text:
Talk:Qualification

Untitled
See the discussion page for reliability engineering to see why I think we need an article on product qualification. DFH 20:10:43, 2005-09-01 (UTC)

WTH is this s Omk57 (talk) 04:47, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Qualification


text:
Talk:Joy Winder

Untitled
There is a VfD entry on the Joy Winder page - but if one goes to the VfD link, the matter has been settled - can this VfD entry now be removed? Rhyddfrydol 21:18 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joy Winder


text:
Paul Wilson

Paul Wilson may refer to:

Sports

 * Paul Wilson (baseball) (born 1973), pitcher in Major League Baseball
 * Paul Wilson (cricketer) (born 1972), Australian cricketer and umpire
 * Paul Wilson (decathlete), New Zealand decathlete, see national champions decathlon
 * Paul Wilson (footballer, born 1950) (1950–2017), Scotland international footballer
 * Paul Wilson (footballer, born 1968), English former footballer
 * Paul Wilson (footballer, born 1977), English former footballer for Gillingham
 * Paul Wilson (Jamaican footballer) (born 1993), Jamaican footballer
 * Paul Wilson (pole vaulter) (born 1947), American; former pole vault world record holder
 * Paul Wilson (sailor), winner of the 2010 Clifford Day Mallory Cup

Musicians

 * Paul Wilson (musician) (born 1978), bassist for the rock band Snow Patrol
 * Paul David Wilson (born 1952), American songwriter, composer, conductor, and music producer
 * Paul Wilson (music theorist), American music theorist and professor
 * Paul Wilson, Canadian guitarist and vocalist, member of The Plastic People of the Universe in 1970–1972
 * Paul Wilson, original baritone vocalist from The Flamingos
 * Paul Wilson, member of the Absolute (production team) and songwriter

Others

 * F. Paul Wilson (born 1946), American science fiction and horror author
 * R. Paul Wilson, sleight of hand expert
 * Paul Wilson, Baron Wilson of High Wray (1908–1980), British engineer, Lord Lieutenant, governor of the BBC
 * Paul Wilson (criminologist) (born 1941), Australian criminologist
 * Paul Wilson (meditation teacher), author of The Little Book of Calm, The Quiet, etc.
 * Paul Wilson (nuclear engineer) (born 1971), Professor of nuclear engineering
 * Paul Wilson (translator) (born 1941), Canadian translator and writer
 * Paul C. Wilson (born 1961), judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri
 * Paul Graham Wilson (born 1928), Australian botanist
 * Paul Wilson (special effects) (born 1954), see 52nd Academy Awards
 * Paul Wilson (palaeoclimatologist), a British climate scientist known for his extensive deep-time palaeoclimate work with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

title: Paul Wilson


text:
Tinsmith

A tinsmith is a person who makes and repairs things made of tin or other light metals. The profession may sometimes also be known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate worker; whitesmith may also refer to this profession, though the same word may also refer to an unrelated specialty of iron-smithing. By extension it can also refer to the person who deals in tinware, or tin plate. Tinsmith was a common occupation in pre-industrial times.

Unlike blacksmiths (who work mostly with hot metals), tinsmiths do the majority of their work on cold metal (although they might use a hearth to heat and help shape their raw materials). Tinsmiths fabricate items such as water pitchers, forks, spoons, and candle holders.

In Hungary, the rich history of tinsmithing can be traced back to the 15th century when the craft was first established.

Training of tinsmiths
The tinsmith learned his trade, like many other artisans, by serving an apprenticeship of 4 to 6 years with a master tinsmith. Apprenticeships were considered "indentures" and an apprentice would start first with simply cleaning the shop, polishing tools, keeping the fires lit, filing sharp edges, and polishing finished pieces. Later he would trace patterns on sheets and cut them out, then soldering joints, and inserting rivets. Finally, he was allowed to cut out and complete objects. He learned first to make cake stamps (cookie cutters), pillboxes and other simple items. Next, he formed objects such as milk pails, basins, or cake and pie pans. Later he tackled more complicated pieces such as chandeliers and crooked-spout coffee pots.

After his apprenticeship was completed, he then became a journeyman, not yet being a master smith employing others. Many young tinsmiths took to the road as peddlers or tinkers to save enough money to open a shop in town.

Raw material
Tinplate consists of sheet iron coated with tin and then run through rollers. This process was first discovered in the 16th century, with the development of the British tinplate address in 1661 with a patent to Dud Dudley and William Chamberlayne. Previously Great Britain had imported most tinplate from Hamburg.

The British Iron Act of 1750 prohibited (among other things) the erection of new rolling mills, which prevented the erection of new tinplate works in America until after the American Revolution. Certificates submitted by colonial governors to the British Board of Trade following the Act indicate that no tinplate works then existed though there were several slitting mills, some described as slitting and rolling mills.

Pure tin is an expensive and soft metal and it is not practical to use it alone. However, it could be alloyed with lead and copper to make pewter or alloyed with copper alone to produce bronze. Today's tinplate is mild steel electroplated with tin. Tin's non-rusting qualities make it an invaluable coating. However, the tinplate's quality depends on the iron or steel being free from rust and the surface being in an unbroken coating. A piece of tinware may develop rust if the tin coating has worn away or been cut in the metal. The respective properties of the metals mean that corrosion once started is likely to be rapid.

Tinsmithing tools
The simple shapes made by the tinsmith require tools similar to those of a coppersmith. In addition to the big shears anchored in a hole in his bench, he used hand snips and nippers for cutting. The tin was flattened on an anvil made of a block of steel. Straight and curved anvils (stakes) were used to turn and roll the edges of the tin. Solder was then used to join the pieces together; a soldering iron and fire pot were needed to do this.

Hammers are essential. Planishing hammers, chasing hammers, creasing hammers, and setting down hammers are among the most common, as well as ball peen hammers. Horn or wooden mallets are also used. Before electric soldering irons became available, tinsmiths would use heated "copper" irons made of a wooden handle, iron shank, and copper tips formed into different shapes. These items were heated in small furnaces, covered in Sal ammoniac, and then used for soldering seams.

History of tinsmithing
Tinwares were being produced in London by the 1630s, is known as Crooked Lane Wares (from the street where they were made). The Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers were incorporated as a separate London Livery Company in 1670. However, tinplate workers were widespread.

The tinsmith has been plying his trade in America since 1720. Colonial tinsmiths used tinplate, wire, solder, and a few simple tools to produce their wares. When tinplate was finally produced in America in the early 19th century the products of the tinsmith became more widely available. They in turn saw an increase in demand and a need to speed up production. This brought about the development of many ingenious hand-powered machines which sped up production and helped the tinsmith meet the demands for his products. The goods were "brought to market" by peddlers.

Tinware was a popular folk art in colonial Mexico and New Mexico, and continues to be made there by local artisans today.

title: Tinsmith


text:
Dwarf (Dungeons & Dragons)

A dwarf, in the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) fantasy roleplaying game, is a humanoid race, one of the primary races available for player characters. The idea for the D&D dwarf comes from the dwarves of European mythologies and J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955), and has been used in D&D and its predecessor Chainmail since the early 1970s. Variations from the standard dwarf archetype of a short and stout demihuman are commonly called subraces, of which there are more than a dozen across many different rule sets and campaign settings.

History
The concept of the dwarf comes from Norse and Teutonic mythology. In particular, the dwarves in the Germanic story The Ring of the Nibelungen and the Brothers Grimm fairy tale "Rumpelstiltskin" have been called "ancestors" of Dungeons & Dragons dwarves. Along with giants, dwarves were one of the first types of non-humans to be introduced into the Chainmail game, the forebear of D&D, when miniature figures of varying sizes were used together in the same wargame. The dwarf in D&D is based on Tolkien's version of the dwarf.

The dwarf first appears as a player character race in the original 1974 edition of Dungeons & Dragons, with a design that is strongly influenced by the dwarves of Poul Anderson's 1961 novel Three Hearts and Three Lions. This early version of the D&D dwarf is limited to playing a fighter, and can not progress beyond the sixth level. With the release of the first supplement, Greyhawk, in 1976, they were then allowed to play a thief with no level restriction. Beginning with the 1981 revision of the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set, and continuing also in all subsequent revisions, demi-humans such as dwarves were treated as their own classes. Dwarves were only permitted a maximum level of 12 (compared to the Halfling's 8, the Elves' 10, and the human classes 36). With the arrival of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, the dwarf was returned to a player character race in the Player's Handbook (1978) and detailed as a monster in the original Monster Manual (1977). A number of dwarven subraces are presented as character races in the original Unearthed Arcana (1985).

In 1989, the hill dwarf, the most common dwarven subrace, appears as a character race in the second edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook and as a monster in the Monstrous Compendium Volume Two. Dwarves are detailed as a race for the Forgotten Realms setting in Dwarves Deep (1990). Several dwarven races are detailed as player character races in The Complete Book of Dwarves (1991). The dwarf appears as a character race in the third edition Player's Handbook (2000), the 3.5 revised Player's Handbook (2003), the fourth edition Player's Handbook (2008), and the fifth edition Player's Handbook (2014). The arctic dwarf, gray dwarf, gold dwarf, shield dwarf, urdunnir, and wild dwarf are all detailed in Races of Faerûn (2003). Dwarves are one of the races detailed in Races of Stone (2004). The dwarf, including the dwarf bolter and the dwarf hammerer, appears as a monster in the fourth edition Monster Manual (2008).

Description
Dwarves average four feet in height, with stout, broad bodies. Male dwarves grow thick facial hair. The female dwarves in The Lord of the Rings novels, which greatly inspired D&D, were able to grow beards as well. Some authors, such as R. A. Salvatore, have followed suit in their writing. This was reflected in game mechanics as well, but the game rules' official position was rarely concrete or specific. and it varied by dwarven culture or ancestry. In The Complete Book of Dwarves, women amongst the deep dwarves "wear their beards long, unlike other dwarf women (who are typically cleanshaven)." Additionally, in specific campaign settings the potential for female dwarven facial hair sees much variation: In the World of Greyhawk, all dwarves—including females—grow and wear beards, but only a portion of females are known to shave,   in the Forgotten Realms they can grow full beards but also usually shave, and in Eberron they do not grow facial hair at all. The art of various editions (especially later editions), however, has frequently portrayed dwarven women as beardless. In the preview for the fourth edition of Dungeons and Dragons, Wizards Presents: Races and Classes, artist William O'conner discussed how the design team gave him specific direction to change the way female dwarves were depicted. Rob Heinsoo also said in the same book that O'Conner's art "gifted us with a magnificent new look for dwarf women. Strong, sensual, earthy and feminine, with an exotic beauty that no one would think to splash a beard on." However, this was not reflected in fourth edition rules, only in art, and still varied depending on the campaign setting.

The book Three Hearts and Three Lions by Poul Anderson strongly influenced Dungeons & Dragons, having a dwarf named Hugi with a Scottish accent. Most popular portrayals of dwarves feature such an accent. Dwarves tend to be more useful for combat-oriented players, as they gain a number of special abilities and bonuses in combat, mostly related to their hardiness and smaller stature compared to humans. Dwarves are also resistant to poison and magic, can see in the dark (a skill called infravision in earlier editions and darkvision beginning with third edition), and can detect different types of mining-related features underground, such as sloping tunnels. The dwarven ability to detect a sloping passage underground is also taken directly from Anderson's book.

Dwarves are generally good in alignment. Ilan Mitchell-Smith wrote that dwarves, along with other races allowed for use by players such as elves and halflings, are "defined in terms of subjectivity, and ultimately, humanity" as opposed to many other creatures who serve as a type of "monstrous other".

Dwarves usually worship Moradin, whom they believe is their creator. According to their legends, Moradin fashioned the dwarves into a likeness of himself using gems and metal. He then breathed life into them. In many campaign settings, the dwarven pantheon of gods consists of the leader Moradin, as well as Abbathor, Berronar Truesilver, Clanggedin Silverbeard, Dugmaren Brightmantle, Dumathoin, Muamman Duathal, and Vergadain, and Laduguer is god of the duergar. Several gods including Hanseath were introduced in Races of Stone. Other dwarven gods may be present in different campaign settings.

Dwarves get along well with gnomes, who are often regarded as close cousins of the dwarven race. Dwarves are accepting of humans, half-elves and halflings. Dwarves often do not get to know humans well as they live longer than the average human, and prefer to become friendly with the human's family in general. Dwarves do not trust half-orcs, and fail to appreciate elves, with whom they only ally in their many battles against orcs, goblins, evil giants and trolls.

Subraces
Over the history of D&D publications and rules editions, more than a dozen subraces of dwarf have been described. Hill dwarves are the standard dwarven race. Mountain dwarves live deeper underground and have fairer skin than hill dwarves. Aleithian dwarves are deep-dwelling psionic dwarves who follow the dragon god Sardior. In the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of D&D, Azers physically resembled dwarves, though they were unrelated. In the 4th Edition of the game, they are a product of the enslavement of dwarves by giants and titans. Badlands dwarves have adapted to life in the inhospitable wastes, developing a natural knack for finding water and tolerance to heat and thirst. Deep dwarves dwell underground and have a greater ability to see in the dark, but are sensitive to light. They are more resistant to magic and poison than standard dwarves. Dream dwarves are contemplative dwarves in touch with the world around them, which they call the "earth dream." The duergar, or "gray dwarves", are an "evil and avaricious" subrace that live in the Underdark. The name duergar is derived from Norse mythology. Frost dwarves are extra-planar dwarves who reside on the Iron Wastes of the Infinite Layers of the Abyss. They were once duergar enslaved by frost giants. Glacier dwarves reside in cold glaciers, mining a special material known as blue ice. These dwarves have great skill at crafting with ice and magical ice, and are tolerant to cold weather. Seacliff dwarves make their home in high seaside cliffs and are excellent swimmers.

In campaign settings
On Athas, the planet of the Dark Sun campaign setting, dwarves stand less than 5' tall and weigh nearly 200 lbs. Each dwarf pursues a singular obsession, called a focus, that requires at least a week to complete. Athasian dwarves do not live underground, but some communities focus on unearthing long-lost dwarven strongholds. Physically, the dwarves of Athas are unique among their kind, having no hair at all. Athasian dwarves can breed with humans to produce muls, who are sterile offspring that share the strength and resiliency of dwarves with the size of humans.

In the Dragonlance setting, the dwarves are divided into three distinct groups, which are sub-divided into clans. Hill dwarves consist of a single clan called the Neidar. They are very similar to the mountain dwarves but are slightly more forthcoming towards other races and cultures. Flint Fireforge, one of the Heroes of the Lance, is a Neidar. Mountain dwarves consist of several clans, two of these being the Hylar and the Daewar clans. Gully dwarves, or Aghar ("the Anguished") are thought to be the offspring of gnomes and dwarves. Gully dwarves are first referred to in the Dragonlance Chronicles, by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, as a "miserable lot." Several clans live together, following the rule of their chieftains or one particular powerful leader. Gully dwarves are known to be vicious fighters when cornered. They are generally stupid and often hold menial jobs. They have been characterized as "a tiny, dirty, unorganized folk", but as having heart. The highest an average gully dwarf can count is 2, though some have become smart enough to count to 3. They are smaller than normal dwarves. They have no land of their own and live in ruined cities, sewers, and dirty parts of cities. Blogger Graeme Barber critizised their portrayal as "unintelligent sub-humanoids" who are "profoundly mentally disabled to the point of not really even having a language" as stereotypical. Gully dwarves could be used as player characters in the D&D game. They were by design weaker than other character options, and so only appealing to few players who "enjoy the underdog status" they provided.

The Forgotten Realms world of Faerûn has several major dwarven subraces. Shield dwarves, also known as mountain dwarves, are the dominant dwarves in the northern parts of Faerûn. These dwarves tend to be fatalistic due to generations of declining numbers. Gold dwarves, also known as hill dwarves, are the dominant dwarves in southern Faerûn. They are generally a more upbeat group than their northern cousins. They primarily reside in and around the Deep Realm, an underground realm surrounding a Grand Canyon-like gorge. Arctic dwarves (also known as the Inugaakalikurit), found in the northernmost reaches of Faerûn, are smaller and stronger than most other dwarves, and immune to cold. Urdunnir, also known as orecutter dwarves, have the magical ability to shape metal and stone, and can walk through the latter. Wild dwarves are short, primitive dwarves found in the deep jungles of Faerûn. Gray dwarves, or duergar, are mainly found in the Underdark, and have an aversion to light. Bruenor Battlehammer, a Shield Dwarf, is the king of Mithril Hall in the Forgotten Realms setting who reclaims his homeland from monsters including a shadow dragon named Shimmergloom that he kills single-handedly. Their gods include Deep Duerra, Gorm Gulthyn, Haela Brightaxe, Marthammor Duin, and Thard Harr.

In the World of Greyhawk setting, the group of humans known as Flan call dwarves dwur. They are found throughout the Flanaess, and are particularly numerous in the Lortmils, Principality of Ulek, Glorioles, Iron Hills, Crystalmists, and Ratik. Lord Obmi is a notable dwarf of the setting, a servant of Iuz and member of the Boneshadow organization.

Dwarves in the Spelljammer campaign setting operate in huge spacefaring asteroids, honeycombed with tunnels.

Novels
D&D novels prominently featuring dwarves include the following:

 * Dragonlance
 * Dragons of the Dwarven Depths (July 2006), by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, (ISBN 0-7869-4099-9)
 * The Last Thane by Douglas Niles
 * Dark Thane by Jeff Crook
 * The Dwarf Home trilogy by Douglas Niles
 * The Dwarven Nations trilogy by Dan Parkinson
 * The Gates of Thorbardin by Dan Parkinson
 * Gully Dwarves by Dan Parkinson
 * Kender, Gully Dwarves, and Gnomes (August 1987), edited by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman, (ISBN 0-88038-382-8)
 * Forgotten Realms
 * The War of the Spider Queen series by R.A. Salvatore
 * The Icewind Dale Trilogy by R.A. Salvatore

title: Dwarf (Dungeons & Dragons)


text:
Speak No Evil (Wayne Shorter album)

Speak No Evil is the sixth album by Wayne Shorter. It was released in June 1966 by Blue Note Records. The music combines elements of hard bop and modal jazz, and features Shorter on tenor saxophone, trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, pianist Herbie Hancock, bassist Ron Carter and drummer Elvin Jones. The cover photo is of Shorter's first wife, Teruko (Irene) Nakagami, whom he met in 1961.

Reception
Speak No Evil was one of several albums Shorter recorded for Blue Note in 1964, his first year as a member of Miles Davis's mid-1960s quintet. The album is generally regarded as one of Shorter's finest, and also a highlight of the Blue Note catalogue. The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected this album as part of its suggested "Core Collection" calling it "by far Shorter's most satisfying record". Murray Horwitz stated in 2001 that "Speak No Evil is sort of a consolidation of Wayne Shorter's compositional excellence. It's so thorough and consistent and wide-ranging. It's almost a manifesto for his ideas. Those ideas were new 40 years ago, but they're still fresh today." Rough Guide author Ian Carr wrote it is "a classic album in terms of both composition and improvisation, and has been inspirational for many musicians". New York Times critic Ben Ratliff included the album in his publication Jazz: A Critic's Guide to the 100 Most Important Recordings stating that it offers "the first taste of a gnomic compositional style that would haunt jazz forevermore. [...] Just about everybody playing jazz born in the 1950s and after accepts it as a foundation."

Releases
Speak No Evil was initially released on LP in 1966, as BLP 4194 and BST 84194. The first CD release was in 1987. A 1999 CD version, supervised by Rudy Van Gelder, included an alternate take of "Dance Cadaverous". A remastered limited edition was issued in Japan on SHM-CD in 2013, including two previously unissued alternate takes.

In 2015, the original master tapes were remastered and cut in the all-analog domain by Kevin Gray for Music Matters Ltd as part of their Blue Note: The Definitive Vinyl Reissue Series.

In January 2020, a new vinyl version remastered by Kevin Gray from the original analog master tapes was released by Blue Note as part of their Classic Vinyl Reissue Series.

Track listing
All compositions by Wayne Shorter.

Personnel

 * Wayne Shorter – tenor saxophone
 * Freddie Hubbard – trumpet
 * Herbie Hancock – piano
 * Ron Carter – bass
 * Elvin Jones – drums

title: Speak No Evil (Wayne Shorter album)


text:
Lotte Hass

Lotte Hass (b. Vienna, 6 November 1928, d. Vienna, 14 January 2015) was a pioneering Austrian diver, underwater photographer and model. She was nicknamed The First Lady of Diving. She was the first woman to dive in the Red Sea, the first woman to dive with autonomous diving equipment and the first underwater model. She was also the first person to take “in-water footage” of whale sharks and manta rays. She was married to Hans Hass, the Austrian biologist and fellow diving pioneer.

Personal life
Born Charlotte Hildegard Baierl in Vienna to father Karl Baierl and mother Stefanie, née Kitzmantel, she attended Wenzgasse School. In around 1947, rather than go to university, she applied for and got the job of secretary to biologist and diving pioneer, Hans Hass (1919-2013), at the International Institute of Submarine Research in Vienna. Hans’ marriage to actress Hannelore Schroth ended in April 1950. He proposed to Lotte in November of the same year in Cairo, while returning to Austria after filming in the Red Sea. Their civil wedding was held on 29 November 1950 in Küsnacht on Lake Zurich.

In the 1950s, Hass received several film offers from Hollywood but turned them all down because she wanted to continue supporting her husband in his research. After the birth of their daughter, Meta, in 1958, Hass largely retired from public life. Hass and Hans eventually held a church wedding in February 1963 at the Augustinian Church in Vienna.

Diving career
When Lotte Baierl joined the International Institute of Submarine Research she “implored” Hans Hass to let her join his next diving expedition. He refused, believing a research ship to be no place for a woman. He felt that her presence would be certain to “make things tricky.” While Hass was away on a lecture tour, she learnt to dive and to take underwater photographs, receiving training from Hass’ assistant, Kurt Schaefer. Some of her early photographs taken under the Danube were published in Wiener Illustrierte. Of her photos Hass said, “Not bad... if you were a man, I could make use of you... pity.”

The Red Sea
In 1949 she joined Hass’ crew as a secretary for a six-month expedition to shoot a documentary about the Red Sea. While there she learned to use the Drager closed circuit rebreather. Two things happened on the trip that accelerated her diving career. Firstly, the company Sascha-Film who were producing the documentary, decided that the film would appeal to a wider audience with the inclusion of an attractive female lead. Secondly, while testing the diving gear in the Port Sudan hotel pool, the expedition’s cameraman collapsed from the heat and was removed from the team. Lotte, having proved herself to be “cool and courageous with diving apparatus” took his place. During dives with Hass, she continued to act as his secretary, taking notes with a stylus on wax “sitting calmly on a rock, several fathoms down.”

The resulting documentary Abenteuer in Roten Meer was released in 1950 with Lotte starring under her maiden name. It won the international prize for Best Documentary at the Venice Film Festival. It was released as Under the Red Sea, with English narration by Les Tremayne in 1952. Of her Lottie Hass’ diving career, Leslie Leaney, the publisher of Journal of Diving History, wrote that during the 1950s, “it is unlikely that any single lady had more influence in getting people in the water than Lotte did.”

Xarifa expeditions
, a three-masted schooner, was her husband’s research ship. (Xarifa means “The beautiful one” in Arabic. ) In the 1950s, Lottie, now using her married name of Hass, joined expeditions to Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands and islands of Malaysia, working both in front of and behind the camera.

A 1953-54 expedition to the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean resulted in the documentary Unternehmen Xarifa, released in English as “Under the Caribbean”. Hass was unable to join part of a subsequent 1957-8 expedition because she was pregnant, so she asked the on-board zoologist Wolfgang Klausewitz to name a new species of fish in her honour. He chose a whitecap goby, naming it Lotilia graciliosa, Lotilia meaning “belonging to Lotte.”

Film and TV
Hans made over 100 films between 1948 and 1960, with Hass appearing in, and later producing “almost all of them” including: In 1976, she had a supporting role, playing the character Frau Parenge, in episode 29 (The Man from Portofino) of the German detective series Derrick (TV series)
 * Abenteuer in Roten Meer (1951)
 * Diving to Adventure (1956) a BBC series where Hass and Hans sailed the Red Sea, the Caribbean Sea and the Aegean Sea on Xarifa
 * Expedition ins Unbekannte (The Undersea World of Adventure) (1958) a 26-part TV programme made for Sünfunk Stuttgart (SDR) and BBC. Hass was only able to join the latter part of this expedition, from Colombo to Sri Lanka, once her daughter had been born.

Autobiography
In 1970, Hass published her autobiography, Das Mädchen auf dem Meeresgrund: Die Geschichte der Tauchpioniere Lotte und Hans Hass. It was translated into English by Robin Sawyers as A Girl on the Ocean Floor in 1972, with a Polish version in 1976 and an Italian version in 2019. In 2001 it was turned into a film starring Yvonne Catterfeld and Benjamin Sadler, winning Best TV Cinematography award at the Austrian Romy TV awards. The book was also referenced in Juli Zeh’s 2012 novel Nullzeit (Compression).

Awards and honours

 * 1989 - IADS-Lifetime Achievement Award from International Association of Diving Schools (USA)
 * 1997 – Joined the advisory board of the Historical Diving Society of the USA
 * 1997 – Historical Diver Pioneer Magazine Pioneer Award (USA)
 * 1998 – HDS Hans and Lotte Hass Film Festival
 * 1999 - Trevor Norton dedicated his book Stars Beneath the Sea: The Extraordinary Lives of the Pioneers of Diving to Lotte and Hans Hass
 * 2000 – Inducted into the Women Divers Hall of Fame
 * 2006 – Beneath the Sea Legends Award (USA)
 * 2009 – Gold plaque from (Association of German Sport Divers)
 * 2012 – Romy Platinum Award for her life’s work
 * 2013 – Inducted into International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
 * 2018 – A street in Vienna was renamed Lotte Hass Weg

Other reading

 * Jung, Michael Lotte Hass: A Pictorial Biography The Journal of Diving History, Vol. 16. Issue 3, Summer 2008
 * Cardone, Bonnie Women Pioneers in Diving Historical Diver, No. 9, Fall 1996, p20-25

title: Lotte Hass


text:
Talk:Virgil's tomb

*
Some parts of this article appear to be copied and pasted from. (NB: I'm neither the original author nor the poster of the article's text here.)--Finbarr Saunders 20:12, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

photo
I added a personal photo of the site in question before I read the copyright notice above. I modified the lead a bit, but not much. It confused this tunnel with another nearby one and called "Campania" a town. It is a region.Jeffmatt 08:31, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Remains
The article says that Virgil wanted his ashes to be transported back to his villa - but later on talks about his bones. Was he cremated or just buried? The only theories I could come up with was that it was meant he wanted to be cremated but wasn't, or that his cremation was botched and he was only partly cremated (e.g. Hitler), or that the author just used the word "bones" as a synonym for remains. -Noha307 (talk) 21:56, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Virgil's tomb. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120402110138/http://tombavirgilio.sbapsaena.campaniabeniculturali.it/thematic-views/image-gallery/OA12?page=3 to http://tombavirgilio.sbapsaena.campaniabeniculturali.it/thematic-views/image-gallery/OA12?page=3

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:22, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virgil's tomb


text:
User:1Winston

= 1Winston's Page on Wikipedia =

Article Interests
Epilepsy Battlestar Galactica (2004 television series) Limited Liability Company Mergers & Acquisitions

Edit Count
http://tools.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_edits?user=1Winston&dbname=enwiki_p

title: User:1Winston


text:
Subrace

Subrace may refer to:

 * Subrace, a taxonomic division below race (biology)
 * Subrace or sub-race, a particular variety ("Grey Elf", "Cave Troll", etc.) of a fictional "race" in fantasy fiction and gaming

title: Subrace


text:
Correios

The Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (Brazilian Post and Telegraph Corporation, or ECT), also known as Correios, is a state-owned company that has operated the national postal service of Brazil since the 17th century.

The ECT created and manages the Brazilian postal code system known as Código de Endereçamento Postal. It also provides an e-commerce platform (CorreiosNet Shopping), banking (Banco Postal) acting as proxy of Banco do Brasil, Boleto bill payment collection and express mail service Sedex, with its international service network reaching more than 220 countries worldwide. It is the largest employer in Brazil, with more than 109,000 employees, both internal and outsourced, and is the only company to be present in all municipalities in the country, with a wide network of owned and franchised units. The company is fully owned by the Federal Government of Brazil and subordinated to the Ministry of Communications (MCom).

History

The postal service had its origins in Brazil on Thursday, 25 January 1663. In 1931, Federal Decree Number 20,859 of 26 December merged the Directorate General of Posts to the General Bureau of Telegraphs and created the Department of Posts and Telegraph.

The new name and status, ECT, was created Thursday, 20 March 1969, as a public company under the Ministry of Communications, through the transformation of the Federal Authority which was then the Department of Posts and Telegraphs.

In the years that followed, several services were being incorporated into the portfolio. Besides the traditional services of letters, courier, postage and telegrams among the new services can be highlighted those belonging to the SEDEX family, express delivery service.

In August 2013, the company has provided 2,000 of its mail delivery staff with smartphones to provide real-time information on their deliveries. The move is the first phase of a new Mobility in the Postal Service project in which the company is looking to allow customers to track their deliveries in real time on the Internet. The first phase covered the SEDEX 10 express service in various states (a service that delivers documents and goods with a guaranteed delivery time before 10 am the next day after posting).

In December 2013, the company inaugurated its second hybrid mail production center in Santa Catarina. The new facility near Florianópolis will serve the south and the states of Ceará and Bahia. It has the ability to scan and produce 2.7 million items each month, a little smaller than the Brasilia plant's 4.5 m capacity, which was opened in August of that year. At the moment, the two plants together are producing about 2.5 m mailpieces a month, including communications for the Ministry of Health and notifications for the Federal Highway Police and the Judiciary. The company is also planning to open a facility in São Paulo later this year, while next year facilities will be opened in Belém, Salvador and Belo Horizonte as the company's hybrid mail capabilities expand.

In February 2014, it was reported that Correios has inked an agreement with its Italian counterpart Poste Italiane to launch a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in Brazil. Until then Brazil had two MVNOs, Portoseguro and Datora. In October of that year National Presort Inc. has won a $11 mln contract to upgrade sorting technology, which will see the replacement of controlled electronics, barcode readers and software within existing sorting machinery of Correios.

In October 2019, a Decree was published including the Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (ECT) in the Investment Partnership Program (PPI), enabling studies to be conducted and alternatives for partnership with the private initiative to be evaluated.

In March 2021, the ECT was included in the National Privatization Program (PND), the inclusion of which was recommended by the Investment Partnerships Program Council (CPPI). During the first studies the council opted for the total sale of the company. In-depth studies were conducted by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) and the bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies, according to the approved text, the National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel) will regulate the sector, changing its name to 'National Agency of Telecommunications and Postal Services' (Anatel). The proposal still has to be approved by the Federal Senate and sanctioned by the President before being evaluated by the Federal Court of Accounts (TCU).

In June 2022, the company's president Floriano Peixoto, spoke about the changes implemented in recent years during the radio program A Voz do Brasil. According to the president, radical actions were taken to accelerate the investigation of irregularities and strengthen governance, in addition, they sought to rationalize its resources, getting rid of unused and unserviceable assets. The alienation of 50 buildings yielded R$ 41 million and R$ 80 million from vehicles. Changes in the Collective Labor Agreement (ACT) generated annual savings of R$ 500 million (around US$97 million). The company is present in all 5,570 municipalities with 11,000 service units.

Logo history
Before 1970, Correios used governmental insignia to identify itself. In 1970, Correios utilized a logo designed by architectural student Eduardo J. Rodrigues during a public competition. A new 1990 logo added the name of the company and incorporated a new colour scheme. To celebrate its 350th anniversary, Correios requested the agency CDA to design a new logo, which takes inspiration from the original design by Rodrigues; this has been in-use since May 2014.

Sponsorship
Correios was one of the benefactors of the Jordan Grand Prix in the 1994 Formula One season.

title: Correios


text:
Brimin Kipruto

Brimin Kipruto (born 31 July 1985) is a Kenyan professional middle distance runner who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase. He was born in Korkitony, Keiyo District. He holds a personal best of 7:53.64 minutes which is the second fastest time ever run, and the African Record. His personal best is only 0.01 of a second behind the world record of former country mate Saif Saaeed Shaheen, who switched national affiliation to Qatar after growing up as Stephen Cherono in the Keiyo District.

He won a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics at the age of nineteen and improved to win the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics four years later. A World Championships bronze medallist in 2005, he took his first global title in the steeplechase with a win at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics.

Career
At the 2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics in Debrecen, Hungary he finished second in steeplechase. He graduated from Kipsoen Secondary School in 2003. The same year he competed at the African Junior Championships in Cameroon and took silver again. At the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics he competed in the 1500m instead of steeplechase and finished third.

In 2004, having finished 2nd at the Kenyan Olympic trials, the young Kipruto won the silver medal in the 3000 m steeplechase at the 2004 Olympic Games. In the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki he won a bronze medal in the same event. He finished third again at the 2005 IAAF World Athletics Final. In 2006 he finished sixth at the World Athletics Final, repeating his place from 2004.

In 2007, he won the gold medal in the steeplechase at the World Championships, in Osaka. After qualifying to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Kipruto finally won the gold medal at the same event. At the 2009 World Championships, the defending champion finished seventh.

He took two wins on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, finishing in first place at the Athletissima and Meeting Areva, but it was Kenyan rival Paul Kipsiele Koech who went on to win the inaugural Diamond League trophy in the steeplechase. He entered the 2010 Commonwealth Games with the fastest mark of the year (8:00.90), but could only manage third place behind Richard Mateelong and Ezekiel Kemboi as part of a Kenyan medal sweep.

He competed in the short race at the Great Edinburgh Cross Country and finished in third place behind Eliud Kipchoge and Asbel Kiprop.

He lives in Korkitony and trains with the Global Sports group in Kaptagat near Eldoret under coaches Patrick Sang and Joseph Chelimo.

Personal best

 * 1500 Metres – 	3:35.23 (2006)
 * 3000 Metres –	7:47.33 (2006)
 * 2000 Metres Steeplechase –	5:36.81 (2001)
 * 3000 Metres Steeplechase –	7:53.64 (2011)

title: Brimin Kipruto


text:
Bentley's Miscellany

Bentley's Miscellany was an English literary magazine started by Richard Bentley. It was published between 1836 and 1868.

Contributors
Already a successful publisher of novels, Bentley began the journal in 1836 and invited Charles Dickens to be its first editor. Dickens serialised his second novel Oliver Twist, but soon fell out with Bentley over editorial control, calling him a "Burlington Street Brigand". He resigned as editor in 1839 and William Harrison Ainsworth took over. Ainsworth would also only stay in the job for three years, but bought the magazine from Bentley a decade later. In 1868 Ainsworth sold the magazine back to Bentley, who merged it with the Temple Bar Magazine.

Aside from the works of Dickens and Ainsworth other significant authors published in the magazine included: Wilkie Collins, Catharine Sedgwick, Richard Brinsley Peake, Thomas Moore, Thomas Love Peacock, William Mudford, Mrs Henry Wood, Charles Robert Forrester (sometimes under the pseudonym Hal Willis), Frances Minto Elliot, Isabella Frances Romer, The Ingoldsby Legends and some of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories. It published drawings by the caricaturist George Cruikshank, and was the first publication to publish cartoons by John Leech, who became a prominent Punch cartoonist.

title: Bentley's Miscellany


text:
White Hot Peach

White Hot Peach is the second studio album by Primitive Radio Gods, released on October 24, 2000. Quite different in sound from their previous album Rocket, White Hot Peach features much less of the sampling that made the band famous. Most of the material from this album is from Mellotron On!, the album the band planned on releasing through Sire Records in 1999, but could not due to that label's bankruptcy.

title: White Hot Peach


text:
Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences

Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) (Persian: دانشگاه تحصیلات تکمیلی علوم پایه زنجان, Daneshgah-e Tehesilât-e Tekimili-ye Olum-e Paih-e Zanjaan) also known as Zanjan Graduate University of Basic Sciences is a public advanced research center and university in Zanjan, Iran founded in 1991 by Prof. Yousef Sobouti. The goal of establishing IASBS was to provide a leading research-based institute in advanced science topics for both researchers and students in Iran.

The institute offers various M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Geophysics, Biophysics, Biochemistry and Chemistry. Although IASBS was established as a graduate-level degree-granting institution, it also offers a B.Sc. program in Computer Engineering. Acceptance to the institute is competitive and entrance to its programs requires performing well in the Iranian University Entrance Exam, known as 'Konkour'.

The University Campus
Zanjan city in Iranian Azerbaijan region, 298 km to the north-west of Tehran, was chosen for the Institute. The location was far enough from Tehran to not be affected by the distractions of the city but close enough to pursue the many ensuing official and budgetary problems in Tehran. The main campus of the university is located close to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in Gavazang area, Zanjan, Iran. IASBS campus is widely credited to be a Green campus with plants and greeneries being part of the campus design, even in classes and buildings. Moreover, IASBS is one of the few universities in Iran benefiting from solar energy solutions. Buildings in main campus are:
 * Department of Physics
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
 * Department of Earth Sciences
 * Department of Biological Sciences
 * Torkaman Library
 * House of Science
 * Science and Technology Park (Zanjan Techno-Center)
 * University Dining Hall
 * Gym (I and II)
 * Mosque
 * Dormitories

Departments and Research Centers
IASBS has 6 departments and 2 research centers.

Department of Physics
The Physics Department started its activity in 1992 as the first department of IASBS. The M.Sc. program was launched in 1992 with 3 faculty members and 7 students. In 1995, the first PhD students were admitted to work on theoretical condensed matter physics, astrophysics and mathematical physics. After a while, graduate programs in experimental optics were established. In 2000, a 7-year program leading to a PhD degree was established. In this program students directly proceed to their PhD thesis after completing their undergraduate and graduate courses, thereby skipping the M.Sc. dissertation. At present, IASBS is the only institute in the country offering such a program. Research in Department of Physics is focused in Astrophysics and Cosmology, Hard condensed matter, Soft condensed matter, Statistical mechanics, Optics and Photonics.

Department of Mathematics
Established in 1994, The Department of Mathematics offers M.Sc. and PhD programs. The active research groups of the Department are in the fields of Algebra, Analysis, Geometry, Graph theory, Computer Science and Financial Mathematics.

Department of Chemistry
The Department of Chemistry at the IASBS started its formal activities in fall 1999 with five Master’s students and five faculty members, seven years after the opening of the Institute. The courses initially focused in two areas, analytical chemistry, and organic chemistry. In the winter of 2005, first group of PhD students started their studies. Currently, there are more than 200 PhD and Master’s Students and 20 faculty members in the department. Research is focused in Organic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Nano Chemistry, and Polymer Chemistry.

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology was established in 2003 with the B.Sc. program in Information Technology and, immediately after, the M.Sc. program in Computer Science. Now department runs an undergraduate program in computer engineering and M.Sc. and PhD programs in Computer Science. Research in this department is mainly focused on Algorithms and Theory of Computing, Artificial Intelligence, System Theory and Data Mining.

Department of Earth Sciences
Department of Earth Sciences was established in 1999 inside the Department of Physics. Now as an independent department, It offers M.Sc. and PhD programs in geophysics and M.Sc. programs in Structural Geology and Tectonics. Department of Earth Sciences is currently active in the fields of Geophysics, Tectonics, Petrology and Hydrology and Hydrogeology.

Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences was established in 2008 as the newest department of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences. At present, the department offers M.Sc. programs in biochemistry and biophysics and direct PhD programs in biochemistry and biophysics. The research laboratories in department of biological sciences are Biochemistry, Biophysics, Bacterial Culture, Cell Culture and Bio-informatics.

Advanced Research Centers

 * Center for Research in Climate Change and Global Warming
 * Research Center for Basic Sciences and Modern Technologies (RBST)

Programs
IASBS was established as a graduate-level degree-granting institution. Now it offers M.Sc. and PhD degrees in Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Geophysics, Biophysics, Biochemistry and Chemistry. Since September 2000, however, it has started a program in physics for a group of distinguished high school graduates. The program, a first attempt at the national level, will train these selected groups of students over a period of seven years, granting them a PhD degree in physics. In this program students directly proceed to their PhD thesis after completing their undergraduate and graduate courses, thereby skipping the M.Sc. dissertation. IASBS also offers a bachelor of science degree in computer engineering which is the only undergraduate program in the institute. The institute also used to run a joint undergraduate program in Information Technology with Heriot-Watt University of the United Kingdom.

Awards and Rankings

 * Ranked 2nd in Iran by Iran Science Elites Federation (2016)
 * Ranked 8th in Iran by Islamic Science Citation Center in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017
 * Announced as the centre of excellence in physics by Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
 * Awarded by Islamic Development Bank in science and technology

SCImago Institutions Rankings:
 * 2017 World Ranking: 612
 * 2016 World Ranking: 620
 * 2015 World Ranking: 617

The International Advisory Council
The International Advisory Council of the Institute is composed of a host of scholars and scientists. Members of the Council assist the Institute in delineating its general themes of research, establishing new disciplines, attracting prominent researchers and evaluating its scientific achievements.

Members

 * Mohammad Abdus Salam, The Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy (deceased)
 * Asim Orhan Barut, University of Colorado, USA
 * Nasser Peyghambarian, University of Arizona, USA
 * Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, University of Chicago, USA (deceased)
 * Govind Swarup, Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), India
 * Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Italy
 * Mehran Kardar, MIT, USA
 * John Clark, Washington University, USA
 * Sang-Soo Lee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
 * Bahram Mashhoon, University of Missouri, USA
 * Mudumbai S. Narasimhan, The Abdus Salam ICTP, Italy
 * Cumrun Vafa, Harvard University, USA
 * E. Van den Heuvel, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Notable alumni
List of notable alumni from the institute include:
 * Yousef Sobouti (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (1999). Medal Lecture, in Physical Sciences, The Third World Academy of Sciences, TWAS (2000). Selected member of Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame, Unforgettable Faces (2001)
 * Babak Karimi (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (1999). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2003). Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (2004)
 * Ramin Golestanian (Physics): He was awarded the Holweck Prize (2014). First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2000). Distinguished researcher elected by Iranian ministry of sciences, research and technology (2001). Frederic Joliot Visiting Chair at Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI) in Paris (2000)
 * Arashmid Nahal (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2001)
 * Mehdi Khakian (Physics): First place of the Khwarizmi International Award in basic sciences (2006)
 * Mohammad Rafiee (Chemistry): First place the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2008)
 * Alireza Qaiumzadeh (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2009)
 * Saifollah Rasouli (Physics): ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award (2009)
 * Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour (Chemistry): First place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)
 * Ali Ghorbanzadeh Moghaddam (Physics): Second place of the Khwarizmi Young Award in basic sciences (2010)
 * Mohammad Taghi Tavassoly (Physics): The ICO Galileo Galilei Award (2010) for lifelong effort in optics education in Iran dedicated by the International Commission for Optics (ICO)


text:
User:Tetratek

<- amateur

title: User:Tetratek


text:
User talk:InnerSpacePilot

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you should sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:InnerSpacePilot


text:
Possession (TV series)

Possession is an Australian television soap opera made by the Reg Grundy Organisation for the Nine Network in 1985. It was the brainchild of the television producer, Reg Watson. The pilot was written by Bevan Lee and executive produced by Don Battye.

The series began with a convoluted espionage incident that uncovered the interpersonal dramas and family secrets of several wealthy, powerful and glamorous women, their handsome young lovers, and long-lost children.

It was not a popular success and only ran to 52 episodes. Production was cancelled in May 1985. Director of publicity for Nine, Sue Ward said "We did a complete series. We just didn't take up the option of a second series because it didn't rate." The later episodes played out in a late-night time slot due to low ratings.

Nine asked the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal to extend the local drama quota time past 10.00 pm to allow the network to move the low-rated series out of prime time and still have the episodes count toward their local drama content. When the tribunal agreed Nine moved Possession to a graveyard slot.

Original cast members

 * Bruce Barry as David Macarthur, a wealthy tycoon killed off by ASIS agents in the show's premiere
 * Lou Brown as Alan Morton
 * Tracey Callander as Kathleen Dawson, Greg's fiancée
 * Anne Charleston as Elizabeth Macarthur, David's wife
 * Lyn Collingwood as Iris Dawson
 * Maggie Millar as Claudia Valenti, Louise's business partner
 * Lloyd Morris as Greg Macarthur, David's son
 * Eric Oldfield as Gerry Foster
 * Tamasin Ramsay as Jane Andrews, illegitimate daughter of David and Louise
 * David Reyne as Detective Vince Bailey, investigating David's murder
 * Darien Takle as Louise Carpenter, David's former mistress
 * Norman Yemm as John Andrews, Jane's adopted father

Later additions

 * Briony Behets as Eve Cambridge
 * Max Cullen as Harry Keane, an intelligence agent
 * Maggie Dence as Lady Shannon
 * Ally Fowler as Nicola Shannon
 * Bryan Marshall as Oliver Hearst

title: Possession (TV series)


text:
User:Getoar

See User:Getoar TX

title: User:Getoar


text:
Baha al-Din Zuhayr

Baha al-Din Zuhayr (بهاء الدين زهير; 1186–1258) was an Arabian poet born at or near Mecca, and became celebrated as the best writer of prose and verse and the best calligrapher of his time.

Life
He entered the service of Sultan Malik As-Salih Najm ud-Din in Mesopotamia, and was with him at Damascus until the Sultan was betrayed and imprisoned. Baha' al-din then retired to Nablus where he remained until Najm ud-Din escaped and obtained possession of Egypt, whither he accompanied him in 1240. There he remained as the Sultan's confidential secretary until his death, due to an epidemic, in 1258.

His poetry consists mostly of panegyric and brilliant occasional verse distinguished for its elegance. It has been published with English metrical translation by E. H. Palmer (2 vols., Cambridge, 1877).

His life was written by his contemporary Ibn Khallikan (see de Slane's trans. of his Biographical Dictionary, vol. i, pp. 542–545).

Quotes
Spurn not the mildest man on Earth: Who knows but someday you may need his aid? Cloth of soft texture is of greater worth than rougher stuff, when robes are to be made. لا تَطَّرِح خامل الرجال فقد تَضْطَرّ يوماً الى ارادتِهِ فاللينُ في البُرْدِ مُحْتَقَرٌ خيرٌ منَ اليُبسِ عند حاجتِهِ (translation: E.H. Palmer, The Poetical Works of Baha Ed-Din Zuheir, 2 vols., Cambridge 1877, p. 34)

title: Baha al-Din Zuhayr


text:
Lol Creme

Laurence Neil "Lol" Creme (born 19 September 1947) is a British musician and music video director, best known for his work in 10cc. He was later one half of the duo Godley & Creme, with 10cc drummer Kevin Godley. Creme has collaborated with Trevor Horn's Band. He sings and plays guitar, bass and keyboards.

Early life and education
Creme was born in Prestwich, Lancashire, England. Like bandmates Graham Gouldman and Kevin Godley, Creme grew up in a Jewish household. While attending art school in Birmingham, where he met Godley, he took up the nickname 'Lolagon'.

He graduated from the college in Birmingham in 1968.

Early career
Creme and Kevin Godley the white R&B combo the Sabres (the Magic Lanterns), Hotlegs and other bands together.

After recording a one-off single under the name of 'Yellow Bellow Room Boom' for UK CBS in 1967 ("Seeing Things Green" b/w "Still Life"), the pair began their professional music career together in 1969, performing pop music in Strawberry Studios at Stockport near Manchester with Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman. The duo also released a single in 1969, "I'm Beside Myself" b/w "Animal Song", under the name Frabjoy & Runcible Spoon after being signed on to Marmalade Records directly by label head Giorgio Gomelsky. A 7-song LP was slated for a late 1969 release on Marmalade; however, the label collapsed under the weight of its financial situation before the end of the year, and the LP was shelved until its release in the 2022 compilation Frabjous Days: The Secret World of Godley & Creme 1967–1969 on Grapefruit Records.

10cc and Godley & Creme
Kevin and Lol most significantly performed, wrote and produced with 10cc, an art rock the duo formed with Graham Gouldman and Eric Stewart, who had both been in the band The Mindbenders (formerly fronted by Wayne Fontana).

Godley & Creme had written many songs for 10cc, including: "Donna" (no. 2 in UK), "Rubber Bullets" (no. 1 in UK), "The Dean and I" (no. 4 in UK), "Silly Love" (no. 24 in UK), and "Life Is a Minestrone" (no. 7 in UK).

In 1976, Lol and Kevin left 10cc to record as Creme & Godley (later Godley & Creme). The pair became music video directors, working with bands including Yes. In 1979, they directed their first music video for their single "An Englishman in New York". After this, they became involved in the production of videos for artists such as Ultravox, the Police, Yes, Duran Duran, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Huey Lewis and the News and Wang Chung, as well as directing the groundbreaking video for their 1985 single "Cry". From 1972 to 1978, 10cc had five consecutive UK top-ten albums: Sheet Music (1974), The Original Soundtrack (1975), How Dare You! (1976), Deceptive Bends (1977) and Bloody Tourists (1978). 10cc also had twelve singles reach the UK Top 40, three of which were the chart-toppers "Rubber Bullets" (1973), "I'm Not in Love" (1975) and "Dreadlock Holiday" (1978). "I'm Not in Love" was their breakthrough worldwide hit, and is known for its innovative backing track.

In 1988, Godley & Creme parted ways: "What happened was in '89, certainly in '88, maybe before, Kevin changed, I think his priorities in life changed. He'd had enough, he'd simply had enough of me and the way we worked, the things we did, the priorities we had. And the fact that we were a priority, for example. Our working relationship dominated our...lives, you know. It was time for a shift in all that and he was obviously right. When I see him, which is not regularly, but I do see him occasionally, he seems well. I thinks he wants to be lazy and just hang. And God bless him, you know."

Later work
With Creme cutting ties with Godley, he moved to Los Angeles, California, USA and worked as a director in his own right. Creme directed the 1991 Jamaican comedy film The Lunatic, starring Paul Campbell.

After his move to the United States, Creme began experimenting with Digital art and Oil painting.

In 1988, Creme became a member of the band Art of Noise, with Anne Dudley and Trevor Horn, and directed videos for the artists who recorded with them, such as Tom Jones. Further work with Horn followed, including forming the band the Producers with Chris Braide and Steve Lipson, and the Trevor Horn Band. Creme appears on Horn's Echoes: Ancient and Modern.

Family
Creme's son Lalo was a member of the 1990s indie-dance band Arkarna, and has also worked on a number of projects with his father. Creme's wife, Angie, is the sister of ex-10cc member Eric Stewart's wife, Gloria.

Discography
10cc

(See full discography at 10cc discography)

Godley & Creme

(See full discography at Godley & Creme)

Art of Noise

(See full discography at Art of Noise discography)

The Trevor Horn Band

 * Made in Basing Street (2012)

title: Lol Creme


text:
George Roberts (trombonist)

George Mortimer Roberts (March 22, 1928 – September 28, 2014) was an American trombonist.

Career
Born and raised in Des Moines, Iowa, Roberts began his career after service in the United States Navy.

Roberts was a member of the Ray Robbins band, then quit to join Gene Krupa in 1947 when he was in the same section with Urbie Green. It was Urbie's lyric tenor trombone playing that inspired George to be an "Urbie" one octave lower. After the Krupa band broke up in 1949, Roberts was a freelance musician in Reno, Nevada, for a year before being hired by Stan Kenton to replace Bart Varsalona, who had left the band during its 1949–1950 hiatus. Roberts opted to stay in Los Angeles rather than go with Kenton on his 1953 European tour.

Working freelance again, he was introduced to Nelson Riddle by Lee Gillette, one of the executives at Capitol Records who had produced Kenton's recordings. Roberts began recording with Riddle, Don Costa, Billy May, Axel Stordahl, Gordon Jenkins, and Henry Mancini in sessions with Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Ella Fitzgerald, Judy Garland, Sarah Vaughan, and Nat King Cole. As a Hollywood studio musician, Roberts recorded film scores such as Jaws, King Kong, Close Encounters of the Third Kind and served on the staff orchestras of the radio and television networks. Before retiring, he had performed on over 6000 recordings.

Personal life
Roberts died from pneumonia on September 28, 2014, at the age of 86 in Fallbrook, California. He also had multiple sclerosis.

As leader

 * Meet Mr. Roberts (Columbia, 1959)
 * Bottoms Up (Columbia, 1960)
 * Let George Do It (Regal, 1968)
 * Practice Makes Perfect (DNE, 1969)

As sideman
With Stan Kenton
 * A Presentation of Progressive Jazz (Capitol, 1948)
 * New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol, 1953)
 * Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton (Capitol, 1953)
 * Sketches on Standards (Capitol, 1953)
 * This Modern World (Capitol, 1953)
 * Portraits on Standards (Capitol, 1953)
 * Kenton Showcase (Capitol, 1954)
 * The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1955)
 * Kenton with Voices (Capitol, 1957)
 * Hair (Capitol, 1969)

With Skip Martin
 * Scheherajazz (Somerset, 1959)
 * Swingin' with Prince Igor (Sonic Workshop, 1960)
 * Perspectives in Percussion Volume 2 (Stereo-Fidelity, 1961)

With Shorty Rogers
 * Shorty Rogers Plays Richard Rodgers (RCA Victor, 1957)
 * Portrait of Shorty (RCA Victor, 1958)
 * Afro-Cuban Influence (RCA Victor, 1958)
 * The Swingin' Nutcracker (RCA Victor, 1960)
 * An Invisible Orchard (RCA Victor, 1961 [1997])
 * The Fourth Dimension in Sound (Warner Bros., 1962)
 * Jazz Waltz (Reprise, 1962)

With Pete Rugolo
 * Rugolomania (Columbia, 1955)
 * Music for Hi-Fi Bugs (EmArcy, 1956)
 * Out on a Limb (EmArcy, 1956)
 * New Sounds by Pete Rugolo (Harmony, 1957)
 * An Adventure in Sound: Brass in Hi-Fi (Mercury 1958)
 * The Music from Richard Diamond (EmArcy, 1959)
 * 10 Trombones Like 2 Pianos (Mercury, 1961)
 * The Original Music of Thriller (Time, 1961)

With Lalo Schifrin
 * Music from Mission: Impossible (Dot, 1967)
 * More Mission: Impossible (Paramount, 1968)
 * Mannix (Paramount, 1968)
 * Kelly's Heroes (soundtrack) (MGM, 1970)
 * Enter the Dragon (soundtrack) (Warner Bros., 1973)

With others
 * Ray Anthony, Sound Spectacular (Capitol, 1959)
 * Chet Baker, Blood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)
 * Gabe Baltazar, Stan Kenton Presents Gabe Baltazar (Creative World, 1979)
 * Louie Bellson, Louis Bellson Swings Jule Styne (Verve, 1960)
 * Elmer Bernstein, The Man with the Golden Arm (Decca, 1956)
 * Buddy Bregman, Swingin' Standards (World Pacific, 1959)
 * Frank Capp, Percussion in a Tribute to Henry Mancini (Kimberly, 1961)
 * Ralph Carmichael, Hymns at Sunset (Capitol, 1962)
 * Ralph Carmichael, Brass Choir (Light, 1971)
 * Benny Carter, Aspects (United Artists, 1959)
 * Benny Carter, The Benny Carter Jazz Calendar (United Artists, 1959)
 * Nat King Cole, The Piano Style of Nat King Cole (Capitol, 1956)
 * Frank Comstock, Frank Comstock and His Orchestra 1962 (1969)
 * Bing Crosby and Buddy Bregman, Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings (Verve, 1956)
 * Alexander Courage, Hot Rod Rumble (Liberty, 1957)
 * Jackie Davis, Jackie Davis Meets the Trombones (Capitol, 1959)
 * Sammy Davis Jr., It's All Over but the Swingin' (Decca, 1957)
 * Neil Diamond, Tap Root Manuscript (UNI, 1970)
 * Buddy Ebsen, Howdy Hillbillies (Valiant, 1970)
 * Dennis Farnon, Caution! Men Swinging (ABC, 1957)
 * Jerry Fielding, Magnificence in Brass (Time, 1961)
 * Ella Fitzgerald, Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook (Verve, 1963)
 * Pete Fountain, South Rampart Street Parade (Coral, 1963)
 * Pete Fountain, Mr. New Orleans (MCA, 1973)
 * Dominic Frontiere, Washington: Behind Closed Doors (ABC, 1977)
 * The Four Freshmen, Four Freshmen and 5 Trombones (Capitol, 1955)
 * Glen Gray, Please, Mr. Gray (Capitol, 1961)
 * Neal Hefti, Jazz Pops (Reprise, 1962)
 * Harry James, More Harry James in Hi-fi (Capitol, 1956)
 * Harry James, More Harry James in Hi-Fi Part 3 (Capitol, 1956)
 * Harry James, More Harry James in Hi-fi Part 4 (Capitol, 1956)
 * Fred Katz, Folk Songs for Far Out Folk (Warner Bros., 1959)
 * Junior Mance, Get Ready, Set, Jump!!! (Capitol, 1964)
 * Junior Mance, Straight Ahead! (Capitol, 1965)
 * Henry Mancini, Uniquely Mancini (ABC, 1963)
 * Henry Mancini, Mancini '67 (ABC, 1967)
 * Billy May, Billy May's Big Fat Brass (Capitol, 1958)
 * Billy May, Verlye Mills, Harp with a Beat (HiFi, 1959)
 * Billy May, Bill's Bag (Capitol, 1963)
 * Hugo Montenegro, Process 70 (Time, 1962)
 * Peter Nero, The Wiz (Crystal Clear, 1977)
 * Anita O'Day, Pick Yourself Up (Verve, 1956)
 * Ruth Olay, Olay! The New Sound of Ruth Olay (Mercury, 1959)
 * Marty Paich, I Get a Boot Out of You (Warner Bros., 1959)
 * Marty Paich, The Broadway Bit (Warner Bros., 1959)
 * Tommy Pederson, All My Friends Are Trombone Players (Patrice 1964)
 * Dave Pell, Dave Pell Plays Duke Ellington's Big Band Sounds (P.R.I. 1960)
 * Billy Preston & Syreeta, Music from the Motion Picture Fast Break (Motown, 1979)
 * Henri Rene, The Swinging '59 (Imperial, 1960)
 * The Singers Unlimited, Friends (Pausa, 1977)
 * Leith Stevens, Private Hell (Coral, 1956)
 * Jack Teagarden, This Is Teagarden! (Capitol, 1956)
 * Dan Terry, Lonely Place (P.R.I., 1969)
 * Cal Tjader, West Side Story (Fantasy, 1960)
 * Sarah Vaughan, Orchestra Arranged and Conducted by Michel Legrand (Mainstream, 1973)
 * Joe Williams, With Love (Temponic, 1972)
 * Stanley Wilson, The Music from "M Squad" (ABC, 1959)

title: George Roberts (trombonist)


text:
Perenelle Flamel

Perenelle Flamel (October 13, 1320 – 1397) was the wife of the famous 14th-century scribe Nicolas Flamel. She was a generous benefactress who invested her wealth in churches and hostels and commissioned religious sculptures. Due to legends which first appeared in the 17th century, she has since developed a reputation as a successful alchemist. Like her husband, Perenelle has had a street in Paris, France named after her, Rue Pernelle.

Life
There are few confirmed details about Perenelle's place of birth and early life. Perenelle married Nicolas in 1368. She had two previous husbands and brought their fortune to the marriage. The couple remained childless.

She and her husband were devout Roman Catholics. The couple contributed to the church by commissioning several sculptures. Nicolas continued this practice after his wife's death. The couple is depicted on the portal of the Chapel of St. James of the Boucherie praying at the feet of St. John, a sculpture which they financed in 1389. They owned several properties and contributed to the building of poor houses.

The spelling of her name varies and is sometimes given as Perrenelle, Petronelle or Pernelle. There is no historical record indicating that she or her husband were the successful alchemists of later legend.

Death
Perenelle died in 1397. She left her husband a sum of 5,300 Tours pounds. This sum was then contested in court by her sister and brother-in-law. The sister won the amounts left to Flamel.

Reputation as an alchemist
Perenelle's reputation as an alchemist stems from a book written in 1612, allegedly authored by her husband. However, Nicolas' reputation as an author and immortal alchemical adept is an invention of the 17th century. Perenelle figures prominently in the introduction of this Booke of Hieroglyphicall Figures, where the character of Nicolas outlines his quest for the philosopher's stone. In this story, Perenelle witnesses alchemical projections and aids in chrysopoeia (gold-making).

Perenelle in fiction
Perenelle's posthumous reputation as an alchemist has led to her portrayal in fantasy fiction alongside her husband.
 * She is mentioned briefly in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J. K. Rowling, though neither she nor her husband actually appears.
 * Perenelle and Nicolas Flamel are central characters in The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel, a series of six fantasy novels written by Michael Scott.
 * Stephen Leigh took the mystery surrounding the Flamels and wrote Immortal Muse.
 * She appears as a character in a crossover story between Will Eisner's The Spirit and Chester Gould's Dick Tracy in the long-running Dick Tracy comic strip.
 * In several entries in the Puella Magi Madoka Magica Anime franchise, Perenelle appears as a rare example of an adult Puella Magi. Her most prominent appearance is in the Manga spin-off Puella Magi Tart Magica, which is set during the Hundred Years' War.
 * Perenelle appears as a main character in the vampire/comedy film, The Old Blood: Flamel's Legacy in which she uses a tincture of Philosopher's Stone to artificially sustain a group of vampires.
 * In Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality by Eliezer Yudkowsky, Nicolas Flamel is simply a disguise of Perenelle's that she creates using the Philosopher's Stone.

title: Perenelle Flamel


text:
File:Prg still electric.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Primitive Radio Gods album Still Electric, Second Edition (2004).

title: File:Prg still electric.jpg


text:
Republican Guard (Lebanon)

The Republican Guard Brigade (الحرس الجمهوري اللبناني | Liwāʾ al-Ḥaras al-ǧumhūrī), also known as the Presidential Guard Brigade, is a unit of the Land Component of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), attached to the Directorate-General of the Presidency of Lebanon.

Insignia
The insignia of the Presidential Guard Brigade consists of:

The Coat of arms of Lebanon is in the middle of the insignia, the two swords in its background, the wreath surrounding it. above it are inscribed the words "Republican Guard".
 * 1) The Lebanese flag in the form of a shield.
 * 2)  A wreath composed of two fronds of laurel and oak leaves.
 * 3)  Two crossed swords.
 * 4) The background of the insignia is a shield colored navy blue.
 * 1) The background of the insignia is a shield colored navy blue.

Structure and organization
The brigade comprises a 1st Battalion, 2nd Battalion, a Support Battalion, and a Logistics Battalion. The brigade was established on May 14, 1984, and was stationed in Baabda. Up until 1949, the Lebanese Republican Guard Brigade was called the Dragon brigade. The commander in 2005 was Brigadier General Mustafa Hamdan, who was accused of complicity in the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in February 2005 and later released from prison without being cleared as innocent along with three other generals in April 2009. When President Lahoud stepped down at the end of his office, the brigade was reattached to the Army General Command.

Role
The brigade's duties include providing escorts not only for the Lebanese President and its family, but also to the Prime-Minister and cabinet members or to foreign visiting heads-of-state, and guards-of-honour at official public acts. They are also entrusted with guarding important public buildings in Beirut such as the Parliament House at Nejmeh Square and the nearby Grand Serail, an Ottoman-era palatial complex which houses the Prime-Minister and the Council of Ministers' offices, and the Presidential Palace itself.

title: Republican Guard (Lebanon)


text:
Lincolnshire Marsh

The Lincolnshire Marsh is a belt of reclaimed salt marsh and sand dune in Lincolnshire, England, between the Lincolnshire Wolds and the North Sea coast. It is up to seven kilometres wide. It is part of one of the national character areas defined by Natural England.

Geology
During the Ipswichian interglacial the sea level was higher than the present one so that the seaward edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds was eroded. The hills still drop abruptly to the coastal lowland as a result. During the Devensian glacial the ice sheet flowed up to this steep slope and the ice deposited glacial debris. During the Flandrian, since the ice melted, the sea has risen and deposited marine silt and clay over the seaward part of this glacial till. The villages lie on these zones, one band at the foot of the Wolds, one band at the seaward edge of the glacial deposits and a third, less regularly arranged in parts of the marsh that have been artificially enclosed from time to time to keep the sea out.

title: Lincolnshire Marsh


text:
Winter Queen

Winter Queen may refer to:

 * Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (1596–1662), wife of Frederick V of the Palatinate
 * The Winter Queen (novel), a 1998 novel in the Erast Fandorin series by Boris Akunin
 * The Winter Queen (1910), a historical novel by Marie Hay
 * "The Winter Queen", a series of the BBC radio program Pilgrim
 * Kohmi Hirose (born 1966), Japanese pop singer

title: Winter Queen


text:
Stephen Grossberg

Stephen Grossberg (born December 31, 1939) is a cognitive scientist, theoretical and computational psychologist, neuroscientist, mathematician, biomedical engineer, and neuromorphic technologist. He is the Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems and a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University.

Early life and education
Grossberg first lived in Woodside, Queens, in New York City. His father died from Hodgkin's lymphoma when he was one year old. His mother remarried when he was five years old. He then moved with his mother, stepfather, and older brother, Mitchell, to Jackson Heights, Queens. He attended Stuyvesant High School in lower Manhattan after passing its competitive entrance exam. He graduated first in his class from Stuyvesant in 1957.

He began undergraduate studies at Dartmouth College in 1957, where he first conceived of the paradigm of using nonlinear differential equations to describe neural networks that model brain dynamics, as well as the basic equations that many scientists use for this purpose today. He then continued to study both psychology and neuroscience. He received a B.A. in 1961 from Dartmouth as its first joint major in mathematics and psychology.

Grossberg then went to Stanford University, from which he graduated in 1964 with an MS in mathematics and transferred to The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) in Manhattan. In his first year at Rockefeller, he wrote a 500 page monograph summarizing his discoveries to that time. It is called The Theory of Embedding Fields with Applications to Psychology and Neurophysiology. Grossberg received a PhD in mathematics from Rockefeller in 1967 for a thesis that proved the first global content addressable memory theorems about the neural learning models that he had discovered at Dartmouth. His PhD thesis advisor was Gian-Carlo Rota.

Entering academia
Grossberg was hired in 1967 as an assistant professor of applied mathematics at MIT following strong recommendations from Mark Kac and Rota. In 1969, Grossberg was promoted to associate professor after publishing a stream of conceptual and mathematical results about many aspects of neural networks, including a series of foundational articles in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences between 1967 and 1971.

Grossberg was hired as a full professor at Boston University in 1975, where he is still on the faculty today. While at Boston University, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, several interdisciplinary research centers, and various international institutions.

Research
Grossberg is a pioneer of the fields of computational neuroscience, connectionist cognitive science, and neuromorphic technology. His work focuses upon the design principles and mechanisms that enable the behavior of individuals, or machines, to adapt autonomously in real time to unexpected environmental challenges. This research has included neural models of vision and image processing; object, scene, and event learning, pattern recognition, and search; audition, speech and language; cognitive information processing and planning; reinforcement learning and cognitive-emotional interactions; autonomous navigation; adaptive sensory-motor control and robotics; self-organizing neurodynamics; and mental disorders. Grossberg also collaborates with experimentalists to design experiments that test theoretical predictions and fill in conceptually important gaps in the experimental literature, carries out analyses of the mathematical dynamics of neural systems, and transfers biological neural models to applications in engineering and technology. He has published 18 books or journal special issues, over 560 research articles, and has 7 patents. Grossberg's web page sites.bu.edu/steveg provides his research articles in a downloadable form, as well as videos of keynote lectures on various topics.

Grossberg has studied how brains give rise to minds since he took the introductory psychology course as a freshman at Dartmouth College in 1957. At that time, Grossberg introduced the paradigm of using nonlinear systems of differential equations to show how brain mechanisms can give rise to behavioral functions. This paradigm is helping to solve the classical mind/body problem, and is the basic mathematical formalism that is used in biological neural network research today. In particular, in 1957–1958, Grossberg discovered widely used equations for (1) short-term memory (STM), or neuronal activation (often called the Additive and Shunting models, or the Hopfield model after John Hopfield's 1984 application of the Additive model equation); (2) medium-term memory (MTM), or activity-dependent habituation (often called habituative transmitter gates, or depressing synapses after Larry Abbott's 1997 introduction of this term); and (3) long-term memory (LTM), or neuronal learning (often called gated steepest descent learning). One variant of these learning equations, called Instar Learning, was introduced by Grossberg in 1976 into Adaptive Resonance Theory and Self-Organizing Maps for the learning of adaptive filters in these models. This learning equation was also used by Kohonen in his applications of Self-Organizing Maps starting in 1984. Another variant of these learning equations, called Outstar Learning, was used by Grossberg starting in 1967 for spatial pattern learning. Outstar and Instar learning were combined by Grossberg in 1976 in a three-layer network for the learning of multi-dimensional maps from any m-dimensional input space to any n-dimensional output space. This application was called Counter-propagation by Hecht-Nielsen in 1987.

Building on his 1964 Rockefeller PhD thesis, in the 1960s and 1970s, Grossberg generalized the Additive and Shunting models to a class of dynamical systems that included these models as well as non-neural biological models, and proved content addressable memory theorems for this more general class of models. As part of this analysis, he introduced a Liapunov functional method to help classify the limiting and oscillatory dynamics of competitive systems by keeping track of which population is winning through time. This Liapunov method led him and Michael Cohen to discover in 1981 and publish in 1982 and 1983 a Liapunov function that they used to prove that global limits exist in a class of dynamical systems with symmetric interaction coefficients that includes the Additive and Shunting models. This model is often called the Cohen-Grossberg model and Liapunov function. John Hopfield published the special case of the Cohen-Grossberg Liapunov function for the Additive model in 1984. In 1987, Bart Kosko adapted the Cohen-Grossberg model and Liapunov function, which proved global convergence of STM, to define an Adaptive Bidirectional Associative Memory that combines STM and LTM and which also globally converges to a limit.

Grossberg has introduced, and developed with his colleagues, fundamental concepts, mechanisms, models, and architectures across a wide spectrum of topics about brain and behavior. He has collaborated with over 100 PhD students and postdoctoral fellows.

These models have provided unified and principled explanations of psychological and neurobiological data about processes including auditory and visual perception, attention, consciousness, cognition, cognitive-emotional interactions, and action in both typical, or normal, individuals and clinical patients. This work models how particular brain breakdowns or lesions cause behavioral symptoms of mental disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, autism, amnesia, PTSD, ADHD, visual and auditory agnosia and neglect, and slow-wave sleep.

The models have also been applied in many large-scale applications to engineering, technology, and AI. Taken together, they provide a blueprint for designing autonomous adaptive intelligent algorithms, agents, and mobile robots.

These results have been combined in a self-contained and non-technical exposition in a conversational style in Grossberg's 2021 Magnum Opus called Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain: How Each Brain Makes a Mind. This book won the 2022 PROSE book award in Neuroscience of the Association of American Publishers.

Models that Grossberg introduced and helped to develop include:
 * the foundations of neural network research: competitive learning, self-organizing maps, instars, and masking fields (for classification), outstars (for spatial pattern learning), avalanches (for serial order learning and performance), gated dipoles (for opponent processing);
 * perceptual and cognitive development, social cognition, working memory, cognitive information processing, planning, numerical estimation, and attention: Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), ARTMAP, STORE, CORT-X, SpaN, LIST PARSE, lisTELOS, SMART, CRIB;
 * visual perception, attention, consciousness, object and scene learning, recognition, predictive remapping, and search: BCS/FCS, FACADE, 3D LAMINART, aFILM, LIGHTSHAFT, Motion BCS, 3D FORMOTION, MODE, VIEWNET, dARTEX, cART, ARTSCAN, pARTSCAN, dARTSCAN, 3D ARTSCAN, ARTSCAN Search, ARTSCENE, ARTSCENE Search;
 * auditory streaming, perception, speech, and language processing: SPINET, ARTSTREAM, NormNet, PHONET, ARTPHONE, ARTWORD;
 * cognitive-emotional dynamics, reinforcement learning, motivated attention, and adaptively timed behavior: CogEM, START, MOTIVATOR; Spectral Timing;
 * visual and spatial navigation: SOVEREIGN, STARS, ViSTARS, GRIDSmap, GridPlaceMap, Spectral Spacing;
 * adaptive sensory-motor control of eye, arm, and leg movements: VITE, FLETE, VITEWRITE, DIRECT, VAM, CPG, SACCART, TELOS, SAC-SPEM;
 * autism: iSTART

Career and infrastructure development
Given that there was little or no infrastructure to support the fields that he and other modeling pioneers were advancing, Grossberg founded several institutions aimed at providing interdisciplinary training, research, and publication outlets in the fields of computational neuroscience, connectionist cognitive science, and neuromorphic technology. In 1981, he founded the Center for Adaptive Systems at Boston University and remains its Director. In 1991, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems at Boston University and served as its chairman until 2007. In 2004, he founded the NSF Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology (CELEST) and served as its Director until 2009.

All of these institutions were aimed at answering two related questions: i) How does the brain control behavior? ii) How can technology emulate biological intelligence?

In 1987, Grossberg founded and was first President of the International Neural Network Society (INNS), which grew to 3700 members from 49 states of the United States and 38 countries during the fourteen months of his presidency. The formation of INNS soon led to the formation of the European Neural Network Society (ENNS) and the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS). Grossberg also founded the INNS official journal, and was its Editor-in-Chief from 1987 to 2010. Neural Networks is also the archival journal of ENNS and JNNS.

Grossberg's lecture series at MIT Lincoln Laboratory triggered the national DARPA Neural Network Study in 1987–88, which led to heightened government interest in neural network research. He was General Chairman of the first IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN) in 1987 and played a key role in organizing the first INNS annual meeting in 1988, whose fusion in 1989 led to the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), which remains the largest annual meeting devoted to neural network research. Grossberg has also organized and chaired the annual International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems (ICCNS) from 1997 to 2013, as well as many other conferences in the neural networks field.

Grossberg has served on the editorial board of 30 journals, including Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cognitive Brain Research, Cognitive Science, Neural Computation, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, IEEE Expert, and the International Journal of Humanoid Robotics.

Awards
Awards granted to Grossberg:
 * 1969 Norbert Wiener Medal for Cybernetics
 * 1991 IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award for "fundamental understanding and engineering application in the field of neural networks".
 * 1992 INNS Leadership Award
 * 1992 Boston Computer Society Thinking Technology Award
 * 2000 Information Science Award of the Association for Intelligent Machinery
 * 2002 Charles River Laboratories prize of the Society for Behavioral Toxicology
 * 2003 Helmholtz Award from INNS which is given "for outstanding contributions to research in perception".
 * 2015 Norman Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award of the Society of Experimental Psychologists "for his pioneering theoretical research on how brains give rise to minds and his foundational contributions to computational neuroscience and connectionist cognitive science". His acceptance speech can be found here.
 * 2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Frank Rosenblatt Award with the following citation: "For contributions to understanding brain cognition and behavior and their emulation by technology".
 * 2019 Donald O. Hebb award from INNS which is given "for outstanding contributions to research in biological learning".
 * 2022 PROSE book award in Neuroscience of the Association of American Publishers for his 2021 Magnum Opus: Conscious Mind, Resonant Brain: How Each Brain Makes a Mind.
 * 2022 Lofti A. Zadeh Pioneer Award from the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society for “seminal contributions to understanding brain cognition and behavior and their emulation by technology.”
 * 2023 Computer Science Leader Award of Research.com

Memberships:
 * 1990 member of the Memory Disorders Research Society
 * 1994 Fellow of the American Psychological Association
 * 1996 Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
 * 2002 Fellow of the American Psychological Society
 * 2005 IEEE Fellow
 * 2008 Inaugural Fellow of the American Educational Research Association
 * 2011 INNS Fellow

ART theory
With Gail Carpenter, Grossberg developed the adaptive resonance theory (ART). ART is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain can quickly learn, and stably remember and recognize, objects and events in a changing world. ART proposed a solution of the stability-plasticity dilemma; namely, how a brain or machine can learn quickly about new objects and events without just as quickly being forced to forget previously learned, but still useful, memories.

ART predicts how learned top-down expectations focus attention on expected combinations of features, leading to a synchronous resonance that can drive fast learning. ART also predicts how large enough mismatches between bottom-up feature patterns and top-down expectations can drive a memory search, or hypothesis testing, for recognition categories with which to better learn to classify the world. ART thus defines a type of self-organizing production system.

ART was practically demonstrated through the ART family of classifiers (e.g., ART 1, ART 2, ART 2A, ART 3, ARTMAP, fuzzy ARTMAP, ART eMAP, distributed ARTMAP), developed with Gail Carpenter, which has been used in large-scale applications in engineering and technology where fast, yet stable, incrementally learned classification and prediction are needed.

Grossberg has predicted that "all conscious states are resonant states". He has hereby shown how properties of learning without catastrophic forgetting are ensured in ART via attentional matching between bottom-up feature patterns and learned top-down expectations, leading to a resonant state that persists long enough to drive learning between attended critical feature patterns and active recognition categories. Such a resonant state can also lead to conscious awareness when it includes feature-selective cells that represent qualia. In this way, Grossberg has used ART to explain many mind and brain data about how humans consciously see, hear, feel, and know things about their unique changing worlds, while using these conscious representations to plan and act to realize valued goals.

New computational paradigms
Grossberg has introduced and led the development of two computational paradigms that are relevant to biological intelligence and its applications:

Complementary Computing

What is the nature of brain specialization? Many scientists have proposed that our brains possess independent modules, as in a digital computer. The brain's organization into distinct anatomical areas and processing streams shows that brain processing is indeed specialized. However, independent modules should be able to fully compute their particular processes on their own. Much behavioral data argue against this possibility. Complementary Computing (Grossberg, 2000, 2012 ) concerns the discovery that pairs of parallel cortical processing streams compute complementary properties in the brain. Each stream has complementary computational strengths and weaknesses, much as in physical principles like the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Each cortical stream can also possess multiple processing stages. These stages realize a hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. "Uncertainty" here means that computing one set of properties at a given stage prevents computation of a complementary set of properties at that stage.

Complementary Computing proposes that the computational unit of brain processing that has behavioral significance consists of parallel interactions between complementary cortical processing streams with multiple processing stages to compute complete information about a particular type of biological intelligence. Laminar Computing

The cerebral cortex, the seat of higher intelligence in all modalities, is organized into layered circuits (often six main layers) that undergo characteristic bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions. How do specializations of this shared laminar design embody different types of biological intelligence, including vision, speech and language, and cognition? Laminar Computing proposes how this can happen (Grossberg, 1999, 2012 ).

Laminar Computing explains how the laminar design of neocortex may realize the best properties of feedforward and feedback processing, digital and analog processing, and bottom-up data-driven processing and top-down attentive hypothesis-driven processing. Embodying such designs into VLSI chips promises to enable the development of increasingly general-purpose adaptive autonomous algorithms for multiple applications.

title: Stephen Grossberg


text: Category:Hindu legendary creatures

title: Category:Hindu legendary creatures


text:
Angus Bonnycastle

Angus Lorne Bonnycastle (November 3, 1873 – September 9, 1941) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1907 to 1911, as a member of the Conservative Party. A member of the Bonnycastle family, his great-grandfather, Sir Richard Henry Bonnycastle, was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Engineers, and supervised building in Kingston, Ontario, Saint John, New Brunswick, and other Canadian cities.

Angus Bonnycastle was born in Campbellford, Ontario, and educated there. He moved to Manitoba in 1893, was called to the Bar in 1905, and worked as a barrister. In religion, Bonnycastle was a member of the Church of England.

In 1902, Angus Bonnycastle married Ellen Mary Boulton, the daughter of Charles Arkall Boulton, a member of the Senate of Canada. They had six children. Son, Richard, was a Manitoba fur trader, adventurer, lawyer and a publisher who founded Harlequin Enterprises, the world's largest publisher of romance novels.

Bonnycastle first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1903 provincial election, and lost to Liberal candidate W. J. Doig by 124 votes in Russell. He ran again in the 1907 election, and defeated new Liberal candidate T. A. Wright by nine votes. The Conservatives won the election, and Bonnycastle served as a government backbencher. He was re-elected by eight votes in the 1910 election, and resigned from the legislature in 1911.

Despite being forty years old, Angus Bonnycastle volunteered to serve overseas with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I. As a lieutenant-colonel, he led the 200th Battalion. At the end of the war, he was appointed a county court judge in Dauphin, Manitoba, a position held until his death there in 1941.

title: Angus Bonnycastle


text: Template:New Orleans Saints roster

title: Template:New Orleans Saints roster


text:
Tina Bursill

Tina Bursill (born 24 July 1951) is an Australian actress. She played Louise Carter on the television series Skyways (1979–1981) and Sonia Stevens on Prisoner (1983–1984). She played Meryl Knight in the Nine Network drama series Doctor Doctor. Bursill won the AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1987 film Jilted.

Early life
Tina Bursill was born on the 24 July 1951 in Sydney. Initially, she intended to pursue a career in anthropology, however, she set her sights on becoming an actress. She studied drama at the National Institute of Dramatic Art and graduated in 1971.

Theatre
Bursill started her career in musicals and stand-up comedy, before being cast in more serious roles in theatre.

Most recently, she was in a production of Cinderella in 2022.

Television
Bursill made her television debut in 1973, appearing in the lead role of short-lived comedy series The People Next Door as Meg Penrose. She was a regular character in daily soap opera The Unisexers which was launched in February 1975 on the Nine Network, however the program's low ratings led to its cancellation and removal from broadcast after only three weeks. What followed was a number of guest appearances on Australian television series, before receiving the role of Louise Carter in the Seven Network drama series Skyways, for which she appeared from 1979 to 1981. During this period, she also had a recurring role on police drama series, King's Men between 1976 and 1980.

In 1983, Bursill was cast in the role of Sonia Stevens on Network Ten's cult classic prison drama series Prisoner (Prisoner: Cell Block H), in which she was introduced in the fifth season as a devious vice queen imprisoned for heroin trafficking. She remained in the series until 1984. Her role as Sonia Stevens is one she is most recognised for. After departing the series, Bursill appeared in several recurring roles; in A Country Practice as Bianca Forbes-Hamilton (1981) and Cecily Day (1985), Hey Dad..! as Det. Sgt. Anne Burke (1987), and Heartbreak High (1997) as Hilary Scheppers (the mother of characters Ryan and Anita). She had previously appeared in Heartbreak High the year before as TV news reporter, Trish Ferro.

Bursill is also known for her recurring roles on the Seven Network soap opera Home and Away during the fourth season (1991) and fourteenth season (2001) as Lois Crawford and Stella Patterson respectively. Bursill most recently appeared in the recurring role of Kathy Carpenter in Neighbours during the thirtieth season in 2014.

In 2023 Bursill appeared in the Australian television series One Night. and also appeared in Foxtel/Binge Drama Strife.

Film
Bursill made her feature film debut in 1975 when she was cast in The Great Macarthy, a sports comedy with John Jarratt and Barry Humphries. Her second film role came in 1984, when she appeared in Melvin, Son of Alvin, a sequel to the 1973 comedy, Alvin Purple. In 1987, she starred in Jilted, which earned her an Australian Film Institute Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

Further film credits include Afraid to Dance, Spider and Rose, Billy's Holiday, The Goddess of 1967, Son of the Mask, Three Blind Mice, Random 8, and Wish You Were Here.

title: Tina Bursill