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Saddleback toad

The saddleback toads (Brachycephalus) are a genus of tiny toads and frogs in the family Brachycephalidae in the order Anura, ranging from south Bahia to Santa Catarina in southeastern Brazil. The genus includes two main groups, the often brightly coloured pumpkin toadlets, and the overall brown and more frog-like flea frogs (or flea toads), which once were placed in their own genus Psyllophryne. Some pumpkin toadlets are toxic and their often bright colours are considered aposematic. At about 1 cm or less in snout–to–vent length, the flea frogs are some of the smallest frogs in the world.

The saddleback toads live among leaf litter in the Atlantic rainforest, ranging from near sea level to an altitude of 1900 m, with most species restricted to highland cloud forest. They are mostly diurnal, feed on tiny invertebrates and breeding is by direct development, with eggs laid on land and hatching into young frogs (no tadpole stage).

The majority of the Brachycephalus species have only been discovered in the 21st century. Most species have tiny ranges and are seriously threatened.

Morphology and size

The common name "saddleback toad" refers to the bony shields that cover their vertebrae, but these are not present in all species in the genus and their function is unclear in the species that do have them. The genus can be divided into two main subgroups: The pumpkin toadlets comprises most species in the genus. They have an overall toad-like appearance and morphology, and they mostly walk (they are unable to jump far). The second group are the flea frogs or flea toads (B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex and B. sulfuratus) that have an appearance and morphology that is more like leptodactylid frogs, and they are better jumpers. The name "flea frog" is also sometimes used for the unrelated Adelophryne. The skin of the saddleback toads can be rugose (bumpy) or smooth. Their toes/fingers are reduced compared to most other frogs, with typically only two to four being clearly visible on each foot/hand. Some of the bones in their skull are also reduced.

Brachycephalus are very small frogs and adults range from 7.4 to(-) in snout–to–vent length. Females tend to be larger than males of the same species. The flea frogs or flea toads are generally the smallest at 7.4-10.8 mm in adults, but overlapping to some extent with the smallest species of pumpkin toadlets. Adults of the pumpkin toadlets are at least 8.3 mm, with most species about 9.5-13.5 mm, and the largest like B. darkside and B. margaritatus at least 14.8 mm. At 8-8.4 mm, B. pulex has the smallest maximum adult size reported in the genus, while B. sulfuratus at 7.4-10.8 mm has the smallest minimum adult size in the genus, but its maximum size surpasses that reported for a few others. This makes them the smallest frogs in the Americas, with only the northeast Brazilian Adelophryne michelin, and Cuban Eleutherodactylus iberia and E. limbatus approaching their tiny dimensions. In other continents, the only similar-sized or slightly smaller frogs are a few species in the genera Mini, Paedophryne and Stumpffia. Newly hatched saddleback toads are much smaller than the already tiny adults. For example, they are typically 5.25-5.45 mm in B. ephippium, a species where adults are at least 12.5 mm.

Colour and toxicity
The different Brachycephalus vary greatly in colour and this is often useful for separating the species from each other. Within each species, there are often also some individual variations, especially in the details of their pattern.

The flea frogs or flea toads (B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex and B. sulfuratus) are well-camouflaged and overall brown, often with sections that are greyer or near-black, and sometimes with a few poorly-defined yellowish spots below.

Among the remaining species in the genus, almost all have both underparts and upperparts that are at least partially yellow or orange. They are collectively known as pumpkin toadlets, which is a reference to the colour. In some species, this colour is almost uniform throughout, earning them the name Brazilian gold frog (sometimes misapplied to the all-brown flea frog B. didactylus). However, in many species the yellow or orange is partial and incomplete. On the underparts, the yellow or orange may form a spotted or mottled pattern on a dull and dark background. On the upperparts, there can be spots, mottling or patches in black, brown, greenish, whitish or reddish. This results in some species where most but not all of the upperparts are yellow or orange and others where only small sections are yellow or orange. Two particularly dull-coloured species, B. brunneus and B. curupira, are overall brown, while a few others are essentially all-brown or greenish above (sometimes with whitish on the mid-back), limiting yellow or orange to the underparts. In species where known, including ones that are bright orange-yellow as adults, the newly hatched juveniles are mostly brown overall and may have white markings below.

The bright yellow, orange or reddish colours of many species in this genus are generally considered aposematic (warning colours), but toxicity has only been studied in a few species. The brightly coloured B. ephippium and B. pernix have tetrodotoxin and similar toxins in their skin and organs, whereas B. nodoterga, which has a much more subdued colouring but still with some yellow-orange, appears to be non-toxic. It is unknown how certain Brachycephalus species attain the strong neurotoxins, but they are possibly absorbed from the small invertebrates they eat, as known from some poison dart frogs and mantella frogs, or produced by bacteria inside their body.

At least two brightly coloured species, B. ephippium and B. pitanga, have bones that are fluorescent, which is visible through the skin of the toadlet when exposed to UV light. It was initially speculated that the fluorescent colour also is aposematic or that it is related to mate choice (species recognition or determining fitness of a potential partner), but later studies indicate that the former explanation is unlikely, as predation attempts on the toadlets appear to be unaffected by the presence/absence of fluorescence.

Voice and hearing

Although not very loud for a frog/toad (even relative to their tiny size), Brachycephalus are most often located by their call. The primary calls are by adult males, but females and young may also call. A single square meter (slightly more than 10 sq ft) can host as many as five calling males, and at a single location one may hear tens of males at once. Males will defend their small territory from other males, but in most cases voice or visual displays are sufficient and fights are avoided.

The advertising calls by males are performed either from a hidden or an exposed position. Whether a species is dull or brightly coloured does not accurately predict if it prefers an exposed or hidden calling position. In addition to advertising calls, there are aggressive calls directed towards other males when close. The calls of the different species differ to various extent in frequency, speed, structure and other features.

Peculiarly, at least the brightly coloured pumpkin toadlets B. ephippium and B. pitanga are unable to hear the frequency of their own advertising calls, as their ears are underdeveloped. Instead their communication appears to rely on certain movements like the vocal sac that inflates when calling, mouth gaping and waving of their arms. It is speculated that their calling is a vestigiality from the ancestral form of the genus, whereas their reduced hearing ability (they do have some hearing ability in frequencies outside their call) is a novel change in these species. Sounds make them more vulnerable to predators, but there has likely been little direct evolutionary pressure to lose it because of their toxicity. Unlike B. ephippium, B. pitanga and some others, many species in the genus always call from a hidden position, making any signalling by movements inefficient, and it is likely they can hear their own calls. Direct studies of the medium-brightly coloured (mostly dull above, bright below) pumpkin toadlet B. actaeus and the dull-coloured flea frog B. hermogenesi strongly suggest that they are able to hear their own calls.

Behavior

Saddleback toads live in the leaf litter on forest floors, but on occasion may move to higher perches up to 1 m off the ground. During dry conditions, both sexes tend to stay hidden in the leaf litter and there is little noticeable activity, but during the wet season and high humidity the males and in some species also females may move to the top of the leaf litter. In some species, they often take up quite conspicuous positions during this time.

Overall the saddleback toads are mostly active during the day, but some activity also occurs during the night and some species possibly are mostly nocturnal.

Breeding
In general, saddleback toads are reported to use axillary or nearly axillary amplexus where a male uses his front limbs to grab a female at her front limbs. However, whereas most frogs typically only use one technique, at least B. ephippium will use two, beginning with an inguinal amplexus (where the male holds the female around the lower waist, just in front of her hindlimbs) and only later changing to a nearly axillary position.

Based on the few species where the breeding behavior is known, the female saddleback toad lays about five or less yellow or yellow-white eggs, which are relatively large compared to the size of the adult. They are deposited in a hidden location (for example, under leaf litter or a tree log) on land. The female rolls them until they are covered in particles, making them almost indistinguishable from the soil where they have been laid, but it may also help to preserve their water content. After about two months, they hatch into juvenile toads/frogs. There is no tadpole or other aquatic stage.

Feeding
Relatively little is known about the feeding behavior of saddleback toads, but they will take a wide range of minute invertebrates. They are known to feed on insects (among others, ants, true bugs, beetles, grasshoppers and flies) and their larvae, springtails, mites, spiders, pseudoscorpions, millipedes, snails and isopods.

Jumping
Unlike most amphibians, Brachycephalus are hindered in their ability to land reliably after jumping. Due to Brachycephalus ' extremely small head and body size, vestibular systems in the genus are too small for dependable locomotion, and in turn the endolymph — which is regarded by Poiseuille's law — is not detected by sensory hairs and makes it difficult for individuals of Brachycephalus to sense changes in angular acceleration during a jump. For the same reason they are moving slowly when they walk. Because of the uncontrolled jumping and slow walking, they have evolved defense mechanisms such as toxicity and bony plates (osteoderms) as protection against predators.

Conservation status
Only 11 species of saddleback toads have been officially rated by the IUCN, all between 2004 and 2010, with 3 species listed as least concern (not threatened) and the remaining data deficient (insufficient data for rating them). Since then, many new species have been recognised and more data has become available for evaluating their conservation status. In a review in 2019 that included all species recognised up until then and used IUCN's definitions, 10 species were data deficient, 5 least concern, 10 vulnerable, 5 endangered and 6 critically endangered. Two of the data deficient species, B. atelopoide and B. bufonoides, have not been recorded since their original scientific descriptions a century ago and they are unknown in life.

The three flea frogs B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus and the pumpkin toadlet B. ephippiumsi are relatively widespread in both distribution and altitude range (lowlands to about 1100-1250 m), although it is possible that the last of these actually is a species complex. Each of the remaining species of Brachycephalus are only known from seven or less locations and many at only one or two locations covering less than 1 km2 at a very narrow altitude range. These are typically in cloud forest on sky island mountaintops and most species have completely separate distribution, isolated from each other by valleys and unsuitable habitat. Where found, they can however be common, sometimes even abundant. Although some of the range-restricted species have well-protected distributions in reserves, many of the species do not. Their small distributions make them highly vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation from climate change (changing temperature and rain patterns), fire, grazing by livestock, and deforestation for tree extraction and to make room for plantations, farming and cattle ranching. Some Brachycephalus species have also been found to be afflicted by recurrent outbreaks of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite the fungus largely affecting aquatic frogs; these outbreaks have been linked to dry years where low water availability poses a physiological stress on frogs and also forces them to retreat to refugia where they are at a high population density.

Family
Brachycephalus lacks a Bidder's organ, but were historically included in the true toad family Bufonidae, where one of the defining features is its presence. Brachycephalus was subsequently placed in Atelopodidae or Brachycephalidae, with the latter being the generally accepted treatment in recent decades. Initially some authorities placed numerous genera in Brachycephalidae, while others limited it to only contain the genus Brachycephalus. Genetic studies have shown that most of these genera belong in other families, but the—in morphology quite different—genus Ischnocnema is a close relative of Brachycephalus and they belong together as the only members of Brachycephalidae.

Genus and species groups

Within Brachycephalus, there are two rather distinctive groups: the typical members are the pumpkin toadlets, while the remaining four species are the flea frogs or flea toads (B. didactylus, B. hermogenesi, B. pulex and B. sulfuratus). Until 2002, the latter group, which is relatively widespread, was regarded as a separate genus, Psyllophryne, but it is now considered a synonym of Brachycephalus. The pumpkin toadlets, which largely are restricted to highlands and foothills, can be further divided into two subgroups: the southern B. pernix subgroup (Paraná and Santa Catarina) and the northern B. ephippium subgroup (São Paulo and north). Among the pumpkin toadlets, colours alone are not a good indicator of phylogenetic relationships. For example, the brown B. curupira is closely related to the golden B. izecksohni and the brown B. brunneus is closely related to the golden B. leopardus, but these species pairs are more distant from each other.

Species

The first species, Brachycephalus ephippium, was already described by Johann Baptist von Spix in 1824, but originally in the genus Bufo. Two years later the genus Brachycephalus was coined by Leopold Fitzinger. In 1920, four additional "variants" were described by Alípio de Miranda-Ribeiro, but in 1955 a review did not recognise them, arguing that they were synonyms of B. ephippium. Another species, B. didactylus, was described in 1971 by Eugênio Izecksohn, but placed in its own genus Psyllophryne. As a consequence, B. ephippium was the only widely recognised species in the genus; it was the pumpkin toadlet. In 1990, B. nodoterga (one of the variants that had been described in 1920) was instated as a valid species, bringing the number of generally recognised Brachycephalus species to two.

Starting in 1998, this changed dramatically. Since that year, there has been a couple of years at most between the description of new species and some years where several were described, peaking at eight species in 2015 alone. Additionally, the three remaining variants that had been described in 1920 were instated as valid species in 2010 and the former Psyllophryne species were moved into Brachycephalus in 2002. , there were 36 recognised species of Brachycephalus. The many recently discovered species have mostly been the result of scientists visiting isolated highland peaks, so-called sky islands that are separated from each other by valleys. Although now generally recognised, the distinction of some of these recently described species has been questioned by some authorities since they often have been separated mainly by colour and skin texture, features that can be variable in frogs/toads.

List
According to Amphibian Species of the World, the following species are recognised in the genus Brachycephalus:

 * Brachycephalus actaeus Monteiro et al., 2018
 * Brachycephalus albolineatus Bornschein et al., 2016
 * Brachycephalus alipioi Pombal & Gasparini, 2006
 * Brachycephalus atelopoide Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
 * Brachycephalus auroguttatus Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus boticario Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus brunneus Ribeiro et al., 2005
 * Brachycephalus bufonoides Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
 * Brachycephalus coloratus Ribeiro et al., 2017
 * Brachycephalus crispus Condez, Clemente-Carvalho, Haddad & Reis, 2014
 * Brachycephalus curupira Ribeiro et al., 2017
 * Brachycephalus darkside Guimarães, Luz, Rocha & Feio, 2017
 * Brachycephalus didactylus (Izecksohn, 1971)
 * Brachycephalus ephippium (Spix’s saddleback toad) (Spix, 1824)
 * Brachycephalus ferruginus Alves et al., 2006
 * Brachycephalus fuscolineatus Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus garbeanus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
 * Brachycephalus guarani Clemente-Carvalho et al., 2012
 * Brachycephalus herculeus Folly, Condez, Vrcibradic, Rocha, Machado, Lopes & Pombal, 2024
 * Brachycephalus hermogenesi (Giaretta & Sawaya, 1998)
 * Brachycephalus ibitinga Condez et al., 2021
 * Brachycephalus izecksohni Ribeiro et al., 2005
 * Brachycephalus leopardus Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus margaritatus Pombal & Izecksohn, 2011
 * Brachycephalus mariaeterezae Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus mirissimus Pie et al., 2018
 * Brachycephalus nodoterga (Serra Cantareira saddleback toad) Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920
 * Brachycephalus olivaceus Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus pernix Pombal, Wistuba & Bornschein, 1998
 * Brachycephalus pitanga (Red pumpkin toadlet) Alves, Sawaya, Reis & Haddad, 2009
 * Brachycephalus pombali Alves et al., 2006
 * Brachycephalus pulex Napoli, Caramaschi, Cruz & Dias, 2011
 * Brachycephalus puri Almeida-Silva, Silva-Soares, Rodrigues & Verdade, 2021
 * Brachycephalus quiririensis Pie & Ribeiro, 2015
 * Brachycephalus rotenbergae Nunes et al., 2021
 * Brachycephalus sulfuratus Condez et al., 2016
 * Brachycephalus tabuleiro Mângia, Santana, Drummond, Sabagh, Ugioni, Costa & Wachlevski, 2023
 * Brachycephalus toby Haddad et al., 2010
 * Brachycephalus tridactylus Garey et al., 2012
 * Brachycephalus verrucosus Ribeiro et al., 2015
 * Brachycephalus vertebralis Pombal, 2001

title: Saddleback toad


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Brachycephalidae

The Brachycephalidae are a family of frogs confined to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Argentina. The family is composed of two externally quite different genera: the tiny, often (but not always) colourful and plump saddleback toads (Brachycephalus) from Brazil, and the larger, slimmer and more drab genus Ischnocnema from both Brazil and Argentina. The family is mainly defined by molecular characteristics, and are linked by few anatomical features. It was erected from two genera of the previously large family Eleutherodactylidae, which is now split into four families.

The Brachycephalidae all have direct development and hatch like miniature adults rather than as tadpoles like most frogs. The members of the genus Brachycephalus are all very diminutive animals, with many species under 1 cm in snout–to–vent length.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brachycephalidae


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title: User talk:81.171.174.30


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Purba Medinipur district

Purba Medinipur (English: East Medinipur, alternative spelling Midnapore) district is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the southernmost district of Medinipur division – one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. The headquarters in Tamluk. It was formed on 1 January 2002 after the Partition of Medinipur into Purba Medinipur and Paschim Medinipur which lies at the northern and western border of it. The state of Odisha is at the southwest border; the Bay of Bengal lies in the south; the Hooghly river and South 24 Parganas district to the east; Howrah district to the north-east; Paschim Medinipur district to the west.

Purba Medinipur comprises the sub-divisions of Tamluk, Contai and Haldia of erstwhile Medinipur district. Another sub-division, Egra has been created out of the erstwhile Contai sub-division during the partition of Medinipur. In 2011, the state government proposed to rename the district as Tamralipta district after the ancient port city of Tamralipta which used to lie near the modern district headquarters.

Purba Medinipur saw many political movements during the British Raj. A parallel government named the Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was formed during the Quit India Movement in Tamluk. In 2007, Purba Medinipur witnessed the Nandigram violence, an incident of police firing that killed 14 farmers.

Tamralipta
Tamralipta, the port in ancient India, is believed by scholars to have been around modern-day Tamluk. It is mentioned in the writings of Ptolemy (150 AD), the Greco-Egyptian writer, as well as Faxian and Xuanzang, Chinese monks and travellers. It was the main port used by Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor. With too much siltation the port lost its importance around eighth century A.D.The supreme leader of Tamralipta Jatiya sarkar was Satish chandra Samanta.

Overview
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and Eastern coastal plains. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of alluvium and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 meters above the mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.

Major cities and towns
Major cities and towns include Panskura, Tamluk, Nandakumar, Contai, Egra, Haldia, Mecheda, Mahishadal, Digha, Mandarmani, Khejuri, Ramnagar, Patashpur, Kolaghat, Nandigram. Chandipur

Administrative subdivisions
Purba Medinipur district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:

Tamluk subdivision consists of Tamluk municipality, Panskura municipality and seven community development blocks: Nandakumar, Moyna, Tamluk, Shahid Matangini, Panskura–I, Panskura–II and Chandipur (Nadigram–III). Haldia subdivision consists of Haldia municipality and five community development blocks: Mahishadal, Nandigram–I, Nandigram–II, Sutahata and Haldia. Egra subdivision consists of Egra municipality and five community development blocks: Bhagawanpur–I,Egra–I, Egra–II, Pataspur–I and Pataspur–II. Contai subdivision consists of Contai municipality and eight community development blocks: Kanthi–I, Kanthi–II, Kanthi–III, Khejuri–I, Khejuri–II, Ramnagar–I and Ramnagar–II, Bhagawanpur–II.

Tamluk is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 25 development blocks, 5 municipalities and 223 gram panchayats in this district.

Other than in the municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 10 urban units: five municipalities and five census towns. Panskura municipality was established in 2001.

Tamluk subdivision

 * Two municipalities: Tamluk and Panskura
 * Nandakumar community development block consists of rural areas only with 12 gram panchayats.
 * Moyna community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: Garsafat.
 * Tamluk community development block consists of rural areas with 12 gram panchayats and two census towns: Anantapur and Dakshin Baguan.
 * Sahid Matangini community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: Kakdihi and Shantipur.
 * Panskura community development block consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
 * Kolaghat community development block consists of rural areas with 13 gram panchayats and four census towns: Kolaghat, Amalhara, Mihitikri and Kharisha.
 * Chandipur community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: Kotbar and Ershal.

Haldia subdivision

 * One municipality: Haldia.
 * Mahishadal community development block consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and one census town: Garh Kamalpur.
 * Nandigram I community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and one census town: Nandigram.
 * Nandigram II community development block consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and one census town: Ashadtalya.
 * Sutahata community development block consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and one census town: Barda
 * Haldia community development block consists of rural areas only with 4 gram panchayats.

Egra subdivision

 * One municipality: Egra.
 * Bhagabanpur I community development block consists of rural areas with 10 gram panchayats and two census towns: Benudiya and Hincha Gerya.
 * Egra I community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
 * Egra II community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
 * Patashpur I community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
 * Patashpur II community development block consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.

Contai subdivision

 * One municipality: Contai.
 * Contai I community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
 * Deshapran community development block consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and one census town: Basantia.
 * Contai III community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
 * Khejuri I community development block consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
 * Khejuri II community development block consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
 * Ramnagar I community development block consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one census town: Khadalgobra.
 * Ramnagar II community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
 * Bhagabanpur II community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

Assembly Constituencies
Purba Medinipur contains 16 assembly constituencies, equally divided between two Lok Sabha constituencies Tamluk and Kanthi. The MP for Tamluk is Dibyendu Adhikari (AITC) while the MP for Kanthi is Sisir Adhikari (BJP). These are members of the Adhikari family which has dominated politics in the district whose prominent member has been Suvendu Adhikari, now Leader of Opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Purba Medinipur district has a population of 5,095,875, roughly equal to the United Arab Emirates or the US state of Colorado. This gives it a ranking of 20th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1076 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.32%. Purba Medinipur has a sex ratio of 936 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.60%. 11.63% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.63% and 0.55% of the population respectively.

Bengali is the predominant language, spoken by 98.31% of the population. The Bengali dialect around Kanthi is heavily influenced by nearby dialect of Odia and along the Odisha border, the two dialects cannot be distinguished

Religion
Hindus are the majority religion in the district. Muslims are the second largest religion.

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Purba Medinipur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 11 districts in West Bengal receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). in East Medinipur Mat "Madur" industry are very popular, it's occupation of most people. In, agriculture sector paddy, wheat, chilli, vegetable are also popular in India.

Literacy and education
According to the 2011 census, the district has a literacy rate of 87.66 up from 80.20% of 2001 census. As per 2001 census, this district had a male literacy rate of 89.1% and female literacy rate was 70.7%. The education index of this district is 0.74 and it is ranked first in literacy in comparison to other districts of West Bengal.

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Purba Medinipur district for the year 2013–2014. It may be noted that primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools, and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes, etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, polytechnics, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training, and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.

Healthcare
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Purba Medinipur district.

Tourism
The coastal region of Purba Medinipur district is in the face of river Hoogly. With good coastal, landform, seasonal, rural and heritage diversity, it offers the potential for tourism in its typical coastlines and rural areas. The famous tourist spots are

Tamluk (Tamralipta)
Tamluk, district headquarters of Purba Medinipur district is situated on the bank of river Rupnarayan which is a very popular picnic spot. The other places are:
 * Temple of Devi Barghobhima is an 1150 years old Kali temple and is considered one of the 51 Shakti Peethas. According to Puran, the gorali of left feet of Sati/Parvati fell here when Lord Vishnu cut the sacred body of Goddess Sati into several pieces to make Lord Shiva quiet.
 * Archeological Museum of Tamluk is a must-see place. It contains artifacts of tamra (copper) and has preserved a tamralipta with Greek inscriptions. It preserves the historical heritage of Bengal.
 * Rakhit Bati is another important place to visit in Tamluk. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was famous as a secret centre of the then revolutionary parties Anusilan Samiti and Gupta Samiti.
 * There are many other ancient temples in Tamluk town to visit, i.e., Jagannath Temple, Hari Temple, Mahaprabhu Temple, Ram Jiu Temple, Rajbari Temple, etc.

Panskura
It is a municipality upgraded in 2002. It is one of the busiest towns in East Midnapore district. Panskura is known as "Valley of Flowers" with large supplies of flowers to other places. Panskura is also known for its green vegetables wholesale market near the Panskura Junction railway station. It is open every day after 10 pm until 7 am the next morning with a regular gathering of lakhs of people. Panskura is one of the busiest railway stations which extends up to Digha or Haldia directly through this station or by bus. The river Kansabati is a good picnic spot and Mahakali (Bhavatarini) temple nearby old Panskura bazar is a pilgrimage spot. Panskura is also well known for its cultural side. Many cultural schools and institutes are there. Panskura is famous for the recitation institute Chandabani [ছন্দবাণী].

Mahishadal
Mahishadal is only 16 km from Tamluk town where tourists can visit the Mahishadal Rajbari, the museum there and Gopal Jiu temple. Geonkhali is a place 8 km from Mahishadal, a perfect picnic spot at the junction (mohona) of three rivers.

Digha
Digha is a seaside resort town of Purba Medinipur district and, at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, is the most popular seaside resort of West Bengal. Renowned for its beaches, Digha is visited by thousands of tourists every year.

Mandarmani
Mandarmani is a small virgin beach on the Bay of Bengal under Kalindi Gram Panchayat, only 14 km from Digha-Contai Road from Chaulkhola Bus Stop. It is a small fishing harbour and a fast developing tourist spot.

Haldia
Haldia, a city and a municipality in Purba Medinipur, is a major seaport approximately 100 km southwest of Kolkata near the mouth of the Hooghly River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges. It is being developed as a major trade port for Kolkata, intended mainly for bulk cargoes.

Notable people

 * Birendranath Sasmal, barrister, freedom fighter, and politician
 * Satish Chandra Samanta, freedom fighter, politician
 * Sushil Kumar Dhara, freedom fighter, politician
 * Ajoy Mukherjee, freedom fighter, politician & former Chief Minister of West Bengal
 * Matangini Hazra, freedom fighter, martyr in Quit India Movement
 * Anil Ghorai, poet, novelist and short story writer
 * Mani Lal Bhaumik, Indian American physicist and an internationally bestselling author, entrepreneur and philanthropist
 * Phulrenu Guha, educationist and politician
 * Geeta Mukherjee, social worker, politician
 * Paresh Maity, painter

title: Purba Medinipur district


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Knave (British magazine)

Knave was a long-running British adult magazine featuring softcore pornography, published by Galaxy Publications Limited. Originally launched in 1968 by the photographer Russell Gay, it was the upmarket sister publication of Fiesta magazine. Mary Millington modelled for the magazine in 1974, prior to her exclusive signing to work for David Sullivan's magazines.

Along with many other adult magazines, Knave has published the works of popular authors, including Kim Newman, Dave Langford, and Neil Gaiman. The first issue featured a short story by Ellery Queen.

The surrealist artist Penny Slinger appeared in Knave in 1973 in a photoshoot and interview in which she posed nude with her own artwork. The artist and musician Cosey Fanni Tutti appeared as a Knave model in 1977, as part of an art project exploring pornography in which she appeared as a model in a number of pornographic magazines.

Neil Gaiman's early short stories, including "We Can Get Them for You Wholesale", were published within the magazine; he also worked at the magazine in many roles, including celebrity interviewer and book reviewer. Gaiman began work at the magazine in 1984 but left in the late 80s because an editorial change resulted in the magazine concentrating more heavily on pornographic content.

Eric Fuller, credited by The Guardian as "the man behind the success of Dennis Publishing's lad-mag, Maxim", also worked for the magazine for a time.

Knave ceased production in 2015, after 47 years of publication.

title: Knave (British magazine)


text:
Morača Sports Center

Morača Sports Centre (Montenegrin: Sportski centar Morača, Спортски центар Морача) is a multi-sports venue that is located in Podgorica, Montenegro.

The venue is located in the new part of Podgorica, on the right bank of Morača River, after which it got its name. Construction of the sports complex began in 1978, and various sporting facilities are scattered within it, across a five hectare area. Besides being a sports venue, Morača Sports Centre also hosts various concerts and events.

History
The new venue was inaugurated with a friendly basketball game between the Yugoslav national team and Wichita State University.

The complex's main indoor hall hosted six preliminary-round games of EuroBasket 2005. The venue underwent a major refurbishment for the tournament in order to meet the arena standards imposed by FIBA.

With the immense growth of the popularity of water polo in Montenegro, two brand new open-air swimming pools were added to the facility in 2009, which also hosted the 2009 FINA Water Polo World League.

In 2018, the arena's main hall underwent renovations and expansion, in order to meet the arena standards of the EuroLeague. Its seating capacity was increased to 6,000, and VIP lounges were also added. The cost of the renovation project was €4.5 million euros. Also, former indoor pool arena (which was in disrepair and unused for over a decade) was repurposed as a basketball / volleyball / handball hall, with seating capacity of 2,200. The venue will host the 2022 European Women's Handball Championship for the preliminary rounds.

Facilities
The sports complex's main indoor hall serves as the primary multi-purpose indoor arena in Podgorica. It is best known as home arena of SD Budućnost Podgorica's basketball, volleyball and handball teams.

 * Main Hall (capacity 6,000 seats in the stands)
 * Bemax Hall (capacity 2,200 seats in the stands)
 * Olympic size (50m x 25m) open-air swimming pool (capacity 1,900 seats in the stands)
 * Water polo size (33,40m x 25m) indoor pool (capacity 664 seats in the stands)
 * Combat Sports Hall
 * Sauna
 * Table Tennis Hall
 * Business facilities (restaurant, gym)
 * Media room
 * Outdoor futsal / handball court
 * Outdoor running track

Sporting events hosted

 * EuroBasket 2005
 * SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2012

title: Morača Sports Center


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lucas Martin-King

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 13:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Lucas Martin-King
Appears to be a vanity page. Can't find anything notable on Google. Finbarr Saunders 10:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom -- Ryan Norton T 10:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Fails to make any claim to notability. Tagged as nn-bio. --GraemeL (talk) 11:45, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. --Quintin3265 13:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Trancers

Trancers (also released as Future Cop) is a 1984 American science fiction action film directed by Charles Band and starring Tim Thomerson, Helen Hunt, and Art LaFleur. It is the first film in the Trancers series. Thomerson plays Jack Deth, a Philip Marlowe-esque police detective from the 23rd century who travels to the 1980s to bring his old nemesis to justice. The film portrays a unique method of time travel: people can travel back in time by injecting themselves with a drug that allows them to take over the body of an ancestor.

Plot
Jack Deth is a retired police trooper in the 23rd century who has been called back into service to assist in hunting down Martin Whistler, a criminal mastermind who uses psychic powers to turn people into mindless "Trancers" and carry out his orders. Deth can identify a tranced individual by scanning them with a special bracelet. All trancers appear as normal humans at first, but once triggered, they become savage killers with twisted features.

Before he can be caught, Whistler escapes back in time using a drug-induced time-traveling technique. Whistler's consciousness travels down his ancestral bloodline, arrives in 1985, and takes over the body of a Los Angeles police detective named Weisling. Once Deth discovers what Whistler has done, he destroys Whistler's body—effectively leaving him trapped in the past with no vessel to return to—and chases after him through time the same way. Deth ends up in the body of one of his ancestors: a journalist named Phil Dethton.

With the help of Phil's date from the night before—a punk rock girl named Lena—Deth goes after Whistler, who has begun to "trance" other victims. Whistler plots to eliminate the future governing council members of Angel City (the future name of Los Angeles), who are being systematically wiped out of existence by Whistler's murder spree of their ancestors. Deth arrives too late to prevent most of the murders and can only safeguard Hap Ashby, a washed-up former pro baseball player, who is the ancestor of the last surviving council member, Chairman Ashe.

Deth is given some high-tech equipment, which is sent to him in the past: his sidearm (which contains two hidden vials of time drugs to send him and Whistler back to the future), and a "long-second" wristwatch, which temporarily slows time, stretching one second to 10. The watch has only enough power for one use, but he later receives another watch.

During the end fight with Whistler, one of the drug vials in Jack's gun breaks, leaving only one vial to get home. Jack is forced to make a choice: kill the innocent Weisling (who is possessed by the evil Whistler), or use the vial to send Whistler back to 2247, which would strand Jack in the present. Jack chooses to inject Weisling with the vial, saving the lieutenant's life but condemning Whistler to an eternity without a body to return to. Jack decides to remain with Lena in 1985, although observing him from the shadows is McNulty, his boss from the future, who has traveled down his own ancestral line, ending up in the body of a young girl.

Cast

 * Tim Thomerson as Trooper Jack Deth / Phil Dethton
 * Michael Stefani as Martin Whistler / Detective Weisling
 * Helen Hunt as Leena
 * Art LaFleur as Detective McNulty (as Art La Fleur)
 * Biff Manard as Hap Ashby
 * Richard Herd as Chairman Spencer
 * Telma Hopkins as Ruthie Raines, The Engineer
 * Anne Seymour as Chairman Margaret Ashe
 * Peter Schrum as Santa Claus
 * Alyson Croft as "Baby McNulty" (as Allyson Croft)
 * Barbara Perry as Mrs. Santa Claus
 * Richard Erdman as Drunken Wise Man
 * Wiley Harker as Dapper Old Man
 * Miguel Fernandes as Officer Lopez

Production
The idea of the film came from the producer's admiration of Humphrey Bogart's work.

In 2021, screenwriter Danny Bilson appeared on The Ghost of Hollywood, to discuss his and Paul DeMeo's work at Empire Pictures, with a focus on the making of Trancers.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 83% based on reviews from 6 critics. Variety described it as having a similar premise to The Terminator but falling short of that film. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times instead called it "a textbook example of efficient, effective exploitation film making."

Neil Gaiman reviewed Trancers for Imagine magazine, and stated that it was "funny, comic-book, and fun, I enjoyed it immensely."

Creature Feature gave the movie two stars, finding the story a mess but noted that some of the sequels are better.

Thomerson preferred this film to the sequels finding it more visceral and character driven.

The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction found that while it is an action film, it has many science fiction ideas and an interesting punk look.

The Conway Daily Sun praised the film, especially Thomerson's and Hunt's performances.

James Cameron reportedly enjoyed the film and began recommending Danny Bilson and Paul DeMeo for other projects.

Sequels
The film received a direct-to-video sequel in 1991, titled Trancers II: The Return of Jack Deth. Additionally, Trancers: City of Lost Angels was shot in between the first and second films. The 20-minute short was a part of the unreleased 1988 anthology film Pulse Pounders, but was released separately on DVD in 2013. The film has since started a franchise of six main films.

title: Trancers


text:
Hedalen Stave Church

Hedalen Stave Church (Hedalen stavkyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Sør-Aurdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The stave church is located in the Hedalen valley. It is the church for the Hedalen parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden stave church was built in a cruciform design around the year 1160 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 210 people.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1327, but the church was not built that year. The church was originally built during the second half of the 12th century, possibly around the year 1160. Modern dendrochronological studies have shown that the timbers of the church were originally cut around the year 1160. The church was originally a wooden long church with a single nave. The west entrance remains from the original church. The front portal is one of the oldest and most richly ornamented in the country. It takes the form of three winged dragons, one on each side of the arch and pilasters of the entrance and one above, all elaborately intertwined in a tendril and leaf pattern.

After the Black Death, Hedalen Church was abandoned and it lay empty and overgrown for more than 150 years because so few people remained living in that area. By the 1500s and 1600s, people moved back to Hedalen and the church was put back into use. In 1699, the church was remodeled and expanded. The old choir was removed and three wings to the north, south, and east of the main nave were built, giving the church a cruciform floor plan (some sources claim this happened in 1738). The new eastern wing was the choir and there was a small sacristy attached to that. There was no tower after this project until 1738 when one was built by Svend Tråseth. Restoration work was done during 1902 under direction of architect Carl Berner (1877–1943). During the restoration work, the previous sacristy was replaced with a new choir with an apse, and the new parts were enclosed in an ambulatory. A new sacristy was built on the north side of the old choir. This also included a small reconstruction to add a new ridge turret (takrytter) as well as a new slate roof.

Interior
Within the church there is also a reliquary, made of wood in the shape of a miniature church (called a chasse) with gilt-brass mountings and with scenes from the Bible (including Christ in Glory, his betrayal and crucifixion and the women at his tomb and the three kings presenting their gifts to the Virgin and Child) and the martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Many such reliquaries were made in western Europe from 1170 to 1220 when the martyred archbishop's cult was at its height. Like the stave churches themselves the reliquary is ornamented with dragon-heads on its gables, a feature which several Norwegian medieval reliquaries share and which might have been originally inspired by similar dragon-heads on the silver gilt reliquary of St. Olav on the enshrined on the high altar of the Nidaros Cathedral. This reliquary is considered to be the best of its type to survive and replicas of it are displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, in the Museums of Cultural History and of Art, Architecture and Design in Oslo and in the Cultural History Collection of the Bergen Museum in Bergen. Further evidence of the popularity of the cult of Thomas Becket in Valdres might be seen from the St. Thomas Church in the Filefjell mountain pass between Valdres and Sogn. The chasse from this church is in the Bergen Museum, but is in a more ruinous condition than the chasse in Hedalen. This chasse also has dragonheads and has five arches piecing its lower side, a feature it shares with the representation of a chasse in the Sør-Aurdal coat of arms. This reliquary was the principal source of inspiration for coat of arms of Sør-Aurdal. Another source of inspiration for this coat of arms was the Reinli Stave Church. Also preserved in the church is the wooden litter for bearing this reliquary in processions, as well as a brass censer with Limoges enamel and a wooden pax-board.

The soapstone baptismal font, with its conical wooden lid, is of gothic style and is still in use. On a special mount on the wall of the church is a statue of the Virgin Mary, crowned and dressed in a golden robe lined with vair and holding the similarly crowned and robed Christ Child enthroned on her lap. The statue dates from the early 13th century as does the wooden tabernacle in the form of a church. Hedal church was originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary and this statue originally stood on the principal altar in the apse in front of a polyptych painted with scenes of her life, which could be closed over it during times of fasting. This polyptych was repainted in the Baroque period and now forms the altarpiece, in front of which is displayed a medieval crucifix of Christ on the cross in the shape of a stylized tree of life. Both the statue of the Virgin and Child and the crucifix are among the more beautiful works of medieval art to survive from the Norwegian Middle Ages.

The Virgin and Child statue was restored by the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History in 1990. After much discussion over whether it should remain in its collection, it is back in the church placed on a special mount. There was also a replica made at the same time as its restoration. It is placed on display if weather conditions makes the original's safe storage necessary.

title: Hedalen Stave Church


text:
Talk:Trancers

About: Jack Deth
Jack Deth is a popular B-Movie character that has happened in a multitude of films, and the movie page only covers that one first film. Wikipedia has lots of other character pages. Because somebody kept redirecting my Jack Deth to the movie, I therefore decided to add Jack Deth's page to Trancers. Please feel free to add extra citations if necessary, although I did a good job with it.

Signed Guest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.235.168.144 (talk) 17:48, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi.

If I improve the Jack Deth article, can remain on Wikipedia? There are loads of other B-movie and horror characters on here, so why not update it rather than redirect it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 45g (talk • contribs) 23:47, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

I suggest improving it by adding some material on the subsequent Trancer films, some of which were Very Disappointing (and they seem to have taken Tim Thomserson's career down with them). Sussmanbern (talk) 01:14, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trancers


text:
P. T. Narasimhachar

Purohita Thirunarayanaiyengar Narasimhachar (17 March 1905 – 23 October 1998), commonly known as PuTiNa, was a playwright and poet in the Kannada language. Along with, Kuvempu and D. R. Bendre, he forms the well-known trio of Kannada Navodaya poets. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1991. He was a Sahitya Akademi fellow and the winner of the Pampa Award, awarded by the Government of Karnataka in 1991.

Life and career
Narasimhachar was born on 17 March 1905 into an orthodox Iyengar family in the town of Melkote in Mandya district of Karnataka.

Apart from being a writer, PuTiNa also worked in the army of Mysore state and later in the legislature of the Government of Mysore state. He died on 13 October 1998.

Literary contributions
PuTiNa was one of the catalysts of the Navodaya style of Kannada literature. According to Lakshminarayana Bhat, "At a broader level, the growth of the Navodaya style of literature resembles the growth of the writings of PuTiNa". In his first collection of poems Hanathe, he conveys profound insights into significant moments in life by using a simple language and style. Many of PuTiNa's writings detail the beauty and majesty of nature, bordering on the spiritual. Two of his well-known writings are Ahalye, which subtly narrates the conflict between kama and dharma, and Gokula Nirgamana, which narrates the departure of Krishna from Gokula. PuTiNa's essays reflect his dominant poetic personality.

Awards and recognitions

 * Kendra Sahitya Academy Award in 1966 for his work "Hamsa Damayanti Mattu Itara Roopakagalu"
 * Pampa Prashasthi in 1991 from Karnataka Government
 * Padma Shri from the Government of India, 1991

Collection of poems

 * Hanate
 * Mandaliru
 * Sharadayaamini
 * Hrudaya vihari
 * Ganesha darshana
 * Rasa Sarasvati
 * Maley Degula
 * Irula Meragu
 * Haley Chiguru – Hosa Beru
 * Raaga raagini
 * honala haadu

Musical dramas

 * Vasanta Chandana
 * Seeta Kalyana
 * Ahalye
 * Gokula Nirgamana
 * Shabari
 * Doniya Binada
 * Vikatakavi
 * Ramapatabisheka
 * Deepalakshmi
 * Harinabhisarana

Collection of stories

 * Ramachariya Nenapu
 * Rathasaptami and other stories
 * Sri Rama Pattabhiskekham
 * Hamsa Damayanti
 * Eechalu marad kelage

title: P. T. Narasimhachar


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Koh Tang

Koh Tang (កោះតាង), also known as Tang Island, is the biggest of a group of Cambodian islands off the coast of Sihanoukville Province in the Gulf of Thailand. The island is situated approximately 52 km off the southwest coast of Cambodia. There are no permanent civilian inhabitants living on the island. The Cambodian military maintain a base with a sizable number of personnel.

The Khmer word Koh (កោះ), means 'island', Tang can be loosely translated to "legend".

Geography
The island is rock fringed with its highest point at its northern extremity. Two shallow coves press into the eastern and western neck of its northern plateau. The eastern cove has a long shallow coral sand beach. The small islet Koh Mul/Tuich lies about 1.3 km to the East and Koh Domloung (potato) island about 2.2 km to the South. The islets Koh Tee Mui (8.4 km off) and Koh Tee Bpi (9.6 km off) complete the Koh Tang archipelago.

Koh Tang massacre
In May 1975, Khmer Rouge troops landed on nearby Thổ Chu Island and kidnapped 513 Vietnamese civilians (almost the entire population of Thổ Chu) to Koh Tang, where they were forced to do hard labor until they were all executed.

Mayaguez Incident

The island is the site of the last combat action of the Vietnam War and the only ground combat between U.S. forces and the Khmer Rouge. On May 15, 1975, U.S. Marines on board U.S. Air Force helicopters landed on Koh Tang in the hope of freeing the crew of the SS Mayagüez which had been captured by Khmer Rouge gunboats on May 12, 1975. The crew of the Mayaguez was not on Koh Tang, but had been taken to the Cambodian mainland and were released during the rescue operation. In the course of the operation the Khmer Rouge shot down three CH-53 helicopters on or near Koh Tang and 15 Marines and Air Force crewmen were killed and another three Marines were inadvertently left behind and later executed. An estimated 13-25 Khmer Rouge were killed during the battle.

Capture of the Foxy Lady
On the evening of August 13, 1978 the Foxy Lady, a Chinese sailing junk which had been blown off course while sailing from Singapore to Bangkok, was discovered taking shelter on the western side of Koh Tang by Khmer Rouge gunboats. The gunboats fired on the Foxy Lady killing Canadian crewman Stuart Glass. The other two crewmen, Englishman John Dewhirst and New Zealander Kerry Hamill dived into the water and were picked up by the Khmer Rouge boats. Dewhirst and Hamill were later transported to S-21 prison in Phnom Penh where they were tortured and forced to write confessions. Dewhirst was executed in late August and Hamill was executed in October 1978.

title: Koh Tang


text:
User talk:Spidermonkey

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 10:05, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Spidermonkey


text:
Military vehicle

A military vehicle is any vehicle for land-based military transport and activity, including combat vehicles, both specifically designed for or significantly used by military. Most military vehicles require off-road capabilities and/or vehicle armor, making them heavy. Some have vehicle tracks instead of just wheels; half-tracks have both. Furthermore, some military vehicles are amphibious, constructed for use on land and water, and sometimes also intermediate surfaces.

Military vehicles are almost always camouflaged, or at least painted in inconspicuous color(s). In contrast, under the Geneva Conventions, all non-combatant military vehicles, such as military ambulances and mobile first aid stations, must be properly and clearly marked as such. Under the conventions, when respected, such vehicles are legally immune from deliberate attack by all combatants.

Historically, militaries explored the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) vehicles, both to gain experience with commercially available products and technology, and to try to save time in development, and money in procurement. A subtype that has become increasingly prominent since the late 20th century is the improvised fighting vehicle, often seen in irregular warfare.

Military trucks
A military truck is a vehicle designed to transport troops, fuel, and materiel along asphalted roads and unpaved dirt roads. Military trucks are a crucial part of military logistics. Several countries have manufactured their own models of military trucks, each of which has its own technical characteristics. These vehicles are adapted to the needs of the different armies on the ground. In general, these trucks are composed of a chassis, a motor, a transmission, a cabin, an area for the placement of the load and the equipment, axles of transmission, suspensions, direction, tires, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, engine cooling systems, and brakes. They can be operated with a gasoline engine or with a diesel engine, there are four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicles, six wheeled (6x6), eight wheeled (8x8), ten wheeled (10x10) and even twelve wheeled vehicles (12x12).

Types of military vehicles
Land combat and non-combat vehicles include: • Combat vehicle:

• * Amphibious military vehicle (category)

• * Armored fighting vehicle

• ** Armored car

• ** Armored personnel carrier

• ** Infantry fighting vehicle

• ** Infantry mobility vehicle

• ** Internal security vehicle

• * Improvised fighting vehicle

• ** Technical

• ** Gun truck

• * Military railways

• ** Armoured train

• ** Military draisine

• * MRAP

• * Reconnaissance vehicle

• * Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

• * Self-propelled artillery

• * Tank

• * Tracked military vehicle

• ** Half-track

• * Wheeled military vehicle (category)

• Non-combat vehicles:

• * Ambulance#Military use and Ambulance (category)

• * Amphibious vehicle

• * Bomb disposal vehicle

• * Float

• * Fire engine

• * Military bicycle

• * Military engineering vehicle

• * Military light utility vehicle

• * Military motorcycle (category)

• * Military police vehicle

• * Military trailer (category)

• * Military truck (category)

• * Off-road military vehicle

• * Recovery vehicle

title: Military vehicle


text: User talk:217.33.199.77

title: User talk:217.33.199.77


text: User talk:68.46.198.200

title: User talk:68.46.198.200


text:
User talk:Richardjmcbride

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Leslie Travers
A tag has been placed on Leslie Travers requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. BigDunc (talk) 21:02, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richardjmcbride


text:
Parklea

Parklea is a suburb in Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 35 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is a part of Greater Western Sydney. The suburb was named by the subdividers in the early 1900s and is well known for the major Sydney landmark of Parklea Markets.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 3,465 people in Parklea.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5.5% of the population.
 * 54.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were India 11.6%, Philippines 5.4% and Fiji 3.6%.
 * 29.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Hindi 6.5% and Punjabi 6.1%.

Landmarks
Landmarks include:
 * Parklea Correctional Centre
 * Parklea Markets (Sunnyholt Road)
 * Parklea Garden Village (transportable home village – across the road from Parklea Markets)
 * Blacktown Leisure Centre

Transport
CDC NSW provides services to Parramatta, Sydney CBD and Rouse Hill, whilst Busways provides services to Macquarie Park, Castle Hill and Blacktown. The suburb is served by Sorrento and Stanhope stations on the Blacktown-Parklea T-way.

Notable residents

 * Doug Bollinger – Australian cricketer

title: Parklea


text:
Canton of Lorris

The canton of Lorris is a canton of the Loiret département, in the Centre-Val de Loire région of France. 37 of its 38 communes are part of the arrondissement of Montargis.

Communes
Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the communes of the canton of Lorris are:

 * 1) Aillant-sur-Milleron
 * 2) Auvilliers-en-Gâtinais
 * 3) Beauchamps-sur-Huillard
 * 4) Bellegarde
 * 5) Chailly-en-Gâtinais
 * 6) La Chapelle-sur-Aveyron
 * 7) Chapelon
 * 8) Le Charme
 * 9) Châtenoy
 * 10) Châtillon-Coligny
 * 11) Cortrat
 * 12) Coudroy
 * 13) La Cour-Marigny
 * 14) Dammarie-sur-Loing
 * 15) Fréville-du-Gâtinais
 * 16) Ladon
 * 17) Lorris
 * 18) Mézières-en-Gâtinais
 * 19) Montbouy
 * 20) Montcresson
 * 21) Montereau
 * 22) Moulon
 * 23) Nesploy
 * 24) Nogent-sur-Vernisson
 * 25) Noyers
 * 26) Oussoy-en-Gâtinais
 * 27) Ouzouer-des-Champs
 * 28) Ouzouer-sous-Bellegarde
 * 29) Presnoy
 * 30) Pressigny-les-Pins
 * 31) Quiers-sur-Bézonde
 * 32) Saint-Hilaire-sur-Puiseaux
 * 33) Saint-Maurice-sur-Aveyron
 * 34) Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois
 * 35) Thimory
 * 36) Varennes-Changy
 * 37) Vieilles-Maisons-sur-Joudry
 * 38) Villemoutiers

Mayors of the canton of Lorris

 * November 10, 1833 - July 7, 1850, Pierre Barthélémy Garnier, doctorate in Medicine and the mayor of Montargis
 * July 7, 1850 - June 15–17, 1861, Louis Henri Prochasson,
 * June 15–17, 1861 - June 12, 1870, Michel Félix de Violaine, inspector of the forests
 * June 12, 1870 - June 30, 1901, Charles Joseph Nouette-Delorme, doctorate in medicine and mayor of Ouzouer-des-Champs
 * June 30, 1901 - December 14, 1919, Louis Lucien Naudin
 * December 14, 1919 - January 5, 1936, Marceau Thomas
 * January 5, 1936 - March 7, 1937 - Constant Renard
 * March 7, 1937, Constant Leturcq
 * 1996 -, Guy Parmentier

title: Canton of Lorris


text:
Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers

Surplus: Terrorized Into Being Consumers is a 2003 Swedish documentary film on consumerism and globalization, created by director Erik Gandini and editor Johan Söderberg. It looks at the arguments for capitalism and technology, such as greater efficiency, more time and less work, and argues that these are not being fulfilled, and they never will be. The film leans towards anarcho-primitivist ideology and argues for 'a simple and fulfilling life'.

Synopsis
Opening John Zerzan RealDoll Cuba Internet New Ethic Credits
 * Footage of the protests at the 27th G8 summit in Genoa.
 * Fidel Castro gives a speech.
 * John Zerzan is interviewed.
 * RealDoll manufacturer gives a tour of his warehouse, showing the variety and cost of the sex-dolls.
 * Mirta Muñes shows the Cuban ration card, Cuban toothpaste.
 * Pre Fidel Speech Parade, Fidel going up to the pulpit.
 * Tania speaks about having gone out of Cuba, amazed by supermarkets, McDonald's, and gaining a lot of weight.
 * Internet-wealthy Svante says he hates money, feels empty.
 * John Zerzan on emptiness in consumer society.
 * Ballmer's monkeyboy dance and then "I love this company" statement intermixed with workers stretching, then Fidel Castro lip-synched to "I love this company".
 * footage from Alang, India where it says 40,000 workers scrap ships to recycle steel.
 * John Zerzan speech saying violent protesting is better than peaceful protesting, intermixed with a car show, and protesting.
 * John Zerzan says corporate property of Starbucks or similar is the main target of his criticism due to being understood as destructive and wiping out freedom and diversity.
 * footage of primitive man.
 * landfills, with conclusion: there is a paradigm shift coming where people will not want corporate products and will desire a simple, fulfilling life. This can be understood ironically.

Views
It prominently features the views of anarcho-primitivist John Zerzan.

Talking Heads

 * John Zerzan, anarcho-primitivist writer, editor of Against Civilization: A Reader (1998)
 * Fidel Castro, President of Cuba
 * Kalle Lasn, from Adbusters
 * Svante Tidholm, from Stockholm, Sweden, a wealthy web-designer of Spray and author of the autobiographical novel Loser (Wahlström & Widstrand, 1998, Swedish)
 * Carlo Giuliani, Activist and anarchist killed during Anti-G8 demonstrations in Genoa, 2001

Criticizes

 * George W. Bush, President of the United States
 * Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft from 2000 to 2014
 * Bill Gates, Chairman of the Board and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft

Style
Surplus uses many montages.

Surplus overtly uses lip-synching to put words in the mouth of people who hold similar world powering positions. Examples of this are George W. Bush speaking for Adbusters, Fidel Castro mouthing the words of Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer: "I love this company! Yeah!"

Soundtrack listing

 * Gotan Project - Triptico
 * Tosca - Orozco
 * Aphrodelics - Aphrodelics – Rollin' on Chrome (Wild Motherfucker dub)
 * Marc O´Sullivan (The Mighty Quark) - Smokescreen
 * Marc O´Sullivan (The Mighty Quark) - Theme from Good People
 * Johan Söderberg and David Österberg - No-tech-no
 * Johan Söderberg and David Österberg - Rice&Beans
 * Johan Söderberg and David Österberg - 18 Miljener

Locations

 * Genoa, Italy - 27th G8 summit (2001)
 * Shanghai, China - Stock Exchange
 * Alang, India - Metal reclaiming
 * United States / Cuba / Hungary / Sweden / Canada

Awards
IDFA Competition for Mid-Length Documentary, 2003


text:
Talk:Wariʼ

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 August 2021 and 17 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dallas831.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment
Is that warning at the top really needed? — mark ✎ 10:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought it would be a useful touch when I wrote the article. I don't mind seeing it go though, if people think there's no need for it.  But it also doesn't hurt the article, I believe, to have it there.  Regards, Redux 11:54, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't feel very strongly about it either, but it does sound a little paternalistic to me. — mark ✎ 12:07, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I had never thought of it like that. I don't quite agree, but I do agree that the message wasn't all that necessary after all, so I've removed it.  Regards, Redux 02:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

cleanup template inserted
I looked through all the cleanup templates but there are multiple issues here. No one template covers them all.

 * Grammar: I fixed some things but there are still sentences that read oddly, that will require a little more work to make smooth. Examples:
 * "shifting between the woman's parents' and the man's parents' (those are nuclear houses)"
 * "the Wari' were present in the Amazon's Southeast, namely"
 * "and they rather the white (to whom they refer to as "civilized people", arguably because that is what white people called themselves when they first made contact) observe it as well."
 * Tone: Some parts sound like a TV documentary or a persuasive essay, rather than an encyclopedia article. Examples:
 * "Nowadays the Wari' are a peaceful people"
 * "unlikely to be merciful or gracious"
 * "allowing the strength of the enemy to pass on to their children in the future"
 * "Cultural or ethnic identities are not things one is born to, but rather constructed during a lifetime"
 * Too many details: random details are inserted for no apparent reason--relevance to the topic is unclear. However, I hesitate to remove them since I am not an expert on the topic, so maybe I just don't know why they are relevant. Example:
 * "were first seen by European settlers at the shores of the river Pakaa Nova, which is a right-bank-tributary of the Mamoré River." (why do we need to know it's a tributary of this other river, never mind that it is a right-bank tributary?)
 * Not enough details: other places are vague when the information seems crucial. Examples:
 * The section on the marriage practice is unclear. "Every subgroup is organized around a set of brothers, each of whom is often married to a group of sisters." Either there is one brother married to multiple sisters (which is implied by "polygyny"), or, each brother is married to one woman who is a sister to the wife of his brother. The confusion is deepened with references to "nuclear family" and "couples."
 * "Each subgroup is intimately connected to a territory, which consists of a set of areas, all identified by name, each inhabited by a 'local group'." Huh??
 * What is the "pacification"? This seems important and is referred to twice, but not explained.
 * What happened?
 * Who caused it to happen? Why? What were the instigating events?
 * Were they violently subdued? If so by whom?
 * Or did they reach a voluntary peace agreement? If so with whom?
 * What was their response to these events?
 * Were they considered positive, negative, or... ?
 * If "pacification" was something done to them by the government or by outsiders, did they resist it? How? Or did they just go along with it? Why?
 * Along the same lines, it's not clear whether they had to move during the pacification, or whether "the headwaters of the Mamoré River" is the same place as "five different Reservations within the state of Rondônia." Needs to be clearer to people unfamiliar with Brazilian geography.
 * POV Example:
 * "The Wari' experience what could be defined as a "multiple identity", since different people classify any given individual differently." Is this accurate? "Multiple identity" would seem to imply that there are several fixed identities and that people have more than one, or shift between them. But the description here sounds like there is not really a fixed identity at all--like they just don't think in terms of ethnicity or don't define their identity that way.

All these things need to be cleaned up and then the whole thing needs REFERENCES AND CITATIONS! This is an intriguing article and whoever wrote it got us off to a good start. But, we need to go further. --Vcrs 06:26, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the article is inspired in (but not copied from) The Encyclopedia of the Indigenous Peoples in Brazil. Several instances, such as the "multiple identity" reference, are explanations as to how this people experiences life in society, and thus not really POV.  I suppose we can work to lapidate the text further, although, as I see it, it already has an encyclopedic tone to it. To answer your questions: 1) When studying the Amazon Basin, it is a standard procedure for geographic accuracy to identify the tributaries of the Amazon river, including whether they are left-bank-tributaries or right-bank-tributaries (this was once a paranoia: schoolchildren in Brazil used to have to memorize the names of the tributaries of the Amazon river, and know in which side of it they were); 2) The "pacification" is a broad term used in reference to the gradual acceptance by the indigenous peoples of the Amazon of the presence of the "western civilization" (or "the white man", as more commonly referred).  It meant the end of tribal wars between them and the end of the [eventual, but existent] hostilities toward the outsiders, as well as the acceptance of government presence (in Brazil, meaning the acceptance of the tutelage of FUNAI, a government agency aimed at assisting and integrating the indigenous peoples of the country).  For the most part, it went somewhat smoothly, in other cases, the road to pacification was bumpier.  It wasn't a linear process that was equal for all.  Regards, Redux 12:24, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Redux, I understand your explanation, but I still think it needs editing to be more similar to other articles.
 * Regarding POV, it sounds like the whole "multiple identity" statement is basically saying, "they don't see things like I see things." It's taking an outsider's way of thinking ("ethnic groups" and "identities"), trying to apply it, then concluding it doesn't apply. In other words it's not really information, it's somebody (presumably the author of the encyclopedia article you reference) being surprised that other people are different from them. So it's a specific POV, not a description that makes sense of how the Wari' see themselves on their own terms.
 * Regarding the left-bank and right-bank tributaries etc., this point came up in two places.
 * First, these geographic descriptions are totally appropriate under "Population and location," but they are not important enough to be included in the first paragraph. (In fact, I'm going to go take that out right now. It appears later anyway.)
 * Second, there is a description of where they used to live (near the headwaters of the Mamoré River), and where they now live (in the state of Rondônia), but it is unclear if those are the same place, or halfway across the country.
 * Regarding the "pacification," is there an article about that that you could link to? You mention that it wasn't the same process for all groups; do you have any specific information about how it went for the Wari'? It's fine if you don't, but that's something that really should be in the article--an explanation of what happened during that process, specifically for the Wari'.
 * It would be better with more sources.
 * I hope my tone doesn't sound sharp or unappreciative of your work in putting this information here. I just came across it while doing some other research, and thought it would benefit from the attention of a copyeditor and an expert on the topic, sooner or later!
 * all the best, Vcrs 19:46, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

endocannibalism
I must add that I do believe that an important part of the Wari' culture has been skipped over, and that is their past practice of endocannibalism. If I can assume that the Wari' in this article are the same as who I have come to research, they also practiced eating their own once they were dead. This type of cannibalism was treated in a completely different way as when they practiced exocannibalism, and was seen as an act of respect and a way for others to help cope with the situation. A piece about this needs to be said along with their other practice of cannibalism, to help educate others and show a different side to what is precieved as taboo cannibalism. Check Beth A. Conklin's book Consuming Grief (among other books). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.63.220.10 (talk • contribs)

neo brazillian
this is such a strange term to use. What does it even mean? Goldscurvy (talk) 19:00, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wariʼ


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Installing MediaWiki on Solaris 9

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Installing MediaWiki on Solaris 9
WP:NOT a howto-guide. Transwiki to Wikibooks or Wikisource provided this isn't a copyvio. Alphax τεχ 10:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC) Delete. Alphax τεχ 04:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki as per nom. -- Ryan Norton T 10:44, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Ryan Norton T 02:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki should be part of the MediaWiki user guide. NSR (talk) 11:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwikification is no longer a valid choice. The article is now at m:Help:Running MediaWiki on Solaris 9.  Please choose another option. Uncle G 12:49:08, 2005-08-24 (UTC)
 * In that case, just delete. --Quintin3265 13:20, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Quintin. Alf 18:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Optichan 20:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete after Uncle G. --Apyule 02:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as above - Tεx  τ  urε  16:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Picture/24 August 2005

Noctilucent clouds are bright cloud-like phenomena, typically seen in late twilight on summer nights at mid-northern and mid-southern latitudes. They form at altitudes of about 85 kilometres, and therefore reflect the Sun's light long after it has set. Formerly infrequently seen, they have become increasingly common over the last century, for reasons which have yet to be established.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/24 August 2005


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/DotSix/Proposed decision

Temporary injunction Proposed
1)As at 08:22, August 17, 2005 (UTC) DotSix continues to vandalise multiple pages. He edited Epistemology  and has reverted to his edit eight times, , , , , ,  in a period of about 30 hours, before being blocked by.

2) He has subsequently used two other IP addresses to revert the same material,.

The point being that this is DotSix's typical daily behaviour. Another instance was his he has repeatedly removed other users' comments from Talk:Truth:.

3) I am requesting that the ArbCom issue a temporary injunction preventing DotSix from editing outside of this RFAR and his talk page. Banno 08:22, August 17, 2005 (UTC)

4) He has spent the last 2 days deleting large passages of this Arb Comm page and deleting other people's sections of the Evidence page in violation of the rules at the top of the page.

5) Nearly all of the pages that Party 1 edits (and some of the talk pages too) have been in protected status for a long time. What further proof could there be that an injunction is needed? Is it not absolutely crazy that he is allowed to be unblocked while no one can edit the main philosophy project topics? It is kind of like responding to a neighborhood burgler by putting walls around all the houses, instead of just arresting the burgler. Or responding to a school bully by requiring all students to run away when he approaches instead of standing up to him. --Nate Ladd 01:45, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * UPDATE: Another page had to be protected from him. Now his record is perfect. All three of the articles he edits frequently are protected, but his last 24 hour block ran out 3 hours ago. So all the houses have walls and the burgler has been released. This situation is insane. By letting him run loose while you protect the pages he damages, you are helping him bring development of the philosophy articles to a halt. --Nate Ladd 03:37, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

As at 21:06, August 28, 2005 (UTC) he has been blocked under his IP 67.182.157.6, but has made six edits since then using 172.198.185.228. He is taking ArbCom for a ride. Perhaps implementing the injunction will persuade him of the seriousness of this process. At the least, we might be able to unlock the five pages that are presently blocked, and have been for weeks, because of his actions. Banno 21:06, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Non-Arbitrators Votes
I figured it would be useful to have a section where the rest of us can voice an opinion.

DotSix/Donald/Adrigo/Mark - whatever the monicker, the actions are the same. I have read much of the history and have dealt with him recently in the Agnosticism article, and am of the opinion that not only does he contribute nothing of value, but he in fact takes away from the Wiki process by grinding to a halt development of those pages. Therefore, I add my votes to the following proposal and remedy (which mimic the main page)

DotSix edit restrictions
1) DotSix, using any IP, is prohibited from editing any Wikipedia page other than his talk page and the pages of this Arbitration case until a final decision is made in this case.

 * Support:
 * (Non-Arbitrator) Michael 23:40, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

One year ban
1) DotSix, and all his sockpuppets, are banned from Wikipedia for a period of one year.

 * Support:
 * (Non-Arbitrator) Michael 23:40, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:


text:
EuroBasket Women 2005

The 2005 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called Eurobasket 2005 Women, was held in Turkey between 2 September and 11 September 2005. Czech Republic won the gold medal and Russia the silver medal while Spain won the bronze. Maria Stepanova from Russia was named the tournament MVP.

The FIBA European Women’s Basketball Championship is a bi-annual women’s basketball competition between national teams organised by FIBA Europe, the sport's governing body in Europe. This was the first time that the championship was hosted by Turkey.

Ankara
Ankara, the capital of Turkey and the country’s second largest city, was the final stage of the Eurobasket 2005 Women action. The Ankara Atatürk Sport Hall with a capacity of 4,500 people hosted 16 games of the competition following the preliminary round.

Bursa
Turkey’s fourth most populous city Bursa was home to Group A during the tournament, and also had a total of 15 games played in the 3,500 person capacity Bursa Atatürk Sport Hall.

İzmir
İzmir is the third largest city of Turkey. İzmir Atatürk Sport Hall with a capacity of 3,000 persons hosted Group B, where 15 games were played.

Qualification
For details on qualification, see Eurobasket 2005 Women qualification.

Group A – Atatürk Sport Hall, Bursa

 * }

Group B – Atatürk Sport Hall, İzmir

 * }

Finals – Atatürk Sport Hall, Ankara

 * 5th to 8th place

 * 9th to 12th place

Final standings

 * align=left|||8||8||0||576||437||+139||16
 * align=left|||8||5||3||618||557||+61||13
 * align=left|||8||6||2||615||511||+104||14
 * 4||align=left|||8||5||3||584||551||+33||13
 * colspan=10 height=1px bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * 5||align=left|||8||6||2||559||485||+74||14
 * 6||align=left|||8||4||4||516||551||–35||12
 * 7||align=left|||8||3||5||508||538||–30||11
 * 8||align=left|||8||2||6||583||633||–50||10
 * colspan=10 height=1px bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * 9||align=left|||7||4||3||482||482||0||11
 * 10||align=left|||7||2||5||404||468||–64||9
 * 11||align=left|||7||1||6||437||501||–64||8
 * 12||align=left|||7||0||7||408||576||–168||7
 * }
 * 7||align=left|||8||3||5||508||538||–30||11
 * 8||align=left|||8||2||6||583||633||–50||10
 * colspan=10 height=1px bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * 9||align=left|||7||4||3||482||482||0||11
 * 10||align=left|||7||2||5||404||468||–64||9
 * 11||align=left|||7||1||6||437||501||–64||8
 * 12||align=left|||7||0||7||408||576||–168||7
 * }
 * 10||align=left|||7||2||5||404||468||–64||9
 * 11||align=left|||7||1||6||437||501||–64||8
 * 12||align=left|||7||0||7||408||576||–168||7
 * }
 * 12||align=left|||7||0||7||408||576||–168||7
 * }

All-Eurobasket 2005 Women Awards

 * MVP: Maria Stepanova (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Best Center: Maria Stepanova (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Best Forward: Amaya Valdemoro (🇪🇸 Spain)
 * Best Guard: Hana Machová (🇨🇿 Czech Republic)

1st Team

 * Maria Stepanova (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Tatiana Shchegoleva (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Amaya Valdemoro (🇪🇸 Spain)
 * Hana Machová (🇨🇿 Czech Republic)
 * Eva Vítečková (🇨🇿 Czech Republic)

2nd Team

 * Anna Montañana (🇪🇸 Spain)
 * Agnieszka Bibrzycka (🇵🇱 Poland)
 * Sandra Valužytė (🇱🇹 Lithuania)
 * Anete Jekabsone (🇱🇻 Latvia)
 * Audrey Sauret-Gillespie (🇫🇷 France)

Honorable Mention

 * Michaela Pavlíčková (🇨🇿 Czech Republic)
 * Eva Němcová (🇨🇿 Czech Republic)
 * Ilona Korstin (🇷🇺 Russia)
 * Marta Fernández (🇪🇸 Spain)
 * Iveta Marcauskaite (🇱🇹 Lithuania)
 * Sandra Le Dréan (🇫🇷 France)
 * Nevriye Yılmaz (🇹🇷 Turkey)
 * Ivana Matović ( Serbia and Montenegro)
 * Biljana Stanković ( Serbia and Montenegro)
 * Evanthia Maltsi (🇬🇷 Greece)
 * Linda Fröhlich (🇩🇪 Germany)

title: EuroBasket Women 2005


text:
User:Easter Monkey

Hello. Easter Monkey you may wonder? Well, the Cartoon Network in Asia had advertisements during the Chinese New Year that began January 22, 2004. It was the year of the Monkey, so the folks at cartoon network put some rabbit ears on a monkey and called him the easter monkey. My 3 year old latched on to that and it's been a family joke since...

 * Ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which I will not put. -Winston Churchill (attributed)

Current number of articles:

This page has been vandalized: thrice.

Ref
Sandbox, de requests, de bio requests, de unsorted, Congressional Medal of Honor

{| class="" style="background-color: ; width: "
 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |

Started
Non-translated stuff Template:Vonnegut, Breakfast of Champions (film), Mother Night (film), Koh Tang, Fort Ethan Allen, Canary in a Cathouse, Slapstick of Another Kind (film), Palm Sunday (book), Rosenshontz, Roy Benavidez, Next Door, Displaced Person (TV)

 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |

Rewritten
Mother Night

 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |
 * }

{| class="" style="background-color: ; width: "
 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |

Done
Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage, Eduard Bendemann, Sabine Braun, Alina Astafei, Kurt Scharf, Silke Möller, Werner Günthör, Tim Lobinger, Jürgen Schult, Götz Briefs, Götz (disambiguation), Shmuel Eisenstadt, Franz Leopold Sonnenschein, Karl Wittgenstein, Ludwig Anzengruber, Siegfried Wentz, Werner Schildhauer, Hansjörg Kunze, Detlef Michel, Boris Henry, Claudia Losch, Petra Felke, Ines Müller, Kirsten Emmelmann, Christine Wachtel, Cornelia Oschkenat, Martina Hellmann, Kathrin Neimke, Tamara Press, Tamara Bykova, Diana Gansky, Gabriele Reinsch, Helga Radtke, Torsten Voss, Menachem Birnbaum, Alexandre Calame, Udo Beyer, Ronald Weigel, Stephan Freigang, Daniel Bautista, Battle for Caen—didn't start it, but it was the longest by far, Karen Forkel, Lutz Dombrowski, Beate Gummelt

 * width="50%" align="" valign="" |

Translated things that keep me up at night
From Shmuel Eisenstadt:

"Eisenstadt's research contributed considerably to the understanding that the modern trend of a eurocentric interpretation of the cultural program developed in the west is a natural development model seen in all societies [...] the European model is only one: it was merely the earliest. It started the trend. But social reactions, whether in the USA, Canada, Japan or in Southeast Asia took place with completely different cultural reagents."

''Eisenstadts Forschungen haben maßgeblich dazu beigetragen, das Verständnis der Moderne aus jener eurozentrischen Deutung heraus zu lösen, die das im Westen entwickelte kulturelle Programm als natürliches Entwicklungsmodell aller Gesellschaften sah. [...] Das europäische Modell ist nur eines: das zeitlich früheste. Es vermittelt den Impuls. Aber die gesellschaftlichen Reaktionen - sei es in den USA, Kanada, Japan oder im südostasiatischen Raum - erfolgten mit ganz unterschiedlichen kulturellen Reagenzien''
 * }

Words to live by

 * People sleep peaceably in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf. -George Orwell
 * Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety. -Benjamin Franklin
 * The U.S. Constitution doesn't guarantee happiness, only the pursuit of it. You have to catch up with it yourself. -Benjamin Franklin
 * Beer is living proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy. -Benjamin Franklin (attributed)
 * Don't go around saying the world owes you a living. The world owes you nothing. It was here first. -Mark Twain
 * Never argue with stupid people, they will drag you down to their level and then beat you with experience.
 * Never underestimate the power of stupid people in large groups.

Countries
The first condition of understanding a foreign country is to smell it. -Rudyard Kipling

 * 1) 🇺🇸 united states
 * 2) 🇨🇦 canada
 * 3) 🇩🇪 germany
 * 4) 🇫🇷 france
 * 5) 🇦🇹 austria
 * 6) 🇨🇭 switzerland
 * 7) 🇮🇹 italy
 * 8) 🇻🇦 vatican city
 * 9) 🇬🇷 greece
 * 10) 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 11) 🇰🇼 kuwait
 * 12) 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * 13) 🇹🇭 thailand
 * 14) 🇰🇭 cambodia
 * 15) 🇯🇵 japan
 * 16) 🇸🇬 singapore
 * 17) 🇹🇳 tunisia
 * 18) 🇱🇺 luxembourg
 * 19) 🇨🇿 czech republic
 * 20) 🇲🇹 malta
 * 21) 🇱🇮 liechtenstein
 * 22) 🇹🇷 turkey
 * 23) 🇰🇪 kenya
 * 24) undefined
 * 25) 🇪🇹 ethiopia
 * 26) 🇹🇬 togo
 * 27) 🇧🇫 burkina faso
 * 28) 🇸🇨 seychelles
 * 29) undefined
 * 30) undefined
 * 31) 🇦🇺 australia
 * 32) 🇳🇿 new zealand
 * 33) 🇫🇯 fiji
 * 34) 🇹🇿 tanzania
 * 35) 🇩🇯 djibouti
 * 36) 🇿🇦 south africa
 * 37) 🇪🇬 egypt

title: User:Easter Monkey


text:
Talk:HSBC (Hong Kong)

Page move
had without discussion. While the new title is less confusing with the holding company of the group, it's confusing since this company is itself the parent of all Asia-Pacific operations. Would a further page move be needed? 219.76.37.202 (talk) 12:55, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:HSBC (Hong Kong)


text:
PSAS

PSAS can mean:
 * Polytechnic Of Sultan Azlan Shah
 * Port Said American School, a private school near Cairo, Egypt
 * The plural of a public service announcement
 * Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome, now called Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder, a medical disorder characterized by ongoing sexual arousal
 * Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, an archaeological journal

PSAS

title: PSAS


text:
Bomb Jack

Bomb Jack is a platform game published by Tehkan for arcades and later ported to home systems. The game was a commercial success for arcades and home computers. It was followed by several sequels: the console and computer game Mighty Bomb Jack, the arcade game Bomb Jack Twin, and Bomb Jack II which was licensed for home computers only.

Gameplay
Bomb Jack is a hero who can perform high jumps and float in the air. His goal is to collect all 24 red bombs on the screen. The game's antagonists are enemies such as birds and mummies which, once they drop in the bottom of the screen, can morph into enemies such as flying saucers and orbs that float around the screen, making Jack lose a life if he touches them.

Once one bomb is collected, bombs will light up in sequence; if one lit bomb is collected, another will light up. Collecting bombs will increase the bonus meter at the top of the screen (lit bombs increase it more). When the meter is completely filled up, a circular bouncing "P" appears, and when collected, it will turn all the enemies into bonus coins for a short period during which Jack may collect them. Other similar bonuses are the B (Bonus) which increases the score multiplier (up to 5x), the E (Extra) which gives an extra life, and the rare S (Special), which awards a free game. There are five different screens in the game, each featuring a distinct background and set of platforms (the fifth has no platforms at all). There is a special bonus for collecting 20, 21, 22, or 23 lit bombs at the end of a round.

Ports

 * 1985: SG-1000, PC-88
 * 1986: Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 16
 * 1988: Atari ST, Amiga
 * 1992: Game Boy
 * 1997: Windows
 * 2003: Java ME

The Commodore 64 version uses Jean-Michel Jarre's Magnetic Fields Part II.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Bomb Jack on their May 15, 1984 issue as being the third most-successful table arcade unit of the month. The game topped the UK all-formats software sales chart in April 1986. On the machine-specific charts the C64 version reached number 1, while the Spectrum version was kept off the top of the Spectrum charts by Green Beret. Two years later, Bomb Jack returned to the top of the UK all-formats sales chart when it was re-released on the Encore budget label.

Crash magazine gave the ZX Spectrum version a 92% rating with the comment "a great arcade conversion, don't miss it", while Zzap!64 was less enthusiastic for the Commodore 64 version giving it 47%. Commodore User gave the Amiga version 6 out of 10 citing that the Amiga should be well capable of doing better on a then four-year-old arcade game.

Sequels
Bomb Jack II is a licensed follow-up developed for 8-bit home computers by the British games publisher Elite Systems in 1986. The game went to number 1 in the UK sales charts, before being replaced by Feud.

Mighty Bomb Jack was released in 1986. The game was largely identical to the original game in almost all factors, except that the same screen layouts from the first game in the same sequence were now linked in a map-like continuous form by scrolling passages. Mighty Bomb Jack got less favorable reviews than the original game.

Bomb Jack Twin was released in 1993 by NMK. In this version, two players could play simultaneously.

Re-releases

 * 2004: PlayStation 2 (Tecmo Hit Parade)
 * 2005: Xbox (Tecmo Classic Arcade)
 * 2007: Wii Virtual Console (NES version)
 * 2009: Wii Virtual Console (Arcade version)
 * 2012: 3DS Virtual Console (NES version)
 * 2014: PlayStation 4 (Arcade Archives), Wii U Virtual Console (NES version)
 * 2019: Nintendo Switch (Arcade Archives)

title: Bomb Jack