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Flight management system

A flight management system (FMS) is a fundamental component of a modern airliner's avionics. An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry flight engineers or navigators. A primary function is in-flight management of the flight plan. Using various sensors (such as GPS and INS often backed up by radio navigation) to determine the aircraft's position, the FMS can guide the aircraft along the flight plan. From the cockpit, the FMS is normally controlled through a Control Display Unit (CDU) which incorporates a small screen and keyboard or touchscreen. The FMS sends the flight plan for display to the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), Navigation Display (ND), or Multifunction Display (MFD). The FMS can be summarised as being a dual system consisting of the Flight Management Computer (FMC), CDU and a cross talk bus.

The modern FMS was introduced on the Boeing 767, though earlier navigation computers did exist. Now, systems similar to FMS exist on aircraft as small as the Cessna 182. In its evolution an FMS has had many different sizes, capabilities and controls. However certain characteristics are common to all FMSs.

Navigation database
All FMSs contain a navigation database. The navigation database contains the elements from which the flight plan is constructed. These are defined via the ARINC 424 standard. The navigation database (NDB) is normally updated every 28 days, in order to ensure that its contents are current. Each FMS contains only a subset of the ARINC / AIRAC data, relevant to the capabilities of the FMS.

The NDB contains all of the information required for building a flight plan, consisting of:
 * Waypoints/Intersection
 * Airways
 * Radio navigation aids including distance measuring equipment (DME), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), non-directional beacons (NDBs) and instrument landing systems (ILSs).
 * Airports
 * Runways
 * Standard instrument departure (SID)
 * Standard terminal arrival (STAR)
 * Holding patterns (only as part of IAPs-although can be entered by command of ATC or at pilot's discretion)
 * Instrument approach procedure (IAP)

Waypoints can also be defined by the pilot(s) along the route or by reference to other waypoints with entry of a place in the form of a waypoint (e.g. a VOR, NDB, ILS, airport or waypoint/intersection).

Flight plan
The flight plan is generally determined on the ground, before departure either by the pilot for smaller aircraft or a professional dispatcher for airliners. It is entered into the FMS either by typing it in, selecting it from a saved library of common routes (Company Routes) or via an ACARS datalink with the airline dispatch center.

During preflight, other information relevant to managing the flight plan is entered. This can include performance information such as gross weight, fuel weight and center of gravity. It will include altitudes including the initial cruise altitude. For aircraft that do not have a GPS, the initial position is also required.

The pilot uses the FMS to modify the flight plan in flight for a variety of reasons. Significant engineering design minimizes the keystrokes in order to minimize pilot workload in flight and eliminate any confusing information (Hazardously Misleading Information). The FMS also sends the flight plan information for display on the Navigation Display (ND) of the flight deck instruments Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS). The flight plan generally appears as a magenta line, with other airports, radio aids and waypoints displayed.

Some FMSs can calculate special flight plans, often for tactical requirements, such as search patterns, rendezvous, in-flight refueling tanker orbits, and calculated air release points (CARP) for accurate parachute jumps.

Position determination
Once in flight, a principal task of the FMS is obtaining a position fix, i.e., to determine the aircraft's position and the accuracy of that position. Simple FMS use a single sensor, generally GPS in order to determine position. But modern FMS use as many sensors as they can, such as VORs, in order to determine and validate their exact position. Some FMS use a Kalman filter to integrate the positions from the various sensors into a single position. Common sensors include: The FMS constantly crosschecks the various sensors and determines a single aircraft position and accuracy. The accuracy is described as the Actual Navigation Performance (ANP) a circle that the aircraft can be anywhere within measured as the diameter in nautical miles. Modern airspace has a set required navigation performance (RNP). The aircraft must have its ANP less than its RNP in order to operate in certain high-level airspace.
 * Airline-quality GPS receivers act as the primary sensor as they have the highest accuracy and integrity.
 * Radio aids designed for aircraft navigation act as the second highest quality sensors. These include;
 * Scanning DME (distance measuring equipment) that check the distances from five different DME stations simultaneously in order to determine one position every 10 seconds.
 * VORs (VHF omnidirectional radio range) that supply a bearing. With two VOR stations the aircraft position can be determined, but the accuracy is limited.
 * Inertial reference systems (IRS) use ring laser gyros and accelerometers in order to calculate the aircraft position. They are highly accurate and independent of outside sources. Airliners use the weighted average of three independent IRS to determine the “triple mixed IRS” position.

Guidance
Given the flight plan and the aircraft's position, the FMS calculates the course to follow. The pilot can follow this course manually (much like following a VOR radial), or the autopilot can be set to follow the course.

The FMS mode is normally called LNAV or Lateral Navigation for the lateral flight plan and VNAV or vertical navigation for the vertical flight plan. VNAV provides speed and pitch or altitude targets and LNAV provides roll steering command to the autopilot.

VNAV
Sophisticated aircraft, generally airliners such as the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 and other turbofan powered aircraft, have full performance Vertical Navigation (VNAV). The purpose of VNAV is to predict and optimize the vertical path. Guidance includes control of the pitch axis and control of the throttle.

The FMS needs to have a comprehensive flight and engine model in order to have the data required to do this. The function can create a forecast vertical path along the lateral flight plan using this information. The aircraft manufacturer is usually the only source of this comprehensive flight model.

The vertical profile is constructed by the FMS during pre-flight. Together with the lateral flight plan, it makes use of the aircraft's starting empty weight, fuel weight, center of gravity, and cruising altitude. The first step on a vertical course is to rise to cruise height. Vertical limitations such as "At or ABOVE 8,000" are present in some SID waypoints. Reducing thrust, or "FLEX" climbing, may be used throughout the ascent to spare the engines. Each needs to be taken into account when making vertical profile projections.

Implementation of an accurate VNAV is difficult and expensive, but it pays off in fuel savings primarily in cruise and descent. In cruise, where most of the fuel is burned, there are multiple methods for fuel savings.

As an aircraft burns fuel it gets lighter and can cruise higher where there is less drag. Step climbs or cruise climbs facilitate this. VNAV can determine where the step or cruise climbs (in which the aircraft climbs continuously) should occur to minimize fuel consumption.

Performance optimization allows the FMS to determine the best or most economical speed to fly in level flight. This is often called the ECON speed. This is based on the cost index, which is entered to give a weighting between speed and fuel efficiency. The cost index is calculated by dividing the per-hour cost of operating the plane by the cost of fuel. Generally a cost index of 999 gives ECON speeds as fast as possible without consideration of fuel and a cost index of zero gives maximum fuel economy while disregarding other hourly costs such as maintenance and crew expenses. ECON mode is the VNAV speed used by most airliners in cruise.

RTA or required time of arrival allows the VNAV system to target arrival at a particular waypoint at a defined time. This is often useful for airport arrival slot scheduling. In this case, VNAV regulates the cruise speed or cost index to ensure the RTA is met.

The first thing the VNAV calculates for the descent is the top of descent point (TOD). This is the point where an efficient and comfortable descent begins. Normally this will involve an idle descent, but for some aircraft an idle descent is too steep and uncomfortable. The FMS calculates the TOD by “flying” the descent backwards from touchdown through the approach and up to cruise. It does this using the flight plan, the aircraft flight model and descent winds. For airline FMS, this is a very sophisticated and accurate prediction, for simple FMS (on smaller aircraft) it can be determined by a “rule of thumb” such as a 3 degree descent path.

From the TOD, the VNAV determines a four-dimensional predicted path. As the VNAV commands the throttles to idle, the aircraft begins its descent along the VNAV path. If either the predicted path is incorrect or the downpath winds different from the predictions, then the aircraft will not perfectly follow the path. The aircraft varies the pitch in order to maintain the path. Since the throttles are at idle this will modulate the speed. Normally the FMS allows the speed to vary within a small band. After this, either the throttles advance (if the aircraft is below path) or the FMS requests speed brakes with a message, often "DRAG REQUIRED) (if the aircraft is above path). On Airbus aircraft, this message also appears on the PFD and, if the aircraft is extremely high on path, "MORE DRAG" will be displayed. On Boeing aircraft, if the aircraft gets too far off the prescribed path, it will switch from VNAV PTH (which follows the calculated path) to VNAV SPD (which descends as fast as possible while maintaining a selected speed, similar to OP DES (open descent) on Airbuses.

An ideal idle descent, also known as a “green descent” uses the minimum fuel, minimizes pollution (both at high altitude and local to the airport) and minimizes local noise. While most modern FMS of large airliners are capable of idle descents, most air traffic control systems cannot handle multiple aircraft each using its own optimum descent path to the airport, at this time. Thus the use of idle descents is minimized by Air Traffic Control.

title: Flight management system


text: User talk:81.193.129.127

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.193.129.127


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Talk:Walken

Leads
Note Well: Don't add a Dab entry on a topic until it has at least a mention in a WP article. Unless it is the subject of an article, lk only to the article with the mention (rather than creating a red lk). See Dab MoS).

 * 1) From Google:
 * WALKEN MUSIC
 * WALKEN is a melodic rock band from Washington,DC. ... Walken has finished recording their 5-song EP the gray has run through and mp3s of our songs will be ... --Jerzy•t 14:58, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * www.walkendc.com/ -
 * Candy Ford-Walker [sic], in the first 6 years of her 23 years of film hair-dressing, and sometimes "Walker" since. Perhaps a dau, now divorced, who eventually felt she was established enuf to be past the constant likelihood of looking like she was trying to trade on dad's name? --Jerzy•t 14:58, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * Candy Ford-Walker [sic], in the first 6 years of her 23 years of film hair-dressing, and sometimes "Walker" since. Perhaps a dau, now divorced, who eventually felt she was established enuf to be past the constant likelihood of looking like she was trying to trade on dad's name? --Jerzy•t 14:58, 2005 August 19 (UTC)

disambig location
I moved Walken (disambiguation) to Walken, instead of Walken redirecting to Christopher Walken. —Quarl (talk) 2006-10-15 07:36Z

title: Talk:Walken


text:
Santa Clara Province

Santa Clara (also known as Las Villas after 1940) was a historical province of Cuba and its capital was Santa Clara. After 1976, its territory was divided into the modern Cuban provinces of Villa Clara, Cienfuegos and Sancti Spíritus.

Overview
The province was split up in 1976, with the administrative re-adjustment proclaimed by Cuban Law Number 1304 of July 3, 1976.

title: Santa Clara Province


text:
File:Jb-soul-on-top.jpg

Cover of the James Brown album Soul on Top.

Source: amazon.com

Fair Use Rationale for the article Soul on Top

 * The cover is used to represent a notable album, Soul on Top, by a famous musician, James Brown
 * This image has been used in several websites, and so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is
 * The image is of low resolution
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the album
 * The image does not limit the performer or record company's ability to sell the album
 * The only purpose of the image is to help describe the album Soul on Top and no other purpose

If this rationale is not adequate, please tell me specifically what is wrong with it before moving to delete the file and I will try to improve it. Or feel free to fix it yourself. InnocuousPseudonym 11:19, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair Use Rationale for the article James Brown

 * The cover is used to represent a notable album, Soul on Top, by a famous musician, James Brown
 * This image has been used in several websites, and so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is
 * The image is of low resolution
 * The image is being used in an informative way and should not detract from the album
 * The image does not limit the performer or record company's ability to sell the album
 * The only purpose of the image is to help describe the album Soul on Top and no other purpose; the album is important in the section on Brown's career for his having recorded an album with a big band jazz orientation

If this rationale is not adequate, please tell me specifically what is wrong with it before moving to delete the file and I will try to improve it. Or feel free to fix it yourself. InnocuousPseudonym 11:19, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: File:Jb-soul-on-top.jpg


text:
Xie Xingfang

Xie Xingfang (born January 8, 1981) is a retired Chinese badminton player from Guangzhou, Guangdong. She is a former defending two-time world champion for women's singles, and former women's singles World No. 1.

Her first big title was in girls' doubles, with her provincial teammate Zhang Jiewen, at the World Junior Championships in 1998. She has also won a bronze medal at the World Junior Championships in mixed doubles with Cai Yun. However, once she entered the Chinese national team, she switched to singles. 2004 was her "break-out" year, as she won several top tier titles on the world circuit. Xie and her senior compatriot and rival Zhang Ning were the most dominant international women's singles players of the middle and late parts of the decade, though they were pressed by younger teammates such as Zhu Lin, Lu Lan, Jiang Yanjiao and Wang Yihan. Due to her height and slender figure, she is regarded to have elegant movement. Xie's strengths were her reach, quickness, consistency, and court sense. She was a member of China's world champion Uber Cup teams of 2004, 2006, and 2008.

Her last appearance as a player in a major badminton competition came at the National Games of China in October 2009.

During most of her badminton career Xie was romantically involved with fellow Chinese badminton star Lin Dan. In 2006 Xie and Lin won their respective women's and men's singles titles at the IBF World Championships in Madrid. Xie had also won the world title in 2005 when Lin finished second to Indonesia's Taufik Hidayat. Xie Xingfang and Lin Dan were married in Guangzhou, China, on 13 December 2010, after seven years of dating. She is also a mother of a son, Lin Xiao Yu, who was born on 5 November 2016.

Olympic Games
Women's singles

World Championships
Women's singles

World Cup
Women's singles

Asian Games
Women's singles

Asian Championships
Women's singles

World Junior Championships
Girls' doubles

Mixed doubles

Asian Junior Championships
Girls' doubles

BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two levels: Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end.

Women's singles
 * BWF Superseries tournament
 * BWF Superseries Premier tournament
 * BWF Superseries Finals tournament

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix has been sanctioned by the International Badminton Federation since 1983.

Women's singles
 * BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 * BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament

IBF International
Women's singles

Record against selected opponents
Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists.

title: Xie Xingfang


text:
Walken

Walken may refer to:

 * Christopher Walken, American actor
 * Georgianne Walken, (born 1939), American casting director
 * "Walken", a Wilco song from their album Sky Blue Sky
 * "Walken's Syndrome", a Fugazi song from their album In on the Kill Taker

title: Walken


text:
Kent Regiment

The Kent Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army from 1901 to 1954. In 1954 it was amalgamated with The Essex Scottish Regiment to form The Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment.

The regiment was formed on January 1, 1901. It was given the title of the 24th Kent Regiment, with the headquarters stationed in Chatham, Ontario, Canada. As with many regiments in the Canadian Forces, the 24th Kent Regiment was renamed, and more than once. In December 1936, the regiment was redesignated as The Kent Regiment (MG) when it amalgamated with B Company, 2nd Machine Gun Battalion, CMGC.

Eventually, it was named The Kent Regiment on April 1, 1941.

The Kent Regiment did not go overseas as a unit during World War II, but was on active duty for coastal defense in NS and BC; and power station guard near Niagara Falls. They also provided reinforcements to many Ontario units serving overseas, most importantly The Essex Scottish, especially after Dieppe. Both The Kent Regiment and The Essex Scottish raised 2nd Battalions for reserve service in Canada as Non-Permanent Active Militia (NPAM).

Lineage

 * Originated on 1 January 1901, in Chatham, Ontario, as the 24th Kent Regiment.
 * Redesignated on 29 March 1920, as The Kent Regiment.
 * Amalgamated on 15 December 1936, with B Company, 2nd Machine Gun Battalion, CMGC (now The Royal Canadian Regiment), and Redesignated as The Kent Regiment (Machine Gun).
 * Redesignated on 7 November 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Kent Regiment (Machine Gun).
 * Redesignated on 1 April 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Kent Regiment.
 * Redesignated on 30 March 1946, as The Kent Regiment.
 * Amalgamated on 1 October 1954, with The Essex Scottish Regiment and Redesignated as The Essex and Kent Scottish.

Perpetuations

 * 186th (Kent) Battalion, CEF

Alliances
🇬🇧 - The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment (1927–1954)

The Great War

 * Ypres, 1917

title: Kent Regiment


text:
Gandhi Maidan

Gandhi Maidan is a historic ground in Patna, near the banks of the Ganges River, in Bihar, India. The Golghar falls to its west. During the period of 1824–1833, under British rule, it was used as a golf course and horse racing track and was called Patna Lawns. It is spread across 60 acres of land. It has a great political significance as well.

Khairun Miya had donated this piece of land to help further the national movement and several important meetings of well-known freedom fighters were held here.

History
Several movements were launched on the Patna Lawns during the Indian freedom struggle, the most important being the Champaran movement and the Quit India movement of 1942. Many prominent leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, such as Mohandas K. Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Sardar Patel, Maulana Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jaya Prakash Narayan and Sri Krishna Sinha addressed their rallies from here. It was said that a leader had not arrived until he had addressed a rally at the Patna Lawns.

JP Movement, the successful opposition movement to Indira Gandhi, was also launched from this historic ground.

Presently, this ground is used for private parties, mass prayers and trade fairs. The flag-raising ceremony on the Indian Independence Day and Republic Day is held here by the Chief Minister and Governor of Bihar respectively.

In the north western corner lies the Gandhi Sangrahalaya, which showcases various pictures and records of Mahatma Gandhi's presence and connections with Bihar. During 1947, it was the house of the Education Minister, Syed Mahmud. These grounds are situated near Ashok Rajpath in Moradpur and are 2.5 km from central Patna.

During his Bihar visit at the time of Champaran Satyagraha, Mahatma Gandhi addressed a huge meeting at Patna Lawns. That meeting was the first time Indians were allowed to visit Patna Lawn without any restrictions. Until then, entry was restricted to Europeans and the elite (Loyalist Indians).

The historic Patna Lawn was renamed Gandhi Maidan in 1948 after his assassination as a tribute. A statue of Gandhi was erected in 1990s near the southern end.

World's tallest statue of Mahatma Gandhi

On 27 October 2013, there were six serial bomb blasts at Gandhi Maidan just before the BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi reached there to address a huge gathering. Eight people were killed and 66 injured in the serial blasts.

On 3 October 2014 a stampede took place in Gandhi Maidan, on the occasion of Dussehra festival, in which reportedly 32 people died.

title: Gandhi Maidan


text:
Massachusetts Arms Company

The Massachusetts Arms Company, of Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts was a manufacturer of firearms and firearm-related products from about 1849 into the early 20th century.

The Massachusetts Arms Company was incorporated March 5, 1850 and was founded by Joshua Stevens along with Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson, who later founded Smith & Wesson. It was an outgrowth of the Wesson Rifle Company.

Christian Sharps, who later founded the Sharps Rifle Company, transferred the manufacture of his first rifle to the company in 1849 or 1850.

The company also manufactured Wesson & Leavitt revolvers between 1850 and 1851. These were said to be the first revolvers patented after Colt's.

In 1851, Samuel Colt filed and won a historic patent infringement lawsuit against the Massachusetts Arms Company. The company then limited its revolver production to relatively unpopular designs by Edward Maynard until 1857, when Colt's patent expired.

Maynard patented his revolutionary breechloading rifle in 1851. It was actually manufactured by Massachusetts Arms, which had been using Maynard's system under contract for several years. In 1855 they produced 2,000 Greene Carbines, a Maynard system firearm, for a British government contract. These carbines were NOT used in the Crimean War.

Maynard's rifle was operated by a lever which when depressed raised the barrel to open the breech for loading. A brass cartridge, also developed by Maynard, was then inserted and the lever raised to close the breech. Once cocked the loaded rifle could then be primed by either placing a percussion cap directly on its nipple or by using Maynard's patented priming system to advance a primer to the nipple.

Also in 1857 the company received a contract to manufacture Adams revolvers under license for the U.S. government. Some 500 or so were produced and used in the U.S. Civil War.

The company also produced single- and double-barrel shotguns, including both box-locks and external central hammers. Later it manufactured a selection of 20- and 28-bore Maynard-action shotguns of 1865 and 1873 patterns.

With civil war looming some Southern states purchased Maynard rifles from the company for their state militias. Of close to 3000 sales, most were to Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. The First Model Maynard was designated an official Confederate firearm.

The factory burned down in January 1861, halting production until the factory was rebuilt in 1863. The company then received an order for 20,000 of the simpler Second Model Maynard carbines. Deliveries of these guns began in June 1864 continuing through May 1865. As the war was then coming to an end few saw service. Some, however, are known to have been used by the 9th and 11th Indiana Cavalry and the 11th Tennessee Cavalry regiments.

In 1893 the company was purchased by the J Stevens Arms & Tool Company, also founded by Joshua Stevens. Stevens had left the Massachusetts Arms Company in 1864. The purchase was made to protect the interests of Edward Maynard's widow and provide security for the company's workers.

In the late 19th century the company began producing revolvers on various Smith & Wesson patterns.

Production continued until the factory closed permanently during the Great Depression.

The Massachusetts Arms Company name was retained by Stevens and later used as a trade name for firearms produced for sale at the Blish, Mize and Silliman Hardware Company of Atchison, Kansas.

title: Massachusetts Arms Company


text:
User talk:Danikat

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 15:01, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
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Ten Minute Warning
I see that after doing the article on The Fartz you never got around to doing one on Ten Minute Warning. Probably at least it would be worth a mention of Ten Minute Warning in the Fartz article. - Jmabel | Talk 07:29, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry I didn't see this earlier, I did do an article on TMW, actually before working on The Fartz one but it was under 10 Minute Warning rather than Ten Minute Warning because that name was used more often. Danikat (talk) 15:37, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Danikat


text:
Hiroshi Tanahashi

Hiroshi Tanahashi (棚橋弘至) is a Japanese professional wrestler, sports executive and podcaster. He is signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he serves as the president and representative director of the promotion, and is also an active wrestler.

Widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, his accolades in NJPW include a record setting eight reigns as IWGP Heavyweight Champion, a record three reigns as IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion, two reigns as IWGP Intercontinental Champion, one reign as NJPW World Television Champion, three reigns as IWGP Tag Team Champion, one reign as NEVER Openweight Champion and six reigns as NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champion. All totaled, Tanahashi has won 26 championships in NJPW. He has also won NJPW's premier tournament, the G1 Climax, on three occasions (2007, 2015 and 2018) and won the New Japan Cup twice, in 2005 and 2008, and is recognised as the fourth wrestler to accomplish NJPW's Triple Crown and the second to accomplish its Grand Slam, making him one of the most decorated wrestlers in NJPW.

Through NJPW's working agreements with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Pro Wrestling NOAH, Ring of Honor (ROH), All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Revolution Pro Wrestling, Tanahashi has also held the CMLL World Tag Team Championship, the CMLL World Trios Championship, the CMLL Universal Championship, GHC Tag Team Championship, and the RevPro British Heavyweight Championship. Between NJPW, CMLL, Noah, ROH, AEW and RevPro, he has 27 championship reigns.

When Tanahashi was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Hall of Fame in 2013, Dave Meltzer stated that "you could make a strong case for him as the best in-ring performer in the business today", adding that he was "the leading star in New Japan Pro-Wrestling's comeback from being in terrible shape a few years back to being the No. 2 pro wrestling company in the world". Readers of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter named Tanahashi as the best wrestler of the 2010s in March 2020.

Early life
Before entering professional wrestling, Tanahashi was a baseball player in high school. He studied law at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto, where he began practicing freestyle wrestling. During this time, he was noticed by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) talent scouts and was invited to try out for the NJPW Dojo. His February 1998 tryout was successful and he was accepted as a trainee. He enrolled in the NJPW dojo after graduating from Ritsumeikan University the following year. Tanahashi has cited Shawn Michaels as his favorite wrestler. He also admired Tatsumi Fujinami, and considered using the ring name "Dragon Hiroshi" in honor of him.

Early years (1999–2003)
After graduating from the NJPW Dojo, Tanahashi made his debut in October 1999, in a match against Shinya Makabe. Alongside fellow rookies Katsuyori Shibata and Shinsuke Nakamura, Tanahashi became known as one of the "new Three Musketeers". He became viewed as a big prospect and was given big wins over lucha libre legend Negro Casas in July 2000 and American Scott Hall in September 2001. His star continued to rise and in the 2002 G1 Climax (one of NJPW's most important annual tournaments) Tanahashi pinned Kensuke Sasaki in under two minutes.

After this, Tanahashi was paired with Kenzo Suzuki in a tag team named the Kings of the Hills. This pairing was popular, but came to an end after a real life incident in November 2002 in which Tanahashi was stabbed in the back by Hitomi Hara, a TV Asahi news reporter. Tanahashi and Hara had dated one another, but in a meeting at her Tokyo apartment he tried to break off the relationship as he had started dating another woman, which led to Hara stabbing him twice. Hara later confessed she tried to kill Tanahashi and planned to commit suicide afterwards. Hara was charged with attempted murder and sentenced to four years on probation. On February 16, 2003, Tanahashi returned as a singles wrestler to a sold-out crowd in Tokyo in a match against Manabu Nakanishi.

Rise to Stardom (2003–2010)
His career began to rapidly climb from this point. In the later half of 2003 Tanahashi captured the IWGP U-30 Openweight Championship and the IWGP Tag Team Championship, the latter on two separate occasions. In August 2004 he made it to the finals of the G1 Climax and on January 4, 2005, he headlined the Toukon Festival: Wrestling World 2005 show in Tokyo Dome in a match, where he dropped the U-30 Openweight Championship to Shinsuke Nakamura. In 2005, Tanahashi also made an appearance in the 15th Sasuke competition on July 20. He was eliminated in the first round. On June 18, Tanahashi defeated Toru Yano in a tournament final to regain the U-30 Openweight Championship. He would go on to defeat Masahiro Chono by Sling Blade in the first round of the New Japan Cup (determining a No. 1 contender against IWGP Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar) on April 16, 2006, in Korakuen Hall and Hiroyoshi Tenzan by Dragon suplex hold in the second round on April 25 in Omuta Citizen Gymnasium before falling to Yuji Nagata's wrist-clutch Exploder in the semifinal on April 29 in the Tottori Industrial Gymnasium. He also defeated Tiger Mask on May 13 in the first ever main event of the new Wrestle Land brand (a promotional experiment by New Japan with "sports entertainment"), debuting a modified side buster finish. On June 7, Tanahashi vacated the U-30 Openweight Championship in order to fully focus on his upcoming match against Brock Lesnar for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship.

When Lesnar failed to show up for the match, he was stripped of the title and Tanahashi was placed in a tournament for the vacant title. On July 17, Tanahashi won his first IWGP Heavyweight Championship when he defeated Giant Bernard in the finals of the tournament for the vacant title. He showed the title belt on his second appearance on Sasuke during the 17th competition, where he was again eliminated in the first round. After holding the title belt for almost 9 months (270 days) and defending the title against the likes of Taiyō Kea, Shinsuke Nakamura and others, Tanahashi lost the title to Yuji Nagata, who had won the 2007 New Japan Cup to become the No. 1 contender. Tanahashi managed to come back from this by winning the 2007 G1 Climax, where he defeated Nagata in the finals and successfully challenged his rival to a rematch on October 8, 2007, where he pinned Nagata to regain the title. On January 4, 2008, at New Japan's annual Tokyo Dome show titled Wrestle Kingdom II in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi was defeated by Shinsuke Nakamura for the IWGP Heavyweight title in the night's main event. In February's New Japan Ism tour, Tanahashi successfully defeated A.J. Styles in a highly anticipated rematch of their 2006 bout in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Following this, Tanahashi was entered into the coveted New Japan Cup tournament in which the winner would face off against the then-IWGP Heavyweight Champion Shinsuke Nakamura as the number one contender. With a win over Giant Bernard, Tanahashi became the first two-time winner of the New Japan Cup.

After New Japan Cup, competed in the All Japan Pro Wrestling's Champion Carnival. He came in as a villain and was given the "Block from Hell" as he had to face nearly all of All Japan's top talent including Taiyō Kea, Satoshi Kojima, Toshiaki Kawada and his mentor Keiji Muto. He went undefeated and advanced to the finals where he was finally subdued by Suwama.

On January 4 at Wrestle Kingdom III in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi defeated Muto to become the 50th IWGP Heavyweight Champion, beginning his third reign. Following his victory, when asked who he would like his next challenger to be, Tanahashi called out generation rival Shinsuke Nakamura, who accepted. At New Japan's ISM tour on February 15, Tanahashi defeated Nakamura with the High Fly Flow in his first title defense. Tanahashi defeated Kurt Angle on April 5 at New Japan's "Resolution 09" with two High Fly Flows. His next opponent was Hirooki Goto, whom he defeated on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2009 with a High Fly Flow. Just days later, Tanahashi was defeated by Manabu Nakanishi on May 6 at "Dissidence 2009". He regained the Title from Nakanishi on June 20 at Dominion 6.20 for his fourth reign. He successfully defended the title against Pro Wrestling Noah's Takashi Sugiura on July 20, the first ever NJPW vs. Noah match for the IWGP Heavyweight title. During a post-match interview, Tanahashi was interrupted by Tajiri, who then sprayed Tanahashi with Green Mist. Tanahashi would vacate the IWGP Heavyweight title on August 17, due to an eye fracture injury he suffered in a match with Shinsuke Nakamura, in the semi-finals of the 2009 G1 Climax Tournament. On November 8 at Destruction '09 Tanahashi returned to challenge for the belt he was forced to vacate, but came up short against the reigning champion Nakamura. On December 5 Tanahashi would avenge the loss he suffered during the G1 Climax Tournament and end his feud with Tajiri by pinning him in a singles match with the High Fly Flow. Afterwards, Tanahashi made a challenge to Pro Wrestling Noah and on January 4, 2010, at Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome he defeated Noah's Go Shiozaki in a match that was billed as "Ace vs. Ace". Since then, Tanahashi would begin a feud with Toru Yano, starting with Yano upsetting Tanahashi in a tag team match on January 30, where he teamed with Manabu Nakanishi and Yano with Shinsuke Nakamura. On February 14, Tanahashi avenged his loss in a singles match with Yano, but was jumped after the match by Masato Tanaka, after which Yano proceeded to cut off some of his hair. After Yano defeated Tanahashi in a singles match at Wrestling Dontaku 2010, New Japan booked the two men in a Hair vs. Hair match for June 19. On June 19 at Dominion 6.19, Tanahashi defeated Yano and was afterwards assisted by former rival Tajiri and Kushida in taking care of Yano's ally Takashi Iizuka and shave his opponent's hair. In August, Tanahashi entered the 2010 G1 Climax tournament and made it all the way to the finals, after four wins and a draw in the round robin stage of the tournament. However, in the finals Tanahashi was defeated by freelancer Satoshi Kojima. In October and November 2010, Tanahashi teamed with Tajiri in New Japan's 2010 G1 Tag League. After a strong start in the tournament, Tanahashi and Tajiri were defeated by the IWGP Tag Team Champions Bad Intentions (Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson) on November 6, the last day of group stages, and slipped to third place in their block, narrowly missing the semifinals of the tournament.

Record-breaking IWGP Heavyweight Champion (2010–2014)
After scoring back-to-back pinfall victories over top contender Hirooki Goto and Tetsuya Naito on December 11 and 12, Tanahashi was granted a shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Champion Satoshi Kojima at Wrestle Kingdom V in Tokyo Dome. At the event on January 4, 2011, Tanahashi defeated Kojima to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the fifth time. On February 20 at The New Beginning, Tanahashi made his first successful defense of the title, defeating Kojima in a rematch. Tanahashi went on to successfully defend the title against New Japan Cup winner Yuji Nagata on April 3 and Shinsuke Nakamura on May 3. In May 2011, Tanahashi took part in the Invasion Tour 2011, New Japan's first ever tour of the United States, during which he successfully defended the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Charlie Haas on May 14 in New York City.

After another title defense on June 18 against rival Hirooki Goto, Tanahashi was challenged by IWGP Tag Team Champion Giant Bernard, but he answered this with a challenge of his own, suggesting a match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship between Bad Intentions and himself and Goto. On July 3, Tanahashi and Goto failed in their attempt to capture the IWGP Tag Team Championship from Bad Intentions. On July 18, Tanahashi made his sixth successful defense of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Giant Bernard. In the following month's 2011 G1 Climax, Tanahashi led his block for the majority of the tournament, but an upset loss on the final day of the tournament against Tetsuya Naito, caused him to narrowly miss advancing to the finals. On September 19, Tanahashi made his seventh successful IWGP Heavyweight Championship defense against G1 Climax winner Shinsuke Nakamura, despite losing a tooth during the match. On October 10 at Destruction '11, Tanahashi avenged his loss from the final day of the 2011 G1 Climax by defeating Tetsuya Naito to make his eighth successful IWGP Heavyweight Championship defense. With Tanahashi now edging closer to Yuji Nagata's record of ten successful defenses, Nagata came out after the match to challenge him for the title. However, after Tanahashi had accepted the challenge, he was attacked by Toru Yano, who proceeded to steal his championship belt. In the 2011 G1 Tag League, Tanahashi teamed with Hirooki Goto as "The Billion Powers". After picking up two wins and two losses in their first four matches in the group stage of the tournament, Tanahashi and Goto defeated the Beast Combination (Satoshi Kojima and Togi Makabe) on November 4 to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On November 6, Tanahashi and Goto were eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Bad Intentions. On November 12 at Power Struggle, Tanahashi regained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship belt from Toru Yano by successfully defending the title against him, after which he was again challenged by Yuji Nagata. On December 4, Tanahashi defeated Nagata to make his tenth successful IWGP Heavyweight Championship defense, tying Nagata's record in the process. On January 4, 2012, at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi broke the record by successfully defending the title against Minoru Suzuki. On February 12 at The New Beginning, Tanahashi lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to Kazuchika Okada, ending his reign at 404 days.

On June 16 at Dominion 6.16, Tanahashi defeated Okada in a rematch to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the sixth time, tying Tatsumi Fujinami's record for most reigns with the title. Tanahashi made his first title defense on July 1, defeating Togi Makabe at an event co-promoted by New Japan and All Japan. All reigns combined, this was Tanahashi's twenty-first successful defense of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which was another New Japan record. Tanahashi made his second successful title defense on July 22 against Masato Tanaka. The following month, Tanahashi took part in the 2012 G1 Climax tournament, where he won five out of his first seven matches, but a loss to Karl Anderson on the final day of the tournament caused him to narrowly miss advancing to the finals. On September 23 at Destruction, Tanahashi successfully defended the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Pro Wrestling Noah's Naomichi Marufuji, avenging a loss suffered during the 2012 G1 Climax. On October 8 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Tanahashi defeated Minoru Suzuki for the fourth successful defense of his sixth IWGP Heavyweight Championship reign. The match received rave reviews, including a five-star rating from Wrestling Observer Newsletter's Dave Meltzer. On November 11 at Power Struggle, Tanahashi made his fifth successful title defense against Yujiro Takahashi. Later in the month, Tanahashi took part in the 2012 World Tag League, teaming with Captain New Japan under the team name "Captain Ace". The team lost all six of their matches with Captain New Japan being pinned in each match. On January 4, 2013, at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi made his sixth successful defense of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against the previous year's G1 Climax winner, Kazuchika Okada. At the following pay-per-view, The New Beginning on February 10, Tanahashi made another successful title defense against Karl Anderson, avenging his loss from the 2012 G1 Climax. On March 3 at New Japan's 41st anniversary event, Tanahashi defeated IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Prince Devitt in a special non-title main event. On April 7 at Invasion Attack, Tanahashi lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship back to Kazuchika Okada. On June 22 at Dominion 6.22, Tanahashi attempted to earn another shot at the title, but was defeated in a number one contender's match by Prince Devitt, following interference from Devitt's new Bullet Club stable. On July 5, Tanahashi teamed with Jushin Thunder Liger to defeat Bullet Club member Tama Tonga and El Terrible for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship. From August 1 to 11, Tanahashi took part in the 2013 G1 Climax, where he opened by losing three of his first four matches. However, Tanahashi bounced back to wrestle IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada to a time limit draw and winning his other four matches to win his block and advance to the finals of the tournament. In the finals on August 11, Tanahashi was defeated by Tetsuya Naito. After returning from a tour of CMLL, Tanahashi and Liger lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship on September 14 to Bullet Club members Rey Bucanero and Tama Tonga, following outside interference from the rest of the group. Tanahashi's rivalry with Bullet Club leader Prince Devitt built to a Lumberjack Deathmatch on September 29 at Destruction, where Tanahashi was victorious. With the Devitt rivalry behind him, Tanahashi once again set his sights on the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, challenging Kazuchika Okada at the end of the event. Tanahashi failed in his title challenge on October 14 at King of Pro-Wrestling. In a post-match interview, Tanahashi bid farewell to the IWGP Heavyweight Championship as he had proclaimed that he would not challenge for the title again, should he lose to Okada. Tanahashi then entered the IWGP Intercontinental Championship picture, after being nominated as the next challenger by champion Shinsuke Nakamura, setting up the first title match between the two longtime rivals in over two years. In November, Captain Ace reunited for the 2013 World Tag League. Much like the previous year, the team lost their first five matches, but on the final day they finally picked up a win over Bad Luck Fale and Prince Devitt, costing the Bullet Club team a spot in the semifinals.

On January 4, 2014, Tanahashi defeated Nakamura in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 8 in Tokyo Dome to win the IWGP Intercontinental Championship for the first time. A rematch between the two took place on February 9 at The New Beginning in Hiroshima and saw Tanahashi make his first successful title defense. After Nakamura had won the 2014 New Japan Cup, another title match was booked between him and Tanahashi for the April 6 Invasion Attack 2014 event, where Tanahashi was defeated in his second title defense. Afterwards, Tanahashi formed a tag team named "Ace to King" (Japanese for "Ace and King") with Togi Makabe to after the IWGP Tag Team Championship. In May, Tanahashi took part in NJPW's North American tour, defeating Ring of Honor's Michael Bennett in an interpromotional match at War of the Worlds on May 17. On May 25 at Back to the Yokohama Arena, Tanahashi and Makabe defeated Hirooki Goto and Katsuyori Shibata to earn a shot at the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Tanahashi and Makabe received their title shot on June 21 at Dominion 6.21, but were defeated by Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. In the 2014 G1 Climax, Tanahashi finished with a record of seven wins and three losses, with a loss against Davey Boy Smith Jr. on the final day costing him a spot in the finals. After defeating Katsuyori Shibata on September 21 at Destruction in Kobe, Tanahashi announced he was re-entering the IWGP Heavyweight Championship picture and looking to challenge the reigning champion, Bullet Club's A.J. Styles. He received his title shot on October 13 at King of Pro-Wrestling, where he defeated Styles to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the record-breaking seventh time. On November 14, Tanahashi and Yoshitatsu announced they were forming a new tag team named "The World". The World was scheduled to take part in the 2014 World Tag League, but after their opening match on November 22, Yoshitatsu was forced to pull out of the tournament with a neck injury. On January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi made his first successful defense of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada. On February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, Tanahashi lost the title back to A.J. Styles, ending his latest reign at 121 days.

IWGP Intercontinental Champion (2015–2018)
In March, Tanahashi was eliminated from the 2015 New Japan Cup by Toru Yano in less than three minutes, re-igniting the old feud between the two. The rivalry culminated on July 5 at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, where Tanahashi defeated Yano. From July 20 to August 14, Tanahashi took part in the round-robin stage of the 2015 G1 Climax. He won his block with a record of seven wins and two losses, advancing to the finals. On August 16, Tanahashi defeated Shinsuke Nakamura in the finals to win his second G1 Climax. Tanahashi was handed a contract, which gave him the right to challenge for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome, that he would have to defend for the rest of the year. During September and October, Tanahashi successfully defended the contract against Bad Luck Fale and Tetsuya Naito, avenging his two losses suffered during the 2015 G1 Climax. On January 4, 2016, at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome, Tanahashi unsuccessfully challenged Kazuchika Okada for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. The loss ended his Tokyo Dome main event win streak at five. On February 14 at The New Beginning in Niigata, Tanahashi was defeated by Kenny Omega in a match to determine the new IWGP Intercontinental Champion. On March 20, Tanahashi teamed with Juice Robinson and Michael Elgin to unsuccessfully challenge The Elite (Omega and The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)) for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship.

On April 10 at Invasion Attack 2016, Tanahashi, Elgin and Yoshitatsu defeated The Elite to become the new NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions. They made their first successful defense on April 23 against Omega, Bad Luck Fale and Yujiro Takahashi. On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2016, they lost the title back to The Elite. Tanahashi was set to challenge Omega for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship in NJPW's first ladder match at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall, but was forced to pull out of the match due to a shoulder injury. From July 18 to August 12, Tanahashi took part in the 2016 G1 Climax, where he finished tied second in his block with a record of five wins, one draw and three losses. A 30-minute time limit draw against Kazuchika Okada on the final day eliminated both men from advancing to the finals. On January 4, 2017, at Wrestle Kingdom 11, Tanahashi unsuccessfully challenged Tetsuya Naito for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship.

The next day at New Year Dash!!, Tanahashi, Manabu Nakanishi and Ryusuke Taguchi defeated Los Ingobernables de Japón (Bushi, Evil and Sanada) for the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. They lost the title back to L.I.J. on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka. Tanahashi and Taguchi regained the title from L.I.J. with new partner Ricochet on April 4. After defeating L.I.J. member Evil on April 29, Tanahashi confronted the stable's leader Tetsuya Naito and challenged him to a match for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2017, Tanahashi, Ricochet and Taguchi lost the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship back to L.I.J. members Bushi, Evil and Sanada. Shortly afterwards, Tanahashi was sidelined with a ruptured biceps tendon. Though he later admitted that a surgery would have been the best option for him, Tanahashi stated that he could not take time off.

Tanahashi returned to the ring on June 11 at Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall, where he defeated Tetsuya Naito to win the IWGP Intercontinental Championship for the second time. Tanahashi then entered the 2017 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of six wins and three losses, failing to make it to the finals due to losing to Naito in their final round-robin match on August 11. Tanahashi then successfully defended the Intercontinental Championship against Zack Sabre Jr. on September 16 at Destruction in Hiroshima and Kota Ibushi on November 5 at Power Struggle, avenging two losses he had suffered during the 2017 G1 Climax. Following the Ibushi match, Tanahashi was attacked by the returning Jay White, who challenged him to a title match on January 4, 2018, at Wrestle Kingdom 12 in Tokyo Dome. After being sidelined with a legitimate knee injury, Tanahashi returned on December 18 to assure he would be wrestling at Wrestle Kingdom 12, at which point he was again attacked by White. On January 4, 2018, Tanahashi defeated White to retain his title. The next day, at New Year's Dash, he was attacked by Minoru Suzuki. On January 27, 2018, at The New Beginning in Sapporo, Tanahashi dropped the title to Suzuki, ending his reign at 230 days.

Eight-Time IWGP Heavyweight Champion (2018–2019)
After a brief hiatus, Tanahashi returned during the New Japan Cup, reaching the finals only to be defeated by Zack Sabre Jr. At Sakura Genesis 2018, Tanahashi teamed with fellow Taguchi Japan members Juice Robinson and David Finlay to defeat Chaos members Hirooki Goto, Jay White and Yoshi-Hashi. Later in the night, Tanahashi would confront IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada after Okada defeated Sabre to tie Tanahashi's record for most successful title defenses with eleven, indicating a potential title match in the near future. Their match took place on night two of Wrestling Dontaku 2018, where Tanahashi was unsuccessful in winning the championship, and in the process having his record of most successful title defences in one reign broken, as Okada defended the championship successfully for the twelfth time.

Tanahashi then took part in the 2018 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of seven wins, one draw, and one loss, thus setting a new record for the most points in the current 20-man G1 format with 15 and advancing to the finals, where he defeated Kota Ibushi to win his third G1 Climax tournament. This earned him the right to challenge for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at Wrestle Kingdom 13 that he would have to defend for the remainder of the year and marked the tenth time he would main event the show. As the only men he failed to defeat in his block, Tanahashi nominated Okada and White to be his challengers for the contract. On September 23, at Destruction in Kobe, Tanahashi defeated Okada to retain the contract and was promptly assaulted by White. On October 8, at King of Pro-Wrestling, he retained the contract against White.

On January 4, 2019, at Wrestle Kingdom 13, Tanahashi defeated Kenny Omega to become IWGP Heavyweight Champion for the eighth time, breaking his own record for most reigns in the process, and becoming the first Tokyo Dome IWGP Heavyweight Championship challenge rights certificate holder to successfully become champion at Wrestle Kingdom. On February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, Tanahashi lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to Jay White, ending his reign at 38 days. At the G1 Supercard in April, Tanahashi unsuccessfully faced Zack Sabre Jr. for the British Heavyweight Championship. At Dominion 6.9 on June 9, Tanahashi teamed with Juice Robinson and Ryusuke Taguchi to defeat the Bullet Club (Jay White, Chase Owens and Taiji Ishimori). On August 31 at Royal Quest, Tanahashi defeated Sabre for the British Heavyweight Championship, but lost it back in a rematch at Destruction in Beppu on September 15.

Triple Crown and Grand Slam Champion (2019–2023)
At Power Struggle in November, Tanahashi was called out by Chris Jericho for a match at Wrestle Kingdom 14, which Tanahashi accepted. On the second night of the event, Jericho defeated Tanahashi. Following this, Tanahashi started a tag team with Kota Ibushi. On February 21, 2020, and on night three of New Japan Road, Tanahashi and Ibushi, dubbing themselves Golden☆Ace, defeated the Guerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Following the win, they were attacked by Dangerous Tekkers (Taichi and Zack Sabre Jr.) On July 12, at Dominion, Tanahashi and Ibushi were defeated by Dangerous Tekkers, ending their reign at 142 days. From September 19 to October 18, Tanahashi took part in the G1 Climax, where he finished in his block with a record of four wins and five losses. One of his victories was over Kenta, meaning Tanahashi could challenge Kenta for his shot at the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, which was confirmed on the night of the final. On November 7, at Power Struggle, Kenta defeated Tanahashi.

After this, Tanahashi began feuding with the newly formed United Empire. At Wrestle Kingdom 15 Night 1, he defeated Great-O-Khan. At The New Beginning in Nagoya, Tanahashi defeated Shingo Takagi to win the NEVER Openweight Championship for the first time, becoming NJPW's fourth Triple Crown champion in the process. At Castle Attack, Tanahashi retained the title in a rematch with Khan, which was his only successful title defense. After being eliminated in the New Japan Cup tournament by Jay White, he started challenging Tanahashi for a title match. At Sakura Genesis, Tanahashi teamed up with Satoshi Kojima to defeat White and Bad Luck Fale in a tag team match. On the first night Wrestling Dontaku, Tanahashi lost the title to Jay White in the main event, ending his reign at 93 days. On July 25, it was announced that Tanahashi would face Shingo Takagi at Wrestle Grand Slam in Tokyo Dome for the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship after Kota Ibushi was unable to compete. At the event, Tanahashi lost to Takagi.

On August 14, at Resurgence, Tanahashi defeated Lance Archer for the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, winning the title for the first time, becoming the first Japanese wrestler to win the title, and becoming the second Grand Slam champion in NJPW history. Following his win, Tanahashi challenged Kota Ibushi to a match at Wrestle Grand Slam in MetLife Dome for his first title defense, which Ibushi accepted. On Night 1 of the event, Tanahashi defeated Ibushi to retain the title. Tanahashi then took part in the G1 Climax from September 18 to October 21 and finished with four wins and five losses and failing to advance to the finals. At Power Struggle on November 6, Tanahashi lost the title to Kenta, ending his reign at 84 days. On the second night of Wrestle Kingdom 16, Tanahashi defeated Kenta to regain the title and won the title for a second time. At New Years Golden Series on February 19, Tanahashi lost the title to Sanada, ending his second reign at 45 days.

At Wrestling Dontaku on May 1, Tanahashi was originally supposed to face Will Ospreay for the vacant IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship, but Ospreay was pulled from the match after testing positive for COVID-19, and was replaced by Tomohiro Ishii. At the event, Tanahashi defeated Ishii to win the title for a record-setting third time. Shortly after, Tanahashi was confronted by Chase Owens, which turned out to be a distraction for the returning Juice Robinson, who had joined Bullet Club, to attack him and stake his claim for the championship. At Capital Collision, Tanahashi lost the title to Robinson in a Four-way match also involving Ospreay and Jon Moxley, and ended his third reign at 13 days. Before this, on May 5, New Japan announced an event along with All Elite Wrestling, called Forbidden Door, to take place on June 26. On the June 1 episode of Dynamite, Tanahashi made a surprise appearance to reveal himself as the opponent of AEW World Champion CM Punk, where the match was scheduled for Forbidden Door. However, Punk was announced to be injured, although not vacating the championship. Therefore, at Dominion, Tanahashi defeated Hirooki Goto to earn a match against Jon Moxley for the interim championship at the event. At the event, Tanahashi was defeated by Moxley.

On June 12 also during Dominion, Tanahashi was announced as a participant in the G1 Climax 32 tournament starting in July, as a part of the C block. He finished with 6 points, failing to advance to the semi-finals. On September 25 at Burning Spirit, Tanahashi challenged Karl Anderson for the Never Openweight Championship but was defeated. At Noah Ariake Triumph in October, Tanahashi made a return to Pro Wrestling Noah, for the first time in 9 years, teaming with Togi Makabe and Tomoaki Honma in a losing effort to Keiji Muto, Naomichi Marufuji and Yoshiki Inamura. In November, Tanahashi once again teamed with Toru Yano in the World Tag League, but failed to advance to the finals after finishing with 8 points. On January 4 at Wrestle Kingdom 17, Tanahashi teamed with Muto and Shota Umino to defeat Tetsuya Naito, Bushi and Sanada, in Muto's last NJPW match.

On March 6, Tanahashi teamed with Kazuchika Okada to challenge for the IWGP Tag Team Championships, but the duo was defeated by Hirooki Goto and Yoshi-Hashi. Later that month at Supercard of Honor, Tanahashi returned to Ring of Honor for the first time since 2019, defeating Daniel Garcia. In April at Capital Collision, Tanahashi once again teamed with Okada in a three-way tag-team match for the Strong Openweight Tag Team Championships. The match, which also involved The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin), was won by Aussie Open (Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis). In May, at Wrestling Dontaku, Tanahashi teamed with Okada and Tomohiro Ishii to defeat Minoru Suzuki, El Desperado and Ren Narita, to win his fourth NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship. On May 21 at Resurgence, Tanahashi participated in a tournament to determine the Number 1 Contender for the IWGP US Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated in the first round by Will Ospreay. At the Dominion 6.4 in Osaka-jo Hall event on June 4, Okada, Ishii and Tanahashi successfully defended the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship against Blackpool Combat Club (BCC) (Jon Moxley and Claudio Castagnoli) and Shota Umino. On June 25 at Forbidden Door, Tanahashi unsuccessfully challenged MJF for the AEW World Championship. The following month, Tanahashi entered the G1 Climax tournament, competing in the D Block. Tanahashi finished the tournament, with 6 points, therefore failing to advance to the quarterfinals. Tanahashi, Okada and Ishii continued defending their Never Openweight 6-man tag-team Championships, defeating Impact Wrestling's, Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) and Josh Alexander, at Destruction in Ryōgoku in October.

NJPW President (2023–present)
At Wrestle Kingdom 18, Tanahashi defeated Zack Sabre Jr. to become the new NJPW World Television Champion. On January 24, after successfully defending the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship against TMDK (Kosei Fujita, Mikey Nicholls, Shane Haste), Okada decided to vacate the titles, due to him leaving NJPW, ending their reign at 266 days. On February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, Tanahashi was defeated by Kazuchika Okada in the last match between them, ending their long-standing rivalry. On February 23 at The New Beginning in Sapporo, Tanahashi lost the NJPW World Television Championship to Matt Riddle. On April 14 at Wrestling World, Tanahashi, Toru Yano and Oleg Boltin defeated House of Torture (Evil, Sho and Yoshinobu Kanemaru) in a tournament final to win the vacant NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship.

Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2005, 2010–2013)
Tanahashi made his North American debut in September 2005 when he and Nakamura went to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in Mexico. There, they feuded with Los Guerreros del Infierno and successfully defended their IWGP Tag Team Championship against Rey Bucanero and Olímpico. Tanahashi returned to Mexico and CMLL in May 2010 to join La Ola Amarilla (Spanish for "the Yellow Wave") with fellow Japanese wrestlers Okumura, and Taichi. On May 7, 2010 La Ola Amarilla defeated El Hijo del Fantasma, La Máscara and Héctor Garza to win the CMLL World Trios Championship in the main event of the weekly Friday night Super Viernes show. Ola Amarilla's reign as Trios champions only lasted two weeks as they were defeated by La Máscara, La Sombra and Máscara Dorada on May 21, 2010. Following the show Tanahashi returned to Japan for the next tour of NJPW, but intended to return to CMLL between tours of NJPW. In August 2011, Tanahashi returned to CMLL and, as the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion, was allowed to enter the promotion's annual tournament of champions to crown the Universal Champion. Tanahashi entered the tournament on September 9; after eliminating CMLL World Welterweight Champion Máscara Dorada in his first round match, Tanahashi himself was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by CMLL World Tag Team Champion Último Guerrero. Tanahashi returned to CMLL on August 24, 2012, again taking part in the Universal Championship tournament, winning his block to advance to the finals. On August 31, Tanahashi was defeated in the finals of the tournament by CMLL World Heavyweight Champion El Terrible. Tanahashi finished his CMLL tour on September 7, when he teamed with Namajague, Okumura and Taichi in a Japan vs. Mexico torneo cibernetico, where they faced Black Warrior, La Máscara, Negro Casas and Valiente. In the end, Tanahashi pinned La Máscara, following interference from Taichi, to win the match for the Japanese. Tanahashi returned to CMLL a year later on August 23, 2013, when he teamed with Namajague and Puma in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Marco Corleone, Máximo and Shocker. Tanahashi worked the tour as rudo, opposing Atlantis. On August 30, Tanahashi entered the 2013 Universal Championship tournament, where he won his block by defeating La Sombra in the finals, with help from Volador Jr., to advance to his second Universal Championship final in a row. On September 6, Tanahashi defeated Rush to win the tournament and become the 2013 Universal Champion.

Impact Wrestling (2006, 2008, 2023)
He debuted in the United States with TNA on January 14, 2006, at Final Resolution, where he was defeated by A.J. Styles. He was also featured in a match against Roderick Strong that was taped for Xplosion a few days later.

Tanahashi returned to TNA in 2008 for an excursion and on the October 30 episode of Impact! lost in a tag team match with Volador Jr. against Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin). After the match, they were berated by Sheik Abdul Bashir. On the November 6 episode of Impact!, Tanahashi teamed with Volador again in a four-way ladder match for number one contendership for Beer Money's TNA World Tag Team Championship against Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray), Matt Morgan and Abyss and The Latin American Xchange (Hernandez and Homicide), which Morgan and Abyss won. At Turning Point, Tanahashi participated in a 10-man X Division seeding match where he came fourth. Following the announcement of his IWGP Heavyweight title match against Mutoh, Tanahashi cancelled the rest of his TNA dates to return to NJPW full-time.

At Multiverse United on March 30, Tanahashi returned to Impact where he defeated Mike Bailey. Tanahashi returned for the subsequent event, Multiverse United 2 on August 20, facing Alex Shelley for the Impact World Championship, in a losing effort.

Professional wrestling style and persona
Being trained by the NJPW Dojo, Tanahashi learned shoot techniques, catch and boxing moves to include in his moveset. During his career, he has used several moves as finishing holds, like the High Fly Flow (a frog splash), the sling blade, the dragon suplex and the Texas clover hold.

After his first title defense against Shinsuke Nakamura, Tanahashi dubbed himself as "the ace of the universe", a nickname that used during his career. When he debuted, he was seen as an innovator because he said "I love you" to his fans after the match and played an air-guitar, something very unusual in NJPW.

Personal life
Tanahashi married his wife in 2003 and has two children, a son named Shiryu and a daughter named Koharu.

Other media
Since 2010, Tanahashi has hosted a podcast known as Podcast Off (棚橋弘至のPODCAST OFF!!). Guests on the podcast have included fellow wrestlers Keiji Muto, Tatsumi Fujinami, Ryusuke Taguchi and Naomichi Marufuji, as well as Weekly Pro-Wrestling editor-in-chief Naoya Yuzawa and then-President of NJPW, Takumi Ohbari. In 2022, the podcast was briefly guest hosted by Master Wato, who has also been a guest on the podcast. A special edition of the podcast was released on June 6, 2023 to celebrate the announcement of the All Together Again cross-promotional event; the guests were Pro Wrestling Noah's Kaito Kiyomiya and All Japan Pro Wrestling's Kento Miyahara, who had taken part of the announcement of the show alongside Tanahashi. Another special edition of the podcast was released on September 18, 2023, featuring Tanahashi, Taguchi, Wato, and Shota Umino reminiscing about the town of Nagatoro on a bus.

His book, Why Hiroshi Tanahashi Was Able To Change NJPW, was released in 2014.

In 2016, Tanahashi, along with fellow wrestler Togi Makabe, appeared in Garo: Ashura, the 10th anniversary special of the Japanese tokusatsu series Garo, with Tanahashi starring as the eponymous Golden Knight. The Garo Project production team collaborated with New Japan Pro-Wrestling for the special. Both Tanahashi and Makabe also appeared in the 2016 Doraemon movie, Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016.

Tanahashi, along with fellow NJPW wrestlers Hiroyoshi Tenzan, Kazuchika Okada, Satoshi Kojima, Tetsuya Naito and Toru Yano, appears as a member of the gang Justis in the 2016 video game Yakuza 6: The Song of Life. He is also a fan of the Kamen Rider series, working poses from Kamen Rider Kabuto and Kamen Rider W into his ring entrance as well as appearing in the music video for Kamen Rider Wizard's opening theme, and in 2016 got promoted to portray one of the main villains, Sōji Kuruse/Robol Bugster, in Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac-Man vs. Ex-Aid & Ghost with Legend Rider. He also appears as a character in the anime series Tiger Mask W, voiced by Kenichi Suzumura, along with other NJPW wrestlers and plays a prominent role in the story as well as an occasional opponent for Tiger Mask. As part of a collaboration with Namco's 2017 fighting game Tekken 7, the video game character Lars Alexandersson was given many traits from Tanahashi, including his outfit, a theme song and a wrestling technique. Tanahashi made his acting debut in the film My Dad Is a Heel Wrestler, which was released in September 2018.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * CMLL World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jushin Thunder Liger
 * CMLL World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Okumura and Taichi
 * CMLL Universal Championship (2013)
 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * IWGP Heavyweight Championship (8 times)
 * IWGP Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
 * IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * NJPW World Television Championship (1 time)
 * IWGP Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Yutaka Yoshie (1), Shinsuke Nakamura (1), and Kota Ibushi (1)
 * IWGP U-30 Openweight Championship (2 times)
 * NEVER Openweight Championship (1 time)
 * NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship (6 times, current) – with Michael Elgin and Yoshitatsu (1), Manabu Nakanishi and Ryusuke Taguchi (1), Ricochet and Ryusuke Taguchi (1), Kazuchika Okada and Tomohiro Ishii (1) and Toru Yano and Oleg Boltin (2, current)
 * Fourth NJPW Triple Crown Champion
 * Second NJPW Grand Slam Champion
 * G1 Climax (2007, 2015, 2018)
 * G2 U-30 Climax (2003)
 * New Japan Cup (2005, 2008)
 * IWGP Heavyweight Title Tournament (2006)
 * IWGP U-30 Openweight Championship League (2005)
 * U-30 One Night Tag Tournament (2004) – with Taiji Ishimori
 * Heavyweight Tag MVP Award (2005) with Shinsuke Nakamura
 * Fighting Spirit Award (2003)
 * New Wave Award (2002)
 * Outstanding Performance Award (2003, 2004)
 * Singles Best Bout (2004) vs. Hiroyoshi Tenzan on August 15
 * Young Lion Award (2001)
 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling MVP (2018)
 * Nikkan Sports
 * Fighting Spirit Award (2003)
 * MVP Award (2011, 2014, 2018)
 * Match of the Year Award (2009) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura on November 8
 * Match of the Year Award (2012) vs. Kazuchika Okada on February 12
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 3 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013
 * Pro Wrestling Noah
 * GHC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Yuji Nagata
 * Revolution Pro Wrestling
 * British Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Sports Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 8 of the top 10 men's wrestlers in 2018
 * Tokyo Sports
 * Best Bout Award (2012) vs. Kazuchika Okada on June 16
 * Fighting Spirit Award (2003, 2006)
 * MVP Award (2009, 2011, 2014, 2018)
 * Outstanding Performance Award (2007)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Feud of the Year (2012–2013) vs. Kazuchika Okada
 * Most Charismatic (2013)
 * Most Outstanding Wrestler (2012–2013)
 * Match of the Year (2012) vs. Minoru Suzuki on October 8
 * Match of the Year (2013) vs. Kazuchika Okada on April 7
 * Match of the Year (2016) vs. Kazuchika Okada on January 4
 * Wrestler of the Year (2011–2013)
 * Wrestler of the Decade (2010s)
 * Most Charismatic of the Decade (2010s)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)

title: Hiroshi Tanahashi


text:
User:Terrell Larson

This is my user page. I use the Wiki quite often and have contributed some articals on rather diverse subjects. I suppose one day I shall add more information about myself here. In the mean time if you need to reach me see my talk page.

terr 15:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Terrell Larson


text:
Tuscarora language

Tuscarora, sometimes called Skarò˙rə̨ˀ, was the Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people, spoken in southern Ontario, Canada, North Carolina and northwestern New York around Niagara Falls, in the United States, before becoming extinct in late 2020. The historic homeland of the Tuscarora was in eastern North Carolina, in and around the Goldsboro, Kinston, and Smithfield areas.

The name Tuscarora means "hemp people," after the Indian hemp or milkweed, which they use in many aspects of their society. Skarureh refers to the long shirt worn as part of the men's regalia, and so the name literally means "long shirt people."

Tuscarora is recently extinct, the last fluent first language speaker having died in 2020. In the mid-1970s, 50 people spoke it on the Tuscarora Reservation (Lewiston, New York) and the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation (near Brantford, Ontario). The Tuscarora School in Lewiston has striven to keep Tuscarora alive as a heritage language by teaching children from pre-kindergarten to sixth grade.

The language can appear complex to those unfamiliar with it more in terms of its grammar than its sound system. Many ideas can be expressed in a single word. Most words involve several components that must be considered. The language is written using mostly symbols from the Roman alphabet, with some variations, additions, and diacritics.

Vowels
Tuscarora has four oral vowels, one nasal vowel, and one diphthong. The vowels can be either short or long, which makes a total of eight oral vowels,, and two nasal vowels,. Nasal vowels are indicated with an ogonek, long vowels with either a following colon $⟨:⟩$ or an interpunct $⟨·⟩$, and stressed vowels are marked with an acute accent $⟨ú⟩$. The pronunciation of unstressed short vowels varies between dialects, as shown in the following tables:

Thus in the official writing system of Tuscarora, the vowels are a e í u ę. The marginal phonemes ą and o occur in loanwords.

Consonants
The Tuscarora language has ten symbols representing consonants, including three stops (,, and ), three fricatives (, , and ), a nasal , a rhotic , and two glides ( and ). These last four can be grouped together under the category of resonants. (Mithun Williams, 1976) The range of sounds, though, is more extensive, with palatalization, aspiration, and other variants of the sounds, that usually come when two sounds are set next to each other.

There may also be the phonemes (written as p) and  (written as f), although they probably occur only in loan words. The phonemic consonant cluster is realized as a postalveolar fricative. The marginal phonemes l and m occur in loanwords.

Stops
Tuscarora has three stops:, , and ; in their most basic forms: , , and. could be considered separate, although it is very similar to, and can be counted as a variant phonetic realization of these two sounds. Each sound has specific changes that take place when situated in certain positions. These are among the phonetic (automatic) rules listed below. Since, in certain cases, the sounds and  are realized, a more extended list of the stops would be, , , , and. In the written system, however, only t, k, and ′ are used. is aspirated when it directly precedes another.

Fricatives and affricates
The language has two or three fricatives:, , and. and are distinguished only in some dialects of Tuscarora. Both are pronounced, but in some situations, is pronounced. is generally. There is an affricate is.

Resonants
Resonants are, , ,. A rule (below) specifies pre-aspiration under certain circumstances. The resonants can also become voiceless fricatives (as specified below). A voiceless is described as "a silent movement of the tongue accompanied by an audible escape of breath through the nose." When becomes a voiceless fricative, it often sounds similar to.

Automatic rules

 * V = a vowel
 * C = a consonant
 * R = a resonant
 * # = the beginning or end of a word
 * Ø = sound is dropped

followed by or sometimes  often becomes.

Used here is a type of linguistic notation. Aloud, the first bullet point would read, " becomes when preceded by ."

Verbs
The basic construction of a verb consists of in that order. All verbs contain at least a pronominal prefix and a verb base.
 * 1) prepronominal prefixes
 * 2) pronominal prefixes
 * 3) the verb base
 * 4) aspect suffixes

Prepronominal prefixes
These are the very first prefixes in a verb. Prepronominal prefixes can indicate In addition, these can mark such distinctions as dualic, contrastive, partitive, and iterative. According to Marianne Mithun Williams, it is possible to find some semantic similarities from the functions of prepronominal prefixes, but not such that each morpheme is completely explained in this way.
 * tense
 * direction
 * location

Pronominal prefixes
As it sounds, pronominal prefixes identify pronouns with regards to the verb, including person, number, and gender. Since all verbs must have at least a subject, the pronominal prefixes identify the subject, and if the verb is transitive, these prefixes also identify the object. For example:

Tuscarora word: rà:weh Translation: He is talking. Breakdown: masculine + 'talk' + serial The rà is the masculine pronominal prefix, indicating that a male person is the subject of the sentence.

On account of various changes in the evolution of the language, not all of the possible combinations of distinctions in person, number, and gender are made, and some pronominal prefixes or combinations thereof can represent several acceptable meanings.

Verb base
The verb base is, generally, exactly what it sounds like: it is the barest form of the verb. This is a verb stem that consists solely of one verb root.

Verb stems can be made of more than just a verb root. More complex stems are formed by adding modifiers. Roots might be combined with many different kinds of morphemes to create complicated stems. Possibilities include reflexive, inchoative, reversive, intensifier, and distributive morphemes, instrumental, causative, or dative case markers, and also incorporated noun stems. The base may be further complicated by ambulative or purposive morphemes.

Aspect suffixes
Aspect suffixes are temporal indicators, and are used with all indicative verbs. "Aspect" is with respect to duration or frequency; "tense" is with respect to the point in time at which the verb's action takes place. Three different aspects can be distinguished, and each distinguished aspect can be furthermore inflected for three different tenses. These are, respectively, punctual, serial, or perfective, and past, future, or indefinite.

Nouns
Nouns, like verbs, are composed of several parts. These are, in this order:
 * 1) the pronominal prefix
 * 2) the noun stem
 * 3) the nominal suffix

Nouns can be divided two ways, formally and functionally, and four ways, into formal nouns, other functional nouns, possessive constructions, and attributive suffixes.

Pronominal prefix and noun gender
The pronominal prefix is very much like that in verbs. It refers to who or what is being identified. The prefixes vary according to the gender, number, and "humanness" of the noun. Genders include: The prefixes are:
 * neuter
 * masculine singular
 * feminine-indefinite human singular
 * indefinite human dual
 * indefinite human plural
 * neuter
 * ò-
 * à:w-
 * masculine singular
 * ra-
 * r-
 * feminine-indefinite human singular
 * e-
 * ę́-
 * indefinite human dual nouns
 * neye-
 * indefinite human plural nouns
 * kaye-

Noun stem
Most stems are simple noun roots that are morphologically unanalyzable. These can be referred to as "simplex stems." More complex stems can be derived from verbs this is commonly done as: (verb stem) + (nominalizing morpheme). The process can be repeated multiple times, making more complex stems, but it is rarely the case that it is repeated too many times.

Nominal suffix
Most nouns end in the morpheme -eh. Some end in -aʔ, -ęʔ, or -ʔ.

Other functional nominals
In addition to the formal nouns mentioned above, clauses, verbs, and unanalyzable particles can also be classified as nominals. Clausal nominals are such things as sentential subjects and compliments. Verbal nominals usually describe their referents.

Unanalyzable particles arise from three main sources which overlap somewhat. Onomatopoeia, from Tuscarora or other languages, is less common than other words from other languages or verbal descriptions that turned to nominals. In many cases a pronominal prefix has dropped off, so that only the minimal stem remains.
 * onomatopoeia
 * onomatopoeia from other languages
 * other languages
 * verbal descriptions of referents

Possessive constructions
Ownership is divided into alienable and inalienable possession, each of which type has its own construction. An example of inalienable possession would be someone's body part—this cannot be disputed. An example of alienable possession would be a piece of paper held by someone.

Attributive suffixes
Attributive suffixes come in many forms:
 * adjectival
 * locative
 * characterizer
 * populative
 * customary
 * intensifier
 * decessive
 * diminutives
 * augmentives

A diminutive indicates something smaller; an augmentive makes something bigger. A simple example would be a diminutive suffix added to the word "cat" to form a word meaning "small cat." A more abstract example would be the diminutive of "trumpet" forming "pipe." Both diminutives and augmentives have suffixes that indicate both smallness and plurality. A (certain) diminutive can be added to any functional nominal. Augmentives usually combine with other morphemes, forming more specific stems.

Attributive suffixes can be added to any word that functions as a nominal, even if it is a verb or particle.

Word order
The basic word order in Tuscarora is SVO (subject–verb–object), but this can vary somewhat and still form grammatical sentences, depending on who the agents and patients are. For example: If two nouns of the same relative "status" are together in a sentence, the SVO word order is followed. Such is the case, for example, in a noun-predicate-noun sentence in which both nouns are third person zoic (non-human) singular. If one is of a "superior" status, it can be indicated by a pronominal prefix, such as hra, and as such SVO, VSO, and OSV are all grammatically correct. The example given in Grammar Tuscarora is: wí:rę:n wahrákęʔ tsi:r
 * SVO

William he-saw-it dog. wahrákęʔ wí:rę:n tsi:r
 * VSO

he-saw-it William dog. tsi:r wí:rę:n wahrákęʔ
 * OSV

dog William he-saw-it.

In all cases, the translation is "William saw a dog." Mithun writes: "[I]t is necessary but not sufficient to consider the syntactic case roles of major constituents. In fact, the order of sentence elements is describable in terms of functional deviation from a syntactically defined basic order." (Emphasis added.)

A sentence that is ambiguous on basis of its containing too many ambiguous arguments is: tsya:ts wahrá:nę:t kę:tsyęh

George he-fed-it fish

This could be translated either as "George fed the fish" or "George fed it fish."

Case
Tuscarora appears to be a nominative-accusative language. Tuscarora has a case system in which syntactic case is indicated in the verb. The main verb of the sentence can indicate, for example, "aorist+1st-person+objective+human+'transitive-verb'+punctual+dative." (In this case, a sentence could be a single word long, as below in Noun Incorporation.) Objective and dative are indicated by morphemes.

Noun incorporation
Tuscarora definitely incorporates nouns into verbs, as is evident from many examples on this page. This is typical of a polysynthetic language. In Tuscarora, one long verb can be an entire sentence, including subject and object. In fact, theoretically any number of arguments could be incorporated into a verb. It is done by raising nominals realized as noun stems. Datives are not incorporated.

Examples are as follows:

n + ę + k + h + ey + aʔ + tsiʔr + aʔn + ihr

DUC + FUT + 1 + OBJ + HUM + REFL + 'fire' + 'set'

"I'll set my fire on him." or "I'll sting him."

waʔ + k + h + e + taʔnar + a + tyáʔt + hahθ

AOR + 1 + OBJ + HUM + 'bread' + joiner + 'buy' + DAT-PUNCT

"I bought her some bread."

yo + ʔn-aʔ-tshár + h + ę

NHUM-OBJ + 'door' + 'cover' + PFV

"The door is closed."

Vocabulary examples
(From Grammar Tuscarora by Marianne Mithun Williams.)

tswé:ʔn 'hello'

stá:kwi:ʔ 'high'

kè:rih 'I think'

ótkwareh 'blood'

otá:ʔnareh 'bread'

Relations
Tuscarora is a Northern Iroquoian language. This branch of Iroquois includes Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Cayuga along with Tuscarora and its historic neighbor, Nottoway.

Wallace Chafe posits that a larger language, reconstructed as Proto-Northern-Iroquois, broke off into Proto-Tuscarora-Cayuga, and then broke off onto its own, having no further contact with Cayuga or any of the others.

However, Lounsbury (1961:17) classed Tuscarora, along with Laurentian, Huron-Wyandot, and Cherokee as the "peripheral" Iroquoian languages—in distinction to the five "inner languages" of the Iroquois proper. Blair Rudes, who did extensive scholarship on Tuscarora and wrote a Tuscarora dictionary, concurred with Lounsbury, adding Nottoway and Susquehannock (which Lounsbury ignored in his comparisons) to the list of "peripheral" Iroquoian languages.

title: Tuscarora language


text: User talk:66.136.91.9

title: User talk:66.136.91.9


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

Request for information on WP1.0 web tool
Hello and greetings from the maintainers of the WP 1.0 Bot! As you may or may not know, we are currently involved in an overhaul of the bot, in order to make it more modern and maintainable. As part of this process, we will be rewriting the web tool that is part of the project. You might have noticed this tool if you click through the links on the project assessment summary tables.

We'd like to collect information on how the current tool is used by....you! How do you yourself and the other maintainers of your project use the web tool? Which of its features do you need? How frequently do you use these features? And what features is the tool missing that would be useful to you? We have collected all of these questions at this Google form where you can leave your response. Walkerma (talk) 04:24, 27 October 2019 (UTC)

RfC on ecclesiastical titles
There is a proposal for a new subsection on ecclesiastical titles being conducted at MOS:BIO. Interested editors are encouraged to participate. --Slugger O'Toole (talk) 02:10, 17 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Uhhh.... Quakers here. We don't do titles, ecclesiastical or otherwise :D TechBear | Talk | Contributions 05:12, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

New article on "Quaker decision-making"
In the hopes that some people still watch this, despite the project being classed as inactive, I thought I should let people know that Quaker decision-making has been created (not by me), and I started a discussion on the talk page regarding the title. SamBC(talk) 11:52, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Request for comment at Shroud of Turin
There is a new RfC open at Talk:Shroud of Turin which is relevant to this project. Instaurare (talk) 06:40, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

User script to detect unreliable sources
I have (with the help of others) made a small user script to detect and highlight various links to unreliable sources and predatory journals. Some of you may already be familiar with it, given it is currently the 39th most imported script on Wikipedia. The idea is that it takes something like and turns it into something like
 * John Smith "Article of things" Deprecated.com. Accessed 2020-02-14.
 * John Smith "Article of things" Deprecated.com. Accessed 2020-02-14.

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text:
Hudson's Bay tokens

The Hudson's Bay Company tokens represented the unit of currency used in the fur trade for many decades. The largest—one "Made Beaver"—was equal in value to the skin on an adult male beaver in good condition. Smaller sizes represented one-half, one-quarter, and one-eighth of a Made-Beaver. One side of the brass token bears the Hudson's Bay Company's coat of arms and the other its value. Before these brass tokens came into use, a Made-Beaver was represented by a stick, porcupine quill, an ivory disc, a musket ball, or anything else agreed upon by trader and trapper. The trapper would be handed a number of units agreed upon—representing the value of his catch—and with these would make his purchases from the store. The tokens were designed by George Simpson Mctavish of Albany Fort in 1854.

title: Hudson's Bay tokens