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Coya Knutson

Cornelia Genevive Gjesdal "Coya" Knutson (née Gjesdal; August 22, 1912 – October 10, 1996) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Minnesota. She served two terms in the Minnesota House of Representatives, from 1951 to 1955, before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota's 9th congressional district as a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL). She served two terms there, in the 84th and 85th Congresses, (from January 3, 1955, to January 3, 1959).

Knutson was the first woman elected to Congress from Minnesota, and is remembered today for the notorious "Coya, Come Home" letter supposedly written by her then-estranged husband, Andy, urging her to give up her seat and not seek reelection in 1958. Political rivals had put him up to it, and it was seen as instrumental in her ensuing defeat. The incident is often cited as an example of sexism in American politics.

Early life
Knutson was born Cornelia Genevive Gjesdal in Edmore, Ramsey County, North Dakota.

She grew up on the farm where she was born, and inherited her politics from her father, a Populist who belonged to a socialist organization called the Non-Partisan League.

After growing up and attending Concordia College in nearby Moorhead, Minnesota, Knutson planned on a career in opera and went to New York City to attend the Juilliard School for a year. When she realized she would not make it in opera, she returned to Minnesota, where she married Andy Knutson and moved to his farm near Oklee.

Political career
While she taught music and English at local high schools, sang at county fairs and worked with her husband to run a small local hotel, her marriage worsened. Andy Knutson was an alcoholic and he would often beat his wife when drunk. Nonetheless, the couple adopted an 8-year-old boy, named Terry, in 1948. (See "Soloman, John "The Cots Conspiracy " George Magazine, July 1997)

Coya began to escape her domestic problems by getting involved in local politics, serving first on the Red Lake County Public Welfare Board in 1948, chairing the county DFL committee and attending that year's Democratic presidential convention as a delegate. Eventually, the DFL party asked her to run for the state House in 1950.

Congress
After winning, Knutson began to consider what she could do in federal office to help the struggling farmers of her district. In 1954 many were upset with the agricultural policies of the Dwight Eisenhower administration. She wanted to run against the district's Republican incumbent, Harold Hagen, but party leaders endorsed another candidate, Curtis Olsson. She had a thick accent and often sang and played her accordion at campaign events. DFL leaders at the time were trying to reach out beyond the party's rural base, and this clashed with the more polished image they were trying to cultivate at the time.

Knutson financed her run by selling some land she had inherited from her father, and then barnstormed across the district, driving into farmers' fields to talk to them personally. She was an effective candidate and overwhelmingly won a five-way primary in an upset, then repeated the feat that fall in the general election as Democrats nationwide returned to majority status in the United States Congress.

Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn offered her a seat on any committee she wanted as a reward for her surprise success; her choice was the Agriculture Committee, making her its first ever female member.

1956 presidential primary
In 1956, as Knutson's first term in Congress drew to a close, DFL leaders back in Minnesota had decided to throw their weight behind former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson as their choice for the Democratic Party's nominee to challenge President Dwight Eisenhower in that year's presidential election, because Stevenson had indicated that he was likely to pick Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey as his running mate. Knutson, however, was more enthusiastic about Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, whose farm policies and proposals were more popular in her district. She endorsed him, chaired his campaign in Minnesota, and campaigned vigorously for him. When he defeated Stevenson in Minnesota's primary election, DFL leaders were furious and swore revenge. Ultimately, Stevenson won the Democratic nomination, but Kefauver was chosen over Humphrey as his running mate. The ticket, however, lost to the Republicans.

"Coya, Come Home"
They would get their chance in the next election cycle, after she held off Hagen to win reelection. Knutson had moved Terry to Washington, D.C. to get away from Andy and his drunkenness and battering, and spent much of her time there. While she had little real social life, rumors (perhaps deliberately started) began to circulate that she and her chief of staff Bill Kjeldahl were having an affair.

Shortly before the 1958 DFL district convention, a letter signed by Andy (but not written by him, the work of Democratic political rivals of Knutson) was circulated to reporters. It soon ran in newspapers across the country with the headline "Coya, Come Home."

Coya, I want you to tell the people of the 9th District this Sunday that you are through in politics. That you want to go home and make a home for your husband and son. As your husband I compel you to do this. I'm tired of being torn apart from my family. I'm sick and tired of having you run around with other men all the time and not your husband. I love you, honey. "Come back'" he exhorted, "come back to our happy, happy home." The image of a homebound husband longing for his congresswoman wife struck a chord in a time of rigidly defined gender roles.

Knutson had considered addressing her dysfunctional marriage in public two years earlier, but had been dissuaded by her aides. Now it was coming back to hurt her. Her Republican opponent that fall, Odin Langen, ran on the slogan, "A Big Man for a Man-sized Job."

Still, Knutson only lost by a little over a thousand votes, the only Democratic incumbent to fail to win re-election to the House that year. She overwhelmingly carried Oklee and much of the northern part of the district, where people knew the truth about her marriage.

After Congress
Knutson divorced Andy shortly after failing to win re-election, and he died in 1969 of acute alcohol poisoning. She refused to attend his funeral. She tried to win her seat back in 1960, but lost. Shortly after that year's U.S. Census, the 9th District was re-configured, and re-numbered as the 7th. She went back to Washington and took a job as liaison officer in the United States Department of Defense's Office of Civil Defense, where she stayed until 1970. Knutson made one last attempt to regain office in 1977, but lost the 7th District's special election primary. Another woman would not be elected to Congress from Minnesota until Betty McCollum in 2000. In 2006, Amy Klobuchar became the first Minnesota woman elected to the U.S. Senate, and Michele Bachmann the first Republican woman from Minnesota elected to the U.S. House. Muriel Humphrey was appointed US Senator in 1978 after her husband US Senator Hubert Humphrey died.

Legacy
While Knutson is most commonly remembered as a feminist martyr, she also left her mark as a legislator. No bills she introduced were passed, but behind the scenes she played a significant role in passing legislation related to the federal Title II student loan program, school-lunch assistance and cystic fibrosis research. Many who served or worked in the House at the time recall that she was very effective at lobbying the leadership.

In 1997 some members of the Minnesota legislature wanted to erect a memorial to her at the capitol building in St. Paul, but could not pass a bill appropriating the money.

In her honor, the Minnesota YMCA Youth in Government program named its 11th and 12th grade model senate the "Knutson Senate."

In 2018, Minnesota Senators Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith honored her with resolutions on her 106th birthday.

Papers

 * Congressional files and biographical materials are available for research use.

title: Coya Knutson


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Talk:Sloviansk

UA/RU names as an article name
This is Славянск, it is referenced Slavyansk in 1911 like that. Strange Donetsk Oblast does not list it.–Gnomz007(?) 05:14, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

I can see that the city itself calls itself Slavyansk at its English site. But what's more important, is other modern encyclopedias:
 * Britannica: Slov'yansk, mentioning Russian Slavyansk spelling in the article,
 * Columbia Encyclopedia, also: Slovyansk
 * Americana: has no article but mentions Slavyansk in Donetsk region article

In international media search there is 1 AP mention of Slaviansk and 1 BBC mention of Slovyansk.

So, there is a slight advantage toward Slovyansk, and also it is transliteration from Ukrainian, an official language, though a minority language in the area. I would say we move it to Slovyansk, but I am not in particular rush. --Irpen 05:26, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was ignorant of Ukrainian transliteration, I guess that is why I only saw old mentions, I guess Slovyansk would be good, a but a redirect must stay, and a mention too, since today keyword Slavyansk gives more google hits, Slovyansk gives more fresh and official records –Gnomz007(?) 05:40, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

I entirely agree regarding the redirect and mention of RU name in the first line. We could also write a paragraph about the name history, similar to Kamyanets-Podilskyi (Kamyanets-Podolskiy) article. Also, the city is referred to as Slavyansk in WW2 related topics. I would just move it, no need to wait until someone creates a politcally motivated redirect from Slovyansk to Slavyansk thus complicating the move (which would thae require a vote and an admin action). --Irpen 05:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I support entirely, I only think about also placing a redirect for spelling Slov'yansk, those apostrophes seem to be used sometimes.–Gnomz007(?) 05:51, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Done. I will take care of all redirects in a minute. --Irpen 05:53, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

I'm native citizen of SLAVYANSK... 95%!!! of locals are russian-native-speakers... so, it must be "Slavyansk". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeka911 (talk • contribs)
 * Sorry, Jeka, but this is not the strong argument. Residents often call their cities differently from WP. Otherwise, the Moscow article would have been called Moskva, Warsaw article as Warszawa, Munich as München, and so on. We have to comply with WP:NC and they call for Sloviansk. --Irpen 20:37, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was not moved. While Zarcadia's findings from Google News indicate that common usage may be changing, for now there's consensus against a move. --BDD (talk) 18:44, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Sloviansk → Slavyansk, Ukraine – Overwhelming Russian speaking, own website calling it Славянск, translit. Slavyansk http://www.slavrada.gov.ua/. 2 mio hits in https://www.google.com/search?q=slavyansk (includes Slavyansk-na-Kubani - if someone can exclude it, fine.) ArmijaDonetsk (talk) 16:30, 17 April 2014 (UTC) ArmijaDonetsk (talk) 16:35, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/404705/pro-russians-seize-second-building-in-ukraine-slavyansk
 * http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20140413-700581.html
 * http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ukraine-launches-anti-terrorist-operation-in-slavyansk-minister.aspx?pageID=238&nID=64953&NewsCatID=353
 * http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/12/pro-russian-gunmen-storm-police-station-ukraine
 * http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10763320/Ukrainian-forces-launch-anti-terrorist-operation-in-Slaviansk.html (other transliteration)
 * Oppose. Why change something that doesn't hurt anyone? A Google search (with exclusion of Wikipedia-related hits) shows more for the current name rather than the Russian variant. In cases such as Kiev vs. Kyiv, I can understand the view that Kiev should be more prevalent. However, that is not the case when it comes to place names such as Sloviansk where it is not often seen in English-language references (and where the Ukrainian variant of the name is still more prevalent in the internet than the Russian variant). Regardless, it is very suspicious to me seeing how so many "pro-Russian" Wikipedia editors popped up on Wikipedia all of a sudden after the unrest began with no prior useful editing history. § DDima 17:32, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * A Google search (with exclusion of Wikipedia-related hits) shows more for the current name rather than the Russian variant. Please show evidence of your claim. Zarcadia (talk) 17:46, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * If anything, the Ukrainian variant should still be prevalent over the Russian one. Sloviansk/Slovyansk are both Ukrainian names, just that there are different methods of transliterating certain letters which explains the disparity. Regardless Google shows 71,100 hits for Slovyansk AND Ukraine (removing the potential for confusion with the Russian village) and 23,900 for Slavyansk AND Ukraine. The disparity you see should rather be compared to 72,000 for Sloviansk AND Ukraine vs. 70,100 for Slaviansk AND Ukraine which assumes that the cyrillic "я" be transliterated as an "ia" rather than a "ya."

 * I would not be opposed to moving it to Slovyansk, however, there is a consistency among Ukrainian place name articles to title them according to the national transliteration scheme (WP:UKR) as apposed to other methods. Honestly, this is all a big waste of time and it is frivolous to re name articles one way or another. Keep it the way it is, it ain't hurting no one. § DDima 06:01, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. Whether it's overwhelmingly Russian or Ukrainian speaking is irrelevant, we use the WP:COMMONNAME in English-speaking reliable sources, which is Slavyansk. vs. . Zarcadia (talk) 17:43, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support move to Slavyansk. I'm not sure why we're proposing Slavyansk, Ukraine. Don't know why we need the ", Ukraine" bit. Per Zarcadia, Slavyansk does appear to be the WP:COMMONNAME. NickCT (talk) 18:12, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Due to Slavyansk-na-Kubani at the dab page, though I don't see how that has a claim to disambiguate Slavyansk; this should be moved as WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Zarcadia (talk) 19:32, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
 * re Zarcadia - Ah! I didn't see the disambig page initially. Looking at it now, I'm a little confused why there would be a disambig page at all. Perhaps I'm missing some subtlety of Russian here, but the two towns being "disambiguated" have entirely different names. In English we don't need a disambig page for New York, York and Yorktown. They're different names. I also think this disambig page should go. NickCT (talk) 12:43, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose WP:TOOSOON, WP:NOTNEWS, WP:RECENTISM; Wikipedia is supposed to follow, not lead. Let's wait for the current crisis to settle down. -- 65.94.77.36 (talk) 05:06, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * TOOSOON? It's called Slavyansk for decades. ArmijaDonetsk (talk) 22:55, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * CNN: Slaviansk ; BBC Sloviansk ; NYT both Slaviansk and Slovyansk ; Washington Post Slovyansk ; CBC Slaviansk ; the Telegraph Slaviansk ; The Independent Slaviansk ; The Economist Sloviansk . It looks like three forms Slaviansk, Sloviansk, and Slovyansk are in contention; Slavyansk does not see to be used by mainstream media. Gven that I vote oppose and wait until one of the forms gets enough widespread.--Ymblanter (talk) 10:38, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, forgot the Guardian which uses Slavyansk. Still, I stick to my oppose. If anything, Slaviansk seems to be the most widespread now.--Ymblanter (talk) 10:40, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * People that don't change
 * Strongly oppose. Zarcadia's arguments make no sense even using his WP:COMMONNAME. It is clear that Sloviansk is used equally as Slavyansk if not predominantly. The Encyclopedia of Britannica calls the city as Sloviansk. The google search for Slavyansk provides sources from the Russia Today and Voice of Russia which, of course, would use their own transliteration. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 13:01, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Moreover, the case with Sloviansk should fall within the WP:UE rather than WP:COMMONNAME. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 13:10, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

The use of Slavyansk should be mentioned as it does stand out, similarly to the Magyar name of Berehove, Beregszász. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 13:17, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Also, some locals call their city as Slavinsk with an accent on the first syllabus (Dispassionate Friday in Slovyansk). Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 12:10, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * oppose per common name. Also, per Ukrainian official transliteration, 'ia' is preferred over 'ya' when following a consonant, so the current form is spot on at the moment. --Львівське (говорити) 16:04, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a case for WP:RUS, not Ukrainian transliteration. The Common name is coming from the Russian language. ArmijaDonetsk (talk) 22:57, 19 April 2014 (UTC)
 * There is no reason why WP:RUS should apply in this case. This argument is irrelevant.--Ymblanter (talk) 00:02, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nationally-motivated arguments aside, we follow WP:NCGN. Sloviansk is not a place for which a single, widely conventionalized English name exists (as in Rome vs. Roma, Munich vs. München, or Kiev vs. Kyiv), so we are left with choosing a transliteration of either of the two local names. The choice of transliteration system (e.g. "-ya-" versus "-ia-" spellings) is not a matter of following the majority of sources, but a matter of consistency according to Wikipedia style guidelines; currently we favor "-ya-" for Russian according to WP:RUS, but "-ia-" for Ukrainian according to WP:UKR. That means we are left with choosing between Russian "Slavyansk" and Ukrainian "Sloviansk". Looking at source usage, counting all variants with "Slov-" as being based on the Ukrainian form, and all variants with "Slav-" as being based on the Russian form, and considering only attestations in native English media, I don't think either of these names predominates strongly enough to force the issue either way. That leaves us with following the official native form according to the authorities of the state in question, so we choose Ukrainian Sloviansk. Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:34, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

what about the major
Nelja Igoriwna Schtepa ? disappeared?--Anidaat (talk) 11:50, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

SLAVYANSK
Why do you spell Kiev the correct way, but Slavyansk the retarded way?

The root is SLAV, not slov --24.203.108.54 (talk) 16:07, 16 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Sloviansk is the correct way. SlOviansk is a city in Ukraine, and in Ukraine, the majority of the place names are named on Wikipedia by their respective names. Kiev and Odessa are exceptions to the rule since their names are more established in reliable English language sources compared to Kyiv and Odesa. Regardless, consensus above has established that this article will be titled Sloviansk rather than Slavyansk. § DDima 17:15, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

Siege section too long
The section on the Siege of Sloviansk is way too long, and should be cut down, since it's covered in its own article in detail anyway. It would be nice to trim out the least essential info and consolidate things for a more big-picture view. HappyWith (talk) 06:46, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

 * To be honest it's always an issue with these kind of articles / situations, here you have a designated article on the Siege of Sloviansk, but the content there substantially differs in parts from that on the Sloviansk article itself. I would even say that the content on the Sloviansk article itself is stronger, better written.

It's complicated when you have kind of a 'half-way house' situation - the Siege of Sloviansk article itself is much longer, but also lacking some important detail listed on the Sloviansk page. The first task here then, to my mind, would be to ensure that the Siege article contains all of the information. And then work out what to do with the Sloviansk article itself. The best options here would seem to be either reducing it to a brief paragraph, to direct people to the Siege of Sloviansk article, or leaving it as it is. There is a case to be made for either - on one hand, the Wikipedia reader should have the full story, and facts, in one encyclopedial article. On the other hand, in the vast majority of cases the reason that someone will come to the Sloviansk page will be due to war-related events, and do we want to get the reader to one article only to send them to another? There is also the fact that the Siege in general is embedded into the body of the article, so we have the Siege, and then the 'Aftermath of the siege', and on. It's a complicated situation, with no definitive answer, but in the first place I'd say the task is to work on the Siege of Sloviansk article itself, to make sure that has all the information. Then, we can build a consensus here on how we proceed with the Sloviansk page. Hope this is helpful! Luganchanka (talk) 07:49, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sloviansk


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/South Dakota


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Jane Withers

Jane Withers (April 12, 1926 – August 7, 2021) was an American actress and children's radio show hostess. She became one of the most popular child stars in Hollywood in the 1930s and early 1940s, with her films ranking in the top ten list for box-office gross in 1937 and 1938.

She began her entertainment career at the age of three and, during the Golden Age of Radio, hosted her own children's radio program in her home city of Atlanta, Georgia. In 1932, she and her mother moved to Hollywood, where she appeared as an extra in many films until landing her breakthrough role as the spoiled, obnoxious Joy Smythe opposite Shirley Temple's angelic orphan Shirley Blake in the 1934 film Bright Eyes. She made 38 films before retiring at age 21 in 1947. She returned to film and television as a character actor in the 1950s. From 1963 to 1974, she portrayed the character Josephine the Plumber in a series of television commercials for Comet cleanser. In the 1990s and early 2000s, she did voice work for Disney animated films. She was interviewed in numerous documentary retrospectives of the Golden Age of Hollywood. She was also known for her philanthropy and her extensive doll collection.

Early life
Jane Withers was born on April 12, 1926, in Atlanta, Georgia, the only child of Walter Edward Withers and Lavinia Ruth (née Elble) Withers. Ruth had had her own aspirations to be an actress nixed by her parents. She determined before Jane was born that she would have one daughter who would go into show business, and chose the name Jane so that "even with a long last name like Withers, it would fit on a marquee". Ruth taught Sunday school and Walter taught Bible classes in their local Presbyterian church. The family recited blessings at mealtime and devoted themselves to charitable works, which stood with Jane her entire life. Both in Atlanta and in Hollywood, the family would invite "six busloads of orphan children" to come to their home after church and Sunday school for lunch and afternoon entertainment.

When Jane was two, Ruth enrolled her in a tap dance school, and also taught her to sing. Jane launched her entertainment career at the age of three after winning a local amateur contest called Dixie's Dainty Dewdrop. She was cast on Aunt Sally's Kiddie Revue, a Saturday-morning children's program broadcast on WGST radio in Atlanta, in which she sang, danced, and did impersonations of film stars such as W. C. Fields, ZaSu Pitts, Maurice Chevalier, Fanny Brice, Eddie Cantor, and Greta Garbo. At age 3½ she had her own radio show called Dixie's Dainty Dewdrop, where she also interviewed celebrities who were visiting Atlanta.

Move to Hollywood
After two years of her radio work, Ruth took Jane to Hollywood before her sixth birthday in 1932 to explore opportunities in film. Walter remained in Atlanta, sending them $100 a month on which to live. In Los Angeles, Jane performed on children's shows on KFWB radio, did cartoon voice-overs, and also modeled. She got her first film role as an extra when their neighbor invited her to come along for her daughter's interview for Handle with Care (1932). Withers stood to the side while the other children interviewed with director David Butler. The assistant director came over and asked her why she was not standing with the others. "Sir, I was not invited to the interview. I came with our friends", she replied. The assistant director told her that Butler had seen her and wanted her to interview as well. Handle with Care was Withers's first film appearance, though she and all the children were photographed with their backs to the camera.

Withers subsequently appeared in many films as an uncredited extra, though occasionally she had a line of dialogue. She stood out from the other girls at auditions because of her appearance: she had a Dutchboy bob and preferred tailored clothes to frilly dresses. "Every interview I ever went on I was the only one with a tailored dress, with straight bangs and straight haircut, and no curls and no frills", she recalled. Butler was the first to notice this about her. He told her, "You're different than any other kid that I've ever seen in Hollywood. You've got a special quality and someday you are going to be a famous little star".

Withers was working as an extra on It's a Gift (1934), when W. C. Fields selected her from a group of juvenile extras to do a pantomime hopscotch scene with him. Afterwards, he praised her timing and called over her mother to compliment her on Jane's talent and predict that she would go far.

Withers's big break came after two years when she landed a supporting role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes (also 1934), also directed by Butler. On her interview, Butler asked her if she could imitate a machine gun, and she gave it a try. She also charmed the casting director with her impersonations. Her character, Joy Smythe, is spoiled and obnoxious, a perfect foil for Temple's sweet personality. Withers was concerned that filmgoers would hate her for being so mean to Temple, but the film was a box-office hit. Withers said that director Butler confided to her, "You stole the picture".

After filming wrapped, Withers signed a seven-year contract with Fox Film Corporation. Included in her contract was the right to choose the crew members who would work on her productions. Her crew, dubbed the "Withers Family", worked on all her subsequent films.

After Withers signed her contract with Fox, her mother invested $10,000 into developing additional skills to improve her versatility as an actress, with the intention of spending $20,000 over an eight-year period. This included "ice skating lessons, voice training, horsemanship, dancing, French, Spanish, and swimming lessons".

Child stardom
Withers began filming her first starring vehicle, Ginger (1935), on her ninth birthday. She received two baskets of flowers on the set that day—one from Fields, to whom she had written about her casting in Bright Eyes, and one from President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had seen her impersonate him on a newsreel. The same year, she appeared in a brief role in The Farmer Takes a Wife and then starred in This Is the Life. Her day of filming in The Farmer Takes a Wife coincided with Henry Fonda's screen debut, and noticing his nervousness, she encouraged him and offered a prayer for his success.

Throughout the remainder of the 1930s, Withers appeared in three to five films per year. In 1936, she starred in Paddy O'Day, Gentle Julia, Little Miss Nobody, and Pepper. In 1937, she performed in comedies, dramas, and a Western with lead roles in The Holy Terror, Angel's Holiday, Wild and Woolly, Can This Be Dixie?, 45 Fathers, and Checkers. In 1938, she filmed three comedies for Fox: Rascals, Keep Smiling, and Always in Trouble. In 1939 she appeared in four more comedy roles: The Arizona Wildcat, Boy Friend, Chicken Wagon Family, and Pack Up Your Troubles. Withers often received top billing even over other established stars.

Withers did not memorize her lines verbatim, but tried to think about them and draw out the "sense" from them; she often ad-libbed when she lost her way in a scene. A natural mimic, she did impersonations of film celebrities both on and off the set. Twentieth Century Fox studio head Darryl Zanuck reportedly forbade her from doing her Shirley Temple impersonation in public.

Withers freely gave her input to screenwriters and directors. From a young age, she sat in on writers' conferences to suggest changes in dialogue that would be more appropriate for a child to say. She also suggested the casting of other actors for her films, including Jackie Searl, whom she had met at auditions, and 16-year-old Rita Cansino (later renamed Rita Hayworth), whom she had observed dancing on an adjoining sound stage and recommended for a supporting role in Paddy O'Day. At age 13, she took the initiative to make a film with Gene Autry by acting as a go-between between 20th Century Fox studio head Joseph M. Schenck and Republic Pictures head Herbert J. Yates. Though neither studio was willing to loan their star player to the other, Withers suggested that Fox send three other contract players to Republic Pictures in exchange for Autry, who was paid $25,000 to co-star with Withers in Shooting High (1940).

Withers was the only child star to complete a seven-year contract. Studio contracts generally included a series of six-month option periods when the studio could terminate the agreement should the actor's films stop making money. Since all but one of her films were low-budget B movies, the studio held Withers to a lower standard than an A-movie actor whose films would cost the studio much more money. Additionally, the lower rental fees for Withers's B movies allowed her films to be screened in many more small theaters, expanding Withers's popularity. In 1937 and 1938, Withers's films made the top 10 list in box-office gross receipts. In addition to her studio contract, Withers made personal appearance tours for which she received $5,000 a week.

Teen years
In 1938–1939, Withers shed her childhood pudginess through healthy eating and stretching exercises, slimming down to 100 lb and a size-12 dress. She had her first screen kiss in the 1939 film Boy Friend. In 1940 she filmed Shooting High with co-star Gene Autry, and starred in the teen films High School, The Girl from Avenue A, and Youth Will Be Served. But she and her fans grew dissatisfied with the juvenile roles being offered her as she matured. Under the pseudonym Jerrie Walters, Withers wrote the screenplay for Small Town Deb (1941), in which she also starred. Withers explained in a 2003 interview that "her own experiences of not being allowed by the studio to grow up were translated into the story of a teenage girl whose 'mother isn't allowing her to grow up, to be herself and to find herself'". As payment for the script, Withers requested that the studio provide fifteen $1,500 scholarships for children to study music and acting, and two upright pianos, for her Sunday school groups.

In 1941, Withers signed her second seven-year contract with 20th Century Fox. She was set to earn $2,750 a week in the first year of the contract and $3,000 per week in the second year. Her other films this year for 20th Century Fox were comedies: Golden Hoofs and A Very Young Lady. Her last films for Fox were the war drama Young America and the comedy film The Mad Martindales, both in 1942. She also made Her First Beau (1941) for Columbia Pictures.

In 1942, Withers signed a three-year, $225,000 contract with Republic Pictures. Her Republic films were Johnny Doughboy (1942), My Best Gal and Faces in the Fog (both 1944), and Affairs of Geraldine (1946). Her other films in the 1940s were The North Star (1943) for RKO Pictures and Danger Street (1947) for Paramount Pictures.

Screen persona
Withers and Shirley Temple were the two most popular child stars signed to 20th Century Fox in the 1930s. In contrast to Temple's cute and charming characters, Withers was usually cast as a mischievous little girl or "a tomboy rascal", leading to her being described as "America's favorite problem child". Zierold noted that Withers's characters are "often in trouble, or 'fixes', and prone to brawls". Hollywood gossip columnist Louella Parsons described Withers as "a natural clown". As a child, Withers's "stocky and sturdy" build and straight black hair also contrasted with Temple's "pudgy but delicate" figure and blonde ringlets. Both Withers and Temple usually played orphans and had a transformative effect on those around them. But while Temple was cared for by father figures, Withers was usually under the protection of uncles, both real and imaginary; according to Pamela Wojcik, author of Fantasies of Neglect: Imagining the Urban Child in American Film and Fiction, this introduced the narrative of queerness through alternative family structures.

Withers's bratty screen persona continued into her teens. According to Farley Granger, Withers was "cast as the obnoxious, smart-aleck teen as opposed to Deanna Durbin's or Judy Garland's plucky and adorable adolescent".

Parents and home life
While Withers typically played a brat onscreen, off-screen she was said to be "one of Hollywood's most charming and well-behaved juveniles". Her parents closely supervised her upbringing to make sure she did not grow up spoiled or entitled. In a 1942 newspaper article, Ruth described how she and her husband encouraged Jane to develop a generous personality and avoid the egoism and self-centeredness that a child star might accrue as the object of adoring fans and studio "sycophants".

For example, as Withers began to receive gifts of dolls from fans to add to her collection, her parents insisted that for every two dolls she received, she give away one to a needy child. When she began to purchase dolls to build the collection further, her parents mandated that she should use her allowance money to buy duplicate dolls for less fortunate children. Her earnings from film roles were invested in trust funds and annuities; Withers had to use her allowance money to buy things she wanted for herself, which often meant saving up for weeks. In 1938, her allowance was reported as $5 a week; this was raised to $10 a week in 1941.

To ease the pressured life of a child star, Withers' parents made sure she also had fun, but kept her activities supervised and close to home. Withers joined the Girl Scouts and her parents hosted the meeting in their home. The Withers' home, a 4 acre model home at 10731 Sunset Boulevard they bought in 1936, was equipped with a swimming pool, badminton court, and a 78 ft-long playroom that saw frequent use by Withers and her fellow Hollywood child actors. Her afternoon swim parties continued into her teens and were the subject of many a fan magazine. When she became a teenager, her parents built a second-floor addition that included a beauty salon and soda fountain where Withers could entertain her friends. As a child, she also accumulated a menagerie of two horses, three kittens, "eight turtles, three baby alligators, 24 white Leghorn chickens, 12 turkeys, 2 Chinese hens", a rooster, six bantams, two ducks, seven frogs, and six dogs. At the family's cabin in Lake Arrowhead, where they vacationed on weekends and holidays, Withers had two motorbikes and a boat.

Withers' birthday parties, described as "the social event of the season for movietown's small fry", were annually covered by the media. For her twelfth birthday, her parents hired a 21-seat cargo plane for $18,000 to give party guests a low-altitude ride. Withers' thirteenth birthday party saw 60 young guests come in costume and participate in a balloon dance and jitterbug contest; this party earned a two-page pictorial spread in Life magazine. Withers's "sweet sixteen" party in 1942, with 150 invited guests and a hayride and barn dance on the program, was filmed by Paramount Pictures for the Hedda Hopper's Hollywood series. The short was transferred to 16 mm film for viewing by U.S. troops overseas during World War II. Withers had her eighteenth birthday party at Madison Square Garden with a circus theme and invited U.S. servicemen and their dates to be her guests. Her twenty-first birthday party was planned for a nightclub with 200 guests, but after she came down with the flu, Withers instead served cake and ice cream and watched movies in her personal suite at home with 12 close friends.

Withers was allowed to go on chaperoned dates with boys of her age in her early teens; by age 16 she was permitted to go on solo dates. After a 1936 kidnapping threat, she was always accompanied by round-the-clock bodyguards.

During Withers' first 15 years in film, Ruth "handled all negotiations with producers, supervised publicity, [and] completely managed Jane's off-screen life". However, Ruth was not a typical stage mother. She was usually present on the sound stage but did not watch Jane film her scenes; nor did she ever issue instructions or objections to studio personnel. Walter Withers did not involve himself in the movie business at all, but worked as a representative for a California wholesale furniture company.

Product licensing
Withers' parents licensed her name and image to numerous product lines. As early as 1936, her name was affixed to a line of "Jane Withers Dresses" for girls, and girls' handbags and jewelry were also branded with her name. She was the star of best-selling paper doll books issued by Whitman Publishing, Saalfield Publishing, and Dell in the late 1930s and 1940s, which later became popular collectables. She was also featured in several Big Little Books published by Whitman Publishing. Numerous dolls were made in her likeness, including four Madame Alexander dolls in 1937 ranging in height from 13.5 - 20 in.

In the 1940s, Withers was featured as the heroine of three mystery novels published by Whitman Publishing, which produced 16 authorized editions featuring notable film actresses of that era. The books Jane Withers and the Hidden Room (1942) by Eleanor Packer and Jane Withers and the Phantom Violin (1943) by Roy J. Snell "featured a character who looked like Jane Withers and was named Jane Withers but was not Jane Withers". Jane Withers and the Swamp Wizard (1944) by Kathryn Heisenfelt was said to "star some version of the real Jane Withers". The books were reprinted by Literary Licensing in the 21st century.

Retirement at age 21
In the early 1940s, Hollywood's child-star genre that had catapulted Withers to fame was on the decline. Her popularity in comedy films also hindered her acceptance as a dramatic actress in films such as The North Star (1943). Withers retired from film at age 21 in 1947, shortly after completing Danger Street and nine days before her marriage to William Moss, a Texas entrepreneur and film producer. She had starred in 38 films.

A month after Jane's twenty-first birthday, her mother Ruth appeared in a California Superior Court and listed her daughter's assets as $40,401.85. The judge turned the property over to Jane's control. The same month, her parents turned over to her the deed to their home, valued at $250,000, and other real estate worth $75,000, plus annuities totaling $10,000, all purchased from Withers's earnings.

Her father died the following year. Ruth remarried to Louis D. Boonshaft, a physician.

Return to the screen and television work
In 1955, a year after her divorce, Withers returned to Los Angeles and enrolled in the University of Southern California film school with the intention of becoming a director. She returned to the screen when George Stevens asked her to take a supporting role in his 1956 film Giant. In 2006, Withers participated in a 50th-anniversary screening of the film for 700 attendees in Marfa, Texas, where location shooting had taken place.

Her performance in Giant led to more work as a character actor in both film and television. She appeared in television episodes of Pete and Gladys; General Electric Theater; The Alfred Hitchcock Hour; The Love Boat; and Murder, She Wrote. Though she received "dozens of offers" to do television series as well as stage musicals such as Mame; Hello, Dolly!; and No, No, Nanette, Withers was financially comfortable and chose to spend most of her time raising her children.

Josephine the Plumber fame
In the mid-1960s, Withers gained new popularity as Josephine the Plumber, a character in a series of television commercials for Comet cleanser. Dressed in white work overalls and positioned near a sink, "Josephine" touted Comet's stain-removing ability as superior to other cleansers. The one-minute spots, which ran from 1963 to 1974, involved Withers in up to 30 storylines per year.

Withers invested much of her own personality into the character of Josephine, making her friendly, caring, and helpful. She also selected the type of work clothes a woman plumber would wear based on what she herself wore at home. She took a course in plumbing to play her part realistically. Her earnings from the long-running commercial helped her pay for a college education for all five of her children.

Withers retired as Josephine after her mother Ruth was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She cared for her mother for eight years until Ruth's death in 1983. The character of Josephine was described by the Los Angeles Times as being "one of the longest-running continuing characters in TV." Before retiring, Withers filmed two installments of the commercial introducing a young girl who had learned everything she knew about plumbing from "my aunt Josephine".

Stage work
In late 1944, Withers made her stage debut in the musical comedy Glad To See You directed by Busby Berkeley. The show, intended for Broadway, closed after seven weeks of tryouts in Philadelphia and Boston. Withers sang the Jule Styne-Sammy Cahn torch song "Guess I'll Hang My Tears Out to Dry" written for the play; this was soon after covered by Frank Sinatra and Kate Smith and became a jazz and pop standard.

In 1971, Withers co-starred in the Broadway musical comedy Sure, Sure, Shirley which also brought Shirley Temple Black out of retirement. The performance, which featured a tap dancing sequence with 50 chorus dancers, was staged as an opening-night benefit for diabetics.

Voice work
In the 1990s, Withers did voice acting for Disney animated films. In 1995, she was asked to record several lines of dialogue in imitation of the vocal patterns of Mary Wickes, who had recorded the voice of Laverne the gargoyle in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) and had died during post-production. Withers reprised the role in The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002).

Withers narrated audiobooks, including a reading of Why Not Try God? by Mary Pickford which was distributed through a Southern California religious organization.

In the 1990s, she was interviewed on numerous television documentary retrospectives of the Golden Age of Hollywood. She herself was profiled in a 45-minute A&E Biography which aired in 2003.

In 1990, Withers began experiencing symptoms of lupus. She suffered from the disease over ten years, after which she went into remission. She began experiencing vertigo in 2007.

Doll collection
Withers began collecting dolls as a young child in Atlanta. The collection, enlarged by contributions from her fans, grew into one of the largest in the world. By the early 1940s, the collection was estimated at 3,500 dolls. By the 1980s, the collection numbered more than 8,000 dolls and 2,500 teddy bears. Withers purchased some of the dolls herself and received presents from fans; President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent her one of his teddy bears and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt contributed a French doll she had received as a child.

In the 1980s, Withers announced plans to build a $1 million museum in Burbank, California, to display her collection, then stored in a 27000 sqft warehouse. But the plans fell through and the dolls, along with crates of Hollywood film memorabilia that Withers had also collected during her film career or purchased at auction, continued to be warehoused. In 2004, the Los Angeles Times reported Withers had distributed more than 42,000 items for safekeeping among friends. A small part of the doll collection was sold at auction, and Withers participated in tours of her collection held in conjunction with these auctions. In 2013, she donated 6,000 of her dolls to a history museum in California.

Philanthropy
Withers engaged in philanthropy throughout her life. As a child star, she visited orphanages and hospitals to perform for other children. In 1937, she created 400 dolls using scraps she had recovered from the 20th Century Fox wardrobe department and gave them to needy children at Christmas. During World War II, she participated in more than 100 war bond drives and soldiers' camp tours in the United States. She also sent her personal doll collection—then numbering some 3,500 dolls—on a two-year tour which raised $2.5 million in funds for the U.S. war effort through 10-cent war savings stamp admissions. She involved President Roosevelt in this initiative, requesting from him the loan of a train on which she had the dolls arranged in museum-like displays to be seen by children across the country.

Withers donated 800 books from her personal library to start the Jane Withers Collection at the Thousand Oaks Library in Thousand Oaks, California.

Affiliations
Withers was active in dozens of charities. She served as a board member of the local branch of the American Cancer Society and the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, and was instrumental in the development of the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Recognition
On November 6, 1939, Withers was invited to place her handprints and signature in the forecourt of Grauman's Chinese Theatre. On February 8, 1960, she was recognized for her contribution to film with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6119 Hollywood Boulevard.

In 1979, Withers was the first recipient of the Young Artist Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award at the 1st Youth in Film Awards ceremony.

In 2003, she was the recipient of a Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center, a non-profit education and service organization.

Marriages and children
In May 1947, Withers announced her engagement to William (Bill) Moss, a Texas entrepreneur and film producer, after a two-year courtship. They married on September 20, 1947. The couple lived on ranches in Midland, Texas, and New Mexico with their three children. They separated in April 1953 and Withers was granted a divorce in July 1954, citing her husband's "excessive drinking and gambling". She received a $1 million property settlement, including monthly alimony and child support, trust fund and insurance fund for the children, and a half-interest in Texas oil fields owned by Moss, as well as full custody of the children. Suffering from emotional strain over the impending divorce, Withers was hospitalized for five months in 1953 with severe rheumatoid arthritis and developed complete paralysis. She recovered with no lasting effects.

In October 1955, Withers remarried, to singer Kenneth Errair of The Four Freshmen, with whom she had two more children. In June 1968, Errair died in a plane crash near Bass Lake, California. One of Withers's sons later died of cancer.

Religion
Withers was a devout Christian. Like her parents, she belonged to the Presbyterian Church. She taught Sunday school at the Beverly Hills Presbyterian Church together with the actresses Eleanor Powell and Gloria Hatrick McLean. She was a trustee of the Church of Religious Science in Los Angeles.

Death
Withers died in Burbank, California, on August 7, 2021, at the age of 95.

title: Jane Withers


text:
Dragon Inn

Dragon Inn (, also known as Dragon Gate Inn) is a 1967 Taiwanese wuxia film written and directed by King Hu. The film was remade in 1992, as New Dragon Gate Inn, and again in 2011 as Flying Swords of Dragon Gate.

Plot
Tsao, the emperor's most powerful eunuch, has successfully bested General Yu, Tsao's political rival. The general was executed and his remaining children have been exiled from China. As the children are being escorted to the western border of the Chinese empire, Tsao plots to have the children killed. Tsao's secret police lie in ambush at the desolate Dragon Gate Inn. Martial arts expert Hsiao shows up at the inn, wanting to meet the innkeeper. Unknown to the secret police is that the innkeeper, Wu Ming, was one of the general's lieutenants and has summoned Hsiao to help the children. A brother-sister martial-artist team (children of another Yu lieutenant) also show up to help. These four race to find Yu's children and lead them to safety.

Cast

 * Shih Chun as Xiao Shao-zi
 * Shangkuan Ling-fung as Miss Zhu
 * Bai Ying as Cao Shao-qin
 * Miao Tien as Pi Shao-tang
 * Han Ying-chieh as Mao Zong-xian
 * Hsieh Han as Zhu Ji
 * Tsao Chien as Wu Ning

Production
In 1965, director King Hu left the Hong Kong-based Shaw Brothers Studio just after completing Come Drink with Me. Hu left for Taiwan where he met with Sha Rongfeng. The two created the short-lived studio called the Union Film Company. Dragon Inn was shot in Taiwan in 1966.

Release
Dragon Inn premiered in 1967. It was first screened in the United States in 1968 at an academic conference organized by translator and scholar Joseph Lau Shiu-Ming. The film's digital restoration premiered in North America at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.

Home media
Dragon Inn was released in the United Kingdom on Blu-ray and DVD through Eureka Entertainment's Masters of Cinema line of releases. It received a Blu-ray release in the United States in July 2018 by the Criterion Collection.

Reception
At the 1968 Golden Horse Awards, Dragon Inn won the award for Best Screenplay and was a runner-up for Best Director.

Retrospective reception of the film in Taiwan is positive. In 2011, the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival had 122 industry professionals take part in the survey. This voters included film scholars, festival programmers, film directors, actors and producers to vote for the 100 Greatest Chinese-Language Films. Dragon Inn tied with Wong Kar-wai's In the Mood for Love (2000) for ninth place on the list.

In the United Kingdom, Empire gave the film four stars out five, referring to it as a "A keystone of the wuxia genre" and noted that the film "may lack plot complexity and period spectacle. But the stand-off in a remote inn is flecked with tension, wit and slick martial artistry." Michael Brooke (Sight & Sound) referred to Dragon Inn as "one of the most important wuxia pian films to emerge from the Chinese-speaking world prior to the great martial arts boom of the turn of the 1970s." and that it was "riotously entertaining". Brooks commented on the action scenes, opining that they "aren't quite as breath-catchingly dexterous as the ones Hong Kong cinema would later produce, they're both lively and agreeably frequent, with Hu using the Scope frame to its full advantage". Brooke concluded that "If it's not quite first-rank Hu when set against A Touch of Zen or The Fate of Lee Khan, it makes for a superb introduction." The Radio Times gave the film a four out of five star rating, and felt the film surpassed Come Drink With Me, noting that Hu's "control over camera movement and composition is exemplary, building the tension and invigorating the swordplay."

Box office
The film set box‐office records in Taiwan, Korea, and the Philippines. The film was the second-highest grossing film in Hong Kong in 1968 behind You Only Live Twice.

The Union Film Company did not make a great profit from the film however, as they had a deal with Shaw Brothers who owned the distribution rights to Dragon Inn in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. Shaw Brothers had this deal as via an exchange that was done in trade for letting King Hu break his contract with them to work on Dragon Inn.

Aftermath and influence
Dragon Inn was remade twice, first as New Dragon Gate Inn (1992) and again in 2011 as Flying Swords of Dragon Gate.

Taiwanese director Tsai Ming-Liang directed the critically acclaimed film Goodbye, Dragon Inn (2003). The film is set in a decrepit Taipei movie theater on its final night in business which is screening Dragon Inn. The film's characters either watch the film very closely or are humorously distracted from it.

title: Dragon Inn


text:
Talk:Mosaic (genetics)

Untitled
If one where to have a CVS test done, and the results where mosaicism, what is the likelyhood that the fetus would also carry the genetic mutation as the placenta did?

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 25 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Eternalruler.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:29, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

question about cancer
This may be an ignorant question... but wouldn't cancer be a mosaic? Since it's a population of cells that have mutated... it seems to follow the definition.

 * Uh, semantically you are right, but noone ever describes cances as a mosaic. It sorta presumes the mutations are spread evenly over the organism. JFW | T@lk  17:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, when you think about it, it is all a continuum. How different is different enough to draw the line and call it a mosaic?  You could, in principle, call any situation in which there are mutated or mixed cells a mosaic.  In my opinion it isn't so much that it has to be spread across the organism (though in natural occurrences it often is), but it is usually more defined than it is in cancer.  With cancer you rarely have a simple mix of defined genetic backgrounds.  A mosaic is usually a mix between two (or a small number) stable genotypes.  Michael James Boyle 16:53, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Needs Edit
"...there are cases where la, la, la, la, la, la, la, ala the trisomy only occurs..." Something tells me this is not quite up to Wiki standards?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.163.131.149 (talk) 00:21, 7 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Yep. That was your run-off-the-mill vandalism, and has since been fixed. Thanks. The brave men and women who defend the Wiki can't get everything, so if you see further instances of blatant vandalism, feel free to fix it. --Kizor 14:06, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Could someone please tell me when they started to screen for this. Were they able to detect it in the 1950s in Australia? I have had problems and no one is telling me anything. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.108.167.20 (talk) 20:27, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

spider picture
I am going to move it down, it just looks too freaky to be up there.Miagirljmw14 (talk) 21:33, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Information on Turner mosaicism
Although it is a rare condition, would it be appreaciated if I add information on (human) mosaicism (turner mosaicism) on this page? I've authered a couple of articles on intersexuality. Seemed only logic to reveal about turner mosaicism somewhere... 07:48, 17 August 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chbse (talk • contribs)

This line bothers me
"True mosaicism should not be mistaken for the phenomenon of X-inactivation, where all cells in an organism have the same genotype, but a different copy of the X chromosome is expressed in different cells, such as in calico cats."

This contradicts the line on the calico cats article, where the Klinefelter calico cats are referred to as 'mosaics', and given that the process of X-inactivation will be identical in normal XX female calico cats, implies that they are mosaics as well.

From what I've been taught so far, phenotypes arising from random X-inactivation are referred to as mosaics as well, but as a first year genetics student I'm hesitant to change it. Can someone else with more experience clarify it for me?124.148.170.154 (talk) 06:04, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * A typical calico cat is non-mosaic in that all their cells have two X-chromosomes, and within each cell the X-chromosomes are different from each other, but the PAIR of X-chromosomes in any cell is identical to the PAIR of X-chromosomes in all cells of the cat's body. In a particular fur-hair-cell of the cat one of the two X-chromosomes determines fur-color, but in some other fur-hair-cell on the same cat it can be the OTHER X-chromosome that determines fur-color, so that different hair-cells are different colors. (I believe the third color is white and is controlled elsewhere, but check me against cat-coat genetics articles on that.) This is why calico-patterning can't be reproduced by cloning: it's true that every hair on the resulting clone will have a pair of X-chromosomes that is identical to the pair of X-chromosomes in the original cat (although within each identical pair the X-chromosomes are not identical to each other), but the choice of which X-chromosome is going to control color in any hair-cell on the resulting cat is random and won't match the random choices that occurred on the original cat.
 * The article on calicos has since been edited so that Klinefelter calicos are no longer referred to as "mosaic". If all cells in an animal have identical genetics, that animal is not a mosaic. If all cells in a certain Klinefelter male cat have the same XXY and other chromosomes, it is not a mosaic. A male Klinefelter cat can be calico because unlike typical males (XY) that have only one X-chromosome and therefore no random choice between two X's to govern color in every hair-cell, each hair-cell on Klinefelter male cat CAN randomly choose its color (independently* from the random choice made by other hair-cells on the same cat) between two X-chromosomes.
 * Asterisk (*) footnote: The random choices can't be all THAT independent, or can't be all that random, because calicos are colored in patches, not in the kind of color-mixture you get from, say, randomly shaking a small jar full of two different-colored beads.69.86.131.76 (talk) 08:47, 14 November 2012 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

Two contradictory sentences
Does Wikipedia just simply not have any staff whose job is not so much to police the knowledge presented in the articles against the external world for factual accuracy but, rather, to police the content of an article against other content in the same article? I know nothing about mosaicism (hey, guess what? If I KNEW something about it I wouldn't have come HERE to read UP on it, now would I?) so I can't say that the first sentence in the article (which requires a mosaic organism to develop from a single fertilized egg) is false. Or true. Similarly I can't say that the later sentence beginning with "Another form of somatic mosaicism is chimerism, ..." which allows for a mosaic organism to develop from more than one fertilized egg by fusing together is false. Or true. But I STILL know they can't BOTH be true. At least ONE of them has to be false. Do I really have to find an authority for this before I can criticize the article on these grounds? What authority would I cite? An authority on logic? An authority on whether words mean the things they mean or not? I'm admitting I know nothing. I have no sources. All I know is that the article says two things that contradict each other. At least one of them has to be false. Okay, everyone, now pile on the accusations that I'm doing original research or am using Wikipedia as a source for Wikipedia (because each of the sentences above is the source that contradicts the other one). I've found an inadequacy in these pages, so do what EVERY mature adult does when they've been found inadequate: attack the non-scholarly profession, standing, qualifications, and ethics of the person alleging the inadequacy. At all costs avoid addressing the inadequacy at face value, adamantly refuse to do anything to REMOVE the inadequacy (or even admit that it exists) and NEVER NEVER NEVER admit that one of those two sentences is wrong. I expect nothing less from these pages.69.86.131.76 (talk) 09:13, 14 November 2012 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson
 * See reply to following complaint. Macdonald-ross (talk) 09:21, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

This may sound stupid...
But in reading this, I can't help but to say that unless you click every link and then every correlating link in those links... laymen will not be able to understand a word of what is being said here as the context of the topic is assuming that we already know and understand what each of these scientific terms mean.

Wikipedia is not just for the super intelligent and while i have the patience to sort through this and click the links until I learn what is being said, I came to this topic to find out what a basic definition for a Mosaic was and didn't have the time for this.

Can someone offer a better basic summation of the topic for laymen to understand it's meaning as the purpose of Wikipedia is for anyone of any educational background to read the topics and gain a basic understanding of the subject matter. If you talk beyond the normal intelligence level, then this topic is meaningless to most who will have need for the information. Give us a basic summation at the top and if we need further information, then we can look further. We need a better, more mainstream introduction to inform laymen of the material for which this topic is developed. Armorbeast (talk) 04:32, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Admittedly, this is not the best of articles. However:

 * 1) The whole point of hypertext is that an article does not stand alone: it is part of a collection of linked articles. So, yes, you do need to check the links! The parts of your body need all the other parts, and the bits of a complex science also need each other. And it does take time and patience to learn any science.
 * 2) Wikipedia articles improve incrementally. Much that was rubbish at the start is now quite good. This will get better, for sure. All the same, it is shocking that the article did not mention the work which discovered the phenomenon. I have corrected this (see intro). Also, you might consult the Simple English version.
 * 3) We don't -- and can't -- have experts on every topic. Collectively, we do have what it takes to improve any page. Macdonald-ross (talk) 09:21, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mosaic (genetics)


text:
Koyo Gakuin High School

Koyo Gakuin High School (甲陽学院高等学校) is a male-only high school located in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It was founded as a middle school in 1917 by Komakichiro Iga, with support from the Tatsu-uma family, owners of the Hakushika brand of Japanese Refined Sake, since 1920. The school is administered by the Scholarship Society of Tatsu-uma Institution (学校法人辰馬育英会). It was reorganized into junior and senior high schools under the educational reforms of 1948. Many of its alumni have succeeded in fields such as business, medicine and academic.

Rankings
According to the ranking of Hensachi, which uses adjusted standard deviation scores to measure academic ability in Japan, the Koyo Gakuin High School constitutes the second group with a deviation value of 73, following the top group of schools with deviation values of 74 constituted by Nada High School and Junior & Senior High School at Komaba, University of Tsukuba.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include:
 * Nobutada Saji, CEO of Suntory Ltd.
 * Kazuhiko Nishi, founder of ASCII Corporation
 * Hidesaburou Hanafusa, Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University
 * Kaoru Betto, baseball player

title: Koyo Gakuin High School


text:
Milton Young

Milton Ruben Young (December 6, 1897 – May 31, 1983) was an American politician, most notable for representing North Dakota in the United States Senate from 1945 until 1981. At the time of his retirement, he was the most senior Republican in the Senate, and the last member of the Lost Generation to serve in the Senate.

Early life
Born at Berlin, North Dakota to John and Rachel Young, all four of his grandparents were from Germany. Young graduated from LaMoure High School, then attended North Dakota State University in Fargo and Graceland College. After college, Young returned home to operate the farm of his parents, John and Rachel Zimmerman Young. In 1919, Young married Malinda Benson and together they had three sons, Wendell, Duane, and John.

Political career (North Dakota)
Young became increasingly interested in politics during the depression and drought of the late 1920s and 1930s. He was active in community affairs, serving on the school, township, and county Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) boards. He stood for election to the North Dakota House of Representatives in 1932; he won, and was then elected to the state Senate just two years later. Young was also one of the key persons in developing the Republican Organizing Committee in North Dakota during the 1940s.

Political career (Washington)
With the death of John Moses in 1945, Governor Fred G. Aandahl appointed Young to fill the vacant U.S. Senate seat, and Young was forced to relinquish management of the family farm, in order to fulfill his duties in Washington.

For the 1952 Presidential election, Young initially indicated his support for Ohio Senator Robert Taft. In March, Young endorsed Democratic Senator Richard Russell Jr. for the presidency, citing him as "superbly qualified" for the position and stated his willingness to support him in the event that he was nominated by his party. The endorsement caused a sensation and left Republicans from his home state calling for his withdrawal from the party.

Young spent the remainder of his career in the Senate, becoming one of the longest-serving members of the Senate in its history. His major committee assignments were on the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry committee, and the Appropriations committee of which he was the ranking Republican member. He was nicknamed "Mr. Wheat", and was instrumental in getting the Agricultural Act of 1956 and the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 passed. Despite his Republican affiliation, Young did receive praise from the Farmers Union for his support of farm policies. While supportive of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president, Young was critical of the farm policies of his Secretary of Agriculture, Ezra Taft Benson, who was praised by the far-right John Birch Society, an organization of which Young was also critical. Young voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court, but did not vote on the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Despite voting against Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, Young co-sponsored health care bills that advocated for benefits and services similar to the Medicare program for people under 65 (as well as their spouses and children) through the Social Security Act, as well as a federally run health care program that would have replaced Medicaid. Young also voted in favor of the Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971, which was vetoed by President Nixon, and the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972. When asked about a potential candidacy for his Senate seat from journalist Eric Sevareid in 1968, Young replied: "What does Sevareid know about wheat?". In 1974, during his last election for the U.S. Senate, Young's age was being used against him during the General election; Young aired campaign commercials showing himself breaking a piece of board with a karate chop and won re-election.

Young once said of his career in the Senate and loyalty to the people of his state: "I have always tried to stay close to the people. In North Dakota to be elected and to stay on, you have to know the farmers and stay close to them. They are loyal to a fault."

As a result of the 1980 elections, Republicans won control of the Senate. As the longest-serving Republican Senator, Young would have been in line to become President pro tempore. However, he had chosen to retire instead of running for a seventh term. In deference to his long service in the body, he was elected President pro tempore by the lame duck Democratic-controlled Senate on December 5 and served for one day.

Later personal life
Young's first wife died shortly before their golden anniversary in 1969. Young's second wife was Patricia Byrne, his secretary in the Senate, of Bowman, North Dakota.

Senator Young died at his retirement home in Sun City, Arizona on May 31, 1983, and was buried at Berlin, North Dakota. The Milton R. Young Power Plant in Oliver County was named in his honor. The tallest building in Minot is a public housing facility which bears his name.

title: Milton Young


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Woden Town Centre

Woden Town Centre is the town centre of the district of Woden Valley in the Australian Capital Territory. It is located in the suburb of Phillip. The town centre has a variety of shops and amenities, including office blocks that house Australian departments, and shopping centres like Westfield Woden.

Like Phillip, the town centre was established in 1966 and the suburb it is located in was named after Arthur Phillip, who was the first Governor of New South Wales. In 1971, a flash flood caused the deaths of seven people, which occurred right near the Woden Town Centre. The centre is the location of the third tallest building in Canberra, the Lovett Tower (formerly known as the MLC Tower).

History
The Woden Town Centre was established in 1966, following when Phillip was gazetted on 12 May 1966. Like Phillip, except for Swinger Hill, street names in the Woden Town Centre are associated with the First, Second and Third Fleets. Construction began around 1968, when the Fishburn and Sirius buildings, along with the Alexander and Albemarle Buildings were among the first buildings to be built at the centre. On 26 January 1971, a flash flood occurred near the Woden Town Centre, where 95 mm of rain fell in one hour and killed seven people. The Woden Plaza was opened on 18 September 1972 by the then Prime Minister of Australia, William McMahon.

Revitalisation
Refurbishments for Scarborough House were considered in the 1990s, which were eventually done several years later. The existing Fishburn and Sirius Buildings were demolished in 2007–08 to make way for a new $67 million development housing some of the offices of the Department of Health and Ageing. The old Penrhyn House located at 2-6 Bowes Street was sold for $14 million in June 2012. The building, purchased by the boutique property fund manager went through a revamp, treated with a $10 million upgrade, which is expected to bring back 900 public servants to the Woden Town Centre, due to its sustainable space of 12,622 metres square. In 2014, the Juliana House was reopened by Abode Hotels as a hotel, where the office tower, which once housed the Commonwealth Health and Ageing offices, was closed down and left vacant in 2010. The conversion of the building resulted in the withdrawal of 8,500 square metres of space from the ACT property market. The Alexander and Albemarle buildings are set for demolition to make way for a new development plan.

In 2013, a new bus layover has been proposed at the locations of Phillip Oval and the corner of Launceston and Callam Street. This is to improve the flow and efficiency of transportation in the town centre. "Block 13" mentioned in this plan is a desirable site for a new bus layover in the Woden Town Centre. This brings opportunity for the Phillip Oval, for future use and its increase of importance for second tier ground for Cricket and AFL.

An Estate Development Plan was approved for the Woden Town Centre in November 2013. The Woden Town Centre revamp is similar to what happened with the redevelopment at the Belconnen Town Centre, which the redevelopment there resulted in significant urban design improvements. A redevelopment on the Woden Interchange had been considered since 2004, where plans introduced Westfield Woden's development team and its co-owners proposals to upgrade. In 2014, work has been confirmed to begin as early as September, where the former police station next to the interchange is expected to be demolished to make way for new redevelopment. The redevelopment also includes demolishing the existing interchange in replacement for a new building. However, department store chain, Myer has stated they will not have an outlet located in Woden, resulting in some doubts of revitalisation.

Geology and location
The rocks underneath Phillip are from the Silurian period and are from 417 to 414 million years old. Deakin Volcanics green-grey purple coloured rhyodacite can be found in the west half and south east corner of Phillip. Deakin Volcanics purple and green tuff has been observed around Hindmarsh Drive.

The Woden Town Centre is located in Phillip which is in the district of the Woden Valley. The postcode is 2606. The Woden Town Centre neighbours the suburbs of Lyons from the north west, Chifley directly from the west and Pearce from south west, Curtin from north, Hughes from the north east, Garran directly from the east and O'Malley from south east, while Mawson borders from the south.

Urban structure
The main shopping centre of Woden Town Centre is Westfield Woden, formerly called 'Woden Plaza' and 'Woden Shopping Square'. Westfield Woden includes major supermarkets (Woolworths and Coles), department stores such as David Jones and Big W, Hoyts cinemas and many other stores on several levels. Separate buildings house multi-storey car parks. Westfield Woden is intended to increase in size due to a redevelopment plan to improve the town centre.

The Woden Town Centre is home to Headquarters for the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Clean Energy Regulator and IP Australia, located at the Discovery House, and the Department of Health is located in the new Sirius Building and Scarborough House building (14 stories and the second tallest office building in Canberra), both are located on Furzer and Atlantic Street. A police station is located in the town centre, but moved from an older station next to the bus interchange, which is scheduled for demolition in September 2014.

The tallest commercial building in ACT, the 26 story 93 metre (305 ft) high Lovett Tower is located on Keltie Street. The tower was formerly known as the MLC Tower, but it was renamed in 2000 to honour the Lovett family. It has been the tallest building in Canberra since its completion in 1973. The Tower is currently occupied by the Department of Veterans' Affairs, the Department of the Environment and the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Alexander and Albemarle Buildings once housed the Department of Health and Ageing as its central office until its closure in 2010, where they are now scheduled for demolition.

The Woden Town Park is located across Callam street, although infrequently used because of its location away from the major shopping areas. The Civil Aviation Safety Authority has its headquarters at the Aviation House, which is adjacent to the Sirius Building. The Juliana House now serves as an apartment of hotel, after four years of being vacant. The Bonner House in Neptune street headquarters the Indigenous Business Australia. The town centre has a postal office and a health centre. A Medibank branch is headquartered in Woden, which is next to the bus interchange. SkyPlaza is located in Woden, and is one of the tallest residential buildings in ACT, where it is 60 m (197 ft) in height, 20 floors, and was completed in 2005. The Woden Bus Interchange provides transport for people from one place to another, but the interchange has been scheduled for demolition, and the area also surrounding the interchange has been planned for new redevelopments to improve the town centre. A redevelopment master plan for this was first considered back in 2004, but actual development will be taking place in September 2014. The Phillip Ice Skating Centre was the home arena for the Canberra Knights, until 2014.

Education
Just outside the Woden Town Centre is the Phillip campus of the Canberra College, a secondary school catering to years 11 and 12 (16 – 18 years old). The town centre also has a local library which is located on Corinna Street.

title: Woden Town Centre


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Fomepizole

Fomepizole, also known as 4-methylpyrazole, is a medication used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. It may be used alone or together with hemodialysis. It is given by injection into a vein.

Common side effects include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and unsteadiness. It is unclear if use during pregnancy causes risk to a fetus. Fomepizole works by blocking the enzyme that converts methanol and ethylene glycol to their toxic breakdown products.

Fomepizole was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical use
Fomepizole is used to treat ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning. It acts to inhibit the breakdown of these toxins into their active toxic metabolites. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, found in the liver. This enzyme plays a key role in the metabolism of ethylene glycol, and of methanol.
 * Ethylene glycol is first metabolized to glycolaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Glycolaldehyde then undergoes further oxidation to glycolate, glyoxylate, and oxalate. Glycolate and oxalate are the primary toxins responsible for the metabolic acidosis, and for the renal damage, seen in ethylene glycol poisoning.
 * Methanol is first metabolized to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Formaldehyde then undergoes further oxidation, via formaldehyde dehydrogenase, to become formic acid. Formic acid is the primary toxin responsible for the metabolic acidosis, and for the visual disturbances, associated with methanol poisoning.

By competitively inhibiting the first enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol, fomepizole slows the production of the toxic metabolites. The slower rate of metabolite production allows the liver to process and excrete the metabolites as they are produced, limiting the accumulation in tissues such as the kidney and eye. As a result, much of the organ damage is avoided.

Fomepizole is most effective when given soon after ingestion of ethylene glycol or methanol. Delaying its administration allows for the generation of harmful metabolites.

Interaction with alcohol
Concurrent use with ethanol is contraindicated because fomepizole is known to prolong the half-life of ethanol via inhibiting its metabolism. Extending the half-life of ethanol may increase and extend the intoxicating effects of ethanol, allowing for greater (potentially dangerous) levels of intoxication at lower doses. Fomepizole slows the production of acetaldehyde by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase, which in turn allows more time to further convert acetaldehyde into acetic acid by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The result is a patient with a prolonged and deeper level of intoxication for any given dose of ethanol, and reduced "hangover" symptoms (since these adverse symptoms are largely mediated by acetaldehyde build up).

In a chronic alcoholic who has built up a tolerance to ethanol, this removes some of the disincentives to ethanol consumption ("negative reinforcement") while allowing them to become intoxicated with a lower dose of ethanol. The danger is that the alcoholic will then overdose on ethanol (possibly fatally). If alcoholics instead very carefully reduce their doses to reflect the now slower metabolism, they may get the "rewarding" stimulus of intoxication at lower doses with less adverse "hangover" effects - leading potentially to increased psychological dependency. However, these lower doses may therefore produce less chronic toxicity and provide a harm minimization approach to chronic alcoholism.

It is, in essence, the antithesis of a disulfiram approach which tries to increase the buildup of acetaldehyde resulting in positive punishment for the patient. Compliance, and adherence, is a substantial problem in disulfiram-based approaches. Disulfiram also has a considerably longer half-life than that of fomepizole, requiring the person to not drink ethanol in order to avoid severe effects. If the person is not adequately managed on a benzodiazepine, barbiturate, acamprosate, or another GABAA receptor agonist, the alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and its attendant, life-threatening risk of delirium tremens "DT", may occur. Disulfiram treatment should never be initiated until the risk of DT has been evaluated, and mitigated appropriately. Fomepizole treatment may be initiated while the DT de-titration sequence is still being calibrated based upon the person's withdrawal symptoms and psychological health.

Adverse effects
Common side effects associated with fomepizole use include headache and nausea.

Absorption and distribution
Fomepizole distributes rapidly into total body water. The volume of distribution is between 0.6 and 1.02 L/kg. The therapeutic concentration is from 8.2 to 24.6 mg (100 to 300 micromoles) per liter. Peak concentration following single oral doses of 7 to 50 mg/kg of body weight occurred in 1 to 2 hours. The half-life varies with dose, so has not been calculated.

Metabolism and elimination
Hepatic; the primary metabolite is 4-carboxypyrazole (about 80 to 85% of an administered dose). Other metabolites include the pyrazoles 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole and the N -glucuronide conjugates of 4-carboxypyrazole and 4-hydroxymethylpyrazole.

Following multiple doses, fomepizole rapidly induces its own metabolism via the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system.

In healthy volunteers, 1.0 to 3.5% of an administered dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. The metabolites also are excreted unchanged in the urine.

Fomepizole is dialyzable.

Other uses
Apart from medical uses, the role of 4-methylpyrazole in coordination chemistry has been studied.

title: Fomepizole


text:
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title: User:Ijelisavcic


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Jim Courtright (gunman)

Timothy Isaiah Courtright (c. 1848 – February 8, 1887), also known as "Longhair Jim" or "Big Jim" Courtright, was an American Deputy Sheriff in Fort Worth, Texas from 1876 to 1879. In 1887, he was killed in a shootout with gambler and gunfighter Luke Short. Before his death, people feared Courtright's reputation as a gunman, and he reduced Ft. Worth's murder rate by more than half, while reportedly extracting protection money from town business owners.

Early life
Courtright was born in Sangamon County, Illinois, in the spring of 1848, the son of Daniel Courtright. He had four older sisters and one younger brother. He was reported to have practiced shooting frequently. Allegedly, he lied about his age and enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War.. He served under General John A. Logan for whom he once took a bullet and thus earned Logan's admiration. He was rootless and traveled around often until he finally settled in Fort Worth in north Texas. While in Fort Worth, Courtright was at various times a jailer, city marshal, deputy sheriff, deputy U.S. Marshal, hired killer, private detective, and racketeer. During his travels, Courtright had developed a reputation as being fast with a gun.

He married Sarah Weeks and taught her how to shoot. They held shooting exhibitions for which they charged admission, and later performed as part of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.

Lawman career
Courtright and his wife arrived in Ft. Worth in 1876. He ran for office as the first elected city marshal against four other men, and won by three votes. He liked to wear his hair long and wore two revolvers with their butts facing forward. He became known for his long hair and his reputation for using his badge as a convenience.

As marshal, he was in charge of keeping the peace in the notorious "Hells Half Acre" (the town's red-light district). At that time, Fort Worth was a very dangerous place, with altercations between unruly drunks and lawmen being commonplace. Few people dared to cross him, and he killed several who did. On August 25, 1877, Deputy Marshal Columbus Fitzgerald was shot and killed while attempting to break up a street fight. Courtright shot and killed the suspect that same night. During his tenure as Ft. Worth Marshal, it was reported that he killed at least four other men during altercations and shootouts.

It was generally believed that he murdered several unwilling business owners who would not pay into his protection racket. Most met his demand to avoid the risk of becoming the target of his anger and gun. Some who declined were killed, and those who survived usually made the payments demanded.

Life after Ft. Worth
He served as Ft. Worth's Marshal until 1879, when he lost his third election. He left his family behind, he moved to New Mexico and obtained appointment as the Marshal of Lake Valley, and after that as a hired guard for a mining operation. Sometime later, while working as a ranch foreman, he and his friend Jim McIntire shot and killed two squatters who had refused to leave the ranch.

American Valley murders
In 1883, his former Civil War commander John A. Logan was interested in purchasing the American Valley Cattle Company in New Mexico. The company controlled a vast tract of land about 66 by wide. Maintaining that he was concerned about ongoing cattle rustling that was decimating herds, U.S. Marshal A. L. Morisson invited his deputies Courtright and Jim McIntire to help secure the land.

But the current owner John P. Casey and his partners W. C. Moore and Henry M. Atkison had bigger ambitions: they wanted ownership of an additional 3400 acre acres with water rights that would allow them to gain control of an additional 3000000 acre of quality grazing land. They had already forced about 90 residents of the small community of Rito off their land. But Alexis Grossetete and Robert Elsinger, partners in a ranch at Gallo Springs were resistant to Moore's threats. They had claimed their land under preemption rights that guaranteed settlers the right to file a patent on unsurveyed land. Both had brought their families onto the land and made it evident they intended to stay. Casey accused them of being squatters and was determined to evict them.

Casey's partner W. C. Moore had a dark past. He was hired by D. T. Beals and W. H. Bates, owners of the LX Ranch in the Texas Panhandle, to manage a large herd. He started in 1877 but during 1881 they discovered that he was siphoning off a good portion of the stock for his own herd and they fired him. Moore sold his Adobe Walls Ranch for $75,000 (or about $0 in today's dollars) and used $25,000 of the proceeds to buy a one-third interest in Casey's American Valley Cattle Company. Courtright may have initially believed he was only hired to pursue cattle rustlers. He was told by Moore that they were pursuing a former employee of Casey's named D. L. Gilmore near Socorro, New Mexico. Moore led the posse directly to the ranch headquarters in American Valley and the next day they looked for Gilmore's cowboys, ending the day at a line cabin about 8 mi from Grossetete's and Elsinger's homes. The next day Moore took five of the posse and rode towards their homes. Moore told the party that their job was to get rid of the two "squatters." He said all six would fire into their bodies so all six would be equally guilty. They found the men, took their weapons, marched them to a narrow ravine, and killed them both.

Daniel H. McAllister, a Deacon in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, had been until a few days before the manager of Casey's ranch. When he learned of the murders, he informed the authorities, who promptly called for Moore and his fellow posse members' arrest. Courtright and McIntire initially acted as lawmen and arrested the others who had taken part in the murders, but when the grand jury convened, they learned that the two men had also taken part. Moore escaped arrest, and before Courtright and McIntire could be apprehended, they took off for Mexico on horseback, finally ending up on June 1 in El Paso, Texas, where they found safety among a number of former Texas Rangers who knew them both. Courtright sent for his wife and children who had been in Los Angeles. McIntire also summoned his wife and the two families headed to Ft. Worth, where they successfully fought extradition to New Mexico, claiming the two men were "Mexicans" and they had been performing their duties as lawmen.

Forms detective agency
Secure in Ft. Worth, in 1884 Courtright tried once again to form a detective agency. In New Mexico, two men were tried and acquitted of the murders, and authorities renewed their effort to bring Courtright to justice.

Courtright vs Short
Luke Short was a gunfighter, gambler and bar owner who had drifted down to Fort Worth from Dodge City, Kansas. While in Dodge City, Short had dabbled in gambling, and became friends with several other noted Old West figures, such as Bat Masterson, Jim Masterson and Wyatt Earp, who had also become friends with Courtright. In Fort Worth, he managed the White Elephant, a saloon/gambling house.

Marshal Courtright was running a protection racket at the time, and needed to make an example of Short, who also had a sizable reputation as a gunfighter mostly due to an 1881 gunfight with gunslinger Charlie Storms at the Oriental Saloon in Tombstone, Arizona. Most historians believe that Courtright offered protection to the White Elephant and that Short informed him that he did not need his protection.

On February 8, 1887, at about 8:00 p.m., Courtright called out Luke Short, carrying a pair of pistols, and challenging him to come out of the White Elephant, but a friend Jake Johnson managed to calm him down and told him that they should talk about the affair instead. In Short's own accounts, both men walked up the street one block, until they were in front of bar and brothel owner Ella Blackwell's Shooting Gallery, the two men facing one another three to four feet apart. Words were passed, and evidently Courtright, who had been drinking considerably, had made some indication about Short having a gun. Short assured Courtright he was not armed, although he was. Courtright then said loudly "Don't you pull a gun on me." With that statement, Courtright drew his pistol and in that second Short produced his pistol and fired one shot, which took off Courtright's thumb on his shooting hand. As Courtright attempted to shift his pistol to his other hand, Short fired four more shots in quick succession. Courtright fell backward and died shortly thereafter.

The showdown was also witnessed by fellow gunfighter Bat Masterson, who was with Luke Short at that time. In 1907 Masterson published his own, more neutral account of the events that unfold, in which he stated that it was Jim Courtright, who called for Luke Short to meet him in the street for a confrontation, while carrying a "brace of pistols" of his own. Masterson described what followed:

"No time was wasted in the exchange of words once the men faced each other. Both drew their pistols at the same time, but, as usual, Short's spoke first and a bullet from a Colt's 45-calibre pistol went crashing through Courtright's body. The shock caused him to reel backward; then he got another and still another, and by the time his lifeless form had reached the floor, Luke had succeeded in shooting him five times." Courtright was shot three times: Once in the thumb; once in the right shoulder, and once in the heart.

Investigations on the gunfight concluded that while it was Courtright who went for his pistol first, it was Short who ultimately outdrew and killed him. Courtright's inability to fire off a shot was due to a number of possible scenarios; one was that his pistol got caught on his watch chain for a second as he drew it, and another was that his pistol broke when one of Short's bullets struck it and his thumb. Another is that Courtright's .45 Colt in his right hand had jammed because a bullet prevented the gun chamber from moving.

Aftermath and legacy
Short was tried for the shooting, but it was ruled justified self defense, and the charges were dismissed. The gunfight gained notoriety due to the reputation of both men. Unfortunately for Courtright, that fame was posthumous.

In popular culture
In 1955, the half-hour syndicated television series Stories of the Century, starring Jim Davis as railroad detective Matt Clark, aired the Jim Courtright story, with Robert Knapp in the title role and Wally Cassell as Luke Short.

In 1958, Karl Swenson was cast in an historically inaccurate portrayal of Courtright on the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, Colt .45, starring Wayde Preston. In the episode entitled "Long Odds", Swenson plays a grandfather visiting his 10-year-old grandson Billy, played by child actor Paul Engle. Billy has told his friends of his grandfather's prowess with a gun, but the elderly Courtright now shuns a confrontation with the gunfighter Cherry Lane, played by Robert J. Wilke, amid accusations of cowardice. The real Courtright was dead at thirty-nine and likely had no grandchildren. In the Colt .45 episode, Swenson was fifty when he portrayed Courtright.

In 2021, the character of Jim Courtright was played by actor Billy Bob Thornton in the television series 1883, a spin-off of Taylor Sheridan's hit show ''Yellowstone.

title: Jim Courtright (gunman)


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Matthew Nicholson

Matthew James Nicholson (born 2 October 1974) is an Australian former cricketer who played in one Test match in 1998 and over 100 first-class games for New South Wales, Western Australia, Northamptonshire and Surrey.

A native of the Sydney suburb of St Leonards, he attended Knox Grammar School and began playing for the Gordon club in the Sydney competition who he later captained. His career was ravaged by injuries as well as chronic fatigue syndrome, following a dose of Glandular Fever but a strict diet enabled him to manage the problem, and he became a vital part of WA's and New South Wales' bowling line-ups. In 1998 Nicholson earned a surprise call up to play his one and only Test against England in Melbourne.

In 2004/05 Nicholson claimed 47 wickets in the Pura Cup, including 7 in the final, as NSW won the title. In 2007 he played for Surrey having previously played County Cricket with Northamptonshire in 2006. He was released by Surrey after an unsuccessful 2008 to allow Shoaib Akhtar in.

He announced his retirement in March 2008 with NSW's game against South Australia being his last. Following his retirement, Nicholson was appointed as a selector for the New South Wales team. He is the Director of Cricket at Newington College.

title: Matthew Nicholson