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Gladiator (Kallark)

Gladiator (Kallark) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in The X-Men #107 (Oct. 1977) and was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. The character is a Strontian, and like others of his race has the capacity for great strength and various superpowers, but can only use them when he is completely devoted to a purpose; his abilities vary in accordance with his level of confidence. He was born on Strontia, which is part of the Shi'ar Empire and he is the leader of their Imperial Guard. He was also a member of the Annihilators, Dark Guardians, and Guardians of the Galaxy.

Publication history
Gladiator and the Imperial Guard were created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum as an homage to DC Comics' Legion of Super-Heroes, with all the Imperial Guard's original members created as analogs of Legionnaires. Gladiator was the analog to Superboy; the name "Gladiator" was a conscious homage to the Philip Wylie novel Gladiator (1930) on which Superman was partially based. Gladiator's name, Kallark, is a combination of Superman's Kryptonian and human names: Kal-El and Clark Kent.

The character first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #107 (Oct. 1977). Since then, he has been periodically featured in X-titles, Fantastic Four, Rom the Spaceknight, Silver Surfer, Nova, and New Warriors. His origin was revealed in War of Kings: Warriors #1 (2009).

He has played important roles in some of Marvel's major storylines, such as Operation: Galactic Storm (1992), Maximum Security (2001), and War of Kings (2009). During the Heroes Reborn era (1997), he starred in the three-issue Imperial Guard miniseries.

Following the conclusion of The Thanos Imperative, Gladiator has appeared as a member of the titular team in Annihilators #1-4 (March–June 2011) and Annihilators: Earthfall #1-4 (Sept.-Dec. 2011).

Fictional character biography
Kallark is a member of the Strontian race, and was born under Shi'ar rule. All Strontians are born with the capacity for great strength and various superpowers, but can only use them when they are completely devoted to a purpose. Fearing a Strontian rebellion, the Shi'ar emperor ordered Kallark, among other Strontians, to kill the Strontian elders. Only Kallark was devoted enough to carry out the order, and the others were killed when their wavering commitment rendered them weak. As a reward for his actions, Kallark was named the Praetor (leader) of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard.

When the X-Men come into conflict with the Shi'ar empire regarding the Phoenix entity, Gladiator battles them first at the command of Emperor D'Ken, and then at the behest of his successor, Empress Lilandra Neramani. He later aids the X-Men against several renegade Imperial Guardsmen serving a Shi'ar traitor named Lord Samedar.

While pursuing a band of shape-changing Skrulls, Gladiator arrives on Earth and mistakenly attacks the Fantastic Four. With the aid of Spider-Man and Captain America, the real Skrulls are exposed and captured. Meanwhile, Lilandra's sister Deathbird stages a coup and becomes the new Shi'ar Empress.

After an alternate universe version of Gladiator has a bout with Thor, the Earth-616 Kallark has an encounter with a rogue alien.

Deathbird commands him to lead the Imperial Guard against the space pirate Starjammers and superhero team Excalibur, but orders a retreat after learning the rebels are led by Lilandra.

Gladiator briefly comes into conflict with the X-Men again when he is mentally controlled by a Warskrull posing as Professor X. He then encounters several members of the Avengers during the Kree-Shi'ar War.

Along with Beta Ray Bill, Ganymede, Jack of Hearts, Silver Surfer and Terrax the Tamer, Gladiator is captured by Tyrant with the intention of harnessing their power as a weapon for universal domination. Tyrant is defeated after the intervention of his creator, Galactus.

When many of Earth's heroes vanish after defeating Onslaught, Lilandra (who has resumed control of the Shi'ar) orders Gladiator and many of the Imperial Guard to help protect Earth. He later aids the X-Men again during an encounter with Galactus He is present when Galactus dies.

After thwarting an assassination attempt on Lilandra, Gladiator plays a role in temporarily turning Earth into an intergalactic prison.

Gladiator battles Thor at the request of Zarrko, but is defeated. He later came looking for the X-Men to help him fight against the Phalanx; however, his aggressive arrival led him to blows with the X-Men's Cannonball, and while he was defeated by the young mutant, he managed to get the help of several X-Men in stopping the invasion. Some time later, on Lilandra's orders, Gladiator returns to Earth and attacks the X-Men's home, but later learns that Lilandra was possessed by Cassandra Nova and frees her.

Liladra sends Gladiator to infiltrate the Kyln, an intergalactic prison, as a prisoner. He investigates rumors of a prisoner with the aid of Thanos and Star-Lord. The prisoner turns out to be an amnesiac Beyonder. Guided by the cosmic entity Living Tribunal, Gladiator fights the Champion of the Universe in an attempt to liberate the population of a planet the Champion had enslaved.

At the request of Lilandra, Gladiator returns to Earth on a mission to capture the Uni-Power and bring it back for evaluation. After an encounter with the Invisible Woman of the Fantastic Four, Gladiator invites the Uni-Power to return to the Shi'ar Empire as their guest. Although the Uni-Power agrees, it is captured en route by Krosakis, an energy leeching warlord who forces the Uni-Power into his body to become Captain Universe. Gladiator attempts to stop Krosakis but fails, with the warlord finally beaten by the Silver Surfer.

Gladiator is then commanded to stop the conqueror Vulcan, who is determined to destroy the Shi'ar empire as revenge against former emperor D'Ken for murdering Vulcan's mother. Gladiator captures and delivers Vulcan to a Shi'ar prison facility.

A Shi'ar agent, however, wishing a return to the days of D'Ken's rule, frees Vulcan and together with Deathbird the pair stage a coup and usurp Lilandra. Vulcan escapes with the aid of some rebellious Shi'ar and leads a successful coup against Lilandra, becoming the next Shi'ar Emperor. Gladiator does not like Vulcan, but is honor-bound to serve him.

Vulcan consolidates his rule over the Shi'ar - with Gladiator reluctantly assisting - as their forces destroy a race of ancient enemies, the Scy'ar Tal, and capture the rebel Starjammers. Vulcan begins to expand the empire, leading to a war with the Kree. When ordered to kill Lilandra, Gladiator abandons his post to protect her. During an attempt to return her to the throne, she is assassinated.

Vulcan is killed during a battle with the leader of the Kree, Black Bolt. With no one in line to inherit the throne, civil war threatens the Shi'ar empire. Gladiator accepts an offer to be Emperor to avoid further conflict.

Following the war with the Cancerverse, Gladiator joins the Annihilators. With them, he protects Galador from the Dire Wraiths and opposes the Universal Church of Truth's attempt to revive the Magus.

Gladiator's son, Kubark, also known as Kid Gladiator, is sent to Earth with bodyguard Warbird (Ava'Dara Naganandini) as a punishment and is enrolled in the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning to train and learn more about his powers.

During the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, Gladiator attempts to contact Kubark's bodyguard Warbird about the Phoenix Force's return to Earth. Gladiator orders them to leave the planet, but the close proximity of the Phoenix prevents the message from reaching Warbird. He then orders the preparation of his ship so he could go rescue his son and sends Death Commandos to kill the Phoenix's host. He is overwhelmed by the combined Phoenix Force Five and forced to recuperate at the X-Mansion.

During the Infinity storyline, Gladiator appeared as a member of the Galactic Council. Kubark participates in the Infinity incidents, sneaking into battle against his father's wishes. Kubark's performance in battle so impresses Gladiator he allows his son to return to his desired schooling back in the X-Mansion.

In the aftermath of the "Infinity Wars" storyline, Gladiator and the Shi'ar Empire arrive to save everyone after they were ejected from a hole in the space station following the Black Order stealing Thanos' body during the funeral. Gladiator joins up with Starfox's Dark Guardians. The Dark Guardians found Nova and ambush him, wounding him enough to crash land onto a planet. When Gladiator and Cosmic Ghost Rider order Wraith to back off, Nova takes the chance to fly off again. The Dark Guardians plan to track down again.

Powers and abilities
Gladiator possesses a number of superhuman capabilities as a result of his unique alien physiology including superhuman strength (capable of shattering a planet, ripping apart a black hole, and holding off the Destroyer armor ), superhuman speed, stamina and durability (capable of withstanding the heat emitted from the Phoenix Force, a blast comparable to the full power of Odin, direct attacks from Thor and Mjolnir, point blank planetary explosions, and an explosion equivalent to a supernova ), reflexes, microscopic and telescopic vision,  X-ray vision,  heat vision (stated as "hotter than a star"); super-breath, "frost breath", super-hearing (capable of hearing sounds from light years away in space), a regenerative healing factor, psionic resistance (capable of withstanding mental attacks from telepaths to a certain degree), and warp speed flight (measured as "a hundred times the speed of light", and shown moving across galaxies before Heimdall could blink). Gladiator's abilities increase and decrease in accordance with his level of confidence and he is vulnerable to a certain form of rare radiation. Gladiator also has advanced longevity, having survived for centuries with very little aging.

Reception

 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Gladiator 5th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.

Marvel Zombies 2
In the alternate universe title Marvel Zombies 2, the character appears with other extraterrestrial beings "recruited" by the Galacti (the original infected heroes empowered by devouring Galactus). He is killed while trying to eat the humans under the protection of the Black Panther and Forge.

Last Planet Standing
In the alternate universe title Last Planet Standing, Gladiator appears with the Imperial Guard but fails to stop Dominas the Wavemaster and Galactus from destroying the Shi'ar homeworld.

Star Trek/X-Men
In the Star Trek/X-Men crossover, Gladiator battles the USS Enterprise.

Television

 * Gladiator appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced initially by Richard Epcar, and later by Raymond O'Neill.
 * Gladiator appears in the X-Men '97 episode "Lifedeath - Part 2", voiced by David Errigo Jr.

Video games

 * Gladiator appears as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Dave Wittenberg.
 * Gladiator appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Gladiator appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.

title: Gladiator (Kallark)


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Talk:Mechanical Wonder

Untitled
Their next studio album proper, North Atlantic Drift was better

While I agree with the statement, this isn't NPOV. Perhaps the writer meant to say "North Atlantic Drift did better", since the previous sentence explains about how the album didn't sell very well. -- Haddock420 02:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Well it's been a few weeks since I made this comment, and nobody objected, so I've changed it. Tell me here if you have any objections to the change. --Haddock420 03:52, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

I've changed the infobox. Eyeball kid 22:58, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mechanical Wonder


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Talk:Whipple observatory

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 02:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whipple observatory


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LOSP

LOSP may refer to:

 * Lake Ontario State Parkway
 * Liero Open Source Project
 * Legion of Super-Pets

title: LOSP


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Too-Rye-Ay

Too-Rye-Ay is the second studio album by English pop band Dexys Midnight Runners. It was released in July 1982 by Mercury Records. The album is best known for the hit single "Come On Eileen", which included the refrain that inspired the album's title. It was the band's most successful album, debuting at number two on the UK Albums Chart.

Background
Shortly before recording this album, Dexys' bandleader Kevin Rowland had decided to add a violin section to the band's existing horn section, which had contributed strings (viola and cello) to the band's previous single, "Liars A to E". However, after violinists Helen O'Hara and Steve Brennan joined the band, the three members of the horn section, including Dexys' co-leader and album co-composer "Big" Jim Paterson, decided to leave Dexys and become an independent horn band (ultimately known as The TKO Horns). Rowland convinced them to stay with the band long enough to record the album and to perform in a kick-off concert debuting the album on BBC Radio One in June 1982.

All the songs on the album were rearranged to add strings, which caused Dexys to re-record the 1981 singles "Plan B", "Liars A to E", and "Soon". During the rearrangement process, "Soon" was revised into the opening section of "Plan B"; since both songs were written by Rowland and Paterson, the merged songs are credited on the album simply as "Plan B".

Release
The album's "Come On Eileen" became a number one hit in both the UK and the US. Dexys Midnight Runners are best known as a one-hit wonder in the US ("Come On Eileen" was also the first US single release by Dexys), but in the UK, "Geno" had previously reached number one, and "Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)" and "The Celtic Soul Brothers" were also UK hits.

Before "Come On Eileen", Dexys' only North American single was the Northern Soul classic "Seven Days Too Long", which Dexys' previous label EMI America had released only in Canada (with "Geno" as the B-side). However, on the strength of "Come On Eileen", Too-Rye-Ay reached number 14 in the US. Dexys' success in US was not maintained; the best performer of the band's follow-up singles in the US was "The Celtic Soul Brothers", which peaked at number 86.

Different releases of Too-Rye-Ay featured different versions of "Come On Eileen". Certain editions of the album featured a version beginning with a solo fiddle playing the first line of the folk song "Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms" and ending with a simple fadeout (length: 4:12). This version of the song is the one featured on the single release. However, many other versions of the album omit this fiddle solo, beginning directly with the bassline (length 4:07). Other editions of the album (including many of the "re-releases") featured a version without the violin intro and including a tag of Kevin Rowland singing "Young Charms" at the end (length: approximately 4:32), while the digital version offered by Spotify and the 2002 US CD reissue includes both front and end "Young Charms" tags. (length: approximately 4:47, or 4:19 without the ending tag). In addition, the most common release of the album features "Come On Eileen" as the final track, while the original US release features the tune as the opening track on Side 2.

The album was re-released in 1996 on CD with eight bonus tracks. In 2000 an enhanced edition was released with the music videos for "Come On Eileen" and "Jackie Wilson Said" as bonus material. In 2002 a US edition with bonus tracks was released. Marking its 25th anniversary, a 2007 two-CD deluxe edition was released, which included the entire 14-song album kickoff performance on BBC Radio 1 that had previously been released (without "I'll Show You") as BBC Radio One Live in Concert.

In August 2022 the album was again re-released with three CDs with the bonus tracks from 1996 plus five more and a live show from 1982. The studio album was also remixed; thus, it is called Too-Rye-Ay 'As It Should Have Sounded.' Rowland said about the remixes, "The songs and performances are great, but I always felt the mixes could be better. It's my most successful album, but it doesn't sound as good as the others." It was also released on vinyl.

Release notes

 * There are several unlisted tracks on the album— "Old" includes a reprise of "Let's Make This Precious" at the end. The beginning of "Plan B" is actually the song "Soon", a version of which is the B-side to the "Show Me" single. "Come On Eileen" ends with an acapella rendition of an excerpt from "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms", which is excised on the original US vinyl release.
 * Original US pressings have "Come On Eileen" at the beginning of side two. Also, "Plan B" and "I'll Show You" are presented as a single track.
 * The 2002 US CD reissue features the single version of "Come On Eileen" instead of the album version (which removes the fiddle intro).

Personnel

 * The players
 * Seb Shelton – drums
 * Giorgio Kilkenny – bass, backing vocals
 * Kevin "Billy" Adams – banjo, guitar, backing vocals
 * Mickey Billingham – organ, piano, accordion, keyboards, backing vocals
 * "Big" Jim Paterson – trombone
 * Paul Speare – flute, saxophone, tin whistle
 * Brian Maurice – saxophone
 * Kevin Rowland – bass, guitar, piano, director, vocals; digital remastering (reissue)
 * Steve Wynne – bass (not credited on some releases)
 * "The Emerald Express"
 * Helen O'Hara – violin
 * Steve Brennan – violin

 * Guest musicians
 * "The Sisters of Scarlet"
 * Carol Kenyon – vocals
 * Katie Kissoon – vocals
 * Sam Brown – vocals
 * Directed by
 * Clive Langer – director
 * Alan Winstanley – director
 * Martin Rushent – engineering and direction (uncredited)
 * Peter Barrett – cover design
 * Kim Knott – photography
 * Andrew Ratcliffe – artwork, paintings
 * Tim Chacksfield – project coordinator (reissue)
 * ID – Enhanced CD design (reissue)
 * Philip Lloyd-Smee – CD package design (reissue)
 * Richard Smith – liner notes (1996 reissue)

title: Too-Rye-Ay


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File:Dexys Midnight Runners Too-Rye-Ay.jpg

Summary
Album cover to Too-Rye-Ay by Dexys Midnight Runners.


text: User talk:83.131.142.147

title: User talk:83.131.142.147


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Talk:Wilson's storm petrel

Untitled
Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 02:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilson's storm petrel


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User talk:Gekkie

Hi Gekkie -- be careful, you may be duplicating some information with your minor Buffy characters page (e.g., the Kennedy information is duplicated from the main Kennedy article.) Anyway, best of luck! Sdedeo 02:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I don't understand what you are talking about. I'm just removing a link to a page that was deleted through vfd. Gekkie 02:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, weird -- I must have misinterpreted an edit summary. Sorry. Sdedeo 03:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gekkie


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Strange proverbs

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MOOT. Article was speedy-deleted. --MarkSweep 03:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Strange proverbs
POV to declare a proverb strange in a title, the article borders on nonsense, are these even well-known proverbs? --Mysidia (talk) 02:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Westside High School (Omaha)

Westside High School is the only high school of the Westside Community Schools district (also known as District 66 to local residents) of Omaha, Nebraska, United States.

Modular schedule system
Westside has used a modular schedule since 1967. Each module, or "mod" (as known colloquially among WHS students), is either a 20 or 40-minute period used for classes or independent study time in an instructional materials center (IMC). This allows freedom in scheduling as classes can be 40, 60, or 80 minutes long, as needed for one-to-one, small group, large group, and laboratory instruction. Classes are taught in a similar format to many universities; students typically meet a large group lecture once per week and have small group recitations throughout the week. An average student has at least one or two open mods per day, to be used for studying, interacting with teachers, eating lunch, or socializing. Students who have met specific requirements are eligible to apply for a pass that allows them to leave the building during open mods.

Supreme Court case
In 1985, Westside Senior Bridget Mergens was denied the ability to create an after-school Christian Bible club. The principal at the time rejected the idea since he said a religious club violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. In addition, the club lacked a school sponsor that was required when forming a club. Mergens argued that the district's decision was in violation of the federal Equal Access Act requiring that groups seeking to express messages containing “religious, political, philosophical, or other content” not be denied the ability to form clubs. The case was initially ruled in favor of the school by the District Court, being over turned in the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court granted Westside certiorari, following appeal.

In 1990, Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens was heard by the Supreme Court. In an 8–1 decision, the court said that since the club did not study school curriculum, it was permitted under the Equal Access Act. Supreme Court of the United States decided in favour of Mergens in Westside School District v. Mergens saying that in distinguishing between "curriculum" and "noncurriculum student groups," the Court held that since Westside permitted other noncurricular clubs, it was prohibited under the Equal Access Act from denying equal access to any after-school club based on the content of its speech. The proposed Christian club would be a noncurriculum group since no other course required students to become its members, its subject matter would not actually be taught in classes, it did not concern the school's cumulative body of courses, and its members would not receive academic credit for their participation. The Court added that the Equal Access Act was constitutional because it served an overriding secular purpose by prohibiting discrimination on the basis of philosophical, political, or other types of speech. As such, the Act protected the Christian club's formation even if its members engaged in religious discussions.

Extracurricular activities
Westside athletic teams have won the following state championships.

Notable alumni

 * Kurt Andersen, writer
 * Brad Ashford, U.S. Representative for Nebraska's 2nd congressional district (elected 2014)
 * Bill Danenhauer, professional wrestler and football player/coach
 * Clark Baechle, member of The Faint
 * Todd Fink, member of The Faint
 * Pat Fischer, professional football player (Washington Commanders)
 * Channing Gibson, screenwriter
 * Bennett Greenspan, businessman and entrepreneur
 * Tim Halperin, musician, and Top 24 American Idol contestant (2011)
 * Magnolia Howell (born 1983), sprinter for Trinidad and Tobago
 * Nick Hexum, member of 311
 * Michael J. Hopkins, mathematician
 * Jaime King, actress and model
 * Terry Kiser, actor
 * Joseph Limprecht, United States Ambassador to Albania
 * Nick Nolte (1959), actor
 * Pete Ricketts, 40th governor of Nebraska; U.S. Senator; former Chief Operating Officer of TD Ameritrade
 * Darin Ruf, professional baseball player, Milwaukee Brewers
 * Dave Stryker, American Jazz Guitarist
 * Virginia Lamp Thomas, lawyer and consultant
 * Adeev and Ezra Potash, identical twin musicians and television personalities
 * Jake Meyers, professional baseball player, Houston Astros

title: Westside High School (Omaha)


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International Offshore Rule

The International Offshore Rule (IOR) was a measurement rule for racing sailboats. The IOR evolved from the Cruising Club of America (CCA) rule for racer/cruisers and the Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) rule.

Rule context - past and present rating systems
The IOR was superseded (in the early 1990s) by the International Measurement System (IMS) and CHS (since renamed IRC). While some IOR yachts race at club level under IRC in more or less their original form, others had major surgery to make them competitive within the new rules.

Rule components
The IOR concentrated on hull shape with length, beam, freeboard and girth measurements, foretriangle, mast and boom measurements, and stability with an inclination test. Additionally, the IOR identified features which were dangerous, or it couldn't fairly rate, and penalized or prohibited them. The measurements and penalties were used to compute the handicap number, called an IOR rating, in feet. The higher the rating, the faster the boat was deemed to be able to sail. A typical IOR 40 footer (a one tonner) rated 30.55 feet.

The IOR rule encouraged wide short boats with limited stability. A narrow waterline and large beam on deck, combined with a high centre of gravity, meant that crew weight provided a significant proportion of stability at small heel angles, and boats had a relatively low angle of vanishing stability. This developed into the situation about 1977 when the boats winning in most smaller IOR categories (up to the half tonners - about 10m LOA) had all internal ballast, often with an unballasted daggerboard. The managers of the rule realised that this was not a suitable direction for seaworthy yachts, and heavily penalised boats with lifting keels, but not before the 1979 Fastnet race ended in disaster. Writes John Rousmaniere: In the '70s, the IOR helped produce a new breed of racing and racing-cruising boat that was little more than a big, wide dinghy with a stability range as low as 90 degrees (meaning it would capsize completely when heeled only that far). The waves in the Fastnet storm were big enough to knock down a few 50-footers, and they smashed over a great many smaller boats that then capsized and stayed upside down until other steep waves slapped their keels and levered them back upright. Good work led to the new IMS rule, which turned out boats that, while fast, resist capsize to beyond 120 degrees. The 1998 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race had conditions at least as bad as the 1979 Fastnet's, but in that 115-boat fleet, only three percent of the boats were reported to have rolled upside down and 18 percent put their masts in the water—against 24 percent and 33 percent in the Fastnet storm.

Apart from the girth measurements, all measurements were basically point measurements. This meant that the hull was often locally distorted to maximise or minimise a measurement locally, with minimal effect to the surrounding hull. This gave a characteristic bumped look to many boats, particularly at the point of maximum beam and in the stern. Also, as stability was only measured at very low heel angles (less than 5 degrees), boats were designed with a very narrow waterline and low stability in measurement trim, but a hull form that gained stability with the weight of the crew and other equipment, and with increasing angles of heel. Low stability was encouraged (up to a point) because the initial assumption was that low stability indicated a well fitted out interior, and so more of a cruising boat than a stripped out racer.

Secondary design factors included engine and propeller rating factors, minimum internal accommodation levels, safety regulations, and a limit on the number of sails carried on board. Later on, crew limits were introduced, and limits on the use of exotic materials, such as carbon fibre and Nomex, and also scantlings for hull structural design developed by the American Bureau of Shipping.

Practical implications for sailors and owners
In a handicap race, the IOR length was used to compute a time allowance. In Europe this was calculated on the duration of the race, in seconds per hour, known as Time on Time, whereas in the USA they preferred to base it on the length of the race, as seconds per mile, known as Time on Distance. Time on Distance is easier to calculate at any point in the race, but can cause significant anomalies in tidal waters as the distance sailed through the water can differ significantly from the distance over the ground, due to the effect of the tide.

The IOR rule was also used to define level rating classes, where each class had a maximum IOR rating, and the first boat to finish was the winner, with no handicapping. The first of these was the One Ton class, so named because there was a spare trophy from the defunct One Ton rating class, and this then spawned the Mini Ton, 1/4 Ton, 1/2 Ton, 3/4 Ton and Two Ton classes, as well as unofficial 50-footer, ULDB 70, and Maxi classes. The official classes each had an annual world championships.

The IOR was run by the ITC, or International Technical Committee, of the Offshore Racing Congress, chaired between 1979 and 1987 by the late Gary Mull of San Francisco. As with all published handicapping formulae, there was an ongoing game between the designers finding ways of designing boats that took advantage of shortcomings in the measurement system and handicapping formulae, and the rule makers closing the loopholes to ensure fair racing and a reasonable competitive life for the boats. As the racing became more competitive, the rate of change in the rule accelerated, and also the boats at the top of the fleet became stripped out racing machines that performed well but were expensive and also difficult to sail, and this resulted in a loss of popularity. However even if club sailors could not compete against the top boats, the IOR did generate a reasonably level playing field across the sailing spectrum, with club sailors buying production race boats or custom boats past their prime, and moving up to more competitive boats as they wanted to sail up the fleet. Towards the end of its life the IOR had become a stable rule, but by then it had a reputation of changing too often, and this sowed the seeds for its successors. IMS was introduced as a more scientific rule for racing yachts, driven by the US, whereas Channel Handicap was introduced in 1983 by the RORC as a simple club level rule that would hopefully feed people into IOR racing - though in fact it proved to be the final nail in the coffin for the IOR rule.

Age, compensation and competitiveness
Boats had a short competitive life for two reasons: the overall increase in performance of newer boats due to better design and construction, and also the effect of changes in the handicapping rules. The first was catered for by an age allowance, which reduced the handicap of boats as they got older. The second was catered for to some extent by grandfather clauses in the IOR rules, but this did not cater for designer's ability to design to the rule increasing with every year. This, plus the annual rule changes, gave boats a competitive life of no more than 2 or 3 years at the top level.

Initially designs were heavy displacement, with a fine, often V-shaped stern as well as a fine bow. These were powerful boats for sailing to windward, but had limited performance offwind as well as often having an alarming tendency to broach - designers included Sparkman & Stephens and Dick Carter. Then Ron Holland's quarter-tonner Eygthene began the next phase of increasingly lightweight boats with fuller sterns giving more of a wedge shape, and a change from masthead rig to a fractional rig. This dinghy influence gave much faster performance reaching and downwind, and although windward performance was not as good, it improved as the designs developed. The ultimate in this stage was the various lightweight centerboard designs with internal ballast, but these were not sufficiently seaworthy for offshore racing and so were penalised so heavily that they were effectively banned. Designs then moved to a more moderate displacement, and as race courses moved from offshore racing with plenty of reaching towards windward/leeward round the cans, racing designs became narrower and less powerful but more easily driven.

A good reference on the IOR Rule, including an analysis of the different formulae and measurements used, can be found in the book The Offshore Yacht.

Development, simplification and revitalised racing
Today, modern "maxis" are simply limited to 30m (98'), encouraging improvements in boat design, and exciting sailing, and not simply rule modification, as still plagues the America's Cup competition.

The introduction of VPPs, or Velocity Prediction Programs, morphed the science of yacht performance measurement. Inherent to the IOR was the concept of a measurement officer taking discrete hull measurements and the IOR formula assumed the hull lines behaved continuously between measurement points. The IMS took the actual hull lines and analysed their continuum, essentially eliminating funny bumps or hollows in the ensuing yachts and generally rendering much cleaner, faster lines that were far more exciting, safer to sail, and had higher resale value.

title: International Offshore Rule


text:
Talk:Mental cruelty

Text added by 62.254.64.14
Mental cruelty: The definition should include psycholgical abuse. According to Patricia Evans's book The Verablly Abusive Relationship, verabal abuse, a form of mental cruelty, is an issue of control, a means of holding power over another. This abuse may be covert, constant, controlling, and what Bach and Deutsch (1980) call "crazymaking"(p.19).

Th effects of verbal abuse are qualitative. That is, they cannot be seen like the effects of physical abuse. There are no physical signs of inury, no bruises, black eyes, or broken bones. The intensity of anguish which the victim suffers determines the extent of the injury. The quality of the experience of the victim defines the degree of abuse(p.19).

title: Talk:Mental cruelty


text:
User:Cursive/Sandbox/Evidence

User:Kyla POV/Rampant removal of categories/Uncited Insertion of Sex Symbol category
continually (and rampantly) adding and removing people from categories (in particular the Sex Symbol category) at will (and presumably according to own personal taste - which appears to be Eurasian), without reasoning or citing sources. Despite attempts on user's talk page to get them to change.

User Page states objective is to get other people to listen to Kyla's opinion.

Brigette Bardot, Kylie Minogue, Christina Aguilera, Jude Law, Sandrine Holt, Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, Angelina Jolie, Beyonce Knowles, etc etc

More

, , , , , , , , , , , ,

New , , , , , ,

Still more POV after repeated   discussion on talk page about the exact phrase ("unusual, but beautiful eurasian"), still does not understand and continues to make such comments in articles e.g.

/Archived Old Talk is an archive (copy and paste) at 03:58, 24 September 2005 (UTC) of User Talk:Kyla/Old, incase it gets deleted, since there seem to have been all sorts of page moves etc going on over at User:Kyla.

title: User:Cursive/Sandbox/Evidence


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LOSP

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. The article was merged and redirected during the discussion. --Tony Sidaway Talk 00:51, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

LOSP
Scientists estimate that there are enough IPv6 addresses to uniquely identify every atom in the universe. The same cannot, unfortunately, be said for unreleased now-defunct open-source software projects. This just isn't notable. Delete — Lomn | Talk / RfC 02:59:59, 2005-08-26 (UTC)

The game was released obviously, just not the source code, that has nothing to do with deleting the page or not. Just because you never heard of it doesn't mean many people didn't enjoy playing it.. Keep  Yonir
 * I would generally interpret Alpha as unreleased in any meaningful form. For that matter, Google doesn't see any relevant reference in the top 100 apart from the developer's personal page and the project host.  I did see the League of Ordinary Shuffleboard Players, though.  If notability can be established, I'll be happy to recant.  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 03:09:43, 2005-08-26 (UTC)

Well, The name "Alpha" doesn't represent it well, if you want to find more relevant google results search "losp liero open source project". Can I remove the VfD status now.. ?  Yonir
 * That string you suggest gives 27 hits before Google lapses into similar pages. Seeing correct results for the full version of the acronym does suggest that, if it survives, the article should be renamed.  Regardless, the VfD needs to run its course.  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 04:02:09, 2005-08-26 (UTC)

I realized that I'm not supposed to delete VfD status now reading in the "Guide to Votes for Deletion".. So you're saying that a page must be named after the search line that will make google give the most relevant results.. ?   If the League of Ordinary Shuffleboard Players want a wikipedia page they can make a "ambigouty" (sp) page.. (well, they don't "deserve" a wikipedia page I guess though :p) Anyway, I don't think that "LOSP Liero Open Source Project" is the best string for results, as it is usually reffered to as LOSP, this just gives only relevant results. Yonir

btw how do you add the "personal info" line (such as "— Lomn | Talk / RfC 04:02:09, 2005-08-26 (UTC)")

Since LOSP is pretty much a thing of the past, cant it just be moved in under Liero just like Joosa was? Wikipedia is suppose to have everything right? But now it doesnt if things get deleted. So at least put it somewhere else. Either with Liero or with Gusanos. Ulvbot 06:11, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Anyhow i copied all the stuff here to Liero Wiki so nothing will be lost. Ulvbot 06:31, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

hmm, sounds like a good idea. Yonir 11:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

though both Liero and gusanos refer to "LOSP", that's what made me create the article on the first place.. Yonir 12:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Gusanos deserves his own page on Wikipedia, since it's actively being developed. LOSP however, can be moved under Liero or (even better) Gusanos. -- Sander 14:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC) (yes, still alive ;) but not on GU recently)

 * Merge with Liero. Defunct, incomplete game with no significant following: the "official forums" have been averaging one or two threads a month for several years now. --Carnildo 21:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lots of talking. Non-notable computer game. Sdedeo 22:10, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

ok, I merged LOSP into Gusanos (I think it's better there, since the games are merging too, makes sence to merge the articles ;o) and changed the links for LOSP to the gusanos section on LOSP (gusanos#LOSP). I guess this article can be deleted now :<. Yonir 23:39, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

btw LOSP should still redirect to gusanos I guess. Yonir 00:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

After reading the help page on merging.. already changed the page to redirect, I hope it's ok to change it even though it was in VfD status. :S Yonir 00:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/LOSP