text:
Fieldbus Foundation

Fieldbus Foundation was an organization dedicated to a single international, interoperable fieldbus standard. It was established in September 1994 by a merger of WorldFIP North America and the Interoperable Systems Project (ISP). Fieldbus Foundation was a not-for-profit trade consortium that consisted of more than 350 of the world's suppliers and end users of process control and manufacturing automation products. Working together those companies made contributions to the IEC/ISA/FDI and other fieldbus standards development.

Unlike proprietary network protocols, Foundation Fieldbus is not owned by a company, it is an open, interoperable [fieldbus] that is based on the International Organization for Standardization's Open Systems Interconnection (OSI/ISO) seven-layer communications model. The Foundation specification is compatible with the officially sanctioned SP50 standards project of the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

From its inception Fieldbus Foundation had taken a leadership role in the development of fieldbus digital communications and integrated system architecture based on regional and international standards. The foundation's history was one of growth and achievement, as fieldbus-based control solutions gained widespread acceptance in the global automation marketplace.

Origins of the Technology
In the 1980s, considerable effort went into developing a digital communication standard for field devices. Credit is due those members of the ISA's SP50 committee who spent years defining technical requirements and building consensus for a digital fieldbus. In the interim, leading process control suppliers started work on their own proprietary digital communication standards. These multiple efforts resulted in a handful of competing protocols, none of which could work together.

Consensus in the industry
In late 1994, the path of fieldbus took a new, promising direction. Two parallel supplier consortiums–the InterOperable Systems Project (ISP) and WorldFIP North America–merged to form the Fieldbus Foundation. The new organization immediately brought critical mass to the effort to achieve an internationally acceptable fieldbus standard. The foundation organized development programs, conducted field trials, and established the industry's most rigorous program for testing and registration of fieldbus devices. Manufacturers, end users, academic institutions and other interested parties became members of the Fieldbus Foundation and developed open, non-proprietary specifications known as Foundation Fieldbus. This advanced digital communication solution was designed from the ground-up to support mission-critical control applications where the proper transfer and handling of data is essential. Foundation technology was created to replace incompatible networks and systems with an open, fully integrated architecture for information integration and distributed, real-time control. With Foundation technology, users gained the power to implement tightly integrated digital control based on unified system architecture and a high-speed backbone for plant operations. This, in turn, removed the previously experienced constraints on device and subsystem interoperability.

Milestones
The Fieldbus Foundation achieved many important milestones along the way to the maturity and success of Foundation technology. These included:
 * Completion of H1 draft preliminary specifications, May 1995
 * Demonstration of H1 technology at Monsanto Chocolate Bayou, October 1996
 * Registration of the first H1 fieldbus products, September 1998
 * Completion of High Speed Ethernet (HSE) draft preliminary specifications, September 1999
 * Registration of the first HSE linking devices, May 2001
 * Demonstration of HSE and Flexible Function Blocks (FFBs) at ISP Lima, May 2005
 * Completion of Foundation for SIF protocol specifications, 2005
 * Demonstration of Foundation for Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF) technology at Shell Global Solutions, Amsterdam, May 2008
 * Registration of the first H1 fieldbus cable, Oct. 2008
 * Launch of collaborative initiative with ISA to implement wireless backhaul networks, Oct. 2008
 * Release of SIF final technical specifications, Jan. 2009
 * Announcement of first educational institutions offering certified Foundation Fieldbus training, Mar. 2009
 * Fieldbus Foundation joins expanded Field Device Integration (FDI) industry initiative, Dec. 2009
 * Registration of first fieldbus devices incorporating advanced field diagnostics, Nov. 2010
 * Release of High Speed Ethernet Remote I/O (HSE-RIO) preliminary specification, Dec. 2010
 * Registration of first hosts incorporating host profile 61b, April 2011
 * Announcement of Foundation for Remote Operations Management (ROM) solution, Dec. 2011
 * Registration of first H1 isolated device couplers, Sept. 2012
 * Approval of wireless backhaul architecture model developed in collaboration with ISA
 * First field demonstration of Foundation for ROM technology, conducted by Petrobras in Brazil, April 2013
 * Launch of Project Gemstone to make the digital fieldbus automation experience easier, May 2013

Critical to the industry's acceptance of the technology was its standardization by recognized international governing bodies. These include: The IEC voted to include the Foundation H1 and HSE specifications in the IEC 61158 international fieldbus standard. The CENELEC Technical Bureau added the Foundation H1 specifications to the EN 50170 Euronorm. In addition, Foundation H1 is the only implementation of the ANSI/ISA-50.02 standard.
 * American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/International Society of Automation (ISA), September 1992
 * International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), December 1999
 * European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), March 2000

Foundation for Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF)
The Fieldbus Foundation’s Foundation for SIF development project achieved its first major milestone at the end of 2003 with approval of the overall system concept by TÜV Rheinland Industrie Service GmbH, Automation, Software and Information Technology, a global, independent and accredited testing agency .In early 2006, the foundation announced that TÜV had granted Protocol Type Approval for its fieldbus specifications. TÜV Type Approval helps meet the growing worldwide demand for commercial, standards-based safety instrumentation incorporating Foundation technology. Foundation for SIF technology meets the rigorous requirements of the IEC 61508 standard for functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic safety-related systems, up to, and including, Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 3. In addition, end users can build systems per the IEC 61511 standard covering SIF functional safety in the process industries (IEC 61511 is available as the ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 standard). International end user associations such as NAMUR (Germany) and JEMIMA (Japan) have voiced support for Foundation technology, and provided input from the end user community that aided in specification development. Approval and support by key international industry bodies gave users the confidence that their investments in Foundation control solutions were based on recognized global standards.

Foundation for Remote Operations Management (ROM)
One of the fastest growing segments in the world of process automation is remote operations management. As the name implies, remote operations refers to the management of automation assets that are located in or are dispersed throughout remote geographic locations where it is difficult or impossible to send personnel. This is not limited to remote offshore oil platforms and oil and gas pipelines. It can also include tank farms and terminals, water and wastewater treatment facilities, and any industry or application that requires remote access to automation assets Foundation for Remote Operations Management (ROM) is a suite of technologies and additions to the Foundation Fieldbus specification that provide for both a wireless and wired infrastructure for remote assets and applications. Foundation for ROM provides for direct access to information and diagnostics in wireless and remote I/O devices. Conversely, Foundation for ROM can take the data from those devices and place into the Foundation Fieldbus environment for data management and quality. Foundation Fieldbus is much more than just a communications protocol. The user layer allows for all kinds of flexibility and standardization of data management, and it is all built around the requirements of process automation. Foundation for Remote Operations Management provides an open path for integration of multiple wireless and wired networks, from conventional remote I/O to ISA 100.11a and WirelessHART™, and enables direct access to device information and diagnostics. It extends the range and capabilities of Foundation fieldbus to encompass many more devices throughout the plant — regardless of their communications technology.

Remote I/O Integration
The interface for conventional wired remote I/O and wired HART, dubbed RIO, was launched back in 2007. The HSE remote I/O (HSE RIO) specification allows end users to access high data requirement devices directly in the fieldbus host system via HSE high-speed fieldbus. The remote I/O specification allows all forms of conventional I/O to be brought into the native fieldbus environment easily. This solution makes discrete-in, discrete-out, analog-in, analog-out and Foundation H1 available over a common Ethernet network. Fieldbus Foundation released the Remote I/O portion of the specification in April 2011.

Wired and WirelessHART Integration
In September 2011, Fieldbus Foundation announced the preliminary specification addressing fieldbus transducer blocks for wired HART and WirelessHART devices, together with updates to the WIO System Architecture and WIO Data Structures related to the transducer block specification. The wired and WirelessHART technical specification defines a fieldbus transducer block used to represent HART devices within Foundation for ROM devices. Both wired HART and WirelessHART devices may be represented in this block. In addition, the specification describes the expected method for HART configuration tools and asset-managing hosts to access HART devices using the native HART command protocol transported through the Foundation High Speed Ethernet (HSE) network. The specification also defines structures to identify and maintain HART device status in wired multi-drop networks as well as in WirelessHART mesh networks connected to Foundation for Remote Operations Management devices.

ISA 100.11a Integration
The ISA 100.11a phase of the project has also made considerable progress in the integration of the ISA 100.11a wireless sensor network into the Foundation Fieldbus infrastructure. The draft preliminary specification has been completed, with preliminary specification, testing, and final specification to be completed within a year. Similar to WirelessHART devices, ISA 100.11a devices will be represented as transducer blocks in Foundation ROM devices.

HSE Backhaul team
In late 2008, Fieldbus Foundation and ISA entered into a cross-licensing agreement allowing the two organizations to collaborate on wireless networks. This agreement will assist the ISA100.15 working group in developing a wireless backhaul standard. Backhaul networks integrated remote locations and applications with central control facilities. The Foundation for ROM specification provides for HSE as the backhaul network for remote applications, available in both wired and wireless configurations. Future Integration of

Additional Networks
Foundation for ROM allows for future integration of other networks aside from ISA 100.11a, WirelessHART, and others. Future candidates include networks such as Modbus. The future potential to integrate a huge variety of networks is unlimited.

title: Fieldbus Foundation


text:
User talk:Eugcc

an alien species that thrives around voltage and silicon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Eugcc


text:
User:Americanus/war

Historically, wars have been fought for resources. Resources include:

 * Food
 * Shelter
 * Water
 * Land
 * Money
 * Raw Materials
 * Oil
 * Animals
 * People

After reading the article of war, it seemed to me that some things were missing. After examining the history, I discovered some items that seemed to be deleted from the War article. An account of these follows:

Americanus Hypothesis
A living thing will by nature do everything in its power to survive.

Imagine yourself in front of a button. If you press the button, you will be killed. If you don't press the button, a stranger will be killed. If you push the button, you are choosing compassion. If you don't push the button, you are choosing survival.

Jesus and Ghandi taught that compassion is always the correct choice.

War is when a group decides that survival (or life) is a higher value than compassion. All groups with this value system are at war.

In order to avoid conflict, groups must work together to ensure that all groups will survive.

The purpose of this project is to ensure that all groups will survive, avoid conflict, and prosper.

It is not necessary to end war in order to have periods free from conflict.

A long term goal is to end war all together. In order to do this, each group must decide that compassion is a higher value than survival (or life).

Marxist theories
The economic theories also form a part of the Marxist theory of war, which argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. Further, wars are a natural outgrowth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs.

Biological theories
All living organisms reproduce until their size or their numbers exceed their food supply, unless kept in check by predators or by natural disasters. For most living organisms, predators are the primary population control. The world is not overrun by rabbits thanks to wolves. Rabbits in Australia, and deer in Vermont, are good examples of what happens in the absence of predators.

Man has no natural predators other than disease, and disease has not, historically, limited human population growth effectively. After even so devastating a disease as the Black Plague, human population quickly returned to the maximum sustainable level. This maximum sustainable human population remained relatively constant for all the millennia between the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

Various animal species have developed various ways of coping with overpopulation. Some animals eat their young, when kept in overcrowded conditions. Men fight wars. Lacking effective predators, man must be a wolf to man. If war was universal, rather than almost universal, alternative theories might explain war.

There are two exceptions to the otherwise universal rule that wars occur at all times and in all places. The first was the Pax Romana, which coincided with the invention of the sheepskin condom. The second is the current peace in Japan, the United States, Europe, and Australia, which has lasted for more than fifty years, as of 2005, and which coincided with the invention of the birth control pill.

George Orwell
In Nineteen_Eighty-Four, George Orwell talks about war being used as one of many ways to distract people. To inspire fear and hate among the people under the government. The meaning of war had become misleading.

 * It does not matter whether the war is actually happening, and, since no decisive victory is possible, it does not matter whether the war is going well or badly. All that is needed is that a state of war should exist. The splitting of the intelligence which the Party requires of its members, and which is more easily achieved in an atmosphere of war, is now almost universal, but the higher up the ranks one goes, the more marked it becomes.

 * The war is waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not to make or prevent conquests of territory, but to keep the structure of society intact. The very word 'war', therefore, has become misleading.

 * It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never has been altered in any specific instance. For when it has been recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new version is the past, and no different past can ever have existed.George Orwell aka Eric Blair: "1984"

Conquest
Many wars have begun with the goal, stated or unstated, of capturing land, labor or wealth for the aggressor. For instance, the Spanish conquest of Peru claimed the wealth and territory of the Inca Empire. See also: colonialism, imperialism.

The United Nations and War
The structured international system and the United Nations were principally created to find ways of avoiding war in general, but more specificially, total war on the scale seen during World War II. The Charter of the United Nations begins:

"WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind,"''.

It is a historical irony to note that the organization which was created to prevent war has bore witness to over 700 wars or civil conflicts since its founding, while approving just two - the Korean War and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Most countries do not seek Security Council approval for waging war, although sometimes, as in the case of the War on Terror in Afghanistan, the UN Security Council will issue resolutions in support of a particular side.

Some examples are:
 * The Iraq-Iran War
 * The Argentine invasion in the Falklands War
 * The Second Congo War
 * The American interventions in Grenada, Panama, and the US Invasion of Afghanistan in response to the attacks of September 11th pp2001]].

Even coalitions of countries waging wars typically dodge UNSC approval in pursuit of higher objectives. Three examples of this are:
 * The Egypt-Syrian-Jordanian alliance of the Six Day War in 1967
 * NATO during Operation Allied Force in 1999
 * The Coalition of the Willing during the 2003 Iraq War.

The legality of all international conflicts not approved by the United Nations is an ongoing legal, and often very political dispute. Some nations such as Canada and Germany, and organizations such as Amnesty International, the UN Secretariat and the Non-Aligned Movement maintain that the United Nations must approve all wars for them to be legitimate. Others such as the United States and the United Kingdom say they reserve the right, as soverign nations, to engage in military conflicts without approval, especially in cases of national defense (the doctrine of pre-emptive war is an outgrowth of this.

France, Russia, China and NATO (as an institution, not as member states) are likley somewhere in between depending if the conflict is in what they perceive to be their respective spheres of influence. These positions were shaped before the very devisive Iraq War and have led to discontinuity in stance on the issue. Most notably, the 1999 Kosovo War (also known as Operation Allied Force was waged by the NATO Alliance without (and some might claim in defiance of) UN approval, with the full participation of France, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and with the tacit approval of Russia. In the West, it is seen as a humanitarian intervention to stop ethnic cleansing. In many other parts of the world, it was seen as a war of aggression. Thus the political situation in a war being deemed legal or illegal, just or unjust, is just as significant, if not more so than what the letter of the law says.

It is likley that, despite the letter of the law in the form of the United Nations charter, the ability for states to wage war will remain, in practice, a soverign right. The subsequent debate about legitimacy of conflicts without UN approval is likely to be the sum of many factors, including the overall political, economic and military power of the parties in the conflict, the scale of the military conflict, the harm or good it might do the world economy, the prior and subsequent human rights situations and the precipitating factors that led to the outbreak of war in the first place.

title: User:Americanus/war


text:
Talk:Aerobatic maneuver

Untitled
I thought I would put down some of my ideas for this page. If you disagree then lets chat about it and hopefully we can improve this section of the Wiki. Daleh 12:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

= Aditivos ando To-Do l--190.28.134.16 (talk) 05:21, 15 July 2013 (UTC)ist =
 * Alphabetacise the list of figures, or at least put them in some order. -- DONE 9-28-05
 * Give each figure a brief description, but have a link to a page with further details.
 * Further details can be the how and why: Explanation of flight dynamics, gyroscopic moments, etc.
 * Possibly add either the Aresti symbols or some sort of diagram
 * Links to the Aresti Catalogue
 * Refrences

--

Made changes to the "Hammerhead" paragraph - Previous text was technically incorrect and misleading in description. Wrote article about Lomcevaks.

InvertedSpin 03:37, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Even though it tries to explain the terms, it uses terms that are not accessible enough. I was totally lost by the explanation of a cuban eight, and even the first term uses "maximum climb" as though it was perfectly obvious what that was. Keep it accessible, use words like "up" and "down" and "really fast" if you have to :) Stevage 09:50, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Major change
I have begun tabulating the figures from the bulleted lists. The list was looking untidy, and the only neat way to add images was to use a table. The main headings are alphabetacised, while the sub figures (eg the Cubans) are in a mostly logical order. I am using cropped Olan gifs. See the actual Images page to look at the credits and also the naming scheme. The figures should be vectorised but I do not have the correct software. It would be nice to add a "ribbon" style diagram that would be truer to the shape of the figures as well as the Aresti symbols. (i.e. a fourth column.) Anyone good at that kind of art? If anyone has any objections to these changes please let me know. Daleh 21:39, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Request from Ramstein airshow disaster
Could someone that is skilled in the Aresti notation please help to produce an illustration of the maneuver that lead to the Ramstein airshow disaster. We currently have one fair use image of the maneuver: Image:Cardioid.jpg, but it will have to be replaced as it does not fulfill WP:FUC. --  rxnd  ( t  |  €  |  c  ) 21:50, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Wing-over/Chandelle needs a graphic
Some sort of graphic illustrating the wing-over maneuver would greatly contribute to the meaning of that term. Even a link to a reliable video would be helpful. The description really doesn't fully explain it to a reader. --Khatores (talk) 21:34, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

 * History: The Smithsonian Institution and Museum in Washington DC, shows a list of the first people in looping the loop around the World. Number six in the World, first in Spain in doing this aerobatic manoeuvre was Manuel Zubiaga-Aldecoa, with a Bristol airplane of his property. It seems that the achievement was unintended, and took place when the pilot fully opened the throttle of his airplane engine, the machine circling the figure by its own. Someone said that if the Wright brothers first airplane had had a more powerful engine, it would have looped the loop too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jgrosay (talk • contribs) 11:55, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Needs more basic information.
I have added a section that actually (attempts to) explain what the terms "loop", "roll", "spin", and "hammerhead" mean, as it doesn't say anywhere on the page what those actually are, only that maneuvers are made out of these component parts. It just so happens that I got to this page because I was trying to find out what a Hammerhead turn was. It didn't help at all. (Incidentally, there is a page on the Stall turn, but it is so technical it was not entirely clear even to me who knows a little about aviation. There is also a page explaining what a Spin (flight) is, but no link to that page here. "Loop" and "Roll" just bring you back to the page on Aerobatic maneuver. Big help. I remember a time when I wasn't clear on what a spin was, or which one was a loop and which was a roll. I recall coming here to this page and not learning much. A lot of people coming to this page are likely in the same position. It is annoying. Thus, I have taken it upon myself to add a section attempting to explain in simple terms what these elementary maneuvers are, and supplying links to the few pages out there that pertain to the subject, if anyone wished to read further on the matter. There is no page for "roll" and "loop", so what people read here is all they are going to get. It's not great, but it's the best I could manage, and it was hard to keep it as short as I did. If anyone wishes to improve it or correct any of the details I added, feel free, but please don't just delete it, because there ARE people out there who don't know this stuff and would like to learn. If there isn't any other page explaining what a "loop" is, it ought to be said here, or at least there ought to be a link to a place that does say what it is. I bet the Simple English wiki has a good basic explanation....45Colt 18:20, 15 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by .45Colt (talk • contribs)

Stall turn
When I was a passenger for aerobatics in air cadets, every time they did a stall turn the engine stopped on the way up and restarted on the way down. Could this be why it's called a stall turn? Yevad (talk) 13:01, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

 * No. It is usually a very bad idea to shut the engine down in mid-flight. (What if it doesn't start back up?) Older, post WWII, planes did not even have starters; you actually needed to climb out of the plane and spin the prop by hand to start them, which is extremely difficult to do in the air. What you most likely heard was the pilot cutting off the throttle, causing the engine to slow down but not to stop, and the reapplication of throttle after the maneuver was done.
 * ...but the prop always stopped and everything went very quiet. The aircraft was a DeHavilland Chipmunk.  I don't remember if they cut the throttle or not but I do remember the engine restarting when you were facing downwards, I always presumed that the airflow turned the prop and gave a similar effect to bump starting a car.  Yevad (talk) 19:35, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * It's possible to start a jet engine by diving; especially if it's a turbofan. (See Windmill start.) I've never heard it done with a turboprop, though. The problem with props is that they're designed more like a wing than a fan (props pull, fans push), so there is not as much radial force from oncoming wind. The problem with reciprocating engines is that darn compression stroke, and I've never heard of the radial force of a stationary prop in the wind being able to overcome it, certainly not enough to start the plane without a starter. To push-start a car it needs a clutch, so you can get it up to speed before popping the clutch, generating enough force to turn over the engine. Planes don't have clutches.Zaereth (talk) 07:02, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Stalling in an aircraft does not refer to the engine, but to aerodynamic stalls. This happens when the plane loses lift and begins falling instead of flying. Zaereth (talk) 16:52, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I know the difference between an engine stall and aerodynamic stall :p Yevad (talk) 19:35, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * However, I might add that there is such a thing as a propeller stall (prop plane) and a compressor stall (jet plane). However, both of these are also variations of aerodynamic stalls. A prop can stall if the tips of the propeller begin to break the speed of sound. The same can happen to the vanes of an axial compressor, especially at high-altitude, high-g turns. This causes the jet to go Phhht ... Phhht ... Phhht ..., instead of a smooth stream and can lead to engine shut-downs. It was a big problem on the older F100 engines until the introduction of variable vanes. Zaereth (talk) 18:32, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) Yevad (talk) 19:35, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * No, you would not shut down the engine while doing a stall turn in a Chipmunk. The Chipmunk can be a little tricky to stall turn because of the effect of the propeller slipstream (the vortex of air created by the propeller) at low speeds and high throttle. The Chipmunk is much easier to stall turn to the right than it is to the left.

 * The procedure for a stall turn in a Chipmunk is as follows. First, go full throttle and dive to achieve and entry speed of at least 120 knots. Keep the throttle full, and pull up to a vertical attitude and zero bank. You'll need to keep slight forward-stick pressure to maintain attitude. In a vertical climb, bank is controlled with rudder. When the speed begins to run out, progressively apply rudder to swing the nose over. As the aircraft yaws, it will start to roll, so slight aileron will need to be applied, countering the roll, to keep the yaw a nice, even, banking turn.

 * For a right turn, when the nose is even with the horizon cut the throttle, to give a smooth transition as it drops through the horizon to vertical. Opposite rudder should be applied to reduce nose oscillations when nose-down vertical is reached.

 * For a left turn, slowly begin cutting the throttle as soon as the turn starts (in the nose-up, vertical position), timing it so the throttle is fully closed when the plane has yawed to a horizontal position (nose even with the horizon). If this is not done, the propeller slipstream will prevent the stall-turn to the left. At no time during any of this should you shut down the engine.

 * To exit, dive to regain speed, then pull up to a horizontal attitude. Check oil pressure, and reapply throttle when oil pressure returns to normal. Hope that helps. Zaereth (talk) 02:32, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I talked to a friend of mine who used to fly Chipmunks. He says that fuel starvation of the engine is a common problem during aerobatic maneuvers in this particular plane, causing the symptoms just as you described. Zaereth (talk) 00:18, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the insight. I'm wondering how the pilots used to restart the engine.  Excuse my ignorance, the planes were always up and running when we got in, but do they have an electric starter motor? Yevad (talk) 12:23, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * What would typically happen is that the engine would loose fuel in an excessively negative G maneuver, causing it to hesitate (hiccup) but usually not to fully stop. In a high-speed maneuver, even if the engine dies, the prop may keep rotating due to the windmill effect and because the prop never lost rotational speed. In a low speed maneuver, especially one below stall speed, the prop may stop completely. Then you're in trouble, because you'd have to dive well beyond VNE (Velocity never to exceed) in the hopes of generating enough force to overcome the compression stroke of the engine. Fortunately, your Chipmunk was probably equipped with an electric starter, a Coffman starter, or both. By your description, I'm thinking it was more of a hiccup situation, as a full engine-stop would be highly unusual and cause for great concern.

 * I hope that helps. Unfortunately, this conversation has nothing to do with improving the article, so that will be all I'm going to give. There are many forums out there better suited to this type of conversation. Zaereth (talk) 19:40, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the help folks. Sorry to detract from the primary subject of this page.Yevad (talk) 22:49, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Looking for 'Bent Loop'.
According to the BBC a crash at a UK airshow happened while a pilot was "performing a manoeuvre [ ] known as a bent loop..." https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-46882177 So I came to wikipedia hoping to discover exactly how such a manoeuvre differs from other types of loop. Does anyone here know what it means? Is bent loop an actual technical term? Is it a British name for a thing also known by another name? So far searching here reveals no relevant results.86.155.27.134 (talk) 18:44, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * That's one of those things that's almost too subtle to be called an individual maneuver of its own. I've never heard it called anything before today (except maybe a screwed-up loop), so it may be a British thing, or even a name given by the pilot himself. This is basically something between a loop and a barrel roll, but closer to a loop. (Much less roll than a barrel roll attack.) Basically, you perform a loop like normal, but when nearly inverted (45 to 60 degrees above the horizon) you start to roll the plane slowly as you loop. You can imagine the path flown to look something like a hula-hoop that has been cut open, and the two cut-ends are pulled slightly apart (laterally) so that the circle is no longer in alignment but shaped more like a spring (the loop is bent). Actually, "screwed loop" wouldn't be bad either, as you can also picture it like threads on a screw rather than a perfect circle. Not to mention it's easy to screw-up a loop that way by accidentally applying aileron. Zaereth (talk) 20:44, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your explanation, that's interesting & informative for me. I suppose there will be so many variations on standard manoeuvres that it would be impractical to include everything in an article like this, so I'll leave it to specialists to decide whether it needs a mention here. I have now though found a page currently entitled '2015 Shoreham Airshow crash' which at some point might benefit from an explanation if a suitable citation could be found.86.155.27.134 (talk) 23:09, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. Both there and here, lack of suitable citations are indeed the problem. Zaereth (talk) 23:15, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

 * The manuever was probably intended to be a quarter cloverleaf.
 * Source for relation to 2015 Shoreham Airshow crash- https://www.pilotweb.aero/safety/shoreham-airshow-disaster-hearing-set-for-november-1-4708105
 * I've spoken to a British aerobatic pilot, and he's never heard of a "bent loop" - possibly this is a term invented by a journalist. (Hohum @ ) 21:16, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Correction, the "bent loop" term was coined in the AAIB report on the crash. Essentially, a bent loop being like a quarter cloverleaf, except instead of being a 90 degree difference between entry and exit direction, it's whatever direction change is required. (Hohum @ ) 21:26, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerobatic maneuver


text:
Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) is an autonomous district council administering the Tiprasa-dominated areas of the state of Tripura, India. Its council and assembly are situated in Khumulwng, a town 26 km away from Agartala, the state capital.

Presently, with the result of 2021 ADC election held at 6 April, Tipraland State Party has emerged as the majority with 18 seats along with its ally The Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra. This is the maiden win of the Tipraland State Party which was formed by former Tripura Civil Services Officer & Presently Member Tripura State Legislative Assembly Chitta Ranjan Debbarma from Ambassa (ST) Assembly Constituency. The Chairman of Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance, Pradyot Bikram Manikya is to become the CEM of the newly elected Council. However, Purna Chandra Jamatia was chosen as the Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council for the first time.

In the 2005 elections to the TTAADC the Left Front won 24 seats out of the 28 elected seats and the Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra four. The Left Front and INPT had contested within the framework of an electoral understanding.

The term of the previous council ended on 17 May 2020 and following the postponement of elections for a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic, TTAADC is currently under Governor's rule until a new council can be elected. However, in the 2021 ADC election the Left Front has drawn blank failing to win a single seat.Tipra Motha Party (TMP) was formed in 2023 just one month before the state assembly elections of Tripura. Ref. Election commission of India.

The TTAADC is set to be renamed the Tipra Territorial Council (TTC), as part of a general reorganization which will also expand the council's powers and increase the number of seats on it from 28 elected and 2 appointed to 44 elected and 6 appointed.

History
The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) Act 1979 was passed by the Indian parliament after a series of democratic movements launched by the Indigenous people of Tripura, under the provision of the 6th scheduled of the Indian constitution. The principal objective behind setting up the autonomous district council is to empower the Indigenous people to govern themselves and also to bring all round developments of the backward people so as to protect and preserve their culture, customs, and traditions. But it actually came into being on 15 January 1982 and elected members were sworn in on 18 January 1982. Later, it was upgraded under the provision of the 6th schedule of the Indian constitution by the 49th constitution (Amendment) act, 1984; with effect from 1 April 1985.

Total area
The total area of the TTAADC is 7,132.56 km2., which covers about 68% of the total area (10,491 km2) of the state.

About 70% of land under TTAADC is covered by hilly forest, whereas all the plain cultivable land including all the districts and sub-divisional headquarters are outside the purview of.

Population
The population of the TTAADC area is 12,16,465 out of which the Scheduled Tribes are 10,21,560, i.e. 83.4% of the population in the TTAADC area.

In the total population of 3,673,917 of Tripura (as per 2011 census) the total population of Scheduled Tribes is 1,166,813 (31.76%). Therefore, the number of Scheduled Tribes of the state who reside in the TTAADC area is 87.55% of the total Indigenous population of Tripura.

Executive Committee
TTAADC has a regular administrative structure. The Executive committee composed of 10 members and chief executive officer (CEO) is the head of the Administration. The executive powers are vested with the executive committee, which is headed by the Chief Executive Member (CEM), who is elected from among the Treasury Bench members.

The Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India provides ample powers to the district council for self-Governance of the Indigenous Tipra population of the state. The district council has its own powers to appoint its own staff in terms of requirement and appointment rules. The council administration is headed by the chief executive officer and a deputy chief executive officer of TCS Grade-I and 6 executive officers, for executive departments such as Administration, Finance, Rural Development, Planning and Coordination etc.

The Executive committee of the TTAADC was formed by notification of the CEO on 23 April 2021 by TIPRA, the winning party alliance after getting elected and installed by the Governor of the state. The list of the Executive members are as follows:

Administrative structure
Administration of TTAADC and its subordinate offices are managed from its headquarters in Khumulwng, West Tripura. Chief Executive Officer, TTAADC is responsible for day to day administrative functions who is further supported by Addl CEO, Dy CEO and a number of Principal Officers and Executive Officers. At grassroots level, there are 527 Village councils functioning as primary units as institutions of local self governance similar to Gram Panchayats in Non- ADC areas. For administrative supervision, the TTAADC has following field offices as indicated in Table below.

DEPARTMENTS
There are different departments headed by a Principal Officer as the departmental head. The departments are:
 * 1) Agriculture,
 * 2) ARDD
 * 3) Co-Operative
 * 4) Education
 * 5) Fisheries
 * 6) Forest,
 * 7) Health and Family Welfare,
 * 8) Industry,
 * 9) Kokborok, Indigenous Languages Research
 * 10) Land Records and Settlement,
 * Law,
 * 1) S & YP
 * 2) Tribal Welfare
 * 3) Village Committee
 * 4) Public Works Department
 * 5) ICA & T
 * 6) RURAL DEVELOPMENT
 * 7) SW & SE
 * RD
 * 1) SCIENCE & TECH
 * 2) INDUSTRIES

Zonal Development Office
There are eight Zonal Development Offices along with 44 Sub-Zonal Development Offices for the development works of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council areas. There are also Zonal Advisory Committee having one chairman and eight Committee Members in each zone.

Sub-Zonal Development Office
The Sub-Zonal Development Offices are as follows :

 * 1) Khumulwng
 * 2) BELBARI
 * 3) SUMILI
 * 4) DAKDU TWISA
 * 5) HEZAMARA
 * 6) ABHICHARAN
 * 7) MANDWI
 * 8) Baijalbari
 * 9) Mungiakami
 * 10) TWIMADHU
 * 11) BACHAIBARI
 * 12) TULASIKOK
 * 13) DUSKI
 * 14) MOHANBHOG
 * 15) Bishramganj
 * 16) PROMODH NAGAR
 * 17) JAMPUIJALA
 * 18) GABORDI
 * 19) B C Manu
 * 20) Kaladepa
 * 21) Manubankul
 * 22) RATANPUR
 * 23) KALSIMUKH
 * 24) Dalak
 * 25) GURAKAPPA
 * 26) Killa
 * 27) AMPI
 * 28) GARJEE
 * 29) MARANDI
 * 30) Gandacharra
 * 31) Raisyabari
 * 32) Gonganagar
 * 33) Sikaribari
 * 34) AMBASA
 * 35) CHAWMANU
 * 36) MANU
 * 37) Maharani
 * 38) Dumacharra
 * 39) Vangmun
 * 40) DASDA
 * 41) Noagang
 * 42) LALJURI
 * 43) Rajkandi
 * 44) MACHMARA

Legislative Wing
The TTAADC is governed by a council which has 30 members. Out of 30 members, 28 members are elected through adult suffrage, while 2 members are nominated by the governor of Tripura. Out of 28 elected seats, 25 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes who are the Indigenous Tipra-people of Tripura.

The Legislative Department of the district council is headed by the chairman, who summons the meeting of the council from time to time in connection with approval of budget, discussion on bills, rules and regulations submitted by the treasury bench and passing of the same thereof.

The council consists of 30 members, out of which 28 members are elected by adult franchise and 2 members are nominated by the governor of Tripura.

The chairman has his own secretariat headed by the secretary to the district council.

Elections
The details of various elections are as follows:

 * 2021 TTAADC Election
 * 2015 TTAADC Election
 * 2010 TTAADC Election

Constituencies
The name of the constituencies i.e. total 30 members out of which are elected by adult franchise and 2 members are as follows.

Judiciary Wing
Paragraph 4 and 5 of the Sixth Schedule provides for administration of justice in Autonomous areas. Under the above paragraphs, the ADCs are empowered to constitute Courts for trials of cases between parties belonging to Scheduled Tribe Communities.

Administrative
A) The following matters are under the exclusive control and administration of the council :

 * 1) Allotment, occupation, use or using a part of land other than reserved forests ;
 * 2) Management of forests not being reserved forest ;
 * 3) Use of canal water & water course for agriculture ;
 * 4) Jhum ;
 * 5) Village Committee or council ;
 * 6) Any other matter relating to administration including public health and sanitation.

B) The Council may establish or manage :

 * 1) Primary schools ;
 * 2) Dispensaries ;
 * 3) Markets ;
 * 4) Cattle pounds ;
 * 5) Fisheries ;
 * 6) Ferries ;
 * 7) Roads ;
 * 8) Road transport and waterways.

C) The Government may entrust functions relating to the following matters to the Council :

 * 1) Agriculture ;
 * 2) Animal Resource Development ;
 * 3) Community Projects ;
 * 4) Co-operative Societies ;
 * 5) Social Welfare ;
 * 6) Village Planning ;
 * 7) Fisheries ;
 * 8) Plantations ;
 * 9) Any other matter to which the executive power of the state extends.

Legal
A) The council has Powers to frame laws in the following matters with the approval of Governor :

 * 1) Inheritance of property of schedule tribes ;
 * 2) Marriage and divorce where any party belongs to a schedule tribes ;
 * 3) Social customs of schedule tribes ;
 * 4) Allotment, occupation, use or setting apart of all lands other than reserve forests ;
 * 5) Management of forest other than reserve forest ;
 * 6) Use of canal or water courses for purposes of agriculture ;
 * 7) Jhum ;
 * 8) Village Committees or Council ;
 * 9) Any other matter relating to administration including public health and sanitation;

B) The Council may regulate and control :

 * 1) Money lending ;
 * 2) Trade.

C) The Council may, with previous approval of the Government make regulation for administration and control of :

 * 1) Primary schools ;
 * 2) Dispensaries ;
 * 3) Markets ;
 * 4) Cattle Pounds ;
 * 5) Ferries ;
 * 6) Fisheries ;
 * 7) Roads ;
 * 8) Road transport and waterways.

Financial
A) The Council shall get a share of :

 * 1) Forest royalties ;
 * 2) Royalties accruing each year from licensing or lease for the purpose of projecting for, or the extraction of minerals granted by the state government.

B) The Council shall have the powers to levy and collect the faxes :

 * 1) For maintenance of schools, dispensaries or roads ;
 * 2) On entry of goods into markets and tolls on passengers and goods carried in ferries ;
 * 3) On animals, vehicles and boats :
 * 4) On professional trades, callings and employments.

Relationship with Panchayat
Before the establishment of the district council, villages included in its jurisdiction had Gram panchayats like the rest of the state. Following the establishment of the council, Tripura Panchayat Raj Act ceased to operate in that area and there was no village level body- elected or otherwise. In 2006, the State Government decided to hold elections to the Village Councils by treating them on par with village Panchayats in other parts of the State taking the view that nothing in Sixth Schedule precludes such a course of action. The Autonomous Council is, however, as of 2009, yet to transfer any functions to these newly established Councils.

Rural Development Blocks within TTAADC
West Tripura district
 * Lefunga
 * Hezamara
 * Jampuijola
 * Mandwi
 * Mungiakami
 * Padmabil
 * Tulashikhor
 * Bishramganj Amtali/Gulaghati

North Tripura district
 * Damcherra
 * Jampui Hill
 * Pecharthal
 * Dasda

South Tripura district
 * Ompinagar
 * Killa
 * Karbook
 * Rupaichhori

Dhalai district (Pecharthal RD Block was created bifurcating the Dasda RD Block on 28 November 1994. At that time this block consisted of 22 (Twenty Two) Nos. ADC Villages. On 1 April 1999, this block was again bifurcated and Damcherra RD Block was created comprising 9 (Nine) Nos. ADC Villages. Thereafter, Pecharthal RD Block consisted of 13 Nos. ADC Villages and again 1 (One) ADC Village namely Joymanipara ADC Village has been excluded from Pecharthal RD Block in recent re-organization of District and Sub-Divisions. At present, Pecharthal RD Block consists of 12 (Twelve) Nos. of ADC Villages under Kumarghat Sub-Division, Unakoti District (w.e.f. 01-01-2012 ). The Block area is mainly dominated by Chakma Tribes, other Sub-Tribes found in this Block area are Reang, Tripuri and Darlong community.)
 * Chhawmanu
 * Manu
 * Dumburnagar
 * Salema
 * Ambassa
 * Ganganagar
 * Raisyabari


text:
Talk:Traci Bingham

Race
Removed redundant "She is African-American." as that is also stated in "She is 1/4 African American." 72.191.121.65 01:47, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Harvard Extension school
Removing sentence about Harvard Extension. That info can be found at linked page for said subject. Also removing POV statement about what constitutes a "Harvard drop-out", no source to back that definition up. Sorry. --149.159.1.209 20:58, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Remove Harvard from article
Traci never completed the prerequisite admission requirements to apply for the degree program at HES. She just took some classes there. Attending HES does not make one a Harvard student. If she had applied to one of the formal degree programs administered by the Extension School, then she would've been considered a student. Only degree candidates who meet certain admission requirements are considered students of Harvard.

High School
I don't feel like looking for a source, so I'm not going to add this to the page, but she went to the same high school and studied with the same acting teacher as Ben and Casey Affleck, Matt Damon, and Max Casella. Her tenure there probably overlapped with Matt's and Max's, but not Ben's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.233.54 (talk) 06:33, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Dating
Bingham has admitted on the Howard Stern show that she prefers dating white men.

 * This is not true. Dumaka (talk) 13:12, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Nevermind. I guess it is true. Dumaka (talk) 13:15, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Adult film actress
She's also a porn actress. Google her. 107.19.189.169 (talk) 01:29, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Litbreeze's edits

 * Welcome to Wikipedia. As a veteran editor, let me see if I can address each of the points you raised in your recent edits to Traci Bingham, including the ones in which you reverted my edits :

Wikipedia's policy on reliable sources requires that the material in its articles, especially (thought not solely) contentious or controversial material, especially about living people, be supported by inline citations of reliable, secondary sources -- that is, sources that generally have a reputation for reliability. For material that states that an article subject signed a contract to participate in a hardcore pornographic photoshoot and that they reneged on it, thus requiring legal action, such sources would have to be excellent. TMZ.com is absolutely not considered reliable for such material, as indicated during numerous discussion at the Reliable Sources Noticeboard:, , , , , etc.
 * Reliable Sources and TMZ.com

A California court's records would be reliable, but the link you added was to the California Superior Court's main page, which is not acceptable. You responded to this by stating, "nightscream don't be lazy. Type in her name in the court link". Actually, Litbreeze, it is you who has to provide the url of the webpage that contains this information. You don't just put the main page of a website in a citation and tell others that they are the ones who have to go searching for it, since it is you who has to establish that that website has that info.
 * Superior Court of California

Also, you make the claim regarding Bingham's name, "It is Traci Vallier in case you don't actually read this wiki". In fact, I have read the article, and prior to your most recent edits, it did not make any mention of her name being Traci Vallier. The only place in the article where the name "Vallier" appeared was in the Infobox, where that was given as the surname of her husband. In addition to there being no citation for her marital status, even if this were true, it does not mean that it is her surname, since female entertainers often retain their maiden names for professional purposes.

As it so happens, I did enter both "Traci Bingham" and "Traci Vallier" in the Superior Court's search engine during my previous edits, and it yielded no result for either name. Why you assume I didn't, I don't know, but if you have the url of the specific webpage that contains that material, then please add it.

Along similar lines, adding arguments and notes to the article body, as you did when you added the text "The facts are established in the court's findings. Enter the name TRACI VALLIER in court search at the court's link provided above." to the article text, is inappropriate. You don't use articles to argue with other editors. If you wish to cite a rationale for edits, you use the edit summary, and if a conflict arise between you and another editor, it should be discussed on a talk page. Such material is not going to remain in the article.

If a reliable source criticized Bingham of hypocrisy for the reasons you state, then including such material would not necessarily be unreasonable in the article. Otherwise, this is your viewpoint, regardless of whether you think it is a "fact", and we do not include editor's viewpoint, as explained by WP:NPOV. Moreover, if a reliable source did make such a claim, it would be explicitly attributed to that source. It will not be stated in Wikipedia's voice as a fact, as you did when you added the text "The facts are established in the court's findings. Enter the name TRACI VALLIER in court search at the court's link provided above."
 * "Hypocrisy"

 * Other edits
 * The subsections you re-added to the article are redundant, and inconsistent with how articles are written elsewhere on Wikipedia. Sections are divided into subsections when they have grown large enough to justify it, and should therefore not be arbitrary. Because the information on Bingham's career can easily be organized chronologically into a decent-sized section, creating sections as little as one sentence for things like "other television" is not justified.
 * Only the first word & proper nouns are capitalized in headings, as explained at WP:SECTIONHEAD.
 * A person's graduation is generally explained by simply giving the year of the event, and not with the unnecessary "class of" format. You can see this by looking at articles of other people on Wikipedia, including entertainers.
 * Regarding the passage "She currently participates in a daily morning broadcast": First of all, the cited source for this is a dead link, and when I looked for replacement sources via Google, I found her described on the station's own website as a "friend of the show", which is another way of saying that she's a "frequent guest", and not a "daily participant", which implies that she is employed as one of the show's hosts. Second, even if we include this, this would be part of her professional career, so why put it back in her Personal life section?
 * Restoring the word "committed" in front of the word "vegetarian" is redundant, and a violation of Wikipedia's requirement that material be worded in a formal tone.

If you want to edit Wikipedia, then please take the time to learn its policies and guidelines. Thank you. Nightscream (talk) 22:47, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

 * We've edited to simply note that TMZ reported on the Court's findings. How's that?  Or can not TMZ report on the court's findings? Litbreeze (talk) 01:42, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The California Court's website does not allow direct link to the case. We've updated the url to do a simple name search of the case:   Vallier, Traci  Litbreeze (talk) 01:42, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Nor does it mean it is not, simply because you can find it Nightscream. Vallier is in fact her legal surname.  She retains her ex husband's last name. Your argument fails to apply the same logic to your point. The CA Court case lists her by her legal name of Vallier as Defendant. We could easily edit and note that ROBB VALLIER is her EX-Husband (spouse from 1998-2001), but apparently you'd revert the edit because we don't provide factual evidence to what is a clear known fact by anyone who knows Traci, or a simple google search, but we don't want to get into a flame war...   Litbreeze (talk) 01:42, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Updated the CA Court url for your ease of finding the Vallier (yes her legal surname although the MA court accepted her stage name of Bingham). Litbreeze (talk) 01:42, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Please do not mutilate my posts by inserting your responses in the middle of them. I prefer to keep my posts intact and separate from those of others.

 * When you say "we've edited", who's "we"? How many people am I speaking with here?

 * TMZ is not a reliable source for contentious material, as I explained to you above, with links to discussions with others who have concurred with this. Your response appears to be to simply ignore this. Why is this?

 * You've added a link to Open Access, which makes no mention of the material in question.

 * You've also completely ignored all the other policies and guidelines pertaining to all the other edits you made. Why is this?

 * I will contact other editors or administrators regarding this matter. Nightscream (talk) 02:47, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Traci Bingham


text:
Foundation Fieldbus

Foundation Fieldbus (styled  Fieldbus) is an all-digital, serial, two-way communications system that serves as the base-level network in a plant or factory automation environment. It is an open architecture, developed and administered by FieldComm Group.

It is targeted for applications using basic and advanced regulatory control, and for much of the discrete control associated with those functions. Foundation Fieldbus technology is mostly used in process industries, but has recently been implemented in powerplants.

Two related implementations of Foundation Fieldbus have been introduced to meet different needs within the process automation environment. These two implementations use different physical media and communication speeds.
 * Foundation Fieldbus H1 - Operates at 31.25 kbit/s and is generally used to connect to field devices and host systems. It provides communication and power over standard stranded twisted-pair wiring in both conventional and intrinsic safety applications. H1 is currently the most common implementation.
 * HSE (High-speed Ethernet) - Operates at 100/1000 Mbit/s and generally connects input/output subsystems, host systems, linking devices and gateways. It doesn't currently provide power over the cable, although work is under way to address this using the IEEE802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard.

Foundation Fieldbus was originally intended as a replacement for the 4-20 mA standard, and today it coexists alongside other technologies such as Modbus, Profibus, and Industrial Ethernet. Foundation Fieldbus today enjoys a growing installed base in many heavy process applications such as refining, petrochemicals, power generation, and even food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and nuclear applications. Foundation Fieldbus was developed over a period of many years by the International Society of Automation, or ISA, as SP50. In 1996 the first H1 (31.25 kbit/s) specifications were released. In 1999 the first HSE (High Speed Ethernet) specifications were released. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard on field bus, including Foundation Fieldbus, is IEC 61158. Type 1 is Foundation Fieldbus H1, while Type 5 is Foundation Fieldbus HSE.

A typical fieldbus segment consists of the following components.
 * H1 card - fieldbus interface card (It is common practice to have redundant H1 cards, but ultimately this is application specific)
 * PS - Bulk power (Vdc) to Fieldbus Power Supply
 * FPS - Fieldbus Power Supply and Signal Conditioner (Integrated power supplies and conditioners have become the standard nowadays)
 * T - Terminators (Exactly 2 terminators are used per fieldbus segment. One at the FPS and one at the furthest point of a segment at the device coupler)
 * LD - Linking Device, alternatively used with HSE networks to terminate 4-8 H1 segments acting as a gateway to an HSE backbone network.
 * And fieldbus devices, (e.g. transmitters, transducers, etc.)

segment diagram on flickr

An explanation of how Foundation Fieldbus works and how it is used in continuous process control is in the Foundation Fieldbus Primer which may be found at the Fieldbus Inc. website.

title: Foundation Fieldbus


text:
Brenda Bufalino

Brenda Bufalino (born September 7, 1937) is an American tap dancer and writer. She co-founded, choreographed and directed the American Tap Dance Foundation, known at the time as the American Tap Dance Orchestra. Bufalino wrote a memoir entitled, Tapping the Source...Tap dance, Stories, Theory and Practice and a book of poems Circular Migrations, both of which have been published by Codhill Press, and the novella Song of the Split Elm, published by Outskirts Press.

She has been awarded The Flobert Award, The Tapestry Award, The Tap City Hall of Fame Award, The Dance Magazine, and the Bessie Award, all for outstanding achievement and contributions to the field of tap dance.

Early life
Bufalino was born September 7, 1937, in Swampscott, Massachusetts. Bufalino came from a family of performers, and started dancing seriously by age five at Professor O’Brien’s Normal School of Dancing six days out of the week. She trained in numerous styles, but tap was deeply instilled in her at a young age. As heard by Bufalino in an interview, “Where I come from, even if you intended a career in ballet, you studied tap first.” As a young girl, Bufalino toured with her mother and aunt in a performing act called The Strickland Sisters. The group combined music, with text and movement; Bufalino would dance while her mother and aunt sung Art Songs.

At age 15, Bufalino commuted to Boston to train at Stanley Brown’s Studio in the city. While at Stanley Brown, Bufalino trained in Afro-Cuban, rhythm tap, jazz, and vaudeville styles. Bufalino stayed in Boston, and danced underaged at bars with The Bobby Clark Dancers. In addition to dancing, each night she would sneak into these clubs after class and rehearsals to listen to the New Orleans jazz and bebop improvisation of saxophone players. Hayes and Bigfords Restaurant became the scene for avant-garde communities to meet and ended up giving Bufalino her first exposure to conversations over philosophy, literature, and art. Her years in Boston shaped her style through music that she loved and experienced in an intimate way that later impacted her tap style.

New York City
Bufalino left for New York City in 1955 to scour the jazz clubs. Shortly after moving, she began dancing at Dance Craft, a dance studio owned by the famous tap dancer, Honi Coles. At age 17, Coles took on Bufalino as his protégé. Bufalino became greatly inspired by Coles’ emphasis on melody and personality. She was eventually invited to perform with the Copasetics, which included tap legends such as Ernest "Brownie" Brown, Chuck Green, Jimmy Slyde and Howard “Sandman” Sims.

While training with Coles, Bufalino continued to stay active in a variety of training. She studied jazz from Matt Mattox, modern primitive and afro-cuban from Syvilla Fort, all the while being an active performer in the New York Vaudeville nightclub circuit. She became a popular Calypso artist, and in 1956 she premiered her act at Cafe Society, which led to more calypso work for the following two years. New York Cabaret laws of the 50’s changed live performance at the time, and many Cabarets ended up losing their venues. This, in conjunction with frustration over the direction of the industry, caused Bufalino to flee the confines of the city in 1965 and moved to New Paltz, NY. While in New Paltz with her husband, she raised her two children, Jebah Baum and Zachary Baum, and spent most of the late 60’s writing poetry and plays.

New Paltz and the Avant-garde
While in New Paltz, Bufalino reconnected with Ed Summerlin, long time friend and composer who collaborated with her often. Summerlin and Bufalino created projects for the National Council of Church, and was very involved in avant-garde performance art. Though this work didn’t include tap, Bufalino would put tap sounds through a synthesizer and use it in her accompaniment. This period of her life was filled with experimentation, emphasis on interpretive dance, and led to Bufalino’s curiosity in how to combine her love for tap with the artistic world of concert art. At the same time, Bufalino began teaching at SUNY New Paltz as a professor. Her connection to the university opened up opportunities for  Bufalino to experiment and create modern works such as, Watch the Bouncing Ball, Diary of Samuel and Rosalie, and a film entitled, Traveling. Bufalino created a small company of dancers known as, The Dancing Theatre, and in 1978 Bufalino presented her first major showing of tap choreography at the Pilgrim Theatre titled, Singing, Swinging, and Winging. This piece consisted of three members of the company, with Honi Coles as a guest.

Resurgence of Tap
Bufalino’s career peaked during the 80’s, and she found herself involved in many different artistic endeavors that spanned all across the globe. Bufalino’s work premiered in both small jazz clubs, such as the Blue Note, and large orchestral settings. After moving back to New York City, Bufalino and Coles reconnected and began working together again. Bufalino played a key role in Coles’ resurface in the tap industry in the 70’s. In the early 80’s she toured with Coles and the Copasetics internationally in London and France, including festivals produced by Avra Petrides in St. Chinian. This was Bufalino’s first exposure to any kind of art festival and led to later inspiration for tap festivals in America. In 1984, Bufalino performed Cantata and the Blues, a solo show that established her tap career further. This performance utilized counterpoint, weight, and complex rhythm.

During this time, Bufalino taught at many studios in NYC and internationally. Additionally, she became heavily involved in the tap festivals (Colorado, Portland, Boston, San Francisco, Houston) around America that were gaining immense popularity at the time. These teaching experiences lead Bufalino to solidify her pedagogy and bring tap dance to people all around America. Eventually, one of her company members, Tony Waag, created Tap City, a Tap festival that brought classes, performances, and tap seminars to New York City.

American Tap Dance Orchestra
While performing at Blue Note as a soloist, touring with the Copasetics, and making appearances at tap festivals, Bufalino banded together a group of 11 dancers in 1986 to create the American Tap Dance Orchestra (later becoming American Tap Dance Foundation). The concept behind the orchestra was to use different groups of tappers to encompass the many sections of a band or orchestra. Some would be bass, others drums, with a soloist usually carrying the melody. They premiered their first work at the Statue of Liberty 4 July Festival in Battery Park. They later premiered a three and a half minute PBS special performance, Haitian Fight Song, which launched the company into stardom. Following this performance, the company premiered other iconic works such as 42nd Street River to River and The Four Seasons [Jazz version]. Touch, Turn, Return created in collaboration with Carmen Moore premiered in the Judson Church Theater, and is considered Bufalino’s most critically acclaimed avant-garde work. From 1989 to 1995, the company also operated Woodpeckers Tap Dance Center & Inter Arts Space in New York City, and presented on-going classes, performances and related activities. This space was not only for dance, but housed poetry nights, theatrical performances, art galleries, and musical concerts.

The company’s work had an iconoclastic aesthetic that put tap dance on the concert stage. Often appearing in black suits with coat tails, the dancers utilized counterpoint and cacophony in their tapping. Bufalino was very involved in arranging the composition and worked very closely with the musicians that played for their performances. As a director, she was keen on making sure the audience could hear the tappers. She was known to quiet the orchestra by muting the horns, and often played the drums herself so she could control the volume.

Legacy
Recognized as a leading exponent and innovator of jazz tap dance, Bufalino was a pioneer in putting tap dance on the concert stage and challenging the audience to sustain its attention on prolonged rhythmic composition. As a choreographer, Bufalino emphasized story telling, arrangement, choice of composition, and writing in her work. She believed that, “The tap dancer should be integrated with the music.” She was influential in demanding quality microphones, wood floors, lighting, and proper technical needs for tap dancers in both their training and performances.

Bufalino experienced backlash for being a white woman in the tap industry and spent her entire career getting producers and technicians to be on board with her work. Through the challenges, Bufalino’s work eventually created a pallet for how tap dance could be produced and appreciated on the concert stage. As a creator, her work pushed boundaries and blended different types of elements that were previously contrary ideals to the tap industry.

title: Brenda Bufalino


text:
Tomoi

Tomoi may refer to:

 * The Malaysian name for the martial arts style also known as muay Thai
 * Tomoi (manga), Japanese manga series by Wakuni Akisato
 * Yūsuke Tomoi, Japanese actor
 * Fumito Tomoi, Japanese television host

title: Tomoi


text:
Talk:Lake Tuggeranong

Someone should ad a section about the trolley fish... or at least the College's Lakewatch programme. --huwr 09:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

This lake sucks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.31.160.9 (talk) 17:46, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Tuggeranong


text:
User:Speculatrix

Location: Cambridge (Cambridgeshire, England)

Interests: motorbiking (Triumph Motorcycles Sprint 900), digital photography (Panasonic Lumix G5), satellite TV, Android, Linux

Career: programmer, web developer, consultant

Life: father, husband

title: User:Speculatrix


text:
Gaziantep Fen Lisesi

Vehbi Dinçerler Science High School (Vehbi Dinçerler Fen Lisesi, abbreviated as VDFL) is a high school in Gaziantep, Turkey. It was founded in 1985 by Abdulkadir Aksu, former governor of the City, interior minister of Turkey.

title: Gaziantep Fen Lisesi


text: Category:Cantons of Loiret

title: Category:Cantons of Loiret


text: Template:Artificial intelligence

title: Template:Artificial intelligence


text:
Talk:2005 ICC Super Series

I have expanded this article a fair bit, should I remove the stub? DaGizza
 * Yeah, I think that's ok. Please note that I removed the Super Series from the 2005 template, as the 2005 template strictly concerns what cricinfo/Wisden defines as within the 2005 season. There's a new template full of redlinks at the bottom :) Sam Vimes 12:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Test and ODI status
My strong view is that we at Wikipedia have to report the situation that these matches will be official ODIs and an official Test, rather than allow our own views on whether these matches should be granted this status or not. I know a few WikiProject Cricket members subscribe to the ACSH and the ACSH views, but as the ACSH does not officially decide the status of international matches (the ICC does), we have to go along with the ICC, jguk 17:42, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

In Wikipedia which must reflect the reality which is that the status of the matches is contentious. That there is an ongoing battle between the ICC and cricket historians is a fact. The ICC may think that they are the ultimate authority. They are not! PaddyBriggs 20:41, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The status of the matches is contentious, yes, but we don't put every contentious claim in double quotation marks (or whatever they're called again). Otherwise we'd be putting double quotation marks around "evolution" in scientific articles, for example. The status is contentious, and that's perfectly well explained in the article, and that should IMO be enough. Sam Vimes 22:38, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with jguk and Sam. Putting every instance of "Test" and "ODI" in quotes is highly POV. It is an explicit declaration that these are not Tests/ODIs, which is completely one-sided.

 * I wrote the original paragraph on the controversy, and I worked hard to make it as NPOV as I could. I stand by what I wrote then (no-one except PaddyBriggs has edited it since I wrote it) and I've reverted to that version.

 * Stephen Turner 07:38, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I certainly don't want an edit war on this. But cricket historians (of which I am one) are all agreed that the matter of the status of the matches is far from over. In fact the ICC does influence but does not not determine the eventual status of matches - the ACS and other authorities who respect the history of the game and its records do. There will be a compromise, perhaps along the lines of Bill Frindall's article. In the meantime it's right to say "Test" not Test.

 * PaddyBriggs 09:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You don't want an edit war yet time the fourth revert to 24 hours and 2 minutes after your first? and . As for the issue at hand - no other source uses "Test"s for these matches, even cricketarchive - which AFAIK is pretty close to the ACS - writes Test. . Wikipedia can not unilaterally use this terminology. Sam Vimes 10:31, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In fairness, it was only his third revert — the first one was his original edit, not a revert. Stephen Turner 10:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with jguk and Sam as well...if we put quotation marks, that means that we too deem these matches and tests to be not really tests, and thus we break the NPOV thing. So I am in favour of keeping these words quotation mark-free. And as much as cricket historians have sway, please remember that they are NOT the governing body of the sport. There is a large difference between the number crunchers and suits who keep the sport going. --J L C Leung 15:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ha, I missed all this fun ! I am also with jguk here. I share Paddy Briggs' opinion of the matches, but these articles should not be used to represent strong personal POVs.

 * I believe ACS, after showing dissent initially, has also agreed to consider them as official Tests. Tintin 23:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

It looks like Paddy's on his own here, so I'm going to remove the POV notice. Stephen Turner 11:47, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Stephen. That's fine by me. We cover the controversy well in the latest version with Border and Grieg nicely counterbalanced. I accept that the ICC is the final arbiter (it was they who decided that the England v ROW matches in 1970 were not Tests !). PaddyBriggs 10:01, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Here is the latest from Bill Frindall:Question to Bill: Why should the Super Series scores be recorded in players' Test and limited-overs career records? Packer's World Series, which was similar to this ICC Super Series, were never recorded as official matches. How come these scores should be official?

Answer from Bill. This Superfluous Series should most definitely NOT be given Test match or limited-overs international status. These games are not internationals and the ICC's own regulations confirm that only Full Members of the ICC can participate in Test matches. Conglomerates such as World XI teams most certainly do not qualify. It is quite ridiculous that a player should be able to represent two Test teams concurrently. The ICC's main committee was far from unanimous in this controversial decision. The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians was consulted and opposed official status being given to this junket.

The Packer series is a separate issue but I do not support their inclusion either. I will not be including the current matches in any records supplied to the BBC or published in the 'Playfair Cricket Annual'. Thankfully some of the players are embarrassed by the ICC's decision, Adam Gilchrist having publicly declared his unease with it. PaddyBriggs 09:55, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Scorecards
How do you guys like it? --J L C Leung 16:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you should remove the extras - not really relevant IMO. The batting time in minutes is ok, though. Maybe replace the ICC flag with a world flag? Sam Vimes 17:03, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If you can find a world flag, then by all means add it...but I personally think the ICC logo is a tad more relevant, since it is still an ICC World XI playing. --J L C Leung 18:01, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the ICC flag should stay for this particular article, but as it happens Image:Earth flag PD.jpg would fit the bill if a world flag were ever needed. Loganberry (Talk) 23:17, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam put that one in, but I took it out again, because it didn't look like anything meaningful to me. See what you think: . A little cartoon globe on a transparent background would work though. Stephen Turner 08:36, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that the extras shouldn't be there unless the full scorecard is included. As for the flag, it is an ICC, and a world flag would definitely be inappropriate, since it is not a World team, but a Rest of the World team. JPD 09:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Live Coverage
Hey gents and ladies, so we're back again...It's the dead of night here in Calgary, and it's only halfway through the first ODI. I'm just wanting to check who is going to be updating the scorecards live along with myself? Sound off...:) --J L C Leung 08:33, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Updated the end of the innings, amazing that Sehwags 1-20 was the highlight of the bowling! --kroome111 09:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Extra Comment
The World XI were disgraceful! I preferred watching the Ashes. I especially feel sorry for Inzamam. At lease Brian Lara (very slightly) redeemed himself in the 2nd innings of the Super Test. Inzy however made no runs on the tour! A disappointing series overall  D a  Gizza  Chat  (c) 11:52, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A very disappointing series all round. Part of the problem was that so many of the World XI were clearly out of form - which isn't surprising when their domestic seasons haven't really got started, and India's and New Zealand's cricket's been against Zimbabwe. Lara hasn't played competitively since July. Meanwhile all the Aussies have played cricket in England. It's just a shame that only one side bothered turning up to the matches. At least The Ashes DVD is out today, so we can be reminded of what cricket is like when two teams compete, jguk 16:26, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/288887.html}}
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-05-25 08:00:07, 404 Not Found
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-06-12 01:23:20, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 01:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/222710.html}}
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-05-25 08:00:07, 404 Not Found
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-06-12 01:23:31, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 01:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://acscricket.com/Articles/2/2349.html
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-05-25 08:00:07, 404 Not Found
 * In 2005 ICC Super Series on 2011-06-12 01:23:43, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 01:24, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge
Unless and until there is another similar test, List of World XI Test cricketers is a pointless duplication of part of 2005 ICC Super Series. I would have been bold and just made it a redirect but I'm not sure how the player statistics table from the List article should be integrated into the main one. jnestorius(talk) 13:13, 16 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.91.148.158 (talk) 13:28, 20 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree. I'd ditch the table. There is a link to the scorecard and given there was only one game the table is just duplication of this. I may do this if I have a spare moment. Spike 'em (talk) 15:11, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Just a reminder that this proposal is still outstanding (I know that you're busy elsewhere). Agree that it's worth merging. Klbrain (talk) 13:26, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:04, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 ICC Super Series


text: Category:Cantons of Hérault

title: Category:Cantons of Hérault


text: User talk:81.5.154.66

title: User talk:81.5.154.66


text:
User:Donhalcon

About me
I am withdrawing from Wikipedia editing indefinitely. It's not worth the time or the stress. I may return at some point — who knows.

Wikipedia

Wikipedia
You know what? I give up. The return on investment of trying to make Wikipedia an encyclopedia instead of a multi-subject fansite just isn't worth it. So I'm going away to get real work done someplace where I won't have to spend more time fighting cruft than adding content. For those of you who do still care, here are my thoughts on how it could be improved.

I've noticed that Category:Computer science articles tend to have a strong bias towards object-oriented programming, imperative programming, and lazy evaluation. Wikipedians tend to write about specifics of Java, C++, C#, Python, Perl, Scheme, and Haskell, often to the exclusion of the more generic discussion one expects in an encyclopedia. Real-world examples are good, but over-specifying is bad; articles should make sense to people who don't already know a particular programming language. See WP:NPOV and WP:AXS.

Speaking of over-specifying, lists on Wikipedia are usually not a good idea; there's a reason why actual print-encyclopedias don't contain very many of them. A "list of things having this attribute" is almost never complete, and makes maintenance very difficult. Because a list usually misses a lot of important items, it almost always carries the POV of whoever added the items that are there; marking all lists as stubs would help there, but isn't really practical. Categories, on the other hand, are designed to be dynamic, and WP:CATP is helping make them better. See Wikipedia:Lists, WP:CG, and WP:CLS for more details.

Candidates for deletion
I'm not a deletionist, but I do support keeping Wikipedia an encyclopedia (see WP:NOT). This is why I'm leaving — there are far, far too many articles that are zealously defended by people who believe that because Wikipedia is not paper it should have content ranging from product guides to running debates to lists of unverified programs that all do the same thing. Non-paper doesn't mean non-encyclopedia, after all.

title: User:Donhalcon


text:
Gol Stave Church

Gol Stave Church (Gol stavkirke) is a 12th century stave church originally from Gol in the traditional region of Hallingdal in Buskerud county, Norway. The reconstructed church is now a museum and is now located in the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History at Bygdøy in Oslo, Norway.

Description
The church has been dendrochronologically dated to from 1157 to 1216. When the city built a new church around 1880, it was decided to demolish the old stave church. It was saved from destruction by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments (Fortidsminneforeningen), which bought the materials in order to re-erect the church elsewhere. The remains of the original medieval construction were documented before transport. Original murals and medieval artifacts survived. Most of the main construction remained intact and in original form, although practically all of the exterior dates from the 1884–1885 restoration.

It was acquired by King Oscar II, who financed its relocation and restoration as the central building of his private open-air museum near Oslo. Architect Waldemar Hansteen assessed the condition of the conserved parts and made a plan for restoration. The restoration was overseen by Waldemar Hansteen and was completed in 1885. In 1907, the early open-air museum, the world's first, was merged with the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History, which now manages the stave church. The church, however, is still nominally the property of the reigning monarch.

In the 1980s, a modern replica has been erected in Gol as a tourist attraction in a theme park in central Gol. This replica is located some distance from the original site of the medieval church. There is also a replica in the Scandinavian Heritage Park in Minot, North Dakota and at Epcot Center in Walt Disney World in Florida.

History
The church has many similarities in the construction of the inner erection with Hegge Stave Church in Valdres, and it has been assumed that the same builder was responsible for both. It probably stood in its original form until the 17th century, with a passageway around church and choirs. The choir's walls and apse have remains of murals which is reasonable to assume originate from 1652 (the year is painted on the wall) from the same painter who made decorations in Torpo Stave Church in 1648 (epitaph), Flesberg Stave Church (later overpainted), Rollag Stave Church 1653, Veggli Stave Church and Nore Stave Church 1655 and Uvdal Stave Church 1656. The apse's depiction of the Last Supper originates from the same painter, but the reconstruction of the apse's walls is uncertain. The roof rider was renewed in 1694. At the same time, a ceiling was installed, and during the same period, two windows were installed on the south wall in the central room. Around 1730, a gallery was built on the north side. Some time later, the choir and apse were demolished, and a new half-timbered choir was erected. But the old materials were reused for the ceiling in the new choir, and thus the murals survived and could be restored in connection with the move.

In 1802–1803 the church was enlarged so that it "formerly too small a church for such a numerous commons (had become) strangely larger, so that it once holds as many listeners as before". The corridors around the church were demolished, and new outer walls of table-covered trusses were erected approximately where the corridor walls had stood. A porch with a salt roof was erected in front of the west portal. The church then got the look it had when J. N. Prahm designed it in 1846.

Relocation and rebuilding
Towards the end of the 1870s, the congregation in Gol wanted a larger and more contemporary church. Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments urged to preserve the stave church on the site, but the congregation wanted to demolish it and sell the materials. In the end, the society bought the church's original parts for 200 kroner, on condition that it was removed when the new one was finished.

The society had no plot for the church, but early in 1881, King Oscar II's Collections - the world's first open-air museum - were established on Bygdøy royal estate. The king made land available for the reconstruction in the middle of his planned building museum. The society's fundraising for the purpose raised only NOK 387, while the total costs were estimated at at least NOK 6,500. In March 1884, the king saved the project by undertaking to bear the expenses for which the society lacked coverage. The ownership of the church was transferred from the society to the monarch in Norway.

Due to several snow-poor winters, the dismantling and transport to Kristiania was postponed until the winter of 1884. Survey drawings were meanwhile prepared by architect Torolf Prytz in the winter of 1882–1883. Since he was busy with other assignments, the responsibility for the reconstruction on Bygdøy was taken over by architect Waldemar Hansteen with the royal estate's builder Torsten Torstensen as executor. The church was dismantled in January 1884. In March, the sledge was good enough to transport the materials to Krøderen station. From there they arrived unharmed at Bygdøy station. The original parts were completed in late July 1884, and the church was completed as the centerpiece of King Oscar's Open Air Museum in the summer of 1885. As a museum church, it was so well attended that it had to be kept open every day, not just on Sundays.

The significant changes during the 1700s and the expansion in 1805 made it impossible to rebuild the church as it stood, but neither was anyone in those days imaginable. The church was restored to what was believed to be its original form. With the support of preserved tracks and old materials, building, choirs and apse were reconstructed. The meticulous descriptions in the Church Books' accounts from the 17th century onwards also gave a clear description of exterior details that gave good enough indications for reconstruction: the roof rider mentioned in the 17th century accounts sat in the middle of the ridge and wore two bells. The bell room had a spontaneous saddle roof and carried an undefined structure that ended in a spire with a cross. The roof rider may thus have been of the same type as the one the church received when it was reconstructed on Bygdøy.

The aisles, that surrounded the whole church originally, seems to have been demolished as the various parts of the church were rebuilt. It was assumed that the church had been surrounded by a passageway and that it had had a roof rider, and these parts were recreated with Borgund Stave Church as a model. Good role models for details such as the wind skis were not found in Borgund, so they were made after the pattern of the wind skis in Hopperstad Stave Church,

King Oscar's collections were transferred to the Norwegian Folk Museum in 1907. However, the Stave Church remained in royal ownership, but was managed by the museum.

Interior
When the church was moved and rebuilt, the architect only wanted to preserve and restore the parts from the Middle Ages. On the outside, it is therefore mainly a reconstruction from the 1880s of new materials. But large parts of the main structure have been preserved. These are: the foundations, the sleepers, the poles, a large part of the wall tiles and the poles. Most of the raised central space and bracing system are also preserved. The church is of the type with a raised central space with a handle in a rectangular nave. It has a slightly narrower choir that ends with an apside. The constructive parts of the choir and apse disappeared during the expansion in 1802-03 and had to be made new during the reconstruction.

Exterior
The church has an archway made with Borgund Stave Church as a model. An earlier hallway around the ship was demolished during the expansion in 1802-03. The church has also probably always had a roof rider. A roof rider of the medieval type with two bells was mentioned in accounts from the 1600s. It was renewed in 1694. The new one probably stood until the move, but it got slate instead of table covering in 1821. It is shown on Prahm's drawing from 1846. The current one is a reconstruction from the 1880s with a model in Borgund Stave Church. The roofs were originally sheet metal and tarred, but in the 1820s were covered with slate.

Portals
The west portal is mostly original, but was cut down in 1823 to make the door open. The door is a reconstruction from 1884 with wrought iron fittings fastened with screws. The portal is carved with leaf vines. Closest to the opening, it has two half-columns. The column shafts are covered with plant ornamentation, and the pattern incorporates crowned male heads. Kites and leaf vines spring from two animal jaws at the bottom next to the half-columns. The ornamentation consists of a central kite, two top kites and two smaller kites on each side plank. As in many other stave churches, it was hinged from inward to outward after the fire in Grue church, and then the portal planks were heavily hewn. The south portal was removed during the expansion in 1802-03, but parts of it were used in the new porch and could be used as points of reference for architect Hansteen's reconstruction. The original Sørportalen is stored in the Norwegian Folk Museum. The choir's south portal was partially preserved, without a wooden shed and was reconstructed during the relocation. It is inserted directly between two profiled wall planks. It is possible that the church originally had the North Portal, since the archway had a screw as over the other portals, but since the sleepers and staves are new, and the north wall walls are incomplete, there are no traces to support this.

Inventory
Due to the desire to keep and recreate a medieval church, all post-Reformation furniture was removed, and the interior therefore lacks pews, pulpit and baptismal font. Instead, King Oscar II installed a carved bench from Heddal Stave Church. But the painted decor from 1652 in the choir and the apse survived the relocation and restoration. On the apse wall is a representation of the sacrament, on the north wall of the choir - the four evangelists, and the south wall is divided into fields decorated with leaves, flowers and fruit, and the names of all who paid for the decoration. Above the choir portal previously hung a crucifix that came from Veum Stave Church in Telemark, dated approx. 1300

Replicas
As part of Gordarike Family Park in Gol, a faithful copy of the stave church was built in 1995, called Gol New Stave Church. While the original stave church stood high and free up on the mountainside, the copy stands at the bottom of the valley, near the center of Gol. Around the copy, reconstructed Viking Age houses and other elements have been erected.

A replica of Gol Stave Church is also in the Scandinavian Heritage Park in Minot, North Dakota in the United States. In the Norwegian Pavilion in Epcot, Orlando, Gol Stave Church is Norway's landmark.

Another copy, known as Stavkirka on Savjord, is in Beiarn in Nordland. Construction was privately funded and began in 2005. It was completed in 2008. This church has a somewhat smaller scale than the original.

title: Gol Stave Church