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McDonald's

McDonald's Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand, and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and in 1961 bought out the McDonald brothers. Previously headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, it moved to nearby Chicago in June 2018. McDonald's is also a real estate company through its ownership of around 70% of restaurant buildings and 45% of the underlying land (which it leases to its franchisees).

McDonald's is the world's largest fast food restaurant chain, serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries in more than 40,000 outlets as of 2021. McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, although their menu also includes other items like chicken, fish, fruit, and salads. Their bestselling licensed item are their french fries, followed by the Big Mac. The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees), the majority of whom work in the restaurant's franchises. , McDonald's has the sixth-highest global brand valuation.

McDonald's has been subject to criticism over the health effects of its products, its treatment of employees, and its participation in various legal cases.

History

Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald's at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California, on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the "Speedee Service System" in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier. The original mascot of McDonald's was a hamburger-headed chef who was referred to as "Speedee". In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot. Clown mascot Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1963 to market the chain to children.

On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name "McDonald's" with the description "Drive-In Restaurant Services", which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald's, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched "M" symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald's used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings. Although the "Golden Arches" logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was granted a U.S. trademark.

The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955. This was the ninth opened McDonald's restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984. Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.

Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc's autobiography. In 1961, he purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and began the company's worldwide reach. The sale cost Kroc $2.7 million, a huge sum during that time. The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum. With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.

Products

McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, shakes, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal. During March of each year, McDonald's offers a Shamrock Shake to honor Saint Patrick's Day.

In addition, the chain also sells some items within the United States on a regional basis; for example, the Hatch Green Chile Double Cheeseburger, which is topped with New Mexico green chile, is only available in the southwestern state of New Mexico.

Products are offered as either "dine-in" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or "take-out" (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). "Dine-in" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. "Take-out" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.

Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company in 2015, McDonald's has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets, replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch, and powdered lemon juice.

In September 2018, McDonald's USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac. Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.

In November 2020, McDonald's announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches. This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes. In late 2022, McDonald's announced the addition of the Double McPlant at all restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland starting January 4, due to the success of the McPlant. In 2024, select McDonald's in the UK were testing vegan ice cream called Choco Scoop and Strawberry Scoop and receiving positive reviews.

The company often introduces items temporarily or brings them back after long absences.

International menu variations

McDonald's Menu is customized to reflect consumer tastes in their respective countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan). McDonald's restaurants in China include fried buns and soybean milk on their breakfast menus.

In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, until 2020, McDonald's sold meat pies after local affiliate McDonald's New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996. In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.

In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's began offering in 2015 and 2017, respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants were open. All-day breakfast was phased out from menus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

McDonald's Operations in the United States
There are over 36,000 McDonald's restaurants globally. Over a third of these (14,146 restaurants) are in the United States alone—the second highest number is in Japan with 2,975 restaurants, followed by China with 2,700. These three countries make up a majority of global McDonald's stores.

Types
In the United States, most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or "McDrive" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders while the customer remains in their vehicle; it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester in 1986.

In 1994, McDonald's attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois, but closed in only one year.

McDrive
In some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a "Walk-Thru" service in place of Drive-Thru.

McCafé
McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993.

"Create Your Taste" restaurants
From 2015 to 2016, McDonald's tried a more flexible burger service and restaurant concept based on other restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia in early 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia, and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated "Create Your Taste" (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients including type of bun and meat along with optional extras. CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a "Signature Crafted Recipes" program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.

PlayPlaces

McDonald's playgrounds are called PlayPlaces. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.

McDonald's Next
McDonald's Next uses open-concept design and offers "Create Your Taste" digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.

Other
Some locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores, while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers who may have services found at truck stops.

In Sweden, Happy Meal boxes can be used as goggles, with the game Slope Stars. In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch. They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.

On the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany is the world's only "McBoat", a float-through service (similar to drive-through) for people on the river.

2006 redesign

In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s. It resembles a coffee shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow. Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiber glass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature "semi-swooshes" (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.

Smoking ban
McDonald's began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.

COVID-19 pandemic
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald's closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants. It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services. In July 2020, for the year's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.

2023 redesign and new concept
In July 2023, the company announced it was working towards a new fast-food brand called CosMc's that would be tested at ten sites. The first location was opened in December 2023 in Bolingbrook, Illinois, and the company is working to open nine restaurants in Texas by the end of 2024 as a test. The outlets will have a smaller real-estate footprint than regular McDonald's restaurants and are focused on selling coffees and other drinks to afternoon customers.

The name for the new brand comes from CosMc, a McDonaldland mascot that appeared in advertisements in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Automation
Since the late 1990s, McDonald's has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks which would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald's first tested "E-Clerks" in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to "save money on live staffers" and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.

In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving to become automated in fast food establishments. By 2016, McDonald's "Create Your Taste" electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late-2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald's would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.

In 2017, McDonald's launched an app in the United States that allows customers to skip the ordering line inside or drive through and order online. Many McDonald's locations have special parking spaces for such orders.

In September 2019, McDonald's purchased an AI-based start-up Apprente to replace human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.

In early 2023, McDonald's opened its first largely automated restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas. The restaurant in question would de-emphasize human contact when ordering, with employees available if there were problems but who would otherwise be absent from the ordering process (along with others working in the kitchen or other back-of-the-house roles). There was no seating in this restaurant.

Wages
On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald's UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country. In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead. A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers. From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7firstbillion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages. The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and "quit complaining" as "stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining." In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems. The Roosevelt Institute, a liberal think tank, accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to "rampant" wage theft. In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedule adjustments and pay delays. In late 2015, data collected anonymously by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour. McDonald's former CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earned an annual salary of $1,100,000. His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.

Strikes
McDonald's workers have occasionally decided to strike over pay, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00. When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald's CEO Ed Rensi stated: "It's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries" with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could possibly take away from entry-level jobs. However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015's first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result. In September 2017, two British McDonald's stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by then Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Occupation
Workers at the McDonald's franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant, in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent. Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.

Working conditions
In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training, and pressure to work fast has resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard. The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.

Animal welfare standards
In 2015, McDonald's pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025. Since McDonald's purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry and is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens. The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems. The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels due to faeces being kicked up into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.

McDonald's continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.

Facts and figures

McDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve first 68 million customers each day. There are 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018. There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.

Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange. Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café, from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.

McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years, making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats. The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years. In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.

In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales. McDonald's closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open. This move was the first time McDonald's had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.

The McDonald's on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.

The $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald's company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.

Business trends
The key trends for the McDonald's Corp. are (as at the financial year ending December 31):

Business model
The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion. The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent, between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company's total revenue at the end of the period. In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company's business model.

The United Kingdom and Ireland business model is different from the U.S., in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University located at its Chicago headquarters. In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.

According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs in order to relieve stress, attending church services in order to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually in order to reduce risk for myocardial infarction. Fast Food Nation states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the culture of the host country.

In 2021, the company cut value meals and cheaper items from its menu as part of a focus on higher-priced items.

Headquarters
On June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).

The McDonald's former headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook. McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.

Board of directors
, the board of directors had the following members:
 * Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security
 * Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health
 * Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald's
 * Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe
 * Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com
 * Richard H. Lenny, non-executive chairman of Conagra Brands
 * John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation
 * Sheila A. Penrose, non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle
 * John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments
 * Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories
 * Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source
 * Catherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women's National Basketball Association
 * Paul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group

On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.

In November 2019, McDonald's board of directors voted to remove Easterbrook as CEO since he had violated corporate policies on personal conduct by entering into a relationship with a company employee. He was replaced as CEO by Chris Kempczinski, who had been president of McDonald's USA.

In August 2022, McDonald's announced significant changes to its board. It said that existing director Sheila Penrose, chair of JLL Inc., would retire and that Anthony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, executive vice president and worldwide chairman of pharmaceuticals Jennifer Taubert of Johnson & Johnson, and Amy Weaver president and CFO of Salesforce would join. The changes were unrelated to an effort by activist investor Carl Icahn.

Ownership
The 10 largest shareholder of McDonald's on December 30, 2023, were:

Global operations
McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong). The northernmost McDonald's restaurant in the world is located in Rovaniemi, Finland (after the restaurant in Murmansk, Russia was closed in 2022), however from January 2024 this will change again as McDonald's is opening a new restaurant in Tromsø, Norway. And the southernmost in the world is located in Invercargill, New Zealand.

Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another; however, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war. McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014. On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country. On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.

Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia and Hong Kong, in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's has taken to partnering up with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.

In Beijing, China, McDonald's restaurants are state-owned enterprises operating pursuant to franchise agreements. These franchises are owned by Beijing Capital Agricultural Group.

McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.

The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.

On January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in mainland China and Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%) and private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would form a joint venture to own the stake.

On March 8, 2022, McDonald's temporarily closed their 850 locations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine, but will continue to pay the salary for 62,000 employees. Approximately nine percent of global revenue and three percent of operating profit come from Russia and 100 locations in Ukraine.

On May 16, 2022, McDonald's announced that the closures would become permanent and that it was selling all its 850 stores in Russia. Furthermore, 32 years after McDonald's entered the Soviet market, the American giant wants its current business to be "de-Arched", the company plans to retain its trademarks in Russia, meaning the locations would no longer be allowed to use the McDonald's name, logo, or menu. McDonald's also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized. The company has more than 60,000 Russian employees.

On June 10, 2022, a Russian McDonald's buyer announced a new logo as an attempt at rebranding. It featured one circle and two lines, which represented a burger and two french fries. The business was rebranded as Vkusno i tochka, which roughly translates to "Tasty – Period."

McDonald's is to reopen its stores in Ukraine after closing them in February in non-contested areas like Kyiv and Western Ukraine. During the closure McDonald's has continued to pay its employees, number some 10,000. Originally some 109 restaurants, it is unclear how many will reopen.

On November 11, 2022, McDonald's in Belarus announced that all 25 stores in 6 cities will rebrand and operate as Vkusno i tochka "in several weeks".

In Kazakhstan, McDonald's suspended operations in November 2022 due to the impossibility of supplying minced meat from Russia. The franchise was transferred to Food Solutions KZ, after which the restaurants first changed their name to "We are open" (Біз ашықпыз), in August 2023 they were renamed in honor of the best employees, and in November 2023 the final rebranding was carried out. The network is now called I'M, with a heart sign used instead of a dot over the I.

Marketing and advertising
McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, and also sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games. Television has played a central role in the company's advertising strategy. To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.

Celebrity endorsements
In 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald's value meal named after him. The "McJordan", a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.

In March 2014, a special "Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James" flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry, debuted just before the NBA playoffs. James' endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal "cranberry" and "winter-spiced cranberry" editions of the beverage. James' deal with Coca-Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.

In September 2020, McDonald's partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the "Travis Scott Meal", a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald's employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain's history. The company followed up with the "J Balvin Meal", a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and an Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin. LeBron James has been a spokesman for McDonald's from 2003 to 2017 while co-endorsing Coca-Cola-Sprite since early in his career.

In 2021, McDonald's partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the "BTS Meal" in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.

Space exploration
McDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually canceled.

Sponsorship in NASCAR
McDonald's entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald's would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald's became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin. In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald's would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott. McDonald's stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald's became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.

During the 2010 season, McDonald's would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500. McDonald's moved to CGR's No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020, and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020. McDonald's continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace's new team 23XI Racing as a "founding partner".

Sports awards and honors
McDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, all-star basketball games played each year for top ranked amateur boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates in America.

McHappy Day

McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, during which a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.

In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.

According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8firstmillion.

McDonald's Monopoly donation
In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner. Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the full 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.

McRefugee
McRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald's 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.

Criticism
McDonald's has been criticized for numerous aspects of its business, including the health effects of its products, its treatment of employees, and other business practices. In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health, and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.

In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the "McLibel case", one of the longest cases in English civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.

In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's, particularly with respect to its use of political influence and targeting advertisements to children. In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its french fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.

Critical terms such as "McJob" and "McMansion" have been added to dictionaries.

Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald's food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option and was creating the adult Happy Meal.

Studies of litter have found that McDonald's is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a Keep Australia Beautiful study found that McDonald's was the most littered brand in Queensland.

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu, announcing in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies, and cookies, by end of 2018. The company introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob". Since McDonald's began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.

Amidst the 2023 Israel-Gaza war, as the Israeli blockade restricted supplies to Gaza, McDonald's in Israel faced condemnation for providing free meals to the Israel Defense Forces, who were accused of engaging in war crimes against Palestinians. The hashtag #BoycottMcDonalds gained worldwide traction on social media. There were also large gathering outside restaurants in Lebanon and Egypt protesting the move. McDonald's in other countries, like Turkey and Pakistan, distanced themselves from the Israeli brand. In April 2024, according to Arutz Sheva that the global McDonald's corporation is seeking to acquire all of the chain's branches in Israel from the local franchisee.

In January 2024, McDonald's CEO Chris Kempczinski acknowledged the public outcry, stating, "Several markets in the Middle East and some outside the region are experiencing a meaningful business impact due to the war and associated misinformation that is affecting brands like McDonald's."

Legal cases
McDonald's has been involved in several lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the 'Mc' or 'Mac' from trading names.

European Union
In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac's submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald's owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald's engaged in "trademark bullying; registering brand names... which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors", after the trademarks had prevented Supermac's from expanding out of Ireland. The EUIPO ruled in Supermac's favor, finding that McDonald's "has not proven genuine use" of many trademarks, canceling McDonald's owned trademarks such as "Big Mac" and certain "Mc"-related trademarks within the European Union.

Burger King responded by "trolling" McDonald's by giving their burgers names that included the words "Big Mac", that also mocked the original burger, which included, "Like a Big Mac But Juicier", "Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big" and "Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course".

In 2023, the EUIPO Board of Appeal partially annulled their decision after McDonald's filed 700 pages of additional evidence, despite objections. However, on further appeal to the European Court of Justice, the court ruled in 2024 that McDonald's had failed to prove use of the Big Mac trademark in relation to chicken products or services associated with operating restaurants, meaning Supermac's and other businesses are now free to use the "Mac" in their business names and in names for poultry products in Europe. McDonald's retains the Big Mac trademark solely for its beef burgers.

The McDonald's group has had proceedings taken against it by the French Tax Authorities, with possible charges of criminal tax fraud. In July 2022, the group reached an agreement with the French judicial authorities to end criminal proceedings for tax fraud.

Malaysia
On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court. On December 29, 2016, McDonald's Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.

Australia
In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.

United Kingdom
The longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized several aspects of the company. The trial lasted 10 years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants' rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a "PR disaster" for McDonald's.

In the end of November 2013, controversy arose after the Rucka Rucka Ali song "Only 17", a parody of "Just a Dream" by Nelly, was accidentally played uncensored over the speakers at a McDonald's restaurant in Wales. Subsequently, McDonald's issued an apology to the offended customers. That same week, Rucka Rucka Ali responded to the controversy on his YouTube channel by jokingly demanding a personal apology from the restaurant.

In 2021, it emerged that at least 50 employees had filed charges against the chains regarding harassment in the workplace in five years, leading to the company instituting anti-harassment training. Some of the complainants also stated that they were verbally and physically harassed in retaliation for their complaints. In 2023, the BBC conducted an investigation, and reported that more than 100 current and recent UK workers at outlets of the fast-food chain allege there is a continuing toxic culture of sexual assault, harassment, racism and bullying.

United States
The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants examined a McDonald's practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery. The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck. The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). In 2019, a McDonald's employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the workplace and described the working environment as "toxic".

In 2023, an investigation by the United States Department of Labor found child labor violations at McDonald's franchises in the state of Kentucky which involved over 300 children, two of them 10-year-olds. A total of $212,000 was levied against three franchises for the violations. Further investigations uncovered child labor violations involving 83 minors at 16 different locations in Louisiana and Texas, with imposed fines amounting to $77,572.

McDonald's has been criticized of shrinkflation, colloquially dubbed "McFlation", with increases in menu prices far exceeding inflation.

title: McDonald's


text:
Bellbridge, Victoria

Bellbridge is a town in north-eastern Victoria, Australia in the Shire of Towong local government area overlooking the Lake Hume and located near the Bethanga Bridge, Bellbridge is a popular destination for local tourists, especially from the nearby towns of Albury and Wodonga who often come to the Weir to water ski. The local Hume Boat Club holds an annual get-together for water skiers from across Victoria.

The township itself developed from farming land in the 1960s.

At the 2021 census, Bellbridge had a population of 393.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bellbridge, Victoria


text:
File:Imperfect consonance in Machaut.PNG

x's mark thirds and sixths. Guillaume de Machaut's "Je ne cuit pas qu'onques".

See: File:Imperfect consonance in Machaut.mid

Source

 * Marquis, G. Welton (1964). Twentieth Century Music Idioms. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Fair use for Consonance and dissonance
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a very short portion of one part of the entire piece;
 * 2) the transcription is only being used for informational purposes;
 * 3) it is inferior to the original piece;
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows consonance and dissonance through history.


text:
User talk:KateIsShortForBob

How do I talk to people?

I'm removing the spamming of the Decency wikiproject template. Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Shimgray 08:56, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:KateIsShortForBob


text:
User:KateIsShortForBob

See Blackadder

title: User:KateIsShortForBob


text:
File:Battle of yavin.jpg

Scene of the Battle of Yavin

title: File:Battle of yavin.jpg


text:
Chris Jarvis (actor)

Chris Jarvis is an English dancer and actor. Jarvis played PC Dan Casper in the ITV soap opera The Bill, appearing in the show from February 2005 to August 2007.

Jarvis appeared in the 2004 film version of The Phantom of the Opera. He had a part in the film Beyond The Sea, and played the part of Jackson in the 20th Century Fox horror film Wrong Turn 6: Last Resort. He appeared as Eddie in the 2008 feature film Mamma Mia!.

He ran the London Marathon in 2007.

title: Chris Jarvis (actor)


text:
User talk:Pcoulombeau

TRANGO real-time embedded hypervisor
Please don't delete the template until you have addressed the concerns it mentions. Zoe 08:35, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

I will ask you one last time. Stop removing the wikify header.

Sorry, I don't understand what is to be "wikified"... I tried to find explanations into the corresponding guidelines, but did not find by myself. Could you give me more details about what you mean ? --Pcoulombeau 08:50, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

See Guide to layout and Manual of Style. Zoe 09:10, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:TRANGO Application.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:TRANGO Application.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. —Cryptic (talk) 08:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:IDEOL floating offshore foundation.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:IDEOL floating offshore foundation.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:38, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:IDEOL floating offshore wind foundation.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:IDEOL floating offshore wind foundation.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:26, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pcoulombeau


text:
St. Laurent Boulevard

St. Laurent Boulevard (Ottawa Road #26) is an arterial road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Beginning at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police college complex at Sandridge Road in the Manor Park neighbourhood, St. Laurent Boulevard runs in a straight line, slightly east of south, until it reaches Walkley Road. It then curves west and intersects with Conroy Road and Don Reid Drive. In Ottawa, the name of the street is pronounced exclusively in French, even among Anglophones, as it honours former Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. Prior to 1951, it was known as Base Line Road.

Northern section
The northern part of the street, not yet a boulevard, skirts the residential Manor Park neighbourhood. South of Hemlock Road, it passes Beechwood Cemetery, one of the most important in the city, and also several high towers including the 30-story Le Parc building, which is the third tallest in the city.

The road becomes mostly commercial starting from McArthur Avenue up to Highway 417. At the corner of Coventry Road lies the St. Laurent Shopping Centre, one of the biggest malls in the city. OC Transpo's St. Laurent Station (the upper level) is located right beside the on ramp for Highway 417 westbound.

Southern section
South of Highway 417 and Tremblay Road, the road becomes more industrial as it crosses a small industrial district to its east. OC Transpo's (Ottawa's transit company) main offices are located at the corner of Belfast Road, another key industrial road, which is also a link to Via Rail Ottawa station at its western end.

Past Innes Road, it enters another important commercial district until Russell Road. To its east, one can see the Canadian Museum of Science and Technology, a key tourist destination since the 1960s, at Lancaster Road. Also located at the corner of Russell Road lies Elmvale Shopping Centre, a mid-sized mall, serving the Alta Vista and Pleasant Park neighbourhoods to its west.

Branching to the west off Russell Road, it reverts to two lanes and runs through a residential area, then south of Walkley Road it enters a business park including some technology companies. It ends behind the former building of CKKL-FM radio station just west of Conroy Road.

Speed limits
Speed limits vary throughout the road. North of Hemlock Road, the speed limit is 40 km/h with two lanes. Between Hemlock Road and McArthur Avenue, the speed limit is 50 km/h on four lanes of traffic. Then, from McArthur Avenue south to Tremblay Road, it increases to 60 km/h. Then from Tremblay Road until Smyth Road, it reaches its highest speed limit of 70 km/h. From there to its end, the limit reduces once more to 50 km/h.

Major intersections

 * Montreal Road
 * Ogilvie Road
 * Highway 417
 * Innes Road & Industrial Avenue
 * Russell Road
 * Walkley Road
 * Conroy Road

Communities

 * Manor Park
 * Overbrook
 * Elmvale
 * Alta Vista

title: St. Laurent Boulevard


text:
RTL 7

RTL 7 is a Dutch free-to-cable television channel that was launched as Veronica on 1 September 1995. RTL 7 is RTL Nederland's "men's channel" with action films, reality television about crime and professions, soccer, motorsport and talk shows about sports. During daytime business and financial news channel RTL Z was broadcasting on RTL 7 until RTL Nederland revamped RTL Z into a 24-hours channel on 7 September 2015.

Officially RTL 7 along with RTL 4, RTL 5 and RTL 8 is headquartered in Hilversum, broadcasting under a Luxembourg TV license. This allows them to avoid more severe control by the Dutch media authorities as Luxembourg's television watchdog is less strict. Yorin used to be licensed in the Netherlands, but moved to Luxembourg after the RTL 7 rebrand. There is a 40 kW DVB-T transmitter on the Dudelange Radio Tower in Luxembourg that broadcasts the channel free-to-air, but the main audience in the Netherlands needs a subscription to a cable, satellite, IPTV, or DVB-T provider to get access. All providers include the channel in their base package.

Veronica (1995-2001)
The channel began as Veronica on 1 September 1995, and was a joint venture between RTL 4, RTL 5 and Veronica Association (in Dutch: Vereniging Veronica), and with the radio station Hitradio Veronica in the Holland Media Groep.

The Veronica Organisation had been a public broadcasting association since 1 January 1976 but left the Dutch Public Broadcasting system in 1995 and started a commercial channel.

In the first year it broadcasts a lot of American TV series, such as Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place and Baywatch, films, Dutch programmes ranging from game shows to talk shows and Dutch TV series, such as Flodder and Onderweg naar Morgen. By the end of its first year Veronica dropped the news-related programmes and established its place in the Dutch television market as a young adult channel with programmes of a provocative nature. In the next years Veronica proved to be a pioneer in television making by introducing a wide range of reality shows with a real breakthrough when it launched the reality game show Big Brother in 1999.

In 2000 Veronica announced it would leave the joint venture and wanted to start a channel of its own. Eventually, Veronica Association closed a deal with SBS in 2003.

Yorin (2001-2005)
RTL had to change the name of the station. At first RTL came up with ME but a fashion label in the Netherlands WE complained about the similarity with its name. Finally RTL rebranded Veronica to Yorin on 2 April 2001. Yorin referred to the English phrase "You're in". The Dutch version of The Price is Right, Cash en Carlo, referenced this fact when announcer Eddy Keur told contestants "Yorin the game!" when they came on down to Contestant's Row. All programmes previously on Veronica and also the television presenters moved to Yorin. RTL didn't want to add RTL into the name so the channel would keep its own identity.

In the auctioning off of FM radio frequencies called ZeroBase, Holland Media Group acquired a lot allowing them to broadcast a popular music station virtually nationwide; this station was called Yorin FM with its most notable DJs being Rob Stenders, Robert Jensen and Henk Westbroek. In 2006, due to disappointing results, Holland Media Group sold the station to SBS Broadcasting, who rebranded it Caz! and changed the programming to a fully middle-of-the-road all-music formula.

RTL 7 (2005-)
When Dutch media tycoon and Big Brother-inventor John de Mol announced the launch of a TV channel named Talpa, and contracted many popular Dutch TV hosts, the RTL Group felt the need to reorganize its channels. Apart from a physical renewal, the setup of its channels RTL 4, RTL 5 and Yorin were changed. To emphasize the three channels' connection, the name Yorin was replaced by RTL 7 on 12 August 2005. Practically all former Yorin shows were moved to RTL 5, whereas that RTL 5's programmes continued on RTL 7. RTL Z also moved from RTL 5 to RTL 7.

The origin of the number 7, instead of a more logical 6, goes back to 1995 when the original channel Veronica was founded. Around the same time, the commercial channels SBS 6 and TMF appeared and also claimed channel 6 on the remote control. Veronica and TMF lost the battle for remote control button 6. Also, SBS 6 was originally managed by Fons van Westerloo, who later became head of RTL Nederland before the rebranding operation.

On 15 October 2009 RTL Nederland started simulcasting their RTL 7 and RTL 8 channels in 1080i high-definition.

Programming
RTL 7 broadcasts a large number of sports programmes such as football, darts and motorsports, but in which motorsports is their main broadcast item. This include live coverage of Formula One and the MotoGP as the most notable. But also the A1 Grand Prix, Dakar Rally and the Indianapolis 500 are broadcast live on RTL 7. Movies, series and entertainment programmings also broadcast on this channel.

Imported

 * 'Allo 'Allo!
 * 24
 * The A-Team
 * Arrested Development
 * The Beast
 * The Black Donnellys
 * The Blacklist
 * Bakugan: Battle Planet
 * Baywatch
 * Beyblade Burst
 * Billy the Exterminator
 * Blazing Team: Masters of Yo Kwon Do
 * Born to Kill?
 * Cobra 11
 * The Good Guys
 * Hardcore Pawn
 * Ice Road Truckers
 * Inazuma Eleven
 * Journeyman
 * K-Ville
 * Killer Instinct
 * Knight Rider
 * Law & Order
 * Les Dalton
 * Life on Mars
 * Married... with Children
 * Medicopter 117
 * Monster Jam
 * Mr. Bean
 * Muhteşem Yüzyıl
 * Ninjago
 * Oggy and the Cockroaches
 * Pawn Stars
 * Pokémon
 * Power Rangers Beast Morphers
 * Power Rangers Dino Charge
 * Rescue Me
 * Resident Advisors
 * Sons of Anarchy
 * Spartacus
 * Stacked
 * Steven Seagal: Lawman
 * Strike Back
 * Transporter: The Series
 * The Unit
 * Warehouse 13
 * Yin Yang Yo!

Football

 * UEFA Europa League (2009-2021)
 * UEFA Champions League (2021-)
 * Voetbal Inside

Motorsports

 * 24 Hours Nürburgring
 * 24 Hours of Daytona
 * 24 Hours of Le Mans
 * 24 Hours of Zolder
 * 2CV 24 Hour Race
 * Dubai 24 Hour
 * Fuji 24 Hours
 * Longest Day of Nelson
 * Silverstone Britcar 24-Hour
 * Spa 24 Hours

Teletext
RTL 7 offered a teletext service which stopped on 1 April 2017. The pages 888/889 are still available for subtitles.

title: RTL 7


text:
File:Smells Like Teen Spirit.jpg

Licensing
sr:Датотека:Smells Like Teen Spirit.jpg

title: File:Smells Like Teen Spirit.jpg


text: User talk:203.131.104.250

title: User talk:203.131.104.250


text:
User talk:Dirtyliberal

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 08:39, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Natalee Holloway
Beste rijksgenoot,

Ik heb bij tijd en wijle wat zitten stoken op deze bladzijde en zou het op prijs stellen als een echte Arubaan het stukje over de politieke achtergrond dat Dystopos weer verwijderd heeft eens zou willen lezen. Het verbaasde me niet dat het verwijderd werd, maar ik vind niet dat de politieke achtergrond van alle gestook hier in de US weggemoffeld mag worden. De FBI wil gewoon meer macht. Zoals het stuk nu is is het geheel AmericanPOV en dat kan niet.

Ik ben lange tijd (erg) actief geweest op nl. Nu doe ik nog wel eens wat op af. (Niet veel) maar meestal beperk ik me tot wat wiktionary (nl en af). antwoord op: af:Gebruiker:Jcwf

Hey Marco,

I decided to do a search for "facebook" on wikipedia, and it pulled up a list of wikipedia contributors. I happened to see your picture which I think eerily resembles me. Just wanted to say that. My username is Khaavren....take care hahaha.Khaavren 05:14, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello, I saw you write on my talk page. It's good to see fellow Rutgers students on here. Anyway, one thing you should always do is leave a signature as to make it easier for people to find you after you write a message, some people are too lazy to check the page history :)-Jersey Devil 17:58, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

UDUIW
I, Shell, Welcome you to join UDUIW. If you are interested, include yourself in our category and/or add our userbox. Thank you, Shell. (Sh e ll 03:29, 22 January 2006 (UTC))

Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A watered-down version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you kindly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much. Loom91 12:25, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Aruba national football team
Hello there. For some time I've been troubled by the edits of this IP. While it's AOL and might be used by millions of people, in practice it seems to be used by very few indeed. One has the personality of a seven-year-old, another the personality of a particularly repulsive fifteen-year-old. Somebody else again actually makes occasional good (if very small) edits. Recently the IP has tinkered slightly with Aruba national football team. I'm incapable of evaluating these edits. Could you please take a look? Thanks. -- Hoary 23:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Please be my AMA, they are torture me too much
Hello, I used to post on my room-mates acount name Babalooo and just started this name. Some others are torturing me on the Babalooo name account saying I am Rootlogy and put a giant warning label there too many times. Mostly Hipocrite is his name. Only the administrators are to put the warning labels yes? I have only made too few posts but they are on 9/11 to proof the many errors and lies of the top USA Bush administrations about 9/11 (like President Bush reading for too long, and Mr Andy Card starts saying that President Bush left the schoolroom as soon as he told him of the attacks one year after. The teacher says this also) There is no mention of any of the errors of the Bush administrations in any of the 9/11 articles that I read and I want to add a tiny little bit so they torture me. Did you know that I add that President Bush was first against the 9/11 commission and they remove this even? There is a conspiracy to not mention any errors by President Bush administrations or the mysteries. This is a plot and coverup by the Bushistas yes? They just threw away Lovelight who writes so well and are torturing Mr Baseball. I feel like a prisoner at Abu Gharib. Too much torture on me. I thank you to help me. Qué Chévere! 06:39, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think maybe you don't post soo much anymore. I will ask another, sorry. Qué Chévere! 07:00, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dirtyliberal


text:
Pelite

A pelite or metapelite is a metamorphosed fine-grained sedimentary rock, i.e. mudstone or siltstone. The term was earlier used by geologists to describe a clay-rich, fine-grained clastic sediment or sedimentary rock, i.e. mud or a mudstone, the metamorphosed version of which would technically have been a metapelite. It was equivalent to the now little-used Latin-derived term lutite. A semipelite is defined in part as having similar chemical composition but being of a crystalloblastic nature.

Pettijohn (1975) gives the following descriptive terms based on grain size, avoiding the use of terms such as clay or argillaceous which carry an implication of chemical composition. The Ancient Greek terms are more commonly used for metamorphosed rocks, and the Latin for unmetamorphosed:

Barrovian facies series
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, George Barrow discovered the classic Barrovian-type metamorphic sequence in the southeastern Scottish Highlands. It represents a common type of regional pelitic orogenic metamorphism. He observed that as a pelitic rock undergoes higher pressures and temperatures, its mineral assemblage changes from predominantly chlorite to biotite to garnet to staurolite to kyanite to sillimanite. This later turned out to be overly simplistic.

title: Pelite


text:
User:Nishanthg

Nishanth Gopinathan

http://nishanthg.com

title: User:Nishanthg


text:
List of companies of Egypt

Egypt is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt's economy depends mainly on agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honoured place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy.

For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in Egypt".

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

title: List of companies of Egypt


text:
User talk:Speakers~enwiki

Learners
I've being checking on your edits at the Córdoba, Argentina article and made a few changes; some of writing style, some of format. You are most welcome to write articles on Argentine Cities with your group of students. Mistakes will be eventually corrected, but I would ask you to comply to the format we use in other Argentine cities, and give your text a pass on a spell checker. It would be also good if there was a list of the users doing this, to check on their edits more easily.

Be careful not to use phrases like "you can find", "if we go south", or that kind of brochure language., and that text contains only facts and not just someone's opinion ("Carnaval doesn't have an especific beginning or end"). Finally, it would be good if a teacher or somebody checked the text of the students before it's sent, or corrected after it has been saved.

Please, visit the Argentine notice board and leave a message at the Talk page if you want someone to check on your article. Good wiking, Mariano 08:42, 18 August 2005 (UTC).

Cordoba revisions
Thanks for the feedback on the Cordoba article, It´s all been taken on board - some of the issues are practicalities - in the school I work we don´'t have English Language spellcheckers and there is only one computer with a very slow internet connection - thus all the articles are written and edited in Word and then copied across to Wikipedia. As regards the style of the article (ie:brochureish instead of encyclopaedic) I will work on this issue next - I will also make sure that by the end of the 'project' the language and facts etc should be perfect... I will also try to work on the format - Where can I find an example of the preferred format for city articles - there seems to be some variation (having looked at BsAs, Rosario, Mendoza, Formosa, La Plata and Bariloche) - Any further comments will be welcomed, thanks --Speakers 19:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We can keep the conversation in your talk page, as I started it here (I have your page in my watchlist).
 * I'm not sure about the most convenient format for the citiess' articles, since there's no defined standard, but I think both Buenos Aires and Córdoba are OK. Of course, smaller cities, or cities with certain peculiarity will be probably better described with other sections; there's no need to be so strict.
 * I'm sorry if I insisted a little bit too much on the correctnesss and spelling of the articles. Wikipedia's philosophy is "Do what you can, someone will fix it after you", but since there are not many users taking care of Argentine articles, and we have to deal with the occasional vandal, we have sometimes a lot of work keeping up.
 * Time will also give you a better understanding of how things work, but feel free to ask me or at the Argentine notice board if you have a question regarding Wiki functionalities or the articles themselves.
 * Take care, Mariano 16:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Speakers. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Speakers~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:49, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:08, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Speakers~enwiki


text: Category:Machine guns of Poland

title: Category:Machine guns of Poland


text:
Bubanza

Bubanza is a city located in northwestern Burundi. It is the capital city of Bubanza Province. It is also the seat of the Commune of Bubanza. Notable personalities from this province include Manasse Nzobonimpa, the province's first post-war governor, Gabriel Ntisezerana, former second Vice-president of the Republic and Pascal Nyabenda, former president of the Burundi National Assembly.

The city is home to the Bubanza Diocesan Hospital, built by Swiss volunteers in the late 1970s. The hospital has a capacity of about 160 beds.

title: Bubanza


text:
WSLI (AM)

WSLI is a radio station which serves the Greater Grand Rapids, Michigan area. The main broadcast frequency is 1480 kHz, which is licensed to Kentwood, Michigan, a Grand Rapids suburb. It broadcasts Smile FM's contemporary Christian music format.

History
Thr station went on the air December 11, 1954, as commercial station WMAX. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, it was the leading Top 40 music station in Grand Rapids. Afterward, the station played mostly middle of the road and adult contemporary music (and briefly used the WAFT calls for a time in the late 1960s/early 1970s), although WMAX did briefly return to a Top 40-style presentation from about 1972 to 1975 as "Good Max Music 1480". The station dropped its music format in January 1976 for a news/talk format. WMAX NewsRadio 1480 operated as a locally produced all-news radio format from 1976 to 1984, with a staff of 11 reporters. Later, the station dropped the news/talk format for gospel, then contemporary Christian music. For many years, WMAX was the Grand Rapids radio home for Detroit Red Wings hockey. WMAX changed transmitter locations (adding a directional night-time signal) and was reassigned from Grand Rapids to Kentwood in 1984.

The station went silent until July 4, 1991, when it became branded as "All-American NewsTalk 1480 WMAX". The AM station operated out of the Witte Travel Building at 3250 28th Street S.E., near Shaffer Avenue. The station simulcast the cable-TV network audio signal of CNN Headline News. At the :24 and :54 marks of each hour during morning drive, noon hour and afternoon drive, WMAX would cut in with a six-minute locally produced newscast during morning and afternoon drives, before resuming the simulcast at the top or bottom of the hour. Dave Stanley was the program director and James Gemmell was the news director. The owners sold the station in early 1992 to Grand Valley State University. Grand Valley returned it to the air as WGVU on May 22, 1992.

After returning to the air, it served as a public broadcaster and was a National Public Radio affiliate, with NPR News on the hour (although the station did not air NPR long-form news programming such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered). In 1998, Grand Valley took control of WGVS 850 in Muskegon and converted it into a simulcast of WGVU. Formerly, the station broadcast in AM stereo for years before converting to the newer HD Radio format; WTKG is the only other AM station in the area with an HD signal.

On August 27, 2009, WGVU and WGVS flipped to an oldies format—a first for a public radio station. The station's playlist encompassed hits from the mid-1950s through the mid-1970s and featured many seldom-heard songs not typically played on commercial oldies stations, including some titles by local Michigan artists. Big band, traditional pop, and easy listening songs from the 1940s through the 1970s were featured on Sunday mornings during the Sunday Morning Standards program. Also airing on Sundays was the West Michigan Top 40 show, which counted down the songs on a historic local record chart from a given date.

Victor Lundberg, a newscaster at WMAX 1480, had a Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967 with a spoken-word piece titled "An Open Letter to My Teenage Son." The WMAX calls were originally granted for a station in Ann Arbor in 1922, and now belong to a Catholic-formatted AM station in Bay City, Michigan (in addition, 96.1 FM licensed to Holland, Michigan and serving the Grand Rapids market operates as WMAX-FM, but it has no relationship to 1480 AM).

The 1480 AM towers are located at Kalamazoo Avenue and M-6.

In late 2021, Grand Valley State University announced that it would end the "Real Oldies" format and shut down WGVU and WGVS on January 7, 2022. WGVU-TV and WGVU-FM were not affected by the shutdown of the AM stations. The university originally planned to return the AM stations' licenses to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and sell their transmitter sites. On October 6, 2022, it was announced that Smile FM, a network of Christian radio stations in Michigan, had filed a $60,000 deal to purchase WGVU from Grand Valley State University. The purchase was consummated on December 7, 2022, at which point the station changed its call sign to WSLI.

title: WSLI (AM)


text:
WGVU-FM

WGVU-FM is an NPR member station serving Grand Rapids, Michigan. Owned by Grand Valley State University, it is simulcast in West Michigan. The main broadcast frequency is 88.5 MHz, which is licensed to Allendale, the Grand Rapids suburb that is home to Grand Valley State's main campus. It is simulcast on WGVS-FM 95.3 MHz, which is licensed to Whitehall and serves Muskegon. The format is talk radio from NPR, along with jazz.

WGVU-FM began broadcasting on July 17, 1983, as WGVC-FM, owned by what was then Grand Valley State College. The station had originally operated (1974–1982) as student-run WSRX, with an alternative rock format. It was the first locally-focused NPR station in Grand Rapids. It was West Michigan's fourth full NPR member, joining WVGR, a repeater of WUOM-FM in Ann Arbor (now known as Michigan Radio), WMUK in Kalamazoo, and WBLV in Muskegon.

WGVS-FM in Whitehall began as Top 40 station WLRQ ("Super Q") in the late 1970s. In the mid-1980s, the station bore the WRNF ("We're Rock Ninety Five") calls while continuing with a Top 40 format. By the mid-1990s, 95.3 FM had the WKBZ-FM calls and was airing an urban contemporary format as "Power 95.3". Station owners Robert Jewell and Daniel Thill donated WKBZ-FM, along with WKBZ (850 AM), to Grand Valley in 1995, but the following year the stations were sold to WLC Broadcasting, and it was not until November 1998 that WLC returned the stations to Grand Valley and the university began using them as simulcasts of WGVU-AM/FM.

WGVU-FM 88.5 formerly broadcast in HD Radio and operated two side channels. and WGVU-HD3 was all jazz. Additionally the station's audio simulcasts on the digital subchannels of WGVU/WGVK-TV on channel 35.4/52.4 via the secondary audio program of that station (WGVU/WGVS is on the main audio channel), which features scrolling television schedules along with visual song/artist information for the radio audio.

WGVU-FM was the 2011 Michigan Association of Broadcasters Public Radio Station of the year among stations with a $2 million plus budget. This ended the winning streak of Michigan Radio, with which WGVU-FM competes.

title: WGVU-FM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rich Hoffman

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Rich Hoffman
Labelled incorrectly as a "United States Congressman from New York". There is nobody called Hoffman on the list on the house.gov website. The Nita Lowey article mentions Rich Hoffman, saying he was her opponent in 2004; describes him as "a self-funded candidate". This information was added a few hours ago by a user who also edited this article. Lowey is the incumbent for New York 18th District. I have verified that somebody called Richard Hoffman did run against Lowey last year. She trounced him.

Probably not notable (no vote either way). If article is kept obviously it needs cleanup. --Tony Sidaway Talk 08:45, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not elected = not notable. Radiant_ >|< 10:50, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep my rewritten version. Disclaimer: he's an unsuccessful Republican U.S. House candidate. I don't know if this meets your bar for notability, but it does meet mine. Meelar (talk) 14:26, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. See also Richard A. Hoffman, which is just a duplicate of the older page. Sdedeo 15:21, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. And Richard hoffman. Sdedeo 15:22, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Nothing to see there. I made redirects of them. Punkmorten 21:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but keep it short. On many occasions over the years I have looked up past opponents of current Congressmen.  The ones who are not notable for any other reason (other than their campaign) become very difficult to find.  In my view, a short article in Wikiepdia on losing Congressional and Senatorial candidates in general elections is a good thing.  But don't overdo a good thing by extending the concept to losing State Representative candidates or non-notable primary opponents. -- DS1953 16:08, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Interesting. Trollderella 18:17, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems reasonable enough. Punkmorten 21:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect into a new article List of losing 2004 U.S. House candidates. Then merge with other information on other persons whose only notable achievement was that they ran in a single U.S. House race and lost.  I did a quick gander at other blue links for losing candidates on 2004 U.S. House election.  The majority of them just regurgiated the obvious from that article with maybe a link to their campaign website.  A few were for Texas representatives wo lost seats thanks to DeLay's gerrymander.  There were a number of incorrect links to people who happened to have the same name.  (The most amusing was from a losing Texas Democratic candidate for the House of Representatibves to a winning Nevada Republican candidate for the House of Representatives with the same name Jon Porter.  This isn't even counting the vast majority of red links for losing candidates in that article. Caerwine 21:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keepr : There is enough info in the article to consider this subject as interesting--Revas 23:27, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jebel Dair

Jebel Dair (also Jabal ad-Dayr or Dair Mountain) (جبل الدائر) is an igneous mountain in central Sudan. It rises over 1000m above the surrounding terrain and 1451m above sea level. The flanks of the mountain apparently have been denuded of vegetation, although water exists in some of the meandering stream channels within the darker, vegetated wadis.

It can be seen as the dark, fractured structure near the center of the photograph to the right. The mountain flanks are the broad reddish-tan ring around it. A small muddy reservoir can be seen near the northwest corner of the photograph, and sand dunes to the northwest.

With the exception of Jebel Dair, most of the region is fairly flat. It is hot and semiarid, and marginally suited for subsistence agriculture, as well as for commercial crops of peanuts, sesame, and gum arabic. Drainage patterns dominate the landscape in central Sudan west of the White Nile River. Several major wadis, intermittently flowing watercourses, merge west and northwest of the mountain. The sand dunes nearby capture the wide variation in annual precipitation in the region, which makes agricultural activity tenuous.

title: Jebel Dair


text:
Bururi

Bururi is a city located in southern Burundi. It is the capital city of Bururi Province and has around 20,000 inhabitants in 2007.

History
On 29 April 1972, a massacre took place here. Local Hutu gendarmes in Bururi drove out military and civil government control of the Tutsi military regime of Micombero. A republic was declared, and a week later suppressed by Burundian troops.

title: Bururi


text:
Jason Massey

Jason Eric Massey (January 7, 1973 – April 3, 2001) was an American murderer who was executed in 2001 for the murders of two teenagers.

Background
Massey was born on January 7, 1973, in Ellis County, Texas. He was neglected and abused by his alcoholic father and his drug-addicted mother. By his teens, he was a juvenile delinquent with a lengthy criminal record, mostly for torturing animals and stalking. His mother once committed him to a psychiatric hospital after discovering his journals, in which he detailed his fantasies about rape and murder, his hero worship of Charles Manson, his avowed Satanism, and his strong desire to become a serial killer. Massey was known to decapitate and mutilate dogs, cats, and cows, preserving their skulls in coolers as trophies.

Crime
On July 27, 1993, Massey murdered two teenagers: 14-year-old James Brian King and his 13-year-old stepsister, Christina Benjamin, in his hometown. He cut off Christina's head, hands and nipples, mutilated her genitals, and removed her intestines. He shot King twice in the head. On July 29, both their bodies were found in a field near Telico by a road worker. There was evidence of sexual mutilation and some of the body parts were missing, which have never been found.

Massey was quickly connected to the crime by forensic evidence and arrested, shortly after getting out of jail for animal cruelty. In October of the following year, he was found guilty of capital murder.

The prosecution sought a death sentence for Massey. During the sentencing phase, they had Dr. Dekleva, the psychiatrist who had previously examined Massey, testify. He talked about the contents of Massey's journal, and said the most concerning part of it was when the writing shifted from fantasy to reality. Massey wrote about planning his murders by talking about how to evade detection to the police and purchasing weapons. Dr. Dekleva said there was no possible treatment for an individual like Massey, and that he was a lasting threat to society who would almost certainly kill again.

A former teacher and classmate of Massey also testified about his disturbing behavior. His classmate said he repeatedly threatened her. It was later revealed that Massey had killed and mutilated her dog, before spreading its blood on her car.

A witness testified that while he was walking in the woods, he had found a cooler containing animal bones, primarily skulls and jawbones. There were also journals labeled "Slayer's Book of Death," volumes 1–4. In these journals, Massey talked about his plan to become a serial killer. In one entry, he wrote that he planned to kill 700 people within 20 years. In another, he wrote that he had killed 73 cats and dogs, as well as seven cows.

It took jurors only 15 minutes to order his execution. While on death row, he reportedly converted to Christianity.

Execution
Massey was executed by lethal injection on April 3, 2001. Before his execution, he confessed his crime to the murdered teenagers' family and apologized. His last meal consisted of three fried chicken quarters, fried squash, fried egg plant, mashed potatoes, snap peas, boiled cabbage, three bits of corn on the cob with spinach, broccoli and butter, and one pint of ice cream, served with a pitcher of sweet tea.

In popular culture
Massey's crime was documented on an episode of the TV series Forensic Files called "Pure Evil". It is one of the few episodes rated TV-MA.

title: Jason Massey


text:
Cankuzo

Cankuzo is a city located in eastern Burundi. It is the capital city of Cankuzo Province.

title: Cankuzo


text: Category:Nicaragua geography stubs

title: Category:Nicaragua geography stubs


text:
Karuzi

Karuzi, or Karusi, is a city located in eastern Burundi. It is the capital city of Karuzi Province.

On 8 June 2020, Burundian president Pierre Nkurunziza died in Karuzi from cardiac arrest.

The Natwe Turashoboye Hospital is in the city of Karusi, in the south of the Buhiga Health District. It is a tertiary public hospital serving a population of 251,592 as of 2014.

title: Karuzi


text: Category:El Salvador geography stubs

title: Category:El Salvador geography stubs


text:
Cibitoke

Cibitoke is a city located in northwestern Burundi, near the border of Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the capital of the Cibitoke Province.

The city is the birthplace of Olympic judoka Odette Ntahonvukiye.

Cibotoke Province is governed by a community administrator. It is further divided into 6 communes:

 * 1) Buganda
 * 2) Bukinanyana
 * 3) Murwi
 * 4) Rugombo
 * 5) Mugina
 * 6) Mabayi

title: Cibitoke


text: Template:Nicaragua-geo-stub

title: Template:Nicaragua-geo-stub


text: Template:ElSalvador-geo-stub

title: Template:ElSalvador-geo-stub


text:
MTM

MTM may refer to:

Computing

 * Microsoft Test Manager, a diagnostic software tool

Science, technology, medicine and engineering

 * Mark-to-market accounting, or fair value accounting
 * Massive Thirring Model, in quantum field theory
 * Medication Therapy Management, pharmaceutical care by pharmacists
 * Methods-time measurement, a motion time system
 * Methyltrimethoxysilane, an organosilicon compound
 * Midwoofer-tweeter-midwoofer, a loudspeaker configuration
 * Model–test–model, in military combat modelling
 * Modified Transverse Mercator coordinate system, used in Eastern Canada
 * Motoren Technik Mayer, Wettstetten, Germany, a car tuner
 * Mountaintop removal mining
 * Methylthiomethyl ether, chemical compound
 * X-linked myotubular myopathy, form of centronuclear myopathy

Entertainment

 * MTM Enterprises, Mary Tyler Moore's production company
 * MTM Records, a MTM Enterprises record label
 * MTM (band), a Portuguese band

Transport

 * Martin Mill railway station, Dover, Kent, England; National Rail station code
 * Metlakatla Seaplane Base, Metlakatla, Alaska; IATA airport code and FAA location identifier
 * Metro Trains Melbourne, operator of the commuter train network in Melbourne, Victoria

Other

 * Ibanez MTM, a guitar brand
 * Made to measure clothing
 * MaineToday Media, media company
 * Mark-to-market accounting in economics
 * Max the Mutt College of Animation, Art & Design, Toronto, Ontario
 * Media Technology Monitor, a Canadian survey
 * Minnesota Transportation Museum, Saint Paul, Minnesota
 * Momentum, a financial indicator
 * Monster Truck Madness, a racing video game
 * A variant of the MT explosive motorboat, an Italian Royal Navy World War II motorboat designed to ram moored ships
 * The Swedish Agency for Accessible Media (Swedish: Myndigheten för tillgängliga medier)

title: MTM


text:
Talk:Leeds Beckett University

Coordinates
I've added the coordinates according to the WikiProject Geographical coordinates

Proposed merge with Leeds Law School
Does not demonstrate notability through third party sources Aloneinthewild (talk) 22:52, 19 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Support merge - Agreed. Far better to be included in the LBU page. Regards. The joy of all things (talk) 14:57, 21 November 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 12:47, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Alumni
I have added the names of several significant artists who are recognized alumni of the University. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.143.113.172 (talk) 10:36, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Leeds Beckett has a coat of arms
Per the https://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/-/media/files/brand/lbu-brand-guidelines.pdf, page 56, there is a coat of arms listed in the brand guidelines, should someone add it to the page or what? Kit Catalina (talk) 17:01, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leeds Beckett University


text:
Michele Austin

Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's The Bill, for which she won the Screen Nation award for best television actress in 2005.

Early life and career
Austin studied acting at Rose Bruford College in Sidcup. As well as her role as PC Hemmingway in the ITV series The Bill, she played the character Marsha Harris twice in 2001. Austin had roles in Mike Leigh's films Secrets & Lies (1996) and Another Year (2010). She also has a small role in ITV's 2008 teen drama Britannia High as Mrs Doris Troy, the landlady of the main characters, in the comedy Never Better and as a nurse in BBC's Outnumbered that aired on 30 August 2009.

In December 2010, Austin appeared in the British BBC soap opera EastEnders as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. Prior to this she played Miss Meg Tyler in 1993. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1.

In 2016, Austin appeared in the BBC series The Coroner. In 2020, she appeared in the British comedy TV series Meet the Richardsons. In 2022, she played senior midwife Tracy in the BBC screen adaptation of Adam Kay's book based on his experiences as a junior doctor, This Is Going To Hurt.

title: Michele Austin


text:
Kayanza

Kayanza is a city located in northern Burundi, known for its tea and coffee production. It is the capital city of Kayanza Province, subdivided into nine communes from which one is called Kayanza. It is one of the areas with higher population density.

title: Kayanza


text:
Kirundo

Kirundo is a city located in northern Burundi. It is the capital city of Kirundo Province and seat of the Commune of Kirundo.

The city is served by Kirundo Airport.

title: Kirundo


text: Template:User tpi-1

title: Template:User tpi-1


text:
Taralily

Taralily is an annual rice harvest festival held on the island of Madagascar.

title: Taralily