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List of Japanese-language poets

The following is a list of Japanese-language poets.

Poets are listed alphabetically by surname (or by a widely known name, such as a pen name, with multiple names for the same poet listed separately if both are notable). Small groups of poets and articles on families of poets are listed separately, below, as are haiku masters (also in the main list). Years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article.

A

 * Abe no Nakamaro 阿倍仲麻呂 (c. 698 – c. 770) scholar, administrator, and waka poet in the Nara period
 * Aizu Yaichi 会津 八一 (1881–1956), poet, calligrapher and historian
 * Kaijin Akashi 明石 海人 (1901-1939), author of poetry inspired by his leprosy
 * Akazome Emon 赤染衛門 (956–1041) waka poet of the mid-Heian period; a member of both the Thirty-six Elder Poetic Sages and Kintō's 36 female poetry immortals (or "sages") of the Kamakura period
 * Fuyue Anzai 安西 冬衛 (1898–1965) poet and co-founder of the magazine Shi To Shiron ("Poetry and Poetics")
 * Arakida Moritake 荒木田守武 (1473–1549), the son of Negi Morihide, and a Shinto priest; said to have excelled in waka, renga, and in particular haikai
 * Ikuma Arishima, 有島生馬 pen-name (together with Utosei and then Jugatsutei) of Arishima Mibuma (1882–1974), novelist, poet and painter; member of the Shirakaba literary circle
 * Ariwara no Narihira 在原業平 (825–880), waka poet and nobleman; called one of the Six best Waka poets and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
 * Asukai Gayū 飛鳥井雅有, also known as "Asukai Masaari" (1241–1301), Kamakura period nobleman and poet; has 86 poems in the official anthology Shokukokin Wakashū

B

 * Matsuo Bashō 松尾 芭蕉 (1644–1694), the most famous Edo-period poet, recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form; now more widely recognized as a master of haiku
 * Nozawa Bonchō 野沢 凡兆 (c. 1640 – 1714), haikai poet and student of Matsuo Bashō

C

 * Chiyo-ni 千代尼, or Kaga no Chiyo, (1703–1775), prominent female haiku poet of the Edo period
 * Chūgan Engetsu (1300–1375), poet and Zen Buddhist monk of the Rinzai sect who headed many Zen establishments

D

 * Hendrik Doeff (1764–1837), the first westerner to write haiku in Japanese

E

 * Eifuku-mon In 永福門院, also written "Eifuku Mon'in", also known as Saionji Shōko 西園寺しょう子, 西園寺鏱子 (1271–1342) Kamakura period poet and a consort of the 92nd emperor, Fushimi; she belonged to the Kyōgoku school of verse; has poems in the Gyokuyōshū anthology

F

 * Sadakazu Fujii 藤井 貞和 (born 1942), Japanese poet and literary scholar
 * Misao Fujimura 藤村操 (1886–1903), philosophy student and poet, largely remembered for the poem he carved into a tree before committing suicide over an unrequited love; sensationalized by Japanese newspapers after his death
 * Fujiwara no Akisue 藤原顕季 (1055–1123), late Heian-period poet and nobleman, member of the Fujiwara poetic and aristocratic clan
 * Fujiwara no Asatada 藤原朝忠 also 中納言朝忠 (911–966), middle Heian-period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; one of his poems is in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Fujiwara no Atsutada 藤原敦忠, also 権中納言敦忠; also known as "Hon'in Chunagon" 本院中納言 and "Biwa Chunagon" 琵琶中納言 (906–943), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Fujiwara no Hamanari 藤原 浜成 (724–790), poet and a nobleman of the Nara period; best known for Kakyō Hyōshiki, the oldest extant piece of Japanese poetic criticism, in which he attempts to apply phonetic rules of Chinese poetry to Japanese poetry; son of Fujiwara no Maro
 * Fujiwara no Kanesuke 藤原兼輔, also 中納言兼輔 (877–933), middle Heian waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem is in the anthology Hyakunin Isshu, others in several imperial poetry anthologies, including Kokin Wakashū and Gosen Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Kintō 藤原公任, also known as "Shijō-dainagon" (966–1041), poet and critic; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has poems in anthologies including the Shūi Wakashū, the Wakan rōeishū, and Shūi Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Ietaka 藤原家隆 (1158–1237), early Kamakura-period waka poet; has several poems in the Shin Kokin Wakashū anthology; related by marriage to Jakuren; pupil of Fujiwara no Shunzei's
 * Fujiwara no Kiyotada 藤原清正 (died 958), poet and one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; second son of Fujiwara no Kanesuke; younger brother of Fujiwara no Masatada
 * Fujiwara no Masatada 藤原雅正 (died 961), poet with family connections to several other poets: first son of Fujiwara no Kanesuke; grandfather of Murasaki Shikibu ("Lady Murasaki"); older brother of Fujiwara no Kiyotada; married a daughter of Fujiwara no Sadakata; father of Fujiwara no Tametoki; also acquainted with Ki no Tsurayuki
 * Fujiwara no Motozane 藤原元真 (dates unknown), a middle Heian-period waka poet and Japanese nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has poems in imperial anthologies, including the Shin Kokin Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Nakafumi 藤原仲文. also "Nakafun" (923–992) middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has poems in several imperial anthologies, including the Chokusen Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Nagayoshi 藤原長能, also known as "Fujiwara no Nagatō" (949 – death year unknown), poet and a court bureaucrat of the Heian period; one of the "Thirty-six Poetry Immortals"; taught waka to the poet Nōin
 * Fujiwara no Okikaze 藤原興風 (dates unknown), middle Heian-period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology and several imperial poetry anthologies, including Kokin Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Sadakata 藤原定方, also known as "Sanjō Udaijin" 三条右大臣 (873–932), father of poet Asatada, cousin and father-in-law of Kanesuke; has a poem in Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Fujiwara no Takamitsu 藤原高光 (c. 939–994), middle Heian-period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has poems in imperial poetry anthologies starting with Gosen Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Tameie 藤原為家 (1198–1275), the central figure in a circle of poets after the Jōkyū War in 1221; second son of poets Teika and Abutuni
 * Fujiwara no Tametoki 藤原為時 (died 1029?), poet, minor official and governor of various provinces, scholar of Chinese literature and the father of Murasaki Shikibu ("Lady Murasaki")
 * Fujiwara no Toshiyuki 藤原敏行, also "Fujiwara Toshiyuki no Ason" 藤原敏行朝亜 (birthdate unknown, died in 901 or 907), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the anthology Hyakunin Isshu and poems in several imperial poetry anthologies, including Kokin Wakashū and Gosen Wakashū
 * Fujiwara no Shunzei 藤原俊成, also known as "Fujiwara no Toshinari", "Shakua" 釈阿, "Akihiro" 顕広 (1114–1204), poet and nobleman, noted for his innovations in the waka poetic form and for compiling Senzai Wakashū ("Collection of a Thousand Years"), the seventh Imperial anthology of waka poetry,; father of Fujiwara no Teika; son of Fujiwara no Toshitada
 * Fujiwara no Teika 藤原定家, also known as "Fujiwara no Sadaie" or "Sada-ie" (1162–1242), a widely venerated late Heian period and early Kamakura period waka poet and (for centuries) extremely influential critic; also a scribe, scholar and widely influential anthologist; the Tale of Matsura is generally attributed to him; son of Fujiwara no Shunzei; associated with Jakuren
 * Fumiko Nakajō 中城ふみ子, pen name of Noe Fumiko 野江富美子 (1922–1954), tanka poet who died at age 32 after a turbulent life and struggle with breast cancer, as recorded in her poetry
 * Yoshihiko Funazaki 舟崎 克彦 (born 1945), novelist, poet, illustrator, manga writer, songwriter, and academic

G

 * Robin D. Gill (1951–), American japanologist who uses the haigō Keigu (敬愚)
 * Emperor Go-Toba, 後鳥羽天皇, also known as 山科僧正 (1180–1239)
 * Gyōi 行意 (1177–1217?), late Heian, early Kamakura period poet and Buddhist monk; one of the New Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; son of Fujiwara no Motofusa

H

 * Hagiwara Hiromichi 萩原広道 (1815–1863), late-Edo period scholar of literature, philology, and nativist studies (Kokugaku) as well as an author, translator, and poet; known for his commentary and literary analysis of The Tale of Genji
 * Sakutarō Hagiwara 萩原 朔太郎 (1886–1942), Taishō and early Shōwa period literary critic and free-verse poet called the "father of modern colloquial poetry in Japan"
 * Hanabusa Itchō 英一蝶 (1652–1724), painter, calligrapher, and haiku poet
 * Fumiko Hayashi 林 芙美子 (1903 or 1904 (sources disagree) – 1951), female novelist, writer and poet
 * Lafcadio Hearn also known as Koizumi Yakumo 小泉八雲 (1850 – 1904)
 * Hinatsu Kōnosuke 日夏耿之介, a pen-name of Higuchi Kunito (1890–1971), poet, editor and academic known for romantic and gothic poetry patterned after English literature; fervent Roman Catholic, co-founder, with Horiguchi Daigaku and Saijo Yaso, of Shijin ("Poets") magazine
 * Hiraide Shū 平出修 (1878–1914), late Meiji period novelist, poet, and lawyer; represented defendant in the High Treason Incident; a co-founder of the literary journal Subaru
 * Hirato Renkichi 平戸 廉吉 (1893–1922), Taisho era avant-garde poet
 * Kakinomoto no Hitomaro 柿本 人麻呂 (c. 662–710), late Asuka period poet, nobleman and government official; the most prominent poet in the Man'yōshū anthology
 * Hori Tatsuo 堀 辰雄 (1904–1953), Shōwa period writer, poet and translator
 * Horiguchi Daigaku 堀口 大学 1892–1981), Taishō and Shōwa period poet and translator of French literature; a member of the Shinshisha ("The New Poetry Society"); accompanied his father on overseas diplomatic postings
 * Tatsuko Hoshino 星野立子 (1903–1984), Shōwa period haiku female poet and travel writer; founded Tamamo, a haiku magazine exclusively for women; in the Hototogisu literary circle; haiku selector for Asahi Shimbun newspaper; contributed to haiku columns in various newspapers and magazines
 * Hoshino Tenchi 星野天知 (1862–1950), Meiji period poet and martial arts master; a co-founder of Bungakukai literary magazine; 8th Grand Master and a teacher of the Yagyu Shinkage-ryu martial-arts school
 * Hosokawa Fujitaka 細川藤孝, also known as Hosokawa Yūsai 細川幽斎 (1534–1610), a Sengoku period feudal warlord who was a prominent retainer of the last Ashikaga shōguns; father of Hosokawa Tadaoki, an Oda clan senior general; after the 1582 Incident at Honnō-ji, he took the Buddhist tonsure and changed his name to "Yūsai"; but he remained an active force in politics, under Shōguns Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu

I

 * Dakotsu Iida 飯田 蛇笏, commonly referred to as "Dakotsu", pen names of Takeji Iida 飯田 武治 (1885–1962), haiku poet; trained under Takahama Kyoshi
 * Ikezawa Natsuki 池澤夏樹 (born 1945), novelist, essayist, translator and poet who stopped publishing poetry in 1982
 * Ikkyū 休宗純, Ikkyū Sōjun 1394–1481), eccentric, iconic, Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest, poet and sometime mendicant flute player who influenced Japanese art and literature with an infusion of Zen attitudes and ideals; one of the creators of the formal Japanese tea ceremony; well-known to Japanese children through various stories and the subject of a popular Japanese children's television program; made a character in anime fiction
 * Inoue Kenkabō 井上剣花坊 pen name of Inoue Koichi (1870–1934), late Meiji, Taishō and early Shōwa period journalist and writer of senryū (short, humorous verse)
 * Lady Ise 伊勢 or Ise no miyasudokoro 伊勢の御息所 (c. 875 – c. 938), waka poet and noblewoman in the Imperial court; granddaughter of waka poet Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu; born the Fujiwara no Tsugikage of Ise; lover of the Prince Atsuyoshi; a concubine to Emperor Uda; her son by him was Prince Yuki-Akari; has many poems in the Kokin Wakashū anthology
 * Ishigaki Rin 石垣りん (1920–2004), poet, employee of the Industrial Bank of Japan, sometimes called "the bank teller poet"
 * Jun Ishikawa 石川淳 pen name of Ishikawa Kiyoshi, Ishikawa (1899–1987), Shōwa period modernist author, translator and literary critic
 * Ishikawa Takuboku see Takuboku Ishikawa
 * Ishizuka Tomoji 石塚友二 the kanji (Japanese writing) is a pen name of Ishizuka Tomoji, which is written with the different kanji 石塚友次, but in English there is no difference (1906–1984), Shōwa period haiku poet and novelist
 * Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 (1763–1828), poet and Buddhist priest known for his haiku and haibun; widely regarded as one of the four haiku masters in Japan, along with Bashō, Buson and Shiki
 * Itō Sachio 伊藤佐千夫, pen name of Itō Kojirō (1864–1913), Meiji period tanka poet and novelist
 * Izumi Shikibu 和泉式部 nicknamed "The Floating Lady" 浮かれ女 for her series of passionate affairs (born c. 976 – year of death unknown, sometime after 1033), mid-Heian period poet, novelist and noblewoman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; known for a sequence of affairs at the court in the capital; close friend of Akazome Emon, rival of Lady Murasaki, and mother of poet Koshikibu no Naishi; poetry praised by Fujiwara no Kintō

J

 * Jakuren 寂蓮, also known as "Fujiwara no Sadanaga" 藤原定長 before becoming a monk (1139–1202), initially adopted by Fujiwara no Shunzei, later stepped aside as Shunzei's heir and became a Buddhist priest; on the model of Saigyō, traveled around the country, composing poems; frequently associated with Fujiwara no Teika; one of six compilers of the eighth imperial waka anthology, Shin Kokin Wakashū, which contains 36 of his poems; adopted Fujiwara no Ietaka, a pupil of Shunzei's; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Jakushitsu Genkō 寂室元光 (1290–1367), Rinzai Zen master, poet, flute player, and first abbot of Eigen-ji, which was constructed solely for him to teach Zen
 * Jien 慈円 (1155–1225) poet, historian, and Buddhist monk
 * Jinzai Kiyoshi 神西清 (1903–1957) Shōwa-period novelist, translator, literary critic, poet and playwright
 * Empress Jitō 持統天皇 (645–703; 702 in the lunisolar calendar used in Japan until 1873), 41st imperial ruler, fourth empress and a poet

K

 * Kada no Azumamaro 荷田春満 (1669–1736), early Edo period poet, philologist and teacher as well as poetry tutor to one of the sons of Emperor Reigen; together with Keichū, co-founder of the kokugaku ("national studies") intellectual movement
 * Kaga no Chiyo see Chiyo-ni
 * Kambara Ariake 蒲原有明 pen-name of Kambara Hayao (1876–1952), Taishō- and Shōwa-period poet and novelist
 * Kamo no Chōmei 鴨長明 (1155–1216), author, waka poet and essayist
 * Kamo no Mabuchi 賀茂真淵 (1697–1769), Edo-period poet and philologist
 * Kamo no Yasunori no musume (late 10th century), daughter of Kamo no Yasunori, personal name unknown; Heian-period poet
 * Lady Kasa 笠女郎 (fl. early 8th century) waka poet
 * Jun Kawada 川田 順 (1882–1966, Shōwa-period tanka poet and entrepreneur
 * Ryuko Kawaji 川路柳虹, pen-name of Kawaki Makoto (1888–1959), Shōwa-period poet and literary critic
 * Kikuko Kawakami 川上 喜久子 (1904–1985), Shōwa-period female novelist, short-story writer and poet
 * Ki no Tokibumi 紀時文 (922–996), one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber
 * Ki no Tomonori 紀友則 (c. 850 – c. 904), early Heian-period waka poet of the court, one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; one of the four compilers of the Kokin Wakashū anthology
 * Ki no Tsurayuki 紀貫之 (872–945) Heian period waka poet, government official and courtier; son of Ki no Mochiyuki; one of four compilers of the Kokin Wakashū anthology; provincial governor of Tosa province (930–935) and later possibly governor of Suō Province
 * Takarai Kikaku 宝井其角, also known as "Enomoto Kikaku" (1661–1707), haikai poet and disciple of Matsuo Bashō
 * Kyōsuke Kindaichi 金田一 京助 (1882–1971), linguist and poet; his son is linguist Haruhiko Kindaichi
 * Kinoshita Rigen 木下利玄, pen-name of Kinoshita Toshiharu (1886–1925), Meiji- and Taishō-periodtanka poet
 * Kisen 喜撰 also known as "Kisen Hōshi" 喜撰法師 (fl. early 9th century), early Heian-period Buddhist monk and poet
 * Kishi Joō 徽子女王, also Yoshiko Joō 承香殿女御 Jokyōden Joō or 斎宮女御 Saigū no Nyōgo (929–985), middle Heian period Waka poet
 * Eriko Kishida 岸田 衿子 (1929-2011), poet, lyricist, children's author, and translator
 * Yaho Kitabatake 北畠 八穂 (1903–1982), Shōwa-period poet and children's fiction writer
 * Fuyuhiko Kitagawa 北川冬彦 (1900–1990), modernist poet and film critic
 * Hakushū Kitahara 北原 白秋, pen-name of Kitahara Ryūkichi 北原 隆吉 (1885–1942), Taishō- and Shōwa-period tanka poet
 * Kitamura Tokoku 北村透谷, pen-name of Kitamura Montarō (1868–1894) late Meiji-period poet, essayist and a founder of the modern Japanese romantic literary movement
 * Takeshi Kitano 北野 武 (born 1947), filmmaker, film editor, screenwriter, comedian, actor, author, poet and painter
 * Kiyohara no Motosuke, 清原元輔 (908–990), one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber
 * Kobayashi Issa see Issa
 * Kodai no Kimi 小大君, also "Ōkimi" (dates unknown), middle Heian-period Waka poet and noble; one of five women among the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has many poems in imperial poetry anthologies
 * Yakumo Koizumi 小泉八雲 see Lafcadio Hearn
 * Mantarō Kubota 久保田万太郎 (1889–1963), author, playwright and poet
 * Kūkai 空海, also known posthumously as "Kōbō-Daishi" 弘法大師 (774–835), monk, scholar, poet, and artist who founded the Shingon or "True Word" school of Buddhism, followers of that school usually refer to him by the honorific title "Odaishisama" お大師様
 * Masao Kume 久米正雄 (1891–1952), late Taishō-period and early Shōwa-period playwright, novelist and haiku poet (under the pen-name of Santei)
 * Kunikida Doppo 國木田 獨歩 (1871–1908), Meiji-period romantic poet and one of the novelists who pioneered naturalism in Japan
 * Sadako Kurihara 栗原貞子 (1913–2005), poet who survived the Hiroshima nuclear holocaust there and became known for her poems about her city
 * Kyoshi Takahama 高浜 虚子, pen name of Kiyoshi Takahama (1874–1959), Shōwa-period poet; close disciple of Masaoka Shiki

M

 * Manko 万乎| (birth year unknown – 1724) middle Edo period poet and wealthy merchant; apprentice of Matsuo Bashō
 * Sami Mansei 沙弥満誓 ("novice Mansei"), secular name was Kasa no Ason Maro (fl. c. 720), Buddhist priest and poet; a member of Ōtomo no Tabito's literary circle; has poems in the Man'yōshū anthology
 * Kaoru Maruyama 丸山 薫 (1899–1974)
 * Masamune Atsuo 正宗敦夫 (1881–1958), poet and academic
 * Masaoka Shiki see Shiki
 * Matsudaira Katamori 松平容保 (1836–1893), samurai and poet in the last days of the Edo period and the early-to-mid Meiji period
 * Matsudaira Teru 松平照 also called "Teruhime" 照姫, literally translated, "Princess Teru" (1832–1884), late Edo and early Meiji period aristocrat and skilled waka poet who instructed Matsudaira Katamori in poetry and calligraphy
 * Takashi Matsumoto 松本たかし(1906–1956), Shōwa period professional haiku poet in the Shippo-kai haiku circle, then, starting in 1929, in the Hototogisu group that also included Kawabata Bosha; founded a literary magazine, Fue ("Flute") in 1946
 * Matsuo Bashō see Bashō
 * Mibu no Tadami 壬生忠見 (dates unknown), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; son of poet Mibu no Tadamine
 * Mibu no Tadamine 壬生忠岑 (active 898–920), early Heian period waka poet of the court; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; father of Mibu no Tadami
 * Michio Mado (1909–2014), poet who worked for the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan
 * Taku Miki 三木卓 pen name of Tomita Miki (born 1935), Shōwa period poet and novelist in the Han ("Inundation") poetry circle
 * Minakami Takitarō 水上滝太郎 pen name of Abe Shōzō (1887–1940), Shōwa period poet, novelist, literary critic and essayist
 * Minamoto no Kintada 源公忠, also 源公忠朝臣 (889–948), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals, along with his son Minamoto no Saneakira; an official in the imperial treasury; has poems in imperial poetry anthologies, starting with the Goshūi Wakashū
 * Minamoto no Muneyuki 源宗于, also Minamoto no Muneyuki Ason 源宗于朝臣 (died 983), early Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Minamoto no Saneakira 源信明 (910–970), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; he and his father, Minamoto no Kintada, are two of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; his poems are in imperial poetry anthologies from the Goshūi Wakashū onward
 * Minamoto no Shigeyuki 源重之 (died 1000), early Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Minamoto no Shitagō 源順 (911–983), waka poet, scholar and nobleman; one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber and Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; author of the Minamoto no Shitagōshū poetry collection; some scholars claim that he also wrote the Taketori Monogatari; original compiler of the Wamyō Ruijushō, the first extant Japanese dictionary organized into semantic headings
 * Minamoto no Shunrai, also "Minamoto Toshiyori", (c. 1057–1129) poet who compiled the Gosen Wakashū anthology; passed over to compile the Goshūi Wakashū, Shunrai's angry polemical, "Errors in the Goshūishū", apparently led Emperor Shirakawa to appoint him to compile the Kin'yō Wakashū imperial anthology, which was itself controversial
 * Minamoto Toshiyori, see Minamoto no Shunrai
 * Minamoto no Yorimasa 源頼政 (1106–1180) poet, government official and warrior; his poems appeared in various anthologies
 * Yukio Mishima 三島 由紀夫. pen name of Kimitake Hiraoka 平岡 公威 (1925–1970), author, poet and playwright
 * Kenji Miyazawa 宮沢 賢治 (1896–1933), early Shōwa period poet and author of children's literature
 * Tatsuji Miyoshi 三好達治 1900–1964), Shōwa period literary critic, editor and poet
 * Mizuta Masahide 17th century, Edo period poet and samurai who studied under Basho
 * Mori Ōgai 森 鷗外 / 森 鴎外 (1862–1922) physician, translator, novelist and poet
 * Motoori Norinaga 本居宣長 (1730–1801) Edo-period scholar of Kokugaku, physician and poet
 * Munenaga 宗良 親王 (1311 – c. 1385) Nanboku-chō period imperial prince (eighth son of Emperor Godaigo) and poet of the Nijō poetic school who is known for his compilation of the Shin'yō Wakashū poetry anthology
 * Murasaki Shikibu 紫 式 部, not her real name, which is unknown; often called "Lady Murasaki" (c. 973 – c. 1014 or 1025), Heian-period novelist who wrote The Tale of Genji, poet, and a maid of honor of the imperial court
 * Saneatsu Mushanokōji 武者小路 実篤 實篤, sometimes known as "Mushakōji Saneatsu"; other pen-names included "Musha" and "Futo-o" (1885–1976), late Taishō period and Shōwa-period novelist, playwright, poet, artist and philosopher

N

 * Nagai Tatsuo 永井龍男, used the pen-name of "Tomonkyo" for his poetry (1904–1990), Shōwa-period novelist, short-story writer, haiku poet, editor and journalist
 * Hideo Nagata 長田秀雄 (1885–1949), Shōwa-period poet, playwright and screenwriter
 * Nagata Mikihiko 長田幹彦 (1887–1964), Shōwa-period poet, playwright and screenwriter
 * Takashi Nagatsuka 長塚 節 (1879–1915), poet and novelist
 * Naitō Jōsō (1662–1704), Genroku-era haiku poet, a principal disciple of Bashō
 * Fujiwara no Nakafumi family name: Fujiwara, see "F" section
 * Chūya Nakahara 中原 中也 (1907–1937), early Shōwa-period poet
 * Nakatsukasa 中務 (912–991), middle Heian-period Waka poet
 * Nanao Sakaki (1923–2008), poet and leading personality of "the Tribe", a counter-cultural group
 * Natsume Sōseki 夏目 漱石 (commonly referred to as "Sōseki"), pen name of Natsume Kinnosuke 夏目金之助 (1867–1916), Meiji-era novelist, haiku poet, composer of Chinese-style poetry, writer of fairy tales and a scholar of English literature; from 1984–2004, his portrait was on the 1000 yen note
 * Nishiwaki Junzaburo 西脇順三郎 (1894–1982), Shōwa-period poet and literary critic
 * Nishiyama Sōin see Sōin
 * Yone Noguchi 野口米次郎 (1875–1947), poet, fiction writer, essayist, and literary critic in both English and Japanese; father of the sculptor Isamu Noguchi
 * Nozawa Bonchō see Bonchō
 * Princess Nukata 額田王 also known as Princess Nukada (c. 630–690), Asuka-period poet
 * Nōin 能因, lay name: Tachibana no Nagayasu 橘永愷 (988 – c. 1051),  late Heian-period poet and monk; one of the "Thirty-six Medieval Poetry Immortals"

O

 * Ogiwara Seisensui 荻原井泉水, pen name of Ogiwara Tōkichi (1884–1976), haiku poet in the Taishō and Shōwa periods
 * Okamoto Kanoko 岡本かの子, pen name of Ohnuki Kano (1889–1939) author, tanka poet, and Buddhist scholar in the Taishō and early Shōwa periods; mother of artist Tarō Okamoto
 * Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto 大中臣頼基 (c. 886–958), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
 * Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu, 大中臣能宣 (921–991) one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber
 * Ono no Komachi 小野 小町 or おののこまち (c. 825 – c. 900), early Heian period waka poet, one of the Rokkasen — the Six best Waka poets; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; noted as a rare beauty and became a symbol of a beautiful woman in Japan
 * Saishū Onoe 尾上柴舟 (1876–1957), tanka poet and calligrapher
 * Makoto Ōoka 大岡信 (1931–2017), poet and literary critic
 * Shinobu Orikuchi 折口 信夫, also known as Chōkū Shaku 釋 迢空 (1887–1953), ethnologist, linguist, folklorist, novelist and poet; a disciple of Kunio Yanagita, he established an academic field named "Orikuchiism" (折口学), a mix of Japanese folklore, Japanese classics, and Shintō religion
 * Ōshikōchi no Mitsune 凡河内躬恒 (898–922), early Heian period administrator and waka poet of the court; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
 * Ōta Dōkan 太田道灌 (1432–1486), also known as "Ōta Sukenaga" (太田資長 or "Ōta Dōkan Sukenaga" samurai warrior-poet, military tactician and Buddhist monk; said to have been a skilled poet, but only fragments attributed to him have survived
 * Ōta Nanpo 大田南畝, the most oft-used penname of Ōta Tan, whose other pen names include Yomo no Akara, Yomo Sanjin, Kyōkaen, and Shokusanjin 蜀山人 (1749–1823), late Edo period Japanese poet and fiction writer
 * Mizuho Ōta 太田水穂 pen-name of "Teiichi Ōta" 太田 貞, he occasionally also used another pen name, "Mizuhonoya" (1876–1955), Shōwa period poet and literary scholar
 * Ōtagaki Rengetsu 太田垣蓮月 (1791–1875), Buddhist nun, widely regarded to have been one of the greatest Japanese poets of the 19th century; potter, painter and expert calligrapher
 * Ōtomo no Kuronushi 大友黒主, poet, one of the Rokkasen, the "Six Poetic Geniuses"; considered one of the greatest masters of waka poetry
 * Ōtomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume (c. 700–750), early Nara period female poet; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan; has 79 poems in the Man'yōshū anthology
 * Ōtomo no Tabito 大伴旅人 (c. 662–731) poet best known as the father of Ōtomo no Yakamochi; both contributed to compiling the Man'yōshū anthology; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan; served as governor-general of Dazaifu, the military procuracy in northern Kyūshū, from 728-730
 * Ōtomo no Yakamochi 大伴家持 (c. 718–785), Nara period statesman and waka poet; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan; son of Ōtomo no Tabito, older brother of Ōtomo no Kakimochi, nephew of Ōtomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume
 * Ozaki Hōsai 尾崎 放哉 pen name of Ozaki Hideo (1885–1926), late Meiji period and Taishō period poet
 * Ozaki Kihachi 尾崎喜八 (1892–1974), Shōwa period poet
 * Ozaki Kōyō 尾崎 紅葉, pen name of Ozaki Tokutaro 尾崎 徳太郎 (1868–1903), novelist, essayist and haiku poet

R

 * Ryōkan 良寛 (1758–1831), waka poet and calligrapher, Buddhist monk, hermit

S

 * Saigyō Hōshi 西行法師 pen name of Satō Norikiyo 佐藤義清, who took the religious name En'i 円位 (1118–1190), late Heian and early Kamakura period waka poet who worked as a guard to retired Emperor Toba, then became a Buddhist monk at age 22
 * Mokichi Saitō (1882–1953), Taishō period poet of the Araragi school, and a psychiatrist; father of novelist Kita Morio
 * Sakae Tsuboi 壺井栄 (1899–1967), novelist and poet
 * Sakanoue no Korenori 坂上是則 (fl. 9th century), early Heian waka poet; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology
 * Sakanoue no Mochiki, 坂上望城, (dates unknown) one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber
 * Santō Kyōden 山東京伝, pen name of Samuru Iwase 岩瀬醒, also known popularly as "Kyōya Denzō" 京屋伝蔵 (1761–1816), Edo period poet, writer and artist; brother of Santō Kyōzan
 * Taneda Santōka 種田 山頭火 pen name of Taneda Shōichi 種田 正一 (1882–1940), author and free-verse haiku poet
 * Sarumaru no Taifu (fl. 9th century) 猿丸大夫, also known as "Sarumaru no Dayū", early Heian period waka poet; one of the Thirty Six Poetic Sages; no detailed histories or legends about him exist, and he may never have existed; some believe he was Prince Yamashiro no Ōe
 * Mikirō Sasaki 佐々木幹郎, also known as "Mikio Sasaki", (born 1947), poet and travel writer
 * Sasaki Nobutsuna 佐佐木信綱 (1872–1963), Shōwa period tanka poet and scholar of the Nara and Heian periods
 * Satomura Shōkyū 里村昌休 (1510–1552), leading master of the linked verse renga after the death of Tani Sobuko in 1545
 * Sei Shōnagon 清少納言 (c. 966–1017),  middle Heian period author, poet and court lady who served Empress Teishi/Empress Sadako; best known as the author of The Pillow Book
 * Semimaru 蝉丸, also known as "Semimaro" (fl. 9th century), early Heian period poet and musician ; some accounts say he was a son of Uda Tennō, Prince Atsumi, or that he was the fourth son of Daigo Tennō; some claim he lived during the reign of Ninmyō Tennō
 * Senge Motomaro 千家元麿 (1888–1948), Taishō and Shōwa period poet
 * Sesson Yūbai 雪村友梅 (1290–1348), poet and Buddhist priest of the Rinzai sect who founded temples
 * Mitsuko Shiga 四賀光子, pen-name of Mitsu Ota (1885–1956), female Taishō and Shōwa period tanka poet
 * Masaoka Shiki 正岡 子規, pen name of Masaoka Tsunenori 正岡 常規, who changed his name to Noboru 升 (1867–1902), author, poet, literary critic, journalist and, early in his life, a baseball player
 * Princess Shikishi 式子内親王 (died 1201), late Heian and early Kamakura period poet, never-married daughter of Emperor Go-Shirakawa; entered service at the Kamo Shrine in Kyoto in 1159, later left the shrine, in later years a Buddhist nun; has 49 poems in the Shin Kokin Shū anthology
 * Shimizu Motoyoshi 清水基吉 (1918–2008), Shōwa and Heisei period novelist and poet
 * Shirome (fl. 10th century), minor female waka poet and common prostitute
 * Shizue Iwatsuki (1897–1984), who began writing in tanka, a traditional genre of Japanese poetry, and who immigrated to the United States
 * Shunzei's Daughter, popular name of Fujiwara Toshinari no Musume 藤原俊成女、, also 藤原俊成卿女、皇(太)后宮大夫俊成(卿)女, 越部禅尼 (c. 1171 – c. 1252), called the greatest female poet of her day, ranked with Princess Shikishi; her grandfather was the poet Fujiwara no Shunzei
 * Shōtetsu 正徹 (1381–1459), considered by some the last great poet in the courtly waka tradition; his disciples were important in the development of renga, which led to haiku
 * Sōgi 宗祇 (1421–1502), Zen monk who studied waka and renga poetry, then became a professional renga poet in his thirties
 * Nishiyama Sōin 西山宗因, born Nishiyama Toyoichi 西山豊一 (1605–1682), early Tokugawa period haikai-no-renga (comical renga) poet who founded the Danrin school of haikai poetry
 * Sion Sono 園 子温 (born 1961), controversial avant-garde poet and filmmaker
 * Sonome 斯波 園女 (1664–1726), female poet, friend and noted correspondent of Matsuo Bashō
 * Sugawara no Michizane 菅原道真, also known as "Kan Shōjō" 菅丞相, (845–903), Heian Period scholar, poet and politician; grandson of Sugawara no Kiyotomo; also wrote Chinese poetry
 * Hiromi Suzuki 鈴木 博美 (dates unknown), illustrator, poet, and fiction writer

T

 * Tachibana Akemi, 橘曙覧 (1812–1868), poet and classical scholar
 * Tachihara Michizō 立原道造 (1914–1939), poet and architect
 * Taira no Kanemori 平兼盛 (died 991), middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology; father of poet Akazome Emon
 * Kyoshi Takahama see Kyoshi
 * Motokichi Takahashi 高橋元吉 (1893–1965), Taishō and Shōwa period poet
 * Shinkichi Takahashi (高橋 新吉 Takahashi Shinkichi, 1901 – 1987) He was one of the pioneers of Dadaism in Japan.According to Makoto Ueda, he is also the only major Zen poet of modern Japanese literature.
 * Jun Takami 高見順 pen-name of Takama Yoshioa (1907–1965), Shōwa period novelist and poet
 * Kōtarō Takamura 高村 光太郎 (1883–1956), poet and sculptor; son of sculptor Kōun Takamura
 * Chieko Takamura (1886–1938)
 * Takarai Kikaku see Kikaku
 * Takamure Itsue 高群逸枝 (1894–1964), poet, writer, feminist, anarchist, ethnologist and historian
 * Tsugi Takano 鷹野 つぎ (1890–1943), female novelist and poet
 * Takuboku Ishikawa 石川 啄木 (1886–1912), tanka and free-verse poet
 * Tamura Ryūichi 田村隆 (1923–1998), Shōwa period poet, essayist and translator of English-language novels and poetry
 * Jun Tanaka 田中純 1890–1966), Shōwa period poet
 * Taneda Santōka see Santōka
 * Tani Soyo 谷宗養 (1526–1563), renga poet; a rival of Satomura Joha; son of Tani Sobuko
 * Shuntarō Tanikawa 谷川 俊太郎 (born 1931), poet and translator
 * Tatsunojō, pen name of Yokoi Yayū
 * Machi Tawara 俵万智 (born 1962), writer, translator and poet
 * Shūji Terayama 寺山 修司 (1935–1983), avant-garde poet, playwright, writer, film director and photographer
 * Ton'a 頓阿 also spelled as "Tonna"; lay name: Nikaidō Sadamune 二階堂貞宗 (1289–1372), poet and Buddhist monk
 * Shigeji Tsuboi 壺井繁治 (1897–1975)
 * Jun Tsuji 辻 潤 (1884–1944), author, poet, essayist, musician and bohemian

U

 * Ueda Akinari, 上田 秋成, also known as "Ueda Shūsei" (1734–1809), author, scholar and waka poet

W

 * Bokusui Wakayama, 若山 牧水 (1885–1928), Japanese "Naturalist" tanka poet

Y

 * Yagi Jūkichi 八木重吉 (1898–1927)
 * Yamabe no Akahito 山部赤人 or 山邊赤人 (700–736), Nara period poet with 13 chōka (long poems) and 37 tanka (short poems) in the Man'yōshū anthology; has been called the kami of poetry, and Waka Nisei along with Kakinomoto no Hitomaro; one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
 * Bochō Yamamura 山村 暮鳥 (1884–1924), vagabond Christian preacher who gained attention as a writer of tales and songs for children and as a poet
 * Yamanoue no Okura 山上 憶良 (660–733), best known for his poems of children and commoners; has poems in the Man'yōshū anthology
 * Sansei Yamao (1938–2001), friend of American poet Gary Snyder
 * Yamazaki Sōkan 山崎宗鑑, pen name of Shina Norishige (1465–1553), renga and haikai poet, court calligrapher for Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa; became a secluded Buddhist monk following the shōgun's death in 1489
 * Yamazaki Hōdai 山崎方代 (1914–1985), Shōwa period tanka poet
 * Rie Yasumi やすみ りえ pen name of Reiko Yasumi 休 理英子 (born 1972), senryū poet
 * Jun'ichi Yoda 与田凖 (1905–1997), Shōwa period poet and children's book author
 * Yokoi Yayū 横井 也有, born Yokoi Tokitsura (横井 時般) and took the pseudonym Tatsunojō (1702–1783), samurai, scholar of Kokugaku, and a haikai poet (family name: Yokoi)
 * Yosa Buson see Buson
 * Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 (1716–1783), Edo-period poet and painter; along with Matsuo Bashō and Kobayashi Issa, considered among the greatest poets of the Edo period and one of the greatest haiku poets of all time
 * Akiko Yosano 与謝野 晶子 pen-name of Yosano Shiyo (1878–1942), late Meiji period, Taishō period and early Shōwa period poet, pioneering feminist, pacifist and social reformer; one of the most famous, and most controversial, post-classical woman poets of Japan
 * Tekkan Yosano 与謝野 鉄幹 pen-name of Yosano Hiroshi (1873–1935), late Meiji period, Taishō and early Shōwa period author and poet ; husband of author Yosano Akiko.; grandfather of cabinet minister and politician Kaoru Yosano
 * Yoshii Isamu 吉井勇 (1886–1960), Taishō and Shōwa period tanka poet and playwright
 * Takaaki Yoshimoto 吉本隆明, also known as "Ryūmei Yoshimoto" (born 1924), poet, literary critic, and philosopher; father of the writer Banana Yoshimoto and cartoonist Haruno Yoiko
 * Yoshino Hideo 吉野秀雄 (1902–1967), Shōwa period tanka poet

Groups and schools

 * Danrin school
 * Five Men of the Pear Chamber
 * Nijō poetic school
 * Rokujō family
 * Six best Waka poets
 * Thirty-six Poetry Immortals

Haiku masters

 * Matsuo Bashō
 * Yosa Buson
 * Fukuda Chiyo-ni
 * Kobayashi Issa
 * Masaoka Shiki

title: List of Japanese-language poets


text: User talk:217.205.230.50

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:217.205.230.50


text:
1924 South African general election

General elections were held in South Africa on 17 June 1924, electing 135 members of the House of Assembly. Considered a realigning election, rising discontent with the government of Jan Smuts led to the defeat of his government by a coalition of the pro-Afrikaner National Party and the South African Labour Party, a socialist party representing the interests of the white proletariat.

Smuts had angered South African nationalists by his moderate stance on South African independence from the British Empire. The worldwide depression after the end of the First World War had led to a strike in South Africa, known as the Rand Rebellion, which had been defused through a combination of military force and negotiation with the outgunned unions, earning Smuts the enmity of the labour vote. As a consequence Smuts's SAP was defeated by a Nationalist–Labour Pact, J. B. M. Hertzog formed the government and became Prime Minister – a position he was to hold until 1939.

Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the fourth delimitation report of 1923, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1919) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.

title: 1924 South African general election


text:
Battle of Chemulpo Bay

The Battle of Chemulpo Bay was a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), which took place on 9 February 1904, off the coast of present-day Incheon (then called Chemulpo), Korea.

Background
The opening stage of the Russo-Japanese War began with a pre-emptive strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the Russian Pacific Fleet spread among Port Arthur, Vladivostok, and Chemulpo Bay (now part of Incheon, Korea). Command of the Chemulpo operation was given to Rear Admiral Uryū Sotokichi, with six cruisers, three to eight torpedo boats (depending on sources), the aviso (dispatch boat) Chihaya, three transports and 2,500 ground troops. Chemulpo had strategic significance, as it was the main port for the Korean capital of Seoul, and was also the main invasion route used previously by Japanese forces in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894. However, Chemulpo, with its wide tidal bore, extensive mudflats, and narrow, winding channels, posed a number of tactical challenges for both attackers and defenders.

The Japanese protected cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Chiyoda had been based at Chemulpo for the past 10 months, and had been keeping watch on the Russian protected cruiser RUSSIAN CRUISER Varyag and the aging gunboat RUSSIAN GUNBOAT Korietz, also based at Chemulpo to look after Russian interests.

After the Russian transport Sungari arrived at Chemulpo on 7 February 1904, reporting the sighting of a large Japanese force approaching, the gunboat Korietz was ordered to Port Arthur to report and request instructions. In the early morning of 8 February, Korietz spotted Chiyoda outside the Chemulpo roadstead, and mistaking it for a fellow Russian ship, loaded its guns for a salute. On closing in, the crew of Korietz realized their mistake and in the ensuing confusion the guns were discharged. Chiyoda responded by launching a torpedo. Both sides missed, but this was the first actual exchange of fire in the Russo-Japanese War, and it is highly unclear which side actually opened fire first. Korietz retreated back to Chemulpo harbor.

Later in the morning of 8 February 1904, Chiyoda rendezvoused with Uryū's squadron outside the entrance to Chemulpo, and reported that several warships from neutral countries were present in the anchorage, including: HMS Talbot (1895) (Great Britain), FRENCH CRUISER Pascal (France), and ITALIAN CRUISER Elba (Italy). An American warship—the gunboat USS Vicksburg (PG-11)—was also present, but she was further up the harbor. Uryū reasoned that if the Russians remained anchored in the midst of the neutral ships, they could not attack his transports, whereas if the Russians came out to do battle, he had ample force to deal with them. On the other hand, it was against international law to attack the Russians while they were anchored in a neutral port. Uryū sent a message requesting that the captains of HMS Talbot, Pascal and Elba shift their anchorage, promising that no attack would be delivered before 16:00.

Battle
Uryū ordered the cruisers Chiyoda, JAPANESE CRUISER Takachiho, JAPANESE CRUISER Asama and his torpedo boats to proceed up the channel with the troopships to commence the debarkation at once, while the cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Naniwa, JAPANESE CRUISER Niitaka and JAPANESE CRUISER Akashi were held in reserve. Three torpedo-boats took refuge near Niitaka far board.

At 18:00 on 8 February, Japanese troopships anchored at Chemulpo, mooring next to the Russians, and disembarked four battalions of soldiers of the IJA 12th Division in an operation that continued into the night. To the amazement of the tense Japanese, the Russians aboard Varyag and Korietz took no action, but continued to air out bunting as if on parade. The troop disembarkation was complete by 03:00 on 9 February, and all Japanese warships and transports withdrew from the harbor except for the Chiyoda. The latter delivered a letter to Varyag and neutral vessels, including the British cruiser Talbot, the French cruiser Pascal, the Italian cruiser Elba, and the U.S. gunboat Vicksburg and collier USS Pompey (AF-5).

HIS IMPERIAL JAPANESE MAJESTY'S SHIP NANIWA Chemulpo Roadstead, February 8. 1904.

Sir: I have the honor to notify you that as hostilities exist between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Russia at present I shall attack the men-of-war of the Government of Russia, stationed at present in the port of Chemulpo, with the force under my command, in case of the refusal of the Russian senior naval officer present at Chemulpo to my demand to leave the port of Chemulpo before the noon of the 9th of February, 1904, and I respectfully request you to keep away from the scene of action in the port so that no danger from the action would come to the ship under your command. The above-mentioned attack will not take place before 4 o'clock p. m. of the 9th of February, 1904, to give time to put into practice the above-mentioned request.

If there are any transports or merchant vessels of your nationality in the port of Chemulpo at present, I request you to communicate to them the above notification.

I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,

S. URIU

A conference was quickly convened on Talbot by Captain Vsevolod Rudnev and the captains of neutral warships (except Vicksburg), and it was decided that the Russians would fight their way out.

At noon, Captain Denis Bagly of Talbot came to Naniwa with a letter signed by all of the neutral captains except for the captain of Vicksburg, W.A. Marshall, declining the request to change anchorage, on the grounds that Chemulpo was a neutral port.

Outgunned and outnumbered, and refusing advice from the neutral captains to surrender, at 11:00 on 9 February, Captain Vsevolod Rudnev of Varyag attempted to make a break for the open sea.

From the Varyag logbook:
 * 11:10 All hands on deck on Varyag.
 * 11:20 Cruiser goes to open sea, Korietz in 1 cable length (200 meters) behind. English and Italian crews cheer Russians; on the Italian cruiser Elba the Russian anthem is played.
 * 11:25 Battle alarm on Varyag. Japanese cruisers Asama, Naniwa, Takachiho, Chiyoda, Akashi and Niitaka in bearing line from Richy island to Northern passage. Japanese torpedo-boats behind cruisers.
 * 11:45 Varyag opens fire with port guns.
 * 11:47 Asama opens fire with 8-inch gun; all Japanese squadron then open fire.
 * One of the first Japanese shells that hit cruiser, destroyed the port wing of front bridge, set fire in chart house and broke the fore shrouds. Junior navigating officer midshipman Count Alexey Nirod was killed, all personnel on range finding station #1 were killed or wounded.
 * Damaged 10.2" gun #3, all personnel killed or wounded, battery commander midshipman Gubonin was wounded, but refused to go away until he fall. Fire on bow and quarterdeck (was put out by midshipman Chernilovsky-Sokol). With the same shell, that caused fire was damaged guns: 10.2" #8 and #9, 75mm #21 47mm #27 and #28. With other hits was nearly destroyed main battle top, destroyed range finding station #2, damaged guns #31 and #32, fire in lockers on accommodation deck (was put out lively).
 * 12:05 After passing traverse of "Yo-dol-mi" island trunk with rudder drive was damaged. At the same time, Captain Rudnev was shell-shocked in head by fragments of another shell, hitting foremast. Staff-bugler and drummer, who stay astride him was deadly killed, helmsman petty officer Snegirev was badly wounded in back, and orderly of captain quartermaster Chibisov was lightly wounded too. Ship from now was steered from steering compartment, but orders were stiffed, so course permanently was corrected with engines. At strong current cruiser steered badly.
 * 12:15 Willing to go out of fire range to repair as possible steering drive and put out fires in different places begin to turn with machines, as cruiser steered badly. Near Yo-dol-mi island engines on full back.
 * Cruiser was put in disadvantage position relatively to island when steering drive was broken with rudder at 15–20° on port side.
 * Distance to enemy shortens to 28–30 cable length, fire strengthens, hits increase.
 * Near the same time large caliber shell hit port side under water, water gushed into huge hole, stokehold #3 begins to full with water, which level raised up to furnaces. Chief Officer and chief boatswain placed patch under the hole, water was pumped all time, its level decreased continuously, but cruiser continue to listing at port side.
 * With shell passing through officer cabins, which were wrecked, deck was pierced and meal in provision berth was inflamed. Then cot netting at waist under the sick quarters was pierced, wherein fragments get into sick quarters, cots in netting catch fire, which was put out lively. Serious damage forced us to get out of fire range for a more long time, that is why we come to roadstead at full speed, firing with port and bow guns.
 * Throughout the battle with one shot of 10.2" gun #XII bow bridge of Asama cruiser was destroyed and put afire, Asama stop fire for some time. bow turret on her was apparently damaged, as it not fired up to the end of battle.
 * 12:40 With cruiser approached the berth and Japanese fire become dangerous for neutral ships on roadstead, two cruiser pursuing us stop the fire and return to the rest of squadron out of Yo-dol-mi island.
 * 12:45 Distance to the Japanese so increased, that our fire become ineffective, so we stop it.

Although the Russian logbook records damage to Asama, Japanese records indicate that she took no damage.

Unable to break past the Japanese squadron by mid-afternoon, Korietz and the badly battered Varyag returned to Chemulpo harbor at 13:15, where both took refuge near the neutral warships. At 16:00, Korietz was scuttled by her crew by blowing up two powder-rooms. Fragments of the blown-up ship landed dangerously close to neutral vessels. Fearing a greater explosion with potential casualties, the captains of the neutral warships present urged Rudnev not to blow up Varyag in a similar manner. At 18:10, scuttled by her crew, Varyag rolled over on her port side and sank. Crewmen from Varyag　were dispatched to the Russian transport Sungari, which had remained behind in the harbor during the battle, and set her on fire to prevent her from falling into Japanese hands.

Outcome
The Battle of Chemulpo was a military victory for the Japanese. Russian casualties on the Varyag were heavy. All of Varyag's twelve 6 in guns, all of her 12-pounders, and all of her 3-pounders were out of action, she took 5 serious hits at or below the waterline. Her upper works and ventilators were riddled, and her crew had put out at least five serious fires. Of her crew with a nominal strength of 580, 33 were killed and 97 wounded. Most serious cases among the Russian wounded were treated at the Red Cross hospital at Chemulpo. The Russian crews—except for the badly wounded—returned to Russia on neutral warships and were treated as heroes. Although severely damaged, Varyag—not blown up—was later raised by the Japanese and incorporated into the Imperial Japanese Navy as the training ship JAPANESE CRUISER Soya.

title: Battle of Chemulpo Bay


text:
New Bussa

New Bussa is a town in Niger State, Nigeria. It is the new site of Bussa after the Kainji Lake dam set the previous location underwater. As of 2007 New Bussa had an estimated population of 24,449. New Bussa is the headquarters of the Borgu Emirate and the Borgu Local Government Area.

Geography
New Bussa sits at 9.88333°N, 4.51667°W, and the original town of Bussa was located about 40 km North of New Bussa at 10.23083°N, 4.47528°W (altitude 561 ft or 170 meters).

title: New Bussa


text:
User:Guinness man

I mostly work on articles related to Russia.

This is my account on meta and it was me who wrote this.

Glissada

title: User:Guinness man


text:
Oleg Protopopov

Oleg Alekseyevich Protopopov (Оле́г Алексе́евич Протопо́пов; 16 July 1932 – 31 October 2023) was a Russian pair skater who represented the Soviet Union. With his wife Ludmila Belousova he was a two-time Olympic champion (1964, 1968) and four-time World champion (1965–1968). In 1979, the pair defected to Switzerland and became Swiss citizens in 1995. They continued to skate at ice shows and exhibitions until their seventies.

Career
Protopopov started skating relatively late, at the age of 15, and was coached by Nina Lepninskaya. In 1951, he was drafted into the Baltic Fleet but used each leave to skate. His first partner was Margarita Bogoyavlenskaya, with whom he won the silver medal at the Soviet Championships in 1953.

Protopopov met Ludmila Belousova in the spring of 1954 in Moscow. She moved to Leningrad in 1955 and began training with Protopopov in 1956 following his discharge. The pair trained at the VSS Lokomotiv sports club and competed internationally for the USSR. They were coached initially by Igor Moskvin and then by Pyotr Orlov, but parted ways with Orlov after a number of disagreements. The pair then trained without a coach at a rink in Voskresensk, Moscow Oblast. In 1961, they decided to work with Stanislav Zhuk to raise their technical difficulty.

Belousova and Protopopov debuted at the World Championships in 1958, finishing 13th. They competed at their first Olympics two years later, placing ninth. In 1962, they made the World Championship podium for the first time, earning the silver medal. They were the first pair from the Soviet Union or Russia to win a world medal subsequent to the introduction of the pair skating discipline at the 1908 World Championships (in which only three pairs competed). Later in 1962, they won silver at the European Championships, becoming the second Soviet pair to win medals after Nina Zhuk / Stanislav Zhuk (who won silver in 1958, 1959, and 1960).

The pair's first major international gold medal came at the 1964 Winter Olympics. It was the first Olympic pairs gold for the Soviet Union. Belousova and Protopopov began the forty-year Soviet/Russian gold medal streak in pair skating, the longest in Olympic sports history, from 1964 to 2006. They won their first World and European gold medals in 1965, becoming the first Soviet/Russian pair to win those titles.

Belousova and Protopopov became Olympic champions for the second time at the 1968 Winter Olympics. At 32 and 35 years old, respectively, they were among the oldest champions in figure skating. The following season, they won the silver medal at the European Championships and bronze at the World Championships as Irina Rodnina began her reign with her first partner, Alexei Ulanov. Those were the pair's final appearances at major international competitions but they continued to compete within the Soviet Union until 1972.

In total, Belousova and Protopopov won two Olympic titles and won medals eight times at both the World and European Championships, including four consecutive World and European gold medals. After retiring from competition, they continued to skate together in shows for many years. In September 2015, they renewed their long-standing tradition of skating in a charitable exhibition in Boston, Massachusetts, at an event called "Evening with Champions".

Belousova and Protopopov contributed to the development of pair skating, including the creation of three death spirals: the backward inside (BiDs), the forward inside (FiDs), and the forward outside (FoDs), which they respectively dubbed the "Cosmic spiral", "Life spiral", and "Love spiral". Dick Button stated: "The Protopopovs are great skaters not only because they were the finest of Olympic champions, but also because their creative impact was extraordinary." Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum stated that they "raised by several degrees the level of translating classical dance to the ice". Also according to Kestnbaum, Protopopov identified romantic heterosexual love as the meaning he and Belousova conveyed in their pair skating. As Kestnbaum stated, "Their performances set a benchmark for romantic heterosexuality on the ice and for classical line and expressiveness that influenced not only pair skating but also singles and [ice] dance".

Personal life
Born on 16 July 1932, Protopopov was raised by his mother, a professional ballet dancer, and his stepfather, the poet Dmitry Tsenzor. He graduated from Herzen University, faculty of physical education.

Protopopov married Ludmila Belousova in December 1957. Although Belousova kept her maiden name after their marriage, the pair were commonly referred to as "The Protopopovs". Eager to keep skating, the couple decided not to have children.

On 24 September 1979, Protopopov and Belousova defected to Switzerland while on tour and applied for political asylum. They settled in Grindelwald and eventually received Swiss citizenship in 1995. Though Switzerland remained their winter home, their summer home and training center was Lake Placid, New York. On 25 February 2003, they visited Russia for the first time after a 23-year exile, at the invitation of Vyacheslav Fetisov. They attended the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, and performed their last exhibition dance in 2016, when Protopopov was 84.

Belousova died on 29 September 2017, at the age of 81. Oleg Protopopov died on 31 October 2023, at the age of 91.

Competitive highlights
(with Bogoyavlenskaya)

(with Belousova)

title: Oleg Protopopov


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Wilson's Creek National Battlefield

Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, located near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. In the battle, a Confederate army commanded by Benjamin McCulloch and Sterling Price defeated a smaller Union army commanded by Nathaniel Lyon. However, the Confederates were unable to hold much of Missouri, and a Confederate defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge effectively solidified Union control of the state. Major features include a five-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and "Bloody Hill", the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located near Republic in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield. It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Battle at Wilson's Creek
In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for the state of Missouri to enlist four regiments to fight against the Confederate States of America. However, then-Missouri governor Claiborne F. Jackson, a supporter of the Confederate States of America, refused to distribute the call and prepared, instead, to use the Missouri State Guard to seize a United States government arsenal in St. Louis, Missouri. In response, Union general Nathaniel Lyon moved aggressively against the pro-Confederate Guard, driving the force away from St. Louis and removing Jackson from official government leadership. The Missouri State Guard, now commanded by Sterling Price, fell back towards the city of Springfield in southwestern Missouri, followed by Lyon and his Union army.

Meanwhile, Price had been reinforced by a small Confederate army under the command of Benjamin McCulloch. On August 10, Lyon decided to attack Price and McCulloch's combined forces while the Confederate were encamped along the banks of Wilson's Creek. Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack the Confederate camp from both the front and the rear. Sigel's force was soon driven from the field, allowing Price and McCulloch to combine their forces against Lyon's column, which had taken position on Bloody Hill. Lyon was killed, and the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river.

After the battle, Price and McCulloch strongly disagreed over command issues. Price would move towards Kansas, fearing a counterstroke from Union troops there, leaving McCulloch with an army that soon dwindled after terms of enlistments expired and some of the remaining troops were reassigned elsewhere. Price followed up Wilson's Creek with a strike northwards towards the Missouri River, and was victorious at the Siege of Lexington. However, news that Union troops were marching to intercept his army led Price to retreat back towards Springfield. In March of the next year, Price and McCulloch would command wings of a Confederate army under the command of Earl Van Dorn at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Confederate army was defeated and McCulloch was killed. The defeat at Pea Ridge ended any serious Confederate chance of holding a position in Missouri.

Park history
The battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 in accordance with Public Law 108-394, and an additional 60 acres were added in 2018 after the land was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, formerly known as The Civil War Trust.

The park is located near Republic, Missouri, which is southwest of Springfield in Greene County, Missouri. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 278 acres of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park. In total, the park preserves 1,750 acres of the battlefield.

Features
Wilson's Creek National Battlefield is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optic maps and a bookstore. The battlefield is accessed by a five-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail. On August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.

The Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle. General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field. The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer. The tour loop also includes a stop at Bloody Hill, the site of heavy fighting during the battle, as well as the site of Lyon's death. The site of Lyon's death is marked with a monument, which was dedicated in 1928. Several cannons are also on display at Bloody Hill.

The battlefield also includes several features besides those on the tour road. One of these is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985. The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories. Also on the battlefield site is the Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly known as the General Sweeny Museum), which contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.

Newtonia
The Mathew H. Ritchey House and 25 acres of battlefields of the First Battle of Newtonia and Second Battle of Newtonia including the Old Newtonia Cemetery in Newtonia, Missouri, about 45 miles away, were added to Wilson's Creek National Battlefield in 2022 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.

title: Wilson's Creek National Battlefield


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European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) is an agency of the European Union which focuses on managing research, gathering information, and communicating its findings.

It was set up in May 1975 by the European Council to help improve living and working conditions across Europe, and was one of the first bodies established to work on a specific subset of EU policy. It is headquartered in Loughlinstown, County Dublin, Ireland.

The offices of Eurofound are located at Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, County Dublin, D18 KP65, Ireland.

Governance
The foundation is overseen by a Management Board, executive director, and deputy director. The Executive Board meets once a year to set budgets and policy, and to decide on one-year and four-year work programmes. The current director, Ivailo Kalfin, was appointed in June 2021. The deputy director is Maria Jepsen.

The foundation budget (21,8M euros in 2021) comes from the general European Commission budget.


text:
File:Underworldstory.jpg

summary
The Underworld Story poster

Fair use in The Underworld Story
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Underworldstory.jpg


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K-202

K-202 was a 16-bit minicomputer, created by a team led by Polish scientist Jacek Karpiński between 1970–1973 in cooperation with British companies Data-Loop and M.B. Metals. The machine could perform about 1 million instructions per second, making it highly competitive with the US Data General SuperNOVA and UK CTL Modular One. Most other minicomputers of the era were significantly slower.

Approximately 30 units were claimed to be produced. All units shipped to M.B. Metals were returned for service. Due to friction resulting from competition with Elwro, a government-backed competitor, the production of K-202 was blocked and Karpiński thrown out of his company under the allegations of sabotage and embezzlement. Sometime later the K-202 had a successor,, hundreds of which were built.

Description
The K-202 was packaged in a metal box similar to other minicomputers in overall size, and capable of being fit into a 19-inch rack, which was common for other systems. Like most computers of the era, the front panel included a number of switches and lamps that could be used to directly set or read the values stored in main memory. A unique feature was a large dial on the right that selected what to display or set, allowing rapid access to the processor registers simply by rotating the dial. A key that turned on the power and unlocked the case was positioned on the right side of the case.

The system was designed to be highly expandable. A minimal setup consisted of the central processing unit (CPU), a minimum of 4 k 16-bit words of core memory (4 kW, or 8 kB), and a single input/output channel for use with a computer terminal. The basic system supported vectored interrupts for 32 input/output devices. At the other end of the scale, a maximally expanded system could include up to 4 MB of memory, a floating point unit (FPU), multiple multi-line programmable input/output systems, and even more than one CPU. At the maximum, it could support 272 I/O interrupt levels.

The expansion system was designed around two external buses, an 8-bit bus for input/output, and a 16-bit bus for memory and storage. Memory modules could hold from 16 to 64 kB per module, available in either 0.7 or 1.5 usec times, with access times about 40% of that due to the read-write nature of core. Store controllers were smart, buffered devices that could control up to eight disk drives or magnetic tape units that loaded and saved bulk data. The controller performed the entire transfer in a manner similar to a DMA controller, raising the appropriate interrupt when the operation was completed. The I/O modules were for slower devices like terminals, punch tape readers and computer printers that were primarily character oriented. Both could also have multiplexers for custom connections. Because the buses are not terminated on the CPU, it was also possible to connect several CPU modules to the various modules on the same bus, sharing devices like drives and printers across multiple machines.

The K-202 was capable of running about one million operations per second; however, its instruction set was not well suited to the typical tasks, making practical performance somewhat lower. In order to reach this level of performance in a physically small machine, the design made use of integrated circuits, which were not available in the required density from Warsaw Pact countries. The required components were sourced from the west through the UK partners.

The K-202 claimed to be the first mini-computer which used the paging technique, providing 8 MB of virtual memory; however, what its constructors called paging was actually segmented memory,. Furthermore, the advertised upper limit of 8 MB of memory was practically unreachable due to signal propagation delays, 144 KB being the largest available configuration. K-202 was based on small- and medium-scale integrated circuits.
 * Multiprogramming
 * Multiprocessing
 * 16-bit word
 * More than 90 instructions
 * 7 universal registers
 * 16 ways of determining argument
 * Operating memory of up to 4 million words
 * Direct addressing of up to 64k words
 * Autonomic data exchange with operating memories at the speed of 16 Mbit/s [note: i.e. 1M words/s]
 * Implementation method – TTL/MSI integrated circuits
 * Memory cycle 0.7 μs
 * Processing speed of 1 million operations/second

title: K-202


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Germanna

Germanna was a German settlement in the Colony of Virginia, settled in two waves, first in 1714 and then in 1717. Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood encouraged the immigration by advertising in Germany for miners to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony.

Etymology
The name "Germanna," selected by Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British Queen, Anne, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. Though she died only months after the Germans arrived, her name continues to be a part of the area.

History
As part of a series of land grants awarded to settlers to create a buffer against the French, the Privy Council granted Spotswood 86,000 acre in the newly created Spotsylvania County in 1720, of which the Germanna tract was the first, while he was Lieutenant Governor and actual executive head of the Virginia government. He served in this capacity between 1710 and 1722 and, in 1716, he carried out his famous Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition and promoted many reforms and improvements.

Spotswood was replaced as the lieutenant governor by Hugh Drysdale some time in 1722. Historians suggest his removal may have been the result of years of disharmony between himself and the council, as well as when he accepted such a large amount of land, that he showed a disregard for the Crown policy which held that no single person or family could claim more than a thousand acres of Virginia land.

Spotswood established a colony of German immigrants on the Germanna tract in 1714, partly for frontier defense but mainly to operate his newly developed ironworks. Germanna was the seat of Spotsylvania County from 1720 to 1732. Spotswood erected a palatial home and, after the Germans moved away to Germantown, continued the ironworks with slave labor. In his later years he served as Deputy Postmaster General for the Colonies.

The Germanna Colonies consist primarily of the First Colony of forty-two persons from the Siegerland area in Germany brought to Virginia to work for Spotswood in 1714, and the Second Colony of twenty families from the Palatinate, Baden and Württemberg area of Germany brought in 1717, but also include other German families who joined the first two colonies at later dates. Although many Germanna families later migrated southward and westward from Piedmont Virginia, genealogical evidence shows that many of the families intermarried for generations, producing a rich genealogical heritage.

The site of the first settlement, Fort Germanna, is located in present-day Orange County along the banks of the Rapidan River, with subsequent settlements of Germans being established on sites in present-day Culpeper and Spotsylvania counties. Many Germanna families played roles in important events in early American history such as the American Revolution and migration west to Kentucky and beyond.

Preservation
The site of Fort Germanna is mostly open fields with intervening thickets of second-growth timber. The Fort Germanna site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Traces of the terraces of Spotswood's mansion which came to be known as the "Enchanted Castle" are still discernible. The Germanna Foundation is conducting archaeological exploration of the Fort Germanna, Siegen Forest, and Salubria sites that it owns in Orange and Culpeper Counties.

The Germanna Foundation owns land on the original Germanna peninsula, on both sides of the Germanna Highway, State Route 3, near the site of the original Fort Germanna, once the westernmost outpost of colonial Virginia. The Germanna Foundation operates the Brawdus Martin Fort Germanna Visitor Center on the Siegen Forest side of the Germanna Highway, 15 mi east of Culpeper and 20 mi west of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Foundation also owns a nearby 18th century mansion, Salubria, once the home of Governor Spotswood's widow. In October 2000, Salubria was donated by the Grayson family to the Germanna Foundation for historic preservation. The Foundation maintains a research library, a memorial garden, and plans interpretive walking trails to various historic and archaeological sites. In addition, the Foundation publishes histories and genealogical books, a newsletter, offers educational programs at an Annual Historical Conference and Reunion and to the community, and offers group travel to Germany geared to the origin of the Germanna families.

First colony
The first colony consisted of the family surnames: Albrecht, Brombach/Brumback, Fischbach/Fishback, Hager, Friesenhagen, Heide/Heite/Hitt, Heimbach, Hofmann, Holzklau/Holtzclaw, Huttmann, Kemper/Camper, Cuntze/Koontz, Merdten/Martin, Otterbach/Utterback, Reinschmidt, Richter/Rector, Spielmann, Weber/Weaver

 * 1710 May 18 Incorporation of the George Ritter Company in London a joint stock company to be in business for 20 years. Partners include Christoph de Graffenreid and Franz Ludwig Michel.  The Agent for the George Ritter Company is Johann Justus Albrecht, sent to the Siegerland to recruit miners in the Carolinas or Virginia.
 * 1711 Aug 15 Johann Justus Albrecht signs a contract with the Ministers of Siegen
 * 1711 Sep 5 Hermannus Otterbach requests permission to Immigrate
 * 1712 May 12 Johann Justus Albrecht composes the Union Book for the George Ritter Company
 * 1713 Jul 12 Pastor Knabenschuh goes to Oberfischbach to find that Pastor Haeger is gone and the Schoolteacher, Hans Jacob Holtzklau "is also willing to travel away."
 * 1713 Jul 17:Jacob Holzklau request permission to immigrate. Hermann Otterbach requested permission to immigrate on 5 Sep 1711, first of the group to do so.
 * 1713 Jul 31:Philip Fischbach/Hans Jacob Richter; Jost Cuntz request permission to immigrate.
 * Summer of 1713: the people arrived in London
 * January 1714: they left for Virginia on an unknown ship
 * Late March 1714: Spotswood first learns from Col. Nathaniel Blakiston, the agent for Virginia in London, that Germans are coming
 * April 1714: the Germans arrived in Virginia
 * 1714: established first German Reformed church on the continent, which doubled as a defensive blockhouse
 * 1716: they started mining operations at the silver mine --Need to prove this!
 * 1718, early in the year: they were instructed to search for iron
 * 1720 May 17: Johann Justus Albrecht file statement regarding "eleven Labouring men to work in Mines or Quarries at or near Germanna and we began to work March One Thousand Seven Hundred and 15/16 and so continued until Dec. One Thousand Seven Hundred & Eighteen."
 * By December 1718, Spotswood says he spent about 60 pounds on the endeavor so there was no iron furnace.
 * January 1719-20: Pastor Haeger and the members of the First Colony moved to Stafford County, Virginia which is present day Fauquier County, Virginia. The three naturalized members of the group, John Fishback, John Hoffman and Jacob Holtzclaw, secured 1805 acres for distribution to the group to be divided equally.

Second colony

 * 1717: Eighty-odd Germans from Wuerttemberg, Baden, and the Palatinate agree with Capt. Tarbett in London to take them to Pennsylvania in the ship Scott.
 * 1717/1718: Capt. Tarbett hijacks the Germans to Virginia where they become indentured servants of Lt. Gov. Spotswood
 * 1719/1722: Some of the Germans who left in 1717 arrived in Virginia at a later time
 * 1723/25: Spotswood sues many of the Germans
 * 1725: Most of these Germans move to the Robinson River Valley (today in Madison County, Virginia)
 * 1733: Johann Caspar Stoever becomes their (Lutheran) pastor
 * 1740: The German Lutheran Church (Hebron Lutheran Church today) is built with funds raised in Germany

title: Germanna


text:
User:ChewT/Images

This page doesn't have very much right now, but it may very well soon. It is basically a collection of 'signature' images i've made in the GIMP for windows.

Car/Idiocy
This image is just a car and my name. Much credit to the BBC's Top Gear for the image.

title: User:ChewT/Images


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Islamic Thinkers Society

The Islamic Thinkers Society (ITS) is an Islamist group based in New York City that seeks the goal of restoring the Islamic Caliphate to create what it calls "an ideal Islamic society". Its members are located mainly in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, United States. The ITS is an offshoot of Al-Muhajiroun, a pro Al-Qaeda British Islamic extremist group.

According to Michael Kenney, a scholar of Islamist extremism at the University of Pittsburgh, by 2014 the group had "fallen apart".

Platform
The group states that it wishes to see a reversal of the Balfour Declaration, the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the San Remo conference. Its members allege that these agreements are part of 'Colonialist Designs' on the Islamic world, and they urge Muslims to consider them illegal, null and void. The group calls for an end to what it says are "Colonialist-Imposed Borders", "Colonialist-Imposed States", and "Colonialist-Imposed Rulers". Its members also show dislike for Jews, Christians, homosexuals and Shi'ites.

ITS calls on Muslims to oppose the United States, Christianity and Western society and culture, especially homosexuality, which it sees as Western. ITS is also notable for its hostility to Shi'ites whom its members view as not true Muslims.

Controversy
ITS is suspected of being an American offshoot of the London-based Al-Muhajiroun, a group that celebrated the 9/11 attacks, referring to the hijackers as "the Magnificent 19", and posted a burning picture of the United States Capitol on its website. The Islamic Thinkers Society also used to fly the Al-Muhajiroun flag and distribute Al-Muhajiroun tracts. The Anti-Defamation League called ITS "a pseudonym or an offshoot of the British-based Al Muhajiroun, a now-disbanded radical Islamic group that supported terrorism and the imposition of Islamic hegemony worldwide."

In the CNN program ParkerSpitzer, the ex-leader of Al-Muhajiroun, Anjem Choudary, was interviewed with the title "heinous terrorist" and linked to militant groups like Al-Qaeda. Choudary however, denounced these allegations in a press release on his personal website. The ITS has also published a press release in response to the CNN interview supporting Al-Muhajiroun's former leader Anjem Choudary, but denouncing links to violence in a similar fashion, stating "as the struggle [of ITS] is always intellectual and political."

When the group still called itself Al-Muhajiroun, its members held an event at Queensborough Community College, during which an Al-Muhajiroun speaker said, "We reject the U.N., reject America, reject all law and order. Don't lobby Congress or protest because we don't recognize Congress! The only relationship you should have with America is to topple it!"

Observers such as the Intelligence Summit have called the Islamic Thinkers Society a Fundamentalist Islamic group.

Activities
The group is based in the largely immigrant community of the Jackson Heights neighborhood in Queens, New York City but operates in the wider New York area. It is composed mainly of second-generation young Arab, Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani Muslim immigrants with a few converts.

2005

 * On March 19, 2005, the organization protested the intergender Muslim service held at Synod House of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. ITS members stood outside the service, irate that a woman was allowed to lead the ceremony.
 * The group changed its name to the Islamic Thinkers Society and held a rally against Israel, co-sponsored by the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge, in New York City outside the Israeli mission to the United Nations on May 6, 2005. Placards were displayed which equated Nazi and Israeli symbols; other signs were emblazoned with the symbol of the Hamas militant group, and proclaimed that "Palestine is Islamic Land", "Allah Will Destroy the Terrorist State of Israel", and "Complete Liberation of Palestine From the Zionist Scum". One of the slogans shouted by the crowd in Arabic was the anti-Jewish slogan: "Khaibar, Khaibar ya Yahud, jaysh Muhammad sawfa ya'ud!" evoking the historical battle between the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Jews of the Khaybar oasis.
 * On March 23, 2004 a rally to mourn the death of the militant leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, the founder of the group Hamas, was also held in front of the Israeli consulate. The leader of the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge, Imam Red Shata, who was quoted by the New York Daily News, publicly stated, "The lion of Palestine has been martyred." In the same speech, he condemned all violence. he stated that "we don't hate Jews ...to kill one man is to kill all mankind."
 * On June 8, 2005 the ITS publicly desecrated and ripped up an American flag on the street in New York City during a rally on 74th Street and 37th Avenue in the borough of Queens. This event, which its members called "Operation: Desecrate American Flag" was videotaped by the Islamic Thinkers Society and can be seen on the Internet. The group's five-minute video begins with a man speaking in English, "Just to show where our loyalty belongs to – you see this flag here? It's going to go on the floor [sic]. And to us, our loyalty does not belong to this flag, our loyalty belongs to Allah ... ." Another speaker refers to the mandate for "Islam to dominate over all other religions, to dominate the world, even though the non-Muslims may hate it."
 * The negative reaction by the press led the organization to issue a statement on its website stating, "This flag also represents oppression, not only in the Muslim world, but also in other parts of the world which include but are not limited to South America, Vietnam, Japan & Africa. We would like to clarify that we DID NOT BURN THE FLAG as the rumors say. Rather, we stepped on it and ripped it. The video is evident of that. What we did was completely legal and protected by the American Constitutional Amendment." Flag desecration is allowed under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

2006

 * On February 18, 2006, the Islamic Thinkers Society participated in a demonstration against Danish cartoons that portrayed the Muhammed as a terrorist. The rally, which was organized by the Muslim Leadership Council, brought over one thousand Muslims to protest the cartoons across from the Danish Consulate in Manhattan.
 * On April 20, 2006, the ITS demonstrated in front of the Israeli consulate in Manhattan and publicly called for the nuclear destruction of Israel "The mushroom cloud is on its way! The real Holocaust is on its way!" and "Israel won't last long. Indeed, Allah will repeat the Holocaust right on the soil of Israel!" The demonstration included signs that read "Islam will Dominate" and featured a picture with an Islamic flag flying over the White House. A video of this event was also made available to the public on the Internet.
 * On July 18, 2006, the ITS was again in front of the Israeli embassy with their signs, standing with a crowd that was chanting "Long live Hezbollah".

2023
On July 25 2023 CBC and other Canadian media reported that a 28 year old Canadian man was charged under the U.K. terrorism act after his arrest at Heathrow Airport a week earlier. Canadian Khaled Hussein, 28, was arrested at London's Heathrow Airport on July 17, according to police, hours after Anjem Choudary, 56, a British citizen from east London, was arrested. Both men have now been charged under the U.K.'s terrorism act. The charges relate to the proscribed organization Al-Muhajiroun, also known as the Islamic Thinkers Society. In a media statement, Scotland Yard said Hussein, 28, is from Edmonton and Choudary, 56, is a British citizen from east London. According to multiple British media reports, Choudary is a well-known radical Islamic preacher who has been convicted of aiding ISIS.

Press releases
Press Release 10.31.2010: CNN Lies and Spitzer's Entrapment
 *

Press Release 09.11.2010
 *

Press Release 06.11.2010
 *

Press Release 11.12.2007: On the Crisis in Pakistan

Press Release 10.15.2007

Press Release 11.14.2006: I.T.S. Press Release to the Muslim Communities of North America

Press Release 10.11.2006: I.T.S. Press Release to the Media

Press Release 06.15.2006
 *

Press Release 03.16.2006: Press Release on the UK Arrests
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Press Release 02.15.2006: Refuting Shia Heretic Claims of I.T.S. Linked to Al-Qaeda
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Press Release 09.03.2005: I.T.S. Press Release on Katrina
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Press Release 09.03.2005: Press Release on FCNA & Their Pathetic Fatwa
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title: Islamic Thinkers Society


text:
User talk:ChewT

{| class="messagebox standard-talk" id="talkheader" align="center" style="text-align:center;background-color: #FFFFFF;" ! colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA;" | This is the talk page for discussing the user ChewT. Please sign your comments using four tildes . Place comments that start a new topic at the bottom of the page and give them ==A Descriptive Header==. If you're new to Wikipedia, please see Welcome to Wikipedia and frequently asked questions.  Talk page guidelines
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Please respect Etiquette, assume good faith and be nice.

Non-free use disputed for Image:Msn icon.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Msn icon.jpg)
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Nomination of Search Engine Watch for deletion
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title: User talk:ChewT


text:
Talk:Mylodon

Partial copyvio
Three paragraphs were added by in November 2004. These paragraphs came from http://www.peacecorpswriters.org/pages/2001/0105/photos105/mylo.html, which translates a Spanish language article on http://www.paleolatina.com.ar/ by Ricardo Pasquali (now defunct).

I have removed those three paragraphs. --ChrisRuvolo (t) 16:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Magallanes links to 3 phliippine towns. I assume here it is a region of argentina or chile, but can original author confirm and clarify? 159.14.23.143 17:45, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The original author did not appear so far, so I fixed it. This time the "Magallanes" disambiguation page has a link to a certain region of Chile, which is also mentioned in that mylo.html. saimhe 01:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mylodon


text: User talk:164.42.119.76

title: User talk:164.42.119.76


text:
United Nations University Institute in Macau

The United Nations University Institute in Macau, formerly the United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST; ; Portuguese: Instituto Internacional para Tecnologia de Programação da Universidade das Nações Unidas) and then United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society (UNU-CS; ), is a United Nations University global think tank conducting research and training on digital technologies for sustainable development, encouraging data-driven and evidence-based actions and policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. UNU-Macau is located in Macau, China.

History
During 1987–1989, United Nations University conducted two studies regarding the need for a research and training centre for computing in the developing nations. The studies led to the decision of the Council of the UNU to establish in Macau the United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST), which was founded on 12 March 1991 and opened its door in July 1992. UNU-IIST was created following the agreement between the UN, the governments of Macau, Portugal, and China.

The Macao authorities also supplied the institute with its office premises, located in a heritage building Casa Silva Mendes, and subsidize fellow accommodation.

As part of the United Nations, the institute was to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare by international co-operation, research and advanced training in software technology.

After the Transfer of sovereignty over Macau, UNU-IIST lost some level of visibility.

United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society

Eventually, in 2015, UNU decided to evolve the former IIST into a new Institute on Computing and Society (UNU-CS). UNU-CS intended to assist the United Nations to achieve its agenda by working as a bridge between the UN and the international academic and public policy communities, training the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists in computing, social sciences, and design for international development. The UNU-CS director Professor Michael L. Best was in charge of building the new succeeding institute "from scratch".

Goal
The goal of UNU-CS was "to nurture the next generation of computer and social scientists with the ability to participate in, shape and benefit from the rapid development of the global information society."

A research start-up, UNU-CS aims to do the following:
 * Lead in investigating and inventing human-centred information and communication technologies addressing some of the priorities central to the United Nations such as: sustainability, development, governance, peace and security, human rights and human dignity.
 * Impact policymakers, within the UN system and beyond, through actionable knowledge and thought-leadership.
 * Nurture the next generation of inter-disciplinary computing, information and social scientists; and engineers in developing countries.
 * Embrace the enormous dynamism of the city of Macau and Pearl River Delta region while still working globally.

According to its founding director, Professor Michael Best, his goal is "to raise the profile of the Institute as a centre of excellence in the UN system effectively responding to the needs of the developing world in this crucially important area".

Administration
The current director is Dr. Jingbo Huang.

 * Former directors
 * Prof. Michael L. Best (2015–2018): directed the Technologies and International Development Lab as an associate professor at the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs and the School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is also a co-founder and editor-in-chief emeritus of the journal Information Technologies and International Development and a faculty associate of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. Professor Best leads the Global Computing column for Communications of the ACM. He holds a PhD from MIT and has served as director of Media Lab Asia in India and head of the group at the MIT Media Lab.
 * Prof. Peter Haddawy (2010–2015)
 * Prof. Mike Reed (2005–2010)
 * Prof. Zhou Chaochen (1997–2002)
 * Prof. Dines Bjorner (1992–1997)

Laboratories
As of 2015, three "action-oriented research labs" were being developed:
 * Digital Peace Lab: ICTs for peacebuilding and to support human security, respond to crises, and mitigate human displacement.
 * Gender Tech Lab: ICTs that promote women's empowerment and enable sustainable community led development.
 * Small Data Lab: ICTs that create actionable knowledge from local data, empower citizens with data they trust, and improve global datasets with local data.

Center for Electronic Governance
The Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST is an International Center of Excellence on research and practice in Electronic Governance. Established in 2007, the center has been built upon the contribution of UNU-IIST to the eMacao Project (2004–2006) and eMacao Program (2007-now), a collaborative initiative to build and utilize a foundation for Electronic Government in Macao SAR. Since 2010, it has become an official programme of UNU-IIST.

The mission of the Center for Electronic Governance at UNU-IIST is to support governments in developing countries in strategic use of technology to transform the working of public organizations and their relationships with citizens, businesses, civil society, and with one another.

Activities at the Center include applied and policy research, capacity building and various forms of development – strategy development, software development, institutional development and development of communities of practice.

The Center, since July 2014, became United Nations University Operating Unit on Policy-Driven Electronic Governance (UNU-EGOV), following the appointment and relocation from Macau to Guimarães of former members of the Center.

Teaching
The Center regularly organizes and conducts schools, seminars, lectures and presentations for government leaders, managers, researchers, educators, etc. on various aspects of Electronic Governance. Various courses and presentation materials from these events are available.

Conferences
The center established in 2007 and since then leads the organization of a series of International Conferences on Electronic Governance (ICEGOV), with the first four editions in Macao, Cairo, Bogota, and Beijing.