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City of Parramatta

The City of Parramatta, also known as Parramatta Council, is a local government area located to the west and north-west of Sydney CBD in the Greater Western Sydney region. Parramatta Council is situated between the City of Ryde and Cumberland, where the Cumberland Plain meets the Hornsby Plateau, approximately 25 km west of the Sydney central business district, in New South Wales, Australia. The city occupies an area of 84 km2 spanning across suburbs in Greater Western Sydney including the Hills District, and a small section of Northern Sydney to the far north east of its area. According to the, City of Parramatta had an estimated population of 226,149. The city houses the Parramatta central business district which is one of the key suburban employment destinations for the region of Greater Western Sydney.

History
First incorporated on 27 November 1861 as the "Municipality of Parramatta", the first mayor was emancipated convict John Williams who arrived in the colony in 1835. The council became known as the "Borough of Parramatta" on 23 December 1867 following the enactment of the Municipalities Act, 1867, and became a Municipality again following the 1906 Local Government Act. On 27 October 1938, the Local Government (City of Parramatta) Act was passed by the Parliament of New South Wales and proclaimed by the governor, Lord Wakehurst, making the town the "City of Parramatta".

From 1 January 1949 the "City of Parramatta" was re-formed following the passing of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, when the councils of Ermington and Rydalmere (incorporated 1891), Dundas (incorporated 1889) and Granville (incorporated 1885) were merged into the council area. The Parramatta local government area was further expanded through the transfer of 10.7 km2 from the Municipality of Blacktown in 1972 taking in Winston Hills which has not serviced since this time. In recognition of Parramatta's role Bi-centennial (coinciding with the Australian Bi-centennial), the title of 'Lord Mayor' was granted on 12 December 1988 by Queen Elizabeth II on the recommendation of Premier Nick Greiner. This made Parramatta the third Australian city that was not a capital to receive such an honour, after Newcastle and Wollongong.

2016 amalgamation
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the City of Parramatta be reformed, adding areas from several adjoining councils. The NSW Government subsequently proposed a merger of parts of Parramatta (Woodville Ward), Auburn and Holroyd and a second merger of parts of the rest of Parramatta and parts of Auburn, The Hills, Hornsby, and Holroyd to form a new council.

On 12 May 2016, Parramatta City Council was abolished by the NSW Government. Parts of Auburn City Council (south of the M4 Western Motorway) and Parramatta City Council (Woodville Ward), and Holroyd City Council merged to form the Cumberland Council as a new local government area and the remainder of the Parramatta City Council, Auburn City Council north of the M4 Western Motorway (including Sydney Olympic Park), and small parts of Hornsby Shire, Holroyd and The Hills Shire were merged into the reformed "City of Parramatta".

Suburbs in the local government area
Suburbs in the City of Parramatta are: • (shared with The Hills Shire)

•  (shared with Hornsby Shire)

•

•

•

•

•

•

•  (shared with the City of Ryde)

•

•

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

•

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

•  (shared with City of Ryde)

•

•

•

•  (shared with The Hills Shire)

•

•

•

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

•

•

•  (shared with City of Blacktown)

•

•  [Autonomous]

•

•  (shared with City of Blacktown and Cumberland Council)

•  (shared with The Hills Shire)

•

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

•  (shared with Cumberland Council)

Facilities
The City of Parramatta Council operates a central library, heritage centre and six branch libraries at Carlingford, Constitution Hill, Dundas Valley, Epping, Ermington and Wentworth Point. It also provides a public swimming pool at Epping, five childcare centres and over ten community centres. The heritage-listed Parramatta Town Hall was completed in 1883 and houses the original council chamber meeting rooms as well as other function rooms.

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 226,149 people in the City of Parramatta local government area that comprised 84 km2, of these 50% were male and 50% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.7% of the population. The median age of people in the City of Parramatta was 34 years; notably below the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 18.4% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.2% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 55.4% were married and 9% were either divorced or separated. At the 2016 Census, the Parramatta local government area was linguistically diverse, with a significantly higher than average proportion (54.2%) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 22.2%); and a significantly lower proportion (41.47) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72.7%). The most commonly reported religious affiliation was "No Religion", at 24.5%. The proportion of residents who stated a religious affiliation with Hinduism was approximately six times the national average, with the median weekly income for residents slightly above the national average.

Council
Between May 2016 and September 2017, the council was managed by an administrator appointed by the Government of New South Wales, Amanda Chadwick, until the first election for councillors took place on 9 September 2017. The City of Parramatta Council comprises fifteen councillors elected proportionally, with three councillors in each ward. All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The Lord Mayor is elected for a two-year term, with the Deputy Lord Mayor for one year, by the councillors at the first meeting of the council.

Current composition
The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, in order of election by ward, is as follows:

 * Donna Davis who was elected on the Labor ticket in the Epping Ward resigned following her election to the NSW Legislative Assembly.

Sister cities

 * 🇮🇱 Beersheba, Israel
 * 🇵🇭 Cebu City, Philippines
 * 🇰🇷 Jung District, Seoul, South Korea
 * 🇹🇭 Phetchaburi, Thailand
 * 🇨🇳 Putian, China
 * Vũng Tàu, Vietnam

title: City of Parramatta


text:
Suehiro Maruo

Suehiro Maruo (丸尾 末広) is a Japanese manga artist, illustrator, and painter.

Biography
Maruo graduated from junior high school in March 1972 but dropped out of senior high school. At the age of 15, he moved to Tokyo and began working for a bookbinder. At 17, he made his first manga submission to Weekly Shōnen Jump, but it was considered by the editors to be too graphic for the magazine's format and was subsequently rejected. Maruo temporarily removed himself from manga until November 1980 when he made his official debut as a manga artist in Ribon no Kishi (リボンの騎士) at the age of 24. It was at this stage that the young artist was finally able to pursue his artistic vision without such stringent restrictions over his work’s visual content. Two years later, his first stand-alone anthology, Barairo no Kaibutsu (薔薇色の怪物; Rose Colored Monster) was published.

Maruo was a frequent contributor to the underground manga magazine Garo (ガロ).

Like many manga artists, Maruo sometimes makes cameo appearances in his own stories. When photographed, he seldom appears without his trademark sunglasses.

Although Maruo is primarily recognized for his work as a manga artist, he has also created illustrations for concert posters, CD jackets, magazines, novels, and other media. Additionally, some of his characters have been turned into figures.

Though relatively few of Maruo's manga have been published outside Japan, his work enjoys an international cult following.

His book Shōjo Tsubaki (aka Mr. Arashi's Amazing Freak Show) has been adapted into an animated film (Midori) by Hiroshi Harada with a soundtrack by J.A. Seazer, but it has received very little release; In Europe and North America, it was marketed under the name Midori, after the naive twelve year old protagonist. The movie was banned all over the world, including Japan for its extreme use of physical, psychological and sexual abuse against children and small animals. Recently released in France.

Style
Maruo's nightmarish manga fall into the Japanese category of "erotic grotesque" (エログロ; "ero-guro"). The stories often take place in the early years of Showa Era Japan. Maruo also has a fascination with human oddities, deformities, birth defects, and "circus freaks." Many such characters figure prominently in his stories and are sometimes the primary subjects of his illustrations. Maruo also adapted to manga stories by Edogawa Ranpo, such as "The Strange Tale of Panorama Island" and "The Caterpillar". An English translation of The Strange Tale of Panorama Island work was published by Last Gasp in July 2013.

The illustrations throughout several of his works show grotesquely dark imagery, strange sexual acts / rituals, as well as sexual-violence towards minors. It is referred to as contemporary "bloody prints" muzan-e (a subset of Japanese ukiyo-e depicting violence or other atrocities.) Maruo himself featured in a 1988 book on the subject with fellow artist Kazuichi Hanawa entitled Bloody Ukiyo-e (江戸昭和競作無惨絵英名二十八衆句), presenting their own contemporary works alongside the traditional prints of Yoshitoshi and Yoshiiku.

John Zorn's Naked City
Composer John Zorn used Suehiro illustrations for the liner art of his band Naked City's albums. Zorn has contributed the foreword to Suehiro's latest collection of works (published in 2005).

Translations

 * Shōjo Tsubaki (少女椿) published by Blast Books. ISBN 0-922233-06-3
 * Ultra-Gash Inferno (selected short works) published by Creation Books. ISBN 1-84068-039-3
 * Comics Underground Japan (anthology including Maruo's story "Planet of the Jap") published by Blast Books. ISBN 0-922233-16-0
 * The Strange Tale of Panorama Island (パノラマ島綺譚) published by Last Gasp. ISBN 978-0867197778
 * How to Rake Leaves published by Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-07-8
 * How to Take a Japanese Bath published by Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 0-9628137-9-6

Figures and toys

 * 人間豹と少年探偵 (ningenhyō to shōnen tantei) The Leopard-man and the Young Detectives produced by Eastpress (イーストプレス) of Japan
 * 少女椿 (shōjo midori) Young Girl Midori 18 cm figure produced by Artstorm (アート・ストーム) of Japan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Suehiro Maruo


text:
Talk:Eswatini

Map of Eswatini's Territorial claims in South Africa
Does anyone know of a map that shows Eswatini's territorial dispute with South Africa? It would useful for the article to include those claimed areas on the map as we do for disputed areas in the articles of other countries like Venezuela and India.XavierGreen (talk)

Referencing the temporary capitalization of the name as eSwatini
''NOTE: There is some slight revisionist history here. When I made the comment below, I tacked it onto a section which was suggesting that the proper common name is eSwatini. That is not true today, as has been clearly established. Tacking my argument that we should mention the temporary name onto that discussion was a mistake, one I am correcting now by splitting my comment of 09:25, 10 May 2023 in half. Hopefully this makes thing's clearer. RoyLeban (talk) 05:32, 3 June 2023 (UTC)''

A few days ago, I added text which mentioned the changing of the name's casing. RoyLeban (talk) 09:25, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I suggest you read the ample past discussions of the topic. Greenman (talk) 10:29, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Greenman: I suggest you reread what I wrote instead of what you think I wrote. I don't know about the past discussions, but I know about the truth. The country's name in English is currently Eswatini. When it was renamed in 2018, it was capitalized with a lower case e, apparently to mirror how it is capitalized in Swazi. That's not my opinion, it's a fact, and it was widely reported at the time. See, for example, citation 35: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095711
 * It's possible you are confused because Eswatini changed previous references retroactively to only use the Eswatini capitalization; they did the same thing when they changed from Swaziland to eSwatini. You can find some older information has been updated as if the name Swaziland was never used.
 * There also may be some confusion about the common name vs. the official name. After all, the official name is "Kingdom of Eswatini", not Eswatini. Originally, the common name was eSwatini, as reported all over the place; now the common name is Eswatini.
 * I don't understand why you object to this fact being present in the article. I will be restoring it, though I'm open to different phrasing if you think the common name issue is important enough to be in the first sentence. Which of these references do you prefer?
 * The BBC reference above
 * https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/20/africa/swaziland-eswatini-africa-monarchy-intl/index.html
 * https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/swaziland-changes-name-eswatini-other-country-name-changes-history-culture-spd
 * https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/Swaziland-new-name-eSwatini-now-official/4552902-4568130-36hn9sz/index.html
 * https://www.africanews.com/2018/05/19/swaziland-name-change-to-eswatini-is-now-official/
 * https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Swaziland%27s_King_Mswati_III_signs_gazette_to_rename_country_to_eSwatini
 * RoyLeban (talk) 10:06, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Greenman I'm giving you the courtesy of a chance to respond before I adjust the article to reflect what actually happened. I know that the fact that Eswatini changed documents retroactively complicates matters, but Wikipedia doesn't do that. We haven't expunged the name Swaziland and we should similarly reflect that the common name was originally eSwatini. One thing I do not know is why, and I haven't found a source for that. I'm a bit reticent to make what is an obvious claim, that it was capitalized that way to mirror how it is capitalized in Swazi. I think what I will do is simply say that it matched/mirrored the Swazi name, because this is an obvious fact, without ascribing any motivation. RoyLeban (talk) 11:59, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I would oppose including this detail. Unless there are actually reliable sources specifically discussing it (and preferably including the rationale for the change, which you say is unknown). It's possible it was just a communication error or a hasty change of policy, but either way inclusion based only on cherry picking a handful of contemporary sources looks like WP:SYNTH to me. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 12:59, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Amakuru. There are many contemporaneous news articles, probably hundreds at least. As a word geek, I remember well when it happened and I read up on it. Of course, my memory isn't sufficient, but the news articles still exist online and can easily be found. They just confirm my memory and provide reliable sources for inclusion. I didn't cherry pick articles — I just linked to the first few that I found in a very quick search. I think this information should be included because it is a fascinating piece of information — I know of no other country that has had either its official name or its common name start with a lowercase letter or have an uppercase letter in the middle. And the Swazi name still has that — Umbuso weSwatini.
 * Your supposition that "perhaps it was a communication error" is just that, a supposition. I've seen no evidence to support that. But, if it was, that actually makes it even more interesting. A communication error in the act of renaming a country!! Wow. If there is any reliable source for that, it should definitely be in the article.
 * Note: The words "contemporary" and "contemporaneous" can be ambiguous. The key thing is that articles published at the time of the country's name change are not just relevant but valuable. For example, we don't say that information from articles about the Titanic that were published in 1912 are not relevant. Sources from the time of a historical act are more relevant, not less relevant.
 * RoyLeban (talk) 09:19, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * See also discussion at Requested move 12 October 2018. This seems to indicate that eSwatini was used for multiple months after the change. Again, not suggesting that lit is correct now, but the fact that eSwatini was used initially as the common name is interesting and appropriate to include in the article.
 * Also, considering the trivia we have in Wikipedia about every person who's had a single at bat in Major League Baseball (etc., and yeah I know that's Other Stuff Exists), this rather interesting fact about a country is worthy of inclusion.
 * I would say that it need not be in the lede, but the only place the name change is mentioned is in the lede, so I see no other place to put it.
 * RoyLeban (talk) 02:35, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not why you think this is such a big deal. The capitalization was simply changed to fit standard English orthography. This is blindingly obvious to anyone who can read the note that the Swazi name is eSwatini. As for the move request you linked to, it shows that after the name change English sources were inconsistent before settling on the more anglicized form.--User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 05:28, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not that this is a big deal. It's that it is interesting and I think appropriate for inclusion. Why is it a big deal to exclude it? I won't nitpick, but I'm sure I could easily find information in the article which is less interesting, but is included. I'm surprised there is opposition; I only realized it when an editor removed my change. RoyLeban (talk) 02:44, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not bothering to read previous discussions shows disrespect for other editor's time, who may have to rehash things for you, and also means you are intentionally not following up on discussions that may be pertinent to the point you're making. Your point about the page not being able to start with a small letter is incorrect. If you'd read the history, you'd see that the article was titled eSwatini at one point. You have provided sources with this spelling. The sources you've provided show that there was confusion about the spelling (since there are sources with the other spelling), but where are the sources stating that the name was first changed to eSwatini and then to Eswatini? It's more believable that inconsistencies in usage resulting from the siSwati, South African English and broader English usages were simply corrected, and if you wish to include a statement to the contrary, strong sourcing is required. Greenman (talk) 07:30, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
 * What makes you think I didn't read previous discussions? If there was a previous discussion about whether to discuss the name change (rather than about what the article was named), I'll admit I missed it — I did not read all archived discussions. I'll respond to other points below. RoyLeban (talk) 04:14, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

Responses to Greenman's comments above.
 * 1) I made a mistake when I tacked this discussion on top of one that suggested that the current common name is eSwatini. It is not and I have split this into a new section to make what I am suggesting clearer.
 * 2) My comment about the page not being able to start with a lowercase letter was in response to the comment from IP Editor 51.37.98.236 who cited technical reasons for not naming the page eSwatini. They were wrong. There is a well known technical deficiency in MediaWiki that a page URL can't start with a lowercase letter but this does not apply to page names (e.g., see iPhone); it also has nothing to do with this new discussion.
 * 3) Yes, I'm aware the article was titled eSwatini at one point! See the Requested move 12 October 2018 that I referenced above. Please don't accuse people of not reading previous discussions when you apparently didn't read my comments immediately above yours.
 * 4) Since Eswatini has engaged in revisionist history (shades of Nineteen Eighty-Four), evidence is a bit hard to come by. I looked at the Wayback Machine but it didn't crawl relevant pages frequently enough. Fortunately, a very quick google search for "swaziland renamed to eswatini lowercase" turned up good evidence.
 * 5) Take this article on Political Geography Now:
 * Journalists reporting on the name change when it first happened in April spelled the new country name "eSwatini", with a lowercase "e" and capital "S". That's the way the country's name is properly written in the Swazi language, and it was also spelled that way in the government's official transcript of King Mswati's September 2017 speech to the United Nations (which was delivered in English). Capitalizing only the second letter of a name is unusual in English, but then, that doesn't stop you from shopping on eBay with your iPhone.
 * The link to the official transcript in the article is dead, but here it is on the Wayback Machine. This is the official transcript of the King Mswati's September 2017 speech, which was delivered in English, not Swazi, so it was not translated. It is spelled "Kingdom of eSwatini" six times and "Kingdom of e-Swatini" once. In the legal order, from 2018, changes it to Eswatini. This seems to be pretty strong sourcing!
 * I also found these pages:
 * Condé Nast Traveler, July 30, 2018: The Kingdom of eSwatini Might eXasperate Copy eDitors
 * The Guardian April 19, 2018: Swaziland king renames country Kingdom of eSwatini
 * National Geographic, November 29, 2021: These countries changed their names. Here's how it worked out. — particularly interesting because it uses both Eswatini and eSwatini.
 * BBC, April 19, 2018: Swaziland king renames country 'the Kingdom of eSwatini'
 * Mental Floss, April 30, 2018: Why Swaziland Was Just Renamed eSwatini
 * Yes, I'm aware not all of these are citable Reliable Sources. I didn't try more exhaustive searches because the above information is sufficient.
 * I have now spent way more time on this than I should have. There is pretty clear evidence of the initial English spelling and the fact that it was changed later. I also think this is an interesting piece of information, worthy of being in the article. Does anybody still object and, if so, why?

RoyLeban (talk) 05:32, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, with all due respect, everybody in this thread other than yourself has objected to this and absent further evidence I think it's time to WP:DROPTHESTICK on this point. I'm well aware that there were some early English sources, both official and unofficial, which used the eSwatini spelling, as it is rendered in the Swazi-language version, but that was before the consistent Eswatini version had become bedded down. This point would only be considered even a possibility for inclusion if reliable sources had coverage of the capitalisation change itself, specifically discussing that. And even if it was discussed by sources, we'd still have to consider whether the matter was significant enough to include in the article per WP:DUEWEIGHT. As things stand though, all we have is a set of sources from one point in time which use eSwatini, and another set of sources from a later time which use Eswatini. Drawing conclusions from that which have not been independently drawn from reliable sources would be WP:SYNTH and original research. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 11:23, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * All of those sources are just the announcement of the change or reporting on same. They don't impact common name. What followed was a period during which both forms were used, showing that the basic name change had been accepted but that the capitalization was in flux. This soon settled down to common usage of Eswatini. So, no, there never was a period when eSwatini was the common name. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 22:30, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Amakuru: You don't think the original, official transcript of King Mswati's September 2017 speech matters? It's not one time. It's seven times. It wasn't a typo. Condé Nast Traveler also seems reliable to me and it is an article specifically about the capitalization. Both you and Khajidha are making statements here that are not backed up by any articles either, yet you are arguing that your version of what happened is true — in other words it is WP:SYNTH and original research. Your argument basically says people at The Guardian, the BBC, and many others are idiots.
 * Here are the facts:
 * King Mswati's speech (September 2017) used a lower case e.
 * For a period of time after that, many sources used a lower case e. Unfortunately, we can't time travel to see the full extent of every official document from back then.
 * The earliest official source that I see which uses Eswatini as the common name is 2018 (there's no month, but that means it's at least 5 months later, and there is some indication from other sources that it is summer).
 * We can include this interesting information without drawing any conclusions as to why it happened. I believe it is interesting and the WP:DUEWEIGHT argument is irrelevant — this isn't a viewpoint issue. It is simply reporting on something that happened. It is not OR. Here is a proposed addition:
 * When the country's name was changed, the official transcript of King Mswati's speech of September, 2017 presented the country's common name as eSwatini, and many sources used that presentation. The unusual capitalization was covered in Condé Nast Traveler, among other places. It is unknown if this capitalization was intentional at the time, or if it was an artifact of the fact that it mirrors the capitalization of the name in Swazi. Later, the country promoted the capitalization of Eswatini, and that is what is used today.
 * ''(yes, those links should be footnotes)
 * With regard to sticks, that is an uncalled for attack. "Everybody" is three people, hardly a massive number of editors. I reached out to Greenman before making a change after their initial objection. I'm responding to points others have raised, providing evidence I'm not sure anybody is reading. I'm not beating a dead horse. You might want to reread WP:DROPTHESTICK.
 * RoyLeban (talk) 06:00, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You're still making it more complicated than it needs to be. What we can really say is that the king announced that the country's Swazi name was to be used in English, but that English usage settled on a more standard English capitalization pattern. Which is getting really close to "sky is blue" territory. "English changes things to fit English patterns" isn't really all that interesting a thing to say. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 11:21, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The interesting thing is not that "English changes things to fit English patterns" but what happened before that, that "the King's initial announcement used the Swazi capitalization, which is pretty unusual in other languages". Are you aware of any other country that ever did the same thing? Or even any other language that has such capitalization? If this was the Swazi Wikipedia, this would probably be uninteresting. But it's the English Wikipedia and it is interesting. RoyLeban (talk) 13:05, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * "Swazi speaker capitalizes Swazi word in Swazi manner" isn't interesting either. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 13:08, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This is pretty much the equivalent of English usage dropping the accents from Quebec and Mexico. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 13:25, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You keep thinking I'm saying things I'm not.
 * "Swazi speaker capitalizes Swazi word in Swazi manner" is the opposite of what I'm saying. Intentional or not, an official proclamation went out, in English, with the capitalization eSwatini. Many, many news organizations used that spelling (I believe "most" but I don't have a source for that). That is the interesting part, again, whether intentional or not. (I believe it was intentional and they changed their mind while I think you believe it was a mistake; neither of us can prove we are correct, unless somewhere happens to know King Mswati and can ask him). At least two sources wrote explicitly about it, including the article in Condé Nast Traveler. It is an indisputable historical fact, and that is the interesting part. But, if you read the current Wikipedia article, it didn't even happen.
 * The eSwatini capitalization is very unusual in English. It's not at all like dropping the accents in Montréal, Québec or México or mañana, which is extremely common in many languages, not just English, and likely an artifact of the fact that many typewriters had no way of typing most accents. This is English Wikipedia, not Swazi Wikipedia.
 * I think it's clear my proposed edit is clear, accurate, and sourced. And I think it's interesting, though some others do not. I am going to be WP:BOLD and put it in and I request that nobody here remove it on the grounds that they personally do not find it interesting enough. Let's give it some time and see if it survives. And let's all move on. Thanks.
 * RoyLeban (talk) 23:36, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Common usage name
From my understanding, the common usage name of article subject is what should be used as opposed to official or legal names. In the context of countries a recent one that has been debated the crap out of, and defeated every single time it is raised is the Czech Republic >>>> Czechia. The main reasoning is that the former is the common name despite Czechia increasingly being used as the name for the country. By this logic this article surely should be reverted back to Swaziland. Swaziland is a far more widely known name for this country than Eswatini is. It makes zero sense for this article to be renamed. UaMaol (talk) 21:42, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Here are the discussions that led it being moved: . Largoplazo (talk) 00:06, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Sources from after the name change overwhelmingly use "Eswatini". Which fulfils the criteria for determining the common name.--User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 00:06, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That's correct. Per WP:NAMECHANGES: "Sometimes the subject of an article will undergo a change of name. When this occurs, we give extra weight to independent, reliable English-language sources ("reliable sources") written after the name change. If the reliable sources written after the change is announced routinely use the new name, Wikipedia should follow suit and change relevant titles to match. If, on the other hand, reliable sources written after the name change is announced continue to use the established name when discussing the article topic in the present day, Wikipedia should continue to do so as well." Rreagan007 (talk) 17:16, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Upload war over flag color
There is an ongoing dispute over the color of the Eswatini flag which has resulted in an upload war (COM:UPLOADWAR) on Wikimedia Commons. As a result, both options are now separate files, and it is no longer possible to upload new versions over either one: It is up to each local project to decide which version to use. The Squirrel Conspiracy (talk) 02:31, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * File:Flag of Eswatini.svg - Uses the original colors as uploaded in 2015
 * File:Flag of Eswatini (78A3CD blue).svg - Uses the colors that the other group of uploaders prefer
 * If we have no way to determine dispositively what the colors of the flag are supposed to be, then we have no business pretending to present either of them to the world as though it were reliable information. Until this can be settled, all Eswatini flags should be removed from this site. Largoplazo (talk) 10:07, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You can find the colors of the flag often on the Swazi government owned media, website and social media sites.
 * See:
 * • https://www.facebook.com/EswatiniGov
 * • https://www.gov.sz/
 * • https://www.youtube.com/live/6QM79-iS7oM?feature=shared&t=803
 * Ludvonga (talk) 05:45, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Pronunciation
In English Wikipedia there is a pronunciation key here (/ˌɛswɑːˈtiːni/ ESS-wah-TEE-nee) which emphasizes the 1st and 3rd syllables. Other sources emphasize the 2nd and 4th. I have no expertise here, but I'm questioning 1st and 3rd given that the Swazi spelling capitalizes the S and I've always heard "Swaziland" with the Swa stressed. Grahamaross (talk) 23:53, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eswatini


text:
Hol Bygdemuseum

Hol Bygdamuseum is an open-air museum located at the village of Hagafoss in Hol in Buskerud county, Norway.

Hol Bygdamuseum is a subsidiary of Hallingdal Museum, the regional folk museum for Buskerud. The museum is located in the traditional rural district of Hallingdal. The buildings at Hol Museum came from different parts of Hol municipality. The museum is designed as a farm dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum consists of seventeen buildings, together with an exhibition featuring the distinct style of Rosemaling typical of Hallingdal. The museum also features local traditional dress.

title: Hol Bygdemuseum


text:
Talk:City of Parramatta

Separate page for the Local Government Area
As per discussion at Talk:List of Sydney suburbs, I have created a separate page for the City of Parramatta, the Local Government Area. -- Ianblair23 11:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Cleaning suburbs in LGAs to remove redlinks
Hi, Can people who know or care about this LGA please have a look at this message and see if they can please help solve any of the redlinks in the "suburbs in this LGA" section of this page? (Usually solution is either to add a stub about the suburb / locality in question, or to remove it from the LGA's list). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 04:18, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * As per discussion on Template talk:Sydney Parramatta suburbs I have deleted the following redlinks from page:
 * Blaxcell
 * Granville North
 * May Villa
 * Parramatta East
 * East Granville
 * Dellwood
 * North Chester Hill
 * West Parramatta
 * Parramatta Park
 * Dundas West
 * - Waza 06:48, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

West Dundas has been renamed Oatlands, as the wealthy inhabitants of the suburb do not wish to be associated with the housing commission residents and/or other working class residents of Dundas. My personal opinion is that Dundas is the better suburb, but there's no pleasing some.--203.214.144.190 (talk) 06:11, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:City of Parramatta


text:
Ali Smith

Ali Smith CBE FRSL (born 24 August 1962) is a Scottish author, playwright, academic and journalist. Sebastian Barry described her in 2016 as "Scotland's Nobel laureate-in-waiting".

Early life and education
Smith was born in Inverness on 24 August 1962 to Ann and Donald Smith. Her parents were working-class and she was raised in a council house in Inverness. From 1967 to 1974 she attended St. Joseph's RC Primary school, then went on to Inverness High School, leaving in 1980.

She studied a joint degree in English language and literature at the University of Aberdeen from 1980 to 1985, coming first in her class in 1982 and gaining a top first in Senior Honours English in 1984. She won the University's Bobby Aitken Memorial Prize for Poetry in 1984.

From 1985 to 1990 she attended Newnham College, Cambridge, studying for a PhD in American and Irish modernism. During her time at Cambridge, she began writing plays and as a result, did not complete her doctorate.

Smith moved to Edinburgh from Cambridge in 1990 and worked as a lecturer in Scottish, English and American literature at the University of Strathclyde. She left the university in 1992 because she was suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome. She returned to Cambridge to recuperate.

As a young woman, Smith held several part-time jobs including a waitress, lettuce-cleaner, tourist board assistant, receptionist at BBC Highland and advertising copywriter.

Career
While studying for her PhD at Cambridge, Smith wrote several plays which were staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and Cambridge Footlights. After some time working in Scotland, she returned to Cambridge to concentrate on her writing, in particular, focussing on short stories and freelancing as the fiction reviewer for The Scotsman newspaper. In 1995, she published her first book, Free Love and Other Stories, a collection of 12 short stories which won the Saltire First Book of the Year award and Scottish Arts Council Book Award.

She writes articles for The Guardian, The Scotsman, New Statesman and The Times Literary Supplement.

In 2009, she donated the short story Last (previously published in the Manchester Review online) to Oxfam's "Ox-Tales" project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Her story was published in the "Fire" collection.

Novels

 * Like (1997)
 * Hotel World (2001)
 * The Accidental (2005)
 * Girl Meets Boy (2007)
 * There But For The (2011)
 * Artful (2012)
 * How to Be Both (2014)
 * Autumn (2016)
 * Winter (2017)
 * Spring (2019)
 * Summer (2020)
 * Companion Piece (2022)
 * Gliff (forthcoming 2024)
 * Glyph (forthcoming 2025)

Short story collections

 * Free Love and Other Stories (1995), awarded the Saltire First Book of the Year award and Scottish Arts Council Book Award.
 * Other Stories and Other Stories (1999)
 * The Whole Story and Other Stories (2003)
 * The First Person and Other Stories (2008)
 * Public Library and Other Stories (2015)

Plays

 * Stalemate (1986), unpublished, produced at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
 * The Dance (1988), unpublished, produced at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
 * Trace of Arc (1989), produced at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
 * Daughters of England (1989-1990), unpublished, Cambridge Footlights
 * Amazons (1990), Cambridge Footlights
 * Comic (1990), unpublished, produced at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
 * The Seer (2001)
 * Just (2005)

Other

 * Shire (2013), with images by Sarah Wood: short stories and autobiographical writing. Full Circle Editions.

Other projects

 * Ali Smith partnered with the Scottish band Trashcan Sinatras and wrote the lyrics to a song called "Half An Apple", a love song about keeping half an apple spare for a loved one who is gone. The song was released on 5 March 2007, on the album Ballads of the Book.
 * In 2008, Smith produced The Book Lover, a collection of her favourite writing, including pieces from Sylvia Plath, Muriel Spark, Grace Paley, and Margaret Atwood. It also includes work from writers such as Joseph Roth and Clarice Lispector.
 * In 2008, Smith contributed the short story "Writ" to an anthology supporting Save the Children. The anthology is entitled The Children's Hours and was published by Arcadia Books. Foreign editions have been published in Portugal, Italy, China and Korea.
 * In 2011 she wrote a short memoir for The Observer in their "Once upon a life" series: "Looking back on her life, writer Ali Smith returns to the moment of conception to weave a poignant and funny memoir of an irreverent father, a weakness for Greek musicals and a fateful border crossing."
 * In October 2011, Smith published The Story of Antigone, a retelling of the classic created by Sophocles. It is part of the "Save the stories" series by Pushkin Children’s Books and is illustrated by Laura Paoletti.
 * In October 2012, Smith read a sermon at Manchester Cathedral to guests and students, followed by a book signing.
 * In 2013, Smith published Artful, a book based on her lectures on European comparative literature delivered the previous year at St Anne's College, Oxford. Artful was well-received, with one reviewer commenting that, "...her new book, in which she tugs at God’s sleeve, ruminates on clowns, shoplifts used books, dabbles in Greek and palavers with the dead, is a stunner."
 * On 14 May 2013, Smith gave the National Centre for Writing's inaugural Harriet Martineau lecture, in celebration of Norwich, UNESCO's 2012 City of Literature.
 * Smith is also a patron of the Visual Verse online anthology and her piece "Untitled", written in response to an image by artist Rupert Jessop, appears in the November 2014 edition.
 * On 10 September 2015, Smith was nominated Honorary Fellow by Goldsmiths, University of London.
 * In 2011, she contributed the short story "Scots Pine (A Valediction Forbidding Mourning)" to Why Willows Weep, an anthology supporting The Woodland Trust. The paperback edition was released in 2016.
 * In July 2016, Smith was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of East Anglia.
 * Smith is a patron of Refugee Tales. In 2016, Smith's story "The Detainee's Tale" was published by Comma Press in Refugee Tales Volume 1.
 * In May 2021, Smith contributed a short story entitled "The final frontier" to a newborn magazine, The European Review of Books.

Personal life
Smith lives in Cambridge with her partner, filmmaker Sarah Wood.

Awards and honours
In 2007, Smith was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to literature.

An honorary doctorate (D.Litt) was awarded to her by Newcastle University in 2019.

In 2024 she was awarded the Bodley Medal for contributions to literature, the highest honour of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

title: Ali Smith


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Siegfried von Feuchtwangen

Siegfried von Feuchtwangen (died 1311) was the 15th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1303 to 1311.

Von Feuchtwangen was born in Feuchtwangen in Middle Franconia, and was a relative of the earlier Grand Master Konrad von Feuchtwangen. He took the office after his predecessor, Gottfried von Hohenlohe, had abdicated. Von Hohenlohe's rule was marked by internal strife within the Order, but also by important changes.

Under von Feuchtwangen, the Order seized Danzig (Gdańsk) in 1308 and took control of Pomerelia by the Treaty of Soldin, thus becoming Poland's strongest enemy.

Due to the Pope dismantling the Knights Templar, he moved the headquarters of the order from Venice, located there by his predecessor, to Castle Marienburg in Pomesania, outside the Holy Roman Empire.

Siegfried died there in 1311 and was buried in the cathedral of Kulmsee (Chełmża).

title: Siegfried von Feuchtwangen


text:
Leander Perez

Leander Henry Perez Sr. (July 16, 1891 – March 19, 1969) was an American Democratic Party political boss of Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes in southeastern Louisiana during the middle third of the 20th century. Officially, he served as a district judge, later as district attorney, and as president of the Plaquemines Parish Commission Council. He was known for leading efforts to enforce and preserve segregation.

Early life and education
Perez was born in the community of Dalcour, on the east bank of Plaquemines Parish, to Roselius E. "Fice" Perez (died 1939) and the former Gertrude Solis (died 1944). The Perez and Solis families were Isleños, an ethnic community descended from settlers from the Canary Islands, Spain. Perez attended Holy Cross School in New Orleans for his secondary education but he did not graduate from the school. He later enrolled at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge as a subfreshman and graduated from the university in 1912. In the fall of 1912, Perez was admitted to Tulane University Law School in New Orleans and after graduating in 1914, he began his law practice in New Orleans and in Plaquemines Parish.

Political career
In 1919, Judge Perez launched a reign of bought elections and strictly enforced segregation by ensuring laws were enacted on his fiat and rubber-stamped by the parish governing councils. Elections under Perez's reign were sometimes blatantly falsified, with voting records appearing in alphabetical order and names of national celebrities such as Babe Ruth, Charlie Chaplin, and Herbert Hoover appearing on the rolls. Perez-endorsed candidates often won with 90% or more of the ballots. Those who appeared to vote were intimidated by Perez's enforcers. He sent large tough men into the voting booths to "help" people vote. Many voters were bribed. Perez testified that he bribed voters $2, $5, and $10 to vote his way, depending on who they were.

Perez took action to suppress African-Americans from voting within his domain, but most were already disenfranchised due to the state constitution passed at the turn of the century, which added requirements for payment of poll taxes and passing literacy tests in order to register to vote. Subjective and discriminatory treatment by white registrars prevented most blacks from registering.

Illegal oil deals
Starting in 1936, Perez diverted millions from government funds through illegal land deals. When he was a district attorney, he was the legal adviser to the Plaquemines levee boards. He used this position to negotiate payoffs between corporations he set up and the big oil companies that leased the levee board lands for drilling. "As early as 1941, Perez's ties to companies involved in lucrative mineral leases were under investigation. In 1983, it was discovered that $80 million in oil royalties had been paid to Delta Development Co., which Perez secretly owned. After Perez's death, the parish government sued his heirs, seeking restitution of $82 million in government funds. In 1987, the lawsuit was settled for $12 million.

Segregationist
In the 1950s and 1960s, Perez gained attention as a nationally prominent opponent of desegregation, taking a leadership role in the southern Massive Resistance to change, particularly following the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Perez helped organize the White Citizens' Councils, white supremacist "front organizations for the Ku Klux Klan", among them the Citizens' Council of Greater New Orleans. Perez researched and wrote much of the legislation sponsored by Louisiana's Joint Legislative Committee on Segregation.

Perez tried to control the activities of civil rights workers by prohibiting outsiders from entering Plaquemines Parish via the bayou ferries, which were the chief way to cross rivers and enter the jurisdiction.

In 1960, while opposing desegregation of New Orleans public schools, Perez spoke provocatively at a rally in the city. His speech is credited with catalyzing a mob assault on the school administration building by some 2,000 white men, who were fought off by police using fire hoses. The mob ran through the city and attacked African Americans on the streets. When the schools were reopened, Perez organized a boycott by white residents. His group made threats to whites who allowed their children to attend desegregated schools. Perez arranged for poor whites to attend a segregated private school without charge, and he helped to establish a new whites-only private school in New Orleans. The Roman Catholic Church supported desegregation, and integrated its parochial schools. The Archbishop of New Orleans, Joseph F. Rummel, excommunicated Perez for his overt opposition to the church's teachings.

His legislative ally, E. W. Gravolet of Pointe à la Hache, tried without success to pass grants-in-aid bills to provide state assistance to private schools that were founded to avoid desegregation, known as segregation academies.

Civil rights activists tried to work through the barriers to register African-American voters and enable them to vote. In the summer of 1963, from July through August, activists of the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) came to Plaquemines Parish to run a voter registration drive for African Americans. About 45 members, both black and white, came to work in the parish and organize local people for voter registration classes, peaceful marches, and drives to register. In a short time, 300 CORE activists and local people were arrested for peaceful protest, but CORE leaders negotiated with the local sheriff and mayor to permit some actions. After training and concerted action, a number of local African Americans did succeed in registering to vote, although many were still prevented, on largely specious grounds for failing to answer questions about the state constitution. The movement also worked to get Seymourville and Dupont Annex included within the city boundaries; the city was trying to exclude these majority-black communities from being incorporated in order to prevent black votes from being counted for election of the city commission. Voting rights work took place in other nearby parishes as well; in October an African-American man was the first of his race to register to vote in West Feliciana Parish since the early years following disenfranchisement.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended legal segregation, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and elections in jurisdictions with historic under-representation of elements of the population. Expanded voter registration drives took place and, after 1965, African Americans in Louisiana began to participate again in the political system and exercise their constitutional rights.

Excommunication
In 1962, the Archdiocese of New Orleans announced its plan to desegregate the New Orleans parochial school system for the 1962–1963 school year. Perez led a movement to pressure businesses into firing any whites who allowed their children to attend the newly desegregated Catholic schools. Catholics in St. Bernard Parish boycotted one school, which the archdiocese kept open without students for four months; it burned down in what was suspected as arson. In response, Archbishop Rummel excommunicated Perez and two other opponents of integration on April 16, 1962. Perez described himself at one point as "a Catholic, but not an Archbishop's Catholic." He eventually reconciled with the Catholic Church and was readmitted before his death after issuing a retraction, and through political leverage exercised by Democratic senator James Eastland. Perez received a requiem Mass at Holy Name of Jesus Christ Church at Loyola University in New Orleans.

Personal life
In 1917, Perez married Agnes Octave Chalin. They had four children; two sons and two daughters.

Legacy and honors

 * "What Color Are You", a 1966 folk song by Bob Lind, was written "to [Perez] and people like him", criticizing Perez's segregationist ideology.
 * In 1970, Judge Perez Drive, a major thoroughfare in St. Bernard Parish, was named after him (it was formerly Goodchildren Drive). In 1999, the road was rededicated with the same name as an honor for the late Melvyn Perez, a long-time judge in St. Bernard Parish. (In 1978, nine years after Leander Perez's death, the Louisiana legislature had designated St. Bernard Parish as its own judicial district. Melvyn Perez served there.)

title: Leander Perez


text:
Talk:Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

Use Template:Rolling_stock
Can we perhaps make use of the Template:Rolling_stock template? I've started on the following..

Failing GA with its present standard
Hello everyone, I would urge regular editors to assist in maintaining this page with more stringency as it's a Good Article (compared to the other train pages). The addition of train sets number is a phenomenon which has long existed since the early days of the Wikipedia, but which is rarely sourced to reliable media. At its present state, it would fail a GA nomination, with an entire section being unsourced; I will give it two weeks before purging it.

I have also purged the train set numbers as none of them are sourced, please do continue to assist in reverting them. If the situation keeps up we might have to request for pending changes to be implemented. Seloloving (talk) 16:48, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

Trainset information
I have removed the entire section as it's almost completely unsourced. Please add it back if anyone can find reliable sources for this. Seloloving (talk) 02:41, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Train formation
A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (M1 and M2) permanently coupled together. The configuration of a C151 trainset in revenue service is DT–M1–M2–M2–M1–DT.

The car numbers of the trains range from x001 to x132, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 009/010 consists of carriages 3009, 1009, 2009, 2010, 1010 and 3010.
 * The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
 * The second digit is a 0 or 1, part of the identification numbers
 * The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full-length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers. For example 001/002 (normal coupling) and 001/003 (cross coupling).
 * Kawasaki Heavy Industries built sets 001–020, 051–062, and 093–102
 * Kinki Sharyo and Kawasaki Heavy Industries co-built sets 021–030, 063–072, and 103–112
 * Nippon Sharyo and Kawasaki Heavy Industries co-built sets 031–040, 073–082, and 113–122
 * Tokyu Car Corporation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries co-built sets 041–050, 083–092, and 123–132

Dimensions sources
I do not see a clear source for the dimensions of the train cars. We have no way of knowing where/how the measurements were taken --109.146.83.213 (talk) 19:21, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151


text:
Gol Bygdetun

Gol Bygdetun is an outdoor museum in the village of Gol in Buskerud county, Norway. Gol Bygdetun is a subsidiary of Hallingdal Museum.

Gol is located in the traditional rural region of Hallingdal. Gol Bygdetun was built around the former Skaga farm. The museum contains farm buildings of various types. The museum features a stabbur, barn, sauna, summer farm, mill, and smokehouse. The museum also includes Dokken Fjellgard, a former mountain farm in the nearby village of Sudndalen in Hol.

title: Gol Bygdetun


text: User talk:82.147.39.2

title: User talk:82.147.39.2


text:
Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali

Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali (محمد فاضل الجمالي) (20 April 1903 – 24 May 1997) was an Iraqi politician, statesman, Iraqi foreign affairs minister, and prime minister of Iraq from 1953 to 1954 from al-Kadhimiya, Baghdad. During the 1945 United Nations conference, al-Jamali, as Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs, signed the Charter of the United Nations on behalf of his country and continued to represent Iraq several times during United Nations meetings.

Al-Jamali is considered one of the most prominent figures in politics and education in Iraq and the Arab World along with being one of the most notable and well-known prime ministers during the Monarchy Era of Iraq, his academic excellence qualified him to obtain the most prestigious scientific degrees in the most prestigious universities in the world despite his upbringing in a conservative and religious environment.

Early life and education
Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali was born in 20 April 1903 in al-Kadhimiya, near Baghdad, the son of a Shi'a Muslim cleric, Sheikh Abbas al-Jamali. He belongs to a religious family that participates in the custodianship of the shrine of al-Kadhimiya Mosque and originally came from Bani Shaiba. The family have in their keeping a royal firman issued on the month of Muharram, 1020 AH (1611 AD) from the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Ahmed I that grants the Jamal ed-Din bin Mullah Ali, an ancestor of the al-Jamali family whom the family gets its name from, full care of the mosque and shrine. Al-Jamali lived near the mosque in a strict and conservative environment and frequently went to the golden mosque for prayers and Quranic learning. Visitors coming to the mosque also used to consult his father. During World War I, the Arab Revolt, with Faisal I being in it, swept across the Middle East, and Faisal I would later become the first King of Iraq. Faisal's actions would personify Arab nationalism for al-Jamali's generation. His entourage to Iraq, the idea of liberation and Arab unity would inspire a young al-Jamali and leave a deep impression on him. Al-Jamali's mother, a well-known poet from Hillah, would pass away in 1938 with his father following in just three years.

Al-Jamali would later describe the habits and attitudes he learned in Childhood which he had to overcome later in life as he grew up, these included: "A negative attitude toward Sunni Muslims, believing that God would send them to Hell; the feeling that he had to go daily to Kadhimiya Mosque to pray; that he must not look at women's faces or even listen to their voices except for members of his own family; the obligation to pay respect to great religious personalities, kissing their right hands on meeting; a negative attitude toward government officials, believing that, since they were Sunnis, they could not be honest people."

His early education was a religious one, attending the religious seminary of Sheikh Mehdi Al-Khalissi. He used to go to the Alliance School every Friday to acquire French books and learn the French language. He practiced the profession of teaching in Iraq which made him suitable for becoming a primary teacher. He then continued his studies at the American University of Beirut with a government scholarship. Then he returned to Baghdad for a short time and lectured at the university he graduated from, before moving to the United States. Although his conservative family refused to approve of his travels, the Sheikhs of al-Kadhimiya approved, even if he studied at a Christian university. After graduating from the American University in Beirut, and Teachers College of Columbia University in New York City, he taught for some time in Iraq before entering public life. He obtained the degree of Professor of Arts in Education from Teachers College at Columbia University in 1930, after which he obtained a doctorate in philosophy in 1934, and the topic of the thesis he submitted for obtaining his doctorate was called "New Iraq", then Columbia University awarded him an honorary doctorate in law in 1954. Boston University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1956.

In 1944, he joined the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Later he served as Director General of Education. Although he was a Shi'a Muslim, he promoted harmony and educational equality with Sunni Muslims when he was Director General of Education. He also undermined the power of the ancient Shi'a in the shrine cities of Kadhimiya, Najaf and Karbala. Due to being an Arab nationalist, he constantly urged Sunni Muslims and Shi'a Muslims to identify themselves with Iraq rather than with sectarian communities or tribes. However, it was noted that he appointed many more Shi'a teachers than Sunni teachers. Al-Jamali enjoyed great influence in directing education and student knowledge in Iraq from 1932 to 1942.

Political career
In 1943, under the orders of Nuri al-Said, al-Jamali was appointed the Director General of Foreign Affairs because al-Said saw him as qualified for the role. This did not please al-Jamali at first but grew to the role. At the time, he was one of the only educated Iraqis with overseas experiences which further supported this career switch although there were rumors that al-Jamali had Axis leanings. Nevertheless, al-Jamali spared no opportunity to urge the need for the independence of Lebanon and Syria from the French mandates. Following the fall of Vichy France, Lebanon and Syria gained their independence.

In 1945, al-Jamali first became the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq, a position he held continuously for three years. As a representative of Iraq, he signed the Charter of the United Nations on behalf of his country. In 1949 he again became Minister of Foreign Affairs; At the same time, from 1947 to 1958 he was the head of the Iraqi representation at the United Nations, and in 1950 he was also Iraq's ambassador to Egypt. Al-Jamali was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs twice more. The third in 1952 in the government of then-prime minister Mustafa al-Umari, and the fourth in the same year during the cabinet of Nureddin Mahmud.

United Nations
Iraq was considered a developing country then and was invited as part of the 45 nations to start the United Nations. Al-Jamali's debut at a major world conference was at the organizational meetings of the United Nations in San Francisco in the late spring of 1945. As Director General of Foreign Affairs, he was outranked by the other members of the Iraqi delegation such as Foreign Minister Arshad al-Umari; who represented the United States at the time, Ali Jawdat al-Ayyubi, and Nasrat al-Farisi. Nevertheless, he took part in the committees drafting the portions of the UN Charter that dealt with trusteeship and with the UN Security Council. On the weekend of that week, the diplomats, including al-Jamali, visited Curry Village in Yosemite Valley and was noted in the news for his modest attitude and open-mindedness towards seeking multicultural understanding. Al-Jamali also took part in Arab delegations that wanted to ensure the independence of Syria, and Lebanon, and the protection of Palestine from Zionism.

He was a member of both houses of the old Iraqi Parliament and was Minister of Foreign Affairs eight times in six ministries between 1946 and 1953. He was twice the president of the Chamber of Deputies between October 1950 and September 1953. The Iraqi government chose him to sign the United Nations Charter in the name of Iraq and became the representative of Iraq at the founding ceremony of the United Nations Organization in 1945. He also participated in the maintenance of the International Charter through his participation in two important committees of the conference, namely, the committee that drafted the Security Council.

Because of the communist threat from the Soviet Union along Iraq's northeastern border, he advocated for a strong affiliation with the United States and the United Kingdom, at a time when the United States of America seemed to be a good ally for the Arab world, but he later confessed his disappointment at the way America treated his country, the Arab world, and the problems in the middle east in general. Al-Jamali contributed to the development of modern national education in Iraq, as he prompted the Iraqi government to bring in the "Dabul Monroe Committee" from Columbia University to study the reality of education in Iraq.

When US President Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed aiding "Near East" countries, al-Jamali pointed out that Iraq has been feeling political and social danger for years due to the situations in the Korean War, Vietnam War, and Eastern Europe, and welcomed Eisenhower economic and military aid to protect Iraq from communism and subversion.

Libya
In September 1946, al-Jamali represented Iraq at the Paris Peace Conference which was to decide the fate of the former Italian colony of Libya for which he asked for immediate independence from Italy. Despite his request, various countries at the conference had interests in Libya. The UK wanted Cyrenaica, Italy and the Soviet Union both wanted Tripoli, France wanted the Fezzan, and the United States wanted an air base in Libya. Al-Jamali urged that, if the conference did not grant immediate independence, trusteeship powers should be exercised either by the Arab League or by a League member.

Palestine
Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali was known for defending Palestine in his speeches, writing, articles, and international forums. Whenever he was at a United Nations conference, he would mention Palestinians and their struggles and spoke highly of their heritage. He urged for a multicultural Palestinian state. Al-Jamali warned of Zionism having "something in common with Hitlerite technique" as it combined religion, race, and state into a "fanatic and one-sided ideology."

Al-Jamali had been following the question of Palestine very closely with deepening concern. Over time, the issue of Palestine became one of al-Jamali's most time-occupying matters. Under the pen name "Ibn al-Iraq", al-Jamali began in 1944 to write a series of newspaper articles to warn the public of Zionism which he saw as a threat. These were eventually collected in pamphlet form and printed in Cairo under the title "The Zionist Danger". Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, and Crown-Prince Abd al-Ilah, on behalf of King Faisal II, also wrote similar letters to US President Roosevelt arguing that Palestine legally belonged to its natives and reminded the President of Caliph Umar's taking of Palestine and the Crusades. Al-Jamali helped to translate Abd al-Ilah's letter into English.

In December 1944, al-Jamali helped establish Arab League Offices for Palestine in Britain and America under the direction of Musa al-'Alami. Musa headed the Information offices funded by Iraq from 1944 until 1948. This led to defiance by the Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, who saw this as a threat to his position. He would later meet with al-Jamali in Cairo in 1947 in which he sought to improve relations with Iraq and express his innocence of encouraging Rashid Ali al-Gaylani's revolt in 1941.

Al-Jamali, representing Iraq, also joined Egyptian Foreign Minister, Mansur Fahmy, in condemning Zionism as an aggressive and reactionary threat to Middle Eastern security. This was done in opposition to Harry S. Truman's order of granting entry to 100,000 deported Jews into Palestine and the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Al-Jamali invited the Committee to Baghdad to hear political leaders from there, both Arab and Jew. The Committee declined the invitation and concluded its agreement with Truman which caused an outrage in the Arab League. He would then propose to tell the United States that oil importation would stop if Palestine became partitioned but Arab delegations were opposed to the idea. Ex-Iraqi Prime Minister, Hamdi al-Pachachi, reportedly wanted his statement to be deleted to which al-Jamali would later reportedly reply with "Delete the words, but you cannot delete the situation. The facts still apply. ''

United Nations statement on Palestine
In a speech at the General Assembly Hall at Flushing Meadow, New York, on Friday, 28 November 1947, Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali included the following statement on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine:"Partition imposed against the will of the majority of the people will jeopardize peace and harmony in the Middle East. Not only the uprising of the Arabs of Palestine is to be expected, but the masses in the Arab world cannot be restrained. The Arab-Jewish relationship in the Arab world will greatly deteriorate. There are more Jews in the Arab world outside of Palestine than there are in Palestine. In Iraq alone, we have about one hundred and fifty thousand Jews who share with Muslims and Christians all the advantages of political and economic rights. Harmony prevails among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. But any injustice imposed upon the Arabs of Palestine will disturb the harmony among Jews and non-Jews in Iraq; it will breed inter-religious prejudice and hatred."

Israel
Despite al-Jamali's and the rest of the Arab delegations' best efforts, the partition of Palestine ensued and Israel gained its independence in 1948. The Soviet Union wanted to recognize Israel but later switched their support to the Arab countries. In response to the USSR's support of Israel, al-Jamali questioned Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey Vyshinsky several times about the USSR's involvement in establishing Israel despite calling Zionism a "reactionary force" in countless Soviet works. Vyshinsky had never given him a proper reply. Abba Eban, former Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister, claimed an incident in which al-Jamali had placed a cigar between him and the Israel Minister since Iraq and Israel were seated next to each other in the UN, and another in which al-Jamali left a restaurant out of spit when Eban walked in. Al-Jamali would later deny these claims as he neither smoked nor left behind unfinished food.

Egypt
Al-Jamali, then a Minister Plenipotentiary, was dispatched to Cairo to meet with Nokrashy Pasha, who was a good friend of al-Jamali, in 1948. However, King Abdullah I of Jordan would later inform him that the Egyptians hadn't arranged for a meeting. Al-Jamali then became Minister to Egypt for 25 days with Hashim Hilli, a worker at the foreign ministry, who accompanied him to Egypt and the two developed a friendship. The Iraqi government had to loan him 585 Iraqi dinars to buy a Chrysler Windsor (Series C-38) to help him at his post. King Farouk would also invite al-Jamali to attend Friday Prayers with him and planned to receive him. This, however, was discontinued when Nuri al-Said wanted al-Jamali to return to Baghdad. Al-Jamali would return three days later to bid his farewells to the King of Egypt and the Egyptian ambassador.

Prime Minister of Iraq
On September 17, 1953, King Faisal II of Iraq entrusted Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali with the task of forming a new government. Al-Jamali appointed mainly young officials, including people who had already proposed land reform, social security, and government organizations. Al-Jamali also intended to improve state structures and increase their authority. More than half of the ministers were Shi'a Muslims, and the interior ministry was taken over by a Kurd. The new cabinet was received positively as until then, most of the Iraqi elite was dominated by Sunni Muslims. He was further supported by Nuri al-Said who hoped that al-Jamali would promote the development of the country and stop the development of the Iraqi Communist Party.

That same month, al-Jamali abolished press censorship and ended the state of emergency in the country which was introduced a year earlier, lifting restrictions on the activities of political parties. Al-Jamali made sure to control the Iraqi Communist Party and trade unions. He declared a state of emergency in the provenance of Basra when oil workers working in Basra declared a strike. On December 1954, al-Jamali presented proposals to moderate reforms of the taxation system and limited land reform. These reforms were opposed by landowners and meant breaking up the traditional networks of Clientelism that have persisted since independence. Al-Jamali's government also worked to establish an anti-communist alliance between Iraq, Iran, Türkiye and Pakistan which it announced to the public on February 1954. Although there were many protests against Iraq joining an anti-Communist alliance. Due to this, al-Jamali wanted to step down as Prime Minister on March 7, 1954, but Nuri al-Said convinced him to stay.

In the spring of 1954, large landowners, including both Sunni and Shi'a Muslim landowners, opposed rural reforms of the government. Some of the al-Jamali's associates, disappointed with the impossibility of implementing any changes, left the cabinet. Nuri al-Said eventually stopped supporting the new government and al-Jamali decided to resign from being Prime Minister.

Bandung Conference
After the end of World War II and the process of decolonization, new Asian and African countries needed a basis of association with each other and the Arab World was among them. At the time, Africans and Asians represented a minority in the United Nations. Al-Jamali would meet with several delegations such as Asaf Ali that concerned the Palestinian question and the founding stones of the Afro-Asian conference. In the late 1940s and the 1950s, al-Jamali would work with figures such as Charles Malik of Lebanon, Faris al-Khoury of Syria, and Mahmud Fawzi of Egypt in consultation concerning the future of former colonies in Africa such as Libya and Eritrea. When the question of Morocco and Tunisia came up, Habib Bourguiba and other Tunisian leaders asked al-Jamali to pursue the Tunisian case during a luncheon for the heads of the Arab delegations. Al-Jamali first met Bourguiba in Cairo in April 1946 and their friendship really began in 1951 in Paris at the General Assembly meeting. The Tunisians had failed in their negotiations with France for independence so al-Jamali helped advise Bourguiba on the case in which he brought up King Faisal I's independence policy. The two didn't meet until 1956 when Tunisia got its independence and al-Jamali brought Iraq's congratulations on their achievement of independence and al-Jamali was made an honorary citizen of Tunisia.

In April 1955, less than four months away from the agreed meeting, the meeting was agreed to be in Bandung, Indonesia. Many nations of Africa and Asia including Iraq were invited for the discussion of Africa and Asia in the new setting of world politics and the Cold War. Nuri al-Said as the incumbent Prime Minister was naturally expected to lead the Iraq delegation. However, al-Said was preoccupied with domestic problems and with setting up the mechanism of the Baghdad Pact, so he requested King Faisal II to order al-Jamali to lead the delegation. Al-Jamali made his delegation and invited former cabinet colleagues such as Hashim Hilli. Being a conference of none-aligned countries, it was attended by many leaders such as former Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and then-Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Most of the countries were neutral but some delegations were anti-communist, which was the sentiment al-Jamali and the Iraqi delegation held.

Before the conference, al-Jamali attended Friday prayers at Bandung's Great Mosque and visited a few schools. He also enjoyed watching Indonesian land when he was on car trips. When President Sukarno opened the meeting, Nehru urged that there be no opening speeches but that, if any delegations had statements to make, they could be printed and circulated. Al-Jamali objected strongly as did others, and they proved to be the majority. Al-Jamali wanted a half-hour limit, but a fifteen-minute limit was decided. Al-Jamali's opening statement nevertheless took twenty-three minutes. Al-Jamali, as well as other delegations, wanted to discuss the Palestinian problem, however, Burma's prime Minister U Nu threatened to withdraw Burma from the conference. Despite this, al-Jamali talked about the threats of Western colonialism, Zionism, and communism to world peace and discussed the importance of Western values and the values of large Spiritual religions. The New York Times reported the conference fully and remarked that al-Jamali's speech received more applause than that of any other delegate, noting that it was "a vigorous anti-communist attack."

A popular recent rumor concerning al-Jamali and Bourguiba concerns that in 1954, al-Jamali met and gave Bourguiba an Iraqi passport to enter the UN headquarters in New York City to give a speech on behalf of Tunisia which resulted in the French delegation leaving and helping Tunisia's independence. However, there's no evidence of such an event happening or al-Jamali carrying extra Iraqi passports casually. Al-Jamali also did not have permission for citizenship or an Iraqi passport for anyone he pleased. Even if such an event happened, it would likely get Iraq into an international crisis and controversy. Although this rumor helped al-Jamali become a national hero.

Arab Federation
During the Arab Federation, in which Iraq and Jordan united into a union, then-prime minister Nuri al-Said appointed al-Jamali as a member of the Arab Union Council in 21 May 1958 until 14 July of that year.

14 July Revolution
After the Iraqi monarchy was overthrown in the 14 July 1958 Revolution, al-Jamali was pursued and arrested at a friend's home. During his imprisonment in which he faced various accusations of treason and conspiracy against Palestine despite defending Palestine throughout his life, al-Jamali wrote and published five articles that he published in newspapers in which he defended himself using historical facts and talked about his patriotism. Abd al-Karim Qasim sentenced him to death, but this was later commuted to 10 years imprisonment; he was released in 1961 after serving three years where he lived as a political refugee in Switzerland. His release came after global condemnation and pressure from many important international figures such as King Muhammad V of Morocco, Dag Hammarskjold, and Pope John XXIII.

While in prison, al-Jamali delved deeply into the study of the Qur'an and the rituals of Islam. While al-Jamali was a devout Muslim and believed in the religion's principles, his time in prison increased his faith even more. Al-Jamali wrote letters to his son in prison about Islam which later got published in a book.

Life during exile
After his exile, he was granted Tunisian citizenship by Tunisia's President Habib Bourguiba, whom he helped Tunisia become independent. Before that, he was also invited by King Hussein of Jordan and King Hassan of Morocco. Starting in the 1960s until 1988, he taught as Professor of Philosophy of Education, at the University of Tunis. Although the age of retirement in the university was 60, that was the age al-Jamali started to teach. There he was able to spread the Islamic beliefs that he had developed in several books. Al-Jamali lectured also Arabic history in the Arabic language.

Since he was an international diplomat, al-Jamali was rewarded with many medals and honors. Those include ones from countries such as Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Iran, Republic of China, Tunisia, Spain, the Vatican City among more.

Death
Al-Jamali passed away in 1997 at the age of 94, he was buried in Tunisia.

Marriage and kids
In 1932, al-Jamali was married to Sarah Powell (February 22, 1908—March 3, 2000), who was born in Saskatchewan, Canada to American parents. They met while studying at the Teachers College of Columbia University in the late 1920s. She moved to Iraq with Fadhel al-Jamali and they had three sons: Laith, Usama, and Abbas. At a young age, Laith was stricken with encephalitis, which arrested his mental development. From her experience in caring for Laith, Sarah promoted public awareness of intellectual disability and wrote a book of her movement: The Story of Laith and His Life After Encephalitis. She also wrote Folktales from the City of the Golden Dome, a compilation of Iraqi folktales.

Writings
While in prison he wrote a series of letters to his son setting out the teaching and practice of Islam and its relevance to the problems and experience of the modern world. Following his release from prison, he compiled those letters into a book Letters on Islam. In one of his memoirs, he stated:"'The great shortcoming in the Iraqi state is: We did not educate the Iraqi people as it should be. As responsible for education, I bear part of the responsibility for the deterioration of education in Iraq. We adopted secularism in the state curricula and this was a grave mistake, it was assumed Education should be Islamic, as most Iraqis are Muslims.'"The book's topics are man's need for religious faith; the Qur'an as guidance; the significance of fasting; science and faith; the nature of religious experience; the meaning of Islam; science, philosophy, and religion; the Islamic creed; Islamic rituals; the social system of Islam (legislation, the family, characteristics, economic principles, social, and government); and morality in Islam. In the book, al-Jamali detailed his beliefs: "'My faith calls for scientific research, especially in the field of natural science and social studies and the acceptance of the concept of evolution. I believe in the freedom of thought, and my faith in it is deep, provided it is associated with intellectual honesty.'"Throughout al-Jamali's life, he wrote many books and published many articles in Arab, English, American, and French newspapers and magazines. Among his works are Suggested Directions for Education in England after the War (1943), The Future of Education in Iraq (1944), Raising the New Man (1947), Iraq's call to the Arab Union (1954), Iraq between yesterday and today (1954), An Open Letter to the honorable Iraqi People (1969), The Prospects for modern education in Developing Countries (1988), The Gulf Tragedy and Western Hegemony (1992), and Let the sun shine again on the Arab Nation (1996).

Legacy
The academic and researcher in political science, Dr. Yasser Abd al-Hussein, described al-Jamali as "the immortal icon of Iraqi diplomacy." Muhammad Fadhel Al-Jamali is remembered for his ethics compared to other politicians in which al-Jamali showed respect to his opponents.

Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, al-Jamali's writings became more popular throughout Iraq. His books appealed to the Iraqis: urged Muslims to comply with the Qur'an, but appealed to them to study modern science to keep pace with the West.

title: Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali


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Emperor Huizong of Western Xia

Emperor Huizong of Western Xia (1060–1086), born Li Bingchang, was the third emperor of the Tangut-led Chinese Western Xia dynasty, ruling from 1067 to 1086.

After his father's sudden death, Huizong assumed the throne at the young age of six. His mother, Empress Dowager Liang (Chinese: 梁太后, Tangut: ), became the regent for the rest of Huizong's reign. In 1076, Huizong turned sixteen, and was supposed to assume direct control of the throne but was stopped by the enormous influence of the Dowager. The two sparred over the cultural policy of the empire: the Emperor Huizong supported sinicization, while the Empress Dowager Liang supported Tangutization (ironic, considering Huizong was of paternal Tangut heritage, and Liang was of ethnic Han heritage). Empress Dowager Liang eventually had Huizong put under house arrest; as a result, Huizong requested the Song dynasty for help. The Song Dynasty then invaded the Western Xia on the premise of freeing Huizong, but the invasion was repelled.

Empress Dowager Liang then forced Huizong to marry her niece, who would also become a powerful empress dowager. Thus, the Western Xia had two different Empress Dowager Liang.

He was depressed by the control of his mother, and Huizong later died at the young age of 26.

Huizong was succeeded by his son, the Emperor Chongzong.

Family
Consortsand issues:

 * Empress Zhaojian, of the Liang clan (昭簡皇后梁氏, d.1099)
 * Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia, personal name Qianshun (乾順), furst son
 * Prince of Jin Chage (晉王差哥),second son

title: Emperor Huizong of Western Xia


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Ål Bygdamuseum

Ål Bygdamuseum, a small museum on the farm Leksvol in Ål municipality in Buskerud, Norway, is a subsidiary of Hallingdal Museum. It includes 30 old buildings, including the house from Leksvol farm which dates from about 1600, a mountain farm (støl) with a stone building, and a cotter's farm place.

title: Ål Bygdamuseum


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City of Penrith

The City of Penrith is a local government area in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The seat of the city is located in Penrith, located within Sydney about 50 km west of Sydney central business district. It occupies part of the traditional lands of the Darug people. First incorporated as a municipality on 12 May 1871, on 1 January 1949, the municipalities of Penrith, St Marys and Castlereagh and part of the Nepean Shire amalgamated to form a new Municipality of Penrith. Penrith was declared a City on 21 October 1959, and expanded westwards to include Emu Plains and Emu Heights, formerly part of the City of Blue Mountains, on 25 October 1963. As of the the City of Penrith had an estimated population of 217,664.

The mayor of the City of Penrith is Todd Carney, a member of the Labor Party.

Suburbs and localities in the local government area
The following suburbs and localities are located within the City of Penrith: • Agnes Banks (shared with the City of Hawkesbury)

• Badgerys Creek (shared with the City of Liverpool)

• Berkshire Park

• Caddens

• Cambridge Gardens

• Cambridge Park

• Castlereagh

• Claremont Meadows

• Colyton

• Cranebrook

• Emu Heights

• Emu Plains

• Erskine Park

• Glenmore Park

• Jamisontown

• Jordan Springs

• Kemps Creek (shared with Liverpool)

• Kingswood

• Leonay

• Llandilo

• Londonderry

• Luddenham (shared with Liverpool)

• Mount Vernon

• Mulgoa

• North St Marys

• Orchard Hills

• Oxley Park

• Penrith

• Regentville

• St Clair

• St Marys (shared with City of Blacktown)

• Shanes Park (shared with City of Blacktown)

• South Penrith

• Wallacia (shared with Liverpool and Wollondilly Shire)

• Werrington

• Werrington County

• Werrington Downs

Council history
The Municipality of Penrith was incorporated on 12 May 1871 under the. On 3 March 1890, St Marys was separately incorporated, and on 26 July 1893 and 9 September 1895, Mulgoa and Castlereagh followed respectively. In 1913, Mulgoa became the "A" Riding of the neighbouring Nepean Shire.

On 1 January 1949, under the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, the Municipalities of Penrith, St Marys and Castlereagh and A Riding of the Nepean Shire amalgamated to form a new Municipality of Penrith. It was declared a City on 21 October 1959, and expanded westwards to include Emu Plains and Emu Heights, formerly part of the City of Blue Mountains, on 25 October 1963.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, there were 217,644 people in the Penrith local government area, of these 49.4% were male and 50.6% were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5% of the population; notably above the national average of 3.4%. The median age of people in the City of Penrith was 35 years; notably below the national median of 39 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 21.2% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 12.9% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 45.5% were married and 12.3% were either divorced or separated.

Population growth in the City of Penrith between the 2001 Census and the was 0.15% and in the subsequent five years to the, population growth was 3.68%. When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same periods, being 5.78% and 8.32% respectively, population growth in the Penrith local government area was significantly lower than the national average. The median weekly income for residents within the City of Penrith was on with par with the national average.

At the, the proportion of residents in the Penrith local government area who stated their ancestry as Australian or Anglo-Saxon exceeded 63.5% of all residents (national average was 58.4%). In excess of 28.7% of all residents in the City of Penrith area nominated a religious affiliation with Christianity at the, which was fairly higher than the national average of 20%. Meanwhile, as at the Census date, compared to the national average, households in the Penrith local government area had a marginally lower than average proportion (23.9%) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 24.8%); and a higher proportion (74.2%) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72%).

Current composition and election method
Penrith City Council is composed of fifteen councillors elected proportionally as three separate wards, each electing five councillors. All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor is elected by the councillors at the first meeting of the council for a two-year term, while the deputy mayor is elected for a single-year term only. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021. The current council is as follows:

The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Media
The City of Penrith is served by a weekly newspaper, The Western Weekender, which was founded in 1991. It produces a print edition each Friday as well as a digital news service. The newspaper is independently owned.

Sister cities
Since it signed its first agreement with Fujieda, Japan in 1984, Penrith City has gradually expanded its sister cities and international links programme. Presently Penrith has links with:

 * 🇬🇧 Penrith, Cumbria, England – Sister City
 * 🇯🇵 Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan – Sister City
 * 🇯🇵 Hakusan City (incorporating Matto City), Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan – Friendship City
 * 🇨🇳 Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China – Friendship City
 * 🇨🇳 Xicheng District of Beijing City, China – Mutual Co-operation Agreement
 * 🇰🇷 Gangseo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea – Mutual Co-operation Agreement

Heritage listings
The City of Penrith has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 * Agnes Banks, Rickards Avenue: Agnes Bank Natural Area
 * Castlereagh, Castlereagh Road: Upper Castlereagh Public School
 * Emu Plains, Main Western railway: Emu Plains railway station
 * Londonderry, 947-953 Londonderry Road: Fossil and Petrology collections, New South Wales
 * Mulgoa, Fairlight Road: Fairlight Homestead
 * Mulgoa, Mulgoa Road: Fernhill, Mulgoa
 * Mulgoa, 754-760 Mulgoa Road: Glenmore, Mulgoa
 * Mulgoa, St Thomas Road: St Thomas' Anglican Church, Mulgoa
 * Mulgoa, 2 St Thomas Road: Cox's Cottage
 * Penrith, 34-40 Borec Road: Craithes House
 * Penrith, 26 Coombes Drive: Torin Building
 * Penrith, Great Western railway: Penrith railway station, Sydney
 * Penrith, Nepean River, Great Western Highway: Victoria Bridge (Penrith)
 * Penrith, Off Bruce Neale Dr, Steel Trusses 1.3 km past station: Emu Plains Underbridge
 * Penrith, 1 Museum Drive: Penrith Museum of Fire, including the following:
 * Fire and Rescue NSW Heritage Fleet
 * NSW Fire Brigades No 10 Vehicle Number Plates
 * 1869 Shand Mason 7 inch Manual Fire Engine
 * 1891 Shand Mason Fire Engine
 * 1898 Shand Mason Curricle Ladders
 * 1909 Edward Smith Headquarters Switchboard
 * 1929 Ahrens Fox PS2 Fire Engine
 * 1939 Dennis Big 6 Fire Engine
 * 1942 Ford 21W Fire Brigade Mobile Canteen
 * Regentville, 427 Mulgoa Road: Glenleigh Estate
 * St Marys, Great Western Railway: St Marys railway station, Sydney
 * St Marys, Mamre Road: Mamre, St Marys
 * Werrington, Water Street: Rose Cottage and Early Slab Hut

title: City of Penrith


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Potentilla reptans

Potentilla reptans, known as the creeping cinquefoil, European cinquefoil or creeping tormentil, is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae.

A creeping perennial plant native to Eurasia and Northern Africa, Potentilla reptans has been naturalized elsewhere. Its trailing stems root at the nodes, and leaves are on long stalks. The plant blooms between June and August with yellow flowers that are about 2 cm in diameter and have five heart-shaped petals. P. reptans, which can be easily confused with silverweed, often grows in crushed masonry in the South of England. The grizzled skipper butterfly favors the plant.

Alcoholic extracts from roots of Potentilla reptans showed a moderate antimicrobial activity against common wound pathogens.

Potentilla reptans can be an invasive weed in lawns and flowerbeds and difficult to eradicate, particularly when it competes with and infests established groundcovers. All of the taproots must be dug up, or the plant will reappear.

title: Potentilla reptans


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List of ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players

The PIF ATP rankings are the Association of Tennis Professionals' (ATP) merit-based system for determining the rankings in men's tennis. The top-ranked player is the player who, over the previous 52 weeks, has garnered the most ranking points on the ATP Tour. Points are awarded based on how far a player advances in tournaments and the category of those tournaments. The ATP has used a computerized system for determining the rankings since August 23, 1973. Starting in 1979, an updated rankings list is released at the beginning of each week. Since 1973, 29 players have been ranked No. 1 by the ATP, of which 18 have been year-end No. 1.

Ranking method
Since the introduction of the rankings, the method used to calculate a player's ranking points has changed several times. As of 2019, the rankings are calculated by totaling the points a player wins in his best eighteen tournaments, subject to certain restrictions. For top players the counting tournaments are the four Grand Slam tournaments, the eight mandatory ATP Masters tournaments, the non-mandatory ATP Masters 1000 event in Monte-Carlo, the player's best four eligible ATP Tour 500 tournaments and his best two results from ATP Tour 250 tournaments. Lower-ranked players who are not eligible for some or all of the top tournaments may include additional ATP 500 and ATP 250 events, and also ATP Challenger Tour and ITF Men's Circuit tournaments. Players who qualify for the year-end ATP Finals also include any points gained from the tournament in their total, increasing the number of tournaments counted to 19.

ATP singles ranking
1973–1982; ATP ranking's average system as introduced on 23 August 1973.

1983–1989; ATP ranking's average system with bonus points for beating top ranked players.

1990–1999;  ‘Best of 14’ ranking system, where a player’s best 14 results in the events counted.

2000–2008;  ‘Best of 18’ ranking system, where a player’s best 18 results in the events counted.

2009–2019;  A new point scale for ATP rankings to the ‘Best of 18’ ranking system.

2020–2021;  ‘Best of 24-month’ ranking system from Aug 23, 2020 to Aug 9, 2021 for the pandemic-impacted seasons. 2022–present; Normal ATP’s ranking system over a 52-week period restored since August 2021.

ATP records and distinctions
Novak Djokovic has spent the most weeks as world No. 1, a record total 428 weeks. Roger Federer has a record 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1. Djokovic also holds the record for the most year-end No. 1 finishes, achieving the feat for eight years (including the pandemic-shortened season ). Pete Sampras held the year-end No. 1 ranking for a record six consecutive years.

Carlos Alcaraz is both the youngest world No. 1 (19 years, 4 months), and the youngest year-end No. 1 (19 years, 7 months). Djokovic is both the oldest world No. 1 (12 years, 7 months) and the oldest year-end No. 1 (36 years, 7 months).

Federer is the player with the longest time span (14 years) between his first and most recent dates at No. 1 (February 2004–June 2018), while Rafael Nadal is the only player to hold the top ranking in three different decades, spanning 11 years and 5 months (2008–2020). Djokovic has the longest time span (12 years) between his first and last year-end No. 1 finish (2011–2023), and is the only player to be ranked No. 1 at least once in a year for 13 different years.

Two players, Ivan Lendl and Marcelo Ríos, have reached No. 1 without previously having won a major singles title. Lendl reached No. 1 on February 21, 1983, but did not win his first Grand Slam title until the 1984 French Open. Ríos reached No. 1 on March 30, 1998, but retired without ever having won a Grand Slam title, making him the only No. 1 player with that distinction.

Federer holds the record of wire-to-wire No. 1 for three consecutive calendar years. Since 1973 when the ATP rankings started, there have been 13 years in which one player held the top spot for the entire year: Jimmy Connors in 1975, 1976, and 1978; Lendl in 1986 and 1987; Pete Sampras in 1994 and 1997; Hewitt in 2002; Federer in 2005, 2006, and 2007; and Djokovic in 2015 and 2021. In contrast, 1999 saw five players hold the No. 1 ranking (the most in any single year): Sampras, Carlos Moyá, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Andre Agassi, and Patrick Rafter.

Prior to 2009, Federer accumulated the most year-end ATP ranking points in any season, with 8,370 points in 2006. Since the introduction of a new point scale for the ATP rankings from 2009, Djokovic achieved the same feat with 16,585 ranking points in 2015 season. Djokovic also holds the record of 16,950 ranking points on 6 June 2016, the most ATP points ever accumulated by any player.

John McEnroe held the No. 1 ranking a record 14 times, Sampras and Djokovic are the only two other players to have held it 10 or more times, with 11 and 10 stints respectively. Rafter spent the least time at number 1 (one week).

ATP No. 1 ranked singles players
The statistics are updated only when the ATP website revises its rankings (usually on Monday mornings except when tournament finals are postponed).

{{Legend|#eaecf0|First-time No. 1 player.}} {{legend|#ddfddd|Current world No. 1 (weeks are automatically updated).}} {{legend|#ffffcf|text=‡|ATP rankings record.}}

Weeks at No. 1
{{Legend|#ddfddd|Current No. 1 player (weeks are automatically updated).}} {|
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Consecutive

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Weeks as No. 1 leaders timeline
Current record in bold.

Year-end No. 1 players
The ATP year-end No. 1 (ATP Player of the Year), in recent decades, has been determined as the player who ends the year as world No. 1 in the ATP rankings. Prior to the early 1990s this was not always the case, in some instances the "ATP Player of the Year" and the Year-end No. 1 in the rankings were different players (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1989). Novak Djokovic holds the ATP record of eight year-end No. 1 finishes. Overall, 18 players have achieved the year-end No. 1 ranking, only four of them (Lendl, Federer, Djokovic, Nadal) have done so in non-consecutive years. Six players have stayed at No. 1 in the ATP rankings for every week of the calendar year. Connors and Federer have done so in three years, Connors non-consecutively and Federer consecutively. {{Legend|#ffffcf|text= * |Player was ranked No. 1 throughout the entire calendar year.}} {|
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Per player

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Time span between first and last dates No. 1 was held
{{Legend|#ddfddd|Current No. 1 player (date and age are updated automatically).}}
 * Active players and age records indicated in bold.

Weeks at No. 1 by decade

 * Current No. 1 player indicated in italic.

2020s

 * Stats are automatically updated on Mondays (UTC).

No. 1 players by country
Weeks are updated automatically.
 * Current No. 1 player indicated in bold.