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Gilbern

Gilbern, Gilbern Sports Cars (Components) Ltd , was a Welsh car manufacturer from 1959 to 1973, based in Llantwit Fardre, Pontypridd, Glamorgan, Wales.

History
Gilbern Sports Cars (Components) Ltd was founded by Giles Smith (previously a butcher, who died in 2003) and Bernard Friese, a German engineer with experience in glass fibre mouldings, and was one of the few cars to be made in Wales. Friese had made a one-off car for himself and the two partners used this as the basis for the first Gilbern car. The premises were a tiny workshop in Church Village, Pontypridd but when production started the business moved to a new location at the old Red Ash Colliery at nearby Llantwit Fardre. The cars were available at first only as kits but later complete cars were also available.

The name, Gilbern, was a combination of the first three letters of the name of founder Giles Smith and the first four letters of the name of his co-founder Bernard Friese.

Gilberns have often been entered in competition at the Wiscombe Park Hillclimb, first appearing there in 1962 in the hands of an Aston Martin Owners Club member.

The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders accepted Gilbern as a member in 1965, and the company was permitted to operate a stand at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court thereafter.

In 1968, following a search for a cash injection, Gilbern was taken over by Ace Capital Holdings Ltd, whose main business was the manufacture of slot machines. Following the takeover Giles Smith left the company to be replaced by Mike Leather and Maurice Collins as joint managing directors. In 1970 Ace was bought by entertainment group Mecca Ltd, who sold the company to Maurice Collins; in 1972 he in turn sold it to Mike Leather.

The cars were expensive for the time and became more so with 1973 taxation changes that added Value Added Tax to kit cars. Production ceased not long thereafter, also in 1973.

A one-off concept car, the T11, was produced, just prior to the company's closure, and was restored in 2009–10, appearing in some classic car articles in early 2010.

Gilbern GT
The GT, a 2+2 two-door coupé was the company's first car and was made between 1959 and 1967. The GT Mk 1 was initially available with either 948 cc BMC A-Series engine with an optional Shorrock supercharger or Coventry Climax 1098 cc engines. The chassis was fabricated from square steel tubing and the front suspension was initially from the Austin A35. The body was a one-piece moulding. Although usually supplied in kit form, the body was provided fully trimmed and painted leaving the purchaser to only complete the mechanical items.

Later versions came with a B-series 1500 or 1600 cc MGA or 1800 cc MGB engine and coil-sprung BMC rear axle. With the coming of the larger engine, the car was renamed the GT1800.

A car with 1600 cc (ex MGA) engine was tested by the British The Motor magazine in 1961 and was found to have a top speed of 94.3 mph and could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 13.8 seconds. A fuel consumption of 35 mpgimp was recorded. The test car cost £978 including taxes of £251.

Gilbern Genie
In 1966 a larger, more up-market model, the Genie, appeared at the London Motor Show. It could be had with either a 2.5- or 3-litre Ford Essex V6 engine and gearbox with optional overdrive, but the steering and back axle were still BMC units from the MGB. The engine was fitted with a twin-choke Weber carburetor on most cars, although a small number were built with Tecalemit Jackson fuel injection. The rear suspension differed from the MG in having coil-spring/damper units and trailing arms. On early Genies, the rear axle was located with a Panhard rod, which was then changed to a Watts linkage on later examples.

The 2.5-litre version was dropped in 1968. In 1969, a complete car cost around £2000.

Gilbern Invader
The final car was the Invader, introduced in July 1969 and based on the Genie but with improved chassis and larger brakes. The front suspension now came from the MGC and the chassis was strengthened. It took the brand further upmarket with fittings such as electric windows and walnut-veneered dashboard. The Invader was available as a complete car and from 1970 an estate version was also produced. Automatic or manual gearbox with overdrive were available. It was updated to the Mk II version in 1971.

Launched in September 1972, the Mk III version had Ford Cortina front suspension and was restyled front and rear. The engine was the higher tune unit from the Ford Capri 3000GT. The body was produced using new moulds and was both wider and lower than that of the earlier Invader. Track was extended by four inches (10 cm). The wider axle led to wheel spats being added to the sides of the car. At the back the live rear axle was located by trailing links and a Panhard rod: adjustable shock absorbers were fitted all round.

The Mk III Invader was only available as a factory-built car and cost £2,693 in 1972.

T11 Concept
Designed by British designer Trevor Fiore, the T11 was built in 1970, and was due to show at the 1971 Geneva Motor Show. It was equipped with a lightly tuned 1.5-litre Austin Maxi drivetrain turned by 180 degrees. The company recalled the project, however. Three chassis were built but only one example was finished. These were restored and completed in 2009–2010.

title: Gilbern


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Hà Nam province

Hà Nam is a province of northern Vietnam, in the Red River Delta. The province's name derives from Chữ Hán 河南, meaning "south of the river".

History
Hà Nam, and Vietnam as a whole, implemented the second five-year plan between 1975 and 1980. This plan included protecting the country's national border and gradually overcoming difficulties within the country itself. Between 1981 and 1985, the administration attempted to improve the society and culture of Vietnam.

The years between 1975 and 1985 were a difficult time for the country in general and for Hà Nam province in particular. In this period, the society and economy of Vietnam went through a number of severe difficulties and the majority of the population's standard of living was very low. Despite these events, Hà Nam still managed to make some important gains.

Administration divisions
Hà Nam is subdivided into six district-level sub-divisions:

 * 4 districts:
 * Bình Lục
 * Kim Bảng
 * Lý Nhân
 * Thanh Liêm

 * 1 provincial city:
 * Phủ Lý
 * 1 town:
 * Duy Tiên

They are further subdivided into seven commune-level towns (or townlets), 98 communes, and 11 wards.

Improved crops
Throughout this period, Hà Nam province concentrated their efforts on implementing an extensive irrigation system, widening the area suitable for growing crops, developing the manner in which cattle were raised in the area and applying technical scientific advances. As a result of these operations, a high number of co-operatives in the province reached five tons per hectare by 1987. Furthermore, agrarian districts supplied tens of thousands of tonnes of food for the state.

The handicraft industries continued to develop in both the quantity and the quality of the products being produced. Basic education standards developed quickly and equally. The areas of information culture, medical and sports were opened and intensified at a grassroots level.

The Sino-Vietnamese War, which broke out during February 1979, had a direct influence on the socio-economic situation in Hà Nam province in particular. Hà Nam province's population became involved in the struggling movement via military enrollment and the local military force began assisting the defense and security plans of the nation.

Throughout the early years of the 1980s, Vietnam became involved in implementing the Third five-year plan as a result of changes in the global climate. The population and the various sectors faced a number of difficulties, including the delivery of raw materials and food. The instability of the economy intensified, resulting in rapid inflation and soaring prices.

The release of Decree 100/CT/TW on January 13, 1981, was an effective measure to boost activeness and creation in production and delivery. This managed to bring the nation's agriculture problems under control.

From 1981 to 1985, Hà Nam's co-efficient use of land increased from 1.5 to 1.76 and food productivity continued to rise throughout this period. The industrial and small handicraft services created plenty of jobs for laborers. Furthermore, localities became increasingly involved in exporting goods such as jute, groundnut, garlic and sesame.

The standards of education were maintained and continued to follow the objectives of the reforms passed. Oriental and western medicine were integrated effectively in examination procedures. The media soon gained access to undiscovered knowledge and continued to help meet political aims in the province.

An embroidering enterprise
(Thanh Hà - Thanh Liêm)

In 1986, the country became involved in a renovation process. The administrative subsidy mechanism was erased, creating favorable conditions for developing a multi-sector economy. The economic and investment structure focused on four socio-economic programs. Social-cultural, technical science and medical activities were intensified and agriculture increased remarkably. The private economy continued to develop, attracting many laborers and banking and financial operations found their place in society.

A corner of Phủ Lý Park
In late 1966, Hà Nam's agricultural production gained a total productivity value of VND960.84 billion: food production achieved 319.435 tons. The average food allowance was 402 kg per head. In addition to the main rice crop, maize, groundnut and peanut crops continued to strengthen. Cattle and poultry production rose 3-5% per annum.

Water surface areas were used to develop aquatic products. For example, thousands of bamboo trees were planted to protect dikes, millions of cubic meters of land were dug, covered and dredged and thousands of cubic meters of stones were used to cover the channels.

Street in safety
In the field of industry and small handicraft production, during the era of the early 1990s, despite a number of difficulties in obtaining materials, certain products were still being developed. For example, Thanh Hà embroidery, Kiện Khê stone, An Đổ smoothing, Động Sơn knitting and Đại Thành weaving.

The industrial production value of 1996 was VND286.75 billion, including VND19.11 billion from the central industry and VND267.64 from the local industries. At this time, a private enterprise consisting of nine bases was set up and attracted nearly 400 laborers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hà Nam province


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Yang Yan (Tang dynasty)

Yang Yan (727–781), courtesy name Gongnan (公南), was a Chinese historian and politician serving as a chancellor early in the reign of Emperor Dezong. He was credited with reforming the tax system to reduce burdens on the peasants and to bring merchants into the rank of taxpayers, but was blamed for using his position to take vengeance on political enemies. He was removed in 781 and soon executed.

Background
Yang Yan was born in 727, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was from Fengxiang (鳳翔, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and claimed ancestry through officials of the Warring States period state Han), Qin, Han, and Sui dynasties, although the lineage was not completely traceable. His great-grandfather Yang Dabao (楊大寶) served as a county magistrate during the reign of the Tang dynasty's founder, Emperor Gaozu, and was killed when resisting a rival contender for the throne, Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, and therefore was posthumously honored. His grandfather Yang Zhe (楊哲) was known for his filial piety. His father, Yang Bo (楊播), was known for having passed the imperial examinations but then declined official offices to support his parents, an act for which he was honored by both Emperor Xuanzong and Emperor Xuanzong's son Emperor Suzong.

Early career
Yang Yan was known in his youth for his handsome eyebrows and beard, his ability to stand up against monetary enticements, and his beautiful writing. In his home region, he became known as the younger Yang Shanren (山人), implying that he was a Taoist hermit. Later, he took off his hermit robes and served as a secretary under Lü Chongbi (呂崇賁) the military governor (Jiedushi) of Hexi Circuit (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu). He had previously been humiliated by Li Dajian (李大簡), and he became a colleague of Li's after he came to serve under Lü, and he took the opportunity, on one occasion, to batter Li severely along with his guards, almost causing Li's death. Lü, however, favored his talent and did not punish him. Later, when the major general Li Guangbi invited him to serve as an assistant, he declined, and he also declined a promotion to serve as an imperial chronicler at the capital Chang'an. Instead, he returned home to support his mother. After his mother died, he was honored for his filial piety to her—and it was said that it was unprecedented, at that point, that a household would be decorated for three straight generations for their filial piety.

After Yang completed his period of mourning, he became Sixun Yuanwailang (司勳員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), and later served at the ministries of defense (兵部, Bingbu) and the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu). While serving at the ministry of rites, he became one of the main drafters of edicts for Emperor Suzong's son Emperor Daizong. Both he and his colleague Chang Gun were known for the beautiful language they used in writing edicts—with Chang being known for his ability to cite ancient precedents, and Yang known for the ability to use appropriate praises. When he wrote the text of a monument dedicated to the general Li Kailuo (李楷洛), the writing was so beautiful that the scholars at the time all took pains to memorize it. He later became the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang) and was put in charge of editing the imperial history. He also became well regarded by the powerful chancellor Yuan Zai and was fostered by Yuan to be his successor. After Yuan was executed for corruption in 777, Emperor Daizong initially wanted to execute Yang and some other close associates of Yuan's as well, but Emperor Daizong's uncle Wu Cou (吳湊) persuaded him not to do so. Instead, Yang was demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Dao Prefecture (道州, in modern Yongzhou, Hunan).

During Emperor Dezong's reign
In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong, wanting to reform government, was willing to promote people in exceptional manners, and in fall 779, based on the recommendation of the chancellor Cui Youfu, Emperor Dezong promoted Yang from exile to be the Menxia Shilang (門下侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto, serving alongside Cui and Qiao Lin.

As chancellor, Yang quickly carried out a number of actions that were praised by contemporaries and/or later historians:

 * Promoting Li Gao (李皋) the Prince of Cao, a capable official of imperial descent who had been demoted due to false accusations by Xin Jinggao (辛京杲).
 * Keeping the general Cui Ning, the military governor of Sichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), who had controlled the circuit semi-independently from the imperial government, at Chang'an when Cui arrived at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Dezong, thus allowing the imperial government to take back control of Sichuan.
 * Convincing Emperor Dezong to return the responsibility of collecting and storing money and silk revenues from Daying Storage (大盈庫), inside the palace and managed by eunuchs, to the ministry of storage (太府寺, Taifu Si), thus restoring accountability.

What Yang became most known for, however, was his reform of the taxation system, introduced in an edict by Emperor Dezong in 780. As described by the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang in his Zizhi Tongjian, of the problems of the taxation system at the time and what Yang's reforms were intended to address:

"Early in Tang Dynasty, the taxes and duties included the following: field tax [(租, Zu)], corvée [(庸, Yong)], and head tax [(捐, Juan)]. Those who had fields paid the field tax. Those who were adults served corvée labor.  Those who had household rolls paid head tax.  Toward the end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, the government files were being poorly maintained, and the records were often not matching reality.  During the Zhide era [(756–758, during Emperor Suzong's reign)], the state was in war and chaos, and the collections of taxes were both done in an emergency and a haphazard manner.  More and more tax collection agencies were created, but none supervised another, and therefore they created new methods and laws for taxation.  Before the old tax would be abolished, the new tax would already be implemented, without ceasing.  The rich households had many men, but they avoided taxes by becoming officials or becoming Buddhist monks, and the poor households were unable to avoid taxes in this manner. Therefore, the rich households became richer, and the poor households became poorer. Corrupt officials further used the opportunity to seize assets and oppress people. They collected taxes every 10 days or half month. The people could not endure this kind of cruel treatment, and often they fled to other locales just to make a living. Those who remained in their homes did not exceed 40% or 50%."

"Yang Yan established the Law of the Two Taxes [(兩稅法, Liangshuifa)]. The prefectural and county expenses were estimated in advance, and added to those expenses were the amounts they were supposed to submit to the central government. Then, that number becomes the overall tax burden for the people.  No distinction made between people who were native to the locale or were new to the locale; as long as they had settled in the locale, they were registered on the tax rolls.  There was no longer a division of young men [(over 17)] with mature men [(over 22)]; rather, division was by level of wealth.  As for businessmen, they were given the responsibility of paying 1/30 of the tax burden, such that they were no longer able to evade tax responsibilities and would bear similar tax burdens to their farming neighbors.  As for taxes on the farmers, they were collected twice a year, during the fall and summer. The field tax, corvée, and head tax, as well as other miscellaneous and harsh taxes were all abolished. The director of finances [(度支使, Duzhishi)] oversaw the taxes."

Meanwhile, though, Yang was also said to be vindictive. Blaming the senior official Liu Yan, one of the judges that adjudicated Yuan Zai's guilt, for Yuan's death and for his own demotion, he accused Liu of having encouraged Emperor Daizong to make his favorite concubine Consort Dugu empress—which would have endangered Emperor Dezong's position as crown prince since he was not Consort Dugu's son, and Consort Dugu had her own son, Li Jiong (李迥) the Prince of Han. At Cui Youfu's urging, who argued that such matters should no longer be considered since Emperor Dezong had issued a general pardon when he declared the Liangshuifa, Emperor Dezong did not, for the time being, investigate Liu. Still, at Yang's urging, he removed Liu from his various posts as directors of specialized financial agencies and returned the responsibilities to the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). (Subsequently, however, with the executive bureau agencies unable to handle these financial matters, the specialized agencies were restored, although the responsibilities were given to Han Hui (韓洄) and Du You, not back to Liu.) Liu was also soon demoted and exiled to be the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing).

By spring 780, With Cui Youfu seriously ill at that point and Qiao having been removed by Emperor Dezong due to incompetence, Yang was solely in charge of the government, and he revived major military projects that Yuan had advocated until his downfall—to rebuild Yuan Prefecture (原州, in modern Guyuan, Ningxia), formerly Tang territory but which had become part of the no man's land between territories held by Tang and Tufan, as a forward advance base for a campaign to recapture lands lost to Tufan; and to conscript labor from the regions of the two capitals (Chang'an and Luoyang) and Guanzhong to reopen Lingyang Aqueduct (陵陽渠, flowing through Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia) in order to promote agriculture in the region by soldiers. When Duan Xiushi, the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) opposed the projects on account that it would provoke a Tufan attack, Yang, angered by Duan's opposition, had Duan recalled to the capital to serve in the relatively powerless post as minister of agriculture. When the disciplinarian general Li Huaiguang was subsequently named to succeed Duan, Duan's soldiers, fearing Li Huaiguang's harshness, rebelled under the leadership of the officer Liu Wenxi (劉文喜). While Liu was quickly killed by his own subordinates, and the rebellion dissipated, neither Yuan Prefecture nor Lingyang Aquedate was actually ever rebuilt.

Notwithstanding these projects, one of the agendas that Emperor Dezong had early in his reign was peace with Tufan, and he ordered a general release of Tufan captives. He also sent the official Wei Lun (韋倫) as an emissary to Tufan. When Wei requested that Emperor Dezong personally sign a letter offering peace addressed to the king of Tufan, Yang believed that this would overly dignify the Tufan king, and therefore requested that the senior general Guo Ziyi sign the letter, with Emperor Dezong writing, "approved," on the letter. Emperor Dezong agreed.

In fall 780, at Yang's direction, Liu Yan's superior Yu Zhun (庾準) the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), accused Liu of complaining about Emperor Dezong in a letter to the general Zhu Ci, and of preparing to commit treason. Yang "confirmed" Yu's accusations, and Emperor Dezong had Liu put to death—drawing mourning from throughout the realm over the unfair treatment of the well-respected Liu. The warlord Li Zhengji, the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), in particular, was submitting repeated petitions criticizing the imperial government for executing Liu. Yang, in fear, sent his associates to the circuits to blame Liu's death on Emperor Dezong personally, over Emperor Dezong's resentment for Liu's support of Consort Dugu, and disavowing personal responsibility in Liu's death. When Emperor Dezong became aware that Yang was blaming him, he began to be resentful of Yang and considered killing him, but did not do so immediately. Rather, he promoted Lu Qi to also be a chancellor to divide Yang's power. Yang, looking down on Lu, as Lu was known to be ugly in appearance and untalented, would often refuse to have lunch with Lu even though chancellors were, by custom, to have lunches with each other on a regular basis. This thus drew resentment from Lu as well.

In 781, after Li Zhengji and fellow warlord Li Baochen, the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), died, Emperor Dezong refused to let their sons (Li Na and Li Weiyue, respectively) to inherit their posts. Li Na and Li Weiyue, along with their allies Tian Yue the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) and Liang Chongyi the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), thereafter prepared for war against the imperial government. One of the main advocates for an immediate attack against Liang was Li Xilie, the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and Emperor Dezong put Li Xilie in charge of the campaign against Liang. Yang objected—pointing out that Li Xilie was himself disobedient of imperial edicts and had expelled his predecessor Li Zhongchen despite Li Zhongchen's kind treatment of him, and argued that if Li Xilie were successful, he would be so overconfident that the imperial government would no longer be able to control him. Emperor Dezong did not listen to Yang and became increasingly repulsed by Yang due to his opposition. When Li Xilie's army was not launched for sometime due to rain, Lu secretly suggested to Emperor Dezong that it was actually because Li Xilie was resentful of Yang and that Emperor Dezong should remove Yang to placate Li Xilie. Emperor Dezong agreed, and in fall 781, he made Yang Zuo Pushe (左僕射), one of the heads of the executive bureau, but no longer chancellor.

While Yang Yan was chancellor, he had demoted Yan Ying (嚴郢) the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) because he disliked Yan Ying. Lu, knowing this, had Yan Ying made the chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). At Lu's direction, Yan Ying soon exposed an incident in which Yang had asked Zhao Huibo (趙惠伯) the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region) to sell Yang's mansion for him—and, at Yan's manipulation, this incident was increased in severity from the lesser charge of conflict of interest to embezzlement. Meanwhile, Lu also secretly told Emperor Dezong that Yang had built his family shrine on land that was said to be greatly blessed, and accused Yang of intending to try to become emperor himself. In winter 781, Emperor Dezong demoted and exiled Yang to the post of military advisor to the prefect of the extremely remove Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Sanya, Hainan). However, even before Yang reached Yai Prefecture, Emperor Dezong sent executioners to intercept him and execute him.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 118.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 145.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 225, 226, 227.
 * A history of China from 7 BC to 1279
 * Chinaknowledge.de article
 * Article on foreign relations during the Tang dynasty

title: Yang Yan (Tang dynasty)


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Fishmonger

A fishmonger (historically fishwife for female practitioners) is someone who sells raw fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers and are trained at selecting and purchasing, handling, gutting, boning, filleting, displaying, merchandising and selling their product. In some countries modern supermarkets are replacing fishmongers who operate in shops or fish markets.

Worshipful Company of Fishmongers

The fishmongers guild, one of the earliest guilds, was established in the City of London by a Royal Charter granted by Edward I shortly after he became king in 1272. Partnership with foreigners was forbidden and the sale of fish was tightly controlled to ensure freshness and restrain profit, which was limited to one penny in the shilling. Nevertheless, the guild grew rich and, after Edward's victory over the Scots, was able to make a great show, including one thousand mounted knights.

During the reign of Edward II, the political power of the fishmongers waned and Parliament decreed that no fishmonger could become mayor of the city. This was soon rescinded and their wealth increased further so that, during the reign of Edward III, the guild could provide £40 to the war against the French, this being a great sum at that time.

The guild was then reformed by Great Charter as the Mystery of the Fishmongers of London. They were given a monopoly over the crying and selling of fish and they regulated the catching of fish in the Thames which teemed with fish such as salmon at that time. The guild still continues today as one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies.

Tools
The tools used by fishmongers include:

 * Pliers to pull out pinbones
 * A fish scaler to remove scales
 * A filleting knife to cut away the flesh from the bones
 * Short strong knives for opening oysters and other shellfish
 * Protective gloves
 * A curved knife for gutting and removing roe

Fishmongers in culture
In many countries, the fishwife was proverbial for her sharp tongue and outspokenness. In Medieval France, the ones in Paris were known for their special privilege of being able to speak frankly to the King himself, when he ventured into the marketplace, and voice criticism without fear of punishment.

Molly Malone is a character from a popular Irish song about a young fishwife who tragically dies at a young age.

Charles Fort in his book Lo! compiles the story of the Mad Fishmonger or "St. Fishmonger", which later may or may not appear in the Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy by Robert Anton Wilson. St. Fishmonger allegedly caused crabs and periwinkles to fall from the sky.

In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix. In the film The Beach, the Island's chef has only fish as a source of meat, and is named Unhygienix in reference to the Asterix character.

In Shakespeare's Hamlet, some contend that the word fishmonger was a euphemism for a "fleshmonger," or pimp.

Historic fishmongers

 * Marretje Arents
 * Dolly Peel
 * Dolly Pentreath, the last native speaker of Cornish
 * Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist executed in 1927 following a controversial American trial
 * Muhammad Shahid Nazir

title: Fishmonger


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Long An province

Long An is a province in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. The provincial capital is Tân An, and other major districts include Kiến Tường, Bến Lức, Cần Giuộc and Đức Hòa. There are 15 districts within the province (included 1 provincial capital city and 1 district-level town).

The region is between Ho Chi Minh City in the north and the Mekong Delta. Because of its low lying geography, it is susceptible to sea level rise caused by climate change.

Geography
Long An is situated in an advantageous position in the Southern Key Economic Region of Vietnam. It serves as a bridge between Ho Chi Minh City in the north and 12 provinces in the Mekong Delta in the south. The province also has Cambodia to its west and the East Sea (South China Sea) to its east.

Long An is a low-lying coastal region, and therefore some areas of it are subject to flooding during the rainy season, which lasts from the beginning of August until November.

The province has numerous rivers. Two of the main ones are the Vàm Cỏ Đông and Vàm Cỏ Tay, which connect with the Tiền to form a larger river system. Another important river in the region is the Soài Rạp.

Administrative divisions
Long An is subdivided into 15 district-level sub-divisions:

 * 13 districts:
 * Bến Lức
 * Cần Đước
 * Cần Giuộc
 * Châu Thành
 * Đức Hòa
 * Đức Huệ
 * Mộc Hóa
 * Tân Hưng
 * Tân Thạnh
 * Tân Trụ
 * Thạnh Hóa
 * Thủ Thừa
 * Vĩnh Hưng
 * 1 district-level town:
 * Kiến Tường
 * 1 provincial city:
 * Tân An (capital)

They are further subdivided into 14 commune-level towns (or townlets), 166 communes, and 12 wards.

Climate change concerns
Being a low-lying coastal region, Long An is particularly susceptible to floods resulting from rises in sea level due to climate change. The Climate Change Research Institute at Can Tho University (Trường Đại học Cần Thơ), in studying the possible consequences of climate change, has predicted that 49% of Long An province is expected to be flooded if sea levels rise by one meter.

Universities
Long An is home to two large universities:

 * Long An University of Economics and Industry (Trường Đại Học Kinh Tế Công Nghiệp Long An)
 * Tan Tao University (Trường Đại Học Tân Tạo)

Hospitals
136C ĐT827, P7, Tân An, Long An 82100, Vietnam
 * TWG Hospital Long An (Bệnh viện TWG Long An)

title: Long An province


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Martin Baltimore

The Martin 187 Baltimore was a twin-engined light attack bomber built by the Glenn L. Martin Company in the United States as the A-30. The model was originally ordered by the French in May 1940 as a follow-up to the earlier Martin Maryland, then in service in France. With the fall of France, the production series was diverted to Great Britain and after mid-1941, supplied by the U.S. as Lend Lease equipment.

Development of the Baltimore was hindered by a series of problems, although the type eventually became a versatile combat aircraft. Produced in large numbers, the Baltimore was not used operationally by United States armed forces but eventually served with the British, Canadian, Australian, South African, Hellenic and the Italian air forces. It was subsequently used almost exclusively in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II.

Design and development
Initially designated the A-23 (derived from the A-22 Martin 167 Maryland design), the Model 187 (company designation) had a deeper fuselage and more powerful engines. The Model 187 met the needs for a light-to-medium bomber, originally ordered by the Anglo-French Purchasing Commission as a joint project in May 1940. The French Air Force sought to replace the earlier Maryland; 400 aircraft being ordered. With the Fall of France, the Royal Air Force (RAF) took over the order and gave it the service name Baltimore. To enable the aircraft to be supplied to the British under the Lend-Lease Act the United States Army Air Forces designation A-30 was allocated. With the passing of the Lend Lease Act two further batches of 575 and then 600 were provided to the RAF.

Operational history

The first British aircraft were delivered in late 1941 to equip Operational Training Units. The RAF only used the Baltimores operationally in the Mediterranean theater and North Africa. Many users were impressed by the step up that the Baltimore represented from older aircraft like the Bristol Blenheim. Users of the Baltimore and Martin pilot Benjamin R. Wallace, praised the aircraft for its heavy armament, structural strength, manoeuvrability, bombing accuracy and relatively high performance but crews complained of cramped conditions similar to those in the earlier Maryland bomber. The narrow fuselage made it nearly impossible for crew members to change positions during flight if wounded (the aircraft's interior structure separated the pilot and observer from the wireless operator and rear gunner, a characteristic shared with several light and medium bomber designs of that era e.g. Handley Page Hampden, Douglas Boston and Blenheim). Crews also complained about the difficulties in handling the aircraft on the ground. On takeoff, the pilot had to co-ordinate the throttles perfectly to avoid a nose-over or worse.

Thrown into action to stop Rommel's advance, the Baltimore suffered massive losses when it was used as a low-level attack aircraft, especially in the chaos of the desert war where most missions went unescorted. Operating at medium altitude with fighter escorts, the Baltimore had a very low loss rate, with the majority of losses coming from operational accidents. Undertaking a variety of missions in the Middle East, Mediterranean and European theaters, the Baltimore's roles included reconnaissance, target-towing, maritime patrol, night intruder and even served as highly uncomfortable fast transports. The Baltimore saw limited Fleet Air Arm service with aircraft transferred from the RAF in the Mediterranean to equip a squadron in 1944. Used in the anti-submarine role during the war, the Baltimore achieved moderate success, sinking up to eight U-boats.

The RAF also transferred aircraft to other Allies in the Mediterranean area. The Baltimore was used intensively in the Italian campaign to clear the road to Rome for advancing Allied forces after the capitulation of Italy in 1943. After the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces an Italian-manned squadron, the 28th Bomber Wing, was equipped with ex-RAF Baltimores, becoming the co-belligerent Stormo Baltimore. The Italians suffered considerable attrition during their training phase on the Baltimore. The majority of accidents were during takeoffs and landings due to the aircraft's fairly high wing loading, high approach speed and a directional stability problems during takeoffs. The Italians operated the Baltimore for about six months. Many of those operations were in Yugoslavia and Greece, providing air support for partisan forces or dropping supplies.

Most Baltimores were scrapped soon after the war, although one RAF squadron continued to use the type in Kenya where the aircraft were used in aerial mapping and locust control until 1948. In post-war service, the Baltimore took part in United States Navy instrument and control surface tests in the effort to break the sound barrier. With its powerful engines and light, yet robust construction, the aircraft was able to be dived at high speed, reaching Mach .74 in tests. All Baltimores were withdrawn from service by the end of 1949, the last one being retired on 23 December 1949.

Variants

 * Baltimore B. I
 * Fitted with 1,600 hp (1,193 kW) Wright GR-2600-A5B radial piston engines, armed with 10 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, eight fixed Brownings and two flexible Vickers K machine guns; all marks had two fixed 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings in the leading-edge of each wing and four similar fixed guns, two on each side of the lower fuselage aft firing backwards, plus two flexible Vickers K guns in dorsal and ventral. 50 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore B. II
 * Defensive armament increased to 12 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns including twin 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine guns in both the dorsal and ventral positions. Otherwise the same as the Mk I. 100 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore B. III
 * Modified Mk II design with defensive armament increased to 14 0.303 in (7.7 mm) guns by the replacement in the UK of the original dorsal turret with a hydraulically powered turret supplied by Boulton Paul fitted with four Browning machine guns. 250 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore B. IIIa (A-30-MA)
 * Ordered by USAAF and supplied under Lend-lease to the RAF, two 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in a Martin-built electrically powered dorsal turret. 281 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore B. IV (A-30A-MA)
 * USAAF order, lend-lease to RAF. Four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Brownings machine guns in the wings. 294 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore B. V (A-30A-MA)
 * USAAF order, upgraded with two 1,700 hp (1,268 kW) Wright R-2600-29 radial piston engines, and with 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the wings. 600 aircraft built.

 * Baltimore GR. VI (A-30C-MA)
 * Two prototypes built for maritime reconnaissance. They included a lengthened fuselage, accommodations for extra fuel tanks and a torpedo, and a Radome in nose. The whole program was cancelled in April 1944.

All of the series were built for the RAF. A number were lost on delivery across the Atlantic Ocean when two ships carrying Baltimores were sunk.

Operators

 * Royal Australian Air Force
 * No. 454 Squadron RAAF (Baltimore III, IV, V) (North Africa, Pescara Italy: February 1943 – 14 August 1945)
 * No. 459 Squadron RAAF (Baltimore IV – V) (Mediterranean: July 1944 – March 1945)
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * Baltimore B. III FA187
 * A single Baltimore was loaned to the RCAF by RAF Ferry Command for "special" project duties (1942)
 * Free France
 * Free French Air Force
 * GB 1/17
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Royal Hellenic Air Force
 * RHAF 13 Light Bomber Squadron (Baltimore II, IV) (Gambut North Africa, Biferno Pescara Italy, Balkans: 1943–1945)
 * Kingdom of Italy
 * Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force – 49 aircraft
 * 28° Gruppo (Stormo Baltimore) (1945 – February 1948)
 * 132° Gruppo – 254 Wing RAF
 * Italian Air Force operated 49 aircraft until 1947
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * South African Air Force
 * No. 15 Squadron SAAF (Baltimore IIIa – V) (Mediterranean: 1943–1945)
 * No. 21 Squadron SAAF. (Baltimore III – IV) (North Africa, Italy: 1942–1944)
 * No. 60 Squadron SAAF (Baltimore II – III) (North Africa: 1942–1943)
 * Turkish Air Force
 * 1st Bomber Regiment
 * Royal Air Force
 * 1st Middle East Training Squadron
 * No. 13 Squadron RAF (Baltimore IV – V) (Italy: 1944)
 * No. 52 Squadron RAF (Baltimore IIIa – V) (Tunisia, Italy: February 1942 – February 1943)
 * No. 55 Squadron RAF (Baltimore I – V) (Libya, Tunisia, Italy: 1942–1944)
 * No. 69 Squadron RAF (Baltimore I – IV) (Mediterranean: 1942–1944)
 * No. 162 Squadron RAF (Baltimore III) (Libya: 1943–1944)
 * No. 203 Squadron RAF (Baltimore I, II, IIIa, V) (North Africa: 1942–1943)
 * No. 223 Squadron RAF (Baltimore I – V) (North Africa, Italy: April 1941 – 12 August 1944)
 * No. 249 Squadron RAF (Baltimore IV – V) (South-East Europe: October 1945 – April 1946)
 * No. 500 Squadron RAF (Baltimore IV – V) (Italy: 1944–1945)
 * No. 680 Squadron RAF (Baltimore III, V) (Italy: 1944)
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * 728 Naval Air Squadron (Baltimore GR IV – V) (Malta: September 1944 – October 1946)
 * No. 500 Squadron RAF (Baltimore IV – V) (Italy: 1944–1945)
 * No. 680 Squadron RAF (Baltimore III, V) (Italy: 1944)
 * Fleet Air Arm
 * 728 Naval Air Squadron (Baltimore GR IV – V) (Malta: September 1944 – October 1946)

Surviving aircraft
Although the Baltimore was produced in greater numbers than any other Martin design except the B-26 Marauder, with 1575 produced, no aircraft have survived intact, although the wreckage of several are known to exist.

title: Martin Baltimore


text:
The Mint Las Vegas

The Mint Las Vegas was a hotel and casino in downtown Las Vegas, Nevada.

The Mint was the sponsor of the Mint 400, the largest off-road race from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s.

The Mint was made famous (or infamous) as the first night's stay in Hunter S. Thompson and Oscar Acosta's legendary 1971 weekend trip to Las Vegas, immortalized in Thompson's novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.

History
The Mint opened July 12, 1957. The four major owners were Milton Prell, Al Winter, L.B. “Tutor” Scherer, and J.D. “Joe” Hall, and the first general manager was Sam Boyd. Architects for the building were Walter Zick and Harris Sharp. The Mint’s neon sign was designed by Ed Harris of Zick & Sharp in collaboration with Young Electric Sign Co.

The Mint and Sahara Hotel owners created the Sahara-Nevada Corp for a merger with the Del Webb Corporation in 1961. Sahara-Nevada Corp. announced plans for a 22-story hotel skyscraper addition to the Mint in 1962. The addition was expected to be completed within 16 months, at a cost of $5 million. The addition would be built on the Mint's north parking lot and was to include 300 additional hotel rooms and suites. A six-story, 210000 sqft parking garage would be connected to the new hotel building and would include more than 550 parking spaces. In May 1962, the city planned to review the permit for the new tower. A groundbreaking ceremony was held for the tower in July 1962.

Construction was still ongoing in July 1964, at which point the tower was planned to include 24 floors. Construction reached the 24th floor at the end of the year, with plans for an additional four floors. The hotel tower was ultimately built with 26 stories, and was topped out on March 20, 1965, with plans to open later that month. The new tower stood 290 ft, and was one of the tallest buildings in the state at the time, ranking only behind The Landmark Hotel and Casino, which stood 297 ft. Renovations were also done to the existing building, which included work to the Merri Mint Theatre, and expanded dining areas.

In 1988, The Mint was sold and became part of Binion's Horseshoe.

Shows
Patsy Cline performed at the Mint Casino's "Merri-Mint Theater" from November 23 - December 28, 1962, three months before her fatal plane crash. She appeared with Tompall & the Glaser Brothers, and at one point developed "Vegas Throat" due to the dry desert heat. For several shows, Cline lip-synched to her records. Kitty Wells followed Patsy into The Mint. The Wilburn Brothers, with Loretta Lynn as part of their act, played the Merri-Mint for a couple of nights in October 1962. Tompall & the Glaser Brothers were also headliners at The Mint for six weeks from May to June 1963.

According to author Larry Jordan, in his book "Jim Reeves: His Untold Story," Reeves also played at the Mint Casino in the early-1960s. Peter Urquidi, "Man of Many Sounds", played the Top of the Mint for more than a decade until the early-1970s. Upstairs in the lounge was the Johnny Elvis Foster show For The Love Of Elvis. The Memphis Sound also played at the Mint. Sidney Fields of Abbott and Costello fame appeared on the same bill in a comedy act.

Film history
The Mint's casino appears in the 1964 film Viva Las Vegas and in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. The Mint's building can be seen in the background toward the end of the 1984 film Starman. It can also be seen in the background of the 1968 film They Came to Rob Las Vegas. The casino can also be seen several times towards the end of the 1987 U2 music video "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", which was filmed entirely on Fremont Street.

A computer-generated reconstruction of the casino can be seen in the 1998 film Fear and Loathing In Las Vegas. A casino in Tunica, Mississippi was used to depict the Mint in the 2005 film Walk the Line. The Mint is also seen in music videos by Panic! at the Disco from their 2013 album, Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! and also featured in Father John Misty's video for "Mr. Tillman".

Television history
In the 1975 episode of Kojak titled "A House of Prayer, a Den of Thieves", a sniper shoots a witness who Kojak has arrested from a room at the Mint. The hotel building can also be seen in the closing credits of the ABC television show Vega$ (1978-1981), which starred Robert Urich. The Mint is also a backdrop in Crime Story (1980's) season 2 episode 18, a sniper shoots at a witness being held to testify against organized crime in Las Vegas.

The Mint was featured in an episode of Ghost Adventures entitled Binion's Hotel and Casino where they investigated claims of paranormal activity and full-bodied apparitions inside the 25-story tower, which has been sealed off since its closing.

title: The Mint Las Vegas


text:
Seawatching

Seawatching is a type of birdwatching where participants observe seabirds from a fixed point on the mainland. They may do this from a coastal location, usually a headland, looking out to sea, or from a boat or ship.

Seawatching is commonly performed during bird migration seasons, and particularly when weather conditions are suitable. Successful seawatching is very dependent on the weather. When the weather is fine, birds often stay out to sea, and pelagic trips are then a more effective way to observe them; if onshore winds combine with rain, birds can be forced to migrate close to shore.

Groups of birds for which seawatching is an effective observation method include petrels, terns and skuas.

title: Seawatching


text:
Talk:Quotient group

Rank of a quotient group
I'm trying to find something to support/refute the idea that

$$Rank (N/G) = Rank(N) - Rank(G)$$

I can't find it on this page, is it anywhere?

Darcourse (talk) 11:53, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Example in which the set of products of two left cosets of a non-normal coset does not even equal a coset
I'm not sure about how useful it would be in the main article, but I found an example using S3 that shows that the set of products of one of the two left cosets of one of the subgroups of order 2 (all of which are non-normal) with itself consists of four elements:

 * Let H be the subgroup of S3 generated by (1 2), meaning H={,(1 2)}; then the left coset (1 3)H={(1 3),(1 2 3)}, and the product set (1 3)H(1 3)H={,(1 2),(2 3),(1 3 2)}, which is not a coset of H (or of any other subgroup, because 4 does not divide 6).
 * The StackExchange answer goes on to show how, if the operation were instead defined as (aH)(bH)=(ab)H, then it would not be well defined: Clearly, (1 3)H=(1 2 3)H, but (1 3)H(1 3)H=H, while (1 2 3)H(1 2 3)H=(1 3 2)H≠H.

As a bit of original research, if N={,(1 2 3),(1 3 2)} (which is normal because it has index 2), then the other coset is (1 2)N={(1 2),(1 3),(2 3)} and the products of elements of this coset with itself are

 * (1 2)(1 2)=
 * (1 2)(1 3)=(1 3 2)
 * (1 2)(2 3)=(1 2 3)
 * (1 3)(1 2)=(1 2 3)
 * (1 3)(1 3)=
 * (1 3)(2 3)=(1 3 2)
 * (2 3)(1 2)=(1 2 3)
 * (2 3)(1 3)=(1 3 2)
 * (2 3)(2 3)=

from which the product set (1 2)N(1 2)N=N, as expected; I suspect that the product set of two left cosets of a finite non-normal subgroup H, in which the right factor is not H itself, has cardinality equal to |H|2 divided by the order of the normal core of H (this relationship obviously holds for normal subgroups, and in that case even if the right factor is the subgroup itself).

Also, the proof in the article that G/H is a group iff H◁G looks a bit like original research, but a very similar proof is given in Dummit & Foote 3ed, p81. Julyo (talk) 04:34, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Do we assume that G is a finite group?
In the definitions section, there is both -g H g = H and -g H g included in H but they are not equivalent in infinite groups. Ahsiwje (talk) 05:30, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quotient group


text:
Nam Định province

Nam Định (Tỉnh Nam Định) is a province in the southern part of the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. It borders Ninh Bình province to the southwest, Hà Nam province to the northwest, Thái Bình province to the northeast, and the Gulf of Tonkin to the southeast. , it is the 52nd largest province by area and the 12th most populous province of Vietnam.

Nam Định has been one of the most important regions of Vietnam throughout its history because it is located on the Red River Delta. It is the birthplace of many famous Vietnamese historical figures, most notably Trần Hưng Đạo. It is also said to be the place where the Vietnamese dish Phở came from.

Administrative divisions
Nam Định is subdivided into 10 district-level sub-divisions:

 * 9 districts:

 * Giao Thủy
 * Hải Hậu
 * Mỹ Lộc
 * Nam Trực
 * Nghĩa Hưng
 * Trực Ninh
 * Vụ Bản
 * Xuân Trường
 * Ý Yên

 * 1 provincial city:
 * Nam Định (capital)

They are further subdivided into 15 commune-level towns (or townlets), 194 communes, and 20 wards.

Topography
Nam Định province can be divided into 3 regions:

The low-lying delta region, comprising Vụ Bản district, Ý Yên district, Nam Trực district, Trực Ninh district, and Xuân Trường district. This region has a high level of agriculture and textile and manufacturing industries.

The lowland coastal region, which is home to Giao Thủy, Hải Hậu, and Nghĩa Hưng districts. Nam Định's coastline is 72 km long and has favorable conditions for raising livestock and fishing. Xuân Thủy National Nature Reserve is located in this region.

The Central region, where Nam Định is located, is supported through textile and garment industries, mechanical and processing industries, and traditional trades. Along with a general services sector, there is a growing professional sector as well. Nam Định is at the center of Vietnam's growing textile and trade gateway to the south via the Red River Delta.

Nam Định has four major estuaries: Ba Lạt, Đáy, Lạch Giang and Hà Lạn.

Climate
Like most other provinces in the North Delta region, Nam Định has a humid subtropical climate. The average annual temperature ranges from 23 to 24 C. The coldest months are December and January, with average temperatures ranging from 16 to 17 C and the hottest month being July, with temperatures over 29 °C. The average annual rainfall is between 1750 and 1800 mm per year, divided into two distinct seasons: the rainy season from May to October, and the non-rainy, or less rainy, season from November to February. The total number of hours of sunlight per year averages out about 1,650 to 1,700 hours per year, and the average relative humidity is 80 to 85 per cent. Additionally, being next to the Gulf of Tonkin, Nam Định is normally affected by tropical storms and monsoons, with an average of four to six storms per year.

Economy
In 2000, the estimated provincial gross domestic product reached US$400,000 (5.92 billion đồngs). In 2005, the economy structure was as follows: agriculture, forestry and fishing 41 per cent; industrial and construction 21.5 per cent; services 38 per cent.

Industrial zones

 * Hòa Xá Industrial Zone: Located in Nam Định with a total area of 808 acre. The total estimated investment is about US$18.76 billion, with approximately 86 investment projects.
 * Mỹ Trung Industrial Park: Located in Mỹ Lộc District and Lộc Hạ Ward, in the city of Nam Định, bordering National Highway 10. This area is still under development, with a total area of 370 acre but can be expanded up to 470 acre. The total expected investment is approximately US$16.2 – 19 million (300-350 billion VND).
 * Thành An Industrial Park: Located in the colonial part of Nam Định and Tân Thành - Vụ Bản, which borders National Highway 10 and connecting roads from National Highway 10 to Road 21, which leads to the port of Hải Thịnh and other southern districts of the province. Thành An Industrial Park can expand their planning up to 370 acre. The total investment for Thành An is approximately US$19 – 21.6 million (350-400 billion VND).
 * Bảo Minh Industrial Park: Belongs to Vụ Bản District in Nam Định, located south of the National Highway 10 and approximately 10 km from Nam Định. Bảo Minh Industrial Park is 494 acre and has a total investment of US$16.2 – 21.6 million (300–400 billion VND).
 * Hồng Tiến Industrial Park: Located just 25 km away from Nam Định, in Ý Yên District, its convenient location has it settled next to the National Highway 10, 6 km away from Binh Bình (which is close to Ninh Phúc Port), and also along the North-South National railway. The total area of Hồng Tiến is about 620 acre. This industrial park was first setup as an investment infrastructure for Vietnam Petroleum Corporation.
 * Ninh Cơ Industrial Park: Located along the Ninh Cơ River, it is approximately 500 ha, which includes seaports, ship building, industrial engineering, import and export processing and transporting, and tourism services along the river in two districts (Hải Hậu and Nghĩa Hưng). Ninh Cơ Industrial Park is operated by VINASHIN Shipbuilding Company.

Education
Nam Định province is well known in Vietnam for its traditional education system and schools. Nam Định has several Universities and Colleges. Lê Hồng Phong High School is one of the top ranked high schools in all of Vietnam. Other top schools in Nam Định are Giao Thủy A High School, Trần Hưng Đạo High School, Nguyễn Khuyến High School, and Hải Hậu A, which were all in Vietnam's top 200 schools (National High School Standards - 2003). Nam Định has 16 schools in the top 200, in addition to five schools in Vietnam's top 100 schools of 2009.

List of Universities and Colleges
 * University of Hoa Lu (Trường Đại học Hoa Lư)
 * Nam Dinh University of Nursing (Trường Đại học Điều dưỡng Nam Định)
 * University Technical Economics Nam Dinh (Trường Đại học Kinh tế Kỹ thuật Nam Định)
 * Nam Dinh University of Technology Education (Trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật Nam Định)
 * Luong the Vinh University (Trường Đại học Lương Thế Vinh)
 * Nam Dinh College of Education

Religions
The main religions in Nam Định province are đạo Mẫu (a folk religion originated in the province in the 16th century), Buddhism (especially Zen school during the Trần dynasty), and Catholicism (part of Hanoi Archdiocese and the whole of Bùi-chu Diocese).

title: Nam Định province


text:
Talk:Queen Sofía of Spain

Titles
I am wondering what her titles were from her marriage in 1962 to her husband being designated Prince of Spain in 1969. And after 1969 until 1975 (when Juan Carlos became King), was she Princess of Spain? Just trying to get it right because as of now, her titles section claims that she has been HM The Queen since 1962, and that is not correct. Prsgoddess187 13:16, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Well I'm not really sure, but I think that because Franco was still alive Spain hadnt really transitioned back into a monarchy yet, so im guessing that she was just Princess Sofia. But it could have been that she was The Princess of Spain, although it would probably be difficult to find out. For now I'm just going to fix the date that she became queen, and for now until someone can tell us, im just going to put her as Princess Sofia, from her marriage to her husbands ascension. Mac Domhnaill 00:52, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Sounds good to me. It would make sense for her to be titled Princess Sofia, so until someone comes up with evidence one way or the other, we can leave it at that. Thanks. Prsgoddess187 01:08, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title
someone has changed her title from Princess Sofia of Spain to Infanta Sofia of Spain. As an Infanta and Princess are not the same thing, an Infanta is by birth right not by marriage. Mac Domhnaill 19:01, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The titles are fairly congruent and in older publications are interchangeable in regard to countries such as Spain and Portugal... Also in German they are mostly called Prinz von Spanien and Prinzessin von Spanien. I do believe, however, that infante/infanta should be used. Charles 16:40, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

I am Spanish and inside Spain she is called Queen Sofia of Spain, and before come queen, Princess Sofia of Spain, not Infanta.

Halogroup H
I am not a molecular biologist. Would someone care to explain to me what Halogroup H is?

 * check out Haplogroup H (mtDNA). It's the most common European mitochondrial haplogroup. - Nunh-huh 17:56, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

"Of Greece and Denmark"
There has been a mistake in Queen Sofía's maiden name. Many people referred to her maiden name as princess of Greece and Denmark but the official website of the Royal House of Spain (www.casareal.es) named her as Princess of Greece only, you can even visit the website of the Greek royal family (www.greekroyalfamily.org) and read that they never mention Denmark or call any member of their family as prince or princess of Denmark (you will find Queen Sofia's biography too). The mistake comes as the Greek royal family had descended from the Danish royal family. Queen Sofía's mother Queen Federika was princess of Hanover; so Queen Sofía could be called properly as princess of Greece and Hannover, but the Spanish royal house only name her as princess of Greece.

 * According to a royal website, this apparently is how the Danish title still survives in her family: "They still bear the Danish title because King George I never renounced his rights to the Danish throne when he assumed the Greek one, though he did defer his succession rights and agreed that his younger brother's would supersede his. What view the Danish Court and government take of the Greeks' use of the Danish titles is not clear" Does anybody have a solid citation for this?Mowens35 18:19, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Anon user, you are wrong regarding the Hanoverian title... Those only descend in the male-line. The Danish titles descend in the male-line as well, which is why all Greek royals are also Danish royals. Prince Philip is of the same family and was born a prince of Greece and Denmark. Because the Spanish don't mention the Danish title doesn't mean that it is non-existant. Charles 19:16, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I would think that mentioning the Greek title only is just shorthand for the Spanish court, but, yes, that doesn't mean it is non-existant. Her sister, Irene, certainly uses both Danish and Greek titles.Mowens35 19:30, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

All greek royals share the title "of Greece and Denmark". This was a stipulation laid down by King Christian IX when his son Prince Vilhelm accepted the throne of Greece. See the book "Kings of the Hellenes: The Greek Kings, 1863-1974" by John van der Kiste --Mpokane 15:58, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Correct observation Mpokane. When Prince Vilhelm (George I) assumed the throne of Greece, his father wished him to have a fall-back position. He possibly feared a repetition of the deposal of King Otto. The Danish monarchy has no problem with the Greek part of the family, but the Greeks have no claim to the throne since Queen Anne Marie gave up her claim to it when she married Constantine. In Danish, a distinction is made between a Prince(ss) to Denmark and a Prince(ss) of Denmark. Only the first category can inherit the throne. The other title is regulated as well, but a prince(ss) of Denmark has no claim to the throne. Regarding the status of Constantine and Anne Marie; Queen Margrethe II consistently refer to the couple as "King" and "Queen", although her visit to Greece a few years ago seems to suggest that she has accepted that Greece has become a republic, so her use of the royal titles must be a courtesy. But the links between the two families remain strong and all descendants of George I will, from legal point of view, hold the "Prince(ss) of Denmark" title, including Queen Sofía. But again, this title has little actual content. Valentinian T / C 22:21, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that the Greek Royal Family lost their rights to succession in Denmark via their male-line descent when the succession was limited to the descendants of Christian X in 1953. Charles 22:37, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Exactly, the Greeks hold the title "Prince(ss) of Denmark", not "Prince(ss) to Denmark", and Denmark's 1953 law of succession applies to Constantine II. Anne-Marie naturally held a strong claim to the Danish throne herself, a claim which would be inherited by her children, but she surrendered these rights upon marrying Constantine, and this also applies to her descendents. Valentinian T / C 14:56, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Why the table of Greek monarchy? Sofia is Queen of Spain, the well table is Spanish monarchy.

I moved the page from Queen Sofia of Spain to Queen Sofía of Spain, but the talk page was left behind. I didn't know what else to do, so I added a merge request.--Cúchullain t/ c 20:06, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It should be noted though, that Greek Royals still have a claim to British Throne. This exclude Queen Sofia, because she married to a Roman Catholic, and she converted to Roman Catholicism herself. Spanish Royals have claims to British throne if their religion is not catholic. Shame on that, because I am a catholic living in UK. --w_tanoto 08:08, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

"Princess of Asturias"?
According to the Juan Carlos article, and other sources, he never held the Asturias title in his life, either officially or as a courtesy. He was Prince Juan of Spain for many years until he added his second name and became known as Prince Juan Carlos -- again, according to his article. He was made Prince of Spain in 1969, but not Prince of Asturias, again which his article notes. So therefore, Sofía was never Princess of Asturias.Mowens35 12:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

The Princess of Spain
What happened in 1969 that she went from Princess Sofia of Spain to The Princess of Spain?Cjrs 79 05:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Spanish government gave Prince Juan Carlos the title Prince of Spain, indicating his favorable position as the prospective heir to the throne after Franco either stepped down or died.Mowens35 17:16, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If the title was given to Juan Carlos, it means that before that it didn't exist. The title was always Infante and Infanta of Spain. Charles 17:50, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reinstated the changes because the title is relevant to their claim to the throne. It was only on 1976 when Don Juan de Borbon, the Count of Barcelona, relinquished his historical rights to the Spanish throne on his son Juan Carlos. Feel free to get rid of the Princess consort of Asturias, as she has never held the title. --Asturs (talk) 01:21, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The title Prince(ss) of Spain is important enough to be mentioned in the article, but there is no need for a succession box because the title was not born by anyone before or after Sofia. Besides, it looks really awful with so many red links. Surtsicna (talk) 19:13, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Umh, well, we could add some yellow links so we could have a reference to the Spanish flag. Still, point taken. Another question, I have never hear before that the title of Prince of Spain was Sofia's suggestion to Franco. Can anyone throw some light into it? Many thanksAsturs (talk) 15:18, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Franco wouldn't let Juan Carlos have the title of Principe de Asturias as to do so would imply his father was king. When he was designated as Franco's successor in 1969 it was felt a title was required and Sofia using the example of her own family in Greece suggested that an appropriate title would be "Principe de Espana". See Paul Preston biography Juan Carlos page 238. --Mpokane (talk) 17:15, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Vegetarians category
Queen Sofía is not a vegetarian, as she eat fish. I delete the category. --84.79.215.124 02:28, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well the category "spanish vegetarian" is still there. She should be categorised as pescetarian. (just realised she has a lot in common with me)--w_tanoto 08:10, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

The Privilege to wear white
I made some changes to the notes about wearing white. I corrected the grammar and the (incorrect) link to Isabella of Castile. It is still possible to link to Isabella through this new link, so nothing's lost. Dakno 03:11, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Queen Sofia, MD?
Does anyone have references to confirm the following quote from the article?

and then studied pediatrics, music, and archeology in Athens

If she "studied pediatrics", she must have gotten a medical degree first, right? Mip | Talk 17:03, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The Queen of Spain does not hold any university degree ( and, both in Spanish) --Karljoos (talk) 21:18, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

"She is the only queen consort in Europe to be royal by birth."
Hmm...what is that supposed to mean? It is very vague. -- Jack1755 (talk) 16:03, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I believe it is supposed to mean that she is the only queen consort in Europe who was born into a royal family. Given that Queen Anne-Marie of Greece and Queen Anne of Romania are also European queens consort who were born into a royal family, I'm removing the sentence. Surtsicna (talk) 16:41, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Neither Anne-Marie of Greece nor Anne of Romania are active Queen Consorts. In fact, Anne of Romania married King Michael after he had been deposed. Of all extant monarchies, Queen Sofia is the only queen consort to have been born into a royal family. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.87.1.172 (talk) 22:17, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Britian
Queen Sofia is Second-Cousin is Prince Charles of England. Sofia's father is King Paul. King Paul's father is Constantine, Constantine's brother is Prince Andrew. Andrew's son is Prince Phillip. His wife is Queen ELizabeth the Second who is the mother of Prince Charles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.222.154.151 (talk) 01:48, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Title
There seems to be a general aversion on Wikipedia to using "Queen" etc. in article titles, so should this be moved to "Sofía of Spain"? There are a number of discussions going on already. PatGallacher (talk) 10:26, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I would strongly support such move. There is absolutely no reason to have this article titled Queen Sofía of Spain while the article about her husband isn't titled King Juan Carlos I of Spain. It should be either King Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Sofía of Spain or Juan Carlos I of Spain and Sofía of Spain. Besides, dropping Queen from the titles of articles would also make categorisation easier. Surtsicna (talk) 13:22, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I also think this page is wrongly named, but I rather move it to Sofía of Greece and Denmark. All the articles about Queens consort of Spain are named in this way: Maria Christina of Austria, Mercedes of Orléans, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Maria Luisa of Parma, Maria Amalia of Saxony. etc. The same withs Engilsh (Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Mary of Teck, Alexandra of Denmark...), Swedish (Louise of Battenberg, Victoria of Baden, Sofia of Nassau...) or Dutch (Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Sophie of Württemberg...) consorts. --Paliano (talk) 10:48, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

This article was moved without consensus. There is no automatic presumption in favour of maiden names, see WP:NCROY. There is currently a discussion at Marie of Edinburgh which has some bearing on this issue, I suggest putting all moves of queens consort on hold until this is completed. PatGallacher (talk) 16:55, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Requested move
It is not normal to have "Queen" in the title. PatGallacher (talk) 19:22, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

I would've gladly supported the move if her granddaughter wasn't Sofía of Spain as well. I would support similar requests (such as Queen Silvia of Sweden to Silvia of Sweden) but this case is not as simple as others are. Surtsicna (talk) 19:58, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

The queen could still be the primary meaning. PatGallacher (talk) 20:44, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

This is a borderline case, but on second thoughts, in view of the information which has been brought to my attention, I withdraw this proposed move, although I still think "Sofía of Spain" should redirect here. PatGallacher (talk) 23:31, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Sorry, but I don't understand the problem. It's entirely in line with guideline WP:NCNT. See other European examples: Queen Paola of Belgium, Queen Sonja of Norway, and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Dr. D.E. Mophon (talk) 17:59, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Titles decorations and arms
there are a lot of decorations, list moved to List of titles and honours of Queen Sofía of Spain as main mebers of the British and Spanish Royal Families --Galico (talk) 17:04, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Queen Sonja of Norway which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 11:28, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Requested move, she no longer Queen
Since she is no longer Queen of Spain due to her husband's abdication, I believe the article should be moved to Sofía of Spain. Impru20 (talk) 11:22, 23 June 2014 (UTC)
 * She is nevertheless styled Queen Sofía of Spain. Her daughter-in-law is the Queen of Spain. If the article is to be moved, it should be to Sofía of Greece and Denmark (compare with Sofía de Grecia). After all, her legal name is Sofía de Grecia, and it would bring the article into holy consistency with articles about other former queens of Spain (her predecessors). Surtsicna (talk) 22:47, 23 June 2014 (UT

 * Neither Sofía nor Letizia are or were ever styled "Queen of Spain". That title can only be used by a reigning queen under the Royal Decree 1368/1987 that regulates the titles and styles of the Spanish royal family. Both Sofía and Letizia are simply titled "Queen" (without the designation "of Spain"). To differentiate between the two, Letizia, as the consort of the current King, is normally referred to simply as Her Majesty The Queen (Su Majestad la Reina) whereas Sofía is referred to by her forenname as Her Majesty Queen Sofía (in Spanish, Su Majestad la Reina Doña Sofía). Sofía retained the courtesy title of Queen and the style of Majesty following King Juan Carlos's abdication under the Royal Decree 470/2014, which amended the Royal Decree 1368/1987.187.73.191.2 (talk) 00:08, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that Sofía of Greece and Denmark would be more appropiate for her, as well as to avoid confusion with her granddaughter Sofía (which is also styled Sofia "of Spain"). Impru20 (talk) 23:22, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

See Queen Paola of Belgium, for an example of why this article shouldn't be renamed. GoodDay (talk) 01:03, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * What's there to see? Is there an explanation in that article as to why the current title of this article is the best one possible? Surtsicna (talk) 07:59, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * It's precedent setting, for how to name former queen-consorts. PS: Meanwhile, an article title that should be changed is Queen Anne of Romania, but that's another topic :) GoodDay (talk) 10:20, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Then again, see Category:Spanish royal consorts for a precedent on how to name Spanish queens. Surtsicna (talk) 11:22, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Not a precedent for Spanish former queen/king-consorts. Sofía is the only one who bears the style "Queen" in her article (with the exception of Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain, but then that is in order to differentiate her from other people called Anna of Austria). Impru20 (talk) 18:02, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Best to open a full-fledge RM & see how it goes. Afterall, there'd only be 2 possible outcomes. Futhermore, with the recent spell of abdications, it might be good to seek a criteria for spouses of living former monarchs. GoodDay (talk) 19:15, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

Photo of Her Majesty
Hola Surtsicna His Majesty's eyes are like that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gerson10 (talk • contribs) 23:46, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Queen Sofîa's Middle Names
Would it be possible to see some sourcing on Queen Sofía's middle names (Margarita Victoria Frederika)? Neither of her siblings have them, and I don't see any other Greek Royals (Philip, Marina, etc.) who have had them. The only ones I have seen with multiple names were hyphenates (Maria-Olympia, Constantine-Alexios). I've also read that you are only allowed to be baptized with one name in the Greek Orthodox church. Just looking to satisfy my curiosity. Thanks! JasonBux (talk) 20:37, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't have any info about Sofia specifically but I can provide some general info for you. Greeks don't typically have middle names because the Western cultural practice of assigning middle names simply didn't take hold in Greece. Instead, Greeks continue to follow the Eastern (i.e. "Byzantine") tradition of assigning a patronymic to the child. For example, a child named Periklis Kazantzis with a father named Dimitris would be "Periklis Dimitriou Kazantzis". The Dimitriou patronymic is implied; it is not normally written or stated. The only time you would see it written is on a passport or some other government document, and even then it might not appear as part of the person's name but rather as a separate item. As for the Maria-Olympia and Constantine-Alexios double first names, this is an uncommon but acceptable practice. In such cases the church would use both first names for the baptism. 69.165.138.227 (talk) 03:47, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The three middle names "Margarita Victoria Frederika" were added to this article on 10 May 2006 as the final of 11 entries of anonymous User:201.145.181.107, all made to this article except for one edit to that of Juan Carlos I of Spain. Although the edits are sensible and do not appear to have been obvious vandalism, no footnote or source for any of the edits was provided, including the middle names. Therefore it is difficult to determine whether or not, when the names were deleted as "dubious" after the comment at the top of this section was posted on 14 July 2014, but were then re-inserted with a source dated 15 June 2014, if that belated source merely mirrored English Wikipedia. In other words, it is quite possible that the 2014 published source took the information from English (or some other) Wikipedia, which took it, inadvertently, from the 2006 post of User:201.145.181.107. Without a verifiable external source for these middle names that pre-dates 10 May 2006, it is now probably impossible to trust that this information was ever properly sourced. Neither of the two official Spanish decrees published in the Boletín Oficial del Estado conferring chivalric orders on Doña Sofía in 1961 and in 1983 mention any given name but "Sofía". Both the 1964 (p. 33) and 1997 (pp. 20, 101) Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Füstliche Häuser give only one name, "Sophie" (in German) for the subject of this article. As of now, therefore, the middle names are sourced in the article -- but unreliably so. FactStraight (talk) 06:12, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

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RFC: Intro & infobox title
Should the intro to this article begin with Queen Sofía of Spain & the infobox heading be Sofía? or not. GoodDay (talk) 21:04, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

Survey

 * Yes as the other living former queen consorts do. See Queen Paola of Belgium (for example). GoodDay (talk) 21:27, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I do not see why the article about the former queen of Spain should be inconsistent with the articles about other former queens of Spain and consistent instead with the article about the former Belgian queen. Surtsicna (talk) 21:31, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The others are dead. GoodDay (talk) 21:34, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, let me rephrase it a bit. Why should the article about the living former queen of Spain be inconsistent with the articles about the dead former queens of Spain and consistent instead with the article about the living former Belgian queen? Surtsicna (talk) 21:38, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Because they're both living. GoodDay (talk) 21:39, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You are going in circles instead of explaining. I am asking you why 2 women being alive is more important than 25 women being queens of the same country. Surtsicna (talk) 21:50, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not up to just you or me. That's what the RFC is for, to allow others to give their input. They'll either agree with you or me. As for your question, it's to create consistency with other living former queen consorts. GoodDay (talk) 22:00, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You are again not explaining why consistency with other living former queens is more important than consistency with other Spanish queens, living or otherwise. One would expect such an explanation since you are the one proposing a change. Surtsicna (talk) 22:20, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I already explained it. You're merely not accepting it, now stop Bludgeoning me. GoodDay (talk) 22:23, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

 * No. The proposed change would in no way improve the lead or the article. See also MOS:FULLNAME and 24 other articles about Spanish queens consort. Starting it with "Queen Sofia of Spain" necessarily leads to redundancy in the lead (defining Queen Sofia of Spain as queen of Spain) and/or casual misogyny (defining the subject as someone's wife). Surtsicna (talk) 21:31, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Misogyny? Is that the reason you're opposing the proposed change? GoodDay (talk) 14:42, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * It is a reason. Surtsicna (talk) 17:59, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

 * No on the basis that consistency within Spain is more important. As far as I can see common name supports this and the point about casual misogyny is well made.  Note to GoodDay, if you check my talk page I was invited here by a BOT as I volunteered to review history articles, I don't want to trigger any "chills" :-) -Snowded TALK 04:54, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
 * We should be consistent with all living former queen consorts. But, as mentioned before, I always accept the results of any Rfc, no matter what the result. Note, if the result is to stay with the current intro (and infobox heading) here?, then I wouldn't oppose bringing the other living former queen consorts into line in that style. Besides, Paola is nearly 83 & in increasing poor health & upon her demise, her article title will likely be changed. GoodDay (talk) 13:02, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

 * No, as Surtsicna points out this is consistent with other Spanish queen consorts. Vici Vidi (talk) 08:38, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * But it's not consistent with other living queen consorts. GoodDay (talk) 14:12, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

 * No per opposing arguments. ~ HAL  333  23:23, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Chose as you wish. But many sources call her Queen Sofia or just Sofia. GoodDay (talk) 12:57, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

 * No, the most commonly used name in references and consistency within a country are more important than consistency with living examples from other countries. Different countries have different monarchies! This does not need to be consistent with the current Empress of Japan just as it does not need to be consistent with the current Queen of the Belgians. < Atom ( Anomalies ) 04:40, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What is she called in Spain & international news, then? Queen Sofia, or just Sofia. GoodDay (talk) 12:55, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Letizia has no "former name". Her name has not changed once since she was born. The official website calls her "Su Majestad la Reina, doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano". It would be very constructive if you stopped peddling the story of a "former name". As I have told you, Spanish women do not change their name upon marriage. Surtsicna (talk) 13:16, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Why then, have you not opened an RM on that article? According to you, it's named wrong. GoodDay (talk) 13:27, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The international sources I've come across like Royalty news, call her Queen Sofia. GoodDay (talk) 13:18, 7 August 2020 (UTC)

Discussion
If the trend continues towards no, then I'll have to make changes to the Queen Fabiola of Belgium article. GoodDay (talk) 00:08, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

, &, should we then open an RM on this article's title, if it's considered to be wrong? GoodDay (talk) 14:26, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have not seen anyone suggest that the article title is wrong. Surtsicna (talk) 18:35, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * You've no objections, to the lead & infobox heading being Sofía? GoodDay (talk) 20:00, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think anything is wrong here, it is just a matter of consistency. Vici Vidi (talk) 06:44, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

"Sofía of Spain" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sof%C3%ADa_of_Spain&redirect=no Sofía of Spain] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. estar8806 (talk) ★ 22:54, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Is she officially Queen Mother?
Hasn't Sofía been given the official title of Queen Mother? Surely some of our users with Greek or Spanish heritage must have seen something on that? SergeWoodzing (talk) 12:27, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Queen Sofía of Spain


text:
User:Craw~enwiki

I am not affiliated with any rock band, thank you

title: User:Craw~enwiki


text:
Epulonipiscium

Candidatus Epulopiscium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with surgeonfish. These bacteria are known for their unusually large size, many ranging from 0.2 - 0.7 mm (200–700 μm) in length. Until the discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis in 1999, Epulonipiscium species were thought to be the largest bacteria. They are still the largest known heterotrophic bacteria.

In addition to their large size, Epulonipiscium, commonly referred to as "epulos," are morphologically diverse and extremely polyploid. Epulos also have unique reproductive strategies in which certain cells can form intracellular offspring, similar to microbial sporulation; furthermore, several epulo morphologies exhibit sporulation.

While the bacteria have not been successfully grown in the lab, scientists have gained a better understanding of Epulonipiscium through microscopic, phylogenetic, and genomic analyses.

Naming and discovery
Epulonipiscium means "a guest at a banquet of fish" in Latin, from ' ("guest at a feast" or "guest at a banquet") and ' ("of a fish"), as the organism was found inside the gut of marine surgeonfish. Epulonipiscium cells were initially classified as protists on the basis of their large size and unusual ultrastructure.

Originally, Epulonipiscium populations were thought to be a single species and given the name Epulopiscium fishelsoni in 1988, by Montgomery (one of the co-discovers) and Pollak. The epithet fishelsoni honors Lev Fishelson, a Polish-born Israeli ichthyologist who was part of the group that made the discovery while studying the intestines of a brown surgeonfish from the Red Sea in 1985.

Later, however, Epulopiscium fishelsoni was shown to comprise two phylogenetically distinct groups of bacteria by Angert and collaborators using rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Subsequent studies illustrated the relationship between these symbionts and the host surgeonfish.

Physiology
The largest Epulonipiscium cells can be seen with the naked eye. However, because of their size, Epulonipiscium cells must compensate for their small surface-to-volume ratio, compared to other bacteria. One distinct feature is the cell membrane, which contains many folds to increase the effective surface area.

Additionally, Epulonipiscium cells are extremely polyploid, with individuals containing hundreds of thousands of copies of the genome. Since bacteria rely on diffusion rather than cytoskeletal transport as in eukaryotes, this extreme polyploidy allows for the production of gene products at numerous sites in the cell to produce biomolecules where they are needed.

Reproduction
The largest Epulonipiscium morphologies exhibit a unique viviparous reproduction. This unusual and derived form of sporulation produces anywhere from one to twelve daughter cells that grow inside of the parent cell, until the parent eventually lyses, and dies. These cells appear to not use binary fission for reproduction. Some morphologies use endospore formation for reproduction. However, there are some smaller morphologies that reproduce through binary fission and spore formation.

Although sporulation is widespread among other bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species) in the phylum Bacillota, spore formation is usually brought about by overcrowding, the accumulation of toxins in the environment, or starvation, rather than a standard form of reproduction. The production of multiple endospores has been observed in other large gut symbionts such as Metabacterium polyspora, which are phylogenetically related to Epulonipiscium. Since sporulation affords bacteria much more protection from the outside environment than binary fission, it is thought that the evolution of this unusual life cycle may assist transfer of the bacteria from one host to another.

Symbiosis
Epulonipiscium species and their surgeonfish hosts are suggested to have a nutritional symbiotic relationship: Epulonipiscium species have only been found in surgeonfish that eat algae and detritus. It is suggested that Epulonipiscium species assist in the fish's digestion. However, scientists have been unable to culture Epulonipiscium outside of its natural habitat.

title: Epulonipiscium


text:
User:Popski~enwiki/Sandbox

 * filter
 * INPUT ACCEPT [14138:674717]
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[6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 9 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 13 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 37 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 111 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 113 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 1002 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 5432 -j DROP [6:240] -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10000 -j DROP
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 * 1) According to subnetting rules, that would include the addresses 195.49.0.0 to 195.49.255.255.
 * 2) -A INPUT -p tcp -s 195.49.0.0/16 -d any/0 -m state --state NEW -j DROP

-A INPUT -p tcp -s 195.49.141.0/24 -d any/0 -m state --state NEW -j DROP
 * 1) According to subnetting rules, that would include the addresses 195.49.141.0 to 195.49.141.255.

-A INPUT -p tcp -s 195.95.230.0/24 -d any/0 -m state --state NEW -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -s 82.80.252.0/24 -d any/0 -m state --state NEW -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -s 200.73.174.0/24 -d any/0 -m state --state NEW -j DROP

-A INPUT -s 212.25.72.224 -j DROP -A INPUT -s 210.73.87.183 -j DROP
 * 1) Drop single IP adress

COMMIT

title: User:Popski~enwiki/Sandbox


text:
List of seawatching locations by country

The following is a list of notable seawatching locations, by country:

New South Wales

 * Magic Point

Queensland

 * Point Lookout

Victoria

 * Cape Schanck
 * Point Addis
 * Point Lonsdale

Western Australia

 * North Mole, Fremantle
 * Point Peron, Rockingham
 * Woodman Point, Cockburn
 * Hillarys Boat Harbour, Hillarys
 * West end of Rottnest Island, Rottnest Island
 * Halls Head, Mandurah
 * Cape Naturaliste (near Dunsborough)
 * Cape Leeuwin (near Augusta)
 * Bunker Bay, Dunsborough
 * Red Bluff, Kalbarri
 * Red Bluff, Carnarvon

Cornwall

 * Gwennap Head, Porthgwarra
 * Pendeen Watch
 * St Ives Island

Devon

 * Prawle Point

Dorset

 * Portland Bill

County Durham

 * Hartlepool Headland

Kent

 * Dungeness

Merseyside

 * Hilbre Island

Sussex

 * Selsey Bill

Tyne and Wear

 * Whitburn

Yorkshire

 * Flamborough Head

Wales

 * Strumble Head
 * Bardsey Island

Ireland

 * Bridges of Ross, County Clare
 * Loop Head, County Clare
 * Kilcummin, County Mayo
 * Downpatrick Head, County Mayo
 * Mulloughmore Head, County Sligo
 * St. Johns Point, County Donegal
 * Galley Head, County Cork
 * Cape Clear Island, County Cork
 * Mizen Head, County Cork
 * Dunowen, County Cork
 * Brandon Head, County Kerry
 * Helvic Head, County Waterford
 * St. John's Point, County Down
 * Clogher Head, County Louth
 * Ramore Head, County Antrim

The Netherlands

 * Den Helder
 * IJmuiden
 * Katwijk
 * Lauwersoog
 * West Frisian Islands
 * Westkapelle

New Zealand

 * Kaikōura

Portugal

 * Madeira

California

 * Cordell Bank
 * Gulf of the Farallones
 * Monterey Bay

New Jersey

 * Avalon

North Carolina

 * Cape Hatteras

Texas

 * Hans and Pat Suter Wildlife Refuge, Corpus Christi, Texas