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2007 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 2003 to feature tropical activity both before and after the official bounds of the season. There were an above-average number of named storms during the season – 15, however many storms were weak and short-lived. Despite the predominance of weak systems, this was the first season on record to feature more than one Category 5 landfalling hurricane. This would not happen again until 2017. It produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean, although as shown by Subtropical Storm Andrea and Tropical Storm Olga in early May and early December, respectively, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. The first system, Subtropical Storm Andrea, developed on May 9, while the last storm, Tropical Storm Olga, dissipated on December 13. The most intense hurricane, Dean, was, at the time, the third most intense landfalling Atlantic storm on record. It was the second on record in which an Atlantic hurricane, Felix, and an eastern Pacific hurricane, Henriette, made landfall on the same day. September had a then record-tying eight storms, until it was surpassed in 2020. However, the strengths and durations of most of the storms were low.

Pre-season forecasts by Colorado State University called for 14 named storms and 7 hurricanes, of which three were expected to attain major hurricane status. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) later issued its initial forecast, which predicted 13 to 17 named storms, 7 to 10 hurricanes and three to five major hurricanes. After several revisions in the projected number of storms, NOAA and CSU lowered their forecasts by the middle of the season.

Several storms made landfall or directly affected land. Hurricanes Dean and Felix made landfall at Category 5 intensity, causing severe damage in parts of Mexico and Central America, respectively. Both storm names, as well as Noel, the name of a hurricane that affected the Caribbean, were retired from the naming list of Atlantic hurricanes. The United States was affected by five cyclones, although the storms were generally weak; three tropical depressions and only two tropical storms, Barry and Gabrielle, and one hurricane, Humberto, made landfall in the country. Elsewhere, three storms directly affected Canada, although none severely. The combined storms killed at least 478 people and caused about $3.42 billion (2007 USD,  USD) in damage.

Seasonal forecasts
Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year, separately from NOAA. Klotzbach's team, formerly led by Gray, determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms exceeding Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, of which five to seven reach hurricane strength, and one to three become major hurricanes.

Pre-season forecasts
On December 8, 2006, Klotzbach's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2007 season, predicting above-average activity (14 named storms, seven hurricanes, three of Category 3 or higher). It listed a 64 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland. This included a 40 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the East Coast, including the Florida peninsula, and a 40 percent chance of at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from the Florida Panhandle westward. The potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to be above average, and the team predicted that El Niño, associated with reduced hurricane activity in the Atlantic, would dissipate by the active portion of the season.

On April 3 a new forecast was issued, calling for a very active hurricane season of 17 named storms, nine hurricanes and five intense hurricanes. The increase in the forecast was attributed to the rapid dissipation of El Niño conditions. The team also forecast a neutral or weak-to-moderate La Niña and noted that sea surface temperatures were much higher than average. The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was increased to 74 percent; the East Coast potential increased to 50 percent, and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville, Texas, the probability rose to 49 percent. However, the team's report noted that while they predicted an active season, it was not suggesting that 2007 would be "as active as the 2004 and 2005 seasons".

Midseason outlooks
On June 19 the UK Met Office (UKMO) issued a forecast of 10 tropical storms in the July to November period with a 70 percent chance that the number would be in the range of 7 to 13. On August 3, 2007, Klotzbach's team lowered its season estimate to 15 named storms, of which eight were to become hurricanes and four to become major hurricanes. Team members noted that conditions had become slightly less favorable for storms than earlier in the year. Sea surface temperature anomalies were cooler, and several Saharan Air Layer events had suppressed development of tropical cyclones. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions were also noted to have been slightly cooler.

On August 9, 2007, NOAA revised its season estimate slightly downwards to 13 to 16 named storms, of which seven to nine were to be hurricanes, and three to five major hurricanes. However, the agency reaffirmed its prediction of an above-average season, citing warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures in parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean and the likelihood of La Niña conditions during the peak of the season.

Seasonal summary
Only two major hurricanes—storms of Category 3 intensity or higher—formed during the season, the least since the 1997 season, although tied with the 2006 and 2002 seasons. Named storms were active for 33.50 days during the season, the lowest number of active days since the 1994 season. There were only 11.25 days with active hurricanes, the lowest value since the 2002 season. Despite this, the number of days with major hurricanes was above the long-term average. Four named storms made landfall on the U.S. during the year, but damage from those storms totaled to only about $82 million (2007 USD); this was the least damage the U.S. saw from any Atlantic hurricane season since the 1990 season. The season was one of only six Atlantic hurricane seasons to produce two Category 5 equivalent hurricanes, the others being the 1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, 2017, and 2019 seasons. The two Category 5 hurricanes, Dean and Felix, both reached Category 5 strength on two separate occasions, and both made landfall at Category 5 intensity, making the 2007 season the first to feature two hurricanes doing each, both of which would not be repeated until 2017. When Hurricane Felix was upgraded to a Category 5 storm on September 2, it became the eighth to form in this basin since 2000. This gave the decade more hurricanes of such strength than any other on record. Hurricane Humberto was the first hurricane to make landfall in Texas since Hurricane Claudette in 2003.

Overall, the season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 74, which is below the long-term average of 93, and the lowest since 2002. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones, such as Andrea or the initial portions of Gabrielle, Jerry, and Olga, are excluded from the total, the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase.

Subtropical Storm Andrea
The first storm of the season, Subtropical Storm Andrea, originated from a large extratropical cyclone that formed off the mid-Atlantic coast on May 6. It deepened steadily along a cold front that pushed through Florida. When the system lost most of its baroclinic support, development ceased until its low moved into warmer waters near the Bahamas. However, interaction between the low and a strong high-pressure system to the north generated hurricane-force winds in the system. Decreasing vertical wind shear allowed the storm to generate deeper convection much closer to the center. By May 9 the previously extratropical cyclone had transformed into Subtropical Storm Andrea while located about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of Savannah, Georgia. Andrea began its subtropical phase as it was weakening, and continued this deterioration as it moved southward into an environment with higher wind shear. By May 11, Andrea had lost all significant convection and degenerated into a remnant low. Though it produced intermittent bursts of convection, Andrea's chance of regeneration was extinguished when an advancing cold front pushed it northward and eventually absorbed the system.

Andrea was short-lived, dissipating on May 11. It was the first pre-season storm to develop since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003 and the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981. Six people drowned along the Southeast U.S. Coast. However, because Andrea never made landfall, most of the resulting damage was associated with large waves, higher than normal tides, associated coastal flooding, and beach erosion caused by the storm.

Tropical Storm Barry
On June 1, Tropical Storm Barry developed on the first day of the hurricane season. It originated from a trough of low pressure in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico that previously formed in the northwestern Caribbean. It accelerated to the northeast before reaching a peak intensity of 997 mbar and making landfall on Florida. Barry dissipated on June 2. In Florida, the rainfall resulted in slick roads, which caused two traffic-related deaths, and a woman was killed after being injured by rough surf.

Tropical Storm Chantal
After two months of inactivity, an area of low pressure formed near the Bahamas on July 28 and gradually began to organize while moving north-northeast. On July 30 it was classified as Tropical Depression Three and was named Tropical Storm Chantal shortly thereafter while south of Nova Scotia. The storm weakened on August 1 and made landfall on Newfoundland; it later tracked into the North Atlantic as an extratropical storm.

Chantal moved over the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland where flooding was observed, where about 4 in of rain caused the postponement of the annual Royal St. John's Regatta. Insured damage across the area totaled $5.8 million (2007 CAD; $5.5 million 2007 USD$,  USD).

Hurricane Dean
On August 11, a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa, and, encountering favorable conditions, quickly spawned Tropical Depression Four, roughly 520 miles (835 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde. The depression moved briskly westward, south of a deep layered ridge, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dean on August 14. The storm continued to strengthen overnight as it gained organization, and became the first hurricane of the season on August 16. On August 17 the eye of the hurricane passed into the Caribbean between the islands of Martinique and Saint Lucia as a Category 2 hurricane.

In the warm waters of the Caribbean, Dean rapidly strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with 165 mi/h sustained winds. This made it the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma—and it was tied for the seventh most intense Atlantic storm of all time. An eyewall replacement cycle weakened Dean, which then passed just south of Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane. Dean regained Category 5 status late on August 20 and at that strength it made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico near Costa Maya on August 21. Dean was the first storm to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. A dropsonde in the eye of the storm estimated a central pressure of 905 mbar, tying Dean with Hurricane Mitch for the seventh most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Dean was the third most intense landfalling Atlantic storm in history (after the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 and Hurricane Gilbert of 1988). Dean weakened over land, but re-intensified slightly in the Gulf of Mexico. It made its final landfall near Tecolutla, Veracruz on August 22, dissipating the next day.

In Hispaniola, Dean killed 15 people and destroyed hundreds of homes. Dean also left $616 million (2007 USD$,  USD) in damage on Martinique and $154 million (2007 USD$,   USD) on Guadeloupe. In Mexico, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 hurricane. Throughout its track, Dean killed 44 people and caused several billion dollars in damage.

Tropical Storm Erin
Tropical Storm Erin formed on August 16 in the Gulf of Mexico from a persistent area of convection. Based on reconnaissance data received from an NOAA plane investigating the depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erin on August 15. It weakened to a tropical depression as it made landfall near Lamar, Texas, on August 16, and the NHC issued its last advisory on the system shortly thereafter as it moved inland. Early on August 19 after entering Oklahoma, the remnants of Erin suddenly re-intensified to maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) a short distance west of Oklahoma City.

The storm flooded more than 40 homes and businesses. Along its path into the central states, Erin killed 16 people—9 directly—and left about $25 million (2007 USD$,  USD) in total damage.

Hurricane Felix
An area of disturbed weather east of the Windward Islands was designated Tropical Depression Six on August 31. Early on September 1, it was named Tropical Storm Felix, and it was upgraded to a hurricane later that day. Tracking generally westward, it rapidly intensified to Category 5, and after fluctuating in strength, made landfall on Nicaragua with 160 mph winds. At least 133 deaths and more than $50 million (2007 USD) in damage have been attributed to Felix. With Felix, the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season became the first known to include two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5; hurricanes Irma and Maria made landfall at Category 5 intensity during the 2017 Atlantic season.

Felix took a similar path as Hurricane Dean though a bit further south, although its effects were not severe; damage on Tobago was estimated at $250,000 (2007 TTD; $40,000 2007 USD$,  USD). Felix made landfall just south of the border between Nicaragua and Honduras, in a region historically known as the Mosquito Coast, as a Category 5 hurricane with 160 mph (260 km/h) winds on September 4. Residents of the region were reported to have been given little warning of the oncoming hurricane, which left many fisherman stranded at sea. In all, Felix killed at least 130 people, and damage in Nicaragua totaled C$869.3 million (2007 NIO; $46.7 million 2007 USD$,  USD).

Tropical Storm Gabrielle
A cold front that moved off the southeastern coast of the United States on September 1 developed a weak low over the waters near Georgia. The low drifted eastward and weakened over the next few days until it joined with convection from an upper-level trough that had been moving over the western Atlantic. On September 8, the center of circulation became sufficiently organized to be declared Subtropical Storm Gabrielle, about 360 nmi southeast of Cape Hatteras. For the next twelve hours, the system's strongest winds and thunderstorms remained separated from the center. On September 8 new convection eventually united with the center, leading the transition of Gabrielle into a tropical storm. Gabrielle gradually strengthened as it traveled northwest towards North Carolina and Virginia. The storm reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h) just before it arrived in Cape Lookout, though strong wind shear kept most of the convection and surface winds offshore. Gabrielle weakened over land, and moved back into the Atlantic on September 10. The circulation deteriorated further, and the storm dissipated southwest of Nova Scotia the next day.

In advance of the storm, tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for coastal areas, while rescue teams and the U.S. Coast Guard were put on standby. The storm dropped heavy rainfall near its immediate landfall location but little precipitation elsewhere. Along the coast, high waves, rip currents, and storm surge were reported. Slight localized flooding was reported. Gusty winds also occurred, though no wind damage was reported. Overall damage was minor, and there were no fatalities.

Tropical Storm Ingrid
A large tropical wave exited Africa on September 6 and initially failed to develop due to strong easterly shear. On September 9, a broad low-pressure area developed about midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles. The wind shear slowly weakened, and early on September 12 Tropical Depression Eight developed about 1125 miles (1815 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. The system moved west-northwestward due to a ridge to its north, and with continued wind shear, it remained a tropical depression for 24 hours before convection increased further. Early on September 13 it intensified into Tropical Storm Ingrid, reaching peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Operationally, it was not upgraded to a tropical storm until that evening.

Ingrid remained a tropical storm until September 15, when it weakened to a tropical depression due to high shear from a strong tropical upper tropospheric trough. Gradual weakening continued as it passed northeast of the Leeward Islands. Ingrid briefly reorganized on September 16, before weakening further and degenerating into an open wave early on September 17. The remnants turned northwestward within the low-level steering flow, and dissipated on September 18 without redevelopment. There were no reports of damage or casualties associated with Ingrid because the storm never threatened land.

Hurricane Humberto
On September 12, an area of thunderstorm activity in the Gulf of Mexico organized into Tropical Depression Nine, about 60 mi southeast of Matagorda, Texas. Within three hours of forming, it was named Tropical Storm Humberto, and it turned to the north-northeast before rapidly intensifying. In the early morning hours of September 13, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft found that Humberto had strengthened into a hurricane while located about 15 miles (20 km) off the coast of Texas. Humberto quickly weakened and entered Southwest Louisiana as a tropical storm during the afternoon of September 13, dissipating the next day.

Humberto caused some structural damage on High Island and widespread tree and power line damage in the Beaumont–Port Arthur area. Power outages caused four oil refineries to halt production in Beaumont. One person was reported dead as a result of the storm, a Bridge City man killed when his carport crashed on him outside his house. Damage was estimated at $50 million.

Tropical Depression Ten
A subtropical depression formed on September 21 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from the interaction of a tropical wave, the tail end of a cold front, and an upper-level low. Initially containing a poorly defined circulation and intermittent thunderstorm activity, the system transitioned into a tropical depression after convection increased over the center. Tracking northwestward, the depression moved ashore near Fort Walton Beach early on September 22, and shortly thereafter it dissipated over southeastern Alabama.

It was the first tropical cyclone to threaten the New Orleans area after the destructive 2005 hurricane season and Hurricane Katrina. Overall impact from the cyclone was minor and largely limited to light rainfall. However, the precursor system spawned a damaging tornado in Eustis, Florida, where 20 houses were destroyed and 30 more were damaged. Damage was estimated at $6.2 million.

Tropical Storm Jerry
The origins of Jerry were from a non-tropical low-pressure area over the central Atlantic on September 21. The system meandered for two days, gradually developing deeper convection and gaining organization. On September 23, the National Hurricane Center declared it a subtropical depression, as a warm core had developed but the system was still involved with an upper-level low, and its strongest winds were well removed from the center. Early on September 23, both satellite estimates and QuikScat data determined that the depression had strengthened into Subtropical Storm Jerry, despite the lack of a well-defined inner core.

The storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics including a better-defined warm core, and Jerry became fully tropical that evening as a weak and sheared tropical storm with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds over a small radius. It accelerated northeastward over cooler waters with sea surface temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C). On September 24, it weakened to a tropical depression ahead of a powerful cold front with little deep convection remaining in the system. That evening, a QuikScat pass determined that Jerry opened up into a trough, which was being absorbed into the larger frontal system. It completely dissipated by early on September 25. Jerry never approached land during its lifespan, and no damage or casualties were reported.

Hurricane Karen
A very large tropical wave accompanied by a large envelope of low pressure emerged from the coast of Africa on September 21. As it moved westward, deep convection gradually increased over the disturbance as its broad low-level circulation became better-defined. By September 24, as the system traveled northwestward it organized enough to become a tropical depression. Six hours later the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Karen.

Karen's organization and intensity remained steady for the next day. Early on September 26, however, the storm strengthened significantly. In post-operational analysis the cyclone was determined to have reached hurricane-strength for about twelve hours. However, strengthening was short-lived because a sharp upper-level trough to the west of Karen increased the amount of vertical wind shear over the hurricane. By September 28 these unfavorable conditions had weakened Karen to a marginal tropical storm and left its large low-level circulation exposed. Meanwhile, the storm began heading northward and experiencing intermittent bursts of deep convection. However, the relentless wind shear exposed the system's circulation until it dissipated in the mid-Atlantic on September 29. Karen's remnants lingered near the Leeward Islands for the next few days, although the system never directly affected land. As a result, no reported damages or casualties were associated with Karen.

Hurricane Lorenzo
A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on September 11, traversed the Caribbean and crossed the Yucatán on September 21. The disturbance developed a small surface low on September 24 while moving erratically over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Strong upper-level winds initially prevented the system from developing convection; however, the shear relaxed on the following day and convection increased. On the evening of September 25, a hurricane hunter aircraft found evidence that the low qualified as a tropical depression. Under weak steering currents, the depression drifted south and southwest, executing a small cyclonic loop into the Bay of Campeche. Upper-level winds gave way to an anticyclone above the depression, and the system became Tropical Storm Lorenzo on September 27 about 130 nmi east of Tuxpan. Rapid intensification brought Lorenzo to hurricane status early that evening, less than twelve hours after becoming a tropical storm. Lorenzo reached its peak intensity on September 28, then weakened slightly before making landfall near Tecolutla, Mexico as a minimal hurricane. The small circulation weakened rapidly after landfall, and the system dissipated the next day.

Six deaths in Mexico were attributed to Lorenzo, mostly due to flash floods and mudslides. The states of Puebla and Veracruz reported damage from rain and high winds. Two hundred people were forced to evacuate in Hidalgo when the San Lorenzo River overflowed its banks. Lorenzo made landfall in virtually the same location that Hurricane Dean had struck a month earlier. Damage was estimated at $1 billion (2007 MXN; $92 million 2007 USD$,  USD).

Tropical Storm Melissa
On September 26, a tropical wave exited Africa and quickly developed a low-pressure area. Following a convective increase and better-defined outflow, it developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen about 115 miles (185 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands early on September 28. Because the depression was isolated from the subtropical ridge, the depression drifted west-northwestward. Westerly wind shear prevented significant development, but following an increase in convection, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Melissa early on September 29. Similar to previous storms Ingrid and Karen, high wind shear in the deep tropics hindered Melissa's development, and its peak winds were only 40 mph (65 km/h); operationally, satellite imagery suggested the storm reached 45 mph. By September 30, the shear and cooler waters weakened Melissa to a tropical depression with a poorly defined surface center. The system lost its deep convection and by that afternoon, Melissa degenerated into a remnant low. It continued west-northwestward, producing intermittent convection, until being absorbed by a front northeast of the Lesser Antilles on October 5. There were no reports of damage or casualties associated with Melissa.

Tropical Depression Fifteen
An area of disturbed weather extended from the northwestern Caribbean to the western Atlantic Ocean on October 4, possibly related to the remnants of Hurricane Karen. The system slowly organized, developing a surface low pressure on October 8 to the northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Convection associated with the storm steadily increased as the low moved towards the northeast. By October 11, the low organized into Tropical Depression Fifteen about 740 mi (1,190 km) east-southeast of Bermuda, after the convection had persisted for about 12 hours. An upper-level low to the west caused strong southwesterly wind shear, which inhibited development.

On October 12, a building ridge caused the depression to slow at the same time as the convection began decreasing. The storm's center became exposed as the deep convection became limited to a few small cells north of the center. By that afternoon, the depression degenerated into a remnant low. The remnant low persisted for the next several days while picking up speed and taking a gradual turn towards the northeast. The low transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 14 and intensified, moving through the Azores with gale-force winds. It reached winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) before being absorbed by a larger extratropical storm on October 18.

Hurricane Noel
During the evening of October 27, a low-pressure system that had been slowly developing over the eastern Caribbean organized into Tropical Depression Sixteen. On the next day, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Noel, and made landfall on Haiti on October 29. Noel meandered across the western Caribbean for the next three days, intensifying into a hurricane on November 1. Tracking northward, Noel began its transition into an extratropical cyclone on November 2, becoming fully extratropical on November 4 while over Labrador. As a powerful extratropical cyclone, Noel crossed back into the Atlantic and began a track towards western Greenland.

Throughout the Caribbean, Hurricane Noel caused severe damage. Torrential rainfall and mudslides caused by the storm killed at least 87 people in the Dominican Republic and at least 73 in Haiti. Noel generated winds of 130 mph in the Wreckhouse region of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Tropical Storm Olga
In the second week of December, after the official end of the hurricane season, a low developed east of the northernmost Lesser Antilles. It slowly acquired tropical characteristics, and late on December 10, the National Hurricane Center declared it Subtropical Storm Olga while just north of Puerto Rico. It is the first post-season storm since Tropical Storm Zeta in the 2005 season. Olga was only one of a few out of season tropical cyclones to make landfall. The storm made landfall on December 11 on the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. Later that evening, Olga transitioned into a tropical storm just after making landfall. Olga tracked over Hispaniola and emerged in the Caribbean. Strong wind shear and dry air caused Olga to weaken into a remnant low early on December 13.

The storm impacted many areas affected by Tropical Storm Noel a month earlier. In Puerto Rico, moderate rainfall caused one death. According to the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Olga, at least 22 occurred due to the release of floodgates at a dam in Santiago Province. Two deaths were also reported in Haiti, and one fatality was confirmed in Puerto Rico. Almost 12,000 homes were damaged, of which 370 were completely destroyed.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2007. This is the same list used for the 2001 season, except for Andrea, Ingrid, and Melissa, which replaced Allison, Iris, and Michelle, respectively. Each of the new names was used for the first time in 2007.

Retirement
On May 13, 2008, at the 30th Session of the World Meteorological Organization's Regional Association IV Hurricane Committee, the WMO retired the names Dean, Felix, and Noel from its Atlantic hurricane name lists, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They were replaced with Dorian, Fernand, and Nestor for the 2013 season.

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2007 USD.

title: 2007 Atlantic hurricane season


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Andrew Ross (sociologist)

Andrew Ross (born 1956), a Scottish-born social activist and analyst, is Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University (NYU). He has authored and edited numerous books, and written for The New York Times, The Guardian, The Nation, Newsweek, and Al Jazeera. Much of his writing focuses on labor, the urban environment, and the organisation of work, from the Western world of business and high-technology to conditions of offshore labour in the Global South. Making use of social theory as well as ethnography, his writing questions the human and environmental cost of economic growth.

Life and education
Ross was born and educated in the Lowlands of Scotland. After graduating from the University of Aberdeen in 1978, he worked in the North Sea oil fields. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kent at Canterbury in 1984. He joined the faculty at Princeton University in 1985, and left in 1993 to become Director of the Graduate Program in American Studies at NYU. He was the recipient of a Guggenheim fellowship in 2001–2002. and has held research positions at Cornell University and Shanghai University.

Early writing
His doctoral dissertation, about modern American poetry, was published as The Failure of Modernism in 1986. Several subsequent books (No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture; Strange Weather: Culture, Science, and Technology in the Age of Limits; and The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life: Nature's Debt to Society) established his reputation as one of the leading practitioners of cultural studies, particularly in the fields of popular culture, ecology, and the history of technology.

Later writing
Increasingly, his writing focused on urban sociology, labour, and the organisation of work. A scholar and activist associated with the anti-sweatshop movement, he published No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers in 1998 and Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor in 2002. In 1997, he took up residence for a year in Disney's new town of Celebration, Florida, and wrote The Celebration Chronicles, based on his participant observation of the town's residents, the first ethnography of a New Urbanist community.

Two further books were based on field work with employees: No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and Its Hidden Costs, about employees in Internet companies during the New Economy boom and bust, and Fast Boat to China: Corporate Flight and the Consequences of Free Trade, about skilled Chinese employees of foreign firms in Shanghai and other Yangtze Delta cities. The latter book, written on the ground in China, is a frank alternative to Thomas Friedman's pro-outsourcing views on corporate globalisation. In 2009, Ross published Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times, an analysis of changing patterns in the nature of creative work and contingent employment.

In several of his books, Ross has pioneered a method he calls Scholarly Reporting, which is a blend of ethnography and investigative journalism. In Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World's Least Sustainable City, Ross draws on his fieldwork in Phoenix, Arizona. Focusing on areas such as water supply, metropolitan growth, renewable energy, downtown revitalisation, immigration policy, and patterns of pollution, the book argues that urban managers have to base policy on combating environmental injustices to avoid replicating the condition of eco-apartheid that prevails in Phoenix and other major urban areas.

One of his books, Creditocracy and the Case for Debt Refusal, analyses, and proposes solutions to, the massive household debt burden that has accumulated over the last two decades. The book considers some of the legal and moral principles of the Jubilee South movement–aimed at repudiating external debts of developing countries–and adapts them to the situation of household debtors in the North. Creditocracy engages with ideas and actions from the Occupy movement of debt resistance to Wall Street's creditor class.

In Richard Posner's 2003 study, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline, Ross was ranked among the top 100 public intellectuals in the US.

From 1986 to 2000, Ross served on the editorial collective of Duke University Press's journal Social Text. In 1996 the journal published a paper by Alan Sokal professing to show connections between physics and post-modern theory, which was later revealed by Sokal to be a hoax meant to expose the low academic standards of "post-modernism" (see Sokal affair). Social Text was awarded the 1996 Ig Nobel Prize for Literature for being taken in by the hoax.

One of Ross's books, Stone Men: The Palestinians Who Built Israel, tells the story of the Palestinian stone industry, along with its stonemasons and construction workers. Based on extensive field interviews, the book documents the conditions and challenges of workers in quarries and factories in the West Bank and it follows their movement across the Green Line to work on Israeli construction sites. Stone Men won the Palestine Book Award for Social History in 2019.

In his book, Sunbelt Blues: The Failure of American Housing, he assesses the national housing crisis through the lens of Central Florida, one of the most difficult places for low income people to find affordable housing. Taking up residence in the region's budget motels, where a variety of households live in a permanent basis, he reports on the challenges faced by residents in these single room domiciles, as well as in tent encampments in the woods.

In 2015, Ross helped to launch NYU's Prison Education Program Research Lab, and he is its current director. The Lab's faculty and formerly incarcerated students do research on carceral debt. His latest book, Cars and Jails: Freedom Dreams, Debt, and Carcerality (co-authored with Julie Livingston) investigates the overlap between auto debt and carceral debt, generated by predatory policing and predatory lending respectively.

Activism
Ross has been active in the anti-sweatshop movement since the mid-1990s. From the late 1990s, he has turned his attention to the academic labour movement, both in the national AAUP, and at NYU as a vocal supporter of the graduate student union, and as a founding member of Faculty Democracy. In 2007, his co-edited volume, The University Against Itself, documented and analysed the long strike at NYU in 2005 by GSOC-UAW (The Graduate Student Organizing Committee).

Ross has been critical of labor conditions in Abu Dhabi and similar fast-growth environments for a number of years. A founder of the Gulf Labor Coalition, he has helped to organise campaigns to raise migrant labour standards in the United Arab Emirates. In 2015, he edited an anthology of art and writing from Gulf Labor entitled, The Gulf: High Culture/Hard Labor.

An early participant in Occupy Wall Street, he helped found the Occupy Student Debt Campaign and has been an integral member of the Occupy Debt Assembly and Strike Debt—a coalition formed in the summer of 2012 to help build a debtors' movement. Strike Debt produced the Debt Resisters' Operations Manual and organised the Rolling Jubilee. He is an active member of the Debt Collective, a prototype debtors' union. He also serves on the board of the US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (USACBI).

Books

 * Cars and Jails: Freedom Dreams, Debt, and Carcerality (OR Books, 2022, with Julie Livingston)
 * Sunbelt Blues: The Failure of American Housing (2021)
 * Under Conditions Not of Our Choosing: Thoughts One Can't Do Without (2020)
 * Stone Men: The Palestinians Who Built Israel (Verso Books, 2019)
 * Creditocracy and the Case for Debt Refusal (OR Books, 2014)
 * The Exorcist and the Machines (Kassel, Documenta, 2012)
 * Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World's Least Sustainable City (Oxford University Press, 2011)
 * Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times (NYU Press, 2009)
 * Fast Boat to China: Corporate Flight and the Consequences of Free Trade – Lessons from Shanghai (Pantheon, 2006, Paperback edition, Vintage, 2007)
 * Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor (New Press, 2004)
 * No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and its Hidden Costs (Basic Books, 2003) (Paperback edition, Temple University Press, 2004)
 * The Celebration Chronicles: Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Property Value in Disney's New Town (New York: Ballantine, 1999) (London, Verso, 2000)
 * Real Love: In Pursuit of Cultural Justice (NYU Press, 1998)
 * The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life: Nature's Debt to Society (Verso, 1994)
 * Strange Weather: Culture, Science and Technology in the Age of Limits (Verso, 1991)
 * No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture (Routledge, 1989)
 * The Failure of Modernism: Symptoms of American Poetry (Columbia University Press, 1986)

Edited books

 * Co-editor (with A.J. Bauer, Cristina Beltran, and Rana Jaleel) Is This What Democracy Looks Like? (Social Text Periscope e-book, 2012)
 * Co-editor (with Monika Krause, Michael Palm, and Mary Nolan), The University Against Itself: The NYU Strike and the Future of the Academic Workplace (Temple University Press, 2007)
 * Co-Editor (With Kristin Ross) Anti-Americanism (New York University Press, 2004)
 * Editor, No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers (Verso, 1997)
 * Editor, Science Wars (Duke Univ. Press, 1996)
 * Co-Editor (with Tricia Rose) Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture (Routledge, 1994)
 * Co-Editor (with Constance Penley) Technoculture (University of Minnesota Press, 1991)
 * Editor, Universal Abandon? The Politics of Postmodernism (University of Minnesota Press, 1988)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andrew Ross (sociologist)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Jive.exe

I moved it to Jive filter and updated redirects. I think this is the best name and it googles fairly well. --Tony Sidaway Talk 14:05, 24 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Quintin3265

I've used this account at Wikipedia since November 2004, but have just gotten around to putting up a user page. While I'm working on it, you can find out more about me by visiting my website at Shoemaker Village, or by visiting remixSite.

title: User:Quintin3265


text: Category:Jolin Tsai albums

title: Category:Jolin Tsai albums


text:
SS.12/AS.12

The SS.12 and AS.12 are two variants of the same missile: SS for surface-to-surface and AS for air-to-surface. It was designed in 1955–1957 by Nord Aviation, later Aérospatiale. It was a derivative of the NORD SS.10 and SS.11 missiles which were surface-to-surface wire-guided missiles for use by infantry, vehicle or a helicopter primarily in the anti-tank role, but also anti-material, anti-personnel and against light field fortifications. The SS.12/AS.12 was basically a scaled-up version of the SS.11/AS.11, with a massive increase in range and warhead weight. The SS.12/AS.12 original mission was primarily to be anti-shipping from naval helicopters and combat aircraft or ground launchers, and secondarily for use against heavy field fortifications. The range and the destructive power of its warhead are roughly equivalent to a 127 mm (5-inch) artillery shell.

Development
The SS.12 was originally intended to be a surface-to-surface weapon. A naval surface-to-surface version, the SS.12M was developed at the same time. Trials of the weapon began in 1956. An air-launched version, the AS.12, was trialed in 1957.

Description
The missile has a distinctive bulging nose and four clipped triangular wings. The missile has two solid fuel rocket motors. One is a powerful booster rocket that burns for 2.2 seconds, and the other is a sustainer motor that burns for 28 seconds. The booster motor exhausts through two nozzles on the sides near the trailing edge of the wings and the sustainer motor exhaust is located in the missile rear at the centre. The wings are positioned at an angle of one degree to the direction of flight so that the missile spins, giving it stability. Two rearward-facing flares, which ignite on launch, make the missile more visible to the operator during flight. The two flares are mounted on the opposite side of the booster nozzles between the wings so as not to interfere with the two guidance wires spooling out of the rear section of the missile.

The missile steers using four metal vanes around the exhaust nozzle in a thrust vectoring system that directs the thrust of the sustainer motor exhaust nozzle. Steering signals are sent to the missile by means of two wires which pay out from two spools on the rear of the missile. A gas-operated arming mechanism is fed from the sustainer motor, arming the warhead 7.7 seconds after launch.

The average maximum flight time of the missile is approximately 30 seconds, giving it a range of 7,000 meters according to whether it is ground-launched or air-launched. Operators train using the T10K simulator, which is a simple device that projects a beam of light on a predetermined path on a wall-mounted chart. The operator guides the light beam around the path by means of a small hand joystick, training to gain proficiency to position the beam just above the target five seconds before the end of flight, then gently flying the beam, which represents the missile's flight, down on to the target for final impact.

The simulator closely resembles the missile's reaction to signal reception, which has an increasing time delay the further the missile travels.

The missile can be fitted with a three different warheads:
 * OP3C - a semi-armour piercing warhead mainly for naval use
 * A shaped charge HEAT warhead for antitank
 * A fragmentation warhead for anti-personnel use

The semi-armour piercing warhead has a delayed action allowing it to penetrate 20 mm of armour then travel two meters beyond before exploding.

Service
The AS.12 originally entered service with the French Navy in 1960 in the air-to-surface role against ships and submarines on the surface. In 1966 the French Navy made an evaluation of the SS.11(M) and SS.12(M) from the fast patrol boat La Combattante. In 1966, the Libyan Navy ordered three fast patrol boats from Vosper (Sebha, Sirte and Susa). Delivered in 1968, these were the first operational naval vessels to be armed with AS.12(M), with four launch rails on each side of the vessel's bridge. The Libyan fast patrol boats proved to be a very low cost way to give long-range heavy firepower to small naval vessels. Other navies soon followed Libya and bought the SS.12(M) and SS.11(M) for their light naval vessels; among them Brunei, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Ivory Coast, Senegal, and Tunisia. Sweden bought the SS.12(M) (designated the Robot 54) as a heavier support for the SS.11(M) (designated Robot 52). NORD also developed a ten-missile trainable launcher for either the AS.11(M) or AS.12(M) which was sold in numbers due to its cost-effective firepower.

The AS.12 saw action on both sides of the 1982 Falklands War. It was fired from Westland Wasp helicopters against the Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe. A total of nine missiles were fired at the submarine which was trapped on the surface and unable to dive after its dive tanks suffered damage from a depth charge attack by a British Royal Navy Wessex HAS.3 antisubmarine helicopter. Of the missiles fired four hit, four missed and one failed to launch. Two of the missiles that hit the target failed to detonate on impact, instead punching a hole through the slender conning tower and exploding on the far side.

In an unusual mission, it was fired from a British Royal Navy Wessex Hu.5 commando helicopter at Port Stanley town hall on 11 June 1982 in an attempt to disrupt a meeting of senior Argentine personnel that took place there every morning. Both missiles that were fired missed, one striking the roof of a police station and the other hitting some telegraph poles.

Production of the SS.11/SS.12 series ceased some time in the 1980s; but in 1978 168,450 missiles had been produced.

The AS.12 has been operational from the following aircraft:
 * Breguet Alizé
 * Lockheed P-2 Neptune
 * Breguet Atlantique
 * Westland Wasp
 * Aérospatiale Alouette III
 * Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod
 * Westland Wessex

Operators

 * 🇮🇹 - aboard Navy helicopters.
 * 🇪🇸 - aboard Navy SH-3/AB-212ASW helicopters. Retired 1987.
 * 🇸🇪 operates alongside SS.11 in anti-invasion against landing craft (Robot 54)
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * 🇮🇹 - aboard Navy helicopters.
 * 🇪🇸 - aboard Navy SH-3/AB-212ASW helicopters. Retired 1987.
 * 🇸🇪 operates alongside SS.11 in anti-invasion against landing craft (Robot 54)
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * 🇪🇸 - aboard Navy SH-3/AB-212ASW helicopters. Retired 1987.
 * 🇸🇪 operates alongside SS.11 in anti-invasion against landing craft (Robot 54)
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * 🇪🇸 - aboard Navy SH-3/AB-212ASW helicopters. Retired 1987.
 * 🇸🇪 operates alongside SS.11 in anti-invasion against landing craft (Robot 54)
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * 🇸🇪 operates alongside SS.11 in anti-invasion against landing craft (Robot 54)
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
 * - aboard Lockheed P-2H / P2V-7 Neptune and Brequet Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft

title: SS.12/AS.12


text:
Talk:Kandyan Wars

Category removal

 * Ceylon was never governed by the British as a part of India. So this battle should not be classified under the category of Pre-independence battles of India.  Can I delete that category? --mkamat 14:07, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed it; wars shouldn't be categorized under "Battles of ..." anyways. -- Kirill Lokshin 00:58, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

SPELLING!!
I cannot believe that entries are made without even basic spelling checks. How can this (Wikipedia) be seen as authoritative, if simple mistakes are being allowed. It takes no time (but some thought) to run the article through a spell check. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mstimson (talk • contribs) 17:30, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

MAP
Please delete that map. The Kindom of Kandy was much much larger than the modern Central province. It included the Central, North Central and Uva provinces as well as parts of Eastern, Sabaragamuwa, and North Western provinces.

Rewrite complete
Finished complete rewrite, submitted for evaluation.DocSubster 13:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merger proposal
I propose that British expedition to Ceylon be merged into Kandyan Wars. Since the latter is much more detailed and basically covers the same topic.--Catlemur (talk) 13:43, 9 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Merge -  Heptanitrocubane (talk) 17:36, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

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comment
Added "for them" to "most worryingly", which makes for more distanced narrative. I do not understand why "hence Muslim" is perceived as worrying. Kandy was essentially Buddhist, but there was a Muslim fighting for a Buddhist war party. On the other hand, as an interested reader I would also expect Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs to have fought as sepoys for British forces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.105.160.150 (talk) 13:28, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kandyan Wars


text:
User talk:SV Resolution

--Celestianpower hab 14:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Tread softly in Micronations
Be careful not to get caught up in the heart-rending politics of Micronation. I fully expect your latest edit to incur angry demands of "can you name a single country that recognizes any micronation" followed by a copius discussion and maybe even a revert war. Yes, over a two-word rewording.

- Keith D. Tyler ¶ 19:44, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Fixed your talk page archiving
Hi! I took the liberty of fixing the auto-archiving settings at the top of this page. --rchard2scout (talk) 09:32, 6 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:SV Resolution


text:
Christian values

Christian values historically refers to values derived from the teachings of Jesus Christ. The term has various applications and meanings, and specific definitions can vary widely between denominations, geographical locations, historical contexts, and different schools of thought. Christian values also relate to the Christian identity in identity politics.

Modern use in worldwide conservative or right-wing politics
In the 21st-century United States, Australia, United Kingdom and other countries, the phrases Christian values and family values are used by Christian right and conservative parties to describe some or all of the following political stances:

Modern interpretations of Christian values include:
 * Censorship of sexual content, especially in films and on television.
 * Sexual abstinence outside marriage and abstinence-only sex education.
 * The promotion of intelligent design to be taught in public schools and colleges as an alternative to evolution.
 * The desirability of laws against same-sex marriage.
 * Support for laws against the acceptance of homosexuality into mainstream society.
 * The desirability of organized school prayer in public schools.

title: Christian values


text:
Date clan

The Date clan (伊達氏) is a Japanese samurai kin group.

History
The Date family was founded in the early Kamakura period (1185–1333) by Isa Tomomune who originally came from the Isa district of Hitachi Province (now Ibaraki Prefecture), and was a descendant of Fujiwara no Uona (721–783) in the sixteenth generation. The family took its name from the Date district (now Date City in Fukushima Prefecture) of Mutsu Province which had been awarded in 1189 to Isa Tomomune by Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first Kamakura shōgun, for his assistance in the Genpei War and in Minamoto no Yoritomo's struggle for power with his brother, Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

During the Nanboku-chō Wars in the 1330s, the Date supported the Imperial Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo through Kitabatake Akiie, who had been appointed Commander in Chief (or Chinjufu Shōgun) of the Defense of the North, by the emperor.

As warlords gained and lost power in the Sengoku period, trying to unite the country, the Date, along with a handful of other powerful families, did all they could to retain independence and dominance over their section of the land (in the case of the Date, the far north). Though not gaining the fame or power of the likes of Oda Nobunaga, Uesugi Kenshin, or Toyotomi Hideyoshi, they resisted the invasions of these warlords into the north. Date Masamune (1567–1636) contributed in particular to this effort, consolidating the families of the north into alliances against the major warlords. In 1589, Masamune with the help of former Ashina's samurai, Inawashiro Morikuni, seized the Aizu Domain of the Ashina at the Battle of Suriagehara; and he installed himself at Kurokawa Castle in Wakamatsu Province. However, the following year, Hideyoshi triumphed over the Hōjo of Odawara; and Hideyoshi then obliged Masamune to be content with the fief of Yonezawa (300,000 koku).

Masamune ultimately gained some degree of independence by supporting Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ieyasu granted the Date much of the north, and yet the Date were not fully trusted. Despite the Date contribution of reinforcements for the Tokugawa during the battle of Sekigahara, the Date were viewed as a threat. In the Edo period, the Date were identified as one of the tozama or outsider clans, in contrast with the fudai or insider daimyō clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan. In 1600, Ieyasu charged the Date to fight against Uesugi Kagekatsu; and, with the assistance of Mogami Yoshiteru, Masamune's forces defeated Naoe Kanetsugu. In recognition of this success in battle, Masamune was granted the fiefs in twelve districts which had been held until that time by the Uesugi clan. The Date established themselves at Sendai (620,000 koku). By 1658, Masamune changed the name of the Uesugi's castle at Iwatezawa to Sendai Castle. The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix "-kō" (duke, ruler of the land), preceded by the name of a place or a castle, e.g., Sendai-kō was one of the names by which Date Masamune was known.

Succession disputes erupted; there were a number of direct descendants of Masamune, and many kinsmen and hereditary vassals of the Date who resided nearby held estates of at least 10,000 koku, and thus had some influence. In 1660, Date Tsunamune was arrested in Edo, for drunkenness and debauchery; the charges were generally believed to have been true. Tsunamune was condemned to excavate the moats which encircled the shōgun's Edo Castle. In 1660, he was ordered to supervise and pay for enhancing the north-east moat running from Megane-bashi to the Ushigome gate. The initial charges of licentious living are now believed to have been encouraged heavily by certain vassals and kinsmen in the north. These vassals and kinsmen appealed to the Council of Elders in Edo that Tsunamune should not be considered fit to rule, and that his son Date Tsunamura, great-grandson of Masamune, should become the daimyō (lord) of the Date han (fief). Thus, Tsunamura became daimyō, under the guardianship of his uncles, Date Munekatsu and Muneyoshi.

Ten years of violence and conflict followed in the north, reaching a climax in 1671 when Aki Muneshige, a powerful relative of the Date, complained to the shogunate of the mismanagement of the fief under Tsunamura and his uncles. The episode that followed is so complex and dramatic as to warrant becoming a well-known story known as the Date Sōdō (Date Disturbance) and a theatrical play as well. Aki was summoned to Edo to argue his case before various councils and officials, and was involved in a number of interrogations, examinations and meetings, as were several other retainers of the Date. One retainer in particular, Harada Munesuke, was a supporter of Tsunamura and his uncles and, it is said, made a poor impression at Edo. At one point, Aki came upon Harada waiting to meet with some of the officials, and Aki began shouting insults. Swords were then drawn, and Aki was killed. Harada was killed moments after, by the officials or their guards. The official verdict was that Harada drew first; the Harada family was disbanded and though Tsunamura was affirmed as the proper daimyō, his uncles were punished.

Though the Date are most well known for their power in the north, Date Hidemune, the second son of Masamune, enjoyed a fief of 100,000 koku on Shikoku.

Successive Heads of the Date Clan

 * 1) Date Tomomune (1129–1199)
 * 2) Date Munemura (1173–1251)
 * 3) Date Yoshihiro (1185–1256)
 * 4) Date Masayori (1227–1301)
 * 5) Date Munetsuna (1254–1317)
 * 6) Date Motomune (d. 1335)
 * 7) Date Yukitomo (1291–1348)
 * 8) Date Munetō (1324–1385)
 * 9) Date Masamune (1353–1405)
 * 10) Date Ujimune (1371–1412)
 * 11) Date Mochimune (1393–1469)
 * 12) Date Shigemune (1435–1487)
 * 13) Date Hisamune (1453–1514)
 * 14) Date Tanemune (1488-1565)
 * 15) Date Harumune (1519-1578)
 * 16) Date Terumune (1544-1585)
 * 17) Date Masamune (1567 - 1636)
 * 18) Date Tadamune (1600 - 1658)
 * 19) Date Tsunamune (1640 - 1711)
 * 20) Date Tsunamura (1659 - 1719)
 * 21) Date Yoshimura (1680 - 1752)
 * 22) Date Munemura (1718 - 1756)
 * 23) Date Shigemura (1742 - 1796)
 * 24) Date Narimura (1775 - 1796)
 * 25) Date Chikamune (1796 - 1812)
 * 26) Date Narimune (1796 - 1819)
 * 27) Date Nariyoshi (1798 - 1828)
 * 28) Date Narikuni (1817 - 1841)
 * 29) Date Yoshikuni (1825 - 1874)
 * 30) Date Munemoto (1866 - 1917)
 * 31) Date Kunimune (1870–1923)
 * 32) Date Okimune (1906–1947)
 * 33) Date Sadamune (1937–1981)
 * 34) Date Yasumune (b. 1959)

Date clan genealogy
The tozama Date clan originated during the 12th century in Shimōsa Province. They claim descent from the Fujiwara clan.

The branches of the tozama Date clan include the following:

 * The senior branch of the Date were daimyō at Date in Mutsu province from the 12th century; and then, in 1601, they transferred the seat of their clan holdings to Sendai. From the early 17th century  until 1868, the Date continued to hold Sendai Domain (620,000 koku) in Mutsu Province. The head of this Senior clan line was ennobled as an hereditary "Count" in the Meiji period.
 * This senior branch of the Date produced a nominal offshoot or "side branch". Date Tadamune (1599–1658), a son of Masamune, produced more than one son. Tadamune's second son, Muneyoshi, revived the name of Tamura, an ancient Mutsu family name which had been relinquished by Masamune.  Date Muneyoshi or Tamura Muneyoshi (1637–1678) settled himself at Ichinoseki domain (30,000 koku) in Mutsu Province (now in Iwate Prefecture), where his descendants resided up through 1868. The head of this clan line was ennobled as an hereditary  "Viscount" in the Meiji period.
 * A cadet branch of the Date was created in 1614; and this clan line was established at Uwajima Domain (100,000 koku) in Iyo Province. Date Muneki (1817–1882) was a prominent member of this Cadet branch.  He played an important role in the early days of the Meiji Restoration, and he was among the first to argue persistently for the suppression of shogunate powers.  As The head of this clan line, Muneki  and his heirs were ennobled as an hereditary "Marquis" in the Meiji period.
 * An additional cadet branch of the Date was created in 1657. In that year, a separate clan line was installed at Yoshida Castle (30,000 koku) in Iyo Province. The head of this clan line was ennobled as an hereditary "Viscount" in the Meiji period.

Clan temple in Edo
In the Edo period, Tōzen-ji was considered the family temple of various clans, including the Date clan of Sendai. Other clans considering Tōzen-ji to have been a clan temple were the Ikeda clan of Ōmi Province, the Inaba clan of Usuki Domain in Bungo Province, the Suwa clan of Shinshū, the Tamura of Ichinoseki, and the Mōri clan of Saeki in Bungo Province.

Clan shrine in Sendai
The Date clan's tutelary shrine, Kameoka Hachimangū, survives as a local shrine in Sendai.

Notable clan members
Notable members of the clan listed by their date of birth, excluding clan leaders:

Sixteenth century

 * Megohime (1568 - 1653) - daughter of Tamura Kiyoaki; wife of Date Masamune
 * Date Kojiro (1578–1590) - son of Date Terumune
 * Date Hidemune (1591–1658) – son of Date Masamune daimyō of Iyo domain in Shikoku
 * Date Tadamune (1599–1658) – son of Date Masamune
 * Date Munezane (1613–1665) – son of Date Masamune
 * Date Munekatsu – son of Date Masamune – guardian of Tsunamura

Seventeenth century

 * Date Munetomo – son of Date Munekatsu
 * Date Munetsuna (1603–1618)
 * Date Munenobu (1603–1627)
 * Date Munehiro (1612–1644)
 * Date Munetoki (1615–1653)
 * Date Torachiyomaru (1624–1630)
 * Date Muneyoshi (1625–1678) – son of Date Tadamune – guardian of Tsunamura
 * Date Mitsumune (1627–1645) – son of Date Tadamune
 * Date Munetoshi (1634–1708)
 * Date Munezumi (1636–1708)
 * Date Sourin (1640–1670)
 * Date Munefusa (1646–1686)
 * Date Munenori (1673–1694)
 * Date Muratoyo (1682–1737)
 * Date Muraoki (1683–1767)

Eighteenth century

 * Date Murasumi (1717–1735)
 * Date Muranobu (1720–1765)
 * Date Murakata (1745–1790)
 * Date Murayoshi (1778–1820)

Nineteenth century and after Meiji restoration

 * Date Yoshitaka (1812–1862)
 * Date Muneki (1817–1882)
 * Date Munenari (1818–1892)
 * Date Kuninori (1830–1874)
 * Date Kuninao (1834–1891)
 * Date Kuninari (1841–1904)
 * Date Junnosuke (1892–1948)

Side branches
They were born to the Date clan but were nominally adopted by other families. The first name is the person who was nominally adopted.
 * Tamura Muneyoshi (1637–1678)
 * Tamura Takeaki (1656–1708) – first Tamura daimyō of Ichinoseki han
 * Tamura Akihiro (1659–1696)
 * Tamura Akinao (1662–1706)
 * Tamura Akinori (1664–1733)
 * Tamura Haruchiyo (1686–1693)
 * Tamura Nobuaki (1703–1725)
 * Tamura Muranobu (1723–1777)
 * Shiraishi Gorokichi (1638–1644)
 * Uesugi Yoshifusa (1720–1742)
 * Uesugi Yoshitoki (1742–1784)
 * Uesugi Yoshinaga (?–?)
 * Uesugi Yositatsu (?–?)
 * Uesugi Yoshimasa (?–?)
 * Usesugi Yoshitoyo (d. 1861)

Retainers and vassals
These families were vassals of the Date clan. Notable members are listed by their date of birth.

Oniniwa

 * Oniniwa Motozane (1412–1590) – founder of Oniniwa clan
 * Oniniwa Yoshinao (1513–1586)
 * Masuda Kita (1539–1690) – Yoshinao's Daughter/Tsunamoto's half-sister
 * Moniwa Tadamoto (Oniniwa Tsunamoto/Moniwa Tsunamoto) (1549–1640) – Toyotomi Hideyoshi bestowed the surname "Moniwa" as the new name for the Oniniwa clan.
 * Moniwa Yoshimoto (Yoshitsuna) (1575–1663) – son of Tadamoto/Tsunamoto
 * Harada Tsutame (c. 1598 – 1671) – The wife of Harada Munesuke; adopted child of Tadamoto (Tsunamoto)

Katakura

 * Katakura Kagetsuna
 * Katakura Kita

Rusu

 * Rusu Masakage

Watari

 * Date Shigezane

Shiroishi

 * Shiroishi Munezane

Popular culture

 * The Date Clan is heavily featured in the anime series Masamune Datenicle.
 * The Date are a playable faction in Shogun 2.
 * Date is a playable nation in Europa Universalis IV.

title: Date clan


text:
File:Caesar IV 01.jpg

800 x 600 px image View from border of simulated Roman city

Image uploaded from Caesar IV™ Fan Site Kit

title: File:Caesar IV 01.jpg


text:
Talk:La Spezia–Rimini Line

Vowel instability
User:Ihcoyc wrote in the article: "Instability of short vowels is also a trait of western Romance; as shown above, Latin lupus/lupum becomes lobo in Spanish, showing both voicing and the merger of short Latin /u/ and /o/, while in Italian the short /u/ is preserved"

 * This is clearly false: lobo shows a perfect Romance vowel quality, since lǔpu(m) in Latin had a short vowel. Italian lupo is instead problematic: it should have been lopo, as it actually is in many Central dialects (and lovo in Venetian). Almost all Italian (Tuscan) words coming directly from Latin show the merger of short Latin /u/ and (long) /o/ (and short /i/ and long /e/): for example, la pǔteu(m) -> it pozzo; la ǔlmu(m), -> it olmo; la nǐve(m) -> it neve (snow).

 * Some linguists have thought it could have been taken from Latin in Medieval times, from written sources (in this case there's no difference between short and long vowels, as they weren't distinguished graphically in Latin) or from some onomatopoeic expression such as il lupo ulula (the wolf howls). These explanations seem not to meet the requested criteria: the wolf was a very common animal in Italy to get a Latinized name and onomatopoeic altered words are extremely rare in Italian. A better example of "vowel instability" in western Romance languages could have been the loss of final vowels in French, Northern Italian dialects and Catalan and the strong reduction of medial vowels in the same languages: for example Latin-Gallic Augustodunum-> French Autun. Carnby 14:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Northern Italy
The parenthesis "excluding the Northern Italian dialects, which could have had it in past times" is unclear. Why does the line run through Italy? Are the Northern Italian dialects more like French than like standard Italian? Or is this a historical line and the Northern Italian dialects arose later when those areas came under Italian rule? Joriki 06:43, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The line is mostly a phonetic one, concerning voicing of intervocalic consonants; there are old North Italian texts with /Cl/ clusters intact and even some with /-s/ to mark the plural; however many texts are anonymous and it is difficult to say whether there was actually a preservation of Latin structures or simply a latinized writing fashion. It has been suggsted that North Italian dialects were similar to Rhaeto-Romance languages (Romansh, Ladin, Friulian), but this is only a hypothesis.Carnby 20:40, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Why do linguists suppose Northern Italian dialects had a sigmatic plural and therefore put them in teh same group as the other western romance languages, when none of them has such a characteristic now?

Romanian viaţă
I'd like to point out that the Romanian word viaţă (life) does not derive from Latin vīta, as it is suggested in the table with plural examples. Latin vīta gave Romanian vită, which means cattle. Well, it might be difficult to imagine how life changed into cattle :P and maybe vită has another etymology, but in any case, the normal evolution of Latin vīta is Romanian vită. Now, viaţă is derived from the word viu (alife, from Latin vīvus) with the suffix -eaţă (from Latin -itia, corresponding to French -esse, Spanish -ez etc.).

I think a better word for the plurals example would be Latin aqua (water), which still exists in all Romance languages with the same meaning and makes the plural in -e in Romanian (apă - ape), which is the expected result of Latin -ae. Of course, there could be even better words. Dumiac 11:38, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Romanian viaţă derives from Popular Latin *vivitia < Latin vivus. Vită is listed as deriving from Latin vita directly. The change in meaning is not that extraordinary with the last example, because the word vită actually also means "a generic name given to any large domestic animal, especially if horned", and even more generally, it can mean "animal". You're right that the example should be replaced though; I replaced it with vită for now. Alexander 007 18:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Latin also had veterinus, "a draught animal"; and vitulus / vitula, "calf, foal, filly", that may be mixed up among the sources of these. If Romanian vită was taken directly from Latin, it may be a learned borrowing from Latin, not a continuous survival.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:43, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Like most languages, Romanian has lots of learned borrowings from Latin, but I have not seen one source state that vită is one (I did not say "taken directly from Latin", I said it developed directly from Latin vita, not by way of an intermediary Vulgar Latin form, as in the case of *vivitia). Latin vitulus gave rise to Romanian viţel, "calf, etc." Alexander 007 19:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Alexander 007, we're basicly saying the same thing; since Latin vīvus/Romanian viu and Latin -itia/Romanian -eaţă always existed in the language, the word viaţă could have been derived at any time since Vulgar Latin. I think Romanian vită is not a learnt borrowing, because it is such a common word and because its meaning changed. Romanian viţel comes from Latin vītellus (diminutive of vītulus, which in turn must be a diminutive deriving from vīta), otherwise the position of the stress and the preservation of l can't be explained. Dumiac 14:03, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Correct, vită is not what we would find in a learned borrowing: it underwent a meaning change which we do not find in learned borrowings in Romanian. Yes, viţel is by way of vitellus. Alexander 007 19:40, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've deleted the comment on the meaning of now 'vită', which remained «vită [meaning] life, lives (in Romanian, "living thing")» 7:02, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

To be merged ?
The result was keep separate from Romance plurals. Discussion stale, no consensus. -- Debate   木  14:06, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Excuse for my English. I try to write 'cause I really had to say that it would be wrong to merge this article with Romance plurals. There are several differences between eastern Romance languages. The plural forms described in the article are just an important and easy example.

 * For instance, in Western Romances languages there are often voiced conosonants in intervocalic position: in Spanish you'll find jabón and in Franch savon for Englisch 'soap'. Italian, as a Eastern Romance language has sapone.

 * There are much more double consonants in Italian than in French or Spanisch. For 'cat': you've Spanisch gato and French chat, while Italian has gatto.

Sadly, at the moment this article is still incomplete. That is the only problem, but please don't merge. --Invitamia 21:38, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Alright, I see what you mean, but the different plural endings are one of the differences, aren't they? We could merge the other article into this one... FilipeS 21:43, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

--The problem is that La Spezia - Rimini doesn't withstand much scrutiny with regard to pluralization. There's the controversy of squeezing most of Northern Italy into an -s type, and while most of Sardinia normally has so-called Eastern Romance features, plurals are formed with -s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.183.55.166 (talk) 17:43, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Then come up with a different title, and merge the two articles. FilipeS 19:44, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Rename?
The definition LaSpezia-Rimini is an inaccurate way to describe using supposed better known names, the Massa-Senigallia line that's the REAL line that's depicted into the picture and the real place where linguistic change happens.

It's just enough to go and ask anyone leaving in those places to find out that Carrara (administrativelly Tuscany, and south to LaSpezia) have a northern dialect, and mixtures comes from Massa to become clear and evident Tuscan at Forte dei Marmi. Anyone frequenting Versilia kows that. In the same way The changes from Romagnol to Center italian dialect happens in Senigallia. The most evident example is Valentino Rossi (the 7 time MotoGP world champion) that is from Tavullia (close to Pesaro, administratively Marche) south to Rimini but still retaining a clear Romagnol speach. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.225.224.133 (talk) 12:27, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Older, gaulish bases too?
Is it possible that the italian gaulish dialect-language of old days contribuated to the 'substrate' too, as a linguistic blog suggested it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.163.21.122 (talk) 07:40, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Exceptions?
I have been reading some Ligurian lately - to be exact, I red Tintin in Monegasque. It seemed to me that Ligurian, or at least, the Monegasque dialect, is every bit an Italian dialect, complete with plurals in -i and -e: Tintìn per munti e valade. Even so, both Monaco and Liguria lie north of the La Spezia-Rimini line. So what happened to make this inconsistency possible? Steinbach (talk) 18:42, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

The plurals??????
North italian languages don't make plurals by adding the "s"!!! South italian languages don't make plurals by changing the last vowel!!! Both make plurals by changing the vowels inside the word. I live in Apulia (south-est italy) and in the dialect spoken in my town we make plurals by changing the vowels inside the word or by adding a "re" at the end of the word. (this comes from the genitive plural ending of the first declension in latin). For example in these words we add "re": ( the "e" without the accent is silent) house - kèse houses - casere horse - cavadde horses - cavaddere

While in these words we change the vowels inside the word: snake - sèrpe snakes - sirpe boy - wagnone boys - wagnune — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.170.225.140 (talk) 23:21, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

Applicability outside of Italy?
I am not a linguist so forgive me if I am being ignorant ...

Though the similarities that make French and Spanish more closely related to each other than to Italian are obvious, it is less clear to me the argument that Italian is more closely related to Romanian than to Spanish and French. The fact that the plurals in Italian and Romanian are both formed by changing the vowel endings seems unconvincing. Romanian retains a significant portion of Latin declensions in the nouns including plural formations. Italian retains no more of this than Spanish so in terms of the complexity of noun declension it is more similar to Spanish and one could argue the fact that both Italian and Romanian change vowel endings unlike Spanish is more incidental than indicative of a closer relationship. Indeed some of Italians vowel endings seem to be an hypercorrection away from the -s ending that Spanish and French use (e.g. Latin nos became noi in Italian).

What I am saying is that from what I know of Italian and Spanish they seem to share a lot of evolutionary similarities that differ from Romanian and these strike me as more than just convergent evolution (i.e. things that cannot be easily explained only by the fact that Spain and Italy had close contact during the Middle Ages). So I wonder how much consensus there truly is that the La Spezia–Rimini Line is meaningful when talking about the Eastern Romance languages.

-- MC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.131.2.3 (talk) 22:17, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

The La Spezia–Rimini Line (also known as the Massa–Senigallia Line),
The text says "The La Spezia–Rimini Line (also known as the Massa–Senigallia Line). However, the latter line lies to the south of the former one. It would be good to say something about those two designations.S. Valkemirer (talk) 02:53, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

Applicability in italy?
according to papers i've read by authors such as Daniele Vitali (most notably this one: https://www.bulgnais.com/fonetica-storica-bol.pdf), emilian does in fact have geminates, but not phonemic ones. on the la spezia-rimini line there's a phonological transfert from "vowels are short before long consonants" to "consonants are long after short vowels". the same AFAIK is the case in genoese. this would go well with lenition being allophonic all over southern/central italy and the islands (to fricatives in tuscan, tenuous stops in neapolitan, fully voiced consonants in corsican), but only fully phonemicized (and no longer productive) north of the line

besides, the paper i've linked also evidences that the picture regarding C's outcome is way more complicated than it seems.

tuscan has /tʃ/ for c, /dʒ/ for g, but /ʃ/ as an allophone for intervocalic C. conservative emilian dialects (like lizzanese) have /tʃ/ for c, /dʒ/ for g (like tuscan), but -c- has turned into a phoneme /ʒ/

in innovative emilian (bolognese), C is /θ/, G is /ð/, but -c- is /z/. this is an evolution of the conservative system. see also, in ligurian, c is /s/, g is /z/, but -c- is /ʒ/

contrast this with western languages like portuguese or french, where c is /s/, g is /ʒ/, but -c- is /z/ In these, C must have fronted before lenition took place, because both nonlenited and lenited c are fronted. meanwhile, in lizzanese, you can see lenition has taken place, but fronting hasn't yet, and the fronting seen in most gallo-italic (but visibly in bolognese and genoese) must be ulterior and have affected both C and G. The actual isogloss separating dialects that front both C and G (or neither) from those who front only C, seems to be around piedmont.

Finally, for the plural, "north of west of the line (excluding all northern italian varieties) is kind of a contradictory statement.

Maybe if someone can provide even more sources on that, the page should be updated. ΟυώρντΑρτ (talk) ΟυώρντΑρτ (talk) 10:25, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:La Spezia–Rimini Line


text:
Talk:Windows Presentation Foundation

History section missing
When was WPF first conceived? When first released? Version history? — Timwi (talk) 16:40, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

I agree. Not only is the article poorly written, it is yet another one written in the present tense with no history at all. This, like far too many articles, guarantees that in a few short years the article will have to be re-written. Every computer technology has a rise, a peak use, and a decline. None of the first part is examined here.

Mydogtrouble (talk) 12:06, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Plain language description of what it is
So I've been wondering for a while what exactly this is. This article isn't currently very useful for finding out what people are usually referring to when they talk about "WPF applications." But I just ran into a wonderfully clarifying remark on Ars Technica that helped a lot: "In 2006, Microsoft released WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), a .NET library for producing GUI applications." From this article. I'm sure this is to some degree an over-simplification, so I wanted to put it here to hear the corrections. But in the interests of making technical articles understandable, it'd really help if I could put something this concrete into the first paragraph of the lead. Maybe it's not always just a .NET GUI library. But apparently it is usually used that way? Could I phrase it as something like "It is a .NET library often used for producing graphical interfaces for applications."?

--Qwerty0 (talk) 20:12, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Executive Summary?
I'm a Microsoft specialist and know most of their things very well, but I don't know what this WPF exactly is, because I'm no longer used to all the current technologies and especially the used terminology. And looking at this huge article with the .NET Framework stack, its codename during development and a lot of useless things, it doesn't help to get a quick understanding of what this is.

What I'd quickly need to know if this:
 * Is this browser-based or a client technology? Or some mix?
 * If it's browser-based, then are there any plug-ins necessary? (No.) Or does it only work with IE?
 * If it's a client technology (looks like it is) then how does it run there? Is this any .NET extension or what?
 * What's the difference between a normal .NET application and a WPF application?

Ok, the german version of this article is a lot better. From what I understand now, it's just using a part of the .NET Framework. And a part that is UI centered. This same code can be used in Silverlight applications. So there's some kind of separation of what can be used and what not. It should be mentioned on how this separation works which parts of the framework can be used and which not. Especially what the limitations (compared to a normal .NET application) are. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.134.254.25 (talk) 15:57, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

--193.134.254.24 (talk) 15:01, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

Should show code examples
There should show code examples to feel what it is. VictorPorton (talk) 19:17, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @VictorPorton I agree - I have put a brief Hello, World! style example with an explanation of what it's doing Bugghost  🎤:🐛👻  18:14, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Cleaning up Architecture section
Last couple of days I've rewritten a lot of this article as most of it was very outdated, based on very early .Net Framework versions of WPF when it was first released. There were extensive references to XBAPs (unsupported in all browsers since about 2015, no longer supported in WPF .NET at all), instructions on how to get WPF running in Windows XP, a diagram of how WPF fit in with .Net Framework 3 (from 2008), lists of 3rd party tools that have been deprecated for nearly a decade, etc etc. It was old old. I've reworked most of it but the parts I haven't touched are the Features section and the Architecture section. The Features section is possibly over-detailed and old but generally fine.

The Architecture section, however, is a wall of very dense unstructured stream-of-consciousness style technical text. Going through the edit history of this article, this section has basically been untouched since it was first added in 2007. Based on how outdated the rest of the article was, I'm pretty confident that this section will have outdated details in it too, but I honestly cannot be bothered to comb through all of it to check, especially as a lot of it is obscure implementation details that aren't relevant to developers who just use WPF as a library. It also desperately needs some better formatting and sub sections because at the moment no one, including me, can be bothered to read all that - and especially not anyone who came to this article to learn the basics about WPF.

I've put a template on that section saying it's overly detailed, but really I want to delete it completely and write a much shorter version, because it's currently not helpful, it's too detailed, and it is a copyediting nightmare - but on the otherhand it does contain a lot of cited information, so deleting it may be controversial. Does anyone have any objections to me simply deleting it? If no objections I will do so soon. Bugghost 🎤:🐛👻  11:01, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Its been a few days now, so I think that's enough notice. I've deleted the Architecture section for the reasons outlined above. If anyone disagrees feel free to revert, I'm happy to compromise if other people think deletion is a step too far BugGhost  🎤  12:44, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your work on this article. I'm glad someone like you came along to modernize it. Another thing jumping out at me is the bulleted lists. A non-list article should keep bulleted lists to a minimum. If you're willing, we should try to convert those to prose. – Novem Linguae (talk) 01:49, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I agree about the bulleted lists, by far the worst offender is the Features section, which is next on my update warpath. Main changes would be converting to prose like you suggest, and removing some of the unnecessary detail. BugGhost  🎤  06:51, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds good! – Novem Linguae (talk) 08:54, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * This is now done - the Features section has been de-bulleted and condensed. I merged several sections that I felt were similar (ie. Media services + Direct3D + Effects → Media & Graphics; Documents and text; Alternative input and accessibility), deleted some outdated or irrelevant things, and added a bunch of citations where they were needed. There are still some bullets in the article but I feel what remains is justifiable. Probably could do with a second pass but I think I'm done for the day at least. BugGhost  🎤  16:09, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I read a couple of the sections you worked on. Very nice work. Looks much more like a standard Wikipedia article now. – Novem Linguae (talk) 17:15, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi Novem - sorry to bug you, I've done some more work on this article and earlier I upgraded the content rating from a "Start" to a B - it's my first time overhauling an article, and its my first time changing a letter content rating - do you think that's a roughly accurate class? (I won't be offended if you think that's an overrating) BugGhost  🎤  21:35, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It is my impression that Content assessment of stub, start, and C can be given by anyone, but that B, GA, A, and FA need to be given through a more formal process and should not be self-assigned. Because of this, I'd recommend that it be set to C.
 * B class is usually assigned by someone in the WikiProject, but Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer science looks a bit inactive.
 * It could be a fun project for you to nominate this article for GA (good article). You may need to improve the sourcing though. Books and textbooks would probably be the ideal computer science sources. Documentation websites such as learn.microsoft.com may be a bit more WP:PRIMARY than is ideal for an encyclopedia (encyclopedias like WP:SECONDARY and WP:TERTIARY sources).
 * As always, thanks for your work on this article. It's always nice to see a newer editor come in and do a great job.
 * P.S. If you want to ask questions in real time, make friends, etc. you may be interested in WP:DISCORD. The channels #english-wikipedia and #quality-articles would be great places to ask the many questions you're sure to have about how to get this article to GA. – Novem Linguae (talk) 23:07, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry, I didn't realise B was a class you couldn't self-assign - I've changed it to a C like you suggested, and will have a look at what the GA nomination process is. I'll take a look into the sources as well - I agree that there's a lot of first-party ones at the moment. Thanks again for the advice and the kind words, and the discord invite (on the fence about joining though, as I've never really got the hang of discord - but will take a look) BugGhost  🎤  10:23, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windows Presentation Foundation


text:
User talk:Glyde

King levitation
Please stop removing content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 14:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Glyde


text:
Sensitometry

Sensitometry is the scientific study of light-sensitive materials, especially photographic film. The study has its origins in the work by Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield (circa 1876) with early black-and-white emulsions. They determined how the density of silver produced varied with the amount of light received, and the method and time of development.

Details
Plots of film density (log of opacity) versus the log of exposure are called characteristic curves, Hurter–Driffield curves, H–D curves, HD curves, H & D curves, D–logE curves, or D–logH curves. At moderate exposures, the overall shape is typically a bit like an "S" slanted so that its base and top are horizontal. There is usually a central region of the HD curve which approximates to a straight line, called the "linear" or "straight-line" portion; the slope of this region is called the gamma. The low end is called the "toe", and at the top, the curve rounds over to form the "shoulder". At extremely high exposures, the density may come back down, an effect known as solarisation.

Different commercial film materials cover a gamma range from about 0.5 to about 5. Often it is not the original film that one views but a second or later generation. In these cases the end-to-end gamma is approximately the product of the separate gammas. Photographic paper prints have end-to-end gammas generally somewhat over 1. Projection transparencies for dark surround viewing have end-to-end gamma approximately 1.5. A full set of HD curves for a film shows how these vary with developer type and time.

== Sensitometry and film in television == Conventional 35 mm. and 16 mm. motion picture films are widely used to supplement television programmes. They carry images which are visually similar to those used in the cinema. Continuous-tone images are derived from conventional motion picture cameras, whilst images built up in the form of line structures are derived from telerecordings. To synthesise a moving picture these films are projected at the rate of 25 frames per second—the television picture frequency in Great Britain instead of 24 frames per second as in the motion picture industry. In America the television picture frequency is 30 frames per second and this raises considerable problems when conventional motion pictures which have been shot for the cinema at 24 frames per second are to be televised.

Although films originally made for television in Great Britain (whether by telerecording or by conventional cinematography) will be photographed at 25 frames per second, films exposed for cinema exhibition at 24 frames per second are also transmitted for television at 25 frames per second. This naturally causes an increase in the speed of image movement and raises the frequency of sound reproduction by approximately 4 per cent. (this results in the pitch of musical notes rising by something less than a semi-tone and is acceptable to all but the most critical ear).

Five types of film image are acceptable for television transmission: (1) conventional motion picture camera negatives, (2) conventional motion picture laboratory positive prints derived from (1), (3) telerecordings made by filming a cathode-ray tube display to produce a negative image, (4) telerecordings as in (3) but arranged to produce a direct positive image on the original telerecording camera film, (5) motion picture laboratory prints made from (3).

Gamma-control amplifiers in television transmission equipment are capable of inverting the phase or contrast relationship of the signal—in practice this means that an incoming negative image can be electronically converted eventually to appear as a positive image displayed by the television receiver. This facility may also be employed during live studio transmissions, for special trick effects, and is not confined only to film work. Because of this it is not necessary to make prints from motion picture negatives before they can be utilised in television programmes although, for several reasons connected with programme acquisition and distribution, it often happens that positive film images are used. Furthermore, the presence of any dirt or dust on the film will appear as a white spot when negative is transmitted, but as a black spot if a positive film is transmitted. Since black spots are far less noticeable to the viewer, this is one strong reason for transmitting positive film images whenever possible.

In television the original image passes through many stages before finally emerging as a recognisable picture but, in all cases, the film is ultimately projected via a telecine machine—this is basically a special form of film projector in conjunction with a television camera. Telecine equipment scans the pictorial image information and creates an electrical version of the picture in terms of a television signal. This signal is eventually converted back into a recognisable picture when, at suitably modified strength, it energises the phosphor in the cathode-ray tube of the domestic receiver.

Apart from the widely employed factors such as log-exposure, density, opacity and transmission, sensitometric control of film for television transmission is also particularly concerned with contrast ratios. The definition of contrast ratio is therefore re-stated as follows : 'The ratio between the opacities of the darkest and lightest points in the film image', thus:

contrast ratio = Omax. / Omin.

As we have already seen, opacity is not easily measured with standard photographic equipment—but the logarithm of opacity is continually measured since, in fact, it is the unit of image saturation known as density. Since density is a logarithm we must take the ratio of the anti-logarithms of the maximum and minimum densities in the image in order to arrive at the contrast ratio. This may be written so:

contrast ratio = antilog ( Dmax.— Dmin. )

If this is applied to the well-known B.B.C. Test Card 'C', we find that, in the positive film version of the card, the maximum density is 2.0 whilst the minimum density is 0.3. Therefore the contrast ratio is as follows:

contrast ratio = antilog (2.0 — 0.3)

= antilog (1.7)

= 50

Therefore contrast ratio = 50 : 1 (50 to 1).

When applied to the negative film version of the same test card, the maximum density is 1.30 although the minimum density remains at 0.30. The contrast ratio of the negative is therefore as follows:

contrast ratio = antilog (1.3-0.3)

= antilog (1.0)

= 10

Therefore contrast ratio = 10: 1 (10 to 1).

Figure 1 illustrates the several ways in which the viewer may receive monochrome television pictures. At the top of the diagram we see that an original scene is fed from the television camera during a live transmission via a video transmitter having a gamma value of 0.4. Since the cathode-ray tube in the domestic receiver has an effective gamma value of 2.5, the final screen picture will be at a gamma of 1.0—equal to the original scene. Film is used to supplement television programmes in two ways ; either originating as a telerecording or as a motion picture film. In any event it must pass through film processing and possibly printing equipment before reaching the telecine machine and, in all cases, the overall gamma for the entire film-using system must be 1.0 so that, for example, sections of film may be inter-cut with live transmissions. One example of this is, of course, the many sections of television newsfilm material rapidly intercut with live announcements by the newsreader.

The telerecording film chain can be arranged to produce a direct negative-image film recording, a direct positive-image film recording, or a positive print can be made from the negative. In the first two cases we have the following four units in which local gamma or effective image contrast may be adjusted:

The recording channel amplifier.

The display cathode-ray tube.

The negative and positive film processing.

The telecine transmitting machine.

In the remaining case the gamma of the film printing machine and also of the positive film processing must also be accommodated. When motion picture films are made for television purposes the conditions shown at the foot of Figure 1 will apply. Here it is possible to transmit the negative film image directly by phase or contrast inversion, or to make a positive film copy and to transmit this instead, in either case the gamma of the films plus the telecine equipment must result in a product-gamma of unity.

There are several ways of displaying the picture which is to be telerecorded; there are several types of film on which to make the recording; there are various types of telerecording cameras, some of which record a so-called suppressed-field image, whilst others record full information; finally, there are various types of telecine equipment, such as vidicon or flying-spot image transducers. It is quite impossible to discuss all the various techniques and fundamental principles of television equipment in a book of this nature; for similar reasons, it is not possible to quote one fixes set of gamma and density values which, one achieved, would satisfy each stage of the various combinations of equipment involved in the basic methods outlined in Figure 1.

However, some idea of the variations which may be encountered is gained from the table on Figure 2. In system 'A' a telerecording negative is printed before final transmission and, by some standards, the recording amplifier gamma is high, the display tube and film print gammas are low and the final telecine gamma correction is somewhat high. By comparison, system 'C' employs a much lower recording amplifier gamma, higher display tube and print film gamma values, and a relatively lower telecine gamma correction.

title: Sensitometry