text:
Ben Shephard

Benjamin Peter Sherrington Shephard (born 11 December 1974) is an English television presenter and journalist.

Shepherd was a main presenter on the now defunct breakfast programme GMTV and co-hosted the ITV breakfast show Good Morning Britain alongside Susanna Reid and Kate Garraway from 2014 until 2024. He has also hosted shows such as The Krypton Factor (2009–2010), Tipping Point (2012–present) and Ninja Warrior UK (2015–2019, 2022).

In 2012, along with Helen Skelton, he welcomed the athletes of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to Trafalgar Square as part of their homecoming parade.

In February 2024, it was announced that Shephard, alongside Cat Deeley, would replace Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby on This Morning presenting the show from Monday to Thursday.

Early life and education
Shephard was educated at Chigwell School, an independent school in the civil parish of Chigwell in the Epping Forest area of Essex, followed by the University of Birmingham, where he achieved a BA honours degree in Dance, Drama and Theatre Arts. Initially wanting to become an actor, while at university he joined a local weather network through a casting process and then became a runner (the most junior member of a television crew), before being encouraged by a producer to become a television presenter.

Channel 4
Shephard's career took off in 1998, when he began hosting Channel 4 spin-off show The Bigger Breakfast, alongside fellow presenters including Josie D'Arby, Melanie Sykes and Dermot O'Leary. That same year, Shephard became the first presenter of T4's teen strand on Channel 4, which launched on 25 October 1998. He also presented Control Freaks for the channel in 1998.

Shephard returned to Channel 4 in 2013 to co-present cookery programme called What's Cooking?. He hosted one series, alongside Lisa Faulkner, and then permanently left Channel 4 on 24 May 2013.

ITV
Between 2004 and 2006, Shephard presented the first three series of ITV2 spin-off programme The Xtra Factor, whilst Kate Thornton hosted the main show on ITV. While hosting the show, Shephard also starred in The Xtra Factor – Battle of the Stars. He left the show after three series after missing out on the main presenting role (which went to Dermot O'Leary after the departure of original host Kate Thornton); he was replaced by Fearne Cotton.

Between 2005 and 2011, Shephard was a stand-in presenter on This Morning, covering for regular presenter Phillip Schofield. In 2014, Ben was a stand-in presenter on This Morning Summer, co-hosting one episode alongside Ruth Langsford. Since 2015, he has been a regular stand-in presenter for Schofield and Eamonn Holmes. . In 2024, it was announced that Shephard would become a new permanent presenter, alongside Cat Deeley, presenting Monday to Thursday replacing Schofield who left the show the previous year.

In 2006, Shephard co-presented reality singing contest Soapstar Superstar alongside Fern Britton. The programme returned the following year in 2007, without Shephard as the host. In 2007, Shephard co-hosted Dancing on Ice Exclusive, a spin-off series which aired on ITV.

In 2008, Shephard co-presented Who Dares, Sings! with Denise van Outen.

Shephard hosted music specials on the channel, including Rod Stewart: One Night Only, which aired on 5 December 2009 and Phil Collins: One Night Only, which aired the following year on 18 September 2010.

In 2009, ITV revived the classic game show The Krypton Factor, with Shephard chosen to present the new series. Following the success of the first series in 2009, he was asked to present a second series the following year. In 2010, Shephard co-presented Dancing on Ice Friday alongside Coleen Nolan. The show was a spin-off from the main Dancing on Ice show.

Since 2013 Shephard has presented the daytime game show Tipping Point since 2012, as well as celebrity episodes Tipping Point: Lucky Stars.

Shephard co-presented two episodes of the factual series Mystery Map with Julia Bradbury, which aired on 20 November 2013 and 27 November 2013.

Since 2015, Ben has co-presented the Saturday night game show Ninja Warrior UK for ITV, alongside Rochelle Humes and Chris Kamara.

ITV Breakfast
Shephard joined the breakfast programme GMTV in 2000 where he presented Entertainment Today alongside Jenni Falconer. He also became the main relief presenter for GMTV Today. After the departure of Eamonn Holmes in April 2005, Shephard became Fiona Phillips' co-host on GMTV Today, presenting on Mondays, Tuesdays and alternate Wednesdays. He continued to present Entertainment Today, but began to share duties with Michael Underwood. When GMTV relaunched in January 2009, his main co-host became Kate Garraway, presenting on Monday, Tuesday and alternate Wednesdays.

On 30 June 2010, Shephard announced his departure from GMTV, two months before the end of the programme, stating that he wished to spend more time with his family and focus on his charity work. Ben presented his final episode of GMTV on 30 July 2010, before the programme was axed two months later in September. The show was later replaced by Daybreak hosted Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley and then later by Lorraine Kelly, Kate Garraway and Aled Jones.

After four years on air, Daybreak ended in spring 2014 to make way for a new ITV Breakfast programme Good Morning Britain. It was announced on 3 March 2014, that Shephard would be a presenter on the newly launched programme. Shephard's first show was on 28 April 2014 and he hosted the show on Thursdays and Fridays alongside Susanna Reid (Thursday) and Kate Garraway (Friday).

In 2024, it was announced that Shephard would leave Good Morning Britain to join sister show This Morning as the permanent replacement for Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, alongside Cat Deeley.

On 23 February 2024, Shephard presented his final Good Morning Britain show.

Sky
On 27 July 2010, Shephard announced that he had signed a new contract with Sky Sports, where he presented Goals on Sunday alongside Chris Kamara in a deal reportedly worth £495,000 a year. He also hosted live secondary match coverage of the UEFA Champions League on Sky Sports 3 or 4, while the main coverage on Sky Sports 1 is hosted by Jeff Stelling. He was the main anchor for Sky Sports coverage of the League Cup. As of April 2014, Shephard only presented Goals on Sunday for Sky Sports and no longer hosted any of the live matches.

In 2011, Shephard fronted an eight-part game show for Sky1 called Safebreakers.

As of 28 June 2019, Shephard quit Goals on Sunday in order to spend time with his family.

BBC
In the earlier 2000s, Shephard was a regular presenter of BBC Choice's EastEnders Revealed programme. In 2007, Shephard presented the BBC entertainment series DanceX with Strictly Come Dancing judges Arlene Phillips and Bruno Tonioli on the panel.

Between 2008 and 2009, Shephard presented the National Lottery game show 1 vs. 100, taking over from Dermot O'Leary.

In June 2012, Shephard made a guest appearance on the sports-based panel show A Question Of Sport. The following month he announced that he had permanently left the BBC in order to concentrate on his work with Sky Sports and ITV.

Radio
In 2006, Shephard was a presenter on Magic Radio station. He presented a Saturday breakfast programme. He returned to radio in 2008, where he presented a Monday evening show on Heat Radio.

Other work
Shephard appeared in the 2004 TV film A Bear's Christmas Tail as a carol singer. He also appeared in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince in 2009. He played the role of Diagon Alley Father, but was uncredited. In 2009, Shephard starred in an episode of Bookaboo on CITV. In 2012, he was a studio host for the London 2012 Olympic Games, and Paralympic Games, which was only made available to view in the Olympic park. At this time, he also acted as a stadium commentator, where he introduced all of the action in the main arena, and he also interviewed celebrity guests.

In 2013, Shephard was the face of Warburtons lunch thins. He has been on the judging panel for Pride of Britain Awards numerous times.

Shephard holds a Guinness World Record. In 2010, he set the record for smashing the most pumpkins in one minute. In 2008, he held the record for the highest reverse bungee jump which was beaten in 2010 by David Hasselhoff; and he held the record for tossing the most pancakes in one minute in 2009, but was beaten the following day by Aldo Zilli.

Personal life
Shephard married Annie Perks on 25 March 2004, and the couple have two sons. The couple met when they were both students at the University of Birmingham, where Perks studied Philosophy and was Head of the Philosophy & Epistemology society.

Shephard has also played both rugby and football.

Charity
Shephard supports several charities including the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, Haven House Children's Hospice and the Holly Lodge Centre. To help raise funds for these charities, Shephard takes part in various physical challenges. Since the year 2000, he has completed 14 marathons.

In 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2019, Shephard played for England in Soccer Aid which aired live on ITV. The Soccer Aid events raise money for the Unicef charity. In 2016 he was red carded for a "cynical foul" on Dimitar Berbatov. Shephard did not take part in 2018's Soccer Aid due to an injury. Instead, he was appointed as England Coach for that year's Soccer Aid.

One of Shephard's charity challenges was boxing against Lemar for the Sport Relief appeal. After training with Ricky Hatton and Andy Mayo at Mayo's Gym, he won by decision after three rounds.

Another of Shephard's charity challenges took place in early 2009 when he, along with eight other well-known celebrities, climbed Mount Kilimanjaro to raise money for Comic Relief. Joining him on the climb were Cheryl Cole, Kimberley Walsh, Fearne Cotton, Gary Barlow, Alesha Dixon, Ronan Keating, Denise van Outen and Chris Moyles. The team raised £3,326,000 in total.

In 2010, Shephard and his friend Ivan ran the Coast-to-Coast Challenge, raising over £120,000 for the Children's Heart Unit Fund at the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne. The run was 145 miles long and took them five days.

In March 2011, Shephard designed blue and black striped hipsters for charity to help raise awareness of Prostate Cancer.

In January 2014, Shephard helped to raise money for the charity Seb4Chuf.

In September 2017, he played as part of Les Ferdinand's team for Game 4 Grenfell.

Book

 * Humble Heroes: Inspirational stories of hope, heart and humanity (Blink Publishing, 2022) ISBN 978-1788707657

title: Ben Shephard


text:
2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)

2.01 (GRAU index serial number 11F35 3K) is the designation of the third Buran-class orbiter to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme. Its construction was not complete when the Buran programme was cancelled (30–50 percent done), so it remains unfinished. It was never officially named, though it's often referred to as Baikal (Байкал) after Lake Baikal.

Differences from Buran and Ptichka
The 2.01 is the first of a second series of Buran-class orbiters. The design was improved using feedback from the earlier models of Buran-class shuttles, such as the flight of Buran and the construction of Ptichka.

Major changes include:
 * Hull design optimized to save weight.
 * Thermal protection system arrangement changed.
 * Spoilers added to elevons.
 * OMS thrusters configuration changed.
 * Payload bay doors radiator design simplified.
 * Landing gear improved.
 * Drag chute container was reduced, since it turned out the surface area of the parachutes in the flight of Buran was overabundant.

After the Challenger disaster it was decided to limit the crew capacity of the second series of orbiters to four crew members with ejection seats regularly mounted.

Since none of the second series orbiters were completed, only changes in the thermal protection system and OMS thrusters arrangement can be visible on 2.01.

Projected flights
It was projected in 1989 that orbiter 2.01 would have its first crewed space test flight, 3K1, in 1994, with a duration of twenty-four hours. The craft would have been equipped with a life support system and two ejection seats. Crew would have consisted of two cosmonauts — Igor Volk (commander) and Aleksandr Ivanchenko (flight engineer).

In 1991, construction of the orbiter was suspended, and in 1993, the Buran program was completely cancelled.

Post-retirement
After residing at the Tushino factory where it was constructed, it was incorrectly announced in 2006 that orbiter 2.01 would be put on display in the Technik Museum Speyer, Germany. However, the German Museum had actually bought OK-GLI, the jet-powered Buran atmospheric test vehicle, which appeared on display in its own new hangar from September 2008.

From 2004 the orbiter 2.01 was left under open skies at a car park in Moscow, near Khimki Reservoir.

On 22 June 2011, during the day the orbiter was put on a barge to be moved to the MAKS 2011 international air show, which took place from 16 to 21 August in Zhukovsky (Moscow region). In the night of 22–23 June, it was seen on the Moskva River. The orbiter was exposed at the show with one side restored.

In 2012, it was seen during the Russian Air Force 100th Anniversary Airshow in Zhukovsky. It was expected that it would be restored in Zhukovsky and shown at the MAKS 2013 exhibition, but it never appeared at the exhibition. , it remained at the Zhukovsky International Airport (55.5517°N, 38.1444°W).

In July 2017, heat-tiles from orbiter 2.01 were listed online, leading some to believe that the orbiter had been scrapped or otherwise disassembled. However, satellite imagery of Zhukovsky Airport taken in 2019 indicates that 2.01 still resides at the airfield, albeit now in a different location (55.57111°N, 38.14278°W).

As of 22 April 2022, the orbiter had been moved to Voenfilm-Medyn cinema complex where it resided at least through August 2022. According to the video shown below, some of the heat-tiles removed in 2017 were missing, and that coordinates for the orbiter should be 54,9504486, 35,8559756. Archive satellite imagery still shows 2.01 located in Zhukovsky Airport.

As of April 2024, the orbiter's location is not public, and may be indoors at the Vadim Zodrozhny Museum in Moscow,. The orbiter was acquired for display in the museum in 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)


text:
Clement Mansfield Ingleby

Clement Mansfield Ingleby (29 October 1823 – 26 September 1886) was an English Shakespearian scholar.

Early life and education
Clement Ingleby was born at Edgbaston near Birmingham, the son of a lawyer. Poor health – he was not expected to live long – kept him from attending school, so he was privately educated at home. He went to Trinity College, Cambridge, when twenty years old, and specialised in mathematics. He received his B.A. in 1847 and his M.A. in 1850. Returning to Birmingham he went to work in his father's law office, and then became a partner in the firm of Ingleby, Wragge, and Ingleby (later Wragge & Co LLP). In spite of his poor health, he devoted his spare time to metaphysics, mathematics, and English literature.

In 1850 Ingleby married Sarah Oakes (d. 3 January 1906).

Class in logic
In 1855 the Birmingham and Midland Institute was established, an experiment in continuing adult education. Ingleby took on giving a class in logic and metaphysics at the industrial branch. His methods were novel and the class was successful. A disciple of William Hamilton, Ingleby focused on the most current views, even obtaining from Hamilton his yet-unpublished improvements. Urged by his students, Ingleby issued Outlines of Theoretical Logic in 1856 as a textbook in the subject. It was his first published volume.

Collier Shakespeare controversy
In the 1850s documents discovered by John Payne Collier bearing on Elizabethan stage history in general and Shakespeare's life in particular fell under suspicion. Re-examination of several documents showed them to be out-and-out forgeries, forgeries so obvious it was difficult to see how Collier could have been deceived by them. One item of particular interest, the Perkins Folio, had never been examined by anybody besides Collier. It contained many corrections in what appeared to be a 16th-century hand that Collier suggested might be based on stage tradition. Ingleby, along with Sir Frederick Madden, who put the resources of the British Museum on the task, were finally able to examine the Perkins Folio in detail. They discovered—as was the case with others of the forgeries—modern pencil-marks under the supposedly ancient writing. The handwriting of these appeared to be Collier's.

The conclusion was inescapable—Collier himself must have forged these documents. In 1859 Ingleby published a small volume entitled The Shakespeare Fabrications, setting these facts forth dispassionately. (An appendix to this volume dealing with the Ireland Shakespeare forgeries, however, was later repudiated by the author.) Collier denied the allegations, but Ingleby's A Complete View of the Shakespeare Controversy closed the discussion, and Collier did not reply.

Move to London
Ingleby abandoned law for literature in 1859, and removed from Birmingham to the neighbourhood of London. His early works were of a philosophical nature (his Introduction to Metaphysics in two parts came out in 1864 and 1869), but he is best known as the author of a long series of works on Shakespearian subjects. In 1874 appeared The Still Lion, enlarged in 1875 as Shakespeare Hermeneutics. This warned against needless emendation of Shakespeare's text and explained some alleged problems. In 1875 Shakespeare's Centurie of Prayse came out, a definitive collection of allusions to Shakespeare and his works between 1592 and 1692. Other contributions include Shakespeare: the Man and the Book (a collection of essays in two volumes, 1877 and 1881), Shakespeare's Bones (1882), and Shakespeare and the Enclosure of the Common Fields at Welcombe (1885).

Other interests
Ingleby was also a musician (he sang Shakespearean songs as part of the 1864 tercentenary celebration of Shakespeare's birth in Birmingham), a chess enthusiast who contributed problems to Chess Player's Chronicle and the Illustrated London News, and a member of the Athenæum Club. At various times he was Secretary of the Birmingham and Edgbaston Chess Club and a vice-president of the Royal Society of Literature.

Death
Ill-health had plagued him throughout his life, and in 1886 he became seriously ill. His edition of Cymbeline had just come out when he died on 26 September 1886.

Character
Ingleby took a dark view of his own character: "I am morally weak in many respects," he wrote. "In some matters I have been systematically deceptive, and occasionally cowardly and treacherous. I am passionately fond of personal beauty; but on the whole, I dislike my kind, and my natural affections are weak" Horace Howard Furness, however, wrote of him: "Dr. Ingleby's retentive memory gave him ready control of the learning gathered from extensive reading, while his habits of precise logical expression aided and subdued his poetic fancy. To an unusual degree he was a many sided man—an excellent musician, and eminent in Metaphysics and in Mathematics. I well remember the cordial admiration with which one of the most celebrated Mathematicians of our day, spoke of a solution by Dr. Ingleby of a problem that had proved to all others too intrinsecate to unloose. … Never was there a man more ready than he to give of his best to all who applied to him for literary aid and comfort."

Selected works

 * Outlines of Theoretical Logic: Founded on the New Analytic of Sir William Hamilton, Cambridge, 1856.
 * The Shakespeare Fabrications, London, 1859.
 * A Complete View of the Shakspere Controversy, London, 1861.
 * Was Thomas Lodge an Actor?, London, 1868.
 * Reflections Historical and Critical on the Revival of Philosophy at Cambridge, 1870.
 * The Shakspere Allusion Books, London, 1874.
 * Shakespeare's Centurie of Prayse: Being Materials for a History of Opinion on Shakespeare and His Works, London, 1874; 2nd edition, 1879.
 * Shakespeare Hermeneutics; Or, The Still Lion: Being an Essay Towards the Restoration of Shakespeare's Text, London, 1875.
 * Shakespeare: The Man and the Book: Being a Collection of Occasional Papers on the Bard and His Writings; Part the First, London, 1877.
 * Occasional Papers on Shakespeare, Being the Second Part of Shakespeare: The Man and the Book, London, 1881.
 * Shakespeare's Bones: The Proposal to Disinter Them, Considered in Relation to their Possible Bearing on His Portraiture, London, 1883.

title: Clement Mansfield Ingleby


text:
Talk:Misyar marriage

Quality of Writing
So obviously this article is pretty contentious, it's a controversial topic and a lot of people have varying opinions about it, and that's fine.

However, I beg of you, have some consideration for my mother tongue. If you aren't amazing at English, and there's no shame in that if you're a native speaker of another language, please leave the article alone and instead ask for edits here in the talk page.

إلى الزائر الذي يزر الصفحة، و يريد أن يغير الصفحة، و ليس متحدث انكليزي أصلي

أرجوك أن لا تغير الصفحة بنفسك! بدلا من ذلك، تأتي هنا على صفحة الحديث، و تطلب التغير من واحد الذي يتحدث اللغة الأنكليزية أصليا، من شأن الحفاظ على جودة الكتابة Meowtiger (talk) 01:13, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

Totally disputed

 * Misyar Marriage or "travellers marriage" is a modern Sunni innovation.

Isnt that obvious? Its Sunni since Bin Baaz is Sunni and since its used in Sunni countrys. Its not used in shia or jewish countrys... I dont get what is disputed about that. And its a inovation since its not Sunnah.

''Misyar has been practiced in Saudi Arabia and Egypt for years. It was officially legalized by the Egyptian Sunni Imam Sheikh Mohammed Sayyed Tantawi in February 1999, and the Mufti of Egypt has also been defending the arrangement of misyar.

 * Basically, it is a marriage without the couple living together in the same house or the husband being financial responsible for his wife.

''This kind of marriage relieved them from any of the financial burdens or responsibilities of ordinary marriage. In the mesyar (traveler) marriage, men are not obliged to spend on their wives and children according to an agreement made between the couple.

''Misyar is an official relationship between man and woman, but does not involve that the two live together, nor that the man is economically responsible.

 * The intent of divorce, is assumed in this type of marriage, but the time of divorce must remain hidden for the wife.

''Misyar has many similarities with mut'a, practiced in Shi'i Islam, except for the preceding definition of duration.

'' the Misyar has no certain date for divorce, and it is up to the man to divorce his wife whenever, or if ever, he feels like doing so.

''It goes without saying that valid marriage should not be limited to a certain period of time; otherwise it will be reckoned as a Mut`ah (temporal) marriage which is prohibited in Islam.

In other words, the time of divorce must remaing secret for the wife, for otherwise it will be equitad with Nikah Mutah by Sunni scholars.

I hope this will be to your satisfaction and that you will now remove the pov sign and the "source needed" requests.

--Striver 11:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Not a modern innovation
Misyar marriage is not a modern innovation. I cite a report by Edward William Lane in The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians in which he records instances of Misyar marriages with prostitutes in Cairo in 1825. ('Modern' in this sense means not the ancient Egyptians.) I have therefore edited out that reference. It may well be that Misyar is practiced only by Sunnis since i have not found any evidence to the contrary, so I have left that in. (It can only be refuted by a negative proof - a documented instance of Shia Misyar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anjouli (talk • contribs) 07:00, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Shia will never use that bid'ah form, since they have Nikah Mut'ah. The idea of it was asked to Abu Hanifa, and that is a LONG way back, but still a LONG way AFTER muhammad, making it a Bid'ah. However, it was officialy legalized in a countris Sharia in modern times. Also, the intent of divorce is the MAIN part of this marriage form, as the question to Abu Hanifa makes clear, and it MUST be hidden. --Striver 12:06, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Striver.

 * I have looked up your points, and yes, I broadly agree with your edit. However I would ask that you do a couple of things:

 * Firstly, please edit so that it has a neutral point of view. Your opinion may be that the Misyar is bid'ah - but this is not a universal view so you can't say that. To say that many Muslims, or many Shia think it is bid'ah is fine, because that's a fact, not an opinion. Clearly the Saudi Ulema don't agree it is bid'ah, or they would not have legalised it.

 * Secondly, I would also ask that you remove the word modern, or at least clarify what you mean by that. I have cited a reference that Sunnis were already prqacticing Misyar before 1825. I agree that's modern in theological terms, but it is not what the average reader would think by the word 'modern'.

 * Generally, much of the "Islamic" content on Wikipedia seems to be of Sunni origin and this is not always made clear in the articles - which is wrong. A Shia point of view would add balance to a lot of them - perhaps with separate Sunni and Shia articles on certain topics where the doctrines are very different. However I think you need to be very careful about representing Shia (or Sunni) doctrine as "Moslem doctrine" - otherwise you risk starting a Shia/Sunni edit war. Much better to state what Shia (or Sunni) believe.

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anjouli (talk • contribs) 14:19, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Since no one has responded to object, I now intend to modify that article as above.--Anjouli 07:16, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

"Reasons for Misyar" section
Due to a recent blanking (prob. vandalism though), I realised that the "Reasons for Misyar..." section is a bit POV, and very un-encyclopedic. Not denying that there are some points in the section that might prove true, is there a way to change the context of the paragraph to make it less POV and more factual information? If not, then I suggest a removal of that whole section. Stoa 19:54, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Contraversal
This stuff is highly contraversal and as said even al-Azhar scholars do not support it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Koljenovic (talk • contribs) 23:07, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

POV: Shi'a view
The whole section on the Shi'a view is extremely biased. I don't know anything about this subject but it's clear that it should be reworded. This is the text as of now, with problem words in bold:
 * Shia are glad that some Sunni have come to the conclusion that Nikah Mut'ah fills a necessary social function in giving laws for those who need it, Shia at the same time look with a humoristic disbelief on the people who refuse acknowledge that Umar made a innovation in forbidding Nikah Mut'ah, and rather innovate their own inferior version of Nikah Mut'ah, a version without Quranic support, not giving the woman the right to know how long the marriage is supposed to last.

... etc. The whole section also attributes these opinions to Shi'a people and scholars but this is not sourced in any way. —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 00:33, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for alerting me, i hope this is a improvement. As for inferior, we do truly see it as inferior. --Striver 17:41, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't doubt that, but it'd be best to present an actual quotation by a more-or-less notable Shi'a scholar, on the record, saying that or something to that effect. The whole paragraph reads rather aggressive as a general statement, even if it's true. It's better to attribute opinions to representative members of the community. This advice, if you allow me, goes for anything of the form "XXX view of YYY". Thanks for understanding. —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 02:32, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Pablo that the Shia section needs a quote from a Shia scholar or at least a reference for the information provided. Also, some of the information in there is confusing such as the concept concerning Umar's role in it; I left it alone since I did not want to alter the meaning of the point. When speaking about the Sunni view, it should be taken into consideration that not all Sunni feel this way about Nikah Misyar (I don't know if that holds true for the Shia POV about the marriage): if refering to a specific point made by a Sunni scholar(that might be disagreed by with another scholar), then it should be stated there instead of it being made into a generalisation. —Stoa 03:55, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Ill try to clearify Umars roll in it, according to the Shi'a view:

 * 1) God authorised non-permanent marriages
 * 2) Umar forbade it
 * 3) Sunnis changed history, and now refuse the notion of Umar forbiding it
 * 4) Sunnis recoqnize that non-permanent marriages are indeed needed in some parts of society
 * 5) Sunnis refuse re-evaluate their view of history and draw the obvios conclusion, that Umar forbade it
 * 6) Sunnis reintroduce non-permanent marriages, but in order to creat a loophole, they create a inferior version where the time of expiratino is forbiden to be told to the wife
 * 7) Shi'a view this as hilarious
 * 8) Shi'a view this as a threat to the values of non-permanent marriages and divorce. Why don't they just acknowledge that Umar made a misstake instead of punishing the wife? Sunnis dont regard him as perfect anyhow, they have regarded many of his other conclusions as voided...

Again, that is the Shi'a view. I hope it helps to formulate the version better. Im sure it can be sourced, i have read lots on this topic and it is my conclusion that the above is a consensus Shi'a view. However, i dont have any direct quote at hand. Any Shi'a editor that dissagrees with my conclusion? --Striver 12:34, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

My personal view is that Sunnis scholars just would'nt acknowledge that Shi'a where right all along, they are to proud for that, and they have spended to long time stating "Nikah Mut'ah is almost prostituion". No offennce intented against my Sunni brothers, but this is my view. --Striver 12:37, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I know that this cant be used in the article, but its better than nothing to have it quoted here in the talk page:

 * ''"Ohhhh, but Misyar isn't PROSTITUTION. The man gives money and gifts to a woman who is a complete stranger to him (or pays off her parents), so that he can show up at her parents' house to have sex with her whenever he wants, without the "burden" of an actual husband-wife relationtship, or even friendship for that matter. Isn't that BETTER than Mut'a MARRIAGE?" (shiachat.com)

--Striver 12:41, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Misyar isn't prostitution because her parents must be witnesses, you are making confusion between Misyar and Orfy. Misyar is allowed because the woman's parent are witnesses while Orfy is forbidden because her parents are not witnesses. Mut'a is temporary while Misyar isn't. Misyar is just normal marriage but with the woman giving up some of her rights, which she can ask later and the man is obligated to give them to her later if she asks.--BelalSaid (talk) 00:10, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Move
Why was this article moved without talking about it? I oppose the move, and demand that the move be undone untill consensus has been reached. Admin? --Striver 08:03, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Further the motvation "("Nikah" is not an English word.)" is very weak, as if "Misyar" was or even "Islam" was a "english" word, however that is defined.--Striver 08:05, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Temporary marriage allowed by ibn Baz?
Has ibn Baz actually said that it's allowed to intend for this kind of marriage to be temporary? From what I understand, he said that it's okay to get married and keep living separated (with ones parents) if ones economy isn't that good. But he didn't actually say it's allowed to intend for this kind of marriage to be temporary. Are there any references? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.253.91.73 (talk) 16:12, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

I think that someone should either post a reference, or it should be stated that he didn't allow for this kind of marriage to be temporary.--83.253.92.210 23:18, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Oh man, what happened? Anyhow, here is something for the article: Bin Baz:

Someone asked him: In one of your tapes, you have a fatwa that it is permissible for someone in a Western country to get married with the intention of getting divorced after a specific period. What is the difference between this and between Mut'ah?

Response: Yes, this fatwa has come from Permanent Council (of Muftis), and I am its leader, and we have ruled that it is permissible to marry with the intention of getting divorced, if this intention is between the servant and his Lord. If someone marries in a Western country, and his intention is that when he finishes his studies or finds a job or something like this that he will get divorced, then there is absolutely no problem with this in the opinion of all 'ulama. This intention is something between the servant and Allah, and is not a condition. The difference between this and Mut'ah is that Mut'ah has the condition of a definite time period, such as a month or two months or a year or two years and so forth. If the time period fends, then the Nikah is abrogated. This is the invalid form Mut'ah. However, if somebody marries according to the Sunnah of Allah and the Prophet, but he nonetheless holds the intention in his heart that when he leaves the (Western) country he will divorce, then there is no harm it. This intention might change, and so it is not something definite. This intention is not a condition, and it is something between the servant and his Lord. There is no harm in it, and it is one of the ways that a person may remain chaste and avoid fornication and debauchery. This is the statement of all people of knowledge.

--Striver 22:03, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

This is in reply to Striver : What happened ? I tried to add some info to the existing text of the article, but I got into huge editing to make all the paras read in continuity. I must apologize, though, to the previous contributors to this article for the heavy editing I did. Maybe the end result is a completely different article from the one that existed before. If anyone wants to go back to the previous text that existed in July, that alternative always exists.Aster77 19:04, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Shi'a view:
 * ''This is absolutely bizarre. Bin Baz has permitted something that is in no way different from a temporary marriage. If a marriage with the intention to divorce is not temporary marriage, what is it? The only reason Bin Baz says Mut'ah is invalid is because the man actually tells the woman this beforehand, and that they agree on it, and that this condition is binding. Basically this amounts to saying that since Mut'ah is honest, it is haram. So if a man lies to a woman and promises her a permanent marriage, and then divorces her one-hour later, this is fine. But if a man and woman actually agree together that the marriage is only to last a month or what have you, then it is haram. For the Bin Baz camp its perfectly legitimate for a man to marry a woman [with the 'hidden' intention of divorcing her afterwards] if this is not deception then what on earth is? The woman may want to settle down, and have a family, a liar comes along who charms her, marries her, gets her into bed and then divorces her. All her hopes / dreams of having a man to settle down have been shattered there and then, she was tricked into marriage and then divorced. How can anybody with the slightest gift of intelligence claim that this "marriage with intent to divorce" is moral, and according to Bin Baz all scholars agree on its permissibility, yet temporary marriage is impermissible? What is possibly the difference, except that a dishonesty / deception is allowed in Bin Baz's temporary marriage?

--Striver 12:30, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * ''Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: The Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) said: Of all the lawful acts the most detestable to Allah is divorce.

 * ''Misyaar marriage carries an 'intention' to divorce, an act that is the most detestable in the eyes of Allah (swt)! Would Allah (swt) give his blessing to a marriage that's foundation is based upon this detestable intention?

--Striver 12:41, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=16308

--Striver 16:59, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Sunni View on Misyar Marriage
I hid the following personal comment in the article - complain may be relevant - Skysmith 20:30, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Sunni View on Misyar Marriage WIKIPEDIA..This article has alot of faulty and baseless concepts in it.Many people have contributed to this false concept around the world claiming that Misyar Marriage is a Sunni practice. Far be it from the truth. The Sunnis, as many of you might know, are divided into four schools. One of these schools produced the Wahhabi sect, practiced mostly in Saudi Arabia and minorly in the Gulf region. The Misyar marriage has been promoted recently by the Wahhabis in the Gulf region. It is not an ancient tradition.

Hence, it is not an accepted practice in Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, etc... This article has absolutely no credibility....please verify it Wikipedia..and thank you. by

The notice : "The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed" has been posted, throwing doubts on the veracity of the contents of the article, based on the above comments of a « sunni » reader. But when we look at each of the arguments the reader presents to dispute the factual accuracy of the article, they do not seem to have any merit.

« This article has a lot of faulty and baseless concepts in it. » But the reader doesn’t give any specific example of faulty and baseless concepts to justify this accusation. « Many people have contributed to this false concept around the world claiming that Misyar Marriage is a Sunni practice. Far be it from the truth. » The reader is wrong. Misyar marriage is practiced within the sunni community exclusively. It doesn’t exist in shi’a because shi'a already have marriage "mut'a" which is very similar to misyar marriage.

« The Sunnis, as many of you might know, are divided into four schools. One of these schools produced the Wahhabi sect, practiced mostly in Saudi Arabia and minorly in the Gulf region. The Misyar marriage has been promoted recently by the Wahhabis in the Gulf region. It is not an ancient tradition. » It is true that misyar marriage has been mostly promoted, over the past 15 years, in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. But the Wahhabis are muslim, sunni people. So the reader admits that misyar is praticed by sunni communities. « It is not an ancient tradition ». The word « misyar » is probably fairly recent, but « traveller’s marriage » has been known and practiced in Arabia for 14 centuries. Marriage mut’a is one variant of it, going back to the times before the appearance of Islam in the region. « Hence, it is not an accepted practice in Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Egypt, etc. ». Misyar marriage is not practiced in countries which did not have this tradition (Lebanon), or whose marriage laws stipulations are incompatible with it (Turkey). It's concentrated for the time being in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the Emirates and the region, but has been extending to Egypt and other countries of the area in recent years. « This article has absolutely no credibility....please verify it Wikipedia..and thank you. » The reader has not provided a single valid argument to dispute the veracity of the article. It's his word, against the word of several of the top muslim authorities in the charia. The notice should be removed. Aster77 20:45, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Terrible article needs better english, and POV statements removed
I will be radically rearranging this article, correcting it's very poor english, and trying to make it less tedious to read. Please, if your english id not very good, don't edit this article. Before anyone reverts my edits, please discuss. Debates about shia and sunni, should be in a seperate article, not here. This article should simply describe what Misyar is, and briefly how Shia view it. Aaliyah Stevens 16:41, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Your editing was pretty good, and faithful to the text, but you have also introduced some absolutely erroneous ideas which I have corrected. Try to be more humble about your editing. Aster77 18:10, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks. I think it's important to note that under the "misyar marriage in practice" it says
 * "Many wives hope to win the love of their husbands so that they may live with them permanently."

This is true, misyar can progress into a full blown commitment based marriage, i.e. the contract is like a 'rolling contract' that can be reviewed and renegotiated by both parties at any time, or in the event of a pre-stipulated condition or Shuroot. Shuroot in a marriage contract are common, this is important to mention.Aaliyah Stevens 23:12, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure I understand what you have in mind when you write the above lines. So, I'll just underline this, because many readers of the article don't seem to get the point clearly :

Misyar marriage, from a legal point of view, is a standard muslim marriage. Period. It includes, in the marriage contract, some stipulations. Muslim law considers this as perfectly normal. The stipulations in misyar marriage seem shocking to some of us, in view of the way we look at marriage in the modern world, or the way we interpret what the Shariah really says. But the Shariah has been interpreted over a period of 14 centuries by men, according to their male interests, and as they saw fit.

Today, if you take 12 ulemas and ask them the same question about misyar marriage conditions, you'll get a handful of divergent answers, many of them incompatible. This is what the article explains. One should realize that the same situation will exist if one looks at marriage law in 12 different European countries. He'll find 12 different regimes whose stipulations are often incompatible on important points. The difference between the two situations is that shariah is supposed to be the same in all Muslim countries (and that's an erroneous proposition) whereas it's normal that different countries would have different sets of laws.

But I'm not sure the "rolling contract" idea could apply to misyar. The man who engages in misyar marriage, as explained in the article, wants to satisfy his sexual needs whithout being accused of "zina" (for which he could be put in jail or worse) ; and without having to take financial commitments towards his sexual partner. As someone accurately describes the situation in an article in the references, it's legalized prostitution, without the men having to pay the "prostitute". (In effect, the man makes a one-time payment to the woman, in the form of "mahr").This seems to be the fulfillment of some men's dreams in the Middle East, and clearly has no relationship with the spirit of Muslim marriage. That's why al-Albani and Ibn Uthaymeen contest the legality of misyar marriage.

With respect to "shuroot" : it's admitted that "shuroot" can't go against the intent of the law (the wife can't specify, for example, that she will continue to live in her father's house ; or that her husband won't have the right to have any sexual relations with her). Such propositions, according to the ulemas, go against the reason of being of the marriage. One could of course argue that the conditions : "the man will no live with his wife" and "the man will undertake no financial committment towards his wife" also go against the reason of being of the marriage. But, it's the ulemas (men) who say how to interpret the "shuroot", and they interpret them as they see fit (and in favor of male interests). That's why it's interesting to note that, in countries where shariah has been incorporated into modern marriage law codes, misyar marriage can't be resorted to legally. Men would continue to resort to it, getting married privately, thru the offices of a public notary, with no real publicity. But their marriage would have no standing, in terms of law.

As for the renegociation of the conditions in the marriage contract, I don't think you can say that. The conditions in the contract are final. They can only be contested, as explained in the article. But the parties can of course write a new agreement between themselves, outside the text of the contract, in which they can stipulate anything they wish, such as : the man will give financial support to his wife in a given monthly amount, or pay her rent, etc. Aster77 10:01, 19 January 2007 (UTC) --
 * I don't entirely undertsand your exact point above, it's not very clear. Shuroot are anything the husband and wife agree about their marriage- the Ulema don't define them, the couple do. You seem to view misyar in a skewed way, as if only men engage in it for their own "evil" sexual desires, and the women involved are always victims of this desire - "it takes two to tango"!. Women have sexual desires too, and misyar contracts can be very beneficial for women who want the pleasuers of marriage, but want to remain independent. It can be seen as a means of women's liberation from household duties. This has nothing to do with the Ulema, as it is a standard sunni marriage contract, with extra stiplulations, i.e. the wife and husband lift all responsibilities from each other except when they wish to enjoy each other, this is how it is practised, and many misyari marriages do become fully committed later. The experience of rich khaleeji (gulf) men, exploiting poor girls is not the only form misyar takes. Women can gain from it too, and can demand any amount of Mahr and maintenance payments weekly or monthly they wish. On another note, it sounds like English is not your first language, could you confirm that, sorry if I sound offensive, I don't mean it Aaliyah Stevens 13:52, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for removing the tag. With respect to your last observation, this article was first written in French for a French readership, then I thought it would be interesting to translate it into English for an English readership. I assumed some English-speaking reader would give it a better polish, which you did. Thanks for that.

With respect to your observation : "Women can gain from it too, and can demand any amount of Mahr and maintenance payments weekly or monthly they wish.", if they do that and obtain it from their husband, that becomes a normal marriage of the polygamy type. Misyar is defined as the marriage in which the husband only gives the wife an agreed-sum for mahr (whether he gives it to her in one installment or several is of course something they can agree upon).

As for the fact that "it takes two to tango", that's absolutely true, but from my readings and my knowledge of the people and the region, it's essentially the man who leads this dance as he sees fit. The wealthy women who find it convenient to enter into misyar marriage are the exception rather than the rule. The men who enter into misyar marriage without telling their first wife they have got a second wife are the rule, rather than the exception.

I'm providing all these details not to contradict you, but because you seem earnest in your interest to get further into the discussion of the fine points of the subject, and I think I've done enough homework on this subject to know quite a lot about it. Aster77 13:05, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your constructive and positive criticism, I really appreciate it. I agree with you that this type of marriage when contracted by rich and powerful khaliji men usually favours men, however having studied Islamic theology, and law, and having travelled to almost every Arab country, from the Marrakesh to Karachi, the use of misyar is also common among a young couple in love who cannot for practical reasons live in a seperate home, and/or the wife does not wish to live with her husbands family, or so that they may spend time together without the hassle of convincing their parents of a full blown marriage (i.e. they conduct a relationship behind parents' backs). The Muslim world, and the practice of Islam goes well beyond the reach of rich Khaliji men, and in this context I suggest that misyar can actually be used and abused just as much by rich or powerful women, or be used for the benefit of career women who do not want to be tied down at the moment, which the Sunni Shariah has allowed. Anyway, I don't think we are debating the wording of this text, so there is no significant difference between us, thanks for your input, it might be worth now putting this article back into the french wikipedia?? Could you possibly transfer the Caliphate article into french too? Aaliyah Stevens 22:57, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Issues on tone
Some parts of this article - particularly "Legality of misyar marriage" - read similar to a text book, and not an encyclopaedia. I'm not versed in Islam at all, so I myself am quite reluctant to make any changes. Six Times Is Enough (talk) 10:22, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Shia agree with it?
I took out this section from the page

Reasons: 1) It is not Khomeini's Official Page, it is the page of Grand Ayatullah Sistani Of Iraq. 2) Answer 33 in the source (which is in Arabic) does not outright condone the misyar marriage, it is vague, please check it for yourself.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.133.253.26 (talk) 03:06, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Sourcing
A lot of good sources have been added here now, but toward the end of the article there are several unsourced paragraphs. This appears to have been tagged since March. If there are no objections, then perhaps in a week or so we can delete any material for which sources have not been brought. I think two and a half months is more than enough time. MezzoMezzo (talk) 06:18, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Misyar is practiced only by Wahabis, not by Sunnis.
The article on the Arabic Wikipedia says that "Misyar marriage" is a "newly invented" marriage contract that came to existence in the last few decades by the sheikhs of Wahabism and that it is only practiced by Wahabis (mainly in Saudi Arabia). It is wrong to say that "this Wahabi marriage contract" belongs to Sunni Islam.--5.107.41.128 (talk) 19:26, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Wahabbism is part of Sunni Islam. --92slim (talk) 01:01, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Nikah Misyar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544160 to http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544160

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:23, 4 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Nikah Misyar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.binbaz.org.sa/last_resault.asp?hID=323
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4124&idto=4157&bk_no=53&ID=616

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:03, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

Consistency of Use of Arabic Terms
The use of Arabic terms in this article, particularly under the "Legality of misyar marriage" heading, is worrisome. Some terms are plain text, some are links to articles, some are italicized, some are in parentheses, and some are in quotation marks and also in parentheses. [|Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style] is not unclear on how to include foreign words in an article, perhaps this could be edited to conform to style standards — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.117.159.201 (talk) 17:43, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

zawaj al mutaa ?
According to the NYT, this is called zawaj al mutaa in Algeria, which is Sunni, or is this due to confusion with mutaa (which is a Sunni Shia practice)? http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/04/world/algeria-militants-vow-to-kill-women-linked-to-government.html --Espoo (talk) 16:00, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Possibly confusion. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 16:15, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 31 July 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: ✅ - consensus is to treat the move as less contentious than originally considered '''. Dr Strauss  talk  ''' 18:51, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

Nikah Misyar → Misyar marriage – MOS, university press, newspaper: http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/642991 and https://books.google.fi/books?id=DiVmjTyZekEC - capitalization in religious external links no reason to ignore our MOS Espoo (talk) 14:22, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Note Nikah mut'ah being moved to Mutah was challenged. Not sure if this Nikah page move would be controversial too. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 14:41, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, this is a matter of religion, marriage, and sexual conduct, involving the religious views more than a billion people. It is hard to imagine considering such a thing as being clearly uncontroversial. The renaming suggestion should be formally considered through the RM discussion and consensus-making process. —BarrelProof (talk) 14:57, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I thought that there is nothing in the moves that could upset anyone. They are simple application of the very fundamental rule that article titles should be English. In fact, the article titles haven't even changed, just their spelling! --Espoo (talk) 15:26, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Please discuss.  Sky  Warrior  01:13, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Comment: The initial rationale given to justify this move seemed to be about capitalization, but more was suggested to be changed than capitalization, without any clear articulation of exactly why. The next comment was about using English, but "Misyar" isn't really an English word, and I don't necessarily see a strong justification for using only a half-English translation. My impression is that adherents of Islam sometimes prefer using original Arabic terms, rather than translations or partial translations, as a matter of precision. I also wonder whether "Misyar marriage" is the more WP:COMMONNAME in reliable English-language sources, versus "Nikah Misyar" (or "Nikah misyar", or possibly something else). The Google Ngram viewer does not seem to find either term in its English corpus. I look forward to seeing what others have to say about the suggested renaming. —BarrelProof (talk) 05:08, 31 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this isn't as sensitive an issue as I had thought. No one else has commented. If no one else objects to the move, I do not object. —BarrelProof (talk) 18:26, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
 * It looks like it is not as controversial as I expected it could be either. I am happy for the move to occur. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 18:44, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Misyar marriage. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160 to http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110104035953/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160 to http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaE%2FFatwaE&cid=1119503544160
 * Added tag to http://www.metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20000407-042210-7478r
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090205150644/http://www.asharqalawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=5572 to http://www.asharqalawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=5572

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:57, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

Nikah misyar is prohibited
This marriage is used to change conditions as given by Quran and Sunnah. Such as wife waives right of maintenance but it is koranic to give mahr and maintenance to women. Which gives the husband authority over his wife. If this is removed, which gives husband authority over women? Furthermore full Koran and Hadith as explained in sunnah do not give permission to change rights, obligations of spouses and conditions of marriage to change or contradict to Quran and Hadith.. Although these conditions are flexible such as Mahar is made through mutual consideration but do not allow to completely destroy these conditions. So Nikah misyar is unknown to Islam. Only greedy scholars are trying to justify it for their hidden motives. Nikah misyar is prohibited at all. If I am wrong correct me through Quran and Hadith as explained in Sunnah. Thank you. Please improve article by giving information from Quran and Sunnah (if anyone have) so that one may know what Islam really says about it. Nikah misyar (talk) 03:05, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Misyar marriage


text:
Nueva Rosita

Nueva Rosita is a town in the northeastern part of the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico. It lies about 11 km northwest of the city of Sabinas on Federal Highway 57, and serves as the municipal seat of San Juan de Sabinas municipality.

In 1990 the town was recorded as having a population of 36,284. The town was initially developed in the 1930s. It remains today an important manufacturing centre for the north of Mexico.

The area is the site of a coal mine owned by Grupo México. On February 19, 2006, an explosion occurred in the mine, trapping more than 60 miners underground.

Demographics
The census of 2005 reported a population of 40,115 for the municipality of San Juan de Sabinas, of whom 36,639 lived in the community of Nueva Rosita. The municipality has an area of 735.4 km2 (283.94 sq mi). Its second-largest town (population 1,431) is also named San Juan de Sabinas. The main ethnic group are mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) and European.

title: Nueva Rosita


text:
Mullewa, Western Australia

Mullewa is a town in the Mid West region of Western Australia, 450 km north of Perth and 98 km east-northeast of Geraldton. Mullewa is well known for its abundance of wildflowers in the spring and is one of the few places in Western Australia the wreath flower grows in. The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

History
European settlers moved to the area in 1869 to take up pastoral leases for farming. In 1894, the government built a narrow gauge railway from Geraldton to Mullewa and the town was gazetted in the same year. The town is named after Mullewa Spring, whose name is based on an Aboriginal name recorded by surveyor John Forrest in 1873. The meaning of the name is not certain, but the most accepted meaning is "place of fog".

Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel and the Holy Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul and Priesthouse
The architect priest Mgr John Hawes built the Church mainly with his own hands and the help of parishioners. Work started in 1921 and the stone and tile church was completed, after some interruptions, in 1927. The eclectic design of the Church shows some influence of Spanish Mission style. Hawes built a presbytery for himself next to the church and this, known as the Priesthouse, was finished in 1929: it has been used as a museum since 1980.

Rail service
One of the Western Australian Government Railways named overnight passenger services from Perth was known as The Mullewa, which ceased operation in 1974. Mullewa was the junction of the railway line northeast to Meekatharra, and south to Northam. The southward line is no longer operationally connected.

Iron ore from Tallering Peak mine was hauled by road 65 km south to Mullewa, and loaded onto railway wagons for hauling 107 km west-southwest to Geraldton, where ships of up to 60,000 DWT were loaded.

Radio
Radio services available in Mullewa:
 * ABC Midwest & Wheatbelt (6GN 828 AM) – Part of the ABC Local Radio Network.
 * ABC Radio National – (6ABCRN 99.7 FM) – Speciality talk and music.
 * Triple J – (6JJJ 98.9 FM) – Alternative music
 * ABC News Radio – (6PNN 101.3 FM) – Rolling News bulletins, news magazine programs and LIVE coverage from Federal Parliament House of Representatives.
 * WAFM (96.5FM) – Top 40 Music
 * The Spirit Network (Radio 6BAY FM 98.1/1512 AM) – Classic Hits / Adult Contemporary Music format aimed at 35 years + audience.
 * Radio Mama- 100.5FM- Indigenous Community station

Television
Free-to-air broadcast television services available in Mullewa:
 * Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) – ABC1, ABC2, ABC3, ABC News 24 (digital channels)
 * Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) – SBS One, SBS Two, SBS HD (digital channels)
 * WIN Television, a dual affiliate of both the Nine Network and Network Ten.
 * GWN7 (Golden West Network), an affiliate of the Seven Network.

The programming schedule is mainly the same as the Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Perth, with variations for news bulletins, sport telecasts such as the Australian Football League and National Rugby League, children's and lifestyle programs and advertorials. GWN7 produces a 30-minute regional news program each weeknight (originating from Bunbury) with a newsroom based in Geraldton, covering the local area.

Climate
Mullewa has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and mild to cool winters. The town features a dry summer/wetter winter routine, thus giving its climate some characteristics of the Mediterranean one.

title: Mullewa, Western Australia


text:
Belene Island

Belene Island (остров Белене, ostrov Belene) or Persin Island (остров Персин, ostrov Persin) is the biggest island in Bulgarian waters. The island is formed by the Danube River splitting into two branches passing north and south of it. The international frontier between Bulgaria and Romania follows the north branch of the river and therefore Belene Island is part of the Bulgarian territory. The island is 14.5 km long and reaching 6 km in width; it is located in the Danube, north of the town of Belene. Belene Island is the fourth biggest Danube island: during an average tide it is 41.078 km2 in area. During a high tide, parts of the island are submerged. The island is connected to the town of Belene with a pontoon bridge.

Belene Island is a part of the Belene Islands Complex and of the Persina Natural Park, a home to over 170 species of rare water birds, such as the glossy ibis, pygmy cormorant, lesser grey shrike, red-breasted goose and others. The flora of Belene Island is represented by willows, poplars and aspens; there is some arable land. The island was formed of alluvial sediments.

The island is infamous for the Belene concentration camp, which held political prisoners between 1949–1953 and 1956–1959. The Belene Prison is still operating as a penitentiary in the western part of the island, while the eastern part is a managed natural reserve.

A battle took place on neighboring Cinghinarele Island in early October 1916, during World War I.

title: Belene Island


text:
List of Australia ODI cricketers

This is a list of Australian One-day International cricketers. A One Day International, or an ODI, is an international cricket match between two representative teams, each one having ODI status, as determined by the International Cricket Council (ICC). An ODI differs from Test matches in that the number of overs per team is limited, and that each team has only one innings. The list is arranged in the order in which each player earned his first ODI cap. Where more than one player earned his first ODI cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

Key

 * General
 * *: an innings that ended not out
 * Mat: number of matches played

 * Batting
 * Inn: number of innings
 * NO: number of times an innings ends not out
 * Runs: number of runs scored by batsman/off bowler's bowling
 * HS: highest score
 * Avg: batting average
 * 100/50: number of centuries and half-centuries scored

 * Bowling
 * Balls: number of balls bowled
 * Mdn: number of maiden overs (overs off which no runs were scored)
 * Wkt: number of wickets taken
 * BB: best bowling figures
 * Avg: bowling average
 * 5wI: number of times 5 wickets were taken in an innings

 * Fielding
 * Ca: number of catches taken
 * St: number of stumpings made

Players

 * Statistics are correct as of 6 February 2024

title: List of Australia ODI cricketers


text: File:Counting Crows - This Desert Life.jpg


text:
User talk:Chupster811

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Important standard notice re: all edits relating to post-1932 politics of the United States and closely related people
Neutralitytalk 15:05, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Important policy notes
Please take note of the following important Wikipedia policies and guidelines:

 * Please review Reliable sources. Websites like The Federalist, "Socialist Alternative," "socialist.net," etc. are not reliable sources, particularly for factual claims made in Wiki's own statements.
 * When new content that you added is challenged by another editor on a policy-based ground, don't re-insert it absent a consensus. See WP:ONUS.
 * Reverts are not "minor edits." See WP:MINOREDIT.
 * When inserting references to book or journal sources, please use specific page numbers.

--Neutralitytalk 15:10, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Edit-warring on Illegal immigration to the United States
Your recent editing history shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war; that means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be, when you have seen that other editors disagree. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you are reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war. See the bold, revert, discuss cycle for how this is done. If discussions reach an impasse, you can then post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection.

Being involved in an edit war can result in you being blocked from editing—especially if you violate the three-revert rule, which states that an editor must not perform more than three reverts on a single page within a 24-hour period. Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert. Also keep in mind that while violating the three-revert rule often leads to a block, you can still be blocked for edit warring—even if you do not violate the three-revert rule—should your behavior indicate that you intend to continue reverting repeatedly.. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 13:28, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

February 2021
Please stop attacking other editors, as you did on Talk:Illegal immigration to the United States. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Comment on content, not on other contributors or people. Doug Weller talk 16:01, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chupster811


text:
User:Jacoplane/monobook.js

importScript('User:GregU/dashes.js'); //User:GregU/dashes.js;

//If you add this script to your monobook, it will mark all linked blocked users with a strikethrough, and mark all linked indefinitely blocked users with italics and a strikethrough. // // Installation Method 1: // Add the following line to your monobook.js // importScript('User:NuclearWarfare/Mark-blocked script.js'); // // Installation Method 2: // Just copy and paste the uncommented part of this page mw.loader.load('https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-markblocked.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Jacoplane/monobook.js


text:
Mountain Designs

Mountain Designs is an outdoor clothing and equipment business based in Australia. They sell hiking, rockclimbing and general outdoor and recreational equipment. The company stocks a variety of international and local brands, as well as their own brands of clothing, accessories, sleepwear and bags.

History
The business was founded by Rick White in Brisbane in 1975.

By 2004, Mountain Designs was operating a factory, head office and factory outlet in Brisbane. It had 29 regular stores: three in Queensland, seven in New South Wales, six in Victoria, seven in Western Australia, one in South Australia, one in the Australian Capital Territory, and four in New Zealand. At this stage, the chain was still yet to open in Auckland.

Mountain Designs pulled out of the New Zealand market in 2014, citing a slow economy and a saturated market. At the time of the announcement, it had 12 stores around the country, including three in Auckland.

In January 2018, the chain closed all its stores and transitioned to online-only retailing; it had 45 stores across Australia by this time. In March of that year, the Spotlight Retail Group purchased the company for an undisclosed sum.

In April 2019, Mountain Designs relaunched its e-commerce website. It also began to sell a selection of its range through about 60 of Spotlight's Anaconda outdoor stores.

title: Mountain Designs


text:
Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex

The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex is the visitor center at NASA's Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida. It features exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, shows, two IMAX theaters, and a range of bus tours of the spaceport. The "Space Shuttle Atlantis" exhibit contains the Atlantis orbiter and the Shuttle Launch Experience, a simulated ride into space. The center also provides astronaut training experiences, including a multi-axial chair and Mars Base simulator. The visitor complex also has daily presentations from a veteran NASA astronaut. A bus tour, included with admission, encompasses the separate Apollo/Saturn V Center. There were 1.7 million visitors to the visitor complex in 2016.

History
The complex had its beginning in 1963 when NASA Administrator James Webb established self-guided tours where the public could drive along a predetermined route through the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and a small trailer containing simple displays on card tables. An estimated 100,000 visitors went through that first year.

As the American space program's popularity grew with the Mercury Program and Alan Shepard's historic launch, large numbers of press and public flocked to the Cape Canaveral area to get a close up view. Webb was urged by U.S. Rep. Olin Teague of Texas to create a visitors' program. By 1964, more than 250,000 self-guided car tours, permitted between 1 and 4 pm. ET on Sundays, were seen at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). In 1965, KSC Director Kurt H. Debus was authorized to spend $2 million on a full-scale visitor center, covering 42 acres. Spaceport USA, as it was soon titled, hosted 500,000 visitors in 1967, its first year, and one million by 1969. Ten-thousand visitors toured the center on December 24, 1968, following the Apollo 8 orbit of the Moon. Beginning July 22, 1966, public tours were offered on 40-passenger buses. Operated by TWA, a 1.5-hour tour that included the Vehicle Assembly Building and a 3-hour tour including launch facilities were available. Tickets ranged from $0.50 for children 12 and under to $2.50 for adults for the longer tour. More than 1,500 people toured that first day and additional busses were quickly added to the fleet of former Greyhound buses. TWA continued operating tours through at least the bicentennial celebrations in 1976. As NASA neared the Moon, popularity grew. By 1969, the visitor center was the second most visited Florida attraction, behind Tampa's Busch Gardens. Even during the gap between the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs, attendance remained at over one million guests and it ranked as the fifth most popular tourist attraction in Florida.

When nearby Walt Disney World opened in 1971, visitor center attendance increased by 30%, but the public was often disappointed by the comparative lack of polish at KSC's tourist facilities. Existing displays were largely made up of trade show exhibits donated by NASA contractors. Later that year, a $2.3 million upgrade of the visitor complex began with added focus on the benefits of space exploration along with the existing focus on human space exploration. In 1995, Delaware North Companies was selected to operate the visitor center. Between 1995 and 2007, the visitors center went through many changes, including the improvement of restaurants, retail shops, buses, and new exhibits. It is also when the visitor complex got its current name, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Since then, the facility has been entirely self-supporting and receives no taxpayer or government funding. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex was voted the 8th best museum in the United States by Trip Advisor in 2016. The Visitor Complex has had a visitation increase in the 2010's, in part due to the addition of the Space Shuttle Atlantis on display, the decreasing popularity of nearby SeaWorld due to changing attitudes to welfare of animals in captivity as KSC was considered an alternative, and the increasing interest in STEM fields for children. NASA renewed the contract with Delaware North Companies through 2028.

Attractions
Included in the base admission is tour-bus transportation to Launch Complex 39 and the surrounding KSC property, and the Apollo/Saturn V Center. Previously, it used to include admission to the Astronaut Hall of Fame, 6 mi to the west. That building is now closed and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame resides in a new exhibit at the visitor complex, Heroes & Legends.

The Apollo/Saturn V Center, located 6 mi north inside NASA's gates, is a large museum built around its centerpiece exhibit, a restored Saturn V launch vehicle, and features other space related exhibits, including an Apollo capsule. Two theaters allow the visitor to relive parts of the Apollo program. One simulates the environment inside an Apollo firing room during an Apollo launch, and another simulates the Apollo 11 Moon landing. The tour formerly included the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) where modules for the International Space Station were tested.

The Visitor Complex includes two facilities run by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation. The most visible of these is the Space Mirror Memorial, also known as the Astronaut Memorial, a huge black granite mirror through-engraved with the names of all astronauts who died in the line of duty. Elsewhere on the Visitor Complex grounds is the foundation's Center for Space Education, which includes a resource center for teachers, among other facilities; and the Kurt Debus Conference Center.

Heroes & Legends, which replaced the previous Early Space Exploration exhibit, houses the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame and several displays of artifacts. Among them is the Gemini 9A spacecraft, as well as a recreation of the Mercury Control Center using consoles and furniture relocated from the original building at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. These were previously housed in the Mercury Mission Control facility, which was on the National Register of Historic Places, but it was demolished in May 2010 due to concerns about asbestos and the estimated $5-million cost to renovate the building after 40 years of exposure to salt air.

Space Shuttle Atlantis

In 2010, the center announced a US$100 million plan to house a retired Space Shuttle orbiter in a 10-story 64000 ft2 facility. On April 12, 2011, the 30th anniversary of the launch of STS-1, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Atlantis would be provided to the visitors center for display after its last flight on STS-135 and subsequent decommissioning. The exhibit officially opened on June 29, 2013, offering a nearly 360° view of the shuttle. Atlantis is positioned at a 43.21° angle with the payload bay doors open; a view only previously seen in space.

The exhibit also includes a life sized replica of the Hubble Space Telescope, the Shuttle program's astrovan, Dr. Maxime Faget's Shuttle prototype from 1969, a large-scale slide mimicking the 22° slope of a Space Shuttle when landing, numerous astronaut training and Shuttle simulators, and other displays about life in space. On the ground level is the "Forever Remembered" exhibit, commemorating the 14 astronauts lost in both Space Shuttle Challenger and Space Shuttle Columbia disasters. "Forever Remembered" includes personal artifacts from the astronauts, two recovered pieces of the Shuttles, footage of the physical and emotional recovery, and the return to flight.

This exhibit replaced the Space Shuttle Explorer which was a full-scale, high-fidelity replica of the Space Shuttle which visitors were able to board. Explorer was removed from the KSC Visitor Center on December 11, 2011, and relocated to the Vehicle Assembly Building's turn basin dock adjacent to the Launch Complex 39 Press Site. The vehicle remained at the turn basin until 2012, when it was moved to the Space Center Houston.

Shuttle Launch Experience
The Shuttle Launch Experience, designed by Bob Rogers and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, opened May 25, 2007. The attraction puts guests through a simulated Shuttle launch. Delaware North Companies invested six years and US$60 million into the attraction. Astronauts, NASA experts and attraction-industry leaders were consulted during development. The attraction is housed in a 44000 sqft building that holds four simulators, each accommodating 44 people. Former Shuttle commander and then NASA Administrator Charles F. Bolden narrates the simulation and hosts the prerecorded pre-show. In the attraction's early years, guests would enter from the outside and exit into a gift shop before heading back out to the Visitor Complex. In 2013, however, the attraction was later made part of the exhibit for the Space Shuttle Atlantis, with the former gift shop space being used for several simulators that allowed guests to try their hand at landing and docking the Space Shuttle.

Heroes & Legends

The United States Astronaut Hall of Fame is now located in Heroes & Legends, which replaced the previous Early Space Exploration exhibit inside the visitor complex's main entrance. The US$20 million exhibit, which opened in 2016, focuses on America's first astronauts and nine characteristics of a hero. Each characteristic features astronaut artifacts and multimedia relevant to that characteristic. Key artifacts include the 1966 Gemini 9A capsule flown by Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene Cernan, the original NASA emblem from the Mercury Control Center (1959), the control center from Project Mercury (remaining from Early Space Exploration), Mercury Redstone rocket MR-6 (likely intended for Deke Slayton), and Wally Schirra's 1962 Sigma 7 capsule. There are also artifacts from specific astronauts, such as Gus Grissom's suborbital flight suit from July 21, 1961.

Heroes & Legends also holds the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame, displaying the inducted men and women. In the center of the hall is an interactive kiosk with an inductee database, a mission index, and a virtual photo opportunity with the Mercury 7 astronauts.

The Boeing company is the title sponsor of Heroes & Legends, which marked the first time the visitor complex entered an agreement with a corporate sponsor in more than 50 years.

U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
The United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, located inside the Heroes & Legends building, is included with visitor complex daily admission. The Hall of Fame was previously owned and operated by the U.S. Space Camp Foundation, but was purchased at auction by Delaware North Park Services in September 2002 on behalf of NASA. The building was renamed the ATX Center and houses educational programs including Camp Kennedy Space Center and the Astronaut Training Experience.

Rocket Garden
The Rocket Garden is located inside the front entrance, beyond Heroes & Legends.It is an outdoor display of historic rockets that put Americans and satellites in space. Visitors can walk up to and around the base of the rockets. All of the rockets in the garden are legitimate rockets with the exception of the Mercury-Atlas, which is a re-creation replica. The Mercury-Redstone, Mercury-Atlas, and Titan II rockets launched astronauts and the Juno I, Juno II, Thor-Delta, and Atlas-Agena rockets launched satellites from Cape Canaveral. These are mounted upright whereas the largest rocket, a Saturn IB, is mounted on its side. Saturn IB rockets launched Apollo Command/Service Modules into Earth orbit for Apollo, Skylab, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project. The Saturn IB was restored in 2018. In March 2021, a Delta II launch vehicle was added to the Rocket Garden.

The Juno I on display is painted with serial number "UE", a reference to the vehicle that launched the first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1. A Juno II launched the first American probe to escape Earth's gravity and fly past the Moon. Atlas-Agena rockets launched early probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, as well as the Agena target vehicles used in rendezvous and docking by Gemini spacecraft — a necessary technique for the following Apollo missions. The Thor-Delta was one of the most reliable and frequently used launch vehicles. The Titan II on display is a refurbished Air Force ICBM with a replica Gemini spacecraft, painted to resemble the Gemini 3 booster. It was rescued from the Arizona Boneyard and erected in 2010 to replace a deteriorating mockup composed of two first stages which had been on display for more than 20 years. The Saturn IB on display is SA-209 which was designated for a possible Skylab Rescue mission.

The garden also features mock-ups of capsules from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs that visitors can get in. An F-1 rocket engine that powered the first stage of the Saturn V is also on display. Free guided tours of the garden are available daily.

In June 2019, visitor complex official Therrin Protze offered placement of a Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy booster in the garden to SpaceX: "We have the space available and the capability to make it happen". SpaceX chief executive Elon Musk responded expressing interest in the offer.

Gateway
Subtitled "The Deep Space Launch Complex", this attraction opened in the spring of 2022 and showcases hardware focused on future exploration. Items on display include a Falcon Heavy booster, the Exploration Flight Test-1 capsule, prototypes of other spacecraft considered for flight, and interactive exhibits related to trips beyond the Moon. The facility hosts a rotating set of three shows devoted to topics such as extra-solar planets, Mars or recent discoveries in deep space.

Apollo/Saturn V Center

The Apollo/Saturn V Center (28.6055°N, -80.6696°W) is located north-northwest of Launch Complex 39 on the Kennedy Parkway N near the Shuttle Landing Facility and is only accessible to visitors by bus tours from the Visitors Complex. The center, which opened December 17, 1996, was designed by Bob Rogers and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, for NASA and Delaware North Companies. The opening of the exhibit was historic for NASA as it was the first large exhibit to be opened inside a restricted area, only accessible by Kennedy Space Center tour buses.

The 100,000-square-foot facility was built to house a restored Saturn V launch vehicle and features other exhibits related to the Apollo program. Until the structure was built, the Saturn V was displayed horizontally for many years outdoors just south of the Vehicle Assembly Building and tour buses brought visitors to it.

Other exhibits include the Apollo 14 command module Kitty Hawk, which carried Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell to the Moon in 1971 and orbited it 34 times, during which Shepard and Mitchell made the third crewed lunar landing; an unused Apollo command and service module Skylab Rescue (CSM-119), and an unused Lunar Module (LM-9). CSM-119 was designated for a possible Skylab rescue mission and as a backup for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project. LM-9 was originally scheduled to be used on Apollo 15, but when missions after Apollo 17 were canceled, a later LM (LM-10) was used instead.

Also on display is a slice of Moon rock that visitors can touch. Other exhibits include a replica of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, a variety of space suits including Alan Shepard's Apollo 14 extravehicular suit, a piece of Apollo 13's Lunar Module returned by the astronauts, lunar samples from Apollo 15 and Apollo 17, and a large cut-away scale model of the Saturn V. Two theaters allow visitors to relive parts of the Apollo program – one simulates the environment inside an Apollo-era firing room during the launch of Apollo 8 and the other simulates the Apollo 11 landing.

In January 2017, "Ad Astra Per Aspera – A Rough Road Leads to the Stars" opened in the Apollo/Saturn V Center to commemorate the fallen astronauts of Apollo 1. The permanent tribute showcases personal memorabilia from the three astronauts, with photos and video from their professional and personal lives. The exhibit also displays the charred three-section Block I hatch from the fire, and a redesigned Block II hatch. The Block II hatch flew on all following Apollo missions that could open quicker in the event of an emergency.

Journey to Mars: Explorers Wanted
In 2010, the attraction Exploration Space; Explorers Wanted, also designed by BRC Imagination Arts, functioned as part immersive experience, and part futuristic recruitment center. It is now known as Journey to Mars: Explorers Wanted with a focus on Mars exploration. The attraction, which employs large-scale video projections, dimensional exhibits and interactive experiences, is designed to immerse visitors into the adventure and unsolved challenges of future space exploration. The exhibit includes orbital docking and lunar landing simulators, a full-sized development model of a crew vehicle, a model of a space exploration vehicle, and models of the Mars rover family: Curiosity, Spirit, Opportunity, and Sojourner.

NASA Now
NASA Now is an exhibit that has a revolving display of spacecraft from NASA and its commercial partners. NASA Now, as of summer 2017, has the space-flown Orion EFT-1 designed for NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) and a scale model of an SLS launch vehicle. There is also a full-scale model of the crew vehicle Boeing CST-100 Starliner. SpaceX's space-flown Dragon capsule from COTS-2, which is the first commercial vehicle to dock with the International Space Station (ISS), is also featured. A pressure vessel for CST-100 Starliner, a scale model of the Dream Chaser cargo vehicle from Sierra Nevada Corporation, a scale model of United Launch Alliance's Atlas V launch vehicle, and a Vector-R rocket from Vector Space Systems are also all in the exhibit. NASA Now is located inside the IMAX theater.

Space Mirror Memorial
The Space Mirror Memorial, also known as the Astronaut Memorial, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and is located behind the IMAX theater on the grounds of the main Visitor Complex. It honors NASA astronauts along with several military and civilian astronauts who have died in the line of duty.

Planet Play
The Planet Play attraction is a multi-story, highly immersive play structure geared towards children between the ages of 2-12. It opened to the public on January 1, 2021, and features various amenities such as climbing structures, slides, interactive games, and light projections, with the intention of educating children on some of the technologies used in space exploration.

Step. Power. Launch.
Step. Power. Launch. is an attraction where visitors jump on pressure pads to power up a rocket on a screen. There are 3 sections: Earth, Moon And Mars. When the rocket is completely fueled up, smoke begins to spew from beneath the screen and a launch sequence is shown.

3D IMAX Theater (Planet Play building)
This 3D IMAX theater, located inside the Planet Play building, shows two films: Journey to Space and Asteroid Hunters.

Robot Scouts (closed)
In 1999, the attraction "Robot Scouts" opened as a walk-through exhibit highlighting NASA's unmanned planetary robot probes. The attraction, designed originally by award-winning experience designer Bob Rogers (designer) and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, explores how robots help to pave the way for human spaceflight. During their visit, guests were guided through the attraction by a robot named StarQuester 2000, who explained to them the mission of the "Robot Scouts: Trailblazers for Human Exploration", with the help of the other then-active robots, including the Voyagers, the Vikings, Cassini, and even the Hubble Space Telescope. The experience culminated in a visit to a diorama of a Mars base, which even included a simulated Martian sunset. The attraction is now closed, and replaced by a new more enhanced and activity-packed scout program.

Early Space Exploration (closed)
In 1996, "Early Space Exploration" opened as an exhibit at the Kennedy Space Center in the far corner of the Rocket Garden near where the Visitor Complex's current entrance is now. As its name suggests, this exhibit celebrates the early years of American space exploration, with TVs displaying news broadcasts from the 1960s that described the events of certain flights as well as other memorabilia commemorating the time. The exhibit also featured the actual consoles from the Mercury Mission Control Center. This exhibit was closed in 2014 and transformed into Heroes & Legends, with many of the items from the original Astronaut Hall of Fame relocated to here. The Mercury Mission Control Consoles were also kept from the aforementioned exhibit.

Special events and programs
The Visitors Complex also hosts special ticketed events run by Delaware North. Naturalization ceremonies have been conducted in the Rocket Garden. Space Shuttle launch viewing was offered and now rocket launch viewing, from the visitor complex, offering close views of the launch pads. The U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame hosts a yearly induction ceremony. The Astronaut Training Experience is also offered by Delaware North at the Astronaut Training Experience Center with several full-sized mock-ups of the Space Shuttle, Mission Control and training hardware. The complex also runs week-long accredited day camps for children in grades 2–9. The visitor complex offers events all year, ranging from astronaut presentations and signing opportunities, special guest appearances, and anniversary celebrations.

The music video for "Walking on the Moon" by The Police was shot at the Kennedy Space Center on October 23, 1979. It features the band members miming to the track amidst spacecraft displays, interspersed with NASA footage. Stewart Copeland strikes his drumsticks on a Saturn V Moon rocket. Also, the music video for the 1992 Eurodance song "Rhythm is a Dancer" by Snap! was filmed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex's rocket garden.

title: Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex


text:
Taurinius

Taurinius (also called Taurinus) was a Roman usurper who revolted against Severus Alexander in 232AD. He was declared emperor by the legions stationed in Roman Mesopotamia when they rebelled, due to the invasion of the Sassanids in 229AD. His revolt was swiftly crushed by Alexander, in late summer of 232AD, and he drowned in the Euphrates while attempting to flee to Sassanid territory.

History
In 229AD, during the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander, the Sassanids invaded Roman Mesopotamia. This led to a rebellion, in 232AD, by the provincial garrison. During this rebellion, Flavius Heracleo was killed, and the legion proclaimed Taurinius emperor. In the late summer of 232AD, Alexander arrived to crush the revolt. Taurinius fled, and drowned while attempting to cross the Euphrates into Sassanid territory.

Historiography
The Epitome de Caesaribus refers to him as Taurinius, and says that he revolted against Emperor Severus Alexander, and was declared augustus. He is said to have thrown himself into the Euphrates on account of fear of Severus Alexander. It is noted that this is the only mention of any event during Alexander's reign made by the Epitome de Caesaribus. Zonaras makes similar mention of him, but refers to him as Taurinus. Taurinius never controlled a mint, so no numismatic evidence of his revolt remains. Although mentioned in the Epitome de Caesaribus, Taurinius is noticeably absent from Aurelius Victor's De Caesaribus, and Eutropius's Breviarium historiae Romanae, and is not found in any other literary or epigraphic evidence.

title: Taurinius


text: File:CountingCrowsHardCandy.jpg

title: File:CountingCrowsHardCandy.jpg