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Esophageal rupture

Esophageal rupture is a rupture of the esophageal wall. Iatrogenic causes account for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an endoscopy or paraesophageal surgery. The 10% of esophageal perforations caused specifically by vomiting are termed Boerhaave syndrome.

Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus is most commonly a full-thickness tear in the esophageal wall due to a sudden increase in intraesophageal pressure combined with relatively negative intrathoracic pressure caused by straining or vomiting (effort rupture of the esophagus or Boerhaave's syndrome). Other causes of spontaneous perforation include caustic ingestion, pill esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, infectious ulcers in patients with AIDS, and following dilation of esophageal strictures.

In most cases of Boerhaave's syndrome, the tear occurs at the left postero-lateral aspect of the distal esophagus and extends for several centimeters. The condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is fatal without treatment. The occasionally nonspecific nature of the symptoms may contribute to a delay in diagnosis and a poor outcome. Spontaneous effort rupture of the cervical esophagus, leading to localized cervical perforation, may be more common than previously recognized and has a generally benign course. Pre-existing esophageal disease is not a prerequisite for esophageal perforation, but it contributes to increased mortality.

This condition was first documented by the 18th-century physician Herman Boerhaave, after whom it is named. A related condition is Mallory-Weiss syndrome which is only a mucosal tear. A common site of iatrogenic perforation is the cervical esophagus just above the upper sphincter, whereas spontaneous rupture as seen in Boerhaave's syndrome perforation commonly occurs in the lower third of the esophagus.

Signs and symptoms
The classic history of esophageal rupture is one of severe retching and vomiting followed by excruciating retrosternal chest and upper abdominal pain. Odynophagia, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, fever, and shock develop rapidly thereafter.

Physical examination is usually not helpful, particularly early in the course. Subcutaneous emphysema (crepitation) is an important diagnostic finding but is not very sensitive, being present in only 9 of 34 patients (27 percent) in one series. A pleural effusion may be detected.

Mackler's triad includes chest pain, vomiting, and subcutaneous emphysema, and while it is a classical presentation, it is only present in 14% of people.

Pain can occasionally radiate to the left shoulder, causing physicians to confuse an esophageal perforation with a myocardial infarction.

It may also be audibly recognized as Hamman's sign.

Pathophysiology
Esophageal rupture, in Boerhaave syndrome, is thought to be the result of a sudden rise in internal esophageal pressure produced during vomiting, as a result of neuromuscular incoordination causing failure of the cricopharyngeus muscle (a sphincter within the pharynx) to relax. As the intra-oesophageal pressure increases, the bolus within the oesophagus has nowhere to go superiorly (as the cricopharyngeus fails to relax) which causes the oesophagus to rupture. The syndrome is commonly associated with the consumption of excessive food and/or alcohol as well as eating disorders such as bulimia.

The most common anatomical location of the tear in Boerhaave syndrome is at left posterolateral wall  of the lower third of the esophagus, 2–3 cm before the stomach.

Currently, the most common cause of esophageal perforation is iatrogenic. However, iatrogenic perforations, while still constituting a serious medical condition, are easier to treat and less prone to complications, particularly mediastinitis and sepsis. This is because they usually do not involve contamination of the mediastinum with gastric contents.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Boerhaave's syndrome is suggested on the plain chest radiography and confirmed by chest CT scan. The initial plain chest radiograph is almost always abnormal in patients with Boerhaave's syndrome and usually reveals mediastinal or free peritoneal air as the initial radiologic manifestation. With cervical esophageal perforations, plain films of the neck show air in the soft tissues of the prevertebral space.

Hours to days later, pleural effusion(s) with or without pneumothorax, widened mediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema is typically seen. CT scan may show esophageal wall edema and thickening, extraesophageal air, periesophageal fluid with or without gas bubbles, mediastinal widening, and air and fluid in the pleural spaces, retroperitoneum or lesser sac.

The diagnosis of esophageal perforation could also be confirmed by water-soluble contrast esophagram (Gastrografin), which reveals the location and extent of extravasation of contrast material. Although barium is superior in demonstrating small perforations, the spillage of barium sulfate into the mediastinal and pleural cavities can cause an inflammatory response and subsequent fibrosis and is therefore not used as the primary diagnostic study. If, however, the water-soluble study is negative, a barium study should be performed for better definition.

Endoscopy has no role in the diagnosis of spontaneous esophageal perforation. Both the endoscope and insufflation of air can extend the perforation and introduce air into the mediastinum.

Patients may also have a pleural effusion high in amylase (from saliva), low pH, and may contain particles of food.

Differential diagnosis
Common misdiagnoses include myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, lung abscess, pericarditis, and spontaneous pneumothorax. If esophageal perforation is suspected, even in the absence of physical findings, chest xray, water soluble contrast radiographic studies of the esophagus and a CT scan should be promptly obtained. In most cases, non-operative management is administered based on radiological evidence contained in mediastinal collection.

Treatment
With the exception of a few case reports describing survival without surgery, the mortality of untreated Boerhaave syndrome is 100%. With surgical intervention, the mortality rate decreases to 30%. Its treatment includes immediate antibiotic therapy to prevent mediastinitis and sepsis, surgical repair of the perforation, and if there is significant fluid loss it should be replaced with IV fluid therapy since oral rehydration is not possible. Even with early surgical intervention (within 24 hours) the risk of death is 25%.

title: Esophageal rupture


text:
Stortinget station

Stortinget is an underground rapid transit station on the Common Line of the Oslo Metro, Norway. It is located in the heart of the city center, next to the Parliament of Norway Building (Stortinget). The station is served by all of the five lines of the metro. At the street level, the station serves tram routes 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 and 19. Lines 11, 12 and 13 serves Øvre Slottsgate on the Vika Line while Lines 17, 18 and 19 stops at Tinghuset in the Ullevål Hageby Line. Also close to the station, there is a stop named Prof. Aschehougs gate that stops line FB5 to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. Stortinget is 'kilometer marker zero' for the metro network and is owned by Sporveien T-banen.

There has been a tram stop at Tinghuset since the opening of the Oslo Tramway, in 1875. The rapid transit station opened as Sentrum in 1977, and was connected to the eastern network of the metro. It was forced to close in 1983 due to leaks. It took the new name following the 1987 re-opening; this time it was also connected to the western network. The station has four platforms; originally two were used for the eastern trains and two for the western ones. Since 1993, trains have passed through the station.

History
The first underground railway to serve Oslo was the extension of the Holmenkoll Line to Nationaltheatret in 1928. The company, Holmenkolbanen, had plans for further extensions into the heart of the city, but high costs during the construction of the initial tunnel hampered progress. In 1954, the Parliament of Norway decided to build a rapid transit system for Oslo. Four lines to the east of the city would be built, and in 1966 the section from Tøyen to Jernbanetorget opened by Oslo Sporveier. Jernbanetorget was located adjacent to Oslo East Station, the main railway station serving Oslo. However, the eastern lines also did not extend into the core of the central business district of the capital.

During the 1960s, the Oslo Tunnel was being planned to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station. This would make the West Station unnecessary, and would allow a central station to be built at the location of the East Station. The tunnel was planned to run in a similar route as would be necessary to connect Jernbanetorget to Nationaltheatret, and a railway station was planned to connect to Nationaltheatret. Simultaneously, Oslo Sporveier worked with possibilities to connect their eastern and western networks, and get both into the city core. During the 1960s, the planning office for the metro proposed to build a connecting tunnel between Nationaltheatret and Jernbanetorget. However, the initial plans involved creating a station close to Nationaltheatret, named for Slottsparken, which would serve as the transfer point between the two systems. This station had a planned dimension to hold 25,000 people.

At the time, the western and eastern networks were incompatible; in addition to different platform heights, the eastern network used six-car trains with a third-rail power supply, while the western network used overhead wires and two-car trains. The initial plans were met with criticism, following media's discovery that the main planners had not consulted several hired specialists, and that alternatives to the preferred route had not been made. As a consequence, several engineers working for the Norwegian State Railways made two alternative suggestion for the route. By 1975, the plans were changed so Nationaltheatret would become the transfer station, by building a balloon loop for the eastern trains, while the western trains would terminate as before. This solution would allow the two networks to be connected later. In 1978, the city planner discarded the proposal from Oslo Sporveier to build a new station at Slottsparken, and instead decided that Stortinget would become the interchange between the two systems. This would allow the western network to later be upgraded to metro standard and allow through trains. The proposal was supported by all political parties except the Labour Party.

The decision to build Sentrum Station was taken by the city council on 22 May 1969; the decision also involved that the transfer station be placed at Slottsparken/Nationaltheatret. Construction started in 1972, and the first leaks were revealed. By the time the station opened on 9 January 1977, the leaks had not been removed. During trials in January, it turned out that the tracks were too low for all types of trains to be able to open their doors, causing the tracks to have to be raised. By 1978, the contractor and the municipality felt that the leaks were under control, and the municipality took over the station. In February 1983, the station was closed to finally remove all leaks. At the time, it was expected that the station could reopen in 1984. The leakages were caused by two sources: the use of the wrong type of concrete, and the wrong construction method. These were specified correctly in the tender contracts, but after the contractor was chosen, an agreement was made between the municipality and Selmer for the use of the membrane method. Combined with the inferior quality of concrete, the leaks were unavoidable. In 1986, the municipality sued Selmer for the NOK158 million it cost to repair the station.

The station reopened on 7 March 1987, with the new name Stortinget. The name derives from the Parliament of Norway (Stortinget) that is adjacent to the station. The Common Tunnel was completed, and the trains from the western network terminated where at the old platforms, where the eastern trains had previously terminated. The eastern trains instead operated through a balloon loop. The station featured a step-free walk between the two systems. With the opening of Stortinget, the metro network was declared finished, after the last extension on the Furuset Line to Ellingsrudåsen had been made in 1981. After the opening of Stortinget, only seven new station have opened: Mortensrud (1998), Forskningsparken (1999), Nydalen, Storo (both 2003), Sinsen, Husebybakken (both 2006) and Løren (2016). In 1993, the Sognsvann Line and the Common Tunnel were rebuilt to metro standard, and the first through trains started operating on both sides of Stortinget. By 1995, also the Røa Line was upgraded, and all lines started operating through Stortinget.

Facilities
Stortinget has four platforms. Most regular trains which travel through the city center use the main platforms which were formerly used only for trains on the western side of the network. At each side is a platform for trains from the east terminating at Stortinget. Before the lines were joined these platforms were used by all trains on the eastern part of the network, but they are now used mainly for extra trains on lines 2 and 3 running Stortinget-Mortensrud (Line 3) and Stortinget-Ellingsrudåsen (Line 2).A loop which passes underneath the main track connects the two side platforms, allowing the trains to turn without having to reverse direction. The stations Øvre Slottsgate and Tinghuset of the Oslo tramway are close to the station entrances making it possible to transfer to all the tramway lines for example Line 13.

Service
Stortinget is served by all five lines of the Oslo Metro. The station is considered the heart of the system, and is 'kilometer marker zero' for measuring all distances. All services have a 15-minute headway. The metro is operated by Oslo T-banedrift on contract with Ruter.

The trams running through Grensen and Pilestredet serve the tram stop Tinghuset (the courthouse) next to one of the Metro entrances. The stop is served by lines 17, 18 and 19 of the Oslo Tramway. Westwards, line 17 and 18 operate along the Ullevål Hageby Line to Rikshospitalet; travel time is 16 minutes. Line 19 branches off onto the Homansbyen Line to Majorstuen. Eastwards, line 19 operates via Bjørvika to Ljabru. Line 17 operates via Sinsen to Grefsen, with a travel time of 17 minutes. Line 18 operates to Grefsen via the Grünerløkka-Torshov Line, with a travel time of 24 minutes. Øvre Slottsgate is also next to one of the Metro entrances. The stop is served by lines 11, 12 and 13. Westwards, Line 11 operate along the Briskeby Line to Majorstuen. Line 12 branches off and run via Aker Brygge in the Vika Line and operate along the Frogner Line to Majorstuen. Line 13 runs via the Skøyen Line to Lilleaker and Bekkestua. Eastwards, lines 11 and 12 runs via the Grünerløkka - Torshov Line to Kjelsås. Line 13 runs via the Bjørvika Line and the Ekerberg Line to Ljabru. Oslo Tramway is operated by Oslo Sporvognsdrift on contract with Ruter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stortinget station


text:
Talk:History of lesbianism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tptrahan.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge?
While the material looks good, the whole unsourced viewpoint of the narrative suggests original research. It is speculated...' - who speculated? I think the specific Sappho detail would be better merged into Sappho. Tearlach 13:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I reverted this Sep 4th 2005 edit labelled "wikified further and removed tag" because it reintroduced spelling mistakes, altered headings to a non-standard form, and lost a great chunk off the end of the article, including the categories. Tearlach 10:39, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

The material on this page is full of gross errors and copyright violations. It should be eliminated if it can't be fixed by a responsible individual.Ande B. 06:45, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Sappho
I have removed the most egregious copyright infringeing materials. There are still more unattributed copyright protected quotes in this article. This entire page is full of strong POV. It's really too much to fix with a simple edit and needs serious workovers for which I have no time or interest. Good luck. Ande B. 07:52, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

The following text is not supported by any cite to authority and relies entirely on assumptions and Victorian era fabrications: "Sappho was married off and eventually gave birth to a daughter. A revolution temporarily forced her into exile in Sicily; when she returned, she gathered together a group of women and girls who shared her artistic and sexual preferences"

There is no evidence that indicates Sappho was forced into marriage nor any evidence that her marriage was an unhappy one, as is implied by the statement. This type of strong POV demands the support of cited relaible authority.

Sappho's exile, while not life-long, lasted for at least ten years, longer than the impression given by the word "temporary."

I don't recall any historical documentary evidence that indicates that Sappho actively "gathered" any particular group of people together. While people may tend to gravitate to those of similar interests and Sappho's high reputation may have may have attracted "fans" or "followers," this does not imply that she actively "gathered" anyone for any purpose. So little is known about the woman that the description quoted above is mere assertion.

It has been more than a few years since I happily struggled through Sappho's poetry in their original language so if anyone has more current, reliable information about the above material, please let us know your sources-- they would be quite valuable to those with strong interests in these matters. 24.7.5.47 21:07, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Cry for help!
I put in a request for expert attention to this page, it really needs it. I also removed the request to merge this article with the Sappho article because it has been sitting here for months with no responses. Also, this page serves a totally different and much broader purpose than the Sappho page. Ande B 07:36, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

I began thinking I could improve this article, but I've decided to write another for my topic, and if the two should later need to be merged, so be it, but I don't feel I can do much for the first part of this article, which is obviously pretty neglected. --Chuchunezumi 00:07, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Possible deletion
I am going to review and make a decision whether this article should be proposed for deletion. From what I've been able to construe, it is lifted directly from another article with little or no changes whatsoever, making it a copyright concern. While the other article might have copied from this one, I'm not sure. The article in question may be found at http://experts.about.com/e/h/hi/history_of_lesbianism.htm. I welcome discussion even before I propose its deletion, but hearing none, and if after rereading the criteria for AfDs, I may propose that this article be taken down. Cheers! Chuchunezumi 22:50, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, it appears that all of the content of the above website is lifted from Wikipedia, though they give no sort of credit at all. I'm still concerned with this article overall and would appreciate hearing what others think should happen.  While I think this subject deserves an article, I'm not sure this one is doing the topic justice completely bereft of citation.  Cheers! Chuchunezumi 23:05, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Also I feel as though this article should be labeled a stub, since I think it's pretty obvious that lesbianism didn't end in the Dark Ages. Chuchunezumi 23:06, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Lead section needed
This article needs a summarizing introduction. See Lead section for guidelines.

Apocalypse of Peter
Should this article mention the punishment of gay men and lesbians in Hell in the apocryphal Apocalypse of Peter? It could be slightly unusual to come across mention of lesbians from that period, even if only to condemn them?

"32 And other men and women being cast down from a great rock (precipice) fell (came) to the bottom, and again were driven by them that were set over them, to go up upon the rock, and thence were cast down to the bottom and had no rest from this torment. And these were they that did defile their bodies behaving as women: and the women that were with them were they that lay with one another as a man with a woman."

You were warned! PatGallacher (talk) 13:31, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

The Entire Canonical New Testament paragraph is wrong
There are no specific references to Lesbians. The Romans verse is talking about something Women are doing, but is only specified as Gay when Men do it. Clearly Anal sex is what's in mind. But not all agree any of these verses condemn Homosexuality at all, just specific Pagan practices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.92.228.166 (talk) 22:13, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

Expanding this?
Lesbian history didn't end with the Low Middle Ages. Are we going to expand this article further? Beggarsbanquet (talk) 08:51, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Why this article?
I tried to add some infos, but I still don't quite understand why do we need a separate article? Why not incorporate this content in LGBT history? --Dia^ (talk) 14:03, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I work mainly with antiquity, not LGBT history, but from that perspective I've learned that lesbianism is usually treated separately in scholarship from male same-sex relations simply because it was different in its cultural manifestations. The kinds of evidence that are available differ from those on male homoerotic desires and behaviors, in ancient Greece and Rome, anyway. (I've gathered from working on another topic that this is true also in later Western culture up to the 20th century; 19th-century "gay rights activists," for instance, seem to have been mainly concerned with male sexuality.) I don't think that LGBT history as a whole should treat male homosexuality as normative, but historically (and after all this is an article about the history of lesbianism) there's enough difference in available primary material and scholarly methodology to sustain an article that looks specifically at the problems of lesbian history. I suppose the arguments would be similar to those on how and why "women's history" can be treated as a distinct academic field of study. Then again, I'm not a member of the LGBT community, so I would want to recognize issues of self-definition. Cynwolfe (talk) 18:58, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Hallo Cynwolfe, thanks for your answer. I think I understand what you are saying but I'm still not quite sure. Shouldn't we than have a "History of male homosexuality" separated from LGBT history? Otherwise we should change the first sentence of the lead section in LGBT history that goes: "LGBT history refers to the history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) peoples and cultures around the world, dating back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations." Isn't it better to incorporate the differences in history between male and female homosexuals in the LGBT history article? Or is too complicated? Than we should maybe have three separate article for male homosexuality, lesbianism and transgender (intersexuals too maybe?) and than the LGBT history can explain when the three groups worked/fought together? Any other ideas?

Thoughts on expanding or needing this article
I forgot to transport this discussion from Talk:Lesbian. Here it is, from months ago, if anyone wants to weigh in on it. Flyer22 (talk) 21:07, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Initially from Talk:Lesbian, during February-March 2011:

I'm bringing this topic up here because there are more people here (watching the Lesbian article), and because History of Lesbianism is related to it. On to my concerns: I feel that "the history of lesbianism" is already covered quite well here at the Lesbian article. Therefore, I question whether we really need a History of Lesbianism article. It's mostly unsourced, and surely what is there can be covered here. As I touched on, the Lesbian article covers most of the history of lesbianism. This makes the History of lesbianism article seem like some small, missing part of it. It needs a better, more specific title if we are going to keep it. It used to be called Sapphic love. So maybe a rename to that? Flyer22 (talk) 22:04, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I think there is good potential to expand the history of lesbianism. There certainly are good sources to do this. Someone has to do it, however. I wrote this one, so someone else--or several someones--should write the history of lesbianism article. --Moni3 (talk) 22:08, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * But, Moni, my point is that I feel this article (Lesbian) more so represents the history of lesbianism, and that the History of lesbianism article seems like some poor, not even half-written, knock-off. To make that article about "the history of lesbianism," it would need to be like this one to be as accurate as possible...and then it would simply be redundant. Right now, it needs to be either merged or renamed, in my opinion. Flyer22 (talk) 22:16, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I know. My point is that there is much more information about the history of lesbianism than this article can provide. History of lesbianism is a poor, half-written knock-off because someone hasn't rewritten it. Someone should. This one took me about 2 months to write. It just takes access to really good books (a decent college library would have them) and a lot of dedication. Nothing really more is necessary. --Moni3 (talk) 22:22, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand that more can be stated. I still feel that it would largely be redundant to the Lesbian article if expanded considerably...considering that the Lesbian article already covers so much about this topic (thanks to you, which is greatly appreciated and respected). That's why I'm still not seeing that article's title (History of lesbianism) as the best. You say there is much more that article can say on the matter, but I say it's not like every extensive detail about lesbianism is expected to be in either article (here or there). There is also the fact that WP:SIZE is not a factor for relevant information that is suited here. More could be added here on the history of lesbianism, despite WP:SIZE. And right now, the Lesbian article is "it" for most of the information on lesbianism, which I feel will be that way for a long time. It's not like the History of lesbianism article could not be merged until someone is ready to expand it. But I suppose we can wait and see if it grows in the way you seem to believe it is likely to.

 * If you don't mind, I will copy and paste this discussion to Talk:History of lesbianism, after others weigh in (if others weigh in) here, so that it can be there as well, for the consideration of anyone interested in expanding that article in the future. Flyer22 (talk) 22:54, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * This is by far the longest article I've written on Wikipedia. I cannot read it all in one sitting most days. I don't think it a good idea to add information here. I call it a leviathan of an article.
 * I'm mostly ambivalent about the History of lesbianism article. However, I don't think it should be deleted because someone hasn't accessed the best sources about the history of lesbianism, and it's difficult to say that the Lesbian article has everything necessary to address the topic if those sources have not been consulted. Because an article is awful, poorly written, unsourced, and just plain aesthetically ugly (these are generic terms that I don't apply to the History of lesbianism article) doesn't mean it should be removed from Wikipedia.
 * Ok, so I've made my point. I'll let others weigh in in the discussion. --Moni3 (talk) 23:10, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand. Still, articles that are largely unsourced and felt to be better covered elsewhere are deleted or merged all the time. That's often how Wikipedia works, whether I always agree or not. Anyway, thanks for weighing in and indulging me. Flyer22 (talk) 23:26, 23 February 2011
 * I'd say leave it there. Give it a few years, and it may grow into a more comprehensive treatment than this article can provide. -- JN 466  02:34, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * A few years? Yikes. I can wait, but I still feel that it should not be titled History of lesbianism, until it is sufficiently about the history of lesbianism. Right now, this article (Lesbian) covers most of that. Flyer22 (talk) 07:21, 21 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know if anyone has revised it since then, and I don't have the sources too but since this article hasn't been removed I'm assuming there's been some sort of modifications QueerCB97 (talk) 03:46, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Question on salzikrum
I'm not sure salzikrum means what the author of the reference thinks it means. A quick google search reveals that the only relevant references to word quote the source on this article. I don't have access to the book, but it seems that it's referring to § 172. Here's a linkto a translation of the code. § 172 clearly refers to a widow, not a "male daughter" and the inheritance right referred to is simply that which she is entitled to if her husband fails to leave her any of his estate.

Furthermore this is a link to a line-by-line literal translation. The word appears in the author's 172A in his transliteration as zinnistum. Look in the glossary and you'll see it's translated as woman and used elsewhere in the Code in that context.

Unless someone has access to the book and can tell me what the author cites as a source (and I'll try to find a copy) I'd like to remove that section, as the other (indeed, every other) translations provide more reliable sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark C M (talk • contribs) 05:26, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I have just been trying to track down any confirmation of the idea that "the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 1700 BC) is widely considered to be the earliest known mention of lesbians in surviving historical documents", and failing miserably, so I'm glad it's not just me. There doesn't seem to have been much academic discussion of what "Sal-Zikrum" means recently at all.  What I could find is Driver and Miles (1939), which suggests that the word refers to "a man regarded as a woman"(p.68), and Luckenbill (1917!!!), which suggests that it refers to women in a harem. (Lauren Talalay, in 1997, quoted Driver/Miles without comment in "Reflections on Identity and Ethnicity in the Ancient World").  More recently, I can find an article suggesting that "sal-zikrum" refers to "the transgender priestesses of... Inanna/Ishtar" (Conner 2000), but that was published in Parabola (magazine), which wikipedia doesn't even call an academic journal in its own article!

 * And though I don't have access to the book quoted, I find it highly unlikely that it discusses the meaning of "sal zikrum" at all, considering that it's a book on art history, and not on Mesopotamian legal texts. Certainly it cannot be said that it is "widely considered" to be about lesbianism, though, even if against all odds it is mentioned in the book cited.  So I'm going to go ahead and remove the section entirely... Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 14:07, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

Middle Ages / When Rome came to power
The section "Middle Ages (476—1049 AD)" begins with "When Rome came to power, it began to frown on such relations". This doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. 476 is usually considered the time when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, and the beginning of the middle ages. Perhaps this is trying to say the rise of the Western Church (later the Roman Catholic Church), although that was not particularly focused on that point in time, and Rome itself was not particularly authoritative in the Western church for quite some additional time. Perhaps the general rise of Christianity? Or...? Rwessel (talk) 23:50, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

 * You're right. The article currently misreads the Iphis and Ianthe episode as expressing something more positive than it does: after all, their love can be fulfilled only if one literally becomes a man; otherwise, it's considered unnatural. Roman attitudes toward same-sex relations are rather complicated, and the sources are much harsher toward relations between women than those between men (as long as the upper-status man "dominated" the other male)—no doubt because the sources are all men. The article Homosexuality in ancient Rome doesn't do a good job with same-sex relations between women, but while male writers thought such things were weird (they seem not to be titillated by lesbian sex, as seems to be the case with contemporary men; being a woman, I can't speak to that), I don't know that they would trouble to "punish" lesbians by trying to turn them, or prosecute them, or subject them to violence. So while lesbianism might be regarded with disapproval, I haven't seen any evidence of persecution among the Romans.

 * More to the point, in the sentence you quote, it does seem to mean "Rome" in the papal sense, so I'm going to fix that one thing. Cynwolfe (talk) 15:02, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

This article needs to progress further in time than just 1049 to be relevant
Just as the subject line says... I was amazed when the history of lesbianism only went to 1049??? I would say that the last 100 years would be of vastly more importance. Why hasn't anyone gone further forward in time? -- 69.151.64.188 (talk) 14:55, 15 March 2013 (UTC) (anonymous gay male)

Spain
The article says that laws created during the Inquisition in Spain prohibited female-female sexual relations.

Aside from the reference to the Inquisition, which should be removed (the Inquisition had nothing to do with civil legislation, only religious matters), I have a Ph.D. in Hispanic studies and know quite a bit about the history of sex in Spain, and I've never heard of this. Is there any documentation for it? If not, I think it should go. deisenbe (talk) 17:24, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

 * This appears to be a reference to Crompton 1981.

 * Firstly, he argues that lesbianism was interpreted as being illegal under Roman law in medieval Europe (including Spain), thusly (p.15-16):

 * The Codex Justinianus contains a law (9.9.20) which sets down penalties for women who "surrender their honour to the lusts of others" (translation from Crompton's paper).
 * The jurist Cino da Pistoia glossed this as applying both to women who have sex with men and women who have sex with women.
 * Bartholomaeus de Saliceto (by analogy with 9.9.31) suggested that the death penalty was mandated in 9.9.20.
 * "Since, according to Roman tradition, the opinions of eminent jurists often have the force of law, it would have been possible... to argue for the death penalty for lesbianism" even if there was no local/national legislation specifically against it.
 * Spain was heavily influenced by Roman law.
 * Therefore, in Spain it would have been possible to argue that lesbianism was illegal and punishable by death.

 * Secondly, he gives Spanish examples of women being punished for lesbianism: two nuns burned for "using 'material instruments'",(p.17) and women in Granada who were whipped and sent to the galleys (p.19)

 * Thirdly, he cites Gregorio Lopez's gloss on Title 21 of the final book of the Partidas, arguing the law which provides for the death penalty for sodomy applies to women as well as men (citing St Paul as well as the glosses on CJ9.9.20 discussed above, as well a conflicting opinion that while homosexual acts between women were criminal, they were not as severe as sodomy and therefore shouldn't be punished by death). (p.18-19)

 * It is not true, however, as the lead claims, that "Laws created during the Inquisition in Spain[...] specifically mention lesbianism".  (The law in the Holy Roman Empire, according to Crompton, did.)

 * Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 12:51, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Globalization
Currently the article is significantly focused on the US and UK, with occasional forays into the state of affairs elsewhere in Europe and a few mentions of the Arab world. Missing entirely is any discussion of:

 * Anywhere in Asia

 * Anywhere in the New World before it began to interact with Europe

 * Anywhere in sub-saharan Africa

 * Anywhere in South/Central America

it would be great if anyone who has any level of knowledge of the history of female same-sex relationships/sex in any of these places could either add some relevant stuff to the article, or give some pointers to sources that other people might want to look at here.

Relatedly, I'm not sure about the organisation of the article at the moment. The periodisation is very western-centric, the most egregious example being the section on modern history, where modern is essentially defined as "post-Stonewall", though "medieval" and "early modern" are fairly Eurocentric concepts too. I'm not sure what the best way to fix this any still maintain any semblance of a coherent article is, though. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 17:02, 1 February 2016 (UTC)
 * FWIW, Lesbian seems to have rather more historical information than does this article. Rwessel (talk) 02:15, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've looked at the Lesbian article, and it's got some stuff which is much better than this article. I'm going to take inspiration (and reading suggestions!) from there, but I thought I'd open up a discussion on the talk page here in case anyone reading this article has any suggestions Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 13:44, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I mentioned it because if there's going to be a "history of" article, it would normally be because the main article is too large, and the history has been broken out. So the two choices are really merging what's different/unique here back into Lesbian, and deleting this article (rather turning it into a redirect to the history section of main article), or doing this article properly by moving most of the historical stuff from the main article here (and leaving only a summary, and link, there).  Lesbian is fairly large, so that would tend to argue for the second option.  Note that this article appears to have a fairly independent history from Lesbian, and was never started as a split from the main article.  What I'm really saying is what's required here is a merge of some sort.  Rwessel (talk) 23:17, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * FWIW, this was already discussed in 2011 (see above, Expanding this?), with no apparent action. Rwessel (talk) 23:20, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Another option would be to rename this article "History of Lesbianism in Western Culture" because as it stands now, that's pretty much what it is. If this article is to be globalized, and kept as a separate article without bringing in the historical info from Lesbianism, it would need to expand upon or go into greater detail than what already exists in the Lesbianism article. I do see that Caeciliusinhorto and others have done some expansion since 2011. Having a separate, more expanded article does have some advantages, for those who want to delve more deeply into the history.  If consensus is to keep this article and globalize it, new geographic sections would need to be added. ABF99 (talk) 17:05, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

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Sor Juana... and Others
This article seems lacking in a couple of categories. I noticed that the Mexican poet Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz wasn't mentioned at all, nor were the Daughters of Bilitis. Both seem fairly important in understanding the history of lesbianism not just in Europe but in other places as well. Unfortunately, I haven't done enough research on either to add them in just yet, and I'm certain there are many other people missing. I'm also not sure what the best way to integrate the two in would be, so if anyone has suggestions that would be awesome. MultiverseTheory42 (talk) 07:44, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

The article's title is misleading
The article should be re-titled. The current title erroneously implies that lesbianism is an invention. This fits with the erroneous belief that homosexuality is an invention, a cultural practice that is taught. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.194.198 (talk) 04:44, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I also find the section citing the NKJV dubious. Different versions of the Bible can vary quite radically in content, even if the changes are only apparent when one pays close attention. Some of the more recent versions, like NIV, add and change material in order to further an anti-gay agenda. For example, "all the people of the city, young and old" from KJV has been changed to "all the men of the city", to further the ridiculous idea that Sodom and Gomorrah were populated exclusively by homosexual men. Perhaps Sodom was because it was a military outpost (which would explain "all the people, young and old, even the men of Sodom") but not both. Another line in which it is made clear women were present has been changed to excise women from the scene. Things like this are, unfortunately, a popular practice in many more-contemporary Bibles. This is not the result of improved translation/scholarship. It's the result of an anti-gay agenda coupled with the belief that embedding more anti-gay content will improve Bible sales — the contemporary expectation that Bibles must clearly present the concept of homosexuality and strongly condemn it. The point I'm making is that before Wikipedia says anything definitive about the Bible it should be very very certain that what it's saying isn't debatable due to there being quite different language in different versions of the Bible. It also bears noting that even the KJV and earlier Bibles are the result of agendas, revisionism to further them.
 * Better titles might be Known History of Lesbianism or Lesbianism, Current Historical Knowledge. Those makes it clearer that it's not about pretending that lesbian is an invention that started at some point after the beginning of humanity — a practice that's spread due to culture (socialization) rather than being innate to human sexuality (biological). The same goes for any article calling itself "History of Homosexuality". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.194.198 (talk) 05:12, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I totally disagree with the premise that the title "History of lesbianism" implies that lesbianism was invented; it does so no more than History of Earth implies that the earth was invented, or History of HIV/AIDS implies that HIV was invented. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 16:11, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

Eurocentrism—change to header or content needed
This article should either be called "History of lesbianism in the Europe/North America" or else should add considerable sections on gay women in other parts of the world. Jackie.salzinger (talk) 12:56, 27 June 2020 (UTC)
 * "should add considerable sections on gay women". I'm just throwing in a couple of cents: this article's title is "History of lesbianism " -- not "History of gay women". Before the identity activism of the 1970s–early 1980s, lesbians were the unacknowledged half of the homosexual community, in which male and female homosexuals were all referred to as "gay", knowing full well that "gay" is associated with homosexual males. For some, "lesbian" sounded like a 'dirty word'. For many, it upended patriarchal social and sexual expectations. Lesbian, lezzy, lezzo, lesbo. That's all Folks! Pyxis Solitary   (yak) . L not Q. 05:33, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Historiography
Some sources about lesbian historiography may be of use to this article. They may also be useful for a split-off called Lesbian historiography. Thanks, Urve (talk) 05:12, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

HOMOSEXUALITY IN EGYPTIAN CULTURE IS FALSE INFORMATION
There were no traces of homosexuality in Egypt and the picture that yoshi and Elliot keeps reverting back to this topic is false. Idet and RIU WERE SISTERS, not lovers. furthermore, there are no sources out of the 115+ references that deliberately highlight or provide evidence to the claim they were trying to stick in on the behalf of homosexuality in Egypt or the picture they keep reposting yet trying to etch this case as history. 2600:4040:72E5:3400:B001:5F30:97FE:D5A (talk) 02:51, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of lesbianism


text:
Talk:Highfields, Leicester

[Untitled]
I'd consider Spinney Hills to be part of Highfields, and there was a legal challenge to the boundary commission splitting the two areas recently. Sure Start operates over the whole area. The "Highfields Remembered" site includes areas to the east of East Park Road, which I think most people nowadays would consider to be Evington Valley. These things are never clearly defined, anyway. I was a member of HART in the days when we'd get three people turning up to meetings, and was vice-chair for a while, though I haven't had time for involvement in the last couple of years. Crime is the first thing to occur to most people from outside the area, and although that's largely unfair these days it's a continuing problem, drug use/sales especially. My house is in a street once notorious (20+ years ago) for being "full of tarts", as a solicitor once told me, but if there's anything like that going on now, I don't see any evidence. According to the local Police Inspector, there's an unofficial policy of encouraging all the street prostitutes to use the industrial area around the St George's end of Humberstone Rd, rather than residential areas. I'm not sure Wikipedia needs a "where to find prostitutes in Leicester" article, though! -- ajn (talk) 11:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed. But then, it is an inner city area (probably the most inner city area leicester has), and that sort of thing is not unusual.  It certainly doesn't have a national reputation.  I work just on Granville Road and frankly I feel a lot safer when I'm in Highfields than I do along the middle of Uppingham Road. Morwen - Talk 12:33, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

In response to this: "'Highfields has in the past been an area associated with crime - it was known even prior to the Second World War as the city's red light district however this is no longer the case. In recent years some of the establishments associated with criminal activity have been closed, and the police have adopted a hardline policy on properties used for the sale and consumption of drugs, in collaboration with local residents' associations...'"

I live in Highfields and one thing I really am not fond of is the beleif of people outside the area that it's alright now. If you walk up Upper Tichbourne Street between 4:00pm and 5:00pm you will see exacly which houses are associated with drugs. I have lived in Highfields for a year now, I could point out a handful of houses simply walking from my house to the City, which you could likely obtain class 'a' drugs by knocking on the front door. Only once have I seen police in Highfields, in the year I've been here and that was just returning a drunk to his house. If the police trully had adopted a hardline policy, why have I seen no evidence of this? Sure, the prostitution isn't as bad as it used to be, but the drugs and the gangs are still verymuch there.

I support the proposal to modify this passage. Highfields is utterly crime ridden, even from the most NPOV. If no-one objects I will act 213.107.23.79 04:37, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Comment of Highfields Crime level from Stpetersnm.com
It appears to me that their are two issues here.

1) That highfields may or may not be an area many often associate with crime.

2) That highfields may or may not be an area that is subject to high crime.

The two things are not necessarily related.

Part of the work with our st peters neighbourhood management board through our meetings and website ( www.stpetersnm.com ) was to try to educate leicester city council to the fact that if an area looks poorly managed: ie; litter, graffiti, poor ground maintenance then this not only creates or reinforces the perception that the neighbourhood is anti social behaviour permissive but that it also sets the scene for the way people actually to act in the neighbourhood and also react to it.

As someone who has lived in St Peters for 14 yrs I would say that there is a perception by outsiders, not deserved that the area is a high crime area. This perception is based on what they sense from its appearance as well as from past status.

We could look at the crime stats... and try to draw a conclusion from that which would be one that challenges the idea Highfield being no longer crime ridden in comparison to other inner city areas. However we all know these figures only represent a part of actual offences on the ground.

A more accurate assessment could probably be gleaned from concerns voiced at the recent community meeting I attended for spinney hill ward where drug crime was highlighted as a key issue of focus for the council to work on with partner agencies in the next year. 2008 - 2009

Tying in with that anecdotal evidence where people can readily identify locations, properties and individuals in established illicit enterprises where business as usual perpetually seems to be the order of the day. The assessment drawn from this though is proably that the community is not only watchful of crime but intolerant of it also. Most of the community here are pro law and order and it is the minority... who engaged in criminal activity mainly with those from outside the area.

Police presence and response is always an issue as is any other resouce in society it is finite. My own experience is that the police here in st peters are very responsive and engaged here. Not one st peters NM board meeting took place without spinney hill park local police unit sending at least 2 officers along to participate. In the first 6 months The local police inspector was often present. The local beat officer was always present and latterly as seargent sat in on the meetings also.

The outputs of that participation was spend and implementation of mobile cctv that addressed issues in very targetted areas successfully. Police support in securing communal gates, clearing litter blackspots and targetting unauthorised access to the stairwells also delivered improvements. Much other work has gone on in a very discrete but proactive way to deal with crime and anti social behaviour here without which the situation here would be truely bad.

St peters and highfields are not really an area that is fertile ground for villains to operate in these days.

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title: Talk:Highfields, Leicester


text:
Yoandri Betanzos

Yoandri (or Yoandris)  Betanzos Francis (born February 15, 1982, in Santiago de Cuba) is a Cuban athlete competing in the triple jump.

Early life and career
They say, he was almost born on the track: His mother, Cuban sprinter Amarailis Francis, suffered from a heavy abdominal pain during her daily practice, and was immediately transferred to a hospital in her hometown Santiago de Cuba. A couple of hours later, she gave birth to her son.

Later, he moved to Ciego de Ávila, the hometown of his father, Cuban boxer Álvaro Betanzos, and started his sports career following in his father's footsteps as a boxer. After about a year, he changed to athletics, firstly competing as a high jumper. In 1993, he became Cuban national champion in his age group setting a new record of 1.86 m, beating the old mark set by Javier Sotomayor. As he was not tall enough, his coaches proposed to change to triple jump.

Personal bests
His personal best outdoor jump is 17.65 metres, achieved in April 2009 in Havana. As of 21 June 2013, this result places him sixth on the all-time Cuban performers list, behind Yoelbi Quesada, Lázaro Betancourt, Aliecer Urrutia, Pedro Pichardo, and Alexis Copello.

title: Yoandri Betanzos


text:
Talk:Morris R. Jeppson

Time External Link
In the external link section, someone changed the link to goto Wikipedia's definition of Time Magazine. If you look in the discussion under "Enola Gay" there is a discussion about this same link. It is permitted. Please do not revert it again. Davidpdx 09:49, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

I happened to click on the Time Magazine link and it sent me to a pay portion of the Time website. I found another link that didn't and posted it. If anyone happens to see this occur again, please let me know and I'll try to fix it. Thanks.. Davidpdx 13:49, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Issues
If there is a problem with the picture, please let me know. Davidpdx 15:04, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Apparently someone made some edits to this article that they deemed funny. I've reverted these edits and will subsequently report any further vandalism to the admins. Davidpdx 11:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Theft of government property
If Jeppson hadn't sold them for over $100,000 it wouldn't be such a big deal. If this isn't theft of important government property and conversion, what do you call it? The DOJ went so far as to sue to stop the sale. Do you have something showing that the U.S. Government gave the items as a gift to Jeppson? Oregonic 06:05, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't say they were given to him as a gift, it says he kept them. Do you have a source saying it was theft? Note that the objection does not seem to have been to the fact that Jeppson had the plugs, but that he was selling them.  If he had stolen them, he'd have been in trouble for having them at all.  Calling him a thief is POV. -- Vary | Talk 06:27, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * They couldn't sue or charge him with theft because of the statutes of limitations. Saying that he kept them is a polite way of saying that he stole them. Probably due to his age, and lack of prior criminal history. Oregonic 06:47, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That's as may be, but if the US government hasn't called him a thief, we can't, either. They may not have been able to prosecute him for theft, but they could have tried to block the sale on the grounds that the plugs were stolen property.  They didn't, choosing instead to make a rather weak claim that they were state secrets, probably because they feared it would look bad for a former enlisted man to make a fortune off of a souvenir from his service.  -- Vary | Talk 06:53, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * 'Converted' is just unnecessary obfuscation, and there is absolutely no way to prove - and no reason to think - that he kept the plugs planning to sell them fifty years later. -- Vary | Talk 06:58, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed the and took out part that made it look like he planned it, but it is a clear case of conversion for which the statues of limitation stopped the government from using to stop the sale. Oregonic 07:21, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * If it's a 'clear case' of conversion, it should be easy provide a source that uses that wording. Because it still looks like you're attempting to allege wrongdoing without providing a source, in violation of Wikipedia's policies on biographies of living persons. -- Vary | Talk 07:41, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's clear that Orgaonic has a political agenda in terms of calling this person a thief. Again he wasn't prosecuted for anything and when the goverment stepped in they only tried to claim interest of national security, not theft. If you continue to push your edits, I will report it to an administrator. Davidpdx 08:27, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sourced "taken" from BBC as per http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/americas/2046382.stm Oregonic 08:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reverted the article back to the pre-pov version before (Oct 9). Please do not revert it again. Davidpdx 08:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that I have sourced "taken" it is clearly you, Jeppson's grandson that has made this article your POV. You should let Vary and myself work this out. I have done no reverts only improved it each time. Oregonic 08:55, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * But you re-added the term 'conversion' and the implication that he did it so he could turn a profit later, without providing any sources. The statement that he made money from the plugs' sale is already in the article, so it doesn't need to go in the place where you're putting it, other than as a replacement for your previous claim that he took the plugs specifically so he could sell them later.  The allegation of conversion is unsourced and thus can't stay in the article per WP:BLP.
 * And if you think you haven't done any reverting, I urge you to read WP:3RR, which goes into detail about what does and does not constitute a revert. -- Vary | Talk 09:04, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I did write the article. So yes it was written from my point of view. I never thought someone would post such vindictive crap though, which makes me regret writing the article.

 * There are several things you fail to recognize. First, the article says nothing about the plugs being stolen. The exact line from the article, "The plugs had been put up for sale by Morris Jeppson, a crew member of the Enola Gay who had taken the parts from the plane." says that he took them, but that does not imply that they were stolen. Second, you are not privy to the conversations that he may or may not have had during or after the mission. Third, your pushing the idea that they were stolen is pushing an agenda.

 * Finally, as Very has pointed out you have violated the 3RR rule. If you want to post on Wikipedia fine. At least be willing to read and follow the rules. Davidpdx 10:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Image Sourcing
Since there has been a problem with adequately sourcing the origonal photo used in this article, I have replaced it with Image:Jeppson Tibbets Van Kirk.jpg for at least the time being until I can find the proper sourcing. I have contacted the Air Force to see if they can help me track down the source to get it released. Most likely Image:Richard Jeppson.gif will be deleted in the mean time. I will upload it again, once I have found out the informaton needed. Davidpdx 02:11, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Death
He passed away last night. Ray Bochman Colorado Springs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Inchdeep (talk • contribs) 21:31, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

As noted by a few other family members, this person has passed. The newspapers have not picked it up yet as it likely has not been released. I am watching news sources closely and will post a source when it becomes available. Davidpdx (talk) 05:43, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090816175408/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/features/hibakusha/news/20090804p2a00m0na023000c.html to http://mdn.mainichi.jp/features/hibakusha/news/20090804p2a00m0na023000c.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:40, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morris R. Jeppson


text:
Bad Brains (album)

Bad Brains (also known as The Yellow Tape or Attitude: The ROIR Sessions) is the first album released by American hardcore punk/reggae band Bad Brains. Recorded in 1981 and released on the cassette-only label ROIR on February 5, 1982, many fans refer to it as "The Yellow Tape" because of its yellow packaging.

Background and recording
In 1979, Bad Brains recorded the 16-song Black Dots album project, and the 5-song Omega Sessions EP project was recorded in 1980, but these efforts were shelved, except for a single released as "Pay to Cum" in mid-1980. The band had no album out. After being banned from all the major clubs in their hometown of Washington, DC, Bad Brains moved to New York City in 1981. In addition to their regular gigs at CBGB's, the band frequented Jerry Williams' 171-A Studios in Alphabet City. Named for its location between 10th and 11th Streets on Avenue A, 171-A was a 60-foot room with a stage at one end and an elevated sound-proof booth at the other. When the Bad Brains played a gig at 171-A in May 1981, Williams recorded it on reel-to-reel tape. The band liked the sound and returned to 171-A to record between August and October 1981. 12 of the 15 tracks on the album came from these sessions, while "Jah Calling", "Pay to Cum" and "I Luv I Jah", were from Williams' live recording in May.

Release
Bad Brains was originally released on February 5, 1982, in cassette-only format on Reachout International Records (ROIR). The cover art depicts DC's Capitol Building being struck by a bolt of lightning. The original cover art, (created by seminal zinester/skatepunk/icon Donna Lee Parsons) unfolded to include a photo of the band, album credits, lyrics to all the songs, and liner notes by then New York Rocker and Soho News critic Ira Kaplan, who would later front the band Yo La Tengo. Rather than label the tape's sides A/B or one/two, the band designated them Side 1/Side A.

The original edition of the cassette had a white spine on the J-card and a red or yellow cassette shell. Subsequent editions had an all-yellow J-card with either red, gold, or green cassette shells, in a nod toward the band's Rastafarian leanings. Later versions appeared in solid white, solid orange, solid yellow and transparent red tape shells. Because the yellow cassette shell was most common and it came in a matching yellow package, many fans referred to it as "The Yellow Tape".

Bad Brains EP
In 1981 the Dead Kennedys' record label Alternative Tentacles opened an office in the United Kingdom to issue special editions of records by American punk bands for the UK market. The single version of "Pay to Cum" had appeared on the Alternative Tentacles compilation Let Them Eat Jellybeans! and with the ROIR sessions available, a few songs were selected for a 1982 UK release as a 12-inch EP. The record's sleeve featured the same lightning-strikes-the-Capitol art that appeared on the ROIR cassette, and the back cover had the inner J-card's band photo, credits, lyrics, and Kaplan's liner notes. The record also mimicked the tape's Side 1/Side A aesthetic, differing in that one side was reggae and the other hardcore punk, unlike the cassette, which interspersed the two genres. Because Alternative Tentacles UK was a short-lived venture, the Bad Brains EP is rare, and for eight years was the only appearance of these songs on vinyl.

Reception and influence
Reviewing for The Village Voice in 1982, Robert Christgau said, "Turn a fusion band into hardcore propheteers and you end up with fast heavy metal. The best kind for damn sure, especially since they turn their rage into Positive Mental Attitude. I like it fine. But great punks give up more than a salubrious blur."

The album was a crucial step in the evolution of hardcore punk and the eventual fusion of hard rock and reggae adopted later by bands like Sublime, Fishbone, and 311.

Adam Yauch of Beastie Boys was quoted as saying that this album is "the best punk/hardcore album of all time".

To this day, many people involved in the hardcore scene regard it as one of the greatest hardcore albums of all time and a groundbreaking release for the hardcore punk genre.

Reissues
In 1989, In-Effect Records released a CD version, with the same track listing, titled Attitude: The ROIR Sessions.

In 1990, Dutch East India Trading, through its imprint Homestead Records, was the first label to release the album on vinyl in the United States.

In 1996, ROIR reissued the original album on CD, featuring a hidden bonus track, followed by an on LP version the following year.

Bad Brains regained the rights to the album from ROIR in 2020, and reissued the album on vinyl, CD, and digital outlets on their own Bad Brains Records imprint via a pressing and distribution with ORG Music. A limited edition pressing of the album with Blue Note Records-inspired cover art and layout scheme, designed by former Alternative Tentacles graphic artist John Yates, was released at the same time as the original cover's reissue, on translucent green vinyl.

Re-recordings
Many of the album's tracks were re-recorded for their 1983 follow-up, Rock for Light, with the exception of "Don't Need It", "The Regulator", "Jah Calling", "Leaving Babylon", "Pay to Cum", "I Luv I Jah". The instrumental final track on Bad Brains, titled "Intro", became the first nine seconds of Rock for Light's title song.

Personnel
Bad Brains
 * H.R. – lead vocals
 * Dr. Know – guitar, backing vocals
 * Darryl Jenifer – bass, backing vocals
 * Earl Hudson – drums, backing vocals

Production
 * Jay Dublee – producer, recording, mixing
 * Bad Brains – mixing
 * Wayne Vlcan – engineer
 * Stanley Moskowitz – mastering
 * Donna Parsons (from Ratcage) – cover art
 * Ira Kaplan – liner notes
 * Donnell Gibson; Jay Jones – logo design
 * Laura Levine – photography
 * Neil Cooper – cover concept

title: Bad Brains (album)


text:
Eilean Bàn

Eilean Bàn (Scottish Gaelic meaning White Island) is a 6 acre island between Kyle of Lochalsh and the Isle of Skye, in the historic county of Ross and Cromarty in the Highland local government area. The Skye Bridge uses the island as a stepping-stone as it crosses the mouth of Loch Alsh from the mainland to Skye.

Eilean Bàn was the last home of the author of Ring of Bright Water, Gavin Maxwell. He moved here after his home at Sandaig, which he called Camusfeàrna in his books, was destroyed by fire in 1968. He invited John Lister-Kaye to join him on the island to help build a zoo and work on a book about British wild animals. Both of these had to be abandoned after Maxwell's death in 1969. Lister-Kaye wrote his account of working with Maxwell in his book, The White Island.

Since 1998 the island has been owned by the Eilean Bàn Trust who run it as a nature reserve and holiday lets.

In 2001 the island had a population of two as recorded by the census but in 2011 there were no "usual residents" living there.

Kyleakin Lighthouse
Kyleakin Lighthouse is situated at the south-western end of Eilean Bàn. It was built by David and Thomas Stevenson in 1857, and is linked to a pair of keepers' houses. The lighthouse was automated and converted to use acetylene gas in 1960. Following the start of construction of the Skye Bridge, the lighthouse was decommissioned in 1993. It is a Category B listed building.

title: Eilean Bàn


text:
The Bee (radio station)

The Bee was an Independent Local Radio station serving southern and eastern parts of Lancashire, England. On Friday 27 May 2016, The Bee merged with its sister Lancashire station 2BR.

The station was owned and operated by UKRD and broadcast from studios at Clayton-le-Moors in Accrington.

History
The Bee initially broadcast to the Blackburn, Darwen and Accrington areas under RSL licences in 2001 and 2002, before winning a permanent licence in December 2004. The station, founded by Roy Martin, launched full-time on 1 October 2005. Its investors included neighbouring station 2BR, The Radio Business and local shareholders. Initially based at Dalton Court in Darwen, the station moved to Petre Court in Clayton-le-Moors in August 2010, co-locating with 2BR.

At 7pm on 17 June 2011, the station began broadcasting to the Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas on 106.5 FM, following the sale and subsequent closure of 106.5 Central Radio. A further relay (96.3FM) for the Chorley area went on air in 2012.

On 4 April 2016, UKRD announced The Bee would be closed and merged with its sister East Lancashire station 2BR as part of an expansion onto DAB. The merged station carries the same 2BR programming and identity with opt-outs for local news, traffic and advertising in the Burnley, Blackburn and Preston & Chorley areas.

In July 2018, the expanded 2BR was brought by Global.

Frequencies

 * 96.3FM Chorley
 * 106.5FM Preston and South Ribble
 * 107.0 FM Blackburn, Darwen and Accrington

title: The Bee (radio station)


text:
Abyan Governorate

Abyan (أَبْيَنْ ʾAbyan) is a governorate of Yemen. The Abyan region was historically part of the Fadhli Sultanate. It was a base to the Aden-Abyan Islamic Army militant group. Its capital is the city of Zinjibar. This governorate is noted for its agriculture, in particular the cultivation of date palms and animal husbandry.

On 31 March 2011, Al Bawaba reported that Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) had declared Abyan an "Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen" after seizing control of the region. The New York Times reported that those in control, while Islamic militants, are not in fact Al-Qaeda. This takeover was confirmed on May 28. Yemeni government forces launched an effort to re-establish control of the region, resulting in the Battle of Zinjibar.

In addition to Zinjibar, the towns of Jaʿār and Shuqrah were firmly under the control of the Islamists. In early May 2012 the Yemeni Army and Southern Resistance began a major offensive to wrest control of the province from militants. Government forces captured Zinjibar and Jaar on 12 June after a month of heavy fighting. Militants reportedly retreated towards the town of Shuqrah. In 2017, a military campaign led by Southern security forces and Southern resistance freed Abyan from the Islamist militants who escaped to their mountains in the Al Bayda and Marib Governorates.

Adjacent governorates

 * Aden Governorate (southwest)
 * Al Bayda Governorate (north)
 * Lahij Governorate (west)
 * Shabwa Governorate (north, east)

Districts
Abyan Governorate is divided into the following 11 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages:

 * Ahwar District
 * Al Mahfad District
 * Al Wade'a District
 * Jayshan District
 * Khanfir District
 * Lawdar District
 * Mudiyah District
 * Rasad District
 * Sarar District
 * Sibah District
 * Zinjibar District

Settlements
Abu `amir •  Ad dirjaj • Ad diyyu • Ahl fashshash • Ahl fulays • Ahmad ash shaykh • Al `alam • Al bahitah • Al habil • Al hamam • Al hisn • Al jawl • Al kawd • Al kawr • Al khamilah • Al khawr • Al ma`ar • Al ma`jalah • Al mahal • Al mahlaj • Al makhzan al fawqi • Al makhzan al qa`i • Al masani` • Al qarn • Al qashabah • Al qurna`ah • An nashsh • Ar rawdah • Ar rawwa • As samn • As sarriyah • As suda' • Ash sha`bah • Ash sharaf • Ash sharqiyah • At tariyah • Ath thalib • `Ali hadi • `Amudiyah • `Arabah • `Arqub umm kubayr • `Aryab • `Aslan • `Awrumah • Ba tays • Ba zulayfah • Barkan • Bathan • Bayt samnah • Dor Salamah • Far`an • Faris • Ja`ar • Jahrah • Jawf umm maqbabah • Jiblat al faraj • Jiblat al waznah • Jiblat badr • Jirshab • Kabaran • Kadamat al faysh • Kawd al `abadil • Kawkab • Kawrat halimah • Khabt al aslum • Khanfar • Khuban • Kuwashi • Lawdar • Maghadih • Makrarah • Mansab • Maqasir • Maqdah • Marta`ah • Masadi`ah • Mishal • Mudiyah • Mukayras • Munab • Musaymir • Na`ab • Na`b • Namir • Naq`al • Qarn al wadi` • Qaryat ahl hidran • Qaryat husayn umm muhammad • Sakin ahl hidran • Sakin ahl mahathith • Sakin ahl sadah • Sakin ahl wuhaysh • Sakin hazm • Sakin wu`ays • Sayhan • Shams ad din • Shaykh `abdallah • Shaykh salim • Shubram • Shuqrah • Shurjan • Thirah • Wadibah • Zinjibar • Zughaynah

title: Abyan Governorate


text:
Lunch at the Gotham Café

"Lunch at the Gotham Café" is a horror short story by American writer Stephen King. It originally appeared in the 1995 anthology Dark Love (edited by Nancy A. Collins, Edward E. Kramer and Martin H. Greenberg). It won the 1995 Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction. In 1997, it was published in the limited-edition collection Six Stories. In 2002, it was included in King's collection Everything's Eventual, with a scene from the story featured on the cover of the collection's first edition dust jacket.

Plot summary
Steven Davis comes home one day to find a letter from his wife, Diane, coldly stating she has left him and intends to get a divorce. He finds himself baffled as to what led her to do this, and over time becomes increasingly depressed.

Diane's departure prompts him to give up cigarettes, and he begins to suffer nicotine withdrawal. Diane's lawyer, William Humboldt, calls Steve with plans to meet with the two of them for lunch. He decides on the Gotham Café on 53rd Street, and sets a date. Steve's lawyer is unable to attend due to a family crisis. Despite his lawyer's warnings, however, Steve is determined to keep the date and see Diane again.

While waiting he impulsively buys an umbrella, despite the weather being clear and sunny. Upon entering, he finds the maître d', eventually revealed to be named Guy, apparently in the beginnings of a psychotic break, talking senselessly about a non-existent dog. Convening with Diane and Humboldt at a table near the kitchen, Steve pleads with his estranged wife for an explanation. Much to Steve's consternation, she refuses to go into details and regards him with a mixture of apprehension and contempt. They immediately fall into petty squabbling as Humboldt attempts to get the meeting back on track.

Suddenly, Guy the maître d' makes a surprise reappearance, homicidally insane, screaming "Eeeee!", ranting in word salad, and brandishing a chef's knife. Going berserk, Guy brutally kills Humboldt. Steve briefly fends off the lunatic with his umbrella, then drags the helplessly terrified Diane into the kitchen. Guy gives chase and leaves the café's cook with a grisly injury. Desperately struggling to hold off the lunatic, Steve implores Diane to unbolt the rear entrance door so they can both escape, but she remains in a state of gaping shock. Steve is able to incapacitate Guy by dousing him with scalding water, and hitting him with a metal frying pan.

After finally escaping both the Café and Guy, Steve attempts to make sure Diane is all right. Diane recoils from his touch, and rants at him venomously. Devoid of any shred of gratitude for his protection, the events of the last few minutes have only reinforced her perception of Steve as a bullying control freak, and she's decided it is time to stand up to him. When Steve tries to point out that he just saved her life, Diane flatly denies that he did. Incredulous and overwhelmed with fury, he loses interest in reconciliation; Diane's self-empowering harangue is sharply interrupted by Steve slapping her across the face. After attempting to wound him with claims of extramarital lovers, Diane leaves him for good.

As Steve sits on the curb watching an ambulance haul away both victims and the heavily restrained Guy, he is left wondering about Guy's private life, and the nature of insanity. He imagines Guy living in a similar situation to his own, driven insane by the irrationality of his wife, whom he may have murdered before coming to work this day, and the constant barking of the neighbor's dog. Under his breath, he starts to say, "Eeeee," perhaps wondering what appeal going insane might hold...

Adaptation
The story was adapted into a short film entitled "Gotham Cafe" in 2005, directed by Jack Edward Sawyers. It starred Chaney Kley as Steve, Julie Sands as Diane, Cullen Douglas as Guy, Kevin Brief as Humboldt, Endre Hules, Mick Garris, Robert Axelrod, and Stephen King in a cameo appearance as the voice of Mr. Ring, Steve's lawyer. Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak co-produced the film and also made a cameo appearance as an irate diner.

title: Lunch at the Gotham Café


text:
Slapshot (band)

Slapshot is an American hardcore punk band from Boston, Massachusetts. The band has been active for over 30 years, releasing eight studio albums and a number of singles and EPs over that time period. Though there have been constant line-up changes, founding member Jack "Choke" Kelly has remained a constant member of the band and its primary vocalist and leader.

History
Slapshot was formed in 1985 by Steve Risteen and Mark McKay, formerly of Terminally Ill; Jack "Choke" Kelly, formerly of Negative FX and Last Rights and Jonathan Anastas, formerly of Decadence and DYS. Due to the reputations of its members, the band had a relatively high profile even before its debut. The zine writer Mike Gitter (who was also an A&R executive) wrote "Slapshot is a great live act", before they had ever played in public.

Diverging from their counterparts in the Boston hardcore scene, Slapshot decided to make the first album a 24-track recording as opposed to the usual 8 or 16-track hardcore album. To reduce costs, they recorded at night and completed the album in four sessions. Back On The Map was released by Taang! Records in 1986.

The band's lineup underwent a number of changes in its first few years, although its sound remained consistent. Jordan Wood, formerly of S.T.P. and later of Deathwish, joined as an additional guitarist, but took over bass guitar when Anastas left the band to continue his education. This line up was featured on their sophomore release, Step On It (Taang! Records). In July 1988, Jamie Sciarappa, former bass player of SS Decontrol, joined the band and Jordan returned to his original slot as a second guitar player. This five-piece lineup recorded the third record, Sudden Death Overtime (Taang! Records).

As the band got ready to record the next record there was a significant line-up change. Jordan left the band returning Slapshot to a single guitar band and Jamie was replaced with Mark and Steve's longtime friend Chris Lauria. Soon after, the band decided to fire Steve Risteen due to what they felt was a lack of guitar skill. It was a very difficult time for the band that is well documented in the Slapshot documentary "Chip On My Shoulder: The Cautionary Tale of Slapshot". Mark McKay eventually also quit (and disconnected himself from the group personally as well) due to multiple issues including a lack of interest in the new material the band was writing.

Their 1993 album Blast Furnace (We Bite Records) was a move into sample-based industrial/metal/hardcore and only included one original member, Choke, along with a more metal-based backing band including Darryl Sheppard of Slaughter Shack, Barry Hite and Chris Lauria. Slapshot toured Europe that spring, and on the second date of the tour, they recorded a live album in Berlin called Live at SO36 (We Bite Records).

The following year there was another line-up change that resulted in Darryl leaving the band to be replaced by Mike Bowser. They recorded the Unconsciousness LP (We Bite Records) in Chicago with Steve Albini, ex-member of Big Black and producer for Nirvana.

In August 1994 Slapshot went off to Europe for a two-month tour with Ignite and a split 7-inch single record was released to promote it. The tour kicked off at the Hultsfred Festival in Sweden on August 11 and ended on October 4 in Germany. Slapshot played 50 shows in 7 countries in 54 days.

Around the time Unconsciousness was being recorded, ex-guitar and bass player Jordan Wood committed suicide. This brought Mark McKay back into the group socially and ultimately back into the band.

With its most solid line-up in years Slapshot returned to the studio to record their album, "16 Valve Hate" (Lost & Found Records/Taang! Records) released in 1995. Less than a year later – with the same line-up – the band released "Olde Tyme Hardcore" (Taang! Records, 1996). This album was a return to a more "old-school" hardcore sound and featured a cover of the SSD track "Get It Away".

In July 1997, Slapshot played what was to be their last concert in the United States for five years, in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They toured Europe in 1999, including a stop at the Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium. In December 1999, a Slapshot tribute album called Boston Drops the Gloves: A Tribute to Slapshot was released by Flat Records (the label owned by Ken Casey of the Dropkick Murphys) and San Francisco-based TKO Records. The album included covers by 22 Boston bands.

In 2001, Slapshot issued a new album entitled Greatest Hits, Slashes and Crosschecks (King Fisher/Century Media) featuring re-recorded and re-mastered versions of classic Slapshot songs, which featured the only recordings of the band with David Link on bass and was the last recorded material with Mike Bowser on guitar.

In 2002 Slapshot played a 15-minute surprise set at The Hideaway in Cambridge, MA as part of a bill alongside Poison Idea, Kill Your Idols, Thumbs Up! and more. The overall reaction to the short set resulted in a full show being booked at The Hideaway for October 13, 2002. However, the club was forced to close just days before the show was scheduled to happen. On October 26, 2002, Slapshot was finally able to play a full set in the US for the first time in over 5 years. The show was the "6th annual Back to School Jam" in Framingham, MA and also featured Blood for Blood, Converge, Reach The Sky, Panic, No Warning, Some Kind of Hate and a rare set by Stars & Stripes.

Around this time Mike Bowser decided to move to New York for a new job and after a guitar search that ended with Ed Lalli (currently singing for The Welch Boys) they returned to the studio for 2003's Digital Warfare (I Scream Records) followed by 2005's Tear It Down (Thorp Records), along with several more European tours.

In 2006, Slapshot released a statement on their website announcing that the band was defunct. However, on June 30, 2007, they played at the Significant Fest 2007 in Clearwater, Florida. Also on the bill were Killing Time, 108 and Uppercut. In July 2008, they played a couple of dates in Europe, with a stop at the With Full Force festival in Germany. These were to be the last shows featuring Ed Lalli on guitar.

Slapshot played a show at Anchors Up in Haverhill, Massachusetts on November 8, 2008, with Ten Yard Fight, Step Forward, and Word For Word. This show was a warm up for the 2008 Winter Tour with Energy and All For Nothing, which brought the return of longtime guitarist Mike Bowser and reformed the classic Olde Tyme Hardcore/16 Vale Hate line-up.

Upon returning from the tour Slapshot played as part of the "2008 Hometown Throwdown" in Boston on December 28 at the Middle East with The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. Choke joined the Bosstones on stage during their cover of the Slapshot song "What's at Stake".

April 24, 2009, finally brought the world premiere of the long awaited Slapshot documentary film "Chip On My Shoulder: The Cautionary Tale of Slapshot". It premiered at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, MA to a sold out audience as part of the Boston Independent Film Festival. Following its premiere the film was screened as part of a hardcore festival in Toronto Canada which also featured performances by Negative Approach and Supertouch. The film was also screened at the Salt Lake City Film Festival in August 2009. The film was directed and produced by Ian McFarland (Blood for Blood) and Anthony "Wrench" Moreschi (Ten Yard Fight) of Killswitch Productions and will be released on DVD by Taang! Records eventually.

After another line-up change (including Chris Lauria moving from bass to guitar) Slapshot headed back to Europe for 10 shows in August 2009 with the support of Frigate which features Chris Lauria of Slapshot, Linda Bean of Stars & Stripes and John Bean formerly of Bitter. The tour, dubbed the '2009 Replacements Tour', went well but late 2009 still brought about another line up change.

The next line up of Slapshot included founding member Jack 'Choke' Kelly, longtime member Chris Lauria (back on bass guitar), John Bean on drums and Craig Silverman (formerly of Only Living Witness and currently of The Enemy Within and the touring guitar player for Blood for Blood) on guitar. The band spent the first half of 2010 working on new material and hopes to have some new songs recorded before the end of the year. This line-up played the "Gallery East" reunion show in August 2010 after several warm-up shows in Europe.

In 2012, another lineup change brought Nick Charrette in to play bass. On June 6, 2012, the 3 song EP "I Believe" was released on Taang! Records as the 11th release by Slaphshot on Taang! Ryan Packer joined on bass in late 2012. Benny Grotto joined in November 2014.

February 2015 the band flew to The Netherlands to play a secret one-off show for a Dutch friend's birthday party in a small bar in Goes.

On March 18, 2019, Craig Silverman announced that he was quitting Slapshot via his Instagram page.

Members

 * Current
 * Jack "Choke" Kelly – vocals (1985–present)
 * Ryan Packer – bass (2012–2015, 2018–present)
 * Corey Konitz – drums (2018–present)
 * Tye Tonkin – guitar (2023–present)

 * Former
 * Steve Risteen – guitar (1985–1992)
 * Darryl Sheppard – guitar (1993–1994)
 * Mike Bowser - guitar (1994–2003, 2008–2009, 2016–2017)
 * Ed Lalli - guitar (2003–2007)
 * Craig Silverman - guitar (2010–2016, 2018–2019)
 * Jonathan Anastas – bass (1985–1987)
 * Jordan Wood - bass (1987–1988), guitar (1986–1987, 1988–1992)
 * Jamie Sciarappa - bass (1988–1992)
 * Chris Lauria – bass (1993–2008, 2010–2012, 2016–2018), guitar (2009–2010)
 * Mark McKay - drums (1985–1992, 1994–2009)
 * Barry Hite – drums (1993–1994)
 * John Bean - drums (2010–2016)
 * Douglas Mackinnon - drums (2016–2018)
 * Nick Charrette - bass (2012)

Timeline

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Step On It (1988, Taang!)
 * Sudden Death Overtime (1990, Taang!)
 * Blast Furnace (1993, We Bite)
 * Unconsciousness (1994, We Bite)
 * 16 Valve Hate (1995, Lost and Found)
 * Digital Warfare (2003, I Scream)
 * Slapshot (2014, Olde Tyme, Brass City Boss Sounds)
 * Make America Hate Again (2018, Bridge 9)

 * EPs and splits
 * Back On The Map 12-inch (1986, Taang!)
 * Same Mistake / Might Makes Right 7-inch (1988, Taang!)
 * Firewalker 7-inch (1990, Taang!)
 * Slapshot / Ignite split 7-inch (1994, Lost and Found)
 * Olde Tyme Hardcore CD/12" (1996, Century Media)
 * The New England Product Session 7-inch (2004, Bridge 9)
 * Tear It Down CD/7" (2005, Thorp, Spook City)
 * I Believe 7-inch (2012, Taang!)
 * Limited Tour Edition 2012 7-inch (2012, S.J.)
 * Everything Wants to Kill You 7-inch (2014, Old School Cartel, Brass City Boss Sounds)

 * Live albums
 * Live at SO36 12-inch/CD (1993, We Bite)
 * Live in Germany VHS (1993, We Bite)
 * Super Pro Hardcore CD (2005, self-released)

 * Compilation albums
 * The CD (1989, Taang!)
 * Greatest Hits, Slashes And Crosschecks (2001, KINGfisher, Century Media)

title: Slapshot (band)


text: User:Smurrayinchester/Main

title: User:Smurrayinchester/Main


text:
Talk:Forms of cricket

Should "Catchy Shubby Cricket" have the final word capitalised? It looks a little odd when almost none of the other forms do. Loganberry (Talk) 11:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Gully cricket vs. beach cricket
Should they really be considered two separate variants? Having played my share of gully cricket, the article on beach cricket seems to describe it to a tee.

Hand cricket: Explanation quality
I find the rules of hand cricket hard to understand. I guess this is because it starts explaining variants before having finished the basic game, but could be due to my rather basic English skills as well.

I would find it very helpful if the section could be rewritten, starting with some well-written sentences how the basic version with only 2 players works, and clearly static who is the batsman and who is the bowler.

I would like it to do it myself, but since I don't know it and don't know whether I got it, I think I should leave it to the experts. Cheers! Eltirion (talk) 10:10, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Limited Overs Cricket
Two forms are missing here: Six-A-Side, and Super 8s. Both formats had international tournaments during the 1990s and deserve to be recognised. 123.243.227.251 (talk) 04:17, 22 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forms of cricket