text:
Talk:History of Wilton, Connecticut

Comment from 2005
Isn't this copied in full from http://www.wiltonct.org/info_history.htm ? While there doesn't seem to be explicit copyright on that page, it is against the spirit of Wikipedia to just copy and paste something that's already available. cde 06:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

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Plagiarism
I am accusing this article of plagiarism. As it already was mentioned. This article is almost completely copy and pasted from https://www.wiltonct.org/welcome-wilton-ct/pages/wilton-town-history without any sourcing. Another issue with this page is its lack of sources.-Kieran207 (talk) 15:34, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hmm, in other words you assert that this article is plagiarized, and I see there is similar assertion above from 2005. Sometimes town articles are copies of Wikipedia articles, i.e. it is the other way around, but okay I tend to believe you.  Because this page has existed since at least 2005, and since there has been some useful development including link(s) to school articles, it seems better to me that this should be merged to the "History" section of the Wilton, Connecticut article, which currently links to here.  Merger should be done with care to eliminate plagiarism (e.g. to use explicit quotes from the actual source, and/or to summarize rather than copy text), assuming the situation is as User:Kieran207 asserts.  Discuss at Merger proposal at Talk:Wilton, Connecticut. --Doncram (talk) 21:22, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Wilton, Connecticut


text:
Fort (Mumbai precinct)

Fort is a business and art district in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The area gets its name from the defensive fort, Fort George, built by the British East India Company around Bombay Castle.

The area extends from the docks in the east, to Azad Maidan in the west; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in the north to Kala Ghoda in the south. This area is the heart of the financial markets of the city & multiple British era structures are located in this neighbourhood.

History
The Fort area was declared protected under regulations of the Maharashtra Government Urban Development Department. An advisory committee now oversees the development, repairs and renovations of structures in the precinct. In 1882, Bomanjee Hormarjee Wadia Clock Tower was erected using public funds as a token of appreciation for Bomanjee Hormarjee, a Parsi philanthropist who made contributions towards improving education in Bombay. The Fort neighbourhood of Mumbai was the first part to be developed by the British. Then, over the years it stood as a reminder of India's rich colonial history, and today it is sort of a jewel in the crown of the city's cultural scene.

It had been listed as a notorious market in 2009 and 2010 by the USTR for selling counterfeit software, media and goods.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fort (Mumbai precinct)


text:
Among the Thugs

Among the Thugs: The Experience, and the Seduction, of Crowd Violence is a 1990 work of journalism by American writer Bill Buford documenting football hooliganism in the United Kingdom.

Buford, who lived in the UK at the time, became interested in crowd hooliganism when, on his way home from Cardiff in 1982 he boarded a train that was commandeered by supporters coming from a football match. He spent the next eight years going to football matches, befriending supporters, and witnessing riots, resulting in this book.

Experiences
Buford is in several riots, notably in Turin and at the 1990 World Cup in Sardinia. He attends many games in the UK, spending time mostly with a group of Manchester United fans who refer to themselves as the Inter-City Jibbers. He goes to several National Front (NF) gatherings, as he regards the NF supporters as having a number of traits in common with football hooligans, one of which turns violent. He is beaten up by the Italian police, when caught with the rioting English supporters in Sardinia. He relates both first-hand and second-hand reports of hooligan violence, ranging from beatings to stabbings to a supporter biting out the eye of a police officer.

Thesis
Buford does not offer a conclusive explanation for why he thinks that this violence occurs. However, he does write, I was surprised by what I found; moreover, because I came away with a knowledge that I had not possessed before, I was also grateful, and surprised by that as well. I had not expected the violence to be so pleasurable....This is, if you like, the answer to the hundred-dollar question: why do young males riot every Saturday? They do it for the same reason that another generation drank too much, or smoked dope, or took hallucinogenic drugs, or behaved badly or rebelliously. Violence is their antisocial kick, their mind-altering experience, an adrenaline-induced euphoria that might be all the more powerful because it is generated by the body itself, with, I was convinced, many of the same addictive qualities that characterize synthetically-produced drugs. He also suggests that crowds cannot be incited to violence against their will, contrary to the belief that otherwise pacific crowds can be stirred to violence by a persuasive leader. Buford also argues that those in a crowd collectively make the decision whether or not to cross thresholds of violence.

In 2008, Richard Danzig, former student of political guru Michael G. Kimber and a senior advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama, claimed that a lesson could be learned about terrorists by studying football hooligans. Referring to Among the Thugs, Danzig states that "one of the best books I’ve read on terrorism in recent years is not about terrorism at all. [Buford] describes the most appalling examples of soccer violence by fans against fans. But he describes with relentless honesty how he finds sickening things attractive. He says violence lets the adrenaline flow; it’s like sex, you live in the moment."

title: Among the Thugs


text:
Operation Lalang

Operation Lalang (Operasi Lalang, also called Ops Lalang and taken to mean "Operation Weeding") was a major crackdown undertaken by the Royal Malaysian Police from 27 October to 20 November 1987, ostensibly to prevent the occurrence of racial riots in Malaysia. The operation saw the arrest of 106 to 119 people—political activists, opposition politicians, intellectuals, students, artists, scientists and others—who were detained without trial under the Internal Security Act (ISA). It was the second largest mass arrest in Malaysian history involving the ISA since the 13 May riots 18 years earlier. It also involved the revoking of the publishing licenses of two dailies, The Star and the Sin Chew Jit Poh and two weeklies, The Sunday Star and Watan.

The Malaysian government argued that racial tensions had reached a dangerous level within the country, forcing the government to arrest those responsible for stoking the tension. The notion that racial riots were imminent however is contested, and it is widely believed that the operation was designed to control the political opponents of the Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The event marked the beginning of a period of Mahathir's authoritarian rule.

Causes
A number of political developments and issues preceding the operation had caused mounting political and racial tensions in the country. According to the Malaysian government's white paper explaining the arrests, various groups had exploited the government's "liberal" and "tolerant" attitude and played up "sensitive issues", thereby creating racial tension in the country. This racial tension, the government said, forced the government to act "swiftly and firmly" to contain the situation.

Background issues
The crackdown happened against a backdrop in late 1986 and 1987 of a split within UMNO into two opposing groups, commonly referred to as Team A led by Mahathir, and Team B led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah and Musa Hitam. Mahathir was challenged for the leadership and narrowly won, but faced a subsequent legal challenge on his win.

There were also attacks by the government on several non-governmental organizations (NGO) which were critical of various government policies. Mahathir called these "intellectual elites" as "tools of foreign powers" and saboteurs of democracy.

In addition, a number of race and religion-related issues had arisen which had a cumulative effect in raising ethnic tension. These included the switch to Malay language as a medium of instruction for optional courses in the departments of Chinese and Tamil studies at the University of Malaya, the use of Chinese characters in certain signboards, the deputy president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Lee Kim Sai questioning use of the term pendatang (immigrants) that was seen as challenging Malay's bumiputra status, as well as rumours of forced conversion to or from Islam.

Vernacular Chinese school personnel controversy
The immediate cause, however, was the Ministry of Education's decision to appoint some 100 senior assistants and supervisors to Chinese-medium primary schools. Concerns were raised by Chinese politicians and organizations that those appointed were Chinese who were not Chinese-educated, implying that students and parents might be forced to use English or Malay to communicate with the school personnel. Chinese educationalist groups contended that the move would limit the usage of Chinese in these schools.

On 11 October 1987, a 2,000-strong gathering was held by the United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM, the association of Chinese school teachers and trustees, also known as Dong Jiao Zong) at the Hainanese Association Building beside the Thean Hou Temple in Kuala Lumpur. It was joined by prominent politicians from Chinese-based parties such as the MCA's Deputy President and Labour Minister Lee Kim Sai, the leader of Democratic Action Party (DAP) Lim Kit Siang, as well as representatives from GERAKAN and other parties. The meeting resolved to call a three-day boycott in Chinese schools if the government did not settle the appointments issue. The boycott was called off at the eleventh hour to allow time for the government to resolve the issue, nevertheless 57 schools went ahead with the strike on 15 October, either because they did not receive the notice of postponement, or they disagreed with the decision.

Response by UMNO Youth
Even though the boycott was officially postponed, the stage was set for a response from the Malays led by UMNO Youth. A mass rally of 10,000 was held at the TPCA Stadium on Jalan Raja Muda in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur on 17 October. UMNO politicians condemned MCA leaders (both UMNO and the MCA are component parties of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition) for their collusion with the Dong Jiao Zong and the opposition DAP. The UMNO protesters called for the resignations of MCA's Lee Kim Sai that mirrored the call for the resignation of UMNO Education Minister Anwar Ibrahim by the Chinese protesters. Najib Razak, then chairman of the UMNO Youth wing, led the Malay rally in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur. During the rally, Najib was alleged to have threatened to soak a keris in Chinese blood, evoking fears of repeating the 13 May incident within the Chinese community. Many Chinese businesses around the city were closed for a few days for fear of any potential attacks from the Malay ultra-nationalists.

Prebet Adam amok incident
To make matters worse, a tinder box situation was created by an unrelated event on 18 October – the rampage of a Malay soldier, widely known as 'Prebet Adam', who killed a Malay and injuring two other persons with an M16 rifle in the Chow Kit area, which straddles two large Chinese and Malay communities.

Proposed UMNO rally
While Prime Minister Mahathir was away abroad, Sanusi Junid, the UMNO party secretary-general, and other UMNO leaders called for the holding of a large rally in Kuala Lumpur on 1 November to celebrate its 41st Anniversary. The rally was originally to be held in Johor Bahru but later changed to Kuala Lumpur, where UMNO leaders claimed would see the attendance of half a million members. The rally was cancelled after the Prime Minister returned and Operation Lalang was launched.

Launch of Operation Lalang
On 27 October 1987, Mahathir together with the police launched an operation he said was necessary to defuse racial tension that had reached "dangerous proportions". He said that the country was facing an economic recession and high unemployment, and could not afford racial riots. The operation was codenamed lalang after a type of weed found in Malaysia. According to Mahathir the decision for the operation was taken by the police, and that he, as the Minister of Home Affairs, had to go along with it. The Inspector General of Police Tan Sri Mohammed Hanif Omar said the police operation was for the sake of national security, and had nothing to do with politics.

The proposed UMNO rally was given as one of the reasons by the Inspector General of Police for the 27 October crackdown under the Internal Security Act. It was argued that had the rally been held, it could have sparked off racial riots given the likely incendiary nature of the speeches of UMNO politicians. It has also been argued that the Prime Minister had to have a quid pro quo for cancelling the UMNO rally, therefore opposition leaders and civil libertarians were arrested in order to placate the disappointed would-be rally participants.

Effects
The immediate effect of the operation was the arrest of a number of prominent political leaders, social activists and others, for incitement of racial sentiments and for showing Marxist tendencies. The publication licences of three newspapers were revoked. Mahathir also announced a nationwide ban on any gathering or rally, including those previously approved. Later in December 1987, Dr Mahathir introduced two pieces of legislation to impose additional restrictions on publications and grant police greater powers to curb public gatherings.

Arrests
The Prime Minister gave the approval for the arrest of 106 people, later increased to 119, under the Internal Security Act. The first 19 people were detained on 27 October 1987, rising to 54 by 10pm the next day, and later the night, the number grew to 63. By 20 November 1987, 106 had been arrested. Among the more prominent detainees were opposition leader and DAP Secretary-General Lim Kit Siang, DAP Deputy chairman Karpal Singh, MCA Vice-President and Perak Chief Chan Kit Chee, Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Youth Chief Halim Arshat, UMNO MP for Pasir Mas Ibrahim Ali, and UMNO Youth Education chairman Mohamed Fahmi Ibrahim. Other prominent non-political detainees included Dong Jiao Zong Chairman Lim Fong Seng, Publicity Chief of the Civil Rights Committee Kua Kia Soong, and Women's Aid Organisation member Irene Xavier. The MCA deputy president Lee Kim Sai had apparently been warned beforehand and he left for Australia for a few months the day the arrests began.

Of the politicians arrested, three were UMNO members, eight MCA, five Gerakan, fifteen PAS, sixteen DAP, and two PSRM. The three UMNO members arrested were closely associated with Mahathir's rivals, even though the UMNO's rallies were supported and initiated by Mahathir's allies (a further UMNO member who was a Mahathir ally was said to have been detained for an unrelated reason). The UMNO, MCA and Gerakan detainees were released within two months, while most of those from the opposition parties and NGOs were detained much longer.

The majority of the detainees had no connection with the events in Kuala Lumpur, for example, several Baptist Church members in Petaling Jaya were arrested for allegedly converting seven Malays, and at least nine PAS members were arrested for making claims about Christians converting Malays. Many of those detained were also not involved in creating racial tensions; for example, Chandra Muzaffar, chairman of Aliran whose philosophy involves intercommunal cooperation, and members of Insan, a social reformist group that campaigned against exploitation of the poor, and Environment Protection Society of Malaysia, were also arrested.

Although most of the detainees were released either conditionally or unconditionally, 49 were served with two-year detention orders, with the last one being freed in April 1989. The detainees were first interrogated and kept at various police stations, those retained longer were sent to the Kamunting Detention Center, the usual place used for ISA detainees. Those who were detained longer included Lim Kit Siang, Karpal Singh plus five other party colleagues, a number of PAS members including Mohamad Sabu, and many social activists such as Tuang Pik King and Mohd Nasir Hashim.

Some of the prisoners detained during Operation Lalang were alleged to have been tortured during their captivity.

Curtailment of press freedom
In the afternoon the day following the first arrests, the Home Ministry withdrew the licences of the English language newspapers The Star and Sunday Star, the Chinese language Sin Chew Jit Poh, and the Malay language Watan. The Star was claimed to have being targeted as it had served as an outlet for alternative views from non-established groups as well as dissident opinions from Mahathir's rival Team B, and it and the other two were also the only domestic newspapers that regularly covered the activities of public interest groups. Former Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, who wrote a column for The Star, said that "we are on the road to dictatorship", a comment which wasn't reported by the other newspapers.

The Star, Sin Chew Jit Poh and Watan regained their licences on 22 March 1988 and soon resumed publication, however Watan never fully recovered and shut down permanently in 1996. In the aftermath of the crackdown on newspapers and a subsequent legislation on press activity, editorials of newspaper started to self-censor and became cautious about the stories they ran. According to journalists working during that period, newspapers were also advised by the Home Ministry to avoid certain issues, and editors were called for briefings with various ministries on the way a subject should be covered. The Star itself, after its return, never regained its previous 'liberal flavour'.

The Printing Presses and Publications Act was amended to make printers and publishers re-apply for their licences annually, and established an ouster clause preventing any revocation of license by the Home Affairs Minister from being called into question by the courts. A new criminal offence of "maliciously publishing false news" which carries a three-year jail sentence and/or fines was also added. The Act was subsequently amended in 2012 to remove the requirement for annual licence application and the government's 'absolute discretion' over permits, and reinstated judicial overview.

Amendments to the Police Act
Amendments were also made to the Police Act to restrict right to free assembly by making a police permit mandatory for public gatherings. It required that any assembly of more than five people in a public area to obtain a police permit 14 days before the assembly. The law also prohibited public rallies for electoral campaigns, and only allowed ceramah (public lecture) by the political parties which would also require a permit. It made it practically impossible to hold any political meeting, including a party's annual general meeting, without a police permit. A conviction could mean a fine of RM10,000 and a jail term of one year.

According to Mahathir, the amendments to the Police Act and the Printing Presses and Publications Act were aimed at individuals and groups who abused the government's liberal attitudes: "Being liberal to them is like offering a flower to a monkey. The monkey would rather tear the flower apart than appreciate its beauty".

Significance and assessment
Operation Lalang is a major event in Mahathir's administration that had a strong impact on civil liberties in Malaysia, and it was seen as an excuse by the Mahathir government to tighten the executive hold by restricting fundamental liberties. To the opposition parties, Operation Lalang came to symbolise 'injustice' and government 'oppression'. The first prime minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman, commenting on Operation Lalang, said: "We are on the road to dictatorship. I cannot see any other way... This is no democracy." The operation is seen as the beginning of Mahathir's authoritarian rule which continued with the sacking of Supreme Court judges in the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis the following year.

Although Operation Lalang was ostensibly undertaken for reason of national security, it is also widely seen by commentators as a show of force by Mahathir against his political challengers. The operation created considerable fear inside and outside UMNO. Lim Kit Siang, one of the detainees, similarly argued that the ISA arrests were more directed against UMNO rather than the racial crisis, and that Mahathir allowed the situation to escalate so he could then crack down and consolidate his position against his internal rivals.

Dr Mahathir later expressed regret in his memoir about the severity of Operation Lalang, but suggested that it was the result of a recommendation of strong action by the police. He said that the government response had probably been "excessive and disproportionate", and that the operation was a "permanent blot on my time in office" and "a black mark in the administrative history of Malaysia". But, he added, "I had to suppress my own personal doubts and feelings. I had to recognize the role and expertise of the police and defer to their exercising their appointed role in our system of government."

Notable detainees
• Ibrahim Ali (UMNO MP for Pasir Mas)

• Halim Arshat (PAS youth chief)

• Chan Kit Chee (MCA Perak chief)

• Chee Heng Leng (Rights activist)

• Mohd Nasir Hashim (INSAN chairman)

• Mohammad Fahmi Ibrahim (UMNO youth education chairman)

• Hu Sepang (DAP MP for Rasah)

• Kua Kia Soong (Rights activist)

• Lau Dak Kee (DAP MP for Pasir Pinji)

• Lim Fong Seng (Dong Jiao Zong chairman)

• Lim Guan Eng (DAP MP for Kota Melaka)

• Lim Kit Siang (DAP secretary general)

• Chandra Muzaffar (Aliran chairman)

• Cecelia Ng (INSAN co-founder)

• Harrison Ngau (Friends of the Earth Malaysia representative)

• P. Patto (DAP MP for Ipoh)

• Mohamad Sabu (PAS youth chief)

• Karpal Singh (DAP deputy chairman)

• Tan Chai Ho (MCA)

• Tang See Hang (MCA, Rawang)

• Tan Seng Giaw (DAP MP for Kepong)

• Tuang Pik King (Rights activist)

• Meenakshi Raman (Social activist)

• V. David (DAP MP for Puchong)

• Irene Xavier (Rights activist)

• Yap Pian Hon (MCA youth chairman)

title: Operation Lalang


text:
User talk:SunKing

The Late Show with David Letterman 12 Years of the Late Show
I like the 12 Years of the Late Show section that you added. However, since this list will change over time, could you please add a an "as of" date to the section? Thanks --Rogerd 02:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Late Show With David Letterman pics
Hi SunKing, I've noticed that you've uploaded some really good pics from the show, but I think the article seems a bit cramped, yet taking away the pics seem to be quite a waste. So, I'm going to place some of the not so important pics in a gallery at the bottom of the article. Thanks for the pics! --Andylkl (talk) 07:37, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SunKing


text:
Ibrahim Niass

Ibrāhīm Niasse (1900–1975)—or Ibrahima Niasse, Ibrayima Ñas, شيخ الإسلام الحاج إبراهيم إبن الحاج عبد الله التجاني الكولخي Shaykh al-'Islām al-Ḥājj Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ḥājj ʿAbd Allāh at-Tijānī al-Kawlakhī —was a Senegalese major leader (wolof) of the Tijānī Sufi order of Islam in West Africa. His followers in the Senegambia region affectionately refer to him in Wolof as Baay, or "father."

Niasse was the first West African to have led al-Azhar Mosque in Egypt, after which he was styled "Sheikh al-Islam". He became close to many freedom fighters in West Africa due to his contribution for Independence in African States. He was friends with and an adviser to Ghana's first President, Kwame Nkrumah, and friends with Gamal Abdel Nasser and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Sheikh served as the Vice President of the Muslim World League with Faisal as President.

Life
Born in 1900 in the village of Tayba Ñaseen (spelled Taïba Niassène in French), between the Senegalese city of Kaolack and the border of Gambia, he was the son of Al-Hadj Abdoulaye Niass (1840–1922), the main representative of the Tijānī Sufi Order, often referred to asTareeqat al-Tijjaniyyaa, in the Saalum region at the beginning of the twentieth century. During his youth, Sheykh Ibrahim relocated with his father to the city of Kaolack, where they established the zāwiya (religious center) of Lewna Ñaseen. After his father's death in Lewna Ñaseen in 1922, Shaykh Ibrāhīm's elder brother, Muhammad al-Khalīfa, became his father's successor or Khalīfa. The 22-year-old Shaykh Ibrāhīm spent most of his time farming in the family's fields and teaching a growing number of disciples in the nearby village of Kóosi Mbittéyeen.

Although Shaykh Ibrāhīm never claimed to be his father's successor, due to his charisma and precocious knowledge, he gained a large number of disciples, and tensions arose between his disciples and those of his elder brother, Muhammad al-Khalifa. In 1929, while on the farm in Kóosi Mbittéyeen, the youthful Shaykh Ibrāhīm announced that he had been given the Key to Secrets of Divine Knowledge, and thus became the Khalifa of Sheykh Tijani in the Tijaniyya Order, a position yet to be attained by anyone as of that time. Sheikh Ibrahim then declared that whoever wishes to attain ma'arifa, a level of Divine Certainty in the Sufi Order, must follow him.

In 1930, after the prayer of ʿĪd al-Fiṭr (the end of the month of Ramadān), a fight broke out between Shaykh Ibrahim's disciples and those of Muhammad al-Khalīfa The incident made Shaykh Ibrahim immediately decide to relocate with his disciples to a new place. That evening, he set out with a small group of his closest disciples to find a new place to live, and the next day they established a new zāwiya in Medina Baay, a village that was later incorporated into the growing city of Kaolack. In the following years, the shaykh divided his time between teaching during the dry season in Madina Baay and farming during the rainy season in Kóosi Mbittéyeen. During the summer of 1945 he reestablished himself in his father's house in his natal village of Tayba Ñaseen, rebuilding and reorganizing the village after a fire outbreak had destroyed much of it.

Shaykh Ibrahim's fame quickly spread throughout the countryside, and most of his father's disciples ultimately became his disciples in spite of his junior status in the family. Although his disciples remain a minority within Senegal, they form the largest branch of the Tijānīyyah worldwide. In an unlikely role reversal during the 1930s, several leaders of the Arab 'Idaw ʿAli tribe in Mauritania—the same tribe that introduced the Tijānī order to West Africa—declared themselves disciples of Shaykh Ibrahim. Notable among them were Shaykhāni, Muḥammad Wuld an-Naḥwi and Muḥammad al-Mishri. Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya, as the shaykh's disciples came to be known, flourished and gained large numbers of followers during the 1930s and 1940s throughout North and West Africa. In 1937 upon meeting Shaykh Ibrahim during a pilgrimage to Makkah, the Emir of Kano, Nigeria, Alhaji 'Abdullahi Bayero gave his oath of allegiance to the shaykh and declared himself a disciple of shaykh Ibrahim. That incident made Shaykh Ibrahim gain the allegiance of many of the prominent Tijānī leaders of Northern Nigeria and also many others who were not Tijani prior to this time.

Alhaji Abdulmalik Atta - a prince from Okene and the first High Commissioner of Nigeria to the United Kingdom - was one of shaykh Ibrahim's closest disciples as well as the shaykh's father-in-law through his daughter Sayyida Bilkisu. Shaykh Ibrahim became a renowned Shaykh al-Tareeqa (Master of the Sufi Order) throughout the Hausa areas of West Africa. In the end, he had far disciples outside of Senegal than within it. At the time of his death in 1975 in London, England, Shaykh Ibrahim Niass had millions of followers throughout West Africa.

His branch of the Tijāniyya, Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya has become the largest branch in the world. After his death the community was led by his closest disciple, Shaykh Aliyy Cisse and Niass' eldest son, Alhaji Abdulahi Ibrahim Niass. The current Khalīfa in Medina Baye is his eldest surviving son, Sheikh Ahmad Tijani Niass who became the khalifa in 2010 after the death of his brother khalifa Ahmadu Niass, known as “Daam”, on Tuesday 18 May 2010. Shaykh Ibrahim's role as principal Imam of the Medina Baye mosque has been carried out by the Cisse family. While serving as Medina Baay's Imam, Shaykh Hassan Cisse, Shaykh Aliyy Cisse's son and Shaykh Ibrahim's maternal grandson, carried Shaykh Ibrahim's teachings to the United States, United Kingdom and many other western countries. Shaykh Hassan Cisse was generally regarded as the leader of Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya worldwide until his sudden death in August, 2008. Since then, Shaykh Hassan's younger brother Shaykh Tijānī Cisse has been given the position of Medina Baye's Imam.

Works
Ñiass's works include:

 * Sabil al-sadam fi bka'il maqam – a book written to defend the state where the Maqam Ibrahim was situated.
 * Kāshif al-'ilbās ʿan Fayḍati l-Khatmi 'Abī l-ʿAbbās ("Lifting the confusion about the Fayḍa [Flood] of the Seal [of the saints] Abū l-ʿAbbās [Ahmad at-Tijānī]"). Edited by Shaykh Tijānī ʿAlī Sīse. Ash-Sharīka ad-dawliyya li-ṭ-ṭibāʿa, Cairo, Egypt.
 * Jawāhir ar-rasā'il ("Pearls of the letters"), a compendium of letters, fatwas, and other short communications by Ibrāhīm Ñas.
 * As-sirr al-'akbar ("The greatest secret")*Countless anthologies of poems, which have been published in Ad-Dawāwīn as-SittTranslated into English by Awwal Baba Taofiq ("the Six Anthologies"), Jāmiʿ Jawāmiʿ ad-Dawāwīn ("Collection of collections of Anthologies"), and Majmūʿ Riḥlāt ash-Shaykh 'Ibrāhīm ("The Compendium of Travels of Shaykh Ibrāhīm"). All of these were edited by his son Shaykh Muḥammad al-Ma'mūn Ibrāhīm Ñas.
 * Kitāb at-taṣrīf ("The Book of Arabic morphology"), a book commonly used in Arabic schools throughout Senegal.
 * Manāsik al-ḥajj al-mubārakah al-musammāt: tuḥfat 'ahl al-ḥādirah bi-mā yanfaʿ al-ḥājj siyyamā fī ṭ-ṭā'irah ("Rituals of the blessed pilgrimage, or: gems for city people to benefit the pilgrim, especially one traveling by airplane"). Edited by Shaykh Tijānī ʿAlī Sīse.
 * Ruhul Adab (Spirit of good moral and discipline) translated into English by Sheikh Hassan Cisse.
 * AlIfriqiyya lil Ifriqiyyin (Africa for the Africans) African leaders and freedom fighters under chairmanship of Gamal Abd al-Nasser of Egypt entrusted publishing of this book to Sheikh Sani Auwalu a Nigerian disciple of Sheikh Ibrahim Inyass(RA).
 * A number of fatwas (legal opinions), including: Wajh at-taḥqīq fī kawn jāmiʿ medīna huwa l-ʿatīq ("Verification that the longstanding rule of the precondition of a mosque is a city"), concerning the circumstances in which a Friday mosque should be built; and Baḥth fī thubūt ru'yat al-hilāl ("Study on establishing the sighting of the new moon"), concerning when to end the month of Ramaḍān and its fast. In addition to his printed works, dozens of cassette tapes of Ibrāhīm Ñas are readily available in Senegal, including complete Tafsīr al-Qur'ān (interpretations of the Qur'an) in Wolof and Arabic, several recitations of the Mawlid an-nabawī (birth [and life] of Muhammad), also in Wolof and Arabic, and speeches on various religious and practical subjects in Wolof. "Dawawin Al-Sittah" (voluminous poetic work in praise & exaltation of Muhammed), "Risalatul-Tauba" (a pamphlet expounding the realities of sincere repentance to Allah)
 * Rihlat conakiriyya
 * Rihlat comashiyya
 * Hujjal baaligha,
 * Bayaan wa tab'een... et al.
 * Bayaan wa tab'een... et al.

title: Ibrahim Niass


text:
User:Fedkad/Started Articles

 * COMPASS/Sample_Code

title: User:Fedkad/Started Articles


text:
User talk:Cmohan

May 2013
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, your addition of one or more external links to the page Berkeley Dil Se has been reverted. Your edit here to Berkeley Dil Se was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to remove links which are discouraged per our external links guideline. The external link(s) you added or changed (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIxAs_5pQyw) is/are on my list of links to remove and probably shouldn't be included in Wikipedia. If the external link you inserted or changed was to a media file (e.g. a sound or video file) on an external server, then note that linking to such files may be subject to Wikipedia's copyright policy, as well as other parts of our external links guideline. If the information you linked to is indeed in violation of copyright, then such information should not be linked to. Please consider using our upload facility to upload a suitable media file, or consider linking to the original. If you were trying to insert an external link that does comply with our policies and guidelines, then please accept my creator's apologies and feel free to undo the bot's revert. However, if the link does not comply with our policies and guidelines, but your edit included other, constructive, changes to the article, feel free to make those changes again without re-adding the link. Please read Wikipedia's external links guideline for more information, and consult my list of frequently-reverted sites. For more information about me, see my FAQ page. Thanks! --XLinkBot (talk) 18:42, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cmohan


text:
Bob Patterson (TV series)

Bob Patterson is an American television sitcom starring Jason Alexander, produced by Ira Steven Behr. It was directed by Robby Benson and Barnet Kellman. The series premiered on ABC on October 2, 2001, and the final episode aired on October 31 of that year. It was canceled in November 2001 after five of the ten scheduled episodes aired.

Overview
The show revolves around fictitious motivational speaker Bob Patterson, "America's #3 Self Help Guru", who is popular with millions of people across America, thanks to his books I Know More Than You, I Still Know More Than You and the To the Top! franchise. Friction between his job and family occurs partly due to Bob's self-absorbed but insecure nature and complete lack of self-awareness, ironic qualities for someone whose job is supposed to be selflessly motivating others to improve their lives.

Use of character outside of show
After the show's cancellation, Alexander used the concept behind Patterson to create a similar fictional character named Donny Clay, "America's #4 Self-Help Guru." Alexander has toured the United States in character as Clay.

Catchphrases
The character of Bob Patterson had a series of catchphrases:

 * "No is only yes to a different question."
 * "The only thing between you and your goals is you.......and your goals."
 * "You are the U in the Universe."
 * "To the top!"

Cast

 * Jason Alexander as Bob Patterson, the main character and the namesake of the show. Despite being a self-help guru, Bob is shown to be insecure and jealous of his surroundings, as shown in many scenes. An example is when his ex-wife Janet returns to live with Bob.
 * Robert Klein as Landau, Bob's manager and friend. Despite being friends, Landau tends to upset Bob quite frequently, such as when he uses Bob's personal bathroom. He is only referred to as Landau and his first name is never revealed.
 * Jennifer Aspen as Janet Patterson, Bob's ex-wife who comes back to live with him after becoming celibate. She and Bob decide to stay friends, despite her living in his house and doing personal things such as performing nude yoga in their bedroom.
 * Chandra Wilson as Claudia, a wheelchair-using woman who works as a secretary for Bob. There are hints that she might be faking her disability, as shown in a scene where Bob catches Claudia standing up from her wheelchair to grab something from a top cabinet.
 * Jay Paulson as Les, a co-worker and friend of Bob.
 * Phil Buckman as Vic, a friend of Bob's who works with him.
 * James Guidice as Jeffrey Patterson, Bob and Janet's son. Despite being in his late teens, Jeffrey is shown to not be very grown or mature and has failed to launch into manhood and is shown as lazy and crude.

Critical
The series received poor reviews. The New York Times critic Caryn James wrote that "the series may be the season's biggest disappointment... Robert Klein yells while Mr. Alexander screeches." In a one-and-a-half-star review for USA Today, Robert Bianco called Chandra Wilson "the only person in the show you can imagine wanting to see again." Los Angeles Times reviewer Howard Rosenberg wrote: "The only character here that's amusingly written is Bob's new assistant, Claudia (Chandra Wilson)."

Ratings
Ratings for Bob Patterson were considered disappointing. The series' premiere drew 9.8 million viewers, while its final episode recorded 7.8 million viewers.

title: Bob Patterson (TV series)


text:
Check washing

Check washing is the process of erasing details from checks to allow them to be rewritten, usually for criminal purposes such as fraudulent withdrawal from the victim's bank account.

Various steps can be taken by the writer of the check to reduce the possibility of falling victim to check washing. These include mailing checks by placing them in secured mailboxes, using secure ink dispensed from a gel, rollerball, or fountain pen, filling in all lines on the check, and careful scrutiny of bank statements.

title: Check washing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SFTPPlus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was dealt with as copyvio. - Mailer Diablo 05:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

SFTPPlus
Advertising. I suggest to remove the article. Prikryl 06:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

See also would-be comparison at List of SFTP clients.

Moreover there was considerable number of ad-like insertions into various pages from the same IP (82.153.185.73) refering to the SFTPPlus. Most of which were removed as vandalism.
 * Copyvio from www.sftpplus.com. tagged and bagged. --GraemeL (talk) 10:34, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. *drew 00:28, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Edith Sitwell

Untitled
Should this article start by giving Edith Sitwell her full name: Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell? --Infilms

 * Looks like someone thought so - David Gerard 12:20, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Lights of England
'She wrote under the light of oil lamps when the lights of England were out of service.' is a strange sentence. Does it mean during the blackout, when it would not matter if one used electric light or oil lamps as long as no light could be seen outside, or when the power was cut off because of bombing - not sure if this ever happened in rural Derbyshire? PhilUK (talk) 19:53, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Sequence
We read 'The poems she wrote during the war brought her back before the public.' At this point in the article, there has been no mention that she had ever been before the public. The early work is not featured till further down. 109.154.14.8 (talk) 18:54, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Date, place and cause of death
The infobox just gives 9 December 1964 (aged 77) in "London", but the text currently says "She died of cerebral haemorrhage at St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth, London, on 9 December 1964 at the age of 77." As far as I can see, the existing two sources (both primary) support only "December 1964" (for registration quarter), Lambeth (as registration district) and age of 77. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:43, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * The ODNB entry here might be useful, although no cause is given. I see that The New York Times claimed that she died from a heart attack. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:00, 28 October 2021 (UTC).
 * The ODNB entry is vague and not useful for this purpose. The best primary source would be the death certificate from the GRO. Cost used to be around $30 in real money. Or would that be rejected by Wikimedia as consituting original research? Perhaps the NYT "heart attack" report is a verifiable secondary source? But if it's wrong...? Foiled circuitous wanderer (talk) 07:40, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I disagree that the ODNB entry is "vague and not useful for this purpose." It's pretty clear in what it says. It's also not pay-walled. Indeed, ODNB is generally one of the best biographical sources we can use. So I have now added that as the source. I will search for a WP:RS for cause of death. Yes, use of GRO certificates is usually considered WP:OR. And images can be faked, of course. By the way, talking of "real money", certificates cost £11 in the UK (if you are personally that interested). Martinevans123 (talk) 11:11, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Here's the front page of the NYT, from 10 December 1964. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:42, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

I'm not sure why GRO certificates are considered to be OR. What's the difference between buying a [auto]biography and quoting that as a verifiable source [anyone can verify it by buying their own copy, or finding one in a library], and buying a GRO certificate, which anyone is also at liberty to buy, at least within GB? Foiled circuitous wanderer (talk) 07:55, 30 October 2021 (UTC)
 * A very reasonable question. I have always been a little bemused by this, especially as they are the essential currency of most genealogical research and are used as legal proof of identity in many contexts. Note that WP:PRIMARYCARE says this:
 * "* An article about a person: ...  Many other primary sources, including birth certificates, the Social Security Death Index, and court documents, are usually not acceptable primary sources, because it is impossible for the viewer to know whether the person listed on the document is the notable subject rather than another person who happens to have the same name."
 * I've always assumed that applies equally to marriage and death certificates. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:12, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:16, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Arms of Sitwell.png

title: Talk:Edith Sitwell


text:
Rook (piercing)

A rook piercing is a perforation of the antihelix of the ear for the purpose of wearing jewelry. It is located just above the tragus on the ridge between the inner and outer conch with the piercing passing from the underside to the top of this ridge, differing from many ear piercings that essentially span between a "front" and "back" surface. Erik Dakota, a well known professional piercer and the individual responsible for originating and popularizing the rook piercing, is said to have named this modification after a shortened version of his first name. The piercing was first named in issue #4 of the magazine Body Play and Modern Primitives Quarterly (published by Fakir Musafar) around 1992 alongside the first printed reference to the industrial piercing, then termed "industrial ear project".

Procedure
The procedure is done similarly to other piercings of the cartilage of the ear. Clamps may be used but it is usually done freehand. Once the area is cleaned, the piercer and the client will agree on placement, although because of its location it can be difficult to see exactly where the entrance and exit holes will be. Generally, the piercer will advise the client on the best location. The entrance and exit holes are marked, and a hollow needle is pushed through. Many professional piercers will use either a 14g or 16g needle by default, although it is possible to use even larger gauges. The jewelry is then inserted, and the piercing complete.

Pain is very subjective and it is difficult to ascertain how much the initial piercing will hurt to a given person. Some people experience pain comparable to that of an average cartilage piercing to the helix or tragus, and others have described it as one of the most painful piercings they've ever received, either in the ear or their whole body. However, pain thresholds differ between individuals, so what may be painful to one person may be a slight tickle to someone else.

Healing and aftercare

The rook piercing is also cared for much like any other ear cartilage piercing. Salt soaks (warm water (optimally sterilized by boiling) mixed with a small amount of sea salt) are recommended twice a day for the first month or two. These soaks will soften any dried lymph, clean the piercing as well as the jewellery, partially sterilize the area due to the salt, and alleviate swelling and soreness. The warm water also encourages blood flow to the area aiding in the healing process. Washing the area once a day gently with liquid soap and warm water will decrease the chances of infection. Ideally, an antimicrobial soap should be used, but for most people a fragrance-free and dye-free liquid antibacterial soap will suffice. One must be careful not to over-wash the area as this can lead to drying the area out. Alcohol and peroxide should also not be used for the same reason. Antibacterial and antimicrobial ointments (such as Neosporin) should never be used as they seal off the wound from receiving any air. One should avoid touching the area as much as possible, and if necessary, wash their hands beforehand. Care should be taken when changing shirts so that the jewellery isn't tugged as well as when using a telephone as the receiver may spread germs to the wound and the pressure can delay healing. Otherwise, for most people, the area is tucked into the ear more so than most other cartilage piercings and is less susceptible to incidental bumps and knocks.

Soreness is likely to persist for the first couple of months with the worst occurring during the first week or two. Jewellery should not be changed until at least eight weeks after the procedure. Primary healing will usually conclude within six months with full, secondary healing of the fistula complete in 12 to 18 months. Much of the cartilage in the ear receives comparatively little blood flow accounting for the increased healing time and persistent soreness.

Jewelry
Any type of body modification jewelry can be worn in the piercing with the most common being CBRs (captive bead ring) and curved barbells. Many piercers recommend that a curved barbell is worn initially. The curved barbell has less curvature than a CBR, thus reducing strain on the healing fistula and leading to a healthier piercing and shorter healing times. People often choose relatively small diameter rings and shorter barbells owing to the confined space of the piercing. Oftentimes individuals will need assistance in removing and especially inserting jewelry due to the small area and difficulty in seeing and reaching the piercing coupled with the complexity of screwing on small parts without stripping the jewelry and/or securing the ball in a CBR.

Complications
Generally, the rook piercing presents the same set of complications and risks as other cartilage piercings in the ear, although its concealed nature makes it less prone to accidental snags than other piercings. However, not everyone has suitable anatomy for a viable, long-term rook piercing. Someone with a poorly defined ridge in this area is encouraged not to have this procedure done. An experienced piercer will be able to accurately assess whether or not the client's ear is suited for a rook piercing and will likely refuse to perform the modification on someone with an inadequate ridge.

Some individuals have complained about persistent soreness in the area spanning a year or more, migration, and in some cases even rejection. While some of these issues can arise from improper aftercare and careless handling, many times they are the result of improper placement or poorly suited anatomy. Depending on the size and thickness of one's antihelix in this area, the increased curvature of a CBR (as opposed to a curved barbell) can put undue strain on the healing fistula which can prolong soreness and promote migration. Rejection will only occur in the most extreme of circumstances, usually because of poor placement (too shallow or oddly angled hole) or extreme trauma inflicted on the piercing especially during healing. In general, a person with decent health and proper hygiene is unlikely to experience any complications or pain outside of the normal healing process.

It is also important to refrain from attempting to stretch this area, at least without talking to an experienced piercer beforehand and following their advice. Cartilage normally will not stretch significantly although smaller gauge stretchings may be possible for some people.

title: Rook (piercing)


text: Talk:Munitions Systems Specialist

title: Talk:Munitions Systems Specialist


text:
Fatehabad district

Fatehabad district is one of the twenty two districts of the state of Haryana, India. Fatehabad was founded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Fatehabad district was carved out of Hisar district on 15 July 1997.

It borders districts of Mansa and Sangrur in state of Punjab in north, Sirsa district in west, Jind district in east, Hisar district and district of Hanumangarh in state of Rajasthan in south.

Etymology
Fatehabad is named after Fateh Khan, son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, a Muslim ruler from the Tughlaq dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388.

The name 'Fatehabad' is a combination of two words: 'Fateh' and 'ābād' where 'Fateh' is the name of eldest son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq and 'ābād' translates to 'prosperous' or 'settled'.

History
Indo-European language-speaking Hindu sanatani people first settled on the banks of the Sarasvati and Drsadvati Rivers rivers then expanded to cover a wider area of Hisar and Fatehabad. The area was probably included in the kingdom of the Pandavas and their successors. Pāṇini mentions a number of towns in the region including Aisukari, Taushayana and Rori, which have been identified with Hisar, Tohana and Rohri respectively. According to the Puranas, the areas of Fatehabad district remained a part of the Nanda Empire and the real name of Fatehabad was Dhanagarh. The city name Dhanagarh was given by Dhana Nanda who was the King of Nanada empire and his territory was from Pataliputra to Beas river in the north. Furthermore, the discovery of Ashokan pillars at Hisar and Fatehabad shows that this area remained a part of Mauryan empire. The people of Agroha area assisted Chandra Gupta Maurya in the war against the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

After the fall of the Mauryas and Shungas, the Agras along with the Yaudheyas – the republican tribes of the region – asserted their independence. The Agras settled in the region covering Barwala and Agroha, the capital headquarters, from where they issued coins. As attested by the discovery of coin-moulds and terracottas, the region was a part of the Kushan Empire. According to Anant Sadashiv Altekar, the Yaudheys made a second bid for independence towards the end of the 2nd century AD when they succeeded in freeing their homeland and ousted the Kushans. This finds support from seals discovered at the Agroha Mound.

The early 11th century saw the Ghaznavid make inroads in this area. Sultan Masud led expeditions towards Agroha. The Chauhans seem to have taken special measures for protecting the area against Mongol incursions. The area of Agroha passed under Ghurid rule after the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan III in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192).

After the Battle of Tarain, Sultan Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri placed one of his generals in the Indian campaigns. But it appears that any meaningful control could not be established. Seizing the opportunity, a Rajput clan, Jats, a branch of Tomar/Tanwar Rajputs, widely extended their power in Fatehabad area including Agroha. Firuz (1351–88) shot these areas into prominence. The ruler came to have somewhat unusual fancy for the tract (Hisar). He established new towns of Fatehabad and Hissar and rebuilt two canals; one taking off from Ghaggar at Phulad and following the course of Joiya up to the town of Fatehabad. After the death of Firuz (1388), chaos and confusion spread all round. The situation deteriorated still further when Timur invaded in 1398. During his invasion, Timur invaded Fatehabad which was captured without any opposition from the inhabitants. Lastly, the invader reached Tohana but he could not set-up his permanent rule over the area. He soon left for Samana after looting these areas. The areas of Fatehabad came under the control of Mughals-Babar and Humayun.

There is a small mosque known as Humanyun mosque at Fatehabad. The legend assigns the association of the mosque to the Mughal Emperor Humayun who in his flight after his defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri happened to pass through Fatehabad. Fatehabad was one of important Mahals during Akbar's time. By 1760, the areas became the scene of a sort of triangular duel between the sturdy Sikhs of north-east, marauding Bhattis of north-west and the Muslim chiefs of the south. None of them could, however, hold the region permanently except for the Bhattis who became the masters of Fatehabad pargana. In 1774, Maharaja Amar Singh of Patiala along with his famous minister Dewan Nanumal laid siege to the stronghold of Bighar near Fatehabad which fell shortly afterwards.

The Raja then took Fatehabad and Sirsa and invaded Rania held by Bhattis. Tohana also was seized by the Chief of Patiala. But after a treaty of Jind in 1781, Fatehabad and Sirsa were made over to the Bhattis and remaining territories were allowed to be retained by the Sikhs. By 1798, Agroha and Tohana were important parganas under the control of George Thomas. When George Thomas was driven out from here by the Sikh-Maratha Confederacy, a French officer, Lt. Bourquian, controlled these areas on behalf of Marathas. He is said to have rebuilt the towns of Tohana and Hissar. Later these areas were placed under the charge of Illias Beg, a Mughal noble of Hansi.

In November 1884, the Sirsa district was abolished and Sirsa tahsil after the distribution of villages was formed. In 1889, 15 villages forming a detached block known as Budhlada were transferred form Kaithal tahsil to Fatehabad tahsil. The Barwala tahsil containing 139 villages was abolished with effect from 1 January 1891 and its area was distributed between 3 contiguous tahsils; 13 villages going to Hansi, 24 to Hissar and 102 to Fatehabad. At the same time 13 villages were transferred from Hissar tahsil to Bhiwani tahsil and a sub-tahsil was established at Tohana in Fatehabad tahsil. In 1923, the Tohana sub-tahsil was transferred from Fatehabad to Hissar tahsil. In 1972, Tohana sub-tahsil was upgraded to tahsil. Two sub-tahsils, one at Ratia of tahsil of Fatehabad and other at Adampur of Hissar tahsil were created in 1979. By the end of 1978, the Hissar district comprised 486 villages, divided between tahsils of Fatehabad (166); Hissar (115), Hansi (119) and Tohana (86). Fatehabad came into existence as a full-fledged district with effect from 15 July 1997, now having three sub-divisions, three tahsils and three sub-tahsils.

Administrative set-up
Fatehabad district is a part of Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency and the district has three seats in Haryana Vidhan Sabha: Fatehabad, Tohana and Ratia.

Geology
Being a part of Indo-Gagnetic planes, most of the part is covered by alluvial soil, interrupted by randomly located sand dunes. Soil varies from sandy to loamy.

The northern part of district is drained by Ghaghara-Hakra system.

Ground water is alkaline in nature.

Climate
The climate of the district is of tropical type with intensively hot summer and cool winter, with a temperature of 47 °C in June and 2 °C in December and January. The average rainfall of the district is 400 mm. The average annual rainfall in the district is 395.6  mm. The rainfall increases generally from the west towards the east and varies from 339.1  mm at Fatehabad to 428.4  mm at Hisar. About 71 percent of the annual normal rainfall is received during the short southwest monsoon period, July to September, July, and August being the rainiest months.

20% of rainfall occurs in the non-monsoon period, which is mostly contributed by western disturbances.

Transportation
Fatehabad is situated at NH-9 which servers major road transportation in district.

Grand Trunk Road also passes through the district.

Cheap transportation facilities are available via state bus transport. The new bus stand is situated at Sector 5, Hisar Road and has started serving buses, but the older one situated in Model Town is still functional. Buses stop at arbitrary places in villages and towns for people to board buses.

Auto-rickshaws are available in urban region. Manually driven rickshaws and E-rickshaws are also found.

Major railway stations include Bhattu and Tohana which serve the Northern Railways Zone of India.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Fatehabad district has a population of 942,011, roughly equal to the nation of Fiji or the US state of Delaware. This gives it a ranking of 461st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 371 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 16.79%. Fatehabad has a sex ratio of 902 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 69.1%. Scheduled Castes make up 30.19% of the population.

Religion
Hindus are in majority in Fatehabad district. Nearly the entire Muslim population of the district migrated to Pakistan during Partition.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 35.57% of the population spoke Hindi, 29.72% Punjabi, 20.81% Haryanvi and 11.56% Bagri as their first language.

Hindi is the official language of the district with Bagri and Haryanvi are spoken by majority of the population. Punjabi is the additional official language.

Civic Amenities
Electricity is provided by Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (DHBVN).

All major towns and villages are provided piped drinking water facilities. Towns and villages located in fresh water areas are served by tubewell network. Others are served by canal based system. (popularly called नहरी पानी)

Notable Individuals

 * Rajat Nagpal ;a singer, producer and composer

title: Fatehabad district


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Jhajjar district

Jhajjar district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana state in northern India. Carved out of Rohtak district on 15 July 1997 and with its headquarters in Jhajjar, it lies 29 km from Delhi and had developed into an important industrial center. Other towns in the district are Bahadurgarh and Badli and Beri. Bahadurgarh is the major city of the district and state. Bahadurgarh is known as 'The City of Destiny'. Beri used to be a village fifty years ago.

The district occupies an area of 1,834 km2 and its population was 709,000. It has two industrial areas with over 3,300 industries. Basic industries are ceramics, glass, chemicals, engineering, electrical and electronics. Bahadurgarh is the major Industrial area of the district with over 2800 medium size industries and 200 large-scale industries. There are 3,300 units representing a total investment of Rs. 40,000 million. Major crops grown here are rice, wheat and maize. The total irrigated agricultural land area is about 670 km2.

Jhajjar founded by Chaudhary Chaju Singh a Gehlot Jat as Chajunagar, which was later changed to Jhajjar. Alternatively, it may be derived from Jharnaghar, meaning a natural fountain or Jhajjar, a water vessel, because the surface drainage of the country for miles around runs into the town as into a sink.

Demographics
Jhajjar district had a population of 958,405, roughly equal to the nation of Fiji or the US state of Montana. This gives it a ranking of 456th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 522 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8.73%. Jhajjar has a sex ratio of 782 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 80.8%. Scheduled Castes make up 17.78% of the population.

Jat is the dominant caste in the district. According to census 2011, Jhajjar city had a population of 48,424, Beri has 15,934, and the major city of the district Bahadurgarh had 170,767.

In the 2011 National Census, it was found that Jhajjar district has the lowest sex ratio in India of the 0–6 group, with just 782 girls to 1,000 boys. Two villages in Jhajjar have extremely low gender-ratios: Bahrana and Dimana have gender ratios of 378 girls to 1,000 boys and 444 girls to 1,000 boys respectively. In Jhajjar, parents are able to illegally learn the gender of the fetus through secret early morning ultrasounds at registered clinics and through the use of code-words, Ladoo for boy and Jalebi for girl; these families often go on to abort female fetuses.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 73.88% of the population in the district spoke Haryanvi and 24.00% Hindi as their first language.

Divisions
Jhajjar district is divided into 4 sub-divisions: Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Badli and Beri. Jhajjar sub-division comprises two tehsils: Jhajjar and Matanhail. Bahadurgarh sub-division comprises only one tehsil, Bahadurgarh. Badli and Beri sub-division also comprises only one tehsil each.

There are four Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Bahadurgarh, Badli, Jhajjar and Beri. All of these are part of Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency.

Villages

 * Kheri Khummar
 * Kharhar
 * Mandothi
 * Nuna Majra
 * Rohad
 * Bhaproda
 * Chhara
 * Kharman
 * Asanda
 * Lowa Khurd
 * Mattan
 * Dighal
 * Barhana
 * Kablana
 * Kasni
 * Khudan
 * Machhroli
 * Bupania
 * Sarai Aurangabad
 * Bishan
 * Kheri Jat
 * Pelpa
 * Badli

Industries
Bahadurgarh, known as 'The City of Destiny', is the major industrial estate of the district. Bahadurgarh alone covers 3,000 industries out of 3,300 total industries in district. Basic industries are ceramics, glass, chemicals, engineering, electrical and electronics.

SSI & MSI units
In Jhajjar District, there are 1818 SSI (Small Scale Industries) units registered as of 31 December 2000. The total approximate investment of these units is 9550.01 lakhs and total employment in these units is 12153. In 2016, there are 3050 SSI or MSI in Jhajjar district, out of which Bahadurgarh alone have 2800 MSI (Medium Size Industries).

LSI units
There are over 250 LSI in the District in 2016 which are engaged in the manufacturing. Out of the 250 LSI (Large Scale Industries), 200 are in Bahadurgarh.

Notable people

 * Manjul Bhardwaj (born 1969), actor, director, writer and facilitator
 * Sumit Nagal (born 1997), professional tennis player

title: Jhajjar district


text: User talk:213.233.121.45

title: User talk:213.233.121.45


text: Talk:AMMO

title: Talk:AMMO


text:
User:Dawsonlemus

Dawsonlemus is a wikipedia user.

title: User:Dawsonlemus


text:
Mahendragarh district

Mahendragarh district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana state in northern India. The district occupies an area of 1,899 km² and has a population of 922,088 (2021census). District have 4 Sub-divisions : Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Nangal Chaudhary and Kanina

Narnaul city is the administrative headquarters of the district and also the largest city of the district. Mahendragarh is one of the very few districts in India where the name of the district and its main town are different. Mahendragarh has total 5 big Towns Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Nangal Chaudhary, Ateli and Kanina.

As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Haryana (out of 21), after Panchkula and Rewari.

Etymology
There is a fort at Mahendragarh which was built by the Maratha ruler Tantia Tope during the 19th century. This fort was named Mahendragarh in 1861 by Narinder Singh, the ruler of Patiala, in honour of his son, Mahendra Singh, and consequently the town came to be known as Mahendragarh. The name of Narnaul Nizamat was changed to "Mahendragarh Nizamat."

Medieval rule
During the rule of Mughals, Babur assigned the area to Malik Mahdud Khan. However, later it was taken over by Patiala Riyasat. Birbal ka Chatta is very famous in Narnaul. People say the cave ends in Gurugram. Jal Mahal and Chor Guband were also made during Mughal rule.

In the 18th century, Madhogarh Fort was built on the top of the hill near Madhogarh village.

Both Mahendragarh's fort and Madhogarh's fort are being restored along the lines of Pinjore Gardens to develop them as an international tourist destination as part of the Rewari-Narnaul-Mahendragarh-Madhogarh tourist circuit.

Post-independence
Mahendragarh district was formed in 1948 by grouping different tracts of erstwhile princely states: Narnaul and Mahendragarh tehsils from Patiala State, Dadri (Charkhi Dadri) from Jind State and a part of Bawal Nizamat from Nabha State. It became a part of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) state. On 1 November 1956, with the merger of PEPSU with Punjab, it became a part of Punjab state and with the formation of Haryana state in 1966, it became a part of the newly formed state. Rewari tehsil of Gurgaon district was added to it in 1972 but Rewari tehsil was made a separate district in 1989.

Geography
The district lies between north latitude 27°47’ to 28°26’ and east longitude 75°56’ to 76°51’. It is bounded on the north by Bhiwani,Charki dadri, jhajjar and Rewari districts, on the east by Rewari district and Alwar district of Rajasthan, on the south by Alwar, Jaipur and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, and on the west by Sikar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan.

Sub-Divisions
The Mahendragarh district is headed by an IAS officer of the rank of Deputy Commissioner (DC) who is the chief executive officer of the district. The district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM): Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Nangal Chaudhary and Kanina.

Revenue tehsils
The above 4 sub-divisions are divided into 5 revenue tehsils, namely, Narnaul, Mahendragarh, Kanina, Nangal Chaudhry & Ateli and 1 revenue sub-tehsil namely Satnali.

Assembly constituencies
There are 4 Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in this district: Ateli, Mahendragarh, Narnaul and Nangal Chaudhry. All 4 are part of the Bhiwani–Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency).

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Mahendergarh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the two districts in Haryana currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Tourism
Dhosi Hill is an important tourist site in the District. Known as Chyawan Rishi Ashram it is a Vedic period site. It is here that Chyawanprash was formulated for the first time. Bhagot village have Lord Shiva temple constructed by a Rabari.

Divisions
Mahendragarh district is divided into 5 tehsils, Narnaul, Nangal Chaudhary, Kanina Mahendragarh, and Ateli. There are 4 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Ateli, Mahendragarh, Narnaul and Nangal Chaudhary. All of these are part of Bhiwani-Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency.

Villages

 * Pota

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Mahendragarh district has a population of 922,088, This gives it a ranking of 462nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 485 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.43%. Mahendragarh has a sex ratio of 895 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 77.72%. 14.41% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 16.95% of the population.

Languages
The local dialect of the district is Ahirwati. At the 2011 Census, the majority of the population identified their first language as either Haryanvi or Hindi.

title: Mahendragarh district


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Linda Frum

Linda Frum (born January 13, 1963) is a Canadian author and journalist, and was a Conservative member of the Senate of Canada from 2009 until 2021. She announced her retirement from the Senate effective August 27, 2021 to devote more time to other pursuits such as her role as chair of the board of the Jewish Federation of Greater Toronto.

Life and career
Frum was born in Toronto, Ontario, the daughter of Barbara Frum, a journalist, and Murray Frum, a real estate developer. Her brother David Frum is a political author and journalist, and was a speech writer for George W. Bush and helped coin the phrase "Axis of Evil". Another brother, Matthew Frum, was adopted and is of aboriginal ancestry. Frum attended Havergal College and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from McGill University, Montreal in 1984.

She has authored two books, and edited a third. The two she wrote are: Linda Frum's Guide to Canadian Universities (1987, with an updated edition published in 1990) and Barbara Frum: A Daughter's Memoir (1996). Frum is a former contributing editor to Maclean's, and was a columnist with the National Post from 1998 to 2002 and again from 2006 to 2007. In 1996 she won a Gemini Award for Best Social-Political Documentary Program for the film Ms. Conceptions. In June 2010, she received an Honorary Doctorate from Yeshiva University.

She has served as a volunteer for many community organizations. She is an honorary patron of the Jerusalem Foundation. In 2006, she was chair of the Women's Division of the United Jewish Appeal. She is a past board member of Mount Sinai Hospital, Upper Canada College, The Bishop Strachan School, the Art Gallery of Ontario Foundation, Soulpepper Theatre, and the Ontario Arts Council.

Currently she is chair of the board of United Jewish Appeal of Greater Toronto.

Frum lives in Toronto with her husband Howard Sokolowski, a real estate developer and former co-owner of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, and her three children. In 2006, she and her husband received the Human Relations Award from the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews.

In 2012, Minister Jason Kenney appointed Senator Frum Co-Chair of the Advisory Council for the 2013 Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research. In 2013, Minister Rona Ambrose appointed Frum to sit on a task force to promote the participation of women on corporate boards. In December 2013, Frum and her husband co-chaired the Jewish National Fund's Negev Dinner in honour of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The dinner set records for both attendance and fundraising: 4,000 people attended and $5.7m was raised for the Stephen J. Harper Bird Sanctuary Visitor and Education Centre in Hula Valley, Israel. In June 2019, she was awarded an honorary degree from Hebrew University for her leadership based on the principles of equality, freedom and human rights.

She has a Conservative affiliation and represents Ontario and was a director of the Conservative Fund, the party's fundraising arm, until 2021. She served as Chair of the Conservative Senate Caucus from 2015 to 2017.

title: Linda Frum


text:
Linda Hayden (actress)

Linda Hayden (born 19 January 1953, Linda Higginson) is an English film and television actress. She is best known for her roles in 1970s British horror films and sex comedies.

Career
Hayden was born in Stanmore, Middlesex. She trained with the Aida Foster stage school in dancing, singing and stage acting before making her film debut at the age of 15 in the controversial Baby Love (1968), playing a schoolgirl who seduces her adoptive family. She next featured in two horror films; playing Alice Hargood in Hammer's Taste the Blood of Dracula, (1970), followed by a memorable performance as the demonically possessed Angel Blake in The Blood on Satan's Claw (1970), made by Tigon. In 1972, she played a pregnant teenage hitchhiker in Something to Hide, driving Peter Finch to murder and madness.

Hayden appeared opposite Robin Askwith, her then-boyfriend, in the popular sex comedies Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974), Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977) and, with Fiona Richmond, in Let's Get Laid (1978); as well as the obscure cult film Queen Kong (1976). She also shared the stage with Askwith, in Richard Harris and Leslie Darbon's farce Who Goes Bare. Hayden and Richmond had previously appeared together in the thriller Exposé (1976), which was known as Trauma in the US and House on Straw Hill in Australia, and banned in the UK as a video nasty. In a documentary on the DVD of The Blood on Satan's Claw, Hayden says that Exposé is the only movie she regrets making and was not the film she had made originally.

Following a brief role in The Boys from Brazil (1978), Hayden concentrated on stage and television work. In 1980 she appeared in the ITV series The Professionals as 'Gerda' in the episode 'Black Out' and as 'Annie,' Terry McCann's girlfriend in the Christmas special Minder on the Orient Express, 1985. She also took a role in the thriller Underground at Toronto's Royal Alexandra Theatre and London's Prince of Wales Theatre in 1983, as well as a 1997 episode of The Bill.

Now semi-retired, she featured as Mrs Brown in Martin Kemp's 2010 remake of Exposé, with Jane March playing Linda—Hayden's role in the 1976 original.

Writing
In March 2023, Hayden penned an introduction to the LGBT+ horror novel, Satan's Lamp. Referring to her first film role as Luci in Baby Love, she writes, 'I was transfixed to see myself on an eighty-foot-high poster in Times Square... making me look like an evil creature and sending all the wrong messages... But in an odd twist of fate, this billboard turned out to be an augur of my future with the horror genre.'

Personal life
She is the sister of the company actress Jane Hayden (b. 1957), who played a number of roles on films and TV in the 1970s. Hayden was in a relationship with fellow actor and co-star Robin Askwith in the 1970s. She married Paul Elliot in 1987.

title: Linda Hayden (actress)