text:
File:Skeleton key.jpg

Fair use in The Skeleton Key
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Skeleton key.jpg


text:
Nový Bor

Nový Bor (Haida) is a town in Česká Lípa District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. The town is known for its glass industry. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The town parts and villages of Arnultovice, Bukovany, Janov and Pihel are administrative parts of Nový Bor.

Etymology
The town's original German name Heyde was derived from local vegetation and means "heather". The Czech name Nový Bor was also derived from local vegetation and literally means "new pine forest".

Geography
Nový Bor is located about 7 km north of Česká Lípa and 34 km west of Liberec. It lies mostly in the Ralsko Uplands, but in the north the municipal territory also extends into the Lusatian Mountains and Central Bohemian Uplands. The highest point is the hill Pramenný vrch at 605 m above sea level.

History
The first written mention of Nový Bor is from 1471, when the village Arnsdorff (Arnultovice) was founded, today a part of Nový Bor. In 1692, a new settlement was founded, and its construction was completed in 1703. The settlement was originally connected by mayor's law with Arnultovice, but it became separate in 1713.

In 1710, it became a property of the Kinsky noble family, and under their rule the settlement grew. At their request, the settlement was promoted to a town in 1757. Since the end of the 18th century Nový Bor became known for its large glass industry (as happened in the whole region). In 1869, the railway was built.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, several villages were merged with Nový Bor, as the last Arnultovice.

From 1938 to 1945, it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. From the establishment of a sovereign municipality in 1848 until 1948, the Czech name of the town changed several times – it was called Hajda, then Bor, then Hajda again, and then Bor u České Lípy. In 1948, it was renamed to its current name.

Economy
Nový Bor is known for its glass production. The Crystalex company is the largest glassworks in the country and belongs among the most significant regional employers.

Transport
The I/13 road (the section from Liberec to Děčín, part of the European route E442) and the I/9 road (the section from Česká Lípa to Rumburk) bypass the town.

Nový Bor is located on the railway line Česká Lípa–Rumburk.

Sport
The local chess club, 1. Novoborský ŠK, has been the most successful club in the top-tier Czech team competition in the 21st century. Between the 2009–10 and 2017–18 seasons, the club won nine consecutive titles.

Sights
The historic centre is formed by Míru Square, Palackého Square and theirs surroundings. The centre includes valuable Empire and Biedermeier houses. The town hall is from 1751, originally built as a manorial granary.

Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was rebuilt to its present Baroque form in 1786–1788. It containts a bell from 1606 and a rare organ. The Virgin Mary statue behind the church is from the 18th century and is the oldest monument in the town.

The history of the glass industry in the region is presented in the Glass Museum Nový Bor. In addition to the permanent exhibition there are exhibitions of glass craftsmen.

Notable people

 * Josef Max (1804–1855), German-Czech sculptor
 * Emanuel Max (1810–1901), German-Czech sculptor
 * Wilhelm Knechtel (1837–1924), German-Czech gardener and botanist
 * Ernst Schwarz (1895–1983), German philologist
 * Volker Oppitz (born 1931), German economist and mathematician
 * Věra Bradáčová (born 1955), athlete

Twin towns – sister cities
Nový Bor is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Aniche, France
 * 🇨🇿 Břeclav, Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇪 Frauenau, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Oybin, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Zwiesel, Germany

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nový Bor


text:
Novy Bor

Novy Bor (Но́вый Бор) is a settlement in the Komi Republic, Russia, located near the border of the republic on the shores of the Pechora River.

title: Novy Bor


text:
Talk:TheGuardian.com

Untitled

 * 2012-08-02, section relocated from the top to section 12, in chronological sequence. -P64

lol could this article represent the absolute rediculous nature of Wikipedia anymore? I mean, it's a glorified PR puff piece. Why am I not surprised given the pathetic excuse for a website that Wikipedia is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.110.210.31 (talk) 16:33, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

List of users
Good to see all sorts of stuff appearing on this page, too - been meaning to write up GU Talk for some time, looks like a critical mass of GU usiong Wikipedians is being reached. And we need that lsit of users on there! --Vodex 01:01, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, I'd say a list of users isn't needed, and is not really what wikipedia is for MyNameIsClare   talk  05:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed "Best-Loved Posters" back to "Prominent Posters" for now since I don't relly think Callidice was very well loved... BUT I'm not sure the section should be there at all and it is too in-jokey at the moment. MyNameIsClare   talk  08:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Agree with MynameisClare - any addition of 'much loved' or 'prominent' posters will be far too subjective and/or will eventually become completely unwieldy. The entry is better off without it. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 14:50, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

I think maybe the best thing to do would be to edit out mentions of specific posters, otherwise people will just use it for ego tripping and point scoring - Moist

I disagree. Perhaps we should name GUTalk posters, their multiple usernames, their positionss etc.

Moderators
The following is from the Guardian's talk page:

''Note, They have a forum which has many virtues. many erudite posters, but... is extremely poorly moderated. For instance, they have two 'policies' pages, one is extremely liberal (the one which is available from the ordinary users pages) and has four elements. The worst censure there is is "ocassional" removal of text, which "they really hate to do". They have another, hidden ( if one sees the first (s)he will not expect a second ) much longer and leads to banning at the drop of a hat. I've seen gangs of posters hunting down and mercilessly harrasing individuals with no response from mods after complaints. When the offended returns the offense (s)he is banned. No sense of context, no even hand, capricious acts of destruction, give the guardian a bad name. Thus an instutution of potentially great global signifigance is whittled down to a shadow of it's potential. If only the Guardian would take moderation seriously, we might expect great things from their 'talkboards'. Wblakesx''

I'd like to expand on the infamously dodgy moderation, but don't know how to without appearing biased or whiny. Any ideas? --Vodex 01:01, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

I notice constant reference to ModeratorS, to the best of my knowledge (and this was confirmed a few years ago by a job advert for the post), there is only one talk moderator at any one time. --Charlesknight (formerly monarch before I got very bored and in a night of fun got banned for posting whatever thread titles that people wanted). 18:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Maturing content
Once the current flurry of editing dies down (hello Havenites), this is going to need some serious editing, NPOVing and generally making more like an encyclopaedia article and less like a GU talk fansite. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 14:50, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

I suspected we'd get a lot of vandalism, but we're also getting a lot of good raw matter that couldn't be produced by us dust-smelling academics alone - even if we dohave to contend with them pesky gaymo gags being slipped in.

--Vodex 19:45, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

"There is a strong focus on controversial international issues, and in particular there is a lot of erudite, well-informed and civilised debate about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". Whoever wrote this has his or her tongue firmly in cheek. Jhobson1 (talk) 13:35, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Other
[pgb] Shouldn't there be some mention of the constant bickering re religion and atheism in the issues folder - it's an reasonably settled aspect of the GUT culture, something that partly characterised it imho?

Yep, I'll add. --Vodex 19:45, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

The Barefoot Doctor's use of the title "Doctor" is unwarranted. Does he have a degree in medicine or PhD? Not sure why this has been edited to remove this "POV".

 * Because it is POV. I agree that he's an idiot, but that is my opinion. MyNameIsClare   talk  21:18, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed changes
OK, now this has settled down, here are a few proposed changes. Comments from current GUtalkers welcome (I haven't been a regular there for a couple of years): Thoughts? --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 16:50, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Is "capitalist money madness" really all that noteworthy? I'd suggest just deleting it.
 * 2) Ditto Genoa.
 * 3) The section on "moderation" needs to be cut down a little - it's a bit bloated.
 * 4) The first three bullet points under "Folklore and traditions", on threads and crashes, could be merged into one, and the stuff on the Great Crashes cut down if there hasn't been one for three years.
 * 5) The section about GU meets should be merged with the shag-chart (if, indeed, the latter deserves a mention at all).
 * 6) The "swears" section should be cut down to no more than a couple of sentences.
 * 7) There is nothing at all about the other talkboards - FilmTalk, SocietyTalk, etc - they should at least be mentioned.

 * Capitalist Money Madness is certainly a very prominent part of the UK News folder - there are currently 10 of the threads there, several of them with hundreds of posts. But then there are a lot of prominent things on GU... MyNameIsClare   talk  17:36, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

The other point about Capitalist Money Madness AFAIK those numbers at the end are real, 5000+ would seem to make it pretty prominent. --Charlesknight 17:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

87.80.208.58

Are you all just lurkers or reglar GUTalk posters? BTW, why is this Wiki entry mostly Haven-focused?

--badnewswade--: Capitalist Money Madness is grate, don't you dare change it!

Do you think this site should link to Guardian Unlimited talk on Wikipedia as that redirects to the GU page. Also should there be a mention of Guardian America, as it is part of GU Smallbig 07:51, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

History
Guardian Unlimited was created in 1999, not 1998 as a change by 206.64.224.127 stated. Looking at Archive.org pages are shown as early as 1996, but not under the GU name. The Guardian history timeline also confirms this. AL2 11:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

hoib
I see Reverred and remembered ex-posters has been removed, but since hoib's obit made the main paper, maybe worth a short paragraph about him?

I agree
Er.. I agree :P but I'm not knowledgable enough to even be bold and start something.--Vodex 21:11, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

How about a "dead posters" section? There's one or two now. It seems fitting, in a way, given how ephemeral the boards are. Or perhaps their ephemeral nature is their value.

Where are the wings
I've used the GU talk pages since 2000 and never heard it referred to as Where are the Wings. I think this is bollocks. I won't remove it though unless someone else agrees. --Wikipediatastic 14:08, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree! I have never heard it reffered to with that name. I will remove that in 7 days if no one disagrees Smallbig 07:53, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

New Design
I added the fact, that GU changed its design in May 2007. Can please somebody make a new screenshot (my screen has only 14") of the GU frontpage and put the "old" one to somewhere else in the article? thx Anschub 17:45, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Er... "Since May 2007, "Guardian Unlimited" has begun a gradual process of changing its design, starting with the front page" It actually started with the whole of the travel subsection http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel and in November 2006. Calmeilles 14:18, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

No longer "Unlimited", so rename article?
I've noticed that the "Unlimited" seems to have disappeared from the Guardian site, and it now seems to be only called "guardian.co.uk". So should the article now be renamed "guardian.co.uk"? Also, the initial "g" appears to be always lower case as per this (even at the start of a sentence), so the tag should be used if it is to be renamed.--81.157.176.42 (talk) 04:38, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I also noticed this change the other day and wondered about renaming the article, but it seems like some parts of the site still refer to it as Guaridan Unlimited, including the About/Info page linked-to at the bottom, and also the pages you see when you log into the site. I would guess that maybe it's just taking a while before the whole site changes over, but maybe we should give it some time and see. If not, I've no huge objection to the renaming of the article. --roddie digital (talk) 18:28, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Should mention that the website seems to have more "unable to access" moments than other such. Jackiespeel (talk) 15:49, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Seems the site is definitely changing over (http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/inside/2008/02/changes_to_the_guardian_websit.html), so looks like the Wikipedia article should be changed accordingly. Probably the same thing that's causing your "unable to access" moments too, Jackiespeel. --roddie digital (talk) 20:27, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, that link clinches it for me. --217.44.208.239 (talk) 06:42, 14 February 2008 (UTC) (a.k.a. 81.157.176.42)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as there is no consensus to keep page at the current name. --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 12:18, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Guardian Unlimited → guardian.co.uk — The site has been rebranded. —roddie digital (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Actually, Roddie, is there any point now having a survey? Looking again this morning it now looks overwhelmingly obvious that it should be renamed as per your request. The only barrier is that there is a redirect page guardian.co.uk which is sitting in the way, but I believe there's a speedy delete option that caters for this.--217.44.208.239 (talk) 06:54, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure there's need for a survey, it just came with the template. While I was tempted to just get it changed over, I figured it was still potentially a controversial move with some parts of the site still going by the old name, such as the blogs and the forum, and I just wanted to give the chance for a bit of discussion before having it moved. I requested help from someone higher up and they seemed to consider it the correct type of requested move. My main concern is how the site should be referred to in parts of the article that discuss events from the past, and I'm also a bit worried that Guardian America becoming guardianamerica (seperated by font colour on the website) looks somewhat untidy on Wikipedia when it is written all in black. It's not that big an article so I think that giving it a couple of days before changing over shouldn't really be a problem. --roddie digital (talk) 13:05, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * I've put in the request to have the page moved to coincide with the site's name change. --roddie digital (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, I've started making the proposed changes on User:Roddie_Digital/Guardian_Unlimited so that they can be copied over. Any input is welcome. --roddie digital (talk) 01:13, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi, the title of the page doesn't have to be the "official" name. I understand that it's better to name the article after what people would know it as -- so "Guardian Website" might be appropriate. Also, "Guardian America" should probably stay named as it is. This is how I understand WP:NC. Sam Staton (talk) 18:45, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The page should not be at the official name but "Generally, article naming should prefer what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature." (WP:NC) In this case it does not seem to make much difference, as there is no obvious common usage and using the official name does make it easier to write the introduction. Further as there has been no support for keeping the page at the current name I'am moving it. --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 12:18, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

* * *
 * As of 2012-08-02 there are no contributions prior to 2008-08 above this line. Here or following the next section may be a good point to WP:ARCHIVE old talk.

Notability of Talk
Just want to raise something: GU Talk is clearly decreasingly important to guardian.co.uk as time goes on. It's not in the navigation and the links on the front page don't work, and haven't for some time. There are no longer links to talkboards started by Guardian staff, indeed it's a long time since I saw any talkboards by guardian staff. I wonder if it should be spun off from the main guardian.co.uk entry or severely edited, if not deleted from the entry altogether. Also suggest bringing Comment is Free into this entry as it seems to have replaced talk in the hearts of the Guardian staff. Douglasi (talk) 13:19, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Have also just noticed that Talk hasn't been included in the supposedly now complete redesign of guardian.co.uk, which I think is further evidence of its irrelevance to the rest of the network. Douglasi (talk) 13:29, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm aurprised that there seems to be no mention in the article of Guardian Talk (as in guardian.co.uk/talk) at all anymore. Surely it warrants a sentence or two?
 * 84.203.54.190 (talk) 21:54, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

This section of the site doesn't even exist any more, so I'm marking this thread as moot. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  21:10, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Talkboards
They were closed down a couple of days ago. Someone obviously isn't happy, as they posted the following which I removed: "At 17.30 GMT on 25 February 2011, the last Moderator to leave Guardian Towers pulled the plug from the server computer (popularly known as 'the hamster') and shut down the talkboards which had been online for over a decade. It was also the view of most that The Guardian in closing down the talkboard without warning or consultation were a bunch of gritpypes. The closure was done without any warning to users; however, an alternative site using similar software had already been set up and a link registered as http://www.thegraun.com so many old users were able to re-register with the new site. There are also two Facebook groups, 'Exiles from GUTalk' and 'GuardianTalkExiles'." Perhaps the talkboards and their closure could be mentioned briefly in a balanced way, referring to reliable sources, but this is not how to do it. Fences &  Windows  21:45, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Censorship on CiF
CiF moderators are indiscriminately using bans to remove comments, that straining too much from official truth. For example, now they are banning for mentions of NATO troops participating in Tripoli battle. And it's not just ban, it's also removing of ALL comments of a person, without trace, and without giving a reason, to cover up what they did.

Here is the proof: [] Search for "Havenofear". He is quoted eight times, including once by guardian employee []. But not a single post remains.

Please, others who have evidence, add to this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vaporized (talk • contribs) 11:40, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a place for original research. Find coverage of this alleged censorship on an suitably independent medium (see WP:IRS) and then it would be suitable to document it here. - Fayenatic (talk) 11:53, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * This is the Talk page, not the article, and he is asking others to substantiate the claim. It is a suitable starting-point for improving the article if they can do so by documentation (from non-original-research) by secondary sources. That said, such documentation would be exceptionally hard to come by. Reliable sources typically do not have the inclination for investigative journalism into censorial abuse by the corporate or totalitarian hand that feeds them. This is not to say I wish to give substance to any particular ideological axe a Talk contributor wishes to grind. But as someone who has posted some 40,000 comments, between Disqus-, Facebook-, Google+ - mediated commenting clients, I would put The Guardian below the middle-of-the-pack in terms of commenting-allowance transparency. Merely commenting on the observation that The Guardian of late is withdrawing commenting on substantive news articles and restricting them to opinion-oriented pages has resulted in landing on their pre-moderation watch-list.
 * And yet, where else are you going to find this fact reported in the media? The decimation of commenting in major (responsible, not Breitbart and other fringe) Western news sites should be setting off alarm-bells in the free world among journalists. On the contrary, discussion tends to run along the threadbare rhetorical question 'Is it time to shut down the comment-trolls?', with the usual hand-wringing over fair comment being spoiled by verbal vandalism, before concluding that (more hand-wringing) the final solution is regrettably in the offing.
 * Finally, how would a journalist document the nitty-gritty of censorship from a commenters POV? Journalists are typically on the other side of the fence. It would take several months to work up commenting accounts and posting test-comments on a dozen or so sites, pretending to be a moderate, or severe, deranged, trolly, etc. poster from faux lib, moderate, antisemite, antiRussian, antiAmerican viewpoints and the like. I, for one might wind up needing a psychiatrist by the time I was done. JohndanR (talk) 21:42, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

Yeah, they have a censorship policy which is nothing like what they claim it to be in their guidelines. They won't allow me to post anything linking the Israeli lobby to the invasion of Iraq for example. They are arbitruary and dishonest in their censorship - it's certainly not a place for "free" speech. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.40.33.83 (talk) 20:50, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

The Guardian and guardian.co.uk
Today at The Illustrated Mum I have provided these two references for the 2000 Guardian Prize. One specifies The Guardian and the other guardian.co.uk, literally following official usage (follow the links). I guess those distinguish articles that appeared in print and web-only articles. Does anyone know?
 * [ref name=prize2000] "Winner of the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize 2000". The Guardian 28 March 2000. 2012-08-02.[/ref]
 * [ref name=relaunch] "Guardian children's fiction prize relaunched: Entry details and list of past winners". guardian.co.uk 12 March 2001. Retrieved 2012-08-02.[/ref]

Previously I have noticed the variant "nominal names" and faithfully used them in formal references. The number will increase this month so I will be grateful to know the truth or to think that I know it. --P64 (talk) 22:27, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 8 July 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved — Amakuru (talk) 10:24, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

Theguardian.com → TheGuardian.com – Hostnames are case-insensitive; we should not be making them hard to read on purpose. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  23:05, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't think that we have a naming convention for this but... makes sense. No such user (talk) 15:48, 11 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support: but only on the basis that it cannot be (well, I assumed that it cannot be) 'theguardian.com'. This is what I would choose. I think capping the 'T' but not the 'g' is a bit odd and – as you say – hard to read. – Sb2001 talk page 23:14, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Makes sense for ease of use. L3X1 (distænt write)   )evidence(  12:43, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

free
User:SMcCandlish: 'free', here, was being used to say 'free of charge', so was correct. Freely implies something else. You can say that something can be done 'free', just not 'for free'. - Sb2001 talk page 12:30, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It was ambiguous, and the entire bit was awkward, so I rewrote it more clearly.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  09:27, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

And please drop this prescriptive grammar imposition stuff about "correct" and "you can say this but not that". One certainly say "for free"; millions of people do it every day. It's simply not a construction you prefer. It's probably not a great one to use in an encyclopedia, but Wikipedia is not a place for grammatical campaigning of any kind. — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  09:27, 11 July 2017 (UTC) — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  21:07, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Not prescriptive: a preposition can only be succeeded by a noun. (I do know about English and grammar ...) Therefore – according to any decent grammarian – 'for free' is totally incorrect. The end. – Sb2001 talk page 23:09, 12 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Your premise about prepositions is wrong to begin with, as this sentence clearly demonstrates (begin is not a noun), so whatever conclusion you're coming to from it is invalid. Please do not make linguistic arguments if you don't have the background for it; it's a never-ending waste of editorial time on Wikipedia, tedious to everyone. Every native speaker and even fluent non-native one has an innate sense that "I do know about English and grammar" and they are generally wrong; i.e., they "know just enough to be dangerous" as people say about power tools, firearms, and chemistry.  See also the Dunning–Kruger effect. Even if that central detail about prepositions had been correct, "can only" and "totally incorrect" and "according to any decent grammarian" are illustrative of the very definition of prescriptive – subjective advocacy of what's "best" or "proper", in defiance of actual observation of use, including use in professionally edited and published works, and reference works on the structure of the English language. It's no different from objecting that plastic "is" an adjective and "cannot" be used as a noun. That's an argument made by thousands on a probably daily basis when the noun usage was emerging in the first half of a 20th century; it was as jarring to them then as is today the usage of "creative" as a noun by people in marketing, to anyone outside that sphere ("Our company provides top-flight creative for websites, pamphlets, and corporate identity materials"; translation: "we do graphics, copywriting, layout, and logo work"). No amount of fist-shaking will change the fact that it's in use, intentionally, by educated people.  An actual grammarian (a linguist specializing in grammar, not an advisor or tutor for particular styles or registers of usage) would never make the sort claim you think they would, because the work they do is to accurately describe how the language  used, not how they imagine it should be used in a perfectly logical and classy utopia.  If you think you have reliable sources for a preference in modern style guides (prescriptive works), or even in linguistically descriptive grammars of English, against the expression "for free", feel free to cite them. But please do it at the article Gratis versus libre, where it would be on-topic, in a section on usage considerations of the word "free". The article's lead mentions prominently that the word is problematic in English, but does not yet have a section about this, only material about the free software and open source movements and their interrelation.

Sport
This article previously claimed that the Guardian uses "sports" rather than "sport" to refer to that section of its website. This is not true, and can be verified at https://www.theguardian.com/uk/sport. Cheers. – PeeJay 18:19, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Well it depends what country you are in. The US version of the site can't make up its mind - the URL is https://www.theguardian.com/us/sport but it displays "Sport" at the top and "Sports" on the left hand side.-- Pawnkingthree (talk) 19:01, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:TheGuardian.com


text:
British Rail Class 81

The British Rail Class 81 is a class of AC electric locomotives that formerly operated on the West Coast Main Line of the London Midland Region of British Rail. Originally designated AL1, it was the first type of AC electric locomotive to be delivered to British Railways.

History
As part of the modernisation of the West Coast Main Line, which included electrification, 100 locomotives of five types were acquired; each type from a different manufacturer.

The first locomotives to be delivered were type AL1, designed by British Thomson-Houston (BTH), an order being placed for 25 examples. Of these, 23 were for use on passenger trains with a top speed of 100 mph and were designated Type A. The other two locomotives were intended for freight train use, and geared for a top speed of 80 mph; these were designated Type B.

Before the work was completed, BTH amalgamated with Metropolitan Vickers to form AEI (Associated Electrical Industries) traction division and it was under this name that the locomotives were built in 1959 under subcontract by Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon in Smethwick. The first locomotive, E3001, was handed over to British Railways on 27 November 1959. The type was initially used for crew training on the Styal Line between Manchester and Crewe.

The AL1 were numbered E3001 - E3023 and E3096 / E3097; the first twenty-three being Type A and the last two Type B (numbered E3301 and E3302). However, these last two were actually geared for passenger service, being delivered in February 1964 as E3096 and E3097.

Power supply
The locomotives always worked on power provided by overhead catenary, energised at 25,000 V AC. However, the main transformer, normally operated with the four windings in series, could be operated at 6250V AC with the transformer windings in parallel. This voltage was initially to be used where limited clearances gave concern over use of the higher voltage. However, this approach was never used on the West Coast main line, although it was employed elsewhere such as Glasgow Central in the initial 'Blue Train' electrification there. By the time the WCML wiring was extended to Glasgow, it had been revised there to the mainstream 25 kV voltage.

Operations
The class only operated on the West Coast Main Line because they were restricted to lines electrified at 25 kV AC. Cities where these engines could be seen included London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow. They operated passenger, freight and parcel trains. There is no record of operation on the ex-Great Eastern line, which was being electrified at the time of their introduction, nor subsequently on the East Coast Main Line (ECML) when that was electrified in the 1980s.

Renumbering
Under the TOPS system, twenty-two examples were reclassified as class 81 and numbered 81001 - 81022.

Withdrawals
Three locomotives (E3002, E3009 and E3019) were withdrawn before they could be renumbered under the TOPS system, which was implemented in 1972. E3002 and E3019 were damaged by fire and both were scrapped at British Rail Crewe Works. The remains of E3009 were also cut up at Crewe Works, the locomotive having been wrecked in the Hixon rail crash of January 1968.

Two further members of the class saw relatively early withdrawal due to accident or fire damage: The remaining locomotives of the Class had relatively successful service lives of 25 to 30 years, although in their latter years they became unreliable, and displayed an increasing tendency to catch fire. However, a shortage of electric locomotives ruled out withdrawal of the fleet until the newer locomotives came into service in the late-1980s. The remaining examples were withdrawn from service in the late-1980s and early-1990s. The final examples were used for the transfer of empty coaches between London Euston and Willesden sidings between 1989 and 1991 following the withdrawal of the final 's in that role. The last two examples withdrawn from service were 81012 and 81017 in July 1991. The majority of the class were scrapped at Coopers Metals in Sheffield.

Preservation
One example, 81002, has been preserved by the AC Locomotive Group, located at Barrow Hill Engine Shed.

Models
There have been no recent OO gauge models of the Class 81, although Hornby Dublo produced a model from 1964, prior to the purchase of Hornby by Lines Bros (owners of the Tri-ang Railways brand). This model was very crude, even by the standards of the day - a lack of cab interiors; a very crude pantograph; a lack of detail in the roof pan - but was issued under Tri-ang Hornby (predecessors to the current Hornby Railways brand) from 1966.

There has, however, been a static model in HO scale produced by Atlas Editions - some of these have been successfully motorised.

title: British Rail Class 81


text:
George Washington Williams

George Washington Williams (October 16, 1849 – August 2, 1891) was a soldier in the American Civil War and in Mexico before becoming a Baptist minister, politician, lawyer, journalist, and writer on African-American history. He served in the Ohio House of Representatives.

In the late 1880s, Williams turned his interest to Europe and Africa. After having been impressed by meeting King Leopold II of Belgium, he traveled in 1890 to the Congo Free State (then owned by the king) to see its development. Shocked by the widespread brutal abuses and slavery imposed on the Congolese, he wrote an open letter to Leopold in 1890 about the suffering of the region's native inhabitants at the hands of the king's agents. This letter, which subsequently popularized the term "crimes against humanity", was a catalyst for an international outcry against the regime running the Congo, which had caused millions of deaths.

Early life

Williams was born free in 1849 in Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania, to two African Americans, Thomas, a laborer, and Ellen Rouse Williams. He was the oldest of four children; his brothers were John, Thomas and Harry Lawsom Williams. The boys had a limited education. For a time, Williams lived in a "house of refuge", where he learned barbering, considered a skilled and advantageous trade at the time. During the American Civil War, Williams ran away to enlist at the age of 14 in the Union Army under an assumed name; he fought during the final battles.

After the war, Williams went to Mexico, where he was among Americans who joined the Republican Army under the command of General Espinosa, fighting to overthrow Emperor Maximilian. He was commissioned as a lieutenant, learned some Spanish, and earned a reputation as a good gunner. He returned to the U.S. in the spring of 1867 and re-enlisted for a five-year stint in the Army. Williams was assigned to the 10th Cavalry "Buffalo Soldiers" in the Indian Territory, but was wounded in a lung in 1868 and was hospitalized until his discharge that year.

Education
After returning to civilian life, the young veteran decided to attend college. He was accepted at Howard University, a historically black college in Washington, DC, but did not stay long. In 1870, Williams began studies at the Newton Theological Institution near Boston, Massachusetts. In 1874, Williams became the first African American to graduate from Newton.

Marriage and family
He met Sarah A. Sterrett during a visit to Chicago in 1873. They were married the following spring when he graduated from Newton Theological. They had one son together.

Religious and political career
After graduation, Williams was ordained as a Baptist minister. He held several pastorates, including the historic Twelfth Baptist Church of Boston. Williams served a pastorate in Washington, DC. While there, with support from many of the leaders of his time, such as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, Williams founded The Commoner, a weekly journal. (This had no relation to William Jennings Bryan's later publication of the same title). Williams published eight issues.

Williams moved with his family to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he continued as a preacher. In addition, he studied law under Alphonso Taft (father of President William Howard Taft), reading the law with an established firm. He passed the bar.

He became the first African American elected to the Ohio state legislature, serving one term from Cincinnati for 1880 to 1881. According to his biographer, historian John Hope Franklin, he offended his constituents by offering a bill that "threatened to deny members of a local African Methodist church the right to bury their dead in what was becoming an exclusive suburb" of the river city. Although the bill died in committee, Williams was not re-elected and his state political career abruptly ended. He turned to practicing law. Franklin noted Williams' ability to persist and pick up new endeavors after he had closed off some fields.

Nominated to state post
In the last weeks of his administration, President Chester A. Arthur nominated Williams as "Minister Resident and Consul General" to Haiti and Santo Domingo in early 1885, but he was not confirmed, as he was not considered qualified. Grover Cleveland, the president elected in 1884, nominated Democrat John E. W. Thompson to the positions soon after taking office in 1885. Thompson was confirmed by the Senate.

In 1887, Williams was given an honorary doctorate of law by Simmons College of Kentucky, a historically black college, where he spoke at a commencement ceremony.

In 1888, Thompson was a delegate to the World's Conference of Foreign Missions at London. Although he failed to gain entry as a delegate to an anti-slave trade conference in Brussels in the spring of 1890, he made other arrangements to visit the city and the continent. (See below)

Advocate for Colonizing South America with Freedmen
As of 1888, Williams favored relocating former U.S. slaves to South America.

Historian
Williams' most substantial achievement was as a historian. He wrote groundbreaking histories about African Americans in the United States: The History of the Negro Race in America 1619–1880 was published in 1882. It is considered to be the first overall history of African Americans, showing their participation and contributions from the earliest days of the colonies. Here, Williams used the term “crime against humanity” in his reflections about the immorality of slavery in the United States, which was one the earliest usages of the term in its modern sense. In addition, he wrote a history of the United States Colored Troops and African-American participation in the American Civil War, A History of Negro Troops in the War of Rebellion (1887).

Travel to Europe and Africa
In 1889, Williams arranged to go to Europe to write articles as a representative of S. S. McClure's Associated Literary Press. He was granted an informal interview with King Leopold II of Belgium, with whom he was initially very impressed. He became interested in traveling in the Congo Free State, which the King personally owned and discussed his interest in developing. Williams got additional support from President Benjamin Harrison's administration and traveled to the Congo in 1890. He was appalled at what he found, as the King employed a private militia to enforce rubber production by the Congolese. Williams found evidence to support the widespread rumors of harsh abuses against workers and their families, that had resulted in a state of near slavery for many families, physical mutilation of workers who could not meet production goals, and a high rate of deaths.

From Stanley Falls, Williams wrote "An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo" on July 18, 1890. In this letter, he condemned the brutal and inhuman treatment of the Congolese at the hands of Europeans and Africans supervising them for the Congo Free State. He mentioned the role played by Henry M. Stanley, sent to the Congo by the King, in deceiving and mistreating local Congolese. Williams reminded the King that the crimes committed were all committed in his name, making him as guilty as the perpetrators. He appealed to the international community of the day to "call and create an International Commission to investigate the charges herein preferred in the name of Humanity ...".

The King and his supporters tried to discredit Williams, but he continued to speak out about the abuses in the Congo Free State, helping to generate actions in Belgium and the international community. Eventually the Belgian government took over supervising the Congo Free State and tried to improve treatment of the Congolese.

Death in England
While travelling back from Africa, he became ill in Cairo and travelled back to London with his fiancée Alice Fryer as he was living separated from his wife. Williams died in Blackpool, England, on August 2, 1891, from tuberculosis and pleurisy. He is buried in Layton Cemetery, Blackpool. In 1975, a tombstone was placed at his grave by an American historian and local supporters, commemorating Williams as an "Afro-American historian".

Books by Williams

 * History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1800 (vol 1) and 1800–1880 (vol 2): Negroes As Slaves, As Soldiers, and As Citizens (1882) full text at Internet Archive
 * A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865 (1888) full text at Internet Archive

Legacy and honors

 * In 1975 a tombstone was placed at Williams' grave in England, noting him as an "Afro-American historian".
 * The George Washington Williams Memorial Room was named in his honor on the first floor of the Ohio State House.
 * The Ohio legislature commissioned a video documentary of Williams: George Washington Williams: A Portrait of Faith, Courage and Wisdom (2002; run time = 26m29s). No longer available online, obtainable via interlibrary loan.
 * Samuel L. Jackson played a fictionalized version of Williams in the Congo in the 2016 film The Legend of Tarzan.

title: George Washington Williams


text:
Talk:Modern Language Association

Untitled 19 August 2005
The link to the New York Review of Books article added by an anonymous user is very interesting but, given that it the content is almost 40 years old, seems like it needs context at the very least. I would urge the anonymous user to either comment in this space or add to the article a line or two explaining the link. Chick Bowen 01:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

What about the controversies?
I was looking for material on the controveries and criticisms of the MLA, I u/s that the group has taken a leftward bent in recent years, advocates "gender inclusive" language etc., but I see nothing of that here? Is this just hearsay? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.72.215.225 (talk • contribs) 20:55, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * See the 1968 (!) letter linked in external links and the 1972 article cited in further reading sections (dates of publication); the "leftward bent" occurred decades ago. By scholars of professional language and literature studies, using "'gender inclusive' language" (phrase used by unsigned commenter above) is not considered "leftward" anymore.  Such usage as "he and she," "his and hers"/"she and he"/"hers and his"; or alternation between "he" and "she" etc(other examples needed, however of what the person who didn't sign the above comment meant) is generally now conventional.  If one wants to know more, one can examine the MLA official webpage, read PMLA articles, and do one's own research.  One does not have to depend on this Wikipedia article itself if one wants to learn more about the organization.  One can just "Google" "MLA" etc.  A great deal of information is accessible to any interested party.  This article is still basically a stub, I think.  A decade ago there was a session at the MLA proposed on the "politics" of "gender" and it is still a current topic of interest.  Alternative organizations to the MLA have been established over a decade ago: e.g., the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics; see also one of its member organizations, called the National Association of Scholars.  --NYScholar 19:56, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

I am a student at my high school. I am truly sick of the environmental impact the MLA has by forcing certain standards. I truly believe this should be a legitimate criticism of the MLA. For example, single-sided pages are a waste of paper, since nothing is written on the other side usually anyway. I am also disgusted by the one-inch margins, which are a waste of space for final drafts (which require less editing room because they are supposedly already proofread). Times New Roman is also proven to waste more ink in the very long run than sans-serif fonts like Calibri and Arial. Unfortunately, I have tried searching criticisms of the MLA, but I have not found any. Could anyone provide some sites where such controversies are explained? 24.92.138.9 (talk) 23:52, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Example
How about an example citation for Wikipedia? It would especialy help with those of us who can't figure out whether Wikipedia is an encyclopedia or a web source. :) Stale Fries 23:38, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see Citing Wikipedia. The article on the MLA is not the place for this information (nor even is the MLA style manual article), because of Wikipedia's policy to avoid self-references. -- Rbellin|Talk 05:13, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Also, if one wants to know more information about an online source (like Wikipedia itself), one needs to do some research on one's own, such as accessing main pages (home pages, welcome pages, index pages) and reading FAQ or "About" pages if they are posted. Clearly, Wikipedia describes itself as an "online encyclopedia" that is not "peer-reviewed." Those who write articles for Wikipedia are anyone who participates in it; the "peers" are other Wikipedia editors (anyone can edit Wikipedia) and it is "open source." See Main Page and other informational links throughout Wikipedia involving editing policies and practices, including FAQ. --NYScholar 20:01, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Kimball and Kramer dubious?
Someone put a "dubious — discuss" tag on the info by Roger Kimball and Hilton Kramer. Please outline issue. I've cited, it by the way. Poorly, but nevertheless. The Sound and the Fury (talk) 23:20, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * A note here that if anyone disagrees with this edit, that they please raise it here and let us discuss. Greetings. The Sound and the Fury (talk) 15:04, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The current refactored version of the paragraph by Tom Harris is much improved. I called dubious because in its original form, all of the claims by Kimball and Kramer were presented as though factual, when in actuality they are elements of an argument according to one perspective. Citing Kimball and Kramer's critique can be useful, certainly, but as it originally stood the paragraph could have easily mislead the casual reader, who might not dig any further into the dispute to realise that perspectives voiced in The New Criterion are just that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.139.153.28 (talk) 21:04, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with you that it should certainly be clear to every reader that the opinions of Kramer and Kimball are the opinions of Kramer and Kimball (or, shall we call them KK?) The Sound and the Fury (talk) 00:49, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's appropriate to include that sentence by itself--it violates the undue weight clause. The only external critique of this organization (one which has been endlessly discussed in any number of outlets) comes from a 15-year-old article in a right-wing magazine?  That's hardly neutral. If someone wants to write a neutral and more comprehensive account that would include Kimball's view, fine.  But as it is it's not within Wikipedia policy.  I'm removing the sentence. Chick Bowen 01:18, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * What? How does it violate undue weight? No, it doesn't. The Sound and the Fury (talk) 02:36, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Conference dates
I suggest to remove the details about MLA conference dates; that kind of information is much better left to the organisation's website and newsletters – Wikipedia is not a directory.

I also recommend reading Special:ArticleFeedbackv5/Modern_Language_Association; it's full of – readers are clearly missing information here. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 11:33, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

The modern language quarterly (a modern language association publication)
http://books.google.com/books?id=rGkKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Jerezembel (talk) 21:02, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern Language Association


text:
Talk:East Baltic race

Nordenstreng
No expert at this at all - still the claim that someone by the name of "Norderstreng" was the - note - "likely" originator of the theory of a Baltic race seems to me utterly unsatisfactory. Even more so, as on googling "Nordenstreng" most hits turn up mirror pages of just this questionable wikipedia reference. So please someone in the know edit this - else it be better deleted. Albrecht Conz 01:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Nordenstreng is the name given by Gunther as the originator of the concept. He does not give his first name. A look in ther academic library catalogues revealed more than one Nordenstreng who might be the one in questuion, but I could not definitively identify the correct first name. Paul B 11:41, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Rolf Nordenstreng is indentified as the originator on page 248 of Montandon's La Race Les Races. Improving a page by adding to it does require more effort than criticizing or deleting. Shall we build together?209.242.149.240 (talk) 00:14, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

Baltic race
Baltic race

history: previous of Nordic race

physical: short wingspan, short-headed, ash blond hair, gray to blue eyes

title: Talk:East Baltic race


text: User talk:212.51.52.4

title: User talk:212.51.52.4


text:
Encephalartos transvenosus

Encephalartos transvenosus is a palm-like cycad in the family Zamiaceae, with a localized distribution in Limpopo, South Africa. Its common names, Modjadji's cycad or Modjadji's palm, allude to the female dynasty of the Lobedu people, the Rain Queens, whose hereditary name is Modjadji. The queen resides near a valley (of late a nature reserve) which is densely forested with these cycads, which they protected and hold sacred. The species name transvenosus refers to the fine network of veins between the main veins. These can be seen when the leaf is held up to the light.

Description
The cycad can reach a height of twelve meters with a thick trunk marked by a net-like pattern. It has shiny, spiny leaves arranged in a nearly straight pattern, each leaf reaching up to two and a half meters in length. The leaflets are wide, with the middle ones reaching about three centimeters in width, slightly curved, and with small teeth along the edges. The tree produces two to four large cones nestled among its leaves. The female cone can grow up to eighty centimeters long, weigh thirty-four kilograms, and contain bright orange-red seeds.

Range
Modjadji's cycad grows in the mountains of Limpopo Province particularly on two hills east near Modjadjiskloof (formerly Duiwelskloof). It is a tall majestic tree and has been protected by generations of rainqueens. It forms pure forests on these hills, the only cycad forests in Southern Africa.

title: Encephalartos transvenosus


text:
Category:Fregatidae

Fregatidae or Frigatebirds, are a bird family in Pelecaniformes.

title: Category:Fregatidae


text: User talk:69.243.60.24

title: User talk:69.243.60.24


text:
Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland

Numbers on the Irish telephone numbering plan are regulated and assigned to operators by ComReg.

Overview
Telephone numbers in Ireland are part of an open numbering plan that allows variations in number length. The Irish format is similar to systems used in many parts of Europe, notably the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Belgium and France, where geographical numbers are organised using a logic of large regional prefixes, which are then further subdivided into smaller regions. It differs from UK numbering, which originated as alphanumeric codes based on town names.

Irish Mobile and non–geographic numbers are fixed length and do not support local dialling.

The trunk prefix  is used to access numbers outside the local area and for all mobile calls. This is followed by an area code, referred to as a National Dialling Code (NDC), the first digit of which indicates the geographical area or type of service (e.g. mobile).

Calls made from mobile phones and some VoIP systems always require the full area code and phone number.

In common with most European countries, the trunk prefix  must be omitted when calling Irish numbers from abroad.

General structure of Irish numbering
Irish area codes vary in length, between one and three digits (excluding the leading 0), and subscribers' numbers are between five and seven digits.

As optional local dialling is facilitated, Irish geographic numbers cannot begin with 0 (trunk prefix), 1 (special number prefix) or 999 (emergency services). However, mobile numbers use the full range of digits, as local dialling is not supported on mobile networks, and the area code must always be dialled.

A migration to a standard format,, is in progress; however, to avoid disruption, this process is only being carried out as needed, where existing area codes and local numbering systems have reached full capacity. There is currently no plan to move to a closed numbering system.

Number formats
Irish geographic numbers vary in length from area to area, but follow standard formats within each area code.

The area code, or prefix, is normally separated by a space, or less commonly, may be displayed in parentheses (brackets). Numbers are usually grouped into easy to read clusters, separated by spaces or hyphens for ease of use.

The use of spaces is recommended by ComReg for ease of compatibility with online services, such as linking to a phone number in a mobile browser, copying and pasting into mobile diallers etc

Other characters, such as  or   are not used as separators.

Area codes / prefixes are always separated from the subscriber number. Merging or reformatting these tends to cause confusion or make numbers look unfamiliar.

While formats vary, numbers are usually printed (e.g. in telephone directories) as follows:

Geographic:
 * – Dublin area
 * – All other 7-digit areas
 * – 6-digit areas
 * – 5-digit areas
 * – 5-digit areas

Non-geographic
 * – Freephone/Toll Free
 * – Standard Rate

Mobile

Mobile M2M (Machine to Machine)

Alphanumeric dialling, using letters as mnemonics for advertising etc is supported, but is rarely used.

Geographical numbering
Irish geographical numbering is structured on a regional basis and follows a logical hierarchy.

These directory areas correspond approximately to the following geographical regions:

 * – Greater Dublin Area
 * – Cork
 * – Northeast
 * – Southeast
 * – Midwest and Southwest
 * – Northwest
 * – West

The Midlands is covered by several regional codes.

Except for the  area, each area is further subdivided into smaller areas (NDCs). Usually, the main city or town in the area is  e.g.   (Cork),   (Limerick),   (Galway).

Regional overview
ComReg maintains a map of area codes here.

Mobile services
Mobile phone numbers start with the prefix  and are part of a closed numbering plan, which means that a mobile phone number must have 10 digits. Calls to landlines and other mobiles require the area code on a mobile phone.

New numbers are assigned on prefixes and ranges managed by a specific operator. However, as full mobile number portability has been in operation since 2003, it is no longer possible to reliably identify which network a particular number is on. For example, a newly assigned Three number would begin with, but may have been ported to another operator in the meantime.

Direct to voicemail number
Mobile phone numbers also have their own voicemail number. To access this, the number  should be put after the prefix. For example, the mobile number  has the voicemail number.

On some networks, when the direct to voicemail number is called, the voicemail greeting for that network is played (e.g. Vodafone, eir Mobile), while others request a phone number followed by the voicemail greeting for that number (e.g. Three). Users can press the hash key to gain access to the voicemail box.

Calls to Northern Ireland
Although Northern Ireland is part of the UK numbering plan, a special arrangement exists for calling Northern Irish landlines from the Republic of Ireland.

Calls to Northern Ireland can be dialled using the  prefix or by dialling the number in the full international format. Most Irish operators treat calls to Northern Ireland at national or even local rates. Similar charging arrangements apply when calling the Republic of Ireland from Northern Ireland.

For example, to reach Belfast landline, subscribers can dial either   or.

Northern Ireland mobile phones use the same mobile numbering and networks as other parts of the UK – calls must be dialled using the  format.

International calls
In common with all EU countries, the international access code is.

Numbers should be dialled as follows:.

All mobile phones and some VoIP services also support the international E.164 number format, so a  may be optionally used instead of.

Reserved numbers

 * – reserved for future changes in the numbering plan
 * – all except,  ,  ,   and   are reserved without assigned purpose
 * – reserved for personal numbering
 * – reserved

Special numbers

 * – international access
 * – drama use (although the rest of  is free)
 * – personal numbering
 * – VoIP services – (being withdrawn.)
 * – mailbox for landline users (formerly access code for Northern Ireland)
 * – drama use

Speed dial short numbers to contact carriers

 * – eir
 * – Digiweb
 * – Tesco Mobile
 * – BT Ireland
 * – Vodafone Ireland
 * – Virgin Mobile Ireland
 * – Magnet Networks
 * – Three Ireland
 * – NUACOM Ireland

Operator services
General operator assistance no longer exists in Ireland.
 * – Directory enquiries (multiple commercial providers offer a variety of services in this number range)

Emergency services
The emergency number for Ireland is. However, the  code also accesses the emergency operator. This code is harmonised across the EU. Either can be dialled.

Services provided

 * Ambulance
 * Garda Síochána
 * Fire and rescue
 * Irish Coast Guard
 * Cliff and mountain rescue

SMS emergency service
can also be contacted by SMS. While the service is open to all users, it is primarily aimed at the deaf community.

Pre-registration used to be required. Further information can be found at.

Premium rate voice
Irish premium rate telephone numbers start with  and are read in two-digit blocks e.g.   is "fifteen fifty".

The rates given below are from ComReg and are indicative only. One must check with their specific telephone service provider for exact rates.

Premium rate SMS
A special  code is used for free–of–charge SMS.

Premium rate services in Ireland are regulated by ComReg.

Non–geographic numbers (Freephone & Standard rate)
Irish non-geographic numbers consist of two national prefixes and the international freephone service.

 * – Charged as landline call, and are included in bundled minutes. 6-digit numbers in the format 0818 XXX XXX
 * – Freephone / toll free (from all Irish mobile and landlines. 6-digit numbers in the format 1800 xxx xxx
 * – Freephone / toll free (from all Irish mobile and landlines. 8-digit numbers in the format 00 800 xxxx xxxx

Where high volume 'bursty traffic' is anticipated, such as on-air radio competition lines, the first two digits of the phone number are always. For example: or. This allows the telephone network to manage traffic during number analysis, even before the call is routed.

Ireland's non-geographic numbers and pricing structures were simplified and old shared-cost prefixes were withdrawn on 1 January 2022. These changes mean that calls to non-geographic numbers are either freephone, or always included in call bundles, ensuring consumers are not confused by out of bundle, or other unusual charges.

Due to the COVID-19 crisis, several numbers in the  and   ranges will remain in service until 2023. This is to avoid disruption to essential health services during a time of high volumes of calls. These will remain in service until 30 November 2023, alongside new numbers that have replaced them. Advertising of these numbers will cease. Calls to these numbers will be charged on the same basis as calls to landlines or  and included in call bundles.

Freephone numbers are free to call from mobile handsets; however, the recipient can elect to refuse mobile–originated calls or choose to accept calls only from predefined geographical region(s).

NB:  can only be dialled from within Ireland. Numbers should never be printed or presented in the international format  as these clash with working Dublin landline numbers in the   area. Alternative geographic numbers, or an  number should be used instead, if international access is required.

Following a 2019 review of non–geographic numbers Comreg decided to withdraw and close the,   and   number ranges by 1 January 2022. During the transition period, these ranges were geo–rated (charged as if they are geographical numbers).

From August 2019, various telecoms providers announced price changes which took effect on, or just before, 1 December 2019, including Virgin Media Business, in2tel, Virgin Media, eir, Tesco Mobile, Three, Digiweb, Pure Telecom, 48 months and Sky.

From 1 January 2022 callers to the withdrawn prefixes receive recorded announcements.

Internet access numbers

 * – reduced cost internet access (possibly timed)
 * – local rate internet access (timed)
 * – variable cost internet access (timed)

Carrier selection (per call)
Carrier preselect is normally used where the exchange automatically uses the customer's preferred provider(s).
 * – carrier selection (third party long distance, international and internet services). These codes override the default carrier.

Network engineering codes

 * – network operator-specific engineering codes (undefined length). These codes are generally not published.

Line information codes
These services give the user more information about their phone line (applicable only to lines provided using the OpenEir access network.)

Check phone number associated with line / automatic number announcement circuit (ANAC)

 * – reads out the subscriber's telephone number.

Check preset carrier
Check which carrier a subscriber is using for each category of call:
 * – international calls
 * – local calls
 * – calls to other parts of the Republic of Ireland, Irish mobile numbers and landlines in Northern Ireland.

Voicemail

 * – used to access voicemail on all networks: fixed line (POTS and Cable), all mobile operators and many VoIP providers.

Call management services / supplementary service codes
Special short codes are used to control various supplementary services offered by digital local exchanges. These services were first introduced as PhonePlus in 1981, on the first generation of Alcatel E10 and Ericsson AXE digital exchanges used in Ireland, and were rolled out nationally throughout the 1980s.

These services are available on all Irish PSTN lines, regardless of operator. There is a more expansive range of services available, but these are the most commonly used. Different codes apply on cable telephony lines, such as those provided by Virgin Media Ireland and on VoIP providers.

Caller ID services

 * – caller ID default override – withhold caller ID on this call
 * – caller ID default override – present caller ID on this call
 * – check last missed call. The system will verbally announce details of the last missed call
 * – delete missed call information from network memory

Call waiting

 * – setup
 * – check status
 * – cancel

Answering call waiting

 * – reject call (or send to voicemail) and temporarily suspend call waiting service for this call.
 * – answer waiting call and disconnect current call.
 * – answer waiting call and place current call on hold/or swap between calls.
 * – merge both calls into a three–way call.

Conference/three–way calling

 * While on a phone call a subscriber can press the  key on their phone and dial the number they wish to add to the conversation.
 * Dial  to begin conference/three–way call.
 * allows a subscriber to separate the calls and swap between them.

Call hold / transfer to another extension

 * – places call on hold. Hang up and telephone will ring until call on hold is picked up again.

Call forwarding (unconditional)

 * – forward all calls to
 * – check status
 * – deactivate

When this service is active, the dial tone changes to a two–frequency 'siren' tone.

Alarm / reminder call

 * e.g. for 8:30 am dial
 * – check status
 * – cancel

Most exchanges confirm setup with a verbal announcement; however, some exchanges may use a ringing tone to indicate successful service setup and a busy tone to indicate an error/invalid code.

Services on Virgin Media Ireland cable network
(Codes are unique to Virgin Media Ireland and do not follow ETSI guidelines)

Caller ID services

 * – caller ID default override – withhold caller ID on this call
 * – caller ID default override – present caller ID on this call

Call forwarding (unconditional)

 * – immediately followed by
 * – deactivate

Forwarding to voicemail

 * – activate when busy
 * – deactivate when busy
 * – forward if unanswered
 * – deactivate if unanswered

Call waiting

 * – activate
 * – deactivate

Answering call waiting

 * – answer waiting call and disconnect current call.
 * – answer waiting call and place current call on hold or swap between calls.

Anonymous call rejection

 * – activate
 * – deactivate

Redial last number called

The subscriber will either hear a tone or a voice message to confirm services have been set up or deactivated.

Mobiles

 * GSM supplementary service codes – All of Ireland's mobile providers use the standard GSM codes to control special services such as call forwarding, barring, call waiting etc.

Number changes
Several major number changes have occurred since 1990. The telephone number changes in Dublin and Cork took several years to complete, as they were busier area codes with few available lead digits. Other number changes took place in just one step, with all numbers being changed simultaneously.

To minimise disruption simultaneous working was enabled, allowing old numbers to remain mapped and active for a run-in period of one year. Caller ID only displayed the new numbers. This was followed by recorded announcements which remained active for at least a year, advising callers of the number change. Eventually this would be replaced by a dialling error message.

1990–1994
Dublin (01) changes to 7-digits.

 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 6–digits to 7–digits in five stages between 1990 and 1994:
 * On 2 April 1990, numbers beginning with,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and   were prefixed with.
 * On 8 April 1991, numbers beginning with  and   were prefixed with.
 * On 4 April 1992, numbers beginning with  and the remaining 6–digit numbers beginning with   were prefixed with  . Numbers beginning with   and   were prefixed with.
 * On 24 April 1993, numbers beginning with,  ,  ,  ,   and   were prefixed with  , while numbers beginning with  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  and   were prefixed with  , and numbers beginning with  ,  ,  ,  ,   and   were prefixed with.
 * On 16 April 1994, numbers beginning with  were prefixed with , while numbers beginning with   and   were prefixed with.

1998–2000
Cork (021) changes to 7 digits.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Drogheda minimum numbering area (MNA) were prefixed by   and in the Ardee MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Dundalk MNA were prefixed by , in the Carrickmacross MNA by   and the Castleblayney MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Cavan MNA were prefixed by , in the Cootehill MNA by  , in the Oldcastle MNA by   and the Belturbet MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Ennis MNA were prefixed by , in the Ennistymon MNA by   and the Kilrush MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Tralee MNA were prefixed by , in the Dingle MNA by  , in the Cahirciveen MNA by   and the Killorglin MNA by.

 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 6–digits to 7–digits in two stages.
 * From September 1998, numbers beginning with  were prefixed with , while numbers beginning with   and   were prefixed by.
 * From February 2000, numbers beginning with,  ,  ,  ,  ,   or   were prefixed with.

 * The prefix  was previously used for calls to Northern Ireland, but this changed to   following the Big Number Change.

2002–2003

 * Area codes in parts of counties Meath and Offaly were merged into the single area code, including Navan, Nobber, Kells, Trim, Enfield and Edenderry. The   area code was abolished. All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Kilkenny MNA were prefixed by , in the Castlecomer MNA by   and the Freshford MNA by.
 * Area codes in County Carlow and parts of counties Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois and Wicklow were merged into a new area code, including Carlow, Bagenalstown, Athy and Baltinglass. The area codes abolished were  ,   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * Area codes in County Sligo and County Leitrim and parts of counties Cavan, Donegal and Roscommon were merged into the single area code, including Sligo, Boyle, Carrick-on-Shannon, Drumshanbo, Manorhamilton. The area codes abolished were  ,   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * The majority of area codes in County Donegal were merged into the single area code, including Letterkenny, Lifford, Ramelton, Buncrana, Dungloe and Donegal. The area codes abolished were  ,   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * Area codes in parts of counties Galway, Offaly, Roscommon, Westmeath and Longford were merged into a new area code, including Athlone, Banagher (North), Ballinasloe, Roscommon, Portumna. The area codes abolished were  ,   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * Area codes in parts of counties Galway, Mayo, Roscommon and Sligo were merged into the single area code, including Castlebar, Swinford, Claremorris, Ballinrobe, Castlerea and Ballaghaderreen. The area codes abolished were   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.

2005–2006

 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Tyrrellspass MNA were prefixed by , in the Mullingar MNA by   and the Castlepollard MNA by.
 * Area codes in County Wexford and parts of counties Carlow and Wicklow were merged into the single area code, including Wexford, Enniscorthy, Ferns and Gorey. The area codes abolished were  and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.
 * Area codes in counties Laois and Offaly and parts of counties Galway and Westmeath were merged into the single area code, including Portlaoise, Abbeyleix, Tullamore and Birr. The area codes abolished were  ,   and  . All local numbers became 7–digit.

2008–2009

 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Bandon MNA were prefixed by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Longford MNA were prefixed by   and in the Granard MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Clonmel MNA were prefixed by , in the Cahir MNA by   and the Killenaule MNA by.
 * All local numbers with the area code  changed from 5–digit to 7–digit. Numbers in the Killarney MNA were prefixed by   and in the Rathmore MNA by.

Mobile numbering

 * Mobile numbering became 7–digit in the mid–1990s

Possible future changes
All local numbers with the area code  are currently 7–digits, but may change to 8–digits in the future, although breaking the city into separate area codes would match the rest of the national system.

A review and public consultation on the future of Ireland's numbering plan was undertaken.

Defunct non-geographic codes

 * – Local rate, shared cost, untimed
 * – Local rate, shared cost, timed
 * or  – VoIP services

All of the above were withdrawn on 1 January 2022.

Defunct access codes

 * – former international access code
 * – formerly used for calls to Great Britain. The format was.
 * – formerly used for Northern Ireland landlines
 * – formerly used for Belfast landlines

Defunct operator services

 * – national operator assistance (withdrawn in 2007)
 * – international operator assistance (withdrawn in 2007)
 * – operator-assisted calls to some areas without direct dialling (withdrawn in the early 1980s)
 * – Telecom Éireann national directory assistance (withdrawn in the early 2000s and replaced with, originally  )
 * – Telecom Éireann UK directory assistance (withdrawn in the early 2000s and replaced with, originally  )
 * – Telecom Éireann international directory assistance (withdrawn in the early 2000s and replaced with, originally  )
 * – Telecom Éireann repair services (withdrawn in the late 1990s)
 * – telemessaging services, whereby callers could ask an operator to send a postcard with a printed message (withdrawn in the late 1990s)

A range of numbers from,   and   were once used for various Telecom Éireann customer service and account service lines.

Defunct information services

 * – speaking clock (withdrawn on 27 August 2018)

Historical Northern Ireland access codes

 * before 2000:  followed by Northern Irish area code and phone number e.g. Belfast   was reached by dialling.

Belfast could previously be reached by dialling  in place of the UK area code.

Historical Great Britain access codes
Until the early 1990s, the  numbering range was originally used for calls to Great Britain, including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, with the Irish prefix   replacing the UK trunk code.

Calls to British cities using the director telephone system were also possible using shorter codes:

 * – London
 * – Birmingham
 * – Edinburgh
 * – Glasgow
 * – Liverpool
 * – Manchester

was replaced with and  when   was split into the area codes   and   in 1990.

Use of  for this purpose was discontinued in 1993, when the international access code changed from   to , with calls to Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland) requiring the country code   and the area code in full.


text:
1921 APFA season

The 1921 APFA season was the second season of the American Professional Football Association, which was renamed the National Football League in 1922.

At the league meeting in Akron, Ohio on April 30 prior to the season, the Association was reorganized, with Joe Carr of the Columbus Panhandles named as president. The Association's headquarters was moved to Columbus, Ohio, and a league constitution and by-laws were drafted, giving teams territorial rights, restricting player movements, and developing membership criteria for the franchises.

The league would play under the rules of college football, and official standings were issued for the first time so that there would be a clear champion: the most notable change was that only games played against league teams would count toward the standings, which had the dual effect of both encouraging independent teams (such as those from the Ohio League and the NYPFL) to join, and also causing those that did not join to fold within a few years, as NFL teams, particularly those competing for a championship, would be much less willing to play what were effectively exhibition games against teams that would not help them in the standings.

However, a number of teams had financial difficulties: some of the teams that played during the previous season, including the Chicago Tigers, had disbanded. The Association did increase to 21 teams, but four of the new teams (Brickley's New York Giants, the Cincinnati Celts, the Tonawanda Kardex, and the Washington Senators) only lasted a single season. New York and Tonawanda were particularly short-lived: New York lasted two games in the league, and Tonawanda a league-record one game, before leaving or folding. The Muncie Flyers also disbanded after the season, and even though the Cleveland Tigers changed their name to the Cleveland Indians, it still did not save them from folding after the season as well.

At one point, the Professional Football Researchers Association recognized a team by the name of the Syracuse Pros as joining and leaving the league in 1921; however, the league has not recognized the claim, and the PFRA has dropped this assertion in more recent years. The Syracuse professional team in question, which had never used the name "Pros", did intend to play at least seven games against APFA teams, but only played three, and there is no record of the league ever admitting the team into the league or of the team leaving the league. The only word of the Syracuse team joining the league came from the team itself.

The other new teams were the Evansville Crimson Giants, the Green Bay Packers, the Minneapolis Marines, and the Louisville Brecks. The Detroit Heralds became the Detroit Tigers, but folded mid-season, and its roster was absorbed by the Buffalo All-Americans.

After the season, the Packers were suspended following their admission to using Notre Dame players during the season, who had played under assumed names. Green Bay would return to the NFL a year later as a new franchise.

The Staleys, who had moved from Decatur, Illinois, to Chicago before the season, were named the APFA Champions over the Buffalo All-Americans.

The league's teams salary cap was $1,800 per game.

Teams
The number of APFA teams increased from 14 during the previous season to 21 in 1921.

De facto championship game
The Chicago Staleys (to be renamed the Chicago Bears after the end of the season), led by wide receiver George Halas, and the Buffalo All-Americans, led by quarterback Tommy Hughitt, were the two top teams in the league; each playing all of their games at home, Buffalo and Chicago amassed 6–0 records in league play. On Thanksgiving 1921, Buffalo played one of its only road games of the season, in Chicago, and prevailed 7–6. Chicago demanded a rematch.

The All-Americans agreed to rematch the Staleys on December 4, again in Chicago, on the condition that the game would be considered a "post-season" exhibition game not to be counted in the standings; had it not, Buffalo would have had an undefeated season and won the title. (Buffalo had played, and defeated, the Akron Pros just one day prior.) This was a fairly common custom of the time; both New York and Ohio's pre-NFL circuits put their marquee games on Thanksgiving weekend and cleaned up with mostly token opposition in the following weeks. Chicago defeated Buffalo in the rematch by a score of 10–7. Halas rebutted that the second game was played on December 4 (well before teams in Illinois typically stopped playing games in those days), and the Staleys played two more games against top opponents, the Canton Bulldogs and Racine Cardinals after the second Buffalo game (though, at the time of the Buffalo-Chicago matchup, Chicago had played three fewer games than Buffalo).

The league counted the All-Americans game in the standings, against Buffalo's wishes, resulting in Buffalo (9–1–2) and Chicago (9–1–1) being tied atop the standings. The league then implemented the first ever tiebreaker: a rule, now considered archaic and removed from league rulebooks, that stated if two teams played multiple times in a season, the last game between the two teams carried more weight. Thus, the Chicago victory actually counted more in the standings, giving Chicago the championship. Buffalo sports fans have been known to refer to this, justly or unjustly, as the "Staley Swindle," and have cited it as the first evidence of a sports curse on the city.

Had the current (post-1972) system of counting ties as half a win and half a loss been in place in 1921, the Staleys would have won the championship with a win percentage of .864, while the All-Americans would have finished second with .833. If the above game was excluded as per Buffalo's wishes, the All-Americans would have won with .909, and the Staleys would have finished second with .850.

title: 1921 APFA season


text:
Herbert Adams (novelist)

Herbert Adams (1874–1958) was an English writer of fifty 'cosy' mystery novels, 28 featuring the detective Roger Bennion, a golfer and amateur sleuth whose cases are often set in or around golfing competitions; and 9 feature Jimmie Haswell, a London lawyer. He also wrote short stories, humorous verse and two other mystery novels under the pseudonym Jonathan Gray.

As 'Jonathan Gray'

 * 'Safety Last' (1934)
 * 'The Owl' (1937)

Jimmie Haswell Novels

 * 'The Secret of Bogey House' (1924)
 * 'The Crooked Lip' (1926)
 * 'The Queen's Gate Mystery' (1927)
 * 'The Empty Bed'(1928)
 * 'Rogues Fall Out'(1928)
 * 'The Golden Ape' (1930)
 * 'The Crime in the Dutch Garden' (1931)
 * 'The Paulton Plot' (1932)
 * 'The Woman in Black' (1933)

Roger Bennion Novels

 * 'Death Off the Fairway' (1936)
 * 'The Old Jew Mystery' (1936)
 * 'A Single Hair' (1937)
 * 'The Bluff' (1938)
 * 'The Damned Spot' (1938)
 * 'Black Death' (1939)
 * 'The Nineteenth Hole Mystery' (1939)
 * 'The Case of the Stolen Bridegroom' (1940)
 * 'The Chief Witness' (1940)
 * 'Stab in the Back' (1941)
 * 'Roger Bennion's Double' (1941)
 * 'The Araway Oath' (1942)
 * 'Signal for Invasion' (1942)
 * 'Victory Song' (1943)
 * 'Four Winds' (1944)
 * 'The Writing on the Wall' (1945)
 * 'Diamonds Are Trumps' (1947)
 * 'Crime Wave at Little Cornford' (1948)
 * 'One to Play' (1949)
 * 'The Dean's Daughters' (1950)
 * 'The Sleeping Draught' (1951)
 * 'Exit the Skeleton' (1952)
 * 'The Spectre in Brown' (1953)
 * 'Slippery Dick' (1954)
 * 'The Judas Kiss' (1955)
 * 'Welcome Home!' (1956)
 * 'Death on the First Tee' (1957)
 * 'Death of a Viewer' (1958)

Non-Series Novels

 * 'A Virtue of Necessity' (1900)
 * 'By Order of the Five' (1925)
 * 'The Sloane Square Mystery' (1925)
 * 'Comrade Jill' (1926)
 * 'The Perfect Round' (1927). Short stories
 * 'Caroline Ormesby's Crime' (1930). Serialised: Birmingham Daily Gazette, 'Caroline Hits Back' (1930)
 * 'Oddways' (1930)
 * 'A Lady So Innocent' (1932)
 * 'John Brand's Will' (1933). US Title: The Golf House Murder
 * 'The Knife' (1934). US Title: The Strange Murder of Hatton, K.C.
 * 'Mystery and Minette' (1934)
 * 'The Body in the Bunker' (1935)
 * 'Fate Laughs' (1935)
 * 'A Word of Six Letters' (1936). US Title: Murder Without Risk
 * 'The Lovely Lucinda'. Serialised: Weekly Telegraph (1937)
 * 'The Scarlet Feather' (1943)
 * 'Murder Most Just' (1956)

Short stories

 * 'A Lady-Killer'. Young Man, 21 July 1900
 * 'A Child of Cheshire'. Young Woman, 5 October 1900
 * 'A Consignment from Yarmouth'. Beverley & East Riding Recorder, 3 August 1907
 * 'TITLE UNKNOWN'. Weekly Telegraph Christmas Annual (1931)

title: Herbert Adams (novelist)


text:
Black Holes and Time Warps

Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy is a 1994 popular science book by physicist Kip Thorne. It provides an illustrated overview of the history and development of black hole theory, from its roots in Newtonian mechanics until the early 1990s.

Overview
Over fourteen chapters, Thorne proceeds roughly chronologically, tracing first the crisis in Newtonian physics precipitated by the Michelson–Morley experiment, and the subsequent development of Einstein's theory of special relativity (given mathematical rigor in the form of Minkowski space), and later Einstein's incorporation of gravity into the framework of general relativity. Black holes were quickly recognized as a feasible solution of Einstein's field equations, but were rejected as physically implausible by most physicists. Work by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar suggested that collapsing stars beyond a certain mass cannot be supported by degeneracy pressure, but this result was challenged by the more prestigious Arthur Stanley Eddington, and was not fully accepted for several decades. When the reality of objects which possess an event horizon finally achieved broad acceptance, the stage was set for a thorough investigation into the properties of such objects, yielding the surprising result that black holes have no hair—that is, that their properties are entirely determined by their mass, spin rate, and electrical charge.

Proceeding separately from theoretical research into relativity, and with the refinement of radio astronomy, astrophysics began to produce unusual observations of extremely intense radio sources, which were apparently located outside of the Milky Way. In consultation with theoretical physicists, it became apparent that the only sensible explanation for these sources were extremely large black holes residing in the cores of galaxies, producing intense radiation as they fed and, in the case of quasars, blasting out incredibly powerful jets of material in opposite directions, heating the surrounding galactic gas until it glowed in radio frequencies.

Thorne describes the much less mature search for gravitational waves, phenomena predicted to result from supernovae and black hole collisions, but as yet unobserved in 1993 (and, indeed, not directly observed until 2015, a discovery that led to Thorne being awarded a share of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics).

In the 1970s came Stephen Hawking's startling prediction of black hole evaporation, powered by quantum fluctuations near the event horizon.

Toward the end of the text, Thorne deals with the much more speculative question of the nature of the core of a black hole; the so-called gravitational singularity predicted by Einstein's field equations. By introducing quantum behavior to curved spacetime, several physicists have suggested that black holes do not possess a true mathematical singularity, but rather a region of chaotic space, in which time does not exist. The behavior of this space and the material which approaches it are not well understood, with a complete marriage of relativity and quantum physics yet to be achieved. In the final chapter, Thorne delves into even more speculative matters relating to black hole physics, including the existence and nature of wormholes and time machines.

The book features a foreword by Stephen Hawking and an introduction by Frederick Seitz. In addition to the main text, the book provides biographical summaries of the major scientists in the text, a chronology of key events in the history of black hole physics, a glossary of technical terms, twenty-three pages of notes, a bibliography, and alphabetical indices of subjects and people referred to in the text.

Reception
Of the book, The New York Times wrote, "the close and sometimes difficult reasoning it embodies is lightened by a deft, anecdotal approach, and by the author's whimsical drawings and diagrams." Kirkus Reviews opined that "the reader has to wade through many, many pages of theory and diagrams—obvious to the expert but too difficult for the lay reader. Thorne in fact is strongest for the novice reader when dealing with the history of the physics community".

title: Black Holes and Time Warps