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1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions

1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions is a seven-CD limited edition boxed set that commemorates and chronicles the entire session for Fun House, the second studio album by American proto-punk band The Stooges.

The original album
Although when originally released, Fun House was not a big seller for either the band or Elektra Records, the album ended up being a favorite of critics like Lester Bangs and magazines like Creem. The album's reputation (as well as that of its eponymous predecessor and its 1973 follow up Raw Power) grew with the advent of punk, as the likes of Ramones, Sex Pistols and The Clash mentioned The Stooges in general, and Fun House in particular, as a major influence. Henry Rollins devoted most of a Spin magazine column to the album in 1985, furthering the reputation of the album, which was quietly put back in print not long afterward, with the first compact disc reissue occurring in 1988.

About the box set
1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions was compiled from all thirteen reels of multi-track reel-to-reel tape that held every note and snippet of studio dialogue. Twelve reels of tape had been used during the sessions; the thirteenth reel was the one that held the takes that would be used for the album. In 1999, Rhino house engineers Bill Inglot and Dan Hersch mixed down every tape from end to end, placing the master takes that had been used for the master reel of the album back in their rightful position for the boxed set.

Six of the seven CDs in the box set hold every note, word, and sound from the sessions. This includes not only multiple versions of all songs but also false starts, tune-ups and jokes or conversations between the musicians and producer. The seventh CD replicates the original "Down on the Street/1970" mono 45 rpm single, featuring edited versions of the aforementioned tracks. The single version of "Down On The Street" features overdubbed organ, most likely played by producer Don Gallucci, who had played the same instrument when he was a member of The Kingsmen on their notorious garage rock classic "Louie Louie" (which the stooges would cover on their infamous Metallic K.O. album.

For the obligatory liner notes, Stooges expert Ben Edmonds interviewed all of the surviving Stooges as well as several others who either were involved with or who admire the original album, including Henry Rollins. Instead of a book, this boxed set features Edmonds' extensive liner notes printed a section at a time in each of the first six discs' jewel case inserts.

The outer lid of the boxed set incorporates the original Fun House album artwork, while the inner box replicates the look of a cardboard record shipping box with the Elektra "stencil E" logo on the side, and the inserts of the first six CDs reproduce the front covers of the original session reels. The seventh CD is packaged in a reproduction of a plain paper 7" 45 sleeve.

1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions was one of the early releases from Rhino Records' limited-edition imprint Rhino Handmade. It was released in a one-time pressing of 3000 copies, sold out within a year of its release, and helped fully establish Rhino Handmade's reputation for collector's-interest releases. The set was re-released in November 2010 by Rhino Handmade and is not individually numbered to maintain the collectability of the original release.

In 2005, highlights from the many unreleased tracks on the album, plus the single versions of "Down On The Street" and "1970", were compiled by Rhino for use on the second disc of the deluxe double-CD reissue of Fun House. The box set was also reissued in digital download form on August 27, 2005 exclusively at the iTunes Music Store, to commemorate Rhino Records' 27th Anniversary. The box set is also notable for the long version of "L.A. Blues" titled "Freak", clocking in at over 17 minutes in length and featuring more sonic violence than the official release.

Disc one

 * 1) "Fun House" (Tape glitch fragment) – 0:22
 * 2) "Studio dialogue" – 0:39
 * 3) "1970" (Incomplete) – 1:51
 * 4) "Studio dialogue" – 0:20
 * 5) "1970 take 1" – 7:04
 * 6) "1970 take 2" – 3:05
 * 7) "Studio dialogue" – 0:30
 * 8) "1970 take 3" – 7:35
 * 9) "1970 take 4" – 6:02
 * 10) "Studio dialogue" – 0:14
 * 11) "Loose" (Demo) – 1:14
 * 12) "Studio dialogue" – 0:06
 * 13) "1970 take 5" – 5:48
 * 14) "Loose take 1" (labeled as "I'm Loose") (False start) – 1:37
 * 15) "Loose take 2" – 3:41
 * 16) "Down on the Street take 1" – 2:05
 * 17) "Studio dialogue" – 0:12
 * 18) "Loose take 3" – 3:45
 * 19) "Down on the Street take 2" (False start) – 3:31
 * 20) "Down on the Street take 3" (False start) – 0:21
 * 21) "Studio dialogue" – 0:34
 * 22) "See That Cat" ("T.V. Eye") – 5:15
 * 23) "Studio dialogue" – 0:11
 * 24) "1970 take 1" – 6:27
 * 25) "Fun House take 1" – 10:23
 * 26) "Studio dialogue" – 0:09
 * 27) "Lost in the Future" (False start) – 0:27
 * 28) "Studio dialogue" – 0:08
 * 29) "Lost in the Future" (False start) – 1:10

Disc two

 * 1) "Lost in the Future take 1" – 5:42
 * 2) "Studio dialogue" – 0:11
 * 3) "Lost in the Future take 2" (False start) – 1:22
 * 4) "Lost in the Future take 3" – 4:35
 * 5) "Studio dialogue" – 0:15
 * 6) "Loose take 1" – 3:38
 * 7) "Studio dialogue" – 0:19
 * 8) "1970 take 1" – 6:18
 * 9) "Loose take 2" – 3:41
 * 10) "Loose take 3" (False start) – 0:26
 * 11) "Studio dialogue" – 0:32
 * 12) "Loose take 4" – 3:38
 * 13) "Studio dialogue" – 0:14
 * 14) "Loose take 5" – 3:39
 * 15) "Studio dialogue" – 0:08
 * 16) "Loose take 6" – 3:43
 * 17) "Loose take 7" (False start) – 1:10
 * 18) "Loose take 9" – 3:41
 * 19) "Loose take 11" – 3:41
 * 20) "Loose take 12" – 3:42
 * 21) "Loose take 13" – 3:47
 * 22) "Loose take 14" – 3:42
 * 23) "Loose take 15" – 3:42
 * 24) "Slide" ("Slidin' the Blues") – 4:35
 * 25) "Studio dialogue" – 0:12
 * 26) "Loose take 16" – 3:44
 * 27) "Loose take 17" (False start) – 0:27
 * 28) "Loose take 18" (False start) – 1:00
 * 29) "Loose take 19" – 3:38

Disc three

 * 1) "Loose take 20" – 3:42
 * 2) "Studio dialogue" – 0:20
 * 3) "Loose take 21" (False start) – 3:15
 * 4) "Studio dialogue" – 0:44
 * 5) "Loose take 22" – 3:40
 * 6) "Studio dialogue" – 0:14
 * 7) "Loose take 23" – 3:42
 * 8) "Loose take 24" – 3:44
 * 9) "Loose take 25" (False start) – 3:14
 * 10) "Loose take 26" (False start) – 1:59
 * 11) "Studio dialogue" – 0:13
 * 12) "Loose take 27" – 3:38
 * 13) "Loose take 28" – 3:34
 * 14) "Down on the Street take 1" – 3:57
 * 15) "Down on the Street take 2" – 4:11
 * 16) "Down on the Street take 3" – 4:08
 * 17) "Down on the Street take 4" – 4:15
 * 18) "Studio dialogue" – 0:07
 * 19) "Down on the Street take 5" – 4:14
 * 20) "Studio dialogue" – 0:19
 * 21) "Down on the Street take 6" – 4:23
 * 22) "Down on the Street take 7" (False start) – 0:21
 * 23) "Down on the Street take 8" – 4:16
 * 24) "Down on the Street take 9" (False start) – 0:25
 * 25) "Down on the Street take 10" – 4:25
 * 26) "Down on the Street take 11" (False start) – 0:41
 * 27) "Studio dialogue" – 0:27
 * 28) "Down on the Street take 12" (False start) – 1:23
 * 29) "Down on the Street take 13" – 4:01
 * 30) "Down on the Street take 14" (False start)– 2:11
 * 31) "Down on the Street take 15" – 3:42

Disc four

 * 1) "T.V. Eye take 1" – 5:21
 * 2) "T.V. Eye take 2" (False start) – 4:29
 * 3) "Slide" ("Slidin' The Blues") – 1:00
 * 4) "T.V. Eye take 3" – 5:29
 * 5) "T.V. Eye take 4" (False start) – 0:33
 * 6) "T.V. Eye take 5" – 5:55
 * 7) "T.V. Eye take 6" – 5:43
 * 8) "Studio dialogue" – 0:26
 * 9) "T.V. Eye take 7 – 5:21
 * 10) "T.V. Eye take 8" – 5:21
 * 11) "Studio dialogue" – 0:17
 * 12) "T.V. Eye take 9" – 4:17
 * 13) "T.V. Eye take 10" (False start) – 0:12
 * 14) "T.V. Eye take 11" – 4:16
 * 15) "T.V. Eye take 12" – 4:46
 * 16) "T.V. Eye take 13" – 4:17
 * 17) "T.V. Eye take 14" – 4:40
 * 18) "Studio dialogue" – 0:17
 * 19) "1970 take 1" – 5:28
 * 20) "Studio dialogue" – 0:13
 * 21) "1970 take 2" – 5:19
 * 22) "Studio dialogue" – 0:10
 * 23) "1970 take 3" – 5:09

Disc five

 * 1) "1970 take 4" – 5:44
 * 2) "Studio dialogue" – 0:23
 * 3) "1970 take 5" – 5:24
 * 4) "1970 take 6" (False start) – 1:00
 * 5) "1970 take 7" – 5:44
 * 6) "1970 take 8" – 5:15
 * 7) "Fun House take 1" (False start)– 3:09
 * 8) "Fun House take 2" – 10:15
 * 9) "Fun House take 3" – 11:19
 * 10) "Studio dialogue" – 0:39
 * 11) "Fun House take 4" – 8:21
 * 12) "Fun House take 5" – 7:45
 * 13) "Studio dialogue" – 0:38
 * 14) "Dirt take 1" – 7:29
 * 15) "Dirt take 2" – 7:04

Disc six

 * 1) "Dirt take 3" – 7:03
 * 2) "Studio dialogue" – 0:29
 * 3) "Dirt take 4" – 7:06
 * 4) "Dirt take 5" – 6:38
 * 5) "Dirt take 6" – 6:37
 * 6) "Dirt take 7" (False start) – 0:44
 * 7) "Dirt take 8" – 6:51
 * 8) "Dirt take 9" – 6:55
 * 9) "Dirt take 10" – 7:07
 * 10) "Dirt take 11" (False start) – 0:07
 * 11) "Dirt take 12" – 7:00 – 7:02
 * 12) "Freak [Later Titled "L.A. Blues"] take 1" – 17:24
 * 13) "Freak [Later Titled "L.A. Blues"] take 2" – 4:55

Disc seven

 * 1) "Down on the Street" (Mono single edit) – 2:42
 * 2) "I Feel Alright (1970)" (Mono single edit) – 3:18

title: 1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions


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Immram

An immram (plural immrama; iomramh, 'voyage') is a class of Old Irish tales concerning a hero's sea journey to the Otherworld (see Tír na nÓg and Mag Mell). Written in the Christian era and essentially Christian in aspect, they preserve elements of Irish mythology.

The immrama are identifiable by their focus on the exploits of the heroes during their search for the Otherworld, located in these cases in the islands far to the west of Ireland. The hero sets out on his voyage for the sake of adventure or to fulfill his destiny, and generally stops on other fantastic islands before reaching his destination. He may or may not be able to return home again.

Definition
The immrama are generally confused with a similar Irish genre, the echtrae or "adventure". Both types of story involve a hero's journey to an "otherworld", whether a Christian paradise, a fairyland, the land of the gods or a utopia. They are distinguished by date; echtrai are older, dating from the 7th century, while the earliest immram dates only to the 8th century. David Dumville argues that the immrama include more Christian thinking than the more pagan genre of echtrae, and that, whereas the purpose of the echtrai is to enhance understanding of the old gods and the land in which they live, in an immram these pagan elements occur as a challenge to the hero's faith. In an echtrae the protagonist only ever goes to one location and may arrive in the otherworld with no explanation of the journey, whereas in an immram the hero always has multiple adventures on several islands.

Stories
Originally there were seven officially recognised Immram listed in a list of ancient texts. Of those seven only three survive: The Voyage of Máel Dúin, The Voyage of the Uí Chorra, and The Voyage of Snedgus and Mac Riagla. The Voyage of Bran is classified in these same lists as an echtrae, though it also contains the essential elements of the immrama. The later Latin Voyage of St. Brendan also contains a voyage across the sea to various otherworldly islands.

Origins
Immrama were first recorded as early as the 7th century by monks and scholars who fled Continental Europe before the barbarian invaders of the fifth century. These monks carried the learning of Western Europe and became the vanguard of the Christianizing of Europe. On this account it is expected that Immram have their origins in pre-existing Christian voyage literature, pre-existing Celtic legends, or classical stories the monks would have known. The origins of these stories are attributed to three sources of preexisting stories: Irish myths, Christian genres, and Classic Stories.

The Otherworld in The Voyage of Bran is a distinctly Celtic feature but this is easily overlooked because the concept of the Christian paradise and the British and Irish otherworld are closely related. This difference is highlighted in the difference between sinless and sexless in the native and Christian mindset, like in the existing translation where an author may have turned the "Isle of Woman" into a chaste society, with some difficulty. Such an example was with a passage that described a man and a woman playing under a bush without sin or blame. This passage in light of several others emphasises a Christian effort to create a sinless and sexless Otherworld.

Immrama may have borrowed heavily from preexisting Christian genres, such as the sanctae vitae (saints' lives), the Liturgy (pilgrimage stories), and the vision tales. As early as the 5th century Irish monks would go on a pilgrimage, a peregrination, sailing from island to island seeking isolation where they would meditate and purge themselves of their sins. The source of inspiration behind the Immram may also be the Christian punishment of sending people adrift for their crimes to be judged by God. Perhaps the largest piece of evidence that immram are Christian works is that the characters in the story are generally wandering priests, monks, and nuns, or at least related to them.

One of the first Celticists, Heinrich Zimmer, attempted to link the immram with the Aeneid and the Odyssey. Some of the parallels they make are between the Ambrose in the tales who bestow immortality on their lovers for the time they remain with them and the giant sheep on islands in both stories. These parallels have since been debunked by William Flint Thrall.

On top of their literary and mythological precedents, some scholars have argued that the immrama may be exaggerated retelling of historical voyages. The early Irish, particularly monks (see papar), were certainly far travelled, reaching the Orkney, Shetland, Faroe Islands at an early date and perhaps even reaching Iceland. Some places and things referenced in the immrama and the Brendan tale have been associated with real islands and real things, for instance Brendan's crystal pillar has been suggested to refer to an iceberg.

Literature

 * Gulliver's Travels was obviously inspired by the Immram tradition.
 * The Immrama have been proposed as part inspiration for both C. S. Lewis's The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and the poem Imram by contemporary J.R.R. Tolkien.
 * Australian author Patrick Holland's novel Navigatio is a 21st Century Immram that re-imagines the Brendan Voyage. It accretes contradictory and repetitive episodes to create the impression of an unredacted collection of medieval texts.
 * Anatole France satirised the Immram genre in the early part of his 1908 Penguin Island (French: L'Île des Pingouins).

Other
The popularity of The Voyage of St. Brendan inspired Tim Severin to undertake a voyage using 5th century technology to demonstrate that the early Irish could have made it as far as North America.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Immram


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HSwMS Gotland (1933)

HSwMS Gotland was an aircraft cruiser built for the Royal Swedish Navy during the 1930s. Completed in 1934, she was assigned to the Coastal Fleet and also served as a training ship for naval cadets in foreign waters until the beginning of World War II in 1939. During the war the ship conducted neutrality patrols and continued to serve as a training ship. Gotland was converted into an anti-aircraft cruiser in 1943–1944 as her floatplanes were obsolete and modern replacements could not be purchased. After the war ended in 1945, she became a dedicated training ship and resumed making lengthy foreign cruises with cadets.

The ship was converted into a fighter-direction ship in 1953–1954. Gotland made one final training cruise in 1955–1956 and was reduced to reserve later that year. She was stricken from the navy list in 1960 and sold for scrap in 1962.

Background and description
The Royal Swedish Navy set up a committee to assess the types of ships that the Navy would need in the future in 1925. The committee delivered its conclusions in December 1926 which included a seaplane carrier armed with six 152 mm guns in single mounts with room for twelve aircraft in a hangar. Another conclusion was that all warships should be capable of laying naval mines. The Naval Construction Board decided that it wanted the ship to be able to function as a cruiser as well as operating as a seaplane carrier. It specified that the guns should be in twin-gun turrets, additional heavy anti-aircraft (AA) guns should be added and the ship should carry six 533 mm torpedo tubes. The resulting 5000 LT design presented in January 1927 proved impossible to build within the available budget of Sk16.5 million that had been approved by the Riksdag on 13 May. The design was then reduced in size, requiring one of the forward turrets be removed. Its guns were then placed in casemates either side of the superstructure, a feature otherwise found only in the American Omaha-class cruisers.

Gotland had an overall length of 134.8 m, a beam of 15.4 m and a draught of 5.5 m. The ship displaced 4750 LT at standard load and 5550 LT at deep load. The ship's propulsion machinery was arranged in units so that a single torpedo hit could not immobilize the ship, although the presence of the aft main-gun turret's magazine between the rear boiler room and its associated engine room complicated things. Four Penhoët boilers fed steam at a pressure of 285 psi to a pair of de Laval geared steam turbines that each drove a single propeller shaft. The engines were rated at a total of 33000 shp designed to give her a speed of 27.5 kn. During her sea trials on 14 September 1934, the ship reached a speed of 27.53 kn from 32768 shp. Gotland carried up to 800 LT of fuel oil that gave her a range of 4000 nmi at a speed of 12 kn. The ship had a complement of 467 officers and ratings.

Armament
The cruiser's main battery consisted of six 55-calibre, Bofors 152 mm M/30 guns. Four of these were mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one each forward and aft of the superstructure; each turret had a maximum elevation of 60 degrees to give it to give it some utility for anti-aircraft work. The other two guns were mounted in casemates on the corners of the forward superstructure with a maximum elevation of 30 degrees. The guns had a rate of fire of six rounds per minute. They fired 46 kg shells with a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s; this gave the turreted guns a maximum range of 24400 m and the casemated guns a range of 20000 m. Targeting data for the guns was collected by 6 m rangefinders in the fire-control director on the roof of the bridge and in the aft turret.

Anti-aircraft defence was provided by four 60-caliber, 75 mm Bofors M/26 or M/28 AA guns. Two single guns were situated on platforms between the funnels and a twin-gun mount superfired over the rear 152 mm turret. The guns had a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s when firing their 6.5 kg shells to their maximum range of 15000 m. The ship was also equipped with four 64-calibre, Bofors 25 mm M/32 AA guns in single mounts located on the sides of the forward superstructure. These guns fired 0.25 kg projectiles at 850 m/s with an effective range of 1000 to 2000 m. Two 4 m rangefinders, one on each broadside in the forward superstructure, provided data for the AA guns. Gotland was fitted with two triple rotating mounts for 533 mm torpedo tubes abreast the aft funnel. She was also equipped with rails to lay 80–100 mines, depending on size.

Protection and aviation facilities
The deck and conning tower armour consisted of chrome-nickel steel plates 51 mm thick. The protection of the main gun turrets ranged from 29 mm to 51 mm in thickness as did the armour protecting the transverse bulkheads. The s were fitted with armour plates 29 mm thick while the ammunition hoists were protected by 25 to 29 mm armour.

Gotland's aircraft complement consisted of six Hawker Osprey floatplanes, although the ship's aircraft deck had the capacity to handle eight aircraft and three more could be stowed below deck. The aircraft were found to suffer from wave damage during rough weather. The aircraft deck was equipped with eight electric trolleys to move the aircraft to the Heinkel compressed-air catapult. This was 14 m long when folded, but extended to 22 m when in use. It could launch the Ospreys once every two minutes. The aircraft were lifted onto the ship by a crane at the stern. Gotland could only recover the Ospreys while stationary and in a calm sea unless it trailed a sail off the stern that calmed the water so the floatplanes could taxi onto it, close enough that the crane could reach it.

Modifications
In 1936–1937 a twin-gun mount for the 25 mm M/32 AA gun was installed on the roof of the forward main-gun turret. By 1943, the Ospreys were worn out, and Sweden could not afford to design and build more modern replacements. Furthermore, aircraft performance had greatly improved since the Ospreys had been designed in the early 1930s and land-based aircraft were now easily capable of covering the entire Baltic Sea. Gotland was therefore converted in 1943–1944 to an anti-aircraft cruiser. This involved the removal of the catapult, aircraft-handling gear and crane; the aircraft deck was extended forward to cover the area where the catapult had been. Four twin-gun mounts for 56-calibre 40 mm M/36 AA guns were installed on the former aircraft deck. The two forward mounts were positioned on the broadside while the two aft mounts were located on the centreline. The gun fired 0.89 kg shells at a muzzle velocity of 881 m/s; the maximum range was 9830 m although the effective range was considerably less. Between the 40 mm guns and the aft 152 mm gun turret, a pair of twin-gun mounts for 70-calibre 20 mm M40 AA guns were positioned, also positioned on each broadside. These changes reduced her complement to 543.

In 1953–1954 Gotland was modified as a fighter-direction ship to serve as a mobile fighter-control center. To this end she was fitted with a British Type 293 early-warning radar. Her anti-aircraft suite was upgraded as all of her 75 mm, 25 mm and 20 mm guns were removed, except for the twin-gun M32 mount on the forward turret, and she received five single 70-calibre 40 mm M48 guns in their place. The existing M36 40 mm guns were also exchanged for M48 models. Several British Type 262 gunnery radars were added to control the light AA guns. To compensate for the additional weight, the casemated 152 mm guns and the 4-metre rangefinders were removed. The ship also received a British Type 144 ASDIC system. These changes reduced her crew size to 401 officers and ratings.

Construction and career
Gotland was ordered on 7 June 1930 from Götaverken, which subcontracted the ship's hull and propulsion machinery to Lindholmens. The ship was laid down at the latter company's shipyard in Gothenburg later that year, launched on 14 September 1933 and commissioned on 5 December 1934. She then became the flagship of the Coastal Fleet's Scouting Squadron. Gotland began serving as a cadet training ship during the cold-weather months beginning in 1935, although she continued to serve with the Coastal Fleet for the rest of the year. The ship made her first foreign voyage from 8 December 1935 to 15 March 1936, visiting Germany, Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Netherlands. Subsequent trips, sometimes running as long as November to April, visited ports in French West Africa, South America, the Caribbean, and Norway. The cruiser's last foreign tour before the beginning of World War II in September 1939 was a short one in June-July of that year during which the ship made port visits in France, Britain and Norway.

Gotland continued to serve with the Coastal Fleet conducting neutrality patrols during the war while also continuing to train cadets. When the Germans invaded Norway and Denmark (Operation Weserübung) on 9 April 1940, the ship was being overhauled in the Naval Shipyard in Stockholm. In May 1941 one of Gotland's Ospreys sighted the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck and the heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen during a gunnery training exercise when they broke out of the Kattegat between Denmark and Norway. The sighting was reported to Royal Swedish Navy headquarters. The report was leaked to the British naval attaché in Stockholm, who forwarded it to the British Admiralty, triggering the Battle of the Denmark Strait and the pursuit of the battleship. From late 1943 to April 1944, Gotland was converted into an anti-aircraft cruiser.

After the war the ship served as the flagship of the Naval War School Department and resumed making cadet cruises during the cold-weather months. In addition to the pre-war destinations, she also visited various ports in the Mediterranean, British Kenya, South Africa and North America. Escorted by the destroyers HSWMS Mode (29) and HSWMS Munin (31), Gotland made a trip to France and the United Kingdom from 29 April to 11 June 1947 where they visited Le Havre, Lyme Bay, Torquay, Glasgow and Oban. The ship also transported cadets to the annual Nordic Naval Cadet Meeting where they trained with minesweepers in 1949–1952. In that last year, Gotland was accompanied by the destroyer HSWMS Stockholm (J6). The cruiser and the destroyers HSWMS Norrköping (J10) and HSWMS Karlskrona (J8) escorted a group of minesweepers to Tønsberg, Norway, and Antwerp, Belgium, from 24 May to 12 June 1953.

After Gotland's conversion to a fighter-control ship in 1953–1954, the ship only made a single foreign cruise when she made port visits in Spain, West Africa, Portuguese Angola, France and Britain from 13 December 1955 to 14 March 1956. She was reduced to reserve later that year and stricken from the navy list on 1 July 1960. Gotland was sold for scrap on 1 April 1962 and broken up at Ystad, Sweden, the next year.

title: HSwMS Gotland (1933)


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Talk:Omagh (film)

Article doesn't have a plot section
The article would be vastly improved by a section describing the film's plot and story line.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 10:04, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omagh (film)


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Category:Fremont Unified School District

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Masao Mimatsu

Masao Mimatsu (三松正夫; 9 July 1888 – 8 December 1977) was a Japanese postmaster who recorded the growth of the Shōwa-shinzan mountain in 1944–1945.

On 31 December 1943, Shōwa-shinzan began forming from rapid uplifting of a wheat field as a result of a sudden earthquake. This seismic event would eventually change into volcanic activity and result in the eruption of Mount Usu in 1944.

Due to the Japanese war effort, basic scientific materials were unavailable. However, Mimatsu, the postmaster of Sobetsu-cho, recorded measurements and drew diagrams of the rising mountain on paper.

The story goes that in 1946, in order to study the volcano more thoroughly, he bought up the land using all of his savings and became owner of the volcano.

A conflicting story described in Time on Monday, 4 July 1949 indicates this purchase to be around 1944, and to have happened as a result of pressure from the villagers of Fukaba. Whatever the reasons, what Mimatsu gleaned from his "pet volcano" would be the basis for much understanding in years to come.

Despite his amateur status, when he presented his data and sketches to the World Volcano Conference in Oslo in 1948, his work was praised by professional volcanologists. His papers were referred to as the "Mimatsu Diagram" (ja) and for them he received the First Hokkaido Cultural Award. In 1977, he was able to witness the third eruption of Mt. Usu in his lifetime. However, he died of illness on December 8 of the same year without being able to witness the end of the eruptive event.

He is now honoured by a statue at the base of Usuzan, and his work is celebrated in the Mimatsu Masao Memorial Hall near the site of Shōwa-shinzan.

title: Masao Mimatsu


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Rhanterium epapposum

Rhanterium epapposum is a plant of the family Asteraceae. Native to the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar where it is known locally as arfaj (عرفج). The arfaj consists of a complicated network of branches scattered with small thorny leaves and bright yellow flowers about 1.5 cm wide. The arfaj flower is also the national flower of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. It is a bushy shrub approximately 80 cm in height. The leaves are small and narrow, and in late spring it will start flowering (April–May). It is considered one of the main desert forage plants for camels and sheep.

When cold temperature prevails the plant produces leaves quickly after rainfall. In a few months, the branches and newly formed leaves become vigorous, and the yellow flowers are produced, attracting insects and birds. In the summer, when the earth has dried out, the leaves fall and the branches become naked and lignified with living fibers. In times of stress, these alterations may be important in increasing the chance of survival, water and reserve material stored in the stems to remain alive by allowing it to have few dormant bud. When conditions improve, the reserves are transported into buds allowing new growth.

Arfaj fruit is numerous; it forms in late spring and falls off the branches after maturity. It accumulates under the shrub and remains dormant until favorable conditions for germination prevail. Each fruit contains about 6-8 seeds that are transported by wind or water.

title: Rhanterium epapposum


text:
Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns

Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns, otherwise known as Lotte in Weimar or The Beloved Returns, is a 1939 novel by Thomas Mann. It is a story written in the shadow of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; Mann developed the narrative almost as a response to Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which is more than 150 years older than Lotte in Weimar. Lotte in Weimar was first published in English in 1940.

Plot summary
The Beloved Returns is the story of one of Goethe's old romantic interests, a real historical figure by the name of Charlotte Kestner née Buff, who has come to Weimar to see him again after more than 40 years of separation. Goethe had romanced Charlotte when they were young, but she had already been engaged (and then married) to another man whom she truly loved. Ultimately, the romance ended unconsummated; afterwards, Goethe wrote a fictional depiction of these events, with some artistic changes, and published it under the title The Sorrows of Young Werther—a still famous book, which brought early renown to Goethe. The real Charlotte became inadvertently and unwillingly famous, and remained so for the rest of her life to a certain degree.

Her return in some ways is due to her need to settle the "wrongs" done to her by Goethe in his creation of Werther; one of the underlying motifs in the story is the question of what sacrifices both a "genius" and the people around him/her must make to promote his/her creations, and whether Goethe remained distanced even to friends and family members, exploited others' talents and sympathy, and was ultimately guided only by his interests. Most of the novel is written as dialogues between Charlotte and other residents of Weimar, who give their own opinions on the issue of Goethe's genius. Only in the last third of the book, starting with the internal monologue in the seventh chapter, is the reader finally directly confronted with Goethe and what he himself thinks of the entire affair.

Lotte in Weimar echoes in subtle ways both Mann's respect for and his demythologizing approach to Goethe.

Quotation at the Nuremberg Trials
On 27 July 1946 Hartley Shawcross, Chief Prosecutor for the UK at the Nuremberg Trial of the Major War Criminals, at the end of his final argument, told the International Military Tribunal:
 * "Years ago Goethe said of the German people that some day fate would strike them ...
 * ... would strike them because they betrayed themselves and did not want to be what they are. It is sad that they do not know the charm of truth, that mist, smoke, and berserk immoderation are so dear to them, pathetic that they ingenuously submit to any mad scoundrel who appeals to their lowest instincts, who confirms them in their vices and teaches them to conceive nationalism as isolation and brutality."
 * With what a voice of prophecy he spoke-for these are the mad scoundrels who did those very things."

Later Shawcross expressed his hope that by the judgement of the court could in the future
 * "those other words of Goethe be translated into fact, not only, as we must hope, of the German people but of the whole community of man:
 * ... thus ought the German people to behave: giving and receiving from the world, their hearts open to every fruitful source of wonder, great through understanding and love, through mediation and the spirit-thus ought they to be; that is their destiny."

Within a few days, the British press was commenting that these were not Goethe's words at all but words put into his mouth by Thomas Mann in the seventh chapter of his novel Lotte in Weimar. On 16 August 1946 Mann, then living in Pacific Palisades, California, received a letter from the British ambassador in Washington inquiring “whether you put the words into Goethe’s mouth or whether they are an actual quotation from the latter’s works. If they do represent an actual quotation, I should be very glad if you could let me know in which work they appear. It is, of course, possible that they are a passage from a contemporary or later commentator. Should this be the case, perhaps you would be good enough to say where you got them from.”

Mann answered the ambassador: "It is true, the quoted words do not appear literally in Goethe's writings or conversations; but they were conceived and formulated strictly in his spirit and although he never spoke them, he might well have done so." For Goethe's monologue in the novel many quotations had been "modified and variegated for poetic purposes.” On the other hand, the monologue contained much which Goethe had never said but was so much in line with what one knew of his thinking that it could be called authentic. Therefore, in a higher sense the words the British prosecutor had used were indeed Goethe's.

In his The Story of a Novel: The Genesis of Doctor Faustus Thomas Mann later explained that already during the war a few copies of Lotte in Weimar had been smuggled into Germany from Switzerland and that opponents of the regime had distributed a compilation of excerpts from the monologue in the seventh chapter under the camouflage title “From Goethe’s Conversations with Riemer”. A copy or a translation had come into the hands of Sir Hartley Shawcross, who, finding its content striking, in good faith had used it extensively in his final argument.

Release details

 * 1939, Sweden, Bermann-Fischer, 1939, hardback (first edition)
 * 1940, UK, Secker & Warburg, 1940, hardback (Eng. trans. by H. T. Lowe-Porter, first edition)
 * 1940, US, Albert A. Knopf, 1940, hardback (US Eng trans. first edition)
 * 1990, US, Univ. of California Press ISBN 0-520-07007-0, November 1990, paperback

Film adaptation
The novel was filmed in 1974 by Egon Günther, with Lilli Palmer in the title role.

title: Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns


text:
User:JesseW/status2

 * http://www.boingboing.net/2008/10/10/take-on-me-literal-v.html
 * http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/16e4ead1dc/under-the-bridge-literal-video-version-from-dustfilms
 * http://www.boingboing.net/2009/02/27/literal-video-versio.html <- White Wedding

title: User:JesseW/status2


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David Radler

F. David Radler (born 1942 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian executive active in finance and news media. Radler was once president of Ravelston Corporation, a privately owned corporation owned by Conrad Black and Radler to control their former newspaper empire. Ravelston owned Argus Corporation which in turn controlled Chicago-based Hollinger International. In 2005, 14.1% of Ravelston was owned by Radler.

Career
Radler graduated from Queen's University in 1967 with a master's degree in Business Administration. In the 1980s Radler was in charge of the sale of Argus Corporation's Dominion supermarket chain to The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, or A&P. As well, Radler was once based in Chicago to help Black's media business—managed under Chicago-based Hollinger International in the United States—as publisher of the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper and president and chief operating officer of Hollinger International.

Throughout his career, Radler cultivated a reputation for aggressive cost cutting in newspaper operations.

Radler has been publisher at major Western Canadian dailies scuh as The Province and The Vancouver Sun. Most recently, Radler was publisher at the Times Colonist until 2018.

Controversy
After buying up the London Daily Telegraph, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Jerusalem Post, the Southam chain of Canadian newspapers and hundreds of small American newspapers, Hollinger International began to suffer from financial strain in the late 1990s. Radler and Black then sold off hundreds of their Canadian and American newspapers. Radler, who has lived in Vancouver, British Columbia, since the early 1970s, created a company called Horizon Publications Inc. This bought up some of the American newspapers owned by Hollinger International.

After controversy developed in 2003–2004 concerning $32,000,000 of 'non-compete' payments made to Black and Radler in the sale of Hollinger newspapers, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (and Canadian authorities as well) announced that Black and Radler were under investigation for their involvement.

Radler was eventually charged with five counts of mail fraud and two counts of wire fraud. On 20 September 2005, Radler pleaded guilty in a Chicago court to one count of mail fraud in relation to the 'non-compete' payments.

These payments had been diverted by Radler to a company controlled by himself and Black, Horizon Publications Inc. By disguising the payments as 'non-compete' payments, non-sales proceeds, Radler took advantage of a Canadian tax ruling that made them tax-exempt. The prosecution argued that these moneys belonged to Hollinger International, and had been improperly and secretly diverted to Black and Radler. Radler was sentenced to a fine of $250,000 and a term of 29 months in prison. He had been assisting the prosecution in the investigation of his former business partner. Black is currently being tried on the many charges; his trial began in Chicago in March 2007. Patrick Fitzgerald is the lead prosecutor in the Black case, and Black is represented by a legal team which includes Toronto lawyer Edward Greenspan.

In the fall of 2005, the Board of Trustees of Queen's University, Radler's alma mater, directed that Mr. Radler’s name be immediately removed from the building wing of their business school that had been named after him, and his personal donation was returned. Subsequently, the university discovered that returning charitable gifts is impossible under Canada Revenue Agency regulations, which prevented the return of the donations from the various media companies. To make matters more complex, some of the companies themselves were no longer in operation, and others did not wish the gift returned in any case. While the board’s ethical decision was rightly lauded, the complexities of the gift, and the uncertainty about the rules at the time, created lingering confusion. After careful consideration and in consultation with Osprey Media (which now owned many of the companies that had made the original donations), it was agreed that in spirit Queen’s had returned the gift and Osprey had made an equivalent donation; Osprey is now recognized on the wall of the business school at the level of the donation. It was widely reported at the time that a Toronto hospital had no intention of returning Conrad Black's financial gift. This prompted some to question the wisdom of Queen's returning David Radler's generous donation. The business school, for its part, explained that the charge that Mr Radler had pleaded guilty to was "very serious" and not congruent with the values of the school and those it teaches.

On 18 March 2007, it was reported that Mr. Radler had signed a settlement with the US Securities and Exchange Commission that will see him pay a penalty of almost US$29 million and prevent him from acting as an officer or director of any public company in the United States. The next day, it was announced that Mr. Radler has settled with the Sun-Times Media Group, agreeing to pay them $64.1 million. The news of the SEC settlement sparked protest from the defence at the Conrad Black trial; the defence claimed that such news would negatively influence the jury.

Radler started serving his 29-month sentence for fraud on 25 February 2008 by reporting to Moshannon Valley Correctional Center in Pennsylvania. He was transferred to FCI Ray Brook in Upstate New York and was turned over to Canadian authorities on 18 September 2008. He was paroled from Ferndale Institution in Mission, British Columbia on 15 December 2008. He served only 10 months of a 29-month sentence. He was released on the grounds that he was unlikely to "commit an offence involving violence" before his sentence expired. The board said it was limited to considering only the matter of physical violence and could not consider the financial devastation caused by his crimes or the many victims of these crimes left in its wake.

Radler is now back at work in his office in Vancouver running his business, the Alberta Newspaper Group.

title: David Radler


text: User talk:69.252.161.47

title: User talk:69.252.161.47


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Macedonia (Roman province)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία) was a province of ancient Rome, encompassing the territory of the former Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia, which had been conquered by the Roman Republic in 168 BC at the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War. The province was created in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon, the last self-styled King of Macedonia in the Fourth Macedonian War. The province incorporated the former Kingdom of Macedonia with the addition of Epirus, Thessaly, and parts of Illyria, Paeonia and Thrace.

During the Republican period, the province was of great military significance, as the main bulwark protecting the Aegean region from attacks from the north. The Via Egnatia, which crossed the province from west to east was of great strategic importance, providing the main overland link between Rome and its domains in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this period, campaigns against the Dardani and Scordisci to the north and the Thracians to the east were nearly constant. By the first century BC, the province notionally extended to the Danube.

Macedonia was a central theatre for several campaigns of the civil wars at the end of the Republic, including the Battles of Pharsalus and Philippi. During the Second Triumvirate, it fell within Marc Antony's sphere. Several important Roman military colonies were established in Macedonia in this period. After the province came under the control of Augustus following the Battle of Actium in 30 BC, the northern sections were split off as the provinces of Moesia, Dalmatia and Pannonia, meaning that the province lost much of its military role in defending the Danube border, but it remained important for supply purposes and as a source of military manpower. Until AD 15 and again after AD 44, Macedonia was a senatorial province, governed by a proconsul.

Throughout the Imperial period, Macedonia was a prosperous region with several thriving cities, notably Thessalonica and Philippi. These communities were organised in a similar way to other cities of the Roman Empire and were largely self-governing. Greek was the main language of the region, but Latin was used for official purposes and in the Roman colonies. There were substantial Christian communities in the province by the mid-first century AD.

In late antiquity, the province was split into several smaller units, but the old provincial capital, Thessalonica, became the regional centre for the Balkan region and was briefly an Imperial capital under Licinius. The provincial system gradually faded away, until it was replaced altogether by the theme system in the mid-seventh century AD, but the region continued to form part of the Eastern Roman Empire until the end of the fourteenth century.

Macedonian Wars

The Romans clashed with the Macedonian kingdom in three wars in the early third century BC. After defeating Perseus in the Third Macedonian War, Rome abolished the Macedonian monarchy and divided Macedon into four client republics, called merides, with capitals located at Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Pella, and Pelagonia, which were members of a federal league, the League of the Macedonians. Numismatic evidence indicates that the cult of Roma was introduced at this time, being depicted on coins of Amphipolis, Pella, and Thessalonica in this period. Thessaly had been separated from the Macedonian monarchy already, following the Second Macedonian War and a separate Thessalian League was created with Roman permission in 194 BC, with Zeus Eleutherius ('of Freedom') and Athena Itonia as its patron deities. Its coinage superseded that of the individual Thessalian cities and continued until the end of the first century BC.

The kingdom was briefly reunited in 150 BC by the pretender Andriscus (or 'Pseudo-Philip'), leading to the Fourth Macedonian War. After defeating Andriscus near Pydna in 148 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus made Macedonia into Rome's fifth provincia - the first new province since the creation of Hispania Ulterior and Citerior in 197 BC. Surviving sources do not explicitly discuss how or why it was decided to convert the region into a permanent province. A number of factors may have been involved, including increased familiarity with territorial expansion, the proven failure of the previous system to maintain the peace, the desire for a new base from which further military expeditions could be undertaken in order to acquire booty and triumphs, and the desire for further tax revenue. The four republics continued to exist as subdivisions of the province, as did the federal league. The date of the establishment of the province in autumn 148 BC is indicated by the epoch date of the provincial era, but in practice it may have been a gradual process.

Republican province
At its creation, the province of Macedonia encompassed Macedon itself, Paeonia and parts of Illyria, Thessaly to the south, and Epirus to the west. Notionally, the northern border ran from Lissus on the Adriatic coast, due east until it reached the Hebrus river, which formed the eastern border with Thrace. These borders were only loosely defined and dependent on the military competence of the governors, with Cicero claiming that "for the governors of Macedonia, the borders were always the same as those marked by swords and shields." The capital was Thessalonica and the governor held proconsular status.

Two years after the foundation of the new province, in 146 BC, Romans defeated the Achaean League in the Achaean War and gained control of the rest of Mainland Greece. Scholars disagree on whether or not Achaia was formally incorporated into the province of Macedonia following this defeat, but intermittent interventions in Achaian affairs by the governors are attested.

Via Egnatia
Sometime after 146 BC, Gnaeus Egnatius initiated the construction of the Via Egnatia, a Roman road, which began at Dyrrhachium on the Adriatic coast opposite the terminus of the Via Appia in Italy, stretched across the Pindus mountains and continued through Macedonia to Thessalonica, and from there to Cypsela, on the east bank of the Hebrus river. This stretch was completed by 120 BC; it followed a pre-existing route, but was a more solid, level road than the previous road, with a width of between three and six metres. A second road from the Adriatic coast at Apollonia, which joined the main Via Egnatia somewhere inland was added shortly after 120 BC. Later in the second century BC, the eastern end of the road was extended all the way to the Byzantium. The road was important for military and economic purposes, providing the main overland link between Rome and its domains in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Northern and eastern campaigns
Macedonia was of central importance to Roman military strategy in this period as a bulwark against attacks from the north. The Dardani to the northwest, had initially supported the Romans in their conquest of Macedonia, but after 148 BC, they increasingly came into conflict with the Romans. There were also occasional conflicts with the Thracians to the east. However, the key enemy of the Romans in this period were the Scordisci, a Celtic group that largely supplanted the Dardanians as the most powerful group in the central Balkans. They first invaded Macedonia in 149 BC during the Fourth Macedonian War and had to be driven out by Metellus.

In the first years of the province two pretenders attempted to restore the Macedonian kingdom. The first, Alexander, invaded from Thrace in 148 BC and was defeated by Metellus. The second, referred to in the sources as 'Pseudo-Philip' or 'Pseudo-Perseus' also invaded from the east, in 143 or 142, with an army of up to 16,000 men, but was defeated by the quaestor Tremellus Scrofa. The Scordisci invaded in 141 BC and defeated a Roman army commanded by Decimus Junius Silanus Manlianus or, less likely, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica. In belated response to this defeat, Marcus Cosconius launched an attack on the Scordisci in 135 BC, defeating them in Thrace. The delay may have been because Roman attention was focussed on the construction of the Via Egnatia.

In 119 BC, the Scordisci invaded again, ravaging the area near Stobi. The praetor Sextus Pompeius met the forces in battle and was killed, leaving his quaestor Marcus Annius to regroup and drive the Scordisci out, defeating a second invasion with the help of the Thracians. Following this set-back, a series of consuls were sent to Macedonia, apparently to settle the threat from the Scordisci decisively. The first of these, Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus arrived in 115 BC but his activities are not attested. In 114 BC, his successor, Gaius Porcius Cato launched a large-scale invasion, but he was defeated and nearly the whole army was killed. The Romans dispatched several further commanders, Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius in 113 BC and Marcus Livius Drusus in 112, who inflicted defeats on the Thracians and the Scordisci respectively. From 110 to 107 BC, Marcus Minucius Rufus campaigned against the Scordisci and the Bessian tribe of Thracians to the east, bringing an end to their raids for about twenty years.

After this, the Romans turned their attention to the eastern border. The Romans defeated some Thracians under an unnamed commander in 104 BC. In 101 or 100 BC, Titus Didius conquered an area referred to as the "Caenic Chersonese" (exact location unknown, but some region of the Thracian coast). Another unnamed commander defeated the Maedian Thracians in the east and the Dardanians in the northwest in 97 BC. Gaius Sentius was defeated by the Maedi in 92 BC and was involved in a conflict with a Thracian king called Sordinus in 89 BC, only achieving victory after a struggle. From 87 BC onwards, Thracian forces allied with Mithridates VI attacked Macedonia, as part of the First Mithridatic War. In that year, Gaius Sentius' legate Quintus Bruttius Sura repulsed an invasion from the Mithridatic general Archelaus. In 84 BC a force of Scordisci, Dardianians and Maedi penetrated all the way to Delphi and sacked the sanctuary, before they were violently expelled by Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC).

In the aftermath of the Mithridatic Wars, the Romans again launched a concerted military effort in the region. Before the war, governors had tended to be praetors or propraetors, usually in office for a single year. Henceforth, they were consuls or proconsuls and often held command for several years. Appius Claudius Pulcher had some success in the Rhodope Mountains in 77 BC, but was replaced after his death from illness by C. Scribonius Curio, who was given a force of five legions. He campaigned from 75 to 74 BC, becoming the first Roman commander to lead an army to the Danube and reduced the Dardanians to submission. Between 73 and 71 BC, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus led another force of five legions against the Bessi and entered Moesia, bringing the Greek cities on the west coast of the Black Sea under Roman control and campaigning against the Getae all the way to the mouth of the Danube. These campaigns were intended to secure the northern border so that Macedonia and Greece would no longer be threatened by raids and to put Rome in a better position to confront Mithridates VI in future conflicts. Efforts to consolidate these enormous conquests continued for decades, often meeting with rebuffs, most notably the two campaigns of Gaius Antonius Hybrida in the north ca. 62-61 BC, in which he was defeated disastrously by the Dardianians and at the Battle of Histria by the Bastarnae.

The governorship of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus from 57 to 55 BC is the subject of Cicero's In Pisonem, in which Caesoninus is accused of corruption, abuse, and murder of the provincials on a grand scale, as well as shaving sparked another invasion by the Dardianians and Bessi that even placed Thessaloniki under siege, but the speech may not give an accurate picture of Caesoninus' conduct.

Civil wars
Macedonia was one of the main arenas of the civil wars at the end of the Roman Republic. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, starting Caesar's Civil War, his opponents, led by Pompey abandoned Italy and retreated to Macedonia with five legions. Around two hundred Senators set themselves up in Thessalonica as a Senate in exile and raised a further legion from veterans in Macedonia and Crete. At the beginning of 48 BC, Caesar crossed the Adriatic and besieged Pompey at Dyrrhachium. During this period, one Menedemos came to Caesar as a delegate from "the part of the province that was called free" offering him support; he was subsequently captured by Pompey's forces and executed. After several months, Pompey broke out of Dyrrhachium and headed southeast toward Thessaly. On the march he was met by another Macedonian, Acornion of Dionysiopolis, who came offering an alliance with Burebista, the king of Dacia. However, this offer had come too late to be of use to Pompey. Caesar decisively defeated him at the Battle of Pharsalus in August 48 BC and he fled for Egypt. On taking control of the province, Caesar separated it from Greece to the south for the first time. This division was reversed after his death in 44 BC, but would be revived in the Imperial period.

After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, the assassins, led by Brutus and Cassius, also fled east. Caesar's former lieutenant, Mark Antony passed a law requiring the governor, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus to hand the province over to Antony. Instead, he chose to place the province under Brutus' control - a move that was recognised by the Senate in 43 BC. This led Mark Antony to ally with Octavian in the Second Triumvirate and invade Macedonia, defeating Brutus and his forces at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC.

After Philippi, Macedonia fell within the territories assigned to Mark Antony and it was governed by his legates until war broke out between Octavian and Antony in 32 BC and Antony was defeated in 31 BC at the Battle of Actium, after which Macedonia and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean came under Octavian's control, marking the beginning of the Principate.

Principate
Following Actium, Octavian entrusted Macedonia to the proconsul M. Licinius Crassus, grandson of Crassus the triumvir, who led a campaign into the north that lasted until 27 BC, finally subjugating the whole region south of the Danube, for which he was granted a triumph.

In the Augustan Settlement of 27 BC, provinces were divided into two categories: imperial provinces, which fell were governed by legates appointed by the Emperor, and senatorial provinces, which continued to be governed by senators who had previously served as consuls or praetors. Most of the provinces with a large military presence on the borders of the empire were Imperial provinces, but Macedonia was anomalous in being a senatorial province despite its military significance. The territories south of Thermopylae and the Ceraunian Mountains now became the separate province of Achaia. This province included the territory which would become the province of Epirus (later Epirus Vetus) under Emperor Trajan.

Moesia was split off as a separate military command some time before 10 BC, and had become a separate province by AD 6. Territories to the northwest of Macedonia in Illyricum were separated off into the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia. In AD 15, complaints about the corruption of the governors led Tiberius to convert Macedonia and Achaia into imperial provinces, under the control of the governor of Moesia, but Claudius made them both Senatorial provinces once more in AD 44 In the same year, the portion of Macedonia between the Hebrus and Nestus rivers in the east and the island of Thasos were handed over to the newly created province of Thrace.

The establishment of new provinces to the north and the consolidation of Roman control in the Balkans in general led to a decline in the military importance of Macedonia to Rome, as the legions defending the northern border were henceforth based in Dalmatia, Moesia, and Thrace. Nevertheless, the province continued to provide a vital role in the transport of supplies from Italy to the northern and eastern borders of the Empire, as well as serving as a source of manpower.

Organisation
The cities of the province had a range of different statuses. Six Roman colonies (coloniae) were established in the Triumviral period: Cassandrea, established in the late 40s BC by the proconsul Quintus Hortensius Hortalus, Philippi (Colonia Iulia Augusta Philippensis) founded by Antony's legate Quintus Paquius Rufus, Dium, Pella, Byllis, and Dyrrhachium. These communities were settled with veterans who became or remained Roman citizens. Local inhabitants of these communities were not expelled, but they did not receive citizenship of the new colonies or of Rome, except perhaps for some members of the local elite. Some scholars have suggested that these coloniae formed "double communities," with the old Greek city-state (polis) and the new colonia existing side-by-side. This now seems unlikely, but has not been disproven. Stobi was a municipium. Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Abdera, and Maroneia held the status of 'free cities' (civitates liberae), and Edessa was probably an 'allied city' (civitas foederata).

In the Republican period a cult of "the Roman Benefactors" (Rhomaioi euergetai), the goddess Roma, and Zeus "Eleutherios" ("of freedom") developed in Macedonia. This cult is first attested in 95 or possibly 119 BC, but probably dates back to the establishment of the province. It endured in the Imperial period. The Roman Imperial cult was introduced under Augustus, with numismatic and epigraphic evidence attesting to the worship of Julius Caesar as Divus Julius following Actium. Under Tiberius, cults of Augustus and of Livia are attested as well, while divine honours for Caligula and subsequent emperors are attested during their own lifetimes.

The cities of Macedonia were arranged into the League of the Macedonians (Greek: koinon ton Makedonon), with its seat at Beroea. This league was a continuation of an institution first attested under Philip V. From 27 BC, they used their own "Macedonian era," in which the years were counted from the Battle of Actium in 31/30 BC. In the Imperial period, its main duties related to the Imperial cult, especially the organisation of games in honour of the emperors. It also hosted a local version of the Olympic games, and from AD 229, games in honour of Alexander the Great. From the time of the emperor Claudius until the end of the second century AD, the league minted its own coinage, with the thunderbolt, a traditional symbol of Macedon on the reverse. In the third century AD, the league continued to mint coinage, but with new types, relating to athletic competition. Through this institution, Macedonian identity and loyalty to the Roman emperor were closely aligned.

There was a separate civic league for the Thessalians.

Late Antiquity
The reforms of Diocletian around AD 293 saw provinces replaced by dioceses and praetorian prefectures as the first order subdivision of the Roman Empire and provinces began to be split into smaller units. The province of Macedonia was initially part of the Diocese of Moesia, but subsequently became part of a new Diocese of Macedonia (administered from Thessaloniki), one of three dioceses comprising the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum (administered from Sirmium until 379, then from Thessaloniki). Meanwhile, the province of Macedonia was divided into a number of smaller provinces.

 * Epirus Nova ("New Epirus") or Illyria Graeca  or Illyris proper, which was established by Diocletian, was the first province to be divided off.  Dyrrachium (or Epidamnus) was the capital. The region of Epirus Nova corresponded to a portion of Illyria that was then "partly Hellenic and partly Hellenized".
 * Macedonia Prima ("First Macedonia"), encompassing most of the Kingdom of Macedonia, coinciding with most of the modern Greek region of Macedonia, and had Thessalonica as its capital.
 * Macedonia Salutaris ("Wholesome Macedonia"), also known as Macedonia Secunda ("Second Macedonia"), partially encompassing both Pelagonia and Dardania and containing the whole of Paeonia. The province mostly coincides with the present-day North Macedonia. The town of Stobi located to the junction of the Crna Reka and Vardar rivers, the former capital of Paeonia, became the provincial capital.
 * Thessalia encompassed the area of ancient Thessaly, in the south of ancient Macedonia and was subdivided into Thessalia Prima and Thessalia Secunda.

When the Prefecture of Macedonia was divided between the Western and Eastern Empires in 379, the Macedonian provinces were included in Eastern Illyricum. With the permanent division of the Empire in 395, Macedonia passed to the Eastern Empire.

Economy
The reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD) began a long period of peace, prosperity and wealth for Macedonia, although its importance in the economic standing of the Roman world diminished when compared to its neighbor, Asia Minor.

The economy was greatly stimulated by the construction of the Via Egnatia during 130s and 120s BC, the installation of Roman merchants in the cities, and the founding of Roman colonies. The Imperial government brought, along with its roads and administrative system, an economic boom, which benefited both the Roman ruling class and the lower classes. With vast arable and rich pastures, the great ruling families amassed huge fortunes in the society based on slave labor.

The improvement of the living conditions of the productive classes brought about an increase in the number artisans and craftspeople to the region. Stonemasons, miners, blacksmiths, etc. were employed in every kind of commercial activity and craft. Greek people were also widely employed as tutors, educators and doctors throughout the Roman world.

The export economy was based essentially on agriculture and livestock, while iron, copper, and gold along with such products as timber, resin, pitch, hemp, flax, and fish were also exported. Another source of wealth was the kingdom's ports, such as Thessalonica and Cassandreia.

Imperial

 * Marcus Licinius Crassus (31-27 BC)
 * Marcus Primus (c.24/23 BC)
 * Lucius Tarius Rufus (18-16 BC)
 * Publius Vinicius (AD 2/3)
 * Publius Memmius Regulus (with Achaea, between AD 31 and 37)
 * Marcus Helvius Geminus (before 54)
 * Marcus Julius Romulus (between 54 and 68)
 * Marcus Vettius Bolanus (before 66)
 * Lucius Antonius Saturninus (76/77)
 * P. Tullius Varro (between 70 and 79)
 * Lucius Baebius Honoratus (before 83)
 * Gaius Salvius Liberalis (84/85)
 * L. Cocceius Justus (c. 100)
 * Q. Annius Maximus (113/114)
 * M. Arruntius Claudianus (between 96 and 118)
 * Octavius Antoninus (119/120)
 * Lucius Varius Ambibulus (124/125)
 * Junius Rufinus (between 118 and 138)
 * Q. Gellius Sentius Augurinus (between 118 and 139)
 * [Iul]ius [Fr]ugi (c. 138)
 * Sextus Pedius Hirrutus Lucilius Pollio (c. 148)
 * P. Antius Orestes (164/165)
 * Publius Julius Geminius Marcianus (c. 166)
 * [... A]qu[i]linus (between 139 and 180)
 * Cornelius Rufus (between 161 and 180)
 * Ti. Claudius Gordianus (between 187 and 192)
 * Junius Rufinus (192/193)
 * Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus (c. 200)
 * (M. Ulipus ?) Tertullianus Aquila (212/213 or 213/214)
 * P. Aelius Coeranus (c. 224)
 * T. Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus (c. 223)
 * Q ? or C(L.)? Valerius Rufrius Justus (between 220 and 230)
 * P. Julius Junianus Martialianus (signo Leontius) (between 222 and 235)
 * C. Caerellius (Fufidius Annius Ravus) Pollittianus (between 222 and 235)
 * Dulcitius (c. 300)
 * Calliopius of Antioch (362)

Saints and clerics

 * Agape, Chionia, and Irene (died 304)
 * Agathopous, deacon
 * Aristarchus of Thessalonica, 1st century
 * Demophilus of Constantinople (died 386), Bishop, born in Thessalonica
 * Epaphroditus, first bishop of Philippi
 * Gaius, first Bishop of Thessalonica
 * Lydia of Thyatira, 1st century
 * Matrona of Thessalonica
 * Onesimus, first bishop of Beroea
 * Saint Demetrius, patron saint of the city of Salonika, martyred in 306
 * Theodulus, Lector

Writers

 * Craterus of Amphipolis (c. 100-30 BC) Rhapsode winner in Amphiarian games
 * Phaedrus of Pieria (c. 15 BC – c. AD 50), fabulist
 * Antipater of Thessalonica (late 1st century BC), epigrammatic poet and governor of the city
 * Philippus of Thessalonica (late 1st century AD), epigrammatic poet and compiler of the Greek Anthology
 * Archias, epigrammatist
 * Antiphanes (late 1st century), epigrammatist
 * Parmenio (late 1st century), epigrammatist
 * Criton of Pieria, historian
 * Polyaenus, (2nd century), military writer
 * Stobaeus (5th century), anthologist of Greek authors
 * Macedonius of Thessalonica (6th century), epigrammatist of Greek Anthology

Physicians

 * Athryilatus of Thasos
 * Alexander of Pella
 * Damian of Thessalonica
 * Anthemius of Edessa
 * Paul of Philippi
 * Theodorus of Kato Kleines, Florina
 * C. Iulius Nicetas of Lyke (Lyki) in Pella
 * Aurelius Isidorus of Thessalonica
 * Sextus Iulius Chariton of Amphipolis
 * Servia of Thessalonica
 * Pubicius [sic] Lalus and Publicius Hermias of Beroea
 * Aelius Nicolaus of Edessa
 * Aptus of Dion

title: Macedonia (Roman province)


text:
Grace's warbler

Grace's warbler (Setophaga graciae) is a small New World warbler that specializes in pine woods.

Taxonomy
Grace's warbler was discovered by Elliott Coues in the Rocky Mountains in 1864. He requested that the new species be named after his 18-year-old sister, Grace Darling Coues, and his request was honored when Spencer Fullerton Baird described the species scientifically in 1865.

Description
Grace's warbler is a small bird, 11–13 cm long. It is mostly gray on top, with broken black streaks across the back and flanks and two white bars on the wings. The throat and breast are a vibrant yellow, and the rest of the underparts are white. It has a yellow half-eye ring under the eye and a long yellow "eyebrow" stripe that starts at the base of the beak and runs above the eye, fading to white after it passes the eye.

Distribution and habitat
Grace's warblers breed from the south-western United States to Nicaragua and winter in their breeding range from north-eastern Sinaloa and north-western Durango south. They are almost always found in pine forests, even in migration, though at the northern end of their range (in southern Nevada and Utah and southwestern Colorado) they occur in spruce-fir forest. They prefer open, "parklike" woods, and in some areas such as northern Arizona they prefer an understory of Gambel's oak. In the United States and northern Mexico they typically occur at altitudes of 1800 to 2700 m); farther south they may occur as low as 250 m. They are common in some localities, and in areas of the Mosquitia of Nicaragua where the only tree is the Caribbean pine, Grace's warblers may be the only bird seen.

Grace's Warbler is represented by four subspecies, including the nominate.

Setophaga graciae (S. F. Baird, 1865). Southern Nevada, southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, northern New Mexico, and western Texas south through eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua.

Setophaga graciae yaegeri (A. R. Phillips & Webster, 1961). West-central Mexico from southern Sinaloa, Durango, and Zacatecas south to Jalisco and Colima.

Setophaga graciae remota (Griscom, 1935). Pacific coast from Michoacan through Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua.

Setophaga graciae decora (Ridgway, 1873). Belize.

Breeding
The nesting habits of Grace's warblers are largely unknown, as nests are very rarely found. The nest is a compact cup of plant fibers, the inside lined with hair and feathers, placed high above ground on a tree branch, usually pine. The female lays 3 to 5 white or cream-colored eggs, speckled with brown, and ringed at the larger end.

Feeding
Like the vast majority of warblers, Grace's warbler eats only insects and spiders, as far as is known from limited studies. It forages mostly high in pine trees (86% of its foraging time in a study in Arizona was in pines, but it foraged in oaks more in Mexico where olive warblers also occur). It catches its food from the bases of needle clusters and the upper bark of branches no thicker than its body. It will often hover to inspect pine cones for insect larvae. In Arizona it seldom flies to catch insects, but in Nicaragua it often does.

title: Grace's warbler


text:
User talk:Lomn/Archive

Archive for User talk:Lomn

 * User talk:Lomn/Archive1: Aug 05 - Mar 14, 2006
 * User talk:Lomn/Archive2: Mar 06 - May 08
 * User talk:Lomn/Archive 3: Miszabot test started Sep 08
 * User talk:Lomn/Archive 4: Future

title: User talk:Lomn/Archive


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/O.A. Ruscaba

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 18:25, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

O.A. Ruscaba
Not a real person, though plausible enough sounding. No evidence of the name or the novels. Boojum 06:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete Patent Nonsense - see by what appears to be the author of the article (see  and  as well). Cursive 22:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Also see - The original author's IP was blocked, which would explain the comments in the first link. Cursive 22:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete speedy or otherwise. Alf 00:52, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete appparent hoax. -- Etacar11   02:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:62.0.87.21

title: User talk:62.0.87.21


text:
Cheran

Cheran may refer to:

 * Cheran (dynasty), of Karuvur, the name of a Tamil dynasty in south India (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD). The epithet was later used by a number of other ruling clans in south India, most notably the Ceras of Kongu and Cranganore.
 * Cheran (director) (b. 1970), a Tamil film director
 * Cherán, a municipality the Mexican state of Michoacán
 * Chéran, a river in eastern France
 * Cheran, Nalanda, a village in Bihar, India
 * Cheran, Iran (disambiguation)

title: Cheran


text:
Mary Scheer

Mary Scheer (born March 19, 1963) is an American actress, comedian, screenwriter and producer, who is best known for her work throughout television. She had recurring roles as Marissa Benson on the Nickelodeon sitcom iCarly, and as Gladys on the Disney Channel series Bunk'd. She voiced Alice the Zookeeper on DreamWorks animated series The Penguins of Madagascar, was part of the original cast on the sketch comedy show Mad TV, voiced every female character on Most Extreme Elimination Challenge and appeared in GEICO commercials.

Career
She is known for playing comedic characters in sitcoms, movies, and cartoons.

Mad TV
Scheer was one of the original nine cast members of Mad TV when the series debuted in 1995. She came to the show with a background in sketch comedy from her Groundling days. During her tenure, Scheer developed characters like chain smoker Mrs. Jewel Barone, Cabana Chat host Dixie Wetsworth, Connie Linder, Debbie Dander, Lily Don, and Mrs. Vigor (Killer Grandma).

Scheer also performed impressions of celebrities and public figures during her tenure on Mad TV, some of which included U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, Demi Moore, Susan Sarandon, Kathy Griffin, Mary Tyler Moore, Ashley Olsen, Candice Bergen, Fran Drescher, Shirley MacLaine, Emma Thompson, Sherry Stringfield, Frances Bavier, Irene Vernon, Ashley Judd, Geri Halliwell and Barbara Feldon. Other impersonations include Barbra Streisand in the Mad TV spoof video "Terms Of Imprisonment", where she portrays Streisand as an egomaniac who abuses her co-star, Whitney Houston and Gillian Anderson's Dana Scully in the "XXX Files" sketch. Towards the end of the second season, Scheer became pregnant and was visibly pregnant at the beginning of the third season and continued to perform on the show. After giving birth, Scheer finished the third season before leaving in 1998.

Other projects
Besides Mad TV, Scheer has appeared in several television shows. Her credits include Reno 911!, Primetime Glick, X-Chromosome, Free Ride, and Dropping Out. She had a recurring role on the Nickelodeon sitcom iCarly as Marissa Benson, the extremely overprotective mother of Nathan Kress's character Freddie Benson. The show ran from September 8, 2007, to November 23, 2012. She also reprised the same role for the iCarly reboot on Paramount+.

After leaving Mad TV, she appeared in the films Elvira's Haunted Hills, The New Women Chump Change, and It Can Always Get Worse Kathy from 2001 to 2005. She also starred as Gladys, the grumpy, lonely camp director of Camp Kikiwaka in the first 2 seasons of Bunk'd.

Besides onscreen appearances, Scheer has become a voice actress, lending her voice to numerous commercials and several animated projects like Family Guy and King of the Hill. Scheer's voice also appears in the animated feature film Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker. Scheer performed all female voices in Spike TV's humorous game show MXC (she was credited as portraying Everygirl). In season four, she became MXC's supervising producer.

Scheer also appeared on the Jennette McCurdy web series What's Next for Sarah? as Sarah's therapist.

title: Mary Scheer


text:
Fred Williams (artist)

Frederick Ronald Williams  (23 January 1927 – 22 April 1982) was an Australian painter and printmaker. He was one of Australia’s most important artists, and one of the twentieth century's major landscapists. He had more than seventy solo exhibitions during his career in Australian galleries, as well as the exhibition Fred Williams - Landscapes of a Continent at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1977.

Early life and education
Fred Williams was born on 23 January 1927 in Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, the son of an electrical engineer and a Richmond housewife. Williams left school at 14 and was apprenticed to a firm of Melbourne shopfitters and box makers. From 1943 to 1947, he studied at the National Gallery School, Melbourne, at first part-time and then full-time from 1945 at the age of 18. The Gallery School was traditional and academic, with a long and prestigious history. He also began lessons under George Bell the following year, who had his own art school in Melbourne. This continued until 1950. Bell was a conservative modern artist but a very influential teacher.

Between 1952 and 1956, Williams studied part-time at the Chelsea School of Art, London (now Chelsea College of Art and Design) and in 1954 he did an etching course at the Central School of Arts and Crafts. He lived in a South Kensington bedsit and subsidised his art practice by working part-time at Savage’s picture framers. Williams returned to Melbourne in 1956, when his family was able to send him a cheap ticket aboard a ship bringing visitors to the Melbourne Olympics.

He had work included in the 'Recent Australian Painting' exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery, London, and 'Australian Painting: Colonial, Impressionism, Modern' at the Tate Gallery.

Work
After mainly working with figures in early paintings and etchings, he began painting landscapes after returning to Melbourne in 1957, which remained the major theme in his art.

While learning etching and printing in London, he produced vivid caricatured sketches of contemporary London life. It was during this period that he established his method of reworking the same motif a number of times in a number of mediums and very often over a number of years.

As an artist concerned with form over subjectivity, Williams' approach struck a jarring note against the unity of many of his close associates such as John Brack, Arthur Boyd and Charles Blackman, the authors of the famous ‘Antipodean’ manifesto of 1959. Williams' work was excluded from their major exhibition. As heirs to the expressionist tradition, the Antipodeans lauded a spontaneous, improvised approach to painting and saw the function of art as vested in its expressive potential. They had little time for - and, in fact, denounced - the 'new' art emerging from Europe, the influences which were increasingly informing Williams' development.

On his return to Australia, Williams saw the aesthetic potential of the Australian bush in its inherent plasticity. His interest in finding an aesthetic 'language' with which to express the very un-European Australian landscape. This was grounded in establishing a pictorial equivalent to the overwhelmingly vast, primarily flat landscape, in which the traditional European relationship of foreground to background breaks down, necessitating a complete re-imagining of compositional space. In this, Williams looked to the approach taken by Australian Aboriginal artists.

He did this by tilting the landscape up against the picture plane, so that frequently the only indicator of horizontal recession is the presence of a horizon line, or where clumps of trees huddle closer together towards the horizon, suggesting recession. Where no horizon is visible, the landscape runs fully parallel to the picture plane, as in the major You Yangs series of the mid-1960s. Here, calligraphic knots of pigment indicate the presence of single trees against the earth, as if seen from the air (example).

Williams' first Australian landscape series was based on the Nattai River (1957–58).

Williams' landscapes recorded the passage of the Yarra River from its source to its mouth.

In 1960, Williams was invited to enter for the Helena Rubenstein Travelling Art Scholarship, the richest and most prestigious art prize at the time with an award of £1000 plus £300 travel expenses aimed at giving the winner overseas experience. Five paintings were required for his entry and he selected Landscape with a steep road (1957), Landscape with a building I (c. 1957–58), The forest pond (c. 1959–60), Sherbrooke Forest (1960) and The St George River (1960). He won in 1963 and it proved to be a turning point in his career which, according to fellow artist Jan Senbergs, brought Williams wide acclaim, especially from many influential curators and critics. Sydney art dealer Rudy Komon took Williams on as one of his key artists which enabled Williams to discontinue his part-time work with a Melbourne picture-framer and paint full-time.

In 1969, Williams started using a horizontal strip format in his landscape paintings in order to present different aspects of one scene on the same sheet. In 1970, Williams produced a group of four large strip format gouache-on-paper paintings called the West Gate Bridge series showing the half-constructed West Gate Bridge over the Yarra River in Melbourne. A section of the bridge collapsed on 15 October 1970, while it was still under construction, killing thirty-five workers. Williams had planned to paint the length of the river, but his widow, Lyn said he "lost heart in the project" after the accident. In his Beachscape with bathers Queenscliff I-IV series from 1971, Williams painted from the top of a cliff overlooking the beach during a seaside holiday. Each sheet is broken horizontally into four separate strips representing a different time of day and corresponding shift in the colour and tone of the scene as Williams recorded the effects of light on the landscape. By 1971 he had developed the technique extensively, moving from a vertical format to a horizontal format.

In March 1974, Williams travelled to Erith Island in Bass Strait with the historians Stephen Murray-Smith and Ian Turner, and fellow painter Clifton Pugh. Poor weather prevented Williams and his friends from leaving the island when they had intended. When the weather broke Williams painted a number of gouaches, including Beachscape, Erith Island I and II which employ the horizontal strip format. The Beachscape, Erith Island pictures show the point where the sea joins the land depicted as if looking down from above in the form of four strips. Williams recorded the event in his diary from 27–28 March 1974, "I do 'strip' paintings of the beach using sand glued on – but the wind has worn me to a 'frazzle' … My final half doz. strip paintings are my best."

In May 1976, while Williams and his wife Lyn were visiting Paris and Bologna, many of Williams's paintings and all gouaches stored at the Barrett Malt Factory in Richmond were damaged by a fire.

In 1976, Williams flew over the Northern Territory at night on his way to an art fair in Bologna, Italy. He saw lines of bushfires burning and later that year produced the twelve-sheeted gouache series, Bushfire in Northern Territory.

In February 1979, Williams visited the Lal Lal Falls on the Moorabool River to the west of Melbourne near Ballarat and painted the Lal Lal polyptych, a four panel painting that he regarded as a single work. The successive canvases of the polyptych depict the changes in light on the waterfall and the surrounding landscape. Williams painted the last of his major landscapes, the four panel Waterfall polyptych (oil on canvas, each 183.0 cm x 152.5 cm), in his studio in 1979 based on the Lal Lal polyptych. He described the studio painting as "a major effort on my part" and it is regarded as one of the most important works of his career. Williams said that his "enthusiasm was fired" by Eugene von Guérard's Waterfall, Strath Creek from 1862.

In the last years of his career, Williams produced more landscape series with strong themes, his last being the Pilbara series (1979–81), which remained intact as it was acquired by Con-Zinc Rio Tinto Group, the mining company that had invited him to explore the arid north-west region of Australia.

Awards
Williams received a Helena Rubinstein Travelling Art Scholarship in 1963. In 1976 he was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), and awarded a Doctorate of Law (Honoris Causa) by Monash University in 1980.

Williams won the Wynne Prize for landscape painting twice; in 1966 with Upwey Landscape and in 1976 with Mt. Kosciusko.

His painting Upwey Landscape (1965) sold for $1,987,700 in one of the final auctions of Christie's in Australia in April 2006, which at the time was the second highest price for any work sold at an Australian auction. In September 2007, auction house Deutscher-Menzies broke their sales record with Williams' Landscape with Water Ponds (1965) selling for $1,860,000. The most expensive work sold at an Australian auction in 2009 was Williams' 1965 Evening Sky, Upwey, which sold for $1.15 million.

Two of Williams' paintings, Dry Creek Bed, Werribee Gorge I (1977) and Drifting Smoke (1981) were included in Quintessence Editions Ltd.'s 2007 edition of 1001 Paintings You Must See Before You Die. Williams' work is also represented in William Splatt's 100 Masterpieces of Australian Landscape Painting.

Personal life
Williams met Lyn Watson in January 1960 while painting at Sherbrooke. They were married in March 1961 and moved to the inner-city suburb of South Yarra. They had three daughters: Isobel, Louise and Kate. In 1963, the couple moved to Upwey in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne, a location that would have a decisive impact on his work. In 1964 they travelled through Europe on a Helena Rubenstein Scholarship. In 1969, Williams moved to Hawthorn, an inner suburb of Melbourne.

Death and legacy
In November 1981, Williams was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. He died less than six months later in Hawthorn on 22 April 1982, aged 55. Fellow artist and friend John Brack gave the eulogy at his funeral. He said "Fred brought us a new vision of Australia’s landscape at least as valid and impressive as any of the two or three major illuminations which went before it. He changed the way we see our country: an achievement which will live long after all of us are gone."

Williams' estate
Williams' estate is managed by his widow, Lyn Williams. Lyn bought a former factory in inner-Melbourne in 1989 and has managed the artist's estate from there since she sorted through his studio at their former home in Hawthorn. All of the artist's known works have been catalogued on a database. The building houses Williams' easel, brushes, the leather-bound diaries he kept from 1963 until his death, clipping books, a range of works and includes a gallery for hanging and photographing the artist's works. Works that are donated to public galleries and museums are prepared there. In 2009, Lyn Williams completed her ongoing gift to the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) of the prints of Fred Williams.

Major collections

 * Holmes à Court Collection

title: Fred Williams (artist)


text: User:Bank Ruption

title: User:Bank Ruption


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dreamscape (rave)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 17:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Dreamscape (rave)
Blatant advertizing --Ryan Delaney talk 06:15, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

SUSPECTED SOCK ***Admitidly but the point is still valid. - Anon SUSPECTED SOCK *Keep,It should be all or nothing. Every event removed or every kept. Otherwise who has the right to say what event should be kept and which shouldn't be? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.104.116.43 (talk • contribs)
 * Delete, speedy if applicable. This is both blatant advertising and an attempt to make contact. - Lucky 6.9 06:18, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The anon removed the VfD notice.  I put it back. - Lucky 6.9 06:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I beleive this is no different than any other annual event on here including Burning Man. To remove this would be hypocritical. [[User:Anon|Anon]
 * Above vote is by the author. - Lucky 6.9 06:37, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * With all due respect - and I mean no disrespect at all - there is a certain notability factor in your event that's somewhat lacking. I'm sure it will be a blast.  BUT...this is supposed to be an encyclopedia and not an advertising or communications medium.  In fact, this site is about as lousy an advertising vehicle as you can imagine.  Take it from someone who works with advertising on a daily basis. - Lucky 6.9 06:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete asap. Rkevins82 - TALK 06:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * User has 2 edits, both here. --TheMidnighters 08:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

SUSPECTED SOCK *Keep, Although this doesn't show notablilty, information about this party can be easily found. I think the fact that there isn't more info is showing that it is not an advertisement but a brief summery (like any encyclopedia). I for one do know about this and will be attending. The information is out there. Just because you don't know about it doesn't mean thousands of other people don't. There is world class talent at this and I would consider it notable. --FlyRyan433 18:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC) SUSPECTED SOCK *Keep, It should be kept, that is all. OBVIOUS SOCK *Keep, I agree with the commentor above me, however, if this is to be deleted it should also be known that all other things stating events should be deleted as well. This will probably be taken down after it is over, anyways.
 * The folks who own the servers certainly do. :)  A major event like Live Aid, for example, is notable.  A tractor pull in Ames, Iowa is not.  Woodstock is a keeper.  A demolition derby at a county fair in Coffeeville, Mississippi...see what I mean? - Lucky 6.9 07:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, ad. --TheMidnighters 08:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, ad and Crystal Ball. Tonywalton | Talk 10:29, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonnotable -Nandesuka 10:58, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete an ad which doesn't even bother to suggest where in the city it is happening, which might, if it's a huge venue, suggest some notability. Alf 11:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this is a well known event that doesn't necessarily take place in the same place every year. If you have some events, then why not this? It has been going for many years. Just because you are not aware of it, doesn't mean it is minor, nor that it hasn't had a large affect on the rave generation (which i believe it has). That said, i would delete all events because they are irrelevant. --Genesis 12:58, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Lucky 6.9. It's not hypocritical to keep Burning Man but delete this article. Wikipedia isn't an all-or-nothing deal. We have articles on popular musicians, but we don't have one for your uncle's band that plays at the pub on Tuesdays. --BradBeattie 14:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This shouldn't even warrant discussion. Can it be speedily removed? Dottore So 14:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It looks like this has potential to grow. Trollderella 15:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad for a rave with no proof of notability. --Icelight 18:07, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising
 * Comment. User's first edit. Sdedeo 19:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising a rave on wikipedia automatically makes it uncool and thus non-notable. Sdedeo 19:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The above two entries were made in the same post, by an anon IP (first edit). Hard to get more sock puppety than that. --Icelight 21:33, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising for nn event.  The argument that people are hypocritical for deleting some events, but not all events is offensive.  It's not a question of moral judgement, but of placing a cutoff.  Even if WikiPedia is not paper, neither can it hold all of the world's knowledge. ManoaChild 22:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable party advertisement. —Charles O'Rourke 22:52, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Crystal ball/advertisement for a non-notable event, supported by too many sockpuppets. --Carnildo 23:00, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This appears to be a oneoff party of some sort: I only half believe the contents. -Splash 00:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, check out http://dreamscape.eraver.net, it also on ravelinks.com, eternalbeats.com, and just about any other west coast rave site you can think of.... definitly not a oneoff --FlyRyan433 01:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It may be a regularly-occurring event, but that does not confer notability. MCB 06:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising, and puppet plague. Xoloz 17:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising, non-notable, and goddamn I hate sock puppets.  (FYI I added the SOCK comments.) JDoorjam 16:51, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, I am not a SOCK... Btw, Presales are already out for this. This is also expected to be the biggest EDM event Vegas has seen in the last few years... Knock it if you want for notability. I found the wikipedia entry by talking to friends on trillian about it. --FlyRyan433 22:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. I'm inclined to believe that this could actually be somewhat notable, but the present article certainly doesn't present it that way. Perhaps some more content would be useful? Or would that defeat the "underground" purpose? --Several Times 20:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. Jaxl | talk 22:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, Originators IP (208.1.112.109) Traces back to Grand Forks, ND. This further proves notability. --FlyRyan433 23:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Macula Transfer

Macula Transfer is the third solo album released by Tangerine Dream leader Edgar Froese, in 1976.

Description
The tracks were composed on plane flights while Tangerine Dream was touring; each track is named after the flight number of an airplane.

The original album was released on Brain Records, and has not officially been released on CD. During 1998 the original recording was licensed by Manikin Records and released as a CD; however, this was done without Froese's consent. It was quickly withdrawn from sale under threat of legal action.

Froese subsequently remixed the album, adding newly recorded material to the 1970s recordings. The new reworked album is available on CD under the original title, with new cover art. This reworking enabled Froese to extend the duration of the copyright on the music, and avoid various contract and licensing issues.

title: Macula Transfer


text:
Ted Alexandro

Ted Alexandro (born January 26, 1969) is a stand-up comedian from New York City. He has appeared on most late night talk shows and has had his own half-hour specials on Comedy Central.

Biography
Alexandro is a native of Bellerose, Queens, New York, and he attended St. Francis Preparatory School. At the age of ten, young Ted felt he had a future as an equestrian. However, his ambitions were thwarted when his uncle gave young Ted his first exposure to horse riding, in which he got thrown in a "scary" ordeal. The loss of young Ted's promise proved a real blow to the sport; prominent media figure Eddie Pepitone told Ted, "A lot of people thought, you know, you were going to be one of the better equestrian people going." So instead he settled and matriculated to City College of New York, with a major in music with a concentration in jazz piano. His father was a New York City Public School teacher in Brooklyn for 30 years, and his mother worked in the home, raising five kids. She taught high school religion, health and sex education. He later transferred to Queens College, where he obtained a master's degree in elementary education. Upon graduating, he taught elementary school music for five years and performed comedy at night. Since then, Alexandro has appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, Dr. Katz, The Rob and Joe Show and two half-hour Comedy Central Presents specials. He has also appeared on Oz, Louie and Inside Amy Schumer.

Time Out NY listed Ted as one of 21 New York Comedy Scene Linchpins, "As a comic, Ted Alexandro is a New York fixture as firm as bedrock."

In a career spanning over twenty years he has opened for Chuck Berry, Smokey Robinson, Louis C.K., Lewis Black, Craig Ferguson, Dennis Miller, Joan Rivers, and Jim Gaffigan.

Ted was one of the founders of The New York Comedians Coalition, which raised the pay for comedians in NYC comedy clubs.

He has been very active with the Occupy Wall Street movement and he is one of the founders of Occupy Astoria Long Island City.

His latest project is the comedy web series Teachers Lounge which he is independently produced and wrote with his partner and co-star Hollis James, and which featured Lewis Black, Jim Gaffigan, Dave Attell, Judah Friedlander, Jim Norton, Judy Gold, Todd Barry, Rachel Feinstein, Michael Che, and musician Ted Leo as teachers hanging out in the teachers lounge of an elementary school. In 2014, Teachers Lounge won two Cynopsis Digital Media Awards: Best New Comedy Web Series and Jim Gaffigan for Best Guest Appearance in a Comedy Web Series.

title: Ted Alexandro