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1954 FIFA World Cup final

The 1954 FIFA World Cup final was the final match of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth World Cup in FIFA history. The game was played at the Wankdorf Stadium in Bern, Switzerland, on 4 July 1954, and saw West Germany beat the heavily favoured Golden Team of Hungary 3–2. Earlier in the group stage, Hungary had defeated West Germany 8–3.

The 1954 final is often listed as one of the greatest matches in World Cup history, and also one of its most unexpected upsets. Beyond football, some historians ascribe the match a lasting impact on both German and Hungarian post-World War II history, contributing in West Germany to a sense of regained international recognition after the lost Second World War and denazification, and in Hungary to discontent with the communist-authoritarian regime in the run-up to the 1956 Hungarian revolution. In Germany, the 1954 final is known as the Miracle of Bern (German: Wunder von Bern, ).

The win earned Germany its first of four World Cup titles, with the other titles to follow in 1974 and 1990 as West Germany, and in 2014 as reunified Germany. West Germany was the third country to win a World Cup, following Uruguay (1930 and 1950) and Italy (1934 and 1938), although, different from Uruguay and Italy, West Germany won its maiden title as a guest rather than host. For Hungary, the second place in 1954 remains the best World Cup result to date, jointly with finishing runners-up in 1938. The 1954 tournament is the only FIFA World Cup thus far in which two teams from Central Europe contested the final, with another Central European team, that of Austria, finishing third in the competition.

Hungary
Hungary's legendary Golden Team – also known as the Mighty Magyars – was the favorite to win the 1954 World Cup. In the five years prior to the final, it had remained unbeaten in 31 games (32 if counting a match against East Germany in 1952 that is not considered an official international). Hungary was also the reigning Olympic Champion and winner of the Central European International Cup in 1953. In 1953, Hungary had defeated England 6–3 at Wembley, becoming the first team outside the United Kingdom and Ireland to beat England on home soil, and had thrashed England 7–1 in Budapest just before the World Cup. Hungary did not have to play qualifiers for the 1954 World Cup, as opponent Poland withdrew for lack of prospects.

The players of the Hungary national team were full-time professionals. Most played for the army club Budapest Honvéd FC, or for MTK Budapest FC, which, in the 1950s, was run by Hungary's secret police. Several members of the Golden Team were well known and highly regarded for their skills, including forwards Sándor Kocsis and Ferenc Puskás, attacking midfielder Nándor Hidegkuti, half-back József Bozsik, outside forward Zoltán Czibor and goalkeeper Gyula Grosics. Coach Gusztáv Sebes, who was also Hungary's Deputy Minister for Sport, and MTK coach Márton Bukovi are credited with developing further the rigid WM formation that was standard in European football in the early 1950s.

Innovations included pulling Hidegkuti – who was nominally listed as centre-forward – back into midfield to create space for the inside forwards, Puskás and Kocsis; employing Bozsik as deep-lying playmaker, with the other half-back, József Zakariás, covering for Bozsik; requesting full-backs to assist in attack and wingers to assist in defence; and introducing flexible positional play that created confusion among opponents used to fixed roles and strict man-marking.

West Germany
The three German entities emerging from the Second World War – West Germany, East Germany and the Saar protectorate – were not admitted to FIFA until late 1950. As a result, Germany missed the 1950 FIFA World Cup. In the early 1950s, Sepp Herberger – resuming the role as national team coach that he had already occupied between 1936 and 1942 – built the West German team around a nucleus of players from the club 1. FC Kaiserslautern, the German champions of 1951 and 1953, led by veteran playmaker Fritz Walter.

The players were semi-professionals (Vertragsspieler), who often worked in a second job or owned a business to support their incomes. Prior to the 1954 tournament, West Germany had played only a few friendly internationals and a short qualifying campaign (against Norway and the Saar). This lack of international exposure left both national and foreign observers unclear about the quality of the German team.

Herberger advocated clear roles in defence but permanent positional switches in attack – dubbed the "Herberger whirl" – to unseat the opponents' defenders.

Hungary

In the first stage, Hungary and West Germany were drawn into the same group (2). Hungary opened the World Cup with a 9–0 win over South Korea. It then played Germany, winning 8–3, and therefore qualified for the quarter-finals. In the game, Puskás suffered an ankle hairline fracture from a foul by German central defender Werner Liebrich that made Puskás miss the quarter- and semi-finals.

In the quarter-finals, Hungary beat co-favorites Brazil – runners-up of the 1950 World Cup – with 4–2, despite Puskás' absence. The hard-fought, grueling match became famous as the Battle of Berne. In the semi-finals, Hungary defeated defending World Cup champions Uruguay 4–2 after extra time. Also this match is regarded a classic for the high quality of both sides' attacking game. Kocsis scored twice in both the quarter- and semi-finals.

From a statistical perspective, on the eve of the 1954 World Cup final, the Hungarian team held the highest Elo score for a national side to that date. Its rating was surpassed only in 2014 by Germany.

West Germany
West Germany first played Turkey, winning 4–1. In the subsequent 3–8 loss to Hungary, Herberger rested several key players and played others out of position (for example, Fritz Walter as central striker instead of playmaker). The main purpose was to preserve energy for the upcoming decider against (once more) Turkey. However, by sparing his strongest eleven, Herberger may have obscured the real strength of the German team to its subsequent opponents, including Hungary. Germany won the decider against Turkey 7–2.

West Germany went as outsider into both its quarter- and semi-final matches. In the quarter-finals, West Germany beat highly regarded Yugoslavia – the Olympic silver medalists of 1952 – with 2–0. The team then went on to defeat Austria in the semi-finals, with an unexpectedly lopsided score of 6–1.

Team preparations
During the tournament, the Hungarian team took residence in a hotel in the town center of Solothurn. This had several repercussions. As Hungary's semi-final against Uruguay was decided only after extra time, the team missed the return bus from Lausanne, and had to organize private cars that arrived only late at night. The evening before the final, a village fair took place in front of the hotel that lasted until the early morning hours and disrupted the players' sleep. Further, Herberger's assistant Albert Sing checked into the hotel, from where he reported about the Hungarian team preparations.

By contrast, the German team resided in the tranquil lake town of Spiez, where it was unaffected from such disturbances. The Spirit of Spiez became proverbial in Germany for describing the team's morale and comradeship.

Lineups and tactics
Puskás returned to the Hungarian squad for the final, despite doubts about his fitness. Further, Sebes replaced the customary right winger László Budai with Mihály Tóth, as he considered Budai too exhausted after the semi-finals. He also placed left winger Czibor on the right in the first half (switching with Tóth), to exploit Czibor's speed against Germany's left fullback Werner Kohlmeyer. Other than this, Sebes fielded his standard formation.

The German team had evolved in the course of the tournament, finding its final formation only in the semi-finals. In particular, central defender Liebrich and right winger Helmut Rahn secured places in the starting lineup only after strong performances in the quarter-finals against Yugoslavia. In the final, Herberger had Hidegkuti marked by a midfielder, Horst Eckel, to prevent Hidegkuti from pulling Liebrich out of the defence when he dropped deep into midfield. He also instructed left winger Hans Schäfer to cover Bozsik when Hungary was attacking, to help Fritz Walter – who normally would have been Bozsik's marker – preserve energy and concentrate on organising the German game.

Conditions
The match was played in heavy rain, conditions that the German side had christened "Fritz Walter weather", as Walter was known for playing his best football in the wet. In addition, the German team was equipped with boots supplied by Adidas that featured hitherto unknown, exchangeable, screw-in studs. The boots could be adapted to any weather, enabling the German players to wear their regular footwear despite the adverse conditions.

Summary
Puskás put his team ahead after only six minutes, when Bozsik intercepted a pass from Liebrich and found Kocsis with a through ball. Kocsis' blocked shot fell to Puskás, and Puskás scored from close range. Czibor added a second goal for Hungary a mere two minutes later, exploiting a misunderstanding in the German defense: Kohlmeyer secured a through ball from Bozsik but wrong-footed goalkeeper Toni Turek with a back pass, who failed to control the ball. Czibor sprinted in between and put the ball into the empty net.

West Germany came back quickly. In the 10th minute, Fritz Walter played Rahn free on the left wing, who crossed low and hard into the center. The ball went through the legs of right fullback Jenő Buzánszky, Zakariás lunged for the ball but could only deflect it, and forward Max Morlock converted from close range. Eight minutes later Morlock dribbled through the Hungarian defense, but center back Gyula Lóránt cleared for a corner. Fritz Walter played the corner short, Buzánszky cleared for another corner. The second corner kick came long and high, finding Rahn, who leveled the score.

Hungary took control after the equalizer and came to several good chances. In the 23rd minute, left fullback Mihály Lantos chipped the ball into the box, Kocsis headed on to Hidegkuti, but Hidegkuti's volley was saved spectacularly by Turek. Four minutes later, Hidegkuti fired another shot from the edge of the penalty box that hit the goal post. Only towards the end of the first half did West Germany come to more chances. In the 42nd minute, Fritz Walter found Schäfer in the penalty box, who dribbled past Lóránt and forced a save at full stretch from Grosics. The loose ball fell to Rahn, but Buzánszky cleared on the goal line.

Hungary came out attacking in the second half and created plentiful chances. Two minutes after the restart, Bozsik played Puskás free in the penalty box, but Puskás fired the ball straight at Turek. In the 54th minute, Kohlmeyer cleared twice on the goal line from Tóth, and three minutes later Kocsis headed a cross by Tóth against the cross bar.

In the 67th minute, Turek saved a shot by Puskás with his foot, and in the 78th minute he left the goal line to block a through ball from Bozsik ahead of the onrushing Czibor. Hidegkuti picked up the loose ball but shot into the side netting. West Germany's first good chance of the second half came in the 72nd minute when Fritz Walter played Rahn free after a corner kick, and Rahn's powerful shot from the edge of the penalty box was saved by Grosics.

With six minutes left, Schäfer dispossessed Bozsik and played a high cross into the penalty box. Rahn picked up Lantos' short clearance, feinted a pass to center forward Ottmar Walter that wrong-footed the Hungarian defenders, moved into the penalty box, and drove the ball hard and low past Grosics for the third German goal. Two minutes later, Puskás appeared to have leveled the score once more when he converted a through ball from Tóth flicked on by Kocsis, but the attempt was ruled offside. In the final minute of the game, Czibor had another chance to equalize, but his shot from close range was again stopped by Turek.

The whistle soon thereafter ended not only the match, but also the Golden Team's unbeaten run.

Details

Match rules
 * style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
 * 90 minutes.
 * 30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
 * Replay if scores still level.
 * No substitutions permitted.
 * }

Statistics
A match analysis by the website spielverlagerung.de, produced 60 years after the game based on data extracted from Herbert Zimmermann's live radio commentary, shows Hungary ahead in most categories, except goals scored. Hungarian superiority was especially pronounced during minutes 20–40 and 45–70, while West Germany had good phases towards the end of the first and second halves.

The analysis also suggests that many Hungarian attacks went through the centre, in most cases orchestrated by Bozsik, who played numerous accurate through balls to Hungary's forwards. By contrast, the German team attacked almost exclusively from the wings, with Fritz Walter playing a key role as ball distributor and flexible offensive player generating numerical superiority in select portions of the pitch.

Further, the data point to an excellent defensive performance by Liebrich, who – according to Zimmermann's commentary – blocked six shots, intercepted nine passes, and won all of his 10 one-on-one duels.

Refereeing decisions
Several calls by the English referee William Ling came under scrutiny after the final. These included:

 * Germany's second goal. Grosics attempted to clear the corner kick by Fritz Walter in the air, but collided in the six-yard box with Schäfer. As a result, the ball went through to Rahn, who converted. Had Ling called a foul on Grosics, the goal would not have counted.
 * Hungary's disallowed third goal. Eyewitness accounts differ on whether Puskás was offside. The official television footage allows no clear verdict, as it fails to show Puskás' position at the moment when the ball was passed. The Hungarian players claimed that Ling first wanted to allow the goal, but changed his mind after talking to Welsh linesman Benjamin Griffiths.

Doping allegations
Immediately after the match, rumors emerged that the German team had taken performance-enhancing substances. Several members of the team fell ill with jaundice, presumably from a contaminated needle, and of them, winger Richard Herrmann, died just eight years later of cirrhosis, at the age of 39. Members of the team later claimed they had been injected glucose, and the team physician Franz Loogen said in 2004 that the players had only been given Vitamin C before the game.

In 2010, Erik Eggers of the Humboldt University of Berlin challenged the validity of these claims, stating: "Vitamin C is not injected. This is very unusual. They could have just eaten an orange instead." As the co-author of a study conducted by the University of Leipzig, he also hypothesized that the German players, unbeknownst to them, may have been injected with Pervitin (methamphetamine) – a stimulant given to soldiers in World War II.

In 2013, the Süddeutsche Zeitung publicized details from the finished, 800-page study, in which Eggers and his team stated that the use of amphetamines became "normal" in German football from the end of the 1940s, and reaffirmed their previous claim that an unspecified number of players of the 1954 team received injections of Pervitin. In an interview with Der Spiegel, Eggers also claimed that the German Football Association hampered their research by not allowing the team to access their archives.

In any case, doping was not illegal in 1954, with doping controls introduced by FIFA only in 1966.

Radio commentaries
As television was available only in a few homes or public places in 1954, the radio reports by György Szepesi and Herbert Zimmermann were the main vehicles for transmitting the World Cup final live to the Hungarian and West German populations. Both commentaries became legendary for their passionate, emotional reporting styles, and are sometimes credited with contributing to the charged atmosphere in both countries after the final.

Szepesi – who later became the chairman of the Hungarian Football Federation – had been a household name in Hungary since his report of the Golden Team's 6–3 victory over England in 1953. He started his commentary of the World Cup final with cautious confidence, reinforced after Hungary's opening goal: "Puskás shoots... GOAL... A WONDERFUL GOAL! ... There is the lead. Öcsi's [i.e., Puskas'] foot is fine, this one could see with this shot. ... And now: calmly, boys, just as we played at the 8–3". Doubts started creeping in after Germany shortened the lead – "the clouds are piling up in front of the mountains... hopefully this is not a bad sign" – and grew stronger at half time – "it will be even more difficult than the matches before, more difficult perhaps than against Brazil and Uruguay".

Szepesi's doubts gave way to desperation with Germany's winning goal – "dear listeners, Rahn's shot is in the goal, in the right corner, six minutes before the end... The boys are standing there, distraught. The crowd screams. Six more minutes. The Hungarian team has played brilliantly – I cannot say anything else. My tears are flowing, but believe me, the boys gave it all." – and Puskás disallowed equalizer – "Puskás, you have the ball!!! SHOT!!! GOAL!!! ... OFFSIDE, offside; Griffiths indicated offside, my listeners, Griffiths has given offside – oh what a pity... what a pity". At the final whistle, Szepesi was fighting for composure: "end of the game. West Germany's team is World Champion. Dear listeners, it is hard for me to say anything, believe me... But let's recognize that the West Germans were very fair and won deservedly. ... We have been unbeaten for four years. Now we have lost. This is not a tragedy, my listeners... this is a defeat in a football match".

By contrast, Zimmermann kept expectations low at the outset, and continued in this vein after Hungary took the lead: "this is a great day, this is a proud day – let's not be so presumptuous to think it would have to end successfully". A measure of pride entered his voice after Germany's first – "today it is no 3–8. Today it is not a B-team. Today Germany's strongest squad is playing" – and second goal – "we have equalized, against Hungary, the technically most gifted squad that one knows!". Self-esteem grew as the match progressed – "six minutes still to play in Bern in the first half. Score: 2–2. This is more than what we dared to hope in our wildest dreams" – including after Buzánszky cleared Rahn's shot on the goal line: "now, dear Hungarians, we have to say: now you have been lucky". When Turek stopped Hidegkuti's volley from close range, Zimmermann famously called him a "god" and "devil" in the same sentence: "shot – saved by Turek! Turek, you are a dare-devil, Turek, you are a football god!".

Proverbial in Germany are Zimmermann's description of the winning goal – "Bozsik, time and again Bozsik, the right half-back of the Hungarians, with the ball. He has lost the ball this time, to Schäfer... Schäfer has crossed, header... cleared. From the deep Rahn ought to shoot – Rahn shoots - GOAL!! GOAL!! GOAL!! GOAL!! ... Goal for Germany! ... Call me crazy, call me mental, I believe also football laymen should have a heart!" – and his jubilation at the end of the match: "Over! Over! Over! ... Over! The game is over!". Zimmermann also complimented the Hungarian team: "Next to them stand the Hungarians... the Hungarians, calm, collected. Kudos to these boys, who can lose so gracefully, who have demonstrated to be true World Champions: when they once get beaten, they carry the defeat with dignity."

Reaction in Hungary
The loss came at a shock to Hungarian public. Spontaneous demonstrations erupted in Budapest and were directed not only against the team, but also the communist-authoritarian regime controlled by general secretary Mátyás Rákosi, which had used the Golden Team's prestige to boost its own reputation. Goalkeeper Grosics characterized the post-match atmosphere in Hungary as follows:

"'The reaction in Hungary was terrible. Hundreds of thousands of people poured into the streets in the hours after the match. On the pretext of football, they demonstrated against the regime ... in those demonstrations, I believe, lay the seeds of the 1956 uprising.'"

Sebes was severely criticized for the team's selection and tactics, and blamed the negative reaction in part on Szepesi's emotional radio report. Sebes achieved that Szepesi was temporarily removed from commenting football matches for the Hungarian State Radio. The authorities revoked player privileges, such as the tacit approval of smuggling Western goods back to Hungary. Grosics – who some Hungarians blamed for the third German goal – was accused of espionage and treason, put temporarily under house arrest, and transferred against his will from Budapest Honvéd FC to the provincial team FC Tatabánya.

Reaction in Germany
The unexpected win evoked a wave of euphoria throughout Germany, which suffered from a lack of international recognition in the aftermath of World War II, and where expressions of national pride were still tainted with the recent past. Some publicists described the 1954 victory as a turning point in post-war German history, notably Arthur Heinrich and Joachim Fest. In Fest's words:

"'It was a kind of liberation for the Germans from all the things that weighed down upon them after the Second World War ... July 4, 1954 is in certain aspects the founding day of the German Republic.'"

This World Cup final was also the first time since the Second World War that the Germany national anthem was played at a global sporting event.

Mighty Magyars and Heroes of Bern after 1954
Hungary's Golden Team remained largely intact until the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, except that coach Sebes was replaced with Bukovi in early 1956. After the revolution, Puskás, Czibor and Kocsis emigrated and, ultimately, continued their careers in Spain, playing for Real Madrid (Puskás) and FC Barcelona (Czibor and Kocsis), respectively. At the 1958 FIFA World Cup, only four players from the Mighty Magyars still featured – Bozsik, Budai, Grosics, Hidegkuti (Grosics would additionally play at the 1962 World Cup as captain of the team) – but were unable to repeat earlier success. In the 1960s and beyond, Hidegkuti, Puskás, and Lóránt became prominent international coaches, managing clubs such as Panathinaikos (Puskás), Fiorentina (Hidegkuti), and Bayern Munich (Lóránt). Lóránt's admission to the German Sport University Cologne was arranged by Herberger. Several other Golden Team members had success as coaches in the domestic Hungarian league.

The West German players became instantaneously famous in Germany as the Heroes of Bern. Several received lucrative offers to play abroad, but none accepted, continuing instead as semi-professionals in German clubs. Herberger overhauled the national team after the tournament. Hence, of the winning 1954 side, only Eckel, Rahn, Schäfer, and a 37-year old Fritz Walter still played at the 1958 World Cup, reaching the semi-finals, and Schäfer would also play in 1962. Few of the 1954 World Champions went into coaching; an exception is Liebrich, who is credited with saving his home club Kaiserslautern from Bundesliga relegation in 1965 – with Lóránt becoming Liebrich's successor in the following season. Some players had difficulties to cope with fame, and struggled at times with economic problems and alcoholism.

In 1990, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the German Football Association invited the surviving members of Hungary's 1954 team to join celebrations for Fritz Walter's 70th birthday. In the years that followed, both teams organized annual get-togethers, which Grosics described as follows:

"'I believe the friendship between the former Hungarian and German players can be called the world's most extraordinary. We met regularly over years and decades, alternately in Hungary and in Germany. I believe that these friendships were formed not only by the sport, but that high regard for the human beings also played a part. Between us such a relationship developed which, as I would like to stress once more, is unthinkable among national team players.'"

In January 2015, the last surviving of the Golden Hungarian team, Jenő Buzánszky, died. The last surviving player from the match, Horst Eckel, died on 3 December 2021.

In film

 * The Miracle of Bern (Das Wunder von Bern), a 2003 German film directed by Sönke Wortmann, had over six million cinema visitors.

title: 1954 FIFA World Cup final


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JP-8

JP-8, or JP8 (for "Jet Propellant 8"), is a jet fuel, specified and used widely by the US military. It is specified by MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defence Standard 91-87, and similar to commercial aviation's Jet A-1, but with the addition of corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives.

A kerosene-based fuel, JP-8 is projected to remain in use at least until 2025. It was first introduced at NATO bases in 1978. Its NATO code is F-34.

Usage
The United States Air Force replaced JP-4 with JP-8 completely by the end of 1995, to use a less flammable, less hazardous fuel for better safety and combat survivability.

JP-8 is formulated with an icing inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor–lubricants, and antistatic agents, and contains less benzene (a carcinogen) and n-hexane (a neurotoxin) than JP-4. However, it also smells stronger than JP-4. JP-8 has an oily feel to the touch, while JP-4 feels more like a solvent.

The United States Navy uses a similar formula, JP-5. JP-5 has an even higher flash point of > 140 °F (60 °C), but also a higher cost. The U.S. Navy Seabees use JP-8 in construction and tactical equipment.

Single-fuel concept
JP-8 was specified in 1990 by the U.S. government as a replacement for government diesel fueled vehicles. This is in the wider context of the 1986 NATO Single-Fuel Concept agreement, in which F-34 (JP-8) is to replace F-54 (diesel fuel) in land vehicles and F-40 (JP-4) in land-based turbine aircraft to simplify logistics. It is also used as coolant in engines and some other aircraft components.

Beyond use in vehicles from trucks to tanks to planes, JP-8 is used in U.S. Army heaters and stoves.

Diesel problems
When used in highly turbocharged diesel engines with the corresponding low compression ratio (e.g. 14:1 or lower), JP-8 causes troubles during cold start and idling due to low compression temperatures and subsequent ignition delay because the cetane index is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G to 40 or higher. Because lubricity to the BOCLE method is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G, modern common-rail diesel engines can experience wear problems in high-pressure fuel pumps and injectors. Another problem in diesel engines can be increased wear to exhaust valve seats in the cylinder heads, because a maximum sulfur content is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G. Sulfur in fuel normally contributes to a build-up of soot layers on these valve seats. According to the notes in this standard, it is intended to include a cetane index value in one of the next releases. MIL-DTL-83133J sets the maximum sulfur content at 0.30%. It however only requires a cetane number of 40 after addition of FT-SPK (synthetic jet fuel).

The use of jet fuel in diesel engines has caused some minor issues, none of which were discovered in the Fort Bliss test with JP-8. During Desert Shield and Desert Storm, commercial Jet A1 was used as the single-fuel and failed engines with Stanadyne fuel-injection pumps missing an elastomer insert retrofit. Other than that, JP-8 slightly reduces torque and fuel economy due to its lower density and viscosity compared to diesel fuel. Engine modification can offset this issue.

Health concerns
Workers have complained of smelling and tasting JP-8 for hours after exposure. As JP-8 is less volatile than standard diesel fuel, it remains on the contaminated surfaces for longer time, increasing the risk of exposure. JP-8 exposure has also been linked to hearing problems, but rather than being unable to hear sounds, the brain has a hard time deciphering the message. Dr. O'neil Guthrie, a research scientist and clinical audiologist with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Loma Linda Healthcare System in California, has compared the central auditory processing disorder to dyslexia for the ears.

In 2001, Texas Tech University's Institute of Environmental and Human Health and the United States Air Force conducted an 18-month study of the health effects of JP-8 on 339 active duty personnel at six US Air Force installations. The study found that Air Force workers who were exposed to JP-8 were no more likely to seek medical attention than workers who were not exposed to JP-8 on the job. Personnel in the high- and moderate-exposure categories self-reported greater amounts of symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing, general weakness, trouble concentrating, forgetfulness, and trouble gripping things.

Variants
JP-8+100 (F-37) is a variant of JP-8 augmented with the additive Spec-Aid 8Q462, also known as Aeroshell Performance Additive 101, created by BetzDearborn (now GE Betz). The additive increases the thermal stability of JP-8 by 100 °F (increase of 56 °C), hence the designation "+100". Spec-Aid 8Q462 was introduced in 1994 to reduce choking and fouling in engine fuel systems and is a combination of a surfactant, metal deactivator, and an antioxidant. It is added to JP-8 at a ratio of 256 ppm to create JP-8+100, at an added cost of $5 per 1000 gallons of fuel. Commercially, this additive is used in police helicopters in Tampa, Florida. JP-8+100 is also used for Canadian Forces CP-140 Aurora, CC-130 Hercules, CF-18 Hornet and the CC-115 Buffalo.

F-35 is a variant without icing inhibitor. The only requried additive is a static dissipater.

JP-8+100LT is a variant of JP-8+100, with additives to facilitate low-temperature performance. It is considered as a logistically friendly low-cost replacement of the JPTS fuel for the Lockheed U-2 airplane.

F-24 is commercial Jet A fuel (ASTM D1655) with the additive package required for JP-8 (SDA, CI/LI, FSII) added by the military. The intention is to lower costs by using commercially-available fuel. The resulting fuel has identical properties to JP-8, save for a higher freezing-point specification. The U.S. military has switched to F-24 in domestic (excluding Alaska) sites in 2012. In 2018, it was found that the F-24 mixture could deteriorate during transport causing much reduced thermal stability, but addition of the +100 (8Q462) additive was enough to salvage degraded fuel.

F-27 is F-24 with the +100 additive package.

JP-8+225 is a planned variant of JP-8 that increases thermal stability by 225 F-change. Such a fuel would match the thermal stability of JP-7 and become a lower-cost replacement should it exist.

title: JP-8


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JP-4

JP-4, or JP4 (for "Jet Propellant") was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the United States Department of Defense (MIL-DTL-5624 ). Its NATO code is F-40. It is also known as avtag.

Usage
JP-4 was a 50-50 kerosene-gasoline blend. It had a lower flash point than JP-1, but was preferred because of its greater availability. It was the primary U.S. Air Force jet fuel between 1951 and 1995.

MC-77 is the Swedish military equivalent of JP-4.

Mixture
JP-4 was a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It was a flammable transparent liquid with clear or straw color, and a kerosene-like smell. It evaporated easily and floated on water. Although it had a low flash point (0 F), a lit match dropped into JP-4 would not ignite the mixture. JP-4 froze at -76 F, and its maximum burning temperature was 6670 F.

JP-4 was a non-conductive liquid, prone to build up static electricity when being moved through pipes and tanks. As it is volatile and has a low flash point, the static discharge could cause a fire. Beginning in the mid-1980s an antistatic agent was added to the fuel to lower the charge buildup and decrease the corresponding risk of fires. Flow rates must be controlled, and all the equipment used must be electrically interconnected and well grounded.

Commercial aviation uses a similar mixture under the name Jet-B, though without the additional corrosion inhibitors and icing inhibitors included in JP-4.

Phase-out
The desire for a less flammable, less hazardous fuel led the U.S. Air Force to phase out JP-4 in favor of JP-8; the transition for USAF operations in Great Britain was made in 1979, and the change was completed throughout the USAF by the end of 1995.

title: JP-4


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John Wenham

John William Wenham (1913 – 13 February 1996) was a conservative Anglican biblical scholar, who devoted his professional life to academic and pastoral work. Two of his four sons, Gordon Wenham and David Wenham, are also noted theologians.

Wenham is known for his defense of biblical inerrancy and his belief in conditional immortality, a doctrine also known as annihilationism. He served as a Royal Air Force chaplain during World War II and held various academic positions throughout his career. His book Facing Hell is largely autobiographical, discussing his theological views. Wenham's academic work includes the well-regarded Elements of New Testament Greek and Redating Matthew, Mark and Luke, which examines the dating of the synoptic gospels. He is also known for his work Easter Enigma, which offers Bible exegesis arguing for the harmony of the gospel accounts. In Christ and the Bible, Wenham examines the traditional view of Christ's authoritative view on scripture and the reliability of the Bible text.

Career
Wenham was born in Sanderstead, Surrey and was educated at Uppingham School, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Ridley Hall. After his ordination in 1938, he was curate at St Paul's Church, Hadley Wood and taught at St John's College, Highbury. He served as a Royal Air Force chaplain during World War II, followed by his term as vicar of St Nicholas' Church, Durham from 1948 to 1953, and seventeen years as vice-principal of Tyndale Hall, Bristol.

Theological views
Wenham had the distinction of being a conservative theologian, a defender of biblical inerrancy and 'essential infallibility', and one who held to the position of "conditional immortality" – or the belief that the human soul is not by default eternal in nature; this belief goes hand in hand with the notion that sinners, once cast into hell, are at some point burned up and essentially no longer exist (a doctrine also frequently referred to as annihilationism). In his book Facing Hell, An Autobiography 1913–1996, Wenham writes, "I believe that endless torment is a hideous and unscriptural doctrine which has been a terrible burden on the mind of the church for many centuries and a terrible blot on her presentation of the Gospel. I should indeed be happy, if before I die, I could help in sweeping it away." Facing Hell was published shortly after his death and is largely autobiographical, though also containing a paper Wenham published in regard to the doctrines of conditional immortality and the limited temporal nature of hell.

Academic work
Among New Testament Greek scholars, Wenham's work The Elements of New Testament Greek is well regarded, and was the successor to Nunn's introductory Koine Greek textbook.

In 1992 John Wenham published Redating Matthew, Mark and Luke which discusses the dating of these gospels and the relationship of the gospels to one another (prior to Wenham's work, John A.T. Robinson, a liberal theologian, had written a widely known book titled Redating the New Testament which advocated an early date of the gospels). Wenham accepted the church father evidence of authorship, and inferred a very early date for each of the synoptic gospels. Wenham's work is well regarded by those who supported the Augustinian hypothesis which is the traditional view of gospel authorship. Scholars consider the two strongest defenders of the Augustinian Hypothesis in the twentieth century to be John Wenham and B.C. Butler. Wenham's work which gained him recognition among Bible scholars and lay persons was his work Easter Enigma which offered Bible exegesis that argued for the harmony of the gospel accounts. As a result of these two works Wenham is frequently cited in regard to these issues in the discipline of Christian apologetics.

In his work Redating Matthew, Mark and Luke Wenham wrote regarding the book of Matthew the following: "The [Church] fathers are almost unanimous in asserting that Matthew the tax-collector was the author, writing first, for Hebrews in the Hebrew language: Papias (c. 60–130), Irenaeus (c. 130–200), Pantaenus (died c. 190), Origen (c. 185–254), Eusebius (c. 260–340), Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315–403), Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315-86) and others write in this vein. The Medieval Hebrew gospel of Matthew in Even Bohan could be a corrupted version of the original. Though unrivaled, the tradition has been discounted on various grounds, particularly on the alleged unreliability of Papias, from whom some would derive the whole tradition." (John Wenham, Redating Matthew, Mark & Luke (1991), p. 116). Wenham also argued for the Gospel of Mark being the second gospel written which he claims is consistent both with internal evidence and with the testimony of the church fathers.

In his work Christ and the Bible Wenham sets out his case for Christ's authoritative view on scripture. In discussing the reliability of the Bible text in Chapter 7, Wenham describes the debate between critical and majority (Byzantine) text factions, himself leaning towards the Byzantine. Wenham in, 'The New Testament Text' (Evangel, 1994), wrote that if the 'pro-Byzantine editors [...] are right, this would mean that the great preoccupation with textual matters in modern New Testament study has largely been an unnecessary use of time and energy, as far as the recovery of the original text is concerned, and its results seriously misleading.'

Publications
Rev. John Wenham's works include:

 * The Elements of New Testament Greek (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).
 * Key to the Elements of New Testament greek (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).
 * Christ and the Bible (London: The Tyndale Press, 1972).
 * The Goodness of God (London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1974)
 * Easter Enigma, originally, Easter Enigma: Are the Resurrection Accounts in Conflict? (Exeter, Devon, UK: Paternoster Press, 1984; repr., Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, n.d.).
 * Redating Matthew, Mark and Luke: A Fresh Assault on the Synoptic Problem  IVP: 1992
 * Facing Hell, An Autobiography 1913–1996 Paternoster Press: 1998

title: John Wenham


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Derrick Sharp

Derrick Lanorris Sharp (דריק שארפ; born October 5, 1971) is an American-Israeli former professional basketball player. At a height of 1.85 m tall, he played at the point guard and shooting guard positions.

He played with the Maccabi Tel Aviv basketball club for 15 years, spending part of the time as the team's captain, and also later served as the team's assistant coach under David Blatt. With Maccabi, he won a record 29 club titles. In July 2011, Sharp retired from playing professional basketball. After he retired from playing, he remained with Maccabi Tel Aviv, working as an assistant coach with the club, until August 2013.

High school
Sharp, who was born in Orlando, Florida, attended Evans High School, in Orlando. At Evans High, he played high school basketball.

College career
After high school, Sharp played college basketball at Brevard Community College, from 1989 to 1991. He then played college basketball at the University of South Florida, where he played with the South Florida Bulls, from 1991 to 1993.

Professional playing career
Sharp joined Maccabi Hadera, which was playing in the Israeli 2nd Division at the time, for the 1993–94 season. From 1994 to 1996, he played with Hapoel Migdal-HaEmek, which competed in the Israeli 2nd Division in the 1994–95 season, and in the Israeli 3rd Division, in the 1995–96 season. Sharp then made the big jump in his career, when he moved to the most well-known team in Israel – Maccabi Tel Aviv.

With Maccabi Tel Aviv, Sharp won 13 Israeli national league championships, 11 Israeli State Cups, 2 Israeli League Cups, and 3 European-wide titles (the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague, the 2004 EuroLeague, and the 2005 EuroLeague). As a member of Maccabi Tel Aviv, Sharp quickly became a crowd favorite, due to his tough defense, three-point shooting, and clutch plays. The most memorable example of the latter came on April 8, 2004, in a EuroLeague game against the Lithuanian club Zalgiris Kaunas. With 2 seconds remaining in the game, and Maccabi Tel Aviv trailing by 3 points and facing elimination from the EuroLeague Top 16 phase, Sharp caught a long pass from Gur Shelef, turned to the basket, and fired up a game-tying three-pointer, forcing overtime. Maccabi Tel Aviv won that game, and advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four, which was held in Tel Aviv that year. The team eventually became the EuroLeague champions.

In July 2011, Sharp retired from playing professional basketball, at the age of 39. In total, Sharp played professional basketball in Israel for 18 years, spending 15 of them with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Sharp finished his playing career ranked seventh all-time on Maccabi Tel Aviv's career scoring list in European-wide games. In the EuroLeague, he scored a total of 1,755 points, in 290 games played, for a career scoring average of 6.1 points per game, when including both the FIBA and EuroLeague Basketball eras of the competition. At the time of his retirement, he was ranked seventh in the EuroLeague's modern era (since 2000), in career free throw accuracy, at 88.9%.

National team playing career
Sharp became a naturalized Israeli citizen. He then played with the senior Israeli national team, from 2000 to 2003. With Israel, he played at the 2001 EuroBasket and at the 2003 EuroBasket.

Coaching career
After he retired from playing professional basketball, Sharp continued to work with Maccabi Tel Aviv as an assistant coach, after he had taken a coaching course at Wingate Institute, in 2010. On August 2, 2013, Sharp resigned from his role as an assistant coach of Maccabi Tel-Aviv.

EuroLeague

 * style="text-align:left;"| 2001–02
 * style="text-align:left;" rowspan="10"| Maccabi
 * 20 || 6 || 20.4 || .443 || .382 || .952 || 1.1 || .7 || .9 || — || 6.8 || 4.2
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2002–03
 * 20 || 0 || 23.2 || .527 || .515 || .909 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 1.4 || — || 7.5 || 7.4
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2003–04
 * 21 || 0 || 17.0 || .468 || .459 || .917 || .9 || .9 || .9 || — || 5.8 || 3.8
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2004–05
 * 24 || 1 || 19.6 || .495 || .431 || .821 || 1.6 || 1.0 || .8 || .1 || 7.0 || 5.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06
 * 25 || 10 || 23.5 || .427 || .396 || .878 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 1.3 || — || 7.9 || 6.1
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
 * 23 || 4 || 25.2 || .465 || .481 || .883 || 2.3 || 1.3 || 1.2 || .0 || 10.4 || 10.2
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
 * style="background:#CFECEC;"|25* || 0 || 12.9 || .429 || .358 || 1.000 || .7 || .7 || .5 || — || 4.5 || 3.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
 * 14 || 2 || 9.4 || .300 || .313 || .500 || .5 || .1 || .3 || .1 || 1.3 || 0.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10
 * 10 || 0 || 1.5 || .333 || .333 || 1.000 || .3 || .1 || .2 || — || 0.8 || 0.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2010–11
 * 13 || 0 || 1.6 || .429 || .333 || .667 || .2 || — || — || — || 0.7 || 0.3
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|Career
 * 195 || 23 || 17.2 || .457 || .428 || .889 || 1.2 || .9 || .8 || .0 || 6.0 || 4.7
 * 14 || 2 || 9.4 || .300 || .313 || .500 || .5 || .1 || .3 || .1 || 1.3 || 0.3
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10
 * 10 || 0 || 1.5 || .333 || .333 || 1.000 || .3 || .1 || .2 || — || 0.8 || 0.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2010–11
 * 13 || 0 || 1.6 || .429 || .333 || .667 || .2 || — || — || — || 0.7 || 0.3
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|Career
 * 195 || 23 || 17.2 || .457 || .428 || .889 || 1.2 || .9 || .8 || .0 || 6.0 || 4.7
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan=2|Career
 * 195 || 23 || 17.2 || .457 || .428 || .889 || 1.2 || .9 || .8 || .0 || 6.0 || 4.7

Personal life
In the mid-1990s, Sharp married an Israeli woman, and thus received Israeli citizenship, by virtue of that marriage. The couple have one son, who also played basketball in Israel. In 1999, he divorced his first wife, and married Canadian basketball player Justine Ellison. They have four children together, three sons and a daughter.

Sharp lived with his family in Herzliya, Israel, until August 2013, when they moved to Orlando, Florida. His son from his first marriage later returned to Israel to pursue a basketball playing career. Sharp later moved to Tampa, Florida, where he worked as the head coach of the Blake High School boys' basketball team. Sharp is currently the Varsity Boys' Head Basketball Coach at Bishop McLaughlin Catholic High School in Pasco County, Florida.

Honors and awards

 * 🇮🇱 Maccabi Tel Aviv:
 * 13× Israeli League Champion: (1997–2007, 2009, 2011)
 * 11× Israeli State Cup Winner: (1998–2006, 2010, 2011)
 * FIBA SuproLeague Champion: (2001)
 * 3× Triple Crown Winner: (2001, 2004, 2005)
 * 2× EuroLeague Champion: (2004, 2005)
 * 2× Israeli League Cup Winner: (2007, 2010)

title: Derrick Sharp


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File:Lucky bucky cover.jpg

Cover of Lucky Bucky in Oz

Non-free/fair use media rationale
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (Lucky Bucky in Oz) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

title: File:Lucky bucky cover.jpg


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List of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episodes

Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends is an American animated television series created by Craig McCracken for Cartoon Network. The series centers on Mac, an eight-year-old boy who is pressured by his mother to abandon his imaginary friend Bloo, who moves into an orphanage for imaginary friends and is kept from adoption so that Mac can visit him daily. The episodes center on the day-to-day adventures and predicaments in which Mac, Bloo and other characters get involved.

The series premiered on August 13, 2004, with the 90-minute pilot episode "House of Bloo's", and ended on May 3, 2009, with the episode "Goodbye to Bloo". The series ran for 6 seasons consisting of 13 episodes apiece. Animated shorts aired from 2006–2007.

Episodes
Note: All episodes were directed by series creator Craig McCracken, with the only co-direction of Rob Renzetti in "Destination: Imagination".


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User talk:Jojobinks

Hello, ! I'm ulayiti, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions, and I hope you'll like the place enough to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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When commenting on talk pages or voting, you should always sign your name by typing in four tildes (~~~~). This way people will know who made the comment and can respond to you. If you have any questions at all, feel free to ask me on my talk page. You can also have a look at the help pages or put up a question at the village pump. Welcome to Wikipedia, and happy editing! - ulayiti (talk)  20:17, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jojobinks


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I Never Met the Dead Man

"I Never Met the Dead Man" is the second episode of the first season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 11, 1999, stating in a promo that it is the official series premiere of the show. The episode follows Peter Griffin as he teaches his daughter Meg how to drive. Due to his terrible advice, Meg fails her driving test, and as Peter drives her home, he crashes the car into a satellite dish, disrupting the city's cable. Peter begins to suffer from television withdrawal but finds new life in outdoor activities, driving his family to exhaustion. Meanwhile, Stewie plots to destroy the world's supply of broccoli with a weather control device so Lois cannot force him to eat the vegetable.

"I Never Met the Dead Man" was written by Chris Sheridan and directed by Michael Dante DiMartino, both firsts in the Family Guy series. Much of the episode's humor, in standard Family Guy usage, is structured around cutaway sequences that parody pop culture, including those focused on Looney Tunes, Star Trek, Wizard of Oz, ALF, Gilligan's Island, Bewitched, and Beverly Hills, 90210. The title "I Never Met the Dead Man" was derived from 1930s and 1940s radio programs, particularly the radio thriller anthology Suspense, which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder. The episode featured guest performances by Erik Estrada, Butch Hartman, Aaron Lustig and Joey Slotnick, along with several recurring voice actors for the series.

Critical responses to the episode were favorable; several television critics singled it out as among the "most memorable" episodes in the series.

Plot
In a cold open, Stewie plays with his Sesame Street telephone. As the phone says to count to three, Stewie uses his laser gun to destroy the phone three times. Annoyed that Peter spends more time watching television than with his own family, Lois suggests he teach Meg how to drive. Peter reluctantly agrees, and unwittingly gives Meg a list of lousy driving tips, including instructing her to "rev" her engine twice at traffic lights and challenge other drivers to a race, which causes her to eventually fail her driving test. As Peter drives her home from the DMV, he notices that a show he wanted to watch is on television in a nearby house. Distracted by the show, he crashes the car into the main cable television transmitter, breaking out reception for the entire town of Quahog. As Peter and Meg realize this, angry citizens of Quahog approach. In response, Peter promises Meg that if she takes the blame for breaking the cable transmitter, she would get a new convertible when she finally gets her license. Once they arrive home with the transmitter still attached to the car, Lois becomes furious with Peter for placing the blame on his daughter. Meg, of course, is blamed and is about to admit the truth, but then decides to keep quiet, reflecting with an inner voice, a reference to The Wonder Years, at school. Meanwhile, Stewie, (seeing the opportunity of the dish attached to the car), steals the satellite dish in a plan to create a weather control device capable of destroying the world's supply of broccoli, since Lois had forced him to eat the vegetable earlier that day.

Suffering withdrawal syndrome from the lack of cable, Peter straps a television-sized cardboard cutout to himself, making it appear as though his entire world is a television program. When Meg cannot deal with the public scorn, she reveals that her father is truly responsible for Quahog's loss of television, causing the town to turn against him. To save Peter from further scorn and verbal attacks, Lois gives a heartfelt speech to the community about how television has kept them all from enjoying one another. Inspired by the speech, Peter drags the family to one outdoor activity after another, which quickly exhausts them. Once the family cannot keep up with him, Peter decides to go off with William Shatner, who has appeared on the Griffin family's doorstep after experiencing a flat tire, to a nearby festival. Meanwhile, Stewie's weather machine creates a huge storm. The storm's lightning strike destroys Stewie's weather machine and blows Stewie off the roof and onto the ground. While Meg is practicing driving with Lois, the storm causes her to accidentally hit Shatner and Peter, killing Shatner and hospitalizing Peter. As her father recovers, in a full-body cast, he is forced to watch television, causing him to become addicted once again, much to his family's relief.

During the credits, Stewie tries (and fails) to fake having eaten his broccoli while pouring it onto Brian's plate.

Production
"I Never Met the Dead Man" was the first episode of Family Guy for both writer Chris Sheridan and director Michael Dante DiMartino. For the first months of production, the writers shared one office lent to them by the King of the Hill production crew. As with the remaining first four episodes of the season, the title of the episode was derived from 1930s and 1940s radio programs, particularly the radio thriller anthology "Suspense", which featured several elements pertaining to death and murder. This convention was later dropped following the fourth episode of the season. In addition to the regular cast, actor Erik Estrada, writer and animator Butch Hartman, actor Aaron Lustig, actor Joey Slotnick and voice actor Frank Welker guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actress Lori Alan also made minor appearances. The episode originally aired on April 11, 1999, nearly three months after the series premiere.

Cultural references

When Meg asks her mother to help teach her how to drive, Lois suggests Peter take her driving instead. With Peter refusing in order to continue watching an episode of Star Trek, actor William Shatner, as portrayed by series creator Seth MacFarlane, then appears on the screen.

Going on to suggest her father is not the best driver, Brian recalls a previous driving incident Peter had with Wile E. Coyote, in which he accidentally ran over the Road Runner in the middle of the desert. When Peter becomes concerned about the "ostrich" he just hit, Wile E. tells him to keep going.

In school, when Meg is about to confess that her father was actually the one who crashed the car, she reflects with an inner voice, a reference to the 1990s hit TV show The Wonder Years.

Continuing to suffer a withdrawal from not being able to watch television, Peter has a Wizard of Oz-inspired nightmare featuring Alf from the 1986 NBC sitcom ALF, Gilligan from the 1964 CBS series Gilligan's Island, The Robot from Lost in Space, and Jeannie from I Dream of Jeannie, who promptly transforms into Samantha from the 1964 ABC series Bewitched.

After creating a cardboard cutout in the shape of a television, Peter walks around town with the contraption strapped to his waist, perceiving the actions around him as television. Two women talking over lunch suggests that he is watching the television station Lifetime, two elderly people out walking reminds him of CBS, a group of Black people playing basketball suggests UPN, and James Woods High School reminds him of Beverly Hills, 90210.

After TV service is restored and most of the Griffin family is watching Star Trek, James T. Kirk tells his crew that there is a dangerous mission in that someone will surely be killed. He explains the landing party will consist of himself, Mr. Spock, Dr. McCoy, and Ensign Ricky (a redshirt), who, upon being called, cynically says "Oh crap!", due to the television trope of oft-related instances of redshirt ensigns being killed on the show. At the end of the episode, after Meg accidentally hits and kills Shatner with the Griffin family car, the group of people looking over includes the actor who played Ensign Ricky stating "Wow, I did not see that one coming." The Star Trek scene in the episode is an almost shot for shot recreation of a scene that appeared in MacFarlane's thesis film The Life of Larry.

Reception
Reviews for the episode were generally favorable. A 2008 review of the episode by Ahsan Haque of IGN was positive, calling the storyline involving Stewie "elaborate creative." He gave the episode a perfect score of ten, calling it one of the most "memorable" episodes in the entire series. Haque went on to note that "the tightly woven and hilarious storyline, combined with a constant barrage of cleverly inserted random jokes, and some truly unique imagery help make this episode one of the finest in the series. This is Family Guy at its best, and definitely sets a very high bar for animated comedy." Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode a 70 out of 100, making it the highest-rated episode of Family Guy on the site. Pierson described the episode as "A really fun twenty two minutes of television. There are so many jokes to enjoy and they are more focussed than the pilot," in particular praising the Fast Animals, Slow Children sequence.

In 2008, Haque later listed Stewie's plan to freeze broccoli crops as number one on his list of "Stewie's Top 10 Most Diabolical Evil Plans" and placed Peter's idea to pretend the world is a television program by attaching a cardboard cutout of a television set around his waist in sixth place on his list of "Peter Griffin's Top 10 Craziest Ideas".

title: I Never Met the Dead Man


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User talk:Karas peter@yahoo.com

Hello, ! I'm ulayiti, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions, and I hope you'll like the place enough to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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When commenting on talk pages or voting, you should always sign your name by typing in four tildes (~~~~). This way people will know who made the comment and can respond to you. If you have any questions at all, feel free to ask me on my talk page. You can also have a look at the help pages or put up a question at the village pump. Welcome to Wikipedia, and happy editing! - ulayiti (talk)  20:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Clare Boothe Luce
Welcome to Wikipedia! Do you have a source on Luce's birthdate? Sseveral other web sites confirm the April date rather than your choice of March. Hope to work with you again. WBardwin 17:32, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

That is what I also thought until I read in a biography that she had changed the month for some-God-only-knows-why reason, from March to April -- without changing the year, which is what actresses tend to do!!

I'll try to get to the New York Public Library for the Peforming Arts at Lincoln Center where I have gotten a lot (most, maybe) of my info. to see if I can identify the biography by name.

Cheers!!

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karas peter@yahoo.com


text:
User talk:Messymatt

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:4decs.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:4decs.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you.--nihon 04:22, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Trifasc.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Trifasc.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 03:48, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Spiders
hi,

I see that you worked on the Argiope pages. Just wanted to inform you that since about a week, we have a WikiProject Spiders going. Feel free to contribute or idle by :) Btw, I changed the category on Web decorations back to Category:Spider anatomy. I know this is not optimal, as this is not really anatomy, except if one considers the web part of the spider's extended body. But it's much better than having no category at all, this way the page is essentially invisible when looked for at the category level. Thanks for the references, that's a much neglected area :)

Another thing: It's best to upload pictures to Wikimedia Commons. This way, other language wikis can use your pictures, too. And if possible license the pics not only under the GFDL, but also under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5. thx :) --Sarefo 12:16, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Messymatt


text:
File:Magical mimics cover.gif

summary
Cover of The Magical Mimics in Oz

title: File:Magical mimics cover.gif


text:
User talk:BridgetDS

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:19, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
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Ancient Greek Wikisource
I understand from your userboxes you're interested in Ancient Greek. I've submitted a proposal to add an Ancient Greek Wikisource on Meta, and I'd be very grateful if you could assist me by either voting in Support of the proposal, or even adding your name as one of the contributors in the template. (NB: I'm posting this to a lot of people, so please reply to my talkpage or to Meta) --Nema Fakei 20:04, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Ancient Greek Wikisource
Hello BridgetDS. I am sending you this notice because you were one of the users who participated in the discussion on Meta for the creation of, and are willing to work on the Ancient Greek Wikisource: meta:Request_for_new_languages/grc. I am glad to announce you that the wiki has been approved!

The testing has already commenced on the Wikimedia Incubator. The Main Page of the testing is located here: incubator:Ws/grc. Currently the discussion about it takes place in the Greek Wikisource's Γραμματεία. You are more than welcome to participate!

This message will be or has already been sent to the other participators who expressed their will to work on the Ancient Greek Wikisource. You are encouraged to tell about the wiki to others who might be interested.

Greetings, --Dead3y3 Talk page 01:58, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:BridgetDS


text:
Crassocephalum

Crassocephalum is a genus the common names of whose members include ragleaf, thickhead, and bologi. Several species are raised as leaf vegetables and used for medicine, especially in West Africa. Similar to Senecio, but differing in never having ray florets. A calyculus of short bracts (c.1/4 to 1/5 of the length of the inner phyllaries) is present. The genus is typically thistle-like in appearance, but all parts are soft and not spiny.

Species
Species include:
 * Crassocephalum afromontanum R.E. Fr., Acta Horti Berg. 9: 144, 1928
 * Crassocephalum aurantiacum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 331, 1891
 * Crassocephalum auriformis S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 171, 1904
 * Crassocephalum baoulense (Hutch. & Dalziel) Milne-Redh., Kew Bull. 5: 377, 1951
 * Crassocephalum bauchiense (Hutch.) Milne-Redh., Kew Bull. 5: 376, 1951
 * Crassocephalum behmianum (Muschl.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211, 1912
 * Crassocephalum bojeri (DC.) Robyns, Fl. Spermat. Parc Natl. Albert 2: 544, 1947
 * Crassocephalum bougheyanum C.D. Adams, J. W. African Sci. Assoc. 3: 111, 1957
 * Crassocephalum bumbense S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 47: 279, 1925
 * Crassocephalum butaguensis (Muschl.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211, 1912
 * Crassocephalum cernuum (L. f.) Moench, Suppl. Pl. 370, 1781
 * Crassocephalum coeruleum (O. Hoffm.) R.E. Fr., Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo Exp. 342, 1916
 * Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50(595): 211–212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum diversifolium Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 1(3): 594, 1898
 * Crassocephalum ducis-aprutii (Chiov.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum effusum (Mattf.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 41(4): 907, 1986
 * Crassocephalum flavum Decne., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 2: 265, 1834
 * Crassocephalum gossweileri S. Moore, J. Bot. 56: 226, 1918
 * Crassocephalum gracile (Hook. f.) Milne-Redh. ex Guinea, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 1: 307, 1951
 * Crassocephalum guineense C.D. Adams, J. W. African Sci. Assoc. 8: 129, 1964
 * Crassocephalum heteromorphum (Hutch. & Burtt.) C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 41(4): 908, 1986
 * Crassocephalum lemuricum (Humbert) Humbert, Fl. Madagasc. 189(3): 832, 1963
 * Crassocephalum libericum S. Moore, J. Bot. 54: 282, 1916
 * Crassocephalum longirameum S. Moore, J. Bot. 58: 46, 1920
 * Crassocephalum luteum (Humbert) Humbert, Fl. Madagasc. 189(3): 836, 1963
 * Crassocephalum macropappus (Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 1912(1): 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum manampanihense (Humbert) Humbert, Fl. Madagasc. 189(3): 835, 1963
 * Crassocephalum mannii (Hook. f.) Milne-Redh., Kew Bull. 5: 377, 1951
 * Crassocephalum miniatum (Welw.) Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 595, 1898
 * Crassocephalum montuosum (S. Moore) Milne-Redh., Kew Bull. 5: 376, 1951
 * Crassocephalum multicorymbosum (Klatt) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211, 1912
 * Crassocephalum notonioides S. Moore, J. Bot. 40: 341, 1902
 * Crassocephalum paludum C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 41(4): 906, 1986
 * Crassocephalum picridifolium (DC.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum radiatum S. Moore, J. Bot. 56: 227, 1918
 * Crassocephalum rubens (B. Juss. ex Jacq.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum ruwenzoriensis S. Moore, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 352, 1902
 * Crassocephalum sarcobasis (DC.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211, 1912
 * Crassocephalum scandens (O. Hoffm.) Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 595, 1898
 * Crassocephalum sonchifolium (Baker) Humbert, Fl. Madagasc. 189(3): 834, 1963
 * Crassocephalum sonchifolium (L.) Less., Linnaea 6(2): 252, 1831
 * Crassocephalum splendens C. Jeffrey, Kew Bull. 41: 905, 1986
 * Crassocephalum subscandens (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211, 1912
 * Crassocephalum togoense C.D. Adams, J. W. African Sci. Assoc. 1: 27, 1954
 * Crassocephalum uvens (Hiern) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912
 * Crassocephalum valerianifolium (Link ex Spreng.) Less., Linnaea 5(1): 163, 1830
 * Crassocephalum vitellinum (Benth.) S. Moore, J. Bot. 50: 212, 1912

title: Crassocephalum


text:
File:Shaggy man cover.jpg

Cover of The Shaggy Man of Oz

Non-free/fair use media rationale in The Shaggy Man of Oz
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book (The Shaggy Man of Oz) for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book and its author in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of the book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original. In particular, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the book.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Shaggy man cover.jpg


text:
File:Amblimation Logo.jpg

Summary
Amblimation logo, featuring Fievel from An American Tail (1986)

title: File:Amblimation Logo.jpg


text:
File:Hidden valley cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Hidden Valley of Oz

Fair Use rationale
Although this image is subject to copyright, it is covered by US fair use laws because:
 * 1) The image is only being used in the article about the book The Hidden Valley of Oz for informational and educational purposes.
 * 2) Use of the book cover visually identifies the book in a manner that mere prose cannot, and meets all criteria in WP:NFCC.
 * 3) This image enhances the article in which it's displayed, as it provides an immediate relevance to the reader more capably than the textual description alone.
 * 4) The image is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted image of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The image is the primary means of visual identification of the article topic.
 * 6) The image is a low resolution image of a book cover, in an inferior graphics format (JPEG).
 * 7) The image is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 8) The use of this image will not affect the value of the original work.
 * 9) The use of this image will not limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute or make a profit from the original.

title: File:Hidden valley cover.jpg


text:
Crassocephalum rubens

Crassocephalum rubens, also called Yoruba bologi, is an erect annual herb growing up to 80 cm tall. It is grown and consumed especially in Southwestern Nigeria, but also as far away as Yemen, South Africa, and islands of the Indian Ocean. Its mucilaginous leaves are used as a dry or fresh vegetable in a variety of dishes, and as medicine for several different ailments.

title: Crassocephalum rubens


text:
Panzer Greift An

Panzer greift an (known as Tank Attacks in English) is an unfinished book on armoured tactics and warfare by Erwin Rommel. It was to be the follow-up and companion work to his earlier and highly successful Infanterie greift an, which was published in 1937.

Manuscript
Panzer greift an exists only in the form of scattered manuscripts and notes, but due to the fame of its author, it has achieved legendary status as a work of military literature. It is believed Rommel started writing the text while commandant of the War Academy at Wiener Neustadt (Theresian Military Academy) in 1938, though he may have started earlier during his time as an instructor at the Potsdam War Academy (1935–37). His career as a military theorist and instructor, however, was preempted by his duties as a commander and soldier during World War II.

Following the end of the North African Campaign in 1943, he again started work on it, drawing upon his, by then, extensive experience and notes. But once more the war, along with ill health, interfered as he was put in charge of the entire Atlantic wall in 1944. After his staff car was strafed by an RCAF Spitfire fighter on 17 July that year, he again started on the work while recuperating from his injuries. However, he soon became implicated in the 20 July Plot against Adolf Hitler and was compelled to commit suicide on 14 October 1944.

Fearful of the loss of Rommel's personal papers, then mostly stored in Wiener Neustadt, his wife and son collected and hid them from both the SS and advancing allied troops. According to Manfred Rommel, "My father's death made my mother all the more anxious to save his papers, not only for personal reasons but so that, when history came to be written, the truth might be told." In the chaos at the end of the war, some papers were lost or went missing, but most of them eventually ended up in the hands of the US Army.

Publication
Most of what was to be in the book can now be found in the 1953 book The Rommel Papers, which was developed from notes and diary entries by Rommel during the North African Campaign. The book was edited by the British journalist and historian B. H. Liddell Hart, with assistance of a former Wehrmacht general Fritz Bayerlein, who served on Rommel's staff in North Africa, and Rommel's widow and son. The volume contained an introduction and commentary by Liddell Hart.

Popular culture
In the film Patton, a book with this title is on the nightstand when he is awakened by his aides who inform him that Rommel is about to attack his army. When the tank battle is over, Patton exclaims "Rommel, you magnificent bastard, I read your book!" This, of course, never could have occurred, as Rommel never completed his tank book; although Patton may very well have read Rommel's earlier book on infantry.

title: Panzer Greift An


text:
Everglade Township, Stevens County, Minnesota

Everglade Township is a township in Stevens County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 128 at the 2000 census.

Everglade Township was named after the Everglades in Florida.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.5 km2), of which 36.0 square miles (93.4 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.14%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 128 people, 47 households, and 35 families residing in the township. The population density was 3.6 PD/sqmi. There were 49 housing units at an average density of 1.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 99.22% White, and 0.78% from two or more races.

There were 47 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the township the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $56,042, and the median income for a family was $57,292. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,022. There were no families and 1.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 8.7% of those over 64.


text:
File:Merry go round cover.jpg

summary
Cover of Merry Go Round in Oz taken from http://theozenthusiast.blogspot.com/2008_09_01_archive.html

title: File:Merry go round cover.jpg


text:
Category:Empidonax

Empidonax is a genus of flycatchers in the family Tyrannidae.

title: Category:Empidonax


text:
Henry of Eppenstein

Henry of Eppenstein (usually numbered Henry III; c. 1050 – 4 December 1122) was Duke of Carinthia and Margrave of Verona from 1090 to 1122. He was the last duke from the House of Eppenstein.

He was the son of Count Markwart of Eppenstein (d. 1076) and his wife Liutbirg of Plain, and he was the younger brother of Liutold of Eppenstein, who was enfeoffed with the Carinthian duchy after the deposition of the Zähringen duke Berthold by King Henry IV of Germany in 1077. Both brothers had been loyal allies of the king during the fierce Investiture Controversy and the Walk to Canossa. When the princes elected Rudolf of Rheinfelden anti-king, the Eppensteins ensured King Henry's safe passage back to Germany.

In or shortly after 1077, Henry IV granted the marches of Carniola and Istria to Henry of Eppenstein. When Duke Liutold died childless in 1090, Henry IV vested him with Carinthia and the Veronese march, but transferred Carniola to the Patriarchate of Aquileia and Istria to Poppo of Weimar-Orlamümde. Duke Henry served as Vogt (bailiff) of the patriarchate under his brother Patriarch Ulrich I. With Ulrich he backed King Henry V of Germany when he enforced the abdication of his father Emperor Henry IV in 1105. In the course of the ongoing Investiture Controversy he entered into an armed conflict with Prince-Archbishop Conrad I of Salzburg in 1121.

With Henry's death in 1122, the Eppenstein line became extinct. The Carinthian duchy was taken over by his godson Henry from the rising House of Sponheim.

title: Henry of Eppenstein


text:
Chris Leary

Chris Leary is a national television and radio show personality, who was the host of the Fox All Access syndicated radio show from 1994 to 2012.

Professional wrestling
Leary worked for World Wrestling Federation appearing on WWF Sunday Night Heat, WWF Jakked and Metal as a commentator, interviewer and host.

Radio and television career
He has appeared in different shows like We TV's makeover show Ugliest House on the Block. He hosted reality game show Master of Champions on the ABC network. Chris also co-hosts a weekly relationship talk show, The Single Life, seen on Mav TV (2009–2010).

He has worked as a Technology anchor for Tech TV and has made appearances on CNN and ABC network's The View. Chris was also host and producer for a video countdown show for the Fox Family Channel. Before TV, he was a local radio show host in cities including Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, where he graduated from Temple University. Chris also studied at the Groundlings school in Los Angeles for two years.

Personal life
Chris is from the suburbs of Philadelphia, where he started his career as a hydraulic cylinder repair man for his father's business before segueing into the entertainment field.

In his down time, Chris, a pilot, likes flying general aviation single engine airplanes around the Los Angeles area, where he resides.

title: Chris Leary


text: User talk:69.113.238.95

title: User talk:69.113.238.95


text:
Harland Williams

Harland Williams (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian and American actor. After several years of performing stand-up comedy in Toronto and Los Angeles, he made his film debut in Dumb and Dumber (1994) before playing starring roles in the short-lived sitcom Simon and the Disney comedy RocketMan (1997). He co-starred in Half Baked and played a psychopathic hitch-hiker in There's Something About Mary in 1998. He later appeared in films such as The Whole Nine Yards (2000), Freddy Got Fingered (2001) and Sorority Boys (2002), and provided voices in works such as Gary & Mike, Robots (2005), Meet the Robinsons (2007), and Sausage Party (2016). He is also an author of children's books, and creator of the children's animated series Puppy Dog Pals (2017–2023).

Early life
Harland Williams was born on November 14, 1962, in Toronto, Ontario, to Lorraine Mary (née O'Donnell), a social worker and writer, and John Reesor Williams, a lawyer who served as a member of the Ontario legislature. He grew up in Toronto's Willowdale neighborhood with four sisters. He is the brother of special effects artist Steve "Spaz" Williams, and a cousin to Barenaked Ladies keyboardist Kevin Hearn.

Williams enrolled in Sheridan College in 1983, where he studied animation and media arts, while periodically working as a forest ranger at Fort Frances.

Williams gained American citizenship circa 2009.

Career
Williams began in stand-up comedy in 1984, when still at Sheridan College. He performed in Toronto for seven years before relocating to Los Angeles in 1992. He credits a 1993 appearance on Late Night with David Letterman for a break through, and Jim Carrey for bringing him to the attention of the Farrelly brothers, who cast Williams in his debut role as a police officer in Dumb and Dumber (1994).

Other film roles include Freddy Got Fingered, There's Something About Mary, Half Baked, RocketMan, Sorority Boys, Down Periscope, Superstar and Employee of The Month. He has performed his stand-up comedy routines on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, HBO, Comedy Central and at comedy clubs throughout the country.

His improvisational skills led to him winning the award for 'Best Improviser' on an episode of NBC's prime time series Thank God You're Here in 2007.

Williams's ventures include voicing 'Monster' on Nickelodeon's animated series Robot and Monster and starring as Warwick the Warlock in Disney's direct-to-DVD movie Spooky Buddies.

He is the author and illustrator of several children's books, including a series about a dinosaur named Lickety Split, as well as books for adults.

He has a free, bi-weekly podcast called The Harland Highway. He has appeared on Tom Green's House Tonight and on the Adam Carolla Podcast numerous times. He is known for his performance of bird sounds on Carolla's show.

In August 2012 he began filming in Vancouver a 13-part Citytv comedy series called Package Deal, in which he stars.

Williams created the Disney Junior series Puppy Dog Pals that debuted in 2017.

title: Harland Williams


text:
Crassocephalum crepidioides

Crassocephalum crepidioides, also called ebolo, thickhead, redflower ragleaf, or fireweed, is an erect annual slightly succulent herb growing up to 180 cm tall. Its use is widespread in many tropical and subtropical regions, but is especially prominent in tropical Africa. Its fleshy, mucilaginous leaves and stems are eaten as a vegetable, and many parts of the plant have medical uses. However, the safety of internal use needs further research due to the presence of plant toxins.

Ecology
The species is invasive in New Caledonia.

Toxicity
Crassocephalum crepidioides contains the hepatotoxic and tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, jacobine. However, in another study, it is shown that the antitumor activity and macrophage nitric oxide produce action.

title: Crassocephalum crepidioides


text:
Harry Greenbank

Harry Greenbank (11 September 1865 – 26 February 1899) was an English writer and dramatist best known for contributing lyrics to the successful series of musicals produced at Daly's Theatre by George Edwardes in the 1890s.

Life and career
Harry Greenbank was born Henry Harveston Greenbank in London, England and had an extraordinarily productive, but short, life.

Greenbank first placed one of his works, Captain Billy, at the Savoy Theatre, set to music by the company's musical director François Cellier. The piece was staged as a curtain-raiser to The Nautch Girl beginning in 1891. He continued to write such small-scale pieces over the following couple of years, both for the Savoy (Mr. Jericho in 1893 and Old Sarah in 1897) and for the Lyric Theatre, where Horace Sedger asked him to supply the English lyrics to F. C. Burnand's adaptation of the French operetta Le coeur et la main (Incognita).

After that, George Edwardes put Greenbank together as lyricist with music director Sidney Jones and dramatist Owen Hall to create the hit musical comedy A Gaiety Girl in 1893. After the worldwide success of that piece, the three stayed together and subsequently formed the backbone of the team which produced the famous series of very successful series of Daly's Theatre musicals, including An Artist's Model (1895), The Geisha (1896), A Greek Slave (1898), and San Toy (1899).

At the same time, Greenbank also provided lyrics for two of the most successful of the lighter shows produced by Edwardes at the Gaiety Theatre The Circus Girl (1896) and A Runaway Girl (1898). He also ventured twice as librettist-lyricist, once with an original musical, Monte Carlo, and once with an adaptation of Lecocq's La Petite Mademoiselle as The Scarlet Feather. He also contributed additional lyrics for The Bric à Brac Will (1895) and, posthumously, a song for the London production of A Chinese Honeymoon (1901), "Roses Red and White".

Greenbank was often in ill health, and during the production of A Greek Slave, he moved with his wife and son to England's southern coast in an attempt to regain some strength. He died there while writing lyrics for San Toy, and the piece was completed by Adrian Ross, who, with Greenbank, was largely responsible for establishing the post of lyricist (as opposed to librettist, or co-writer) in the modern musical theatre.

He died in Boscombe, Bournemouth, Hampshire at the age of 33.

title: Harry Greenbank


text:
Talk:New Zealand Herald Extraordinary

About the independence of the Herald
In cleaning up this article, I came across the following sentences:

''Consideration was given in 1975 to establishing an independent heraldic authority in New Zealand. In particular there were proposals for a New Zealand King of Arms, to be under the Earl Marshal and Garter Principal King of Arms, and within the College of Arms (Phillip O'Shea, Cabinet Office Adviser on Honours). It was decided however to continue to use the College of Arms (PP O'Shea, "The Office of the New Zealand Herald of Arms" (1982) 20 New Zealand Armorist 7).''

I have no idea what they mean. They appear to contradict each other. Doops | talk 20:26, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have left them in for now because I can't see how to reconcile them — yet I'd hate to delete them altogether. Doops | talk 20:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * AFAICT, this says that there was proposal of separating the New Zealand Herald from the office of the College of Arms, but they decided to keep the system they had at this point. The problem arise where the date of creation of the office of New Zealand Herald Extraordinary is never given in the article, making it sounds like the office was created at that moment. Circeus 23:05, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Research digs up, which says the office was created in 1978. NOW I'm confused. Circeus 23:09, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * No, that doesn't confuse me — certainly the first (and so far only) NZHE was appointed in 1978. I suspect that what the author was trying to say was that in 1975 there was talk about making specific heraldic provision for New Zealand (instead of just having New Zealanders apply through the college as overseas applicants in the usual way); and one proposal was to have an independent New Zealand Herald (or even a NZ King-of-Arms), while another was the current situation (a NZ Herald affiliated with and delegated to by the College of Arms). Doops | talk 01:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:New Zealand Herald.jpg
Image:New Zealand Herald.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:57, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:New Zealand Herald.jpg
Image:New Zealand Herald.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:34, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * There is, to the contrary, a rationale spelled out at Image:New Zealand Herald.jpg. If it's a bad rationale, we obviously need a human being to explain to us why it's bad; but the claim made here is patently false. I have written on the bot's talk page requesting an explanation. Doops | talk 03:01, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Name
Spelling corrected from Philip to Phillip, as on his website Hugo999 (talk) 19:54, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merger
A proposed merger of the article New Zealand heraldry into this article is being discussed at Talk:New Zealand Herald of Arms Extraordinary. Arms Jones (talk) 15:30, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Jurisdiction
Isn't New Zealand the jurisdiction of this herald? It says it's England, Wales and Northern Ireland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Clara Wappen (talk • contribs) 22:39, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:24, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * NZ Proclamation of Accession 2022.jpg

title: Talk:New Zealand Herald Extraordinary