text:
Talk:West Side Nut Club Fall Festival

Size of Festival
This is in no way the second largest street festival in America. Chicago, New York and Miami all have multiple festivals of larger size and attendance. A quote by Paul Harvey should not be cited as fact. It's a fact he said it, it is not a fact itself.

Just because Chicago, Miami, and and New York are much bigger cities does not mean that they have bigger street festivals. Mardi Gras and the Nut Club Festival are both regarded as the two largest festivals in America by many people Not from this area, even by many residents OF the above mentioned cities.

 * How do you calculate "size of festival"? It's a completely vague measurement. Are we talking number of vendors? Area covered? Number of attendees? I don't think this festival is in the top 5 of any of these categories, but since it can't be accurately judged, it should be removed. It counts as "Trivia", and trivia is not encouranged on Wikikpedia.

Furthermore there are many much smaller towns in Indiana that annually host larger street festivals than any of the three larger cities do. The Owensville Watermelon Festival in nearby Owensville, Indiana usually hosts around 20,000 people in four days, nearly ten times the town's population of just over 2,000 people. Nearly every community in the area annually hosts a festival of at least 8 times the resident population. Many communities in Illinois and Kentucky do as well. It's one of the traits that Midwestern and Southern small towns and cities share. While New Orleans is only about 2½ times the size of Evansville, both cities share much the same small town additude as does the largest city in Florida, which is Jacksonville by the way, NOT Miami!

 * This a very interesting, but completlely pointless sidebar to the issue. Yes, small towns due often have large festivals, but that has nothing to do with the fact that this particular festival is not second in the nation in size.

Rhatsa26X (talk) 02:49, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not the 2nd largest, or even 10th largest. You're just right. 131.106.206.46 (talk) 17:59, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Non-Profits
Changed the part about non-profit organizations. Sam the Ham man is for profit.--Twintone 15:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fallfestival.jpg
Image:Fallfestival.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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title: Talk:West Side Nut Club Fall Festival


text:
Workington railway station

Workington railway station is a railway station serving the coastal town of Workington in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The first Workington station on the Cumbrian Coast Line was built in the area known as Priestgate Marsh for the Whitehaven Junction Railway. Although the WJR was opened from Maryport to Workington in 1845 the WJR was advertising for tenders for building the station at Workington in October 1846. The WJR station had a single arrival and departure platform (the line was single until 1860) and no platform canopy "the platform is open to the prevailing winds, and " (we) " believe Workington is the only first-class station in Great Britain so unprovided with shelter" complained the Workington town trustees in 1858. In 1854 mis-set points led to a Maryport-Whitehaven goods train being routed into the end bay used by the Workington - Cockermouth trains: the goods train demolished the buffers and "dashed through" the booking office, the porter's office, and the gentleman's waiting room, carrying away the street wall of the station building, and finally coming to rest at the far wall of the ladies' waiting room. The booking office clerk having seen the train approaching, ensured there were no deaths but "the station" reported the Cumberland Pacquet "is of course a perfect wreck" and had to be re-built. (Immediately after the accident, the gas supply to the station was turned off at the meter, but it was noted that three gas lights continued to burn - the town trustees (who owned the town gasworks) declined to restore the supply until the WJR gave a satisfactory explanation or adequate compensation).

The London & North Western Railway took over the Whitehaven Junction and Workington & Cockermouth lines in 1866, and replaced the WJR station. The LNWR station was extended further north than the WJR one, with its principal entrance now facing Station Road; a footpath through the goods yard was suppressed, and South Quay (linking the harbour with the town) was carried over the railway on a bridge, replacing a dangerous level crossing.

At the height of railway development, two other stations served Workington: Workington Bridge on the Cockermouth and Workington Railway, and Workington Central on the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway. - both are now closed. The station on the coast line retained first claim on Workington, but after the opening of Workington Central could be distinguished from it by local papers as 'the Workington low railway station': it could be formally known as Workington LNWR (to distinguish it from Workington Central, Workington Bridge was also an LNWR station) or (post-grouping, when all three stations were LMS) as Workington Main; with the closure of the other stations it has reverted (both formally and informally) to being simply 'Workington' railway station. Trains from the Cockermouth and Keswick direction ended with the closure of that branch to all traffic in April 1966, the line having fallen victim to the Beeching Axe.

Layout
The station was built with yellow Crewe bricks and had four tracks running through the station. Two of the tracks which are not served by platforms were once used to stable Travelling Post Office carriages. There was also a twelve road engine shed, wagon repair shops, a coaling stage, a goods shed and a stable block, all built with local sandstone. In LMS days, a new turntable was installed behind the engine shed. In British Railways days the engine shed was rebuilt with a new roof and ferro-concrete coaling stage and an ash disposal plant was built near to the new turntable. The road approach to the station entrance was remodelled in BR days when the highways near to the station were upgraded. Immediately adjacent to the southbound platform are two carriage sidings, used for stabling & servicing empty DMU sets overnight and at weekends. There is also a train crew depot here.

Facilities
The station is staffed throughout the week (closed in the evenings). There are waiting rooms and covered waiting areas on each platform, which are linked via footbridge. Step-free access is available to both platforms via ramps and a foot level crossing, though this is only open when station staff are present. Outside these times, the only available access routes have steps. A P.A system and digital information screens provide train running information.

Workington North station
As a consequence of the November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods, Network Rail built a temporary additional station 1 mi from the existing station on waste ground off the A596 adjacent to a business park. An additional hourly shuttle train (composed of a locomotive and at least three former inter-city mainline coaches) operated by Cumbrian-based Direct Rail Services on behalf of Northern Rail, running from Workington northbound to Maryport was created in the aftermath of the floods. This service started on 30 November 2009 and ran until 28 May 2010. It was initially funded by the Department for Transport at a cost of £216,000. All services between Workington and Maryport were free of charge for this period.

Services
There is generally an hourly service northbound to Carlisle and southbound to Whitehaven with most trains going onward to Barrow-in-Furness (no late evening service operates south of Whitehaven). A few through trains operate to/from Lancaster via the Furness Line.

Train operator Northern introduced a regular through Sunday service to Barrow via the coast at the May 2018 timetable change - the first such service south of Whitehaven for more than 40 years. Services run approximately hourly from mid-morning until early evening, with later trains terminating at Whitehaven. This represents a major upgrade on the former infrequent service of four per day each way to/from Whitehaven only that previously operated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Workington railway station


text:
Mitre box

A mitre box or miter box (American English) is a wood working appliance used to guide a hand saw for making precise cuts, usually 45° mitre cuts. Traditional mitre boxes are simple in construction and made of wood, while adjustable mitre boxes are made of metal and can be adjusted for cutting any angle from 45° to 90°.

In many workshops and jobsites mitre boxes have been superseded by the powered mitre saw, however advocates for mitre boxes argue that they are more accurate, safer, quieter, cheaper, and take up less space than a powered mitre saw.

Basic mitre box
The most common and simplest form of a mitre box is a U-shaped block made from wood, plastic or aluminium, which is open at the top and the ends. The box is made wide enough to accommodate the width of the workpieces to be cut. Slots are cut in the walls of the box at the precise angle at which the cut is to be made. These slots provide the guide for the saw to follow. Most commonly, the slots in the mitre box are cut at 45° and 90° angles.

While wooden mitre boxes are mass produced, being simple in construction they are often made by woodworkers themselves from three pieces of wood screwed or glued together. The slots are then cut using the same saw that will be used with the box.

Wooden mitre boxes have a limited lifespan, as over time the saw wears away the sides and bottoms of the slots, reducing the accuracy of cuts. Some mitre boxes are fitted with guides across the top of the box to reduce wear on the slots and to provide rigidity to the box.

Mitre boxes can also be purpose-made by the woodworker for cutting angles other than 45° or for cutting compound (sloped) angles, or they can be designed for securing a particular size of workpiece.

Adjustable mitre box
An adjustable mitre box is designed for cutting any angle from 45° to 90° degrees. Made of metal, they consist of a base, a fence, and a mechanism for supporting a backsaw at the set angle. The workpiece is held against the fence while the saw is used. Historically a mitre saw is a type of backsaw with a wide blade designed for use with an adjustable mitre box, however the term is now more commonly used to refer to a powered mitre saw, which is a successor of the adjustable mitre box.

Use
As well as pieces of wood for use in joinery, the mitre box also sees common use in workshops and on jobsites for cutting various types of moulding. For precise work, a workpiece cut in a mitre box might then be further refined using a hand plane and shooting board.

Basic mitre box
The workpiece is placed in the box and the point at which the board is to be cut is lined up with the appropriate slot in the sides of the mitre box. The workpiece is then held or clamped in place. Backsaws are the most common hand saw used with mitre boxes, but other types of hand saw are also used. The saw is placed between the slots before sawing.

Adjustable mitre box
The workpiece is aligned with the saw and held or clamped against the fence. Depending on the mitre box design, the cut is then made with either a dedicated mitre saw, or another suitable saw that can fit between the guides.

title: Mitre box


text:
Wolli Creek

Wolli Creek is an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.

Course and features
Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe. The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley. The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 km2.

Nature conservation value
Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 ha nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground. Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8.9 ha Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads & Maritime Services.

When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching in close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape.

Bird observation
The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek. Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999.

Fish
Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder. The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek.

Coastal saltmarsh
The lower reaches – the tidal part – of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh. The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others. Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

title: Wolli Creek


text:
User talk:Thamis

Nice photos!
Thamis, thank you for the wonderful images on the Schleswig–Holstein page. Arbor 16:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcome. More coming!
You're welcome. More photos are coming to various subjects. I have heaps of good photos and thought I could put them to use.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Solipsist 16:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Eiderstedt, Schleswig-Holstein
Jan, I'm not sure if you're aware of this but one of your photographs is a current candidate for the status of "Featured Picture" on the English Wikipedia. You can join the discussion here. A concern that has been raised is that the photograph is small; featured pictures are usually of a large size. Would it be possible to upload a larger version of the image? Thanks.— enceph alon  10:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Image:Eiderstedt-marshland.jpg
The featured picture nomination for this image has been rejected, but it was a very close vote. Once you get your slides back and can upload a larger version, you could nominate the picture again and I think it would probably pass. Raven4x4x 23:57, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, I was wondering if you were ever able to get a larger version of the image. I'd like to re-nominate it, if possible. -Branddobbe 06:37, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Hello. Were you ever able to get a larger version of your marshland photo? I'm still interested in renominating it. -Branddobbe 03:27, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I completely forgot about it. I'll check again. Thamis 10:34, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

fan sites
Well, I checked a couple other games (Civ 4 itself) and didn't see any listed. I guess it would depend on how 'major' the sites are. Most times they are just fluff/spam, so I think they are questionable additions. This is a good excuse to look for a WP policy on these I think. =) Dp76764 (talk) 21:07, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * For your reading pleasure (and mine) FANSITE Dp76764 (talk) 21:12, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * WP:VG/EL is the primary one to be referred to when discussing VG articles. Thanks! Fin©™ 21:15, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I didn't know about this policy. Fair enough then! Thamis (talk) 08:42, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Minor flag
Thank you for your contributions. Please remember to mark your edits, such as your recent edits to Innana, as "minor" only if they truly are minor edits. In accordance with Help:Minor edit, a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. Minor edits consist of things such as typographical corrections, formatting changes, or rearrangement of text without modification of content. Additionally, the reversion of clear-cut vandalism and test edits may be labeled "minor". Thank you. Yworo (talk) 23:48, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thamis


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Frank Close

Francis Edwin Close, (born 24 July 1945) is a particle physicist who is Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.

Education
Close was a pupil at King's School, Peterborough (then a grammar school), where he was taught Latin by John Dexter, brother of author Colin Dexter. He took a BSc in physics at St Andrews University graduating in 1967, before researching for a DPhil in theoretical physics at Magdalen College, Oxford, under the supervision of Richard Dalitz, which he was awarded in 1970. He is an atheist.

Career
In addition to his scientific research, he is known for his lectures and writings making science intelligible to a wider audience and promoting physics outreach.

From Oxford he went to Stanford University in California for two years as a Postdoctoral Fellow on the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In 1973 he went to the Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire and then to CERN in Switzerland from 1973 to 1975. He joined the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire in 1975 as a research physicist and was latterly head of Theoretical Physics Division from 1991. He headed the communication and public education activities at CERN from 1997 to 2000. From 2001, he was professor of theoretical physics at Oxford. He was a visiting professor at the University of Birmingham from 1996 to 2002.

Close lists his recreations as writing, singing, travel, squash and Real tennis, and he is a member of Harwell Squash Club.

Honours and awards

 * He became a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) in 1991.
 * The Institute of Physics awarded him its 1996 Kelvin Medal and Prize, which is given "for outstanding contributions to the public understanding of physics".
 * From 1993 to 1999, he was vice-president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
 * He was appointed an OBE in 2000.
 * Since 2003, he has been Chairman of the British team (BPhO) in the International Physics Olympiad, based at the University of Leicester.
 * 2013 Awarded the Royal Society Michael Faraday Prize
 * He became a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2021.

Christmas lectures
His Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in 1993, entitled The Cosmic Onion, gave their name to one of his books. He was a member on the council of the Royal Institution from 1997 to 1999. From 2000 to 2003 he gave public lectures as professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London.

Publications
In his book, Lucifer's Legacy: The Meaning of Asymmetry, Close wrote: "Fundamental physical science involves observing how the universe functions and trying to find regularities that can be encoded into laws. To test if these are right, we do experiments. We hope that the experiments won't always work out, because it is when our ideas fail that we extend our experience. The art of research is to ask the right questions and discover where your understanding breaks down."

His 2010 book Neutrino discusses the tiny, difficult-to-detect particle emitted from radioactive transitions and generated by stars. Also discussed are the contributions of John Bahcall, Ray Davis, Bruno Pontecorvo, and others who made a scientific understanding of this fundamental building block of the universe.

In The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe (2013), Close focuses on the discovery of the mass mechanism, the so-called Higgs-mechanism.

In his 2019 book, Trinity: The Treachery and Pursuit of the Most Dangerous Spy in History, Close recounts the life and the espionage of Klaus Fuchs who passed atomic secrets to the Soviets during the race for development of the nuclear bomb. He concludes that "it was primarily Fuchs who enabled the Soviets to catch up with Americans".

Other books include: Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction ISBN 9780192804341, Antimatter ISBN 9780199550166 and Nothing ISBN 9780199225866.

Works

 * rev. ed.
 * rev. ed.
 * (Published in the US as Apocalypse When?)
 * rev. ed.
 * (Published in the US as Apocalypse When?)
 * (Published in the US as Apocalypse When?)

title: Frank Close


text: Template:User mw-3

title: Template:User mw-3


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Flimby railway station

Flimby railway station serves the coastal village of Flimby in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
Flimby railway station was opened by the Whitehaven Junction Railway in 1846 along with the rest of the stations on the line from Maryport to Whitehaven Bransty.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed and has no buildings other than a footbridge and waiting shelters. Tickets can be purchased from the ticket machine. The two platforms are of differing construction - the southbound is stone whereas the northbound one is wooden. Step-free access is only available for southbound passengers, as the footbridge does not have ramps. Train running information is provided by telephone and timetable posters, with digital information screens due to be commissioned here in the winter of 2019.

Services
There is generally an hourly service northbound to Carlisle and southbound to Whitehaven with most trains going onward to Barrow-in-Furness (no late evening service operates south of Whitehaven). All of these trains only stop at Flimby on request.

Train operator Northern introduced a regular through service to Barrow via the coast at the May 2018 timetable change - the first such service south of Whitehaven since 1976. Services run approximately hourly from late morning until early evening, with later trains terminating at Whitehaven. This represents a major upgrade on the former infrequent service of four per day each way to/from Whitehaven only that previously operated. In the aftermath of the November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods Flimby saw its passenger numbers soar because of the closure of road transport between the north and south of the town of Workington. Additional peak-time services were added for 26–27 November, followed by a new hourly shuttle service northbound to Maryport and southbound to Workington. This shuttle train was timetabled to always stop at Flimby, briefly reversing its status as a request-only stop. This operated between 30 November 2009 and 28 May 2010. Workington North railway station, a temporary station, opened south of Flimby on 30 November 2009, reducing the pressure on trains at Flimby. In addition, all services between Workington, Workington North, Flimby and Maryport were free of charge for this period.

In January 2014, services through the station had to be suspended for several days following flood damage to a 200yd (180m) section of track south of the station caused by strong winds and tidal surges (the railway runs very close to the seashore at this point). The line was closed for a week whilst repairs were carried out.

Accidents
On 1 February 1858, near Flimby colliery which is around a mile north of Flimby railway station, a coal train from Maryport was struck by a scheduled mixed goods and passenger train. It was said that the sharp curve on the line prevented the drivers from seeing each other. The crew of the two trains jumped out and only the fireman of the passenger train was hurt. It was found that the two drivers were not to blame and it was miscommunication between the signalman near the colliery and the Maryport telegraph clerk that caused the clerk to tell the driver of the coal train to proceed. Whilst the clerk was away a third message came through, to which the son of the signalman at the colliery replied "GD" meaning "good", and so the signalman allowed the passenger train to proceed, thus causing the accident.

title: Flimby railway station


text: Template:User mw-4

title: Template:User mw-4


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Maryport railway station

Maryport railway station is a railway station serving the coastal town of Maryport in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains. It is unstaffed and passengers must buy their ticket on the train or at an automatic ticket machine outside the platform. Step-free access to the platform is available; train running information is provided by digital information screens and timetable posters.

A new "eco-friendly" waiting shelter was erected at the station in the autumn 2011 (at a cost of £120,000) to replace the more basic facilities previously offered.

The station is somewhat unusual in that it consists of a single bi-directional platform rather than the usual two side platforms used elsewhere on the double-track sections of the Cumbrian Coast line. Southbound trains have to cross over to the northbound line to reach the platform before returning to the correct line south of the station. This can cause delays if two trains are scheduled to call in quick succession or if one or more trains are running late. Network Rail plans to address this issue as part of a future resignalling scheme.

History
Two railway companies originally served the town - the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&C), which opened the line to Carlisle in stages between 1840 and 1845, and the Whitehaven Junction Railway which ran southwards to Workington and Whitehaven and opened in 1847. The latter company was taken over by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1866, but the M&C remained independent right up until absorption into the LMS in January 1923.

The station is the second to be built in the town, it dates from 1860 and replaced the original 1840 one built by the M&CR for its opening. The old M&CR headquarters formed part of the substantial station building formerly located here (see photo), but this was demolished in the 1970s.

Service
There is generally an hourly service northbound to Carlisle and southbound to Whitehaven with most trains going onward to Barrow-in-Furness (no late evening service operates south of Whitehaven). A few through trains operate to/from Lancaster via the Furness Line (four each way in the winter 2022 timetable).

Train operator Northern introduced a regular through Sunday service to Barrow via the coast at the May 2018 timetable change - the first such service south of Whitehaven for more than 40 years. Services run approximately hourly from mid-morning until early evening, with later trains terminating at Whitehaven. This represents a major upgrade on the former infrequent service of four per day each way to/from Whitehaven only that previously operated.

In the aftermath of the 2009 Cumbria floods, an additional hourly shuttle service operated southbound stopping at stations to Workington. All services between Workington, Workington North, Flimby and Maryport were free of charge until this service was terminated on 28 May 2010.

By rail
Trains on the Cumbrian Coast Line run between Carlisle and Whitehaven, but some services go beyond Whitehaven to Barrow-in-Furness, and occasionally Lancaster.

By bus
Several bus routes stop in Maryport and can provide connections for travellers using the railway station. The bus stops on the A596 are only a short walk from the station. The number 60 begins in Maryport and heads north-west up the B5300 to Silloth, calling at Allonby, Mawbray, Beckfoot, and Blitterlees, and provides residents of these smaller settlements with a connection to the station. There are also buses heading north toward Carlisle via Crosby and Aspatria, south toward Workington via Dunmail Park shopping centre, and east toward Cockermouth.

title: Maryport railway station


text:
Talk:Frank Close

WikiProject class rating
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The Cosmic Onion
Should the section with the sub-title "Publications" mention that Close has written a book called "The Cosmic Onion"?Vorbee (talk) 08:24, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Close


text:
Talk:Hampstead Heath Ponds

Capitalisation
Should be Hampstead Ponds. Andy Mabbett 22:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ullo Andy! LTNS! I remember you. "In derelict sidings, the poppies entwine/With cattle trucks, lying in wait, for the next time" From Roger Waters.

 * Yep. it's up for deletion at the moment (please feel free to cast a vote!) but when that's over, if it's kept, we can move it or whatever. Or you could just Be bold and do it yourself.  --Tony Sidaway Talk  23:51, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Nice gmaptrack link ... not sure whether the article can be renamed whilst in vfd? Tim! (talk) 16:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I sometimes do it, but you're not really supposed to. If I do I make sure I edit the link to the VfD notice in the article, and then I add "moved to Somewhere else or whatever" to the heading of the VfD so people know it's been moved. --Tony Sidaway Talk 18:29, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 21:39, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't this be renamed to Highgate Ponds
Since that's what they're called? 193.34.231.226 (talk) 14:20, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I can't see the merger proposal indicated at the head of the article, which is a pity, because I agree that this article ought to be subsumed into the Hampstead Heath article. At the moment, this article is slightly confused (unlike the main article), because there are two sets of ponds: one (near Highgate) called Highgate Ponds, with the two single sex bathing ponds and one (near Hampstead) called Hampstead Ponds, with the mixed sex bathing pond. There are also a large number of other ponds, not used for bathing, which the article does not make clear. It's easy to see which ponds are which by looking at the A-Z. Google maps is inaccurate in this respect, because it omits Hampstead Ponds entirely and only shows three of Highgate Ponds.

If this article is to be maintained, it should be substantially rewritten, but I see no merit in this when the correct information is available at Hampstead_Heath.

86.147.234.244 (talk) 12:08, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * As I have some expert and local knowledge I've done a quick re-edit. Do you think it's now clearer? The emphasis of this article should be their use for swimming.--Lidos (talk) 08:59, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Lidos, I think your edit has improved the clarity but I still found it rather confusing - having been directed from two distinct links on another page (both pointing at this article!), implying that the Hampstead Ponds and Highgate Ponds are two separate things. This article seems to be saying that the three swimming ponds can together be called the Hampstead *or* the Highgate Ponds. The article linked in the comment above yours Hampstead_Heath does seem to explain it more clearly, and if this article is to be kept then I think it would be good to import some of the material from there to explain more clearly that the Hampstead and Highgate Ponds are two distinct groups of ponds, formed by damming two separate streams; and that just three of the ponds are designated for swimming. Thanks 108.171.128.180 (talk) 10:07, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

Rename to Hampstead Heath Ponds
As has been previously explained, Hampstead Ponds isn't an accurate or satisfactory name for this article. I propose using the compromise article title "Hampstead Heath Ponds", then within the article the main 8 Highate Ponds and the three main Hampstead Ponds can be described. I see no issue with Whitestone pond being included too, despite it arguably not being on the Heath. This structure would closely match the existing "Hampstead Heath#Areas_of_the_heath", which would aid consistency.Bloodholds (talk) 16:49, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Links
The London Pools Campaign website seems to be not maintained anymore. Instead, links to these groups could be added:

Kenwood Ladies’ Pond Association

United Swimmers Association of Hampstead Heath

Mixed Pond Action Group (depending on if this is about the Hampstead Ponds or Highgate Ponds) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.33.8 (talk) 09:45, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

I suggest there should be a secton about the History of the Hampstead Ponds, jsut as there is for, for example, Brockwell Park lido.

I know that a parachute landmine landed on the Ponds during the last War, causing several deaths. I do not know the reference for this, but have been told it. Nicholas J Reed (talk) 09:41, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

How many ponds?
User:Spike 'em just locked this down from the approximate "some thirty" to a straight "thirty", but is there an exact source for how many ponds there are? https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/assets/Green-Spaces/hampstead-heath-map.pdf lists 18 by name, 24 if you count each of the Seven Sisters separately, but also has a few unnumbered blue splodges. --Lord Belbury (talk) 18:06, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Happy to reinstate the "some" if it really does convey an inexact number, but I think there are better words to use (approximately / about / roughly?).Spike 'em (talk) 18:14, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hampstead Heath Ponds


text:
Aspatria railway station

Aspatria railway station is a railway station serving the town of Aspatria in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The station was opened by the Maryport and Carlisle Railway on 12 April 1841, although the line heading north-east to Wigton was not completed until 1845.

The station was once the junction for the branch line to Mealsgate. Passenger trains on this line began on 2 April 1866, but ceased on 22 September 1930. Complete closure of the line followed on 1 December 1952.

The station became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923, and then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Regional Railways until the privatisation of British Railways.

The station signal box was the last surviving example built by the Maryport and Carlisle company, prior to its closure and demolition in 1998.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed and has no ticket machine (though one is to be installed during 2019), so tickets must be purchased prior to travel or on the train (the main buildings are now in private residential use). Shelters are located on both platforms. Timetable posters, digital information screens and a telephone are provided to give train running information, whilst there is also public wifi access on offer. The platforms are linked by footbridge and there is step-free access to each one.

Services
Following the May 2021 timetable change, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness, with some trains continuing to Lancaster. During the evening, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Whitehaven. All services are operated by Northern Trains.

Rolling stock used: Class 156 Super Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter

In May 2018, Northern introduced a Sunday service between Whitehaven and Barrow-in-Furness, the first Sunday service to operate south of Whitehaven for over 40 years.

On 5 February 2024 Northern was criticised for continuing to mispronounce the station name, six months after its announcements had been re-recorded. The name was still being announced "As-spat-ria" rather than "As-spay-tria". The company said it was aiming to complete the roll-out of its updates by the "summer".

title: Aspatria railway station


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 September 2

Category:Washington, D.C. botanical gardens

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:23, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Only one article and not likely ever to have any others. --D Monack 22:25, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Radiant_ >|< 09:36, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is necessary for thorough categorisation. 29 U.S. states have such categories and I expect they all will soon. The article in this category should not be left unsorted. CalJW 14:44, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No need for a category with just one article. Even if it is kept, a comma should follow "D.C." Maurreen (talk) 16:03, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep No reason not to have a one article category if it is a necessary part of a larger scheme. Osomec 17:15, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Really they should be just gardens by state categories. Then there wouldn't be some articles in category:Gardens in the United States that can't be sub-categorised and this category would also contain the White House Rose Garden, Dumbarton Oaks and the United States National Arboretum, probably with potential to add. Bhoeble 17:28, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Adoptive parents

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:27, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Being an adoptive parent seems like a fairly minor piece of trivia, and the people listed here don't have enough in common to justify a cat. Currently it is an odd mix of ancient Romans and modern celebrities. - SimonP 19:24, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ancient Romans? What the... anyway Delete. Radiant_ >|< 09:36, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's such a "fairly minor piece of trivia," why do so many articles mention it? Keep Wiki'dWitch 22:21, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. To any adoptive parent it is anything but minor. Keep Daniel Case 22:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Adoption in ancient Rome was actually an extremely common activity; specifically, it was a way for a politically ambitious and wealthy (adult) plebian to become a patrician: the childless patrician preserves his branch of the family's name, and the adult child can potentially qualify for office and begin climbing the cursus honorum.   That being said, this category seems to have nothing to do with all of that.  So delete. Nandesuka 03:31, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Certainly not trivial. Osomec 17:17, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, if we lose here, how about listifying? That would probably allow some sorting of the category that even I wouldn't do as subcategories. Wiki'dWitch 19:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trivial.  At best, convert to a list.  -Sean Curtin 03:16, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Luton Town F.C. alumni

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename to Category:Luton Town F.C. players. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:32, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

This should be renamed Category:Luton Town F.C. players in line with the other 28 categories in Category:Footballers in England by club. At the moment it also contains some managers, but I will separate them out, which is also standard practice. CalJW 17:06, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename the nominator is quite correct. -Splash 18:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as is none of the people in the category are Luton Town F.C. Players Bob Palin 02:48, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename All of these categories contain past and present players, so this point is simply a misunderstanding. This can be explained in the blurb after it is renamed, as is the case for the other categories. Osomec 17:15, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not a misunderstanding, I created the category and have populated it specifically to not include current players. I realise that this fact gives me no rights to the entry and will go along with the majority decision but I did create exactly the category I considered useful. Bob Palin 21:58, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What's supposed to be done with any articles about current Luton Town players? Someone might write some. You have created an unnecessary problem. Please reconsider. CalJW 15:13, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I have created some player pages, currently they are not under a Luton Town category at all. I really don't think they need to be, to find the current players surely you would go to the team page and follow the links from there. There is no need for everything to be categorised to the finest level possible, it just makes the wikipedia hard to maintain without enhancing usability. Bob Palin 16:56, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * All articles should be categorised. You may use Wikipedia in a certain way, but other people use it in a different way: the category system is very popular. A club's article should only contain the current squad and its all time great players. As Wikipedia evolves there will be many articles about ex-players from each club that fall into neither of these categories. This category is non-standard, and it needs to go. CalJW 19:56, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per standard. Bhoeble 17:29, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Bob Palin is the creator of this category. So far he is the only person to vote keep. CalJW 19:58, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What's your point? Bob Palin 05:36, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * That if an objection by the creator of a category was enough to block deletion on its own, this whole process would grind to a halt. CalJW 21:30, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, please see my second entry in this discussion, but does that mean I shouldn't participate as an equal? Bob Palin 22:37, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * What I really object to is that the new name is in fact completely incorrect, the category will contain players that are not only not players for the team but are in fact actually playing for other teams. The categories for the other teams are mis-named, if you don't like the use of the word alumni perhaps the categories should be "Former xxx players" and "Current xxx players". Bob Palin 05:36, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per CalJW. The former/current argument is irrelevant, since virtually all WP categories do not make the distinction as to whether the subject is formerly or currently a member of that category - e.g. Category:British Prime Ministers. Qwghlm 16:05, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * British Prime Ministers is a poor example, there is only ever one at a time and they are unlikely to ever pop off to some other country for a few million quid (much as we might wish it), neither are they actually EVER likely to be PM of another country. The contents of a "Current" category are fluid and relatively rapidly changing, the contents of a "Former" category would be static and the distinction between the categories would be useful I think. Bob Palin 22:37, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Qwghlm could have chosen virtually any of the thousands of people categories as the same principal of including both past and present members is applied. CalJW 16:56, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Universities and colleges by nationality to Category:Universities and colleges by country

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:37, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Per Splash in the entry below. "They don't have a nationality in the usual sense of the word." TexasAndroid 17:06, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom. Or is that per myself? -Splash 18:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Is this not the sort of thing that we're discussing at Category:titles? Hiding talk 20:07, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought about that, but Unis/Colleges don't have nationalities so not really. At the subcat level, yes, but at the parent cat level, no. It'd still be ok to have Fooish things underneath it, I think (although this is a good argument for not going Fooish in this case). -Splash 02:34, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OKay then, Rename. Hiding talk 18:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as per nominator. Bhoeble 20:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Reinyday, 09:02, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Radiant_ >|< 09:36, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Necrothesp 01:43, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. -- Djbaniel 05:48, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Universities by country

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete superceded. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:40, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

More appropriate category is Category:Universities and colleges by nationality. Moved the single entry, so category is now empty. TexasAndroid 16:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Universities and colleges by country . They don't have a nationality in the usual sense of the word. (So delete the nominated cat, and the existing ones consequentially.) -Splash 16:18, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This nomination is just about Category:Universities by country. All entries (81 at this count) are under the Category:Universities and colleges by nationality category.  I'll submit a separate rename request for renaming it.  But IMHO, this request is not the place to discuss the rename of a currently unnominated category. TexasAndroid 17:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok delete this empty one then, with a preference that the CfR above be the ultimate destination. -Splash 18:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. See next debate up. Bhoeble 20:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Empty. -- Reinyday, 09:01, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and object to the renaming. Radiant_ >|< 09:36, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Villages of Iran

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename to Category:Villages in Iran. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:43, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

As far as I can see, Category:Villages in Iran is the much more standard naming. (All other subcats of Category:Villages follow this pattern.) Have moved the few entries over to Category:Villages in Iran, emptying this one. TexasAndroid 15:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per nom, and advertise Category titles which is about to unleash upon you a similar proposal. Eventually. -Splash 18:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename CalJW 19:15, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Navy

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge with Category:Navies. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:45, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Don't see a good reason for both Category:Navies and Category:Navy.
 * KTC 02:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Should be plural. Cat redirect may be nice though. Radiant_ >|< 08:43, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Category:Navies. JW 11:02, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * MERGE and CategoryRedirect 132.205.44.43 14:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Special:Listusers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep/No change nothing for Cfd to do, NOT moved to WP:MD. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 01:53, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Found this at the top of the ego-category Wikipedia:Wikipedians and also referenced in the ego-article on Wikipedians.  It's just a bunch of obscene graffiti!!  Then again, considering the level of maturity involved in creating all these "Wikipedian" categories, maybe it does belong... 12.73.198.137 01:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Special:Listusers is an important software feature, and not a category. You'll need to take it to Important software features for deletion, I'm afraid. -Splash 01:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not obscene graffiti, it is a list of all users, and as such, an important software feature. --Kbdank71 13:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, anything SPECIAL: is WikiMedia software. In anycase, it's not a category. So... this delete request should be dumped to non-mainspace thingies for deletion. NfD/WP:NFD 132.205.44.43 14:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Those are now WP:MD. Maurreen (talk) 16:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't have the power to change the MW software, via NFD or any other on-Wiki means. If anything, it should be taken to Bugzilla, but honestly there's no chance; it's a very useful feature. If the nominator wants the category deleted, he should perhaps renominate. -Splash 16:21, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * On a sitenote it might be an idea to suggest that users permanently blocked for having "offensive" usernames be hidden from that list by default (a complete "unfiltered" list should still be accessable though a "show all" link or some such)... The first few pages arepretty much just a list of insults and racial slurs and such prefixed by exclamation marks to put them at the top of the list. I can see where the "obscene graffiti" remark came from (though the feature itself should naturaly not be removed even if we had the power to do so). --Sherool 00:29, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If this is a discussion topic that needs to be further reviewed, I suggest it be brought up either on buzilla or meta. This is not in the CFD scope and will not be moved to WP:MD as it is a software feature.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  01:53, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 September 2


text:
User talk:Murphyjd

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

I noticed nobody had said hi yet... Hi!

You might find some of the following useful:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
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 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 23:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Murphyjd! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 02:59, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) David Pettifor -

title: User talk:Murphyjd


text:
Charles Manners (bass)

Charles Manners (27 December 1857 – 3 May 1935) was a British bass singer and opera company manager. His earliest performances were with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, first as a chorus member and then as a principal, creating the role of Private Willis in Iolanthe in 1882. After leaving D'Oyly Carte the following year, he sang with several opera companies, most notably the Carl Rosa Opera Company and Covent Garden. In 1898, he and his wife, the singer Fanny Moody, set up their own company, dedicated to presenting opera in English.

The Moody-Manners company performed in London, the British provinces, North America and South Africa from 1898 to 1916. After his retirement, Manners continued to campaign for a national opera company, which was eventually founded forty years after his death.

Early years
Manners was born Southcote Randal Bernard Campbell Mansergh in Hoddesdon, England, son of Colonel J. C. Mansergh, an Irishman. He was educated at Hoddesdon Grammar School and considered a career in the army. He tried engineering and stockbrokerage before deciding on music as a profession. He studied at the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin, the Royal Academy of Music in London, and in Florence.

In either 1881 or 1882 he joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as a chorus member. In early 1882, he appeared on tour in the chorus of Claude Duval and, later in the same year, in the chorus of H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. He was promoted to the roles of Dick Deadeye in Pinafore and Samuel in Pirates in August 1882. He also appeared as Mr. Wallaby in the companion piece Quite an Adventure. In November 1882, he created the role of Private Willis in Iolanthe at the Savoy Theatre.

Manners left the D'Oyly Carte company in late 1883. In 1884, he sang Boleslas in Falka on tour. In 1885 he sang in light opera at the new Empire Theatre, and played Wickermark in a romantic opera, The Fay o' Fire at the Opera Comique with the young Marie Tempest. In 1886, he joined a touring opera troupe called "The Royal English Opera Company", later renamed "Sydney Leslie's Opera Company", playing Bartolo in The Marriage of Figaro, and the Commendatore in Don Giovanni. For another touring company he played in the comic opera, Falka: "as Boleslas there is opportunity for display of a powerful physique and a good voice that Mr. Charles Manners is not slow to make use of." With the same company he played General Bombardos in the English première of Charles Lecocq's Pepita.

Carl Rosa and Covent Garden
In June 1887, Manners signed a two-year contract with the Carl Rosa Opera Company as a principal bass, making his début as King Henry in Lohengrin. His early roles for the company included Peter the Great in Meyerbeer's L'étoile du nord, the King of Spain in Maritana, Pietro in Auber's Masaniello, and Bertram in Robert the Devil. His later roles included Mephistopheles in Faust, and Cardina Brogni in La Juive. A fellow member of the company was the Cornish soprano Fanny Moody, whom Manners married at St George's, Hanover Square on 5 July 1890. When not touring in opera, Manners took part in concerts in London and the provinces, gaining favourable reviews. He was one of three singers invited to tour with Sims Reeves in Reeves's farewell series of concerts.

In October 1890 Manners joined the Covent Garden company, making his debut in Roberto il Diavolo. "The English basso-profondo, Mr. Charles Manners, sang with grand effect the music allotted to Bertram, and his acting was powerfully impressive." For the same management, this time at the Olympic Theatre, he appeared as King Henry in Wagner's Lohengrin (given in Italian: his role was billed as "Enrico l'Ucellatore") with Emma Albani as Elsa; and as Gremin in the British première of Eugene Onegin conducted by Henry Wood, with Fanny Moody as Tatiana.

In 1893 he made his New York début, and on his return he and Moody signed to appear with Augustus Harris's opera company. Among other roles, Manners played Devilshoof in The Bohemian Girl at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane with Moody as Arline. In 1896–97 he made a successful and remunerative tour of South Africa with Moody. When they returned to England in 1898, they formed the Moody-Manners Company.

Moody-Manners Opera Company
Manners's ambition was to found a company to give opera in English that would, in time, become a permanent national ensemble based in London. With limited capital at their disposal (Manners later stated that they founded the company on £1,700 borrowed from friends, and repaid it all within a year), they began with a provincial tour, starting in Manchester in September 1898. The Manchester Guardian commented, "There can be no greater proof of the energy of Mr Manners as a director than the fact of his having produced during the second week of his career as a manager no fewer than seven different operas, two of which were absolute novelties in the provinces." Of Manners himself, the paper wrote, "a highly gifted artist … whose voice seems to have lost none of the beauty which was so much admired in the far-away days when he was the Lifeguardsman in Iolanthe." Moody was the company's leading soprano.

By 1902 there were two Moody-Manners touring companies. The larger of the two had 175 members and gave London seasons in 1902 and 1903 at Covent Garden, in 1904 at Drury Lane, and in 1907 and 1908 at the Lyric Theatre when the repertoire included The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Marriage of Figaro, Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Tristan and Isolde, Faust, Cavalleria rusticana and Pagliacci, Madame Butterfly, Aïda and Il trovatore. There were Moody-Manners tours not only of Britain but also of North America and South Africa.

The opera historian Harold Rosenthal wrote of the Moody-Manners company: "With the Carl Rosa company, it was the principal training ground for British artists in the years before World War I." Manners held strong views about the training given by British music academies to young singers. In his view students were not equipped for a professional career because they were trained in the principal operatic roles rather than in the chorus parts, which almost all singers new to the profession would need to sing before being promoted to leading roles. He instanced his own early career: "I studied both at the Royal Academy, Dublin, and the Royal Academy, London, and then in Italy, and when I came back to London, all I could get was an engagement in comic opera where I sang for eighteen months before I could become a principal. It was not till over six years after I left my studies that I found anything I had learnt at the academies of any value to me."

Manners encouraged British composers to write for his company, offering prizes for the best operas: one of the prize-winners was Colin McAlpin's The Cross and the Crescent (1903). He sponsored opera festivals in Sheffield in 1904 and 1906, whose profits helped to found Sheffield University. He also used profits from a successful season in Glasgow in 1906 to help create the Glasgow Grand Opera Society, which continued his work in popularising opera in English between the two World Wars. By 1910, Manners faced financial difficulties and had to disband one of his two companies, and the remaining Moody-Manners Company gave its last performance in May 1916. Manners retired from singing in 1913. In its final season, playing to capacity audiences, the Moody-Manners company offered Il trovatore, The Bohemian Girl, Martha, Faust, The Lily of Killarney, The Daughter of the Regiment, Carmen, and Eugene Onegin, with Moody as Tatiana.

After the closure of his companies, Manners continued to campaign for a national opera company. He wrote to The Musical Times in 1921, "I here assert for the thousandth time that National Grand Opera can be given in an all round way at popular prices – I repeat, popular prices – far better than it has ever been given, without a cost of a farthing to the rates or taxes." In 1926 he wrote a long article on "The Financial Problem of National Opera. By the People for the People", explaining his rationale. He disapproved of public subsidy, insisting that opera could be self-supporting and even profitable. Although later attempts to follow his precepts, such as those of Raymond Gubbay at the Savoy Theatre in 2004, have failed, his dream of a national opera company presenting operas in English has been realised.

Manners and Moody retired to Ireland, where he died at Dundrum, County Dublin, aged 77.

title: Charles Manners (bass)


text:
Daniel Cohen (economist)

Daniel Cohen (16 June 1953 – 20 August 2023) was a prominent French economist, a co-founder and professor at the Paris School of Economics, as well as a senior advisor to the bank Lazard.

Cohen was born in Tunis, Tunisia, on 16 June 1953, and died in Paris on 20 August 2023, at the age of 70.

Works

 * Monnaie, Richesse et Dette des Nations, Editions du CNRS, 1987.
 * Private Lending to Sovereign States, MIT Press, 1991.
 * Les infortunes de la Prospérité, Paris: Julliard, 1994. (translation MIT Press).
 * Richesse du monde, pauvretés des nations, Flammarion, 1997 (translation MIT Press).
 * Nos Temps Modernes, Flammarion, 2000 (traduction MIT Press, et en 8 autres langues).
 * La mondialisation et ses ennemis, 2004, Paris, Grasset (translation MIT Press).
 * Trois leçons sur la société post-industrielle, Sept 2006, Paris, Seuil. (Spanish translation: Tres lecciones sobre la sociedad postindustrial, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2007, ISBN 978-84-96859-05-0)
 * 27 Questions d'économie contemporaine (Tome 1), under the direction of Philippe Askenazy and Daniel Cohen 2008
 * La Prospérité du vice, Une introduction (inquiète) à l'économie 2009
 * 16 nouvelles questions d'économie contemporaine (Tome 2), with Philippe Askenazy and Daniel Cohen 2010
 * Le monde est clos et le desir infini , Paris: Albin Michel, 2015; (English translation: )

Awards and distinctions

 * Laureat of the Association française de sciences économiques (1987)
 * American Express Special Merit Award (1987)
 * Le Nouvel Économiste "Economist of the Year" (1997)
 * Prix Léon Faucher from the Académie des sciences morales et politiques (2000)
 * Prix du Livre d’économie (2000)
 * Laureat du prix européen (2000)
 * Prix Synapsis for the book Mutation et travail (2000)
 * Legion of Honour – Knight (11 April 2001)
 * Brussels Lectures in Economics (2003)

title: Daniel Cohen (economist)


text:
Wigton railway station

Wigton railway station is a railway station serving the market town of Wigton in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
The station was opened by the Maryport and Carlisle Railway on 10 May 1843, following the completion of the route from Carlisle. It would act as a temporary terminus until the opening of the line heading south-west towards Aspatria in 1845.

It subsequently become the junction station for the eastern end of the loop to Mealsgate from 1878. This portion of the route did not prove profitable, and the single daily return passenger service was withdrawn by the Maryport and Carlisle Railway in 1921.

Goods facilities at the station were withdrawn by British Rail in October 1970. A private siding for the nearby plastics factory remains in place, but this has been disused for a number of years. The station's signal box is still operational, and acts as a fringe to Carlisle PSB.

In December 2018, the Victorian-era footbridge connecting the platforms was deemed unsafe by Network Rail, and access to it was prohibited. The bridge was removed in March 2019 for repairs, and reinstalled in July 2019.

Facilities
Wigton is one of the mandatory stops on this part of the Cumbrian Coast Line, along with Maryport and Workington. As with most other stations on the line, it is unstaffed, and has been so since 1969. The two side platforms here are slightly offset and linked by a footbridge. A ticket machine is now in service to allow intending travellers to buy before boarding. There are waiting shelters on both platforms, but the surviving station buildings are no longer in railway use. Step-free access is available to each platform, whilst train running information is provided by display screens, telephone and timetable posters.

Services
Following the May 2021 timetable change, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness, with some trains continuing to Lancaster. During the evening, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Whitehaven. All services are operated by Northern Trains.

Rolling stock used: Class 156 Super Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter

In May 2018, Northern introduced a Sunday service between Whitehaven and Barrow-in-Furness, the first Sunday service to operate south of Whitehaven for over 40 years.

title: Wigton railway station


text:
User talk:Maptishous

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 23:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of NigeriaSat-2

A tag has been placed on NigeriaSat-2 requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. This article or image appears to be a direct copy from http://tripnigeria.org/about-nigeria-2/. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Christopher Mark Schierkolk

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Christopher Mark Schierkolk requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Megan☺  Talk to the monster  11:40, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Christopher Mark Schierkolk moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Christopher Mark Schierkolk, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Megan☺  Talk to the monster  11:49, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Removed CSD tag since I saw you wanted to expand it. Please continue expansion in draft space and when it’s ready move back to mainspace Megan☺   Talk to the monster  11:50, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Christopher Mark Schierkolk

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In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! UnitedStatesian (talk) 02:57, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maptishous


text:
One Million B.C.

One Million B.C. is a 1940 American fantasy film produced by Hal Roach Studios and released by United Artists. It is also known by the titles Cave Man, Man and His Mate, and Tumak.

The film stars Victor Mature as protagonist Tumak, a young caveman who strives to unite the uncivilized Rock Tribe and the peaceful Shell Tribe, Carole Landis as Loana, daughter of the Shell Tribe chief and Tumak's love interest, and Lon Chaney Jr. as Tumak's stern father and leader of the Rock Tribe. Chaney's billing differs from that of his home studio Universal Pictures in that Hal Roach elected to retain the "Jr." instead of billing him under his father's name, possibly because Roach was co-directing the film with his own son Hal Roach Jr.

The film was a popular success and was nominated for two Academy Awards for its special effects and musical score, although the film is controversial for its use of live animals dueling.

Plot
A group of modern-day hikers caught in a storm seek shelter in a cave. They encounter an anthropologist who interprets prehistoric carvings that introduce the story of a young caveman.

Akhoba, head of the Rock Tribe, leads a hunting party. His son Tumak begs the right to his first kill, a small Triceratops which he wrestles to death. An elderly man in the party falls from a cliff and is left to die. The party arrives at the Rock Tribe's cave with their prey. The beast is cooked on an open fire. When it is done, the strongest feed first, next the women and children, then the few elderly pick through the scraps. Tumak defends his portion from demands by Akhoba. They fight and Akhoba knocks Tumak over a cliff as his mother watches. Tumak recovers to find a Woolly Mammoth attacking him. He runs and climbs a tree. The Mammoth rams the tree and knocks it into a river.

Tumak floats downstream unconscious and is found by Loana of the Shell Tribe. Her tribesmen answer her shell horn call and take Tumak to their cave. The tribe gathers for a meal of vegetables, shared orderly with the children, women, and elderly served first. Tumak awakes and Loana gives him food, which he guards as he eats, perplexing the tribe who share and do not fight. Tumak looks on, confused by the customs of the Shell Tribe.

Meanwhile, Akhoba leads a hunting party into the hills but is injured trying to take down a Muskox. As Akhoba lies injured, a younger hunter asserts authority over the others and takes Akhoba's place as leader, leaving Akhoba to die. Later, Akhoba, crippled, shows up at the cave but is treated with contempt.

Tumak adjusts slowly to life with the Shell Tribe. He helps the children gather food by shaking fruit out of a tree, and they teach him how to laugh. He tries to fish with Loana but grows frustrated, as spearfishing is not like land hunting. While he is fishing, an Allosaurus traps a child in a tree. Tumak uses a borrowed spear to kill the dinosaur and save the child, but does not want to return the spear to its owner. Later that night, Tumak steals the spear and a hammer from their maker, and attacks him when he tries to reclaim them. The tribal leader, Loana's father, banishes Tumak.

As Tumak departs, Loana, who has fallen in love with him, leaves her tribe to follow him, much to his dismay. Tumak pulls apples from a tree for himself, ignoring Loana. Seeing that she has trouble reaching apples herself, he relents and helps her. Along the way, they spot an Glyptodont, which chases them up a tree. Later, as Tumak and Loana reach Rock Tribe territory, they are trapped in a fissure during a fight between a Dimetrodon and a lizard-like dinosaur. Loana escapes, but is menaced by the leader who previously displaced Akhoba. She blows her shell horn, leading Tumak to her rescue. He saves her by defeating the leader, becoming the new leader.

Tumak has Loana handle the meals, which confuses the Rock Tribe, since she feeds the women and children first, then Akhoba whom she has sat on his former throne, and then the other elders. Lastly, Tumak and the able-bodied men are fed. The next day, Akhoba comes outside to see his tribe learning to gather fruits and vegetables, with Loana showing them which are good to eat and which are not. Loana and Tumak sit and talk, but Tumak is called away to help hunt a deer, while Loana helps search for a missing child. A nearby volcano erupts, scattering the Rock Tribe after destroying their cave. A child's mother is engulfed by a lava flow; Loana saves the child but is cut off from the others by the lava flow. She and the child head to the Shell Tribe. Many animals fall into the crevasses opened by the volcanic eruption. Tumak searches for Loana but finds only a scrap of her clothing near the lava flow, and presumes her to be dead.

Later, a Shell tribesman seeks out Tumak and tells him that Loana is still alive, but the Shell Tribe is trapped in their cave by a large iguana-like dinosaur. Tumak leads his men to attack and kill the beast. Akohba and the women with the children follow. The Shell Tribe hold off the creature with torches. Tumak's direct spear attack is futile. Akhoba advises Tumak to distract the dinosaur while the rest of the men climb to higher ground. They start a rockslide that kills the beast. The formerly despised Akhoba becomes recognized for his experience and wisdom. As a result, both tribes unite as one. Tumak, Loana, and the rescued child are framed in the last scene as the dawn of a new day begins.

Cast

 * Victor Mature as Tumak
 * Carole Landis as Loana
 * Lon Chaney Jr. as Akhoba
 * Conrad Nagel as Bearded narrator in cave
 * John Hubbard as Ohtao
 * Nigel De Brulier as Peytow
 * Mamo Clark as Nupondi
 * Inez Palange as Tohana
 * Edgar Edwards as Skakana
 * Jacqueline Dalya as Soaka
 * Mary Gale Fisher as Wandi
 * Norman Budd as Rock tribe member
 * Harry Wilson as Rock tribe member
 * John Northpole as Rock tribe member
 * Lorraine Rivero as Rock tribe member
 * Harold Howard as Rock tribe member

Production
Producer Hal Roach hired D. W. Griffith to produce this film and Of Mice and Men, writing to him, "I need help from the production side to select the proper writers, cast, etc. and to help me generally in the supervision of these pictures."

Griffith reportedly wrote a script based on a French novel by Eugene Roche.

Although Griffith eventually disagreed with Roach over the production and departed, Roach later insisted that some of the scenes in the completed film were directed by Griffith. This would make the film the final production in which Griffith was actively involved. But cast members recall Griffith directing only the screen tests and costume tests. When Roach advertised the film in late 1939 with Griffith listed as producer, Griffith asked that his name be removed.

Victor Mature had just made his film debut in Hal Roach's The Housekeeper's Daughter. Roach had signed him to a seven-year contract.

"Griffith did all the tests", recalled Mature. "He tested for six months. I don't know what he was looking for. They'd have been better off letting the old man direct the picture. One day, he just wasn't around any more."

Lon Chaney Jr. had just made Of Mice and Men for Roach.

"I had to 'ugh' my way through that picture", said Mature.

The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Musical Score (Werner R. Heymann) and Best Special Effects (Roy Seawright, Elmer Raguse). The "dinosaurs" and "prehistoric mammals" seen in the film include a pig in a rubber Triceratops suit, a man in an Allosaurus suit, Asian elephants with fake tusks and fur made to look like Woolly Mammoths, Two dogs, Brahman cattle with fake horns and fur made to look like muskoxen, a sun bear cub, a six-banded armadillo with horns glued on to look like a Glyptodon, a young alligator with a Dimetrodon-like sail glued on its back, a rhinoceros iguana, a snake, a coati as an oversized Megistotherium, a monitor lizard, an anole, and an Argentine black and white tegu.

Reception
The film drew mixed reviews from critics. B. R. Crisler of The New York Times called the film "a masterpiece of imaginative fiction...You are almost certain to like something about 'One Million, B. C.'" Variety called it "corny", adding, "There isn't much sense to the action nor much interest in the characters." Harrison's Reports praised the "good technical work" and called the volcanic eruption "most thrilling", but said the storyline and romance were "slightly silly, and only tend to bore one." Film Daily called the film a "decided novelty" that was "full of thrills" and had "excellent" direction. John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote, "Being skimpy with its dinosaurs, 'One Million B.C.' won't tickle the gizzards of paleontologists."

Legacy
Footage from this film, as well as numerous unused scenes and outtakes, went into a stock footage library. This footage was then used by numerous companies through the years by producers who wanted to save money on costly special effects shots in films with dinosaurs. Even a few Westerns used footage of rockslides and volcanoes from this film. Because of this, footage from this film appeared in numerous films throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. These films include Tarzan's Desert Mystery (1943), one of the chapters of the serial film Superman (1948), Atom Man vs. Superman (1950), Two Lost Worlds (1950), The Lost Volcano (1950; one of the films in the Bomba, the Jungle Boy series), the American version of Godzilla Raids Again (1955) known as Gigantis the Fire Monster (1959), Jungle Manhunt (1951; one of the films in the Jungle Jim series), Smoky Canyon (1952), the "Yesterday's World" episode of The Schaefer Century Theatre (1952), Untamed Women (1952), Robot Monster (1953), The Lost Planet (1953), King Dinosaur (1955), the Three Stooges short film Space Ship Sappy (1957), Teenage Caveman (1958), She Demons (1958), Valley of the Dragons (1961), Journey to the Center of Time (1967), Horror of the Blood Monsters (1970; the stock footage was tinted in color for this film), the Mexican films Island of the Dinosaurs (La isla de los dinosaurios 1967), Adventure at the Center of the Earth (Aventura al centro de la tierra; 1966) and The Ghost Jesters (Los fantasmas burlones; 1964), One Million AC/DC (1970), TerrorVision (1986) and Attack of the B Movie Monster (1989). The technique of using optically enlarged lizards and/or small crocodilians to represent dinosaurs has been given the nickname of slurpasaur by fans.

The film was remade as One Million Years B.C. (1966) starring John Richardson as Tumak and Raquel Welch as Loana. The external scenes were filmed in the Canary Islands.

The film features several scenes of animal cruelty, including a young American alligator with a Dimetrodon-like sail glued to its back made to fight against an Argentine black and white tegu, which is left severely injured. This film caused the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) to ban many of the treatments of animals that occurred during the production.

The film was later colorized for the modern market.

title: One Million B.C.


text:
Dalston railway station (Cumbria)

Dalston railway station serves the village of Dalston near Carlisle in Cumbria, England. It is on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

History
It was opened in 1843 by the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, with trains running through to Maryport from the beginning of the following year. It became an unstaffed halt in 1967, but has kept its period stone waiting shelter on the northbound platform, lattice footbridge and main buildings on the opposite side (the latter are in private commercial use). It is also one of the last active freight locations on this route - an oil terminal on the eastern side of the line just south of the station receives regular trainloads of fuel oil from Grangemouth Refinery in Scotland. Two crossovers operated from ground frames located at the station are used for shunting purposes when trains require access to the terminal sidings.

Facilities
Along with most other stations on the line, it is unstaffed, meaning that passengers need to purchase tickets on the train. Step-free access is available to both platforms and train running information is provided by telephone and timetable posters. Digital information screens and a ticket machine are also being installed by Northern in 2019 as part of a rolling station improvement plan in the area.

Services
Following the May 2021 timetable change, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness, with some trains continuing to Lancaster. During the evening, the station is served by an hourly service between Carlisle and Whitehaven. All services are operated by Northern Trains.

Rolling stock used: Class 156 Super Sprinter and Class 158 Express Sprinter

In May 2018, Northern introduced a Sunday service between Whitehaven and Barrow-in-Furness, the first Sunday service to operate south of Whitehaven for over 40 years.

title: Dalston railway station (Cumbria)


text: Category:Gold rushes

title: Category:Gold rushes


text: User:Privateart

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Terapanth

Terapanth or Tera Panth may refer to:

 * Digambara Terapanth, a sect of the Digambara tradition of Jainism
 * Śvetāmbara Terapanth, a sect of Śvetāmbara Jainism

title: Terapanth


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Israel Zolli

Eugenio Maria Zolli (27 September 1881 ‒ 2 March 1956), born Israel Anton Zoller, was an Austrian by birth, and an Italian doctorate professor of philosophy and author. Until his conversion from Judaism to Catholicism in February 1945, Zolli was the chief rabbi in Rome, Italy's Jewish community from 1940 to 1945. After the war, he taught philosophy at a number of institutions throughout Rome including the Sapienza University of Rome and Pontifical Biblical Institute.

Zolli is noted for his admiration of Pope Pius XII during World War II, who gave support and shelter to Zolli and other Jews during Nazi Germany's occupation of Italy from 1943 to 1944. It was later revealed that Zolli hid in a number of places in both Rome and the Vatican City State.

Early years and rabbinate
Zoller was born in 1881 the city of Brody in then-Austria-Hungary, which from 1918 to 1945 was in eastern Poland, and currently is in western Ukraine. He was the youngest of five children, with three brothers and a sister. Zoller's father was a formerly wealthy factory owner, and his mother came from a family dynasty of rabbis. He earned a doctorate degree in philosophy from the University of Florence in Italy. At the same time, he prepared for the rabbinate at a nearby yeshiva.

In 1917, Zoller's first wife, Adele, died. In 1920, he married his second wife, Eva Majonica. She was born in the town of Gorizia, in northeast Italy.

In 1918, he was appointed rabbi of the Italian city of Trieste, whose territory had just been transferred from Austria-Hungary to Italy. He changed his surname to "Zolli" to make it sound more Italian. Italian fascist leaders began excluding Italian Jews from social welfare programs, including financial support and schooling, throughout the 1930s and denigrated them in the press. A vicious press campaign by the fascists forced out the Chief Rabbi of Rome, Davide Prato. In December 1939, Zolli was named as chief rabbi of Rome with the support of fascist leaders.

Zolli had conflict with his congregants in Rome from the start. Zolli's presiding style in delivering the liturgy was more casual than they preferred, and he was more interested in academic inquiry than pastoral work or community leadership. There were disputes over salary and expectations. During this time, Zolli formed a friendship with Jesuit scholar Augustin Bea.

Holocaust of Rome: 1943–1944
After Zolli moved to Rome in 1940, he attempted to convince Ugo Foa, President of the Jewish Community in Rome, and Dante Almansi, President of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities, that German Nazis were a significant threat to the Roman Jewish community. According to American researcher, Daniel T. Murphy, Zolli "recommended the total suppression of public Jewish functions, the closing of administrative offices, the elimination of donor lists, the dispersion of all members of the Jewish community, the distribution of financial aid, and the reduction of the community treasury." In the next few years, as the Nazis swept over Europe during World War II, all three of Zolli's brothers were killed in The Holocaust.

In 1944, after Zolli emerged from hiding in the house of Amadeo Pierantoni, a Catholic member of Rome's anti-fascist resistance party, Giustizia e Libertà, his position as chief rabbi was restored by Charles Poletti, although the Jewish community rebuffed him, as seen in Rabbi Louis Israel Newman's book, A Chief Rabbi of Rome becomes a Catholic.

Zolli later described his wartime experiences as follows: "It was from my father that I learned the great art of praying with tears. During the Nazi persecution, long years afterward, I lived near the center of Rome in a small room. There, in the dark, in hunger and cold, I would pray weeping: 'O, Thou keeper of Israel, protect the remnants of Israel; do not allow this remnant of Israel to perish!'"''"

Conversion to Catholicism
In his autobiography, Before the Dawn: Autobiographical Reflections by Eugenio Zolli, Former Chief Rabbi of Rome, Zolli said that while presiding over the religious service in the synagogue on the holy day of Yom Kippur in 1944, he experienced a vision of Jesus. Within his heart, he says, he found the words "You are here for the last time."

On 13 February 1945, Zolli, his second wife, and daughter converted to Catholicism (his first wife having died years earlier). He was baptized at Gregorian University by Mgr. Luigi Traglia in the presence of Father Paolo Dezza; his godfather was Father Augustin Bea, confessor of Pope Pius XII. Zolli chose to be christened "Eugenio Maria" in homage to Pope Pius XII, who was born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli.

After his conversion, Zolli was asked in an interview why he had "given up the Synagogue for the Church." Zolli responded saying, "But I have not given it up. Christianity is the completion or crown of the Synagogue. For, the Synagogue was a promise, and Christianity is the fulfillment of that promise. The Synagogue pointed to Christianity: Christianity presupposes the Synagogue. So you see, one cannot exist without the other. What I converted to was the living Christianity."

Later years and death
After Zolli and his wife converted to Catholicism, he was employed at the Sapienza University of Rome and Pontifical Biblical Institute. In 1956, he became seriously ill and entered the hospital, where he reportedly revealed to a nun that he would die on the first Friday of the month at 3:00 in the afternoon.

On 2 March 1956, Zolli received Holy Communion in the morning, eventually drifted into coma, and died, as he predicted, at 3:00 P.M. on the first Friday of the month. He was 74. He is buried at Campo Verano cemetery in Rome, Italy.

Reception and legacy
After the controversy surrounding his conversion settled, Zolli's life and writings did not achieve widespread attention. His life and work were neglected, except for debate over Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust which arose in the 1960s. He continued to be forgotten until his autobiography was republished in Italian in 2004 and became a bestseller. This spurred a new body of scholarship on his life.

Quotations

 * "Conversion consists in responding to a call from God. A man is not converted at the time he chooses, but at the hour when he receives God's call. When the call is heard, he who receives it has only one thing to do: obey. Paul is 'converted'. Did he abandon the God of Israel? Did he cease to love Israel? It would be absurd to think so. But then? The convert is one who feels impelled by an irresistible force to leave a pre-established order and seek his own proper way. It would be easier to continue along the road he was on."
 * "In the Old Testament, Justice is carried out by one man towards another...We do good for good received; we do harm for harm we have suffered at the hands of another. Not to do injury for injury is, in a certain fashion, to fall short of justice. What a contrast with the Gospel: Love your enemies... pray for them, or even Jesus' last words on the cross: 'Father, forgive them, for they know not what they are doing!' All this stupefied me. The New Testament is, in fact, an altogether new Covenant". (Eugenio Zolli)

title: Israel Zolli


text: Category:California Gold Rush

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