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Talk:Fred Beckey

Untitled
The anon's addition has a mix of good stuff and dubious ("getting numbers from cute twenty-somethings"? let's see anybody try to document that), so moving it here.

 * He was born Wolfgang Gottfried Beckey in Düsseldorf, Germany--his mother an opera singer, his father a surgeon. At the age of three Wolfgang, his mother, father, and brother Helmut “Helmy” (now an accomplished opera singer in Germany) emigrated to Seattle, Washington in the United States. During his early school years in Seattle, reportedly schoolyard taunts prompted him to change his name from Wolfgang to Fred.

 * Fred started his climbing career at the age of 13 with a solo trek up Boulder Peak in Washington’s Olympic Mountains, and later honed his climbing skills with the Boy Scouts and the Mountaineers climbing organization. Like most climbers, Fred too embarked on climbing with a hearty respect for heights--on an early climb of a peak in Washington called “The Tooth,” Fred recalls being unable to finish the climb due to it being “too frightening.”

 * Over the next few years Fred significantly improved his climbing ability--at only age 16 he became the first person to climb Mount Despair in Washington’s North Cascade Mountains; and at the ripe old age of 18 made the second ascent of Mount Waddington, the tallest peak, at 13,177 feet (4,016 meters), in British Columbia, Canada’s Coast Range.

 * Fred attended the University of Washington where he received a degree in business administration. Despising the thought of being strapped to a desk, after graduation Fred worked as a delivery truck driver, a flexible position that left him spare time for climbing.

 * Between climbs, Fred authored several books and climbing guides, his most important work being the Cascade Alpine Guide, the 3-volume definitive description of the mountains and climbing routes north of Oregon (affectionate referred to as the Beckey Bibles).

 * Fred never married, but not because he doesn’t like women. As legendary as his climbing feats, is his reputation as a ladies man. To this day Fred has girlfriends throughout the country, and it is not uncommon to see him talking to and getting numbers from cute twenty-somethings in the climbing gym or bar. Although Fred rarely drinks (typically he’s fueled with coffee or tea) he loves to party, savoring the social scene.

Just write: "Fred flirts." or "Fred is a notorious flirt." Once one of Fred's partners 198.123.48.76 (talk) 22:00, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Some have called Fred cheap and a mooch--these accusations are true, but don’t be fooled into thinking he’s a freeloader; Fred always pays his way, and is generous to a fault, loaning money to friends so that they may join him on one of his expeditions.

 * Fred is never idle--to this day he is constantly looking for partners for his next climb. While on a trip with Fred, it used not to be unusual for him to (until recently when he purchased his first cell phone) frequently disappear, only to be found in the nearest phone booth, his makeshift phonebook in front of him, he ear glued to the receiver, excitedly making plans for his next trip.

 * Throughout his life Fred has summit of thousands of peaks throughout the world. His climbing has been concentrated in the Northwestern United States and Canada, but it is difficult to pickup a climbing guidebook from anywhere and not find a Fred Beckey first ascent. In 1955, thwarted by storms and poor weather, Fred made an unsuccessful attempt of Lhotse in the Himalayas, the world’s fourth highest peak at 27,923 feet. Although he did not summit, Fred did reach 25,000 feet, and set a new world’s record for altitude skiing on the 23,000-foot-high Khumbu glacier.

 * Some of his first ascents: • Forbidden Peak, Cascade Range - 1940, with brother Helmy • Devil's Thumb, Alaska - 1946 • Mt. Hood's Yocum Ridge • North Peak, Liberty Bell - 1947 • North Buttress, Mount Shuksan - 1947 • North Face of Mount Edith Cavell, Canada - 1961, with Yvon Chouinard Other notable feats: • second ascent Mount Waddington, British Columbia - 1942 • triple ascent of Mount McKinley, Mount Deborah, and Mount Hunter - 1954

 * Unlike Jim Whittaker, a fellow Seattleite and the first American to reach the top of Mount Everest, Beckey has always shied away from the large team efforts, preferring smaller alpine-style undertakings.

 * As of 2005, he continues to climb actively. When not en route to his next climb, Fred's base camp is Seattle, Washington, where he owns a home.

Stan 21:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am a little offended by the irrelevance of mentioning Whittaker. Just cut the phrase out of the Biography.  Better would be to add stuff about his brother.  --one of Fred's one time very minor climbing partners 143.232.210.46 (talk) 23:03, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

- As an interloper here, I am not even remotely familiar with Wikipedia protocol. However, the discussion comment that "unlike Jim Whittaker...etc." suggests that Beckey would have declined an invitation to the 1963 Everest expedition.

In fact I don't know that he would have, but personally I doubt this. A NYTimes reporter Timothy Eagan, in one of best Beckey profiles ever written, Eagan or "Good Rain author whatzisname" implies that Beckey was hurt by the lack of an invitation to '63 expedition, and that Beckey wasn't invited because of his reputation as a maverick, and potential for being a prick.

My question is, who will be the first Beckey biographer. Certainly the NYTimes guy is a candidate, as might be Krakauer, who has made unctious references to Beckey as among his many mentors/heros in previous books.

Here is a potentially libelous story making the rounds among Canadian mt. guides in 2004: A guide was rapping a big route south of Banff during a thunderstorm and came accross a pair of climbers. One climber was unconscious due to lightening hit; "Fuckem he's dead" said unidentified elderly climber. Guides revived unconscious climber and brought him down one rap. Again consciousness lost. "Fuckem he's dead" elderly climber exclaims. Etc. Elderly climber, of course is supposed to be F. Beckey.....Understand, readers, that Beckey is my idol. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.160.235 (talk) 19:09, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

How Did Beckey Finance His Expeditions and Other Life Needs?
The article specifically states that Beckey did not care about money, did not have a job or professional career that could have yielded an income. He did not accept endorsement offers and did not make money from his books. Yet he outfitted hundreds of climbing expeditions, which is expensive, and he had the usual human needs for food, clothing and shelter. Various friends and acquaintances in the doc laugh and imply he was a "cheap pr**k", but no one has a definitive answer. Where did he get the money? The documentary DIRTBAG has a glancing reference to this question. In one scene Beckey is supposedly on the phone inquiring about the value of his stocks. It's hard to believe he lived on the proceeds of a stock portfolio, but that's offered as a possibility. Does anyone actually know the source of Beckey's income? Younggoldchip (talk) 13:06, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fred Beckey


text: User talk:70.22.90.124

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.22.90.124


text:
Pasila railway station

Pasila station (Pasilan rautatieasema, Böle järnvägstation; previous Swedish name was Fredriksberg until 1990) is a railway station in Helsinki, Finland, approximately 3.5 km north of Helsinki Central. It is the second busiest railway station in Finland, after Helsinki Central, and takes up a large part of the district of Pasila. The station was first opened in 1862 along the Finnish Main Line. The current (and fourth) station building opened in 2019.

Pasila station is used to ease the congestion on the city's central station by serving as an alternate point of departure or arrival within Helsinki. All trains, both long-distance and local, travelling to and from Helsinki stop at Pasila.

The Finnish Main Line going to the north (to Oulu via Tampere) and the Rantarata going to the west (to Turku) separate from each other at Pasila railway station. The Helsinki commuter trains in the direction of Riihimäki as well as all long-distance trains except those going to Turku use the Finnish Mainline, while the commuter trains towards Vantaankoski and Kirkkonummi, as well as long-distance trains to Turku use the Rantarata line.

Pasila station is one of two stations in Helsinki to serve long-distance traffic, the other being the central station. All other stations in Helsinki only serve local traffic. In terms of train lines, the only differences between Pasila station and the central station are the smaller number of tracks with platforms (11 compared to 19).

In 2012, the loading and unloading of cars onto trains was moved from Helsinki Central to a new car terminal built north of Pasila.

The station was under extensive renovation from 2015 to 2019. The new station opened on 17 October 2019.

Station building
The current station building in Pasila was taken into use on 17 October 2019. It has been built on top of pillars above the tracks, and is integrally connected to the Mall of Tripla shopping centre next to it. The Pasilansilta traffic bridge connecting the districts of Itä-Pasila and Länsi-Pasila passes to the south of the Pasila railway station and the shopping centre.

Background
The first side tracks in Pasila were built in the late 1870s when traffic in the city centre and the Sörnäinen harbour increased. The proper start of the construction of the railway yard is seen as have happened from 1889 to 1890.

First station building
The current station building is the fourth station building in Pasila, if temporary buildings are not counted. The first station building, probably designed by Bruno Granholm, was built in the 1890s to the western edge of the railway yard to the north of the current Toralinna building. It was originally named Fredriksberg after the farm located near it. An area of small residential buildings, called Puu-Pasila ("wooden Pasila"), was formed near the station in the early 20th century.

Expansion
The basis for the plan to expand the railway yard was a suggestion by the German engineering bureau C.O. Gleim & Eyde. The railway yards both in Pasila and in the city centre were built and expanded from 1900 to 1928. In the 1920s passenger traffic on the railways was moved to new tracks built on the east side of the original railway yard, and the original railway yard remained only for cargo traffic. At this time, the wooden station building at Vammeljoki on the Karelian Isthmus was moved to the east side of the tracks in Pasila to serve as the new station building. This also broke off the connection between the station building and Puu-Pasila. There were only industrial halls and warehouses in the vicinity of the station at the current area of Itä-Pasila. At the time, the Pasila station was primarily an exchange station, where passengers could move from trains arriving to Helsinki via the Rantarata line to trains departing from Helsinki to the north on the Finnish Main Line, or the other way around.

The Finnish name "Pasila" for the station was made official by the Finnish Railway Administration in 1925. The name comes from Karl Pasila, a long-time tenant at the Fredriksberg farm, whose name had already been in use for the area. The Swedish name for the station remained as "Fredriksberg", even though the Swedish name for the district of Pasila was Böle.

Eliel Saarinen proposed in his Pro Helsingfors plan in 1918 to move the Helsinki Central Station into Pasila.

New station buildings in 1990 and 2019
During the construction of Itä-Pasila, the old station building was left on the Ratapihantie street passing the railway yard, and for several years, the street was narrower at the railway station than elsehwere. In 1984 the building was moved to the nearby Veturitori square to serve as the office of the Peace Union of Finland, as the so-called "Rauhanasema" ("Station of Peace") building. The new station building was built in 1990 on top of pillars above the tracks, and it also hosted business spaces and restaurants. However, it fared rather poorly as a commercial centre.

The Swedish name of the station was changed from Fredriksberg to Böle on 27 May 1990. Since the opening of the new station building, as well as the Helsinki commuter trains, all long-distance trains to and from Helsinki have also stopped at Pasila. Ticket sales at the Pasila railway station were stopped in the beginning of 2016.

The station building, built in 1990, was closed down on 19 June 2017, after which it was dismantled to make way for the new station building and the Mall of Tripla. Even before this, on 3 April 2017, a temporary new station building had been built on top of the station platforms slightly to the north of the old station. The current station building and the Mall of Tripla connected to it were opened on 17 October 2019.

Pasila cargo railway yard
To the west of the Pasila railway station, lower than the platform area, at the current site of Keski-Pasila, was located the former cargo railway yard, officially named the Pasila lower yard. It was located in a valley at whose site was originally located the lake Töölönjärvi, dried up in the 1870s. This railway yard was used for sorting cargo traffic and as a hub point between the Helsinki harbour rail and the Sörnäinen harbour rail. The railway yard was connected to the Finnish Main Line, the Rantarata line and the Ilmala depot. The Sörnäinen harbour rail started directly to the east of the railway yard and a side rail branched off it towards the Pasila machinery yard.

The Pasila lower yard was disused in 2008 when the Vuosaari Harbour was completed and cargo ship traffic moved there from the West Harbour and the Sörnäinen Harbour. The harbour rails in the city centre were dismantled, and the Vuosaari harbour rail was built to serve the new harbour. New business, office and residential buildings were built in place of the former cargo railway yard, such as the Mall of Tripla shopping centre. New streets have also been built in the area, with Veturitie being the central main streets. The Pasila car transport station was built in place of the dismantled rails in 2012.

Platforms
All passenger trains arriving to and departing from Helsinki stop at Pasila. Trains to Russia did not stop at Pasila in the early 1990s, and the Allegro train to Saint Petersburg did not stop at Pasila from 2016 to 2020.

On 12 August 2019 the platform numbering in Pasila changed so that platform 5b became platform 6, platform 6 became platform 7, platform 7 became platform 8, platform 8 became platform 9 and platform 9 became platform 10. A new platform, numbered 11, was taken into use in October 2019. Platform 7 is usually only used in exceptional circumstances.
 * Platform 1: T, P and K trains to Helsinki.
 * Platform 2: I trains to the Airport, K trains to Kerava and T trains to Riihimäki.
 * Platforms 3 and 4: R trains to Riihimäki and Tampere, D trains to Hämeenlinna, and Pendolino and InterCity trains towards Tampere and Kouvola.
 * Platforms 5 and 6: D, R, Z, Allegro, Pendolino and InterCity trains to Helsinki.
 * Platform 7: Empty commuter, only trains between Helsinki and Ilmala depot use the track.
 * Platform 8: E trains to Kauklahti, U trains to Kirkkonummi, X and Y trains to Siuntio, and InterCity and Pendolino trains to Turku and Turku satama.
 * Platform 9: E, U, X, Y, InterCity and Pendolino trains to Helsinki.
 * Platform 10: A, I and L trains to Helsinki.
 * Platform 11: A trains to Leppävaara, L trains to Kirkkonummi and Siuntio and P trains to the Airport.
 * Platforms 21/22: Car-carrying carriages for overnight InterCity and express trains to Kemijärvi, Kolari and Rovaniemi.

Connections

 * VR Group commuter trains
 * VR Group long-distance trains
 * Helsinki tram lines 2, 7 and 9
 * Bus lines in Helsinki:
 * 23 Helsinki Railway Square - Pasila - Pirkkola
 * 500 Itäkeskus - Pasila - Munkkivuori
 * 510 Herttoniemi - Pasila - Westendinasema
 * 59 Sompasaari - Kalasatama - Pasila - Pajamäki
 * 69 Kamppi - Patola - Malmi - Jakomäki
 * 506 Myllypuro - Viikki - Kumpula - Pasila - Meilahti - Ruskeasuo
 * 518 Ilmala - Pasila - Jakomäki - Hakunila - Kuninkaanmäki

title: Pasila railway station


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Wikipedia:Unusual collaboration/nominations/txt

SMS language
Massively popular and influential slang language, arguably moreso than leet which has a featured article. Currently a tiny stub, should be quite fun to write. the wub  "?/!"  21:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Spawn Man 23:48, 10 October 2005 (UTC)


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Pilgrims Hatch

Pilgrims Hatch is a residential suburb of Brentwood, Essex, in the east of England. There is a borough council ward bearing the name 'Pilgrims Hatch' which covers the Bishops Hall and Flower estates (the urban area north of the A12 road) and a small rural area to the north up to Ashwells Road and Days Lane. Pilgrims Hatch usually elects Liberal Democrat councillors. It has a population of around 6,000 people.

'Pilgrims Hatch' literally means Pilgrim's Gate (with 'hatch' being derived from the Old English form of haecc) and, until recently, local schools used a large farmer's gate as a symbol of the area. While no longer common it is still the semi-official symbol of the village. One of the local schools that still has the "gate" incorporated within their school badge is Larchwood Primary School.

The name derived from 12th century Thomas Becket pilgrimages to Canterbury through Brentwood, a popular stopping place at the time, before travelling onto Tilbury for the ferry. Pilgrims from the Midlands would pass through Pilgrims Hatch en route to Brentwood. At this time Pilgrims Hatch was not recognised as a community as such, having only a few properties in an area which was mainly open countryside and not settled in any numbers until the 20th century. The Chapman & André map of 1777 references 'Pilgrims Hatch Common' and shows limited development along what was to become the modern Ongar Road near the junction with Coxtie Green Road (Cox Green then). The main development of Pilgrims Hatch as a village occurred after World War II.

Although population development may have been quite late, Pilgrims Hatch was home to a critical part of early communications infrastructure with Cable & Wireless having a substantial telegraph radio receiving station built on the junction of Hatch Road and Doddinghurst Road in 1921. (with the associated transmitting station in nearby [[North Weald) During World War II this site was considered sufficiently important in the war effort that substantial air defences were also constructed around it. Although some buildings from the site remained early into the 21st century it has now been transformed into housing developments and an extension to Bishops Hall Park.

The Brentwood Centre is situated on the edge of Pilgrims Hatch, and is the centre of sport, leisure, and musical events within the borough. There is an annual festival held at the centre, as well as a traditional fireworks display on or close to Guy Fawkes Night each year.

The area relies mainly on Brentwood's high street stores and supermarkets, but does have a number of local shops and businesses. It also is well served by local restaurants, takeaways and pubs.

title: Pilgrims Hatch


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The Ballroom Blitz

"The Ballroom Blitz" (often called "Ballroom Blitz") is a song by British glam rock band The Sweet, written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman. The song reached number one in Canada, number two in the UK Singles Chart and the Australian Chart, and number five on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Background
"The Ballroom Blitz" was inspired by an incident on 27 January 1973 when the band were performing at the Grand Hall in Kilmarnock, Scotland, and were driven offstage by a bottling.

History and description
The song was recorded on 11–12 June 1973 at Audio International Studio, 18 Rodmarton Street, London,  and released as a single in September 1973.

The song appeared on the US and Canadian versions of Desolation Boulevard but never appeared on a Sweet album in the UK, other than hits compilations.

The initial guitar and drum riff of the song has similarity to a 1963 song by Bobby Comstock called "Let's Stomp".

Cover versions
An early cover of "The Ballroom Blitz" was by the Les Humphries Singers in 1974, the first German single to reach #1 in New Zealand. In 1979, the song was covered by the Damned, which featured Lemmy from Motörhead on bass guitar. It was released as a B-side to "I Just Can't Be Happy Today" and featured as a bonus track on their CD reissue of Machine Gun Etiquette.

Other covers include Krokus in 1984, the Surf Punks on their 1988 album Oh No! Not Them Again, acoustic punk band Calibretto 13 in 2000, and Tia Carrere on the soundtrack to Wayne's World in 1992. In 2003, the song was covered by the female Estonian rock band of Vanilla Ninja. In 2016, The Struts recorded it for the soundtrack of film The Edge of Seventeen. In 2020, industrial metal band 3Teeth released Guns Akimbo, a two-track set that included a cover version of "The Ballroom Blitz". The song was previously featured in the 2019 action comedy film Guns Akimbo.

In popular culture

 * This song was featured in the season 32 episode of the animated TV show The Simpsons, The Road to Cincinnati. The scene this song is featured in, two characters, Principal Skinner and Superintendent Chalmers have a fight in a dining hall (a sort of “ballroom blitz”) over remarks made about the former by the latter.
 * The words "she thinks she's the passionate one" from the song are dubbed into the Beastie Boys song "Hey Ladies".
 * Ohi Ho Bang Bang (a one-off project of Holger Hiller, Karl Bonnie of Renegade Soundwave and video artist Akiko Hada) released a 12" single and a CD Video in 1988. "The Three" (a remix of their song "The Two") samples "Ballroom Blitz" extensively, especially the drumming from the intro.

Personnel

 * Brian Connolly – lead vocals
 * Steve Priest – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Andy Scott – guitar, backing vocals
 * Mick Tucker – drums, backing vocals

title: The Ballroom Blitz


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George H. Nelms

George H. Nelms (1905 – September 17, 1999) was mayor of Ottawa from 1957 to 1960. He was an optician by profession. Nelms was born in Thame, Oxfordshire, England in 1905 and came to Canada in 1912. He had two sons, Larry and John and two daughters, Linda and Jane.

During his term as Mayor, he would welcome Queen Elizabeth and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh to the city in 1957, a visit which included a ceremony to commence construction of the Queensway superhighway project. On June 24, 1957, Nelms opened Laurentian High School. In 1958, Nelms saw the opening of a new city hall facility on Green Island. He was also chair of the Ottawa Transportation Commission under whose watch electric streetcar transit service was replaced with buses.

Nelms died in Ottawa at Grace Hospital aged 94.

title: George H. Nelms


text: User talk:4v4l0n42/Meelar

title: User talk:4v4l0n42/Meelar


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James G. Harvey

James Graham Harvey (June 3, 1869 —November 12, 1950 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1910 to 1914, as a member of the Conservative Party.

Harvey was born at Fallbrook in Lanark County, Ontario, the son of James Graham Harvey, later alderman and controller for the city of Winnipeg, and Catherine Ferguson. He came to Winnipeg with his family in 1875 and was educated at public schools there and at Manitoba College, receiving a law degree. He was called to the Manitoba bar and began practising law in Winnipeg in 1890. Harvey moved to Dauphin in 1896. He served three years as mayor of Dauphin and also was president of the Dauphin Board of Trade. In religion, Harvey was a Presbyterian. He married Ida S. Mills in 1897.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1907 election in the constituency of Dauphin, and lost to Liberal candidate John Campbell by 121 votes. He ran again in 1910, and defeated Campbell by 53 votes. The Conservatives won the election, and Harvey served as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin's administration for the next four years. He did not run for re-election in the 1914 campaign.

Harvey died in Winnipeg at the age of 81.

title: James G. Harvey


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Trinucleotide repeat disorder

In genetics, trinucleotide repeat disorders, a subset of microsatellite expansion diseases (also known as repeat expansion disorders), are a set of over 30 genetic disorders caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion, a kind of mutation in which repeats of three nucleotides (trinucleotide repeats) increase in copy numbers until they cross a threshold above which they cause developmental, neurological or neuromuscular disorders. In addition to the expansions of these trinucleotide repeats, expansions of one tetranucleotide (CCTG), five pentanucleotide (ATTCT, TGGAA, TTTTA, TTTCA, and AAGGG), three hexanucleotide (GGCCTG, CCCTCT, and GGGGCC), and one dodecanucleotide (CCCCGCCCCGCG) repeat cause 13 other diseases. Depending on its location, the unstable trinucleotide repeat may cause defects in a protein encoded by a gene; change the regulation of gene expression; produce a toxic RNA, or lead to production of a toxic protein. In general, the larger the expansion the faster the onset of disease, and the more severe the disease becomes.

Trinucleotide repeats are a subset of a larger class of unstable microsatellite repeats that occur throughout all genomes.

The first trinucleotide repeat disease to be identified was fragile X syndrome, which has since been mapped to the long arm of the X chromosome. Patients carry from 230 to 4000 CGG repeats in the gene that causes fragile X syndrome, while unaffected individuals have up to 50 repeats and carriers of the disease have 60 to 230 repeats. The chromosomal instability resulting from this trinucleotide expansion presents clinically as intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and macroorchidism in males. The second DNA-triplet repeat disease, fragile X-E syndrome, was also identified on the X chromosome, but was found to be the result of an expanded CCG repeat. The discovery that trinucleotide repeats could expand during intergenerational transmission and could cause disease was the first evidence that not all disease-causing mutations are stably transmitted from parent to offspring.

Trinucleotide repeat disorders and the related microsatellite repeat disorders affect about 1 in 3,000 people worldwide. However, the frequency of occurrence of any one particular repeat sequence disorder varies greatly by ethnic group and geographic location. Many regions of the genome (exons, introns, intergenic regions) normally contain trinucleotide sequences, or repeated sequences of one particular nucleotide, or sequences of 2, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotides. Such repetitive sequences occur at a low level that can be regarded as "normal". Sometimes, a person may have more than the usual number of copies of a repeat sequence associated with a gene, but not enough to alter the function of that gene. These individuals are referred to as "premutation carriers". The frequency of carriers worldwide appears to be 1 in 340 individuals. Some carriers, during the formation of eggs or sperm, may give rise to higher levels of repetition of the repeat they carry. The higher level may then be at a "mutation" level and cause symptoms in their offspring.

Three categories of trinucleotide repeat disorders and related microsatellite (4, 5, or 6 repeats) disorders are described by Boivin and Charlet-Berguerand.

The first main category these authors discuss is repeat expansions located within the promoter region of a gene or located close to, but upstream of, a promoter region of a gene. These repeats are able to promote localized DNA epigenetic changes such as methylation of cytosines. Such epigenetic alterations can inhibit transcription, causing reduced expression of the associated encoded protein. The epigenetic alterations and their effects are described more fully by Barbé and Finkbeiner These authors cite evidence that the age at which an individual begins to experience symptoms, as well as the severity of disease, is determined both by the size of the repeat and the epigenetic state within the repeat and around the repeat. There is often increased methylation at CpG islands near the repeat region, resulting in a closed chromatin state, causing gene downregulation. This first category is designated as "loss of function".

The second main category of trinucleotide repeat disorders and related microsatellite disorders involves a toxic RNA gain of function mechanism. In this second type of disorder, large repeat expansions in DNA are transcribed into pathogenic RNAs that form nuclear RNA foci. These foci attract and alter the location and function of RNA binding proteins. This, in turn, causes multiple RNA processing defects that lead to the diverse clinical manifestations of these diseases.

The third main category of trinucleotide repeat disorders and related microsatellite disorders is due to the translation of repeat sequenced into pathogenic proteins containing a stretch of repeated amino acids. This results in, variously, a toxic gain of function, a loss of function, a dominant negative effect and/or a mix of these mechanisms for the protein hosting the expansion. Translation of these repeat expansions occurs mostly through two mechanisms. First, there may be translation initiated at the usual AUG or a similar (CUG, GUG, UUG, or ACG) start codon. This results in expression of a pathogenic protein encoded by one particular coding frame. Second, a mechanism named "repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation" uses translation initiation that starts directly within the repeat expansion. This potentially results in expression of three different proteins encoded by the three possible reading frames. Usually, one of the three proteins is more toxic than the other two. Typical of these RAN type expansions are those with the trinucleotide repeat CAG. These often are translated into polyglutamine-containing proteins that form inclusions and are toxic to neuronal cells. Examples of the disorders caused by this mechanism include Huntington's disease and Huntington disease-like 2, spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, and spinocerebellar ataxia 1–3, 6–8, and 17.

The first main category, the loss of function type with epigenetic contributions, can have repeats located in either a promoter, in 5'untranscribed regions upstream of promoters, or in introns. The second category, toxic RNAs, has repeats located in introns or in a 3' untranslated region of code beyond the stop codon. The third category, largely producing toxic proteins with polyalanines or polyglutamines, has trinucleotide repeats that occur in the exons of the affected genes.

Types
Some of the problems in trinucleotide repeat syndromes result from causing alterations in the coding region of the gene, while others are caused by altered gene regulation. In over half of these disorders, the repeated trinucleotide, or codon, is CAG. In a coding region, CAG codes for glutamine (Q), so CAG repeats result in an expanded polyglutamine tract. These diseases are commonly referred to as polyglutamine (or polyQ) diseases. The repeated codons in the remaining disorders do not code for glutamine, and these can be classified as non-polyQ or non-coding trinucleotide repeat disorders.

Symptoms and signs
, ten neurological and neuromuscular disorders were known to be caused by an increased number of CAG repeats. Although these diseases share the same repeated codon (CAG) and some symptoms, the repeats are found in different, unrelated genes. Except for the CAG repeat expansion in the 5' UTR of PPP2R2B in SCA12, the expanded CAG repeats are translated into an uninterrupted sequence of glutamine residues, forming a polyQ tract, and the accumulation of polyQ proteins damages key cellular functions such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system. A common symptom of polyQ diseases is the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, usually affecting people later in life. However different polyQ-containing proteins damage different subsets of neurons, leading to different symptoms.

The non-polyQ diseases or non-coding trinucleotide repeat disorders do not share any specific symptoms and are unlike the PolyQ diseases. In some of these diseases, such as Fragile X syndrome, the pathology is caused by lack of the normal function of the protein encoded by the affected gene. In others, such as Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1, the pathology is caused by a change in protein expression or function mediated through changes in the messenger RNA produced by the expression of the affected gene. In yet others, the pathology is caused by toxic assemblies of RNA in the nuclei of cells.

Genetics
Trinucleotide repeat disorders generally show genetic anticipation: their severity increases with each successive generation that inherits them. This is likely explained by the addition of CAG repeats in the affected gene as the gene is transmitted from parent to child. For example, Huntington's disease occurs when there are more than 35 CAG repeats on the gene coding for the protein HTT. A parent with 35 repeats would be considered normal and would not exhibit any symptoms of the disease. However, that parent's offspring would be at an increased risk of developing Huntington's compared to the general population, as it would take only the addition of one more CAG codon to cause the production of mHTT (mutant HTT), the protein responsible for disease.

Huntington's very rarely occurs spontaneously; it is almost always the result of inheriting the defective gene from an affected parent. However, sporadic cases of Huntington's in individuals who have no history of the disease in their families do occur. Among these sporadic cases, there is a higher frequency of individuals with a parent who already has a significant number of CAG repeats in their HTT gene, especially those whose repeats approach the number (36) required for the disease to manifest. Each successive generation in a Huntington's-affected family may add additional CAG repeats, and the higher the number of repeats, the more severe the disease and the earlier its onset. As a result, families that have had Huntington's for many generations show an earlier age of disease onset and faster disease progression.

Non-trinucleotide expansions
The majority of diseases caused by expansions of simple DNA repeats involve trinucleotide repeats, but tetra-, penta- and dodecanucleotide repeat expansions are also known that cause disease. For any specific hereditary disorder, only one repeat expands in a particular gene.

Mechanism
Triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication or during DNA repair synthesis. Because the tandem repeats have identical sequence to one another, base pairing between two DNA strands can take place at multiple points along the sequence. This may lead to the formation of 'loop out' structures during DNA replication or DNA repair synthesis. This may lead to repeated copying of the repeated sequence, expanding the number of repeats. Additional mechanisms involving hybrid RNA:DNA intermediates have been proposed.

title: Trinucleotide repeat disorder


text:
Talk:Lucien (DC Comics)

Is it necessary to have this under "Lucien (DC Comics)" rather than just "Lucien"? There is no "Lucien" page currently, so if there are other significant Luciens, "Lucien" should probably be a disambiguation page (or a redirect to the most famous Lucien), and if there aren't, I see no reason why this couldn't be moved to there... -Silence 21:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lucien (DC Comics)


text:
2006 United States Senate election in Missouri

The 2006 United States Senate election in Missouri was held November 7, 2006, to decide who would serve as senator for Missouri between January 3, 2007, and January 3, 2013. This election was the fifth consecutive even-number year in which a senate election was held in Missouri after elections in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2004.

Incumbent Republican Senator Jim Talent was elected in a 2002 special election over incumbent Democrat Jean Carnahan, who was appointed to the Senate seat after the posthumous election of her husband Mel Carnahan, who died in a plane crash shortly before the 2000 election. Talent ran for re-election for his first full term, his Democratic opponent was Missouri State Auditor Claire McCaskill.

Both Talent and McCaskill faced unknowns in their respective primaries on August 8 and defeated them soundly. Early on the morning of November 8, Talent conceded defeat to McCaskill, having faced considerable political headwinds. Talent lost the election with 47% of the vote, to 50% of the vote for McCaskill. This was the last election an incumbent Republican senator lost in Missouri.

Background
The election was always expected to be very close, given the seat had changed hands twice, both by very narrow margins, in the prior six years. In 2000, the late Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan, a Democrat, narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Senator John Ashcroft 50% to 48%. Mel Carnahan died in a plane crash before election day, so his wife Jean Carnahan was appointed to the seat after the election. Two years later, in a special election held for the seat, incumbent Senator Jean Carnahan lost an even closer election to former Congressman Jim Talent, 50% to 49%.

State politics
The state of Missouri was a bellwether state throughout the twentieth century. It had voted for the winner of every presidential election starting in 1904, except for in 1956, when the state narrowly favored Adlai Stevenson over Dwight D. Eisenhower.

The state itself is bordered by both the South and Midwestern United States. In statewide elections for much of the prior century, Missouri had favored the Democratic Party. Beginning in 2000, however, Missouri began a gradual drift toward the Republican Party. In the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, George W. Bush carried Missouri with a margin slightly greater than he received nationally.

Bush's 2004 victory also saw Missouri Republicans triumph in several down-ballot elections. Senator Kit Bond was re-elected by a decisive margin, and Matt Blunt won the election for Governor, narrowly defeating state auditor Claire McCaskill. The Republican Party also captured control of the state legislature for the first time in eighty years.

National significance
The Missouri contest was seen as vitally important to control of the United States Senate. Democrats needed to win six seats to take control of the chamber with 51 seats. To do this, they would need to retain their 19 incumbent seats, win two Republican-held seats in states won by John Kerry in 2004 (Rhode Island and Pennsylvania), and win four races in five states Bush had won (Missouri, Montana, Ohio, Tennessee and Virginia). Thus, if Talent were re-elected, Republicans would need to win only one other seat to retain control of the Senate.

Candidates

 * Frank Gilmour, small business owner (Libertarian)
 * Lydia Lewis, retired functional systems analyst (Progressive)
 * Claire McCaskill, State Auditor of Missouri, former State Representative and nominee for Governor in 2004 (Democratic)
 * Jim Talent, incumbent U.S. Senator since 2002 (Republican)

Campaign
Talent, anticipating a tough re-election battle and attempting to dissuade challengers, had accumulated a large campaign fund. For most of 2005, he had no opposition. State Senator Chuck Graham had briefly entered the race early in the year, but dropped out soon after. However, on August 30, 2005, Democrat Claire McCaskill announced her intention to run for Talent's Senate seat.

McCaskill started with a large financial disadvantage, but she was also an experienced candidate with high name recognition. McCaskill had run two successful campaigns for state auditor. She was also a candidate for governor in 2004, when she defeated the incumbent Democratic Governor Bob Holden in the primary election but lost with 48% of the vote in the general election.

Talent started statewide advertising on August 1, 2006, forcing some observers to suggest that Talent was on the ropes and therefore needed to reassert his image (damaged recently by his "flip-flopping" on stem cell research, his opposition to raising the minimum wage and a general feeling of antipathy from the body politic regarding his lack of notable achievements while in the Senate) and pull ahead in a statistical dead heat.

Embryonic stem cell research
Since joining the Senate in 2002, Talent had supported federal legislation that would ban stem cell research. This included co-sponsoring a bill (S.658) sponsored by Senator Sam Brownback which would ban all forms of human cloning, including the cloning and destruction of human embryos.

On February 10, 2006, Talent withdrew his support for the bill, citing the need to balance research and protection against human cloning. This move followed criticism by Talent's Democratic opponent in the 2006 election, Claire McCaskill, as well as pressure from Missouri business interests that oppose restrictions on stem cell research. Though this reversal was widely criticized as being due to politics, Talent told the Associated Press, "The technology is changing all the time and so I'm always considering whether there is a better way to strike the balance.". Talent suggests that moral concerns might be put to rest through a possible future scientific breakthrough - replicating embryonic stem cells without the use of cloned embryos.

Proposed Constitutional Amendment 2 would amend the state constitution and allow, in line with federal law, stem cell research and treatment. On May 1, 2006, Talent announced his opposition to the proposed ballot-initiative. Stem cell research and treatment is working up to be a divisive issue for many Republicans and is taking a particular prominence in Missouri. In the senate, he subsequently voted against expanding federal funds for embryonic stem cell research in July 2006.

Michael J. Fox commercial
Actor Michael J. Fox, who has Parkinson's disease, appeared in a television campaign commercial for Claire McCaskill in late October, stated that Talent wanted to criminalize embryonic stem cell research. The commercial, which was one of many Fox had appeared in for politicians of both major political parties supportive of such research, made national headlines.

Rush Limbaugh, conservative radio talk show host, commented on the TV commercial, saying that Fox was "really shameless" and that he was "either off his medication or acting." Limbaugh speculated that Fox may have intentionally not taken his medication to exaggerate the effects of his illness, saying "He's moving all around and shaking, and it's purely an act." Limbaugh followed up on October 25, 2006, saying, "When you wade into political life you have every right to say what you want, but you cannot in turn argue that no one has the right to take you on."

Elaine Richman, a neuroscientist, stated, "Anyone who knows the disease well would regard his movement as classic severe Parkinson's disease. Any other interpretation is misinformed." On October 26, Fox responded to Limbaugh's claims, saying in an interview with Katie Couric, "The irony of it is that I was too medicated." He added that his condition during their interview reflected "a dearth of medication — not by design. I just take it, and it kicks in when it kicks in." He further laughed, "That's funny — the notion that you could calculate it for effect."

Fundraising
Talent had a huge cash-on-hand advantage over McCaskill. Because of the way FEC filing works, Talent's numbers include the money he raised during his 2002 special election campaign. Totals are through July 19.

Debates

 * Complete video of debate, September 15, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 8, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 16, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 18, 2006

Polling
A June 19–22, 2006 Research 2000 poll showed Talent's favorability rating was 47%-46%, with 7% having no opinion. Soon after, a St. Louis Post-Dispatch poll was released showing McCaskill with 49% favorability to Talent's 43%.

Polling and candidate positions
In single-issue polling, Talent's positions contradicted the majority of voters in the election on most issues: 66% of Missouri voters favored raising the minimum wage to $6.50 an hour; 62% of Missouri voters favored raising taxes to replace Medicaid funding cut by the current Republican Governor, Matt Blunt; 54% opposed a law that would require all Missourians to show a photo ID before they vote; 58% favored campaign donation limitations; and 66% favored restoring Medicaid coverage to about 90,000 Missourians who lost coverage when Blunt and the Republican legislature tightened eligibility requirements.

Results
When the polls closed in Missouri on election night the race was, as expected, too close to call. With 85% of the vote in and with still no call, McCaskill claimed victory. At the time McCaskill declared victory, she was ahead by a vote margin of 867,683 to Talent's 842,251 votes; in percentage terms, with 85% of the vote in, McCaskill led Talent, 49% to 48%. Finally, at 11:38 P.M. Central Time the Associated Press called McCaskill as the winner. St. Louis County, adjacent to St. Louis, and Jackson County, home of Kansas City, are probably what pushed McCaskill over the finish line.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Hickory (Largest city: Hermitage)
 * Platte (Largest city: Kansas City)
 * Carroll (Largest city: Carrollton)
 * Oregon (Largest city: Thayer)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Bates (Largest city: Butler)
 * Lafayette (Largest city: Odessa)
 * Clark (Largest city: Kahoka)
 * Cass (Largest city: Harrisonville)
 * Schuyler (Largest city: Lancaster)


text:
Midori (actress)

Michele Watley (born July 19, 1968), better known by her stage name Midori, is an American singer, dancer, model, actress and former pornographic actress. She was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2009 and the Urban X Hall of Fame in 2023. She was the first African-American woman to win an AVN award, when she was named "Best Supporting Actress" in 2001. Watley was also named one of the top 10 "hottest black porn stars" of all time by Complex and The Independent named her "the queen of the black hardcore market".

Early life and career
Michele Watley was born in Durham, North Carolina. Watley has a sister, Jody Watley, and a brother. When Watley was a toddler, her family relocated to Kansas City, Missouri, followed by Chicago, Illinois. Her grandfather and father were ministers. Her parents divorced when she was twelve, and Watley and her sister Jody moved to California. Watley called her childhood "sheltered" and that her parents were "strict". When she was in junior high school, she said she was "mortified" seeing girls kissing their boyfriends. Eventually, Watley turned into what she called "a wild child".

As a teenager, Watley started dancing, performing hip hop, ballet and jazz styles. She studied theater in college and performed in plays. As a young adult, she lived in England for nine months and in 1986, she attended dance school in France. Watley was also a hair model for Vidal Sassoon, as well as a backup singer and dancer. As Michele Watley, she acted in commercials and modeled in Elle. She did not pursue modeling full-time, as she was "not tall enough to be a super model".

Career
She appeared as Michele Watley in John Landis' comedy film starring Eddie Murphy, Coming to America (1989), as one of the nude bathroom maidens.

After her role in Coming to America, she changed her stage name to Midori. She worked as an exotic dancer for four years and in 1995 she started performing in hardcore pornography. Her first scene was with Jake Steed. After that scene, she did not perform in films another year. Watley's rationale for entering the adult film industry was to increase the representation of women of color in the industry, which has historically been white.

In the 1990s, Watley began directing pornographic films and started backup singing, including for Kid Rock in 1999. She initially tried to avoid appearing in stereotypical Black themed films, and early in her career was mostly featured in interracial scenes in white-produced films. Watley eventually started working with Black male performers because she "didn't want to have Black guys thinking I didn't do them too". She became a spokesperson for the Free Speech Coalition. She was co-featured, as Michele, in the 1997 stripper documentary The Unveiling, alongside Dixie Evans and Eldad Sahar. Variety described Watley as "a petite African-American single mom who does an athletic pole-climbing act". The Los Angeles Times described Watley as being "loaded with personality, and you hope that she fulfills her dream of moving into mainstream entertainment as a singer or actress".

In 1997, she recorded a duet with Oran "Juice" Jones at Tommy Boy Records and performed on tour with Puff Daddy and Lil' Kim. The next year, Spike Lee offered Watley a role in He Got Game - as a prostitute - a role she declined because she did not want to play a sex worker. Watley was featured in the British documentary Glamour Girlz on Channel 4, which documents Black women in the adult film industry. Watley was featured in the show alongside Charmaine Sinclair, who had relocated to Los Angeles from London to further her career, and porn legend Ron Jeremy. In the series, Watley helps Sinclair expand her career into the adult film industry. Watley also discusses her desire to move into music, and is seen meeting by phone with Luther Campbell of 2 Live Crew to discuss prospects.

In 1999, she had one track entitled 5-10-15-20, which she wrote on the Porn to Rock compilation, which was released on Tommy Boy Records. The single features Oran "Juice" Jones. In an interview with the National Post, Watley said that she was pursuing a career in hip hop by using her fame as a porn star. Then National Post music critic Finbarr O'Reilly called Watley's single on the compilation "one of the better tracks". To support the compilation, Watley toured with fellow porn performers Madison Stone, Johnny Toxic, and Nina Whett, including performing at South by Southwest. That same year, Kid Rock produced the track F.M.A. for the Deep Porn compilation with Midori on vocals. The New York Daily News described the single as "moaning unprintable pillow talk over a backdrop of distorted guitars and hip-hop drums". She also appeared on the cover of Eminem and Royce da 5'9"'s side project Bad Meets Evil's single "Nuttin' to Do". Watley has a second track, "Zap", produced by Wide (a duo consisting of Liquid Todd and Dr. Luke). Watley credits Madonna and Lil' Kim as opening the door for sex positive performers, and sex workers, to perform music in mainstream entertainment.

Watley appeared on the cover of Andrew Dice Clay's album Face Down, Ass Up in 2000. She also released her first album, the dance LP Midori (AKA) Michele Watley. In 2001, she won the "Best Supporting Actress" video award at the AVN Awards, making her the first African-American woman to ever win an AVN award. That same year, she released the rap album Miss Judged, which featured rapper AMG. In 2001, she appeared in the video for Coo Coo Cal's "My Projects." She toured internationally for her music, including New Zealand and Europe. She starred in the Polish porn Big Sister and toured Poland. Watley appeared as singer and MC on rapper Warrior's single "Who's Hustlin' Who" in 2003. Watley was described as "decent but uninteresting" on the single by Rap Reviews. Around this time, she also began exploring a comeback. During her exploration of potential roles, Watley expressed issues with being offered primarily roles for older women in porn, including as MILFs.

Personal life
In a 1997 interview with Black Video Illustrated, Watley said she was straight; however, in the 1998, documentary The Unveiling, Watley identified as bisexual. She is monogamous. In 1999, Watley was in a relationship with Kid Rock. The relationship ended after three months, with both Rock and Watley citing Rock's busy schedule as the reason for the break up. Watley discovered she was pregnant after her relationship with Rock ended, and she decided not to have the baby.

Watley is divorced from a man she describes as a "knucklehead". She has a daughter.

Watley does not like watching pornography. It took considerable time for her family to accept that she was an adult film entertainer. She took her mother with her to an adult film award ceremony in an attempt to convince her mother that the adult film industry "also holds formal events where people dress up in black ties and fancy dresses".

Discography
Albums:
 * 2001: Miss Judged, (7 tracks)
 * 2000: Midori (AKA) Michele Watley (5 tracks)

Singles:
 * 2003: "Who's Hustlin' Who" - Warrior featuring Midori

Album appearances: Cover girl:
 * 2002: Perfect Weapon, Warrior, "Who's Hustlin' Who" feat. Midori
 * 2000: Deep Porn, Various Artists, "F.M.A." - Kid Rock featuring Midori, "Zap" - Wide featuring Midori
 * 1999: Porn to Rock, Various Artists, "5,10,15,20" - Midori featuring Oran "Juice" Jones
 * 1997: Player's Call, Oran "Juice" Jones, "Let's Stay Together" (featuring Midori)
 * 2000: Face Down, Ass Up - Andrew Dice Clay
 * 1999: "Nuttin' To Do," Bad Meets Evil (Royce/Eminem)

Music video appearances:
 * 2001: "My Projects," Coo Coo Cal (guest appearance)

title: Midori (actress)


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User:Rmatney

Robert Matney I am a voice actor, director, writer living in Austin, Texas, United States of America. An article about me was created by someone which initially detailed only Anime voice acting work.

title: User:Rmatney


text:
Cycle of the West

A Cycle of the West is a collection of five epic poems (called "Songs") written and published over a nearly thirty-year span by John G. Neihardt. As one extended work of literature, the Cycle treats historical topics from the American settlement of the Great Plains and the displacement of the Native American cultures there.

Each poem is written as enjambed heroic couplets in several chapters. As Neihardt gained experience with the form, he began to close chapters, and often verse paragraphs, in the middle of a line, with the first line of the next chapter completing both the suspended line and rhyme. The effect is to pull the speaker forward until the only completely resolved couplet is the one at the end of the Song.

By internal chronological order, the five songs are (with the date of first)
 * The Song of Three Friends (1919)
 * The Song of Hugh Glass (1915)
 * The Song of Jed Smith (1941)
 * The Song of the Indian Wars (1925)
 * The Song of the Messiah (1935)

The Song of Three Friends
This poem comprises eight cantos.

The story begins in 1822—and follows an expedition of Major Andrew Henry during a series of arduous journeys over the Trans-Missouri region: following the Grand, Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.

The poem examines the exploits of three trappers—Will Carpenter, Mike Fink, and Frank Talbeau—who through shared experiences have developed a close friendship. But the bonds of friendship uniting the trio explode after Will succeeds in wooing the Indian girl who had stolen Mike's heart. Mike's jealously leads to murder: the remaining cantos complete the narrative, in which only one of the original three will survive to tell the tale.

The Song of Hugh Glass
This poem comprises five cantos.

The story begins in 1823—just after the Leavenworth campaign against the Arikara Indians—and follows an expedition of Major Andrew Henry during a series of arduous journeys over the Trans-Missouri region.

The poem describes the friendship that springs up between two trappers—an older man named Hugh Glass, and a younger named Jamie—who fight, scout and hunt together in the wilds. The story is set when Jamie and a companion betray Hugh: Hugh is abandoned—alive, and badly wounded—to die by the Missouri; to allow Jamie and his companion to safely flee the enmity of hostile Indians in the vicinity. Jamie and his fellow cover their cowardice with a specious lie: that they left only after Hugh died of natural causes, whereupon they first buried him before riding north to rejoin the trapping-party.

However, against all odds, Hugh survives. Regaining consciousness and finding himself alone, Hugh shrewdly deduces the identity of those who betrayed him. Then—fired by a relentless hate to punish those who left him to die—Hugh claws his painful way back to the land of the living: but only to set out to track down his betrayers and deal out some requisite summary justice.

The story is retold in the 1971 film Man in the Wilderness. It is also the basis for Michael Punke's 2002 novel The Revenant, which was adapted into the 2015 film of the same name starring Leonardo DiCaprio.

title: Cycle of the West


text:
Talk:Rescue of Giuliana Sgrena

Duped
All of this discussion is pointless because the vehicle was stupidly targeted by U.S. forces on purpose because Al-Qaeda tricked them into it. Al-Qaeda used the fearfulness and trigger-happy qualities of the soldiers against them by reporting that her vehicle had an ied in it, the U.S. took the bait. They were scared to admit being duped and voila, conspiracy theories abound but alas it is the simple answer []. If the car were going 1kph or 100 mph it was up against a soldier's fears which have no limits or reasonability! BTW Pier, you nailed it on all three! Pier said-->> Pier Scolari said "I hope the Italian government does something because either this was an ambush, as I think, or we are dealing with imbeciles or terrorized kids who shoot at anyone". unsigned comment added by |talk]]) 06:59, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Overlap?
I think there is too large overlapping in the pages of Giuliana Sgrena, Nicola Calipari and Mario Lozano about the incident. I think a specific article is in order, to integrate all the information in one place (and possibly orderly so). Information in those three articles would then be transfered here, leaving a link and possibly a short resume in the original pages, specific to the role of each character. Any thoughts? --Orzetto 21:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And how would that be better than merely recording those element you see as shared in a short article with a name similar to that you propose, leaving the existing articles as-is? Sgrena has a career other than being a hostage. Calipari had a distinguished career outside of being a possible murder victim.

 * Among the drawbacks to your suggestion is the awkward, non-obvious name you propose for the article. While it is obvious that material on Nicola Calipari should be in an article entitled Nicola Calipari, your name is not obvious.  The name of your proposed article could, as easily, be "the shooting of Sgrena and Calipari".  The main info shouldn't be in an article with a non-obvious name.  That is an invitation for chaos.  --  Geo Swan 02:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Please chill. I'm not inviting to chaos, I'm trying to gather all the information in one place. Right now we have different accounts of the story, and maintaining them may be difficult. It's pretty much like the whole account of the Battle of Waterloo not being present in the articles about Napoleon I of France, the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard von Blücher, where it is referenced.
 * The solution I propose would be better in that only one account will need to be maintained. I think the roles played by the single person in the incident should be briefly summarised in each article, along with a template.
 * As for the name of the main article, I'm open to suggestions. It only must be a clearly NPOV name. In case of alternative names, someone invented redirects and the search box on the left of the screen. --Orzetto 06:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Authority for Orzetto's changes ?
I see that this suggestion is being implemented. I don't see where it was discussed, and consensus reached that it was a good idea. -- Geo Swan 14:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No authority, this is a Wiki. First, I consider your suggestion fundamentally incorrect, and I chose to ignore it. Three pages with the same information are a waste of space, a maintainance nightmare and simply a bad idea.
 * The facts of March 4 do not need to be retold thrice, but should be in their own article. Furthermore, the account present in Calipari's article was clearly shorter, even if it contained some bits of information not present in Sgrena's (which have now been integrated).
 * I'm also proceeding to reorganize the text, since it was a bit chaotic (it reported twice Fini's statement at the Italian Parliament, for instance). Furthermore, notes and links need reordering.
 * I am open to suggestions for the article name, but I will not recede on the principle of having only one article. This article is not only about Sgrena, or only Calipari or anyone else. It is documentation of one event.--Orzetto 17:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "This is a wiki" -- so are you saying that, because this is a wiki, you don't feel you are under any obligation to take the views of other contributors into account? Didn't you put up a discussion notice?  Presumably that was a commitment, on your part, to seek, and take into account, other contributors views.  --  Geo Swan 18:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. --Orzetto 15:49, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

The American report
The article currently says that the Americans, manning the roadblock, had successfully turned away two other vehicles before the arrival of the Italian's car. I read the report myself. What's going on? I read that they had turned back dozens of vehicles. I read that they had to fire warning shots in order to get half a dozen of those vehicles to stop. I read that several of those other vehicles had to screech their brakes, and leave skid marks, to stop in time.

The article does not make clear that the gunner was also tasked with aiming the hand-held floodlight -- a recipe for disaster.

The article says that Americans "followed procedure". Doesn't the American report say that the Americans had to receive on the job training from the previous unit, because the procedure for manning these roadblock was inadequately documented? I'd like to suggest that to say the Americans "followed procedure" gives the misleading impression that the procedure was adequately documented.

Didn't the American report have a list of suggestions as to how to prevent this kind of incident?

From reading the article, as it stands, a reader could walk away with the impression that the American report found nothing to fault. I'd like to suggest that this would be a highly misleading impression. -- Geo Swan 18:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * They had turned away 2 vehicles that night. They had turned away "15-30" vehicles in their time in Iraq. (See wikisource link)
 * Paragraphs 2,3,4: feel free to add. Well, except the "recipe for disaster" part that would be NPOV. Again, since the disaster happened, it pretty much tells itself.
 * The American report found that some things may be improved, but did not indicate a violation of procedure. The Italian report indicates that, for instance, distances were too short (e.g. 130 instead of 200-400 metres for the Alert line, if I recall correcly). --Orzetto 15:48, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * How do you reconcile the idea that they turned away just two other vehicles with the discussion in the report of how many rounds the shooter fired? The report said that the gunner fired something like 60 rounds that night.  Eleven rounds were in the Italian's vehicle.  Some of the missing rounds had, the Americans claimed, been fired as warning shots, when the Italian vehicle approached.  The other missing rounds had been fired at six or seven (I'll check) other vehicles that had required warning shots.  --  Geo Swan 14:15, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The report said, in section # 4.7.5 5. (U) Number of Rounds, that 58 bullets had been fired from the shooter's weapon.

 * The report said, in section 4.8 H. (U) Findings that 15-30 vehicles had been turned away. --  Geo Swan 14:42, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You are correct, my bad. They were indeed 15-30 cars to be turned away, the black car and the white one were BOLOs (i.e. warnings) of possible car bombs, that they had actually not seen. About the rounds, the report specifies the weapon had been used seven times before, but in other occasions (not the same mission), and the Italian report actually criticises the Americans for not counting their ammunition properly. --Orzetto 19:11, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

The Italian report
The section on the Italian report attributes to the Italian report aspects of the incident which were also acknowledged in the American report, giving the misleading impression that those aspects were in dispute, when they were not. -- Geo Swan 18:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Tank and 400 rounds
Hi, user TDC has edited out a part I had written about the 400 round and tank issue. I do follow the Italian media and I am sure I never came across any mentioning of tanks in the incident.

A google search confirms that most articles with both Sgrena's name and carro armato are not about the issue (a notable exception is an Indymedia article, a apparently translation of an article in English by Jeremy Scahill. I personally would expect this misunderstanding to be originated by an Italian who mistranslated the English armoured vehicle into carro armato, which actually means tank (yes, I know HMMWVs are technically not armoured vehicles, but it's not what you are thinking at when it's shooting at you).

A google search with Sgrena's full name and blindato (the Italian word for armoured vehicle) turns up many more relevant articles in Italian. Really, this tank thing is mostly limited to English-speaking press.

About the 400 figure, I highly doubt Sgrena 1) was counting them 2) could keep pace with the gun 3) could count all the way to 400 in three seconds. The 400 figure was given by Pier Scolari on TV, just after talking to Sgrena on the phone, visibly and comprehensibly upset. Journalists, present there, propagated the figure because they did not know any better. I know it's a long shot, but he maybe uncounsciously connected with the Italian title of a movie by François Truffaut, Quattrocento colpi, which used to be popular among his generation. --Orzetto 16:10, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I can confirm that there was no mention of "tanks" in Italian press or in Sgrena's interviews and that the 300-400 figure was given only by Scolari, a few minutes after the event. GhePeU 17:28, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if you confirmed it, then it must be true. TDC 23:49, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm an Italian who reads 2 or 3 newspapers every day and watches regularly television news, and probably I am more qualified than a POV warrior like you when we talk about what Italian people told in Italian to Italian journalist working in the Italian press. GhePeU 15:34, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That reminds me of a quote from Benjamin Franklin: Why is it that the man who reads nothing at all is often better informed and less ignorant than those who read many newpapers a day? TDC 15:50, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * When the news published on the newspapers are the subject of the controversy, the man who reads many newspapers a day is always better informed and less ignorant than the one who doesn't read the newspapers. With all my respects for Benjamin Franklin. GhePeU 16:58, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * TDC, the burden of proof is on you. Have you found any firsthand material by Sgrena (interview, article) that talks about 400 rounds or a tank? --Orzetto 07:25, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Any chance that you might trace back the original articile where this appeared ? Or is there anyone making a critical analysis about how these memes propagated ? Rama 17:39, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Original articles for the 400 rounds issue: from Repubblica and from Corriere della Sera --Orzetto 19:23, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

"Reserved Road" -> Sgrena -> Klien -> Goodman
The article says that someone who interviewed someone who interviewed Sgrena, said that they were shot on the reserved road that connected the Green Zone to the airport. So, this is a quote at three removes. It is a misinterpretation. There is an expressway connecting downtown to the airport, it isn't normally reserved. 23 hours a day, most days, it is open for ordinary civilian use. The US military shuts it down, once or twice a day, at unpredictable times, to devote it exclusively to convoys navigating from the "Green Zone" to BIAP. They shut it down by setting up temporary "blocking points", like the one where Calipari was killed, at all the on-ramps, so no civilians can enter the highway. Manning these blocking points is dangerous. The GIs are exposed to sniper fire, and are visible to artillery spotters from multistory apartment buildings that are near the highway. So the blocking points are only supposed to be staffed for just fifteen minutes or so -- just long enough to clear the road and let the convoy proceed. The third hand assertion that Sgrena already believed they were on the secured route was incorrect. Either Sgrena, or Klien, or Goodman misunderstood. Fair enough. But should it be repeated in the article, if we know it is untrue -- even if Sgrena may have been the one who believed it? -- Geo Swan 14:15, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Orzetto's map
Beautiful map. Orzetto, how did you determine which on-ramp was "route vernon"? Are you sure the blocking point was place at the bottom of the on-ramp, not at the entrance? I'll re-read the US report. But my recollection was that blocking points were at the entrances to the on-ramps.

Placing the blocking points at the entrances makes a whole lot more sense. On ramps are one way. If the blocking points were at the end of the on-ramp, all the stopped vehicles would have to reverse back up the ramp to get back on route vernon -- a recipe for disaster if there are further civilian vehicles wanting to use the expressway.

FWIW the photos the map is based on predates the invasion. Pre-invasion the airport express was tree-lined, with lots of nice green trees planted in the median. The US removed all the trees. -- Geo Swan 14:15, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The reports indicate that the position of the BP was in fact that one, and it's one of the main points of criticism in the Italian report. Somewhere in there it is clearly written that the placement of the BP was at the end of the turn and forced cars to turn back on an one-way lane. The reason for placing the BP there was (I think this is in the US report) that placing it at the entrance would have exposed the troops to attacks—I think I read in the report there were instances when US troops had been attacked with molotovs when stationing too close to that bridge.

Satellite photo?

 * The article currently says that CBS reported that satellite photos established the speed of the Italian's car.
 * The article currently says that the Italians were skeptical about the reports of satellite surveillance, because of bad weather.

FWIW, Negroponte would, normally, have traveled to the airport by helicopter. He didn't, that night, because weather conditions precluded the use of the helicopter.

Negroponte only made a brief visit to the airport. By the time he was ready to return the weather conditions had improved enough for Negroponte to fly back. But no one told the soldiers who were holding Route Irish open for him. The rules were that the soldiers who were guarding Route Irish were only supposed to be on station for fifteen minutes. High-rise buildings, where snipers and artillery spotters had a good view, overlook the expressway. Fifteen minutes is supposed to be long enough for the soldier's roadblocks to empty the expressway of civilian traffic, so it is empty for the convoy, and for the convoy to travel the 12 km to the airport. But, it was thought to be brief enough that rebel artillery spotters couldn't organize a barrage, unless they and their batteries were on watch 24x7.

The soldiers guarding the roadblocks that night had been left in clear view of potential snipers and artillery spotters for over an hour and a half when the Italian's car came into view.

Anyhow, about the visibility:
 * Weather clear enough for helicopter flight was not necessarily clear enough for satellite surviellance. How likely is it that the weather could go from too wild for helicopter flight to clear enough for satellite photos in an hour and a a half?
 * Isn't part of the downside of satellite surveillance that the satellites orbits takes them over any particular spot on a fixed schedule, and they are only over the spot you are interested in a very limited part of the time?
 * How often is satellite surviellance done in the form of a movie? Why  would it be necessary to make a movie?  Isn't satellite surveillance usually in the form of still photos?  If a movie was worthwhile how often would an exposure be necessary?

I raise this merely so we can keep an eye out for authoritative, verifiable sources that would allow confirming or denying these reports.

Cheers! -- Geo Swan 09:47, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Inflammatory suggestion
A contrib was made at the top of this page, w/o a heading, by at 14:55, 30 October 2007. A minute later, they removed the accurate sig they had initially placed there. Instead of simply moving it from that improper position, i am suppressing the full text from this page, pursuant to the terms of BLP and in light of the extreme language, the lack of either a stated proposal about the accompanying page's content or any relevance to it under WP's policies, and the apparent acting in concert with another IP in expressing similarly BLP-relevant statements. I substitute for it here a mixture of plain-text verbatim excerpts with my italicized paraphrases of the removed material: This is just one US checkpoint killing that happened to get media attention cuz the victims were an Italian journalist and police agents. Imagine how many Iraqis may be killed by U.S. forces at checkpoints, and we never hear anything. Such acts could be easily concealed: burn the bodies and steal the cars or push them into a ditch. --06:58, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

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Richard Seifert

Richard Seifert (born Reubin Seifert; 25 November 1910 – 26 October 2001 ) was a Swiss-British architect, best known for designing the Centre Point tower and Tower 42 (previously the NatWest Tower), once the tallest building in the City of London. His eponymously named practice – R. Seifert and Partners (later the R. Seifert Company and Partnership) was at its most prolific in the 1960s and 1970s, responsible for many major office buildings in Central London as well as large urban regeneration projects in other major British cities.

Biography
Seifert was born to a Swiss family and came to London when young. He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School and subsequently obtained a scholarship to the Bartlett School of Architecture, graduating in 1933. Seifert served in the Royal Engineers during World War II.

Seifert and his company were responsible for more London buildings than Sir Christopher Wren and designed more than 500 office blocks across the UK and Europe.

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/05) with Richard Seifert in 1996 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.

London and suburbs

 * 90 Long Acre, Westminster
 * Barnet House, High Road, Totteridge and Whetstone
 * Blackfriars Station, Queen Victoria Street, City of London (1977 design, building was redesigned in 2012)
 * Beagle House, Tower Hamlets
 * Britannia Hotel (The Biltmore, Mayfair Hotel), Grosvenor Square, Mayfair
 * Centre Point, New Oxford Street, Camden
 * Corinthian House, Lansdowne Road, Croydon
 * Drapers Gardens, Throgmorton Avenue, City of London (demolished)
 * Essoldo Paddington Cinema, Great Western Road, Westminster (demolished)
 * Euston Station, Eversholt Street, Camden
 * Farryner House, Monument Street, City of London
 * Goodhart Place, Horseferry Road, Limehouse
 * Kensington Forum (built as Penta hotel), Cromwell Road, Kensington
 * Kings Mall, King Street, Hammersmith 1980
 * Kellogg House, Baker Street, Westminster
 * Limebank House, Gracechurch Street, City of London (demolished)
 * London Metropole Hotel, Edgware Road, Westminster
 * New Printing House Square, Gray's Inn Road, Camden
 * New London Bridge House, 5 London Bridge Street, Southwark (demolished – site now occupied by The News Building)
 * No. 1 Croydon (the NLA Tower), Addiscombe Road, Croydon
 * One Kemble Street (Space House), off Kingsway, Camden
 * 1, 2 & 3 St John's Square, Finsbury (now known as Gate House, 1 St John's Square, Clerkenwell, Islington)
 * Riverside Baths, Erith, Kent (demolished)
 * Sobell Leisure Centre, Islington (1973)
 * South Bank Tower, Stamford Street, Southwark
 * The Pirate Castle, Oval Road, Camden Town, North London
 * Tolworth Tower, Ewell Road, Tolworth, Kingston upon Thames
 * Tower 42, Bishopsgate, City of London
 * Wembley Conference Centre, Wembley, Middlesex
 * Windsor House, London, Victoria Street
 * Royal Garden Hotel, Kensington

Outside London

 * Alpha Tower, Birmingham
 * Anderston Centre, Glasgow (partly demolished)
 * Concourse House, Liverpool (demolished 2009)
 * Elmbank Gardens, Glasgow (1971)
 * Heron House, Glasgow
 * Hilton House, Hilton Street, Manchester
 * Gateway House, Piccadilly Approach, Manchester (1969)
 * Metropole Hotel, Birmingham
 * Sussex Heights, Brighton
 * Hexagon Tower, Manchester

title: Richard Seifert


text:
Dramarama (disambiguation)

Dramarama is an alternative rock band.

It may also refer to:

 * Dramarama (TV series), a 1980s British television series
 * Dramarama (film), a 2001 Icelandic anthology film
 * Dramarama (film), a 2006 film that was to star Lindsay Lohan but was unreleased
 * "Dramarama", a 2017 song by K-pop boy group Monsta X
 * Total DramaRama, a Canadian/American animated television series

title: Dramarama (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Aggregated diamond nanorod

Untitled
The first commenter really nailed this topic on the head. Dubrovinskaia, et. al. has not shown that Aggregate Diamond Nanorods are anything other than nano sized polycrystalline Diamond (aggregated in rod shapes). As the first commenter suggested, this should NOT be considered a NEW material. Dubrovinskaia, et. al. show in another paper that nano sized c-BN (cubic boron nitride) is at least as hard as diamond. They suggest (along with other sources) that smaller particle sizes = stronger material. This is exactly what their paper on Aggregate Diamond Nanorods shows. They most likely made nano sized diamond and not a new allotrope of carbon. 8/28/08

Not going to put a ton of effort in to this. But just a question, the elastic modulus of diamond is 1141GPa. Never actually used the bulk modulus before, but it seems somewhat specious to me that the bulk modulus would be 3x *lower* than the elastic modulus, why would the material behave more compliantly under more constrained loading? Also how do you actually do this test, if the material is so hard, what is physically there measuring these properties, it looks to me like it might be a machine compliance issue yielding lower values... Maybe someone with more time, or more mechanical properties experience could figure it out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.185.190 (talk) 05:18, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

I think the figure of the diamond anvil should be replaced - this one has some stuff that clearly has nothing to do with diamond nanorods ("sample from the earth's crust.. what?"); it's confusing. -Scott, 2/28/08

--- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.101.156.247 (talk) 19:17, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

It would be better to say that this substance was "synthesized" rather than "discovered" since there is no evidence that this material occurs naturally.

--- Why does this link to a Wikipedia article in a different language? -Sprited Spheniscidae

 * Good question. I'm turning it into a local link, if an article is written about it then an interwiki language link can be placed there. Bryan 00:37, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

I find this content strange. If it's amorphous it's not an allotrope of carbon (by definition). If on the other hand it isn't amorphous then it is just diamond (albeit with small (nanosized) grains, a known ultrahard material). Also rather than link to the slashdot comments of someone called 'h4x0r-3l337' wouldn't a citation to a peer reviewed journal article be more appropriate?

Closest thing I can find is this: theoretical stuff I have a hard time understanding Browb3aten 01:50, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

After reading this forum, there should be no questions on my revisions on 18-Jan-2009 NIMSoffice (talk) 07:35, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Nanorods, not nanorod - it is a polycrystalline aggregate rather than separate rods. Actually, columnar growth of poly or nanocrystalline diamond grains has been observed for ~20 years in CVD growth of diamond.
 * Not a new allotrope of carbon - the lattice structure is of diamond
 * The applied HPHT process is known for decade - no discovery here. Other groups were experimenting with compressing fullerite and reported extreme hardness of the products well before 2005.

How to test?
Reference 1 says "Subsequent experiments, carried out by loading a diamond anvil cell with both single crystal diamond and ADNR material, in order to directly compare their behaviour under static load..." which brings up the question, how do you use a diamond anvil cell to test a material that is harder than the diamond anvil cell? It seems like the diamond anvil cell would deform before the aggregated diamond nanorod sample would. Guy Macon 18:27, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Same way you use it to examine anything else - the diamonds are deforming under high pressure anyway. I would not be surprised if their anvils are prone to irreversible deformation even below half a megabar or whatever depending on sample geometry, and I would want some very careful analysis of quasi-hydrostaticity before I would believe any high pressure structures, but the reported result looks solid from here. - 2/0 (cont.) 22:22, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * (ec - never expected, on this article :) Both would compress, making the measurement non-ideal, but they probably took that into account (the difference in hardness is not that large). Also, as I understand, the measurement was comparative - loading ADNR and then diamond. Materialscientist (talk) 22:26, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, yes, this is not a forum for general discussion - we can move to my talk if this goes too far off topic. I think that the degree of deformation in the anvils would only matter if for some reason they cared about translation distance along the compression axis (nanoindentation, for instance). As long as they have a believable pressure standard and reason to expect it to be homogeneous across both samples, they should be fine. Taking a shot in the dark here, I am guessing 600 um flats, no more than ~10 GPa (lower than their pressure medium freezes out, at any rate), and pressure directly from the single crystal sample, cross-referenced for texturing indicative of non-hydrostaticity. - 2/0 (cont.) 00:31, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, the question is not off-topic at all and WP:NOTFORUM does not apply. The question relates to the statement in the article that "aggregated diamond nanorods have a modulus of 491 gigapascals (GPa), while a conventional diamond has a modulus of 442 GPa." As a Wikipedia editor without expertise in materials science, I expected that the answer from someone more knowledgeable to either be that there is no problem (and thus no change to the page is needed) or that the testing method really is a bit dodgy (and thus I need to look for reliable sources that would justify a paragraph about difficulties measuring the hardness of something that is harder than any of the measuring tools). Either way, my goal was/is improving the article, not just a general discussion about the subject of the article.  Guy Macon  10:51, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Your concern is valid, merely because measurements of extreme hardness are never easy. I do not believe the last digit in these values (too accurate), but otherwise AGF the measurements, as I know the authors (by their work) as good specialists in this area. Materialscientist (talk) 11:10, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Guy Macon, I meant that my comment was wandering a bit away afield - your question was a good one. - 2/0 (cont.) 13:31, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

"Nanodiamond" circuitry
this article from vanderbilt university describes making various computer circuits out of nanodiamond, but their manufacturing process for the diamond seems different. This seems to be an important breakthrough, but i dont know if it belongs here, or at another article.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 02:50, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Not a breakthrough but a routine progress report (media-oriented) on a topic which has been explored by many dozens groups around the world. Yes, the synthesis process is very different - HPHT compression in this article and chemical vapor deposition in the report. Materialscientist (talk) 03:13, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

A picture comparing the structure of regular diamonds with this would be good
IMO it would be good to have in the article a picture comparing the structure or regular diamonds with this variant's. --TiagoTiago (talk) 06:06, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

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Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies

A charter is a document that gives colonies the legal rights to exist. Charters can bestow certain rights on a town, city, university, or other institution.

Colonial charters were approved when the king gave a grant of exclusive powers for the governance of land to proprietors or a settlement company. The charters defined the relationship of the colony to the mother country as free from involvement from the Crown. For the trading companies, charters vested the powers of government in the company in England. The officers would determine the administration, laws, and ordinances for the colony but only as conforming to the laws of England. Proprietary charters gave governing authority to the proprietor, who determined the form of government, chose the officers, and made laws subject to the advice and consent of the freemen. All colonial charters guaranteed to the colonists the vague rights and privileges of Englishmen, which would later cause trouble during the American Revolution. In the second half of the 17th century, the Crown looked upon charters as obstacles to colonial control and substituted the royal province for corporations and proprietary governments.

History
The Virginia and Massachusetts charters were given to business corporations. Regular meetings of company officers and stockholders were the only governmental institutions required. The Virginia charter, issued in 1606, and revised in 1609 and 1612, was revoked upon bankruptcy of the sponsoring and organizing Virginia Company of London in 1624. The second Colonial Charter was granted to Massachusetts Bay in 1629, settling at Boston and Salem, a decade after the first "New Englanders" at Plymouth Colony further south towards Cape Cod. In 1684, the Chancery Court in England voided the charter and changed it to a royal colony. Charles II placed Massachusetts under the authority of the unified Dominion of New England in 1685. After William III and Mary II had ascended to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in addition to the stewardship of the Dutch Republic, they issued Massachusetts Bay a new liberal charter in 1691.

Charles II granted Connecticut its charter in 1662 with the right of self-government. When James II ascended the throne in 1685, he tried to revoke the Connecticut charter and sent Sir Edmund Andros to receive it for the Crown. Captain Joseph Wadsworth spirited the precious document out a window and stole the charter and hid it in a hollow oak tree, the "Charter Oak," until James was overthrown. Connecticut temporarily lost the right of self-government under the unification of the several colonies into the Dominion of New England in 1687 until it was reinstated 1689. The last charter by Charles II was issued to Rhode Island in 1663. Connecticut and Rhode Island attained colonial charters as already established colonies that allowed them to elect their own governors.

As a result of political upheavals, especially after the three English Civil Wars in the 1640s, and the later "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 with their Roman Catholic-Protestant/Anglican conflicts, which also transformed into struggles between the King and Parliament. As the conflicts traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, most colonies eventually surrendered their charters to the Crown by 1763 and became royal colonies, as the King and his Ministers asserted more centralized control of their previously-neglected and autonomous Thirteen Colonies. By the late 1600s, the colonial Maryland had its Proprietary Charter to the Lords Baltimore revoked and had become a royal colony with its Governor of Maryland, appointed by the Monarch, with the advice of his Ministers and the Colonial Offices and Board of Trade of members from Parliament.

By 1776, Pennsylvania and its lower Delaware Bay counties remained proprietary colonies under a charter originally granted to William Penn and his heirs. The Province of Connecticut and the Province of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations continued as corporation colonies under charters, and Massachusetts was governed as a royal province that operated under a charter after the unifying of the older "Massachusetts Bay" colony at Boston and the "first landing" colony, Plymouth Colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, with its famous "Mayflower Compact" from 1620. Further south, the Provinces of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to the undefined border with Spanish Florida, all had their original charters dismissed with different opinions about the role and powers and taxing authority between the royal governors and their increasingly-restless and defiant colonial Assemblies. Royal authority reasserted itself and becoming governed more directly from London with increasing friction as the 18th century progressed to its revolutionary climax.


text:
Heide Schmidt

Heide Schmidt (born 27 November 1948 in Kempten im Allgäu, Germany) is an Austrian politician.

A lawyer and formerly a prominent member of Jörg Haider's Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ), in 1993 Schmidt was one of a group of politicians who, because of Haider's increasingly right-wing verbal politics, seceded from the FPÖ and founded the Liberal Forum.

From 1990 until 1994 Schmidt was Third President of the National Council of Austria. Also, she twice ran for Austrian Presidency both in 1992 when she was nominated by the FPÖ and in 1998 by the Liberal Forum.

Schmidt ran the non-profit organization, Institut für eine offene Gesellschaft (Institute for an Open Society) from 2000–2009.

In 2008, Schmidt staged a brief comeback as leading candidate for the Liberal Forum. Following the party's disastrous showing and failure to re-enter parliament, Schmidt announced her final retirement from politics.

title: Heide Schmidt


text:
File:Redcorn.jpg

John Redcorn, of the animated series King of the Hill.

Fair use for Image in John Redcorn
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 * 1) Derived from a digital capture from the film/television programme discussed in this article (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Redcorn.jpg


text:
Michelle Vieth

Michelle Jacqueline Vieth Paetau (born November 19, 1979) is a Mexican actress and television personality known for her starring roles in Mexican telenovelas between the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Biography
Michelle's mother and father met in Marshalltown, Iowa, United States. Her mother's family lived in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico at that time. Her father and his side of the family are from Marshalltown. For that reason, from a young age, Michelle was flying back and forth through both countries. At the age of 15 while in Acapulco, she was invited as an extra in the telenovelas "El Premio Mayor" produced by Emilio Larrosa, "Acapulco, Cuerpo y Alma"  produced by Jose Alberto Castro and its English version produced by Carlos Sotomayor. But It was VP of Televisa and Producer Valentín Pimstein's last discovery for the company after discovering figures like Veronica Castro and Thalia. Pimstein saw something unique in Michelle so he took her to Mexico City and his team of specialists, who then decided that Michelle was going to be enrolled at the Centro de Educación Artistica (CEA) to study acting and modeling. Almost a year later, Pedro Damián, who was part of Valentin's team, called her and offered her to be Mi Pequeña Traviesa, marking her debut in television as an actress.

In 2004, she was on Big Brother Celebrity VIP2 Mexico, and exited the fourth week of the show, finishing in 11th place.

Personal life
Vieth was married to Hector Soberon from 2001 to 2004, and the marriage was later annulled. She was engaged but never married to Leandro Ampudia from 2004 to 2010, with whom she had a son, Leandro (born 2005), and a daughter, Michelle (born 2007). Since 2011, she's been in a long-term relationship with Christian Aparicio, and they have a son, Christian Aparicio, Jr. (born 2014), and a daughter, Selika (born 2016).

More than a decade ago, a private video of Vieth surfaced on the internet, a situation that she still considers heartbreaking and difficult to overcome. Vieth supports a citizen initiative that seeks the approval of the Vengeance Pornography Law, to prevent harassment through the network and the circulation of unauthorized sexual content of which she herself was a victim. After living it in her own flesh, Vieth contacted women's rights defender Matan Uziel from Real Women Real Stories, who helped her to tell her story.

Awards and nominations
Other awards
 * Recognition by Career from Government of Acapulco in 2006
 * Recognition for Lifetime Achievement from Programa Mueveteb in 2006
 * Recognition by the Ministry of Tourism Acapulco and the Trust for Tourism Promotion of Acapulco in 2009

title: Michelle Vieth


text: User talk:4v4l0n42/Kmccoy

title: User talk:4v4l0n42/Kmccoy