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Anthony Ascham

Anthony Ascham (c. 1614 – 27 May 1650) was a British academic, political theorist, Parliamentarian and diplomat.

Life
He was probably born on 6 March 1613/1614, the younger son of Thomas Ascham, an alderman of Boston, Lincolnshire. He was educated at Eton and in 1634 went as a King's Scholar to King's College, Cambridge, becoming a BA in 1638 and an MA in 1642, and then a Fellow of his college until his death.

According to Anthony à Wood he

 * "closed with the Presbyterian in the beginning of the rebellion, took the covenant, sided with the Independents, became a great creature of the long parliament by whose authority he was made tutor to James, Duke of York), and an active person against his sovereign".

His appointment as tutor dated from 1646. James, Duke of York was the future King James. He also tutored James's brother Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester. Ascham's reward for his support of the republican Commonwealth was to be appointed as a trade representative to the Hanseatic League in Hamburg in 1649. In 1650, he was appointed to represent the Commonwealth of England in Spain, but he never presented his credentials to the Court as he was murdered by a group of six Royalists émigrés in an Inn in Madrid on 27 May. Accounts of the subsequent trial by Agustin de Hierro were published in English and Spanish, and by Vicente Bañuelos in Spanish.

Works
In 1647 Ascham prepared a manuscript treatise On Marriage that remained unpublished. His first published work was A Discourse, wherein is examined what is particularly lawfull during the Confusions and Revolutions of Government [sic]. This appeared in 1648, probably in July at the height of the political uncertainty engendered by the second Civil War. The previous month the Army had shown that it wielded both political and military power and Ascham's Discourse was widely seen as a defence of the Army as the conquering power, and as a plea for "the rank of the people" to adopt a position of political quiescence.

Parliament's ultimate victory and the establishment of the Commonwealth posed a problem for those who felt unable to accept the legality of the new government but were now being required to give it their allegiance, and also for those who regarded their oath of allegiance to King Charles I Charles I of England as a solemn oath to God that could not be broken. One argument, provided by a group of political theorists variously called the Engagers or de facto theorists, was to argue that an individual could give their obedience to the de facto government in being simply because it was in power.

For many such a theory was deeply shocking since it emphasised power at the expense of authority, and subordinated allegiance to self-interest. The debate was initiated by Francis Rous who published a brief pamphlet in April 1649 in which he argued that allegiance could be given to the Commonwealth even though it were acknowledged to be an illegal power. It was a radical shift in the basis of the argument that was to be followed through by theorists engaged in the debate on de facto government.

In the debate that followed Ascham played a major part in developing a theory of political obligation to the de facto power. In 1649 it is possible that he was author of a short anonymous pamphlet, ''A Combate between Two Seconds. One for Obeying the Present Government. The Other the second part of a Demurrer undeservedly called Religious'', which was published in July. This work firstly took issue with those whose arguments continued to be based on Romans 13: 1–2 and in particular addressed the arguments in an anonymous work that may have been published in two parts, but that is extant only in its second part entitled The Second Part of the Religious Demurrer; and secondly bypassed the critical emphasis on Romans 13: 1–2 to develop arguments based on the need to protect oneself from chaos, as originally deployed by Ascham in his 1648 Discourse.

Having thus entered the pamphlet "war", Ascham then began to expand his arguments. He was certainly the author of a longer pamphlet, The Bounds and Bonds of Publique Obedience, which appeared in August 1649; and by November he had added nine chapters to his 1648 Discourse, which now appeared under the title Of the Confusions and Revolutions of Goverment [sic]. This work attracted the attention of Robert Sanderson who criticised it in a short and pungent pamphlet. Ascham's Reply to a paper of Dr Sandersons, containing a censure of Mr A. A. his book of the Confusions and revolution of Government (sic), which was published on 9 January 1650, was directed as much as against Edward Gee's Exercitation concerning usurped powers as against Sanderson's work. In these works Ascham's essential argument was that in a situation in which people had to look after their own safety, they were justified in giving their allegiance to any power that was capable of protecting them, whatever the legality of its title to power.

By the autumn of 1649 the debate began to centre on the specific question of the Oath of Allegiance and the Engagement to the Commonwealth: Two Acts of Parliament were passed requiring people to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Commonwealth, on 11/12 October 1649, and on 2 January 1650. Conventionally Oaths were regarded as "the strictest Ties and Obligations that a man can be under". For many the Engagement to the Commonwealth was impossible to take because it overrode their prior obligation to the monarchy (King Charles I and his heirs). The Presbyterian Richard Baxter held that he "could not judge it seemly for him that believed there is a God to play fast and loose with a dreadful oath". In contrast, Ascham argued that all oaths involved tacit conditions, of which the ability of the government to protect the people was the main one. A government that could not protect its people lost the right to their allegiance.

Ascham's 1648 Discourse was to be republished, anonymously, following the ousting of King James II. Then the question of the legality of the oath of allegiance to King William and Queen Mary had come to the fore. It did not, however, generate any discussion. By then the leading theorist in the field was Thomas Hobbes, whose De Corpore Politico, De Cive (first edition), and Leviathan, had systematised a coherent and secular defence of the contract as between ruler and ruled.

A portrait engraving of Anthony Ascham by Robert Cooper can be found in the Archive Collection of NPG (NPG D29012).

title: Anthony Ascham


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You Belong to Me (1952 song)

"You Belong to Me" is a popular music ballad from the 1950s. It is well known for its opening line, "See the pyramids along the Nile". The song was published in Hollywood on April 21, 1952, and the most popular version was by Jo Stafford, reaching No. 1 on both the UK and US singles charts.

Conception and composition
"You Belong to Me" is credited to Chilton Price, Pee Wee King, and Redd Stewart.

Price, a songwriting librarian at WAVE Radio Louisville, had written the song in its virtual entirety as "Hurry Home to Me", envisioning the song as an American woman's plea to a sweetheart serving overseas in World War II. Afforded songwriting credit on the song mostly in exchange for their work in promoting it, King and Stewart did slightly adjust Price's composition musically and lyrically, shifting the focus from a wartime background "into a kind of universal song about separated lovers" (World War II having ended some years previously) and changing the title to "You Belong to Me". Price had previously had success with another hit she had written, "Slow Poke", under a similar arrangement with the two men.

Chart performance
The first recording of the song, in February 1952, was by Joni James. She had seen the sheet music in the Woods Building in Chicago, and the lyrics attracted her. She recorded the song in Chicago, and it was released in March on the local Sharp Records label. After she signed to MGM, it was reissued as her second single on that label on August 5, 1952, after Jo Stafford, Patti Page, Ella Fitzgerald and Dean Martin had covered it. James' version was also issued on MGM Records for national distribution. The best-known version of the song in early 1952 was recorded after James, by Sue Thompson on Mercury's country label as catalog number 6407. It was soon covered by Patti Page, whose version was issued by Mercury (catalog number 5899), with "I Went to Your Wedding" (a bigger Page hit, reaching No. 1) on the flip side. It entered the Billboard chart on August 22, 1952, and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at No. 4. A cover version by Dean Martin, released by Capitol Records (catalog number 2165), was also in play at that time. This version first entered the US chart on August 29, 1952, and remained on it for 10 weeks, reaching No. 12. All the versions were combined in the rankings on the Cash Box charts, and the song reached No. 1 on those charts as well, lasting on the chart for more than half a year.

In the UK, the song also topped the sheet music sales chart. It first entered the chart on November 1, 1952, peaking at No. 1 on December 27, where it stayed for 7 weeks. Jo Stafford's recording was amongst the first batch to be issued in October 1952. British cover versions were also available by Larry Cross, Alma Cogan with Jimmy Watson (trumpet), Monty Norman, Dickie Valentine with Ted Heath and his Music, Victor Silvester and his Ballroom Orchestra, Jimmy Young, and Wally Fryer and his Perfect Tempo Dance Orchestra. American recordings by Patti Page, Grady Martin and his Slew Foot Five (vocal by Cecil Bayley), Dean Martin, Joni James, Ken Griffin (organ), Jan Garber and his Orchestra (vocal by Roy Cordell) and Mickey Katz (a Yiddish parody) and his Orchestra were available in the UK. In all, the song remained in the sheet music chart for 24 weeks. Despite the many recordings issued in the UK, only that by Stafford appeared in the singles sales chart.

A cover version by Jo Stafford became the most popular version. It was recorded on June 24, 1952, when she was several months pregnant. Stafford's husband, Paul Weston, produced the record and provided orchestral accompaniment. Issued by Columbia Records as catalog number 39811, it was Stafford's biggest hit, topping the charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom (the first song by a female singer to top the UK Singles Chart). The single first entered the US chart on August 1, 1952, and remained there for 24 weeks.

The Stafford version appeared in the first ever UK singles chart of November 14, 1952 (then a top 12) and reached number 1 for a single week on January 16, 1953, its tenth week on chart. It thus became only the second record to top the chart, and remained on it for a total of 19 weeks.

Stafford was to re-record "You Belong to Me" twice, both in the 1960s. The first of these later recordings was made on January 13, 1963, and issued in January 1964 on a stereo Capitol LP, The Hits Of Jo Stafford. On May 14, 1969, another recording was made, issued by Reader's Digest on a various artists boxed set, They Sing The Songs.

Other notable versions

 * A version by the Duprees made the Billboard Top 10, reaching No. 7 in 1962.
 * Ringo Starr released a version on his 1981 album Stop and Smell the Roses.

In popular culture
The song has also appeared on many soundtracks:
 * The version by The Duprees is featured in the 2016 game Mafia 3, and can be heard in the in-game radio station WBYU
 * A solo acoustic version was recorded by Bob Dylan for the 1992 album Good as I Been to You but was eventually left off as an out-take; the recording surfaced two years later in the soundtrack for the 1994 film Natural Born Killers.
 * A version by Jason Wade was part of the soundtrack to the 2001 animated film Shrek.
 * The song was part of the soundtrack to the 1972 film Avanti.
 * Singer Tori Amos also recorded the song for the Julia Roberts film Mona Lisa Smile in 2003.
 * Actress Rose McGowan sang it on the soundtrack for the Planet Terror segment of the 2007 film Grindhouse.
 * The Marshall Crenshaw Band performs the song on the soundtrack album of Francis Ford Coppola's 1986 fantasy film Peggy Sue Got Married as well as performing in the movie's reunion scenes.
 * The song figures prominently in the 1953 movie Forbidden starring Tony Curtis, Joanne Dru and Lyle Bettger. The melody is used for the opening credits. In a scene reminiscent of Casablanca, Eddie (Tony Curtis) asks Allan (Victor Sen Yung), the Lisbon Club pianist, why he plays a somber tune every time Eddie appears at the club. He answers that Christine never comes when he is there. However, in that moment, seeing that Christine (Joanne Dru) has just entered he plays the melody. It is followed by the club singer (Mamie Van Doren) singing the first verse (dubbed by Virginia Rees).
 * Bette Midler sings the song during a scene from the 1986 movie Down and Out in Beverly Hills.
 * Vonda Shepard's cover was used frequently on the TV series Ally McBeal (1997–2002) alongside romantic scenes of Ally McBeal and Billy Thomas.
 * Mary Higgins Clark referenced the song throughout her novel of the same name, which was published by Pocket Books on April 1, 1999.
 * The song plays in the movie Blast from the Past (1999).
 * American band The Waking Hours recorded a version of the song for their 2003 album The Early Years.
 * In the British film The Deep Blue Sea (2011), directed by Terence Davies, the drinkers in a London pub perform the song, which later modulates into Jo Stafford's version.
 * The song was featured in the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite as part of its Burial at Sea story add-on. In the game, the song is performed by the lead character Elizabeth and sung by her voice actress, Courtnee Draper (with fellow actor Troy Baker, who had previously portrayed Booker DeWitt, in said game providing accompanying acoustic guitar); footage of Draper performing the song in the recording studio is shown during the game's end credits.
 * The song is featured in the 2015 romantic drama period film Carol, directed by Todd Hayes.
 * The song is featured in the 2018 gothic horror film The Nun, a spin-off of The Conjuring 2.
 * The song is featured on the soundtrack of the Netflix movie The Irishman
 * The song is featured in the third episode of the first season of the 2017 Amazon television series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. This occurs in the first flashback scene of the episode.
 * Kate Rusby recorded the song on her 2005 album The girl who couldn't fly.
 * The Patsy Cline version of this song is featured in the 1995 Winona Ryder film How to Make an American Quilt and in the premiere of the 2024 Amazon television series Mr. & Mrs. Smith.
 * A version of this song is featured in the second season of The White Lotus, sung by Mia (Beatrice Grannò)
 * The original 1952 recording by Jo Stafford was used over the end credits of "Life Without It", a 2024 documentary film about aromantic and asexual people.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: You Belong to Me (1952 song)


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User:TerminalPreppie/TaskList

Task List
1) Finish all the current American Hockey League team pages. What's left:
 * Hershey Bears (find SV% record...)
 * Milwaukee Admirals (lots of seasons + iffy history pre IHL)

2) Establish a standard "defunct team" format: See work at: Broome Dusters, Binghamton Dusters, Binghamton Whalers, Binghamton Rangers, B.C. Icemen

3) High priority defunct teams:
 * Cleveland Barons (1937-1973); split from current Cleveland Barons
 * Peoria Rivermen (ECHL), Peoria Rivermen (IHL) (I'm sure I T-ed someone off by splitting the teams up, I should finish them and give them the respect they deserve)
 * St. John's Maple Leafs (I reintroduced it as a stub, need to finish the job)
 * Hampton Roads Admirals (I made it, I should finish the job)
 * Quebec Citadelles (I made some changes, I should finish the job)
 * Worcester IceCats (recent team)
 * Nova Scotia Voyageurs (Its hall of famers listing just ticked me off :) )
 * Buffalo Bisons (currently going to the baseball team, need to create new article)
 * Adirondack Red Wings, Baltimore Skipjacks, Utica Devils, Maine Mariners ... because I saw those teams come to town a lot ...
 * Kentucky ThoroughBlades: Rupp Arena was linking to the Barons

title: User:TerminalPreppie/TaskList


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Talk:Billy Meier

Semi-protected edit request on 27 November 2022
Occupation teacher author -. Other Claims Made are slander and invalidated. 2604:2D80:6A00:B00:24F4:3C6C:6B31:9596 (talk) 20:18, 27 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The requested content is unsourced, and Other Claims Made are slander and invalidated is not persuasive. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 20:42, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Someone upset about this article on my talk page
Anyone want to give me advice for this? I think maybe I could have reacted better in my last response but I'm not really sure what else I could really say. Apart from a recent edit I made to the remove cult leader as the occupation parameter, I'm not really familiar with this person/article/ufology as a concept. So... any advice? Clovermoss 🍀 (talk) 08:57, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * He's a cult leader. That's what sources say because it's fundamentally true. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 09:26, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @SchmuckyTheCat I don't really agree with the majority of what the person on my talk page is saying. But I do think that "cult leader" just doesn't make sense in the occupation parameter in an infobox. The rest of the article doesn't even really mention anything like that other than he's a founder of a religion, but that's not quite the same thing as cult leader. You also mention sources. Is there more than one that chacterizes him this way? My personal gut instinct is that something like this should have more context in the article and be attributed. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 13:44, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Various SPAs with connections to Meiers org have been trying to get the cult description deleted for some time. I had listed some sources to support his cult leadership here, and likely more could be found. - LuckyLouie (talk) 15:21, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Here's an additional "cult" description from Joe Nickell, from a review of a book by Kal Korff which also describes Meier as a cult leader in more detail. - LuckyLouie (talk) 15:36, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * A review should be treated the same as any opinion piece. It may be used for attributed opinions but not for statements of fact in wiki voice. And who's Kal Korff? What evidence is there he's a subject matter expert? Nil Einne (talk) 04:39, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * NB I should have said they however I had a quick look and sources including publishers that seem to be linked to use Korff use 'he' [//skepticalinquirer.org/authors/kal-k-korff/] [//www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/16147/kal-k-korff/] so I won't change my comment above. Anyway I should add that Prometheus Books doesn't sound like the sort of publisher where we can assume all their works are RS. Nil Einne (talk) 12:05, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * There was a lot more in this article about a decade ago. Someone came along and deleted huge chunks of the article as "cruft", but it left no doubt that FIGU was a cult and had a lot more citations. In any case, read what I replied to below in reply to Jojo - his day in and day out activitie involve leadership - management, administration, fundraising - for a widely recognized cult. That's his occupation SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 06:29, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * How about if cult leader was instead attached to a "Known for" parameter in the infobox? Based on LuckyLouie's earlier post there are several reliable sources supporting that. And since we are discussing the subject's occupation(s), the term ufologist would be a valid descriptor. Meier is, after all, deservedly included on the List of ufologists page, and other ufologists (Stanton Friedman, Jacques Vallée, et alia) have ufologist included as an occupation. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 00:46, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Because as a daily job he's a cult leader. He has a big farm where all the cultists live. He communicates with other cultists globally. He manages who gets paid from the cult's funds. He delivers messages to cultists about what's what. He's the leader, of a cult, and that takes up the majority of his time. While these guys are dead (hint, hint about the future) Wikipedia doesn't hold back from calling David Koresh or Marshall Applewhite cult leaders. The same as Billy here, there day to day job was leading a cult. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 06:26, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Good idea to add some sourced text to the article regarding Meier's cult. I agree with Schmucky's common sense, but we'd need sources to support that rationale. I like JoJo's proposal, since "ufologist" is the occupation that is most widely-supported. BTW, this is also being discussed at the BLP noticeboard but maybe it's better to keep discussion centralized here. - LuckyLouie (talk) 17:03, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I will add "ufologist" to the occupation parameter of the infobox, per my comment above. I am not certain why two discussions were seen to be required for this page-specific issue, but this Talk page seems sufficient and appropriate for further attempts to reach consensus. In that spirit, I will attempt to search for additional RS that explicitly refer to Meier as a cult leader. If I can't find anything, so be it. Not being the best interwebs searcher, however, I invite others to join in the task. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 17:59, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * (and everyone else), take pains to ensure that in trying to locate sources that might use "cult leader", "ufologist", or whatever, we are not cherry-picking and unduly trumpeting those. If 1000 reliable sources use labels other than cult leader, we should not lend undue emphasis to the few that do, even if we think that's what he should be most known for. Targeted searches for any phrase invite bias, as they may overlook other phrases. It's best to search for the person, as unbiasedly as possible, and see which occupations and labels naturally seem to be most commonly used to introduce/describe the subject. --Animalparty! (talk) 21:17, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This is something I meant to bring up but never got around to. Thank you for stating it so concisely, . Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 05:26, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The combination of the pedantic post above and the threat of blocks at WP:BLPN, both directed at experienced editors in good standing, make it easy for me to immediately abandon this discussion. Good luck folks. JoJo Anthrax (talk) 14:54, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Editors mistakenly cherry picking sources when trying to find something to support something in an article is a very common problem, Any experienced editor should have seen it happen even from experienced editors. There is absolutely nothing wrong or "pedantic" about an editor reminding people not to do that. Nil Einne (talk) 17:42, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Any experienced editor should have seen it happen even from experienced editors Indeed, the sacred cow is the bias that never ends. The blind spot is as old as sight itself. We could all do with a dose of humility and seeing this isn't malfeasance, it's basic human psychology. We will all inevitably do this. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 18:25, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Could you explain how an article Marshall Applewhite which only uses the term 'cult leader' in a category and with a single use in a source title is not holding back? Even the term cult is only used once in the text referring to someone who studies cults. Then there is a see also referrring to Jim Jones. There are a bunch of sources etc where cult appear somewhere which generally the title which we repeat in our information on those sources. Applewhite is long dead but for a BLP, it's unlikely the category is acceptable given that there's no discussion of the issue in the article text. David Koresh at least seems to be an actual example of what you're referring to since it uses the term in wikivoice in the lead and in the info box lists his occupation as the leader of the Branch Davidian cult although the sourcing is possibly better. Nil Einne (talk) 04:58, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * He's not a Ufologist. He doesn't study UFOs. He channels aliens directly, rides around in outer space in their ships, and time travels with the aliens, and then reports back to his cult with future prophecies and religious instruction. Ufologists study people like him. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 03:26, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree that it doesn't seem Ufologist belongs, how common are sources that call him a Ufologist? Nil Einne (talk) 05:08, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Seems to me the best description for this guy's occupation is "Religious leader". Gets almost exactly the same info across, but is much less pejorative and a lot more wiki-style. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 04:22, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't have any issues with using religious leader. More neutral and not undue weight on a perjorative term. Clovermoss 🍀  (talk) 05:16, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Per the clear consensus at BLPN, I have removed cult leader as occupation from the info box. I'd note that we cannot use OR to say he's a cult leader in any case so random editor's opinions that his work implies he's a cult leader are irrelevant as they always are. I'd also note we do not punish people so we don't keep BLP violations just because a subject or their followers have been disruptive on an article in the past. Nil Einne (talk) 04:33, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

What just happened here?
Just so we're clear
 * SPA accounts complain or vandalize this page on the daily if it isn't semi-pp
 * SPA complains to someone with no knowledge of the subject, complaint: occupation=cult leader
 * Unknowledged person doesn't seek out more knowledge on the subject, but moves the conversation to a noticeboard instead of the talk page.
 * Noticeboard piles on to SPOV based on gut reaction to the words instead of references (and abundance of numerous off-wiki sources)
 * Clearly sourced and referenced material (occupation = cult leader) is removed as non-SPOV.
 * What was clearly sourced and referenced is then referred to as original research,
 * New editors begin engaging in original research, without references, to find a SPOV occupation title.

Good job! Clearly that's in-line with NPOV, OR, CITE. BLP is not a requirement for SPOV, so throw that in the mix too.

So, here's a suggestion after looking through a few other biographies of other UFO cult leaders: remove the occupation from the infobox. Don't use OR to come up with a term y'all can agree with. Use the "known for" infobox field to say "Founder of FIGU (German abbreviation of 'Free Community of Interests for the Border and Spiritual Sciences and Ufological Studies')". Then we can reëxamine the term "cult leader" after more/better sourcing is added. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 08:13, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * "Use the "known for" infobox field to say "Founder of FIGU (German abbreviation of 'Free Community of Interests for the Border and Spiritual Sciences and Ufological Studies')". Then we can reëxamine the term "cult leader" after more/better sourcing is added" I think this is a good idea. The only reason I think "Religious leader" is an appropriate term is not WP:OR but that it's a fair summary of the person's vocation. It's not OR to say someone is a religious leader when they're labeled by our sources as a cult leader. Cults are religions, that much is undisputed. And we absolutely should call the organization a cult in the body, I see our sources support that quite comprehensively. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 18:21, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Meier's devotees scream to hell and back they aren't a religion. I'd rather avoid it. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 00:07, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Content in lead not mentioned elsewhere
The lead currently includes the statement: "Meier's prophecies repeatedly blame Jews (whom he refers to as "gypsies") for future atrocities", sourced to a chapter in a book in German. It appears added the sentence in 2020, copying from the German Wikipedia. SchmuckyTheCat, can you (or anyone else) verify that the source accurately supports the assertion?. And assuming it does, does the assertion belong in the lead per WP:PROPORTION? (antisemitism is not mentioned anywhere else, which is one of the reasons I removed Category:Antisemitism in Switzerland). This is a potential BLP issue, and no content should be in the lead that is not elsewhere in the article. --Animalparty! (talk) 23:42, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not a BLP issue, Meier is quoting aliens, not himself (sarcasm off)...
 * It's in German because he speaks and writes in German. Many of the best sources about him are in German. It's a reliable source in the German Wikipedia, and it quotes his own primary sources to make the point. If, in English, you want to go to primary sources, the issue is quite glaring. He (or, errrr, the aliens he channels) also dislikes male homosexuals, but that's not in the secondar source so it's not in the article.
 * If you want to move it somewhere else in the article, feel free. The current length of the article does not really have content separation between the lede and the body. Whenever it has had length to it, someone will come along and remove chunks en masse as "cruft". Then we're left to digging out the important parts from the cruft to replace them in the article. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 03:18, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not doubting the existence of the book, nor it's reliability, nor that the German Wikipedia uses it. I'm asking if you personally read the source and concurred that the sentence you added accurately, fairly and proportionally conveys what Meier's prophecies say. I know almost nothing about Meier, but it reads like something tacked on merely to pile on criticism in a prominent place. If his prophecies repeatedly blame Jews, and it's a significant aspect of his career, there should be ample documentation of this. Per MOS:LEAD, if most users only read the lead, and the lead is overstuffed with factoids, then Wikipedia is misleading them. --Animalparty! (talk) 04:19, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Not a religion
Wrong description 73.244.27.246 (talk) 21:31, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You need reliable independent sources that contradict the ones presently cited.- LuckyLouie (talk) 21:50, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * What about the FIGU Manifesto? This is the organisation's own views about religion as is pertains to their work. There is also FIGU in a nutshell which, if you read just the titles to the bullet points you may understand. https://ca.figu.org/our-manifesto.html                                   https://ca.figu.org/figu-in-a-nutshell.htm
 * Instead of independent sources which are observations from the outside in, what about actually looking at what they publish themselves about this very topic which you are partially correct and partially incorrect about? I do not see what it could hurt. Actually, these two documents are technically a rebuttal of your evidence and proof of slander.
 * However, I am not a lawyer. And those documents are crystal clear. Lightbringer1375077 (talk) 00:56, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, I can not seem to find a nonprofit or not-for-profit nor a for-profit organisation that pays its taxes, does not solicit and is run by volunteers. According to the law of America, they would literally need a new classification to be considered as a non profit organisation. Lightbringer1375077 (talk) 03:23, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Not a religion, September 2023
(copied from User Talk) On Wikipedia, we go by third party independent published sources. The higher quality the better. You could say we like academics and university presses the best. In this case, we have footnoted sources that unambiguously characterize Billy Meiers FIGU organization as a UFO religion, such as: "UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture" by Gregory L. Reece..."Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements" by George D. Chryssides..."The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions" by James R. Lewis, and even a couple more not used in the article, like Robert Pearson Flaherty. WP:BLP does not mean that critical commentary cited to high quality sources cannot be included in articles. I hope you'll self-revert your removal of the term and start a discussion on the Talk page. Regards, - LuckyLouie (talk) 21:06, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your feedback. I teach anthropology of religion at an American university, so I'm no stranger to peer reviewed sources. Encyclopedias and dictionaries are not usually peer reviewed, but rather tertiary sources, which are discouraged on Wikipedia. Wikipedia's policy on using encyclopedias and dictionaries as sources is very detailed, so each one must be evaluated independently: Dictionaries as sources. If we discount these, then you have only one source claiming it is a religion, which doesn't seem to me to be "unambigous." The definition of "religion" is notoriously tricky and controversial, and calling it such comes down to how one defines religion. Since I am aware there is no consensus on this point, I am really not comfortable with the blanket claim that the already controversial figure of Billy Meier is a religious cult leader. This seems to add more drama unnecessarily. Perhaps there is a happy medium where we could say that some people have argued that it is a UFO Religion, or even that one author did so. If you don't like the solution I suggest, then perhaps it would be productive to begin a discussion on the article talk page. Best, Coryannyyz (talk) 22:30, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Well, *several* expert sources have given a critical analysis and have termed it a UFO religion, so saying one author 'argued' it would be disingenuous. We also avoid WP:GEVAL ("some people say this, some people say that"). WP:NPOV is not about aiming for a middle ground between fringe vs. mainstream views. I don't see any mainstream academic sources are arguing that it is NOT a UFO religion, so there isn't any academic 'controversy'. Editorial WP:CONSENSUS is how Wikipedia operates, and policy-based arguments are the format, so the article Talk page is the best place to continue this. - LuckyLouie (talk) 22:55, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for publishing this discussion on the article talk page. Although I don't agree with your reading of Wikipedia policy or the literature (Reece doesn't actually say that Meier is a religion - see p.154), I don't care enough about this topic to argue over the definition of religion. I'm surprised that my alternative more neutral term of "organization," which can hardly be disputed, would raise such dander! I have reverted my edit. Enjoy! Coryannyyz (talk) 14:52, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, discussion and consensus is a good thing. There's been lots of informed discussion on this page in the past, maybe this will encourage more. - LuckyLouie (talk) 15:05, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Coryanyyz said "'The definition of 'religion' is notoriously tricky and controversial, and calling it such comes down to how one defines religion."" I agree with that. While there's never been a great objective definition what actually is a religion, these things are in the usual definition in whole or in part of what constitutes a religion:
 * Unfalsifiable beliefs that must be taken on faith - ✓
 * A creation myth that defies known history and science  - ✓
 * Ritual practices  - ✓
 * Prayer! - ✓
 * A life cycle of a pre-existence, afterlife, reincarnation, etc  - ✓
 * Spiritual teachings (extensive) - ✓
 * Holy writings (“Genesis” “Commandments”  ) - ✓
 * An undeniable leader with
 * Supernatural powers (prophecy, telepathy, time travel) - ✓
 * weird titles “One True Contactee and Prophet of the New Age” - ✓
 * Messianic claims (he's coming back 800 years after he dies, check line 36)  - ✓
 * Claims to be reincarnation of JMannuel (who is claimed to be Jesus Christ by humans, but Meier claims there is no Jesus Christ, just Jmannuel, confused yet?)  - ✓
 * The only person with access to unique relics  - ✓
 * Organization structure for preservation of scripture - ✓
 * After your wallet! (OK, so they're not as bad as Pat Robertson)   - ✓

The supernatural parts are indisputably religious. This is from my research and it would be WP:OR to make my own claim that FIGU is a religion or cult. But, given that other references do make the claim, I don't have to. These references are useful to yourself or any other passers-by who might wonder what backs up the referenced claims. SchmuckyTheCat (talk) 19:29, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The most notable aspect of so called organised religion in America is that upon creating a "new religion", you establish yourself as a nonprofit or not-for-profit organisation that may declare exempt tax status. However, I haven't seen any nonprofits that do not solicit, do not ask to be exempt from taxation and that are completely run by volunteers. Not even one. And you can check right here for yourself. https://www.guidestar.org/search Lightbringer1375077 (talk) 05:01, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Billy Meier


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Category talk:Compendium of postage stamp issuers

Mark (money) vs Mark
Many of the pages in this compendium had links to Mark, which is a disambiguation page. These appeared to be intended to point to articles about money, but there are several different pages about specific currencies called "marks." As part of a project to reduce links to disambiguation pages, I have poitned all of these links to Mark (money). If anyone would care to point each link to the correct "mark," (i.e., German gold mark, Polish marka, Rentenmark, etc), please do so. --SquidSK (1MC•log) 19:42, 17 November 2009 (UTC)


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GUID Partition Table

The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers (UUIDs), which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). Forming a part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard (Unified EFI Forum-proposed replacement for the PC BIOS), it is nevertheless also used for some BIOSs, because of the limitations of master boot record (MBR) partition tables, which use 32 bits for logical block addressing (LBA) of traditional 512-byte disk sectors.

All modern personal computer operating systems support GPT. Some, including macOS and Microsoft Windows on the x86 architecture, support booting from GPT partitions only on systems with EFI firmware, but FreeBSD and most Linux distributions can boot from GPT partitions on systems with either the BIOS or the EFI firmware interface.

History
The Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme, widely used since the early 1980s, imposed limitations for use of modern hardware. The available size for block addresses and related information is limited to 32 bits. For hard disks with 512byte sectors, the MBR partition table entries allow a maximum size of 2 TiB (2³² × 512bytes) or 2.20 TB (2.20 × 10¹² bytes).

In the late 1990s, Intel developed a new partition table format as part of what eventually became the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). The GUID Partition Table is specified in chapter 5 of the UEFI 2.8 specification. GPT uses 64 bits for logical block addresses, allowing a maximum disk size of 264 sectors. For disks with 512byte sectors, the maximum size is 8 ZiB (264 × 512bytes) or 9.44 ZB (9.44 × 10²¹ bytes). For disks with 4,096byte sectors the maximum size is 64 ZiB (264 × 4,096bytes) or 75.6 ZB (75.6 × 10²¹ bytes).

In 2010, hard-disk manufacturers introduced drives with 4,096byte sectors (Advanced Format). For compatibility with legacy hardware and software, those drives include an emulation technology (512e) that presents 512byte sectors to the entity accessing the hard drive, despite their underlying 4,096byte physical sectors. Performance could be degraded on write operations, when the drive is forced to perform two read-modify-write operations to satisfy a single misaligned 4,096byte write operation. Since April 2014, enterprise-class drives without emulation technology (4K native) have been available on the market.

Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions. For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI.

Features
Like MBR, GPT uses logical block addressing (LBA) in place of the historical cylinder-head-sector (CHS) addressing. The protective MBR is stored at LBA 0, and the GPT header is in LBA 1, with a backup GPT header stored at the final LBA. The GPT header has a pointer to the partition table (Partition Entry Array), which is typically at LBA 2. Each entry on the partition table has a size of 128 bytes. The UEFI specification stipulates that a minimum of 16,384 bytes, regardless of sector size, are allocated for the Partition Entry Array. Thus, on a disk with 512-byte sectors, at least 32 sectors are used for the Partition Entry Array, and the first usable block is at LBA 34 or higher, while on a 4,096-byte sectors disk, at least 4 sectors are used for the Partition Entry Array, and the first usable block is at LBA 6 or higher.

Protective MBR (LBA 0)
For limited backward compatibility, the space of the legacy Master Boot Record (MBR) is still reserved in the GPT specification, but it is now used in a way that prevents MBR-based disk utilities from misrecognizing and possibly overwriting GPT disks. This is referred to as a protective MBR.

A single partition of type EEh, encompassing the entire GPT drive (where "entire" actually means as much of the drive as can be represented in an MBR), is indicated and identifies it as GPT. Operating systems and tools which cannot read GPT disks will generally recognize the disk as containing one partition of unknown type and no empty space, and will typically refuse to modify the disk unless the user explicitly requests and confirms the deletion of this partition. This minimizes accidental erasures. Furthermore, GPT-aware OSes may check the protective MBR and if the enclosed partition type is not of type EEh or if there are multiple partitions defined on the target device, the OS may refuse to manipulate the partition table.

If the actual size of the disk exceeds the maximum partition size representable using the legacy 32-bit LBA entries in the MBR partition table, the recorded size of this partition is clipped at the maximum, thereby ignoring the rest of the disk. This amounts to a maximum reported size of 2 TiB, assuming a disk with 512 bytes per sector (see 512e). It would result in 16 TiB with 4 KiB sectors (4Kn), but since many older operating systems and tools are hard coded for a sector size of 512 bytes or are limited to 32-bit calculations, exceeding the 2 TiB limit could cause compatibility problems.

Hybrid MBR (LBA 0 + GPT)
In operating systems that support GPT-based boot through BIOS services rather than EFI, the first sector may also still be used to store the first stage of the bootloader code, but modified to recognize GPT partitions. The bootloader in the MBR must not assume a sector size of 512 bytes.

Partition table header (LBA 1)
The partition table header defines the usable blocks on the disk. It also defines the number and size of the partition entries that make up the partition table (offsets 80 and 84 in the table).

Partition entries (LBA 2–33)
After the primary header and before the backup header, the Partition Entry Array describes partitions, using a minimum size of 128 bytes for each entry block. The starting location of the array on disk, and the size of each entry, are given in the GPT header. The first 16 bytes of each entry designate the partition type's globally unique identifier (GUID). For example, the GUID for an EFI system partition is C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B. The second 16 bytes are a GUID unique to the partition. Then follow the starting and ending 64 bit LBAs, partition attributes, and the 36 character (max.) Unicode partition name. As is the nature and purpose of GUIDs and as per RFC 4122, no central registry is needed to ensure the uniqueness of the GUID partition type designators.

The 64-bit partition table attributes are shared between 48-bit common attributes for all partition types, and 16-bit type-specific attributes:

Microsoft defines the type-specific attributes for basic data partition as:

Google defines the type-specific attributes for ChromeOS kernel as:

Windows: 32-bit versions
Windows 7 and earlier do not support UEFI on 32-bit platforms, and therefore do not allow booting from GPT partitions.

Windows: 64-bit versions
Limited to 128 partitions per disk.

Partition type GUIDs
"Partition type GUID" means that each partition type is strictly identified by a GUID number unique to that type, and therefore partitions of the same type will all have the same "partition type GUID". Each partition also has a "partition unique GUID" as a separate entry, which as the name implies is a unique id for each partition.

title: GUID Partition Table


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Anna Chakvetadze

Anna Djambuliovna Chakvetadze (Анна Джамбулиевна Чакветадзе ; born 5 March 1987) is a Russian former professional tennis player.

In her career, Chakvetadze won eight WTA Tour singles titles. She reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 5 in September 2007, after reaching the US Open semifinals. She also made the quarterfinals of the Australian Open and French Open that same year. She announced her retirement on 11 September 2013, due to a persisting back injury. She is currently a commentator on the Eurosport channel.

Career
Chakvetadze began playing tennis at the age of eight after being introduced to the sport by her mother. She hit her peak of world No. 5 in 2007 after a semifinal appearance at the US Open. Also in that year, she reached the quarterfinals at the Australian Open and the French Open, both of which were career bests for those events. Four of her eight career singles titles also occurred in 2007.

Junior tournaments
In 2003, she made it to the final of the Junior Championships at Wimbledon before falling to Kirsten Flipkens in three sets. The same year, she won the International Bavarian Junior Challenge, defeating Marta Domachowska in two sets. Her record as a junior was 67–19 in singles, and 22–14 in doubles; her highest world ranking was No. 22, achieved in December 2003.

2001–2006: Early career and entering top 50
Chakvetadze debuted on the ITF Women's Circuit in November 2001, losing in the first round in Minsk. In July 2002, she won her first doubles title in Istanbul, teaming with fellow Russian Irina Kotkina.

At the 2004 US Open, Chakvetadze won three qualifying matches to reach the main draw of her first Grand Slam singles tournament. In the second round, she defeated world No. 3, Anastasia Myskina, before losing in the third round to Eleni Daniilidou. With this result, she became tied for the second fastest player to defeat a top-ten player in WTA history, tying Serena Williams. She broke into the top 100 in the WTA rankings in September, reaching world No. 91. She reached the top 50 in June 2005, coming in at world No. 44.

On 25 September 2006, Chakvetadze won her first WTA Tour singles tournament at the Tier III event in Guangzhou, defeating Anabel Medina Garrigues in the final. Two weeks later, she won her second WTA title at the Tier I Kremlin Cup in Moscow even though she was unseeded, beating Elena Dementieva and Nadia Petrova en route to the title. These wins helped boost her ranking to world No. 16.

2007: Breakthrough year, world No. 5
Chakvetadze started the year by winning the Tier IV Hobart International in Australia, her third career title. She defeated fellow Russian Vasilisa Bardina in the final. At the Australian Open, where she was seeded 12th, she defeated eighth-seeded Patty Schnyder in the fourth round, before losing in the quarterfinals to top-seeded Maria Sharapova.

In February, Chakvetadze reached the quarterfinals of the Open Gaz de France in Paris where she lost to Amélie Mauresmo. She then competed at the Proximus Diamond Games in Antwerp where she lost in the semifinals to Mauresmo, in three sets. On February 19, she made her top-ten debut on the WTA rankings, at world No. 10. At the Tier I Indian Wells Open, she lost in the fourth round to Shahar Pe'er. She then reached the semifinals of the Tier I Miami Open in Key Biscayne where she was defeated by world No. 1, Justine Henin, in straight sets.

Chakvetadze played four tournaments in Europe on red clay courts. She lost in the quarterfinals of the Tier II Warsaw Open to Jelena Janković, the second round of the Tier I German Open in Berlin, and the second round of the Tier I Italian Open in Rome. At the French Open, Chakvetadze lost to second-seeded Sharapova in the quarterfinals.

She won her second title of the year and first grass court title in 's-Hertogenbosch, with wins over Daniela Hantuchová and Janković. At Wimbledon, however, she was defeated in the third round by 31st-seeded Michaëlla Krajicek in three sets.

Chakvetadze then played five tournaments during the North American summer hard-court season. At the Tier III Cincinnati Open, she was the top seed and won the title, defeating Akiko Morigami in the final. She won her second consecutive tournament the following week at the Bank of the West Classic in Palo Alto, the first tournament of the US Open Series. She defeated Sania Mirza in the final. That was her ninth consecutive match-victory and resulted in her ranking rising to world No. 6. At the San Diego Open, her 12-match winning streak ended when she lost in the semifinals to top-seeded Sharapova for the third time this year, after Chakvetadze had defeated reigning Wimbledon champion Venus Williams in the quarterfinals, in three sets. Two weeks later, at the Tier I Canada Masters in Toronto, Chakvetadze retired from her second-round match, after losing the first set to Virginie Razzano. At the US Open, she was the sixth seed and reached the semifinals of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, losing to Svetlana Kuznetsova in three sets. This result caused her ranking to rise to a career high of world No. 5.

Chakvetadze was the defending champion at the Kremlin Cup in Moscow, but lost her second-round match to Dinara Safina. She became the sixth player in 2007 to qualify for the year-ending Tour Championships. She reached the semifinals of that tournament by winning two of her three round-robin matches, defeating Serena Williams and Janković before losing to Henin. She then lost her semifinal match against Sharapova.

2008: Continued success
Chakvetadze began her season at the Sydney International. Seeded fifth, she lost in the first round to Katarina Srebotnik. Seeded sixth at the Australian Open, Chakvetadze was defeated in the third round by 27th seed Maria Kirilenko.

Chakvetadze helped Russia win its first-round tie against Israel during the Fed Cup by defeating Tzipora Obziler. As the top seed at the Open Gaz de France, Chakvetadze won the title defeating seventh seed Ágnes Szávay in the final. Seeded second at the Proximus Diamond Games, Chakvetadze suffered a second-round upset at the hands of lucky loser Sofia Arvidsson. Seeded fifth at the Qatar Open, Chakvetadze lost in the second round to Li Na. Seeded sixth at the Dubai Championships, she retired from her quarterfinal match against fourth seed Jelena Janković due to a left thigh injury. After missing the Indian Wells Open, Chakvetadze returned to action at the Miami Open.

2009: Out of top 50
Seeded third, she began the 2009 season at the Hobart International where she was defeated in the first round by Carla Suárez Navarro. Seeded 17th at the Australian Open, Chakvetadze lost in the second round to Australian wildcard Jelena Dokić.

Playing in the Fed Cup tie versus China, Chakvetadze played one rubber and won over Yan Zi. Russia easily won the tie over China 5–0. Seeded 15th at the Dubai Championships, Chakvetadze was defeated in the first round by Ayumi Morita. Seeded 19th at Indian Wells, she beat Ekaterina Makarova in the second round and lost in the third round to Shahar Pe'er. Seeded 22nd at the Miami Open, Chakvetadze was defeated in the third round by 11th seed and eventual champion Victoria Azarenka. During the Fed Cup semifinal tie versus Italy, she played one rubber and lost to Flavia Pennetta. Italy ended up defeating Russia 4–1 to advance to the Fed Cup final.

Chakvetadze kicked off her clay-court season at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix. She was defeated in the first round by Flavia Pennetta. In Rome at the Italian Open, Chakvetadze lost a close three-setter in the third round to fourth seed Venus Williams. Competing at the first edition of the Madrid Open, she defeated Virginia Ruano Pascual in the first round. She then beat Sam Stosur in the second round, coming back from 1–4 down in the third set. Chakvetadze fell to Alona Bondarenko in the third round. Chakvetadze, who was seeded 26th at the French Open, suffered a first-round loss to lucky loser Mariana Duque Mariño in three sets, thus continuing her disastrous run.

Playing only one grass-court tournament before Wimbledon at the Eastbourne International, Chakvetadze was able to raise her game in the first round where she defeated third seed Jelena Janković. She was defeated by Marion Bartoli in the second round. Seeded 32nd at the Wimbledon Championships, Chakvetadze lost to Sabine Lisicki in the first round, meaning she was out of the top 50 for the first time in quite a while.

Chakvetadze began her US Open Series campaign at the Stanford Classic where she was unseeded. She was defeated in the first round by Maria Kirilenko in three sets. The following week, at the L.A. Championships, she won her first two matches, against 11th seed Virginie Razzano and Alisa Kleybanova, but then lost convincingly to eighth seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the third round. Having won the Cincinnati Open in 2007, Chakvetadze went into the 2009 tournament unseeded; she was defeated in the second round by ninth seed Victoria Azarenka. At the Rogers Cup in Toronto, Chakvetadze lost in the first round to Sybille Bammer, after leading 6–3, 4–1. Her final tournament before the US Open was the Pilot Pen Tennis in New Haven, where she was the last year finalist. She reached her first quarterfinal of the year, defeating Nadia Petrova and Sybille Bammer, all in three sets. She then lost in her quarterfinal match to her good friend Elena Vesnina. Chakvetadze entered the US Open as an unseeded player for the first time since 2005. She defeated Yurika Sema in the first round but then fell in the second round to seventh seed Vera Zvonareva.

Chakvetadze played her final tournament of the year at the Kremlin Cup in Russia, her home country. She was defeated in the first round by Alona Bondarenko.

Chakvetadze ended the year ranked 70, her lowest ranking in over five years.

2010: Return to form and injuries
Chakvetadze started the year with a first-round loss at the Auckland Open to wildcard Kimiko Date-Krumm. At the Hobart International, Chakvetadze was defeated in the final round of qualifying by Elena Baltacha. Ranked 66 at the Australian Open, Chakvetadze lost in the first round to 12th seed Flavia Pennetta.

At the Pattaya Open, Chakvetadze was defeated in her quarterfinal match by eventual finalist Tamarine Tanasugarn. In March, she competed at the Indian Wells Open, where she retired with an ankle injury in the second round whilst trailing at 6–2, 5–3 to fifth seed Agnieszka Radwańska. At the Miami Open, Chakvetadze had a first-round loss to Kimiko Date-Krumm.

In May, she played at the Warsaw Open where she fell in the qualifying round to Bojana Jovanovski. At the French Open, Chakvetadze was two points away from winning the match in straight sets, before losing in the first round to Angelique Kerber.

Chakvetadze started her grass-court season at the Birmingham Classic. She advanced to the third round, where she lost to qualifier Alison Riske. At the Eastbourne International, she was defeated in the second round of qualifying by Jarmila Groth. At the Wimbledon Championships, Chakvetadze won her first-round match over Andrea Petkovic. She lost in the second round to top seed, defending champion, and eventual champion Serena Williams.

In Hungary at the Budapest Grand Prix, Chakvetadze fell in the second round to second seed Alexandra Dulgheru. At the Prague Open, she was defeated in the first round by qualifier and compatriot Ksenia Pervak. Playing at the Slovenia Open, she defeated Johanna Larsson in her first final in two years and to win her eighth WTA Tour title. In the Portorož doubles final, she and Marina Erakovic lost to Maria Kondratieva/Vladimíra Uhlířová in a super tie-break. In the first edition of the Danish Open, Chakvetadze not only got through qualifying but she also advanced to the semifinal where she fell to top seed and eventual champion Caroline Wozniacki.

Chakvetadze entered the Bronx Open to prepare for the US Open. She defeated Sofia Arvidsson in the final to win the second title of the year. At the US Open, she suffered a first-round loss to Urszula Radwańska.

Seeded third at the Tashkent Open, Chakvetadze retired in the second round against Evgeniya Rodina due to a viral illness. In Beijing at the China Open, she fell in the second round of qualifying to Kateryna Bondarenko. At the Generali Ladies Linz, she lost in the first round to Sybille Bammer. Her final tournament of the season was the Kremlin Cup. Chakvetadze was defeated in her quarterfinal match by Vera Dushevina.

Chakvetadze won 2010 one singles title, reached two doubles finals, and ended ranked 56.

2011: Illness and injuries
Chakvetadze started the year with a first-round loss at the Brisbane International to Ksenia Pervak. At the Hobart International, Chakvetadze was defeated in the first round by seventh seed Sara Errani. Ranked 57 at the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to 25th seed Petra Kvitová.

In Dubai, Chakvetadze defeated Daniela Hantuchová in the first round. In the second round, she faced top seed Caroline Wozniacki. She lost the first set 1–6; she was 5–3 up in the second set when she suddenly collapsed. It was later confirmed that Chakvetadze collapsed due to a gastrointestinal disease that she had been suffering from since before the tournament. As a result, she did not play the Qatar Open. At Indian Wells, Chakvetadze retired during her second-round match against 24th seed Maria Kirilenko due to dizziness. She then missed the Sony Ericsson Open due to illness.

Chakvetadze started her clay-court season at the Stuttgart Grand Prix. After qualifying for the main draw, she faced Zuzana Kučová in her first-round match. She retired during the third set due to dizziness. Because of these problems, she did not play the French Open.

After a few weeks of hospital testing, Chakvetadze made her return at the Rosmalen Open. She lost in the first round to Lourdes Domínguez Lino. At Wimbledon, Chakvetadze was defeated in the first round by fifth seed Maria Sharapova.

Chakvetadze announced that she will not participate at the US Open because of an ankle injury.

She ended the year ranked 230.

2012: Continued downfall, out of top 500
Chakvetadze started the year at the Hobart International. She made it to the quarterfinals after wins over third seed Monica Niculescu and Tsvetana Pironkova. She retired during her quarterfinal match against sixth seed Shahar Pe'er due to a left leg cramp. At the Australian Open, Chakvetadze lost in the first round to Jelena Dokic.

Chakvetadze took a break from the sport for several months before returning to competition at the Danish Open. As a qualifier, she was defeated in round one by Pauline Parmentier.

After qualifying for the Stuttgart Grand Prix, she was beaten in the first round by fellow qualifier Alizé Cornet. At the Madrid Open, Chakvetadze lost in the final round of qualifying to Johanna Larsson. Qualified for the main draw at the Italian Open, she was defeated in the first round by qualifier Sloane Stephens. At the Brussels Open, Chakvetadze lost in the first round to Yanina Wickmayer.

At the Washington Open, she was defeated again in the first round, by Melinda Czink. At the Bronx Open, Chakvetadze advanced to the final where she lost to top seed Romina Oprandi.

In September, Chakvetadze played at the Tashkent Open in Uzbekistan. After qualifying for the main draw, she was defeated in the second round by eighth seed Galina Voskoboeva.

Chakvetadze didn't play any more tournaments for the rest of the season. She ended the year ranked 222.

2013: Retirement
Chakvetadze announced her retirement from professional tennis on 11 September 2013 due to ongoing back problems. Since retiring, she has been a tennis commentator for Eurosport.

2023: Comeback
Chakvetadze had enrolled herself to a series of $15k ITF tournaments in doubles, playing one match, possibly denoting a decision to comeback.

Playing style
Chakvetadze was a baseline player, whose game depended upon her excellent defensive skills. Her greatest assets were her speed, court coverage, shot selection, anticipation, and footwork. Her forehand and backhand were both hit flat and with depth, although she could hit her backhand with slice as and when the situation required. She was an excellent counterpuncher, with her exemplary fitness allowing her to extend rallies until she could create an opportunity to hit a winner. Her best groundstroke shots were her forehand and backhand, both down the line. Her first serve averaged 96 mph, and peaked at 109 mph, allowing her to serve aces and dictate service points. Her second serve was reliable, averaging 81 mph, meaning that double faults were uncommon; she was also excellent at defending her second serve with her powerful groundstrokes. Due to her doubles experience, she was a capable volleyer, and was adept at the net, but chose to play mostly from the baseline. Chakvetadze's major weaknesses were her lack of confidence and nerves. In difficult moments, she would commit many uncharacteristic unforced errors. Due to the careful nature of her game and her excellent point construction and shot selection, she was frequently compared to Martina Hingis.

Home invasion and robbery
On 18 December 2007, Chakvetadze's home was robbed. She was tied by six invaders who also beat her father, Djambuli. The six men left with over $306,000 worth of goods and cash. Chakvetadze was the target of the robbery, as the men demanded a Rolex watch she had recently won in an exhibition and told her as they left, "Keep playing. We'll come again." Seven suspects were arrested three months later.

Political career
In December 2011, Anna stood for election in the Russian State Duma with the Right Cause party, but was not elected.

Head-to-head record
Chakvetadze's win–loss record against certain players who have been ranked world No. 10 or higher is as follows. Active players are in boldface:

title: Anna Chakvetadze


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title: User talk:83.129.13.229


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Reaver (Firefly)

Reavers are a fictional group of humans in the television series Firefly and subsequent film Serenity who live on the fringes of civilized space and have become animalistic. Within most of the timeline of the series and movie, the existence of Reavers is officially denied by the Alliance, the ruling government of humanity in the Firefly franchise, but they are a harsh reality around the outer planets.

The Reavers are mentioned several times during the course of the television show. A Reaver ship is seen in the pilot episode, and the episode "Bushwacked" shows someone who was exposed to the Reavers’ madness and starts to mimic them. The movie Serenity featured Reavers and reveals their origin.

Concept
Joss Whedon, creator of the Firefly series and director of Serenity, has said of Reavers, "Every story needs a monster. In the stories of the old west it was the Apaches". He explained how he removed the racial aspect of the Apache metaphor by using the Reavers. "I used that example by saying that anyone who goes out into space and goes mad can become a monster." The purpose Reavers serve in the show has been compared to the Hollywood "Injuns" of the 1950s in western movies by outside sources.

Comic book artist Bernie Wrightson, co-creator of Swamp Thing, contributed Reaver concept designs for the film Serenity. The "mythology" of the Reavers in Firefly and Serenity has been said to be different.

Behavior
In Firefly, Reavers are readily recognized in any situation by both appearance and behavior. Whether ritually or in fits of rage, they are portrayed as self-mutilating creatures, peeling off parts of their own skins and shoving pieces of metal into the flesh. Reavers are savage, brutal, and primal, though they engage in some form of social behavior and cooperation within their own group. In the franchise, their contact with normal humans appears to be limited to combat, rape to death, torture, and cannibalism. These contacts are brief and survivors few. As a result, little is known of Reavers' social structure.

Reavers growl and snarl like beasts; even radio transmissions within their flotilla seem to be little more than shrieks and moans. However, they presumably communicate on some level as they are still able to cooperate and act purposefully enough to use spaceships and set sophisticated technological traps. In Serenity, the Reavers only begin to closely inspect the disguised Serenity after it fails to respond to a red light pulse from a Reaver ship. This suggests that Reavers have retained some level of higher intelligence and social structure, though they are guided solely by their impulse to capture and consume any humans they come in contact with.

The Reavers live on the edge of the human-controlled binary solar systems, rarely venturing deep into occupied space. As a result, most of the inner worlds and many Alliance officials believe them to be myths made to cover for violent criminals. Reavers are known to capture ships and raid colonies on the edge of populated space – as Zoe puts it:

"'If they take the ship, they'll rape us to death, eat our flesh, and sew our skins into their clothing – and if we're very, very lucky, they'll do it in that order.'"

They occasionally leave intentional survivors of their raids, apparently subjecting them to a form of brainwashing – forcing them to witness the torture of other Reaver victims – that may drive them into the same state of cannibalistic depravity.

They travel in macabre ships stained with blood and decorated with corpses chained to the hulls. They appear to live their whole lives in space, only touching down on a planet or moon to carry out a raid.

Technology and battle tactics
Reaver ships, captured from their victims, are instantly recognizable by the haphazard red stripes and bodies of victims adorning their hulls. They are also known for flying without proper safety measures such as nuclear engine radiation containment, a practice tantamount to suicide. This makes Reaver ships faster than their normal counterparts, but also makes it easier for their prey to detect their approach and to hide by powering down their ships rather than fleeing. Reavers' habit of ramming their victims with indifference to damaging their own hulls tends to leave their ships appearing battered or torn.

Their craft possess a wide variety of exotic weaponry, many of which are designed to snare and capture other ships including EMP cannons, grappling lines, and energy nets. They use weapons that fire giant sharpened disks similar to buzzsaws or shuriken, in addition to more traditional anti-ship ordnance. They also fire long, lance-like metal rods. Rather than firearms, Reavers will use any sharp object as a weapon in personal combat. They also fire toxic darts to cripple their opponents but not kill them. The goal of their weaponry is most likely to increase the number of survivors on victim ships (since Reavers have no interest in victims who are already dead ). To cripple rescue ships, they have been known to leave a bait ship intact with a bomb planted on board, set to detonate when another ship docks to help, destroying the already-derelict ship and crippling the ship that tried to provide aid.

The Reavers operate a variety of vessels, from Firefly-sized vessels to captured Alliance warships. In the movie Serenity, the most notable of the Reaver ships was a huge colony vessel orbiting Miranda, which is several times larger than any of the Alliance vessels it subsequently attacked. Even with its greater size, the Reavers used the same tactics as with smaller ships, ramming an Alliance flagship and splitting it in half due to the vast difference in mass.

Human response
Reavers terrify most non-Reaver humans. Even the most battle-hardened will opt to leave any space where Reavers are present rather than risk capture. For instance, in the show, when Reavers are coming, Mal becomes very serious and escapes quickly. Reavers are also possibly the only thing that even Jayne fears, as the mere suggestion of traveling where there is a risk of encountering Reavers makes him extremely agitated; although he claims to fear no man, Jayne declares that "Reavers ain't men!". In the movie Serenity, the normally calm and collected Operative is visibly terrified as Reaver ships appear through an ion cloud and hastily orders his ships to fire on them.

Reaver methods are so horrifying that, when faced with capture, victims have been known to attempt suicide. Survivors have been known to cut their own faces, act and think like Reavers, and eventually become Reavers themselves. Mercy killings of people who are captured or who fall into the hands of Reavers are considered humane, as evidenced in one scene in the movie Serenity when Mal shoots and kills a man who is grabbed by a few Reavers, who respond by dropping the dead man to the ground.

Because of their part in the unethical, if accidental, creation of the Reavers, the Alliance government denies their existence, even withholding information on them from Alliance commanders of patrol ships in or near Reaver-space.

Origin
The original theory within the series is that Reavers are men who traveled to the edge of the star system and were driven mad by the open vastness of space. This theory is discussed among most of the crew members of Serenity. In "Bushwhacked", Shepherd Book states that he believes that they are "just men" who have been removed from civilization far too long—men who could be helped. Both Jayne and Mal strongly disagree with the Shepherd's opinion.

The Reavers' true origin is revealed later in the movie Serenity. The crew of Serenity find evidence, in the form of an Alliance scientist's holographic message, that Reavers were originally humans from the planet Miranda. The Alliance government used Miranda as a testing ground for the chemical agent G-23 Paxilon Hydrochlorate, or simply "Pax" (Latin for "peace"). It was added to the planet's air processors in order to calm the population and weed out aggression. The agent worked, but too well: 99.9% of the population became so lethargic that they stopped working, talking and, eventually, eating and moving. They simply lay down where they were and allowed themselves to die. The remaining 0.1% of the planet's 30 million people (approximately 30,000 total)  had the opposite reaction to the Pax, becoming mindlessly violent and extremely aggressive. In fact, the scientist is violently killed by one of these survivors, the original Reavers, while recording the message.

Following the events of Miranda, the Alliance sealed all records regarding the event and deemed the world unsuitable for colonization. When Reavers began attacking outer colonies, only a few officials within the Alliance knew the real cause. This changes, however, when the crew of Serenity arrange for what they have uncovered to be broadcast throughout the colonized system, what they refer to as "the 'verse".

title: Reaver (Firefly)


text:
Mixed threat attack

Regarding computer security, a mixed threat attack is an attack that uses several different tactics to infiltrate a computer user's environment. A mixed threat attack might include an infected file that comes in by way of spam or can be received by an Internet download. Mixed threat attacks try to exploit multiple vulnerabilities to get into a system. By launching multiple diverse attacks in parallel, the attacker can exploit more entry points than with just a single attack.

Because these threats are based on multiple single-attacks, they are much harder to detect. Firewalls can help with these types of attacks; if configured correctly, they are somewhat effective against this type of attack. However, if the attack is embedded inside an application, it is no longer able to prevent it. Typical techniques employed are to define the multiple access threat with a signature that can represent identification for the virus removal software. These types of techniques need to be employed on the host machine because sometimes the firewall or Intrusion Detection System is not able to detect the attack.

Nimda and Code Red are examples of computer worms that utilized mixed threat attacks.

title: Mixed threat attack


text:
Talk:Hongshi

Requested move
Prince Guo back to Hongshi In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move and Thanks. Colipon+(T) 01:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support. Arrigo 10:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. Dragons flight 06:11, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
It was 23 August 2005 requested that Prince Guo be moved back to Hongshi Arrigo 12:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

From WP:RM page:
 * Talk:Prince He -- Prince He back to Hongzhou and
 * Talk:Prince Guo -- Prince Guo back to Hongshi In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move and Thanks. Colipon+(T) Colipon+(T) 20:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * SECOND NOTICE: In accordance with new guidelines on History Standards for Chinese Articles, please move Prince He back to Hongzhou, and Prince Guo back to Hongshi. Thanks. Colipon+(T) 20:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * These problems had been caused by improper renamings by Gryffindor, which has then caused a lot of work to editors more expertized in Chinese issues. Requests should be granted. Arrigo 21:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Then please grant it! Colipon+(T) 01:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hongshi


text: Category:Georgia (U.S. state) geography stubs


text:
A Woman (1915 film)

A Woman was Charlie Chaplin's ninth film for Essanay Films. It was made in Los Angeles at the Majestic Studio and released in 1915.

Plot
A well-to-do family of three is asleep on a park bench. The father (Charles Insley) is awakened when a pretty girl (Margie Reiger) trips over his outstretched feet. The father is an incorrigible womanizer and immediately follows the girl to another park bench while his wife (Marta Golden) and adult daughter (Edna Purviance) remain asleep. He briefly departs to buy himself and the girl drinks from a refreshment stand. As soon as he leaves, Charlie arrives at the park bench where the pretty girl is seated. Charlie attempts to flirt with her—and the girl seems to enjoy his company. The father returns with two bottled drinks and jealously smashes one over Charlie's head, knocking him senseless. The father escorts the girl away. The girl tells the father she wants to play hide-and-seek. He agrees. She blindfolds him and walks away. Charlie regains his senses and comes across the blindfolded father. He leads him to the edge of a pond with his cane. The father removes his blindfold moments before Charlie kicks him into the water. (A passing park policeman who tries to intervene gets kicked into the pond too.) Charlie comes across the father's wife and daughter and makes a favorable impression. They invite him to their house for refreshments. Meanwhile, the father befriends another man in the park whom Charlie has earlier annoyed (Billy Armstrong). Together they go to the father's home. When snacks are put on the table, Charlie demonstrates a unique way of serving doughnuts and is having a merry time when the father sees him. The other man, who is flirting with the father's wife in the kitchen, sees Charlie too. Both men try to corral Charlie, but he knocks them cold—but not before his trousers are ripped off his body. Charlie initially runs into the street without any pants, but the commotion he creates outside causes him to retreat back into the house. Charlie goes to an upstairs room where he conveniently sees a woman's dress suit on a mannequin. He changes into it and is seen in a hallway by the daughter. Instead of being angry, the daughter laughs at the spectacle and suggests Charlie continue with the charade of dressing as a female to fool her flirtatious father. She even offers him a pair of female shoes and a place to shave his mustache. The female Charlie is introduced as a college chum of the daughter, and succeeds in attracting the attention of both the father and his friend. The father resents the competition and angrily knocks his friend out of the house. Charlie's true gender is eventually revealed, however, when his skirt falls off. Another fight ensues. Charlie and the father seem to have made peace, but the father reacts angrily when Charlie wants to court his daughter. Charlie is thrown out of the house and lands alongside the other man where another battle begins.

Cast

 * Charlie Chaplin - Gentleman/'Nora Nettlerash'
 * Edna Purviance - Daughter of the House
 * Charles Inslee - Her Father
 * Marta Golden - Her Mother
 * Margie Reiger - Father's Lady Friend
 * Billy Armstrong - Father's Friend
 * Leo White - Idler in the Park

title: A Woman (1915 film)


text: File:Tom Tom Club - Tom Tom Club CD album cover.jpg


text:
Talk:GUID Partition Table

New version created by Scorpiuss
I've created a new version of the GPT page. The fundamentals are all there. Could use a chart of the things represented at each bit position. Microsoft's got a nice one on the external link indicated (which, by the way, is a great source).

-Scorpiuss, Aug 26 2005, 13:25 GMT

EFI System partition GUID contradiction
The GUID for an EFISys partition under the Partition Entries section is different than the one in the list of GUIDs. On the MS page linked at the bottom, the one given in the Partition Entries section is given.

-Scorpiuss

Exhaustive GUIDs table
This was discussed back in 2014, but nothing was done as a result of that conversation. So I'll reopen it: This crazy table of every partition type GUID doesn't belong in the article, or the encyclopedia. As was correctly pointed out by at the time, WP:NOTMANUAL. (WP:NOTDATABASE would also apply.), the only other participant in the discussion at the time, countered with WP:ITSUSEFUL, which as that link will show is equally irrelevant to the question of whether something belongs in the encyclopedia.

I tend to be in agreement that the table(s!) detailing Windows support for GPT are also unnecessary, and could be replaced with a couple of sentences of prose, but I'll pick my battles. FeRDNYC (talk) 23:17, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Wow. Just over ten years to the day. You're entirely correct that this has always been against our content guidelines, from well before that discussion even happened. Removing this should be completely uncontroversial. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 01:17, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:BOLDly excised, obliterating nearly 2/3 of the article source length. #NothingOfValueWasLost FeRDNYC (talk) 08:12, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Reverted since this has never been formally discussed, or voted upon. I've now spent an hour searching for this information as I was absolutely sure it was on WP and guess what? Speedily deleted. No other resource on the net contains it. What a freaking mess. Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 19:26, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Might be more suitable to Wikibooks than Wikipedia... AnonMoos (talk) 00:26, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I can move it into a separate article and maintain it this way. Again these GUIDs are hugely important for a ton of people. Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 08:06, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Two points:
 * Consensus discussions are not votes; Wikipedia does not make decisions by polling. The removal was discussed, both 10 years ago and in this thread, with no arguments made for inclusion. (See next point.) Changes explicitly do not have to be preceded by an RFC, that's the entire point of WP:BOLD. – WP:EDITCON That being said, given that you disagree with the removal, consensus is not established and your revert is good and proper. The discussion must now continue here.
 * I have to reiterate that WP:ITSUSEFUL, the claim made by 10 years ago and by you here, is not an argument that establishes the encyclopedic nature of a given piece of information. To keep the list, there needs to be some explanation of why the list is appropriately encyclopedic content, fit for inclusion in Wikipedia. However, WP:NOTMANUAL, WP:NOTDATABASE, and other policies are pretty strong indicators that it's not. Any arguments for its inclusion would need to explain why those policies aren't applicable to this list.
 * I'm not at all familiar with Wikibooks policies or practices, but ' suggestion to move it there sounds promising to me. FeRDNYC (talk) 13:43, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * No matter where it exists, it absolutely must. I'm OK with moving it to a separate article but then it's possible the article itself will be deleted on the same grounds. If it can exist on a different WP project, that's fine with me. Artem S. Tashkinov (talk) 15:38, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

Terminology consistency
LBA 1 is referred to as the "GPT header" in one section, and later as the "Partition table header". It may be beneficial to clarify this terminology shift, or use the same terms in both sections. 99.165.47.46 (talk) 01:52, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I mean, considering GPT stands for "GUID Partition Table", has the terminology really shifted? FeRDNYC (talk) 08:07, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:GUID Partition Table


text:
Zuzana Ondrášková

Zuzana Ondrášková (born 3 May 1980) is a former professional tennis player from the Czech Republic.

Career
On 9 February 2004, she reached her highest singles ranking of world No. 74.

Her career included wins over several top players, including Dinara Safina, Li Na, Daniela Hantuchová, Marion Bartoli and Jelena Dokic.

In her career, she reached one WTA Tour singles final, 2005 at Prague. In addition, she reached the semifinals of the 2010 WTA Budapest as well as two additional quarterfinals, 2005 at Forest Hills and 2006 at Estoril. Ondrášková found most of her success on the ITF Women's Circuit, making 31 singles finals and winning 20 titles. She announced her retirement in 2013 at age 33.

title: Zuzana Ondrášková


text: Template:Georgia-geo-stub

title: Template:Georgia-geo-stub


text:
Swamped (song)

"Swamped" is a song by the Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. It was released as the second and final single from their third studio album Comalies. The song features a male and female vocal track, guitar-playing and orchestral string backing. The song is featured in the video game Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines, and the movie Resident Evil: Apocalypse as part of the soundtrack. "Swamped" is available as a downloadable song for Rock Band. A music video was produced for the song.

Track listing

 * 1) Swamped (Album Version) - 3:46
 * 2) Swamped (Acoustic)  - 3:40

Music video
The music video for Swamped was released in June, 2004 and was shot between Sweden and Spain by Patric Ullaeus. It features the band performing in a desert (without male vocalist Andrea Ferro). Cristina Scabbia wears a black mini dress with long red and black ribbons wrapped around her hands. Then Andrea Ferro sings his part in a big mansion with large windows. In the last scene, the band walks out of the mansion into a garden.

Cover

 * Jana Kask (feat. Cram) covered "Swamped" during the second season of Estonian pop idol talent show.

title: Swamped (song)


text:
Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport

Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport, located at Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada was fully opened in December 1978 with the start of the Community Aerodrome Radio Station (CARS). However, aircraft had been using the runway prior to that as construction was completed in the summer of 1978.

The airport is 2 NM north of the town and a road was built to allow access from the community, which also included a short bridge to span the Okpilik River.

Early years
Prior to the construction of the airport all aircraft either landed on an ice strip in the winter or in the middle of town. The old runway ran from the shore of "Jacks Bay" to the centre of the community. Besides limiting the size of the aircraft, Douglas DC-3 or De Havilland Canada Dash 7, able to land it also was a potentially dangerous situation. The only advantages were the fact that freight could be unloaded very easily and MEDIVAC aircraft could park right outside the nursing station. In the late winter, early spring a bulldozer would be used to create a runway on the ice that could be used by larger aircraft such as the C-130 Hercules.

General
The original buildings at the airport included a two-story airport terminal, an emergency power generator building and the aircraft refueling station. The terminal has since been replaced and a three-bay garage to house the maintenance vehicles has been added. At the time of construction the non-directional beacon (NDB) and control building were left just south of the community. The NDB was later moved (approximately 1981) to its present location at the airport. At the same time the control building was relocated to the airport.

The runway is the standard gravel strip that is seen in most Canadian Arctic communities and is 4300 by with the centre 117 ft above sea level (ASL). Due to a slight hump in the land it is not possible to see one end of the runway from the other. The taxiway was originally 50 ft wide; however, this had to be widened, to 75 ft later to accommodate the four-engined Lockheed Electra.

Lighting consists of:
 * Runway identification lights of the uni-directional flashing strobe type
 * Red/green threshold/runway end lights
 * Medium intensity (three settings) runway edge lights
 * Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights, type P1 for aircraft with eye to wheel height of up to 10 ft

There is also a Type K ARCAL (Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting) system. However, the PAPI are not available with this system and can only be operated manually by a person at the airport.

Currently the only fuel available is turbine kerosene (Type JET A) and it is provided by a local contractor. METAR weather services are provided on a limited basis locally and a call out can be arranged for weather at other times. The radio station operates the same hours as the weather service and is in fact the same person. They use the standard CARS mandatory frequency of 122.1 MHz and they also monitor the emergency frequency of 121.5 MHz. The CARS also monitor the NDB which broadcasts the morse code identification "HI" on 361 kHz.

Problems
During the initial planning stages community consultation was held and a major concern was expressed over the runway headings. The new runway was to be almost 90° from the old runway and some people felt that the prevailing winds would cause flights to be cancelled due to high crosswinds. However, this was not too much of a problem as the hills around the community funnelled the winds almost directly down the runway.

When the airport was originally constructed there was no provision for dedicated maintenance vehicles and they had to be shared with the community. This meant that after a blizzard the bulldozer and grader had just enough time to clear the road and runway before they had to return to town. This left the runway with 6 ft high snow banks on either side, which caused the runway to fill in quickly with snow due to the almost constant winds that blow in the arctic. This then resulted in a high cost snow removal operation. The maintenance equipment would be run for almost 24 hours as a team of operators would push the snow back from the runway. After a few years a snow blower and plow-truck were purchased and a garage built to house them.

Runway construction
Construction of the runway and associated facilities had begun in 1976 by Fred H. Ross & Associates (now Kitnuna Corporation) of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut.

Gravel for the runway was obtained from the north bank of the Okpilik River and the area was left untouched. This became known as the "sand-pit" and is used frequently in the summer months as a race track for 2, 3 and 4 wheel motorcycles.

Due to the situation of the airport, the community and the surrounding hills there is a "wind line" about halfway to the airport. The funnelling effect of the hills may cause the airport to be in a blizzard while the community is enjoying clear weather or vice versa.

By early 1979 the snow problem was so great that the runway was no longer a straight line. There was a slight curve in it that was quickly removed after an aircraft caught its wing on the snow bank that resulted in Holman Airport's first accident (no injuries).

title: Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport


text:
Potaro-Siparuni

Potaro-Siparuni (Region 8) is a region of Guyana. It borders the region of Cuyuni-Mazaruni to the north, the regions of Upper Demerara-Berbice and East Berbice-Corentyne to the east, the region of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo to the south and Brazil to the west.

The main villages in the region are Campbelltown, Orinduik, Mahdia, Paramakatoi and Tumatumari.

Population
The Government of Guyana has administered three official censuses since the 1980 administrative reforms, in 1980, 1991 and 2002. In 2012, the population of Potaro-Siparuni was recorded at 10,190 people. Official census records for the population of Potaro-Siparuni are as follows:
 * 2012 : 10,190
 * 2002 : 10,095
 * 1991 : 5,616
 * 1980 : 4,485

Communities
(including name variants):

 * Arnik Village
 * Campbelltown
 * Itabac
 * Kamana Village
 * Kanapang Village
 * Kato (Kato Village, Karto)
 * Kopinang Mission
 * Mahdia
 * Micobie
 * Monkey Mountain
 * Orinduik
 * Paramakatoi (Paramahatoi)
 * Potaro Landing
 * Taruka
 * Tumatumari
 * Tumatumari Landing
 * Waipa Village

Tourism
Kaieteur Falls is a major tourist attraction in Guyana. It is in Kaieteur National Park in the center of Guyana's rainforest. The park is served by Kaieteur International Airport, about a 15-minute walk from the top of Kaieteur falls, with frequent flights to Ogle Airport and Cheddi Jagan International Airport in Georgetown. Within Potaro-Siparuni is also a section of the Amazon rainforest.

Territorial claim
Venezuela has attempted to renew its claim to Guyana’s Essequibo territory, which is situated west of the Essequibo river. The status of the border controversy is subject to the Geneva Agreement, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela and British Guiana on February 17, 1966. As of December 2020, the matter is being addressed by the ICJ.

Pending its final decision, the ICJ indicated the following provisional measures in its Order of 1 December 2023:

(1) The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela shall refrain from taking any action which would modify the situation that currently prevails in the territory in dispute, whereby the Co-operative Republic of Guyana administers and exercises control over that area;

(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.”

title: Potaro-Siparuni


text: Category:Georgia (country) geography stubs


text: Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States


text:
List of submarine operators

The following countries operate or have operated submarines for naval or other military purposes.

Countries with currently operational submarines

 * Algeria
 * Australia
 * Azerbaijan
 * Bangladesh
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Cuba - One indigenous design submarine was reported in service in 2020.
 * Ecuador
 * Egypt
 * France (list)
 * Germany (list)
 * Greece
 * India (list)
 * Indonesia
 * Iran
 * Italy (list)
 * Israel
 * Japan
 * Malaysia
 * Myanmar
 * Netherlands (list)
 * North Korea
 * Norway
 * Pakistan
 * People's Republic of China
 * Republic of China (Taiwan)
 * Peru
 * Poland
 * Portugal (list)
 * Russia (list) (some ex-Soviet Union)
 * Singapore
 * South Africa
 * South Korea
 * Spain (list)
 * Sweden (list)
 * Turkey (list)
 * United Kingdom (list)
 * United States (list)
 * Venezuela
 * Vietnam

Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN)
Ballistic missile submarines are larger than any other type of submarine, in order to accommodate ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
 * China – Type 094 submarine, Type 092 submarine
 * France – Triomphant-class submarine
 * India – Arihant-class submarine
 * Russia – Delta-class submarine and Borei-class submarinees
 * United Kingdom – Vanguard-class submarine
 * United States – Ohio-class submarine

Countries previously operating submarines

 * Albania - all retired 1998
 * Argentina - Two submarines inactive (non-operational) in the Argentinian Navy.
 * Austria-Hungary (list)
 * Bulgaria - all retired by 2011
 * Cuba - Operated 3 Foxtrot-class submarines retired.
 * Denmark - retired after 2003
 * Estonia (Kalev and EML Lembit) - decommissioned 1955 in the Soviet Navy
 * Finland - last subs decommissioned after World War II
 * Latvia - all submarines taken over by Soviet Union in 1940.
 * Libya - all Foxtrot-class submarines retired (1 non-commissioned remains docked)
 * Romania (ROMANIAN SUBMARINE Delfinul, not operational; used for dockside training)
 * Serbia and Montenegro (ex-Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
 * Soviet Union (list) (prior to 1991 collapse, many now operated by successor state Russia)
 * Syria - all Romeo-class submarines retired around 1992
 * Thailand (Matchanu-class submarine during the Franco-Thai War - built in Japan 1938 and retired 1951)
 * Ukraine (UKRAINIAN SUBMARINE Zaporizhzhia - lost to Russia in the 2014 Crimean crisis)

title: List of submarine operators


text: Category:Defunct manufacturing companies


text: User:Love Virus

title: User:Love Virus


text:
User talk:Jiminim

Doloroso, Mississippi
The article you have created has been tagged for speedy deletion due to it having no content. You can contest this by pasting on the page and explaining your view on the talk page. If you have any more questions feel free to contact me. -- Will Mak  050389  06:40, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Hey y'all!
We're going to be having our first Mississippi meetup next month, and I would love it if you'd like to come out! A few of us will be staying overnight, so if you feel up to it, we could have a meet and greet that night and then breakfast the next morning and talk about Wikipedia and everyone's areas of expertise. Let's show 'em how it's done Southern-style! Mike H. Fierce! 21:28, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jiminim