text:
Talk:Residency (medicine)

The comparison to UK is wrong
The comparison with training in the UK is not right - from what is written it sounds as though 'residency' sits between the Foundation year 2 and ST3 (originally SHO) and ST4-ST6 (registrars).

You would not be a registrar until at least year 4 post graduation of medical degree in the uk. Squelch41 (talk)squelch41

The confusion is due to the use of the term "resident" in differing ways in the UK and USA. In the US, a Resident used to be a doctor who had completed an internship and was in one of the next three years of an organised training programme. Now that internships have almost disappeared in non-osteopathic medicine, residents are the most junior of the medical trainees.

In the UK, the term was unofficial, and described the most junior qualified members of a unit, who would normally live in the hospital: usually the pre-registration house officers (who corresponded to American interns), but in units lacking such posts it could apply to senior house officers (SHOs).

Registrars used to be the next grade of trainee. In some fields it was possible to become a registrar two years after qualifying, depending on the level of competition, but it usually took longer. It used to be common to enter psychiatric training in non-teaching hospitals in the registrar grade. These registrars would be the most junior doctors available.

In other situations several years and/or several different posts as a senior house officer, and often part or all of a higher qualification, were required before becoming a registrar. These SHOs were more comparable to US Residents.

Outside the big cities, and often in them too, registrars used mainly to live in hospitals, and as such were "resident," but they were not referred to as "Residents." NRPanikker (talk) 01:12, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

WHY??
A whole long article, and no mention of the simple question, Why is it called "residency?"

There's some mention of hospital-provided housing in the past. But where was this housing? In the hospital? Next to it? Three miles away?

If they don't live inside the hospital, then why are they called "resident" instead of some other word?

-

JUST BECAUSE!! Sorry, couldn't help it. The etymology is obvious and simply designates the relationship of the physician to the hospital. A "resident physician" was originally one who was "resident at the hospital" for all of his working time, as opposed to those who mainly practiced elsewhere and occasionally "attended" the patients of the hospital's wards or clinics. Get it, "attending physician"? It didn't matter where a resident physician slept, his duties were at the hospital. An "interne", on the other hand, actually lived on the hospital grounds or nearby. alteripse 02:29, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Haha, I know, that's what I get for using all caps. Thanks for the explanation. The reason for the word-choice isn't "obvious" to someone (like me) who doesn't know how doctors work. For all I knew, doctors punched a time clock and stayed there like everyone else. (I actually considered using the word etymolgy too, but that refers to the historical sources and reasons for a given word's construction, rather than for its use.)

--- the origin of the title "residents" is due to the fact that several decades ago, medical doctors in training lived and work in the hospital, thus became "residents"

Even now, in hectic departments/hospitals (in countries like India) post graduate medical students live in the hospital due to poor work-life balance. Jkes96 (talk) 10:42, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Living in housing provided by the hospital is not always poor work-life balance. If you live close to the hospital, you do not need to commute. Many want this. Look at .PrisonerB (talk) 10:51, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Terminology
There is a difference between MEDICINE Residency and MEDICAL residency.

Medical Residency would be generalized terminology for the training a doctor goes through in a specific field once completing their medical school training.

Medicine Residency is more specifically indicating a residency in Internal Medicine.

With regard to the suggestion to merge with medical residency, do so only if you recognize that to most doctors in north america, these are not interchangeable terms. To most of us a "medical residency" is an internal medicine residency as distinct from a surgical residency, pediatric residency etc, so make the distinction clear. alteripse 21:40, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

I have changed some terminology at the end of the article. Someone had the gall to write that although pay in residency is increased, it is still considered an educational stipend and is not a "living wage". This is incorrect and actually an outrageous allegation. The argument can certainly be made (as it is earlier in the article) that residents are paid far below their market value. This I believe. However, considering that all residents in the country seem to be able to afford to eat and shelter themselves on their salary, the suggestion that this is not a "living wage" is offensive to anyone in this country who makes less than residency salary. It's not even close to the poverty level. I'm a resident and I make $46,000 annually. Anyone who can't live on that doesn't know how to budget. Just like in medical school, I see plenty of residents living the 'high life' in expectation of a high salary as an attending physician. Save the "living wage" terminology for sweatshop workers who actually know what poverty is. 24.60.166.17 (talk) 13:28, 11 September 2008 (UTC) ash

"A year in residency begins between late June to early July depending on the individual program, and ends one calendar year later." Can this be confirmed as international, or is it in the USA only? e.g. In the southern hemisphere, most university courses follow a calendar year, so I'm wondering if residency also follows the calendar years. Kmasters0 (talk) 11:11, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

internship is gone
However, residents in many speciality programs are required to complete a separate internship, often in medicine or surgery, before beginning their residency.

I removed the above sentence from the historical changes section because it is simply not applicable in the US. While it is not uncommon for 2 or 3 years of internal medicine or general surgery residency to be required for many specialty programs, this is not the same as "requiring an internship" (which you may be old enough to even remember). There are few freestanding general medical or surgical internships left in the US. (Osteopaths as already noted are the dwindling exception). I have been involved with housestaff education at 3 institutions for many years. If you think the one year rotating internship is making a comeback, please show us some websites or listing of programs that state an internship requirement --or make geographical applicability clear if this is common elsewhere. Thanks. alteripse 11:49, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, you're right...a prelim year is not the same thing as a traditional internship. Good edit. Donaldal 16:58, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

It might be useful to note that (iirc) all states require one year of residency (ie. internship) before being eligible for a medical license. P L Logan 15:22, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Merged title
A distinction in terminology was mentioned by a few editors months ago when the merge was discussed. The merge that has recently taken place, long after a brief debate, would make more sense if the terms in fact were interchangeable. If the distinction is that important, perhaps reconsideration of the merge is in order. Ombudsman 19:05, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a subtle distinction, but a medical residency and (for that matter a surgical residency) could be viewed as subsets of residency (medicine). Andrew73 19:16, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I know it simply as "residency," and any doctor-in-training (either in surgery, etc.) is a "resident - ". It mentions in the introduction that a residency leads to primary care or a specialty.  I did announce my intent to merge the pages in the work hours talk page, and speaking of which, any more thought on merging medical resident work hours with this article? --CDN99 22:10, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

I don't think that the average user is going to understand that we call internal medicine "medicine." To a physician a "residency in medicine" means specifically a residency in internal medicine. To the average Wikipedia user it means "becoming a doctor." We could note that in the article. Donaldal 17:00, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

"Resident" disambiguation page?
I originally tried to find information from the term "resident" which led me to a page about state/country residency. There should be a disambiguation page for this term. P L Logan 15:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Resident directs to a disambiguation page which contains a link to this page. I'm not sure what it was that you looked up, but it must not have been resident! Residency also has a disambiguation link at the top. InvictaHOG 15:30, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

William Osler
William Osler's page lists the introduction of the medical residency programme as one of his greatest achievements. Perhaps someone who has read about his life could add something about this. Did he invent the whole thing, or modify it, or just introduce the idea to Canada and the US from Europe? NRPanikker 13:50, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a lot of "lore" surrounding this. Some sources say the modern residency education comes from the Mayo Clinic. Some say Hopkins. There isn't really anything authoritative to say one way or the other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.176.151.10 (talk) 03:34, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Having checked with French Wikipedia, I see that the "Internship of the Hospitals of Paris" was created on 10th February 1802. A competitive examination was held on 13th September 1802 and 24 out of 64 candidates were selected to undergo four years of specialist training. That may be the origin of what Americans call "Residency" training. "Internes" lived in the hospital, unlike medical students in their clinical years who were "externes." I will look for another refererence, since we can't cite Wikipedia itself. NRPanikker (talk) 03:57, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

Podiatry
Yes, podiatrists complete a residency. So do many other professions outside of general medicine (MD, MBBS, DO). Dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, pharmacists, etc can all complete residencies. However, this particular article is only discussing the type of residency completed by general medical doctors (MD, DO, MBBS). There is already information about other profession's residencies on their respective articles. This is not the place for them. Thanks. Jwri7474 (talk) 01:13, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Again.. podiatry and other degrees (other than medical degrees) keep getting listed here. Can we have a poll/survey?

Do we wish to expand this article as a discussion about ANY/ALL "health care" professions who may complete a "residency". This could realistically include everyone from Doctors (MBBS,MD,DO,etc) to Dentists, podiatrists, physician assistants, vets, naturopaths, pharmacists, ad naseum.

or

Do we wish to maintain this article about "medical doctor" (MD, DO, MBBS, etc) residency training?Jwri7474 (talk) 05:04, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

The answer to your above question is "meh..." 99.185.60.226 (talk) 16:40, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Residency match statistics --specialties with unmet needs
Hello, I've been trying to find information about the unmet need in certain medical specialties. After some searching, I found some documents on this website that give some stats about this topic. This 2005 document details all the available residency positions available by state/region and how many were filled. This 2007 document gives a better summary with percentages of unmatched specialties from 2001 to 2007. However, there is a lot of missing information and things that I don't quite understand in them.

I think such statistics on residencies would be useful to put in the article. If anyone has more insight on these documents or has others that are better, please share. I'd like to create a new section on this topic, but right now I feel a little too uneducated about it to write about things that I'm not sure of. Any help would be appreciated! --Tea with toast (talk) 04:13, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Options for matching
NRMP is certainly the biggest matching organization in the United States (hence the nickname "the Match" with a capital M). The article also mentions the osteopathic match. But there are other options: the SF Match for neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and a few others; the Military Match; Urology (which to my knowledge still conducts its own match). I am familiar with NRMP having used it to obtain my residency, but I'd like to see the match section of the article expanded to touch on the other matching options, by someone who has a bit more knowledge/understanding of how they work and differ from the NRMP. El piel (talk) 22:29, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Medical residencies for non-physicians?
Is this page the appropriate place for details of medical residencies that are not intended for physicians? For example, residencies in medical physics are common and will be mandatory in coming years for clinical physicists. Should this be detailed here or on the page for medical physics?
 * I had no idea what you were talking about (well, I could guess), so I looked it up: Medical Physics, which is generally split into two major subgroups, specifically radiation therapy (treatments with radiation) and radiology (getting images). A clinical physicist would be a professional who applies the principles and methods of both physics and medicine. UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 05:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The question remains - should we include (medical) residencies not intended for physicians in this page? Personally, I don't think we should, because these training programs have little in common regarding content of training, duration, eligibility and legal framework. In addition, each of these training pathways are very different in different countries. I don't think having one page that attempts to discuss "residencies" in broad sense is particularly helpful. Rytyho usa (talk) 07:02, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Degrees
I've removed some of the degrees from those listed at the start of the lead as those involving a residency because it's only the case in North America and doesn't represent a world-wide view. I've left just the medical degrees there, as this is accurate for the rest of the world. I'm not contesting that the degrees I've removed are "doctors" and wouldn't be against them being added to another part of the article with proper explanation of the situation, but I don't think they should go in the lead. Basa lisk inspect damage⁄berate 06:54, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

D.O. - physician in the US only or internationally?
Looks like there's a bit of disagreement on the subject of how to phrase this in the lead. Some say we should specify that D.O.s are only physicians in the U.S., and others believe we should include the degree without a disclaimer. I think part of the appeal in adding the disclaimer "US trained only" is the fact that osteopaths trained outside of the U.S. are not medical physicians, in any way whatsoever. On the other hand, D.O. physicians are recognized internationally in over 50 countries as being fully qualified physicians, and the page to which the degree links specifically discusses the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree, and the article includes a list of countries where D.O. physicians are offered full practice rights. I don't have particularly strong opinions on the matter, but I thought I would try to start the discussion. Rytyho usa (talk) 04:01, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I think it's a necessary distinction. The similarity of the titles causes many people to be confused and many do not understand the difference between a non-physician osteopath and a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine. So, we can say that D.O. physicians are only trained in the United States (but are permitted to work as physicians in the U.S and other countries) and if necessary give a little blurb about how they are different from non-physician osteopaths. That's my take on it at least. TylerDurden8823 (talk) 05:29, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I originally removed DO when I was trying to standardise the lead, and some other editor added it back with "(US only)", which I thought was a useful compromise. I don't see any reason why the clarification detracts from the article, and omitting it could potentially mislead a reader into thinking all osteopaths are physicians when in fact most aren't. Basa lisk  inspect damage⁄berate 16:29, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a reasonable compromise to me, too. It's definitely an area of confusion for a lot of people, and that seems like a good way to handle it. Rytyho usa (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2012 (UTC)
 * We need to change this somehow. Putting US-only is not a sufficient explanation.  It comes off as reading that DO's are only physicians in the united states, which isn't true. 71.193.51.5 (talk) 21:03, 31 August 2012 (UTC)
 * How do you think we should phrase it? I think if we had "US-trained only," that would be more clear. It is true that D.O.s are full physicians many countries, but only the U.S.-trained D.O.s. - I think there might be some international programs that offer a Doctor of Osteopathy, which isn't nearly as rigorous as the medical training that Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine receive in the United States. Do you think saying "U.S.-trained only" would effectively make that distinction?
 * I think that saying U.S. trained makes it clear. We can also just say somewhere in the lead that Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine are only trained in the United States though that's clearly more wordy. Still, I think U.S. trained will be sufficient to make it clear that they can practice elsewhere (or this can be explicitly stated) but are trained solely in the United States.TylerDurden8823 (talk) 02:01, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Residency evolved in late 20th Century?
In the History section, the first sentence says "Residency as an opportunity for advanced training in a medical or surgical specialty evolved in the late 20th century"

Should this be "late 19th century"? Gwideman (talk) 22:30, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, if we are just talking about medical education the USA. If not, "L'Internat" commenced in Paris in 1802. NRPanikker (talk) 00:59, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

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Scope
The article is named Residency (medicine). Should the scope be limited to medical residency programs, or should it include dentistry, podiatry, veterinary, and others? Natureium (talk) 20:25, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * The title of the article certainly suggests it should be limited to medicine residencies. Those additional fields (dentistry, podiatry, veterinary, optometry, etc) could have their own pages on their respective residencies, which would improve clarity of scope. Until that happens, I think it'll be difficult to keep this article focused on medical residencies alone. Rytyho usa (talk) 15:42, 25 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Residency (medicine)


text:
Don Keith Opper

Don Keith Opper (born June 12, 1949) is an American actor, writer, and producer who has starred in film and on television. He is best known for his role as Charlie McFadden in the 1986 science fiction film Critters and each of the three sequels. His most recent film role is in Albert Pyun's 2005 horror film Infection. Opper has made guest appearances on many TV shows, including Miami Vice, Quantum Leap, 21 Jump Street, Roseanne, Harsh Realm and The Division.

Early life
Opper is the son of a Chicago salesman. He worked as a clown, puppeteer, bookstore employee, studio grip and unrecognized writer before he did carpentry at Roger Corman's shop and found the chance to make Android. He has two daughters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Don Keith Opper


text:
Gustav Oelwein

Gustav A. Oelwein (February 10, 1838 – December 19, 1913) was the founder of the city of Oelwein, Iowa in the United States.

Gustav A. Oelwein, after whose family the city of Oelwein was named, was a native of Baltimore, Maryland, and the only surviving child of Frederick and Cecelia (Schmidt) Oelwein, who were natives of Saxony, Germany, and emigrated to America in 1837, settling in Baltimore.

Mr. Oelwein was born on February 10, 1838, and in 1848 moved with his parents to Dubuque County, Iowa, and later, in 1855, the family moved to Jefferson township, Fayette County. He attended the schools of Baltimore and Dubuque, and after moving to Fayette County, he gave his attention to agricultural pursuits, which business he followed for many years. In 1857 the land on which the city of Oelwein now stands was purchased, and in 1868 he purchased a tract of land about two miles south of the present city and erected a flour and feed mill, which he operated for some time.

In 1872 the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad survey came through, and the town was started in 1873. Mr. Oelwein donating the site, the town was given his name.

On February 23, 1861, Mr. Oelwein led to the marriage altar Emma Schmidt, daughter of Frederick and Maria Schmidt, who was born in Saxony, Germany, on March 24, 1836. She attended the schools in her native country and in 1855 came with her parents to America, where they located on a farm in Jefferson township, Fayette County.

By their union eight children have been born, as follows: Mary E., Carl F. W., Emma A., Oscar R. (who died in infancy), Anna L., Lena C., Gustav A. Jr., and Theresa C. All the children received good educational advantages.

title: Gustav Oelwein


text:
Chicken Rock

Chicken Rock (Carrick ny Kirkey), part of Rushen parish, is the southernmost island administered by the Isle of Man. It lies southwest of the Calf of Man, 4.5 km off Spanish Head on the Manx mainland. The most prominent feature of the rock is the 19th century Chicken Rock Lighthouse. The 44 m lighthouse was first lit in 1875, and is owned and maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board.

title: Chicken Rock


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Spanish Head

Spanish Head is a promontory on the southwestern coast of the Isle of Man, rising over 100 m from sea level.

The island of the Calf of Man lies to the southwest of the head, separated from it by the Calf Sound.

The name of the promontory originates from the Manx name for the type of rock in the area, based on the Manx word "speeiney" meaning "bark", "strip" or "peel" reflecting the natural fissility of the slate on the promontory. The Manx word for "Spain" is a similar word "Spaainey" which led to a later folk tale linking the name to a myth of a ship from the Spanish Armada becoming wrecked in the area, though there is no archaeological evidence, or written accounts to support such a wreck, and the route of the Armada did not pass through the Irish Sea.

title: Spanish Head


text:
Portal:Texas/WikiProjects

Related portals

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title: Portal:Texas/WikiProjects


text: User talk:82.134.103.100

title: User talk:82.134.103.100


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gordon Cheng

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:15, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Gordon Cheng
Non-notable editor, vanity. Zoe 05:48, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.  -- Cyberjunkie | Talk 04:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bye bye.. I thought this was speedied? --Madchester 05:51, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Save Gordon — (Unsigned comment by 202.92.89.133; user's 9th edit.)
 * Keep Gordon stays! — (Unsigned comment by 143.238.94.24; user's 1st edit.)
 * Delete. Gordon goes! --Agamemnon2 09:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, Usrnme h8er 11:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Tagged for speedy delete as nn-bio by Spearhead. --GraemeL (talk) 12:04, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, all publishers have numerous editors under contract and it would be foolish to list them all unless they've done something worthy of general attention to the world. Notability not established. - Mgm|(talk) 12:14, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, probable vanity. android  79  16:38, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Borderline speedy, but Zoe rightfully did not pull the trigger on it as being the author of a "popular" series of books is a claim to notability. Fernando Rizo T/C 17:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable and possibly vanity.--Isotope23 18:43, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN & vanity. --*drew 22:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gordon is well known within Sydney Anglican circles. There are people less-well known on this encyclopedia than him, I don't see why he should be deleted. But if it must be, so be it.--JROBBO  20:09 25 August 2005 (AEST) — (JROBBO's 7th edit.)
 * Keep. Gordon exercises significant influence in the Australian Evangelical Christian scene. He is closely associated with the influential Philip Jensen — (Kairon's 28th edit.)
 * Keep. Article has been cleaned up to establish notability and remove vanity elements — (Duplicate vote by Kairon.)
 * keep. Person of influence within sydney evangelicalism, notable for his publications and opinion setting.--203.87.74.218 11:45, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bye bye... Kontrovert 13:14, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Cyberjunkie | Talk 04:57, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:210.8.213.140

title: User talk:210.8.213.140


text:
Calf Sound

Calf Sound (Yn Cheyllys) is a body of water which separates the Calf of Man island from the mainland of the Isle of Man. The sound - technically a strait - is about 700 yards in width, and contains the small islet of Kitterland, which is home to a large colony of seals.

The name ‘calf’ comes from the Old Norse word ‘kalfr’ which means a small island close to a larger one.

A visitor centre overlooking the Calf Sound holds multimedia exhibits giving information about the wildlife and history of the area. The centre, operated by Manx National Heritage also includes a café with both indoor and outdoor seating. The building erected to house the visitor centre was designed to have little visual impact when looking towards the Calf of Man, partially achieved by covering the roof with turf.

There is car parking available and an hourly bus service from Port Erin terminates here.

title: Calf Sound


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Talk:Organic gardening

Merge w/ organic farming discussion - Nov 2005
Keep separate. Organic farming and organic gardening are distinct topics. The organic gardening article in its current state does not cover its topic, and what it contains now already appears in the organic farming article -- so, the content as it stands could be merged. As for the topic, there are obvious areas of overlap on the "organic" side, but there's a clear difference between farming and gardening. Some significant dinstinctions:

 * gardening includes decorative stuff, like lawns, flowers (and excludes agricultural crops, like grain)
 * different scale: while very small-scale organic farming (market gardening under 2 acres) can be quite similar to large-scale home vegetable gardening in terms of equipment and methods, in general, gardening and farming have very different gear and day-to-day activities
 * different types of land: farming in many countries is on agriculturally zoned land, with its own regulations, gardening is usually on residential land (for example, in some areas, use of synthetic herbicides on lawns has been banned, which in turns stimulates interest in organic approaches; this is a residential gardening issue, not an ag one)
 * commercial vs recreational

There could perhaps be a separate article "principles of organic growing" or something, but that at present doesn't seem warranted, as the basics are (or should be) covered in organic farming. When a proper organic gardening article is in place, and the content overlap can be examined, it'll be easier to see if that makes sense.

There is also organic landscaping to consider...

So, IMO, the gardening article needs work, more or less from scratch. --Tsavage 02:51, 20 November 2005 (UTC) (updated --Tsavage 19:45, 20 November 2005 (UTC))

 * Keep as separate articles. Organic gardening needs development (I'd like to spend more time on it myself one day...), but the differences between the two subjects are distinct enough to warrant seperate entries. In the UK, the Soil Association is an organisation that caters for the needs of organic farmers, wheras thre Henry Doubleday Research Association meets the needs of thos ewho work more at a garden scale. quercus robur 11:00, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to remove template
Can the 'propose to merge' template be removed now? Seems there is a consensus of 2 of us that the articles should remain seperate, it seems nobody else could care a monkeys either way... If theres no further comments by the next time I look in I'll remove the template... quercus robur 23:45, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree it should be removed. Strong arguments have been presented for keeping the articles separate and there is a consensus to that effect on both articles. Sunray 00:26, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Tag removed. Sunray 00:31, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Standards section confusing?
I think the standards section may be somewhat confusing, at least the USDA NOP part, which is as far as I know really aimed at commercial enterprises. The UK charter sounds interesting, more detail on that would be cool... --Tsavage 23:57, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've just realised that the link I added to the HDRA's organic charter takes one to a members only' section of the HDRA website, which is irritating, you'd think the HDRA would want their standards and guidelines publicised and accessable as widely as possible. I am a member and know the password, but it would I guess be unethical to share this... quercus robur 22:45, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The guidelines and the charter are available to non-members. I have modified the link so that they can be accessed.  Sunray 00:57, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Tsavage that the section was confusing with respect to the paragraph about USDA standards. The USDA's National Organic Program standards apply to organic farming and not organic gardening. In fact, that is one of the main differences between the two. As Tsavage notes, the standards are aimed at commercial enterprises. I've removed the paragraph and changed the section heading to "Guidelines." Sunray 01:44, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Merge and redirect "organic horticulture"?
Consolidated with Talk:Organic horticulture. Alan.ca 10:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Copy-pasted text
There's a part before the main article that seems copy-pasted from another website, but I'm not sure if it's ALL irrelivant, so I'm just flagging that part as reading like a magazine article for now. Might fall under "vandalism"... Kennard2 10:38, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

'Dirt Doctor'
Pasted in section that I cut from the start of the main article. If it can be NPOV'd, formated and generally made to conform to encylopedic standards, as well as confirmed it's not a copyvio (which it looks like) there is some useful 'how to' stuff in here which could perhaps be re-integrated into the article or put into wikibooks. quercus robur 08:05, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

== Basic Organic Program == The Dirt Doctor’s Basic Organic Program [http//www.DirtDoctor.com]

1. Stop using all synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals that harm living   organisms. 2. Build soil health with natural organic products and techniques. 3. Use native plants and well-adapted introductions to conserve water and make wise decisions.

SOIL AMENDING Apply compost, rock materials such as lava sand, granite, basalt and other paramagnetic materials and molasses to all planting areas.

MAINTENANCE

MULCHING Mulch bare soil around all shrubs, trees, ground covers and food crops with shredded native tree trimmings to protect the soil from sunlight, wind and rain, inhibit weed germination, decrease watering needs and mediate soil temperature. Native cedar is the best choice. Other natural mulches can be used, but avoid Bermudagrass hay because of herbicide residue. Do not pile mulch on the stems of plants.  FERTILIZING Broadcast organic fertilizer to the entire site 2-3 times per year at 20 lbs. /1,000 sq. ft. Foliar feed all plants during the growing season, at least monthly with aerated compost tea or Garrett Juice.

WATERING Water only as needed. The organic program will reduce the frequency and volume of water needed. Add a tablespoon of apple cider vinegar per gallon when watering pots. Use 1 ounce of liquid humate in acid soils.

MOWING Mow turf as needed and mulch clippings into the lawn to return nutrients and organic matter to the soil. Put occasional excess clippings in compost pile. Don’t ever let clippings leave the site. Do not use line trimmers around shrubs and trees. Buffalograss lawns need less care than any grass.

WEEDING Hand pull large weeds and work on soil health for overall control. Mulch all bare soil. Avoid all synthetic herbicides, such as pre-emergents, broad-leaf treatments, soil sterilants and especially the SU (sulfonylurea) herbicides such as Manage and Oust. Spray weeds as needed with vinegar based herbicides.

PRUNING Remove dead, diseased and conflicting limbs. Do not over prune. Do not make flush cuts. Leave the branch collars intact. Do not paint cuts. For more details see www.DirtDoctor.com.

INSECT PESTS In general, control insect pests by encouraging beneficial insects and spraying with compost tea mixtures such as Garrett Juice. Avoid all pyrethrum products, especially those containing pipernyl butoxide (PBO), petroleum distillates and other contaminants

DISEASES Most diseases such as black spot, brown patch, powdery mildew and other fungal problems are controlled by prevention through soil improve-ment, avoidance of high-nitrogen fertilizers and proper watering. Outbreaks can be stopped with sprays of potassium bicarbonate, cornmeal juice, diluted vinegar or garlic tea.

PLANTING

BEDS Scrape away existing grass and weeds; add compost, lava sand, organic fertilizer, wheat bran, expanded shale, cornmeal and dry molasses and till into the native soil. Excavation of natural soil and additional ingredients such as concrete sand, peat moss, foreign soil and pine bark should not be used. More compost is needed for shrubs and flowers than for groundcover. Add Texas greensand to black and white soils and high-calcium lime to acid soils. Decomposed granite and zeolite are effective for most all soils.

PRODUCTS  COMPOST Compost, Nature’s own living fertilizer, can be made at home or purchased ready-to-use. It can be started any time of the year in sun or shade. Anything once living can go in the compost: grass clippings, tree trimmings, food scraps, bark, sawdust, rice hulls, weeds, nut hulls and animal manure. Mix the ingredients together and simply pile the material on the ground. The best mixture is 80% vegetative matter and 20% animal waste, although any mix will compost. Oxygen is a critical component. Ingredients should be a mix of coarse and fine-textured material to promote air circulation through the pile. Turn the pile as time allows to speed up the process. Another critical component is water. A compost pile should be roughly the moisture of a squeezed-out sponge to help the living organisms thrive and work their magic. Compost is ready to use as a soil amendment when the ingredients are no longer identifiable. The color will be dark brown; the texture soft and crumbly and it will smell like the forest floor. Rough, unfinished compost can be used as topdressing mulch around all plantings. Add dry molasses to piles that aren’t heating up enough.

COMPOST TEA''' Compost tea is made by soaking compost in water. Fill any container half full of compost and finish filling with water. Let the mix sit 24 hours, then dilute and spray on the foliage of any and all plants. Be sure to strain the solids out with old pantyhose, cheesecloth or floating row cover material. Full strength tea makes an excellent  fire ant mound   drench when mixed with 2 oz. molasses and 2 oz. orange oil per gallon. Add vinegar, molasses and seaweed to make Garrett Juice. Use an aquarium pump to aerate the compost tea mixture prior to using for better results.

FORMULAS

GARLIC PEPPER TEA INSECT REPELLENT In a blender with water, liquefy two bulbs of garlic and two cayenne or habanero peppers. Strain away the solids. Pour the garlic-pepper juice into a one gallon container. Fill the remaining volume with water to make one gallon of concentrate. Shake well before using and add 1/4 cup of the concentrate to each gallon of water in the sprayer. To make garlic tea, simply omit the pepper and add another bulb of garlic. For additional power, add one tablespoon of seaweed and molasses to each gallon. Always use plastic containers with loose fitting lids for storage.

GARRETT JUICE Mix the following per gallon of water: one cup of compost tea or liquid humate, one ounce liquid seaweed, one ounce blackstrap molasses and one ounce apple cider vinegar. To make a mild insect control product, add one oz. of citrus oil per gallon of spray. To make the fire ant killer, add two oz. of citrus oil per gallon. When spraying the foliage of plants, don’t use over two oz. of citrus oil per gallon of spray. This mixture also works as a soil detox product if you are just starting your organic program. It is also an excellent soil drench and root stimulator.

DIRT DOCTOR’S POTTING SOIL One part coconut fiber, one part expanded shale, one part quality compost or earthworm castings and one part wheat bran.

TREE TRUNK GOOP Mix 1/3 of each in water and paint on trunks: diatomaceous earth, soft rock phosphate and manure compost. Paint onto cuts, borer holes or other injuries on trunks or limbs. Reapply if washed off by rain or irrigation.

ADDITIONAL ORGANIC INFORMATION:

WEBSITE: [www.DirtDoctor.com]

DIRT: A monthly magazine full of wonderful articles, information, the monthly gardening calendar, plant of the month, kid’s projects and more.

GROUND CREW MEMBERSHIP: Includes great videos, seminars, the DIRT magazine, value coupons and much more.

COMMUNITY CENTER: Thousands of people visit the Dirt Doctor’s Community Center daily to read, ask questions, get helpful advice and search over 30,000 articles.

DIRT DOCTOR LIBRARY: Thousands of topics on natural organic gardening products, techniques and other information.

BUSINESS DIRECTORY: Up to date listing of top organic retailers and manufactures.

TEXAS ORGANIC RESEARCH CENTER: TORC's mission is to improve our health and thus our quality of life by making natural organic management programs the new mainstream.

COLUMNS: “The Natural Way” is in Friday’s House & Garden Section of the Dallas Morning News.

E-MAIL:  info@DirtDoctor.com

title: Talk:Organic gardening


text:
Rother Valley Country Park

The Rother Valley Country Park is a country park in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England, close to Rotherham's border with Sheffield and Derbyshire. It covers 3 square kilometres (740 acres) and has four artificial lakes, recreational activities and nature reserves. The majority of the park is on land that was open cast for coal, with the main excavation sites filled by the artificial lakes.

Description
The park was officially opened on 27 May 1983, at a cost of £4 million. It aimed to provide an area for recreational pursuits, encourage wildlife to return to the area, and provide a flood protection plan for the areas downstream. When the construction was finished, the lakes were filled with fresh water from The Moss (about 2.5 km away) because the River Rother was so heavily polluted at that time.

The park was formerly a mixture of meadows and marshy bullrush beds before the open cast excavation started. At the eastern side of the lake stands the Bedgrave Mill courtyard, where the visitor centre is located displaying the flood defence map and the original mill mechanism "flour into grain" exhibition from when it was a water mill. There is also a craft centre and "The Stables" cafe.

Cable waterskiing and narrow-gauge railway
Rother Valley Country Park is home to Sheffield Cable Waterski and Aqua Park. The cable waterski system was installed when the park was originally opened to the public; it was one of the few cable waterski systems in the UK at the time. In recent years an Aqua Park (inflatable obstacle course) was added. The popularity of cable waterskiing has since grown significantly, and there are now a number of these systems in the UK, mainly focused on offering kneeboarding and wakeboarding facilities and what is now called a Wake Park, which is a collection of obstacles (kickers, sliders, etc.) floating in the lake that riders will "hit" on their way round and do tricks from. It is very similar to a snowboard or skateboard park.

There are a licensed waterfront bar and a café at Sheffield Cable Waterski.

An 800 m long narrow-gauge railway was opened on the east side of the main lake in 2009.

Gulliver's Valley
In February 2017, planning permission was granted for a new resort to be built alongside Rother Valley called "Gulliver's Valley". It will be operated by Gullivers theme parks, which operates Gulliver's Kingdom in Matlock Bath, Gulliver's Land in Milton Keynes and Gullivers World in Warrington. The theme park will be aimed at families, and the resort will also include a water-park and accommodation in the form of glamping. Phase one of the attraction opened in 2020, which includes the main theme park. The site is set to be built in different phases throughout a ten–fifteen year project.

title: Rother Valley Country Park


text:
User:Arielle Rose

Arielle Rose is a new wikipedian. She creates and edits Wikipedia pages when she is bored and/or procrastinating. She will complete this about page when she feels like it.

About Me
My name is Arielle, I am a junior at Beloit College. I'm currently editing and creating pages on The X-Files as a way to introduce myself to Wikipedia.

My other web activities included, but are not limited to, JustSwell.net. And that's about it for now.

title: User:Arielle Rose


text:
Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)

Kumano Shrine (熊野神社) is a historic Shinto shrine in the Miyauchi neighborhood of the city of Nan'yō, Yamagata, in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. It is commonly referred to as the "Kumano Taisha", although the shrine does not officially have a "Taisha" designation. The shrine is one of the three main centers of the Kumano cult within Shinto.

History
The origins of the shrine are uncertain. The shrine claims to have been founded in 806 AD by Emperor Heizei as a branch of the famous Kumano Sanzan shrines in Kii Province, and the shrine was associated with the provincial temple of Dewa Province. However, an alternative history states that the shrine was built in the late Heian period by Taira no Koremori by order of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. In either case, the shrine was patronized by the successive feudal lords of the region, including the Date clan, Mogami clan and Uesugi clan. After the Meiji restoration and the creation of State Shinto, the shrine was ranked as a Prefectural Shrine.

Two main features of the shrine are a giant tree which locals believe to be several hundred years old, and a traditional tsurigane (釣り鐘) bell. The bell is unique because during World War II, most large iron bells in Japan were melted down for their material. The bell at the shrine was saved by order of the Emperor, and is thus one of the few original preserved bells in Japan.

The Kumano-Taisha festival is held at the shrine each year on July 25.

title: Kumano Shrine (Yamagata)


text:
Talk:Pandurang Vaman Kane

On Dr. Kane
There is precious little available on Dr.Kane - this is surprising, given that he is a Bharat Ratna recipient. Also, his views on the Indian Constitution make him appear more anti-establishment rather than pro-establishment. Hence, it would be interesting to know his views on people such as the Mahatma, Ambedkar etc. there is precious little available on the web - and I think I've almost tapped it all. It'd be great if someone can improve the article by focusing on his early life, his life style, political beliefs and views. I believe this can be made a featured article once this info kicks in.---Gurubrahma 05:50, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pandurang Vaman Kane


text:
Carthaginian peace

A Carthaginian peace is the imposition of a very brutal peace intended to permanently cripple the losing side. The term derives from the peace terms imposed on the Carthaginian Empire by the Roman Republic following the Punic Wars. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all its colonies, was forced to demilitarize, paid a constant tribute to Rome and was barred from waging war without Rome's permission. At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans systematically burned Carthage to the ground and enslaved its population.

Origin
The term was popularized by the 20th century economist John Maynard Keynes.

The term refers to the outcome of a series of wars between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage, known as the Punic Wars. The two empires fought three separate wars against each other, beginning in 264 BC and ending in 146 BC.

At the end of the Third Punic War, the Romans laid siege to Carthage. When they took the city, they killed most of the inhabitants, sold the rest into slavery, and destroyed the entire city. There is no ancient evidence for modern accounts that the Romans sowed the ground with salt.

By extension, a Carthaginian peace can refer to any brutal peace treaty demanding total subjugation of the defeated side.

Modern use
Modern use of the term is often extended to any peace settlement in which the peace terms are overly harsh and designed to accentuate and perpetuate the inferiority of the loser. Thus, after World War I, many (the economist John Maynard Keynes among them) described the so-called peace brought about by the Treaty of Versailles as a "Carthaginian peace."

The Morgenthau Plan put forward after World War II has also been described as a Carthaginian peace, as it advocated the deindustrialization of Germany. It was intended to severely curb the influence of German power in the region and to prevent its remilitarization, as had occurred after World War I (German rearmament and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland). The Morgenthau Plan was dropped in favor of the Marshall Plan (1948–1952), which entailed the rebuilding of Western European infrastructure, particularly in West Germany.

General Lucius D. Clay, a deputy to General Dwight D. Eisenhower and, in 1945, Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany, would later remark that "there was no doubt that JCS 1067 contemplated the Carthaginian peace which dominated our operations in Germany during the early months of occupation. This is while the US was following the Morgenthau Plan." Clay would later replace Eisenhower as governor and as commander-in-chief in Europe. The Marshall Plan was favored as a revival of the West German economy was considered to be necessary for the recovery of the economy of Europe. West Germany was regarded as a key bulwark against the Eastern Bloc.

title: Carthaginian peace


text:
Pedro Collins

Pedro Tyrone Collins (born 12 August 1976) is a cricket coach and former cricketer who played as a fast bowler for the West Indies.

Collins also featured for Barbados, Surrey and Middlesex in his cricketing career.

International career
As a left-handed seam bowler, Collins shot to fame after getting Sachin Tendulkar out three times and twice for a duck during the 2001-02 India vs West Indies Test series.

He later took 6 for 53, on the 7 June 2004, at Sabina Park in the second test of a two match test series against Bangladesh. Collins' feats with the ball helped the Windies to win the test and the series by 1-0 margin.

Collins picked up 5–43 against Australia at Adelaide Oval in an ODI match of the 2005–06 VB Series.

On 12 June 2006, Collins collected his 100th wicket in test match cricket by dismissing Yuvraj Singh for two on the first day in the second test against India. He eventually took 4 for 75 on the first day in the said test played at the Beausejour Stadium of the 2006 four match series.

Collins eventually claimed 106 wickets at 34.13 in his test match career. He was later selected to be part of the Windies 2007 World Twenty20 squad.

Domestic career
Collins signed for Surrey on 10 October 2007 on a two-year Kolpak deal. He eventually left the club in October 2009.

On 30 March 2010 Middlesex announced his signing for the 2010 season.

Coaching career
Collins attained a level 2 coaching certificate from Cricket Australia and a level 3 coaching certificate from Cricket West Indies. He went on to work as an assistant coach with the Vancouver Knights of the Global T20 Canada, Barbados women's national cricket team together with the St Lucia Zouks of the Caribbean Premier League. Collins later assumed the role of a head coach with the Combined Campuses and Colleges team. He currently works as a cricket coach with the Academy of Sport at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus.

Personal life
He is the half brother of fellow Barbadian pacer Fidel Edwards. Collins is also a fan of footballer Lionel Messi and football team Barcelona C.F.

title: Pedro Collins


text:
Dreswick Point

Dreswick Point is the southernmost point of the main island of the Isle of Man. It is the southern tip of the Langness Peninsula in the south-east of the island, some 2+1/2 mi from Castletown.

Langness Lighthouse
Langness Lighthouse was established in 1880 to guide boats into Castletown. The lighthouse keeper's cottages were formerly owned by TV car journalist Jeremy Clarkson, who featured the lighthouse in an episode of Top Gear (series 07, Episode 1). Before this time, a landmark known as the Herring Tower held a lighted flare to guide fishing boats. The lighthouse is a Registered Building.

The Potato Grave
Near the lighthouse is a turf covered mound, known as the potato grave. In 1832 a ship carrying Irish workers to the Isle of Man to help with the digging of potatoes was lost with all hands and over the intervening days the bodies of those who perished were washed ashore. At this time on the Isle of Man it was customary bury the bodies of people washed ashore behind a hedge in the place it had been found, and so a communal grave was dug and all 32 bodies placed within it.

No stone marks the resting place of these souls, their only memorial is a turf covered mound.

title: Dreswick Point


text:
Sopoćani

The Sopoćani Monastery (Манастир Сопоћани / Manastir Sopoćani, ), an endowment of King Stefan Uroš I of Serbia, was built from 1259 to 1270, near the source of the Raška River in the region of Ras, the centre of the Serbian medieval state. It is a designated World Heritage Site, added in 1979 with Stari Ras. The monastery is located 15 km west of the town of Novi Pazar.

History
In the 1160s, the Great Zupan Stefan Nemanja consolidated his power on the throne in Raska. Although Nemanja's sons received the title of king and established the church as independent by making it autocephalous, as well as developing the economic system and coined money, the work of Stefan Nemanja remained a great model and an example to be emulated by the younger generations. Sopoćani was an endowment of the Serbian King Stefan Uroš I, son to Stefan the First-Crowned and Nemanja's grandson. It was built in 1260 by King Uroš I Nemanjić as a church which would serve as his burial place, and was extended and renovated in the mid-14th century by his great-grandson Dušan.

The church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Of the former larger monastery complex, which comprised numerous structures (dining rooms, residential buildings and others), today only the Church of the Holy Trinity remains. The monastery was once surrounded by a high stone wall with two gates. The completion of the painting of the main parts of the church can be indirectly dated to between 1263 and 1270. In Sopocani a decorative plan was carried out which was formed throughout the thirteenth century - in the chancel there are liturgical scenes, in the nave Christ's salvation work is shown through a cycle of the Great Feasts, in the narthex the Old Testament, dogmatic and eschatological themes are presented. Through the iconographic portraits of the Nemanjic family and through historical scenes Simeon Nemanja and Saint Sava. After Gradac (about 1275), the endowment of Queen Helen of Anjou, the wife of the founder of Sopocani - King Uros I - whose painters were high on the scale of creativity, there was a hiatus in creative artwork in Serbia.

Archbishop Sava II, who became the head of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1263, is represented in the procession of archbishops in the area of the altar. The frescoes of Sopoćani are considered by some experts on Serbian medieval art as the most beautiful of that period. On the western wall of the nave is a famous fresco of the Dormition of the Virgin.

In the 16th century the monks had to temporarily leave the monastery on several occasions due to the Ottoman threat. Finally, during one of the raids in 1689 the Ottoman Turks set fire to the monastery and carried off the lead from the church roof. The brotherhood escaped with some important relics to Kosovo - but did not return to Sopoćani; it remained deserted for over two hundred years, until the 20th century. The church slowly decayed: its vaults caved in, its dome fell down, and the remains of the surrounding buildings were covered with rubble and earth.

Finally, during the 20th century the monastery was restored and today it is settled by a thriving brotherhood of dedicated monks. The fact that most of the Sopoćani frescoes still shine with radiant beauty - surviving more than two centuries of extreme exposure to the elements.

Sopoćani was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.

Art history and influence
The art in Sopoćani was implemented periodically through the years following its completion in 1260. The subjects of the art include Christian Saints, national saints, as well as episcopal and illuminative narratives of Christianity. These narratives follow a left-to-right order of narration, needing to be viewed in a specific order to be understood. The classical art style of the church is largely influenced by late Byzantine art, such as that of the Basilica of San Vitale and other Byzantine churches. Some of the frescoes in the church exemplify a transition of Byzantine art periods, from Komnenian to Palaiologan, as many paintings were completed between 1263 and 1268. The Dormition, with its stately compositions and monumental figures, is an example of this. The period following iconoclasm brought upon a resurgence in these art styles moving forward into the 13th century, at the time of the construction of the monastery. Other motifs seen in the church (such as water-birds and use of specific lotuses) are indicative of influences from early Byzantine art dating to the era of Justinian I, although these influences are less prominently featured in the church.

The implementation of this art can be separated into several distinct periods. In 1263–1268, various paintings, including those of the sons of Stefan Uroš I, Dragutin, and Milutin, were created. In 1331–1346, during the reign of King Stefan Dušan, the church expanded and took on characteristics of a cathedral, expanding the art and decorations seen in the exo-narthex of the church. In 1335–1371, it is presumed that the fresco paintings of the church were completed, evidenced by painting styles seen in other nearby churches. In 1370–1375, the first example of repainting was evidenced in the church, and the copying of Sopoćani works created the Sopoćani style which spread and influenced other church paintings. And in the early 20th century, the art of Sopoćani served as an inspiration for modern Serbian artists.

Art reconstruction
In 1689, various factors contributed to widespread damage through the church. War with the Ottoman Turks led to the desecration of the monastery. In addition, inclement weather and prolonged sun exposure led to damage of much of the art. There were two periods in the early 20th century (1925-1929, and 1949–1958) in which reconstruction campaigns began on a large scale. Notably, the color and clarity of the paintings were restored, but much of the gold-leaf outlines remain difficult to discern in the frescoes of the church.

Paintings
The frescoes in Sopoćani were painted in a similar style to that of Byzantine artists, however the origins of the artists themselves remain unknown. There was a rigid set of steps (setting of plaster, designing with charcoal, application of opsis in various layers, etc.) that were usually followed by these artists. However, there were exceptions to this method, as is the case with the Dormition, which was painted over visible division lines that are usually erased. Some historians believe this to be the result of an oversight on the part of the artist. The Dormition is another example of a late Komnenian fresco, characterized by its use of a rambling narrative linear style. Some of the more prominent frescoes in the church had gold-sheet tesserae applied in their outlines, a decision that was made by Stefan Uroš I to provide a greater sense of visual grandeur.

Iconography
A demand was created for portable icons due to Byzantine influence and the introduction of iconostasis in churches. The icons in Sopoćani largely represent a matriarchal ideology, depicting the life and death of the Virgin Mary, among others. The portraits of these icons incorporated techniques and symbolism from Byzantine, and earlier Roman style, which emphasizes the positioning of the head, as well as male and female qualities of the hands. For instance, the left hand would often be considered female, holding books or scriptures. The right hand would be considered male, holding a sword, a cross, or a spear. These qualities can be seen in icon plates of the martyrs, saints, apostle, and evangelist in Sopoćani. The portrayal of figures in these icons are also concurrent with the development of naturalism in painting, found in other Byzantine icons and mosaics such as the Deisis in Hagia Sophia.

Burials

 * Stefan Uroš I of Serbia
 * Anna Dandolo
 * Joanikije I

In popular culture
Sopoćani, two episodes of the documentary series "Witnesses of Times" produced by the broadcasting service RTB in 1999-2000 was created by Petar Savkovića, directed by Stevan Stanić and Radoslav Moskovlović, music was composed by Zoran Hristić.

title: Sopoćani


text:
Talk:Jagjivan Ram

Controversies
It is said that Morarji Desai never trusted Jagjivan Ram and believed that he was after the Prime Minister's chair. A controversy regarding Jagjivan Ram's son being caught on camera having a sexual liaison erupted around the same time. A lot on this is available on the web, but for that, the stub needs to be expanded. requesting your help for the same, ---Gurubrahma 05:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Information hard to come by
I've included in the article all information I could find on the internet, which evidently wasn't much. Does anybody have a book or other reference that can be used? deeptrivia (talk) 05:50, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * We must be able to find from somewhere the exact dates when he took and left office. deeptrivia (talk) 03:19, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The Years of the Bihar Legislative Assembly and Jawarlal Nehru Cabinet are controversy as they are mentioned in Pr-Indipendence Era... 1937 and 1946 is it a typographical error??? [User:nipunt|nipunt] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nipunt (talk • contribs) 09:08, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

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Thanmai?
I do not see the word "Thanmai" figuring anywhere in any other sources - this appears to be deep-rooted vandalism. I request somebody with time and patience to look into it. Also, his resting place is known as Samta Sthal, not Thanmai. Gurubrahma (talk) 23:23, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

Citation for study places added.
A short biography on official Indian Congress website was published. In that article, they mentioned studies and life of Babu Jagjivan Ram clearly, so I've added that as a citation was required in the second paragraph of Early Life. To view, you can click here. LampVimmW (talk) 16:00, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jagjivan Ram


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vectorama

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Vectorama
Non-notable, apparent vanity of a local LAN-party. Boxclocke 05:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete CRUNK IT UP -CrunkGurl88 07:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not-notable. --GraemeL (talk) 12:05, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn netusergroup. Alf 12:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Several Times 14:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Transport in the Australian Capital Territory


text:
Season ticket

A season ticket, or season pass, is a ticket that grants privileges over a defined period of time.

History
The Oxford English Dictionary has illustrative quotations which show the term season ticket used in the United States in 1820 for theatre tickets; and in the United Kingdom in 1836 for boat travel and 1862 for rail transport.

Sports
In sports, a season ticket grants the holder access to all regular-season home games for one season without additional charges. The ticket usually offers a discounted price over purchasing a ticket for each of the home games for a season individually. In some sports, season ticket holders are usually allowed to buy tickets for other home games (such as the playoffs) earlier than other fans, and may be given priority when buying tickets for their team's allocation at an away game. Seats assigned to season tickets are generally the better ones in their seating section. Season ticket holders are frequently offered preferred seating at special events or extra games. Margaret Donahue came up with the idea to sell season tickets for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball in 1929.

Season passes are commonly used for winter sports, but were originally in American ski resorts a privilege for club members and investors. However, in 2000 a discounting movement across the US triggered a price war and increased the widespread use of season passes.

Arts
A season ticket is also an option for many music venues (including Opera, Ballet, Symphony houses) and repertory theatre companies. The season subscription usually offers a discounted price over purchasing a ticket for each concert or play in a series or all concerts or plays in a season.

Public transport

In public transport, a season ticket allows the user to travel by public transport an unlimited number of times within a period of time. The term "commuter pass" is used in some countries. Season tickets are typically sold for a week, month or year. The validity of season tickets varies. At one extreme it may only allow travel between two points (A to B) by only one operator and one route (if there are more than one competing). At the other extreme, it may allow unlimited travel within a geographic area, or even a whole country, allowing free choice of method of transportation (bus, tram, train, etc.) and free choice of operating company.

Television
In television, a season ticket refers to the term invented by the manufacturers of the TiVo digital video recorder for the function which allows a user to program the device to record all the episodes of a season of a television show, even if their airings are rescheduled or pre-empted. Similar functions are available on competitive digital video recorder systems and software packages, such as ReplayTV and IceTV. With the advent of digital streaming services, such as Netflix and digital video stores like iTunes and Google Play Store, one can also purchase a season pass to gain the ability to watch every episode of a chosen season at one's leisure on a computer or mobile device.

Video games
The use of battle passes as a means of video game monetization was first used within the Dota 2 esports tournament The International 2013, which provided a purchasable season pass to viewers rewarding them with in-game items for their viewership. Such battle passes gained more in free to play games following consumer and governmental backlash against loot boxes. By 2020, games like Fortnite and Apex Legends frequently used battle passes based around themed seasons and offering in-game items designed towards that theme.

Other uses
Other examples of venues that often offer season passes include amusement parks, recreational sports venues (ski areas), and paid-admission parks (state and national parks). Some passes may also grant additional perks, such as free or prepaid parking, or coupons exclusive to pass-holders.

title: Season ticket


text:
Talk:Gustav Oelwein

Untitled
The original of this article is from  1910 History of Fayette County. See http://www.rootsweb.com/~iafayett/oelf.htm

Children
Does anyone have any information on his children? I grew up in Oelwein (and still visit from time to time...all my friends and fathers side of the family still live there) and never has there anyone that lived in Oelwein carry the "Oelwein" surname, however, there are "Schmidt's" that live in Oelwein, and was wondering if maybe we could track down decendants or something? Sumnjim 16:52, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Gustav Oelwein


text: File:Philadelphia Cricket Club (logo).png


text:
Transco Railway Products

Transco was founded in October 1936, with its business mainly focused on servicing the railroad industry. In 1984, the company was restructured, with Transco Inc. now serving as the parent company for a number of subsidiary corporations, including Transco Railway Products Inc., Transco Products Inc., and Advance Thermal Corp. Transco Railway Products Inc. has its corporate offices in Chicago, Illinois and operates seven separate manufacturing facilities located strategically in major rail transportation corridors. In 2019 Transco was purchased by Marmon Rail, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.

Company Website

 * Transco Railway Products Inc.

External media coverage

 * Logansport's Transco Railway Products and union reach tentative agreement
 * Johnstown America begins coal-car deliveries for FirstEnergy

title: Transco Railway Products


text:
Maughold Head

Maughold Head is the easternmost point of the Isle of Man and the closest point in the Isle of Man to England, being 50 km from St. Bees Head in Cumbria.

Maughold Head lies in the northeast of the island, some 5 km from Ramsey, at the southern end of Ramsey Bay.

Maughold Head lighthouse
Located at the very end of the headland is the Maughold Head Lighthouse which was built in 1914. Although now unmanned, it continues to be operated by the Northern Lighthouse Board.

title: Maughold Head


text: User:Who/Cfd log

title: User:Who/Cfd log


text:
Standard social science model

The term standard social science model (SSSM) was first introduced by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides in the 1992 edited volume The Adapted Mind. They used SSSM as a reference to social science philosophies related to the blank slate, relativism, social constructionism, and cultural determinism. They argue that those philosophies, capsulized within SSSM, formed the dominant theoretical paradigm in the development of the social sciences during the 20th century. According to their proposed SSSM paradigm, the mind is a general-purpose cognitive device shaped almost entirely by culture.

After establishing SSSM, Tooby and Cosmides make a case for replacing SSSM with the integrated model (IM), also known as the integrated causal model (ICM), which melds cultural and biological theories for the development of the mind. Supporters of SSSM include those who feel the term was conceived as a point of argument in support of ICM specifically and evolutionary psychology (EP) in general. There are criticisms that the allegation of SSSM is based on a straw man or rhetorical technique.

Alleged proponents
Steven Pinker names several prominent social scientists as proponents of the standard social science model, including John B. Watson, Margaret Mead, Franz Boas, B. F. Skinner, Richard Lewontin, John Money, and Stephen Jay Gould.

Alternative theoretical paradigm: the integrated model
The authors of The Adapted Mind have argued that the SSSM is now out of date and that a progressive model for the social sciences requires evolutionarily-informed models of nature-nurture interactionism, grounded in the computational theory of mind. Tooby and Cosmides refer to this new model as the integrated model (IM).

Tooby and Cosmides provide several comparisons between the SSSM and the IM, including the following:

Criticism of the coining of the term
Richardson (2007) argues that, as proponents of evolutionary psychology (EP), evolutionary psychologists developed the SSSM as a rhetorical technique: "The basic move is evident in Cosmides and Tooby's most aggressive brief for evolutionary psychology. They want us to accept a dichotomy between what they call the "Standard Social Science Model" (SSSM) and the "Integrated Causal Model" (ICM) they favor ... it offers a false dichotomy between a manifestly untenable view and their own."

Wallace (2010) has also suggested the SSSM to be a false dichotomy and claims that "scientists in the EP tradition wildly overstate the influence and longevity of what they call the Standard Social Science Model (essentially, behaviorism) of human cognition".

Geoffrey Sampson argues that the SSSM is based on a straw man. He views Pinker's claim that the SSSM has been the dominant theoretical paradigm in the social sciences since the 1920s as "completely untenable". In his argument, Sampson cites British education policies in the 20th century that were guided by social scientists and which were based on the belief that children had in-built talents and needs. Thus, he challenges Pinker's assertion that the view of the mind among all social scientists is a tabula rasa. Moreover, Sampson only conditionally agrees that the scientists Pinker associates with the SSSM, such as Skinner, Watson, and Mead, were influential, stating, "to identify them as responsible for the general tone of intellectual life for eighty years seems comical". Similarly, Neil Levy appears to concur with Sampson's straw man thesis regarding the conception of the SSSM, against which evolutionary psychologists direct much of their criticism. Levy writes: "No-one—not even Skinner and his followers—has ever believed in the blank slate of Pinker's title."

Hilary Rose has criticized Tooby and Cosmides' arbitrary exclusion of economics and political science from their SSSM model, which Rose argues is "rather like excluding physiology and biochemistry from an account of the life sciences". She also states that Tooby and Cosmides have publicly indicted sociologists and anthropologists of inappropriate separatist behavior towards other academic disciplines while ignoring their newer efforts that demonstrate the complete opposite. Rose notes how sociologists and anthropologists have many new developments that involve study of the natural sciences and technology. Furthermore, Rose suggests that Tooby and Cosmides' characterization of scientists like Gould, Lewontin, Steven Rose and Leon Kamin as SSSM adherents is based on an inaccurate reading of works like The Mismeasure of Man and Not in Our Genes, two books that have explored the interplay between biology and the environment.

Simon Hampton (2004) contends that evolutionary psychologists' account of the SSSM misses the debate on the existence of psychological instincts in the early part of the 20th century. He argues: "psychological and behavioural thinkers have for long periods been immersed in the implications of Darwinism. It is plainly and factually incorrect for evolutionary psychology to deny this. And it is disingenuous to down-play it. Evolutionary psychologists who use the term 'Standard Social Science Model' and rhetorical equivalents such as 'the neo-behaviourist tradition' ... and 'the tabula rasa view' ... undermine their own much-vaunted rigor."

title: Standard social science model


text:
Philadelphia Cricket Club

The Philadelphia Cricket Club, founded in 1854, is the oldest country club in the United States. It has two locations: Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, and Flourtown, Pennsylvania.

History

Founded on February 10, 1854, the Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest country club in the United States. As the name indicates, the club was formed by a group of young men of English ancestry who had played the game of cricket as students at the University of Pennsylvania. With the wish to continue to play together after their graduation, they formed the club under the leadership of William Rotch Wister.

For the first 30 years of the club's existence, the club did not own any grounds and thus played cricket on any grounds available, such as at Camden, New Jersey. Then, in 1883, the club “came home” to Chestnut Hill due to the generosity of a benefactor, Henry H. Houston. Houston arranged for them to settle down at the club's present location on West Willow Grove Avenue in the St. Martins section of Chestnut Hill.

Location
The Philadelphia Cricket Club has two locations. The original location in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia where the main offices are located, along with the tennis courts, squash facilities, an eight-lane twenty-five meter swimming pool, and a short nine-hole golf course. The second location is ten minutes away in Whitemarsh Township, near Flourtown, which holds two 18-hole golf courses.

Golf
When the Golf Association of Philadelphia was organized in 1897, the club was one of four founding members with Merion, Philadelphia Country Club and Aronimink. Both the Wissahickon and Militia Hill courses have been recognized for their outstanding layouts and course conditions over the years. (Wissahickon has been named a top-100 classic course multiple times and Militia Hill a top-25 golf course in Pennsylvania).

St. Martins Course
The original nine-hole course was built in 1895 by famed architect Willie Tucker (St. Andrew's Golf Club, Sand Point Country Club and Argyle Country Club) and was quickly replaced by a new eighteen-hole course in 1897. The old eighteen-hole course, known as St. Martins and now playing as a nine-hole layout, hosted the United States Open Championship in 1907 and 1910. The 1907 winner was Alec Ross, brother of famed architect Donald Ross, who chalked up a remarkable score of 302 for 72 holes. It was also during this championship that the first hole-in-one in U.S. Open competition was achieved by Jack Hobens. The 1910 Open victory went to Alex Smith, who shot 71 on the final day. Also entered that year was Cricket Club's own professional, Scottish-born Willie Anderson, one of four golfers who have won the U.S. Open four times. Anderson remains the only person to win in three consecutive years. This course is named "St. Martins" after the adjacent episcopal church, St. Martin-in-the-Fields. In 2015 the St Martins course was sold to the club by the Woodward Family as part of an open space initiative. Hosted the World Hickory Championship in 2016 & the National Hickory Championship in 2017 on the St Martins course.

U.S. Open Champions and Scores

Course Scorecard

Wissahickon Course
A large tract of land was purchased in 1920, because the Club did not own the grounds on which the St. Martins golf course was built. It was A. W. Tillinghast (Bethpage – Black, Baltusrol, Newport, San Francisco and Winged Foot) who recommended the Flourtown site and who designed the new course, which opened in 1922. The Wissahickon course is one of the few remaining courses designed by Tillinghast that has had minimal changes over the past 80 years. The name "Wissahickon" comes from the Lenape word for "Catfish Stream." The Wissahickon Creek runs adjacent to the course. Lorraine Run, which eventually dumps into the Wissahickon Creek, runs through the Wissahickon course. An abandoned Reading Railroad track runs through the course, along the 6th and 11th holes.

On June 18, 2013, construction was started on a complete restoration of the Wissahickon course, led by designer Keith Foster and Director of Grounds Dan Meersman.

Since the completion of the 2014 renovation, "Wissahickon" has hosted the 2014 Philadelphia Open, the 2015 PGA Professional National Championship (With Militia Hill), the 2016 Constellation Senior Players Championship, and the 2024 U.S. Amateur Four-Ball (originally scheduled for 2020, but deferred to 2024 by the USGA after cancellation). The course is dedicated to A.W. Tillinghast, who was a long-time member of the Philadelphia Cricket Club and a native of Philadelphia.

Course Scorecard

Militia Hill Course
In 1999, the Board of Governors made a decision to begin the development of a third golf course located on land acquired in the original purchase of the Flourtown property nearly eighty years before. After submissions by several top designers, the club selected Michael Hurdzan and Dana Fry, who had already designed a number of highly rated courses throughout the United States and Canada (Erin Hills, Calusa Pines, Hamilton Farms and Naples National). The club named the new course ‘Militia Hill’ in honor of the adjacent Militia Hill section of Fort Washington State Park, which had been occupied during the American Revolution by the Pennsylvania Militia just before moving on to their legendary winter encampment at Valley Forge. Like the Wissahickon course, a train track runs through the middle of the golf course. Although this line is active, and golfers pass through a tunnel (which was constructed well before the golf course) twice each round. The course is dedicated to Willie Anderson, a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame, who at one point, early in the 20th century, was the head golf professional at the club.

Course Scorecard

Cricket
The cricket team was initially disbanded in 1924 but was later revived in 1998. The club is now one of the hosts of the annual Philadelphia International Cricket Festival.

Squash
Eight singles courts and two hardball doubles courts round out PCC's squash program. Rich Wade is the director of squash. PCC has coached many national champions and countless players who went on to play intercollegiate squash.

Swimming
In 2019 PCC won the Country Club Swim Association of Greater Philadelphia League Championship.

In 2006 the swimming team placed fourth at the Country Club Swimming Association of Greater Philadelphia's League Championships led by the William Penn Charter's high school swimming coach Kevin Berkoff.

Tennis – Lawn, Pickleball, & Platform

In 1881, the club was one of the founding members of the United States Lawn Tennis Association, today the USTA. The club hosted the inaugural U.S. Women's National Singles Championship in 1887, and continued to host the event until 1921, when it moved to Forest Hills. The Women's National Doubles Championship (which started in 1889) and Mixed Doubles Championship (which started in 1892) were also held at the club until 1921. These events later combined with the men's singles and doubles championships to form the U.S. Open.

Annually, the club hosts the USTA 30-35 and 70s age group championships.

The club operates 18 rotating grass courts, nine HydroClay courts, and two indoor hard courts.

Platform Tennis
In 2014, the platform tennis hut was listed as one of the most impressive by Town & Country. The club hosted the 2017 Philly Cricket Invitational for American Platform Tennis Association finals and was one of the National Championship hosts.

The club has 4 permanent platform tennis courts.

Pickleball
Pickleball became a prominent sport at PCC in 2019. Constructing six outdoor courts and eight temporary indoor courts on the indoor tennis courts.

Trapshooting
Due to the extensive efforts in recent years of the Trapshooting Committee, trapshooting has become a thriving sport at PCC. Competitions are held November through April at clubs around the Philadelphia region.

title: Philadelphia Cricket Club


text:
Ramsey Bay

Ramsey Bay (Baie Rhumsaa) is a large bay and Marine Nature Reserve covering some 94 square kilometres off the northeastern coast of the Isle of Man. It runs for 18 kilometres from the Point of Ayre at the island's northern tip to Maughold Head. The port town of Ramsey, the island's second town, lies towards the south of the bay.

Ramsey Bay Marine Nature Reserve
The entire bay has had statutory legal protection as Ramsey Bay Marine Nature Reserve, the island's first Marine Nature Reserve designated in October 2011 under the Wildlife Act 1990. It contains internationally significant areas of eelgrass meadows, horse mussel reefs, kelp forests and maerl beds, which boost biodiversity and create an environment for commercially important species of fish, shellfish and crustacea. Furthermore, the bay is a "core marine area" of the Isle of Man's UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Parts of the reserve are highly protected conservation zones, while a "fisheries management zone" is co-managed by the Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture and the Manx Fish Producers' Organisation in an innovative approach to fisheries management, which sees little of this zone fished. The reserve is also part of the OSPAR network of European Marine Protected Areas. At the centre of the bay is the Ramsey Mooragh Shore Area of Special Scientific Interest, and Ramsey Harbour, along with the whole coast of the bay has been designated as an Area of Ecological Importance in the local area plan.

As of 2019 a significant part of the reserve is included in a controversial proposal for a marina which would see South Beach infilled and a new harbour built in the bay.

Ramsey Bay in broadcasting history
In July 1964 the original Radio Caroline ship sailed from the coast of Essex to Ramsey Bay, from where it broadcast as Radio Caroline North until it was towed away by creditors in March 1968.

Ramsey Bay disaster
On 7 March 1956 the Fleetwood-based trawler, Fleetwood Lady, anchored in Ramsey Bay to allow three of the male crew to visit their families ashore. All six crew, Allan Bradford, Arnold Brew, Albert (Abby) Cottier, Eric Lyall, his son Eric James Lyall and Reginald Wright lost their lives when their rowing boat capsized as they returned to the trawler. In March 2002 a plaque was unveiled in Ramsey to commemorate them.

Ramsey Lifeboat Station
Ramsey has had a lifeboat station since 1829 which has been under the control of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution since 1868.

title: Ramsey Bay