text:
Talk:Eric Schiller

Old talk
I strongly object to the negative remarks made by Camembert on the Eric Schiller biography. In the first place, Camembert is not a chess player, or at least this name is unknown to chess. In addition, it can seen by his remarks about Judit Polgar that he knows nothing about chess or about her. It is further objectional that somebody can use a fake name to attack somebody on Wikipedia.

What I am objecting to is the following remarks by Camembert, "Many of them have received scathing reviews: reviewing for the Chess Cafe, Carsten Hansen said Schiller's tome on the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game was "by far THE WORST BOOK I HAVE EVER SEEN" [1], while Tony Miles' famous review of Unorthodox Chess Openings for Kingpin consisted of two words: "Utter crap."

I revised Schiller's biography and within just a few minutes Camembert put this all back in. I feel that he should be banned and blacklisted from Wikipedia for this.

The fact is that Eric Schiller has written more than one hundred published books on chess and dozens of published articles in academic publications on Linguistics. If he were such a bad writer as Camembert claims, nobody would buy his books and no publisher would publish them. In addition, the authors of the two negative reviews which Camembert cites were political oponents of Schiller (one of whom is now dead), so it is simply wrong to cite them.

I request that Camembert who knows nothing of which he speaks be banned from Wikipedia. Sam Sloan

I would suggest that either your comments are in bad faith or you do not know what you are talking about. Anyone who has published at least one hundred books ( and from memory claimed on the back of one book to have published around two hundred) cannot be a good writer. As Winter has demonstrated his works are filled with numerous historical and literary bloopers

While it may be the case that too much space is given to these arguments to suggest that these arguments are totally unmerited, and more that the wikipedian who wrote them deserves to be banned is risible. One of the main reasons Schiller is a notable figure is the scathing attacks made on him by Winter, Miles et al.

- "Anybody who has published at least one hundred books cannot be a good writer???" If that doesn't deserve the Wiki-dunce-cap award of the year I don't know what does. "One of the main reasons Schiller is a notable figure is the scathing attacks made on him by Winter, Miles et al." He wrote over 100 books and yet you claim he is famous because of his REVIEWS? Walk into any bookstore in the USA you can see his name on the shelves--several times over--and yet you think that this man would be unheard of if it wasn't for book reviews? This is just all so much nonsense, and moreover the biography reads like it was written by a grade school child with a vendetta. I haven't made any edits but in my opinion this is one of the worst biographies I have read in Wikipedia, and I've read hundreds of them. Daniel Freeman 03:41, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

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On Wed, 31 Aug 2005 06:07:00 GMT, "Alan OBrien"  wrote:

>I appreciate you sticking up for Schiller, but the paragraph you obkect to: > >> What I am objecting to is the following remarks by Camembert, "Many of >> them have received scathing reviews: reviewing for the Chess Cafe, >> Carsten Hansen said Schiller's tome on the Frankenstein-Dracula >> Variation of the Vienna Game was "by far THE WORST BOOK I HAVE EVER >> SEEN" [1], while Tony Miles' famous review of Unorthodox Chess >> Openings for Kingpin consisted of two words: "Utter crap." > >...is in fact entirely correct. I suppose you are saying that there should >be no mention of those two reviews. But for many of us that is what Schiller >is most famous for.

On 30 Aug 2005 23:29:31 -0700, "politikalhack@gmail.com"  wrote:

>Schiller has written more good books than he is generally given credit >for, but Alan O'Brien's remark is rather fair. > >Ten years or so ago, I remember making some deprecating remark about a >Schiller book (don't remember which one) which IMO was not good at all. > The next time I ran in to Eric, I felt obliged to reference the remark >and apologize: he good-naturedly said, "Don't worry, I'm used to it." > >Schiller gave a scathing but just review of my recent play

Yes. I am saying that those two quotes from negative reviews should not be included in any encyclopedia article. It would be perfectly OK to add External Links to those negative reviews, However, if you read an article in Encyclopedia Britannica, would you expect to find the words "THE WORST BOOK I HAVE EVER SEEN" and "Utter crap"?

An encyclopedia article should deal in facts, not opinions. Calling a Schiller book "Utter crap" is clearly an opinion. This comment should be removed from Wikipedia.

If such a comment appears in a book review or in a newsgroup such as rec.games.chess.politics, that is a different matter altogether, because the expression of personal opinions is called for there. You will notice that I have not complained about the more than one hundred personal attacks Bill Brock has directed towards me on rec.games.chess.politics, but I did object when Bill Brock attacked me on Wikipedia encyclopedia.

Another pont is that Eric Schiller writes his books to be read by 1500 players. His purpose is to entertain and to teach a little about chess while doing so. His book about the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game is a perfect example. It is filled with quotes and spoofs from Bram Stoker's Dracula and Mary Shelly's Frankenstein. Naturally, a grandmaster like Miles or a FIDE Master like Hansen will not like such a book, but Schiller knows that they were not going to buy his book anyway. Schiller books are popular with lower-level players, and that is his intended audience.

I am also annoyed at the name "Frankenstein-Dracula Variation" of the Vienna Game. I looked this up and discovered that this is an opening I have been playing for Black since the early 1960s. I played the black side of this opening to defeat master Don Sutherland in the 1964 Northern California Championship at the Mechanics Institute in San Francisco. Who gave anybody the right to rename this old opening the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation of the Vienna Game?

By the way, is "Alan OBrien" the same person as Camembert?

Sam Sloan

Alan - here and No I am not!

 * I think any strong chessplayer will tell you that Eric Schiller is a complete hack of a writer. Most of his books are slopped together with very little attention. Nor is the analysis in them at all accurate. The Carsten Hansen review linked by Camembert explains in some detail why Schiller's "Frankenstein-Dracula" book is a classic example of a poorly written (and that's being charitable) Schiller book. One can debate whether this Wikipedia article on Schiller has an appropriate tone for an encyclopedia, but I am mystified by your suggestion that Camembert should be banned for accurately quoting reviews critical of Schiller's books.

 * I expect that you will rejoin that my "name is unknown to chess," (as you said of Camembert, whose real name I suspect is not "Camembert"), and/or that I am Camembert's sockpuppet (as you suggested of Alan O'Brien). To answer these in advance, I am not Camembert's sockpuppet and have never met the man. My real name is Frederick Rhine, I am a USCF National Master, and a USCF Senior Master at Correspondence Chess. You can find two of my games in Chess Informant, volumes 32 and 57.  The opening novelty in the first game, Rhine-Sprenkle, was voted by the Informant editors as the 8th-9th most theoretically important in volume 32 (as you can see in volume 33).  Nunn spends a chapter on it in all three editions of his classic Beating the Sicilian. So I know something of chess, and no doubt Carsten Hansen and the late GM Tony Miles (the two reviewers quoted in the article) know/knew a great deal more.

 * Of course, if you think the Schiller article is not NPOV, you are welcome to balance it with positive reviews by strong players of Schiller's books -- if you can find any. In fairness, some of Schiller's books that have co-authors are actually good -- such as the suggestively named Big Book of Busts -- but I suspect that is more due to John Watson's work than Schiller's. Krakatoa 16:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Disclosure: I have cordial relations with both Fred Rhine and Eric Schiller. Schiller started writing books to support himself while in graduate school.  It's hard to maintain both quality and quantity.  Yes, Miles's "review" has become famous; it would be silly not to quote it.  Eric has written or co-written several good books; Fred has noted a proper way to address NPOV issues.  Billbrock 18:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Possibly amusing P.S. - I met Fred Rhine circa spring 1979, when I was working as a clerk at Powell's bookstore on 57th Street. He was buying a handful of Reinfeld books, I warned him not to, and he explained he was buying as a collector....  Billbrock 22:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You love telling that story, Bill. Yes, it's true. I remember the encounter. I didn't recognize you, but thought it was weird that a bookstore employee was trying to persuade me not to buy the books I was buying.

 * Fred Reinfeld, while even more prolific than Schiller, was head and shoulders above him both as a writer and a player. I wrote most of the Wikipedia entry on Reinfeld, and was quite impressed by the guy -- and not just because he and I have almost the same name. He wrote some excellent books (biographies of Lasker, Nimzowitsch, Capablanca, etc.), but always said that the schlock he wrote for fish (I'm sure he didn't put it quite that bluntly) were his big sellers. But even those books by Reinfeld are pretty good. They're instructive, well-written for their intended audience, and are not full of mistakes -- unlike Schiller's books. A lot of beginners have learned about tactics from 1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations, for example. You could do a lot worse, and buying Schiller's books is a prime example of that. Krakatoa 00:30, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought Schiller's book on the Catalan was pretty good. (And I learned a lot about chess from the books Keene co-authored on the Pirc-Modern and Keene's brilliant study of Nimzowitsch--which is to say the "hacks" of today weren't always hacks, so be charitable, folks--doing stuff is hard.)  It would be fair to add something about Eric's significant contributions as an organizer--wasn't he behind the 1983(?) World Student Team, held at the U of Chicago?  He was my immediate predecessor (circa 1988-89) as editor of the Illinois Chess Bulletin, and did a fine job.

 * Fred is right: Reinfeld is cool. Billbrock 02:46, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I haven't seen Schiller's book on the Catalan. It may well be good. He is a strong enough player that he ought to be able to write decent books, particularly given the availability these days of Fritz and such to check one's analysis -- but I don't think he usually puts in the time necessary to write good books. I wouldn't throw Keene into the "hack" category, for the reasons you cite. He is one of those players (Soltis is another) who are quite strong (both GM's), have written some excellent books, but sometimes churn out junk to make a buck (see Nunn's criticism of Soltis' pamphlet on the Giuoco Piano, which presents the Møller Attack as a strong line for White, giving some throwaway analysis as to how to meet 13...h6!). Of course, the "Winning with the Latvian Gambit" syndrome is a big problem for authors -- they write a book on some highly dubious line, which must have "Winning with the" in the title to sell books, and then feel obliged for consistency's sake to present the dubious line as being incredibly strong, never mind what those pesky theoreticians say about it. Most professional chessplayers don't make big bucks, so I'm sure there's a great temptation to publish less-than-stellar work to make some money. And unfortunately there may often be an inverse relationship between the quality of a book and how well it sells -- the schlocky "Winning with the" opening books sell a lot better than the lovingly produced biographies of Nimzowitsch. Krakatoa 18:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

There are several problems with your point. Perhaps most important is that Miles himself had a reputation. Miles was constantly attacking chess personalities in print. Among his many victims were Anatoly Karpov, Raymond Keene, Woman's Grandmaster Martha Fierro, Indian Chess Organizer Umar Koya, Nigel Short, and many others. The list is long. Any time you read a Miles article you could be almost certain that it would contain an attack on somebody.

It is well known that Miles even got into fistfights in chess tournaments. He even punched me out during the 1986 World Chess Olympiad in Dubai because of his mistaken belief that I had written something derogatory about him.

Miles was known to be mentally ill. He served time in both jails and mental hospitals.

The negative review by Miles of an Eric Schiller book must be taken in this context. Unfortunately, the original author of the article about Schiller appears not to be a chess player. His biography of himself describes himself as a "music student" and says nothing about chess. He probably did not even know that Miles was mentally ill and prone to attacks on people and he probably did not know that Schiller has written more than one hundred chess books and the fact that he has received two negative reviews means little.

Again it must be emphasized that Schiller states that he writes his books for Class C chess players. His point is a very good one, which is that there are only a few thousand chess masters in the world whereas there are millions of Class C players. Is it better to write a book for a few thousand potential readers, or for the millions? Schiller knows that chess masters rarely buy chess books. They have their own computer databases and do their own home analysis to prepare for tournaments. Class C players on the other hand will appreciate and buy a chess book with some tricky lines that their rival Class C players might fall into, even though the masters might consider the same lines to be unsound and unplayable at the top levels.

Sam Sloan

 * What about Carsten Hansen? Is he a drooling lunatic too? Krakatoa 17:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't really like spending time on edit wars, but I suppose I ought to respond.

 * This idea that Schiller has only received two bad reviews in his life is, as I daresay you know, not correct. He's rather well known for getting bad reviews. Here, for example, is the BCF bookshop (which you would think would benefit by giving glowing reviews to everything) saying of the same book Hansen reviews that it "surely belongs in the Chamber of Horrors". I'm sure it wouldn't be too hard to dig up more opinions like this. I do take your point about him writing for Class C players (although I don't see how that can forgive the kind of mistake found in 639 Essential Endgame Positions that Hansen deals with in his review), and I've added a quote from John Watson dealing with this to the article (I note, however, that one of the books Watson defends on the grounds of it not being for advanced players is advertised on Schiller's website as being "For Advanced Players"; make of that what you will).

 * Incidentally, I play chess, read a lot about it, and own quite a lot (too many) chess books. I'm not an especially good player--really just an enthusiastic patzer. The significance of any of that escapes me. --Camembert 17:50, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

OK. I am satisfied with Camembert's balancing. The article is okay now.

Sam Sloan 19:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC) Sam Sloan Sam Sloan 19:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Camembert added quotes from a positive review of two of Schiller's books by John Watson, Schiller's sometime co-author. I think this is a good effort at providing balance -- ironic that Camembert rather than one of Schiller's defenders did this. Krakatoa 17:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

"I think any strong chessplayer will tell you that Eric Schiller is a complete hack of a writer." This gets a big loud resounding "so what??" Wikipedia indexes musical bands, does it not? Does it tell us which bands produce good music and which produce poor music? Wikipedia indexes painters, right? Does it say which ones are hacks and which ones are eminently talented? Wikipedia indexes actors? Does it mention which actors are talentless hacks and which ones are geniuses? The answers to all of this are, of course, "no", "no", "no", and "no". So why are authors treated differently? Daniel Freeman 10:59, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia should report who gets good or bad reviews, as long as the sources are reputable. e.g. (the first widely-panned actors that sprung to mind), negative film reviews are reported in the Olsen twins article. Peter Ballard 12:53, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

All those books
What do you say we prune the list a little and include several of the more notable or better selling - the article is in danger of looking like an infomercial otherwise... --SpinyNorman 06:55, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

What source is there for the claim that "Schiller was for many years the right-hand man of World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov."? What source is there for the claim that "Barnes & Noble bookstores have sold more than one hundred thousand books written by Eric Schiller"? (I agree with the "infomercial" comment of SpinyNorman.) - Louis Blair (6 March 2006)

Linguistics section
...sounds like another infomercial. It would be a favor to Eric to shorten this.... Billbrock 04:44, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. Would it be true to say that Schiller is not notable as a linguist? i.e. he may be a very good linguist, but if he was not a chess player/author, would his achievements as a linguist be worthy enough to get him an entry in Wikipedia? I suspect not, just as Mikhail Botvinnik was doubtless a very good electrical engineer but his engineering feats would not get him into Wikipedia either. And the same for most (but not quite all) chess players who also have/had a day job. Therefore, unless I hear an objection in (say) the next week, I'll reduce the linguist section to a single paragraph, maybe even a single sentence. Rocksong 03:31, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No objections, I'll cut it down shortly. (p.s. I am same person as User:Rocksong). Peter Ballard 03:11, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed it again. It was restored on the basis that he's a published author + researcher; but I respond that the section is entirely uncited, reads like a CV, and is not what he's noted for. The intro has a sentence saying he works in the field - that is enough.

Books
It should be noted that he is not regarded as a good chess author because gives example, can anyone put this in Controversies. Also please do this with Raymond Keene because he is involved. [] is a good place to start for info on chess please kindly search info about Schiller here as well.

No Balance
This article has no balance on Eric Schillers ability. The quote "by far THE WORST BOOK I HAVE EVER SEEN" is a minor reference overplaying the issue. In my view that line should be removed. There are alternative opinions. For a sense of balance read the article on George_W._Bush, here you have someone who has received widespread criticism yet you don't find the Wikipedia article focused on them or quoting the most explicit of them. SunCreator (talk) 01:19, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree the criticism should be pared back (perhaps restricted to the Edward Winter critique, and Miles' famous two word review), but if we're looking for praise, the link above doesn't count because it's hosted by his own publisher, probably written by Schiller himself. (There's nothing wrong with self promotion, but it has no place as an encyclopedia reference). Peter Ballard (talk) 02:21, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I know of no disinterested reliable sources who praise Eric Schiller's chess writing. He is a hack and, as Winter has documented, a plagiarist. As for George W. Bush, don't get me started. Krakatoa (talk) 04:19, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree Peter. SunCreator (talk) 22:35, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, done. I've removed criticism by the little-known reviewers. That leaves criticism by Winter and Miles, and support by Watson. I think that's a reasonable balance. Peter Ballard (talk) 02:17, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah yes - the principle of "Balance über alles" must always guide us, even if there's precious little on one side of the balance. Krakatoa (talk) 06:52, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK "balance" is the wrong word, what I meant is I think I've got it reasonably objective and neutral; in that it now only quotes well known critics (Winter, Miles, Watson), rather than little-known reviewers. By all means add other notable reviewers, good or bad, which you can find. Also, the deleted bits weren't very helpful - one was NEEDLESSLY CAPITALISED and the other merely stated that it was dissected. Also, the "praise" from Watson is heavily qualified. Peter Ballard (talk) 10:25, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I don't know that Carsten Hansen is little-known, but the relevant question is whether he is a "reliable source". He has been rated as high as 2560, written four well-reviewed chess books, and drawn 3 out of 3 games against Kasparov. As for the capitalization, it is as in the original. He wrote, "I have seen thousands of chess books over the years, but this book is by far THE WORST BOOK I HAVE EVER SEEN." I have no problem with the omission of the Bücker/Myers quote, even though I am the one who put it in. Krakatoa (talk) 17:59, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I have re-added the Carsten Hansen quote, this time giving the full quote for context. If, as in Schiller's case, an author gets mostly horrible reviewers and an occasional decent review, the horrible reviews should get more coverage than the decent ones. As WP:NPOV explains, "Neutrality weights viewpoints in proportion to their prominence."

As for whether Hansen is a reliable source, he is a strong player, has written four well-received books himself, has done multiple book reviews, and by his own account has seen thousands of chess books. He explains in detail why he has such a low opinion of Schiller's book. I certainly consider him a reliable source on this issue. Indeed, his account is much better explained than Watson's. It can in fact be questioned whether the sort-of-favorable Watson quote should even be in the article, since as Schiller's co-author he has a pecuniary interest in having Schiller portrayed in a favorable light. Moreover, Watson's semi-admission that Schiller "probably deserves some of the criticism he gets" is deliberately weaselly. Watson is himself a very conscientious author, and in general a very conscientious reviewer; he is quite capable of looking at Schiller's books and the criticism of them and determining whether it is warranted. He has instead chosen in this one instance not to examine the evidence. I wonder why? Krakatoa (talk) 21:33, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Incidentally, if your concern is that HANSEN IS SCREAMING AT THE READERS BY USING CAPS, and you don't think the readers' eyeballs should be assaulted this way, or that the use of caps gives undue emphasis to Hansen's opinion, I have no problem with changing it to lower-case and adding a parenthetical (Emphasis deleted) or some such to the reference. Krakatoa (talk) 21:46, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I now agree that Carsten Hansen is OK, being an FM and chess author. But as a side note I have doubts about the 2560 rating and the Kasparov games - see my comments at Talk:Carsten Hansen. Peter Ballard (talk) 23:36, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that those probably reflect that the source confused Hansen with his countryman (or former countryman - I think Carsten Hansen now lives in the U.S.) Curt Hansen. I have accordingly deleted them from the Carsten Hansen article. Krakatoa (talk) 05:38, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * One note on Carsten Hansen's reviews is that they are just that: his reviews. I have seen cases where another independent review diverges drastically from what Hansen wrote. For example, The Samisch King's Indian Uncovered got a perfect 5/5 review from Hansen, . The same book got a "thumb's down" when Jeremy Silman reviewed it. This does not mean that Hansen's reviews should not be cited in articles, after all, those reviews are published on chesscafe.com, a highly regarded chess websites which has regular columns from well-respected players and authors. They should just not be used as a final verdict on any particular piece of work. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:41, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Fair-minded guy that I am, I have now sought out and referred to in the article a very favorable review by Jeremy Silman of Watson and Schiller's The Big Book of Busts (despite Google's suggestion that I search for The Big Book of Breasts instead, the title refers to "busts" of dubious opening lines). Krakatoa (talk) 12:49, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

I would agree that when this section first started, the coverage of Schiller's books was biased towards the negative, but I think it's now gone too far the other way. I think John Watson's quote on Schiller's work was fair (he has indeed written a number of quite good books, particularly the ones co-authored with Watson himself) but to say that "Amongst Schiller's large output, some of his books have received poor reviews related to the level expertise that the author was expected to be writing for" is POV. A sizeable percentage of his books have received poor reviews due to lack of substance and feeling 'rushed', i.e. nothing to do with the audience that they're intended for. Tws45 (talk) 21:40, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I read the article and thought it was fairly balanced in its current state (July 2017). Certainly it needs to be mentioned that the quality of his books has been called into question. I'm rated Elo 2000, so hardly an elite player, and his books look pretty crappy to me (I own his book on the Reti, in which he calls a position "equal" then reaches the same position on the next page by transposition and calls it "clear advantage for White"!). The main thing missing from this article, as far as I can see, is his Elo rating. Newzild (talk) 00:37, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Schiller


text:
Pico dos Dias Observatory

The Pico dos Dias Observatory (Portuguese: Observatório Pico dos Dias (OPD)) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the National Astrophysical Laboratory of Brazil (Portuguese: Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica (LNA)). It is located in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, 37 km from the city of Itajubá.

Telescopes

 * A 1.6 m Cassegrain reflector built by Perkin-Elmer first became operational in 1981.
 * A 0.6 m Ritchey-Chrétien telescope built by Boller & Chivens and installed in 1992 is jointly used by LNA and the University of São Paulo.
 * A 0.6 m Cassegrain reflector built by Zeiss Jena was purchased in the 1960s through coffee trade with East Germany. It was installed in 1983.

ASPOS OKP
In April 2017, Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, opened the first Automated Warning System on Hazardous Situations in Outer Space (ASPOS OKP) at Pico dos Dias. There will be another three stations in the system.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pico dos Dias Observatory


text:
Scotland Island

Scotland Island is an island and suburb on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Church Point, Scotland Island's major mainland service locality, is located 32 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council.

Geography and geology
Scotland Island is located in Pittwater, off Church Point. The island is approximately 1 km in diameter and its highest point is over 90 metres above sea level. To the east is the suburb of Newport, west is Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and south are the suburbs of Church Point and Bayview.

Around 18,000 years ago Scotland Island was a hill in a river valley. Following the last ice age, sea levels rose, flooding the valley, forming Pittwater and creating the island. There are many small beaches, consisting mainly of mud, mangroves and rocks. There are no rivers or cliffs, but some small caves towards the top of the island. The top of the island is sandstone and the lower part consists of sedimentary rocks from the Narrabeen group.

History

For thousands of years prior to European settlement, Scotland Island and the Pittwater area was inhabited by the Guringai people.

Shortly after the establishment of the penal colony at Sydney Cove, the area was explored by Governor Phillip, who named the island after William Pitt, the British prime minister at the time. The first European settler to own land on the island was Andrew Thompson, who renamed it Scotland Island after his homeland. He created a successful salt works and built boats until his death in 1810. The island as a whole was sold several times in the nineteenth century before being sub-divided and sold off in lots in 1906. Around 1900, salt was still being extracted from seawater near what is now known as Tennis Court Wharf. Using an oil burner, about 90 kg were extracted each week.

Sheep farms had been located on the island at one time, but permanent residents began to move in after power was connected in 1962. Now, the majority of people living there commute to work on the mainland.

There are many Aboriginal Middens on the island including one in Catherine Park, here you will find many shells and other artifacts. The Midden is estimated at 3500 years old. The tree there was also planted by the local Aboriginal people. All Aboriginal cultural places in NSW are protected by law. Aboriginal artefacts are also protected. It is against the law to disturb or destroy an Aboriginal place. Artefacts should not be removed from site.

Community
Scotland Island is one of two inhabited islands in the Sydney area. The island is accessed by the Church Point Ferry and private vessels. Most of the island consists of bushland, with a residential zone of about 350 houses around the perimeter foreshore. There are no shops, cafes or industrial zones.

The non-residential buildings are a kindergarten, Community Hall and Fire Station. The Child Centre and Community Hall were built by the residents in the 1980s and 1990s and are used for various purposes. Community groups on the island include a regular discussion group and an international folk dancing group. In 2006, an arts and film festival was organised on the island by the community. A fire in an art gallery in neighbouring Newport destroyed a collection of artworks created by artists living on Scotland Island and the offshore communities of Pittwater.

There is no road access to the island, so the volunteer fire brigade fulfill a number of essential services normally performed by full-time emergency service personnel in other areas of Sydney. The Scotland Island Rural Fire Brigade (SIRFB) is made up of volunteers: about 30 active (firefighting) members and about another 30 associate (non-firefighting) members.

In the, there were 711 people on Scotland Island. 63.2% were born in Australia, the next most common countries of birth included England 9.4%, New Zealand 3.1%, the United States of America 2.7%, Canada 1.3%, and France 1.1%. 84% spoke only English at home, the next most common languages spoken at home included German 2.3%, French 2.1%, Italian 1.4%, Spanish 0.7%, and Portuguese 0.6%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 61%, Catholic 12%, Anglican 9.1% and Uniting Church 1.5%; a further 7.7% of respondents elected not to disclose their religion.

Scotland Island is a renowned hub for Sydney artists and musicians. Notable residents include Continental Rob Suzs from 1980s Sydney soulsters, The Dynamic Hepnotics, and blues and roots singer Jackie Marshall.

Notable residents

 * Kristina Keneally, former New South Wales premier and Labor Senator Keneally and her family moved to Liverpool prior to contesting the local seat of Fowler at the 2022 federal election, but returned full time to the Island after her failure to win the seat.

Popular culture
Scotland Island was used as a location in Australian mystery/crime writer Peter Corris novel "The Greenwich Apartments", but was renamed Shetland Island.

Climate
Climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).

title: Scotland Island


text:
Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site

 Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, located at 81 Carl Sandburg Lane near Hendersonville in the village of Flat Rock, North Carolina, preserves Connemara, the home of Pulitzer Prize-winning poet and writer Carl Sandburg. Though a Midwesterner, Sandburg and his family moved to this home in 1945 for the peace and solitude required for his writing and the more than 30 acre of pastureland required for his wife, Lilian, to raise her champion dairy goats. Sandburg spent the last twenty-two years of his life on this farm and published more than a third of his works while he resided here.

The 264-acre site includes the Sandburg residence, the goat farm, sheds, rolling pastures, mountainside woods, 5 miles (8 km) of hiking trails on moderate to steep terrain, two small lakes, several ponds, flower and vegetable gardens, and an apple orchard.

Visitors to the site can tour the Sandburg residence and visit the dairy barn housing Connemara Farms' goat herd, representing the three breeds of goats Lilian Sandburg raised. From mid-June until mid-August, live performances of Sandburg's Rootabaga Stories and excerpts from the Broadway play, The World of Carl Sandburg, are presented at the park amphitheater.

The Memminger years
In the middle 1830s Christopher Memminger, of Charleston, South Carolina, took a tour of Flat Rock in an attempt to find a summer home. Unable to find a home he liked, he purchased land from Charles Baring, one of the more prominent landholders in the area. In 1838 he hired an architect to begin work on a large summer home in the Greek Revival style. The kitchen house and stable were actually completed first, in the summer of 1838. The house was not complete until 1839. A cook's house was added in 1841, a wagon shed in 1843, and an icehouse in 1845. An addition to the main house was constructed over the course of 1846–1849, and servant quarters were built in 1850.

Memminger called his summer home “Rock Hill,” possibly because the main house was constructed on the gradual slope of Big Glassy Mountain. In 1855, he had a stream in front of the house dammed up to create a small, artificial lake. The Memminger family spent most of their summers after 1839 at Rock Hill, not to be confused with Rock Hill, South Carolina. They lived there full-time from 1864 until the end of the Civil War. During the war, the house was fortified and used as a shelter for friends who needed protection from raids by Union soldiers and Confederate deserters turned bandits.

The Gregg and Smyth years
After Memminger's death, his son Edward sold Rock Hill to Colonel William Gregg, Jr., a Confederate veteran. During his ownership, he built new steps at the front of the house, since the originals had been removed during the war for defense. He also installed a bay window and fireplace mantles. The Greggs used Rock Hill as their summer home for about ten years before they sold it in 1900 to Captain Ellison Adger Smyth.

Smyth changed the name of the house from “Rock Hill” to “Connemara,” after his ancestral district in Ireland. The Smyths winterized the house and enclosed the porch to convert it to a dining room. They also painted the house green for a brief period and even installed an eight-hole golf course in the pastures. The captain and his family used Connemara as a summer home until 1925 when they decided to make it their permanent residence. Smyth died in 1942, and the house remained vacant until 1945.

The Sandburg era
Sandburg purchased Connemara on October 18, 1945, for $45,000. Mrs. Sandburg had been looking for a new farm in a warmer climate to raise her Chikaming dairy goats. When she showed Connemara to her husband, he reportedly said, “This is the place. We will look no further.” Upon buying the house, the Sandburgs immediately began remodeling. Contractors were hired to work on the heating, plumbing, electrical, the roof and the cement floor of the basement. The Sandburgs installed new chimneys and bathrooms, as well as dozens of bookshelves for his large library. They also repainted the house and installed a new indoor kitchen, having turned the original kitchen building into a three- car garage. The entire remodeling process lasted for some two and a half years. In addition, more than 42000 lb of personal belongings, primarily Sandburg's library, were sent by train from their old house in Harbert, Michigan.

The Sandburgs lived at Connemara from October 1945 to July 1969. Mr. and Mrs. Sandburg lived there along with their three daughters, Margaret, Janet, and Helga, as well as Helga's two children, John Carl and Karlen Paula. Sandburg published more than a third of his works while living at Connemara, and it was at this house he died of natural causes in 1967. After his death, his wife decided to sell Connemara to the U.S. government to preserve the house as a memorial to her husband. The Secretary of Interior and family friend Stewart Udall visited the house in October 1967, and Mrs. Sandburg signed a deed of gift in June of the following year. On October 18, 1968, President Johnson approved a congressional act making the home a historic site. The home officially opened to the public in 1974. The National Park Service restored the house and installed Plexiglas covers over the bookcases during the time between the purchase and its opening.

The site today
Today Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site attracts more than 85,000 visitors a year. The national park is open every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day.

The U.S. government has designated the goats a historic herd. About fifteen goats are kept on the farm at any given time. The interior of the home is arranged in a manner similar to how the Sandburgs maintained it during the 1950s.

The Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008, supported by North Carolina's congressional delegation, authorized the expansion of the site by 115 acre to protect the scenic view, create additional parking, and establish a visitor center.

The park features a writer-in-residence program started in 2010 with the support of the Friends of Carl Sandburg at Connemara. This program offers emerging writers an opportunity to live and work at the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site for three weeks during April.


text:
User talk:Tewdrig

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Tito xd 01:30, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Edit was a valid edit, but on what ended up being an old version of the page. As posted on Titoxd's talk page: It looks like I got fooled by the link I took here, which went to http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Katrina&oldid=22074472#Terrorist_Attack_Hypotheses. My edits were to that page, which had already been updated, so when my edits were submitted, it put stuff back in since I only deleted the second two with a note the first should probably go, and changed the link for Islamist and terrorist. Tewdrig 15:19, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * All right, no problem. I've been checking the diffs, and you're right, you tried to take it out, only that there were so many edits between the vandal edit and your revert that it didn't appear to be a revert. But no harm taken. I put the test3 template because we were under a heavy vandalism attack at the time you edited, and my fuse was already very short. I apologize. I hope this doesn't spoil your view of Wikipedia, and welcome. --Tito xd 00:26, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tewdrig


text: User:Johann Wolfgang/Wikistress/Status

title: User:Johann Wolfgang/Wikistress/Status


text: User talk:81.132.36.118

title: User talk:81.132.36.118


text: File:HenryMoore RecliningFigure 1951.jpg


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Scheyville, New South Wales

Scheyville   is a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It is located 54 km northwest of the Sydney central business district in the Hawkesbury local government area.

Military history
From 1965 to 1973, Scheyville was the site of Officer Training Unit, Scheyville (OTU Scheyville), established to provide training to meet the growing need for officers for the new conscripts called up for service under the national service scheme.

Parks
In 1997 large tracts of land in the area were dedicated as the Scheyville National Park. The area is named after William Schey, MLA, the Member for Redfern and later Darlington between 1887 and 1898.

The park is listed on the New South Wales Heritage Register.

title: Scheyville, New South Wales


text:
Template:Sportsdecadecat

{{Documentation | content = Creates a category for sports in a given decade, e.g. Category:1720s in sports

Usage
No parameters needed

title: Template:Sportsdecadecat


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Promenade (disambiguation)

A promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk.

Promenade may refer to:

Dance

 * Promenade (dance move), a basic dance move in a number of dances
 * Prom, or promenade dance, a formal/semi-formal dance party of high school students
 * Western promenade dance, a form of partner dance
 * Promenade position, a dance position in ballroom and other dances

Classical music and performances

 * Promenade concert, concerts originally in the pleasure gardens of 18th/19th century London
 * The Proms, an annual series of daily classical music concerts in the Royal Albert Hall
 * Promenade (musical), a 1965 musical by María Irene Fornés and Rev. Al Carmines
 * Promenade I, by Stephen Dodgson
 * "Promenade", a recurring movement in Pictures at an Exhibition by Mussorgsky
 * "Promenade", by George Gershwin, originally titled "Walking the Dog (Gershwin)" as a musical number for Shall We Dance (1937)

Albums and songs

 * Promenade (The Divine Comedy album), 1994
 * Promenade (Kevin Burke and Mícheál Ó Domhnaill album), 1979
 * Promenade (Street Sweeper Social Club song), 2010
 * "Promenade", a song by Everclear from the 2012 album Invisible Stars
 * "Promenade", a song by U2 from the 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire
 * "Promenade", a song by Underground Lovers from the 1992 album Leaves Me Blind
 * "Promenade", a 1976 song by Herb Alpert
 * "Promenade", a 1945 song by Leroy Anderson

Other uses

 * Promenade deck, a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats
 * Promenade MRT station, in Singapore
 * Promenade (shopping centre), in Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
 * La Promenade (Renoir), an 1870 painting

title: Promenade (disambiguation)


text: Category:2000s in sports

title: Category:2000s in sports


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title: Category:2010s in sports


text: Category:1950s in sports

title: Category:1950s in sports


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Sandy Point, New South Wales

Sandy Point is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 28 km south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire.

Sandy Point is a geographical formation on the southern bank of the Georges River, east of Deadmans Creek in south-west Sydney. Sandy Point is located in the Sutherland Shire, New South Wales.

The Sandy Point estate was created in 1925 and it was later adopted as the suburb's name. Sandy Point only consists of three streets; St George Crescent, Bingara Drive and Gambier Avenue.

Sandy Point has a Community Hall with squash courts and dancing classes, a Sandy Point Rural Fire Brigade Fire Station, local bus stop, and a park with a playground.

The south-western Sydney suburb is surrounded by bushland in the National Park which is a popular destination for bushwalkers.

Local residents worked together to create a community mural which is now on display at the Community Hall entrance.

Map of Location
Sutherland Shire Council website have an interactive map showing their suburbs, including Sandy Point.

Newsletter
Each house in Sandy Point receives a hard-copy newsletter which contains feature articles, events, advertisements for local businesses and more.

Sandy Point Progress Association
The Sandy Point Progress Association (SPPA) is the local community association providing a forum for discussing local issues that are important to the residents of Sandy Point and lobbying those responsible for change.

Residents have a say in what should be done within the local community. Meetings are 2nd Monday of every Month (except January) at the Sandy Point Community Centre.

Surrounding communities
Holsworthy and Pleasure Point are the adjacent suburbs. Voyager Point is also a neighbouring suburb, along with Hammondville, Wattle Grove, Moorebank, Menai, Lucas Heights, Barden Ridge, Bangor and Alfords Point. Further down and neighbouring is Heathcote, Engadine and Waterfall.

East Hills and Picnic Point are located on the opposite bank of the Georges River. There is currently no vehicle access to cross the river apart from the M5, Newbridge Road or Alford's Point Road. There is a footbridge in Voyager Point connecting East Hills across the river.

title: Sandy Point, New South Wales


text:
Sandringham, New South Wales

Sandringham is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Sandringham is located 18 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the St George area. Sandringham is in the local government area of the Bayside Council.

Sandringham is a quiet residential suburb on the western shore of Botany Bay, at the mouth of the Georges River. Cook Park runs along the eastern and southern border and the beach stretches from Dolls Point to Sandringham Bay. The Georges River Sailing Club sits on the foreshore. A small group of shops is located at the intersection of Clareville Avenue and Russell Avenue, on the border with Sans Souci and Sandringham.

History
Sandringham was originally known as Strippers Point in the 1830s, from the local occupation of tree-felling and bark-stripping. William Rust, bought a grand house on Rocky Point Road at Sans Souci from Thomas Holt (1811–88), which he turned into a luxurious hotel. Later, he moved to Strippers Point renamed it Sandringham and built the Prince of Wales Hotel. As an ardent royalist, it is thought he chose the name to honour Edward VII, the Prince of Wales who in 1872 was also building a royal residence at Sandringham, in Norfolk, England.

The area between Cooks River and Georges River was originally known as Seven Mile Beach. It was changed to Lady Robinson's Beach in 1874 to honour the wife of Governor Sir Hercules Robinson. Cook Park is named after Samuel Cook who advocated for public pleasure.

Landmarks

 * Sandringham Bay, Sandringham Baths
 * Cook Park, Clareville Reserve, Stan Moses Reserve, Scott Park, Peter Depena Reserve
 * Georges River Reserve

Population
According to the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population, there were 1,238 people usually resident in Sandringham. 31.5% stated they were born overseas with the top countries of birth being Greece 6.2%, China 1.9%, England and Egypt 1.7%. English was stated as the only language spoken at home by 62.4% of residents and the most common other languages spoken were Greek 16.4%, Arabic 5.1% and Macedonian 2.7%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 27% Eastern Orthodox Church 25.4%. No Religion 13.2% and Anglican 12.4%.

title: Sandringham, New South Wales


text: Category:1960s in sports

title: Category:1960s in sports


text: Category:1900s in sports

title: Category:1900s in sports


text: Category:1910s in sports

title: Category:1910s in sports


text: Category:1920s in sports

title: Category:1920s in sports


text: Category:1930s in sports

title: Category:1930s in sports


text: Category:1940s in sports

title: Category:1940s in sports


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Sadleir, New South Wales

Sadleir is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Sadleir is located 37 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool.

History
Sadleir was named after Richard Sadleir, the first mayor of Liverpool in 1872. Sadleir was part of the Green Valley housing estate, which was subdivided in 1960.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, Sadleir had a population of 3,135. The average age was 33, slightly lower than the national average, with higher than expected numbers of people in the 0-14 and 65 plus age groups. There was a significant housing commission population with around a third of the suburb's dwellings belonging to the Department of Housing. The median household income of $861	 per week was substantially less than the national average ($1438). In Sadleir 56.3% of people were born in Australia, with the most common countries of birth were Vietnam 7.2%, Lebanon 6.3%, Iraq 3.8%, New Zealand 1.9% and Fiji 1.5%.

Education
Sadleir Public School is the only school in the suburb. The nearest high school is in neighbouring Miller and Ashcroft, New South Wales.

title: Sadleir, New South Wales


text: Category:1970s in sports

title: Category:1970s in sports


text: Category:1980s in sports

title: Category:1980s in sports


text:
User:Guettarda/FHassanali

Fyzul Hassanali -

from Google cache

title: User:Guettarda/FHassanali


text: Category:1990s in sports

title: Category:1990s in sports


text:
User talk:Ketchupandcream

Was this your user page? --Fallout boy 01:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Hey. Kooi Tock Bing appears to be about you. I'd suggest you copy anything you like from it onto your user page, as it's likely to be deleted in accordance with the criteria for speedy deletion. You may want to familiarize yourself with that and the rest of Wikipedia's rules and guidelines, since those are always good things to bear in mind when you're editing pages. The Literate Engineer 05:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Kiand 20:43, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Recent Reversal...
Please stop. If you continue to remove legitimate warning messages from your talk page, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Falconus|Talk 21:03, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Kris 3.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Kris 3.jpg, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. --EEMIV (talk) 05:01, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Image:Kris 2.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Kris 2.jpg, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. --EEMIV (talk) 05:01, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Image:Kris 3.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kris 3.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. --EEMIV (talk) 17:07, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Image:Kris 2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kris 2.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. --EEMIV (talk) 17:07, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Image:Kris 4.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Kris 4.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. --EEMIV (talk) 17:07, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ketchupandcream


text:
Talk:Chagrin Falls (song)

I believe that the Tragically Hip didn't much like Chagrin Falls, and that's why they wrote the song, but I haven't yet found a NPOV way of saying so. The album is older now, and it's hard to find interviews online. --Jacqui M Schedler 01:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What's the point in having an article about this? THis is the sort of trivia that should go on the Phantom Power album article. Adam Bishop 06:05, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chagrin Falls (song)


text: Category:1890s in sports

title: Category:1890s in sports


text:
Sadleir

Sadleir may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Franc Sadleir (1775–1851), Irish academic
 * James Sadleir (c.1815 – 1881), Irish financier and politician
 * John Sadleir (1813–1856), Irish financier and politician
 * Lynette Sadleir (b. 1963), Canadian-born swimmer
 * Michael Sadleir (1888–1957), British author and bibliophile
 * Ralph Sadleir (1579–1661), English landowner
 * Thomas Sadleir (died 1607) (c.1536–1607), English landowner and politician
 * Thomas Sadleir (1882–1957), Irish genealogist and herald
 * Lionel Sadleir-Jackson (1876–1932), British army officer

Places

 * Sadleir, New South Wales

title: Sadleir


text:
Category:Tokusatsu films

This is a category list of tokusatsu movies.

title: Category:Tokusatsu films


text:
The Spit

The Spit could be:
 * Southport Spit, Queensland, a permanent sand spit that separates the Southport Broadwater from the Pacific Ocean
 * The Spit, New South Wales, an urban locality in the suburb of Mosman, New South Wales
 * Leslie Street Spit, a man-made peninsula in Toronto, Canada
 * Revenge of the Spit, a Ras Kass mixtape
 * The Spits, a Seattle based punk musical group
 * The Spitting Image, a 1998 book by Vietnam veteran Jerry Lembcke

title: The Spit


text: User talk:68.49.65.145

title: User talk:68.49.65.145


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stolen Artifacts from Asia found in Japan

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Though ostensibly there is a huge delete consensus, many of the delete voters seem to believe that content could be merged--since there is more than one article author this is not possible. Another reason for deletion given is the name--this can be solved by moving the article. One delete voter wanted deletion "per nom" although in fact the nominator was asking for merge suggestions.

There is therefore no consensus on a course of actions that can be performed under the GFDL. I therefore invoke the cornerstone of our deletion policy: When in doubt, don't delete.

This is a problem that cannot be solved by AfD. I ask those who think the content is useful to find a suitable article and merge, and those who think the title is wrong to move it to a new title and delete the redirect.

Closing is difficult, and it's easy to get it wrong. I would not oppose an early relisting of this article if anyone feels strongly that I have got it wrong. --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:06, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Stolen Artifacts from Asia found in Japan
Merge? While I do think the topic may have some merit, I don't think that NPOV can be achieved with that title, and I'm not sure the topic warrants its own page. Perhaps someone can suggest a good place to merge this material. -- Reinyday, 01:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete b/c with a merge, POV title would remain. Roodog2k 01:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'm not persuaded that the title is problematic enough to warrant deletion. On the presumption that the article is true, and items have been returned, they must have been at the least taken from Asia, and they certainly weren't borrowed! If they were 'taken' during conflict, they were probably stolen under any common definition. That the word might cause offense to some doesn't make it POV. Seeing as I can't think of a merge target, I'll abstain. -Splash 01:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "Stolen" refers to an unlawful act. While the "taking" of the artifacts in question was probably arguably unfair, it certainly doesn't seem to have been unlawful. Therefore "stolen" is inappropriate. (Not to mention that it is clearly offensive.) KissL 09:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, offensive title. The content may be added to Foreign relations of Japan, Sino-Japanese relations, and similar articles, in a more NPOV way. KissL 09:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You can't delete the edit history and keep the content. It's in violation with the GFDL. Merge and redirect to Foreign relations of Japan and/or Sino-Japanese relations as suggested above. If current title is a problem move to Stolen art in Asia before merging. - Mgm|(talk) 09:24, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV --Demogorgon's Soup-taster 09:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. per nom. DV8 2XL 10:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move, merge and redirect as per Mgm. David Sneek 12:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Stolen art in Asia is no better. Thats still POV.  The issue isn't with the word "Japan" its with the word "stolen". Roodog2k 14:07, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. How about we move it to Artifacts from Asia found in Japan, then merge the content into one of the above suggestions? -- Reinyday, 21:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merge any useful information into the appropriate articles. DO NOT REDIRECT; the name is POV and a redirect would be pointless as nobody will search for this topic under this name. Neutralitytalk 21:50, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * per Neutrality, delete and do not redirect. Cmadler 13:54, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Neutrality. But please see Japanese cultural artifacts controversy, which I just spent the last hour laboring over. Uncle Ed 15:11, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Phroziac (talk) 13:54, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. To verbose and over-detailed. This can be mentioned elsewhere. / Peter Isotalo 08:09, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Lead the Way (album)

Lead the Way is the second studio album by American rap supergroup, T.W.D.Y. It was released October 3, 2000 on Thump Records. It peaked at number 74 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was produced entirely by Ant Banks and Sonny B. It features guest performances by West Coast heavy-weights: Kurupt, Ice-T, Too Short, CJ Mac, B-Legit, MC Eiht, Luniz, King T, Dru Down and Cold 187um. T.W.D.Y. is composed of Ant Banks, Dolla Will and Captain Save 'Em. Ant Banks also performs drums and keyboards on the album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Lead the Way" (featuring Too Short & Vidal Prevost) - 4:38
 * 2) "X Files" (featuring B-Legit & Harm) - 4:32
 * 3) "Get That Paper" (featuring Askari X & Vidal Prevost) - 4:24
 * 4) "Wired Up" (featuring Yukmouth, Dru Down & CJ Mac) - 3:22
 * 5) "P.I." (Interlude) - 0:50
 * 6) "Shut Up" (featuring Ice-T, Kokane & Too Short) - 5:27
 * 7) "Boss Bitches" (featuring Sylk-E. Fyne, Conscious Daughters & Gripsta) - 3:33
 * 8) "Blue Suits & Badges" (featuring J-Dubb, Kurupt, Otis & Shug) - 4:12
 * 9) "No Win Situation" (featuring King T, Casual, G-Stack & Keak Da Sneak) - 4:04
 * 10) "Oh Boy" (Interlude) (featuring Ghetto Gomez) - 0:44
 * 11) "Game Shooters" (featuring E-40, Mac Shawn & Too Short) - 6:15
 * 12) "Never Sober" (featuring MC Eiht, Numskull, Otis & Shug) - 4:07
 * 13) "In the Ghetto" (featuring WC, G-Stack, Otis & Shug) - 4:07
 * 14) "Hoes & Tricks" (featuring Goldy, Kokane & Slink Capone) - 5:40
 * 15) "Let It Go" (featuring DenGee, T-Pup, Baby DC & Butch Cassidy ) - 4:28
 * 16) "Cali 4 Ni Yey" (featuring Too Short, Vidal Prevost, Otis & Shug) - 4:33
 * 17) "The Hook Up" (featuring Murder One, Smash, Kokane & Cold 187um) - 4:38
 * 18) "Hater Bob" (Interlude) (featuring Ghetto Gomez & The Madd Idiot) - 1:08
 * 19) "Me & Ski" (featuring E-A-Ski) - 3:04

title: Lead the Way (album)


text:
Fordson High School

Fordson High School is a secondary school located in Dearborn, Michigan, United States in Metro Detroit. It was completed in 1928 on a 15 acre parcel of land which was then the village of Fordson, named for Henry Ford and his son Edsel Ford. It is a part of Dearborn Public Schools.

History
Prior to the opening of the school, students attended the nearby Miller School. Henry Ford contributed most of the money that was used to build the school. Fordson was named as such since the community of Fordson was originally separate from Dearborn, prior to the year the school opened. The cost to construct the campus was $2,500,000. Ground was broken for the original school building in 1926 with representatives from each of the four entering grades participating. The senior class president was George E. Sarkozy, one of those that participated in the ceremony. The school was designed by architect Everett Lane Williams of the Detroit architectural firm Van Leyen, Schilling & Keough. The school building, designed in the Collegiate Gothic style, was inspired in part by the buildings of the University of Michigan Law School in Ann Arbor, Michigan as well as the Rushton and Apethore halls in Northamptonshire, England.

Henry Ford Community College began operations at Fordson High. The college initially held classes in the Fordson basement.

Fordson Tower
The Tower was constructed in 1926 and has been used for innumerable things. During World War II, the Tower was used to spot enemy aircraft that could have been headed for the River Rouge Plant, where tanks were in production. The media center used the Tower for archival storage, classes, and media center office space. Students of Fordson hung signs over the Tower including a "for sale" sign in the 1950s and the most recent in 1993 exclaiming Fordson's State Championship in football.

Renovations and additions
In 2005, an addition was adjoined to the northwestern body of the school. A cafeteria, ten classrooms including science and computer labs, and the replacement of the greenhouse comprised the new wing. The addition preserved the structure and appearance of the school by using the alternating dark and light limestone scheme and proceeding with the same architectural model developed from the school's inception. Consequently, Fordson received the Governor's Award for Historic Preservation and has been featured in many publications including the Masonry Institute of Michigan and the architects of the addition, TMP architecture.

In 2007, the athletic facilities underwent an extensive renovation. The natural turf varsity football field and the practice field on the eastern side of the athletic campus were replaced by AstroTurf surfaces. The track and tennis courts were also renovated. Beyond the tennis courts on the northern side of the campus, trees were planted when a seldom used sidewalk was demolished. Sarkozy field, the prior soccer field for the school was sold to the city of Dearborn for $800,000. The total cost before the sale was $1.6 million.

Present day
In 2009 the Wayne County Regional Education Service Agency issued a report strongly asking Fordson High's administration to only use Arabic when absolutely necessary to communicate to students and parents. The school district administration stated they disagreed with the decision and would not enact it.

As of 2013, the principal of Fordson is Youssef Mosallam, who was a graduate of the Fordson Class of 1994 and senior on the 1993 Class AA State Football Championship team. Fordson is located in Dearborn, the largest Arab community outside the Middle East, where more than 40% of the residents are of Arab ancestry. This is reflected at Fordson, where approximately, as of 2006, 95% of the 2,700 student body is of Arab ancestry. According to SchoolMatters, in 2006, 91.6% of students passed the Michigan reading test while 80.4% passed the math portion. Of the students taking the ACT, the average score was 19.7 out of a possible 36. According to the 2015 Mackinac Center Report, Fordson High School was ranked the 13th Best Non-Charter Public High School in the State of Michigan due to gains over the last five years of all subgroups.

In 2011 North Shore Films produced Fordson- Faith, Fasting, Football and the American Dream, highlighting the Fordson football tradition and its deep roots within the Dearborn community.

Campus

The campus has a Gothic Revival style design. The exterior of Fordson is made of granite and uses Briar Hill sandstone trim. The library has hand carved oak paneling, a fireplace, painted wall murals by Zoltan Sepeshy, tapestries and Jacobean fumed-oak furnishings and many bronze and marble statues including, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Nike, Niobe, Venus, and Mercury. The main entrance has ten busts that include philosophers, playwrights, and mathematicians like Plato, Aristotle, Aristedes, Sophocles, Homer, Demosthenes, Aesculapius, Euripides, Pindar, Archimedes, and Socrates. The main hall also includes a blue and gold Fordson Tractor with lettering of state champions imprinted on its top. The building features architectural sculpture by Corrado Parducci. Fordson's architecture was represented in the 1987 film, The Rosary Murders when the library and tower were displayed. The school also became recognized as a Michigan Historical Site in 1998.

The 1928 swimming pool uses Pewabic Pottery tile and formerly had a skylight. It houses swim team and physical education swimming classes.

Academic performance
In 1986, Tom Hundley of the Detroit Free Press wrote that the school "has a reputation for solid academics." In 1986, many students matriculated to Henry Ford Community College.

, according to Brian Stone of the Huffington Post, Fordson was "consistently praised" because larger than average numbers of its students, many of whom were from low socioeconomic backgrounds, matriculated to elite universities.

Programs
By 1986, the school established an English as a second language program for newly arrived immigrants. In 1986, the program had 46 students.

By 1986, the school established a program to defuse tensions between Arab and non-Arab students through periodic meetings.

Athletics
Fordson is a member of the Kensington Lakes Activities Association. Wayne Drehs of ESPN wrote that the football team uses a very aggressive style of play. The school's football team performed strongly since Fordson first opened. By 2003 the team had received 22 conference titles, four Michigan state titles, and four runner-up finishes; Christopher Lawlor of USA Today stated that the Fordson football team "traditionally is one of Michigan's top teams". In a 38-year period until 2006 the team lost four seasons total.

Its primary rival is intracity foe Dearborn High School. According to T.C. Cameron, author of the 2008 book Metro Detroit's High School Football Rivalries, the games have been "scrubbed for years at a time" and that the rivalry was "love-to-hate". Fordson High students perceive Dearborn High as being more affluent than Fordson. The rivalry was affected by the 2006 job change of Jeff Stergalas, previously the head coach of Fordson, into being an assistant coach at Dearborn High School. In 2015 both schools held food drives to coincide with the Dearborn-Ford football game.

It also plays against Edsel Ford High School while also having a longtime rivalry with Monroe High School, an opponent since 1928 when Fordson was established. The school's strongest program lies within its football team. Fordson Football has accumulated 4 state championships (1930, 1943,1971, 1993).

By 1986 some religious Muslim female students and their parents wanted separate physical education classes for girls, so the school established such classes.

State Champions

 * Fordson won the 1975 State Volleyball Championship albeit it was not an MHSAA-sanctioned tournament. The MHSAA started sponsoring volleyball in 1976.

Student body
When Fordson first opened, about all of the students were European American. For much of its history the students were immigrants of Greek, Italian, and Polish heritage, or other areas in Central and Southern areas of the continent. Many had parents working for the automobile industry. In 1986 the school had 1,755 students. The majority of non-Arab students, referred to as "Americans" or "Anglos" in the school parlance, were of Italian and Greek heritage, and were by then in their second and third generations.

Arab Americans had been in the student body since the establishment of the school, with the original generations prior to the late 1960s seeking to fully assimilate into the dominant culture of the area. By the 1970s numbers of Arab Americans increased. Numbers of students of Arab ancestry increased after the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War and the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. By 1986 Arab Americans were almost 40% of the student body, with Lebanese, Egyptian, Syrian, and Yemeni-origin students represented, with the first group being the largest. Some of the students fled strife and were relatively uneducated before coming to Fordson. Unlike previous generations, some students chose to avoid assimilation. Some felt that they were not meant to stay in the United States permanently. By 1986 the school had established a prayer room for students and began accommodating requests from devout students, such as exempting them from some classes. In addition to Arab immigrants, there were students of recent non-Arab immigrant backgrounds, including Albanians, Ivorians, Pakistanis, and Romanians.

Arab Americans made up over 90% of the student body, and as of 2012 Muslims made up about 97% of the students. In the 2000s, those of Lebanese Shia ancestry made up the largest group of Arab students. Among the Arab students were longtime residents as well as recent immigrants; as of 2002 the latter often ate lunch inside the student cafeteria. Longtime residents, who often ate lunch in off-campus restaurants, thought the recent immigrants, known as "boaters" meaning "fresh off the boat" in area Arab-American slang, had a lack of sophistication. In the words of Gary David and Kenneth K. Ayouby, authors of "Being Arab and Becoming Americanized: Forms of Mediated Assimilation in Metropolitan Detroit," the longtimers perceived the recent immigrants as being "nerdy".

To accommodate religious Muslims, the cafeteria offers halal food. In 2003 52 of 53 members of the football team were Muslim while the coach was Catholic, and players used Arabic on the field to issue commands. Around that period some Muslim players active during the Islamic month of Ramadan chose to break their fasts, which they would normally observe, in order to play in the games. By 2010 coach Fouad Zaban began holding football practice at night in order to make it easier for devout Muslims to participate during Ramadan. Zaban had received approval to do so from Fordson and DPS administrators as well as the Dearborn police department and area residents. In a 30 year period prior to that time, Ramadan had not coincided with the beginning of football season.

The film Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football documented the Muslim football players at Dearborn High; a 2003 USA Today article inspired a British Indian Muslim, Rashid Ghazi to produce and direct the film.

Traditions
Fordson has many traditions within its history. Every class that graduates from Fordson provides the school with a gift. The class of 1956 presented seventy-six flags representing members of the United Nations of that year. The flags have been used at every graduation since then with many other flags being donated over the years. Football has a strong tradition within the school and the helmet is a basic element of this example. The helmet at Fordson comprises yellow with two blue stripes over the top for the varsity team, one for the junior varsity team and zero for the freshman team. Also tradition, the stripes are made with electrical tape.

Winthrop Trip
Every spring since 1991, a few Fordson juniors and seniors have had the opportunity to travel by train across the country to Winthrop, Washington. They visit Liberty Bell Junior-Senior High School and teach the local elementary students about the history and politics of Michigan.

Notable alumni

 * Ed Bagdon, guard and linebacker for Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins; at Michigan State University; received 1949 Outland Trophy for being nation's top lineman
 * Chuck Davey, Michigan State University and Olympic boxer, boxing commissioner for state of Michigan
 * William Dear, Hollywood director, most notably of Angels in the Outfield and Harry and the Hendersons
 * Jim Dunbar, radio program director, talk show host, and news anchor; elected to National Radio Hall of Fame for work with KGO in 1999; portrayed in 2007 film Zodiac
 * Chad Everett (1955) film and TV actor, appeared in more than forty films and television series, including Medical Center (1969–1976)
 * Artie Fields (1939) bandleader, songwriter, record producer and jazz trumpeter
 * Thomas Forsthoefel, chair of the religious studies department at Mercyhurst College
 * Russ Gibb, concert promoter, most notably of MC5 and Iggy Pop
 * Robert P. Griffin, former US Senator, former Michigan Supreme Court associate justice
 * Joe Hamood, Houston Mavericks basketball player
 * Orville L. Hubbard, Mayor of Dearborn
 * Mike Iaquaniello, quarterback for Michigan State and NFL's Miami Dolphins
 * Marian Bayoff Ilitch (1951) founder and owner of Little Caesars Pizza and Motor City Casino; inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in 2008
 * Art James, television game show host; hosted Blank Check and The Magnificent Marble Machine; also announcer for a dozen game shows including Family Feud
 * Andrea Joyce, sports broadcaster
 * John C. Kornblum, diplomat, Ambassador to Germany, responsible for Ronald Reagan's historic speech in Berlin 1987
 * John Lesinski, Jr. former Congressman for Michigan (D, 1951–1965)
 * Mei Lin, chef, Top Chef Season 12 Winner
 * Adele Mara, actress, most famous for her role in Sands of Iwo Jima
 * Charles "Kid" McCoy, world champion boxer
 * Fadwa Obeid, Lebanese-American singer
 * Gino Polidori, Michigan's 15th District representative
 * Walter Reuther, President of United Auto Workers (UAW) 1946–1970, President of Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 1952–1955; named to Time's 100 most influential people of 20th Century; I-696 freeway in Michigan and library at Wayne State University named after him
 * Tom Saidock, defensive tackle at Michigan State University; played professionally for the Philadelphia Eagles (1957), New York Titans (1960–61), and Buffalo Bills (1962)
 * Robert Saleh, head coach of NFL's New York Jets; member of 2013 Super Bowl champion Seattle Seahawks
 * Tarick Salmaci, boxer, also featured on reality TV show The Contender
 * Martin Shakar (1957) stage, film, and TV actor, who has played on Broadway and Off-Broadway, and appeared in some television shows and more than fifteen films, including Saturday Night Fever (1977)
 * Amir Siddiq, American gridiron football player
 * Eddie Slovik, only American soldier to be executed for desertion since the American Civil War; executed during World War II
 * Alex Smail, played football for Detroit Lions and Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Jim Snyder, played baseball for Minnesota Twins from 1961–1964; managed the Seattle Mariners in 1988
 * Jerome Wiesner, president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 1971–1980 and science advisor to United States Presidents Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson

title: Fordson High School


text: Category:Tomoko Kawase albums

title: Category:Tomoko Kawase albums


text:
Al-Tijani

Al-Tijani may refer to:

 * Abdallah al-Tijani (fl. 1275–1311), Hafsid-era travel writer
 * Ahmad al-Tijani (1735–1815), founder of the Tijaniyya
 * Al-Tijani Yusuf Bashir (1912–1937), Sudanese poet
 * Muhammad al-Tijani (born 1943), Tunisian scholar

title: Al-Tijani


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gwat.tk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rob Church Talk 00:22, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Gwat.tk
nonnotable students web forum -- ([[User:Drini|☺drini♫|☎)]] 01:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom --PhilipO 01:43, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, Alexa rank is off the bottom of the scale. I suspect some relation to Ofiend.tk which mentions this site. -Splash 01:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per referer DV8 2XL 01:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Jaxl | talk 02:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not Delete, historical events on a forum. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.86.96.143 (talk • contribs) 22:59, 30 August 2005
 * What is the historical event? And can you give third party sources about this event? - Mgm|(talk) 09:28, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Drini. Can't think of a single reason to keep this. KissL 09:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, chronicles feud between non-notable sites. Filed with unsubstantiated POV language. - Mgm|(talk) 09:28, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, yet more forumcruft. the wub  "?/!"  14:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 17:15, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gwat.tk


text:
Template talk:Old VfD

Usage
Use oldvfdfull2 if the votepage is not under "Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/". It will allow you to direct link it.

TfD debate
This template survived a debate at TfD. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 02:10, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

This template is obsolete...
...due to the change from VfD to AfD. The new template is at Oldafdfull. This page probably should have been moved, but for whatever the reason, it wasn't. Please direct further edits and comments to that page and its talk page, rather than this one. --Blackcap | talk 03:34, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This template is not obsolete. It is used by many pages that still refer to VFD namespace. Dread Lord C y b e r S k u l l ✎☠ 12:29, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Very Handy
I've made another template for those very odd circumstances: Here is an example: --CyclePat (talk) 16:02, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Date linking
Why does this template provide clickable links to the date and year? Does it really matter if an article's AfD nomination happened on the same day as some sort of historical event? WhatamIdoing (talk) 00:33, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Old VfD


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Augustinian hypothesis

The Augustinian hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the Augustinian Proposal) is a solution to the synoptic problem, which concerns the origin of the Gospels of the New Testament. The hypothesis holds that Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist (see the Gospel According to the Hebrews and the Jewish-Christian Gospels). Mark the Evangelist wrote the Gospel of Mark second and used Matthew and the preaching of Peter as sources. Luke the Evangelist wrote the Gospel of Luke and was aware of the two Gospels that preceded him. Unlike some competing hypotheses, this hypothesis does not rely on, nor does it argue for, the existence of any document that is not explicitly mentioned in historical testimony. Instead, the hypothesis draws primarily upon historical testimony, rather than textual criticism, as the central line of evidence. The foundation of evidence for the hypothesis is the writings of the Church Fathers: historical sources dating back to as early as the first half of the 2nd century, which have been held as authoritative by most Christians for nearly two millennia. Adherents to the Augustinian hypothesis view it as a simple, coherent solution to the synoptic problem.

The Augustinian hypothesis addresses certain fundamental points of contention surrounding the synoptic problem, such as how reliable the early Christian tradition is, which gospel was written first, whether there were other unknown sources behind the gospels, to what extent, if any, the gospels were redacted, and to what extent the gospels were altered between the time they were originally written and the time the first surviving manuscripts appear. These and other matters are raised and alternate resolutions proposed by proponents of competing hypotheses, such as the Two-source hypothesis, its related Q hypothesis, the Farrer hypothesis, and others.

The main two areas of contention within the Augustinian community are whether Matthew was originally written in Aramaic using Hebrew script (see Aramaic primacy), or if the Greek text is the original, and whether it was Mark or Luke who wrote second. A modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis, known as the Griesbach hypothesis, agrees that Matthew wrote first and that Mark depended on Matthew, and does not dispute that the original text was in Hebrew thereafter translated into Greek, but argues that Mark also depended on Luke and therefore that Luke’s gospel precedes Mark's. Because of the similarity on primary points of contention, this hypothesis is also treated as a possible amendment to the Augustinian hypothesis.

Origin
The hypothesis takes its name from Augustine of Hippo, an early 5th century bishop and church father, who wrote: "Now, those four evangelists whose names have gained the most remarkable circulation over the whole world, and whose number has been fixed as four, ...are believed to have written in the order which follows: first Matthew, then Mark, thirdly Luke, lastly John." And: "Of these four, it is true, only Matthew is reckoned to have written in the Hebrew language; the others in Greek. And however they may appear to have kept each of them a certain order of narration proper to himself, this certainly is not to be taken as if each individual writer chose to write in ignorance of what his predecessor had done..."

Mark was famously dubbed by Augustine as "pedissequus et breviator Matthaei", the attendant and abbreviator of Matthew, in direct contrast to the view most commonly held in academia today, that Mark's gospel was the earliest. Augustine also discussed the commonalities between the Synoptic Gospels, including the identical language found in Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Augustine was not the first to articulate this view, as Irenaeus and Origen, among others, shared this ordering. However, Augustine is the earliest extant author to give a detailed scholarly textual analysis of the three texts' interdependence, and to articulate a theory for the express purpose of explaining this fact.

Ancient tradition
The Church Fathers who wrote about the order and authorship of the canonical gospels all supported some basic ideas of the Augustinian hypothesis. The fathers whose writings survive and who wrote about authorship are almost unanimous in agreement that Matthew the apostle was the author, wrote first, and did so for the Hebrews in their language. A number of sources in antiquity asserted that Mark wrote his Gospel after Matthew based on the preaching of Peter. Various elements of this tradition are found in the writings of Irenaeus, Origen, Eusebius, and others.

The text of the Gospel itself circulated with a title "According to Matthew", a tradition indisputably acknowledged before the close of the 2nd century. In addition, the title "According to Matthew" is found in the earliest manuscripts. A number of scholars have argued that the title must be dated no later than 125. Many contemporary scholars, however, believe it was originally anonymous.

The earliest surviving references to the gospel tradition are quoted by Eusebius (lived c. 263–339 CE), and different but related traditions appear in the works of Papias (wrote during the first half of 2nd century CE) and the works of Clement. A third ancient source, Irenaeus, also provides further information about the traditions, especially that of Papias, and possibly adds a third related tradition to the sources. These related traditions generally agree on the primary points of contention within the Augustinian hypothesis, though not without discrepancies. Rather than seen as a refutation to the hypothesis, instead these discrepancies are often cited in defense of the hypothesis because they counter the argument that the entire tradition is merely a repetition of Papias's original assertion (therefore, if he were wrong, the great many historical sources supporting the theory would be inconsequential). Instead, slight disagreement is actually in favor of multiple, near identical traditions.

Papias
According to Irenaeus, Papias was "a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp, a man of primitive times," who wrote a volume in "five books." The benefit of historical immediacy, as argued by D. H. Fischer is one of the key determinants of historicity, and the church father Papias is a very early source in regard to testimony that the Matthew wrote his gospel first. Papias wrote that: "Matthew compiled the sayings in the Hebrew language, and everyone translated them as well he could." (The 'Hebrew language' referred to by Papias has often been interpreted as Aramaic.)

It has been argued, because Papias does not cite an authority for his assertions concerning Matthew but does concerning Mark, that Matthew was already fully accepted at the time of his writings.

Clement
Eusebius also recorded an important tradition from Clement of Alexandria (died c. 213): "In the same volumes Clement has found room for a tradition of the primitive authorities of the Church regarding the order of the gospels. It is this. He used to say that the earliest gospels were those containing the genealogies [Matthew, Luke], while Mark's originated as follows: When, at Rome, Peter had openly preached the word and by the Spirit had proclaimed the gospel, the large audience urged Mark, who had followed him for a long time and remembered what had been said, to write it all down. This he did, making his gospel available to all who wanted it. When Peter heard about this, he made no objection and gave no special encouragement. Last of all, aware that the physical facts had been recorded in the gospels, encouraged by his pupils and irresistibly moved by the Spirit, John wrote a spiritual gospel."

This source claims multiple authorities of antiquity, not merely Papias; this is taken as evidence against the view that the testimony of the Fathers is based solely upon the witness of Papias. Furthermore the tradition of Clement concurs with the significant point of contention: Matthean priority. However, Clement conflicts with the Augustinian hypothesis concerning the order of Mark and Luke. The Griesbach hypothesis attempts to resolve the difficulty concerning this secondary point of contention by stating Luke wrote before Mark.

Irenaeus
Irenaeus, who was familiar with the work of Papias and who knew Polycarp and possibly even the apostle John, wrote: "Now Matthew published also a book of the Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect, while Peter and Paul were preaching the gospel in Rome and founding the Church."

Irenaeus gives here another tradition in accord with Papias, though containing more information. This has been taken as evidence of a third, yet harmonious tradition. However, Irenaeus places the composition of Mark after Peter's death, while Clement (and others, such as Origen and Eusebius) claimed Peter was alive and approved the work. Nonetheless, because the Augustinian hypothesis does not address whether Peter was alive at the time of the composition of Mark or not, this discrepancy is not a basis for objection to the theory.

An original Aramaic version of Matthew does not exist in the sense that no copy survives in the original language today. Many proponents of the Augustinian hypothesis hold that the current Greek Matthew is a complete translation of the original Aramaic Matthew. This theory has strong support in a number of Church Fathers. Papias, Irenaeus, Origen, Eusebius, Epiphanius and Jerome all agree that the original Matthew was written in Hebrew. Jerome even claimed to have seen the original Aramaic Matthew in the library of Pamphilus the Martyr. Eusebius wrote in c. 325 that Pantaerus found a copy of the Gospel of Matthew written in Hebrew in India, and that it had been left there by Bartholomew. In c. 376, Epiphanius wrote there was "no doubt" that a sect in Palestine still used the original Hebrew text "just as it was originally written." And, of course, Augustine also repeated this tradition. To these authors should be added Pantaenus, Athanasius, John Chrysostom, Cyril of Jerusalem, Gregory of Nazianzus, and others in agreement.

Augustinian revival

The Augustinian position, and the similar Griesbach hypothesis, has drawn recent interest, especially from B. C. Butler, John Wenham, W.R. Farmer, and others as an alternative solution to the synoptic problem, and has been employed as a scholarly refutation of Marcan priority, the Q hypothesis, and the two-source hypothesis.

Butler argued that accepting the priority of Matthew rendered it possible to dispense with the hypothetical Q document altogether, a position he supported by arguments concerning the inadmissibility of appealing to Q as a sound explanation of the cases where Matthew appears to be more original than Mark.

Likewise it has been pointed out that differences between the Synoptic Gospels are as easily explained by differing purposes of the authors than by forced redactions or omissions due to ignorance. Furthermore, against certain arguments that the “primitiveness” of the ideas within the Gospels is the determining factor in their literary interdependence, it is observed that defining "primitiveness" carries obvious difficulties.

Farmer argued that a modification of the Augustinian hypothesis the so called Two-gospel hypothesis, ordering Matthew-Luke-Mark, eliminated all reasons for the existence of Q, a position whose credibility was conceded by W.C. Allen and others. Bernard Orchard also developed the Two-gospel hypothesis and suggested a plausible historic scenario that merged its ideas with the historic evidence that underlines the Augustinian hypothesis.

Modern position in detail
Recently, modern scholars accepting some form of the Augustinian hypothesis have attempted to develop a detailed argument explaining the theoretical origin of the gospels. There was a perceived need for this in response to recent competing theories, expressed by Bernard Orchard: “the two-document hypothesis and the priority of Mark are still only hypotheses, not infallible dogmas, and they have stood secure for so long chiefly because no one has been able to offer any satisfactory alternative." Central to this process is the assumption that the gospel's development should be understood as a reaction to various developing needs of the early church.

John Wenham argued that, in the early Jerusalem Church, there would have been an early need for the production of a written record to augment the "atmosphere of spontaneity" within which the apostles, disciples, and eyewitnesses would have given instruction. The reasons for this, he asserted, were: the need for instruction when no qualified teacher was available, the need for consistency and accuracy in what was taught as it spread throughout the first scattered Christian communities, and for the basic need of evangelization. Wenham also argued that Matthew was a natural choice since, as a tax collector, he would have had the requisite literacy, as well as his first hand memories, and perhaps even notes. Others have observed that persecutions in Palestine, threatening dispersion of the Christians, would have been a motivating factor for a text of the life of Jesus.

The majority Hebrew makeup of the primitive Church has been seen as support of Aramaic primacy. Besides the traditional material (see above), other support for an Aramaic Matthew advanced in recent years includes the theory that the Medieval Hebrew gospel of Matthew in Even Bohan could be a corrupted version of the original.

Bernard Orchard identified the above period as a "first phase" of the development of the Gospels, distinguished from the subsequent phase by the events of the year 42:

 * A savage persecution of the Church, begun by Herod Agrippa I in AD 42, was the signal for the dispersion of the apostles now possessing in the Gospel of Matthew the necessary tool to support and confirm their preaching, while at the same time preserving their theological unity. The first phase was completed, and the second phase of the Church's expansion was about to begin with the mission of Paul.

Central to Orchard's characterization of this new second phase is the distinction between a primarily Hebrew orientation and a primarily Greek orientation, focusing not only on the Jewish converts to Christianity, but to the gentile converts as well. This, he argues, resulted in three key events: the translation of the original Matthew into Greek, the production of the Gospel of Mark within the context of Peter's preaching to Greek speaking converts in Rome, and Luke's authorship of his Gospel under the instruction of Paul. Cited in support of this are the comments of Clement, Irenaeus, and others who state that the Gospel of Mark was written by Mark, a follower of the apostle Peter, based on his speeches. Orchard countered the claim that the Gospel of Mark must have been written first, since it contains less information than Matthew and Luke, by positing that Peter elected not to speak on certain subjects, such as the birth and resurrection narratives, since he had not been a direct witness of those events.

The notion that Peter employed Matthew in his preaching was supported by B.C. Butler, but not by John Wenham, who instead explained the similar structure by arguing simply that Mark used both his recollection of his instruction from the Gospel of Matthew and his memory of the preaching of Peter to pen his own synthesis.

The association of the Gospel of Luke with Paul the apostle, which is witnessed by tradition, has led some to argue that Luke was with Paul during his imprisonment in Rome, or to at least place the date of composition prior to 70 and the fall of Jerusalem. The author of Luke also wrote in his prologue that he employed various sources in composing his work. Wenham argued that an excess of such material, along with the constraints of scroll length, was one cause of his noticeable omission of material found in Matthew and Mark.

An unusual modern scholar who supported the notion that the Synoptic Gospels were of an early date, specifically before 70, was John Robinson. Though generally considered a liberal theologian, his views in respect to the development of the Gospels were consistent with the Augustinian hypothesis. He wrote in his work Redating the New Testament that past scholarship was based on a "tyranny of unexamined assumptions" and an "almost wilful blindness," concluding that New Testament was written before 64, and that there is no compelling evidence and little evidence of any kind that anything in the New Testament reflects knowledge of the Temple's destruction. Furthermore, in relation to the four gospels, according to Norman Geisler:

 * "Robinson places Matthew at 40 to after 60, Mark at about 45 to 60, Luke at before 57 to after 60, and John at from 40 to after 65."

title: Augustinian hypothesis