text:
Max Pirkis

Max Pirkis (born 6 January 1989) is an English actor. After appearing in two stage productions during the early 2000s, Pirkis made his film debut in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003), after the film crew recruited him at his school, Eton College. In a critically praised performance, he won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in an International Film. Two years later, he was cast in the BBC/HBO television series Rome as Gaius Octavian, a role he held until 2007.

Early life and education
Pirkis was born in London on 6 January 1989. His mother is a publisher, and he has a sister. After being educated at Eton College, Pirkis began attending St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he read Theology and was captain of the college's football team, in 2009.

Master and Commander
Pirkis started his acting in school plays while attending Eton, though he never took them seriously. Although unsure what he wanted to do with his life, Pirkis was cast for his first professional role in 2002, when he appeared in the successful film, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. The hire occurred after production staff visited Eton to hire boys for the ship's teenage crew. Pirkis attended a workshop and auditions as "a joke", ultimately securing the part of the 13-year-old, eventually one-armed midshipman Lord Blakeney of HMS Surprise. Director Peter Weir thought Pirkis "stood out very early on, but not to the extent that you see in the film. That was a complete surprise." According to Pirkis, he was at first "nervous" about acting with Russell Crowe, but changed his mind when he realised that Crowe was "a pretty normal guy."

One of four teenage actors chosen for the film, Pirkis began researching the history of the Royal Navy and the Napoleonic Wars to prepare himself for the role, before ultimately spending six months shooting the film. Weir soon discovered that Pirkis had "an old actor's soul in his body," and consequently gave him more acting challenges. Because his character loses an arm, Pirkis wore a prosthetic stump on set; tucking his real arm to the side, he practised how to write and eat using only his left arm. Pirkis completed the amputation scene in two takes, thinking of the death of a family friend for inspiration.

Soon after being cast in Master and Commander, Pirkis was contracted to be represented by Hollywood talent agency ICM. The income he earned for the film was placed into a bank, making him wait until he turned eighteen. For his role, Pirkis received critical acclaim and won the Evening Standard British Film Award for Most Promising Newcomer and the Young Artist Award for Best International Performance by a Young Actor at the 25th Young Artist Awards. Pirkis was also nominated for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Male at the 4th Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards. Jeremiah Kipp of Slant Magazine praised Pirkis, writing that he "makes a winning impression as midshipman Lord Blakeney, a pugnacious one-armed lad who imitates the masculine bravado of Crowe and the bookish reserve of Bettany."

Rome
In 2005, Pirkis made his television debut. Until 2007, Pirkis played Gaius Octavian (later to become Caesar Augustus) in the BBC/HBO television series Rome. Many critics highlighted Pirkis and his character for praise. At the beginning of the first season, The Washington Post columnist Tom Shales remarked: "Played both knowingly and innocently by Max Pirkis, he gives the audience something it desperately needs... a character to root for, or at least care about." During the second series, Pirkis was replaced by Simon Woods in order for the show to depict an older version of the character.

Embankment Films
In February 2016, Pirkis was appointed head of acquisitions and distribution at Embankment Films.

title: Max Pirkis


text:
Talk:James A. O'Gorman

Untitled
Is the grave accent in "O`Gorman" actually correct, or should this article be changed to "O'Gorman"?

 * The latter. Moving. Thanks. -- Schaefer 06:19, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

"A" vs. "an"
it is a well-known grammatic rule that vowel-sounds are preceded by "an" rather than "a". Your assertion that we must adhere by an apparent typo that an United States Senate publication made is wrong.

Merriam Webster will explain: https://www.merriam-webstaer.com/words-at-play/is-it-a-or-an

"United" begins with a vowel sound. Therefore "an" is the proper indefinite article to precede it. SecretName101 (talk) 22:28, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Read the cited sources. If the United States Senate doesn't know how to refer to a United States Senator, no one does. It's A, not AN. Billmckern (talk) 22:32, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * English grammar is what we are discussing, and Merriam Webster is a rather definitive source on that subject. SecretName101 (talk) 03:46, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Perhaps in this instance the y-sound would be considered a consonant though, so perhaps a is indeed correct. SecretName101 (talk) 03:49, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Common name
Regarding the move of this page, James A. O'Gorman (57%) and James O'Gorman (38%) are the only iterations of O'Gorman's name that constitute over 5% of references to him on newspapers.com. Star Garnet (talk) 05:11, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:James A. O'Gorman


text:
Puviyur

Pooviyoor is a hamlet near Swamithope in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India.

title: Puviyur


text: Talk:PlayStation Portable piracy

title: Talk:PlayStation Portable piracy


text: File:Th6 album.jpg

title: File:Th6 album.jpg


text:
Harvel

Harvel is a village in the civil parish of Meopham in the west of the county of Kent, England. It is sited on the southern edge of the North Downs.

The village's name may derive from the names Halifield (Holy Field) or Heorot Field (Hartfield) mentioned in a Saxon charters. A collection of sarsen stones north of the village may be a prehistoric tomb but is more likely a natural group.

On 27 August 1950, Harvel, along with the village of Lenham, was one of the signal receiving points (between Calais and London) of the first-ever live television pictures from the continent.

It has a village green and pond, a cricket team, a village hall, a greyhound rehoming centre and a public house, called The Amazon and Tiger.

The local community was disheartened to learn that The Amazon and Tiger pub was officially closed down in 2021. Efforts were made by the community to secure an Asset of Community Value order to prevent the owners from converting the property into a residential building. Despite these efforts, the closure has had a significant impact on the area.

title: Harvel


text:
Insatiable (Prince song)

"Insatiable" is a song by American musician Prince and The New Power Generation, from their 1991 album Diamonds and Pearls. It is a slow, simmering ballad that often draws comparisons to 1989's "Scandalous!". The B-side was "I Love U in Me", which was originally the B-side to "The Arms of Orion". "Insatiable" was only released in the US as a 7" single, a 12" promo was sent only to Urban radio stations, and the track was not released to Pop radio stations. It performed well on the R&B chart, reaching number 3, but did not break the top 40 on the US Pop chart. Its single sales were moderate, and it received heavy airplay on Urban and UAC radio stations, but it did not make the Hot 100 Airplay (the R&B airplay chart did not appear until spring 1992).

Critical reception
In an retrospective review, Patrick Corcoran of Albumism wrote that "Insatiable" is "the kind of rich, lush ballad Prince has dropped since day one, dripping in desire and barely concealed lust." He stated that "showcasing the best falsetto since Curtis Mayfield's, it serves as a reminder of Prince’s vocal dexterity and prowess". Upon the single release, Larry Flick from Billboard remarked that "Cream" "has just barely risen to the top of the Hot 100 and Prince has already unleashed another jewel from his Diamonds and Pearls set." He also felt that on the song, "racy lyrics are balanced by a slow'n'grinding R&B instrumental foundation and acrobatic vocals. Overall, a highly sensual listening experience." A reviewer from People Magazine said it "sounds like Percy Sledge meets Peter Gabriel." David Fricke from Rolling Stone viewed it as a "sumptuous ballad". Scott Poulson-Bryant from Spin described it as "gliding retro-soul balladry".

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Randee St. Nicholas. It was published on Prince's official YouTube channel in September 2017, and had generated more than 2.1 million views as of January 2023.

Personnel
Credits from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, synthesizers, bass guitar, Roland R-8

title: Insatiable (Prince song)


text:
Myra Ndjoku Manianga

Myra Ndjoku Manianga is the Minister of the Interior of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He studied at the University of Nanterre in France. He was Secretary General of the State Security Committee. He is from Kasai-Occidental. He became minister in 2001.

title: Myra Ndjoku Manianga


text:
Bopfingen

Bopfingen (Swabian: Bopfeng) is a small city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in the Ostalbkreis, between Aalen and Nördlingen. It consists of the city Bopfingen itself and its suburbs Aufhausen, Baldern, Flochberg, Kerkingen, Oberdorf, Schloßberg, Trochtelfingen, and Unterriffingen. Bopfingen is famous for its landmark Ipf, a table mountain which is part of the neighboring Schwäbische Alb to the east. To the west it borders to Bavaria and the meteor crater Nördlinger Ries.

The first known settlers came to the area 8000 years ago in the Holocene. Also Celtic and Roman relics were found. It was first mentioned between 775 and 850 AD in a deed of foundation of "Traditiones Fuldenses" where it was called "Pophingen".

Mayors
Since February 2006 Gunter Bühler is the mayor of Bopfingen. Bühler is an economic geographer. Previous mayors:
 * Wilhelm Haas: 1840-1876
 * Wilhelm Dörr 1877-1899
 * Adolf Bergmüller: 1900-1903
 * Eugen Enslin: 1903-1936
 * Hans Ellinger: 1936-1945
 * Paul Merz: 1945-1947
 * Hans Ellinger: 1954-1973
 * Erich Göttlicher: 1973-1998
 * Bernhard Rapp: 1998-2006

Notable people

 * Wilhelm Meyder (1841-1927), born in Oberdorf am Ipf, Schultheiss (mayor) and Member of Landtag
 * Heinrich Hiesinger (born 1960), industrial manager, since January 21, 2011 Chairman of the management board of ThyssenKrupp AG

Sport

 * The Kartbahn or Breitwangbahn is a permanent motorsport racing track for karting and is located about 2km west of the town center. It was the former site of the Bopfingen Speedway, a motorcycle speedway track from 30 July 1972, which hosted significant events, including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1977 and 1981 and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1974. The track hosted a team called MSC Ipf Bopfingen from 1972 to 1984 and who were West German champions in 1974.

title: Bopfingen


text:
Mongolic

Mongolic may refer to:
 * Mongolic languages
 * Mongolic peoples, various peoples who speak Mongolic languages
 * Mongols, people who speak a Mongolic language in Mongolia

title: Mongolic


text: Category:South Asian swords

title: Category:South Asian swords


text:
Talk:Taw

Encoding
It isn't really clear to me why the unicode for the Arabic character is U+0637 (tah) rather than U+062A (teh), since they both appear on this page. The they different letters, or variants of the same one? Richierocks (talk) 11:15, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Interwikis
From my talk page:

Hi Amire80. I've reverted your interwiki removal on dewiki.

My rationale: It may be argued, whether to interwiki from enwiki Taw to de:Taw. But de:Taw has to interwiki to enwiki Taw, as the German article is about Hebrew Taw and the corresponding information can be found in enwiki Taw, despite the fact that the enwiki article covers a broader subject.

--Pjacobi (talk) 22:56, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This page is about a "pan-semitic" Taw. As far as i understand, only Aramaic and Breton articles are like this, so i left only interwikis to them. Interwiki links should be to articles that match as closely as possible.
 * I'm gradually going over all the related articles on all the international wikis and fixing it. It's a big mess now, but i am cleaning it up. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 23:06, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * From Help:Interlanguage links: "The activity of the bots also requires that interlanguage links are only put from an article to an article covering the same subject, not more and not less." --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 23:08, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * While I sincerely believe you are acting in good faith, I still disagree with your course of action.
 * This article is also about Hebrew Taw, see Taw.
 * We are writing an encyclopedia for humans, not for interwiki bots, which as far as I'm concerned, can rot in hell as they are doing as much damage as benefit.
 * The not a subset rule is clearly contraproductive, think about the many articles in biology, where different Wikipedia have their content at different nodes in the tree of life.
 * Last but not least, Help:Interlanguage links has no standing on dewiki. So, you shouldn't remove interwikis on dewiki quoting this page. (As it is neither policy nor guideline, it's also thin ice here).
 * --Pjacobi (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 23:38, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The real problem is here on the English wiki, which for some reason mixed up all the semitic alphabets.
 * Wikipedia is indeed for humans, and i, as a human, think that there's a lot of sense in linking only between equivalent articles. It seems quite weird to me to link an article about a Hebrew letter to an article about a Phoenician letter and its reflections in other alphabets. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 15:56, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Another thing: meta:Meta:Interlanguage links quotes Help:Interlanguage links. I don't see a reason not to see it as a policy applying to all languages. I think that it makes a lot of sense. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 19:33, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll address all three aspects: (1) This specific case, (2) the operation of unterwiki-bots, (3) applicable policies and guidelines.
 * AFAIK Taw is the place on enwiki, where the best information about Hebrew Tav can be found. This implies, that an interwiki link from de:Taw makes sense for human readers and will stay.
 * The first interwiki bots met resistance on dewiki just because they only got the simple cases right, but messed up more complicated ones. Consequently they were blocked! As the code seems to have evolved to be a bit more carefull, they are accepted now as necessary evil, with the occasional call to shut them down again, e.g. for blowing up watch lists while adding links to thousands of bot generated articles (what an irony!) on Volapük Wikipedia.
 * There is few policy applying to all WMF projects, and even to all Wikipedias. The only binding one formally put in place by the WMF is its mission statement. Then there are the pillars of "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia", NPOV, and NPA -- in effect by tradition and Jimbo decree. Then there are some more technical things, like the open proxy blocking. Nothing of this will give the enwiki guideline on interwikis a standing on other Wikipedias. And I even doubt, that the enwiki interwiki guideline will survice a check against reality and editor consensus.
 * There are few places to efficently discuss cross-Wikipedia issues. If you thing, more opinions should be heard on this, perhaps it would be best to bring it to the foundation-l mailing list.
 * --Pjacobi (talk) 14:23, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

TAW TO TAV
I think the headline of this page should be changed from taw, to Tav. It will give a better translation to Hebraic script. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mangostenmaster (talk • contribs) 01:58, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

I think it's wrong because in the Syriac Alphabet, it's pronounced TAW —Preceding unsigned comment added by Assyrio (talk • contribs) 05:16, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Some reverts traced to an old edit
That [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taw&diff=next&oldid=736276883&diffmode=source old version] had someone claiming that is actually optional, which is untrue, ever since anonymous IPs keep editing IPA transcriptions and falsely change standardized transliterations. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taw&type=revision&diff=900430991&oldid=900257207&diffmode=source] [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taw&type=revision&diff=900518077&oldid=900475445&diffmode=source] --Mahmudmasri (talk) 14:44, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

Tāʼ marbūṭah should be its own article
It deserves it. It has a history, which might be intresting. Or if that's not good, we can simply put it as a new section in the Arabic alphabet article. It also is used commonly in words, and should not just be a little blurb in a section. I was gonna consider being bold, but then I realized someone might be mad about it. Cranloa12n (talk) 20:23, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * You're more than welcome to be bold! The criteria for an independent article are established in WP:NOTABILITY; as a rule of thumb, two reliable, independent sources discussing the topic in significant detail as a subject in its own right qualify. You can always create a draft and submit it at WP:AFC. (In general, no one should "get mad" if you create an unnecessary article; they would nominate it for WP:AFD and move one. C'est la vie.)Note for future reference that this is not typically how RfCs are used. WP:RFC outlines how they usually work. One of the necessary features is a question of some sort — they generally ask editors to choose from a specific set of options (e.g. "Should X article say A, B, or C") — which is usually about specific article content, or general Wikipedia policies and guidelines. Whether or not an article should exist is generally not the purview of an RfC (that's what AfDs are for), especially before the article has been made. WhinyTheYounger (WtY) (talk, contribs)  02:46, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

oh ok Cool guy (talk • contribs) • he/they 13:32, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation of تاء مربوطة
The claim that it is silent is laughably false. It is 100% required in pausa according to تجويد rules (which under no circumstances admit short vowels in pausa) and retained in countless dialects. It is absolutely unacceptable to present certain urban pronunciations as definitive for الفصحى. 109.184.98.226 (talk) 09:06, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I’m talking about the [h] realization, obviously (although some dialects have [t] even outside إضافة). 109.184.98.226 (talk) 09:14, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taw


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apple Island

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge into Logan International Airport. brenneman (t) (c) 04:51, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Apple Island
This entry must refer to the small outcropping between the eastern ends of runways 27 and 33 at Logan International Airport which has some piece of airport equipment installed on top of it. Utterly unremarkable. Pilatus 20:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. Though it is an unremarkable geographic feature, and I would be inclinded to delete it as useless information, it looks like it may be notable to people who frequent the airport.  There is no reason to delete geographical features unless it's something like, "There's a rock in my backyard that I named Promitory of Syrae."  I think that this is an interesting tidbit, and if anything it should be merged into the Logan International Airport article. Syrae Faileas 20:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Unremarkable or not, this is a named geographic feature that someone somewhere might want to learn about it.  Wikipedia is not paper. Thatdog 20:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Logan International Airport per Syrae Faileas --Outlander 20:56, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Or add one more line in the Logan International Airport page. Wiki might not be paper, but it's not infinite either. - Hahnchen 01:07, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Logan article. Hardly deserves its own. --  Etacar11   02:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Logan International Airport. Proto t c 09:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Syrae. Nandesuka 12:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Middle Eastern swords

This category is for swords and swordcraft of the Middle Eastern (and Mediterranean) tradition

title: Category:Middle Eastern swords


text:
Talk:Arms Crisis

"They did import them"
According to Jack Lynch speaking to the Dáil at : "'I also want to assure the House that these arms have not been imported, have not been landed in this country, and that the precautions I have taken will ensure they will not be landed.'"Do you have a different source? Demiurge 20:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Weren't they landed and then seized?

Lapsed Pacifist 01:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't know, but if they were landed then seized without any of them getting to their intended recipients, then the smuggling attempt did not succeed. Demiurge 08:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

"the perceived role of Fine Gael's Cosgrave in defending the institutions of the state" in the RTÉ programme on the topic it appears far from helping the state Cosgrave was supplying information to the British government. Given that the recent released documents support the proposition that the activity was sanction by the appropriate minister [of the government of the day] and that military documents also released support that Lynch was aware Cosgrave was involved in a treasonous act.

as a proud republican i cant see anything wrong at the time with importing arms to defend the irish people from attack Bouse23 (talk) 15:04, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Title
The title of this article is far too vague, it could apply to dozens of crises in various countries. How about Dublin Arms Trial, which I would regard as the title that would mean most to people who already know a bit about the case? PatGallacher 15:32, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It could certainly have an Irish geographic limitation added to the title, but the article is about more than just the Trial, so using 'Arms Trial' wouldn't be an accurate title--Rye1967 23:09, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I am surprised there is no mention jeanne (talk) 06:08, 7 April 2008 (UTC)in this article on Colm Condon, who was Ireland's Attourney-General at the time and who subsequentlyjeanne (talk) 06:10, 7 April 2008 (UTC) resigned in protest at the dismissals.I know a bit about this as I was once married to Colm Condon'sgreat-nephew.jeanne (talk) 17:36, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Nazi
What does it add to the article to say that somebody once claimed that Albert Luykx was a former Nazi? Are we meant to infer that the whole thing was a Nazi plot, or that Haughey, Blaney et al. were Nazis by association? If the inclusion of the fact has a definite purpose, it should be stated explicitly in the article. If it doesn't, it shouldn't be there. Scolaire (talk) 11:34, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

 * "somebody once claimed" is nonsense, he was a convicted Nazi and had been sentenced to death for it in Belgium and escaped from prison, describing him solely as a "businessman" is entirely misleading. It's now sourced x2, and theres no reason for you or anybody to remove that fact just because you don't like it. "Are we meant to infer that the whole thing was a Nazi plot, or that Haughey, Blaney et al. were Nazis by association?" that's laughable, I don't know how you made the leap to that? It's a simple description, just like it says he was a "businessman", he also happened to be a "convicted Nazi". It implies nothing but exactly what is says on the tin. IrishSpook (talk) 19:35, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, no, it's not just as simple as "does what it says on the tin." This is an article about the Arms Crisis of 1970. Luykx in 1970 was not a Nazi; he was a businessman. And it was in that capacity that he was involved in the attempt to import arms, as Haughey and Blaney were involved in their capacity as ministers, James Kelly in his capacity as army officer, and John Kelly in his capacity as republican leader. There is no suggestion, and there never has been a suggestion, that Luykx used former Nazi contacts to procure arms or anything of that nature. Therefore, describing him solely as a businessman is not misleading in the context of this article. The article talks about Haughey without any reference to the Moriarity Tribunal, or, indeed, to his dubious property deals in the 1960s. It should be the same for Luykx. If that "convicted Nazi" is left as it is, readers will infer that the attempted arms importation was in some way linked to Nazism. It's not laughable, and it's not a laughing matter. Scolaire (talk) 11:11, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Which IRA?
The article says that "Haughey even met with the IRA Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding" and that contact began in October 1969 (a couple of months before the split in the Anti-Treaty IRA). Should both categories be included, since Cathal Goulding was never a member of the Provisionals. Claíomh Solais (talk) 13:42, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I can't give you sources, though I'm very sure that they exist, but I do know that the people who were involved in the attempt to import arms – politicians and military both – were aware of the impending split and were determined that the arms would go to the "right" side. I can remember Neil Blaney being interviewed on television about twenty years after the event and saying, "well, we weren't going to give them to the communists, were we?"
 * The question you're really asking is, seeing that the time-span straddles two IRAs (or rather, two Wikipedia articles: you won't find a reference to an organisation called "Irish Republican Army 1922–69" in any reliable sources), should we not have two templates and two cats? My answer would be that Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy. If there are two candidates and one is clearly the more appropriate, go with that one. I confess am not a fan of these templates that have been springing up on Irish articles recently, but I would be very much against doubling them up in cases such as this one. Scolaire (talk) 15:22, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arms Crisis


text: User talk:84.230.69.73

title: User talk:84.230.69.73


text:
Talk:Delusional parasitosis

References to self-diagnosis in the context of a persistent psychosis are confusing and should be revised out
The article contains references to self-diagnosis. For example, "Since the early 2000s, a strong internet presence has led to increasing self-diagnosis." I believe that for example that sentence is trying to say something to the effect that more people begin to experience this delusion after exposure to it online, that they are self-diagnosing nonexistent myiasis. But the phrasing instead seems to say they're self-diagnosing with delusional parasitosis, when anosognosia is an inherent trait of the disorder, making self-diagnosis impossible. Likewise "Morgellons is considered to be a self-diagnosed subtype of this condition, in which individuals have sores that they believe contain harmful fibers." Self-diagnosing with morgellon's is similarly impossible by definition. In this case, the sentence seems to intend to cast doubt on the status of that disorder as a diagnosis by labelling it "merely self-diagnosed." That bias then leads to the contradictory statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.190.13.201 (talk) 07:42, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The article can be edited by you as it is not currently protected. Ping to review the above suggestion. Azuredivay (talk) 08:02, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the ping; the cited text is from Moriarty, which is not freely available. I will locate the source (somewhere on my other computer, or buried in a file in my desk) and add some quotes so this can be clarified better, probably by the end of today. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  14:25, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I've located the source, and as our article reflects accurately what it says, there is no need to add quotes to the article. I have made these adjustments; the self-diagnosis is Morgellons. (It is unclear why the OP says, "Self-diagnosing with morgellon's is similarly impossible by definition.") From the 2019 source, which is a recent secondary review: Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  20:18, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the review. I made the right choice not making any edits myself.66.190.13.201 (talk) 06:14, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

after other types of delusions such as body odor or halitosis
Erm, halitosis can be very real and is described as such by the hyperlink in the word halitosis.

I do not content that the subject may believe these ailments to be much worse than they really are, but the article describes them as outright delusions, which they are not. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:8005:3B14:C6E:1AFB (talk) 13:37, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure you're parsing that text correctly, but if you were confused by it, so likely are others. Does this address your concern? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:52, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Delusional parasitosis


text: User:Kznf

title: User:Kznf


text:
Talk:Lye

Lutefisk
Hey

Lutfisk is generally Scandinavian, not just Norwegian.

Changing...

J — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.167.246 (talk) 20:26, 2005 August 30 (UTC)

Caustic lye as stain remove on porcelain?
Caustic lye. can it be used as a stain remove on porcelain ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.195.9.112 (talk) 13:08, 2007 February 23 (UTC)

Cleanup
This page was marked for clean-up per MoS:DAB, and deleted the following (IMO non-disambig) information:

Lye is also an ingredient in the synthetic drug, methamphetamine. -- it's not an ingredient, just used as a base to manipulate pH. Or so I've heard. ;-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.69.139.16 (talk) 15:16, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Historically, concentrated urine was used as a cleaning agent known as chamber lye. Because urine has some grease dissolving properties it was also used as a mordant in fulling, the preparation of woollen cloth for garment manufacture.

I also deleted the Category:Classical Names. – sgeureka t•c 21:38, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

NaOH?
I'm no chemical expert, but if the article states that it's NaOH, shouldn't it be merged with NaOH instead? Opinion from a chemist please. Somecrowd (talk) 04:26, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * (Not a chemist), Wikipedia doesn't have seperate articles for Water and H2O... Pokeman (talk) 09:16, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Anti-Merge: Not all Lye is NaOH
Yes a chemist. Comments: There are several different types of lye. Yes, chamber lye is urine. Potash lye is potassium hydroxide (KOH). Caustic soda lye is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Therefore, there are several types of lye that are not NaOH and it would be incorrect to merge Lye with NaOH. The reasoning for this is that not all lyes are NaOH. Similarly, not all lyes are sodium hydroxide, so it would be incorrect to merge Lye with Sodium Hydroxide.

This would be as incorrect as merging Bases into Sea Water. Technically, sea water and urine are both alkaline and are considered bases but Bases would be the master category and Sea Water and Urine could be sub-categories. Likewise, if a merge were forced, Lye would be the master category and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) would be one of many sub-categories.

The example of Water and H2O does not apply and is irrelevant because water is always H2O and vice versa. However, lye is not always NaOH. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.214.60 (talk) 02:55, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

From a materials scientist: if indeed lye is a master category and NaOH is just one type of lye, the article should be revised to incorporate the different types of lye (i.e. potash lye, caustic soda lye, etc). For now the article presumes that all lye is NaOH, which is apparently incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.153.252.230 (talk) 13:00, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Against - As a user I came looking for Lye and not NaOH and it met my needs. Had a look at NaOH and that article is more suited for a chemist or science lab. Byeboer (talk) 06:27, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, I see. The problem is the first scentence "Lye is a corrosive alkaline substance, specifically, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)." Pokeman (talk) 17:19, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I feel the opening sentence is still ambiguous. Could it be rephrased "Lye is any corrosive alkaline substance"? Or "a lye is a member of a family of corrosive alkaline substances"? The concise Oxford says:

 * "a strongly alkaline solution, especially of potassium hydroxide, used for washing or cleansing".

 * And Merriam Webster says:

 * "1: a strong alkaline liquor rich in potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes and used especially in making soap and for washing; broadly : a strong alkaline solution (as of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide)
 * 2: a solid caustic (as sodium hydroxide)"

 * So it seems clear that sodium hydroxide is at most only one possible meaning of the word. This is by no means clear from the article. Does the second sentence mean that lye was any of the alkalis leached from hardwood ashes? Rachel Pearce (talk) 08:57, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Anti-merge OK but the whole page should be simplified
Lye is a generic word describing highly basic ("caustic" = pH around 14) solutions which are usually based on sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in water (typical concentration 30 to 50%). "Solid" Lye is nonsense. I would recommend to keep this page pretty short and giving links (as it is now) to caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), potassium hydroxide (potash), where production processes should be described.Frade 14:27, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

UK/US usage
I believe that use of the word lye is now confined to the USA. In the UK, the word is regarded as archaic and the terms sodium hydroxide or caustic soda are used instead. Biscuittin (talk) 19:36, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Not quite. In the UK, it is used in an archaic or traditional *context*, and as such therefore refers mainly to KOH rather than NaOH.  If you went to a tannery in the UK, for example, and started talking about lye, they would all know what you are talking about.  As frankly would any well-read person.   This article is badly structured though: it needs to refer back to the articles on the specific chemicals themselves, and imo keep this article for those historical/traditional functions (which is something the single chemical articles tend to ignore) Tobermory (talk) 13:18, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that it is worth adding a note to the article about the regional usage of the word. I'm a native English speaker in England and had never heard the word until recently. I have heard it in an American film and on a bottle of drain cleaner imported from the USA, I came here to find out what it was due to the word being alien to me. 79.78.60.213 (talk) 79.78.60.213 (talk) 15:04, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Potash?
Under "See Also", shouldn't KOH be "Caustic Potash" rather than "Potash", which is K2C03? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.32.172.192 (talk) 02:40, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Fight Club?
Is there a reason fight club is listed in the "See Also" section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Resisty (talk • contribs) 23:18, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

In Fight Club, the main charachter places Lye on his skin to give himself a burn Thejapanesegeek (talk) 14:19, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

in Fight Club soap making is a major theme.--Paul the less (talk) 01:02, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * In Memento, instant film is a major theme. In Sleepless in Seattle, radio shows are a major theme. In Die Hard II, air traffic control is a major theme... need I go on? None of the latter articles should have the former in their See also seactions. Tomásdearg92 (talk) 14:59, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

"Hobbies"?
Any good reason why this is in Category:Hobbies? Sure, Lye can be used in one hobby, soap-making, but it's damn near everything can be hobby-related, by that criterion. It's not as though lye itself is a hobby. TJRC (talk) 22:07, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Silence, so I removed. TJRC (talk) 18:23, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
I removed a large section of text that was directly copied from this page, one of this page's references. This really damages the article, so it would be ideal if this text could be rewritten to avoid copyright violation. Alternately, someone could contact the copyright holder and ask for permission to use the text on this page. For more information, see wp:cv. Indeterminate (talk) 02:18, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Update - it might have been added by the copyright holder. The content was added in this edit by User:CertifiedLye. I'll email the copyright holder to check that it was donated properly. Reverted in good faith. Indeterminate (talk) 02:44, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Lye Water
Is it appropriate to mention lye water in this article ? There's currently no separate Wiki article on it. It's basically a simple solution of lye in water, used in some types of Asian and African cooking (but NOT meant for drinking). It's sold commerically in many stores, bottled and labelled very similar to drinking water, and there have been several cases of people getting severe throat burns from accidentally drinking it. Logicman1966 (talk) 08:17, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Dutch page (Natronloog)
I tried to add the Dutch equivalentof the page, but I got an error: "Site link nlwiki:Natronloog already used by item Q5369270". I do not know what this error means, but I wondered if someone who does could link the Dutch page to this one (the Dutch page links to the English page perfectly). Previous comment added by Special:Contributions/145.97.213.155 15:10, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The Dutch page refers to NaOH solution, not lyes (or their solutions) in general. Q5369270 refers to this article and its versions across various Wikipedias as recorded in Wikidata (there is no equivalent WP-en article). An explanation: nl:Natronloog is equivalent to de:Natronlauge, while en:lye is equivalent to de:Alkalische Lösung. Your attempt to link the Dutch and English articles would imply that the two German articles are equivalent. All this cannot be exactly true, so it spits out an error. Tomásdearg92 (talk) 02:21, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

food use
It would help the article a bit, I think, to have a picture of lye sold for food use, or of a home application of lye. Richardson mcphillips (talk) 01:19, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

German page
the german page is "natronlauge" (NaOH, potassium hydroxide) but should be the "Lauge" counterpart.

this would be "chemically" and from a linguisitc point of you be closer to the german use of "lye" - "Lauge". https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalische_L%C3%B6sung

It would help the article a bit, I think, to have a picture of lye sold for food use, or of a home application of lye. Richardson mcphillips (talk) 01:19, 7 March 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.64.228.99 (talk)

Missing? Category, "hair relaxer"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxer#Alkaline_and_lye_relaxers

Proposed merge with Sodium hydroxide
two full articles about the same substance Ijon (talk) 07:49, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

Technically, lye and sodium hydroxide are not the same substance. Lye can refer to any alkali metal hydroxide, preferabbly either NaOH or KOH, while sodium hydroxide explicitly refers to only the NaOH solution. DudeWithAFeud (talk) 18:43, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

I was a student of applied chemistry and chemical technology. sodium hydroxide is an well known term. on the other hand lye is used for several metal hydroxides. so its inappropriate to merge this two articles together. fe rdo us ''' (Chat!) 11:54, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

You said it yourself; they are two completely different substances. Both are full articles as well so merging wouldn't be too convenient at all. - '''Potato Ninja (Talk to me!) 16:01, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Use in photography
Just discovered a note in The Darkroom Cookbook mentioning the photochemical uses of Sodium Hydroxide. Red Devil Lye is specifically mentioned. Uses listed as a high-energy accelerator or alkali sometimes used to activate low-energy developing agents. Used with borax to make Balanced Alkali (Kodalk). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peoplemerge (talk • contribs) 18:57, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lye. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090206014343/http://fss.k-state.edu/FeaturedContent/CarcassDisposal/PDF%20Files/CH%206%20-%20Alkaline%20Hydrolysis.pdf to http://fss.k-state.edu/FeaturedContent/CarcassDisposal/PDF%20Files/CH%206%20-%20Alkaline%20Hydrolysis.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:31, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Line doesn't make sense
In the last paragraph of "Hazardous reactions" there is the line "lye may also react with —producing hydrogen gas." This doesn't make any sense, any idea what it's supposed to say? vghfr, harbinger of chaos 21:39, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lye


text:
Talk:Praetorian prefecture

The map shown in the article is not correct. The map certainly not show the situation in 350 AD, since the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum was divided in 379 AD, and this map show only eastern part of Illyricum. User:PANONIAN

--- --- --- Frankly, why referring to the Greek translation of Le Mond (sic!) Byzantin I - L'Empire romain d'orient (330-641)??? 89.56.34.175 (talk) 08:31, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Because that's the version I have, and that's the version I've used as a source. And yes, "mond" is weird, but its is written thus, so... Constantine  ✍  10:34, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

--- Should it not be praefectura praetoria in Latin? Is praetoria not the adjective to praefectura? 154.123.64.45 (talk) 14:17, 4 August 2017 (UTC) Mortran

title: Talk:Praetorian prefecture


text:
User talk:KeyStroke/Subpage 1

=Looking for guidance=

Help me out here a bit... I picked your name off the Normalization discussion group because I saw you took an interest in the topic and seemed to have been around a while. I do not think you made the edits, you have used your name in the past and the edits contain errors....

I notice that you and I have comparable job histories. I started in consulting in '82 at Andersen Houston. I am still doing it... lots of blah blah blah in between...

On the other extreme, I just made my 1st contribution. So I am looking for some mentoring.... you can contact me directly at bob.schmidt@wellpoint.com if you like. I am bschmidt in this site. =I placed:= EF Codd proposed the process of normalization in general and 1st normal form in particular in his extremely influential paper A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13, No. 6, June 1970, pp. 377-387. Copyright © 1970, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc

To put that paper into context, the first commercial computers were put into place in about 1952. COBOL was proposed in 1959 and first standardized in 1968. Codd is published in 1970. Codd's work is followed and perhaps eclipsed in 1981 by “Information Engineering”, James Martin and Clive Finkelstein, Savant Institute.

From Codd's paper…, "There is, in fact, a very simple elimination procedure which we shall call normalization." [His term eliminate is misleading, nothing is lost in normalization. Through decomposition nonsimple domains are replaced by "domains whose elements are atomic (nondecomposable) values." He uses the example of a person's "jobhistory" is replaced by lists of simpler elements such as "employer" and "title"],

That short selection emphasizes:
 * His conscious coining of the now very common term, normalization
 * His emphasis on solving the particular problem of what he called 'nonsimple' domains rather than making broader statements about semantics. Nonsimple is not a coinage that has stuck; it translates into 2005-speak as 'abstract data type' - a fittingly nonsimple term.

The concept of normalization is an essential milestone in the development of modern database design theory. Though Codd writes about data as strictly an input and output of data processing, you can find in his footnotes that he was beginning to think about problems as we do today. He writes, "Naturally, as with any data put into and retrieved from a computer system, the user will normally make far more effective use of the data if he is aware of its meaning." Amen. Bschmidt 15:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC) = For your convenience, I have pasted below the edited work =

History
Edgar F. Codd first proposed the process of normalization and what came to be known as the 1st normal form in his paper A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks Communications of the ACM, Vol. 13, No. 6, June 1970, pp. 377-387.

Codd stated:

 * There is, in fact, a very simple elimination* procedure which we shall call normalization. Through decomposition nonsimple domains are replaced by "domains whose elements are atomic (nondecomposable) values."

 * * His term eliminate is misleading, as nothing is "lost" in normalization.

In his paper, Codd consciously coined the term normalization and emphasized on solving a the problem of what he called "nonsimple" domains. The latter did not stick, and is currently referred to as abstract data type. Codd wrote about data as strictly an input and output of data processing, however, in some of his footnotes, he wrote, "Naturally, as with any data put into and retrieved from a computer system, the user will normally make far more effective use of the data if he is aware of its meaning."

My learning opportunity

 * 1) why can I not see who edited my work?
 * 2) I made a innocuous attempt at humor with the "AMEN" - out of bounds?
 * 3) I read your interest in keeping the discussion on point so I ask you in particular, do you feel that my pp 2 was too much. (My point is to show that Codd's work is a part of a rolling conversation and not an immutable law.)
 * 4) The other changes are permutations of the kinds of changes I am asking about above... except I wonder about the etiquette of stylistic changes. If the change is not based on an objective standard such as spelling ... then doesn't this process create a lot of disaffection?

Hope to hear from you... Bschmidt 03:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC) - Bob

title: User talk:KeyStroke/Subpage 1


text:
Giengen

Giengen (full name: Giengen an der Brenz; Swabian: Gẽänge) is a former Free Imperial City in eastern Baden-Württemberg near the border with Bavaria in southern Germany. The town is located in the district of Heidenheim at the eastern edge of the Swabian Alb, about 30 kilometers northeast of Ulm on the Brenz River.

Giengen is the hometown of the Margarete Steiff corporation, who invented the teddy bear.

Positioned on the Nuremberg-Ulm-Constance route, one of the main feeder routes of the Compostella Trail, Giengen is visited each year by an increasing number of walking pilgrims on their way to Santiago de Compostella.

History
The first documentary evidence of the town was contained in a chronicle of the monastery of Peterhausen that reported on the death in battle in 1078 of margrave Diepold II von Vohburg, lord of Giengen. In 1147, Adele, daughter of Diepold III, was married to Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa but was divorced after a few years due to childlessness. Frederick Barbarossa was an occasional visitor and resident and it was probably during his stay in 1171 that he granted market rights and the unicorn coat of arms to the town. Still referred to as a villa (village) in a document dated 1216, Giengen had seemingly attained city (civitas) status by 1252.

Free Imperial City (1395–1803)
The city was pawned more than once by successive emperors, and the counts of Württemberg and of Oettingen both vied for control over the city. It was only in 1395 that Giengen’s status as a Free Imperial City, independent of any lord but the Emperor, was finally acknowledged by all. In 1481, the city was exempted from the jurisdiction of any outside court. Giengen, which has been a member of leagues of Swabian Free cities since the late 14th Century, joined the powerful Swabian League when it was set up in 1488. The city took part in the League’s successful war against Württemberg in 1519.

According to the celebrated Reichsmatrikel of 1521 - the document that laid down the military and monetary obligations for each of the Imperial Estates – Giengen was obligated to contribute 2 horsemen, 13 foot soldiers and 60 gulden. That contribution ranked near the bottom on the list of the 85 Free Imperial Cities then in existence, reflecting the small size and modest resources of the city (by comparison, the contribution of nearby Ulm was set at 29, 120 and 600 respectively). Yet, Giengen was to be one of the 50 Free Imperial Cities that were to survive the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia and continue as quasi-sovereign entities until 1802-03.

Protestant Reformation
Like almost all the other Imperial Cities, Giengen was profoundly transformed by the Protestant Reformation, which made its way into the city-states before it did into the secular and ecclesiastical principalities of the Empire.

Even before the advent of the Reformation, there had been much discontent against the pervasive influence of the Church, particularly in the Free Imperial Cities that, while largely independent politically, had to contend with the control of the Church in religious matters such as tithes, ecclesiastical tribunals, etc., not counting the fact that religious property and the clergy, both secular and regular, were largely exempted from taxation and civic control. Therefore, a final break with Rome and the local bishop—in the case of Giengen, the Bishop of Augsburg—meant the end of a severe irritant and a significant increase in the political reach of the new Protestant cities and princes who, from then on, would have full control over the reformed clergy, tithes and religious regulations and foundations.

One Kaspar Pfeiffelmann was the first Protestant preacher to preach in Giengen, more specifically at the hospital church in 1528. In 1531, after having been repeatedly requested by local burghers to hire a permanent Evangelical (Lutheran) preacher, the Town Council finally hired preacher and reformer Martin Rauber. The City officially adopted the new Lutheran doctrine in 1537. Later that year, the famous reformer and theologian Martin Bucer from Strasburg visited Giengen. Catholic services were prohibited in 1556 and soon after, following the general trend already well underway in the other Free Cities, Giengen abandoned its conversion policy that relied on quiet persuasion and decreed that all Nonconformists such as the Anabaptists – deemed too radical and a threat to social order and religious peace – had to leave the city if they refused to convert to Lutheranism.

The city suffered heavily during the Thirty Years' War and was looted and ransomed repeatedly by Swedish, Imperial/Spanish and French troops and in 1634 a devastating fire destroyed much of the city. The last soldiers billeted in the city left in August 1650, more than a year after the signing of the Peace of Westphalia. Life very slowly went back to normal and money was found to rebuild the schools and churches. The visiting Duke of Württemberg was wined and dined during a visit in 1655: the tiny independent city-state was entirely surrounded by Württemberg territory and good relations with the dukes were important. The population of Giengen, which has stood at close to 2000 on the eve of the War in 1618, was back to 1200 in 1651 and to 1700 in 1671. From the year of the fire to 1672, some 206 individuals - 95 from the area, 20 from Ulm, 29 from Bavaria and 62 from the rest of the Empire - have purchased Giengen's citizenship (Bürgerrecht). A new tax code adopted by the Town Council in 1677 caused considerable popular discontent and following a complaint to the Aulic Council, an imperial commission composed of the count of Oëttingen and members of the Town Council of Ulm, Giengen's powerful neighbor to the south, ruled that the guilds should be involved in the decision process on taxation. The rule was to remain in force until Giengen ceased to be a Free Imperial City in 1802.

Eighteenth century
The 18th century was somewhat uneventful for Giengen and the city was relatively spared by the War of the Spanish Succession and the other wars of the century. Not much happened in the sleepy city: the belfry of St. Georg’s church’s was rebuilt after a fire and a new baptismal font was donated by a prominent citizen; an organ-making shop opened business; one Jakob Osswald and his daughter are beheaded for “incestua cum filia”. A 1734 survey showed that there were "130 horses, 150 heads of cattle, many pigs and 1,000 sheep" in the tiny Free Imperial City, which had a distinct rural character. In 1732, the city, imitating other Protestant states, took in 12 Protestant families that, along with hundreds of others, had been expulsed from Salzburg by the Prince-Archbishop. Emperor Charles VII stayed briefly at the Bürgermeister’s house in 1743, and on his way back from Italy in June 1788, Goethe stayed for two nights at the Goldenen Gans Inn, where he spent 2 gulden in victuals. The population then was about 1770, almost unchanged from a century earlier.

End of free imperial city status
In the course of the mediatisation of 1802-03, Giengen was not spared the fate of the great majority of the 50 Free Imperial Cities of the moribund Holy Roman Empire and the city lost its independence. On September 5, 1802, Duke Frederick II of Württemberg wrote to “the Mayor and Town Council of the Imperial City of Giengen” that “they should convince themselves of the necessity for Giengen” to be incorporated into his duchy. The following month, the Duke ordered his bailiff in Heidenheim to enter Giengen and take possession. At that time, the city - one of the 15 Free Imperial Cities to be absorbed into Württemberg between 1802 and 1810 - was home to 464 families, had 1,695 inhabitants, 354 houses, 119 barns, and a budget surplus of 6,000 gulden.

Mayors

 * 1819–1826: Johannes Oswald
 * 1826–1848: Martin
 * 1848–1851: Lorenz David Wencher
 * 1851–1860: Anton Fink
 * 1860–1891: Lorenz David Wencher
 * 1891-1929: Julius Brezger
 * 1929–1945: Christian Ehrlinger
 * 1945–1948: Adolf Kolb
 * 1948–1977: Walter Schmid
 * 1977–2001: Siegfried Rieg
 * 2001–2009: Clemens Stahl
 * 2009-2017: Gerrit Elser
 * October 2017-present: Dieter Henle

Notable people

 * Jacob Heerbrand (1521–1600), professor of theology, chancellor and prophet in Tübingen
 * Margarete Steiff (1847–1909), founder of the toy factory Steiff
 * Max von Zabern (1903–1991), district administrator and banker
 * Karl Gerold (1906–1973), journalist, editor of the Frankfurter Rundschau
 * Erich Ehrlinger (1910–2004), mass murderer, SS Brigade Commander and Commander of Security Police Russia Center
 * Ursula Späth (born 1937), patron of the National Association "Action Multiple Sclerosis ill patients" (BLACKBIRD), widow of Lothar Späth
 * Jörg Knoblauch (born 1949), entrepreneur and author
 * Jochen Klein (1967–1997), painter
 * Frank Zeller (born 1969), chess player, coach and author
 * Andreas Stoch (born 1969), lawyer and politician (SPD), minister of education in Baden-Württemberg 2013–2016
 * Franz Garlik, musician and actor

Freemen
The municipality of Giengen awarded the freemanship to the following people:
 * 1875 Johann Vötsch, teacher (1824 East Village – 1897 Ulm)
 * 1894 Josef Stocker, forester (1822 Bühlertann – 1895 Giengen)
 * 1902 Christian Baumann, senior teacher (1830 – 1913, born and died in Giengen)
 * 1906 Karl Rau, architect of town (1830 – 1913, born and died in Giengen)
 * 1908 Hans Haehnle, Commerce, member of the Reichstag (1839 Giengen – 1909 Winnental)
 * 1909 August Dieterlen, professor (1847 Gönningen – 1923 Stuttgart)
 * 1920 Georg Käumle, Rector (1853 Gärtringen – 1936 Stuttgart)
 * 1921 Dr. Paul Wörnle, forest official (1869 – 1937, born and died in Stuttgart)
 * 1929 Julius Brezger, mayor (1861 Giengen – 1930 Göppingen)
 * 1930 Lina Hähnle, founder and chairman of Bund für Vogelschutz, later transformed in Nature Conservation Union (1851 Sulz am Neckar – 1941 Giengen)
 * 1977 Walter Schmid, mayor (1910 – 1994 Giengen)
 * 1988 Hans Otto Steiff, producer (1919 – 1994, born and died in Giengen)
 * 2001 Siegfried Rieg, mayor (1977–2001).

title: Giengen


text:
Warfare system

Warfare systems are tactical systems and tactical mission-support systems, such as weapons, sensors, command and control, navigation, aviation support systems, mission planning, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, interior and exterior communications, topside design, and warfare system networks. Warfare systems may be found on naval vessels, military aircraft and other military hardware.

title: Warfare system


text:
Karaftu caves

The Karaftu caves (,کەرەفتوو) are an ensemble of artificially cut rock chambers located between Saqqez and Divandarreh, Kurdistan Province, Iran. The cave complex dates back to the 3rd or 4th century BC and is of major importance due to its Greek inscription; "one of the very few examples preserved in situ" in Iran.

Alongside the Bisotun Herakles, it represents one of the only extant Seleucid rock-cut artworks.

The rock-cut cave complex dates to the Seleucid era, and likely served as a Seleucid garrison.

UNESCO
This cave was registered as one of Iran's national monuments on February 10, 1940 with registration number 330. Also, this cave was registered in UNESCO's temporary world list on November 15, 2022.

title: Karaftu caves


text:
Eurasian brown bear

The Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is one of the most common subspecies of the brown bear, and is found in much of Eurasia. It is also called the European brown bear, common brown bear, common bear, and colloquially by many other names. The genetic diversity of present-day brown bears (Ursus arctos) has been extensively studied over the years and appears to be geographically structured into five main clades based upon analysis of the mtDNA.

Description
The Eurasian brown bear has brown fur, which ranges from yellowish-brown to dark brown, red-brown, and almost black in some cases; albinism has also been recorded. The fur is dense to varying degrees and the hair can grow up to 10 cm in length. The head normally is quite round and has relatively small rounded ears, a wide skull, and a mouth equipped with 42 teeth, including predatory teeth. It has a powerful bone structure and large paws equipped with claws that can grow up to 10 cm in length. The weight varies depending on habitat and the time of the year. A full-grown male weighs on average between 350 and 500 kg, and reaches a maximum weight of 650 kg and length of nearly 2.5 m. Females typically range between 150 and 300 kg. They have a lifespan of 20 to 30 years in the wild.

History
Eurasian brown bears were used in Ancient Rome for fighting in arenas. The strongest bears apparently came from Caledonia and Dalmatia.

In antiquity, the Eurasian brown bear was largely carnivorous, with 80% of its diet consisting of animal matter. However, as its habitat increasingly diminished, the portion of meat in its diet decreased with it until by the late Middle Ages, meat consisted of only 40% of its dietary intake. Today, meat makes up little more than 10–15% of its diet. Whenever possible, the brown bear will consume sheep.

Unlike in North America, where an average of two people a year are killed by bears, Scandinavia only has records of three fatal bear attacks within the last century. However, in late 2019, brown bears killed three men in Romania in just over a month.

Species origin
The oldest fossils are from the Choukoutien, China, and date back about 500,000 years. It is known from mtDNA studies that during the Pleistocene ice age it was too cold for the brown bear to survive in Europe except in three places: Russia, Spain, and the Balkans. However, a newer study found that brown bears were present in France and Belgium during the Last Glacial Maximum as well, indicating they were not as restricted to southern refugia as previously thought.

Modern research has made it possible to track the origin of the subspecies. The species to which it belongs developed more than 500,000 years ago, and researchers have found that the Eurasian brown bear separated about 850,000 years ago, with one branch based in Western Europe and the other branch in Russia, Eastern Europe and Asia. Through the research of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), researchers have found that the European family has divided into two clades—one in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans, the other in Russia.

There is a population in Scandinavia that includes bears of the western and eastern lineages. By analyzing the mtDNA of the southern population, researchers have found that they have probably come from populations in the Pyrenees in Southern France and Spain and the Cantabrian Mountains (Spain). Bears from these populations spread to southern Scandinavia after the last ice age. The northern bear populations originate in the Finnish/Russian population. Probably their ancestors survived the ice age in the ice-free areas west of the Ural Mountains, and thereafter spread to Northern Europe.

Distribution
Brown bears could once be found across most of Eurasia, compared to the more limited range today. General habitats included areas such as grassland, sparsely vegetated land, and wetlands.

Although included as of Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (which refers to the global species, not to the Eurasian brown bear specifically), local populations, specifically those in the European Union, are becoming increasingly scarce. As the IUCN itself adds: "Least Concern does not always mean that species are not at risk. There are declining species that are evaluated as Least Concern."

The brown bear has long been extinct in the British Isles (at least 1,500 years ago, possibly even 3,000 years ago), Denmark (about 6,500 years ago), the Netherlands (about 1,000 years ago, although later singles rarely wandered from Germany), Belgium and Luxembourg, with more recent extinctions in Germany (in the year 1835, although singles wandering from Italy were recorded in 2006 and 2019),  Switzerland (in 1904, although a single was seen in 1923 and since 2005 there has been an increasing number of sightings of wanderers from Italy),  and Portugal (in 1843, although a wanderer from Spain was recorded in 2019).

Globally, the largest population is found east of the Ural mountain range, in the large Siberian forests; brown bears are also present in smaller numbers in parts of central Asia.

The largest brown bear population in Europe is in Russia, where it has now recovered from an all-time low caused by intensive hunting. Populations in Baltoscandia are similarly, albeit slowly, increasing. They include almost 3,000 bears in Sweden, 2,000 in Finland, 1,100 in Estonia and around 100 in Norway.

Large populations can also be found in Romania (around 6,000), Slovakia (around 1,200), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (1,200), Slovenia (1,100), North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Poland, Turkey, and Georgia.

Small but still significant populations can also be found in Albania, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro. In 2005, there were an estimated 200 in Ukraine; these populations are part of two distinct metapopulations: the Carpathian with over 5000 individuals, and the Dinaric-Pindos (Balkans) with around 3000 individuals.

There is a small but growing population (at least 70 bears) in the Pyrenees, on the border between Spain and France, which was once on the edge of extinction, as well as two subpopulations in the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain (amounting to around 250 individuals). There are also populations totalling around 100 bears in the Abruzzo, South Tyrol and Trentino regions of Italy. Bears from the aforementioned Italian regions occasionally cross over to bordering Switzerland,  which has not hosted a native population since its last bear was shot and killed in Graubünden in 1904.

Outside Europe and Russia/the CIS, clades of brown bear persist in small, isolated, and for the most part highly threatened populations in Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of northwest India and central China, and on the island of Hokkaido in Japan.

Cultural depictions
The historic distribution of bears and the impression the Eurasian brown bear has made on people are reflected in the names of several localities (some notable examples include Bern, Medvednica, Otepää and Ayu-Dag), as well as personal names—for example, Xiong, Bernard, Arthur, Ursula, Urs, Ursicinus, Orsolya, Björn, Nedved, Medvedev, and Otso.

Bears of this subspecies appear very frequently in the fairy tales and fables of Europe, in particular, tales collected by Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. The European brown bear was once common in Germany and alpine lands like Northern Italy, Eastern France, and most of Switzerland, and thus appears in tales of various dialects of German.

The bear is traditionally regarded as the symbol of Russian (military and political) might. It is also Finland's national animal; and in Croatia, a brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 kuna coin, minted from 1993 to 2023.

title: Eurasian brown bear


text:
Talk:Paradise, Nevada

Township Status
The township was created primarily to prevent the City of Las Vegas from annexing the Strip.

Hmm ... who created it, and why didn't they want the area to be part of Las Vegas proper? --Jfruh 20:30, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Conventional wisdom is that the casino owners didn't want to be part of the city's tax base, but I'm looking for a source, now... -Satori (talk) 20:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Couldn't find any source online that gives this history... I will search for an offline source if I get some time this weekend. -Satori (talk) 21:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Self Promotion
The admin Lucky 6.9 and user 89020 both seem to agree that making mention of a major business is self-promotion on my part, even though the only connection I have to the law firm of Jones Vargas is I live in the same metropolitan area. This seems to be a case of not knowing who this company is. The law firm is powerful and influential, and as the sole legal counsel of companies like Ford Motor Company and nVidia Corporation, it is not a small two-bit ambulance chaser firm. I feel it deserves mention as being located here, as the firm houses a number of pretty prominent people, ranging from Joe W. Brown, a member of the Nevada Athletic Commission to former Governor of Nevada Bob Miller. It is a significant company and I feel it should be mentioned. --Visual77 03:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me understand this better. You want to add the name of a law firm to the Paradise, Nevada page, because it is located there, and they have a lot of clients that are relitivly notable, but most people have never heard of, correct?  I don't think that is a good arguement.  Chexmix53 (talk) 22:24, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Unincorporated Township?
I don't really understand why Enterprise and Paradise are separate from Las Vegas, Nevada, and these articles do nothing to explain this. They also don't do anything to tell you where exactly their cutoffs are, with the exception of longitude and latitude lines (which most people don't know by heart). Does anyone know why these townships are separate, and can they explain? I heard a while ago it was so the City of Las Vegas couldn't annex them, but I don't know if that is true, or what it means. I see that someone else addressed this 3 years ago, but it hasn't been brought up since. Chexmix53 (talk) 22:25, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Anyone want to write the article on unincorporated townships in Nevada? It would take an article to explain since there are many reasons and conditions to annex or not annex county land into a city. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:26, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Invitation
You are invited to discuss something of importance to this article and WikiProject Las Vegas at the project talk page. 08OceanBeach S.D. 03:42, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Township again
The lead sentence said Paradise was part of Las Vegas Township, which I removed, since the minor issue of which muni court serves the area seems unworthy of such an awkward (and non-grammatical) mention in the lead sentence. Also, the history section says Paradise was granted township status in 1950. Are these two different types of townships? This should probably be explained.

I also think we should work Las Vegas into the lead sentence somehow for the purposes of POLA, like maybe: "Paradise is a census-designated place (CDP) in Clark County, Nevada, United States, encompassing an area that is commonly known as Las Vegas." Thoughts? —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 14:59, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

 * i would agree, but i'm still confused by the basic concept. the las vegas strip is technically NOT IN las vegas but rather in neighboring paradise, or las vegas as a whole is mostly INSIDE OF paradise, but treated differently b/c of this incorporated/unincorporated thing?

 * if the latter, then what does the final paragraph mean: "if Paradise were to be an incorporated city it would be either the fourth or fifth largest city in the state, AFTER LAS VEGAS (585,000)..."? say whu...?!  how can u compare them if one is inside the other?!

 * so i conclude it must be the former, then? las vegas and paradise are simply side-by-side, NO OVERLAP, with the "las vegas" strip being in the latter?  and that las vegas, the city, has a large (585,000) population completely OUTSIDE of the strip?

 * is THAT the idea? 209.172.23.109 (talk) 18:17, 21 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is exactly the case. Las Vegas and Paradise are separate entities. When people visit the Strip they tend to say they are in Las Vegas (and the "Welcome to Las Vegas" sign doesn't help matters) but they are really in Paradise (with the exception of the Stratosphere, which is the only Strip hotel/casino located in the city of Las Vegas). Downtown Las Vegas/Fremont Street are of course in Las Vegas.47.137.183.192 (talk) 06:10, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Regarding 'Las Vegas Suburbs.jpg'
This picture, which is currently used in the article, appears to be taken from the Stratosphere, facing ENE. None of the areas shown are actually in the Town of Paradise; they're either in the City of Las Vegas, or further out, the Town of Sunrise Manor. A small sliver of the Town of Winchester is visible on the far right. I'll try to track down a different picture that actually is within Paradise. --UED77 (talk) 20:57, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Demographics
The racial make-up figures for 2010 seem to add up to only about 85%. Something is presumably wrong or missing. Sussexonian (talk) 18:19, 7 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The remaining 14.6% identified as some other race. Toohool (talk) 20:46, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Allegiant Stadium Nevada.png

Rank of Paradise CDP
The census-designated-place data seem stated incorrectly. "Its population was 191,238 at the 2020 census, making it the fifth most populous CDP in the United States; if it were an incorporated city, it would be the fifth largest in Nevada". What dies it mean? How can this be the fifth most-populous CDP in the United States and also the fifth largest in Nevada? Dudshan (talk) 21:27, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It's meant to be read like this: if it [=Paradise] were an incorporated city, it would be the fifth largest [incorporated city] in Nevada. Lennart97 (talk) 18:45, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Good work, I thought so but didn't feel comfortable making that edit without research. Dudshan (talk) 04:25, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paradise, Nevada


text:
H-IIB

H-IIB (H2B) was an expendable space launch system jointly developed by the Japanese government's space agency JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It was used to launch the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV, or Kōnotori) cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station. The H-IIB was a liquid-fueled rocket, with solid-fuel strap-on boosters and was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan. H-IIB made its first flight in 2009, and had made a total of nine flights through 2020 with no failures.

H-IIB was able to carry a payload of up to 8000 kg to Geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), compared with the payload of 4000–6000 kg for the H-IIA, a predecessor design. Its performance to low Earth orbit (LEO) was sufficient for the 16500 kg H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV). The first H-IIB was launched in September 2009 and the last H-IIB was launched in May 2020.

Development

The H-IIB was a space launch vehicle jointly designed, manufactured and operated by JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to launch the H-II Transfer Vehicle. The system was designed to adopt methods and components that have already been verified by flights on the H-IIA, so that manufacturing the new launch vehicle would be more cost-effective, with less risk, in a shorter period of time. JAXA was in charge of preliminary design, readiness of the ground facility, and the development of new technologies for the H-IIB, in which the private sector has limited competencies, while the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was responsible for manufacturing. JAXA successfully conducted eight firing tests of the new cluster design with the simulated first-stage propulsion system, called Battleship Firing Tests, since March 2008, at MHI's Tashiro Test Facility in Ōdate, Akita Prefecture.

Before launch, two Captive Firing Tests were conducted on the H-IIB. The first test, which consisted of firing the first stage for ten seconds, was originally scheduled to occur at 02:30 UTC on 27 March 2009, however it was cancelled after the launch pad's coolant system failed to activate. This was later discovered to have been due to a manual supply valve not being open. The test was rescheduled for 1 April 2009, but then postponed again due to a leak in a pipe associated with the launch facility's fire suppression system. The test was rescheduled for 2 April 2009, when it was successfully conducted at 05:00 UTC. Following this, the second test, which involved a 150-second burn of the first stage, was scheduled for 20 April. This was successfully conducted at 04:00 UTC on 22 April 2009, following a two-day delay due to unfavorable weather conditions. A ground test, using a battleship mockup of the rocket was subsequently conducted on 11 July 2009.

By 2009, the development program of the H-IIB had cost approximately 27 billion yen.

Vehicle description
The H-IIB launch vehicle was a two-stage rocket. The first stage used liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as propellants and had four strap-on solid rocket boosters (SRB-A3) powered by polybutadiene. The first stage was powered by two LE-7A engines, instead of one for the H-IIA. It had four SRB-As attached to the body, while the standard version of H-IIA had two SRB-As. In addition, the first-stage body of the H-IIB was 5.2 m in diameter compared with 4 m for the H-IIA. The total length of the first stage was extended by 1 m from that of H-IIA. As a result, the H-IIB first stage held 70% more propellant than that of the H-IIA. The second stage was powered by a single LE-5B engine, which was also propelled by a hydrogen/oxygen fuel and oxidizer.

Launch history
The first launch of the H-IIB occurred on 10 September 2009 at 17:01:46 UTC. It successfully launched the HTV-1, which was on a mission to resupply the International Space Station (ISS).

title: H-IIB


text:
Talk:Tietê River

Expansion
I'm expanding this article based on the Portuguese FA. If anyone wants to help, feel free to continue.  F e  tofs  Hello! 13:40, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Wording..
I'm not familiar with the river, but I'm going to try to clean up the intro. It needs help from a native English speaker. Former text: "The name Tietê was registered for the first time on a map of the year 1748: the map d’Anville[2] ,In tupi, the name signifies "The truthful river", or " truthful waters[3]" 173.164.86.190 (talk) 18:29, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

 * There's more in the sources section I've found. I don't think "cobbles" is appropriately used, also. After a dictionary check it seems to be a made-up usage, although I have to admit I like the use. 173.164.86.190 (talk) 18:34, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Tietê River. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090727185621/http://www.transportes.gov.br:80/ to http://www.transportes.gov.br/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070622142807/http://wikimapia.org:80/#y=24579432&x=46606595&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2 to http://WikiMapia.org/#lat=-23.5723459&lon=-45.7356817&z=18&l=9&m=s

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:31, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tietê River


text:
Margaret Jean Anderson

Margaret Jean Anderson (August 7, 1915 – December 8, 2003) was a Canadian businesswoman and senator.

Born in Burnt Church, New Brunswick, she was president of the family business, W.S. Anderson and Company Ltd., a lumber company.

From 1972 to 1976, she was president of the New Brunswick Women's Liberal Association.

In 1978, she was summoned to the senate on the advice of Pierre Trudeau representing the senatorial division of Northumberland--Miramichi, New Brunswick. She sat as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada and retired at the age of 75 in 1990.

Anderson was also a member of the Miramichi Historical Society, past president of the UCW, former member of the Newcastle Curling Club and member of the St. James & St. John's United Church.

Anderson died in Miramichi, New Brunswick on December 8, 2003

title: Margaret Jean Anderson


text:
Nitro Mega Prayer

Nitro Mega Prayer is a screamo band from Japan, formed in 1999. They are best known for their 2005 release "Songs of Hypocrisy", as well as concert tours in the US and Japan.

Background
They started in January 1999 with Nakano (vocals), and Amano (guitar). They became a quintet with the introduction of Shimeda (guitar), Atsushi (bass), and Rinta (drums) in December 2000. Their intense and energetic live performances are characteristic of the Japanese screamo sound.

Discography and tour
In 2005, they finished a CD titled "Songs of Hypocrisy" in which the sound quality is much improved over their previous albums.

2005 brought a split CD with the Philadelphia screamo / chaotic hardcore band Balboa, which was released on Theory and Practice Records of Japan. Later both bands toured Japan together, including dates with Killie, Dipleg, 1000 Travels of Jawaharlal, Enslave, and Endzweck. This split CD showcased Nitro Mega Prayer's expansion of the Japanese screamo sound by incorporating electronic sounds and samples into the intricate mix of caustic screamo.

In March 2006, Nitro Mega Prayer completed on an East Coast tour of the United States with Balboa, and received critical acclaim for their "off the hook" performances. The Japanese only split saw official state-side release by Chicago indie label Forge Again Records.

Lyrical content and influence
Nitro Mega Prayer were influenced by the late 90s early 2000s hardcore/punk bands from Tokyo and Sapporo(Swipe, there is a light that never goes out, Nine Days Wonder, The Sun, Tiala, 100 Lots, Kulara) putting them in the second generation of Japanese bands that had been influenced by the Gravity Records, Dischord (Revolution Summer Era) and Ebulltion Records Sound of the 90's.

title: Nitro Mega Prayer


text:
Pfullendorf

Pfullendorf is a small town of about 13,000 inhabitants located 25 km north of Lake Constance in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire for nearly 600 years.

The town is in the district of Sigmaringen south of the Danube valley and therefore on the continental divide between the watersheds of the Rhine and the Danube. The area is known as the Linzgau.

Early history
Pfullendorf was founded by the Alamanni tribe during their third wave of settlement and might have been named after a clan chief named Pfullo. According to another theory, it was named Dorf am Phoul (Pfuol), meaning village on the Phoul.

The area around Lake Constance, particularly the Linzgau, Hegau and Vorarlberg, came progressively under the rule of the counts of Pfullendorf from the 8th century onward. The earliest documented bearer of that name was Count Ludwig von Pfullendorf, who is referred to as the ruler of the county of Hegau from 1067 to 1116. Presumably, Pfullendorf expanded due to its proximity to the counts' castle. Count Rudolf, a partisan of the future Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, was able to expand his family's possessions and they eventually owned fiefs from the Danube to the Grisons. Following the death of his son Berthold in 1167, Count Rudolf named the Emperor as his heir and then moved to the Holy Land where he died in 1181.

Free Imperial City
In June 1220, Emperor Frederick II elevated Pfullendorf to the status of Imperial City. However, the prince-bishops of Constance, as the biggest landowners in the Linzgau and patrons of several religious institutions such as  Holy Spirit Hospital in Pfullendorf, continued to exert significant political influence over the whole area. At the Council of Constance (1415), King Sigismund granted Blutgerichtsbarkeit ("Blood justice" or the right to pronounce sentences of death or mutilation) to the town, a status that confirmed the city as being answerable to God and to the Emperor only.

Starting in 1383, Pfullendorf ruled itself according to a constitution that gave decisive powers to the town guilds and provided for the annual election of the mayor. A 50-member “High Council” also elected annually, was vested with executive authority alongside a 17-member “Small Council” chaired by the mayor. With brief interruptions, this guild-based constitution remained in force until 1803 and was to serve as a model for other cities.

Pfullendorf became a member of the powerful Swabian League in 1488 and took part in the war of 1492 against Duke Albrecht of Bavaria. The city was assigned to contribute 4 footmen, 6 horsemen, 4 wagons and 8 tents for the campaign.

Like a few other small Free Imperial Cities in the vicinity of Lake Constance, Pfullendorf was comparatively untouched by the turmoil that engulfed Germany during the Protestant Reformation and it was to be one of the 12 Free Imperial Cities, out of 50, that was to be officially classified as Catholic at the Peace of Westphalia, that also explicitly stated for the first time that Free Imperial Cities enjoyed the same degree of independence (Imperial immediacy) as the other Imperial Estates.

End of the Free Imperial City of Pfullendorf
Like most of the other 50 Free Imperial Cities, Pfullendorf lost its freedom in the course of the mediatisation of 1803 and was annexed to the Margraviate of Baden.

The old hospital building in the center of town was sold and in 1845 (it now houses the restaurant Deutscher Kaiser) and a new hospital opened on the site of a former monastery near the Upper Gate. The city was connected to the railway network in 1873-75.

Pfullendorf remained an administrative center in the upper Linzgau until 1936. It then became part of the district of Überlingen, and has been a part of the district of Sigmaringen since 1973. During the administrative reforms that occurred from 1972 to 1976, the neighboring villages of Aach-Linz, Denkingen, Gaisweiler, Tautenbronn, Großstadelhofen, Mottschieß, Otterswang, and Zell-Schwäblishausen became part of Pfullendorf.

Culture
The German Army's Special Operations Training Centre (Ausbildungszentrum für spezielle Operationen) is located in Pfullendorf, as was the NATO International Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol School following its move from Weingarten to its closure in 1999. In 2001 the United States Army took command of the I-LRRP School in Pfullendorf and the name was changed to the International Special Training Centre (ISTC). ISTC is the International Wing (I-Wing) of the German Ausbildungszentrum Special Operations.

Twin towns

 * Allschwil in Switzerland since April 13, 1984
 * Saint-Jean-de-Braye in France since May 1, 1987

Notable Pfullendorfers

 * Wendel Dietterlin (c.1550–1599), mannerist painter, printmaker and architectural theoretician.
 * Hugo Rahner (1900–1968), a Jesuit theologian and ecclesiastical historian.
 * Roderich Kiesewetter (born 1963), former Bundeswehr general staff officer, now politician (CDU)
 * Daniel Schuhmacher (born 1987), singer and songwriter, DSDS winner for Season 6.

Sport

 * Achim Hollerieth (born 1973), former football goalkeeper, played 210 games
 * Sinan Gümüş (born 1994), footballer, formerly for Galatasaray, has played over 150 games

title: Pfullendorf