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Konstantin Somov

Konstantin Andreyevich Somov (Константин Андреевич Сомов; November 30 1869 – May 6, 1939) was a Russian artist associated with the Mir iskusstva ("World of Art") movement that began in the last decade of the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution, he eventually emigrated to Paris, along with other prominent figures in the Russian arts. In private life, he had a longtime, younger male companion, Methodiy Lukyanov, and an ambiguous artistic and personal relationship with a young boxer, Boris Snezhkovsky, whom he painted many times. In the 21st century, his paintings have sold in the millions of dollars. In 2007, Somov's The Rainbow sold at Christie's London for GBP 3,716,000 (USD 7.33 million), an auction record for a Russian work of art.

Family and education
Konstantin Somov was born on November 30, 1869, in Saint Petersburg. He was the second son of Andrei Somov, art historian and senior curator at the Hermitage Museum. His mother, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, came from the noble family of the Lobanovs. She was well-educated and a musician. She instilled in her children a love of theater, music, and painting. The Somovs had a large private collection of old prints, paintings and drawings. Young Konstantin dreamed of becoming an artist from a very young age.

While a student at the Karl May School in Saint Petersburg, Somov became close friends with Dmitry Filosofov. Alexandre Benois, also a student, later wrote that "Some kind of magic circle separated them from the others." Later, Filosofov was sent to Italy due to illness, and Somov, who had a hard time studying science, was withdrawn from the school by his father. At the age of 20, Somov entered the Imperial Academy of Arts, where he studied under Ilya Repin, from 1888 to 1897. While at the academy, he met Sergei Diaghilev and Léon Bakst.

Somov traveled to Italy in 1890 and 1894, and the two winters he spent in Paris, in 1897 and 1898, he later recalled as the happiest days of his life.

Somov's first major success came a year before graduation from the academy. Somov and Benois spent the summer of 1896 at a dacha near Oranienbaum, in the village of Martyshkino. The landscapes and sketches he created there were highly praised by critics and colleagues. That year he also created illustrations for the works of Hoffmann.

In 1897 he successfully completed his studies at the academy and went to Paris to continue his education at the Académie Colarossi.

World of Art, career success
thumb|150px|Portrait of [[Sergei Diaghilev|Diaghilev by Somov. ]]In 1898 and 1899, Somov was a founding member of Mir iskusstva (World of Art), a Russian artistic movement and magazine (edited by Diaghilev) that was a major influence on the Russians who revolutionized European art during the first decade of the 20th century. He served on the editorial board and contributed illustrations and designs.

For three years, from 1897 to 1900, he worked on his early masterpiece Lady in Blue (a portrait of Elizaveta Martynova), painted in the manner of 18th-century portraitists.

Along with landscape and portrait painting, watercolors, gouache, and graphics, Somov worked in the field of small plastic arts, creating exquisite porcelain compositions.

He had his first solo exhibition in Saint Petersburg in 1903 (162 paintings, sketches and drawings). Also in 1903, 95 of his works were exhibited in Hamburg and Berlin. In 1906, in a group show of Russian artists organized by Diaghilev, he exhibited 32 works at the Salon d'Automne in Paris. His work was particularly appreciated in Germany, where the first monograph on him, by Oskar Bie, was published in 1907.

During the 1910s, Somov executed rococo harlequin scenes and gallant scenes, as well as illustrations for books including poems by Alexander Blok.

Somov's modern idols were the English Pre-Raphaelites, Aubrey Beardsley, and James Whistler. His favorite masters of the past were French Rococo artists such as Watteau, Largilliere, Fragonard, and Boucher. His favorite poet was Paul Verlaine.

"By 1910, Somov was a famous and accepted painter, and just as every household of taste had a landscape by Benois and a dress designed by Bakst, so it had a miniature by Somov.…By 1917, judging by the high auction prices for his work…Somov must have been a rich man."

The colorful, festive visions created by Somov had a darker side. The Russian poet Mikhail Kuzmin noted:"Some kind of demon is constantly pushing the artist, as if a piece of a magic mirror from Andersen's fairy tale had hit him in the eye…Anxiety, irony, the puppet theatricality of the world, the comedy of eroticism, the variegation of masquerade freaks, the false light of candles, the sorcery-skull hidden under rags and flowers, automatic love poses, deadness and creepiness of amiable smiles—this is the pathos of a number of Somov's works. Oh, how not cheerful is this gallant Somov! What a terrible mirror he holds up to the laughing holiday!"

Alexandre Benois called Somov "one of the most delicate poets and one of the most refined masters of modern painting," even as he classified Somov's work as décadent and presciently wrote that "only with the decline of a culture do such figures appear as that of Somov…In virtue of all his merits and failings Somov may count… upon one of the most prominent places in the history of Russian painting…no other artist of the beginning of the twentieth century has mirrored with greater faithfulness the peculiar charm of our super-refined epoch, which knows so much and believes so little."

Le Livre de la Marquise
From 1907 to 1919, Somov drew over 120 ink drawings, some merely suggestive, some quite explicit, for multiple editions of Le Livre de la Marquise. The book is "an anthology of eighteenth century erotic French poetry and prose, and contains 56 works by some 50 authors, including excerpts from works by Voltaire, Parny, fragments from Les Liaisons dangereuses by Choderlos de Laclos and individual episodes from Casanova's Memoirs."

Among connoisseurs, Somov was given the nickname "Sodomov", to which the artist responded",The essence of everything is eroticism. Therefore art is unimaginable without an erotic basis." Commenting on one edition, the Russian academician A. A. Sidorov said that Somov "seemingly permitted himself everything from which Russian art had abstained.…the best of today's graphic artists has genuinely surpassed himself."

The most explicit edition was published after the Russian Revolution abolished censorship in 1917, which "gave Somov the opportunity of publishing a luxurious edition of the book with bolder illustrations…One of the best printing houses in St Petersburg, R. Golike & A. Vilborg & Company" produced 800 copies. "In addition, part of the run was printed in a special collectors' version with additional indecent illustrations which might even be described as pornographic."

Russian Revolution, move to Paris
"Somov's reaction to the revolution was negative…One by one his colleagues emigrated, his clientèle disappeared overnight, and his retrospective pictures became meaningless to the new artistic consciousness." Nonetheless he became a professor at the Petrograd Free Art Educational Studios (the renamed Imperial Academy of Arts) in 1918, and in 1919 he celebrated his 50th birthday jubilee with a one-man exhibition at the Tretyakov Gallery.

Living conditions deteriorated in Russia. His apartment was nationalized, and he was later evicted. He struggled to retain the rights to his art.

Somov left Russia in 1923 to accompany the seminal exhibition of Russian Art that took place in New York in 1924. In the USA, he became close to the family of Sergei Rachmaninoff and painted portraits of the composer and his daughter. He never returned to his homeland, declaring Soviet Russia "absolutely alien to his art." He chose instead to settle in Paris in 1925, joining the community of Russian émigré artists, writers, dancers, and musicians that included his old friends Benois, Bakst and Serebryakova.

An idea of the polyglot cultural milieu of Somov's Paris can be gleaned from a letter to his sister dated January 19, 1931:"Yesterday I dined at the Leons' with Henrietta and with the famous writer Joyce, who created a stir with his book Ulysses, incomprehensible and rather scandalous. At one time I tried to read it, but out of 700 pages (!) I read, with difficulty and without any pleasure, 150 pages and even the last chapter, in which there are 45 pages and it is all one phrase without one dot, comma, etc. Can you imagine! But this book gave him fame and prosperity. The Leons have long wanted to introduce me to him—before, I knew only his son, a young graduate student and swimmer. My impression of the father is not very great. Firstly, he is a wild alcoholic and his wife, who was present, trembled over him, no matter how drunk he was; secondly, he is almost completely blind, he sees out of the corner of one eye. Not very talkative, and slow."

Private life
As a child, Somov preferred to play with dolls and make costumes for them, and it was easiest for him to be friends with girls.

Despite his social connections, travels abroad, and his active participation in the art scene of turn-of-the-century Russia, Somov as a young man suffered from loneliness, as evidenced by a letter dated February 14, 1899, when Somov was 29, to his friend and colleague Elizaveta Zvantseva:"Unfortunately, I still have no romance with anyone—flirting, perhaps, but very light. But I'm tired of being without romance—it's time, otherwise life passes by, and youth, and it becomes scary. I terribly regret that my character is heavy, tedious, gloomy. I would like to be cheerful, easy-going, amorous, a daredevil. Only such people have fun, those not afraid to live!"

In 1910, when Somov was forty, he met 18-year-old Methodiy Lukyanov, who became Somov's closest companion and became part of the Somov family. He also helped Somov run his household and organize exhibitions, and served as Somov's trusted advisor and critic.

During World War I, the homosexual British novelist Hugh Walpole worked as a British correspondent in Russia. While in Saint Petersburg in 1915, Walpole formed a close friendship with Somov and in February 1916 moved into Somov's flat. Walpole left Russia on November 7, 1917, the day the Bolshevik Revolution began.

In 1918, Somov painted a large portrait of Methodiy Lukyanov sitting on a sofa in pajamas and a dressing gown, which is now in the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg.

In the spring of 1931, in Paris, Lukyanov fell ill with tuberculosis. In great distress, Somov wrote to his sister in Russia:"Every minute of my life is now torment—although I do everything I need to—eat, talk with visitors, even work a little—the thought of Methodius and the upcoming separation does not leave me. Now I absorb into myself his face, his every word, knowing that soon I will not see him again…Yesterday, lying on a mattress, on the floor by his bed, I tried to pray mentally—It's me! God, if you exist and care about people, prove, save Methodius to me, and I will believe in you! But it's all in vain."

After a year-long decline, a great deal of suffering, and an agonizing final day, Lukyanov died on April 14, 1932. In a letter to his sister, Somov wrote, "Methodius was buried yesterday…there are no words, how it was for me to return home alone…Today I began to live a new life—without Methodius."

In June 1930, Somov met Boris Mikhailovich Snezhkovsky (born 23 July 1910), who modeled for Daphnis when Somov created illustrations for Daphnis and Chloe. Snezhkovsky was henceforth referred to by Somov in his diaries as "Daphnis". Mikhail Seslavinsky in his Randevu (Rendezvous) quotes Somov speaking about Snezhkovsky: "My model, a Russian, 19 years old, turned out to be clever, well-educated and nice." During the course of the 1930s, Somov went on to paint his model on numerous occasions, both clothed and nude.

In a letter dated 28 February 1933, Somov wrote to his sister: "Two days ago, I finished a portrait in oil, a nu (half-length), and afterwards I painted a still life beside him: a mirror, behind him a chest of drawers, on which lay his shirt and vest, with a pair of boxing gloves hanging on the wall—the painting is not bad." Known as The Boxer, Somov's "not bad" portrait of Snezhkovsky was auctioned at Christie's London in 2011, where it realized GBP 713,250 (USD 1,104,111).

Somov was known for his ironic and self-deprecating humor. "I would like to become Ingres," he once said. "Or if not Ingres, then at least his little toe."

Somov died in 1939 at the age of 69. He was buried in the Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery, south of Paris.

Legacy
On June 14, 2007, Somov's landscape The Rainbow (1927) was sold at Christie's London for GBP 3,716,000 (at that time USD 7.33 million), an auction record for a Russian work of art.

In 2016, Russian art historian Pavel Golubev founded the Somov Society to preserve, study and popularize the heritage of Konstantin Somov.

Somov's diary (Dnevik) for the years 1917–1927, edited by Golubev, was published by Dmitrii Sechin, Moscow, in 2017, 2018 and 2019; the three volumes total over 2100 pages."The publication project that Pavel Golubev embarked on is a breakthrough in Somov scholarship, and its significance cannot be overstated.…Golubev's pioneering publication gives the reader unabridged access to the inner workings of Somov's creative process and unabashedly exposes the homoerotic context of his entire oeuvre. In addition to brilliantly deciphering and publishing a text written in minute and incomprehensible handwriting, Golubev overcomes a few additional textological challenges. For example… Somov's nephew…before he transferred the originals to the State Russian Museum in the late 1960s and early 1970s…crossed out potentially dangerous political facts and opinions and homosexual content, most of which the editor managed to restore.…Somov rendered sexual terms and descriptions in foreign languages, and after 1930 he mostly used a primitive shift cipher to encode such fragments…The contents of the volumes to follow promise to be even more fascinating as so much less is known about Somov's émigré years."

In 2019, to mark the 150th anniversary of his birth, the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg mounted the exhibition Konstantin Somov, which brought together over 100 works by the artist.

Also in 2019, Pavel Golubev curated the exhibition Konstantin Somov, Uncensored at the Odesa Fine Arts Museum in Ukraine.

In 2022, Golubev presented the colloquium "The Lady with the Mask: Homosexuality in the Art of Konstantin Somov" at the University of Pennsylvania. From the abstract:"The same-sex erotic theme featured in many of his paintings and drawings, virtually open homosexual lifestyle, and anti-Bolshevik political views made Somov a disturbing personage for the Russian art historians. As a result, his artworks and biography were heavily censored in the Soviet time, and the issue of the artist's homosexuality until present day remains painful for his representation in Russia."

Sources and further reading

 * Anonymous (1918). "Modern Russian Painters Who Inspired the Russian Ballet", The Touchstone, vol. 1, no. 1, April, 1918, pp. 36-42.
 * Aronian, Sona, guest editor. "Remizov, Part I", Russian Literature Triquarterly, no. 18, 1985; Somov is mentioned numerous times in this English translation of a memoir by Russian writer Aleksey Remizov. "Remizov, Part II" in RLT no. 19 is not available online.
 * Benois, Alexander (1916). The Russian School of Painting, translated from Russian by Abraham Yarmolinsky, New York: A.A. Knopf, 1916.
 * Bie, Oskar (1907). Constantin Somoff, Berlin: Verlag von Julius Bard, 1907.
 * Bowlt, John E. (1970). "Konstantin Somov", Art Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Autumn, 1970), pp. 31-36.
 * Diaghilev, Sergei (1906). Exposition de l'Art Russe, catalogue of the Russian exhibition at the Salon d'Automne, Paris: Moreau frères, 1906.
 * Green, Michael. Book review of Mir khudozhnika: Konstatin Andreevich Somov: Pis'ma, dnevniki, suzhdenkia sovremennikov, The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer, 1980), pp. 179-180.
 * Hart-Davis, Rupert. Hugh Walpole, London: Macmillan, 1952; references to Somov (here spelled Somoff), pp. 132, 135–139, 143, 145, 149, and 152.
 * Nazyrova, Djamilia (2018). Book review of Dnevnik: 1917-1923 by Konstantin Andreevich Somov, translated by Pavel Golubev, The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Spring 2018), pp. 210-211.
 * Ryan, Judith, and Thomas, Alfred (2003). Cultures of Forgery: Making Nations, Making Selves, Routledge, 2003, pp. 151-152.
 * Shcherbatov, Sergei, and Von Meck, W., editors (1903). Konstantin Somov/Constantin Somoff, exhibition catalogue, Saint Peterburg: Sovremennoe iskusstvo, 1903, 23 numbered pages, 60 plates, in Russian and French.
 * Sidorov, A.A. (1923). Russian Graphic Art during the Years of the Revolution 1917-1922, Moscow: Dom Pechati, 1923.
 * Williams, Harold Whitmore. Russia of the Russians, New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1915, p. 316.
 * Winestein, Anna (2005). Dreamer and Showman: The Magical Reality of Alexandre Benois, Boston Public Library, 2005.

title: Konstantin Somov


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Eric Lively

Eric Lively (born Eric Lawrence Brown; born July 31, 1981) is an American actor. He played the role of Andy Evans in Speak (2004), Carey Bell in So Weird (1999–2001), and Mark Wayland in The L Word (2005).

Early life
Eric Lawrence Lively was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He has a sister, actress Blake Lively, half-sisters Lori and Robyn Lively, and a half-brother, Jason Lively, who played Rusty in National Lampoon's European Vacation. He is the son of actor Ernie Lively (né Ernest Wilson Brown Jr.) and talent manager Elaine Lively (née McAlpin). All of his four siblings have been in the entertainment industry.

Career
Lively's first film was as a baby in the 1983 film Brainstorm. After graduating from high school, Lively moved to New York City to study photography, his first passion. He studied photography at Parsons The New School for Design in New York City. At one time, he was an Abercrombie and Fitch model.

He guest starred on an episode of Full House at age 13, where he played Stephanie Tanner's first boyfriend. He had a role in American Pie (1999). He followed this up on the television series So Weird, on which he played Carey Bell from 2000 to 2001. He learned to play the guitar for his character on So Weird. Lively then became a cast member of the short-lived 2003 Norm Macdonald series A Minute With Stan Hooper. In 2004 he acted in Speak with Kristen Stewart. In 2005, Lively was offered two different television roles – on 24 and The L Word. He took the role on The L Word as documentary filmmaker Mark Wayland. He chose a recurring role on The L Word over a regular role on 24 because he felt the subject matter was more important. He was part of the cast of the WB series Modern Men from March until May 2006. He was the main character in The Butterfly Effect 2 in 2006.

Lively played the president's son, Roger Taylor, in 24: Redemption, a television film prequel to the seventh season of 24.

He appeared as Pink's on-screen boyfriend in her music video "Please Don't Leave Me" in 2009, with stuntman Justin Sundquist serving as his stunt double. In 2012, he guest starred in the Lifetime series The Client List. In 2013 Lively played in A Madea Christmas as Conner.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eric Lively


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Category talk:Fictional religions

this seems to be a pleonasm: aren't all religions based on fiction (in opposition to scientific)?

 * I'm thinking it means religions in fiction, or religions whose existence is fictional - altho' the latter always seems to be a temporary category; put a new religion in a novel and sure enough someone somewhere will start practicing it, going so far as to say that the religion had always existed, and that the work's author merely "rediscovered" it. Cases in point are the worshippers of J.R.R. Tolkien's Valar and those who claim that the Necronomicon in H.P. Lovecraft's books is the real deal. SigPig 17:17, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional religions


text: Category:Defunct companies of Switzerland


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Digger Robertson

William "Digger" Roderick Robertson (6 October 1861 – 24 June 1938) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1885.

A native of the New South Wales town of Deniliquin, near the Victoria border, Digger Robertson was a right-handed batsman with a leg break bowling style. He made his first-class debut for Victoria against the English touring team in November 1884, taking 3 for 36 and 5 for 46. After the Australian team for the First Test in December refused to play in the Second Test, Robertson was one of eight Test debutants selected. However, he took no wickets, Australia lost, and along with four of the other debutants, he played no further Test cricket.

After an altercation with his East Melbourne captain Harry Boyle, Robertson moved to San Francisco, where he played for three turn-of-the-century California Cricket Association league clubs. In 1898 he captained the Bohemia Cricket Club to victory in the California Cricket Association championship. He scored one of the first centuries in California cricket history and played against the 1896 Australian Test side at the Presidio ground. He returned to Australia in 1899, and played successfully for many years for St Kilda Cricket Club in Melbourne. He died in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton at the age of 76.

authors: ابوالحسن راجپوت

title: Digger Robertson


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Regelation

Regelation is the phenomenon of ice melting under pressure and refreezing when the pressure is reduced. This can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice, with a heavy weight attached to it. The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally, permitting the wire to pass through the entire block. The wire's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved, so the ice block will remain intact even after wire passes completely through. This experiment is possible for ice at −10 °C or cooler, and while essentially valid, the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex. The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper, since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side to supply latent heat of melting. In short, the phenomenon in which ice converts to liquid due to applied pressure and then re-converts to ice once the pressure is removed is called regelation.

Regelation was discovered by Michael Faraday. It occurs only for substances such as ice, that have the property of expanding upon freezing, for the melting points of those substances decrease with the increasing external pressure. The melting point of ice falls by 0.0072 °C for each additional atm of pressure applied. For example, a pressure of 500 atmospheres is needed for ice to melt at −4 °C.

Surface melting
For a normal crystalline ice far below its melting point, there will be some relaxation of the atoms near the surface. Simulations of ice near to its melting point show that there is significant melting of the surface layers rather than a symmetric relaxation of atom positions. Nuclear magnetic resonance provided evidence for a liquid layer on the surface of ice. In 1998, using atomic force microscopy, Astrid Döppenschmidt and Hans-Jürgen Butt measured the thickness of the liquid-like layer on ice to be roughly 32 nm at −1 °C, and 11 nm at −10 °C.

The surface melting can account for the following:
 * Low coefficient of friction of ice, as experienced by skaters.
 * Ease of compaction of ice
 * High adhesion of ice surfaces

Examples of regelation
A glacier can exert a sufficient amount of pressure on its lower surface to lower the melting point of its ice. The melting of the ice at the glacier's base allows it to move from a higher elevation to a lower elevation. Liquid water may flow from the base of a glacier at lower elevations when the temperature of the air is above the freezing point of water.

Misconceptions
At least one 1992 article suggests it is a slightly misconceived misconception to ascribe regelation to ice skating. The problem with matching the (large) magnitude of the water-ice p-V gradient above the triple point boundary with the magnitudes of prevailing temperature and pressure in the case of the ice skating context applies equally in the context of the classic lab experiment with a copper wire cutting through an 10cm ice block with say a 28 swg wire. The misconception is not that these observations fail to be regelation but that regelation can be explained (solely) in terms of the magnitude of p-V gradient above the triple point. There is much more going on. Regelation is empirical—it is a phenomenon as was, for example, Brownian Motion before, during, and arguably even after Einstein modelled it. It has been so widely observed and described that we generalise to describing it in terms of pressure causing increased surface melting. The recognition of this phenomenon in all the mentioned contexts is not in doubt. Car tyres work in snow even though there is some increased surface melting because they have tread which allows water to be liberated.

Ice skating is given as an example of regelation; however, the pressure required is much greater than the weight of a skater. Additionally, regelation does not explain how one can ice skate at sub-zero (0°C) temperatures.

Compaction and creation of snow balls is another example from old texts. Here, the pressure required is far greater than the pressure that can be applied by hand. A counter example is that cars do not melt snow as they run over it.

title: Regelation


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Modern Men

Modern Men is an American television sitcom that premiered March 17, 2006, on The WB. The series stars Eric Lively, Josh Braaten, and Max Greenfield as three single men and lifelong friends, who hire a life coach to help them with their love lives. Wendie Malick played the life coach in the pilot episode, but when her series Jake in Progress was renewed, the role was recast with Jane Seymour. Marla Sokoloff and George Wendt are also part of the cast.

The series was created by writers Ross McCall and Aaron Peters. It is the first situation comedy by executive producer Jerry Bruckheimer. The show was canceled due to poor ratings.

Cast

 * Jane Seymour as Dr. Victoria Stangel
 * Josh Braaten as Timothy "Tim" Clarke
 * Max Greenfield as Kyle Brewster
 * Eric Lively as Douglas "Doug" Reynolds
 * Marla Sokoloff as Molly Clarke
 * George Wendt as Tug Clarke
 * Deanna Wright as Allie

title: Modern Men


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Mofet Institute

The MOFET Institute (Hebrew: מכון מופ"ת) is a consortium of Israeli colleges of education which specializes in "research, curriculum and program development for teacher educators". It was founded by the Israel Ministry of Education in 1983, as the Institute for Curriculum Planning and Teacher Training, and took its present name in 1988.

Located inside the Levinsky College of Education campus in Tel Aviv.

title: Mofet Institute


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Bhadrak district

Bhadrak is a district of Odisha state in eastern India. Bhadrak city is the headquarters and the largest city of the district.

Origin of name
The district is named after goddess Bhadrakali whose temple is situated on bank of Salandi river, 8km distant from the Bhadrak city.

History
Bhadrak District, located in the Indian state of Odisha, boasts a rich historical legacy dating back to the era of the Puranas, a period marked by flourishing maritime and agricultural prosperity in the region. One notable chapter in its history occurred at Rakta Tirtha Eram in Basudevpur, where a tragic incident unfolded during the struggle for independence. Under the leadership of DSP Kunjabihari Mohanty, British police forces were responsible for the loss of approximately 30 lives, including that of a prominent figure named Pari Bewa.

In the annals of Bhadrak's history, King Mukunda Dev stands as the final indigenous sovereign ruler of the region. However, after the year 1575, following the defeat of the Afghans by Raja Man Singh during the Mughal period, Bhadrak District underwent a transformation. It transitioned into a Subha and subsequently fell under the governance of the Nawabs of Bengal as the Mughals exerted their influence over the political landscape of Bhadrak.

Over time, Bhadrak District came under Maratha rule until the British Empire extended its dominion across the entirety of Odisha. This historical progression underscores the diverse and complex tapestry of Bhadrak's past, characterized by shifts in governance and significant events that left lasting imprints on the region's identity and heritage.

Following its attainment of independence, the history of Bhadrak has been marked by a multifaceted journey of progress across various sectors, encompassing Education, Industry, Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce. With the emergence of new opportunities and the advent of promising developments, Bhadrak has propelled itself towards the twenty-first century with a sense of optimism and the potential for further advancement. This forward trajectory reflects the region's commitment to growth and its aspirations for a prosperous future.

Bhadrak District boasts a wealth of historical sites and monuments, inviting visitors to explore its rich heritage. Among these, Palia stands out as the renowned location of the Biranchi Narayan Temple, while the Sri Radha Madanmohan Temple ranks as one of the district's most frequented religious sites. Notably, Aradi, situated just 10 kilometers from Chandabali, is celebrated for its Akhandalamani Temple. Chandabali, historically significant as the first port established in Odisha, adds another layer of intrigue to the region's cultural and historical tapestry. These sites collectively contribute to the district's allure for travelers and history enthusiasts alike.

On 1 April 1993, the Bhadrak District was established as an independent administrative entity, having been carved out from the Balasore District. This significant administrative change marked the district's emergence as a distinct and separate region within the state of Odisha, India.

Administrative Division
It consists of 1370 villages which constitute 7 Blocks. There are 6 urban bodies. They are Bhadrak and Basudevpur municipality and Dhamra, Chandabali, Dhamnagar and Agarpada NAC.

Geography
The district has an area of 2,505 km2. Bhadrak town is 125 km from the state capital, Bhubaneswar. Salandi River passes by this district. Baitarani flows by Chandabali town and falls into the Bay of Bengal at Dhamara.

Economy
Agriculture is one of the main source of income for the district. Also many people in the coastal area, from Dhamara of Chandbali Block to Padhuan of Basudevpur Block, depend on upon Fishing and marine services. The major fishing harbors are located at Dhamara, Kasia & Chudamani. Many people are also involved in business and service sector.

Tourist places

 * Bhadrak has a special identity for ERAM VILLAGE which is known as "2ND JALIANAWALABAGH". It is 07 km from Basudevpur. A memorial was built for the martyrs of Eram massacre.
 * Akhandalamani Temple is on the bank of river Baitarani, the Akhandalamani Temple is the abode of Lord Shiva. The Patana Mangala ( Lankeswari ) in Chatrapada village is famous for Mangala temple with the biggest pond of Odisha. Chief interest of the place is its legendary history. As the history runs, king Niladri Samara Singha Mohapatra started worshipping the God Akhandalamani some 350 years ago, when the black glazed granite stone was found underground and the king dreamt of the god. However the religious and historical significance with which the place is invested, constitute it to be a center of special interest in the tourism of Bhadrak. Moreover, the artistic carvings of the temple deserve special worth to the tourist. Surrounding the temple many fairs and festivals are organized, the chief among which is the Mahashivaratri. During this festival, tourists, including a vast chunk of pilgrims, flock into the core of the temple. On the month of Sravana, people from nationwide assemble here to pour the holy water on the Siva Linga and to offer their worship to Lord Shiva.  The Akhandalamani Temple is the principal source of the profitable development of the tourism industry of Bhadrak.
 * Dhamra Port is an ancient port on the banks of the river Baitarani, around 5 km from Kanika Palace. The highlights are the direction tower and some ancient structures.
 * Jagannath Temple :- Nilok This is a sacred place of Hindus (Vaisava).
 * The BIRANCHINARAYAN Temple (Lord Brahmha) is one of the most ancient temple of Odisha in PALIA village that have a distance of 13 km from Bhadrak in Bhadrak-Chandbali route. Every year between January – February (In Odia Magha Masa from the date of Magha Purnima/Aghira purnima/Agni utshav Purnima) a Three day Mela is observed around the temple. This the best time to visit the temple for Picnic or for Puja.
 * Bhadrakali temple is one of the religious temple in the district.
 * It is well known for its famous kalipuja in the Bhadrak city.

Transport
Bhadrak railway station is the biggest railway station of Bhadrak district and serves Bhadrak city. An important upcoming town in Bhadrak district is Dhamara, which is upcoming newly built mega-port of the district. New railway line from Bhadrak to Dhamra is constructed. Dhamra Airport is proposed to be built by the Dhamra Port Company Limited, 20 km from Dhamra Port

Also Chennai- Kolkata NH-16, State Highway 35,53 and 57 are passing through Bhadrak district,and also going to connect with NH-316A with Dhamara

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Bhadrak district has a population of 1,506,337, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 332nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 601 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 12.95%. Bhadrak has a sex ratio of 981 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.25%. 12.34% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.23% and 2.02% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 90.56% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 6.61% Urdu, 1.46% Bengali and 0.47% Santali as their first language.

Culture

 * Bhadrak is famous for Bhadrakali Temple, which is also now a great occasion over the district.
 * Betada is a place of Basudevpur block is also famous for Odisha's 2nd largest Goddess Lakshmi Puja after 1st Dhenkanal district. This place is 5km from Basudevpur of bhadrak.
 * Nalanga, a village in Gelpur Panchayat is famous for Lord Naleswar (Shiva). The Naleswar Temple is one of the oldest temples in Odisha. Nalanga is the birthplace of Lokakavi Jagannath Pani, the teacher of Baishnav Pani.
 * Kharida Binayakpur is another village in Basudevpur constituency of this district is famous for Maa Ankudeswari Temple and its Moha vishuba Sankranti, Ravan Podi during Durga puja also famous in this village.
 * Brahmangan, another village in Basudevpur constituency of this district is famous for its century-old Prasanna Khemeswar mahadeva temple and its melana jatra during Holi. Durga puja & Jagar also famous in this village.
 * Biggest Pond in Odisha and Famous Maa Patana Mangala Temple (Chhatrapada) is about 38.0 km (43 min) away from Bhadrak.
 * Banta, Basantia, Basudebpur blocks & villages respectively in which village various melas are organised in various days of the year out of which Panchuka Purnima which is celebrating in a very great fun of people in which boat is sailed in the big pond of Basantia village in the memories of Odia Sadhabas, who was going to make their business in the near islands like Java and Borneo, Indonesia for too many days.
 * Pirahat, the place in Tihidi block is historical and cultural area which is famous for Durga puja, Kali puja, and other festivals. Durga Puja of the village Barabatia completing 400 years shows the greatness of place. Many freedom fighters are also born in Pirahat. The Gandhi statue at Pirhat Kali Padia is the emblem of freedom fighters.

Notable people

 * Laxmikanta Mohapatra (1888–1953), poet, writer, nationalist from Talapada, Tihidi
 * Chakradhar Behera (1894–1973), leader of the Peasant Rebellion

Condition
Bhadrak district has been doing good in every consideration. A new palace type collectorate is constructed and being in service since 2016. The roads and environment is so clean to eyes. It has a large bus stand near Dakshinkali Temple and by NH-16.Every types of modern malls are there. It is the city of brotherhood between Hindu and Muslims. Both celebrate their ceremonies together with each other. In Puruna Bazaar there Budha Ganesh puja is celebrated by both Hindus and Muslims. It has Bhadrak autonomous college, which is soon going to be a university. New medical site is being started construction having 100 nursing training seats. It has been declared as the first nectar city of Odisha. It has Dhamara port which is so large and going to be the largest port in Asia. A polytechnic university is going to be started soon.

Vidhan sabha constituencies
The following is the 5 Vidhan sabha constituencies of Bhadrak district and the elected members of that area

Lok Sabha constituency
Bhadrak district belongs to Bhadrak constituency. Its member of parliament is Avimanyu Sethi (BJP)

title: Bhadrak district


text:
Calycopeplus

Calycopeplus is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described by Jules Émile Planchon as a genus in 1861. The entire genus is endemic to Australia. Its closest relative is Neoguillauminia from New Caledonia.

The type species is Calycopeplus ephedroides, which is a synonym of Calycopeplus paucifolius.

 * Species
 * 1) Calycopeplus casuarinoides L.S.Sm. - N Qld
 * 2) Calycopeplus collinus P.I.Forst. - NT, N WA
 * 3) Calycopeplus marginatus Benth. - WA
 * 4) Calycopeplus oligandrus P.I.Forst. - SW WA
 * 5) Calycopeplus paucifolius (Klotzsch) Baill. - SA, WA

Description
The plants in this genus are monoecious, with the single sex flowers found in different parts of the same inflorescence. The female flowers are solitary and in the centre, while the male flowers are found in 4 clusters of 3–16 flowers within the involucre opposite the lobes. Each cluster is surrounded by bracts, with the outer one or two being enlarged and enclosing the cluster.

title: Calycopeplus


text: Category:Defunct companies of Italy

title: Category:Defunct companies of Italy


text:
1997 Liberian general election

General elections were held in Liberia on 19 July 1997 as part of the 1996 peace agreement ending the First Liberian Civil War. The presidency, as well as all seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate were up for election. Voter turnout was around 89%. Former rebel leader Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party (NPP) won the election with 75.3% of the vote, giving it about three-quarters of the legislative seats according to the proportional representation system. Taylor was inaugurated as president on 2 August 1997.

Taylor campaigned on, among other slogans, "He killed my ma, he killed my pa, but I will vote for him." The elections were overseen by the United Nations' peacekeeping mission, United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia, along with a contingent from the Economic Community of West African States. Taylor's closest competitor, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, collected only 10 percent of the vote.

Background
During 1984 a new draft constitution was approved in a referendum, which allowed a 58-member civilian and military combined Interim National Assembly, headed by President Samuel Doe. The ban on political parties were lifted and the nation went for elections in 1985. The election results were announced on 29 October, with NDPL leading both in the presidential, Assembly and Senate. Doe was sworn in as the president on 6 January and a civilian cabinet on 15 January. The period after the elections saw increased human rights abuses, corruption, and ethnic tensions, ultimately leading to the start of the First Liberian Civil War in 1989 and Doe's overthrow and murder in 1990.

During the civil war between 1990 and 1997, 2.5 million people died accounting for 10 per cent of pre-war population, one-third were left as refugees and almost most of the population migrated at some point. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) lead initiatives to bring peace to the nation and an ECOWAS Cease fire monitoring committee was overseeing the agreements. National Patriotic Front of Liberia leader, Charles Taylor was leading the war. There were various treaties signed to bring peace to Liberia, namely, the Cotonou Accord on 25 July 1993, the Akosombo Agreement on 12 August 1994, and its Accra Clarification. Abuja Agreement, one of the last thirteen peace agreement was signed during 19 August 1995 in Nigeria. Taylor agreed to dissolve NPFL and form a civil party later, which went on to be the National Patriotic Party.

On 14 February 1997, it was announced that elections would be held on 30 May 1997, but a postponement was needed with the elections eventually scheduled for 19 July.

Electoral system
The Legislature of Liberia was modeled based on the Legislature of United States. It was bicameral, with a Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 13 counties in the country and based on the population, each county is defined to have at least two members, while the total number of members to the house including the Speaker being 64. Each member represents an electoral district and elected to a six-year term based on popular vote. There were 26 senators, two each for the 13 counties and they serve a nine-year term (30 senators, 15 counties and nine years from 2011). Senators are also elected based on plurality of votes. The vice-president is the head of the Senate and he also acts as president in his absence.

To be eligible as a voter, one had to possess 18 years of age and registered on electoral rolls. Persons who were of foreign origin, insane, or convicted in crime were not eligible. The eligibility criteria to be candidate of a political party in the House of Representatives were residence in the country for one year before the elections, and being a taxpayer 25 years of age. The eligibility criteria to be candidate of a political party in the Senate were residence in the country for one year continuously before the elections, and being a taxpayer 30 years of age.

Conduct
The Election Commission faced challenges in educating the public about the voting, and secrecy of voting. An estimated 70 to 90 percent of the population were illiterate, making it even more difficult to educate them. Also, the True Whig Party's historical dominance had not allowed a pluralistic political culture. The logistical challenges were worsened by the agreement for immediate elections, as most Liberian infrastructure was lost in the civil war. The elections were overseen by the United Nations' peacekeeping mission, United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia, along with a contingent from the Economic Community of West African States.

Results
The final results were announced in August, which gave an overwhelming majority to NPP both in the House and Senate. Taylor won the election in a landslide, garnering 75 percent of the vote. Taylor's closest competitor, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, collected only 10 percent of the vote. Taylor was sworn in as the president of Liberia on 3 August and his cabinet was announced in the following weeks.

title: 1997 Liberian general election


text:
Billy Trumble

John William Trumble (16 September 1863 – 17 August 1944) was an Australian cricketer who played in seven Tests between 1885 and 1886. He was the older brother of the Test cricketer Hugh Trumble and the senior Australian public servant Thomas Trumble.

Career
Trumble studied law at the University of Melbourne and played cricket for University in the Melbourne senior competition. His participation in the 1886 tour of England meant he had to delay his final examinations by one year. He moved to Nhill in country Victoria in 1888 to practise as a solicitor. He founded the Nhill legal firm of Trumble and Palmer, and remained in Nhill until 1906, when he returned to Melbourne. His cricket career was short as he chose to focus on his legal career.

While never reaching the lofty standards of his brother Hugh, Billy Trumble was an accurate off-break bowler for Victoria and a sound and patient batsman. He produced some useful performances in his seven Tests for Australia, with a top score of 59 in his first Test, and best figures of 3 for 29 later in the same 1884–85 series. He was fourth among the first-class run-scorers on the tour of England in 1886, with 823 runs at an average of 19.13, and was also one of the leading players on the tour of New Zealand that followed, coming second in the run-scoring with 218 runs at an average of 27.25. In the opening match against Otago he top-scored in each innings with 30 (out of a team total of 60) and 52, to help the Australians to victory after a difficult start.

Trumble's highest first-class score was 87 for Victoria in the victory over New South Wales in 1884–85, which was immediately followed by selection for his Test debut. His best figures were 6 for 33 against New South Wales in 1888–89, when he bowled unchanged to help dismiss New South Wales for 63 when they needed only 76 to win. He was only 26 when he played his last match for Victoria in December 1889.

He played two final first-class matches while on a private visit to England in 1893. In the first of them, he top-scored for C. I. Thornton's XI against Cambridge University with a bright 55 in the second innings.

Personal life
Trumble married Susan Davies in Sydney in January 1889. They had seven children, of whom three sons and three daughters survived him. Susan died in 1938; he died in 1944, aged 80.

title: Billy Trumble


text:
Talk:Georgi Asparuhov

Dubious Information
I have removed the paragraph:

His most famous line is: "There is a country named Bulgaria, and in this country there is a team named Levski. You maybe haven't heard of it, but there I was born and there I shall die!" This is what he said to scouts from Milan who had come to pursue him.

It contains weasel words and is not tolerated in wikipedia standards. In addition, this is not official statement, but sort of nationalistic legend. Mоreover, the latest interview with his widow, she stated that thay refuse to immigrate to Italy, because feared about relatives who might have political problems in Bulgaria. http://paper.standartnews.com/bg/article.php?d=2008-03-20&article=226048 This makes the deleted paragraph contradictory to the "legend". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.230.12.133 (talk) 11:39, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

The number of goals and matches is correct. For referrence see the section on Gundi on PFC Levski Sofia's Official Website at http://www.levski.bg/Levski/cms/info/bg/history/gundi.html

Goal at Wembley against England?
Perhaps a link, if someone finds it on the net?

It's also a very beautiful goal too, with Gundi passing 2 defenders before he scores, they show it almost every time on TV when they mention Georgi Asparuhov because it's one of his best. So i hoped if someone knew a link to that video on the internet.

Here's a link to that video:

Gundi's goal at Wembley against England (11.12.1968)'''

Enjoy!

Peter Popov

Melbourne, Australia

--58.164.221.173 04:08, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
The article seems to be written by a fan of Georgi's, or of his team. Jmlk17 06:54, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I know it sounds like it was, and yet I can confirm everything in the article is true and nothing is exaggerated due to bias or anything. Gundi is a real icon here in Bulgaria. You can take my word for that, cause I'm truly neutral - I'm not a fan of either Levski or CSKA. The article might only need a few minor style corrections. But those have to be so delicate, that I can't take it upon myself to make them, since I'm not a native English speaker. --Christomir 02:39, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Georgi Asparuhov


text:
Talk:Fieldbus

Rewrite
I updated and enlarged the standard section and removed all parts which are now redundant. Give me some time to go through the other sections...--Felser (talk) 14:00, 11 May 2020 (UTC)

The Article used to describe specifically the FOUNDATION fieldbus. I did the following: --BjKa 08:55, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Incorporated the information from fieldbus control systems
 * Requested fieldbus control systems for deletion
 * Wrote an introduction
 * Added some standards.
 * Moved the Information that was peviously here to FOUNDATION fieldbus

The complete article is outdated. Is it possible to have an expert refresh it?

I agree fully. The article is to say the least outdated. The german wiki artikle de:Feldbus is significantly better and could be a good base if translated. I'm even willing to translate it, but replacing the whole article is something I'm hesitant as I'm relatively new at the en-wiki --Kramer-Wolf 09:33, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

I have changed the formating a bit to look more formal and moved some of the sections around. I'm willing to help out with the structure if Kramer-Wolf translates the page from German. The page could be updated section by section. By adding a 1 new section at a time. Existance is a struggle between life and death. I just like to watch. 17:15, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Field bus
Isn't the generic term really "field bus" rather than "fieldbus"? Also, this page seems to be describing just one instance of the generic concept of a field bus. The Controller Area Network bus would be another example of a field bus. Unfortunately, I'm not an expert.

Correct -> it should read field bus Kramer-Wolf 09:26, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Made a significant number of edits relating to current position (2007)

Neither am I an expert, but in modern usage (ca. 2012), the term fieldbus, or 'field bus', is rarely ever used to describe a specific standard, be it an officially sanctioned and recognized one, or any other specific standard or design. In fact, I would argue that the use of the term carries with it an implied meaning of generality. When one says, for instance, 'data are acquired from sensors via a fieldbus', it tends to imply that there is some generic form of interface that makes the specific type of fieldbus irrelevant.

I am not sure that there ever was a standard of any sort that described a protocol 'fieldbus', but if there was, I have not heard of it being used in many years. If there was indeed such a standard, I think modern usage of the term deserves as much space in the encyclopedia as the existing entry. There should also be a reference to the entry describing the generic use of the term. The distinction between modern usage and the official standard should be explicitly stated. TheNbomr (talk) 16:26, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Different?
What is the unique difference between field bus technology and regular buses and computer networks? --Abdull 14:13, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

With field busses, the environmental part is far more a focus, while the physics of communication is often "old fashioned". There are often precise specs about wiring, connectors, network structures, diagnostics, automated tests for the devices, protection levels. Remember: The field busses were the first multi vendor communication systems, even though there (still) is typically one big player with each of the systems. That's one of the reasons why there are so many of them. Kramer-Wolf 08:31, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Disadvantages - noise
I was under the impression that in general, digital signals are less susceptible to noise than analog, because any amount of noise will affect the transmitted analog signal, whereas digital signals are only affected if the magnitude of the noise is comparable to the quantization level of the signals. Why would this be different for field bus? 192.75.48.150 20:51, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

To my experience and theoretical background as well you are quite right. Some explanation never the less: In some applications it does not matter to have a temporarily wrong analogue value, while a detected wrong digital value causing a communication break down is unacceptable. So especially systems with slow cylce rates (seconds or so) and high availability requirements still favour analogue systems in some respect. All others certainly live much better with digital communication and error detection/correction mechanisms. Kramer-Wolf 07:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

The difference in this case is that the signal that is used is not a voltage signal, but instead is a current signal. It is much more difficult to affect a current signal, since the magnetic field, that typically greatly affects a voltage signal, generally does not have enough power to affect the current signal for a significant amount of time. --Existance is a struggle between life and death. I just like to watch. 17:20, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Device power on Ethernet claim ?
In the article: "Currently the issue stopping most Ethernet fieldbus implementations is the availability of device power. Most industrial measurement & control devices need to be powered from the bus and Power-Over-Ethernet (PoE) does not deliver enough."

First of all, most of the traditional fieldbusses do NOT supply bus power. Only DeviceNet and ASI, and perhaps one more fieldbus can supply bus power. The highly popular profibus does not. So I do not agree that the availability of bus power is what is limiting Ethernet acceptance. Secondly, Power over Ethernet can deliver 13 Watts of power. This is more than enough for any bus powered field device. So even the second claim that PoE does not deliver enough is simply false.

I would say that Ethernet acceptance is more likely limited by the higher higher prices, the impractical star-structure of Ethernet networks, limited availability of field devices with Ethernet support (Profinet IRT, EtherCAT, Powerlink), questionable determinism (Ethernet/IP, Modbus, Profinet IO), questionable reliability under harsch conditions (RJ45 is certainly not the most rugged connector on the market, and rugged alternatives are typically not standardised).

Did you know that the modern 100Mbit Ethernet/IP and Profinet IO protocols are actually slower than their old 5Mbit/12Mbit predecessors, ControlNet and Profibus? Brolin 00:48, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Full ack to Brolin, I removed the claim about insufficient PoE. In my opinion the only thing stopping ethernet based fieldbus from replacing the traditional ones is that the traditional ones are good enough for many applications, and there is no reason to touch a running system. Notan —Preceding undated comment added 11:57, 4 December 2009 (UTC).

Fieldbus Organization at Present
USA : [www.fieldbus.org] Middle East :[www.feucme.org] Australia :[www.fieldbus.org.au] Iran : [www.fieldbus.ir] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrazmara (talk • contribs) 13:02, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

FEATURES table editing
There are a number of issues I noticed in this table, which I believe need to be added or corrected. I can volunteer for this task. The issues are:

- No entry for FOUNDATION Fieldbus - Profibus DP cable redundancy claim: This is at best an option, not a standard feature for this protocol. - Profibus DP sub-millisecond cycle: Even at 12 Mbaud the typical performance of a Profibus DP is a few milliseconds. I have seen segments with less than 1 msec full-cycle but just barely, when using very few nodes and very short IO connections. But for practical purposes I find this claim too optimistic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AlfredoMQuintero (talk • contribs) 03:10, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

I can only agree with you about Profibus. Redundancy support on Profibus is extremely rare, and Profibus is typically not used where sub millisecond performance is needed. Brolin (talk) 21:45, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

I do not believe Foundation fieldbus supports synchronisation. I for one have never heard of a motion control servo drive with Foundation fieldbus. I changed that entry in the table to "no" for now. Brolin (talk) 20:35, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Disadvantages editing
There are some instances in which fieldbus components are not different in price, namely Beckhoff components. The internal bus of a Beckhoff PLC is EtherCAT so all of their components are already technically on a "field bus," whether they are directly attached to the PLC itself or not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.79.222.200 (talk) 17:38, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fieldbus


text:
Neoguillauminia

Neoguillauminia is a genus of plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1938. It contains only one known species, Neoguillauminia cleopatra, endemic to New Caledonia. Its closest relative is Calycopeplus from Australia.

title: Neoguillauminia


text:
Zakes Mda

Zanemvula Kizito Gatyeni "Zakes" Mda (born 1948) is a South African novelist, poet and playwright. He has won major South African and British literary awards for his novels and plays. He is the son of politician A. P. Mda.

Early life and education
Zanemvula Mda was born in Herschel, South Africa, in 1948. and completed the Cambridge Overseas Certificate at Peka High School, Lesotho, in 1969. He pursued his BFA (Visual Arts and Literature) at the International Academy of Arts and Literature, Zurich, Switzerland, in 1976. He completed a MFA (Theater) and a MA (Mass Communication and Media) in 1984 at Ohio University, United States. He completed his PhD at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, in 1989.

Career
When he started publishing his work, he adopted the pen name of Zakes Mda. In addition to writing novels and plays, he taught English and creative writing in South Africa and the United Kingdom.

Most recently, he went to the United States, where he became a professor in the English Department at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio. He has been a visiting professor at Yale University and the University of Vermont. As of July 2021, he is a Lecturer in Advanced Academic Programs at Johns Hopkins University.

Mda is a founding member and (as of 2011) serves on the advisory board of the African Writers Trust, "a non-profit entity which seeks to coordinate and bring together African writers in the Diaspora and writers on the continent to promote sharing of skills and other resources, and to foster knowledge and learning between the two groups."

In 2013, he became a patron of the Etisalat Prize for Literature (alongside Ama Ata Aidoo, Dele Olojede, Ellah Allfrey, Margaret Busby and Kole Omotoso).

At the 2024 "Time of the Writer" festival in Durban, Mda delivered the keynote address, titled "Reflections, Resonance and Revival".

Literary works
Mda's first novel, Ways of Dying (1995), takes place during the transitional years that marked South Africa's transformation into a democratic nation. It follows the character of Toloki. After finding himself destitute, he invents a profession as a "Professional Mourner". He traverses the violent urban landscape of an unnamed South African city, finding an old love amidst the internecine fighting present in the townships and squatter settlements.

The Heart of Redness (2000), Mda's third novel, is inspired by the history of Nongqawuse, a Xhosa prophetess whose prophecies catalyzed the cattle-killing of 1856–1857. Xhosa culture split between Believers and Unbelievers, adding to existing social strain, famine and social breakdown. It is believed that 20,000 people died of starvation during that time. In the novel, Mda continually shifts back and forth between the present day and the time of Nongqawuse to show the complex interplay between history and myth. He dramatizes the uncertain future of a culture whose troubled relationship with the colonizing force of Empire, as well as their own civil factions, threatens to extinguish their home of Qolorha-by-Sea.

Mda's account of the cattle-killing draws heavily on that of historian Jeff Peires in his book The Dead Will Arise (Mda acknowledges this at the outset of his novel). Like Peires, Mda identifies Mhlkaza, Nongqawuse's uncle and one of the key players in the event, with William Goliath, the first Xhosa person baptised in the Anglican church.

Mda's 2011 book, Sometimes There is a Void, was described by The New York Times as a "gregarious and transfixing memoir": "First fate, then choice, have shaped Mda into a perpetual outsider who partly belongs to the three societies — Lesotho, South Africa and the United States — that have served as his provisional homes. He writes from inside the exile's ambiguous fate, acknowledging that the uprooted life brings new perspectives but at the cost of a haunting fear of inner incoherence. Yet, as his autobiography discloses, on the stage and on the page Mda has found a different kind of continuity through the steadying presence of imaginative belonging. To his credit, in a deeply unsettled life, he has nurtured this capacity to find within the creative act itself new, reviving forms of homecoming."

On 8 June 2012, Mda was awarded an honorary doctorate of the University of Cape Town for his contributions to world literature. His novels have been translated into 21 languages, including the translation of Ways of Dying into Turkish.

Awards
In 2004, The Madonna of Excelsior was named one of the top ten South African books published in the Decade of Democracy.

Publications

 * (1977) New South African Writing
 * (1979) We Shall Sing for the Fatherland
 * (1979) Dead End
 * (1979) Dark Voices Ring
 * (1980) The Hill
 * (1982) Banned: A Play for Radio
 * (1982) Summer Fires
 * (1986) Bits of Debris: The Poetry of Zakes Mda
 * (1988) And the Girls in their Sunday Dresses
 * (1989) Joys of War
 * (1990) The Plays of Zakes Mda
 * (1991) The Nun's Romantic Story
 * (1992) Soho Square
 * (1993) When People Play People
 * (1993) And the Girls in Their Sunday Dresses: Four Works
 * (1995) Ways of Dying
 * (1995) She Plays with the Darkness
 * (1998) Melville 67
 * (2000) The Heart of Redness
 * (2002) The Madonna of Excelsior
 * (2002) Fools, Bells and the Importance of Eating: Three Satires
 * (2005) The Whale Caller
 * (2007) Cion
 * (2009) Black Diamond
 * (2011) Sometimes There is a Void: Memoirs of an Outsider
 * (2012) Our Lady of Benoni
 * (2013) The Sculptors of Mapungubwe
 * (2014) Rachel's Blue
 * (2015) Little Suns
 * (2019) The Zulus of New York
 * (2021) Wayfarers' Hymns

title: Zakes Mda


text:
Jack Worrall

John Worrall (20 June 1861 – 17 November 1937) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the VFA, and a Test cricketer. He was also a prominent coach in both sports and a journalist.

A small, nuggety man with broad shoulders, pink complexion and intense brown eyes, Worrall was one of Australia's great all-round sports people of the nineteenth century, and was involved in Australian football and cricket at the elite level for many decades. After his retirement, he coached both sports, and is considered the "father" of Australian football coaching. Worrall had an extended career as a sporting journalist, and he was a highly respected member of the press box right up until his death in 1937. He was no stranger to conflict, and his forthright manner embroiled him in a number of sporting controversies throughout his lifetime.

Early life
Born on the Victorian Goldfields at Chinaman's Flat, between Timor and Maryborough, Worrall was the seventh child of Irish-born parents, Joseph and Ann. He attended state school in Maryborough, but moved to Ballarat in his early twenties. There, he came under notice playing cricket against the touring English team, which led to his selection for Victoria in 1883. Joining the South Ballarat Football Club, Worrall showed excellent potential and he was persuaded to move to Melbourne and play for the fledgling Fitzroy club in 1884. At this stage, Fitzroy had just secured admission to the game's elite competition, the Victorian Football Association (VFA). Worrall became a major factor in the emergence of Fitzroy as a powerful team. During summer, he turned out for the Fitzroy Cricket Club.

On Saturday, 27 September 1884, Worrall was playing a cricket match at Albert Park. The Fitzroy Football Club, short of a man, prevailed upon Worrall to play in their team in the match against South Melbourne in Fitzroy's last match for 1884 (Worrall's first season with that club). Worrall played the entire match for Fitzroy, in his "white flannels"!

The move to Fitzroy dramatically improved Worrall's prospects in both sports. He played his first Ashes test match in the 1884–1885 season, when he was called into the team at the last minute to replace a player who was in financial dispute over his proposed fee for the game. At this time in his career, Worrall was a middle-order bat who bowled medium pace. He failed to secure a regular place in the test team, and was not always a regular selection for the Victorian team.

Champion footballer and Test match success
Worrall's football showed more consistency than his cricket. Already captain of the team, Worrall played as a rover. He was skilled, fearless, could kick with either foot and was an excellent overhead mark for his size. Regularly selected for the Victorian team, he is one of very few men to have represented Victoria at both sports. Football was put on hold the following winter when he was chosen to tour England with the Australian cricket team.

Along with most of his teammates, Worrall struggled during the wet English summer and failed to enhance his reputation. On his return to Melbourne, he was named The Argus Player of the Year in 1890, and Fitzroy's key player during these years. Injury got the better of him in 1892, and he retired from football, which allowed him to concentrate on the summer game. The next year, he married Agnes McCullum in Fitzroy.

He switched allegiance to the Carlton Cricket Club and in 1896 scored an Australian- record 417 not out for the Blues in a match with University. He reorganised his style, becoming a more aggressive batsman who often opened but no longer bowled. In addition, he was inspirational in the field and his leadership qualities were recognised with the Victorian captaincy sixteen times. A number of big innings for the state kept him in contention for higher honours. This late blooming of his talent culminated in selection for the 1899 tour of England, during which he turned 38. Partnering the legendary Victor Trumper at the top of the order for all five tests, Worrall had his greatest day in the Headingley test match when he scored 76 on a sticky wicket to set up an Australian victory. However, his advanced age meant that this was his last test series, although he continued with Victoria until 1902, when he was 40. In 140 first class matches, he scored 4660 runs at 20.99, took 105 wickets at 23.10, held 101 catches and scored seven centuries.

The first coach
Carlton, one of the power clubs of the 1870s and 1880s - the earliest years of elite Australian football - had fallen into a state of decline in 1892, with player dissatisfaction and internal dissent causing an exodus of key players, predominately to Fitzroy and Collingwood. This culminated in the wooden spoon in 1894, and the club perennially finished second last from 1895 to 1901, being a chopping block alongside St Kilda in the early years of competition in the VFL (which began in 1897).

In 1902, Worrall, secretary of the Carlton Cricket Club, was appointed to the same role with the football club. Hitherto, Australian footballers were prepared in an ad hoc way commensurate with the organisation of the game as a semi-professional sport where official payments were outlawed, but made surreptitiously.

Worrall immediately set about leading training sessions, instructing players, formulating tactics and recruiting talent in a manner that created the role of club coach that is recognised today. For a number of years, he was often referred to as the club's "manager" or "secretary", until the term "coach" passed into common usage. Carlton's rapid improvement and subsequent rise to power encouraged other VFL clubs to appoint a coach, and these men used Worrall as their role model.

The Blues climbed the ladder quickly, making the finals in 1903-04-05 without winning the flag. Worrall's old club Fitzroy were the benchmark of the competition at this point, and eliminated Carlton from the finals in 1905 after beating them in the 1904 Grand Final. Worrall continually turned over players in an effort to find the right combination for success. Eventually, he developed a big, strong team that favoured long kicking and liked to close up the game, forming packs and using their physical strength in the crushes. Fitness was a priority for Worrall: he ensured that his team trained harder than the opposition.

Finally, in 1906, Carlton defeated Fitzroy in the Grand Final by a record 49 points, a record margin, with a young team that seemed to have the footballing world at its feet, winning the club's first premiership since 1887.

This success was followed up by winning the next two premierships (1907 and 1908), the first hat-trick of premierships by a club in the VFL. The 1908 performance was the highlight of Worrall's coaching career: The Blues lost only one game (by 13 points, on a very muddy ground and in driving rain against Essendon at the EMCG) for the year (a record equalled but never beaten subsequently in VFL/AFL history), while the team's 19–1 season record remained the best across a VFL/AFL season (equalled in 1929 and 1950) until 2000.

Inevitable tensions arose, however, as the players were receiving only 30 shillings ($3) per week yet were training to a professional standard. Adding to the players' dissatisfaction was the increased money coming into the game, as Carlton's revenue had doubled since the time of Worrall's appointment. Worrall's sometimes brusque approach to dealing with individuals, and his puritanical attitude to alcohol only served to exacerbate the situation.

Early in 1909, Carlton had a players revolt over money and Worrall's disciplinary demands, with seven players refusing to take the field in the opening round match against University—a team in their second VFL season whose players were all amateurs. Despite having five of their key players unavailable, University beat Carlton by 15 points in a stunning upset, keeping Carlton goalless in the first half of the match.

The matter continued on for a number of weeks, with a small group of players holding out and threatening to leave unless Worrall gave his resignation, which he did on July 29. He continued on as secretary, but he resigned that position at the end of the season when the disharmony was still not repaired. A number of players who supported the ex-coach left Princes Park in sympathy.

After a season as the VFL umpires' coach, Worrall was recruited by Essendon in 1911. Here, he took a talented but previously under-performing team to a premiership in his first season; and, in 1912, he led an injury-ravaged Essendon team to upset hot favourites South Melbourne in the 1912 Grand Final. Over five completed seasons, Worrall coached five premiership teams.

But Essendon declined rapidly thereafter and went into recess in 1916–1917 due to World War I. Performances failed to improve when the Same Old returned to competition, winning only fifteen out of 46 games between 1918 and 1920, prompting Worrall's retirement. As the team finished last in 1918, Worrall became the first man to coach both a premiership and a wooden spooner.

In 1922, he reappeared briefly as an assistant to Vic Belcher at his old team, Fitzroy, which went on to win the premiership from Collingwood.

Journalism and other achievements
Worrall was a driving force behind the creation of the Australian Football Council (AFC) in 1905. Formed as the peak body of Australian football, the organisation initially took control of the rules of the game and organised the first interstate carnival between the Australian states and New Zealand in 1908. Worrall was elected as one of the Victorian delegates. In 1909, the Victorian Cricket Association (VCA) made Worrall coach of the state's colts team, which played at district level and was designed to develop young talent.

Beginning his journalism career with the Sydney Referee after his retirement from playing cricket, Worrall expanded his involvement in the press during Essendon's hiatus from the VFL in 1916. He joined The Australasian, and wrote on both sports. John Ritchie, in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, described his writing thus:"For over twenty years his columns were characterized by poised sentences and rich vocabulary; for all its partisanship, his direct prose was spiced with comparison, reminiscence and prediction, and conveyed a sense of drama."

In the 1930s, he was the senior man in the press box, and many attribute the coining of the phrase "Bodyline" (describing the English bowling tactics on their 1932–1933 Australian tour) to Worrall. He died in the Melbourne suburb of Fairfield, early in the 1937–1938 cricket season, survived by his wife. In honour of Worrall, the flags at the MCG, the scene of so many of his sporting triumphs, flew at half mast during a Sheffield Shield match. His funeral at Heidelberg attracted a massive crowd of former footballers, cricketers, journalists and administrators.

In 1996 Worrall's outstanding contributions to Australian rules football were recognised when he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame as a player.

Controversies

 * In 1892, after he was caught up in a dispute with the Fitzroy Cricket Club, he left to play with Carlton.
 * In 1902, he wrote an article about the questionable bowling actions of two Australian players on tour in England; in response to this, the VCA banned Worrall from playing for Victoria for the rest of the season.
 * During the 1904 pre-season, Worrall was sacked as Carlton coach after irregularities in the funds of the Carlton Football Club came to light. After an investigation, Worrall was exonerated of any wrongdoing and reinstated.
 * In 1909, a Carlton player revolt over training conditions and wages led to his resignation as Carlton's coach.

title: Jack Worrall


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Ifi Amadiume

Ifi Amadiume was born on April 23, 1947. She is a Nigerian poet, anthropologist, and essayist. At the age of 46, she joined the Religion Department of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, US, in 1993. During her life she has authored and contributed to a total of 13 works.

Biography
Born in Kaduna to Igbo parents, Ifi Amadiume was educated in Nigeria before moving to Britain in 1971. She studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, gaining a BA (1978) and PhD (1983) in social anthropology respectively. During her time at the School of oriental and African Studies, University of London she earned a certification in Hausa. She was a research fellow for a year at the University of Nigeria, Enugu, and taught and lectured in the UK, Canada, US and Senegal. In July of 2000 she became a full-time professor of Religion while also teaching African American Study courses. Her fieldwork in Africa resulted in two ethnographic monographs relating to the Igbo: African Matriarchal Foundations (1987), and the award-winning Male Daughters, Female Husband (Zed Press, 1987). The latter is considered groundbreaking owing to the fact that a number of years before the articulation of queer theory, it argued that gender, as constructed in Western feminist discourse, did not exist in Africa before the colonial imposition of a dichotomous understanding of sexual difference. Her book of theoretical essays, Reinventing Africa, appeared in 1998. Extracts from her work is included in the anthology Daughters of Africa (1992).

As a poet she participated in Festac '77, the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture, and her 1985 collection, Passion Waves, was nominated for the Commonwealth Poetry Prize. She won the Flora Nwapa Society Award for her 2006 book of poetry, Circles of Love.

She is on the advisory board of the Centre for Democracy and Development, a non-governmental organisation that aims to promote the values of democracy, peace and human rights in Africa, particularly in the West African sub-region.

Amadiume is widely regarded for her pioneering work in feminist discourse: her work made tremendous contributions to new ways of thinking about sex and gender, the question of power, and women's place in history and culture". She has nevertheless attracted criticism for her "assumption that [the] female is necessarily equated with peace and love."

Poetry

 * Passion Waves, London: Karnak House, 1985, ISBN 978-0907015239.
 * Ecstasy, Longman Nigeria, 1995. Association of Nigerian Authors 1992 Literary Award for Poetry. ISBN 978-1856498067
 * Returning
 * Circles of Love, Africa World Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1592214891
 * Voices Draped in Black, Africa World Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1592215935
 * Contributor on Poems for a Century: An Anthology on Nigeria, Amalion Publishing, 2014 ISBN 978-2359260335

Anthropology

 * African Matriarchal Foundations: The Igbo Case, London: Karnak House, 1987, ISBN 978-0-907015-27-7
 * Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society, London: Zed Press, 1987, ISBN 0-86232-595-1. St. Martin’s Press, 1990.
 * Re-inventing Africa: Matriarchy, Religion and Culture, Interlink Publishing Group, 1997, ISBN 1-85649-534-5
 * The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing, and Social Justice (edited, with Abdullahi A. An-Na’im), London: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN 978-1856498432
 * Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women Struggle for Culture, Power and Democracy, London: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN 978-1856498067
 * Contributor on Chinua Achebe and the Igbo-African Between Fiction, Fact, and Historical Representation, Lexington Books, 2022. ISBN 978-1793652706
 * African Possibilities: A Matriarchitarian Perspective for Social Justice, London: Zed Books 2024. ISBN 978-1350333802

title: Ifi Amadiume


text: Category:Tajik people

title: Category:Tajik people


text:
CDD

CDD may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Cats Don't Dance, a 1997 animated film
 * Charlottesville Derby Dames, a roller derby league based in Virginia

Medicine and psychology

 * Childhood disintegrative disorder, a rare condition that causes late-onset developmental delays
 * Chlorine dioxide disinfection, a process to disinfect water
 * Concentration deficit disorder, another term for sluggish cognitive tempo
 * Conserved domain database, a collation of protein structural and functional motifs from several independent databases
 * Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, a bone disorder causing calcium build up in the skull

Science

 * Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin(s), a.k.a. polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
 * Collaborative Drug Discovery, a private software company with a web-based platform for managing drug discovery data
 * Comment programming, also known as comment-driven development, a software development technique
 * Community-driven development, another software development technique
 * Cooling degree day, a qualitative index used to reflect the demand for energy to cool a business
 * Custom Debian Distribution, a customized Debian Distribution
 * Cyclic delay diversity, a diversity scheme used in OFDM-based telecommunication systems

Other uses

 * Cardenden railway station, a railway station in Scotland
 * Centre for Democracy and Development, a non-government organization in Africa
 * Cidade de Deus (Rio de Janeiro), a neighbourhood in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Community Development District, a government organization authorized by Florida Statutes
 * Congregatio Discipulorum Domini, a Catholic order founded in China
 * Customer Due Diligence, a process to protect financial institutions from money laundering and other risks

title: CDD


text:
Centre for Democracy and Development

The Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD) is a non-profit organization headquartered in Abuja, Nigeria. The organization aims to promote the values of democracy, peace and human rights in Africa, particularly in the West African sub-region.

Established in the United Kingdom in 1997 and subsequently registered in Lagos in 1999, the CDD mobilizes global opinion and resources for democratic development and provides a space for critical reflection on the challenges posed to the democratization and development processes in West Africa. It also provides alternatives and best practices for sustaining democracy and development in the region.

History
The CDD was founded in 1997 in London at a time when Nigeria was under military rule. Its first activity was to organize a roundtable discussion on the future of democracy in Nigeria. One of the founding members was Biko Agozino, a criminologist whose books explored the impact of colonization on the way racial and ethnic minorities are treated by justice systems worldwide. The Center works on policy-oriented scholarship on introducing and improving democratic processes, improving economic governance, safety and development throughout Africa. The Centre is engaged in capacity-building work, policy analysis and advocacy, and as a research reference point on democratic governance, human security, and people-centered development in the region.

Activities
CDD has offices in Lagos, Abuja, and Maiduguri in Nigeria and an international office in London. The center conducts research on democratization and governance and also trains groups and individuals who are promoting democracy and development in the region. In collaboration with the Kituo Cha Katiba (East African Centre for Constitutional Development), the CDD has run a capacity-building project funded by the Ford Foundation. The project sponsors East African Women Lawyers for Graduate Masters Programs.

Promoting accountability by monitoring election campaign promises
The Buharimeter project, supported by the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA), was a tool designed to track over 222 election pledges made by President Muhammadu Buhari, and the All Progressives Congress (APC) to Nigerians before the 2015 general elections. Buharimeter's one-year report did provide a synopsis of citizens' perception of the implications of the actions of the government and also revealed the degree to which Nigerians were aware of campaign promises and the actions carried out to achieve them.

Knowledge about the existence of the Buharimeter and its findings have taken a global outlook. Aside from highlighting how the initiative was widely reported internationally, Buharimeter is now listed as one of the promise tracking initiatives on the Duke Reporters' Lab. The one-year report was the fifth report released since the project's launch. Others include 30 days, 60 days, 100 days, 7 months' and mid-term assessment reports published in July 2017 and can be viewed on Buharimeter reports. In May 2018, the Buharimeter team at the CDD was expected to release a third-year report which would score the performance of Nigeria's President after 3 years.

Work on Boko Haram insurgence
The CDD organised the first intervention that brought Borno residents, the government, and civil society together at the height of the insurgency in 2011. Since then it has organised several forums, developed counter radical narratives,  and supported the Operation Safe Corridor (OSC) program of the Nigerian Government on deradicalisation, rehabilitation of former Boko Haram militants and has an MOU with the Presidential Committee on the North East Initiative.

Work on disinformation and misinformation
The Centre runs a project on disinformation and misinformation in Nigeria. It has released reports on the fake news ecosystem in Nigeria. In collaboration with Daily Trust, it launched a fact-checking website.

Leadership
The current Director of CDD is Dr. Dauda Garuba.

title: Centre for Democracy and Development


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Category:Deletionist Wikipedians

In its broadest sense, deletionism is a preference for removing pages that are not encyclopedic. For more information on this, see Association of Deletionist Wikipedians.

Warning: attempts to canvass Wikipedia editors to affect the outcome of a deletion debate are extremely disruptive and will be reverted. Please see Sock puppet.

This category is a self-reference and so is part of the Wikipedia project itself rather than the encyclopedic content.

title: Category:Deletionist Wikipedians


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Militari

Militari is a district in the western part of Bucharest, in Sector 6. It is home to more than 100,000 inhabitants.

Early history
Starting from the sixteennth century, this area was the site of several estates owned by boyars, and on it was an area where the Austrian army camped during its march towards joining the Russo-Ottoman war of 1735-1739, only for them to be pushed away the following year by Constantine Mavrocordatos with the support of Ottoman troops. On 16 March 1821, Tudor Vladimirescu sets camp in this area along with his Panduri in order to begin his botched uprising. The significance of this place later gave the name to the Drumul Taberei housing estate built south of Militari in the 1960s and also the Tudor Vladimirescu Theorethical Highschool.

The first military establishments in the area eventually are founded in 1863, which established a military camp meant to be used to train soldiers before eventually relocating west of Tecuci in 1869. Later in 1873, the Army's Pyrotechnical Complex was moved here along with the 30th Military Engineering Regiment and its barracks. By the end of the 19th century, a full military complex was established in the area, featuring a weapons depot, a factory for military clothing and a storage area for firewood. In March 1894, the Romanian Army expelled two pub owners (Gheorghe Grigore and Niculae Niță) and the inhabitants of these public houses to build the 40th Infantry Regiment. With the development of the military establishments in the area, several railways appeared at the same time, serving the Gara de Nord and Gara Filaret railway stations, along with a railway line going to the present-day Bucharest Belt Railway.

The commune of Militari is first mentioned in 1883, in a document relating to the sale of state-owned land, and in 1901, it is mentioned in the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania as belng part of plasa Snagov, with a total of 293 hectares (stretching all the way to the present-day Grivița and Crângași) and having a population of 584 people and a mixed school with 32 male students and 9 female students. It also had a brick factory and a watermill. In the early 20th century the village attracted the attention of local politicians due to the existence of an illegal cattle market which led to the closure of an official cattle market in the city of Bucharest. In 1906, a law was passed which reshaped the communes in the present-day Ilfov County; the Militari commune administered the villages of Militari and Grivița along with the Ciurel hamlet (cătun), all of which belonged to the plasa Pantelimon.

After the First World War, between 1920 and 1926, the commune of Militari lost the village of Grivița and the hamlet of Ciurel; in addition the Bolintin Road (Drumul Bolintinului), the main road going through the commune was renamed into Alexander I, Unifier of Yugoslavia Avenue. In 1926, the commune lost the hamlet of Giulești, which became its own commune, being renamed into Prince Carol II commune (and later in 1930 Great Voyvode Michael) commune.

Like most suburban communes of Bucharest, Militari was left to develop by itself without a proper development plan, as such population surged from just 584 inhabitants in 1901 to 8093 inhabitants in 1930 and 15.492 inhabitants by the 1948 census. Due to the lack of a development plan and laws prohibiting development of suburban communes, most of the land was split up illegally, and "almost overnight" new roads (with improper names) and houses were built. According to the same census taken on 25 January 1948, among the 3320 dwellings, only 351 had electricity and 3 had running water, and 62,7% of the houses were built from wood and thatched materials and 36,4% were made out of brick, stone or concrete.

The first steps in the modernization of the commune began in 1941 with the official naming of several streets that, some still maintain their name to this day (Apusului, Cupolei, Apeductului), followed by a more major program launched in 1942 to allow the introduction of public lightning, cesspools and communal guarding. In addition to this, in 1943, a new shuttle tram line (nr 13) began to operate between Apusului street and the Cotroceni railway crossing, utilizing a single track path with passing loops. In an article dated 4 October 1944 however, the Scânteia newspaper criticised the way how public works were conducted in the commune and accused the local administration of theft of public funds and clientelism.

Postwar era
In 1948, tram line 13 ceased to run for two years while public works were conducted in relation to the sewage network in the village, works which continued up to 1950 and also resulted in the full double-tracking of line 13, which was then extended to Pantelimon. With the administrative reform of 1950, the Militari commune eventually became part of the city of Bucharest, specifically part of the 16 February District. The first housing program at the time involved the construction of semi-detached houses in the 1950s. At the same time the military clothes factory became the APACA factory, whose buildings still stand to this day (albeit for other purposes). The first block was finished in 1958 and it is believed to be the first apartment building in Bucharest to use prefabricated panels at the time, situated at Iuliu Maniu Avenue nr 10.

Between 1965 and 1968 the first apartment blocks in the Militari housing estate were built as part of an urban renewal program meant to replace the old substandard houses built in the interwar era. Although the program fell short of expectations (fewer apartment blocks were built than planned), it did offer people various modern apartments with one, two, three or even four rooms, and new markets at Apusului, Veteranilor and Gorjului. The redevelopment occurred at the same time as the opening of the Militari industrial estate, which hosted the IREMOAS factory for bathtubs, radiators and sinks, and later the IMEB factory for electric motors and the National Research and Development Institute for Aerospace, which was connected to the Turbomecanica factory. Also in 1968, works began on rebuilding the road, replacing the cobblestone with asphalt and extending the main avenue (then named Armata Poporului, Păcii and RSR respectively, now named Iuliu Maniu Avenue) towards the city limits on the existing road to Ciorogârla, during the construction works for the A1 motorway, which opened in 1972. The new campus of the Bucharest Polytechnic Institute was built here between the late 1960s and up to the early 1980s, gradually relocating from its old campus near Gara de Nord.

Construction of apartment blocks continued with a few built between 1971 and 1973 in various empty plots of land and near the remaining military establishments or places otherwise not occupied by houses, followed by more demolitions starting in 1974 to replace substandard housing, which saw the rise of apartment blocks on the south side of the (present day) Iuliu Maniu avenue west of Lujerului. In the same year the Militari tram depot opened to host the ITB's 130-strong fleet of Tatra T4R trams. Among some of the most imposing buildings in the housing estate, Block 15A/B/C (a group of tower blocks with 16 stories) and Block 22B (designed by Yugoslavian architects) were finished in 1979. In the 4 March 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Block OD16's Staircase F collapsed entirely, killing most of its inhabitants, at the time the building was slightly over a year old and results showed poor construction practices and stolen construction materials; this staircase was only rebuilt 5 years later. During this period the Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy's new building opened and its students moved in for the 1975-1976 school year, in order to train future Romanian Communist Party elites (today the building is an annex of the Polytechnic).

In the 1980s urban renewal works continued, firstly demolishing the remaining houses left in the core of the former village in the early 1980s, which was supplemented by the construction of metro line M3 between 1980 and 1983, followed by the realignement of Șoseaua Virtuții and the construction of new apartment buildings north of Lujerului and near the village of Roșu in the late 1980s. Between 1986 and 1987, the Lujerului Underpass was built, which necessitated the demolition of Block 2, a tower block with 60 one-room apartments that was only 20 years old at the time of its demolition. Simultaneously, the tram tracks on Păcii and Armata Poporului Avenues was replaced during the summer of 1986 with new ones used from prefabricated concrete slabs, but shortly after the works were completed in October 1986, the new tram tracks were dismantled and the track slabs were relocated elsewhere. Several small houses and semi-detached houses have survived to this day. Despite the construction of new apartment blocks in the communist era, the Militari housing estate has maintained its original street layout, and due to its location on the A1 motorway, the Iuliu Maniu Avenue now suffers from chronic traffic congestion, and notoriously lacks parks (the only park in the area is built over a former industrial railway). Expansion of commercial and other private industrial and residential areas has begun in the early 2000s and continues to this day, but in a similar fashion to the interwar era, putting more strain on the area's street network. The industrial estate still remains an important employer in the western part of Bucharest.

Features
The neighborhood features a few markets, including Gorjului, Lujerului, and Apusului (similar markets are found in most communist-era housing estates, such as the Sălăjan market in Titan, as well as the Moghioroș and Orizont markets in Drumul Taberei).

The housing estate is served by line M3 of the Bucharest Metro, which runs from Preciziei (in the middle of the Militari industrial estate) to Anghel Saligny in the Titan industrial estate, at its opening in 1983 linked it with Republica. In 1999, service on line M3 was shortened to Eroilor before being extended to Anghel Saligny in 2009. Trolleybuses, which initially ran from 1960 to 1967 returned to the housing estate in 1995 and consist of two lines: 61, which runs to Piața Rosetti and 62 which runs to Gara de Nord. It is also served by city bus lines such as 106, 136, 137, 138, 178, 278 and 336. Tram lines still operate in the Militari industrial estate, having been relocated to Drumul Taberei in 1987 and modernized in 2005. The high rate of car ownership however makes parking extremely difficult and increasingly inconvenient for pedestrians.

Because of its access to the A1 motorway, the district developed rapidly following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, transforming itself in one of the most prosperous neighborhoods of Bucharest. Since the early 2000s the district saw the opening of several hypermarkets (Cora, Carrefour, Metro, Auchan, Kaufland), and a large mall ("Plaza Romania"). The district has a new theatre ("Masca") and a modern cinema ("Movieplex"). The industrial estate features a depot for trams, buses and metro trains, a Renault parts centre (built on the first Coca Cola factory from the early 1990s) and the previously mentioned Aerospace Institute.

title: Militari


text:
Talk:Foundation Fieldbus

I moved Information originally in Fieldbus here. --BjKa 09:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foundation Fieldbus