text:
User talk:Ankologist

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Jean-Michel Jarre concert images
Hi, thanks for for your contributions. However, I have just added the tag to the images you've uploaded for use in List of Jean-Michel Jarre concerts, as they are now considered candidates for speedy deletion. If no source for the images are given, they will be deleted after 7 days; please provide this information if you don't want this to happen. If they are used without permission and you believe the images somehow fall under fair use (which has certain criteria), please state this. — Peter L <talk|contribs>  19:26, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please note that for a "fair use" claim, you need to provide a detailed "fair use" rationale addressing the four points of fair use, and you have to give the source of the image. You cannot claim "fair use" without identifying the source and copyright holder of the image. Lupo 13:43, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In any case, the best thing would probably be to ask someone with concert images for permission to publish under the GFDL or compatible license (see Boilerplate request for permission). There should be plenty of photographers from the audiences you could ask, and getting a proper GFDL/CC clearance on images in Wikipedia is *much* better than a mess of potentially unnecessary fair use claims.   — Peter L <talk|contribs>   20:49, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Houston28.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Houston28.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 17:57, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Houston28.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Houston28.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 19:13, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Houston28.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Houston28.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast 18:27, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:R-368757-1176794880.jpeg
I have tagged Image:R-368757-1176794880.jpeg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you.  PxMa 22:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Image:R-986397-1180982112.jpeg
I have tagged Image:R-986397-1180982112.jpeg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. Thank you.  PxMa 22:19, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Image:JMJ12dots.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJ12dots.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:21, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:JMJ1998.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJ1998.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:JMJcplt.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJcplt.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:JMJgreece.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJgreece.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:JMJhouston.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:JMJhouston.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:JMJlyon.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJlyon.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:JMJhouston.jpg
I have tagged Image:JMJhouston.jpg as no rationale, because it does not provide a fair use rationale. If you believe the image to be acceptable for fair use according to Wikipedia policy, please provide a rationale explaining as much, in accordance with the fair use rationale guideline, on the image description page. Some examples can be found at Use rationale examples. Please also consider using or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags/Non-free. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 20:23, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:JMJ rv2001.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:JMJ rv2001.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 01:47, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:JMJHongKong album.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:JMJHongKong album.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:48, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ankologist


text:
User talk:TheBackstreetBoysRockMyWorld

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:TheBackstreetBoysRockMyWorld


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cry Havoc

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 09:21, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Cry Havoc
Israeli band that, on examination of their website, played a first gig three days ago. Definitely non-notable. Shimgray 16:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Tagged - no claim of notability. Ryan Norton T 16:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless the criteria has changed recently, band's aren't eligible for speedy deletion. Pburka 16:37, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I was going to speedy tag, but I went to check and couldn't find "no claim of notability" at WP:CSD; any idea what happened to it? Shimgray 16:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's only ever applied to people (criterion 7 for articles). However, this article may qualify as a very short article providing little or no context. Pburka 16:41, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Evidently bands can't be speedied, even if there is no claim of notability (maybe something for the future), my mistake. At any rate, Delete Ryan Norton T 16:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See Wikipedia talk:Criteria for speedy deletion/Proposal/3-C for discussion of such a future proposal. DES (talk) 19:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Julius Caesar (play) and 'let slip the dogs of war' --Doc (?) 16:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. After deletion, create preemtive redirect to Julius Caesar (play). DES (talk) 19:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)]
 * Delete. Do not create redirect; Wikipedia is not Wikiquote, and many other links from quotes don't lead to their original texts. Leave space open for something encyclopedic.--Prosfilaes 20:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No opinion about the proposed redirect though. Jll 21:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The Temptations in Japan

The Temptations in Japan is a 1973 live album recorded by The Temptations in Japan, where it was exclusively issued. The album was later remastered and re-released on compact disc in 2004, where a limited edition 5000 copy run was made for sale in the US and other countries.

Background
This album was significant in that it brought out the maturation and growth of members Damon Harris and Richard Street as worthy replacements for original members Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams. Highlights include a phenomenal arrangement of "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face", "Masterpiece", "Love Woke Me Up This Morning", "Just My Imagination", "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)" and "Papa Was a Rolling Stone", for years the only track to be available for release in the United States. One of the group's better live albums, along with 1967's The Temptations Live featuring the classic lineup, and 1970's Live at London's Talk of The Town, which featured Dennis Edwards and Eddie Kendricks in its lineup.

Track listing

 * 1) "Plastic Man"
 * 2) "I Can't Get Next to You"
 * 3) "Love Woke Me Up This Morning"
 * 4) "Medley: "Get Ready"/"My Girl"/"The Way You Do the Things You Do"
 * 5) "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
 * 6) "Hey Girl (I Like Your Style)"
 * 7) "Cloud Nine"
 * 8) Introduction of Band and Group
 * 9) "A Song for You"
 * 10) "Masterpiece"
 * 11) "Just My Imagination"
 * 12) "Papa Was a Rolling Stone"

Personnel

 * Dennis Edwards
 * Richard Street
 * Damon Harris
 * Melvin Franklin
 * Otis Williams

title: The Temptations in Japan


text: User talk:66.189.47.112

title: User talk:66.189.47.112


text:
Saxe-Lauenburg

The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg, called Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) between the 14th and 17th centuries; Hertugdømmet Sachsen-Lauenborg), was a reichsfrei duchy that existed from 1296 to 1803 and again from 1814 to 1876 in the extreme southeast region of what is now Schleswig-Holstein. Its territorial center was in the modern district of Herzogtum Lauenburg and originally its eponymous capital was Lauenburg upon Elbe, though the capital moved to Ratzeburg in 1619.

Former territories not part of today's district of Lauenburg
In addition to the core territories in the modern district of Lauenburg, other territories, mostly south of the river Elbe, occasionally belonged to the duchy:

 * The tract of land along the southern Elbe bank (Marschvogtei), reaching from Marschacht to the Amt Neuhaus, territorially connecting the core of the duchy with these more southeastern Lauenburgian areas. This land was ceded to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814. It is now part of the Lower Saxon Harburg (district).
 * The Amt Neuhaus proper, then including areas on both sides of the Elbe, which was ceded to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814. Today, this is all part of Lower Saxon Lüneburg (district).
 * The exclave Land of Hadeln in the area of the Elbe estuary was disentangled from Saxe-Lauenburg in 1689 and administered as a separate territory under imperial custody, before it was ceded to Bremen-Verden in 1731. Now it is part of today's Lower Saxon Cuxhaven (district).
 * Some North Elbian municipalities of the former core duchy are not part of today's district of Lauenburg, since they had been ceded to the then Soviet occupation zone by the Barber Lyashchenko Agreement in November 1945.

Early history
In 1203, King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the area later comprising Saxe-Lauenburg, but it reverted to Albert I, Duke of Saxony in 1227. In 1260, Albert I's sons Albert II and John I succeeded their father. In 1269, 1272 and 1282, the brothers gradually divided their governing competences within the three territorially unconnected Saxon areas along the Elbe river (one called Land of Hadeln, another around Lauenburg upon Elbe and the third around Wittenberg upon Elbe), thus preparing a partition.

After John I's resignation, Albert II ruled with his minor nephews Albert III, Eric I and John II, who by 1296 definitely partitioned Saxony, providing Saxe-Lauenburg for the brothers, and Saxe-Wittenberg for their uncle Albert II. The last document mentioning the brothers and their uncle Albert II as Saxon fellow dukes dates back to 1295. A deed of 20 September 1296, mentions the Vierlande, Sadelbande (Land of Lauenburg), the Land of Ratzeburg, the Land of Darzing (later Amt Neuhaus), and the Land of Hadeln as the separate territory of the brothers.

By 1303, the three jointly ruling brothers had partitioned Saxe-Lauenburg into three shares; however, Albert III died already in 1308, so that the surviving brothers established, after a territorial realignment in 1321, the Lauenburg Elder Line, with John II ruling Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln, seated in Bergedorf and the Lauenburg Younger Line, with Eric I ruling Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg, seated in Lauenburg upon Elbe. John II, the eldest brother, wielded the electoral privilege for the Lauenburg Ascanians, but was rivalled by their cousin Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg.

In 1314, the dispute escalated into the election of two hostile German kings, the Habsburg Frederick III, the Fair, and his Wittelsbach cousin Louis IV, the Bavarian. Louis received five of the seven votes, to wit John II, Archbishop-Elector Baldwin of Trier, the legitimate King-Elector John of Bohemia, Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg using his claim as the Saxon prince-elector, Archbishop-Elector Peter of Mainz, and Prince-Elector Waldemar of Brandenburg.

Frederick the Fair received four of the seven votes in the same election, with the deposed King-Elector Henry of Bohemia illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop-Elector Henry II of Cologne, Louis's brother Prince-Elector Rudolph I of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, claiming the Saxon prince-electoral power. However, only Louis the Bavarian finally asserted himself as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The Golden Bull of 1356, however, conclusively named the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg as electors.

In 1370, John II's fourth successor Eric III of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln pawned the Herrschaft of Bergedorf, the Vierlande, half the Saxon Wood, and Geesthacht to Lübeck in return for a credit of 16,262.5 Lübeck marks. This acquisition included much of the trade route between Hamburg and Lübeck, thus providing a safe passage for freight between the cities. Eric III only retained a life tenancy.

The city of Lübeck and Eric III had stipulated that, upon his death, Lübeck would be entitled to take possession of the pawned areas until his successors repaid the credit and simultaneously exercised the repurchase of Mölln (contracted in 1359), altogether amounting to the then enormous sum of 26,000 Lübeck Marks.

In 1401, Eric III died without issue. The Lauenburg Elder Line was thus extinct in the male line and Eric III was succeeded by his second cousin Eric IV of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg of the Younger Line. In the same year, Eric IV, supported by his sons Eric (later ruling as Eric V) and John, forcefully captured the pawned areas without making any repayment, before Lübeck could take possession of them. Lübeck acquiesced for the time being.

In 1420, Eric V attacked Prince-Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg and Lübeck allied with Hamburg in support of Brandenburg. Armies of both cities opened a second front and conquered Bergedorf, Riepenburg castle and the Esslingen river toll station (today's Zollenspieker Ferry). This forced Eric V to agree with Hamburg's burgomaster Hein Hoyer and Burgomaster Jordan Pleskow of Lübeck to the Treaty of Perleberg on 23 August 1420, which stipulated that all the pawned areas, which Eric IV, Eric V and John IV had violently taken in 1401, were to be irrevocably ceded to the cities of Hamburg and Lübeck, becoming their bi-urban condominium of Bergedorf (Beiderstädtischer Besitz).

From the 14th century, Saxe-Lauenburg termed itself as Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). However, Saxony as a naming for the area comprising the older Duchy of Saxony in its borders before 1180 still prevailed. So, when the Holy Roman Empire established the Imperial Circles in 1500 as tax levying and army recruitment districts, the circle comprising Saxe-Lauenburg and all its neighbours became designated as Saxon Circle, while the Wettin-ruled Saxon electorate and duchies at that time formed the Upper Saxon Circle. The naming of Lower Saxony became more colloquial and the Saxon Circle was later renamed the Lower Saxon Circle. In 1659, Duke Julius Henry decreed in his general disposition (guidelines for his government) "to also esteem the woodlands as heart and dwell [of revenues] of the Principality of Lower Saxony."

After the Reformation
The people of Hadeln, represented by their estates of the realm, adopted the Lutheran Reformation in 1525 and Duke Magnus I confirmed Hadeln's Lutheran Church Order in 1526, establishing Hadeln's separate ecclesiastical body existing until 1885. Magnus did not promote the spreading of Lutheranism in the rest of his duchy. Lutheran preachers, most likely from the southerly adjacent Principality of Lunenburg (Lutheran since 1529), held the first Lutheran preaches; at the northern entrance of St. Mary Magdalene Church in Lauenburg upon Elbe, one is recalled for Saint John's Eve in 1531. Tacitly, the congregations appointed Lutheran preachers so that the visitations of 1564 and 1566, ordered by Duke Francis I, Magnus I's son, on the instigation of the Ritter-und-Landschaft, saw Lutheran preachers in many parishes. In 1566, Francis I appointed the Superintendent Franciscus Baringius as the first spiritual leader of the church in the duchy, not including Hadeln.

Francis I conducted a thrifty reign and resigned in favour of his eldest son Magnus II once having exploited all his means in 1571. Magnus II promised to redeem the pawned ducal demesnes with funds he gained as a Swedish military commander and by his marriage to Princess Sophia of Sweden. However, Magnus did not redeem pawns but further alienated ducal possessions, which ignited a conflict between Magnus and his father and brothers Francis (II) and Maurice as well as the estates of the duchy, further escalating due to Magnus' violent temperament.

In 1573, Francis I deposed Magnus and reascended to the throne while Magnus fled to Sweden. The following year, Magnus hired troops in order to retake Saxe-Lauenburg via force. Francis II, an experienced military commander in imperial service, and Duke Adolphus of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp, then Lower Saxon Circle Colonel (Kreisobrist), helped Francis I to defeat Magnus. In return Saxe-Lauenburg ceded the bailiwick of Steinhorst to Gottorp in 1575. Francis II again helped his father to inhibit Magnus' second military attempt to overthrow his father in 1578. Francis I then made Francis II his vicegerent actually governing the duchy.

Shortly before his death in 1581 (and after consultations with his son Prince-Archbishop Henry of Bremen and Emperor Rudolph II, but unconcerted with his other sons Magnus and Maurice), Francis I made his third son, Francis II, whom he considered the ablest, his sole successor, violating the rules of primogeniture. This severed the already difficult relations with the estates of the duchy, which fought the ducal practice of growing indebtedness.

The general church visitation of 1581, prompted by Francis II, showed poor results as to the knowledge, practice and behaviour of many pastors. Baringius was held responsible for these grievances and replaced by Gerhard Sagittarius in 1582. Finally in 1585, after consultations with his brother Prince-Archbishop Henry, Francis II decreed a constitution (Niedersächsische Kirchenordnung; Lower Saxon Church Order), authored by Lübeck's Superintendent Andreas Pouchenius the Elder, for the Lutheran church of Saxe-Lauenburg. It constituted the Lutheran state church of Saxe-Lauenburg, with a general superintendent (as of 1592) and consistory seated in the city of Lauenburg, which merged into that of Schleswig-Holstein in 1877. Francis II's attempts in 1585 and 1586 to merge Hadeln's Lutheran church body with that in the rest of the duchy were unanimously rejected by Hadeln's clergy and estates.

The violation of the primogeniture, however, gave grounds for the estates to perceive the upcoming duke Francis II as illegitimate. This forced him into negotiations, which ended on 16 December 1585 with the constitutional act of the "Eternal Union" (Ewige Union) of the representatives of Saxe-Lauenburg's nobility (Ritterschaft, i.e. knighthood) and other subjects (Landschaft), mostly from the cities of Lauenburg upon Elbe and Ratzeburg, then altogether constituted as the estates of the duchy (Ritter-und-Landschaft), led by the Land Marshall, a hereditary office held by the family von Bülow. Francis II accepted their establishment as a permanent institution with a crucial say in government matters. In return, Ritter-und-Landschaft accepted Francis II as legitimate, and rendered him homage as duke in 1586.

The relations between Ritter-und-Landschaft and the duke improved since Francis II redeemed ducal pawns with money he had earned as imperial commander. After the residential castle in Lauenburg upon Elbe (started in 1180–1182 by Duke Bernard I) had burnt down in 1616, Francis II moved the capital to Neuhaus upon Elbe.

In 1619, Duke Augustus moved Saxe-Lauenburg's capital from Neuhaus upon Elbe to Ratzeburg, where it remained since. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Augustus always remained neutral, however, billeting and alimenting foreign troops marching through posed a heavy burden onto the ducal subjects. Augustus was succeeded by his elder half-brother Julius Henry in 1656. He had converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism in expectation of becoming appointed Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück in 1615, but guaranteed to leave the Lutheran state church and the Lower Saxon Church Order untouched.

He confirmed the existing privileges of the nobility and the Ritter-und-Landschaft. In 1658, he forbade his vassals to pledge or else alienate fiefs, thus fighting the integration of manor estates in Saxe-Lauenburg into the monetary economies of the neighbouring economically powerful Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck. He entered with both city-states into frontier disputes on manor estates which were in the process of evading Saxe-Lauenburgian overlordship into the competence of the city-states.

Disputed succession
With the death of Duke Julius Francis, a son of Julius Henry, the Lauenburg line of the House of Ascania became extinct in the male line. However, female succession was possible by the Saxe-Lauenburgian laws. So, the two surviving daughters of Julius Francis—Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg and Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg—fought for the succession. Their weak position was abused by Duke George William of the neighbouring Brunswick and Lunenburgian Principality of Lüneburg, who invaded Saxe-Lauenburg with his troops, thus inhibiting the ascension of the legal heiress to the throne, Duchess Anna Maria.

There were at least eight monarchies claiming the succession, resulting in a conflict involving further the neighbouring duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and of Danish Holstein, as well as the five Ascanian-ruled Principalities of Anhalt, the Electorate of Saxony, which had succeeded the Saxe-Wittenbergian Ascanians in 1422, Sweden, and Brandenburg. Celle and Danish Holstein were militarily engaged, which agreed on 9 October 1693 (Hamburger Vergleich), that Celle—already de facto holding most of Saxe-Lauenburg—would retain the duchy, while the fortress in Ratzeburg, fortified under Celle rule and directed against Holstein, would be razed. In return, Danish Holstein, which had invaded Ratzeburg and ruined the fortress, would withdraw its troops.

George William compensated John George III, Elector of Saxony, for his claim with a substantial sum of money, since the ancestors of both these princes had made treaties of mutual succession with former dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg. The Ritter-und-Landschaft then rendered homage to George William as their duke. On 15 September 1702 George William confirmed the existing constitution, laws and legislative bodies of Saxe-Lauenburg. On 17 May 1705, the Lutheran superintendency was moved from Lauenburg to Ratzeburg and combined with the pastorate of St. Peter's Church. When he died on 28 August the same year, Saxe-Lauenburg passed to his nephew, George I Louis, elector of Hanover, afterwards king of Great Britain as George I. The Lower Saxon Lutheran Church maintained its Church Order with the consistory and General Superintendent Severin Walter Slüter (1646–1697) in Lauenburg, succeeded by incumbents titled again superintendent only.

Saxe-Lauenburg (except for Hadeln) passed to the House of Welf and its cadet branch House of Hanover, while the legal heirs, Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg and Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, never waiving their claim, were dispossessed and the former exiled to Bohemian Ploskovice. Emperor Leopold I rejected Celle's succession and thus retained Hadeln, which was out of Celle's reach, in his custody. His son, Emperor Charles VI, enfeoffed Saxe-Lauenberg to George I's son and successor George II Augustus, thus legitimizing the de facto takeover by George William in 1689 and 1693. On 27 August 1729, he confirmed Saxe-Lauenburg's existing constitution, laws and the Ritter-und-Landschaft. On 5 April 1757, the Niedersächsische Landschulordnung decreed the compulsory school attendance for all children in Saxe-Lauenburg. George III ascended in 1760 and endorsed all the laws, the constitution and the Ritter-und-Landschaft of Saxe-Lauenburg by a writ issued in St. James' Palace on 21 January 1765. In 1794, George III donated annual rewards for the best teachers in Saxe-Lauenburg.

Napoleonic era
The duchy was occupied by French troops from 1803 to 1805, after which the French occupational troops left in a campaign against Austria. British, Swedish and Russian Coalition forces would capture Saxe-Lauenburg in autumn 1805 at the beginning of the War of the Third Coalition against France (1805–06). In December, the First French Empire (France's new form of government since 1804) ceded Saxe-Lauenburg, which it no longer held, to the Kingdom of Prussia, which captured it early in 1806.

When Prussia (after it had turned against France as part of the Fourth Coalition) was defeated in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (November 11, 1806), France recaptured Saxe-Lauenburg. It remained under French occupation until 1 March 1810, when most of it was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, a French client state. A small area with 15,000 inhabitants remained reserved for Napoléon's purposes. On 1 January 1811, most of the former duchy (except for the Amt Neuhaus and the Marschvogtei, which remained with Westphalia) was annexed to the First French Empire becoming part of the Bouches-de-l'Elbe department.

Post-Napoleon
After the Napoleonic Wars, Saxe-Lauenburg was restored as a Hanoverian dominium in 1813. The Congress of Vienna established Saxe-Lauenburg as a member state of the German Confederation. In 1814 the Kingdom of Hanover bartered Saxe-Lauenburg against Prussian East Frisia. On 7 June 1815, after 14 months under its rule, Prussia granted Saxe-Lauenburg to Sweden, receiving the former Swedish Pomerania in return, however, additionally paying 2.6 million Thaler to Denmark, in order to compensate Denmark for the loss of Norway. Denmark gained the territory north of the Elbe, now ruled in personal union by the Danish House of Oldenburg, from Sweden, which thus again compensated Danish claims to Swedish Pomerania. On 6 December 1815 Frederick VI of Denmark issued his Asseveration Act (Versicherungsacte) affirming the given laws, the constitution and the Ritter-und-Landschaft of Saxe-Lauenburg. In 1816, his administration took possession of the duchy.

During the First Schleswig War (1848–1851), the Ritter-und-Landschaft prevented a Prussian conquest by requesting Hanoverian troops as peace-keeping occupational forces on behalf of the German Confederation. In 1851, King Frederick VII of Denmark was restored as Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg. Prussian and Austrian forces invaded the duchy during the Second Schleswig War. By the Treaty of Vienna (1864), King Christian IX of Denmark abdicated as duke and ceded the duchy to Prussia and Austria. After receiving a £300,000 financial compensation, Austria waived its claim to Saxe-Lauenburg by the Gastein Convention in August 1865. The Ritter-und-Landschaft then offered the ducal throne to William I of Prussia. In September of the same year, he accepted and ruled the duchy in a personal union. William appointed the then Minister President of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, as minister for Saxe-Lauenburg. In 1866, Saxe-Lauenburg joined the North German Confederation. However, its vote in the Bundesrat was counted along with those of Prussia.

In 1871, Saxe-Lauenburg was one of the component constituent states founding united Germany. However, in 1876, the ducal government and the Ritter-und-Landschaft decided to dissolve the Duchy with effect on 1 July 1876. Its territory was then integrated into the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein as the district Herzogtum Lauenburg, meaning the Duchy of Lauenburg.

For the further history see Herzogtum Lauenburg.

Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
For the Duchesses consort see List of Saxon consorts, partially also presenting portraits. For portraits of the dukes, starting with Julius Henry, see List of Saxon rulers.

House of Ascania (1296–1689)
The counting of the dukes includes the preceding Ascanian dukes Bernard I, his son Albert I, and the latter's jointly ruling sons John I and Albert II, all of which ruled the Saxon dukedom before its partition into Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg.

 * Eric I 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1360 in Saxe-Bergedorf, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg (see below)
 * John II 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1321 in Saxe-Ratzeburg, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg (see section below)
 * Albert III 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1308 in Saxe-Ratzeburg, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg, dying without issue Eric I inherited his share

In 1303 the brothers split their inheritance between them, however, only two brothers had heirs creating the Bergedorf-Mölln and the Ratzeburg-Lauenburg lines.

Bergedorf-Mölln line
First named Saxe-Mölln, however, renamed following a territorial redeployment including parts of Albert III's share in 1321.

 * 1303–22: John II (*ca. 1275–1322*), ruled alone in Bergedorf-Mölln, rivalled as Saxon Prince-Elector by his cousin Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg in 1314
 * 1322–43: Albrecht (Albert) IV (*?–1343*), son of the preceding.
 * 1343–56: John III (*?–1356*), son of the preceding.
 * 1356–70: Albrecht (Albert) V (*?–1370*), brother of the preceding.
 * 1370–1401: Eric III (*?–1401*), brother of the preceding.

In 1401, the elder branch became extinct and Lauenburg rejoined the Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line.

Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line
First named Saxe-Bergedorf-Lauenburg, however, renamed following a territorial redeployment after inheriting Albert III's share.

 * 1303–38: Eric I (*?–1360*), resigned in 1338.
 * 1338–68: Eric II (*1318/1320–1368*), son of the preceding.
 * 1368–1412: Eric IV (*1354–1411/1412*), son of the preceding, ruled jointly with his sons Eric V and Bernard II since 1401.

In 1401, the younger branch inherited Lauenburg and other possessions of the extinct elder Bergedorf-Mölln line.
 * 1401–36: Eric V (*?-1436*), son of the preceding, ruled jointly with his father until 1412, his brother John IV until 1414 and his younger brother Bernard II as of 1426.
 * 1401–14: John IV (*?-1414*), brother of the preceding, ruled jointly with his father until 1412 and his brother Eric V.
 * 1426–63: Bernard II (*1385/1392–1463*), brother of the preceding, ruled jointly with his brother Eric V as of 1426.
 * 1463–1507: John V (*1439–1507*), son of the preceding.
 * 1507–43: Magnus I (*1488–1543*), son of the preceding.
 * 1543–71: Francis I (*1510–1581*), son of the preceding, resigned in favour of his son Magnus II.
 * 1571-74: Magnus II (*1543–1603*), son of the preceding.
 * 1574–81: Francis I (*1510–1581*), reascended the throne, replacing his son Magnus II.
 * 1581-88: Magnus II (*1543–1603*), son of the preceding, ruled jointly with his brothers Maurice and Francis II, Magnus resigned in 1588.
 * 1581-1612: Maurice (*1551–1612*), ruled jointly with his brothers Magnus II (till 1588) and Francis II.
 * 1581–1619: Francis II (*1547–1619*), ruled jointly with his brothers Magnus II (till 1588) and Maurice (till 1612).
 * 1619–56: Augustus (*1577–1656*), son of the preceding.
 * 1656–65: Julius Henry (*1586–1665*), brother of the preceding.
 * 1665–66: Francis Erdmann (*1629–1666*), son of the preceding.
 * 1666–89: Julius Francis (*1641–1689*), brother of the preceding.

House of Welf (1689–1803)
For 113 years, the duchy was ruled by members of the Welf dynasty. However, their rule was not legitimised until 1728, when Emperor Charles VI enfeoffed George II Augustus with Saxe-Lauenburg.

House of Brunswick and Lunenburg–Celle (1689–1705)

 * 1689–1705: George William; also Prince of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Celle), by title also Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg.

House of Hanover (1705–1803)

 * 1705–27: George I Louis; also Prince-Elector of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Calenberg) (commonly called Electorate of Hanover, after its capital), by title also Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg; also King of Great Britain from 1714.
 * 1727–60: George II Augustus; also King of Great Britain, Elector of Hanover, by title also Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg.
 * 1760–1814: George III, de facto dispossessed in 1803–05 and 1805–14, however he held up the title of duke, rejecting any unilateral act and annexation by Napoléon. Only at the Congress of Vienna, where all sides agreed, the title of duke passed to his nephew. Also King of Great Britain (becoming King of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801), Elector of Hanover (becoming King of Hanover in 1814), by title also Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg.

Napoleonic Wars (1803–14)

 * Occupied by the First French Republic, 1803–04.
 * Occupied by the First French Empire, 1804–05.
 * Recaptured by British, Swedish and Russian forces of the Third Coalition against France, 1805.
 * Occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia, 1805–07.
 * Occupied by the First French Empire, 1807.
 * Annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, 1807–10.
 * Annexed to the First French Empire, 1810–14.

House of Oldenburg (1815–64)
For almost fifty years, from 1815, Saxe-Lauenburg was within the German Confederation, and in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark:

Main line (1815–63)

 * 1815–39: Frederick I; also King of Denmark (1808–39, as Frederick VI) and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein; previously King of (1808–14) Norway and Regent of Denmark-Norway from 1784.
 * 1839–48: Christian I; also King of Denmark (as Christian VIII) and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein; previously King of Norway (1814, as Christian Frederick).
 * 1848–63: Frederick II; also King of Denmark (as Frederick VII) and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein.

Glücksburg line (1863–64)

 * 1863–64: Christian II; also King of Denmark (1863–1906, as Christian IX) and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein.

House of Hohenzollern (1865–76)
For twelve years Saxe-Lauenburg was ruled in personal union with Prussia, within the North German Confederation (1867–71). In 1871 Saxe-Lauenburg became a component state of united Germany (German Empire).
 * 1865–76: William; also King of Prussia (1861–88), President of the North German Confederation (1867–71) and German Emperor (1871–88).

Dependent rule (1876–present)

 * In 1876 the Duchy gave up statehood and was transformed into the District of the Duchy of Lauenburg within Schleswig-Holstein, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia (1866–1918) and then of the Free State of Prussia (1918–33/1947), a component state of the respective government forms of Germany. In 1946 the province assumed the rank of statehood as State (Land) of Schleswig-Holstein and joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.
 * In 1890, Imperial Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was awarded the honorific title of Duke of Lauenburg including estates in the Sachsenwald in the former duchy, but he was never sovereign ruler of the territory, which had been incorporated into Prussia in 1876. He moved to these estates in Friedrichsruh and lived there until his death.

title: Saxe-Lauenburg


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User talk:Astrochris

Image:Thelogo.JPG
As you're aware (since I just showed you) I replaced this image with better version. DSS370 05:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Joseph.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Joseph.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by going to "Your contributions" from your user page and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Agnte 15:39, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hi there, Astrochris. Although a little late, I'd like to thank you for fixing the typo in the Latin translation in my user page. I can't believe it had been there for so long... Thanks a lot. Redux 00:54, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Simple English Wikipedia
Oi Astrochris. Vejo que você é brasileiro também. Por acaso você não teria vontade de contribuir também no Simple English Wikipedia em artigos relacionados ao Brazil? Obrigado. --Paulistanum 20:54, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Hoosh
I have added a "" template to the article Hoosh, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Jeepday 01:19, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

First Cloned Baby
Welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome your help to create new content, but your recent additions (such as First Cloned Baby) are considered nonsense. Please refrain from creating nonsense articles. If you want to test things out, edit the sandbox instead. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. NawlinWiki 02:54, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Public Financial Management requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mbisanz (talk) 07:36, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback. There were a couple of factors that led me to CSD (probably hastily).
 * 1. 35 billion is a lot to me, but to a multi-trillion bond market and 12 trillion GDP, it seemed small. Then again, to the muni bond market it could be large.
 * 2. The SDC ranking was (and is) unsourced, and the seemingly random year period (24 years), made me think someone had maniipulated a spreadsheet until PFM hit the top ranking.
 * 3. The version I speedy'd didn't have a link or any sources, which made it seem more likely than not a case of WP:SPAM
 * However, I do admit now that I might have been a bit hasty in nom'ing it.
 * I'm seeing now that most of your numbers appear to have come from this page . I'm going to put it in the article as the source of those particular statement, but would strongly encourage you to get outside verification of those numbers.  We all know how companies use EBITDA to inflate their earnings and some outside commentary (even a newspaper) would make me more sure in sourcing those numbers.
 * And is it just me, or is their website really poorly laid out? Mbisanz (talk) 05:10, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Aladi.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Aladi.gif. Unfortunately, I think that you have not provided a proper rationale for using this image under "fair use". Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page. Note that the image description page must include the exact name or a link to each article the image is used in and a separate rationale for each one. (If a link is used, automated processes may improperly add the related tag to the image.  Please change the fair use template to refer to the exact name, if you see this warning.)

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted after seven days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rockfang (talk) 13:42, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Notability of Ken Moelis
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Ken Moelis, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Ken Moelis seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Ken Moelis, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 06:40, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Public Financial Management for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Public Financial Management is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Public Financial Management until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Ivanvector (talk) 16:45, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Astrochris


text:
John Wesley Etheridge

John Wesley Etheridge (24 February 1804 – 24 May 1866) was an English nonconformist minister and scholar. He was the first person to translate the four gospels from the Syriac Peshitta into English (1846), shortly before the full New Testament was translated by James Murdock (1856).

Life
He was born near Newport, Isle of Wight. He received most of his early education from his father. Though he never attended university he ultimately acquired a thorough knowledge of Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, French and German. In 1824 he was placed on the Wesleyan Methodist plan as a local preacher.

In 1826 his offer to enter the ministry was accepted, and after the usual probationary trial he was received into full connection at the conference of 1831. For two years after this he remained at Brighton, and in 1833 he removed to Cornwall, being stationed successively at the Truro and Falmouth circuits. From Falmouth he removed to Darlaston, where in 1838 his health gave way.

For a good many years he was a supernumerary, and lived for a while at Caen and Paris, where in the public libraries he found great facilities for prosecuting his favorite Oriental studies. His health having considerably improved, he became, in 1843, pastor of the Methodist church at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

He returned to England in 1847, and was appointed successively to the circuits of Islington, Bristol, Leeds, Penzance, Penryn, Truro and St Austell in east Cornwall. Shortly after his return to England he received the degree of PhD from the University of Heidelberg. He was a patient, modest, hard-working and accurate scholar. He died at Camborne on 24 May 1866.

Works
His principal works are:

 * A Literal Translation Of The Four Gospels from the Peschito
 * Horae Aramaicae (1843)
 * History, Liturgies and Literature of the Syrian Churches (1847)
 * The Apostolical Acts and Epistles, from the Peshito or Ancient Syriac; to which are added, the remaining Epistles, and the book of Revelation, after a later Syrian text (1849)
 * Jerusalem and Tiberias, a Survey of the Religious and Scholastic Learning of the Jews (1856)
 * The Life of the Rev. Adam Clarke, LL.D. (1858, 2nd Ed)
 * The Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan ben Uzziel (1st vol. in 1862, 2nd in 1865)

title: John Wesley Etheridge


text:
User talk:Frumtech

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Frumtech


text:
Froylán Ledezma

Froylán Greing Ledezma Stephens (born 2 January 1978) is a retired Costa Rican international football forward.

He is nicknamed as El Cachorro which means "The Puppy".

Club career
A strong, quick and explosive striker, he debuted in the Costa Rican league on 14 January 1995 at the age of 17 with Alajuelense against Municipal Pérez Zeledón. In the 1995–96 season, he scored 14 goals and played 41 games, and followed up the next season with 21 goals in 27 matches.

Ajax
He was scouted by Dutch club Ajax Amsterdam and after that, invited for a trial by their big rivals Feyenoord. But Ajax signed him in 1997 for around 4.5 million euros in spectacular fashion after 'kidnapping' him from Amsterdam Airport under Feyenoord's nose. However, the promising youngster was not a success in Dutch football, only playing twice for Ajax. He was suspended by Ajax for indiscipline after his first season until his contract ended (almost three years later).

South America
In 2001, he signed for Cerro Porteño but was not eligible to play immediately since Ajax had not formally released him. In February 2002, overweight and lacking match fitness, Ledezma broke his foot in a warm-up match in Chile. In May 2002, he was taken in custody after an altercation with traffic police outside a bar where he had illegally parked his car.

Ledezma returned to Costa Rica where he surprisingly signed for Saprissa (Alajuelense's archrival). He then joined Bolivian side, The Strongest, regularly appearing in the starting line-up, and playing in the Copa Libertadores. He was only the third Costa Rican to score in the Libertadores after netting in February 2003 against Uruguayan side Fénix.

Alajuelense
Afterwards he returned to Alajuelense amid more controversy when The Strongest claimed Ledezma owed them money for his rights after he walked out on the club. At Alajuelense he became CONCACAF Champions' Cup's champion in 2004 and led the team to their league championship in the 2004–05 season. He started the 2005–06 season with Alajuelense but was suspended by the Costa Rican FA for three months in June 2005 for leaving the national team set-up without permission. He then was loaned to Greek team Akratitos for six months (January – June 2006), then he was bought by Austrian club SC Rheindorf Altach. He had an acceptable campaign and by the end of the season he was sold again to FC Augsburg.

Admira Wacker Mödling
On a quick transaction he was transferred to VfB Admira Wacker Mödling. More controversy ensued, however, as he was sent back to the reserve team in October 2009 claiming the club owed him 3 months wages.

In 2009, after Costa Rica's national team's poor performance under Hernán Medford's direction, a new head coach, Rodrigo Kenton, was hired and he called Ledezma back to the national team where he performed well.

Ledezma was released from VfB Admira Wacker Mödling and joined Costa Rican club Herediano in June 2010. only to leave them after just five months as he rejoined VfB Admira Wacker Mödling. He started playing well in Austrian second division, his club winning promotion to the 1st league. He played just a few games as substitute in the 2011 season but then suffered a shoulder injury which sidelined him for four months.

Final season
After he recovered from the injury, he decided to end his contract with VfB Admira Wacker Mödling and to move back to Costa Rica to play with Alajuelense. He announced his retirement in August 2012 after failing to regain full fitness.

International career
Ledezma played for Costa Rica in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Malaysia.

He made his senior debut for Costa Rica in a September 1997 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Jamaica and earned a total of 22 caps, scoring 6 goals. He helped his country win the UNCAF Nations Cup 1999 and has also appeared in three qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and 6 qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He also played at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His final international was a September 2009 FIFA World Cup qualification match against El Salvador.

Retirement
Ledezma retired after the 2012 summer tournament. In January 2014 he was injured in a car accident near Orotina.

Honours

 * Primera División de Costa Rica:
 * 1995–96, 1996–97, 2004–05
 * Copa Interclubes UNCAF:
 * 1996, 2005
 * UNCAF Nations Cup:
 * 1999
 * Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano:
 * 2003-C
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup:
 * 2004

International goals

 * Scores and results list. Costa Rica's goal tally first.

title: Froylán Ledezma


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Panama


text:
Hubert Zimmermann

Hubert Zimmermann (15 November 1941 – 9 November 2012) was a French software engineer and a pioneering figure in computer networking.

Biography
Education:

Zimmermann was educated at École Polytechnique and École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications.

Early Career and Contributions:

His career began at Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA) in Rocquencourt from 1972 through 1979, where he led research into what became ChorusOS series of distributed operating systems. He worked for Louis Pouzin on the CYCLADES project and participated in the International Network Working Group from 1972. He published several influential papers in the field of internetworking and was acknowledged by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication. In 1977, he was an early member of the International Organization for Standardization as it developed the Open Systems Interconnection protocols. He developed and promoted the OSI reference model which became a popular way to describe network protocols, and published a paper on the model in 1980 and one with John Day in 1983.

France Telecom:

He then worked for France Télécom in 1980 through 1986.

Chorus Systemes:

Zimmerman was a founder of Chorus Systèmes SA in 1986, which commercialised the Chorus distributed microkernel operating system that had been created at INRIA. Chorus Systèmes was purchased by Sun Microsystems in 1997, where he was director of telecom software engineering for 5 years. Then he invested in entrepreneurial high-tech companies such as Arbor Venture Management, Boost Your StartUp, Gingko Networks and UDcast.

Awards and Recognition:

In 1991, Zimmermann was awarded the SIGCOMM Award for "20 years of leadership in the development of computer networking and the advancement of international standardization".

Death:

On 9 November 2012, Zimmermann died in France.

title: Hubert Zimmermann


text: File:Het Achterhuis (Diary of Anne Frank) - front cover, first edition.jpg


text: User talk:200.153.112.250

title: User talk:200.153.112.250


text:
Wikipedia talk:Probation

Admins in conflict with user
I think it might be a good idea to prevent administrators from banning someone who they are in conflict with. Administrators aren't allowed to protect a page in order to win an edit war for example. The same reasoning should apply here. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 16:28, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed, although it's arguable that that would be abuse of sysop powers, of course, whether or not we explicitly said so. Other than that, however, I think the suggestion is worth trying out.
 * James F. (talk) 13:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Suggestion has been incorporated. Fred Bauder 15:00, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

I find this proposal both too broad and vague, and simultaneously another example of instruction creep. What is a "disruptive or objectional way"? What is an "administrator who is not involved in the conflict"? As for administrators not banning someone they are in conflict with, what if they are vandals? Highly disruptive? And what do we mean in this case by "banning"; permanent bans, or temporary block? Jayjg (talk) 18:36, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Editing in a "disruptive or objectional way" means editing in such a way that a reasonable person (i.e an uninvolved admin) judges is not in the best interest of Wikipedia. Revert warring, personal attacks, POV pushing, trolling are all examples of disruptive editing.
 * An administrator who is not involved in the conflict is one who isn't revert warring with the person on probation or exchanging insults with them or fighting in any way with the person.
 * This is not a Wikipedia wide policy. It's a remedy for a select few individuals who otherwise would have to be banned outright. Vandals don't need to be put on probation, they need to be reverted and possibly temp blocked.
 * A temp ban is a ban for a short period of time. The person is banned by an an uninvolved admin rather than by us. They announce the ban on WP:AN/I and everyone takes appropriate measures to enforce the ban. This may involve blocking for a period of time, or it may involve mass reverting of everything the person does, or it may involve reverting and short term blocking. It depends on what works best in that particular instance. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A ban under this remedy would be limited to only the articles the user is causing trouble with. It was created to give us some options. Fred Bauder 22:32, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

It's a long road from "it's no big deal" to "you are the police". Two problems I see. One, your definition of "objectional" behaviour is very broad. Is it POV pushing to push your POV once or do you have to do it a lot before it's "objectional"? I can think of quite a few editors who I object to who actually are admins. And "disruptive" is a catch-all term that tends to mean "I don't like it". In any case, today's "disruptive" is tomorrow's "made no difference". Sometimes, I wonder whether inviting everyone involved to calm down and sleep on it wouldn't actually be the better course of action than propagating and encouraging litigation. Two, an "uninvolved" admin is a rara avis round here. There are blocs of admins who work together already to protect pages from POVs they don't approve of (or to enforce our policies if you prefer to see it that way) and for most POV pushing types, summoning up an admin who will ban the probationer for them would not be extremely difficult. I understand that you want to find another option that will allow you not to ban problem users like Yuber, and yes, Fred, you're only looking at particular cases, but devolving more and more power on admins is a dangerous thing and setting a precedent only encourages ever greater instruction creep. Today Yuber, who crosses the line, tomorrow someone else, who straddles it, the next day, someone that just holds an unpopular view. Grace Note 06:11, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Gracenote, it should be noted, is a reincarnation of Dr Zen, who was previously sanctioned by the arbitration committee for disruptive editing. Take his comments with a grain of salt. →Raul654 01:21, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

I just changed to the template for the suggested procedure for banning to read that the length is subject to the admin's discretion, and not automatically a year, as it had implied. I think that this is the intended meaning, and would be more consistent with the intro: "setting forth ... the date the ban expires (which may be not later than the end of probation)." One of these was wrong, and I thought it was the year one. Dmcdevit·t 03:01, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Nobody is "entitled"
From the page:

 * A user placed on probation by the Arbitration Committee is entitled to continue to edit in the subject areas in which they are on probation.

I disapprove of the idea that anyone is "entitled" to edit Wikipedia. It is an attitude of entitlement that has led to some of our worse social problems: people believing that they are entitled to use Wikipedia to be heard; that their points of view (no matter how obscure) are entitled to be aired prominently; that they have a right to edit, and therefore that restrictions on their editing are some kind of infringement of their rights; ... or for that matter the conduct of some administrators reflecting an apparent belief that their status entitles them to overrule other editors on content matters. "Entitlement" is a huge, huge problem.

Might I suggest the use of the term "permitted" instead? Even this, though, would suggest to some people that they had some sort of special sanction -- "I'm Officially Permitted to edit this, so don't mess with me." --FOo 04:54, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Probation list incomplete
The list of people on probation is not complete. User:William M. Connolley is not mentioned. I don't know how many others on probation are not listed. (SEWilco 22:03, 2 December 2005 (UTC))

 * He was not on probation but on revert parole. Fred Bauder 00:15, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * My mistake. So what is the difference between probation and Parole?  (SEWilco 04:06, 3 December 2005 (UTC))

Probation permits any administrator to ban the user from editing an article if they disrupt it. A revert parole involved blocking someone if they revert too much. Neither is that satisfactory as an administrator has to get involved which they may not do, as you have found out. Fred Bauder 13:16, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the explanation. Can you expand the definition at Parole?  (SEWilco 16:18, 3 December 2005 (UTC))

Ex post facto penalties
"1) In view of the dissatisfaction expressed by XXX with the decisions reached in this case and the apparent lack of insight into any role his own behavior played in the creation and aggravation of the problems which gave rise to this case he is placed indefinitely on Probation. If in the opinion of any three administrators, for good cause, he is responsible for disrupting the functioning of Wikipedia, restrictions may be placed on his editing, up to and including a general ban of one year. Each restriction imposed shall be documented and explained in a section at the bottom of Requests for arbitration/(Name of case). Should any period of one year pass without any such restriction being imposed XXX's probation shall automatically end." - Created December 16th by Fred Bauder, the same day this extreme and indefinate penalty was proposed against me and another user by Fred Bauder in two arbcom cases after we voiced rational disagreement with his general lack of transparency and unfairness in the handling of those cases.

Hey Fred. You supposedly went to law school, right? Ever heard of an ex post facto rule? They were apparently quite common for Star Chamber proceedings. Rangerdude 17:18, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Page bans
Is it true that each page can be resticted to allow only a few users or block a few users? -- Eddie 11:50, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Probation
Is SPUI supposed to be here? We're having problems and there is Requests for arbitration/Pedophilia userbox wheel war. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)

New motion
Could someone update my and PHenry's entry to note the expiration of probation (WP:RFAR/HWY? Thanks. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs) 03:59, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Lists of users on probation - update or delete?
The lists of users who are or were on the various types of Probation, and the notes on everyone's status, are now seriously out of date. This may suggest that this part of the page, while well-intentioned, is not very useful as a practical matter. Is it worth our collectively taking the time to update everything (as an ArbCom clerk I'll pitch in), or should we just delete the lists? Newyorkbrad 16:27, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please, please, update. It is entirely aggravating that there isn't a central list.  More admins should be aware of probationary users. SchmuckyTheCat 16:40, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There are comprehensive lists at Requests for arbitration/Completed requests and Requests for arbitration/Admin enforcement requested, which is a listing and summary of all cases involving enforceable remedies, and can easily be searched with control-F. The problem with this list is that it is incomplete, and only seems to be updated when someone has an "issue" of some kind.  Before Sam Blacketer's update of April, the last major update was by Fys, who was involved in a dispute with ArbCom over his own probation and introduced some rather "interesting" subclasses.  The current dispute over the list centers around one person, and it appears that no one has any interest in actually making the list comprehensive, for example by listing all the editors placed on probation through Armenia-Azerbaijan 2.  I checked with ArbCom via e-mail a few months ago and no one there objected to deleting the list, and my feeling is that an incomplete list is worse than no list at all, especially since there is a comprehensive list elsewhere.  If someone wants to own this list in a benevolent way and really keep it updated, that would be another situation entirely, but that does not seem to be the case at present. Thatcher131 12:18, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I would also say that if someone really did have an urge to really keep this up, that the list of users whose probation has expired or lifted should be removed entirely (on the Scarlett Letter principle), and the lists of actions taken should be removed and replaced with a link to the Arbitration case page where blocks and bans are recorded. There really is no such thing as dormant probation either. Thatcher131 12:26, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Um, Thatcher131, I didn't introduce any subclasses ("interesting" or otherwise) that weren't already to be found in the decisions of the ArbCom. And as for being "involved in a dispute with ArbCom over my own probation" the dispute was over me insisting that I wasn't going to have an article ban and suggesting probation as an alternative. My probation has now expired. Is there some sort of Rehabilitation of Offenders Act? PS I think what has happened to Proabivouac stinks. He had a clean block log. If blocks aren't a punishment, then probation certainly isn't, and why he should have to go through it for a year is totally beyond me. Fys. “Ta fys aym”. 13:27, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Namechanges
Is there any stipulation here which states that users on probation may not change usernames, or that if they do, they're required to inform anyone in particular?Proabivouac 09:54, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I know you want to argue that unless this particular principle is not written down somewhere it does not exist. However, some things are just common sense.  Banned users may not edit from another account during their ban, see WP:BAN and WP:SOCK.  This is something you well know, see for example Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_arbitration/SevenOfDiamonds. Why do you think that this principle would apply only to banned users and not to users under other forms of sanction such as revert parole or probation?  I don't recall you defending User:NuclearUmpf when he was caught as a reincarnation of User:Zer0faults evading his probation, or User:Ebonyskye who appears to be a reincarnation of User:GuardianZ that was being used to evade a topic ban.  The only reason you have given not to restart your own probation (other than "it's not written down") is because you originally edited under your real name rather than a pseudonym.  I doubt the community would endorse this sort of exemption as it would enable all sorts of evasions from truly bad actors, which you seem mostly not to be.

 * That said, I have just reviewed, for purposes of this post, the response to the discovery that Gwen Gale had also evaded her probation by dropping one account and adopting another. See especially Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive247.  I am truly astonished at the responses to that situation by Fred Bauder and especially Morven, who is the arbitrator who announced your own evasion and re-imposed your probation.  As a matter of policy I believe that probation applies to the person, not the account, and as you got caught (and especially since you got caught on the basis of similar editing behavior), you need to serve your probation.  As a matter of equity I am simply at a loss. I have rarely been moved to shout "What the fuck?" at an arbitrator, but this is one of those times. Thatcher131 12:52, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Non ArbCom probation
Is there any mechanism by which a tendentious editor can be placed on probation, without requiring a full ArbCom case to do it? For example, uninvolved admins agreeing with the probation? Or, if a user steers clear of 3RR and incivility, is ArbCom really the only allowable way to currently deal with tendentious editing? --Elonka 18:27, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Probation


text:
User talk:Mhandley

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
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 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 16:29, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

"The bastards say, 'Welcome'"
As that famous Data General ad has it! I just went to do a bio page for Dave Clark, only to discover you've just beaten me to it! Blast! Oh well, I got to Peter Kirstein first! :-) Noel (talk) 15:54, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

File:Wep-crypt.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Wep-crypt.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Peripitus (Talk) 06:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Sally Floyd (computer scientist)
A tag has been placed on Sally Floyd (computer scientist) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. — Timneu22 ·   talk 00:51, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hubert Zimmerman

The article Hubert Zimmerman has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * there is not enough information or context to begin to hunt for sources to determine if the subject is notable enough for an article. Seems to be known only for this one award

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Diannaa (Talk) 01:47, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mhandley


text:
Juliana of Nicomedia

 Juliana of Nicomedia (Greek: Ίουλιανή Νικομηδείας) is an Anatolian Christian saint, said to have suffered martyrdom during the Diocletianic persecution in 304. She was popular as a patron saint of the sick during the Middle Ages, especially in the Netherlands.

Historical background
Both the Latin and Greek Churches mention a holy martyr Juliana in their lists of saints. The oldest historical notice of her is found in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum for 16 February, her place of birth being given as Cumae in Campania (In Campania Cumbas, Natale Julianae).

The only reference to Juliana is in the Codex Epternacensis. That it is nevertheless authentic seems upheld by a letter of Saint Gregory the Great, which testifies to the special veneration of Saint Juliana in the neighbourhood of Naples. A pious matron named Januaria had built an oratory on one of her estates, and for its consecration, she sought relics (sanctuaria, that is to say, objects which had been brought into contact with the graves) of Saints Severin and Juliana. Gregory wrote to Fortunatus II, Bishop of Naples, telling him to accede to the wishes of Januaria. Her life is listed in the Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG) 963 and Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina (BHL) 4522–4527.

Two martyrs?
Sometime after Juliana's martyrdom, a noble lady named Sephora travelled through Nicomedia and took a martyr's body with her to Italy to be buried in Campania. It then seems reverence paid to another Juliana, honoured in Nicomedia, might have become conflated with that due to the Juliana who suffered at Cumae.

Little that is satisfactory has survived of the accounts, respectively, of two quite distinct persons.

The legend
Details of her biography are unclear. The Acts of Saint Juliana used by Bede in his "Martyrologium" may be legendary. According to this account, Saint Juliana, daughter of an illustrious pagan named Africanus, was born in Nicomedia; and as a child was betrothed to the Senator Eleusius, one of the emperor's advisors. Her father was hostile to the Christians. However, while keeping this to herself, Juliana had been baptised as a Christian. When the time of her wedding approached, Juliana refused to be married. Her father urged her not to break her engagement, but when she refused to obey him, he handed her over to the Governor, her former fiancé. Once more, Eleusius asked Juliana to marry him, but she again refused.

Juliana was beheaded after suffering torture in 304, during the persecution of Maximian. It is said that her torture included being partially burned in flames and plunged into a boiling pot of oil, before finally being beheaded. Along with Juliana, another Christian named Saint Barbara suffered martyrdom, to be likewise venerated as a saint.

Alternative narrative
Juliana's parents were pagans. They wanted to betroth her to Eleusius, a prominent officer from Antioch, but Juliana strongly resisted. This left her parents surprised. Until then she had never opposed them, and she was an obedient daughter.

It is said Eleusius' dignity was sorely dented. Nursing this grievance, he made enquiries. He discovered that Juliana had converted to Christianity, unbeknownst to either parent. Eleusius accused her before the Roman governor, leading to her arrest and imprisonment. While in prison, efforts to make Juliana the wife of Eleusius continued, to save her from execution. However, she preferred to die rather than take a pagan as her husband. The story continues that Eleusius, filled with hate and on orders from the Roman governor, ruthlessly flogged her. After that, he burned her face with a heated iron and said, "Go now to the mirror to see your beauty". At this, Juliana is said to have answered with a light smile: "At the resurrection of the righteous, there will not be burnings and wounds but only the soul. So Eleusius, I prefer to have now the wounds of the body which are temporary, rather than wounds of the soul which torture eternally." Juliana was eventually beheaded.

By this account, Eleusius was later eaten by a lion after a shipwreck on an island unknown.

Later history
Devotion to Saint Juliana of Nicomedia became very widespread, persisting especially in the Netherlands. She became known as the patron saint of the sick.

Early in the 13th century, her remains were transferred to Naples. The description of this translation by a contemporary writer is still extant.

Veneration
The feast of the saint is celebrated in the Catholic Church on 16 February; and in the Greek Orthodox Church on 21 December.

Since her Acts describe her conflicts with Satan, she is often depicted with a winged devil whom she leads by a chain. Other images show her enduring various tortures, or fighting a dragon. In the church of St Mary in Martham there is a medieval stained-glass depiction. In the church of St Andrew at Hempstead, near Holt, Norfolk, her effigy appears on a medieval rood screen. The church of St Mary at North Elmham contains an image of St Juliana on the rood screen.

St. Juliana is the subject of an Anglo-Saxon poem, believed to have been written by Cynewulf in the eighth century. This features an extended dialogue between Juliana and the demon she restrained.

title: Juliana of Nicomedia


text:
Lincoln Southeast High School

Lincoln Southeast High School is a public government education school located in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Lincoln Public Schools school district.

Lincoln Southeast High School has the highest accreditation from the Nebraska Department of Education. It is a member of, and is accredited by, the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. In 1986, Southeast High School was recognized in the U.S. Department of Education's Secondary School Recognition Program as a "School of Excellence". The school colors are black, gold, and white, and its athletic teams are the Knights. Advanced Placement courses are offered for freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors.

Renovations
As part of a recent $250 million school improvement bond issue, renovations were planned for Southeast and are now finished. Renovations included the expansion of the cafeteria, the replacement of the roofing and windows, renovation of the performing arts wing, new classroom additions, new heating and air conditioning systems, and various exterior fixes. The renovations were started in June 2006 and were expected to be finished in mid-2008, but delays moved it back to early 2009.

Athletics
From 1971 until 2013, Southeast was nominated for twenty All Sport Championships. From its beginning in 1955, Southeast has won 114 state championships for team sports in various athletic fields.

Non-athletic programs
Southeast offers many other non-athletic programs, such as drama, speech, and debate. Southeast's dance team, the Shirettes, have won national competitions since their inception in the 1980s, including in 2015. Southeast's cheerleading competition team won the state title in 2010 and 2016.

Music
Southeast also has a music program that includes three symphonic bands, marching band, three jazz bands and eight choirs that compete in numerous state festivals.

The Nebraska Cornhusker Marching Band was unable to attend the Holiday Bowl, and the Lincoln Southeast Marching Knights were asked to fill in at the bowl game. They played for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team as they took the field on December 30, 2009 and performed during the game.

The Lincoln Southeast Marching Knights will be performing at the halftime show of the 2019 Valero Alamo Bowl in a mass band.

Notable alumni

 * Mirsad Bektić, mixed martial artist fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Jon Bruning, 31st Attorney General of Nebraska
 * Bob Green, American college football coach
 * Derek Chollet, foreign policy advisor
 * Trent Claus, visual effects artist
 * Chris Cooper, former NFL player
 * Ana Marie Cox, founding editor of Wonkette
 * Deb Fischer, senior United States senator from Nebraska
 * Larry Gerard, former United States men's national artistic gymnastics team member
 * Luke Gifford, NFL player
 * Alex Gordon, outfielder for the Kansas City Royals
 * Jon Hesse, former NFL player
 * Joshua James, folk singer
 * Paige Nielsen, professional soccer player
 * Patty Pansing Brooks, politician
 * Nathan Phillips, a Native American political activist
 * Emily Poeschl, Miss Nebraska USA 2006
 * Andrea Portes, bestselling novelist
 * Barrett Ruud, former NFL linebacker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * Bo Ruud, former NFL player
 * Erik Sommer, artist
 * Ryland Steen, drummer for Reel Big Fish
 * Carel Stith, former NFL player
 * Matthew Sweet, musician, songwriter, and singer
 * James Valentine, guitarist for Maroon 5

title: Lincoln Southeast High School