text:
Isotopes of sulfur

Sulfur (16S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).

Other than 35S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. 35S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of 40Ar in the atmosphere. It has a half-life of 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. The shortest-lived is 49S, with a half-life shorter than 200 nanoseconds. Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to chlorine.

When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ34S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ13C and δ34S of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.

In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ34S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.

List of isotopes
• The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of 44S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability.
 * rowspan=3|27S
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3|27.01828(43)#
 * rowspan=3|15.5(15) ms
 * β+ (96.6%)
 * 27P
 * rowspan=3|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+, p (2.3%)
 * 26Si
 * β+, 2p (1.1%)
 * 25Al
 * rowspan=2|28S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=2|28.00437(17)
 * rowspan=2|125(10) ms
 * β+ (79.3%)
 * 28P
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (20.7%)
 * 27Si
 * rowspan=2|29S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2|28.99661(5)
 * rowspan=2|188(4) ms
 * β+ (53.6%)
 * 29P
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (46.4%)
 * 28Si
 * 30S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 14
 * 29.98490677(22)
 * 1.1759(17) s
 * β+
 * 30P
 * 0+
 * 31S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 15
 * 30.97955701(25)
 * 2.5534(18) s
 * β+
 * 31P
 * 1/2+
 * 32S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * 31.9720711744(14)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.9499(26)
 * 0.94454-0.95281
 * 33S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 17
 * 32.9714589099(15)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2+
 * 0.0075(2)
 * 0.00730-0.00793
 * 34S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 18
 * 33.96786701(5)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0425(24)
 * 0.03976-0.04734
 * 35S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * 34.96903232(4)
 * 87.37(4) d
 * β−
 * 35Cl
 * 3/2+
 * Trace
 * 36S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 20
 * 35.96708070(20)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0001(1)
 * 0.00013−0.00027
 * 37S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 21
 * 36.97112551(21)
 * 5.05(2) min
 * β−
 * 37Cl
 * 7/2−
 * 38S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 22
 * 37.971163(8)
 * 170.3(7) min
 * β−
 * 38Cl
 * 0+
 * 39S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 23
 * 38.97513(5)
 * 11.5(5) s
 * β−
 * 39Cl
 * (7/2)−
 * 40S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 24
 * 39.975483(4)
 * 8.8(22) s
 * β−
 * 40Cl
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|41S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 25
 * rowspan=2|40.979593(4)
 * rowspan=2|1.99(5) s
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 41Cl
 * rowspan=2|7/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 40Cl
 * rowspan=2|42S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=2|41.981065(3)
 * rowspan=2|1.016(15) s
 * β− (>96%)
 * 42Cl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<4%)
 * 41Cl
 * rowspan=2|43S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27
 * rowspan=2|42.986908(5)
 * rowspan=2|265(13) ms
 * β− (60%)
 * 43Cl
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (40%)
 * 42Cl
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 43mS
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 319(5) keV
 * 415.0(26) ns
 * IT
 * 43S
 * (7/2−)
 * rowspan=2|44S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=2|43.990119(6)
 * rowspan=2|100(1) ms
 * β− (81.7%)
 * 44Cl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (18.2%)
 * 43Cl
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 44mS
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1365.0(8) keV
 * 2.619(26) μs
 * IT
 * 44S
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|45S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=2|44.99572(111)
 * rowspan=2|68(2) ms
 * β−, n (54%)
 * 44Cl
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (46%)
 * 45Cl
 * 46S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 46.00037(54)#
 * 50(8) ms
 * β−
 * 46Cl
 * 0+
 * 47S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * 47.00791(54)#
 * 20# ms [>200 ns]
 * β−
 * 47Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * 48S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * 48.01370(64)#
 * 10# ms [>200 ns]
 * β−
 * 48Cl
 * 0+
 * 49S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 49.02264(72)#
 * β−
 * 49Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|45S
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
 * rowspan=2|44.99572(111)
 * rowspan=2|68(2) ms
 * β−, n (54%)
 * 44Cl
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (46%)
 * 45Cl
 * 46S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 46.00037(54)#
 * 50(8) ms
 * β−
 * 46Cl
 * 0+
 * 47S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 31
 * 47.00791(54)#
 * 20# ms [>200 ns]
 * β−
 * 47Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * 48S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 32
 * 48.01370(64)#
 * 10# ms [>200 ns]
 * β−
 * 48Cl
 * 0+
 * 49S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 49.02264(72)#
 * β−
 * 49Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * 10# ms [>200 ns]
 * β−
 * 48Cl
 * 0+
 * 49S
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * style="text-align:right" | 33
 * 49.02264(72)#
 * β−
 * 49Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * β−
 * 49Cl
 * 3/2−#
 * 3/2−#

title: Isotopes of sulfur


text:
Jawa Moto

 JAWA  is a motorcycle and moped manufacturer founded in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1929 by František Janeček, who bought the motorcycle division of Wanderer. The name JAWA was established by concatenating the first letters of Janeček and Wanderer. In the past, especially in the 1950s, JAWA was one of the top motorcycle manufacturers and exported its 350 model to over 120 countries. The best known model was the 350 Pérák, and in the 1970s the 350 Californian. It appeared in typical black and red coloring from the US to New Zealand. After 1990 a significant loss of production occurred. A successor company was formed in 1997 in Týnec nad Sázavou, continuing the name as JAWA Moto.

In the Indian market the brand JAWA Motorcycles was resurrected in December 2018 by Classic Legends, which is owned by Mahindra & Mahindra, through a licensing deal with the original Czech company JAWA Moto.

Origin – 1929
František Janeček started the company after working in the armament industry. Although he did not have experience with motorcycles, he was familiar with production techniques. Janeček chose between the Austrian double piston two-stroke motor of Puch, the Berlin two-stroke of Schliha, and the new Wanderer 500cc. Janeček chose the Wanderer. Because of the collapse of the German motor industry, Wanderer had stopped production, being unable to compete with BMW. The first model was introduced on October 23, 1929. This was a 500cc four-cycle engine with 12 kW of power (18 hp) and fuel consumption of 6 L/100 km. Although priced highly, through the first years (and several constructional fixes), this motorcycle was successful and was considered reliable.

1930s
Due to the economic recession of the early 1930s, a cheaper and simpler motorcycle was needed. The year 1932 marked the introduction of JAWA 175, with its 3.6-kW engine. This light (70 kg) machine was capable of speeds up to 80 km/h and fuel consumption of 3.5 L/100 km. The first year of production was an immediate success, selling over 3000 of the JAWA 175, almost three times the number of the 500-cc model over three years of production. The production of this model ended in 1946. In 1938, JAWA was the first to offer test rides during exhibition shows. This test motorcycle was a custom JAWA 175 equipped with dual handlebars, a second pair in the back for the instructor. Over the years, 27,535 units of the JAWA 175 were built.

1940s
The company founder František Janeček died. Postwar production of JAWA 250/350 motorcycles restarted, and production of the JAWA 350 Ogar motorcycle began.

1950s
Motorcycles produced in the 1950s include the 250, 350/353-Kývačka, and 350/354-Kývačka, 500 OHC and the 50 Pionýr and Jawetta mopeds. A powerful two-stroke motorcycle known as the JAWA 250/350 with the compact engine, rear suspension and many other innovations was exported to more than 120 countries. It was one of the most successful models of JAWA.

1960s
In the early 1960s, Jawa invented the first automatic clutch for motorcycles. The centrifugal clutch was designed for Jawa 250/559 and 350/360. Because the clutch has been patented worldwide by Jawa and it was copied in the Honda 50 Cub motorcycle, Honda had to retreat, pay a fine, and pay a license fee for each motorcycle sold.

 * 1962, Amalgamation with ESO in production of JAWA speedway motorcycles
 * 1963, Closure of JAWA plant in Prague – Pankrác
 * 1964, Start of production in new plant at Týnec nad Sázavou
 * 1964, Production of millionth JAWA brand motorcycle
 * 1965, Start of production of JAWA 350 Automatic motorcycles
 * 1966, Start of production of JAWA 350 Californian (type 363) motorcycles
 * 1967, Start of production of SK 90 / JAWA 90 in Považská Bystrica (cross, trail, roadster)
 * 1967, Start of production of JAWA 50 Mustang (type 23) in Považská Bystrica

1970s

 * 1970, Start of production of JAWA 250/350 ÚŘ motorcycles
 * 1972, jawa 250cc in market (Indian)
 * 1970, Start of production of JAWA 350 Bizon motorcycles
 * 1974, Start of production of JAWA 350 (type 634) motorcycles
 * 1976, Production of two millionth JAWA brand motorcycle

1980s

 * 1984, Start of production of JAWA 350 (type 638) motorcycles
 * 1987, Production of three millionth JAWA brand motorcycle

1990s

 * 1991, Start of production of JAWA 350 (type 640) motorcycles
 * 1994, Start of production of JAWA 250 (type 593) motorcycles
 * 1994, Start of production of JAWA 50 (type 585, 586) motorcycles
 * 1997, Founding of the company JAWA Moto spol. s r. o.
 * 1998, Start of production of JAWA 125 Travel motorcycles
 * 1998, Joining with MOTOUNION, take-over of bike MUC 125 Dandy production
 * 1998, Start of production of JAWA 125 Dandy motorcycles
 * 1999, Start of production of JAWA 100 (type 587) motorcycles

2000s

 * 2004, Start of production of JAWA 650 (type 836) and JAWA 650 Classic motorcycles
 * 2005, Start of production of JAWA 650 Style motorcycles
 * 2006, Start of production of JAWA 650 Dakar motorcycles
 * 2008, Start of production of JAWA 250 Travel motorcycles

2010s

 * 2011, Start of production of JAWA 660 Sportard motorcycles (successor to 650 Dakar)
 * 2013, Start of production of JAWA 350/634 Retro motorcycles
 * 2017, Start of production of Jawa 350 OHC and JAWA 660 Vintage
 * Developing of JAWA 1000/1200 motorcycles

JAWA automobiles
In 1934, Jawa introduced its first car, the Jawa 700, based on the DKW F2. Overall, 1,002 vehicles were produced. The sports car special Jawa 750 was built only in six pieces for the 1000-mile Czechoslovakian race in 1933–35. It is a legend in the history of domestic motor sports. In 1937, the modified Jawa 600 Minor was introduced, which replaced JAWA 700. Production continued in limited numbers during WWII, and some were assembled in the postwar period. Over 14,000 vehicles were produced and more than half were exported abroad. The successor was the Aero Minor; it was, however, manufactured by Aero and not by Jawa, from 1946 to 1952.

JAWA mopeds
Under the Jawa name, a variety of mopeds with two-stroke engines were sold in foreign markets. In Czechoslovakia (and foreign markets after 1989), these mopeds were known as the Babetta. The mopeds were produced since 1970 in Slovakian Považská Bystrica and Kolárovo. It was the first company to include electronic ignition on mopeds. In the first half of the 1990s, sales and exports declined, and the production of Babettas (with type's 192 Sting and 134 Hooper) was discontinued in 1999.

JAWA in India
Ideal Jawa India Ltd based in Mysore was an Indian motorcycle company, which produced licensed Jawa motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and from 1973 as Yezdi. The company stopped production in 1996. Jawa motorcycles have a cult following to this day. Earlier models manufactured in Czechoslovakia bore the CZ Jawa emblem on the side of the fuel tank. The locally manufactured models always had O within the Jawa emblem. The Jawa 250 Type 353/04 designated as 'A' Type, Yezdi 250 'B' Type, Jawa 350 type 634 Twin and Yezdi 250 Monarch models are currently ridden in the country. Jawa and Yezdi bikes, especially ones with fuel tank paddings and ignition systems on the fuel tank, are collectors items.

In October 2016, Mahindra & Mahindra, through its subsidiary Classic Legends Private Limited (CLPL), signed a licensing deal to launch motorbikes under the JAWA brand name in India and other East Asian countries. On November 15, 2018, the Classic Legends launched three motorcycles in India: Jawa (nicknamed Jawa 300 ), Forty-Two (named for the answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything), and Pérák, named for an urban legend Pérák. The 42 was introduced in 2021, it is the Forty-Two with modified appearance and equipment. In October 2022 the 42 Bobber was introduced. It uses the same engine as the Pérák but comes with more chrome and color options. They are manufactured in Pithampur.

The Jawa 300 is inspired by the company's popular classic Jawa 250 Type A, while the Jawa 42 and Forty-Two are more modern and urban offerings. The Jawa Pérák is a completely different model, a custom bobber motorcycle. Jawa, Forty-Two and 42 share the same technical specifications - 293-cc (20,4 kW), front disc, rear drum, single-channel ABS, fuel injection system, liquid-cooled engine with radiator, and kerb weight of 170 kg. In terms of appearance, classic Jawa has more chrome, while the Jawa Forty-Two and 42 have a modern feel to attract younger riders. It is a competitor to the Royal Enfield Classic 350 in the Indian market. Jawa Pérák has a 334-cc (22,3 kW) engine.

Indian customers' interest in new machines exceeded expectations. The originally planned production capacity was not enough, so the production line was doubled at about 30,000 motorcycles annually, and the start of production was delayed. Classic Legends inaugurated the first Jawa motorcycles in December 2018 in the Pune region of Maharashtra. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, Jawa sold 50,000 motorcycles in twelve months, with plans to increase production capacity to meet demand.

They launched an initiative #ForeverHeroes to lend a helping hand to the children of martyrs, by auctioning the first 13 motorcycles from its production batch. This fundraiser was a first-of-its-kind event, which helped Jawa raise Rs 1,49,25,000 from 13 bikes. The entire amount received in the fundraising auction will be used for education of the children of martyrs of the Indian Armed Forces.

Indian Jawa adapted to the European standards is sold in the Czech Republic since autumn 2020, under the name Jawa 300 CL. The Jawa 42 should also be imported here over time. Classic Legends recently launched its Jawa 42 Bobber in October 2022.

Racing
Historically, JAWA had been active in racing, and by far the most active Eastern European manufacturer in motor sports. In track racing, JAWA sustained a presence in the world championship until the mid-'60s with respectable performances considering their limited budget. In motocross, the firm built an impressive record before its four-stroke engines became superseded by two-stroke engines. In speedway racing, dirt-track racing, and ice racing where four-stroke engines were still at an advantage, the firm remained a dominant force. The separate factory where these competition motorcycles were built became a separate company following the privatizations of the 1990s with the fall of communism.

Speedway World Champions who have ridden successfully on Jawa bikes include Ivan Mauger, Barry Briggs, Ove Fundin, Ole Olsen, Michael Lee, Tony Rickardsson, and Kelvin Tatum.

Recent information
Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and the dismantling of the communist bloc, the Jawa consumer motorcycles and the Speedway competition bikes were divided into separate companies. In the 1990s, JAWA Speedway bikes were successful, while the Jawa company has struggled. As of 2006, the JAWA mostly produced bikes similar to Honda 250, 125, and 50 cc motorcycles and a large bike with a 650 cc Rotax engine (this engine can be also found in BMW F650 series). Production of motorcycles with smaller volumes has been gradually terminated.

Most sold is the Jawa 350 two-stroke twin, which is almost mechanically unchanged since the 1970s, but reliable. Currently they are sold only in Latin America.

The large bike with a 650 cc Rotax engine was produced since 2004 in three different variations. The JAWA 650 classic was a retro bike with classic proportions. The JAWA 650 Style was aimed for city streets, and the JAWA 650 Dakar was a full-scale enduro bike similar to the Honda XL Transalp. The Jawa 660 was the successor to the Jawa 650, and was sold between 2011 and 2018.

RVM Jawa 500 from 2020 is a motorcycle produced by the Argentine company RVM, the company is a long-term importer of Jawa, in which Jawa has a certain economic share. It is a touring enduro motorcycle with 471 cc (32.5/36 kW), and is sold both in Argentina and Europe. In July 2021, a model suitable for both road and light terrain RVM Jawa 500 Scrambler (471 cc, 31.5 kW) was added to the market.

Current models (2024) sold by the JAWA company are: old Jawa 350/640 - two-stroke engine Style/Retro and Jawa 350 OHC/650 OHC with chinese four-stroke engine (meets the EURO V standards).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jawa Moto


text:
Isotopes of aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum (13Al) has 22 known isotopes from 22Al to 43Al and 4 known isomers. Only 27Al (stable isotope) and 26Al (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = $7.2 y$) occur naturally, however 27Al comprises nearly all natural aluminium. Other than 26Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives under 7 minutes, most under a second. The standard atomic weight is $26.982$. 26Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of 26Al to 10Be has been used to study the role of sediment transport, deposition, and storage, as well as burial times, and erosion, on 105 to 106 year time scales. 26Al has also played a significant role in the study of meteorites.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=4|22Al
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=4|22.01954(43)#
 * rowspan=4|91.1(5) ms
 * β+, p (55%)
 * 21Na
 * rowspan=4|(4)+
 * rowspan=4|
 * β+ (43.862%)
 * 22Mg
 * β+, 2p (1.1%)
 * 20Ne
 * β+, α (0.038%)
 * 18Ne
 * rowspan=2|23Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=2|23.0072444(4)
 * rowspan=2|470(30) ms
 * β+ (99.54%)
 * 23Mg
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (0.46%)
 * 22Na
 * rowspan=3|24Al
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3|23.99994754(25)
 * rowspan=3|2.053(4) s
 * β+ (99.9634%)
 * 24Mg
 * rowspan=3|4+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+, α (.035%)
 * 20Ne
 * β+, p (.0016%)
 * 23Na
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 24mAl
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 425.8(1) keV
 * rowspan=3|130(3) ms
 * IT (82.5%)
 * 24Al
 * rowspan=3|1+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (17.5%)
 * 24Mg
 * β+, α (.028%)
 * 20Ne
 * 25Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * 24.99042831(7)
 * 7.183(12) s
 * β+
 * 25Mg
 * 5/2+
 * rowspan=2 | 26Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 | 25.98689186(7)
 * rowspan=2 | 7.17(24)×105 y
 * β+ (85%)
 * rowspan=2| 26Mg
 * rowspan=2| 5+
 * rowspan=2| Trace
 * ε (15%)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 26mAl
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 228.306(13) keV
 * 6.3460(8) s
 * β+
 * 26Mg
 * 0+
 * 27Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 14
 * 26.98153841(5)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 1.0000
 * 28Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 15
 * 27.98191009(8)
 * 2.245(5) min
 * β−
 * 28Si
 * 3+
 * 29Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * 28.9804532(4)
 * 6.56(6) min
 * β−
 * 29Si
 * 5/2+
 * 30Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 17
 * 29.982968(3)
 * 3.62(6) s
 * β−
 * 30Si
 * 3+
 * rowspan=2|31Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=2|30.9839498(24)
 * rowspan=2|644(25) ms
 * β− (98.4%)
 * 31Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (1.6%)
 * 30Si
 * rowspan=2|32Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19
 * rowspan=2|31.988084(8)
 * rowspan=2|33.0(2) ms
 * β− (99.3%)
 * 32Si
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.7%)
 * 31Si
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 32mAl
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 955.7(4) keV
 * 200(20) ns
 * IT
 * 32Al
 * (4+)
 * rowspan=2|33Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=2|32.990878(8)
 * rowspan=2|41.7(2) ms
 * β− (91.5%)
 * 33Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (8.5%)
 * 32Si
 * rowspan=2|34Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=2|33.996779(3)
 * rowspan=2|56.3(5) ms
 * β− (74%)
 * 34Si
 * rowspan=2|(4−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (26%)
 * 33Si
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 34mAl
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 550(100)# keV
 * rowspan=2|26(1) ms
 * β− (70%)
 * 34Si
 * rowspan=2|(1+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (30%)
 * 33Si
 * rowspan=2|35Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=2|34.999760(8)
 * rowspan=2|37.2(8) ms
 * β− (62%)
 * 35Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (38%)
 * 34Si
 * rowspan=2|36Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 23
 * rowspan=2|36.00639(16)
 * rowspan=2|90(40) ms
 * β− (70%)
 * 36Si
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (30%)
 * 35Si
 * rowspan=2|37Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=2|37.01053(19)
 * rowspan=2|11.5(4) ms
 * β− (71%)
 * 37Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (29%)
 * 36Si
 * 38Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 25
 * 38.0174(4)
 * 9.0(7) ms
 * β−
 * 38Si
 * rowspan=2|39Al
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=2|39.02217(43)#
 * rowspan=2|7.6(16) ms
 * β−, n (90%)
 * 38Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (10%)
 * 39Si
 * rowspan=3|40Al
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27
 * rowspan=3|40.02962(43)#
 * rowspan=3|5.7(3 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms
 * β−, n (64%)
 * 39Si
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (20%)
 * 38Si
 * β− (16%)
 * 40Si
 * rowspan=3|41Al
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|41.03588(54)#
 * rowspan=3|3.5(8 (stat), 4 (sys)) ms
 * β−, n (86%)
 * 40Si
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (11%)
 * 39Si
 * β− (3%)
 * 41Si
 * 42Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 29
 * 42.04305(64)#
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 42Si
 * 43Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 43.05048(86)#
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 43Si
 * rowspan=2|7.6(16) ms
 * β−, n (90%)
 * 38Si
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (10%)
 * 39Si
 * rowspan=3|40Al
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27
 * rowspan=3|40.02962(43)#
 * rowspan=3|5.7(3 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms
 * β−, n (64%)
 * 39Si
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (20%)
 * 38Si
 * β− (16%)
 * 40Si
 * rowspan=3|41Al
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|41.03588(54)#
 * rowspan=3|3.5(8 (stat), 4 (sys)) ms
 * β−, n (86%)
 * 40Si
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, 2n (11%)
 * 39Si
 * β− (3%)
 * 41Si
 * 42Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 29
 * 42.04305(64)#
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 42Si
 * 43Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 43.05048(86)#
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 43Si
 * 42Si
 * 43Al
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * style="text-align:right" | 30
 * 43.05048(86)#
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 43Si
 * 1# ms [>170 ns]
 * β−
 * 43Si

Aluminium-26

Cosmogenic aluminium-26 was first described in studies of the Moon and meteorites. Meteorite fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their travel through space, causing substantial 26Al production. After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding protects the meteorite fragments from further 26Al production, and its decay can then be used to determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite research has also shown that 26Al was relatively abundant at the time of formation of our planetary system. Most meteoriticists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.55 billion years ago.

title: Isotopes of aluminium


text:
Isotopes of sodium

There are 20 isotopes of sodium (11Na), ranging from to  (except for the still-unknown 36Na and 38Na), and two isomers ( and ). is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. It is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of $22.99$. Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (, with a half-life of $2.602 years$; and, with a half-life of $14.956 hours$). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound, with a half-life of $1.3$ seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound 17Na is not measured).

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable (in the form of Na+ ion) in human blood plasma to. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.

is a positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for positron emission tomography.

List of isotopes

 * 17Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 6
 * p
 * 16Neon
 * (1/2+)
 * 18Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * p=?
 * 17Neon
 * 1−#
 * 19Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * p
 * 18Neon
 * (5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|20Sodium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=2|$17.037$
 * rowspan=2|$18.027$
 * β+ ($1.3 zs$)
 * 20Neon
 * rowspan=2|2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+α ($19.014$)
 * 16Oxygen
 * 21Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * β+
 * 21Neon
 * 3/2+
 * rowspan=2|[[Sodium|22Sodium]]
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=2|$1 as$
 * rowspan=2|$20.007$
 * β+ ($447.9 ms$)
 * 22Neon
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * ε ($75 %$)
 * 22Neon
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 22m1Sodium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $25 %$
 * IT
 * 22Sodium
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 22m2Sodium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $20.998$
 * IT
 * 22Sodium
 * 0+
 * 23Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2+
 * style="text-align:center"|$22.455 s$
 * [[Sodium|24Sodium]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * β−
 * 24Magnesium
 * 4+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 24mSodium
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $21.994$
 * rowspan=2|$2.602 y$
 * IT ($90.57 %$)
 * 24Sodium
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− ($9.43 %$)
 * 24Magnesium
 * 25Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 14
 * β−
 * 25Magnesium
 * 5/2+
 * 26Sodium
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * style="text-align:right" | 15
 * β−
 * 26Magnesium
 * 3+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 26mSodium
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $583.05 keV$
 * IT
 * 26Sodium
 * 1+
 * rowspan=2|27Sodium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2| $243 ns$
 * rowspan=2| $657 keV$
 * β− ($19.6 ps$)
 * 27Magnesium
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($22.99$)
 * 26Magnesium
 * rowspan=2|28Sodium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 17
 * rowspan=2|$1$
 * rowspan=2|$23.991$
 * β− ($14.956 h$)
 * 28Magnesium
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($472.207 keV$)
 * 27Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|29Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=3|$20.18 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$99.95 %$
 * β− ($0.05 %$)
 * 29Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|3/2+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($24.99$)
 * 28Magnesium
 * β−2n ?
 * 27Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=4|30Sodium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 19
 * rowspan=4|$59.1 s$
 * rowspan=4|$25.993$
 * β− ($1.071 s$)
 * 30Magnesium
 * rowspan=4|2+
 * rowspan=4|
 * β−n ($82.4 keV$)
 * 29Magnesium
 * β−2n ($4.35 μs$)
 * 28Magnesium
 * β−α ($26.994$)
 * 26Neon
 * rowspan=4|31Sodium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=4|$301 ms$
 * rowspan=4|$99.902 %$
 * β− (> $0.098 %$)
 * 31Magnesium
 * rowspan=4|3/2+
 * rowspan=4|
 * β−n ($27.999$)
 * 30Magnesium
 * β−2n ($33.1 ms$)
 * 29Magnesium
 * β−3n (< $99.42 %$)
 * 28Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|32Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=3|$0.58 %$
 * rowspan=3|$29.003$
 * β− ($43.2 ms$)
 * 32Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|(3−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($78 %$)
 * 31Magnesium
 * β−2n ($22 %$)
 * 30Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|33Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$30.009$
 * rowspan=3|$45.9 ms$
 * β−n ($70.2 %$)
 * 32Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($28.6 %$)
 * 33Magnesium
 * β−2n ($1.24 %$)
 * 31Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|34Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23
 * rowspan=3|$0 %$
 * rowspan=3|$31.013$
 * β−2n (~$16.8 ms$)
 * 32Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|1+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (~$63.2 %$)
 * 34Magnesium
 * β−n (~$36 %$)
 * 33Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|35Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$0.73 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$0.05 %$
 * β−
 * 35Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 34Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 33Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|37Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=3|$32.02$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $12.9 ms$]
 * β− ?
 * 37Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 36Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 35Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|39Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|$66.4 %$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $26 %$]
 * β− ?
 * 39Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 38Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 37Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$7.6 %$
 * rowspan=3|$33.026$
 * β−n ($8.2 ms$)
 * 32Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($47 %$)
 * 33Magnesium
 * β−2n ($40 %$)
 * 31Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|34Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23
 * rowspan=3|$13 %$
 * rowspan=3|$34.034$
 * β−2n (~$5.5 ms$)
 * 32Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|1+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (~$50 %$)
 * 34Magnesium
 * β−n (~$35 %$)
 * 33Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|35Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$15 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$35.041$
 * β−
 * 35Magnesium
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 34Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 33Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|37Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=3|$1.5 ms$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $37.057$]
 * β− ?
 * 37Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 36Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 35Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|39Sodium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|$1.5 μs$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $39.075$]
 * β− ?
 * 39Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 38Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 37Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 11
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|$400 ns$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $2.602 years$]
 * β− ?
 * 39Magnesium ?
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 38Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 37Magnesium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 37Magnesium ?

Sodium-22
Sodium-22 is a radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing positron emission to with a half-life of $14.956 hours$. is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold positrons" (antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium. It is also commonly used as a positron source in positron annihilation spectroscopy.

Sodium-23
Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium and also the only primordial isotope. Because of its abundance, sodium-23 is used in nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research. Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing.

Sodium-24
Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by neutron activation. With a half-life of ⇭⇭⇭, decays to  by emission of an electron and two gamma rays.

Exposure of the human body to intense neutron radiation creates in the blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient. This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.

When sodium is used as coolant in fast breeder reactors, is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires, as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.

Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a salted bomb, as it would convert to and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.

title: Isotopes of sodium


text: User talk:195.212.29.92

title: User talk:195.212.29.92


text:
Isotopes of magnesium

Magnesium (12Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes:, , and. There are 19 radioisotopes that have been discovered, ranging from to  (with the exception of ). The longest-lived radioisotope is with a half-life of $20.915 hours$. The lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of sodium while the heavier isotopes decay to isotopes of aluminium. The shortest-lived is proton-unbound with a half-life of $4 zeptoseconds$.

A precise measurement of the neutron-rich 40Mg in 2019 showed the unexpected difference in its nuclear structure, compared to the lighter neighboring isotopes.

List of isotopes

 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 6
 * 2p
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * 2p
 * 1/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2|$4 zs$
 * rowspan=2|$19.034$
 * β+ ($5 ps$)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+p ($20.019$)
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=4|$90.4 ms$
 * rowspan=4|$69.7 %$
 * β+ ($30.3 %$)
 * rowspan=4|5/2+
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4|
 * β+p ($21.012$)
 * β+α ($120 ms$)
 * β+pα ($79.8 %$)
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * β+
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * β+
 * 3/2+
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * colspan=2 align=center|[$20.1 %$, $0.116 %$]
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * colspan=2 align=center|[$0.016 %$, $22$]
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 14
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * colspan=2 align=center|[$3.875 s$, $22.994$]
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 15
 * β−
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 16
 * β−
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * style="text-align:right" | 17
 * β−
 * 3/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=2|$11.304 s$
 * rowspan=2|$23.985$
 * β− (> $0.789$)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n (< $0.791$)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19
 * rowspan=2|$24.986$
 * rowspan=2|$0.1$
 * β− ($0.1$)
 * rowspan=2|1/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($25.983$)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=2|$0.11$
 * rowspan=2|$0.111$
 * β− ($26.984$)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($9.435 min$)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=3|$27.984$
 * rowspan=3|$20.915 h$
 * β− ($28.989$)
 * rowspan=3|3/2−
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($1.3 s$)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$29.99$
 * rowspan=3|$317 ms$
 * β− (> $99.94 %$)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($0.06 %$)
 * β−2n (< $30.997$)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23
 * rowspan=3|$270 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$93.8 %$
 * β−n ($6.2 %$)
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−, 5/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($31.999$)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$80.4 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$94.5 %$
 * β− ($5.5 %$)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($33.005$)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 25
 * rowspan=3|$92 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$86 %$
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=3|$14 %$#
 * rowspan=3|3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms
 * β−n (81%)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (9%)
 * β−2n (9%)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|$34.009$#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> $44.9 ms$]
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($78.9 %$)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=3|$21 %$
 * rowspan=3|$0.1 %$
 * β− ($35.017$)
 * rowspan=3|3/2−
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($11.3 ms$)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$52 %$
 * rowspan=3|$48 %$
 * β− (> $36.022$)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($3.9 ms$)
 * β−2n (< $52 %$)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23
 * rowspan=3|$48 %$
 * rowspan=3|$37.03$
 * β−n ($8 ms$)
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−, 5/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($38.037$)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$40.053$
 * rowspan=3|$170 ns$
 * β− (⇭⇭⇭)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n (⇭⇭⇭)
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 25
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭#
 * rowspan=3|3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms
 * β−n (81%)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (9%)
 * β−2n (9%)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> ⇭⇭⇭]
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭#
 * rowspan=3|3.1(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms
 * β−n (81%)
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (9%)
 * β−2n (9%)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> ⇭⇭⇭]
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 12
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28
 * rowspan=3|⇭⇭⇭#
 * rowspan=3|1# ms [> ⇭⇭⇭]
 * β− ?
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * β−n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * β−2n ?
 * β−2n ?

title: Isotopes of magnesium


text:
Isotopes of neon

Neon (10Ne) possesses three stable isotopes: 20Neon, 21Neon, and 22Neon. In addition, 17 radioactive isotopes have been discovered, ranging from 15Neon to 34Neon, all short-lived. The longest-lived is 24Neon with a half-life of $3.38 minutes$. All others are under a minute, most under a second. The least stable is 15Neon with a half-life of $770 ys$ ($7.7 s$). See isotopes of carbon for notes about the measurement. Light radioactive neon isotopes usually decay to fluorine or oxygen, while heavier ones decay to sodium.

List of isotopes

 * 15Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 5
 * $15.043$ [$770 ys$]
 * 2p
 * 13Oxygen
 * (3/2−)
 * 16Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 6
 * > $590 keV$ [< $16.026$]
 * 2p
 * 14Oxygen
 * 0+
 * rowspan=4|17Neon
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 7
 * rowspan=4|$5.7 zs$
 * rowspan=4|$80 keV$
 * β+p ($17.018$)
 * 16Oxygen
 * rowspan=4|1/2−
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4|
 * β+α ($109.2 ms$)
 * 13Nitrogen
 * β+ ($94.4 %$)
 * 17Fluorine
 * β+pα ($3.51 %$)
 * 12Carbon
 * 18Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * β+
 * 18Fluorine
 * 0+
 * 19Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * β+
 * 19Fluorine
 * 1/2+
 * 20Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.9048(3)
 * [$2.1 %$, $0.014 %$]
 * 21Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 3/2+
 * [$18.006$, $1,664.2 ms$]
 * 22Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * [$19.002$, $17.257 s$]
 * 23Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 13
 * β−
 * 23Sodium
 * 5/2+
 * 24Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 14
 * β−
 * 24mSodium
 * 0+
 * 25Neon
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 15
 * β−
 * 25Sodium
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2|26Neon
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2|$19.992$
 * rowspan=2|$0.885$
 * β− ($0.905$)
 * 26Sodium
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($20.994$)
 * 25Sodium
 * rowspan=3|27Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 17
 * rowspan=3|$0.003$
 * rowspan=3|$0.003$
 * β− ($0.017$)
 * 27Sodium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($21.991$)
 * 26Sodium
 * β−2n ?
 * 25Sodium ?
 * rowspan=3|28Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=3|$0.093$
 * rowspan=3|$0.092$
 * β− ($0.1$)
 * 28Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($22.994$)
 * 27Sodium
 * β−2n ($37.15 s$)
 * 26Sodium
 * rowspan=3|29Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19
 * rowspan=3|$23.994$
 * rowspan=3|$3.38 min$
 * β− ($24.998$)
 * 29Sodium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($602 ms$)
 * 28Sodium
 * β−2n ($26.001$)
 * 27Sodium
 * rowspan=3|30Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=3|$197 ms$
 * rowspan=3|$99.87 %$
 * β− ($0.13 %$)
 * 30Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($27.008$)
 * 29Sodium
 * β−2n ($30.9 ms$)
 * 28Sodium
 * rowspan=3|31Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=3|$98 %$
 * rowspan=3|$2 %$
 * β−
 * 31Sodium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 30Sodium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Sodium ?
 * rowspan=3|32Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$28.012$#
 * rowspan=3|$18.8 ms$
 * β−
 * 32Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 31Sodium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 30Sodium ?
 * 33Neon?
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 23
 * n ?
 * 32Neon
 * 7/2−#
 * rowspan=3|34Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$84.3 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$12 %$# [> $3.7 %$]
 * β− ?
 * 34Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−2n ?
 * 32Neon ?
 * β−n ?
 * 33Neon ?
 * β− ($29.02$)
 * 30Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($14.7 ms$)
 * 29Sodium
 * β−2n ($68 %$)
 * 28Sodium
 * rowspan=3|31Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21
 * rowspan=3|$28 %$
 * rowspan=3|$4 %$
 * β−
 * 31Sodium
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 30Sodium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Sodium ?
 * rowspan=3|32Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$30.025$#
 * rowspan=3|$7.22 ms$
 * β−
 * 32Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 31Sodium ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 30Sodium ?
 * 33Neon?
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * style="text-align:right" | 23
 * n ?
 * 32Neon
 * 7/2−#
 * rowspan=3|34Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$78.1 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$13 %$# [> $8.9 %$]
 * β− ?
 * 34Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−2n ?
 * 32Neon ?
 * β−n ?
 * 33Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|34Neon
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 10
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 24
 * rowspan=3|$31.033$#
 * rowspan=3|$3.4 ms$# [> $32.04$]
 * β− ?
 * 34Sodium
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−2n ?
 * 32Neon ?
 * β−n ?
 * 33Neon ?
 * β−n ?
 * 33Neon ?

 * The isotopic composition refers to that in air.

title: Isotopes of neon


text:
Wesley Sonck

Wesley Sonck (born 9 August 1978) is a Belgian professional football manager and former player who manages the Belgium U19 national team. He played as a striker for Molenbeek, Ninove, Germinal Ekeren, Germinal Beerschot, Genk, Ajax, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Club Brugge. He was capped by Belgium at international level.

During his time with Genk, he was the top goalscorer in the Belgian First Division in the 2001–02 season with 30 goals, and joint top in the following campaign with 22 – sharing the award with Cédric Roussel.

Ajax
Sonck moved to Ajax in the summer of 2003, to replace departed striker Mido. He made his debut on 12 August against Grazer AK. He scored his first goal for the club 13 September against RKC Waalwijk. Sonck never really made it in Amsterdam, partly because he was playing on the right wing a lot under coach Ronald Koeman. He moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the winter of 2004.

Borussia Mönchengladbach
Sonck's time with Borussia Mönchengladbach of the Bundesliga was hampered by injuries. Mönchengladbach signed him on a permanent contract, a deal initially arranged already at the start of his loan. In the summer of 2005, Sonck had three of his ribs broken after a horrific tackle by Wilfred Bouma in a goalless, meaningless friendly between Borussia Mönchengladbach and PSV Eindhoven. Sonck took six months to recover, marking his return to competitive football with a goal in a 3–1 defeat by Bayern Munich. He scored three more in 13 further Bundesliga games for Mönchengladbach until he was forced out for three months with an injury in the hollow of his knee at the start of the 2006–07 season.

Back to Belgium
Sonck left Gladbach at the end of the 2006–07 season, joining Club Brugge on a year-long loan deal while Borussia Mönchengladbach began playing in the second tier of the Bundesliga. Following the 2007–08 season, Sonck joined Brugge permanently for an undisclosed fee. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Sonck left Brugge to join Lierse S.K. on a free transfer having fallen out with manager Adrie Koster over contract negotiations and lack of first team action. Amongst his first goals for the club was an excellent overhead kick. Sonck was released in the summer of 2012 and spent a few months unemployed before joining newly promoted Waasland-Beveren near the end of October 2012. In January 2014 signed with 1ste Provincial Oost-Vlaanderen club KE Appelterre-Eichem, before retiring just three months later.

International career
Wesley Sonck was a member of the Belgian squad at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He scored one goal in the Group stage match against Russia.

Sonck was called for the Belgium national team during the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. In the match versus Spain he scored Belgium's only goal in that match, thus ending Casillas and Reina's undefeated streak of 710 minutes.

Coaching career
On 3 August 2017, Sonck was hired as manager of the Belgian U18 national team. In March 2020, he was put in charge of the U-19 national team.

International

 * Scores and results list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sonck goal.

Honours and awards
Genk
 * Belgian First Division: 2001–02

Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 2003–04

Individual
 * Belgian Golden Shoe: 2001
 * Goal of the Season: 2001
 * Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year: 2001–02
 * Belgian First Division A top scorer: 2001–02 (30 goals), 2002–03 (22 goals)
 * Honorary citizen of Ninove: 2021
 * Most beautiful goal of all time in the Belgian league: 2023

title: Wesley Sonck


text:
Allan Wagner Tizón

Edward Allan Wagner Tizón (born February 7, 1942) is a Peruvian diplomat who most recently served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from February 2021 to July 2021. He previously served twice in the position from 2002 to 2003 and from 1985 to 1988. In addition, he served as Minister of Defense from 2006 to 2007.

Recently, he was selected by the Peruvian Government, in order to act as its agent before the International Court of Justice, in the case concerning maritime delimitation with Chile.

Biography
His parents were Carlos Adolfo Wagner Vizcarra and María Antonieta Tizón Ponce.

Allan Wagner completed his primary studies at the Colegio Maristas de San Isidro and high school at the Great Ignacio Merino de Talara School Unit.

He studied chemical engineering at the National University of Engineering, as well as at the National University of Trujillo from 1959 to 1962. He studied at the Faculty of Humanities at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru from 1963 to 1964.

Diplomatic career
Allan Wagner entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru by public tender on May 2, 1963 with the grade of Assistant 5th, becoming the person in charge of the General Agreement on Customs Tariffs and Trade, traveling to Switzerland to train in international trade negotiations. He also participated in various meetings that led to the signing of the Cartagena Agreement and the creation of the Andean Group, today the Andean Community of Nations, which he chaired as secretary-general from 2004 to 2006.

title: Allan Wagner Tizón


text:
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark

Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (Ελισάβετ; 24 May 1904 – 11 January 1955) was the middle daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia.

Early life
Princess Elizabeth was born on 24 May 1904 at the Tatoi Palace just north of Athens, Greece, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George I. She was the second daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, and his wife Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. Her father was the third son of King George I and Queen Olga of Greece, while her mother was the only daughter of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia. Her father was a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark, while her mother was a granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia.

Princess Elizabeth had two sisters, an older sister Princess Olga and a younger sister Princess Marina. Princess Olga married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia in 1923. After the assassination of his cousin, King Alexander I, Paul served as Prince Regent of Yugoslavia from 1934 to 1941. Princess Marina married Prince George, Duke of Kent, in 1934. One of their paternal uncles was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark, the father of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (making Elizabeth and her sisters Philip's first cousins).

Her family nicknamed her 'Woolly' because of her thick, dark brown hair. Princess Elizabeth was a keen horsewoman and painter.

Marriage and issue
Elizabeth married Count Carl Theodor of Törring-Jettenbach (22 September 1900 – 14 May 1967) on 10 January 1934. Through his mother, Duchess Sophie Adelheid in Bavaria, he was the nephew of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium and of Princess Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria. Elizabeth and Carl Theodor had two children:

 * Hans Veit Kaspar Nikolaus, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (11 January 1935), who married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and had issue
 * Countess Helene Marina Elisabeth of Törring-Jettenbach (20 May 1937), who married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria and had issue, including Archduchess Sophie of Austria, the designer Sophie Habsburg.

Elizabeth died of cancer on 11 January 1955 in Munich. She was 50 years old.

Honours

 * Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia.


text:
User talk:Ludibelle

the chemistry is a branch of science that deals with its composition, structure and the things surrounded it.

title: User talk:Ludibelle


text:
Amsterdam Zuid station

Amsterdam Zuid ("Amsterdam South") is a railway station situated in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuid in Amsterdam, Netherlands. For a number of years, it was named Amsterdam Zuid WTC, in reference to the neighbouring World Trade Center Amsterdam. During 2006, in conjunction with the rapid development of the area surrounding the station, the station was enlarged and the reference to the WTC was formally dropped from the name.

, Amsterdam Zuid also has a metro station served by 3 lines (50, 51, 52) of the Amsterdam Metro, and two tram stops (Station Zuid and Parnassusweg) served by tram lines 5 and 25.

During 1978, Amsterdam Zuid station opened on a strategic rail route commonly known as the Zuidtak and formed the heart of the modern Zuidas business district, which houses several large banks, accounting and legal firms, as well as being the main public transport gateway for the VU University campus located just south of the station. Over time, the station has played an increasingly important role in Amsterdam's transport strategy and passenger numbers have grown extensively since its opening. To cope with its high patronage, Amsterdam Zuid has been extended and additional services put on; it has effectively replaced the older Amsterdam Centraal station as the capital's main station for direct trains.

During the 2010s, as a means of allowing for further development at the station, a large expansion plan was proposed for Amsterdam Zuid. During December 2014, an agreement for this expansion plan, which has been referred to as the Zuidasdok project, was signed by various public bodies, authorising it to proceed. The publicly funded project has an estimated cost of approximately €1.9 billion; this price tag means it shall be one of the biggest infrastructure projects ever performed in the Netherlands to date. Having received political backing, construction commenced in 2019 and is scheduled for completion around 2028.

History
Amsterdam Zuid station is located in the borough of Amsterdam-Zuid in the city Amsterdam, Netherlands. It lies on the strategic rail route known as the Zuidtak ("south branch"), which was completed in 1993, and connects Amsterdam Schiphol Airport in the west to Weesp, in the east via Duivendrecht. During 1978, the station was opened; over the following decades, Amsterdam Zuid was determined to be the fastest growing station in the Netherlands. As a result, the station was extended during 2006, and has gradually played an increasingly important role in the city's transport strategy. It has replaced the older Amsterdam Centraal station as the capital's main station for direct trains to various destinations located to the north and east of the country.

The station is also on HSL-Zuid, a dedicated high-speed line designed for long distance and international traffic, which was built between 2000 and 2007. In the long-term, it has been anticipated that at some point in the future Amsterdam Zuid will be served by long-distance trains traversing HSL-Zuid.

Since 2006, Utrecht and other cities south of Amsterdam have also been served via Amsterdam Zuid. In that year, the Utrechtboog flyover was completed; as a result of this additional infrastructure, changes at Duivendrecht are no longer necessary for passengers from Schiphol to Utrecht and beyond. These routes from Schiphol therefore bypass the congested lines serving Central Amsterdam, allowing faster connections between Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and cities in the north and east of the country (Leeuwarden and Enschede, among others).

The number of train services to handle passenger demands has been progressively increased over time. However, the official long-term projections of future passenger numbers have been reported to be expected to increase to an extent to which the station's current facilities shall be insufficient to properly accommodate the corresponding traffic. While heavy demands would naturally necessitate a further expansion of the station, it lies directly between the south-bound lanes of the A10 motorway ring road and several high-rise office complexes, which leaves no space for conventional surface expansion.

Metro history at Zuid
Amsterdam Zuid is served by Amsterdam Metro lines 50, 51 and 52. Opened in 1997, line 50 runs next to the railway line from Isolatorweg to Gein. Line 51 was opened in 1990 as a hybrid metro/sneltram line; it ran as a metro using the third rail from Centraal Station to Zuid, and then as a sneltram (light-rail) line using pantographs south of Zuid to Poortwachter in Amstelveen sharing the rails with tram line 5. In 2004, line 51 was extended further south to Amstelveen Westwijk. In March 2019, line 51 was redirected to Isolatorweg station, and the light-rail portion south of Zuid station was rebuilt as tram line 25. Line 52 opened in July 2018 and connects Amsterdam North via Centraal station to this station.

Tram history at Zuid
Between 1978 and 1990, the Station Zuid tram stop was Tram line 5's southern terminus, and it was located on Zuidplein, the public square in front of the station. From 1990 to 2008, the tram stop was integrated into the Zuid Metro station. In May 2008, in order to make room for the construction of the north–south line (metro line 52), the tram stop was relocated to Strawinskylaan.

In 2016, the Station Zuid tram stop on Strawinskylaan was redesigned in preparation for the conversion of metro line 51 south of Zuid station from a hybrid metro/sneltram line into tram line 25. The work including adding a turnback track and crossover east of the stop to turn back bidirectional trams. In the summer of 2020, the platforms at the nearby Parnassusweg tram stop were lengthened in order to handled the coupled pairs of trams to be used on tram line 25. The Parnassusweg stop provides an alternative means of accessing the Zuid railway station, and tram line 25 uses this stop to relieve crowding at the Station Zuid tram stop on Strawinskylaan. Line 25 opened officially on 13 December 2020, unofficially 4 days earlier on 9 December. Both tram lines 5 and 25 serve the Station Zuid and Parnassusweg tram stops.

The Station Zuid tram stop on Strawinskylaan is a temporary terminal for line 25. As a terminal, it lacks rest facilities for tram operators and the space to store multiple pairs of coupled trams in case there a breakdown along the line. The existing stop would not be able to handle large crowds of riders. The permanent line 25 stop for Station Zuid will be a new tram station along Arnold Schönberglaan on the south side of the station, which is expected to open in 2028 after the completion of major renovations at the railway station and work to relocate the adjacent A10 motorway (eastbound lanes) underground. However, from 2022 to sometime between 2026 and 2029, the temporary line 25 terminal will be relocated to Eduard van Beinumstraat, a lane between the A10 motorway (westbound lanes) and the 2Amsterdam building complex; it would be close to the Brittenpassage, a new pedestrian tunnel accessing the station. The temporary terminal may need move back to Strawinskylaan when construction on the north-side A10 tunnel starts.

Expansion plans
Following studies into various alternative means to providing greater capacity at Amsterdam Zuid, it was determined that the best likely option would involve the rerouting of the adjacent part of the A10 ring road. During December 2014, an agreement between the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, the City of Amsterdam, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region and the province of North Holland was signed to cover the proposed expansion work, which is referred to as the Zuidasdok project. The programme is to be jointly executed by Rijkswaterstaat, the City of Amsterdam, ProRail, the province of North Holland and Amsterdam Region Transport. The project carries an estimated cost of approximately €1.9 billion, which makes it one of the biggest infrastructure projects in the history of the Netherlands so far. It is being publicly funded by a combination of the Dutch State, the City of Amsterdam, Vervoerregio Amsterdam, and the province of North Holland, along with additional investments that are being made by the Dutch Railways (NS).

During March 2017, a contract to perform the design and construction of the Zuidasdok project was awarded to ZuidPlus, a joint venture between Fluor, Heijmans and Hochtief. The consortium's architectural design team includes Team V Architecture, Zwarts & Jansma Architects and Bosch Slabbers Garden & Landscape Architects. Engineering firm Technolution is to perform system engineering, as well as to provide systems for control and monitoring purposes, including the user interface for the tunnel installation. Rijkswaterstaat has been engaged by ProRail and the municipality of Amsterdam for the purposes of managing the project's procurement. Being sufficiently financed and having received political acceptance, construction activities is anticipated to commence during 2019 and is scheduled for completion in 2028.

Under the Zuidasdok project, the planned approach for redirecting the southern section of the A10 current traversing the site is to build a series of new tunnels to carry the motorway through instead, thereby opening up the surface space required to develop a high-quality and compact intermodal transport terminal around the existing Amsterdam Zuid station. The stated aims of the expansion programme are the improvement of traffic flow within the station, the location's transformation into a modern transport hub for the city, and the stimulation of new urban developments in and around neighbouring districts. Various elements of the local public transport infrastructure are to be redeveloped to better accommodate these aims and the station's overall purpose.

As envisioned, the expanded station shall feature a light and elegant design intended to blend well with its surroundings. Various modifications are to be made as to enable faster transfers between the numerous train, metro, tram and bus services running through the station. The Minerva Passage, which links the northern and southern part of Amsterdam's Southern Axis, will be widened while a new underpass, known as the Britten Passage called after Benjamin Britten, shall also be constructed. The project will also create additional space adjacent to the station to house new bus and tram stops, bicycle parking facilities, and lots for taxis and park & ride facilities to enable quick and comfortable transfers.

All of the existing mainline platforms are to be widened and covered with new roofs. In addition, the dedicated metro platforms currently located east of Minerva Passage are to be repositioned to a central location between the (future) Britten and the Minerva passageways to improve passenger flow distribution across the passages. The new area of station will include the construction of four sets of mainline tracks, as well as additional space being reserved for the future installation of a further two sets of tracks. Upon completion, it shall be served by four separate metro tracks, including the double tracks used by the Noord / Zuid metro line.

Train services
In recent years, Station Zuid has become a major station. In December 2006, the extension of the station, including the new platforms 3 and 4, was opened. Trains are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

, the following train services call at this station:
 * Express services
 * Intercity: The Hague Central – Leiden – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Almere – Lelystad – Zwolle – Assen – Groningen
 * Intercity: The Hague Central – Leiden – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Almere – Lelystad – Zwolle – Meppel – Steenwijk – Heerenveen – Leeuwarden
 * Intercity: Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Duivendrecht – Hilversum – Amersfoort – Apeldoorn – Deventer – Almelo – Hengelo – Enschede
 * Intercity: Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Duivendrecht – Hilversum – Amersfoort – Amersfoort Schothorst
 * Intercity: Dordrecht – Rotterdam – Schiedam – Delft – The Hague HS – Leiden – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Duivendrecht – Almere – Lelystad
 * Intercity: Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA – Utrecht – Driebergen-Zeist – Ede Wageningen – Arnhem – Nijmegen
 * Intercity: Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA – Utrecht – 's-Hertogenbosch – Eindhoven – Helmond – Deurne – Horst Sevenum – Blerick – Venlo
 * Only during evening and on Sundays:
 * Intercity: Dordrecht – Rotterdam – Schiedam – Delft – The Hague HS – Leiden – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA – Utrecht – 's-Hertogenbosch – Eindhoven – Helmond – Deurne – Horst Sevenum – Blerick – Venlo
 * Local services
 * Sprinter: Hoofddorp – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Duivendrecht – Weesp – Almere – Almere Oostvaarders
 * Sprinter: Hoofddorp – Schiphol – Amsterdam Zuid – Duivendrecht – Weesp – Naarden Bussum – Hilversum – Utrecht

Metro services
Amsterdam Zuid is served by lines 50, 51 and 52. Line 50 runs next to the railway line from Isolatorweg via Zuid to Gein. Line 51 runs from Centraal Station via Zuid to Isolatorweg. Line 52 connects Amsterdam North via Centraal station to this station.

 * 50 Isolatorweg - Sloterdijk - Lelylaan - Zuid - RAI - Duivendrecht - Bijlmer ArenA - Holendrecht - Gein
 * 51 Central Station - Amstel - RAI - Zuid - Lelylaan - Sloterdijk - Isolatorweg
 * 52 Noord - Noorderpark - Central Station - Rokin - Vijzelgracht - De Pijp - Europaplein - Zuid

Tram service
GVB operates two tram lines to the Zuid station at two tram stops. The Station Zuid tram stop is located on Strawinskylaan on the north side of the station across from Zuidplein, the public square in front of the station. Bus services stop nearby. Located along its namesake street, the Parnassusweg tram stop is located at the western end of the railway station platforms, about 400 m from the station.

 * 5 Westergasfabriek - Elandsgracht - Leidseplein - Museumplein - Station Zuid - A.J. Ernststraat - Amstelveen Stadshart
 * 25 Station Zuid - A.J. Ernststraat - Amstelveen Westwijk

Bus services
Bus services the busstation located at the Strawinskylaan, 200m north of the station.

These are city services, operated by GVB.

 * 15 Station Zuid - Haarlemmermeerstation - Surinameplein - Mercatorplein - Bos en Lommer - Station Sloterdijk
 * 62 Amstelstation - Station RAI - Station Zuid - Station Lelylaan
 * 65 Station Zuid - Rivierenbuurt - Amstelstation - Watergraafsmeer - KNSM Island

These are urban/regional services operated by Connexxion and Transdev.

 * 321 Station Zuid - VU Medical Centre - Muiden - Huizen
 * 341 Station Zuid - VU Medical Centre - Schiphol Airport - Hoofddorp railway station - Hoofddorp Centre - Hoofddorp, Spaarne Gasthuis
 * 346 Station Zuid - VU Medical Centre - Haarlem
 * 348 Station Zuid - VU Medical Centre - Amstelveen - Uithoorn busstation
 * 358 Station Zuid - VU Medical Centre - Amstelveen - Aalsmeer - Kudelstaart

title: Amsterdam Zuid station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Follow-me

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -Sean Curtin 23:59, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Follow-me
Delete. Someone copied this from an instruction manual for a telephony system. --nertzy 11:01, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * This nom was never added to a main VfD page, and was malformed as well. Fixing all this now.  No vote.  JYolkowski // talk 13:54, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; looks like a joke --Hullbr3ach 17:36, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio - copy & paste job -PlainSight 17:46, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Then please tag it. Uncle G 18:21:26, 2005-09-05 (UTC)
 * See also night service. Uncle G 18:21:26, 2005-09-05 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not only is this a copyvio, it can't become an article either. I wouldn't waste time listing it as a copyvio if it can't be fixed. - Mgm|(talk) 19:36, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Follow-me/Temp begs to differ on that point. Uncle G 21:08:21, 2005-09-05 (UTC)
 * Oops. In that case, Delete and replace with Temp page. Sorry for not using my eyes and look out for a temp. - Mgm|(talk) 07:36, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries. You would have seen a redlink at the time. ☺ I wasn't implying that you'd missed anything.  I was making the counterargument that it is worthwhile listing it as a copyright problem, since it is possible to grow an article here once that has been done. Uncle G 22:14:17, 2005-09-06 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Cédric Roussel

Cédric Roussel (6 January 1978 – 24 June 2023) was a Belgian professional footballer who played as a forward.

Roussel started his professional football career in 1997 with Gent and later joined Premier League club Coventry City in 1999. Despite initial success, he struggled with injuries and was eventually sold to Wolverhampton Wanderers. He played for various clubs, including Mons, Genk, Rubin Kazan, Standard Liège, Zulte Waregem, Brescia, and HSV Hoek, before retiring in 2015. Roussel made his first appearance for the Belgium national team in 2003. After retiring, he started a career in real estate.

Early career
In 1997, Roussel took part in the FIFA World Youth Championship. In the season that followed the tournament, he was promoted to the Gent senior team.

Coventry City
Roussel signed a season-long loan deal for Premier League club Coventry City on 12 October 1999. He made his debut on 16 October, during the 4–1 win over Newcastle United, coming on as a late substitute for Gary McAllister. On 22 November 1999 he scored his first goal for the club, a header against Aston Villa at Highfield Road. Having impressed during his initial loan spell, Coventry signed Roussel in January 2000 for a fee of £1.2 million, despite "substantial" bids from Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur. He finished his first season in the Premier League with six goals, including two goals in the 3–2 defeat to Manchester United in February 2000. Roussel also formed a successful strike partnership with young Irishman Robbie Keane. However, the following season he began to struggle on the goalscoring front, owing partly to injury setbacks.

Midway through January 2001, with Coventry struggling in the league, a number of bids were made for Roussel's services, including one from Wimbledon. After refusing to sign for Wimbledon, he criticized the Coventry board for trying to use him as a makeweight in a deal to bring John Hartson to the club. He was particularly critical of the club's chairman Bryan Richardson for forcing through the Wimbledon transfer, accusing him of not repaying the loyalty Roussel himself had shown in signing permanently for the club, despite interest from "several classier clubs." Roussel would however later describe his time at Coventry as "the best part of my career."

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Roussel was eventually sold a few weeks later to the First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers, for a fee of "about £2m". Generally disappointing at Molineux, he left after 18 months, having scored two goals in twenty five appearances. He was loaned out for the 2002–03 season to his hometown club Mons, who had recently been promoted to the Belgian Pro League. He finished the season as the division's joint top scorer with Wesley Sonck; both players scored 22 goals.

Genk and Rubin Kazan
His goalscoring form attracted interest from bigger clubs in the league and Roussel signed for Genk in 2003. His reputation in Belgian football increased and he made his first appearance for the Belgium national team in 2003. After just one season at Genk, in which he scored on thirteen occasions, he moved on again, this time signing for Rubin Kazan in Russia.

Standard Liège, Zulte Waregem and Brescia
Roussel never felt at home in Russia and returned to Belgium to play for Standard Liège. At Standard he struggled to break into the first team and after two unsuccessful years at the club he signed for Zulte Waregem. His time there was again short-lived and a year later he signed for Italian Serie B club Brescia. Roussel soon found himself frozen out at Brescia, and the club became open to offers for him.

In August 2007, he spent a week on trial with Scottish Premier League club Dundee United but returned home without signing the agreed loan deal.

Return to Mons
Roussel instead chose to return to his former club Mons, where he signed a three-year contract.

In the lower leagues
On 25 November 2010, Roussel agreed with Dutch side HSV Hoek to play in the Topklasse. In August 2011 he moved to RUS Beloeil in Belgium.

On 13 February 2015, Roussel announced his retirement from football at the age of 37.

Honours
Individual
 * Belgian Pro League top scorer: 2002–03 (22 goals)

Outside football
Roussel had a son (born 2001) with former girlfriend Kirsty Wood.

Following his retirement from football, Roussel began a career in real estate.

Roussel died from a cardiac arrest on 24 June 2023, at the age of 45. It was reported that Roussel had collapsed on a terrace in Mons, and paramedics were unable to revive him.

title: Cédric Roussel


text:
User talk:Shakrat

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * I'm no expert on Philip K Dick, I've only read a few works of his, but the entry looks good to me, you also left a note on the talk page referring to you edit - exactly what is required for anything more than tidy, typo and other minor alterations. Good start. I'm not an admin or anything but if you have any questtions, feel free to leave a message on my talk page. Alf 11:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shakrat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Night service

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Entirely unrelated article has been written in place. -Splash 23:01, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Night service
VfD not previously listed - no vote --Doc (?) 19:20, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This page was copied out of an instruction manual for some sort of telephony system and makes no sense out of context. --nertzy 11:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy A1 Dlyons493 19:35, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll vote speedy pn. --Doc (?) 20:16, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not sure it meets speedy criteria, but delete nontheless. -PlainSight 20:52, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Whilst there was no context before to explain what the single sentence that the article comprised was on about, after a complete rewrite there is not only plenty of context, there are also two references. Keep. Uncle G 21:41:08, 2005-09-06 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Sardinian Action Party.png

Summary
Logo of the Sardinian Action Party.

title: File:Sardinian Action Party.png


text:
User talk:Trey Stone/Henry Kissinger sandbox 2

i think this is a fine work of art compared to what we have now, don't you? J. Parker Stone 11:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Mill Creek Hundred

Mill Creek Hundred is an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware. Hundreds were once used as a basis for representation in the Delaware General Assembly, and while their names still appear on all real estate transactions, they presently have no meaningful use or purpose except as a geographical point of reference.

Boundaries and formation
Mill Creek Hundred is that portion of New Castle County that lies north and east of White Clay Creek and west of Red Clay Creek. Its western boundary follows a portion of the 12 mile arc drawn around the town of New Castle. It was formed from Christiana Hundred in 1710 and was named for Mill Creek that flows through its center.

Development
Excepting large areas along Red Clay Creek and White Clay Creek preserved in parks or large estates, this area is now mostly suburban with extensive commercial and residential development. The southern portion was developed in the mid-twentieth century, with the northern portion developed more in the later decades. A portion of the city of Newark, the Hockessin, North Star, and Pike Creek Census Designated Places (CDP) and the communities of Marshallton, Milltown and Stanton are in Mill Creek Hundred.

Geography
Important geographical features, in addition to Red Clay Creek, White Clay Creek and Mill Creek, include Pike Creek, Muddy Run, and Turkey Run. It is mostly in the piedmont region, but the southern portion is below the eastern Fall Line and on the coastal plain.

Transportation
Important roads include portions of the Kirkwood Highway (Delaware Route 2), the Old Capital Trail, Lancaster Pike (Delaware Route 48), Newport-Gap Pike (Delaware Route 41), the Old Wilmington Road, Limestone Road (Delaware Route 7), Paper Mill Road (Delaware Route 72), and the old main highway between Wilmington and Baltimore, now Newport-Stanton Pike and Christiana-Stanton Road (Delaware Route 7). A portion of the old Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, now CSX Transportation's Philadelphia Subdivision crosses through Stanton, the Wilmington and Western Railroad runs along Red Clay Creek to Hockessin, and the Pomeroy and Newark Railroad once ran along White Clay Creek.

title: Mill Creek Hundred


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cries of animals

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep, no firm decision on where to move. Please use the talk page and WP:RM to arrive at a consensus on renaming if this is desired. --Tony Sidaway Talk 10:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Cries of animals
Marked as a speedy but doesn't fit anything on WP:CSD. I'm tempted to vote delete just so I can say, "WP:NOT a See 'n Say", but in all fairness I think this could be cleaned up into a decent article, after a page move to a better name. No vote, regardless as I'm just fulfilling the original intent of the speedy nominator. Fernando Rizo T/C 11:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand that systems have to be in place to filter out the dross however the correct terms for the cries of animals is an area of interest to many people and one which was heretofore not covered in this valuable resource.
 * Either merge with List_of_animal_noises, or keep and rename to Animal sounds. The list can really be quite useful. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Come to think of it, the merge suggestion wasn't all that well thought out since that was a list of words like "woof" and "tweet" and not "bark" and "sing". Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment actually could be quite interesting, but as is article is not good at all... so I'm on the sidelines on this one -- Ryan Norton T 11:15, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to List of animal sounds. Since none or very little of these sounds could get their own article, I don't think a category would work. - Mgm|(talk) 13:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and remane (to List of animal sounds as per User:MGM), a useful article, surprise that it's nominated. --Commander Keane 13:06, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename as per MGM, cleanup, wikify. And cross link with List of animal noises (which should really be a section of onomatopoeia, but there we are). Proto t c 13:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but stipulate that these are the english inturpritation since in Germany, for exampls, cocks do not say "cock-a-doo-da-doo" HoratioVitero 23:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that, except for one minor edit to Bible, every one of this user's edits has been to Vfd. Zoe 23:58, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Isotopes of oxygen

There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): [[Oxygen|16Oxygen]], [[Oxygen|17Oxygen]], and [[Oxygen|18Oxygen]].

Radioactive isotopes ranging from 11Oxygen to 28Oxygen have also been characterized, all short-lived. The longest-lived radioisotope is 15Oxygen with a half-life of $122.266 seconds$, while the shortest-lived isotope is the unbound 11Oxygen with a half-life of $198 yoctoseconds$, though half-lives have not been measured for the unbound heavy isotopes 27Oxygen and 28Oxygen.

List of isotopes

 * 11Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 3
 * $11.051$ [$198 ys$]
 * 2p
 * 9Carbon
 * (3/2−)
 * 12Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 4
 * 2p
 * 10Carbon
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3|13Oxygen
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 5
 * rowspan=3|$2.31 MeV$
 * rowspan=3|$12.034$
 * β+ ($8.9 zs$)
 * 13Nitrogen
 * rowspan=3|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+p ($13.025$)
 * 12Carbon
 * β+p,α (<$8.58 ms$)
 * 24Helium
 * 14Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 6
 * β+
 * 14Nitrogen
 * 0+
 * 15Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * β+
 * 15Nitrogen
 * 1/2−
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Trace
 * [[Oxygen|16Oxygen]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Stable
 * 0+
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[$89.1 %$, $10.9 %$]
 * [[Oxygen|17Oxygen]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[$0.1 %$, $14.009$]
 * [[Oxygen|18Oxygen]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Stable
 * 0+
 * colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[$70.621 s$, $15.003$]
 * 19Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * β−
 * 19Fluorine
 * 5/2+
 * 20Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * β−
 * 20Fluorine
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|21Oxygen
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2|$122.266 s$
 * rowspan=2|$15.995$
 * β−
 * 21Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ?
 * 20Fluorine ?
 * rowspan=2|22Oxygen
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14
 * rowspan=2|$0.997$
 * rowspan=2|$0.998$
 * β− (> $16.999$)
 * 22Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n (< $0$)
 * 21Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|23Oxygen
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 15
 * rowspan=2|$0$
 * rowspan=2|$17.999$
 * β− ($0.002$)
 * 23Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|1/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($0.002$)
 * 22Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|24Oxygen
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2|$19.004$
 * rowspan=2|$26.47 s$
 * β− ($20.004$)
 * 24Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($13.51 s$)
 * 23Fluorine
 * 25Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 17
 * n
 * 24Oxygen
 * 3/2+$21.009$
 * 26Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 18
 * 2n
 * 24Oxygen
 * 0+
 * 27Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * n
 * 26Oxygen
 * (3/2+, 7/2−)
 * 28Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 20
 * 2n
 * 26Oxygen
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|1/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($3.42 s$)
 * 22Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|24Oxygen
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 8
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=2|$22.01$
 * rowspan=2|$2.25 s$
 * β− ($78 %$)
 * 24Fluorine
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n ($22 %$)
 * 23Fluorine
 * 25Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 17
 * n
 * 24Oxygen
 * 3/2+$23.016$
 * 26Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 18
 * 2n
 * 24Oxygen
 * 0+
 * 27Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * n
 * 26Oxygen
 * (3/2+, 7/2−)
 * 28Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 20
 * 2n
 * 26Oxygen
 * 0+
 * 27Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * n
 * 26Oxygen
 * (3/2+, 7/2−)
 * 28Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 20
 * 2n
 * 26Oxygen
 * 0+
 * 28Oxygen
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * style="text-align:right" | 20
 * 2n
 * 26Oxygen
 * 0+
 * 2n
 * 26Oxygen
 * 0+

Stable isotopes
Natural oxygen is made of three stable isotopes, 16Oxygen, [[Oxygen|17Oxygen]], and [[Oxygen|18Oxygen]], with [[Oxygen|16Oxygen]] being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance). Depending on the terrestrial source, the standard atomic weight varies within the range of [$97 ms$, $93 %$] (the conventional value is 15.999).

16Oxygen has high relative and absolute abundance because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primary isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially hydrogen only. Most 16Oxygen is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha process creates [[Carbon|12Carbon]], which captures an additional [[Helium|4Helium]] nucleus to produce 16Oxygen. The neon burning process creates additional 16Oxygen.

Both 17Oxygen and 18Oxygen are secondary isotopes, meaning their synthesis requires seed nuclei. 17Oxygen is primarily made by burning hydrogen into helium in the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars. Most 18Oxygen is produced when [[Nitrogen|14Nitrogen]] (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a 4Helium nucleus, becoming [[Fluorine|18Fluorine]]. This quickly (half-life around 110 minutes) beta decays to 18Oxygen making that isotope common in the helium-rich zones of stars. About 109 kelvin is needed to fuse oxygen into sulfur.

An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based on 12Carbon. Since physicists referred to 16Oxygen only, while chemists meant the natural mix of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales.

Applications of various isotopes
Measurements of 18O/16O ratio are often used to interpret changes in paleoclimate. Oxygen in Earth's air is $7 %$ 16Oxygen, $24.02$ 17Oxygen and $77.4 ms$ 18Oxygen. Water molecules with a lighter isotope are slightly more likely to evaporate and less likely to fall as precipitation, so Earth's freshwater and polar ice have slightly less ($57 %$) 18Oxygen than air ($43 %$) or seawater ($25.029$). This disparity allows analysis of temperature patterns via historic ice cores.

Solid samples (organic and inorganic) for oxygen isotopic ratios are usually stored in silver cups and measured with pyrolysis and mass spectrometry. Researchers need to avoid improper or prolonged storage of the samples for accurate measurements.

Due to natural oxygen being mostly, samples enriched with the other stable isotopes can be used for isotope labeling. For example, it was proven, that the oxygen released in photosynthesis originates in, rather than in the also consumed , by isotope tracing experiments. The oxygen contained in in turn is used to make up the sugars formed by photosynthesis.

In heavy water reactors the neutron moderator should preferably be low in and  due to their higher neutron absorption cross section compared to. While this effect can also be observed in light water reactors, ordinary hydrogen (protium) has a higher absorption cross section than any stable isotope of oxygen and its number density is twice as high in water as that of oxygen so that the effect is negligible. As some methods of isotope separation enrich not only heavier isotopes of hydrogen but also heavier isotopes of oxygen when producing heavy water, the concentration of and  can be measurably higher. Furthermore, the (n,α) reaction is a further undesirable result of an elevated concentration of heavier isotopes of oxygen. Therefore, facilities which remove tritium from heavy water used in nuclear reactors often also remove or at least reduce the amount of heavier isotopes of oxygen.

Oxygen isotopes are also used to trace ocean composition and temperature which seafood is from.

Radioisotopes
Thirteen radioisotopes have been characterized; the most stable are 15Oxygen with half-life $5.18 zs$ and 14Oxygen with half-life $$. All remaining radioisotopes have half-lives less than $26.037$ and most have half-lives less than 0.1 s. The four heaviest known isotopes (up to 28Oxygen) decay by neutron emission to 24Oxygen, whose half-life is $4.2 ps$. This isotope, along with 28Ne, have been used in the model of reactions in crust of neutron stars. The most common decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β+ decay to nitrogen, and the most common mode after is β− decay to fluorine.

Oxygen-13
Oxygen-13 is an unstable isotope, with 8 protons and 5 neutrons. It has spin 3/2−, and half-life $2.5 zs$. Its atomic mass is $650 ys$. It decays to nitrogen-13 by electron capture, with a decay energy of $15.999$. Its parent nuclide is fluorine-14.

Oxygen-14
Oxygen-14 is the second most stable radioisotope. Oxygen-14 ion beams are of interest to researchers of proton-rich nuclei; for example, one early experiment at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams in East Lansing, Michigan, used a 14O beam to study the beta decay transition of this isotope to 14N.

Oxygen-15
Oxygen-15 is a radioisotope, often used in positron emission tomography (PET). It can be used in, among other things, water for PET myocardial perfusion imaging and for brain imaging. It has an atomic mass of $16$, and a half-life of $99.759 %$. It is produced through deuteron bombardment of nitrogen-14 using a cyclotron.
 * 14Nitrogen + 2Hydrogen → 15Oxygen + n

Oxygen-15 and nitrogen-13 are produced in air when gamma rays (for example from lightning) knock neutrons out of 16O and 14N:
 * 16Oxygen + γ → 15Oxygen + n
 * 14Nitrogen + γ → 13Nitrogen + n

15Oxygen decays to 15Nitrogen, emitting a positron. The positron quickly annihilates with an electron, producing two gamma rays of about 511 keV. After a lightning bolt, this gamma radiation dies down with half-life of 2 minutes, but these low-energy gamma rays go on average only about 90 metres through the air. Together with rays produced from positrons from nitrogen-13 they may only be detected for a minute or so as the "cloud" of 15Oxygen and 13Nitrogen floats by, carried by the wind.

Oxygen-20
Oxygen-20 has a half-life of $0.037 %$ and decays by β− decay to 20F. It is one of the known cluster decay ejected particles, being emitted in the decay of 228Th with a branching ratio of about $0.204 %$.

title: Isotopes of oxygen