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Talk:Episcopus vagans

RCC recognition of ordinations by episcopi vagantes
Question: can anyone give me a precise canonical reference (or precedents) of RCC's recognition of the ordinations done by episcopi vagantes? thanks

—Ouital77 21:32, 24 September 2005.

 * This is the general principle but not specific to episcopi vagantes. The diligent inquiry would be about each of the above sacraments for each incremental non-Catholic minister (a male who was not in full communion with either the Latin Church or one of the other 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches within the Catholic Church, or as some prefer, within the ) in the proposed sequence of ordinations and consecrations. It would also investigate the intentions of those ministers and recipients, and their publicly manifested divergence in doctrine. For an example of divergent doctrine leading to prudent doubt, see talk here . I have not read even a single – reliable and verifiable – source about any case where a "diligent inquiry" was conducted into an ordination, not by a non-Catholic minister in whose non-Catholic Church these sacraments are valid. —BoBoMisiu (talk) 00:08, 26 November 2014 (UTC)
 * This is the general principle but not specific to episcopi vagantes. The diligent inquiry would be about each of the above sacraments for each incremental non-Catholic minister (a male who was not in full communion with either the Latin Church or one of the other 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches within the Catholic Church, or as some prefer, within the ) in the proposed sequence of ordinations and consecrations. It would also investigate the intentions of those ministers and recipients, and their publicly manifested divergence in doctrine. For an example of divergent doctrine leading to prudent doubt, see talk here . I have not read even a single – reliable and verifiable – source about any case where a "diligent inquiry" was conducted into an ordination, not by a non-Catholic minister in whose non-Catholic Church these sacraments are valid. —BoBoMisiu (talk) 00:08, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

List of notable episcopi vagantes
It would be nice to have a list in this article of particularly well-known episcopi vagantes, particularly any that are notable enough to have their own Wikipedia articles.

—Isomorphic 00:29, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem with that, Iso, is that one person's episcopus vagans is another's prophet, reformer, or whatever. Few, if any, of the bishops in question would themselves identify with the label.
 * —Midnite Critic 21:17, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm concerned at the idea of listing people as episcopi vagantes, as everyone is someones schismatic. The Anglicans are quite happy to talk about EV's but do not acknowledge that their own non-juror experience is a sort of EV. The Mission to America by the Rwandan bishops is a better example and we should include them. EV's are not just English speaking Old Catholics!
 * —Father Stuart1 15:19, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Richard Williamson
Should he be added to the list of vagrant bishops?

—Ausseagull (talk) 18:30, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Definitions
Episcopi vagantes should refer solely to Roman Catholic bishops who have "gone wandering" from canonical obedience to the Holy See. The most notable would include Marcel Lefebvre, Carlos Duarte Costa, and Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục; each of whom consecrated further bishops without Papal consent.

Old Catholic/Independent bishops, especially of "ancient"/independent lineage, i.e. Utrecht/Orthodox/Anglican successions, should not be referred to as EV as they were/are not Roman Catholic bishops, therefore to use an RC term with canonical connotations is inappropriate. These bishops do not (and should not) claim to be Roman Catholic and as such should not then be referred to using RC language. Whilst their apostolic succession may/may not be traceable to RC lineage, they of themselves are not Roman Catholics.

The interesting question is whether bishops in succession from an episcopus vagans should be regarded as episcopi vagantes? Looking at the recent detail of discourse and pronouncement by the Holy See regarding the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX) then "yes" perhaps they should as Rome regards the SSPX bishops as sacramentally valid but canonically illicit. However, I would suggest that the difference between say Lefebvre and Duarte Costa successions with regard to this tacit recognition by Rome is the fact that the SSPX has always claimed allegiance to the Holy See, whereas Duarte Costa established an independent jurisdiction.

Thục succession is intriguing, partly because so much has been refuted, denied and confused by the actions and pronouncements of Thục himself but also by those who claim his succession! There are few I would imagine that the Holy See could/would afford any recognition to as most are Sedevacantist and nearly all have established independent Churches.

I think it is safe then to use EV specifically to Roman Catholic bishops, and those who can recognisably claim to be Roman Catholic bishops but not to bishops who do not claim to be Roman Catholic even if their lineage was/is?! If used in this way offense would not be afforded to bishops of Churches that are not and do not claim to be Roman Catholic or whom the Holy See does not acknowledge the possibility of their being such. Really, it should be used to refer to bishops that Rome regards as their own but "wandering"!

—Periti 11:53, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps it would be useful to try and identify and create a list of EV's? The following for example would be definite contenders:1. Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, SSPX1. Bishop Bernard Fellay, SSPX

2. Bishop Richard Williamson, SSPX

3. Bishop Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, SSPX

4. Bishop Alfonso de Galarreta, SSPX

2. Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục

3. Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo

4. Bishop Carlos Duarte Costa, founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church1. Bishop Salomão Barbosa Ferraz, reconciled with the Holy See

2. Bishop Horlando Arce-Moya, reconciled with the Holy See

3. Bishop Luis Fernando Castillo Méndez, patriarch of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church

5. Bishop Eduardo Sánchez Camacho, founder of the Mexican Apostolic National Church

Following my suggestions for use of the term EV please notice that the SSPX bishops are included because they and Rome recognise them as "Roman Catholic" whether valid/illicit (depending on viewpoint). Also too those immediately in succession to Duarte Costa as two of these were reconciled to Rome and without re-consecration - though Méndez's inclusion is perhaps questionable as the Holy See has made only ecumenical discourse with him. However of the Milingo, Thục and Sánchez Camacho lines, no bishops, to my knowledge, have been recognised by the Holy See at all.

Any thoughts?

—Periti 14:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * What name then would Periti use for those who have had a ceremony of episcopal ordination performed over them, are not in practice part of any independent Catholic – or, for that matter, non-Catholic – Church (unless you count each one of them, with or without a few friends, as a Church), and do not recognisably claim to be Roman Catholic bishops, even if they themselves may perhaps claim to be Roman Catholics? More "wandering" than that I find it hard to imagine. This is how the phrase episcopi vagantes is mostly applied. A priest or bishop who "goes off the rails" is in a very different position.
 * —Lima 14:13, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Well... my point is that by using the term EV one is perhaps giving more credibility to some of these "vagrant bishops" by insinuating that they have some kind of legitimacy by using a legitimate term?! EV is a canonical term and therefore should be applied to specific persons who fall into a specific criteria. I'm not quite sure I've ever come across someone claiming to be a Roman Catholic with episcopal orders but not claiming to be a Roman Catholic bishop? They sound more "wondering" than anything else?!
 * —Periti 14:34, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Is episcopi vagantes a canonical term? The nearest canonical term I know is in canon 265 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983CIC): "Every cleric must be incardinated in a particular Church or personal prelature, or in an institute of consecrated life or a society which has this faculty: accordingly, acephalous or 'wandering' clergy are by no means to be allowed." Here it is question not of clerics who have gone off the rails but of clerics who are not attached to any of the structures to which is attributed the faculty of incardinating clergy.

 * There is more than one English language version of the 1983CIC authorized by the Holy See. The Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland (CLSGBI) British English version of 1983CIC canon 265 is quoted above by Lima. The Canon Law Society of America (CLSA) American English version of 1983CIC canon 265, which is also found on vatican.va, is: "Every cleric must be incardinated either in a particular church or personal prelature, or in an institute of consecrated life or society endowed with this faculty, in such a way that unattached or transient clerics are not allowed at all. The Latin official version of 1983CIC canon 265, which is also found on vatican.va, is: Quemlibet clericum oportet esse incardinatum aut alicui Ecclesiae particulari vel praelaturae personali, aut alicui instituto vitae consecratae vel societati hac facultate praeditis, ita ut clerici acephali seu vagi minime admittantur. "This canon establishes the absolute necessity for incardination, to the extent that no vagi or acephalous clergy are admitted at all," according to the commentary in Code of Canon Law Annotated. It is necessary for all bishops, priests, and deacons. "Since earliest times the Church has dealt with the problem of unattached clerics, called vagi, who roamed from church to church with no accountability to ecclesiastical authority, often causing scandal to the faithful. [...] Incardination is an effective structure for providing accountability for the clergy; when corrective measures are taken, they cannot flee elsewhere," according to the commentary in New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law.
 * —Preceding annotation inserted into concluded 2007 conversation by BoBoMisiu (talk) 22:38, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

 * See also, for instance, the Encyclopedia Britannica and the Anglican Church Times. A Fordham study remarks that in New York "there are now literally hundreds of these 'episcopi vagantes', of lesser or greater spiritual probity. They seem to have a tendency to call living room sanctuaries 'cathedrals'."
 * I doubt if you can find similar sources to support picture of the specific criteria for considering specific persons to be episcopi vagantes.
 * Putting people like Lefebvre in this category is raising unduly the importance and the seriousness of the episcopi vagantes.
 * —Lima 14:58, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * But Lefebvre, et al., ARE by canonical definition episcopi vagantes... A bishop who has never been an "incardinated" bishop of the Roman Catholic Church cannot be called a "wandering bishop" by virtue of the fact that he is not a "wandering bishop" as understood by Roman Catholic canon law. A Roman Catholic bishop who has "gone off the rails" is, de facto, a "wandering cleric" because he has renounced his attachment to the RC Church or they have him. In the cases of Lefebvre, Thục, Duarte Costa, et al., left communion with the Holy See or were excommunicated  the Holy See. They therefore became excardinated and therefore "wandering" clerics.
 * A cleric who has never been an incardinated cleric of the Roman Catholic Church cannot be termed EV by virtue of the fact that RC canon law does not apply to him. Let us be clear that ANY cleric outside of communion with the Holy See is not therefore subject to RC canon law unless he desires to become a Roman Catholic. The canon law of the Roman Catholic Church is not universal even if Rome that it possess "universal authority". An RC bishop would not presume to discipline a cleric of another Church, e.g. Canterbury, Constantinople etc!
 * The fact that generally the term has been used or understood to refer to bishop not immediately in communion with Rome or other widely recognised or established denomination does not make it "right". It is discourteous to refer to any cleric of another jurisdiction using terminology belonging to another Church with whom he has no recognised or official connection.
 * —Periti 18:49, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Too many unsupported claims here for me to comment on them all. Basically, please quote with source your "canonical definition" of episcopus vagans. It is not in the present Code of Canon Law. It was not in the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Where is it? So please say where you found your definition of "a 'wandering bishop' as understood by Roman Catholic canon law". Unless you do, we must depend on common usage, rather than your unsupported affirmation.
 * —Lima 19:18, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You've already made reference to it regarding the direct quote of canon 265! Are you unable to follow the logic of the argument? "Common usage" if wrong, should be corrected. In "common usage" most people think that "Catholic Church" means "Roman Catholic" yet that is incorrect. Surely the point of this site is to be educational?!

 * Episcopus vagans as a term originated from the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent to address a canonical problem, one that was known and discussed by the Early Church in councils, i.e. the problem of bishops without jurisdiction or sees and wandering clergy. It is obviously inferred in both codes of canon law relating to the incardination of clerics, "acephalous or 'wandering' clergy are not to be allowed" canon 265 (Code 1983). It is historically a Roman Catholic term related to Roman Catholic canonical discussion.

 * Applied more widely however, one can only be "wandering" if one does not "belong". Bishops of the Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches belong to those Churches in the same way that Anglican and Orthodox bishops belong to theirs - they are not "wandering".

 * I am at a loss to know how to describe someone in episcopal orders who does not "belong" anywhere, but I am loathe to credit them with a legitimate term that refers to specific persons in a specific situation. Similarly I am loathe to use a term to refer to people to whom it may not legitimately be applied and which to do so stains them with sometimes undeserved derision. A bishop who doesn't belong anywhere is not really a bishop at all in any widely accepted Catholic or Christian sense (accepting of course, retired clerics)!
 * —Periti 21:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Definitions are crucial to this article.

We have a definition of the term episcopi vagantes from the canon law of the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church. If that code of canon law applies to other branches of Catholic Christianity, then we have them covered. If it doesn't, then their definition might need to be included in the article.

Other Christian denominations have their own code of canon law. I'd suggest including their definition of the term in the article. This includes both Anglican canon law, and Greek Orthodox canon law.

Bishops in organizations, such Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica do trace their lineage back to the "wandering bishops" of the nineteenth century western mystical/magical tradition. (Stephan Hoeller's lineage is radically different from that of the bishops of the EGC.)

So start with the early history of "wandering bishops": who and why they were. Then go to the nineteenth century "wandering bishops". Then the early twentieth century bishops. Then discuss the late twentieth century one's such as Emmanuel Milingo.

—jonathon 23:47, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I still await a reliable source for the alleged "definition of the term episcopi vagantes from the canon law of the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church". The definition has now been attributed to the Council of Trent. Where is that definition among its decrees? Does the definition limit the term to regularly consecrated Catholic bishops who carry out wildcat ordinations of other bishops, as seems to be the notion proposed here? What exactly the definition?

 * Sorry. I thought that the reference to canon 265 of the Code of Canon Law was the definition. :(
 * —jonathon 19:27, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I repeat that the term episcopi vagantes is found in neither the present Code of Canon Law nor in the 1917 Code. The nearest term is "clerici acephali seu vagi". Vagi, not vagantes (and, less importantly, clerici, not episcopi). And in the codes the term means non-incardinated. A priest doesn't lose his incardination because of excommunication; he is still a priest of whatever diocese he is incardinated into and, if he is repentant and the penalty is lifted, he doesn't then have to seek incardination in some diocese, his previous one or another.
 * —Lima 04:35, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Jonathon, an excellent suggestion!
 * Lima, please re-read what I have written (and your own given sources above)! I have not stated that the term per se, episcopi vagantes, is found explicitly in RC codes of canon law! I have simply asserted that it is a phrase derived from canonical debate about the problem! Perhaps could inform us of the exact written derivation?! It is besides the point. It is an RC term in origin and specifically Western/Latin Rite language in usage as the Orthodox have no historical use of the term episcopi vagantes although they have, of course, experienced the phenomena!
 * As for your comments regarding incardination/excardination that all depends on the level of excommunication or its practical application or extent. It certainly is not as simple as you suggest.
 * I also suggest you stop using terms such as "wildcat" and "off the rails" as these are hardly descriptive enough and sound simply polemical or subjective! "EV" is not about bishops who have simply but about bishops who have left communion with the Holy See by their own actions or incurred discipline and then proceeded to exercise an episcopal ministry or prerogative illicitly or irregularly as understood canonically. That is the way in which they are considered "wandering" by virtue of their "not belonging" regularly/legally as has been understood by the majority of Catholic Christendom since the Early Church debated the issue. Read Creeds, Councils and Controversies; Documents Illustrating the History of the Church AD 337-461 by J. Stevenson for details of the debates held in Early Council.
 * I repeat again that the fact that "common usage" encompasses a broader or wider application does not detract from the original application of the term and an article worthy of note would explain that.
 * —Periti 07:17, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the point needs to be emphasized that Canon law binds only those who are adherents to the faith/denomination of the specific Canon law.1. Bishop Roe Wade, of Blah blah Catholic blah is not an episcopus vagans by definition, unless:1. He was consecrated and ordained in an apostolic line that that traces through the Roman Catholic Church;

2. Both his consecration and ordination was under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church;

3. Blah blah catholic blah either:1. pledges allegiance to The Holy See;

2. is in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church;

3. pledges allegiance to the doctrines and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

4. Either advocates or teaches beliefs that are heretical to the Roman Catholic Church.

2. Bishop John Wade was excommunicated for heretical beliefs and practices. Whilst Bishop John Wade does not recant those beliefs, he is not an episcopus vagans, until he performs clerical functions or duties as "Bishop John Wade" (He can attend Mass, but may neither partake of communion, nor perform any part of the Celebration of the Mass.)

3. Bishop John Doe of the blah blah Methodist blah blah organization is not an episcopus vagans under Catholic canon law because he does not adhere to the tenants of the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop John Doe needs to meet the requirements, if any, that are found in the canon law of the blah blah Methodist blah blah organization, pertaining to episcopi vagantes

4. Throwing out something that might cause still more confusion. Isn't a person who is ordained "in bad faith" also considered to be an episcopus vagans. The ordination is invalid because the individual either never intended to perform the duties required of him, or whose beliefs were heretical, and they knew so at the time of the ordination. This is regardless of whether or not they are adherents of the organization from which they obtained their ordination and consecration.
 * Where I am going with this, is to show that it is not a simple issue to determine whether or not somebody is episcopus vagans.(I am not sure that I have the examples right.)
 * —jonathon 19:27, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I say that any bishop not acknowledged as holding an official position within a recognized Church (any Church recognized by the Church making the judgment, and the Roman Catholic Church recognizes, for instance, the Old Catholic Church, but does not recognize several of the multitudinous "independent Catholic Churches") but who presents himself as a bishop, probably carrying out episcopal functions (in my view John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne, did not become an episcopus vagans when he chose to be Baron Dunboyne rather than Bishop of Cork) is called an episcopus vagans. I have quoted sources that indicate that such bishops are in fact called episcopi vagantes.
 * If I understand you rightly, you say that only such bishops who claim to be still part of the Roman Catholic Church may be called episcopi vagantes. That an excommunicated Catholic bishop such as Lefebvre is an episcopus vagans (presumably only if, after excommunication, he carries out episcopal functions - I wonder precisely what episcopal functions Lefebvre carried out his excommunication; I suppose he probably ordained some priests), but remains such only until he formally renounces membership of the Catholic Church. You haven't quoted any text that expresses this view, not even from "Creeds, Councils and Controversies; Documents Illustrating the History of the Church AD 337-461 by J. Stevenson". Nor have you cited any document whatever from the "canonical debate about the problem".
 * Before you change the text of the article, you had better cite sources, and preferably actually quote them.
 * Am I wrong in my understanding of your view? Would a Catholic who accepted episcopal ordination from some bishop or other outside the Catholic Church be for you an episcopus vagans as long as he declared himself still a member of the Catholic Church, and would he then cease to be an episcopus vagans if he decided to set up his own little Church?
 * —Lima 08:56, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not alone in my consideration or understanding of episcopi vagantes as I have described. A widely respected Roman Catholic researcher and blogger Terrence Boyle shares the same understanding. Also a recognised scholar in this field of ecclesiology defines an episcopus vagans as those who are, or at least represent themselves as, properly consecrated bishops,, and are "not in communion with any historical metropolitical see". Liverpool Hope University's Eddie Jarvis, a Doctoral student of the Centre for the study of Contemporary Ecclesiology also defines EV as "episcopi vagantes – wandering bishops, or irregular episcopal consecration outside of communion".

 * A longer direct quote from Brandreth, which was based on his 1940s report to the Church of England on the subject, is that in modern times: "a man is placed in this category who has, or claims to have, received irregular or clandestine consecration; or, having been consecrated regularly and canonically, has been excommunicated by, or otherwise cut off from, the Church which consecrated him, and is not in communion with any historic metropolitical see. The main ground of objection against him is that, in spite of resounding claims to the contrary, his episcopal status is doubtful, and that, even if his orders be valid, the exercise of them is not legitimate. In many cases the church over which he claims to preside appears to exist, if it exists at all except on paper, for the sake of the bishop rather than the bishop for the sake of the Church."
 * —Preceding annotation inserted into concluded 2007 conversation by BoBoMisiu (talk) 22:38, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The Council of Sardica canon 6 and Council of Laodicea canon 7, AD 343-344, refer to the matter of "country bishops" which was the Early Church's experience of "wandering bishops" i.e. that is bishops without their own see. These tended to be bishops who were suffragans/auxillaries to the metropolitan or urban/city bishops and were the latter's representatives in remote regions from the local city. Sometimes these bishops might for whatever reason be deprived of their commission and therefore become "wandering" or indeed may have been consecrated for but failed to be subsequently elected to a see or position. These ancient canons form of course the basis and thinking for the RC codes of canon law and support the argument that this term originated to refer to bishops who were originally licit. This is the understanding of Eric A Badetscher in The Measure of a Bishop chapter 4 often referred to by those interested in this topic.

 * Regarding my preference to refrain from or be careful in using the term EV ref bishops of other denominations please note the words of CB Moss, "The ministry of every communion is valid for that communion. Disputes about validity only arise when the mutual recognition of different communions is proposed, or when a minister of one communion wishes to serve in another." As the majority of Old Catholic and Independent Catholic bishops are members of various ecumenical and interdenominational bodies, including the World Council of Churches and agreed covenants between themselves and established Churches; I think it more than discourteous to refer to them as episcopi vagantes.

 * Such persons have been and are referred incorrectly as such, I agree. Your sources are confused and not as clear cut as you suggest and to my mind don't necessarily disagree with my position. The Roman Catholic Church does recognise "Old Catholics" but has not declared which, there are indeed many of them. An accord was agreed between Utrecht and Rome regarding mutual recognition but this was before the ordination of women by the former and Utrecht is not representative of all "recognised" Old Catholic Churches. The Polish National Catholic Church for example has its own discourse with Rome as does the Old Catholic Mariavite Church and there are others.

 * A person who has received episcopal consecration may well be a bishop. If he is not of a particular Church, then he may be thought of as "wandering" in the sense of "not belonging" but he would not canonically be regarded as an episcopus vagans unless he had been a licitly consecrated bishop of a particular Church but then left that jurisdiction. For the purposes of the jurisdiction he left he would be canonically speaking episcopus vagans from that Church. But a person who received consecration without mandate of any particular denomination, would simply be a person with episcopal orders.

 * Basically "yes" that is the general gist of what I and others would logically assert based on the historical and universally understood principles developed in canon law. Ref Lefebvre, remember his consecrating the four SSPX priests as bishops automatically excommunicated himself from the Holy See, it was a "schismatic act" in and of itself. Whether such a bishop remains an episcopus vagans after formally renouncing his membership of a particular communion e.g. Rome, I suppose is open to debate. Certainly his progeny if they may be perceived as "of the original communion" might arguably be classified as episcopi vagantes as the SSPX bishops certainly are. Duarte Costa was an episcopus vagans when he left communion with Rome, but arguably by founding by himself an alternative jurisdiction which grew and has survived one should courteously not use the term at least to apply to his progeny consecrated for his separate Church (as one wouldn't the Utrecht Old Catholics or any other denomination generally recognised by other ecclesial bodies as a Church in it's own right).

 * In short, no. Such a person if a Roman Catholic would incur automatic excommunication latae sententiae and their episcopal status would never be recognised. They would not be an episcopus vagans because they are not recognised a) as a bishop and b) having never been incardinated could not therefore be "wandering". If they reconciled to the RC Church, it is doubtful they would be received as a bishop and would return to their original state of layperson or cleric whichever they were originally.

 * I suggest that there are in effect two understandings of the term EV - its legalistic and classically derived canonical definition and then the "common usage" applied to any bishop regarded as "not quite kosher" - though here in lies a remnant polemic of the first definition?!
 * Ref John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne, in my opinion he may well have been classed as episcopus vagans as he married without dispensation from his vow of celibacy as a cleric which he applied to the Holy See for and was refused. While he may not have incurred excommunication he nevertheless became canonically irregular and a bishop without jurisdiction.
 * —Periti 14:41, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe Baron Dunboyne could be considered an episcopus vagans. I withdraw what I said of him.
 * Periti: A bishop "would not canonically be regarded as an episcopus vagans unless he had been a licitly consecrated bishop of a particular Church but then left that jurisdiction."

 * Brandreth: Those who are, or at least represent themselves as, properly consecrated bishops, but who are not part of the church Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic, etc., within which they were consecrated, and are "not in communion with any historical metropolitical see", not just the See of Rome. In Wikipedia, terms are not limited to a Roman Catholic sense (in this case, an Roman Catholic sense), unless this is specified, for instance by a title such as "Episcopus vagans (Catholic Church)". In further connection with what Brandreth wrote. It can be argued that an excommunicated person does not necessarily cease to be part of the Catholic Church, that not everyone who procures an abortion ceases then and there to be a Catholic. Lefebvre was excommunicated, but no declaration was issued to say specifically that he had left the Catholic Church. So was Lefebvre really an episcopus vagans?

 * Boyle: "What I do want to talk about are those clergy who claim priestly and/or episcopal orders via certain indisputably Roman Catholic bishops, i.e., bishops who – in the last hundred years – broke with the Vatican's authorities, for one reason or another, and later consecrated bishops of their own." Note the word "via". The episcopi vagantes (title of his study) that Boyle wanted to talk about are the of those whom Periti considers to be the  episcopi vagantes. And Boyle does not say that those he wants to talk about are the only episcopi vagantes: he lists several other groups.
 * —Lima 18:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Lima, please stop using the term "Catholic" or "Catholic Church" if by it you mean "Roman Catholic"... I think this is why you are misunderstanding me! If you re-read again all that I have written you will discover1. that I am deliberate whenever I refer particularly to the Roman Catholic (RC) Church as I mention it by name;

2. that I have not anywhere suggested that Roman Catholic canon law is applicable to people who are not Roman Catholics, but I have asserted that

3. other Churches can and do have their own canon law, which however

4. is generally understood and formulated or based on ancient canon law of the Early Church and councils and generally in the West, on Roman Catholic canon law (as opposed to Eastern/Oriental Orthodox concepts).

—81.151.173.202 08:44, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we can agree that it is inappropriate to limit this Wikipedia article on episcopi vagantes solely to (Roman) Catholic bishops that some (whether justifiably or not) classify as episcopi vagantes. That is all I have wanted. If BT user Periti is of the same opinion (if I was wrong in supposing otherwise, I apologize), we can now end this over-long discussion.
 * —Lima 09:34, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That is exactly right! Phew?!
 * —Periti 12:41, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Article structure
I do think it would be beneficial to:

 * Have an historical background from the Early Church reference the original "phenomena" of wandering bishops and the relevant Canons that were later agreed.
 * Followed by the development in the Western Church of validity, ref Augustine and the Donatists, etc., with links to relevant Wiki articles.
 * Then the development of RC legislation to prevent wandering bishops at the Council of Trent.
 * Then the development of the phenomena ref Old Catholics etc and the 19C episcopi vagantes.
 * The 20C and the increasing phenomena of episcopi vagantes, the emergence of "Independent Catholicism" as distinct from Old Catholicism and their origins. Including individual OC and RC "EV's" canonical and circumstantial and Gnostics, Lib Cath's, Continuing Anglicans, etc.
 * The 21C and an overview of the differences between EV's, whether and to whom the term might still refer, and the appropriateness or not of its application to bishops of differing jurisdictions or none.

—Periti 12:41, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Radical edit of talk page
I'm sorry, I cannot understand at all this radical change of the talk page we are on. Some parts seem to have disappeared completely, not being moved to Talk:Historical episcopate. May an editor play around with what other editors have written? – or have I misunderstood what was done? A section marked "Do not modify" seems to have disappeared entirely. If the intention was just to tidy the page, why not archive the older parts? And is it acceptable to move a very old discussion away from here to the talk page of another article, where it will seem to be a new intervention and cause confusion? I have not undone the addition to that talk page, but I wonder whether I ought to. —Esoglou (talk) 18:52, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I could not follow the discussions on this page. Read the history about where content was moved, everything is linked together. What I forgot to do was add the {{Talkpage header}} tag. That is the reason why you couldn't find your discussion about jurisdiction. Nothing was deleted. Open up both versions in two browser windows and compare. You will see that my WP:REFACTOR made the page much more readable and may improve the chance that a discussion will take place. Moving unanswered discussions to a different talkpage actually got a response. It is not a new intervention and did not cause confusion. I will manually revert this back to my version in a few days. Do you believe your discussion about jurisdiction should be on the talk instead of in the archive where it is located currently?—Esoglou, next time just post a comment on User talk:. —BoBoMisiu (talk) 15:43, 1 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but I think I must restore what others wrote to how they wrote it. You are of course free to reorganize the text for your own private reading, but I don't think it is right to interfere with the work of others. —Esoglou (talk) 19:46, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

 * What is contentious about my WP:REFACTOR? —BoBoMisiu (talk) 04:29, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
 * It's just that I failed to see how it was a true refactoring. Perhaps others will judge it to be evidently correct, and if some other editor disagrees with my reverting, and undoes my action, I will raise no objection whatever.  I see that the refactoring norms say: "If another editor objects to refactoring then the changes should be reverted. Nevertheless, if the page is larger than the recommended size, then archiving of the talk page, or sections with no recent contributions, without refactoring can still be done." —Esoglou (talk) 06:44, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If you don't know how to explain what is contentious, I will redo it step by step (several hours apart) with clear summery in the history. If you see what you feel is contentious, please comment on that here and we can build consensus (see WP:CONSBUILD). I believe the long 2007 discussion between Periti and Lima is a good discussion and should be made more readable, include a summery of the points covered in the conversation, and have good citations for future contributors. —BoBoMisiu (talk) 16:29, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you. In that way, even I should be able to understand.  Previously, your move of different parts of the content away from here to more than one other page, together with other changes here, meant I could not see the correspondence between the before and the after even by "Open up both versions in two browser windows and compare".  By the way, I was not thinking of any particular discussion.  I just failed to understand what had happened. —Esoglou (talk) 18:14, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Episcopus vagans


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User talk:Hpkomic

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 21:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Hpkomic


text:
Batting park factor

Batting Park Factor, also simply called Park Factor or BPF, is a baseball statistic that indicates the difference between runs scored in a team's home and road games. Most commonly used as a metric in the sabermetric community, it has found more general usage in recent years. It is helpful in assessing how much a specific ballpark contributes to the offensive production of a team or player.

The formula most commonly used is:

$$PF = 100 * ( {{homeRS + homeRA \over homeG} \over  {roadRS + roadRA \over roadG}} )$$

In this formula, all runs scored by or against a team at home (per game) are divided by all runs scored on the road (per game). Parks with a Park Factor over 100 are those where more overall runs are scored when the team is at home than are scored when the team is away. While some variation can be attributable to fluctuations in offensive and defensive performance, PF accounts for the production of both teams in each park and, correspondingly, is very useful in trying to determine which ballparks are "hitter friendly" and which are "pitcher friendly". One criticism is that Park Factor does not account for differences in pitching between teams. An above-average pitching staff may distort their home stadium's Park Factor by making it seem more pitcher-friendly than it really is.

In place of Runs scored and allowed, the formula can easily use home runs, hits or any other statistic to further analyze the park factor of an individual park.

title: Batting park factor


text:
Rebel yell (disambiguation)

The rebel yell was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.

Rebel yell can also refer to:

 * Rebel Yell (whiskey), a whiskey brand introduced in 1936
 * Rebel Yell (roller coaster), the former name of Racer 75, a roller coaster premiering in 1975 at Kings Dominion near Richmond, Virginia
 * Rebel Yell (album), a 1983 album by Billy Idol
 * "Rebel Yell" (song), the title track of the 1983 Billy Idol album
 * Rebel Yell, a 2009 novel by Alice Randall.
 * Rebel Yell, a song by Assorted Jelly Beans featured in Tony Hawk's Underground.

title: Rebel yell (disambiguation)


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Breandán Ó Madagáin

Breandán Ó Madagáin (1932 – 9 January 2020 ) was an Irish scholar, writer and celticist. He was Professor Emeritus and past Chair of Department of Irish, University College Galway, a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and was Chairman, 1995–2005, of the Board of Celtic Studies in the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Breandán Ó Madagáin was born in Limerick. His main contributions to Irish scholarship related to the history of sean-nós singing. He inaugurated courses in the history of Irish song at University College Galway, unique in their kind. He is well known for the thesis that the bulk of Irish Bardic Poetry was sung, and that many of the original melodies have been passed down through the oral tradition, although not always with their original lyrics.

title: Breandán Ó Madagáin


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Real TV

Real TV (commonly known as America's Best Caught on Tape) is an American reality television program that ran in syndication from September 9, 1996, to September 7, 2001. It aired footage of extraordinary events that were not usually covered in mainstream news.

Synopsis
Real TV usually showed home and amateur video. The types of incidents portrayed were often daring rescues, escapes, stunts, and accidents. Clips containing violence or injury were not shown often. The clips had a narration provided by the host of the show, and were commonly set to a soundtrack to heighten the drama. Other clips have included TV show bloopers, human interest stories, and inventions.

Hosts
The show was hosted by John Daly (no relation to the golfer of the same name, or the game show host) from its beginning in 1996 through 2000, with Beau Weaver announcing until 1999. During Daly's run, the series was presented in the style of a newsmagazine, with show correspondents reporting further surrounding information and profiles beyond the video clips. Featured correspondents included Sibila Vargas, Michael Brownlee, John Johnston, Lisa G., and Ellen K. William B. Davis, best known as Cigarette Smoking Man from the sci-fi TV series The X-Files, also made occasional appearances.

In season 4 of the show, he was joined by Kristen Eykel, and Mitch Lewis became the announcer.

When Daly and Eykel left, Ahmad Rashad took over for them until the show's end. Rashad's version of Real TV had a new set, introduction, and announcer. It also became more of a generic video presentation show without surrounding correspondents, and any extra profiles on the subjects done by off-camera producers. It also targeted towards younger viewers, featuring more extreme sports footage, and less focus on human interest stories and celebrities. The show was canceled in 2001, and was replaced in many markets by the weekly series Maximum Exposure, which ran original episodes until 2002 and continued to air in syndication for many years (Maximum Exposure was produced under the RTV News banner).

Clip segments
Various segments appeared in episodes, usually just as a way to thread featured videos of a similar nature. One feature that appeared often was "Quick Clips", which featured a number of quick video highlights of some amazing footage. Each episode of Daly's version had the "Real TV Quiz", which generally featured video footage of a celebrity before they became famous, challenging the viewer to guess who they were during the commercial break. Example: Zachary Ty Bryan actor from Home Improvement, was featured in a quick clip in 1998 from his appearance at the premiere of the movie "Blade" starring Wesley Snipes. Zachary was videotaped giving a shout out to Real TV on camera at the premiere by known Real TV contributor Michael Nordan a freelance videographer at the time. Viewers had to guess who the quick clip featured talent was. Announcer Beau Weaver announced the quiz at the start of the show's run before the quiz was taken over by Daly. During season 1, the quiz was before the second half of the show. The quiz moved to the end of the show at the start of season 2.

Closing clip montage and credits
Some clips were replayed during the closing credits, set to the show's theme song for most of Daly's run, although episodes with no clips during the credits had the title card on a different monitor in the studio and a short credit roll. In the show's third season, in episodes with a full credit roll, the title card appeared on a much larger monitor in the studio before the clip montage, and the 1995 Paramount Domestic Television logo also appeared on the monitor after the theme song ended.

Syndication
After its original run, the later episodes of Real TV (Eykel and Rashad run only) re-aired on TNN (The National Network) (later Spike TV, now The Paramount Network) from 2000 to 2003, while older episodes (Daly runs only) re-aired on Spike TV from 2003 to 2006, and the older episodes of Real TV (Daly runs only) re-aired on the Fox Reality Channel from 2005 to 2007. Real TV (Daly runs only) was also re-aired on WGN America from 2007 to 2008.

title: Real TV


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Elizabeth Shaughnessy

Elizabeth Shaughnessy (born 1937) is an Irish-American chess player and trainer who regularly represents the national team at the Chess Olympiad. She has lived in Berkeley, California, United States for more than 30 years.

By profession, she is a trained architect, having completed a 6-year course at the National University of Ireland, University College Dublin. For several years she practiced architecture in Belgrade, London and Dublin, before marrying and moving to California.

Shaughnessy, a former Irish Women's Chess Champion, runs the Berkeley Chess School which teaches chess in schools throughout the Bay Area and holds chess camps in the summer. She was twice elected to the Berkeley School Board and is a pioneer in chess activism in California State Curriculum.

title: Elizabeth Shaughnessy


text:
Talk:Libuše

Untitled
I've read a "hypothesis" that Libuše's father, Krok, was identical with Krak, the legendary founder of Kraków. In that case, Libuše would have been Wanda's sister. Does it make any sense to the Czech people? – Kpalion (talk) 21:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I am Czech and never heard of this. It was clearly stated in every legend concerning Libuše that she had only 2 sisters - Kazi and Teta. Sapphire 1000, 23 January 2007

According to Vaclav Hajek z Libocan, Krok was a godfather to Lech's son, so they are actually diferent people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.45.57.157 (talk) 19:46, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Libuše was daughter of some elven mother? Seriously? I am deleting that. I have never heard of that and there is no reference to it. Gosh, and the Kazi healer and Teta magician... Is this from Pagan Queen movie? Did someone just put part of crappy film there? Colombo 130.123.96.22 (talk) 01:07, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

According to the History channel. "Princess Libuse, the mythical mother of Prague, was said to bathe with her lovers inside a tower in Vysehrad Castle before throwing them down to their deaths in the river below" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.209.22.34 (talk) 22:51, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Libuše


text:
Betterman (TV series)

Betterman (ベターマン) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Sunrise's internal "Studio 7" and JVC. It is a spinoff of The King of Braves GaoGaiGar, produced under the direction of Yoshitomo Yonetani and writer Hiroshi Yamaguchi. It aired on TV Tokyo from April 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999, and was the first anime to broadcast in widescreen, though it was letterboxed.

Plot
In the year 2006, the world is affected by a mysterious disease dubbed "Algernon" that causes mass suicides and murders. Meanwhile, while preparing for the opening ceremony at the geofront underground amusement park "Bottom the World", a mysterious mass fatality accident occurs. Mayo Tsuko of the Algernon research institute Mode Warp, who came to investigate with the police, concludes that Algernon was the cause of the accident. At the same time, Keita Aono accidentally enters the closed Bottom the World. As he wanders, he encounters a gigantic humanoid mecha (or "neuronoid") called "Kakuseijin 01". In the cockpit is his childhood friend Hinoki Sai, who he broke up with when he was young, as a head diver.

Kakuseijin 01 was stranded after Hinoki's partner, the head diver Cactus Prickle, suddenly disappeared. Attraction robots that have gone out of control attack them. Keita suddenly gets into the cockpit of Kakuseijin 01, and along with Hinoki, uses Kakuseijin 01 to fight off the robots. In order to escape from Bottom the World, Keita cooperates with Hinoki and searches for the missing Cactus.

Shared continuity with The King of Braves GaoGaiGar
Betterman takes place in the same world as The King of Braves GaoGaiGar, predominantly before the events of The King of Braves GaoGaiGar FINAL, though only a few minor links are visually made within the series itself. The novel series King of Kings: GaoGaiGar VS Betterman fully explains the connection between two series and how both events overlap each other.

Protagonists

 * Keita Aono (蒼斧蛍汰) - The main human protagonist of the series, whose point of view most of the story is seen from. Keita is a seventeen-year-old high school student who, through a chance reunion with his childhood friend Hinoki, finds himself recruited as a Head Diver for Akamatsu Industries. He is quite different from the typical mecha pilot seen in most anime, being rather awkward and prone to panicking easily.  However, on multiple occasions, he shows his willingness to place himself in danger to protect those he cares about.  He has especially high readings as a Dual Kind, and at one point is even able to pilot a Neuronoid by himself.  This is a result of a transplant of dura mater he received as an infant, due to a serious head injury, from a woman named Laurier Noir.  Although he shows an attraction to several girls throughout the series, he is especially fond of Hinoki, and makes no secret of his desire to pursue a relationship with her, despite the rather apathetic attitude she often displays towards him..
 * Hinoki Sai (彩火乃紀) - The daughter of a famous paleontologist, who was orphaned when her parents and older brother vanished during an expedition to the Ajanta Caves in India four years before the start of the series. She was recruited as a Head Diver by Akamatsu and Mode Warp shortly thereafter.  Hinoki acts in a sullen manner a majority of the time, and often derides her own intelligence when asked questions that she can not, or does not wish to, answer.  She is a childhood friend of Keita, but had not seen him in some time before their reunion in the first episode.  Although she usually acts uninterested in his romantic advances, she shows on several occasions that she cares more for him than she lets on.  She also refers to him affectionately as "Kei-chan".  She, like Keita, is seventeen when the series begins..
 * Shigeru Akamatsu (阿嘉松滋) - The founder and president of Akamatsu Industries. His company worked with Mode Warp in developing the Neuronoids, and he actively assists in their attempt to eliminate Algernon.  He has an extremely inventive mind, and many of his company's products, which range from toys to military weapons, were his own ideas.  His dedication to his company, however, caused his wife to leave him some time earlier, which still bothers him on occasion.
 * Sakura Akamatsu - Shigeru's fifteen-year-old daughter. She was born with the ability to tap into the "Limpid Channel", allowing her to pick up the waves of consciousness in the air around her. By picking up the random thoughts of other beings, she is able to give useful, seemingly precognitive, information, though often in a cryptic manner.  However, she was also born with extremely poor health, and she spends much of her time confined in a special chair, known as a "Manage Machine".  Although she is a Dual Kind, she only is used as a Head Diver in emergency situations, due to her weak constitution..
 * Miyako Asami (都古麻御) - A Bio-medical Engineer who works for Mode Warp. She works closely with Akamatsu Industries in trying to understand and eliminate Algernon.  She was recruited by the mysterious "Director" to take part in the Dive Inspection several years earlier, and thus is familiar with several of the antagonists in the series.  She is killed shortly after learning that she, as a survivor of the Dive Inspection, is a carrier of Algernon..
 * Shou Yanagi (八七木翔) - A 24-year-old Head Diver, who is usually partnered with Kaede. Although he often shows a collected personality in front of others, he suffers from psychological trauma from when his younger brother was killed in an accident while testing early Neuronoid models.  Seeing Keita reminds him of his brother, causing him to break down on several occasions.  He is a powerful hypnotist, and is able to hypnotize others merely by looking into their eyes.  He is devoted to his partner Kaede, and after announcing her pregnancy, marries her before the final battle.  He is tragically killed along with his new bride when she seemingly succumbs to Algernon and kills them both..
 * Kaede Kurenai (紅楓) - Shou's partner, and a powerful psychic. Her dowsing abilities are a great asset in her role as a Head Diver.  She has a past connection with Mammon and the Superhuman Federation, and much of the latter part of the series deals with their attempts to harness her powers.  She marries Shou before the final battle, but seemingly contracts Algernon and kills both of them. Their unborn child somehow manages to survive and is rescued by one of the "lizard girls"..
 * Ritsuko Fuchu (府中律子) - Ri-chan is.
 * Yamajii (山じい) - Yamajii is.
 * Lamia (ラミア) - The Betterman who the series in named for. Lamia often shows up when the human protagonists are in danger, transforming into one of his fighting forms to save them.  He seems especially intent on saving Hinoki, whose brother he bears more than a passing resemblance to.  It is later explained that by eating the Vivele Fruit that grew from Hinoki's brother, he inherited his memories, as well as some of his physical attributes.  His ultimate goal is to defeat Kankel, the enemy to all life on Earth and protect Hinoki, whom he believes may also produce the revolutionary Vivele Fruit..
 * Seeme (セーメ) - Lamia's constant companion, who usually takes the form of a large, yellow, moth-like creature. She occasionally is seen in a larger, four-legged form as well.  In extreme situations, she takes the form of Betterman Lume by consuming pieces of the seed that came from Hinoki's mother, appearing as a glowing female figure..
 * Bodaiju (ボダイジュ) - Another Betterman who appears later in the series. He has a much darker skin tone and dresses in the raiments reminiscent of a monk. Like Lamia though, he has the tell tale characteristics of his species with red sclera, telepathic communication, and, of course, the ability to take on different fighting forms. He first appears to confront Lamia. Bodiju chastises the latter for twice breaking the taboo regarding Forte (Lamia transformed into Forte twice by then when his people regard the Forte Seed as weapon reserved for the use of a "leader"). He is also critical of Lamia's quest to protect Hinoki, thinking such efforts would be better spent in the fight against the force named Kankel. The confrontation turns into a battle between Lamia's Nebula form and Bodiju's Turba. The fight ends in a draw, but Bodiju confronts Lamia once more. After working together to survive a psychic's illusion, Bodiju agrees to assist Lamia and Seeme. The alliance is short lived as he is later slain by Kankel. Later on he psychically aides Lamia, bringing him the necessary components of the seed of Oltus (elaborating on his rivalry with Lamia by asking the latter if he can handle Oltus).
 * Yakusugi (ヤクスギ) - A mysterious priest, rumoured to be over a hundred and twenty years old, who appears to offer aid to the protagonists at unexpected times. Through his extreme physical and psychological training, he has managed to become the pinnacle of human ability.  As such, he was selected as the test subject of the Dive Inspection.  However, he vanished when the experiment went wrong.  Kankel was born from him as a result, and though he is connected to the creature, even Yakusugi can not keep it contained.  When Lamia destroys Kankel, Yakusugi dies along with it.
 * Chandi (チャンディー) - A mysterious girl, though not having a large part in the series, she's one of the lizard girl experiments. She gained her own will and appears on a few occasions to save Keita.

Antagonists

 * Kazuho Heichi (平地一穂)- An employee of Akamatsu Industries, who attempts to kill his co-workers on several occasions after contracting Algernon. He reprograms various types of machines and robots to attack his former friends, which results in the battles of the first several episodes. After being apprehended, he is later killed and used to grow an Animus Flower by BPL.
 * Prof. Umezaki (梅崎)- The head scientist of BPL, who took part in the Dive Inspection several years ago. Although his laboratory is said to be developing new food sources, he is actually developing various biological monsters, which he uses to attack Mode Warp and Akamatsu Industries' employees. His biological creatures, which range from massive beasts to killer insects, are the primary threat of much of the first half of the series. He is killed during the protagonists' attempt to attack his lab when one of his own creations, which has gained self will, turns on him.
 * Mugito Mamon (魔門麦人)- A powerful psychic, and the leader of the Superhuman Federation. His attempts to harness Kaede's powers are the main threat faced by the protagonists in the second half of the series. Mamon is a survivor of the Dive Inspection who still hopes to create a superior human being through psychic powers. He eventually does harness Kaede's powers long enough to transform himself into the powerful Brahman, though he still falls to Lamia during the final battle of the series.
 * Kankel (カンケル)- A mysterious, incredibly powerful being, which appears as a somewhat effeminate, shadow-like creature. It is the unexpected result of the Dive Inspection, made up entirely of cancerous cells. As such, it seeks to consume all other life and assimilate it into itself, beginning with the Bettermen, which it recognizes as its biggest threat. It is Lamia's ultimate goal to defeat this creature, which he manages to do only by transforming into the ultimate Betterman, OLTUS.

Betterman's transformations

 * Betterman NEBULA
 * Distinctly recognizable by its massive forearms which serve as highly resilient guards against enemy attacks. Nebula's form grants Lamia aerial capabilities and allows him to fly at high-velocity speeds. The signature ability of Nebula, Psycho Voice, first allows Lamia to analyze his opponent’s complete physical structure and to retaliate with a high-pitched voice attack which uses the same wavelength as his enemy's composition, thus eliminating it. This is the most frequently used transformation by Lamia and has shown itself to be the most versatile.

 * Betterman AQUA
 * This is an underwater form that can achieve a speed of 600 kn. In this form Betterman can inhale and analyze his opponent’s bodily liquids and attack with similar Psycho Fluid, breaking down the opponent's DNA structure.

 * Betterman TURBA
 * This orange form of Betterman uses compressed air and razor sharp wind as weapons. Turba's capability is Psycho Calm. In this attack, wind and sound are compressed into a small spherical area. This makes attacks such as Psycho Voice ineffective. The same organs can be used for jet propulsion. It should be also noted that this is a form that Betterman Lamia does not use. Instead it was used by Bodiju (he specifically chose it to counter Nebula).

 * Betterman LUME
 * This bright yellow female form of Betterman uses electromagnetic radiation (electricity and various rays) as its weapons. Seeme transforms into this form by consuming pieces of the seed that came from Hinoki's mother.

 * Betterman FORTE
 * This is the strongest type of body that Betterman can obtain with common seeds. In this form Betterman greatly increases in height. Forte's method of defeating an opponent involves seeing an opponent's "breaking point" and using the Sliding Saber on his head to strike in this location (referred to as Psycho Glory). Opponents are then reduced to ash. It is also notable that Forte-type Betterman should be used only by "a leader," but Betterman Lamia has broken this rule more than once.

 * Betterman OLTUS
 * This the final and ultimate form which Lamia adopts in the final episode. Like "Forte," Betterman grows in size and gains a dark brown color opposing the white "Nebula." Using the ultimate power of "Psycho Burst," Betterman can regenerate his cells indefinitely; even if thrown into molten lava. Lamia gains the power of Oltus when his Master, friend, and his companion give him three seeds, which combine into one. After this, Lamia confronts the final enemy, "Bestman."

Glossary

 * Algernon - A strange disease of unknown cause that was named after the person who first discovered it and died from it. Infected people may have a mental breakdown and become homicidal or suicidal, but they may continue to act logically with their usual personalities until they achieve their goals. Because they take no action other than concealing their needs and objectives, the ATP in their bodies is used up, and the infected person will eventually die. Aya, Asami, Cactus, Umezaki, Mamon, and Officer, who had the life-killing impulse prion protein burned into their brains during a dive inspection, scattered it all over the world and infected everyone they met with the impulse, causing its spread. Mamon proposes that Algernon is not a disease or phenomenon, but a DNA program with the purpose of guiding the human race through the course of evolution.
 * Animus Flower - A strange flower that grows from the heads of those who died while infected with Algernon. The fruit that these flowers bear is what a Betterman consumes to transform. Animus as Jungian term means "true inner self," more precisely women's inner masculinity. Animus seeds in Betterman are physical methods of releasing one's inner self in various forms.
 * Best Man Project - A project, organized by a man known only as "Director", to create a perfect, immortal human. Specialists from various fields were gathered for this project, which culminated in the Dive Inspection. After the experiment's failure, the survivors of the project split up, creating various organizations to continue the pursuit of human perfection on their own. Mode Warp, BPL, and the Superhuman Federation were all founded in this manner.
 * BPL - One of the spinoffs of the Best Man Project, founded and headed by Prof. Umezaki. Although its original intent was to create new food sources, it wound up only creating biological horrors.
 * Dive Inspection - The ultimate goal of the Best Man Project, where scientists and other experts attempted to create a perfect, immortal human. Using Priest Yakusugi as a test subject, they attempted to rewrite his DNA to cause his cells to reproduce infinitely, effectively making him immortal. However, something went wrong during the experiment, and many people present were killed. Unknown to the participants, their experiment resulted in the creation of the destructive being known as Kankel.
 * Dual Kind - Individuals who can connect their minds to another using a special substance known as Linker Gel. By combining their neural energy, two dual kind can create a large amount of power. Aside from this, dual kind have no other special powers or abilities. It can be argued that Dual Kinds have limited access to the collective unconscious.
 * Head Diver - Dual Kind that pilot Neuronoids.
 * Mode Warp - One of the groups that splintered from the Best Man Project. Mode Warp works closely with Akamatsu Industries in creating the Neuronoids and battling the threat of Algernon. The only notable member of this group is Miyako Asami.
 * Neuronoid - Robots jointly created by Akamatsu Industries and Mode Warp. As the machine is powered by Linker Gel, two Dual Kind are required to pilot it. Each Neuronoid has two forms: The "Accept Mode", which is equipped with a variety of sensors used for surveying and analysis, and the "Active Mode", used in combat situations. A Neuronoid's most powerful ability is the Synapse Attack, where particles from the environment surrounding the machine are drawn in, and then unleashed in a powerful blast. Due to the rate at which Linker Gel becomes unusable, the Neuronoids can only remain active for a short time, which is one of their major handicaps. Neuronoids use living brain matter in their construction. Although human brains were originally used in early models, the current Neuronoids piloted by the protagonists use the brains of primates and dolphins.
 * NEO - New Environment Organization, parent company of Mode Warp.
 * Superhuman Federation - One of the groups that splintered off from the Best Man Project, made up of individuals with psychic abilities. Although they use their abilities for business purposes, their true goal is to continue the work of the Best Man Project, and create a superior being. Bakuto Mammon, the leader of the organization, is especially interested in recruiting Kaede for this.

Releases
Betterman is composed of 26 episodes, first aired on TV Tokyo from April 1, 1999 to September 30, 1999. It was licensed and released in the USA (on DVD) by Bandai Entertainment. The series was dubbed by Ocean Productions at their Blue Water studio in Calgary, Alberta. The dubbed English version from this DVD release has also aired on the US cable network G4TV (Known as TechTV at the time of its airing) during the "Anime Unleashed" rotation, premiering on December 30, 2002. Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment, Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013, that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Betterman, along with a handful of other former BEI titles.

title: Betterman (TV series)


title: File:HerculesDC1.jpg


text:
Talk:Rope stretcher

Cleanup
This title is too general for a specific Wikipedia article. It also contains much information irrelevant to Rope stretchers. Originally tagged by User:Gene Nygaard. Ian Cairns 21:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Reversion
I've reverted the edit tonight that had Edit summary 'added image' since it was clearly an irrelevant image and was an excuse for dumping more of the same irrelevant material that has been inserted into Myle, Mille Passus, etc, etc, etc. This idea is to keep articles within the subject matter and relevant. Ian Cairns 23:34, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

I need to explain that my reversion is being automatically tagged as a minor edit, when it was nothing of the sort. I'll investigate why this is happening. Ian Cairns 23:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

WHEN and WHERE????
In what country and what era? Detroit in the 1950s? 14th-century France? Ancient China? Michael Hardy 00:06, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Ink-blot image
How do you interpret that as a field growing out of some man's head?

 * What is growing out of his head is a hieroglyph called sw which you can look up in Gardiner
 * Its part of the royal titulary.
 * Try clicking on the Narmer palette and looking at the personifed field in the upper righthand corner or go to some of the other palettes such as den's. Rktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Do you mean the crops (i.e., a few spears of grain) growing out of his head? Even that takes an overactive imagination. Gene Nygaard 13:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC) If you look online you may be able to find a page with some of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, its a common one so you should be able to find it.Rktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes.Rktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

[3kr]Rktect 10:21, August 29, 2005 (UTC) http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/labels/xxden29.htm
 * I have better images but would have to contact and see if I need permission to put them up. Here are some of the places where you can see them
 * some careless individual continues to revert the page and lose the proper attribution to strabo Rktect 10:30, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does look different when the interior detail shows up. So, is a really a "field"?

The personified field is called 3kr. He's the god of the land itself. If you want to you can think of him as acre. There are several field related glyphs associated with him.Rktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * No quote or image has ever been attributed to Strabo on this page. Did you have a Strabo quote about this image?

 * yes, it got reverted. Rktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Why do you make things up? Gene Nygaard 12:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I will revert it and you can take a lookRktect 15:54, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Totally wrong information
Who wrote that ridiculous article on "rope stretchers" ? They were NOT the surveyors of ancient Egypt! Threy were merely the assistants to the Scribe Surveyor! I am not aware as to how the Scorpion Macehead refers to any surveying at all, but the piece may be incorrectly citing that artefact instead of the Palermo Stone (c. 2350 BC) which DEFINITELY has surveying references on it! It would be advisable to Wikipedia, as a protection for some credibility, to not post articles by dunces who DO NOT PROPERLY CHECK THEIR SOURCES AND INFORMATION !?! Signed: John F. Brock, Australia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.165.164.130 (talk) 06:27, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I am with you on some of the ancient Egyptian history articles. Feel free to correct them. I have some questions here that you may be able to help with: Talk:Seshat. --Timeshifter (talk) 09:04, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rope stretcher


text:
Portuguesa State Anthem

The anthem for the Portuguesa State, Venezuela, was composed by Fernando Eduardo Delgado; the musical part was done by Jesús Alvarado.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus Loor al pueblo que el cruel vasallaje del Ibérico León combatió, castigando los ruines ultrajes a la patria su vida ofrendó.

I Hasta el confín lejano de la extensa llanura asombra tu bravura, tu arrojo, tu valor.

Resuelto, noble, leal luchando hasta morir, prefiere sucumbir altivo y con honor.

II Mimado por la gloria propicio a la fortuna, fuiste de Páez la cuna, de Unda, Castejón.

Héroes que en la contienda, con ínclitas proezas borraron las vilezas del yugo y la opresión.

Grandioso es el recuerdo que dejas en la historia, sagrada es tu memoria en nuestro corazón.

III Es tu suelo fecundo la sangre generosa se derramó copiosa con valor y lealtad.

Araure lo pregona: el "Batallón sin Nombre" adquiere allí su nombre, bandera y dignidad. IV Bajo el cielo esplendente que a tus selvas corona, la esmeraldina zona de sombra se cubrió.

Fue cruento el sacrificio, más en recia pujanza al golpe de la lanza la tiranía se hundió.

Y siempre los tiranos verán en tú diadema como fúlgido lema: "Atrás la usurpación"

title: Portuguesa State Anthem


text:
Talk:Second Coming (The Stone Roses album)

Tracklisting
Hey, I've just updated the tracklisting because as far as I'm concerned it has 99 tracks, and "The Foz" certainly isn't listed/named. The CD I'm looking at is GED-24503 — a UK CD that I purchased about ten years ago. aLii 15:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:StoneRosesSecondComing.jpg
Image:StoneRosesSecondComing.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:27, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Links
I don't know who it is (obviously) who keeps removing my website links from the external links pages of every page relating to The Stone Roses but if you could stop it... then that'd be coool. ta.

TheJSU 16:52, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Secondcomingroses.jpg
Image:Secondcomingroses.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 20:06, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Shaun Reference
Good movie, horrible reference text. It rambles on, and would frankly be better served by a youtube link for the practical summary of that scene. It's text is almost longer than the rest of the text on the page. It should be only 2 sentences maybe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.80.72 (talk) 04:24, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Second Coming (The Stone Roses album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090513133256/http://www.rollingstone.com:80/artists/thestoneroses/albums/album/305782/review/5943919/second_coming to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thestoneroses/albums/album/305782/review/5943919/second_coming

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:59, 12 February 2016 (UTC)


text:
Telekabel

Telekabel is a cable television operator and Internet Service Provider for cable and fiber internet in North Macedonia headquartered in Štip, North Macedonia. They also offer Mobile and Fixed Telephony services.

The company relays more than 60 analogue channels, more than 100 digital channels and 31 HD channels.

Channels available in Skopje

 * 24 Kitchen
 * Al Jazeera
 * Alsat M
 * Animal Planet
 * Arena ESport HD
 * Arena ESport HD
 * Arena Fight HD
 * Arena Fight HD
 * Arena Premium 1 HD
 * Arena Premium 1 HD
 * Arena Premium 2 HD
 * Arena Premium 2 HD
 * Arena Premium 3 HD
 * Arena Premium 3 HD
 * Arena Sport 1 HD
 * Arena Sport 2 HD
 * Arena Sport 3 HD
 * Arena Sport 4 HD
 * Arena Sport 5 HD
 * AXN
 * Balkan Music
 * Balkan Trip
 * Balkanika
 * BN Music HD
 * BN SAT HD
 * Boomerang
 * Brainz
 * Brazzers TV
 * Cartoon Network
 * Cinemania
 * Club MTV
 * CMC
 * CNBC
 * CNN
 * Crime and Investigation Network
 * Discovery Channel
 * Discovery ID
 * Discovery Science
 * DIVA
 * DM SAT
 * DocuBox HD
 * DW
 * Ekovizija TV
 * Elta 1 HD
 * Elta 2
 * Entertainment
 * Epic Drama
 * Euro News HD
 * Eurosport
 * Eurosport 2
 * Extreme Sports
 * Fashion TV
 * FashionBox HD
 * FEN TV
 * FightBox HD
 * FilmBox Arthouse
 * FilmBox Extra HD
 * FilmBox Plus
 * Food Network
 * France 24 HD
 * Grand
 * HGTV HD
 * Hustler TV
 * IDJ TV HD
 * JIM JAM
 * Jugoton TV
 * Lov i Ribolov
 * Luxe TV HD
 * MCM Top HD
 * Mezzo
 * MTV 80s
 * MTV 90s
 * MTV Adria
 * MTV Hits
 * N1
 * National Geographic
 * NOVA S HD
 * Nova Sport HD
 * OTV Valentino
 * Pikaboo
 * Private TV
 * Red Light
 * RTL
 * RTL 2
 * RTL Kockica
 * RTL Living
 * RTRS
 * RTS Svet
 * Sci Fi HD
 * SK Esports
 * SK Golf
 * SK Golf
 * Sport Klub 1
 * Sport Klub 1
 * Sport Klub 2
 * Sport Klub 2 HD
 * Sport Klub 3
 * Sport Klub 3 HD
 * Sport Klub 4
 * Sport Klub 5
 * Sport Klub 6
 * Sport Klub HD
 * Star Channel
 * Star Crime
 * Star Life
 * Star Movies
 * Televizija 24
 * TLC
 * Travel Channel
 * TV1000
 * TV5 Monde
 * Valentino Music
 * Vavoom
 * Viasat Explorer
 * Viasat History
 * Viasat Nature
 * Алфа ТВ
 * EDO TV
 * Канал 5
 * МРТ 1
 * МРТ 1 HD
 * МРТ 2
 * МРТ 3
 * МРТ 4
 * МРТ 5
 * Наша ТВ
 * Сител
 * Сител HD
 * Собраниски Канал
 * TV MTM
 * ТВ Сонце
 * Telekabel Info
 * Телма
 * Sutel TV

title: Telekabel


text:
User:Qth4307

Same as Ottar

title: User:Qth4307


text:
Talk:Turns into Stone

The album's release was surrounded by controversy
Evidence for this? I don't remember it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.102.37.34 (talk) 09:03, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turns into Stone


text:
User:Quadraxis/BJADON

This page is for the various silly stuff that i create in fits of insanity. Hence, my very own BJADON.

Monty Python
This refrences the movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

"The above paragraph is a lie!

Those responsible for the above sentence have been sacked.

The above sentence is also a lie!

Those responsible for the sacking of those who were just sacked, have been sacked.

LIES LIES LIES LIIIIIIIIIIIIIIEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEESSSSSSSSSS!

tHoSe ReSpOnSiBlE fOr ThE aBoVe SeNtEnCe HaVe BeEn SaCkEd.

Those responsible for the placement of capitals and lowercases in the above sentenced have been sacked, along with those responsible for sacking those who were sacked on acount for being sacked by those who sacked the people who were sacked before the people responsible for this paragraph were sacked.

oy.

Those responsible for sacking all who have been sacked, have been sacked, and the sacs that those who were sacked were sacked in, have been sacked, but not before the sacs were filled with sand. Lots of sand. Wet sand. Lots of wet sand, filled with bugs and taken from this sandbox which now seems to be lacking sand."

title: User:Quadraxis/BJADON


text:
Villa Nueva

Villa Nueva may mean any of the following geographical locations:
 * Argentina
 * Villa Nueva, Buenos Aires
 * Villa Nueva, Córdoba
 * Villa Nueva, Mendoza
 * Villa Nueva, Santiago del Estero
 * Guatemala
 * Villa Nueva, Guatemala
 * Mexico
 * Villa Nueva, Oaxaca
 * Villa Nueva: former name of Sacramento, Coahuila

title: Villa Nueva


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clifters

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP but COPYVIO. I'm afraid that this is still a practically verbatim copy-paste, and so I am going to copyvio it. That gives 7 days for a rewrite on the /Temp subpage. I'll put a note on the talk: page to the effect that a rewritten article should be kept. -Splash talk 21:29, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Clifters
why is this in the english wiki? — Preceding unsigned comment added by WillC (talk • contribs) 21:59, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this is neither english nor finnish, its some crappy unreadable combination of the 2 Drdisque 07:27, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 08:14, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. A trawl through Google suggests the band pass the notability criterion.  However the entry at present is an unreadible mish-mash of English and Finnish and may even be lifted from the band's home page.  Demogorgon's Soup-taster 09:23, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - the English bit was lifted from the English version of their homepage. Still, I've removed the Finnish bit and tidied up the rest. TheMadBaron 10:35, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep now that Mad Baron has keleted the article. — Phil Welch 23:39, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Going by your definition of 'keleted', I don't think that's what I did.... I just edited it. It's still arguably copyvio, though I can't see the author objecting. TheMadBaron 09:47, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, they appear to meet WP:MUSIC Tuf-Kat 06:58, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Finnish Railway Museum

The Finnish Railway Museum (Suomen Rautatiemuseo) is located in Hyvinkää, Finland. It was founded in 1898 and located in Helsinki. The museum was moved to Hyvinkää in 1974.

The museum is on the original station and yard site of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway. In addition to the station building, there is a roundhouse and several other preserved buildings, mainly from the 1870s. The museum also has a live steam backyard railroad track, where train rides are offered to the public during special run days in the summer months.

title: Finnish Railway Museum


text:
William Brade

William Brade (1560 – 26 February 1630) was an English composer, violinist, and viol player of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras, mainly active in northern Germany. He was the first Englishman to write a canzona, an Italian form, and probably the first to write a piece for solo violin.

Biography
Little is known about his early life. Around 1590 he left England to pursue a musical career in Germany, as did several other prominent English musicians, sensing better job opportunities abroad. He switched employments often between the various courts in north Germany and Denmark. Between his arrival in Germany, sometime around 1590, and 1594 he worked for the Brandenburg court; between 1594 and 1596 he worked for Christian IV of Denmark in Copenhagen; then until 1599 he was back in Brandenburg. He returned that year to Copenhagen, where he stayed until 1606. From 1606 to 1608 he worked at Bückeburg in Brunswick-Lüneburg. From 1608 to 1610 he was employed in Hamburg, but he returned to Bückeburg in 1610. Evidently by 1612 he was again planning on switching jobs, for a letter surviving from that year, written by the count at Bückeburg, tells the Hamburg court pithily that he was a "wanton, mischievous fellow" and should not be allowed to have his way.

However, in spite of the warning by his former employer, by 1613 he was working in Hamburg. Two years later—he liked to swap jobs every two years—he returned to Copenhagen, but in 1618 he moved on to Halle where he obtained the position of kapellmeister to the Prince of Magdeburg, Christian Wilhelm of Brandenburg (1598-1631). By 1619 he was in Berlin, and the next year he returned to Copenhagen yet again. Two years later he moved to Gottorp in Schleswig-Holstein, where he served as director of the Hofkapelle until 1625.

His last years were spent in Hamburg, one of the few refuges available within Germany from the ravages of the Thirty Years' War. There is no evidence that he ever returned to England.

Compositions
All of Brade's surviving music is for string instruments, and most is for dancing. The earlier music, for example, in his collection published in 1609 in Hamburg, is based on English models, and similar to the contemporary work of composers such as Peter Philips and John Dowland. Later he began to work with Italian models, writing the first known canzona by an Englishman; in addition he began to arrange his dances into suites, a practice which would become common during the Baroque era. Some of the dances he wrote were in forms previously unknown in Germany such as the branle, maschera, and volta.

His coral, a set of variations on a ground bass, is considered to be the earliest music written for the solo violin by an English composer; however, its attribution is not completely certain, for another source dated 1684 gives the name of another composer.

Stylistically, his music is more homophonic than much of the music by his English contemporaries, who still preferred a polyphonic idiom.

As a performer, he was famous for his fine technique; he was one of the most famous early violinists, and highly regarded in Germany. Several pieces by other composers were published in Hamburg as tributes to him after his death.

title: William Brade


text:
Bill Goichberg

William Goichberg (born November 11, 1942) is a chess master and chess tournament organizer and director. He founded the Continental Chess Association (CCA), which runs the annual World Open and other large tournaments. He is also a former president of the United States Chess Federation (USCF).

USCF career
After graduating from New York University in 1963, Goichberg worked as USCF Rating Statistician from 1964 to 1967. He became co-editor of Chess Life with Ed Edmondson in 1966.

In 1976 he was captain of the world champion U.S. Chess Olympiad team.

Goichberg was a member of the USCF Policy Board (now called "Executive Board") in 1975–78, 1989–92 and 1996–99. From November 2003 to January 2004 he was USCF Office Manager and in 2004 became USCF Executive Director. In 2005 he was elected president, and held that office until 2008.

Continental Chess Association (CCA)
In 1964 Goichberg founded the New York City Chess Association to organize chess tournaments. In 1968 the organization's scope was widened and name was changed to Continental Chess Association. The CCA has organized, by conservative estimate, several thousand tournaments in the years since it was founded.

The flagship tournament of the CCA, the World Open, first held in 1973, annually draws over 1,000 entries. This figure is now regularly eclipsed by scholastic tournaments, but this may be the largest non-scholastic tournament in the world.

Several of the major scholastic tournaments now run by the U.S. Chess Federation started out as CCA tournaments: the National High School Championship (1969), the National Junior High Championship (1973), the National Elementary Championship (1976), and the National Scholastic K-12 Grade Championship (1991).

Goichberg is generally credited for introducing non-smoking tournaments in the U.S. (1973).

Other Achievements
Goichberg was co-editor of Official Rules of Chess, fourth edition (1993; ISBN 0-8129-2217-4) and authored many articles for Chess Life.

He is a USCF Life Master and FIDE Master. He is National Tournament Director and International Arbiter of FIDE (World Chess Federation).

He is the current president of the New York State Chess Association, which organizes the New York State Championship.

He was inducted to U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 2018.

title: Bill Goichberg


text:
Richard Pellengahr

Richard Pellengahr (19 August 1883 – 9 October 1964) was a German general (Generalleutnant) in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

Awards

 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 May 1940 as Generalleutnant and commander of the 196. Infanterie-Division

title: Richard Pellengahr