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Faina Ranevskaya

Faina Georgiyevna Ranevskaya (Фаина Георгиевна Раневская, born Faina Girschevna Feldman, 27 August 1896 — 19 July 1984) was a Soviet actress. She is recognized as one of the greatest Soviet actresses in both tragedy and comedy. She was also famous for her aphorisms.

She acted in plays by Anton Chekhov, Alexander Ostrovsky, Maxim Gorky, Ivan Krylov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and others.

Biography

She was born as Faina Feldman (Фельдман) to a wealthy Jewish family in the city of Taganrog. Her father, Girsch Haimovich Feldman, owned a dry-ink factory, several buildings, a shop and the steamboat "Saint Nicolas". He was the head of Taganrog synagogue and a founder of a Jewish asylum for the aged. Faina's mother, Milka Rafailovna (née Zagovaylova), was a great admirer of literature and art. That and her passion for Chekhov influenced Faina's love of art, poetry, music, and theater. There were three other children in the family - two brothers and an older sister named Bella.

Faina Feldman attended the elementary school classes at the Mariinskaya Gymnasium for Girls, and then received regular home education. She was given music, singing, foreign languages lessons. Faina loved reading. Her passion for theater began when she was 14. Her attendance of Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard at the Moscow Art Theatre was an experience that had great impact on her. Her pseudonym "Ranevskaya," which later became her official surname, also came from that theater visit.

In 1915 she left Taganrog for Moscow to pursue a career in the theater. Faina became estranged from her family over her choice of career, which they apparently rejected. She started as an extra actor in crowd or background scenes at the Summer Theater in Malakhovka near Moscow in 1915, where she also had a dacha.

The Feldman family emigrated in 1917, but Faina decided to stay and continued her acting career, working in the theaters of Kerch, Rostov-on-Don, at the mobile theater "The First Soviet Theater" in Crimea, also in Baku, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk and other cities.

In 1931 Ranevskaya acted at the Chamber Theater.

The film Pyshka (known as Boule de Suif in the U.S.), directed by Mikhail Romm, marked her debut as a film actress in 1934. It was a silent black and white film based on the novel Boule de Suif by Guy de Maupassant, in which she starred as Madame Loiseau. Although the film was silent, Ranevskaya learned several sayings of Madame Loiseau in French from the original novel by Maupassant. Romain Rolland, a French writer who visited the Soviet Union in the 1930s, loved the film, and his favorite actor in the movie was Faina Ranevskaya. At his request, the Pyshka (Boule de Suif) was shown in French cinemas, where it became a box-office success. Ranevskaya played on stage of the Central Academic Theatre of the Russian Army (1935-1939), Drama Theater, now Mayakovsky Theatre (1943-1949), Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre (1955-1963), and finally Mossovet Theatre (1949-1955, 1963-1983), where she worked with Yuri Zavadsky.

The actress was awarded the Stalin Prize for outstanding creative achievements on stage in 1949, and in 1951 for her work in the film U nih est' Rodina (They Have Their Motherland), directed by Vladimir Legoshin and Alexandre Feinzimmer. In 1961 Faina Ranevskaya was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR.

The actress died in 1984 in Moscow and was buried at the Donskoye Cemetery. A memorial plate dedicated to Ranevskaya was placed on her birthhouse in the city of Taganrog on August 29, 1986.

In 1992 British "Who's Who" encyclopedia named Ranevskaya among the world's Top Ten Actors of the 20th century. That was done despite the fact that the actress had never played a major part in a movie: all her roles were supporting ones. In a newspaper article, one of the Soviet movie industry apparatchiks explained her lack of main roles by Faina Ranevskaya's "typical Semitic" facial features.

On May 16, 2008, a Ranevskaya Monument was inaugurated in Taganrog in front of actress's birth house on Ulitsa Frunze 10 within the framework of the International Ranevskaya Theater Festival "The Great Province".

In 2017 it was announced that Faina Ranevskaya's birth house in Taganrog will re-open its doors as a museum.

Filmography

 * Boule de Suif (1934) as Madame Loiseau
 * The Ballad of Cossack Golota (1937) as priest's wife
 * Engineer Kochin's Error (1939) as Ida Gurevich
 * Man in a Shell (1939) as superintendent's wife
 * The Foundling (1939) as Lyalya
 * The Beloved (1940) as Manya
 * The Dream (1941) as Roza Skorokhod
 * Alexander Parkhomenko (1942) as pianist
 * The Wedding (1944) as Nastasya Timofeyevna Zhigalova, bride's mother
 * Heavenly Slug (1945) as medicine professor
 * Springtime (1947) as Margarita Lvovna, housekeeper
 * Cinderella (1947) as Cinderella's stepmother
 * Private Aleksandr Matrosov (1947) as combat medic
 * Encounter at the Elbe (1949) as Mrs. McDermot
 * They Have a Motherland (1949) as café owner frau Wurst
 * A Girl with Guitar (1958) as Zoya Pavlovna Sviristinskaya
 * Be Careful, Grandma! (1960) as Yelena Timofeyevna, Lena's grandmother
 * An Easy Life (1964) as Margarita Ivanovna, "Queen Margot"

Ranevskaya's aphorisms

 * Life is a short promenade, just before the eternal sleep.
 * Solitude is when you have a telephone but the only ringing comes from the alarm clock.
 * Life is a sky-dive: out of a cunt, into the grave.
 * Ageing is tedious, but it is the only way to live long.
 * I spent all my life swimming in a toilet-bowl, in the butterfly style.
 * There are people with God inside, there are people with the devil inside, and there are people with only helminths inside!
 * To star in a bad movie is as if to spit into eternity.
 * God has made women pretty, so that men can like them, and silly, so that they can like men.
 * You won't believe how old I am - I even remember some decent people!
 * (Asked about her well-being) At night everything aches, especially conscience.
 * An actor has no inconveniences if it is necessary for the role.
 * I'm watching this movie for the fourth time and let me tell you, today the actors played like never before.
 * Say and think about me whatever you like. When have you seen a cat interested in the mice's opinion about it?
 * (After recovering from a heart attack) If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless.
 * (Answering how to lose weight effectively) Eat anything and whenever you like, but only naked in front of a mirror.
 * Animals that are rare have been put into the red book, and those that are plentiful - into the cooking book.
 * Condoms are white because white color fattens.
 * A man only blushes twice: the first time when he can't the second time, and the second time when he can't the first time.
 * A real man is the one who remembers your birthday and also does not remember your age.
 * Those obnoxious journalists! Half the lies they tell about me aren't even true!
 * Damn nineteenth century upbringing: I can't stand up when men are sitting.
 * Nowadays when someone shies away from saying that they don't want to die, they say: "I want to live to see what happens next". As if, if not for that, they'd be all for dying.
 * (Said in late 1970s) It's dreadful when you are eighteen inside, when beautiful music, poetry, art delights you ... and they say it's your time, and you haven't even done anything, and you feel like beginning to live!
 * "Homosexuality is not a perversion. Perversions are field hockey or ice ballet."

title: Faina Ranevskaya


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User talk:JamesE

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * Try our tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * Keep the Five Pillars of Wikipedia in mind, and remember to write from a neutral point of view.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~, or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask a question at the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome, and good luck!

-- Kirill Lokshin 21:21, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:JamesE


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Long-distance pregnancy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 17:25, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Long-distance pregnancy
Tagged for speedy deletion with the reason "Unless we have sources of these stories being true, it reads as patent nonsense to me". It doesn't fit the definition of patent nonsense, but does look like it might be original research. Kappa 21:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ok, maybe I screwed up on the speedy deletion stuff, but I still stand by my original statement. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not a candidate for speedy, but it seems like original research. -- MicahMN | Talk 22:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless anecdotes are documented. What's the name of that movie where a woman is raped and impregnated by a computer?  Zoe 23:26, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Demon Seed Uncle G 04:19:43, 2005-08-22 (UTC)
 * Ah. Thanks, Unc.  Zoe 18:11, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Schanzenfeld

Schanzenfeld is a small hanlet community in the Rural Municipality of Stanley, Manitoba, Canada, located about 2 miles south of the City of Winkler.

The village was named after Jacob Yost Shantz, a businessman from Ontario who helped Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites migrate from Imperial Russia to southern Manitoba. He visited areas of southern Manitoba in 1872 to explore possibilities for Mennonite settlement.

The community is first noted on a Department of the Interior map in 1881. It opened a post office ion 21-2-4W in 1884 but it was soon moved to Winkler on 4-3-4W. The community was on 16-2-4W and 21-2-4W while the school district was located at SW22-2-4W.

Economy
Schanzenfed has a very diversified economy. The main occupation of its residents is truck drivers and school bus drivers. The local economy consists of two meat shops (Banman Meats and Southern Meats).

Education
Schanzenfeld has two public schools, Southwood School (Kindergarten to Grade 3) and Prairie Dale School (Grades 4 through 8). Both schools are in the Garden Valley School Division.

title: Schanzenfeld


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Westboro Baptist Church (Topeka)

Westboro Baptist Church
I am nominating this article as a featured article. It is well-written and packed full of factual, verified information. 66.32.97.69 21:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for now. Lead section is too long, and there are no references.  JYolkowski // talk 22:19, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. See its talk page - many people believe it may be NPOV. No references section either. — Stevey7788 (talk) 00:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object As stated above: 1) the lead is too long. 2) Cite your sources. 3) There are too many single sentence paragraphs and a few single paragraph sections. 4) The writing seems too POV against the organization. slambo 01:47, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Must object. For starters, Image:WestboroBaptistChurch.jpg has no copyright information, the other images (while having copyright information) ought to be tagged properly, rampant POV and weasel words all over. I do realise that this is a subject that is hard to be neutral about, but I'm also sure it can be done better than it is at present. WegianWarrior 06:02, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object Writing style is not up to par here. --Ryan Delaney talk 15:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Aside from the irreparable NPOV problems, there's the erratic spelling. Monicasdude 00:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. This topic matter is given space and detail far out of proportion to its actual significance, which I believe is a violation of NPOV. MrVoluntarist 03:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove, trolling. The article has been nominated for deletion by the same IP who nominated it here, who there describes it as "far too long, has little to no references, mostly opinion, negative point of view, bad spelling, poor grammar". Most amusing, can it be removed now, please, Raul654? Bishonen | talk 00:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I'm removing this waste of time from the list now. Bishonen | talk 08:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I retroactively concur →Raul654 19:43, August 25, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lieberal

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was '''No consensus. Will merge'''. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 23:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Lieberal
I really don't think this is worthy of a full article. Merge (where?) or delete. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 21:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like it was merged. -- MicahMN | Talk 22:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Reopened, as the merge has been undone? FCYTravis 06:56, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Appears to have been anon vandalism (edit comment="typo"). Back to discussion.. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 16:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but convert to "Lieberal (disambiguation)". Tearlach 09:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but convert to "Lieberal (disambiguation)". (AOL!) Stlemur 23:10, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Joe Lieberman, since the phrase was centered around him. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 23:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Joe Lieberman. ral  315  23:12, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Jesse White

Another Jesse White
Someone needs to do a disambiguation page on this. The late Jesse White was a very recognizable character actor on film and TV for decades. He was the "Maytag Repair Man" before Gordon Jump took over the role on White's retirement. Wahkeenah 21:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesse White


text:
Kangama

Kangama is a town in Kailahun District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, near the border of Liberia. It is the headquarters of the Kissi Teng Chiefdom.

1991-2002 civil war
During the Sierra Leone Civil War Revolutionary United Front (RUF) forces with support of the Liberian NPFL captured Kangama on 6 April 1991, after a failed Sierra Leone Army (SLA) attempt to secure the Kailahun District. They immediately displaced the local chieftain, looting and burning his house. The RUF conscript the local youth into the army, both boys and girls, and a number of wealthy citizens were executed. From Kangama the RUF/NPFL forces launched an attack on Buedu, leaving Kangama in their rear. By January 1992 the RUF had completely pacified the district and the local conscripts had returned from training to help maintain order. However, in February 1992, SLA forces briefly took Kangama, causing much destruction, but the RUF quickly responded and retook the town.

In Spring 1993 the SLA began a new offensive and captured Kangama in June of that year. Many individuals, whether they'd actively collaborated with the RUF forces or not, fled to Liberia and Guinea. When SLA troops left Kangama in late 1993, the RUF and others returned. The RUF began a guerrilla war in the district, and Kangama quickly returned to RUF control. The SLA again briefly took Kangama toward the end of 1994, but it was back in RUF control by December. where it remained until May 1998. Kangama did not take part in the February 1995 elections. In March 1996 the RUF opened the school at Kangama, paying the teachers in foodstuffs. In March 1998, the head of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council that had briefly ruled Sierra Leone escaped to Kangama when Freetown fell.

In May 1998, ECOMOG forces took Kangama, but the RUF continued guerrilla warfare in the area, and Kangama was soon back in RUF hands. When the Lome Peace Accord was signed in 1999 the RUF in the Kangama area did not disarm. Some retreated into Liberia, others into the bush. It was not until December 2001 and January 2002 that the RUF in Kangama finally surrendered their arms.

title: Kangama


text:
Pecola

Pecola (ペコラ, ) is an animated children's television series which stars cube-shaped anthropomorphic animals in a place named Cube Town. It is based on a series of children's picture books by Naomi Iwata. It was first aired on Teletoon in Canada from September 3, 2001 with the final episode being aired on September 18, 2002. In Japan, the show aired on TV Tokyo, and in the United States, the show aired on Cartoon Network in 2003. Prior to that, a series of Pecola shorts aired on Fuji Television as part of Ponkickies during 1998.

Premise
The show that focuses on Pecola, a curious and hyperactive penguin who tries to help the people of Cube Town but often wreaks havoc instead. Pecola is an orphaned penguin who lives with Pecolius, his grandfather. Cube Town is a small, isolated coastal village which contains an art museum, a beach, a lighthouse and a canal. It is located adjacent to Crescent Bay surrounded by the Rookery Mountains coastal range and serviced by regular ships (including a weekly freighter) which deliver mail, food and other supplies, as well as occasional tourists from a nearby metropolis named Cubic City. The heights above it lead into Glacier Valley which is snowbound even during summer.

English-language cast

 * Austin Di Iulio as Pecola and Robo-Pecola
 * Stephanie Beard as Coco
 * Richard Binsley as Jabbatt
 * Donald Burda as Gazelle
 * Keith Hampshire as Mayor Papazoni
 * Len Carlson as Officer Kumada
 * Michael Cera as Robbie Rabbit
 * William Colgate as Dr. Hornbender
 * Neil Crone as Dr. Chu
 * Jill Frappier as Aunty Yorkshire
 * Jake Goldsbie as Rudy
 * George Buza as Postman Rory
 * Tracey Hoyt as Hilary
 * Howard Jerome as Mr Bernard
 * Keith Knight as Al A. Gator
 * Julie Lemieux as Miss Lucky
 * Sharron Matthews as Steamer
 * Marla Lukofsky as Mrs Bernard
 * Miriam McDonald as Chewy
 * Sunday Muse as Cori
 * Scott McCord as Bashatt
 * Peter Oldring as Bongo
 * Stephen Ouimette as Mr. Saruyama
 * Avery Saltzman as Mr Puggalski
 * Adrian Truss as Mr. Lonely
 * Chris Wiggins as Pecolius

Japanese-language cast

 * Mayumi Asano as Pecola and Robo-Pecola
 * Naoko Takano as Coco
 * Umeji Sasaki as Pecolius
 * Paku Romi as Rabi-san
 * Mitsuaki Hoshino as Gao-san
 * Ryusei Nakao as Saru-yama
 * Kenyu Horiuchi as Gazelle
 * Yu Shimaka as Mayor Papazōni
 * Chika Sakamoto as Tsunekichi
 * Miyu Matsuki as Cori
 * Takeshi Kusao as Jabatto-san
 * Dai Matsumoto as Banaado-san

Characters

 * Pecola — A penguin who brings excitement to the otherwise dull and boring town. Unlike his fellow penguins, Pecola cannot swim. His catchphrases include "Flapping flippers!" and "Let's get hopping!" Pecola has a special love of pudding and a reputation for pulling pranks. Despite his antics, Pecola is very friendly and caring.
 * Little Chu/Chewy — A mouse who is the grandson of the great inventor Dr. Chu, and a budding inventor in his own right. He is Pecola's best friend and often unwilling ally in different escapades. He often complains of having a funny feeling in his stomach just before things get out of hand.
 * Dr. Chu — A mouse who is Little Chu's grandfather. He is Cube Town's greatest inventor and he often invents gadgets that help others on the island. His inventions are often used by Pecola and Chewy in their adventures. He is also friends with Pecola's grandfather, Pecolias. He owns two vehicles one is a submarine and also an airplane called the Mad Mouse which sits on top his laboratory. He also likes to collect comics.
 * Coco — Another penguin. She is more down to earth than Pecola, and is sometimes frustrated by his antics. She loves to sing; unfortunately, she is terrible at it.
 * Mr. Saruyama — A monkey who runs a fruit stand in town. He is often the target of Pecola's pranks, often leading to his melons falling over, which is a running gag in the show. However, he cares very much about Pecola, no matter what he does. He also runs the town's newspaper, the "Town Crier". He also cries a lot.
 * Gao/Rory — A lion who is Cube Town's postman. He is determined and dedicated to his job, he has never missed a day of work which won him the postman of the year award in, though he did get sick in during this episode it was revealed when he was younger he wasn't as good at delivering the post, but learned from his mistakes and created rules to help him with his job.
 * Pug/Mr. Puggalski — A dog who owns a grocery store. He is a descendant of the personal chef of the former king of Cube Town. He is also said to be the world's greatest hide and seek player (hide and go sleep) though when nobody could find him he was sick at home and still won.
 * Dr. Hornbender — An old goat astrologist who lives and works at the observatory. His greatest dream is the discovery of new planets, constellations, and aliens. Along with getting a shooting star named after him.
 * Rabi/Robbie — A nervous rabbit who likes video games.
 * Mayor Papazoni — An elephant who is the mayor of Cube Town. The mayor who makes long and boring speeches. Papazoni travels in a helicopter that he pilots himself. He hides in secret tunnels under the city and at a Mayoral Retreat to work on his speeches, undisturbed by residents and their questions. Constantly refers to the citizens of Cube Town as "voters". His voice is an imitation of veteran newsman Walter Cronkite.
 * Steam / Stim / Steamer — A cat train mechanic and engineer. Chewy, Pecola, and Rudy are smitten with her, which is the cause of tensions and arguments among the three. Her train, The Cactus, is intended eventually to provide a direct link with Cubic City via a tunnel being constructed under the Rookery Mountains . She often stops her work on the engine to play soccer with Pecola and his friends.
 * Aunty Yorkshire — A pig who does the laundry for the town and is often one of the few adults tolerant of Pecola's shenanigans. Whenever Pecolius is away she's the one to often babysit Pecola. She also has a son who lives in Cubic City and often says Pecola reminds her of him.
 * Mr. and Mrs. Banard/Bernard — Two beagles. They run the town's bakery, though Mr. Bernard often falls asleep on the job and is credited by others for his wife's work.
 * Jabatt and Bashatt — Two tortoises. They are Cube Town's firemen, although there are never fires in Cube Town. Despite this, they often help out around town, and they often provide comic relief when they bump into each other.
 * Officer Kumada — A bear. He helps keep the Cube Town safe with his many rules and observations.
 * Mr. Lonely - A wolf. He is a poet who is actually found writing and reciting sad poetry. He also once rapped. In Coco's concert but is unable to write poetry when in a happy mood.
 * Gazelle — A vain gazelle who is Hillary's boyfriend. He dreams of being a modern artist. He owns a convertible that he lovingly maintains and often drives about in Cube Town. He also owns a jet ski. In addition to art he loves to collect belt buckles.
 * Srally/Hillary - A giraffe who is Gazelle's girlfriend. She owns Cube Town Art Museum and is very fashionable. She is also picky about her weight, which is a running gag in the show.
 * Miss Lucky — A blue cat who reports for Cube Town News. She also helped Pecola make a movie.
 * Golagola/Gola Gola — A friendly sea creature who saved Pecola from drowning. At first, the town feared him, but they came to accept him. He has helped with different beach activities and is often seen playing with Pecola and his friends at the beach.
 * Tsunekichi/Rudy — Pecola's fox friend whose catchphrases are "I knew that" and "I was going to say/ask that". He is prone to bragging and showing off his latest toys, not sharing and declaring he is the best at whatever activity he is engaged in.
 * Cori — A squirrel that runs Cori's Cafe as chef and waitperson.
 * Bongo — A very strong and athletic gorilla who is kind, but is often clumsy as he either bumps into something or breaks something though apologizes for it with a "sorry". In, it was revealed he collects model cars.
 * Pecolius — A penguin. Pecola's grandfather who bears a resemblance to Indiana Jones because of his adventures in the name of science and archeology. He appreciates Pecola's unique personality, but at times reminds him to stay out of trouble.
 * Robo-Pecola — A robot version of Pecola who was built by Dr. Chu to teach Pecola better manners as revealed in his debut in. Though his various glitches lead him to cause more trouble than the real Pecola. But like Pecola, Robo-Pecola is very friendly and caring.
 * Alligetao/Al Agator — A mysterious alligator. He is seen sneaking around Cube Town, taking pictures.
 * Brock the Block — A badger who is a reporter in Cubic City who hosts and interviewed the show "Big City Life" where he interviews successful people in Cubic City.
 * Power Pal — A gorilla superhero on TV that is Pecola's favourite. He looks like Bongo except wearing red superhero tights, cape, and mask. He can fly and has super strength. He inspired Pecola become Power Pecola RobotMania.

Telecast and home media
Pecola first aired on Teletoon in Canada from September 3, 2001 with the final episode airing on September 18, 2002 with repeats until the mid-2000s. In Japan, the show aired on TV Tokyo at 9 A.M. to 9:30 A.M. on Sundays from October 6, 2002 until March 30, 2003. In 2003, Pecola premiered on Cartoon Network in the U.S., and also aired on the now-defunct Qubo from 2007 to 2017, then started airing again from April 5, 2020 to July 26 of that year. The show also aired on Spacetoon in Indonesia from 2005 until 2013, and on RTÉ2 in Ireland from 2002 to 2003.

The show was released to DVD in Japan, Australia, France, and Taiwan. A DVD release of the show in the U.S. has yet to be announced; however it is available on Amazon Video.

Video game
In Japan, an educational game based on the shorts was released for the Sega Pico entitled ''Pecola no Daibouken Maboroshi no Aisukurīmu wo Sagase! (ペコラのだいぼうけん まぼろしのアイスクリームをさがせ!)''.

title: Pecola


text: User talk:209.247.158.53

title: User talk:209.247.158.53


text:
Petticoat breeches

Petticoat breeches were voluminously wide, pleated pants, reminiscent of a skirt, worn by men in Western Europe during the 1650s and early 1660s. The very full loose breeches were usually decorated with loops of ribbons on the waist and around the knee. They were so loose and wide that they became known as petticoat breeches. They give very much the impression of very baggy loose shorts since they are not gathered at the knee.

They replaced Spanish breeches during the 1650s as the most popular leg wear of most of Western Europe. By the early 1660s, if they were gathered at the bottom they were called rhinegraves.

title: Petticoat breeches


text:
Financial quote

A financial quotation refers to specific market data relating to a security or commodity. While the term quote specifically refers to the bid price or ask price of an instrument, it may be more generically used to relate to the last price which this security traded at ("last sale"). This may refer to both exchange-traded and over-the-counter financial instruments.

Bid and ask
The bid price (also known as the buy price) and the ask price (also known as the sell price) of a security are the prices (and often quantities) at which buyers and sellers are willing to purchase or sell that security. The bid shows the current price at which a buyer is willing to purchase shares, while the ask shows the current price at which they are willing to sell. The quantities at which these trades are placed are referred to as "bid size" and "ask size". For instance, if a trader submits a limit order to buy 1,000 shares of MSFT at $28.00, this order will appear in a market maker for MSFT's book with a bid of $28.00 and a bid size of 1000. The difference between the bid and ask price is known as the bid–ask spread.

Level 1 Access
Level 1 quotations represent realtime bid/ask data, the most commonly displayed market data. Level 1 data typically will display the Best-Bid-Offer ("BBO" or "Inside Quote"), i.e. the lowest ask and highest bid available at the time.

Level 2 Access
Level 2 data displays the best bid and ask prices (also known as "top-of-book") for each market participant in a given security. In other words, at a given time there may be several market makers participating in trade matching for a specific stock. Level 2 data will display the highest bid and lowest ask for each individual market maker.

Level 2 information is of interest to traders and brokers because it indicates the buying and selling pressure behind individual securities.

Similar in format to live streaming share prices, a typical Level 2 screen is split in two vertical halves and will show orders on both the bid price of a security (left-hand side) and the offer price (right-hand side).

On major, heavily traded stocks the "depth" of the orders can quite often be in excess of 20/30 orders to both buy and sell at lower (left) and higher (right) prices.

Traders can use this information to predict the short-term movement of a share or security in conjunction with volume traded, and attempt to profit from this information, which is usually legal as the information is in the public domain. The reason for this is that market makers sit “behind” such a screen by being obliged to both buy and sell the share at the posted price up to what is known as normal market size.

For certain market centers such as NASDAQ, a full depth-of-book (DOB) is available, whereby every quotation for every market participant is displayed.

UK Level 2
The stock exchange electronic trading system (SETS) is an electronic order-driven system for trading the UK bluechip stocks, including FTSE 100 and FTSEurofirst 300 stocks. The SETS order book matches buy and sell orders on a price/time priority. On SEAQ, all buys and sells go through a market maker who acts as an intermediary.

The basis of SETS is that it directly matches willing buyers and sellers, creating efficiency in the markets by doing away with the intermediary of the market maker. This efficiency is true while the SETS system is populated by the most liquid and heavily traded stocks, but if matched bargains operate on less liquid stocks, waiting for a buyer to match with a seller could take hours, days or weeks. Because of the efficiency of the SETS system, stocks traded tend to have narrow spreads so the cost of entry and exit from a position is much smaller.

title: Financial quote


text:
Arden of Faversham

Arden of Faversham (original spelling: Arden of Feversham) is an Elizabethan play, entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 3 April 1592, and printed later that same year by Edward White. It depicts the real-life murder of Thomas Arden by his wife Alice Arden and her lover, and their subsequent discovery and punishment. The play is notable as perhaps the earliest surviving example of domestic tragedy, a form of Renaissance play which dramatized recent and local crimes rather than far-off and historical events.

The author is unknown, and the play has been attributed to Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare, solely or collaboratively, forming part of the Shakespeare Apocrypha. The use of computerized stylometrics has kindled academic interest in determining the authorship. The 2016 edition of The Oxford Shakespeare attributes the play to Shakespeare together with an anonymous collaborator, and rejects the possibility of authorship by Kyd or Marlowe.

It has also been suggested that it may be the work of Thomas Watson with contributions by Shakespeare.

Main characters

 * Thomas Arden: A self-made man, formerly the mayor of Faversham. Arden was appointed as the king's controller of imports and exports. He had made his will on 20 December 1550, a few months before his death.
 * Alice Arden: Wife of Thomas Arden. Alice plots with her lover Mosby to kill Arden. Alice is shown to believe love transcends social class.
 * Mosby: Alice's lover. Thomas Arden frequently belittles him for being a tailor. His sister, Susan, serves Alice as a maid.
 * Michael: The Ardens' butler-like servant. He becomes a pawn in the murder plot after he is promised Susan's hand in marriage.
 * Black Will and Shakebag: Murderers hired by Alice's trusted accomplice Green. Various complications foil several of their attempts to kill Arden. Shakebag is shown to be the more evil of the two.
 * Franklin: Thomas Arden's best friend and travelling companion. On the road from London, he tells a tale of female infidelity. (Franklin has no real-life parallel and is purely a literary invention.)

Text, history and authorship
The play was printed anonymously in three quarto editions during the period, in 1592 (Q1), 1599 (Q2), and 1633 (Q3). The last publication occurred in the same year as a broadsheet ballad written from Alice's point of view. The title pages do not indicate performance or company. However, the play was never fully forgotten. For most of three centuries, it was performed in George Lillo's adaptation; the original was brought back to the stage in 1921, and has received intermittent revivals since. It was adapted into a ballet at Sadler's Wells in 1799, and into an opera, Arden Must Die, by Alexander Goehr, in 1967.

In 1656 it appeared in a catalogue (An Exact and perfect Catalogue of all Plaies that were ever printed) with apparent mislineation. It has been argued that attributions were shifted up one line; if this is true, the catalogue would have attributed Arden to Shakespeare. Shakespeare had a great-grandfather named Thomas Arden, but he was from Surrey and died in 1546, and should not be confused with the Thomas Arden of the play.

The question of the text's authorship has been analyzed at length, but with no decisive conclusions. Claims that Shakespeare wrote the play were first made in 1770 by the Faversham antiquarian Edward Jacob. Others have also attributed the play to Shakespeare, for instance Algernon Charles Swinburne, George Saintsbury, and the nineteenth-century critics Charles Knight and Nicolaus Delius. These claims are based on evaluations of literary style and parallel passages.

Christopher Marlowe has also been advanced as an author or co-author. The strong emotions of the characters and the lack of a virtuous hero are certainly in line with Marlowe's practice. Moreover, Marlowe was raised in nearby Canterbury and is likely to have had the knowledge of the area evinced by the play. Another candidate, favoured by critics F. G. Fleay, Charles Crawford, H. Dugdale Sykes, and Brian Vickers, is Thomas Kyd, who at one time shared rooms with Marlowe.

Debates about the play's authorship involve the questions of: (a) whether the text was generated largely by a single writer; and (b) which writer or writers may have been responsible for the whole or parts. In 2006, a new computer analysis of the play and comparison with the Shakespeare corpus by Arthur Kinney, of the Massachusetts Center for Renaissance Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the United States, and Hugh Craig, director of the Centre for Linguistic Stylistics at the University of Newcastle in Australia, found that word frequency and other vocabulary choices were consistent with the middle portion of the play (scenes 4–9) having been written by Shakespeare. This was countered in 2008, when Brian Vickers reported in the Times Literary Supplement that his own computer analysis, based on recurring collocations, indicates Thomas Kyd as the likely author of the whole. In a study published in 2015, MacDonald P. Jackson set out an extensive case for Shakespeare's hand in the middle scenes of Arden, along with selected passages from earlier in the play. However, Darren Freebury-Jones argues that to attribute the play to Shakespeare is to ignore the numerous studies which have provided strong evidence for Kyd. Freebury-Jones provides a sustained analysis of the evidence in favour of Kyd's sole authorship in a full-length monograph.

In 2013 the RSC published an edition attributing the play, in part, to William Shakespeare. Shakespeare had an ancestor named Thomas Arden on his mother's side, but he died in 1546 (four years prior to the Thomas Arden in the play) in Evenley, Rutland.

Modern performance

 * In 1955 the play was performed by Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop at the Paris International Festival of Theatre as the English entry.
 * In 1970 Buzz Goodbody directed a version for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), with Emrys James as Arden and Dorothy Tutin as Alice, at The Roundhouse.
 * In 1982 Terry Hands directed the work, with Bruce Purchase and Jenny Agutter, at the RSC's Other Place theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon.
 * In 2001 the play was performed for a summer season in the garden of Arden's house in Faversham, the scene of the murder.
 * In 2004, the play was performed by the Metropolitan Playhouse of New York.
 * In 2010 the play was performed at the Rose Theatre in Bankside by Em-lou productions. Directed by Peter Darney, it was its first London run for a decade.
 * In 2014, the Royal Shakespeare Company performed a production of the play; it ran at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.
 * In 2015, the play was performed by the Brave Spirits Theatre at Atlas Performing Arts Center.
 * In 2015, the play received a new interpretation by the Hudson Shakespeare Company of New Jersey as it was moved from the 1500s to the 1950s as part of their Shakespeare in the parks series. The production was notable for matching the farcical plot with 1950s pop songs by Sinatra, Elvis, Patsy Cline, and Fats Domino and making Arden's friend Franklin a woman, playing up sexual subtext inherent in their scenes.
 * In May 2018, Maiden Thought Theatre performed it in their home town of Bremen (Germany), setting it to original music by Frances Byrd as a homage to the genre of Film Noir, playing out more of the comedic elements of the play. They, too, changed the role of Franklin to a female "Frankie", while setting up Faversham (restoring the original spelling, "Feversham") as a morally and deeply corrupt society.
 * In 2019, the play was performed on BBC Radio 3 (UK) with Ewan Bailey as Arden and Amaka Okafor as Alice, adapted and directed by Alison Hindell.
 * In 2023, the play was performed Off-Broadway by Red Bull Theater in a new adaptation by Jeffrey Hatcher and Kathryn Walat, directed by Jesse Berger.

title: Arden of Faversham


text: Category:Esports players

title: Category:Esports players


text: Category:Borussia Mönchengladbach players


text:
Arthur Mauro

Arthur Valentine Mauro, (February 15, 1927 – August 4, 2023) was a Canadian lawyer and businessman.

Born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, he studied law at the University of Manitoba and was president of the University of Manitoba Students' Union. He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1953. Until 1969 he practiced law, specializing in transportation and communication law. In 1967, he was appointed chairman of the Royal Commission on Northern Transportation.

In 1969, he became a senior executive with Great Northern Capital Corporation. From 1972 to 1976, he was president and chief executive officer of Transair Limited. In 1976, he joined the Investors Group, becoming president, chief executive officer and chairman.

In 1991, he was elected chancellor of the University of Manitoba, serving until 2000. From 2009 through 2012, he served as chancellor of Lakehead University.

Arthur Mauro died on August 4, 2023, at the age of 96.

Honours
In 1987, he was made a member of the Order of Canada and was promoted to officer in 1992. In 2004, he was awarded the Order of Manitoba.

title: Arthur Mauro


text:
Patrick Carpentier

Patrick Carpentier (born August 13, 1971) is a retired Canadian professional auto racing driver. In the Champ Car World Series and the IndyCar Series, he achieved five wins and 24 podiums, as well as two third place championship finishes in 2002 and 2004. The long-time Champ Car driver switched to the IndyCar Series in 2005, and moved on to Grand Am Road Racing in 2007. After a few NASCAR races in 2007, he moved full-time into the series in 2008. Since 2009, he has only had part-time drives, so became a contractor and renovator in Montreal, trading in real estate in Las Vegas, as well as being a color commentator for television coverage of various racing series. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, driving the No. 32 Ford Fusion for Go FAS Racing. Carpentier is now the president of a home construction firm in Quebec.

Toyota Atlantic years
Patrick Carpentier started into Formula Ford 2000 Canada, before moving up to Player's Toyota Atlantic Championship in 1992. He joined Lynx Racing in 1995, whereby he won his first-ever race for the team around the streets of Bicentennial Park (Miami). He won again on the Nazareth Speedway oval, however the remainder of the season was marked by a variety of mechanical problems.

1996 was a whole different story. During the course of the Player's Toyota Atlantic Championship, he would shatter every record in the 25-year history of the championship, including nine wins out of 12 races – eight of them in a row, from pole position. He rewrote the record book for this series, setting a new record for the most consecutive wins(8), most wins in a season (9), also most consecutive wins from pole (8), most laps led in a season and most accumulated points in a season (239pts). This included a flag-to-flag victory at the Grand Prix Molson du Canada meeting. After shattering Gilles Villeneuve's long standing records, his 1996 Atlantic season propelled him to the major league Indycar series.

IndyCar career
After winning the 1996 Player's Toyota Atlantic Championship, Carpentier won a ride with Bettenhausen/Alumax team in CART, defeating several veteran racers from across the US and Europe, in a test held at Sebring. He debuted in CART in 1997 with Bettenhausen/Alumax team. In that first season, he was on pole at Nazareth, with a best finish was second at the inaugural race at Gateway, the Motorola 300. He would also be crowned "Rookie of the Year".

In 1998, he started driving for Player's Forsythe Racing, when the team expanded their operations to run a second alongside fellow Canadian, Greg Moore. At the end of the following season, with the unfortunate death of Moore, in season finale, the Marlboro 500 at Fontana, Carpentier became Forsythe's number one, when rookie Alex Tagliani was brought into the squad, keeping it an all-Canadian affair. In his early years he was prone to missing races through injuries, some of which originated off-track.

His first Champ Car victory came in 2001 in the Harrah's 500, at the Michigan International Speedway, and would finish tenth in the overall end of year standing. In what was the last CART sanctioned Michigan 500, he seized victory with a dramatic last-lap pass of Dario Franchitti. For Carpentier, this first CART win finally arrived in his 79th start. The following season, he would win twice, Marconi Grand Prix of Cleveland, and Grand Prix of Mid-Ohio and would take third in the championship standing. Carpentier was 5th overall in a disappointing 2003 season, despite winning the Grand Prix of Monterey, at the Laguna Seca (compared to title-winning teammate Paul Tracy).

Tracy's performance weakened Carpentier's position within the team and rumours circulating pre-2004 season suggesting Carpentier would be dropped by Forsythe Racing, in favour of Rodolfo Lavin. Instead, Gerald Forsythe decided to run a third car for Lavin. Allegedly, Patrick kept his ride because of his marketing popularity in his homeland. He would repay Forsythe by retaining the Grand Prix of Monterey. Despite finishing higher than Paul Tracy in the 2004 championship, Carpentier left the team and the series for the 2005 season, joining Eddie Cheever's Cheever Racing in the IndyCar Series. Due to his excellent record on oval tracks he was expected to do well (most of the IndyCar Series races are on ovals which had become virtually extinct in Champ Car), but uncompetitive Toyota engines prevented any major success. He ended 10th in the standings with two third places and 11 top 10s out of 17 races.

The 2005 season would be Carpentier's last in open-wheel competition. In a 2016 interview, the Canadian acknowledged he had decided to retire after seeing Ryan Briscoe's crash into the catchfence at the Chicagoland race; other major IRL crashes like the one suffered by Kenny Bräck in the 2003 finale at Texas also played a role in his decision. In his nine years as a competitor in CART and IRL's IndyCar, Carpentier finished in the top 10 85 times, and stood on the podium 24 times.

Sports car career
Shortly after the end of his IndyCar career, Carpentier drove a Crawford-Lexus DP03 for former boss Eddie Cheever in the 2006 Rolex 24 at Daytona. He then competed in the 2006 CASCAR Super Series event at Cayuga Speedway. Carpentier started 21st in the Dave Jacobs Racing car and finished sixth. From there he tried his hand at Grand-Am Road Racing, running a partial season with SAMAX Motorsport piloting their Riley Mk XI.

He re-signed for another season with SAMAX, to drive a Daytona Prototype in the 2007 Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, alongside either Milka Duno or Ryan Dalziel. The highlight of this partnership was their second place in the Rolex 24 at Daytona. The trio also shared their Riley-Pontiac Mk XI with another British driver, Darren Manning. They finished on the same lap as the winner, just 75.845 seconds behind after 24 hours of racing, leading for 121 of the 668 laps. Carpentier last race for SAMAX was the 400 km Montreal, where he finished 10th, partnered by Kris Szekeres, took place on August 3, 2007. He later left SAMAX to pursue a career in NASCAR, with his first race (the NAPA Auto Parts 200) the next day.

Stock car career
Carpentier made his debut in the NASCAR Busch Series at Montreal's Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on August 4, 2007, taking pole in qualifying and finished the controversial race in 2nd place, behind Kevin Harvick, while Robby Gordon was disqualified by NASCAR from his first place spot for intentionally wrecking Marcos Ambrose and ignoring a resulting penalty. Carpentier would return to Montreal to post another 2nd place in 2008. Carpentier made his NASCAR Nextel Cup debut on August 12, 2007, at Watkins Glen, in the Gillett Evernham Motorsports #10 Valvoline/Stanley Tools-sponsored Dodge, replacing Scott Riggs and started 40th. Carpentier led for seven laps in the race near the midway portion of the race and wound up finishing in the 20th position. In October 2007, it was announced he would drive the #10 car full-time in 2008.

On February 14, 2008, Carpentier attempted to qualify for the 2008 Daytona 500 in the second of two Gatorade Duels. Carpentier ran in the top 10 for most of the day. Late in the race, his right front tire blew, sending him into the backstretch wall. Carpentier was running in third place of the drivers not locked into the Daytona 500 based on owner points.

The Joliette driver had not seen New Hampshire Motor Speedway before visiting for track for the 2008 Lenox Industrial Tools 301. On June 27, 2008, in just his 17th NASCAR race, he became only the second non-American driver to qualify on pole. He was the first by a foreign born in NASCAR's top division since Lloyd Shaw (from Toronto, Ontario, Canada) won the pole at Langhorne Speedway in June 1953. Come race day, he didn't give up the lead easily as he led the first four laps. "That was a heck of a thrill," Carpentier said after the race. "Winning the pole on Friday was certainly a highlight of my career. But leading those laps was unbelievable. It's hard to put into words." He would later be hit by brakes problems and would finish down in 31st place.

On July 5, 2008, Carpentier earned his best career Sprint Cup finish by finishing 14th in the Coke Zero 400.

On August 30, 2008, Carpentier announced that he would be a free agent for the 2009 Sprint Cup Series, leaving Gillett Evernham Motorsports. Four days prior to Carpentier's announcement Gillett Evernham Motorsports had announced that they would hire driver Reed Sorenson for 2009 making Carpentier's future uncertain. On October 7, Carpentier was released by GEM. Former Team Red Bull driver A. J. Allmendinger finished out the year.

On June 9, 2009, Michael Waltrip Racing announced that Carpentier would replace team owner, Michael Waltrip in the No. 55 NAPA-sponsored Toyota for the two road course races on the 2009 Sprint Cup schedule: Infineon on June 21 and Watkins Glen on August 9. Carpentier competed in a number of races for Tommy Baldwin Racing in events that conflict with Mike Skinner's truck series schedule.

In 2010, Carpentier ran a number of races for Latitude 43 Motorsports. In 2011, Carpentier returned to his open-wheel roots, attempting to qualify for the 95th Indianapolis 500 for Dragon Racing after former Red Bull driver Scott Speed was unable to get the car up to speed on bump day. Carpentier was unable to get the car in the race. On the stock car side, Carpentier drove a few Sprint Cup races for Frank Stoddard's team. On June 7, Carpentier announced to the Toronto Sun that he would officially retire from racing after the NAPA Auto Parts 200 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, where he drove for Pastrana-Waltrip Racing.

On April 22, 2016, Carpentier announced he would return to the Cup Series starting with the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma, followed by also competing in the Brickyard 400 at Indy for Go FAS Racing. Piloting the No.32 Can-Am Kappa, Cyclops Ford Fusion Carpentier was the only road course ringer in the race at Sonoma. A promising day went wrong when Carpentier blew a tire while running 11th with less than 15 laps to go, resulting in a 37th-place finish. Carpentier would steal the headlines during practice for the 2016 Brickyard 400 when he got into an accident with Kyle Busch. Carpentier would finish 34th in the race, his best finish of the season.

Retirement
On August 20, 2011, Carpentier announced his retirement shortly before the Nationwide race in Montreal. While running fourth, contact with Steven Wallace took him out of the race and he left to a standing ovation from the crowd.

Despite his retirement, Carpentier stated in January 2012 that he would be willing to compete in the Montreal Nationwide Series race in 2012, to raise money for children's charities. After starting 13th, Carpentier finished 29th.

In 2013, after spending time trying to avoid racing, Carpentier joined the French-language sports channel RDS, as a colour commentator for their NASCAR broadcasts. After retiring from full-time racing in 2008, Patrick said that he “''tried other things but I need to be around racing. Everything has been very different since I stopped racing and I have been trying to come to grips with it''.” Prior to this, Carpentier was in the home renovation business, buying and selling real estate in Nevada, where he lived whilst an active racer. As the economic downturn hit the Las Vegas region hard and real estate prices started to sag, this made life difficult for him. So when RDS offer came along, he took up their offer.

When in August 2014, the inaugural World Rallycross Championship hit the classic Canadian street venue, Circuit Trois-Rivières, the seventh round of the season. Carpentier was the chance to make his rallycross debut with the Volkswagen Marklund Motorsport outfit. Despite his lack of experience of Rallycross cars, he raced through the heats, qualifying for the Final. At the start of the final, Carpentier slotted his Volkswagen Polo in fourth place behind Timur Timerzyanov. He was the first driver to take his joker lap, but spun at the end of the second lap, putting him out of contention for a podium finish. By lap four, much to the dismay of the crowd, Carpentier crashed out, leaving him classified sixth overall in the first ever World RX of Canada event. The event was won by Petter Solberg, from Anton Marklund. Carpentier raced a JRM Racing Mini Countryman in the 2015 World RX of Canada, this time finishing 14th overall and failing to reach the semi-finals.

Carpentier was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 2021.

American open–wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

CART/Champ Car

 * ^ New points system introduced in 2004.

IndyCar

 * 1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11.

A1 Grand Prix
(Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

title: Patrick Carpentier


text:
Pyrazinamide

Pyrazinamide is a medication used to treat tuberculosis. For active tuberculosis, it is often used with rifampicin, isoniazid, and either streptomycin or ethambutol. It is not generally recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, muscle and joint pains, and rash. More serious side effects include gout, liver toxicity, and sensitivity to sunlight. It is not recommended in those with significant liver disease or porphyria. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe but it is likely okay during breastfeeding. Pyrazinamide is in the antimycobacterial class of medications. How it works is not entirely clear.

Pyrazinamide was first made in 1936, but did not come into wide use until 1972. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Pyrazinamide is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
Pyrazinamide is only used in combination with other drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as directly observed therapy (DOT). It is never used on its own. It has no other indicated medical uses. In particular, it is not used to treat other mycobacteria; Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium leprae are innately resistant to pyrazinamide.

Pyrazinamide is used in the first 2 months of treatment to reduce the duration of treatment required. Regimens not containing pyrazinamide must be taken for 9 months or more.

Pyrazinamide is a potent antiuricosuric drug and consequently has an off-label use in the diagnosis of causes of hypouricemia and hyperuricosuria. It acts on URAT1.

Adverse effects
The most common (roughly 1%) side effect of pyrazinamide is joint pains (arthralgia), but this is not usually so severe that patients need to stop taking it. Pyrazinamide can precipitate gout flares by decreasing renal excretion of uric acid.

The most dangerous side effect of pyrazinamide is hepatotoxicity, which is dose-related. The old dose for pyrazinamide was 40–70 mg/kg daily and the incidence of drug-induced hepatitis has fallen significantly since the recommended dose has been reduced to 12–30 mg/kg daily. In the standard four-drug regimen (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol), pyrazinamide is the most common cause of drug-induced hepatitis. It is not possible to clinically distinguish pyrazinamide-induced hepatitis from hepatitis caused by isoniazid or rifampicin; test dosing is required (this is discussed in detail in tuberculosis treatment)

Other side effects include nausea and vomiting, anorexia, sideroblastic anemia, skin rash, urticaria, pruritus, dysuria, interstitial nephritis, malaise, rarely porphyria, and fever.

Pharmacokinetics
Pyrazinamide is well absorbed orally. It crosses inflamed meninges and is an essential part of the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. It is metabolised by the liver and the metabolic products are excreted by the kidneys.

Pyrazinamide is routinely used in pregnancy in the UK and the rest of the world; the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends its use in pregnancy; and  extensive clinical experience shows that it is safe. In the US, pyrazinamide is not used in pregnancy, citing insufficient evidence of safety. Pyrazinamide is removed by haemodialysis, so doses should always be given at the end of a dialysis session.

Mechanism of action
Pyrazinamide is a prodrug that stops the growth of M. tuberculosis.

Pyrazinamide diffuses into the granuloma of M. tuberculosis, where the tuberculosis enzyme pyrazinamidase converts pyrazinamide to the active form pyrazinoic acid. Under acidic conditions of pH 5 to 6, the pyrazinoic acid that slowly leaks out converts to the protonated conjugate acid, which is thought to diffuse easily back into the bacilli and accumulate. The net effect is that more pyrazinoic acid accumulates inside the bacillus at acid pH than at neutral pH.

Pyrazinoic acid was thought to inhibit the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) I, which is required by the bacterium to synthesize fatty acids although this has been discounted. The accumulation of pyrazinoic acid was also suggested to disrupt membrane potential and interfere with energy production, necessary for survival of M. tuberculosis at an acidic site of infection. However, since an acidic environment is not essential for pyrazinamide susceptibility and pyrazinamide treatment does not lead to intrabacterial acidification nor rapid disruption of membrane potential, this model has also been discounted. Pyrazinoic acid was proposed to bind to the ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) and inhibit trans-translation, but more detailed experiments have shown that it does not have this activity.

The current hypothesis is that pyrazinoic acid blocks synthesis of coenzyme A. Pyrazinoic acid binds weakly to aspartate decarboxylase (PanD), triggering its degradation. This is an unusual mechanism of action in that pyrazinamide does not directly block the action of its target, but indirectly triggers its destruction.

Resistance
Mutations in the pncA gene of M. tuberculosis, which encodes a pyrazinamidase and converts pyrazinamide to its active form pyrazinoic acid, are responsible for the majority of pyrazinamide resistance in M. tuberculosis strains. A few pyrazinamide-resistant strains with mutations in the rpsA gene have also been identified. However, a direct association between these rpsA mutations and pyrazinamide resistance has not been established. The pyrazinamide-resistant M. tuberculosis strain DHMH444, which harbors a mutation in the carboxy terminal coding region of rpsA, is fully susceptible to pyrazinoic acid and pyrazinamide resistance of this strain was previously associated with decreased pyrazinamidase activity. Further, this strain was found to be susceptible to pyrazinamide in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Thus, current data indicate that rpsA mutations are not likely to be associated with pyrazinamide resistance. Currently, three main methods of testing are used for pyrazinamide resistance: 1) phenotypic tests where a tuberculosis strain is grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of pyrazinamide, 2) measuring levels of pyrazinamidase enzyme produced by the tuberculosis strain, or 3) looking for mutations in the pncA gene of tuberculosis. Concerns exist that the most widely used method for phenotypic resistance testing may overestimate the number of resistant strains.

Global resistance of tuberculosis to pyrazinamide has been estimated to be in 16% of all cases, and 60% of people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Abbreviations
The abbreviations PZA and Z are standard, and used commonly in the medical literature, although best practice discourages the abbreviating of drug names to prevent mistakes.

Presentation
Pyrazinamide is a generic drug, and is available in a wide variety of presentations. Pyrazinamide tablets form the bulkiest part of the standard tuberculosis treatment regimen. Pyrazinamide tablets are so large, some people find them impossible to swallow: pyrazinamide syrup is an option.

Pyrazinamide is also available as part of fixed-dose combinations with other TB drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin (Rifater is an example).

History
Pyrazinamide was first discovered and patented in 1936, but not used against tuberculosis until 1952. Its discovery as an antitubercular agent was remarkable since it has no activity against tuberculosis in vitro, due to not being active at a neutral pH, so would ordinarily not be expected to work in vivo. However, nicotinamide was known to have activity against tuberculosis and pyrazinamide was thought to have a similar effect. Experiments in mice at Lederle and Merck confirmed its ability to kill tuberculosis and it was rapidly used in humans.

title: Pyrazinamide


text:
User talk:PatadyBag

A welcome from Sango123
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions; I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Though we all make goofy mistakes, here is what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy Wiki-ing!

-- Sango  123  21:30, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

three revert rule violation
Hi, I'm letting you know you have violated the three revert rule on Jodie Foster. Any further reverts of this page may lead to your being blocked from editing for 24 hours. Gentgeen 05:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have also warned the anon editor to stop with the reverts. Gentgeen 05:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

What is the problem??
The fact that Jodie Foster did Japanese commercials is factual relevant biographical info. You (and everyone else) should not delete this fact. Facts are not biased they are true are not true. If you have a problem discuss it before you censor it.

Hi!
Hi PatadyBag! I'm sorry that you've been warned of blocking because of your reverts. Those reverts were necessary. I myself reverted a few times the Jodie Foster article. Sometimes, out of the blue, some anonymous appears with few and stubborn ideas on the way. He or she is very persistent, I'll give him/her that. This whole deal was tireson and uncalled for. What about a voting on the talk page about posting the Japan commercials info? It will probably be an overwhelming result against it. Best regards! Tavilis 05:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Jodie Foster
I oppose all votes on article content. Zoe 21:00, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PatadyBag


text:
31-bit computing

In computer architecture, 31-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 31 bits wide.

In 1983, IBM introduced 31-bit addressing in the System/370-XA mainframe architecture as an upgrade to the 24-bit physical and virtual, and transitional 24-bit-virtual/26-bit physical, addressing in System/370. This enhancement allowed address spaces to be 128 times larger, permitting programs to address memory above 16 MB (referred to as "above the line"). Support for COBOL, FORTRAN and later on Linux/390 were included.

In the early 1980s, the Motorola 68012 was introduced; it had 32-bit data and address registers, as the Motorola 68010 did, but instead of providing the lower 24 bits of an address on the address pins, it provided all but bit 30 on the address pins.

31-bit computer
The Librascope LGP-30 was an early off-the-shelf computer. The LGP-30 was first manufactured in 1956, at a retail price of $47,000,.

It was a binary, 31-bit word computer with a 4096-word drum memory. There were 32 bit locations per drum word, but only 31 were used, permitting a "restoration of magnetic flux in the head" at the 32nd bit time. The number of vacuum tubes was minimized by using solid-state diode logic, a bit-serial architecture and multiple use of each of its 15 flip-flops.

The LGP-30 was commonly referred to as a desk computer. Its height, width, and depth, excluding the typewriter shelf, was 33 by 44 by 26 inches (84 by 112 by 66 cm). It weighed about 800 pounds (360 kg), and was mounted on sturdy casters which facilitated moving the unit.

IBM mainframes with 31-bit addressing
In the System/360, other than the 360/67, and early System/370 architectures, the general-purpose registers were 32 bits wide, the machine did 32-bit arithmetic operations, and addresses were always stored in 32-bit words, so the architecture was considered 32-bit, but the machines ignored the top 8 bits of the address resulting in 24-bit addressing.

With the System/370-XA architecture and the IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture, in addition to a 24-bit addressing mode for compatibility with older applications, there is a 31-bit addressing mode, in which only the high order bit (bit 0) in the word is ignored for addressing. An exception is that mode-switching instructions also use bit 0. There were at least two reasons that IBM did not implement the 32-bit addressing of the 360/67
 * 1) The loop control instructions BXH and BXLE did signed comparisons.
 * 2) Much of the existing software used bit 0 as an end-of-list indicator.

The 64-bit z/Architecture also supports 24-bit and 31-bit addressing modes for compatibility with older applications.

Ruby & Smalltalk
Interpreters for Ruby & Smalltalk languages use the lowest bit to tell whether a value is an unboxed integer or not. This means that on 32-bit machines (or 16-bit machines with 32-bit pointers), 31-bit integers are unboxed. In case of overflow, the result is fit into a boxed object, which means that it has to be allocated and garbage-collected. Thus if you have 32-bit values that don't fit in the 31-bit signed format, they will be very inefficient in those interpreters. Same goes with 63-bit unboxed integers on 64-bit computers. Similar designs may be found in LISP and some of the other languages whose variables can take values of any type. In some cases, there was hardware support for this kind of design: see Tagged architecture and Lisp machine.

title: 31-bit computing


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24-bit computing

Notable 24-bit machines include the CDC 924 – a 24-bit version of the CDC 1604, CDC lower 3000 series, SDS 930 and SDS 940, the ICT 1900 series, the Elliott 4100 series, and the Datacraft minicomputers/Harris H series.

The term SWORD is sometimes used to describe a 24-bit data type with the S prefix referring to sesqui.

The range of unsigned integers that can be represented in 24 bits is 0 to 16,777,215 ($$ in hexadecimal). The range of signed integers that can be represented in 24 bits is −8,388,608 to 8,388,607.

Usage
The IBM System/360, announced in 1964, was a popular computer system with 24-bit addressing and 32-bit general registers and arithmetic. The early 1980s saw the first popular personal computers, including the IBM PC/AT with an Intel 80286 processor using 24-bit addressing and 16-bit general registers and arithmetic, and the Apple Macintosh 128K with a Motorola 68000 processor featuring 24-bit addressing and 32-bit registers.

The eZ80 is a microprocessor and microcontroller family, with 24-bit registers and therefore 24-bit linear addressing, that is binary compatible with the 8/16-bit Z80.

The 65816 is a microprocessor and microcontroller family with 16-bit registers and 24-bit bank switched addressing. It is binary compatible with the 8-bit 6502.

Several fixed-point digital signal processors have a 24-bit data bus, selected as the basic word length because it gave the system a reasonable precision for the processing audio (sound). In particular, the Motorola 56000 series has three parallel 24-bit data buses, one connected to each memory space: program memory, data memory X, and data memory Y.

Engineering Research Associates (later merged into UNIVAC) designed a series of 24-bit drum memory machines including the Atlas, its commercial version the UNIVAC 1101, the ATHENA computer, the UNIVAC 1824 guidance computer, etc. Those designers selected a 24-bit word length because the Earth is roughly 40 million feet in diameter, and an intercontinental ballistic missile guidance computer needs to do the Earth-centered inertial navigation calculations to an accuracy of a few feet.

OpenCL has a built-in intrinsic for multiplication with two 24-bit integers, returning a 32-bit result. It is typically much faster than a 32-bit multiplication.

title: 24-bit computing


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Niepokalanów

Niepokalanów monastery (so called City of the Immaculate Mother of God) is a Roman Catholic religious community situated in Teresin (near the Warsaw-Łowicz railway line, about 42 km to the west from the capital of Poland). It was founded in autumn 1927 by Friar Minor Conventual – Maximilian Kolbe, who was later canonized as a saint-martyr of the Catholic Church.

Beginnings of the monastery
In 1927 duke Jan Drucki-Lubecki, son of Konstanty Drucki-Lubecki (commander of the Vilnius Cavalry Brigade) and countess Maria Antonina Krasinski, offered fr. Maximilian Kolbe a convenient ground near Warsaw for building a new monastery, later called Niepokalanów. In autumn of the same year the three wooden barracks (including the first chapel) were built and a consecration of the new monastery took place on 7 December 1927.

The facility served as a home for the conventual friars, a minor seminary and a volunteer fire department (since 1931). It was also a centre for charitable ministry and evangelization through the radio programmes and the distribution of printed materials (books and magazines). In 1930 father Kolbe founded a similar community in Nagasaki (Japan), called Mugenzai no Sono (無原罪の園: Garden of the Immaculate).

Quick growth of the Niepokalanów required more and more space. The donator, duke Jan Drucki-Lubecki, allowed the friars to use as much field as necessary, so the area of the monastery reached 28 ha. Before the Second World War broke out, it was the largest monastery in the world, housing as many as 760 men. One of the magazines, The Knight of the Immaculate (in Polish: Rycerz Niepokalanej), countered religious apathy and had a press run of 750,000 copies a month. The whole publishing house used about 1600 tonnes of paper annually for about 60 million copies of papers.

The time of war
During the Second World War, the monastery provided shelter for many soldiers, injured in the September Campaign of 1939 and also for refugees, regardless of their nationality or religion. For example, at the turn of 1939/1940, a group of approximately 1500 Jews, displaced from Greater Poland, stayed in Niepokalanów for several months, and the friars provided them with care.

The war did not spare the inhabitants of the monastery itself. Father Maximilian Kolbe, together with four other friars, was arrested by the Gestapo and he was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp in august 1941 when he chose to sacrifice his life so another prisoner could live. That time the media evangelisation was forbidden (with the only one exception – December 1940 issue of Rycerz Niepokalanej, which aroused the hope of surviving dark time of war).

The Franciscans tried to keep up common prayers and help for the prisoners and numerous refugees. There was a sawmill, carpentry and dairy, a repair shop for agricultural machinery, bicycles, scooters, watches and many other items. The friars grew their own food, they had livestock, bee hives and chickens. Every day the local bakery provided fresh bread to many people in need. The courses of secret teaching were also held and PCK (Polish Red Cross) circle functioned.

During the Warsaw Uprising, the monastery became a refuge for the wounded members of Polish resistance, homeless families, and war orphans. Providing food for all that people was a big logistical challenge under the conditions of the occupation. In the end of the war (January 1945) during heavy bombardment of Niepokalanów, six friars were killed, some others injured and many of the buildings of the monastery were destroyed. In total, about 50 friars lost their lives during the entire war.

Niepokalanów today
After the war the printing house in Niepokalanów was reopened. The Knight of the Immaculate was issued again, as also some books, dedicated to St Maximilian (e.g. Dwie Korony [Two Crowns] by Gustaw Morcinek). In 1948-1954 there was built a new church in the modernist style according to the design of the architect Zygmunt Gawlik from Cracow. In June 1950, by the decree of cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, a new parish in Niepokalanów was established (7500 faithful circa).

In 1980, by decree of the Holy See, the church in Niepokalanów received the title and privileges of a minor basilica. The church and the monastery were visited by pope John Paul II during his second Pastoral Visit in Poland, on 18 of June 1983. The visit of the pope made Niepokalanów famous not only in Poland, but also abroad. John Paul II called the monastery a heroic place where saint Maximilian lived and the environment of the Immaculate. Many pilgrims wanted to visit the place, sacred by activity of St Maximilian, and pray in the local basilica.

Today the monastery is an important pilgrimage center in this part of Poland. Every year, on the way to Jasna Góra, the Warsaw Metropolitan Academic Pilgrimage makes a stop in Niepokalanów. Thousands of pilgrims can visit the basilica, the Millennium Panorama or the museum, dedicated to St Maximilian Kolbe (called There was a Man), established in 1998. There also exists a wooden old chapel, one of the first buildings here, constructed in 1927 and rebuilt two years later so the local faithful could attend the celebrations and services.

title: Niepokalanów


text: User talk:85.31.35.241

title: User talk:85.31.35.241


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Plum Coulee

Plum Coulee is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Rhineland within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is west of Altona, one hour southwest of Winnipeg and 22 kilometres from the United States border. It is also the former home to the Plum Coulee Xpress hockey club. It has an artificial beach located in town called Sunset Beach.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Plum Coulee had a population of 1,040 living in 299 of its 338 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 904. With a land area of 2.44 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable persons

 * Philanthropist Saidye Bronfman was born in Plum Coulee.
 * Food writer Cecily Brownstone was born in Plum Coulee.
 * Violinist Rosemary Siemens is from the Plum Coulee area.

Climate
Plum Coulee has the hottest daytime temperatures in Manitoba. Summers are hot and winters are similar to other cities in the Canadian Prairies. There are 21 inches of precipitation annually.

title: Plum Coulee


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Grunewald (locality)

Grunewald is a locality within the Berlin borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Until 2001 administrative reform it was part of the former district of Wilmersdorf.

Grunewald forest lies partly within the locality and is Berlin's largest green area. Next to Lichterfelde West, Dahlem and Westend, it is part of the affluent Berlin "Villenbogen", a row of suburbs completely made up of 19th century mansions.

Geography
The locality is situated in the western side of the city and is separated from Spandau by the river Havel. It borders with the localities of Westend, Halensee, Schmargendorf, Wilhelmstadt, Gatow (both in Spandau district), Nikolassee, Zehlendorf and Dahlem (all three in Steglitz-Zehlendorf district). The Grunewald forest is 10 km away from Berlin-Mitte.

Etymology
The name derives from the Grunewald hunting lodge of 1543, the oldest preserved castle in Berlin, which is, however, officially located within the adjacent Dahlem locality. It was erected in an Early Renaissance style by order of Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg and named Zum Gruenen Wald, the umlaut spelt with a following "e" instead of a diacritic as depicted above the main entrance. A corduroy road leading from the Berlin Stadtschloss to the lodge was laid out, which later would be known as the Kurfürstendamm boulevard.

Overview

The neighbourhood developed out of a so-called "mansion colony" at the western end of the Kurfürstendamm. Promoted by Otto von Bismarck, Grunewald was found to be a preferred residential area from the 1880s onward. Grunewald was incorporated into Greater Berlin in 1920. Today, the social structure of Grunewald is still influenced by these origins. The Rot-Weiss Tennis Club, home of the WTA Tour German Open, has been located in the district since 1897.

On June 24, 1922 Foreign Minister of Germany Walther Rathenau was assassinated by ultra-nationalist radicals of the Organisation Consul in a curve of the main street called Koenigsallee. A memorial stone marks the scene of the crime.

Since 1981 the Grunewald district is the home of the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin. It also houses the embassies of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Qatar, Kuwait, Laos, North Macedonia, Poland and Serbia.

Within the Grunewald forest lies the artificial Teufelsberg hill, once a listening station of the US National Security Agency. On the shore of the Havel, the Grunewaldturm, built by Franz Heinrich Schwechten in 1898, offers views over the Havelland region.

Deportation memorial
Between October 1941 and February 1945 more than 50,000 Jews were deported by German Nazis to extermination camps from the Grunewald freight railway station and murdered. Memorials from the district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf and the Deutsche Bahn ("Gleis 17") commemorate this spot in Grunewald's history. The area is accessible by the Berlin-Grunewald station.

Transport
Grunewald railway station is served by the S7 line of the Berlin S-Bahn, which connects the locality to Berlin Mitte, Ahrensfelde and Potsdam.

One of Germany's busiest freeways, the AVUS Autobahn, runs through the locality and was used as a marathon and bike path during the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Notable residents

 * Fritz Ascher, Bismarckallee 26
 * Berthold Auerbach, Auerbacher Straße
 * Ingeborg Bachmann, Hasensprung 2, Koenigsallee 35
 * Vicki Baum, Koenigsallee 43–45
 * Walter Benjamin, Delbrückstraße 23
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Wangenheimstraße 14
 * Arno Breker, Koenigsallee 65
 * Isadora Duncan
 * Lion Feuchtwanger, Regerstraße
 * Samuel von Fischer, Erdener Straße 8
 * Carl Fürstenberg, Koenigsallee 53
 * Maximilian Harden, Wernerstraße 16
 * Gerhart Hauptmann, Trabener Straße, Hubertusallee
 * Heinrich Himmler, Hagenstraße 22
 * Engelbert Humperdinck, Trabener Straße
 * Harald Juhnke, Richard-Strauss-Straße 26, Lassenstraße 1
 * Helmut Käutner, Koenigsallee 18g
 * Alfred Kerr, Gneiststraße 9, Höhmannstraße 6, Douglasstraße 10
 * Harry Graf Kessler, Höhmannstraße 6
 * Hildegard Knef, Bettinastraße 12, Brahmsstraße 12
 * Else Lasker-Schüler, Humboldtstraße 13
 * Otto Lessing (sculptor), Wangenheimstraße 10
 * Brigitte Mira, Koenigsallee 83
 * Friedrich Olbricht, Wildpfad
 * Ernst Oppler and Alexander Oppler, Hagenstraße 8
 * Max Pechstein,
 * Max Planck, Wangenheimstraße 21
 * Walther Rathenau, Koenigsallee 65
 * Max Reinhardt, Fontanestraße 8
 * Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Herthastraße 11
 * Ulrich Schamoni, Furtwänglerstraße 19
 * Romy Schneider, Winkler Straße 22
 * Angelika Schrobsdorff, Johannaplatz 3
 * Werner Sombart, Humboldtstraße 35a
 * Hermann Sudermann, Bettinastraße 3
 * Grethe Weiser, Herthastraße 17a

Forest
The forest of Grunewald, is located mainly in the quarter but also in Nikolassee, Zehlendorf, Dahlem and Westend is, with an area of 3,000 ha, the largest green area in the city of Berlin.

title: Grunewald (locality)


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History of Orkney

Humans have inhabited Orkney, an archipelago in the north of Scotland, for about 8,800 years: Archeological evidence dates from Mesolithic times. Scandinavian clans dominated the area from the 8th century CE, using the islands as a base for further incursions. In the late 15th century the archipelago became part of Scotland.

Prehistoric Orkney
As with Prehistoric Scotland generally, hunter gatherers followed the slow retreat of ice age glaciation. The rapid spread of Neolithic culture up the western seaways soon brought early farming settlements and Megalithic culture. The prevalent use of the local sandstone, found ready split into convenient building slabs on the shore, preserved numerous structures from this period, including prehistoric villages, brochs, souterrain structures, chambered cairns and standing stones.

The oldest stone house still standing in northern Europe (occupied from 3500 BC to 3100 BC) is at Knap of Howar on the island of Papa Westray, with walls intact to a low eaves height, and stone furniture looking very usable. Finely made and decorated Unstan ware pottery links the inhabitants to chambered cairn tombs nearby. At Skara Brae on the Mainland, passageways connect similar houses into a village, dating from about 3000 BC to 2500 BC. Pottery found here is of the grooved ware style which was found at the Standing Stones of Stenness, close to the exceptional Maeshowe passage grave type chambered cairn of about the same period.

The nearby Ring of Brodgar circle of standing stones was one of the first to be analysed by Professor Alexander Thom to establish the likely use of standing stones as astronomical observatories. Another Neolithic village has been found in the vicinity at Barnhouse Settlement.

The brochs of Orkney occur on several islands. Many of these structures, such as Burroughston Broch on Shapinsay, are isolated fortified houses. Others, such as the Broch of Gurness, are surrounded by numerous other dwellings and ancillary structures. In many cases the brochs also are surrounded by elaborate ditch and rampart defences. Both Burroughston Broch and the Broch of Gurness have interesting guard chambers within their thick drystone walls to monitor the single entrance passages.

Iron Age
The Iron Age brought impressive "Brochs" or round towers, and "weems" or underground houses. Such implements as have survived are primitive, and include quern-stones (for grinding grain), stone whorls and bone combs used in primitive forms of weaving, and specimens of simple pottery ware. Little is known of the culture and language of the early inhabitants. Only two languages are found in pre-Norse Orkney, Old Gaelic (Old Irish) and Latin.

The Romans were aware of (and probably circumnavigated) the Orkney Islands, which they called "Orcades", thought to be a Brythonic Celtic name. A "king of the Orcades" was one of the 11 rulers said to have paid tribute to Claudius following his invasion of Britain in AD 43. Indeed 4th and 5th century sources include the Islands in a Roman province. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Romans only traded with the inhabitants, perhaps through intermediaries; no signs of clear occupation have been found. But, according to scholars like Montesanti, "Orkney might have been one of those areas that suggest direct administration by Imperial Roman procurators, at least for a very short span of time".

Early medieval period
The Picts regained power until dispossessed by the Norse in the 9th century, with the possible interruption of a short period towards the beginning of the 6th century, when Dál Riata Gaels may have established a footing in the islands, followed by Celtic missionaries in about 565. They were followers of Saint Columba, and their efforts to convert the folk to Christianity seem to have impressed the popular imagination, for the names of several islands include the epithet "Papa" in commemoration of the hermits.

Norwegian rule
Vikings having made the islands the headquarters of their aggressive expeditions (carried out indifferently against their own Norway and the coasts and isles of Scotland), Harold Hårfagre ("Fair Hair") subdued the rovers in 875 and annexed both Orkney and Shetland to Norway. They remained under the rule of Norwegian earls until 1231, when the line of the jarls became extinct. In that year the earldom of Caithness was granted to Magnus, second son of the Earl of Angus, whom the king of Norway apparently confirmed in the title. Recent studies from the field of population genetics reveal a significant percentage of Norse ethnic heritage—up to one third of the Y chromosomes on the islands are from western Norwegian ancestry, as opposed to Shetland, where over half the male lineage is of Norwegian stock.

Some jarls of Orkney:
 * Ragnvald Eysteinsson, d. c. 890
 * Turf-Einar, d. c. 910
 * Thorfinn Turf-Einarsson, Earl of Orkney, d. c. 963
 * Erlend II
 * Hakon Paulsson, 1105–1123
 * Saint Magnus, 1106–1117

There is a legend that Henry Sinclair, 1st Earl of Orkney may have sailed to Newfoundland in 1398, returning in 1400.

Annexation by Scotland
In 1468 Orkney and Shetland were pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as king of Norway, for the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland, and as the money was never paid, their connection with the crown of Scotland has been perpetual. In 1471 James bestowed the castle and lands of Ravenscraig in Fife on William, earl of Orkney, in exchange for all his rights to the earldom of Orkney, which, by act of parliament, passed on 20 February 1472, was annexed to the Scottish crown.

The last full-scale battle to take place on Orkney soil—the Battle of Summerdale—was fought in 1529, between the Sinclairs of Orkney and the Sinclairs of Caithness.

In 1564 Lord Robert Stewart, natural son of James V of Scotland, who had visited Kirkwall twenty-four years before, was made sheriff of Orkney and Shetland, and received possession of the estates of the udallers; in 1581 he was created earl of Orkney by James VI, the charter being ratified ten years later to his son Patrick, but after Patrick's execution in 1614 the earldom was again annexed to the crown.

The islands were the rendezvous of the Marquess of Montrose's expedition in 1650 which culminated in his imprisonment and death. Cromwell was last attacked by a foreign conquering force prior to the union of Scotland and England in 1650. During the Protectorate they were visited by a detachment of Oliver Cromwell's troops, who attacked various locations with his English Navy and the Roundhead Army. It is claimed by sympathetic writers that he initiated the inhabitants into various industrial arts and new methods of agriculture.

Re: St Magnus Cathedral..... "During Oliver Cromwell's siege of the cathedral in 1651, the building was damaged and then suffered for a time when it was used by Cromwell's Roundheads as a barracks and stable for their horses." http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/stmagnus/magcath.htm

In 1707 the islands were granted to the earl of Morton in mortgage, redeemable by the Crown on payment of 30,000 pounds, and subject to an annual feu-duty of 500 pounds; but in 1766 his estates were sold to Sir Lawrence Dundas, ancestor of the Earls of Zetland.

Religion
In early times, both the archbishop of Hamburg and the archbishop of York disputed with the Norwegians ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Orkney and the right of consecrating bishops; but ultimately the Norwegian bishops, the first of whom was William the Old (consecrated in 1102), continued the canonical succession. The see remained vacant from 1580 to 1606, and from 1638 till the Restoration, and, after the accession of William III, the episcopacy was finally abolished (1697), although many of the clergy refused to conform.

The topography of Orkney is wholly Norse, and the Norse tongue which evolved into the local Norn, at last extinguished by the constant influx of settlers from Scotland, lingered until the end of the 18th century. Readers of Scott's Pirate will remember the frank contempt which Magnus Troil expressed for the Scots, and his opinions probably accurately reflected the general Norse feeling on the subject. When the islands were given as security for the princess's dowry, there seems reason to believe that it was intended to redeem the pledge, because it was then stipulated that the Norse system of government and the law of Saint Olaf should continue to be observed in Orkney and Shetland. Thus the udal succession and mode of land tenure (that is, absolute freehold as distinguished from feudal tenure) lingered to some extent, and the remaining udallers held their lands and passed them on without written title.

Twentieth century
The islands cluster round the huge deep-water anchorage of Scapa Flow like a protecting hand, and in both World War I and World War II, the Royal Navy had a major base there, enabling them to challenge any attempt by German warships to emerge into the ocean through the Norwegian Sea. After the Armistice in 1918, the German High Seas Fleet was transferred in its entirety to Scapa Flow while a decision was to be made on its future; however, the German sailors opened their sea-cocks and scuttled all the ships. Most ships were salvaged, but the remaining wrecks are now a favoured haunt of recreational divers.

Second World War
One month into World War II, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak was sunk by a German U-boat in Scapa Flow, with the loss of 835 lives. The Germans had found one small opening in the heavily defended bay. As a result, barriers were built, called "the Churchill Barriers," mostly completed by Italian prisoners of war, to close most of the access channels. These had the additional advantage of creating causeways whereby travellers can go from island to island by road instead of being obliged to rely on boats. In the course of the Second World War Italian prisoners of war were kept on Orkney Mainland; they improvised a chapel with elaborate architecture out of corrugated iron and other base materials, which is now a tourist attraction. The Scapa Flow base was closed in 1956.

Recent years
In the 1960s and 1970s there were reports about the potential for uranium mining between Stromness and Yesnaby. Margaret Thatcher's plans to open such a mine were halted in 1980 after local campaigning, which included production of The Yellow Cake Revue by composer and conductor Peter Maxwell Davies, who lived on the neighbouring island of Hoy. The title refers to yellowcake, the powder produced in an early stage of the processing of uranium ore.

The Scottish independence referendum prompted some Orcadians to look for ways to recast the Constitutional status of Orkney.

In July 2023 the Orkney Council began moves to change its status, considering options such as becoming a British Crown dependency or a self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Norway..

Archaeological discoveries
In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of  two polished stone balls in a 5500 years-old Neolithic burial tomb in Orkney in Sanday. According to Dr Hugo Anderson, the second object was the “size of a cricket ball, perfectly spherical and beautifully finished".

Legend
In the Arthurian legend, Orkney is the home to King Lot, Sir Gareth, Sir Gaheris, Sir Gawaine, and Sir Agravain.

title: History of Orkney


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Lomen Stave Church

Lomen Stave Church (Lomen stavkyrkje) is a stave church of the Church of Norway in Vestre Slidre Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Lomen. It was formerly the church for the Lomen parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden church was built in a long church design around the year 1192 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 150 people.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1325, but the church was not new that year. The wooden stave church was established during the late 12th century. Through 20th-century dendrochronological dating the logs of the church were dated to the year 1192, so the church must have been built around that time. Originally, the church was named "Hvams kirke". The church has a rectangular nave, a narrower and lower chancel, and a small sacristy on the south side of the chancel. The church is supported by four columns, and has three lavishly carved portals, chancel-arches, and column capitals.

The church was rebuilt and enlarged in 1749. The old choir was torn down and replaced with a wider choir. The old open-air corridors that used to surround the nave were incorporated into the nave. The west wall of the nave was moved about 2.7 m further west to lengthen the old nave. A new tower was built on top of the roof of the nave as well. After this project, only some of the wall and roof timbers remained from the original stave church.

By the second half of the 19th century, the church was said to be in poor condition and small. In 1895, the church was inspected and said to be so leaky in the winter that it is almost too dangerous to use. Discussions ensued as to whether the church should be remodeled and fixed up or if it should be torn down and replaced. Some wanted the old church to become a museum and to build a new church. In 1903, the graveyard surrounding the church had become full, so a new cemetery was established about 1.75 km to the southwest of the church. The new site was just off the main road along the northern shore of the Slidrefjorden. The church was examined in 1904 by architect Holger Sinding-Larsen. He concluded that it would clearly be most reasonable to restore the church, even if it had to be moved. Sinding-Larsen also prepared a proposal for rebuilding the church, but this was never acted upon. In 1913, the government gave permission to build a new church at the site of the new cemetery as long as the old church was still maintained as a historic site. The new Lomen Church was consecrated on 29 July 1914. After the new church was put into use, the old Lomen Stave Church was taken out of regular use, but it is still used for special occasions during the summer such as weddings, baptisms, and an annual Olsok service. The church was never wired for electricity and has no heat other than a wood stove.

During the last refurbishment of the old church, an archaeological excavation was carried out and 71 artifacts were found, including pieces of jewelry and coins. Some of the coins were as old as the 12th century. Lomen Stave Church houses the pedestal of a baptismal font dating from the 1200s.

Illustrations
Ole Andreas Øverland drew illustration of the portal from Lomen Stave Church in volume 2 of his five part series Illustreret Norges Historie 02 Fra Kristendommmens Indførelse til Magnus Erlingssøns Fald (published by Folkebladet in Kristiania in 1886).

title: Lomen Stave Church


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Heleophryne

Heleophryne is a genus of ghost frogs. They are known from mountainous regions of South Africa, Lesotho, and Eswatini.

One member of the genus, the Table Mountain ghost frog (H. rosei) is considered an EDGE species.

Species
The following species are classified in this genus:
 * Cederberg ghost frog (Heleophryne depressa) FitzSimons, 1946
 * Hewitt's ghost frog (Heleophryne hewitti) Boycott, 1988
 * Eastern ghost frog (Heleophryne orientalis) FitzSimons, 1946
 * Purcell's ghost frog (Heleophryne purcelli) Sclater, 1898
 * Royal ghost frog (Heleophryne regis) Hewitt, 1910
 * Rose's ghost frog (Heleophryne rosei) Hewitt, 1925

title: Heleophryne


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Mick Hoy (musician)

Michael John Hoy (1913 – 12 June 2000), singer, fiddler, composer, and storyteller, was born in Monea in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. In his youth he was hired at the Derrygonnelly Fair by a farmer who played the fiddle. It was from this farmer that he learned to play the instrument. He played in the 1930s and 1940s with local Céilí bands, the Sillees and the Knockmore Céilí Band. He lived most of his life in Blaney and played mainly in Derrygonnelly. Mick came from a musical family but stood out as the main talent with his huge repertoire of tunes and songs.

His singing style was subtle with beautiful use of glottal stops and variations in phrasing. One of the finest fiddlers of his generation, his powerful style was an interesting blend of Northern and Southern elements. He had a stock of distinctly local tunes, many of which he got from his old friend, the great flute-player Eddie Duffy. In turn he passed his music on to fellow-musicians such as Cathal McConnell (of The Boys of the Lough), Altan, Seamus Quinn, Ben Lennon, Jim McGrath and others.

In 1986 the Arts Council of Northern Ireland published Here is a Health, a cassette release of songs, fiddle tunes and stories recorded by Seán Corcoran in the Derrygonnelly area between 1979 and 1985. Mick Hoy on featured ten of the album’s twenty-six tracks.

Eddie Duffy and Mick Hoy Memorial Traditional Music Festival
In memory of Mick Hoy and Eddie Duffy, the Eddie Duffy and Mick Hoy Memorial Traditional Music Festival takes place every year on the second weekend in October in Derrygonnelly.

title: Mick Hoy (musician)


text: Category:VfL Bochum players

title: Category:VfL Bochum players