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Freeform surface modelling

Freeform surface modelling is a technique for engineering freeform surfaces with a CAD or CAID system.

The technology has encompassed two main fields. Either creating aesthetic surfaces (class A surfaces) that also perform a function; for example, car bodies and consumer product outer forms, or technical surfaces for components such as gas turbine blades and other fluid dynamic engineering components.

CAD software packages use two basic methods for the creation of surfaces. The first begins with construction curves (splines) from which the 3D surface is then swept (section along guide rail) or meshed (lofted) through.

The second method is direct creation of the surface with manipulation of the surface poles/control points.

From these initially created surfaces, other surfaces are constructed using either derived methods such as offset or angled extensions from surfaces; or via bridging and blending between groups of surfaces.

Surfaces
Freeform surface, or freeform surfacing, is used in CAD and other computer graphics software to describe the skin of a 3D geometric element. Freeform surfaces do not have rigid radial dimensions, unlike regular surfaces such as planes, cylinders and conic surfaces. They are used to describe forms such as turbine blades, car bodies and boat hulls. Initially developed for the automotive and aerospace industries, freeform surfacing is now widely used in all engineering design disciplines from consumer goods products to ships. Most systems today use nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) mathematics to describe the surface forms; however, there are other methods such as Gordon surfaces or Coons surfaces.

The forms of freeform surfaces (and curves) are not stored or defined in CAD software in terms of polynomial equations, but by their poles, degree, and number of patches (segments with spline curves). The degree of a surface determines its mathematical properties, and can be seen as representing the shape by a polynomial with variables to the power of the degree value. For example, a surface with a degree of 1 would be a flat cross section surface. A surface with degree 2 would be curved in one direction, while a degree 3 surface could (but does not necessarily) change once from concave to convex curvature. Some CAD systems use the term order instead of degree. The order of a polynomial is one greater than the degree, and gives the number of coefficients rather than the greatest exponent.

The poles (sometimes known as control points) of a surface define its shape. The natural surface edges are defined by the positions of the first and last poles. (Note that a surface can have trimmed boundaries.) The intermediate poles act like magnets drawing the surface in their direction. The surface does not, however, go through these points. The second and third poles as well as defining shape, respectively determine the start and tangent angles and the curvature. In a single patch surface (Bézier surface), there is one more pole than the degree values of the surface. Surface patches can be merged into a single NURBS surface; at these points are knot lines. The number of knots will determine the influence of the poles on either side and how smooth the transition is. The smoothness between patches, known as continuity, is often referred to in terms of a C value:
 * C0: just touching, could have a nick
 * C1: tangent, but could have sudden change in curvature
 * C2: the patches are curvature continuous to one another

Two more important aspects are the U and V parameters. These are values on the surface ranging from 0 to 1, used in the mathematical definition of the surface and for defining paths on the surface: for example, a trimmed boundary edge. Note that they are not proportionally spaced along the surface. A curve of constant U or constant V is known as an isoperimetric curve, or U (V) line. In CAD systems, surfaces are often displayed with their poles of constant U or constant V values connected together by lines; these are known as control polygons.

Modelling
When defining a form, an important factor is the continuity between surfaces - how smoothly they connect to one another.

One example of where surfacing excels is automotive body panels. Just blending two curved areas of the panel with different radii of curvature together, maintaining tangential continuity (meaning that the blended surface doesn't change direction suddenly, but smoothly) won't be enough. They need to have a continuous rate of curvature change between the two sections, or else their reflections will appear disconnected.

The continuity is defined using the terms: To achieve a high quality NURBS or Bézier surface, degrees of 5 or greater are generally used.
 * G0 – position (touching)
 * G1 – tangent (angle)
 * G2 – curvature (radius)
 * G3 – acceleration (rate of change of curvature)

Freeform surface modelling software

 * Autodesk Alias
 * Autodesk Inventor
 * Blender
 * CATIA (FreeStyle)
 * Cobalt
 * form•Z
 * Fusion 360 (Autodesk)
 * ICEMSurf
 * KeyCreator
 * Onshape
 * Siemens NX
 * PowerSHAPE
 * PTC Creo, formerly ProEngineer ISDX
 * PTC Creo Elements/Pro
 * Rhinoceros 3D
 * SolidWorks
 * SolidThinking
 * Tebis

title: Freeform surface modelling


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Pneumonia/archive1

Pneumonia
This is another article we worked on at the Medicine Collaboration of the Week. I would really like it to become featured, and would appreciate any advice regarding deficits in the article we can fix before nominating it there, such as the balance between lay and medical jargon, or important areas we're missing. Thanks! — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:18, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks like a good start, but there are a few issues. I expect that the bulleted lists will need to be converted into inline text. The "Other pneumonias" could do with at least a sentence on each of the types, as could potentially the "Complications" elements. The page needs more references and some interesting charts or other illustrations. Are there any statistics on reoccurrance of pneumonia? I've often heard that those who catch it once are more likely to develop pneumonia in the future, but I'm not sure if that is a folk tale. Thanks. — RJH 15:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: One of the missing articles from the Nuttall Encyclopedia topics is Pleura-Pneumonia, an inflammation of the lungs and pleura. You might consider adding that in, possibly on its own page. Thanks. — RJH 21:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for taking the time to review the article and offer your suggestions. I have begun work on implementing your recommendations. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:47, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Generally it just needs more research. What is there is good, but it needs some of the most important journal articles or review articles to be cited and a good ID and/or Pathophys, etc. textbook. Those should all be cited of course, and used to fill in the gaps. For ex, what are the standard American and European or other treatment guidelines? Citing The Acorn Newspaper is probably not what we are looking for. :) 2) A number of sections need expanding, and any one or two sentence paragraphs should either be expanded or merged. 3) The lead is pretty short. 2-3 full paragraphs that summarize the article well is ideal. 4) I'm wondering where the material in the prognosis and prevention sections come from since they cite sources that this article doesn't! Basically what happened with Asthma should happen here. - Taxman Talk 21:42, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your thoughtful review again, Taxman. I haven't had a chance to sit down and put these changes through yet, but I will leave a message here when I do (hopefully it will be tomorrow). — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:23, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

The last five sections are each rather short; I wonder whether several of them can be conflated. Perhaps some could go in 'Therapy'. Tony 02:17, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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NetIQ eDirectory

eDirectory is an X.500-compatible directory service software product from NetIQ. Previously owned by Novell, the product has also been known as Novell Directory Services (NDS) and sometimes referred to as NetWare Directory Services. NDS was initially released by Novell in 1993 for Netware 4, replacing the Netware bindery mechanism used in previous versions, for centrally managing access to resources on multiple servers and computers within a given network. eDirectory is a hierarchical, object oriented database used to represent certain assets in an organization in a logical tree, including organizations, organizational units, people, positions, servers, volumes, workstations, applications, printers, services, and groups to name just a few.

Features
eDirectory uses dynamic rights inheritance, which allows both global and specific access controls. Access rights to objects in the tree are determined at the time of the request and are determined by the rights assigned to the objects by virtue of their location in the tree, any security equivalences, and individual assignments. The software supports partitioning at any point in the tree, as well as replication of any partition to any number of servers. Replication between servers occurs periodically using deltas of the objects. Each server can act as a master of the information it holds (provided the replica is not read only). Additionally, replicas may be filtered to only include defined attributes to increase speed (for example, a replica may be configured to only include a name and phone number for use in a corporate address book, as opposed to the entire directory user profile).

The software supports referential integrity, multi-master replication, and has a modular authentication architecture. It can be accessed via LDAP, DSML, SOAP, ODBC, JDBC, JNDI, and ADSI.

Supported platforms

 * Windows 2000
 * Windows Server 2003
 * Windows Server 2008
 * Windows Server 2012
 * SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
 * Red Hat Enterprise Linux
 * Novell NetWare
 * Sun Solaris
 * IBM AIX
 * HP-UX

Network configuration stored in the directory
When Novell first designed their directory, they decided to store large amounts of their operational server data within the directory in addition to just user account information. As a result, a typical Novell directory contains a large pool of additional objects representing the servers themselves and any software services running on those servers, such as LDAP or email software.

Storage
Versions of eDirectory prior to version 8 (then called Novell Directory Services) used a record-based database management engine called Recman, which relied on the Transaction Tracking System built into the NetWare operating system. Since version 8, eDirectory (along with the GroupWise collaboration suite, starting with version 5) uses the FLAIM (FLexible Adaptable Information Management) database engine. FLAIM is an open source embeddable database engine developed by Novell and released under the GPL license in 2006. This change allowed for it to be ported to other platforms such as Windows, Linux, and Unix.

title: NetIQ eDirectory


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Blackball (film)

Blackball (also known as National Lampoon's Blackball) is a 2003 British sports comedy film based on the game of lawn bowls. The screenplay was written by Tim Firth and the film was directed by Mel Smith. The film features James Cromwell as a master bowls player and Paul Kaye as a naturally talented player who have differing social backgrounds; they are placed together by Vince Vaughn to play for England against Australia. Its fictional plot is based on the bowls player Griff Sanders, who was also referred to as "The Bad Boy of Bowls".

Background
In addition to the main character being modelled after Griff Sanders, the film also spoofs Bjørge Lillelien's infamous commentary from Norway's 2–1 defeat of England at football in 1981. This theme was first riffed by David Baddiel and Frank Skinner on their TV show Fantasy Football League, and the other commentator for the match was Angus Loughran, who played 'Statto' on Fantasy Football.

Blackball was filmed on the Isle of Man and Torquay during October and November 2002. It was released on DVD on 16 February 2004. Various internet games were created in promotion of the movie. Crackerjack, an Australian bowls-based film that pre-dates Blackball, may be the true inspiration for the English version.

Plot
Cliff Starkey (Paul Kaye) is a rebellious young bowls player brought up on "the Lynx Estate" with his friend Trevor (Johnny Vegas) and grandfather Mutley (Bernard Cribbins), a painter and decorator. He dreams of playing for his country but always preferring to play by his own rules, was always disapproved by the local Torquay bowls club. He learns of Australian brothers Carl and Mark Doohan's forthcoming tour of England, and plans to get selected for the national team. Starkey would play through the tournament undefeated, defeating veteran player (and thirteen times champion) Ray Speight (James Cromwell). After winning the competition, and becoming eligible to play for England, Speight, the head of the local lawn bowls association, bans Starkey for fifteen years for writing an expletive on an opponent's scorecard. Angry about the ban, Starkey gatecrashes the celebration party for Speight, who was declared champion; launching a wood across the dinner table at Speight.

Starkey is then picked up by sports agent Rick Schwartz (Vince Vaughn), where Starkey is re branded as the "bad boy of bowls", turning the normally sedate sport into a glitzy, in your face competition. Having defeated many lower key players in unofficial matches, using his variety of trick shots Starkey develops a romance with Kerry Speight (Alice Evans), Ray's daughter. Schwartz proposes a way to get the ban on Starkey lifted, by using this relationship, where the two are spotted by national press, setting Ray Speight to swear at a public address, causing the ban to be removed.

With the sport's popularity at an all-time high, both Speight and Starkey become media celebrities. Schwartz arranges for both Starkey and Speight to take on Australia's unbeaten Doohan brothers in "The Ashes", a one-off tournament in a custom made bowls arena in Torquay. Schwartz; afraid that the relationship with Kerry is affecting Starkey's game; ends his relationship without his consent causing Starkey to fire Schwartz.

Both players have a wide disdain for each other, and are made to use custom bowls for the game. After failing with his woods, and the pressure of the game getting to him, Starkey throws his own woods in a carrier bag into a canal. With both players failing at half time, Trevor and Kerry talk to the pair, and get them to work as a team to make a comeback. Starkey dives into the canal, followed by Ray Speight, who thought Starkey was trying to drown himself, but was in fact rescuing his own bowls. The two return to the arena wet and make a comeback thanks to Speight's experience and Starkey's extravagance, to force the game into extra time (humorously titled the "golden bowl"), much to the disbelief of Carl and Mark Doohan.

The final end, a one bowl play-off, sees a perfect front toucher from Mark Doohan. Speight gives the bowl to Starkey, but stops him from playing his intended fire shot, and instead instructs him to play his own signature large inswinging bowl. The shot works, and the two celebrate having defeated the Australian team, and make amends with Trevor and Mutley.

Cast

 * Paul Kaye as Cliff Starkey
 * Johnny Vegas as Trevor
 * Vince Vaughn as Rick Schwartz
 * Alice Evans as Kerry Speight
 * Kenneth Cranham as Chairman Collins
 * Bernard Cribbins as Mutley
 * James Cromwell as Ray Speight
 * Imelda Staunton as Bridget
 * David Ryall as Giles Wilton
 * James Fleet as Alan The Pipe
 * Ian McNeice as Hugh The Sideburns

Reception
Critical response to the film was mixed. Critical review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes scored the film at 41% based on 22 reviews.

David Aldridge of the Radio Times scored the game 1 out of 5, noting that "the laughs here are way off-target." Nev Pierce of the BBC gave the film 2 out of 5 stars. Ed Colley of Future Movies gave the film 3.5/5 saying that "blackball isn't going to single-handedly save British cinema, but it's a likable comedy all the same, even for those wouldn't know a good in-swinger if it came curving towards them at a frightening pace." William Thomas of Empire Online liked the movie stating "A quintessentially British concoction, but a charming one at that. Good performances and a witty script add up to an entertaining, if whimsical, film."

title: Blackball (film)