text:
Mario Stanić

Mario Stanić (born 10 April 1972) is a Croatian former professional footballer. A versatile offensive player, he played in forward or attacking midfield positions, and was also deployed as a wing-back in the Croatia national team. He is currently assistant manager at Shakhtar Donetsk.

Club career
Born in Sarajevo, Stanić started his career with hometown club Željezničar. He was considered to be one of the most talented young players in former Yugoslavia. In 1992, war in Bosnia and Herzegovina began and Stanić escaped to Slavonski Brod wading the Sava and moved to Croatia, where he played for Croatia Zagreb. After only one season, he moved to Spanish Sporting de Gijón, and year later to S.L. Benfica in Portugal. In 1995, he arrived at Club Brugge and was top scorer of the Belgian First Division that year with 20 goals. Then Parma bought him in late 1996 and he played four seasons with that side.

Chelsea
Stanić joined Chelsea on a £5.6 million transfer in June 2000. He became Vialli's third signing, after Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Eiður Guðjohnsen. Stanić made his league debut in a 4–2 home win against West Ham United in August 2000, where he scored a brace, one of them a strike from 35 yards. The goal was later nominated for the Goal of the Season on BBC's Match of the Day programme.

International career
After playing twice for Yugoslavia in 1991, Stanić won 49 international caps and scored seven goals for the Croatia national team between 1995 and 2003, making his international debut in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying against Estonia in September 1995. He made three appearances for Croatia at the Euro 1996 finals in England and went on to appear in all of the team's seven matches at the 1998 FIFA World Cup finals in France, where they won the bronze medal. At the latter tournament, he scored Croatia's first-ever World Cup goal in their opening 3–1 victory over Jamaica and assisted in Robert Jarni's opening goal in their 3–0 victory over Germany in the quarterfinals. Stanić also made two appearances for Croatia at the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals as a second-half substitute, only to see Croatia fall short of qualifying for the second round of the tournament. His last international appearance came in April 2003 as a half-time substitute in a friendly match against Sweden.

He was forced to retire at the age of 32 after developing a serious knee injury during the 2003–04 league season.

Honours
Croatia Zagreb
 * Prva HNL: 1992–93

Club Brugge
 * Belgian First Division: 1995–96
 * Belgian Cup: 1995–96

Parma
 * UEFA Cup: 1998–99
 * Coppa Italia: 1998–99

Chelsea
 * FA Charity Shield: 2000

Croatia
 * FIFA World Cup third place: 1998

Individual
 * Belgian First Division Top Scorer: 1995-96
 * Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport: 1998

Orders
 * Order of DH Franjo Bučar.jpg Order of Danica Hrvatska with face of Franjo Bučar - 1995
 * Ribbon of an Order of the Croatian Trefoil.png Order of the Croatian Trefoil - 1998

title: Mario Stanić


text:
Boiling Point: Road to Hell

Boiling Point: Road to Hell (Xenus: Точка кипения, Xenus: Boiling Point) is a 2005 first-person shooter game developed by Ukrainian game studio Deep Shadows and published by Atari. Boiling Point's gameplay is a combination of first-person shooter and role-playing video game mechanics, set in an open world. The game was released for Windows in the United Kingdom on 20 May 2005 and in North America on 6 June 2005.

Boiling Point: Road to Hell received mixed reviews from critics. This was attributed to the many technical issues that plagued the game's release: bugs, glitches and choppy performance. Patches have been released that address many, but not all, of these deficiencies. Deep Shadows released a successor in 2009 called White Gold: War In Paradise, and another game with the same engine called The Precursors. It was re-released on Steam and GOG on 14 November 2023.

Premise
Boiling Point's protagonist is Saul Myers (whose character model is based on actor Arnold Vosloo), a veteran of the French Foreign Legion living abroad in Paris. Myers' daughter, Lisa, is a globetrotting journalist. Lisa runs afoul of and is kidnapped by persons unknown while working in the fictional, troubled South American nation of Realia (the CIS version has not been changed. The country is called Colombia). News of this is quickly relayed to Myers, who hastily departs for Realia, where he must tangle with local politics and the criminal underworld while trying to track down his missing daughter.

Gameplay
The game is set in a Realian valley, an undivided 25x25km (625 km2) map. There are no in-game loading screens or level transitions. The geography of the valley itself is tropical jungle. There are two primary cities: Puerto Sombra in the west, which is in the hands of the local government, and Pueblo Faro in the east, which is held by communist insurgents (see: Factions). Scattered throughout the rest of the valley are various bases, plantations, villages, and estates. Due to the large size of the game world there are several modes of transportation available: cars, trucks, tanks, planes, helicopters, and boats.

Gameplay is a hybrid of FPS and RPG mechanics. Character advancement is skill-based, with specific skills either being enhanced through practice, or atrophied via disuse. The list of skills is limited, and is constructed of weapon proficiencies and physical ability. However, killing everything in sight is not the goal of the game. Saul Myers' goal is to find his daughter, so he will need to talk to many people to gather the necessary information to unravel the mystery of her disappearance. Much of this information can only be purchased with the Realian currency, and the primary means of generating income is by completing missions for the game's various factions.

There are no predefined enemies in the game except for hostile animals such as snakes and jaguars in the wilderness. There are many NPCs, with almost all of them being neutral at the start. There are six factions in the game: the Realian government, the communist guerrillas, the mafia, local Indian tribes, unaffiliated bandits, and an American CIA presence. Civilians are also considered a faction for the purposes of calculating Myers' "reputation", which is variable and dynamic. Completing missions for a faction's rivals will lower Myers' reputation with them, and hostile factions will shoot on sight. There are, however, methods of repairing Myer's reputation.

Reception
Due to the buggy nature of the game unpatched, reviewers who rated the game when it first came out were heavily critical of the game, with a reviewer from PC Gamer magazine saying "Unless it receives some extreme patching, don't bother with this game." At the same time, reviewers who either looked past the buggy issues, or were late to review and therefore able to patch the game to the reportedly stable 2.0 version, were largely positive, with a reviewer from gamesTM saying "Atari has landed itself an absolute classic here. A must-have – no questions asked." Edge magazine would bemusedly quote from the patch notes a few months later and observe that the removal of the game's bugs had removed much of the game's limited entertainment value.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boiling Point: Road to Hell


text:
Čezeta

The Čezeta is a motor scooter originally manufactured from 1957 to 1964 in Czechoslovakia and then in the Czech Republic by the Česká zbrojovka Strakonice (ČZ) company, which manufactured motorcycles from 1935 to 1997.

Production resumed in 2017 with the introduction of a limited-edition electric-powered Type 506.

Types 501, 502 and 505
The original design of the Čezeta is unique amongst scooters. It is unusually long for a two-wheeled vehicle at 2 m and has a distinctive torpedo-shaped body with full-length running boards and a long seat that lifted to reveal a substantial luggage compartment, using space that in most scooters is occupied by the fuel tank. This made the Čezeta ideal for two people and popular with young Czechs and their lovers. The front mudguard is fixed to the body and fully streamlined into the leg shields. The fuel tank is positioned above the front wheel, with the headlight fitted into a recess and a luggage rack on the flat top surface.

The scooter was originally powered by the 175 cc ČZ two-stroke single-cylinder motorcycle engine, giving a top speed of 89 km/h and fuel economy of 3.2 litres/100 km. The engine was modified for the enclosed scooter by having a drive pulley on the crankshaft driving a fan by means of a Vee belt. There were four foot-operated gears.

The original petrol versions were given type numbers that indicate their features. The first production started with Type 501, then with advancements like a starter motor the Type 502 was later released. The 501 model, built from 1957 to 1959, had the rear wheel supported on one side only and suspended by a rubber block. The later 502 model had a full fork with motorcycle shock absorbers. These types contain sub-types to further indicate their features, for example Type 502/00 is a 12V model with electric starter, and a Type 502/01 is a 6V model with foot-crank starting.

A three-wheeled utility version, the Type 505 (or 'rickshaw'), was built starting in 1960. This vehicle used mechanical components and front bodywork from the 502.

A popular sidecar was also produced, though in limited numbers – approximately 900 in total – by Drupol in Stiřín near Prague. This was sold as the 'Druzeta', the name coming as a combination of the two companies' names.

N-Zeta
In New Zealand a local company, JNZ Manufacturing Ltd assembled the 'Čezeta' under the name 'N-Zeta'. The point of New Zealand production was to avoid the duties placed on imported motor vehicles. Duty could be minimised by assembling locally, and using New Zealand parts wherever possible. The company apparently achieved 25% New Zealand manufacture by value, with tyres, seat, trim, lights, controls etc. and produced 4,000 scooters during the early 1960s.

Type 506
The Czech company Čezeta Motors s.r.o. was launched in 2013 for the development of an electric Čezeta – called the 'Type 506' – by British expat Neil Eamonn Smith. He stated the company's mission was to "build the world's most desirable scooter".

The Type 506 was developed from 2013 to 2017. The bike was constructed with a steel and aluminium frame and composite bodyshell to save weight. Local engineering companies and the Czech Technical University in Prague partnered with Čezeta to develop advanced technologies for the throttles, battery, and ECU-CAN system.

The final production scooter honoured the classic iconic design and sported up to 11 kW power and a 8.5kWh Panasonic battery to give it the best speed (120 km/h) and range (200 km) of any A1 scooter in the world.

Pre-orders began in March 2017, the 60th anniversary of Čezeta. On 15 September 2017, the Czech Ministry of Transport confirmed the homologation of the Type 506 as the country's first serial-production electric vehicle. Production began in April 2018 in Prostějov in the historic Wikov factory. It was planned to make 60 of the Type 506, making it one of the world's rarest production electric scooter.

In Summer 2018 the company completed a crowdfunding campaigns, raising 20m Czech Koruna (approx 800,000 euro) in 10 days. These funds financed the launching of the Type 506 and the manufacturing of 60 scooters.

In October 2020, the company was offered for sale. Smith stated he had been convinced by the company's co-owners that it would be in the best interests of the company to sell the 506 project.

Records in the Czech Company Register show an Annual General Meeting on 27 August 2020 and an Extraordinary General Meeting on 15 December 2020 failed to find agreement between Smith and the crowdfunding co-owners on plans for the company. Consequently, on 9 February 2021 the company entered insolvency and after failing to find a buyer or new funding, the company finally ended in bankruptcy on 29 July 2022. Smith stated that the company had over 1 million euros of potential orders at the time of its liquidation.

Smith has continued building motorcycle projects under his DEVS brand. He stated plans to launch a new Čezeta Type 507 scooter and also a new motorcycle.

title: Čezeta


text: User talk:195.213.113.133

title: User talk:195.213.113.133


text:
Isotopes of rhodium

Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 88.949 u (89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 3.7 years and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.

The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 103Rh is ruthenium and the primary product after is palladium.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2|90Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2|89.94457(22)#
 * rowspan=2|29(3) ms
 * β+
 * 90Ru
 * rowspan=2|(0+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p? (<0.7%)
 * 89Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 90mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(500)# keV
 * rowspan=2|0.56(2) s
 * β+ (90.4%)
 * 90Ru
 * rowspan=2|(7+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (9.6%)
 * 89Tc
 * rowspan=2|91Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46
 * rowspan=2|90.93712(32)#
 * rowspan=2|1.47(22) s
 * β+ (98.7%)
 * 91Ru
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (1.3%)
 * 90Tc
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 91mRh
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 172.9(4) keV
 * rowspan=3|1.8# s
 * β+?
 * 91Ru
 * rowspan=3|1/2−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+, p?
 * 90Tc
 * IT?
 * 91Rh
 * rowspan=2|92Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47
 * rowspan=2|91.9323677(47)
 * rowspan=2|5.61(8) s
 * β+ (97.95%)
 * 92Ru
 * rowspan=2|(6+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (2.05%)
 * 91Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Rh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(100)# keV
 * rowspan=2|3.18(22) s
 * β+ (98.3%)
 * 92Ru
 * rowspan=2|(2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (1.7%)
 * 91Tc
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Rh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 105(100)# keV
 * 232(15) ns
 * IT
 * 92Rh
 * (4+)
 * 93Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 92.9259128(28)
 * 13.9(16) s
 * β+
 * 93Ru
 * 9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|94Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 49
 * rowspan=2|93.9217305(36)
 * rowspan=2|70.6(6) s
 * β+ (98.2%)
 * 94Ru
 * rowspan=2|(4+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (1.8%)
 * 93Tc
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94m1Rh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 54.60(20)# keV
 * 480(30) ns
 * IT
 * 94Rh
 * (2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94m2Rh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV
 * 25.8(2) s
 * β+
 * 94Ru
 * (8+)
 * 95Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 94.9158979(42)
 * 5.02(10) min
 * β+
 * 95Ru
 * (9/2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 95mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 543.3(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.96(4) min
 * IT (88%)
 * 95Rh
 * rowspan=2|(1/2)−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (12%)
 * 95Ru
 * 96Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 95 914452(11)
 * 9.90(10) min
 * β+
 * 96Ru
 * 6+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 96mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 51.98(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.51(2) min
 * IT (60%)
 * 96Rh
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (40%)
 * 96Ru
 * 97Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 96.911328(38)
 * 30.7(6) min
 * β+
 * 97Ru
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 97mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 258.76(18) keV
 * rowspan=2|46.2(16) min
 * β+ (94.4%)
 * 97Ru
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (5.6%)
 * 97Rh
 * 98Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 97.910708(13)
 * 8.72(12) min
 * β+
 * 98Ru
 * (2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 98mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 56.3(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.6(2) min
 * IT (89%)
 * 98Rh
 * rowspan=2|(5+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 98Ru
 * 99Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 98.908121(21)
 * 16.1(2) d
 * β+
 * 99Ru
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 99mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 64.4(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.7(1) h
 * β+
 * 99Ru
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * 99Rh
 * rowspan=2|100Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
 * rowspan=2|99.908114(19)
 * rowspan=2|20.8(1) h
 * EC (95.1%)
 * 100Ru
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4.9%)
 * 100Ru
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 100m1Rh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 74.782(14) keV
 * 214.0(20) ns
 * IT
 * 100Rh
 * (2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 100m2Rh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 107.6(2) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.6(2) min
 * IT (98.3%)
 * 100Rh
 * rowspan=2|(5+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1.7%)
 * 100Ru
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 100m3Rh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 219.61(22) keV
 * 130(10) ns
 * IT
 * 100Rh
 * (7+)
 * 101Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 100.9061589(63)
 * 4.07(5) y
 * EC
 * 101Ru
 * 1/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 101mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.32(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.343(10) d
 * EC (92.80%)
 * 101Ru
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (7.20%)
 * 101Rh
 * rowspan=2|102Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=2|101.9068343(69)
 * rowspan=2|207.0(15) d
 * β+ (78%)
 * 102Ru
 * rowspan=2|2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (22%)
 * 102Pd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 102mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140.73(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.742(10) y
 * β+ (99.77%)
 * 102Ru
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (0.233%)
 * 102Rh
 * 103Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 102.9054941(25)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2−
 * 1.0000
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 103mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 39.753(6) keV
 * 56.114(9) min
 * IT
 * 103Rh
 * 7/2+
 * rowspan=2|104Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 59
 * rowspan=2|103.9066453(25)
 * rowspan=2|42.3(4) s
 * β− (99.55%)
 * 104Pd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (0.45%)
 * 104Ru
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 104mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 128.9679(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.34(3) min
 * IT (99.87%)
 * 104Rh
 * rowspan=2|5+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (0.13%)
 * 104Pd
 * 105Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 104.9056878(27)
 * 35.341(19) h
 * β−
 * 105Pd
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 105mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 129.742(4) keV
 * 42.8(3) s
 * IT
 * 105Rh
 * 1/2−
 * 106Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 105.9072859(58)
 * 30.07(35) s
 * β−
 * 106Pd
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 106mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 132(11) keV
 * 131(2) min
 * β−
 * 106Pd
 * (6)+
 * 107Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 106.906748(13)
 * 21.7(4) min
 * β−
 * 107Pd
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 268.36(4) keV
 * >10 μs
 * IT
 * 107Rh
 * 1/2−
 * 108Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 107.908715(15)
 * 16.8(5) s
 * β−
 * 108Pd
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 108mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 115(18) keV
 * 6.0(3) min
 * β−
 * 108Pd
 * (5+)
 * 109Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 108.9087496(43)
 * 80.8(7) s
 * β−
 * 109Pd
 * 7/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 109mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 225.873(19) keV
 * 1.66(4) μs
 * IT
 * 109Pd
 * 3/2+
 * 110Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 109.911080(19)
 * 3.35(12) s
 * β−
 * 110Pd
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 110mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(150)# keV
 * 28.5(13) s
 * β−
 * 110Pd
 * (6+)
 * 111Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 110.9116432(74)
 * 11(1) s
 * β−
 * 111Pd
 * (7/2+)
 * 112Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 111.914405(47)
 * 3.4(4) s
 * β−
 * 112Pd
 * (1+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 112mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 340(70) keV
 * 6.73(15) s
 * β−
 * 112Pd
 * (6+)
 * 113Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 112.9154402(77)
 * 2.80(12) s
 * β−
 * 113Pd
 * (7/2+)
 * 114Rh
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 113.918722(77)
 * 1.85(5) s
 * β−
 * 114Pd
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 114mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
 * 1.85(5) s
 * β−
 * 114Pd
 * (7−)
 * rowspan=2|115Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2|114.9203116(79)
 * rowspan=2|1.03(3) s
 * β−
 * 115Pd
 * rowspan=2|(7/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n?
 * 114Pd
 * rowspan=2|116Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2|115.924062(79)
 * rowspan=2|685(39) ms
 * β− (>97.9%)
 * 116Pd
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n? (<2.1%)
 * 115Pd
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 116mRh
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
 * rowspan=2|570(50) ms
 * β− (>97.9%)
 * 116Pd
 * rowspan=2|(6−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n? (<2.1%)
 * 115Pd
 * rowspan=2|117Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
 * rowspan=2|116.9260363(95)
 * rowspan=2|421(30) ms
 * β−
 * 117Pd
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n? (<7.6%)
 * 115Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 117mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 321.2(10) keV
 * 138(17) ns
 * IT
 * 117Rh
 * 3/2+#
 * rowspan=2|118Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 73
 * rowspan=2|117.930341(26)
 * rowspan=2|282(9) ms
 * β− (96.9%)
 * 118Pd
 * rowspan=2|1+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (3.1%)
 * 117Pd
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 118mRh
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
 * rowspan=3|310(30) ms
 * β− (96.9%)
 * 118Pd
 * rowspan=3|6−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (3.1%)
 * 117Pd
 * IT?
 * 118Rh
 * rowspan=2|119Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 74
 * rowspan=2|118.932557(10)
 * rowspan=2|190(6) ms
 * β− (93.6%)
 * 119Pd
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (6.4%)
 * 118Pd
 * rowspan=3| 120Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 75
 * rowspan=3| 119.93707(22)#
 * rowspan=3| 129.6(42) ms
 * β−
 * 120Pd
 * rowspan=3| 8−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<9.3%)
 * 119Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 118Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 120mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.2(7) keV
 * 295(16) ns
 * IT
 * 120Rh
 * 6#
 * rowspan=2| 121Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 76
 * rowspan=2| 120.93961(67)
 * rowspan=2| 74(4) ms
 * β−
 * 121Pd
 * rowspan=2| 7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (>11%)
 * 120Pd
 * rowspan=3| 122Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=3| 121.94431(32)#
 * rowspan=3| 51(6) ms
 * β−
 * 122Pd
 * rowspan=3| 7−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<3.9%)
 * 121Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 120Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 122mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 271.0(7) keV
 * 830(120) ns
 * IT
 * 122Rh
 * 4+#
 * rowspan=3| 123Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=3| 122.94719(43)#
 * rowspan=3| 42(4) ms
 * β−
 * 123Pd
 * rowspan=3| 7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (>24%)
 * 122Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 121Pd
 * rowspan=3| 124Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=3| 123.95200(43)#
 * rowspan=3| 30(2) ms
 * β−
 * 124Pd
 * rowspan=3| 2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<31%)
 * 123Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 122Pd
 * rowspan=3|125Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=3|124.95509(54)#
 * rowspan=3|26.5(20) ms
 * β−
 * 125Pd
 * rowspan=3|7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 124Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 123Pd
 * rowspan=3|126Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=3|125.96006(54)#
 * rowspan=3|19(3) ms
 * β−
 * 126Pd
 * rowspan=3|1−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 125Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 124Pd
 * rowspan=3|127Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=3|126.96379(64)#
 * rowspan=3|28(14) ms
 * β−
 * 127Pd
 * rowspan=3|7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 126Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 125Pd
 * rowspan=3|128Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=3|127.97065(32)#
 * rowspan=3|8# ms [>550 ns]
 * β−?
 * 128Pd
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 127Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 126Pd
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<9.3%)
 * 119Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 118Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 120mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.2(7) keV
 * 295(16) ns
 * IT
 * 120Rh
 * 6#
 * rowspan=2| 121Rh
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 76
 * rowspan=2| 120.93961(67)
 * rowspan=2| 74(4) ms
 * β−
 * 121Pd
 * rowspan=2| 7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (>11%)
 * 120Pd
 * rowspan=3| 122Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=3| 121.94431(32)#
 * rowspan=3| 51(6) ms
 * β−
 * 122Pd
 * rowspan=3| 7−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<3.9%)
 * 121Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 120Pd
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 122mRh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 271.0(7) keV
 * 830(120) ns
 * IT
 * 122Rh
 * 4+#
 * rowspan=3| 123Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 78
 * rowspan=3| 122.94719(43)#
 * rowspan=3| 42(4) ms
 * β−
 * 123Pd
 * rowspan=3| 7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (>24%)
 * 122Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 121Pd
 * rowspan=3| 124Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 79
 * rowspan=3| 123.95200(43)#
 * rowspan=3| 30(2) ms
 * β−
 * 124Pd
 * rowspan=3| 2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n (<31%)
 * 123Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 122Pd
 * rowspan=3|125Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
 * rowspan=3|124.95509(54)#
 * rowspan=3|26.5(20) ms
 * β−
 * 125Pd
 * rowspan=3|7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 124Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 123Pd
 * rowspan=3|126Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81
 * rowspan=3|125.96006(54)#
 * rowspan=3|19(3) ms
 * β−
 * 126Pd
 * rowspan=3|1−#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 125Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 124Pd
 * rowspan=3|127Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=3|126.96379(64)#
 * rowspan=3|28(14) ms
 * β−
 * 127Pd
 * rowspan=3|7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 126Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 125Pd
 * rowspan=3|128Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=3|127.97065(32)#
 * rowspan=3|8# ms [>550 ns]
 * β−?
 * 128Pd
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 127Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 126Pd
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=3|126.96379(64)#
 * rowspan=3|28(14) ms
 * β−
 * 127Pd
 * rowspan=3|7/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 126Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 125Pd
 * rowspan=3|128Rh
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83
 * rowspan=3|127.97065(32)#
 * rowspan=3|8# ms [>550 ns]
 * β−?
 * 128Pd
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 127Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 126Pd
 * β−, n?
 * 127Pd
 * β−, 2n?
 * 126Pd
 * 126Pd

title: Isotopes of rhodium


text:
Isotopes of ruthenium

Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (87Ru) to 119.95 u (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, except 94Ru (half-life: 51.8 minutes), 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours), and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.

Because of the very high volatility of ruthenium tetroxide ruthenium radioactive isotopes with their relative short half-life are considered as the second most hazardous gaseous isotopes after iodine-131 in case of release by a nuclear accident. The two most important isotopes of ruthenium in case of nuclear accident are these with the longest half-life: 103Ru (39.26 days) and 106Ru (373.59 days).

List of isotopes

 * 87Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 86.94918(64)#
 * 50# ms [>1.5 μs]
 * β+
 * 87Tc
 * 1/2−#
 * 88Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 87.94026(43)#
 * 1.3(3) s [1.2(+3−2) s]
 * β+
 * 88Tc
 * 0+
 * 89Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 88.93611(54)#
 * 1.38(11) s
 * β+
 * 89Tc
 * (7/2)(+#)
 * 90Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 89.92989(32)#
 * 11.7(9) s
 * β+
 * 90Tc
 * 0+
 * 91Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 90.92629(63)#
 * 7.9(4) s
 * β+
 * 91Tc
 * (9/2+)
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 91mRu
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(300)# keV
 * rowspan=3|7.6(8) s
 * β+ (>99.9%)
 * 91Tc
 * rowspan=3|(1/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (<.1%)
 * 91Ru
 * β+, p (<.1%)
 * 90Mo
 * 92Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 91.92012(32)#
 * 3.65(5) min
 * β+
 * 92Tc
 * 0+
 * 93Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 92.91705(9)
 * 59.7(6) s
 * β+
 * 93Tc
 * (9/2)+
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 93m1Ru
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 734.40(10) keV
 * rowspan=3|10.8(3) s
 * β+ (78%)
 * 93Tc
 * rowspan=3|(1/2)−
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (22%)
 * 93Ru
 * β+, p (.027%)
 * 92Mo
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 93m2Ru
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2082.6(9) keV
 * 2.20(17) μs
 * (21/2)+
 * 94Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 93.911360(14)
 * 51.8(6) min
 * β+
 * 94Tc
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 94mRu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2644.55(25) keV
 * 71(4) μs
 * (8+)
 * 95Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 94.910413(13)
 * 1.643(14) h
 * β+
 * 95Tc
 * 5/2+
 * 96Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 95.907598(8)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0554(14)
 * 97Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 96.907555(9)
 * 2.791(4) d
 * β+
 * 97mTc
 * 5/2+
 * 98Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 97.905287(7)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.0187(3)
 * 99Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 98.9059393(22)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 0.1276(14)
 * 100Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 99.9042195(22)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1260(7)
 * 101Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 100.9055821(22)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 0.1706(2)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 101mRu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 527.56(10) keV
 * 17.5(4) μs
 * 11/2−
 * 102Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 101.9043493(22)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.3155(14)
 * 103Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 102.9063238(22)
 * 39.26(2) d
 * β−
 * 103Rh
 * 3/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 103mRu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 238.2(7) keV
 * 1.69(7) ms
 * IT
 * 103Ru
 * 11/2−
 * 104Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 103.905433(3)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.1862(27)
 * 105Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 104.907753(3)
 * 4.44(2) h
 * β−
 * 105Rh
 * 3/2+
 * 106Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 105.907329(8)
 * 373.59(15) d
 * β−
 * 106Rh
 * 0+
 * 107Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 106.90991(13)
 * 3.75(5) min
 * β−
 * 107Rh
 * (5/2)+
 * 108Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 107.91017(12)
 * 4.55(5) min
 * β−
 * 108Rh
 * 0+
 * 109Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 108.91320(7)
 * 34.5(10) s
 * β−
 * 109Rh
 * (5/2+)#
 * 110Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 109.91414(6)
 * 11.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 110Rh
 * 0+
 * 111Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 110.91770(8)
 * 2.12(7) s
 * β−
 * 111Rh
 * (5/2+)
 * 112Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 111.91897(8)
 * 1.75(7) s
 * β−
 * 112Rh
 * 0+
 * 113Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 112.92249(8)
 * 0.80(5) s
 * β−
 * 113Rh
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 113mRu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(18) keV
 * 510(30) ms
 * (11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|114Ru
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2|113.92428(25)#
 * rowspan=2|0.53(6) s
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 114Rh
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 113Rh
 * rowspan=2|115Ru
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2|114.92869(14)
 * rowspan=2|740(80) ms
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 115Rh
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 114Rh
 * 116Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 115.93081(75)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 116Rh
 * 0+
 * 117Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 116.93558(75)#
 * 300# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 117Rh
 * 118Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 117.93782(86)#
 * 200# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 118Rh
 * 0+
 * 119Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 118.94284(75)#
 * 170# ms [>300 ns]
 * 120Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 119.94531(86)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 111Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 110.91770(8)
 * 2.12(7) s
 * β−
 * 111Rh
 * (5/2+)
 * 112Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 68
 * 111.91897(8)
 * 1.75(7) s
 * β−
 * 112Rh
 * 0+
 * 113Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 112.92249(8)
 * 0.80(5) s
 * β−
 * 113Rh
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 113mRu
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(18) keV
 * 510(30) ms
 * (11/2−)
 * rowspan=2|114Ru
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 70
 * rowspan=2|113.92428(25)#
 * rowspan=2|0.53(6) s
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 114Rh
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 113Rh
 * rowspan=2|115Ru
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 71
 * rowspan=2|114.92869(14)
 * rowspan=2|740(80) ms
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 115Rh
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 114Rh
 * 116Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 115.93081(75)#
 * 400# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 116Rh
 * 0+
 * 117Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 116.93558(75)#
 * 300# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 117Rh
 * 118Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 117.93782(86)#
 * 200# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 118Rh
 * 0+
 * 119Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 118.94284(75)#
 * 170# ms [>300 ns]
 * 120Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 119.94531(86)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 116.93558(75)#
 * 300# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 117Rh
 * 118Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 117.93782(86)#
 * 200# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 118Rh
 * 0+
 * 119Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 118.94284(75)#
 * 170# ms [>300 ns]
 * 120Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 119.94531(86)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 170# ms [>300 ns]
 * 120Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 119.94531(86)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 120Ru
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 119.94531(86)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 0+
 * 0+

 * Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
 * In September 2017 an estimated amount of 100 to 300 TBq (0.3 to 1 g) of 106Ru was released in Russia, probably in the Ural region. It was, after ruling out release from a reentering satellite, concluded that the source is to be found either in nuclear fuel cycle facilities or radioactive source production. In France levels up to 0.036mBq/m3 of air were measured. It is estimated that over distances of the order of a few tens of kilometres around the location of the release levels may exceed the limits for non-dairy foodstuffs.

title: Isotopes of ruthenium


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Disney's 65 episode policy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Disney's 65 episode policy
A combination of fan speculation, very mild fancruft, original research, and opinions. Disney cartoons aren't specially singled out; nearly all network and syndicated animated shows stop after 65 episodes (because at 65, the studio have enough episodes to broadcast for each weekday for 13 weeks--a full season). I'd say to delete this article with no redirect, and make a mention of the policy at an article for television syndication. FuriousFreddy 10:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not delete — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.9.175.91 (talk • contribs) 18:17, 29 August 2005
 * Delete as per FuriousFreddy. -- Kjkolb 12:21, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless appropriate text/references are provided regarding an identifiable DisneyCo policy. Industry economics make this a standard run for shows, but I think saying "nearly all" overstates its case. Monicasdude 19:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Rename to just 65 episode policy. Topic is notable and need to be reserched futher  Guerberj 19:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What more can be said besides providing the reasons why the shows are cancelled after 65 episodes that doesn't venture into fan speculation/wishing? Anything that can be said about the topic can be said in two sentences. There is no point to try and make a "list of network/syndicated cartoons canclled after 65 episodes" it would literally include 70% of all televison cartoons produced within the last twenty years. --FuriousFreddy 20:26, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. Optichan 20:11, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --Carnildo 22:31, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note general policy on Television syndication, and delete. --Apostrophe 17:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as above - Tεx  τ  urε  16:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * reluctant Delete i agree that it should be deleted but i despise the elitist anti "fancruft" philosophy of Freddy - i hate those people that want Wikipedia to only be about stuff like Shakespeare and nuclear physics. 143.238.233.214 10:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My use of "fancruft" here is to define the non-neutral speculation and blaiming for the shows' cancellation, as if there were some sort of a conspiracy for their cancelations, and the inherent non-neutral opinions and suppositions that new episodes should have continued to have been made. The article is not encyclopediaic, and it is not an encyclopediaic topic. No, Wikipedia doesn't have to be just about Shakespeare and nuclear physics, but it should treat all subjects in a scholarly manner, and not present articles about children's shows based upon fan speculation. --FuriousFreddy 14:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Isotopes of technetium

Technetium (43Tc) is one of the two elements with Z < 83 that have no stable isotopes; the other such element is promethium. It is primarily artificial, with only trace quantities existing in nature produced by spontaneous fission (there are an estimated $2.5$ grams of 99Tc per gram of pitchblende) or neutron capture by molybdenum. The first isotopes to be synthesized were 97Tc and 99Tc in 1936, the first artificial element to be produced. The most stable radioisotopes are 97Tc (half-life of 4.21 million years), 98Tc (half-life: 4.2 million years), and 99Tc (half-life: 211,100 years).

Thirty-three other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic masses ranging from 85Tc to 120Tc. Most of these have half-lives that are less than an hour; the exceptions are 93Tc (half-life: 2.75 hours), 94Tc (half-life: 4.883 hours), 95Tc (half-life: 20 hours), and 96Tc (half-life: 4.28 days).

Technetium also has numerous meta states. 97mTc is the most stable, with a half-life of 91.0 days (0.097 MeV). This is followed by 95mTc (half-life: 61 days, 0.038 MeV) and 99mTc (half-life: 6.04 hours, 0.143 MeV). 99mTc only emits gamma rays, subsequently decaying to 99Tc.

For isotopes lighter than 98Tc, the primary decay mode is electron capture to isotopes of molybdenum. For the heavier isotopes, the primary mode is beta emission to isotopes of ruthenium, with the exception that 100Tc can decay both by beta emission and electron capture.

Technetium-99m is the hallmark technetium isotope employed in the nuclear medicine industry. Its low-energy isomeric transition, which yields a gamma-ray at ~140.5 keV, is ideal for imaging using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Several technetium isotopes, such as 94mTc, 95gTc, and 96gTc, which are produced via (p,n) reactions using a cyclotron on molybdenum targets, have also been identified as potential Positron Emission Tomography (PET) agents. Technetium-101 has been produced using a D-D fusion-based neutron generator from the 100Mo(n,γ)101Mo reaction on natural molybdenum and subsequent beta-minus decay of 101Mo to 101Tc. Despite its shorter half-life (i.e., 14.22 min), 101Tc exhibits unique decay characteristics suitable for radioisotope diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, where it has been proposed that its implementation, as a supplement for dual-isotopic imaging or replacement for 99mTc, could be performed by on-site production and dispensing at the point of patient care.

Technetium-99 is the most common and most readily available isotope, as it is a major fission product from fission of actinides like uranium and plutonium with a fission product yield of 6% or more, and in fact the most significant long-lived fission product. Lighter isotopes of technetium are almost never produced in fission because the initial fission products normally have a higher neutron/proton ratio than is stable for their mass range, and therefore undergo beta decay until reaching the ultimate product. Beta decay of fission products of mass 95–98 stops at the stable isotopes of molybdenum of those masses and does not reach technetium. For mass 100 and greater, the technetium isotopes of those masses are very short-lived and quickly beta decay to isotopes of ruthenium. Therefore, the technetium in spent nuclear fuel is practically all 99Tc. In the presence of fast neutrons a small amount of will be produced by (n,2n) "knockout" reactions. If nuclear transmutation of fission-derived Technetium or Technetium waste from medical applications is desired, fast neutrons are therefore not desirable as the long lived increases rather than reducing the longevity of the radioactivity in the material.

One gram of 99Tc produces $6.2$ disintegrations a second (that is, 0.62 GBq/g).

Technetium has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=3|85Tc
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=3|84.94883(43)#
 * rowspan=3|<110 ns
 * β+
 * 85Mo
 * rowspan=3|1/2−#
 * rowspan=3 |
 * p
 * 84Mo
 * β+, p
 * 84Nb
 * 86Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 85.94288(32)#
 * 55(6) ms
 * β+
 * 86Mo
 * (0+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 86mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1500(150) keV
 * 1.11(21) μs
 * (5+, 5−)
 * 87Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 86.93653(32)#
 * 2.18(16) s
 * β+
 * 87Mo
 * 1/2−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 87mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(60)# keV
 * 2# s
 * 9/2+#
 * 88Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 45
 * 87.93268(22)#
 * 5.8(2) s
 * β+
 * 88Mo
 * (2, 3)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 88mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(300)# keV
 * 6.4(8) s
 * β+
 * 88Mo
 * (6, 7, 8)
 * 89Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 88.92717(22)#
 * 12.8(9) s
 * β+
 * 89Mo
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 89mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 62.6(5) keV
 * 12.9(8) s
 * β+
 * 89Mo
 * (1/2−)
 * 90Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 89.92356(26)
 * 8.7(2) s
 * β+
 * 90Mo
 * 1+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 90mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(390) keV
 * 49.2(4) s
 * β+
 * 90Mo
 * (8+)
 * 91Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 90.91843(22)
 * 3.14(2) min
 * β+
 * 91Mo
 * (9/2)+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 91mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.3(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.3(1) min
 * β+ (99%)
 * 91Mo
 * rowspan=2|(1/2)−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (1%)
 * 91Tc
 * 92Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 91.915260(28)
 * 4.25(15) min
 * β+
 * 92Mo
 * (8)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270.15(11) keV
 * 1.03(7) μs
 * (4+)
 * 93Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 92.910249(4)
 * 2.75(5) h
 * β+
 * 93Mo
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 93m1Tc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 391.84(8) keV
 * rowspan=2|43.5(10) min
 * IT (76.6%)
 * 93Tc
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (23.4%)
 * 93Mo
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 93m2Tc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2185.16(15) keV
 * 10.2(3) μs
 * (17/2)−
 * 94Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 93.909657(5)
 * 293(1) min
 * β+
 * 94Mo
 * 7+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 94mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 75.5(19) keV
 * rowspan=2|52.0(10) min
 * β+ (99.9%)
 * 94Mo
 * rowspan=2|(2)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.1%)
 * 94Tc
 * 95Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 94.907657(6)
 * 20.0(1) h
 * β+
 * 95Mo
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 95mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 38.89(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|61(2) d
 * β+ (96.12%)
 * 95Mo
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (3.88%)
 * 95Tc
 * 96Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 95.907871(6)
 * 4.28(7) d
 * β+
 * 96Mo
 * 7+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 96mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34.28(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|51.5(10) min
 * IT (98%)
 * 96Tc
 * rowspan=2|4+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2%)
 * 96Mo
 * 97Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 96.906365(5)
 * 4.21×106 y
 * EC
 * 97Mo
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 97mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 96.56(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|91.0(6) d
 * IT (99.66%)
 * 97Tc
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.34%)
 * 97Mo
 * 98Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 97.907216(4)
 * 4.2×106 y
 * β−
 * 98Ru
 * (6)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 98mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 90.76(16) keV
 * 14.7(3) μs
 * (2)−
 * 99Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 98.9062547(21)
 * 2.111(12)×105 y
 * β−
 * 99Ru
 * 9/2+
 * trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 99mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 142.6832(11) keV
 * rowspan=2|6.0067(5) h
 * IT (99.99%)
 * 99Tc
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (.0037%)
 * 99Ru
 * rowspan=2|100Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
 * rowspan=2|99.9076578(24)
 * rowspan=2|15.8(1) s
 * β− (99.99%)
 * 100Ru
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.0018%)
 * 100Mo
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 100m1Tc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200.67(4) keV
 * 8.32(14) μs
 * (4)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 100m2Tc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 243.96(4) keV
 * 3.2(2) μs
 * (6)+
 * 101Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 100.907315(26)
 * 14.22(1) min
 * β−
 * 101Ru
 * 9/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 101mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 207.53(4) keV
 * 636(8) μs
 * 1/2−
 * 102Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 101.909215(10)
 * 5.28(15) s
 * β−
 * 102Ru
 * 1+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 102mTc
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(10) keV
 * rowspan=2|4.35(7) min
 * β− (98%)
 * 102Ru
 * rowspan=2|(4, 5)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (2%)
 * 102Tc
 * 103Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 102.909181(11)
 * 54.2(8) s
 * β−
 * 103Ru
 * 5/2+
 * 104Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 103.91145(5)
 * 18.3(3) min
 * β−
 * 104Ru
 * (3+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 104m1Tc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 69.7(2) keV
 * 3.5(3) μs
 * 2(+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 104m2Tc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 106.1(3) keV
 * 0.40(2) μs
 * 105Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 104.91166(6)
 * 7.6(1) min
 * β−
 * 105Ru
 * (3/2−)
 * 106Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 105.914358(14)
 * 35.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 106Ru
 * (1, 2)
 * 107Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 106.91508(16)
 * 21.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 107Ru
 * (3/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 65.7(10) keV
 * 184(3) ns
 * (5/2−)
 * 108Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 107.91846(14)
 * 5.17(7) s
 * β−
 * 108Ru
 * (2)+
 * rowspan=2|109Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66
 * rowspan=2|108.91998(10)
 * rowspan=2|860(40) ms
 * β− (99.92%)
 * 109Ru
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.08%)
 * 108Ru
 * rowspan=2|110Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67
 * rowspan=2|109.92382(8)
 * rowspan=2|0.92(3) s
 * β− (99.96%)
 * 110Ru
 * rowspan=2|(2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.04%)
 * 109Ru
 * rowspan=2|111Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68
 * rowspan=2|110.92569(12)
 * rowspan=2|290(20) ms
 * β− (99.15%)
 * 111Ru
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.85%)
 * 110Ru
 * rowspan=2|112Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2|111.92915(13)
 * rowspan=2|290(20) ms
 * β− (97.4%)
 * 112Ru
 * rowspan=2|2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (2.6%)
 * 111Ru
 * 113Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 112.93159(32)#
 * 170(20) ms
 * β−
 * 113Ru
 * 3/2−#
 * 114Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 113.93588(64)#
 * 150(30) ms
 * β−
 * 114Ru
 * 2+#
 * 115Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 114.93869(75)#
 * 100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 115Ru
 * 3/2−#
 * 116Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 115.94337(75)#
 * 90# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 117Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 116.94648(75)#
 * 40# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 118Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 117.95148(97)#
 * 30# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 107Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 106.91508(16)
 * 21.2(2) s
 * β−
 * 107Ru
 * (3/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mTc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 65.7(10) keV
 * 184(3) ns
 * (5/2−)
 * 108Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 107.91846(14)
 * 5.17(7) s
 * β−
 * 108Ru
 * (2)+
 * rowspan=2|109Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66
 * rowspan=2|108.91998(10)
 * rowspan=2|860(40) ms
 * β− (99.92%)
 * 109Ru
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.08%)
 * 108Ru
 * rowspan=2|110Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67
 * rowspan=2|109.92382(8)
 * rowspan=2|0.92(3) s
 * β− (99.96%)
 * 110Ru
 * rowspan=2|(2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.04%)
 * 109Ru
 * rowspan=2|111Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68
 * rowspan=2|110.92569(12)
 * rowspan=2|290(20) ms
 * β− (99.15%)
 * 111Ru
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (.85%)
 * 110Ru
 * rowspan=2|112Tc
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
 * rowspan=2|111.92915(13)
 * rowspan=2|290(20) ms
 * β− (97.4%)
 * 112Ru
 * rowspan=2|2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (2.6%)
 * 111Ru
 * 113Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 112.93159(32)#
 * 170(20) ms
 * β−
 * 113Ru
 * 3/2−#
 * 114Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 113.93588(64)#
 * 150(30) ms
 * β−
 * 114Ru
 * 2+#
 * 115Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 114.93869(75)#
 * 100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 115Ru
 * 3/2−#
 * 116Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 115.94337(75)#
 * 90# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 117Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 116.94648(75)#
 * 40# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 118Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 117.95148(97)#
 * 30# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 115Ru
 * 3/2−#
 * 116Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 115.94337(75)#
 * 90# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 117Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 116.94648(75)#
 * 40# ms [>300 ns]
 * 3/2−#
 * 118Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 117.95148(97)#
 * 30# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 3/2−#
 * 118Tc
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 117.95148(97)#
 * 30# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 117.95148(97)#
 * 30# ms [>300 ns]
 * 2+#
 * 2+#
 * 2+#

Stability of technetium isotopes
Technetium and promethium are unusual light elements in that they have no stable isotopes. Using the liquid drop model for atomic nuclei, one can derive a semiempirical formula for the binding energy of a nucleus. This formula predicts a "valley of beta stability" along which nuclides do not undergo beta decay. Nuclides that lie "up the walls" of the valley tend to decay by beta decay towards the center (by emitting an electron, emitting a positron, or capturing an electron). For a fixed number of nucleons A, the binding energies lie on one or more parabolas, with the most stable nuclide at the bottom. One can have more than one parabola because isotopes with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons are more stable than isotopes with an odd number of neutrons and an odd number of protons. A single beta decay then transforms one into the other. When there is only one parabola, there can be only one stable isotope lying on that parabola. When there are two parabolas, that is, when the number of nucleons is even, it can happen (rarely) that there is a stable nucleus with an odd number of neutrons and an odd number of protons (although this happens only in five instances: 2H, 6Li, 10B, 14N and 180mTa). However, if this happens, there can be no stable isotope with an even number of neutrons and an even number of protons.

For technetium (Z = 43), the valley of beta stability is centered at around 98 nucleons. However, for every number of nucleons from 94 to 102, there is already at least one stable nuclide of either molybdenum (Z = 42) or ruthenium (Z = 44), and the Mattauch isobar rule states that two adjacent isobars cannot both be stable. For the isotopes with odd numbers of nucleons, this immediately rules out a stable isotope of technetium, since there can be only one stable nuclide with a fixed odd number of nucleons. For the isotopes with an even number of nucleons, since technetium has an odd number of protons, any isotope must also have an odd number of neutrons. In such a case, the presence of a stable nuclide having the same number of nucleons and an even number of protons rules out the possibility of a stable nucleus.

title: Isotopes of technetium


text:
User talk:Visctrix/independent advocacy

Here is a record of the discussion page for Independent advocacy before it was deleted:

 Hi Hyacinth. Thanks for your message on my talk page. But I'm really unhappy about the edit you made to the intro to this article. The links to advocacy and advocate are misleading as these articles have different meanings to the meaning of the current article. Also the original introduction was taken from published information that was agreed after a long process of editing by a group of professional independent advocates. There are specific reasons why it was worded in this way. I realise it doesn't come across as 'objective', but this is so that ordinary people can understand it. This also relates directly to your Alan Watts quote: if ordinary people can't understand it, it probably doesn't mean what it's supposed to mean.

There is another alternative introduction which is gaining consensus around the country. It is Action for Advocacy's definition. For me it is again a little too wordy and is not immediately understandable to the sort of people who use advocates. I can't seem to access their website right now, but I will add their definition when I can. I would be happy to have a debate between established definitions, but for someone to come along and just change a definition into something essentially meaningless is not very helpful to any Wikipedia user. Visctrix 00:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If this information was taken from a published document you absolutely need to cite that document. You have already been introduced to No original research, see also Copyright problems and Cite sources.
 * Please note that I did not get rid of anything from the introduction. Advocate states than an "advocate is one who speaks on behalf of another." This is completly compatible with the meaning used in this article. Advocacy disambigs to advocate and so I removed it.
 * Hyacinth 03:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The specific source documents are only published locally, by Advocacy Action. They are in line with other local publications from around the country.  You can get copies on request in pdf format by emailing [mailto:info@advocacyaction.org.uk]
 * Advocacy Action is currently registering as an Industrial and Provident Society with exempt charitable status (basically a charity, but simpler and more democratic). It is trying to raise funding to keep going, but it's business plan does already state its commitment to openness, including the use of open source software.  As long as I am the Project Coordinator anything it publishes will be completely free and open to adaptation, and I have the support of the Management Committee on this point.
 * As to your suggestion that an "advocate is one who speaks on behalf of another," this is not compatible with the usage in this article, and I addressed this point in the third bullet of the section on Other key points. Always the aim of advocates is to support people to become self advocates, to speak up for themselves.  There are plenty of people around who are ready to speak on behalf of another, including it seems Wikipedia administrators, but with the best will in the world it is easy to fall into the trap of misrepresentation.
 * Visctrix 09:15, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

The UK Government has recently passed two acts into legislation that will have a significant impact on the field of independent advocacy. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 brings in the role of the Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA), and the Mental Health Act 2005 brings in the role of Independent Mental Health Act Advocates (IMHAAs). These articles need writing too. Visctrix

"'Advocacy is taking action to help people say what they want, secure their rights, represent their interests and obtain services they need. Advocates and advocacy schemes work in partnership with the people they support and take their side. Advocacy promotes social inclusion, equality and social justice.'Action for Advocacy" "Advocacy is about speaking up, or being helped to speak up. It is about ensuring people have the skills, confidence and support to stand up for themselves." "Many of us act as informal advocates: for our children, our parents, our friends, or other people. Helping people to speak up for themselves is a simple and natural thing to do." "Independent Advocacy is provided by trained advocates and organisations that work within established frameworks. Independent advocates are independent of any other carers or service providers that work with an individual. Independent advocacy is always FREE and CONFIDENTIAL." "Independent Advocacy is support and assistance provided by trained advocates and organisations that work within established frameworks but are independent of any other care-givers or service providers that work with an individual. Independent advocacy is always free and confidential."
 * The Action for Advocacy definition mentioned above is:
 * The original introduction to this article was:
 * This has been changed to:
 * Any comments? Visctrix 21:52, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Visctrix/independent advocacy


text:
Isotopes of molybdenum

Molybdenum (42Mo) has 39 known isotopes, ranging in atomic mass from 81 to 119, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of zirconium, niobium, technetium, and ruthenium.

Molybdenum-100, with a half-life of approximately 8.5×1018 y, is the only naturally occurring radioisotope. It undergoes double beta decay into ruthenium-100. Molybdenum-98 is the most common isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum on Earth. Molybdenum isotopes with mass numbers 111 and up all have half-lives of approximately .15 s.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2|81Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 39
 * rowspan=2|80.96623(54)#
 * rowspan=2|1# ms
 * β+?
 * 81Nb
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 80Zr
 * rowspan=2|82Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 40
 * rowspan=2|81.95666(43)#
 * rowspan=2|30# ms
 * β+?
 * 82Nb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p?
 * 81Zr
 * rowspan=2|83Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
 * rowspan=2|82.95025(43)#
 * rowspan=2|23(19) ms [6(+30-3) ms]
 * β+
 * 83Nb
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p
 * 82Zr
 * 84Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * 83.94185(32)#
 * 3.8(9) ms [3.7(+10-8) s]
 * β+
 * 84Nb
 * 0+
 * 85Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 43
 * 84.938261(17)
 * 3.2(2) s
 * β+
 * 85Nb
 * (1/2−)#
 * 86Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 44
 * 85.931174(3)
 * 19.6(11) s
 * β+
 * 86Nb
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|87Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45
 * rowspan=2|86.928196(3)
 * rowspan=2|14.05(23) s
 * β+ (85%)
 * 87Nb
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+, p (15%)
 * 86Zr
 * 88Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 46
 * 87.921968(4)
 * 8.0(2) min
 * β+
 * 88Nb
 * 0+
 * 89Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 47
 * 88.919468(4)
 * 2.11(10) min
 * β+
 * 89Nb
 * (9/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 89mMo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 387.5(2) keV
 * 190(15) ms
 * IT
 * 89Mo
 * (1/2−)
 * 90Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 48
 * 89.913931(4)
 * 5.56(9) h
 * β+
 * 90Nb
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 90mMo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2874.73(15) keV
 * 1.12(5) μs
 * 8+#
 * 91Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 49
 * 90.911745(7)
 * 15.49(1) min
 * β+
 * 91Nb
 * 9/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 91mMo
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 653.01(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|64.6(6) s
 * IT (50.1%)
 * 91Mo
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (49.9%)
 * 91Nb
 * 92Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 50
 * 91.90680715(17)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.14649(106)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 92mMo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2760.46(16) keV
 * 190(3) ns
 * 8+
 * 93Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 51
 * 92.90680877(19)
 * 4839(63) y
 * EC
 * 93Nb
 * 5/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 93mMo
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2424.89(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|6.85(7) h
 * IT (99.88%)
 * 93Mo
 * rowspan=2|21/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.12%)
 * 93Nb
 * 94Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 52
 * 93.90508359(15)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.09187(33)
 * 95Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 53
 * 94.90583744(13)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 0.15873(30)
 * 96Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 54
 * 95.90467477(13)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.16673(30)
 * 97Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 55
 * 96.90601690(18)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 5/2+
 * 0.09582(15)
 * 98Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 56
 * 97.90540361(19)
 * colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable
 * 0+
 * 0.24292(80)
 * 99Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 57
 * 98.90770730(25)
 * 2.7489(6) d
 * β−
 * 99mTc
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 99m1Mo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 97.785(3) keV
 * 15.5(2) μs
 * 5/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 99m2Mo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 684.5(4) keV
 * 0.76(6) μs
 * 11/2−
 * 100Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 58
 * 99.9074680(3)
 * 7.07(14)×1018 a
 * β−β−
 * 100Ru
 * 0+
 * 0.09744(65)
 * 101Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 59
 * 100.9103376(3)
 * 14.61(3) min
 * β−
 * 101Tc
 * 1/2+
 * 102Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 60
 * 101.910294(9)
 * 11.3(2) min
 * β−
 * 102Tc
 * 0+
 * 103Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 61
 * 102.913092(10)
 * 67.5(15) s
 * β−
 * 103Tc
 * (3/2+)
 * 104Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 62
 * 103.913747(10)
 * 60(2) s
 * β−
 * 104Tc
 * 0+
 * 105Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 63
 * 104.916982(10)
 * 35.6(16) s
 * β−
 * 105Tc
 * (5/2−)
 * 106Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 64
 * 105.918273(10)
 * 8.73(12) s
 * β−
 * 106Tc
 * 0+
 * 107Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 65
 * 106.92212(1)
 * 3.5(5) s
 * β−
 * 107Tc
 * (7/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 107mMo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.3(2) keV
 * 470(30) ns
 * (5/2−)
 * 108Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 107.924048(10)
 * 1.09(2) s
 * β−
 * 108Tc
 * 0+
 * 109Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 108.928438(12)
 * 0.53(6) s
 * β−
 * 109Tc
 * (7/2−)#
 * rowspan=2|110Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68
 * rowspan=2|109.930718(26)
 * rowspan=2|0.27(1) s
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 110Tc
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 109Tc
 * 111Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 110.935652(14)
 * 200# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 111Tc
 * 112Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 111.93829(22)#
 * 150# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 112Tc
 * 0+
 * 113Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 112.94348(32)#
 * 100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 113Tc
 * 114Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 113.94667(32)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 115Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 114.95217(43)#
 * 60# ms [>300 ns]
 * 116Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 115.95576(54)#
 * 32(4) ms
 * β−
 * 116Tc
 * 0+
 * 117Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 116.96169(54)#
 * 22(5) ms
 * β−
 * 117Tc
 * 3/2+#
 * 118Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 117.96525(54)#
 * 21(6) ms
 * β−
 * 118Tc
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3| 119Mo
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=3|118.97147(32)#
 * rowspan=3| 12# ms
 * β−?
 * 119Tc
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 118Tc
 * β−, 2n?
 * 117Tc
 * (5/2−)
 * 108Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 66
 * 107.924048(10)
 * 1.09(2) s
 * β−
 * 108Tc
 * 0+
 * 109Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 67
 * 108.928438(12)
 * 0.53(6) s
 * β−
 * 109Tc
 * (7/2−)#
 * rowspan=2|110Mo
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68
 * rowspan=2|109.930718(26)
 * rowspan=2|0.27(1) s
 * β− (>99.9%)
 * 110Tc
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, n (<.1%)
 * 109Tc
 * 111Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 69
 * 110.935652(14)
 * 200# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 111Tc
 * 112Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 70
 * 111.93829(22)#
 * 150# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 112Tc
 * 0+
 * 113Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 71
 * 112.94348(32)#
 * 100# ms [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 113Tc
 * 114Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 72
 * 113.94667(32)#
 * 80# ms [>300 ns]
 * 0+
 * 115Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 73
 * 114.95217(43)#
 * 60# ms [>300 ns]
 * 116Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 74
 * 115.95576(54)#
 * 32(4) ms
 * β−
 * 116Tc
 * 0+
 * 117Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 116.96169(54)#
 * 22(5) ms
 * β−
 * 117Tc
 * 3/2+#
 * 118Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 117.96525(54)#
 * 21(6) ms
 * β−
 * 118Tc
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3| 119Mo
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=3|118.97147(32)#
 * rowspan=3| 12# ms
 * β−?
 * 119Tc
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 118Tc
 * β−, 2n?
 * 117Tc
 * β−
 * 116Tc
 * 0+
 * 117Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 75
 * 116.96169(54)#
 * 22(5) ms
 * β−
 * 117Tc
 * 3/2+#
 * 118Mo
 * style="text-align:right" | 42
 * style="text-align:right" | 76
 * 117.96525(54)#
 * 21(6) ms
 * β−
 * 118Tc
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3| 119Mo
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 42
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77
 * rowspan=3|118.97147(32)#
 * rowspan=3| 12# ms
 * β−?
 * 119Tc
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 118Tc
 * β−, 2n?
 * 117Tc
 * β−?
 * 119Tc
 * rowspan=3|3/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−, n?
 * 118Tc
 * β−, 2n?
 * 117Tc
 * β−, 2n?
 * 117Tc

Molybdenum-99
Molybdenum-99 is produced commercially by intense neutron-bombardment of a highly purified uranium-235 target, followed rapidly by extraction. It is used as a parent radioisotope in technetium-99m generators to produce the even shorter-lived daughter isotope technetium-99m, which is used in approximately 40 million medical procedures annually. A common misunderstanding or misnomer is that 99Mo is used in these diagnostic medical scans, when actually it has no role in the imaging agent or the scan itself. In fact, 99Mo co-eluted with the 99mTc (also known as breakthrough) is considered a contaminant and is minimised to adhere to the appropriate USP (or equivalent) regulations and standards. The IAEA recommends that 99Mo concentrations exceeding more than 0.15 μCi/mCi 99mTc or 0.015% should not be administered for usage in humans. Typically, quantification of 99Mo breakthrough is performed for every elution when using a 99Mo/99mTc generator during QA-QC testing of the final product.

There are alternative routes for generating 99Mo that do not require a fissionable target, such as high or low enriched uranium (i.e., HEU or LEU). Some of these include accelerator-based methods, such as proton bombardment or photoneutron reactions on enriched 100Mo targets. Historically, 99Mo generated by neutron capture on natural isotopic molybdenum or enriched 98Mo targets was used for the development of commercial 99Mo/99mTc generators. The neutron-capture process was eventually superseded by fission-based 99Mo that could be generated with much higher specific activities. Implementing feed-stocks of high specific activity 99Mo solutions thus allowed for higher quality production and better separations of 99mTc from 99Mo on small alumina column using chromatography. Employing low-specific activity 99Mo under similar conditions is particularly problematic in that either higher Mo loading capacities or larger columns are required for accommodating equivalent amounts of 99Mo. Chemically speaking, this phenomenon occurs due to other Mo isotopes present aside from 99Mo that compete for surface site interactions on the column substrate. In turn, low-specific activity 99Mo usually requires much larger column sizes and longer separation times, and usually yields 99mTc accompanied by unsatisfactory amounts of the parent radioisotope when using γ-alumina as the column substrate. Ultimately, the inferior end-product 99mTc generated under these conditions makes it essentially incompatible with the commercial supply-chain.

In the last decade, cooperative agreements between the US government and private capital entities have resurrected neutron capture production for commercially distributed 99Mo/99mTc in the United States of America. The return to neutron-capture-based 99Mo has also been accompanied by the implementation of novel separation methods that allow for low-specific activity 99Mo to be utilized.

title: Isotopes of molybdenum


text:
Barren Island (Andaman Islands)

Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea. It is the only confirmed active volcano in the Indian subcontinent,  and the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar. It is a part of the Indian Union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 138 km northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair.

History
The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one being in 2022. After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803–04, and 1852. After nearly one and a half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage.

The 1991 eruption was particularly harmful to the island's fauna. A team from the Geological Survey of India visited Barren Island on 8–9 April 1993 to assess the impact of the eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of animal species. The report found that the eruption had reduced the number of bird species and their population. The team only observed 6 of the 16 known species of birds on the island. The pied imperial pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant among the 6 species observed. In a survey conducted at night, the team spotted one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders. The report also noted that the volcano was still emitting gas at the time. There were eruptions in 1994–95 and 2005–07, the latter considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. A lighthouse that was established in 1993 was destroyed by the recent eruptions.

A team from the National Institute of Oceanography spotted the volcano erupting on 23 January 2017. Abhay Mudholkar, the head of the team, said, "The volcano is erupting in small episodes of about five to ten minutes. During the day, only ash clouds were observed. However, after sundown, red lava fountains were spewing from the crater into the atmosphere and hot lava flowed streaming down its slopes."

Based on argon-argon dating of samples from Barren Island, it is now established that the oldest subaerial lava flows of the volcano are 1.6 million years old and the volcano is located on an oceanic crust which is roughly 106 million years old. All recorded eruptions lie on the low end of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The 2017 eruption was recorded as a 2 on the index.

Geology
This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates. Narcondam Island is a dormant volcano in the area, apart from volcanic seamounts like Alcock and Sewell. All the historical and recent eruptions (1789 and after) are confined within and around an active polygenetic cinder cone in a 2 km wide caldera that was formed by the Pleistocene collapse of a primitive cone of a stratovolcano. The remnant of the primitive volcanic cone forms a precipitous cliff around the island (commonly referred to as a caldera wall), with a break towards the west. The highest elevation on the island is 353 m, with most of the primitive volcano underwater (standing on the seafloor 2250 m below sea level). The island is 3 km in diameter, with a total surface area of 8.34 km2. The rock types are basalt and andesite, with activity reported in late 2022.

Biodiversity
The island is a protected area under Barren Island Wild Life Sanctuary.

True to its name, it has large areas of barren landscape. It is uninhabited by humans, though it has a small population of goats. Additionally, birds like pigeons, bats like flying foxes and a few rodent species such as rats are known to survive the harsh conditions.

A small population of feral goats was also found on the island, which surprised geologists. Later, it was found that they were surviving on two fresh water springs and thick vegetation. These goats were kept there by British sailors from a steamer leaving Port Blair in 1891.

Tourist attractions
The waters surrounding Barren Island are reputed to be among the world's top scuba diving destinations. Major attractions here are the crystal clear visibility, manta rays, interesting basalt formations, topography of past lava flows and fast growing coral gardens. This dive destination is remote but can be accessed by either a live-aboard ship or with scuba-operators based at Swaraj Island.

Administration
Barren Island belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Demographics
The island is uninhabited.

title: Barren Island (Andaman Islands)


text:
EnOcean

The EnOcean technology is an energy harvesting wireless technology used primarily in building automation systems, but also in other application fields such as industry, transportation, and logistics. The energy harvesting wireless modules are manufactured and marketed by the company EnOcean, headquartered in Oberhaching near Munich. The modules combine micro energy converters with ultra low power electronics and wireless communications and enable batteryless, wireless sensors, switches, and controls.

In March 2012, the EnOcean wireless standard was ratified as the international standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-10, which is optimized for wireless solutions with ultra-low power consumption and energy harvesting. The standard covers the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layers 1-3 which are the physical, data link and networking layers. EnOcean is offering its technology and licenses for the patented features within the EnOcean Alliance framework.

Technology
EnOcean technology is based on the energetically efficient exploitation of applied slight mechanical motion and other potentials from the environment, such as indoor light and temperature differences, using the principles of energy harvesting. In order to transform such energy fluctuations into usable electrical energy, electromagnetic, solar cells, and thermoelectric energy converters are used.

EnOcean-based products (such as sensors and light switches) perform without batteries and are engineered to operate maintenance-free. The radio signals from these sensors and switches can be transmitted wirelessly over a distance of up to 300 meters in the open and up to 30 meters inside buildings. Early designs from the company used piezo generators, but were later replaced with electromagnetic energy sources to reduce the operating force (3.5 newtons), and increase the service life to 100 operations a day for more than 25 years.

EnOcean wireless data packets are relatively small, with the packet being only 14 bytes long and are transmitted at 125 kbit/s. RF energy is only transmitted for the 1's of the binary data, reducing the amount of power required. Three packets are sent at pseudo-random intervals reducing the possibility of RF packet collisions. Modules optimized for switching applications transmit additional data packets on release of push-button switches, enabling other features such as light dimming to be implemented. The transmission frequencies used for the devices are 902 MHz, 928.35 MHz, 868.3 MHz and 315 MHz. On May 30, 2017 EnOcean unveiled a series of light switches utilizing Bluetooth Low Energy radio (2.4 GHz).

Application examples
One example of the technology is a battery-free wireless light switch. Advantages are that it saves time and material by eliminating the need to install wires between the switch and controlled device, e.g., a light fixture. It also reduces noise on switched circuits, as the switching is performed locally at the load. Other lighting applications include occupancy sensors, light sensors and key card switches. Furthermore, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (hvac) applications such as temperature sensors, humidity sensors, CO2 sensors, metering sensors already use EnOcean’s energy harvesting wireless technology.

Company
EnOcean GmbH is a venture-funded spin-off company of Siemens AG founded in 2001. It is a German company headquartered in Oberhaching, near Munich, which currently employs 60 people in Germany and the USA. It is a technology supplier of energy harvesting wireless modules (transmitters, receivers, transceivers, energy converter) to companies (e.g. Siemens Building Technologies, Distech Controls, Zumtobel, Omnio, Osram, Eltako, Wieland Electric, Pressac, Peha, Thermokon, Wago, Herga), which develop and manufacture products used in building automation (light, shading, hvac), industrial automation, and other application fields automotive industry (replacement of the conventional battery in tyre pressure sensors).

The company won the Bavarian Innovation Prize 2002 for its technology, the award "Technology Pioneer 2006" by the World Economic Forum, the "Top-10 Product for 2007" award by Building Green and was among the global cleantech 100 in 2011.

In November 2007, MK Electric, the manufacturer of consumer electrical fitments in the UK, adopted EnOcean technology for a wireless switches. However, pricing was far beyond the cost of providing traditional switches, so very little traction in 'new build' applications was made. The range is now entirely discontinued.

In April 2012, EnOcean wireless technology was ratified as the international wireless standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 Information technology - Home Electronic Systems (HES) - Part 3-10: Wireless Short-Packet (WSP) protocol optimized for energy harvesting - Architecture and lower layer protocols.

EnOcean Alliance
A group of companies including EnOcean, Texas Instruments, Omnio, Sylvania, Masco, and MK Electric formed the EnOcean Alliance in April 2008 as a non-profit, mutual benefit organization. The EnOcean Alliance aims to internationalise this technology, and is dedicated to creating interoperability between the products of OEM partners, in order to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable wireless monitoring and controlling products for use in and around residential, commercial and industrial buildings. For this the EnOcean Alliance has drawn up the application level protocols are referred to as EEPs (EnOcean Equipment Profiles). Together with the three lower levels of the international wireless standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 the Alliance lay the foundation for a fully interoperable, open wireless technology. More than 250 companies currently belong to the EnOcean Alliance. The headquarters of the organization is in San Ramon, California.

Market research company WTRS estimated that EnOcean module shipments might reach $1.4B in 2013.

Software automation
EnOcean is supported by Fhem and ago control. Fhem and ago control are GPL licensed software suites for house automation. They are used to automate some common tasks in the household like switching lamps, shutters, heating, etc., and to log events like temperature, humidity, and power consumption. Both run as servers that are controlled via web front-end, telnet, command line, or TCP/IP directly.

title: EnOcean


text:
Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden

Ramsau is a German municipality in the Bavarian Alps with a population of around 1,800. It is a district located in the  Berchtesgadener Land in Bavaria, close to the border with Austria, 35 km south of Salzburg and 150 km south-east of Munich. It is situated north of the Berchtesgaden National Park.

Notable sights of Ramsau include the third highest mountain in Germany called the Watzmann, Lake Hintersee, and the village's church.

Notable people

 * Wolfgang Bartels
 * Hans Brandner
 * Hermann Buhl
 * Mirko Eichhorn
 * Carolin Fernsebner
 * Franz Graßl
 * Hartmut Graßl
 * Judith Graßl
 * Johann Grill
 * Matej Juhart
 * Will Klinger-Franken
 * Manuel Machata
 * Anton Palzer
 * Franz Pöschl
 * Armin Roßmeier
 * Willy Schlieker

title: Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden