text:
User talk:ManekiNeko

welcome
Greetings and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for starting to contribute to Wikipedia. If you have not yet registered a user name, I encourage you to do so, because while editing anonymously is great, anonymous users sometimes don't get to experience the full community aspect of Wikipedia. Registering a user name will give you an identity on Wikipedia and allow you to do several things anonymous users can't, such as vote in polls, set preferences, and upload images. You may wish to review some or all of the following pages to aid you in your editing:

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If you have a specific question about how to do something on Wikipedia, feel free to ask on the help desk. Also, remember you can create and edit your own user page to include information about yourself and anything you may find useful. Again, welcome, and thanks for contributing. Enjoy your Wikipedia experience! Solver - Talk

Thank you! ManekiNeko 07:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

back
thanks :). So what are you working on at the moment :)? Ryan Norton T 00:58, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Not much; it's a holiday! :) But I have been thinking about fleshing out some of the Seattle neighborhood pages, and I might even work on the Generation X page, though if I do I might live to regret that! ManekiNeko | Talk 01:50, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

einstien et al. on Asperger's syndrome
Hi maneki, I merged a lot of einstien/newton speculation in the "gift" section of Asperger's syndrome. What do you think? Do you think the speculation needs a seperate article? Ryan Norton T 16:39, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

What I mean is should Einstein, Newton, and Autism be seperate? Ryan Norton T 17:00, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that should be a separate article. The information given could easily be covered in one of the Autism articles -- I just don't see it as requiring its own separate article at this state. As far as the other speculation added to the AS article... I'm lukewarm on it; I'm not against it being there but I'm not enthusiastically for it, either. :) ManekiNeko | Talk 20:08, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Horchata
It looks okay at the moment but I've added it to my watchlist. Thanks for the heads-up! FreplySpang (talk) 22:32, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * If nobody's actively re-spamming the Mexican cuisine articles, then just removing the spam links is fine. Thanks for checking! FreplySpang (talk) 00:14, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh no, more spam! I'm not sure if 3RR applies to spam or not - it's a grey area I hadn't thought about before. But if he's re-adding the same kind of thing, he's in violation. (It doesn't have to be word-for-word the same.) You can report 3RR violations at WP:AN/3RR, which is likely to get a response faster than asking an individual admin. Not that I mind chatting with you :-) but I try not to be here 24/7! FreplySpang (talk) 13:04, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S., Looking at the history of Horchata I see it's not a clear-cut 3RR for HorchataEd. He's discussing why he wants to make the changes - great!! It looks like there are several of us keeping an eye on the article, so I think it should be fine. FreplySpang (talk) 13:35, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

RE: speculation of famous people
Heh, I was editing that article while you messaged me :). Yeah - I agree with all of your points there, good job :). Ryan Norton T 20:31, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! ManekiNeko | Talk 20:35, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support on my RfA!
Thanks for your support of my adminship!! I was surprised at the turnout and support I got! If you ever have any issues with any of my actions, please notify me on my talk page! Thanks again! Double thanks for keeping the autism-related pages clean!!! Ryan Norton T 04:20, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Horchata, revisited
Hey, ManekiNeko, could I get you to add your 2¢ to the discussion that's currently developing at Talk:Horchata? --Iustinus 21:07, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Messages
Thanks for the edits on the inline skating article. Could you update your comments in the talk page with a link to the page where the copyrighted material was from? (I/others may read it so in the future if it happens again we can recognize it immediately) Happy Halloween. --Michael 22:20, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Hmm. Now I have to find it again. ;) OK, I'll look into that. ManekiNeko | Talk

"Roller skating"
Yeah, I should have noticed that. Good catch. Thanks!--Mike Selinker 23:15, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

MTV Generation (XY)
Hi there I liked your positive criticism on the Generation X discussion panel and thought it would be perhaps good to start an article relating to a sub-categroy of those integrated within their own "generation" especially that relating to the term of MTV Generation which has been used throughout pop-culture in the 80s up until the mid 90s - anyway I would like perhaps any interest or your own personal feedbakc relating to the article, which still needs more work and sourcing to it. Thanks Piecraft 00:02, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Dear ManekiNeko, I would like to ask for your support in helping me stop Nice Beaver! - a user who has continuously and aggressively insulted myself, as well as your own statement on Talk:Generation_X. Not only has this user completely ruined the MTV Generation article with his own "beliefs" which are unjustified and also were incorrect in comparison to the Generation X article, but he is clearly not helping out in any way. I have tried to create a worthy article representing the factors for a generation clustered between X and Y, especially being born out of X and obtaining most influences from that generation and sparking off the change for Gen Y. - However it seems that Nice Beaver! thinks otherwise, believing it to be ripping-off Gen X, not to mention changing certain facts or elements to suit his own "idea" of what Gen XY is, when it is clear Nice Beaver! has no understanding of Gen XY. Thanks for your time Piecraft 04:19, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Citadel/UX
hy, i'd like to know what you disliked about the site internal link on the citadel/ux article... it looked like that: More details on Citadel's history can be found here

which links an article with more focus on the development steps of the past while the citadel/ux article focuses more on comparison with actual groupware projects. sorry for the a bit imperfect copied box, these were my first wikipedia articles, thanks for your corrections.

Willi

 * Hello,
 * It was basically that the Citadel page was already linked earlier on the page so I didn't think it should be linked again, but there might be a better way to deal with that... I'll go look at the page again. -- ManekiNeko | Talk 23:59, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hy, As you notice that you use another citadel fork, Is it still available in source? and when were? under which license? Would you like to have something like a 'other citadel forks' on the citadel.org page?

Dothebart

Category:American rollerskaters
NekoDaemon has been upgraded with a security patch on the soft redirect of categoryredirect. Please be advised that a reviewing administrator is now required in the use of the template for the bot to operate on any categories the template is used on. Approval usually can be done through WP:CFD. --AllyUnion (talk) 11:57, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Autism
ManekiNeko,hi!I understand you removed the DAN! section.It's an association,alright,but they strongly believe in fighting the disorder.Please comment on my talk page.Arigato!Sayonara! Tan DX

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome,, to Esperanza, the Wikipedia member association! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member you should read the guide to what to do now or you may be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is the StressUnit, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. Redwolf24 runs the spam to keep members up to date. Also, we have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Possibles.

I encourage you to take an active voice in the running of Esperanza. We have a small government system, headed by our Administrator general, Celestianpower, and guided by the Advisory Committee comprised of FireFox, Flcelloguy, Titoxd, and Karmafist. The next set of elections will be in February, and I would be glad to see you vote, or even consider running for a position.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact Celestianpower by email or talk page or the Esperanza talk page. Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users via our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to work! --Cel e stianpower háblame 23:46, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

An Esperanzial note
As I remember, the last spam that was handed out was on the 20th of December last year, so I think it's time for another update. First and foremost, the new Advisory Council and Administrator General have been elected. They consist of myself as Admin General and FireFox, Titoxd, Flcelloguy and Karmafist as the Advisory Council. We as a group met formally for the first time on the 31st of Decembe. The minutes of this meeting can be found at WP:ESP/ACM. The next one is planned for tonight (Sunday 29 January) at 20:30 UTC and the agenda can be found at WP:ESP/ACM2.

In other news, Karmafist has set up a discussion about a new personal attack policy, which it can be found here. Other new pages include an introductory page on what to do when you sign up, So you've joined Esperanza... and a welcome template: EA-welcome (courtesy of Bratsche). Some of our old hands may like to make sure they do everything on the list as well ;) Additionally, the userpage award program proposal has become official is operational: see Esperanza/User Page Award to nominate a userpage or volunteer as a judge. Also see the proposed programs page for many new proposals and old ones that need more discussion ;)

Other than that, I hope you all had a lovely Christmas and wish you an Esperanzially good new WikiYear :D Thank you! --Cel e stianpower háblame 16:57, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Message delivered by Rune.welsh using AWB. If you wish to recieve no further messages of this ilk, please sign your name here.

spodi
spodi was the first article I ever created and as I came into my wikihood I've seriously considered deleting or merging it but your addition has changed my mind and in my opinion made it a worthwhile article. thanks. Vicarious 04:55, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if it's only in the northwest, I didn't realize until you mentioned it that the three main people who've contributed to the article are you, me and user:SchmuckyTheCat, all of whom are in washington. although,User:WritingDerek did post on the talk page with some info and his page says he's from florida and went to school in california. I personally think in the computer age it's difficult for something like a recipe to stay in one place. Vicarious 13:48, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Another Esperanzial note...
Hi again Esperanzians! Well, since our last frolic in the realms of news, the Advisory Council has met twice more (see WP:ESP/ACM2 and WP:ESP/ACM3). As a result, the charter has been ammended twice (see here for details) and all of the shortcuts have been standardised (see the summary for more details). Also of note is the Valentines ball that will take place in the Esperanza IRC channel on the 14th of February (tomorrow). It will start at 6pm UTC and go on until everyone's had enough! I hope to see you all there! Also, the spamlist has been dissolved - all Esperanzians will now recieve this update "newsletter".

The other major notice I need to tell you about is the upcoming Esperanza Advisory Council Elections. These will take place from 12:00 UTC on February 20th to 11:59 UTC on February 27th. The official handing-over will take place the following day. Candidates are able to volunteer any time before the 20th, so long as they are already listed on the members list. Anyone currently listed on the memberlist can vote. In a change since last time, if you have already been a member of the leadership, you may run again. Due to the neutrality precident, I will not vote for anyone.

Yours, as ever, Esperanzially,

--Cel es tianpower háblame 09:00, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

(message delivered by FireFox using AWB on Celestianpower's behalf)

Skating cleanups
I noticed you've done a lot of work on Roller skating. I'm trying to get a handle on the proliferation of skating articles (starting by finding them all and putting them in one category) and just wanted to say I'd value your guidance. I'm suggesting Category talk:Roller skating for discussion of possible rearrangements where it might be a bit more easily findable than on talk pages for individual articles/users - but I'm still a relative wikipedia novice so if you have better ideas, I'm all ears. Daniel Barlow 00:10, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Happy Birthday
Hi there. I'm not in on Saturdays, so this is a day early. Happy birthday! and have a good day, and tomorrow. Regards, ßlηguγΣη | Have your say!!! - review me 05:09, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Happy birthday! --Bhadani 14:48, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Horchata question
I have a quick question - you posted a photo of horchata in an article? Can you tell me where that taqueria is? I've escaped to Seattle from Texas but miss a good tall glass of the stuff?

Cheers, - GCG

GCG, it was Taqueria Guaymas on Broadway. But there are actually lots of places with horchata around here. ManekiN e ko | Talk 00:57, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

"Bow Down" MP3
Yeah, if it's not working consistently, let's find another way. I was hoping to have a consistent link from all the Pac-10 team fight songs; so maybe we just provide a link to the top level (http://fightmusic.com/mp3/pac10/) for all teams, as well as any other actual working MP3 links. Thanks for the comment. --Sprkee 16:40, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Bronchitis
It is unfair and inaccurate to leave up a mini-lecture against tobacco smoking at bronchitis, but removing highly-substantiated and up-to-date information about other deadly pollutants/smoke. If you're going to remove my addition, please remove the mini-lecture against cigarette smoking as well. It isn't appropriate that bronchitis be yet another vehicle for scapegoating tobacco users, while ignoring other serious causes of respiratory illness and death. 70.242.76.127 15:20, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not a mini-lecture against smokers. I think it's pretty well proven that tobacco smoke can cause exacerbation of bronchitis. The other additions you made were pretty clearly a snarky reaction to this -- I presume you are a smoker. Other irritatants can exacerbate bronchitis, too, but Wikipedia entries aren't a place for sarcasm. It would be better to discuss it on the article's Talk page, I think, and hash out some additions that are backed up by good sources specifically discussing bronchitis and not saying things like "one should avoid cooked meals" which is pretty obviously silly. This is not a place to grind one's axe. (I will post this reply on your talk page too.) ManekiN e ko | Talk 00:08, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

um, how shall I say this...you're right! you & the other fellow who removed my edit the second time, have been successful in convincing me why the advice to reduce or quit smoking is appropriate at bronchitis, while mention of other pollutants is not as appropriate. Sometime in the future I may add information about other smoke and bronchial irritants, but if so, minus any sarcasm. My edit was prompted by today's news report about "1.6 million deaths a year" attributed to cooking smoke in third-world countries. 70.242.76.127 05:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

happy B-Day
Politics rule 22:44, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Happy First Edit Day
 ThinkBlue  (Hit BLUE) 00:09, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * FROM YOUR FRIEND:

Happy birthday fellow Mac User!
Idontknow 610 TM 19:05, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Manekineko at Byodo-In.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Manekineko at Byodo-In.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Invitation to Meetup/Seattle6, a focus group
Hello. I'm part of a research group at the University of Washington (Seattle campus), and my group is reaching out to Wikipedians in the Puget Sound area. We're hosting a focus group designed to gather information on what Wikipedians would like to know about each other when interacting on Wikipedia. Our end goal is to create an embedded application that helps people quickly know more about others' history and activity on Wikipedia, and we feel our design will be much more useful if it's based on insights of users like you.

I'm hoping that the chance to help out local researchers, to engage in lively face-to-face discussion with other Seattle Wikipedians, and to contribute to Wikipedia in a new way will entice you to join us. The session lasts 2 hours and snacks are provided. Sessions will be held on UW Seattle campus - directions will be sent after registration. Your contribution will be greatly appreciated!

Willing and able to help us out? RSVP here. Want to know more? Visit our user talk page. Please help us contact other local Wikipedians, too! Commprac01 (talk) 03:38, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:Sicks.jpg)
 Thanks for uploading File:Sicks.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you.  Zoo Fari  20:53, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Time Team
Greetings from New Zealand

I am trying to locate a use by the name of manekineko, who has edited pages on the TVDB database for Time Team and has them locked, meaning that other users cannot download the images nor upload their own ones.

If this is not you I apologise. If it is can you please contact me at wayne@technimation.co.nz

Kind regards Wayne 117.104.180.166 (talk) 19:06, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ManekiNeko


text:
Gozo Football Association

The Gozo Football Association (GFA) is the body that co-ordinates and organises football on the island of Gozo, Malta. Formed in 1936, it organises the Gozo Football League, which is split into two divisions, the First Division and the Second Division. It also organises the G.F.A. Cup, the Independence Cup, the Freedom Day Cup, the BOV Super Cup, the First Division Knock-Out, the Second Division Knock-Out, the Second Division Challenge Cup, the Under-21s League, Under-18 League, and the Under-15s. It also organises the Gozo national football team.

The GFA also ran the Gozo FC which from season 2008–09 was playing in the Maltese Second Division after winning the Maltese Third Division Section B; from 16 matches they recorded 15 wins and a draw.

As of the 2021/22 season, there are 14 Gozitan clubs competing in both divisions.

The GFA's main premises are located at the Gozo Stadium, previously known as the Silver Jubilee Ground, situated at Mġarr Road in Xewkija. The Gozo FA is not a member of the UEFA or FIFA but is a provisional member of the NF-Board.

Gozo Youth Football Association
The Gozo Youth Football Association is affiliated with the association, which itself is a member association of the Malta Football Association. It was formed in 1997 and currently it organises the Gozitan U/16 League and manages the Gozo U-17, U-15 and U-14 teams that compete in the Maltese IFF U17, U15 and U14 BNF National Leagues respectively.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gozo Football Association


text: Template:Major League Soccer stadiums

title: Template:Major League Soccer stadiums


text:
User talk:Apache119

Re: Teen Podcasters Network
"The wikipedia article for the Teen Podcasters Network is not an advertisement. We are simple trying to get our name out."
 * That sounds like an advertisment to me. --GraemeL (talk) 20:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Apache119


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frisbie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Paul August ☎ 20:17, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Frisbie
Another band stub that does not establish the notability of its band according to WP:MUSIC guidelines. Francs2000 | Talk 20:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Frisbee--plausible misspelling. Meelar (talk) 21:16, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. They seem reasonably notable . No reason to assume they fail WP:MUSIC. Is failure to assert band notability a CVfD now?  Flowerparty  talk 21:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, passes WP:MUSIC guidelines IMHO. —RaD Man (talk) 00:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Flowerparty. Alf 01:55, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Disambig per the above. This is an alternate spelling for "Frisbee" in parts of Europe, and the band seems passable enough. Radiant_ >|< 10:58, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I added more detail. Seemed like a fairly notable band to me.  -- user:Matt.whitby
 * Keep and move to Frisbie (band). Add a disambiguation at Frisbie. Band passes WP:MUSIC, and is also a valid Euro spelling for Frisbee. RasputinAXP   talk  *  contribs  17:51, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frisbie


text:
Riksmål Society

Riksmålsforbundet (official translation: "The Riksmaal Society - The Society for the Preservation of Traditional Standard Norwegian" ) is the main organisation for Riksmål, an unofficial variety of the Norwegian language, based on the official Bokmål standard as it was before 1938 (see Norwegian language conflict).

The society was founded by subsequent Nobel laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson on April 7, 1907.

History
Although Riksmålsforbundet was founded in 1907 by poet Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, efforts to organize in support of riksmål date back to 1899. It served as opposition to efforts by Norwegians who were organized to promote landsmål as the single language for the country.

Riksmålsforbundet works to preserve and promote riksmål, a conservative form of written Norwegian, based on the Danish-Norwegian written language tradition. It consistently opposed the government samnorsk (roughly translated "collective Norwegian" or "together Norwegian"; the sam- prefix is related to English same) policy, a now-abandoned project to merge the two main standards of Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) into one standard that would be used everywhere.

Prominent members of the riksmål movement included the author Jens Bjørneboe, his cousin André Bjerke, Terje Stigen, Carl Keilhau, Agnar Mykle, Arnulf Øverland, Sigurd Hoel, Johan Bernhard Hjort, Knut Wigert, Margrete Aamot Øverland, Sofie Helene Wigert and Varg Vikernes. Among other spokespersons for the riksmål cause are authors such as Claes Gill, Nils Kjær, Knut Hamsun, Gabriel Scott and Henrik Ibsen.

In recent years a series of language reforms, particularly those of 1981 and 2005, have shown that many of the Riksmålsforbundet goals have been achieved. The Samnorsk policy has been officially abandoned. Although not necessarily used by most people, most Riksmål spellings are now considered correct in Bokmål too, after being banned from schools and the government for several decades as a consequence of the Samnorsk policy. The reform of 2005 was not purely a partial reversal of previous reforms; some new spellings were introduced or excluded too, based on actual use. In addition, there is now a political majority in favor of discontinuing mandatory speech policy in Norway.

Riksmålsforbundet publishes the magazine Ordet (“The Word”).

Leaders

 * 1907–1910 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 * 1910–1911 Ragna Nielsen
 * 1911–1916 Alfred Eriksen
 * 1916–1918 I. M. Platou
 * 1918–1919 Jens Jørgen Mørland
 * 1919–1929 Gerhard Holm
 * 1929–1936 Ragnar Ullmann
 * 1936–1937 Alf Harbitz
 * 1939–1945 Harald Bakke
 * 1945–1947 Jonas Hestnes
 * 1947–1956 Arnulf Øverland
 * 1956–1959 Sigurd Hoel
 * 1959–1961 Ernst Sørensen
 * 1961–1969 Johan Bernhard Hjort
 * 1969–1974 Aksel Lydersen
 * 1974–1983 Knut Wigert
 * 1983–1988 Jan Willoch
 * 1988–1990 Erling Granholt
 * 1990– Trond Vernegg

title: Riksmål Society


text:
User:Badhistory

Articles posted Clark Henry Wells-naval officer

Articles edited Granville Haller-army officer

title: User:Badhistory


text:
Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

The Whitechapel Vigilance Committee was a group of local civilian volunteers who patrolled the streets of London's Whitechapel district during the period of the Whitechapel murders of 1888. The volunteers were active mainly at night, assisting the Metropolitan Police in the search of the unknown murderer known as the "Whitechapel Murderer", "Leather Apron" and, latterly, "Jack the Ripper".

Formation
The Whitechapel Vigilance Committee was founded by sixteen tradesmen from the Whitechapel and Spitalfields districts, who were concerned that the killings were affecting businesses in the area. The committee was led by a local builder named George Lusk, who was elected chairman during its first meeting on 10 September 1888.

Other committee members included publican Joseph Aarons (treasurer), Mr. B. Harris (secretary), and Messrs. Barnett, Cohen, H. A. Harris, Hodgins, Houghton, Isaacs, Jacobs, Laughton, Lindsay, Lord, Mitchell, Reeves, and Rogers. The Daily Telegraph reported on 5 October 1888 that the leading members of the committee were "drawn principally from the trading class, and include a builder, a cigar-manufacturer, a tailor, a picture-frame maker, a licensed victualler, and 'an actor.'" The latter may have been the entertainer Charles Reeves.

Civic duties
Members of the committee were unhappy with the level of protection the local community was receiving from the Metropolitan Police, so it introduced its own system of local patrols, using hand-picked unemployed men to monitor the streets of the East End every evening from midnight to between four and five the next morning. Each of these men received a small wage from the committee, and each patrolled a particular beat, being armed with a police whistle, a pair of galoshes and a strong stick. The committee itself met each evening at nine in a public house called The Crown, and once the establishment closed at 12.30am the committee members would inspect and join the patrols. These patrols were shortly to be joined by those of the Working Men's Vigilance Committee.

Publicity
As chairman of the committee, Lusk's name appeared in national newspapers and upon posters in and around Whitechapel, appealing for information concerning the identity of Jack the Ripper and complaining about the lack of a reward for such information from the British government. Due to this publicity, Lusk received threatening letters through the post, allegedly from the killer. He is also mentioned in a letter dated 17 September 1888, reportedly discovered among archive materials in the late 20th century; however, most experts dismiss this as a modern hoax.

On 30 September 1888, the committee members wrote to the government under Lord Salisbury in an attempt to persuade them to offer a reward for information leading to the apprehension of the Ripper. When the Home Secretary Henry Matthews refused this request, the committee offered its own reward. The committee also employed two private detectives, Mr. Le Grand (or Grand) and Mr. J. H. Batchelor, to investigate the murders without the involvement of the police.

Correspondence
The "From Hell" letter, which was sent with half of a preserved human kidney, was personally addressed to Lusk, who received the parcel on 16 October 1888. The letter was postmarked on the previous day.

Many scholars of the Ripper murders regard this letter as being the communication most likely to have been sent by the actual murderer.

Cited works and further reading

 * Begg, Paul (2006). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. London: Anova Books. ISBN 1-86105-687-7
 * Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-046-2
 * Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2549-3
 * Lightbody, Bryan (2007). Whitechapel. Milton Keynes: Author House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-425-96181-7

title: Whitechapel Vigilance Committee


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hut Hut

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 20:24, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Hut Hut
Band vanity --Ryan Delaney talk 20:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Of the worst kind. Sheesh.  Delete with extreme prejudice. - Lucky 6.9 21:04, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - band vanity page. --Hurricane111 21:09, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 *  Delete --PhilipO 21:12, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Trash | Celcius 21:34, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteAmren (talk) 00:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hut Hut


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Jimmy Slyde

James Titus Godbolt (October 2, 1927 – May 16, 2008), known professionally as Jimmy Slyde and also as the "King of Slides", was an American tap dancer known for his innovative tap style mixed with jazz.

Slyde was a popular rhythm tap dancer in America in the mid-20th century, when he performed on the nightclub and burlesque circuits. He was also popular in Europe and lived in Paris for a brief period of his life. Slyde appeared in several musicals and shows in the 1980s, and he received numerous awards for his talent. He was known for his signature move, the slide.

Early life
Godbolt was born in Atlanta and moved to Boston at the age of three. As a child, his mother encouraged him to play the violin, and he enrolled at the Boston Conservatory of Music to advance as a violinist. However, the Conservatory was across the street from Stanley Brown's dance studio, which he would visit to watch great tap dancers such as Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, John W. Bubbles, Charles "Honi" Coles, and Derby Wilson. At the age of twelve, Godbolt quit violin lessons at the Conservatory and began tap lessons at Brown's studio with his mother's blessing (she wanted him to do something other than play sports to help contain his energy). At the studio, he studied under Brown himself and a student teacher, Eddie "Schoolboy" Ford, who taught Godbolt the slide. Godbolt connected with another dancer known for slides, Jimmy "Sir Slyde" Mitchell, and they put together an act to take on the road.

Career
In the 1940s, Mitchell and Godbolt started performing at local clubs and on the burlesque circuit calling themselves the Slyde Brothers. This in turn caused Godbolt to be renamed forevermore, Jimmy "Slyde". Their acts included action tricks similar to those the Nicholas Brothers performed; however, they used slides as their trademark move. One dance critic, Sally Sommer, explained his slides as such, "He's upstage left and sliding downstage right as fast and smooth as a skier, arms held out to the side, head tilted. He stops the cascade by banking backward, slips into a fast flurry of taps, working quick and low to the floor and ends the phrase by pulling up high and flashing off a triple turn." The act was such a hit, they received invitations to go on the road to perform with big band names of the time, including Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Barry Harris. Their tapping was part of the bands' songs where they would create the music for many measures and then the band would come back in, and they would trade off back and forth like that the entire act.

Slyde performed during the 1950s, at a time when rock and roll was emerging and diverting American interest away from big band music with tap acts. He attempted to find work in other cities including San Francisco, Chicago, and Hollywood on the burlesque and nightclub circuits as well as in movies, but work had dried up in America. He found a temporary job working as a choreographer for the tap dancers the Crosby Brothers in the 1960s, but in 1966 Slyde was invited to perform at the Berlin Jazz Festival in Europe. He attended with Baby Laurence, James Buster Brown, and Chuck Green, and the crowd received them with positive praise including regarding them as "Harlem's All-Star Dancers". He moved to Paris in the 1970s, where he worked intensively with Sarah Petronio. Petronio nurtured the expatriated Slyde out from self-imposed retirement in France, back into a productive and creative fulfillment and became his dancing partner in Tap and Jazz concerts "It's About Time", accompanied by some of the Europe's finest jazz musicians.

After living, teaching, and performing in Paris, he appeared in the production Black and Blue (1985), which was later reset in New York on Broadway in 1989, in which he also performed. As part of the Broadway cast, he was nominated for a Tony Award for this performance, and appeared on the original cast recording album, soloing on the song "Stompin' at the Savoy". He was part of the 1980s tap revival, which led him to stay in the United States and thrive much like during his early career. Throughout his revival and the resurgence of tap in America, Slyde performed in the films The Cotton Club (1984), Round Midnight (1986), and Tap (1989), with Gregory Hines and Sammy Davis Jr. He also appeared on several television shows and in the 1985 television special Motown Returns to the Apollo, which won the 1985 Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program. In 1992, Slyde was a featured artist in "The Majesty of Tap" dance concert at the Lincoln Center in New York.

In the 1990s, Slyde started holding jam sessions every week at a jazz nightclub in New York called La Cave. This became an education-based practice where up-and-coming tappers would come and improvise, while older and experienced tappers would mentor them. Among the mentored included dancers such as Savion Glover, Van Porter, Ira Bernstein, and Roxane Butterfly.

Legacy and death
Slyde was known for being a great rhythm tapper who had impeccable musicality (partly due to his early music training), perfect timing, and slides that made it appear is if he could glide across the floor effortlessly. His slides were essential to his musicality. "The slides took on many parts of speech, from little connective scoots to long, stage-traversing slalom runs. Slides allowed him to tease the beat, delaying then catching up. They were silences, visually exciting rests, but they also functioned as long notes, as Slyde's physical dynamics, speeding and slowing, suggested crescendos and diminuendos." He was usually the last dancer to perform because he would top any dancer who rivaled him. However, Slyde was a humble man happy to be part of the tap community, who brought a sound-oriented emphasis to tap and called it "a translating thing". The younger generation gained knowledge from him and regarded him as one of the greats including Savion Glover who stated he was "the Godfather of tap" and "one of the true masters of the art form".

Slyde died on May 16, 2008, at the age of 80 in his home in Hanson, Massachusetts.

Awards and honors

 * 1984–1986: Choreographer's Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts

 * 1988: Choreographer's Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts

 * 1993: Choreographer's Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts

 * 1998: Living Treasure in American Dance award, Oklahoma City University, Ann Lacy School of American Dance

 * 1999: National Heritage Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts

 * 2001: Recipient of the first Charles "Honi" Coles Award

 * 2001: along with mentee Rocky Mendes, awarded a Traditional Arts Apprenticeship by the Mass Cultural Council

 * 2002: Honorary Doctorate of Performing Arts in American Dance, Oklahoma City University, School of American Dance and Entertainment

 * 2002: Hoofer Award, American Tap Dance Foundation

 * 2003: Fellowship for Creative Arts in Choreography, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

 * 2005: Dance Magazine award

 * 2007: Slyde and Mendes, Traditional Arts Apprenticeship, Mass Cultural Council

 * 2008: Inducted into the International Tap Dance Hall of Fame

title: Jimmy Slyde


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Littorina Sea

Littorina Sea (also Litorina Sea) is a geological brackish water stage of the Baltic Sea, which existed around 7500–4000 BP and followed the Mastogloia Sea, a transitional stage of the Ancylus Lake.

This stage and form of the body of water is named after common periwinkle (Littorina littorea), then a prevailing mollusc in the waters, which indicates its salinity.

A transgression of the Baltic approximately 4500 BP widened its ocean link, allowing it to reach a peak of salinity during the warmer Atlantic period of European climatology. At this peak, the sea bore twice the volume of water and covered 26.5% more land than it does today. As the period ended, the features of the modern coast appeared, including lagoons, spits, and dunes. Notable exceptions include steep terraces such as the Øresund where the recession of sea level exposes less dry land.

During the period, temperate deciduous forest crept north to cover the littoral hinterland.

title: Littorina Sea


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Orchid Technology

Orchid Technology was a privately held company founded by Le Nhon Bui in 1982.

1982 to 1984
The company's original flagship product was its PCNet card, a 1 megabit-per-second LAN (networking) card for IBM PCs and clones. Notably, the acronym LAN (Local Area Networking) is the Vietnamese word for "Orchid". Hence, the origin of the company name.

Also in 1982, it introduced the Orchid Graphics Adapter, a graphics board for IBM PC compatible computers. It was intended to provide high resolution (at the time) monochrome graphic abilities to computers limited to text displays. It was aimed at the business market and one of the three first third party graphic boards for PCs.

After this successful product, the company embarked on introducing high-performance add-in cards, most notably the LIM (Lotus, Intel Microsoft standard) which extended DOS out to 1M, Multi-purpose network cards that included RAM, clock, serial printer ports and Network COAX TCP-IP capabilities. Orchid developed its own operating system as well as one of the first 5 OEM's of Novell. Other products included PC Turbo, TinyTurbo and TurboVGA enhancement cards that included 186 and 286 processors. As the operating systems took on more resources Orchid made a switch back to its roots as PC board manufacturer.

1984 to 1986
From 1984 to 1986 the company switched to an Autocad video board manufacturer. Later, a variety of memory and video cards were introduced.

After 1988
In 1988, Orchid started designing and selling back-plane motherboards under the Privilege Systems Division. However, Orchid could not garner any significant market-share due to stiff competition from motherboard makers Micronics Computers, Inc., Mylex Corporation and American Megatrends Inc. (AMI), the original motherboard brand names in the industry.

1994
In August 1994, Orchid Technology was acquired by motherboard maker Micronics Computers, Inc. Orchid sold their products through Direct to Fortune companies, OEMs, System Integrators and National Distributors such as Gates/FA, Techdata, Ingram and Micro D.

Graphic Cards
Orchid was known for its Righteous 3D, Fahrenheit Video3D and Kelvin 64 graphics accelerators. They also manufactured an array of multimedia products including SoundWave 32 and GameWave 32 and the award-winning Vidiola line of digital capture and playback systems.

title: Orchid Technology


text:
Third Temple

The "Third Temple" refers to a hypothetical rebuilt Temple in Jerusalem. It would succeed Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple, the former having been destroyed during the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem in c. 587 BCE and the latter having been destroyed during the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The notion of and desire for the Third Temple is sacred in Judaism, particularly in Orthodox Judaism. It would be the most sacred place of worship for Jews. The Hebrew Bible holds that Jewish prophets called for its construction prior to, or in tandem with, the Messianic Age. The building of the Third Temple also plays a major role in some interpretations of Christian eschatology.

Among some groups of devout Jews, anticipation of a future project to build the Third Temple at the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem has been espoused as an ideological motive in Israel. Building the Third Temple has been contested by Muslims due to the existence of the Dome of the Rock, which was built by the Umayyad Caliphate on the site of the destroyed Solomon's Temple and Second Temple; tensions between Jews and Muslims over the Temple Mount have carried over politically as one of the major flashpoints of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the area has been a subject of significant debate in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. Most of the international community has refrained from recognizing any sovereignty over Jerusalem due to conflicting territorial claims between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority, as both sides have asserted it as their capital city.

Attempts at rebuilding
Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE by the Romans, some Jews have expressed their desire to build a Third Temple on the Temple Mount. Prayer for this is a formal part of the Jewish tradition of thrice daily Amidah prayer. Although it remains unbuilt, the notion of and desire for a Third Temple is sacred in Judaism.

Following the Second Temple's destruction, "most rabbis adopted the position that Jewish law prohibits reconstructing the Holy Temple [Third Temple] prior to the age of messianic redemption, or that the law is too ambiguous and that the messiah must come first."

Bar Kochba revolt
In the early 2nd century CE, Roman Emperor Hadrian granted permission to rebuild the destroyed Second Temple, but changed his mind. The forces of Simon bar Kokhba captured Jerusalem from the Romans in 132 CE and held the city for about three years. Construction of a new temple continued. Bar Kokhba's failure to keep control of the city led to the writing of the Mishna, as the religious leaders believed that the next attempt to rebuild the temple might be centuries away and memory of the practices and ceremonies must be documented otherwise they would be lost. As punishment for the revolt, the Romans renamed Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina and the province to Syria Palaestina; Jews were prohibited in the city except for the day of Tisha B'av. Rabbis that survived persecution (see Ten Martyrs) were allowed to continue their school in Javnia, as long as they paid the Fiscus Judaicus.

Julian
There was an aborted project under Roman emperor Julian (361–363 CE) to rebuild the Temple. Julian is traditionally called Julian the Apostate due to his policy of reversing Emperor Constantine's Christianization campaign by restoring traditional religious practices and holy places across the Empire. As part of this policy, Julian permitted the Jews to begin building a Third Temple. Rabbi Hilkiyah, one of the leading rabbis of the time, spurned Julian's money, arguing that gentiles should play no part in the rebuilding of the temple.

According to later ancient sources, including Sozomen (c. 400–450 CE) in his Historia Ecclesiastica and the pagan historian and close friend of Julian, Ammianus Marcellinus, the project of rebuilding the temple was aborted because each time the workers tried to build the temple using the existing substructure, they were burned by terrible flames coming from inside the earth and an earthquake destroyed what work was done: "Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to Alypius of Antioch. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the governor of the province; when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more: and he gave up the attempt."

The failure to rebuild the Temple has been ascribed to the Galilee earthquake of 363 CE, and to the Jews' own ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time. When Julian was killed in battle after a reign of less than three years, the Christians reasserted control over the empire, and the opportunity to rebuild the Temple ended.

Sassanid vassal state
In 610 CE, the Sassanid Empire drove the Byzantine Empire out of the Middle East, giving the Jews control of Jerusalem for the first time in centuries. The new rulers soon ordered the restart of animal sacrifice for the first time since the time of Bar Kochba. Shortly, before the Byzantines took the area back, the Persians gave control to the Christian population, who tore down the partly built edifice, and turned it into a garbage dump, which is what it was when the Caliph Omar took the city in the 630s.

Muslim conquest of Syria
An Armenian chronicle from the 7th century CE, written by the bishop Sebeos, states that the Jews and Arabs were quarreling amongst each other about their differences of religion during the Siege of Jerusalem in 637 CE but "a man of the sons of Ishmael named Muhammad" gave a "sermon of the Way of Truth, supposedly at God's command" to them saying that they, both the Jews and the Arabs, should unite under the banner of their father Abraham and enter the Holy Land. Sebeos also reports that the Jews began a reconstruction of the temple, but the Arabs expelled them and re-purposed the place for their own prayers. In turn, these Jews built another temple in a different location.

During the Mongol raids into Syria
In 1267, during the Mongol raids into Syria, an interregnum period between the complete domination of the Levant by the crusader states until 1260 and the conquest of Levant by the Mamluks in 1291, Nachmanides wrote a letter to his son. It contained the following references to the land and the Temple: "What shall I say of this land ... The more holy the place the greater the desolation. Jerusalem is the most desolate of all ... There are about 2,000 inhabitants ... but there are no Jews, for after the arrival of the Tartars, the Jews fled, and some were killed by the sword. There are now only two brothers, dyers, who buy their dyes from the government. At their place a quorum of worshippers meets on the Sabbath, and we encourage them, and found a ruined house, built on pillars, with a beautiful dome, and made it into a synagogue ... People regularly come to Jerusalem, men and women from Damascus and from Aleppo and from all parts of the country, to see the Temple and weep over it. And may He who deemed us worthy to see Jerusalem in her ruins, grant us to see her rebuilt and restored, and the honor of the Divine Presence returned."

Modern rebuilding efforts
In mainstream Orthodox Judaism the rebuilding of the Temple is generally left to the coming of the Jewish Messiah and to divine providence. A few organizations, representing a small minority of Orthodox Jews, want to realize construction of a Third Temple in present times. The Temple Institute, the self-proclaimed "Temple Mount Administration" and the Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement each state that its goal is to build the Third Temple on the Temple Mount (Mount Moriah).

Attempts to re-establish a Jewish presence on the Temple Mount
In August 1967, after the Israeli capture of the Mount, Rabbi Shlomo Goren (deceased 1994) the former Chief Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (and later chief rabbi of the State of Israel), began organizing public prayer for Jews on the Temple Mount. Rabbi Goren was known for his controversial positions concerning Jewish sovereignty over the Temple Mount. On August 15, 1967, shortly after the Six-Day War, Goren led a group of fifty Jews onto the Temple Mount, where, fighting off protesting Muslim guards and Israeli police, they held a prayer service. Goren continued to pray for many years in the Makhkame building overlooking the Temple Mount where he conducted yearly High Holy Days services. His call for the establishment of a synagogue on the Temple Mount was reiterated by his brother-in-law, the former Chief Rabbi of Haifa, She'ar Yashuv Cohen (deceased 2016).

Goren was sharply criticized by the Israeli Defense Ministry, who, noting Goren's senior rank, called his behaviour inappropriate. The episode led the Chief Rabbis of the time to restate the accepted laws of Judaism that no Jews were allowed on the mount due to issues of ritual impurity. The secular authorities welcomed this ruling as it preserved the status quo with the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. Disagreeing with his colleagues, Goren maintained that Jews were not only permitted, but commanded, to ascend and pray on the mount.

Goren advocated building a Third Temple on the Temple Mount from the 1960s onward. In the summer of 1983, Goren and several other rabbis joined Rabbi Yehuda Getz (deceased 1995) who worked for the Religious Affairs Ministry at the Western Wall, in touring a chamber underneath the mount that Getz had excavated. The tunnel was shortly discovered and resulted in a massive brawl between young Jews and Arabs in the area. The tunnel was quickly sealed with concrete by Israeli police. The sealed entrance can be seen from the Western Wall Tunnel, which opened to the public in 1996.

The Chief Rabbis of Israel, Isser Yehuda Unterman and Yitzhak Nissim, together with other leading rabbis, asserted that "For generations we have warned against and refrained from entering any part of the Temple Mount." A recent study of this rabbinical ruling suggests that it was both "unprecedented" and possibly prompted by governmental pressure on the rabbis, and "brilliant" in preventing Muslim–Jewish friction on the Mount. Rabbinical consensus in the Religious Zionist stream of Orthodox Judaism continues to hold that it is forbidden for Jews to enter any part of the Temple Mount and in January 2005, a declaration was signed confirming the 1967 decision. On the eve of Shavuot in 2014, or 6th Sivan, 5774 in the Hebrew calendar, 400 Jews ascended the Temple Mount; some were photographed in prayer.

Obstacles
The most immediate and obvious obstacle to realization of these goals is the fact that two historic Islamic structures which are 13 centuries old, namely the Al Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, are built on top of the Temple Mount. Any efforts to damage or reduce access to these sites, or to build Jewish structures within, between, beneath, beside, cantilevered on top of, or instead of them, could lead to severe international conflicts, given the association of the Muslim world with these holy places.

The Dome of the Rock is regarded as occupying the actual space where the Second Temple once stood, but some scholars disagree and instead claim that the Temple was located either just north of the Dome of the Rock, or about 200 meters south of it, with access to the Gihon fresh water spring, or perhaps between the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque.

In addition, most Orthodox Jewish scholars reject any attempts to build the Temple before the coming of Messiah. This is because there are many doubts as to the exact location in which it is required to be built. For example, while measurements are given in cubits, there exists a controversy whether this unit of measurement equals 1.84 feet, the scholarly consensus, or 1.43 feet, put forward by respected historian Asher Selig Kaufman. Without exact knowledge of the size of a cubit, the altar could not be built. The Talmud recounts that the building of the Second Temple was only possible under the direct prophetic guidance of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Without valid prophetic revelation, it would be impossible to rebuild the Temple, even if the mosques no longer occupied its location.

Status of Temple Mount
Many rabbis interpret halakha (Jewish religious law) as prohibiting Jews from entering the Holy of Holies. The situation is complicated as the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque fall under control of Muslim clerics, but Israeli police administer its security. According to CNN: "In 1996, the Israeli government opened an archeological tunnel just outside the compound, sparking riots in which 80 people, most of them Palestinians, were killed."

A 2000 visit to the Temple Mount by Ariel Sharon resulted in a clash between "stone-throwing Palestinians and Israeli troops, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets into the crowd," coinciding with the beginning of the Second Intifada which ended in 2005.

During the Sukkot festival in 2006, National Union Knesset member Uri Ariel visited the Temple Mount without incident and the Israeli police witnessed no provocation by the protestors.

Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism believes in the rebuilding of a Third Temple and the resumption of korban (sacrifices), although there is disagreement about how rebuilding should take place. Orthodox scholars and rabbinic authorities generally believe that rebuilding should occur in the era of the Jewish messiah at the hand of divine providence, although a minority position, following the opinion of Maimonides, holds that Jews should endeavour to rebuild the temple themselves, whenever possible.

The generally accepted position among Orthodox Jews is that the full order of the sacrifices will be resumed upon the building of the Temple. This belief is embedded in Orthodox Jewish prayer services. Three times a day, Orthodox Jews recite the Amidah, which contains prayers for the Temple's restoration and for the resumption of sacrifices, and every day there is a recitation of the order of the day's sacrifices and the psalms the Levites would have sung that day. Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist authorities disavow all belief in the resumption of korban.

Maimonides wrote in The Guide for the Perplexed "that God deliberately has moved Jews away from sacrifices towards prayer, as prayer is a higher form of worship". However, in his Jewish legal code, the Mishneh Torah, he states that animal sacrifices will resume in the Third Temple, and details how they will be carried out. Some attribute to Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook the view that animal sacrifices will not be reinstituted. These views on the Temple service are sometimes misconstrued (for example, in Olat Raiyah, commenting on the prophecy of Malachi ("Then the grain-offering of Judah and Jerusalem will be pleasing to God as in the days of old and as in former years" [Malachi 3:4]), Kook indicates that only grain offerings will be offered in the reinstated Temple service, while in a related essay from Igrot HaRaiyah he suggests otherwise.

Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism believes in a messiah and in a rebuilt Temple, but does not believe in the restoration of sacrifices. Accordingly, Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has modified the prayers. Conservative prayer books call for the restoration of Temple, but do not ask for resumption of sacrifices. The Orthodox study session on sacrifices in the daily morning service has been replaced with the Talmudic passages teaching that deeds of loving-kindness now atone for sin.

In the daily Amidah prayer, the central prayer in Jewish services, the petitions to accept the "fire offerings of Israel" and "the grain-offering of Judah and Jerusalem" (Malachi 3:4) are removed. In the special Mussaf Amidah prayer said on Shabbat and Jewish holidays, the Hebrew phrase na'ase ve'nakriv (we will present and sacrifice) is modified to read to asu ve'hikrivu (they presented and sacrificed), implying that sacrifices are a thing of the past. The prayer for the restoration of "the House of our lives" and the Shekhinah to dwell "among us" in the weekday Torah reading service is retained in Conservative prayer books, although not all Conservative services say it. In Conservative prayer books, words and phrases that have dual meaning, referring to both Temple features and theological or poetic concepts, are generally retained. Translations and commentaries, however, generally refer to the poetic or theological meanings only. Conservative Judaism also takes an intermediate position on Kohanim and Levites, preserving patrilineal tribal descent and some aspects of their roles, but lifting restrictions on whom Kohanim are permitted to marry.

In 2006, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards adapted a series of responsa on the subject of the role, in Conservative Judaism, of Niddah, a description of a woman during menstruation, which was considered in relation to the role of Temple-related concepts of ritual purity within contemporary Judaism. One responsum adopted by a majority of the Committee held that concepts of ritual purity relevant to entry into the Temple are no longer applicable to contemporary Judaism and accepted a proposal to change the term "family purity" to "family holiness" and to explain the continuing observance of niddah on a different basis from continuity with Temple practices. Another responsum, also adopted by a majority of the committee, called for retaining existing observances, terminology, and rationale, and held that these Temple-related observances and concepts continued to have contemporary impact and meaning. Thus, consistent with Conservative Judaism's philosophy of pluralism, both views of the continuing relevance of Temple-related concepts of ritual purity are permissible Conservative views.

Theodor Herzl includes the reconstructed Temple in his novel Altneuland, but along with an intact Dome of the Rock.

Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism does not believe in the rebuilding of a central Temple or a restoration of Temple sacrifices or worship. It regards the Temple and sacrificial era as a period of a more primitive form of ritual from which Judaism has evolved and should not return. It also believes a special role for Kohanim and Levites represents a caste system incompatible with modern principles of egalitarianism, and does not preserve these roles. Furthermore, there is a Reform view that the shul or synagogue is a modern Temple; hence, "Temple" appears in numerous congregation names in Reform Judaism. Indeed, the re-designation of the synagogue as "temple" was one of the hallmarks of early Reform in 19th-century Germany, when Berlin was declared the new Jerusalem, and Reform Jewry sought to demonstrate their staunch German nationalism. The Anti-Zionism that characterized Reform Judaism throughout much of its history subsided significantly following the Holocaust and the subsequent establishment and later successes of the modern state of Israel. The belief in the return of the Jews to the Temple in Jerusalem is not part of mainstream Reform Judaism however.

Christian views
While there are a number of differing views amongst Christianity with regard to the significance or the requirement of a third temple being built in Jerusalem, according to the writers of the New Testament, the New Covenant (spoken of in Jeremiah 31:31–34) is marked by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in the believer (Ezekiel 36:26–27) and that therefore every believer's body and every gathering of believers comprise the temple, or that the temple has been superseded. Paul illustrates this concept in his letter to the believers at Corinth:

"Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and that you are not your own? (1 Corinthians 6:19 NASB)"

This idea is related to the belief that Christ himself, having claimed to be and do what the temple was and did, is the new temple, and that his people, as a part of the "body of Christ" (meaning the church), are part of this temple as well. The result, according to N. T. Wright, is that the earthly temple (along with the city of Jerusalem and the Land of Israel) is no longer of spiritual significance:
 * [Paul] refers to the church, and indeed to individual Christians, as the 'temple of the living God' (1 Cor. 3:16, 6:19). To Western Christians, thinking anachronistically of the temple as simply the Jewish equivalent of a cathedral, the image is simply one metaphor among many and without much apparent significance. For a first-century Jew, however, the Temple had an enormous significance; as a result, when Paul uses such an image within twenty-five years of the Crucifixion (with the actual temple still standing), it is a striking index of the immense change that has taken place in his [Paul's] thought. The Temple had been superseded by the Church. If this is so for the Temple, and in Romans 4 for the Land, then it must a fortiori be the case for Jerusalem, which formed the concentric circle in between those two in the normal Jewish worldview.

In the teaching of both Jesus and Paul, then, according to Wright,

"God’s house in Jerusalem was meant to be a ‘place of prayer for all the nations’ (Isaiah 56:7; Mark 11:17); but God would now achieve this through the new temple, which was Jesus himself and his people."

Ben F. Meyer, also, argued that Jesus applied prophecy regarding Zion and temple to himself and his followers:
 * [Jesus] affirmed the prophecies of salvation with their end-time imagery Zion and the temple—belonging to the eschatological themes that the "pilgrimage of the peoples" evoked. But contrary to the common expectation of his contemporaries, Jesus expected the destruction of the temple in the coming eschatological ordeal (Mark 13:2=Matt 24:2=Luke 21:6). The combination seems contradictory. How could he simultaneously predict the ruin of the temple in the ordeal and affirm the end-time fulfilment of promise and prophecy on Zion and temple? The paradox is irresolvable until one takes note of another trait of Jesus' words on the imagery of Zion and temple, namely, the consistent application to his own disciples of Zion- and temple-imagery: the city on the mountain (Matt 5:14; cf. Thomas, 32), the cosmic rock (Matt 16:18; cf. John 1:42), the new sanctuary (Mark 14:58; Matt 26:61). The mass of promise and prophecy will come to fulfilment in this eschatological and messianic circle of believers.

Some would therefore see the need for a third temple as being diminished, redundant, or entirely foreclosed and superseded, while others take a position that the building of the third temple is an integral part of Christian eschatology. The various perspectives on the significance of the building of a third temple within Christianity are therefore generally linked to a number of factors including: the level of literal or spiritual interpretation applied to what is taken to be "end-time" prophecy; the perceived relationships between various scriptures such as Daniel, the Olivet Discourse, 2 Thessalonians and Ezekiel (amongst others); whether or not a dual-covenant is considered to be in place; and whether Old Testament promises of the restoration of Israel remain unfulfilled or have all come true in the Messiah (2 Corinthians 1:20). Such factors determine, for example, whether Daniel or 2 Thessalonians  are read as referring to a still-future physically restored third temple.

A number of these perspectives are illustrated below.

Christian mainstream
The dominant view within Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant Christianity is that animal sacrifices within the Temple were a foreshadowing of the sacrifice Jesus made for the sins of the world through his crucifixion and shedding of his blood on the first day of Passover. The Epistle to the Hebrews is often cited in support of this view: the temple sacrifices are described as being imperfect, since they require repeating (ch. 10:1–4), and as belonging to a covenant that was "becoming obsolete and growing old" and was "ready to vanish away" (ch. 8:13, ESV). See also Abrogation of Old Covenant laws. Christ's crucifixion, being a sacrifice which dealt with sin once and for all, negated any need for further animal sacrifice. Christ himself is compared to the High Priest who was always standing and performing rituals and sacrifices. Christ, however, having performed his sacrifice, "sat down" – perfection having been finally attained (ch. 10:11–14,18). Further, the veil or curtain to the Holy of Holies is seen as having been torn asunder at the crucifixion – figuratively in connection with this theology (ch 10:19–21), and literally according to the Gospel of Matthew (ch 27:50–51). For these reasons, a third temple, whose partial purpose would be the re-institution of animal sacrifices, is seen as unnecessary and thus superseded. Irenaeus and Hippolytus were among early church writers who foresaw a rebuilding of the Temple, as necessary for the preparation for the reign of the Antichrist.

Additionally, Jesus himself stated, in response to a Samaritan asking whether it is right to worship on Mount Gerizim or Mount Zion, that "a time is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem... But in spirit and in truth". He stated of the Herodian temple, "Not one stone will be left on another; every one of them will be thrown down" – John 4:21, Luke 21:6.

Dispensationalist
Those Protestants who do believe in the importance of a future rebuilt temple (viz., some dispensationalists) hold that the importance of the sacrificial system shifts to a Memorial of the Cross, given the text of Ezekiel Chapters 39 and following (in addition to Millennial references to the Temple in other Old Testament passages); since Ezekiel explains at length the construction and nature of the Millennial temple, in which Jews will once again hold the priesthood; some others hold that perhaps it was not eliminated with Jesus' sacrifice for sin, but is a ceremonial object lesson for confession and forgiveness (somewhat like water baptism and Communion are today); and that such animal sacrifices would still be appropriate for ritual cleansing and for acts of celebration and thanksgiving toward God. Some dispensationalists believe this will be the case with the Second Coming when Jesus reigns over earth from the city of New Jerusalem. Some interpret a passage in the Book of Daniel, Daniel 12:11, as a prophecy that the end of this age will occur shortly after sacrifices are ended in the newly rebuilt temple.

In 1762, Charles Wesley wrote:

Dispensational Evangelical
Many Evangelical Christians believe that New Testament prophecies associated with the Jewish Temple, such as Matthew 24–25 and 2 Thessalonians 2:1–12, were not completely fulfilled during the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE (a belief of full preterism) and that these prophecies refer to a future temple. This view is a core part of dispensationalism, an interpretative framework of the Bible that stresses biblical literalism and asserts that the Jews remain God's chosen people. According to dispensationalist theologians, such as Hal Lindsey and Tim LaHaye, the Third Temple will be rebuilt when the Antichrist, often identified as the political leader of a trans-national alliance similar to the European Union or the United Nations, secures a peace treaty between the modern nation of Israel and its neighbours following a global war. The Antichrist later uses the temple as a venue for proclaiming himself as God and the long-awaited Messiah, demanding worship from humanity.

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians believe that the Eucharist, which they hold to be one in substance with the one self-sacrifice of Christ on the Cross, is a far superior offering when compared with the merely preparatory temple sacrifices, as explained in the Epistle to the Hebrews. They also believe that Christ Himself is the New Temple, as spoken of in the Book of Revelation and that Revelation can best be understood as the Eucharist, heaven on earth. Their church buildings are meant to model Solomon's Temple, with the Tabernacle, containing the Eucharist, being considered the new "Holy of Holies." Therefore, they do not attach any significance to a possible future rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple.

The Orthodox also quote Daniel 9:27 ("... he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease ...") to show that the sacrifices would stop with the arrival of the Messiah, and mention that according to Jesus, St. Paul and the Holy Fathers, the temple will only be rebuilt in the times of the Antichrist.

Quotations: Matthew 24:15 "When you see the desolating abomination spoken of through Daniel the prophet standing in the holy place (let the reader understand)...."

2 Thessalonians 2:3–4 "Let no one deceive you in any way. For unless the apostasy comes first and the lawless one is revealed,* the one doomed to perdition, who opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god and object of worship, so as to seat himself in the temple of God,* claiming that he is a god – do you not recall that while I was still with you I told you these things?"

Latter Day Saints
Latter Day Saints (LDS) believe that the Jews will build the Third Temple before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, and after the Second Coming the Jews will accept Jesus as the Messiah. Most Jews will then embrace the fullness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Then, it is believed, the Third Temple will be God's temple as Christ reigns on the earth, and it will become the Jerusalem LDS Temple. There will be many LDS Temples but two main temples will jointly serve as the central governing places – the Jerusalem Temple will function as the resurrected Jesus Christ's Eastern Hemisphere governing place and the New Jerusalem Temple in Independence, Missouri, will function as the resurrected Jesus Christ's Western Hemisphere governing place. Both of these two temples will have thrones for Jesus Christ to sit on during his millennial reign.

The Community of Christ, the second largest denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement, has operated a temple, open to the public, in Independence, Missouri, since 1994. Another denomination of the LDS movement, the Church of Christ (Temple Lot), possess the Temple Lot, the actual spot on which the Temple will be built.

Muslim view
Most Muslims view the movement for the building of a Third Temple on the Temple Mount as an affront to Islam due to the presence of the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in the stead of the former Holy Temple. Today the area is regarded by the majority of Muslims as the third holiest site in Islam. Muslims are resolute in calling for recognition of their exclusive rights over the site and demand that it be wholly transferred to Muslim sovereignty; furthermore, some Muslims deny any association with the Mount to the former Jewish Temples which stood at the site.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation was initiated in reaction to Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian Christian who set fire to a 12th-century pulpit of the Al-Aqsa mosque, in an attempt to initiate the second coming of Christ. The protection of the Al-Aqsa Mosque is in the primary mandate of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Baháʼí view
In the Baháʼí Faith, the prophecy of the Third Temple was fulfilled with the writing of the Súriy-i-Haykal by Bahá'u'lláh in pentacle form. The Súriy-i-Haykal or Tablet of the Temple, is a composite work which consists of a tablet followed by five messages addressed to world leaders; shortly after its completion, Bahá'u'lláh instructed the tablet be written in the form of a pentacle, symbolizing the human temple and added to it the conclusion: "Thus have We built the Temple with the hands of power and might, could ye but know it. This is the Temple promised unto you in the Book. Draw ye nigh unto it. This is that which profiteth you, could ye but comprehend it. Be fair, O peoples of the earth! Which is preferable, this, or a temple which is built of clay? Set your faces towards it. Thus have ye been commanded by God, the Help in Peril, the Self-Subsisting."

Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Baháʼí Faith in the first half of the 20th century, explained that this verse refers to the prophecy in the Hebrew Bible where Zechariah had promised the rebuilding of the Temple in the End Times as fulfilled in the return of the Manifestation of God, Bahá'u'lláh, in a human temple. Throughout the tablet, Bahá'u'lláh addresses the Temple (himself) and explains the glory which is invested in it allowing all the nations of the world to find redemption. In the tablet, Bahá'u'lláh states that the Manifestation of God is a pure mirror that reflects the sovereignty of God and manifests God's beauty and grandeur to mankind. In essence, Bahá'u'lláh explains that the Manifestation of God is a "Living Temple" and Bahá'u'lláh addresses the organs and limbs of the human body and bids each to focus on God and not the earthly world.

title: Third Temple


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File:Barbershop posta.jpg

Barbershop movie poster

Fair use in BarberShop (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Barbershop posta.jpg


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User:Ghidra99/Bajina Bašta

Bajina Bašta was established on the remains of the Turkish settlement of Pljeskovo which was situated on the right bank of the Drina River between the confluence of the Rača and Pilica Rivers, under the eastern foothills of Tara Mountain. Under the pressure of Serbian authorities, the Turks were pushed from this region directly across the Drina into Bosnia, where Turks started to build houses in the villages of Skelani and Dobrak.

The name Bajina Bašta comes from the large garden, fruit and vegetable farm of the famous Turkish feudal owner, Baja Osman after whom the settlement got its name. Bajina Bašta literally means "Baja’s Garden". In 1858 the settlement was declared as an administrative center of Rača District. The town received its official status in 1872 by the ordinance (ruling) of Prince Milan Obrenović. Ten years later, the town got its urban plan.

The Rača’s region primarily becomes a part of Sokolska nahija (region), in other words a part of Zvornik’s Sandzak (region), and later on a part of Užice nahija where it remains until its liberation from the Turks in 1834. Later on, this town belonged to the Užice District, canton, region and today again to Zlatibor District. In 1875 a mixed handicraft guild was established with 88 different occupations, based on forestry and stock farming. In attempts to improve trade links between Serbia and Bosnia, in 1880, the first custom point was opened in Skelani. In 1926, a metal bridge was built, replacing the ferry that crossed the river. In 1940, the downtown area built its first water piping and sewerage system. During World War II, Bajina Bašta was severely damaged. The city was liberated from Nazi forces on September 12, 1944.

Bajina Bašta has continued to develop into an economical, cultural and administrative center of the Bajina Bašta Municipality which encompasses 672 km2 (418 miles2), today having 29,747 inhabitants, of which 8,555 live in the urban centers. Intensive industrial development began in 1966 when the Bajina Bašta Hydroelectric Power Plant in Perućac went into operation. This is the second largest hydroelectric power plant in Serbia and Montenegro today after Djerdap on the Danube River. The hydroelectric plant consists of two retention lakes Lake Peruć and Lake Zaovine, which has the unique characteristics of being located 9 km away and 800 km above the actual dam itself, at the top of the nearby mountains.

The expansion and development of Bajina Bašta by modern urbanization plan was directed along the main streets which represent a part of the main routes to Užice – Perućac (Kneza Milana Obrenovica Street) and Rogačica – Tara (Svetosavska Street), which intersect in the town’s center, where the rest of the town’s streets link. Bajina Bašta is considered a modern urban settlement with a potential for horizontal expansion. Downtown represents the residential area with buildings of different facades and height.

title: User:Ghidra99/Bajina Bašta


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User:SigPig

You do not have new messages (not even a gag link ).

¶

title: User:SigPig


text: Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge


text:
Graded poset

In mathematics, in the branch of combinatorics, a graded poset is a partially-ordered set (poset) P equipped with a rank function ρ from P to the set N of all natural numbers. ρ must satisfy the following two properties:

The value of the rank function for an element of the poset is called its rank. Sometimes a graded poset is called a ranked poset but that phrase has other meanings; see Ranked poset. A rank or rank level of a graded poset is the subset of all the elements of the poset that have a given rank value.
 * The rank function is compatible with the ordering, meaning that for all x and y in the order, if x < y then ρ(x) < ρ(y), and
 * The rank is consistent with the covering relation of the ordering, meaning that for all x and y, if y covers x then ρ(y) = ρ(x) + 1.

Graded posets play an important role in combinatorics and can be visualized by means of a Hasse diagram.

Examples
Some examples of graded posets (with the rank function in parentheses) are:
 * Natural numbers N with their usual order (rank: the number itself), or some interval [0, N] of this poset
 * Nn with the product order (sum of the components), or a subposet of it that is a product of intervals
 * Positive integers ordered by divisibility (number of prime factors, counted with multiplicity), or a subposet of it formed by the divisors of a fixed N
 * The Boolean lattice of finite subsets of a set ordered by inclusion (number of elements of the subset)
 * Any distributive lattice of finite lower sets of another poset (number of elements)
 * In particular any finite distributive lattice
 * Poset of all unlabeled posets on $$\{1,...,n\}$$ (number of elements)
 * Young's lattice (number of boxes in the Young diagram)
 * Any geometric lattice, such as the lattice of subspaces of a vector space (dimension of the subspace)
 * Lattice of partitions of a set into finitely many parts, ordered by reverse refinement (number of parts)
 * Lattice of partitions of a finite set X, ordered by refinement (number of elements of X minus number of parts)
 * Face lattice of convex polytopes (dimension of the face, plus one)
 * Abstract polytope ("distance" from the least face, minus one)
 * Abstract simplicial complex (number of elements of the simplex)
 * A group with a generating set, or equivalently its Cayley graph, ordered by the weak or strong Bruhat order, and ranked by word length (length of shortest reduced word)
 * In particular a Coxeter group, for example permutations of a totally ordered n-element set, with either the weak or strong Bruhat order (number of adjacent inversions)

Alternative characterizations
A bounded poset admits a grading if and only if all maximal chains in P have the same length: setting the rank of the least element to 0 then determines the rank function completely. This covers many finite cases of interest; see picture for a negative example. However, unbounded posets can be more complicated.

A candidate rank function, compatible with the ordering, makes a poset into graded poset if and only if, whenever one has x < z with z of rank n + 1, an element y of rank n can be found with x ≤ y < z. This condition is sufficient because if z is taken to be a cover of x, the only possible choice is y = x showing that the ranks of x and z differ by 1, and it is necessary because in a graded poset one can take for y any element of maximal rank with x ≤ y < z, which always exists and is covered by z.

Often a poset comes with a natural candidate for a rank function; for instance if its elements are finite subsets of some base set B, one can take the number of elements of those subsets. Then the criterion just given can be more practical than the definition because it avoids mention of covers. For instance if B is itself a poset, and P consists of its finite lower sets (subsets for which with every one of its elements, all smaller elements are also in the subset), then the criterion is automatically satisfied, since for lower sets x ⊆ z there is always a maximal element of z that is absent from x, and it can be removed from z to form y.

In some common posets such as the face lattice of a convex polytope there is a natural grading by dimension, which if used as rank function would give the minimal element, the empty face, rank −1. In such cases it might be convenient to bend the definition stated above by adjoining the value −1 to the set of values allowed for the rank function. Allowing arbitrary integers as rank would however give a fundamentally different notion; for instance the existence of a minimal element would no longer be assured.

A graded poset (with positive integer ranks) cannot have any elements x for which arbitrarily long chains with greatest element x exist, as otherwise it would have to have elements of arbitrarily small (and eventually negative) rank. For instance, the integers (with the usual order) cannot be a graded poset, nor can any interval (with more than one element) of rational or real numbers. (In particular, graded posets are well-founded, meaning that they satisfy the descending chain condition (DCC): they do not contain any infinite descending chains. ) Henceforth we shall therefore only consider posets in which this does not happen. This implies that whenever x < y we can get from x to y by repeatedly choosing a cover, finitely many times. It also means that (for positive integer rank functions) compatibility of ρ with the ordering follows from the requirement about covers. As a variant of the definition of a graded poset, Birkhoff allows rank functions to have arbitrary (rather than only nonnegative) integer values. In this variant, the integers can be graded (by the identity function) in his setting, and the compatibility of ranks with the ordering is not redundant. As a third variant, Brightwell and West define a rank function to be integer-valued, but don't require its compatibility with the ordering; hence this variant can grade even e.g. the real numbers by any function, as the requirement about covers is vacuous for this example.

Note that graded posets need not satisfy the ascending chain condition (ACC): for instance, the natural numbers contain the infinite ascending chain $$0 < 1 < 2 < \dots$$.

A poset is graded if and only if every connected component of its comparability graph is graded, so further characterizations will suppose this comparability graph to be connected. On each connected component the rank function is only unique up to a uniform shift (so the rank function can always be chosen so that the elements of minimal rank in their connected component have rank 0).

If P has a least element Ô then being graded is equivalent to the condition that for any element x all maximal chains in the interval [Ô, x] have the same length. This condition is necessary since every step in a maximal chain is a covering relation, which should change the rank by 1. The condition is also sufficient, since when it holds, one can use the mentioned length to define the rank of x (the length of a finite chain is its number of "steps", so one less than its number of elements), and whenever x covers y, adjoining x to a maximal chain in [Ô, y] gives a maximal chain in [Ô, x].

If P also has a greatest element Î (so that it is a bounded poset), then the previous condition can be simplified to the requirement that all maximal chains in P have the same (finite) length. This suffices, since any pair of maximal chains in [Ô, x] can be extended by a maximal chain in [x, Î] to give a pair of maximal chains in P.

 * Note Stanley defines a poset to be graded of length n if all its maximal chains have length n (Stanley 1997, p.99). This definition is given in a context where interest is mostly in finite posets, and although the book subsequently often drops the part "of length n", it does not seem appropriate to use this as definition of "graded" for general posets, because (1) it says nothing about posets whose maximal chains are infinite, in particular (2) it excludes important posets like Young's lattice. Also it is not clear why in a graded poset all minimal elements, as well as all maximal elements, should be required to have the same length, even if Stanley gives examples making clear that he does mean to require that (ibid, pp.216 and 219).

The usual case
Many authors in combinatorics define graded posets in such a way that all minimal elements of P must have rank 0, and moreover that there is a maximal rank r that is the rank of any maximal element. Then being graded means that all maximal chains have length r, as is indicated above. In this case one says that P has rank r.

Furthermore, in this case, to the rank levels are associated the rank numbers or Whitney numbers $$W_0,W_1,W_2,... $$. These numbers are defined by $$W_i$$ = number of elements of P having rank i .

The Whitney numbers are connected with a lot of important combinatorial theorems. The classic example is Sperner's theorem, which can be formulated as follows:

"For the power set $ \mathcal P(S) $ of every finite set $S$ the maximum cardinality of a Sperner family equals the maximum Whitney number."

This means: "Every finite power set has the Sperner property"

title: Graded poset


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Mágico González

Jorge Alberto González Barillas (born 13 March 1958), popularly known as El Mágico ("The Magical One" or "The Wizard"), is a Salvadoran former professional footballer who played mainly as a forward.

At the club level, he played mainly for FAS and Spain's Cádiz in a 24-year senior career. Dogged by his self-admitted and often-reported lack of discipline, he was often hailed as the greatest and most skilled footballer ever produced by El Salvador, and as one of the greatest players from the CONCACAF region.

González represented the El Salvador national team for more than two decades, taking part in the 1982 World Cup and the 1998 Gold Cup.

Early years
Born in San Salvador, González began his professional career in 1975, representing ANTEL and Independiente over two seasons before moving to FAS in the Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador.

While playing in El Salvador, González became known as Mago but later, upon transferring to Spain, his nickname was slightly changed to Mágico.

Cádiz
Both Atlético Madrid and Cádiz became interested in acquiring González in 1982 but, despite the Colchoneros' higher profile, he signed with the Andalusians. His first game in Spain came in a friendly against La Barca de la Florida, while his Segunda División debut was on 5 September 1982 in a 1–1 home draw against Real Murcia, scoring in the process. He became a fan favorite thanks to his dazzling moves and goals, but was also notorious for his love of the nightlife and his sleeping habits were also brought into question, whilst his on-field abilities endeared him to the Cádiz fans enough that they overlooked his minor indiscretions; he finished his first season with 33 games and 14 goals as the team promoted to La Liga.

In 1983 and 1984, Cádiz traveled to the United States. González was the principal attraction the first year, but in the following the side was joined by Barcelona and its superstar Diego Maradona, who later claimed that the Salvadoran was "without a doubt amongst the greatest ten players I have ever seen play, in all my life". His debut in the top division came on 11 September 1983 in a 1–3 home loss against the same opponent, Murcia, and they were immediately relegated.

Despite this, Paris Saint-Germain of France showed interest in signing him as well as Italian teams Atalanta, Fiorentina and Sampdoria, but González chose to stay in Cádiz. His stay was somewhat short-lived, however, as he was transferred to Real Valladolid in the 1985 January transfer window due to problems with manager Benito Joanet. He did not get along at Valladolid, where his personal life was tightly controlled and, after playing in just nine games, he returned to Cádiz exactly one year later; as a precaution against his partying, his contract was reputed to have contained a clause stipulating he was to be paid US$700 per game played and none for the ones he missed.

After several coaching changes, González was finally able to shine again for Cádiz under Víctor Espárrago, still competing in a further four top-tier campaigns. In all, he scored 58 goals in 194 league games for the club until his departure on 6 June 1991, aged 33.

Later career
González returned to El Salvador and FAS after Atalanta again failed to sign him. He stayed with the former until 1999 when he retired to begin coaching as an assistant in Houston, Texas. After a short stint in the US, he returned to his homeland.

In 2001, Cádiz honored González with a testimonial match, with the proceeds going to the victims of a recent earthquake in El Salvador. In 2003, the Salvadoran National Assembly gave González the government's highest honor, the Hijo Meritísimo, and renamed the national stadium the Flor Blanca after him. On 28 August 2004, another testimonial was played in his honor, this time in El Salvador at the Mágico González Stadium, between America XI, a group of international stars, and a team made up of ex-FAS players; he played a half with either side and scored a total of three goals.

International career
Many critics and journalists say that if González had been Argentinian or Brazilian, he would have ranked amongst the best in the world, alongside Maradona and Pelé. He received the first of his 62 caps for El Salvador on 1 December 1976, in a FIFA World Cup qualification match against Costa Rica. He was also instrumental in leading the nation to the 1982 FIFA World Cup – the second time in history – where he appeared in all three group-stage matches, including the 10–1 loss to Hungary.

González represented his country in 31 World Cup qualifiers, and scored 21 goals in full internationals.

Style of play and temperament
A slender and highly creative forward, with superb ball control, technical ability and dribbling skills, González was also known for his quick feet and use of tricks and feints (including the flip flap, the Cruyff turn and the step over), as well as his accuracy with the ball and speed in possession – however, his talent was often overshadowed by his questionable behaviour off the pitch. He was widely considered to be the greatest Salvadoran footballer of all time, as well as one of the best-ever Latin American footballers in the history of the game. In 2000, he was named his nation's Player of the Century in IFFHS' Player of the Century Elections.

A versatile forward, González was capable of playing both as a winger or as a second striker, but was also deployed as a centre-forward, as a playmaker in the number 10 role or even as a midfielder on occasion, and often wore the number 11 shirt. His playing style served as an inspiration for Maradona, who was a staunch admirer of the Salvadoran, describing him as one of the ten best players he had ever seen and even stating that "[w]e, in training, always tried to imitate him [González], but we couldn't."

Personal life
González was born to a family of modest means in the Luz neighborhood of San Salvador, one of seven brothers and a single sister. His older brother, Mauricio González Pachín, was a footballer who became well known at the local level.

Mágico married Ana María Ruano, daughter of another Salvadoran football legend, Alfredo Ruano. His son, Rodrigo, also played in the country's top division, for C.D. Atlético Marte.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list El Salvador's goal tally first.

Honours
FAS
 * Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador: 1977–78, 1978–79, 1981, 1994–95, 1995–96
 * CONCACAF Champions League: 1979

El Salvador
 * Central American Games: 1977
 * CONCACAF Championship runner-up: 1981; third place: 1977

Individual
 * CONCACAF Team of the Century: 1998
 * Best Salvadoran player of the 20th century according to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics: 1999

title: Mágico González