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Khanjali

A khanjali, also known as a kindjal, is a double-edged dagger used since antiquity in the Caucasus. The shape of the weapon is similar to that of the ancient Roman gladius, the Scottish dirk and the ancient Greek xiphos. Inhabitants of Caucasus have used the Kindjal as a secondary weapon since the 18th century.

Such daggers and their scabbards are usually highly engraved with gold or silver designs, and sometimes include embedded gemstones. The scabbard will generally feature a ballpoint extension on the tip, and the handle is usually made of materials such as wood or ivory.

Name
The name of the dagger Kindjal came into use from Persia, before that word Satevari was used in Georgia. (See also khanjar and qama.)

 * In Georgia it is called Khanjali and Satevari
 * In Dagestan it is called Khanjali
 * In Azerbaijan it is called Khanjar
 * In Armenia it is called Khanchal
 * In Chechnya/Ingushetia it is Shalta
 * In Circassia and Ossetia it is called Kama (Qama).

History
The earliest Khanjali in Georgia dates back as far as 3rd century B.C. Its small size, reminiscent of the Roman gladius, is owed mainly to the fact that softness of copper and bronze it was originally made of did not allow for longer blades. Later, with introduction of steel, it became longer and narrower, However, its older version, called satevari, refused to give any ground, managing to survive three millennia and remain as a sidearm

Although similar straight daggers were used by Caucasians in ancient times, they eventually lost their popularity and gave way to curved daggers, similar to ones found in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Based on archeological evidence, the Khanjali itself dates from roughly the late 18th century. By the mid-19th century, it had achieved wide popularity and was carried by almost everyone in most parts of the Caucasus.

In the 19th century, the production of Kindjals was at a high level in the Transcaucasia. Tbilisi was especially distinguished and well-known, from where such tools were supplied to other mountain peoples of the Caucasus, as well as Iran and other eastern regions countries.. As Tbilisi was the capital of Caucasus at that time, both the client and the master were able to gather in one place. In Tbilisi, some of Khanjals were fitted and decorated by ethnic Armenian jewelers, while the blades themselves in some cases bear Muslim signatures, likely belonging to Dagestani or Persian bladesmiths. In the first half of the 19th century, the Elizarashvili family was one of the most famous blacksmithing families not only in the Caucasus but also in Iran, Turkey and Russia. Giorgi Elizarashvili inherited the family secrets of blacksmithing from his ancestors and passed on his knowledge and skills to his sons – Efrem and Karaman. The family maintained strictly the secrets of processing steel, but in 1828 Karaman shared the secret by the order of the Russian emperor Nicholas I, and in return received a gold medal (with Anna ribbon) and 1000 Chervonets (high-value gold coins). Other famous masters of Caucasian arms included the Armenians Osip Papov, Gevork Purunsuzov, and Khachatur Beburov, the Dagestani Bazalai, and the Chechen Chilla Murtazaliev.

Besides being a status symbol and weapon, many social traditions were associated with the Kindjal. The usage of Georgian Khanjali/Satevari in pre-marital relationships, termed as "sc'orproba(სწორპრობა)," was an intriguing and unusual Khevsur custom. During the night, a young couple may lie together with a Khanjali between them. Sexual activity between the two was prohibited. Anyone who disobeyed this rule was put to death. The Kindjal was also popularly used while dancing.

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Keling

Keling or Kling is an exonym to denote a Tamilian or someone deemed to have originated from South India. Originally a neutral term, since the mid-20th century it has been considered derogatory and an ethnic slur, and it is sometimes euphemistically referred to as the K-word. The term is used in parts of Southeast Asia, particularly the Malay Archipelago where there are a significant Tamil diaspora specifically Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Brunei  but cognates exist in neighbouring countries as well.

Although the early definition was neutral and linked to the historical Kalinga kingdom, it is now generally considered offensive by Indians in Southeast Asia. In Brunei, the word Kaling was not considered to be pejorative, but due to media influence from Malaysia, the majority of Bruneians now tend to avoid using it. In modern usage it is not commonly capitalised. The term has also been used based on skin tone (colourism) whereby is it more likely to be used against visibly darker-skinned Indians.

Etymology
The word Keling derives from the ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.

While this was apparently sometimes localized as Kalingga (as in the Indonesian Kalingga Kingdom), the terminal schwa sound was dropped in common usage to form Keling. Though ostensibly denoting the Kalinga kingdom, the term Keling in ancient Southeast Asia came to be a more general term for India and its people. The Khmer word Kleng (ក្លិង្គ) derived from the same root. Prior to the introduction of the English word "India", Keling and Jambu Dwipa were used to refer to the country in the Malay and Indonesian, while Benua Keling referred to the Indian Subcontinent.

Usage
The earliest known occurrence of the word Keling appears in the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals). The legend mentions Raja Shulan as the king of Keling who sets out to conquer China with his descendant Raja Chulan. Scholars identify Raja Chulan with the Chola king of southern India, from whom the term Chulia derives, as in Penang's Chulia Street. Later parts of the Sejarah Melayu mention the voyages of Hang Nadim and Hang Tuah to Benua Keling (India). However Keling must not be misunderstood as a specific territory, rather it refers to people of Indian origin and not only the inhabitants of Kalinga. For example, a colonial-era Indonesian tradition refers to the Ramayana epic as Rama meaning "Rama the Indian". After the introduction of Islam, Keling sometimes referred specifically to Malayalee or Telugu people while Gujaratis and Indo-Aryan peoples from Pakistan were often confused with Parsi or Persians.

The Dutch used the words "Clings" and "Klingers" to refer to the Indian inhabitants of Malacca. The British colonial writings also use the word "Kling" to describe the immigrants from Gujarat Presidency and Coromandel coast. John Crawfurd (1856) mentioned that the term "Kling" was used by the Malays and the Javanese as "a general term for all the people of Hindustan (North India), and for the country India itself".

The 16th-century Portuguese traveller Castanheda wrote of the Keling community in Melaka in the period between 1528 and 1538:

In the northern part [of the city of Malacca] live merchants known as Quelins [Klings — a name applied to South Indians]; in this part the town is much larger than at any other. There are at Malacca, many foreign merchants ...

In its early usage Keling was a neutral term for people of Indian Muslim origin, but was perceived negatively beginning in the 20th century due to various socio-political factors. From the mid-1900s, words denoting ethnic origin were used derogatively in Malay to imply immigrant status. Consequently, more neutral language was adopted. This can be observed in the book Cherita Jenaka, where the term orang Keling (Keling people) in the 1960 edition was changed to orang India Muslim (Indian Muslim people) in the 1963 edition.

Malay
The word Keling has been used variously within the Malay community to mean an Indian Muslim, but now it is used more to refer to any Indian. The title "Kapitan Keling" was used for a representative of an Indian community, similar to the "Kapitan Cina" of a Chinese community. In early Penang of the 1790s the Kapitan Keling was Cauder Mohideen who, together with the Kapitan Cina Koh Lay Huan and other prominent members of the community, formed the first Committee of Assessors to decide the rates and collection of taxes. This usage is preserved is the name of the Kapitan Keling Mosque, a prominent Penang landmark.

In some modern cases Keling is used as a derogatory term. It was used in 2005 by Members of Parliament in Malaysia because of misconception about Indian Muslim ethnics, which resulted in an uproar accusing the MPs of racism.

The definition of the word may vary from one Malaysian state to another. In Kedah, for example, the term is mainly used to refer to Muslims of Indian descent (In Selangor, the word Mamak is used to refer to an Indian Muslim).

Indonesia
Traditionally in Indonesia, Keling is linked with India while Kalingga refers to the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom, which ultimately derived from the Indian Kalinga kingdom. In modern colloquial Indonesian, it is sometimes used to refer to any dark-skinned person of Indian descent, stereotypically associated with South Indians; this usage is considered offensive.

Philippine
For the southern Philippines, it has been suggested that the sobriquet "Kiling", which referred to the name of a local Rajah (Rajah Kiling of Butuan), is not Visayan in origin but rather, Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India among the Mindanaoans.

Cambodian
In Cambodia, the slang term for Indian people is Kleng (ក្លិង្គ), also derived from the kingdom of Kalinga and cognate with the Malay Keling or Kling. It may also be used as a nickname for people who have stereotypically Indian features such as big eyes and dark skin.

Thai
The equivalent of Keling in the Thai language is Khaek (แขก). It is a generic term referring to anyone from South Asia. The term generally has no negative connotation and is used even in polite or formal communication. However, outside influence and confusion with Mughals and Indian Muslims has broadened the meaning in modern times to include certain predominantly Muslims communities, particularly Persians and Arabs. This extended meaning is considered inaccurate and at times rejected as derogatory, especially by Thai Muslims, but has become increasingly widespread.

Chinese
The phrases Keling-a (Hokkien; 吉寧仔; POJ: Ki-lêng-á ), Keling-yan (Cantonese; 吉寧人; Yale: gat-lìhng-yan),(Hakka; 吉靈仔 git-lin-zai); and Keling-kia (Teochew) are frequently used within the Chinese community in Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore. The Hokkien and Teochew suffixes -a and -kia are diminutives that are generally used to refer to non-Chinese ethnic groups, while the Cantonese "-yan" means "people".

Names of places
Various place names in Malaysia contain the word Keling for historical reasons, e.g. Tanjong Keling., Kampong Keling, and Bukit Keling, etc.

In Penang, the Kapitan Keling Mosque, situated on the corner of Buckingham Street and Jalan Masjid Kapitan Keling (Pitt Street), is one of the oldest mosques in George Town. Various other Penang Hokkien street names contain the word Keling, e.g. Kiet-leng-a Ban-san (Chowrasta Road), Kiet-leng-a Ke (King Street/Market Street). In Malacca, another mosque also uses the word Kling, Kampung Kling Mosque.

In Singapore, there is a road in Jurong Industrial Estate called Tanjong Kling Road which is probably derived from the word 'Keling'.

In Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, there is a district called Keling. Locals link the location with the 6th century Kalingga Kingdom. In Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, there is a place called Pacar Keling meaning "Keling lover".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keling


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Araku Valley

Araku Valley is a hill station in Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, lying 111 km west of Visakhapatnam city. It is a valley in the Eastern Ghats inhabited by different tribes, mainly Araku Tribes.

Geography
Araku is located in the Eastern Ghats about 114 km from Visakhapatnam, close to the Odisha state border. The Anantagiri and Sunkarimetta Reserved Forest, which are part of Araku Valley, are rich in biodiversity and are mined for bauxite. Galikonda hill rising to a height of 5000 ft is amongst the highest peaks in Andhra Pradesh. The average rainfall is 1700 mm, the bulk of which is received during June–October. The altitude is about 1300 m above the sea level. The valley spreads around 36 km.

Economy
Coffee was introduced in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh in 1898 by British in Pamuleru valley in East Godavari district. Subsequently, it spread over to Araku Valley in the early 19th century. After independence, the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department developed coffee plantations in the valley. In 1956, Coffee Board appointed Andhra Pradesh Girijan Cooperative Corporation Limited (GCC) for promoting coffee plantations in the valley through local tribal farmers. In 1985, the plantations were handed to A.P. Forest Development Corporation and GCC promoted Girijan Coop. Plantation Development Corporation (GCPDC) exclusively to develop coffee plantations in tribal areas. All the plantations developed by GCC and GCPDC were handed over to the tribal farmers at two acres per family. Apiculture farms have been widely spread in Araku, several types of flavoured honey is being made commercially.(Araku is famous for bamboo chicken)

Transport
Araku is connected through both rail and road to Visakhapatnam. Araku railway station is located on the Kothavalasa-Kirandul railway line of Visakhapatnam division of the East Coast Railway, on the Indian Railways network. RTC Buses to Visakhapatnam every half an hour.

In popular culture
Many Telugu films including Happy Days, Katha, Darling, Life Is Beautiful, Parugu and RRR were shot in Araku.

title: Araku Valley


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Talk:Ascomycota

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 August 2018 and 7 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alee23ncsu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:49, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Number of species
This page should say how many species of ascomycota there are. --Savant13 14:12, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * 766 106.211.47.194 (talk) 15:25, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * 766 106.211.47.194 (talk) 15:25, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * 766 106.211.47.194 (talk) 15:26, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

No title
I don't know where you'd gotten the information from, but there are numerous glaring errors in your entry of Ascomycetes.

Included are most of the fungi that combine with algae and sometimes cyanobacteria to form lichens.

The statement, while correct, doesn't give the whole picture. There have been evidences to show that some lichens consisted of basidiomycetous fungi, instead of ascomycetous fungi, with the photosynthetic symbionts.

Like most fungi the Ascomycota principally digest living or dead biomass.

That is obvious. All life forms digest only either living or dead biomass. Maybe it's supposed to just be dead biomass? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.173.255 (talk) 01:32, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

The majority of fungi that lack morphological evidence of sexual reproduction are placed here or in the Deuteromycota.

Question, if there isn't any morphological evidence of sexual reproduction, how do we know that the fungi is indeed an Ascomycete? Isn't one of the defining feature of an Ascomycete, the presence of an ascocarp and ascus? Even mycologist painstakingly induce fruiting structures of the brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) before finally placing them under ascomycetes.

I think the assessment might also have more meat, if you delve slightly more into the cellular level, by mentioning the presence of woronin bodies in ascomycetous hyphae.

Better known examples of sac fungi are yeasts, morels, truffles, and Penicillium.

Yeast doesn't refer to a particular genus of a fungi, but a type of growth form. Furthermore, there are a number of yeast that are not ascomycetous, but basidiomycetous. While we commonly refer yeast as Brewer's yeast (which is indeed an ascomycete), it doesn't make sense to clump the whole as one type of taxonomic group.

Penicillium spp. is (and still is) used for the deuteromycetes instead of ascomycetes. While certain ascomycetous fungi such as Eurotium sp. have been traced to have the asexual penicillium conidia, it doesn't necessarily place the group Penicillium is an ascomycete. In fact, mycologists have shown that penicillium conidia could be produced by more than one ascomycete species. And with more than 300 species of Penicillium, it's only normal for that to occur. However, could we be sure that all 300 species of Penicillium have a sexual stage, and produce ascocarp? Yes, there are evidences to substantiate that Penicillium sp. as well as Aspergillus sp. are ascomycetes. However convention still tend to place them still in deuteromycetes, for there are simply too many Penicillium and Aspergillus sp. out there (about 300 species each, excluding biotechnological strains) to be satisfactorily placed to individual ascomycete species. Hence, the current consensus is to still stick to the deuteromycete nomenclature, and use the form genus as a descriptor for the asexual stage of a certain ascomycetous species.

The majority of plant-pathogenic fungi belong to this group, or the Deuteromycota. This statement sounds suspiciously inaccurate, for there are numerous basidiomycetous fungi which are also pathogenic as well.

 * Not sure where he/she got it from, but it looks like a lot of what was just questioned could have come from the Tree of Life project. –dto 18:09, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

I will remove the following text, which sounds to me like nonsense ('ascopore', 'dispersing asci', ...). Could anyone provide evidence for any link with reality?

 * 1)  However, as noted MIT researcher Mak-Luk Sing discovered, several fungi groups--he calls them Indiascomycetes--contain a ninth ascopore. This ninth ascopore results in an elongated ascocarp, which is much better at dispersing asci than a standard ascocarp. However, he notes that mutations are more prevalent due to inperfect mitosis, and the ninth ascospore often is rendered "sterile" by those mutations.

Strobilomyces 21:13, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Feature Article?
I think Strobilomyces commendable work has brought this article up to Featured Quality. I think everyone should spend some time checking it for style (particularly because it is a translation) and then we should nominate it. Debivort 20:50, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I am just translating this article from the German one (it was featured in the German Wikipedia - which is generally better for fungi). It is an enormous article, and I still haven't finished.  I don't know why it is so anomalously big, when most of the fungus articles are quite short and poor.  For instance Basidiomycota is probably more interesting, but is quite short, also in the German Wiki.  Perhaps some of this material should really be moved to other articles. Strobilomyces 16:56, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup tag
There's a lot of good information in this article, but the article has weak spots and is poorly organized - it looks thrown together from too many diferent voices. It really needs one or two people to go over it and give it a solid edit. This was going to be a featured article?! It needs some work before it gets to that point.

BTW, editors interested in this page might also be intersted in the WikiProject on Fungi. Peter G Werner 09:44, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Myconet
http://www.umu.se/myconet/M7.html has moved to http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/

Full revision
I will try to edit this more completely over the next few days, to be followed by Basidiomycota and other linked pages. Both terms phylum and division are recognized in the Botanical Code, hence my dual heading in paragraph one. Several major phylogenetic revisions of the fungi have either just been published or are in press and that serve to help stabilize and standardize these higher level taxonomic classifications. Heliocybe 17:42, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I found a lot of interesting information but a lot of it repeats itelf. Therefore, I am trying to go through it to meld it together. In doing so I find bits of misinformation and some gaps. It is taking time to bring it up to a common standard.

Re Antarctica - ther are a lot more there than lichens. Re Zygomycota - now phylum being abandoned - I am not sure the coenocytic nature of the hyphae itself prevents colonization of arid environments or the reverse. I'd like to see some data.

Some of the information should be covered elsewhere, such as under ascus, ascoma, ascospore, croziers, lichens, anamorphs, etc. The entire section on Deuteromycota needs to be reconsidered perhaps because Basidiomycota were also included. And so it goes. Heliocybe 23:13, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Decent pic needed
If we look at the basidiomycota we see a much better diagram showing the reationships for the smaller scale to larger scale reporoduction. Can we not have similar here?

that diagram is here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basidium_schematic.svg

It is amazing that this is such a high importance article yet no-one has fixed this basic thing! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.190.73.93 (talk) 18:04, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

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Made two edits on Ascomycota page
I made two edits to this page, please review and provide feedback if needed.

i) The Rhodophyta are red algae, not blue green algae, so I changed this link. Also, the blue green algae are now recognized as cyanobacteria and don't go through meiosis.

ii) I replaced the link to the nonexistent page 'vegetative incompatibility' with a link to the subsection 'Allorecognition phenomena' on the Allorecognition page where vegetative incompatibility is discussed.

Siegele (talk) 22:14, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Repetition of section about asexual reproduction
Just noticed that there's a section called "Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes" that's at the beginning of the page and is separate from the already existing subsection "Asexual reproduction" within the section "Reproduction". Why is that? It should be fixed. Snoteleks (talk) 08:56, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

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User talk:Daya.sharma

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Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Please include on topic and encyclopedic information. Cmouse 05:42, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bjam Man vs The World

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:02, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Bjam Man vs The World
nn student film. Zoe 04:59, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Ryan Norton T 07:24, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete all nn student films Roodog2k (talk) 11:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - It's not Wiki-worthy! UniReb 12:13, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete student films Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:06, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --TOBY 04:24, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Determinacy

Rationale for this page
I can easily imagine someone stumbling across this page and thinking it's an unnecessary duplication of Axiom of determinacy, an article of long standing, and ask why I don't simply try to improve that page.

Well, that was my thought originally, but I was running into all sorts of difficulties figuring out where things should go. Axiom of determinacy didn't have a good definition of "game", "strategy", or "winning strategy", and it wasn't clear where to put them. There's a winning strategy article, but it wants to be useful to game theorists as well, which was too much of a constraint.

Moreover, lots of times one wants to talk about determinacy but is not, in context, particularly interested in the axiom of determinacy. In particular, several pages had links that looked like determinacy, when AD was perhaps not the main point of interest.

So it occurred to me that there should be a central article about determinacy in general. This is it, or rather the start of it. My vision is that this article will give the basic notions and say something about how they stand in relation to each other. Then there will be links out to more detailed articles on particular topics, such as axiom of determinacy, axiom of real determinacy, projective determinacy, long games, Blackwell games, axiom of quasideterminacy.

This article should be the central reference point for the new Category:Determinacy. If a major aspect of determinacy theory has been left out, then ideally in addition to writing an article on that particular topic, a new section or subsection should be added to this article, describing the topic briefly and saying how it relates to the other determinacy topics. --Trovatore 05:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Too technical
This page needs some help to make it more accessible. I have a semi-math background (CS + statistics) and I have no idea what is going on. This needs a bit of a gentler intro (like the one for NP vs. P article which is very good ) novacatz 13:17, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, that's what I had in mind for the Determinacy section. That strikes me as being of roughly the same level of technicality as the lead section of Complexity classes P and NP. Would you look over the "Basic notions" section again and see if you agree, and if not, let me know where it is you get lost? (As for the rest of the article, I wouldn't really expect it to be accessible to anyone without a set theory background; it's an inherently technical subject.) Thanks, Trovatore 00:13, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Currently, the basic notions section reads like a math textbook (cf. 'firstly we shall consider...' and 'More formally, ..., recall that the latter consists of...'). If you look at the gentle introduction of NP vs. P article intro, you will see they spend a lot of time explaining what is the problem using layman English (cf. the 'time space tradeoff' has an explanation what 'time' mean and what 'space' means.  You can see that the page has a lot of somewhat loose descriptions that are useful on helping people grasp why the area is interesting (eg. 'NP Complete problems can be loosely described as...').  For determinacy - the intro is a bit weak on why the field is important (some examples might help) and starts getting into the results without explaning why they are significant (eg. determinacy from ZFC).  Someone with some elementary set theory knowledge (me) can appeciate this result a lot more if some explaination is provided on interepetations of the result. novacatz 04:58, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Query
What does this phrase mean? (for example, if we say that Black wins draws at chess) Stephen B Streater 07:54, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It means, if we modify the rules of chess, keeping everything the same except that if the play ends in a draw according to traditional chess, we'll say that Black has won. It hadn't occurred to me that this wasn't clear. Can you think of better, but still hopefully concise, language? --Trovatore 15:28, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I misread "draws" as a verb like "wins". It makes sense as a noun. How about "wins all draws"? Stephen B Streater 16:37, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Or "wins all drawn positions". Stephen B Streater 16:37, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Go for it. You might also mention that Black should win if play continues forever (that's optional because it doesn't really matter; in any play that continues forever there are opportunities for Black to claim a draw, and therefore a win). --Trovatore 16:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've made the first change. Is your second point about play continuing for ever referring only to the modified chess (ie repeated positions leading to a draw)? Presumably there are games which can go on for ever without leading to a draw eg two sides take turns to write down numbers and the one with the biggest number written down wins. I'll have to think this game through to see if it counts as a game in this article, as the game may never finish but it never be obvious this is going to happen so never be a draw either. Stephen B Streater 18:37, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh yes, that point was specific to chess. In most of the interesting cases studied, play can go on forever without any finite part of the play determining the winner. (However I don't really follow your "biggest number" example; why should the set of numbers written down have a greatest element?) --Trovatore 18:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I'll put something in, though the chess example is getting quite long, particularly as we can't necessarily assume that everyone understands the draw-by-repetition rule - I might put all the chess bits together and not in brackets. The game I described may not have a biggest element, but it may do. But if it did have a biggest element, I was thinking you wouldn't know in finite time, so couldn't end the game. But then perhaps you could find the maximum element in an infinite set. Stephen B Streater 19:20, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * An infinite set of naturals cannot have a maximal element. However, you could make rules like:
 * If there is a greatest number played, then the player who played it, wins. If both players have played that number, then the first one to play it wins.
 * If there is no greatest number played, then the second player wins.

 * This game is trivially a win for the second player, who can guarantee that no greatest number is played, just by playing ever-bigger numbers on subsequent plays. But it is an example of a game whose winning condition is not determined by any finite part of the play (after any finitely many moves, it is still possible for either player to win; while the second player can always force a win if he wants to, there's no guarantee that he will). --Trovatore 19:26, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

chess example
So I agree that the wording is now clearer, but I see a couple of problems:
 * You assert that "Black can eventually force a win", which assumes that unmodified chess is not an outright win for White. Surely this is still unknown?
 * Yes - it is unknown whether white can force a win in chess. I assumed that if play continued long enough then repetition would have occurred, so Black could claim a draw/win. Stephen B Streater 21:47, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think your wording makes this clear. Stephen B Streater 21:49, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You've lost the point about the connection with clopen sets. --Trovatore 19:39, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed the first point. I await your input on the second (your help here could be very useful in making this section accessible). --Trovatore 21:33, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't change the mention of clopen sets - it is now in the first paragraph general description. Would you prefer it to be referred to again in the particular example of modified chess? Stephen B Streater 21:47, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, you're right; I looked at the diff too fast. --Trovatore 23:03, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The article mentions a revised form of chess (where a draw is changed to a win for black), but neglects to address the primary game of chess. I did start a little work in the article to remedy this.LithiumFlash (talk) 21:32, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I am not entirely convinced by your changes as they stand. Determinacy is a branch of set theory; it's not really about games played for entertainment.  Those are just a convenient language to use to get across the ideas.  From a set-theory standpoint, there is little gain in adding the possibility of a draw, and it is not usually done (except maybe in the context of Blackwell games).
 * Will have to think about how the point could be addressed, but I don't think extending the notion of "determined" to games that have draws is the right way to go here. --Trovatore (talk) 22:04, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The article already mentions chess (albeit a revision of the game). If this branch of mathematics can say nothing about the real game of chess, then it has a weakness in the sense it is of little value for games which can end in a draw. If correct, the article should say so in the introductory paragraph, so people who have an interest in real games know to look elsewhere.
 * fyi, one of the later sections in the article "Games of imperfect information" would lead one to believe that the first half of the article pertains to games of "perfect information", i.e. chess.LithiumFlash (talk) 02:07, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

Discussion from the AC page
Aleph4 pointed out at Talk:Axiom of choice that determinacy for games on arbitary sets implies the axiom of choice, and also implies that a countable union of countable sets is countable. The second result can be modified to show in AD that a countable union of countable sets of reals is countable. These facts are very interesting to me and ought to appear here. Also, Martin's later paper on Borel Determinacy would be good to reference; it is much easier to read than his first one from the Annals. I will get to this sometime, so you can view this message as a reminder to myself as much as a prod to everyone else. CMummert 12:09, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Split out Gale-Stewart games?
I want to suggest making an article on Gale-Stewart games, which would be an expansion of the Games section here. Then this article could just have a summary of the topic with a link to the main article. The topics for the Gale-Stewart games article would be: I am willing to do the writing; I want to see if there are objections before I do it. CMummert 17:37, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The definition of a Gale-Stewart game on $$X^\omega$$ where X is any set (as in Martin's paper on Borel determinacy). The specific cases for Cantor and Baire space.
 * The definition of a winning strategy.
 * A statement of the theorem that closed games are determined.
 * A link to Determinacy.

 * Well, I guess my concern is, what exactly is a Gale–Stewart game? One with a clopen payoff set? Is this really standard terminology? Gale's and Stewart's result is key, of course, but I really don't recall coming across this nomenclature for the games. --Trovatore 19:48, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * A Gale-Stewart game is just a two-player game of perfect information of length ω. This is standard terminology in some parts of the world; a google search turned up quite a few papers such as    that use the term without further citation. From JStor, I found that Jockusch uses the term (The Journal of Symbolic Logic Vol. 38, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp. 293-294) and so does Becker (The Journal of Symbolic Logic  Vol. 50, No. 1 (Mar., 1985), pp. 110-122).  So I think it is standard. CMummert 20:35, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hm, still not too excited about giving the concept a name I'd never really heard for it. This is the content I'd intended to treat in the "games played on trees" section of the article. --Trovatore 21:36, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The idea I had in mind is to separate the material on games (which don't require strong axioms to define and are of interest in ZFC) from the material on determinacy beyond ZFC, which is more esoteric. Since Gale-Stewart game is a standard term describing these games, that was the title I suggested, but any other title is OK with me. The present article, if all the sections were filled in, would be quite long and intimidating. CMummert 22:02, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The article might be a good idea. I think it would be unfortunate, though, if it presented ZFC as some sort of natural dividing line. I really don't think it is. --Trovatore 07:07, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Angle brackets
I think the angle brackets should be written as "\langle" and "\rangle" instead of "<" and ">". --Trigamma 18:15, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't like \langle and \rangle; never have. They are too tall, and the angle is too obtuse.  It would be nice to have something a little bit in between. --Trovatore 18:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * My problem is that are typeset the wrong way: they are not treated as delimiters but as binary relations. You can see that in the first formula, where the closing > is next to the \in. But by the way: Why do you use angle brackets at all and not round parentheses? --Trigamma 19:54, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Um. In my experience, angle brackets are just more usual, in set theory, as a way to indicate tuples, than are round brackets. I don't really know why this should be so. Maybe they have fewer other meanings (for example, (αβ) could be the pair <α,β> or the open interval from α to β). --Trovatore 21:09, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Determinacy from ZFC
Quote from the article:

"Martin's proof uses the powerset axiom in an essential way. There is a level-by-level result detailing what fragment of the powerset axiom is necessary to guarantee determinacy through what level of the Borel hierarchy."

I am curious about what "fragment of the powerset axiom" means more precisely. Does it mean that in this and that model, built not using the full power set operation but something that is possibly weaker (like when L is built compared to when V is built), then determinacy is guaranteed through a lower degree inte the model? YohanN7 (talk) 14:47, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It means: how many iterations of the powerset axiom are required in order to guarantee the desired amount of determinacy. In other words, there is result giving the minimum necessary α for Vα to be a model of the desired amount of determinacy. Now the powerset axiom itself says nothing about iteration; it is really the axiom of replacement that is used to ensure that the ordinals in the model are long enough. — Carl (CBM · talk) 15:18, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, that explains it. Would you mind if I attempt a rewording of that passage in the article? YohanN7 (talk) 16:37, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

 * It appears to be done already. Things happen quickly here;) YohanN7 (talk) 16:49, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Blackwell Games
Didn't Donald Martin prove that determinacy for a set implies Blackwell determinacy for that set? I don't think that's mentioned on the page (and I don't have access to the paper).Chimpionspeak (talk) 17:33, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't believe he ever proved that, no, though I wouldn't swear to it. I think that's still open.  Generally what has been proved is consistent with that (e.g. I think that the large cardinals you need to prove Π11-determinacy are the same as you need to prove Π11-Blackwell determinacy) but as far as I know the proof has not been uniformized.  I could be completely wrong though.  Get in touch with Benedikt Löwe if you really want to know. --Trovatore (talk) 21:21, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, I checked this, and it is as I remembered. Have made the necessary changes. Chimpionspeak (talk) 16:30, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I just took a ten-second look at the paper, and I don't actually see that result. Could you point me to it?  What it says in the opening is that if all (length-ω on the naturals) perfect-information games are determined, then so are all Blackwell games, which is not the same thing as saying that if an individual game is determined then it's determined as a Blackwell game. --Trovatore (talk) 18:23, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I found Martin's 1998 paper. What he says is
 * [W]e associate with each Blackwell game a family of perfect information games, and we show that the (mixed strategy) determinacy of the former follows from the (pure strategy) determinacy of the latter. The complexity of the payoff function for the Blackwell game is approximately the same as the complexity of the payoff sets for the perfect information games.  In particular, this means that the determinacy of Blackwell games with Borel measurable payoff function follows from the known determinacy of perfect information games with Borel payoff sets.
 * So this is close to the idea you were trying to get across, but does not appear to justify the precise text you added. --Trovatore (talk) 19:00, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I think I have the outline of a refutation of the game-by-game claim. First, consider the trivial "matching game": The players play zeroes and ones and, at the end, II wins if his every move exactly matches I's immediately previous move.  Clearly II has a winning strategy for this game, as a perfect-information game.  On the other hand, as a Blackwell game, I simply plays each value with probability 0.5, and then any strategy for II has value 0 for II.
 * That by itself doesn't refute the claim — the game is determined in both senses; it just has a different winner.
 * But now take some non-Blackwell-determined game G (with a 0-1 payoff function). Now I and II play the matching game on even pairs of moves, and G on odd pairs of moves.  For I to win, he has to win both games.
 * As a perfect-information game, this is a win for II. He just plays his winning strategy on the even pairs of moves, and doesn't care what happens on the odd.
 * But as a Blackwell game, presumably I plays his winning strategy on the even pairs, and then the game (more or less) reduces to G on the odd pairs, which is not determined.
 * There's some work to be done in the "(more or less)" part. You have to make sure that the even moves don't in some tricky way help one of the players win on the odd moves.  But I'm confident it can be done (might require a careful choice of G). --Trovatore (talk) 20:28, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Right, there is some subtlety that I had missed out on, sorry. I searched a little more, and theorems 7 and 12 here say that for boldface pointclasses, determinacy for omega-games in the pointclass implies Blackwell-determinacy for the same pointclass. Have made the necessary changes. Chimpionspeak (talk) 20:37, 14 March 2011 (UTC)
 * We were editing at the same time. I think your argument should work (again, modulo the "more or less"). I am a little embarrassed to admit that I do not know much about Blackwell games! But your argument does make sense. Chimpionspeak (talk) 20:48, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Does an infinite game ever end?
Yes it does. At least in the sense that if both players actually have strategies as described in the article, then the recursion theorem guarantees that there is a sequence f:ω->ω whose values can be matched against the lookup table. This escaped me when I first read the article (quite some time ago). Perhaps the article could point out that (and why) the infinite games end? YohanN7 (talk) 19:57, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Payoff sets
Hi!

Q: Does the payoff set (A in the article) by definition include finite sequences too?

If not, the subsection "Winning Strategies" need to be clarified. I.e. there is a sequence in A beginning with the old moves plus our new one.

/Johan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.225.13.43 (talk) 09:52, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely clear what you're saying here. The sequence
 * $$\langle\sigma(\langle\rangle),a_1,\sigma(\langle\sigma(\langle\rangle),a_1\rangle),a_3,\ldots\rangle$$
 * is infinite (that's what the dot dot dot means), so I don't see any issue raised by the fact that A consists of infinite sequences. Did you have some other piece of text in mind? --Trovatore (talk) 21:59, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Inline LaTeX
Some of my edits adding inline LaTeX were reverted because of "sizing issues". However, there are still sections where inline LaTeX is used despite the objections to my edits with respect to "sizing issues".

While the issue is mainly aesthetic, I think that typesetting consistency would aid the readability of the article. 2601:8:AB80:7C0:573:A3AB:E740:805B (talk) 01:55, 20 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I noticed that later. Those should be converted to HTML as well.  I'll try to find some time and take care of it. --Trovatore (talk) 02:03, 20 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Done 2601:8:AB80:7C0:573:A3AB:E740:805B (talk) 02:09, 20 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Trovatore (talk) 02:42, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

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What is definition of a "class" of games?
Can one game within a class be determined, and another not? If so, in "Determined games" we should revise:
 * A (class of) game(s) is determined if for all instances of the game there is a winning strategy for one player (not necessarily the same player for each instance), or a drawing strategy for both players.

to:
 * A game is determined if there is a winning strategy for one player, or a drawing strategy for both players.

The latter is simpler and correct. The former may be too broad and I think not always strictly true.LithiumFlash (talk) 01:44, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "Class" here means pointclass. Specifically one closed downward under Wadge reducibility, and maybe with some other properties that aren't specified too carefully. --Trovatore (talk) 02:03, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Understood. If that is the case, after clarifying and recasting the sentence, the article should say so. But I won't change anything yet at this point. Let's see if there is other commentary. Then we can decide if we should make this point in a way that is simple, general, and to the point. Or be more specific, carefully amending the sentence with the restricted definition as you mention. Thanks.LithiumFlash (talk) 02:18, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

Recent edits (Regarding Games with Draws)
I don't want to give the impression that I'm trying to prevent all change to this article. Not at all. I've done a lot of work on it, but I'll freely admit that it isn't really very good yet and could use a lot of work.

But I think the recent edits kind of miss the point. Determinacy is a subfield of set theory, not game theory. Game theory as developed by Nash et al is basically irrelevant, except maybe for the very most elementary cases. So we don't need to talk about "strictly determined games"; in the context of work done in this field, they are simply called "determined". We don't need to worry about games that have draws, because they don't add any extra power to the theory and therefore are not generally considered (maybe except in the context of Blackwell games).

One edit that I thought was sort of telling was the addition of text that said "some have suggested" that some infinite games of perfect information might not be determined. It's not just "suggested"; it's proven. (You do need the axiom of choice.) It would probably be a good thing to state this more prominently (right now, there's an allusion to it in the axiom of determinacy subsection, but you could easily miss it, and even if you see it it takes a step or two to figure out that that's what it's saying).

So I think it's a good thing that someone is looking at the article and trying to improve it. But I think the recent edits have not really been improvements withal. Let's discuss ideas here on the talk page. --Trovatore (talk) 02:18, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * That's fine. I do feel that if this branch of mathematics does not deal with games that can end in a draw, it should say so right in the first paragraph. Many people who play and study chess have asked if chess is a determined game or not. It seems every time someone tries to answer the question they change the definition of chess. And this article also does not satisfactorily answer the question either (despite chess being one of the most popular and mathematically studied of all games). We'll need to work on it, but I'll let it stand for now. Thanks, LithiumFlash (talk) 02:35, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh, good point. You know, I may have overreacted on the game theory language.  I think it's fine to connect the concepts with the corresponding ones from game theory.  I just wouldn't want the game theory terminology to be taken as primary in this article.
 * I think determinacy theorists, asked if chess is a determined game, would say "yes" pretty uncritically, just adjusting in their heads for the possibility of draws and doing "the obvious thing". We can try to work that in somehow.  Needs sources (so does a lot of the article, actually).
 * It's not so much that the branch of mathematics doesn't deal with games that can have draws as it is that the branch of mathematics really doesn't care about the individual games per se. The goal is to prove other things, using the games as a tool.  Allowing draws doesn't seem to help you do that in most cases, so most formulations just don't include them.  If you care about the games, then of course you want to deal with the question of draws, but if you don't, then it's just a distraction. --Trovatore (talk) 02:57, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Please notice this reference^ which was with my contribution (but now deleted). It is a popular youtube video backed up by very good academic material. The video examines the game of chess, and infinite chess, saying both are determined games. But early in the video (0:55) the host says they are considering chess that "does not have draws". Many viewer comments seem to suggest this was overlooked, causing confusion. So in general, people (myself included) are still confused as to whether (real) chess is a determined game or not. This Wikipedia article currently provides no help in answering that. I think this article should either quickly inform readers that this branch of mathematics does not address such games. Or, it should provide a clear and concise answer. I'm inclined to add a statement in the introductory paragraphs that reads something such as "The study of Determinacy excludes games which can end in draws, and therefore contributes nothing for the study of games such as Tic-tac-toe, Chopsticks, Checkers, and Chess. Readers seeking mathematical analysis of such games should instead refer to 'such-and-such'".LithiumFlash (talk) 12:46, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I have added a reference and two sentences to the lede. Essentially every set theory book that mentions determinacy will have the definition of what it means for a game to be determined, but in order to choose one I went with the book by Kechris. This article, in any case, is not about chess as a real-world game, it is about determinacy as studied in set theory. So I don't think we need to go into great depth about game with ties, which do not seem to be used in set theory in my experience. — Carl (CBM · talk) 13:02, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Although the article is not about chess, it talks about chess (in "Determinacy from elementary considerations"). It also talks about Tic-tac-Toe. (Both are real world games that can end in draws). I did add the reference (below) to the article to support a statement the article makes about the (modified) game of chess. If the article talks about Tic-Tac-Toe and chess, I would eventually like to see in the article how those games are classified (determined games or not). Thanks for your amendments and contributions to the article.LithiumFlash (talk) 13:55, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

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I added some stuff basically from memory. I hope to spend more time on this article in the future. Feets 05:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Tilson Lake Loop refs
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Too many photos in the 'gallery?'
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I agree. I have removed a few of the similar photographs but kept most of the gallery intact.--Trek104 (talk) 18:22, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Riding Mountain National Park


text:
Echo Point

Echo Point is an Australian television soap opera produced by Southern Star Group for Network Ten on 1 June 1995 until 1 December 1995.

The series was devised as an attempt by the Ten Network to rival the opposition soap Home and Away on the Seven Network. The series focused on several families and teenagers in a coastal community, and a key on-going storyline concerned renewed interest in a long-unsolved local murder mystery.

Broadcast
Echo Point originally aired at 7:00pm weeknights in direct competition with Home and Away to low ratings. Fewer viewers watched the show compared to the repeats of Rosanne that it replaced, while Home and Away's viewership increased. Having attracted audiences of 501,000 and 339,000 viewers for its first two episodes, Echo Point had the worst soap opera debut since Nine Network's Family and Friends in 1990. Ten soon moved the series to the 6.00pm weeknight timeslot, but ratings continued to decline. Ten then moved it to the 11.30pm graveyard slot, and after four months and 130 episodes, Echo Point ended.

The show was later sold to Germany, where it became so successful that it sparked a rumour about it being revived in Australia to help Network Ten's local drama content quota.

In the UK, only two ITV stations purchased the series. Grampian Television started screening the series from 1 September 1997 as a replacement for Paradise Beach, shown Monday to Wednesday at 17:10–17:40, until November 1997. The series reappeared in early August 1998 when it was broadcast at 10.30am each weekday, From November 1998, it was screened each weekday at 04.30am alongside Shortland Street to clear off the episodes. Central Television screened the series Tuesday to Thursday at 13:00–13:30 as the replacement for A Country Practice from Tuesday, 1 September 1998 and completed the series in June 1999.

TV3 in New Zealand picked up the series for just a few weeks in 1996, but then later cancelled the show, which featured former Shortland Street actor Martin Henderson.

Cast
In alphabetical order:

 * Rose Byrne – Belinda O'Connor
 * Liddy Clark – Iris Delaney
 * John Clayton – Maurie Barnard
 * Louise Crawford – Shelley Radcliffe
 * Kimberley Davenport – Holly Winton
 * Jack Ellis – Marty Radcliffe
 * Philip Gordon – Daniel Blake
 * Diarmid Heidenreich – Dean Loman
 * Martin Henderson – Zac Brennan
 * Mick Innes – Darcy Brennan
 * Tom Long – Dave Campbell
 * Allan Lovel – Gordon Amadio
 * Rebecca Murphy – Frannie Loman
 * Jessica Napier – Edwina Amadio
 * Victoria Nicolls – Trish Loman
 * Hayley Phillips – Lisa Loman
 * Sean Scully – Neville Loman
 * Rowena Wallace – Elizabeth O'Connor
 * Roxane Wilson – Coral O'Connor
 * David E Woodley – Hooper Hadley

title: Echo Point


text:
User talk:Weltall~enwiki

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Weltall. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Weltall~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:36, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:26, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weltall~enwiki


text:
User talk:MinnieYom

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
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title: User talk:MinnieYom


text:
Chickenlover

"Chickenlover" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American animated television series South Park. The 17th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on May 27, 1998. It marks the first appearance of Stephen Stotch, who is Butters Stotch’s father in later seasons, as well as a more finalised design for Randy Marsh. The episode was written by series co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, along with David R. Goodman, and directed by Parker. In the episode, Officer Barbrady resigns as South Park's only police officer because of his dyslexia. Anarchy ensues, just as chickens are mysteriously being molested across South Park. Barbrady enlists the help of the boys to learn to read and discover who is molesting the chickens. Cartman, meanwhile, masquerades as a police officer.

Plot
Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick, and Eric Cartman visit the Booktastic Bus, a mobile library. They are initially intrigued, but become uninterested in reading after meeting the strange driver. Word spreads that a pervert is molesting chickens in town. When Officer Barbrady starts the investigation, he is confronted with his dyslexia, which is depicted as him seeing strange symbols in place of letters. He resigns in shame and anarchy immediately breaks out. Later, he is put into the boys' class to learn to read.

Barbrady recruits the boys to help him with his task, showing his knowledge of the police code. From then on, Cartman patrols the town on his Big Wheel, enforcing his own brand of justice. The molester is finally caught in the petting zoo and turns out to be the bookmobile driver. He plotted this all along to encourage Barbrady to learn to read. After being given a copy of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, Barbrady knocks the man out cold with a club to the head to teach Cartman how to properly deal with criminals, leaving him unconscious as blood pools from his head. The town holds a parade for Barbrady, and when he is asked to give a speech, he reveals how Atlas Shrugged convinced him to never read again. And at the end, Kenny finally dies after numerous attempts of deaths.

Production
Originally, Cartman was supposed to receive a gun during his stint as a deputy police officer, but Comedy Central's censors were reluctant to show a child with a firearm. The season one episode "Volcano" depicted children wielding firearms, but it was allowed then as the usage was considered less controversial by Comedy Central. The episode was originally titled "Chickenfucker", but it was changed as Comedy Central did not want any profane wording in any of its titles.

Broadcast
"Chickenlover" was originally broadcast on Comedy Central in the United States on May 27, 1998. The second season of the show started in April 1998, with two episodes. Then, on May 20, the episode "Ike's Wee Wee" started a six-episode run of the season.

Home media
"Chickenlover" was released on VHS in April 1999, along with the episode "Ike's Wee Wee", on a video titled South Park: Volume 8. The episode saw its first DVD release in December 1999, on a disc called South Park: Volume 4, which also included "Chickenlover", as well as "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut" and "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut". South Park: The Complete Second Season was released on DVD on June 3, 2003.

title: Chickenlover


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pedro Rosa Nales

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 22:46, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Pedro Rosa Nales
Vanity/Unverifiable facts. The page's claim that Nales is a member of the Martial Arts Hall of Fame is doubtful, since I didn't find him listed among inductees, and many of his other claims are difficult or impossible to verify. This page seems to be vanity; however, there remains the possibility that his work as a newsanchor could cause some to feel he is notable enough to merit an entry. Deadsalmon 05:02, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep/Clean up - It sounds notable enough to be on Wikipedia although it needs to be cleaned up a bit. UniReb 12:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep/Cleanup Pedro Rosa Nales is an important investigative reporter in Puerto Rico. He received an Honorary Black Belt for his continous news section " Defiendete con Ju-Jitsu" ("Defend yourself with Ju-Jitsu") (spanish article) . His induction onto the Hall of Fame is indeed an unverified fact which must be deleted Joelito 12:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Most of what I found is in Spanish (this page appears to have been translated from Spanish Wikipedia), but he certainly seems notable for (among other things) his reporting about Vieques. Cmadler 12:49, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Lunarsurface

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist ''' C./ Holla @ me! |undefined
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Proposed deletion of Barry Katz

The article Barry Katz has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not meet WP:GNG and has no reliable sources (only IMDb and his personal website are listed)."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jmertel23 (talk) 17:38, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lunarsurface


text:
Talk:Wisteria sinensis

Requested Move
A request was made to move this article to the scientific name. This request was not fulfilled due to a lack of discussion, and therefore a lack of consensus for it. Rob Church Talk 12:52, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

-- In response to the above poster asking about the invasive status of Wisteria Sinensis: I believe it is only considered invasive in Florida and parts of the extreme Southeast such as lower Georgia. In most areas of the South and the Eastern seaboard it is extremely hardy, but is not to the point of invasiveness or harming the environment. Though you may see it wrapped around dozens of trees and shading smaller plants in thickets, it requires several years to even become established and, in most cases, decades to reach that level of growth and size. It is also much easier to remove than its substantially more evil cousin, Puerara Montana... Or as most people know it, Kudzu. I hope that answers your question.

invasive
Q. I have heard that this plant is invasive in parts of the US. Needed info?

re: In response to the above inquiry for information about Wisteria sinensis' statust as an invasive exotic species;

The University of Georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, is a clearinghouse for such information. ( http://www.invasive.org/ )

This link should provide a place to start; http://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=3083.

By any metric you care to apply, Wisteria sinensis (And the Japanese Wisteria floribunda.) is an invasive exotic species wherever it has become established. (Ice9baby (talk) 23:41, 9 December 2012 (UTC))

photos of flowers and leaves
Please add close-up photos of flowers and leaves.-71.174.176.65 (talk) 22:27, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wisteria sinensis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doormatism

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 22:04, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Doormatism
non-notable term (gets 42 hits on google), original research, non-NPOV delete Alynna 05:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I actually got 87 hits, but it is a neologism, and not a very notable one at that. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - It sounds gibberish! UniReb 12:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable neologism. Amren (talk) 14:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If being a doormat was in more common usage, this entry would make sense. Neologism, bad entry. Alpine 02:17, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable neologism. in addition, the article is poorly done. --Mairi 08:57, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Seven Bank

Seven Bank, Ltd. (株式会社セブン銀行) is a Japanese bank. It is a subsidiary of Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd. (parent company of Seven-Eleven Japan and Ito Yokado). Until October 11, 2005, it was IY Bank (アイワイバンク銀行), taking its initials from Ito Yokado. Conducting its business primarily through the Internet, IY Bank has automatic teller machines in 7-Eleven convenience stores and Ito Yokado general-merchandise stores in Japan, and on April 27, 2005, opened its first branch with live staff. Customers with accounts at certain banks can process transactions at IY terminals at no cost; IY collects a handling fee from customers at other banks.

Seven Bank began accepting foreign-issued ATM and credit cards in June 2007. Cards with Visa, Plus, American Express, Discover, JCB, Diners Club or China UnionPay logos on them are all accepted to withdraw yen from the machines.

In December 2009, Seven Bank discontinued ATM services for MasterCard, Maestro and Cirrus cards. Seven Bank said that from their perspective, a revision of the terms and conditions on the part of MasterCard did not "sustain the economic viability of (Mastercard) services". ATM services for MasterCard, Maestro and Cirrus cardholders were restored in August 2010, but were suspended again in April 2013 for similar reasons.

On March 22, 2011, Seven Bank and Western Union started the Seven Bank International Money Transfer Service as part of their mobile and internet banking services. On July 19, 2011, the service was expanded to Seven Bank ATMs, which has about 16,000 locations nationwide with English and Japanese telephone customer support. On November 7, 2011, localized telephone support in Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese and Tagalog was started in order to assist customers using the service.

title: Seven Bank


text: User talk:68.72.109.88

title: User talk:68.72.109.88


text:
Shock response spectrum

A Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) is a graphical representation of a shock, or any other transient acceleration input, in terms of how a Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) system (like a mass on a spring) would respond to that input. The horizontal axis shows the natural frequency of a hypothetical SDOF, and the vertical axis shows the peak acceleration which this SDOF would undergo as a consequence of the shock input.

Calculation
The most direct and intuitive way to generate an SRS from a shock waveform is the following procedure:
 * 1) Pick a damping ratio (or equivalently, a quality factor Q) for your SRS to be based on;
 * 2) Pick a frequency f, and assume that there is a hypothetical Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system with a damped natural frequency of f ;
 * 3) Calculate (by direct time-domain simulation) the maximum instantaneous absolute acceleration experienced by the mass element of your SDOF at any time during (or after) exposure to the shock in question. This acceleration is a;
 * 4) Draw a dot at (f,a);
 * 5) Repeat steps 2–4 for many other values of f, and connect all the dots together into a smooth curve.

The resulting plot of peak acceleration vs test system frequency is called a Shock Response Spectrum. It is often plotted with frequency in Hz, and with acceleration in units of g

Example application
Consider a computer chassis containing three cards with fundamental natural frequencies of f1, f2, and f3. Lab tests have previously confirmed that this system survives a certain shock waveform—say, the shock from dropping the chassis from 2 feet above a hard floor. Now, the customer wants to know whether the system will survive a different shock waveform—say, from dropping the chassis from 4 feet above a carpeted floor. If the SRS of the new shock is lower than the SRS of the old shock at each of the three frequencies f1, f2, and f3, then the chassis is likely to survive the new shock. (It is not, however, guaranteed.)

Details and limitations
Any transient waveform can be presented as an SRS, but the relationship is not unique; many different transient waveforms can produce the same SRS (something one can take advantage of through a process called "Shock Synthesis"). Due to only tracking the peak instantaneous acceleration the SRS does not contain all the information in the transient waveform from which it was created.

Different damping ratios produce different SRSs for the same shock waveform. Zero damping will produce a maximum response. Very high damping produces a very boring SRS: A horizontal line. The level of damping is demonstrated by the "quality factor", Q which can also be thought of transmissibility in sinusoidal vibration case. Relative damping of 5% results in a Q of 10. An SRS plot is incomplete if it doesn't specify the assumed Q value.

An SRS is of little use for fatigue-type damage scenarios, as the transform removes information of how many times a peak acceleration (and inferred stress) is reached.

The SDOF system model also can be used to characterize the severity of vibrations, with two criteria:
 * the exceeding of characteristic instantaneous stress limits (yield stress, ultimate stress etc.). We then define the extreme response spectrum (ERS), similar to the shock response spectrum;
 * the damage by fatigue following the application of a large number of cycles, thus taking into account the duration of the vibration (Fatigue damage spectrum (FDS)).

Like many other useful tools, the SRS is not applicable to significantly non-linear systems.

title: Shock response spectrum


text:
Spring Equinox: Moon's Milk or Under an Unquiet Skull

Spring Equinox: Moon's Milk or Under an Unquiet Skull is part one of the four part Seasons collective created by Coil.

Release history
A first edition, released on spring equinox 1998, consisted of a limited 7" of 1000 copies on milky white vinyl and 55 copies on yellow vinyl and a CD-EP, which was deleted on summer solstice, when the second part was released. On the summer solstice of 2001 a second edition of the CD-EP was released, limited to 400 copies.

All four Solstice/Equinox releases have been compiled in a two-CD set entitled Moons Milk (In Four Phases). This CD will again be re-released on Moon's Milk In Six Phases.

Track 1 consists of mainly organ, whereas track 2 seems to use the same organ exactly with some added viola played by William Breeze.

Track listing

 * 1) "Moon's Milk or Under an Unquiet Skull (Part 1)" – 8:32
 * 2) "Moon's Milk or Under an Unquiet Skull (Part 2)" – 8:10


text:
Talk:Houston Astros

Semi-protected edit request on 30 October 2023
X: On October 25, 2023, Baker announced his retirement.

Y: On October 25th, 2023, the legendary Dusty Baker announced his retirement leaving the Astros awaiting a new manager. Baker told the newspaper he'd like to move into an Advisory role in baseball, either with the Astros or a team closer to his northern California home. "I've still got a lot to offer; baseball has been my life," said Baker."I have a lifetime of knowledge, much more than those who have never played the game." QA2012 (talk) 17:15, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done:: the description of Baker as "legendary" is an NPOV problem (much as I personally admire the man), and the discussion about his future career seems like a matter for the Dusty Baker article, not the Astros one. --AntiDionysius (talk) 17:20, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok thank you for taking my edit into consideration. QA2012 (talk) 22:21, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Astros References 12 and 13
Reference 12 (and probably 13 - just based off the title 'are we done being salty?' both sources seem biased towards the Astros. The punishment was referred to as 'stiff' in article 12 - obviously that is open to interpretation.

Suggestion/Perhaps Worth Adding: Criticisms from players Popular Youtube Video of a Player commenting on the astros cheating: Cody Bellinger: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9acHgEHtUU Flaccid1 (talk) 08:08, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've moved this discussion to the main Houston Astros talk page as you'll probably get a better response here rather than on my user talk. SkyWarrior  15:14, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * To actually comment on your request, the two references seem fine given the context of the sentence they're supporting (fifth paragraph of lead, first sentence: [...but also enmity due largely to the sign stealing scandal.]) but wouldn't necessarily oppose replacing them with other sources (if deemed appropriate and reliable). As for adding criticisms from players, I feel like that would be better suited for the article on the sign stealing scandal, where Bellinger's comments are already noted (second to last paragraph of the #Astros reactions section). SkyWarrior  15:33, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2023
Change the manager from vacant to Joe Espada. Garzajames375 (talk) 18:43, 13 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 20:19, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2024
Change 2017 champions to 2017 champions* 2600:1700:F4C0:4340:437:123E:E8B2:F877 (talk) 10:44, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. The Herald (Benison) (talk) 12:38, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

ALDS Pennants?
Hello. As the Astros made it to the ALCS for seven consecutive seasons (2017-2023) and eight overall (including 2005 in the NLCS), do we have some sort of "ALDS Pennants" and "NLDS Pennants" that how many times the Astros have won the Division Series in franchise history so I could add that up to the infobox on this article? For example: So, if the Astros win the Division Series, then how can I add it up on the infobox on this article like "ALDS Pennants (7)" (and "NLDS Pennants (4)") instead of "AL West Division titles (7)" that includes ALCS losses in the 2018, 2020, and 2023 seasons? -- Allen (talk / ctrb) 19:42, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * In the 2020 ALDS between the Astros and the AL West division winner Oakland Athletics, the Astros defeated the Athletics in four games to advance to the ALCS for the fourth consecutive season in which they lost to the Tampa Bay Rays in seven games after coming back from an 0–3 series deficit. In the 2020 season, the Astros qualified for the playoffs as the sixth seed of the league instead of being the American League West division winner for the fourth consecutive season.
 * There really isn't something called the "ALDS pennant".. it's just a playoff round not special on it's own case. Spanneraol (talk) 20:31, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed with Spanneraol, there's nothing special about about ALDS/NLDS wins and there's no such thing as pennants for those. Echoedmyron (talk) 20:33, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Houston Astros


text:
Motel (TV series)

Motel is an Australian television soap opera produced by the Seven Network's ATN-7 studios from 1968 to 1969. Motel, like British serial Crossroads dealt with a family who ran a motel. In this case the Gillian family running the fictional Greenfields Motel.

Selected cast

 * Tony Bazell - Mark Jefferies
 * Jack Thompson - Bill Burke
 * Jill Forster- Gaye Gillian
 * Enid Lorimer - Bunty Creighton
 * Brian James - Paul Drennan
 * Ross Higgins - Reverent Larcombe
 * Gregory Ross - Chris Gillian
 * Noel Trevarthen - Rod Gillian

Production
The series had a cast of thirteen regulars and required three days in the studio each week. Each episode was thirty minutes and the program screened at midday four days a week, with the episode repeated late at night. The show was shot in black-and-white. It had a run of 135 episodes. Writers included Creswick Jenkinson.

Reception
According to Richard Lane, who worked on the series as a writer, the series was very successful as a day time program, which was how it was conceived. But when Channel Seven management "became over enthusiastic and repeated it at nighttime it was a disaster."

title: Motel (TV series)


text: User talk:68.7.212.152

title: User talk:68.7.212.152


text:
User:Pikhq

Pikhq: A minor Wikipedian.

Contact

 * Email: josiahw@gmail.com
 * IM
 * Jabber: josiahw@gmail.com
 * AIM: Pikhq
 * Yahoo!: josiahworcester
 * Website: http://pikhq.nonlogic.org/

title: User:Pikhq


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/8888

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was COPYVIO, without offer of a rewrite. -Splash 22:48, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

8888
Unencyclopedic list of people, name whose title is not intuitively obvious (and could be confused with a year, considering Wikipedia's policy on number naming). Zoe 05:14, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikisource, perhaps? (Would still need to be renamed per nom.)  --Alan Au 05:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and rename as per the above. - ulayiti (talk)   (my RfA)  08:26, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as copyvio. - ulayiti (talk)   (my RfA)  18:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This page struck me as strange, so I decided to look into it in detail. It was created 2005-08-09 by 219.122.37.209. On the day it was created, Jtkiefer SD-tagged it as nonsense, probably while on NP patrol. However, 219.122.37.209 removed the tag, and it apparently went unnoticed. The only article that was linked to the page was the Myanmar article, in reference to a violent repression of Burmese citizens that took place 17 years ago. It turns out that the title, 8888, is the way that date is remembered by those in the region (it happened on 8.8.1988). It was a pivotal event in the bloody tragedy that has marked that country all these years. The entire content of the article space was taken from a website , which appears to be that of an organization devoted to Myanmar's troubled history. It is copyrighted material. I have done the following: Edited the Myanmar article to delink it from 8888, and placed an in text external link to the original website. Placed a copyvio tag on 8888, and blanked the page. With the technical conflict of AfD and CVio rules I wondered whether to leave it, but I'd say the copyvio takes precedence, and the history is available in any case. I listed it on the eternally slow copyvio, but if Zoe or another closing sysop decide to go ahead and delete the page, this can be delisted. I don't think I've ever felt this sad in blanking & copyvio tagging a page.— Encephalon |  ζ   09:21:33, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * Now tagged as copyvio. But anyway it's a list of people killed in a Burman uprising - WP:NOT a memorial, and neither in fact is Wikisource. Delete. Oh, and to answer the above - CP usually takes precedence, but given its slowness, if it happens to have consensus to delete here it can be removed nonetheless. Radiant_ >|< 09:24, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes Radiant. That's what I thought, and that's why I did it. Thanks— Encephalon |  ζ   09:27:48, 2005-09-02 (UTC)

 * copyvio else very weak transwikisource only because we do not know the privacy concerns of this list, we do not know if we can USE this list. If we can use the list, I would argue that it is NOT a memorial if we removed the names replicating the data and created metrics from the data. Roodog2k (talk) 11:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * comment Ummm... just thought of this... Is this list verifiable? That is the paramount question, I think.  Wiokipedia is not a propoganda machine. Roodog2k (talk) 11:44, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per copyvio. UniReb 12:18, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete even if it wasn't a copyvio. The event, if verified/verifiable, is certainly notable.  A big list o' names isn't. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:09, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Copyvio. Amren (talk) 14:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

How can you copyright a list of facts? Zoe 18:32, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * where there's a law firm, there's a way. Delete per nom. Dottore So 01:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/8888