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Mike Pilavachi

Michael Pilavachi, (born 7 March 1958) is a British charismatic evangelist, Anglican priest, and author of Greek Cypriot descent. He is the co-founder and former leader of the Soul Survivor charity based in Watford, England.

In May 2023, he was suspended from ministry while under investigation for safeguarding concerns, having stepped back from ministry the previous month. Pilavachi resigned as Associate Pastor of Soul Survivor Church, Watford, on 11 July 2023. In September 2023, the internal investigation being undertaken by the Church of England was completed: they substantiated the accusations against him and concluded that "he used his spiritual authority to control people and that his coercive and controlling behaviour led to inappropriate relationships".

Soul Survivor
Pilavachi was one of three senior pastors of the Soul Survivor Church, Watford, which he founded in 1993 alongside worship leader Matt Redman. A former accountant, he then became a youth worker at St Andrew's, Chorleywood, a Church of England church in Hertfordshire influential in the charismatic evangelical tradition. Two ministers of St Andrew's, David Pytches and Barry Kissell, launched the New Wine Christian family conferences.

In response to the large number of young people attending the New Wine conferences, Pilavachi launched Soul Survivor in the summer of 1993. The event became a 5-day-long charismatic Christian festival aimed at young people, the first of which attracted 1,896 delegates. Under Pilavachi's leadership, the event grew to accommodate around 30,000 people over four weeks, alongside a fifth week, Momentum, aimed at those in their twenties and thirties. Matt Redman, who had attended Pilavachi's youth club at St Andrew's Church, Chorleywood, was a worship leader at early Soul Survivor camps. Redman returned as a worship leader in 2011. In summer 2014, a fifth week of the festival was held in Scotland.

In May 2018, Pilavachi announced that the Soul Survivor conference would be ending after the summer of 2019.

Writing
Pilavachi has written several books on Christianity including Soul Survivor (with Nicky Gumbel, 2004), Live the Life (with Craig Borlaise, 2001), Storylines: Tracing the Threads of the Bible (with Andy Croft, 2008), and Everyday Supernatural: Living A Spirit-Led Life Without Being Weird (with Andy Croft, 2016).

Ordained ministry
He trained for ordination at St Mellitus College, an Anglican theological college. He was made a deacon in the Church of England at St Albans Abbey on 1 July 2012, and ordained a priest the following year. He served a curacy at St Peter's Church, Watford in the Diocese of St Albans from 2012, and was made an honorary canon of St Albans Cathedral in 2016.

Following ordination, Pilavachi continued to lead Soul Survivor Church, Watford, latterly swapping positions with former associate leader Andy Croft.

As of 2024, he does not have a licence to minister in the Church of England, but he has not been laicised and could return to ministry after being "fully risk assessed".

Other
Pilavachi helped run the international evangelistic event "Soul in the City" in London in 2004 and in Durban in 2009. He was also one of the founders of the Hope 08 project, an initiative of the churches of Britain and Ireland.

Safeguarding investigation and substantiated allegations
On 2 April 2023, Soul Survivor Watford announced that Pilavachi had stepped back from all ministry while safeguarding concerns were investigated. The original statement described the concerns as "non-recent" and noted that "the police are not involved; this is not a criminal investigation and Mike has not been suspended". A subsequent statement from the charity on 28 April removed the phrase "non-recent" after more recent safeguarding concerns had come to light. According to reporting by The Daily Telegraph, "the allegations are understood to span at least three decades and are as recent as 2020", with over 100 people having made allegations of abuse. Concerns about Pilavachi's relationships behaviour were first raised with Soul Survivor leadership in 2004 but were not followed up, according to reporting by The Times.

Pilavachi resigned as a director of the charity on 4 April and was suspended as an employee on 20 May. On 11 July, Pilavachi resigned as Associate Pastor of Soul Survivor Watford. In a Facebook post announcing his resignation, Pilavachi stated, "I have taken this step because the Church needs to heal and I have realised that my continued presence will hinder that process" and "I seek forgiveness from any whom I have hurt during the course of my ministry."

A report in The Daily Telegraph on 4 April revealed that the allegations related to "inappropriate massages" and "inappropriate intimate relationships" with young adults involved in the Soul61 scheme, a Christian gap year project. In their statement on 28 April regarding the disclosure of more recent safeguarding concerns, Soul Survivor noted: "Whilst it does not appear these recent allegations include physical contact they are no less significant because of that". On 1 May 2023, The Daily Telegraph published a further story with claims from alleged victims and former Soul Survivor staff members, stating, "A number also claim that they were encouraged to receive full-body oil massages in their underwear while being straddled by Rev Canon Pilavachi in his bedroom, as well as vigorous wrestling matches that could last as long as 20 minutes at a time – sometimes in church".

On 12 May 2023, Paul Martin, founder of Soul Survivor USA, spoke about earlier reports of allegations. He had informed the Soul Survivor leadership of "allegations of some sort about Mike's relationship with young interns" in 2002. He heard in 2004 that further "concerns regarding alleged inappropriate behaviour" had been raised with the UK leadership. In addition, former staff members described being part of "a 'conveyor belt' of young, athletic, attractive men – usually aged around 18 to 21 from broken homes or with traumatic childhoods."

Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby announced on 16 May 2023 that the investigation had his "full support". This came after a report in The Daily Telegraph that some alleged victims had low confidence in the Church of England's internal inquiry and did not trust the church to "mark its own homework", as well as criticism of Welby for not commenting on the allegations sooner.

By September 2023, the internal investigation being undertaken by National Safeguarding Team (NST) and the Diocese of St Albans had concluded. The investigation substantiated accusations of abuse of power relating to his ministry and spiritual abuse: "he used his spiritual authority to control people and that his coercive and controlling behaviour led to inappropriate relationships, the physical wrestling of youths and massaging of young male interns". The associated press release also revealed that Pilavachi had resigned his licence to officiate, and therefore "cannot currently minister in the Church of England".

In addition, the report noted that a complaint under the Clergy Discipline Measure (CDM), had been taken out against Pilavachi "relating to a safeguarding concern post ordination", which was ongoing at the time of publication. This CDM related to "verbal interactions with a vulnerable person". In January 2024, it was found that "Pilavachi's conduct had nevertheless fallen short of that expected of a priest in the Church of England", and he received a written warning and "advice".

Personal life
In the 2020 New Year Honours, Pilavachi was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to young people.

Pilavachi professes to be celibate and encourages celibacy. He stated in interviews and seminars that celibacy enabled certain work which he would not have been able to balance with having a family.

title: Mike Pilavachi


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Talk:Flensburg Government

Members
Does anyone have a list of the members of the "Flensburg government", the positions they held, and dates of office? I've seen such a list before but can't find it online. Homey 16:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Graf Lutz von Schwerin-Krosigk (Foreign Minister, Minister of Finance, and presiding officer of the Cabinet), Dr. Wilhelm Stuckart (Minister of the Interior and Minister of Culture), Albert Speer (Minister of Industry and Production), Dr. Herbert Backe (Minister of Food, Agriculture and Forests), Dr. Franz Seldte (Minister of Labor and Social Affairs), and Dr. Dorpmueller (Minister of Posts and Communications).

http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v04/v04p305_Thompson.html

This is "revisionist history" and I do not associate myself with it in any way.

BScar23625 21:26, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

What position, if any, did Rosenberg have?Homey 02:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Homey. Without rummaging through the internet, I don't know. Actually, I might rummage if I find myself with nothing better to do for an hour. What do you think of Thompson's crazy article?. I wonder who he is?. The look of the article suggests he has some credible academic background. Bob BScar23625 08:34, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * A look into the German article de:Geschäftsführende Reichsregierung might answer some of the questions (some contradictions to the current English article):
 * 20 April 1945 Cabinet (except for Hitler, Goebbels & Bormann) flees Berlin
 * 21 April: Arrival at Eutin
 * 23 April: First Cabinet meeting at Eutin, chaired by von Krosingk (because of his seniority) - daily meetings on the following days
 * 30 April: Hitler commits suicide
 * 1 May: Dönitz becomes President
 * 2 May: Cabinet resigns, Dönitz instructs von Krosingk to form a new cabinet. They move to Flensburg where they arrive the next day
 * 5 May: The new cabinet meets for the first time
 * 6 May: Dönitz removes Himmler and Rosenberg from all their offices because they tried to interfere with the new government
 * 7 May: Krosingk announces unconditional surrender
 * 8 May: Dönitz confirms surrender
 * 12 May: "Government" meets at Mürwik naval base under supervision of allied troops
 * 23 May: "Government" is arrested and leaves Flensburg
 * Hitler's last Cabinet consisted of Herbert Backe, Leonardo Conti, Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller, Lutz von Krosigk, Otto Meißner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Bernhard Rust, Franz Seldte, Albert Speer and Otto Georg Thierack; plus Generalfeldmarschalle Fedor von Bock, Walther von Brauchitsch and Erich von Manstein.
 * Dönitz' Cabinet were Lutz von Schwerin-Krosigk, Albert Speer, Wilhelm Stuckart, Herbert Backe, Franz Seldte and Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller plus a staff of several hundred. --Qualle (talk) 12:25, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Qualle. Thankyou for your contribution. You and I agree that Keitel and Jodl were never members of the Donitz cabinet. The main article is inaccurate in indicating this. The Flensburg government was effectively ended on 23 May 1945, but parts of it carried on functioning for some time after that date. A trawl through the internet indicates that the last meetings of various bodies associated with that government took place as late as August 1945. Bob BScar23625 14:22, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * My sources are primarily de.wikipedia as well as my (very limited) knowledge from history classes in school. de:Sonderbereich Mürwik partially overlaps with de:Geschäftsführende Reichsregierung, but focuses on the area that was "governed" by the Dönitz government after the surrender. This article states that they met daily even after the Allies arrived, but that their decisions were completely ignored outside their area of influence (about 14 km²). The August date may derive from the fact that the Allied Control Council constituted itself in late August - so some parts of the government probably weren't officially abolished until then. De facto they almost certainly stopped working at the time of Dönitz arrest (if not earlier). Even if they met, their meetings would've had no consequences to the people they "governed" and would therefore be irrelevant.
 * Germany may have very thourough bureaucrats, but in 1945 even they would have worried about their personal survival in a time of chaos and hunger, rather than shuffle paperwork.--Qualle (talk) 15:15, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Qualle. Perhaps it is impertinent of me to discuss German history with you?. However, I make a couple of points. The Flensburg government had some control over German forces up to and beyond 7 May. They were in radio contact with army units and U-boats deployed between the Arctic and the South Atlantic. For example, they ordered the German garrison in the Channel Islands to surrender. Also, there is evidence that residual elements of the government continued shuffling paper right up to August (see the article referenced above). Bob BScar23625 16:21, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Not at all - as I mentioned above, my knowledge about this topic comes from secondary and tertiary sources, so it's perfectly concievable that I'm wrong. Where I live, the war ended 9 March 1945 - consequently I focused my research on WWII on the time before that. In my mind, the Flensburg Government is something of a strange episode of post-war Germany - forgive my if that impairs my judgement. --Qualle (talk) 18:16, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

People should please feel free to actually edit the article. Particularly as the two of you are far better informed on the matter than I am.

As for the revisionist article, I don't know if the guy is an academic with revisionist views or just a very enthusiastic amateur. I found it interesting that he made no mention of Himmler (or Rosenberg) - perhaps in an attempt to put Donitz in the best light. I would prefer not to link to the article as it's veracity is suspect (given the above evidence of "lying by ommission"). Thanks for the info on Rosenberg, anyone know what position he held - he was minister of the occupied territories in the East under Hitler but that would have been a particularly phantomic position to be given in Flensburg. Homey 16:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * For my part I have to admit that I'm not too interested in the Flensburg Government and was just doing a quick translation from german Wikipedia. Personally, I spent so much time in arguments with Neonazis who claim that the German Empire legally never ceased to exist that I'm tired of everything post-Hitler and pre-Adenauer.--Qualle (talk) 18:16, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Rosenberg and Himmler were never members of the Flensburg government. They showed up first in Ploen, then Flensburg, and tried to insinuate themselves into Donitz cabinet. Rosenberg claimed that, as the most senior surviving Party Reichsleiter, he alone had the authority to dissolve the Nazi Party (and he intended to do so). Himmler tried to wheedle some form of official recognition from Donitz and hung around Flensburg for some time in early May until finally disappearing with a few close assistants in an attempt to avoid arrest. Donitz refused to work with either and did NOT take them into his cabinet. He did, however, draft official letters relieving them of their former offices-- an attempt to let them know in no uncertain terms that they weren't wanted. These letters, dated May 6, must be the genesis of the info in this article that both men were members of the Flensburg cabinet until May 6; not really correct, as you can see. Since Himmler was removed from all his offices by Hitler on or about April 28, his "official" tenure as Interior Minister ended then; and since Rosenberg was not included in Hitler's political testament, then upon Hitler's death and Donitz's succession, Rosenberg ceased to be a government minister at that time. In any case, though physically present in Flensburg and desirous of attention (and whatever scraps of power they might hang on to), Donitz and Speer were adamant about NOT cooperating with these two, especially Himmler, in any way. In fact, when Himmler requested a plane to fly him to Prague (still controlled by the SS), Speer and Donitz considered giving him one and ordering the pilot to land at an Allied airfield. 24.250.114.65 (talk) 01:27, 16 August 2010 (UTC)TexxasFinn

Arrest
Dönitz says he was arrested on board a steamship by the Allied Control Commission, not at his HQ by the British Army. I'm going to change the article unless someone can come up with a source for the current text. Rees11 (talk) 01:12, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

The Donitz government was HQ'd on the steamship Patria, based at Flensburg. British Army personnel were ordered by the ACC to arrest the government members on May 23.24.250.114.65 (talk) 01:33, 16 August 2010 (UTC)TexxasFinn

Omissions?
Something is needed to make this make sense: "At the same time, the Fascist press on both sides of the Atlantic has put it abroad that conditions in Germany in 1918, when German Rightists produced similar fairy-tales of impending chaos". It looks as though it should read something like "...conditions in Germany resemble those in 1918..." [guess at omitted wording emphasised]. PMLawrence (talk) 12:00, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

German Instrument of Surrender
Why does it say the German Instrument of Surrender was signed on 23 May when it was actually signed on 7-8 May? Rees11 (talk) 23:00, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Never mind, I see it's being edited now. Rees11 (talk) 23:02, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Infobox?
Does the administration really require it's own country infobox? It was not a "Provisional government" or successor state to the Third Reich, only an administration of it (Cabinet Schwerin von Krosigk). The same constitution, laws, etc. of the Reich were still in place and effect. People have begun linking to it from other articles purporting that it was an actual separate country. I'll remove it soon if no one has any arguments. Lt.Specht (talk) 00:41, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

German State
The text reads at present:"Therefore, on June 5, 1945, the German state officially ceased to exist, and Germany was placed under Allied military occupation." I'd object to the expression state, it should be replaced by government. --41.15.94.169 (talk) 11:49, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Removing infobox
This article is fine as an article about a unique administration of Nazi Germany, but it was still a government of Nazi Germany. I am removing the infobox that insinuates that it was a separate state.--R-41 (talk) 17:26, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I like infoboxes in articles. Very handy and useful. Plus pages look more "professional" when they have them. So, I think we should keep it but find a way to make sure it does not insinuate that it was a separate state. So should it use the Nazi Germany infobox? It was a continuation of Nazi German government. --Harizotoh9 (talk) 03:03, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

I second this. The Flensburg government was just a government of Nazi Germany. It is not a country or territorial entity in any way - the article on that is Nazi Germany. It seems to confuse some people into thinking this is some kind of a "successor state" to Nazi Germany.

The only appropriate infobox for an article with a topic like this, is. -- Director  ( talk )  03:07, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The use of the term "Nazi" is unencyclopedic. It usually reveals some ideological bias or lack of profound knowledge on the subject. The Flensburg government was just the follow the German government under Hitler. It's essentially the last legitimate government of Germany until it's arrest. From that on Germany is completely occupied by the Allied powers, so essentially a foreign military regime. --41.150.26.248 (talk) 17:41, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

 * on the contrary, 41.150.26.248, Nazi Germany is the Wikipedia title for the article on the German state that was extinguished at the end of WWII, and rightly so. The key reference here is Michael Walzer; 'Just and Unjust Wars' (1977).  Walzer's principle is now generally accepted to apply; "Nazism lies at the outer limits of exigency, at a point where we are likely to find ourselves united in fear and abhorrence".  Walzer's point is that to argue general principles of international law - of the nature of states, of the nature of war between states, and of the legal identity of national geographic entities - as though they were operative in respect of Nazi Germany; would be both legally incoherent and morally repugnant.  No valid system of international law can be neutral with respect to Nazism.  Hence the Allied Powers had a common war aim as the extinction of Nazism; and so too their victory not only removed Hitler and the Nazi government; it also terminated the existence of that German state in respect of which Hitler (and Nazism) had merged with themselves into a mutual identity.  Which was not the case either for Fascist Italy, or for Imperial Japan (though in the latter case, more because of ignorance of just what the Japanese had got up to).  It follows that there can be no continuity between the post-Unification Federal German state, and the Germany which existed from 1871 to 1945. The Flensburg Government was no government at all; it simply provided the appearance of a counterpart civil administration to prop up the German High Command. To get the armed forces of Nazi Germany to surrender unconditionally, an order to that effect needed to come from a Führer figure; but the moment that order was given, the last vestiges of Nazi Germany dissolved into nothingness. TomHennell (talk) 15:13, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Merge
There appears to be some kind of weird POV afoot, as in "these are the good guys that came to power when Hitler killed himself". The article Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet needs to be merged here forthwith. This is a very strange article that seems to be presented as a successor state to Nazi Germany, as somehow being different from Nazi Germany - rather than being a government of it, while being headed by the NSDAP, and appointed by Hitler himself.

Not to ramble, the Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet article basically has the exact same topic as this one, I think its obviously a WP:CFORK. -- Director  ( talk )  03:40, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not a successor state, It's a successor government. The state remains the same. And there is no "Nazi Germany" as state. Essentially it's the Germany unified under Bismarck, which was a Monarchy. After the Kaiser's abdication it became a Republic. Even Hitler did not change that. What he did was disbanding parliamentary rule and suspending the constitution, replacing it with autocratic rule under his leadership of the National-Socialist movement, s. The later was viewed as an alternative towards monarchies, liberal democracies and communist regimes. It still remains the same state, regardless of the ruling party or form of government. Germany as state or country was then put under occupational regime divided in zones under control of the Western Allies (Western Germany), Soviet Union (what became the GDR, but also Norther East Prussia), Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, Southern East Prussia etc.). Austria was separated from Germany again, and the occupational zones became the parastates of GDR/DDR (Eastern Bloc) and FRG/BRD the former being incorporated in the later in 1990. A bit complicated, but one needs to know the facts and portray them accordingly. The Flensburg Government was essentially a military government, since Doenitz became its head in his function of an admiral and not as a functionary of the NSDAP --41.145.149.248 (talk) 18:04, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Dönitz and the Karlshorst surrender
a recent edit proposes that Dönitz radioed authority to Keitel for the Karlshorst surrender. I have not seen this stated anywhere, is contrary to some accounts, and appears to confuse the Reims and Karlshort events. My reading of the accounts is that Jodl at Reims was acting on behalf of, and in contact with, Dönitz. The requirement of the Allied powers that the commanders of the three German armed services should attend the Karlshorst signing in person was specfically intended to cut out any suggestion that they were acting for the Dönitz government - which the Americans and Russians did not recognise. Hence, no occasion was provided for Dönitz to be contacted in respect of negotiations in respect of the amended Karlshorst text; Keitel and co. were required to accept the changes on their own authority, and did so. As I understand it; unless there is a source that says different. On which see http://museum-karlshorst.de/en/component/content/article/38.html TomHennell (talk) 10:03, 7 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I have reverted the edits as proposed. Both the account of Keitel himself and that of Ludde-Neurath, agree that Dönitz had no part in the Karlshorst signing. Antonov in particular was determined to exclude the Dönitz administration from any formal involvement in the definitive surrender. TomHennell (talk) 16:20, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Capitulation at Berlin - authorisation from Donitz
I have reverted the following " At the signing ceremony, the German emissaries delivered to the Allied representatives the telegram from Dönitz, authorizing them to sign the instrument of surrender. ". Donitz certainly nominated the three Armed Forces representatives; but there is no record I can find that his authorisation telegram was submitted at the Karlshorst meeting. Neither Keitel nor Tedder mention it in their accounts; that I can find. Keitel does record in his memoir that his 'credentials' as Commander in chief of the Army (and those of his counterpart colleagues) were inspected by the Soviets during the afternoon of 8 May, while they were all waiting for Zhukov and Tedder to complete their negotiations around the number and order of Allied signatories. But no mention of having presented them at the ceremony itself. TomHennell (talk) 18:24, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Party affiliations
In a recent edit from editor Qwertyers, the affiliation of Donitz himself has been changed from NSDAP to 'none'. On the face of it, this would contradict the reference, which I read as clearly implying that - while Donitz avoided joining the Party until Jan/Feb 1944, he then did so. There is a continual debate on the Karl Dönitz page as to whether his membership did, or did not, amount to 'being a Nazi'; but I suggest that such matters should be left to that page. At the time that he accepted the role of Hitler's successor, Dönitz was an enrolled NSDAP party member and held a Party card. That he later sought to maintain that his membership was more formal than actual, isn't really a subject for this article. TomHennell (talk) 11:04, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

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Picture?
Why is the leading picture not of Donitz? He is the most well-known person in the government.--Jack Upland (talk) 11:39, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Flensburg Government


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Škripari

Škripari is the name of the football supporters of Bosnian club NK Široki Brijeg. They also support Široki Brijeg's other sport clubs, primarily HKK Široki in basketball.

History
The fan club as it exists today was named on 9 September 1996. At that time (from the season 1993–1994 onwards, reaching a peak in 1998), Škripari were the only real supporters in Herzegovina, aside from a small fraction of supporters in Ljubuški, as well as Torcida Kiseljak and Torcida Mostar who were only really active in home matches of the teams that they supported.

Although from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Škripari support the Croatia national football team primarily, as well as other Croatian national teams. Croatian nationalism is still present among the fans of the club, being the incidents such as occurred on December 1, 2019, in a 19th-round game of Bosnian Premier League against Bosnian Serb team, FK Zvijezda 09, which was taken as an opportunity by Škripari to glorify Slobodan Praljak, Croatian general accused for war crimes by the Hague Tribunal, as a clear provocation toward the opposing team.

Controversy and violence
Škripari is one of the supporters' groups responsible for the brunt of the football-related violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has also been included amongst the groups considered to be "essentially paramilitary branches of certain political parties," and has been described as one of the most prominent among such groups.

In 2009, a riot between Škripari and Horde Zla, an FK Sarajevo supporters group, in Široki Brijeg led to the death of Horde Zla member Vedran Puljić.

In 2010, Škripari were involved in an incident involving a display of a flag with a swastika on it. This was widely criticized by the football governing bodies.

title: Škripari


text:
Merkel-cell carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer occurring in about three people per million members of the population. It is also known as cutaneous APUDoma, primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, primary small cell carcinoma of the skin, and trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Factors involved in the development of MCC include the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV), a weakened immune system, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Merkel cell carcinoma usually arises on the head, neck, and extremities, as well as in the perianal region and on the eyelid. It is more common in people over sixty years old, Caucasian people, and males. MCC is less common in children.

Signs and symptoms
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) usually presents as a firm nodule (up to 2 cm diameter) or mass (>2 cm diameter). These flesh-colored, red, or blue tumors typically vary in size from 0.5 cm (less than one-quarter of an inch) to more than 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter and may enlarge rapidly. Tumors can present as painless, tender or itchy, and other MCC manifestations as papules or plaques have also been reported. Although MCC may arise almost anywhere on the body, it is most commonly found in sun-exposed areas such as the head, neck or extremities. Five key attributes of MCC were summarized in 2008 in the acronym AEIOU (Asymptomatic/lack of tenderness, Expanding rapidly, Immune suppression, Older than 50 years, and Ultraviolet-exposed site on a person with fair skin). Ninety percent of MCC's have three or more of those features. MCC is sometimes mistaken for other histological types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, and small cell carcinoma, or as a benign cyst. Merkel cell carcinomas have been described in children, but pediatric cases are very rare.

Merkel cell cancers tend to invade locally, infiltrating the underlying subcutaneous fat, fascia, and muscle, and typically metastasize early in their natural history, most often to the regional lymph nodes. MCCs also spread aggressively through the blood vessels to many organs, particularly to liver, lung, brain, and bone.

Cell of origin
Although MCC was initially named for the Merkel cell due to histologic and physiologic similarities between MCC and Merkel cells, the cellular progenitor of MCC has been a heavily debated question. Merkel cells are highly specialized cells that act as pressure receptors in the epidermis. The origin of Merkel cells themselves is debated and proposed to be derived from neural crest cells or epidermal progenitors. MCC is similar to Merkel cells in its histological appearance (see below: Diagnosis) and shares many immunohistochemical markers with Merkel cells, including epidermal marker cytokeratin 20 and neuroendocrine markers synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Furthermore, the ion channel Piezo2 and transcription factor Atoh1, both specific to Merkel cells, are also expressed by MCC. However, Merkel cells are post-mitotic cells with a low probability of cancerous transformation. Additionally, they have not been shown to support Merkel cell polyoma virus infection, which is believed to drive oncogenesis in approximately 80% of MCC.

Instead, it has been proposed the MCC may originate from a Merkel cell precursor, at which point it gains features similar to those of Merkel cells. One such precursor is the human fibroblast. Evidence for a fibroblast precursor includes its location in the dermis, which is thought to be the primary site of origin for MCC. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that fibroblasts not only support Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) infection but can be induced into having a MCC phenotype by the expression of viral proteins.

However, others have argued that MCC likely derives from an epithelial precursor cell due to its frequent presence in mixed tumors including epithelial neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma. While epithelial cells are not typically found in the dermis, hair follicles include epithelial cells that have been shown to have oncogenic potential, and have therefore been proposed as a possible site for a MCC precursor.

Finally, the presence of B-cell surface markers on MCC in addition to the high correlation between MCC and B-cell lymphomatous cancers have also led to suggestions that MCC may share a progenitor with B-cells. Because of the differences in physiology and prognosis between MCV+ and MCV- MCC (see below), however, some have suggested that these two subtypes of MCC may actually derive from different progenitor cells.

Several factors are involved in the pathophysiology of MCC, including MCV, ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, and weakened immune function.

Merkel cell polyomavirus
The MCV is a small double-stranded DNA virus that is believed to contribute to the development of the majority of MCC. About 80% of MCC tumors are infected with MCV, with the virus integrated into the host genome in a monoclonal pattern. However, the majority of people with MCV infection do not develop MCC: MCV is a ubiquitous virus and infection commonly occurs during childhood but remains asymptomatic throughout an individual's lifetime.

MCC was first believed to be associated with MCV when it was observed to occur at a much higher rate in HIV patients during the 1980s. Since then, studies have demonstrated integration of the MCV genome into the genome of MCC tumor cells. Central to the understanding of the pathogenicity of MCV are two viral proteins expressed in infected cells known as the large tumor antigen (LT) and small tumor antigen (sT). Normally, patients infected with MCV show low levels of antibodies to the LT protein, perhaps due to a nuclear localization domain in its C-terminal that limits its cellular dispersion. However, integration of the viral genome into the host genome can result in truncation of the LT protein proximal to this domain. This serves two oncogenic purposes: first, it prevents successful viral replication that would culminate in lysis of the infected cell. Second, it redistributes the LT protein to the cytoplasm, where it can interact with cytoplasmic signaling. The N-terminal LXCXE motif of the LT protein has been shown to interact with known oncogene Rb and is conserved in other cancer-causing viruses. Studies suggest that LT may also preserve cell proliferation signals such as c-Myc and cyclin E and cause DNA injury to the p53 tumor suppressor.

Meanwhile, sT has been shown to induce cell proliferation through hyper-phosphorylation of the translation initiator 4EBP1 as well as inhibition of a ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for degradation of cellular proliferation signals. sT also contains a region known as the LT stabilization domain (LSD), which potentiates the LT protein's oncogenic function. Unlike LT, MCC samples have been identified that express sT alone, and sT expression in fibroblasts has been shown to cause MCC phenotype development.

UV light
About 20% of MCC tumors are MCV negative. In contrast to MCV-induced MCC, these tumors tend to have much higher mutational burdens with mutational signatures characteristic of UV damage. Genes frequently mutated in MCV-negative MCC include p53 and Rb, among others. The link between MCC and UV exposure has been demonstrated through various epidemiological studies indicating a higher incidence of MCC in fair-skinned people in areas of high UV exposure, as well as among those receiving UV phototherapy. The typical distribution of MCC in sun-exposed regions and its co-occurrence with other skin cancers also indicate that UV exposure is a contributing factor to MCC development. It is unclear whether this is through direct mutational impact, immune down-regulation, or some combination of the two.

Immunosuppression
The incidence of MCC is increased in conditions with defective immune functions such as malignancy, HIV infection, and organ transplant patients, etc. Conversely, patients with brisk immune response have been shown to have improved prognoses. This is suspected to be due to the inability of the body to defend itself from infection by or reactivation of MVC. The body of data indicating the importance of immune function in MCC pathogenesis has been exploited for the development of immunotherapies discussed below.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of MCC begins with a clinical examination of the skin and lymph nodes to determine suspicious areas for further investigation. Definitive diagnosis requires examination of biopsy tissue to identify its histopathologic features. An ideal biopsy specimen is either a punch biopsy or a full-thickness incisional biopsy of the skin including full-thickness dermis and subcutaneous fat. On light microscopy, MCC shows basaloid tumor nests with neuroendocrine features ("salt and pepper" chromatin, scarce cytoplasm, and brisk mitotic activity). In addition to standard examination under light microscopy, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is also generally required to differentiate MCC from other morphologically similar tumors such as skin metastases of small cell lung cancer, the small cell variant of melanoma, various cutaneous leukemic/lymphoid neoplasms, and Ewing's sarcoma. Neuroendocrine molecular markers such as synaptophysin or chromogranin A are characteristic of MCC and other neuroendocrine tumors, while other markers such as PAX5 or cytokeratin 20 can distinguish MCC from these tumors. Longitudinal imaging may also help in ruling out a diagnosis of metastatic small cell lung cancer. Once an MCC diagnosis is made, a sentinel lymph node biopsy as well as imaging are recommended as a part of the staging process, which determines prognosis and subsequent treatment options. Imaging may include positron emission tomography or CT scan.

Prevention
Sunlight exposure is thought to be one of the causes of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The World Health Organization, American Academy of Dermatology, and Skin Cancer Foundation recommend the following measures to prevent excessive UV exposure and skin cancer:
 * Limiting sun exposure between the hours of 10am and 4pm, when UV rays are the strongest
 * Seeking shade when UV rays are most intense
 * Wearing sun-protective clothing including a wide brim hat, sunglasses, and tightly woven, loose-fitting clothing
 * Using sunscreen
 * Avoiding tanning beds and artificial UV exposure

Treatment
Merkel cell carcinoma is typically treated with surgery and radiation; immunotherapy is used in advanced disease. If an affected person is being treated with immunosuppressive drugs, they are reduced as much as possible.

Surgery
Surgical resection is typically performed prior to other treatments, if possible. The type of surgery used may be a simple wide excision or a more specialized technique like Mohs surgery, depending on the individual. Part of the staging process – sentinel lymph node biopsy – is often performed at the same time.

Radiation
Radiation therapy is the primary management of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The largest studies to date, from Australia, demonstrated that radiotherapy alone achieves equal outcomes with upfront or neoadjuvant surgery followed by radiation therapy. The role of surgery is largely historical and relegated to biopsy. There have been no head-to-head trials comparing the two treatment strategies, and in the absence of this, surgeons tend to most commonly perform excisional biopsy prior to referring for radiation therapy to eradicate MCC. MCC is exquisitely radiosensitive. The conclusion amongst published studies in the Radiation Oncology community is that MCC should be managed ideally with radiation therapy alone.

Chemotherapy
Because of its significant adverse effects, traditional chemotherapy has been saved for late-stage highly metastasized cases of MCC. While some chemotherapeutic regiments have been shown to have transient effects, studies have not found any significant long-term effect on recurrence rate or life expectancy. As of 2015, there were no FDA-approved standard chemotherapy regimens for MCC treatment. The most recent American guidelines do not recommend adjuvant chemotherapy, citing a lack of evidence to suggest improved outcomes. Instead, consideration of the need for chemotherapy on a case-by-case basis is recommended.

Drug therapy
Immunotherapies, namely inhibitors of the PD1-PDL1 checkpoint signaling pathway, are novel anticancer agents that have shown benefit in advanced-stage MCC or chemotherapy-resistant MCC. The PD-1 pathway is responsible for regulating the balance between T-cell activation and over-activation leading to T-cell exhaustion or autoimmunity. However, over-expression of PD-1 ligands (PDL1) have been observed in tumors as a method of evading immune attack. PD-1 inhibition therefore enhances the body's immune response, enabling it to target cancer cells for destruction. Due to their side effects, however, National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend PD-1 inhibitors for people with disseminated rather than early-stage MCC.

PD1/PDL1 pathway inhibitors approved or in clinical trials for use in MCC treatment include:

 * In March 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to avelumab, a PDL1 inhibitor, to treat adults and children above 12 years with metastatic MCC.
 * In December 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA, Merck & Co. Inc.) for all ages (adults and pediatrics) with recurrent locally advanced or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma
 * Nivolumab (brand name Opdivo, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is in phase III/IV clinical trials
 * Ipilimumab (brand name Yervoy, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is in phase II clinical trials for use in adults with metastatic MCC.

Studies to date have shown a clinical response rate between 50 and 65% for MCC treated with PD-1 pathway inhibitors. Suggestions for further immunotherapy research areas have included therapeutic vaccines or epigenetic modification of HLA-receptors.

Prognosis
According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), the natural course of MCC is "variable and depends heavily on the stage at diagnosis". Staging of MCC is classified according to the TNM staging system, a notation system that describes the stage of cancer according to the size of the primary tumor (T), the degree of spread to regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). A combination of T, N, and M stages dictate the final clinical stage group (0, I, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, IV). Advanced stage (i.e. increased size of the tumor, spreading of the tumor into surrounding and/or distant tissue, and involvement of lymph nodes) is associated with lower survival rates.

The National Cancer Data Base has survival rates collected from nearly 3000 MCC patients from year 1996–2000 with 5-year survival rates listed as follows: Stage IA: 80%. Stage IB: 60%. Stage IIA: 60%. Stage IIB: 50%. Stage IIC: 50%. Stage IIIA: 45%. Stage IIIB: 25%. Stage IV: 20%. Five-year survival may be 51% among people with localized disease, 35% for those with nodal disease, and 14% with metastases to a distant site.

Several other features may also affect prognosis, independent of tumor stage. They include MCV viral status, histological features, and immune status. In viral status, MCV large tumor antigen (LT antigen) and retinoblastoma protein (RB protein) expression correlates with more favorable prognosis, while p63 expression correlates with a poorer prognosis. Histological features such as intratumoral CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration may be associated with a favorable prognosis, while lymphovascular infiltrative pattern may be associated with a poorer prognosis. Immunosuppressed status, especially T cell immunosuppression (e.g., organ transplant, HIV infection, certain malignancy) predicts poorer prognosis and higher mortality. Immunosuppression also raises the risk of recurrence.

The antibody titer in the blood to the Merkel cell polyomavirus oncoprotein can be used as a treatment response biomarker in people that have detectable antibodies at the time of diagnosis.

Epidemiology
Merkel cell carcinoma occurs most often in Caucasians between 60 and 80 years of age. Its incidence is about twice as high in males as in females. It is a rare type of skin cancer, with a 2013 incidence of only 0.7 per 100,000 persons in the U.S. As of 2005, roughly 2,500 new cases of MCC are diagnosed each year in the United States, as compared to around 60,000 new cases of malignant melanoma and over 1 million new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Similar to melanoma, the incidence of MCC in the US is increasing rapidly. Worldwide, MCC is most commonly found in regions with increased sun exposure. Australia is the country with the highest incidence of MCC but has a lower incidence of MCV-positive MCC than observed in other countries.

Since 2006, it has been known that other primary cancers increase the risk of MCC significantly, especially in those with the prior multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and malignant melanoma. Immunosuppression including HIV infection or immunosuppressant therapy following organ transplant or for autoimmune disease can also increase the odds of developing MCC.

History
Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845–1919) was a German anatomist and histopathologist who first described the Tastzellen (touch cells) in the skin in 1875. In 1878 the term Merkel cell was coined by the anatomist Robert Bonnet (1851–1921).

Merkel cell carcinoma was first described in 1972 by Cyril Toker. He reported five cases of 'trabecular carcinoma of the skin'.

Notable patients

 * Avigdor Arikha – Paris-based painter and art historian
 * David Brudnoy – Boston talk radio host
 * Maria Bueno – Tennis player
 * Jimmy Buffett – American singer, songwriter, and author
 * Al Copeland – New Orleans entrepreneur, powerboat racer
 * Al Davis – Principal owner of the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League
 * Ed Derwinski – U.S. Representative from Illinois and first Secretary of Veterans Affairs
 * John Fitch – Race car driver and road safety pioneer
 * Leonard Hirshan – Show business agent and manager
 * Carl Mundy – 30th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
 * Geoffrey Penwill Parsons – Pianist
 * Max Perutz – Nobel Prize–winning chemist
 * Lindsay Thompson – Former Premier of Victoria, Australia
 * Joe Zawinul – Jazz-fusion keyboardist and composer

title: Merkel-cell carcinoma


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BraveBot

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 17:32, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

BraveBot
Not notable, only a few Google hits (~30) and article doesn't attempt notability. Probable vanity of author Halo 16:34, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Already has more info at DestructiveChild Ryan Norton T 16:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.   Paul Klenk 21:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ordnance datum

An ordnance datum (OD) is a vertical datum used by an ordnance survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. A spot height may be expressed as above ordnance datum (AOD). Usually mean sea level (MSL) at a particular place is used for the datum.

British Isles

 * In Great Britain, OD for the Ordnance Survey is Ordnance Datum Newlyn (ODN), defined as the MSL as recorded by the Newlyn Tidal Observatory between 1915 and 1921.
 * Prior to 1921, OD was Ordnance Datum Liverpool (ODL) defined as MSL as recorded in the Victoria Dock, Liverpool, during a short period in 1844. The first datum, in 1840 used a benchmark on St. John’s Church, Liverpool.
 * In Northern Ireland, OD for the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland is Belfast Ordnance Datum: the MSL at Clarendon Dock, Belfast, between 1951 and 1956.
 * In Ireland, OD for the Ordnance Survey of Ireland is Malin Ordnance Datum: the MSL at Portmoor Pier, Malin Head, County Donegal, between 1960 and 1969.
 * Prior to 1970, Poolbeg Ordnance Datum was used: the low water of spring tide at Poolbeg Lighthouse, Dublin, on 8 April 1837. Poolbeg OD was about 2.7 m lower than Malin OD.

Ordnance Datum Newlyn and its antecedents
The First Geodetic Levelling of England and Wales (1840–1860) needed to define a datum plane from which to specify spot heights. At first it was specified as a horizontal plane 100 feet below an arbitrary benchmark on St John's Church, Liverpool. Subsequently, however, it was redefined as mean sea level (MSL). To establish MSL, tidal observations were taken at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool, over a short period in 1844.

By the time of the Second Geodetic Levelling (1912–1921) the importance of stability was better appreciated and so it was decided to use Fundamental Bench Marks (FBMs) installed in solid rock, rather than on buildings as before. To measure average MSL around Great Britain three tide gauges were employed: at Dunbar, Newlyn and Felixstowe. However, it was found that the measured difference between the Dunbar and Newlyn stations was 0.81 feet (0.247m), far larger than could be accounted for by error. The difference was real. Accordingly, it was decided not to use average MSL and fix on one site: MSL Newlyn. Newlyn has certain practical advantages: it is set in granite bedrock, is far from major rivers, and it better represents deep ocean sea levels.

The difference between ODL (Liverpool) and ODN (Newlyn) was found to be 0.13 feet. It took some time for the changed definition — Liverpool to Newlyn — to work through the system: by 1950, some 40% of the lower secondary and tertiary levellings were still using the Liverpool datum. But following the Third Geodetic Levelling, Ordnance Survey maps published since March 1956 give spot heights above the Newlyn datum.

Newlyn Tidal Observatory was given grade II listing on 11 December 2018.

Tunnel datum
Tunnel datum is a datum based on an ordnance datum and used in designing tunnels which pass below sea level.
 * for the London Underground, a tunnel datum of ODN −100 m is used; thus a depth of −60 m AOD is 40 m ATD (above tunnel datum)
 * for the Channel Tunnel, a tunnel datum of ODN −200 m is used; thus a depth of −60 m is 140 m ATD

title: Ordnance datum


text:
Talk:Zabranjeno Pušenje

Belgrade band members
I'd be really nice if someone could help with members of Belgrade band... --Dijxtra 16:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio
I just noticed that the big chunk of this article is a verbatim copy of this:. Can somebody please try to clarify it? It seems like a simple copy/paste. Anyway, parts of the article, like intro and band members is still salvagable. --Dejan Čabrilo 14:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please quote parts of article that are problematic? The thing is I myself wrote probably 50% of the article and I used all kinds of sources, but not that one, so if there is a copyvio problem, it is minor. Therefore, I beg you to remove the tag and I promise I'll rewrite all disputable data myself. I put a lot of work in this article and I know for sure it donesn't deserve copyvio (but I acknowledge the posibility there are some copyvio disputes, and if there are any I empasise they are minor and will be fixed at once). Now, please remove the copyvio tag and lets get to work. --Dijxtra 14:23, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, now I see... Everything from here: is a copyvio, and it was merged (of course, that's nobody's fault) in this article at some point. I think I got it all removed now. --Dejan Čabrilo 14:19, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see. Damn, damn, then I merged the copyvio material. Sorry about that. I'll fix this article ASAP. BTW, the source you quoted is in fact a copyvio too, the original is here. --Dijxtra 14:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I removed everything that was copy/pasted. See if you can find anything else (or if I removed some valid content). --Dejan Čabrilo 15:19, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Translation of the name
I thing that "forbidden smoking" is very much wrong, since it would represent a kind of smoking which is forbidden, which is not the meaning of "zabranjeno pusenje". I think that "smoking is forbiden" is by far more precise literal translation. --Dijxtra 13:06, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Given that the group calls itself in English "No Smoking Orchestra", why aren't we using that? Their web site is http://www.thenosmokingorchestra.com. - Jmabel | Talk 05:50, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No Smoking Orchestra is an entirely different name. That band was spawned from Zabranjeno pušenje, but at one point they stopped calling themself Zabranjeno pušenje and started using similar but different name (No smoking Orchestra). Now, "Zabranjeno pušenje" is best translated as "No smoking", as it's a set phrase found on signs saying that smoking is forbidden. :) --dcabrilo 07:26, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What Dejan didn't mention is that one of two currently existing fractions of original "Zabranjeno pušenje" still uses that name. So, strictly speaking, it is not true that "the group calls itself in English "No Smoking Orchestra"". Only one fraction of the gruop does that. --Dijxtra 09:40, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

The phrase "Zabranjeno pušenje" simply means "No smoking". I don't see why we would need a more literal translation than that. Zocky | picture popups 15:24, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Actually, the truth IS that the name of the band has those two meanings: 1. simple "no smoking", like "no smoking" sign; and 2. "the forbidden smoking" - the smoking that is illegal (zâbranjeno pusenje) - meaning of course: the drugs.--LifeOnMars (talk) 08:59, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Satan
Why "As you wait for the dawn with the Satan"? "…with Satan" would be more normal English. Is there anything in the original that requires the definite article? I don't know Serbian, but in general Slavic languages don't even have a definite article. - Jmabel | Talk 05:57, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No, the original language has no definite article, so what ever sounds more natural in English. --dcabrilo 07:23, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --Dijxtra 09:33, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Two diferent articles
I think this article should be divided into two after the break up of Sarajevo and Belgrade branches. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.66.133 (talk) 20:48, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I support this idea. -- P rim E vi L 04:20, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. I will, however, create Zabraǌeno Pušeǌe as a redirect. Jenks24 (talk) 07:54, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Zabranjeno Pušenje → Zabraǌeno Pušeǌe – the name of the band is misspelled with digraphs "ǌ" ("U+01CC LATIN SMALL LETTER NJ") spelled out as combinations of "n" and "j" letters, which goes against the rules of Serbo-Croatian (or Bosnian if one prefers) language. As long as there is no English name of the band (see this thread for details), the native language convention should be followed per. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 21:52, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Note: Apart from spelling issue the difference between digraph and two characters heading is pronunciation: the current title reads as, while the name of the band (and the proposed target) – . — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 21:27, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi Dmitrij. The relevant convention on WP:SERBIANNAMES makes note of Gaj's Latin alphabet but does that demand use of ǌ rather than nj? Can you give a couple of examples of other en.wp article titles? In ictu oculi (talk) 22:49, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure I can't name neither article with U+01C4—U+01CC in it's name, nor with 2 characters representation. Anyway, Wikipedia handles decomposition of the chars in that range when needed, and these are the actual names. One may think of the difference as spelling word "Français" in eg. Club Français as "Francais" – intelligible but wrong. BTW, the difference in pronunciation is similar. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 23:05, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi, there's a big difference, ç is easy to type and distinguishes a real pronunciation difference. Croatian ǌ like the Dutch IJ (digraph) is difficult to type and adds no value from nj or ij. Aren't there any articles on en.wp already using ǌ? In ictu oculi (talk) 00:28, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The difference in pronunciation: "ǌ" is pronounced as (eg. "pušeǌe" ) and "nj" – as  (eg. "injekcija" ). Regarding typing: I have several PCs with 2 different Latin layouts; neither is able to type ç, while both allow to type ǌ. BTW, the common practice is to have the article under correct title and redirects for people lacking specific letters on their keyboards, not vice verse. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 01:04, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Hi, yes but if it's common practice for "ǌ" please show another article as an example, cheers. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:09, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure whether there is a way to know that, actually. Not so many articles on Wikipedia do have names in Serbo-Croatian, and yet less of them have digraphs in their names. Thus searching for such titles is a considerable effort, which looks more like a waste of time, given the lack of arguments against it. Or am I missing something? — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 01:26, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * FWIW, Divlje jagode contains "l" and "j" sequence in place of "ǉ". What can we conclude from this fact regarding the proper name for the article on Zabraǌeno Pušeǌe? — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 01:33, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * ǉ is avoided. What about Petar Dobrnjac Nemanja Andrić Nemanja Arsenijević Bojan Banjac Goran Bunjevčević? Should these technically use ǌ or is nj different here? In ictu oculi (talk) 01:37, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * All of these should have been "ǌ". I also found some other examples. So what? — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 01:45, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * So what is that en.wp doesn't use the digraphs. Neither does sr.wp, if you try sr:Забрањено пушење and sr:Петар Добрњац click through to Latinica you'll see nj is being used, not the digraph. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:48, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * In fact none of the interwikis use the digraph, Bosnian bs:Zabranjeno pušenje, Croatian Zabranjeno Pušenje, Serbo-Croat Zabranjeno pušenje. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:51, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * So now we are aware of the fact that spelling on Wikipedia is severely damaged with 8-bit character sets' legacy. How does this finding help us with deciding this RM? — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 01:57, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are two things you probably should be aware of.
 * (1) there is still some resistance to use of WP:SERBIANNAMES on Wikipedia. You will notice that Category:Serbian male tennis players contains 5 or 6 names which are "anglicized" - some of them because they are resident in Australia or the USA. David Savic Nikola Spear Miljan Zekic for no sensible reason. Also Category:Serbian ice hockey players - for both tennis and hockey there is "history". Sometimes however like Category:Olympic bobsledders of Serbia where Slobodan Matijevic and Milos Savic are anglicized by accident and could easily be moved. With this background it's not productive to hold out for Gaj's digraphs when sh. hr. bs. sr. wp don't use them either.
 * (2) the point of having accents is to aid pronunciation. In the case of the names above accents and carons would help. In the case of Gaj's Latin alphabet digraphs they don't. Neither does the Dutch IJ (digraph), neither does German ß called s+z in German, but now ss. As far as I know we don't use digraphs in any article title. But we do use accents and carons. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:38, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Given that digraphs look (slightly, though) different from two chars combinations and sound pretty much different, they aid pronunciation. Furthermore, there is no rationale behind spelling words the way they are not spelled neither in English, nor in native language. The redirects ultimately eliminate any need in intentionally misspelling words. I just see no reason not to move article in this and all the other cases. P.S.: per WP:UE only the titles with no common English usage pattern are spelled in native languages, so there is no mystery behind anglicized names. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 02:53, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, I've said above what the situation is. WP:UE is a badly written guideline in flux - we can't do Google hunts for what uses digraphs (and I can predict that none will). Sorry after discussion I oppose this move. If someone does a r.move for Bogdan Jankovic, Bojan Jankovic, Ivan Prokic, David Savic, Nikola Spear, Miljan Zekic, Slobodan Matijevic and Milos Savic then I'd support those. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose - use of digraph ǌ adds no value over nj. per sh. sr. bs. hr. en.wp usage. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:59, 7 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose First of all, there seems to be a typo (you wrote "Zabre..." rather than "Zabra..."). But more importantly, Croatian websites don't actually use this digraph Unicode character, they invariably use n + j. Go to http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/HR to see any of the top Croatian websites and verify for yourself.  You will also surely have noticed that the Croatian Wikipedia article Zabranjeno Pušenje does not use the digraph Unicode character either. It's not clear why Unicode includes this character; perhaps it is simply to permit a one-to-one character mapping between Latin and Cyrillic (i.e., the Serbian Cyrillic letter њ), or perhaps it can be used in specialized applications like online crossword puzzles (where lj and nj fit within a single square). — P.T. Aufrette (talk) 05:03, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I fixed the typo in proposal, thanks. Legacy software (specifically older versions of Internet Explorer) failed to render these glyphs, so they are generally avoided or converted to separate glyphs on display. Wikipedia has different tradition of dealing with such issues. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 08:53, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * But the point remains, this Unicode character is not in actual use, at least not in any ordinary texts. It's not a display issue.  When the Unicode standard was drawn up, it was desired to have a reversible one-to-one mapping between Unicode and each of the many legacy 8-bit character sets, and a lot of odds and ends found their way into the Unicode character set in this way, including ligatures for "ff", "fi", "fl", "ffi", "ffl" (starting at U+FB00), but those aren't used in ordinary English text or English Wikipedia article titles.  The fact that the Croatian Wikipedia uses n+j exclusively, as do other Croatian websites both major and minor, should give you pause.  It is hard to think of any website where the digraph ǌ character is actually used. It might perhaps be useful internally in some application that needs to reversibly map Latin to Cyrillic and back. — P.T. Aufrette (talk) 10:03, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't insist on that, actually. The most common practice in computing (at least for Indo-European languages) is to provide one-to-one mapping of letters to displayed characters. A bunch of historical reasons led to the breach of this principle, including the fact that before Unicode 1.1 no character set included code points for these letters (which never were and are not ligatures) mainly due to the restrictions, imposed by 8-bit character sizes and bi-alphabetic nature of the language. Though I came across U+01C4 – U+01CC letters in the wild, I see the widespread use of "n+j" and friends as a compatibility and inertia trait. BTW, the code points for these letters also serve purposes of fixing the collation order (which is severely broken with "n+j"), pattern matching, string length measuring and (the last but not the least) restoring the one-to-one mapping of letters to characters. Also note, that compatibility characters are specifically labeled so in Unicode standard, while these are not. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 10:24, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It is not wrong to not use the digraph characters, and it is misguided to think that they are necessary. First: according to Unicode, digraphs should be represented by their constituents. The Croatian digraphs were “only encoded in Unicode because of votes on the negative ballot on the first version of ISO/IEC 10646” . Second: contrary to what you claim, Unicode does not always label its compatibility characters; and these digraphs do have compatibility decompositions. Third: collation is not broken with ⟨n⟩ + ⟨j⟩; use contractions. For applications that need to reversibly map Latin to Cyrillic, use ⟨n⟩ + ⟨j⟩ for ⟨њ⟩ and ⟨n⟩ + + ⟨j⟩ for ⟨нј⟩. Gorobay (talk) 21:30, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
 * You mean "(n)+(j) for (нј)" and "⟨n⟩ + + ⟨j⟩" for (њ), don't you? Overall I see no reason to prefer  over specific Unicode code points. Can you cite Unicode standard on such preference? FWIW, UNIX-like systems include two groups of keyboard layouts for Yugoslavian standard keyboard: ordinary and Unicode, with the latter featuring U+01C4 – U+O1CC on respective keys. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 09:50, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Confusingly, the CGJ is used to split digraphs. The Unicode FAQ on digraphs explains why new digraphs are not to be encoded. The Croatian digraphs were encoded, but they are seldom used, they are unnecessary, and they run counter to general Unicode policy.
 * Let me put it another way: Croatian is not special. There are countless languages that use digraphs exactly as Croatian does. They get along fine without distinctly-encoded digraphs, and so can Croatian. Gorobay (talk) 11:53, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I got your idea. Pretty convincing, though it gives me more questions then answers. Could you please recommend me a starting point to investigate the issue further? — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 14:29, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I have answered on your talk page so as not to derail the discussion here. Gorobay (talk) 02:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Nobody uses the UTF-8 digraph for lj and nj; they just didn't catch on, anywhere, and nobody actually cares for that technicality - except perhaps a handful of programmers of database sorting routines, and even they acknowledge the reality of having to handle it like this. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 10:02, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't judge on whether they coughed on or not, as they only recently became available to end users (and yet no IM became established). Though I admit that nearly nobody cares about technical consistency of electronic texts. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 11:18, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's not actually available to end-users - the South Slavic Latin keyboard layouts don't include the two separate keys. Which is really treated as a non-issue because I don't believe old-school typewriters ever did that, either. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 07:15, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are several ways to enter these chars on Unix-like systems ("Unicode" flavors of "rs" xkb layouts and its aliases ("ba", "hr", "me"), "us(hbs)" layout, XCompose, etc.) and installable Windows layouts. Probably there is something for Macs. Typewriters didn't include these characters (there is no big difference between "ǌ" and "nj" when there is no need to process text. — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 10:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I regularly use the hr layout on Linux and it makes absolutely no difference to my typing of nj - the software layout can't help me much other than to introduce a combination of keys to achieve something that is still by a magnitude more complicated than simply typing nj to get the exact same result as far as humans are concerned, and a very tiny minority of humans actually care for later machine parsing. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 07:54, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. I'd welcome a move from Zabranjeno Pušenje to Zabranjeno pušenje (caps!). The rationale would be identical to the one offered here: no established usage in English, and the current title goes against the orthography and prevalent usage in Serbo-Croatian. GregorB (talk) 09:24, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * At least there site spells both first letters uppercase. The IRL mentions I've seen are also stick with this spelling. Effectively I never seen it written as "Zabranjeno pušenje". — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 10:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not surprised - same with e.g. Parni Valjak and their official page. However, in sources with expert proofreading, such as daily newspapers and magazines, it's almost exclusively "Zabranjeno pušenje" and "Parni valjak", as neither pušenje nor valjak are proper nouns. GregorB (talk) 11:58, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I didn't pay attention to it before, but the sources (I was planning to use for this article's rewrite) indeed name it "Zabraǌeno pušeǌe". As I get it, per MOS:CAPS we should follow the convention of the native language, which means that the proper name of the article would be Zabranjeno pušenje (or Zabraǌeno pušeǌe according to my initial statement). — Dmitrij D. Czarkoff (talk) 13:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Smocking not good for health eminently ben smocking that seet
Smocking has a banded 110.226.238.173 (talk) 17:50, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zabranjeno Pušenje


text:
Scalding

Scalding is a form of thermal burn resulting from heated fluids such as boiling water or steam. Most scalds are considered first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns can result, especially with prolonged contact. The term is from the Latin word calidus, meaning hot.

Causes
Most scalds result from exposure to high-temperature water, such as tap water in baths and showers, water heaters, or cooking water, or from spilled hot drinks, such as coffee.

Scalds can be more severe when steam impinges on the naked skin, because steam can reach higher temperatures than water, and it transfers latent heat by condensation. However, when clothes are soaked with hot water, the heat transfer is often of a longer duration, since the body part cannot be removed from the heat source as quickly.

Temperatures
The temperature of tap water should not exceed 38 - 45 °C to prevent discomfort and scalding. However, it is necessary to keep warm water at a temperature of 55 – to inhibit the growth of legionella bacteria.

The American Burn Association states that a scalding injury occurs when skin is placed in contact with water measuring 155 degrees Fahrenheit, or 68 degrees Celsius, for one second. Burn injuries may occur in two seconds, for water measuring 148 degrees Fahrenheit, or 64 degrees Celsius. At 140 degrees Fahrenheit, or 60 degrees Celsius, scalding injuries may occur within five seconds. Scalding injuries can occur within 15 seconds of exposure to water that is 133 degrees Fahrenheit, or 56 degrees Celsius. At 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or 52 degrees Celsius, scalding injuries may occur in 90 seconds.

Scalds are more common in children, especially from the accidental spilling of hot liquids.

Treatment
Applying first aid for scalds is the same as for burns. First, the site of the injury should be removed from the source of heat, to prevent further scalding. If the burn is at least second degree, remove any jewelry or clothing from the site, unless it is already stuck to the skin. Cool the scald for about 20 minutes with cool or lukewarm (not cold) water, such as water from a tap.

With second-degree burns, blisters will form, but should never be popped, as it only increases chances of infection. With third-degree burns, it is best to wrap the injury very loosely to keep it clean, and seek expert medical attention.

Treatments to avoid
Ice should be avoided, as it can do further damage to area around the injury, as should butter, toothpaste, and specialized creams.

Beef, poultry and pork
The carcasses of beef, poultry and pork are commonly scalded after slaughter, to facilitate the removal of feathers and hair. Methods include immersion in tanks of hot water or spraying with steam. The scalding may be hard or soft, in which the temperature or duration is varied. A hard scald of 58 °C (136.4 °F) for 2.5 minutes will remove the epidermis of poultry; this is commonly used for carcasses that will be frozen, so that their appearance is white and attractive.

Scalding milk
Scalded milk is milk that has been heated to 82 °C. At this temperature, bacteria are killed, enzymes in the milk are destroyed, and many of the proteins are denatured.

In cooking, milk is typically scalded to increase its temperature, or to change the consistency or other cooking interactions due to the denaturing of proteins.

Recipes that call for scalded milk include café au lait, baked milk, and ryazhenka. Scalded milk is used in yogurt to make the proteins unfold, and to make sure that all organisms that could out-compete the yogurt culture's bacteria are killed.

Milk is both scalded and also cooled in many recipes, such as for bread and other yeast doughs, as pasteurization does not kill all bacteria, and the wild yeasts that may also be present can alter the texture and flavor. In addition, scalding milk improves the rise due to inhibition of bread rise by certain undenatured milk proteins.

title: Scalding


text:
Tinplate

Tinplate consists of sheets of steel coated with a thin layer of tin to impede rusting. Before the advent of cheap mild steel, the backing metal was wrought iron. While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans.

Tinplate is made by rolling the steel (or formerly iron) in a rolling mill, removing any mill scale by pickling it in acid and then coating it with a thin layer of tin. Plates were once produced individually (or in small groups) in what became known as a pack mill. In the late 1920s pack mills began to be replaced by strip mills which produced larger quantities more economically.

Formerly, tinplate was used for tin ceiling, and holloware (cheap pots and pans), also known as tinware. The people who made tinware (metal spinning) were tinplate workers.

For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised (zinc-coated or tinned) vessels, though not for cooking as zinc is poisonous. The zinc layer prevents the iron from rusting through sacrificial protection with the zinc oxidizing instead of the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken.

History of production processes and markets
The practice of tin mining likely began circa 3000 B.C. in Western Asia, British Isles and Europe. Tin was an essential ingredient of bronze production during the Bronze Age. The practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. This may have been the work of the whitesmith. This was done after the article was fabricated, whereas tinplate was tinned before fabrication. Tinplate was apparently produced in the 1620s at a mill of (or under the patronage of) the Earl of Southampton, but it is not clear how long this continued.

The first production of tinplate was probably in Bohemia, from where the trade spread to Saxony, and was well-established there by the 1660s. Andrew Yarranton and Ambrose Crowley (a Stourbridge blacksmith and father of the more famous Sir Ambrose) visited Dresden in 1667 and learned how it was made. In doing so, they were sponsored by various local ironmasters and people connected with the project to make the river Stour navigable. In Saxony, the plates were forged, but when they conducted experiments on their return to England, they tried rolling the iron. This led to the ironmasters Philip Foley and Joshua Newborough (two of the sponsors) in 1670 erecting a new mill, Wolverley Lower Mill (or forge) in Worcestershire. This contained three shops, one being a slitting mill (which would serve as a rolling mill), and the others were forges. In 1678 one of these was making frying pans and the other drawing out blooms made in finery forges elsewhere. It is likely that the intention was to roll the plates and then finish them under a hammer, but the plan was frustrated by William Chamberlaine renewing a patent granted to him and Dud Dudley in 1662.

The slitter at Wolverley was Thomas Cooke. Another Thomas Cooke, perhaps his son, moved to Pontypool and worked there for John Hanbury. He had a slitting mill there and was also producing iron plates called 'Pontpoole plates'. Edward Lhuyd reported the existence of this mill in 1697. This has been claimed as a tinplate works, but it was almost certainly only producing (untinned) blackplate.

Tinplate first begins to appear in the Gloucester Port Books (which record trade passing through Gloucester), mostly from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. This immediately follows the first appearance (in French) of Reamur's Principes de l'art de fer-blanc, and prior to a report of it being published in England.

Further mills followed a few years later, initially in many iron-making regions in England and Wales, but later mainly in south Wales, most notably the Melingriffith Tin Plate Works, Whitchurch, Cardiff, which was founded some time before 1750. In 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. The industry continued to grow until 1891. One of the greatest markets was the United States, but that market was cut off in 1891 when the McKinley tariff was enacted. This caused a great retrenchment in the British industry and the emigration to America of many of those were no longer employed in the surviving tinplate works.

Despite this blow, the industry continued, but on a smaller scale. There were 518 mills in operation in 1937, including 224 belonging to Richard Thomas & Co. The traditional 'pack mill' had been overtaken by the improved 'strip mill', of which the first in Great Britain was built by Richard Thomas & Co. in the late 1930s. Strip mills rendered the old pack mills obsolete and the last of them closed circa the 1960s.

Pack mill process
The raw material was bar iron, or (from the introduction of mild steel in the late 19th century), a bar of steel. This was drawn into a flat bar (known as a tin bar) at the ironworks or steel works where it was made. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this would be the cross-section of the pack of plates made from it. The bar was cut to the correct length (being the width of the plates) and heated. It was then passed four or five times through the rolls of the rolling mill, to produce a thick plate about 30 inches long. Between each pass the plate is passed over (or round) the rolls, and the gap between the rolls is narrowed by means of a screw.

This was then rolled until it had doubled in length. The plate was then folded in half ('doubled') using a doubling shear, which was like a table where one half of the surface folds over on top of the other. It is then put into a furnace to be heated until it is well 'soaked'. This is repeated until there is a pack of 8 or 16 plates. The pack is then allowed to cool. When cool, the pack was sheared (using powered shears) and the plates separated by 'openers' (usually women). Defective plates were discarded, and the rest passed to the pickling department.

In the pickling department, the plates were immersed in baths of acid (to remove scale, i.e., oxide), then in water (washing them). After inspection they were placed in an annealing furnace, where they were heated for 10–14 hours. This was known as 'black pickling' and 'black annealing'. After being removed they were allowed to cool for up to 48 hours. The plates were then rolled cold through highly polished rolls to remove any unevenness and give them a polished surface. They were then annealed again at a lower temperature and pickled again, this being known as 'white annealing' and 'white pickling'. They were then washed and stored in slightly acid water (where they would not rust) awaiting tinning.

The tinning set consisted of two pots with molten tin (with flux on top) and a grease pot. The flux dries the plate and prepares it for the tin to adhere. The second tin pot (called the wash pot) had tin at a lower temperature. This is followed by the grease pot (containing an oil), removing the excess tin. Then follow cleaning and polishing processes. Finally, the tinplates were packed in boxes of 112 sheets ready for sale. Single plates were 14 inches by 20 inches; doubles twice that. A box weighed approximately a hundredweight.

What is described here is the process as employed during the 20th century. The process grew somewhat in complexity with the passage of time, as gradually it was found that the inclusion of additional procedures improved quality. The practice of hot rolling and then cold rolling evidently goes back to the early days, as the Knight family's tinplate works had (from its foundation in about 1740) two rolling mills, one at Bringewood (west of Ludlow) which made blackplate, and the other the tin mill at Mitton (now part of Stourport), evidently for the later stages.

Strip mill process
The strip mill was a major innovation, with the first being erected at Ashland, Kentucky in 1923. This provided a continuous process, eliminating the need to pass the plates over the rolls and to double them. At the end the strip was cut with a guillotine shear or rolled into a coil. Early (hot rolling) strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinplate, but in 1929 cold rolling began to be used to reduce the gauge further. The first strip mill in Great Britain was opened at Ebbw Vale in 1938 with an annual output of 200,000 tons.

The strip mill had several advantages over pack mills:
 * It was cheaper due to having all parts of the process, starting with blast furnaces, on the same site.
 * Softer steel could be used.
 * Larger sheets could be produced at lower cost; this reduced cost and enabled tinplate and steel sheet to be used for more purposes.
 * It was capital-intensive, rather than labour-intensive.

title: Tinplate


text: User talk:85.64.153.69

title: User talk:85.64.153.69


text:
Talk:Ficus religiosa

Undefined nature of invasiveness
The botanical nature of its invasiveness is still being discussed on both sides. Literature review provides a more detailed view. As of now, the 'strangling' nature of adventitious aerial roots is a misnomer. Its effects if any are localized within itself and not outside, thereby making its 'invasive' nature more doubtful. I would like plant taxonomists and researchers to step in here. For now, I can whet out basic claims.

Untitled
Sorry to remove the oxygen passage. Such information needs to be quoted and related to scientific work. I couldn't find it on the Internet.

David Haberlah 16:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

plaska or plaksa?

Looks like a joke... But some say you can get some energy from Sacred fig leaves, enough to recharge a mobile battery. Don't know what to do with this. --Mlelao (talk) 04:26, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Today date this tabah/khalid bin mukhallid 24/04/18 Fidahosein3 (talk) 16:21, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

"where L stands for the German ld sound"
"ld" on the end of a German word is pronounced "lt".

So this is saying that L is pronounced "lt"?

Varlaam (talk) 05:02, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

No idea where that comes from. Not from here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_phonology Kortoso (talk) 20:31, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

New section on the ancient importation of this tree to Africa and South Asia
Although it is fairly well known that the Pipal tree was taken from places inside of India and transported to places like Sri Lanka, there are at least a handful of 19th century authors that describe this tree as being found and revered as sacred in parts of ancient Africa that have housed Buddhist missionaries. A modern author tries to cover the topic more fully in the book; The Inherent Scholarly Prejudices on the Relationship between Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity-or-Jesus's Godama Sources and a Truer History of the Post-Axial Age Egyptian, Grecian, and Persian Empires — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.78.66.26 (talk) 12:17, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

What is the life span of the tree?
I think this article fails to provide the most basic information such as the average life span and many other biological facts. A bit more expansion regarding the classification of species and how it is different from other fig trees would also be informative for readers.Cx3z (talk) 18:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC) Agreed, this article stresses more on the religious significance than botanical aspects. Kalpak (talk) 09:02, 22 May 2016 (UTC)kalpak

It is a native plant in Iran
In the south of Iran, this plant is native to the region. Some of its trees are more than 500 years old. Irman (talk) 11:07, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Religious aspects
This article does not mention one of the main reasons that meditation practioners sit under the Bodhi tree to meditate. When a breeze blows the Bo tree leaves make a sound that resembles gentle rainfall. It's incredibly soothing. You can verify this at your nearest Bo Tree, especially in summer when the leaves are dry. 199.168.59.113 (talk) 17:04, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ficus religiosa


text: User talk:203.167.253.98

title: User talk:203.167.253.98


text:
Karunaratne Abeysekera

Karunaratne Abeysekera (3 June 1930 – 20 April 1983) was one of Sri Lanka's most famous Sinhala broadcasters. He was also a poet and songwriter and was widely admired for his excellent command of Sinhala.

Abeysekera wrote the lyrics to over 2,000 songs, a record for a lyricist in Sri Lanka. His compositions are still covered by some of the island's top musicians to this day, introducing his lyrics to new audiences in South Asia, and his songs are played regularly by the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation.

Early years
Abeysekera was born on 3 June 1930 in Ratmale near Matara in Southern Sri Lanka. He was educated at Nalanda College Colombo. Some of his notable classmates at Nalanda College were Dr Gunadasa Amarasekara, Stanley Jayasinghe, Dr Harischandra Wijayatunga, Dr Hudson Silva, Hon. Rupa Karunathilake, Hon. Dr Dharmasena Attygalle, Dr Henry Jayasena, Bernie Wijesekera. Siri Perera was Abeysekera's Sinhala language teacher at Nalanda.

He was discovered by the children's radio programme Ḷamā Piṭiya ("Children's Field") hosted by Siri Aiya (also known as U.A.S. Perera - Siri Perera QC) and broadcast over Radio Ceylon, the oldest radio station in South Asia. Ḷamā Piṭiya was a showcase for young talents, and Abeysekera performed with his poems on the Radio Ceylon programme in the 1940s. He was an instant hit with the general public and remained a pop icon until his death.

His younger brother Daya Abeysekara was a renowned journalist and an actor. He died on 29 March 2019 at the age of 80. Funeral will be held on 31 March 2019 at Kanatte Cemetery.

A teenage broadcaster
Abeysekera was a pioneering Sinhala broadcaster. He was a rare breed, a "teenage broadcaster" launching a broadcasting career with Radio Ceylon, which he joined in 1950 at the age of 20. In 1958 he was sent to London for specialist broadcasting training with the BBC. Studio 5 of the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation has been named after him.

Career
Abeysekera was an announcer, compere, lyricist, dialogue writer, and poet - he also wrote children's stories. He worked very closely with another famous broadcaster, Vernon Corea. It was one of the most productive radio partnerships in Sri Lanka. His songs have been sung by a range of musicians, among them Pundit Amaradeva, Nanda Malini, H. R. Jothipala, Milton Mallawarachchi, J. A. Milton Perera and Mignonne Fernando and the Jetliners. Karunaratne Abeysekera won the prestigious Sarasaviya Awards for his lyrics on two occasions. The Government of Sri Lanka named a road after him in the capital city of Colombo.

Pioneer Sinhala cricket commentator
Abeysekera made history in the world of radio by being the first cricket commentator using the Sinhala language. He commentated on matches played by Ceylon against visiting English, Indian and Australian teams from the 1950s to the 1970s. He also commentated on local cricket matches. He had to devise cricket terminology to describe cricketing actions - this was uncharted territory in Sinhala; his words to describe various aspects of cricket are used to this day.

Quote on Karunaratne Abeysekera
"Karu (...) has won many awards for his lyrics and achievements in broadcasting and allied fields. Through his children's programmes of the then Radio Ceylon (now SLBC) thousands of young people were able to display their talent and a large number of them later became popular (...). Karu loved cricket."

title: Karunaratne Abeysekera


text:
Nialamide

Nialamide (Niamid, Niamide, Nuredal, Surgex) is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class that was used as an antidepressant. It was withdrawn by Pfizer several decades ago due to the risk of hepatotoxicity.

Side effects include agitation and insomnia, less frequently dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, and hypomania, and rarely leukopenia and hepatitis. As with other MAOIs, a hypertensive crisis can be triggered by co-ingestion of tyramine. It is metabolized into isoniazid, an anti-tuberculosis agent, and so is contraindicated in patients with tuberculosis. The recommended dosage range is 75 to 200 mg per day, with maintenance doses as low as 12.5 mg every other day.

The antiatherogenic activity of nialamide was used to design pyridinolcarbamate.

title: Nialamide


text:
Talk:Boyz n da Hood

Untitled
Wow - the reviewers of Boyz in Da Hood's album on CDuniverse.com are mostly from the South - check this out. Most are from Louisiana, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, etc. — Stevey7788 (talk) 16:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

People need to stop saying that Lil Wayne is part of Boyz N Da Hood, unless you can cite your source then dont add it.--Darkneonflame 01:22, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

yeah, and what's up with this sentence?

"In 2006 the Group recruited Lil' Wayne to replace Young Jeezy as the fourth member. Lil Wayne is not a member of the group, although rumors circulated."

Talk about contradiction. (Rishi B 03:37, 11 July 2006 (UTC))

For Real tho that is a sort of a contradiction. Why would they want to replace a GREAT rapper with a low end rapper. Young Jezzy is WAY BETTER than Lil' Wayne, hands down!!!

 * Why in the hell would Lil Wayne sign with Bad Boy when is owns his own Label and is the President of Cash Money Records???Dumaka (talk) 16:32, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

How can they be a rap quartet with five members? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.66.40 (talk) 16:39, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Eazy-E
Didnt they have songs w/ Eazy-E? Theres one called Gangstas, I herd Young Jeezys name and then looked it up and he was part of them! Isnt Eazy-E on their self titled album? Its funny how they are east coast... RealG187 15:53, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * http://media.putfile.com/Boyz-N-Da-Hood-F-Eazy-E---Gangstas
 * Probably a compilation type thing, since Eazy-E died in 1995 and ten years later, this band formed. & on another note, Eazy-E wrote "Boys-N-The Hood" back in the late 80's, before the film was made. So ultimately, was that part of the inspiration of the name for this group?  Zchris87v  22:14, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Boyz n da Hood


text:
The Little Red Caboose

The Little Red Caboose is a children's book by Marian Potter and illustrated by Tibor Gergely, first published by Little Golden Book in 1953. Hardcover book contains 24 pages.

Plot
It tells the story of a caboose who longs to be as popular as the steam engine at the front of the train, and gains the respect and admiration of all when it saves the train from rolling down a steep hill.

In Popular Culture
The book was featured in season 6 premiere of This is Us, in which Rebecca reads the story to her children when they are young, but is unable to remember the title late in life due to her progressing dementia.

Book sources

 * ISBN 0-307-02152-1

title: The Little Red Caboose


text:
User talk:Jezze

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 16:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your Question
Don't feel bad, Wikipedia's still in a grey area regarding copyright in alot of areas(you have to read beyond the text in regards to most policies and guidelines), but what it sounds like you're talking about is in regards to plagiarism, which is covered at WP:CITE, a subpage of WP:MOS, at least for the time being. Karm a  fist  04:53, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jezze


text:
Samannud

Samannud (سمنود Samannūd) is a city (markaz) located in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Known in classical antiquity as Sebennytos (Σεβέννυτος), Samannud is a historic city that has been inhabited since the Ancient Egyptian period. As of 2019, the population of the markaz of Samannud was estimated to be 410,388, with 83,417 people living in urban areas and 326,971 in rural areas.

Etymology
The place known in سمنود, was historically called Sebennytos or Sebennytus.
 * ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ, and ϫⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ,
 * Late ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲏⲧⲟⲩ and ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲉⲧⲟⲩ,
 * Σεβέννυτος and Σεβέννυς or ἡ Σεβεννυτικὴ πόλις
 * Egyptian: ṯb-(n)-nṯr)

The name Samannud ultimately derives from the Ancient Egyptian name ṯb-(n)-nṯr, meaning "city of the sacred calf". The name was probably pronounced * in Old Egyptian and * or * in Late Egyptian.

Ancient history
Samannud (Sebennytos) was an ancient city of Lower Egypt, located on the now-silted up Sebennytic branch of the Nile in the Delta. Sebennytos was the capital of Lower Egypt's twelfth nome—the Sebennyte nome (district). Sebennytos was also the seat of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt (380–343 BCE).

Sebennytos is perhaps best known as the hometown of Manetho, a historian and chronicler from the Ptolemaic era, c. 3rd century BC. Sebennytos was also the hometown of Nectanebo II; he was its last ruler.

A temple dedicated to the local god Anhur, or Anhur-Shu, and his lioness goddess mate Mehit, once existed at this location but is now reduced to ruins. A fragment from the location where kings would have made offerings to Anhur and his wife, is on display at the Walters Art Museum.

Modern history
Samannud violently resisted the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 639, and remained rebellious for some time thereafter; the city revolted four times in the first half of the eighth century. Three Coptic Patriarchs came from Samannud: John III, Cosmas II, and John V. The 12th-century Coptic philologist Yuhanna al-Samannudi also came from Samannud, and served as its bishop.

Samannud's bishopric remained active through the late thirteenth century, indicating the presence of a large Christian population at the time.

In 1843, John Gardner Wilkinson described it as a place of some size, with the usual bazaars of the large towns of Egypt, and famous for its pottery, which was sent to Cairo.

The 1885 Census of Egypt recorded Samannud as a city in its own district in Gharbia Governorate; at that time, the population of the city was 11,550 (5,686 men and 5,864 women).

In religious traditions
In a Coptic tradition, Sebennytos was part of the route of the Holy Family during the flight into Egypt narrated in the Gospel of Matthew (2:13–23).

title: Samannud


text: Talk:Fear Is the Mindkiller

title: Talk:Fear Is the Mindkiller