text:
San Joaquin Valley Railroad

The San Joaquin Valley Railroad is one of several short line railroad companies and is part of the Western Region Division of Genesee & Wyoming Inc. It operates over about 371 mi of owned or leased track primarily on several lines in California's Central Valley/San Joaquin Valley around Fresno and Bakersfield. The SJVR has trackage rights over Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) between Fresno, Goshen, Famoso, Bakersfield and Algoso. The SJVR also operated for the Tulare Valley Railroad (TVRR) from Calwa to Corcoran and Famoso.

On January 1, 1992, the SJVR was created to obtain and operate several branch lines from the Southern Pacific. The SJVR at this time operated as three separate legal entities: the SJVR proper, the Tulare Valley Railroad (TVRR), and the Port Railroad. From 1992 to 1997, the SJVR was owned by Kyle Railways. In 1997, SJVR's parent, Kyle Railways, was sold to States Rail. In 2002 SJVR's new parent, States Rail, was purchased by RailAmerica. Genesee & Wyoming Inc. controlled RailAmerica in December 2012. Today the SJVR remains a shortline within the Genesee & Wyoming family of railroads.

There were two former San Joaquin Valley Railroads. One was incorporated by Leland Stanford and Associates in 1868 to build an 11.3 mi line from Lathrop, California to the Stanislaus River and was consolidated in 1870 into the Central Pacific Railroad. The second San Joaquin Valley Railroad operated from 1892 to 1893 between Fresno and Friant over 24.1 mi of track and was sold at foreclosure to the Southern Pacific.

In 1992, the SJVR operated the entire former SP line from Fresno to Famoso, but a portion north of Famoso was later abandoned.

SJVR interchanges with the BNSF Railway at Fresno and Bakersfield and with the Union Pacific at Fresno and Goshen Junction. As of 2023, SJVR has a maximum capacity of 263,000 in Clovis Branch, and 286,000 elsewhere. Also, there are a few interchanges: BNSF (Fresno, California and Bakersfield, California); Union Pacific (Fresno, California; Goshen, California and Bakersfield, California).

Lines operated by SJVR

 * Line names taken from CPUC data.

 * Fresno – Exeter – Strathmore (Exeter Subdivision; former SP)
 * Exeter – Goshen Jct. (Goshen Subdivision; former SP)
 * Goshen Jct. – Hanford – Huron (Hanford Subdivision; former SP)
 * Exeter - Lindsay (Porterville Subdivision; former ATSF)
 * Burrel – Helm – Tranquility – Ingle (Riverdale Branch; former SP)
 * Oxalis – Mendota – Ingle – Kerman – Fresno (West Side Subdivision; former SP)
 * Fresno – Clovis (Clovis Subdivision; former ATSF and SP)
 * Famoso – Hollis (North Joint Subdivision; former SP)
 * Maltha – Oil Jct. (Oil City Subdivision; former ATSF/SP)
 * Oil Jct. – Landco (Landco Subdivision; former ATSF)
 * Bakersfield – Gosford – Buttonwillow (Buttonwillow Subdivision; former SP)
 * Gosford – Millux (Sunset Subdivision; former Sunset Railway)
 * Algoso – Arvin (Arvin Subdivision; former ATSF/SP)
 * Trackage rights over UP from Fresno – Algoso (near Bakersfield) via Goshen Jct. (former SP)

West Side Line
This mainline route was formerly known as Southern Pacific's "West Side Line" and at one time extended from Tracy, California and then south through the West side of the San Joaquin Valley (I-5 corridor) via Patterson, Gustine, Newman, Los Banos, Oxalis and then east to Fresno via Ingle and Kerman. California Northern Railroad now operates the northern section of the line from Tracy - Los Banos. SJVR operates the southern section of the line from Oxalis to Fresno and was at one time owned by Port Railroads, Inc. (PRI; also a Kyle subsidiary) and operated by the SJVR. On April 24, 1996, the PRI was merged into the SJVR. Both the PRI and SJVR were already Kyle Railway subsidiaries. The section of track between Los Banos and Oxalis was abandoned by Southern Pacific in 1993 and the tracks were removed soon after.

The Southern Pacific constructed the track from Tracy to Newman (37 miles) and from Los Banos to Armona (near Fresno) in 1891. Southern Pacific's overnight Owl passenger train (#57/58) operated over this line between San Francisco and Los Angeles into 1965.

Exeter Subdivision
In 2008, the Surface Transportation Board approved the abandonment of the section of track between Strathmore and Jovista. This left the communities of Strathmore, Porterville, Terra Bella, Ducor, and Richgrove without any rail service. Tulare County broke off negotiations with the SJVR to purchase this section of track to preserve it for future use and possible reactivation, because beginning in September 2010, the tracks were being removed by the SJVR and the job was completed with the entire line having been pulled up in mid November. By March 2015, the SJVR embargoed the line with the rails spiked at the south end of Exeter with some crossing signals south already having been partially dismantled. This section of track, which runs approximately 8 miles to Lindsay was pending formal abandonment whereupon the rails were expected to be immediately pulled up upon STB approval. However the Cross Valley Corridor passenger train service is planning to upgrade the tracks to Lindsay and rebuild them to Porterville.

Clovis Branch
This mainline route was built by the Minarets and Western Railway in 1921 and went front from Friant to Wishon and connected with the Southern Pacific which operated the southern portion of the line with joint trackage rights. The Minarets and Western was owned by the Sugar Pine Lumber Company and was built the same year the lumber company was incorporated so that it could haul timber from the forest. During the Great Depression in 1933, the lumber company went bankrupt. The track north of Friant was abandoned and the Pinedale Branch was bought by Southern Pacific, where it was later known as the Pinedale Spur of the Clovis Branch. Southern Pacific later sold the spur and Clovis Branch to the SJVR which abandoned the line above North Sabre Drive in the mid 1990s and today the Pinedale Spur is preserved as the Fresno-Clovis Rail Trail.

Visalia District
The Visalia District ran from Corcoran, California to Calwa, California. The line was originally built by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad and later acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. ATSF sold this line to the Tulare Valley Railroad on December 22, 1992. The TVRR did not use the segments from Corcoran to Tulare or Visalia to Cutler. Visalia was served until 1993 and Tulare was served until 1994. Subsequently, all of the track between Calwa and Corcoran was abandoned and removed by 1994 except for short sections at LacJac (near Reedley) and a 4-mile segment between Visalia and Tulare (Ambler- connection with Goshen Subdivision, to Loma- now called the Loma Industrial Lead, which is operated as part of the Goshen Subdivision).

Porterville-Orosi District
The Porterville-Orosi District was constructed by the Minkler Southern Railway, itself controlled by the Santa Fe through ownership of the entire capital stock. The line was built in 1913 and 1914. The TVRR acquired this line from the ATSF on December 22, 1992. The line ran from Minkler to Ducor, CA; south of Ducor, the ATSF ran via trackage rights on the Southern Pacific's Exeter Branch to Famoso, and then to Bakersfield on the Bakersfield Subdivision, where the line split off and entered the ATSF yard. Most of this line has been abandoned and pulled up; remaining sections include the Porterville Subdivision between Exeter and Lindsay, and the Landco Subdivision in Bakersfield.

Traffic
The railroad's main traffic sources are petroleum gas and agricultural products. In 2008, the SJVR hauled around 39,000 carloads.

Rolling stock
The railroad operates GP15-1s, GP40-2s, GP28s, GP20s, GP38s, GP38-2s, BL20-2s, and SE24Bs.

title: San Joaquin Valley Railroad


text:
Emuellidae

Emuellidae are a small family of trilobites, a group of extinct marine arthropods, that lived during the late Lower Cambrian (late Botomian) of the East Gondwana supercontinent, in what are today South-Australia and Antarctica.

Description
Emuellidae can be recognized among trilobites in having a set of unique features. The headshield or cephalon has large genal spines reaching back as far as the 3rd to 6th segment of the thorax. The eye-ridges contact the back of the frontal lobe of the glabella and extend laterally and backwards, roughly parallel to the frontal and lateral rim of the cephalon. There are small, clearly incised pits at the junction between the eye-ridge and the frontal lobe of the cephalic axis (or glabella). The thorax reaches its greatest width at the 6th segment. The frontal part or prothorax consists of 6 segments, with number 5 and 6 fused, and the 6th carrying very large trailing spines. The rear part or opistothorax consists of a variable but extremely large number of segments (up to 97).

(See the Trilobite article for a definition of morphological terms)

Cephalon: Cranidium subquadrate, glabella cylindrical, slightly contracted at S3, three pairs of glabellar furrows, preglabellar field short or absent, eye ridge wide, long, directed slightly postero-laterally, palpebral lobe cresentic, posterior area of fixigena with fulcrum, free cheeks (or librigenae) with long spines; hypostome conterminant, attached to a narrow rostral plate.

The thorax is divided into a prothorax of six segments (the 6th carrying very large, trailing, pleural spines) and extremely long opisthothorax of up to 97 segments (Balcoraciana dailyi holds the record for greatest number of thoracic segments in a trilobite species).

Pygidium: A minute, segmented disc.

Taxonomic history
Fossils now assigned to the Emuellidae were first discovered by Dr. B. Daily, of the Geology Department, University of Adelaide in 1956.

Position of the Emuellidae within the Redlichiida
Originally, the Emuellidae were described as part of the Redlichiina. The primitive features prompted the theory that the Emuellids actually represented the stem group of all trilobites, with the Olenellina having secondary fused facial sutures. Later, the Emuellidae were placed in their own superfamily (Emuelloidea), recognizing that trilobites lacking facial sutures (i.e. the Olenellina) are the stem group. This was followed by the clustering of the Emuellidae in a new superfamily Ellipsocephaloidea. Most recently, the Emuellidae are regarded an early branch of the Redlichiina suborder, the closest relatives being the genera Bigotina, Abadiella, and the close-knit group of the families Estaingiidae, Ichangiidae and Ellipsocephalidae.

Genera assigned to the Emuellidae
Holyoakia has previously been assigned to the Emuellidae. The tailshiel (or pygidium) in Holyoakia is about the same size as its cranidium, with a well-defined axis, eight axial rings, well-developed pleural ribs and furrows, and a spiny margin. The pygidia of Emuella and Balcoracania however are poorly differentiated, minute, and have a smooth margin. Later scholars therefore placed Holyoakia in the Dorypygidae.

Distribution
Balcoracania dailyi occurs in the late Lower Cambrian (late Botomian) of South Australia (White Point conglomerate, Cape d' Estaing and Emu Bay sections, Kangaroo Island; Warragee Member, Billy Creek Formation, Flinders Range; Coads Hill Member, Billy Creek Formation, Reaphook Hill). Balcoracania sp. has been collected from the Lower Cambrian of Antarctica (Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains).

Emuella dalgarnoi is found in the late Lower Cambrian (late Botomian) of South Australia (Emu Bay Shale, Kangaroo Island).

Emuella polymera has been collected from the late Lower Cambrian (late Botomian) of South Australia (Cape d' Estaing section, Kangaroo Island).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emuellidae


text:
Mount Hood Freeway

The Mount Hood Freeway is a partially constructed but never to be completed freeway alignment of U.S. Route 26 and Interstate 80N (now Interstate 84), which would have run through southeast Portland, Oregon. Related projects would have continued the route through the neighboring suburb of Gresham, out to the city of Sandy.

The original plans for the freeway were presented by the Oregon State Highway Department as part of a 1955 report that proposed 14 new highways in the Portland metropolitan area. (Urban planner Robert Moses drafted Portland's original postwar infrastructure plan.)

The proposed route was to run parallel to the existing alignment of US 26 on Powell Boulevard, and would have required the destruction of 1,750 long-standing Portland homes and one percent of the Portland housing stock. Plans for the freeway triggered a revolt in Portland in the late 1960s and early 1970s, leading to its eventual cancellation. Plans for other proposed freeways in Portland were also scrapped, including Interstate 505. Funds for the project (and other canceled freeways) were spent on other transportation projects, including the first section of the MAX Light Rail system.

When the freeway was canceled, a segment was already completed southeastwards from East Burnside Road and Southeast Powell Blvd in Gresham, continuing to Sandy, which remains in use today.

Alignment
The freeway would have run from the Willamette River (at the Marquam Bridge) to about SE 50th Avenue adjacent to the south side of Division St. It would then have shifted to Powell Blvd. (Route 26) near SE 54th Avenue. By the initial plan, the freeway would have ended at SE 122nd Avenue, though extensions were considered.

In 1962, this section was formally submitted for inclusion in the U.S. Interstate Highway System as part of Interstate 80N, today's I-84.

I-205 was in the planning stages at the time the Mount Hood Freeway was first proposed. The I-205 routing was originally envisioned for the 52nd Avenue corridor, but ended up being built farther east at about 93rd Avenue. All plans for the Mount Hood Freeway allowed for a future I-205 connection at various spots.

Another segment of the proposal was called the Mount Hood Expressway. It would have continued the Mount Hood Freeway alignment past a stack interchange at I-205, continuing to follow Powell Blvd. before skirting Gresham to the south and connecting to the existing route.

The final segment of the proposal continued southeast from Gresham and ran to the outskirts of Sandy. This section was actually constructed (and is an expressway-grade highway), with a single interchange at the junction with Oregon Route 212.

Route designations
The new highway would have carried US 26 along the entire alignment, while I-80N was to be re-routed along the portion between I-5 and I-205. The I-80N designation would have been removed from the Banfield Freeway, and the route would be duplexed over I-205 between the segments. US 26 would be taken off Powell Blvd, the Ross Island Bridge, and downtown Portland streets, continuing on I-5 and I-405 to the Sunset Highway. The Banfield Freeway section would have been taken out of the Interstate system and signed only as U.S. Route 30.

Revolt and aftermath
By the time planners began to think seriously about building the Mount Hood Freeway in the 1970s, the neighborhoods in and near its path mobilized grass-roots efforts against the freeway. The movements gained citywide and local support which changed the political landscape in local elections. Soon, it seemed as if the Federal government and some in the Oregon State Highway Department (now the Oregon Department of Transportation) were the only ones who wanted the freeway.

The freeway's promoted virtue of a speedy commute was debunked by the freeway's opponents. On one hand, it was seen as benefiting only suburban Gresham and East Multnomah County at the expense of Portland's neighborhoods. On the other hand, many opponents stated that the freeway would be obsolete the minute it opened, jamming with traffic volumes that the freeway was not designed for.

Efforts to make the freeway more acceptable made their way into the later proposals. Among the proposals were increased landscaping and bike paths along the route as well as parks and community centers built over the freeway's "air rights" and a "transitway" with three-level stations (separate levels for local buses and express buses) for an express busway. These efforts, however, were not enough to sell the project.

Approval for the Mount Hood Freeway was withdrawn by the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners on February 21, 1974, which was followed by a similar action from the Portland City Council in late July. After the project's cancellation, local transportation planners began to look at completing I-205. Disputes with the new freeway-adverse Multnomah County Commission had left a 9 mi gap between the two completed sections. I-205 ended in the south just across the Clackamas County line and stopped at the Columbia River in the north. After the successful battle over the Mount Hood, activists were pushing for I-205's cancellation, while some neighborhoods and businesses wanted it further east or west (depending on the proposal).

After some negotiation, I-205's Multnomah County segment was finalized, reducing interchanges, eliminating a possible provision for a Mount Hood Freeway interchange, and resulting in the alignment of today's I-205. An unfinished, grade-separated transitway and a bike path were added to I-205, part of the Mount Hood Freeway ideas that actually influenced another freeway. The transitway is now being used as the route for the TriMet MAX Red Line and the MAX Green Line.

Since the completion of I-205, no major freeways have been built in the Portland metropolitan area.

A total of 415 parcels in the future path of the Mount Hood Freeway were acquired by the state government, costing $7.8 million in 1975. They were gradually resold for re-integration after the proposal was defeated.

Some believe the Mount Hood Freeway is one of the things most recognizable as a reason for the development and promotion of alternative forms of transportation in Portland. The MAX light rail system, the Portland Transit Mall, and the city's notable bicycle-friendly policies are said by some Portlanders to have stemmed from the freeway revolt.

Remnants
Only a few physical signs are around of the canceled freeway, mostly in the form of incomplete connecting ramps or ramp stubs. Some previous evidence of the Mount Hood Freeway has been eliminated with new roadwork.

 * Interchange grading: At the western end of Segment Three, the highway was graded to support an interchange with the proposed Segment Two. An unusual divided sweeping turn on US 26 past Gresham is visible where an interchange with an unbuilt segment would have been.
 * Ramp from I-5 southbound: Just as the southbound lanes enter the lower level of the approach to the Marquam Bridge, a left exit (which would have been 300A) is blocked off, complete with an empty sign bridge (replaced in 2015). This would have been the southbound I-5 access to the Mount Hood Freeway eastbound.  Places to attach similar ramps were built for other directions of travel on I-5, but they were instead used to widen the freeway in 1990 (and reconstruction of the ramp from I-5 northbound to I-84).  There is a bridge support that is wider than needed to support the existing lanes of I-5.
 * Marquam Bridge configuration: On the lower deck (southbound), the ramp to I-405 exits in the left lanes, not the right. This was because the Mount Hood Freeway ramps were to come onto the bridge on the same side before the span, so lane changes would be unnecessary to continue on US 26 (it was to be duplexed with I-405). The same applies for the upper deck for the right lanes.
 * Grand Avenue Viaduct: A ramp stub on the bridge over the railroad tracks was intended as a connection to either I-5 or the Mount Hood Freeway. With the MLK viaduct project of 2007–2011, this ramp stub has been removed.
 * I-84 exit numbering: I-84, which replaced I-80N, has a strange numbering pattern near its junction with I-205, indicating that its Banfield Freeway portion was originally considered to be temporary. Specifically, there is about 1.5 mi between exits 5 and 9, and mileposts along the Banfield Freeway jump between Mile 7 and Mile 10. The current exit numbers are different from original numbers on the Banfield, which were based on the actual mileposts; for example, what is exit 1 eastbound was originally exit 2A, and what is exit 9 was exit 6. This original exit numbering scheme also points to the temporary routing of I-84 on the Banfield.
 * I-84/I-205 junction configuration: As one approaches the interchange on I-84 from the east, one uses an exit off the freeway alignment to access the Banfield Freeway (continuing on I-84), whereas one stays on the mainline to access I-205. Also, as one approaches from the west, the Banfield Freeway's lanes merge on the right of lanes that come from I-205.
 * I-405 signage: At I-405's northern terminus, one keeps left to follow US 30 exiting on I-5 and eventually I-84. The overhead signs marking this exit, however, only mention "US 30 East/The Dalles" without any mention of I-84 (however, auxiliary signs do say "I-5 South/I-84/East Next Left"). While the original sign has been replaced, the information on the sign is the same as when the Fremont Bridge opened in 1973, when the Mount Hood Freeway was still planned to be I-80N's Portland routing. (As a side note, I-405's northern interchange with I-5 contains many ramp stubs and truncated ramps of another scrapped Portland freeway, the Rose City Freeway.)
 * Piccolo Park: This small park sits on land that was acquired for the freeway.
 * Along Powell Blvd, on the south side of the street is a series of linear parking lots and skinny buildings that have been built in the last 25 years on land that was acquired for the freeway.
 * Exit 19 southbound on I-205: The approach to the Division/Powell exit, exit 19, has been curbed in an odd way, as if it were to have been a splitting of a duplexed I-84/I-205 into separate freeways; it is now an unusually wide exit. After leaving I-205 the exit splits again, sending Powell-bound traffic beneath a wide Division Street underpass and non-stop to a westbound-only turn onto Powell. This was to be the continuation of westbound I-84 as it merged with the Mount Hood Expressway.

title: Mount Hood Freeway


text: Talk:Millhousen, Indiana

title: Talk:Millhousen, Indiana


text:
Banjul International Airport

Banjul International Airport, also known as Yundum International, is the international airport of Banjul, capital of Gambia, built during World War II. It is the country's only commercial airport.

History
The only airport in Gambia is at Yundum. After World War II, Yundum airport was used for passenger flights. Both British South American Airways and the British Overseas Airways Corporation had services, the former moving its service to Dakar, which had a concrete runway (as opposed to pierced steel planking). The airport was rebuilt in 1963 and the building is still in use today.

Zambia Airways launched service from Lusaka to New York via Banjul in December 1990. The airline flew the route with a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Financial difficulties forced the carrier to suspend it three months later. In February 2001, Ghana Airways commenced a flight from Banjul to Baltimore, which originated in Accra. Cooperation among Ghana Airways, Gambia International Airlines, and the Ghanaian and Gambian governments had given rise to the service. In June 2006, North American Airlines inaugurated a link to Baltimore using Boeing 767s; the route lasted seven months.

Overview
The head office of the Gambia Civil Aviation Authority is located on the airport property.

In the event of an emergency on any of the NASA Space Shuttles, Banjul International Airport had been selected as an augmented landing site. Gambia was the perfect location when the shuttle was launched with a low, 28-degree inclination. In 2001 NASA announced that Banjul airport would no longer be used as an augmented landing site because future shuttle launches would take place at inclinations of up at 51.6 degrees to reach the International Space Station, making air bases in Spain and France more suitable for an emergency landing.

The airport was the main hub of Gambia Bird until the airline ceased operations in late 2014.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 4 July 1946, a Bristol Freighter 170 with registration G-AHJB, flying from Bathurst (now Banjul) to Natal on a delivery flight to Argentina, experienced a fuel shortage that forced the crew to ditch the plane. The crewmembers were rescued by an American Steamer. The probable cause was powerplant failure resulting from shortage of fuel due to faulty navigation. No one died in the accident.
 * On 7 September 1946, a British South American Airways Avro 685 York I with registration G-AHEW, named "Star Leader", flying from London to Buenos Aires via Lisbon, Bathurst (Banjul)-Jeshwang, Natal, Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont and Montevideo, lost control and crashed shortly after takeoff from Bathurst. The cause of the loss of control cannot be determined with certainty, but a mishandling of the controls by the captain is the most likely explanation. All 24 occupants died.
 * On 10 October 1997, a Beechcraft 200 Super King Air operated by NAYSA Aerotaxis crashed on approach 3 miles before the runway. All but one of the ten occupants died.

title: Banjul International Airport


text:
Committee on Rules, Privileges, and Discipline

The Committee on Rules, Privileges and Discipline is one of the ten permanent committees of the Pan-African Parliament. Its functions are to:

 * Assist the Bureau in interpretation and application of these Rules of Procedure.
 * Consider requests for waiver of immunity and discipline submitted under these rules.
 * Consider proposals for the amendment of the Rules of Procedure; and consider cases of indiscipline referred to.

Chairperson of the committee is Hon Miria Matembe (Uganda).

The deputy chairperson is the Hon Ismaël Tidjani Serpos (Benin).

The rapporteur of the committee is the Hon Abraham Ossei Aidooh (Ghana).


text:
Copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate

Copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate or CuTC is a coordination complex derived from copper and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid. It is used as a reagent to promote the Ullmann reaction between aryl halides.

 * [[Image:CuTC Ullmann Coupling.png|left|500px|CuTC catalyzed Ullmann coupling]]

title: Copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate


text:
Talk:USS Scranton (SSN-756)

Discussion
Link is incorrect. It should be http://www.csg2.navy.mil/Scranton/scranton.htm

Maybe this article should comment on the ABC Goodmorning America feature of the USS Scranton in Nov. 2006.

So... was a keel laid, or wasn't it? Izuko 20:04, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:USS Scranton (SSN-756)


text: Talk:St. Paul, Indiana

title: Talk:St. Paul, Indiana


text: Talk:Westport, Indiana

title: Talk:Westport, Indiana


text:
Gerstein Report

The Gerstein Report was written in 1945 by Kurt Gerstein, Obersturmführer of the SS-TV, who served as Head of Technical Disinfection Services of the SS during the Second World War and in that capacity supplied a pesticide, based on hydrogen cyanide, Zyklon B, from Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung) to Rudolf Höss in Auschwitz and conducted the negotiations with the owners.

On 18 August 1942, along with Rolf Günther and Wilhelm Pfannenstiel, Gerstein witnessed the gassing of some 3,000 Jews in the extermination camp of Belzec in occupied Poland. The report features his eyewitness testimony and was used as evidence at the Nuremberg Trials.

When Gerstein surrendered to the French Commandant in the occupied town of Reutlingen on 22 April 1945, he was sent to the town of Rottweil, where he was placed under "honourable captivity" and was given accommodation in the Hotel Mohren. There, he composed his report first in French and then in German.

Personal details

Gerstein was born on 11 August 1905 in Münster, where he lived until 1910 and then to Saarbrücken; Halberstadt; and Neuruppin, near Berlin, where he finished his secondary school in 1925. He attended universities in Marburg, Aachen and Berlin and received an engineering degree in 1931. During his studies, he was active in the Protestant youth movements.

He joined the Nazi Party in May 1933. As a committed Christian, Gerstein resisted attempts by the Nazis to control the Christian youth movement and ran afoul of state authorities. He was expelled from the party in October 1936 after his arrest in September for circulating anti-Nazi pamphlets. Released, he was arrested a second time in July 1938 and spent two months in a concentration camp. Reportedly outraged by the euthanasia programme, Aktion T4, he decided to join the Waffen SS "to look into the matter of these ovens and chambers in order to learn what happened there".

Because of his technical education, Gerstein was placed in the Waffen-SS technical disinfection services where he rose quickly to become its head. It was in that capacity that he travelled to the extermination camps of Belzec and Treblinka to offer the supply of hydrogen cyanide (Zyklon B).

Testimony regarding gas chambers
Gerstein stated that on 18 August 1942, he travelled to the Belzec extermination camp, where he witnessed the arrival of "45 wagons with 6,700 people of whom 1,450 were already dead on arrival". He described the gassing operation as it happened directly in front of him:

"Then the procession starts moving. In front a very lovely young girl; so all of them go along the alley, all naked, men, women, children, without artificial limbs. I myself stand together with Hauptmann Wirth on top of the ramp between the gas chambers. Mothers with babies at their breast, they come onward, hesitate, enter the death chambers! At the corner a strong SS man stands who, with a voice like a pastor, says to the poor people: "There is not the least chance that something will happen to you! You must only take a deep breath in the chamber, that widens the lungs; this inhalation is necessary because of the illnesses and epidemics." On the question of what would happen to them he answered: "Yes, of course, the men have to work, building houses and roads but the women don't need to work. Only if they wish they can help in housekeeping or in the kitchen."

For some of these poor people this gave a little glimmer of hope, enough to go the few steps to the chambers without resistance. The majority are aware, the smell tells them of their fate! So they climb the small staircase, and then they see everything. Mothers with little children at the breast, little naked children, adults, men, women, all naked - they hesitate but they enter the death chambers, pushed forward by those behind them or driven by the leather whips of the SS. The majority without saying a word. A Jewess of about 40 years of age, with flaming eyes, calls down vengeance on the head of the murderers for the blood which is shed here. She gets 5 or 6 slashes with the riding crop into her face from Hauptmann Wirth personally, then she also disappears into the chamber. Many people pray. I pray with them, I press myself in a corner and shout loudly to my and their God. How gladly I would have entered the chamber together with them, how gladly I would have died the same death as them. Then they would have found a uniformed SS man in their chambers - the case would have been understood and treated as an accident, one man quietly missing. Still I am not allowed to do this. First I must tell what I am experiencing here! The chambers fill. "Pack well!" - Hauptmann Wirth has ordered. The people stand on each other's feet. 700 - 800 on 25 square metres, in 45 cubic metres! The SS physically squeezes them together, as far as is possible.

The doors close. At the same time the others are waiting outside in the open air, naked. Someone tells me: "The same in winter!" "Yes, but they could catch their death of cold," I say. "Yes, exactly what they are here for!" says an SS man to me in his Low German. Now I finally understand why the whole installation is called the Hackenholt-Foundation. Hackenholt is the driver of the diesel engine, a little technician, also the builder of the facility. The people are brought to death with the diesel exhaust fumes. But the diesel doesn't work! Hauptmann Wirth comes. One can see that he feels embarrassed that that happens just today, when I am here. That's right, I see everything! And I wait. My stop watch has honestly registered everything. 50 minutes, 70 minutes [?] - the diesel doesn't start! The people are waiting in their gas chambers. In vain! One can hear them crying, sobbing.... Hauptmann Wirth hits the Ukrainian who is helping Unterscharführer Hackenholt 12, 13 times in the face. After two hours and 49 minutes - the stop watch has registered everything well - the diesel starts. Until this moment the people live in these 4 chambers, four times 750 people in 4 times 45 cubic metres! Again 25 minutes pass. Right, many are dead now. One can see that through the small window in which the electric light illuminates the chambers for a moment. After 28 minutes only a few are still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, everyone is dead!"

- Gerstein Report

Reporting
The final part of the report describes Gerstein's attempts to circulate his eyewitness testimony. He reports on his chance encounter with the secretary of the Swedish legation in Berlin, Baron Göran von Otter, on the Warsaw-Berlin train: "Still under the immediate impression of the terrible events, I told him everything with the entreaty to inform his government and the Allies of all of this immediately because each day's delay must cost the lives of further thousands and tens of thousands". Von Otter talked with high-ranking officials at the Swedish Foreign Ministry. However, the information was not passed on to the Allies or to any other party. He also reports on his unsuccessful attempts to see the Papal Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo in Berlin. Gerstein wished to notify the Vatican. Informed of the purpose of Gerstein's visit, Orsenigo refused to meet with him. Gerstein's message was eventually sent to the Vatican not by the nuncio's office but by the auxiliary bishop of Berlin, where the information reached a "dead end". In addition to those attempts, Gerstein also stated he reported these eyewitness accounts to "hundreds of personages." Although not explicitly mentioned in the 1945 report, one of the attempts was by a Dutch industrialist, J.H. Ubbink, who in February 1943 visited Gerstein in Berlin:

"With great indignation [Gerstein] told me how the gassings took place using the exhaust gas from diesel engines. He gave me all the details and told me that at that time there were 9,000 deaths per day in the three camps."

- Letter from J.H. Ubbink to Erika Arajs, Department of Justice in Nuremberg, dated September 14, 1949

Ubbink passed the information on to a member of the Dutch Resistance, Cornelius Van der Hooft, who a few days later, on March 23, 1943, wrote "Tötunsanstalten in Polen" (English translation: "Killing Institutions in Poland"), a four-page report in Dutch that apparently remained hidden in the chicken coop of another member of the Dutch Resistance and did not come to light until 1996. The March report, however, seemed to have been sent to the Dutch government-in-exile, as on April 24, 1943, one month after the meeting between Van der Hooft and Ubbink, another version of the report inspired by Gerstein was written. Typed on paper without an official heading and with the simplified title of Tötungsanstalten, this version circulated within the Dutch government-in-exile via the British government and eventually to the attention of the United States Inter-Allied Information Committee.

Use as evidence in trials
Gerstein's report has been used as evidence in a number of high-profile cases. It was used at the Nuremberg Trials against major Nazi war criminals such as Hermann Göring and Hans Frank. It was also later used in the 1961 prosecution of Adolf Eichmann by an Israeli court. In 2000, it was used by Christopher Browning in the Holocaust libel trial between David Irving and Deborah Lipstadt.

Accuracy
Some aspects of Gerstein's report include false statements that were attributed to Odilo Globocnik, as well as inaccurate claims regarding the total number of Jews gassed at Holocaust locations in which he was not an eyewitness, but his claim that gassing of Jews occurred at Belzec was independently corroborated by SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm Pfannenstiel's testimony given at the Belzec trials, as well as by the accounts of other witnesses that can be found in Gitta Sereny's Into That Darkness, a biography of the Treblinka commandant Franz Stangl.

The Holocaust historian Christopher Browning noted:

"Many aspects of Gerstein's testimony are unquestionably problematic. [In making] statements, such as the height of the piles of shoes and clothing at Belzec and Treblinka, Gerstein himself is clearly the source of exaggeration. Gerstein also added grossly exaggerated claims about matters to which he was not an eyewitness, such as that a total of 25 million Jews and others were gassed. But in the essential issue, namely that he was in Belzec and witnessed the gassing of a transport of Jews from Lwow, his testimony is fully corroborated.... It is also corroborated by other categories of witnesses from Belzec."

The historian Robin O'Neil noted that Gerstein's data presented at face value about the enormous capacity of the gas chambers of "four times 750 persons" has no grounds in reality.

The Gerstein Report has also been targeted by Holocaust deniers, who claim that its author approached Göran von Otter on behalf of the Nazis. The French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet in "Assassins of Memory" considered such allegations to be preposterous.

Notes and references

 * Sereny, Gitta: Into That Darkness. McGraw-Hill, 1974. Also available as Into That Darkness: An Examination of Conscience, Vintage, 1983. ISBN 0-394-71035-5 or ISBN 978-0-394-71035-8.

title: Gerstein Report


text:
Perfect ruler

A perfect ruler of length $$\ell$$ is a ruler with integer markings $$a_1=0 < a_2 < \dots < a_n=\ell$$, for which there exists an integer $$m$$ such that any positive integer $$k\leq m$$ is uniquely expressed as the difference $$k=a_i-a_j$$ for some $$i,j$$. This is referred to as an $$m$$-perfect ruler.

An optimal perfect ruler is one of the smallest length for fixed values of $$m$$ and $$n$$.

Example
A 4-perfect ruler of length $$7$$ is given by $$(a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4)=(0,1,3,7)$$. To verify this, we need to show that every positive integer $$k\leq 4$$ is uniquely expressed as the difference of two markings:
 * $$ 1=1-0$$
 * $$ 2=3-1$$
 * $$ 3=3-0$$
 * $$ 4=7-3$$

title: Perfect ruler


text:
Ivan Bošnjak

Ivan Bošnjak (born 6 February 1979) is a Croatian retired professional footballer who played as a forward. He spent most of his career playing for boyhood club HNK Cibalia, Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split in his native Croatia, as well as Genk in Belgium and Chongqing Lifan in China.

Club career
Bošnjak started his professional career at local club HNK Cibalia in the 1996–97 season. He went on to move to Hajduk Split in 2000 and left the club after two seasons for Al-Ittihad Tripoli from Libya, where he spent a season without getting a chance to make a single appearance in an official match. He came back to Croatia by signing with Dinamo Zagreb in 2004. At the club level, he had his biggest personal successes while being named the best player of the Croatian First League in 2000 and becoming the league's top goalscorer in 2006 with 22 goals scored. He transferred to China League One club Chongqing Lifan at season 2011. In March 2012, Bošnjak joined Rijeka. It is reported that Bošnjak has agreed to terms with Brunei's DPMM FC on a transfer in February 2013. on 2014 Bošnjak has agreed to terms with Persija Jakarta.

International career
Bošnjak played for the Croatia national team and collected a total of 14 international caps in which he managed to score one goal. He made his debut for the Croatian team in their friendly match against Slovakia on 16 August 2000 in Bratislava, but subsequently made only one more appearance for the team over a timespan of more than four years before eventually becoming their regular member in 2005 by making six appearances in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying. He went on to score his first goal for Croatia in their friendly match against Hong Kong at the 2006 Carlsberg Cup in Hong Kong and was then also selected to be part of the Croatian squad at the 2006 World Cup finals in Germany, but played at the tournament for only four minutes of regular time in Croatia's second group match against Japan.

Club

 * Cibalia
 * Croatian Second League: 1997–98 (East)

 * Hajduk Split
 * Croatian First League: 2000–01

 * Al-Ittihad Tripoli
 * Libyan Premier League: 2002–03
 * Libyan Super Cup: 2002

 * Dinamo Zagreb
 * Croatian First League: 2005–06
 * Croatian Cup: 2004

 * Genk
 * Belgian Cup: 2009

Individual

 * SN Yellow Shirt Award: 2000
 * Heart of Hajduk Award: 2001
 * Croatian First League Top Scorer: 2006

title: Ivan Bošnjak


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Dai Grepher

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute with a single user, not different disputes or multiple users. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: {insert UTC timestamp with }), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * Dai Grepher (talk • contribs)

Statement of the dispute
''This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct. Users signing other sections ("Response" or "Outside views") should not edit the "Statement of the dispute" section.''

Dai Grepher believes that Metroid: Zero Mission is a prequel to the original Metroid; everyone else believes it is a remake of the original Metroid. Dai Grepher continously reverts the page to be ambiguous about its status; it is reverted back to say an enhanced remake of the original Metroid game designed to "retell the story of Samus' original mission".

Description
''{Add summary here, but you must use the section below to certify or endorse it. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.}''

Dai Grepher has brought up continuity errors between Zero Mission and Metroid as evidence that the two do not overlap on the timeline, while those disagreeing with him feel that these are merely mistakes and retcons, and bring up a great deal of evidence stating clearly that Zero Mission is a remake. Dai Grepher has dismissed this and feels that only the game's creator, Yoshio Sakamoto, can say either way.

A poll was held. Dai Grepher did not vote; the poll was unanimously in favor of Zero Mission being a remake that overlaps on the timeline. Consensus has been found, but Dai Grepher continues to revert to his version. He was blocked by Andrevan for 24 hours for doing so, and has been warned many times, but has continued to return and revert. He is pushing his minority "Flat Earth" POV.

Meanwhile, some editors are undertaking an endeavor to mail a letter to Sakamoto to clarify this once and for all. However, Dai Grepher refuses to abide by consensus until that occurs.

Additionally, he has accused everyone else of vandalism, and has vandalized several pages.

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Special:Contributions/Dai Grepher (pretty much all Zero Mission-related)
 * Revert after consensus poll & being blocked for 24 hours
 * Warning Andrevan of vandalism
 * Warning The Missing Link of vandalism
 * Vandalizing The Missing Link's user page
 * User:Dai Grepher - "Brings the truth about the Metroid series to forums and information sites across the net. Main debate: Metroid Zero Mission is a prequel, not a remake." (Intent to push his POV)

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * Consensus
 * NPOV
 * Wikipedia is not a soapbox
 * Survey guidelines
 * Flat earth problem

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Talk:Metroid: Zero Mission
 * User talk:Dai Grepher (bottom sections)
 * Andrevan's block log - 00:39, August 20, 2005 Andrevan blocked "User:Dai Grepher" with an expiry time of 24 hours (Ignoring consensus, vandalizing user pages. Blocked for 24 hours, as warned.)

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * Andre ( talk ) 22:35, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * A Link to the Past (talk) 22:49, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * The Missing Link 23:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * FlooK 01:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ChunkyKong 01:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Pagrashtak 04:34, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Poiuyt Man talk 07:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Amren (talk) 23:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * demeteloaf (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Response
''This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete. Users signing other sections ("Statement of the dispute" and "Outside Views") should not edit the "Response" section.'' ''

Dai Grepher: The administrator Andrevan has misused his abilities to block me from editing any page but my own for 24 hours. The message I received when trying to edit was as follows:

"User is blocked From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. You have attempted to edit a page, either by clicking the "edit this page" tab or by following a red link.

Your user name or IP address has been blocked by Andrevan.

The reason given is this: Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "Dai Grepher". The reason given for Dai Grepher's block is: "Ignoring consensus, vandalizing user pages. Blocked for 24 hours, as warned."."

On the talk page found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Metroid:_Zero_Mission I have respectfully stated that a consensus on the issue is not applicable to the article, since I have provided a substantial amount of evidence that disproves the popular theory, and those that have voted have clearly ignored the facts that I have presented. Also, this consensus does not reach beyond the limits of Wikipedia to users holding a different belief and therefore does not represent the targeted fanbase. Under Wikipedia consensus policy, a consensus cannot be used to determine which side has "won" a dispute. It can only be used to see if there is a consensus, which there is not since I disagree with it and the opposition. Andrevan is using the consensus incorrectly as justification for changing the article to reflect his own opinion and also for blocking my account.

I have suggested that the article remain ambiguous, and not bias toward their side or my own while dispute resolution takes its course. The others debating the issue and myself have agreed to contact mediators and arbitrators to resolve the issue fairly. Andrevan makes it clear on the Zero Mission talk page listed above that he believes the popular theory and has stated orders to change the article to directly contradict me (Dai Grepher, found under the: "The article should not be ambiguous" section of the article), which shows a direct prejudice against my presentation and a complete disregard of the facts that I have presented that at the very least seriously question the popular theory.

I have edited the article to be non-partisan and I have also made additions to the page, which by Wikipedia policy is not classified as a revert. Andrevan is the one who has reverted and vandalized the page by ignoring the NPOV policy. Also, Andrevan has not posted warnings of blocking my account on my talk page, as Wikipedia's policy for handling vandalism states. I however have posted these required steps on his talk page and also The Missing Link's talk page because they continue to change the article to be biased.

The second reason for blocking me, an accusation that I have vandalized other user pages is untrue. Andrevan is misusing his powers to preserve his own personal belief, rather than protecting the page to be non-biased and allowing dispute resolution to take its course. By doing so, and blocking me, he is hindering the peaceful resolution of the dispute.

The allegations of me having a "Flat Earth" theory are unfounded and almost slanderous. Those that use the Flat Earth Problem and the consensus to justify their theory and their actions have misunderstood the purpose for both. The Flat Earth Problem states: "A flat earth problem is the incredulity that arises when someone questions the obvious objective truth and claims it's a valid alternative." The theory that Zero Mission is a remake of Metroid is not an obvious truth. Also, my objective claim has a substantial amount of evidence proving it to be a valid alternative. The others in the Zero Mission debate have disregarded this evidence and have made excuses for the facts that I have taken directly from the games, their textual sources, and the game's director. It was mentioned above that the others believe the inconsistencies that I have found to be "retcons" or "mistakes", however, at no point in the article does anyone provide evidence that even suggests that the inconsistencies are either one. "The stress that arises when the "objective" scientist fails to appreciate even the possibility that the other side might be sincere - or even right - is what I call the flat earth problem." I do not have this problem. The problem that I have is that the objective side continues to break Wikipedia policy and delay the resolution process. Meanwhile the article is changed to be bias and untrue based on the opinions of those that truly fit the description of those that cannot "appreciate even the possibility that the other side might be sincere - or even right".

It is my opinion that Anrevan be reprimanded for misusing his privileges and vandalizing the Zero Mission page.Dai Grepher 00:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

BeamYosho 06:17, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Year old account, his only edits were made on this day - one edit on his user page, and one on this

Outside view
''This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute. Users editing other sections ("Statement of the dispute" and "Response") should not edit the "Outside Views" section, except to endorse an outside view.''

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries.}

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Outside view by McClenon
On the one hand, this is one of the two most truly trivial disputes that I have encountered since I have started reading user conduct RfCs. It is a quarrel about the fictitious timeline of a video game. It has none of the grandiosity of a conspiracy theory that the Catholic Church is trying to cover up the fact that it knowingly allowed the Holocaust, or whether Joseph Kennedy Sr. was the Antichrist. I have very little interest in whether there is consensus about a fictional timeline.

On the other hand, I do see evidence that a user page was vandalized. Vandalism is not trivial. I suggest that the Dai Grepher should admit that he made a serious mistake in vandalizing a user page, and apologize, and agree not to behave badly in the future.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Robert McClenon 00:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Calton | Talk 01:32, August 25, 2005 (UTC). You should check out WP:LAME sometime.
 * 3) ⇝Casito⇝Talk 05:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page. Discussion should not be added below. Discussion should be posted on the talk page. Threaded replies to another user's vote, endorsement, evidence, response, or comment should be posted to the talk page.


text:
Talk:Albany, Indiana

External links modified
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 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://geonames.usgs.gov/fips55/INfips55_delim.txt

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External links modified
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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcities%2Ftotals%2F2012%2FSUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
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title: Talk:Albany, Indiana


text:
Talk:Chesterfield, Indiana

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

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title: Talk:Chesterfield, Indiana


text:
Balcoracania

Balcoracania dailyi is a small (typically about 1.5 cm) trilobite of the family Emuellidae. Its fossils have been found in south Australia and Antarctica.

Etymology
The genus name is derived from Balcoracana Creek in the Flinders Ranges, one of the sites where fossils of Balcoracania were collected. The species epithet dailyi is in honor of Dr. B. Daily, of the Geology Department, University of Adelaide.

Description
It can be recognised by a short field between the front of the axis in the head (or glabella) and the border ridge, and a semi-circular headshield, as compared to touching glabella and border, and the sub-pentagonal head, in the sister-genus Emuella. Both emuellid genera share eye ridges that are positioned parallel to the frontal and lateral border of the head, prominent genal spines that are a smooth continuation of the lateral margin of the head, a prothorax of 6 segments, with the 5th and 6th merged and carrying large trailing spines. Both genera have in adulthood a highly variable but large number of segments of the opistothorax, although the largest number found in B. dailyi with 97 is much larger than in Emuella (52). B. dailyi is the only known species in this genus (i.e., the genus is monotypic).

Ecology
Balcoracania dailyi was an inhabitant of protected, shallow, marginal, marine environments. B. dailyi is usually the only trilobite present, but brachiopods may be present, too. Tubular burrows show it shared its ecosystem with soft-bodied animals.

title: Balcoracania


text:
Six (Mansun album)

Six is the second album by English alternative rock band Mansun, released in September 1998 via Parlophone. It was released in the UK and Europe on 7 September 1998, and in the US on 20 April 1999, with an alternative running order, different artwork, and the re-recorded single version of the title track. In an interview prior to the release of Six, Paul Draper stated that the "interlude" "Witness to a Murder (Part Two)" was included to separate the album into two parts as a tribute to old-style vinyl albums.

Background
The main musical palette of the album were created out of guitar ideas that Draper and Chad coined at soundchecks, on their tour bus and in hotel rooms, and were then "blended into wordy and complex tableaux."

Recording
The majority of Six was written from scratch after returning from their Attack Of The Grey Lantern tour. In 2018, Draper noted about the writing process: "Yeah, so what happened was we went out and built a fan base, and then we came back from tour and rented a house in London without having written a thing. We went in and started jamming on the first day. The opening track "Six" was a leftover from Attack called "More." That was all we had to start, and we recorded everything chronologically as we came up with it."

Wanting to capitalise upon their increasing live skills, the band recorded the basic tracks on Six live in the studio, firstly at Liverpool's Parr Street Studios and then later at London's Olympic Sound Studios. Chad said: "There's a lot of horrible, dirty sounds on there as a result. There's all sorts of spill - guitars over the drum takes, drums over the bass - purely because we were just in a room together. I think that if a producer had tried to clean it up and separate it all, it just wouldn't have the same feel."

After the basic tracks were recorded, the group added on the album's "nutsy effects," a lot of which were guitar effects. The band decided that if any of them wrote a new idea to jam, such as a riff, they also had to create a new guitar sound. They repeatedly used the TC Electronics Fireworx, a then-new rack processor which contributed to some "fantastic sounds." Chad said that "it doesn't so much process the sound of the guitar as completely change it. On some patches the notes you fret just trigger sounds; it's quite random." Other pedals used include a Colorsound Tone Bender, a Daddy-O, an Electro-Harmonix Big Muff, a Rat fuzz and, in helping to achieve a "really shitty chorus sound," a vintage Electro-Harmonix Clone Theory.

In addition to usage of the Eventide DSP4000 and Bell BF20 flangers, the band also put Chad's guitar through a Korg synthesiser on occasion while messing around with the synth's filters, while having to tape one of the synthesiser's keys down prior to playing guitar through it. Draper also used the Roland G-707, an early guitar synthesiser ("It's been mostly old gear, but new sounds,") while Chad developed a liking for using vari-speed techniques when recording, "slowing the tape down to half-time, transposing the guitar line down about four semi-tones and then playing it back at normal speed. It all helps make the tones interesting."

Composition
Draper said the segues between songs were influenced by side two of the Beatles' Abbey Road (1969) and side one of Prince's Parade (1986).

The ending of "Fall Out," which re-incorporates the riff from "Legacy", features an Eventide DSP4000 coupled with "an old MXR Flanger". As Chad played the riff through the MXR pedal, Draper twirled the knobs simultaneously, contributing to a "really fucked up sound." "Fall Out" also incorporates elements of The Nutcracker by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

The main riff of "Anti-Everything" uses a Bel BF20 rack flanger. Chad recalled "it's on the verge of being out-of-tune-y, but it's a fantastic noise."

Packaging
The album's sleeve art was a painting produced by Max Schindler, and commissioned especially for the album. It contains many references to personal interests and obsessions of the band, such as a TARDIS and an image of Tom Baker as Doctor Who, and Patrick McGoohan as Number 6 (sitting in the ball chair commonly occupied by the different Number 2's), from The Prisoner. There is also a depiction of Winnie the Pooh standing close to a painting that may be a reproduction of Vinegar tasters, a Taoist allegorical painting. Guitarist Dominic Chad is known to be both a Taoist and a fan of A. A. Milne, and the album's name is in fact a reference to Milne's book Now We Are Six.

The cover art also depicts a number of (perhaps non-existent) books, including:
 * Life as a Series of Compromises by Graham Langdon
 * Who On Earth is Tom Baker? by Tom Baker (the actor's autobiography)
 * Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell (1984 was one of the album's working titles)
 * The 120 Days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade (referenced in the lyrics of "Legacy")
 * The Book of Mormon (referenced in the lyrics of "Cancer")
 * The Bible Code by Michael Drosnin (referenced in the lyrics of “Inverse Midas”)
 * People Places, a talk given by architect Richard Rogers (referenced in the lyrics of "Anti-Everything")
 * The House at Pooh Corner by A. A. Milne (referenced in the lyrics of "Shotgun")
 * Dianetics by L. Ron Hubbard (referenced in the lyrics of "Negative")
 * The Schizoid Man refers to an episode title of The Prisoner
 * Paint It Black by Geoffrey Giuliano (a book on the death of Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones, an important influence on Dominic Chad)

The inlay booklet includes enlarged images of the piles of books from the cover, making it easier to read the authors and titles.

Release
Six was released in September 1998, it débuted at #6 on the UK Albums Chart. The album spawned four singles, each one was altered for single release. The alterations ranged from subtle to dramatic. The first single "Legacy" and the third single "Negative" were given slight trims. Conversely, "Being a Girl" was literally cut in half with the opening two-minute section labelled 'Part One' and released as a single. The title track was completely re-recorded with producer Arthur Baker and released in the winter of 1999. "Legacy" was the most successful single and reached the top ten on the UK Singles Chart. "Being a Girl (Part One)" and "Six" made the top twenty, while "Negative" peaked at #27.

US track listing
The US release of Six restructured the track listing considerably at the behest of Epic Records. The chapters and interlude were removed and the running order was rearranged with "Legacy" and "Shotgun" swapped. More significant was the omission of "Inverse Midas" and "Witness to a Murder (Part Two)" both of which were composed by Dominic Chad. The full eight-minute recording of the title track is substituted by the Arthur Baker re-recording. Small edits appear throughout the remaining track listing: the opening guitar from "Legacy", the feedback from the opening of "Negative" and the removal of silence from the end of "Cancer".

Personnel

 * Mansun
 * Paul Draper – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Dominic Chad – lead guitar, backing vocals, piano, harpsichord
 * Stove King – bass
 * Andie Rathbone – drums, percussion

Tom Baker on track 9 spoken word Backing Vocals by Maryetta Midgley and Vernon Midgley

 * Production
 * Paul Draper – producer
 * Mark 'Spike' Stent – co-producer
 * Mike Hunter – engineer, additional production
 * Paul Walton – engineer
 * Jan Kybeert – Pro Tools
 * Matthew Vaughn – Pro Tools on "Legacy"
 * Pennie Smith – band photography

title: Six (Mansun album)


text:
Pat Cooper

Pat Cooper (born Pasquale Vito Caputo , July 31, 1929 – June 6, 2023) was an American actor and comedian. He was known for his appearances on The Howard Stern Show, Imus in the Morning, and Opie and Anthony. He also played Masiello in the film Analyze This (1999) and its sequel Analyze That (2002). Known for his short temper, he was nicknamed the "Comedian of Outrage".

Life and career
Cooper was born Pasquale Vito Caputo on July 31, 1929, in Coney Island, Brooklyn and grew up in the nearby neighborhoods of Midwood and Red Hook. His father Michele Caputo was a bricklayer from Mola di Bari, Italy and his mother, Louise Gargiulo, was born in Brooklyn. Cooper often made reference to his Italian heritage in his stand up comedy.

He was drafted into the Army in 1952 and was stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina but was soon discharged because of hammer toes caused by his mother making him wear shoes that were too small when he was a child.

Cooper started performing in the 1950s. His big break came in 1963 on The Jackie Gleason Show. Afterward, he played top nightclubs such as the Copacabana and Sands Hotel and Casino, opening for major entertainers such as Frank Sinatra, Bobby Darin, Tony Bennett, Jerry Lewis, Sammy Davis Jr., Ella Fitzgerald, and Liza Minnelli.

In the early 1960s he Americanized his name to Pat Cooper.

Billboard gave his album Our Hero (1965) a special merit review and said that it "does for the Italian-American community what Jackie Mason did for the Jewish-American community." The following year, it stated that his Spaghetti Sauce and Other Delights, an album which consists of one side of spoken comedy and one side of parody songs, was stronger than Our Hero.

In 1966, he was pictured on an LP cover sitting on a chair covered in spaghetti and pasta sauce for an album entitled "Spaghetti Sauce and Other Delights," a parody of Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass album, "Whipped Cream and Other Delights," in which a woman is sitting on a chair covered in whipped cream.

In May 1969, Cooper and singer Jimmy Roselli premiered in their two-man show at Broadway's Palace theater in New York City. During the 1970s, Cooper was a frequent guest on The Mike Douglas Show and also appeared on The Merv Griffin Show and The Dean Martin Show. Cooper made an appearance on Tom Snyder's Tomorrow Coast To Coast show on March 6, 1981, in which he decried "headliners" in the club circuit who often worked with comics as their second act.

He performed at many celebrity roasts at the New York Friars Club; he was in an episode of Seinfeld titled "The Friar's Club". He was also a frequent guest on many radio shows, most notably The Howard Stern Show.

Cooper played fictional mobster Salvatore Masiello in the film Analyze This and in the sequel Analyze That; he played lawyer John Bruno in the 2003 film This Thing of Ours. He also guest-starred on television series such as Vega$, Charlie's Angels, It's a Living, and L.A. Law.

Cooper was an occasional contributor to Colin Quinn's late-night show on Comedy Central, Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn. In 2005, he released a DVD called You're Always Yelling and in 2010, he co-authored with Steve Garrin and Rich Herschlag his autobiography called How Dare You Say How Dare Me!

Personal life and death
Cooper was married three times. He has two biological children (Michael and Louise Caputo) from his first marriage to Dolores Nola and one adopted daughter (Patti Jo Cooper) from his second marriage to singer Patti Prince. Cooper also has two grandsons and three granddaughters. In 2018, he married his third wife, Emily Conner, whom he met at the New York Friars Club in 2010. She was a theater producer and the daughter of Diane Decker, one of the original members of The Serendipity Singers.

Cooper lived in Las Vegas, Nevada, after retiring. He publicly feuded with his children on his radio appearances and was estranged from all members of his biological family. He died at his Las Vegas home on June 6, 2023, at the age of 93.

Studio Albums

 * Our Hero... (1965)
 * Spaghetti Sauce & Other Delights (1966)
 * You Don't Have To Be Italian To Like Pat Cooper (1967)
 * The Best of Pat Cooper (1981)

Singles

 * ''The More Your Make The More Your Spend (1965)
 * Pepperoni Kid (1966)
 * You Don't Have To Be Italian / Conchetta (1967)
 * More Saucy Stories (1968)
 * Its The Italian In Me (1970)

title: Pat Cooper


text:
Category:Paradisaeidae

 * Paradisaeidae is a family of the suborder Passeri, with the common name Bird-of-paradise.

title: Category:Paradisaeidae


text:
Gliese 1

Gliese 1 is a red dwarf in the constellation Sculptor, which is found in the southern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the closest stars to the Sun, at a distance of 14.2 light years. Because of its proximity to the Earth it is a frequent object of study and much is known about its physical properties and composition. However, with an apparent magnitude of about 8.6 it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye.

History
This star's high proper motion was first documented by Benjamin Gould in 1885. At that time the star was identified as Cordoba Z.C. 23h 1584. As it lies very close to the origin of the astronomical right ascension coordinates during the 1950 epoch, it became the first star in both the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars and the Luyten Half-Second star catalogues.

Properties
The stellar classification of this star has been rated from M1.5V to M4.0V by various sources. Gliese 1 is estimated to have 33% of the Sun's mass and 33% of the Sun's radius.

This star is suspected of being a BY Draconis-type variable star with the provisional variable star designation NSV 15017. It is also suspected of being a flare star. Like other flare stars, it emits X-rays. The temperatures of the layers of the atmosphere of this star have been measured.

This star has been examined for an orbiting companion using speckle interferometry in the near infrared part of the spectrum. However, no companion was found to a magnitude limit of 10.5 at 1 AU from the primary, out to a magnitude limit of 12.5 at 10 AU. Radial velocity measurements have likewise failed to reveal the presence of a companion orbiting this star. This search excludes a planet with a few Earth masses orbiting in the habitable zone, or a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting at a radius of 1 AU or less. The radial velocity shows little or no variability, with a measurement precision of less than 20 m/s.

The space velocity components of this star are U = +77.2, V = -99.5 and W = $23.6$. It is orbiting through the Milky Way galaxy with an orbital eccentricity of 0.45, and a distance from the galactic core that varies from 3,510 to 9,150 parsecs. By comparison, the Sun is currently 8,500 parsecs from the core. Stars with high peculiar velocities are termed runaway stars. This star has a high peculiar velocity of $0.33$, and the velocity vector for this star may link it with the Tucana-Horologium and/or the AB Doradus stellar associations.

title: Gliese 1


text:
Colin Gordon

Colin Gordon (27 April 1911 – 4 October 1972) was a British actor. Although primarily a stage actor he made numerous appearances on television and in cinema films, generally in comedies. His stage career was mainly in the West End, but he was seen in the provinces in some touring productions.

Early years
Gordon was born in British Ceylon, the son of William Arthur Gordon and his wife Lily Vera, née Troup. He was educated at Marlborough College and Christ Church, Oxford. He first appeared on the professional stage in repertory at the Palace Theatre, Watford from January to December 1934. He made his first West End appearance in 1934 as the hind legs of Alfred, the carthorse, in a production of Toad of Toad Hall at the Royalty Theatre. At the same theatre he played James in Frolic Wind (March 1935, described by The Stage as "a distinguished failure"), and Peter in Closing At Sunrise (September 1935). From 1936 to 1939 he directed the Fred Melville Repertory Company in Brixton. He served in the army during the Second World War for six years.

Stage roles 1948–1970

 * Source: Who's Who in the Theatre.

Screen
Gordon had a long career in British cinema and television from the 1940s to the 1970s, often playing government officials. His films include The Pink Panther and Casino Royale (both with Peter Sellers, alongside whom he made five films). In the ITC series The Prisoner (1967) he portrayed Number Two twice, in "A. B. and C." and later in "The General".

Gordon was a regular in another ITC production, The Baron, playing civil servant Templeton-Green opposite Steve Forrest. He also starred in The Invisible Man (1958 TV series) episode "Play to Kill", (series 1, episode 6, 1959); was the host and occasional narrator of the 1969 London Weekend Television series The Complete and Utter History of Britain, (which arose from a pre-Monty Python collaboration between Michael Palin and Terry Jones); and was the airport commandant in the 1967 Doctor Who story The Faceless Ones. He was also in Bachelor Father and made two guest appearances in Steptoe and Son. In 1961 he appeared as the doctor in "The Lift" episode of Hancock's Half Hour. In 1970 he appeared in the UFO episode "The Cat with Ten Lives". He also appeared as Walpole Gibb in the ATV/ITC series Hine in 1971.

Film roles

 * Jim the Penman (1947) as Roberts
 * Bond Street (1948) as Clerk in Travel Agency
 * The Winslow Boy (1948) (uncredited)
 * It's Hard to Be Good (1948) as Neighbour with Baby (uncredited)
 * Edward, My Son (1949) as Ellerby
 * Helter Skelter (1949) as Chadbeater Longwick
 * Golden Arrow (1949) as Connelly
 * Traveller's Joy (1949) as Tom Wright
 * The Third Visitor (1951) as Bill Millington
 * The Long Dark Hall (1951) as Pound
 * Circle of Danger (1951) as Col. Fairbairn
 * Laughter in Paradise (1951) as Station Constable
 * The Man in the White Suit (1951) as Hill
 * The Lady with a Lamp (1951)
 * Green Grow the Rushes (1951) as Roderick Fisherwick
 * Mandy (1952) as Woollard (Junior)
 * The Hour of 13 (1952) as MacStreet
 * Folly to Be Wise (1952) as Prof. James Mutch
 * Grand National Night (1953) as Buns Darling
 * Innocents in Paris (1953) as Customs Officer
 * The Heart of the Matter (1953) as Secretary (uncredited)
 * Up to His Neck (1955) as Lt. Cmdr. Sterning
 * Little Red Monkey (1955) as Harry Martin, reporter
 * John and Julie (1955) as Mr. Swayne
 * Escapade (1955) as Deeson, reporter
 * Jumping for Joy (1956) as Max, 1st Commentator
 * Keep It Clean (1956) as Peter, Marquess of Hurlingford
 * The Green Man (1956) as Reginald Willoughby-Cruft
 * A Touch of the Sun (1956) as Cecil Flick
 * Up in the World (1956) as Fletcher Hetherington
 * The Extra Day (1956) as Sir George Howard
 * The Key Man (1957) as Larry Parr
 * The One That Got Away (1957) as Army Interrogator
 * The Safecracker (1958) as Dakers
 * Virgin Island (US: Our Virgin Island, 1958) as The Commissioner
 * The Doctor's Dilemma (1958) as Newspaper Man
 * The Crowning Touch (1959) as Stacey
 * Alive and Kicking (1959) as Bird Watcher
 * The Mouse That Roared (1959) as BBC Announcer
 * Bobbikins (1959) as Dr. Phillips
 * Please Turn Over (1959) as Maurice
 * Carry On Constable (1960) (uncredited)
 * The Day They Robbed the Bank of England (1960) as Benge
 * The Big Day (1960) as George Baker
 * Make Mine Mink (1960) (uncredited)
 * His and Hers (1961) as TV Announcer
 * Seven Keys (1961) as Mr. Barber
 * House of Mystery (1961) as Burdon
 * Very Important Person (1961) as Briggs
 * Don't Bother to Knock (1961) as Rolsom
 * Three on a Spree (1961) as Mitchell
 * Crooks Anonymous (1962) as Drunk
 * Night of the Eagle (1962) as Lindsay Carr
 * Strongroom (1962) as Mr. Spencer
 * In the Doghouse (1962) as Dean
 * The Devil's Agent (1962) as Count Dezsepalvy
 * The Boys (1962) as Gordon Lonsdale
 * The Running Man (1963) as Solicitor
 * Heavens Above! (1963) as Prime Minister
 * Bitter Harvest (1963) as Charles
 * The Pink Panther (1963) as Tucker
 * The Counterfeit Constable (1964) as Le dentiste W. Martin
 * The Liquidator (1965) as Vicar
 * The Psychopath (1966) as Dr. Glyn
 * The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery (1966) as Noakes
 * The Trygon Factor (1966) as Dice
 * The Family Way (1966) as Mr. Hutton
 * Casino Royale (1967) as Casino Director
 * Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968) as Mr. Hartford
 * Subterfuge (1968) as Kitteridge
 * Mischief (1969) as Mr. Crawford
 * The Body Beneath (1970) as Graham Ford

title: Colin Gordon


text:
Talk:Daleville, Indiana

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Talk:Eaton, Indiana

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Talk:Gaston, Indiana

which township
It would be nice to state to which township Gaston belongs. I'm not sure if it's Washington or Harrison.--68.253.41.63 (talk) 15:54, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Selma, Indiana

Is anyone ever going to add more information to this? Cylersarah31 (talk) 15:34, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Selma, Indiana


text:
Talk:Yorktown, Indiana

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Geographical data
Area seems to be greatly exaggerated 2600:1015:B0D1:2E16:7038:EBBA:9868:2198 (talk) 21:45, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yorktown, Indiana