text:
Spatial network analysis software

Spatial network analysis software packages are analytic software used to prepare graph-based analysis of spatial networks. They stem from research fields in transportation, architecture, and urban planning. The earliest examples of such software include the work of Garrison (1962), Kansky (1963), Levin (1964), Harary (1969), Rittel (1967), Tabor (1970) and others in the 1960s and 70s. Specific packages address their domain-specific needs, including TransCAD for transportation, GIS for planning and geography, and Axman for Space syntax researchers.

Packages
Many packages are available. Many were developed in academia and are freely available or freely available for academic research.

In historical order:

 * Axman – The (near) original developed by Nick Sheep Dalton of UCL to perform axial line analysis on computers running Mac OS, currently used in more than 50 countries. This spawned offshoots such as Pesh (for the analysis of convex space networks) and SpaceBox (for the analysis of 'all-line' axial maps).
 * Spatialist – Developed at Georgia Institute of Technology to implement theoretical innovations principally introduced by John Peponis. This software plugs into the MicroStation CAD package to analyse networks of automatically generated 'e-spaces' and 's-spaces'.
 * Axwoman 1 – Written by Bin Jiang while at UCL. It is a tool to perform axial analysis as a plug-in to ESRI products.
 * Axwoman 6.2+ – Evolved from Axwoman 1.0 and research by Bin Jiang and his team. Axwoman 6.2 is a free plug-in to ArcMap 10, combined with AxialGen in one installer. Featured functionality includes automatically generating natural streets and axial lines from OpenStreetMap data. The website also contains tutorials.
 * Depthmap – Developed by Alasdair Turner of UCL. This software initially generated isovists and performed visibility graph analysis of building systems on computers running Windows. It evolved to include automatic generation of axial line networks and analysis of axial line networks and road segment line networks at anything up to the level of the US or Europe.
 * OmniVista – Developed by Nick Sheep Dalton and Ruth Conroy Dalton. It performs a range of isovist measures on Mac OS computers.
 * Fathom – Commercial implementation of visibility graph analysis written by Intelligent Space Partnership.
 * Mindwalk – Developed by Lucas Figueiredo, This software performs spatial analysis over standard axial maps and new continuity maps. It is written in Java and runs on several platforms. It is also known as xSpace. Mindwalk has been used as a research and teaching tool since 2002. It is distributed worldwide for academic and non-commercial purposes.
 * Isovist Analyst – Written by Sanjay Rana while at UCL. This program creates isovists from building plans as a plug-in to ESRI products.
 * Ajanachara – Open source software developed by Gerald Franz at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics. It performs visibility graph analysis of 3D Studio Max and VRML models.
 * Webmap – developed by N. S. Dalton at UCL. Software is free to use (although it requires registration). It allows users to analyse axial maps through a web browser interface.
 * Confeego – Developed by Space Syntax Limited, but available free for academic use. It plugs directly into MapInfo Professional to analyse line axial networks.
 * AJAX – Written by Mike Batty of UCL. It performs both traditional axial network analysis (Batty: primal analysis), and point-based visibility analysis introduced by Bin Jiang (Batty: dual analysis). In a recent paper, Batty showed the mathematical relationship between the two analyses.
 * OverView – plug-in to AutoCad by Christian Derix for Aedas Architects in collaboration with the Center for Evolutionary Computing in Architecture CECA. Allows architects to do quick visual integration mapping via isovist analysis. Can analyse non-planar environments to take volumes and hilly sites into account.
 * AXess – Written by Jennifer Brisbane at the City University of New York. It offers a context menu tool for ArcGIS 9.x that calculates connectivity, control, mean depth, global integration, and local integration for all nodes in an axial line layer.
 * Webmap-At-Home – Written by Nick Sheep Dalton at Open University. It is a Java implementation of the original Axman program with extra features. It is a platform neutral full application capable of reading DXF files and the original Axman binary format.
 * AxialGen – Written by Bin Jiang and Xintao Liu at the University of Gävle, Sweden. It is a plugin to ArcGIS 9.2 that automatically generates axial lines for a complex polygon with holes.
 * Layout-iQ – Used in healthcare, manufacturing, banking, retail, and office space. It evaluates the frequency of flow in a workspace and measures the total minimum travel distance for resources to navigate the workspace. The software integrates CAD drawings with a diagram of flow between points.
 * Urban Network Analysis Toolbox for ArcGIS – A free, open-source package developed by the City Form Lab. It can be used to compute five types of graph centrality measures on spatial networks: Reach; Gravity; Betweenness; Closeness; and Straightness. The tools incorporate three important features that make them particularly suited for spatial analysis on urban street networks. First, they can account for both geometry and topology in input networks, using either metric distance (e.g. Meters) or topological distance (e.g. Turns) as impedance factors. Unlike previous software tools that operate with two network elements (nodes and edges), UNA tools include a third network element – buildings – that are used as the spatial units of analysis for all measures. Two neighboring buildings on the same street segments can therefore obtain different accessibility results. UNA tools optionally allow buildings to be weighted according to their particular characteristics – e.g., volume, population. More important buildings can be specified to have a stronger effect on the analysis outcomes, yielding more accurate and reliable results. The toolbox is built for easy scaling – it is equally suited for small-scale, detailed network analysis of dense urban areas and for sparser large-scale regional networks. The toolbox requires ArcGIS 10 software with an ArcGIS Network Analyst Extension.
 * Urban Network Analysis Plugin for Rhinoceros3D – Free for both academic and commercial use. It was developed by the City Form Lab. The Rhino UNA Toolbox can be used to compute five types of graph centrality measures on spatial networks: Reach; Gravity; Betweenness; Closeness; and Straightness. The toolbox includes other spatial analysis tools, such as Closest Facility, Alternative Routes finding, pedestrian flow modeling along shortest or redundant paths, facility patronage estimation, spatial distribution of origins weights along routes etc. The tool allows users to specify which origins and destinations to use in the analysis and allows the users to weight the analysis with specific attributes of each origin and destination. The toolbox was developed to make spatial network analysis tools available to architects, designers and planners who do not have access to GIS and typically work on designs in Rhino. Having UNA metrics in Rhino, allows one to analyze how a specific spatial network performs, and to incorporate the analysis into a fast and iterative design process, where networks can be designed, evaluated and redesigned in seamless cycles. The UNA Rhino toolbox is significantly faster than its GIS counterpart, which has been available as a plugin for ArcGIS since 2012. Users have an ability to rapidly create and edit networks from any Rhino curve objects, making network design and redesign simple and intuitive. The analytic options available to the user have expanded, providing more precise control to analyze exactly what you need for every unique spatial network problem. The toolbox requires Rhinoceros version 5 software as of SR 10 or later.
 * SSA Plugin – Written by Burak Beyhan at Mersin University. Space Syntax Analysis (SSA) Plugin is operational on free and open source software for GIS (FOSS4GIS) including OpenJUMP, gvSIG, OrbisGIS, QGIS, OpenEV, Thuban, MapWindow GIS, SAGA, and R Project. SSA Plugin calculates the standard space syntax measures including connectivity, total depth, mean depth, global integration, local depth, local integration and control values for each feature involved in a spatial configuration, and intelligibility value for the whole of the configuration. Users can export an adjusted graph to an external file in a Social Network Analysis (SNA) file format for further analysis of the spatial configuration concerned in the respective software environment.
 * depthmapX – Developed by the depthmapX development team. It is an open source multi-platform spatial network analyses package based on the original Depthmap. It can generate isovists and perform visibility graph analysis of building systems on computers running Mac OS X, Windows and Linux, it includes automatic generation of axial line networks and analysis of axial line networks and road segment line networks. depthmapX is based on Qt framework.
 * Spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA 3D) – Since 2011, it has been developed by Alain Chiaradia, Crispin Coop[er and Chris Webster at Cardiff University and University of Hong Kong. It is a free tool that unifies the use of spatial network analysis in design and research. Plugins are provided for Autocad (for designers), ArcGIS, open source QGIS (for analysts & designers) and as a standalone Python version that works on 2D or 3D shapefiles enabling use in other GIS software and custom projects. sDNA standardizes on the network link as a unit of analysis, and computes a wide variety of closeness, betweenness, severance and efficiency measures. sDNA works with 3D topography and 3D multilevel environment. Analyses and Radius can use Euclidean, angular, topological or custom distance metrics, and link, length or custom weightings. In Angular analysis mode sDNA computes cumulative angular change along the link and angular change at junction resulting in angular geodesic.
 * CASOS ORA – Developed by Dr. Kathleen M. Carley and the joint Carnegie Mellon University and Netanomics team. It is tools that support social and spatial network analysis. It is interoperable with other spatial analysis tools such as ARCGIS. See also Dynamic Network Analysis.
 * Isovist_2-3 – Free software for Mac and PC that provides advanced, real-time, high definition isovist point, path and field analysis in architectural plan and section drawings. The software also includes several Space Syntax analysis tools for calculating high definition Integration, Mean Metric Depth, and Mean Angular Depth fields.

title: Spatial network analysis software


text:
Talk:Livonian language

false and misleading information, that does not appear in other language variants of wiki
The Livonians' ancestors settled in Livonia in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, probably moving along the Daugava. In the 13th century, the native Livonians inhabited the Estonian counties Alempois, Jogentagana Järva, Läänemaa, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Sakala, Ugandi, and Vaiga in the north, and by the Daugava in the south. The Livonian settlement of Curonia was also begun then.[12]
 * Livonians settled first in Courland, where they most possibly landed from Saaremaa.
 * According to Heinrici Cronicon Lyvonia and archeological materials, Livonians moved to Vidzeme shore from Courland. There might be some assimilation of southern estonians and baltic tribes by livonians, but they did not lived in Estonian counties, as those were independent lands of different finnish tribes. At best their northern lands were around Metsapool and just as in Courland, they most probably lived mainly near sea shore and waters.195.147.206.144 (talk) 20:36, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

not dormant
When I lived in Latvia for a year I met a couple livonian speakers, but they spoke it as an L2 language and were only semi fluent. Who said it was extinct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.8.58 (talk) 02:32, 8 April 2017 (UTC) There are no native livonian speakers. How it can be L2 language, if it is semi-fluent? Also, at present - it is foreign language at best, as it is not spoken even by native population, so whoever learns it, are on their own. 195.147.206.144 (talk) 20:20, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

miscellaneous
Are there any reports of something resembling an attempt to reviving Livonian? Things like these happen all over the world, so why not in Livonia/ West Latvia? Caesarion 14:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Founf it out now - a little bit. Caesarion 14:13, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What should these characters in the alphabet stand for: Ȭ/ȭ ; Ȫ/ȫ ? I think computer has not managed to present these correctly, the stripe (meaning prolonged articulation) should be laid on the top of Õ, not besides. As long as we can't print it this way, it should be better to replace Õ- characters (presumably standing for long õ) in the Black Flag (MUSTĀ PLAGĀ VALSÕ) text with simple õ (as in Estonian alphabet).--Constanz - Talk 15:22, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

I found some history on the German version of the page and translated it, and added some common phrases I found on the Czech and Esperanto pages. There's a similar and even better rundown of the history on the Dutch version of the page but I don't really know Dutch... maybe someone could take a look at that? I also added a page on Min izāmō, the national anthem of Livonia, borrowed from the German Wikipedia; is there a translation somewhere? Guypersonson 02:05, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that Livonian uses t-comma? All the other letters in its alphabet of a similar shape (with a subscript diacritic) use a cedille, including: d-cedille, n-cedille, l-cedille, and r-cedille. Logically it would follow that the t would also be t-cedille and not t-comma. V85 (talk) 22:38, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * All of the characters should be displayed with a comma accent. The confusion comes from the names of the Unicode characters, for example: the character called LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA actually looks like an N with a comma accent. There are two important exceptions to this: S and T have precomposed characters with both cedillas and comma accents. The S-cedilla is used in Turkish, Azerbaijani..., the T-cedilla is used in an Arabic transliteration. The S-comma and T-comma are used in Romanian. For Livonian, the correct diacritic is the comma accent, so one must use t-comma accent. Unicode really messed up with the cedillas and comma accents early on, so we’re stuck with this inconsistancy of character names. languagegeek (talk) 18:59, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I am aware of the Unicode cedille/comma mix up. I have TNR as default-font, and, to me, the only letters that have a comma diacritic are D-cedille (Unicode-name) and T-comma; the diacritic on the others all seem to be equivalent to the diacritic on the letter Ç. By and large, I have some problems clearly understanding when either diacritic is used. The article Latvian language states that: 'The letters Ģ, Ķ, Ļ and Ņ are written with a cedilla or little 'comma' placed below (or above the lowercase g)'. Similarly, the article Comma states that 'Comparatively, some consider the diacritics on the Latvian consonants ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ, and formerly ŗ to be cedillas', while the article cedilla clearly states: 'In Latvian, the cedilla is used on the letters "ģ", "ķ", "ļ", "ņ", and historically also "ŗ", to indicate palatalization'.

 * To me, as a non-Latvian speaker, I would interpret this to mean that Latvian considers this diacritic to be a cedille. As Livonian orthography is based on both Estonian and Latvian, and the diacritic has the same effect as in Latvian (indicating palatalisation), I would assume that the diacritic would be the same as in Latvian: a cedille. And this, rather, is my question: Do speakers of Livonian see the diacritic as a cedille or a diacritical comma? (What the creators of Unicode see it as, is far less interesting, especially when they choose the fatalistic view that what they have done can never be altered.) V85 (talk) 13:17, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Project Estonia not Latvia?
"Livonian language is part of the WikiProject Estonia, a project to maintain and expand Estonia-related subjects on Wikipedia" They lived in Latvia, Vidzeme and southern Estonia was name after them (Livonia). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.118.205.130 (talk) 08:39, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Although Livonians lived mostly in the territory of modern Latvia, Livonian language is closely related to and sometimes considered to be a sub-branch of Estonian language, therefore the language is also a field of interest of Estonians. Avellano (talk) 11:00, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The article on the Livonian people says they "are the indigenous inhabitants of Northern Latvia and Southwestern Estonia. " So maybe there were once Livonian speakers in the area that is now Estonia. It's not clear. But obviously those interested in either country might find the Livonian language pertinent. --Haruo (talk) 14:24, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

Possible extinction
According to the latest journalistic reports, Livonian is currently among the languages with one speaker: 1, 2. For the record, these reports also include the Wintu language, the original language of the Caixanas (btw, is it confirmed that such a language exists at all?), and Yahgan in this list). However, I have been informed from an unreliable source that the last native speaker of Livonian recently died. Could anyone confirm or refute this? --Omnipaedista (talk) 20:08, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe that the last speaker who grew up in a Livonian speaking environment has passed away. There are still people who have learned Livonian as a second language and I recall hearing that there are children who learned Livonian in the home. Many claims of language extinction ignore revitalisation projects. languagegeek (talk) 18:53, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I have the same information regarding the revitalization effort (and I morally support it, for what it's worth). Besides, I was very careful with my formulation: possible extinction, native speaker. By the way, I find it extremely unfair that under the current Language-subcommittee's policy, the Livonian Wikipedia test-project has no chance of opening (since it has no native, but only literate/competent potential users); its opening would be a unique opportunity for the language to acquire a (free) digital corpus and thus get "immortalized". --Omnipaedista (talk) 08:58, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * A Livonian Wikipedia would be very useful to everyone, including all the students of Livonian. The Universities of Latvia, Tartu and Helsinki teach it on a regular basis, so the annual number of students studying Livonian could be several dozen. Ohpuu (talk) 13:52, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Well, I edited and co-wrote the Eesti Päevaleht article on Viktor Berthold, and I was very careful with the formulations. I styled Berthold "the last native speaker of the older generation", which is certainly true. I happen to know three native speakers who are in their 20s and 30s. Would it be necessary to write another article about these three people to make Livonian "un-extinct"? Or could – someone who commands Latvian better than me, preferably – be bothered to search for such existing articles in the Latvian press? The case of Livonian is a bit more complex than with some languages that have become extinct and have been revived decades later, for a continuous chain of native speakers has not been broken, although the number of native speakers is small. How many people speak Livonian as a second language is difficult to establish – I would estimate that at least 20 or 30 linguists are able to converse in Livonian and even sometimes do that; the number of speakers is also growing in Latvia due to interest in the language. That seems enough for me to not consider it extinct. (Although I fear that about to follow is a detailed discussion of what is a "native speaker" and what level of a language test must be passed by a second-language-speaker to qualify. This, in turn, amounts to a number of linguistic problems with no "established truth" to the matter.) Ohpuu (talk) 07:36, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Being no specialist in the matter, I also tried to argue that the extinction is not an established fact. Well, until a user 'established the truth' in the article...-- Miacek (t) 09:03, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

 * « I happen to know three native speakers who are in their 20s and 30s. » is not a valuable source. --A user aka Budelberger (   ) 13:16, 22 May 2009 (UTC).

 * Alright, The Baltic Course has interviewed some of them. See here. Ohpuu (talk) 13:28, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, turns out it was Agence France-Presse. Ohpuu (talk) 13:28, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The reference to the article published in the online edition of Eesti Päevaleht is this: Jaak Prozes, Ott Heinapuu. Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane, Eesti Päevaleht Online, March 4, 2009. Someone more wiki-fluent than me could add the reference tag where appropriate. Ohpuu (talk) 13:47, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * « "People have been talking about the last (native) Livonian (speaker) dying and suddenly it emerges that he is very far from the last," Valts Ernstreins, 34, one of the leaders of Latvia's Livonian Cultural Center told AFP. » : « very far from the last » ?… : « He says he knows of five native Livonian speakers living on three continents. » : « five native Livonian speakers » ! Ernstreins himself is not a native speaker. « In Latvia, the recently deceased Viktors Bertholds belonged to the last generation of children who started their primary Latvian-language school as Livonian monolinguals. » Herr Bertholds as a child is the last Livonian monolingual. Please, list those « very far from the last » native speakers. --Budelberger (   ) 17:30, 25 May 2009 (UTC).

 * if Ohpuu is the author of the article Budelberg first used as a reference and the author himself argues here for more careful attitude, i.e. not declaring Livonian extinct yet, I cannot really understand why someone would need to push into the article the POV (and synthesis?!) that Livonian is extinct. -- Miacek (t) 22:03, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Of the five surviving native speakers of the older generation, three live in Latvia, one or two in Canada. They are Edgars Refenbergs, Erna Vanada and her two sisters, whose names Valt Ernštreit was unable to produce, and Grizada Kristin. Born in the years from 1910 to 1940, the oldest being 99 years old. This is, of course unpublished information, received five minutes ago on the telephone from Mr Ernštreit. Ohpuu (talk) 08:14, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, regardless of the formal WP:V requirements, your information is sufficient to undo the abrupt classification User:Budelberger has been pushing through. Wikipedia cites sources and reflects facts, it does not aim at doing original synthesis, i.e. 'establishing' the fact of extinction here. -- Miacek (t) 11:56, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Ohpuu is right. --Qatan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.113.106.112 (talk) 09:44, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * « This is, of course unpublished information » : « unpublished information » = no reliable source. --Budelberger (  <b style="background-color:#EF4135"> </b>) 11:36, 28 May 2009 (UTC).

 * « Articles should be based upon reliable, third-party published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. ». --Budelberger (<b style="background-color:#0055A4"> </b><b style="background-color:#fff"> </b><b style="background-color:#EF4135"> </b>) 12:08, 28 May 2009 (UTC).

 * The consensus on talk page has been pretty obvious, besides, the article has already sources depicting that viewpoint. Budelberger, please stop POV-pushing and do some constructive editing. -- Miacek (t) 11:41, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree with Ohpuu and Miacek. --Martintg (talk) 12:04, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * There's a B5 quote that fits here (but then again, there's a B5 quote to fit everything): They are a dying people. We should let them pass.  And dear Budelberger, this process does not involve issuing the obituaries and reading the eulogies prematurely. ΔιγουρενΕμπρος! 19:43, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Typo in Song Lyrics
It seems there is a typo in the song lyrics given as the Text Example. The first word of the second last line is given as Kuñš. There is no letter ñ in Livonian. I’m guessing it should be õ, but it could easily be something else. languagegeek (talk) 19:03, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

New category
Here : Articles containing Livonian language text.

Budelberger (<b style="background-color:#0055A4"> </b><b style="background-color:#fff"> </b><b style="background-color:#EF4135"> </b>) 17:37, 25 May 2009 (UTC).

Written language example
This section makes me laugh.

1. First, which other wikipedia language article has a long poem inside them?

2. If there has to be an example: does it really make sense to use one which is clearly written years after the language went out of use? Nice work, but the author did not have a chance to talk with anyone in this language at the time it was written.

3. It there has to be an example, should not it be at least original? This poem is a translation from Estonian, from song by Estonian singer-anarchist Trubetsky. There are plenty of original Livonian texts written by people who used the language for communication.

4. Does the name "Trubetsky" mean the Estonian author himself translated his poem into Livonian? I doubt it. Estonian "Kui naine kord aeg avab meilegi süle" (Like a woman, the time will once open her bossom for us) is (mis)translated to "Až nai ikškõrd vāldiž ka mäddõn tīeb sillõ" (If a woman also once opens bossom for us) Looks to me that the translator just did not understand the very confusing meaning of Estonian lyrics and that means he or she is not a native Estonian speaker (that excludes Trubetsky as author/translator of the Livonian text). Funny, because the popularity of Wikipedia makes Trubetsky now look like some kind famous Livonian poet.Warbola (talk) 04:39, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * added the translator's name. had not noticed the mistake you noted before. quite clever. but the current orthography has been taken into use a mere a few years before this translation was made, so this is an example of a text that has originally been written in the current orthography. Ohpuu (talk) 10:00, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Extinct?
If it has speakers, even non-native ones, it's not extinct. See also Incubator.-- Seonookim  (What I've done so far) (I'm busy here) (Tell me your requests) 04:20, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

Extinct or undecided again?
I was correcting reference to Bertholds as the last native speaker in another article and decided to check articles on the matter at Livonian Culture Center website to see, if they agree with the view. I do see similar markers as the previous time around, when Bertholds was reported as the last initially monolingual speaker - in the obituary she is not called the last native speaker as would be expected, but "the oldest native speaker" and "the Bertholds family members had always been the best informants on Livonian. She was the last". Also there is a later article, a comment on this, which calls reporting her as the last Livonian sensationalist and noting that she was one of the best informants "she technically was not the last native speaker" and then goes on to explain that there are at least four people, who are of Livonian descent and speak Livonian non-natively. The article is kind of confusing - it is hard to understand, if he is talking about last person of Livonian ethnicity or last speaker and if he means there is yet another native speaker or he is misusing "technically" and instead means that there are no native speakers, but those four fluent technically non-native speakers make it a living language. This is a bit sketchy, so I am leaving articles as they are, but obviously this begs a question what is going on. Xil (talk) 04:23, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It's possible for people to learn any sufficiently documented extinct language, even long-extinct language, such as Classical Latin, and become second-language speakers. In fact, people can even raise children as native speakers of an extinct language, and therefore produce "new" native speakers, at least in theory. Still, this does not mean that the language suddenly becomes "un-extinct". Rather, it has been revived, like Hebrew. "Neo-native speakers" are different from traditional speakers in that they cannot provide information that has not been recorded, as all their knowledge of the language is dependent on the existing documentation – unlike traditional native informants, who can. Therefore it is very important to carefully distinguish between native speakers in the strict sense, whose knowledge originates from an unbroken oral tradition from parents to children, going back millennia and hundreds of generations, and second-language or "neo-native" speakers. Considering that the last traditional speakers like Grizelda Kristiņa were born in the early 20th century, I am extremely sceptical of claims of native speakers in their 20s or 30s, who cannot have learned Livonian from these people in their own childhood, at least not in the framework of a typical parents-to-children generational transmission. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:25, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

"Blossoming" of Livonian language
The history section contains the following claim: 1918: The founding of Latvia; the Livonian language re-blossomed

If we accept the fact that by the last turn of the century, i.e. around the year 2000, there were no more than a handful of speakers left, how can the language have blossomed in or after 1918? It does not become clear what is meant by the Livonian language re-blossomed, but it definitely cannot mean that there was a new generation of speakers born after 1918. I suggest that either the sentence be clarified or deleted. Unoffensive text or character (talk) 10:09, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Common phrases.
IMO it would be good to have translation into Finnish, for comparison. For example, a non-educated me recognized the word Tēriņtš [ = Terve(fi)/Tere(et) ]. Gives an idea of language affinity. Staszek Lem (talk)
 * I think it would be useful to format it as table with translations to Finnish, Estonian and Latvian for comparison. I'm half-Livonian half-Finnish so I can fill in more common phrases if necessary. Monni (talk) 20:04, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * The example tēriņtš illustrates well some risks with original research in linguistics. It's so easy to conclude that what sounds (or looks) roughly alike must be "the same word", especially if the languages are closely related. But language doesn't work like you can overlook differences that may seem minute, like here the Finnish/Estonian short e vs. Livonian long. Such differences must be etymologically accounted for (from professional sources) before you can say the similarity is more than accidental. Even more, then, that goes for the -iņtš. (Just a basic principle, I don't know Livonian myself.) 151.177.57.24 (talk) 15:46, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

The Lord's Prayer orthography
For the Livonian translation of the Lord's Prayer, suddenly a completely different orthography is being used, with underdots, apostrophes, and circumflexes. This orthography is not mentioned in the article and it doesn't show up anywhere else in the article as far as I can tell. If someone knows what's going on here and can rewrite this in the standard orthography, that'd be great 2WR1 (talk) 23:00, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Livonian grammar into Livonian language. I think that the content in the grammar article can easily be explained in the context of the language article, and the language article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Livonian grammar will not cause any problems as far as article size is concerned. Dylanvt (talk) 02:18, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

I added more information to the article, such merge is not needed Lammõz (talk) 19:30, 29 August 2020 (UTC)-Lammõz (talk)

Do not do that, it would be an idiotic idea. - 71.208.157.59 (talk) 14:22, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Closing, given the uncontested objections and no support. Klbrain (talk) 15:06, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

Thanks
thanks for the feedback who fixed my mistake for overrunning old text, i placed it in an area it should be in and reworded it Michael1678( (talk) 14:05, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Livonian language


text:
User talk:EMajorwitz

Giessen Golden Dragons

The Giessen Golden Dragons are a football team in Germany that play in the Landesliga Mitte.

History

The Giessen Golden Dragons were founded in 2001 by Thorsten Schliessner. A Men's team began play the following year.

title: User talk:EMajorwitz


text:
Solomon Winter

Solomon Winter, Hungarian philanthropist; born in the county of Zips, Hungary, in 1778; died at Hunsdorf, in the same county, February 24, 1859, after laboring for sixty years for the advancement of the Jewish race in his locality. The erection of the synagogue in Hunsdorf about 1820, and the construction of the school in 1840, were due to him; and he was a representative of the collective communities of the county in the Budapest congress of Jewish notables.

title: Solomon Winter


text: User talk:86.35.6.34

title: User talk:86.35.6.34


text:
Return to sender

Return to sender may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * "Return to Sender" (song), a 1962 Elvis Presley song
 * Return to Sender (1963 British film), a 1963 British film, part of the Edgar Wallace Mysteries
 * Sin Remitente (also known as 'Return to Sender' and 'Sender Unknown'), a 1995 Mexican drama film written and directed by Carlos Carrera
 * Return to Sender (2004 film), a 2004 film, starring Aidan Quinn, Connie Nielsen, Tim Daly and Kelly Preston
 * "Return to Sender" (Dexter), a 2006 episode of the television series Dexter
 * Return to Sender (2015 film), a 2015 film, starring Rosamund Pike, Shiloh Fernandez, and Nick Nolte
 * Return to Sender, a webcomic by Vera Brosgol

Other uses

 * "Return to sender", a phrase used when undeliverable mail is processed to be returned to the indicated return address
 * Operation Return to Sender, a 2006 sweep of illegal immigrants by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

title: Return to sender


text:
Solomon Aaron Wertheimer

Rabbi Solomon Aaron Wertheimer (November 18, 1866 – 1935), was a Hungarian rabbi, scholar, and seller of rare books.

Life
He was born in Bösing in 1866. In 1871 he went with his parents to Jerusalem, where he was educated. By 1890, he was residing in Cairo, Egypt, where he made a living as a rare bookseller and a collector and seller of Cairo Genizah documents. According to Arabist S.D. Goitein, he also published papers on them, but "in a somewhat unscientific way." For five years starting in 1893, he tried to sell the British Library Geniza documents for pennies on the dollar, but many were declined.

He is best known for his midrashic scholarship, his work is one of the two standard midrash compilations from the period (the other is Adolph Jellinek's Bet Ha-Midrasch).

He died in Jerusalem in 1935.

Publications

 * Ebel Mosheh (1885), sermon delivered on the death of Sir Moses Montefiore
 * Ḥiddushe Rabbi Nissim (1888)
 * Pirḳe Hekalot and Ẓawwa'at Naftali (1889)
 * Darke shel Torah (1891), guide to the theory of the Talmud and to the fundamental principles of the Halakah and Haggadah
 * Ḥatam Sofer (1891), Talmudic studies, with notes; Batte Midrashot (4 parts, 1893–97), a collection of short midrashim from manuscripts, with glosses, notes, and introduction
 * Ginze Yerushalayim (3 parts, 1896–1902), a collection of scientific, literary, and poetic treatises, from rare manuscripts, with notes and introduction
 * Midrash Ḥaserot wi-Yeterot (1898), from the Parma manuscript, collated with three Egyptian manuscripts
 * Leshon Ḥasidim (1898), notes and introduction to the Sefer Ḥasidim
 * Ḳohelet Shelomoh (1899), a collection of geonic responsa, with notes and introduction, and with Hebrew translations of the Arabic responsa
 *  'Abodat Ḥaleb (1902), a commentary on the Jewish prayers; and Leket Midrashim (1903).
 * פירוש נביאים וכתובים לרבינו ישעיהו הראשון מטראני, the first printed edition of Isaiah di Trani the Younger's commentary to Hebrew Bible (1956).

Today, his midrashim are normally printed in a combined two volume set edited by his grandson A. J. Wertheimer. Also entitled Batei Midrashot (Jerusalem: 1967), the work brings together midrashim from Batei Midrashot and Leket Midrash with notes and commentary.

title: Solomon Aaron Wertheimer


text: Category:Jim Crockett Promotions

title: Category:Jim Crockett Promotions


text:
Rincón (footballer, born 1987)

Carlos Eduardo de Castro Lourenço (born 31 May 1987), commonly known as Rincón, is a Brazilian footballer who is currently unemployed after most recently playing for KSV Roeselare in the Belgian First Division B as a defender.

Early career
From an early age, Rincón was tipped to be the natural successor to Brazilian and Milan defender Cafu. The young right back became known for his attacking flair and soon signed a pre-contract with Manchester United, where he was expected to progress at a quick rate. Rincón stayed in São Paulo and signed a three-year contract in June 2003. New FIFA rules, which came into effect in January 2004, prevented international transfers of players under-18, thus he was unable to obtain a work permit. Rincón never joined Manchester United and later left for Internazionale (via Empoli).

Italy
In the summer of 2006, Rincon moved to Italian Serie A side Empoli, like Maxwell, Rincon officially became Internazionale player at the mid of season as Empoli borrow the non-EU registration quota.

Rincón remained on loan for the rest of the 2006–07 season. He played two matches for Empoli in the Coppa Italia. In the 2007–08 season, he played in two UEFA Cup matches.

In summer 2008, he left for A.C. Ancona on loan, followed the next year by a loan move to Piacenza.

On the last day of the 2010 transfer window, Rincon joined Chievo in a co-ownership deal with Inter, but after only 6 months, he was loaned out to Serie B side, Grosseto.

France
On 18 August 2011, he signed a two-year contract with French Ligue 2 outfit Troyes AC.

title: Rincón (footballer, born 1987)


text:
Acoustic metric

In acoustics and fluid dynamics, an acoustic metric (also known as a sonic metric) is a metric that describes the signal-carrying properties of a given particulate medium.

(Generally, in mathematical physics, a metric describes the arrangement of relative distances within a surface or volume, usually measured by signals passing through the region – essentially describing the intrinsic geometry of the region.)

A simple fluid example
For simplicity, we will assume that the underlying background geometry is Euclidean, and that this space is filled with an isotropic inviscid fluid at zero temperature (e.g. a superfluid). This fluid is described by a density field ρ and a velocity field $$\vec{v}$$. The speed of sound at any given point depends upon the compressibility which in turn depends upon the density at that point. It requires much work to compress anything more into an already compacted space. This can be specified by the "speed of sound field" c. Now, the combination of both isotropy and Galilean covariance tells us that the permissible velocities of the sound waves at a given point x, $$\vec{u}$$ has to satisfy $$(\vec{u}-\vec{v}(x))^2=c(x)^2$$

This restriction can also arise if we imagine that sound is like "light" moving through a spacetime described by an effective metric tensor called the acoustic metric.

The acoustic metric is $$\mathbf{g}=g_{00}dt \otimes dt+2g_{0i}dx^i \otimes dt+g_{ij} dx^i \otimes dx^j$$

"Light" moving with a velocity of $$\vec{u}$$ (not the 4-velocity) has to satisfy $$g_{00}+2g_{0i}u^i+g_{ij}u^i u^j=0$$

If $$g=\alpha^2\begin{pmatrix}-(c^2-v^2)&-\vec{v}\\-\vec{v}&\mathbf{1}\end{pmatrix} ,$$ where α is some conformal factor which is yet to be determined (see Weyl rescaling), we get the desired velocity restriction. α may be some function of the density, for example.

Acoustic horizons
An acoustic metric can give rise to "acoustic horizons" (also known as "sonic horizons"), analogous to the event horizons in the spacetime metric of general relativity. However, unlike the spacetime metric, in which the invariant speed is the absolute upper limit on the propagation of all causal effects, the invariant speed in an acoustic metric is not the upper limit on propagation speeds. For example, the speed of sound is less than the speed of light. As a result, the horizons in acoustic metrics are not perfectly analogous to those associated with the spacetime metric. It is possible for certain physical effects to propagate back across an acoustic horizon. Such propagation is sometimes considered to be analogous to Hawking radiation, although the latter arises from quantum field effects in curved spacetime.

title: Acoustic metric


text:
Berthold Weisz

Berthold Weisz a Hungarian deputy; born at Budapest in 1845. He was educated at the gymnasium and commercial academy of his native city, devoting himself especially to the study of political economy. In 1876 he became a member of the arbitration committee of the Budapest exchange, and contributed much toward promoting Hungarian commerce and industry. He was one of the founders (1879) of the suburban railroad system of Budapest, and in the following year took part in the framing of the industrial code. Since 1883 he established the Hungarian preserve-factory and factories for brassware and cartridges in Budapest and Berlin, as well as textile manufactories in Waitzen, Banská Štiavnica, Kőszeg, and Ružomberok. He was the originator also of the Danubius Dockyards in Budapest. The national pension bureau for employees in mercantile houses and the central hypothecary department of the provincial savings-banks owed their existence chiefly to his efforts.

Since 1896 Weisz represented the district of Nagyajta in the Hungarian Parliament, and in 1903 he received the title of court councilor.

title: Berthold Weisz


text:
Neal X

Neal X (born Neal Whitmore) is the former guitarist with the British band Sigue Sigue Sputnik. They had a No. 3 UK hit single with "Love Missile F1-11" in 1986. He has also worked as a sideman for Adam Ant and Marc Almond. Whitmore founded the Montecristos who released their debut album Born to Rock 'N' Roll in 2015. He is a member of the band The Loveless, alongside Marc Almond, Iggy Pop's rhythm section Ben Ellis and Mat Hector, and James Beaumont.

title: Neal X


text:
26-bit computing

In computer architecture, 26-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 26 bits wide, and thus can represent unsigned values up to 67,108,863. Two examples of computer processors that featured 26-bit memory addressing are certain second generation IBM System/370 mainframe computer models introduced in 1981 (and several subsequent models), which had 26-bit physical addresses but had only the same 24-bit virtual addresses as earlier models, and the first generations of ARM processors.

IBM System/370
As data processing needs continued to grow, IBM and their customers faced challenges directly addressing larger memory sizes. In what ended up being a short-term "emergency" solution, a pair of IBM's second wave of System/370 models, the 3033 and 3081, introduced 26-bit real memory addressing, increasing the System/370's amount of physical memory that could be attached by a factor of 4 from the previous 24-bit limit of 16 MB. IBM referred to 26-bit addressing as "extended real addressing," and some subsequent models also included 26-bit support. However, only 2 years later, IBM introduced 31-bit memory addressing, expanding both physical and virtual addresses to 31 bits, with its System/370-XA models, and even the popular 3081 was upgradeable to XA standard.

Given 26-bit's brief history as the state-of-the-art in memory addressing available in IBM's model range, and given that virtual addresses were still limited to 24 bits, software exploitation of 26-bit mode was limited. The few customers that exploited 26-bit mode eventually adjusted their applications to support 31-bit addressing, and IBM dropped support for 26-bit mode after several years producing models supporting 24-bit, 26-bit, and 31-bit modes. The 26-bit mode is the only addressing mode that IBM removed from its line of mainframe computers descended from the System/360. All the other addressing modes, including now 64-bit mode, are supported in current model mainframes.

Early ARM processors
In the ARM processor architecture, 26-bit refers to the design used in the original ARM processors where the Program Counter (PC) and Processor Status Register (PSR) were combined into one 32-bit register (R15), the status flags filling the high 6 bits and the Program Counter taking up the lower 26 bits.

In fact, because the program counter is always word-aligned the lowest two bits are always zero which allowed the designers to reuse these two bits to hold the processor's mode bits too. The four modes allowed were USR26, SVC26, IRQ26, FIQ26; contrast this with the 32 possible modes available when the program status was separated from the program counter in more recent ARM architectures.

This design enabled more efficient program execution, as the Program Counter and status flags could be saved and restored with a single operation. This resulted in faster subroutine calls and interrupt response than traditional designs, which would have to do two register loads or saves when calling or returning from a subroutine.

Despite having a 32-bit ALU and word-length, processors based on ARM architecture version 1 and 2 had only a 26-bit PC and address bus, and were consequently limited to 64 MiB of addressable memory. This was still a vast amount of memory at the time, but because of this limitation, architectures since have included various steps away from the original 26-bit design.

The ARM architecture version 3 introduced a 32-bit PC and separate PSR, as well as a 32-bit address bus, allowing 4 GiB of memory to be addressed. The change in the PC/PSR layout caused incompatibility with code written for previous architectures, so the processor also included a 26-bit compatibility mode which used the old PC/PSR combination. The processor could still address 4 GB in this mode, but could not execute anything above address 0x3FFFFFC (64 MB). This mode was used by RISC OS running on the Acorn Risc PC to utilise the new processors while retaining compatibility with existing software.

ARM architecture version 4 made the support of the 26-bit addressing modes optional, and ARM architecture version 5 onwards has removed them entirely.

title: 26-bit computing


text:
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was an infantry regiment of the British Army. Raised in 1674 as one of three 'English' units in the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade, it accompanied William III to England in the November 1688 Glorious Revolution and became part of the English establishment in 1689.

In 1751, it became the 5th Regiment of Foot, with the regional title 'Northumberland' added in 1782; in 1836, it was designated a Fusilier unit and became the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot.

After the 1881 Childers Reforms, it adopted the title Northumberland Fusiliers, then Royal Northumberland Fusiliers on 3 June 1935. In 1968, it was amalgamated with the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and Lancashire Fusiliers to form the present Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.

Formation to end of 17th century
Although briefly designated as 'Irish' when raised in January 1675, the regiment was listed as one of three 'English' units in the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade, a mercenary formation whose origins went back to 1586. During the 1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War, it took part in the unsuccessful Siege of Maastricht and the battles of Cassel and Saint-Denis. It accompanied William III to England in the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, before transferring onto the English establishment in 1689.

Like most regiments, until 1751, when it was designated the 5th Regiment of Foot, it was named after the current colonel. Founded by Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare, it began life as Viscount Clare's Regiment, then Sir John Fenwick's, followed by Patrick Westley in 1676. When transferred onto the English establishment, it was commanded by Thomas Tollemache who was replaced in May 1689 by Edward Lloyd.

Posted to Ireland for the 1689-1691 Williamite War, it fought at the Battle of the Boyne, the Second Siege of Athlone and the 1691 Siege of Limerick. Following the October 1691 Treaty of Limerick, it was sent to Flanders for the duration on the Nine Years War. Lloyd died in 1694 and replaced as Colonel by Thomas Fairfax; during the 1695 Siege of Namur, it formed part of Vaudémont's screening force. When the war ended with the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, it avoided disbandment by being made part of the Irish garrison.

The 18th century
The regiment remained in Ireland for the first part of the War of the Spanish Succession, before being sent to Portugal in 1707 as part of the army under the Earl of Galway. Its first serious action was the May 1709 Battle of La Gudina; a disastrous defeat, where the Allies lost over 4,000 prisoners, the regiment took part in a rearguard action that enabled the rest of the army to withdraw.

This ended offensive operations and when the war ended in 1713, the regiment was posted to Gibraltar, where it spent the next 15 years. It was part of the garrison during the 1727 Anglo-Spanish War, when the Spanish besieged Gibraltar for over four months. On 1 July 1751, a royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their "number or rank" and it became the 5th Regiment of Foot.

During the Seven Years' War, it was engaged in the 1758 Raid on Cherbourg, the 1760 Battle of Warburg and Kirch Denkern in 1761, where they captured an entire French regiment. It also took part in the 1762 Battle of Wilhelmsthal, before returning to Ireland after the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Due to the increasing tensions that later resulted in the American Revolutionary War, the regiment was shipped to Boston, Massachusetts in May 1774. Elements of the unit were involved in the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 and the Battle of Bunker Hill in June.

After being evacuated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1776 the 5th took part in the expedition to New York, including the battles of Long Island and White Plains, and capture of Fort Washington and Fort Lee, New Jersey. They subsequently joined Howe's 1777 campaign against Philadelphia; at Brandywine Creek, they broke the Continental Army's centre and captured five cannon. Despite this success, in 1778 the British army withdrew and the regiment was involved in fighting at Monmouth Court House. In November 1778, they left New York for last time and were transported to the French West Indies, where on 13 December 1778, they landed on Saint Lucia. The 5th was engaged with a small force of French and captured a four-cannon battery. On 18 December 1778, a force of 9,000 French troops landed on St. Lucia. The small British force of 1,400 men occupied a hill located on the neck of a peninsula. The French were fairly raw soldiers trained to fight in the classic European style of linear battles. The French advanced on the British force several times. The British, veterans of colonial fighting, inflicted a stinging defeat on the French. The French lost 400 killed and 1100 wounded to the British losses of ten killed and 130 wounded, which included two officers from the 5th Foot.

After two years in the West Indies, the 5th Foot was sent to Ireland in December 1780. They were still in Ireland when hostilities between Great Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and the former Colonies officially ended in 1783.

On 1 August 1782, all those regiments of the line that did not have a special title were given a county designation. The primary purpose was to improve recruiting, but no links were actually formed with the counties after which the regiments were named. The 5th became the "5th (Northumberland) Regiment of Foot": the county being chosen as a compliment to the colonel, Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland.

19th century
The regiment embarked for Portugal in July 1808 for service in the Peninsular War. The regiment fought in the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in August 1808, the Battle of Corunna in January 1809 and the Battle of Bussaco in September 1810. It earned the nicknames the "Old and Bold", "The Fighting Fifth" and also "Lord Wellington's Bodyguard". It formed part of a small force which beat off an overwhelming body of the enemy at El Boden in 1811, a performance which Wellington notified to the Army as a memorable example of what can be done by steadiness, discipline, and confidence. The regiment was in the 3rd Division, 2nd Brigade under command of Major General Charles Colville, consisting of the 1st/5th Regiment of Foot, 2nd/83rd Regiment of Foot, 2nd/87th Regiment of Foot and the 94th Regiment of Foot.

The regiment went on to fight at the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812, the Battle of Badajoz in April 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 as well as the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813, the Battle of Orthez in February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814.

The 1st Battalion served on the Canadian frontier in 1814, during the War of 1812. It then returned to Europe but arrived too late to take part in the battle of Waterloo, though it did serve in the army of occupation in France.

On 4 May 1836, the 5th became a fusilier regiment and was redesignated as the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot: The King has been pleased to command, that the 5th, or Northumberland, Regiment of Foot shall in future be equipped as a Fusilier Regiment, and be styled the 5th Regiment of Foot, or Northumberland Fusiliers.

The regiment, which was increased to two battalions in 1857, saw active service in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1880.

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Fenham Barracks in Newcastle upon Tyne from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. At the same time the existing militia and rifle volunteer units of the district became battalions of the regiment. Accordingly, on 1 July 1881 the Northumberland Fusiliers was formed as the county regiment of Northumberland, (including the Counties of the towns of Newcastle upon Tyne and Berwick-upon-Tweed) with the following battalions:

Regular battalions Militia battalion Volunteer battalions
 * 1st Battalion (formerly 1st Battalion, 5th Foot)
 * 2nd Battalion (formerly 2nd Battalion, 5th Foot)
 * 3rd (Militia) Battalion (formerly Northumberland Light Infantry Militia)
 * 1st Northumberland (Northumberland and Berwick-on-Tweed) Rifle Volunteer Corps: renamed as 1st Volunteer Battalion in 1883
 * 2nd Northumberland Rifle Volunteer Corps: renamed as 2nd Volunteer Battalion in 1883
 * 1st Newcastle upon Tyne Rifle Volunteer Corps: renamed as 3rd Volunteer Battalion in 1883

The Second Boer War
The 1st Battalion formed part of the 9th Brigade together with the 2nd Northamptonshire Regiment, 2nd Yorkshire Light Infantry, and part of the 1st Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. While the 2nd Battalion sailed as corps troops, and was then brigaded with the 1st Royal Scots, and 1st Sherwood Foresters, under General Sir William Gatacre. The battalions fought in the following battles: Battle of Belmont, Battle of Graspan, Battle of Modder River, Battle of Magersfontein, Battle of Stormberg, Battle of Reddersberg, Battle of Sanna's Post and the Battle of Nooitgedacht.

Reorganisations 1900–1908
With the continuation of the war in South Africa, a number of regiments containing large centres of population formed additional regular battalions. The Northumberland Fusiliers formed 3rd and 4th regular Battalions in February 1900, when the militia battalion was relabeled as the 5th battalion. The 3rd was stationed in South Africa, and in 1902 some of the men were in Antigua to guard the Boer prisoners of war placed there. The 4th formed part of the garrison in Ireland. Both were disbanded in 1907.

The 5th (militia) battalion (known as the 3rd battalion until February 1900) was embodied in December 1899, and from February 1900 to July 1901 was stationed at Malta.

In 1908 a reorganisation of reserve forces was carried out under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907. The militia were transferred to a new "Special Reserve" while the Volunteer Force was reorganised to become the Territorial Force. The "Volunteer Battalion" designation was discarded, and territorial battalions were numbered on after those of the regular army and special reserve. The new organisation was thus:
 * 1st Battalion
 * 2nd Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve)
 * 4th Battalion (T.F.) (HQ at Hencotes in Hexham, from bulk of 1st Volunteer Battalion)
 * 5th Battalion (T.F.) (HQ at Church Street in Walker (since demolished), redesignation of 2nd Volunteer Battalion)
 * 6th (City) Battalion (T.F.) (HQ at Northumberland Road in Newcastle, redesignation of 3rd Volunteer Battalion)
 * 7th Battalion (T.F.) (HQ at Fenkle Street in Alnwick, from part of 1st Volunteer Battalion)
 * 8th (Cyclist) Battalion (HQ at Hutton Terrace in Newcastle, formed 1908, redesignated Northern Cyclist Battalion in 1910 and transferred to the Army Cyclist Corps in 1915)

First World War
During the First World War, the Northumberland Fusiliers expanded to 52 battalions and 29 of them served overseas. It was the second largest infantry regiment of the British Army during the war, surpassed only by the 88 battalions of the London Regiment.

The increase in strength was done partly by forming duplicates of existing T.F. battalions, and partly by the creation of new "Service" battalions. An example of the first instance was the 4th Battalion which was renumbered as the 1/4th in August 1914 on forming a duplicate 2/4th Battalion. A 3/4th Battalion followed in June 1915.

Among the Service Battalions were the Tyneside Scottish (20th - 23rd Battalions) and the Tyneside Irish (24th - 27th Battalions), while the 17th (Service) Battalion was formed by staff of the North Eastern Railway, and was involved in railway construction.

They earned 67 battle honours and won five Victoria Crosses, but at the cost of over 16,000 dead. The battalions mostly saw action on the Western Front, but also in Macedonia, Gallipoli, Egypt and Italy.

In June 1935 George V celebrated his silver jubilee. This opportunity was taken of granting royal status to four regiments, principally in recognition of their service in the previous war. ''On the occasion of His Majesty's Birthday and in commemoration of the completion of the twenty-fifth year of his reign, the King has been graciously pleased... to approve that the following regiments shall in future enjoy the distinction "Royal" and shall henceforth be designated:—''
 * 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards
 * The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)
 * The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
 * The Royal Norfolk Regiment

In 1936, the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was one of four line infantry regiments selected for conversion to specialised Divisional (Machine Gun) or Divisional (Support) Battalions. The other regiments selected were the Cheshire Regiment, the Manchester Regiment and the Middlesex Regiment.

Second World War
The regiment expanded to ten battalions during the Second World War. Although most of them served as divisional machine gun or support battalions, some of them formed motorcycle, searchlight, tank, reconnaissance, ordinary infantry and even deception units. They saw action with the BEF in North-West Europe in 1940 and the 21st Army Group in 1944–45, North Africa 1940–43, Italy 1943–45, the fall of Singapore and the defence of the United Kingdom.

Korean War
The 1st Battalion was attached to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade, which had been sent to Korea to reinforce the Allied effort there. When it arrived in Korea in December 1950, the Brigade comprised:
 * 1st Battalion, the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
 * 1st Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, the Royal Ulster Rifles
 * 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
 * C Squadron, 7th Royal Tank Regiment, with specialised armour
 * 45 Field Regiment RA
 * 11 LAA Battery RA
 * 170 Mortar Battery RA
 * plus supporting units.

In April 1951 the battalion was involved in the Battle of the Imjin River, as the brigade stood in the path of the Chinese Spring Offensive. In July 1951, it was re-organized as 29th British Infantry Brigade and absorbed into the 1st Commonwealth Division.

Regimental museum
The Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland is based in Alnwick Castle.

Badges and dress distinctions
The 5th Regiment of Foot was one of the 'Six Old Corps' entitled to use their 'ancient badge' (St George killing the Dragon) on Regimental Colours, drums and other devices rather than the typical GR cipher as used by normal Regiments of the Line, a distinction first officially recorded in 1747.

In the centre of their colours was an image of St. George killing the dragon, this being their ancient badge, and in the three corners of their second colour, the rose and crown.

The regiment wore a distinctively-coloured hackle or plume on the fusilier cap and later on the beret. The hackle was red over white, and was authorised in June 1829. This replaced the white feather plume the regiment had adopted following the Battle of St Lucia in 1778, supposedly taken from the headgear of fallen French troops. The 5th Foot was the only line regiment, since the introduction of the shako in 1800, to wear the white plume (other regiments having white over red) although the right to wear it was only officially granted in 1824. In 1829 a new model of shako was introduced and all infantry regiments were to wear a white plume, with the 5th Foot given a unique plume of red over white. This became a red over white 'ball tuft' in 1835 and later became a hackle in the same colours.

Victoria Cross
The following members of the regiment were recipients of the Victoria Cross.
 * James Bulmer Johnson
 * Patrick McHale
 * Peter McManus
 * Ernest Sykes
 * Thomas Bryan
 * Robert Henry Cain (Attached Staffordshire Regiment)
 * James Joseph Bernard Jackman
 * Wilfred Wood
 * John Scott Youll

George Cross
Only one member of the regiment was the recipient of the George Cross:
 * Derek Godfrey Kinne

Amalgamation
On 23 April 1968, following the publication of the following notice in the London Gazette:

"By virtue of the provisions of the Royal Warrant dated 5th April, 1968 (published in Army Order 18 of 1968) all officers of the Land Forces belonging to The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (5th), The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers (6th), The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (7th), and The Lancashire Fusiliers (20th) are transferred to the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers with effect from 23rd April, 1968."

The regiment was amalgamated into the new Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.

Battle honours
Early wars By 1881 the 5th foot had been awarded the following battle honours:

Second Boer War The regiment received two battle honours for the conflict: "Modder River" and "South Africa, 1899–1902".

First World War The regiment was awarded the following 67 battle honours:

 * Mons
 * Le Cateau
 * Retreat from Mons
 * Marne 1914
 * Aisne 1914 '18
 * La Bassée 1914
 * Messines 1914 '17 '18
 * Armentières 1914
 * Ypres 1914 '15 '17 '18
 * Nonne Bosschen
 * Gravenstafel
 * St. Julien
 * Frezenburg
 * Bellewaarde
 * Loos
 * Somme 1916 '18
 * Albert 1916 '18

 * Bazentin
 * Delville Wood
 * Pozières
 * Flers-Courcelette
 * Morval
 * Thiepval
 * Le Transloy
 * Ancre Heights
 * Ancre 1916
 * Arras 1917 '18
 * Scarpe 1917 '18
 * Arleux
 * Pilckem
 * Langemarck 1917
 * Menin Road
 * Polygon Wood
 * Broodseinde

 * Passchendaele
 * Cambrai 1917 '18
 * St. Quentin
 * Bapaume 1918
 * Rosieres
 * Lys
 * Estaires
 * Hazebrouck
 * Bailleuil
 * Kemmel
 * Béthune
 * Scherpenberg
 * Drocourt Quéant
 * Hindenburg Line
 * Epéhy
 * Canal du Nord
 * St. Quentin Canal

 * Beaurevoir
 * Courtrai
 * Selle
 * Valenciennes
 * Sambre
 * France and Flanders 1914–18
 * Piave
 * Vittorio Veneto
 * Italy 1917–18
 * Struma
 * Macedonia 1915–18
 * Suvla
 * Landing at Suvla
 * Scimitar Hill
 * Gallipoli 1915
 * Egypt 1916–17

Those shown in bold print were selected to be borne on the king's colours.

Second World War They were awarded twenty-nine battle honours:

 * Defence of Escaut
 * Arras Counter Attack
 * St. Omer-La Bassée
 * Dunkirk 1940
 * Odon
 * Caen
 * Cagny

 * Falaise
 * Nederrijn
 * Rhineland
 * North-West Europe 1940 '44-45
 * Sidi Barrani
 * Defence of Tobruk
 * Tobruk 1941

 * Belhamed
 * Cauldron
 * Ruweisat Ridge
 * El Alamein
 * Advance on Tripoli
 * Medenine
 * North Africa 1940-43

 * Salerno
 * Volturno Crossing
 * Monte Camino
 * Garigliano Crossing
 * Cassino II
 * Italy 1943-45
 * Singapore Island

Those shown in bold print were selected to be borne on the king's colours.

Korean War In August 1958, the Regiment was awarded the following battle honours: Those shown in bold print were selected to be borne on the regimental colours.
 * Imjin
 * Seoul
 * Kowang-San
 * Korea 1950-51.

Colonels —with early names for the regiment
Colonels have included:

Named after Colonel
English regiment of the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade English establishment
 * 1674 Colonel Daniel, Viscount Clare
 * 1675 Major-General Sir John Fenwick; resigned after quarrelling with William
 * 1676 Colonel Henry Wisely; drowned at sea
 * 1680 Colonel Thomas Monck; died 1687
 * 1687 Lieutenant-General Thomas Tollemache
 * 1688 Lieutenant-General Thomas Tollemache; transferred to Coldstream Guards, May 1689
 * 1689 Colonel Edward Lloyd
 * 1690 Major-General Thomas Fairfax
 * 1704 Lieutenant-General Thomas Pearce
 * 1732 Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope KB
 * 1737 Lieutenant-General Alexander Irwine —Irvine's or Irwin's or Irwine's Foot

5th Regiment of Foot

 * 1752 Colonel Charles Whitefoord
 * 1754 Major-General Lord George Bentinck
 * 1759 Field Marshal Studholme Hodgson
 * 1768 General Hugh, Earl Percy KG

5th (Northumberland) Regiment of Foot

 * 1784 Lieutenant-General Hon. Edward Stopford —Stopford's Foot
 * 1794 Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke GCB —Clarke's Foot
 * 1801 Lieutenant-General Richard England —England's Foot
 * 1812 Lieutenant-General William Wynyard —Wynyard's Foot
 * 1819 General Sir Henry Johnson GCB —Johnson's Foot

5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot

 * 1835 General Sir Charles Colville GCB GCH
 * 1843 Lieutenant-General Sir Jasper Nicolls KCB
 * 1849 General Sir John Grey KCB
 * 1856 Lieutenant-General William Lovelace Walton
 * 1865 Major-General William Longworth Dames
 * 1868 Major-General Edward Rowley Hill

Northumberland Fusiliers

 * 1878 General William Lygon Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford
 * 1887 General Joseph Henry Laye
 * 1895 Lieutenant-General Frederick Arthur Willis
 * 1899 Lieutenant-General Sir George Bryan Milman
 * 1915 Major-General Sir Percival Spearman Wilkinson

Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

 * 1935 Major-General William Norman Herbert
 * 1947 Major-General Harold de Riemer Morgan
 * 1953 Field Marshal Sir Francis Wogan Festing
 * 1965 Major-General Roger Ellis Tudor St John

In popular culture
In the beginning of the Sherlock Holmes story A Study in Scarlet, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle states that Dr. John Watson served with the 5th Northumberland Fusiliers as an assistant surgeon.

title: Royal Northumberland Fusiliers


text:
Max Weiss

Miksa (Max) Weisz (21 July 1857 – 14 March 1927) was an Austrian chess player born in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Weiss was born in Sereď. Moving to Vienna, he studied mathematics and physics at the university, and later taught those subjects. Weiss learned to play chess at age 12, and his strength increased steadily throughout the 1880s.

 * 1880, Graz, tied with Adolf Schwarz and Johannes von Minckwitz for first prize.
 * 1882, Vienna, tenth, won two games from Johann Zukertort, and drew with Wilhelm Steinitz.
 * 1883, Nuremberg, tenth.
 * 1885, Hamburg, tied with Berthold Englisch and Siegbert Tarrasch for second prize.
 * 1887, Frankfort-on-the-Main, divided second and third prizes with Joseph Henry Blackburne.
 * 1888, Bradford, tied with Blackburne for sixth prize.
 * 1889, New York, (the sixth American Chess Congress), scored +24−4=10 to tie with Mikhail Chigorin for first prize, ahead of Isidor Gunsberg and Blackburne.
 * 1889, Breslau, third prize.
 * 1890, Vienna, first prize, ahead of Johann Bauer and Englisch.

The New York 1889 tournament was organized to find a challenger for the World Chess Championship, but neither Chigorin (who had already lost a championship match) nor Weiss pursued a title match with Steinitz. In fact, having become one of the top players in the world, Weiss quit international chess after this tournament, though he did play a few Viennese events. In 1895 he defeated Georg Marco in a match, +5 −1 =1, and he tied for first in the 1895–6 winter tournament with Carl Schlechter. Around this time, Weiss began working to create a Viennese school of chess players.

In 1905 Weiss was employed by S M von Rothschild bank in Vienna. His chess writings, Schach-Meistersteich (Mühlhausen 1918), Kleines Schachlehrbuch (Mühlhausen 1920), and the earlier problem collection Caissa Bambergensis (Bamberg 1902), are little remembered today. In 1927 Weiss died in Vienna, Austria.

title: Max Weiss


text: User talk:80.92.193.170

title: User talk:80.92.193.170


text:
Global Cloud Xchange

Global Cloud Xchange (GCX) is a company which provides network services for enterprises, new media providers and telecoms carriers. In September 2022, it was acquired by 3i Infrastructure for $512 million.

Overview
GCX has principal offices in London, Hong Kong, and Mumbai, and additional offices in Australia, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

GCX Limited was a subsidiary of RCOM, which is listed in India on the BSE Limited and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited and is one of India's largest telecommunications service companies providing wireless, wire line, long-distance, voice, data, video and Internet communications services. RCOM is part of the Reliance Group, one of India's largest business groups which has a significant presence in the telecommunications, financial services, entertainment, energy and infrastructure sectors.

History
Global Cloud Xchange was formed as part of the rebranding of certain businesses of RGBV, which includes FLAG Telecom Group Limited ("FLAG"), Reliance Vanco Group Limited ("Vanco") and Yipes Holdings, Inc. ("Yipes").

In 2003, the Reliance Group was acquired. In 2008, renamed FLAG as Reliance Globalcom Limited ("RGL"). RGL owns and operates various undersea and terrestrial fiber assets around the world, including the FEA cable system linking Europe to Asia via the Middle East and India. Before being acquired by Reliance Group, FLAG was listed on the NASDAQ National Market and London Stock Exchange. FLAG was first established in 1993 by a group of telecommunications companies led by Bell Atlantic.

In 2007, RGL acquired Yipes through one of RGL's wholly owned subsidiaries. Yipes is a US-based Ethernet Service provider which provides Ethernet and application delivery services for global enterprises. Established in 1999, Yipes has pioneered the Ethernet technology in metropolitan area networks.

In 2008, RGL acquired Vanco through one of its wholly owned subsidiaries. Vanco is a global Wide Area Network Operator. Vanco provides enterprise clients, directly or through partners, with optimized fully managed network solutions. Vanco was established in 1988 and its original parent company, Vanco plc, was listed on the London Stock Exchange before it was acquired by RGL.

In 2011, Reliance Globalcom set up world's first global Mediterranean gateway and hub in Europe set up with Hawk cable system.

In April 2013, Reliance Globalcom integrated Hawk cable system with Reliance Global Network. Later in December, it upgraded Trans-Atlantic cable with 100G technology.

In March 2014, RGL rebranded as Global Cloud Xchange (GCX) under the leadership of CEO, Bill Barney, to align with the company's strategic plan to deliver an integrated portfolio of infrastructure, data center and managed network services with cloud capabilities, especially across key emerging markets in Asia and the Middle East.

In March and June 2014, GCX announced plans for new subsea cables between Tokyo and California and between Mumbai and Singapore  respectively, to bridge important gap and meet soaring bandwidth demands of new cloud-based applications and services.

In July 2014, GCX announced successful debut in the Global Capital Market by raising US$350M fixed rate notes maturing in 2019. The deal received an overwhelming response from the market, and was significantly oversubscribed.

In October and December 2014, GCX launched transformational Cloud X platform in Hong Kong and London. This new high performance enterprise-class platform delivers applications and content across the company's privately owned global fiber optic network.

In March 2015, Reliance Communications (RCOM), the parent company of GCX, expanded the role of Bill Barney, CEO of Global Cloud Xchange (GCX), to also oversee RCOM's Enterprise, IDC and National Long Distance (NLD) operations in India, while continuing as chairman and CEO of GCX.

In 2015, GCX launched Cloud X Fusion,  providing low latency connectivity across developed and emerging markets in the US, Europe, Middle East and Asia, which gives enterprises security, reliability and predictability.

In July 2015, Reliance Communications (RCOM) expanded its next generation content and cloud delivery network – part of its subsidiary Global Cloud Xchange – to five additional cities in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad as part of a wider strategy to support future growth in the country. These Cloud Xchange nodes can help government departments access 240 times the amount of compute power currently available in government data centers, and over six times the high speed storage currently available in India.

In August 2015, Reliance Communications' Global Cloud Xchange to expand Singapore-India connectivity, a major step forward to deliver next generation connectivity services to support the digital transformation and economic growth of India.

In February 2016, Global Cloud Xchange (GCX) announced the launch of Cloud X in Sydney,  enabling customers across Australia to have on-net access to public Cloud platforms such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, Softlayer, Google, Rackspace, VMWare and more than 20 others worldwide, as well as software services like Microsoft Office 365 and Google Apps for Work.

In May 2016, Global Cloud Xchange was named Best Managed Services Provider at the Telecom Asia Awards held in conjunction with the annual Telco Strategies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

In April 2017, Global Cloud Xchange partnered with Alibaba group's Alibaba Cloud Express to drive new business opportunities in enterprise segment.

In June 2017, Global Cloud Xchange partnered with Aegis Data, vScaler. GCX enables direct access to vScaler's Cloud Services platform via GCX's CLOUD X Fusion, delivering Next Generation application-specific Cloud Services to consumers and enterprises over the GCX Global Network.

In June 2017, Global Cloud Xchange won two Datacloud Awards. "Excellence in Connectivity for Data Centers" and "Excellence in Cloud Services" at the Datacloud Europe 2017 conference.

Also in June 2017, Global Cloud Xchange partnered with Sovereign to offer global connectivity to business enterprise customers.

In September 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy protection in a US court when it failed to pay $350 million of 7% bonds that matured in the beginning of August, 2019.

In February 2020, Global Cloud Xchange renewed multi-year contract with Autoneum, to enhance Autoneum's Internet infrastructure with enhanced connectivity to 55 production locations across 25 countries in Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Asia.

In March 2020, Global Cloud Xchange and Sparkle, announced the extension of their partnership by adding new spectrum capacity over the Flag Atlantic (FA-1) transatlantic system connecting Paris and London to New York.

Global Cloud Xchange Announces Majority Emergence from Bankruptcy

GCX announces the appointment of Carl Grivner to the company's Board of Directors

SGS Extends Network Connectivity Agreement with Managed SD-WAN from Global Cloud Xchange

GCX appoints new Chief Financial Officer, Anja Blumert

GCX announces an addition to the company's board of directors; Brian Fitzpatrick

Carl Grivner appointed chief executive officer of GCX

GCX announces the appointment of Rahul N. Merchant to its board of directors

In May 2021, GCX announced key findings from a Pioneer Consulting report evaluating the service life of its global subsea asset. The evaluation concluded at least five more years on GCX's oldest operating systems, plus longer life at increased capacity available for the foreseeable future.

In July 2021, GCX reported Free Cash Flow of $24.9 million, representing a $82.7 million improvement year-on-year, enabling the business to paydown nearly $10.5 million in debt. The combination of strong cash flow and deleveraging the business allows GCX to continue reinvesting toward future growth.

Global Network
The principal elements of the Global Cloud Xchange Global Network include five subsea cable systems operating on major global data traffic routes: the Trans-Atlantic route, the Europe-Asia route, the Europe-Middle East and Egypt route and the Intra-Asia route.

As of 30 June 2014, these cable systems had a total length of 68,698 route kilometres ("rkm") and landed at 46 landing stations in 27 countries. GCX has launched India Cloud Xchange (ICX) through capacity acquired on the TIC cable to boost its connectivity between India and Singapore.

GCX has owned as well as leased terrestrial networks with a total length of 83,432 rkm integrated within the subsea cable system. These are present in over 34 metropolitan areas across 14 countries covering major business centres. GCX also has a scalable global IP and multi-protocol label switching ("MPLS") network provided over 27 diverse owned and leased international subsea and terrestrial cable routes, with 836 direct inter-connections to 342 third party networks.

GCX's managed network services platform connects approximately 27,000 sites in 158 countries through a combination of leased and owned infrastructure offered through a dedicated secure IP network. Two GNOCs in Denver and Mumbai act as the global network operational centres of the GCX Global Network, the functions of which include 24-hour monitoring, network operations, restoration coordination and technical support.

Leadership
Senior Leadership

 * Carl Grivner: Chief Executive Officer
 * Anja Blumert: Chief Financial Officer
 * Jim Fagan: Chief Strategy and Revenue Officer
 * Jocelyn Cho: General Counsel
 * Brad Kneller: Head of Submarine Operations
 * M U Khan: Head of Human Resources
 * Stefano Mazzitelli: President of Europe and USA
 * Vineet Verma: President of Middle East and Africa

title: Global Cloud Xchange