text:
Charles A. Platt

 Charles Adams Platt (October 16, 1861 – September 12, 1933) was an American architect, garden designer, and artist of the "American Renaissance" movement. His garden designs complemented his domestic architecture.

Painting and etching
Platt was born in New York City, the son of Mary Elizabeth (Cheney) and John Henry Platt. Platt trained as a landscape painter, and as an etcher with Stephen Parrish in Gloucester, Massachusetts, in 1880. He attended the National Academy of Design and the Art Students League in New York, and later, the Académie Julian in Paris, with Gustave Boulanger and Jules Joseph Lefebvre. At the Paris Salon of 1885, he exhibited his paintings and etchings and gained his first audience. In the decade 1880–1890, he made hundreds of etchings of architecture and landscapes. He received a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900.

Gardens
A trip to Italy in 1892 in the company of his brother to photograph extant Renaissance gardens and villas led to a marked development in Platt's aesthetic approach. He published many of these images in his influential book Italian Gardens (Harper & Brothers, 1894), the outcome of two articles published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in the summer of 1893. The volume was strong on the surviving gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque and made no attempt to describe their history or their designers. As well, the influences of Reginald Blomfield's The Formal Garden in England (1892) and gardens by Gertrude Jekyll illustrated in Country Life further refined Platt's style. (Platt was unaware of the first history of Italian gardens, W.P. Tuckermann's thorough Die Gartenkunst der italienischen Renaissance-Zeit, Berlin 1884.) The impact of Platt, and of Edith Wharton's Italian Villas and Their Gardens (1904), can be seen in the shift among stylish Americans from country houses set in lawns with shaped beds of annuals, swept drives and clumps of trees typical of 1885 to houses in settings of gravel-lined forecourts, planted terracing, formal stairs and water features, herbaceous borders and pergolas typical of the early 20th century.

Platt was a member of the group that gravitated to the Cornish Art Colony, which formed around Augustus Saint-Gaudens in Cornish, New Hampshire. His own garden in Cornish, made between 1892 and 1912, exemplifies a new style, essentially an Arts and Crafts setting for Beaux-Arts Neo-Georgian and Colonial Revival architecture.

Architecture and clients
Platt designed a grand country estate for Edith Rockefeller McCormick at "Villa Turicum" in Lake Forest, Illinois (1912, demolished).

In 1907, he designed a townhouse for Sara Delano Roosevelt on East 65th Street in New York, now a historic landmark, the Sara Delano Roosevelt Memorial House. Eleanor Roosevelt called Platt "an architect of great taste" who with the townhouse had "made the most of every inch of space." The building currently houses the Roosevelt House Public Policy Institute at Hunter College.

In 1912, he designed "The Causeway", Washington DC, a Neo-Georgian house in an extensive wooded landscape setting. He also designed a house in 1912 in Roslyn, New York for George R. Dyer.

Platt also designed a large manor house and grounds, built in 1915 in the City of Little Falls, New York, (extant, in private ownership) for Mr. J. Judson Gilbert, owner of the Gilbert Knitting Company and several other then-prosperous factories in the Mohawk Valley region of Upstate New York.

The MIT Endicott House in Dedham, Massachusetts, is another Platt-designed mansion built for H. Wendell Endicott in 1934, in use today as a conference center for Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Beginning in 1906, Platt had begun to receive numerous commissions from the estate of Vincent Astor. Platt turned to professional help in surveying large-scale projects from the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted. He also received detailed planting plans to fill his borders from Ellen Biddle Shipman, whom he had come to know through her gardening at Cornish, and whom he had instructed in presentation drawings by a draftsman from his own office, then sent to Grosse Pointe, Michigan to plant one of his designs.

His more visible public commissions include the Italianate palazzo he designed for the Smithsonian Institution's Freer Gallery of Art (1918) in Washington, D.C., and the campuses of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (1922 and 1927), Connecticut College, Deerfield Academy, and Phillips Academy Andover, where he designed the chapel and library and their settings. He fulfilled the University of Illinois's 1920s building program by designing 11 buildings, for many purposes, all in a Georgian style, with red brick, white wood and limestone trim, round and arched windows, and prominent gables, dormers, and chimneys. These included several buildings (1924–31) combining classrooms and offices, a dormitory, gymnasiums, plus such landmarks as the Main Library, McKinley Hospital, and the President's House.

His Italian Renaissance-styled Russell A. Alger House, at 32 Lakeshore Drive, now serves as the Grosse Pointe War Memorial. Platt also designed the Lyme Art Association building in Old Lyme, Connecticut. Platt's The Leader-News Building in Cleveland, Ohio, at the corner of Superior and Bond Street (now East 6th Street) was reportedly fitted with elevator cabs designed by Tiffany Studios. The Building was completed in 1912 and, per the Architectural Record, "Cleveland is to be congratulated upon the possession of one of the handsomest and most distinguished buildings in the country." - H.D.C.

In 1919, Platt became a trustee of the American Academy in Rome. He became president of the academy in 1928 and served until his death. He also served on the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts from 1916 to 1921, and as vice chairman from 1920 to 1921.

Throughout his life, Platt maintained his house and garden in Cornish, New Hampshire, and an office and residence in Manhattan. With his second wife, Eleanor Hardy Bunker (widow of Dennis Miller Bunker), whom Platt married in 1893, Platt had five children. Among the children were William (1897–1984) and Geoffrey (1905–1985), who followed in their father's footsteps and practiced architecture in New York City. His great-grandson is actor Oliver Platt. Charles Platt died in Cornish, New Hampshire at the age of 72.

Near the end of the 20th century some of Platt's surviving gardens in their full maturity were opened to the public including the spectacular gardens at the Gwinn Estate in Cleveland, Ohio (designed with Warren Manning and Ellen Biddle Shipman).

Archive
His drawings and archives, including the original glass plate negatives for "Italian Gardens" are held by the Department of Drawings & Archives in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. In 1993, Platt's book, Italian Gardens, was reissued with additional photographs by Platt, and an introductory overview by Keith N. Morgan, whose research into Platt's career helped to generate a general revival of interest in Platt and his works.

Paintings

 * “Interior of Fish-houses,” 1882
 * “Fishing Boats,” 1882
 * “Provincial Fishing Village,” 1882
 * “Old Houses near Bruges,” 1883
 * “Deventer, Holland,” 1885
 * “Quai des Orfèvres, Paris,” 1886
 * “Dieppe,” 1887
 * The Mountain-1920

Buildings

 * Studio Building, 1905–06
 * The Mallows, Head of the Harbor, New York, 1906
 * Villa Turicum, Lake Forest, Illinois, 1912
 * The Causeway, Washington, DC, 1912
 * Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio, 1912
 * Gilbert Mansion, Little Falls, New York, 1915
 * Astor Court Building 1916
 * Freer Gallery of Art palazzo, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1918
 * Hanna Theatre, Cleveland, Ohio, 1921
 * Bois Dore, Newport, Rhode Island, 1927
 * Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts, 1931
 * Crandall Public Library, Glens Falls, New York, 1931
 * MIT Endicott House, Dedham, Massachusetts (designed by Platt, built in 1934)

title: Charles A. Platt


text: Template:Devonshire class cruiser (1903)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:69.179.14.130

title: User talk:69.179.14.130


text:
Andrew Glassell

Andrew Glassell Jr. (September 30, 1827 – January 28, 1901) was an American real estate attorney and investor. He was one of the founders of the city of Orange, California.

Early life
Glassell was born in Orange County, Virginia. Glassell's parents were Andrew Glassell (1793–1873) and Susanna Thornton (1804–1836). In 1834 his family moved to Greensboro, Alabama, where his father engaged in cotton planting. Andrew was educated at University of Alabama School of Law, from which he graduated in 1848.

Career
In 1853, Glassell moved to San Francisco and established a law practice. His appointment as the United States attorney at Sacramento, California soon followed. During the Civil War his sympathies were with the South, and he refused to take the loyalty oath to the United States required of lawyers. He left his public office and quit the practice of law and operated a lumber mill near Santa Cruz.

Los Angeles legal practice
After the war, Glassell came to Los Angeles in 1865. He formed a partnership with Alfred Chapman and Colonel George H. Smith, the firm becoming known as Glassell, Chapman & Smith. Their law practice was confined chiefly to real estate transactions and they made their fortunes by being retained in the large partition suits. When Glassell first came to California, he had worked with the federal land commission that reviewed all the old Mexican Rancho grants and so he was very well versed in title land law. Chapman was the businessman of the firm. They would take their compensation in land, and nearly every final decree in partition would find that Glassell and Chapman had quite an area of land in severalty. Glassell was involved in the legal suit known as The Great Partition of 1871 brought against the Rancho San Rafael property in the eastern San Fernando Valley and Verdugo Mountains. The section he and Chapman were awarded later became the community of Glassell Park, Los Angeles. In 1875 Andrew Glassell purchased Rancho Tujunga, the adjacent northern rancho in the Valley, from Agustin Olvera.

Andrew Glassell was one of the incorporators of and attorney for the Farmers and Merchants' Bank. He was the first president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association in 1878 - 1880. He incorporated the 'Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad,' and was prominent in its management until it was absorbed by the Southern Pacific Railroad. When this transfer was made he became chief counsel of the S.P. railroad company in Southern California, and remained in that capacity until he retired in 1883.

Orange, California
Glassell, Chapman & Smith looked after the interests of the Yorba family of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, and when after a drought, the final settlement was reached there was not enough cash to satisfy attorney fees. Reluctantly a few thousand acres of land were taken in payment, and Chapman and Glassell came into possession of the land on which the City of Orange, California was built.

In 1872, the Richland Farm Tract (later Orange) subdivision was placed on the market by Andrew Glassell. Glassell and Chapman employed the former's younger brother, Captain William T. Glassell to plot the town site. Captain Glassell surveyed a section of land for his brother and Chapman in 1871. He divided the tract into 60 10 acre lots surrounding a 40 acre town site, which he called Richland after his father's plantation's name, and served as sales agent for the property. In 1873, when a post office was sought for the village it was discovered that there was a town in Sacramento County by the name of Richland. As an alternative, Orange was chosen in honor of Andrew Glassell's home county.

Personal life
Andrew Glassell's widowed sister Susan Thornton Glassell, the paternal grandmother of General George Patton, came to live with him in Los Angeles.

In 1857, Andrew Glassell married Lucy Toland (1838 - 1879), daughter of H. H. Toland, a pioneer physician of San Francisco. Several children were born to this union. After her death, he married Mrs. Virginia Micou Ring (1836–1895) of New Orleans in 1885. Glassell died at his home in Los Angeles at age 73, and is interred at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery in central Los Angeles.

Legacy
The Glassell Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, and Glassell Street in Orange County, California are named for him.

title: Andrew Glassell


text:
KMBC-TV

KMBC-TV (channel 9) is a television station in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by Hearst Television alongside CW affiliate KCWE (channel 29). The two stations share studios on Winchester Avenue in the Ridge-Winchester section of Kansas City, Missouri; KMBC-TV's transmitter is located in the city's Blue Valley section.

KMBC-TV also serves as an alternate ABC affiliate for the St. Joseph market, as its transmitter also produces a city-grade signal that reaches St. Joseph proper and rural areas in the market's central and southern counties. The station is also available in that market on select cable providers (including Suddenlink Communications) as a secondary ABC outlet to KQTV (channel 2), which has served as the network's official St. Joseph station since it became a full-time affiliate in June 1967; KMBC-TV's near-ubiquitous cable distribution in St. Joseph dates back to KQTV's former status as a primary CBS affiliate from its September 1953 sign-on until the former KFEQ-TV disaffiliated from that network in 1967, a period in which the station supplemented its CBS offerings with a limited selection of ABC programs.

Early years
The third and last VHF television allocation in the Kansas City market was hotly contested between two locally based companies which had each competed to become the granted holder of the construction permit to build the new station on VHF channel 9. The prospective licensees in question were the Cook Paint and Varnish Company and the Midland Broadcasting Company, which had respectively owned two of the area's AM radio stations – Cook was the operator of WHB (then at 710 AM, now at 810 AM), while Midland owned KMBC (980 AM, now KMBZ). Eventually, the companies reached an agreement to combine their individual inquiries for the permit and jointly bid for the license. Under the proposed deal, Cook Paint and Varnish and Midland Broadcasting agreed to an arrangement in which the two licensees would share the channel 9 allocation as well as a transmitter facility; although each company would structure their common television property as two separate stations, individually maintaining operational stewardship of their respective stations and operating from different studio facilities within the metropolitan area.

In June 1953, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted the proposal made by the Cook/Midland venture, and awarded the individual licenses for which the two companies had applied. Channel 9 first signed on the air as a shared operation on August 2 of that year. The licensees borrowed the call letters of their shared television station from their respective radio properties: the Midland-owned station was assigned the call letters KMBC-TV and the Cook-owned station was assigned the calls WHB-TV. The combined operation shared the local affiliation rights to CBS, which had moved its programming from WDAF-TV (channel 4, now a Fox affiliate), a station that had carried the network on a part-time basis since it signed on as Kansas City's first television station in October 1949. Similar to the split-station arrangement that WHB radio had maintained three decades earlier with WDAF radio (610 AM, now KCSP; the WDAF calls on radio now reside on 106.5 FM), KMBC-TV and WHB-TV would each maintain 90 minutes of programming airtime on an alternating basis throughout its broadcast day, which initially ran daily from 8 a.m. to midnight (the WHB/WDAF radio sharing arrangement originated in 1922, when both stations transmitted on 730 AM and transferred frequencies when both moved to 680 AM in 1924; the timeshare ended when WHB radio moved to 710 AM in 1927).

With the KMBC/WHB operation having been on the air for only eight months, one of the licensees had negotiated a deal that would result in it buying out its partner in channel 9 and dissolving the split-station arrangement. In April 1954, Cook Paint and Varnish purchased Midland Broadcasting's television and radio holdings—KMBC-TV, KMBC radio and sister radio station KFRM (550 AM) in Concordia, Kansas—in a deal that transferred the rights to Midland's lease to the Victoria Theatre, at the intersection of East 11th Street and Central Avenue in Downtown Kansas City, to Cook. After Cook formally assumed ownership of the station on June 14 of that year, KMBC-TV began occupying channel 9 full-time, absorbing WHB-TV's share of the operation and the lease to the Victoria Theatre, wherein Midland had rented space in the lower floors beneath the building's performance stage since it purchased the facility in 1947 to house the operations of KMBC radio and later KMBC-TV. Cook Paint and Varnish subsequently sold WHB radio to Storz Broadcasting in order to comply with FCC rules of the time period that restricted a broadcasting company from owning more than two radio stations in a single media market.

In January 1955, the Meredith Corporation signed a multi-year agreement with CBS to affiliate three of the four television stations that the company owned at the time with the network. As part of the deal, Meredith agreed to affiliate KCMO-TV (channel 5, now KCTV) with CBS, as compensation for sister station KPHO-TV in Phoenix losing its affiliation with the network to KOOL-TV. KMBC-TV subsequently signed an affiliation agreement with ABC, granting it assumption of the Kansas City affiliation rights to that network from KCMO-TV, which had carried the network since its September 1953 sign-on in a dual-affiliation arrangement (KCMO also initially carried select programs from the DuMont Television Network on a part-time basis until the network ceased operations in August 1956). Channel 9 formally switched to ABC, becoming the market's first full-time affiliate of that network, in September of that year. During the late 1950s, the station also briefly maintained an affiliation with the NTA Film Network programming service.

In the winter of late 1958, Cook Paint and Varnish purchased KDRO-TV (channel 6) in Sedalia; the company subsequently changed that station's call letters to KMOS-TV on January 28, 1959. During that time, KDRO-TV had been serving the ABC affiliate for the far eastern portion of the Kansas City market as well as portions of north-central Missouri. However, the network refused to provide KDRO direct access to its programming feed in order to protect KMBC-TV, with which KDRO's signal overlapped in the western portions of the latter station's coverage area; this forced engineers at that station to have to switch to and from channel 9's broadcast signal whenever KDRO aired ABC network programming.

Metromedia ownership
In December 1960, Cook Paint and Varnish sold the KMBC television and radio stations, KMOS-TV and KFRM to New York City-based Metropolitan Broadcasting (later renamed Metromedia) for $9.65 million; Metropolitan subsequently spun off KMOS-TV and KFRM. In 1962, Metropolitan signed on a companion station on the radio side, KMBC-FM (99.7 FM, now KZPT); Metromedia would sell both of the KMBC radio stations to Bonneville International, the broadcasting arm of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in 1967 (although Bonneville changed the KMBC radio stations' call signs to KMBZ and KMBR after the sale, KMBC-TV has retained the "-TV" suffix in its legal call sign to this day).

Metromedia eventually took over management of the building housing KMBC's operations in 1974, after being granted a change to the terms of its lease, although the group honored the lease signed by the Lyric Opera of Kansas City in 1970—around which time it was renamed from Capri Theatre to the Lyric Theatre—that gave the repertory company permission to perform at the theatre.

Hearst Corporation ownership
In September 1981, Metromedia sold KMBC-TV and the lease to the Lyric Theatre to New York City-based Hearst Broadcasting in a deal worth $79 million for the television station alone. Under Hearst ownership, the station heavily invested in its news department and expanded its local news programming, which increased from seven hours per week at the time of the purchase to 20 hours by 1990. In 1988, it also built a 343 m-high guyed mast broadcast tower in eastern Kansas City, located on a hill overlooking the Blue River.

Hearst sold the Lyric Theatre to the Lyric Opera in 1989, in order to allow repairs to the building that commenced after a piece of plaster fell onto the performance stage during a rehearsal session by the Kansas City Symphony to continue due to the expensive cost. After selling the building, in 1990, Hearst weighed plans to move KMBC-TV's operations to a new studio space elsewhere in the Kansas City metropolitan area; however, company management eventually decided to continue to operate the station out of the Lyric Theatre, with which the station entered into a leasing agreement after Hearst turned over ownership of the building.

Channel 9 would gain a sister television station in 1997, when Hearst Broadcasting—which was renamed Hearst-Argyle Television after Argyle Television Holdings II merged with Hearst's broadcasting unit (now named Hearst Television) that year—entered into a local marketing agreement to manage the operations of KCWB (channel 29, now CW affiliate KCWE), which signed on the air in September 1996 as the market's original affiliate of The WB (it would later assume the UPN affiliation from KSMO-TV (channel 62, now a MyNetworkTV affiliate) in August 1998, as part of a swap that resulted from then-owner Sinclair Broadcast Group's multi-station affiliation agreement with The WB). Hearst-Argyle Television continued to maintain operational responsibilities for KCWE until 2001, when its parent company, the Hearst Corporation, bought the channel 29 license outright by way of an indirect subsidiary (doing business as "KCWE-TV Company") separate from its broadcasting division.

In July 2005, Hearst-Argyle announced plans to construct a new 53,000 sqft facility at the Winchester Business Center (located at 6455 Winchester Avenue, near Swope Park) in southeastern Kansas City, Missouri to house the operations of KMBC and KCWE. Construction of the facility—which was designed in the mold of the Spanish-inspired architectural style of Country Club Plaza, and built by Oklahoma City-based architecture firm Rees and Associates, which also designed the studio facilities of sister stations WDSU in New Orleans and WESH in Orlando—began later that month, and was completed in early August 2007. The modern purpose-built concrete and glass studio facility incorporates a master control facility with digital and high definition transmission processing equipment; a two-story 4,500 sqft production studio; an expanded 8,000 sqft newsroom; a satellite management center supporting downlink and uplink capabilities; a helistop for the station's "NewsChopper 9" helicopter; and surface parking for station employees and guests. The operations of KMBC and KCWE formally migrated to the Winchester Avenue studio on August 23, 2007, ending KMBC's 54-year tenure at the Lyric Theatre, which had earlier been sold by the Lyric Opera to real estate firm DST Realty.

In late March 2010, Hearst filed an application with the FCC to transfer the KCWE license from the KCWE-TV Company subsidiary to the Hearst Television unit; the transfer was completed on May 1 of that year, officially making KMBC-TV and KCWE directly owned sister stations. Although "KMBC Hearst Television Inc." remained the name of the licensing purpose corporation for KMBC-TV, "Hearst Stations Inc."—the licensee name for KCWE—is used instead for the copyright tag seen at the end of its newscasts (the KMBC-TV license was transferred to Hearst Stations Inc. on December 31, 2016).

KMBC-DT2
On February 26, 2008, KMBC-TV launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 9.2 under the brand "First Alert Weather 24 Hours", initially serving as an affiliate of The Local AccuWeather Channel. The channel—which was immediately made available on the digital cable tiers of Time Warner Cable (on digital channel 1422), Comcast (on channel 247) and Everest Broadband (on channel 611)—provided regional and national forecasts provided by the AccuWeather-operated network, along with pre-recorded local forecasts presented by meteorologists from KMBC's "First Alert Weather" team (which were updated two to three times per day), and a half-hour block of syndicated children's programs compliant with FCC educational programming guidelines on Monday through Saturday afternoons.

On September 14, 2010, KMBC-DT2 launched "MOREtv Kansas City", a four-hour block of entertainment programs that aired in place of The Local AccuWeather Channel's prime time programming on Monday through Friday nights (the block's branding was inspired by the "MOREtv 29" moniker used by sister station KCWE as a UPN affiliate from January 1998 until September 2005). The block—which aired on the subchannel each weeknight from 6 to 11 p.m.—consisted mainly of general entertainment syndicated programs (featuring a selection of same-day or week-delayed rebroadcasts of first-run talk shows seen on KMBC's main channel, as well as shows exclusive to the subchannel); it also included an encore of KMBC-TV's weeknight 6 p.m. newscast, which aired on a half-hour tape delay at 6:30 p.m.

On June 21, 2011, as part of an affiliation agreement between Hearst Television and network parent Weigel Broadcasting, KMBC-DT2 became an affiliate of the classic television network MeTV; some of the syndicated programs that aired as part of the "MOREtv" block moved to sister station KCWE with the switch.

Programming
KMBC-TV airs most of the ABC network schedule. Until January 2019, the station preempted the Sunday edition of ABC World News Tonight in favor of an hour-long local early evening newscast that preceded the ABC prime time lineup. (As a result, World News Tonight was only viewable in the Kansas City market on Monday through Saturday evenings, except when preempted by predetermined or unscheduled sporting event overruns.) KMBC-TV also currently airs some programs offered by ABC out of pattern. Until June 2022, KMBC has aired The View on a one-hour tape delay since its premiere on August 11, 1997; the station has delayed ABC Daytime programs that the network intended for its stations to air during the 10 a.m. (Central Time) hour dating back to the late 1970s. Since June 2022, KMBC has aired GMA3: What You Need To Know on an alternate feed at 11 a.m. due to the station's noon newscast. The weekend editions of Good Morning America and This Week also air outside of their intended time slots, with the former airing one hour earlier than recommended on both Saturdays and Sundays (transmitted live via the program's Eastern Time Zone feed), due to a secondary two-hour block of its morning newscast, FirstNews, on both days; while the latter airs on a half-hour delay to air religious programming following the secondary FirstNews block on Sundays.

Past program preemptions and deferrals
Over the years, KMBC has either broadcast several ABC programs outside their recommended time slots or preempted them altogether. In these and other instances, viewers within the Kansas City market could view the affected shows in their normal time slots if they received KQTV (channel 2) out of nearby St. Joseph, which became a full-time ABC affiliate in September 1967, and/or KTKA-TV out of Topeka, which signed on in February 1983.

Under Metromedia ownership, channel 9 declined to air The Brady Bunch when it debuted in September 1969, in favor of running movies in its time period, which effectively preempted most of ABC's Friday night lineup; the station resumed clearance of the sitcom the following year. It was also one of a small number of ABC affiliates that opted to preempt the ABC Evening News during the late 1960s and early 1970s, as well as one of a handful that declined carriage of the music series American Bandstand for part of its run throughout the 1960s until the mid-1970s. In addition to being viewable in the northern half of the market through KQTV, many of the ABC programs that were preempted by KMBC-TV during this period could also be viewed alternatively in the market on independent station KCIT-TV (channel 50, channel now occupied by Ion Television owned-and-operated station KPXE-TV) during its two years of operation from 1969 to 1971.

Beginning with the newsmagazine's debut in 1980, KMBC-TV delayed Nightline to midnight—90 minutes later than most ABC stations had carried it at the time, with the only instances in which Channel 9 carried the program in its network-designated time slot being for major breaking news events—in order to run off-network syndicated sitcoms in the time period following its 10 p.m. newscast, something KMBC continued to do even after many Big Three affiliates in large and mid-sized markets began restricting their off-network syndicated content to drama series scheduled to air on weekends; this decision had long been criticized by some members of ABC's management and even original Nightline anchor Ted Koppel. Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which has preceded Nightline on ABC's late-night schedule since the network switched the broadcast order of the two programs in January 2013, was also delayed by the station in a similar manner beginning at the talk show's debut in January 2003. On January 3, 2011, KMBC-TV pushed both Nightline and Jimmy Kimmel ahead a half-hour, starting at 11:37 p.m., citing shifting market conditions and a request by the network during negotiations with Hearst Television to renew its affiliation agreement with KMBC-TV that the station air both programs at earlier times. KMBC-TV would begin airing Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Nightline in ABC's intended time periods for both shows (with Kimmel now following its 10 p.m. newscast) on January 5, 2015.

From September 2006 until the program was dropped by ABC on August 28, 2010, KMBC-TV preempted the Power Rangers series that aired as part of the ABC Kids block due to the program's lack of educational content (as Hearst's other ABC stations opted to do with the series); the station also aired Kim Possible and Power Rangers SPD on tape delay on early Monday mornings before World News Now—instead of their normal Saturday morning time slot—during the 2005–06 television season for the same reason.

KMBC was also among the more than 20 ABC-affiliated stations owned by Hearst and various other broadcasting groups that declined to air the network's November 2004 telecast of Saving Private Ryan, because of concerns that the intense war violence and strong profanity that ABC opted against editing out of its broadcast of the 1998 World War II-set film would result in stations that aired it being fined by the FCC amid the agency's crackdown on indecent material following the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy. The station, along with several other Hearst-owned ABC affiliates, chose to air the 1992 film Far and Away in its place; it was eventually determined that the movie's broadcast did not violate FCC regulations.

Sports programming
Since 1970, KMBC-TV has carried NFL games involving the Kansas City Chiefs through either ABC's simulcast of Monday Night Football or team-specific syndication arrangements with ESPN. From 1970 to 2005, most of the team's broadcasts on Channel 9 were ABC-televised prime time games selected to air on Monday Night Football, involving both opponents that are fellow members of the American Football Conference (AFC) and interconference matches with National Football Conference (NFC) teams.

In 1987, the station became the rightsholder to local simulcasts of regular season Chiefs games intended for exclusive cable broadcast on ESPN. Until ESPN's contractual rights to the package concluded in 2005, these involved games selected to air on Sunday Night Football, which resulted in KMBC tape delaying portions of ABC's Sunday prime time lineup (including the now-discontinued ABC Sunday Night Movie and ABC Movie of the Week presentations) to air after its 10 p.m. newscast on the night of the Chiefs broadcast in place of its regular schedule of syndicated programs. The simulcasts shifted to the team's Monday Night Football matchups after ESPN took over the rights to that package from ABC (in a compensation deal by the NFL to make up for the loss of Sunday Night Football to NBC) in 2006. Presently, the station reschedules ABC's Monday night schedule to air in place of the network's late night lineup to accommodate the game, with Dancing with the Stars (which ABC moved to Mondays in September 2006) airing after the late newscast on the affected live performance episode's original airdate, incorporating a separate voting window for Kansas City-area viewers under a clause in the program's voting regulations that account for preemptions by ABC stations for MNF telecasts involving local NFL franchises, or extended breaking news or severe weather coverage in Dancing's normal timeslot.

Hearst Communications holds a 20% ownership stake in ESPN (the remaining majority interest and operational control of the network is maintained by ABC parent The Walt Disney Company, with Hearst acting more as a silent partner rather than an active participant in ESPN's management); as is the case with ABC's owned-and-operated stations, Hearst's television stations hold the right of first refusal for NFL game simulcasts from ESPN, which—as the telecasts are cable-originated—are required under NFL broadcasting rules to be simulcast on a broadcast television station in the local markets of both participating teams.

KMBC also aired select Major League Baseball (MLB) games involving the Kansas City Royals that ABC telecast between 1976 and 1989 (when the network held rights to the Monday Night Baseball package), and from 1994 to 1995 (under the Baseball Network partnership involving ABC and NBC, which was disrupted in its first year by the strike that brought an abrupt end to the 1994 season). Notable Royals telecasts that aired on Channel 9 during ABC's contractual tenures with the league included the team's second World Series appearance in 1985, which saw the franchise win the first of the two World Series titles it has earned to date.

News operation
KMBC-TV presently broadcasts 34 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with five hours each weekday and $4 1/2$ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to local news programming, it is the third-highest newscast output among the Kansas City market's television stations. KMBC also produces 22 hours a week of local newscasts for CW-affiliated sister station KCWE (consisting of a two-hour weekday morning broadcast at 7 a.m., hour-long midday newscast at noon timeslot on weekdays and hour-long 9 p.m. newscast that airs seven nights a week).

News department history
During the late 1970s and into the 1980s, KMBC had the highest-rated local television newscasts in the Kansas City market. However, the station faced stiff competition during this period from KCTV, which ascended to first in late news with the success of main anchors Anne Peterson and Wendall Anschutz. In 1968, assignment reporter Larry Moore was appointed as the station's lead anchor; Moore's co-anchors during much of his tenure included Laurie Everett (1985–2001), Kelly Eckerman (2001–2013, as Moore's co-anchor on the 6 p.m. newscast) and Lara Moritz (2001–2011, as his co-anchor on the 10 p.m. newscast; Moore and Eckerman remain weekday evening co-anchors at the station as of 2016). Moore helmed KMBC's weekday evening newscasts in some capacity for 37 of his 41 years at KMBC-TV—with a four-year break from 1978 to 1983, while Moore took short-lived anchor jobs at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and, later, CBS affiliate KPIX-TV in San Francisco—until his retirement from regular broadcasting on November 27, 2013, when he transitioned into an anchor emeritus role in which he contributed to special projects reports.

In 1966, Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson became the station's sports director, a post he would hold until his death in 2022. He stepped back from regular anchor duties in 2009, though he filled in when main anchors Len Jennings (weekdays) and Karen Kornacki (weekends) are on leave. Dawson, also anchored HBO's Inside the NFL from 1980 to 2001 and served as an analyst for NBC and the Chiefs' radio network.

In December 1980, KMBC-TV hired Christine Craft to serve as co-anchor for its 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts. Although ratings for KMBC's newscasts had ascended to first place in the market during this time, a focus group recruited by station management to survey their opinion on its news product pilloried Craft—who was 36 at the time, five years older than her co-anchor Scott Feldman, then age 31—claiming that she was "too old, too unattractive and not deferential to men". Craft resigned from the station nine months later after rejecting a management-decided demotion to an assignment reporting position. She then filed a lawsuit against its then-owner Metromedia, accusing KMBC-TV management of both fraud and sexual discrimination, becoming one of the first such cases to be widely publicized in the United States. Craft initially won her case when it went to trial in 1983; although when the suit was retried on a second appeal three years later, the presiding judge ruled in favor of Metromedia (which, by then, had merged into News Corporation after it purchased Metromedia's major-market independent stations to later serve as the nuclei for the Fox Broadcasting Company).

The station launched a local morning newscast on December 1, 1987, when it launched the initially 30-minute traditional news program FirstNews, a program that evolved out of local news inserts it aired during World News This Morning, which was initially anchored by Maria Antonia and weather anchor Joel Nichols (Bryan Busby, who has served as chief meteorologist at KMBC since 1985, conducted the program's forecast segments for a few weeks prior to Nichols' hire). During the late 1980s and early 1990s, KMBC became engaged in very competitive race with KCTV and WDAF-TV for first place in overall news viewership, frequently trading places with both stations in certain time periods, although it ended the former decade in second place overall behind NBC affiliate WDAF-TV. After WDAF became a Fox affiliate in September 1994, KMBC-TV experienced a resurgence to first place, overtaking both KCTV and WDAF as the most watched television news operation in Kansas City. At present, channel 9 generally places first in the early evening time period among total viewers; it also battles KCTV for first place at 10 p.m., while continuing to battle WDAF for first place on weekday mornings. In November 2007, KMBC-TV's newscasts finished first in most news timeslots during the sweeps period, while tying for #1 with KCTV at 10 p.m. During the following sweeps month in February 2008, channel 9's newscasts won all of its time periods outright.

In 2007, the station's news department won seven Edward R. Murrow Awards—the most wins by any American television station—in the news series, feature, news documentary, spot news, continuing coverage, newscast and overall excellence categories. On August 23, 2007, beginning with the 5 p.m. newscast, KMBC-TV began broadcasting from its new purpose-built facility near Swope Park, which included a newly constructed set for its newscasts that was designed by FX Group. With the relocation, channel 9 became the first television station in the Kansas City market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. On March 3, 2008, KMBC-TV debuted a two-hour extension of its FirstNews morning newscast, from 7 to 9 a.m. on CW affiliate KCWE. For many years, KMBC management cited concerns with cannibalizing the station's audience as its reasoning for not expanding news offerings to its sister station.

On November 13, 2008, Channel 9 again became the focus of a lawsuit filed against the station, parent company Hearst-Argyle Television and Wayne Godsey, then-general manager of KMBC/KCWE, by anchor/reporters Maria Antonia (named as a plaintiff under her legal name, Maria Albisu-Twyman) and Kelly Eckerman, and general assignment reporter/former evening anchor Peggy Breit, alleging that station management engaged in age and gender discrimination, perpetrated "a hostile environment, permeated with threats, intimidation and disrespect" and demoted them in favor of younger women, while men much older than them stayed in their assigned anchor slots. Antonia, who was demoted from weekend evening anchor to assignment reporter in 2007, alleged that Godsey told her upon disclosing her demotion that she "[would] never anchor at Channel 9 again" and passed her over for a role offered to her to anchor the KCWE FirstNews broadcast in favor of a woman in her 20s. Eckerman, who had been co-anchor of the 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts since 1997, claimed that management promoted co-anchor Kris Ketz (who joined KMBC in 1983) to a more prominent role as weeknight early-evening anchor at the expense of her being reassigned from a weeknights-only to a Tuesday-to-Saturday shift to get him out from under the "shadow" of longtime main anchor Larry Moore. Breit—who was moved from a weekday daytime to a Tuesday-to-Saturday reporting slot in 2007—alleged that KMBC management passed over assignment reporters older in age for higher-profile shifts in favor of younger hires. Godsey was dismissed from the lawsuit in July 2009, on procedural grounds citing the plaintiffs' failure to name him in the complaint involving twelve other KMBC employees that was originally filed with the Missouri Human Rights Commission did not put him on notice that he was being held personally responsible for the work environment alleged in the suit; KMBC and Hearst-Argyle reached a settlement with the three anchors in September 2010.

On July 30, 2010, as most of its Hearst-owned ABC-affiliated sister stations did on that date, KMBC-TV added an hour-long extension of its weekend morning newscast at 8 a.m. This was followed on August 23 by the expansion of its weekday morning newscast into the 4:30 a.m. timeslot (NBC affiliate KSHB-TV (channel 41) also moved the start time of its morning newscast to 4:30 a.m. on that date). On September 14, 2010, KMBC-TV launched a half-hour weeknight-only 9 p.m. newscast on KCWE to compete with WDAF-TV's in-house 9 p.m. newscast and the KCTV-produced 9 p.m. newscast on MyNetworkTV affiliate KSMO; the program would eventually expand to a full hour on April 25, 2016, on the same date that KMBC also launched an hour-long late afternoon newscast at 4 p.m.

For the February 2011 sweeps period, KMBC-TV's newscasts garnered the #1 spot among the Kansas City market's television news operations; the station tied with WDAF-TV during the 6–7 a.m. hour, though channel 4's morning newscast beat KMBC's broadcast of Good Morning America during the 7–9 a.m. time period. The station's 5, 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts also placed first in their respective time slots; while its prime time newscast on KCWE placed second in the 9 p.m. time slot, slightly ahead of the KCTV-produced newscast on KSMO but well behind WDAF-TV, which has led the 9 p.m. hour since shortly after its switch to Fox and the related launch of its prime time newscast in September 1994.

On April 30, 2013, KMBC launched a separate website (www.kmbc.tv, and reformatted its weeknight 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts as well as the 8 a.m. hour of its FirstNews extension on KCWE to allow viewer comments, opinions and questions sent to the station's Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus accounts in a live chat hosted by the respective anchors of the aforementioned KMBC/KCWE newscasts.

To coincide with the introduction of the station's new logo on April 23, 2018, KMBC implemented an updated version of Hearst's standardized graphics package for its news-producing stations that are now optimized for the 16:9 format. This station, along with Pittsburgh sister station WTAE (also an ABC affiliate), were among the last stations in the Hearst Television portfolio to implement the updated graphics, a roll-out that began at Orlando sister station WESH (NBC) in mid-January.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Walt Bodine (deceased)
 * Jonathan Coachman (later with World Wrestling Entertainment, was with ESPN until October 2017, rejoined WWE in January 2018)
 * Christine Craft
 * Len Dawson (also former Kansas City Chiefs quarterback; host of Inside the NFL and analyst with NBC and the Kansas City Chiefs; died on August 24, 2022)
 * Jeremy Hubbard (later at ABC News; now anchor at KDVR/KWGN-TV in Denver)
 * Craig Sager (later with Turner Sports; died on December 15, 2016)

In popular culture
A September 1, 2010, interview with an eyewitness to an attempted robbery at a Kansas City-area gas station briefly became a social media sensation. KMBC-TV video of the interview was "songified" by The Gregory Brothers using pitch-correction software to become "Backin Up Song".

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

KMBC-TV is one of several Hearst-owned ABC stations that broadcasts its digital signal in the 1080i high definition format, instead of the network's preferred 720p format. KMBC's ABC-affiliated sister stations under Hearst including WMUR-TV in Manchester, New Hampshire; WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh; WCVB-TV in Boston; KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City and KETV in Omaha also transmit high definition programming content—including local and syndicated programs—in this format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
On February 19, 2009, KMBC-TV – after receiving permission from the FCC for a Special Temporary Authority permit – moved its digital channel allocation from VHF channel 7 to UHF channel 29, which had been vacated by sister station KCWE when it shut down its analog signal two months earlier on December 15, 2008 (KCWE physically transmits its digital signal on UHF channel 31). The station had received viewer complaints regarding issues with the reception of its signal due to the combination of all the television stations in the Kansas City market (besides channel 9) transmitting their digital signals on UHF and to address signal conflicts with Pittsburg, Kansas-based CBS affiliate KOAM-TV, which was allowed to reutilize its analog channel 7 for its post-transition digital channel (KOAM would have experienced interference from KMBC-TV as both stations' transmitters are 131 mi away from each other, a fairly shorter distance than the advised 150 mi separation between two stations operating on a shared channel).

The station shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 9, on June 12 of that year, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States were federally mandated to transition from analog to digital broadcasts (which was originally scheduled for February 17, but was pushed back after both Congressional branches passed measures to delay the complete conversion to ensure that all consumers receiving television broadcasts over-the-air had the equipment necessary to receive digital transmissions). Through its participation as a SAFER Act "nightlight" broadcaster, KMBC-TV kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

title: KMBC-TV


text:
Clifford Robinson (basketball, born 1966)

Clifford Ralph Robinson (December 16, 1966 –August 29, 2020) was an American professional basketball player who played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Selected in the second round of the 1989 NBA draft, he played the first eight seasons of his career with the Portland Trail Blazers, followed by stints with the Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Golden State Warriors, and New Jersey Nets. Robinson received the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award in 1993 and was selected as an NBA All-Star in 1994. He played college basketball for the UConn Huskies.

College basketball career
Robinson played four seasons at the University of Connecticut beginning in 1985. The Huskies won the 1988 National Invitation Tournament championship, and he was named to the all-tournament team. Robinson was later named to UConn's All-Century men's basketball team. On February 5, 2007, Robinson's number "00" was retired at Gampel Pavilion during halftime of a UConn basketball game against Syracuse as part of the "Huskies of Honor" ceremony which recognized personal accomplishments of 13 former players and 3 coaches.

Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Robinson was selected with the 36th overall pick in the second round of the 1989 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers. Robinson played for the Trail Blazers for eight seasons. Portland made the playoffs each year he was on the team, and played in the NBA Finals in 1990 and 1992. Robinson won the Sixth Man of the Year Award in 1992–93 after averaging 19.1 points, 6.6 rebounds and a career-best 1.99 blocks per game. He was an All-Star with the team in 1994. Following Game 4 of the 1992 Western Conference finals against the Utah Jazz, Robinson performed a victory dance that he later told press was named the "Uncle Cliffy". The nickname stuck with Robinson for the rest of his career. Following a game against the Golden State Warriors on February 22, 1995, Robinson was forced to end his 461 iron man streak of consecutive games played since the start of his career. This streak stands as a franchise record for the Trail Blazers.

Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Robinson signed with the Phoenix Suns as a free agent on August 25, 1997, where he remained for four more seasons. The highlight of his tenure with the Suns was registering a career-best 50 points against the Denver Nuggets on January 16, 2000. He became the oldest player in NBA history to register his first 50-point game, aged 33 years and 2 months.

Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Robinson was traded to the Detroit Pistons on June 29, 2001, in exchange for Jud Buechler and John Wallace.

Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
Robinson was traded to the Golden State Warriors on August 21, 2003, along with Pepe Sánchez, in exchange for Bob Sura. Although he played all 82 games during the regular season, it would be the first season in his career where he would not participate in the NBA playoffs.

New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
On February 14, 2005, Golden State traded Robinson to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for two second-round draft picks. He played with the Nets for two more seasons until he was released by the team in July 2007. Robinson then retired.

Suspensions
Robinson was arrested for marijuana possession and driving under the influence in February 2001 and received a one-game suspension. Robinson was also suspended for five games in February 2005 while playing for Golden State, and was suspended for five games during the NBA playoffs on May 12, 2006 for violating terms of the league's drug policy for the second time in two seasons.

Retrospective
Robinson held career NBA per-game averages of 14.2 points, 4.6 rebounds, 1.05 steals, and 1.03 blocks. As of March 2024, his 1,380 NBA games played is the 14th-highest total in NBA history.

Robinson was one of only two players drafted in the 1980s that was still active in the league in 2007, with the other being Kevin Willis. He played in the NBA playoffs in all but one of his 18 seasons in the league.

At 6'10", he was the tallest player to make more than 1,000 three-pointers until he was surpassed by Dirk Nowitzki and Rashard Lewis. As of 2019, Robinson was one of seven players to record 1,300 steals and 1,300 blocked shots in his ABA/NBA career; the others are Kevin Garnett, Julius Erving, Bobby Jones, Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson and Ben Wallace.

Survivor
Robinson was a contestant in the 28th installment of the American reality television series Survivor (filmed in 2013 and broadcast the following year). Although he did not initially plan to reveal his identity, he was recognized by another contestant. He was the fifth contestant of the season to be voted out, finishing in 14th place.

Basketball diplomacy
In 2014, Robinson was named to a team assembled by Dennis Rodman as part of his "basketball diplomacy" effort in North Korea with the job of playing an exhibition match against the Northern Korean Senior National Basketball Team to celebrate the birthday of Kim Jong-un. The team also included Kenny Anderson, Vin Baker, Craig Hodges, Doug Christie, Sleepy Floyd, Charles D. Smith, and four "streetballers".

Cannabis entrepreneurship
During his post-basketball life, Robinson became an entrepreneur in the cannabis industry, selling assorted cannabis products under his "Uncle Cliffy" brand name. He was also an advocate for the legalization of cannabis, supporting efforts to reform cannabis laws in the states of Oregon and Connecticut. During his time in the NBA, Robinson used cannabis to help relieve pain and anxiety, and to avoid the undesirable side effects caused by pharmaceutical drugs. He partially attributed the longevity of his NBA career to his use of cannabis.

Robinson appeared in the 2019 Netflix film Grass Is Greener, which examines the history of cannabis prohibition in the United States.

Personal life
On September 21, 2003, Robinson married Heather Lufkins on the island of Barbados. His son Isaiah Robinson played basketball for the Jefferson High School Democrats in Portland and for the Houston Baptist Huskies.

Health issues and death
Robinson suffered a stroke in March 2017 that paralyzed the left side of his body, but he soon recovered much of his arm and leg movement. He had a tumor removed from his jaw in March 2018.

In March 2019, Robinson underwent surgery for cancer. He died of lymphoma on August 29, 2020, at the age of 53.


text:
User talk:Samariahowes13

Princess Tatiana of Leiningen
A template has been added to the article Princess Tatiana of Leiningen, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. GreenJoe 04:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Princess Tatiana of Leiningen
An article that you have been involved in editing, Princess Tatiana of Leiningen, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. GreenJoe 14:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Princess Nadia of Leiningen requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. GreenJoe 16:17, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Princess Alexandra of Leiningen requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. GreenJoe 16:18, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Hermann Leiningen for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Hermann Leiningen is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Hermann Leiningen until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Surtsicna (talk) 13:05, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Prince Boris of Leiningen for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Prince Boris of Leiningen is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Prince Boris of Leiningen until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Surtsicna (talk) 13:18, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Hermann Leiningen for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Hermann Leiningen is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Hermann Leiningen& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bearcat (talk) 15:06, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samariahowes13


text:
Wuchale

Wuchale (Amharic: ውጫሌ), also spelled Uccialli, is a town in northern Ethiopia. Located about 40 km north of Dessie in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 11.5°N, 39.6°W and an elevation of 1711 m. It is the largest settlement in Ambassel woreda and is located along Ethiopian Highway 2.

History
In 1889, when it was a fief of Queen Taytu, Italian ambassador Count Pietro Antonelli met with Emperor Menelik II at Wuchale shortly after the death in battle of Emperor Yohannes IV. The two countries came to an agreement known as the Treaty of Wuchale, which was written in two languages, Amharic and Italian, and signed on 2 May. Per the treaty, emperor Menelik recognized Italy's occupation of Eritrea and agreed (at least in the Italian version) Italian trusteeship over the Abyssinian empire under Menelik. The Ethiopian emperor contested this interpretation of the treaty and therefore denounced the treaty in 1893. Italy attempted to forcibly impose the protectorate over Ethiopia, leading to the First Italo-Ethiopian War, which ended in Italy's defeat at the Battle of Adwa and the subsequent Treaty of Addis Ababa.

Writing a few years later, Augustus B. Wylde described the Wuchale market, held on Mondays, as a small one.

The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front and Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement reported that they had killed 703 government troops and captured 168 in fighting at Wuchale on 29–30 January 1990. However, the Derg announced on 2 February that their troops had retaken the town.

Demographics
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Wuchale has an estimated total population of 6,811 of whom 3,326 are men and 3,485 are women. The 1994 census reported this town had a total population of 3,934 of whom 1,750 were men and 2,184 were women.

title: Wuchale


text:
Talk:The Leaky Cauldron (website)

History
More updates made. I think I'll move all the title stuff to a "Staff" section. The grammar and punctuation is a bit rough - feel free to edit. B.K. 20:03, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

I've began updating the history portion of the site however there are a few gaps that will need filling in on other wikipedia entries such as HP Galleries and its "fantasy" fan site Hogwarts Online (HOL). The SpellBinder (TSB), the Web site Melissa Anelli and Rhiannon Llewellyn joined TLC as editors from was the newspaper for the Hogwarts Online community. The dates are exact as I'm pulling them from emails I have archived. I'd be happy to provide such emails for verification purposes. B.K. 02:25, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

I've started on a history for the Web site since it's gone through many iterations and staff members since it started in 2000. Feel free to make suggestions or edits to the language. This is really my first time attempting a historical piece in Wikipedia so I apologize in advance if I make faux pas with links and such. I'm trying to keep it as non-biased as possible. There were most certainly be gaps as I try to fill in the blanks of what I do and do not remember. ---B.K. DeLong

Cleanup
Much of this article, especially the multiple sections on recognition and awards, need to be severely reduced. The external links in the middle of the text should (by and large) be removed, and parts need to be de-POV-ified. ---Kwekubo 00:15, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

I edited out a fair amount of excess from this article. It still has a fair amount of links. Should they simply be removed while leaving the name of the items in their places?

 * Sorry for colliding with you there. I re-wrote the article to take out the dependance on external links and POV.  I made it a lot cleaner and simpler - like what was done to Mugglenet. Cmouse 02:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

This article just advertised its content beyond need. That was edited as per the Wiki Rules, sites are not meant to advertise. Wiki is an encylclopedia of notable names/content. Also the content advertised here were most similar to what other sites also offer. There was no uniqueness in it. --Raj Dumbledore 05:10, 05 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverted as I really feel this user has some sort of axe to grind. CambridgeBayWeather 12:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

I just deleted the following passage "Today, March 17, their forum, The Leaky Lounge, was invaded by Death Eaters!!! However, they created a side group of the Order of the Phoenix to fight them. The Order prevailed!!! I myself was involved in the fight. Name is hero of time. The spell to get rid of them was Loungus Bannito Gitio! We got rid of: Lucius Malfoy, Bellatrix Lestrange, Walden MacNair, and Fenrir Greyback. The Lounge has been saved, so look at the forums and/or the site its self to read about it!" Definetly shouldn't be in this article. Potterprincess 02:37, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Keep an eye out for 69.138.201.150 I left her/him a warning on their talk page and reverted their vandalism. --Ariad o ss 00:18, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

No.1 on itunes
I removed the thing on having been no.1 on itunes. Who put that in, why does that even matter in an encycopedia? Of course it matters, you nitwit. An encyclopedia contains information, that's information. --Keyes 18:39, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

It's funny how this silly site advertises more than any other, yet other sites get deleted. I wonder why that is? Such VANITY you all have. It's also funny the person doing the deleting is traced back to the person doing all of the adding for this site. How would Jo feel about that?

April's Fools
Are all these April's Fools things really important? I'm tempted to just delete all of them. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminant collection of information. zafiroblue05 | Talk 07:28, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

The apirl fools stuff are still here because they're important to fans. Why would you want to delete them?  Demon blade   13:48, 19 August 2006 (UTC) Then there will need to be a heck of a lot of deleting done here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuggleNet

John Noe
John Noe is a redirect to this page, yet there's no mention of John Noe on this page. Is there a connection? - Fordan 19:00, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for updating the page to reference John Noe (and Sue Upton) - Fordan 07:51, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Nonsensical Redirect??
Why does Sue Upton redirect here?? CFLeon 21:47, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:New TLC banner.jpg
Image:New TLC banner.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 21:29, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on The Leaky Cauldron (website). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060316221055/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/extrastuff_view.cfm?id=21 to http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/extrastuff_view.cfm?id=21

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:12, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on The Leaky Cauldron (website). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://appext9.dos.state.ny.us/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_nameid=3177353&p_corpid=3166992&p_entity_name=Leaky&p_name_type=A&p_search_type=BEGINS&p_srch_results_page=0
 * Added tag to http://appext9.dos.state.ny.us/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITYINFORMATION?p_nameid=2856024&p_corpid=2839431&p_entity_name=Leaky&p_name_type=A&p_search_type=BEGINS&p_srch_results_page=0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001825/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/static_downloads/jkrtlc.mp3 to http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/static_downloads/jkrtlc.mp3
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061209064200/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/fansite_view.cfm?id=17 to http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/fansite_view.cfm?id=17

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:02, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Leaky Cauldron (website)


text:
Chronomancy

Chronomancy is divination of the best time to do something, the determination of lucky and unlucky days, especially popular in ancient China.

The term "chronomancy", stemming from the Greek word chronos (meaning time), and the word manteia (meaning divination) is also used in fiction to refer to a school of magic involving supernatural manipulation of time.

Role in modern fantasy
In modern fantasy role-playing games, such as Dungeons & Dragons and other games set in the Forgotten Realms universe, chronomancy refers to a school of magic related to moving through and manipulating time.

title: Chronomancy


text:
Caitlin Stasey

Caitlin Jean Stasey (born 1 May 1990) is an Australian actress. She is known for her role as Rachel Kinski in Neighbours. Previously she played Francesca Thomas in The Sleepover Club, although her breakthrough film role came in Tomorrow, When the War Began, a 2010 film adaptation of the teen novel of the same name in which she played lead protagonist Ellie Linton. She also played Lady Kenna in the CW series Reign from 2013 to 2015 and had a recurring role in the ABC2 series Please Like Me from 2013 to 2016. In 2017, Stasey starred as Ada on the Fox television drama APB, which was cancelled after one season in May 2017. In 2020, she starred in the short film Laura Hasn't Slept and had a brief role as the same character in the feature film version Smile (2022).

Early life
Caitlin was born in Melbourne, Victoria, where she was raised with her younger sister Victoria. Her parents are David and Sally.

Stasey attended Star of the Sea College. In 2000, at the age of ten, she travelled the world as a member of the Australian Girls Choir and took part in a re-recording of Peter Allen's "I Still Call Australia Home" for a Qantas commercial.

Acting
Stasey's career started in September 2003, when she was cast in the children's TV series The Sleepover Club, playing Francesca 'Frankie' Thomas, the self-appointed leader of the club. She made a brief return for the second series, appearing the first episode in 2006.

After a year studying and attending auditions, in April 2005 Neighbours casting director Jan Russ cast her as Rachel Kinski. Her first episode was aired on 18 August. Stasey left Star of the Sea College after landing the part of Rachel, but continued to study on a distance education programme. In September 2008, Stasey announced in an interview to the Herald Sun that she would be leaving Neighbours in the coming weeks, primarily to concentrate on her end of year VCE exams. The producers stated that her character would not be 'killed-off', allowing Stasey the chance to return. Stasey said "I want to know that when I finish my exams and get my score, it is representative of my abilities, my exams start in November and I want to be able to give them my full concentration."

In 2008, Stasey was chosen to star in the movie adaptation of the teen novel, Tomorrow, When the War Began as the lead character Ellie Linton, a teenage girl who documents her time with a group of friends fighting the invasion of Australia. During 2008, Stasey was linked to a potential live action film of the video game franchise Wonder Boy, before Sega cancelled the proposal. Robin Morningstar revived the project as a CGI movie, but Stasey withdrew to be in the film adaptation Tomorrow, When the War Began. Her CGI character, although with a new voice, retains her face. In December 2008, she appeared in the Christmas pantomime Snow White at Norwich Theatre Royal.

From 2013 to 2015, Stasey appeared in the American television series Reign as Kenna, a lady-in-waiting to Mary, Queen of Scots. From 2013 to 2016, she had a recurring role in the ABC2 series Please Like Me.

In 2013, she starred in the independent comedy-horror film All Cheerleaders Die as Maddy. The following year, she appeared in the movie I, Frankenstein as Keziah from the gargoyle order.

On 22 February 2016, Stasey was cast in the Fox drama APB as Ada Hamilton, The pilot received a series order on 10 May. which premiered in February 2017. The show was cancelled after one season in May 2017.

Stasey played ATF Agent Anya Ooms in the 2018 legal drama series For the People.

In April 2023, Stasey was featured in the music video for "One That Got Away" by MUNA.

Music
In 2008, Stasey stated that she had turned down a recording contract offered to her by Tom Nichols, who had also offered one to former Neighbours star Stephanie McIntosh. About it she said "acting is my main passion and I wanted to concentrate my efforts on that, although most actors have that triple threat of being able to sing, dance and act."

In 2008, she recorded two duets with fellow Neighbours cast member Dean Geyer; their cover of "I'm Yours", originally by Jason Mraz, was used for an episode of Neighbours, and their characters performed the song "Unforgettable" on the episode. On 19 May 2008, Stasey and Geyer performed "Unforgettable" at the Erinsborough High School Formal. The song was released to the Australian iTunes store, where it peaked at number 40 on the ARIA Digital Tracks chart.

Personal life
As of 2014, Stasey lives in Los Angeles. In 2016, she married American actor Lucas Neff. In early 2021, Stasey revealed that she and Neff had divorced and that she had entered a relationship with Erin Murphy-Muscatelli.

title: Caitlin Stasey


text:
User talk:Wellenstein On The Hill

rovermanroverman

title: User talk:Wellenstein On The Hill


text: Category:British Army deployments

title: Category:British Army deployments


text:
User talk:68.49.181.58

Now with Peter Jennings dying, hopefully Lung Cancer will be addressed in a more human and down-to-earth way. Don't you think?

August 2021
Hello, I'm Bagumba. Your recent edit(s) to the page United States men's national basketball team appear to have added incorrect information, so they have been reverted for now. If you believe the information was correct, please cite a reliable source or discuss your change on the article's talk page. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. —Bagumba (talk) 18:26, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.49.181.58


text: Talk:Antarctica (Stargate)

title: Talk:Antarctica (Stargate)


text:
Maychew

Maychew, also Maichew (ማይጨው, "salt water"), is a town and woreda in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is located at 665 km north of Addis Ababa along Ethiopian Highway 2. According to Ethiopia’s agro-ecological setting, Maychew and its environs are classified under the Weinadega (semi-temperate zone). Maychew is located in the endoreic basin of the Afar Triangle. The streams near Maychew do not reach the ocean.

History
After his capture in 1921 by Gugsa Araya Selassie, the deposed Lij Iyasu was detained for two weeks at Maychew.

Near Maychew, on March 31, 1936, the conclusive battle of the Italian invasion of Ethiopia was fought. By means of more sophisticated and powerful weaponry and superior numbers, along with modern training, the Italians routed the Ethiopian forces, and six weeks later marched unopposed into the capital, Addis Ababa. The battle of Maychew was despairing for the emperor.

During the Italian occupation, the inhabitants included about 500 local population and 22 Italians. Facilities included telephone service, an infirmary, a gas station, restaurant, and a Tuesday market.

In the early years of the Ethiopian Civil War, the Derg required that all vehicles travelling north from Maychew be restricted to convoys. By 1980, convoys were deemed necessary to move even the 20 kilometers from Maychew to Mehoni. During the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia, the commander of the First Division, Colonel Hailu Gebre Yohannis, ordered the theft of food stocks from the NGO World Vision in Maychew to feed his hungry troops. By 8 September 1989, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front forces had captured Maychew and Korem, and afterwards advanced along the main highway southwards.

Between February 1999 and April 2000, SUR Construction built a road segments connecting Maychew with Alamata by way of Mehoni about 68 kilometers in length. A notable landmark in this town is the church Maychew Mikael Bete Kristiyan.

Demographics
The population comprises mainly Tigraians. Amharic is frequently used as trade language. Tigraians are dominantly Orthodox Christians. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 23,419, of whom 11,024 are men and 12,395 women. 95.28% of the population said they were Orthodox Christians, and 4.24% were Muslim.

The 1994 census reported it had a total population of 19,757 of whom 8,894 were men and 10,863 were women.

title: Maychew


text:
Vassfaret

Vassfaret is a forested mountain valley in southern Norway. The valley is located on the border of the municipalities of Flå, Nesbyen, and Ringerike in Buskerud county and Sør-Aurdal Municipality in Innlandet county. The valley lies between the Hallingdal and Hedalen valleys in the traditional district of Valdres. The steep forest and mountain slopes on both sides of the valley have peaks reaching up to 1284 m above sea level at Sørbølfjellet in Flå municipality in the furthest southwest part of Vassfaret. The area was one heavily inhabited by bears.

Protected area
The valley includes several nature conservation areas:
 * Vassfaret and Vidalen conservation area (Vassfaret/Vidalen landskapsvernområde) covering 200 km2
 * Inner Vassfaret conservation area (Indre Vassfaret landskapsvernområde), covering 42 km2
 * There are also 9 small nature reserves, a total of 18 km2 with very strict protection rules.

History
Vassfaret is characterized by low alpine coniferous forests, heather, and bogs. Down in the lower valley, there are a number of lakes surrounded by forest. In the higher elevations on either side of the valley, the mountains are rocky and weather beaten. The whole valley is not more than about 30 km long. People have worked with logging and timber floating for more than 300 years in this valley. There has been human activity in Vassfaret as early as the times before the Black Death in 1349. In later ages, there were permanent settlements until 1921, when the last inhabitants left. In all, there are remnants of 12 farms in the valley as well as remnants of some mountain farms in the higher elevations. Numerous artifacts from the logging days are left in the valley including dams, walls constructed by stones out in the rivers, and runs to get the logs past troublesome spots.

From 1940-1945 during World War II, especially in the later years of the war, there was intense military activity in Vassfaret. This was the operational base a Resistance group code-named "ELG", and because of this there were many parachute drops there. There are still missing airdrops in the area.

By royal decree on 28 June 1985, the Vassfaret and Vidalen valleys were made into a protected area. The intention was to preserve the characteristic flora and fauna of eastern Norway, especially as an area for bears, and for the cultural remains from logging and floating. A special area covering cultural protection covers about 8 km2 within the Inner Vassfaret landscape protection area. Within this area there is logging by the old methods, and the logs are transported by horse. Every spring the logs are floated downstream into the Nevlingen river.

Vassfarplassen
At the northern end of the Nevlingen river, there are the remains of a farm called Vassfarplassen, where the farmer owned a gun that was nicknamed Vassfarloven, which means "The Law of Vassfaret". In the olden days, it is said that the people of Vassfaret were not very welcoming. A special internal relationship existed in the valley, but anyone coming from the neighbouring valleys would not expect a friendly welcome. This was especially true when it came to fishing within the valley. The saying was that in the middle of river there was a shallow area; you could row to that point, but if you got any closer, then you were within range of "The Law of Vassfaret" and the owner of that rifle was an excellent marksman, so fishermen had to be wary that they did not got too close.

Authors writing about Vassfaret
There are several authors who have written about the area:
 * Mikkjel Fønhus
 * Per Hohle
 * Bjarne Rønning
 * Edvard Elsrud

title: Vassfaret


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe G

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   Delete. Mhiji 23:36, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Joe G
Delete hoax. Google finds nothing and the article almost confesses to it. -Splash 00:21, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe G


text:
Shoes (Shania Twain song)

"Shoes" is a song recorded by Canadian country pop singer Shania Twain. It was released as the lead single from the TV soundtrack Music from and Inspired by Desperate Housewives. The song was released on September 5, 2005, to country radio. The song was co-written by Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange, along with Tammy Hyler, Joie Scott, and Kim Tribble, marking one of only three songs (the others being "Leaving Is The Only Way Out" and "You Win My Love") by Twain and Mutt Lange to not be solely written by the two. It is the last studio recording issued by Twain prior to the dissolution of her marriage to Lange, and the penultimate Twain recording to feature any involvement from Lange. The song was written and recorded for use on the ABC television program Desperate Housewives.

"Shoes" received mixed to negative reviews by critics but was noted to be a standout on the Desperate Housewives soundtrack. The song did moderately well on the Hot Country Songs chart, reaching as high as number 29. Twain has never performed the song live and after this song, she would not release another single until 2011's "Today Is Your Day".

Song information
"Shoes" was first sent to country radio on September 5, 2005 by Hollywood and Lyric Street Records, marking Twain's first single not released under her then-label, Mercury Records. It was the debut song from the TV soundtrack Music from and Inspired by Desperate Housewives (2005), which was a soundtrack inspired by the ABC television series Desperate Housewives and featured women from multiple genres of music. Remixed by Mutt Lange, a pop version was released to airplay in Australia and Europe and had a planned released to American AC and modern AC stations, although this never happened. A few stations in Canada played the remix of "Shoes" produced by Joe Bermudez.

Critical reception
Billboard magazine's Chuck Taylor rejected "Shoes" writing "Twain certainly remains a major talent with plenty left to say, but these 'Shoes' have no soul." AllMusic called the song "sublimely silly".

Chart performance
"Shoes" debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart the week of September 10, 2005, at number 57. The single spent 13 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 29 on November 5, 2005.

Official versions

 * Album version/Country version (3:53)
 * Pop mix (3:55)
 * Bermudez & Harris 6" Stiletto Mix (3:12)

title: Shoes (Shania Twain song)


text:
User talk:Jhero

Welcome!
Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome! Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!'Welcome!Welcome!

ENOUGH DANIEL!!!! STOP COPYING AND PASTING WHILE IM AWAY!!!!

title: User talk:Jhero


text:
Jacob's staff

The term Jacob's staff is used to refer to several things, also known as cross-staff, a ballastella, a fore-staff, a ballestilla, or a balestilha. In its most basic form, a Jacob's staff is a stick or pole with length markings; most staffs are much more complicated than that, and usually contain a number of measurement and stabilization features. The two most frequent uses are:
 * in astronomy and navigation for a simple device to measure angles, later replaced by the more precise sextants;
 * in surveying (and scientific fields that use surveying techniques, such as geology and ecology) for a vertical rod that penetrates or sits on the ground and supports a compass or other instrument.

The simplest use of a Jacob's staff is to make qualitative judgements of the height and angle of an object relative to the user of the staff.

In astronomy and navigation
In navigation the instrument is also called a cross-staff and was used to determine angles, for instance the angle between the horizon and Polaris or the sun to determine a vessel's latitude, or the angle between the top and bottom of an object to determine the distance to said object if its height is known, or the height of the object if its distance is known, or the horizontal angle between two visible locations to determine one's point on a map.

The Jacob's staff, when used for astronomical observations, was also referred to as a radius astronomicus. With the demise of the cross-staff, in the modern era the name "Jacob's staff" is applied primarily to the device used to provide support for surveyor's instruments.

Etymology
The origin of the name of the instrument is not certain. Some refer to the Biblical patriarch Jacob, specifically in the Book of Genesis. It may also take its name after its resemblance to Orion, referred to by the name of Jacob on some medieval star charts. Another possible source is the Pilgrim's staff, the symbol of St James (Jacobus in Latin). The name cross staff simply comes from its cruciform shape.

History
The original Jacob's staff was developed as a single pole device, in the 14th century, that was used in making astronomical measurements. It was first described by the French-Jewish mathematician Levi ben Gerson of Provence, in his "Book of the Wars of the Lord" (translated in Latin as well as Hebrew). He used a Hebrew name for the staff that translates to "Revealer of Profundities", while the term "Jacob's staff" was used by his Christian contemporaries. Its invention was likely due to fellow French-Jewish astronomer Jacob ben Makir, who also lived in Provence in the same period. Attribution to 15th century Austrian astronomer Georg Purbach is less likely, because Purbach was not born until 1423. (Such attributions may refer to a different instrument with the same name.) Its origins may be traced to the Chaldeans around 400 BCE.

Although it has become quite accepted that ben Gerson first described Jacob's staff, the British Sinologist Joseph Needham theorizes that the Song dynasty Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095), in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, described a Jacob's staff. Shen was an antiquarian interested in ancient objects; after he unearthed an ancient crossbow-like device from a home's garden in Jiangsu, he realized it had a sight with a graduated scale that could be used to measure the heights of distant mountains, likening it to how mathematicians measure heights by using right-angle triangles. He wrote that when one viewed the whole breadth of a mountain with it, the distance on the instrument was long; when viewing a small part of the mountainside, the distance was short; this, he wrote, was due to the cross piece that had to be pushed further away from the eye, while the graduation started from the further end. Needham does not mention any practical application of this observation.

During the medieval European Renaissance, the Dutch mathematician and surveyor Adriaan Metius developed his own Jacob's staff; Dutch mathematician Gemma Frisius made improvements to this instrument. In the 15th century, the German mathematician Johannes Müller (called Regiomontanus) made the instrument popular in geodesic and astronomical measurements.

Construction
In the original form of the cross-staff, the pole or main staff was marked with graduations for length. The cross-piece (BC in the drawing to the right), also called the transom or transversal, slides up and down on the main staff. On older instruments, the ends of the transom were cut straight across. Newer instruments had brass fittings on the ends, with holes in the brass for observation. (In marine archaeology, these fittings are often the only components of a cross-staff that survive.)

It was common to provide several transoms, each with a different range of angles it would measure; three transoms were common. In later instruments, separate transoms were switched in favour of just one with pegs to indicate the ends. These pegs were mounted in one of several pairs of holes symmetrically located on either side of the transom. This provided the same capability with fewer parts. The transom on Frisius' version had a sliding vane on the transom as an end point.

Usage
The user places one end of the main staff against their cheek, just below the eye. By sighting the horizon at the end of the lower part of the transom (or through the hole in the brass fitting) [B], then adjusting the cross arm on the main arm until the sun is at the other end of the transom [C], the altitude can be determined by reading the position of the cross arm on the scale on the main staff. This value was converted to an angular measurement by looking up the value in a table.

Cross-staff for navigation
The original version was not reported to be used at sea, until the Age of Discoveries. Its use was reported by João de Lisboa in his Treatise on the Nautical Needle of 1514. Johannes Werner suggested the cross-staff be used at sea in 1514 and improved instruments were introduced for use in navigation. John Dee introduced it to England in the 1550s. In the improved versions, the rod was graduated directly in degrees. This variant of the instrument is not correctly termed a Jacob's staff but is a cross-staff.

The cross-staff was difficult to use. In order to get consistent results, the observer had to position the end of the pole precisely against his cheek. He had to observe the horizon and a star in two different directions while not moving the instrument when he shifted his gaze from one to the other. In addition, observations of the sun required the navigator to look directly at the sun. This could be a uncomfortable exercise and made it difficult to obtain an accurate altitude for the sun. Mariners took to mounting smoked-glass to the ends of the transoms to reduce the glare of the sun. As a navigational tool, this instrument was eventually replaced, first by the backstaff or quadrant, neither of which required the user to stare directly into the sun, and later by the octant and the sextant. Perhaps influenced by the backstaff, some navigators modified the cross-staff to operate more like the former. Vanes were added to the ends of the longest cross-piece and another to the end of the main staff. The instrument was reversed so that the shadow of the upper vane on the cross piece fell on the vane at the end of the staff. The navigator held the instrument so that he would view the horizon lined up with the lower vane and the vane at the end of the staff. By aligning the horizon with the shadow of the sun on the vane at the end of the staff, the elevation of the sun could be determined. This actually increased the accuracy of the instrument, as the navigator no longer had to position the end of the staff precisely on his cheek.

Another variant of the cross-staff was a spiegelboog, invented in 1660 by the Dutchman, Joost van Breen.

Ultimately, the cross-staff could not compete with the backstaff in many countries. In terms of handling, the backstaff was found to be more easy to use. However, it has been proven by several authors that in terms of accuracy, the cross-staff was superior to the backstaff. Backstaves were no longer allowed on board Dutch East India Company vessels as per 1731, with octants not permitted until 1748.

In surveying
In surveying, the term jacob staff refers to a monopod, a single straight rod or staff made of nonferrous material, pointed and metal-clad at the bottom for penetrating the ground. It also has a screw base and occasionally a ball joint on the mount, and is used for supporting a compass, transit, or other instrument.

The term cross-staff may also have a different meaning in the history of surveying. While the astronomical cross-staff was used in surveying for measuring angles, two other devices referred to as a cross-staff were also employed.

 * 1) Cross-head, cross-sight, surveyor's cross or cross - a drum or box shaped device mounted on a pole.  It had two sets of mutually perpendicular sights. This device was used by surveyors to measure offsets.  Sophisticated versions had a compass and spirit levels on the top.  The French versions were frequently eight-sided rather than round.
 * 2) Optical square - an improved version of the cross-head, the optical square used two silvered mirrors at 45° to each other. This permitted the surveyor to see along both axes of the instrument at once.

In the past, many surveyor's instruments were used on a Jacob's staff. These include:
 * Cross-head, cross-sight, surveyor's cross or cross
 * Graphometer
 * Circumferentor
 * Holland circle
 * Miner's dial
 * Optical square
 * Surveyor's sextant
 * Surveyor's target
 * Abney level

Some devices, such as the modern optical targets for laser-based surveying, are still in common use on a Jacob's staff.

In geology
In geology, the Jacob's staff is mainly used to measure stratigraphic thicknesses in the field, especially when bedding is not visible or unclear (e.g., covered outcrop) and when due to the configuration of an outcrop, the apparent and real thicknesses of beds diverge therefore making the use of a tape measure difficult. There is a certain level of error to be expected when using this tool, due to the lack of an exact reference mean for measuring stratigraphic thickness. High-precision designs include a laser able to slide vertically along the staff and to rotate on a plane parallel to bedding.

title: Jacob's staff


text: Template:Monmouth class cruiser

title: Template:Monmouth class cruiser