text:
Talk:Phase noise

Question
Does phase noise effect the $$\varphi_0$$ in $$\cos(\omega t + \varphi_0)$$, so it isn't static anymore but changes a little to smaller and higher values? --Abdull 09:49, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. 67.198.37.17 (talk) 17:20, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

Arguments against proposed merger

 * I found the article on dBm to be very useful, with some extension the dBc article could be equally useful.
 * I would say there is a clear distinction between the unit dBc and the phenomenon of phase noise.
 * Given the lack of information in the phase noise article, I would say there isn't even short-term benefit to the merger.DJIndica 22:12, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Example conversion to degrees
Article says "For example, the phase noise may be -40 dBc integrated over the range of 1 kHz to 100 kHz. This Integrated phase noise (expressed in degrees) can be converted to jitter (expressed in seconds) using the following formula. Jitter(seconds) = PhaseError(degrees) / (360xFrequency(hertz))"

but could it be made clearer how to convert the integrated phase noise from dBc to degrees. Rod57 (talk) 15:22, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The answer may be in here Rod57 (talk) 22:32, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

PSD
Is PSD Power Spectral Density? Expanding acronyms seems helpful. --Denimskater (talk) 22:22, 31 October 2017 (UTC)

Dimensions
I changed the dimension of difference.

The article talked about things like 6 dB/Hz per octave. This should be 6 dB / octave. When talking about ratios, only dB remains.

eg.: The difference (ratio) between 30 dBm and 10 dBm is 20 dB (and not 20 dBm)

similar with: the difference ratio between -100 dBc/Hz and -110dBc/Hz equals 10 dB. 213.93.92.230 (talk) 20:32, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think in some contexts that the above can be incorrect: take "–20 dBc/decade slope".  As I ineterpret this, it means the total power in each decade reduces by 20dB for each decade of frequency increase.  That is the same as the value of L(f) reducing by 30dbc/Hz. This should definitely read "-30dBc/Hz per decade of frequency" if it is to align withthe mathematics.
 * In fact, I think the basic principle is wrong. If the unit is dBc/Hz the difference is also in dBc/Hz.  If the difference is in dBc/octave the difference is in dBc/octave, etc.
 * I suspect the problem originates with the abbreviation dB/bandwidth. It means power measured in dB normalised to a signal of 1-Hz bandwidth.  The dB do not scale with bandwidth (however defined).
 * Can the page owner please correct this?PhysicistQuery (talk) 21:44, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The slope refers to the fall of power density; it is not about power in a decade. Glrx (talk) 22:08, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The -20dB/decade is the standard Leeson's equation result, and nothing more. 67.198.37.17 (talk) 17:23, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

The Of
✅

I think there should be a word between the and of in "is one half the of the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuation". Any suggestions?  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  08:25, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that. As seen in a draft of IEEE STD 1139, the phrase should be "one half of the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuations", so there was an extra "the" and fluctuation should be plural--in phase noise, there is never just one fluctuation. I've made the change. --Mark viking (talk) 09:06, 21 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks Mark, much appreciated.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  16:29, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

ℒ(f)=Sφ(f)/2
According to the definitions, ℒ(f) is the spectral content (relative to the carrier) of pure phase noise in a single sideband. Sφ(f) is the phase error relative to signal amplitude when measured on a phase detector. It seems to me that the two ℒ(f) sidebands add coherently to create Sφ(f), so the difference should be 6-dB. If this is correct, and we are expressing ℒ(f) and Sφ(f) as power relative to carrier we should have ℒ(f)=Sφ(f)/4. Of course we often see both these measures these expressed in terms of relative amplitude, so I'm not clear which of the various options I am misinterpreting. Can someone provide some clarity here? ThanksPhysicistQuery (talk) 21:57, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Who says the noise in one sideband is coherent with the noise in the other sideband? Glrx (talk) 22:10, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The general issue is that this article is very nearly incoherent, with no continuity from one equation to the next, no definitions of terms, no derivations, no provable or proven claims. Its sort of a concept-salad. A better version of this article might (for example?) start with φ(t) some random walk with some power spectrum and then properly define ℒ(f) and Sφ(f) and show what happens to these, in each side-band. Or conversely, start with noise in the sidebands and derive phase noise. Or something, anything would be better than what we have now.  Seem's like Leeson's equation is some kind of start for actual oscillators, so the question is, how to back away from Leeson's equation and Allan variance and get to some clear, generic, understandable statements? 67.198.37.17 (talk) 17:36, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

 * The articles on flicker noise and oscillator phase noise are in even worse shape. Oi. 67.198.37.17 (talk) 18:00, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Oscillator phase noise be merged to this page. The content in Oscillator phase noise page is not much and can be easily merged to this page. It would also make it more coherent by putting things in one place. pony in a strange land (talk) 07:30, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Phase noise is the general topic. The article can cover general topics such as measuring it an equivalent representations. Oscillator phase noise is a specific topic that can touch on design issues driven by the more general topic. Burn power. Device selection. Choose low NF at operating band. DC mixing means 1/f noise of the active device is significant. Resonator selection. Increasing resonator Q decreases phase noise. Oscillator phase noise article can address problems brought on by VCO requirements; FM is PM. PN requirements restrict VCO range. Band-switching the resonator. Averaging control voltage noise with multiple varactors. Both articles can have lot of meat. Glrx (talk) 22:23, 25 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Closing, given uncontested opposition and no support. Klbrain (talk) 09:55, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

One-Sided vs Two-Sided
"The IEEE defines phase noise as ℒ(f) = Sφ(f)/2 where the "phase instability" Sφ(f) is the one-sided spectral density of a signal's phase deviation.[4] Although Sφ(f) is a one-sided function, it represents "the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuation".[5][clarification needed] " Is it one-sided or two-sided then? 2601:646:8300:10:A548:E8D8:258F:12B2 (talk) 00:05, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase noise


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Al Mahrah Governorate

Al Mahrah (ٱلْمَهْرَة Al-Mahrah), or simply Mahra, is a governorate (muhafazah) of Yemen in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Situated in the area of the former Mahra Sultanate, its capital is Al Ghaydah. It has international borders with Oman.

Languages and people
A sizeable part of the Mahrah population does not speak Arabic as their primary language. Non-Arabic-speakers primarily speak Mehri or Mahri, which is a modern South Arabian language, similar to the adjacent Dhofar Governorate of Oman. The people that speak Mahri call themselves 'Mahris', and are presumed to be descendants of the ancient people of 'Ad.

Geography
The geography of Al-Mahrah is similar to that of neighboring Dhofar region of Oman. Rigid peaks rising to around 1,300 m, and the Empty Quarter Desert lies to the north. Along its coast near the border with Oman, Al Mahrah receives the seasonal monsoon, or Khareef. The mountains become water-soaked and the atmosphere becomes moist and foggy as vegetation turns the barren coast into lush valleys and forests. Hauf National Park is located in Al-Mahrah.

The mountains here are referred to as either the "Mahrat" or "Hadhramaut".

Adjacent governorates

 * Hadhramaut Governorate (west)
 * Dhofar Governorate, Oman (east)

Yemeni Civil War
The governorate has remained relatively untouched by the civil war in Yemen that began in 2015.

On 10 September 2016, three militants in the Al Mahrah governorate declared on social media the formation of a new wilayat, or state, belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). However, official ISIL media did not acknowledge the declaration.

From 2015 to late 2017, Al Mahrah was under the control of the Yemeni 123rd and 137th Mechanized Brigades. From mid-November 2017 onwards, Saudi Arabia began increasing its presence in the governorate, taking control of facilities, Nishtun port, the Sarfit and Shehen border crossings, and al-Gaydah Airport, while establishing military outposts around key infrastructure and coastal areas. On 27 November 2017, Mohammed Abdullah Kuddah, the governor of Al Mahrah, was replaced by Rajeh Said Bakrit, following the former's objections to Saudi influence.

Districts
Al Mahrah Governorate is divided into the following 10 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages:

 * Al Ghaydah District
 * Al Masilah District
 * Hat District
 * Hawf District
 * Huswain District
 * Man'ar District
 * Qishn District
 * Sayhut District
 * Shahan District
 * Rimah District

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Al Mahrah Governorate


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Rein

Reins are items of horse tack, used to direct a horse or other animal used for riding. They are long straps that can be made of leather, nylon, metal, or other materials, and attach to a bridle via either its bit or its noseband.

Use for riding
Reins are used to give subtle commands or cues, also known as rein aids. Various commands may signal a turn, ask for a slower speed, request a halt or rein back. Rein aids are used along with leg aids, shifting of body weight, and sometimes voice commands.

Harness reins
On some types of harnesses there might be supporting rings or "terrets" used to carry the reins over the animal's back. When pairs of equines are used in drawing a wagon or coach it is usual for the outer side of each pair to be connected to the reins and for the inside of the bits to be connected between the pair of horses by a short bridging strap or rope. The driver carries "four-in-hand" or "six-in-hand" being the number of reins connecting to the pairs.

Other uses
A single rein or rope may be attached to a halter to lead or guide a horse or packhorse. A long rein called a longe line may be used to allow the horse to move in a circle for training purposes, or for the purpose of a clinical lameness evaluation by a veterinarian. On certain designs of headgear, a third rein may be added to the paired reins, used for leading, longeing, or other specialized or stylistic purposes. The best-known example of a third rein used in the USA is the leading rein of the mecate of the classic bosal hackamore.

Types
Types of reins include:

 * Closed reins, or loop reins: reins that are either a single piece or that buckle together at the ends. English riders usually use closed reins. Western riders in timed rodeo events use a single closed rein, as do those who use a romal. A closed rein helps prevent the rider from dropping the reins.
 * Double reins: The combined use of two pairs of reins, a curb rein and a snaffle rein. This is usually two single (buckled or sewn) reins, though sometimes split reins may be seen on western-style bridles. Double reins are used with a double bridle, with bits such as the Pelham bit and, less often, on some gag bits used for polo.
 * Draw reins and running reins: long reins, usually made of leather or nylon webbing, that attach to the saddle or the girth, run through the bit rings, and back to the rider. Several design variations, they add mechanical advantage to the rider's hands and may affect the horse's ability to raise or lower its head.  Often used in conjunction with a snaffle rein by English riders, usually used alone by western riders.
 * Lead rein: A third rein used on bridles, not to be confused with the single lead rope of a halter nor the direct rein aid known as the "leading rein".  In North America a third rein is most commonly seen as part of the mecate of a hackamore. In Mongolia it is integral to the bridle, and tied to either a bit ring or a chin strap.
 * Long reins, longlines, or driving lines: exceptionally long reins which allow the rider to control the horse from a cart, or from the ground, with the handler walking behind the horse.
 * Mecate: a style of rein seen on a bosal style hackamore made of a single piece of rope that encompasses both a closed rein and a leading rope.
 * Romal reins: a rein style from the vaquero tradition that incorporates a closed rein with a long quirt at the end.
 * Side reins: used when longeing a horse, attached from the bit to the saddle or surcingle, they are not meant to be held by the rider.
 * Split reins: a rein style seen in western riding where the reins are not attached to one another at the ends. They prevent a horse from tangling its feet in a looped rein, particularly when the rider is dismounted. They are considerably longer than closed reins.
 * Two reins—reins used on bridles with two reins:
 * Snaffle rein: Usually a laced rein that buckles at the center, used on the bradoon of a double bridle, or the upper ring of a pelham bit.
 * Curb rein: The rein used at the end of the shank of a curb bit or pelham. Modern curb reins usually buckle together at the ends, though reins of the classical curb were sewn together at the ends to create a single rein.

In popular expression
In popular culture, to rein in means to hold back, slow down, control or limit. Sometimes the eggcorn, reign in, is used. Usage of the opposing free rein dates back to Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400) and means to give or allow complete freedom, in action and decision, over something.

title: Rein


text:
The Prospector (train)

The Prospector is a rural passenger train service in Western Australia operated by Transwa between East Perth and Kalgoorlie. On this service, two trains depart almost at the same time in opposite directions, one travelling between East Perth and Kalgoorlie, and the other between Kalgoorlie and East Perth. The original vehicles ordered in 1968 for trains providing this service were replaced in 2004 with vehicles capable of reducing journey times to 6 hours 45 minutes.

History
With the standard gauge line from Perth to Kalgoorlie due to open in mid-1969, the Western Australian Government Railways decided to replace The Kalgoorlie overnight sleeper service with a daylight service. The new service commenced on 29 November 1971, cutting the 653 km journey time from fourteen to eight hours. With an average speed of 85 km/h, it was the fastest service in Australia.

Stops

 * East Perth
 * Midland
 * Toodyay
 * Northam
 * Meckering
 * Cunderdin
 * Tammin
 * Kellerberrin
 * Doodlakine
 * Hines Hill
 * Merredin
 * Burracoppin
 * Carrabin
 * Bodallin
 * Moorine Rock
 * Southern Cross
 * Koolyanobbing
 * Bonnie Vale
 * Kalgoorlie

Services
There is one train each way daily between East Perth and Kalgoorlie. On Mondays and Fridays, there are two services each way.

Onboard facilities
Each seat on board is in the same class. At every seat there is a touchscreen entertainment system with a small selection of movies, TV shows and music. They also offer a tray table, in-seat power (Australian type only), and a foot rest.

Food is not complimentary on board and can be bought at the buffet. The buffet offers a variety of items such as ham and cheese croissants, pies, muffins, soft drinks, potato chips, lollies and alcohol.

In 2022, Wi-Fi internet access was introduced to the service.

Rolling stock
In 1968, Comeng, Granville were awarded a contract to build eight WAGR WCA/WCE class railcars.

Built to take advantage of the generous loading gauge on the new line, they were the largest carriages ever built in Australia. They were the first trains in Australia to have at-seat catering. These held the record for the highest speed attained by an Australian train until bettered by a New South Wales XPT in September 1981.

In December 2000, Westrail awarded a contract to United Goninan, Broadmeadow for seven Transwa WDA/WDB/WDC class railcars to replace the original railcars.

The first entered service on 28 June 2004. The new railcars are capable of 200 km/h, but track conditions restrict their top speed to 160 km/h. Nonetheless, they further reduced journey times to 6 hours 45 minutes.

Ridership
The Prospector had 68,497 passengers in the year leading up to June 2022.

title: The Prospector (train)


text:
Joanna Phillips-Lane

Joanna Phillips-Lane is a British actress who among other parts, played the character Roxy in Carla Lane's sitcom Bread. She also played the character Wendy Foley in Capital City.

title: Joanna Phillips-Lane


title: User:Mickey658


text:
Pieter Lastman

Pieter Lastman (1583–1633) was a Dutch painter. Lastman is considered important because of his work as a painter of history pieces and because his pupils included Rembrandt and Jan Lievens. In his paintings Lastman paid careful attention to the faces, hands and feet.

Early life
Pieter Lastman was born in Amsterdam. He was the fourth child of Pieter Segersz, (1548-1624), a town-beadle who was dismissed in 1578 for being a Catholic. His mother, Barber Jacobsdr, (1549-1624) was an appraiser of paintings and goods.

Education and Italy
His apprenticeship was with Gerrit Pietersz Sweelinck, the brother of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck. Between approximately 1604 and 1607, Lastman was in Italy, where he was influenced by Caravaggio (as were the painters of the Utrecht School a few years later) and by Adam Elsheimer.

Back in Amsterdam
Back in Amsterdam he moved in with his mother in the Sint Antoniesbreestraat, living next to mayor Geurt van Beuningen. Lastman never married although he promised to marry the sister of Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero. Because of his health Lastman moved in with his brother in 1632.

Death
He died the next year after moving in with his brother and was buried in the Oude Kerk on 4 April 1633.

Students
Because Rembrandt never visited Italy, it is likely that he was influenced by Caravaggio (see e.g. chiaroscuro) mainly or significantly via Lastman. His pupils besides Rembrandt and Lievens were Bartholomeus Breenbergh, Nicolaes Lastman, Pieter Pieterz Nedek and Jan Albertsz Rotius.

Rembrandt used many of the same themes as Lastman. Among his most famous works his rendition of the Stoning of Saint Stephen, The Baptism of the Eunuch, and Sacrifice of Abraham appear to be very influenced by Lastman. It is even possible that as an apprentice, Rembrandt may have done the preliminary sketches for each of these works by Lastman.

Additional sources

 * Murray, P. & L. (1997). Penguin Dictionary of Art and Artists (7th edition), p. 287, 436–438. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051300-0.

title: Pieter Lastman


text:
Wallingford Riegger

Wallingford Constantine Riegger (April 29, 1885 – April 2, 1961) was an American modernist composer and pianist, best known for his orchestral and modern dance music. He was born in Albany, Georgia, but spent most of his career in New York City, helping elevate the status of other American composers such as Charles Ives and Henry Cowell. Riegger is noted for being one of the first American composers to use a form of serialism and the twelve-tone technique.

Life
Riegger was born in 1885 to Constantine Riegger and Ida Riegger (née Wallingford). After his father's lumber mill burned down in 1888, his family moved to Indianapolis, and later to Louisville, finally settling in New York in 1900. A gifted cellist, he was a member of the first graduating class of the Institute of Musical Art, later known as the Juilliard School, in 1907, after studying under Percy Goetschius. He continued his studies at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin for three years. After returning in 1910, he married Rose Schramm in 1911, with whom he later had three daughters. He returned to Germany and served in various conducting positions until the United States entered World War I in 1917, after which he moved back to America.

From 1918 to 1922, he taught music theory and violoncello at Drake University. During the greater part of the time from 1930 to 1956, he continued to compose and publish while he taught at various colleges in New York State, notably the Institute of Musical Art and Ithaca College. In 1957, he was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee, which was investigating communism in the musical world. In 1958, Leonard Bernstein honored him by conducting his Music for Orchestra with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He died in New York in 1961 when he tripped over the leashes of two fighting dogs, resulting in a fall and a head injury from which he did not recover despite treatment. Bernstein said of him in his eulogy, "All who knew Wally loved him."

His students included Robert Ashley, Louise Spizizen, Alan Stout and Merton Brown.

Musical style
Riegger was known for his use of a twelve-tone system, related to that of Schoenberg. He became familiar with the technique through Schoenberg's American student Adolph Weiss. However, he did not use it in all of his compositions and his usage varied from that of Schoenberg, for example in not always using rows with twelve tones and not using transposed forms of the rows. Riegger's Dance Rhythms, for example, did not use these techniques. Aside from Schoenberg, Riegger was also significantly influenced by his friends Henry Cowell and Charles Ives.

Early period
Early on in his career as a composer, the style of his compositions was markedly different from that of his later work, which mostly used the twelve-tone system. His compositions, following those of Goetschius, were somewhat romanticist.

Later period
Starting in the mid-1930s, Riegger began to write contemporary dance music. Later, as his career progressed, he began to use Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique more and more often, though he did occasionally revert to his earlier styles. From 1941 on, he focused almost solely on instrumental music. His Symphony No. 3 received the New York Music Critics' Circle Award and a Naumburg Foundation Recording Award.

Selected works

 * Orchestral
 * Fantasy and Fugue, Op. 10 (1930)
 * Dichotomy, Op. 12 (1931)
 * Consummation, Op. 31 (1939)
 * Passacaglia and Fugue, Op. 34a (1942)
 * Symphony No. 1 (1944)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1945)
 * Symphony No. 3, Op. 42 (1946–1947, revised 1960)
 * Music for Orchestra, Op. 50 (1958)
 * Suite for Younger Orchestras, Op. 56 (1953)
 * Romanza for string orchestra, Op. 56a (1953); Lullaby from the Suite for Younger Orchestras
 * Dance Rhythms, Op. 58 (1954)
 * Overture, Op. 60 (1955)
 * Preamble and Fugue, Op. 61 (1955)
 * Symphony No. 4, Op. 63 (1956)
 * Festival Overture, Op. 68 (1957)
 * Quintuple Jazz, Op. 72 (1958)
 * Sinfonietta, Op. 73 (1959)
 * Canon and Fugue for string orchestra

 * Concert band and wind ensemble
 * Ballet for Band, Op. 18 (1935)
 * Passacaglia and Fugue, Op. 34 (1942)
 * Processional, Op. 36 (1943)
 * Music for Brass Choir, Op. 45 (1949)
 * Prelude and Fugue, Op. 52 (1953)
 * Dance Rhythms, Op. 58a (1954); original for orchestra

 * Concertante
 * Elegy for cello and orchestra (1916)
 * Concerto for piano with wind quintet, Op. 53 (1953)
 * Variations for piano and orchestra, Op. 54 (1952–1953)
 * Variations for violin and orchestra, Op. 71 (1959)
 * Introduction and Fugue for cello and concert band, Op. 74 (1960)

 * Chamber music
 * Elegy for viola and piano (1915)
 * Piano Trio in B minor, Op. 1 (1919)
 * Revery for cello (or viola) and piano (1920)
 * Lullaby for cello (or viola) and piano (1922)
 * Study in Sonority for 10 violins or any multiple thereof, Op. 7 (1927)
 * Suite for flute solo, Op. 8 (1929)
 * String Quartet No. 1, Op. 30 (1938–1939)
 * Duos for Three Woodwinds for flute, oboe, clarinet, Op. 35 (1944)
 * Sonatina for violin and piano, Op. 39 (1948)
 * String Quartet No. 2, Op. 43 (1948)
 * Piano Quintet, Op. 47 (1951)
 * Nonet for Brass, Op. 49 (1951)
 * Woodwind Quintet, Op. 51 (1952)
 * Variations for violin and viola (soli or in choirs), Op. 57 (1956)
 * Etudes for clarinet solo (1957)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1957)
 * Movement for 2 trumpets, trombone and piano, Op. 66
 * Introduction and Fugue for 4 cellos or cello orchestra, Op. 69 (1962)

 * Piano
 * Blue Voyage, Rhapsody, Op. 6 (1927)
 * New Dance for 2 pianos (1932)
 * The Cry for piano 4-hands, Op. 22 (1935)
 * Four Tone Pictures (1939)
 * New and Old, Op. 38 (1944)
 * Petite Étude, Op. 62 (1956)
 * Evocation for piano 4-hands, Op. 17
 * Scherzo for 2 pianos
 * Skip to My Lou, Duet for 2 pianos
 * The Galway Piper, Duet for 2 pianos
 * The Harold Flammer Duet Album, Folk Songs arranged for piano 4-hands

 * Accordion
 * Cooper Square

 * Vocal
 * La Belle Dame sans Merci (setting of John Keats' poem, for two sopranos, contralto, tenor, violin, viola, cello, double bass, oboe (English horn), clarinet and French horn; premiered 19 September 1924, at the 7th Berkshire Festival of Chamber Music)

Choral
 * Dark Eyes, Russian Folksong, SSA, piano
 * Veni Jesu (arrangement)

title: Wallingford Riegger


text:
Gag Factor

Gag Factor is a series of pornographic films made by JM Productions featuring deep throating (irrumatio).

The first film was released in 2000. The series won the AVN Award for 'Best Oral-Themed Series' in 2003 and 2004. In October 2007, one of Gag Factor distributors, Five Star DVD, was found guilty by an Arizona jury of transporting obscene materials, including a Gag Factor title, across state lines.

title: Gag Factor


text:
Josip Kozarac

Josip Kozarac (18 March 1858 – 21 August 1906) was a Croatian writer.

Josip Kozarac was born in Vinkovci, Austrian Empire. He studied forestry management in Vienna and later served as forestry official in Vinkovci.

He wrote stories, plays and novels. In them he showed great ability to portray Slavonian peasants and expressed his displeasure over the decay of Slavonian economy and foreigners taking over Croatian national wealth. His most well-known work is his novel, Mrtvi kapitali (1890).

Works

 * Biser-Kata
 * Male pripovijesti
 * Među svjetlom i tminom
 * Mira Kodolićeva
 * Mrtvi kapitali
 * Oprava
 * Priče djeda Nike
 * Slavonska šuma
 * Tena

title: Josip Kozarac


text:
Talk:Three Way Snog

Redirect to French kiss
If anyone wants to merge the old article with the French kiss article, then go ahead. I didn't think it was sufficiently notable to warrant it though. KeithD (talk) 09:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Three Way Snog


text:
Kozhencherry

Kozhencherry is a census town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, India. census, the population was 12,021 of which 5,594 are males while 6,427 are females.

History
Kozhencherry is located in central Travancore and at the heart of Pathanamthitta District. It lies along the banks of the sacred Pampa River, which originates from Sabarimala, and is surrounded by hills and lush green valleys. The town's history is deeply intertwined with that of Central Travancore State. Historically, Kozhencherry was one of the five major towns in the former state of Travancore.

The land of Kozhencherry is highly fertile, supporting the cultivation of plantations, paddy, tapioca, coconut, rubber, pepper, sugarcane, vegetables, spices, and more. In the past, goods from the Kozhencherry market were transported to Kochi and Alappuzha via the Pampa River in large boats. In 1869, during the reign of Sree Moolam Thirunal, resident Mr. G.A. Bellard initiated a public market, which later became known as the Bellard Public Market. This highlights Kozhencherry's significant role in ancient trade. The town was also closely linked to banking and cooperative societies, with Malankara Syndicate Bank being a pioneer in Travancore.

On May 11, 1935, Sri C. Kesavan called for the opening of roads and schools to the public, the cessation of Divanji's rule, and the establishment of democratic governance during a public meeting in Kozhencherry. This call to action spurred public involvement in the Freedom Struggle alongside Mahatma Gandhi. Keshavan was subsequently arrested and imprisoned. A stone monument in the town center commemorates this event.

In education, Kozhencherry has made significant contributions to central Travancore. St. Thomas High School was established in 1910, attracting students from various regions. St. Thomas College followed in 1953. Recognizing Kozhencherry's prominence, a District Hospital was founded over 112 years ago by the rulers. Additionally, Kozhencherry Panchayath was established in 1953.

Geography
The total area of this village includes hill areas, plane lands, semi hill areas and paddy fields

Administration
Kozhencherry is part of Pathanamthitta district. Before the formation of the Pathanamthitta district in 1982, Kozhencherry belonged to Kollam district.

Tourism
The very famous Maramon Convention conducted in this village at the sand bed of pampa river. The statue of C. KESAVAN, famous for Kozhencherry speech during Freedom Fight is very near to Village office. District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC) office is in Kozhencherry village near Panchayath stadium. There is no other tourism spot in this village.

Education

 * St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry
 * St. Mary's Girls High School, Kozhencherry
 * St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Kozhencherry
 * Marthoma Senior Secondary School, Kozhencherry

Transport

Kozhencherry primarily relies on private buses and many long-distance Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) buses. Auto rickshaws are also commonly used and are typically hired for short distances (1–3 km) in areas not serviced by buses. Jeeps are favored for transportation in hilly or rugged terrains.

The nearest railway stations are at Thiruvalla 17.7 km and Chengannur which are nearly 12.1 km away.

The proposed Sabarimala International Airport, Cheruvally would be the closest airport upon completion, at 25 km from Kozhencherry township.

The nearest extant airport is Trivandrum International Airport, at 111.5 km.

Hospitals

 * Poyanil Hospital
 * Mulamoottil Eye Hospital & Research Center
 * Muthoot Hospitals Kozhencherry
 * District Hospital, Kozhencherry

Notable people

 * Mathai George Muthoot - entrepreneur and businessman
 * George Alexander Muthoot - entrepreneur and businessman
 * M. G. George Muthoot - entrepreneur and businessman

title: Kozhencherry


text:
Aspiraculata

Sorberacea were a monoorder and monofamilial class of benthic Tunicates. The single order of the class was Aspiraculata, and the single family of that order was Hexacrobylidae. In a taxonomic revision of the Tunicata in 2007, the name "Hexacrobylidae" was declared invalid and members of the family were included in the family Molgulidae in the class Ascidiacea.

They superficially resemble sea squirts but prey on invertebrates such as crustaceans. They also have some unique physical features that distinguish them from the ascidiaceans, including a severely reduced pharynx, the retention of the dorsal nerve cord as adults, the superficial position of their ganglion and the unique histology of the cells of their digestive tracts. The branchial syphon is large and surrounded by six large lobes; the cloacal syphon is small. They live exclusively in deep water and range in size from less than one inch (2 cm) to 2.4 inches (6 cm).

Contrary to almost all tunicates, the members of this group are not filter-feeders, and instead capture and eat nematodes and small crustaceans. They are solitary animals, found only in the deep sea.

Taxonomy
Order Aspiraculata
 * Family Hexacrobylidae
 * Genus Gasterascidia - accepted as Oligotrema Bourne, 1903
 * Gasterascidia lyra - accepted as Oligotrema lyra Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1973
 * Gasterascidia sandersi - accepted as Oligotrema sandersi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1968)
 * Genus Hexadactylus - accepted as Asajirus Kott, 1989
 * Hexadactylus arcticus - accepted as Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913)
 * Hexadactylus eunuchus - accepted as Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913)
 * Hexadactylus ledanoisi - accepted as Asajirus ledanoisi (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1990)
 * Genus Oligotrema - now included in the family Molgulidae
 * Oligotrema lyra
 * Oligotrema psammites
 * Genus Sorbera - accepted as Oligotrema Bourne, 1903
 * Sorbera unigonas - accepted as Oligotrema unigonas (Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1974)
 * Sorbera digonas - accepted as Oligotrema psammites Bourne, 1903

title: Aspiraculata


text:
Mutal Burhonov

Mutavakkil (Mutal) Burhonov (Мутаваккил [Мутал] Бурҳонов/مۇتەۋەككىل [مۇتەل] بۇرحاناۋ; Мутаваккиль [Муталь] Музаинович Бурханов); Bukhara, 5 May 1916 – June 15, 2002) was a Soviet Uzbek composer. He is recognized as People's Artist of Uzbekistan.

He composed numerous songs, including the Anthem of Uzbek SSR.

title: Mutal Burhonov


text:
Talk:Protests against the Iraq war/to do

 * Decide on whether 'non-global' demonstrations should be included
 * Provide references for all the demonstrations
 * Provide references for the slogans and a rational for their inclusion Moved to slogans and chants opposing the Iraq war


text:
Australind (train)

The Australind is a currently suspended rural passenger train service in Western Australia operated by Transwa on the South Western Railway between Perth and Bunbury.

The Australind was suspended in November 2023 due to the shutdown of the Armadale line for upgrading, and pending retirement of the current rolling stock. The route has been replaced by coach bus services until mid-2025.

History
The Australind service began on 24 November 1947 and was hauled initially by U class steam locomotives. With an average speed of 63 km/h, it was the fastest narrow gauge passenger train in Australia. It was named to commemorate the city of that name envisioned by Marshall Waller Clifton on Leschenault Inlet 100 years previously. The current hamlet of Australind, a satellite town of Bunbury, has never had a passenger rail service, nor even a railway line.

In February 1958, X class diesel locomotives took over. The service was relaunched on 1 October 1960 with onboard catering removing the need for an elongated stop at Pinjarra. On 16 November 1987, the current ADP/ADQ class railcars took over the service reducing journey times to 2 hours 30 minutes.

In November 2023 the service was suspended due to the shutdown of the Armadale line for upgrading. The final two services on the current train sets - reserved for invited special guests - were conducted on 18 and 19 November 2023.

Rolling stock
When introduced, the train consisted of new carriages built by the Midland Railway Workshops. In August 1985, Westrail awarded Comeng, Bassendean a contract for five Westrail ADP/ADQ class railcars, three ADPs with driving cabs and two ADQs, using a similar body shell and interior fitout to the New South Wales XPT carriages. Each carriage was powered by a Cummins KTA19 coupled to a Voith transmission. They usually operate as a three or four carriage set. Five carriage set operation is not possible due to the limited platform length available at Perth station.

In July 2003, the trains were painted in a new livery in line with the formation of Transwa. In 2007, the trains were painted white as part of a refurbishment program. In 2010/11, new seats were fitted.

In 2019, two new train sets, each consisting of a three-car diesel multiple unit, were ordered for the Australind at a cost of $54 million. The trains will be built by Alstom in Bellevue as diesel-powered variants of the Transperth C-series trains already under construction. The new train sets will be introduced to the service when the route resumes in 2025.

Route
The Australind departs from Perth traversing the metropolitan Armadale line to Armadale, then the South Western Railway to Bunbury.

Stations

 * Perth
 * Armadale
 * Byford
 * Mundijong
 * Serpentine
 * North Dandalup
 * Pinjarra
 * Waroona
 * Yarloop
 * Cookernup
 * Harvey
 * Brunswick Junction
 * Bunbury

Ridership
The Australind had 60,507 passengers in the year leading up to June 2022.

title: Australind (train)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul mcguire

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 17:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Paul mcguire
Probable nonsense. Google doesn't support anything in the article KeithD (talk) 09:58, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete possible A7 speedy. Apart from lack of verifiability, nothing is present to support the claim that he was one of Ireland's greatest fishermen other than he struggled with a catfish for several hours while fishing. According to the St James Guide to Crime and Mystery Writers published in 1996, there was an Australian writer of this name who published over ten crime novels in the 1930's and was later an Australian delegate to the United Nations. In my view, that Paul McGuire would warrant an article but this one doesn't. Capitalistroadster 10:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Capitalroadster, also noticed that some comments by original poster regarding VfD nominee is in the history. Alf 13:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A quick look at Google shows a Paul McGuire who's a syndicated radio host, another who's a minor actor, a freelance author, and a writer who specializes in writing about poker. And that's just on the first page.  Make this a disambig page.  Zoe 19:38, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete quickly in its current form. Would support a disambiguation page if created.  Hall Monitor 22:45, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Emphatically not an A7, but not verifiable either. --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:00, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. One of two jokes by the same anon. No useful content. Andrewa 09:32, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for punnery, hoaxery, tomfoolery and/or skullduggery. --Agamemnon2 14:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Qu'aiti

Qu'aiti, or the Qu'aiti Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla, was a sultanate in the Hadhramaut region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now Yemen. Its capital was Mukalla, and it was divided into six provinces, namely Al-Mukalla, Ash-Shihr, Shibam, Du'an, the Western Province and Hajr. Apart from Al-Mukalla, Ash-Shihr and Shibam were the Sultanate's major cities.

The Sultanate spanned the Indian Ocean coast up to the border of Mahra, encompassed Shabwa, the central valleys and oasis settlements of Hadhramaut, and controlled the southern Empty Quarter.

History
Sons of Umar bin Awadh al Qu'aiti, who became a jemadar in the forces of the Nizam of Hyderabad State (now in India), first took the town of Shibam from the rival Kathiris in 1858 to consolidate their rule over all of Hadhramaut.

In 1866, Sultan Ghalib bin Muhsin, Shaikh of the Kathiri, expelled Ali bin Naji from Shihr and took possession of the fort. At this time the inland town of Shibam was held by the Qu'aiti tribe. Qu'aiti Shaikh, Abdulla, being apprehensive that the capture of Mukalla would follow that of Shihr and that his communication with the seaboard would he cut off, applied to his brothers, in the service of the Hyderabad State, for assistance against Sultan Ghalib bin Muhsin. A request was thereupon preferred by the Minister of the Nizam for the armed interference of the British Government on behalf of the rightful Jemadar of Shihr. The government, however, declined to interfere or to allow an armed expedition to be fitted out by Arabs from the Indian coast.

In April 1867, Awadh (Nawaz) bin Umar, better known by his Hyderabad title of Sultan Nawaz Jang, a brother of the Qu'aiti Jemadar Abdulla, after establishing a blockade on the sea-coast, landed near Shihr, attacked and put to flight Sultan Ghalib bin Muhsin, and established the authority of his brother as Jemadar of Shihr. An attempt was made by the Kathiri Shaikh in December of the same year to retake the place, but he was repulsed by the Qu'aiti, who have since remained in unmolested possession of the port and district. Application was made by the Kathiri Shaikh to the British Government for permission to recover Shihr by force, but it was considered undesirable to interfere. At the same time the Nizam’s Minister declared his readiness to prohibit any interference on the part of Hyderabad subjects in the affairs of Hadramaut.

Salih bin Muhammad died in 1873, shortly after the conclusion of a treaty with him, by which he engaged for himself, his heirs and successors, to prohibit the import or export of slaves to or from Mukalla and its dependencies. He was succeeded as Naqib by his son, Umar bin Salih, who accepted an offer by the Qu'aiti Jemadar of Shihr to aid him in reducing the refractory Shaikh of Duan. Taking advantage of his admission with 600 followers into the fort of Mukalla, the Qu'aiti Jemadar demanded payment of a debt alleged to have been due to him by the late Naqib. Finding himself powerless to resist this demand, the Naqib consented to a treaty under which he agreed to cede half of Mukalla, of Bandar Burum, and of the district of Al-Harshiyyat in return for a payment of 2.5 lakhs of dollars, from which, however, the debt due to the Qu'aiti Jemadar was to be deducted. But hostilities continued; the Naqib entered into an alliance with the Kathiri, and the Qu'aiti, with the aid of their relatives at Hyderabad, purchased a vessel and dispatched her to Aden. There she was detained under the provisions of the Foreign Enlistment Act of 1870, and not released until the Qu'aiti Jemadar had bound himself under a heavy penalty to send her at once to Bombay without touching at, or undertaking any operations against, any of the ports of Hadhramaut. He further attempted to establish a blockade of Mukalla and hoarded native craft suspected of being bound for that port. For the plunder of three such vessels he was compelled to pay an indemnity of Rs. 6,142 and warned of the consequences of such interference with commerce in the future.

In 1873, an engagement was concluded with the Jemadar of Shihr, by which he bound himself, his heirs and successors, to prohibit the import or export of slaves to or from Shihr and its dependencies.

The British Government steadily avoided interference or arbitration in the disputes between the Naqib of Mukalla and the Jemadar of Shihr, and took no action regarding them beyond asking for assurances from the ministers of the Hyderabad State that persons in the service of the Nizam, who might be convicted of taking part in the quarrel by supplying money and munitions of war to their relatives on either side, and so prolonging the strife, would be dismissed. But at length, in 1876, there being no prospect of the cessation of hostilities without some authoritative interference, the Political Resident at Aden, acting under the authority of Government, visited the two chiefs, and through his mediation a truce for two years was concluded, on the expiry of which period a further extension of one year was arranged. No permanent settlement was however effected, and eventually hostilities were resumed in 1880 and resulted in the capture of Burum by the Jemadar of Shihr. Being driven to extremities the Naqib of Mukalla signed the agreements drawn up by the Political Resident, and Burum was evacuated by the Jemadar of Shihr. No sooner was the Naqib thus relieved from immediate pressure than he repudiated the terms of the settlement. The Government of India thereupon directed that the Jemadar should be replaced in possession of Burum, which was surrendered by the Naqib without further bloodshed. Finally, in November 1881, the latter gave himself up to the Commander of H. M. S. Dragon and was conveyed with his dependants to Aden, while the Jemadar of Shihr was put in possession of Muhalla and its dependencies. From Aden the Naqib went to Zanzibar with a number of Shaikhs and followers, and in 1888 he accepted the maintenance provided for him.

In 1882, an Engagement was concluded with the Jemadar of Shihr and Mukalla by which he became a British stipendiary, an allowance of 300 dollars a year being assigned to him, his heirs and successors. At the same time the Jemadar paid over a sum of 100,000 dollars to the Resident, at Aden for the maintenance of the Naqib of Mukalla.

On 1 May 1888, a Protectorate Treaty was concluded with the Jemadar Abdulla bin Umar, and his brother Awadh bin Umar.

Jemadar Abdulla bin Umar died on 25 November 1888, and Government sanctioned the continuance of the salute and stipend to his brother Awadh bin Umar (Sultan Nawaz Jang).

In 1896, a quarrel took place between Jemadar Awadh bin Umar and his nephews, Husein and Munassar, over their right of succession and the division of their properly. In September 1901, the Resident tried to bring about a settlement, but failed. A further conference at Aden in February 1902 was no more successful. Jemadar Awadh bin Umar went to India to lay his petition before the Viceroy, while his nephews returned to Shihr after signing a pledge not to interfere with the administration of their country. The agreement was broken, and in June the Resident, accompanied by Jemadar Awadh bin Umar, went to Shihr with an armed force. Husein submitted and was brought to Aden, Munassar following him shortly afterwards.

The settlement of the dispute between Awadh bin Umar and his nephews was then submitted to arbitration, which resulted in the award of a large sum of money to Husein and Munassar and their families. They, however, refused to accept the award and in July 1904 left for India and so far (December 1930) the dispute about the nephews’ Trust money has not been settled.

In 1902, a permanent salute of 9 guns was sanctioned for the Jemadar of Shihr and Mukalla, and his title was changed from Jemadar to Sultan.

At the end of 1904, the Sultan purchased a share in the port of Balahaf from the Wahidi Sultan Salih bin Abdulla, but Government refused to sanction the agreement.

In 1906, the Sultan’s nephew Munassar, writing to report the death of his brother Husein, unsuccessfully endeavoured to re-open the question of his differences with the Sultan.

In the Qaiti-Wahidi Agreement of 1910, the Wahidi Sultan allowed passage through his territory to the Sultan of Shihr and Mukalla.

In December 1910, Sultan Awadh bin Umar died, leaving a will nominating his oldest son Ghalib as his successor and directing that Ghalib’s successor was to be his brother Umar bin Awadh, to whom Ghalib bin Awadh’s son Salih has to succeed, and so on, the succession alternating between the families of his two sons Ghalib bin Awadli and Umar bin Awadh. In accordance with the terms of this will Ghalib succeeded as Sultan of Shihr and Mukalla, and the stipend paid to his father was continued to him.

In 1916, the Sultan sent to Aden his minister Khan Bahadur Sayyid Husein bin Hamid el Mehdar to discuss the question of his suzerainty over the Hadhramaut. Sayyid Husein produced a draft agreement in regard to the future status and administration of Balahaf and the other Wahidi territories, which the Sultan proposed to sign with the Sultan of Balahaf and his brothers, subject to the approval of Government. Sayyid Husein asserted that the Sultan had concluded agreements with certain tribes of the Hadhramaut, of which he was anxious to obtain Government recognition: and asked that, in the event of this being accorded, the tribes should not be allowed direct intercourse with the Aden Residency. The Government of India explained that, though they had no desire to raise any objection to the agreement which the Sultan had arrived at with Sultan Muhsin and his brothers, they preferred to defer their decision with regard to this, as well as the other agreements with the inland tribes, until normal conditions were established.

Sultan Ghalib died at Hyderabad in June 1922, leaving a will by which he nominated his son Salih as his successor.

Salih at first claimed the succession, but finally came in an agreement with his uncle in accordance with the terms of his grandfather’s will by which Umar bin Awadh was to succeed as Sultan of Shiihr and Mukalla while acknowledging Salih bin Ghalib as his heir.

In 1923, the succession of Sultan Umar was recognized by the British government, and the payment of the monthly stipend of 30 dollars was continued to him. In the same year he was granted a personal salute of 11 guns.

In 1931, the Sultan’s tribesmen, including Bedouins, numbered about 60,000, and his gross annual revenue was estimated at Rs. 6,25,000.

As Great Britain planned for the eventual independence of South Arabia in the 1960s, Qu'aitis declined to join the British-sponsored Federation of South Arabia but remained under British protection as part of the Protectorate of South Arabia. Despite promises of a UN referendum to assist in determining the future of the Qu'aiti State in South Arabia on 17 September 1967, communist forces overran the kingdom and, in November of that year, the Qu'aiti State was integrated forcibly without a referendum into communist South Yemen. South Yemen later united with North Yemen in 1990 to become the Republic of Yemen.

Current Qu'aiti Royal Family

 * His Highness (HH) Sultan Ghalib II bin Awadh bin Saleh Al-Qu'aiti: born 7 January 1948 in London. Ruled from 10 October 1966 – 17 September 1967; HH Sultan Ghalib holds a BA and MA from Magdalen College at the University of Oxford in Oriental Studies (Islamic History) and an MA in Arabian Studies from the University of Cambridge, both with honours. The Sultan graduated from Millfield School. He has been a Saudi resident since 1968, currently residing in Jeddah. He has working knowledge of seven languages including Arabic, English, French, German, Persian, Turkish and Urdu/Hindi, which supports his research of various historical periods and geographic regions. Sultan Ghalib is the author of The Holy Cities, The Pilgrimage and The World of Islam  and The Three Saudi States: The Emergence of Modern Saudi Arabia. Married Sultana Rashid (sister of author Ahmed Rashid and aunt of Mishal Husain) born in London and who holds a BA from the University of Oxford, a MA from the University of Cambridge and has issue:
 * HH Crown Prince Saleh Al-Qu'aiti: born in London, graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and Millfield School; married Princess Salwa Al-Huraiby of Yafa'a and has issue:
 * Prince Ghalib III bin Saleh
 * Princess Aliya bint Saleh

 * HH Princess Fatima Al-Qu'aiti: born in London, holds a BA and a MA from the University of Oxford, graduated from Westonbirt School and attended Harvard University; married Prince Shad Al-Sherif Pasha, who holds a BA from the University of Oxford, Wheaton College (Massachusetts), a MA from the University of Chicago, an MBA from London Business School, graduated from Westminster School and has issue:
 * Prince Suleyman Al-Sherif Pasha
 * Prince Hashim Al-Sherif Pasha

 * HH Princess Muzna Al-Qu'aiti: born in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, holds a MA from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and a BA from the American University in Cairo; married Hisham Hafez of Medina who holds a BA from the University of Richmond. Hisham is the son of media mogul Mohammed Ali Hafez, founder of Asharq Al-Awsat, Arab News and Sayidaty, the Middle East's leading weekly women's magazine and has issue:
 * Prince Ismail
 * Princess Sultana
 * Princess Asma

Qu'aiti sultans

 * 1) HH Jemadar/Sultan Abdullah bin Omar Al-Quaiti  – Ruled as Jemadar of Shihr 1867–1882, then as Sultan Nawaz Jang of Shihr and Mukalla 1882–1888
 * 2) HH Sultan Awadh I bin Omar Al-Qu'aiti – Ruled 1902–1909 (after 14 years of a dynastic crisis of succession)
 * 3) HH Sultan Ghalib I bin Awadh Al-Qu'aiti – Ruled 1909–1922
 * 4) HH Sultan Omar bin Awadh Al-Qu'aiti – Ruled 1922–1936
 * 5) HH Sultan Sir Saleh bin Ghalib Al-Qu'aiti KCMG - Ruled 1936-1956
 * 6) HH Sultan Awadh II bin Saleh Al-Qu'aiti – Ruled 1956–1966, married (1st) Salma, married (2nd) Fatima, married (3rd) Sahibzadi Nazirunissa Begum, granddaughter of the 6th Nizam Mahbub Ali Pasha, daughter of Nawab Nazir Nawaz Jung Bahadur, son of the Amir-e-Paigah (Viqar-ul-Umrah) and Sahibzadi Dawoodunissa Begum and had issue:
 * 7) HH Sultan Ghalib II bin Awadh Al-Qu'aiti (see above "Current Qu'aiti Royal Family") - Ruled until 1967
 * Princess Saleha bint Awadh Al-Qu'aiti
 * Prince Omar bin Awadh Al-Qu'aiti

title: Qu'aiti


text:
Media in Omaha, Nebraska

This is a list of media serving the Omaha metropolitan area in Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Radio
Start dates are for the frequency/station license, not for callsign or programming that may have moved from license to license. Omaha radio stations gets 25 Analog FM stations, 10 Digital HD Radio FM stations including 9 subchannels Like HD-2 and HD-3, 11 Analog AM stations, and 1 Digital HD Radio AM Station affiliated KFAB.

Television
Omaha TV stations gets 8 full-powered Digital channels including 29 subchannels and 1 low-powered Digital channel including 2 subchannels. In Spring 2022 KXVO channel 15 was launched and became the first television station in Nebraska to use ATSC 3.0 including 3 subchannels are KMTV (CBS), KXVO (TBD), and KPTM (Fox) and 2 DRM subchannels both are WOWT (NBC) and KETV (ABC).

Print
The Omaha World-Herald, the Omaha Bee, and by 1900 the Omaha Daily News had developed into the city's most influential journals.

The African American community in Omaha has had several newspapers serve it. The first was the Progress, established in 1889 by Ferdinand L. Barnett. Cyrus D. Bell, an ex-slave, established the Afro-American Sentinel in 1892. In 1893 George F. Franklin started publishing the Enterprise, later published by Thomas P. Mahammitt. It was the longest lived of any of the early African American newspapers published in Omaha. The best known and most widely read of all African American newspapers in the city was the Omaha Monitor, established in 1915, edited and published by Reverend John Albert Williams. It stopped being published in 1929. In 1906, Lucille Skaggs Edwards published, The Women's Aurora, making her the first black woman to publish a magazine in Nebraska. George Wells Parker, co-founder of the Hamitic League of the World, founded the New Era in Omaha from 1920 through until 1926. The Omaha Guide was established by B.V. and C.C. Galloway in 1927. The Guide, with a circulation of over twenty-five thousand and an advertisers' list including business firms from coast to coast, was the largest African American newspaper west of the Missouri River. The Omaha Star, founded by Mildred Brown, began publication in 1938, and continues today as the only African American newspaper in Omaha.

title: Media in Omaha, Nebraska


text:
Thalexweiler

Thalexweiler is a very small village in the southwest German province of Saarland. The next big city is Lebach. The main part of the village has been founded in 1235 but some parts are a little bit older. The church of the village has been first mentioned in historical documents in the 9th century. The village has approximately 2100 inhabitants which live on an area of 541 ha.

title: Thalexweiler


text:
David Shire

David Lee Shire (born July 3, 1937) is an American songwriter and composer of stage musicals, film and television scores. Among his best known works are the motion picture soundtracks to The Big Bus, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, The Conversation, All the President's Men, and parts of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack such as "Manhattan Skyline". His other work includes the score of the 1985 film Return to Oz (the "sequel-in-part" of The Wizard of Oz), and the stage musical scores of Baby, Big, Closer Than Ever, and Starting Here, Starting Now. Shire is married to actress Didi Conn.

Education and early career
Shire was born in Buffalo, New York, to Esther Miriam (née Sheinberg) and Buffalo society band leader and piano teacher Irving Daniel Shire. His family was Jewish. His secondary education was at the Nichols School. He met his long-time theater collaborator lyricist/director Richard Maltby, Jr. at Yale University, where they wrote two musicals, Cyrano and Grand Tour, which were produced by the Yale Dramatic Association. Shire also co-fronted a jazz ensemble at Yale, the Shire-Fogg Quintet, and was a Phi Beta Kappa honors student, with a double major in English and music. He was a member of the Pundits and Elihu and he graduated magna cum laude in 1959.

After a semester of graduate work at Brandeis University (where he was the first Eddie Fisher Fellow) and six months in the National Guard infantry, Shire took up residence in New York City, working as a dance class pianist, theater rehearsal and pit pianist, and society band musician while constantly working with Maltby on musicals. Their first off-Broadway show, The Sap of Life, was produced in 1961 at One Sheridan Square Theater in Greenwich Village. He co-wrote The Village Stompers' "Washington Square" with Bob Goldstein in 1963.

Film and television scoring
Shire began scoring for television in the 1960s and made the leap to scoring feature films in the early 1970s. He was then married to actress Talia Shire, for whose brother Francis Ford Coppola he scored The Conversation, perhaps his best known score, in 1974. Additional screen credits include Two People, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, The Hindenburg, Farewell, My Lovely, All The President's Men, The Big Bus, 2010, Return to Oz, Short Circuit, Max Dugan Returns, and Zodiac. He composed original music for Saturday Night Fever (for which he received two Grammy Award nominations), and also worked on several disco adaptations including "Night on Disco Mountain." He won the Academy Award for Best Song in 1979 for his and Norman Gimbel's theme song for Norma Rae, "It Goes Like It Goes." He was also nominated the same year in the same category for "I'll Never Say Goodbye," from the motion picture The Promise, with lyrics jointly written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. In 1979 his song "With You I'm Born Again," recorded by Billy Preston and Syreeta, was a top five international hit and stayed on the pop charts for 26 weeks.

The Conversation featured a score for piano. On some cues, Shire took the taped sounds of the piano and distorted them in different ways to create alternative sonic textures to round out the score. The music is intended to capture the isolation and paranoia of protagonist Harry Caul (Gene Hackman). The score was released on CD by Intrada Records.

For the "Main Title" of The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, Shire set a jazz-funk groove in B-flat minor, and made the lead melodies and chords out of atonal twelve-tone rows in short bursts of variously shaped motives. The soundtrack album was the first-ever CD release by Film Score Monthly. The end titles contain a more expansive arrangement of the theme.

Shire's television scores have earned five Emmy nominations. His hundreds of scores for television include: Killer Bees; Raid on Entebbe; The Kennedys of Massachusetts; Serving In Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story; Christopher Reeve's Rear Window; Oprah Winfrey's The Women of Brewster Place; and The Heidi Chronicles. He also composed themes for the television series Alice and McCloud and the 1976-1977 Danny Thomas situation comedy The Practice.

Shire's film and television scoring style is often compared to his late counterpart and contemporary Jerry Fielding.

Musical theatre
As a pit pianist, Shire played for the original productions of both The Fantasticks and Funny Girl, eventually serving as Barbra Streisand's accompanist for several years. He also intermittently conducted and arranged for her (most notably for her television specials Color Me Barbra and The Belle of Fourteenth Street), and over a period of several years she recorded five of his songs.

Shire's musical theatre work, always in collaboration with lyricist Richard Maltby, Jr. includes the two off-Broadway revues Starting Here, Starting Now (Grammy nomination for Best Cast Album) and Closer Than Ever (Outer Critic's Circle Award for Best Musical) and the two Broadway shows Baby (Tony nominations for Best Musical and Best Score) and Big (Tony nomination for Best Score). All of these shows have had hundreds of regional and stock productions worldwide. A new musical entitled Take Flight premiered in London at the Menier Chocolate Factory in July 2007, with a separate production in Tokyo in November 2007. Previously concert versions were performed in Australia and Russia.

A Stream of Voices, a one-act opera, with libretto by Gene Scheer, for the Colorado Children's Chorale, premiered in June 2008 in Denver.

On October 27, 2012, the Broadway-style musical Loving the Silent Tears premiered in Los Angeles, including some songs composed by Shire.

Miscellaneous
Shire has conducted many orchestras, either for film scores or for pop concerts, including the London Symphony Orchestra, The Los Angeles Philharmonic, the San Francisco Opera Orchestra, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the Munich Symphony.

Shire wrote and composed many songs for the hit PBS children's TV series Shining Time Station, which starred his wife Didi Conn along with comedian George Carlin.

Shire serves on the council of the Dramatists Guild of America and is a trustee of the Rockland Conservatory of Music and the Palisades (New York) Library. He was inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2006.

Personal life
From 1970 to 1980, Shire was married to actress Talia Shire, with whom he has one son, screenwriter Matthew Shire.

He has been married to actress Didi Conn since 1984. They have a son, Daniel (born October 1992), who was diagnosed with autism.

David's brother, Sanford Shire (Sandy) was also a conductor most notably for Comedian/impressionist Fred Travalena. Sandy also published a book on the paintings of Choreographer Antoni Nelle'

Selected filmography

 * One More Train to Rob (1971)
 * Drive, He Said (1971)
 * Summertree (1971)
 * Skin Game (1971)
 * To Find a Man (1972)
 * Two People (1973)
 * Class of '44 (1973)
 * Showdown (1973)
 * Killer Bees (1974)
 * Sidekicks (1974)
 * The Conversation (1974)
 * The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974)
 * The Hindenburg (1975)
 * Farewell, My Lovely (1975)
 * All the President's Men (1976)
 * Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976)
 * The Big Bus (1976)
 * Raid on Entebbe (1977)
 * Something for Joey (1977)
 * Saturday Night Fever (1977)
 * Straight Time (1978)
 * Fast Break (1979)
 * Norma Rae (1979)
 * The Promise (1979)
 * Old Boyfriends (1979)
 * Apocalypse Now (1979, rejected)
 * Only When I Laugh (1981)
 * Paternity (1981)
 * Max Dugan Returns (1983)
 * Oh, God! You Devil (1984)
 * 2010 (1984)
 * The Blue Yonder (1985)
 * Return to Oz (1985)
 * Short Circuit (1986)
 * 'night, Mother (1986)
 * Vice Versa (1988)
 * Backfire (1988)
 * Monkey Shines (1988)
 * Paris Trout (1991)
 * Bed & Breakfast (1992)
 * Four Eyes and Six Guns (1992)
 * Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey (1993, rejected)
 * The Man Who Wouldn't Die (1995)
 * The Streets of Laredo (1995)
 * Rear Window (1998)
 * Ash Wednesday (2002)
 * Zodiac (2007)
 * Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (2009)
 * The American Side (2016)
 * Love After Love (2017)

Theatre credits

 * Broadway
 * Anyone Can Whistle (1964) - rehearsal pianist
 * Funny Girl (1964) - pit pianist and assistant conductor
 * The Unknown Soldier and His Wife (1967) - incidental music
 * How Do You Do, I Love You (1967) - composer
 * Love Match (1968) - composer
 * Company (1970) - dance music arranger
 * Baby (1983) - composer - Tony Award for Best Original Score nomination
 * Big (1996) - composer - Tony Award for Best Original Score nomination; Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music nomination
 * Saturday Night Fever - songwriter of "Manhattan Skyline," "Salsation," and "Night on Disco Mountain"

 * Off-Broadway (selected)
 * Graham Crackers (1963)
 * As You Like It (1973)
 * Starting Here, Starting Now (1977)
 * Urban Blight (1988)
 * Closer Than Ever (1989) - Outer Critics Circle Award winner; NYC revival (2012)
 * Smulnik's Waltz (1991)
 * The Loman Family Picnic (1993)
 * Visiting Mr. Green (1997)
 * Take Flight (2005–2011) - productions in London (Menier Chocolate Factory), Tokyo, and Princeton (McCarter Theatre)

Notable songs

 * "With You I'm Born Again" - lyrics by Carol Connors - international chart hit by Billy Preston and Syreeta
 * "Starting Here, Starting Now", "Autumn" - lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr. - recorded by Barbra Streisand
 * "One Of The Good Girls" - lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr. - recorded by Susannah McCorkle
 * "Stop, Time" - lyrics by Richard Maltby, Jr. - recorded by Susannah McCorkle
 * "What About Today", "The Morning After" - music and lyrics - recorded by Barbra Streisand
 * "The Promise (I'll Never Say Goodbye)" (Academy Award nominee) - lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman - recorded by Melissa Manchester
 * "Manhattan Skyline", "Salsation" - original music contributions to the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack album
 * "Night on Disco Mountain" - an adaptation of Modest Mussorgsky's "Night On Bald Mountain", also on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack
 * "It Goes Like It Goes" - lyrics by Norman Gimbel - recorded by Jennifer Warnes - (Academy Award winner)
 * "Coffee, Black" - lyrics by Maltby - recorded by John Pizzarelli
 * "Washington Square" - words and music (with Bob Goldstein) - recorded by The Village Stompers

title: David Shire


text:
Talk:Amygdalin

2019 study of Amygdalin and IAP proteins
Earlier, I added this study to the page published in Molecular Biology Reports.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11033-019-04656-3

The edit was just: "More recently, research has been done on IAPs, proteins that inhibit programmed cell death and are linked to cancer. A 2019 in-vitro study found that amygdalin inhibited the expression of genes which produced the IAPs Survivin and XIAP."

Within 3 minutes it was reverted by @Bon Courage with the message "Not WP:MEDRS". To which I replied that Molecular Biology Reports is a reliable source. Perhaps he hasn't heard of it, but he could have at least taken a few minutes to look it up. 3 minutes is barely enough time to read the change. So I reverted that revert.

Within 5 minutes it was reverted by @Zefr with the message "Lab research, WP:MEDINVITRO, far too preliminary to be mentioned". I've added the change to the section mentioning three historical hypothesized mechanisms of action. This study is relevant because it is recent research introducing a new one. I made clear that this was an in-vitro study. And I consider myself a pretty fast reader, but even still it took me a good hour to read this study and relevant background information on relevant IAPs like Survivin. 5 minutes sounds too fast to even get through the abstract. I reverted that revert too.

Within 9 minutes, there was another revert from @Bon Courage saying "Unreliable source, edit warring". Again, Molecular Biology Reports is a reliable source. Its a peer-reviewed journal and part of the Springer network. It would be very helpful if you explained why you think its an unreliable source.

It is very frustrating to spend over an hour genuinely trying to improve Wikipedia's body of scientific knowledge, only to be immediately shot down by what seems like drive-by Wikilawyering.

-Databased (talk) 22:34, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * You will have a different perspective after reading WP:MEDRS, with attention especially to the bottom of the left pyramid at WP:MEDASSESS, which identifies the content and source you wish to add as preliminary lab research - the lowest quality of evidence for medical content in the encyclopedia. We are not writing a journal discussion about hypothetical mechanisms, WP:NOTJOURNAL #6-7. Zefr (talk) 22:46, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Databased, WP:MEDRS says: " Primary sources should generally not be used for medical content, as such sources often include unreliable or preliminary information; for example, early lab results that do not hold in later clinical trials." The source you cited is a primary source. JimRenge (talk) 23:13, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amygdalin


text:
Kathiri

Kathiri (ٱلْكَثِيْرِي), officially the Hadhrami Kathiri Dynasty in Seiyun or the Sultanate of Seiyun (ٱلسَّلْطَنَة ٱلْكَثِيْرِيَّة - سَيْؤُوْن), was a sultanate in the Hadhramaut region of the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now part of Yemen and the Dhofari region of Oman.

History
The Kathiri state was established in 1395 by Badr as-Sahab ibn al-Habrali Bu Tuwairik, who ruled until c. 1430. The Kathiri conquered Ash-Shihr in the 1460s. The country inhabited by this tribe was formerly extensive, reaching from the Aulaqi districts on the west to the Maliri tribe on the east, and including the seaports of Mukalla and Shihr. Civil wars led to the interference of the Yafai, and much of the Kathiri territory came under the sway of the Kasadi and Qu'aiti. The Kathiris were eventually restricted to a small inland portion of Hadhramaut with their capital at Seiyun (Say'un).

At the end of 1883, Sultan Abdulla bin Salih, one of the Kathiri Shaikhs, visited the Resident at Aden. His principal object was to ascertain what attitude the British Government would maintain in the event of the Kathiri attacking the Qu'aiti with a view to repossessing themselves of the ports of Shihr and Mukalla. Abdulla bin Salih also visited Zanzibar with intent to intrigue with the ex-Naqib of Mukalla, from whom however, he failed to obtain any material assistance.

The Government of India in March 1884 directed that the Kathiri be warned that an attack upon Shihr and Mukalla would be viewed with grave displeasure, and that, if necessary, a gun-boat would be sent to support the Qu'aiti ruler. The Jamadar of Shihr and Mukalla was subsequently assured in the most public manner that the Government would support him in the event of any attack on his ports.

In 1895, the Kathiri captured the port at Dhufar, driving out the Governor, who retired to Mirbat. In 1897 the port was recaptured. In 1918 a 'long standing Qu'aiti-Kathiri quarrel was settled, with the assistance of the Aden Residency, by the conclusion of an agreement between the parties, by which the Kathiri agreed to accept as binding upon them the treaty of 1888 between the Qu'aiti and the British Government and also accepted the arbitration of the British Government in the settlement of future disputes.

Sultan Mansur bin Ghalib died at Mecca in May 1929 and was succeeded by his son Ali bin Mansur.

The Kathiri State declined to join the Federation of South Arabia, but remained under British protection as part of the Protectorate of South Arabia. By the end of the Sultanate's existence, its two principal cities of Say'un and Tarim were almost entirely financially dependent on Kathiri holdings in Jakarta and Singapore. Al-Husayn ibn Ali, Kathiri sultan since 1949, was overthrown in October 1967, and the following month the former sultanate became part of newly independent South Yemen.

The first prime minister in the history of East Timor, Mar'ī al-Kathīrī, is a third generation descendant of immigrants from Kathiri, part of a significant migration of Hadhramis to Southeast Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries. This is reflected in his name 'Alkatiri'. The Indonesian human rights activist Munir Said Thalib is also a descendant of immigrants from the Kathiris.

title: Kathiri


text:
Wilhelm Roux

Wilhelm Roux (9 June 1850 – 15 September 1924) was a German zoologist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

Early life
Roux was born and educated in Jena, Germany where he attended university and studied under Ernst Haeckel. He also attended university in Berlin and Strasbourg and studied under Gustav Schwalbe, Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen, and Rudolf Virchow. Although he was trained as a clinical doctor, he spent his career in experimental biology. His doctoral thesis on the embryological development of blood vessels was a seminal early study in biophysical modelling, a milestone in the study of the cardiovascular system.

Career and research
For ten years Roux worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

Roux's research was based upon the notion of Entwicklungsmechanik or developmental mechanics: he investigated the mechanisms of functional adaptations of bones, cartilage, and tendons to malformation and disease. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

Combined with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's 1866 paper on heritable elements in peas, these results highlighted the central role of the chromosomes in carrying heritable material. In cell division the cell divides into two halves with equal number of chromosomes which are similar to parent cell and are diploid in nature.

In 1885 Roux removed a section of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and tamed it in a warm saline solution for 13 days, establishing the principle of tissue culture which would later be taken up by Ross Granville Harrison and Paul Alfred Weiss.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "Mosaic" theory of epigenesis: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse into a fallacy of reductionism, Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

Works

 * Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus (1881)
 * Beiträge zur Entwinckelungsmechanik des Embryo (1885)
 * Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (1890)
 * Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik (two volumes, 1895)
 * Die Entwicklungsmechanik (1905)
 * Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik (1912).
 * Die Entwicklungsmechanik (1905)
 * Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik (1912).

title: Wilhelm Roux


text:
Lonely No More

"Lonely No More" is the first single from Matchbox Twenty frontman Rob Thomas' debut studio album, ...Something to Be (2005). It was released on February 14, 2005, and became his biggest solo hit. The song peaked at number one in Hungary, number three in Australia, number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 11 on the UK Singles Chart.

Song information
The single was written by Thomas and produced by Matt Serletic. Although he was featured on Santana's "Smooth", "Lonely No More" is notable for being the proper solo debut single of Thomas. Starting over a series of chordless industrial rhythmic beats, the song sees Thomas explaining to a prospective romantic interest why he is not exactly comfortable heading into a relationship with her at the moment. Although she seems to know what to say to him, he points out that words are only words. She needs to show him something else, or even swear allegiance to reassure his insecurities. To explain exactly how hurt he has been in previous relationships, Thomas belts, "I don't wanna be lonely no more / I don't wanna have to pay for this / I don't want to know the lover at my door / Is just another heartache on my list".

The song was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2006 Grammys. In March 2014, British group Rixton interpolated portions of the song for their single "Me and My Broken Heart".

Music video
The official music video for "Lonely No More" was directed by Joseph Kahn. Thomas can be seen in various scenes as they shift or fold violently into each other (while Thomas remains immobile) from being his bedroom, to a nightclub, and to an office. Although the shifting scenes and objects seem to move by themselves, at one point Thomas can be seen physically prodding them to move.

The video does try to incorporate some elements of the loneliness of "Lonely No More" by showing Thomas looking forlorn in a paparazzi scene and expressing mixed feelings about some women in the video.

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).

 * 2006 || "Lonely No More" (Rob Thomas) – Rob Thomas || Most Performed Foreign Work || Won
 * 2006 || "Lonely No More" (Rob Thomas) – Rob Thomas || Most Performed Foreign Work || Won

Track listings
Australian and European maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Lonely No More" – 3:47
 * 2) "Lonely No More" (acoustic) – 4:03
 * 3) "Fallen" – 4:36

UK CD single
 * 1) "Lonely No More" (album version)
 * 2) "Lonely No More" (acoustic)

UK DVD single
 * 1) "Lonely No More" (album version audio) – 3:46
 * 2) "Lonely No More" (Dolby 5.1 surround sound mix audio) – 3:46
 * 3) "Fallen" (audio) – 4:36
 * 4) "Lonely No More" (video) – 3:36
 * 5) "Lonely No More" (teaser video clip) – 1:29

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the Australian CD single liner notes and the ...Something to Be booklet.

Studios
 * Recorded at The Hit Factory (New York City), BiCoastal Music (Ossining, New York), Conway Studios, and Henson Studios (Los Angeles)
 * Mixed at The Hit Factory (New York City)
 * Mastered at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine, US)

Personnel

 * Rob Thomas – writing, vocals
 * Wendy Melvoin – guitar
 * Jeff Trott – guitar
 * Mike Elizondo – bass
 * Matt Serletic – keys, production
 * Gerald Heyward – drums
 * Greater Anointing – background vocals
 * Jimmy Douglass – recording, mixing
 * Greg Collins – recording
 * Mark Dobson – recording, digital editing
 * Tony Maserati – additional mixing
 * John O'Brien – programming
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Ria Lewerke – art direction
 * Norman Moore – art direction
 * Mark Seliger – photography

title: Lonely No More


text:
SPIC (Indian company)

Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation Ltd, or SPIC, (nse: SPIC, bse: 590030) is an Indian company that manufactures fertilizer products. The company, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, was incorporated on 18 December 1969 and became a joint venture between the M. A. Chidambaram Group and TIDCO (a part of the Government of Tamil Nadu) in 1975. SPIC has been the pioneer in providing need-based solutions for the farming community throughout the country and commands an exceptional brand image recognised by its quality agro-inputs. Besides a strong brand image, SPIC enjoys a very strong dealer network of around 3949 (as of March 2024) outlets across the country, which is catered by well-established regional offices located in prominent locations.

The company has a strategic stake/or has promoted companies like Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals and Fertilizers, a company that produces Soda Ash and co-produces Ammonium Chloride, Tamilnadu Petroproducts, a company that produces Lineal Alkyl Benzene and Manali Petrochemicals, a company that produces Propylene Oxide, Propylene Glycols and Polyols.

title: SPIC (Indian company)


text:
User talk:AngHari

Welcome
Kumusta ka!

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

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 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

By the way, May tambayan tayo: Tambayan Philippines.

Again, welcome! --Jondel 10:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AngHari


text:
Sweetleaf

Sweetleaf may refer to:
 * Sauropus androgynus, a plant of the family Phyllanthaceae whose leaves may be used as a potherb
 * Stevia, a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae whose leaves may be used for sweetening
 * "Sweet Leaf", a song by Black Sabbath
 * Sweet Leaf Tea Company, US manufacturer of prepared tea drinks
 * Symplocos tinctoria, an evergreen shrub or small tree in the southeastern United States
 * Monarda fistulosa, a medicinal and ornamental herb
 * Slang term for Cannabis

title: Sweetleaf


text:
User talk:Scrauny

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Solipsist 10:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Gliding autotow launch
Hi Scrauny,

Thanks for your edits to the gliding pages. In the section on autotows, you included the line;
 * This launch method is still regularly used by a club in the UK for launching primary gliders.

Why not say which club? On the whole, Wikipedia encourages concrete examples and accurately sourced references in place of generallisations.

When I learnt to fly gliders at Lasham airfield (many years ago), they were using autotow launching in preference to winch launching because they had done some side by side comparisons with a couple of supercat winches and found they could get a quicker turnaround between launches using autotow. The winches could launch to an extra couple of hundred feet, but the cars were cheaper and coupled with the faster turnaround that made them more effective.

On the other hand, Lasham is unusual for having a 2 mile long main runway, which probably helps in getting the autotow launches to a reasonable height.

I'm not sure whether Lasham still uses autotow launching, but since you uploaded a photo of an Imperial College glider, I'm guessing there is a good chance that Lasham is in fact the club you were refering to. -- Solipsist 10:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Asw24-96.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Asw24-96.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Asw24-96-2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Asw24-96-2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:MR2-Ferrari355.jpg)
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:MR2-Ferrari355.jpg
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Speedy deletion of "Katie's Kitchen"
A page you created, Katie's Kitchen, has been tagged for deletion, as it meets one or more of the criteria for speedy deletion; specifically, it is about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how it is important or significant, and thus why it should be included in an encyclopedia. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and the guidelines for companies in particular.

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Thank you. StaticGull Talk  13:11, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Kk logo.gif
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Kk logo.gif, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. -- Skier Dude ( talk ) 03:41, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

November 2014
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Vandalism has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG.

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Proposed deletion of File:Icgc1930.jpg

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File permission problem with File:Grob 103 C glider.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Grob 103 C glider.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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title: User talk:Scrauny


text:
Talk:Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth

Untitled

 * Where is his birthplace? --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 10:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Reinmuth 80 (extragalactic system)
What I want to know... is the extragalactic system Reinmuth 80 (NGC 4517-A) in the constellation Virgo related to Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth? Is there something like the 'Reinmuth' catalog of extragalactic systems? If so, how much objects are there in this catalog? Much more than eighty? DannyCaes (talk) 12:28, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth