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Talk:Australian English phonology/Archive 1

Vowel shift
I would like to add a paragraph along the following lines. Does it make sense to anyone? Comments? cferrero 13:04 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)
 * The Australian (and New Zealand) pronunciation of English words, with respect to a "standard" British pronunciation (the definition of this, of course, is contentious) has undergone an effect known as vowel shift whereby the spoken sound of certain vowels has shifted. This is best illustrated through the following example where the sound of the letter 'a' has shifted:

Thus the effect is of a→e→i→ee→iy.

An interesting theory! Let me have a go at commenting on it.
 * 1) Bad >> Bed: This is classic NZ accent. Oz is more like "baird" or perhaps "beared" as in "polar bear". They are quite different.
 * 2) Bed >> Bid: This is characteristic of NZ, not really Oz. A strong Oz accent here leaves the sound of the "e" largely unchanged, but shortens it so that it's almost not there.
 * 3) Bid >> Bead: Oz: more like "beard" or "bi.i.i.id" - i.e., same as UK but say it really slowly. NZ, not sure.
 * 4) Bead >> Biyd: So far as I can tell, no equivalent in Australian or New Zeland pronunciation either! Sounds more like an extreme US regional accent to me - I've head it on TV often enough, but don't know which area. Somewhere in the south maybe?

Tannin 13:33 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Well I could modify it to include both Australian and New Zealand variation, in which case it should perhaps go into a linguistics article rather than a specific Australian language article? The sound I was trying to convey with biyd is actually pretty hard to write, it involves a sort of tongue-rolling vocalisation at the back of the throat which British-English speakers don't do. Maybe more accurate as 'beyd'? cferrero 15:35 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC) (It's not my theory, by the way - I read it in New Scientist a long time ago, but can find no trace of it now...)

 * It makes sense to me. Instead of writing "standard British pronunciation" you could just write RP and leave the contentiousness of defining a "standard" for another page.  Be careful of calling it a "vowel shift".  Comparisons to RP aren't direct reflexions of vowel shifts: they never spoke RP on any ship in the First Fleet.

 * Anyway this phenomenon is now covered by the new corrected vowel (and diphthong) chart based on Cox et. al. The chart, however doesn't make comparisons to RP.  Instead it just gives the pronunciation using IPA and X-SAMPA.  This, I think is better anyway.

 * Also, I'd hesitate to call it any kind of "tongue rolling": it's not a trill (like the Spanish "rr" in "perro" or the German uvular /r/). It more like a diphthong: [Ii].  But this isn't truely accurate either because it only really has one target: [i].  The best description of the Aussie/Kiwi /i:/ would be to say that it has a significant fronting and rising on-glide. - Jimp a.k.a Jim

Vowels: Diphthongs & Schwa

 * 1) Diphthongs are vowels. Why the title Vowels And Diphthongs? Writing Vowels and Diphthongs is like writing Beer and Ale when you only need write Beer.  I suggest deleting and Diphthongs.
 * 2) Accordingly the introductory paragraph to the phonology section should be adjusted. To say that cultivated and general AusE use "11 vowels, 8 diphthongs and the schwa" is simply incorrect.  Along with the diphthongs the unstressed central vowel (represented by the IPA's schwa) is a vowel too.  These are twenty vowels not eleven. It would be more correct to write that cultivated and general AusE use "11 stressed monophthongs, 8 diphthongs and the schwa vowel".  However, there remains a problem.  Are the vowels in hear and hair monophthongs or diphthongs?  To make matters worse we have the vowel(s) in tour does this count as a seperate phoneme?
 * 3) What do we do? Write that cultivated and general AusE use "12±1 stressed monophthongs, 7±1 diphthongs and the schwa vowel"?  Obviously not.  The best solution would be to say that they use 20 vowels.  The details of the exact quality of these vowels are contained in the table in the following section. - Jimp 10Mar05
 * Yes, diphthongs are vowels. The section should be retitled Vowels.
 * 1) The vowels in hear is a diphthong, while for most Australians the vowels in hair is a long monophthong, but some would consider it a diphthong. Some would consider the vowels in tour as either a diphthong or two monophthongs, but I'm not sure that the vowel(s) would constitute as a separate phoneme. Most of this has been explained in the article.
 * Yes, according to the table based on Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) there would be 11 monophthongs and depending on the person 6 or 7 diphthongs for general and cultivated AuE. It must be noted that long vowels have the same quality as short vowels, hence the same vowel with different lengths (e.g. [e] & represents the same vowel with different lengths).
 * – AxSkov 13:02, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

-Jimp 15Mar05
 * 1) It's good to hear that you agree with me. So let's delete the misleading and diphthongs bit and rewrite the Phonology intro.
 * 2) These centring diphthongs are trouble. Whether they are realised as diphthongs, long monophthongs or simply disappear into two seperate monophthongs depends on the speaker and on the word.  The vowel in hear is usually a diphthong but what about the vowel in beard?  Those who consider the vowel in hair to be a diphthong might well do so because for them it is.  Similarly whether the vowel(s) in tour is a diphthong or two monophthongs depends on the speaker.  If it's a diphthong then it's a seperate phoneme otherwise it's not.  Yes, the article explains most of this detail.  It's too much for the introduction however some mention might be made of (RP) centring diphthongs and their (maybe) variable realisations.
 * 3) Phonetically &  are different only in length, yes, but they do correspond to different phonemes in AusE.  Vowel length is phonemic in AusE.  We have minimal pairs such as haired vs head, dared vs dead, mast vs must, calm vs. calm, etc.

Phonology Intro
Here's the current introduction to the Phonology section.

"The 'cultivated' and 'general' accents use 24 consonants, 11 vowels, 8 diphthongs and the schwa. (The 'broad' accents employ a myriad of different vowels and diphthongs). Australian English is a non-rhotic dialect; 'r' is pronounced only before a vowel, otherwise replaced with a schwa."

- Jimp 18Mar05

Non-Rhotic Dialect
Also the second sentence in this section is wrong. Australian English is a non-rhotic language; 'r' is pronounced only before a vowel, otherwise replaced with a schwa. AusE is not a language but a dialect (I've fixed this - 18Mar05). Non-prevocallic s are not simply pronounced as /@/. Consider the words art, port, turn, etc. Where's the /@/. - Jimp 10Mar05

 * It would probably be better to say "...otherwise replaced with a schwa or/and a long vowel." All of the words you have mentioned use long vowels, but centre, enter, colour, etc use schwa. – AxSkov 08:52, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yes, that would be better but still not perfectly accurate. It's not as if the letter  is replaced with a long vowel but the digraphs , , , etc. represent the long vowel. Nor are the s in the words you mention replaced by // but this unstressed vowel is represented by the graphemes , ,. How about the words hare, hair, beer, "dinosaur", etc.? Again things are more complex that just having  replaced by this vowel or that.

It would probably be best to say something like the consonant /r/ can occur only before a vowel. You might want to add a few words to the effect that the letter  is often part of the orthographic vowel but would this be necessary? The exact function of the letter in writing is pretty similar in all non-rhotic dialects of English and is more fully explained in the chart which follows. - Jimp 14Mar05

A Myriad Of Different Vowels (And Diphthongs)
This brings me to my next point. The intro to the Phonology section also states that The "broad" accents employ a myriad of different vowels and diphthongs. What does this mean exactly? Certainly this accent employs many allophones but the same is true of all accents of English. If it's allophones that are being refered to here, then the sentence should not be removed because the previous sentence refered only to phonemes. This sentence seems to imply that there are phonemic distinctions made in the broad accent which don't exist in other Australian accents. Is this true? I haven't seen any evidence of this. Is there some reference that could be cited in support of this? - Jimp 14Mar05

Rewrite
Here are the lines along which I'd rewite it.

"Australian accents generally use 24 consonants and 20 vowels. Three of these vowels corespond to the centring diphthongs of RP and have variable realisations. Besides these there are 5 diphthongs and 7 short and 5 long monophthongs.  Australian English is a non-rhotic dialect: the consonant /r/ can occur only before a vowel."

- Jimp 18Mar05

Fixed Vowel Count
Some one fixed the vowel count.

5+7+5 does not = 20; fix vowel count so 7+6+7=20

Alas there was nothing wrong with it.

5+7+5 plus three does = 20

I take the blame though. I guess whoever fixed things hadn't noticed the Besides these ... bit i.e. excluding the centring diphthongs. Gotta go tho. Jim 6 May 2005

When I say "I take the blame." it's because I (re)wrote that intro. If someone out there overlooked my "Besides these" then there must have been a better way of putting it. So, time to fix it up properly. I've deleted

Besides these there are 7 short and 6 long monophthongs, and 7 diphthongs.

and reverted to the original with the following additions

Besides these 3 vowels there are also ...

I hope that that makes things clear enough. - Jim 9May05

Gone Off

 * gone takes on a peculiar quality: whereas all other (born, saw) became, and all  (hot) became , gone stayed as.

Somehow I think that what's really going on here is the the remnants of the LOT-CLOTH split. This split exists in conservative RP but has been lost in modern RP. It's also all but gawn from AusE too.

You can hear the same happening in the word off as well. However, it seems to me that these pronunciations are on the out. I haven't heard anyone of my generation or younger using for these words. Also I don't know whether the word became is appropriate. It seems to imply that the Aussie accent evolved from conservative RP. This is not the case. -Jimp 15Mar05

 * Hm. I'm not sure I've ever heard anyone who says 'gone' as [gO:n] say 'off' as [O:f], which, in any case, would be [o:f] (orf), I believe. (The reverse change has happened though---words like Austria and caustic are pronounced with short Os, hence /Ostri@/ and /kOstIk/.) I did once hear an Australian with a broader accent say 'gone' as 'gorn' once, and it was commented on! Also, AFAIK (and so says the article you link to), the LOTH-CLOTH split only occurs before voiceless fricatives, but /n/ is not.

 * Saying gone as gorn and off as orf is something that English and American actors do when attempting to imprersonate an Australian, however very few (if any) Australians themselves actually pronounce the words this way. I suspect this has occured because actors when attempting to do an Australian accent actually just do a variation of stage Cockney, which itself features the gorn and orf pronunciations. Then the cliche took hold, and became the standard way to "do" an Aussie accent. MinorEdit 03:52, Jun 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I know exactly one person who says "Gorn orf". He lives in Adelaide, but came from Queensland. I don't know if it's standard Queensland pronounciation, but it's certainly odd here. --ScottDavis 04:01, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bread vs Bred
Is it just me or do other Aussies distinguish these words? For me bred rhymes with red but bread doesn't. Bread rhymes with haired. - Jim 14Mar05

 * It's you. For me and people I know bred and bread are homophones. The Macquarie Dictionary also lists these words as homophones. This is also the case in many of the other English dialects. – AxSkov 11:11, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This has been puzzling me.

 * Maybe it depends which state you come from. I and most of the people I know distinguish between bread and bred as above. I come from Adelaide, by the way. - Troyac 1Apr05

I'm from Sydney and I've never noticed anyone ever pronouncing Bread to rhyme with red. Is this how all Sydneysiders speak or have I not been listening carefully? - Jimp 5Apr05
 * I can't tell 'em apart. I'm WA born and bread ;-).Grant65 (Talk) 11:58, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've never heard them distinguished either, as a Melburnian. I can't say I've ever heard of this one before... I'll be going to Sydney soon, I'll be sure to look out for it tho :) Felix the Cassowary 13:58, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This length contrast is found in many parts of Australia. I'm from WA and I distinguish between 'bread' and 'bred'. For Sandgropers, think of 'Canning' (river) vs a 'canning' factory. I've also noticed it in Canberra. However there is still debate about how widespread this vowel length contrast is in Australia, so maybe it's not found in Melbourne (yet!). I think I recall an article on it in the Aust J. of Linguistics--I'll look it up and report back. - Dougg 01:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the Canning/canning distinction (also with span (past tense of spin) vs span (like a bridge does a river), can (I can (do it)) vs can (tin)) is widespread not just through Australia but also South Eastern Britain and (though phrased as tense/lax because of the different vowel system) New York and Philidelphia. Philly, Au and SE Brit. all have essentially the same system, just with a few minor changes. I've never heard anything about the bred vs bread split. Is it the same basic thing as the bad/lad split i.e. general purpose lengthening before some consonants, but never in irregular verbs, and with a few longs where they should be short and a few shorts where they should be longs? or a single case, with bread moving from DRESS not HAIR? I'd certainly be interested if you can find any articles, exerpts from books etc. Felix the Cassowary 01:26, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

verses
The article contradicts itself. At one point it says the following. ... (bat) has split into two distinct phonemes, so that whereas lad, can (I can do it), bat have a short vowel, bad, can (tin can), rag have a long one. This implies that is not an allophone of. So why do we find the following listed under the heading Allophones?
 * "I can open the can"
 * {{mono|/{/}} → [{{mono|{}}] or [@], [{{mono|{:}}] (SAMPA)
 * → or,  (IPA)

This implies the exact opposite of the former: that and  do not correspond to two distinct phonemes but are simply allophones of.

So what's to be done? Either we count as a phoneme or we don't.  Though we wouldn't want to contradict other pages of Wikipedia, would we? We wouldn't, for example, want to contradict the Phonemic differentiation article which counts as a seperate phoneme in in some varieties of English English and Australian English. I suggest we delete the bit about "I can open the can". - Jimp 16Mar05

 * As far as I can tell the phoneme consists of two sounds  and . Also as there isn't any minimal pairs for these two sounds in Australian English, they are then considered to be allophones and not separate phenomes. These sounds do have minimal pairs, for example: the noun  and the past-tense verb . I'm not sure if the information on the other page Phonemic differentiation is correct, so I've put a query on its talk page about this problem, and to also check that my knowledge on minimal pairs is correct. Perhaps we need an Australian linguist to help sort this out. – AxSkov ( T ) 14:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Clear verses dark l
These are both listed seperately in the Consonants section implying that they are distinct phonemes. Is this the case in AusE? I think not. Shouldn't this distinction be listed in the Allophone section? Jim 9May05
 * Yes dark l is an allophone of clear l ([l]) in not only Australian English, but all English dialects that used dark l. I'll remove it from the Consonants section. - Mark 11:20, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

A More Correct & Concise Table
Here is the old table.

 * This chart shows the percentage of speakers from different capital cities who pronounce words in a certain way, concentrating on the usage of /{/ vs /a/.

- Jimp 18Mar05
 * 1) I've fixed this section to indicate instead of.
 * 2) I've made it more concise by giving only percentages for as opposed to  usage.
 * 3) I've added a row and a column for averages.

Australian Accents
There are some distinctive variants on the Australian accent - for example the "Brisbane" accent

PMelvilleAustin 14:09 22 May 2003 (UTC)

 * People claim that from time to time, other people refute it. The language experts I have heard speak on the question (two or three) are reluctant to agree with the idea, although they don't reject it absolutely. On the whole, the consensus seems to be that trying to disentangle regional accents from all the other variables (age, gender, social class, education, amount of alcohol consumed, and so on) is such a difficult task that it is difficult to justify calling the variation real. And if real, it certainly isn't something I'd care to try picking in a double-blind test. Tannin

I'm just looking at the regional phonetic variation chart at the bottom of the article, and I'm wondering how accurate it is. I am a Sydneysider born and bred, but I hardly ever hear "tSans" for the word "chance" - it is almost always "tSæns" in Sydney. "tSans" seems to me to be a South Australian, New Zealandish and southern English pronunciation. The same goes for "graph" - I can assure you, it is NOT 100% "graf" in Sydney. It would be lucky to be 10%. --Humehwy 23:45, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Those stats came from an actual study so they're better than single people putting in their own casual observations. Unfortunately I think they're now a few decades out of date. It should be easy enough to find more up-to-date stats in a university library for instance. You could probably add a comment that it seems out-of-date. — Hippietrail 00:03, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay that would explain it because accents do change quite considerably over time, even in a few decades. Compare, for instance, the accents of Neville Chamberlain to John Major in the UK - not many people in England speak as polished or rounded or plummy as Chamberlain any more. Or compare the reporters on "60 Minutes" tomorrow night to the voiceovers on 1940s Movietone newsreels. I'm headed to the State Library of NSW in a short while to get some other research done, so I'll spare a few moments to look for a recent (i.e. last decade) study into regional variations of Australian speech. --Humehwy 02:24, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to back up Humehwy's point, as a native Sydneysider I have to agree with his observations. The out-of-date comment seems a good idea. --dmmaus 05:29, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

You will need to be very cautious using the evidence of old newsreels to form an opinion on the evolution of the Australian accent. Until the 1970s newsreaders and presenters, particularly on the ABC, were expected to use a cultivated accent, and broad or even standard Australian was strongly discouraged. Anyone who remembers Eric Pierce or John Royal will know that they did not speak standard Australian. Instead I suggest you have a listen to one of the Dad and Dave movies, which were intended to represent the broad or rural Australian accent of the 1930s. A soundtrack of a Roy Rene routine would also be helpful. Roy affected a broad Australian accent, despite actually being Dutch-Jewish. But even he said "darnce" and "charnce," as did everyone in Australia until the advent of TV. Adam 07:37, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Unfortunately even words such as lollies and biscuits are being over run by the American version of candy and cookies. I'm constantly bugging my friends about what is Australian and what's not. By the way in Victoria many of us do notice the difference between our accent and that of Queenslanders. Many get teased when they say graph funny.

Celery vs Salary
A contributor has just added that for younger Melburnians these words are homophones. I'm not sure that at almost 37 I qualify as a member of the intended group, but for me they certainly are homophones. I grew up in Melbourne but have lived all over the country, currently in Sydney. I have been thinking for some time about phonetics and how in my idiolect "al" and "el" both sound like /æl/ - not the /əl/ mentioned here. — Hippietrail 15:22, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

pull vs pool

 * The distinction between pairs like pull and pool, full and fool is lost by speakers from South Australia.

205.188.116.14 has just added that the distinction between these words is lost. I'd like to see some evidence of this because I've never heard them merge in the 37 years and 4 states I've lived in in Australia. In the people around me "pool" is not usually pronounced /pu:l/ as the dictionaries have it either. Personally I pronounce "pull" as /pUl/ and "pool" as /pU:l/. Same vowel quality, different length. Not at all merged. — Hippietrail 02:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I would agree, at least as far as WA is concerned. Others may hear it differently. I remember reading somewhere that the "pool=pull" thing is a South Australian regionalism. Grant65 (Talk) 11:15, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm from South Australia and I can confirm that, in my experience at least, people here tend to say "pool" the same way as "pull". See comment below in Swimming Pull. Troyac 05:35, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been too hastly. I'd removed this.  It certainly isn't true in Sydney.  I'll put it back but it must be stressed that this is a regional thing. - Jimp 1Jun05

According to Foot-goose and full-fool mergers the distinction is not lost in Australian English. I guess it must be wrong because it does occur in Southern Australian English.
 * Well feel free to start an article about "Southern Australian English", whatever that is, but this article is about Australian English.Grant65 (Talk) 18:28, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Okay I have, Southern Australian English

 * As a (adoptive) South Australian, I disagree. The pronounciation of "pull" and "pool" is not entirely synonymous. They sound similar, but "pool" is elongated.--Cyberjunkie 12:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As southern Australia is a much wider area and South Australia is clearly what is meant, I have moved the above article to South Australian English.Grant65 (Talk) 07:03, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * As a South Australian, I disagree. Whilst the sounds of the words might be more similar than say Qld or NSW natives, we still don't merge the two pairs. Victorians also pronounce these pairs the same way as South Australians. However what is unique to South Australian speech is the shortened "ou", eg as in "thank you" (see excellent article: http://www.australianstudies.dk/Filer/Vowel%20change%20in%20AustraliaHQ.pdf, particularly pages 75; Also see http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/lang-media/news/als2003/conference%20proceedings/fCox.pdf, page 11, in particular.) - Frances 6/6/05

 * Okay, Frances, I've removed this. Until there is agreement I suggest we leave this one out.  Also, at the same time I removed your comment.  It belongs here not in the article.

 * Also the article had stated the following.

 * In some eastern states, "pool" and "school" are sometimes pronounced "poo-el" and "schoo-el" whereas in other states the sound is more akin to "pull".

 * No, the sound is not akin to that in pull. I've removed the whereas ... - Jimp a.k.a. Jim 6Jun05

 * - For some reason, this passage is not coming up on the Australian English page when I load it up but I can see it here in the editing section and in the older versions of this page. Can something be done to fix this up? I approve of the explanation, it is written clearly. However, I still think you should peruse the links concerning "ou" and "u" that I provided yesterday as it is a very strong Adelaide phenomenon that can clearly is a distinguishing factor in Adelaide/SA speech. - Frances 7/6/05
 * To fix this problem, try clicking the "edit this page" tab. Then click the "save page" button, which should fix your problem (don't add anything to the page at all). – AxSkov ( T ) 11:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Features which aren't specific to AusE
The following points have been added to the Phonology section.

 * The distinction between and  in pairs like horse and hoarse, for and four, war and wore, etc. is lost.

(1) OE iw as in TiwesdÊg åTuesdayπ
 * Yod-dropping occurs after the consonants /s/, /z/, /l/, /T/, /r\/, /S/, /dZ/ and /tS/ in suit, Zeus, lute, enthusiasm, rude, chute, June and chew. The word class which is labeled /iw/ in the initial position of ANAE is the reflex of Middle English /iu/, which was derived from a large variety of sources (Jespersen 1949:3.8).

(2) OE e:ow as in e:ow, åyouπ

(3) French iu, as in riule åruleπ

(4) French unstressed e+u, as n seur åsureπ

(5) French u, as in rude,

(6) French. ui, as in fruit

(7) French iv, as in OF sivre -> M.E. sewe, åsueπ

 * The distinction between and  in wine and whine, witch and which, etc. is lost in Australian English.

They are all quite true and valid points but they are true and valid for just about any dialect of English. There are very few dialects which preserve the distinction between which and witch. Also very few are the dialects which preserve the distinction between horse and hoarse. Yod dropping in AusE is identical to that in RP.

If we include a mention of every respect in which AusE differs from each and every other dialect of English, we'll end up with a very long list. This list won't seem to make sense to the average reader who's never heard of these dialectical features. It distracts the reader from the point of the article: Australian English (not Scots, Welsh English nor East Anglian). Moreover, it is simply a duplication of points mentioned in Phonemic differentiation.

Instead of listing all of these features which are not specific to AusE it would be better to give the link to the article in which they belong: Phonemic differentiation. I suggest that only the differences between AusE and NZE and RP be mentioned. NZE, because it's the most similar to AusE and for our close cultural ties. RP, because it is a well recognised and well understood dialect.

Jimp 4Jun05

203.164.189.46 said, yod dropping does not belong here, alot of Australian don't do the yod dropping. So, does that mean that there are Australians that distinguish soot and suit, loot and lute, rood and rude, choose and chews, Pronounce Zeus as zyoos etc.? I've never heard an Australian talk like that. Smith 5Jun05

 * Since so many users of the internet around the world are familar with General American English, I think that should probably also be a point of comparison.

 * For what it's worth I've never heard any Australians make "suit" and "soot" sound at all similar. Does any English speaker anywhere do that? The other examples of yod dropping do seem correct though.Grant65 (Talk) 07:28, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Grant,

I'd agree about using General American. It is very well known.

Smith,

Yes, we drop some yods, you're correct but I still agree with 203.164.189.46 that yod dropping doesn't belong here. The yods we drop are just the same ones as are dropped in almost all dialects of Commonwealth English. Therefore, I argue, that there's a more appropriate place for details like these.

Jimp 6Jun05

But 203.164.189.46 said that some Australians don't do the yod-dropping. I was wondering if that is true, because all Australians I've heard do the same yod-dropping as I do, except that yods are not dropped after /n/, /t/ and /d/. Conservative RP does have yod-pronouncing after /l/, /s/, /T/ and /z/ in lute, suit, enthusiasm and Zeus, but has the usual yod-dropping after /r/, /dZ/, /tS/, /S/ and /Z/, so conservative RP has less yod-dropping than Australian English, but also less yod-dropping than modern RP. By RP. do you mean modern RP or conservative RP or both? Also commonwealth English is kind of hard to define, because the spelling in Canada is similar to that outside of North American, but the pronunciation is more similar to that in America.

Smith 6Jun05

 * I agree with Jimp and 203.164.189.46 that yod dropping doesn't belong here. Perhaps just mention yod dropping as a link only. Yod dropping in Australia is similar to that in Britain, not North America. Many Australians produce what is called yod coalescence where the clusters and  become  and  respectively, and occur at the beginning or within a word; the clusters  and  become  and  respectively, and only occur within a word, becoming  and  respectively when at the beginning of a word. So Jew and due are homophones. – AxSkov ( T ) 11:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Do you work as a tore guide?
Quote-The vowel in words like tour, pure has diverged according to the whim of the speaker, either remaining as /ʊə/, or becoming either /ʉːə/ (a sequence of two separate monophthongs) or /oː/ (a long monophthong).

In those accents where /ʊə/ becomes /oː/, does it merge with the vowel in storm making moor and more, and tour and tore homonyms?

- Smith 9Jun05

 * This is what the article seems to imply. I don't think that this is the case.  As far as I'm aware  applies only to certain words.  For me moor and more are homonyms as are poor and pore (along with pour and paw).  However, tour is homophonous with tore nor does pure sound like /p/ plus your.  This is not a case of 's becoming  at all.  What's happeninng is that such words as poor and moor are being pronounced with an entirely different phoneme.  This needs a rewrite.  Thanx Smith for bringing this up; I'd been just about to mention it m'self.  Jimp (i.e. Jim) 9Jun05

 * There is nothing wrong with this statement. First, I got this information from Phonemic (Broad) Transcription of Australian English (see Diagnostic chart of General Australian English Vowels). Second, tournament is a word that this happens to, it is either pronounced as or, I've heard both pronunciations. Tour is pronounced as ,  or less commonly . Pure is either pronounced as  or . For me tour is not homophonous with tore; moor and more are homonyms and are both pronounced as , and I believe this is true for most Australians. Of course some 's became , don't you use dictionaries, or listen to older Australians for these changes? That is why either is used, because for some speakers  becomes either  or . Both poor and moor use the /oː/ vowel and do not use a entirely different phoneme. – AxSkov ( T ) 12:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * By entirely different phoneme I meant the vowel in raw, for, etc. not a whole new one just for these words. It's entirely different in the sense that it's not .  Okay, so on close reading the statement is not false: you can interpret it to mean the vowel split and, in some instances merged to . However, I just don't feel that this is clear enough with the sentence as it is.  I know what's going on but if I didn't, I might be inclined to think, apon reading this point, that some Aussies have merged all 's to . Jimp 10Jun05

 * Okay, I see what you mean. I have tried to make it clearer by rewriting it to mean a vowel split, where either remains as is, or splits to become  (a sequence of two separate monophthongs) in some words or  (a long monophthong) in other words. – AxSkov ( T ) 10:22, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've start a new article to discuss this treatment of the /U@/ diphthong pure-poor split.

'Ow's about a beeya?
However, Smith, I'm not 100% about this bit about beer's rhyming with seer. Can we dig up some reference for this? It may well be a simple case of someone's mistaking a diphthong of two monophthongs ... or maybe not. As for myself: I don't pronounce beer and seer to rhyme. - Jimp 9Jun05

 * Neither do I. Beer, to me, is pronounced similar to sear. --Cyberjunkie 11:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Jim,

 * Check out this link http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/01/28/1106850111479.html. Quote-In Western Australia beer is pronounced "be-ar". In NSW beer has one syllable.. It appears that in Western Australian accents beer has two syllables rhyming with seer. Smith 9Jun05

There you go then, ay. I'm from NSW & I've never been out the back o' Burke. - Jimp 10Jun05

 * I'm from Victoria and I pronounce beer as one syllable, but I also pronounce seer as one syllable and it's a homonym of sear. The MQD also lists both seer and sear as homonyms. – AxSkov ( T ) 12:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the statement about WA is probably correct. Beer does seem to have a longer vowel sound in these parts. But is "be-e-r" restricted to WA? See the discussion on Talk: South Australian English. Grant65 (Talk) 03:13, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Swimming Pull
Someone for some reason has readded to the vowel section that some spakers from South Australia merge pull and pool. Is this true? Frances disagrees. Smith 9Jun05
 * There seem to be two versions of that paragraph - I put back the long one yesterday. The two words have the same vowel (I think I put my tongue in the same place), but pull is short, and pool is long. They do not sound the same.

"In South Australia, pull and pool are merged in position i.e. the quality distinction is lost, pull is pronounced /pʊl/ and pool is pronounced /pʊːl/, but they're not (usually) pronounced the same contrary to belief by people that hear South Australians pronounce them very similarly and think that they're pronouncing them the same. Pairs like pull/pool, full/fool etc. are distinguished only by length in South Australia."
 * The short version says that pull and pool sound the same, which they do NOT. I'm happy for someone to write a new paragraph that expresses it better. --ScottDavis 03:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In the previous thread on this subject I indicated that I thought that we do merge them here in SA but I've sinced been convinced that I was wrong, so please disregard that comment. Troyac 05:46, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm a Victorian and I pronounce pool as and pull as  and so do many other Victorians. This is not just a Sth Australian trait, as it also occurs in Victoria, and according to Hippietrail all over the country.  So I have rewritten it to include people not from SA. – AxSkov ( T ) 10:06, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've started a new article to deal with this pull-pool issue Treatment of pool words in Australian English. This should help solve the trivial questions and ideas and thoughts about whether or not these words are homonyms for any native Australians.

Bred-bread split
I've added an article about the bred-bread split that occurs for some Australians.

Rhoticity
The following has been added to the article.

 * Australian English is non-rhotic speech. Since many Australians are of Irish desent, rhoticity is happened in some regional dialects.

How true is this? Is there any source for it? Which regional dialects? I have very strong doubts about this. However, it is possible. A similar thing has happened in NZ.

User:Jimp 19Jun05

 * If rhoticity is happening at all, which I seriously doubt, it would not be coming from the decendants of Irish immigrants/convicts, but from the influence of American pop-culture. I know a few people of Irish decent (from country areas) who are non-rhotic. It's not that a similar thing is happening in NZ, but from the populations that are decended from Scottish immigrants, who settled in the rugged southern areas of the South Island (see Dialects within New Zealand English). -- Mark 05:56, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Libel-Bible split
In this survey http://home.unilang.org/main/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6488&start=0&sid=929d60cecee50ded9b6e2a45886c3036 going on a lot of people have written that they make a distinction between the i's in libel and Bible and two of them are Australians. So, here is my question:

Is there a split in the PRICE vowel thats going on in Australian English? If so, into what two vowels?

 * I don't believe that there is. You can't always trust what people write in these internet-forum surveys.  Jimp 11Jul05

 * I found some evidence that there might be a split, but in Scotland, not Australia, related to the Scots Vowel Length Rule; it's mentioned on --JHJ 20:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Features of Australians English in pronunciation and word use
In this dialect survey http://home.unilang.org/main/forum/viewtopic.php?t=6488&start=0&sid=929d60cecee50ded9b6e2a45886c3036, here are two of the Australians responses:

<<Age : 20 Location where you grew up, or location where you learned English: Australia

1. Do you distinguish pronunciation between: caught and cot Yes
 * Mary, marry, merry Yes
 * draw and drawl Yes
 * card and cord Yes
 * pour and poor No
 * the vowels in father and bother Yes
 * pull and pool Yes
 * wine and whine Yes
 * toon and tune Yes
 * fill and feel Yes
 * fell and fail Yes
 * horse and hoarse No
 * hull and hole Yes
 * new and nu (greek letter)
 * flour and flower Yes
 * hire and higher No
 * loot and lute No
 * rood and rude No
 * choose and chews No
 * you and yew No
 * the first vowel in furry and hurry No
 * the first vowel in mirror and nearer Yes
 * the vowels in bad and lad No
 * the vowels in bit and kit No
 * bred and bread Yes
 * pause and paws No'
 * tenor and tenner No
 * board and bored No
 * pane and pain No
 * toe and tow No
 * sole and soul No
 * meat and meet No
 * rode and road No
 * vain and vein No
 * rap and wrap No
 * The vowels in brute and fruit No
 * The i in libel and the i in Bible Yes
 * The vowels in dimmer and simmer No
 * The vowels in gunner and scunner No
 * not and knot No
 * mews and muse No
 * nome and gnome No
 * roil and royal Yes
 * taut and taught Yes

2. Do the following sentences sound okay to you? (Don't worry about "technically" correct grammar, just tell me if these sound allright in your opinion, or if you use them.)
 * I might could do it tonight. No
 * Do you want to come with? No
 * We stood on line for two hours. No
 * She is in hospital. Yes
 * We seen the movie yesterday. No
 * The car needs cleaned. No
 * We are in five. No

3. Write the word that you use to refer to these: source of water over the sink or tub
 * a carbonated drink soft drink
 * the thing that you drink out of at the park tap
 * center of a peach --
 * Two or more people group
 * tiny candies put on top of an ice cream cone or cupcake --
 * the night before Halloween --
 * small glowing insect visible after dark dragonflies>>

And

<<Age : 18 Location where you grew up, or location where you learned English: Australia Mine are mostly the same as Raza's except for these:

1. Do you distinguish pronunciation between:

 * flour and flower no

 * the first vowel in furry and hurry yes

 * bred and bread no

 * taut and taught no

2. Do the following sentences sound okay to you? (Don't worry about "technically" correct grammar, just tell me if these sound allright in your opinion, or if you use them.)

 * Do you want to come with? Yes(Slang, though it'd be like 'Wanna come with?')

3. Write the word that you use to refer to these:

 * center of a peach - stone
 * tiny candies put on top of an ice cream cone or cupcake - sprinkles, Hundreds & Thousands>>

Here's my question:

Are these general features of Australians English?

 * I would say there's some oddities in them, particularly the first. In particular, I've never heard a normal Australian distinguish wine/whine, flour/flower (I'd be hard pressed to tell how in a non-rhotic accent!), bred/bread (but see other talk posts about that), libel/bible (I have no idea how this might be done), roil/royal or taut/taught (nor this), nor have I heard an Australian not distinguish bad/lad, not doing which sounds Kiwi (if as /bed/, /led/) or British, or furry/hurry. IOW, TMK my English is normal :) I'm a 20 year-old from Victoria, and here's my list of diffs (if different from one, it's included, so all disagreements should be listed. I hope):
 * wine and whine No
 * flour and flower No
 * the first vowel in furry and hurry Yes
 * the vowels in bad and lad Yes
 * bred and bread No
 * The i in libel and the i in Bible No
 * roil and royal No
 * taut and taught no

 * 2. Do the following sentences sound okay to you? (Don't worry about "technically" correct grammar, just tell me if these sound allright in your opinion, or if you use them.)
 * We are in five. Yes (assuming you mean cinema number, else I have no idea what it means)

 * 3. Write the word that you use to refer to these:
 * source of water over the sink or tub -- tap
 * center of a peach -- stone
 * tiny candies put on top of an ice cream cone or cupcake -- hundreds and thousands, sprinkles
 * small glowing insect visible after dark ?
 * Felix the Cassowary 02:22, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, there used to be a contrast between 'wine' and 'whine', with the latter having an aspirated 'w'. I think this woud be very rare nowadays. I remember when I was young (1960's) some old people having this contrast on (eg) witch/which. I think it's pretty well gone now, and even when it was around I suspect it was a high-prestige 'correctness' thing and not in common use. - Dougg 01:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:John Neihardt

Parapsychology

 * Any chance of having Neihardt's work with SORRAT mentioned? I don't know enough to feel comfortable doing it myself (actually came to the article hoping to find more). It's mentioned in this book, if that helps. --grant (talk) 15:57, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

This article greatly deserves to be expanded. These are my notes for future work:

 * Give a little better overview.
 * Drafted KJPurscell 18:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand his biography.
 * Pretty much done --KJPurscell 23:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand the list of his books, and especially to include the Cycle.
 * Done, except... --KJPurscell 23:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ISBN the book list. --KJPurscell 23:59, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --KJPurscell 00:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Cite resources, including
 * http://info.neded.org/stathand/parttwo/nihart.htm Nebraska Hall of Fame article

We'll see if we can't de-stub this article. --KJPurscell 08:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not quite finished yet, but we'll remove the stub now. --KJPurscell 00:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:11, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:John Neihardt


text:
Margery Sharp

Clara Margery Melita Sharp (25 January 1905 – 14 March 1991) was an English writer of 25 novels for adults, 14 children's novels, four plays, two mysteries, and numerous short stories. Her best-known work is The Rescuers series about a heroic mouse named Miss Bianca and her partner Bernard, which was later adapted into the animated feature film The Rescuers (1977) – and a sequel, The Rescuers Down Under (1990) – by Walt Disney Productions.

Life
Sharp was born in the district of Salisbury in the county of Wiltshire, England, although her family originated from northern Yorkshire. She spent part of her childhood in Malta, a period she later drew on for her novel The Sun in Scorpio. In 1914 she returned to Britain and studied at Streatham High School. She read French at Bedford College, University of London. She then spent a year studying art at Westminster Art School. While studying she joined the British University Women's Debating Team and was a member of the first team to compete in the United States.

Punch magazine began publishing her stories when she was 21. She went on to write for a number of American and British magazines, including Harper's Bazaar, Ladies' Home Journal and Good Housekeeping. Sharp's first novel, Rhododendron Pie, took her a month to write and was published in 1930.

In 1938 she married aeronautical engineer Major Geoffrey Castle. During World War II she worked for three years as an Army Education Lecturer; during this time she wrote the novel Cluny Brown and worked on Britannia Mews, which described the bombing of London.

In 1940 her seventh novel, The Nutmeg Tree, was adapted into a Broadway play, The Lady in Waiting. In 1948 the book was adapted into the Hollywood film Julia Misbehaves, starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. One of her most popular novels, Cluny Brown, the story of a plumber's niece turned parlourmaid, was also made into a Hollywood film by Ernst Lubitsch in 1946, with Academy Award winner Jennifer Jones in the title role. The rights for the novel Britannia Mews were bought in 1946 by 20th Century Fox, and it was released as The Forbidden Street in 1949. The 1963 film The Notorious Landlady was based on her 1956 short story "The Notorious Tenant".

In 1959 she published The Rescuers, and though written for an adult audience it became hugely popular with children. Sharp continued the series with a further eight books, illustrated by Garth Williams – who had previously illustrated other children's classics such as EB White's Charlotte's Web and Stuart Little – and Erik Blegvad. In 1977 Walt Disney Productions released the animated feature film The Rescuers, which had critical acclaim and financial success, followed by a sequel, The Rescuers Down Under, in 1990.

Sharp died in Aldeburgh, Suffolk on 14 March 1991. In 2008 all of her adult books except for The Eye of Love were out of print, but in 2016 Kindle editions of ten of her novels were issued.

Adult novels

 * Rhododendron Pie (1930)
 * Fanfare for Tin Trumpets (1932)
 * The Nymph and The Nobleman (1932)
 * The Flowering Thorn (1934)
 * Sophy Cassmajor (1934)
 * Four Gardens (1935)
 * The Nutmeg Tree (1937), which was made into the film Julia Misbehaves
 * Harlequin House (1939)
 * The Stone of Chastity (1940)
 * Three Companion Pieces (1941) – contains Sophy Cassmajor, The Tigress on the Hearth and The Nymph and the Nobleman
 * Cluny Brown (1944), which was made into a movie of the same title
 * Britannia Mews (1946), which was made into the film The Forbidden Street
 * The Foolish Gentlewoman (1948)
 * Lise Lillywhite (1951)
 * The Gipsy in the Parlour (1954)
 * The Tigress on the Hearth (1955)
 * The Eye of Love (1957) – Martha Trilogy I
 * Something Light (1960)
 * Martha in Paris (1962) – Martha Trilogy II
 * Martha, Eric and George (1964) – Martha Trilogy III
 * The Sun in Scorpio (1965)
 * In Pious Memory (1967)
 * Rosa (1969)
 * The Innocents (1972)
 * The Lost Chapel Picnic and Other Stories (1973)
 * The Faithful Servants (1975)
 * Summer Visits (1977)

Wordless Novels

 * Melisande. Little Brown & Co, USA; 1960

Children's novels

 * Lost at the Fair (1965)
 * The Magical Cockatoo (1974)
 * The Children Next Door (1974)

The Rescuers series

 * 1) The Rescuers (1959)
 * 2) Miss Bianca (1962)
 * 3) The Turret (1963)
 * 4) Miss Bianca in the Salt Mines (1966)
 * 5) Miss Bianca in the Orient (1970)
 * 6) Miss Bianca in the Antarctic (1971)
 * 7) Miss Bianca and the Bridesmaid (1972)
 * 8) Bernard the Brave (1977)
 * 9) Bernard into Battle (1978)

Other

 * "The Notorious Tenant" (1956), short story on which the movie The Notorious Landlady was based

title: Margery Sharp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kayserispor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was not enough disucssion te establish consensus. I have since listed it at WP:CP. Ingoolemo  talk  19:29, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

Kayserispor
I was alerted to this page by Avalon who wasn't sure what to do with it. It appears to be written entirely in Turkish (or some variant thereof). As such, it is unintelligible to users of this encycloædia. Unless someone can translate it and establish notability, it should be deleted. Cyberjunkie | Talk 08:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete' Football club apparently, that might warrant a page in, well, English. Dottore So 08:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Appears to be copyvio from . Kayserispor plays in the Turkish Premier League, though, so definitely notable Sam Vimes 13:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:71.50.37.56

title: User talk:71.50.37.56


text:
Maislinger

Maislinger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adolf Maislinger (1903–1985), well-known prisoner of the Dachau concentration camp
 * Andreas Maislinger (born 1955), Austrian historian, political scientist, and founder of the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
 * Johanna Maislinger (born 1985), Austrian aviator and engineer

title: Maislinger


text:
User talk:Hoibes

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, you've already found the Sandbox for testing your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 08:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC).
 * You're most welcome, enjoy. Alf 09:48, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:JustMen.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:JustMen.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 19:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoibes


text: Category:Pancreatic hormones

title: Category:Pancreatic hormones


text:
Byakuya

Byakuya (written: 白夜 lit. "white night", "short night", or "night under the midnight sun") may refer to:

 * Byakuya (True Light), a song by Shunichi Miyamoto
 * Four Nights of a Dreamer, a 1971 French film directed by Robert Bresson, released in Japan as Byakuya
 * Byakuya (Under Night In Birth)

Fictional characters

 * Byakuya (InuYasha), a character in the anime and manga series InuYasha
 * Byakuya Kuchiki, a character in the anime and manga series Bleach
 * Byakuya Togami, a character in the visual novel and anime series Danganronpa
 * Byakuya, a character in the light novel and anime series Kakuriyo no Yadomeshi
 * Byakuya Matō, a character in the light visual and anime Fate/Zero
 * Byakuya Jougasaki, a character in the light novel series Chivalry of a Failed Knight
 * Byakuya Ishigami, a character in the manga and anime series Dr. Stone

title: Byakuya


text:
Progressive Democratic Party (Liberia)

The Progressive Democratic Party (PRODEM) is a political party in Liberia, formed in 2005. It fielded candidates in the 11 October 2005 elections.

The party's presidential candidate, Sekou Conneh, was chairman of the rebel group Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) during Liberia's second civil war. Conneh won 0.6% of the vote in the presidential poll. The party failed to win any seats in the Senate or House of Representatives.

title: Progressive Democratic Party (Liberia)


text:
András Hadik

Count András Hadik de Futak (gróf futaki Hadik András; Andreas Graf Hadik von Futak; Andrej Hadík; 16 October 1710 – 12 March 1790) was a Hungarian nobleman and Field Marshal of the Imperial Army. He was Governor of Galicia and Lodomeria from January 1774 to June 1774, and is the father of Karl Joseph Hadik von Futak. He is famous for capturing the Prussian capital Berlin during the Seven Years' War.

Early life
András Hadik, son of a lesser noble family, was born on October 16, 1710, in either Csallóköz or Kőszeg, in the Kingdom of Hungary, as the second son and third child of Mihály Hadik von Futak (d. 1733) and his wife, Franziska Hardy (b. 1680). He had Hungarian, Luxembourgian and German ancestors. According to another source, he was of Hungarian ethnic origin, but the name "Hadik" is a diminutive from the Slovak appellative had ("snake"), the family was thus of Slovak origin. Contrary to this belief, Hadik himself had no knowledge of the Slovak language. Alternative theories also suggest his Tartar or Cherkess ancestry.

His father, Mihály Hadik (d. 1733) was a cavalryman. His mother, Franziska Hardy was of German descent. András Hadik volunteered for the Ghilányi hussar regiment of the Imperial Army when he was 20, and at 22 he was given the rank of officer and became the standard bearer in the Dessewffy hussar regiment. Hadik fought in the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War. In 1738, Hadik was promoted to the rank of captain.

Military successes
During the War of the Austrian Succession, Hadik gained fame for his actions against the Prussian Army near the city of Neisse using surprise attacks and tricks under the unwritten laws of the so-called "small war," relying on the excellent training of his light cavalry squadrons. During the war, he served under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1744 he gained the rank of Commanding Colonel of his own hussar regiment, then near the end of the war in 1747 he attained the rank of General and was appointed commander of a cavalry brigade.

Early in the Seven Years' War, Hadik executed the most famous hussar action in history: when Frederick the Great was marching south with his armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his 5,000 force of mostly hussars around the Prussians and captured their capital of Berlin. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 300,000 thalers, which he distributed among his troops. For this feat, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal. He was also awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa.

Marriage and issue
András was married to Countess Franziska von Lichnowsky-Woschütz (1725-1787), the only daughter of Count Franz Karl Leopold Bernhard von Lichnowsky-Woschütz (1690-1742) and his wife, Countess Maria Barbara Cajetana von Verdenberg (1697-1755). They had three sons and one daughter:
 * Countess Mária Jozefa Hadik von Futak (1750-1842); married in 1765 to Prince Jerzy Marcin Lubomirski (d. 1811); no issue
 * Count János Hadik von Futak (1755-1833); married in 1783 to Countess Franziska Josepha Theresia von Breunner (1763-1829); had issue
 * Count Károly József Hadik von Futak (1756-1800); married in 1781 to Countess Maria Theresia von Kolowrat-Krakowsky (1756-1844); had issue
 * Count András Hadik von Futak (1764-1840); married Baroness Maria Raszler von Gamerschwang (1783-1854); had issue

Legacy
Slovak National Academy of Defense of Marshal Andrej Hadík (2004–2008) was named after him.
 * András Hadik. Hungary issued a postage stamp in his honor on 1 January 1943.
 * The above stamp overprinted 1 Pengo on 10 filler was issued on 1 May 1945 I the Liberation of Hungary series.
 * On 1 February 1946 in the overprinted series the 10 filler stamp was overprinted 40 filler.

title: András Hadik


text:
Zekhring people

The Zekhring are from the Anjaw District (formerly part of Lohit district) of Arunachal Pradesh. They live in the hilly terrain and banks of the Lohit River in the Walong and Kibithoo area.

They are Animists, although they have recently co-adopted Tibetan Buddhism. The Zekhring sustain their livelihoods through agriculture. They are culturally more akin to the Miju Mishmi than to the Tibetans in the north. Sungkhu, Tsotangpho Wangley, Tso Tangpo and Losar are their major festivals.

Population
As of 2002, their tribal population stood at 300, and their population included members of an ethnically akin tribe, the Meyor.

title: Zekhring people


text:
Euxton Balshaw Lane railway station

Euxton Balshaw Lane is one of two railway stations situated in Euxton, Lancashire, England. It is a local station on the Blackpool North to Liverpool Lime Street route, on the stretch between Wigan and Preston.

History
The railway line between Wigan and Preston was opened by the North Union Railway (NUR) on 31 October 1838, and among the original stations was one at Euxton, close to the Bay Horse public house on the south side of Euxton Lane. The NUR was split up in 1889, part of it (including Euxton station) becoming wholly owned by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). Euxton station closed on 2 September 1895 at the behest of the Anderton Family.

A new station named Balshaw Lane and Euxton, between Coppull and Leyland and about 3/4 mi south of the original Euxton station, was opened by the LNWR on the same day, 2 September 1895. Balshaw Lane & Euxton station was closed by British Rail on 6 October 1969 as part of the Beeching review of the UK railway network.

Euxton also had a station at the Royal Ordnance Factory site, ROF Chorley, on the Preston to Manchester line which opened on 24 January 1938, the station was named 'ROF Halt' and closed on 31 August 1964.

As well as this another station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company's Bolton and Preston Railway was built named Euxton Junction which was near to the Pack Saddle Bridge. Access to this station was via a footbridge from next to today's gastro pub, "The Railway at Euxton". However, this station closed in 1895.

Services from the former Balshaw Lane and Euxton station restarted on 15 December 1997. It was officially reopened in 1998, (the opening ceremony being performed by former Radio 1 DJ and, latterly, Radio Lancashire presenter and transport enthusiast, Andy Peebles), and was now named Euxton Balshaw Lane.

The use of "Balshaw Lane" in the station's name was added, at the time of opening, at Lancashire County Council's behest (the main station's sponsor and funder) in view of the possibility, at some future stage, of the opening of a station on the site of the Royal Ordnance Factory at Euxton and to distinguish itself (and avoid a subsequent name change) from that station. It was expected that the station at the ROF site might be named either "Euxton" or "Euxton ROF". In fact, when Euxton's other railway station eventually opened in October 2011, on the Manchester-Preston route, it was called Buckshaw Parkway.

Facilities
The station has two platforms on the slower north–south lines of the West Coast Main Line and is served by Northern Trains with trains to Blackpool North and Liverpool. Euxton Balshaw Lane does not have any full-time staff, PA system or ticket office, nor, unlike Horwich Parkway railway station, a station built around the same period, any clocks or display screens. A payable car park is also available.

Services
The station has a daily hourly service in each direction with 2 trains per hour in the weekday peaks. Services run from Liverpool Lime Street to Preston and Blackpool North. Through weekday services to Blackpool North were restored in May 2018 following the completion of electrification work.

title: Euxton Balshaw Lane railway station


text:
User talk:Meiers Twins

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Lynott Talk
Sorry for deleting your comment, I didn't mean to, it just got caught in the crossfire. Once again, sorry.

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Adolf Overweg

Adolf Overweg (24 July 1822 – 27 September 1852) was a German astronomer, geologist, and explorer of Africa. As a member of a mission to fix trade routes in Central Africa he became the first person of European origin to circumnavigate Lake Chad by boat.

In 1849, he joined a three-man expedition under the command of James Richardson and Heinrich Barth. They set to leave Tripoli in the spring of 1850 to help the British government forge relations with central African kingdoms and explore unknown territory there. They crossed the Sahara carrying a boat on the backs of camels, splitting up in 1851 with Overweg trekking by route of Zinder to Kukawa. After 18 months of exploring the Adamawa Emirate, Benue River, and finally completing his most notable feat of circumnavigating Lake Chad, he died of an unknown illness in Maduari after swimming in cold waters.

Barth and Overweg were close friends. Barth wrote of Overweg's great talents as a scientist and observer, but his lack of discipline in keeping orderly notes, and his youthful disregard for his own safety doomed him to obscurity and an early death in the prime of his youth.

title: Adolf Overweg


text:
User talk:JRousso

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text: User talk:81.1.107.166

title: User talk:81.1.107.166


text:
Talk:Australian English vocabulary/Archive 1

Pom (Englishperson)
I have never heard the theory that "pom" comes from "pompous" before. If this is merely conjecture on the part of the author of that edit, maybe it should be removed? MyallR 12:27, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I've not heard of it either. In fact, I was the one who changed the original attribution ("Prisoner of Mother England") to "Origin Uncertain", which at present seems to be all that can be said about it. The P.O.M.E. explanation is definitely an urban myth, which appears to have originated in the 1960s, at which time this kind of cod acronym etymologies were popular (cf. F.U.C.K. and others). It seems as if the origins of the term have been lost. Personally, I don't mind being called a Pom, but 'pompous' is another matter ;-) Graham 06:08, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed! : zig 02:35, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I started a new page (fake etymology) for stories of this kind. Graham 23:48, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

According to the Macquarie Dictionary, "pom" is a contraction of "pomegranate" which was used as rhyming slang for "immigrant" ("imme-granate"). Seeing as this is Australia's official dictionary, they probably have a better idea than anyone else. I would either concur with them, or mark the origin as obscure. The derivation from the French "pomme de terre" is certainly wrong in any case. dmmaus 06:28, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Didjeridoo
I've never heard the etymology listed on this article:

actually derived from the Irish term "Dudaire Dubh", which literally means "black trumpeter".

That looks like a folk etymology to me, or perhaps what some users have begun called a fake etymology. I've always heard, including from an aborigine and from a didj teacher, that the name is onomatopeoic from one of the sounds commonly produced by the instrument.

I'd like to see some citations to support the Irish etymology please or it should be removed. — Hippietrail 14:02, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This etymology was copied over from the didgeridoo article where there is a link to a page about this theory. It is quite creative, but probably false for a couple of reasons:
 * The English pronunciation would require a spelling like duidirí dubha, but in fact the word has a long ú in it's standard (dúdaire) and variant (dúidire) spellings. The long -í ending also implies plural, which doesn't make a lot of sense.
 * It's not impossible, but an English speaker would be unlikely to change doodaradoo (dúdaire dubh) or doojeradoo (dúidire dubh) into didgeridoo.

 * In any case, it's certainly not a proven etymology, so I'll amend the articles. — Moilleadóir 16:35, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily Irish, same in Scottish Gaelic. A lot of "aboriginal" words like kangaroo appear to have obscure origins. It's notable around North East Scotland though, they call a trumpet a tooteroo, which is similar.

'Bloke' from Polari?
Polari is described as "a form of cant slang used in the gay subculture in Britain in the 1950s and 1960s". Use of 'bloke' long predates that - for instance, C.J. Dennis' "The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke" was published in 1915. See also Talk:Polari on this point. --Calair 12:49, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought that Polari was likely to have come from 19th century theatre-speak. Just because it was popular in the 50s and 60s doesn't mean the terms originated then.  My SOED says it's from Shelta and Talk:Polari mentions the OED having a first citation in 1851. — Moilleadóir 16:51, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Australian Words Still In Use
I don't know which part of Australia "bloke", "bloody" and "poofter" are falling into disuse, because I hear them used by lots of people all the time (In both Queensland and Victoria). I suggest the be moved from the "disused" list to the "common" list. I've also never heard the term "Anglo-Celtic" in my entire life! ShaneKing 10:22, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Anglo Celtic

 * I have read, heard and used "Anglo-Celtic" in Australia, but as an adjective not a noun, describing/grouping people in Australia of U.K. and/or Irish descent, their POV, suburbs, food, etc. Yes, it's an inaccurate term in many senses.  While not unique to Australia, it seems to be used more commonly here.

-- zig 13:15, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I've only heard Anglo, never the Anglo-Celtic bit. I still think its presence in the list gives an illusion of being in wide use, when it's not really. ShaneKing 13:20, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I've never heard Anglo-Celtic and have lived in Oz all my life. Also, I've rarely heard "Anglo". And things like "wog" are not as derogatory now - look at Nick Giannopolous and the like, who have helping turn "wog!" into a proud statement about one's orgins or a term of endearment to a mate. And there are accent differences between states, as well as between "classes". I, a Melburnian, can instantly pick if someone on telly is from New South Wales when they are acting as a Queenslander, for instance, and the accent of Adelaide is VERY distinct. The table showing pronunciations of different words accross the states is completely innaccurate, according to my personal experiences.

 * I've also been baffled by the term "Anglo-Celtic" in this list. I can't recall hearing it and I'm 36, a 6th generation Aussie who's lived in 4 states. I've definitely heard "Anglo" though it's certainly not very common.
 * As for accents in Australia, it's widely known by linguists that many Aussies believe there are regional accents in Aus but it's been studied many times over the years and it just doesn't hold up. The chart in this article may not be completely up-to-date but it does give a good view of just how slight the regional variations are in Australia. Adelaide or South Australia is acknowledged as having more tendency to a British sound but it's only a tendency and different speakers have different numbers of the traits to differing degrees. Usually when an Aussie picks an "accent" it's actually use of regionalisms which give the hints - this doesn't make an accent in the linguistic sense, and this is a linguistic article. So we should state here that many Australians believe in regional accents but that linguists do not. Hippietrail 08:15, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It is probably out of place on the list, since most of those words are colloquialisms. "Anglo-Celtic" is used more by academics and the government. But in those fields it is used very widely indeed (see ), since the informal alternatives are all regarded as discriminatory in one way or the other. Securiger 17:03, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Anglo-Celtic seems to be used a lot in the media (particularly the ABC). It's strange to hear it described as a non-discriminatory alternative since I find it so very offensive. Given the history of the Irish in Australia, it seems incredible that anyone could ever use this term without blushing. Moilleadóir 05:41, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Anglo-Celtic is fairly common in discussing society and religion. I see how it could be considered offensive, but it's chiefly a way of broadly distinguishing different groups of European origin. Despite all the tricky history, Australians of Irish origin had been reasonably integrated (particularly in terms of language) by WWII as opposed to the large waves of Italian, Greek etc immigration in the post war years. It's particularly useful in discussing Catholicism in Australia, and the changes forced by incorporating these southern and eastern European immigrants into the Australian Church(where the Irish/British were very much the establishment). Munster 11:05, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Use of G'day
I think the comment about Australians being embarrised by the use of 'Gday' is becoming out of date. I frequently use it in conversations with friends and in particular people I am meeting for the first time. Most people I know either use it or have no problem with other people using it. And I am only 17! My work also encourages people to use it to meet a customer.

I really do think that the whole use of 'Gday' is coming back in, and that a revision of this sentance may be necessary.

- I agree with this. I'm 29, and use g'day every day of my life, even if I speak to foreigners. I've never been embarassed or ashamed by it. Too bad for them they're not Australian, I say. David.

Smoko
Another word that is listed as obsolete slang is smoko. News to me: smoko meaning a work break is standard usage where I work. Unless anyone objects I'll move it. --GPoss 10:27, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree. I use or hear used "smoko" several times a week here in Sydney. — Hippietrail 12:06, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Smoko, huh? Absolutely dinkum to me. Heard and used it all my life. Fikri 09:30, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "Smoko" is still common in Perth as well. There was a recent radio advert for the "Kennard's Smoko Van".

Words to Add to Australian vocabulary
I am not entirelly sure if some of these words are in use in the USA of other english speaking countries but i think that the following should be added to the article:

Oi: usually used to gain someones attention, for example "Oi you you tosser!"

Thong: called flip-flops by Americans but is starting to decline by American influence in the younger generations (why is it not called G-string in USA anyway?)

bougan (sp?): Usually of Anglo appearance, similar to American white trailer trash, stereotype of blue flannel shirts, big beer drinker, dole bludger, and lower class.
 * It is bogan. There is a separate article on that and the related westie. L-Bit 10:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Although the accent in Australia tends to be consistent throughout the country there are differences, for example when you go out bush or in central or regional Queensland it tends to be more nasal, or perhaps thats due to education levels in the areas? In addition there is Aboriginal accents which are different from "whites" particually in Missions or reserves. -June 4 2004 K. Levett

 * Both "oi" and "tosser" are common English slang - specifically London slang I think. "Oi" does get some use in Australia (Aussie Aussie Aussie Oi Oi Oi comes to mind), but tosser is only known from British TV shows.
 * Thongs in Australia are cheap plastic or rubber summer footwear, which I think are called flip-flops in the US. The sense of thong underwear is not used, although the Lewinski scandal has made it better known.
 * Bogan is common urban youth slang meaning a young man of limited intelligence or education. An American equivalent would be hick or redneck, although it doesn't have the connotation of violence or bigotry that redneck has. It may come from the town of Bogan Gate in western NSW, but it may have some other source.

Adam 06:38, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Differences in Australian accents are mostly class based rather than regional. As a rule country people have lower incomes and less education, and tend to speak more slowly and have broader Australian accents. Since Queensland and Tasmania are the least urbanised states, the "bush" accent is sometimes assumed to have a regional basis. Upper-class people, particularly South Australians, cultivate a Home Counties English accent, although this is declining under the pressure of Americanisation.
 * Aboriginal people certainly have a distinctive vocabulary, which when mixed with a broad rural Australian produces what might be called an Aboriginal accent.
 * There is also a distinct "wog" accent, heard among second-generation urban youth of ethnic background.

 * Oi is definitely British English, but I've heard it used here in Aus too. Tosser seems to be gaining ground, as in the recent ad campaign against littering - which as a Pom I find quite amusing by the way ;-). Never heard Bougan or Bogan, but I understand "ocker" to be the same thing, no?Graham 06:47, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

There is a difference between a bogan and an ocker. An ocker is a loud and uncouth male of any age, while a bogan is more a gormless youth. Adam 07:12, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a Bogan page. Although I am not an Ozzie, I believe Ocker and Ozzie are interchangeable. L-Bit 10:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

light globe – light bulb
Don't know about anyone else but as an Australian I find this definition vaguely insulting : "light globe – although "light bulb" is sometimes also used, most Australians don't realise that "globe" is no longer commonly used in this sense outside Australia." Perhaps the rest of the world doesn't realise that it is used commonly this way in Australia?

Note to above. This has been improved, by why even mention that "globe" is not commonly used outside Australia? Surely this is common to all words listed in an "Australian language" page - ie not used outside Australia?

Capsicums/Peppers
One possible theory on why Australians call "peppers" capsicums may be to avoid confusion with the other form of pepper, the ground or unground berries of the genus Piper. What term is generally used by American or British English speakers to refer to table pepper? Is just "pepper" used, or "cayenne pepper", or what? thefamouseccles 10:10 2 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * That's black pepper, or white pepper as opposed to a green pepper, or a red pepper. Both the colour and the need for an article (peppers are countable items, pepper isn't) remove ambiguity. When I'm asked whether I want pepper on my salad, I know that the waiter doesn't mean peppers.  -- Derek Ross 06:28, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You mean you never have salad with capsicum or jalepenos?--ZayZayEM 10:49, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Entrée
I have removed ref to use of entree when used to describe a course before the main one,

''In American English, an entrée is a main course; in Australian English, it is a smaller course that precedes the main course. It is more substantial than appetisers, better thought of as a half-sized version of a main course. Restaurant menus will often offer the same dish in different-sized servings as both entrée and main course.''

as in fact use of entree to describe the main course is a characteristic of American English, and in Britain the Aust usage is the norm...and in France (it is a French word after all) they also use it to mean the course before the main meat dish.

See also List of words having different meanings in British and American English

--GPoss 10:12, Aug 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I've misunderstood the British usage. Currently, Entrée redirects to Hors d'oeuvre, a discussion of appetisers, and I took this to be an accurate indication of British usage. As discussed above, in Australian English 'entree' does not mean the same thing as 'appetisers' or 'hors d'ouevres'; I've been to several places that offer both 'entrees' and 'appetisers', in separate parts of the menu.

 * If 'entree' in British English just means 'appetiser', then the Australian usage is different and ought to be mentioned here. If they're not, then the redirect from Entrée to Hors d'oeuvre is inappropriate, and the above deletia might be transplanted to Entrée. Somebody more familiar with British English than myself want to make a call on which of the two it is?

--Calair 23:39, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed I am not British, but my recollection of normal usage there is the same as in Oz. I have just done a very quick online check of London restaurant reviews to check my memory and usage of entree seems to match Oz based on the dishes mentioned as entrees. However need a native to confirm.

--GPoss 09:47, Aug 24, 2004 (UTC)

Lunch Meats
I have spent time, and eaten processed meats, in both Victoria and New South Wales, and my experience is that Devon and Strasburg/Strasbourg are different, and found in both states. "Stras" is a reddish-pink, spicy meat that also usually contains white, hard pieces of what I assume are cartilage or "grissle" and at least sometimes has a rind. Devon is usually less spicy than Strasbourg, while Devon is of a similar light-pink colour to Anglo-saxon skin, is completely processed and smooth, and has no rind. Both usually come in a round sausage of similar diameter, although I have also seen Strasbourg in square slices that I assume come from a square block, and there's no reason Devon couldn't be the same.

I'd like to change the section that deals with this, but I don't know what these two meats are called in the other states. Someone care to fill this in? Ben Hourigan 14:19 3 March 2005 (Eastern Standard Time)

 * I've never thought of Stras as being spicy, and I would consider stras to be about the same color as my (white) skin. A spicy reddish-pink meat that often has a rind is how I'd describe, among other things, salami. I come from Melbourne.

 * stras is spicy, dark red with white chunks. its not pink at all.

I grew up in SA (now live vic) and therefore not well versed re stras and devon: but can confirm that fritz in SA is the light-pink stuff that you get in a 'fritz and sauce sandwich'. I was told when growing up that this was called stras/devon in the Eastern states. Fritz was fat (say 8 cm diameter) with a tough skin of an unnatural colour. The red spicy stuff with white bits (fat) was (in SA) either salami or metwurtz (sp?). Metwurtz was likely to be less cooked and softer: salami was hard. Really need a European migrant to sort out the real names for these more recent foods. The fritz, strass etc line all date to before the rise in 'continental' foods in the 1970's.

Tomato Sauce and Ketchup
Tomato sauce may be used interchangeably with ketchup by some, but there is a difference between the two. On supermarket shelves in Australia, one may find "Ketchup" as well as "Tomato Sauce", often sold by the same brand (eg. Heinz). Ketchup tends to be thicker and with more tomato flavour (possibly containing more tomato paste), and is generally more expensive than tomato sauce.
 * Are you sure that the use of ketchup is not some marketing ploy? The word certainly seems very unAustralian to me.  You might find it on the labels of certain tomato sauce bottles but is any Aussie going to use that word to describe the sauce?  Does a slight differenc in texture, flavour and price warrant a whole new name?  Sure it does but only if you're trying to sell the sauce.  Heinz isn't even an Australian company. Jimp  13Apr05
 * It's an interesting comment. I don't remember ever seeing anything labelled as ketchup in the local supermarket, but I'll have a closer look next time I'm there. They do try these things -- for a couple of years Coles, here in WA at least, has insisted on using the word "cantaloupes" here in WA for the things that 90% of the population (in WA) call "rock melons" Grant65 (Talk) 11:00, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have seen tomato sauce labelled as ketchup once or twice in Sydney but that was a while back. Perhaps it's fallen out of fashion (one can only hope).  However you've got to note some points about this alledged ketchup verses tomato sauce distinction.

 * The distinction has no etymological basis.
 * It's not a distinction made in other parts of the English speaking world.
 * It's not a distinction normally made by Australians in speach or writing.

 * It seems only to be a distinction made by the tomato sauce companies. Hence the only difference between the two is an invention of Heinz: i.e. there is no true diffence between the two.  Tomato sauce is the Australian term.  Ketchup is a foreign term. No mention need be made of this "distinction" in the article, in my opinion.  - Jimp  15Apr05

Sultanas the intermediate!
My recollection is that sultanas have always been larger than the other two dried grape products, therefore I have changed order of these three.

Macquarie Dictionary
I'm confused as to why the link to the Macquarie Dictionary isn't seen as a link to a commercial product. It is sold after all.

 * We're allowed to link to information about commercial products, including to the official websites of people selling commercial products. We even have quite a few articles about commercial products, including the Macquarie Dictionary. -- Tim Starling 06:07, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no ban on links to commercial products. Rather, links to commercial products have to satisfy a two-part test: (1) The linked product has to be relevant to the article; and (2) The linked product's site has to contain information relevant to the article.

 * The Aussie English CD doesn't meet part (2) of this test because the site in question doesn't have any information other than a sales pitch. While the Macquarie Dictionary site doesn't provide free access to the entire dictionary, it does provide free content from the dictionary, such as the full text of all the essays included in the dictionary as well as a dictionary of slang, both of which are directly relevant to the article.

 * Since the Macquarie Dictionary site has content that doesn't consist entirely of a sales pitch for the dictionary, a link here is relevant (not to mention the fact that Macquarie Dictionary is famous enough to have its own article. If The Aussie English CD had significant information about Australian English, then I don't think there would be a problem with having a link here. But since it is entirely a sales pitch, it isn't really relevant. Nohat 06:17, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi. The Aussie English CD site (www.AussieEnglishCD.com) now has a lot of content, if you click under Multimedia Samples you can see it, including a full dictionary of Australian slang and the ability to actually listen to Australian English being used. It is a sales pitch, but there is a lot of "free" content there that would be of great use to someone with an interest in Aussie English. Please have a look at the site and see if it now passes the test.

Cadbury Commy

 * I've never heard anyone refer to a Commodore as "Commy", or to a two pot screamer as a "Cadbury". Is it possible these are purely recent/local slang? If there are no objections I'll remove them. Grant65 (Talk) 07:44, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure about the "Commy", but "Cadbury" is firmly established in Brisbane and its surrounds at least. thefamouseccles 10:10, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've never heard "Commy" for "Commodore". The most common nicknames would be "Dunny door" and "Comode door". I also can't recall ever hearing "Cadbury" in the 9 years I lived in Brisbane, but maybe I heard it and never picked up on what it referred to.
 * Cadbury is reasonably common usage in many parts of Australia; I'm familiar with it in Melbourne, and have heard it used by friends from Adelaide, Sydney and Brisbane. I've also heard more than one story of Australian backpackers recognising others in foreign pubs by their use of the word, so I'd say (in some social circles or sub-cultures at least) it's pretty wide-spread. -- Guybrush 03:27, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Commie has now been removed. Apart from anything else the excised entry was inaccurate in the assertion about communists, since the home-grown slang was "commo" or even "com".Grant65 (Talk) 11:40, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Actually Cadbury is not a two pot screamer but someone who gets drunk on a glass and a half of alcohol. It is after the slogan of Cadbury chocolate - a glass and a half of milk in each chocolate (slab?) - Frances

Wowser
I removed 'teetotaller' from the explanation of 'wowser' because it's misleading. IME, 'wowser' invariably means someone who inflicts puritanical beliefs *on others*. 'Teetotaller' simply means somebody who doesn't drink alcohol; if that's a personal decision which they don't force on anybody else (and there are plenty of teetotallers like that), they're not a wowser.

Youse
I've changed the comment regarding the usage of 'youse' (plural second person) to be common in some social circles, instead of being being common in the lower class. The use of 'youse' appears to be highly favoured in certain localities and cultures, and is not strictly related to social status.

Jerry-built
I was under the impression 'jerry-built' was at least as common in British English as it is in Strine, and with the same meaning - should it really be included as specifically Australian vocabulary? --Calair 23:24, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I think (and might be able to prove, given time)that "jerry-built" is a phrase common to the British, the Americans and the Australians. There is a phrase, "jury-rig", that is an old sailing term derived from Latin and perhaps Old French which means - literally - to arrange mechanical help for something broken or unplanned. As in a jury-rigged mast or such. Since the term is older than near-universal literacy for common sailors, it's not hard to see the connection between the two phrases. This confusion may have been augmented by two wars between English-speakers and the Germans. A common euphemism for a German in both world wars was "Jerry". Toward the latter part of each of the wars, the German population was forced by the failure of their industrial and supply systems to do a great deal of improvising in order to provide themselves with housing, transportation and clothing. The term was in wide use in the subsequent popular literature written or dictated by veterans who pursued the German Army into Germany. captainjacklogan@netzero.net--24.91.129.109 09:22, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's an interesting side-note - doesn't quite belong here, but I'm not overly familiar with the original article and unsure what boundaries have been established for it. Calair, in your comment above you've referred to Australian English by its well-known (in Australia) colloquial tag "Strine". I suddenly thought "hey, wait a sec" and scanned the original article - nobody's mentioned or explained "strine". Is this a deliberate omission?
 * What *is* its etymology anyway? I mean, obviously, its immediate source is obvious to Australian speakers (non-Australians: it's an approximation of the word "Australian" as spoken in an Australian accent), but was it coined by "Afferbeck Lauder" in writing "Let Stalk Strine"? And who was "Afferbeck Lauder" a pseudonym for, anyway? Strewth! Stone the flamin' crows, Ailsa! So many questions!--CaseyBennetto 14:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've since seen a reference to it on the Australian English page, but it's still fairly remote - and interestingly it's defined about twenty paragraphs after its first usage on that page. We need a definition of it that both pages can link to, I think. Anyone?--CaseyBennetto 14:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tall poppy syndrome
This expression is used just about anywhere that a famous or successful figure attracts public animosity, not just "in context of academia". Googling on '+"rene rivkin" +"tall poppy syndrome"' will find plenty of examples; if you need more, replace Rene with "alan bond" or "steve irwin".

Whether any of these fine gentlemen is *actually* a victim of TPS (as opposed to their own flaws) is another matter, but the term certainly enjoys widespread use. --Calair 23:24, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Footpath
This term is in the article defined as a paved walkway running parallel to a street or road, but most footpaths as made of concrete. - Jimp 10Feb05

Pronunciation guides - A request.
It's strikes me that some of the slang can easily be mis-pronounced by non-Australians. For example, "woop-woop" could be pronounced in a few different ways (eg, rhyming with "hoop-hoop") which are considered incorrect.

Unfortunately, I'm not a linguist, so I'm pretty awful when it comes to trying to write pronunication guides, or anything related to phonetics. However I think the page would certainly benefit if someone linguistically-talented were able to do so.

--pjf 07:23, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Are They Necessary?
I don't think the pronunciation of Australia words is really necessary. Most people reading these words would have a very good idea at how to pronounce them correctly. Wikipedia is NOT a dictionary, so if pronunciation is really needed for these words use Wiktionary instead. I will remove these pronunciations. -- AxSkov 09:59, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. These words follow usual English spelling.  Their spelling combined with the section on Phonology on the Australian English page should be enough guide as to pronunciation.  Where ambiguities remain, sure, add a word or two on pronunciation (as has been done for woop-woop).  - Jimp  9Feb05


text: Category:Hospitals in Germany

title: Category:Hospitals in Germany


text:
Talk:Adolf Overweg

Untitled
If you are looking to expand (and diversify sources) I recommend checking the German wikipedia article... that is if you can read it. gren グレン 08:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolf Overweg