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Talk:Battle of the Saintes

Untitled
A description of this battle is also in HMS Fame (1759) that was taken from HMS Fame Seano1 20:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Casualties
Who keeps tampering with the casualties and then not providing a source? The French suffered considerably more than what has been advertised (Nathan Miller) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.107.123 (talk) 21:01, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

Shifting commanders
Bit of a headache here over the commanders of the British fleet owing to the death of William Bayne (Royal Navy officer) in the first clash on 9 April. According to Winfield's British Warships in the Age of Sail, Thomas Dumaresq was transferred in to take Bayne's place and served as Alfred's captain at the Saintes and thereafter. Dumaresq was at this time captain of Repulse, so if Winfield is correct, Dumaresq could not have been on two ships at once. Marley's Wars of the Americas (a work I am inclined not really to take at face value without some double checking) has a different order of battle. According to Marley:

 * Repulse is commanded by Charrington, formerly of the Ajax
 * Ajax is commanded by Fanshaw(e?), formerly of the Namur
 * Namur is commanded by a Cranston Inglis (possibly Charles Inglis (c. 1731–1791), and if so formerly of St Albans)
 * St Albans is commanded by Cornwallis, formerly of the Canada
 * Canada is commanded by a 'Thomas Dumarest' (presumably Dumaresq), formerly of the Repulse

And to tie it off, Alfred apparently has no commander. (She most certainly would have, even if the first-lieutenant or another officer had temporarily served as acting commander).

Other differences in Marley:

 * Van
 * Drake's flagship is now the Marlborough rather than the Princessa.
 * Knatchbull is still commander of Princessa and apparently still a 'flag captain' despite the absence of a flag officer
 * Centre
 * The differences are described above, the remaining ships are in agreement with our order of battle.
 * Rear
 * Hood's flagship is now the Prince William rather than the Barfleur.
 * Knight is still commander of Barfleur and apparently still a 'flag captain' despite the absence of a flag officer. Barfleur is referred to as the 'vice-flagship', despite not having Hood aboard.
 * Alfred with no commander, as before.

Marley specifically states the order of battle as on 12 April. We define the battle, quite possibly wrongly, as spanning two clashes, one on the 9 April and one on the 12 April, when really it is only the latter engagement that is really considered the 'Battle of the Saintes', the other a mere unnamed preliminary clash of the fleets. It may be that in reporting the order of battle we are using the order for the 9 April clash, at least when it comes to the commanders, which may explain the differences. Rodney certainly does not distinguish between the two in his despatch (he also mentions James Cranstoun, 8th Lord Cranstoun as one of the captains of his flagship Formidable though he doesn't appear in Rodney's despatch, and may be there as a volunteer). It could be that between the two engagements, some reshuffling of the captains and the admirals took place, though not necessarily precisely as Marley has it. My queries are: 1) Does anyone have any further evidence or sources that may bring some clarity? 2) Does anyone have any evidence that the 'Battle of the Saintes' really spans both the 9th and 12th April clashes, rather than two separate engagements by the fleet with an intervening pursuit? If not I propose this distinction be made much clearer in the article. Benea (talk) 10:33, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * A brief survey of sources (primarily through Google Books) shows that most historians use "Saintes" to refer to the action on the 12th alone, although there are some that include the leading action on the 9th and the intervening maneuvers under that moniker. I have no specific commentary on the commander issue, but concur with your assessment of Marley: he's generally approximately correct, but can be wrong (perhaps "incompletely researched" is a more charitable assessment) in details.  Magic ♪piano 13:31, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Expansion
This article needed expanding and so I have done just that. The argument over the Breaking of the Line however will never be answered and can only come from speculation. Shire Lord 20:44, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

This article is woefully lacking in any details of the French side of the battle
This article is woefully lacking in any details of the French side of the battle. Almost the entire French Order of Battle is empty, and some of the information is faulty. By contrast, the French Wikipedia https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Saintes has a lot of information (though again, some faulty) which could be easily ported over by a Wikipedia guru. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ferreiro (talk • contribs) 02:23, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Due-Weight and misleading info-box
Like the info-box in the Battle of the Mona Passage article, the info-box here is misleading, as it only indicates that this battle was part of the ARW and nothing else. The info-box needs to specify the primary theme of this battle or we will be dealing with a serious due weight issue here also. I'll give others the chance to remedy this issue, otherwise the article will call for a Due-Weight and NPOV tag. For now the tag will suffice. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 20:26, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Anyone? Eastfarthingan (talk) 21:36, 27 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I feel sorta' the same way at this point. Is it really asking too much that we indicate in the info-box what this naval battle, second(?) in magnitude only to the Battle of Trafalgar, perhaps, was 'also' central to the British-French struggle for naval dominance in the lucrative West Indies? We don't have to say it was part of the Anglo-French wars, but we need to say something, along with "part of" the ARW, in the info-box. It would seem someone who is as proud as you seem to be about British naval history would be up front about indicating that this historic cornerstone naval battle was much more than just a remote "part of" the ARW. e.g. 'On going naval Caribbean conflicts between Britain and France'? There are plenty of sources that would support that premise.  -- Gwillhickers (talk) 04:12, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Is it really frustrating for you that this battle is part of the AWR? When not one single source says (or argues) that it isn't part of anything else. Eastfarthingan (talk) 09:54, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

As I've acknowledged before, this battle is related to the ARW in terms of the peace talks, as the sources say. None of them, however, take the idea any further than that. As such it's a bit much that the ARW is the only item mentioned in the info-box, while all the other things involved between Britain and France in this battle are not mentioned at all. The Anglo-French wars, or trade wars if you prefer, occurred over and again throughout the 18th century. Sometime after the ARW began, both Spain and France took advantage of Britain's major commitments on the American continent and went after Gibraltar and Jamaica respectively -- but they were the same sort of wars that have always pitted France against Britain. Regardless of what some sources say, they were not an actual part of the ARW, and let's not forget – the references to the ARW are always made in passing while many of them only say that a given battle occurred "during" the ARW. Nothing more. That by itself doesn't make them part of, or a working component, in the actual war. Saintes came up during peace talks, and this is the only connection this battle has to the ARW, yet it is presented in the info box as if this was its main theme, while everything else is being ignored. It doesn't even mention it as being a part of the ongoing trade wars. This is why there's a due weight issue. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 19:20, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
 * this battle is related to the ARW in terms of the peace talks, as the sources say. That in itself warrants inclusion of AWR in infobox. This hasn't been an issue since this article was created now all of a sudden on user comes along and wants to change the world. What trade war do you speak of? Do you have a source that says otherwise? I'll get the popcorn and wait. Eastfarthingan (talk) 22:16, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

We've been through this: No one denies that Saintes came up in peace talks, (long after the surrender at Yorktown where the actual war over independence between America and Britain had ended) but that by itself doesn't warrant having an info-box that indicates that the ARW was the primary theme behind this battle, while it ignores all the facts and circumstances surrounding the actual battle. Now you're denying there were ongoing conflicts between Britain and France over trade, sugar and such. Amazing. This battle occurred long after Yorktown and the cease fire, so it wasn't a fight over American independence. It also occurred long before the peace talks. Okay, why don't you j just tell us what this battle was fought over, and keep the popcorn? -- Gwillhickers (talk) 21:52, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
 * where the actual war over independence between America and Britain had ended - are you really sure about that? Eastfarthingan (talk) 11:11, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * We both know the peace talks marked the official end of the war, and you should know that the fighting for independence ended at Yorktown, after which a cease fire was ordered and Britain pulled many ships away from the American continent and went chasing after France and Spain in an effort to protect her possessions. You're actually doubting there's a source for this? Saintes was fought to foil a planned French invasion of Jamaica and to protect its lucrative sugar trade. That this must be recited for you seems to indicate that you have no interest in working together here, just for the record. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 21:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * According to O'Shaughnessy, 2013, chapter VII, 2nd paragraph, the primary theme of the Battle of the Saintes involved "the defense of Jamaica, the most valuable and most important British colony remaining in the Americas". -- Gwillhickers (talk) 21:40, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * 'the fighting for independence ended at Yorktown,' the fighting DID NOT end at Yorktown - there were still campaigns such as in the South well after Yorktown had finished where actions such as Combahee River or the Action of 22 January 1783. There was also action in the Western Theater where Battle of Blue Licks was fought and ended in stalemate, or Nova Scotia with American privateer attacks. Nathaniel Green was hoping for French support to retake Charleston but defeat at the Saintes force this to be called off too. The war clearly wasn't over except for offensive action - British were defending what they had and succeeded. Eastfarthingan (talk) 14:36, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Therefore the peace talks were vital in ending the whole conflict. Eastfarthingan (talk) 14:36, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, there were exceptions where the ceasefire was violated. The battle of Blue Licks, August 19, 1782, involved Loyalists and Indians fighting against militia and occurred after Saintes and Mona Passage, as did the battle of Combahhe, on August 27, 1782. These were minor battles or skirmishes and exceptions to the rule of the ceasefire.  In the Siege of Yorktown, Aftermath section it states : "there was no significant battle or campaign after the Battle of Yorktown and in March 1782, the British Parliament had agreed to cease hostilities". In any case, Saintes and Mona Passage were fought long before the peace talks and for their own specific objectives, not over the idea of American independence. These battles would have occurred regardless of any future prospect of peace talks and were of little concern to the Americans, who posed no threat to these objectives at all. The greater bulk of the weight lends itself to the facts surrounding these battles, and the objectives involved, and still needs to be reflected in the info-box.  Merely saying "part of" the ARW doesn't acknowledge this at all. Once again, the only thing that is mentioned in the info-box banner is the ARW and as such is misleading and poses a Due-Weight issue. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 20:01, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What ceasefire? Do explain? On February 4, 1783, it was King George III that declared a permanent ceasefire to the American Revolution. That was the one you should be concentrating on. There were no ceasefires unless they were local which actually happened a lot during the war. So Battle of the Saintes and Mona Passage were fought as did the Battle of the Delaware Capes. They were fought as part of the AWR, that is a fact. Eastfarthingan (talk) 11:47, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Saintes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dallaspeeps

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Dallaspeeps

 * Delete Advertising Staxringold 20:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad spam, not noteworthy. Malo 20:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy delete and so tagged. website advert.  Friday (talk) 21:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  Advertisement.  Journalist  C.[[Image:Smilie.gif|30px]] Holla @ me!
 * Delete However, this article does not meet any of the criteria for speedy deletion; I have removed the tag. Denni ☯ 00:48, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  21:06, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Francesco Bracciolini

Francesco Bracciolini (26 November 1566 – 31 August 1645) was an Italian Late Renaissance poet.

Biography
Bracciolini was born of a noble family in Pistoia in 1566. On his removing to Florence he was admitted into the Accademia Fiorentina, and devoted himself to literature. At Rome he entered the service of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, with whom he afterwards went to France. After the death of Clement VIII he returned to his own country; and when his patron Barberini was elected pope, under the name of Urban VIII, Bracciolini repaired to Rome and was made secretary to the pope's brother, Cardinal Antonio Marcello Barberini.

Bracciolini had also the honor conferred on him of taking a surname from the arms of the Barberini family, which were bees; whence he was afterwards known by the name of Bracciolini dell'Api. During Urban's pontificate the poet lived at Rome in considerable reputation, though at the same time he was censored for his sordid avarice.

On the death of the pope Bracciolini returned to Pistoia, where he died in 1645. There is scarcely any species of poetry, epic, dramatic, pastoral, lyric or burlesque, which Bracciolini did not attempt; but he is principally noted for his mock-heroic poem Lo Scherno degli Dei published in 1618, similar but confessedly inferior to the contemporary work of Alessandro Tassoni, La secchia rapita. Of his serious heroic poems the most celebrated is La Croce Racquistata.

title: Francesco Bracciolini


text:
Fall webworm

The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) is a moth in the family Erebidae known principally for its larval stage, which creates the characteristic webbed nests on the tree limbs of a wide variety of hardwoods in the late summer and fall. It is considered a pest but does not harm otherwise healthy trees. It is well known to commercial tree services and arboriculturists. Fall webworms are an invasive species in East Asia.

Description
The adult fall webworm has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and is generally white-colored, although some individuals may have dark-colored marks.

Distribution
The moth is native to North America, ranging from Canada to Mexico and has been introduced into other continents. Introduced to what was formerly Yugoslavia in the 1940s (firstly recorded in 1949 ), it now has occupied probably its entire range in Europe from France to the Caspian Sea in the east as well as penetrated into Central Asia: Turkmenistan (from 1990 to 1993), Uzbekistan (Fergana valley from 1996 to 1997), Kyrgyzstan, and southeastern Kazakhstan. It was also introduced into Japan in 1945 and has adjusted its number of generations per year since its arrival. It spread into China, southern Mongolia, Korea and southern Primorsky Krai of Russia so that now it is considered holarctic in distribution.

Life cycle
One generation per year emerges in the northern part of North America, with larvae appearing in late summer through early fall. South of an approximate latitude of 40°N there are two or more generations annually, with webs appearing progressively earlier further south.

Eggs
The adult moth lays her eggs on the underside of leaves in 'hair'-covered clusters of a few hundred. Eggs hatch in about a week.

Larva
The caterpillars are highly variable in coloration, ranging from a pale yellow to dark grey, with yellow spots and long and short bristles. There are two cream stripes along the sides. The two races—one more common in the north, the other in the south—differ in head capsule coloration. The maximum length of larvae is 35 mm. Webs are progressively enlarged and much messier looking than those of tent caterpillars (which occur only in spring and have shorter hairs and very little yellow on their bodies); also, webs from the fall webworm are concentrated to the tips of the branches, whereas the tent caterpillar webs are largely found in the unions. Larvae feed inside the tents until the late instars. Very young larvae feed only on the upper surfaces of leaves; later, they consume whole leaves. The larval stage lasts about four to six weeks. Larvae are known to wiggle vigorously at periodic intervals in synchrony. How they synchronize these movements especially when distributed over a wide area has not been established.

Pupa
The pupa stage overwinters in the bark and leaf litter at the base of the trees. It is dark brown and about 10 mm long. The thin brown cocoon is made of silk with bits of detritus interwoven.

Adult
The adult is mostly white in the North America regions, but in the south it may be marked with black or brown spots on the forewings. It is quite 'hairy' and the front legs have bright yellow or orange patches. The underwings will have less marking than the forewings, and the abdomen often has a sprinkling of brown hairs. It has a wingspan with a range of 35–42 mm.

Food plants

The fall webworm feeds on just about any type of deciduous tree, where leaves are chewed; branches or the entire tree may become defoliated. Worldwide, it has been recorded from 636 species, and it is considered to be among the most polyphagous of insects. In the eastern U.S., pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), black walnut, American elm (Ulmus americana L.), hickory, fruit trees, and some maples are preferred hosts; in some areas persimmon and sweetgum are also readily eaten. In the west, alder, willow (Salix spp.), cottonwood and fruit trees are commonly used. Additional host plant examples include madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh), mulberry, ailanthus, American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla).

Host plant selection is dependent on factors like the plant's degree of sun exposure, age, environmental stress undergone, toughness, and nutritional quality. For example, for an insect that needs energy for processes like dispersal or diapause, consuming plants that provide a lot of carbohydrates could be beneficial; for a female insect that is producing eggs, consuming plants that provide a lot of protein could be beneficial.

Behavior
The fall webworm is a gregarious insect. Groups of larvae live in self-created large webs that are found on tree branches. These webs allow for the finding of mates, temperature regulation, increased growth rate, and protection from predators, but also result in higher rates of infections and predation.

The caterpillars of the fall webworm have several strategies to defend against threats. Some examples of protective behavior or defense are shaking and jerking together, repellant scent, and irritants on hairs or spines.

The fall webworm exhibits a form of parental care, where the female will try to protect the eggs after oviposition by covering her newly laid eggs with her abdomen hairs.

Mating limitations
Male fall webworms are typically only available for mating for about 30–60 minutes per day.

Sex pheromone
The sex pheromone consists of the components (9Z,12Z)- 9,12-octadecadienal (I), (9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-3,6-henicosa- diene (III), and cis-9,10-epoxy-(3Z,6Z)-1,3,6-henicosatriene (IV).

Thermoregulation
Fall webworms experience behavioral thermoregulation. The fall webworms' self-created web (which is where the fall webworms live) is able to trap heat. Due to this, the fall webworm (which is an ectotherm) is able to maintain a warm temperature of about 40-50 °C, which allows the larvae to grow and develop faster. Inside the web, there is a temperature difference because the central part tends to have a higher temperature, while the back part tends to have a lower temperature. However, a web's heat trapping process is not always stable; wind can disturb the heat trapping.

Intestinal tract
There are several components to the fall webworm gut, such as the foregut and the midgut. The foregut and midgut of the fall webworm are alkaline, and Johnson and Felon found that the midgut pH ranged from 8.7 to 11.4.

Predators
There are many predators of the fall webworm, such as Monomorium minimum, Vespula spp., Coleomegilla maculata, and Rogas hyphantriae.

Parasites
The fall webworm is parasitized by around 50 species, such as the flies Musca domestica and Muscina stabulans, and parasitic wasps such as Chouioia cunea and Therion morio. There are also several species of microsporida that can be harmful, such as Nosema necatrix Kramer (N. necatrix), Pleistophora schubergi hyphantriae Weiser (P.s. hyphantriae), Nosema sp., and Nosema bombycis (N. bombycis ). Nosema bombycis can affect many body tissues, such as the midgut, fat body, gonads, nervous tissue, and Malpighian tubules, and the length of its polar filament is 100 μm. Spores from Nosema of fall webworms are typically egg-shaped and can sometimes be attached to each other, and the length of its polar filament is 57.5 μm ± 8.7 μm.

Diseases
Several types of pathogens can infect this species, such as granulovirus (which causes granulosis disease) and nucleopolyhedrosis virus. Granulovirus has a rod-like shape. Also, an individual will be more likely to be infected at a younger age.

Interaction with humans
The fall webworm’s interaction with humans is important because of how adaptable this species is, which is one of the main reasons that it spread so widely across the world. Fall webworms are able to forage on large amounts of leaves inside their web, they are able to create webs on many different types of host plants, they are able to create webs at many different elevations and of many different shapes, and they spread very quickly. In addition, the fall webworm tends to create many webs or defoliate plants in places that humans spend time, such as recreational areas and parks; fall webworms tend to create their webs on branches and therefore defoliate parts of the tree that are very visible and draw attention. There have been methods with trying to control this organism, such as physical removal or chemical methods; however, there are some issues with these options because physical removal can be challenging with certain types of trees (based on factors like how tall the tree is, what its function is, where it is located), and the side effects of chemicals (such as important pollinators dying and therefore not being able to perform their functions). New, effective methods are needed to control this organism; Wang et al. (2016) showed the effectiveness of a community-based system to monitor webworms, which involved using mobile devices.

A tree, when covered by the web of the fall webworm is, in the Southern States, sometimes called a "fuzzy tree" because of its fuzzy appearance.

title: Fall webworm


text:
Luis Mariano

Luis Mariano Eusebio González García (13 August 1914 – 14 July 1970), also known as Luis Mariano, was a popular tenor of Spanish origin who achieved celebrity in 1946 with "La belle de Cadix" ("The Beautiful Lady of Cadix") an operetta by Francis Lopez. He appeared in the 1954 film Adventures of the Barber of Seville and Le Chanteur de Mexico (1957) and became popular in France as well as his native Spain.

Biography
Luis Mariano was born in Irun, Spain on 13 August 1914, the son of a garagiste and taxi-driver and showed interest in singing as a child. His family moved to France at the start of the Spanish Civil War and settled in Bordeaux where he studied at the Conservatoire, and also sang in cabarets.

Jeanne Lagiscarde, who was in charge of the classical department of a record store in Bordeaux, took Mariano under her wing, and gave up her job to nurture his talent in Paris. To earn a living, he sang in stage shows and appeared in films, starting with 'L'escalier sans fin' in 1943. That year he auditioned for the role of Ernesto in Don Pasquale, and sang in the opera at the Palais de Chaillot and later at the Théâtre des Variétés, with Vina Bovy, recording excerpts from the opera. He also left many recordings of popular song and operetta.

He continued to appear in other films from 1946, including a singing role in Napoléon and a film adaptation of Lehar's Der Zarewitsch.

In his encyclopedia Gänzl describes Mariano as a "svelte singing idol of French operetta of the post-war stage and screen". Mariano died in Paris in 1970.

His music is featured prominently in the 1996 Belgian film Le huitième jour in which he is played by Laszlo Harmati during scenes employing magical realism.

In 2014, French baritone David Serero recorded an album with Mariano classics performed in a Jazz version for the 100th anniversary of his birth: David Serero chante Luis Mariano – jazz version.

title: Luis Mariano


text:
User talk:The Chinchou

Welcome, from Journalist
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text:
Talk:Sukharev Tower

I don't speak Russian, but I'm pretty sure Russian doesn't use so many vowels in a row, and besides an S word in English should be a C word in Cyrillic. Is Ñóõàðåâà áàøíÿ correct? Art LaPella 20:56, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

This was fixed by 193.233.48.78. Thank you. Art LaPella 18:52, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sukharev Tower


text:
Talk:MV

Untitled
Or possibly MV could me merged into this page, but we don't need two pages on this topic---Outlander 20:58, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Presumably this relates to . -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:53, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:MV


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Tupelo National Battlefield

Tupelo National Battlefield commemorates the Battle of Tupelo, also known as the Battle of Harrisburg, fought from July 14 to 15, 1864, near Tupelo, Mississippi during the American Civil War. The Union victory over Confederate forces in northeast Mississippi ensured the safety of Sherman's supply lines during the Atlanta Campaign.

The 1-acre site on Main Street in Tupelo is a grassy park with a flagpole, memorial monument, and two cannons. There are no visitor services; information is provided at the visitor center for the Natchez Trace Parkway six miles north. The monument and site are very similar to that at Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site.

Administrative history
The Tupelo National Battlefield was established as "Tupelo Battlefield Site" on February 21, 1929. The site was transferred from the United States War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933, redesignated, and boundary changed on August 10, 1961. In 1936, the Tupelo-Gainesville Tornado destroyed the concrete monument to the battle, ripping it out of the ground and shattering it. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

title: Tupelo National Battlefield


text: User talk:82.40.1.22

title: User talk:82.40.1.22


text: User talk:83.71.77.156

title: User talk:83.71.77.156


text:
User:Paul August/Subpage 16

Ogyges =New Text=

Boeotian
According to the tradition followed by Pausanias, Ogygus was an autochthonous king of the Ectenes, who were the first to occupy the land surrounding Boeotian Thebes. The Ectenes were wiped out by a pestilence, and the rule of Thebes passed to other native Boeotian tribes, the Hyantes and Aones. Later a Phoenician army led by Cadmus conquered Thebes, and built the Cadmeia.

Another tradition has Ogygus as an early king of Boeotia, probably the son of Boeotus, but not the founder of Thebes, which was instead founded by Amphion and Zethus, twin sons of Zeus while a third tradition makes Cadmus the original founder of Thebes. Photius and the Suda have Cadmus (usually the son of Agenor) as the son of Ogyges.

Thebans were sometimes referred to as the Ogygidae (i.e. the descendants of Ogyges). The adjective "Ogygian" was applied to Thebes, and one of the seven gates of Thebes, which looked to Pausanias to be the oldest, was called the Ogygian. The western Boeotian village of Alalcomenae, located near Haliartus, was claimed to be named after Alalcomenia, a daughter of Ogyges. The Boeotian town of Aulis was also claimed to have been named after a daughter of Ogyges.

Praxidicae

 * Pausanias, 9.33.3
 * "At Haliartus there is in the open a sanctuary of the goddesses they call Praxidicae (those who exact punishments)."

 * Frazer, p. 168 note to 33.3 "the goddesses, whom the call Praxidicae
 * 'Photius (Lexicon, s.v. ... and Sudias (s.v. ...) say: "Praxidice is a ... But Dionysius in his work on Foundations says that Ogyges had three daughters Alalcomenia, Thelxinoea, and Aulis, who were afterwards named Praxidicae." ... In some verses of Panyasis (quoted by Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. ...) Praxidice is called an Ogygian nymph who was married to Tremilus."

 * See :
 * "[page 23] ... Thebes is called Ogygia after Ogygos who was there first king. Korinna says that Ogygos was the son of Boiotos. From him also are called the gates of Thebes.35
 * "Aside from Korinna, no late archaic or early classical source describes Ogygos"
 * "[page 24] The figure Ogygos ..."
 * "[page 237 Ogygia/Ogygos: 23–25"

 * Need to get this work

 * See Vernant, p. 131

Attic
Ogyges also, at some point, became a part of Attic pre-history. One tradition, mentioned by Pausanias, made Ogyges the father of the eponymous hero of the Attic town of Eleusis, site of the Eleusinian Mysteries, while according to Sextus Julius Africanus, writing after 221 CE, Ogyges was the founder of Eleusis. And though Cecrops was usually considered to be the first king of Athens, according to Africanus, Ogyges was a pre-Cecropian king of Attica at the time of a great deluge, even earlier than the flood of Deucalion, which left Attica kingless for 189 years until Cecrops.

Egyptian Thebes
Possibly due to a conflation with Boeotian Thebes, Ogyges was also associated with Egyptian Thebes. According to Tzetzes, Ogyges was a king of Eqyptian Thebes, and during the Hellenistic period the adjective "ogygian" could be a applied to Eqyptian as well as Boeotian Thebes.

Lycia
According to Stephanus Byzantius, Ogyges was the son of Termerus

 * Bryce, p. 22 note 25
 * "Ὠγυγίην in line 2 should probably be interpreted as 'the daughter of Ogygos' (see Kalinka, 1920 (TAM. II/1), 97), and according to Steph. Byz., Ogygos was the son of Termera (s.v. Ὠγυγία)"

 * Hare, p. 350
 * "undefined The epithet ... The confusion of Ogyges with Jupiter Ogoa of the Carians, produced the geneaology by Steph. Byz. Ὠγυγία by which he was made the son of Temera."

See also Fontenrose p. 237:
 * "27 ... The Lycians, who were related to the Lydians, were called Ogygioi, according to Steph. Byz. 473 Holst."

 * Stephanus Byzantius, writing in the 6th century, says Ogyges was the first king of Lycia.

Etymology
Though the original etymology and meaning are "uncertain", the name Ogyges may be related with the Greek Okeanos (Ὠκεανός, ocean) the Titan who personified the great world ocean/river, believed to surround the earth disc. The Greek word Ogygios (Ὠγύγιος), meaning Ogygian, came to mean "primeval, primal," or "from earliest ages" and also "gigantic".

Ancient sources
Ogyges is also known as king of the Ectenes or Hectenes who according to Pausanias were the first inhabitants of Boeotia, where the city of Thebes would later be founded. As such, he became the first ruler of Thebes, which was, in that early time, named Ogygia (Ὠγυγία) after him. Subsequently, poets referred to the Thebans as Ogygidae (Ὠγυγίδαι). Pausanias, writing from his travels in Boeotia in the 2nd century CE, said: "The first to occupy the land of Thebes are said to have been the Ectenes, whose king was Ogygus, an aboriginal. From his name is derived Ogygian, which is an epithet of Thebes used by most of the poets."

But there are a number of competing stories about him in Greek mythology. According to the scholiast of Lycophron, it was the Egyptian Thebes that was the site of his kingdom similarly with Aeschylus. Stephanus Byzantius, writing in the 6th century, says Ogyges was the first king of Lycia. In yet another version of the story, the Boeotian tradition is combined with that of another part of Greece: Ogyges was king of the Ectenes, who were the first people to occupy Boeotia, but he and his people later settled the area then known as Acte (Akte). The land was subsequently called Ogygia in his honor but later known as Mount Athos. Sextus Julius Africanus, writing after 221 CE, adds that Ogyges founded Eleusis.

Stories of his descent also differ widely. Besides Ogyges being one of the aborigines of Boeotia, there are tales that regard him as the son of Poseidon, Boeotus, or even Cadmus. Theophilus, in the 4th century (ad Autol.), says he was one of the Titans.

He was the husband of Thebe, from whom the land of Thebes in Greece is said to derive its name. His children are listed variously as two sons: Eleusinus (for whom the city Eleusis was named) and Cadmus (noted above as his father in other traditions); and three daughters: Aulis, Alalcomenia, and Thelvinia.

According to Africanus, he lived at the time of the Exodus of the House of Israel from Egypt.

Ogyges is possibly the namesake for the phantom island Ogygia, mentioned in Homer's Odyssey. Another possibility for the island is the Niobid named Ogygia.

The historian Josephus mentions Ogyges as the name of the oak by which the Hebrew patriarch Abram dwelt while he lived near Hebron.

The deluge of Ogyges

The area outside of Attica including Boeotia was called by some ancient sources Graïke, the region where  is mentioned the first worldwide flood in Greek mythology, the deluge of Ogyges. The Ogygian deluge occurred during his reign and derives its name from him, though some sources regard it as a local flood, such as an inundation of Lake Copais, a large lake once in the center of Boeotia. Other sources see it as a flood associated with Attica. This latter view was accepted by Africanus, who says "that great and first flood occurred in Attica, when Phoroneus was king of Argos, as Acusilaus relates."

When this deluge has been considered global, a similarity is noticed with Noah's flood in the Bible. Various dates have been assigned to the event, including 9500 BCE (Plato), 2136 BCE (Varro), and 1793 BCE (Africanus).

Ogyges survived the deluge but many people perished. After his death, due to the flood's devastation, Attica was without kings for 189 years, until the time of Cecrops (Cecrops Diphyes). Africanus says, "But after Ogyges, on account of the great destruction caused by the flood, what is now called Attica remained without a king one hundred and eighty-nine years until the time of Cecrops. For Philochorus asserts that that Actaeon who comes after Ogyges, and the fictitious names, never even existed."

It seems the deluge of Deucalion of Greek-mythology is the Greek version of the older legend. Deucalion and Pyrrha were the only survivals after the great deluge. His son Hellen who became ruler of Phthia in southern Thessaly was the patriarch of Hellenes.

Hesiod

 * Theogony 806
 * " primeval (ὠγύγιον) water of Styx

Aeschylus 6th-5th c. BC

 * Aeschylus, Persians 975
 * "They beheld ancient (ὠγυγίους) ... Athens"

 * Persians 37
 * "ancient (ὠγυγίους) Thebes [in Egypt]"

 * Eumenides 1039
 * "Under the primeval (ὠγυγίοισιν) caverns of the earth".

Apollonius Rhodius 3rd c. BC
Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica 3.1178
 * "Ogygian Thebes"

Nonnus
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.205 ff.
 * "Ogygosb made proof of the first roaring deluge, as he cut the air through the highclimbing waters, when all the earth was hidden under the flood, when the tops of the Thessalian rocks were covered, when the summit of the Pythian rock near the clouds on high was bathed in the snow-cooledc flood. There was a second deluge, when tempestuous waters covered the circuit of the round earth in a furious flood, when all mortal men perished, and Deucalion alone with his mate Pyrrha in a hollow ark cutting the swirling flood of infinite deluge went on his eddying voyage through the air turned water. When the third time rain from Zeus flooded the solid earth ..."

Pausanias

 * Pausanias, 1.38.7
 * "The hero Eleusis, after whom the city is named, some assert to be a son of Hermes and of Daeira, daughter of Ocean; there are poets, however, who have made Ogygus father of Eleusis. Ancient legends, deprived of the help of poetry, have given rise to many fictions, especially concerning the pedigrees of heroes."

 * Pausanias, 9.5.1
 * "The first to occupy the land of Thebes are said to have been the Ectenes, whose king was Ogygus, an aboriginal. From his name is derived Ogygian, which is an epithet of Thebes used by most of the poets. The Ectenes perished, they say, by pestilence, and after them there settled in the land the Hyantes and the Aones, who I think were Boeotian tribes and not foreigners."

 * Pausanias, 9.5.2
 * When the Phoenician army under Cadmus invaded the land these tribes were defeated; the Hyantes fled from the land when night came, but the Aones begged for mercy, and were allowed by Cadmus to remain and unite with the Phoenicians. The Aones still lived in village communities, but Cadmus built the city which even at the present day is called Cadmeia. Afterwards the city grew, and so the Cadmeia became the citadel of the lower city of Thebes. Cadmus made a brilliant marriage, if, as the Greek legend says, he indeed took to wife a daughter of Aphrodite and Ares. His daughters too have made him a name; Semele was famed for having a child by Zeus, Ino for being a divinity of the sea.

 * Pausanias, 9.8.5
 * "The Crenaean gate and the Hypsistan they so name for the following reason. . . and by the Hypsistan is a sanctuary of Zeus surnamed Hypsistus （Most High）. Next after these gates is the one called Ogygian, and lastly the Homoloid gate. It appeared to me too that the name of the last was the most recent, and that of the Ogygian the most ancient."

 * Pausanias, 9.19.6
 * "At this place the Euripus separates Euboea from Boeotia. On the right is the sanctuary of Mycalessian Demeter, and a little farther on is Aulis, said to have been named after the daughter of Ogygus."

 * Pausanias, 9.33.3
 * "At Haliartus there is in the open a sanctuary of the goddesses they call Praxidicae (those who exact punishments)."

 * Pausanias, 9.33.5
 * "Alalcomenae is a small village, and it lies at the very foot of a mountain of no great height. Its name, some say, is derived from Alalcomeneus, an aboriginal, by whom Athena was brought up; others declare that Alalcomenia was one of the daughters of Ogygus."

Polibius

 * Polybius 2.41
 * "In the period before this the state of Achaia was as follows. It was ruled by kings from the time of Tisamenus, son of Orestes, who, being expelled from Sparta on the return of the Heraclidae, formed a kingdom in Achaia. The last of this royal line to maintain his power was Ogyges, whose sons so alienated the people by their unconstitutional and tyrannical government, that a revolution took place and a democracy was established."
 * (See also Strabo 8. Different Ogyges? see Walbank p28, Robinson p. 73)

Statius

 *

Strabo

 * Strabo 9.2.4 (= Ephorus FGfH 70 f 119)

Eusebius

 * AD 260/265 – 339/340 Eusebius, Chroicon 65, 66

Varro

 * Varro, De Re Rustica 3.1.2
 * "For tradition has it that the oldest of all cities is a Greek one, Thebes in Boeotia, founded by King Ogygus;"

Suda

 * s.v. ὼγύγια χαχα (ogygia kaka)
 * "Said of troublesome things; for it happened that Cadmus, the son of Ogygus,[1] fell into evils on account of his daughters.[2] But better to say that 'Ogygian evils' [means] ancient [ones]: for this is what the phrase indicates.[3]"

 * s.v. Ὠγύγιον (Ogygian)
 * "Ancient,[1] old; or exceedingly large; or because Ogygos was the first to rule Thebes.[2]"

 * s.v. Πραξιδίκη (Penalty-Exacter, Punisher)
 * "A deity,[1] whose head alone is venerated.[2] Mnaseas in his [treatise] On Europe [says] that Soter and his sister Praxidike ['Penalty-Exacter'] had a son Ktesios and daughters Homonoia and Arete, who were called Penalty-Exacters.[3] Dionysios in Foundations [sc. says that it was] daughters of Ogygos -- Alkomeneia, Thelxineia, Aulis -- who were afterwards named Penalty-Exacters.[4]

 * s.v. Θελεξίνεια  (Thelexineia)
 * "A daughter of Ogygos."

Perseus

 *
 *

Modern

 * 1841 Anthon, pp. 918–919

 * Hare, p. 350
 * "undefined The epithet ... The confusion of Ogyges with Jupiter Ogoa of the Carians, produced the geneaology by Steph. Byz. Ὠγυγία by which he was made the son of Temera."

 * Smith
 * "Ogygus (Ὠγύγης), or OGYGES, is sometimes called a Boeotian autochthon, and sometimes a son of Boeotus, and king of the Hectenes, and the first ruler of the territory of Thebes, which was called after him Ogygia. In his reign the waters of lake Copais rose above its banks, and inundated the whole valley of Boeotia. This flood is usually called after him the Ogygian. (Paus. 9.5.1; Apollon. 3.1177; Serv. ad Virg. Eel. 6.41.) The name of Ogyges is also connected with Attic story, for in Attica too an Ogygian flood is mentioned, and he is described as the father of the Attic hero Elensis, and as the father of Daeira, the daughter of Oceanus. (Paus. 1.38.7.) In the Boeotian tradition he was the father of Alalcomenia, Thelxinoea and Aulis (Suid. s. v. Πραξιδίκη ; Paus. 9.33.4.) Polybius (4.1) and Strabo (viii. p.384) call Ogyges the last king of Achaia, and some traditions even described him as an Egyptian king. (Tzetz. ad Lyc. 1206.)

 * Smith, A Smaller Classical Dictionary p. 276 "OGYGES"
 * "OGYGES (-is), or OGYGUS (-i), son of Boeotus, and the first ruler of Thebes, which was called after him OGYGIA. In his reign a great deluge is said to have occurred. The name Ogyges is also connected with Attica story, for in Attica an Ogygian flood is likewise mentioned. From Ogyges the Thebans are called by the poets Ogygidae, and Ogygius is used in the sense of Theban."

 * Seyffert, A Dictionary of Ancient Antiquities p. 426
 * "One of the Boeotian autochthones, or aborigines, son of Boeotus or (according to another account) of Poseidon. He was king of the Hectenes, the oldest inhabitants of Boetia, which was visited during is reign by an inundation of Lake Copais, named after him the Ogygian flood"

 * Fontenrose, p. 236
 * "In fact his name is but a synonym of Okeanos, ..."

 * Black Athena pp. 83 ff.

 * Buck, Robert J., A History of Boeotia, University of Alberta, 1979. ISBN 9780888640512

 * Frazer Apollodorus 3.4 Note 1
 * "Varro says （Varro, Re Rust. iii.1） that Thebes in Boeotia was the oldest city in the world, having been built by King Ogyges before the great flood."

 * Frazer Apollodorus 3.14 Note 1
 * "Philochorus said, with great probability, that there never was any such person as Actaeus; according to him, Attica lay waste and depopulated from the deluge in the time of Ogyges down to the reign of Cecrops."

 * 1986 Bryce, p. 22 note 25
 * "25. Ὠγυγίην in line 2 should probably be interpreted as 'the daughter of Ogygos' (see Kalinka, 1920 (TAM. II/1), 97), and according to Steph. Byz., Ogygos was the son of Termera (s.v. Ὠγυγία)"

See

 * Praxidike

title: User:Paul August/Subpage 16


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List of Hot Soul Singles number ones of 1978

Billboard published a weekly chart in 1978 ranking the top-performing singles in the United States in soul music and related African American-oriented genres; the chart has undergone various name changes over the decades to reflect the evolution of black music and since 2005 has been published as Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. In 1978, it was published under the title Hot Soul Singles, and 22 different singles reached number one.

Three acts which formed part of George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic collective, known for its eclectic mix of funk and hard rock and its use of surreal futuristic imagery, topped the chart in 1978. In the issue of Billboard dated March 4, Parliament reached number one for the first time with "Flash Light". After three weeks in the top spot, the single was displaced by "Bootzilla" by Bootsy's Rubber Band, led by bass guitarist Bootsy Collins, one of the collective's principal members. Finally, in September, Funkadelic gained its first chart-topper with "One Nation Under a Groove (Part 1)". Both Parliament and Funkadelic featured largely the same musicians, with the different names reflecting differing styles of music. "One Nation Under a Groove (Part 1)" was the year's longest-running chart-topper, spending six weeks at number one. The track is regarded as a classic of the funk genre and was included on a list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll compiled by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Several other acts gained the first soul number ones of their respective careers in 1978, beginning in the issue of Billboard dated January 7 when Con Funk Shun topped the chart with "Ffun". In February, both Stargard and Enchantment reached number one for the first time with "Theme Song from 'Which Way Is Up'" and "It's You That I Need", respectively. Both Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams topped the chart for the first time when they collaborated on "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late" in April, and Quincy Jones, a successful producer, composer and band leader since the 1950s, gained his first chart-topping soul single in his own right with "Stuff Like That". Later in the year, Teddy Pendergrass achieved his first solo number one after having been previously successful as the lead singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, and Rick James, A Taste of Honey and Foxy all reached the top of the chart for the first time. The year's final chart-topper "Le Freak" was another debut number one, as Chic reached the top spot for the first time in the issue of Billboard dated December 2 and stayed there for the remainder of the year. The song is regarded as a classic of the disco genre and was selected in 2018 for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


text: User talk:167.1.142.100

title: User talk:167.1.142.100


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Bol (film)

Bol (بول) is a 2011 Pakistani Urdu-language social drama film written, directed, and produced by Shoaib Mansoor. The film stars Humaima Malik, Atif Aslam, Mahira Khan, Iman Ali, Shafqat Cheema, Amr Kashmiri, Manzar Sehbai, and Zaib Rehman in the lead roles. The film marks the debut of singer Atif Aslam and actress Mahira Khan. It concerns a family facing financial difficulties caused by too many children and changing times, with a major plot involving the father's desire to have a son and his rejection of his existing intersex child. Bol was a critical and commercial success and became one of the highest-grossing Pakistani films of all time.

This film was part of a maternal and child health project, PAIMAN (Pakistan Initiative for Mothers and Newborns), implemented by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs (JHU.CCP), which entered into a partnership with Shoaib Mansoor's Shoman Productions in 2009. The project's objective was to advocate for women's rights by bringing the focus of the media and the elite of Pakistan to family planning and gender issues. The PAIMAN Project Communications Advisor and country representative of JHU.CCP, Fayyaz Ahmad Khan, served as the executive producer of the film. The film was reviewed by the Central Board of Film Censors in Lahore, on November 8, 2010 and received its approval the next day. Bol is set in Lahore and many students from the National College of Arts' (NCA) filmmaking department assisted Shoaib Mansoor on it.

Plot
The film starts by showing that Zainab is about to be hanged. She tells her story to the media right before this happens. She grew up with six sisters, a mother, and a father. The father always wanted a son so that the son could help with the financial issues of the family; the father does not believe in women being gainfully employed. They have an intersex child (khawajah sara in Urdu) named Syed Saifullah Khan, or Saifi. The father (Hakim) does not like Saifi since he is intersex. Saifi is deeply loved by the rest of his family. Zainab is married to a guy who keeps harassing her for not giving birth. Hence, she comes back to her father's house. Zainab's mother keeps having dead babies. Zainab arranges a tubal ligation for her. When Hakim finds out, he becomes very angry.

One day, Zainab sees Saifi dressed in women's clothes and gets very disturbed. Hakim owns a small traditional pharmacy and is approached by a man who asks him to teach The Quran to children since Hakim is a very religious man who has bonds with the mosque. Hakim initially refuses because the man, Saqa, is running a brothel. Meanwhile, the mosque gives him some money to keep, since, they believe him to be trustworthy. Mustafa, a neighbour, gets Saifi a job at a place where they paint trucks. There, Saifi is harassed because others discriminate against his identification.

One day, Saifi is raped. Another intersex finds him and takes him home. Hakim overhears Saifi telling his mother and Zainab what happened. Later on, when everybody is asleep, Hakim suffocates Saifi to death with a plastic bag. He must bribe the police officer to keep it a secret with two lakhs. Hakim is forced to take money out of the masjid funds. The masjid asks for the funds, and Hakim does not have enough money. He is forced to go to Saqa's house to get it.

Teaching children the Quran is not giving him enough money, so Saqa gives him another option: Hakim must marry and have a baby with Meena, who is one of the prostitutes and is Saqa's oldest daughter. Hakim keeps having girls, and Saqa tells him that it is the men who decide the sex of the baby. Meanwhile, Zainab gets Ayesha and Mustafa married since Hakim found another man at the masjid and wanted to get Ayesha married to that man. Simultaneously, Hakim marries Meena. When Hakim finds out about Ayesha's marriage, he is furious but cannot do anything about it. Meena has her baby, and it is a girl, meaning Saqa gets to keep it. Hakim begs Meena to give him the baby so that the child does not have to face a horrible future. Saqa overhears and kicks Hakim out.

Later on, Meena comes to give Hakim's family the baby. When Hakim's wife asks who that woman was, he takes the baby and tells her that he married her. She screams at him, and he beats her up. The mother tells the kids what happened, and Zainab insists they all leave the house and move somewhere else to start a new life.

At night, Saqa comes to take Meena's daughter, since Meena was not supposed to give it to Hakim. Hakim tries to kill the daughter to keep her from a horrible future. He is killed by Zainab with a fatal knock on the head. They hide the baby. Zainab tells Saqa that Hakim killed the baby and threw her out somewhere; she tells him that she killed Hakim, which is why she is being given the death penalty.

Back in the present, a reporter keeps trying to prove that she is innocent but is unable to. Zainab ends by asking, Why is only killing a sin? Why is giving birth without any family planning, not a sin? Then she was hanged. The President sees the reporter's newscast that ends with that question and schedules a meeting with the same topic as the same as the question, i.e., jab khila nahi saktey tow paida kiyun karty ho. In the end, the rest of the daughters open up a restaurant called Zainab's Cafe, which becomes very successful. They also raise their new half-sister, Meena's daughter.

Cast

 * Humaima Malik as Zainab
 * Atif Aslam as Dr. Mustafa
 * Iman Ali as Sabina (Meena), a prostitute, Saqa's daughter and second wife of Hakim Sahib
 * Mahira Khan as Ayesha Mustafa
 * Shafqat Cheema as Ishaq "Saqa" Kanjar (Panderer)
 * Manzar Sehbai as Hakim Sahib
 * Zaib Rehman as Suraiya
 * Jafiey as a jasim
 * Naima Khan as Master's wife
 * Amr Kashmiri as Saifullah Khan/Saifi, intersex child of Hakim Sahib
 * Meher Sagar as a young Saifi
 * Humaira Ali as Marriage Bureau Lady
 * Irfan Khoosat as Mustafa's father
 * Rashid Khawaja as the President of Pakistan
 * Mahnoor Khan as Mahnoor
 * Gulfam Ramay as GuL G
 * Almas Bobby as Tara

Release
Bol was released on 24 June 2011 under the banner of Geo Films. Bol was also released in India on 31 August 2011, making it the third Pakistani film, after Ramchand Pakistani and Khuda Kay Liye, to be released in India. It was also released in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, UAE and Australia on same date.

Critical response
Bol received mostly positive reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4/5 describing it as "A brilliant film embellished with bravura performances." Ayesha Nasir of Newsline Magazine wrote, "Mansoor’s film will spark a debate and, hopefully, rejuvenate a film industry that is struggling to keep its head above water. At a time when funeral prayers for Pakistan’s cinema are being held and most filmmakers are moving toward television, Bol is an inspiration. It’s a shining example of all that can be done when a good story meets brilliant dialogues and an unbelievable actor."

Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 2.5 out of 5, writing, "Even when it turns out to be too wordy,and much too long-winded, there's no denying that 'Bol' is important. Because it has the courage to say,via its spunky heroine."

Box office
It established a new box office record in Pakistani cinema. It became the highest-earning film in Pakistan in its first week of release, breaking all records. The previous record was held by Bollywood movie My Name Is Khan, which grossed PKR 13.417 million in its first week, whereas Bol did a business of PKR 62.792 million in six days. In two weeks, the total gross revenue of the film from 24 screens amounted to PKR 94,287,090, thus finishing its run with 120 million in its bank.

Soundtrack
Bol is the soundtrack album of the 2011 Urdu-language Pakistani film Bol by Shoaib Mansoor. Before the movie's release, Atif Aslam (who plays one of the main roles) in an interview stated, "I have done two songs for the soundtrack. It's been a great experience working with Shoaib Mansoor, he is an amazing person and very dedicated. My role isn't controversial and we discussed it beforehand. It's a film that is being made for a good cause."

All songs are mixed and mastered by Kashif Ejaz. The singers include Atif Aslam, Sajjad Ali, Hadiqa Kiani, Ahmed Jahanzeb, Shabnam Majeed, Sahir Ali Bagga, Bina Jawad, Faiza Mujahid and Shuja Haider. The soundtrack was successful and generally received positive reviews from critics. The song Hona Tha Pyar was written and composed by Ali Javed- a 16 years old school boy from Toba Tek Singh (a small town of Punjab). However, one critical review published in The Express Tribune called the movie's soundtrack "A surprising disappointment."

title: Bol (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Computer Measurement Group

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete for being an advert. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Computer Measurement Group
Blatant advertising. --Ryan Delaney talk 21:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per submitter. --GraemeL (talk) 21:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and wikify It looks like a business, but it's really a more of a trade organization that has been around since 1975, and hosts what seems to be the major international technical conference in this field each year. There are a lot of articles about them on the web. I can't find specs on membership numbers, but they've got chapters in the US, Canada, South Africa, Australia and more. --Outlander 21:43, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  21:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Adil Charkaoui

Adil Charkaoui (in Arabic عادل الشرقاوي born 1974) is an imam Morocco-born Canadian citizen who was arrested by the Canadian government under a security certificate in May 2003.

Before issuing the certificate, evidence was submitted that he had trained in an anti-Soviet Jihadist camp in Afghanistan. The court was also not satisfied with his reasons for visiting Pakistan for six months in 1990. Evidence that he practiced Karate was also among the submissions. Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) testimonies included opinions that he would also "have been trained in such areas as: operating rocket-propelled grenade-launchers, sabotage, urban and assassination." CSIS also alleged that "[i]t was noteworthy that one of those who participated in the hijacking of [the September 11 attacks in 2001] had taken martial arts training in preparation..." and suggested that Charkaoui represented a sleeper agent. This led to the issuance of the security certificate by the two responsible government ministers after which he was detained, and such evidence was also enough to uphold the certificate by Federal Court upon review.

Personal history
Born in Morocco in 1973, Charkaoui joined his sister and parents in moving to Montreal, Quebec in 1995. He has been a Canadian citizen since July 2014.

Charkaoui graduated with an MA from Université de Montréal and is an Arabic-language teacher, who now styles himself as a sheik, and an imam. He is married and has three children, and is a combat sport group leader, as well as a skilled backwoodsman. He is also the director at the Centre communautaire islamique Assahaba. Charkaoui is the President of the Quebec Collective Against Islamophobia, an advocacy rights group he established in 2013.

In the late 1990s, Charkaoui associated with hard-line Montreal Muslims who had turned up in Bosnia, Afghanistan, the Sudan, and other violence-prone areas.

In 1998, he flew to Pakistan to study religion for a book he was hoping to write; the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) believes he slipped across the border into Afghanistan and attended Khalden training camp under the name Zubeir Al-Magrebi, although he denies the allegation. According to friends, he knew Raouf Hannachi well enough that the two would "shake hands when they crossed paths".

The government later stated that he had not accounted for "a period of his life, from 1992 to the end of that decade".

Arrest and release
From 2001 to 2003, Charkaoui operated a Montreal pizzeria, where the CSIS first approached him in the wake of 9/11. He refused to account for his whereabouts or reason for travel to Pakistan. Moroccan authorities stated that Charkaoui provided funds and resources to an Islamic insurgent group.

Charkaoui was arrested under a security certificate in May 2003, which was co-signed by Solicitor General Wayne Easter, and Immigration Minister Denis Coderre. He was detained without charge or trial in Rivière des prairies Detention Centre. The Coalition Justice for Adil Charkaoui was formed in defense of his rights, with Coalition launching a campaign for his release.

He was released from prison on C$50,000 bail on 18 February 2005. His bail conditions included a curfew, electronic monitoring, designated chaperones for leaving his home, restriction to the island of Montreal, 24-hour police access to his home without warrant, and a prohibition on access to the internet, on the use of cell phones and on the use of any telephone except the one in his home.

Not long after his release, Charkaoui unsuccessfully tried to help Bloc Quebecois candidate Apraham Niziblian defeat Coderre in the 2006 Canadian federal election, saying: It's not a question of being anti-Coderre. We are citizens before anything, we have the right to have political ideas and to have choice. Gone is the time when the Liberals could take the ethnic vote for granted.

Restrictions on his conditional release were gradually lifted to be cancelled in September 2009. A helpful timeline of his arrest and events subsequent was produced by The Globe and Mail, on his final release order by Federal Court Judge Danièle Tremblay-Lamer: "There will be an order all conditions be revoked immediately."

Charkaoui opened on 22 February 2010 a $24.5 million lawsuit against the Canadian government in Quebec Superior Court in which he demanded compensation for wrongful arrest and detention. He sent a letter asking for an apology, Canadian citizenship and compensation for lost income and legal fees after a federal judge quashed a security certificate against him. Past federal ministers Denis Coderre and Wayne Easter, Diane Finley and Stockwell Day were named in the suit.

Defender of Islamic causes
In August 2013, Charkaoui defended the right of two foreign Islamic hate-preachers to spread their message in Montreal, even if they held sexist and misogynist views of women in society. Citing security concerns, the event was cancelled by the convention centre where it was supposed to be held. Charkaoui maintained that it was Islamophobia to ban their visit to Canada.

Activities at Collège de Maisonneuve
For a time prior to 2015, Charkaoui rented classroom space every Sunday from Collège de Maisonneuve, a Montreal Cegep near the Olympic Stadium, for Muslim education and Arabic language studies, which he calls l'École des compagnons. Charkaoui also rented classroom space at the nearby Collège de Rosemont, also a Cegep. It was reported in February 2015 that six of his young students had absconded to Syria, allegedly with intent to join an Islamic terrorist group, either ISIS or the Nusra Front. Of these, four students were following his guidance at the de Maisonneuve location, and at least one teenager, Mohammed Rifaat, he knew through the Rosemont location. In total 11 of 19 which had either left and entered conflict zones or had been arrested entering conflict zones had attended Charkaoui's classes.

Before the week was out, Charkaoui threatened to sue both Colleges because they had terminated the arrangements under which he leased the classroom spaces. At a press conference, he deemed the termination unacceptable and dishonest.

An interview of Charkaoui by ICI RDI's Anne-Marie Dussault sparked quite a bit of controversy the following week. Dressed in a djellaba, Charkaoui presented himself as a victim and rejected calls for him to condemn violent jihadism and the Islamist project. Instead he accused western politicians of promoting violence against Muslims in a degenerate, Islamophobic culture. Charkaoui maintained that ISIS was a creature of the US government, and on his website he hyperlinks to other websites that offer praise of Osama bin Laden. He rejects any interference of the wider community in which he lives on his religious rights; he finds this argument to be nefarious. One commentator was shocked because of what his position meant in the context of his pedagogical pursuits.

Court challenges to security certificate
Charkaoui has consistently denied the allegations against him and has challenged the legitimacy of the security certificate regime. Canadian authorities and the Federal Court have refused to disclose the case against Charkaoui, relying on provisions in the security certificate process that allow evidence to be kept from the defence and the public.

Charkaoui's certificate has not undergone a court review and thus has not been upheld. The case has been suspended since March 2005, pending a new decision on protection by the Minister of Immigration.

Charkaoui has been at the centre of a public campaign against the extension of state power in the name of the "war on terror". In February 2006, Amnesty International reminded Canada, "His fundamental right to liberty and security of the person accords him the right to due process or release from the restrictive bail conditions that have been imposed on him."

In February 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada released its decision of Charkaoui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) on the appeals Charkaoui, Hassan Almrei, and Mohamed Harkat. The Court ruled that the certificate process violated sections 7, 9 and 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and struck down the security certificate legislation (sections 33 and 77 to 85 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act). However, the judgment will not take effect for one year.

In March 2007, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a second challenge by Charkaoui, this time relating to the destruction of evidence in Charkaoui's case. Government lawyers revealed in January 2005 that CSIS had destroyed evidence in Charkaoui's file. The situation raised concerns about the accuracy of the secret evidence before the court. The Supreme Court will hear the challenge in January 2008.

In April 2007, Charkaoui submitted a leave to appeal to the Supreme Court in a third challenge; in this instance to the law permitting deportation of non-citizens when there is a risk of torture. The Canadian government's position is that legal safeguards against being sent to torture do not apply to people who are subject to a security certificate, basing this policy on their interpretation of the 2002 Supreme Court Suresh decision. Charkaoui is challenging the legal framework permitting deportation to torture, the lack of due process, as well as the fact of being subject to the threat of deportation to torture and excessive procedural delays.

A CSIS agent identified only as J.P., the Deputy Chief of Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation in the Ottawa Regional Office as of 2005, testified against the petitions for release by Hassan Almrei, Mahmoud Jaballah and Charkaoui.

In June 2008, Charkaoui managed to have the Supreme Court of Canada overturn as unconstitutional the security certificate. The ruling is known as Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 2008 SCC 38. CSIS was ordered by the SCC to stop destroying its tapes and notes in terrorism investigations. For the previous 25 years CSIS had interpreted their constitutional law as obliging the destruction of such records - a procedure that largely kept CSIS intelligence out of open court - but this was ruled by the SCC a fundamental mistake. Given spies were becoming closer to police in the post-9/11 world, they had to disclose their investigations just like police do. The judges ruled "The only appropriate remedy is to confirm the duty to disclose Charkaoui's entire file to the designated judge and, after the judge has filtered it, to Charkaoui and his counsel."

In motions filed the next summer in Federal Court, lawyers arguing for CSIS said it could not abide by such vast disclosure without jeopardizing its source and methods, which CSIS considers the lifeblood of national security. The Crown pulled all of the wiretaps it used against Charkaoui, and half of its human sources, leaving it with insufficient evidence to meet the security certificate's test that there is a "reasonable suspicion" that Charkaoui is a threat to Canadian national-security. The judgment proceeded accordingly in September 2009.

In May 2013 federal prosecutors produced evidence that Charkaoui may have been plotting a terrorist attack in the Montreal metro in 2002. The memo also mentions CSIS surveillance where Charkaoui was spotted stealing valuables from parked cars.

Ahmed Ressam withdraws his allegations
Fabrice de Pierrebourg of the Journal de Montreal testified in Federal Court on 22 August 2007 that, in correspondence, Ahmed Ressam had withdrawn his allegations against Adil Charkaoui; the former had written to the latter, who is also known as the Millennium Bomber for his failed plot to bomb LAX airport, in the course of writing a book about terrorism in Montreal.

Ressam was convicted in the United States and held under an unusual arrangement whereby he was offered a reduced sentence in exchange for information. Under this arrangement, over a period of some years, he fingered 130 people as "members" of the "extremist Islamist network linked to Bin Laden". Two cases in the United States were dismissed after Ressam's evidence proved worthless. Earlier in Charkaoui's case, Charkaoui's lawyer introduced an arrest warrant for Ahmed Ressam for an incident that occurred in Montreal at a time when Ressam claimed, under oath in another case, to have been in a training camp in Afghanistan. Ressam is known to have suffered a mental breakdown while in prison.

After learning that Mr. Ressam was supposed to have named him, Charkaoui repeatedly asked to be able to cross-examine him in court, but the motion was not granted.

In the original charges against Charkaoui, two government ministers mistakenly referred to martial arts having been used by a hijacker aboard "American Airlines Flight 93", a mistaken reference likely meant to refer to United Airlines 93 or American Airlines Flight 11.

title: Adil Charkaoui


text:
Talk:Type-in traffic

Everybody knows
Anybody have a cite for this? "Everyone knows it's true" isn't good enough. Al 21:03, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Type-in traffic


text:
Category:Lakes of South Korea

This category is for articles pertaining to lakes and reservoirs in South Korea.

title: Category:Lakes of South Korea


text:
Optical theorem

In physics, the optical theorem is a general law of wave scattering theory, which relates the zero-angle scattering amplitude to the total cross section of the scatterer. It is usually written in the form
 * $$\sigma=\frac{4\pi}{k}~\mathrm{Im}\,f(0),$$

where $f$(0) is the scattering amplitude with an angle of zero, that is the amplitude of the wave scattered to the center of a distant screen and $k$ is the wave vector in the incident direction.

Because the optical theorem is derived using only conservation of energy, or in quantum mechanics from conservation of probability, the optical theorem is widely applicable and, in quantum mechanics, $$\sigma_\mathrm{tot}$$ includes both elastic and inelastic scattering.

The generalized optical theorem, first derived by Werner Heisenberg, follows from the unitary condition and is given by
 * $$f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n}') -f^*(\mathbf{n}',\mathbf{n})= \frac{ik}{2\pi} \int f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})f^*(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})\,d\Omega''$$

where $$f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n}')$$ is the scattering amplitude that depends on the direction $$\mathbf{n}$$ of the incident wave and the direction $$\mathbf{n}'$$of scattering and $$d\Omega$$ is the differential solid angle. When $$\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{n}'$$, the above relation yields the optical theorem since the left-hand side is just twice the imaginary part of $$f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})$$ and since $$\sigma=\int|f(\mathbf{n},\mathbf{n})|^2\,d\Omega$$. For scattering in a centrally symmetric field, $$f$$ depends only on the angle $$\theta$$ between $$\mathbf{n}$$ and $$\mathbf{n}'$$, in which case, the above relation reduces to
 * $$\mathrm{Im} f(\theta)=\frac{k}{4\pi}\int f(\gamma)f(\gamma')\,d\Omega''$$

where $$\gamma$$ and $$\gamma'$$ are the angles between $$\mathbf{n}$$ and $$\mathbf{n}'$$ and some direction $$\mathbf{n}''$$.

History
The optical theorem was originally developed independently by Wolfgang Sellmeier and Lord Rayleigh in 1871. Lord Rayleigh recognized the zero-angle scattering amplitude in terms of the index of refraction as
 * $$ n = 1 + 2\pi \frac{Nf(0)}{k^2} $$

(where $N$ is the number density of scatterers), which he used in a study of the color and polarization of the sky.

The equation was later extended to quantum scattering theory by several individuals, and came to be known as the Bohr–Peierls–Placzek relation after a 1939 paper. It was first referred to as the "optical theorem" in print in 1955 by Hans Bethe and Frederic de Hoffmann, after it had been known as a "well known theorem of optics" for some time.

Derivation
The theorem can be derived rather directly from a treatment of a scalar wave. If a plane wave is incident along positive z axis on an object, then the wave scattering amplitude a great distance away from the scatterer is approximately given by

 * $$\psi(\mathbf{r}) \approx e^{ikz}+f(\theta)\frac{e^{ikr}}{r}.$$

All higher terms, when squared, vanish more quickly than $$1/r^2$$, and so are negligible a great distance away. For large values of $$z$$ and for small angles, a Taylor expansion gives us

 * $$ r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\approx z+\frac{x^2+y^2}{2z}. $$

We would now like to use the fact that the intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude $$\psi$$. Approximating $$1/r$$ as $$1/z$$, we have

 * $$\begin{align}

|\psi|^2 &\approx \left|e^{ikz}+\frac{f(\theta)}{z}e^{ikz}e^{ik(x^2+y^2)/2z}\right|^2 \\ &= 1+\frac{f(\theta)}{z}e^{ik(x^2+y^2)/2z}+\frac{f^*(\theta)}{z}e^{-ik(x^2+y^2)/2z}+\frac{|f(\theta)|^2}{z^2}. \end{align}$$

If we drop the $$1/z^2$$ term and use the fact that $$c+c^*=2\operatorname{Re}{c}$$, we have

 * $$|\psi|^2 \approx 1+2\operatorname{Re}{\left[\frac{f(\theta)}{z}e^{ik(x^2+y^2)/2z}\right]}.$$

Now suppose we integrate over a screen far away in the xy plane, which is small enough for the small-angle approximations to be appropriate, but large enough that we can integrate the intensity over $$-\infty$$ to $$\infty$$ in x and y with negligible error. In optics, this is equivalent to summing over many fringes of the diffraction pattern. By the method of stationary phase, we can approximate $$f(\theta)=f(0)$$ in the below integral. We obtain

 * $$\int |\psi|^2\,dx\,dy \approx A +2\operatorname{Re}\left[\frac{f(0)}{z}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{ikx^2/2z}dx\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{iky^2/2z}dy\right],$$

where A is the area of the surface integrated over. Although these are improper integrals, by suitable substitutions the exponentials can be transformed into complex Gaussians and the definite integrals evaluated resulting in:
 * $$\begin{align}

\int |\psi|^2\,da &= A + 2\operatorname{Re}\left[\frac{f(0)}{z}\,\frac{2\pi i z}{ k}\right] \\ &= A - \frac{4\pi}{k}\,\operatorname{Im}[f(0)].\end{align}$$

This is the probability of reaching the screen if none were scattered, lessened by an amount $$(4\pi/k)\operatorname{Im}[f(0)]$$, which is therefore the effective scattering cross section of the scatterer.

title: Optical theorem


text: User talk:81.151.210.50

title: User talk:81.151.210.50


text: User talk:205.155.216.13

title: User talk:205.155.216.13


text:
Lake of Sorrow

Lake of Sorrow is the debut studio album by the Norwegian gothic metal band The Sins of Thy Beloved. It was recorded at Sound Suite Studio and released on August 8, 1998 through Napalm Records.

The Sins of Thy Beloved

 * Anita Auglend - vocals
 * Glenn Morten Nordbø - guitars, vocals
 * Arild Christensen - guitars, vocals
 * Ingfrid Stensland - keyboards, piano
 * Anders Thue - keyboards, piano
 * Ola Aarrestad - bass
 * Stig Johansen - drums

Additional musicians

 * Pete Johansen - violin

Production

 * Terje Refsnes - producer, engineer, mixing with The Sins of Thy Beloved
 * Tor Søreide - design
 * Petter Hegre - photography

title: Lake of Sorrow