text:
User talk:Boredalot

Welcome!

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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Crash2piranha.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Crash2piranha.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 03:57, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Boredalot! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 18:48, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Heikki Hela -

Orphaned non-free image File:Maui europe.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Maui europe.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Maui europe.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Boredalot


text: File:Salifkeita.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Salifkeita.jpg


text:
Marston Green railway station

Marston Green railway station is a station serving Chelmsley Wood and Marston Green in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull and the Birmingham suburbs of Lea Hall and Sheldon in the West Midlands County, England. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by West Midlands Trains.

History
The station opened on 9 April 1838 as part of the LNWR's line between Birmingham New Street and Coventry. Unlike many of the other small rail stations constructed in the mid 19th century around Birmingham, Marston Green station has remained open to passengers since it was opened. However, none of the railway station's original features remain, having been replaced during the 1970s.

Facilities
The station has a ticket office located on platform 1 which is open Monday-Thursday 06:15-19:00, Friday 06:15-20:00, Saturday 08:00-20:00 and Sunday 09:00-14:00. When the ticket office is open tickets must be purchased before boarding the train. Outside of these times there is a ticket machine on platform 2 which accepts card payments only - cash and voucher payments can be made to the senior conductor on the train.

The railway station is adjacent to bus stops, where buses towards Solihull and Chelmsley Wood stop.

Services
Marston Green is served by two local stopping trains per hour, to Birmingham New Street northbound which both continue to Rugeley Trent Valley and two trains per hour to Birmingham International southbound. Some early morning and late evening services continue to Coventry or London Euston via Northampton.

On Sundays, two trains per hour run to Birmingham New Street, of which one is a local stopping service and continues northbound to Rugeley Trent Valley and the other is a fast service calling only at Birmingham New Street. Two trains per hour run to Birmingham International of which one is fast and continues to London Euston via Northampton.

All services are operated by West Midlands Trains. Most services operate under the West Midlands Railway brand and operate within the West Midlands region only. Services which start/terminate at Rugby, Northampton and London Euston (mainly early morning, late evening and Sunday services) operate under the London Northwestern Railway brand.

Until the December 2022 timetable change, London Northwestern Railway services to Coventry, Northampton and London Euston called at Marston Green but the calls at Marston Green were mostly withdrawn due to low patronage and to improve performance. A limited London Northwestern Railway service operates at the start and end of service and on Sundays when the local West Midlands Railway service is reduced.

title: Marston Green railway station


text:
Bolívar State Anthem

The anthem of the Bolívar State, Venezuela, has lyrics written by José Manuel Agosto Méndez; the music for it was composed by Manuel Lara Colmenares. It was established as the anthem of the State by National Decree on 22 January 1910.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus Con áureos buriles tus magnas proezas la historia en sus faustos por siempre grabó; tu suelo es emporio de ingentes riquezas, ¡tu cielo, el más bello que el sol alumbró!

I Gentil amazona de faz sonriente, gallarda te muestras sobre alto peñón; ¡el lauro circunda tu olímpica frente y el viento tremola tu airoso pendón!

II Al trágico encuentro de hirsutos leones, tus águilas fueron en marcha triunfal; ¡y el sol de San Félix brilló en tus blasones!, ¡y fue desde entonces tu nombre inmortal!

III Tu encierras, ¡oh Patria! lo bello y lo grande. La gloria te ilustra, te ampara el honor. Y el bravo Orinoco tus pecho expande Cantando su eterno poema de amor.

IV ¡Guayana! Santuario de músicas lleno, que brindas al alma contento y solaz, permitan los hados que siempre en tu seno sus rosas y mirtos deshoje la paz.

Lyrics in English Language
Chorus

With aureous burins your great exploits the history in its pomps engraved forever; your soil is center of enormous riches, your sky, the most beautiful that the sun has illuminated!

I Gentle amazona with a smiling face, valiant you show yourself over a high rock; the laurels encircle your olympic forehead and the wind hoists your graceful pennant!

II To the tragic encounter of hirsute lions, your eagles went in a triumphal march; and the sun at San Félix shone in your escutcheons!, and your name was inmortal henceforth!

III You enclose, oh Homeland! the beautiful and the great. The glory makes you famous, the honor shelters you. And the ferocious Orinoco your chest expands Singing your eternal love poem.

IV Guayana! Sanctuary full of music that you offer to the content and relaxed soul, may fate allow that forever in your bosom Peace scatters the leaves from its roses and myrtles.

title: Bolívar State Anthem


text:
Talk:Arch of Titus

Untitled
I replaced an early reference to the "Summa Sacra Via" with "Via Sacra". If there's info on how the various parts of the Via Sacra are defined, please add them to the Via Sacra page. Hotlorp 19:12, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Pulled by Elephants?
I would love to know the source for "perhaps of a quadriga pulled by elephants." I have never heard of ornamental chariot statuary pulled by elephants in Roman architecture. Californicus 05:13, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Neither. My source states a 'gilded chariot'. I will replace. EryZ (talk) 06:26, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

ABA Bays & rhythm
"in three bays with an ABA rhythm". What kind of bays ? And what is "an ABA rhythm —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.241.137.80 (talk • contribs) 01:36, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

A 'bay' in classical architecture is the space between two columns or within an arch, often held up or ornamented with arches. 'ABA' means that the width of the outer bays (A) is one quantity and the width of the inner bay (B) is another quantity. In this case, the central bay (B) is wider. This is consistent with Greco-Roman canon which dictates that the central bay of a temple or other colonnaded structure should be wider than the other bays. It's all part of the rhythmic unity of the classical canon of architecture. Californicus 05:19, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

Possible copyvio
I found nearly identical text at: http://www.essential-architecture.com/ROME/RO-003.htm Somehow, it seems unlikely that they would copy from here, so it looks like the text here is copied from there. Mdotley 22:40, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's been over eight months, and no one has stepped up to defend the charge of copyright violation, so I have followed WP:CP, and reverted the page to the last edit before the copyvio. Text from the above-referenced page may not be reinserted into the article.  If you wish to go into the page history and retrieve any other text, that would probably help out the article immensely. Mdotley 22:31, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * To Wetman: Text you added to Arch of Titus has been reverted, due to probably being a copyright violation. It appears to be a direct copy from this page.  If you are the author, or have permission to reproduce the content, feel free to document that and restore the text.  Cheers! Mdotley 22:44, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No, quite to the contrary, text that I added at Arch of Titus in October 2004, quite recognizably in my style, has been appropriated at Essential-Architecture, where you will find other Wikipedia article used to describe Roman antiquities here. You'll see the discussion of "ABA rhythm" above.--Wetman 23:43, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

The following three posts are copied from my Talkpage --Wetman 00:19, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I don't know "your style" well enough to distinguish between your writing and anyone else's, but my reasoning was thus: 1, I posted on the article's talk page eight months ago that it looked like there's a problem, and no one said anything; 2, the writer of the text seemed to have some expertise, which I would expect to find at a site named "Essential Architecture", and which I saw no claims to on your User page; and 3, after several different explorations of the outside site, I found neither a grant of permission to share the info, nor an acknowledgement of its origins. By not disclaiming authorship, the outside site's owner is essentially claiming copyright, which I have no firm basis to dispute. Mdotley 23:54, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Comparision of the WP article and his on Notre Dame de Paris might prove relevant. Both contain a large amount of the same material, including much of the WP trivia we all know and love. I suspect this was added by many editors, so either they all independently copied from this obscure site, or ..... Your argument no 2 is flawed as there is no claim of authorship or expertise anywhere. Many arts-related sites, notably www.wga.com, consist entirely of material taken from the web or copyvios of books. Johnbod 00:15, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Pay attention, Mdotley: The website Essential-Architecture has taken Wikipedia texts for its articles on Rome. Example: Eseential-Architecture on Domus Aurea and Wikipedia Domus Aurea. The Wikipedia article's transparent history will show you how that text was assembled, piece by piece. Now even you have "a firm basis to dispute" the unclaimed copyright of a mirror of Wikipedia. I am copying this to Talk:Arch of Titus. Have you been deleting other text on this senseless basis? --Wetman 00:17, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

We had a similar problem, discussed at Talk:Église de la Madeleine, where Wikipedia's text was mirrored at [Monument-paris.com] and was incompetently threatenmed with deletion here. If our correspondent Mdotley could be induced to glance at that discussion it might be enlightening. --Wetman 00:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Now see here! There's no need to start throwing around words like "senseless" (especially when I clearly explained my reasoning), and sly backhands, like "could be induced to glance at" a discussion that "might be enlightening", as if I "might" also not be bright enough to understand it.  I made no changes in the dark, and spent quite some time in the History tracking down who actually added in the text I questioned, so that I could alert you, personally, on your own User_Talk page.  Furthermore, I have not acted precipitously; I posted my concerns here months ago, giving anyone at all the chance to set me straight, which none of you on your high horses now chose to do.
 * Johnbod, a poster/publisher does not need to claim authorship -- copyright status is automatic unless specifically disclaimed. Direct quotes from Wikipedia should be sourced, and derivative works must be licensed under the GFDL.
 * I put a lot of time and a great deal of effort into what I did, and made it very easy for you to fix -- go into the page history, click the diff of my change, then "undo" and save.
 * Check my contributions list -- I make good edits to articles all over Wikipedia. I don't have as many as you, nor over as long a period, but that doesn't mean my edits lack sense. Mdotley 01:52, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I appreciate that is technically the position, but in this case, where the site is clearly a cheapo link farm where the style of the article changes drastically from page to page, and (I am quite sure) it would be easy to demonstrate that WP texts built up by many editors over a long period of time have been ripped off, I think a sense of proportion is needed. Actually I am not sure you are correct about the copyright situation, as the site gives no address, never mind an author, so it leaves uncertain who would own this supposed copyright, which I suspect invalidates its claim.  It will not be surprising if cheapo web-merchants rip off WP if they discover that not only do we not demand credit, but we actually delete our own ripped-off material.  I think you should do some research into other pages on this site, now that the issue has been raised (perhaps you are becoming more familiar with Wetman's prose style now, but populist pages like Montmartre might be the ones to look at).  Johnbod 03:03, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * From WP:COPY: "All works are copyrighted unless either they fall into the public domain or their copyright is explicitly disclaimed." Since I raised the issue here, and got no response in over eight months, I felt I had no choice, but to apply WP:CP, and revert to the last version before the apparent violation occurred. Now that I have gotten a response from those who know the material much better than I do, I am happy to leave it in your hands. Mdotley 21:12, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * At Wetman's Talkpage Mdotley posted "I gave you three good reasons, any one of which would normally be sufficient to establish the likelihood of a copyvio. If anyone is being senseless here, it's not me." Mdotley 02:00, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The "violation" goes the other way, as anyone who looks into it will immediately see, and as Mdotley doubtless now understands; the Wikipedia text has been copied, as is often the case, because we retain no copyright. The rest is immaterial. I have given Mdotley sufficient information to get it together, just by looking at the identical discussion at Talk:Église de la Madeleine above. I have checked Mdotley's last thousand edits and find no further deletions of this kind, so with the text restored all is now well again. --Wetman 03:07, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * '"Immediately" apparent' is in the eye of the beholder. Anyone who reads what I have written will immediately see that I have not been arguing that it is a violation, I merely asserted that it looked like one, and took action to protect WP by upholding policy. Since your initial objection, I have simply maintained that I acted reasonably. Mdotley 21:12, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Reference
For Jews not walking under the Arch: http://www.davidsconsultants.com/jewishhistory/history.php?index=entries

Revert date format to BC/AD
I propose that the date format be reverted back to BC/AD from BCE/CE due to a violation of WP:ERA which states that there must be a discussion and concensus reached amongst editors on the article's talk page before date formats are changed. Since I cannot find any such discussion on the talk page, I will wait for any objections before I revert the date format. 78.146.132.102 (talk) 19:19, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Gold Trumpets Seem Unlikely
The article says, "Gold Trumpets and the Table of Shew bread.[2] These spoils were likely originally colored gold, . . . ." Since there are no gold trumpets in the Bible, but indeed Silver Trumpets were prescribed by the Law of Moses, I doubt the statement about gold trumpets. Does your source say that? What is the evidence? Numbers 10: "And YHWH spoke to Moses, saying,  Make thee two trumpets of silver; of  beaten work shalt thou make them: and thou shalt use them for the calling of the congregation, and for the journeying of the camps. "  I suggest the deletion of "gold" until someone demonstrates that a reliable source says "gold." Such a secondary source needs a reference to a primary source for reliability. Unfortunately, it looks like this statement in Wikipedia has gone viral, repeated all over the internet in the same words used here. (EnochBethany (talk) 18:54, 3 May 2014 (UTC))

 * It would be great to see a detailed explanation of the reliefs - I am especially interested in the spoils of the temple. The Menorah is obvious, but I would be interested to know about the other objects, their design, and if they match the biblical account. Also, wasn’t manna and Aaron’s staff housed in the temple? We’re they also brought to Rome? 79.67.164.147 (talk) 18:57, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Height?
It would be nice if somebody included how tall this thing is. jason404 (talk) 02:17, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Incorrect reference
Quote from the article: "The Arch of Titus (Italian:  Arco di Tito; Latin: Arcus   Titi) is a 1st-century AD   honorific arch,’ [1] located on the Via Sacra, Rome,   just to the south-east of the Roman Forum."

My issue: Incorrect reference [1] points to the different, now mostly ruined, Arch of Titus, located at Circus Maximus. This reference should be deleted, because it is not meant as a disambiguation and should not serve as such. Mirek Goldberg (talk) 10:39, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Just an amendment.
 * There's something wrong with the source code of the segment I mentioned.
 * It is not working correctly i.e. it doesn't display this segment of contents as the author meant, i.e. in its entirety.

title: Talk:Arch of Titus


text:
User talk:Praetorpoo

Please stop making stubs that say so-and-so is a _____ whose page has been requested for over a year. It's not helping anything, and its creating VERY unprofessional stubs. Fernando Rizo T/C 19:12, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Praetorpoo! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:43, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Ken Bugul -
 * 2) Luis Bernardo Honwana -

title: User talk:Praetorpoo


text:
User talk:FlSingleLoser

First: please refrain from personal attacks. See WP:NPA. (And I sure hope that your user name is not another attack on me). With that being said, let me proceed:

I probably over-reacted when blocking User:RightWingZionistNut. I saw the link on his page, and his message "Anyone disagreeing with me is a vandal". In either case, I will unblock him, and my deepest apologies to him. (By the way, let me ask this politely: do you happen to be User:RightWingZionistNut? If so, blocked users can edit their talk pages.)

I have not protected King David Hotel bombing; I merely reverted the word "terrorist" to "militant". Wikipedia convention is to avoid the use of the word "terrorist", as the word carries a heavy connotation that is POV. Also, several users have stated on the talk page that the use of the word "terrorist" is inappropriate.

Thank you for your concerns. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlSingleLoser


text:
File:GTAVC PC Gang Attack.jpg

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (PC), reacting to a gang attack in Little Haiti. Image obatined by User:ZS (previously User:25), and resized from version with 1240x1024 screen resolution to one with only an 800x600 screen resolution. Note that the game does not feature anti-aliasing of sorts in game, as the current resized version seemingly depicts.

Licensing: Fair use for
The author asserts that the image qualifies fair use for the following reasons:
 * 1) Rockstar North and Rockstar Games have not release game screenshots into public domain.
 * 2) The image is necessary to describe the appearance the game's gameplay and graphics; nothing else.
 * 3) The screenshot is not intended to hinder the copyright owner's ability to sell the game.
 * 4) This image is a screenshot and thus immediately falls in fair use.

title: File:GTAVC PC Gang Attack.jpg


text:
Category talk:Songs by artist

Surname order?
Are songs in this category meant to be in order of surname of first name?  Thorpe  talk 19:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That seems to be the consensus. However, not everyone knows how to do this. One way is to add the following code to the category's page: . -- GentlemanGhost   (converse)  20:39, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Song covers
If an artist or band covers a song, should the song be categorized under both the original artist and the one who did the cover version? (On a related note, would the song be categorized under singles by year for each year someone released a version?) -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:30, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I had a related question here, and haven't got any answer yet. —  Ma y ast  ( talk ) 12:57, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * To my mind, it makes most sense to do this when there is significant material about that artist's version in the article, as opposed to a one-sentence mention or an entry in a list. Usually when this is the case, you will see two infoboxes within the same song's article. Others have suggested that you should only include it in the category if it was released as a single. That said, there doesn't appear to be guideline or consensus on the issue, so do what you think would be most helpful. -- GentlemanGhost  (converse)  20:48, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

merger from Category:Singles by artist
The discussion of a proposed merger of category: Singles by artist into this category is taking place here. Please go there to discuss it. Thanks!--Mike Selinker 22:28, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * This activity is now up for debate here.--Mike Selinker 15:47, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Songs by artist


text:
Talk:Trudy Monk

Untitled
Wow, great page! I saw this on the Monk forums and I had to come visit. Awesome job! --XLikeAGazelleX (FuNnYLilAuThoR91 on formus)

Winter
According to "Mr. Monk and the Secret Santa", It was snowing in San Francisco the day Trudy was killed.

Job?
What was Trudys job? I though she was a Journalist, but I cant remember which episode its mentioned in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.44.212.30 (talk • contribs) 21:08, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes. 4.6 "Mr. Monk and Mrs. Monk". Jordan Brown 01:41, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Berkeley or Stanford? When did she meet Adrian Monk?
On this page, it says "She graduated from Stanford University, and met her future husband Adrian while he was working as a detective". I have not seen the episode revealing that information. However, according to the just-aired "Mr. Monk and the Class Reunion", it seems Trudy attended Berkeley with Adrian Monk where she first met him. Is this a continuity error or what? -Chinju 13:59, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Transplant patient
In the other synopsis of the episode where Monk chases the woman through the streets, it says she recieved a corneal transplant, but this page says and iris transplant.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by PublixDani0324 (talk • contribs) 21:45, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trudy Monk


text:
Pedro Franco Badía

Pedro Franco Badía (Noná, San Francisco de Macorís, 25 May 1935 – Santo Domingo, 4 December 2016) was a Dominican politician who served as Mayor of Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional (1978–1982), Secretary of Labor (1982–1986), Deputy to the Congress (1990–1994, 1998–2002), Administrative Secretary of the Presidency (2002–2003) and Secretary of Interior and Police of the Dominican Republic (2003–2004). He was also a key member of the Proyecto Presidencial Hipólito political movement, a political faction that took over the Dominican Revolutionary Party (a major Dominican political party).

He was prosecuted by the Dominican District Attorney's office for his involvement in the illegal distribution of public transportation vehicles in the Dominican Republic through a dubious government program known as Plan RENOVE. He was amongst several members from the former Hipólito Mejía administration who had been brought to court for the crime of embezzlement to the tune of $1.8 billion Dominican pesos (some $54 million American dollars in current exchange) while he was in charge of the Plan RENOVE.

On 17 October 2005, Badía was found guilty and sentenced by a criminal court to three years under house arrest and a minuscule RD$15 million fine for his willful participation in the illegal distribution of 3,035 vehicles in violation of Articles 166, 168 and 170 of the Dominican Penal Code and Article 102 of the Constitution of the Dominican Republic. His sentence was confirmed by the Santo Domingo court on 15 September 2006.

Badía died at the Centers for Diagnostics and Advanced Medicine and Medical Conferences and Telemedicine (CEDIMAT) hospital on 4 December 2016.

title: Pedro Franco Badía


text:
Emperor Dezong of Tang

Emperor Dezong of Tang (27 May 742 – 25 February 805), personal name Li Kuo, was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty and the oldest son of Emperor Daizong. His reign of 26 years was the third longest in the Tang dynasty (surpassed only by Emperor Xuanzong and Emperor Gaozong). Emperor Dezong started out as a diligent and frugal emperor and he tried to reform the governmental finances by introducing new tax laws. His attempts to destroy the powerful regional warlords and the subsequent mismanagement of those campaigns, however, resulted in a number of rebellions that nearly destroyed him and the Tang dynasty. After those events, he dealt cautiously with the regional governors, causing warlordism to become unchecked, and his trust of eunuchs caused the eunuchs' power to rise greatly. He was also known for his paranoia about officials' wielding power, and late in his reign, he did not grant much authority to his chancellors.

Background
Li Kuo was born in 742, during the reign of his great-grandfather Emperor Xuanzong. His father was Li Chu the Prince of Guangping—the oldest son of Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, and he was Li Chu's oldest son. His mother was a consort of Li Chu's, Consort Shen. He was born at the eastern palace—i.e., the Crown Prince's palace—at the Tang capital Chang'an. Later that year, he was created the Prince of Fengjie and given the honorific title of Tejin (特進). During the Anshi Rebellion, which erupted in 755, Emperor Xuanzong fled to Chengdu, while Li Heng and his sons, including Li Chu, fled to Lingwu. Li Kuo's exact locations during this time were not stated in historical records, although presumably he accompanied his father, because while his mother Consort Shen was captured by the rebel Yan forces along with many palace women, he was not. (Consort Shen disappeared during the rebellion and, after the end of the rebellion, despite repeated efforts made by both Li Chu and Li Kuo to find her, she was never located.) While Li Heng was at Lingwu, he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong), an act that Emperor Xuanzong later recognized.

After Chang'an was recaptured from Yan forces in 756, Li Chu (whose name was then changed to Li Yu) was made crown prince, and in 762, after Emperor Suzong's death, he became emperor (as Emperor Daizong). Emperor Daizong gave Li Kuo the title of supreme commander of the armed forces and created him the Prince of Lu, a title soon changed to Prince of Yong. He and his staff were sent to rendezvous with Tang and ally Huige forces at Shan Prefecture (陝州, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), to prepare an attack to recapture the eastern capital Luoyang, which was then serving as the Yan capital under Yan's fourth and final emperor Shi Chaoyi. When Li Kuo met Huige's Dengli Khan Yaoluoge Yidijian (藥羅葛移地健), he treated Yaoluoge Yidijian as an equal, drawing Yaoluoge Yidijian's anger (as Tang was highly reliant on Huige aid at that time). Yaoluoge Yidijian had Li Kuo's Yao Ziang (藥子昂), Wei Ju (魏琚), Wei Shaohua (韋少華), and Li Jin (李進) arrested and whipped severely, such that Wei Ju and Wei Shaohua died that night. Yaoluoge Yidijian did not harm Li Kuo, but sent him back to the Tang camp. This incident would cause Li Kuo to bear great hatred for Huige later. After Luoyang was recaptured and Shi Chaoyi committed suicide in flight in 763, Li Kuo was given the chancellor title of Shangshu Ling (尚書令), and his portrait, along with those of eight generals (including Guo Ziyi), were added to the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion. Subsequently, during a Tufan incursion in 763 in which Emperor Daizong was forced to flee Chang'an and Tufan forces briefly captured Chang'an, Li Kuo was named the titular supreme commander of forces in the Guanzhong region (i.e., the Chang'an region), but the general Guo Ziyi, as deputy supreme commander, was actually in command.

As crown prince
In 764, Li Kuo was made crown prince. Emperor Daizong then tried to transfer his title of Shangshu Ling to Guo Ziyi, but Guo declined on the basis that only Li Kuo had held the title recently, and previously the title had been held by Emperor Taizong. Meanwhile, in 765, a Buddhist nun named Guangcheng (廣澄) claimed to be Li Kuo's mother Consort Shen, but after further interrogation, it was discovered that she had only been Li Kuo's wet nurse, and Emperor Daizong had her whipped to death.

Li Kuo's activities as crown prince were not much recorded in the official histories—although, in 778, after Emperor Daizong executed the corrupt chancellor Yuan Zai, he stated to his close associate Li Mi that it was Li Kuo who revealed Yuan's corruption. In 779, when Emperor Daizong fell ill, Li Kuo briefly served as regent, and when Emperor Daizong subsequently died, he succeeded Emperor Daizong (as Emperor Dezong).

Early attempts to destroy warlord power (early Jianzhong era)
After Emperor Dezong took the throne, within the span of less than a year, he carried out several actions to set out his policy differences with his father:
 * The chancellor Chang Gun, whom Emperor Dezong suspected of being overly powerful, was exiled, replaced with Cui Youfu; subsequently, at Cui's recommendation, Yang Yan was also made chancellor.
 * Guo Ziyi, who had much military authority, was effectively forced into retirement (albeit with many honorific titles), with his commands divided between Li Huaiguang, Chang Qianguang (常謙光), and Hun Jian (渾瑊).
 * Emperor Dezong had the animals in the imperial menagerie released, had many ladies in waiting sent out of the palace, and ordered that eunuchs serving as imperial messengers not be allowed to receive gifts.
 * Cui Ning the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), who had governed the circuit for more than a decade and only nominally obeyed imperial authority, was detained (although titularly promoted) at Chang'an, and the imperial government took back control of Xichuan.
 * At Yang's suggestion, the tax system was reformed—with the intention to decrease the tax burden on the landowners and farmers and bring merchants, who were previously not taxed, into the taxation system—under a new tax law known as the Law of the Two Taxes (兩稅法, Liangshui Fa).

Emperor Dezong further resumed the search for his mother Consort Shen, whom he honored as an empress dowager in absentia. He commissioned officials, as well as Shen clan members, to be in charge of the search, and gave many members of the Shen clan honors. In 781, the searchers mistakenly believed that an adoptive daughter of Gao Lishi, a powerful eunuch during Emperor Xuanzong's reign, was Empress Dowager Shen, and she was taken to Chang'an to be honored as such. However, her brother Gao Chengyue (高承悅) found out and reported to Emperor Dezong. She subsequently admitted to not being the real Empress Dowager Shen. Emperor Dezong did not punish her or anyone else involved, fearing that doing so would hamper the search for his mother. Later in his reign, there were several more incidents were others claimed to be Empress Dowager Shen, but were discovered to be imposters, and the real Empress Dowager Shen was never found.

Meanwhile, Emperor Dezong, under Yang's proposal, also began to consider campaigns to recapture the western prefectures lost to Tufan during and immediately after the Anshi Rebellion. However, his putting Li Huaiguang, known for being a harsh commander, in charge of the project caused a mutiny of the soldiers at Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) in 780. Emperor Dezong had the Jingyuan mutiny suppressed, to show resolve, but was forced to abandon the plans to act against Tufan.

When Emperor Dezong came to the throne, there were four major circuits that were ruled by their military governors in effectively independent manner from the imperial government—Pinglu (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), governed by Li Zhengji; Weibo (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), governed by Tian Yue; Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), governed by Li Baochen; and Shannan East (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), governed by Liang Chongyi. The four circuits were allied with each other, and their governors intended to pass the control of the circuits within the family. In 781, when Li Baochen died, Emperor Dezong, wanting to show imperial authority, refused to let his son Li Weiyue inherit the circuit. The four circuits thus prepared for war against the imperial government. (Li Zhengji also died later in the year, and similarly, Emperor Dezong refused to let his son Li Na inherit the circuit.)

Emperor Dezong reacted by commissioning Li Xilie the military governor of Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) to command the army against Shannan East; Ma Sui, Li Baozhen, and Li Sheng to attack Weibo; and Zhu Tao the acting military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) to attack Chengde. Ma, Li Baozhen, and Li Sheng quickly defeated Tian's forces, which were attacking Li Baozhen's Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi) and forced him to flee back to his capital Wei Prefecture (魏州), which Ma, Li Baozhen, Li Sheng, and Li Qiu (李艽) put under siege. Li Xilie quickly defeated Liang, causing Liang to commit suicide. Zhu was able to persuade Li Weiyue's officer Zhang Xiaozhong to turn against him and attack Li Weiyue with Zhu, and under pressure, another officer of Li Weiyue's, Wang Wujun, killed Li Weiyue and surrendered to imperial forces. Li Na, meanwhile, was trapped at Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Heze, Shandong). By spring 782, it appeared that Emperor Dezong would be soon successful in his aim to wipe out warlord power and reunify the realm under imperial authority.

Things quickly turned for the worse, however, after Emperor Dezong angered both Zhu and Wang by not giving them what they believed they deserved—in Zhu's case, control of Chengde's Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei), and in Wang's case, title as military governor. (Emperor Dezong had divided Chengde's seven prefectures into three circuits, with Zhang receive three circuits as military governor, and with Wang and another Chengde officer, Kang Rizhi (康日知), each receiving two prefectures with the lesser title of military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi).) He also refused to accept Li Na's surrender when Li Na offered to surrender. As a result, Zhu and Wang entered into an alliance with Tian and headed south to lift the siege on Wei Prefecture—defeating Ma, Li Baozhen, and Li Huaiguang (whom Emperor Dezong had also sent to combat Tian) to force the situation into a stalemate, while Li Na escaped the trap imperial forces had put him in at Pu Prefecture and returned to his headquarters at Yun Prefecture (鄆州), leaving imperial forces unable to do much against him. The four rebel generals (Zhu, Wang, Tian, and Li Na) each claimed princely titles, showing a break from the Tang imperial government, although they continued to use Emperor Dezong's era name of Jianzhong to show some degree of submissiveness. They also persuaded Li Xilie to do the same.

By this point, Cui had died, and Lu Qi became chancellor along with Yang. Lu soon was able to persuade Emperor Dezong that Yang was intending treason, and Emperor Dezong put Yang to death. With Lu largely in power by himself, it was said that at his inducement, Emperor Dezong became unduly harsh, causing the officials and the people to be disappointed in Emperor Dezong. With the necessity of paying for campaigns on multiple fronts, Emperor Dezong added two new taxes—property taxes for houses (Shuijianjia, 稅間架) and transaction tax (Chumoqian, 除陌錢); these taxes created heavy burdens, and Emperor Dezong's tax code for these taxes further encouraged people to report on each other when the taxes were not paid properly. It was said that complaints about them filled the realm. The imperial scholar Lu Zhi, whose opinion Emperor Dezong valued, earnestly advised against these taxes and against the campaigns, pointing out that the realm was on the verge of completely falling into rebellion. Emperor Dezong, however, did not accept Lu's advice.

Rebellions of Zhu Ci, Li Huaiguang, and Li Xilie
On November 2, 783, soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit, at Chang'an to be deployed to the battlefield to the east, rebelled when they became angry that they were not only not given rewards that they believed they deserved, but were being fed a vegetarian diet, mutinied. They attacked the palace, and Emperor Dezong fled with his family to Xianyang (咸陽, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), and then to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang). The soldiers supported Zhu Tao's brother Zhu Ci—who had previously been a major general and who had been the military governor of Jingyuan Circuit at one point but who was removed from his command due to Zhu Tao's rebellion—as their leader. Zhu Ci soon declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin. Many Tang officials surrendered to Zhu and served in his administration, although many fled to Fengtian to join Emperor Dezong.

Zhu Ci personally led an army and put Fengtian under siege for more than a month, and the small city nearly fell. Meanwhile, Li Huaiguang, hearing of what had happened at Chang'an, marched his army from Weibo as quickly as possible toward Fengtian. Zhu, hearing of Li's impending arrival, first attacked Fengtian even more severely but still could not capture it, and with Li arriving, Zhu withdrew back to Chang'an on December 18.

However, in the aftermaths of Li's saving him, Emperor Dezong offended Li by refusing to meet him, but instead ordering him to rendezvous with several other generals—Li Sheng (who had also marched toward Fengtian), Li Jianhui (李建徽), and Yang Huiyuan (楊惠元)—to recapture Chang'an. (This was at Lu Qi's suggestion, as Lu knew that Li Huaiguang despised him and, if he were allowed to meet the emperor, would surely accuse him and his associates Zhao Zan (趙贊) and Bai Zhizhen (白志貞) of crimes.) Li Huaiguang became disaffected, but submitted petitions demanding the dismissals of Lu and his associates. As a result, Lu, Bai, and Zhao were exiled.

At Lu Zhi's suggestion, on January 27, 784 (Chinese New Year) Emperor Dezong issued a pardon blaming himself for provoking the rebellions and pardoning all of the warlords and their soldiers, with the only exception of Zhu Ci personally, and further exempting the soldiers involved in the campaign against Zhu Ci from taxes. Upon receiving the pardons, Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na renounced their princely titles and reclaimed allegiance to Tang; in turn, Emperor Dezong made them military governors of their own circuits. However, Li Xilie reacted by declaring himself the emperor of a new state of Chu, while Zhu Tao headed south, attempting to join Zhu Ci. When Tian refused to join him, he attacked Weibo, but was unable to immediately capture it. With Tian Yue subsequently assassinated and succeeded by his cousin Tian Xu, Zhu Tao initially attempted to persuade Tian Xu to join him, but Tian eventually reentered an alliance with Wang and Li Baozhen and resisted Zhu Tao. Wang and Li Baozhen soon arrived and defeated Zhu Tao, forcing him to flee back to Lulong.

Meanwhile, though, Li Huaiguang, disaffected from Emperor Dezong, was in secret negotiations with Zhu Ci (who had changed his state's name to Han by this point) to enter an alliance with Zhu. Zhu promised to honor Li Huaiguang as an elder brother and divide the Guanzhong region with him, with each ruling a state as its emperor. On March 20, Li Huaiguang declared his rebellion and alliance with Zhu. Emperor Dezong fled from Fengtian to Liang Prefecture (梁州, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Several key officers under Li Huaiguang—including Han Yougui (韓遊瓌), Dai Xiuyan (戴休顏), Luo Yuanguang (駱元光), and Shang Kegu (尚可孤)—however, refused to follow Li Huaiguang and instead accepted commands from Li Sheng, whom Emperor Dezong made the commander of Tang forces in the region. With Li Huaiguang weakened, Zhu no longer treated him with respect but instead as a subordinate. In anger and fear, Li Huaiguang withdrew from the region and headed back to his base at Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shaanxi).

Li Sheng soon prepared for a final attack on Chang'an, and he launched his attack on June 12. On June 20, with Li Sheng having entered the city, Zhu Ci fled toward Tufan. He was soon killed in flight by his own soldiers, ending his state of Han. On August 3, Emperor Dezong returned to Chang'an. When he sent emissaries to persuade Li Huaiguang to again pledge allegiance to him, Li Huaiguang was initially receptive, but when Emperor Dezong's further emissary, the official Kong Chaofu (孔巢父), arrived at Hezhong, Li Huaiguang's soldiers, believing that Kong was showing disrespect to Li Huaiguang, killed Kong, apparently with Li Huaiguang's implicit approval, and Li Huaiguang continued to resist Tang forces. By fall 785, however, with Tang forces under Ma Sui and Hun Jian converging on Hezhong, Li Huaiguang committed suicide, and his army resubmitted to Tang.

Meanwhile, Li Xilie's continued attempts to expand were being repeatedly rebuffed by Tang generals. In summer 786, with Li Xilie being ill, his general Chen Xianqi had him poisoned, slaughtered his family, and then resubmitted to Tang authority. (While Chen was soon thereafter himself assassinated by Wu Shaocheng, Wu continued to pledge allegiance to Tang.) Nominally, the realm was again entirely under Emperor Dezong's rule.

Period of strong chancellors Li Mi and Lu Zhi (early Zhenyuan era)
However, by this point, the empire was in deep trouble due to the wars, and Tufan forces, taking advantage of Tang's weakening, were making repeated incursions into Tang territory. Tufan's chancellor Shang Jiezan (尚結贊), in particular, believed that he would be able to conquer Tang if he could get three Tang generals out of the way—Li Sheng, Ma Sui, and Hun Jian. With Emperor Dezong beginning to become paranoid about generals having too much power by this point, it was soon thereafter that rumors spread by Shang and Li's political enemy Zhang Yanshang, then a chancellor, made Emperor Dezong suspicious of Li Sheng, who was then the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). In 787, he recalled Li back to Chang'an to serve as chancellor as well, stripping him of his military command.

Meanwhile, Shang continued the next stage of his plan, by submitting a peace proposal through Ma. Emperor Dezong believed Shang's good faith and agreed to the treaty, despite Li's warnings. At Shang's request, Emperor Dezong sent Hun to meet with Shang and sign the treaty. On July 8, 787, the day set for the treaty signing, Shang ambushed Hun at the meeting site, intending to capture him, but Hun escaped with emergency aid from Luo Yuanguang and Han Yougui. As Ma was responsible for arranging the peace treaty with Shang, Emperor Dezong recalled him to Chang'an as well and stripped him of his command of Hedong Circuit (河東, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi).

After the disaster, Emperor Dezong recalled Li Mi, who had been serving as the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Shan'guo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), to Chang'an to serve as chancellor, and soon thereafter, Li Mi effectively became sole chancellor. Under Li Mi's suggestion, Emperor Dezong instituted a regime where soldiers were encouraged to settle in the border region with Tufan and were promised land and seeds, to repopulate the border region and strengthen the defense. Li Mi also proposed a marriage alliance with Huige's Heguduolu Khan Yaoluoge Dunmohe (藥羅葛頓莫賀)—a proposal that Emperor Dezong initially resisted due to his hatred for Huige—but finally agreed to, with Li Sheng and Ma also agreeing with Li Mi's opinion. With Huige (which was soon renamed Huigu) fighting with Tufan, and with Tufan's major vassal Nanzhao distancing itself from Tufan's campaigns against Tang, Tufan attacks on Tang began to weaken, such that Tang generals were beginning to have successes against Tufan.

By this point, however, Emperor Dezong was also extracting frequent tributes from regional governors for his own personal use. Li Mi tried to curb the emperor's hoarding of treasure by instituting an annual stipend for the emperor, which Emperor Dezong initially agreed to. However, even after the stipend was instituted, Emperor Dezong continued to demand tributes from regional governors and ordered that they not let Li Mi become aware of the tributes. When Li Mi still found out, he became depressed over this issue but did not dare to speak again about it.

Li Mi died in 789, and for some time, Li Mi's recommended successor, Dou Can, was the most powerful chancellor at court, but he soon lost Emperor Dezong's favor and was exiled (and eventually ordered to commit suicide). Lu Zhi became the main chancellor, and for some time, made ambitious proposals to reform the civil service system and logistics system, and reassert authority over regional governors—whom, by this point, Emperor Dezong was so apprehensive about such that he was not daring to impose governors unless he had explicit agreements from the key military officers of the circuits. (For example, after the death of Liu Xuanzuo (劉玄佐) the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) in 792, Emperor Dezong was initially intending to commission his granduncle Wu Cou (吳湊) to replace Liu, but after Xuanwu soldiers mutinied and supported Liu Xuanzuo's son Liu Shining (劉士寧), Emperor Dezong did not dare to confront the Xuanwu army and instead agreed to commission Liu Shining.) Lu, however, was soon in conflict with Emperor Dezong's favorite official Pei Yanling—who was able to garner Emperor Dezong's favor by making Emperor Dezong believe that he was locating long-lost revenue resources for the imperial treasury. By 794, Lu had lost the power struggle with Pei and lost his chancellorship, and in 795 was exiled.

Middle Zhenyuan era
It was said that after Lu Zhi's removal, Emperor Dezong became increasingly distrusting of chancellors. He therefore personally selected all of the officials, but as he could not have actually known all of the candidates for official positions himself, he trusted the recommendations of Pei Yanling (who died in 796) and such other officials that he trusted, including Li Qiyun (李齊運), Wang Shao (王紹), Li Shi (李實), Wei Zhiyi, and Wei Qumou (韋渠牟). It was described that these people's recommendations could ruin chancellors, and that those who wanted to be promoted flattered them.

Emperor Dezong also increasingly open to tributes from regional governors, and the regional governors often submitted large amounts of tributes in order to protect their positions and gain favor from the emperor.

Also around this time, powerful eunuchs (starting with Dou Wenchang (竇文場) and Huo Xianming (霍仙鳴)) became the commanders of the Shence Army, and it was said that, as the military governors frequently were Shence Army soldiers initially, the power and authorities of the eunuchs became increasingly important.

In 799, for reasons lost to history, Wu Shaocheng, still governing Zhangyi Circuit (formerly Huaixi Circuit) at that time, began to pillage the circuits around his. Emperor Dezong ordered the military governors around Zhangyi—including Yu Di the military governor of Shannan East Circuit, Han Hong (Liu Xuanzuo's nephew) the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit, Yi Shen (伊慎) the military governor of Anhuang Circuit (安黃, headquartered in modern Xiaogan, Hubei), and Shangguan Shui (上官涗) the military governor of Chenxu Circuit (陳許, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan)—to attack Wu. These generals had initial successes, but without an unified command, they could not coordinate their actions, and around the new year 800, they suddenly collapsed and fled, allowing Wu to capture much of their supplies. Emperor Dezong put Han Quanyi (韓全義) the military governor of Xiasui Circuit (夏綏, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) in command of the operations, but Han Quanyi was repeatedly defeated by Wu. At the suggestion of Wei Gao the military governor of Xichuan Circuit and the chancellor Jia Dan, Emperor Dezong pardoned Wu in late 800, ending the campaign.

Late Zhenyuan era
Meanwhile, due to victories that Wei Gao and the Nanzhao king Yimouxun (異牟尋), who had become a Tang vassal after abandoning Tufan, were inflicting on Tufan, Tufan had become a much lesser threat to Tang security by this point.

By this time, Emperor Dezong's oldest son Li Song the Crown Prince had become close to the junior officials Wang Pi and Wang Shuwen, and Wang Pi and Wang Shuwen and their associates were planning To carry out a number of reforms when Li Song would eventually be emperor. The officials who associated with them included Wei Zhiyi and such junior officials as Lu Chun (陸淳), Lü Wen (呂溫), Li Jingjian (李景儉), Han Ye (韓曄), Han Tai (韓泰), Chen Jian (陳諫), Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Yuxi. They essentially formed a shadow government.

In winter 804, however, Li Song suddenly suffered a stroke, causing him to be partially paralyzed and unable to speak. In spring 805, it was said that because of Li Song's illness, Emperor Dezong himself became severely depressed and fell into an illness. He died on February 25, 805, and, while there was some speculation both inside the palace and out as to whether Li Song would actually take the throne due to his severe illness, Li Song did so (as Emperor Shunzong).

Issues during Emperor Dezong's reign
Dezong's reign can be summarized into three categories of mismanagements that began during his reign and would have repercussions for future Tang emperors.

Attempts at eliminating military governors
The early part of Dezong's reign can be seen as an attempt to limit the strength of the fanzhen, a situation where regional military governors or jiedushi had sprung up after the An Lushan rebellion, to take control of huge border areas of the empire. These fiefs were a direct challenge to the central administration of the Tang empire as they were granted the power to collect tax, maintain an army and pass on their power hereditarily rather by appointment of the central government. As such these warlords would only be loyal to central government if it served their interest to do so. In early 781, when one of the military governors, Li Baochen, died, out of respect for protocol, Li's son, Li Weiyue requested to the central government that he be appointed the succeeding governor. Dezong seized upon this request as a chance to rid his state of the military governors and declined to grant Li Weiyue the title. This act angered the rest of the military governors who saw Dezong as a threat. In 782, the four strongest military governors banded together and revolted against the central government. In the meantime, an internal military coup albeit a minor one forced Dezong to flee his palace in capital city of Chang'an – the third Tang emperor to do so. As a result, all plans to remove the military governors had to be abandoned. In early 784, in order to restore peace and stability, Dezong decreed that he would not limit their power and accept responsibility for causing the initial revolt. Dezong's humiliating acceptance of defeat was just as toxic to Dezong himself as to the dynasty. Dezong became disenchanted with ever achieving his goals and when he thought it was unattainable, he would not pursue. Dezong's inability to control the fanzhen weakened the centralized power of the Tang dynasty and would contribute to a series of rebellions in the middle of the 9th century and ultimately lead to its downfall early in the 10th century.

Dependence on eunuchs
Dezong witnessed the rise of eunuchs during the reign of his father Emperor Daizong who himself succeeded to the throne as a result of support from eunuchs. Dezong realized the danger of depending too heavily on eunuchs and as a result he kept them at arm's length when he became emperor. Dezong's opinion of these eunuchs changed drastically when in 782 Dezong was driven out of his capital city by revolting military governors and was not able to command the situation. Even his own generals would not heed to his authority. Dezong felt forsaken and during his escape, only a handful of eunuchs namely Dou Wenchang and Huo Xianming were by his side. During this difficult times, Dezong's view of the eunuchs began to take on a different approach. After his return to Chang'an, Dezong greatly rewarded Dou and Huo for their loyalty not least of which were military and government post. In due course, these eunuchs's power became an inalienable part of the Tang government. Some eunuchs in the latter part of the dynasty were so powerful that they alone held the abilities to support or depose any emperors at whim. Dezong's son Tang Shunzong and grandson Tang Xianzong as well as later emperors such as Tang Jingzong and Tang Wenzong were all murdered or deposed by eunuchs.

From frugality to greed
Dezong began his reign by issuing a variety of edicts restricting wasteful government spending. Monetary contribution from local government officials or abroad were discouraged or limited. He also issued edicts that freed hundreds of palace girls in order to reduce palace expenses. These acts were all met with praise however they only lasted the first few years of his reign. A series of unfortunate events which included revolts by military governors forced Dezong to flee Chang'an in 784. During the months in exile, Dezong began to realize the importance of creating wealth and as a result, after Dezong's returned to Chang'an he began to reverse many of the original edicts he set forth. With the aid of eunuchs, Dezong started to amalgamate a large fortune either by extortion or bribery. These in turn led to a negative atmosphere where wealth rather than merit would ultimately bring one power.

Chancellors during reign

 * Chang Gun (779)
 * Li Zhongchen (779–784 )
 * Cui Youfu (779–780)
 * Qiao Lin (779)
 * Yang Yan (779–781)
 * Lu Qi (781–783)
 * Zhang Yi (781–782)
 * Guan Bo (782–784)
 * Xiao Fu (783–784)
 * Liu Congyi (783–785)
 * Jiang Gongfu (783–784)
 * Li Huaiguang (783–784)
 * Lu Han (784–786)
 * Li Sheng (784–793)
 * Hun Jian (784–799)
 * Li Mian (784–786)
 * Zhang Yanshang (785, 787)
 * Ma Sui (785–795)
 * Liu Zi (786–787)
 * Cui Zao (786)
 * Qi Ying (786–787)
 * Han Huang (786–787)
 * Liu Hun (787)
 * Li Mi (787–789)
 * Dou Can (789–792)
 * Dong Jin (789–793)
 * Zhao Jing (792–796)
 * Lu Zhi (792–794)
 * Jia Dan (793–805)
 * Lu Mai (793–797)
 * Cui Sun (796–803)
 * Zhao Zongru (796–798)
 * Zheng Yuqing (798–800)
 * Qi Kang (800–803)
 * Du You (803–812)
 * Gao Ying (803–805)
 * Zheng Xunyu (803–805)

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 * Empress Zhaode, of the Wang clan (昭德皇后 王氏; d. 786)
 * Li Song, Shunzong (順宗 李誦/顺宗 李诵; 761–806), first son
 * Princess Hanzhenmu (韓貞穆公主／韦贞穆公主; 762–784), first daughter
 * Married Wei You (韋宥／韦宥), and had issue (one daughter)
 * Worthy Consort, of the Wei clan (賢妃 韋氏/贤妃 韦氏)
 * Consort Wang, of the Wang clan (王妃 王氏)1
 * Gracious Consort, of the Xiao clan (惠妃 赵氏)
 * First Imperial Concubine of the Wang clan (昭仪 王氏)
 * Lady of Complete Countenance, of the Wu clan (充容 武氏)
 * Unknown
 * Li Chen, Prince Tong (通王 李諶／李谌; 771–798), third son
 * Li Liang, Prince Qian (虔王 李諒／李谅), fourth son
 * Li Xiang, Prince Su (肅王 李詳／肃王 李详; 779–782), fifth son
 * Li Qian, Prince Zi (資王 李謙／资王 李谦; b. 779), sixth son
 * Li Yin, Prince Dai (代王 李諲／李𬤇; 779), seventh son
 * Li Jie, Prince Zhao (照王 李誡／李诫), ninth son
 * Li E, Prince Qin (欽王 李諤／钦王 李谔), tenth son
 * Li Xian, Prince Zhen (珍王 李諴／李咸; 801–833), 11th son
 * Princess Weixianmu (魏宪穆公主)
 * Married Wang Shiping (王士平), a son of Wang Wujun, in 786
 * Princess Zhengzhuangmu (鄭莊穆公主／郑庄穆公主; d. 799)
 * Married Zhang Maozong (張茂宗), a son of Zhang Xiaozhong, in 787
 * Princess Linzhen (臨真公主／临真公主)
 * Married Xue Zhao of Hedong (河東 薛釗／河东 薛钊)
 * Princess Yongyang (永陽公主／永阳公主), tenth daughter
 * Married Cui Yin of Qinghe (清河 崔𬤇)
 * Princess Puning (普寧公主／普宁公主), 11th daughter
 * Princess Yanxiangmu (燕襄穆公主; d. 808)
 * Married Tun Bagha Tarkhan (長壽天親可汗／长寿天亲可汗; d. 789) in 788
 * Princess Yichuan (義川公主／义川公主)
 * Princess Yidu (宜都公主; 772–803), fourth daughter
 * Married Liu Yu of Hedong (河东 柳昱; 760–804) in 796
 * Princess Jinping (晉平公主／晋平公主)

Religious views
Dezong was one of a number of Tang dynasty emperors who gave money to monks and churches part of the Chinese Church of the East tradition. He believed in various ideas from Church of the East Christianity and Buddhism about the afterlife and Tian.

title: Emperor Dezong of Tang


text:
Chop, Ukraine

Chop (Чоп, Csap, Čop, Чоп, טשאָפּ) is a city located in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary. It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza by being situated on its right bank. It is located within Uzhhorod Raion. Today, the population is

Toponymy
There are several alternative names used for this city: Csap, Čop, Tschop, Ciop, Czop, Чоп, טשאָפּ.

History
Like the rest of Transcarpathia, Chop was part of Hungary until 1920, when, as a result of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon, it was included in the newly created Czechoslovakia, where it belonged to Slovakia, not to Subcarpathian Rus. During World War II, under the First Vienna Award, it briefly became Hungarian again. But, after the war, as part of the Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations, it became part of the expanded Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (now Ukraine).

Demographics
According to the Ukrainian national census, Chop had a population in 2001 of 8,919, of whom 40% were Ukrainians, 39.2% ethnic Hungarians and 20.8% Roma, Russians, Slovaks, Belarusians, and Jews.

Features
Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhhorod-Košice line. There is also a line running eastwards to Romania via Korolevo and Halmeu although there are currently no regular passenger services.

Near Chop, there are also international railway border crossing Druzhba to Záhony, Hungary, international railway border crossing Strazh to Čierna nad Tisou, Slovakia, international road border crossing Tysa to Záhony, Hungary, and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine. The first town across the border in Slovakia is Čierna nad Tisou while in Hungary, the first city is Záhony.

Notable people

 * András Pándy, serial killer
 * J. Peters, political activist

title: Chop, Ukraine


text:
History of FC Pro Vercelli 1892

The history of Football Club Pro Vercelli 1892 officially started in 2010, following the collapse of U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, based in Vercelli, Piedmont. The previous incarnation of the club was founded in 1892 and was one of the most successful Italian clubs in the early decades of the twentieth century, winning seven national titles between 1908 and 1922. Its trademark and honours were transferred from Vercelli municipality to A.S. Pro Belvedere Vercelli, the city's other team (founded in 2006), which changed its name and was therefore allowed to continue the history of Pro Vercelli.

Foundation
The Società Ginnastica Pro Vercelli (Pro Vercelli Gymnastics Society) was established in 1892, with its Football Division founded in 1903. The first official match for the football division of S.G. Pro Vercelli took place on 3 August 1903 against the Forza e Costanza.

1907 saw Pro Vercelli's football team win the Subs Division, and subsequently the club were admitted to Italian National League for the first time. Success followed quickly, with the following two years (1908 and 1909) producing the first national championship titles for the "White Shirts".

Phenomenal success
The team earned a place in the 1909–10 Championship final. However, a disagreement arose with the Italian Football Federation (F.I.F. – now called the F.I.G.C.) on the arranged date of the match, which clashed with another, previously scheduled match. Pro Vercelli chose to take part only with a youth team, eventually losing the title to Inter.

Nevertheless, the Leoni ("Lions", so called for their notorious hard and not always clean tackles) did not take long to once again prove their supremacy in Italian football. They remained undefeated for the next three seasons, with the unprecedented capture of three titles in a row in 1910–11, 1911–12 and 1912–13.

These years began the legends of the famous Midfield Line of Wonders, formed by Ara, Milano I and Leone. In the same years Pro Vercelli also formed, the backbone of the first Italian national teams, with nine players representing the Piedmont club.

After such an incredible beginning, Pro Vercelli then had to wait the end of the Great War and 1920–21 to win another National title. In the following years Pro Vercelli remained among the best Italian teams, but fell short of achieving the top prize. Other teams such as arch-rivals Casale, Genoa and Inter overtook the "White Shirts", breaking a dominance not experienced before or since.

In 1921–22, after a row over the structure of the Italian league competition, the Italian Football Federation split, with all the major teams forming the independent Italian Football Confederation (C.C.I.). Pro Vercelli joined the CCI league, which had a structure with fewer matches over the year, subsequently and joyously regaining their 7th National title, their last to date.

Pro Vercelli were then invited to Rio de Janeiro to play against Flamengo and Botafogo. In the days before formalised European competition, Liverpool F.C., during a European tour as English Champions, played all of the strongest teams of the continent, defeating all except one: they could only manage a draw with Pro Vercelli in a clash of the finest sides of Europe on the day.

Decline
1934-35 was the season that marked the beginning of the slow but steady decline of Pro Vercelli. The Bianche Casacche were eventually relegated to Serie B. The steady modernisation of the game saw the small town team drop to Serie C for the first time in 1940–41. It returned to Serie B in 1946 and stayed for 2 years. It played in Serie C between 1948–1962 and 1971–1978.

In the 1977–78 season the team were relegated to Serie C2 and the following season to Serie D. They returned to Serie C2 in 1984, but were relegated back to Serie D the subsequent season.

Scudetto Dilettanti 1993–94
It returns in Serie C2 on 1994 when wins group A of Serie D and the Scudetto Dilettanti.

The folding and rebirth
In recent years, U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio have been fairly stable at mid-table in the Italian fourth division (Serie C2). In July 2005 a new chairman, Vero Paganoni, took over at the helm of the club.

Due to large debts it was not allowed to participate in the 2010–11 Lega Pro Seconda Divisione and so folded.

In the summer of 2010 the club changes its name to U.S. Vercelli Calcio, Vero Paganoni remained as president of a club that today is inactive, therefore A.S. Pro Belvedere Vercelli becomes the new Pro Vercelli.

Honours

 * Italian Football Championship
 * Champions 7: 1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22
 * Runners-up 1: 1909–10
 * Serie B
 * Winners 1: 1907
 * Serie D
 * Winners 4: 1956–57, 1970–71, 1983–1984, 1993–1994
 * Scudetto Dilettanti:
 * Winners 1: 1993-94

The myth continues with the new Pro Vercelli
Honours and trademark were assigned from Vercelli municipality to A.S. Pro Belvedere Vercelli, that changed its denomination to the current one.

In season 2010–11 the team played in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione ranking 3rd and was eliminated from Pro Patria in the semifinal of the play-off, but 4 August 2011 it was later admitted to Lega Pro Prima Divisione to fill vacancies. In this season it was promoted to Serie B after 64 years, but in the next it was again relegated to Lega Pro Prima Divisione.

title: History of FC Pro Vercelli 1892


text:
Religious (Western Christianity)

A religious (using the word as a noun) is, in the terminology of many Western Christian denominations, such as the Catholic Church, Lutheran Churches, and Anglican Communion, what in common language one would call a "monk" or "nun".

More precisely, a religious is a member of a religious order or religious institute, someone who belongs to "a society in which members [...] pronounce public vows [...] and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common". A religious may be ordained into the clergy, but ordination does not in itself define someone as a religious.

Some classes of religious have also been referred to, though less commonly now than in the past, as "regulars", because of living in accordance with a religious rule (regula in Latin) such as the Rule of Saint Benedict.

Catholic canon law definition
Religious are members of religious institutes, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common. Thus monks such as Benedictines and Carthusians, nuns such as Carmelites and Poor Clares, and friars such as Dominicans and Franciscans are called religious.

Clerical or lay
If a religious has been ordained as a deacon, a priest or a bishop, he also belongs to the clergy and so is a member of what is called the "religious clergy" or the "regular clergy". Clergy who are not members of a religious institute are known as secular clergy. They generally serve a geographically defined diocese or a diocese-like jurisdiction such as an apostolic vicariate or personal ordinariate, and so are also referred to as diocesan clergy.

A religious who has not been ordained is a member of the laity (a lay person), not of the clergy. However, once any non-ordained religious professes vows, especially final vows, they must be formally dispensed from those vows, which is a lengthy and formal process, with set procedures, that involves their local superior, the local Bishop or other Ordinary, the head of the Order, and the Vatican's Congregation for Religious. If they are ordained, they must also be formally suspended from and then relieved of their duties, and then laicized (formally removed from the clerical state), which is a related but separate matter. Both laicization and dispensation of vows are only done for very serious reasons, except for perhaps when one seeks to get married once it is done. The process is even more complex if they are accused of a secular or ecclesiastical offense or crime (some procedures can be expedited in certain criminal cases involving sex abuse). The state of a non-ordained religious, therefore, is not precisely the same as a lay unmarried person who is not a religious.

While the state of consecrated life is neither clerical or lay, institutes themselves are classified as one or the other. A clerical institute is one that "by reason of the purpose or design intended by the founder or by virtue of legitimate tradition, is under the direction of clerics, assumes the exercise of sacred orders, and is recognized as such by the authority of the Church". In clerical institutes, such as the Dominican Order or the Jesuits, most of the members are clerics. In only a few cases do lay institutes have some clergy among their members.

Catholic canon law
The 1983 Code of Canon Law devotes to religious 103 canons arranged in eight chapters:
 * 1) Religious houses and their erection and suppression
 * 2) The governance of institutes
 * 3) The admission of candidates and the formation of members
 * 4) The obligations and rights of institutes and their members
 * 5) The apostolate of institutes
 * 6) Separation of members from the institute
 * 7) Religious raised to the episcopate
 * 8) Conferences of major superiors

Lutheranism
In the Lutheran Churches, religious are defined as those who make religious vows before their bishop to live consecrated life, especially in a religious order. An ordained priest who is not a part of a Lutheran religious order is considered 'secular', rather than 'religious'.

Anglicanism
In the Anglican Communion, the religious are those who have taken "vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, usually in community".

title: Religious (Western Christianity)


text:
Harrison Public Schools

The Harrison Public Schools is a comprehensive public school district serving students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade, located in the municipality of Harrison, in Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Harrison is located 12 mi west of New York City, and is sandwiched between Newark (the state's largest city) to the west and Jersey City to the east. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising four schools, had an enrollment of 2,409 students and 166.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.5:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "B", the second lowest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Students from the neighboring borough of East Newark attend the district's high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the East Newark School District.

Schools
Schools in the district (with 2019 - 20 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are:
 * Harrison Early Childhood Program (grades Pre-K3 and PreK4)
 * Kennedy Elementary School (grades Pre-K - 1)
 * JoAnn Botch, principal
 * Lincoln Elementary School with 562 students in grades 2-3
 * Amy M. Heberling, principal
 * Hamilton Intermediate School with 307 students in grades 4-5
 * Kevin Stahl, principal
 * Middle school
 * Washington Middle School with 417 students in grades 6-8
 * Michael Landy, principal
 * High school
 * Harrison High School with 692 students in grades 9-12
 * Matthew D. Weber, principal

New schools and grade realignment
The construction of a new structure to house Harrison High School began in January, 2005, and was completed in the summer of 2007 in time for the 2007-2008 school year. The new Harrison High School is located at the intersection of Kingsland Avenue and Hamilton Street in the northeastern corner of the town on the former site of Clayton Container. A new stadium was constructed along with the school building. The campus includes a football/soccer field, baseball diamond, softball diamond, running track around the fields, and 3 tennis courts. The building includes thirty general education classrooms, four special education classrooms, two classrooms for small group instruction, two gymnasiums, a dance/aerobics studio, instrumental/vocal music room, cafeteria, auditorium, media center, science labs, computer room, and faculty spaces.

Although Washington Middle School has been relocated to the former site of the high school, the planned remodeling of the old high school has been put on hold indefinitely due to funding issues involving the New Jersey Schools Construction Corporation and mismanagement of funds.

In September 2007, Harrison realigned the grades being housed in each of the school buildings in town. The new Harrison High School located on Hamilton Street between Kingsland and Schuyler Avenues opened to students in grades 9–12. As a result, the old Harrison High School building, located on 1 North 5th Street, was renamed as Washington Middle School. The old Washington Middle School, in turn, located on Hamilton Street between North 2nd and North 3rd Streets, has been renamed Hamilton School and now houses the 4th and 5th grades that formerly used the top floors of Holy Cross School. Holy Cross School has since been vacated by the Harrison Public School district.

Choice program
The Harrison Public School District participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program. For the 2005–06. school year parents can request to transfer a child from the Washington School, designated by the State of New Jersey as a Category I School, to another school which is not a Category I School. Since there is only one elementary school in Harrison, parents can request a transfer to the Hoboken Public Schools under the Choice program. A transfer request will depend upon the capacity of the selected Hoboken school.

Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
 * Maureen Kroog, acting superintendent
 * Daniel Choffo, business administrator and board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education is comprised of nine members, who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type I school district, the board's trustees are appointed by the mayor to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three members up for reappointment each year. Of the more than 600 school districts statewide, Harrison is one of 15 districts with appointed school boards. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.

title: Harrison Public Schools


text:
Abraham Nahum Stencl

Abraham Nahum Stencl (Avrom Nokhem Sztencl; אברהם נחום שטנצל; 1897–1983) was a Polish-born Yiddish poet.

Life
Stencl was born in Czeladź in south-western Poland, and studied at the yeshiva in Sosnowiec, where his brother, Shlomo Sztencl, was rabbi.

He left home in 1917; he joined a Zionist community, the HeHalutz Group. His views were not in fact Zionist, but the agricultural work appealed. Late in 1918 he received conscription papers for the Russian Army, and with his father's approval he immediately left Poland. In 1919 he travelled to the Netherlands and worked in the steel industry.

He began travelling to Germany, and emigrated to Berlin in 1921 where he met intellectuals and writers such as Franz Kafka and Kafka's lover Dora Diamant. A religious Jew by upbringing, he now led an extreme and spontaneous bohemian life, and became an habitué of the Romanisches Café.

Stencl began to write Yiddish poetry in a pioneer modernist and expressionist style, publishing poems from 1925 and several books into the 1930s. His poems were translated into German, and were well reviewed by Thomas Mann and Arnold Zweig. He ran a secretive Polish-Yiddish literary group, and kept in touch with Diamant, until she left in February 1936.

Stencl was arrested in 1936 and tortured by the Gestapo. However, he was released and made his escape to the United Kingdom, settling in London (from 1944), initially in Hampstead, but soon moving to Whitechapel. There he met again with Dora Diamant, and founded the Literarische Shabbes Nokhmitogs (later known as Friends of Yiddish), a weekly meeting involving political debate, literature, poetry and song, in the Yiddish language. He found an English translator in Joseph Leftwich. He also edited the Yiddish literary journal Loshn und Lebn, from 1946 to 1981. Diamant in 1951 defined Stencl's work as a mitzvah, to keep Yiddish alive.

When Stencl died in 1983, his great-niece donated his papers to the School of Oriental and African Studies.

Works

 * Un du bist Got (c. 1924, Leipzig) as A. N. Sztencl
 * Stencl, A. N., Fischerdorf (Fishing Village), German tr. Etta Federn, Berlin-Wilmersdorf: Kartell Lyrische Autoren, 1931.
 * Stencl, Abraham Nahum, Londoner soneṭn, Y. Naroditsḳi, 1937.
 * Stencl, Abraham Nahum, Englishe maysṭer in der moleray : tsu der oysshṭelung itsṭ fun zeyere bilder in der arṭ-galerye in Ṿayṭshepl, Y. Naroditsḳi, 1942.
 * Stencl, Abraham Nahum, All My Young Years : Yiddish Poetry from Weimar Germany, bilingual edition (Yiddish - English), tr. Haike Beruriah Wiegand & Stephen Watts, intro. Heather Valencia, Nottingham : Five Leaves, 2007.
 * An English translation of one of Stencl's poems, Where Whitechapel Stood is published in Sinclair's London: City of Disappearances, referenced below.

title: Abraham Nahum Stencl


text:
Kazan Governorate

Kazan Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Tsardom of Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Russian SFSR from 1708 to 1920, with its capital in Kazan.

History
Kazan Governorate, together with seven other governorates, was established on, 1708, by Tsar Peter the Great's edict on the lands of the Khanates of Kazan, Sibir, and Astrakhan, with addition of some lands from the Nogai Horde. These were the areas historically governed by the Kazan Palace's Prikaz. As with the rest of the governorates, neither the borders nor internal subdivisions of Kazan Governorate were defined; instead, the territory was defined as a set of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities.

In 1717, Astrakhan Governorate was separated from Kazan Governorate; in 1719—Nizhny Novgorod; in 1744—Orenburg; in 1781—Vyatka, Simbirsk, and Ufa Governorates were separated. Under Catherine the Great (1781–1796) Kazan was the center of a namestnichestvo (viceroyalty), with Kazan, Penza, and Saratov Governorates as its integral parts.

At first the governorate was divided into lots (доли, doli), then into provinces (провинции, provintsii) in 1719, and into uyezds (уезды) in 1775. Prior to 1796, there were Kazan, Kozmodemyansk, Laishev, Mamadysh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsaryovokokshaysk, Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, and Yadrin uyezds.

In 1913, the area of the governorate comprised 55,900 square versts, its population was estimated at 2.85 million (38.9% Russians, 31.2% Tatars, 22.8% Chuvash, 5.1% Mari, 1.2% Mordva). There were 7,272 settlements, including 13 towns: Kazan, Arsk, Sviyazhsk, Kozmodemyansk, Laishev, Mamadysh, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsaryovokokshaysk, Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Yadrin; and two posads: Mariinsky Posad and Troitsky Posad.

The governorate was finally abolished during the Bolshevik administrative reform (see Idel-Ural State). Thereupon its Eastern part was proclaimed the Tatar ASSR, while the Western part was eventually divided between Chuvashia and Mari El.

Main events in the governorate

 * 1774 Pugachev rebellion
 * 1861 Bezdna unrest
 * 1880s Wäisi movement

Administrative division
Kazan Governorate consisted of the following uyezds (administrative centres in parentheses):
 * Kazansky Uyezd (Kazan)
 * Kozmodemyansky Uyezd (Kozmodemyansk)
 * Laishevsky Uyezd (Laishevo)
 * Mamadyshsky Uyezd (Mamadysh)
 * Sviyazhsky Uyezd (Sviyazhsk)
 * Spassky Uyezd (Spassk)
 * Tetyushsky Uyezd (Tetyushi)
 * Tsaryovokokshaysky Uyezd (Tsaryovokokshaysk)
 * Tsivilsky Uyezd (Tsivilsk)
 * Cheboksarsky Uyezd (Cheboksary)
 * Chistopolsky Uyezd (Chistopol)
 * Yadrinsky Uyezd (Yadrin)

title: Kazan Governorate


text:
Kham Tam Sa

Kham Tam Sa was a king of Lan Xang who ruled for five months, before he was assassinated by Nang Keo Phimpha. His father was Samsenthai and his mother was Queen Keo Sida of Sip Song Panna. Kham Tam Sa succeeded his brother Khon Kham. Before he was king he was appointed Governor of Pak Houei Luang, where he later fled before his assassination.

Family

 * Father: Samsenethai - King of Lan Xang (r.1372-1417)
 * Mother: Princess Nang Keava Sridha (Chao Nang Keo Sida) - daughter of Chao Sidhakama (Sida Kham), "Hsenwifa" of Muang Lü (Chieng Hung)
 * Consorts and their Respective Issue:
 * 1) by unknown women
 * 2) Prince Mui Dharmakama (Mui Ton-Kham) - rebelled against King Jayadiya and attempted to set himself up as an independent ruler at Vientiane. Defeated and executed at Done-Chan.

title: Kham Tam Sa


text:
User talk:Jefdiesel

jefdiesel born May 22, 1973 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Currently living in New York City, you can read his blog at jefdiesel.com

Jefdiesel 19:25, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

July 2024
Hello, I'm Wiiformii. I wanted to let you know that I removed one or more external links you added to the main body of Jimmy Edgar. Generally, any relevant external links should be listed in an "External links" section at the end of the article and meet the external links guidelines. Links within the body of an article should be internal wikilinks. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Wiiformii (talk) 23:39, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jefdiesel


text:
The Pacer

The Pacer, founded in 1928, is the name of the student newspaper of the University of Tennessee at Martin. The Office of Student Publications at UT Martin publishes The Pacer every Tuesday morning throughout the semester except for holidays and exam periods. As of 2006, the newspaper has a circulation of 3,000 copies. Throughout its history, the newspaper has also been named The Checkerboard and The Volette.

History
According to Robert L. Carroll's book, The University of Tennessee at Martin: The First One Hundred Years, the forerunner of UTM was a Baptist school, Hall-Moody Institute, established in 1900. A student newspaper called The Crimson and Gold (the institute's colors) was printed for several years, and two annuals, or yearbooks, also were published. The Crimson and Gold run ended when the institute closed in 1927 because of financial troubles, and all students were given the opportunity to transfer to nearby Union University in Jackson, Tennessee.

The University of Tennessee Junior College opened in the fall 1927, and a student newspaper, The Checkerboard, followed in 1928.

The Checkerboard
A group of students decided in the fall of 1927 that UTJC needed a student newspaper. They called themselves the Checkers, and the first evidence of their dream, the Checkerboard, appeared in the Weakley County Press in January and February 1928. They also published a standalone issue of the Checkerboard later in the spring of 1928 and then published a magazine by the same name at the end of the 1927–28 academic year. The magazine is also considered a forerunner of the present-day UTM yearbook, The Spirit. Its first Editor was Lloyd Lynn.

The first edition of The Volette, which evolved from the Checkers' vision and grew into the permanent student newspaper at what is now UTM, was printed Dec. 17, 1928. It paid tribute to the Checkers on page 2, for "the spontaneous enthusiasm of this group of students", who "actually published a paper weekly; without money, without anything but the passive approval of the faculty and their own native ability coupled with a boundless determination. ..."

The Volette

The first Volette was a four-page publication that contained a few advertisements but no pictures. Sports news led the way on many of the headlines on Page 1:

 * Football team closes successful season
 * Prospects good for girls basketball team
 * Coach Grantham attends conference at Memphis

Other headlines included:

 * Large number make Honor Role
 * Faculty members make speeches
 * U.T. Student admitted to the Bar

On Page 2 of The Volette were a freshman's letter home (with all spelling and grammatical errors included, perhaps as a joke), newspaper staff information, subscription information (a year's subscription was only $1.50), a brief on the naming contest held to name The Volette and an editorial from the newspaper staff on the first edition of the paper.

The editorial included an apology for why the paper was printed so late in the fall, as well as a plea for stories from the student body that The Pacer continues to make to this day. It reads "... It is evident that no group of reporters, however good they may be, can cover all interesting items without the cooperation of the student body at large. Therefore, we ask that any student will report such interesting occurrence as shall come under his observation. Moreover, we wish to state that it is policy of this paper to accept worthwhile contributions from any and all sources."

A column down the side of the page was called "Newsettes," personal notes of college students. Tidbits from the column include:

 * Lucille Kirk and Kennedy Laws went to Fulton Saturday night.
 * Charles Johnson attended the Cow Sale at Gleason Saturday
 * Marie Wells spent the weekend at her home in Obion.
 * Tater Jones and Fatty McDonald have accepted position as skating managers in the skating rink here.
 * Paul White spent several days in Nashville, Christmas shopping.
 * The Terrible Two were out of the dormitory last weekend.
 * John McDonald was the guest of Mr. Matthew Enochs at his home in Newbern.
 * Burnie Orr called on Dr. C.R. Galloway of Greenfield Tuesday afternoon to have the lens of his glasses changed. (Orr was the business manager for The Volette.)

While The Pacer no longer contains such personal items on students, local papers like the Weakley County Press and the Dresden Enterprise still feature the same type of "community news."

The Vollette Page 3 featured a wide variety of opinionated copy titled "El Toro" by El Toreador. No other name was given. El Toreador, however, took up much of the page with "rants" both serious and funny on other students; with a poem called "Ballad of Bad Boys" with a Top 10 list of rules for drivers and with suggestions on what students could do at night. The last suggestion, of course, was to study. The page also featured a story about the Home Economics Club.

Page 4 contained jokes, which shall not be reprinted in this space. Oddly enough, the page also included a brief on all the new students entering UTJC for the second quarter, as well as a short story on the death of a "popular student's" father.

Advertising was confined to Pages 3 and 4, with one plea from the newspaper staff to "patronize our advertisers." The paper even included a few classified ads, one for someone willing to work trig problems and a couple for pressing pants and shining shoes.

Finally, current students should know that maybe a lot hasn't really changed in the past 75 years of education at UTJC/UTMB/UTM. Page 4 also included a column called "Rules and Regulations, of University of Tennessee Junior College (Published by special permission for the benefit of the news students)." Such rules included:

 * Chewing gum must be chewed in every class, and, if possible, chewed loud enough to drown out what the professor has to say.
 * Whistling, singing and conversations must go on in the library ...
 * Every student is requested to be late to chapel ...
 * When taking examinations, be sure to sit by good neighbors.
 * Do not buy any books, paper or pencils. There should be extravagance in this university, and purchasing these things is not necessary as they may be borrowed.
 * Cut as many classes as possible.

The Pacer

The first edition of The Pacer was printed on Oct. 6, 1971. At that time, UTM's athletics nickname was the Pacers. Though the university's nickname was changed to the Skyhawks in the 1995, then Pacer adviser Dr. Robert Nanney asked the staff to vote whether to again change the newspaper's name to reflect the changing mascot, as was done when it was The Volette.

"By an overwhelming margin, the staff voted to retain the Pacer moniker for two reasons. First, The Pacer reflects an ever-evolving, pace-setting entity, and we believed the newspaper should continue to represent such on campus. Second, the staff believed that retaining the name would make it clear that the newspaper does not necessarily follow the recommendations of consultants," Nanney said in a 2003 interview.

Volume Numbers
The Pacer volume number is counted chronologically from the first issue of The Volette published Dec. 17, 1928, with the coming of a new academic year (measured from August to May) representing a new volume.

Numerous editions of The Pacer bear the incorrect volume number, including the first edition under the masthead in 1971. Because the newspaper was not entirely reestablished when the name was changed from The Volette, the staff saw fit to correct this mistake in later issues.

title: The Pacer