text:
Oak Alley Plantation

Oak Alley Plantation is a historic plantation located on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the community of Vacherie, St. James Parish, Louisiana, U.S. Oak Alley is named for its distinguishing visual feature, an alley (French allée) or canopied path, created by a double row of southern live oak trees about 800 ft long, planted in the early 18th century — long before the present house was built. The allée or tree avenue runs between the home and the River. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture and landscaping, and for the agricultural innovation of grafting pecan trees, performed there in 1846–47 by an enslaved gardener. It was first known as Bon Séjour.

Jacques and Celina Roman
The Bon Séjour plantation, as Oak Alley was originally named, was established to grow sugarcane, by the French Creole Valcour Aime when he purchased the land in 1830. Aime, known as the "King of Sugar," was one of the wealthiest men in the South. In 1836, Valcour Aime exchanged this piece of property with his brother-in-law Jacques Télesphore Roman for a plantation owned by Roman. The following year people enslaved by Jacques Roman began building the present mansion under the oversight of George Swainy. The mansion was completed in 1839. Roman's father-in-law, Joseph Pilié, was an architect and probably designed the house.

Antoine, a slave and gardener of Oak Alley Plantation, was a master of the techniques of grafting and after trial with several trees, succeeded in the winter of 1846 in producing a variety of pecan that could be cracked with one's bare hands; the shell was so thin it was dubbed the 'paper shell' pecan. It was later named the Centennial Variety when entered in competition at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where it won a prize. The trees may be found throughout southern Louisiana, where the pecan was once a considerable cash crop. Although Antoine's original trees were cleared for more sugar cane fields after the Civil War, a commercial grove had been planted at nearby Nita Plantation. Unfortunately, the Nita Crevasse (river break) of 1890 washed away Nita Plantation and all remains of the original Centennial pecans.

Jacques Roman died in 1848 of tuberculosis and the estate began to be managed by his wife, Marie Therese Josephine Celina Pilié Roman (1816–1866). Celina did not have a skill for managing a sugar plantation and her heavy spending nearly bankrupted the estate. In 1859 her son, Henri, took control of the estate and tried to turn things around. The plantation was not physically damaged during the American Civil War, but the economic dislocations of the war and the end of slavery made it no longer economically viable; Henri became severely in debt, mainly to his family.

In 1866, his uncle, Valcour Aime and his sisters, Octavie and Louise, put the plantation up for auction and it was sold for US$32,800 (~US$ in ) to John Armstrong and Hubert Bonzano.

Andrew and Josephine Stewart
Successive owners could not afford the cost of upkeep and by the 1920s the buildings had fallen into disrepair. In 1925 the property was acquired by Andrew Stewart as a gift to his wife, Josephine, who commissioned architect Richard Koch to supervise extensive restoration and modernize the house. As a virus had wiped out the sugarcane industry in the early 1900s, the Stewarts ran Oak Alley Plantation as a cattle ranch. Josephine had grown up on a cattle ranch in Texas and was familiar with this type of industry. Sugar cane cultivation was reintroduced at the plantation in the 1960s. The Stewarts were the last owners to live in residence. Josephine Stewart left the historic house and grounds to the Oak Alley Foundation when she died in 1972, which opened them to the public.

Architecture
The design is Greek Revival architecture. The mansion has a square floor plan, organized around a central hall that runs from the front to the rear on both floors. The rooms feature high ceilings and large windows. The exterior features a free-standing colonnade of 28 Doric columns on all four sides that correspond to the 28 oak trees in the alley. Oak trees such as these are a common feature of antebellum mansions of the Mississippi River Valley.

Constructed of bricks made on the site, the 16" walls are finished with stucco on the exterior and painted white to resemble marble, and the interior is plastered. The roof is made of slate and originally had four dormers, one on each side of the hipped roof.

During the restoration in the 1920s, rooms at the first floor rear were partitioned and adapted as a kitchen. Also, the staircase was moved from the southwest corner to the central hall, and the black and white marble floors were replaced with wood floors. Finally, the number of dormers on the roof was increased to three on each side.

Grounds
The grounds include a formal garden, installed by Josephine Stewart, that separates the mansion from the old garage. The old car garage is the temporary site for the Sugarcane Theater, where the history of sugarcane cultivation is explained through a video and exhibits. A blacksmith shop and the Stewart graveyard are also on the grounds.

In media
The plantation was used as a filming location for the 1994 gothic horror film Interview with the Vampire, as well as films such as Netherworld, The Long Hot Summer and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte. In addition to this, The Oak Alley Plantation served as the basis of the Braithwaite Manor in the video game Red Dead Redemption 2, a former slave plantation.

title: Oak Alley Plantation


text:
Shag Rocks

Shag Rocks may refer to:

 * Shag Rocks (Massachusetts)
 * Shag Rocks, South Georgia
 * Shag Rocks (Western Australia), rocks in Western Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shag Rocks


text:
Cliff McReynolds

Cliff McReynolds is an American visionary painter from California. Active since the 1950s and popularly known from the 1970s on, his work has been seen in one man shows and group exhibits in New York City, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Minneapolis, Milwaukee, San Jose, San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Oslo, Norway, New Delhi, India, and Tokyo, Japan. Since 1976, Pomegranate Publications has produced and distributed his work worldwide on posters, prints, cards, calendars, books and as picture puzzles. He has been listed in Who's Who in American Art since 1978.

title: Cliff McReynolds


text:
Marrakesh Express

"Marrakesh Express" is a song written by Graham Nash and performed by the band Crosby, Stills and Nash (CSN). It was first released in May 1969 on the self-titled album, Crosby, Stills and Nash, and released on a 45-RPM single in July of the same year, with another CSN song, "Helplessly Hoping", as its backing side. The single reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 23, 1969. It reached the same position on the Easy Listening chart. The song was best received in the UK and Canada, reaching in both nations. As a trio or quartet, this remains their only single to make the UK top 40 chart.

Composition
"Marrakesh Express" was written and composed by Graham Nash during his final years as a member of the English rock band the Hollies, of which he was a member from its formation in 1962 till 1968. The band rejected the song as not commercial enough, but it found a home with Nash's new band Crosby, Stills and Nash.

Nash recalled his inspiration for the song occurring during a Moroccan vacation he took in 1966. On the trip, Nash traveled by train from Casablanca to Marrakesh. He began the journey in First Class, surrounded by people he found to be uninteresting—as he described it, they were all "ladies with blue hair." He decided the compartment was "completely fucking boring," so left his seat to explore the other train carriages, and was fascinated by what he saw.

The song mentions "ducks and pigs and chickens," which he saw on the train, and recalled the ride by commenting: "It's literally the song as it is—what happened to me."

Musical structure
The instrumentation of the song seeks to embody Nash's lyrics through an Eastern vibe and a "buoyant" flow carried by Jim Gordon's drumming, to resemble a train ride. Stephen Stills was responsible for much of the creative musicianship, adding a distinctive, unique sounding riff played on two overdubbed electric guitars. He also added Hammond B3 organ, piano and bass. The song was rounded out by Nash's acoustic guitar, and the group's trademark three-part vocal harmony on the choruses.

Marrakesh Express at Woodstock
The second public appearance of "Marrakesh Express" was at the Woodstock Music Festival. Between 3 am and 4 am on August 18, 1969, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young came together as a band for the second time in public and performed a set that included what Graham Nash called "a medley of our hit," referring to this song, the first single from their debut album.

Reception and current appeal
The song has gained attention throughout the years and has remained popular since its release in 1969. Throughout the decades of touring done by Crosby, Stills and Nash, and the sometimes Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, "Marrakesh Express" is the ninth most-played song by them, and has been performed over 450 times.

A Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young tribute band is named "Marrakesh Express: A Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young Experience."

Record World said it was "one of the merriest sides from the album ."

In a 2003 Rolling Stone article, Iggy Pop mentions the song in response to a discussion of the Stooges’ creation acting as a counter against the "hippie movement”. He exclaims, "I mean, 'Marrakesh Express?' It may be the worst song ever written."

Cover versions
In 2012, the song was recorded by the band The Gypsy Queens for their eponymous album The Gypsy Queens, featuring Nash himself and produced by Larry Klein. It was recorded at Jim Henson Studios in Los Angeles, (Jim Henson Company). The Album reached #46 in the English charts.

title: Marrakesh Express


text:
Anime Evolution

Anime Evolution is the general name for a number of anime conventions held in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was organized by AE Convention Corp. until 2010 and by the Vancouver Anime Convention Society since 2012. It was traditionally held in August until 2012 before moving to June and then later July. The event was an annual three-day convention, and over time added two single day events, Harumatsuri and Akimatsuri. The summer event, called AE Summer, was shortened to a single day event in 2017. The 2019 Anime Evolution event: Harumatsuri saw a return to a multi-day format and a Burnaby venue.

Despite similar names, Anime Evolution has no connection to Anime Revolution, another Vancouver anime convention.

Programming
Anime Evolution's programming, like many other anime conventions, includes anime screenings, panels, workshops, cosplay events, vendor and artist rooms, and video game groups.

History
Anime Evolution was originally known as Anime Showcase, and was held in 1998 by the SFU ARC club. It was a two-day showing of anime that was supposed to be held annually, with the help of the Vancouver Japanese Animation Society, the University of British Columbia Anime Club, and V-SWAT. In 2001 it was renamed Anime Evolution and in 2003 became a full anime convention. It has grown each year since 1999, and had attendance of over 4,200 people in 2007. In 2008, due to booking issues, it was held at the University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., rather than its past location at Simon Fraser University (SFU), Burnaby, B.C. In 2010, AE Convention Corp faced a lawsuit enforced by the Canadian Tax Revenue Agency after fraudulent financial statements arose about the convention. Causing the convention to be momentarily defunct. After the lawsuit ended in 2011, Anime Evolution 2011 was cancelled, and future AE Convention Corp sponsored conventions were put on hiatus. Anime Evolution returned in 2012 under the same team but was renamed as the Vancouver Anime Convention Society and ran as a shortened, 2-day version of the convention in November, dubbed Anime Evolution: Akimatsuri. In 2013, Anime Evolution returned to the 3-day summer event format, celebrating its 10th anniversary. In 2014, Anime Evolution teamed up with Cos & Effect and Vancouver Gaming Expo to create Northwest Fan Fest. In 2015, Anime Evolution split from Northwest Fan Fest to once again function as a stand-alone 3-day convention, in addition to their spring event Harumatsuri (previous JFest), and their fall/winter event Akimatsuri. In 2017, Anime Evolution announced that their summer event would only be a 1-day event. On June 26, 2018, they announced on their Facebook Page that the summer convention would not be occurring that year. Since 2017, Anime Evolution has yet to re-run their main summer event.

title: Anime Evolution


text: User talk:70.240.208.116

title: User talk:70.240.208.116


text:
User talk:Zeroinbarnotation

Hrmm.

Well.

So.

That about covers it, I think.

=

title: User talk:Zeroinbarnotation


text: User talk:70.190.248.2

title: User talk:70.190.248.2


text:
Talk:Thomas M'Crie

Sent a permission request to the copyright holder. David Brooks 05:42, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Got a reply as follows: "I don't mind you using the text David but as always we do ask that you link back to us as the origional source of the article. We are mainly an historical site about Scotland, Scots and people and places of Scots descent." The GFDL (section 4-J) requires that any such links are preserved whenever the text is modified. David Brooks 02:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Now we just need someone who is willing to spend enough time to get all this wikified and cleaned up, its quite a long article! — Wackymacs 09:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've started some of the WIkifying, but I haven't got the heart to delete most of this beautiful prose, it does, however, badly need just that. I'll leave that to someone else however and stick to my wiki links. --(BojiDebater 03:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC))

title: Talk:Thomas M'Crie


text:
Category:Portals

This category contains Wikipedia portals. A portal is a focus page which highlights a particular subject to complement the main article on that subject. Portals feature articles covering the portal's theme, and generally provide lists of related articles, and thus provide an alternative means to browse on Wikipedia. Besides this category and its subcategories, there is also a complete list of portals on Wikipedia arranged by theme. There is a multilingual portal covering all of Wikipedia at www.wikipedia.org.

title: Category:Portals


text:
American Champion Citabria

The Citabria is a light single-engine, two-seat, fixed conventional gear airplane which entered production in the United States in 1964. Designed for flight training, utility and personal use, it is capable of sustaining aerobatic stresses from +5g to -2g. Its name, "airbatic" backwards, reflects this.

Production history
The Citabria was designed and initially produced by Champion Aircraft Corporation, and was a derivative of designs the company had been building since acquiring the 7-series Champ from Aeronca in 1954. The model 7ECA Citabria entered production at Champion in 1964. The 7GCAA and 7GCBC variants, added in 1965, were joined by the 7KCAB in 1968.

In 1970, Champion was acquired by Bellanca Aircraft Corporation, which continued production of all of the Champion-designed variants. Bellanca introduced two designs with close connections to the Citabria: The 8KCAB Decathlon and the 8GCBC Scout. Production at Bellanca ended in 1980 and the company's assets were liquidated in 1982.

The Citabria designs passed through the hands of a number of companies through the 1980s, including a Champion Aircraft Company which was no relation to the Champion Aircraft of the 1960s. In that period, only one Citabria model was built—a 7GCBC marketed as "Citabria 150S." American Champion Aircraft Corporation acquired the Citabria, Decathlon, and Scout designs in 1989 and returned the 7ECA, 7GCAA, and 7GCBC models to production over a period of years.

Design
The Citabria traces its lineage back to the Champ. The most noticeable external changes to the design are the Citabria's squared-off rudder surface, wingtips, and rear windows. Like the Champ, the Citabria features tandem seating. The fuselage and tail surfaces are constructed of welded metal tubing. The outer shape of the fuselage is created by a combination of wooden formers and longerons, covered with fabric. The cross-section of the metal fuselage truss is triangular, a design feature which can be traced all the way back to the earliest Aeronca C-2 design of the late 1920s.

The strut-braced wings of the Citabria are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric covered, utilizing aluminum ribs. Most Citabrias were built with wooden spars. American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced and has, as well, made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit installation on older aircraft.

The landing gear of the Citabria is in a conventional arrangement. The main gear legs of most Citabrias are made of spring steel, though American Champion began to use aluminum gear legs in 2004. Early Citabrias were fitted with a steel tube main gear which uses an oleo strut for shock absorption. All of the variants are discussed in more detail below.

Operational history
When the Citabria was introduced, it was the only airplane being commercially produced in the United States which was certified for aerobatics. Citabrias were also popular as trainers—because of their conventional gear and their aerobatic capabilities—and as personal aircraft. They were also found in utility roles as bush planes—thanks to their short take off and landing (STOL) ability, agriculture, pipeline patrol, and as glider towplanes. Though variants of the design, and other better-suited designs have largely taken over the Citabria's utility roles, Citabrias remain popular as trainers, glider towplanes, and for personal use.

7ECA, Citabria Standard, Citabria Aurora
Introduced in 1964, the 7ECA was the first version of the design and utilized the Continental O-200-A engine of 100 hp. When introduced, it featured wood-spar wings and oleo-shock main gear. Within the first year of production, Champion began offering the Lycoming O-235-C1 engine of 115 hp as an alternative to the Continental. In 1967, Champion switched to spring steel main gear legs; by then, the Lycoming engine had become the standard. On acquiring the design, Bellanca gave this model the name Citabria "Standard" and began using the 115 hp Lycoming O-235-K2C engine. When American Champion reintroduced the 7ECA in 1995 as the Citabria "Aurora, " the biggest change was the use of metal-spar wings; the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004.

7GCAA, Citabria 150, Citabria "A" Package, Citabria Adventure
Introduced in 1965, the Champion 7GCAA, like the 7ECA, featured wood-spar wings and oleo-shock main gear. The major difference was in the engine, which in the 7GCAA was a Lycoming O-320-A2B of 150 hp. Champion switched to spring steel main gear legs in 1967. Bellanca continued production of the 7GCAA as the Citabria "A" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion), but with no significant design changes. American Champion's 7GCAA, reintroduced in 1997 as the Citabria "Adventure," is similar to earlier versions, with the exception of the metal-spar wings and the use of the Lycoming O-320-B2B engine of 160 hp; the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004. An "Ultimate Adventure" version, with a Superior Vantage O-360-A3A2 engine of 180 hp and a composite propeller, is also produced by American Champion.

7GCBC, Citabria 150s, Citabria "C" Package, Citabria Explorer
Champion introduced the 7GCBC in 1965. It was substantially similar to the 7GCAA of the same year, with a Lycoming O-320-A2B engine of 150 hp, wood-spar wings, and spring steel main gear legs. The major differences between these two models are that the 7GCBC has a wingspan of 34.5 ft, 1 ft longer than the 7ECA and 7GCAA, and carries wing flaps. Bellanca continued production of the 7GCBC, calling it the Citabria "C" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion). American Champion's 7GCBC, reintroduced in 1994 as the Citabria "Explorer," is similar to earlier versions, with the exception of the metal-spar wings and the use of the Lycoming O-320-B2B of 160 hp; the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004. A "High Country Explorer" version, with a Superior Vantage O-360-A3A2 engine of 180 hp and larger wheels, is also produced by American Champion.

7KCAB, Citabria "B" Package
Champion introduced the 7KCAB in 1968. It was substantially similar to the 7GCAA of the same year, with wood-spar wings and spring steel main gear legs. The major differences between the 7GCAA and 7KCAB were in the fuel system and the engine oil system. The engine was replaced with a Lycoming IO-320-E2A of 150 hp, while a header tank of 1.5 gallons—located beneath the instrument panel—was added to the fuel system. In addition, the carburetor was replaced with a fuel injection system, and a Christen Industries inverted oil system was fitted to the engine. All of these changes were made in order to allow for extended inverted flight, a mode not possible in the earlier models. Bellanca continued production of the 7KCAB as the Citabria "B" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion).

Citabria Pro
The 8KCAB Citabria Pro was first flown by Champion on 2 August 1968, and was a dedicated aerobatic aircraft based on the standard Citabria. It was a parasol winged monoplane, with a revised wing section and a longer fuselage. The prototype had an open cockpit for a single pilot, but the design allowed for conversion to a two seat layout. The aircraft was powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360 Special engine driving a two-bladed propeller. It was never put into production at Champion nor by Bellanca which acquired the company and designs only a short time later.

Military operators
The 7GCBC Citabria was used as an observation aircraft by the Turkish Army. One of these aircraft is displayed at the Rahmi M Koç Museum in Istanbul.
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * Turkish Army
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * Tongan Maritime Force Air Force

title: American Champion Citabria


text:
Amnesia (1986 video game)

Amnesia is a text adventure written by science fiction author Thomas M. Disch, programmed by Kevin Bentley, and published by Electronic Arts in 1986 for IBM PC compatibles (as a self-booting disk) and Apple II. A Commodore 64 version was released in 1987. Disch's ironic, rich writing style is in distinct contrast to the functional or tongue-in-cheek tone of most text adventures. Over half of Disch's novel-length manuscript had to be cut from the published version due to the storage limitations 5¼" floppy disks.

Gameplay
The game begins as the player's character awakens in a midtown Manhattan hotel room with absolutely no memory. He has no clothes and no money, and does not even remember what he looks like. The character soon discovers he is engaged to a woman he cannot remember, a strange man is trying to kill him, and the state of Texas wants him for murder. From here, the player must unravel the events in his life that led him to this point.

In addition to being a text adventure, the game simulates life in Manhattan. Disch's model covered every block and street corner south of 110th Street. A hard-copy map of the streets and subways of Manhattan is included in the packaging. Players move from place to place on foot, and have to reach destinations at the correct time of day to initiate plot developments. Stores open and close at the correct times, street lights turn on, and other aspects of New York City life are simulated. Almost 4000 separate Manhattan locations, including 650 streets, are part of the game.

Development
Programmer Kevin Bentley implemented the game using the King Edward Adventure game authoring system, which was developed by James Terry. The game was acquired and produced by Don Daglow.

Reception
Scorpia of Computer Gaming World described the game as being "too much like a novel", giving as example the need to answer the phone in the hotel room. The review also noted the main character would collapse after an unrealistically short amount of time if he didn't eat or sleep frequently. Charles Ardai called Amnesia "a brilliant, witty, and intriguing story", however, and stated that "the text is so rich and the story so interesting that one hardly notices that this is probably the least interactive piece of interactive fiction ever made". Compute! stated that the combination of Disch's writing and Electronic Arts' software "makes Amnesia a text adventure well worth exploring".

Legacy
One of the last major text-based games published by a major games company other than Infocom, Amnesia is also the only all-text adventure ever published by EA.

Disch wrote a screenplay based on the game's characters and story line and it was optioned to one of the major Hollywood studios, but the film was never made.

title: Amnesia (1986 video game)


text:
Talk:Q1 (building)

World's Tallest Bedroom
Took out reference to worlds highest bedroom as this reference suggests Q1's apartments are the highest in the world, which is incorrect.

"Eureka Tower will have the the second highest apartments in the world, the highest being the penthouse on level 87 which will be 278.5 meters above ground level. Only the John Hancock Center in Chicago has apartments higher than this." http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=131515 -- Shumway 01:09, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

clean-up
Sorry guys, I had to cut a bunch of stuff out. It really isn't relevant in an encyclopedia whether or not a building has a Kids Club or 184 two bedroom apartments. Also, since this is the Internet and all, links to other pages are nice. --qviri 05:45, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

world's tallest residential
Why is it going to be the second tallest in the world? Emporis uses spire heights, and especially when the Worlds tallest buildings page uses them as well, I think it should be the same for Q1. Iorek85 04:18, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

source
All my most recent entries are from a 11 Jan 2005 Gold Coast Bulletin feature. --WikiCats 12:56, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

"tallest skyscraper in the Southern Hemisphere, as measured to the tip of its spire."
Can someone explain how this can be when the Sky Tower in Auckland is 328m tall vs. Q1's 323? Feel free to revert but I am removing the reference until explained - Gl e n   TC (Stollery)  08:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Q1 is the tallest skyscraper in the southern hemisphere because it is a skyscraper, unlike sky tower which is a tower.

Well, why is the Q1 measured to the tip of the spire in the article, but "in comparison" the Eiffel tower is 300m *excluding* the antenna? The way I see it, either you include the spire/antenna or you do not. As it stands, it seems a bit like flag waving, not objective information.

Q1 is a tower but to my knowledge Sky Tower is the highest building in the southern hemisphere where you can climb to the top. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.7.67.115 (talk) 23:07, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Uploaded Image
I have uploaded an image of Q1 but dont know if it is any use, if anyone wants to add it or whatever, its here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Q1_LC.JPG.

What was the supposed fib?
The "controversy" section makes no sense. It says that a big fib was told, but doesn't say what the fib (supposedly) was. This section should be made clearer, or removed. Rocksong 02:13, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Speaking of fibs, I don't really care if the Q1 is the tallest anything but the link in Google Earth says that the position of the building is S 28º 00' 22" E 153º 25' 46" which will get you get there but the point of measurement is the top of the building in what is obviously an oblique aerial picture (OK - satellite). The building has a good lean on it and casts a good shadow - hence the "oblique" suggestion. No point in giving precision positions for a point which lies somewhere in the block next door. Does someone out there have a more precise measurement. Using Google Earth and other references suggest an error of maybe several hundred feet and I won't argue about what directions. Does someone out there have a precise position as this is an aerial marker used by both flyers and mariners. 200806280512Z Woof88

Song Name
Wanted to purchase the song off the "Birth of Paradise" DVD sold in the store, however it wasnt listed anywhere, ended up asking Pete Crossley of PBC Design Studios, the name of the company who made the video for the Sunland Group. "Seven Mile" is the name of the song, the artist is "Grooveyard". First published on Ministry of Sound: Chillout Sessions 8. Writing this because none of the staff knew, nor did the DVD state it. Allstar.cohen 15:59, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Sky Tower "a skyscraper"!?
I think I should remove the part of article saying that Sky Tower is skyscraper, because Sky Tower is not skyscraper. It's just an observation tower.

Q1 ties with the Auckland Sky Tower as the tallest skyscraper in the Southern Hemisphere when measured to the spire.

Lead photo
Image:Q1 Gold Coast March 2006.jpg I'd like to replace the lead photo with this one, better quality in my biased opinion. If there are no objections in a weeks time I'll go ahead and swap it. XLerate 03:43, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:24, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

ib
A contributor made changes to the article with the summary (ib). What is the meaning of "ib". --WikiCats (talk) 12:55, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * infobox. Chensiyuan (talk) 13:01, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Residential Capacity
What is the maximum amount of residents that this building can hold? -- Azemocram (talk) 06:03, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Relevance of images of what can be seen from the observation deck
Someone has suggested that:

"If you read the image gallery policy you might notice that galleries are best only if they illustrate aspects of a subject that can't be described. Photos of the view do not add to an understanding of the bulding - they don't add any knowledge of the subject. Besides all photos are found on the commons which is linked below."

The argument is misconceived and unrelated to the original premise as posited: the illustrative and descriptive values of the images are clear; what the person was trying to argue was probably relevance. In this respect, the Q1 is a tall skyscraper (relative to its surrounding buildings), and has an observation deck that specially offers aerial views like very few other places of the GC coastline: what then, exactly, is wrong with having images that tells the readers what can be seen? Moreover, I don't see how a few pictures of what the areas surrounding the Q1 -- bearing in mind the point that the Q1 is positioned as something that offers special views, and not just a run-of-mill tall building -- diminishes the quality of the article. The point about commons is irrelevant because it only goes to excess -- if the image is relevant, why should it be relegated to a link?

Finally, just some examples of Good Articles and Featured Articles of buildings that use such "views" images:
 * Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_(Chicago)
 * World_Trade_Center
 * Chrysler_Building
 * Tokyo_Tower Chensiyuan (talk) 11:05, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually only one article from the list above has a gallery and that contains only one image of a view. The point of Wikipedia is not to provide images of views from a building, that is for Wikicommons. The point of Wikipedia is to present facts and knowledge about the building. - Shiftchange (talk) 11:28, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Q1 (building). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120425064344/http://www.australianconstructionfocus.com.au/index.php/2011/04/19/australian-landmark/ to http://www.australianconstructionfocus.com.au/index.php/2011/04/19/australian-landmark/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20131105154826/http://skyscrapercenter.com/gold-coast/q1-tower/ to http://skyscrapercenter.com/gold-coast/q1-tower/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:17, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Citation:Fireworks launched
I cant find any evidence for when fireworks were launched from the q1 on new years eve. SquishyWikii (talk) 21:31, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Q1 (building)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jubby Laurente

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Delete. Ryan Norton T 06:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Jubby Laurente
nn, vanity Ryan Norton T 05:45, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deleted as vanity with no allegations of notability. Zoe 05:48, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Higher Love

"Higher Love" is a 1986 song by English singer Steve Winwood. It was the first single released from his fourth solo LP, Back in the High Life (1986). It was written by Winwood and Will Jennings and produced by Russ Titelman and Winwood. The background vocals were performed by Chaka Khan, who also appeared in the music video.

"Higher Love" was Winwood's first Billboard Hot 100 number-one song, topping the chart for one week beginning 30 August 1986. "Higher Love" also spent four weeks atop the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart and earned two Grammy Awards, for Record of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. It also peaked at number 13 in the United Kingdom, Winwood's highest charting solo entry there, and reached number one in Canada for a week.

Whitney Houston covered the song in 1990 and it was included as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of her third studio album I'm Your Baby Tonight. In 2016, Winwood made a version with his daughter Lilly Winwood, performing a duet for a Hershey commercial. Norwegian DJ Kygo reworked Houston's cover into a tropical house track in 2019, which was released as a single worldwide and hit number one on Billboard magazine's Dance Club Songs chart, making it Houston's highest-charting posthumous release to date.

Background
Music engineer Tom Lord-Alge had suggested moving one of John 'JR' Robinson's impromptu drum fills to the beginning of "Higher Love", by assigning a timing offset to one of two tape machines such that they first played the drum fill followed by the song coming in on the beat. Titelman was happy with the result and decided to open the album with this drum fill. JR used a Latin rimshot technique across the top of his classic seamless brass Ludwig Black Beauty snare, unmuffled, with its snare wires disengaged, to emulate the sound of a timbale. He said, "it's one of the best drum intros I've ever played."

Producer Russ Titelman remembered the fill being played ad lib by JR while his friend Chaka Khan was preparing to sing her background vocals on "Higher Love", causing Khan to exclaim "What is that shit? It sounds like voodoo shit!" Tom Lord-Alge agreed that the drum fill was played as a lark after JR completed his drum overdubs for "Higher Love". Tom said, "It was one of those happy accidents, and it happened because Chris (his brother, a sound engineer) always taught me that if the tape is rolling and there's a musician in the studio, make sure the tape machine is in record!"

Music video
The music video for the song was Winwood's first. It uses the shorter single version and was shot in June 1986 by directors Peter Kagan and Paula Greif. Kagan and Greif shot an almost identical video for Duran Duran's "Notorious" in November of that year; coincidentally, both videos were nominated for several awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards though neither won. Chaka Khan appears in the video, as does Nile Rodgers, who plays guitar with the backing band.

Track listings

 * 7-inch: Island / IS 288 United Kingdom
 * 1) "Higher Love" – 4:14
 * 2) "And I Go" – 4:12

 * 7-inch: Island / 7-28710 United States
 * 1) "Higher Love" – 4:14
 * 2) "And I Go" – 4:12

 * 12-inch: Island / 12 IS 288 United Kingdom
 * 1) "Higher Love" (remix) – 7:45
 * 2) "Higher Love" (instrumental) – 6:05
 * 3) "And I Go" – 4:12

* Tracks one and two remixed by Tom Lord-Alge

 * 12-inch: Island / PRO-A-2507 United States
 * 1) "Higher Love" (edit) – 4:08
 * 2) "Higher Love" (LP version) – 5:45

 * US promo 12-inch

Personnel

 * Steve Winwood – lead and backing vocals, synthesizer, sequencer programming, and Oberheim DMX programming
 * Chaka Khan – backing vocals
 * Nile Rodgers – rhythm guitar
 * Robbie Kilgore – synthesizer and sequencer programming
 * Andrew Thomas – PPG Waveterm synthesizer programming
 * David Frank – synthesizer horns and synth horn arrangement
 * Philippe Saisse – synthesizer bass
 * Eddie Martinez – lead guitar
 * John Robinson – drums
 * Jimmy Bralower – Oberheim DMX programming
 * Carole Steele – congas, tambourine

Kygo and Whitney Houston version
A cover of "Higher Love" was released as a single by Norwegian DJ and record producer Kygo and late American singer Whitney Houston on 28 June 2019. The song was released to streaming and digital download formats on 28 June 2019 by the label RCA Records. The song is the lead single from Kygo's third studio album, Golden Hour. The song was also featured in a Ford Summer Sales Event commercial in 2020.

Houston's cover of the Winwood track was originally included on the Japanese edition of her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990). This version of the track was produced by American musician Narada Michael Walden, and therefore Walden is credited as a producer of "Higher Love" alongside Kygo. Houston performed her rendition of "Higher Love" at the 14 dates of her 1990 Feels So Right Tour in Japan.

In the UK, "Higher Love" was a commercial success, surpassing the Winwood version in terms of chart performance. It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart, making it Kygo's third top ten song there and first to reach the nation's top five, and Houston's eighteenth to peak within the top ten. It is also Houston's first posthumous top 10 track. She had last reached the top ten with "Million Dollar Bill" charting at number five in October 2009. Therefore, "Higher Love" became her highest-charting single in the UK since 1999 when "My Love Is Your Love" peaked at number two. In Scotland, the song peaked at number one.

Since its release, "Higher Love" has reached the top five in Croatia, Flanders, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Norway, Slovakia, and Slovenia, plus the top ten in the Netherlands, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland. It also hit the top twenty charts in Australia, Austria, China, Czech Republic, and Wallonia. In the U.S., "Higher Love" debuted at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 6.6 million US streams in its first week; it was also its peak position. The song topped Billboard 's Dance Club Songs chart in the US, becoming Kygo's third number one on the chart and Houston's fourteenth.

In September 2020, the song was nominated at the Billboard Music Awards for Top Dance/Electronic Song. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) would certify the single double platinum in the US.

Notably, "Higher Love" was played immediately following Joe Biden's victory speech after his election as the 46th President of the United States on 7 November 2020. Writing for Billboard, Katie Bain described the song's use in a political setting: "Indeed, after Biden shared his vision of 'a nation united, a nation strengthened. A nation healed, 'Higher Love' backed up the message, particularly for those who know all the words... Few sentiments could so effectively summarize the weary travails of the American collective consciousness during the past four years."

The song also appears on the US and European vinyl edition of Houston's hits compilation album, I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston released in October 2021 on RCA Records.

Music video
The official video, directed by Hannah Lux Davis, was made available on YouTube on 26 August 2019. It begins with a group of men in modern clothing walking through seemingly abandoned warehouses. They are impressed to see a 1980s aerobics class led by an instructor played by Canadian actress Vanessa Morgan. After initially being shooed away, the male lead walks into the room and suddenly wears a 1980s aerobics outfit. He starts dancing with the female lead and is eventually joined by his male companions.

The video has brief snippets of Whitney Houston's "I Wanna Dance with Somebody" music video showing on a TV along with posters of her from the 1987 Whitney album on the wall. In the end, the instructor is accidentally kicked in the face by one of the dancers and wakes up in a present-day outdoor café, revealing that the 1980s aerobics class was just a dream and that the male lead is actually her waiter.

Personnel

 * Whitney Houston – lead vocals, backing vocals/arrangement, vocal production
 * Narada Michael Walden – backing vocals arrangement, producer, arranger
 * Kygo – producer, remixer, arranger
 * Claytoven Richardson, Jeanie Tracy, Anne Stocking, Larry Batiste, Skyler Jett, Kitty Beethoven, Cynthia Shiloh, Greg "Gigi" Gonaway, Raz Kennedy, Cornell "CC" Carter, Lydette Stephens, Renee Cattaneo, Tina Thompson, Sylvester Jackson – backing vocals

James Vincent McMorrow version
James Vincent McMorrow recorded a cover of the song for his charity album 'Silver Lining' which was recorded and produced by the students of Sound Training Centre in Dublin for the charity Headstrong. The cover is notable for being a complete reworking of the original and it was used as the soundtrack for television advertisements in the UK by LoveFilm in 2011. Tyler James also covered the song, first the BBC's The Voice in 2012, and also on his album A Place I Go later in the same year.

title: Higher Love


text:
Talk:Pro Football Hall of Fame

Stadium
I visited the Hall of Fame in 1984. The Stadium next door was the size of a High School Field. This page makes no mention of this. As it shows the progress of the Museum it should be mentioned. I might even have a photograph I took of it that I would allow its inclusion.

Remove the 'NFL Hall of Fame' Section
Look, no similar articles are in the Rugby League Hall of Fame, when Rugby Union is almost the same sport (Like American Football and Canadian and Arena Football). This section is contradictory to the other 'Hall of Fame' Articles (ie. Rugby League Hall of Fame). It TICKS ME OFF when people say they should include Canadian and Arena football players when they are different sports. It's called CANADIAN football for a reason.--Carolinapanthersfan (talk) 15:58, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with your reasoning, but the whole Criticisms and controversies section lacks cites and smacks of original research. What's there would make great fodder for a spirited discussion at a sports bar or frothing spittle apoplexy on a sports talk radio station, but really doesn't belong in this article. —Wrathchild (talk) 12:32, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's completely unsourced, and has been tagged as such for some time.  In a month, it'll be a year since the request for sources was made.  Unless some are added by that time, I'm deleting the entire Criticisms and controversies section as OR.  SixFourThree (talk) 17:42, 3 September 2009 (UTC)SixFourThree

Okay, looking at the revision history, it's been almost two years since the section was tagged for needing references. That's long enough - I'm deleting the entire section. If anybody can supply actual sources and not just more OR, please feel free to add it back in. SixFourThree (talk) 18:32, 17 September 2009 (UTC)SixFourThree

Hall of Fans
I was surprised to read this morning that the NFL Hall of Fame as a Hall of Fans section. Perhaps this deserves a note in the article? I'll leave it to someone who knows much more about this subject than myself to write this, if they wish. The Hall of Fans was mentioned in an article about Fireman Ed:

Jets give Fireman Ed game ball from win over Pats

David Straub (talk) 15:15, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

False Information
The chicago bears have the most hall of famers, not the new york giants. Most of the players in that "27" for the giants had most of their contributions elsewhere. Like fran tarkenton who was enshrined as a minnesota vikings not a giant. The Bears have 26 because of their contribution for the MAJORITY of their careers playing for the Bears. If you wanted to add players who played for the Bears as well but when in representing another team like most of those for the "27" giants, than they would have over 30. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.179.70.119 (talk) 21:58, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Pro-Johnny Robinson screed removed
I've removed from this article a plea for enshrinement of Johnny Robinson. The paragraph was well written and presented a persuasive argument, but it was completely unsourced and unlinked. Also, I don't feel that this article is the proper forum for this epistle.— DeeJayK (talk) 15:50, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Introduction?
The current introduction to this article reads:

"The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of professional football in the United States with an emphasis on the National Football League (NFL). It opened in Canton, Ohio, on September 7, 1963, with 17 charter inductees.[1] Through 2010, all but one of the player inductees played some part of their pro career in the NFL (the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his entire career in the American Football League (AFL) prior to the 1970 AFL-NFL merger). The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers in the league at 26.[2][3] To date, no player who served exclusively as a punter has been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, although multiple players enshrined have served their teams in that capacity, most notably Sammy Baugh. Baugh, who played for the Washington Redskins from 1937-1952, had a career punting average of 45.1, which still ranks 6th all-time. However, Baugh is enshrined more for his work as a quarterback and defensive back."

This is an introduction? The first two sentences are introductory, but the paragraph then diverges into a buch of seemingly random bits of information, talking about punters, teams with the most inductees, and NFL bias (I guess maybe that's the point of the AFL comment, but it isn't really clear what the point is, if any). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.140 (talk) 20:49, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

p.s. of course, the first sentence isn't that enlightening as it describes the pro football hall of fame as the hall of fame for pro(fessional) football - how profound! Typical Wiki... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.141 (talk) 20:56, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Criticism: CFL
The entire paragraph, under the criticism section, detailing the lack of CFL players is unsourced, and of highly questionable notability. Much of it smells like OR, as well as POV.DoctorCaligari (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:31, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

link
"With the election of the Class of 2020, there are now 346 members in the Hall of Fame." class of 2021 8 members will bring the total to 354 just because I don't have a wikipedia account does not mean I am a "vandal" or don't know what I am doing

Ralph Hay Pioneer Award
Hello everyone! The Ralph Hay Pioneer Award should be merged into this article, per this discussion. Just wanted to open that discussion here, I'm not sure how to merge articles. Thanks! Spf121188 (talk) 13:16, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 102
— Assignment last updated by JonCole2 (talk) 22:55, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Emphasis on the Centennial Slate
I believe that while it was a milestone moment for the NFL Hall of Fame, there was a bit too much emphasis being placed on the Centennial Slate that took place in 2020. For example, we do not need to know about how Bill Cowher and Jimmy Johnson were told that they were going to be a part of the 15 members being inducted. Instead, the discussion of the Centennial Slate should revolve more around how it was brought up and created and the behind the scenes look of its inception. Gscott2844 (talk) 15:29, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Business Communication in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Tombrady1283 (talk) 18:35, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

It would be beneficial to include the 2024 HOF class in the article.

title: Talk:Pro Football Hall of Fame


text:
Wikipedia talk:Portal namespace

''Old discussion on whether the portal namespace should be created has been moved to Wikipedia talk:Portal namespace (setting-up debate). ''

Background color
See MediaWiki talk:Monobook.css. --cesarb 18:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Portal namespace


text: User talk:70.187.39.19

title: User talk:70.187.39.19


text:
User talk:Rachy301

hi there i would like some one to teach me a little bit of the greek langage as im moving to athens in a year or so please email me rachaelyates2004@hotmail.com thans rachael

title: User talk:Rachy301


text:
Horace Ridler

Horace Leonard Ridler (26 March 1882 – 1965) was a professional freak show and sideshow performer, exhibited for his heavy tattoos under the stage names The Great Omi and The Zebra Man.

Early life
Ridler was born in 1882, son of bookseller William Ridler and his wife Charlotte, of Surrey. Prior to his freak show and sideshow work, he served in the British Army, reaching the rank of acting Major in the Machine Gun Corps. When World War I began, Ridler, now 32, enlisted and was decorated for his outstanding conduct and gallantry when serving in Mesopotamia.

By his own account, Horace Leonard Ridler was born into a wealthy family living outside London, and enjoyed a relatively privileged childhood marked by travel, private schooling and comfort. In one account of his pre-performing life, he is said to have gone on to Oxford or Cambridge, graduating with honours. There is however no evidence of a man of this name in the comprehensive university lists at Oxford or Cambridge. In the second account, he instead pursued a career in the army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. Soon after he received his commission, his father died, leaving him a substantial inheritance, but he rapidly frittered the money away on parties, gambling, entertainment and poor investments; and these and other circumstances led to him resigning his commission. Ridler otherwise claimed that, demobilized at the end of the war with the rank of major, with a small pension and few prospects, but willing to take chances, he decided to become an act at the Odditorium. In 1922 he received his first few pictorial tattoos, and began exhibiting himself in small sideshows. This afforded him a meager living, but was not the success he had hoped for.

Becoming The Great Omi
At some point between 1927 and 1934, while living in Mitcham, a few miles south of London, Ridler took steps to improve his career as a sideshow act. Contacting tattooist George Burchett, he inquired about having himself "tattooed all over". Burchett performed more than 150 hours of tattooing on Ridler with a pattern of curved black stripes, often described as zebra-like, masking the earlier tattoos. He later claimed he spent $10,000 for the procedure, although Burchett said it was only $3,000 and that he was never paid in full.

The extent of tattooing on his lower body is a matter of some debate, but viewers who saw him perform in 1941 reported that much of his lower body was tattooed with more conventional designs. His body and face thus transformed, he began exhibiting himself at the London Olympia and toured England and France, under the name of "The Great Omi".

Upon his return to England, aware that his act was not interesting enough to provide steady work, he decided to take his transformation a step further, having his ears pierced and stretched to accept large-gauge jewellery, and acquiring a large septum piercing from a veterinarian. He hired a dentist to file his teeth and began to wear elaborate costumes, completing his physical transformation.

Like many sideshow performers, his act consisted of telling tall tales about his body modification. After being introduced by his colourfully dressed wife, Gladys Ridler, performing under the name Omette, he would appear on stage and tell his story. A common monologue claimed that he had been captured and tortured via tattooing in New Guinea; this was similar to tales told by other tattooed sideshow performers. While today this story seems completely implausible, at the time, a general lack of knowledge about many areas of the globe provided an opportunity for performers to play on the audience's ignorance and fantasies. Later in life, during his retirement, his stories became even more fanciful, less believable, but no less colourful.

Career
On 6 June 1939, Ridler, now The Great Omi, and his wife Omette arrived at the World's Fair in Queens, New York, having crossed the Atlantic on the ship Laconia and taken up residence at the Hotel Claridge in Times Square. Twenty-two million people attended the fair, where Omi was appearing at John Hix's Odditorium, alongside Betty Broadbent nicknamed the Tattooed Venus, Iron Eyelids, the Anatomical Wonder, and Marvello the Fingerless Pianist, all for an entry price of 40cents.

Just a few days after arriving in New York, the couple reported being attacked with a knife, claiming that Omi's cheek was slashed by an unknown assailant. No photos of the injury were taken, and the "attack" may have been a publicity stunt, as the New York police records department has no record of the incident. The New York Times News, New York Daily Mirror, and New York Herald Tribune all reported the story on 10 June, however.

Immediately following the fair, Omi appeared at Ripley's Odditorium Theater as the star attraction. Ripley retained Omi for six months, the longest time Ripley ever showcased a single performer. During that period he appeared more than 1,600 times, often doing nine or ten shows daily.

In 1940, Omi toured with the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, appearing as Omi the Zebra Man. He was billed as the star attraction in the sideshow, but left the circus after only one season.

In early 1941, Omi toured both Australia and New Zealand, and spent much of the latter part of the year performing at the beach sideshow Happyland and Bert Lorous Jr.'s "World Fair Freaks" show in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He finished 1941 with appearances with the Rubin-Cherry show in San Diego, California. The Rubin-Cherry show next travelled to Phoenix, Arizona, closing their season in early 1942, and Omi and his wife then criss-crossed America before returning to England. Before leaving America, with World War II underway, Omi tried to re-enlist with the British army, but was not considered acceptable for active service by the British Consul.

Arriving home in a war-weary England, Omi donated his services, giving free performances to troops and charity organisations. He also supported the Allied effort by promoting the sales of war bonds. Omi continued to perform into the early 1950s, retiring at the height of his fame to Ripe, a small village in Sussex, England, where he died in 1965.

title: Horace Ridler


text:
Radical War

The Radical War, also known as the Scottish Insurrection of 1820, was a week of strikes and unrest in Scotland, a culmination of Radical demands for reform in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which had become prominent in the early years of the French Revolution, but had then been repressed during the long Napoleonic Wars.

An economic downturn after the wars ended brought increasing unrest, but the root cause was the Industrial Revolution. Artisan workers, particularly weavers in Scotland, sought action to force the government to enact Luddite protective restrictions. Gentry fearing revolutionary horrors recruited militia and the government deployed an apparatus of spies, informers and agents provocateurs to stamp out the movement.

A Committee of Organisation for Forming a Provisional Government put placards around the streets of Glasgow late on Saturday 1 April, calling for an immediate national strike. On Monday, 3 April, work stopped in a wide area of central Scotland and in a swirl of disorderly events a small group marched towards the Carron Company ironworks to seize weapons, but while stopped at Bonnymuir they were confronted by a detachment of hussars. Another small group from Strathaven marched to meet a rumoured larger force, but were warned of an ambush and dispersed. Militia taking prisoners to Greenock jail were attacked by local people and the prisoners released. James Wilson of Strathaven was singled out as a leader of the march there, and at Glasgow was executed by hanging, then decapitated. Of those arrested by government troops at Bonnymuir, John Baird and Andrew Hardie were similarly executed at Stirling after making short defiant speeches. Twenty other Radicals were sentenced to penal transportation.

It was suspected that government agents had actively fomented the unrest to bring radicals into the open. The insurrection was largely forgotten as attention focused on better publicised Radical events in England. Two years later, enthusiasm for the visit of King George IV to Scotland successfully boosted loyalist sentiment, ushering in a new-found Scottish national identity.

Background
In the 18th century, artisans such as handloom weavers, shoemakers, smiths and wrights worked to commission and so could set their own hours of work which often left them time to read, and debate what they had read with friends. The national Presbyterian Church of Scotland was founded on egalitarian attitudes and rights of the individual to make principled judgements, and so encouraged disputatious habits and preoccupation with "rights" as well as continuing the Scottish education tradition which achieved more widespread literacy at that time than other countries. In Scotland only 1 in 250 people had the right to vote and these artisans were ready to join the Radical movement in welcoming the American Revolution and the French Revolution, and be influenced by Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man. The Scottish Society of the Friends of the People held a series of "Conventions" in 1792 and 1793. The government reacted harshly, sentencing successive leaders to penal transportation, and in 1793 Dundee Unitarian minister Thomas Fysshe Palmer was also given 7 years transportation for helping to prepare and distribute reform tracts. Dissent went underground with the United Scotsmen whose activities were curbed with the trial of George Mealmaker in 1798.

Between 1800 and 1808 the earnings of weavers were halved, and in 1812 they petitioned for an increase which was granted by the magistrates, but the employers refused to pay and so the weavers called a strike which lasted for nine weeks with the support of a "National Committee of Scottish Union Societies", organised in a similar way to the United Scotsmen ("Unions" being area related, not Trade Unions). The authorities were further alarmed and set up spies and informers to forestall any further reformist activity. Between then and 1815 Major John Cartwright made visits to establish radical Hampden Clubs across Scotland.

Post war unrest
The end of the Napoleonic Wars brought economic depression. In 1816 some 40,000 people attended a meeting on Glasgow Green to demand more representative government and an end to the Corn Laws which kept food prices high. The industrial revolution affected handloom weavers in particular, and unrest grew despite attempts by the authorities to employ the workless and open relief centres to relieve hardship. Government agents brought conspiracy trials to court in 1816 and 1817.

The Peterloo Massacre of August 1819 sparked protest demonstrations across Britain. In Scotland, a memorial rally in Paisley on 11 September led to a week of rioting and cavalry were used to control around 5,000 "Radicals". Protest meetings were held in Stirling, Airdrie, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and Fife, mainly in weaving areas. On 13 December the "Radical Laird" Kinloch was arrested for addressing a mass meeting on Magdalen Green in Dundee, but he escaped and fled abroad.

The gentry feared that the kind of revolutionary turmoil that had been seen in France and Ireland could take place in Britain, and there was a great recruiting of volunteer regiments through the Scottish lowlands and Scottish Borders. Walter Scott urged his Borders neighbours to "appeal at this crisis to the good sense and loyalty of the lower orders... All you have to do is sound the men, and mark down those who seem zealous. They will perhaps have to fight with the pitmen and colliers of Northumbria for defence of their firesides, for those literal blackguards are got beyond the management of their own people."

The "Radical War"
As 1820 began the government, frightened by the "Cato Street Conspiracy" in London, acted to suppress reform agitation and drew on its apparatus of spies and agents provocateurs in Scotland. A 28-man Radical Committee for organising a Provisional Government elected by delegates of local "unions" elected officers and decided to arrange military training for its supporters, giving some responsibility for the training programme to a Condorrat weaver with army experience, John Baird. On 18 March Mitchell of the Glasgow police notified the Home Secretary that "a meeting of the organising committee of the rabble.. . is due in this vicinity in a few days hence."

On 21 March the Committee met in a Glasgow tavern. The weaver John King left the meeting early, shortly before a raid in which the Committee was secretly arrested. Mitchell reported on 25 March that those arrested had "confessed their audacious plot to sever the Kingdom of Scotland from that of England and restore the ancient Scottish Parliament... If some plan were conceived by which the disaffected could be lured out of their lairs - being made to think that the day of "liberty" had come - we could catch them abroad and undefended... few know of the apprehension of the leaders. . . so no suspicion would attach itself to the plan at all. Our informants have infiltrated the disaffected's committees and organisation, and in a few days you shall judge the results." King, Craig, Turner and Lees would now be repeatedly involved in organising agitation.

At a meeting on 22 March the 15 to 20 people present included the weavers John King and John Craig, the tin-smith Duncan Turner, and "an Englishman" called Lees. John King told them that a rising was imminent and all present should hold themselves in enthusiastic readiness for the call to arms. The next day some of them met on Glasgow Green then moved on to Rutherglen where Turner revealed plans to establish a Provisional Government, got those present to resolve to "act accordingly", then gave over a copy of a draft Proclamation to be delivered to a printer. Lees, King and Turner went round encouraging supporters to make pikes for the battles. On Saturday 1 April Craig and Lees collected the prints which Lees had paid for the previous day. By the morning of Sunday 2 April copies of the Proclamation were displayed throughout Glasgow.

Proclamation
The Proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government. Glasgow April 1st. 1820.", included references to the English Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights.

"Friends and Countrymen! Rouse from that torpid state in which we have sunk for so many years, we are at length compelled from the extremity of our sufferings, and the contempt heaped upon our petitions for redress, to assert our rights at the hazard of our lives." by "taking up arms for the redress of our common grievances". "Equality of rights (not of property)... Liberty or Death is our motto, and we have sworn to return home in triumph - or return no more.... we earnestly request all to desist from their labour from and after this day, the first of April [until] in possession of those rights..." It called for a rising "To show the world that we are not that lawless, sanguinary rabble which our oppressors would persuade the higher circles we are but a brave and generous people determined to be free."

A footnote added: "Britons – God – Justice – the wish of all good men, are with us. Join together and make it one good cause, and the nations of the earth shall hail the day when the Standard of Liberty shall be raised on its native soil."

Strike and unrest
On Monday 3 April work stopped, particularly in weaving communities, over a wide area of central Scotland including Stirlingshire, Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire, Lanarkshire and Ayrshire, with an estimated total of around 60,000 stopping work.

Reports came in that men were carrying out military drill at points round Glasgow, foundries and forges had been raided, and iron files and dyer's poles taken to make pikes. In Kilbarchan soldiers found men making pikes, in Stewarton around 60 strikers was dispersed, in Balfron around 200 men had assembled for some sort of action. Pikes, gunpowder and weapons called "wasps" (a sort of javelin) and "clegs" (a barbed shuttlecock to throw at horses) were offered for sale.

Rumours spread that England was in arms for the cause of reform and that an army was mustering at Campsie commanded by Marshal MacDonald, a Marshal of France and son of a Jacobite refugee family, to join forces with 50,000 French soldiers at Cathkin Braes under Kinloch, the fugitive "Radical laird" from Dundee.

In Paisley the local reformers' committee met under command of their drill instructor, but scattered when Paisley was put under curfew.

Government troops were ready in Glasgow, including the Rifle Brigade, the 83rd Regiment of Foot, the 7th and 10th Hussars and Samuel Hunter's Glasgow Sharpshooters. In the evening 300 radicals briefly skirmished with a party "of cavalry", but no one came to harm that day.

March on Carron
In Glasgow John Craig led around 30 men to make for the Carron Company ironworks in Falkirk, Stirlingshire, telling them that weapons would be there for the taking, but the group scattered when intercepted by a police patrol. By coincidence a detachment of Hussars was waiting in ambush with the intention of catching men marching off from Glasgow to Carron, but was disappointed. Craig was caught, brought before a magistrate and fined, but the magistrate paid his fine for him.

On the next day, Tuesday 4 April, Duncan Turner assembled around 60 men to march to Carron, while he carried out organising work elsewhere. Half the group dropped out, the rest accepted his assurances that they would pick up supporters along the way. Their leader Andrew Hardie was given a torn half card to be matched with the other half in the possession of a supporter in Condorrat, on the way to Carron. There, John Baird was visited around 11 p.m. by John King, who gave him the other half card. At around 5 a.m. on 5 April Hardie arrived with 25 men, soaked through. Baird had expected a small army, but King urged them on, saying he would go on ahead to rally supporters. One of the men named Kean went with him, and Baird and Hardie set off with a total of 30 men. On the way they twice came across travellers, but let them go. The travellers passed the information on to authorities at Kilsyth and Stirling Castle. King arrived again, though Kean was not with him. and told them that he had instructions that he had to go quickly to find supporters at Camelon, while Baird and Hardie were to leave the road and wait at Bonnymuir.

Sixteen Hussars and sixteen Yeomanry troopers had been ordered on 4 April to leave Perth and go to protect Carron. They left the road at Bonnybridge early on 5 April and made straight for the slopes of Bonnymuir. As the newspapers subsequently reported, "On observing this force the radicals cheered and advanced to a wall over which they commenced firing at the military. Some shots were then fired by the soldiers in return, and after some time the cavalry got through an opening in the wall and attacked the party who resisted till overpowered by the troops who succeeded in taking nineteen of them prisoners, who are lodged in Stirling Castle. Four of the radicals were wounded". The Glasgow Herald sniggered at the small number of radicals encountered, but worried that "the conspiracy appears to be more extensive than almost anyone imagined... radical principles are too widely spread and too deeply rooted to vanish without some explosion and the sooner it takes place the better."

During 5 April more regiments arrived in Glasgow, causing considerable excitement. Some signs of resistance being organised were reported and the army stood on the alert well into the night, but no radical attack materialised. In Duntocher, Paisley and Camelon people thought to be drilling or making pikes were arrested.

The march from Strathaven
On the afternoon of 5 April, before news of the Bonnymuir fighting got out, "the Englishman" Lees sent a message asking the radicals of Strathaven to meet up with the "Radical laird" Kinloch's large force at Cathkin, and next morning a small force of 25 men followed the instructions and left at 7 a.m. to march there. The experienced elderly Radical James Wilson is claimed to have had a banner reading "Scotland Free or a Desart" [sic]. At East Kilbride they were warned of an army ambush, and Wilson, suspecting treachery, returned to Strathaven. The others bypassed the ambush and reached Cathkin, but as there was no sign of the promised army they dispersed. Ten of them were identified and caught, and by nightfall on 7 April they were jailed at Hamilton.

Other Radical disturbances occurred at weaver villages around the central lowlands and the west central Scotland, with less obvious activity in some east coast towns.

Prisoners to Greenock
Large numbers of suspected ringleaders were imprisoned at various jails around the region. The Port Glasgow Volunteers served in Paisley during the strike, and when returning home on Saturday 8 April escorted five prisoners to be taken on to Greenock jail in a cart. On the way through Port Glasgow, their commanders responded to rumours by increasing the escort from 30 to 80 men, and they met with minor hostility while marching through the town of Crawfurdsdyke. They reached Greenock jail, and while handing over the prisoners had to shelter from stones thrown from higher ground to the south of the jail.

A hostile crowd gathered, and shots fired in the air failed to calm the situation. As the Volunteers returned along Cathcart Street, the "mob continued to increase, throwing stones, bottles, &c. from windows and closes." The Volunteers suffered bruising, and as they approached Rue-end Street opened sporadic fire, killing and wounding several of the crowd. The mob pursued the Volunteers into Crawfurdsdyke, then returned to break open the jail. A magistrate urged the crowd to desist, but with no forces to resist them, agreed to release the prisoners who then escaped. A large group set off to burn down Port Glasgow, but were halted at that town's boundary by armed townsfolk who had barricaded the Devol's Glen Bridge. Greenock magistrates arrived, and dispersed the crowd.

A List of Killed and Wounded was "collected from the several Medical Practitioners in Greenock, 11th April 1820", describing the wounds sustained and the condition of the survivors. It listed 18 casualties, including an 8 year old boy, and a 65 year old woman. At this time 6 were noted as dead, others died later from their wounds, and a report published on 15 July said there were "nine of the mob dead, and nine more dangerously wounded, there are two of the volunteers also wounded."

Flight to Canada
In April 1820, hundreds of young Radicals fled by ship to Canada from Greenock, escaping persecution from Lord Sidmouth's spy network. Among them was William Lyon Mackenzie who was a leader in the Canada Rebellions of 1837–1838.

Trials and executions
In various towns a total of 88 men were charged with treason. At both Glasgow and Stirling a special Royal commission Court of Oyer and Terminer was set up to prosecute.

James Wilson was arrested and on 20 July was put on trial at Glasgow charged with four counts of treason The jury found him Not Guilty on three counts, Guilty of "compassing to levy war against the King in order to compel him to change his measures" and recommended mercy, but he was sentenced to death.

Five of his colleagues were found Not Guilty, and another was discharged. On 1 August a jury ignored the abrasive judge and refused to convict two weavers.

At Stirling Tolbooth on 4 August the judge advised "To you Andrew Hardie and John Baird I can hold out little or no hope of mercy" since "as you were the leaders, I am afraid that example must be given by you."

James Wilson was hanged and beheaded on 30 August watched by some 20,000 people, first remarking to the executioner "Did you ever see such a crowd, Thomas?".

On 8 September Hardie and Baird were executed outside Stirling Tolbooth, watched by a crowd of 2,000. The Sheriff of Stirling, Ranald MacDonald, required that they make no political speech from the gallows, but agreed that they could speak upon the bible. Baird concluded his brief speech by saying "Although this day we die an ignominious death by unjust laws our blood, which in a very few minutes shall flow on this scaffold, will cry to heaven for vengeance, and may it be the means of our afflicted Countrymen’s speedy redemption." Hardie then spoke of "our blood [being] shed on this scaffold... for no other sin but seeking the legitimate rights of our ill used and down trodden beloved Countrymen", then when the Sheriff angrily intervened he concluded by asking those present to "go quietly home and read your Bibles, and remember the fate of Hardie and Baird." They were hanged and then beheaded, in what was the last beheading in the UK, a few months after the Cato Street Plot.

Thomas McCulloch, John Barr, William Smith, Benjamin Moir, Allan Murchie, Alexander Latimer, Andrew White, David Thomson, James Wright, William Clackson / William Clarkson, Thomas Pike/Thomas Pink, Robert Gray, James Clelland, Alexander Hart, Thomas McFarlane, John Anderson, Andrew Dawson, John McMillan and the 15-year-old Alexander Johnstone were in due course transported to the penal colonies in New South Wales or Tasmania. Peter Mackenzie, a Glasgow journalist, campaigned unsuccessfully to have them pardoned, and published a small book: ''The Spy System, including the exploits of Mr Alex. Richmond, the notorious Government Spy of Sidmouth and Castlereagh.''

Eventually, on 10 August 1835 an absolute pardon was granted.

Outcome
The effect of the crushing of this staged insurrection was to effectively discourage serious Radical unrest in Scotland for some time. Lord Melville, the right hand man in Scotland of Lord Liverpool's government, saw the suggested Visit of King George IV to Scotland as a political need, to engage the feelings of the common people and weaken the Radical movement. The event, largely organised by Sir Walter Scott, succeeded brilliantly and brought a new-found Scottish national identity creating widespread enthusiasm for the tartan "plaided pageantry" that Sheriff Ranald MacDonald of Stirling was already enthusiastically engaged in as a Clan chieftain at Ulva and member of various "Highland societies".

At the suggestion of Walter Scott, unemployed weavers from the west of Scotland were put to work on paving a track round Salisbury Crags in Holyrood Park adjoining Arthur's Seat. The path is still known as the Radical Road.

The cause of electoral reform continued, and with the Scottish Reform Act 1832 Glasgow was given its own Member of Parliament for the first time. The event was largely overshadowed by English Radical events and forgotten by school history, but in the 20th century the Scottish National Party historian J. Halliday brought the event back into the curriculum. At an anniversary debate in the Scottish Parliament members of the various parties each found lessons for their different causes in the "Radical War".

A large memorial stone to mark the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bonnymuir was unveiled in 2021.

title: Radical War


text:
Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation

In chess, the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence is an opening that is a line of the Open Sicilian characterised by Black setting up a "small centre" with pawns on d6 and e6. There are numerous move orders that reach the Scheveningen; a common one is:

 * 1. e4 c5
 * 2. Nf3 d6
 * 3. d4 cxd4
 * 4. Nxd4 Nf6
 * 5. Nc3 e6

The seemingly modest d6–e6 pawn centre affords Black a solid defensive barrier, control of the critical d5 and e5 squares, and retains flexibility to break in the centre with either ...e5 or ...d5. Black can proceed with rapid, and the opening provides sound counterchances and considerable scope for creativity.

The line has been championed by Garry Kasparov, among many other distinguished grandmasters.

Origin
The variation first came to international attention during the 1923 chess tournament in the village Scheveningen at the North Sea coast near The Hague. During the tournament the variation was played several times by several players, including Euwe playing it against Maróczy.

Keres Attack: 6.g4
White has several different attacking schemes available, but the one considered most dangerous is the Keres Attack, named after GM Paul Keres, which continues 6.g4. This move takes advantage of the fact that 5...e6 cuts off the black’s light squared bishop's control of g4, and plans to force the knight on f6, Black's only developed piece, to retreat. This also launches White into a attack. Black usually continues with 6...h6 to stop White's expansion. Previously moves like 6...Nc6 or 6...a6 were also recommended for Black but practical tests have shown that White's offensive is too dangerous to be ignored. 7.h4 is strongest and the most popular. 7.g5 hxg5 8.Bxg5 Nc6 9.Qd2 Qb6 10.Nb3 a6 11.0-0-0 Bd7 12.h4 gives White an equal game at best. 7...Nc6 8.Rg1 and here Black has two main lines to choose from: both of which may give White a slight edge.
 * 8...d5 9.Bb5 Bd7 10.exd5 Nxd5 11.Nxd5 exd5 12.Qe2+ Be7 13.Nf5 Bxf5 14.gxf5 Kf8 15.Be3 Qa5+
 * 8...h5 9.gxh5 Nxh5 10.Bg5 Nf6 11.Qd2

Classical Variation: 6.Be2
Another very popular line is the Classical Variation (also known as Maroczy Variation) which is initiated by 6.Be2. Used to great effect by Anatoly Karpov, among other distinguished grandmasters, this methodical approach has gained many followers. The main line continues 6...a6 7.0-0 Be7 8.Be3 0-0 9.f4 Qc7 10.a4 Nc6 11.Kh1 Re8 12.Bf3 reaching one of the main tabiyas of the Classical Scheveningen. White's plans here are to build up a kingside attack, typically by means of g2–g4–g5, Qd1–e1–h4, Bg2, Qh5, Rf3–h3, etc. Black will aim for a diversion on the via the semi-open c-file, or strike in the centre. Positional pawn sacrifices abound for both sides and the theory is very highly developed, thanks to decades of research by the most elite players such as Garry Kasparov, Vasily Smyslov, Anatoly Karpov, Viswanathan Anand, Veselin Topalov, Boris Gelfand and many others.

English Attack: 6.Be3
The combative English Attack is modeled after the Yugoslav (Rauzer) Attack in the Sicilian Dragon. White starts an aggressive pawn storm on the kingside with f2–f3, g2–g4, h2–h4, and often g4–g5. White castles long and a very sharp game is often the result. Black, however, does not have to acquiesce to passive defence and has at least as many attacking threats. The main line continues 6.Be3 a6 7.f3 b5 8.g4 h6 9.Qd2 Nbd7 10.0-0-0 Bb7. White's plans are to force g4–g5 and open the kingside files to his advantage. The first player may also exert considerable pressure on the d-file. Black will often consider an exchange sacrifice or at least a pawn sacrifice to open the queenside files for the heavy pieces. Time is of the essence and new ideas are discovered each year. Many elite players including Alexander Morozevich, Peter Leko, and Alexei Shirov have poured many hours of study into this critical variation.

Fischer–Sozin Attack: 6.Bc4
With the Fischer–Sozin Attack 6.Bc4, White tries to pressure the d5-square directly. Viable Black responses in the centre include variations of Nb8–c6–a5 or Nb8–d7–c5, supplemented by a7–a6 and b7–b5–b4 on the queenside. A possible line is 6...Be7 7.Bb3 0-0 8.Be3 Na6 (aiming for the c5-square; note that in case 8...Nbd7, then 9.Bxe6!? fxe6 10.Nxe6 Qa5 11.Nxf8 Bxf8, and White sacrifices two pieces for a rook) 9.Qe2 Nc5 10.f3. The ensuing position is balanced, with Black ready to counter White's g2–g4–g5 with a7–a6 and b7–b5–b4 on the other flank.

Tal Variation: 6.f4
After 6.f4, in one of the main lines, 6...Nc6 7.Be3 Be7 8.Qf3, White seeks to castle queenside placing his rook on the half-open d-file, and support the g-pawn's advance with the queen.

Minor lines
6.g3; 6.Bb5, etc. These moves are less difficult to meet and are not theoretically challenging to Black.

Question of move orders and the Najdorf Variation
The Keres Attack puts Black into a rather defensive and potentially dangerous position. For this reason, many advocates of this defense tend to play the Najdorf Variation move order and then play 6...e6, transposing into the Scheveningen. The most prominent example of such a preference for the Najdorf move order was seen in World Chess Championship 1984, where after game one when Kasparov had difficulties in the opening, he never allowed the Keres Attack and finally switched to the Najdorf move order. The Najdorf move order, while eliminating 6.g4, allows White additional options such as 6.Bg5, and g4 is still a possible move after. Basically, the Najdorf move order delays g4 by one move making the attack vastly less powerful, and meanwhile the Scheveningen move order speeds up kingside development making 6.Bg5 much less powerful. As the Keres Attack is feared more than 6.Bg5, the Najdorf move order is seen more at the highest level today. Because Najdorf's original intention was to play ...e5 all in one go and the history of the move order, openings beginning with 5...a6 are often put in the Scheveningen category if ...e6 is played immediately after.

Much modern analysis of the Scheveningen is under the rubric of the Najdorf. In fact, many books exploring the Scheveningen today have Najdorf in the title. This, continuing the line of thinking in the English section above, is technically the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense with the very popular English Attack. Note that the "Modern" Scheveningen only covers lines without an early ...a6 from Black. The "Classical" Scheveningen includes the early ...a6. This distinction is important in choosing books to study, as titles covering recent games will often leave out the ...a6 early line, which can still become quite interesting and complex, and still advantageous for Black, even with the powerful English Attack. Many modern chess software programs, such as HIARCS, still play ...a6 early on, despite the fact that "modern" often precludes the line in definitive analysis, depending on the book. Vlastimil Jansa has advocated this variation.


text:
Talk:Existential fallacy

The value of all this seems similar to learning ancient Greek to better understand the old writers. Consider "Every unicorn definitely has a horn on its forehead". In modern English, this is unclear. Perhaps the writer meant to say something closer to "Every imagined unicorn has exactly one forehead with exactly one horn." Now, if its horn is ground down one mm at a time to make magic powder, at what point does it cease to be a unicorn? 96.81.175.113 (talk) 16:16, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

"Traditional formal logic assumes that classes of things referred to in a logical statement are non-empty" seems patently untrue to me, so I deleted it. Empty predicates are certainly allowed in any formal logic I have seen. Perhaps the confusion lies in the assumption that the domain of discourse is non-empty, but this is irrelevant anyhow.

IIRC, the Boolean and Aristotelian views of existential fallacy differ (this article, again IIRC, addresses the Boolean view)...maybe include a link to explain existential import? 70.106.137.206 22:49, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I probably know less about this than the previous authors, but isn't this sort of argument valid, but unsound?--Dustin Asby 05:52, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * "Valid" meaning "it is a correct syllogism if its premises are correct" and "sound" meaning "it is a correct syllogism and its premises are correct"? Yes, that's correct from my understanding (and I tutored people for a logic course back in college, so I think I'm probably on the ball with this one.)

 * However, the existential fallacy is a little different from most fallacies in that fallacies generally are a way to get from correct premises to an incorrect conclusion, where the existential fallacy can start with technically correct premises and arrive at a correct conclusion, but still induce people into incorrect beliefs.

 * For instance, if I present the following syllogism:

 * Each snuff film made represents at least one act of murder for profit;
 * Murder for profit is a capital offense;
 * Therefore making a snuff film is a capital offense

 * I may convince the audience that my syllogism is valid -- and it is. However, even though I did not say anything untruthful, I may know that they will incorrectly assume from my words that snuff films actually exist.

 * Ironically, depending on interpretation, one could argue that a syllogism which commits the existential fallacy is still not only valid but also sound! One of the premises of symbolic logic that most people find surprising is that a statement in the form "if P, then Q" is always true when P is false.  The statement "If the moon is solid silver, I am Queen of France" is actually true -- the only way it could be incorrect is if the moon was solid silver and I was not Queen of France.  One could argue, then, that any syllogism which posits something about a class which is empty cannot be falsified. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * So to prove an argument has commited the existential fallacy one must first know that the conclusion is false? It still seems to me that the term "invalid" isn't appropriate.--Dustin Asby 23:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The conclusion of the syllogism need not even be false. However, if an uncautious observer would be led to assume that one of the sets under discussion is non-empty and that assumption is not supported, the existential fallacy has been committed.  Basically, there is an "enthymeme", an unstated premise of the syllogistic chain, and it is "there actually are members of set X". -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:58, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Mathematically, any statement about an empty set is actually true. The statement "All existent unicorns are purple" is true, by vacuous assertion.  Of course, one could view such a statement at the same level of a tautology, something that is so trivially true that it supplies no useful information. --Puellanivis 06:38, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

All and all make some? IIRC you can assert that if all A are B and all B are C all A are C, not just some A are C. Kuroune 04:30, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This is correct, although not required. While the (all, all) -> all is a stronger statement than (all, all) -> some, the later is not actually incorrect, it's just less useful.  Usually, in philosophy, and math, one would like to make the strongest assertion possible, although if someone wishes to artificially inflate their accuracy, then they can often use a weak example.  I don't know if there is actually a term to describe someone making such a widely weak assertion simply to be accurate, but I certainly have used it for comedic effect.  "Sheesh, when is the bus going to get here?" "Likely sometime between now and the heat death of the universe."  The only reasonable response to such a weak statement would be "duh".  While it's not a tautology, the likelihood is just so incredibly high that it may as well be.  Perhaps a pseudotautology, or paratautology, I suppose.  Anyways, I suppose I'm getting off topic. --Puellanivis 06:37, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

--

This entire fallacy hinges around particular/existential statements about sets which may be empty. The statement "some Martians are friendly" means "there exists at least one Martian which is friendly", and so it cannot be true if the set of Martians is empty. The syllogism can be corrected if the non-emptiness of the set of Martians is added to the argument as an extra premise, either directly, or if it follows from some other existential premise. That is to say, if any of the premises in the argument implies that the set which is involved in the conclusion is not-empty, then the argument is rescued from this problem. For instance: Some martians have antennae. All martians are aliens. Aliens with antennae are friendly. Thus, some Martians are friendly. Basically, the argument's validity must be independent of its interpretation in all possible universes. The Existential fallacy is one possible problem which causes an argument to fail to have a valid interpretation in some possible universe (that universe in which the relevant set is empty). The improved argument here works in the universe in which there are no Martians, because then the premise "Some Martians have antennae" is false in that world. In that universe, the argument is interpreted as having both a falsehood among its premises, and a false conclusion. This doesn't interfere with its validity; a fallacy exists when a falsehood is begged from truthful premises. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.139.122.66 (talk) 23:44, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Not quite. You've still referred to some Martians, but have presented no evidence for the existence of Martians, so you've still committed the fallacy. You have to know some in order to sort out which features are specific to a subset of a class, whereas talking about an entire class (all or none), doesn't make that assumption, and thus is safe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.29.140.193 (talk) 07:22, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

isn't this just the fallacy of complex question (only worded as a statement instead of a question)? it's like the "fallacy of complex argument". first-martians and unicorns must be argued. Then one can argue the aspects of martians and unicorns (if it is still relevant).

have you stopped beating your wife? first-that you were beating your wife to begin with must be argued. then one can argue if the beatings stopped (if it is still relevant). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.29.209 (talk) 05:06, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

because this is a statement instead of a question, the actual fallacy is called "begging the question". A statement within the premise has has not yet been agreed upon even though it has been asserted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.29.209 (talk) 15:11, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Different uses of A
The article currently says "some A is B" on one line, and on the next line "This is invalid if the A form lacks ...". Are these two different usages of the capital 'A' symbol? If so, would it be very easy to improve the article by replacing the A, B and C symbols with P, Q and R? Open4D (talk) 17:03, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Dinosaur Example confusing!
I read the article. Didn't understand the existential fallacy in the dinosaur example. Why is it a fallacy to assume dinosaurs exist??? (my email a.reinheimer@gmail.com) 77.138.17.217 (talk) 04:18, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Are there such thing as nonexistent objects?
According to Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the the statement that something has propeties implies it exists, and this is a logical and philisophical problem. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7F:86C:7100:438:6EA9:B92C:6BB3 (talk) 00:07, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Existential fallacy


text:
Close to You (The Carpenters album)

Close to You is the second studio album by the American music duo the Carpenters, released on August 19, 1970. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 175 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list. The album contains the hit singles "(They Long to Be) Close to You" and "We've Only Just Begun". The success of the title track earned Carpenters an international reputation. The album topped the Canadian Albums Chart and peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard albums chart. It was also successful in the United Kingdom, entering the top 50 of the official chart for 76 weeks during the first half of the 1970s.

The album and its singles earned Carpenters eight Grammy Award nominations including Album of the Year, Song of the Year and Record of the Year. Carpenters won the Best New Artist and Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus for the album.

Background and song information
According to session drummer Hal Blaine, the Carpenters' parents were in the recording studio for the Close to You album and "you could tell right away they ruled the roost." Blaine said that Karen's mother dictated her singing style and was unhappy that Karen did not perform as a drummer for all of the songs. Blaine countered that although Karen was a capable drummer, she was accustomed to playing loudly for live performances and thus was unfamiliar with the requirements of recording in a professional studio. However, she had been informed beforehand of Blaine's involvement and indicated her approval.

"(They Long to Be) Close to You" was the first Burt Bacharach/Hal David composition, with some original lyrics by Cathy Steeves, that Carpenters covered. The song was recorded several times by various artists during the 1960s but without popular success. It became Carpenters' first RIAA-certified Gold single, as well as their first Billboard Hot 100 single to reach the top 10. It remained at #1 for four weeks and became one of the Carpenters' most iconic songs. Richard devoted the song to Karen.

"We've Only Just Begun", composed by Paul Williams and Roger Nichols, first appeared in a 1970 Crocker-Citizens Bank commercial that depicted a married couple beginning their life together. In August 1970, it became Carpenters' second RIAA-certified Gold single.

Originally written by Ralph Carmichael for the early contemporary Christian musical Tell It Like It Is, "Love Is Surrender" was a song that Richard and Karen heard during their teenage years.

"Maybe It's You" was written by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis for their previous band Spectrum. The oboe solo was played by Doug Strawn.

"Reason to Believe" was composed by Tim Hardin in the 1960s, and Rod Stewart charted with a version of the song in 1971. Karen loved the song is because it was among the first that she performed with Richard as a group.

"Help!" was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney in early 1965, one of four Beatles covers that Carpenters recorded; the others were "Ticket to Ride", "Can't Buy Me Love" and "Nowhere Man".

"Baby It's You" was composed by Burt Bacharach, Barney Williams, and Mack David. It was sung by Richard and Karen in 1970 and performed on their television show Make Your Own Kind of Music.

"I'll Never Fall in Love Again" is another Bacharach composition and was included in a medley on the following year's album Carpenters. The song was originally included in the score for Bacharach and David's 1968 musical Promises, Promises, and Dionne Warwick's version hit the top ten in January 1970.

"Crescent Noon", composed by Richard Carpenter and John Bettis, was originally performed by Karen and Richard when they were members of the California State University, Long Beach choir in 1969.

"Mr. Guder" was dedicated to Vic Guder, Richard and Bettis's boss at Disneyland who had fired them. They had been hired to play old-time music on piano and banjo at the park's "Coke Corner" on Main Street, U.S.A., but they persisted in playing contemporary songs that the patrons requested.

Critical reception
Close to You was nominated for Record of the Year and Album of the Year at the 13th annual Grammy awards. "Close to You" won Carpenters a Grammy for Best New Artist and another Grammy for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus that same year.

AllMusic's retrospective review deemed Close to You "a surprisingly strong album," particularly praising Richard Carpenter's original compositions "Maybe It's You", "Crescent Noon" and "Mr. Guder", describing them as superlative displays of both Karen Carpenter's vocal work and Richard's arranging talents.

Track listing
All lead vocals by Karen Carpenter except where noted.

Musicians

 * Karen Carpenter – vocals, drums
 * Hal Blaine – drums
 * Richard Carpenter – vocals, keyboards, arrangements and orchestration
 * Joe Osborn – bass
 * Danny Woodhams – bass
 * Jim Horn – woodwinds
 * Bob Messenger – woodwinds
 * Doug Strawn – woodwinds

Technical

 * Jack Daugherty – producer
 * Ray Gerhardt – engineer
 * Dick Bogert – engineer
 * Tom Wilkes – art direction
 * Kessel/Brehm Photography – photography
 * Bernie Grundman, Richard Carpenter – remastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering

title: Close to You (The Carpenters album)