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Yuba River

The Yuba River is a tributary of the Feather River in the Sierra Nevada and eastern Sacramento Valley, in the U.S. state of California. The main stem of the river is about 40 mi long, and its headwaters are split into three major forks. The Yuba River proper is formed at the North Yuba and Middle Yuba rivers' confluence, with the South Yuba joining a short distance downstream. Measured to the head of the North Yuba River, the Yuba River is just over 100 mi long.

The river drains 1345 mi2, mostly in the western slope and foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The average runoff of the Yuba River basin is approximately 2303000 acre feet per year, providing about one-third of the flow of the Feather River, and 10 percent of the flow of the Sacramento River, which the Feather ultimately drains into. Since the early 20th century, irrigation and hydropower diversion projects have gradually reduced the river's flow.

The river's name comes from the local tribe, the Nisenan, word for "waterway," 'uba seo.' It is spelled in early records as "Yubu" and applied to the river by 1844. Some claim the name is a variant of Spanish uba or uva, referring to grapes found growing along the banks of the river.

North Yuba River
The North Yuba River, 61.1 mi long, rises at Yuba Pass along California State Route 49, near the eastern boundary of the Tahoe National Forest. It flows southwest then west through a 3000 ft canyon past the communities of Downieville (where it receives the Downie River from the north) and Goodyears Bar. Its main tributaries, Canyon Creek and Slate Creek, join from the north shortly downstream of there. The river turns south near Clipper Mills and flows into the 4800 acre New Bullards Bar Reservoir, impounded by 645 ft-high New Bullards Bar Dam. About 5 mi below New Bullards Bar Dam, it joins with the Middle Yuba River to form the Yuba River.

Middle Yuba River
Originating in a bowl-shaped valley in Moscove Meadow, the 55.4 mi Middle Yuba River flows north into Jackson Meadows Reservoir, then turns west, soon entering a steep gorge. The majority of the river demarcates the boundary of Sierra County in the north and Nevada County in the south. It receives Kanaka Creek from the north and is then interrupted by the Our House Diversion Dam, which diverts water from the Middle Fork to the North Fork at New Bullards Bar Reservoir. Below the dam, it continues flowing west, receives Oregon Creek from the north and intersects California State Route 49 about 2 mi northwest of North San Juan. About 7 mi downstream it joins with the North Yuba River.

South Yuba River
The 65.3 mi South Yuba River originates at Lake Angela in Nevada County about three quarters of a mile north of Donner Pass, about three miles east of the town of Soda Springs. After passing through Lake Van Norden with Upper Castle Creek (longer than the Lake Angela stem) entering from the right, it gathers numerous snow-fed tributaries running west through a marshy, lake-filled valley, crossing Interstate 80 several times. The river briefly enters Placer County before flowing back north into Nevada County, then flows into Lake Spaulding, where much of its water is diverted south to the Bear River drainage. The remainder of the river turns northward into a gorge near Emigrant Gap before continuing west. It receives Canyon Creek from the right, then receives Poorman Creek also from the right near Washington. The river continues west into the foothills and into South Yuba River State Park where it is bridged by State Route 49. It joins the Yuba River at the upper end of Englebright Lake.

Main stem

From the joining of the North Yuba River and Middle Yuba River, the Yuba River mainstem flows southwards, then southwest, through the Sierra Nevada foothills, forming the Yuba-Nevada County border. The river widens into upper Englebright Lake near French Bar, and is joined by the South Yuba within the reservoir. It passes through the Englebright Dam near Lake Wildwood and is then joined by Deer Creek (which flows out of Lake Wildwood) on the left. The Yuba River bed widens considerably as it flows out into the Sacramento Valley near the Yuba Goldfields, a section of the Yuba River valley consisting of dredged sediments washed down by hydraulic mining in the 19th century. The river then turns southwest, flowing through irrigated farmland. It then skirts the south side of Marysville and empties into the Feather River between the cities of Marysville, Yuba City and Linda.

History
The Yuba River valley was originally one of the most densely populated Native American areas in California. Historians divide indigenous peoples living in the Yuba River area into several groups – the Konkow, Maidu, Nisenan and Miwok. These groups did not function as large tribes; rather, they were divided into hundreds of small villages, with distinct governments but similar customs. Like other indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada foothill region, their staple food was acorns, but they also hunted and gathered for other foods including abundant salmon runs in the Yuba River.

In the 1850s, the California Gold Rush brought large numbers of European-American settlers into the area, followed by many Mexican, African and Chinese immigrants. These settlers brought diseases with them, to which the Native Americans had no immunity. Within a few years, these diseases wiped out most of the native population. The Yuba River and its forks were one of the richest parts of the Mother Lode, and miners poured to the region in great numbers. Although gold was first extracted by simple methods such as panning and sluicing, large-scale industrial hydraulic mining left a much greater impact. About 25 million cubic yards (19,400,000 m3) of hydraulic mining debris was carried down the Yuba River. This raised stream beds up to 50 ft in places, buried riverside land under sediment, and increased the risk of flooding. The practice was banned in 1884 following lawsuits from farmers who had been affected by the debris flows.

Much of the debris left by the destruction of hydraulic mining remains today as the Yuba Goldfields. In addition, the extensive use of mercury in processing gold led to contamination of a relatively large area. The contamination was still detectable in 2013 and will be so for an estimated time of more than 10,000 years.

In 1877, the world's first long-distance telephone line was strung along the South Yuba River from French Corral to French Lake (now called Bowman Lake), a distance of 58 mi.

Dams and diversions
Like the majority of California rivers, the Yuba was dammed at many points during the 20th century, and large amounts of water are withdrawn for irrigation and municipal water supply. Daguerre Point Dam was built in 1906 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in order to trap hydraulic mining debris. After concerns about its impact on fish populations, the dam was fitted with fish ladders in 1937. In 1922-24 PG&E built the original Bullards Bar Dam to produce hydroelectricity and trap debris. The concrete arch Englebright Dam was built in 1941 to trap mining debris following the re-legalization of hydraulic mining during the 1930s. However, mining never resumed on a Gold Rush scale in the Yuba River watershed. Today, Englebright serves mainly to produce hydroelectricity.

New Bullards Bar Dam was built on the North Yuba River in response to the huge flood of December 1955, which destroyed much of Yuba City. Completed in 1969, the 645 ft high concrete arch dam is one of the tallest dams in the United States, replacing and submerging the old Bullards Bar Dam. It stores almost 1 million acre feet (1.2 km3) to provide flood control, irrigation and hydroelectricity.

The Yuba River Development Project includes New Bullards Bar Dam and a number of supporting facilities, including a diversion dam (Our House Dam) and tunnel which divert the Middle Yuba River into New Bullards Bar Reservoir, to increase hydropower generation. The 340 megawatt New Colgate Powerhouse is located about 4 mi below New Bullards Bar Dam, and it generates over 1.3 billion kilowatt hours of energy per year. These diversions have resulted in the seasonal dewatering of the lower North Yuba River and Middle Yuba River and about four miles of the main Yuba River.

The Middle Yuba River and South Yuba River are linked by the Yuba-Bear and Drum-Spaulding hydroelectric projects, which are owned by the Nevada Irrigation District and PG&E, respectively. These two interconnected projects generate a combined 1.2 billion kilowatt hours per year and with over 40 dams and reservoirs and 16 powerhouses, are considered the most complex hydroelectric scheme in the United States. Major dams include Jackson Meadows Dam and Bowman Dam (part of Yuba-Bear) and Lake Spaulding Dam and Fordyce Lake Dam (part of Drum-Spaulding). These projects divert a portion of the Yuba River's flow to the Bear River, a tributary of the Feather River further south.

Other dams include Scotts Flat and Wildwood on Deer Creek; and Mildred and Virginia Ranch on Dry Creek, a lower tributary of the Yuba.

Environmental issues
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued a safe eating advisory for any fish caught in Yuba River, North Yuba River, and Middle Yuba River due to elevated levels of mercury.

The Spring and Shady tributaries of the South Yuba contain dozens of historic mine locations, the largest of which is the San Juan Ridge Mine. Mining operations in the area began in 1850 and have been more or less driven by the price of gold since that time. In 1995, the San Juan Ridge Mine Corporation stopped gold mining operations following the breach of an underground aquifer that caused flooding and the overflow of containment ponds. This breach released millions of gallons of mine waste into Spring and Shady creeks, drained and contaminated 12 local wells through the oxidation of naturally occurring heavy metals- including a well that supplied drinking water to a local K-8 school. The mining company proposed to re-open their mine for gold extraction in 2012, which would require pumping up to 3.5 million gallons of groundwater to operate each day. Pumping groundwater at this scale would likely deplete the underground aquifer that provides water to hundreds of community members. This could potentially cause serious impacts to surface water quality in Spring and Shady creeks due to increased surface flows from mining practices.

Tributaries
In hierarchical order, going upstream:

 * Dry Creek
 * Keystone Creek
 * New York Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Rock Creek
 * Deer Creek
 * Squirrel Creek
 * North Fork Deer Creek
 * South Fork Deer Creek
 * South Yuba River
 * Shady Creek
 * Humbug Creek
 * Poorman Creek
 * South Fork Poorman Creek
 * Fordyce Creek
 * North Creek
 * Rattlesnake Creek
 * Lower Castle Creek
 * Upper Castle Creek
 * Dobbins Creek
 * Middle Yuba River
 * Clear Creek
 * Oregon Creek
 * Grizzly Creek
 * Brush Creek
 * Grizzly Creek
 * Indian Creek
 * Kanaka Creek
 * Wolf Creek
 * East Fork Creek
 * Pass Creek
 * French Creek
 * North Yuba River
 * Willow Creek
 * Bridger Creek
 * Brandy Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Slate Creek
 * Canyon Creek
 * Little Canyon Creek
 * East Fork Canyon Creek
 * South Fork Canyon Creek
 * Cherokee Creek
 * Fiddle Creek
 * Goodyears Creek
 * Downie River
 * Pauley Creek
 * Lavezzola Creek
 * Empire Creek
 * Sunnyside Creek
 * Spencer Creek
 * West Branch Downie River
 * Haypress Creek
 * Salmon Creek
 * Deer Creek
 * Lincoln Creek
 * Dorsey Creek

title: Yuba River


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Best Hits Live: Save the Children Speed Live 2003

Best Hits Live: Save the Children Speed Live 2003 is a collection of live songs recorded by Japanese J-pop girlband Speed's during one of the concerts they performed in 2003. This album was released on February 25, 2004, as part of the "Save the Children" charity project.

Track listing

 * 1) "Be My Love"
 * 2) "Go!Go!Heaven"
 * 3) "Steady"
 * 4) "All My True Love"
 * 5) "Snow Kiss" (Unplugged)
 * 6) "My Graduation" (Unplugged)
 * 7) "Alive"
 * 8) "Walking in the Rain"
 * 9) "Long Way Home"
 * 10) "Stars to Shine Again"
 * 11) "Body & Soul"
 * 12) "White Love"
 * 13) "Breakin' Out to the Morning"
 * 14) "Wake Me Up!"
 * 15) Nettaiya (熱帯夜) — (Tropical Night)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Palemon

Why do you think the Hronika Bihowcja is fake?
 * Do you think 16th century is not Middle Ages?
 * It is not fake, its genealogies are. They were commissioned by Holszanskis in order to provide this obscure family with an illustrious Italian lineage. If you look at the contemporary Russia, they compiled genealogies alleging Rurik's descent from Julius Caesar. Should we take them seriously as well? --Ghirlandajo 10:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

What is REAL chronicles then?

--Bloomfield 09:53, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Palemon appears in many chronicles, not only in one. Look:
 * Prince Palemon in Ruthenian chronicles
 * The Rumyantsev and Raczinski chronicles mentioned there are even later than Bykhovets. IIRC they start with an account of 500 Roman families arriving from Ceasar to Lithuania. You may imagine what the scholars think about such "sources". --Ghirlandajo 10:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

--Bloomfield 09:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What the other wikipedians say?
 * Prince Palemon in Ruthenian chronicles

--Bloomfield 10:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palemon


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C-Store

C-Store is a database management system (DBMS) based on a column-oriented DBMS developed by a team at Brown University, Brandeis University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Massachusetts Boston including Michael Stonebraker, Stanley Zdonik, and Samuel Madden. The last release of the original code was in 2006; Vertica a commercial fork, lives on.

C-Store differs from most traditional relational database management system (RDBMS) designs in many ways, primarily in that it stores data by column and not by row, optimizing the database for reading of data rather than writing.

C-Store is licensed under the BSD license. Stonebraker and his colleagues have formed Vertica, a company to commercialize C-Store.

title: C-Store


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Der Januskopf

Der Januskopf (lit. 'The Head of Janus') is a 1920 German silent film directed by F. W. Murnau. The film was an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Little is known about the production, it was shot and previewed under the title Schrecken (lit. 'Terror') with production starting in either February or March 1920.

The film received great acclaim in Germany from trade publication and newspapers on its release, specifically noting the performance by Conrad Veidt. The film is a lost film and has been described by Bela Lugosi biographers Gary Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger as being "among the most sought-after lost films" due to its initial critical acclaim and what Robert Louis Stevenson researcher Steve Joyce described as an "all-star" film team of cinematographer Karl Freund, director F. W. Murnau and actors Conrad Veidt and Bela Lugosi.

Plot
The surviving script for the film refers to Dr.Jeskyll [sic] who lives in London. Jeskyll purchases a bust in an antique store with two faces: one beautiful and one horrible. The bust becomes an obsession to Jeskyll who attempts to give it away in an auction only to buy it back.

Cast
Cast adapted from Filmportal.de and Gary Don Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger's Becoming Dracula - The Early Years of Bela Lugosi.

Production
The film was developed under the name Schrecken (lit. 'Terror') and directed by F.W. Murnau at an early point of what would become authors Gary Don Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger described as "illustrious career in Germany and America."At this point, Murnau had only directed three feature films.

The film is based on Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886).The screenplay for the film was written by Hans Janowitz.Exactly when the film titled Schrecken was shot is hard to determine. One published production calendar suggest it was shot in late February 1920 but as the cinematographer for the film Karl Freund was not reported as hired until March 6, it is possible it was shortly after.Little is known about the film's production outside an industry trade later claiming that star Conrad Veidt had to "undergo training to be able to take his shaggy hair and turn it into something fashionable."Unlike Murnau's Nosferatu, the film did not hide its origin story with published ads in Film-Kurier and Lichtbild-Buhne noting its origin to Stevenson's novella.

Release and reception
The film had a trade preview under the title Schrecken in late April 1920. According to review from this period, the characters names are given as Jekyll rather than Jeskyll. On the trade preview from April 1920, the film received praise from publications Lichtbild-Bühne and Film-Kurier, both specifically noting Conrad Veidt's performance. Following a screening on June 20, a critic in Neue Kino-Rundschau declared that the film "belongs to the best that German film art has produced. The direction by F.W. Murnau is a textbook example and Konrad [sic] Veidt gives an unsurpassed masterly performance."

The production company Lipow-Film struck a distribution deal with Decla-Bishop due to the popular response the previews. When Schrecken premiered at Berlin's Marmorhaus-Lichtspiele on August 26, 1920, it had a new title of Der Januskopf and was subtitled eine Tragödie am Rande der Wirklichkeit (lit. 'A Tragedy on the Border of Reality'). In this version, the characters of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are changed to Dr. Warren and Mr. O'Connor respectively. Following the films premiere, Rhodes and Kaffenberger found the industry reviews to be "overwhelmingly positive" with Lichtbild-Bühne finding the film to be "a great success on account of its breathtaking suspense, and that Conrad Veidt is to be heartily congratulated for his unsurpassable, masterful performance." while Der Film stated it was "fabulously suspenseful," with "superb" acting and "excellent" cinematography. Another review in Erste Internationale Film-Zeitung went on to say the film recalled The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and that "generally speaking, one can say that this new drama is equal to Caligari, and even outdoes it in a few gripping scenes" and that Veidt "has completely outdone himself – and all his previous performances."

According to Lichtbild-Bühne, the film was popular with German audiences, stating that the film “has achieved widespread success, which we had predicted… Despite some sources stating the film was released in the United States as Love's Mockery, that was actually the title for Murnau's Der Gang in die Nacht (1921). It was released in the Netherlands under the title Het Geheim van Dr. Warren (lit. 'The Secret of Dr. Warren').

Legacy
Rhodes and Kaffenberger stated the film was "among the most sought-after lost films." Steve Joyce discussed the urgency related to the film being found in his overview of silent era The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde adaptations, specifically the interest in grand contemporary reviews and an "all-star creative team" noting Veidt, Murnau, Freund and Bela Lugosi in a small role as a butler.

title: Der Januskopf


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Indo-Caribbean Americans

Indo-Caribbean Americans or Indian-Caribbean Americans, are Americans who trace their ancestry ultimately to India, though whose recent ancestors lived in the Caribbean, where they migrated beginning in 1838 as indentured laborers. There are large populations of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians and Indo-Guyanese along with a smaller population of Indo-Surinamese, Indo-Jamaicans and other Indo-Caribbeans in the United States, especially in the New York metropolitan area and Florida. The Washington metropolitan area, Texas, and Minnesota also have small numbers of Indo-Guyanese and Indo-Trinidadians. Indo-Caribbean Americans are a subgroup of Caribbean Americans as well as Indian Americans, which are a subgroup of South Asian Americans, which itself is a subgroup of Asian Americans.

Migration history
Since the 1960s, a large Indo-Caribbean community has developed in South Richmond Hill, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the state of New York. The Indo-Caribbean population has also grown rapidly in the Floridian cities of Tampa, Orlando, Kissimmee, Poinciana, Fort Myers, Naples, Ocala, West Palm Beach, Lake Worth, Wellington, Boynton Beach, Loxahatchee, The Acreage, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Homestead, Cutler Bay, Palmetto Bay, Miami Gardens,  Port Saint Lucie, Coral Springs, Margate, Lauderdale Lakes, North Lauderdale (more than 1% of residents in the city were born in Trinidad and Tobago), Sunrise, Plantation, Parkland, Lauderhill, Pompano Beach, Hallandale Beach, Hollywood, Oakland Park, Tamarac, Cooper City, Miramar, Davie, Weston, Southwest Ranches, and Pembroke Pines. Indo-Surinamese tend to migrate to the Netherlands, but have started to settle in Florida and the New York metropolitan area in small numbers. Indo-Jamaicans also live in moderate numbers throughout the New York metropolitan area and Florida. There are also smaller numbers of Indo-Barbadians, Indo-Belizeans, Indo-French Guianese, Indo-Grenadians, Indo-Guadeloupeans, Indo-Martiniquais, Indo-Kittitian and Nevisian, Indo-Saint Lucian, Indo-Vincentian and Grenadinese in the New York metropolitan area and in Florida.

Culture and religion
Majority of Indo-Caribbean Americans are followers of Hinduism, with a minority belonging to Islam, Christianity and other religions. Major holidays such as Diwali, Phagwah, Eid, Hosay, Indian Arrival Day, Easter, and Christmas are celebrated with a distinct flavor unique to the Caribbean.

The Richmond Hill Phagwah Parade is the largest Holi celebration in the United States. Thousands attend the parade annually each Spring in Queens, with thousands of attendees crowding Liberty Avenue and Smoky Oval Park.

South Florida has become a destination for roti shops, Indian clothing boutiques, threading, mandirs/kovils, masjids, Indian churches, and annual Indo-Caribbean Hindu, Muslim, and Christian religious events. It is also a popular spot for Indo-Caribbean artists. The Florida Melody Makers are the most well known Indo-Caribbean American band for years and continue to perform around the Southeastern United States. WHSR 980 AM and WWNN used to host Indian musical and religious programming weekly every Saturday and featured community leaders like Pundit Ramsurat K. Maharaj, Bhagwan R. Singh, Natty Ramoutar, Peter Ganesh, Al Mustapha, and Sam Subramani.

Most cultural shows continue to tie a cultural bond between the Indo-Caribbean and Indian-American communities, as well as inter-religious bonding between Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhist especially those hosted at educational institutions with an Indian student association like Florida International University, Florida Atlantic University, Nova Southeastern University, Broward College, Palm Beach State College, and the University of Miami.

The Shiva Mandir in Oakland Park (first Hindu Mandir in South Florida, built in the 1980s by the Florida Hindu Organization led by Pt. Ramsurat K. Maharaj and hosts one of the largest annual Diwali shows in Florida), the Shree Saraswati Devi Mandir in Oakland Park, Krishna Mandir in Hollywood, Arya Samaj Mandir in Riverland, Shiva Lingam Mandir (Shiv Shakti Hanuman Mandir) in Margate, Palm Beach Hindu Mandir in Loxahatchee, Sanatan Sansthan Mandir in Loxahatchee, Shri Lakshmi Mandir in West Palm Beach, Florida Sevashram Sangha in Lake Worth, Lakshmi Narayan Mandir in Palmetto Estates, the Amar Jyoti Mandir in Palmetto Bay, and the Devi Bhavan Mandir in South Miami Heights are largely attended by Indo-Caribbeans. Plantation High School, a school where most Caribbeans and Asians are of Indian descent, hosted an annual Diwali show from 1993 to 2008. Starting as a one-day event in 2008 and expanding to a three-day event since 2009, the Divali Nagar USA entertains the local community with musical and religious performances, food, and vendors.

Music is a large part of the Indo-Caribbean American community, which includes the tunes of Bollywood, Carnatic music, taan, bhajans, kirtan, quwwalis, Sufi, chutney music, baithak gana, chutney parang, chutney soca, tassa, soca, parang, steel pan, and calypso. Bharatnatyam and kathak are respected classical traditional dances, and dance items from Hindi films, Bhojpuri films, Tamil films, and Telugu films have grown in favor as well. With the increasing emphasis on partying, Bollywood, chutney, chutney-soca, and soca music are preferred by the young crowd. (see Indo-Caribbean music)

Politically, Indo-Caribbean Americans tend to favor the Democratic Party, with a AALDEF exit poll indicating that a majority (86%) of Indo-Caribbean American voters backed the Joe Biden and Kamala Harris ticket in the 2020 presidential election.

Indo-Guyanese Americans

 * Avi Nash - actor
 * Gaiutra Bahadur - author
 * Rhona Fox - actress and businesswoman
 * Terry Vivkeanand Gajraj - singer
 * Pandit Prakash Gossai - Hindu religious leader
 * Nezam Hafiz - cricketer and victim of the September 11 attacks
 * Rohit Jaggessar - film maker and founder of RBC Radio, the first South Asian-Indian radio station in the United States and India's first satellite radio statio
 * Harischandra Khemraj - writer
 * Rajiv Mohabir - poet
 * Deborah Persaud – virologist
 * Anisa Singh - singer, author, businesswoman
 * Stanley Praimnath - bank executive and survivor of the September 11 attacks
 * Annand Mahendra "Victor" Ramdin - professional poker player and philanthropist
 * Subhas Ramsaywack - actor known for his role on 30 Rock
 * Mahadeo Shivraj - actor and film maker
 * Reginald Lal Singh - actor and activist

Indo-Jamaican Americans

 * Rajiv Maragh - jockey
 * Shaun Bridgmohan - jockey

Indo-Surinamese Americans

 * Vinoodh Matadin - fashion photographer

Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans

 * Mahaboob Ben Ali - businessman
 * Devin Badhal - vice president of operations at Nike, Inc.
 * Gerry Bednob - actor and comedian
 * Niala Boodhoo - journalist, host, and executive producer
 * Some members of the Capildeo family
 * Annie Dookhan - convicted felon and former chemist
 * Ramin Ganeshram - journalist
 * Reema Harrysingh - former First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Derek Khan - Fashion Stylist
 * Ismith Khan - author and educator
 * Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan - soldier
 * Krishna Maharaj - British businessman convicted of murder in Miami, Florida
 * Davan Maharaj - former editor-in-chief and publisher of the Los Angeles Times
 * Devinder "Dave" Maraj - sports car racing team owner and automotive dealer
 * Ria Persad - mathematician, classical musician, and model
 * Anantanand Rambachan - Hindu religious scholar
 * Arnold Rampersad - biographer and literary critic
 * Lall Ramnath Sawh - urologist
 * Errol Sitahal - actor
 * Lakshmi Singh - NPR's national midday newscaster
 * Bhaskar Sunkara - political publisher and writer
 * Anand Yankaran - singer and brother of Rakesh Yankaran

title: Indo-Caribbean Americans


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Bolton Interchange

Bolton Interchange is a transport interchange combining Bolton railway station and Bolton Bus Station in the town of Bolton in Greater Manchester, England. The station is located on the Manchester to Preston line and the Ribble Valley line, and is managed by Northern Trains. The station is 11+1/4 mi north west of Manchester Piccadilly. Ticket gates have been in operation at the station since 2016.

The railway station was originally named Bolton Trinity Street to differentiate it from nearby Bolton Great Moor Street station which closed in 1954. The station was also known as "Bridgeman Street Station" and "Bradford Square Station".

From the railway station, there are frequent local and semifast services to Manchester Victoria, Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester Piccadilly, Clitheroe via Blackburn, Wigan Wallgate, Blackpool North and Barrow-in-Furness (4 trains per day terminate at Windermere). Services operating to Victoria and Piccadilly operate through and terminate at other regional stations, such as Manchester Airport and Stalybridge. Most TransPennine Express services between Manchester Airport and Glasgow/Edinburgh stop at Bolton, with services pick-up only towards Preston and set-down only towards Manchester.

The entrance and ticket office are at street level, at which there is a footbridge to the bus station and the taxi rank (Which is located outside the entrance). A walkway leads to the platforms which are in a cutting. Platform 1 and 3 has a buffet and a large waiting room and toilets. Platform 4 and 5 has a small waiting room with toilets. The original main station building was demolished in the 1980s, but the Victorian buildings survive on the platforms. The clock tower was dismantled and rebuilt next to the new station.

History
Trinity Street station opened when the Manchester and Bolton Railway completed its route to Salford Central in 1838. The line extended to Manchester Victoria in 1843. This line was extended to Preston by the Bolton and Preston Railway in 1841. The route northwards, now the Ribble Valley Line, to Blackburn followed four years later, whilst the Liverpool and Bury Railway's arrival in 1848 gave the town links eastward to Bury and Rochdale, and westwards to Wigan and Liverpool. These lines had all become part of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway system by 1858.

The network of routes radiating from Bolton has remained largely unchanged to this day, the one exception being the line to Rochdale which closed on 5 October 1970. Through trains to Liverpool ended in 1977 with the closure of Liverpool Exchange station, but the line to Wigan remains open. Trains to Manchester Piccadilly and beyond began running in May 1988 with the opening of the Windsor Link. Automatic ticket barriers have been operational at the station since 12 December 2016. Northern (Arriva Rail North Limited) had announced its intention to install them here (and at several other locations) earlier in the year.

Platforms
The station currently has four platforms in use.

 * Platform 1 is used for trains heading north to Blackburn and Clitheroe, and trains heading south to Manchester Victoria and Rochdale.
 * Platform 2 sits at the end of platform 1 and 3 and is a terminus platform which is rarely used. It is sometimes used for when trains cannot go any further than Bolton (e.g. due to line repairs or obstructions up the line)
 * Platform 3 is used for trains heading to Manchester Victoria, Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Airport, Rochdale and Manchester Oxford Road, though it is also signalled for use by northbound trains to Blackburn.
 * Platform 4 is used for trains heading north and west including Wigan, Southport, Blackpool, Carlisle and Scotland, Barrow-in-Furness and Windermere. It was temporarily closed in the autumn of 2017 for refurbishment work, but is now operational again.
 * Platform 5 is used for trains to the same destinations as platform 4.

In the early 1990s, Bolton's old Platform 5 was used for the Red Star Parcels service. This was separated from Platform 4 by a brick wall and the track had been concreted over to form a car park for passenger use. Parking facilities here were closed permanently on 24 January 2017.

The old platform 5 was rebuilt to increase capacity and opened on 6 September 2017. The work to install signals and overhead cables was completed in the autumn of 2018.

Refurbishment
In 2005 and 2006, part of the station and its surrounding area underwent major refurbishment. The walkway between the ticket office and platforms was modernised along with the station lifts and stairs. Bolton Interchange which serves as a direct connection between bus and rail to certain districts of Bolton was rebuilt, incorporating a taxi rank. The bridge connecting Newport Street with the rest of the town centre was also rebuilt, along with a large arch, which is clearly noticeable in the Bolton skyline.

In 2006 a proposal to refurbish the station toilets, waiting rooms, ticket office and platforms was rejected due to lack of funds. In March 2010, GMPTE launched a consultation which proposed relocating Bolton bus station from Moor Lane to a new site adjacent to Bolton Interchange to improve connections between bus and train services. Refurbishment work on the ticket office, platforms and cafe commenced on 15 November 2010.

The new interchange, built on land bounded by Newport Street and Great Moor Street, replaced the old Moor Lane bus station and provides vastly improved waiting areas, passenger facilities, information, safety and security. It directly connects bus and rail services via a Skylink pedestrian footbridge, improving transport links, as well as access to the town centre.

The new interchange will offer enhanced accessibility with a modern concourse and passenger facilities including a retail outlet, cycle hub, shop mobility, café and modern public toilets including adult and baby changing facilities. It will also make use of innovative sustainable energy initiatives, including rainwater recycling to flush the toilets, solar panels, air source heat pumps and low-energy LED lighting.

The new transport interchange was delivered by Kier Construction for TfGM in partnership with Bolton Council. The £48 million scheme was funded by the Greater Manchester Transport Fund and supports the Bolton Town Centre Transport Strategy and the wider town centre regeneration plans.

Electrification
From May 2015 until December 2015, to facilitate the electrification of the route from Manchester to Preston a reduced service pattern was in place as only one track through the Farnworth Tunnel could be used due to its re-boring to accommodate twin tracks. During this period, many TransPennine Express services were re-routed via Wigan North Western avoiding Bolton altogether. At the weekends train services between Manchester and Bolton were replaced by buses. In April 2016, in preparation for electrification, Orlando St. bridge was replaced, Soho St. bridge was demolished and track lowering took place in the Bullfield Tunnels area.

Another 15 day blockade took place between 12 and 27 August 2017 to permit further work at the station, including the reinstatement of platform 5 (as noted), erecting a new footbridge, installation of overhead wiring and signalling upgrades. Buses replaced trains on most routes, with through services diverted via Atherton or Wigan North Western. The work was completed on schedule on 28 August, but the line towards Manchester remained closed following the work due to an embankment collapse and bridge damage at Moses Gate caused by a burst water main. As a result, the only service running was that to and from Blackburn, with other trains diverted away and replacement bus services to Manchester, Wigan and Preston in place. The line reopened to traffic on 6 September 2017 upon completion of the repairs to the bridge supports and embankment and normal working resumed on all routes.

The electrification work at the station was due to be completed in time for the December 2017 timetable change, which would have seen a major revamp of the service pattern in operation. The work however fell well behind schedule, with Network Rail admitting in January 2018 that the work would not even be completed in time for the next timetable change in May. This was due to unexpected problems with poor ground conditions in several locations, which meant that some 200 masts for the overhead wires could not be installed as planned. In order to complete the remaining work by the end of the year (both piling for the masts and the actual wiring), further weekend blockades were imposed by Network Rail, which were expected to continue until November 2018 (along with a nine-day line closure in late August). The planned timetable revamp (including the return of Glasgow and Edinburgh trains and through services to south Manchester and Cheshire) have also had to be postponed until May 2019 as many of these improvements were dependent on the availability of electric rolling stock. The first overnight electric test trains ran successfully in December 2018. Electric service commenced on 11 February 2019 utilising Class 319 Electric Multiple Units.

Rail
As of summer 2023, the typical off-peak service is:

Northern Trains
 * 1tph to Lancaster, including 11tpd continuing to Barrow-in-Furness and 4tpd continuing to Windermere
 * 2tph to Blackpool North
 * 2tph to Southport
 * 2tph to Blackburn, with 1tph continuing to Clitheroe
 * 1tph to Stalybridge
 * 3tph to Manchester Airport
 * 1tph to Manchester Oxford Road
 * 2tph to Rochdale via Manchester Victoria

TransPennine Express
 * TransPennine Express provide an irregular service from Bolton, with 7 trains per weekday in both directions to Carlisle, extending to Edinburgh Waverley or Glasgow Central. These trains are pick-up only northbound and set-down only southbound, so passengers cannot use these trains for journeys between Bolton and Manchester.

There are no direct trains to Southport on Sundays, as these trains run via Swinton instead (connections are available at Hindley). All other routes receive an hourly service on Sundays, with services from Clitheroe terminating at Manchester Victoria and services from Stalybridge terminating at Wigan North Western.

Bus
Several bus companies provide a comprehensive route network of services around Bolton and the surrounding areas, with some subsidised on behalf of the Bee Network: Diamond North West, Go North West, Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire and Blackburn Bus Company. Additionally, rail replacement buses are operated by Tyres or Atlantic Travel.

title: Bolton Interchange


text:
Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return

'Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return, or simply Tomba! 2', is a platform-adventure game developed by Whoopee Camp and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game was released in Japan in 1999 and in other territories the following year. The game is a sequel to Tomba! and centers on the exploits of the eponymous feral child as he attempts to rescue his friend Tabby from an evil race of anthropomorphic pigs.

While ''Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return'' retains the basic game mechanics and "event" system of its predecessor, it features the additions of fully 3D environments and an assortment of collectible suits that augment Tomba's abilities. The game was received positively by critics, with particular praise going to the gameplay variety, controls, and visuals. Reception to the audio was mixed, and criticism was directed at the large number of tedious events and simplistic, repetitive boss battles. Whoopee Camp disbanded following the game's lackluster commercial performance. The game was re-released on the PlayStation Network in Japan in 2011, in Europe in 2012, and in North America in 2015.

Gameplay
''Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return'' is a side-scrolling platform-adventure game with RPG elements. The player controls the titular character Tomba, who must defeat the Evil Pigs and rescue his girlfriend Tabby. The game is displayed in a full three-dimensional perspective in which movement is performed on predetermined linear paths. Whenever Tomba reaches a point where additional paths intersect with his current one, a set of flashing arrows appear above his head. At that point, Tomba can move in any direction that the arrows point. Some areas allow the player to explore them in an isometric view. Signposts scattered throughout the environment can be used to save the player's progress.

Along with the ability to jump, Tomba can attack enemy characters by leaping onto and biting into their back before tossing them in a straightforward trajectory. Attacking enemies in this fashion raises a magic meter on the bottom-left corner of the screen. Tomba can also attack enemies by obtaining various weapons such as flails, boomerangs and mallets. Throughout the game, different suits that can augment Tomba's abilities or protect him can be obtained. For example, the flying squirrel suit allows Tomba to glide long distances while the pig suit allows Tomba to communicate with friendly pigs. When Tomba defeats a boss character, he can wear their robe and use special powers at the cost of some magic. Magical feathers scattered throughout the game can be used to instantly transport Tomba to any area that has previously been visited.

When Tomba interacts with a certain character or environmental element, an "event" may be initiated, in which Tomba is given a task to accomplish or an obstacle to overcome. Such events may consist of finding a lost item, rescuing a stranded character or clearing a blockade in the imminent path. Upon completing an event, the player is rewarded with "Adventure Points", which can be used to unlock specifically-marked chests. The game features an inventory system that displays the player's current collection of items and events. The game includes a total of 137 events, some of which can be unlocked by importing save data from the original Tomba!.

The player begins the game with a maximum of four health points that are represented as a series of pink squares on the upper-left corner of the screen. Tomba loses a health point if he is hit by an enemy or environmental hazard. Health points can be restored by eating fruit and lunch boxes or by using other restorative items. When all health points are depleted or if Tomba falls down a bottomless chasm, the game ends prematurely.

Plot
Tomba – having grown into a young man since his previous adventure – receives an envelope containing his insect friend Zippo, who reports that the Evil Pigs have invaded a neighboring land and that Tomba's friend Tabby has disappeared. Tomba leaps into the sea in search of her and winds up in a fisherman village where he meets an old man named Kainen. From there he moves on to the Coal-Mining Town where Tabby's house is, but discovers that she is absent. Gran, a denizen of the Coal-Mining Town, mentions seeing Tabby travel to the Kujara Ranch by trolley, but the trolley she used to travel there returns empty. A panicking trolley worker reveals that the Evil Pigs kidnapped Tabby when she tried to protect a pendant that was given to her by Tomba as a gift. Gran explains that the Evil Pigs have cursed the entire continent, and gives Tomba a red Pig Bag that is capable of capturing the Flame Pig that has cast his spell on the mines. Tomba ventures throughout the continent gathering the rest of the Pig Bags. After Tomba captures the five Evil Pigs and lifts their spells over the land, their leader, the Last Evil Pig, reveals himself to Tomba and tempts him to find his lair. Tomba locates the Last Evil Pig in an underground area underneath the Coal-Mining Town, where the Last Evil Pig freezes time in a last-ditch effort to stop Tomba. A final battle against the Last Evil Pig ends with his capture, but he promises his eventual return. Tomba finds Tabby in the Last Evil Pig's lair and they escape the collapsing area on the back of the flying dog Baron. Following a feast at Tabby's home, Kainen may appear and reward Tomba with a tuxedo if all the events were completed. Tomba is allowed to pilot the local windmill owner's new boat to return home, but he crashes it soon after departing.

Development and release
For ''Tomba! 2 The Evil Swine Return'', Whoopee Camp founder Tokuro Fujiwara transferred directorial duty to Kuniaki Kakuwa, but retained his other positions in development. A fully polygonal approach was applied to the game's graphics to achieve a greater freedom in expression. This shift to three-dimensional graphics allowed for concepts that were not possible in the previous title, such as dynamic camera movement during cutscenes. Despite the change in graphics, the first game's basic systems and gameplay were preserved as to not alienate players of the previous title. Hidetaka Suehiro provided level design for the latter half of the game and set up the AI movement for the enemy characters. The music was composed by Shiina Ozawa, with a new score by Ashif Hakik being recorded for the international version. The Japanese-language version includes the voice talents of Ichirō Nagai, Satomi Kōrogi and Yuki Matsuoka among others. The game was publicly unveiled by Sony at E3 1999, and was released in Japan on October 28, 1999.

The game's introduction video in the Western releases was edited from the original Japanese version, and features different background music. The English-language voices were provided by the Actors Phantasy Company. The North American release date for the game was announced by Sony on November 11, 1999. A playable demonstration was integrated into the Jampack Summer 2K compilation CD released by PlayStation Underground. ''Tomba! 2'' was released in North America on January 18, 2000 and in Europe on June 16, 2000. The game sold less copies than its predecessor, and Whoopee Camp was disbanded following its release, with much of its staff later transferring to Access Games. The company had been developing the PlayStation 2 title Extermination prior to its dissolution.

When an English-language distribution deal for Tomba! on the PlayStation Network was formulated between MonkeyPaw Games, Sony and Fujiwara, the involved parties elected to wait until Tomba!'s re-release showed satisfactory sales figures before arranging the sequel's re-release. ''Tomba! 2'' was re-released on the PlayStation Network in Japan on September 28, 2011, in Europe on December 29, 2012, and in North America on February 18, 2014. ''Tomba! 2'''s initial release on the North American PlayStation Network was that of the Japanese version; MonkeyPaw Games experienced emulation issues with the English-language version that prevented its immediate release and intended the Japanese version to be a placeholder. The English-language version of the game was released on the PlayStation Network in North America on November 5, 2015. From November 3 to November 9, those who were verified to have purchased the Japanese version were able to download the English version at no extra charge. To commemorate the release of the English version, MonkeyPaw Games created and distributed limited-edition Tomba plushie figures as part of a special promotion on Twitter from November 3 to December 25, 2015.

On June 20, 2024, Limited Run Games announced that a re-release of ''Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return'' is in development for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Windows with a planned 2025 release date.

Reception
''Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return'' received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40.

While Jeremy Conrad of IGN declared the game to be an improvement over its predecessor, Sean Johnson of GameRevolution and Peter Bartholow of GameSpot deemed it as merely a polished repackaging. The quantity and variety of events was noted,  and Randy Nelson of NextGen added that the major events were better paced than those in the first game. Some, however, felt that a number of the events were tedious and time-consuming; Mark MacDonald of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine commented that "the errands outnumber the interesting puzzles by about 20 to one", and stated a preference for the game's platforming sections. Slo Mo of GamePro and Che Chou of Electronic Gaming Monthly opined that the game's challenge would be appealing to both young and mature audiences, though Shawn Smith and Chris Johnston, also of Electronic Gaming Monthly, perceived a lack of difficulty. Bartholow and Conrad remarked that some of the optional events were frustratingly difficult, with Conrad specifying the mine cart minigame as an example. Erik Engström of Hardcore Gaming 101 was disappointed by the game's more linear structure compared to the first game, but considered the quest system's organization to be more refined. The controls were commended for their responsiveness,  though the multi-branched paths were said to be somewhat cumbersome to navigate. While Johnson acknowledged that this gameplay style was an interesting diversion from other action games, he and Nelson proposed that full 3D movement would have made the controls and gameplay simpler and more enjoyable. Conrad disagreed, saying that the Tomba! property's 16-bit-styled gameplay was an essential part of its charm. Bartholow commended the camera and perspectives as excellent, but he and Johnson faulted a few areas where the perspective made placing jumps or finding event-related clues difficult. The variety of items and weapons was appreciated, with Johnson considering the suits to be the game's best addition. The boss battles were criticized for their simplicity and repetitiveness. Engström negatively compared the presence of the character Zippo – who gives hints and directions pertaining to the situation – to Navi from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, deeming him unnecessary and insulting to the player's intelligence.

The graphics were praised for their color, detail,  and increased sense of size and depth over the first game;  Johnson and Bartholow declared it to be one of the PlayStation's best-looking games, and both compared the visuals to a cartoon. Engström argued that the graphics were messier than those of its predecessor, though he still considered them decent for a PlayStation game and appreciated the preservation of the first game's "silly" aesthetic. Reactions to the music were mixed. Slo Mo praised the score for its atmosphere, and Engström singled out the music in the hidden magical towers as "tense and mysterious, almost a bit oppressive". Johnson and Conrad regarded the music as passable if fairly generic, though Conrad was annoyed by the "monotonous" music that plays during character conversations. Bartholow noted that the North American version's music "retains the reggae-ish timbre of the original title's music, but for the most part it isn't as repetitive or potentially annoying as the original's music". The voice-acting also saw mixed responses. Johnson and Bartholow were surprised by the competent quality of the voices, and Bartholow added that the localization was clean and complete. Conrad's assessment was middling, concluding "It's not Resident Evil (1) bad, but it still can't touch Metal Gear Solid". Smith, Engström, and Jay Fitzloff of Game Informer were more dismissive, with Engström and Smith respectively deriding the voice-overs as "amateurish" and "ridiculously lame", and Engström deemed Charles to be the most grating. Engström observed that the game's tone was slightly darker than its predecessor, citing the rotten appearance of the Evil Ghost Pig, the nuanced depiction of a benevolent group of pigs, and the "actually rather scary" endgame.

title: Tomba! 2: The Evil Swine Return


text: User talk:138.217.99.103

title: User talk:138.217.99.103


text:
Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro

Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro is a 1997 tribute album to singer-songwriter Laura Nyro, released shortly after her death of ovarian cancer and released on Astor Place.

Almost all of the artists recorded Nyro's songs. The exception was Jane Siberry, who contributed an original song which combined her own tribute to Nyro with a brief medley of several of her songs.

Track listing

 * 1) Phoebe Snow, "Time and Love" – 4:34
 * 2) Jill Sobule, "Stoned Soul Picnic" – 4:07
 * 3) Suzanne Vega, "Buy and Sell" – 3:17
 * 4) Rosanne Cash, "Save the Country" – 3:14
 * 5) Jane Siberry, "When I Think of Laura Nyro" – 4:28
 * 6) Beth Nielsen Chapman, "Stoney End" – 3:53
 * 7) Lisa Germano, "Eli's Comin'" – 4:27
 * 8) The Roches, "Wedding Bell Blues" – 3:21
 * 9) Sweet Honey in the Rock, "And When I Die" – 2:54
 * 10) Patty Larkin, "Poverty Train" – 4:25
 * 11) Jonatha Brooke, "He's a Runner" – 3:55
 * 12) Holly Cole, "Sweet Blindness" – 5:22
 * 13) Leni Stern, "Upstairs By a Chinese Lamp" – 4:51
 * 14) Dana Bryant, "Woman's Blues" – 6:10

title: Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro


text: User talk:218.57.243.52

title: User talk:218.57.243.52


text:
Talk:Coast (TV series)

What's furthest from the sea?
The Ashby-de-la-Zouch location for the most landlocked place in the British isles is an estimate - would appreciate confirmation from someone who knows better!...Thedatastream 10:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I make it somewhere to the northeast of Tamworth, but although The Wash is easy to measure from, the Mersey estuary and the Severn are hard, because it depends where counts as river and where as sea. It depends not on the saltiness or freshness of the water but the tidal movement. I don't know how far up the Severn the tides go, but 72 miles is a pretty good estimate. Of course, that is as the crow flies, and the driving time will vary. --LeedsKing (talk) 21:29, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Why so little information on Series 6?
Why is there so little information on the current (2011) series? Could it be more than a list of sub-headings of the programme editions? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 15:31, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Main presenters
The article could make it clearer that Nicholas Crane was the main presenter in the first two series of Coast, then Neil Oliver became the programme's main presenter. Vorbee (talk) 20:49, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Dive Master
It may be of interest that the dive master for some of the open water diving was Richard Bull of Current State Diving in Bristol, and formerly of the pop band The Kursaal Flyers 84.9.122.132 (talk) 00:59, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coast (TV series)


text:
Larsen & Toubro

Larsen & Toubro Limited, abbreviated as L&T, is an Indian multinational conglomerate, with interests in industrial technology, heavy industry, engineering, construction, manufacturing, power, information technology, military and financial services. It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

L&T was founded in 1938 in Bombay by Danish engineers Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian Toubro.

As of 31 March 2022, the L&T Group comprises 93 subsidiaries, 5 associate companies, 27 joint ventures and 35 jointly held operations, operating across basic and heavy engineering, construction, realty, manufacturing of capital goods, information technology, and financial services.

On 1 October 2023, S N Subrahmanyan took charge as Chairman and Managing Director of L&T.

History
Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian Toubro were in India to represent the interests of the Danish dairy equipment manufacturer FLSmidth when they founded L&T through an oral agreement in 1938. The company was legally incorporated in 1946.

The start of World War II in 1939 and the resulting blockade of trade, led Larsen and Toubro to undertake jobs and provide service facilities. The German invasion of Denmark in April 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products. The war-time need to repair, refit, and degauss ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships. The internment of German engineers in India who were to construct a soda ash plant for the Tata Group gave L&T a chance to enter the field of installation.

In 1946, they incorporated Engineering Construction & Contracts Ltd. (ECC) to focus on construction projects. ECC now exists as the construction division of L&T. By 1947, the company represented the manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture products such as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps and glass. In 1947, the company signed an agreement with Caterpillar Tractor Company to market earth moving equipment. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices, but the finances required were beyond the capacity of the partners. This prompted them to raise additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private Limited was incorporated.

In 1947, the firm set up offices in Calcutta and Madras and New Delhi. In 1948, 55 acres of undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in Powai, Mumbai. In December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital of inr 2000000. The sales turnover in that year was inr 10900000. In 1956, a major part of the company's Bombay office moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate, which would later be purchased by the company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters.

During the 1960s, ventures included the Utkal Machinery Limited (UTMAL) (set up in 1960), Audco India Limited (1961), Eutectic Welding Alloys (1962) and Tractor Engineers Limited (TENGL) (1963).

In 1965, the firm had been chosen as a partner for building nuclear reactors. Dr. Homi Bhabha, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission had approached L&T in the 1950s to fabricate critical components for nuclear reactors.

During the 1970s, L&T was contracted to work with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Chairman Vikram Sarabhai chose L&T as manufacturing partner.

In 1976, ECC bid for a large airport project in Abu Dhabi. ECC's balance sheet, however, did not meet the bid's financial qualification requirement. So it was merged into L&T. ECC was eventually rechristened L&T Construction and now accounts for the largest slice of the group's annual revenue.

In 1985, L&T entered into a partnership with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). L&T was not yet allowed by the government to manufacture defence equipment but was permitted to participate in design and development programmes with DRDO. After the design and development was done, the firm had to hand over all the drawings to DRDO. The Indian government would then assign the production work to a public sector defence unit or ordnance factory for manufacture. The firm currently makes a range of weapon and missile systems, command and control systems, engineering systems, and submarines through DRDO.

Larsen & Toubro established a financial services subsidiary called L&T Finance in November 1994.

In 2015, the company began developing commercial, retail and office space around the Hyderabad Metro Rail project.

In June 2019, the company acquired a controlling stake in IT services company Mindtree.

Construction

 * L&T Construction
 * L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad
 * L&T Realty

EPC Projects

 * L&T Valves
 * L&T Energy Hydrocarbon
 * L&T Power

Technology

 * LTIMindtree
 * L&T Technology Services

Manufacturing

 * L&T Heavy Engineering
 * L&T Precision Engineering and Systems
 * L&T Shipbuilding

Financial services

 * L&T Finance

Digital

 * L&T-SuFin
 * L&T Edutech

Other subsidiaries and joint ventures
As of 31st March, 2022, L&T has 93 subsidiaries, 5 associate companies, 27 joint ventures and 35 joint operations.
 * L&T – Construction Equipment Limited: having its registered office at Mumbai, India and focusing on construction equipment and mining equipment, L&T-Komatsu Limited was a joint-venture of Larsen and Toubro, and Komatsu Asia Pacific Pte Limited, Singapore, a wholly owned subsidiary of Komatsu Limited, Japan. Komatsu is the world's second largest manufacturer of hydraulic excavators and has manufacturing and marketing facilities. The plant was started in 1975 by L&T to manufacture hydraulic excavators for the first time in India. In 1998, it became a joint-venture. The Bengaluru works comprise machinery and hydraulics works, with a manufacturing facility for design, manufacture, and servicing of earth moving equipment. In April 2013, L&T bought the 50% stake held by Komatsu Asia & Pacific. The company's name was changed to L&T Construction Equipment Limited.
 * L&T has a joint venture with Qatari company Al Balagh group as the main contractors for the Al Rayyan stadium, the 2022 FIFA World Cup stadium which will host matches up to the quarter-final.
 * A partnership between L&T Finance and Sonalika Group farm equipment maker International Tractors Ltd in April 2014 provided credit and financing to customers of Sonalika Group in India.
 * L&T Special Steels and Heavy Forgings Pvt Ltd. is a joint venture between L&T and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), headquartered at Hazira. It is the largest integrated steel plant and heavy forging unit in India, capable of producing forgings weighing 120 MT each. LTSSHF currently is engaged in projects from the nuclear, hydrocarbon, power and oil and gas sectors.
 * L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited (L&T-S&L), established in 1995, is an engineering and consultancy firm in the power sector, formed by L&T and Sargent & Lundy L.L.C. - USA, a global consulting firm in the power industry since 1891

Divestments
L&T has across the decades exited from several businesses. These include:

Cement
L&T sold its 16.5 million tonne/per year capacity cement division to UltraTech Cement and also divested its 8.5% stake in A V Birla group company Grasim Industries in 2004.

L&T-John Deere
In 1992, L&T established a 50-50 joint venture with John Deere to manufacture tractors in India, called L&T - John Deere. L&T sold their interest to John Deere in 2005.

L&T Case
In 1992, L&T established L&T-Case Construction with CNH Global as a 50-50 joint venture to build backhoes. In 2011, L&T sold its share to CNH, and the company was renamed Case New Holland Construction Equipment India.

L&T Medical Equipment and Systems
In 1987, L&T launched the L&T Medical Equipment & Systems division. In November 2012, it was sold to Skanray Technologies Pvt Ltd. Currently, L&T Mysore division manufactures Single-phase and Three-phase static solid-state Electricity Meters to various utilities in India. The range of meters varies from residential, industrial, prepayment and smart meters. there are both whole current and CT operated meters. It also houses a relay servicing unit.

EWAC Alloys Limited
EWAC Alloys Limited was a wholly owned subsidiary of L&T. The company was engaged in design & development, manufacture and supply of special welding electrodes, gas brazing rods and fluxes, welding torches and accessories, atomised metal powder alloys, flux cored continuous wires & wire feeders, polymer compounds & wear-resistant plates.

Prof Wasserman, founder of Eutectic Castolin, and Henning Hock Larsen, founder of L&T, founded the Eutectic Division in India in the year 1962. Eutectic Castolin was later merged into the Messer Group of companies, Germany and referred as Messer Eutectic Castolin (MEC). In 2010, L&T, bought the entire stake from Messer to become the wholly owned subsidiary of it. The current headquarters is in Ankleshwar, Gujarat (India), and the products are sold under the name EWAC.

L&T sold its entire stake in unlisted subsidiary EWAC Alloys to UK-registered ESAB Holdings for a total consideration of Rs 522 crore. The share purchase agreement has been executed on 11 October 2017. The acquirer ESAB offers products for welding and cutting process. In 2012, ESAB was acquired by Colfax Corp., a diversified industrial manufacturing company based in the US.

Petroleum Dispensing Pump (PDP)
In November 2009, Larsen and Toubro (L&T) sold its petroleum dispensing pump (PDP) business to Gilbarco Veeder-Root, a US-based payments systems company, for around Rs 150 crore. Gilbarco has signed a definitive purchase agreement to acquire the business. With the completion of acquisition, L&T's PDP business will become part of a new division called Gilbarco Veeder-Root India Pvt Ltd.

L&T Kobelco Machinery Private Limited
This was a joint venture of L&T and Kobe Steel of Japan, to manufacture internal mixers and twin screw roller-head extruder's for the tyre industry. L&T sold its entire 51% stake in L&T Kobelco Machinery Private to its joint venture partner in the company, Kobe Steel of Japan, for Rs 43.5 crore.

L&T Electrical and Automation Ltd.
L&T was an international manufacturer of electrical and electronic products and systems. The company manufactured custom-engineered switchboards for industrial sectors like power, refineries, petrochemicals and cement. In the electronic segment, L&T offered a range of metres and provides control automation systems for industries. In May 2018, the firm signed a definitive agreement with Schneider Electric for the strategic divestment of its electrical and automation (E&A) business in an all-cash deal of ₹14,000 crore. The deal was completed on 31 August 2020 after receiving the requisite regulatory approvals. L&T has said that its exit from the electrical and automation business is a part of its strategic portfolio review process.

L&T Mutual Fund
L&T Mutual Fund was the mutual fund company of the L&T Group. Its average assets under management (AuM) as of May 2019 is ₹ 73,936.68 crore. On November 26, 2022, L&T Mutual Fund was sold to HSBC.

L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited
Larsen & Toubro, signed an agreement to divest its stake in L&T IDPL to a portfolio company of Infrastructure Yield Plus II, an infrastructure fund managed by Edelweiss Alternatives in December 2022. The transaction is subject to completion of customary closing conditions including receipt of applicable regulatory and other approvals.

Listing and shareholding
The equity shares of the company are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE). The company's shares constitute a part of the BSE SENSEX of the BSE as well as the NIFTY 50 index of the NSE. Its global depository receipts (GDR) are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange.

Shareholders
Shareholders as of 31 December 2022

Employees
As on 31 March 2022, the company had 45,615 permanent employees, out of which 2,997 were women and 48 employees with disabilities. At the same period company had 200,062 workers on contract basis.

Awards and recognition

 * L&T ranked 2nd in Top 25 EPC Contractors 2022 in the Middle East List by Oil & Gas Middle East
 * L&T ranked 4th in the 2021 LinkedIn Top Companies list, India
 * In 2021, L&T won the Innovation in Onboarding at the OLX People HR Excellence awards by The Economic Times HRWorld
 * L&T Hydrocarbon won the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry (FIPI) ‘Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) - Company of the Year’ Award for 2020
 * In 1997, the Bengaluru Works division was awarded the "Best of all" Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award
 * In 2013, L&T Power received 'Golden Peacock National Quality Award – 2012' at the 23rd World Congress on 'Leadership & Quality of Governance'.
 * L&T ranked at No.22 among World's Best Employers and No.1 in India by Forbes for 2018.

title: Larsen & Toubro


text:
Moses Gate railway station

Moses Gate railway station serves the Moses Gate suburb of Farnworth in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, North West England.

It lies on the Manchester-Preston Line 1+1/4 mi south of Bolton, though only local services run by Northern call here.

Until the late 1970s, Moses Gate was one of the more important stations on the line between Manchester Victoria and Bolton, with Sunday service and high patronage. But due to clearance of much housing in the area, use has declined (see Strategic Rail Authority figures) although it retains an hourly service (see National Rail Timetable). Moses Gate is the nearest railway station to the village of Little Lever. The station was staffed until the early 1990s, but the station buildings were badly damaged in an arson attack and subsequently demolished. It is now unmanned and has no ticketing facilities (passengers intending to travel must buy tickets in advance or on the train). Shelters and timetable posters are located on both platforms; though there are ramps to each platform, the National Rail Enquiries entry for the station states that it is not currently (December 2016) DDA-compliant.

From early May 2015 until the December 2015 timetable change, services from the station were suspended and replaced by buses due to the ongoing modernisation work here (where the platforms have been rebuilt, ahead of planned electrification of the line) and on the route further south at Farnworth Tunnel. The station reopened on 14 December 2015.

Service
Since the May 2018 timetable change, the service from here has seen some improvements (notably with the introduction of evening weekday trains for the first time in more than twenty years). A basic hourly service operates each way all day (with a few peak extras), southbound to Manchester Victoria and Stalybridge and northbound to Bolton and Southport via Wigan Wallgate.

Saturday services were suspended and replaced by buses until November 2018 due to the (significantly delayed) ongoing work to electrify the route through Bolton.

Services at the station were also temporarily suspended between 28 August and 11 September 2017 due to a damaged road bridge near the station. A fractured water main caused part of the embankment and retaining wall supporting the bridge to collapse onto the track and damaged both the bridge supports and road surface. The line was not in use at the time due to a planned engineering blockade at Bolton - this was due to end on 28 August (and was completed on schedule), but following the incident the railway remained closed between Bolton and Salford Crescent whilst repairs were carried out. Replacement buses were in operation, with through trains diverted via alternative routes. The line reopened on 6 September 2017, though trains were still unable to call at the station as repairs to the access road were still ongoing. Normal working resumed five days later once these were completed.

There is no Sunday service. The lack of Sunday service was raised in Parliament in July 2019.

Electrification
Following delays caused by geological problems and change of main contractor, electric services eventually commenced on Monday 11 February 2019, utilising Class 319 electric multiple units. None of these trains however stop here.

title: Moses Gate railway station


text:
User:HelderM

Hello my name is Helder.

title: User:HelderM


text:
Blönduós

Blönduós is a town and former municipality in the north of Iceland with a population of 895 in 2018. Like many towns and villages around Iceland, Blönduós did not emerge as a village until the late 19th century. The town is situated on Route 1 at the mouth of the glacial river Blanda. Hrútey, a small island and natural reserve encircled by the river, is accessible via a pedestrian bridge just off the ring road. In 2022, the town merged with Húnavatnshreppur to form Húnabyggð.

Geography
One of Blönduós' main characteristics is that the town is split into two parts by the glacial river Blanda, for which it is named (Blöndu is an oblique case of Blanda). The old part of town (Icelandic: "gamli bærinn"), including many original houses from the late 19th and early 20th century, is located on the south side of the river. Many of the local companies, the elementary school, supermarket, community center and sports facilities including a modern outdoor heated pool are located on the north side. On a hill above town is a church with striking architecture that is intended to resemble a volcanic crater.

Economy
Most of the industry and livelihood in Blönduós evolve around service for agriculture and tourism. In recent years, the town has become known for its connection with textiles. A wool washery, Iceland's only textile museum Heimilisiðnaðarsafnið and the Icelandic Textile Center, featuring a residency program for international textile artists and scholars, are all located in Blönduós.

Notable people

 * Þorvaldur Skúlason (1906–1984), abstract painter, lived in Blönduós 1909–1924
 * Reynir Grétarsson (born 1972), Icelandic entrepreneur, philanthropist, Icelandic map collector and author of "About Mapping Iceland" Founder and former CEO[1] and current chairman of the Board of Creditinfo Group
 * María Ólafsdóttir (born 1993), singer, musician and actress

Twin towns – sister cities
Blönduós is twinned with:
 * Horsens, Denmark
 * 🇸🇪 Karlstad, Sweden
 * 🇳🇴 Moss, Norway
 * 🇫🇮 Nokia, Finland

Climate
Blönduós has a tundra climate (ET).

title: Blönduós


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Soul of the Samurai

Soul of the Samurai (新時代劇アクション　羅刹の剣), released as Ronin Blade in Europe, is an action-adventure game developed and published by Konami in 1999 for the PlayStation.

Gameplay
From the start the player chooses to be either a young male ronin named Kotaro or a teenage female ninja named Lin (Rin). From then on he or she travels through prerendered levels, killing enemies and fulfilling their mission.

There is a single attack button, but combined with different directional buttons pressed in different combinations and held down for various intervals. There are different attack speeds which correlate to the weight of the equipped weapon, and this is displayed on the sword's 'check' window (also displayed is the sword's length and sharpness, and a brief description of the blade).

Characters
Main characters:
 * Kotaro Hiba: Kotaro is a masterless samurai who travels Japan. Not much is known about his roots, other than he grew up in a dojo with a boy called Yukinosuke, training in the ways of Japanese swordsmanship. Both were apparently raised by their 'master', and Kotaro reveals his parents have already died. Yukinosuke reveals, that when growing up, they were both of equal skill, with neither ever able to clearly defeat the other in sparring contests. Kotaro left suddenly one day after his parents died. He has a laid-back attitude to life and does not sit in the traditional seiza sitting position in the dojo.
 * Lin (Rin): Lin is a ninja who was orphaned as a child. Both she and her brother, Shin were taken in by a ninja clan and trained in the art of ninjutsu until they were strong enough and skilled enough to carry out missions as a spy for the Tokugawa shogunate government. She resents the 'kid' image Kotaro uses on her, despite her youth. She has feelings for Kotaro, which is revealed at the game's end.

Kotaro's Path bosses:
 * Unknown Ronin: The first boss in Kotaro's story, Kotaro finds the ronin killing a shogunate ninja (Genzo). This ronin has no other description besides the scars on his face and completely white eyes. It is possible he is Sasaki Kojiro due to the fact that a long sword named Monohoshizao is obtained after defeating him, which was the name of the nodachi that Kojiro used in real life.
 * Muga: Muga is the high priest of the Temple. Due to his body being host to the horrific 'soul bugs', he has been transformed into a giant and bizarre monster. Muga surprises Kotaro in the Temple, having knocked Kurenai unconscious, saying she will make a fine gift to Lord Tohjo. When asked what Lord Tohjo has to do with anything, Muga tells Kotaro that it does not matter because he will die soon anyway. Before their battle begins, Muga cracks his knuckles, saying that he has been praying to test his new powers. He is the second boss in Kotaro's path.
 * Yukinosuke: Yukinosuke is Kotaro's childhood friend. Along with Kotaro he trained under his 'master' in kenjutsu, and could not best Kotaro, although Kotaro could not beat him either. He secretly harbours a deep feeling of resentment towards this fact, and strives for a way to defeat Kotaro (though not to kill him). Some time after Kotaro left, he turned to Lord Tohjo and he gave him a soul bug, giving him more power. Despite this, the soul bug has not deformed him like other hosts, and he despises the soul bug.
 * Urabe: A sorcerer who is enlisted to help in the creation and spread of the soul bugs. He has is a distinct boss due to the fact he does not wield a weapon or fight with his hands rather he attacks with a variety of magical spells. But after defeating him he transforms via the power of the soul bugs into a naked hunchback with an open spine that ends with a scorpion stinger and also gains the ability to breathe fire. He also has an electric left eye which may be the source of his power.
 * Miyamoto Musashi (optional boss): The only samurai (later revealed to be a ronin) who can wield two swords at once. He challenges Kotaro Hiba to a duel of honor at Ganryu Beach. If the player chooses to fight him he reveals he is not like the previous bosses faced, rather he is a ronin who just wants to fight Kotaro and he even goes to say that the events that are happening in the fiefdom "is of no concern to my swords". Defeating him earns a thanks before Musashi dies, as well as obtaining his two swords which can be equipped and used. These are the only swords in the game which can be used together in battle. The player must fight Musashi before fighting Yukinosuke, or he will get tired of waiting and leave.
 * Lord Tohjo: Lord Tohjo is the ruler of the village's fiefdom. He has contacted Urabe and enlisted his help to create the soul bugs for him. He is a master is sōjutsu (Japanese spear art) and possibly jūkendō. Tohjo has unnatural power, and can heal himself using magic. After defeating him he too is revealed to have a soul bug which causes him to sprout arms which are electric in nature as well as deform himself in a way. This is where the game ends whether the player chooses Kotaro or Lin's path for the first time: the latter infected form can only be fought by playing through the second character's path via loading up the finished saved game.

Lin's Path bosses:
 * Castle Head Guard: Lin finds Hanzo, a fellow shogunate ninja, dying from a wound inflicted by the Head Guard. The Guard then finds the two, and begins the battle with Lin. He is not alone in this boss battle as he calls upon his subordinates to come from every direction; however, he can be easily separated out among the other swordsmen as he is the only one wearing a blue outfit. He does not have any unblockable attacks.
 * Undead Genzo: In Kotaro's path, he is revealed to be killed by the Unknown Ronin. This fact is unknown to Lin who is happy to see her friend alive, but after he pulls his basket hat he is shown to be an undead who is bent on destroying Lin.
 * Karasu: A beautiful female ninja who is the head of a group of ninjas called Ravens. She is known for her skill in the art of ninjitsu as well as for her trademark battle dance. Defeating her engages the player in another boss battle where she is shown to be a soul bug's host, which of course allows her access to more powers. After her final defeat she reveals Lin's brother Shin is with Lord Tohjo; according to her "it will be a tearful reunion". Her name means "Crow" in Japanese.
 * The Three Wolverines: These are three Wolverine Ninja (named so because of their claw-like weapons) who are much more powerful than their normal counterparts. They are summoned to attack Lin by Oda, after her attempt to kill Lord Tohjo fails. Both Oda and Lord Tohjo then escape, leaving the three Wolverines to finish Lin. They attack very effectively as a team and even have teleport abilities. However, unlike many bosses, the Three Wolverines do not possess an unblockable attack.
 * Shin: Lin's elder brother appears also as a boss. True to Karasu's words it is a "tearful reunion" as Lin finds herself one on one with her brother, as he is infected with the soul bug which causes him to fight against his little sister. Very skilled fellow who has a good arsenal of fancy moves, he has an ability which allows him to send the shuriken acting like a boomerang.
 * Two Soul Worms: After killing the infected villagers Lin fights two huge worms who look like some amalgamation of the dead bodies. Although they burrow into the ground, these Soul Worms are very easy to defeat compared to many of the game's other bosses.
 * Infected Lord Tohjo: After meeting his apparent death by the hands of Kotaro Hiba. Tohjo reveals he too is infected with the soul bug and sprouts six arms while he exudes an unholy aura, He also has in each of his arms a weapon that corresponds to an earlier boss that Lin have faced. Note: he can only be fought by playing through a finished savegame with one character's path already finished. By loading the savegame and picking the second character's path, they will encounter the final bosses. It is up to the second character to send him back to Hell.
 * Ryu Oda: Ryu Oda is a "military scholar" according to Kotaro Hiba and is also the main villain behind the soul bugs and the plan of conquering feudal Japan. He remains behind the scenes only appearing every now and then to some of the soul bug hosts as in the case of Yukinosuke and Urabe. He can be fought by either Kotaro or Lin, depending on which character was picked as the second path in a savegame where one character's path is already finished.
 * Infected Ryu Oda: Ryu Oda shows to the reunited Lin and Kotaro that he is not only infected with the soul bugs but has also become the nest for them. After revealing his plans he mutates into a hideous multi-faced monster. Once Infected Lord Tohjo is defeated with the second character, the player will be given the option to fight this final boss with either Lin and Kotaro.

After defeating Ryu Oda and saving feudal Japan from the soul bugs, both Kotaro and Lin perform their final duties to their fallen friend and brother, respectively, and in the end decide to stay with each other.

Development
An early version of the game, developed under the working title Shogun Assassin, featured young warriors named Hotaru and Hyaku, members of the shogunate secret police (their designs were the same as those of the final protagonists Kotaro and Lin). Earlier, the game was also known as Japan and Konami sources said the game would combine elements from Bushido Blade and Tenchu.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator GameRankings. According to a positive review in GamePro, Soul of the Samurai delivered "lively action melded to a compelling story line." On the other hand, GameSpot's review stated that "those looking for a ninja game of Tenchu will unfortunately have to keep on looking."

title: Soul of the Samurai


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Farnworth railway station

Farnworth railway station serves the town of Farnworth, in the Greater Manchester, England. The station underwent several name changes before the present name was adopted in 1974.

It lies on the Manchester-Preston Line 8+1/2 mi north of Manchester Victoria, though only local services run by Northern Trains call here.

The station received a minor upgrade in 2009, with the addition of automated electronic information display systems and automated announcements audio system similar to the system at Lostock station. A more substantial rebuild, involving platform realignment, was undertaken in 2015-2016 as part of works to electrify the Manchester-Preston line. The station has a ticket office, which is staffed from 06:30 to 13:00 on weekdays only (closed Saturdays and Sundays). Outside of these times, tickets must be purchased on the train or prior to travel. Step-free access to both platforms is via ramps from the station entrance.

History
The station was first opened by the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Railway on 29 May 1838, and was originally named Tunnel. This station closed in 1841, but was reopened in September 1845, when it took the name of Halshaw Moor. In May 1852 it was renamed Halshaw Moor and Farnworth; in January 1870 Farnworth and Halshaw Moor; and finally on 6 May 1974 it became Farnworth.

Farnworth Tunnel
To the south-east of the station is Farnworth Tunnel, which had two single-track bores, although when built it had one double-track bore. Originally there was intended to be a cutting, but a tunnel was substituted. This was dug from both ends and also from a shaft at the centre; the main difficulty in construction being the nature of the ground, which consisted of wet sand and clay. It is 295 yd long, although Network Rail has erected tunnel entrance nameboards that incorrectly read 294 yds.

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) route north from Blackburn to Hellifield was completed on 1 June 1880, and the Midland Railway (MR) proposed to use this route for a through service between Manchester Victoria and Scotland. The MR intended to use Pullman cars, which were larger than the L&YR coaches, and it was found that some of the tunnels on the route were too small and would need to be enlarged. Among these was Farnworth tunnel, which was also in need of extensive repairs; so instead of enlarging it, it was decided to build a second tunnel alongside, to the south-west of the original. The new down (northbound) single-line tunnel was commenced on 26 April 1880 and brought into use on 5 December that year, although Parliamentary approval for its construction had not been obtained: it was applied for in February 1881 and granted retrospectively (as part of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Act 1881, 44 & 45 Vic chapter 135) on 18 July that year. Once it was in use, the two tracks through the original tunnel were replaced by a single track along the centre; the tunnel lining was repaired and thickened, and this tunnel then formed the up (southbound) single-line tunnel.

As part of the electrification scheme of the 2010s, the original tunnel has been enlarged to allow sufficient clearance for the overhead wires and for both lines to be routed through it once again. During this period, the 1880 bore was initially retained to permit a limited diesel service over the route to continue during the upgrade work, and after was then abandoned as clearances within are too restricted to allow safe operation with overhead wires. This has also required realignment of the lines approaching it and consequent alterations to the platforms that they serve. Work began in May 2015, when the 1838 bore was closed, filled in with cement and re-bored to a larger diameter using the largest tunnel boring machine ever built in Britain. During tunnelling, the workers ran into loose/soft sand, which caused the project to be delayed from October to December and also led to the temporary closure of some lanes on the A666 road above for safety reasons. The TBM finally bored through on 25 October 2015, 21 days after the scheduled completion date. The newly widened tunnel reopened on 14 December 2015, after a scheduled engineering possession on the preceding weekend to connect and test the track & signalling equipment. The first train through was the 05:30 on 15 December from Horwich Parkway station, and the first passenger to use it was former councillor Andrew Morley. At the end of January 2016, the tunnel was once again closed to enable replacement of the temporary tracks and their replacement with tracks suitable for 100 mph running. Overhead wiring was later installed through the tunnel and electric trains were introduced along the route from Monday 11 February 2019, initially utilising Class 319 electric multiple units.

Services
There is an hourly service northbound to Southport via Bolton and Wigan Wallgate and southwards and eastwards to Manchester Victoria and Stalybridge throughout the day Mondays to Fridays. A small number of early morning services run to/from Wigan North Western.

Services were suspended for several months due to the tunnel and station upgrade works mentioned above – they have now resumed, as the project has been completed. Originally planned to end in October 2015, this was subsequently extended to the December 2015 timetable change. The extension to the works was caused by excessive wet sand deposits being discovered in the overlaying land by Network Rail engineers, severely hampering progress of the boring machine. The station reopened (along with the tunnel) on 14 December 2015.

Prior to the May 2018 timetable change, no evening weekday service operated aside from a solitary late evening train to Bolton and Wigan. As of July 2018, Saturday trains were replaced by buses as a result of ongoing engineering line blockages to progress the delayed electrification scheme mentioned previously (which was more than two years behind schedule) – this was finally completed in November 2018 and Saturday trains began running again the following month.

As of December 2022, the station is served on Sundays by services from Wigan North Western to Stalybridge.

title: Farnworth railway station


text:
Possible Worlds

Possible Worlds may refer to:
 * Possible worlds, concept in philosophy
 * Possible Worlds (play), 1990 play by John Mighton
 * Possible Worlds (film), 2000 film by Robert Lepage, based on the play
 * Possible Worlds (studio)
 * Possible Worlds, poetry book by Peter Porter
 * Possible Worlds, book by J. B. S. Haldane
 * Possible Worlds, 1995 album by Markus Stockhausen

title: Possible Worlds


text:
Talk:Kunos

Why do you think the Hronika Bihowcja is fake? What is REAL chronicles then? Kunos appears in many chronicles, not only in one. Look:
 * Do you think 16th century is not Middle Ages?
 * Prince Kunos in Ruthenian chronicles--Bloomfield 10:07, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * See the talk page for Palemon. --Ghirlandajo 10:18, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kunos


text:
Talk:Goldsmith

Old
Trying to get this topic in shape - I'm a goldsmith of many years. I expect it will be revised, but any suggestions or desired sections from any would be welcome, too. Jjdon (talk) 22:36, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

is it me or does certain parts of this article look that they have been lifted from a book?

i.e

'What is it that goldsmiths do? Goldsmiths do many things: Located in a social network, they must relate to clients, design, manufacture, sell, and otherwise engage in the host of activities which constitute their social being' — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rage1750 (talk • contribs) 10:07, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

i think a section sould be added about how the bank system originated from middle age goldsmiths. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.126.24.2 (talk) 11:55, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

I clicked the link to the project page listed here and ended up on the project page for "Woodworking". Can somebody correct this link? Kyle Thomas 19:41, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean; I can't find any such link. Can you be more specific? There is a link to wikiproject woodworking on the metalworking project page, but the links above should take you directly to the metalworking project. --Eyrian 19:56, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The link (project page) is working now for me, though at the time of my first post, it wasn't. Kyle Thomas 07:37, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I would argue the statement that a goldsmiths commonly made items would include: flatware, platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils. If you took a poll of 1'000 "Goldsmiths", and asked if their skills include flatware, platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils, I'd be suprised if you got more than one or two responding yes, if even that many. These skills, for a "goldsmith", would be the exception, without a doubt! Clearly these skills would fall under what used to be called "silversmithing", though nowdays handmade flatware, platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils is a lost art. Most of theses items, though possibly requiring some hand assembly and finishing processes are now mostly machine stamped and fabricated. Kyle Thomas 08:29, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This article covers a whole, if vaguely defined, historical period. Goldsmithing included silversmithing (as well as jewellery) in most places during the middle ages & even after. But yes the article is pretty crap & if you can please improve it - if you are mainly covering current practises then just stick a section in called "modern goldsmithing" or something. Johnbod 16:48, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
The section on "The Modern Goldsmith" is factually incorrect throughout, does not have a NPOV, and does not belong in a wiki article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.133.123 (talk) 03:10, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

How is it factually incorrect? Elaborate, please. In rereading the passage I see nothing that is not completely factual. I see nothing that is not neutral. That is the work of the goldsmith, that is the purpose of the wiki, to describe that. I don't get it.....Explain, please. Jjdon (talk) 21:42, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, unless more cogent reasoning is added the tag should be removed - was the editors first contribution (of 4 to date) Johnbod (talk) 22:35, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

I'm very proud of this writing - proud mostly because I took pains to be factual and NPOV to begin with. My feeling is that 74.12.133.123 wandered through and dumped on it without any real cause. I propose giving the tag one month from it's insertion to permit 74.12.133.123 time to elaborate and delete it if they haven't in that time. I have no objection to good editing by others, but this isn't that.Jjdon (talk) 18:22, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

I wish to thank 74.12.133.123 as his tagging this page, and a few other experiences in WP, have set me off on a tag cleanup crusade, which has a huge backlog and can be accesses here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:NPOV_disputes, if anyone else is inclined to help. So:

This is about tag cleanup. As all of the tags are more than a year old, there is no current discussion relating to them, and there is a great deal of editing done since the tags were placed, or perhaps there is a consensus on the discussion page, they will be removed. This is not a judgement of content. If there is cause to re-tag, then that of course may be done, with the necessary posting of a discussion as to why, and what improvements could be made. Do not undo this edit, but put a new tag and new comments so it will have a current date. This is only an effort to clean out old tags, and permit them to be updated with current issues if warranted. No discussion, no tag.Jjdon (talk) 22:26, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge from goldwork
I'm really adding this as another user previously noted in an edit summary at goldwork that it should be merged with this page. So I did the legwork and added the merge temps. I don't know much about the topic, but it does seem like a logical merge. Wizard191 (talk) 18:08, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Ideally there would be 2 articles, but the other is so pathetic it should just be redirected here, with template & cats added. Johnbod (talk) 18:15, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Jeweler
Since somebody added a sentence about jewelers being essentially salesmen, I'll put this here on the discussion page. The statement is sort of true but not really. I was a union goldsmith at one time, and the classification on my union card was "jeweler". All of us in the department were referred to as jewelers. Within the trade it is common to refer to goldsmiths as jewelers - "workers who do jewel-ing". I don't feel any need to alter the main text as it's near enough, but I do want to clarify the point. Jjdon (talk) 18:41, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Last Change (Revert)
Why was this considered vandalism?

I removed original research, uncited material, peacock words, impertinent and irrelevant material, essay style discourse, off-topic rhetoric, confusing & ambiguous language and contradictory material.205.206.8.197 (talk) 08:20, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Generally, if you find something as vague/uncited you're encouraged to elaborate or reference it, not remove it. It was removed as vandalism because you provided no rationale for deleting the content, and when someone is monitoring Huggle and finds large removals of content from a page they don't have time to read through all of it and judge the intricate merits of the content removal, as there's a good 100 edits a minute they have to sift through. In future, provide a detailed edit summary and the edit is far less likely to be reverted. Sellyme Talk 08:27, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Awesome, Thanks.205.206.8.197 (talk) 23:50, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goldsmith