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Broadstone, Dublin

Broadstone is one of the three neighbourhoods that make up present-day Phibsboro in Dublin, Ireland. The most southerly of these, it begins just two kilometres north of Father Mathew Bridge at Ormond Quay. The area is triangular, bounded by Phibsborough Road and Constitution Hill to the West, North Circular Road to the north, and Dorset Street and Bolton Street to the south-east. The postal district for the area is Dublin 7.

Overview
Broadstone was known in earlier times as Glasmanogue. The name is descriptive of a ford crossing place over the Bradogue River, a Liffey tributary stream the mouth of which is located there. The Bradogue rises in Cabra to the north-west and runs to the Liffey at Ormond Quay. It has long been culverted and now runs wholly underground.

Broadstone Station, a former railway terminus, is located opposite the King's Inns at Constitution Hill.

Broadstone is home to a number of landmarks such as the Black Church (St. Mary's Chapel of Ease), King's Inns, Broadstone Station, the Blessington Street Basin, Berkeley Road Church (St. Joseph's), and Royal Canal Bank. Much of the area was originally part of the Grangegorman estate, the demesne, manor house and grounds of the Monck Minogue Stanley family.

The area consists of streets of small and mid-sized red-brick houses built after the development of the G.W.R. a century after the building of early Georgian Dublin in neighbouring Mountjoy, prior to the Act of Union 1801. One notable aspect of Georgian architecture retained in these modest homes was the ornate doorways with half-circle fanlights.

Broadstone does not have a village centre or main street. The Railway Terminus was the focal point of the neighbourhood and Broadstone's importance was derived came from its location as one of Dublin's then six railway termini.

Beginnings
Settled by Vikings, the area was part of the Manor of Grangegorman, which was famed for its vast orchards. The green was a common, used for pasture and pleasure. Late 18th-century pictures and reports describe a boggy wetland which became a quagmire in wet weather. The original Irish name of Glas Mochanog, anglicised to 'Glasmanogue', translates as Monck (variant Minogue) Green. From the Restoration in 1660, the area was used for military parades and pageants to celebrate the Restoration of Charles II, but it was not until the late 18th century and the construction of the Royal Canal that the Broadstone, Mountjoy, and Phibsboro became part of the city proper. Around this time the northern part of the city became fashionable with the Anglo-Irish political and commercial establishment, who made up the ruling and commercial Ascendancy of the emergent semi-autonomous Kingdom of Ireland. Notable among these was the Gardiner family, Earls of Blessington and Viscounts Mountjoy, after which the second Phibsboro neighbourhood of Mountjoy developed. Gardiner Street, Gardiner Place, Gardiner Lane, Gardiner Row, Blessington Street, Blessington Court, Blessington Lane, Blessington Basin, Mountjoy Street, Mountjoy Square, Mountjoy Place and Mountjoy Parade – all in the vicinity – are named for the Mountjoy developer family connections.

The Royal Canal
In 1789, Dublin Corporation commissioned the Royal Canal and a harbour built on Constitution Hill, connected to the main canal at Phibsboro by a spur. In many ways, the history of Broadstone is the history of this canal. Though the branch line was completed by 1796, it was ten more years before the harbour was opened; construction continued for some years afterwards. The harbour's location was chosen for its proximity to the markets and the law courts. Bolton Street was the preferred site, but high land prices and objections from local residents forced its relocation.

By 1807 a regular passage boat service was operating to Mullingar. In subsequent years the area was a hive of industry, with many hotels and inns and trade boats using the wharfage and stores at the harbour. The canal was linked eventually with the River Shannon in 1817 after many financial difficulties and the majority of the main route still exists. In 1810 a reservoir, the Blessington Street Basin, was dug from the spur to supply water to the locality.

The average annual tonnage on the canal in the 1830s was 80,000 tons and 40,000 passengers.

The King's Inns
The King's Inns is the oldest institution of legal education in Ireland, founded in 1542 during the reign of Henry VIII, and originally occupied property where the Four Courts now stand. When the Four Courts were built in the 1790s, King's Inns moved to Constitution Hill. The present building, designed by James Gandon, was built opposite the harbour and, like Gandon's Four Courts and The Custom House, was designed with its frontage on a waterfront. Construction began in 1800 and was completed in 1823. Famous graduates since the move to Broadstone include Edward Carson, Patrick Pearse, Charles Haughey, Mary Robinson and Michael McDowell.

The Black Church
St. Mary's Chapel of Ease, universally known as the Black Church, was built in 1830 and was designed by John Semple. The nickname is thought to have originated due to the gloom of the interior, rather than the dark-grey colour of the exterior - the building has very thick walls and narrow windows. An interesting feature of the church is that it has no distinct walls or ceilings inside, the interior consisting entirely of a parabolic arch.

Legend has it a person walking anti-clockwise with one's eyes closed, two or three times around the church at midnight, reciting the 'Hail Mary' backwards will meet the Devil, a tale probably created because of the church's having been Protestant. The striking building no longer has a religious function and is currently used as office space.

The Black Church is mentioned briefly in the novel Ulysses by James Joyce, in the chapter entitled "Oxen of the Sun", as the location of one of Bello's many sins: He went through a form of clandestine marriage with at least one woman in the shadow of the Black Church. Joyce lived for a few months in Broadstone, at 44 Fontenoy Street, one of the Joyce family's many temporary homes around Dublin. He stayed there with his son Giorgio from July to September 1909 and again alone from October 1909 to June 1910 while trying to set up the first cinema in Dublin.

It was also used in the title of the first volume of memoirs of Austin Clarke, "Twice Round the Black Church" (1962). Clarke grew up in Broadstone, living on Middle Mountjoy Street. Both Clarke and Joyce attended nearby Belvedere College.

The church interior has been totally refurbished and is now a suite of offices.

Midland Great Western Railway and Broadstone Station
In 1845 the Royal Canal was purchased by the Midland Great Western Railway Company for £298,059 with a view to using the land alongside the canal to construct a railway line to the west of Ireland. Broadstone railway station was completed in 1850. The building was one of Dublin's six original rail termini, the others being Westland Row (now Pearse Station) Amiens Street (now Connolly Station), Kingsbridge (now Heuston Station), North Wall and Harcourt Street (now a bar and nightclub complex).

Situated at the crest of Constitution Hill directly opposite King's Inns, the station served as the terminus of the Midland Great Western Railway. Designed by John Skipton Mulvany, Broadstone Station is constructed of granite in a neo-Egyptian style.

With Galway projected to become the main port for transatlantic passenger traffic between Europe and North America, the Midland successfully competed with its rival the Great Southern and Western Railway to reach it first. A special fourth class was introduced by the Midland for poor migrants from the West going to Britain for work. The line, which branched out to serve Sligo, Westport, Achill and Clifden, was also used to transport huge numbers of cattle.

It was about this time that the majority of the houses in the area were constructed, as dwellings for workers on the railway. Most of the worker's houses were built by the Artisan's Dwelling Company, which built many similar estates in Dublin and elsewhere, and houses of this type are now frequently described as Artisan cottages, regardless of their origin.

Decline of the canal
The Great Irish Famine of the mid-19th century caused a huge wave of emigration, and the population of Ireland was reduced from about 8 million in the 1830s to around 4 million a century later. The worst hit were the rural population of the west, precisely the market of the MGWR. There was a brief period of boom in the 1870s as the flow of people from the west peaked, but as the people left, traffic in the other direction reduced markedly. As emigration gradually came to a halt, so did the canal system.

The MGWR was never very interested in the canal business and in 1877 they were given permission by the government to close 150 yd of the branch line and to fill in the harbour, to construct a new forecourt for the station. That removed the need for a movable pontoon bridge, and a new approach road, Western Way, was built by way of Foster Aqueduct. The harbour was no longer needed due to the construction of one larger and better situated at Spencer Dock, and was filled in to become the forecourt of Broadstone Station.

The small reservoir had been made almost redundant by the construction of a new reservoir at Vartry in 1868, and served only the Jameson Whiskey distilleries at Smithfield, until they left the city in the 1970s.

By the 1920s average annual tonnage on the Royal Canal had reduced to 10,000 tons. In 1924 the MGWR amalgamated with its rival, the Great Southern and Western Railway, to enable rationalisation and survival, and in 1927 the bridged section under Foster aqueduct was filled in, and the canal and railway were permanently disconnected.

Decline of the railway
By the 1930s the railway was failing too and the last train arrived from Westport in 1937. In 1944 the Canal and Railway both passed into the ownership of the state transport company Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which transferred all its steam locomotives there in 1954. However, when steam locomotion ended in 1961, Broadstone was closed. Foster Aqueduct was removed in 1951 to facilitate road widening.

Today the historic building is used as offices by Bus Éireann and the rest of the site is used as a parking and servicing area for buses, with the main building mostly obscured by public housing and light industrial buildings.

Modern times
After the closure of the railway came the hardships of the war, rationing, and a prolonged recession. Unemployment and deprivation hit the inhabitants of Dublin's north inner city hard, and the area around Dominick Street, Grangegorman and Broadstone was one of the worst affected by drug abuse, especially heroin. The park at Royal Canal Bank and the disused reservoir at Blessington Street were magnets for delinquents, as was the dereliction around Paradise Place.

The Irish Youth Hostelling Association, An Óige, took over the old convent building on Mountjoy Street and this now serves as both the headquarters of the organisation and its main international hostel in Dublin.

Regeneration
The linking canal spur was filled in and made into a long narrow park, Royal Canal Bank, in 1956. The reservoir, however, still exists.

In 1993, after decades of stagnation and neglect, Dublin Corporation's Parks Department began restoring it as a recreational facility, removing 6000 tons of silt and debris, adding a fountain, enlarging the central island for wildlife and undertaking extensive replanting. The Blessington Basin still obtains its water from the canal above the 8th lock, two miles away, but is now a picturesque walled park of one and a quarter acres, with a beautifully paved and landscaped walk around a large oblong body of 4.7 e6impgal of water, fenced off by wrought-iron railings, and scattered with sculptures and places to sit.

The large site at St. Brendans Hospital, Grangegorman is currently the planned future home of the Dublin Institute of Technology, and the area development plan under the Grangegorman Development Agency proposes to use the new Grangegorman Campus to join the Grangegorman and Broadstone areas, and to provide numerous facilities and amenities for both collegiate and public use.

This is only part of a massive regeneration project for the north inner city, including the redevelopment of nearby O'Connell Street and Parnell Street as tourism and retail centres.

There have been many calls to have the main building of Broadstone Station restored, and in recent years some have suggested it as a city terminus for the proposed metro system to Dublin Airport, while others have called for the reopening of the old rail line to enable residents of outlying areas along the old route to commute to the city more easily.

Luas Green Line
The Luas Green Line, serves the DIT Campus in Grangegorman with two Luas stops called Broadstone - University and Grangegorman. This connects Broadstone Plaza from Constitution Hill to Grangegorman. The Luas continues northwards to Broombridge railway station along the old Broadstone Railway line and southbound to Phibsboro and Dublin City Centre.

title: Broadstone, Dublin


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Maurice Goldhaber

Maurice Goldhaber (April 18, 1911 – May 11, 2011) was an American physicist, who in 1957 (with Lee Grodzins and Andrew Sunyar) established that neutrinos have negative helicity.

Early life and childhood
He was born on April 18, 1911, in Lemberg, Austria, now called Lviv, Ukraine to a Jewish family. His great-grandfather Gershon Goldhaber was a rabbi. His son Alfred Goldhaber is a professor at the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at SUNY Stony Brook. His grandson, David Goldhaber-Gordon is a Physics Professor at Stanford University.

Education
After beginning his physics studies at the University of Berlin, he earned his doctorate at Cambridge University in 1936, belonging to Magdalene College.

Career
In 1934, working at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England he and James Chadwick, through what they called the nuclear photo-electric effect, established that the neutron has a great enough mass over the proton to decay.

He moved to the University of Illinois in 1938. In the 1940s with his wife Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber he established that beta particles are identical to electrons. He joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1950. With Edward Teller he proposed that the so-called "giant-dipole nuclear resonance" was due to the neutrons in a nucleus vibrating as a group against the protons as a group (Goldhaber-Teller model).

He made a well-known bet with Hartland Snyder in about 1955 that anti-protons could not exist; when he lost the bet, he speculated  that the reason anti-matter does not appear to be abundant in the universe is that before the Big Bang, a single particle, the "universon"  existed that then decayed into "cosmon" and  "anti-cosmon," and that the cosmon subsequently decayed to produce the known cosmos. In the 1950s also he speculated that all fermions such as electrons, protons and neutrons are "doubled," that is that each is associated with a similar heavier particle. He also speculated that in what became known as the Goldhaber-Christie model, the so-called strange particles were composites of just 3 basic particles. He was Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1961 to 1973.

Among his many other awards, he won the National Medal of Science in 1983, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1985, the Wolf Prize in 1991, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1982 (shared with Robert Marshak), and the Fermi Award in 1998. He was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

Maurice Goldhaber's brother Gerson Goldhaber was a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley; his son Alfred Scharff Goldhaber is a professor of physics at SUNY Stony Brook; his grandson (son of Alfred) David Goldhaber-Gordon is a professor of physics at Stanford.

Death
Goldhaber died May 11, 2011, at his home in East Setauket, New York at 100.

Legacy
In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in his honor. These Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maurice Goldhaber


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Talk:Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan

Book Festival
Someone should work the book festival into the events section. http://www.aabookfestival.org/ --76.226.21.82 (talk) 04:38, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Among U.S. cities, Ann Arbor ranks first in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. This phrase (above) from the main Ann Arbor article should be worked in somewhere, but I'm not sure where. Maybe the "Ann Arbor in Literature" section could be changed to a broader "Books and Literary Culture" section? Then this fact could be noted, as well as well-known authors who hail from Ann Arbor. Ropcat 17:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've taken care of that notation and the section title. Pentawing 21:30, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Pentawing. Ropcat 23:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Bands
The text below used to be part of the main Ann Arbor article, and now resides in the History of Ann Arbor, Michigan article. I wonder if this type of historical stuff on culture should be part of the culture article, too, though. Ropcat 23:40, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Ann Arbor was home to many influential rock bands, such as the MC5, Alice Cooper, Iggy Pop, Brownsville Station, George Clinton, Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, Mitch Ryder, and The Rationals. Madonna was a dance major at the University of Michigan in the late 1970s. In 1969, avant-garde jazz bandleader Sun Ra and his Arkestra spent about a month living in an Ann Arbor frat house, with poet-impressario John Sinclair and his radical White Panther Party for next-door neighbors.
 * If you believe that is the case, go for it. Pentawing 23:38, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Ann Arbor's cultural history begins in the 1960s and consists entirely of pop and rock acts? Maybe this section could use a better name. Rees11 03:07, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

"In 1969, avant-garde jazz bandleader Sun Ra and his Arkestra spent about a month living in an Ann Arbor frat house".... Is this really worth mentioning? Was it an action-packed month that had a huge impact on Culture in Ann Arbor? Also, I question the inclusion of some of these bands. Ann Arbor was not mentioned on any of the following individual pages: MC5, Alice Cooper, and George Clinton. Please correct me if I'm wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.250.50.153 (talk) 04:03, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Performing arts groups
Anonymous user 164.76.135.146, on 10 May 2006, added a jazz quartet called "Fourth Wish" to the Performing arts groups section. It seems, however, that this section is more intended for the major arts organizations or institutions rather than the plethora of small groups that might perform here or there. Based on this assumption, I'm changing the section name to Performing arts institutions and removing "Fourth Wish." However, if those working on this page disagree, please discuss here. Ropcat 22:05, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Notoriety of Naked Mile run
The Ann Arbor Police Dept considered it "notorious". Certainly the police warnings of "groping", and police and university administration concerns over the safety of the runners gives it a certain notoriety: see (or listen to) the NPR coverage (unofficial transcript).

The more than annual coverage of the event by the Michigan Daily (Univ. of Michigan's student-run newspaper) definitely implies notoriety. For example, this article from 2004: All Naked Mile participants reached for comment requested that their last names not be printed.

About four years ago, the University began a campaign with the Ann Arbor Police Department to end the Naked Mile due to concerns about student safety. During the 1990s, the event had grown into a media spectacle with the run eventually being broadcast on the Internet.

 * I'm the current curator of The Official Naked Mile Website. It's also one of the longest running websites on the planet, having launched in 1996 - before hotmail, google, maybe wikipedia? I clarified the history. If anyone has any other questions, I would refer you to the history link on our site - http://www.nakedmile.com/history.html99.185.56.156 (talk) 01:13, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

--Dwchin (talk) 04:04, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan


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User talk:Kruosio

If you want to ask me something, pleas do that on my Swedish talk page sv:Användardiskussion:Kruosio.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:28, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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Reversal of move
Hello Kruosio. I wanted to let you know that I have asked for the move you recently made of Saab to Saab Automobile be reversed. This is because it seem like it could be quite a controversial change as Saab is a very highly trafficked article which is linked to a large number of other pages (the move has subsequently broken these links). However I think that you are correct in realizing that there are potential issues with the organization of the Saab articles and I highly recommend that you initiated a move request or a WP:RFC so that a larger number of people be involved in a discussion about how to go about correcting these issues. All the best, France 3470   ( talk ) 11:45, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kruosio


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User talk:Orinmoon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:28, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I have move Orinmoon to user:Orinmoon. -- RHaworth 06:59, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Orinmoon


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Talk:Backward induction

paradox of backward induction
The so-called paradox of backward induction is really about backward deduction. --Arno Matthias 14:33, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Why not include both game theory and optimization meanings in this page?
The meaning of "backward induction" in game theory is closely related to its meaning in dynamic programming. I see no reason this page couldn't include sections on both topics. Moving that discussion to the Bellman equation page, section "solution methods" would likely make the Bellman equation page far too long (at least once the Bellman equation page progresses past stub class). I'll be happy to provide a short section here on backwards induction in dynamic programming. Rinconsoleao 17:17, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * They didn't strike me as being that closely related. If you can incorporate the dynamic programming stuff into this article such that it forms a coherent whole, then power to you!
 * I figured eventually there would grow to be pages Backward induction (game theory) and Backward induction (dynamic programming), so it's a question of whether that growth should come from this article or Bellman equation getting split. Vagary 19:10, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll give it a try. If the page becomes too complicated, we can separate it into two. Rinconsoleao 11:39, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * By the way, I removed a discussion of American options from the subgame perfect equilibrium page, because as far as i can tell it is an example of an optimization problem, not an example of a game. If someone can spell that example out in greater detail on this page, it could be useful here. Rinconsoleao 13:46, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Unexpected Hanging paradox
The prisoner assumes her jailers are telling the truth in a completely precise way.

The actual meaning of their words are, "you will have no information about which day you will be executed on, until you find that you are alive at the end of a day."

The only way for the wording to be precisely correct is if there is a chance she will not be executed at all, or that the execution will be delayed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.26.192.159 (talk) 22:00, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

oops, autosigned by SineBot :p forgot.

Not convinced by a source
In the "prologue" of the page it is written:

''In game theory, backward induction was first employed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in their Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944). [1]''

The reference quoted mentions vN and M, here:

Others claim he used a method of proof, known as 'backwards induction' that was not employed until 1953, by von Neumann and Morgenstern.

I am quite suspicious about this reference: 1953 is just the date of the 3rd edition of the book by vN and M, while it is the year in which it appeared the proof of the Kuhn's theorem which guarantees that finite games with perfect information have a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies. And the proof is based on backward induction.

I would like to see some more reliable attribution of backward induction to vN and M (quoting page or chapter of some edition of the book). --Fioravante Patrone en (talk) 06:38, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

 * checked. The reference is OK. Not only von Neumann and Morgenstern use induction for perfect information games (even if restricted to the zero-sum case) in pages 111 and ff. They even say: "can be used to work backwards" in page 116. I refer to the original 1944 edition of the book. --93.36.224.108 (talk) 02:44, 13 June 2009 (UTC) Sorry, I was not logged in. --Fioravante Patrone en (talk) 02:46, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

May be a typo?
I guess the "time 9" in below line should be "time 8"

Since we have already concluded that offers at time 9 should be accepted, the expected value of waiting for a job offer at time 9 is 0.5*($200+$88) = $144.

"Induzione a ritroso" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Induzione a ritroso and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 02:39, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Limited Focus
I think this article could benefit by exclusively focusing on backward induction in the context of game theory. Earlsofsandwich (talk) 05:07, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Backward induction


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Extra (acting)

A background actor or extra is a performer in a film, television show, stage, musical, opera, or ballet production who appears in a nonspeaking or nonsinging (silent) capacity, usually in the background (for example, in an audience or busy street scene). War films and epic films often employ background actors in large numbers: some films have featured hundreds or even thousands of paid background actors as cast members (hence the term "cast of thousands"). Likewise, grand opera can involve many background actors appearing in spectacular productions.

On a film or TV set, background actors are usually referred to as "supporting artists", "junior artists", "atmosphere", "background talent", "background performers", "background artists", "background cast members", "talent", "background friends", or simply "background", while the term "extra" is rarely used and is often considered derogatory. In a stage production, background actors are commonly referred to as "supernumeraries". A more archaic theatre term is "sword carriers". In opera and ballet, they are called either "extras" or "supers".

Casting
Casting criteria for background actors depend on the production. It is not entirely true that background cast members require little or no acting experience, as any type of unrealistic portrayal must include some form of imagination and acting. Punctuality, reliability and the ability to take direction also figure prominently for these cast members. Background actors are generally selected on short notice, after all other preparations for the shoot have been finalized.

Several casting agencies specialize only in background work, while in the UK the directory Contacts published annually by Spotlight lists all accredited agencies and productions. Some agencies charge a registration fee, and some (mostly commercial background casting) will take between 10% and 15% commission from any booked work. Artists may be required to provide a basic one-page A4 sized CV/resume, that states basic personal details and dimensions, any significant skills (e.g. stage combat), and includes two 8×10-inch photographs on the rear: one head shot; one full body shot.

When hiring background actors, casting directors generally seek those with a specific "look", such as "high school students" or "affluent senior citizens", consistent with the context of the film. Casting directors may also look for background actors with a special skill for the scene, such as rollerblading, bike riding, skiing or dancing. A background actor is often expected to bring his or her own wardrobe to the set, although there are also "fittings" for a specific scene or period. A casting director may favor the one who already has the required costume or prop, such as a police uniform, or a musical instrument. On other occasions, where a costume has already been prepared (for example, to fit another actor who is now unavailable), a background actor may be selected as a "costume double" simply because they are the right size to fit it. On smaller productions or student films, background actors may be hired en masse with little formality.

The length of a background actor's employment on a production largely depends on the needs of the director and the scenes being filmed. Some background actors are needed on the set only for a day or two and are paid on a daily basis, while others may remain with the film for an extended period. For instance, on James Cameron's film Titanic, a group of 150 "core background actors" was hired to play the ship's passengers, and employed throughout the filming.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the distinction between an actor and an extra is defined by agreements between the actors trade unions Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU) and Equity, and the various commercial trade and production bodies. These state that once a performer says 13 or more words in any scene, they must become a contracted actor in that production. Minimum pay rates are defined by UK Government minimum wage regulations, and both BECTU and Equity have agreed rates with each body. However, even on non-union productions an extra's pay is an agreed day-rate for ten hours of production time. Actors who are recognisable or 'featured' in a commercial under agreement with BECTU/Equity are paid on-going royalties. Hence on many advertisements, which are often shown multiple times and distributed internationally, while the extra is paid a contracted day-rate, the largest payment is from ongoing royalties. Due to the resultant complex calculations from multiple international showings, performers under a are often bought-out of their advertisement royalties with a one-off payment called a 'buyout'. Notable British extras of the modern era include Jill Goldston.

United States
Since 2012, in the US, most major film and television productions fall under the jurisdiction of the SAG-AFTRA union; previously, before SAG-AFTRA was AFL–CIO's affiliate, the two unions were separately named as Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA).

SAG-AFTRA signatory AMPTP producers are allowed to hire non-union background actors after a certain number of SAG performers have been cast; non-union background actors are usually paid the minimum wage. On productions outside of union jurisdiction, payment for background actors is at the discretion of the producers, and ranges from union-scale rates to "copy and credit" (i.e., no pay). Those producers who do not pay their actors may be in violation of state and federal laws about minimum wage for a job.

From 1946 until 1992, background actors (in film and television) were largely represented by the Screen Extras Guild. The Screen Extras Guild was dissolved in 1992 (legally dissolved in 1994 ) and its portrayal was transferred back to SAG as "West Coast extras".

Notable extras during the Studio Era include Bess Flowers, Ellinor Vanderveer, Symona Boniface, Minta Durfee, Florence Wix, Maurice Costello, Lester Dorr, Philo McCullough, Barry Norton, Larry Steers, and Shep Houghton. Notable American extras of the modern era include Emmy Collins and Jesse Heiman.

Cultural references
Charles Chaplin tackled the subject of film extra work in three of his early short comedies:  The Masquerader (1914), His New Job (1915), and Behind the Screen (1916).

The 1922 novel  Merton of the Movies by Harry Leon Wilson depicts the tribulations of a male extra.

The silent film The Extra Girl (1923) portrays a small-town girl who comes to Hollywood and becomes a background actor in her attempt to achieve stardom. Souls for Sale (also 1923) depicts a young woman's career trajectory from extra to leading lady, though her progress is more haphazard.

The novels Extra-Girl by Stella G.S. Perry (1929) and I Should Have Stayed Home by Horace McCoy (1938) depict the working lives of Hollywood extras during the Great Depression.

The feature film Movie Crazy depicts a would-be actor (Harold Lloyd) working as an extra.

The quasi-documentary Hollywood Extra Girl, directed by Herbert Moulton, depicts the experience of a young female extra working on The Crusades (1935).

In his novel Infinite Jest (1996), David Foster Wallace refers to silent extras in sitcoms as "figurants", commenting that the need to include them is a concession to reality, even while their complete silence is unrealistic.

The British television sitcom Extras (2005–07) follows the exploits of two professional background actors, Andy and Maggie. They spend most of their time on set looking for a speaking role and a boyfriend, respectively.

In the Hindi black comedy film Mithya (2008), the protagonist is a background actor whose facial similarity to an underworld crime boss lands him in trouble.

The Filipino comedy-drama film Ekstra (The Bit Player) (2013) centers around the life of a divorcee named Loida Malabanan, whose odd job as a bit player for various acting roles enabled her to send her daughter to college. The movie is a social commentary on the exploitation and mistreatment of the marginalized sector in the television production industry in the Philippines.

The Chinese-Hong Kong film I Am Somebody (2015) is about extras working at the Hengdian World Studios.

title: Extra (acting)


text:
User:JpB

Theopedia

title: User:JpB


text:
Talk:Clairvoyance

Creepy/poor picture
The article's picture is extremely unsettling and poor quality, I suggest a replacement.-- Sığe  |д=)  22:55, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

September 2016
A recent diff (among other things) changed the capitalization of section headers. It's my understanding that section headers follow MOS:HEAD and should be in sentence case. I'll fix these if there's no objection.

Some of these terms for other flavors of clairvoyance seem unlikely to me. "Clairofactus", for instance. Do more reliable sources exist than some devotee's website glossary?  —jmcgnh  (talk) (contribs)  23:46, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Check out page and post Humm56700 (talk) 15:28, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I undid that edit – I have no opinion on or rs's for that specific terminology, though. Debouch (talk) 15:59, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

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This article is too dogmatic
This article is too dogmatic in attempting to write the study of clairvoyance off as a pseudo-science - there must have been controlled experimental studies of the subject. Vorbee (talk) 16:44, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I think "fringe science" needs to replace "pseudoscience" in this article and it--the article needs to chill on the rhetoric. Not the Britannica article on Clairvoyance it doesn't waste space and froth at the mouth about Clairvoyance's failure to be "proved." There has been researchers using established as of 2010 methods to research, though nothing conclusive was produced since as a result of his study, Dr. Daryl Bem's research entered psychology into an epistemological crises. Dr. Bem is still established as a researcher and still researching Clairvoyance (as of last year). Clairvoyance attracts therefore attracts serious research and has had findings published in a high factor impact journal by a well established researcher (Dr. Bem). Therefore "pseudoscience," while also being an oxy moronic term (please see my talk page) anyhow is inappropriate and overly strong language. I will edit the article to refelect and reference it differently--to the Encyclopedia Britannica article (less opinionated and one sided then the current references which are often simply individual opinions) and this Slate article  if no discussion ensues over the next week--He is who is silent is said to consent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GoatGod (talk • contribs) 04:34, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

 * You have been warned about WP:PROFRINGE and discretionary sanctions. Did a clairvoyant won Randi's (JREF) million dollars? No? I guessed so. Tgeorgescu (talk) 13:40, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not Britannica. We follow our own editorial policies, not theirs. The relevant ones here are WP:FRINGE, WP:UNDUE, and WP:FRIND. These policies have been explained to you on your Talk page, and you've had ample opportunity to review them. It has been explained to you how these policies affect articles such as this one, and why it is appropriate that clairvoyance be referred to as pseudoscience. WP:IDONTHEARTHAT is not an acceptable response if you want to stick around Wikipedia for long. - LuckyLouie (talk) 13:59, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * While a very interesting treatment of the subject - into which both skeptics and believers can read support for their positions - that Slate piece does not appear to come up to the level of reliable source I would expect to be given weight in this article.  — jmcgnh (talk) (contribs) 15:03, 23 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I might add that we go by the cumulative weight of reliable sources, which in this case, justify statements of fact using the word pseudoscience. It's not our job to find ways to make it sound more ambiguous so as not to discourage personal belief or research funding. - LuckyLouie (talk) 16:31, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree with the "dogmatic" assessment above. The article empahsizes the skeptic view and is not objective.  Compare it to this online encyclopedia which is more realistic and even-handed:  http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Clairvoyance  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.20.56 (talk) 21:30, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * No clairvoyant has ever won the million dollars from Randi (JREF)? I guessed so. Tgeorgescu (talk) 22:04, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

You mentioned James Randi. First of all, he himself has said that maybe some paranormal events are real. Second of all, I do not know, nor do you I suspect know, the difficulty of actually obtaining the million dollars even if sufficient proof were demonstrated. What would count as proof? Imagine two people in a room demonstrated that one of them was telepathic, by having one simply write down the subvocalized sentence of the other. Say scientific controls were carefully set in place, and the ability was still demonstrated. Would most in the scientific community believe the psychic, or would they simply assume the absence of effective controls? Do you know with absolute certainty that such studies do not exist? Have you even looked? Will you?

Now, let me understand the policies - correct me if I'm wrong. Since the majority of the scientific community does not believe in something that is apparently extremely unlikely, there should therefore not be allowed either the discussion of, nor reference to, possible supporting scientific evidence, because such studies and evidence are not high impact. Is thst not circular logic, since it is possible the studies are not high impact exactly because most scientists are unwilling to review the evidence? Derwos (talk) 22:42, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

 * See WP:RGW. Tgeorgescu (talk) 23:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Calling the study of clairvoyance a pseudoscience is the same as calling Religious Studies a pseudoscience. A scientific study on a topic is still a scientific study, regardless of whether the object of study does not appear to be real. That is, unless you want the article to state that studies showing evidence against clairvoyance are pseudoscience. Derwos (talk) 05:09, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The current understanding in mainstream psychiatry is that clairvoyance is hallucination. So, yes, there can be studies of hallucinations, it is just that such studies don't pretend that hallucinations aren't hallucinations. Tgeorgescu (talk) 05:18, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

 * A scientific study pretends nothing, it records and objectively evaluates experimental data. Derwos (talk) 05:28, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Clairvoyance is WP:FRINGE/PS, there is nothing you can do to undo that. Tgeorgescu (talk) 05:54, 19 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Based on the wording of WP:FRINGE/QS, I see no reason why clairvoyance cannot be characterized as QS rather than PS. It is a fact that some parapsychologists strictly adhere to the scientific method, and therefore practice science.

 * Additionally, in my opinion it's inappropriate to request arbitration against users merely in response to talk page contributions rather than article contributions. Derwos (talk) 01:54, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I have not requested AE in your regard, I have just informed you that there are WP:RULES for such articles. WP:ADVOCACY and WP:TE will lead to blocks or bans. Tgeorgescu (talk) 02:29, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

References in Pop Culture
Would a "References in Pop Culture" section be an appropriate addition to this article? Kenneth SweezyTalk to me..... Please? 23:56, 5 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The term is also used figuratively to describe any keen insight in general. Clinton Daylight Time (talk) 16:50, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

Oh, the irony
Although its name says seeing clearly, Rudolf Steiner's works show that it is anything but clear, and clairvoyants, even if we assume that it is not hallucination, may easily get lost in their own clairvoyant experiences.

could you produce a quote to that extent from Steiner?

I don't suggest to call his point either true or false, just state the point he made according to WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV.

AFAIK, Steiner wrote something like the sensory organ of the clairvoyant is the clairvoyant himself/his own soul, so his thoughts and emotions taint the clairvoyant perceptions. tgeorgescu (talk) 14:28, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

So: do I think that Steiner's claim is true, epistemologically and ontologically? No, absolutely not.

Do I think it is something worth pondering on, regardless of your worldview? Yes, absolutely! tgeorgescu (talk) 00:05, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

Later thoughts
I still hold the stance that claivoyance is hallucination. However, Rudolf Steiner understood its mechanisms. That's why various clairvoyants are able to agree upon the images induced by eurythmy.

My reasoning is the following: if clairvoyance, clairaudition, and so on, were giving deeper insights into natural phenomena, the vast majority of the Nobel Prizes would go to clairvoyants. Since this hasn't happened, they don't. The ordeal of mainstream science and mainstream scholarship is that Anthroposophy is full of pseudoscience and of pseudohistory. So full that most scientists and scholars don't take Anthroposophy seriously. While scholars of religion studies examine it, they are by no means bound to agree that it's true. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:29, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Clairaudience
Clairaudience redirects to this page. Yet this page does not mention 'Clairaudience', not even a single time. Is this appropriate? Jamesdowallen (talk) 10:26, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Claircognizance too. See: claircognizance. --Timeshifter (talk) 09:13, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Missing reference to Swedenborg
Why does this article fail to describe one of the most famous cases of clairvoyance in history, that of Emmanuel Swedenborg? Swedenborg was at Gothenburg when he saw a fire, many miles away near his home in Stockholm. He saw that it stopped just several houses away from his own house. When he was back in Stockholm, he found that a fire had happened, just as he had described it. Rollo August (talk) 21:00, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

 * WP:CITE WP:RS to that effect. tgeorgescu (talk) 22:55, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

Pagan
Was wondering which religious or other groups were being referred to by the pagans comments? Surely there must be other groups than just Christians referred to throughout the world? TykeLass (talk) 00:18, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clairvoyance


text:
Funland (TV series)

Funland is a comedy / thriller serial, produced by the BBC that was first screened from 23 October 2005 to 7 November 2005, on the digital channel BBC Three. Created by Jeremy Dyson (of The League of Gentlemen) and Simon Ashdown, the series consists of a fifty-minute opening episode followed by ten half-hour instalments.

Plot
A prudish couple, Dudley (Kris Marshall) and Lola (Sarah Smart), arrive in Blackpool by bus from Stoke-on-Trent, and find themselves in a seedy boarding house run by the sinister Leo Finch (Philip Jackson). At the same time Carter Krantz (Daniel Mays) arrives from London, thrown out of a car naked and carrying only a key and a piece of paper with the name "Ambrose Chapel". He thinks that this is a man responsible for his mother's murder, but after roughing up an innocent taxidermist, Ambrose Chapfel, (Mark Gatiss), he discovers it is actually a disused church, now a nightclub called "Sins" which is run by Shirley Woolf (Ian Puleston-Davies). Shirley and his second wife Connie (Frances Barber) are in conflict with Shirley's mother Mercy (Judy Parfitt), a wheelchair user and owner of a lapdancing club. Meanwhile, the mayor of Blackpool, Onan Van Kneck (Roy Barraclough) has launched a campaign to clean up the town, but is constantly harangued by journalist Ken Cryer (Simon Greenall), who accuses Van Kneck himself of corruption.

On his first night in Blackpool, Dudley is inveigled by Finch into joining a game of poker, where he loses £3,000. When he says that he is penniless, Finch tells him that his wife will have to earn the money for him. Lola is forced to become a stripper at Mercy's club. Initially terrified, she discovers both that she is good at it and that she enjoys it. Later, Shirley Woolf offers her £1,000 for sex. Dudley encourages her to do it, and stays to watch in case she needs him to intervene, but is upset when he sees that she enjoys it more than she ever enjoyed sex with him. Krantz links up with Cryer, who says he can get information on Ambrose Chapel. When he goes to meet Cryer, however, he finds his things strewn over the beach and, under a bucket, his head. His only clue, once again, is a scrap of paper that says "Malcolm Carpet". Mercy holds a birthday party, which Shirley and Connie are obliged to attend. While another son, Willie (Brian Hibbard) is performing a magic trick, Mercy tortures Shirley by reminding him that it was while he was watching this, his favourite trick, that his father drowned in the bath. After Connie tells her she is pregnant, she puts on a "party mix" tape that is actually a recording of Shirley having sex with one of the lapdancers. Krantz sees "Malcolm Carpet" on one of Willie's old posters, and Willie tells him that that was the stage name of Leo Finch.

Mercy, who has engaged Krantz to offer his services to Shirley in order to spy on him, calls him into her office to demand a report. During their conversation, she tells him that his mother had lived with her in Blackpool, that her name was not Frannie Krantz but Frannie Poole (she had taken her pseudonym from a conductor named Otto Krantz) and that she had left following a rape. Kranz goes to Finch and accuses him of the rape, but Finch says that it was his brother, Van Kneck, and that Krantz is the product of that rape. Krantz goes to Van Kneck and holds him at gunpoint, but Van Kneck tells him that he cannot be his father, because he has had prosthetic testicles from the age of ten. Meanwhile, Van Kneck and Shirley have teamed up to deal with Mercy, and Van Kneck has employed the services of two Finnish brothers. The first brother (Ewan Bailey) arrives and is treated to a cabaret and drinks, but makes extravagant demands, including a girl. He picks Lola out of a brochure of Mercy's girls. Lola at first agrees to have sex with him, but once in the room changes her mind. When he tries to rape her, she takes up his gun and shoots him in the head, chest and foot. In a panic, because the second brother is due, Shirley and Kranz decide they have to allow him to be seen, apparently alive, and then fake his death in a drowning accident. This is a problem because he has two bullet wounds in the head and half his foot is blown off, but the taxidermist Ambrose Chapfel comes to the rescue, and they are able to carry off the deception.

Shirley asks Dudley if Lola is likely to go to the police and Dudley, in a funk, says that she might. Shirley then takes her off with the intention of killing her, but at the last moment decides to spare her. When he gets home, he finds that there has been an explosion. It was caused by his son Liam (Kenny Doughty), but Connie tells him that it was Mercy, and that he has to kill her. When he goes to her office, it is revealed that he had sex with his mother as a teenager, and has never got over her. Lola goes back to the boarding house to confront Dudley, and leaves with Krantz, who happens to be at the front door. Together they investigate another of Cryer's possible leads, the mysterious Bridewell Holdings. On going to the company's office, Krantz receives a message to be in a certain hotel suite at a certain hour. He and Lola go, but are abducted by two men and brought to the beach where the older of the two questions Krantz about "the relic", which apparently refers to the key that his mother gave him, and about the "little fellow", which Krantz does not understand, but which is apparently a reference to Bridewell. The two gunmen get into a row which results in the older one killing the younger one, and Krantz gets the drop on the older one and asks him who he is working for. He tells him it is Mercy, and that it was Mercy that killed his mother. He takes the killer at gunpoint to Mercy's office. Mercy tells him that she had not ordered the man to kill him, only to fetch him. She then tells him that she is his real mother, and that Shirley is his father. Frannie had found them once in the crypt of Ambrose Chapel. After Mercy had tried to drown her three-month-old baby, Frannie had taken him and vanished, taking as well something very precious: a key to the chapel, where she had placed something of great value. Mercy had burned down the chapel, bought it up and, using Finch as a middle-man, sold it to Shirley.

Krantz goes to the boarding house looking for Lola and, failing to find her there, goes to Shirley's office and finds him with Lola, trying to persuade her to make a life with him. He confronts Shirley with the fact that he is his son, and produces the key, asking where the crypt is. Shirley smashes the wood panelling in his office to reveal the crypt, and inside is a safe. Just as they unlock the safe, the lights go out and Lola and the contents of the safe are snatched. Shirley and Krantz head for Blackpool Tower, where a ball organized by Mercy is in full swing. They are refused entry because all male guests have to wear gorilla costumes. Eventually, having put on costumes, they find Lola and Mercy on the top platform of the tower, with the bag from the safe. Mercy holds them all at gunpoint. The bag contains a teddy-bear hot water bottle, which Mercy's father gave to Frannie as a child, and whose name is Bridewell. In Bridewell's neck is the title deed to Blackpool Beach. With this in her possession, Mercy expects to become very rich. Lola grabs the document from her, but loses it to the wind, which blows it high into the tower's framework. Both men, in their gorilla costumes, begin to climb the tower. Mercy stands up from her wheelchair and struggles with Lola, then shoots one of the "gorillas", who falls to his death on the road below. It is revealed to be Shirley. Krantz has Mercy locked up in Chapfel's basement, then goes walking on the beach with Lola, carrying the deed. Lola asks him what he is going to do, but he does not answer.

Filming and Production Notes

 * Produced by Sanne Wohlenberg, the series is directed by Dearbhla Walsh, Susan Tully and Brian Kirk, and filmed on location in Blackpool, the town in which the programme is also set.
 * Funland was nominated for a BAFTA (2006) in the "Best Drama Serial" category, but was beaten by Bleak House.
 * A scene involving Mercy and the Mayor is filmed on the Big Dipper ride at Pleasure Beach Blackpool.

Cast

 * Daniel Mays – Carter Krantz
 * Kris Marshall – Dudley Sutton
 * Sarah Smart – Lola Sutton
 * Ian Puleston-Davies – Shirley Woolf
 * Judy Parfitt – Mercy Woolf
 * Frances Barber – Connie Woolf
 * Roy Barraclough – The Mayor
 * Mark Gatiss – Ambrose Chapfel
 * Cheryl Campbell – Valerie Hinchcliffe (Lola's Mum)
 * Ewan Bailey – The Finn
 * Burn Gorman - Tim Timothy
 * Emily Aston - Ruby Woolf
 * Kenny Doughty - Liam Woolf
 * Ryan Pope - Chris Church
 * Philip Jackson - Leo Finch
 * Beth Cordingly - Vienna Keen
 * Kevin Eldon - Shadowman
 * Simon Greenall - Ken Cryer
 * Paul Courtenay Hyu - Bryan Luke
 * Katrina Rafferty - The Teddy Picker Girl
 * Jason Watkins - Bradley Stainer
 * Brian Hibbard - Willy Woolf

DVD releases
The complete boxset was released in 2006.

title: Funland (TV series)


text:
Talk:Best response

Figures
Should combine figs 1 to 3 as in fig 4, I'd like to have them not float (equals not thumbnail) but then I loose the captioning and figure title ability, I think... Pete.Hurd 00:03, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Bravo Pete! Those look really nice.  I move them around slightly and added the  tag because the edit section tags were placed in strange places.  If you don't beat me to it, maybe I'll play around with them tomorrow.  If you want to have the caption I think you can make a table that surrounds the picture and then put the caption text in the table.  --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 03:44, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nice fix-up! Thanks for the table tip too.  I may make a figure for dominated strategies, then some text to qualify the assumptions made about games begin symmetrical. Cheers, Pete.Hurd 03:47, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Put in dominated strategy RC, then started in on payoff asymmetric stuff. I think the wording dealing with dominated strategies (dimension being probability of playing move 1) gets ugly. A bit too tired to make it more digestable, feel free to take a crack at it anyone. Pete.Hurd 06:24, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Aha! Adding center to the tag for the images keeps the text from wrapping.  I have done that with the two big images, and it looks better I think. --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 18:07, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Very flashy! Thanks! Pete.Hurd 18:34, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Good Article feedback
As much as I can possibly understand this subject, it looks good. A Peer review would be more helpful here. The only thing lacking is inline citations; the good article designation will be assigned when the citations are added. — Rob (  talk  ) 03:02, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree, I think this article definitely needs more work. The stag game is discussed without actually being introduced - that would make sense if this article was being read as part of a series, but articles have to stand alone too. Quite a few mathematical terms aren't linked - link density is important in technical articles where non-expert users may need to familiarize themselves with a lot of definitions and vocabulary. Most importantly, the article doesn't even explain the very basic facts about best response - that there is usually not a single best response, but in fact the best response is to pick a particular response at random, using certain optimal probabilities to decide between particular responses. There is no way I can see that a person who didn't know this already would grasp it from the article, it seems to be simply assumed between the three line non-technical lead and the reaction correspondence section; those who do know that probably know most of the rest of the article already! So, a stronger foundational section would be good. Inline references would be great. The article is also heavily lacking in information about who discovered what, and when, other than the name-dropping of Nash at the beginning. More information on the history would help to make this article comprehensive. TheGrappler 00:49, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Having said that, much of the content is good, it's good to see the diagrams, and there is a reference section. Still, the article lacks coherency for the reasons given above. I think I'd be happy to pass this as GA if the coherency issues were resolved, though preferably with the addition of a history section. Neither of these would require that much work compared to the effort expended on the article already but would add to it very significantly. Inline referencing would be fantastic but it's quite a bit of work and not really necessary for GA status. TheGrappler 00:55, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Most importantly, the article doesn't even explain the very basic facts about best response - that there is usually not a single best response, but in fact the best response is to pick a particular response at random, using certain optimal probabilities to decide between particular responses.  I'm actually not sure about this.  Mixed strategy nash equilibria occur because a player is indifferent between at least two of her actions and mixing over them is as good as anything else.  But the mixture is no more optimal for her (given her opponents strategies) than playing a pure strategy.  In fact, I think it's the case that if it's ever a best response to mix between two actions it is also a best response to play a pure strategy.  --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 02:53, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I do apologise, I mangled up what I was trying to say in an effort to explain myself in a non-technical way... there clearly ought to be something about this in the article explaining this. At the moment though there is an unhealthy jump from the non-technical introduction into some meaty maths, getting straight in to the stag game (without explaining what the stag game is, or indeed providing a wikilink). Something explicit ought to be said about probabilities - a reader not conversant with the topic may be left confused otherwise. I suspect that there is actually enough here that can be said in a non-technical way (as it might appear in a Martin Gardner book, say) that there is room for both a more extensive non-technical explanation and the full technical definitions in the article. TheGrappler 19:11, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I dig it. Thanks a bunch for looking into this article.  I'm sure that either Pete Hurd or I will make many of the changes you suggest in the next few weeks.  Thanks again! --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 19:50, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanks for the positve feedback. I hope to get on this RSN (up to my teeth in work, and the next few weeks is going to hectic with new baby) Cheers Pete.Hurd 20:42, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Responses to GA feedback
Ok, three basic comments from the first GA nom feedback The inline citations are going to be tough, so much of this material is so basic that specific citations for specific sentences will be difficult, giving up on this one for now. Gentle introduction to background material, I've dealt with this here mostly by linking to the background material, I'm not sure how else to address this without having to replicate the majority of the Stag hunt etc articles within this article... Increased link density: I think I've gone to town on this, in fact I've largely tried to address the other two issues by increasing link density. Thoughts? worth another go at GA? Pete.Hurd 17:02, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) needs inline citations
 * 2) needs gentle introduction to background material (eg. Stag hunt game)
 * 3) needs greater link density to help with mathematical concepts for the uninitiated

 * There is definetively a LOT of room for improvement; the article just jumps into the correspondence without explictly stating what the correspondence are trying to asses. I think a introduction to a game (not the prisoners dilema BTW) will give a higher insight of a what a correspondence is drawing at every point of a given domain... (87.86.38.62 (talk) 17:56, 11 December 2007 (UTC)).

 * It looks good, I think. I'm a bit busy for the next few days, but if I get a chance I'll give it a more careful once over.  --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 17:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I noticed that the GA candidate guidelines say "the use of inline citations is desirable, although not mandatory". I'd really like to have them here, but I can't see how to fit them in without a big shoehorn. Pete.Hurd 17:20, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I personally agree with the reviewers: inline citations are better. One tends to check out footnotes and it is really frustrating to see that they are all citations. I will also look into some original references. The textbooks cited could be mentioned somewhere as additional read. Koczy 22:06, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

B-class
I ranked this a B-class since it failed the GA. Personally, I think it's as good as many ga articles. We're free to rank it an A-class article even if it doesn't pass GA, but I thought that might be a bit presumptuous :) Anyway, if someone wants to change it, feel free. --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 04:26, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

why the expand tag relly to be honest it's a great articale but i think you need more information on Coordination games besides that it looks greatOo7565 02:07, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed the expand tag, and asked Oo7565 to have another look, I just can't seem to figure out the best way to expand without distracting from the point being made. Feel free to restore the tag if it still needs to be there. Pete.Hurd 03:54, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * His response ("no the article looks great now") is here on my talk page. Pete.Hurd 20:00, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

GA Pass
Hi I have reviewed the article and think the article meets criteria at WP:WIAGA. I think suggestions from previous reviews/comments have been met. The references are fine and I think the article is well written. As some one without any knowledge of game theory I found the article insightful and broad enough at least to explain the subject in relation to other background material and theory. Im afraid suggestions for improvement are a little thin. I would consider trying to expand the article as much as you can with as many more references as you can (if this is possible). I would also recommend the possibilities of adding some new sections such as a history section? Is John Nash responsible for the theory or who first attributed it to him in a published work etc. Secondly is there any criticism of the theory? Are their published works that have called to expand some concepts or to challenge it? These all just suggestions and might not be feasible but I do hopey youll consider them. Thanks and good work. LordHarris 11:06, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

GA review
This assessment surprises me. There has been very little change to this article since August 2006, and the article still does not address the inaccessibility concerns raised in the previous GA reviews. The lead is (I apologise to say) miserable as a summary of the article. There are other minor concerns about the formatting of references and the lack of historical material and/or background. I will attempt to improve these aspects over the next couple of days, but I doubt I will be able to bring the article up to GA standard myself. If the article still does not meet the criteria, I will delist it. An alternative would be to take the article to Good article review, and any editor is welcome to do that. Geometry guy 21:36, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b (lack of images does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

The lead is not a summary of the article and the prose is incomprehensible and terrible. I was not able to fix the other concerns I raised, and so I am delisting the article. Geometry guy 20:46, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Smoothed best response - QRE
I'm going to try to figure out a pretty way to link this to Quantal response equilibrium. Turns out the example given of a smoothed best response is the same response function used in Logit QRE. I was leaning to re-format the math here to match the standard presentation for QRE. Any thoughts? Cretog8 (talk) 12:48, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Unmentioned assumption?
I'm concerned that this whole article appears to be written under the assumption that we are talking about a repeated normal form game. But the concept of 'best response' is more general than that; it can also be applied to an extensive form game. In that case, saying a strategy is a 'best response' doesn't say anything about its impact at the current decision node; instead, it means that the strategy, viewed over the whole game tree, maximizes the player's payoff taking other players' strategies as given. Therefore the word 'immediate' seems misleading to me in the first line of the article, so I'll remove it. And it would be helpful to be more precise in the discussion overall. --Rinconsoleao (talk) 07:50, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Best response


text:
User talk:Svelyka

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:31, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Svelyka


text:
User talk:W!ng-w!ng

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:31, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Talk pages
I removed your comment from the Superman/Batman talk page. Please note that talk pages are to discuss the article itself and how to improve it, not its subject. Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia, not a forum (see What is a talk page used for?). --Fritz S. 17:54, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 16:02, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Ghetto Superman.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ghetto Superman.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Longhair 15:39, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Lady Flash.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lady Flash.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. ZsinjTalk 02:46, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Batman work group
Hello! Just wanted to take a moment to let you know about the newly created Batman work group, a part of WikiProject Comics designed to improve the classification and coverage of Batman-related articles on Wikipedia. You are invited to join the group, by adding your name to the list of participants. Feel free to pass this message along, to anyone else you know who would be interested. Thank you for your time and consideration, and we look forward to hearing from you! Fortdj33 (talk) 02:26, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:W!ng-w!ng


text:
User talk:Nomad93

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Nomad93


text:
User talk:Clarencetlso

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title: User talk:Clarencetlso


text:
Talk:Bayesian game

example PBE
In the example section, the following text appears: "In fact in the second game there is a perfect Bayesian equilibrium where...". Yet, there is only one game shown in the picture. Should the text be "In fact in the second stage there is a perfect Bayesian equilibrium where..." ?
 * Not sure what that was about, got rid of "in the second game". Cretog8 (talk) 03:36, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Types
"(while the word type is used, it is not actually defined in any game theory texts, and may be lost to the ages.)" This is kinda a distraction in the article. "Type" is a standard term for game theory, and so it's fine to use it without qualification. (BTW, it's defined In Myerson's Analysis of Conflict, "The initial private information that a player has at this point in time is called the type of the player." Cretog8 (talk) 00:16, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that's Myerson's Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict.Cretog8 (talk) 00:28, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

As pointed out above, type is typically thought of as the current private information for a player. This means that one player's type can effect another player's reward function. This is in contrast to how the article presents types as a player's reward function. In other words I think this article needs to be changed to better reflect what a type is. Allliam (talk) 09:10, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

The example in "An example" doesn't require PBE
This game can be solved using deletion of dominated strategies and/or Nash equilibria. As such, it doesn't strike me as a very useful example of Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium in action. First, 2 can infer that 1 will never play U because the payoffs from D dominate the payoffs from D. 2 will always play U' because she knows that 1 will never play U (no matter how much 1 wants 2 to play D'). Second, by converting this game to normal form, the game is easily solvable, either by deletion of dominated strategies or by identifying the Nash equilibrium. A more useful example would demonstrate how PBE refines both Bayesian Nash Equilibrium and Nash equilibrium as solution concepts. I wish I could contribute further by thinking of a game that does this, but nothing's coming. Ideas? Abu Casey (talk) 23:56, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, this example was really confusing. I replaced it with the Sheriff's dilemma and provided a more detailed and intuitive approach (because this article is very technical in general). It would still be good to have an extensive-form game too, for example by bringing back the previous example but making it less confusing.7804j (talk) 17:13, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

"plausibility"
Is this supposed to be feasibility? I'm familiar with feasibility of solutions in various applied mathematics topics such as linear p, game theory, etc. but can't find anything close in to its' use here on "plausibility" in the current Perfect Bayesian equilibrium §. 76.180.168.166 (talk) 05:44, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

"Gioco bayesiano" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Gioco bayesiano and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 12 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 02:12, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Different notions of equilibria
As far as I recall, there are different notions of Bayesian Nash Equilibria for different games (In some classes of games they are equivalent, but not in all). I would advocate distinguishing between them, e.g. weak Perfect Bayesian Nash Equilibrium, Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium, Bayesian Nash Equilibrium etc. The article, to me, is not always clear on the distinction and seems to mix them together from time to time. Oragonof (talk) 11:00, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bayesian game


text:
User talk:Tzepish

Bo Dietl
Please see the talkpage. I see no use for such information, and part of it is unsourced (that KFC stuff, for instance, is referenced by dead links). I appreciate your conciliatory gesture toward the IP, but it's pearls before swine. Thanks, Drmies (talk) 05:37, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

2012 US presidential election
Just curious. Why have you & other editors added Florida to Obama's total? Florida hasn't decided yet. GoodDay (talk) 23:42, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Warning Just a friendly reminder, keep the RR's down to three. United States presidential election, 2012 is subject to sanctions, see General sanctions/2012 Presidential Campaign/Log. Apteva (talk) 01:38, 9 November 2012 (UTC)
 * These sanctions expired 11 December 2012 All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 00:19, 11 November 2014 (UTC).

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tzepish


text:
User talk:Chiragjadvani

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:32, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Chiragjadvani


text:
User talk:LindaKelley

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --玉米^ō^麦兜 17:32, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
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Homeschooling links
Hi, Linda. I've responded to your comments about links on the Homeschooling article talk page. (Please note that comments on new subjects need to go at the bottom).

It's not all about content. It's about having a short concise list of links and building an encyclopedia article rather than a link repository. Please see the what Wikipedia is not page. I talk more about the history of the homeschooling article, specifically, over on the article talk page.

BTW, I'm glad to see more homeschoolers on Wikipedia! Jdavidb 20:25, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Again, welcome. Don't feel bad about not knowing how everything works at first. There is a lot to learn about how Wikipedia works, and just about everybody starts out by making edits that get promptly reverted. I know I did! Be bold and keep editing, and just work with folks on the talk pages if a conflict arises.

Like I said, the homeschooling links section just got so swollen that we've really had to police it, and it probably needs to be trimmed down even more. The idea is that some day, "eventually," we will have the perfect encyclopedia. :) Jdavidb 00:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Homeschooling project
Hello, My name Master Scott Hall (you can call me Scott). I am relatively new contributing to Wikipedia, though I have been a user of it for some time. I am currently soliciting for interest in a Wikiproject that I have proposed on the subject of homeschooling. Before finding Wikipedia, my wife and I were seriously considering, but not quite convinced, to home educate our children.

After discovering the depth, scope, and long-term goals of Wikipedia, as well as the individuals driving it, I am convinced that WP has the potential to revolutionize homeschooling. I am also convinced that home education is the right choice for my family. I have, however, been somewhat discouraged by the oversight of home education in most of the education related projects on WP. There are many potential reasons for this discrepency, but I have resolved to try to do something about it.

Although I personally have very limited experience in building complex Wikiprojects, -templates, -portals, etc., I am confident that the right team can be assembled to tackle these issues. I would like to invite you to join this effort to make Wikipedia the resource for the home education of our children. If you are interested, please visits the temporary project page I have set up. Thank you --Master Scott Hall 00:21, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: The proposed project on Homeschooling was met with a very positive response. As a result, the project has been ugraded to an official WikiProject and can be found at WikiProject Alternative education. We have several experienced Wikipedians on board, as well as some new faces. We still need contributors with backgrounds in education, education theory and philosophy, and specific alternative education methods, such as homeschooling, charter schools, and E-learning from both teacher and student perspectives. There is also a lack of quality resources regarding anti-alternative education issues. If are interested in contributing or just have an interest, please visit the project page, or if you prefer, ask us a question. Thank you again, Master Scott Hall 18:53, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:LindaKelley


text:
Talk:Bid shading

Part of this article is directly copied from Zeithammer (2007): http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/robert.zeithammer/equilibrium_dynamics_final.pdf. I am not sure whether this is in accordance with wiki standards. Moreover, the last paragraph doesn't make sense (e.g. "This paper provides the first model of ..."). The direct quote should be acknowledged. Superpronker (talk) 17:24, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bid shading


text:
HMCS Huron (DDG 281)

HMCS Huron was an Iroquois-class destroyer that served with the Canadian Forces from 16 December 1972 to 23 October 2000. She served mainly on the western coast of Canada. After decommissioning, her hull was stripped to be used in a live-fire exercise. The ship's hulk was eventually sunk by gunfire from her sister ship, HMCS Algonquin (DDG 283). Huron was the second ship of her class and the second vessel to use the designation HMCS Huron.

History
Huron was laid down on 1 June 1969 by the builder Marine Industries of Sorel, Quebec, and was launched on 9 April 1971. She was officially commissioned into the Canadian Forces on 16 December 1972 and carried the pennant number 281.

Huron began a refit known as the Tribal Class Update and Modernization Project (TRUMP) in July 1993, performed by MIL-Davie Shipbuilding at Lauzon, Quebec and concluded on November 25, 1994. At this time, her classification changed from Destroyer Helicopter (DDH) to Destroyer Guided Missile (DDG).

The ship was assigned to Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) and was homeported at Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt.

Service
Huron served on MARPAC missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Pacific Ocean and enforced Canadian laws in its territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone. Huron was also deployed on missions throughout the Pacific and to the Indian Ocean; specifically the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea on anti-terrorism operations.

As part of Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Huron represented Canada in the naval review at Spithead on 28 June 1977. On 12 March 1980, it assisted the crew of the damaged freighter Maurice Desgagnes eventually taking them off when the ship sank.

From 19 February to 24 February 1981, Huron was used to carry out trials of the Sea Sparrow system to be added in the TRUMP refit. Later that year she carried the Governor-General Edward Schreyer on a tour of Scandinavian ports. In the summer of 1990 Huron, accompanied by HMCS Kootenay (DDE 258) and HMCS Annapolis (DDH 265), visited Vladivostok, the first visit by Canadian warships to Russia since the Second World War.

Huron was sent to the Persian Gulf in the winter of 1991 as part of Operation Friction, the Canadian Forces' contribution to Operation Desert Storm (the Gulf War), to replace her sister ship HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282) as flagship of the Canadian Naval Task Group. Huron arrived after hostilities had ceased and patrolled for several months before returning to Esquimalt.

In 1993 Huron was deployed to the Adriatic Sea as part of Operation Sharp Guard in support of the United Nations naval embargo of the former Yugoslavia. She then departed for the refit that began in July of that year. After completing her TRUMP refit, Huron returned to the west coast in 1995, taking part in most of the major naval exercises in the Pacific Ocean. On 7 September 1999, with Royal Canadian Mounted Police and personnel from Immigration Canada aboard, the warship intercepted a vessel carrying 146 Chinese migrants. The migrant ship was found to be unfit and Huron transported the passengers to Esquimalt.

Huron appeared in the episode "The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" of the television series Seven Days, representing a new type of US warship under the command of a female captain.

Paying off and sinking
Despite Huron being the most recently refitted Iroquois-class destroyer, she was placed in mothballed status in 2000, due to a personnel shortage following defence cutbacks during the late 1990s. In 2005 she was paid off from the Canadian Forces and awaited disposal at Esquimalt.

In 2006 MARPAC decided to use Huron in what would become the first sink-exercise that Maritime Command (MARCOM) conducted. The exercise was named Operation Trident Fury and was planned to use a variety of MARPAC ships, and US Navy and AIRCOM aircraft, to bombard Huron with artillery, missiles and strafing fire, and finally to sink the ship with a torpedo launched from a submarine.

Huron was stripped of armaments and all environmentally harmful contaminant equipment and fuel in the winter of 2006–2007. On 14 May 2007 she was towed to the MARPAC offshore weapons range west of Vancouver Island. Despite being damaged by HMCS Regina (FFH 334) with a Sea Sparrow surface-to-air missile, 57 mm gunfire and CIWS rounds, it was 76 mm naval gunfire from Algonquin that was responsible for sinking the hulk of Huron. The main gun used by Algonquin had originally been installed on Huron, meaning that Huron was eventually sunk by one of her own weapons. This was the first operational sinking of a Canadian warship in home waters.

The sinking was the subject of a 2007 History Television documentary, "Sinking a Destroyer".

Ship's bell
The Christening Bells Project at CFB Esquimalt's Naval and Military Museum includes information from the ship's bell of HMCS Huron, which was used for baptism of babies on board ship from 1973 to 1997. The bell is currently held by the museum in Esquimalt.

title: HMCS Huron (DDG 281)


text:
University of New Mexico Arboretum

The University of New Mexico Arboretum is an arboretum extending throughout the University of New Mexico campus in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The arboretum contains some 320 species of woody plants.

Native to New Mexico

 * Cercis canadensis
 * Chilopsis linearis
 * Cupressus arizonica
 * Forestiera neomexicana
 * Fraxinus velutina
 * Juniperus deppeana
 * Neltuma glandulosa
 * Pinus edulis
 * Pinus ponderosa
 * Populus deltoides wislizeni
 * Populus tremuloides
 * Sambucus cerulea var. neomexicana
 * Strombocarpa pubescens

Non-native

 * Albizia julibrissin
 * Buxus microphylla japonica
 * Campsis radicans
 * Cotoneaster lacteus
 * Ficus carica
 * Fraxinus pennsylvanica
 * Ginkgo biloba
 * Gleditsia triacanthos inermis
 * Hedera helix
 * Juniperus communis
 * Juniperus sabina 'Broadmoor'
 * Koelreuteria paniculata
 * Morus alba 'Pendula'
 * Nandina domestica
 * Photinia serrulata
 * Pinus mugo
 * Pinus nigra
 * Pinus sylvestris
 * Platanus × hispanica
 * Poa pratensis
 * Populus canadensis 'Eugenii'
 * Prunus cerasifera
 * Rhaphiolepis indica
 * Salix babylonica
 * Ulmus pumila
 * Ulmus parvifolia
 * Vitex agnus-castus.

title: University of New Mexico Arboretum


text:
HMCS Iroquois (DDG 280)

HMCS Iroquois was the lead ship of the Iroquois-class destroyers of the Royal Canadian Navy, also known as the Tribal class or the 280 class. The second vessel to carry the name, she carried the hull number DDG 280. Entering service in 1972 she was assigned to Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) and was homeported at CFB Halifax. Iroquois was deployed overseas for blockade and anti-terrorism duties, including participating in Operation Apollo in 2002–03. Taken out of service in 2014 and paid off in 2015.

Iroquois was an area air defence destroyer. She served on MARLANT missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Atlantic Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone. Iroquois was deployed on missions throughout the Atlantic and to the Indian Ocean; specifically the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea on anti-terrorism operations. She has also deployed on counter-narcotics operations in the Caribbean Basin. The destroyer participated in several NATO missions, patrolling the Atlantic Ocean as part of Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) and its successor Standing NATO Response Force Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1).

Service history
The destroyer's keel was laid down on 15 January 1969 by Marine Industries at their yard in Sorel, Quebec. The ship was launched on 28 November 1970 and Iroquois was commissioned on 29 July 1972 with the hull number DDH 280, the first of four Iroquois-class destroyers.

In 1978, the destroyer took part in naval exercises off Portugal and Denmark. On 4 December 1983, the ship responded to the merchant vessel Ho Ming 5's SOS. Iroquois rescued the crew of the vessel, which was in danger of capsizing in gale-force winds. Iroquois was a flagship of STANAVFORLANT in 1978–79.

On 1 November 1989 Iroquois began the Tribal Class Update and Modernization Project (TRUMP) refit, transforming her into a modern area air defence platform with state of the art weapons, sensors, and command and control systems. The refit was completed on 3 July 1992, upon which the ship's hull number changed to DDG 280. Iroquois deployed to the Adriatic Sea from 25 September 1993 to 25 April 1994 as part of the blockade force enforcing sanctions on Yugoslavia. During this period, Iroquois succeeded sister ship HMCS Algonquin (DDG 283) as flagship of STANAVFORLANT. While in the Adriatic, the vessels would board and inspect vessels travelling to Yugoslavia. Iroquois intercepted a vessel attempting to evade the blockade carrying tanks and ammunition.

On 17 June 1995, Iroquois was made the flagship of Maritime Operations Group 1. In the late 1990s, Iroquois became the first warship of Maritime Forces to integrate women into the crew. On 21 March 2000, the destroyer was sent to aid the bulk carrier Leader L which had sunk northeast of Bermuda. Iroquois rescued thirteen survivors and the remains of six others. After the September 11 attacks on the United States by terrorists, Iroquois, which was at sea operating off eastern North America, was used to track aircraft entering North American airspace for NORAD.

Operation Apollo was created to support the United States invasion of Afghanistan. A naval task group was formed, which Iroquois was made flagship of on 17 October. The task group was composed of Iroquois, the auxiliary vessel HMCS Preserver (AOR 510) and frigates HMCS Halifax (FFH 330) and HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339). All the ships with the exception of Halifax sailed from Halifax on 24 October. Iroquois, Charlottetown and Preserver arrived in theatre on 20 November. Iroquois was later incorporated into a US amphibious ready group for escort duties for United States Marine Corps transports positioned close to Pakistan. The destroyer returned to Halifax on 27 April 2002.

After the US invaded Iraq in 2003, Commodore Roger Girouard was given command of Task Force 151, comprising ships of allied nations who chose not to join the Iraq War but continued to support the War in Afghanistan. HMCS Fredericton (FFH 337) was the next Canadian ship slated to deploy to the theatre. However, Commodore Girouard requested Iroquois be sent instead, due to the vessel's flagship accommodations and better communications equipment. In order to accommodate the request, MARLANT reassigned Fredericton's helicopter and aircrew to Iroquois, allowing the destroyer to sail on 24 February. However, on 27 February, the Sea King crashed into the ship's deck, forcing Iroquois to return to Halifax. The destroyer sailed with Fredericton on 5 March bound for the Persian Gulf, this time with no helicopter. Iroquois departed the theatre in June.

In August 2006, the destroyer was assigned to Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 as flagship. In 2008 Iroquois, HMCS Calgary (FFH 335) and HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509) were deployed to the waters off Somalia as part of CTF 150, the multi-national task force that concerned itself with drug and people smuggling and piracy in the region. In 2012, Iroquois was among the Canadian warships sent to the Caribbean Sea to help stem the flow of illegal drugs into North America as part of Operation Caribbe.

After rust was found in a machinery space, coupled with structural cracks in the hull of the destroyer, Iroquois was laid up at Halifax in mid-April 2014. The decision to discard the vessel was taken in September 2014 and Iroquois was paid off on 1 May 2015. On 24 November 2016 the destroyer was towed out of Halifax harbour en route to Liverpool, Nova Scotia to be broken up for scrap.

title: HMCS Iroquois (DDG 280)


text:
The Mad Death

The Mad Death is a television serial made by BBC Scotland. It was filmed in 1981 and transmitted 2 years later in 1983.

Plot
The three-part series examined the effects of an outbreak of rabies in the United Kingdom and was noted for its occasionally chilling content.

Production
The music for the opening titles consisted of a voice whispering the first four lines of All Things Bright and Beautiful over a montage of animals' faces, distorted by a rippling water effect, symbolising the hydrophobia caused by rabies.

The episodes were filmed around Scotland including inside East Kilbride Shopping Centre.

The series has only ever been repeated once on BBC television, in 1985, although it was later shown on UK Gold in the 1990s. An edited version was made to film length and released on a VHS in the mid-'80s. It was released uncut on DVD on 7 May 2018.

Cast

 * Richard Heffer as Michael Hilliard
 * Barbara Kellerman as Dr. Ann Maitland
 * Richard Morant as Johnny Dalry
 * Ed Bishop as Tom Siegler
 * Valerie Holliman as Norma Siegler
 * Debbi Blythe as Jane Stoddard
 * Brenda Bruce as Miss Stonecroft
 * Jimmy Logan as Bill Stanton
 * Paul Brooke as Bob Nicol

Releases
The Mad Death was released on DVD in 2018 by Simply Media.

title: The Mad Death