text:
Talk:Plestiodon fasciatus

Habitat
I am almost 100% sure that I've seen some (actually, plenty) of them here in Japan. Can someone assert that, or, if I'm wrong, point me to other species I might confuse it with? --222.1.132.76 12:06, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Habitat: I'm positive I saw one juvenile yesterday in Eastern Big Bear City California, in my front yard! I have lived here many years and am familiar with the 2 main lizard types we have here, "bluebellies" and "alligator" lizards. This was really special to see! I tried to get a photo but he was gone darn it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C51:427F:D810:10AB:353F:5036:A7E6 (talk) 14:53, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It would not be a bit surprising that this lizard has expanded its range, probably with human help. It is already widely distributed and adapted to any reasonably moist temperate forested area. They do not require a large range. They make an excellent terrarium animal because they will not try to climb out and readily adapt to being watched. They are sold commercially. It's quite probable that there are escapees forming disjunct populations across the Northern Hemisphere. Wastrel Way (talk) 16:48, 16 December 2023 (UTC)Eric

Adult Skink
There should be a picture of an adult skink on the page, as they look quite different from the juvenile.

 * There are photos of adults in the gallery at the bottom of the page. I put them there in order to avoid cluttering up the flow of the text. (There needed to be some details of anatomy for this species.)--Cotinis 02:49, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I moved the pic of the adult from the gallery to the taxobox, to show the difference between adult and juvenile. peace!Ryan shell (talk) 19:58, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

posious

are they posious???

 * If you mean venomous, like a snake, then no. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.192.130.124 (talk) 22:11, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Poisonous to cats
I came to this page looking for information about the effects that this lizard has on cats when eaten. Oddly, I can seem to find no scientific information about this, though it seems to be well known that eating a skink can cause neurological damage in cats. If anyone has any links to any scientific data, please post it. In the meantime, I'll keep looking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.192.130.124 (talk) 22:10, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

 *  p.573: "Sometimes domestic cats eat this skink, in which case they may lose their sense of balance or develop a paralysis requiring veterinary attention." I don't know how scientific this information is, but the authors have impressive credentials. You might try this site: www.flamuseums.org/museums/info/2096046T.Dream (talk) 19:45, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

So who plagiarized who?
The section on captive care stood out for me somehow. (Writing teacher senses? Maybe.)  So I Googled.

Oh dear, I thought. It's word-for-word from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Reptiles and Amphibians: An Essential Guide To Reptiles and Amphibians Of USA, Canada, and Mexico.

Oh dear, plagiarism. Nope, then I checked the dates. The passage has been in this article since May 2006 (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plestiodon_fasciatus&oldid=51138764). The date on the eBook is 2010. Hmm. Now I am not quite so sure who is plagiarizing whom! 71.171.18.119 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:39, 3 July 2011 (UTC).

How to catch one?
Ok, funny story. Very funny - (I'm still laughing.)  Outside in the yard, I reached down to try to catch one (here in MI) and it scurried between my legs. They are FAST! I turned around to look for it and it was gone. I didn't notice it until hours later, when I felt something crawling around my belt line. I unbuckled my pants and out it scurried - inside the house! How can I catch it before it dies of starvation or dehydration? I like the little guy! --71.82.65.193 (talk) 23:41, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Hey, happy ending.  I found it three days later basking in the sunshine on my sunroom floor.   I had coincidentally turned on the air conditioner since it was a hot day today, and it probably sought out the warmest area of the house.  The good thing is that I could close off the sunroom to keep it from escaping back into the house.  Eventually got it cornered where it stayed cornered until I got a kitchen towel over it, grabbed it and then gently carried it outside and released.  I hope it and its kin eats a LOT of bugs, particularly ants which are a big problem here.   Nice little fellow - glad it didn't die in the house.--71.82.65.193 (talk) 01:23, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

File:Eumecesfasciatus.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Eumecesfasciatus.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on January 14, 2012. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2012-01-14. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 11:02, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Comment: Nowhere do I see any discussion as to the diet of this lizard. Would be helpful information for those who might want to keep one in captivity, rather than just say: "require minimum care." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.249.12.189 (talk) 17:20, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

Skink with eggs
I am pretty sure that does not show a skink with ITS eggs, but rather eggs that it is busy sizig up with a view to feeding on them. There is no way that eggs this size could come out of its cloaca. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 16:00, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. I'll remove the picture now and refer other editors to this post. Ryan shell (talk) 18:44, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

How they die
What's some of the reasons they die? Ashtodabash (talk) 00:13, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Habitat added
I saw one yesterday in my front yard in Eastern Big Bear City Ca. I'm certain of this after seeing pictures of the juvenile! 2600:6C51:427F:D810:10AB:353F:5036:A7E6 (talk) 14:47, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plestiodon fasciatus


text:
Listen & Learn (Hexstatic album)

Solid Steel Presents Hexstatic – "Listen & Learn" is a DJ mix album, mixed by Hexstatic, released as part of the Solid Steel mix series.

The album cover features a Speak & Spell – an educational toy, which was popular in the 1980s.

Track listing

 * 1) "Telemetron" (Hexstatic Intro Dub) – Hexstatic
 * 2) "Streetcrawler" – Monophone
 * 3) "Mr. Scruff's Ninja Tune Megamix" (Hexstatic Edit) – DJ Food / "No, No, No" – Dawn Penn
 * 4) "Solid Steel Scratch School"
 * 5) "The Message" – DJ Grandmaster Flash
 * 6) "Funky Mule" – Ike & Tina Turner
 * 7) "Rip Rip" – David Holmes
 * 8) "Funky Kingston" – Toots & the Maytals
 * 9) "Jazzy John's Dub" – Stonebridge
 * 10) "Solid Steel Rock School"
 * 11) "Chrome Jam" – Trunk / "I'm Wild About That Thing" – Coldcut
 * 12) "Aquarius" – Boards of Canada
 * 13) "Easy Thing To Do" (Nightmares on Wax mix) – Shirley Bassey
 * 14) "Daily Intake" – Unsung Heroes
 * 15) "Wildstyle" – Timezone/ "Hip Hop be Bop" – Man Parrish / "Boogie Down Dub" / "Walking On Sunshine" (Acappella) – Rockers Revenge
 * 16) "Apache" – Michael Viner's Incredible Bongo Band
 * 17) "Know How" – Young MC
 * 18) "Do Your Thing" – Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band
 * 19) "Home Shopping" – Bobby Trafalgar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Listen & Learn (Hexstatic album)


text:
Talk:Darby and Joan

Camus?
Surely the quote from The Plague is from a specific English translation, and perhaps an attempt to render an idiomatic translation of the French original and therfore probably not really worth including? 121.215.134.24 (talk) 11:59, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * What is wrong with that quotation is that it does not identify which translation it quotes. While it is not correct to imply that Camus himself used the phrase "Darby and Joan," its use in a published English translation would make it noteworthy enough to be included in this article - if the specific translation were cited. I think it should be left in, in the hope that someone will add the information about the translation it comes from.

 * I will leave a note on the talk page of the editor who added the Camus quote, but he or she has made only that single edit, and that was in 2008, so I don't have much hope that it will come to much. I have cleaned up the article's essay-like style and added a tag that the article needs references, so maybe some other editor will add what's needed about Camus. None of the other quotations are referenced either, so the quotations from Trollope, Stevenson, Thackeray, James, et al, are no more reliable than the one from Camus; the only difference is that we know they wrote in English.--Jim10701 (talk) 22:38, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

All those novels
I'm not sure what so many instances of use in novels adds: just searching Wikisource generates more. The earlier the better to establish proverbial status, I suppose. I think the song status is more interesting for the reader. Charles Matthews (talk) 13:16, 14 September 2011 (UTC)

A Curious Reference
In William Copeland Borlase's The Dolmens of Ireland (1897), Volume II, p 846, he connects Darby and Joan to the Irish legend of Dermot and Grainne:

"The story of Dermot and Grainne, or Darby and Grace, or Darby and Joan as they are now called..." Eroica (talk) 15:12, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darby and Joan


text:
Talk:Shalka Doctor

Official and Unofficial
The use of the words "official" and "unofficial" on this page are unhelpful, I feel. Scream of the Shalka is an official BBC production. I don't like "canonical"/"not canonical", but it seems more accurate or perhaps a longer explanation is in order? - Bondegezou 12:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The words "official" and "unofficial" were applied to the REG Doctor in contemporaneous accounts. That being said, let me have a look at it and see what can be done. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 12:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with Bondegezou. It's simply inaccurate to call him "unofficial".  He was absolutely "official", in the same way that Eccleston is "officially" the Ninth Doctor.  That is, his number is backed up by a BBC press release.  He was also included in a traditional "which Doctor was the best" poll, appearing on the BBC's main website.  Press reports as late as last year continue to casually mention him as having played the Doctor.  He might have been "officially" the Ninth Doctor for, I dunno, a nanosecond, but he was official, all the same.  There are definitely some fans who would disagree with calling him "unofficial", as this article makes clear.  Notwithstanding the fact that Outpost Gallifrey and most fan websites don't generally call him the Ninth Doctor, I think it's definitely POV, not to mention just plain wrong, to call him "unofficial".

 * Most accurately, he's the "Ninth Doctor (first)", and Eccleston is the "Ninth Doctor (second)". That's not terribly helpful, though.  So maybe "Ninth Doctor (BBCi)" vs. "Ninth Doctor (BBC Wales)".  Or maybe something simpler still like "Ninth Doctor (animated)" vs. "Ninth Doctor (live action)" would work, being descriptive, accurate, and neutral at the same time.

 * This thing's such a misery, though, because there's nothing actually in the 2005 version of the program to indicate the REG Doctor couldn't be, numerically, the ninth. To date, the show hasn't touched on the subject of numbering regenerations.  There's not a single line anywhere in the first season of the 2005 program which comes anywhere close to saying "I'm the Ninth Doctor".  There's only the BBC publicity office, and one interview with RTD--well outside of the mainstream media--telling us differently.  CzechOut 06:46, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't disagree with any of what you've said - I like the idea in The Gallifrey Chronicles that the Ninth Doctor has three distinct incarnations, for example. I think that the way the article is worded now accurately reflects the situation: he was official, and then he wasn't. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 07:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That being said, I've added a new paragraph that tries to point out that nothing stops the Shalka Doctor from being a future incarnation of the Doctor, either. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 07:29, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Preceding Doctor
Is it really the Eighth Doctor or simply vague as the Doctor in The Infinity Doctors? DrWho42 01:15, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That's based on what the producers' intent was at the time. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:23, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Ninth...ish Doctor

 * Despite the fact that the Shalka Doctor was intended to be the ninth incarnation, there are only two lines in Scream of the Shalka that actually imply this: when the Doctor mentions that Andy Warhol once wanted to paint "all nine" of him, and when the Doctor comments that a dead cat has used up its nine lives, like he has. Nothing else actually points to the Shalka Doctor being the ninth, and accordingly nothing prevents the Shalka Doctor from being a future incarnation of the Doctor.

Is it just me or is this paragraph contradicting itself? Just because there are only two lines implying that he's the Ninth Doctor doesn't mean he isn't the Ninth Doctor! As far as Shalka is concerned he clearly is. If by "nothing prevents the Shalka Doctor from being a future incarnation" we mean that a retcon would be trivial, then yes, the story doesn't revolve around him being the Ninth Doctor, but then again, what story ever revolves around what incarnation of the Doctor it is? (Apropos retcon: if Doctor Who continues as a live action series it's obviously unlikely the Shalka Doctor ever becomes a future incarnation of the Doctor.)

I've reworded both paragraphs, eliminating both the "future incarnation" speculation and the apparently contentious "unofficial" label (see the discussion above) by simply mentioning that the time-weathered rogue we now call the Ninth Doctor has been called that outside the series (but not within it) by people who ought to know and that the status of the Shalka Doctor in the canon is unclear, and leave it at that. From a canon POV the Shalka Doctor should probably be considered the Ninth Doctor of an alternate universe, until this is contradicted or retconned away. Whether he is or was the Ninth Doctor "officially" is probably not relevant, although I feel obliged to point out that the article for the Ninth Doctor is pretty direct in stating he isn't. 82.92.119.11 20:33, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The Gallifrey Chronicles reference thereto should be mentioned as well, seeing as it claims there is three different 9th Doctors. DrWho42 20:41, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added a bit about this, and I've tried to be as neutral as possible—things aren't made any easier by the fact that The Gallifrey Chronicles never explicitly mentions that the "three incarnations" include the Shalka Doctor, and of course the question of whether The Gallifrey Chronicles is itself canon is something you can argue about. (I haven't read it myself, but the few reviews I've checked weren't exactly glowing.) 82.92.119.11 21:35, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You really should read it. It's probably my second favourite BBC Doctor Who novel (the first being Alien Bodies by Lawrence Miles and the third being The Infinity Doctors by Lance Parkin). --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 00:53, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Could not the REG Doctor just be the Ninth Doctor before the timewar? Afterall, the timewar may have affected his appearance when he wiped out the Time Lords and placed history in flux... 132.205.44.134 04:59, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Could be, although the earlier end I doubt would have been animated unless it was some odd rearrangement of what was once termed as reality...
 * It's all entirely speculative though, if you go down that alleyway.
 * DrWho42 05:28, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Actors Playing Two Incarnations of the Doctor
In the article is a statement that "Grant is to date only the second actor (after Sylvester McCoy) to portray two different incarnations of the Doctor on screen." I've looked at the article for the Seventh Doctor and the article for Sylvester McCoy but cannot see in either of these a statement about McCoy playing two incarnations of the Doctor. Where does this statement come from? --Snowflake Sans Crainte 12:40, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * McCoy played the Sixth Doctor (in a blonde wig and seen only from the back) for about five seconds in Time and the Rani before regenerating into the Seventh Doctor. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 12:59, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's quite a disappointing answer really. I thought it would be something a bit 'bigger' than dressing up because they didn't have the original actor. :( --Snowflake Sans Crainte 15:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hang on, if the article is taking this nonsense of including incarnations in comedy sketches seriously, then surely Jim Broadbent also achieved this, and before Grant did? Angmering 16:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I suppose one could make the argument that Broadbent wasn't playing a particular Doctor (as opposed to REG, who was playing the Ninth [animated] and Tenth [conceited] Doctor). But of course you're right. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 16:57, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * ...or Terry Walsh, actually, come to that... Angmering 18:59, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Uh, what?
Currently the article says:

 * However, just before the webcast was released the 2005 series was announced, in which Christopher Eccleston would play a Ninth Doctor (as labelled by official sources, but not explicitly by the series itself) who was clearly different. In addition, the Doctor (as played by David Tennant) states in "School Reunion" (2006) that he has regenerated a "half dozen times" since he last met Sarah Jane Smith this is wrong, as Sarah Jane Smith met the 5th Doctor in "The 5 Doctors" (1983), So that would mean that he had only regenerated 5 times since they last met. So this means that there is an extra doctor somwhere between Peter Davison and David Tennant. Could this be the Shalka Doctor?

First of all it's poorly written. An easy enough fix on its own, but at the core of things is this notion that you can't take the 10th Doctor literally in "School Reunion", and that this, affords the opportunity for the Shalka Doctor to sneak in there. In all the discussion about REG 9, I've never, ever heard this particular theory advanced. Why are we making this more complicated than it is? He was announced as official, then the BBC decided to make a TV series after all, so they dubbed Eccleston "the Ninth Doctor". It's really no biggie.

Trying to find a narrative "place" for this Doctor is surely original research. And there are any number of other, equally good explanations for the Tennant line.
 * It's easy enough to believe from Tennant's delivery of the line that he's just approximating.
 * Another theory is that SJS is never clearly shown to understand quite who the guy in the cricket gear is in "The Five Doctors". She's not in shot at any time numbers are mentioned.  The nearest thing you can say is that she might have overheard the Second Doctor tell the Fifth that the latter is the "latest model".  But there's nothing specifically preventing her from believing that Davison is the 12th Doctor (or the 100th, since she doesn't know about regeneration limitations).
 * The one I've always heard is that the events of "The Five Dotors" was erased from all the companion's minds, save Turlough and Tegan. There's nothing in the script to precisely confirm this, but the effects used to show the "temporal fission" at the end are precisely the same as those used at the beginning of the episode.  Therefore it might be assumed that everyone is returned to a point slightly before they started, leaving only the Fifth Doctor's TARDIS crew in possession of the facts about "The Five Doctors".   This might be said to be backed up by the failure of any other published story in any media (AFAIK) to give us a Sarah Jane who remembered the events of the Five Doctors.  The Brig's failure to mention the events of "Five" in "Battlefield" is possibly evidence of this theory as well
 * Taking into account all media, the theory of the last novel of the Eighth Doctor Adventures range, The Gallifrey Chronicles, is that the Doctor has "three ninth incarnations" (probably in reference to Eccleston, Grant and Atkinson). This makes sense given the novel's basic mandate was to bring closure to the parallel worlds concept that had crept into Eighth Doctor stories.

Point is, there are a lot of theories floating around out there. The simplest explanation for the narrative continuity out there is no explanation at all. REG was official when he recorded and unofficial virtually by the time he was broadcast. Maybe the page could link to various theories, but advancing this one as "the" answer is a bit beyond the pail.  Czech Out  ☎ |  ✍  07:16, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Article revised to take note of all this.  Czech Out  ☎ |  ✍  09:18, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Though with the inclusion of the War Doctor, it seems the Doctor had regenerated twice thrice. He could have forgotten himself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Catholic nerd (talk • contribs) 07:48, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

Shalka = War Doc
If we view it this way it makes sense since War is the real 9th. Maybe him taking a break before finishing the time war. 174.92.132.116 (talk) 04:27, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

If you have a source saying that the BBCi team knew, before 2005, that Ecclestone would not be returning for the 50th anniversary special in 2013, and therefore anticipated the need for a secret 9th incarnation and called himself the Doctor even though he stops using the name Doctor as soon as he began his life, then, yes. Otherwise--please take your fevered fanboy speculations somewhere else. ZarhanFastfire (talk) 20:17, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Shalka Doctor. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060502140610/http://www.drwhoguide.com/bbci_04.htm to http://drwhoguide.com/bbci_04.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070110222816/http://www.drwhoguide.com/mp3/shalka.mp3 to http://www.drwhoguide.com/mp3/shalka.mp3
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060316043549/http://www.drwhoguide.com/feastofstone.htm to http://drwhoguide.com/feastofstone.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:06, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shalka Doctor


text:
Morris Rosenfeld

Morris Rosenfeld (Yiddish: מאָריס ראָסענפֿעלד; born as Moshe Jacob Alter; December 28, 1862 in Stare Boksze in Russian Poland, government of Suwałki – June 22, 1923 in New York City) was a Yiddish poet.

His work sheds light on the living circumstances of emigrants from Eastern Europe in New York's tailoring workshops.

He was educated at Boksha, Suwałki, and Warsaw. He worked as a tailor in New York and London and as a diamond cutter in Amsterdam, and settled in New York in 1886, after which he was connected with the editorial staffs of several leading Jewish newspapers. During the 1890s he wrote song parodies for the Yehuda Katzenelenbogen Music Publishing Company in New York, including Nokhn ball (After the Ball), Di pawnshop (Faryomert farklogt) and Nem tsurik dayn gold (Take Back Your Gold) - all published in Di idishe bihne and Lider magazin. In 1904 he published a weekly entitled Der Ashmedai. In 1905 he was editor of the New Yorker Morgenblatt. He was also the publisher and editor of a quarterly journal of literature (printed in Yiddish) entitled Jewish Annals. He was a delegate to the Fourth Zionist Congress at London in 1900, and gave readings at Harvard University in 1898, the University of Chicago in 1900, and Wellesley and Radcliffe colleges in 1902.

Rosenfeld was the author of Di Gloke [The bell] (New York, 1888), poems of a revolutionary character; later the author bought and destroyed all obtainable copies of this book. He wrote also Di Blumenkette [The chain of flowers] (New York, 1890) and Dos Lieder-Bukh (New York, 1897; English transl. by Leo Wiener, Songs from the Ghetto, Boston, 1899; German transl. by, Berlin, and by E. A. Fishin, Milwaukee, Wis., 1899; Rumanian transl. by M. Iaşi, 1899; Polish transl. by J. Feldman, Vienna, 1903; Hungarian transl. by A. Kiss, Budapest; Bohemian transl. by J. Vrchlický, Prague; Croatian transl. by Aleksandar Licht, Zagreb, 1906). His collected poems were published under the title Gezamelte Lieder, in New York, in 1904.

Works

 * "Di gloke" (The Bell), Poetry collection, 1888
 * "Di blumenkette" (The Chain of Flowers), Poetry collection, 1890
 * "Lider-bukh", Poetry collection
 * First English edition: Songs from the Ghetto. Translated by Leo Wiener. New York, 1898
 * First German edition: Lieder des Ghetto (songs from the ghetto). Translated by Berthold Feiwel. Calvary, Berlin, 1902
 * "Shriftn", selected works in six volumes, New York, 1908–1910
 * "Geveylte shriftn", New York, 1912
 * "Dos bukh fun libe", 1914
 * Songs of Labor and Other Poems. Translated by Rose Pastor Stokes and Helena Frank. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1914.

title: Morris Rosenfeld


text:
Marel Baldvinsson

Marel Jóhann Baldvinsson (born 18 December 1980) is an Icelandic football forward who last played for Stjarnan.

Club career
He started his career in Breiðablik, but moved to Norway early in his career. In October 1997, Marel went on trial with Manchester United. After a fruitless trial with Rosenborg BK, he signed with Stabæk with a deal worth 600,000 Euro. In January 2003 he was sold to the Belgian club Lokeren for just half of what Stabæk paid for him, 300,000 Euro, but with a clause giving 25% of the total transition in a later resale.

In 2006, he was forced to cut short his career as a professional footballer due to injury.  He rejoined Breiðablik in his native Iceland. After many impressive displays in the 2006 season, he was recalled into the Icelandic national team to face Spain in August 2006. A few days later he returned to professional football when he signed for Norwegian club Molde, in a deal worth 1,5 million Euro.

In 2007, after two seasons at Molde, Marel had his contract terminated. On 30 December 2007 he signed a three-year contract with Breiðablik, starting his third stint at the club. He scored six goals in 19 games for the club and following a dispute with the club's management, reportedly revolving around wages, he left the club on 22 April 2009 and was signed by Valur. He started his career at Valur well, scoring three goals in his first five games, including a late equalizer against Grindavík and a winning goal against local rivals Fram. On 24 March, it was declared that he would join Stjarnan and play with them the following season. He played seven games in the 2010 season but hasn't played football since.

International career
Marel made his debut for Iceland in an August 2001 friendly match against Poland, coming on as a substitute for Tryggvi Guðmundsson. He played 17 senior international games in total, as well as 16 times at youth level.

title: Marel Baldvinsson


text:
Stavangerpark

Stavangerpark, also known as the city park, is located around Breiavatnet in the centre of Stavanger, Norway. It is a quiet park, with a lot of doves, ducks, swans and other birds. The Stavanger Cathedral, which dates from around the year 1100, is located in the park.

title: Stavangerpark


text:
Max Alvary

Max Alvary (3 May 1856 – 7 November 1898), born as Maximilian Achenbach, was a German operatic tenor.

Born in Düsseldorf, Germany, he was the son of the painter Andreas Achenbach, over whose initial objections he pursued his singing career. He studied in Frankfurt with Julius Stockhausen, and in Milan with Francesco Lamperti.

He had a fine dramatic voice and a handsome stage presence, and speedily made a reputation in Germany in the leading roles in Wagnerian opera. From 1885 onwards he also appeared in America and England. On 9 November 1887 Alvary appeared as the title character in the United States premiere of Wagner's Siegfried at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Vividly embodying Siegfried's youth and fiery individualism, the tenor created a sensation and became an idol of New York opera goers until his departure in 1889. In 1892, his performances as Tristan and Siegfried at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, aroused great enthusiasm.

In October 1894, he was seriously injured in a fall while rehearsing Siegfried at Mannheim and never fully recovered; he retired from the stage in 1897.

Alvary died in Großtabarz, Thuringia, Germany, in 1898.

title: Max Alvary


text: User talk:68.66.96.32

title: User talk:68.66.96.32


text:
Virtual Library museums pages

The Virtual Library museums pages (VLmp) formed an early leading directory of online museums around the world.

History
The VLmp online directory resource was founded by Jonathan Bowen in 1994, originally at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory in the United Kingdom. It has been supported by the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and Museophile Limited. As part of the World Wide Web Virtual Library, initiated by Tim Berners-Lee and later managed by Arthur Secret. The main VLmp site moved to London South Bank University in the early 2000s and is now hosted on the MuseumsWiki wiki, established in 2006 and hosted by Fandom (previously Wikia) as a historical record.

The directory was developed and organised in a distributed manner by country, with around twenty people in different countries maintaining various sections. Canada, through the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN), was the first country to become involved. The MDA maintained the United Kingdom section of museums, later the Collections Trust. The Historisches Centrum Hagen has maintained and hosted pages for Germany. Other countries actively participating included Romania. In total, around 20 countries were involved.

The directory was influential in the museum field during the 1990s and 2000s. It was used as a standard starting point to find museums online. It was useful for monitoring the growth of museums internationally online. It was also used for online museum surveys. It was recommended as an educational resource and included a search facility.

Virtual Museum of Computing
The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC), part of the Virtual Library museums pages, was created as a virtual museum providing information on the history of computers and computer science. It included virtual "galleries" (e.g., on Alan Turing, curated by Andrew Hodges ) and links to other computer museums. VMoC was founded in 1995, initially at the University of Oxford. As part of VLmp, it was hosted by the International Council of Museums (ICOM). VMoC was also hosted by the University of Reading and London South Bank University, with mirror sites internationally within VLmp. Later it was also provided by Museophile Limited. It then became available in archival form as a wiki on Wikia).

VMoC was reviewed by Discovery Channel, Lycos, Anbar Electronic Intelligence, Bookmark Central, Planet Science, RedOrbit, and Science NetLinks during the 1990s. It has also been referenced in books and papers. VMoC has provided computing history event reports.

title: Virtual Library museums pages


text:
Talk:The Lady Chablis

Transgender drag queen?
I don't understand how one can be a transgendered drag queen. And I don't think that Chablis technically qualifies as "transgendered." In John Berendt's introduction to "Hiding My Candy" he writes: "Chablis is a full-time transvestite. In clinical terms, she is a preoperative transexual." [page 13] So, I'm going to edit the page to say exactly that. -- Andrew Parodi 09:50, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Drag queens ARE transgendered. As are transsexuals and transvestites. It's an umbrella term for those who fall somewhere between typical binary gender modes. So the issue isn't contradiction- just redundancy. ChrisStansfield Contribs 17:36, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

On the feminine pronoun. . . aren't male to female transexuals called by female pronouns but male to female transvestites called by male pronouns? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.237.28.26 (talk) 04:15, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Drag queens are not necessarily transgender, nor are "transvestities." If she takes hormones and lives as a woman then the term "transgender" may be appropriate. I question the use of the term "preoperative transexual" in this article. "Preoperative" presumes that she intends to have an operation. And if she has not and does not intend to then "transexual" is technically incorrect. I know that term is pulled from a quote in "Hiding My Candy" but unless Lady Chablis describes herself as such I would hesitate to use that terminology. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.98.14.164 (talk) 04:20, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

"Purchase of Club One"
Anyone's purchase would affect her, but her own purchase of it would be different enuf to occasion making the situation clear, and also call for clarifying whether that was effected with pre-book wealth, media-related new income, or whether the club is modest enough for its purchase to be an unremarkable livelihood change for her. --Jerzy•t 07:07, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Changes to article
I made a few changes - in conjunction with what was listed above:

NickBurns 16:46, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I tried to clarify and expand on the issue of transgendered vs drag. Hopefully, although the details are unclear, how I phrased what we know IS clearer.
 * I removed the reference to Chablis owning Club One - I did not see that listed on Club One's website, nor in any newspapers I searched on the web. It may well be true, but we need to have something to cite as proof before it's added to the article.

Plagiarism
Quite a bit of this article is directly lifted from Lady Chablis' bio on her webpage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.112.83.17 (talk • contribs)
 * Plagiarism is a very strong word for a bio that isn't on her webpage. Wildhartlivie (talk) 05:40, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

I'm surprised The Lady Chablis wasn't awarded an Oscar as a supporting actor for her role in this film.

Rosa Lichtenstein (talk) 05:25, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Brenda Dale Knox
Is there any reason why we can't mention her offstage name, Brenda Dale Knox? I assume she used this name for legal purposes, tax filing etc. Pascalulu88 (talk) 14:24, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It seems an IP editor took offence with the information. I've reinstated it. She was born Benjamin, but changed it to Brenda before her days as Chablis. Seasider53 (talk) 11:18, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Lady Chablis


text:
Seminaphtharhodafluor

Seminaphtharhodafluor or SNARF is a fluorescent dye that changes color with pH. It can be used to construct optical biosensors that use enzymes that change pH.

The absorption peak of the derivative carboxy-SNARF at pH 6.0 is at wavelength (515 and) 550 nm, while that at pH 9.0 is at 575 nm.

The emission peak of carboxy-SNARF at pH 6.0 is at wavelength 585 nm, while that at pH 9.0 is at 640 nm.

SNARF-1 can serve as a substrate for the MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein-1) drug transporter, to measure the activity of the MRP1 transporter. For this purpose, an acetomethoxyester group is added to SNARF-1. Cellular esterases cleave off SNARF-1, and its transport out of the cells can be measured by following the loss of fluorescence from the cells.

title: Seminaphtharhodafluor


text:
User:Ans/New topic intro

To start new topic "", begin typing in the box below.

title: User:Ans/New topic intro


text:
Talk:Morris Rosenfeld

Translation
de:Morris Rosenfeld
 * Corresponding English-language article: Morris Rosenfeld
 * Worth doing because: no article
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 11:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Status: done
 * Other notes: see also
 * Supported:

title: Talk:Morris Rosenfeld


text:
Greensand Way

The Greensand Way is a long-distance path of 108 mi in southeast England, from Haslemere in Surrey to Hamstreet in Kent. It follows the Greensand Ridge along the Surrey Hills and Chart Hills. The route is mostly rural, passing through woods, and alongside fruit orchards and hop farms in Kent and links with the Stour Valley Walk near Pluckley in Kent. The trail was opened on 15 June 1980 and is jointly managed by Surrey and Kent Councils who fully updated it in 2012 (route, waymarking, online guide).

Much of the land is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The stretch from Hindhead to Leith Hill has formed part of the Surrey Hills AONB since 1958. The Sevenoaks Ridge, from the Surrey–Kent border to Borough Green, is included in the Kent Downs AONB.

The waymarks alone are not sufficient to follow the trail – an OS map, or the online guide with maps, is required. An updated guide with maps and walk directions is available online from the Kent and Surrey Council websites. The original guidebook is out of print. On Ordnance Survey Explorer map 145, a spur – also labelled Greensand Way – is shown from Thursley to Farnham; this is not part of the path.

Places en route
Places passed along the trail include: Hindhead, Thursley, Wormley, Hambledon, Hascombe, Shamley Green, Holmbury St Mary, Wotton, Westcott, Dorking, Brockham, Betchworth, Reigate, Earlswood, South Nutfield, Bletchingley, Godstone, Tandridge, Broadham Green, Limpsfield, Crockham Hill, Toys Hill, Ide Hill, Sevenoaks Weald, Knole Park, Shipbourne, Dunk's Green, West Peckham, Nettlestead Green, Yalding, Linton, Sutton Valence, Egerton, Pluckley, Little Chart, Hothfield, Kingsnorth and finally Hamstreet.

title: Greensand Way


text:
Talk:Ahoghill

Untitled
Let's start quoting whose these 'commentators' are, if that's possible. Nearside 12:17, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to include something about the notice that was posted up around the village recently. Shall I start it, or would you like to?

Lapsed Pacifist 19:45, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

As long as all information is factual, and not just your opinion, you go right ahead. If you have photographs of the notice, please feel free to include those also. I'll revert your edits unless they are backed up with proof. Sound fair? And cite your sources, too. It would be a shame to just be pushing someone else's agenda instead of just reporting fair, unbiased, factual information.Nearside 05:29, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ahoghill. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150422012413/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/census/2011/results/settlements.html to http://www.nisra.gov.uk/census/2011/results/settlements.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091120092935/http://new.u.tv/News/Sectarian-attacks-on-Ballymena-churches/dd81ab3e-d921-4e3b-8cb4-cdf43fb901fc to http://new.u.tv/News/Sectarian-attacks-on-Ballymena-churches/dd81ab3e-d921-4e3b-8cb4-cdf43fb901fc

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:46, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ahoghill. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.creggancamogie.co.uk/news/details/?id=77
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070311002133/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/town_Home.aspx?co=16&to=310&ca=0&sca=0&navID=1 to http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/town_Home.aspx?co=16&to=310&ca=0&sca=0&navID=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:42, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ahoghill. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100331030145/http://www.ahoghill.net/ to http://www.ahoghill.net/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:27, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ahoghill


text:
User talk:Rxnd

Orphaned non-free image File:Scanorama1.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Scanorama1.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 22:43, 22 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking care of that. The image was uploaded a long time ago and has since been replaced by other material. It is no longer needed.  rxnd  ( talk ) 13:40, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Scanorama1.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Scanorama1.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 15:38, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 30
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Gautam Singhania, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Cannonball Run. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:22, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

July 2015
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=670146727 your edit] to Wingsuit flying may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 04:26, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
 * http://www.uspa.org/SIM/Read/Section6/tabid/169/Default.aspx#984 |title=U.S. Parachute Association SIM  Read  Section 6 |publisher=Uspa.org |accessdate=18 May 2010}} Requirements in other nations are
 * Ludovic Woerth (34), and American Brian Drake (33), jumped from a helicopter over the [Lütschental] area near Bern, Switzerland.  They had planned to land in the valley, but took a wrong

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello Rxnd! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  00:36, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello Rxnd! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  17:20, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Qwerfjkl talk  09:31, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rxnd


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3XC

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. -- Phroziac (talk) 14:29, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

3XC
Vanity page, seems to refer to a school band with no discography to speak of. Netvor 12:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

No it doesn't!!! (previous unsigned comment by user:Arza89)

What are you talking about. THis is the best band around. DO you even live in melbourne. dont give me that -'no discography to speak of'- posh tone. just say they have no cd out yet... its not that hard... say it with me... they have no cd out yet... just wait till you see 3xc on the front cover of a mag saying "Best of the Best". Get with the times.... Posted by Raph (previous unsigned comment by user:138.217.52.192)

 * I never said that 3XC is not the best band around. That is your personal opinion and I will not challenge it. Anyway, please have a look at WP:MUSIC for Wikipedia's policy on the level of notability required for an article. 3XC appears to qualify for none of the criteria mentioned in that article. Finally, I would like to suggest using Talk:3XC for discussions regarding the band, as well as regarding the policy in WP:MUSIC. Let's keep this page for the VfD process. --Netvor 12:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Everyone deserves a chance so I'll support you guys *ary is standing behind me with a gun*. But for the public to decide, if you have noticed, half of the entire 3xc team(including people like producers etc..) are asians!When have you ever seen an asian group reach the number one charts? But then again because you haven't you might want to support it for that reason...Jay-T

 * Delete. "In the next few years they plan to be the best urban/hip-hop/R&B group out of Australia" - which can't be hard - and yet they list the Lighthouse Family as one of their influences. Clearly a hoax. -Ashley Pomeroy 12:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, either band vanity or band cruft, nn, and certainly nt encyclopaedic. Usrnme h8er 12:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN, vantiy DV8 2XL 12:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete It's probably a malicious hoax, but even if it's not it is still unverifiable and it doesn't pass WP:MUSIC. --Apyule 13:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete, but hold nose while doing so, for safety. SaltyPig 15:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * strong delete OR userfy utterly lacking in street cred, mate. Roodog2k 16:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lol@wiggers that know how to use a computer and edit wikipedia. Vanity page. Gold Stur 20:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Good luck with the band Ralph. - Hahnchen 23:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - no evidence presented that they meet WP:Music as yet. Capitalistroadster 23:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nothing suggesting a whisper at WP:MUSIC. If the quote cited above is carried out in full, they could of course come back in a few year's time. -Splash 23:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/3XC


text:
Margaret Scott (Australian author)

Margaret Daphne Scott (20 June 1934 – 29 August 2005) was an Australian author, poet, comedian, educator and public intellectual.

Background
Margaret, her first husband, playwright Michael Boddy and her first son, Daniel, migrated to Tasmania from the United Kingdom in 1959. Two more children, Kate and Marcus, were born in Tasmania. From 1979, she lived with legal scholar Michael Scott and had her final child, Sarah, as well as becoming the step mother to Jane, Christian and Katharine Scott. In 1978, Margaret received her PhD from the University of Tasmania, and was head of the English department at the university until 1989. She worked at the university for over 25 years, but left to devote herself full-time to her writing career. Her publications include four books of poetry, two novels, a libretto and numerous articles. She became well known in Australia in the 1990s as a regular guest on the television show Good News Week. She was also known for her activism on environmental issues and human rights.

In 1995, a portrait of Margaret Scott by painter Geoffrey Dyer was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. The prize is awarded for a painting, "preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics."

In 2005, she was selected for the inaugural Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women and received the Australia Council Writers Emeritus Award. She died of emphysema.

In 2007 the inaugural Margaret Scott Prize for best book by a Tasmanian author was awarded as one of the Tasmanian Premier's Literary Prizes.

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Margaret (Maggie) Scott won six awards in that time. (wins only)
 * 1997
 * Maggie Scott
 * Versatile Variety Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1998
 * Maggie Scott
 * Versatile Variety Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * Maggie Scott
 * Variety Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1999
 * Maggie Scott
 * Versatile Variety Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * Maggie Scott
 * Variety Performance of the Year
 * Won
 * 2002
 * Maggie Scott
 * Female Comedy Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * Won
 * 2002
 * Maggie Scott
 * Female Comedy Performer of the Year
 * Won
 * Won

title: Margaret Scott (Australian author)


text:
Arnar Viðarsson

Arnar Þór Viðarsson (transliterated as Arnar Thor Vidarsson; born 15 March 1978) is an Icelandic football coach and a former player, his playing position was midfielder. He last played for Belgian Pro League side Cercle Brugge, where he was also employed as head coach. He was the head coach of Iceland men's national team from 2020 to 2023. He became the sporting director of KAA Gent at the end of the 2023-24 season.

Club career
He started his career in FH, and moved to Belgium to play for Sporting Lokeren early in his career. He returned to FH for a short period, but apart from a loan spell at Lillestrøm SK and a trial at Genk, he has played for Lokeren from October 1998 until 2006. Since then, Lokeren has signed many Icelandic players, for instance midfielder Rúnar Kristinsson who holds the Icelandic record for most international caps.

In 2006, he transferred to FC Twente, where he signed a contract until 2009. For the 2007-08 he was loaned out to newly promoted De Graafschap, before eventually returning to Belgium, playing for Cercle Brugge, where he ended his career as a player in the summer of 2014, becoming assistant under head coach Lorenzo Staelens. Following the sacking of Staelens on October of that same year, Arnar was appointed head coach.

International career
Arnar was capped 52 times for Iceland, scoring 2 goals, as well as 41 times at youth level. He made his debut for the seniors in a June 1998 friendly match against South Africa.

Personal life
Arnar is the brother of fellow Icelandic midfielders Bjarni and Davíð, and the son of Icelandic footballer Viðar Halldórsson.

title: Arnar Viðarsson


text:
User:Ans/Forum

Welcome Wikicitizens! Please use this Wikicities community portal to ask for help, or to make cross-project announcements.

Click here to view topics in this forum (by recent changes)

Start new topic
Please prefix the new topic by "User:Ans/Forum/", for example, "User:Ans/Forum/your new topic name"

title: User:Ans/Forum


text:
User:Rxnd

I write on matters relating to my past and present professional careers in humanitarian aid, emergency management, and development policy. I started editing Wikipedia with this account in August 2005, then focusing on articles concerning the European Commission.

Project Memberships
I started a Wikiproject on disaster management. Other WikiProjects which I am part of:
 * Disaster management WikiProject
 * League of Copyeditors (Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit)
 * International Development

Resources

 * Style guidelines
 * How to do whatever, much faster
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * Category:Hidden categories
 * Things 2do.

title: User:Rxnd


text:
Active Scripting

Active Scripting (formerly known as ActiveX Scripting) is the technology used in Windows to implement component-based scripting support. It is based on OLE Automation (part of COM) and allows installation of additional scripting engines in the form of COM modules.

Uses and history
The Active Scripting technologies were first released in 1996, with the release of the Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 (August 1996) and Internet Information Services 3.0 products (December 1996).

Usual applications of Active Scripting include Active Server Pages (ASP) server scripts, Internet Explorer, and Windows Script Host (WSH) scripts automating routine tasks, including use for login scripts, Registry manipulation, and the like. Other administrative uses include Windows Management Instrumentation and Active Directory Service Interfaces. Active Scripting can also be used for general-purpose scripting, such as database programming, text-processing, rapid prototyping, and application macro/scripting programming; some applications use Active Scripting as the main automation method, others do not have a macro facility but the components are available for use via the API; or one may opt to add a language and/or tool not available by default, like programming Microsoft Excel in Perl or REXX rather than Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) or transferring data from a terminal emulator to word processor by way of a spreadsheet when they have dissimilar macro tools or none at all.

For many of the above uses, Active Scripting is an addition to Windows that is similar to the functionality of Unix shell scripts, as well as an incremental improvement upon batch files (command.com), Windows NT style shell scripts (cmd.exe) and, by way of VBScript, the replacement for QBasic, which was last available on the supplementary disc for Windows 95. The majority of the languages used for Active Scripting mentioned below are glue languages, with Perl being the most commonly used third-party script engine.

The interfaces to Active Scripting engines are public, so any developer can create applications that are programmable in Active Scripting languages as well as engines for additional languages.

Implementations
Active Scripting engines are available for several languages. Some of the most popular include:
 * ActivePerl – Perl
 * ActivePHP and PHPScript for PHP
 * ActivePython – Python
 * Delphi
 * Fortran
 * Haskell
 * Lua
 * REXX (multiple versions)
 * Ruby
 * Tcl
 * VBScript and JScript for Windows versions after Windows 95, optional with CE
 * Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) for Windows; and requires Microsoft Office, or other software packages that are VBA-programmable.
 * XLNT
 * XSLT

In Windows, CScript.exe at the command line and WScript.exe running in the GUI are the main means of implementation of installed Active Script languages. Clicking on an icon or running from the command line, a script, the Run dialogue, etc. will by default run a plain text file containing the code. A Windows Script File (.wsf) is an XML file that can contain more than one script in more than one language in addition to other elements, and are executed by the Windows Script Host.

Some software such as SecureCRT use the WSH functionality to allow automation by means of any installed scripting engine.

The script host, related components, and engines are able to be integrated into and called from Windows applications just like any other component.

Retirement
Active scripting is regarded complete, and no longer under active development by Microsoft. Furthermore, scripting engines will continue to be shipped with future releases of Microsoft Windows and IIS.

Originally, the .NET Framework had a scripting technology of its own and a separate scripting IDE called Visual Studio for Applications (VSA), and the interfaces to the technology were also available via Active Scripting, allowing even .NET-unaware applications to be scripted using .NET languages. VSA was also meant to replace Visual Basic for Applications. However, that entire technology was deprecated in version 2.0 of the .NET Framework, leaving no clear upgrade path for applications desiring Active Scripting support (although "scripts" can be created in C#, VBScript, Visual Basic .NET, and other .NET languages, which can be compiled and executed at run-time via libraries installed as part of the standard .NET runtime).

In 2016, Microsoft introduced Windows PowerShell, which can expose applications via PowerShell cmdlets or PowerShell providers.

title: Active Scripting


text:
Leyland Olympian

The Leyland Olympian was a 2-axle and 3-axle double-decker bus chassis manufactured by Leyland between 1980 and 1993. It was the last Leyland bus model in production.

Construction
The Olympian had the same chassis and running gear as the Leyland Titan integral double deck bus which was ordered in large numbers by London Transport. At the time there was a demand for non-integral vehicles, because operators wished to have the chassis bodied by other manufacturers. Thus Leyland created the B45 project, which was named Olympian, in 1979. This was in many ways an update of the popular Bristol VRT (Bristol Commercial Vehicles merged with Leyland in 1965), with many VR customers choosing Olympians. Later the Olympian also replaced the Leyland Atlantean.

The Olympian was unveiled at the 1980 Commercial Motor Show. It was available in two lengths, 9.56m and 10.25m. The engine was either the Leyland TL11 unit (a development of the Leyland O.680: both were of 11.1 litre capacity) or the Gardner 6LXB or 6LXCT. Some later Olympians had Cummins L10 engines. One Olympian had a 5LXCT.

For the export market a three-axle version was built with lengths of 10.4m, 11.32m and 11.95m. This was very popular with operators such as Kowloon Motor Bus. In 1988, Leyland developed an air-conditioned version of the Olympian, with the refrigerant compressor driven by the main engine instead of a separate engine.

Between 1979 and 1981, nine demonstrators were built, before the first production Olympian entered service with Ribble Motor Services in August 1981.

The Olympian was initially manufactured at the former Bristol factory in Brislington with the first thousand completed here. In 1983, production transferred to Leyland's Farington and Workington plants. The last was completed for Singapore Bus Service in March 1994.

Bodies
The Leyland Olympian was built with a wide variety of body types:
 * Walter Alexander
 * East Lancs
 * ECW
 * Leyland
 * Marshall
 * Northern Counties
 * Roe / Optare

United Kingdom
The Leyland Olympian was popular in the United Kingdom, with orders from operators both before and after privatisation. It was purchased by many National Bus Company subsidiaries.

Although London Buses primarily purchased the Leyland Titan, in 1984 it took delivery of three Olympians. Between 1987 and 1992, a further 350 Olympians were purchased. The last were withdrawn in 2005, although some were converted to open top buses and remain in use with The Original Tour. London Country purchased 102.

Lothian Buses purchased over 200, but all were removed by 2009.

South Wales Transport ordered 7 of these in 1985 registered C901-C907 FCY. These remained in service with First Cymru until 2005.

The last remaining Leyland Olympians were removed from service in December 2016 as they did not comply with Disabled Access Regulations.

Greece
EAS of Athens received 19 Leyland Olympians in 1983, plus the Demo previously trialed in 1982. They were all withdrawn by 1 October 1994. One of them is preserved.

Hong Kong
Between 1981 and 1993, Kowloon Motor Bus purchased 906 Olympians, with all but four having Alexander bodywork. Some were later repatriated to the United Kingdom, including 22 converted to open top configuration by The Big Bus Company.

China Motor Bus purchased 37 Olympians between 1981 and 1993. All 35 three-axle Olympians passed to New World First Bus, with the entire batch of ten non-air-conditioned buses being sold to FirstGroup who repatriated them to the United Kingdom for use at their East Counties, Glasgow, Manchester and PMT subsidiaries.

Citybus purchased 294 new Leyland Olympians including 2-axle Olympians (#7, #12, #14, #15, #17, #18). In 1990, Citybus numbering system was changed to finally remove the prefixes. In the early to mid 1990s, selected 2-axle Leyland Olympians were converted to open-top where it is used for private hire services, to complement AEC Routemaster, however these were withdrawn gradually after 2001. #7 was the last 2-axle Leyland Olympian in Hong Kong, where it was retired in 2009 and eventually scrapped. In 2003, 54 were repatriated to the United Kingdom to operate express services for Megabus.

All Hong Kong franchised Olympians had been withdrawn by October 2011. The non-franchised, open-topped, air-conditioned double deckers and private hire buses were withdrawn by 2015 due to their non-compliance with Hong Kong's emission regulations. Citybus #391 was the last Leyland Olympian to ever run in Hong Kong.

Ireland
Dublin Bus purchased a total of 175 Alexander-bodied Leyland Olympians from 1990 until the end of Leyland production in 1993, these being the first double-deckers to be built at Alexander's Belfast plant since 1975. The Leyland Olympians were classed as the 'RH' type in the fleet.

North America
In 1984, an Eastern Coach Works bodied left hand drive Olympian was sent to the United States as a demonstrator. It was used as a shuttle bus at Expo 86 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It then entered service on Gray Line tours in Victoria. It was later sold to Brampton Transit.

Grosvenor Coach Lines (Gray Line) of San Francisco received 10 Eastern Coach Works bodied three-axle Leyland Olympians in 1986 for sightseeing purposes. Seven were later transferred to New York City and the other three to Seattle. After a period in store, the three Seattle units were repowered with Detroit Diesel engines in Los Angeles and returned to Gray Line duties in San Francisco in 2015.

Singapore
Singapore Bus Services (SBS) received a single Leyland Olympian B45 for evaluation in 1981. It was displayed at the 1980 Commercial Motor Show in the UK and was described as a "Far Eastern" prototype. It had a 3+2 transverse seating arrangement unseen in Singapore but common in Hong Kong then with a seating capacity of 97, but was eventually refitted to the standard 2+2 transverse seating arrangement before export. When registered, it bore a unique demonstration livery with the company's 1978 corporate logo not unlike a Leyland Leopard demonstrator also with SBS then. It was deployed on route 162 until its withdrawal in late 1982. It was subsequently repatriated to the UK where it worked with the City of Oxford Motor Services afterwards.

Satisfied with the trial, SBS ordered 200 Leyland Olympian 2-Axles fitted with Alexander R bodywork of which they were SBS's last Leyland engined buses. Registered between 1986 and 1988, these buses were deployed to Toa Payoh, Ang Mo Kio and Jurong bus depots. In the late 1990s, they were massively redeployed to serve routes mainly in the industrial and suburban regions as most routes plying downtown were transitioning to a fully air-conditioned fleet. At the same time, some of these buses had 3 pairs of seats removed on the offside to create a standee area, while others were refitted with Allison gearboxes and new seat upholsterers. When SBS was renamed as SBS Transit in late 2001, none of these units received the SBS Transit livery as they were nearing the end of their statutory lifespan. All units were withdrawn between 2001 and 2003.

2 Leyland Olympian 2-Axle were preserved. One was converted into an "NYC The Red Bus" office and preserved as a static exhibit at Youth Park. The other was re-registered and converted to a playschool bus and was parked at various places, It has since been decommissioned and is now preserved at Jubilee Pat's Schoolhouse as a static exhibit since 2008.

In 1992, SBS ordered another 200 Leyland Olympians, all of which were fitted with the then all new Walter Alexander Royale bodywork. Registered between 1993 and 1994, they were Singapore's first air-conditioned and tri-axle double deck buses and hence nicknamed the "Superbus" owing to their massive specifications at that time. They were also the last Leylands to be built globally. Originally deployed to all SBS depots islandwide, they were consolidated into Ang Mo Kio, Braddell Bus Park, and Soon Lee bus depots in the mid 2000s. Unlike their 2-axle counterparts and Volvo Olympians, none of these units received a standee area as the air-conditioning filter was right above the seats. Withdrawal of these buses began in 2010, and the last buses were retired in April 2013.

SBS9168S, the last Leyland Olympian built, was repatriated to England in 2013 and is currently preserved by Dave Rogers and re-registered as L888 SBS.

Leyland sale
In 1988, Leyland was purchased by Volvo, who only continued with the Olympian and Lynx due to the vast number of outstanding orders. More buses also went to Dublin Bus, London Transport, China Motor Bus and Hong Kong Citybus.

The completion of the final orders from a fire-stricken Strathclyde Buses, Dublin Bus, China Motor Bus, Citybus and Singapore Bus Services saw the discontinuation of the Leyland Olympian, with the last delivered to Singapore Bus Services and the plant in Workington closed in 1993.

The Leyland Olympian was superseded by the Volvo Olympian, with the existing chassis retained and a Volvo TD102KF engine replacing the Gardner engine option. It remained in production until 2000.

title: Leyland Olympian


text: Category:Manic Street Preachers

title: Category:Manic Street Preachers


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/smine-diagram

smine-diagram

This is a very detailed and informative diagram from the WWII era that I saw when looking at the s-mine peer review. I believe that a picture like this would make a great addition to the featured pictures gallery.

Raven4x4x 08:16, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - ZeWrestler   Talk 12:24, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a picture LIKE this COULD make a nice addition too but this one is much much too small and blurred I think.--Deglr6328 06:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Quality concerns - it's too small and unclear, and there's a white horizontal line going through it. Enochlau 00:53, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 *  ( − ) Oppose Far too small --Fir0002 07:46, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 15:38, 10 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Perivascular space

A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow–Robin space, is a fluid-filled space surrounding certain blood vessels in several organs, including the brain, potentially having an immunological function, but more broadly a dispersive role for neural and blood-derived messengers. The brain pia mater is reflected from the surface of the brain onto the surface of blood vessels in the subarachnoid space. In the brain, perivascular cuffs are regions of leukocyte aggregation in the perivascular spaces, usually found in patients with viral encephalitis.

Perivascular spaces vary in dimension according to the type of blood vessel. In the brain where most capillaries have an imperceptible perivascular space, select structures of the brain, such as the circumventricular organs, are notable for having large perivascular spaces surrounding highly permeable capillaries, as observed by microscopy. The median eminence, a brain structure at the base of the hypothalamus, contains capillaries with wide perivascular spaces.

In humans, perivascular spaces surround arteries and veins can usually be seen as areas of dilatation on MRI images. While many normal brains will show a few dilated spaces, an increase in these spaces may correlate with the incidence of several neurodegenerative diseases, making the spaces a topic of research.

Structure
Perivascular spaces are gaps containing interstitial fluid that span between blood vessels and their host organ, such as the brain, which they penetrate and serve as extravascular channels through which solutes can pass. Like the blood vessels around which they form, perivascular spaces are found in both the brain subarachnoid space and the subpial space.

Perivascular spaces surrounding arteries in the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia are separated from the subpial space by one or two layers of leptomeninges, respectively, as well as the pia mater. By virtue of the leptomeningeal cell layer, the perivascular spaces belonging to the subarachnoid space are continuous with those of the subpial space. The direct communication between the perivascular spaces of the subarachnoid space and the subpial space is unique to the brain's arteries, as no leptomeningeal layers surround the brain's veins. Use of the scanning electron microscope has determined that the spaces surrounding blood vessels in the subarachnoid space are not continuous with the subarachnoid space because of the presence of pia mater cells joined by desmosomes.

Perivascular spaces, especially around fenestrated capillaries, are found in many organs, such as the thymus, liver, kidneys, spleen, bones, and pineal gland. Particularly within the brain circumventricular organs – subfornical organ, area postrema, and median eminence – large perivascular spaces are present around fenestrated capillaries, indicating that the spaces serve a dispersive role for brain- or bloodborne messengers.

Perivascular spaces may be enlarged to a diameter of five millimeters in healthy humans and do not imply disease. When enlarged, they can disrupt the function of the brain regions into which they project. Dilation can occur on one or both sides of the brain.

Dilated perivascular spaces are categorized into three types:

 * Type 1  are located on the lenticulostriate arteries projecting into the basal ganglia
 * Type 2  are located in the cortex following the path of the medullary arteries
 * Type 3  are located in the midbrain

Perivascular spaces are most commonly located in the basal ganglia and white matter of the cerebrum, and along the optic tract. The ideal method used to visualize perivascular spaces is T2-weighted MRI. The MR images of other neurological disorders can be similar to those of the dilated spaces. These disorders are: Perivascular spaces are distinguished on an MRI by several key features. The spaces appear as distinct round or oval entities with a signal intensity visually equivalent to that of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space. In addition, a perivascular space has no mass effect and is located along the blood vessel around which it forms.
 * cystic neoplasms
 * lacunar infarctions
 * cystic periventricular leukomalacia
 * cryptococcosis
 * multiple sclerosis
 * mucopolysaccharidoses
 * neurocysticercosis
 * arachnoid cysts
 * neuroepithelial cysts

Function
One of the most basic roles of the perivascular space is the regulation of fluid movement in the central nervous system and its drainage. The spaces ultimately drain fluid from neuronal cell bodies to the cervical lymph nodes. In particular, the "tide hypothesis" suggests that the cardiac contraction creates and maintains pressure waves to modulate the flow to and from the subarachnoid space and the perivascular space. By acting as a sort of sponge, they are essential for signal transmission and the maintenance of extracellular fluid.

Another function is as an integral part of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). While the BBB is often described as the tight junctions between the endothelial cells, this is an oversimplification that neglects the intricate role that perivascular spaces take in separating the venous blood from the parenchyma of the brain. Often, cell debris and foreign particles, which are impermeable to the BBB will get through the endothelial cells, only to be phagocytosed in the perivascular spaces. This holds true for many T and B cells, as well as monocytes, giving this small fluid filled space an important immunological role.

Perivascular spaces also play an important role in immunoregulation; they not only contain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid, but they also have a constant flux of macrophages, which is regulated by blood-borne mononuclear cells, but do not pass the basement membrane of the glia limitans. Similarly, as part of its role in signal transmission, perivascular spaces contain vasoactive neuropeptides (VNs), which, aside from regulating blood pressure and heart rate, have an integral role in controlling microglia. VNs serve to prevent inflammation by activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase which then produces cAMP. The production of cAMP aids in the modulation of auto-reactive T cells by regulatory T cells. . The perivascular space is susceptible space for VN compromise and when their function is reduced in the space, immune response is adversely affected and the potential for degradation increases. When inflammation by T cells begins, astrocytes begin to undergo apoptosis, due to their CD95 receptor, to open up the glia limitans and let T cells into the parenchyma of the brain. Because this process is aided by the perivascular macrophages, these tend to accumulate during neuroinflammation and cause dilation of the spaces.

Clinical significance
The clinical significance of perivascular spaces comes primarily from their tendency to dilate. The importance of dilation is hypothesized to be based on changes in shape rather than size. Enlarged spaces have been observed most commonly in the basal ganglia, specifically on the lenticulostriate arteries. They have also been observed along the paramedial mesencephalothalamic artery and the substantia nigra in the mesencephalon, the brain region below the insula, the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum, and the corpus callosum, as well as the brain region directly above it, the cingulate gyrus. Upon the clinical application of MRI, it was shown in several studies that perivascular space dilation and lacunar strokes are the most commonly observed histological correlates of signaling abnormalities.

Senescence
Dilation is most commonly and closely associated with aging. Dilation of perivascular spaces has been shown to correlate best with age, even when accompanying factors including hypertension, dementia, and white matter lesions are considered. In the elderly, such dilation has been correlated with many symptoms and conditions that often affect the arterial walls, including vascular hypertension, arteriosclerosis, reduced cognitive capacity, dementia, and low post-mortem brain weight. In addition to dilation among the elderly, dilation in young, healthy individuals can also be observed. This occurrence is rare and there has been no observed association in such cases with reduced cognitive function or white matter abnormalities. When dilated VRS are observed in the corpus callosum, there is generally no neurological deficit associated. They are often observed in this region as cystic lesions with cerebrospinal-like fluid.

Symptoms of dilation
Extreme dilation has been associated with several specific clinical symptoms. In cases of severe dilation in only one hemisphere, symptoms reported include a non-specific fainting attack, hypertension, positional vertigo, headache, early recall disturbances, and hemifacial tics. Symptoms associated with severe bilateral dilation include ear pain (which was reported to have resolved on its own), dementia, and seizures. This data was compiled from case studies of individuals with severe VRS dilation. Considering the anatomical abnormality presented in such cases, these findings were considered surprising in that the symptoms were relatively mild. In most cases, there is in fact no mass effect associated with some VRS dilation. An exception to the mildness of clinical symptoms associated with VRS dilation is when there is extreme dilation in the lower mesencephalon at the junction between the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle. In such cases, mild to moderate obstructive hydrocephalus was reported in most patients. Associated symptoms ranged from headaches to symptoms more severe than those just discussed in the cases of dilation in the cerebral hemispheres. Other general symptoms associated with VRS dilation include headaches, dizziness, memory impairment, poor concentration, dementia, visual changes, oculomotor abnormality, tremors, seizures, limb weakness, and ataxia.

Associated disorders
Dilation is a typical characteristic of several diseases and disorders. These include diseases from metabolic and genetic disorders such as mannosidosis, myotonic dystrophy, Lowe syndrome, and Coffin–Lowry syndrome. Dilation is also a common characteristic of diseases or disorders of vascular pathologies, including CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), hereditary infantile hemiparesis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopathy, migraines, and vascular dementia. A third group of disorders typically associated with VRS dilation is neuroectodermal syndromes. This includes polycystic brains associated with ectodermal dysplasia, frontonasal dysplasia, and Joubert syndrome. There is a fourth miscellaneous group of disorders typically associated with dilation that includes autism in children, megalencephalopathy, secondary Parkinson's disease, recent-onset multiple sclerosis, and chronic alcoholism. Because dilation can be associated with several diseases but also observed in healthy patients, it is always important in the evaluation of VRS to study the tissue around the dilation via MRI and to consider the entire clinical context.

Causes of dilated VRS
Much of the current research concerning Virchow–Robin spaces relates to their known tendency to dilate. Research is presently being performed in order to determine the exact cause of dilation in these perivascular spaces. Current theories include mechanical trauma resulting from cerebrospinal fluid pulsation, elongation of ectactic penetrating blood vessels, and abnormal vascular permeability leading to increased fluid exudation. Further research has implicated shrinkage or atrophy of surrounding brain tissue, perivascular demyelination, coiling of the arteries as they age, altered permeability of the arterial wall and obstruction of lymphatic drainage pathways. In addition, insufficient fluid draining and injury to ischemic perivascular tissue resulting in an ex vacuo effect have been suggested as possible causes for dilated VRS. Dilated VRS might also be linked to vascular damage, blood leakage and microaneurysm formation.

Association of dilated VRS and other diseases
Recent and ongoing research has found associations between enlarged VRS and several disorders.

Dementia
At one point in time, dilated Virchow–Robin spaces were so commonly noted in autopsies of persons with dementia, they were believed to cause the disease. However, additional research is currently being performed in order to confirm or refute a direct connection between dilation of VRS and dementia.

Analysis of VRS may distinguish dementia caused by arteriosclerotic microvascular disease from dementia caused by neurodegenerative disease. A 2005 study has evidenced that a substantial amount of VRS in the substantia innominata, lentiform nucleus, and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia may implicate dementia due to arteriosclerotic microvascular disease, in particular Ischemic Vascular Dementia, as opposed dementia due to neurodegenerative disease, specifically Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Thus, perhaps VRS dilation can be used to distinguish between diagnoses of vascular dementias and degenerative dementias.

Alzheimer's disease
Some studies have assessed the spatial distribution and prevalence of VRS in people with Alzheimer's disease versus those without the disease. Researchers have found that while VRS appear to be correlated with natural aging, MR imaging reveals a greater prevalence of VRS in those with Alzheimer's.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a blood vessel failure often associated with Alzheimer's disease, utilizes dilated VRS to spread inflammation to the parenchyma. Because the VRS often have an extra membrane in gray matter, the ischemic CAA response is often observed in white matter.

It has been hypothesized that the structure of VRS in the cerebral cortex may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease. In contrast to VRS of the basal ganglia, VRS in the cerebral cortex are surrounded by only one layer of leptomeninges. As such, VRS in the cerebral cortex may drain β-amyloid in interstitial fluid less effectively than VRS in the basal ganglia. The less-effective drainage may lead to the development of the β-amyloid plaques that characterize Alzheimer's disease. In support of this hypothesis, studies have noted the greater frequency of β-amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex than in the basal ganglia of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Stroke
Because dilated perivascular spaces are so closely correlated with cerebrovascular disease, there is much current research on their use as a diagnostic tool. In a recent study of 31 subjects, abnormal dilation, along with irregular CSF pulsation, were correlated with those subjects having three or more risk factors for strokes. Therefore, perivascular spaces are a possible novel biomarker for hemorrhagic strokes.

CADASIL syndrome (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy syndrome) is a hereditary stroke condition due to a Notch 3 gene mutation on Chromosome 19. Studies have noted that in comparison to family members lacking the affected haplotype that leads to the condition, an increased number of dilated spaces is observed in individuals with CADASIL. These perivascular spaces are localized primarily in the putamen and temporal subcortical white matter and they appear to correlate with age of the individual with the condition rather than severity of the disease itself.

There has been a high risk of stroke associated with dilated perivascular spaces in the elderly according to the Framingham Stroke Risk Score. In contrast, other studies have concluded that the dilation of these spaces is a normal phenomenon in aging with no association with arterosclerosis. This remains, therefore, an important point of research in the field.

Multiple sclerosis
Similar to the research concerning a potential connection between perivascular spaces and Alzheimer's, MRI scans of people recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been studied. Larger, more prevalent spaces have been observed in those with MS. Additional studies with similar findings have suggested that the inflammatory cells which contribute to the demyelination that characterizes MS also attack the perivascular spaces. Studies using advanced MRI techniques will be necessary to determine if the perivascular spaces can be implicated as a potential marker of the disease.

Autism
Dilated perivascular spaces are common among the elderly and uncommon in children. Studies have noted the association between both developmental delay and non-syndromic autism and enlarged or dilated perivascular spaces. Non-syndromic autism categorizes autistic patients for which there is no known cause.

History
The appearance of perivascular spaces was first noted in 1843 by Durant-Fardel. In 1851, Rudolph Virchow was the first to provide a detailed description of these microscopic spaces between the outer and inner/middle lamina of the brain vessels. Charles-Philippe Robin confirmed these findings in 1859 and was the first to describe the perivascular spaces as channels that existed in normal anatomy. The spaces were called Virchow-Robin spaces and are still also known as such. The immunological significance was discovered by Wilhelm His, Sr. in 1865 based on his observations of the flow of interstitial fluid over the spaces to the lymphatic system.

For many years after Virchow-Robin spaces were first described, it was thought that they were in free communication with the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space. It was later shown with the use of electron microscopy that the pia mater serves as separation between the two. Upon the application of MRI, measurements of the differences of signal intensity between the perivascular spaces and cerebrospinal fluid supported these findings. As research technologies continued to expand, so too did information regarding their function, anatomy and clinical significance.

title: Perivascular space


text:
Category:BBC One controllers

This category contains biographical articles about Controllers of BBC One (which was named The BBC Television Service until April 1964, when it was renamed in preparation for the launch of BBC Two).

title: Category:BBC One controllers


text:
Alf Tupper

Alf Tupper is the protagonist of a British comic strip, The Tough of the Track (or Alf Tupper: The Tough of the Track), created by Bill Blaine (probably a pseudonym for William Blaine, head of DC Thomson comics), written by Gilbert Lawford Dalton. He is a working class, "hard as nails" runner, whose adventures appeared in The Rover from 1949 and then The Victor, British boys' comics from D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd. His adventures appeared over almost a 40-year period, until 1992. Many artists have written and drawn his stories, including Pete Sutherland, during his run in The Victor.

In April 2014, Alf Tupper returned in a monthly one-page comic-strip feature in the international athletics magazine Athletics Weekly.

Alf Tupper's storyline and character
Whatever his job and wherever it was located, Alf was the eternal underdog. Regarded as a "guttersnipe" by the posh blokes from the Amateur Athletic Association, he was at his best the day after a night on late shift, lifting heavy objects and getting little sleep. His journey to the track (often White City) almost invariably involved falling asleep on the train and missing his stop.

Sometimes his tardiness was caused by skullduggery of the worst kind by "stuck-up" rich boys from a university somewhere, but usually it was because he could not stop himself from rescuing people in distress or just generally being a selfless chap. Regardless of this, he always got there in the nick of time and, having just finished his fish and chips, went on to win the championships or even, in "end of series" stories, break the world record for the mile and utter his famous catchphrase "I ran 'em all!”

Vic Whittle writes:

"Alf Tupper was 18 years of age when he first appeared in Rover in 1949 and he continued his adventures in Victor in the early 1960s. He lived with his Aunt Meg in Anchor Alley, Greystone. The house had one room upstairs and one room downstairs; Alf's bed was a mattress on the kitchen floor. He was employed as a welder working in Ike Smith's welding shop which was located under a railway arch. His wages were £1 5s (£1.25p) per week of which he paid his Aunt £1.2s.6d (£1.12½p) for rent. This meant he had 2/6d (12½p) for himself. Following a bust up with his Aunt Meg, he moved into Ike Smith's welding shop, sleeping on a mattress by his workbench. Alf joined the Greystone Harriers paying a subscription fee of half a guinea; he was only a member of the Harriers for three weeks and was instructed to return his membership card by Bob Richards the Honorary Secretary, following an ontrack fight with Vic Mason in the 440 yards at the Greystone Harriers Sports meeting. Alf's staple diet was fish and chips wrapped in newspaper."

Appearances
The 1950s version of Alf was variously a millwright at Greystone Aviation Factory (The Rover – No. 1303) or a plumber in the employ of Charlie Chipping of Gas Street, Graystone (The Rover – No. 1338).

The 1968 version of Alf (in The Victor Book for Boys) is a self-employed welder – "Welding done here" – and is still located under the railway arches in fictional Greystone, a drab town with cobbled streets, where heavy industry employs thousands of manual workers.

By the 1970s, some of the early 1950s storylines were being re-introduced to a new generation. There was even a 'prequel' series about Alf's "rough tough boyhood" and his struggle with the authorities as an orphan (began in The Victor 0626 dated 17 February 1973).

Alf's last published appearance came in the Scottish newspaper, The Sunday Post, in 1992, and featured Alf in training for the Barcelona Olympic games.

In popular culture
UK punk rock band The Boys referred to their producer as "Alf Tupper", as a tribute to their hero. They used the name on records and in adverts in the music press as a top producer who could do anything.

Doss AC, see Alf as a mascot. Similar to Alf, Doss AC also wear yellow vest and have a traditional "Hard as Nails" attitude towards their running. They also are known to pay homage to Alf and enter races under his name.

title: Alf Tupper