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Cyanuric chloride

Cyanuric chloride is an organic compound with the formula (NCCl)3. This white solid is the chlorinated derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. It is the trimer of cyanogen chloride. Cyanuric chloride is the main precursor to the popular but controversial herbicide atrazine.

Production
Cyanuric chloride is prepared in two steps from hydrogen cyanide via the intermediacy of cyanogen chloride, which is trimerized at elevated temperatures over a carbon catalyst:
 * HCN +  Cl2  →  ClCN  +  HCl
 * Cyanurchloride Synthesis V.1.svg

In 2005, approximately 200,000 tons were produced.

Industrial uses
It is estimated that 70% of cyanuric chloride is used in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides, especially atrazine. Such reactions rely on the easy displacement of the chloride with nucleophiles such as amines:
 * (ClCN)3 +  2 RNH2  →  (RNHCN)(ClCN)2  +  RNH3+Cl−

Other triazine herbicides, such as simazine, anilazine and cyromazine are made in an analogous way.

Cyanuric chloride is also used as a precursor to dyes and crosslinking agents. The largest class of these dyes are the sulfonated triazine-stilbene optical brighteners (OBA) or fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) commonly found in detergent formulas and white paper. Many reactive dyes also incorporate a triazine ring. They are also manufactured by way of the chloride displacement reaction shown above.

Organic synthesis
Cyanuric chloride is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis for the conversion of alcohols into alkyl chlorides, and carboxylic acids into acyl chlorides:
 * [[Image:Synthesis of acyl chlorides with cyanuric chloride.png|450px]]

It is also used as a dehydrating agent, e.g. in the conversion of amides to nitriles, and for the activation of carboxylic acids for reduction to alcohols. Heating with DMF gives "Gold's reagent" Me2NCH=NCH=NMe2+Cl−, which is a versatile source of aminoalkylations and a precursor to heterocycles.

The chloride centers are easily replaced by amines to give melamine derivatives, for example in the synthesis of dendrimers:
 * [[Image:Cyanuric chloride based dendrimer.svg|450px|Cyanuric chloride based dendrimer]]

It is also employed the synthesis of an experimental adenosine receptor ligand.:

 * [[Image:TriazineDerivativePharma.svg|450px|Example use cyanuric chloride in pharma WO 03101980 patent]]

Cyanuric chloride can also be used as an alternative to oxalyl chloride in the Swern oxidation.

title: Cyanuric chloride


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Talk:Mr. Lee (rapper)

untitled
This article may be mistaken for another about Mr. Lee, a famous Earth Science teacher. I suggest have made a notation of that.
 * This isn't the Southern rap producer from Missouri City, Texas. He has a MySpace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.151.211.221 (talk) 01:03, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mr. Lee (rapper)


text: Category:Nauruan sportspeople

title: Category:Nauruan sportspeople


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Talk:Spear

Pole Weapons
I'm cleaning spear related stuff out of pole weapons to reduce the size of the article, so the bit on 'winged spears' is no longer appropriate. It is interesting, though, and this article seems like the most relevant place for it. I'll let someone else include it, though.

Winged spear The winged (also lugged or barred) spear was a common type of thrusting spear during the early Middle Ages. It consisted of a leaf or lozenge shaped head, beneath which on the socket there were prominent wings. The earliest use of barred spears for hunting is recorded by Xenophon in the 4th. century BC and illustrations of Roman examples are known. Its use in war, however, seems to relate to German tribes in the Early Middle Ages, particularly the Franks, although it was also by the Vikings. The type is commonly illustrated in Early Medieval Art, including the Bayeux Tapestry and the Golden Psalter of St. Gallen.

The winged spear is shown used by both cavalry and infantry. Although some authors claim the intention of the wings was to prevent the weapon from penetrating too deeply into an enemy, others see them as an aid to spear-fencing. . Theblindsage (talk) 06:23, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Stirrups
This article states or implies that the stirrup allowed for or enhanced the use of the lance. The wikipedia article on the stirrup states that "contrary to common image, stirrups do not enable the horseman to use a lance more effectively (cataphracts had used lances since antiquity), but a cantled saddle does." Cite. They can't both be right. Perhaps someone who knows better can fix one or the other. --Fean (talk) 20:56, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * To me, the statement that "contrary to common image, stirrups do not enable the horseman to use a lance more effectively (cataphracts had used lances since antiquity), but a cantled saddle does." is not entirely true. Whilst a cantled saddle is effective and did allow lance armed cavalry to charge, I think a military saddle and stirrups is more effective. I've certainly seen academic references that share this opinion. Master z0b (talk) 02:35, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Nomenclature
I was under the impression that spears were meant to be used hand-to-hand combat whereas javelins were designed to be thrown. Oberiko 19:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I too have problems with the nomenclature in this article - see my earlier notes in Talk:Lance. "Thus most who study medieval weaponry will distinguish between a spear (for throwing) and a lance (a kind of spear that was not thrown)." Do speciallists really draw such fine distinctions and do they really fly in the face of common usage? And if they do, is Wikipedia the place to reflect this. No sensible person would insist that a spear not designed for throwing must be a lance.
 * javelins are certainly a type of throwing spear, but I'm not sure that all throwing spears are javelins - based on experience of common usage of the word. All the same, if it is necessary to create a spear nomenclature, there would be a reasonable case for labeling all throwing spears as types of javelin. Gaius Cornelius 22:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Possible addition?
Can anyone find out what a Kuntham is and whether it fits here?204.95.23.122 01:42, 5 December 2006 (UTC) Oops! It appears I just typed in the wrong place and typed over something! I'm not sure what it was or how to restore it. . . Sorry!

Me again. Again, sorry about accidentally deleting that last thing, but there's something else I want to ask. There's a weapon called a Duom that might be addable, but it's currently under dispute whether it exists. If anybody else has heard of it, we could add it. ..

I removed the phrase ", and made entirely for thrusting" from the first paragraph as every source I have checked does not use this quality as a definitive quality of things "spear". I agree that the nomenclature used in this article seems "odd". The sources I have currently at hand are the Encyclopedia Britannica On-line, the Oxford Reference Online, and www.anvilfire.com which is a forum for those who pursue blacksmithing. My research there confirms my opinion of the following:

- "spear" is the most generic term in current usage, other names for the object tend to refer to specific forms of the spear.

- "lance" as a noun related to "spear" is uniformly defined as being used by cavalry or in whaling in addition to the harpoon. (Near as I can tell the harpoon was barbed and had a rope attached, its purpose being more to "catch" the whale, while the "lance" was intended to penetrate deeply and injure and ultimately kill the whale.)

- I do note that in an older National Geographic article the spears carried by some Africans were called "lance" and from the photographs these were long, light spears. I also note that "geographers" are not, necessarily, armorers and so may not be experts on the jargon of weaponry.

- I concur that "javelins" are spears for throwing. I would recommend that the section on the "lance" be removed. It creates the impression of an academic debate on the subject without citations. If there is such a debate then the argument needs to be made more plain.

Generally I think the article should be "tightened". Erraunt August 23, 2005

 * Well im new to editing wiki posts so forgive me if i do sumthing noobish. from all my experience in ancient age video games i would describe the SPEAR as a melee weapon with sharpened point(s) weilded like a staff for the most part intended for penetrating jabs.  its use in melee combat would be closer to a staff than a lance as the user could parry attacks and then attack when he had the chance.  the LANCE was a long staff with a modified tip.  this tip could be a simple point or a club like attachment used for attacking armored targets.  either way this weapon is used for direct trusts often including a momentum advantage on the part of the user(ie on horseback)  if this failed the weapon was for the most part useless untill they could reset for another lunge.  the JAVELIN would most often be the smallest of the three, used as a ranged weapon.

As I understand it, 'Spear' is the general and dominant term (derived from Old English, as are Shield, Sword and Bow), whilst Dart, Javelin, Pike and Lance are alternatives that have come to denote particular types of Spear. It is similar to the Latin problem, where Hasta seems to have denoted Spears generally, and Pilum, Iaculum and Lancea, amongst others, to have referred to specialist types (though not in every case). M.J.Stanham

Bayonet Debate
"The spear survives as a military weapon in the form of the bayonet, and as a lance it was used in combat as recently as 1939 (Polish Lancers attacking Wehrmacht Armored units)."

This Wikipedia excerpt explains how the above myth came to be: "The same day the German war correspondents were brought to the battlefield together with two journalists from Italy. They were shown the battlefield, the corpses of Polish cavalrymen and their horses, as well as German tanks that arrived to the place after the battle. One of the Italian correspondents sent home an article, in which he described the bravery and heroism of Polish soldiers, who charged German tanks with their sabres and lances. Although such a charge did not happen and there were no tanks used during the combat, the myth was used by German propaganda during the war. After the end of World War II it was still used by Soviet propaganda as an example of stupidity of Polish commanders and authorities, who allegedly did not prepare their country for the war and instead wasted the blood of their soldiers." - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cavalry Kabl00ey 15:37, 08 October 2005 (UTC)

I'll happily stand corrected on this. As soon as it was pointed out it popped into my head that somewhere else the "last cavalry charge" was supposed to be some British lancers in Africa(?) in the 1890s or something. Thank you. Erraunt 22:28, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Proposed changes to wiki "spear"
The paragraph in question:

"After the discovery of smelting copper and tin to make bronze, bronze spears were the main defenders of the ancient era. These spearmen were an important part of a village's defense."

I would replace with:

 * ''Spears, one of the earliest weapons fashioned by human beings and their ancestors, are still used for hunting and fishing. The spear survives as a military weapon in the form of the bayonet, and as a lance it was used in combat as recently as 1939 (Polish Lancers attacking Wehrmacht Armored units).

 * ''It is arguable that from the late bronze age until gunpowder weapons became commonly available the spear was the most common personal weapon (not the *ideal* source, but: http://www.anvilfire.com/iForge/tutor/atli_spear/index2.htm).

 * ''The utility and longevity of the spear in the personal arsenal of people around the world rises from several factors, among them: versatility, cost, ease of use, effect.

 * ''A spear is a versatile weapon that can be used for hunting and warfare, and in melee and as a missle. In regions of limited resources this alone was reason enough for the spear to become ubiquitous: the tool that brought down game for meals also slew animals that threatened crops and livestock also was an effective weapon in war.

 * ''A spear is a relatively low cost weapon or tool by comparison with other weapons available in the periods of the spear's greatest use. In pre-industrial societies where metals and the ability to work them are expensive materials and skills the spear was seen as "cost effective". The steel required for a sword, for example, would be sufficient to make two, three or more spear heads. A spear not only takes less metal, but does not require the same quality of material, time or ability to manufacture and the result is still a weapon of potentially lethal effect.

 * ''A spear is relatively easy to use. Again in comparison with contemporary weapons in the periods of the spear's widest use, a spear requires less training and practise to be effectively weilded. (Please note that is "effectively" not "expertly".) Modern experiments by reenactors in the United Kingdom have shown that a group of people could be trained to use spears in an effective shield wall as militia in a few weeks of part time training. (Find this source.)

 * Spears are effective in several senses, some of them already mentioned. Effective in being a cost effective, relatively easy to weild weapon that could be quickly depoloyed to field relatively large numbers of militia. Effective in that the enemy or prey by the physical nature of the weapon is kept at a distance. And, finally, effective, in the sense important for all weapons: in the hands of an experienced user it is fast and lethal.

Here are two links I would also add, and I'm looking for more references:

http://www.anvilfire.com/iForge/tutor/atli_spear/index2.htm http://www.anvilfire.com/iForge/tutor/atli_spear/index.htm

I'll give this a week or so before I make the changes.

Erraunt August 24, 2005
 * Hi Erraunt! I think this is good content and should be in the article. I removed the original paragraph already, because it is based strictly on Civilization III game mechanics (spearmen as Bronze Age defensive units). Lawrence Lavigne 00:20, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

I've been mulling over the "lance" issue and the more I think about it the more I'm convinced that the "lance vs. spear" distinction is a red herring for any general reader.

I hesitate to make radical edits to the article for the present for the following reasons:

1) It is possible that the use of "lance" in the article is out of a variety of English that I am not familiar with like "hood" and "bonnet" on automobiles.

2) The usage is based on more recent sources than I am familiar with.

I want to change it because:

1) I can recall, nor have I been able to find any sources which support the claims that the distinction of lance vs. spear is significant, is an important distinction within the armoring craft, or ever was historically.

2) It makes most readers wonder why there is an article on spear and not a redirect to lance.

3) The inclusion of that section sets the article up to be more a debate than a factual exposition of what a spear is and it's place in history.

4) I compare it to the article on pike which is much more cogent and direct.

I would welcome references to sources that would convince me otherwise.

I would recommend that a section be created in the article which might be titled something like "Debates on Nomenclature" as a subsection of "Academic Issues on Things Spear" with another subsection titled "Usage, Tactics and Formations". Put all of the opinion and conjecture there.

Erraunt August 25, 2005

Recent Changes
I put in an expanded introduction and removed the lance and formation references.

I think this article needs editing help, but I think it is on a better track. I will work on finding direct references for the important parts of what I have added.

I think the topic on symbolism is valid and could stand copy editing and possibly expansion.

The lance section I may find an argument for, but I have posted questions and such in the discussion section here. I have never encountered "lance" used as it was here. There were no references to justify either that position (that a "lance" is a spear that isn't designed to be thrown) or that spears were used in a particular way in a formation.

Given that I've posted my recommended changes for several weeks and there has been nothing but positive comment I went forward.

I believe that the article should be more generic as spears have been used for thousands of years to discuss too much a particular nomenclature and military tactic imbalances the article.

My apologies if anyone is offended. I'm aware that some of my statements in my added text also suffer from lack of references, although if you look in the discussion section here you will at least find a few urls with opinions which support my statements.

While I think the symbolism section has some merit it needs cleaning and better structure. I'm open to the prospect that a discussion of symbolism of the spear is better done elsewhere.

Hope this helps. Erraunt 21:21, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is much better! The article still needs some work - articles with general titles should have a general scope and in this case that covers thousands of years and every human culture. Gaius Cornelius 23:22, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ugh, that's worse! Why delete the section on how the spear is held? After how the spear is made, I think this is the most important information for an article on spears. I realize that you were seeking to streamline the article, but is the type of wood that Woden's mythical spear was supposedly made out of really that much more important to the article than how spears are used? Harkenbane 06:54, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Grammar!
"Effective in being a cost effective, relatively easy to wield weapon that could be quickly deployed to field relatively large numbers of militia. Effective in that the enemy or prey by the nature of the weapon is kept at a distance. And, finally, effective, in the sense important for all weapons: in the hands of an experienced user it is fast and lethal."

These are sentence fragments. I'm too tired to come up with replacements myself; sorry.

Edit?
After several monts was going to work on it again. Call me dense, but how do you edit the first section? Where did the button go?

Like the direction it's creeping in but needs something better.Erraunt 22:20, 24 February 2006 (UTC) Nevermind!!! Erraunt Erraunt

Noticed the cleanup flag as I revisited this page. And also noticed that some of the additions in the last six months have rather made a hash of the opening of this article. I'll try to clean it up.

On the "Usefullness" section, which has been marked as confusing I have a few thoughts.

I wrote it some time back but I am not particularly attached to it. I think it made sense in an earlier version. It could be cleaned up to make more sense but it is, I will admit, at best borderline on NPOV.

I am thinking about just cutting it. I may take a shot at cleaning it up to make it more direct.

I am, however, of the increasingly strong opinion that for an article on a general weapon type that this should be more streamlined. I even wonder if the long lists of spears is really that useful.

I'm posting this because I'd like some feedback before something radical is done.

OK, and because I'm a bit irritated that whoever tagged this on March 8 and added the "Usefullness" section (which doesn't make much sense to me), seemed to also enter some confusing redundancy into the article and no longer seems to exist as a user. Putting up a tag such as that with no comments is a bit ... annoying. Erraunt 16:07, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would also like to see a more streamlined article for this entry; I have found the list of 'Sub Spear' links to be useful, but they could also do with being grouped by culture or some such thing. This has the potential to be a very useful article and should be associated with the Spear, Shield, Dagger, Sword, Mace, Axe and Bow entries and their derivitives. Perhaps it would even be useful to see all of these grouped together and linked from a general page. M.J.Stanham

Vandalism
At the beginning of the article say "Spears are for girls", when i try to correct, don't appear this on the edit page!

-Fco

A General Spot for Posting Errors and Optional Grunt Work
1. Isn't the Hoko a melee spear? It's listed as a throwing one.

2. Even though the katakamayari is a different weapon from the kamayari, it redirects to the same page. Hey!

3. Is the sudis not actually a weapon, or is it simply not listed on the disambiguation page? Follow the link to find out what I'm talking about.

Added Howto Tag
I added the tag below because of the Making A Spear Section

Section removed due to offensive language

ReWrite!
This article is a mess, anyone want to help me rewrite it? I edited the section that explains the different ways one can use a spear but even that is all over the place. What we need to do is explain the different ways spears have been used, there isn't even one mention of a spear being used one handed with a shield; quite possibly the most common way for a spear to be used. We also need to explain the difference between a spear and; a javelin, a pike, an atalatl/woomera etc. Is there a weapon article we could use as a template or something? Master z0b (talk) 07:42, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've started editing and adding information but still in an adhoc manner, I think I may use the Sword article as a template. Master z0b (talk) 01:27, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok the first thing I'm going to do is add a History section as in the sword article. Some of it will be cut ans paste from the cutrrent article. I know I've added info without sources but I'll add them when I've got the basic structure fixed.Master z0b (talk) 01:31, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've completed a rewrite on the medieval section - I kept as much as I could from the previous version but it needed a lot of work. Apologies Masterz0b if this cuts across your stuff but I haven't been back to the page since reading the original Rewrite call.  When writing I realised how Euro-centric the section was so I've reflected that by re-titling.  There are obviously whole sections that could be added about Asia, Africa and the Americas but I don't feel qualified to contribute there.   I am also surprised that we don't have more on Japanese spears - martial arts fans are usually keen on adding these sections (though usually sadly without refs)Monstrelet (talk) 10:43, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Well the article is looking a lot better than it did a year ago, but still needs a lot of work. I'll see if I can get some good references for a start. I also think the "list of uses" at the end is not good and should be deleted in it's current format. Master z0b (talk) 23:17, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Restructure
I've followed through on some of the suggestions from August to restructure the article. Hopefully, editors will now see the way to improving sections. Sections on the spear in Africa and the Americas would be welcome. I may return when I have time to do some basic editing on the Ancient section, some of which very poor. I'm not sure the popular culture section adds anything at the moment. As always, more citation required. Monstrelet (talk) 10:18, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Restructure (again)
As additional work has been done on the military history of the spear, it has tended to distort the history. I've tried breaking it up into components - military,hunting,symbolism,martial arts. These can then by concentrated on or, if they get too long, extracted to a separate article leaving a summary. Military may need to go this way. It could still do with more work to widen the geographical coverage in all components - something on spears in traditional cultures in, say, South America or Australia is a big gap - and some sections are seriously short of any kind of references.Monstrelet (talk) 15:06, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Types of spear
I've been wondering about the long list of spear names, which seems to have little point except to show that there are lots of names for spears. Ithink it would be more useful as a list of wikilinks to other spear articles. I propose therefore to re-edit this section. As an initial stage, I have wikilinked all the names. This identifies as redlinks all the names without further information. I'll leave it like this for a while, to allow people to create, redirect etc. so that all the links point to further info. Then I'll come back and remove all the remaining redlinks.Monstrelet (talk) 09:03, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I totally agree, delete any redlinks. In fact I think it's fine to delete the entire section. I also think the Martial Arts Uses should be deleted as it's hardly a encylopedic entry. Master z0b (talk) 04:14, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's worth keeping a single list redirecting to other wikipedia articles on spears as an aid to further research but the redlinking doesn't seem to have inspired any new article creation.Monstrelet (talk) 08:41, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and removed the redlinks. Master z0b (talk) 05:03, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I have broken out List of types of spears. I also went through each link and, if the target link was not about a specific type of spear, removed the item. I'll leave it to others who know more than I if some of those articles can be fruitfully consolidated.  - BanyanTree 08:03, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Martial Arts Use
I'm deleting the entire section as I feel that it is uncited, original research, in a list that does not conform to the style guide on the use of lists. Master z0b (talk) 08:05, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * After removing that I'm left with the following image which I think is valid and it would be nice to have something else in this article about the use of the spear in modern martial arts. The image link is [[Image:Yari-in-mock-combat.jpg|thumb|A [[yari]] (left) in mock combat]]. Master z0b (talk) 08:17, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The section was always problematic - it clearly comes from some sort of martial art background but there is no evidence as to which. In fact, as you say, the way it is written, without the use of technical terms usually seen in descriptions of oriental martial arts, suggests OR.  It would be legitimate to have something on martial art use, in which the picture could be reused.  Not something I know enough about though. Monstrelet (talk) 08:36, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Things to add
Here are a few things things that need to be added/expanded on in this article that I'm not necessarily that knowledgeable about to add myself unless I do a lot of research. I'll add to this list as ideas come up. Master z0b (talk) 07:24, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The history of the spear in Australasia/the Pacific
 * Modern Hunting Spear usage
 * Spear usage in modern martial arts (both Eastern and Western)

There is a quote from the well-known Miyamoto Musashi where he succinctly articulates his opinion on the merits of the spear, though I can't find it at the moment. Something about how it remains a superior weapon because it can sieze initiative. It might make a great addition. 75.159.247.132 (talk) 08:26, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Intro changes
I'm reverting something added by 59.101.8.179l; there is no consensus that the most common way for a spear to be attached to a shaft is by a socket. Indeed, attaching the head via a tang may be more common when you consider the entire history of spear production. Master z0b (talk) 02:12, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Also I'm removed the reference to "barbed" in the intro because I find it unnecessary, these descriptions should be broad and not too descriptive. Master z0b (talk) 02:38, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Correlation to / Combination with a hook
Middle Age soldiers or wardens had weapons formed like an hook formed as an ax blade plus a pin like a spear. Fire wardens had a hook plus pin on a long wooden pole or spear. Boatmen use a combination of a hook plus rounded pin to push or pull a boat, no diffence if standing on that boat or at the pier/shore. And there is the modern Electroshock weapon. --Helium4 (talk) 16:13, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Needs a lot more work!
Some years ago I called for a rewrite on this article and I must say it has come a long way. Structurally it is a lot better however there are still major gaps and many sections require expansion and citations. I am trying to add more info and images where I can but that does tend to mean I add more info and need further citations. If anyone could help it would much appreciated. Master z0b (talk) 01:50, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm removing the section "types of spears" the sentence seems to be a fragment and we already have a link to types of spears in the "see also" section. Master z0b (talk) 01:01, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Additions: Etymology and Typology
I think it's really important that we add an Etymology of the word spear from here: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spear and possibly a typology if such a thing exists.Master z0b (talk) 00:12, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Suggestions
G'day, I saw your post on the WP:MHA page and thought I would take a quick look. As far as I can tell, the article was rated "Start" on the Milhist rating system because it doesn't meet the referencing or coverage requirements of the B class checklist. For it to obtain a C class rating, at least one of these criteria would have to be met (plus the other three: grammar, sections, supporting materials). Anyway, good work so far and I have the following suggestions (aimed at B class and beyond):
 * as a vital article, the lead should probably be at least three, if not four, paragraphs;
 * for a B class rating, the minimum level of referencing is having every paragraph ending in a citation (more may be required if individual sentences are sourced from different refs);
 * the bare link here should be converted to a proper reference: "The word subjugate has its origins in this practice (from Latin sub = under, jugum=a yoke).[4]"
 * a number of areas are marked for expansion; for a B class rating these tags will need to be dealt with. You might gain further input about what to include here by listing the article for a peer review;
 * "Viking Spears, op. cit." --> on Wiki articles it is best to avoid using "op cit" in the references due to the likelihood of the previous mention being removed. In this regard, I'd suggest just using a WP:NAMEDREFS or something similar;
 * the bare urls in the Notes section (e.g. Notes 34-36) should be formated, possibly with the cite web template or some other formatting device;
 * the web citations should have author, publisher and accessdate information if known (e.g. see Notes 40 and 41). Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 20:03, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks mate, I really appreciate your feedback. Master z0b (talk) 04:37, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Intro
As per the previous suggestions I have added an extra paragraph to the into. This has been edited by another editor to remove the last sentence, changes to grammar and added a cite source. I have left the cite tag and not reinstated the deleted sentence but I have changed the grammar back to somewhat similar language to the original sentence, I feel the changing "the spear" to "spears" is not necessary and in many ways counter-productive. When discussing a tool or a weapon in a broad sense one tends to use the singular rather than the plural.Master z0b (talk) 04:41, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

 * There was some grammatical awkwardness before ("Spears have been used throughout human history both as a hunting tool to bring down game and to catch fish, and as a military weapon") but it looks fine now. Thanks for your good work. Rivertorch (talk) 10:34, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah I agree that was an awkward sentence, thanks for your input. I added a reference as well and removed the cite source tag. Master z0b (talk) 03:22, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Philippine Image
Please stop resizing the image "A Filipino warrior holding a Sibat in Boxer codex."! This will be the third time Ive had to readjust the size so that the image is not bigger than the section on Filipino spears. If you want the image bigger then you need to add more content. This article has enough images that are bigger than the section they relate to. Master z0b (talk) 02:25, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

Darts
Just a small thing but I changed the order of the sentence referring to thrown spears as darts or javelins. The term "javelin" is far more commonly used than "dart" so thought it should come first in the list. To be honest I wonder whether it's even worth including in the introduction but I will leave it for the moment. Master z0b (talk) 01:01, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

"Kuntham" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Kuntham and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 13 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:00, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spear


text:
User:Gareth Owen/MyPhotos

Some of the photos I've contributed to wikipedia: =Sport=

Leslie Law

Equestrianism isn't my thing, but I quite like this photo of a British Olympic Gold Medallist. My fiancee took me to the Burghley Horse Trials. It's a good day out, if you're broad minded. I knocked off the Leslie Law article, in order to have somewhere to put my picture.

Not the greatest action shot you'll ever see, but I'm getting better.

Rugby

Rugby is definitely my thing. I think I probably started the Rugby Union article, sometime in 2001. The first is from my debenture seat at the Millennium Stadium. The second at Twickenham, after the journey from hell. I like the top one in particular -- it captures everything about a Line-out.

Cricket

A wicket keeper. Specifically, my brother, David "Druid" Owen, wicket keeper par adequacy. A photoshopped version of this one appeared in Woore cricket club's yearbook, with a ball about to strike him in the face. A fair comment on the Druid's reaction times, especially when toiling with a hangover.

The Druid, again, playing a cut shot at Pott Shrigley CC. I don't know why this is out-of-focus. It might just be a dirty zoom lens. The white car belonged to my girlfriend. This was the first time she let me drive it, and it got dented by a ball, slogged over square leg. Off my bowling. Oops.

=Music=

John Otway

Another photo that had an article written around it. I like this one too... the facial expression and the ridiculously impractical guitar captures the lovable idiocy at the heart of the great John Otway. Nice lighting, too, considering it was taken with a disposable camera.

Nick Harper

Nick Harper. Like the Cabaret stage at Glastonbury, the Musician Stage at the Summer Sundae lets you get really close to the acts.Nick Harper learnt everything he knows off Jack Benyon who is an outstanding guitar player.

I spoke to Nick last night and informed him that Jack Benyon taught him everything he knows and his response was as I suspected, he was 'intrigued' but he'd never heard of Jack Benyon. Where on earth did you get this amazing piece of misinformation from?

Cheers-Paul Sullivan PS I learned everything I know about Nick Harper from Arthur Askey.

KT Tunstall

Summer Sundae again; this time inside -- further away and worse lighting = camera shake. Boo. Would've been easier to photo the town of Tunstall.

Luke Haines

Older, wiser, balder

Patti Smith

Patti Smith. I think she's jolly good.

Jackie Leven

Jackie Leven. Fresh from sharing diet tips with the Magic Numbers.

=Random Stuff=

Make Way for Ducklings

I went to Boston as part of my holiday, 2005 (that's a vacation, left-ponders). Never heard of the book before then, but the statue's pretty cute.

Raven and the New Men
Image:Raven-bill reid.jpg

Arty black and white shot of the Haida statue by Bill Reid.

Terry Fox

Statue of Terry Fox, Simon Fraser University

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

The Huntington Street entrance, with "Appeal To The Great Spirit", by Cyrus Dallin

A ancient Egyptian statue, from inside the museum.

title: User:Gareth Owen/MyPhotos


text:
Adam Tanner (Jesuit theologian)

Adam Tanner (in Latin, Tannerus; April 14, 1572 – May 25, 1632) was an Austrian Jesuit theologian.

Teaching career
He was born in Innsbruck, Austria. In 1589 he joined the Society of Jesus and became a teacher. By 1603 he was invited to join the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt and take the chair of theology at the University of Ingolstadt. Fifteen years later he was given a position at the University of Vienna by the Emperor Matthias.

Theological work
He was noted for his defense of the Catholic church and their practices against Lutheran reformers, as well as the Utraquists. His greatest work was the Universa theologia scholastica, published in 1626–1627.

Tanner was also noted for his opposition to the witch hunts. During his time in Bavaria, he witnessed contemporary debates in which the skeptics had some success imposing limits on the witch trials. He included a number of these skeptics' arguments in his Universa theologia scholastica, for instance, "that the use of torture makes the death of innocent people inevitable, that several denunciations are not sufficient to warrant torture, that torture may not be repeated". These arguments were subsequently influential on his fellow Jesuit Friedrich Spee, another opponent of the witch hunts.

Death and controversy over his burial
He died at the village of Unken near Salzburg, and rests in an unmarked grave. Apparently, the parishioners refused to give him a Christian burial because a "hairy little imp" was found on a glass plate among his possessions.

Legacy
The crater Tannerus on the Moon is named after him.

title: Adam Tanner (Jesuit theologian)


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Alvin Pearman

Francis Alvin Pearman, II (born August 10, 1982) is a former American football running back. He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. During his career he played for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Seattle Seahawks, and Tennessee Titans. He played football for the Virginia Cavaliers. He received his B.S. from the University of Virginia in 2005.

Jacksonville Jaguars (first stint)
Pearman was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fourth round (127th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. He wore number 34 while with the team.

As a rookie, Pearman carried the ball 39 times for 149 yards and a touchdown. He also caught 32 passes for 240 yards. Pearman handled the bulk of the team's punt returns during the season, averaging 8.4 yards on 49 attempts. He finished the 2005 regular season with 986 all-purpose yards. In his first NFL game, he forced a fumble on the opening kickoff which ultimately led to a field goal.

Seattle Seahawks
On September 1, 2007, Pearman was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for a sixth-round draft choice. After suffering a knee injury, the team placed him on injured reserve on October 2, 2007.

Jacksonville Jaguars (second stint)
Pearman was re-signed by the Jaguars on December 11, 2008, after running back Fred Taylor was placed on injured reserve. Pearman scored a 23-yard receiving touchdown, his only reception of the season, in the season finale against the Baltimore Ravens. The team waived Pearman on September 5, 2009.

Tennessee Titans
Pearman signed with the Tennessee Titans on October 30, 2009, and was assigned jersey number 35. During the 2009 season, Pearman played in 5 games, returned 11 punts for 112 yards (10.2 average) and 8 kickoffs for 174 yards (21.8 average). He also registered 4 tackles. At the start of the 2010–2011 season, Pearman was listed as third on the team's running back depth chart behind Chris Johnson and Javon Ringer.

Personal life
At the conclusion of his NFL career, Pearman earned a M.Ed. and Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University. He is currently an assistant professor of education in the Graduate School of Education at Stanford University. He was previously a professor of Urban Education at the University of Pittsburgh.

title: Alvin Pearman


text:
DataCAD

DataCAD is a computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) software for 2D and 3D architectural design and drafting, developed and sold by DATACAD LLC.

Usage
DataCAD runs exclusively on Microsoft Windows-based operating systems, and was one of the first PC-based CADD programs developed specifically for architects. DataCAD is the only CADD software ever to be endorsed by the American Institute of Architects (ca. 1987) for direct distribution to its members. By 1988, DataCAD was in use by more than 12,000 firms in the United States and Canada. Currently, there are estimated to be more than 250,000 installations of DataCAD worldwide.

According to The 1989 AIA Firm Survey Report, DataCAD is used by 10% of AIA member firms, second only to AutoCAD with a 45% market share.

According to The 1997 AIA Firm Survey Report, DataCAD is used by 12% of AIA member firms, second only to AutoCAD with a 61% market share.

History
In the Spring of 1981, a student, Eric V. Smith, began developing a program he called Apple Draw on an Apple II at University of Virginia. After he graduated in 1984, Mr. Smith was hired by an architectural firm, Stuart Griffin Burgh and Associates, in Charlottesville, Virginia. At this firm he began porting the Apple Draw program to the Corvus Concept platform as DataCAD. In 1984, only one license of DataCAD was sold before it was ported to the IBM PC platform. DataCAD was developed exclusively for the MS-DOS operating system until May 1998.

The DataCAD Boston Users' Group (DBUG) was formed in December 1987 by two architects, the late Evan Shu, FAIA (1953 - 2020) and Rick Gleason, AIA. In November 2020, DBUG reached a 33-year milestone and stands as one of the longest, continuously-running, CAD software users' groups in the United States. DBUG is a permanent committee of the Boston Society of Architects.

In June 1989, Cadkey, Inc. (the original developer of CADKEY), purchased the rights to DataCAD from Microtecture Inc.

In September 1992, Dr. Malcolm Davies was elected President/CEO of Cadkey, Inc. Dr. Davies joined Cadkey from Autodesk where from 1988 to 1992 he was V.P. Marketing and Sales.

In November 1993, the price of DataCAD was drastically reduced from $2,995 to $150 coincident with a major shift from dealer-based sales to direct mail-based sales.

In October 1994, the first online forum (also known as The DBUG Forum) dedicated to DataCAD users was established by the late Evan Shu, FAIA (1953 - 2020). The DBUG Forum is a listserv supported by subscribers worldwide. A searchable archive of more than 70,000 messages is available (see External Links).

On October 2, 1996, a newly formed company, DATACAD LLC, co-founded by Mark F. Madura, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 - 2020), and H. William Mirbach, purchased the rights to DataCAD from Micro Control Systems, Inc. (formerly Cadkey, Inc.).

In February 1998, DATACAD, along with 14 other companies, joined the newly formed, OpenDWG Alliance (now Open Design Alliance) as a founding member. The alliance is dedicated to the promotion of Autodesk's DWG drawing file format as an open industry standard for the exchange of CADD drawings.

A lower-cost version, DataCAD LT (pronounced "el-tee"), was first introduced in 2001.

On October 2, 2020, Mark F. Madura reached a 24-year milestone as President and CEO of DATACAD LLC.

On April 2, 2019, Principal DataCAD Author, the late David A. Giesselman (1957 - 2020), Senior V.P. and C.T.O. of DATACAD LLC reached a 35-year milestone as a DataCAD software engineer.

Version history

 * DataCAD 22 - September 2020
 * DataCAD 21 - February 2019
 * DataCAD 20 - January 2018
 * DataCAD 19 - October 2016
 * DataCAD 18 - October 2015
 * DataCAD 17 - October 2014
 * DataCAD 16 - October 2013
 * DataCAD 15 - October 2012
 * DataCAD 14 - September 2011
 * DataCAD 13 - June 2010
 * DataCAD 12 - June 2007
 * DataCAD 11 - November 2003
 * DataCAD 10 - October 2001
 * DataCAD 9 - August 2000
 * DataCAD 8.5 - July 1999
 * DataCAD 8 - May 1998 (First Windows version)
 * DataCAD 7.5 - August 1997
 * DataCAD 7 - November 1995
 * DataCAD 6 - November 1994
 * DataCAD 5 - October 1993
 * DataCAD 4 - August 1990
 * DataCAD 3.6 - May 1988
 * DataCAD 3 - October 1986
 * DataCAD 2.5 - October 1985
 * DataCAD 2 - June 1985
 * DataCAD 1.2 - April 1985 (First IBM PC version)
 * Archon - 1982 - 1985 (Unreleased, runs on Corvus Constellation)

title: DataCAD


text:
Fast atom bombardment

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry in which a beam of high energy atoms strikes a surface to create ions. It was developed by Michael Barber at the University of Manchester in 1980. When a beam of high energy ions is used instead of atoms (as in secondary ion mass spectrometry), the method is known as liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). In FAB and LSIMS, the material to be analyzed is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment, called a matrix, and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000 electron volts) atomic beam. The atoms are typically from an inert gas such as argon or xenon. Common matrices include glycerol, thioglycerol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (3-NBA), 18-crown-6 ether, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether, sulfolane, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. This technique is similar to secondary ion mass spectrometry and plasma desorption mass spectrometry.

Ionization mechanism
FAB is a relatively low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique and produces primarily intact protonated molecules denoted as [M + H]+ and deprotonated molecules such as [M - H]−. Radical cations can also be observed in a FAB spectrum in rare cases. FAB was designed as an improved version of SIMS that allowed for the primary beam to no longer cause damaging effects to the sample. The major difference between the two techniques is the difference in the nature of the primary beam used; ions vs atoms. For LSIMS, Cesium, Cs+ ions make up the primary beam and for FAB the primary beam is made up of Xe or Ar atoms. Xe atoms are used because they tend to be more sensitive than Argon atoms due to their larger masses and more momentum. For the molecules to be ionized by FAB, first the slow moving atoms (Xe or Ar) are ionized by colliding electrons. Those slow moving atoms are then ionized and accelerated to a certain potential where they develop into fast moving ions that become neutral in a dense cloud of excess natural gas atoms that make a flowing stream of high translational energy atoms. Although the exact mechanism of how the samples are ionized have not been fully discovered, the nature of its ionization mechanism is similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and chemical ionization.

Matrices and sample introduction
As previously stated, in FAB the samples are mixed with a non-volatile environment (matrix) in order to be analyzed. FAB uses a liquid matrix that is mixed with the sample in order to provide a sample ion current that is sustained, reduces damages made to the sample by absorbing the impact of the primary beam, and keeps the sample molecules form aggregating. The liquid matrix, like any other matrix, most importantly provides a medium that promotes sample ionization. The most widely accepted matrix for this type of ionization is glycerol. Choosing the appropriate matrix for the sample is crucial because the matrix can also influence the degree of fragmentation of the sample (analyte) ions. The sample can then be introduced to FAB analysis. The normal method of introducing the sample-matrix mixture is through an insertion probe. The sample-matrix mixture is loaded on a stainless steel sample target on the probe, which is then placed in the ion source via a vacuum lock. The alternative method of introducing the sample is by using a device called continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF)-FAB.

Continuous flow fast atom bombardment
In continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB), the sample is introduced into the mass spectrometer insertion probe through a small diameter capillary. (CF)-FAB was developed to minimize the problem of poor detection sensitivity that is caused by an excess of the matrix background that results in a high matrix-to-sample ratio. When a metal frit is used to disperse the liquid on the probe, the technique is known as frit FAB. Samples can be introduced by flow injection, microdialysis, or by coupling with liquid chromatography. Flow rates are typically between 1 and 20 μL/min. CF-FAB has a higher sensitivity compared to static FAB

Applications
The first example of the practical application of this FAB was the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide efrapeptin D. This contained a variety of very unusual amino acid residues. The sequence was shown to be: N-acetyl-L-pip-AIB-L-pip-AIB-AIB-L-leu-beta-ala-gly-AIB-AIB-L-pip-AIB-gly-L-leu-L-iva-AIB-X. PIP = pipecolic acid, AIB = alpha-amino-isobutyric acid, leu = leucine, iva = isovaline, gly = glycine. This is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase activity. Another application of FAB includes its original use for the analysis of condensed-phase samples. FAB can be use for measurements of the molecular weight of samples below 5000 Da, as well as their structural characteristics. FAB can be paired with various mass spectrometers for data analysis, such as with a quadrupole mass analyzer, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and more.

Inorganic analysis
In 1983 a paper was published describing the use of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) to analyze isotopes of calcium. Glycerol was not used; samples in aqueous solution were deposited on the sample target and dried prior to analysis. The technique was effectively secondary ion mass spectrometry using a neutral primary beam. This was a welcomed development for biomedical researchers studying the nutrition and metabolism of essential minerals but lacking access to inorganic mass spectrometry instrumentation such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry or inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In contrast, FAB mass spectrometers were widely found in biomedical research institutions. Multiple laboratories adopted this technique, using FAB-MS to measure isotope ratios in isotope tracer studies of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc. The analysis of metals required minimal modification of the mass spectrometers, e.g.replacing the stainless steel sample targets with pure silver ones to eliminate background from ionization of stainless steel components. Signal acquisition systems were sometimes modified to perform peak jumping instead of scanning and to do ion counting detection. While satisfactory precision and accuracy were attained with FAB-MS, the technique was labor-intensive with a very low sample through-put rate due in part to the absence of auto-sampling options. By the early 2000s this severe sampling rate limitation had motivated users of FAB-MS for mineral isotope analysis to switch to conventional inorganic mass spectrometers, usually ICP-MS which also exhibited improved affordability and isotope ratio analysis performance by that time.

title: Fast atom bombardment


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Thurston Twigg-Smith

Thurston Twigg-Smith (August 17, 1921 – July 16, 2016) was an American businessman and philanthropist from Hawaii.

Biography
Twigg-Smith was a fifth-generation descendant of missionary settlers in Hawaii. He was born in 1921 in Honolulu, Hawaii, the son of William and Margaret Carter Twigg-Smith (née Thurston) (1895–1976). He was the great-great-grandson of two missionary couples: Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston and Lorrin Andrews and his wife Mary Ann Wilson. He was the grandson of an American lawyer, politician, and businessman born and raised in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, Lorrin A. Thurston, who played a key role in the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. His father William was an artist and a musician, who supported his family as an illustrator at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.

Twigg-Smith grew up in the lower Nuuanu Valley on Bates Street, in a house his father built. At the time, L.A. Thurston was publisher of the Honolulu Advertiser.

Twigg-Smith, his brother David, and sister Barbara attended Lincoln and Kapalama elementary schools. Twigg-Smith went on to President Theodore Roosevelt High School for junior high and entered Punahou School in the 10th grade on a scholarship.

He graduated from Punahou School in 1938 and earned a mechanical engineering degree from Yale University in 1942. Twigg-Smith served in the armed forces during World War II in Europe in five campaigns. He attained the rank of captain in the field artillery and was awarded the Bronze Star.

Returning to Hawaii in December 1945, he started work at the Honolulu Advertiser in February 1946. As a major, he started the 483rd Field Artillery battalion in the Hawaii National Guard. He left the guard in 1954 as a lieutenant colonel to concentrate on his duties as managing editor of the newspaper.

In 1961 Twigg-Smith took control of the financially ailing paper with the help of outside investors. It became financially profitable. In 1993 it was bought by a regional subsidiary of the Gannett Company for $250 million.

Twigg-Smith founded the Persis Corporation in 1967, originally named "Asa Corporation (Hawaii)" after his ancestor. Persis Corporation philanthropy includes Honolulu Museum of Art Spalding House (formerly The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu), Friends of Opal Creek, Goodale Farm, Hawaii Theatre Center, Historic Hawaii Foundation, the Laniakea Foundation, the Lyman House Memorial Museum, Punahou School, and Yale University. Thurston Twigg-Smith was a major supporter of non-profit service organizations and of the arts, and in 1997 he was named Hawaii's Philanthropist of the Year. The Yale University website notes:"'Thurston Twigg-Smith has long been an enthusiastic patron of both artists and art museums,' says Susan Vogel, the Henry J. Heinz II Director of the gallery. 'Since 1991, when he joined the Yale Art Gallery's governing board, he has given us 38 important contemporary works, among them such masterpieces as Diebenkorn's 'Ocean Park No. 24' and Wayne Thiebaud's 'Drink Syrups.' And 80 more are promised. It gives us great pleasure to share with our visitors the spirited and often witty works of art that have charmed this collector's 'Hawaiian Eye.''"

Twigg-Smith died on July 16, 2016.

Legacy and honors

 * A building was named for him in the Case Middle School at Punahou School.

Opposition to Hawaiian sovereignty
In the 1990s, Twigg-Smith began taking an active role in opposing the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, writing a book, Hawaiian Sovereignty: Do the Facts Matter? in 1994 that defended his grandfather's actions. He funded several programs and lawsuits that advocate against a sovereign Hawaiian nation and Hawaiian-based policies in Hawaii.

Family life
In 1942 he married Bessie Blossom Bell (1921-2010) and divorced in 1984. They had five children.

He married Laila Roster (née Bergs) (1944-1998), an art collector, in 1984; they divorced in 1994.

In 1996 he married Sharon Carter Smith.

title: Thurston Twigg-Smith


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Crawford Howell Toy

Crawford Howell Toy (March 23, 1836 – May 12, 1919 ), American Hebrew scholar, was born in Norfolk, Virginia. He graduated at the University of Virginia in 1856, and studied at the University of Berlin from 1866 to 1868. From 1869 to 1879 he was professor of Hebrew in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (first in Greenville, South Carolina, and after 1877 in Louisville, Kentucky), and in 1880 he became professor of Hebrew and Oriental languages at Harvard University, where until 1903 he was also Dexter lecturer on biblical literature.

Controversy
While Professor Toy was a professor at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, he was embroiled in one of the earliest theological controversies of the Southern Baptist Convention, which was founded in 1845. Influenced by European higher criticism of the Bible and advances in science, Toy began intellectual pursuits that would ultimately cost him his tenure at Southern. Toy began to see Darwin's theories as truth revealed by God "in the form proper to his time." Shaped by the historical-critical method of studying scripture that had been popularized in Europe by Julius Wellhausen, Toy came to believe that the writers of the New Testament—using a rabbinical hermeneutic of their day—misunderstood the original meaning of several Old Testament passages (e.g., Psalm 16:10, Isaiah 53) when they placed a Christological emphasis on them.

The founding president of Southern, Dr. James P. Boyce, asked Toy to refrain from teaching contrary to the school's Abstract of Principles on the doctrine of biblical inspiration. Toy, however, insisted on answering questions by students pertinent to his modernist understanding of the Old Testament. It was an April 1879 article in The Sunday School Times on his views of Isaiah 53:1–12 that would lead to his resignation in May of the same year.

Soon after Toy went to be the professor of Hebrew and Semitic languages at Harvard, he broke his ties with Southern Baptists and became a practicing Unitarian. The effects of Toy's dismissal continued to rumble through Southern Baptist life. Two young missionaries appointed by the Foreign Mission Board (SBC) were ultimately dismissed because of holding views similar to those of Professor Toy.

Relationship with Lottie Moon
In addition to his controversy at Southern Seminary, Toy is also famous for teaching and once being engaged to Lottie Moon, for whom the SBC annual Christmas offering for international missions is named. Toy first encountered Lottie Moon at the Albemarle Female Institute, founded by Southern Seminary founder John Broadus. Lottie was a capable student in languages, becoming one of the first women in the south to earn a master's degree in the field. Lottie—who previously learned Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Spanish—would learn Hebrew and English grammar under Toy's tutelage. Toy wrote of Moon, "She writes the best English I have ever been privileged to read."

Lottie Moon went on to become a missionary in Tengchow, China. In her 1881 correspondence with Southern Baptist Foreign Mission Board secretary H. A. Tupper, Moon expressed her plans to marry Toy, who was now a professor at Harvard. Ultimately, Toy and Moon's relationship was broken before their marriage plans were realized. Moon cited religious reasons for calling off the wedding—his controversial new beliefs regarding the Bible and her commitment to remain in China doing mission work for Southern Baptists.

Writings

 * The History of the Religion of Israel: An Old Testament Primer. Boston: American Unitarian Association, 1882.
 * Quotations in the New Testament. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1884.
 * Judaism and Christianity: A Sketch of the Progress of Thought from Old Testament to New Testament. Boston: Little, Brown, 1891.
 * Esther as Babylonian Goddess. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1898.
 * A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs. New York: Scribner's, 1899.
 * The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. New York: Dodd, 1899.
 * Introduction to the History of Religions. Boston: Ginn, 1913.

Relevant reading

 * Parsons, Mikeal C. 2019. Crawford Howell Toy. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

title: Crawford Howell Toy


text:
Maskeblomstfamilien

Maskeblomstfamilien is a novel by the Norwegian author Lars Saabye Christensen. Maskeblomstfamilien was published in 2003 by Cappelen. The novel revolves around a troubled boy who embarks on a journey towards an inevitable and complete downfall following the premature death of his father and the subsequent mental illness of his mother. Written in the author's poetic style, the book is characterized by its mysterious themes and elusive messages.

title: Maskeblomstfamilien


text:
WDLS

WDLS (900 AM) is an adult contemporary radio station in the resort community of Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin simulcasting sister station WBOO 102.9 FM Reedsburg. WDLS is also relayed on an FM translator broadcasting on 98.5. In February 2024 WDLS and it's FM translator left the air due to a transmitter failure, the stations owner Mangum Communications also at that time took down the stations website and any mention of it on their companies website leaving the future of the station uncertain.

As of April 2024 WDLS returned to the air with a simulcast of WBOO identifying on air jointly as "B102.9 & 98.5".

History
The station was founded in 1969 by Obed S. Borgen and originally went on the air as WWDA on 990 kHz (the call sign stood for "Wonderful Wisconsin Dells Area"). An FM sister station, at 107.1 FM, was added four years later, with John Taylor as the general manager. Taylor Electric Company acquired WWDA and the FM station, WQRH) and relaunched the station as WNNO-AM-FM, call letters the AM station would use from the 1970s (during which time it was a Mutual Broadcasting System affiliate) into the 1990s.

The station was sold to Voss Radio, Inc. in 1978, and it continued to simulcast Top 40 music. WNNO-AM-FM split its simulcast and programmed Country Hits in 1982, and broadcast Chicago Cubs baseball from 1983-1985. It was during this time period that the frequency moved from the original AM 990 to the current AM 900 dial position.

Voss sold the station in 1985 to Armada Broadcasting. At this time, WNNO AM returned to simulcasting Top 40 hits with WNNO-FM. One of the principal owners of Armada Broadcasting is the nephew of radio legend Gary Owens, and Gary's liners for WNNO could be heard on the station during this time period.

During the early-mid 90s its format alternated between sports and a simulcast of sister Top-40 station WNNO-FM (106.9), or was otherwise off the air, usually after sunset. WNNO and WNNO-FM had studios together on Superior Street in Wisconsin Dells and would usually be on the air from 6 a.m. to midnight.

In the late 1990s WNNO-AM-FM were purchased by Magnum Radio Group; the studios were moved to Church Street, Wisconsin Dells. By that time, WNNO-AM had become WDLS, and simulcast WIBU-AM (1240) Poynette, which aired Jones Radio Networks' Classic Hit Country format at the time. WNNO-FM became Jones Hot AC under the name "Mix 106".

By 2000, WIBU and WDLS had become adult standards simulcasting Jones' Music of Your Life format. WIBU was later sold off and WDLS became WIBU while continuing to air the adult standards format.

In September 2007, the station returned to Classic Country, initially running programming from Westwood One before dropping Westwood One programming by 2015.

In September 2023 WDLS signed on an FM translator at 98.5 FM broadcasting from a transmitter on the Baraboo Bluffs.

Tourist Format
The station was the first in the industry to introduce a "visitor information" format since the format signed on during the Memorial Day weekend of 2004. Its approach emphasized tips and suggestions to help visitors make the best of their vacation time in the popular resort region, even to the point of actually encouraging visitors to come into the studios on Broadway in Downtown Wisconsin Dells and relate their experiences. The station's musical playlist was broad, extending to oldies, 1970s and 1980s hits, country standards and soft hits. Since its audio stream went online in Spring 2005, it became the #1 online radio station in the world of its type. In September 2007, the station returned to its original format of classic country.

In March 2005, the online audio stream of WDLS-AM, as powered by Warp Radio, went live on its website to further increase its potential audience across the Internet.

Within weeks of its launch, its audio stream became the #1 online streaming radio station for its genre, attracting listeners (and subsequent e-mail inquiries about the Wisconsin Dells area) from around the world.

In December 2006, hosting for the online stream was moved to Surfer Network.

On February 10, 2024, WDLS went silent due to a failed isocoupler. WDLS returned to the air in April 2024.

title: WDLS


text:
Ruth Page (ballerina)

Ruth Page (March 22, 1899 –  April 7, 1991) was an American ballerina and choreographer, who created innovative works on American themes.

Family
Page was married to attorney Thomas Hart Fisher from 1925 to 1969, and to artist Andre Delfau from 1983 until her death in 1991. She is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. Page's brother, Irvine H. Page, was a noted physician and scientist.

Career
Born in Indianapolis in 1899, Ruth Page undertook professional studies with Jan Zalewski, Adolph Bolm, Enrico Cecchetti, Harald Kreutzberg and Mary Wigman. She made her professional debut on Broadway in 1917, then with Anna Pavlova’s Company on its tour of South America in 1918, and at Chicago's Auditorium Theater in John Alden Carpenter’s The Birthday of the Infanta in 1919. She danced ceaselessly for the next forty years, with Adolph Bolm’s Ballet Intime, on Broadway in Irving Berlin’s Music Box Revue, with the Chicago Allied Arts, Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes, the Metropolitan, Ravinia, and Chicago Operas, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, Les Ballets Americains, choreographed for all but one of those companies, choreographed the 1947 Broadway show Music in My Heart, and served as director/choreographer for the various manifestations of her own Chicago-based companies well into the 1970s. In 1937 she created An American Pattern (originally titled An American Woman) that is widely recognized as the first feminist ballet created in the United States. The period between 1943-1946 she experimented with "danced poems" that combined her interest in poetry and movement and resulted in a work she titled Dances with Words and Music. These innovative performances provided her a vehicle that gave voice to her subjectivity as a woman and to subvert the stereotypes that were pervasive in the male dominated world of ballet. Among hundreds of dance works to her credit are landmark Americana ballets, dances with words and music, and her innovative opera-into-ballets. Page's practice of turning operas into ballets was rooted in a synthetic conception of relationships between the arts: the body 'sang' the voice, although the translation from words to movement remained abstract and avoided a literal depiction of the text.

In 1965, she choreographed a large-scale production of The Nutcracker, which was presented annually through 1997 by the Chicago Tribune Charities in the Arie Crown Theatre and featured some of the world's great dancers as guest artists. She danced with great partners Bentley Stone, Walter Camryn, and Harald Kreutzberg, and worked with several of the greatest composers and designers of the 20th century, including Aaron Copland, Darius Milhaud, Jerome Moross, Isamu Noguchi, Antoni Clave, Georges Wakhevitch, Louis Horst, Marcel Delannoy, Pavel Tchelitchew, Nicholas Remisoff, and Andre Delfau. Rudolf Nureyev selected Page's Chicago Opera Ballet troupe for his New York City debut in 1962 with Sonia Arova. Her ballets have been revived and performed by ballet companies throughout the United States including Chicago, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, New York, and the Dance Theater of Harlem, as well as in Europe.

Ruth filmed her ballets throughout her career and several, including Frankie & Johnny, The Merry Widow, and Billy Sunday were made into award-winning television films. As early as 1958, members of her Chicago Opera ballet troupe were also featured in performance on the Ed Sullivan Show. In the 1960s her choreographic artistry was frequently showcased on live network television for the CBS Repertoire Workshop. Her contributions included a televised adaptation for the ballet of Georges Bizet's opera Carmen. Her talents as a choreographer created numerous ballets set to the music of many operatic and classical composers including: Ludwig van Beethoven (Sonata Pathetique), Hector Berlioz (La Damnation de Faust), Georges Bizet (Carmen), Alexander Borodin (Prince Igor), Francesco Cilea (Adriana Lecouvreur), Gaetano Donizetti (La Favorite), Manuel de Falla (El Amor Brujo), George Gershwin (An American in Paris), Franz Lehar (The Merry Widow), Jules Massenet (Thais), Carl Orff (Carmina Burana), Amilcare Ponchielli (La Gioconda), Maurice Ravel (Boléro), Johann Strauss II (Die Fledermaus), Richard Strauss (Salome), Franz von Suppé (The Beautiful Galatea), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Romeo and Juliet, The Nutcracker), Ambroise Thomas (Mignon), and Giuseppe Verdi (Aida, La Forza del Destino, Il Trovatore, La Traviata). She is the subject of two award-winning documentaries: Ruth Page: An American Original (Otter Productions) and Ruth Page: Once Upon a Dancer (Thea Flaum Productions). The Ruth Page legacy lives on in several major archives including the Dance Division at Lincoln Center, the Ann Barzel Dance Collection at the Newberry Library and the Chicago Film Archives.

On retiring from active choreography, Page created the Ruth Page Foundation, which established the Ruth Page Foundation School of Dance, as it was originally known, and which later became the Ruth Page Center for the Arts, as it is known now.

She is interred at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, about 5 feet from Cubs legend Ernie Banks.

Ruth Page Civic Ballet
The Ruth Page Civic Ballet is the official youth training performance company of the Ruth Page School of Dance and one of its Artists In-Residence. The company of talented young dancers is now in its 16th season and was founded in 1998 by Larry and Dolores Long, the original directors of the Ruth Page School of Dance.

Serving as a bridge between ballet training and professional performance, the Ruth Page Civic Ballet provides performance opportunities for advanced dance students from the School as a means of continuing their training. Members of the company will train in this program before moving on to national and international professional dance companies. The Civic's dancers are joined in performances by notable guest artists and choreographers, expanding their sphere of professional work.

Central to the Civic's performance schedule since 2003 is the annual presentation of The Nutcracker. Originally presented in the Arie Crown Theatre from 1965 to 1997, the Ruth Page Civic Ballet performances recreates Ruth Page's beloved original full-length staging. Exquisite dancing, stunning costumes and magical settings in the Land of Snow and the Kingdom of the Sweets, "The Nutcracker" promises world-class entertainment and holiday joy for children of all ages.

Ruth Page Award
The Ruth Page Award has been given by the Ruth Page Center for the Arts on behalf of the Ruth Page Foundation since 1986. The award acknowledges, or helps further, an individual's or organization's artistic momentum, and recognizes artistic excellence in the field of dance. The honoree is selected through the Selection Committee, composed of members from the Chicago dance community, former Ruth Page Award winners and Ruth Page Center for the Arts staff. Recipients:
 * 2019: Jenai Cutcher
 * 2014: Diane Rawlinson
 * 2012: Sid Smith
 * 2011: Patti Eylar
 * 2010: Chicago Dancing Festival and its founders: Lar Lubovitch, Jay Franke, and David Herro
 * 2009: Pamela Crutchfield and Bill T. Jones
 * 2008: Peggy Sutton and the Mayfair Academy of Fine Arts
 * 2007: Gail Kalver, Harriet Ross, and Salme H. Steinberg
 * 2006: Billy Siegenfeld
 * 2005: Margaret Nelson and Scott Silberstein
 * 2004: Keith Elliott and Dance For Life
 * 2003: Dame Libby Komaiko
 * 2002: Cheryl Mann
 * 2001: Davis Robertson for choreography
 * 2001: Paul Christiano, for choreography of Miracle, Interrupted
 * 1986: Carol Russell
 * Claire Bataille
 * Jan Erkert
 * Winifred Haun
 * Timothy O'Slynne
 * Venetia Stifler
 * Maia Wilkins

title: Ruth Page (ballerina)


text:
Miki Berkovich

Moshe "Miki" Berkovich (or Mickey Berkowitz; משה "מיקי" ברקוביץ'; born 17 February 1954) is an Israeli former professional basketball player. A 193 cm shooting guard, he is considered to be one of the greatest Israeli basketball players of all time.

Berkovich was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players in 1991. In 1998, he was named Israel's Top Sportsmen of the 50 Year Jubilee (1948–1998). He was named one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors, by a select panel in February 2008, and was then honored at the 2008 EuroLeague Final Four in Madrid. He became a FIBA Hall of Fame player in 2017. In 2018, he was named one of the 101 Greats of European Basketball.

Early years
Born in Kfar Saba, Berkovich began his long and distinguished career with Maccabi Tel Aviv, at the age of 11, when he joined the youth club. At the age of 15, he was playing for the junior squad. In 1971, at the age of 17, he made his debut with the senior men's team in Israel's top professional league.

College playing career
In 1975, Berkovich played college basketball at UNLV in the United States. During the 1975–76 season, he played in 11 games and averaged 2.5 points per game as the Runnin' Rebels finished 28–1 and were the number one seed in the Western Region of the NCAA tournament. They defeated Boise State 103–78 in the first round, although Berkovich registered no points and only one rebound. UNLV then lost to Arizona 114–109 in the second round; Berkovich did not play in the game. He returned to Maccabi after just one year.

Club playing career
Berkovich returned to Israel following the 1975–76 season and played a considerable role in Maccabi Tel Aviv's fortunes during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

In 1977, Berkovich helped Maccabi Tel Aviv to win its first FIBA European Champions Cup (EuroLeague) championship by defeating Mobilgirgi Varese by a score of 78–77 in the final, held in Pionir Hall, Belgrade, and CSKA Moscow 91–79 in the semifinals game held in Virton, Belgium. This achievement led to Tal Brody's famous statement of "We are on the map, not only in basketball".

In 1981, the second FIBA European Champions Cup title came for Maccabi, against another Italian team, Sinudyne Bologna. Berkovich scored the winning basket from an assist by Moti Aroesti, setting the score at 80–77. There were no three-point shots back then, so the Italians could only score a two-point basket in return. Maccabi won the game by a score of 80–79.

Berkovich's career in Maccabi came to an end in 1988 when he and Aroesti joined Maccabi Rishon LeZion. Later, he played with Hapoel Jerusalem and Hapoel Tel Aviv.

During his playing years with Maccabi, he won 16 Israeli national league championship titles and 13 Israeli national cups.

NBA offers
After the EuroBasket 1979, Berkovich had contract offers from the New Jersey Nets and the Atlanta Hawks from the NBA, but a contract with Maccabi Tel Aviv stood in the way. Maccabi's management insisted that he stay in the team, so they had to settle the case in civil court.

National team career
In 1972, Berkovich took the Israeli under-18 national team to a fourth-place finish at the 1972 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and he was the leading scorer of the tournament. He also won a gold medal at the 1974 Asian Games in Tehran.

In 1979, Berkovich was a part of the senior Israeli national team that finished second at the 1979 EuroBasket in Turin. Berkovich was named the tournament's MVP.

Upon his retirement, he was second all-time in appearances (165) and points scored (2,842) among members of the senior men's Israeli national basketball team.

Post-playing career
Berkovich retired from basketball in 1995, after which he wrote an autobiography called Born to Win. He went on to become the owner of the A.S. Ramat HaSharon basketball team. Both of his sons, Roi and Niv Berkovich, played for the team at the time. He later became the director of basketball operations of Ironi Nahariya, but left the team after just one year.

title: Miki Berkovich


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft/Template

Copied from User talk:Xiong:

re: your offer on WT:Air
Hi, Xiong. I'm actually not sure that what we're trying to do with the recent air templates has methods closer to the wikipedia as a whole. The only other project I know of with complex parameter-based templates is WP:Ships, and they had a similar method to what myself and User:Ingoolemo have used.

What we need is a template that will output an aircraft's specifications (for example: User:Ericg/template_test2). It should work with jets or propeller aircraft (or the rare case of both), helicopters or fixed-wing. We also need to be able to specify which type of units, metric or imperial/other, are listed first, as the manufacturer's nation is our 'primary unit' source. Ingoolemo built himself a more advanced version than I, which worked with most types. If you know how to streamline that, drop him a message (or we can take this discussion to the WP:Air page).

-eric ✈ 07:36, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This has the potential to grow very large, so I've created a subpage at WikiProject Aircraft/Template. I'd like to ask you and Ingoolemo to start the ball rolling by writing exactly what goals you are trying to meet. Let's see what we can do together. — Xiong 熊 talk * 07:46, 2005 August 18 (UTC)

New discussion

Goals
I have enumerated a list of goals, which is naturally not set in stone. I would like to request that discussion be reserved for the talk page. Thanks, Ingoolemo   talk 19:40, 2005 August 18 (UTC)

purpose of aircontent
To clarify the reason I created : In the past we've had some ordering and style changes. In case we change again - back to a table, for example, or if we want to rename sections (similar aircraft vs comparable aircraft is one past example), it's far easier to change it once in the template than track down which of the thousands of aircraft articles use which style and change them all.

I personally think the structure of it at a user's end isn't too difficult, but I'm also a somewhat above-average computer-savvy type. -eric ✈ 03:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Transclusion vs Substitution and Unsupplied Parameters
Mm. I fully understand your desire to transclude, rather than substitute. You do want to be able to go back and overhaul the format without fiddling with each individual page.

However, the current templates, as I see them, are incredibly difficult to use. This is not the fault of the designers; the template mechanism is very, very limited. Most notably, it has a great shortcoming, in that unsupplied parameters are echoed, thus: {{{1}}}. I can most charitably describe this as dorky, since while many applications of templates need optional parameters, I can't think of any good reason to display a parameter placeholder anywhere.

I want to suggest a solution, but I think you won't like it. See Template talk:Doctl. This template is just a page of boilerplate; it is always substituted as the first action, then re-edited to customize it for a particular purpose. This is much easier for a new user to understand. Of course, once the work is done, its overall format cannot be changed on a hundred pages at once. This is the great thing about transclusion.

The right answer is to gang up on the developer team and get them to suppress output of unused parameters. If anyone from Air is willing to join, I'll do an RfC. — Xiong 熊 talk * 05:06, 2005 August 19 (UTC)

 * If you do the request in the next 15 or so hours, I'll be able to support - otherwise I won't have internet for the next few days. However, Ingoolemo will undoubtedly, and user:xmnemonic likely will as well. user:rlandmann hasn't been around for a while, but I'm positive he'd support your RfC as well. -eric ✈ 07:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

in the next 15 or so hours -- oh well, this is the wikinow. I'll cook something up. — Xiong 熊 talk * 02:14, 2005 August 26 (UTC)

 * I'm actually online on and off thanks to school wifi and open access points in the vicinity of my apt. Just link me whenever and I'll be able to support it that day. ;) -eric ✈ 02:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * On third thought, this is a much worse problem than I thought at first or second. A more comprehensive overhaul of templates is needed, and I'll have to write it all up. Don't hold your breath, but this is a concern of mine, and has been for some time. — Xiong 熊 talk * 02:53, 2005 August 26 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Salleyye

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:41, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Salleyye


text:
Hindu American Foundation

The Hindu American Foundation (abbr. HAF) is an American Hindu non-profit advocacy group founded in 2003. The organisation has its roots in the Hindu nationalist organisation Vishwa Hindu Parishad America and its student wing Hindu Students Council.

HAF's areas of activism include protecting Hindu rights in the United States, highlighting Hindu persecution in other countries, pushing back against the cultural appropriation of yoga, and opposition to legislation of anti-caste-discrimination laws. Several scholars argue that HAF's activism aligns with Hindu nationalism and impinges on academic freedom.

Establishment
The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) was founded in September 2003 by Mihir Meghani, an emergency care physician; Aseem Shukla, an associate professor in urologic surgery; Suhag Shukla, an attorney; Nikhil Joshi, a labor law attorney; and Adeeti Joshi, a speech therapist. The organization describes itself as a human rights and advocacy group and emphasizes upon the "Hindu and American ideals of understanding, tolerance and pluralism."

The first American Hindu advocacy organization to have a professional organizational structure and full-time staff, it is widely considered to be the most prominent Hindu advocacy organization operating out of America. Scholar Vinay Lal notes that the organization drew on the claims of Hinduism being unique in its tolerance and religious pluralism as well as the enormous goodwill created by Gandhi in the West.

Hindu nationalist ties
HAF co-founder Mihir Meghani had also founded the University of Michigan's chapter of the Hindu Students Council (HSC), a nationwide network of student societies affiliated with the Vishwa Hindu Parishad America (VHPA), in 1991. He served on the governing council of VHPA and had even authored an essay for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In the essay, he compared Hindus—a religious majority in India—with Jews, Black Americans, and colonized groups, whose bottled-up anger, for over a millennium, allegedly found a channel of outburst in the rise of BJP and demolition of the Babri Masjid. Coalition Against Genocide (CAG)—a platform established in the aftermath of 2002 Gujarat riots against Hindu nationalist violence directed at minorities —alleges that the formation of the Hindu American Foundation was the outcome of Meghani's parleys on the governing council of VHPA and an effort to rebrand the Hindutva agenda as "Hindu rights" as needed for mainstream American politics; Sangay K. Mishra, an assistant professor of political science at Drew University, agrees about the rebranding motto.

CAG further notes that most of the office bearers of the Hindu American Foundation were drawn from HSC activists. Georgetown University's Bridge Initiative finds the HAF board member Rishi Bhutada to have been the official spokesperson of "Howdy Modi," an RSS-backed rally in support of India's incumbent prime minister Narendra Modi held in Houston, Texas on September 22, 2020. A report published by BBC notes HAF to have lobbied support in favor of Modi among the diaspora. In September 2019, HAF published an open letter criticizing congressman Ro Khanna's public plea to reject Hindutva. The Bridge Initiative as well as several journalists have documented anti-Muslim statements made by HAF board members, past and present, and individuals invited to speak by HAF. Academic and journalists have also documented money trails linking HAF to other Sangh Parivar groups via their donors.

Sonia Sikka, an academic specializing in the intersection of religion and politics, notes clear alignments between HAF's activities and the politics of Hindutva Nationalism despite their claims to non-partisanship. Chad Bauman, a professor of religion at Butler University, contends HAF's portrayal of Hinduism to be misleadingly monolithic and sanitized, in service of a political agenda. Nishant Upadhyyay, a professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, specializing in gender and sexuality studies finds the group's queer-friendly portrayal of Hinduism to be embedded within a discourse of Hindutva homonationalism. Dheepa Sundaram, a scholar of religion and digital culture at University of Denver, notes that the group aimed at sanitizing Hindutva, in part by borrowing from decolonial vocabulary, misleadingly portraying terms like Hindutva, Brahminism etc. as oriental pejoratives.

HAF denies these charges, claims to be non-partisan, and has unsuccessfully filed defamation suits against a wide range of organisations and individuals that alleged its links to Hindutva. However, Arun Chaudhuri, an anthropologist of religion and politics at York University, cautions that such disavowals are not be taken as face value but rather as efforts at distancing HAF from the negative connotations of Hindu nationalism. Sailaja Krishnamurti, a professor at Saint Mary's University (Halifax) who specializes in religious traditions of the South Asian diaspora, summarizes that HAF has "earned a reputation" of being a conservative group purveying Hindu nationalist politics, as does Ilyse Morgenstein Fuerst, a historian specializing in South Asian religions at the University of Vermont, who qualifies HAF as a "deeply conservative" outfit. Audrey Truschke, a historian of South Asia at Rutgers University, finds HAF to be an integral component of the "wider Sangh Parivar" and Hindu right in the United States; she notes that the organization had "prioritized attacks on higher education."

Hindu persecution in other countries
During 2004–05, the organization held events to educate legislators about issues of concern to Hindu Americans. These included the abuse of Hindus in the Muslim majority regions of South Asia, including Kashmir, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Since then, they have continued to publish regular "Hindu Human Rights" reports to such effect. They have critiqued Pakistan's treatment of Hindus and advocated for better assimilation and integration of Pakistani Hindu migrants/refugees in India. The organization also supports strong ties between India, Israel and the US to create an axis of countries aiming to fight Islamic terrorism.

Religious freedom and Hindu rights in the United States
In 2004, HAF challenged the public display of the Ten Commandments in Texas, where it appeared as amici curiae (friend of the Court) in Van Orden v. Perry in the United States Supreme Court; they argued that the display represented an "inherent government preference" for Judeo-Christian religions over others and the state must be reminded of its obligation to maintain religious neutrality. In 2005, it joined the American Jewish Committee (AJC) to jointly sponsor a program at Stanford University on "countering biases against Hindus and Jews on the College campus." In 2008, HAF, along with a coalition of other religious groups, filed a lawsuit and blocked the issuance of Christian-themed license plates in South Carolina.

In 2013, HAF joined a coalition of Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim organizations urging the Justice Department investigate the New York City Police Department for discriminatory surveillance of American Muslims. In 2015, as a part of the Hate Crimes Coalition, HAF participated in the drafting and submission of the edits to an FBI manual to specifically track hate crimes against Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. In 2016, HAF along with Indiaspora and other organizations successfully convinced the United States Postal Service to issue a stamp commemorating the Hindu festival of Diwali.

Visa for Narendra Modi
In 2002, Gujarat witnessed a communal riot under the Chief Ministership of Narendra Modi; the incumbent government and even Modi himself is widely blamed by scholars for complicity. In 2005, when Modi was invited to address the Asian-American Hotel Owners Association, activists including John Prabhudoss lobbied the United States Congress to introduce a resolution criticizing him for his role in those riots. Reps. Joseph Pitts and John Conyers introduced House Resolution 160 to this effect. HAF opposed this resolution and called it "Hinduphobic," expressing frustration that the Congressmen "made India a focus of a resolution condemning religious persecution in South Asia while discrimination and violence against Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh escaped mention." Nonetheless, the bill led to the State Department denying Modi a visa to enter the country, two days after the bill was introduced. In 2013, HAF successfully opposed a House bill by Rep. Pitts that commended the 2005 visa denial and encouraged the federal government "to review the applications of any individuals implicated in religious freedom violations under the same standard." Modi would qualify for a visa, and visit the United States, only after becoming Prime Minister of India in 2014.

"Take Back Yoga" campaign
In 2010, the Foundation launched the "Take Back Yoga" campaign as a reaction to alleged cultural appropriation and secularization of yoga by popular press and neo-gurus who abstained from discussing the origins of yoga in Hinduism and corrupted a Hindu philosophical practice to a mere collection of physical postures. Particular emphasis was laid on the Hindu nature of yoga manuals across centuries to corroborate claims of yoga being a Hindu form of spiritual quest.

Andrea Jain, a professor of Religious Studies at Indiana University, finds such claims to be embedded within a polemical discourse of religious fundamentalism that unwittingly borrowed from and mirrored the West—while HAF waxed about the inevitable Hinduization of anybody who chooses to practice Yoga in its true essence, the Christian far-right denounced Yoga as a satanic act which took practitioners away from Christ into the fold of Brahmins. Furthermore, Jain finds HAF's essentialist discourse on Yoga to be ahistorical—Yoga was a fluid tradition which was made and remade by different socioreligious cultures across different times with different connotations. Other scholars reiterate Jain's observations; Christopher Patrick Miller, a professor of Yoga Studies at Loyola Marymount University, finds it ironic that to defend against perceived Christian ingressions, HAF had to borrow from Christian (and colonial) notions of what constituted a Yogic canon.

Caste
in 2010, HAF issued a report titled "Hinduism: Not Cast in Caste" alleging that Christian missionaries were able to push their proselytizing agenda only because of the prevalence of caste discrimination in India; it went to argue that caste cannot be considered to be an intrinsic definitional aspect of Hinduism—due to a lack of theological sanction in its most sacred texts—and urged for reforms led by Hindus themselves. This led to a flutter in conservative Hindu circles of India and the next year, HAF toned down their report; they cautioned against the trend of passing resolutions against caste discrimination adopted by various global organizations and held caste to be an internal affair of a sovereign India. HAF has since portrayed castes as occupational guilds which had brought stability to premodern India before being reified under British colonialism; it has vehemently opposed drawing parallels between caste-discrimination and racism, and even any depiction of the caste-system as a rigid birth-determined pyramid of hierarchy.

In 2021, on the heels of prolonged transnational activism by Dalits, "caste" was added as a protected category to California State University's anti-discrimination policy. HAF perceived such policies to have the potential of enabling in the malicious targeting of Indian Hindu academics and lodged stiff opposition; their post-bearers argued caste to be a "stereotype", that was imposed upon South Asians only by the British Raj. Ajantha Subramaniam, a professor of South Asian Studies at Harvard University, rejects HAF's charges and accompanying accusations of being discriminated on the basis of religion; she and other scholars emphasize on the depth of scholarship that has held caste to be a reality of central significance from premodern S. Asia to present day India including diaspora.

In September 2022, HAF sued the California Civil Rights Department for allegedly misrepresenting caste as intrinsic to Hinduism in its submission to the Cisco caste discrimination lawsuit. In October 2022, two University of California professors sued their employer to prevent the implementation of caste-based protections; HAF is representing them in the lawsuit.

In 2023, HAF was among several Hindu-American organizations that opposed the SB 403 bill, which was a bill aiming to add caste into the definition of ancestry under multiple discrimination categories in California. The bill was passed by the California State Senate after a divisive debate in May 2023. The proponents of the bill insisted that an explicit ban on caste discrimination was needed to raise awareness on this bias, but HAF contended that this proposal unfairly targeted Hindus; and may result in racial profiling against Hindu Americans. In October 2023, California Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed the bill arguing that "caste discrimination is already prohibited under existing civil rights protections". Welcoming the governor's decision, Suhag Shukla, executive director of HAF asserted that HAF has long reasoned that "existing laws on ancestry and religion were sufficient"; and introducing caste as a category would have negatively impacted the civil rights of all South Asians.

Textbook revisionism
In 2006, HAF was actively involved in the Californian Hindu textbook controversy. On 16 March 2006, it filed a lawsuit contesting the California's Curriculum Commission's decision to reject many of the Vedic Foundation and Hindu Education Foundation's suggested edits to California's textbook curriculum on Hinduism and India. The proposed changes had been publicly opposed by Indologists organized by Michael Witzel, who denounced them as "politically and religiously motivated", as well as by various Hindu groups. The court ruled to retain the textbooks, noting the significant expense associated with reissuing the textbooks.

In 2016, the HAF lobbied against the replacement of the word "Indian" with "South Asian" in middle school history textbooks in California, arguing that the change was essentially an erasure of India itself. These efforts were protested by South Asian academics and activists belonging to India's minority groups, who said that those on the side of the HAF sought to whitewash California's history textbooks to present a nativist, blemish-free view of how the Hindu caste system was enforced in India. They also argued that the term "South Asia" correctly represents India's collective history with countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh. A letter to the California State Board of Education about this issue, which garnered thousands of signatures, was spearheaded by the HAF.

2021 defamation suit
In May 2021, the Hindu American Foundation filed a defamation lawsuit against Sunita Viswanath and Raju Rajagopal of Hindus for Human Rights, Rasheed Ahmed from the Indian American Muslim Council, John Prabhudoss from the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations, and Audrey Truschke, a historian of South Asia based at Rutgers University. The lawsuit was based on statements in two Al Jazeera articles that characterized the HAF as having "ties to Hindu supremacist and religious groups" and with the RSS. A diverse group of intellectuals and academics — Akeel Bilgrami, Amitav Ghosh, Anita Desai, Cornel West, Martha Nussbaum, Nandini Sundar, Noam Chomsky, Romila Thapar, Sudipta Kaviraj, Sheldon Pollock, and Wendy Doniger among others — condemned HAF's tactics as a SLAPP, designed to silence critics and push forward Hindutva.

On 15 March 2022, Judge Amit Mehta stayed defendants' motions to dismiss the suit since he deemed one of their arguments about whether HAF had satisfied the second requirement of invoking diversity jurisdiction — by proving the amount of monetary loss to have exceeded 75,000 USD — as a "substantial question" of procedure, that needed to be settled prior to adjudication on merits. Discovery was ordered, and Judge Mehta accepted HAF's evidence to pass muster. However, on 20 December 2022, he dismissed the suit since HAF had failed not only to establish any cause of action even assuming that their allegations were factually accurate but also evidence that the court had any personal jurisdiction over the defendants except one.

Dismantling Global Hindutva conference
During August–September 2021, the Hindu American Foundation launched a protest campaign against a virtual conference, titled Dismantling Global Hindutva: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, organized by a conglomeration of American universities. Multiple academics and activists involved in the conference reported receiving death threats and being subject to other forms of intimidation. In response, the American Historical Association condemned the attacks against academic freedom, while the Association for Asian Studies noted Hindutva to be a "majoritarian ideological doctrine" different from Hinduism, whose rise to prominence had accompanied "increasing attacks on numerous scholars, artists and journalists."

The conference went ahead as scheduled. HAF has since lodged a complaint against the University of Pennsylvania before the United States Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights for violating Title VI requirements—they allege that the university, having co-sponsored a "one-sided" conference, promoted negative "stereotypes and slurs" about Hindu academics and discriminated against them. Multiple Hindu professors of UPenn rejected the accusations and highlighted how transnational Hindutva was weaponized to stifle free speech. Sundaram, who identifies as a Hindu, alleges that the lawsuit has leveraged "the rhetoric and tactics of social justice activists" but in "pursuit of an oppressive ideology."

title: Hindu American Foundation