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Aerial topdressing

Aerial topdressing is the aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft. It was developed in New Zealand in the 1940s and rapidly adopted elsewhere in the 1950s.

Previous aerial applications
The first known aerial application of agricultural materials was by John Chaytor, who spread seed over a swamped valley floor in Wairoa, New Zealand, in 1906 using a hot air balloon with mobile tethers.

The first known use of a heavier-than-air machine in aerial application was on 3 August 1921 when, as a result of advocacy by Dr Coad, a USAAC Curtiss JN4 Jenny piloted by John A. Macready was used to spread lead arsenate to kill catalpa sphinx caterpillars near Troy, Ohio, United States. The first commercial operations were attempted in the US in 1924 and use of insecticide and fungicide for crop dusting slowly spread in the Americas and, to a lesser extent, other nations. Crop dusting poisons enjoyed a boom in the US and Europe after World War II until the environmental impact of widespread use was recognised following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1963. Crop dusting was not adopted in New Zealand until after top dressing was well established.

Early efforts
Initial interest in New Zealand concentrated on seed sowing, but much of New Zealand's central North Island farmland, given to returned servicemen after World War I, had proven deficient in trace minerals such as cobalt, copper and selenium, forcing difficult topdressing by hand in rough country, or abandoning the land for forestry. The possibility of using aircraft was soon investigated.

Spreading superphosphate by agricultural aircraft was independently suggested in 1926 by two New Zealanders, John Lambert of Hunterville and Len Daniell of Wairere. There was some publicity when in 1936 Hawkes Bay farmer Harold McHardy used a de Havilland Gypsy Moth to sow clover seed on his own land. This led the Soil Conservation and Rivers Control Council to decide to fund aerial sowing and topdressing trials in 1937 to prevent erosion, but little progress was made, despite strong advocacy by Doug Campbell.

At that time it was illegal to drop anything from an aircraft, which dissuaded several advocates who felt a law change was needed before experiments could begin.

Alan Prichard
The idea of spreading seed also occurred to Alan Prichard, a pilot for the New Zealand Public Works Department, as he was flying E. Madden of the Ministry of Works in a de Havilland Moth, sharing grapes and throwing the seeds out of the open cockpits. A few months later Prichard was tasked with conducting an aerial survey in Northland. The survey was delayed when the Ministry's Miles Whitney Straight, ZK-AFH, was grounded by bad weather.

A supervisor, J. L. Harrison, complained that Prichard was holding back men needed to sow lupin seed. Remembering the grape seeds, Prichard suggested sowing the seed by air. Burying the hatchet, Harrison and Prichard spent that evening experimenting with methods of dispersal, before settling on sewing a sack onto a piece of downpipe. The following morning, 8 March 1939, Prichard flew over Ninety Mile Beach while Harrison, on his signal, held the downpipe out a window and emptied the sack. They then landed and examined the spread of the seeds. It was found a distribution of 1 seed per square foot was obtained from a height of 100 to 150 ft. On Monday 10 March, they sowed 375 acre, using 2 lb/acre (224 kg/km2) instead of the 5 lb/acre (560 kg/km2) used when sowing by hand. The pair returned to examine the site at 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 years and at all points the aerially sown land was indistinguishable from that sown by hand.

Prichard wrote up the experiment in the NZ Journal of Agriculture (vol 70 p117-120). This came to the attention of the Minister Bob Semple, who Prichard occasionally flew as a VIP. Semple asked how Prichard had obtained permission. Prichard admitted he had not, and had "cribbed" back the time in the ZK-AFH's logbooks by extending the time of other flights. Semple encouraged Prichard to continue, adding "Don't let anyone catch you, and if they do, send them to me". After the outbreak of World War II, he had the good fortune to retain the use of ZK-AFH, when most aircraft were impressed for war service. Prichard conducted various trials between 1939 and 1943, from an early stage adding fertiliser to the seeds, which was found to dramatically improve growth. The success of the fertiliser was such that his trials came to concentrate on this aspect, and its possible application to existing pasture.

As a result of Prichard's experiments, in 1945 the Department of Agriculture estimated aerial topdressing would cost about £4 per ton of fertiliser (on a basis of 2 cwt per acre), which was economic (actually, this price turned out to be a significant overestimate). Prichard now found an ally who could officially sanction further trials.

Doug Campbell
Doug Campbell was an agricultural academic concerned about soil erosion. He had been suggesting the spread of both seed and fertiliser for erosion control and aerial spreading of trace minerals since the 1930s, but had not conducted trials until he met Prichard. Campbell brought official backing and academic responsibility to Prichard's work. Immediately after the war, he obtained permission to build a sheet metal hopper for ZK-AFH to test the spread of bluestone crystals. In 1946 the first pure topdressing flight was conducted without seed. Mixtures of bluestone crystals, sulphate of ammonia, slaked lime and carbon black were used. The lack of a lid for the hopper initially resulted in irritating dust spreading through the aircraft in turbulence: in cold wet conditions it was necessary to heat the hopper to prevent the fertiliser coagulating, while in dry conditions the powder tended to disperse in the wind before reaching the ground. Nevertheless, in July Campbell arranged for ZK-AFH to topdress 1,100 acres (4.5 km2) of a copper-deficient farm. In August 1947 trials with cobalt sulphate in liquid form were conducted on the farm of K. M. Hickson near Taumarunui, with a horseback-mounted radio used to convey results to the pilot. It was soon suggested that cobaltised superphosphate would be easier to spread, although it was felt a specialised aircraft would be needed to do this.

Campbell published his research in the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Volume X, 1948 as "Some observations on top dressing in New Zealand".

Convinced by the trials, Campbell formed the co-ordinating and advisory committee on aerial topdressing with representatives from the Ministry of Public Works, Department of Agriculture, Department of Air, DSIR and the Soil Conservation Council. At the committee's first meeting on 27 November 1947 it resolved to ask the Royal New Zealand Air Force for assistance.

RNZAF trials
Between the second world war and the cold war, the RNZAF was a large and competent organisation without a lot of work to do. It responded enthusiastically to Campbell's suggestion, initially proposing to use Tiger Moth and DC-3 aircraft, but concerns about corrosion lead them to use "expendable" war surplus Grumman Avengers.

Experiments were resumed on 5 September 1948 using a Miles Whitney Straight and three Grumman Avengers; the RNZAF put superphosphate in a converted long range fuel tank in Avenger NZ2504 and dropped it over the concrete runway at Ohakea. (NZ2504 is now preserved in the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum).

The superphosphate was too powdery but a more granular form was found before final trials measuring distribution pattern of spread by air on 16 September 1948. The results were considered very promising. Trials proceeded to hill country at Te Mata near Raglan, and were extended to three other sites.

For 1949 a Research and Development flight was formed under Stan Quill, equipped with the three Avengers and a Douglas DC-3, while instructions were sent to England to modify 2 RNZAF Miles Aerovans then on the production line to carry one-ton hoppers. A ground convoy of station wagon, car, one-ton truck, jeep, fuel tanker and radio van supported them. The 1948 fuel tank was replaced by a hopper with sides angled at 60° with a vibrating rod to loosen the superphosphate. Large-scale topdressing started on 14 March 1949 spreading clover-super mix. The "Topdress III" trials culminated on 21 May 1949 with a demonstration drop on 11 different properties close to Masterton in front of large numbers of farmers and press. These trials were calculated to have spread 2.5 cwt/acre (31,000 kg/km2) at an all-up cost of 15 shillings ($1.50) per acre (4047 m2), despite the use of inappropriately over-powered combat aircraft. Further public displays were given to cabinet ministers on 30 August at Johnsonville, on 9 September at Ohakea and at a 17 September Air Force Day air show. As these trials were a resounding success, in addition to the Aerovans, 12 Bristol Freighters then under construction for the RNZAF were modified to take superphosphate hoppers.

Following these successful trials, in 1950, farmers' groups lobbied the government to have the RNZAF provide subsidised topdressing with the Bristol freighters and even advocated using large Handley Page Hastings. But by this time government work was being overtaken by private enterprise as ex-airforce pilots bought New Zealand-built De Havilland Tiger Moth biplanes cheaply, placed a hopper in the front seat and went into business flying from the paddocks of any farmer willing to pay. The government became reluctant to spend money on interfering with the increasing number of commercial operators.

Australia
The first experimental topdressing in Australia was done by a private Tiger Moth in 1948.

Great Britain
Faced with far greater difficulty of operating aircraft from small British farms, the British Government assumed topdressing aircraft would need to operate from an ordinary runway. Economies of scale then dictated using large aircraft, which would in turn have to fly higher. Accordingly, in 1950 the RAF conducted trials over Scottish farm land with Avro Lincoln and Avro Lancaster bombers carrying canvas trays with 5 tons of superphosphate in 14 lb and 28 lb paper bags designed to burst on impact. These trials were a failure due to poor spread achieved from the bags. The Bristol Aeroplane Company conducted private trials on hill country in the same year with scaled-up versions of the New Zealand hoppers fitted to Bristol Freighters. The success of these trials was widely publicised through Farmers' Weekly magazine. Hopper conversions were marketed for the Freighter and the even larger Handley Page Hastings. However low capitalisation for start up costs and the difficulties of low level operation in large transports led British private industry to use smaller machines, even though they could not operate directly from farms.

Success in New Zealand

Several factors lay behind the development of aerial topdressing in New Zealand. The New Zealand public service gave its employees time and resources to pursue their ideas and publish research. Many farms included hill country, where it was impossible to spread fertiliser by truck. New Zealand farms tended to be large enough to make the costs worthwhile. New Zealand farmers were well educated and enjoyed the third highest standard of living in the world. High prices for lamb, beef, and wool in the early 1950s gave farmers the extra capital. World War II had left behind cheap, war-surplus Tiger Moths and highly trained ex-air force pilots.

The majority of the 40,000 plus New Zealanders trained by the RNZAF were aircrew. Most were sent to Europe, and served in squadrons where the ground crew were from the United Kingdom. On returning to their rural homes, many bought cheap war-surplus aircraft, particularly the Tiger Moth primary trainer, available for £100. These were used for weekend flying, but also dropping fencing, feed and people into remote areas, as well as occasional aerial sowing and dropping of rabbit poison.

By the end of 1949 there were five firms; Airwork had five Tiger Moths, James Aviation three, Aircraft Services three, Gisborne Aerial topdressing (which was to become Field Air) had one, and Southern Scenic Airtrips had converted an Auster. In addition Wally Harding was top dressing his own property with his private Tiger Moth. Rex Garnham started Rangitikei Air Services with one DH82 and held the first Aerial application license Within the following five years nearly 50 other companies—mostly one-man operations—joined as competition. Collectively, they were called the 'Super men', and when amalgamation occurred it was these pioneers who came to dominate the New Zealand industry.

Airwork (NZ)
Since 1947, Airwork (NZ) Limited had been operating Tiger Moths for rabbit killing by spreading poisoned carrots in Canterbury. In early May 1949 Charles Brazier used ZK-ASO to spread lime. Airwork was aware that Fred "Popeye" Lucas had conducted aerial seeding as well as rabbit poisoning and discussed the possibility of dropping seeds with fertiliser (as Prichard had done) with Ces Worrell, a grain and seed merchant. He suggested spreading superphosphate alone would be more profitable, (a suggestion he may have wished he had kept to himself—the following year, Worrell started a rival firm, Aerial Sowing). Acting on Worral's suggestion, Airwork arranged a public demonstration on Sir Heaton Rhodes's property at Tai Tapu, south of Christchurch, on 27 May 1949. They advertised spreading superphosphate for £5 per ton, and several orders came from the audience.

Airwork pioneered the technique of landing on the farmer's property, loading and turning the aircraft round in three or four minutes. To save time, bulk loading from a vehicle was pioneered instead of emptying bags into the hopper. For the first drop a hurriedly converted Hupmobile was used, but this soon broke down and was replaced by a Land Rover chassis fitted with hydraulic arms. This investment was justified when Pyne Gould Guinness placed the first large contract at Christmas 1949. Airwork would go on to have a major role in the development of the Fletcher aircraft.

Fieldair
Lawson Field (1896–1981), a farmer and pilot, converted one of Gisborne Aero Club's de Havilland Tiger Moths, Barbara II, so that Ken Young could drop superphosphate during the week and the club could fly the plane at weekends. The arrangement was typical of the system adopted by all early firms; a steep sided hopper was installed in the Tiger Moth's front seat, which the pilot, by pulling a lever, opened the vent at the bottom to release its load. When the club complained the hopper could not be removed from the passenger seat without causing structural damage, Field bought Barbara II and started the Gisborne Aerial Topdressing Company on 2 August 1949. He calculated his first drop cost £2.10s. per ton of fertiliser, and he was able to charge farmers £5 per ton. In September 1949 he became the founding president of the New Zealand Aerial Work Operators' Association, later the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand. In 1951 he renamed the company Fieldair Limited and brought in modern De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers, and in 1955 Lockheed Lodestars and DC-3s. Fieldair developed the tractor-mounted hopper loader, adopted throughout the industry, and became the largest topdressing firm in the country by the time of Field's death in 1981.

Fieldair's logo is a strangled goose. According to legend, a hungry Fieldair pilot flying between airstrips saw a single goose which looked like dinner. His somewhat hopeful method was to attempt to manoeuvre alongside the bird, side slip into it and grab hold. The first few attempts failed and the goose got wise. A dogfight developed, and both fliers lost altitude. A hundred feet over a gully the goose broke towards the aircraft, and hit the prop, breaking it. The pilot force-landed, and concocted a suitable story of a bird strike, which was sadly undone when the farmer requested the company's services, as "You blokes must have the best pilots in the country ... one of your blokes chased this goose around my farm for about a half an hour. He must have just missed by inches every tree on my place. And to top it off this bloke succeeded in killing the goose and landed to pick it up". (Ewing & MacPherson, p182).

Wanganui Aero Work
Wally Harding, a pioneer Waiouru farmer, converted his Tiger Moth into a top dresser in 1949 to use on his own not particularly productive high country station. The following year he founded Wanganui Aero Work Ltd. By 1954 the company added the first PAC Fletcher to its five Tiger Moths. It also operated Beavers, Ceres, Cessna 180/185s, Piper PA-25 Pawnees, Piper Cubs and Cessna AGwagons, but eventually standardised on Fletchers for its fixed-wing fleet, purchasing eight PAC Crescos when these were introduced. In 2004 the family business was bought out by Ravensdown Fertiliser Cooperative, although two of Wally's grandsons remain in the company: Bruce, chief pilot, and Rick, operations Manager. The fleet currently consists of eight Crescos, two Fletchers, and one each Robinson R44, Bell 206B, Aerospatiale AS350, Hughes 369C and McDonnell Douglas MD520N helicopters. In 2013 Wanganui Aero Works changed from their famous red and white markings to a cleaner, white livery as a result of the buy-out by Ravensdown.

James Aviation
Ossie James was another pilot and farmer who started with a Tiger Moth salvaged from floodwaters in 1948 and progressed to owning the largest fleet of Fletchers in the country. James Aviation flew a number of Douglas DC-3s and Lockheed Model 18 Lodestars as well as Fletchers. James was heavily involved in the New Zealand International Field Days, the Salvation Army, and Waikato Aero Club. Ossie James was made a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2004.

Aircraft
By 1952 there were 38 firms in the business in New Zealand, operating 149 aircraft, of which 138 were Tiger Moths. A smattering of higher powered de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers were the only modern types. By 1956 there were 182 aerial topdressing Tiger Moths but it was obvious the lightweight Tiger Moths would need to be replaced. At the beginning of the 1950s there were no specialist designs for even crop dusters, due to the proliferation of World War II surplus trainers. But for topdressing something larger and more robust was needed.

War surplus
Conversions of more robust World War II aircraft started. In 1954 the RNZAF had conducted some further topdressing tests at Masterton using a Bristol Freighter fitted with three 2-ton hoppers. To appease higher government command the aircraft was given a civilian registration, ZK-BEV, and hired to the private company 'Industrial Flying Limited'. These trials lead to large numbers of heavy twin-engined types, such as Douglas DC-3s and Lockheed Lodestars being converted for topdressing. The Harvard and its Australian-built counterpart the CAC Wirraway were adapted by rebuilds, the Wirraway into the CAC Ceres. Bits of Harvards were used by Luigi Pellerini to make most of the bizarre twin-tailed cockpit-over-the-engine PL-11 Airtruck. Flight tested at Te Kūiti in 1950 this aircraft not only had a long and successful career but was put into production (as an all-new-built aircraft) in Australia, the Transavia PL-12 Airtruk that also appeared in one of the Mad Max movies.

Existing designs
The DHC Beaver was purchased in numbers and there were abortive plans to build it under license in New Zealand, but its high wing and bulky cabin were unsuited to the role. In the UK Miles Aerovans proved underpowered. In the Eastern Bloc, where economy mattered less, the Antonov An-2 was used for the role.

Developing specialist machines
Entirely new designs were clearly needed in Australasia. In Britain Auster produced the Auster Agricola and Percival the Percival EP-9 for the New Zealand market. Both robust but primitive fabric-covered aircraft. In Australia the small but more advanced Yeoman Cropmaster was developed.

In the United States Fletcher Aviation Corporation was persuaded by a delegation of New Zealanders to develop an aircraft for the New Zealand market and Jim Thorpe adapted a design for the FD-25 Defender light attack aircraft into the Fletcher Fu24, a stressed skin monoplane with a high lift wing. It had more than three times the load capacity of the Tiger Moth and the cockpit located well forward, ahead of the hopper, giving the pilot all round view. This—with a few changes such as an enclosed cockpit—turned out to be the winning formula and orders soon reached three figures. Cable Price Corporation funded two prototypes with the New Zealand Meat Producers Board acting as financial guarantor—Gibson having brow-beaten a reluctant Fletcher board into building a prototype. Airparts was formed to assemble the American kits. The first prototype was flown in America in June 1954, the second in New Zealand in September 1954 and it received type approval in May 1955. A hundred Fletcher kits were delivered to New Zealand that year. Airparts bought out the rights and continued development locally.

Specialist crop dusters such as the Schweizer Agcat emerged in America in the mid-1950s, designed for the flat mid-west. These generally had poorer forward vision and lesser payload to weight ratios than the Fletcher, which continued to dominate the New Zealand market—however, in places where aircraft primarily were used to drop insecticide, these American designs were superior.

Pacific Aerospace
The Fletcher was responsible for starting New Zealand's small aircraft building industry. Having taken over from Air Parts and AESL, Pacific Aerospace is the manufacturer of the PAC Fletcher and the similar but larger and turboprop powered PAC Cresco, as well as the PAC 750XL and PAC CT/4 Airtrainer. Pacific Aerospace of Hamilton is New Zealand's largest aircraft manufacturer. Fletchers and Crescos have been exported to Australia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Differences between the demands of American and European markets, as well as entry barriers, have ensured the Antipodean style of topdresser did not compete with the cockpit behind the hopper designs of American manufacturers.

Mature industry
The amount of fertiliser used in aerial topdressing rose from almost nothing in 1950 to over 250,000 tons in 1955, to over 450,000 tons in 1960 and to over 900,000 tons in 1965, approximately doubling every five years. By 1958 there were 73 aerial topdressing firms in New Zealand, flying 279 aircraft—although the amount of superphosphate dropped and the area it fell on would continue to increase—from then on the numbers of companies, aircraft and pilots dropped as the larger more expensive Fletchers came to dominate the market and the one-man companies that began in the 1940s were amalgamated.

By 1965 the million tons of superphosphate dropped annually was being spread over 9 million acres (36,000 km2). The amount an aircraft dropped had increased from 2.5 tons to 8 tons and there were 10,000 privately owned airstrips for topdressing in New Zealand. Other work was also done by agricultural aircraft, as in foreign countries, particularly outside the February to May prime season. Clover seed is sown and spraying is carried out with insecticides, fungicides and weedkillers as well as general utility work. Aerial Topdressing has been attributed with vastly increasing agricultural production—in New Zealand alone, sheep numbers increased from 40 million to over 70 million, the majority of the increase being attributed to the increased feed that superphosphate made available.

Environmental impact

Ironically, given the industry was started by government research aimed at soil conservation, a number of negative impacts have emerged. The two major criticisms are the run off of fertiliser into streams and waterways which encourages marine plant growth, leading to choking of the waterways and altering the fresh water ecosystem, disadvantaging many fish, (and frustrating anglers). To minimise impact, topdressing is now prohibited within certain distances of water. The second impact is less direct. By enabling sheep to be run profitably on steep hillsides, the topdressing industry stopped reforestation of otherwise uneconomic land, contributing to the erosion it was originally designed to prevent.

The mining of superphosphate from guano deposits on the tiny South Pacific island of Nauru temporarily made the island one of the richest nations in the world on a per capita basis, but removed most of the soil from the island making 80% of it unusable.

title: Aerial topdressing


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Proposed deletion of Treble Revolution, Vol. 2

The article Treble Revolution, Vol. 2 has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not seem to pass WP:NALBUM"

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title: User talk:MightyGiant


text:
User talk:Jeromeg

Welcome from Spinboy
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Spinboy 06:59, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia needs you
Hi,. You have helped with a number of articles in the past, but you haven't edited any articles in a while. Could you make some new contributions soon to help make Wikipedia better? I hope you decide to become a more active contributor again. Feel free to drop me a line on my talk page. -- ForteTuba 04:11, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Check out these articles chosen for you, based on your past edits, to help you find articles that need work.

title: User talk:Jeromeg


text:
Marduk-apla-iddina I

Marduk-apla-iddina I, contemporarily written in cuneiform as ᵈ-na and meaning in Akkadian: "Marduk has given an heir", was the 34th Kassite king of Babylon c.  1171–1159 BC (short chronology). He was the son and successor of Meli-Shipak II, from whom he had previously received lands, as recorded on a kudurru, and he reigned for 13 years. His reign is contemporary with the Late Bronze Age collapse. He is sometime referred to as Merodach-Baladan I.

Biography
He claimed, like his father, descent from Kurigalzu and evidently kept court in Dūr-Kurigalzu itself because tablets found in the burnt ruins of the Tell-el-Abyad quarter which marked the later Elamite destruction of the city, are dated in the first two years of his reign. These include lists of garments received or distributed for the New Year, or akitu, festival and indicate a normal economic relationship with Babylonia's western and eastern neighbors, the Subarians and Elamites respectively, whose singers apparently entertained the royal household. Documents surviving from his reign date only as late as his sixth year and include his repair of the E-zida temple at Borsippa, where he credited the god Enlil with raising him to kingship despite recording this in an inscription wholly dedicated to Marduk. There is evidence of thriving commerce in woolen garments with Assyrian traders, and numerous royal land grants in northern and especially northeastern Babylonia. The Chronicle of the Market Prices references his 21st year, but neither king with this name ruled longer than 13 years. Like his two predecessors, some of the economic texts show a curious double-dating formula which has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The Synchronistic King List gives his Assyrian contemporary as Ninurta-apal-Ekur, which is unlikely as he is also shown against the earlier two Kassite kings, despite his short reign.

Kudurrus

Several inscribed kudurrus, or boundary stones, survive which document large donations of land and tax exemptions during his reign. Marduk-zākir-šumi, the bēl pīḫati, or provincial governor, was the beneficiary of a piece of land as a perquisite from the king. He was son of Nabû-nadin-aḫe, grandson of Rimeni-Marduk, great grandson of Uballissu-Marduk, who had been šatammu, or an official under Kurigalzu II’s regime and descendant of Arad-Ea, um-mi-a-niğ2-kas7, scholar of accounting. His responsibilities included inspector of temple and land and controller of forced labor. One of the witnesses was Nabû-šakin-šumi, also described as “son of” Arad-Ea. Another stele records that Ina-Esağila-zēra-ibni, “son of” Arad-Ea, measured a field, after replacing the previous land surveyor.

The symbol of the stylus, representing the god of writing and wisdom, Nabû, makes its first appearance on one of his kudurrus. A kudurru comes with an unusual trinity of gods in its invocation of a divine curse, “May Nabû, Nanaya and Tašmētum, lords of the decrees and decisions, surround him with evil and search him out for misfortune.”

The continuity of the reign with those earlier in the dynasty is evident in a kudurru providing confirmation of an earlier land grant by Adad-šuma-uṣur and a copy of a kudurru from the reign of Nazi-Maruttaš, the original of which was destroyed when a wall collapsed on it. Kudurrus were also used to record legal settlements, and two examples include a lawsuit concerning land in Ḫudadu (Baghdad?) province, on the Elamite border east of the Tigris from his accession year, and one recording legal actions over a field.

List of kudurrus dated to this reign
Around eighteen kudurrus could be assigned to his reign based upon the art-history of their iconography. The following lists those which actually identify him as the monarch in their texts.

 * Land grant to Marduk-zākir-šumi kudurru, the bēl pīḫati
 * Land grant to Munnabittu kudurru
 * Uzbi-Enlil kudurru
 * Broken kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina
 * Adad-bēl-kala kudurru confirming a gift by the earlier king Adad-šuma-uṣur
 * Fragmentary kudurru of Marduk-apla-iddina
 * The Tehran kudurru

Also dated to his reign is the stone copy of the Nazimaruttaš kudurru stone.

End of his reign
The events at the end of his reign are uncertain, but it is clear from later sources that it ended dramatically, when Elamite troops led by Shutruk-Nahhunte, who had married a sister of Marduk-apla-iddina, invaded Babylonia and sacked several cities, including the capital. Whether these events were the cause of his demise, or whether they followed a succession crisis in which Zababa-šuma-iddina, an individual whose relationship with Marduk-apla-iddina is unknown, attempted to succeed him to the kingship, has yet to be determined.

The Prophecy A text may portray him in the figure of the 4th king, whose 13-year reign ends with an Elamite attack on Akkad, the booty of Akkad taken away, confusion, social disorder, usurpation and famine, events which seem to mirror much of what is known about this period.

title: Marduk-apla-iddina I


text:
Something for Joey

Something for Joey is a 1977 American made-for-television sport drama film about the relationship between college football player John Cappelletti (portrayed by Marc Singer), and his younger brother Joey (Jeff Lynas). Other cast members included Geraldine Page, Linda Kelsey and Steve Guttenberg. It appeared on the CBS television network.

Plot
Joey battled leukemia since the age of three, and was one of the first children to undergo chemotherapy for the disease. The story traces John through his years at Penn State seeking the Heisman Trophy, and Joey his preteens, as each brother inspires the other, and their family around them, to try harder in life.

John wins the Heisman during a downturn in Joey's illness. During his acceptance speech, John names Joey as his prime motivator, then gradually breaks down in tears, as he tells everyone he wants Joey to have his trophy, for inspiring him and for enduring so much difficulty with leukemia. The whole Cappelletti family is there, and Joey runs to John's side.

The film ends by revealing Joey succumbed to his leukemia and died with John by his side on April 8, 1976.

Cast

 * Geraldine Page as Anne Cappelletti
 * Gerald S. O'Loughlin as John Cappelletti Sr
 * Marc Singer as John Cappelletti
 * Jeffrey Lynas as Joey Cappelletti
 * Paul Picerni as Joe Paterno
 * Kathleen Beller as Jean Cappelletti
 * Linda Kelsey as Joyce Cappelletti (also Narrator)
 * Steve Guttenberg as Michael Cappelletti
 * James Karen as Dr. Wingreen

Reception
The film was adapted from a best-selling biography of the brothers, and was well presented and well received. It also appeared later on home video in 1995. It was the most-viewed prime-time television show of the week upon its first airing in April 1977. The movie got 96% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Home media
The film was released by MTM Home Video in 1995 on VHS.

Nominations
The film was nominated for Outstanding Directing in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy and Outstanding Writing in a Special Program - Drama or Comedy - Original Teleplay at the Emmy Awards, as well as for the Golden Globe Best Motion Picture Made for TV in 1978.

title: Something for Joey


text:
User:Ikester/CastleCops

CastleCops.com (formerly known as computercops.biz) is a globally oriented security and privacy site based in New Jersey. Paul Laudanski (AKA User:Zhen-Xjell) started the site Feb 22, 2002 with focus in online security and privacy information in a community environment. Since then, the site also focuses on Spyware/Malware. Discussion topics cover security software, support/troubleshooting services, identity protection, browser hijacking cleanup, tutorials, news, downloads, roughly 200 forums, and software reviews.

Site features
CastleCops.com allows its users to submit reviews of security and privacy products and read reviews written by others. CastleCops also delivers news covering security and privacy online.

Other site services include a Wiki for community documentation and guides, blogs, port scanning, downloads, news, hijack cleaning, and computer troubleshooting.

The site is written in PHP, is delivered by Apache, and uses MySQL for its database. The discussion forums use phpBB as the engine, and the wrapper is a custom PHP-Nuke.

Community
CastleCops.com operates close to 200 forums whose underlying focus is security and privacy. The site hosts the official forums for "Adshield", "Firetrust's Benign, Mailwasher, Firstalert! and Encrypt", "Proxomitron", "Prevx", "Paul Collins' aka pacman StartupList", "Sphinx-Soft", "Sunbelt Software Counterspy", and "Winpatrol".

Research Databases
CastleCops maintains master copies of spyware databases. These Hijackthis databases assist researchers and users in identifying objects as spyware, legitimate, or questionable in the various sections typically preceded with "R", "O", "F", or "N" and then a number. Currently the following O section lists are publicly accessible from the home page:

 * Windows Startups (O4)
 * NT/XP Services (O23)
 * Internet Explorer Extra Buttons (O9)
 * Layered Service Providers
 * Browser Helper Objects (BHOs - O2)
 * Toolbars (O3)
 * Extra Protocol and Protocol Hijackers (O18)
 * AppInit_DLLs and Winlogon Notify (O20)
 * ShellServiceObjectDelayLoad (O21)

The following lists will also soon be made publicly accessible:

 * ActiveX (O16)

The site's lists can be accessed via different routes:

 * Web Browser
 * [BHODemon]
 * [BHOList]
 * Windows INI
 * RSS Feeds

These lists brought the site, along with several other security sites, cease and desist letters. The most noteable was iDownload/iSearch which was written about at Slashdot and Broadbandreports, TechWeb, The Inquirer, and ZDNet's Spyware Confidential.

title: User:Ikester/CastleCops


text: User talk:65.39.87.25

title: User talk:65.39.87.25


text:
File:Krag-Petersson bayonet.jpg

Cropped to highlight the feature discussed, original available at http://www.oocities.com/trondwikborg/kragpetersson.html (or at least was on the 22 August 2005).

Fair use for Krag–Petersson
The image Krag-Petersson bayonet.jpg is being linked here; though the picture is originally copyrighted I (WegianWarrior 07:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)) feel it is covered by fair use because: I, the uploader, also feels that the photo adds significant value to the article, as it makes it much easier to visualise the Krag-Petersson bayonet than mere words. WegianWarrior 06:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) No public domain image of the Krag-Petterson bayonet could be found.
 * 2) It is of lower resolution than the original image, as well as cropped. It can therefore not be used to reproduce good copies.
 * 3) Only 975 of these rifles were manufactured in the first place, and production ended before 1880. The bayonet was produced in an identical number. Less than a handful exists today, and even less in an original state. Therefore it's impossible or near impossible to replace this image, since the uploader would need to own a bayonet that is in its original state to recreate the image
 * 4) The photo is used for informative and educational purposes only.

title: File:Krag-Petersson bayonet.jpg


text:
Marjean Holden

Marjean Holden (born Margaret Jean Holden; November 3, 1964) is an American actress, stuntwoman, martial artist, author and director.

Early life and education
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and raised in Vail, Colorado, Holden attended Battle Mountain High School, where she was a hitter on the volleyball team. She attended Northern Arizona University, where she had a volleyball scholarship, and Arizona State University.

Career
Holden made her professional acting debut in 1989 in the feature film Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure. She has guest-starred in JAG, Tales from the Crypt, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, La Femme Nikita, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Suddenly Susan, and The Steve Harvey Show.

She was featured in Steven Spielberg's The Lost World and Jan de Bont's Speed 2: Cruise Control, as well as other films including Philadelphia Experiment II as Jess after Courteney Cox bowed out of the role.

Holden is known for such television roles as Arina in the adventure series BeastMaster. Holden played a role as an Earthforce navigator on board the Excalibur, in the Babylon 5 movie Babylon 5: A Call to Arms.

In the short-lived Babylon 5 spin-off television series Crusade she served as Chief Medical Officer Dr. Sarah Chambers on the same ship. She appeared as Sheeva in the film Mortal Kombat Annihilation, and starred as Jesse Gavin, an undercover cop specializing in martial arts alongside Cory Everson in Ballistic (1995).

Personal life
Outside of the world of film and television, Holden has worked with combat veterans, and received an award from the Military Order of the Purple Heart in 1996 for "caring about combat-wounded veterans and veterans as a whole". In 1998 she married writer Anton Knezevich.

title: Marjean Holden


text:
Caushun

Caushun (born Jason Herndon, 1977) is an American rapper, often erroneously referred to as the first openly gay hip-hop artist to be signed to a major record label in the United States. It was reported that he was to be signed to Kimora Lee Simmons' Baby Phat Records, which was formed for the purpose of releasing/distributing Caushun's album as well as Kimora Lee's attempt at a recording career. Neither record was ever released. "Caushun" sparked interest and was mentioned in a variety of publications, television programs and documentaries, including MTV as a rapper and celebrity judge, BET, VH1, Newsweek, The New York Times and Interview magazine.

After a 2002 interview in the Washington, D.C. LGBT newspaper Metro Weekly, a 2003 profile in The New York Times by Touré, and a feature in The Advocate, prominent hip-hop figures took interest and began to endorse Caushun publicly. In a 2007 interview in Allhiphop.com, Ivan Matias revealed that he created Caushun and that he wrote, recorded and performed all of the work attributed to Caushun. Matias revealed that the Caushun persona started out as a prank when he and friends called into the STAR & BUC WILD SHOW on HOT 97 WQHT radio station in New York as a flamboyantly gay rapper. After a series of call-in performances that became increasing popular, Matias agreed to meet with radio host STAR aka Troi Torain at Hot97, where he explained the situation. Together, they decided that Caushun needed a face as the popularity and demand for the character grew. Matias contacted Jason Herndon who agreed to play the role of Caushun in public.

title: Caushun


text:
User:Kronostos

visit me, or [mailto:wikipedia@kronostos.com email me]

title: User:Kronostos


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Koleda

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Early keep. Totally rewritten. No more dicdef. mikka (t) 20:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Koleda
*Delete. dicdef MCB 07:05, 22 August 2005 (UTC) For deletionists I would advise to learn how to use google. mikka (t) 18:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. (And refer creator to Wiktionary.) - Mgm|(talk) 08:58, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not even sure if this really qualifies for transiki to Wiktionary. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 17:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep now expanded, please take another look. --Irpen 18:08, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. It is actually a new article. mikka (t) 18:18, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. It is important part of East Slavic heritage. --Ghirlandajo 18:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The deletion votes, including my nomination, were based on a 1-line article, not the one up now. MCB 18:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article has been nicely expanded; I withdraw my nomination. MCB 18:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As per Ghirlandajo. --Wojsyl (talk) 19:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Koleda


text:
Talk:Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Redirect
This page should redirect to a Cordyceps sinensis, not the other way round. Nemetona 17:04, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
ǎǍǎÁTo improve the web site. I think that you should have a bit more about the enivorment and that have pictures to show what you are talking about a lable them to.This is just a idea from ten year old Reshma Ratti. Great Idea Ratti! Daniel Winkler (talk) 03:52, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * A picture of the fruiting body sprouting out of the ground would be nice. What color is it fresh? Drutt (talk) 17:31, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Name
Vegetable Caterpillar is a really bad name. Must be "Chinglish" or some other poor translation. Caterpillar Fungus is the generally accepted name. It should be listed straight under Cordyceps sinensis or Caterpillar Fungus, but not this vegetable worm. What is vegetable about it? The caterpillar, the fungus? Actually caterpillar and Cordyceps are closer related to each other than either to any mysterious vegetable.

Where does this Yatsa gunbu come from instead of Yartsa gunbu? I have not seen a single scientific article using Yatsa. This should be eliminated.

Used for breaking world record?
"he fungus is so popular because two female Chinese athletes (Wang Junxia and Qu Yunxia) beat the world records for 1500, 3000 and 10000 meters. Their coach said this fungus -that is already known for 2000 years- helped the athletes."
 * Some people are too naive to beleive what the coach (Ma Junren) said. I just could not help laughing when reading this. It was just a smart trick to hide his real systematic, scientific way in training his atheletes. I would not tell more here in case I may leak some of his training methods. :-) --Leo 22:29, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Which, as it turned out, involved performance enhancing drugs.David notMD (talk) 10:55, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Vegetable
I don't think there is any contradiction here in calling it 'vegetable' since the term does not necessarily imply a plant organism and is not strictly a scientific term denoting members of the plant kingdom. Vegetable could refer to fungi as well as plants; after all most people consider edible mushrooms as vegetables. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.200.200 (talk) 20:07, 8 February 2008 (UTC) Are we here to perpetuate misconceptions or to correct them? Daniel Winkler (talk) 03:50, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I propose moving the info from Vegetable caterpillar into this article for seemingly obvious reasons. -- ThujaSol  ∆  06:07, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Motion to support! Perhaps we should make Cordyceps sinesis a redirect to that (if it isn't already). - Vianello (talk) 17:00, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

article name
I think it would make sense to change the article name to Caterpillar fungus, it is a more logical name. How do other people feel about it?
 * Sounds logical to me! - Vianello (talk) 02:57, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Vegetable Fungus is such a bad name. I never use it and everytime I visit Wikipedia I am puzzled how this ended up here. I don't even know the root of that misnomer and I have been looking for it for years. Caterpillar fungus or its original Tibetan name Yartsa gunbu is much better. I work on the role of yartsa gunbu in tibet since ten years and I really can not find a single reason for this odd name. Vegetables are plants. Fungi are NOT plants at all, at least if you follow DNA research. I do not think we should base Wikipedia on supermaket catergorizations. This vegetable nonsense needs to be composted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daniel Winkler (talk • contribs) 03:41, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Since this page is specifically about Cordyceps sinensis, and the name Caterpillar Fungus is used to refer to most caterpillar-infecting species of Cordyceps, I suggest it should be renamed to its scientific name, Cordyceps sinensis, which has no ambiguity. In Europe and North America, the names Vegetable Caterpillar and Caterpillar Fungus are used to refer principally to Cordyceps militaris, and in Australia to various undescribed species. Thus the name of the article is ambiguous and in certain parts of the world, wrong. MFdeS (talk) 22:39, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Name Change
Cordyceps sinensis has been transfered to Ophiocordyceps sinensis and is now even in a new family Ophiocordycipitaceae acc. to Sung et al. 2007. Cordyceps militaris is still in Cordycipitaceae. This needs to be reflected in the header, but it seems to be locked here the source: ^ Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW. (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology 57: 5–59. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daniel Winkler (talk • contribs) 19:44, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

According to an article in Mycology titled, What is the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, the scientific name of the Caterpillar fungus seems to have been renamed from Cordyceps sinensis to Ophiocrodyceps sinensis in 2007. Therefore, I think a name change (with a short explanation) may be in order. Shu ster (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:07, 27 March 2011 (UTC).

It is confusing thatCordyceps sinensis was renamed. Wikipedia has various pages covering Cordyceps, Ophiocordyceps, Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Some of them are better than others and there is overlap. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xkit (talk • contribs) 17:10, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

Recent changes; removal of trivia section
I'm going to try and update this article based on recent changes on taxonomy and classification (per the above messages). Have moved the unsourced trivia section here. Sasata (talk) 17:49, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

"In the Pokémon games there are two species of bug Pokémon, Paras & Parasect that are host to tōchūkasō (the mushrooms are referred to by their Japanese name in the English versions of the game as well as the Japanese version) mushrooms. Paras are born with tiny spores covering their body, which grow into tochukaso mushrooms as the Pokémon feeds. It is noted in that the relationship between the host and the mushrooms is a symbiotic relationship: the mushrooms will sap energy from the host, causing the Paras to continuously burrow underground in forest areas to gnaw on tree roots, since the tochukaso draws most of the energy from the roots. In return, the mushrooms defend the host by spraying toxic spores at enemies. The mushrooms themselves have strong healing properties, and are valued for their life extending properties. In the case of Paras' evolved form, Parasect the two mushrooms become one and completely take over its bug host. Parasect resides in dark and damp places, a preference of the mushroom, not the bug. There are also two items that resemble Paras' and Parasect's tōchūkasō mushrooms called "TinyMushroom" (which resembles Paras' mushrooms) and the "Big Mushroom" (which resembles Parasect's mushroom). It can be assumed they are both tōchūkasō mushrooms do to their design, rarity, value, and are quite popular among collectors (aka Mushroom Maniacs)."

NPOV and what is 'evidence'
Seems the alt. med. crazies have been all over this article. Several members of my family went through years of chemo and eventually died of cancer, but apparently this stuff cures it! GASP. Maybe a regular wiki editor could take a look at and rectify this pseudoscientific nonsense and get the POV out? 114.76.167.183 (talk) 02:51, 26 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Pretty sure there are a few studies but nothing like a clinical trial. I agree that saying a substance "is used for X" can be misleading; we should always give the scientific state of play no matter what popular usage is. After adding a bit to the lede (three-edit-diff), it now says (additions italicized):  "it is used as an aphrodisiac and treatment for ailments such as fatigue and cancer, although such use is mainly based on traditional Chinese medicine, anecdote, and a limited amount of research. Clinical trials have not established its efficacy."  That may do the trick.  I removed the tag but might have been too hasty.  --Middle 8 (talk) 08:29, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

The bit about clinical trials not having established efficacy is a false conclusion (because you don't know that) and wrong (search pubmed for `cordyceps` with limit to clinical trials). Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PMID: 20804368). Xkit (talk) 08:32, 13 May 2012 (UTC) Also, the part claiming that lead wire and twigs are never used and that the producers "perpetuate this myth" seems to be lacking in a NPOV to me. Andrei Bolkonsky (talk) 15:31, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Actually, several notable research articles (in vitro and animal testing) have been removed from the page. Someone was maybe too overzealous to get rid of pseudoscience and cut a good portion of science uith it. A confirmed in vitro effect is far from a clinical trial, but more than anecdote and tradition... Eg.: 37.76.2.114 (talk) 13:07, 12 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia standards are that for health/medical topics, secondary sources, i.e., reviews, systemic reviews and meta-analyses, published in peer-reviewed journals, are the accepted references. This means NOT in vitro, NOT animal, and NOT clinical trials. All of that considered primary sources, and NOT valid as refs. For many topics, there are many clinical trials - some with positive results and some not - so the intent of relying on secondary sources is to use the conclusions of experts in the field. David notMD (talk) 11:03, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Arsenic and heavy metals?
The article says: "it usually contains high amount of arsenic and other heavy metals." How could it accumulate these elements if it feeds on caterpillars? Are the caterpillars also rich in arsenic and heavy metals? It makes no sense to me. --Polinizador (talk) 13:18, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

I am not sure when it started to happen but Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been cultivated, contrary to the article.
I am not sure when it started to happen but Ophiocordyceps sinensis is in cultivation, while the article says that it is not, based on a 2013 source. I am not sure if my source (https://www.terramatergardens.com/product/cordyceps-ophiocordyceps-sinensis/) is appropriately academic, otherwise I would have changed the article myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.210.22.81 (talk) 08:31, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ophiocordyceps sinensis


text:
Talk:World Music Award

sorry about that, i'm new to this... um i cant find anything on google, ive tried alot of times... is there anyway u can contact the awards organisers to ask about past winners? In particulr Najwa Karam...

 * thank you

By the way, sorry if was harsh in anyway. Information on the World music awards are very hard to find. After checking out their official website, it seems as if they do not have a database or anything in which to find winners. However, I will keep checking for you so if you return to your talk page, I might be able to give you some info or inform you that I do not have any. If I havent contacted you, just buzz me at my talk page. For 2000, see
 * 2000 Results.

For 2003, see
 * 2003 WMA results

For 2004, see
 * 2004 Results

Information is very scarse after that but I will check for you.

lol thanx for that... I'm just sure that ive seen Najwa Karam at the awards before sometime in the 90s... but i just wanted to confirm it was her who one the award.

thanx again

 * This link is not from the WMA but from Monte Carlo's tourist information ofiice. THe WMA do not name any millemnium award. Also, the Tourist Information Board gives the wrong description of the Legend Award- Mariah and M Jackson were given a Legend Award each that year. The Legend Award is ,according to the WMA for 'Outstanding Contribution to Tthe Music Industry' and has been awarded to many artists apart from Mariah and Miachael, however on the Tourist Information Centre, it changes into 'Best-selling Artist of the Millemnium'- still called legend award. The WMA are clear that such Millemnium Award was never given- these were Legend Awards. Confusion in Prince Albert's speech, Mariah's thanksgiving and g=from her entourage have then turned the legend Award into something which the WMA never awarded. At least, this article should be referred to the WMA, not being another Mariah spin page!

How come there's no link to the WMA Website? Hiding the original source? Here it is

Chopard Diamond Award
Chopard Diamond Award why Michael Jackson didn't receive this award although he sold over 100 million copies?

 * They only give out one per year. I suspect that soon he will recieve this award. Perhaps even at the next WMA's. Street walker 11:16, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

 * They only give prizes to artists that can attend the show.

 * The links above are not from the WMA but from Monte Carlo's tourist information ofiice. THe WMA do not name any millemnium award. Also, the Tourist Information Board gives the wrong description of the Legend Award- Mariah and M Jackson were given a Legend Award each that year. The Legend Award is ,according to the WMA for 'Outstanding Contribution to Tthe Music Industry' and has been awarded to many artists apart from Mariah and Miachael, however on the Tourist Information Centre, it changes into 'Best-selling Artist of the Millemnium'- still called legend award. The WMA are clear that such Millemnium Award was never given- these were Legend Awards. Confusion in Prince Albert's speech, Mariah's thanksgiving and g=from her entourage have then turned the legend Award into something which the WMA never awarded. The other Monte Carlo information centre website is a masterpiece of confusion and misinformation, claiming the Millemnium Award was unique and then stating it is actually a Legend award, which has been given to many artists already. Information about all major prizes is available on the WMA website (it lists all winners, and shows pictures with every year) and clearly states that Mariah and Michael were given a Legend Award, NOT 'Best selling artist of the Millemnium' award in 2000. We know that all Mariah fans ignore the WMA and hang on to unsubstantiated spin about this 'millemnium award, but this is an article about the WMA that ignores information from the WMA in favour of a ttourist information centre. It's hilarious! At least, this article should be referred to the WMA, not being another Mariah spin page! It's clear that on the same Montecarlo page the Legend Award is desctribed as something for Mariah, and something else (falling from top to bottom of the page) for Chaka Khan!!! Prince Albert may love Mariah, but the WMA never gave her that title!!!!

 * How come there's no link to the WMA Website? Hiding the original source? Here it is

Pay no attention to this editor, please. Oran  e    (t)   (c)   (e)  16:54, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This editor has actually put Orane in contact with The WMA's legal officer- and given him official confirmation of what I say and a clear explanation from the WMA themselves (LEGAL OFFICER) stating exactly what I say above, but Orane, who HAS copies of the documents, has decided to ignore the WMA's own legal statement. Anyone who wishes a copy of the WMA's official denial of teh existence iof the Millemnium Award (as if their Website was not enough), get yourself an email address and post it here- I will get you all in touch with the WMA. PS_ why don't you report what the WMA say about teh best selling female artist of all time in their legal letter? That it was never given to Mariah, but has been offered to madonna who so far has refused it? Don't believe it ladies and gents? Get a new email (to avoid hassle) and I'll get you a legal confirmation of it, from the WMA's LEGAL OFFICE! Not teh Monte Carlo Tourist Information office (as is the only link on this page!!!)

 * Also Michael Jackson did get a best-selling artist ever award, but not by the WMA, by the MJ Awards. Your link nr 7 confirms it.

 * You can believe what you want to believe but at the end of the day, the World Music Awards named her the biggest selling female artist of all time.

OMG i just read you argument STREET WALKER and is that why the honor Mariah Carey, because Prince Albert is a fan. That is extremley biased and unfair. Don't trust this award show, go by the Grammys!

I don't think the World Music Awards are 100% accurate
I don't believe the artists that they honor is such a high position, really deserve to be given such a crown. Yes, they deserve recognition but not titles such as "BEST SELLING ARTIST OF ALL TIME". I find it hard to swallow that Michael Jackson (Yes, I understand he is MASSIVE) can wear this crown over Elvis Presley and same for Mariah Carey (Big again) I can't see on earth how she was given the crown over Madonna or Celion Dion. Another unusual thing is the fact that if you go by the offical site and use it to find how to contact the World Music Awards, most of the address that come up are hotmail adresses???? So unprofessional!

I trust much more prestigous music associations and especially the one and only Grammys. Plus I've never heard of the World Music Awards, until I search for a list of music awards shows.

 * Oh don't worry you are not alone in this thinking. Beside the fact that it's stupid to award the best selling (aren't sales enough for them?), the criteria is ludicrous to say the least, not to mention the "best selling of all time". There are several artists that have never been audited by the association and therefore never sold anything according to them, or very little. For example many know that Motown Records' founder Berry Gordy refused to have the records audited and therefore for example Diana Ross or Diana Ross and The Supremes are never mentioned officially when talking about sales, but we all know they sold MUCH MUCH more than Destiny's Child, whose "Best Selling group of all time" award is a pure fantasy. And the fact that you cannot trace back or find historic information about this so-called show should be a clue.

Then, if you take into consideration the fact that most companies report "sales" as units shipped, which is a totally different thing.......... Such an award should be banned until you can actually trust the sources. For example, even the most selling artist of all time (Beatles or Elvis) are debated over, Madonna as well, ABBA ...you name it. 62.2.236.130 13:53, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

2007 World music award performances
Can someone tell me where i can go to view the 2007 world music award performances?

title: Talk:World Music Award


text:
Ella Scott Lynch

Ella Scott Lynch (born 27 September 1982 in Sydney) is an Australian actress. Her notable roles include Shirley Ryan in the series Love Child and Melbourne gangland barrister Nicola Gobbo in the Channel Nine mini-series Informer 3838.

Early life
Ella Scott Lynch attended St Catherine's School, Waverley, NSW. She is a graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Arts.

Career
In 2005, she was cast in the soap opera Home and Away in the role of Hayley Lawson, previously played by Bec Cartwright, which she played until the end of that year.

In 2008 Lynch was cast as a regular in All Saints. Her character, nurse Claire Anderson, replaced Jolene Anderson's character Erika. Coincidentally, Kip Gamblin, who played Hayley's love interest Scott Hunter in Home and Away, also joined All Saints at that point.

In 2020 she appeared in Informer 3838 as the titular character, Melbourne gangland lawyer Nicola Gobbo. The mini-series was inspired by the real-life career of Gobbo, who was recruited by Victoria Police in the 1990s as an informer on crime figures such as drug kingpin Tony Mokbel.

title: Ella Scott Lynch


text:
Bangani

Bangani (बंगाणी baṅgāṇī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of Uttarkashi district in the west of the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. It has been described either as a member of the Western Pahari language group, or as a dialect of the Central Pahari Garhwali language. It shares between one half and two thirds of its basic vocabulary with neighbouring varieties of Garhwali and with the Western Pahari languages of Jaunsari and Sirmauri.

Centum substrate hypothesis
Bangani is of interest amongst scholars of Indo-European languages, due to some unusual features.

Since the 1980s, Claus Peter Zoller – a scholar of Indian linguistics and literature – has claimed that there is a centum language substrate in Bangani. Zoller has also suggested that Bangani has been misclassified as a dialect of Garhwali and is more closely related to the Western Pahari languages.

The substance of Zoller's claims has been rejected by George van Driem and Suhnu Sharma, in publications since 1996, which claim that Zoller's data was flawed and that Bangani is an unambiguously satem language. Zoller does not accept the findings by van Driem and Sharma, and claims that there are methodological issues and factual errors in van Driem and Sharma's work.

In addition, Zoller also notes the two scholars did not set foot in Bangan but interviewed speakers at another location near Bangan. Professor Anvita Abbi visited Bangan after them and confirmed Zollers data.

Support for Zoller's hypothesis and his underlying data has been offered by other linguists and Indologists, such as Anvita Abbi, Hans Henrich Hock, and Koenraad Elst.

title: Bangani


text:
Opus Dei (disambiguation)

Opus Dei is a personal prelature of the Catholic Church.

Opus Dei may also refer to:
 * Opus Dei (album), an album by Laibach
 * Opus Dei (book), a 2005 book by John L. Allen Jr.
 * Opus Dei, prayers in the Liturgy of the Hours of the Catholic Church

title: Opus Dei (disambiguation)


text:
Perfect society

Perfect society may refer to :

 * Communitas perfecta, the name given to one of several political philosophies of the Catholic Church
 * Utopia, a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More.

title: Perfect society


text:
Talk:Entoptic phenomenon

Comments
The correct rendering should be "endoptic" or "endo-optic", endo(=in, inside), and not ento-,which is misleading

 * Nevertheless, "entoptic" is the standard term used in everything I've ever read about the subject. If you are aware of a journal style guide or medical dictionary or anything like that which recommends the use of "endoptic," please cite it. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The "ent-" prefix means "within". AED 04:56, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

(I assume "entoptic" wishes to signify "inside the optic") Endo-optic as in endoscopy, endogenous, etc;and not as in entropy or entomologist, where the prefix is "en", and not "entos"\"endo-".In Greek, the "t" of the word "entos" changes into delta when in a compound word.The 4th letter of the Greek alphabet-delta- being traditionally rendered with a "d", as in endogamy.Using the en of entropy, would give you "enoptic", and not entoptic (furthermore, "en" is not always used to denote "inside", whereas "endo-" always is).

 * Take it up with the lexicographers. "Entoptic" is the standard term. It's not Wikipedia's job to reform the language.
 * Main Entry: ent·op·tic
 * Pronunciation: ent-äp-tik
 * Function: adjective
 * lying or originating within the eyeball -- used especially of visual sensations due to the shadows of retinal blood vessels or of opaque particles in the vitreous body falling upon the retina
 * —Merriam-Webster,
 * Dpbsmith (talk) 12:05, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Wiki simply reflects the standard usage of a term and it's not our job to change it. I am not a linguist, however, I think it's safe to assume that languages borrow items from other languages quite often without strict adherence to whatever rules may have initially applied. This is particularly true of medical terminology. AED 17:27, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Calling them "subjective" is not POV
They cannot be directly shown to others, hence they are subjective. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:03, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

E.g. "Do we ever see light": "We sometimes see entoptic phenomena or "spots before our eyes." All these are subjective sensations..."

 * The full comment was this: "This gives them a certain subjective and mysterious quality." "Mysterious" is certainly POV. All perception is subjective, but what is "a subjective quality"? Sure, you can't directly experience my entoptic phenomenon, but I can take you into the lab and show you all the entoptic phenomenon listed so that you can see them for yourself. It's an unnecessary comment in the article. AED 01:14, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Purkinje figures?
I don't think these can be called "entopic phenomenon" since, as far as I know, one cannot see the Purkinje images in one's own eye. They are not seen by the person in whose eyes they appear, but by a second observer. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:48, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Purkinje images gives a reasonable explanation of why they are entoptic phenomena. -AED 22:55, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Whoops, got sidetracked for about six months. On reading Purkinje images, I agree that if that article is correct, then Purkinje images can be entoptic phenomena. The problem is I'm skeptical about the statement in that article that says
 * The third and fourth Purkinje images can be visible from within the eye itself. Light reflected away from the surfaces of the lens can in turn reflect back into the eye from the rear surface of the cornea.
 * It doesn't have a reference. The third and fourth Purkinje images are very dim to begin with, and an additional partial reflection from the cornea would make them dimmer still. And it doesn't explain how these reflections could possibly be close enough to being in focus on the retina to be visible.
 * Now, quite possibly I'm simply revealing my ignorance, but I'd certainly like to see a reference to the conditions under which the third and fourth Purkinje images in one's own eye can be visible to one's self. If true, I agree that this would certainly qualify as an entoptic phenomena. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:39, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * P. S. To confuse things further, it appears, at least from this reference, that "Purkinje's figures" or "Purkinje's images" can also refer to the vascular figure. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:40, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

I think the blood vessel shadows are called the Purkinje Tree, not the Purkinje images. You can't see the images, but you can see the tree in a simple classroom demonstration with a flashlight. Wandell 03:49, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

I think you're right. Certainly the Purkinje Tree is an entoptic phenomenon, and a dramatic one. Using a penlight to create a bright spot of light on the sclera is one good way to view it. Another way is to create a small pinhole e.g. in a black card or piece of aluminum foil, hold it in front of one's pupil, gaze at a uniformly lit surface (a blank wall or sheet of paper), and move the pinhole in small circles. The image is initially harder to see but "develops" over a few seconds and is much sharper and detailed than with the flashlight method. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:04, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

I added back a revised version of the Purkinje images relative to entopic images. The Wiki article on Purkinje images only covers I through IV, although Tscherning names and discusses V and VI, this last being an entoptic image. Tscherning also gives instructions on seeing it. I did this edit with mixed feelings, the image is very faint (Tscherning wrote: "we must pause to wonder at the enormous sensitiveness of the retina, for the brightness of the sixth image is really only 1/40,000 of that of the useful image") and the article doesn't mention much more visible phenomena such as Purkinje's blue arcs, Maxwell's spot, and other shadow images besides the blood vessels such as cornea wrinkles and the lens suture patterns. Please excuse and advise me of any mistakes I made with the edit (it was my first time). I shall try to add more later to this section and would appreciate help. Mwmauser (talk) 22:25, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Entoptic vs endoptic vs entopic
éndon and entós both mean "within" and were used as locative prepositions (as well as en). Thus entoptic seems to be a valid blend (cf. entoderm, Entamoeba, etc.) although admittedly I don't find any natural Ancient Greek terms that used "endo-" or "ento-" as a prefix (all used "en-" as a locative as well as a lative prefix). (Don't confuse "éndon" with "endo-", the Old Latin prefix.) ṓps means "eye", ōpós being the genitive and ōp- the word stem, rendering -opic a valid alternative (cf. Cyclop, myopic etc.), albeit a rarer one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.127.158.126 (talk) 18:03, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Entoptic phenomenon


text: Template:IrishNavyFleet

title: Template:IrishNavyFleet


text:
Datarock Datarock

Datarock Datarock is the debut studio album by Norwegian Dance-punk duo Datarock, released on April 4, 2005. The duo's hit single, "Computer Camp Love", is a playful song based on the 1984 American comedy Revenge of the Nerds and almost parodies "Summer Nights". The album was later released in 2007 to North America and included the music videos for "Bulldozer", "Computer Camp Love", and "Fa-Fa-Fa".

The album cover appeared on many apple iPod advertisements.

Original version

 * 1) "Bulldozer" – 1:59
 * 2) "I Used to Dance with My Daddy" – 4:53
 * 3) "Computer Camp Love" – 3:08
 * 4) "Fa-Fa-Fa" – 5:08
 * 5) "Princess" – 3:45
 * 6) "Sex Me Up" – 3:07
 * 7) "Nightflight to Uranus" – 4:17
 * 8) "Ugly Primadonna" – 3:43
 * 9) "Maybelline" – 4:02
 * 10) "Laurie" – 4:25
 * 11) "The Most Beautiful Girl" – 3:56

North American release

 * 1) "Bulldozer" - 01:59
 * 2) "I Used to Dance with My Daddy" - 04:52
 * 3) "Computer Camp Love" - 03:08
 * 4) "Fa-Fa-Fa" - 05:08
 * 5) "Princess" - 03:45
 * 6) "Ganguro Girl" - 03:25
 * 7) "See What I Care" - 03:18
 * 8) "Laurie" - 04:25
 * 9) "The New Song" - 02:34
 * 10) "Ugly Primadonna" - 03:43
 * 11) "Sex Me Up" - 03:07
 * 12) "The Most Beautiful Girl" - 03:56
 * 13) "I Will Always Remember You" - 04:04

title: Datarock Datarock


text:
Talk:Libby Davies

Parliamentary debate?
I tried looking for the debate in the House of Commons (via Edited Hansard available online) where Kenney and Davies have this exchange as noted in the last paragraph. I cannot seem to find it. However, I did find news articles that seem to indicate that this exchange took place outside of the House of Commons. If it did not occur in the House, then I don't think it should be called "parliamentary debate". The controversial line was mentioned in a Statements by Members session, but that's not the same as debate. Same issue on the Jason Kenney article. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-08-22 T 07:14:33 Z

is she related to don davies
is she related to don davies 24.83.34.60 (talk) 03:30, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

A comment on my recent edits
Could my interlocutor please respond to the question that I've posed here and here? Libby Davies has been in public life for over thirty years; somehow, giving a headline to a recent, trumped-up media controversy (and not to anything else) strikes me as a violation of WP:UNDUE. CJCurrie (talk) 21:52, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm still waiting for an answer. CJCurrie (talk) 00:51, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well...it would help if you wrote on the talkpage that you've created a section for this...But anyhow, how can her remarks on israel be classified as something suggestive of her "life and career"?Sleetman (talk) 15:36, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I see that you've restored the headline without responding to my question . I'm still waiting for an answer. CJCurrie (talk) 22:04, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
 * As at Thomas Mulcair, my view is that while the incident certainly merits mention in her article, it doesn't warrant its own special headline. She's done and said a lot of things in her thirty-year career in politics, and that one incident hardly qualifies as her Singular Defining MomentTM that completely and utterly overrides anything else in her entire history. Just as it was inappropriately excessive to split Adam Giambrone's scandal last year into a separate subsection titled "Sex scandal" instead of simply dealing with it in the existing "Mayoral campaign" section. Bearcat (talk) 22:36, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
 * But who said her remarks were the singular defining moment of her political life? It's certainly a (not the) defining moment of her career in politics and given the media coverage it generated should be regarded as an issue that deserves its own section, but (again) who's saying her remarks are the "singular defining moment" of her political career?...Also, your example of how its inappropriate to introduce subsections for controversies is completely untrue: under Stephen Harper's wikipedia-page, is a census controversy subsection that documents the changes he and his government made in the Canadian questionnaire. Now under your criteria of whether an incident is notable or not, this subsection should be deleted because it's not a "singular defining moment" of Harper...but of course nobody is seriously suggesting that the controversy shouldn't be deleted anytime soon given the amount of news coverage it generated as well as the importance of the news (i.e. changes in the Canadian questionnaire) to the Canadian public. Sleetman (talk) 15:36, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * who's saying her remarks are the "singular defining moment" of her political career? By setting that paragraph apart as a separate subsection with its own separate headline, in a short article which doesn't have any other dedicated issue subsections at all, you are saying that. Stephen Harper's article, on the other hand, is about ten or fifteen times as long as this one, and has 37 other subsections besides the census controversy. If you're really going to compare this to other articles, at least find a comparison that's actually comparable. Bearcat (talk) 16:51, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "in a short article which doesn't have any other dedicated issue subsections at all" And this for a politician who has done "many things" over her thirty-years in politics. Strange. But ma'am alas I digress, so what if the Stephen Harper article is about "ten or fifteen times long" or has X amount of subsections? How does it change the fact that both controversies were widely reported in the Canadian media?Sleetman (talk) 18:06, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "Widely reported in the Canadian media" is not the criterion that determines whether an incident deserves its own separate subsection in the article, or should be dealt with in an existing subsection instead; undue weight is the criterion. Nobody's saying the incident shouldn't be mentioned at all, and nobody's removed it. But in this article as it currently stands, it is not so disproportionately important, in the context of her career as a whole, as to be the only thing she's ever done that merits its own distinct headline. Bearcat (talk) 18:43, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Sir, actually instead of the headline I can live with the current one (political career...I'm going to change to political views as that's probably a better headline). As for your idea that sections created on BLP documenting a particular incident related to that living person must be so important to that person as to define that person's career, that is a complete falsehood I don't where in WP:UNDUE or any of Wikipedia's policies you see that being the case. Sleetman (talk) 21:35, 15 May 2011 (UTC)
 * WP:UNDUE does point out that it is possible for the article structure to be arranged in a non-neutral way that gives excess weight to certain particular incidents or statements or opinions. And it also strikes me that in this entire discussion, you have yet to explain how it's "biased" to not give the incident its own special headline; you've simply asserted that it is, over and over again, with the circular reasoning that it's biased just because you say it is. Could you kindly explain how it's biased to not single it out for special attention? Bearcat (talk) 04:06, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Tag-team editing much?Sleetman (talk) 15:36, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Biased "give me my way or else I'm going to whine to the principal" editing much? Bearcat (talk) 16:34, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "Biased editing much" Pot kettle black. Ma'am. Sleetman (talk) 18:08, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Er, no. And I'm no ma'am. Bearcat (talk) 18:40, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes. Pot kettle black. Biased editing much. Caught red handed. Ma'am, miss, madam. Sleetman (talk) 18:42, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Biased how? And if you call me "ma'am" one more time, I'm going to editblock you. Bearcat (talk) 18:43, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Biased how? Please miss (didn't call you ma'am) don't tell me that removing Mulcair's section documenting his controversial remarks isn't somehow ideologically neutral. (the same goes with Libby Davies) I'm also surprised at your threat to editblock me, I haven't done anything wrong. I should point out you were the one who accused me of biased editing in the first place which (as an administrator you should know full well) is an instance of a personal attack so rest assured that if you do decide to editblock me on whatever nebulous charge that you can conjur up, I will use this ad hominem by you against me against you. Sleetman (talk) 18:51, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * What part of the actual content is still in the article; it just isn't disproportionately important enough in the context of their entire career as to need its own dedicated headline, and how that utterly fails to constitute "removing" anything or being "biased" at all, are you having trouble understanding? And allow me to be more clear: I'm male, so why exactly do you think it's appropriate or acceptable to call by any term which implies that I'm a woman? Bearcat (talk) 19:04, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with Bearcat here. It warrants mention in the article, but does not deserve a separate headline. DigitalC (talk) 23:49, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

I agree that the content needs to be there but a headline doesn't, per WP:UNDUE and WP:BLP. It shouldn't be restored without getting consensus, as I currently see multiple editors opposing the heading, and only one supporting it. Slp1 (talk) 00:57, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Libby Davies


text: Category:Hepialidae

title: Category:Hepialidae