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Gothic War (535–554)

The Gothic War between the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy took place from 535 to 554 in the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica. It was one of the last of the many Gothic Wars against the Roman Empire. The war had its roots in the ambition of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which the Romans had lost to invading barbarian tribes in the previous century, during the Migration Period.

The war followed the Byzantine reconquest of the province of Africa from the Vandals. Historians commonly divide the war into two phases:

 * From 535 to 540: ending with the fall of the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna and the apparent reconquest of Italy by the Byzantines.
 * From 540/541 to 553: a Gothic revival under Totila, suppressed only after a long struggle by the Byzantine general Narses, who also repelled an invasion in 554 by the Franks and Alamanni.

In 554, Justinian promulgated a pragmatic sanction that prescribed Italy's new government. Several cities in northern Italy held out against the Byzantines until 562. By the end of the war, Italy had been devastated and depopulated. It was seen as a pyrrhic victory for the Byzantines, who found themselves incapable of resisting an invasion by the Lombards in 568, which resulted in Constantinople permanently losing control over large parts of the Italian peninsula.

Italy under the Goths

In 476, Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus and declared himself rex Italiae (King of Italy), resulting in the final dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in Italy. Although Odoacer recognised the nominal suzerainty of the Byzantine emperor, Zeno, his independent policies and increasing strength made him a threat in the eyes of Constantinople. To provide a buffer, the Ostrogoths, under their leader, Theodoric the Great, were settled as foederati (allies) of the empire in the western Balkans, but unrest continued. Zeno sent the Ostrogoths to Italy as the representatives of the empire to remove Odoacer. Theodoric and the Goths defeated Odoacer, and Italy came under Gothic rule. In the arrangement between Theodoric and Zeno and his successor Anastasius, the land and its people were regarded as part of the Empire, with Theodoric a viceroy and head of the army (magister militum). This arrangement was scrupulously observed by Theodoric; there was continuity in civil administration, which was staffed exclusively by Romans, and legislation remained the preserve of the emperor. The army, on the other hand, was exclusively Gothic, under the authority of their chiefs and courts. The peoples were also divided by religion: the Romans were Chalcedonian Christians, while the Goths were Arian Christians. Unlike the Vandals or the early Visigoths, the Goths practised considerable religious tolerance. The dual system worked under the capable leadership of Theodoric, who conciliated the Italian aristocracy, but the system began to break down during his later years and collapsed under his heirs.

With the ascension of Emperor Justin I, the end of the Acacian schism between the Eastern and Western churches, and the return of ecclesiastical unity within the East, several members of the Italian senatorial aristocracy began to favour closer ties to Constantinople to balance Gothic power. The deposition and execution of the distinguished magister officiorum Boethius and his father-in-law in 524 were part of the slow estrangement from the Gothic regime. Theodoric was succeeded by his 10-year-old grandson Athalaric in August 526, with his mother, Amalasuntha, as regent; she had received a Roman education and began a rapprochement with the Senate and the Empire. This conciliation and Athalaric's Roman education displeased Gothic magnates, who plotted against her. Amalasuntha had three of the leading conspirators killed and wrote to the new emperor, Justinian I, asking for sanctuary if she was deposed. Amalasuntha remained in Italy.

Belisarius
In 533, using a dynastic dispute as a pretext, Justinian sent his most talented general, Belisarius, to recover the North African provinces held by the Vandals. The Vandalic War produced an unexpectedly swift and decisive victory for the Byzantine Empire and encouraged Justinian in his ambition to recover the rest of the lost western provinces. As regent, Amalasuntha had allowed the Byzantine fleet to use the harbours of Sicily, which belonged to the Ostrogothic Kingdom. After the death of Athalric in 534, Amalasuntha offered the kingship to her cousin Theodahad, who accepted the offer and then had her arrested; she was killed in early 535. Justinian made unsuccessful attempts through his agents to save Amalasuntha's life, and her death gave him a casus belli to go to war with the Goths. Procopius wrote that "as soon as he learned what had happened to Amalasuntha, being in the ninth year of his reign, he entered into war".

Belisarius was appointed commander in chief (stratēgos autokratōr) for the expedition against Italy with 7,500 men. Mundus, the magister militum per Illyricum, was ordered to occupy the Gothic province of Dalmatia. The forces made available to Belisarius were small, especially when compared with the much larger army he had fielded against the Vandals, an enemy much weaker than the Ostrogoths. The preparations for the operation were carried out in secret, while Justinian tried to secure the neutrality of the Franks with gifts of gold.

Conquest of Sicily and Dalmatia

Belisarius landed at Sicily, between Roman Africa and Italy, whose population was well disposed toward the Empire. The island was quickly captured, with the only determined resistance, at Panormus (Palermo), overcome by late December. Belisarius prepared to cross to Italy and Theodahad sent envoys to Justinian, proposing at first to cede Sicily and recognise his overlordship but later to cede all of Italy.

In March 536 Mundus overran Dalmatia and captured its capital, Salona, but a large Gothic army arrived and Mundus' son Mauricius died in a skirmish. Mundus inflicted a heavy defeat on the Goths but was himself mortally wounded in the pursuit. The Roman army withdrew and, except for Salona, Dalmatia was abandoned to the Goths. Encouraged, Theodahad imprisoned the Byzantine ambassadors. Justinian sent a new magister militum per Illyricum, Constantinianus, to recover Dalmatia and ordered Belisarius to cross into Italy. Constantinianus accomplished his task speedily. The Gothic general, Gripas, abandoned Salona, which he had only recently occupied, because of the ruined state of its fortifications and the pro-Roman stance of its citizens, withdrawing to the north. Constantinianus occupied the city and rebuilt the walls. Seven days later the Gothic army departed for Italy and by late June the whole of Dalmatia was in Roman hands.

First siege of Rome

In the late spring of 536 Belisarius crossed into Italy, where he captured Rhegium and made his way north. Neapolis (Naples) was besieged for three weeks before the imperial troops forced their way in during November. The largely barbarian Roman army sacked the city. Belisarius moved north to Rome, which in view of the fate of Neapolis, put up no resistance; Belisarius entered unopposed in December. The rapidity of the Byzantine advance took the Goths by surprise and the inactivity of Theodahad enraged them. After the fall of Neapolis he was deposed and replaced by Vitiges. He left Rome for Ravenna, where he married Amalasuntha's daughter Matasuntha and began rallying his forces against the invasion. Vitiges led a large force against Rome, where Belisarius, who did not have enough troops to face the Goths in the open field, remained. The subsequent siege of Rome, the first of three in the Gothic War, lasted from March 537 to March 538. There were sallies, minor engagements, and several large actions but after 1,600 Huns and Slavs arrived from Constantinople in April 537 and 5,000 men in November, the Byzantines took the offensive and their cavalry captured several towns in the Goths' rear. The imperial navy cut off the Goths from seaborne supplies, worsening their supply difficulties, and threatened Gothic civilians. The fall of Ariminum, modern Rimini, close to Ravenna, forced Vitiges to abandon the siege and withdraw.

Siege of Ariminum

As Vitiges marched to the northeast, he strengthened the garrisons of towns and forts along the way to secure his rear and then turned towards Ariminum. The Roman force of 2,000 horsemen occupying it comprised some of Belisarius' finest cavalry; Belisarius decided to replace them with an infantry garrison. Their commander, John, refused to obey orders and remained at Ariminum. Shortly after the Goths arrived, an assault failed, but the city had few supplies with which to stand a siege. A new force of 2,000 Herul foederati, under the Armenian eunuch Narses, arrived at Picenum. Belisarius met Narses, who advocated a relief expedition to Ariminum, while Belisarius favoured a more cautious approach. The arrival of a letter from John, which illustrated the immediate danger of the city's fall, resolved the issue in favour of Narses. Belisarius divided his army into three, a seaborne force under his capable and trusted lieutenant Ildiger, another under the equally experienced Martin which was to arrive from the south, and the main force under him and Narses, which was to arrive from the northwest. Vitiges learned of their approach and, faced with the prospect of being surrounded by superior forces, hurriedly withdrew to Ravenna.

The bloodless victory at Ariminum strengthened Narses against Belisarius, with many Roman generals, including John, turning their allegiance to him. In the council after the relief of Ariminum, Belisarius was in favour of reducing the strong Gothic garrison of Auximum, modern Osimo, in their rear and relieving the siege of Mediolanum; Narses favoured a less concentrated effort, including a campaign in Aemilia. Belisarius did not allow matters to fester and marched with Narses and John against Urbinum. The two armies encamped separately and shortly afterwards, Narses, convinced that the town was unassailable and well supplied, broke camp and departed for Ariminum. From there he sent John to Aemilia, which was quickly subdued. Aided by the fortunate drying up of Urbinum's only water spring, the town fell to Belisarius soon after.

Mediolanum
In April 538 Belisarius, petitioned by representatives from Mediolanum (Milan), the second most populous and wealthy city in Italy after Rome, had sent a force of 1,000 men under Mundilas to the city. This force secured the city and most of Liguria, except Ticinum (Pavia), with ease. Vitiges called upon the Franks for help and a force of 10,000 Burgundians unexpectedly crossed the Alps. Combining with the Goths under Uraias they laid siege to the city. Mediolanum was ill-provisioned and under-garrisoned; the already small Roman force had been dispersed to garrison the neighbouring cities and forts. A relief force was dispatched by Belisarius but its commanders, Martin and Uliaris, did not make any effort to help the besieged city. Instead, they asked for further reinforcements by the forces of John and the magister militum per Illyricum Justin, which were operating in the nearby province of Aemilia.

Dissension in the Roman chain of command exacerbated the situation, as John and Justin refused to move without orders from Narses. John fell ill and the preparations were halted. The delays proved fatal for the city, which, after many months of siege, was close to starvation. The Goths offered Mundilas a guarantee that the lives of his soldiers would be spared if he surrendered the city but no guarantee was offered for the civilians and he refused. By the end of March 539, his starving soldiers forced him to accept the terms. The Roman garrison was spared but the inhabitants were subjected to a massacre and the city was razed.

Frankish invasion
After this disaster Narses was recalled and Belisarius confirmed as supreme commander with authority throughout Italy. Vitiges sent envoys to the Persian court, hoping to persuade Khosrow I to reopen hostilities with the Byzantines to force Justinian to concentrate the majority of his forces, including Belisarius, in the east and allow the Goths to recover. Belisarius resolved to conclude the war by taking Ravenna but had to deal with the Gothic strongholds of Auximum and Faesulae (Fiesole) first. While Martin and John hindered the Gothic army under Uraias, which was attempting to cross the River Po, a part of the army under Justin besieged Faesulae and Belisarius undertook the siege of Auximum. During the sieges, a large Frankish army under King Theudebert I crossed the Alps and came upon the Goths and the Byzantines encamped on the two banks of the Po. They attacked the Goths who, thinking they had come as allies, were swiftly routed. The equally astonished Byzantines also gave battle, were defeated and withdrew southwards into Tuscany. The Frankish invasion was defeated by an outbreak of dysentery, which caused great losses and forced the Franks to withdraw. Belisarius concentrated on the besieged cities and both garrisons were forced by starvation to capitulate in October or November 539.

Capture of Ravenna

Troops from Dalmatia reinforced Belisarius and he moved against Ravenna. Detachments moved north of the Po and the imperial fleet patrolled the Adriatic, cutting the city off from supplies. Inside the Gothic capital, Vitiges received a Frankish embassy looking for an alliance but after the events of the previous summer no trust was placed in Frankish offers. Soon afterwards an embassy came from Constantinople, bearing surprisingly lenient terms from Justinian. Anxious to finish the war and concentrate against the impending Persian war, the emperor offered a partition of Italy; the lands south of the Po would be retained by Constantinople, those north of the river by the Goths. The Goths readily accepted the terms, but Belisarius, judging this to be a betrayal of all he had striven to achieve, refused to sign even though his generals disagreed with him.

Disheartened, the Goths offered to make Belisarius, whom they respected, the western emperor. Belisarius had no intention of accepting the role but saw how he could use this situation to his advantage and feigned acceptance. In May 540 Belisarius and his army entered Ravenna; the city was not looted, while the Goths were well treated and allowed to keep their properties. In the aftermath of Ravenna's surrender, several Gothic garrisons north of the Po surrendered. Others remained in Gothic hands, among which were Ticinum, where Uraias was based and Verona, held by Ildibad. Soon after, Belisarius sailed for Constantinople, where he was refused the honour of a triumph. Vitiges was named a patrician and sent into comfortable retirement, while the captive Goths were sent to reinforce the eastern armies.

Reigns of Ildibad and Eraric
Belisarius' departure left most of Italy in Roman hands, but north of the Po, Pavia (which became the new capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom ) and Verona remained unconquered. Soon after Belisarius' breach of faith towards them became apparent, the Goths, at the suggestion of Uraias, chose Ildibad as their new king and he re-established Gothic control over Venetia and Liguria. Justinian failed to appoint an Italian commander-in-chief. The Roman armies neglected military discipline and committed acts of plunder. The new imperial bureaucracy made itself immediately unpopular with its oppressive fiscal demands. Ildibad defeated the Roman general Vitalius at Treviso but after having Uraias murdered because of a quarrel between their wives, he was assassinated in May 541 in retribution. The Rugians, remnants of Odoacer's army who had remained in Italy and sided with the Goths, proclaimed one of their own, Eraric, as the new king, which was unexpectedly assented to by the Goths. Eraric persuaded the Goths to start negotiations with Justinian, secretly intending to hand over his realm to the empire. The Goths perceived his inactivity for what it was and turned to Ildibad's nephew, Totila (or Baduila), and offered to make him king. Totila had already opened negotiations with the Byzantines but when he was contacted by the conspirators, he assented. In the early autumn of 541 Eraric was murdered and Totila proclaimed king.

Early Gothic successes

Totila enjoyed several advantages: the outbreak of the Plague of Justinian devastated and depopulated the Roman Empire in 542; the beginning of a new Roman–Persian War forced Justinian to deploy most of his troops in the east; and the incompetence and disunity of the various Roman generals in Italy undermined military function and discipline. This last brought about Totila's first success. After much urging by Justinian, the generals Constantinian and Alexander combined their forces and advanced upon Verona. Through treachery they managed to capture a gate in the city walls; instead of pressing the attack they delayed to quarrel over the prospective booty, allowing the Goths to recapture the gate and force the Byzantines to withdraw. Totila attacked their camp near Faventia (Faenza) with 5,000 men and, at the Battle of Faventia, destroyed the Roman army. Totila marched into Tuscany, where he besieged Florence. The Roman generals, John, Bessas, and Cyprian, marched to its relief but, at the Battle of Mucellium, their numerically superior forces were defeated.

Southern Italy

Totila marched south, where Roman garrisons were few and weak, bypassing Rome. The provinces of southern Italy were forced to recognise his authority. This campaign was one of rapid movement to take control of the countryside, leaving the Byzantines in control of isolated strongholds, mostly on the coast, which could be reduced later. When a fortified location fell, its walls were usually razed so that it would no longer be of any military value. Totila followed a policy of treating his captives well, enticing opponents to surrender rather than resist to the end. He also tried to win over the Italian population, exemplified by Totila's behaviour during the Siege of Naples, where he allowed the city to surrender on terms in 543 and displayed, in the words of J. B. Bury, "considerable humanity" in his treatment of the defenders. He nursed the famished citizens back to strength after allowing the Byzantine garrison safe departure. Having captured Naples, Totila attempted to broker a peace with Justinian. When this was refused he had copies of his appeal posted throughout Rome; despite the disfavour in which the Byzantines were held, there was no uprising in Totila's favour, which disgusted him. He marched north and besieged the city.

Taking advantage of a five-year truce in the East, Belisarius was sent back to Italy with 200 ships in 544. He successfully reoccupied much of southern Italy, but, according to Procopius, he was starved of supplies and reinforcements by a jealous Justinian and so felt unable to march to Rome's relief. Procopius describes famine during the siege, in which the ordinary Romans, who were not rich enough to buy grain from the military, were reduced to eating bran, nettles, dogs, mice and finally "each other's dung". Pope Vigilius, who had fled to the safety of Syracuse, sent a flotilla of grain ships, but Totila's navy intercepted them near the mouth of the Tiber and captured them. A desperate attempt by Belisarius to relieve Rome came close to success but ultimately failed. According to Procopius, the plan involved sailing a force up the river Tiber, destroying the temporary bridge and watchtowers constructed by Totila's forces by dropping a boat filled with flammable materials onto a watchtower from a makeshift tower built on top of two fastened skiffs, which succeeded. Afterwards, his subordinate Isaakes, ordered to remain in the city of Portus, heard of his early successes and took a cavalry force to attack the Gothic stockade, eager to share the glory. This resulted in his capture and, once the news of this reached Belisarius, he interpreted the news as Portus had been captured by the Goths, meaning he had lost the only allied settlement close by, and that his wife, present in the city, was now a hostage of the Goths. Said to have been struck with a bout of aphasia, he called for a retreat to immediately retake Portus, only to discover that it remained under Roman control. After more than a year Totila finally entered Rome on 17 December 546, when his men scaled the walls at night and opened the Porta Asinaria. Procopius states that Totila was aided by some Isaurian troops from the imperial garrison who had arranged a secret pact with the Goths. Rome was plundered and Totila, who had expressed an intention to completely level the city, satisfied himself with tearing down about one third of the walls. He then left in pursuit of the Byzantine forces in Apulia.

On Belisarius' absence during the reoccupation of Rome by the Goths, there are two opposing accounts: Procopius states that, upon discovering his mistake regarding Portus, he was overcome with a bout of depression and severe sickness which nearly resulted in his death. Jordanes, on the other hand, claims that he was recalled to Rome due to the death of the empress Theodora, and cites his absence as having emboldened Totila to recapture the city. Belisarius successfully reoccupied Rome four months later in the spring of 547 and hastily rebuilt the demolished sections of wall by piling up the loose stones "one on top of the other, regardless of order". Totila returned, but was unable to overcome the defenders. Belisarius did not follow up his advantage. Several cities, including Perugia, were taken by the Goths, while Belisarius remained inactive and was then recalled from Italy.

In 549, Totila advanced again against Rome. He attempted to storm the improvised walls and overpower the small garrison of 3,000 men, but was beaten back. He then prepared to blockade the city and starve out the defenders, although the Byzantine commander Diogenes had previously prepared large food stores and had sown wheat fields within the city walls. However, Totila was able to suborn part of the garrison, who opened the Porta Ostiensis gate for him. Totila's men swept through the city, killing all but the women, who were spared on the orders of Totila, and looting what riches remained. Expecting the nobles and the remainder of the garrison to flee as soon as the walls were taken, Totila set traps along the roads to neighboring towns that were not yet under his control and many were killed while fleeing Rome.

Byzantine reconquest, 551–554
During 550–51, the Byzantines assembled a large expeditionary force of 20,000 or 25,000 men at Salona on the Adriatic, including regular Byzantine units and a large contingent of foreign allies, notably Lombards, Heruls and Bulgars. Narses, the imperial chamberlain (cubicularius) was appointed to command in mid-551. The following spring, Narses led this Byzantine army around the coast of the Adriatic to Ancona and then turned inland, intending to march down the via Flaminia to Rome. Near the village of Taginae, the Byzantines encountered the Ostrogothic army, commanded by Totila, who had been advancing to intercept Narses. Finding himself considerably outnumbered, Totila ostensibly entered into negotiations while planning a surprise attack, but Narses was not fooled by the ruse and deployed his army in a strong defensive position. Reinforcements having arrived, Totila launched a sudden attack at the Battle of Taginae, with a mounted assault on the Byzantine centre. The attack failed and, by evening, the Ostrogoths had broken and fled; Totila was killed in the rout. The Goths holding Rome capitulated and, at the Battle of Mons Lactarius in October 553, Narses defeated Teias and the last remnants of the Gothic army in Italy.

Though the Ostrogoths were defeated, Narses soon had to face other barbarians who invaded Byzantine northern Italy and southern Gaul. In early 553, an army of about thirty thousand Franks and Alemanni crossed the Alps and took the town of Parma. They defeated a force under the Heruli commander Fulcaris and soon many Goths from northern Italy joined their forces. Narses had dispersed his troops to garrisons throughout central Italy and had wintered at Rome. After serious depredations throughout Italy, the barbarians were brought to battle by Narses on the banks of the river Volturnus. In the Battle of the Volturnus, the Byzantines held off a furious Frankish assault while the Byzantine cavalry encircled them. The Franks and Alemanni were all but annihilated. Seven thousand Goths held out at Campsa, near Naples, until capitulating in the spring of 555. The lands and cities across the River Po were still held by Franks, Alemanni and Goths and it was not until 562 that their last strongholds, the cities of Verona and Brixia, were subjugated. According to the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea, the barbarian population was then allowed to live peacefully in Italy under Roman sovereignty.

Aftermath

The Gothic War is often viewed as a pyrrhic victory, which drained the Byzantine Empire of resources that might have been employed against more serious threats in western Asia and the Balkans. In the east, pagan Slavs and Kutrigurs raided and devastated the Byzantine provinces south of the Danube from 517. A century later Dalmatia, Macedonia, Thrace and most of Greece were lost to Slavs and Avars. Some recent historians have taken a different view of Justinian's western campaigns. Warren Treadgold placed greater blame for the vulnerability of the Empire in the late 6th century on the Plague of Justinian in 540–541, which is estimated to have killed up to a quarter of the population at the height of the Gothic War, sapping the Empire of manpower and tax revenues needed to complete the campaign more swiftly. No ruler, no matter how wise, could possibly have anticipated the plague, he argues, which would have been disastrous for the empire and Italy, regardless of the attempt to reconquer Italy. However, as a result of Rome having been under attack constantly during the war, the deaths not caused by the plague continued to rise.

In Italy, the war devastated the urban society that was supported by a settled hinterland. The great cities were abandoned as Italy fell into a long period of decline. The impoverishment of Italy and the drain on the empire made it impossible for the Byzantines to hold their gains. Only three years after the death of Justinian in 565, the mainland Italian territories fell into the hands of the Germanic Lombards. The Exarchate of Ravenna, a band of territory that stretched across central Italy to the Tyrrhenian Sea and south to Naples, along with parts of southern Italy, were the only remaining imperial holdings. After the Gothic Wars, the Empire would entertain no more serious ambitions in the West. Rome remained under imperial control until the Exarchate of Ravenna was conquered by the Lombards in 751. Byzantine influence persisted in some coastal areas of southern Italy until the late 11th century, while the interior was ruled by Lombard dukes based at Benevento and later also at Salerno and Capua.

The widespread destruction of Italy in the war, harsh Gothic and Byzantine reprisals of their opponents' supporters, and heavy Byzantine taxation led the Italian populace to shift allegiances: instead of loyalty to Empire, their identities were increasingly tied to religion, family and city instead. In the long sweep of Italian history, the unified Italy of the Romans, and later the Goths, was broken up permanently; this remained the case until the unification of Italy in the 19th century.

title: Gothic War (535–554)


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The Giant Horse of Oz

The Giant Horse of Oz (1928) is the twenty-second book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the eighth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929).

Plot
The tiny kingdom of the Ozure Isles, perched on five islands in Lake Orizon, surrounded by high mountains in a remote region of Munchkin Land, has little contact with the outside world—of Oz. The evil witch Mombi has turned her malice in the Ozure direction. After kidnapping Queen Orin, Mombi has left a fire-breathing lake monster named Quiberon in Lake Orizon to keep the natives prisoner. Even after Mombi was vanquished, Quiberon remains.

Conditions grow worse when Quiberon orders the Ozurites to kidnap a mortal maiden to keep him company. Since Oz is a fairyland, the only mortal maidens are three American girls living in the Emerald City: Dorothy Gale, Betsy Bobbin, and Tiny Trot. Two Ozurites respond to the crisis in two separate ways. The heroic Prince Philador escapes from the islands to seek the aid of the Good Witch of the North, whose name is Tattypoo. The unheroic Akbad, the Ozure Isles soothsayer, steals a pair of magic wings, flies to the Emerald City, and kidnaps Trot. He also accidentally kidnaps the Scarecrow and an animated statue called Benny (short for "public benefactor") along with Trot.

In his search for Tattypoo, Prince Philador teams up with High Boy, a giant horse with telescoping legs, Herby the Medicine Man, an eighteenth-century doctor with a medicine chest in his own chest due to an incomplete disenchantment, and Jo King, a monarch with a sense of humor. Various adventures ensue, in strange locations like Cave City, and with even stranger beings like the Roundabouties and Shutterfaces. Eventually, matters are sorted out satisfactorily: the Wizard turns Quiberon into a great bronze and silver statue, and the good Witch Tattypoo is revealed to be the missing and amnesiac Queen Orin. She is restored to her family and kingdom. Trot becomes a princess of the Ozure Isles, welcome in their Sapphire City whenever she chooses to visit. By Ozma's decree, Jo King is made ruler of the entire Gillikin Country of Oz.

Reception
The Oakland Tribune said that the book "is fully as entertaining and delightful as any" in the Oz series, adding, "Perhaps it is a bit more marvelous." The Spokane Chronicle said the book was "written in an entertaining and easily read style."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Giant Horse of Oz


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Spotted paddle-tail newt

The spotted paddle-tail newt (Pachytriton brevipes) is an amphibian native to southeastern China; it was named in 1876. A member of the family Salamandridae, it is closely related to the spotless paddle-tail newt (Pachytriton labiatus). The spotted paddle-tail newt lives in streams and is characterized by its long, paddle-shaped tail used for propulsion.

Description
Pachytriton species are stout-bodied, smooth-skinned aquatic newts. Their heads are large and flattened, and they have conspicuous labial folds and short, stubby legs and toes. They breathe through both lungs and skin. P. brevipes ranges from 5.5 to 7.5 in as an adult. It has prominent labial folds, long digits, and smooth skin, which differs from the tuberculate skin typical of newts.

The head, back, and tail of P. brevipes range in color from light brown to a dark chocolate brown and are covered in dark spots. The underbelly color varies considerably, from a very light brown to a solid black. Breeding males may develop bluish-white spots on the tail.

Behavior
Pachytriton spp. are known for their aggressive and territorial behavior, seen mainly in males, but occasionally in females, as well. P. brevipes is an aggressive hunter and feeder. It is carnivorous and will eat worms, insects, and small fish. The breeding behavior of P. brevipes is unknown.

Ecology
Pachytriton brevipes is native to the freshwater streams of southeastern China, and it thrives in cool, clean water high in oxygen. Current distribution is shrinking, most likely due to pollution and human encroachment on habitat. It is almost exclusively aquatic, though it will leave the water if bullied by a more aggressive individual.

title: Spotted paddle-tail newt


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User talk:CrowJane

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, CrowJane! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic Acid 02:26, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CrowJane


text:
User talk:Karatebrass@sbcglobal.net

Welcome!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Karatebrass@sbcglobal.net! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article

There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic Acid 02:26, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karatebrass@sbcglobal.net


text:
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz

Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) is the twenty-third book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and continued by other writers; it is the ninth Oz book written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930).

Synopsis
A rainy day in Philadelphia means no baseball; Peter Brown, the child protagonist introduced by Thompson in The Gnome King of Oz, mopes in his attic. He finds the sacks that were full of gold when he brought them back from his previous Oz adventure; and one of those sacks contains an odd gold coin. Toying with the coin and thinking of Oz, he wishes himself back in the magic land — and suddenly finds himself there, in the front yard of Jack Pumpkinhead.

The sensible thing for Peter to do is to head for the Emerald City; and Jack is ready to act as his guide. They lose their way in the Quadling Country, where they blunder into Chimneyville and Scare City. By chance, Peter finds that his empty sack will fly from his hand and consume objects and creatures that are scooped into its open mouth, protecting him from danger. The two also find the magic dinner bell of Jinnicky the Red Jinn, which supplies Peter with needed provisions.

The travelers adopt a third member for their party when they meet the doggerel-spouting Snif the Iffin (he's a griffin who has lost his "gr-" and is no longer able to growl). The three then encounter the unfortunate Baron Belfaygor of Bourne. He has been accidentally cursed with a rapidly growing beard that he must constantly cut away. Even worse, his fiancée, the princess Shirley Sunshine, has been kidnapped by the local villain, Mogodore the Mighty, the Baron of Baffleburg. Belfaygor had wanted a beard to have for his wedding to Shirley.

Peter, Belfaygor, Snif, and Jack set out to rescue her, and are quickly taken prisoner in Baffleburg. While escaping, they acquire a Forbidden Flagon and a talkative and abusive Sauce Box. When Mogodore sets out to conquer Oz and actually succeeds in seizing the Emerald City, the travelers have to mount a desperate rescue effort. Eventually Jack, with help from the Red Jinn (here introduced for the first time; his name, Jinnicky, is not revealed until later books), manages to save the day: using the Forbidden Flagon, he reduces Mogodore and his thousand warriors to little beings "no bigger than brownies."

The miniaturized aggressors are confined to their homeland, also miniaturized. Snif the Iffin recovers his lost "gr-." The rapid-growing beard enchantment on Belfaygor is removed by the Wizard of Oz as he finally marries Shirley Sunshine. Order in Oz is restored, with a great celebratory banquet before Peter is sent home, with thanks, once again.

Reception
The Pasadena Post referred to Jack's adventures as "strange and wonderful", and mentioned the Iffin as "one of the most curious and remarkable creatures ever discovered in Oz." The Detroit Free Press commended the illustrations, saying, "John R. Neill illustrates the book with pictures as fantastic as the events themselves." The Montreal Gazette promised, "The coming Christmas will be a breath-taking adventure for children to whom Santa Claus presents this book."

title: Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz


text: Category:Wikipedians by alma mater: Valparaiso University


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Girl

Girl

 * Nominated on 02:28, 19 August 2005 (UTC); needs 15 votes by September 7.

Little more than a stub on an important and broad topic. Currently in a very POV state because it focuses exclusively on the Western expectation of girls, and even then makes no mention of social conditioning.

NOTE: Due to a recent edit (not by me), the COTW tag was temporarily not seen via the page Talk:Girl. (I don't understand why, something about a back-and forth redirect/move?) I reinstated the tag there. --Janke | Talk 21:03:45, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

Support:
 * 1) Sarge Baldy 02:28, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) MessedRocker 00:32, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Lullabye Muse 05:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4)  Eleassar  [[Image:Slovenia flag 300.png|20px]] my talk 12:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Djbaniel 02:26, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) ~shuri 12:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) --Janke | Talk 19:27, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) --Matt Yeager 06:20, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Weirdperson11 13:41, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) bodnotbod 05:35, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) --Bhadani 16:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:22, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Fxer 18:42, August 31, 2005 (UTC)


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Usatove culture

The Usatove culture (Usatove in Ukrainian, Usatovo in Russian) is an Eneolithic group of the North Pontic region with influences from the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture as well as the Eneolithic steppe cultures of the North Pontic. Usatove flourished northwest of the Black Sea during the 4th millennium BCE. The culture got its name from the name of the village of Usatove in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine.

The Usatove culture appears to be a mixture of the Eneolithic agrarian cultures of Southeast Europe, with influences from the steppe cultures from the Pontic steppe. The Eneolithic farming culture influences on Usatove include clay figurines and painted ceramics, while it shares tumulus (kurgan) burials and shell-tempered coarse wares with steppe cultures. It also displays items made of metal, such as arsenical bronze and silver, which suggests contacts with the North Caucasus as well as Anatolia.

In Ukraine, Usatove culture sites are predominantly located in the Dniester-Danube interfluve. The two largest Usatove archaeological sites in Ukraine, Usatove-Velykyj Kuyalnik and Mayaky, contain kurgan and ground cemeteries (necropoli). The total number of Usatove sites in northwest and west Pontic is currently estimated at around 100.

Within the Kurgan hypothesis, the Usatove culture represents the domination of native Cucuteni–Trypillia agriculturalists by Indo-European peoples from the steppe. According to Anthony, the roots of the pre-Germanic languages lay in the Usatove culture.

While the generally accepted chronological placement of Usatove is in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, radiocarbon dates on human remains identified as Usatove are consistently older. Most of these dates cluster around the last quarter of the 5th - first quarter of the 4th millennium BCE. It is likely that the dates on human remains are influenced by aquatic reservoir effect, the precise quantification of which is not possible at the moment due the lack of radiocarbon and stable isotope data from contextual faunal remains.

Chronology
Radiocarbon dates on pottery are between 3400 and 2900 BCE, around 600 years later than analyses in human bones, which indicate Usatove culture would have lasted (c. 4000-3500 BCE).

title: Usatove culture


text:
User:Ash Crow

You can find my presentation page here on the French Wikipédia, on which I'm a sysop. Please go on my French Wikipédia Talk page if you want to talk to me (to give you an idea about when I could answer, the current local time for me is CET.)

For your tireless work on Japan-related article, and especially the French adaptation of Hasekura Tsunenaga, I hereby award you this barnstar. PHG 20:15, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this barnstar ;) -Ash_Crow

fr:Utilisateur:Ash_Crow

title: User:Ash Crow


text:
Talk:Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness

Ceritfication
can we prove it has sold over 1 mil copies worldwide? The RIAA hasn't even certified it Gold in the U.S. 71.30.136.223 16:13, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Coheed & Cambria Canon
There are some inaccuracies in the description of this album as it relates to the storyline of C&C.
 * "The album will begin to resolve the issues of Claudio's quest to protect the Keywork" - Claudio is not interested in protecting the keywork. He's denied his role as The Crowing as is only concerned with protecting Newo and himself.
 * "shed more light on the demise of Coheed and his wife Cambria" - This was already clearly explained in The Second Stage Turbine Blade. Cambria was killed when the monstar virus became active in Coheed, the virus has made Coheed begin to knock systems out of the Keywork, hence the dust cloud enveloping Paris Earth.
 * "shed light on the issues of the Monstar virus and Jesse's involvement in the saga." - Jesse died in A Favor House Atlantic.

69.118.235.3 20:39, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

-->None of that has been covered in the official comic book releases. Claudio does deny his role as the Crowing, but by the end of GA:V1 the Writer kills Ambellina in order to remove the last connection holding Claudio back from his destiny. Claudio needs to destroy the Keywork to free the souls of Heaven's Fence, which appear (re-look at the second comic) to be a part of the binding energy holding the Keywork together. Jesse dies in combat against Mayo in GA:V1 (FACT: his heart is ripped out from his body), and Cambria's death has not been explained as of yet.

Bron-Y-Aur?
Is this at all related to the Led Zeppelin songs Bron Yr-Aur and Bron-Y-Aur Stomp? It is reminiscent of them but not similar enough to be a cover... lovechild 02:41, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Has that name even been confirmed? And, it isn't the 16th track, it's a part of the 15th... according to my CD-player. Gustavatron. 13:55, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if the name is official, but you're right that it's part of the 15th track. I'm changing the format of the hidden track in the track listing to the way that it's formatted with "Arto" on Toxicity (album). It's more accurate this way, since the track number (15) and the length (7:40) actually include Bron-Y-Aur as well -- saying that The Final Cut is 7:40 and Bron-Y-Aur comes after it isn't quite right, since the actual song, The Final Cut, is only about 6 minutes. --Wikivader 16:34, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely a citation needed, as I don't think the two songs sound anything alike.71.33.238.169 (talk) 09:03, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Move page?
Everywhere on this page, the album title is written without a comma, yet the article title has a comma. I've created a page called Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (no comma) and it currently redirects here. But since the official title of the album seems to have no comma, maybe we should move this article there. --Wikivader 03:52, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Done (though if I'd known how many redirects had to be corrected I might have left it for someone else...). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:48, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

I own the CD, and on most sites selling the CD, the band's site, and the title that comes up when you put it in your computer are:

Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness

I will move it, now please do not move it again.

Personell?
On the personell it lists the two new members as having played on the album. Feel free to correct this, but should it not be the people that played on the album that are listed there and not the current members of the band? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.80.99.246 (talk) 06:42, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Disambiguation for "Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV"
When you type Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV into Wikipedia, it currently redirects to Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume 1: From Fear Through The Eyes of Madness. But since the next Coheed & Cambria album, Good Apollo... Volume Two has been announced, I think Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV (and/or Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV with a comma) should be made into a disambiguation page pointing to both albums. The title of Volume Two, No World For Tomorrow, is still tentative, but it's pretty obvious that the title will include Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, so that phrase really refers to both albums, not just the first one. --Wikivader 00:11, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Alternate Cover?
I recently bought this album and instead of the cover having the red on black lettering with a big IV and "Good Apollo..." above it it is a picture of a large (it looks winged)guillotine on a hill with two women standing on both sides and a man looking at it with his back towards the viewer, also, it is all done in sepia and seems to resemble the artwork for the comic book for this album. I currently cannot scan it because im having problems with my printer/scanner but if someone else has a scanner or a picture of this alternate cover, maybe they can add it to the page? thanks,-jimzie

 * Yeah, that's the front page of the actual album sleeve. The "IV" cover is the cardboard thing that goes over it, once you take that off, you see the guillotine thing, which is in fact part of the story (The Final Cut, to be precise). I can't scan it either I don't think, but I'll see what I can do about it. ≈  The Haunted Angel  00:13, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * okay, thanks. i've never seen the CD without it's cardboard sleeve, i'm a relatively new coheed fan. thanks,-jimzie

The CD cover shown in the article is the special re-release cover, the other one is black with red writings on it. If someone has the original release CD, could you please scan the cover and put it here instead of the special edition one? Thanks. W.Darwish 10:49, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I added the booklet cover in there. I have a sneaking suspicion, one which is somewhat of a hope for continuity's sake, that the new album will ship with a cardboard sleeve similar to the one for this album, but with a different color scheme. If that is the case, I recommend we ensure that the main picture for this article and the one for Vol. 2 both either depict the sleeve or the booklet cover. Then again, I could be completely wrong and the new album will ship without any sleeve and just have a unique cover, but it seems like the new cover art for Vol. 2 matches up with the booklet cover much better than the sleeve ("IV") cover. I only say this because I'm inclined to believe the booklet cover is a better choice to represent the album cover than the sleeve, because in almost every other instance that I've seen the album cover used to represent a CD shipped with a sleeve, the booklet cover is used (for example, The Vines' Highly Evolved). Then again, the sleeve cover is used to depict the album all over the internet, and I suppose the better source to check is what the vinyl's cover is, which I have no idea about. Either way, both are now represented on the page. --Ringer7 01:39, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Personally, I feel as though the booklet/Final Cut cover should be the "main" picture for the album, and that the two sleeves should come elsewhere on the page. Is there any standard here for us to follow?  Any other famous albums with sleeves?  If not, I would like to put it to a vote or discussion, and I strongly vote in favor of the booklet cover.  Any other cover you see for any other album is the one on the booklet, after all. Harukaze 11:14, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, almost forgot: GA4.2 is out, and it came sans sleeve. The regular edition album is just a flat piece of cardboard, no CD case.  The special edition, likewise, lacks a case, but the packaging itself unfolds to display a wide image featuring Wilhelm Ryan and a few Prise fleeing some exploding planets.  The CD and DVD are at either end of the spread.  It's pretty nice, but it would have been nice if they slipped the whole thing into a sleeve, just for continuity, like you said. Harukaze 11:19, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CoheedIVinsidecover.jpg
Image:CoheedIVinsidecover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:20, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm reasonably sure I've addressed this. The Fair Use dispute cited 10c, which says the file needs a link to each page that's using it, and a rationale for each.  There's only the one page, this one, and the rationale was there....  All I did was copy the rationale from the sleeve to the cover picture and  the title and artist.  I've deleted the warning, because to the best of my knowledge, that's all we needed to do.  If I'm wrong, please contact me immediately so I can fix this. Harukaze 11:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 16:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Merger discussion
Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) is an unreadable, uninteresting, uncited shambles, and its' notability seems to be tied entirely into this album. IF there's a reason why it deserves a standalone article it needs a massive rewrite. BoomboxTestarossa (talk) 18:23, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Regrettable as I find it, that article does appear to be nothing more than violation of WP:NOTPLOT. Support a merge unless the article can be rescued. — Czello 18:27, 10 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bruce h lee martial arts

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 18:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Bruce h lee martial arts
I'm all for adding information on schools to Wikipedia, but this is nothing more than an advertisement.

 * Delete or Rewrite so it isn't an advertisement. Acetic Acid 02:29, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't make any claim to notability. I can't imagine it's worth an encyclopedic entry. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rewrite. Being badly written calls for improving, not removing! Trollderella 23:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, TD, but you're telling me that a 2-bit karate academy in Illinois is notable enough for an EnWiki article? Have you gone to the official website? If we keep this article, I might as well start one for the liquor store down the street. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:33, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Good of you to volunteer to do the improvment work, Trollderella. Prod me on my talk page once you've done it and I'll reconsider my vote. -Splash 00:29, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per FernandoRizo, and with this I'm going to start using Trollderella's keep votes as starting points for deciding which articles to vote on first, since it's clear that he is engaged in performance art. Nandesuka 00:04, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not-notable. If we keep this article, I might as well start out for the liquor store down the street. --GraemeL (talk) 00:09, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, ne unless and until improved.-Splash 00:29, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad, nn. Cursive 00:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --*drew 07:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. advertising. Xoloz 20:32, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'd have speedied it as n.n. vanity (and vaguely dishonest) advertising if I'd seen it first... Fire Star 05:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete spamvertisement. Double Blue  (Talk) 16:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This isn't a school article, it's a business advertisement. --Carnildo 03:31, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Lucy Burman

Lucille Burman Flato (September 21, 1922 – January 7, 2004) was a writer, American Communist Party member and union activist.

Flato was born in Oakland, California, to Daisy Whitney and Frank Burman. She moved to New York City as a young woman where she became a communist party member and met her future husband Charles Flato, the writer and Soviet agent. She involved herself in party work, as well as union and community activities. In the 1950s, after marrying, she moved to San Francisco.

Besides contributions for other publications, she wrote extensively for the People's Weekly World under the name of Lucille Whitney. Flato was a member of the Glide Memorial Church, an institution reputed for its active participation in progressive social activism.

In 1995, she graduated cum laude from San Francisco State University. She died in 2004 of complications from a massive stroke.

title: Lucy Burman


text:
In Demand

In Demand (stylized as iN DEMAND) is an American cable television service which provides video on demand services, including pay-per-view. Comcast, Cox Communications, and Charter Communications (with former independent companies Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks) jointly own In Demand.

History

The origins of the service (which is/was unrelated to Canada's Viewers Choice) date back to 1978 and the well-known interactive television experiment in Columbus, Ohio, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment's QUBE system. Viewer's Choice started as one of ten channels on QUBE, with its name arising from the service presenting viewers one of five films to be aired on the channel with their QUBE remotes, though at that time, it was a multiple choice by viewer vote of which film would air on the channel space, rather than a selection of films. Viewer's Choice expanded with QUBE as the service launched in additional cities. Warner satellite-linked their QUBE systems, and Viacom, partnered at the time with Warner-Amex with the merger of their competing pay-TV services, Showtime/The Movie Channel Inc., joined the venture, adding Viewer's Choice to their own cable systems and eventually becoming the pay-per-view selection of channels under its now traditional concept.

The QUBE project was ended in 1985 among financial losses, resulting in the sale of the Warner-Amex assets to Viacom. The pay-per-view arm was split off from the rest of the Warner-Amex assets (which became known as MTV Networks) and instead was placed under the Showtime/TMC division. The service was launched nationally via satellite to cable companies in six states on November 27, 1985, with one channel of pay-per-view content, still under the Viewer's Choice name. A second channel, utilizing cassette tapes delivered to cable operators, was also available; this eventually evolved into Viewer's Choice II in 1988, which has since been rebranded and refocused as the Hot Choice service. In 1989, Group W Satellite Communications bought a 50% stake in Viewers' Choice and Request TV.

Also in 1988, VC merged with a competing PPV service, Home Premiere Television, a joint venture of multiple cable companies. The service (which Viacom eventually gave up its stake in) retained the Viewer's Choice name, but utilized HPT's legal name, Pay-Per-View Network, Inc., until the rebrand to In Demand. Viewer's Choice continued to expand in the 1990s as it acquired other pay-per-view systems, along with cable companies deciding to outsource their pay-per-view systems rather than maintain them internally. As a result of this, as well as its various competitors gradually ceasing operations (including Cable Video Store and Request TV ), the Viewer's Choice name was gradually phased out from on-air reference towards the end of the decade, generally only being referred to as "pay-per-view" in promos, on-screen graphics and voiceovers; the name remained in on-screen copyright graphics and on listings services such as the Prevue Channel until late 1999 when it was eventually renamed "PPV1".

Aside from Hot Choice, VC also operated 3 channels of programming under the brand of Continuous Hits; as the name implied, it offered one movie at all times of the day for a week-long period, as opposed to the mix of movies, sports and events found on the main Viewer's Choice network. Originating in May 1990 as a two-year test backed by Warner Bros., only available in certain areas (such as Comcast's Philadelphia cable systems ) and fed by tapes delivered to cable headends, the service was expanded in February 1993 to a satellite-fed nationwide service, with two more Continuous Hits channels launched that summer. This brand was retired along with the Viewer's Choice brand itself in 2000, with the Continuous Hits channels becoming additional In Demand channels.

On January 1, 2000, the service changed its name and on-air look to In Demand; the logo was rendered as "iNDEMAND" with all of its letters except the beginning "I" capitalized. This was done to take advantage of the "i-prefix" product naming trend of the time, as cable companies launched complementary cable broadband services to tie into In Demand's rebranding. The rebranding was telegraphed as early as April 1999, when the schedules and offerings of their analog and digital services were consolidated. The first program upon relaunch was Rave Un2 the Year 2000, a New Year's Eve concert performed by Prince, taped a couple weeks prior. Traditional analog service was eventually discontinued, and it is currently an all-digital service.

Service overview
In addition to Hollywood films and a limited selection of adult films, along with live and recorded concert programming, the service mainly distributes ring sports through pay-per-view, including the events of the WWE, All Elite Wrestling, Impact Wrestling, Ring of Honor, boxing events through HBO Boxing and Showtime Boxing, and independent circuits such as those with lucha libre. It also distributes out-of-market sports packages such as MLB Extra Innings, NBA League Pass, MLS Direct Kick, NHL Center Ice where provided (and formerly distributed ESPN Full Court/ESPN GamePlan until they were brought in-house in 2015 as ESPN College Extra), along with Too Much for TV, a service which features 'uncensored' content from the series of American Television Distribution and NBCUniversal Television Distribution's tabloid talk shows. It was the former distributor of Howard Stern's Howard TV component of his self-titled Sirius XM radio show until 2013. The UFC ended their relationship with all traditional wireline pay-per-view providers with UFC 235 (including In Demand), choosing to go with a new distribution model through ESPN+, which is now its exclusive pay-per-view provider as of April 2019.

Since this network's first inception, the first main Viewer's Choice/In Demand channel (usually labeled as 'IN1' or 'PPV1' since 2000), signs off weekday mornings from 8AM to 11AM (Eastern Time) to feed promotions of upcoming movies and events of the next month to its headend affiliates. These are now sent digitally, though the channels continue to maintain routine maintenance periods in these low-purchased timeslots one or two days per month.

In 2010, In Demand began providing a free movies on demand service, Vutopia, offered on Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks. The service offered uncut older movies organized in themes. It was closed down on June 1, 2015.

As of early 2012, as cable providers use more channel bandwidth for high-definition, video-on-demand and broadband services which do not require starting films at several intervals on several channels, providers such as Spectrum and Xfinity have removed most of In Demand's linear channels - beyond 1-3 standard-definition and one high-definition channel for mostly event programming - from their public channel lineups, though the service offers up to 31 standard definition and 19 high definition channels, many of which are used internally within cable companies to distribute content to their VOD servers. In Demand shut down its final three linear English-language movie channels on May 31, 2016, though a Spanish-language channel of rotating films and specials continues to air.

PPV.com
On December 3, 2021, PPV.com was launched as an app/digital media player option to view In Demand's live ring sports content, along with replays of purchased content, with Kiswe providing the video backbone. The app does not require a cable subscription to view or bill event purchases.

Wind down of operations
On Friday May 10, 2024, current In Demand CEO Dale Hopkins released an internal memo that In Demand was beginning to transition its operations back to Cox, Comcast and Charter internally by the end of 2025, and that In Demand as it is known now would wind down operations over the next eighteen months, along with its associated channels, with the departure of both Showtime and HBO from sports broadcasting at the end of 2023 and the wind-down of wireline pay-per-view services due to the rise of streaming video. PPV.com will remain in operation to provide cable and IPTV operators a venue for their services as wireline services are transitioned to fully IP-based video distribution.

title: In Demand


text:
Jiminy Peak (ski area)

Jiminy Peak is a mid-sized alpine ski resort located in Hancock, Massachusetts. It lies in the Taconic Mountains, near the state's far western edge, and northwest of nearby Pittsfield. The summit of Jiminy Peak, which includes the Hendricks Summit Lodge, is located in Lanesborough.

The mountain is owned by Och-Ziff Capital Management but the operating company is owned and managed by Brian Fairbank, the longtime former owner of the Resort. During the winter Jiminy Peak offers activities for the whole family, including skiing, snowboarding, outdoor pools, and various restaurants. There are 45 trails and nine lifts, including a six-person, high speed chairlift. In the summer additional activities are offered at Mountain Adventure Park, such as an alpine super slide, mountain coaster, hiking, and mountain biking. The Aerial Adventure Park is a challenge course up in the trees. Five levels provide both physical and mental challenges for all levels. Courses range from 15 – in the air. Jiminy Peak has installed the second mountain coaster in the country, the first on the East Coast, and is the home of the nation's first Alpine Super Slide (June 1977).

In August 2007, Jiminy became the first private U.S. business to invest in its own megawatt class wind turbine. The turbine generates approximately 35% of the annual energy used at the resort. The winds blow strongest in the winters, which is when the resort uses the most energy, for lifts and snowmaking. This is the largest commitment in Jiminy Peak's ongoing environmental sustainability efforts. In February 2012, the Resort installed a CoGeneration Unit in the Country Inn to provide both heat and hot water to the hotel.

In the past decade, the mountain has been increasingly developed for real estate, as the demand for housing and activities has also increased. The mountain has 15000 sqft of meeting space for meetings, conferences, weddings, parties, and other events.

Lift System
Jiminy Peak has 7 chairlifts, and 2 Magic Carpets.

Summer attractions

 * Aerial Adventure Park
 * Mountain Coaster
 * Alpine Super Slide
 * Soaring Eagle
 * Giant Swing
 * Chairlift Rides
 * Rock Climbing Wall
 * Euro Bungy Trampoline
 * Bounce Houses
 * Kid Climb
 * Hiking

Labor controversies
In 2018, the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division found that Jiminy Park had violated The Fair Labor Standards Act by employing 44 minors, age 14 and 15, in shifts that exceeded the maximum amounted hours for employing minors. The Fairbank group took corrective measured and was ordered to pay a $21,582 penalty.

On January 18, 2019 Jiminy Resorts was the center of a social media controversy regarding a printed employee notice. The printed notice, which was pinned to a cork board, was written to inform employees of the John Harvard’s Brewery and Ale House that the winter storm were not "an excuse to miss work". In addition the letter stated that in the event that a "state of emergency is declared" that the resort was "exempt." The letter concludes by stating that if employees choose to stay overnight at the resort "NO accommodations available. Not even a pillow or blanket." The notice, which was allegedly taken by an employee, was posted online and shared 2,000 times by January 20.

title: Jiminy Peak (ski area)


text:
User:Mike R/San Diego Gallery

These are photos of animals I took at the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld San Diego, and the San Diego Wild Animal Park August 8-11, 2005.

To be continued...

title: User:Mike R/San Diego Gallery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pine Cradle Lake Family Campground

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 04:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Pine Cradle Lake Family Campground
Dismally bad advertising copy. (A mouth watering ice cream cone? you gonna eat that?) Denni ☯ 02:34, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * keep and re-write. Trollderella 03:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless notability can be established. --WCFrancis 03:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no indication of notability, no reason to belive there is any. Just one of many tens of thosands of campgrounds. DES (talk) 03:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. JDoorjam 03:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN. RasputinAXP   talk  *  contribs  12:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. Dottore So 14:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Advertising --Outlander 16:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * '''Delete, non-notabl. Nandesuka 23:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above. --Agamemnon2 14:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Black Power (New Zealand gang)

Black Power is a prominent gang in New Zealand. Members are predominantly Māori and Pacific.

History
It was formed as the "Black Bulls" by Reitu Harris and Māori youth in Wellington about 1970, but was changed to Black Power in 1971. The gang was founded in response to the rival Mongrel Mob gang and white power associated gangs. The gang then spread to other major centres and rural towns throughout New Zealand.

Founder Reitu Harris was very politically aware, and during the early 1980s the gang gained some credibility; with social activist Denis O'Reilly joining, former judge Bill Maung acting as their political advisor and Prime Minister Robert Muldoon meeting with them and helping them to find accommodation and form work trusts.

The gang is now heavily involved in organised crime, such as drug manufacturing and dealing. While the gang has distanced itself from violent acts of some of its members, for example, a child abuse case, police have in return accused the gang members of using violence as a 'learned behaviour from involvement in the gang'.

There were 697 members in prison in April 2013.

The Black Power gang also has a strong presence on the Gold Coast of Queensland in Australia.

Insignia
Black Power colours are predominantly blue and black. The patches usually feature a clenched fist which is a symbol of the American Black Power movement. The patch will also be tattooed on the member's body.

title: Black Power (New Zealand gang)


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Choceň

Choceň (Chotzen) is a town in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 8,700 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Březenice, Dvořisko, Hemže, Nová Ves, Plchůvky and Podrážek are administrative parts of Choceň. Nová Ves and Plchůvky form an exclave of the municipal territory.

Etymology
The name is derived from the personal name Chocen, meaning "Chocen's (court)".

Geography
Choceň is located about 13 km west of Ústí nad Orlicí and 31 km east of Pardubice. It lies in the Orlice Table. The highest point is at 354 m above sea level. The Tichá Orlice river flows through the town.

History
The first written mention of Choceň is from 1227. In 1292, it was already a market town and was owned by King Wenceslaus II. In the early 14th century, it was acquired by Mikuláš of Potštejn, who founded a castle here. Mikuláš undertook marauding expeditions to the surrounding area. In 1339, the army of Charles IV conquered Choceň, demolished the castle and killed Mikuláš.

During next centuries, Choceň often changed owners. During the rule of Zikmund of Šelmberk, the town experienced a boom. He had a castle with a large courtyard built here in 1562. The next boom was during the rule of the Kinsky family in the 18th century. Several architectionally valuable Baroque buildings were built here, including the new Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, the rectory and the belfry.

In 1845, the railway from Prague to Olomouc via Choceň was built. In 1875 and 1881 the railways to Broumov and Litomyšl were built and Choceň became an important railway junction.

Economy
The largest industrial employed based in the town is Autoneum CZ, a manufacturer of automotive parts. Since 1928, there is a significant dairy company Choceňská mlékárna in the town.

Transport
Choceň railway station is situated on the main railway lines from Prague to Brno via Pardubice and Ústí nad Orlicí and from Prague to Luhačovice via Olomouc. Choceň is also the terminus of the lines from Náchod, Vysoké Mýto and Litomyšl.

Sights
The Choceň Castle dates from 1562. It was originally a Renaissance building, rebuilt in the Baroeu style in 1710–1720, and then in its current Neoclassical form in 1829 after it was damaged by a fire. The neo-Gothic Chapel of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was added to the castle in 1849–1850. Today the castle houses the Orlické Museum.

The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi was built in the Baroque style in 1728–1733, after the old Gothic church was destroyed by a fire. The church has a separate bell tower, built in 1702–1703.

Notable people

 * Tomáš Norbert Koutník (1698–1775), composer
 * Wenzel Thomas Matiegka (1773–1830), composer
 * Ulrich, 10th Prince Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau (1893–1938), nobleman
 * Richard Rychtarik (1894–1982), Czech-American set and costume designer
 * Leoš Šimánek (born 1946), traveler and writer
 * František Sisr (born 1993), cyclist

title: Choceň


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Maitreya (disambiguation)

is the future Buddha in Buddhist eschatology.

may also refer to:

 * Maitreya (Mahābhārata), a sage in the Indian epic Mahabharata
 * Maitreya (Share International), an organization that has stated Maitreya has been living in London, England since the 1970s
 * Maitreya (Theosophy), a member of the Theosophical "Masters of the Ancient Wisdom"
 * Maitreya-nātha, the reputed co-author of a number of Yogacara Buddhist treatises
 * Maitreya Great Tao, a Yiguandao splinter sect founded by Wang Hao-te
 * Maitreya teachings, a set of beliefs that developed in China as early as the 6th century CE
 * Maitreya Upanishad, one of the minor scriptures of Hinduism
 * Akshay Kumar Maitreya, Indian historian and social worker
 * Arya Maitreya Mandala, a Tibetan Buddhism Order founded by Anagarika Govinda
 * Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero, a Sri Lankan monk and scholar
 * Sananda Maitreya (fka Terence Trent D'Arby), an American singer-songwriter

title: Maitreya (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Final Fantasy/Sub-projects/Races

I think
As a general rule, "races" should only include sentient beings of human-level intelligence or better. That's the best way to separate what goes in "races" from what goes in "bestiary" IMO.PiccoloNamek 02:36, August 19, 2005 (UTC)


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Chocen

Chocen may refer to:
 * Choceň, a town in the Pardubice Region, Czech Republic
 * Choceń, a village in Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Gmina Choceń, an administrative district

title: Chocen


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Sigma Delta

Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) is a collegiate sorority at Dartmouth College in the United States. Founded in May 1977 by national sorority Sigma Kappa as its Zeta Lambda chapter, it was the first sorority to be founded on Dartmouth's campus. Women were not permitted to enroll at Dartmouth until 1972, and women-only slots were an imperative experience for the newly matriculated women. This sorority fulfilled the gap well with this new establishment where women could meet anytime in the course of the week.

By the late 1980s Dartmouth's student population had diversified. With this diversification of the student body, the sisterhood of Dartmouth's chapter of Sigma Kappa experienced an influx of women of minorities who wished to have not only a female space, but also a space that would embrace their personal identities as women regardless of age, class, religion, or ethnicity. In 1988, Dartmouth's Sigma Kappa chapter split from the national organization, citing that the national rituals were too heavily steeped in Christianity. With this move, Sigma Delta was established as Dartmouth's first local sorority.

Notable Alumni

 * Connie Britton - American Actress
 * Mindy Kaling* - American Writer and Actress

title: Sigma Delta


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User:Figaro/List of my "Figaro" photographs

Photo contributions to Wikipedia

Newstead House, Brisbane
I

1988

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Christopher Titus

Christopher Titus (born October 1, 1964) is an American comedian, podcaster and actor. Titus came to network audiences with the eponymous FOX series Titus, in which he was the star, executive producer and co-creator. He is also a stand-up comedian whose act revolves around his dysfunctional family and life experiences.

Norman Rockwell is Bleeding
As Titus' first special, this monologue was the basis for his TV show and centered around his dysfunctional family experiences. It aired in 2000 at the Montreal Just for Laughs festival; a filmed version was aired on Comedy Central in 2004.

5th Annual End of the World Tour
This special was filmed in Miami January 7, 2007, for Comedy Central.

Love is Evol
Love is Evol centered around his divorce from Erin (renamed "Kate" in the special for legal reasons), who he stated was turned into "a demon slithering from the fiery depths of Satan's anus" during the divorce proceedings. In it, he recounted his perspective on how his marriage to Erin fell apart, the ensuing divorce, his analysis of why people stay in bad relationships, his crisis of faith because of the divorce, meeting his new girlfriend's family, and dating again for the first time in two decades. It was recorded in October 2008 for Comedy Central and aired on February 14, 2009.

Neverlution
Titus' fourth stand-up act, filmed in San Diego, was Neverlution In it, Titus talked about bringing the country back to its former glory, the new generation, and politics. Comedy Central Records released a double CD of Neverlution.

Voice in My Head
Titus' fifth stand-up act is called Voice in My Head. This act deals with the different levels of failure and success Titus has encountered throughout his life, including his first job as a low-rent Darth Vader look-alike, up to why his TV show was cancelled. It was filmed on January 26, 2013, at the Fresno Tower Theatre.

Angry Pursuit of Happiness
Titus' sixth act was called Angry Pursuit of Happiness which was filmed on September 27, 2014 in Santa Barbara.

Born with a Defect
This is his seventh special and was filmed in Center Theater in Escondido, California, and was released in 2016.

Amerigeddon
Titus' eighth act was released in 2018 and dealt with America under the Trump administration.

Zero Side Effects
Released in April 2023, and filmed at the historic El Portal Theater in North Hollywood, CA, this performance focused on topics including White Supremacy, apologies to Millennials and Gen Z, and experiences with dental correction and surgery.

Carrying Monsters
Titus' tenth act is currently on tour in the USA, through at least March 30, 2024.

Podcast
Since January 28, 2011, Christopher Titus has been co-hosting the self-titled Christopher Titus Podcast with his wife Bombshell Rae (Rachel Bradley). Stuntman Tommy was a co-host until October 2012. "Nerdpunk" Jeff Fox had a co-hosting stint until leaving in January 2014. Rapper Ken "the Highlander" Hylind is the current co-host.

Discography

 * Norman Rockwell is Bleeding (2004) Comedy Central Records
 * The Fifth Annual End of The World Tour (2007) Comedy Central Records
 * Love Is Evol (2009) Comedy Central Records
 * Neverlution (2011) Comedy Central Records
 * Voice in My Head (2013) DVD Exclusive
 * Angry Pursuit of Happiness (2015)
 * Born With a Defect (2016)
 * Amerigeddon (2018)
 * Carrying Monsters (2020)
 * Zero Side Effects (2022)

title: Christopher Titus


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1924 NFL season

The 1924 NFL season was the fifth regular season of the National Football League. The league had 18 teams play during the season, including the new clubs Frankford Yellow Jackets, Kansas City Blues, and Kenosha Maroons. The Louisville Brecks, Oorang Indians, St. Louis All Stars and Toledo Maroons folded.

Before the season, the owner of the now-defunct Cleveland Indians bought the Canton Bulldogs and "mothballed" it, taking the team's nickname and players to Cleveland for the season. The new team, the Cleveland Bulldogs, won the 1924 NFL title with a 7–1–1 record.

Teams
Eighteen teams competed in the NFL during the 1924 season.

Championship race
The Cleveland Bulldogs, Buffalo Bisons, Frankford Yellow Jackets, Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears were the contenders for the title in November.

However, Buffalo faltered down the stretch, dropping their last three games to drop from 6–2 to 6–5, finishing squarely in the middle of the pack, and Green Bay similarly fell from 6–2 to 7–4. This left Cleveland and Chicago to contend for the title, since Frankford had two losses and the other two teams only one. Teams such as the Duluth Kelleys and the Rock Island Independents would have been contenders for the title, but their more limited schedules (six games for Duluth and nine for Rock Island) effectively ruled them out of title contention.

The official end of the season was designated on November 30, 1924, with Cleveland atop the league standings. After this date, Chicago challenged Cleveland to a post-season rematch and won, setting up a repeat of 1921, when the Bears (at that time still known as the Staleys) were able to win the championship from Buffalo (at the time known as the All-Americans) using the same tactic: this time, however, league officials declared any game after November 30 to be effectively exhibition games, null and void with regard to the season standings, which allowed the Bulldogs to keep their title. The Bears argued that the Bulldogs had agreed in advance that the game will be the title match, but the NFL officials claimed the Bulldogs couldn't make the decision for the league, and awarded them the title based on "league play".

In terms of pure win–loss differential, the Yellow Jackets would have easily won the title, as they had nine more wins than losses, compared to the +6 of the Bulldogs and the +5 of the Bears.

Had the current (post-1972) system of counting ties as half-a-win and half-a-loss been in force in 1924, the Kelleys (5–1) would have tied with the Bulldogs (7–1–1) for the league title at .833, with the tiebreaker not applicable as the Kelleys and Bulldogs did not play each other, while the Yellow Jackets (11–2–1) would have finished third at .821, with the Bears (6–1–4) finishing fourth at .727.

title: 1924 NFL season


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Santa Clara County Supervisor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Santa Clara County Supervisor
Just a list of county suipervisors. Delete, unless county supervisors are inherently notable. Denni ☯ 02:39, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * Keep and re-write. This should not be a list, but an article about the role of said supervisors. Trollderella 03:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You've suggested a rewrite twice now. Who do you plan on doing it? Denni ☯ 03:20, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * It's my understanding that being badly written is not a sufficient criteria for deletion. Given that the article doesn't meet the criteria for deletion, I don't believe it's my responsibility to find someone to re-write it, but, since you ask, I'll have a go. Trollderella 15:19, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I'd be hard pressed to think of a less significant governmental position. Very poor "article" to boot. -R. fiend 04:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Totally NN RasputinAXP   talk  *  contribs  12:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. County Supervisors are inherently notable. Larger counties (at least)will eventually be included in Wikipedia by necessity.--Nicodemus75 13:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Move name so Santa Clara County, if you must. Pilatus 13:58, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Below threshhold. Dottore So 14:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless improved. Leonig Mig 15:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I created this page yesterday and have had less than 24 hours to work on it. I plan on improving this article to list all the county supervisors who have served in Santa Clara County. In the state of California Countys play a large role and are important elected officals. They serve over 1.7 million people and the county staff exceedes 15,000 employees. Most are former mayors and some have gone on to serve as state legislatures or US representatives. It would be useful and a valid article to have a list of all those who have served as Santa Clara County Supervisor. Please reconsider your votes for deletion. Thank you. Dapoloplayer 17:25, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it possible to maybe move this article to "List of Santa Clara County Supervisors" or "List of Santa Clara County Supervisors serving the 5th district"?Dapoloplayer 17:28, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I spent 15 minutes adding a bunch more to the site. Compared to the previous 4 minutes i had spent on it it has greatly improved. Again please reconsider your votes for deletion. Dapoloplayer 17:42, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep but please clean it up Yuckfoo 18:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable elected office.Capitalistroadster 18:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, very notable office (in CA counties more important then cities) and the article is brand new. Let it grow a bit.Gateman1997 18:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. james gibbon  22:47, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep SchmuckyTheCat 05:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per R. fiend. Xoloz 17:38, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per R. fiend. Gamaliel 18:24, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per R. fiend. Nandesuka 23:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable and locally significant.  Those who are unsatisfied with the article content should try to improve it, rather than making nasty remarks here.  -- Visviva 05:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That's ridiculous, why would someone contribute to an article they do not think worthwhile? Is that just rhetoric or do you actually think that was a valid input to this discussion? Surely not! Leonig Mig 22:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: Before we decide to keep this article, has anyone actually read it? For some reason the first sentence specifies 5th district, though it seems more than one district is represented, based on the Don Gage stub (VfD fodder that one is) and the fact that there's so much overlapping of years it almost seems they were made by a random number generator. Someone decided all the names should be linked, even though they are almost all non-notables (a few are notable for going on to positions of some importance, but not for being county supervisor), and many are incorrect links. At the very least this needs extreme de-linking (I'll take care of that) and some sense to be made of the years and who exactly is covered by this article. If we're going to do a shoddy job we might as well not bother at all. -R. fiend 03:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per R. fiend. --Several Times 20:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Blanchflower v. Blanchflower

Blanchflower v. Blanchflower, 150 N.H. 226 (2003), is a landmark decision by the New Hampshire Supreme Court which ruled that sexual relations between two females, one of whom is married, does not constitute adultery because it is not technically sexual intercourse.

Background
In 2003, David Blanchflower, a professor from Dartmouth College, filed for divorce from his wife on the grounds that she was having an adulterous affair with Ms. Robin Mayer of West Windsor, Vermont. As in most cases of divorce involving alleged adultery, the professor was seeking an "at fault" ruling against his wife. His wife admitted that she was having an affair with Mayer, but Mayer argued that the affair did not constitute adultery under New Hampshire law.

Ruling
After a lower court initially sided with David Blanchflower, the New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled in favor of the two women, concluding that adultery must meet the definition of sexual intercourse under New Hampshire law. In the 3-2 ruling, the majority determined that sexual relations between two females cannot constitute sexual intercourse and, therefore, the affair was not adultery. The decision was based on the 1961 edition of Webster's Third New International Dictionary, which defines sexual intercourse as coitus (penile-vaginal sex).

Reactions
Reactions to the ruling were mixed, with some gay-rights groups condemning the ruling for its failure to recognize sex between people of the same gender. Other gay rights groups viewed the ruling as a victory under the law for one lesbian couple after many years of discrimination. Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD), an LGBT legal rights advocacy group, stated: "Both the majority opinion and the dissent made clear that this case was not about the status of same-sex relationships in society or any formal recognition same-sex relationships receive, and the opinions were both, on the whole, respectful of same-sex intimacy."

April 2021 ruling
In April 2021, in a case titled In the Matter of Molly Blaisdell and Robert Blaisdell, No. 2020-0211 (2021), the New Hampshire Supreme Court held that the state's definition of adultery, which includes only intercourse between a married person and another person of the opposite sex, must be expanded to include same-sex intercourse in light of the legal and societal shift surrounding same-sex marriage. In doing so, it overruled Blanchflower "to the extent that it limits the definition of 'adultery,' as that term is used in RSA 458:7, II, to sexual intercourse between persons of the opposite sex."

title: Blanchflower v. Blanchflower


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2 tuners

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

2 tuners
I didn't think it was speedy material... but definitely not worth under this title. gren グレン 02:40, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I never heard any "formal" term for this while developing set-top boxes. Gazpacho 03:16, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm afraid it's got just enough context to avoid speedy, but there's no real hope for this as an article.  Besides, dual tuners are for Picture-In-Picture, not watch-and-record.  My DVR box is very specifically one tuner: I can watch and record separately.  What I can't do is record two things at once. — Lomn | Talk 06:04:35, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * certainly two tuners are necessary to record and view different programmes, nothing to do with picture-in-picture. james gibbon  22:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not the formal term, as stated above. Cnwb 12:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dottore So 14:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not really separate article material. james gibbon  22:50, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above --Aqua 00:11, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Set-top box or Personal video recorder. -- Chuq 12:55, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Personal video recorder seems a suitable solution -- Graibeard 07:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Pixel Revolt

Pixel Revolt is an album by American singer-songwriter John Vanderslice. It was released on August 23, 2005. In addition to the normal track listing, a track titled "The Kingdom" can be found on the Japanese and vinyl versions of the record. According to Vanderslice, the piece thematically belongs on the record but "bogs it down", and was left off the American CD release.

Track listing

 * 1) "Letter to the East Coast"
 * 2) "Plymouth Rock"
 * 3) "Exodus Damage"
 * 4) "Peacocks in the Video Rain"
 * 5) "Trance Manual"
 * 6) "New Zealand Pines"
 * 7) "Radiant with Terror"
 * 8) "Continuation"
 * 9) "Dear Sarah Shu"
 * 10) "Farewell Transmission"
 * 11) "Angela"
 * 12) "Dead Slate Pacific"
 * 13) "The Golden Gate"
 * 14) "CRC 7173, Affectionately"
 * 15) "The Kingdom" (Japanese and vinyl release only)

title: Pixel Revolt


text:
Talk:Colour trade mark

Note on creating non-conventional trademark sub-articles
If this article is simply going to imitate the sound trademark article, they both may as well be merged back into the main non-conventional trademark article. 203.198.237.30 02:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't think you should do that. Sound marks and Colour marks are very distinct. The history and rules dealing with both are different.

There is no limit to the amounts of page on wikipedia so no need to condense them into one article. This page was useful for me and I'm sure will be for others.

Why was this article moved?
Is there a reason this article was moved from Colour trademark to Color trademark, in flagrant violation of MoS? I mean, as an anonymous editor, I lack the ability to enforce MoS and move it back, but I'd love to know why the rules don't apply in this particular case? 139.57.100.104 (talk) 22:22, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * A good question. I don't have the time to deal with it (nor am I an admin), but I will support reversing the move if you request an administrator to do so (an admin can do it while keeping the article history in the right place). VMS Mosaic (talk) 05:26, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * An admin is necessary for that? I thought anyone with an account could do a page move (even over redirect). 209.90.135.9 (talk) 06:16, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * You are right that any account can do a move. I think the one time I tried to undo a move like this, I made a mistake which required an admin to fix. I'd just as soon not experiment again and let someone who knows how do it.  VMS Mosaic (talk) 09:36, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, I moved it. The complication I was thinking of was if the redirect page had been edited, but that was not the case here. VMS Mosaic (talk) 09:55, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Just a note: the correct UK term is "colour trade mark" (note space), while the correct US term is "color trademark". The current title is a strange mix of the two. --62.189.73.197 (talk) 15:21, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Added ENGVAR template to hopefully prevent such moves in the future Acopyeditor (talk) 09:01, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colour trade mark