text:
User:Gryffindor/RfC

 '''Welcome to my own Request for Comments page. I encourage constructive criticism regarding my performance on Wikipedia, and this is the page to do it on. Comments also please follow Wikiquette or it will be deleted. Please sign and date your entries by inserting ~ at the end.''' This idea is courtesy User:Bmicomp, thanks alot :-)

English native speaker? I don't think so!
Ich habe deine Übersetzungen zu Landeshauptmann und Luis Durnwalder mal genauer angeguckt. Fazit: miserables Englisch! Beispiele: "Whether female Landeshauptmänner are to be called Landeshauptfrau" und "he became mayor of his home municipality" - viele Übertragungsfehler (wether statt if; became statt was elected; municipality statt town), beide Male beinah Filserbrief-Englisch, also surely NOT English! Ich bin mit deiner Selbsteinschätzung als English native speaker gar nicht einverstanden und finde, Du solltest das korrigieren auf "Englisch für Hausgebrauch und als Tourist", also En=2. Dass du zu "proofreading" aufforderst, habe ich wohl bemerkt; aber das ist keine Patentlösung. Anderen viel Aufräum- und Putzarbeiten aufzubürden, statt selber mehr Sorgfalt und Können einzubringen? Mehr englische Original-Literatur lesen könnte helfen, mehr Gefühl für die Sprache und die Fehlervermeidung zu gewinnen. Obwohl du relativ jung (Grundstudium) zu sein scheinst, kannst du konstruktive Kritik wie diese hoffentlich ab. Tokles 12:57, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Way over the line
Don't mind Tokles. This user must have gotten up on the wrong side of the bed and then proceeded to take his misery out on you. There's an admittedly fine line between constructive and other kinds of criticism, and this user crossed it by a mile and a half. At least!!! Check this one out Beland/Praisefor what I think is a really good guideline. I came across it by trying to get answers to questions I had. --Mmounties 16:11, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Mmounties
I think it's fair to say that Gryffindor is one of the best German-English translators we've got on the project. If somebody hadn't told me he came from Austria, I would not have been able to tell from his writing on Wikipedia. He certainly writes a lot better than some native speakers, and I think Mmounties is a good judge for that since she is perfectly fluent in both languages. JHMM13 (T | C)  20:31, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Edit summaries
Hi, I've noticed you are not leaving edit summaries. Please get into the habit of doing so, as it helps others to know what changes you have made to an article. Not calling you one, but vandals sometimes think that by not leaving an edit summary their edits won't attract scrutiny. In fact, the opposite happens. You can set your preferences to remind you to leave an edit summary at My preferences > Editing > then ticking the box marked "prompt me when entering a blank edit summary. Mjroots (talk) 05:37, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, please do consider using edit summaries. It saves time for other editors. Eric talk 22:09, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

title: User:Gryffindor/RfC


text:
Aaron Egbele

Aaron Egbele (born 29 January 1979, in Benin City) is a Nigerian sprinter. Egbele was a part of the Nigerian team that won the bronze medal in the 2004 Olympics 4 x 100 metres relay.

In the 2003 World Championships in Paris, he competed in both 100 and 200 metres, but was knocked out in the heats.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aaron Egbele


text:
Orbix

Orbix may refer to:
 * Orbix (toy), a battery-operated puzzle toy from Milton Bradley released in 1995
 * Orbix (software)

title: Orbix


text:
Talk:Particle velocity level

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with particle velocity. (Discuss)

That's no good idea. Keep it as it is.

User:Ericd 13:22, 02 Sep 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey.. I was tagging the page andI think it should be merged.. but I will let someone else do it. 23:19, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Particle velocity level


text:
Olusoji Fasuba

Olusoji Adetokunbo Fasuba (born 9 July 1984) is a Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 100 metres. He was the African record holder in the event with 9.85 seconds until Akani Simbine broke it in July 2021 with 9.84 seconds.

He was a member of the Nigerian bronze medal winning team in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2004 Olympic Games. The same year he won the African Championships in 100 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games behind Asafa Powell and was the indoor world champion over 60 metres in 2008, becoming the first African to complete the feat.

Early life
Fasuba was born in Sapele, Delta State in Nigeria, the eldest of three children. Sprinting was part of his family life as his mother, a Jamaican, was a runner in her youth and is the cousin of Don Quarrie, a 200 metres Olympic gold medallist. His parents encouraged him to run from a young age and he was so fast that secondary schools would ask him to compete for them, even though he was of primary school age. Furthermore, he was a proficient football, volleyball or basketball player and, as a result, he managed to attend Merit Mixed Secondary School through an athletics scholarship. He dominated the school's athletics events, winning not only the sprint events but also the high jump and long jump. Fasuba continued his studies at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife but found the work difficult. Encouraged by his mother, he decided to leave the education system in favour of athletics, his foremost passion.

Athletics career
Fasuba had his breakthrough year in 2003, starting with the 2003 national trials. He was selected for the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics and finished fourth with the Nigerian team. Fasuba closed the year with a win in the 100 m at the inaugural Afro-Asian Games. In 2004, he went on to win at the 2004 African Championships in Athletics, and won his first major medal a few months later – an Olympic bronze medal as part of the 4×100 m relay team at the 2004 Athens Olympics. The following year he competed in the 100 and 200 m at the World Championships, but failed to reach either final.

In early 2006 he finished fifth at the World Indoor Championships and second at the Commonwealth Games. He then established a new African record with 9.85 seconds from the Doha Grand Prix in May, breaking Frankie Fredericks' old record of 9.86 s from 1996, Fasuba's run was remarkable as he is almost a foot shorter than many other sprinters, he is thought to have one of the fastest footspeeds in athletics. Despite having injury problems throughout the season, Fasuba defended his regional title at the 2006 African Championships. For his 2006 achievements, the Athletics Federation of Nigeria chose him as the Nigerian Male Athlete of the Year.

He won two gold medals at the 2007 All-Africa Games, winning in the 100 m and 4×100 m relay. However, the occasion was marred by calls for him to be banned from the Nigerian team following a misunderstanding: Fasuba had planned to celebrate with the Nigerian flag but he had to abandon the celebration after he was called to take a drugs test. On 26 August 2007, he finished fourth in the 100 m at the 2007 World Championships with 10.07 s. Fasuba won the World Indoor Championships 60 m sprint on 8 March 2008 in a time of 6.51 s. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he competed at the 100 m and placed second in his heat after Tyson Gay in a time of 10.29 s. He qualified for the second round in which he improved his time to 10.21 seconds. However, he was unable to qualify for the semi-finals as he finished in fourth place after Richard Thompson, Gay and Martial Mbandjock.

Fasuba was entered into the 100 m at the 2009 World Championships, but his performance was modest and he was eliminated in the second round after running 10.25 seconds. After a poor start to 2010, he was not selected to defend his 60 m title at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships as Sunday Bada of the Athletic Federation of Nigeria stated he was not in form.

Personal life
Fasuba is the first child of Olumide and Evelyn Fasuba, and has a younger brother (Kayode) and a younger sister (Yinka). He met Ngozi Nwokocha, a 400 metres runner, at his first national athletics training camp in 2003 and they are now married They have 1 daughter.

Military career
In April 2011 Olusoji joined the Royal Navy applying through the Royal Navy Careers Office in Oxford, and embarked on a career as Logistician (Supply Chain) Rating. He hopes to continue with athletics as a hobby and compete for the Royal Navy. He stated that the reason behind this was that he was looking for a more settled life for his family. Now a fully qualified Logistician.

Achievements
Last updated April 2009

Having beaten Frank Fredericks' previous mark, Fasuba was the 100 m African record holder with 9.85 s until Akani Simbine, of South Africa, broke it with 9.84 in 2021; followed by Ferdinand Omanyala, of Kenya, lowering it to 9.77 later that year. Furthermore, this places him as the joint-twentieth fastest 100 m runner ever and the fifth-fastest runner outside of the NACAC area behind Omanyala, Marcell Jacobs, Su Bingtian, and Simbine. He also has the fourth fastest time by an African runner in the 60 metres with 6.49 s; only Leonard Myles-Mills, fellow Nigerian Deji Aliu, and Morne Nagel have run faster.

Personal bests

 * All information taken from IAAF profile.

title: Olusoji Fasuba


text:
Talk:Dr. Alban

Peak chart positions
Some of his songs were hits on the U.S. Dance Club chart, and one with that information should add it to the chart, as he was NOT a failure in the United States, as the lack of information implies. Stopde (talk) 00:52, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dr. Alban. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092844/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin to http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:01, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Dr. Alban. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003939/http://dralban.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=118 to http://www.dralban.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=118
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120913075835/http://www.naijasmostincredible.com/dr-alban-50-greatest-nigerians-of-all-time/ to http://www.naijasmostincredible.com/dr-alban-50-greatest-nigerians-of-all-time/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130618094053/http://www.calista.com.tr/news/newsread.asp?ID=114 to http://www.calista.com.tr/news/newsread.asp?ID=114
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050925162307/http://www.dralban.info/ to http://www.dralban.info/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:40, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Birthplace
I am not going to watch this page for various reasons, but I would like to initiate a discussion regarding Dr. Alban's birthplace: The article claims that he was born in Oguta, and I believe this is accepted by the majority, however the first reference I visted (this AllMusic link, which I updated in the article just now), claims that he was born in "Awomama", which is a misspelling of Awo-Omamma. Both towns are just roughly 15km apart, so it would not be much of a difference. However, the German Wikipedia article claims that he was born in Enugu, which is actually located in a different state than the other two, and also a good 150km away (quite a difference). Does anybody have specific references on the issues, or even with different birthplaces? Lordtobi ( ✉ ) 20:07, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Also, I don't understand why he is described as "Nigerian born Swedish". Unless he has abandoned his Nigerian citizenship (proof would be required) then he should be listed as Nigerian-Swedish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.231.165.102 (talk) 22:11, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

New single
Dr. Alban & Whitney Peyton - CHANGE (I Have a Dream) MilleBjorn54 (talk) 07:42, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Another new song https://scandipop.co.uk/song-basic-element-dr-alban-waldos-people-feat-elize-ryd-life-now/ MilleBjorn54 (talk) 13:43, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dr. Alban


text:
Talk:Regina (federal electoral district)

Untitled
Please indicate in the article when the district was disbanded. —Psychonaut 11:22, 2 September 2005 (UTC) Ask and ye shall receive. Fawcett5 17:33, 2 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Top 50

Merger
"No it's not" is not a response of any value, give me a reason instead of baiting me into an edit war. If you feel that there is content on the page that is not included in the Top 40 page, feel free to point out what it is. I certainly don't see any. If you and I can't resolve this (because you refuse to be reasonable most likely) I'll move for a vfd of the top 50 article and a possible (but not nessecary) redirect to Top 40. That would allow the community to decide. At the moment the Top 50 article is nothing more than a sub-stub, fill it with more content and I would be happy to change my mind about a merging - but at the moment the page provides no content not included in Top 40. As far as merging for the sake of merging, thats not the case here, this is a merge because the content of this stub is covered in more detail and with more value elsewhere. Usrnme h8er 11:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If no response comes in this discussion in the next couple of days I will go ahead and merge. After that any reverts without discussion or motivation will be considered vandalism. Usrnme h8er 13:43, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

I am reverting back again not because of "vandalism" but for the reason that if someone clicks on a link saying something made the top 50 and is directed to the top 40 page they may reedit the original article to read top 40, which will result in false information. 195.93.21.67 12:16, 12 September 2005 (UTC) a) Why? Would they think it was a typo that sent them magically to the right page even though it was mistyped? Or are they stupid enough not to understand the difference and similarity of the two topics even though it is explicitly discussed in the Top 50 article? b) Right at the top of the page they were sent to is a notice that says "redirected from", so they wont misunderstand what happend. Generally, editors who backtrack and correct this type of "redirect link" (like myself occasionally) would in that case replace it with the link Article 2 link so that the link changed without the text changing. Only an idiot would change the content of an article to reflect inaccuracy just because of a generalization redirect that was created to prevent a tiny micro-stub from annoying users. The problem with an article like this one is that if the user actually wants to know anything about the subject, they have to follow the "see also" link. This article adds no content of value to wikipedia. Usrnme h8er 14:33, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Except that's not a good cause because:

whys, buts, what ifs, no solid statement..... you might not think this adds value to the site but thats merely your POV, nothing more. 195.93.21.67 18:23, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? Whether something adds value is always going to have a sense of POV, thats absolutely obvious! If you are going to accuse me of POV in this case, feel free to go vent your spleen at WP:VFD which is all so POV they should all be banned, especially the admins... My "Why"s, "but"s and "if"s (interestingly, I only used one "if", one "why", and not a single "but" in my latest entry - and the if should rather be read as a "since" since if the users are not looking for information on the topic they probably just clicked the "Random article" button and are about to click it again...) are just a way of ripping your arguement to tiny little pieces of cloth... The problem with this page is I could copy the entire Top 40 page into the Top 50 page, change the 40's for 50's, and the page would be completely accurate. The two terms are mutually exclusive in meaning! During my youth I watched a show on swedish tv called Top 22, should that have its own page? You could make the arguement that there should be a page for GW Bush (rather than George W Bush) that said "This is an alternate spelling for a president of the united states of america, see also, George W. Bush". But that would be equally unnessecary, and users arriving at the page would be equally uninformed. It would be a stupid little microstub that added nothing of value to wikipedia while wasting the users time and making the encyclopaedia more cumbersome to navigate - much like this page. This is not merging for the sake of merging, this is why redirects exist. Usrnme h8er 07:46, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I find you so called debate baffling and bemusing that someone would care so passionatley about this to talk down to me about it. You need to chill, really. There is a difference between a top 50 and a top 40 page and a GW Bush and and George W Bush page. If you want to make a page about the show Top 22 then fine, infact if you don't do it today, i'll do it for you if you like, hope that helps you sleep more easy. This is wasting noones time, the only person wasting their time is you ranting on and saying that "only an idiot needs this page". Firstly, what is your definition of an idiot? Secondly, why wouldn't those people be allowed to use Wikipedia? Also "if, but's and maybes" is a FIGURE OF SPEECH, so let's not try and act the tough guy here. Also a "See also" column is no more "inconvenient" to a reader than moving Elton John's discography to a seprate link from his own page! 195.93.21.67 12:12, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * You'd be surprised how much free time you can find while doing a full time job... :) Anyway, while I disagree with you, I'm happy to conclude that there is no consensus in this case and therefore the less intrusive option (letting the page stand) is chosen. Oh, and I dont act the tough guy... I AM the tough guy... :P Usrnme h8er 07:55, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It's fine as it stands :)

 * If top 50 is basically the same as top 40, just with the changed number of entries, then there's no reason to have a different article. It will never be more than a sub-stub. bogdan 20:52, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

It it is "basically the same" then top 40 should redirect here (with all the information added) to the larger list as the top 40 is included in the top 50, however the top 50 is not included in the top 40. 74.65.39.59 19:36, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Top 50


text: User talk:70.58.82.30

title: User talk:70.58.82.30


text:
List of secretaries of intelligence of Argentina

The following is a semi complete list of secretaries of intelligence of Argentina :


text:
Template:On AFD

(AfD discussion)

title: Template:On AFD


text:
Benedict Allen

Benedict Colin Allen FRGS (born 1 March 1960) is an English writer, explorer, traveller and filmmaker known for his technique of immersion among indigenous peoples from whom he acquires survival skills for hazardous journeys through unfamiliar terrain. In 2010, Allen was elected a Trustee and Member of Council of the Royal Geographical Society.

He has recorded six TV series for the BBC, either alone or with partial or total use of camera crews, and pioneered the use of the hand-held camera for TV, for the first time allowing viewers to witness immersion of a traveller in remote environments without the artifice brought about by a camera-crew.

He has published ten books, including the Faber Book of Exploration, which he edited.

Towards mid-November 2017, Allen became subject to international headlines when reported missing while undertaking an expedition in Papua New Guinea. However, he resurfaced not long after, having made his way to an abandoned mission station.

Early life and education
Benedict Allen was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, third child to Virginia and Colin Allen – who had moved from Southern England in order to be a short drive from Woodford Aerodrome, where Colin was a test pilot for Avro and later Hawker Siddeley, helping develop the three 'V-bombers' (Valiant, Victor and Vulcan Mark 2).

His son, Benedict, is first cousin and godson to the historian and writer on India Charles Allen, who was one of those who passed on a sense that there was still an exciting world out there waiting to be understood and explored.

As a child, Benedict Allen embarked on numerous fossil-hunting expeditions to Lyme Regis, Dorset, and along England's Jurassic Coast. Among more famous influences in his early years were Wilfred Thesiger, Laurens van der Post, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Thor Heyerdahl and naturalist Peter Matthiessen, all of whom he in due course met.

Allen has two older sisters, Katie and Susie. He was educated at Bradfield College, and read environmental science at the University of East Anglia, participating in three scientific expeditions during his final year. Although he went on to study for a master's degree in ecology he did not complete his second degree, being intent by now only on his first independent expedition, an attempt to cross from the mouth of the Orinoco to the mouth of the Amazon that would mean a first traverse of the Amazon Basin's remote north-east. His claim to have completed the traverse – a journey undertaken with the assistance of locals through some four hundred miles of forest, and in a matter of only a few months, was at the time met with incredulity.

Philosophy and approach
A feature of Allen's expeditions is that they are conducted without Western companions, without a phone or GPS but instead rely where possible on indigenous help, rather than conventional backup from the outside world. 'To me personally, exploration is not about planting a flag, or conquering a nature, or going somewhere in order to make a mark. It's the opposite of these things. It's about opening yourself up, allowing yourself to be vulnerable, and allowing the place to make its mark on you.' As portrayed by one interviewer, he has 'little time' for flag-planting, or any 'imperialist craving for the acquisition of territory'

This approach – 'If you go with a map, all you'll end up with is a better version of that same map' – in his case meant making a decision early on not be endorsed by commercial sponsors or be a brand ambassador – the advertising of consumer products sitting uncomfortably with the idea of immersing yourself within an indigenous community in order to listen and learn.

After publishing five books describing his various lone journeys across the least explored regions of the Amazon, New Guinea and Sumatra, in the mid-1990s Allen went on to develop the now commonly adopted technique of self-filming with a camcorder, becoming the first (and for many years the only) adventurer to document the experience of immersion in a community or of undergoing a testing journey – through such programmes as The Skeleton Coast, which depicted a first known expedition by foot along the complete length of the 1,000-mile Namib Desert. A Radio Times cover feature dubbed him "Television's Most Fearless Man".

Patronage
Allen is a Patron of the Environmental Justice Foundation, Tony Trust and Save the Rhino Trust.

Expeditions
While still a student, Allen took part in scientific expeditions to a volcano in Costa Rica, to a remote forest in Brunei, and – as leader – to a glacier in Iceland. He went on to establish his reputation through a series of independent journeys to cross through the least known regions of the Amazon and New Guinea. Travelling without Western companions or communication devices, he trusted instead to the know-how of various local communities, making first outside contact with two threatened indigenous peoples – the Obini and Yaifo.

Today Allen is acknowledged as one of the last great adventurers in the classic mould, The Daily Telegraph listing him as one of the top ten British explorers of all time, the only other living individual being Sir Ranulph Fiennes. He went on to develop the technique of self-filming, becoming the first explorer to bring the full experience of remote travel to television, and in dispensing with a traditional, more cumbersome, camera (and crew) effectively took the entire genre to its limits – while also inadvertently popularizing idea of the "video selfie". He was described as "part of the history of television" by former Director General of the BBC Mark Thompson.

Allen's first major exploit was a first crossing of the northeast Amazon basin in 1983; he traversed 417 miles of rainforest on foot and by dugout canoe over several months – a precarious journey that covered the proposed route of the then planned Perimetral Norte Road through Brazil's Para and Amapa States. In the event, the venture almost cost him his life – he was chased by renegade goldminers, capsized and ended up walking out of the forest some 65 miles with two strains of malaria, a dramatic sequence of events featured in an I Shouldn't Be Alive episode aired in 2010. His own portrayal of the journey, his 1985 book, Mad White Giant, was designed to read at one level as a rip-roaring adventure, and at another as an angry attack on his own kind. It was this formative experience which saw Allen establish his modus operandi: rather than again blunder along as an outsider – the "mad white giant" of his first book – he would attempt to learn from his hosts. There followed a series of treks with the help of remote communities through West Papua and Papua New Guinea, culminating in his participation in a brutal initiation ceremony of the Niowra (Into the Crocodile's Nest) people of the lowland Sepik.

In Siberut and Sumatra he investigated indigenous tales of an "orang pendek" ape man, this time assisted by the Mentawai and Kubu (Hunting the Gugu) – and in 1987, aged twenty-seven, made the first recorded crossing of the Central Range of PNG, helped by one of the last of the island's uncontacted communities, a small band known as the Yaifo (The Proving Grounds).

In 1992 Allen conducted the first crossing of the Amazon basin at its widest, a seven and half month, 3600 mile journey from the Andes of Ecuador, south-east to the lowlands to Mato Grosso, this time trained by the Matses or Mayoruna ethnic group of the Peruvian Amazon (Through Jaguar Eyes).

Two years later he returned to the Matses family which had adopted him, with the help of a camcorder filming Raiders of the Lost Lake, a deliberate reprise of the traveller-as-intruder themes of Mad White Giant. For the first time the moment by moment progress of a lone and authentically dangerous expedition could be seen by millions.

Soon after, he was given first-ever permission to travel the length of the diamond-strewn (and environmentally sensitive) Namib Desert, a three and a half month long journey he accomplished in 1996 with the collaboration of the Namibian Nature Conservancy, his three camel companions and the Himba nomads of the Namib margins (The Skeleton Coast).

The following year, Allen undertook a 3000-mile, five and a half month journey by horse and camel around Mongolia, this including a lone six week traverse of the Gobi Desert (Edge of Blue Heaven).

In 1998 he returned to Brazil's Mato Grosso to learn the point-of-view of the Kalapalo, an indigenous community who for years had stood accused of murdering the explorer Colonel Percy Fawcett, his son Jack and Jack's friend Raleigh Rimmel – all of whom had disappeared on Fawcett's expedition of 1925 (The Bones of Colonel Fawcett).

Two years later, Allen documented encounters with spiritual healers around the globe – including Voodoo priests in Haiti, the Mentawai of Indonesia, the Huichol of Mexico and shamans of Siberia, this resulting in the 2000 BBC book and TV series Last of the Medicine Men.

There followed the 'Icedogs' expedition of 2000/2001: with training and assistance of the Yupik and Chukchi communities of Chukotka in the Russian Far East, and special permission from the governor of the time, oligarch and future Chelsea Football Club owner Roman Abramovich, Allen attempted to cross the Bering Strait to Alaska in what turned out to be 'the worst winter in living memory' – and out on the pack-ice nearly died having been separated from his dogteam in a blizzard (Ice Dogs). Following this latest brush with mortality, Allen made a decision to end his expedition career, which has taken him from rain forest to desert and now the Arctic – 'as if seeking greater and greater extremes. And perhaps I was.'

Allen married and had the first of three children. Thereafter, he presented and wrote Traveller's Century, a three part TV programme for BBC 2 and BBC 4 which examined the lives of three travellers in the extraordinarily prolific British tradition. Eric Newby personified the Amateur Abroad, who revels in his very lack of preparedness and sets out regardless. Laurie Lee represented the Wandering Minstrel, and Patrick Leigh Fermor was the Bryronic figure of daring and intellect combined. Leigh Fermor gave his last ever recorded interview for the TV series.

Allen went on to assist BBC Security Correspondent Frank Gardner in his bid to see birds of paradise in the wild, the result being Birds of Paradise: The Ultimate Quest. It was on this expedition that Allen by chance heard that the Yaifo community that he had known more than thirty years before, and long thought disintegrated under the influence of missionary and wholesale goldmining activity, were still living in relative isolation on the mountain side. He decided to do just "one last" expedition.

Disappearance in Papua New Guinea
On 26 October 2017, Allen had himself dropped by helicopter at Bisorio Mission, East Sepik Province, then launched with a party of indigenous contacts for a three-week trek into the forest, hoping to track down the Yaifo, check up on their well-being, and thank those who had originally helped him over the mountain. Having successfully located the community, and then completed a gruelling trek for a second time over the Central Range, Allen found himself trapped by an upsurge of community violence just north of the international mining concern at Porgera in Enga Province. Over the following days, media outlets around the world speculated as to his fate. However, on 17 November he was extracted by the Daily Mail newspaper, and taken to hospital with suspected malaria and dengue fever.

As author

 * Mad White Giant (1985, published in America as Who Goes Out in the Midday Sun?)
 * Into the Crocodile's Nest: Journey Inside New Guinea (1987)
 * Hunting the Gugu: In Search of the Lost Ape-Men of Sumatra (1989)
 * The Proving Grounds: A Journey Through the Interior of New Guinea and Australia (1991)
 * Through Jaguar Eyes: Crossing the Amazon Basin (1994)
 * The Skeleton Coast (1997)
 * The Edge of Blue Heaven (1998)
 * Last of the Medicine Men (2000)
 * Into the Abyss (2006)

As contributor

 * More Great Railway Journeys (1996)

As editor

 * The Faber Book of Exploration: An Anthology of Worlds Revealed by Explorers Through the Ages (2002)

TV series

 * The Skeleton Coast (BBC, 1997)
 * The Edge of Blue Heaven (BBC, 1998)
 * The Bones of Colonel Fawcett (BBC,1999)
 * Last of the Medicine Men (BBC, 1999)
 * Ice Dogs (BBC, 2002, National Geographic 2003)
 * Travellers' Century (BBC, 2008)
 * Unbreakable (Five, 2008)
 * Expedition Africa (History, 2009)

Other TV programmes

 * The Raiders of the Lost Lake (BBC 2, Video Diary, 1995). A journey to the Upper Yavari in the Peruvian Amazon, where a Matses family had adopted him, and a lone trek to the mysterious (and locally feared) 'Cocha Brava' or Wild Lake.
 * More Great Railway Journeys: Mombasa to the Mountains of the Moon (1996, BBC 2) . Through Kenya to Uganda; encounters in contemporary East Africa.
 * Adventures For Boys: the lost worlds of Rider Haggard (2007, BBC 4). Profile of the author of King Solomon's Mines and She.

Other TV broadcasts include

 * The Big Read, in which Allen championed His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman – a book that came third out of the nation's top 100 novels.
 * We Need Answers, 25 February 2010, A British comedy panel show broadcast on BBC Four.
 * I Shouldn't Be Alive: Alone in the Amazon

Radio broadcasts include
Two Men and a Mule. A BBC Radio 4 series co-presented by historian and explorer Hugh Thomson, the three part programme plots the two men's progress though the Andes along the trail of the last Inca emperors. Broadcast 2, 9 16 October 2015.

Work on other travellers

 * The Faber Book of Exploration: an anthology of worlds revealed by explorers through the ages – brings together the lives of key explorers of different motivations, traditions and nationalities through the centuries. 'This is a major work,' according to Condé Nast Traveller, 'and it should be on every traveller's bookshelf.'
 * In 2006 Allen published Into the Abyss, which tells the story of his Arctic sledge dog expedition but also attempts to address the question of how any of us keep going in adversity.
 * His recollections of Wilfred Thesiger, perhaps the greatest explorer of the 20th century, are included in Wilfred Thesiger in Africa edited by Christopher Morton and Philip N. Grover, London: HarperPress, 2010

title: Benedict Allen


text:
Talk:Yugoslav dinar

Untitled
Two pictures, no text. Enochlau 11:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

copyright on banknotes
i saw the remarks on the copyright concerns.

heres my thoughts: i own the bills i have posted pictures for. i took the pictures myself. the country they were issued by is no longer an institution. i value them for their artistic beauty. many times people take pictures of coinage, however, this issue is not brought up.

what are your thoughts? --Aryibcki 00:32, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See discussion here: Image_talk:Deset2.jpg --Dijxtra 08:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

I don't really get Wikipedia editing, why isn't there a friendly GUI editor yet? So sad, silly code is for the 90s! So I don't know how to do this properly, but I think I can contribute to this page several high quality images of Jugoslavia's money around '92-'94, from as low as 100 dinars to up to 500,000,000,000 in great high quality. Front and back! But I don't know how to add them and where they belong. So can I just add them at the bottom and someone else can move them and style them and all that bothersome nonsense? :) Najob (talk) 10:02, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

succession box
I tried to follow the style guide from the WikiProject Numismatics/Style. I filled in some of the "none"s since even though the country didn't exist before/after in some cases, the people used some form of money, and that's the purpose of the succession box. If you want to switch back from Euro to Deutsche Mark again, please explain why (FRY says that Serbia uses the dinar and Montenegro uses the Euro). I got the date of 1918 from Kingdom of Yugoslavia; if that's not right for the use of the dinar, please explain why. Also, I assumed that Yugoslavia was occupied by Germany and using Reichsmarks, but am not certain. Feel free to fix that if I'm wrong. Mom2jandk 21:42, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hm. You just entered the hell of Balcans... The verb to asume is a no-no here, because you cannot assume anything about such a crazy region :-) To get the record straight - I think that succession boxes don't have any sence here. The successions of this area are so complicated that succession boxes are inapropriate. Now lets go to the details. On November 6 1999 Montenegro decided that besides Yugoslavian dinar, official currency is Deutche Mark. When Germany addopted Euro, Montenegro did that too, so now currencies were Dinar and Euro. In 2001, Montenegro decided to abbandon Dinar and now uses only Euro. Then, Yugoslavia didn't exist prior to 1929, it was called Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918(or is it 1919?)-1929, so Yugoslav Dinar didn't exist too. And finally, Yugoslavia was occupated by Germany, but some parts of Yugoslavia were a) anexed by Germany, b) anexed by Italy, c) anexed by Hungary, d) anexed by some more countries, but I'm not sure which (Bulgaria is a safe bet I think) e) used to create Independent State of Croatia f) used to create Serbia, and I'm not sure what was the legal status of Serbia. Therefore you don't want to write down every single currency that succedeed Yugoslav dinar in 1941 because it is damn long list. And you have to keep in mind that pictures presented here are scans of just one of editions of SFRY Dinar, because SFRY dinar had a number of editions because of high inflation (it devolved at least once). So, this article in fact is not about Yugoslavian dinar but about SFRY dinar... Now, I got lost in everything I wrote here and I think that it would be far better to just abandon the succession boxes and maybe write and paragraph in the article about succession... --Dijxtra 10:47, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your detailed reply. I like what you did, using "number of other currencies". That seems like a good compromise compared to trying to list everything. I'm going to update the boxes to make it a bit more obvious that they're referring to different countries/currencies. I'm not sure how to handle the KSCS. It's linked into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia page, so I assumed (again :) that it would be reasonable to call the KSCS dinar a "Yugoslav dinar". Otherwise, maybe the "KSCS" and "KSCS dinar" should be their own pages. My goal is to link the Austro-Hungarian krone to the Yugoslav currency, which admittedly is challenging, but I find it interesting to follow the paths of currencies. I embarked on this task to learn something new, and appreciate your help (and patience). Mom2jandk 20:37, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'd say User:Dove1950 did a fabolous job and solved our problems with succession boxes :-) --Dijxtra 17:01, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

ISO code?
Which ISO codes have been used for the Yugoslav dinar? The last one was YUD, and another one was YUM. Between which revaluations was YUM in use, and what codes were used for the other dinars? (218.228.195.44 12:19, 29 October 2006 (UTC))

Serbian, Yugoslav dinar, krone
(moved from User talk:Dove1950)

Hi,

Before your recent edit, the article Serbian dinar, Yugoslav krone, and Yugoslav dinar conclude a linear succession relation: Serbian dinar - 1918 - Yugoslav krone - 1920 - Yugoslav dinar. Now that your edits suggest that it's more complicated than that. Currently they read:
 * Serbian dinar
 * In 1918, the Serbian dinar was replaced at par by the Yugoslav dinar, with the Yugoslav krone also circulating until 1920.

 * Yugoslav krone
 * The krone was a short-lived, provisional currency used in the then newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from 1918-11-12 until 1923.

 * Yugoslav dinar
 * Until 1918, the dinar was the currency of Serbia. It then became the currency of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, circulating alongside the krone until 1923, with 1 dinar = 4 kronen.

So I guess my questions are:
 * Did Serbian dinar and Yugoslav krone co-circulate? If yes, from when to when?
 * I can't tell

 * Did Yugoslav krone and Yugoslav dinar co-circulate? If yes, from when to when?
 * It seems that the answer is 1918 - 1923

 * Did Yugoslav dinar and Serbian dinar co-circulate? If yes, from when to when?
 * I can't tell

Thanks. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 07:03, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Another set of questions.
 * Around 1941
 * It seems that both articles say that the Serbian dinar replaced the first Yugo dinar at par. It is consistent. But I can't seem to find a source the specifies the ratio?
 * Around 1944/45
 * Your edit on Serbian dinar says that "This dinar circulated until 1944, when the Yugoslav dinar was reintroduced, replacing the Serbian dinar at a rate of 1 Yugoslav dinar = 20 Serbian dinara.", but then the succession box says 1945. Yugoslav dinar says 1944. GFD says 1945.
 * --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 07:22, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yet another question - how do you know that the novi dinar replaced its previous dinar at exactly 12 million to 1? I tried to find a number, but I got a few different numbers, that's why I put 10~13 million there in the first place..... --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 08:47, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for looking over my edits. With regard to the Yugoslav krone, there's no evidence that this replaced the dinar in those parts of Yugoslavia where it already circulated (i.e., Serbia). One GFD page says "The Dinar was introduced in Yugoslavia on December 25, 1918 to replace the Austrian Krone. The exchange rate was officially set at 1 Yugoslav Dinar = 4 Kronen on December 30, 1922." which indicates that the kronen was in circulation until at least the end of 1922. Unfortunately, I'm now struggling to find the source for the 1923 withdrawal date. The Serbian dinar became the Yugoslav dinar, so to ask if the two circulated alongside each other doesn't make any sense. Perhaps that needs clarifying.

In 1941, this was reversed, with the Yugoslav dinar becoming the Serbian dinar when the country was split up. Evidence for this comes from the fact that Yugoslav notes were issued for use in Serbia according to Pick (Something else that can be inserted). The 1944 date comes from the fact that the first notes are dated 1944 and that the liberation, though completed in 1945, was underway in 1944. The GFD table actually gives the date as 1943, though that must be wrong.

The explanation of the 7th to 8th conversion rate also comes from GFD. It's worth noting that GFD has two pages for each currency which don't always contain the same information. Your very nice template only links to one of the two pages.

Now it's my turn to ask a question. You've replaced the ordinals with years in the designations of the different dinara. I really don't like this for two reasons. First, in the succession boxes, we now see 1 1992 dinar = 10 1990 dinar, which is bound to confuse some people. Secondly, the currencies do have "real" names, although most never appeared on the currencies. These were Obviously, novi has to be in the article as it was on the currency for several years. For the others, can I suggest the following titles?
 * 1944 - Federation
 * 1966 - Hard
 * 1990 - Convertible
 * 1992 - Reformed
 * 1993 - October
 * 1/1/1994 - 1994
 * 24/1/1994 - Novi
 * First dinar, 1918-1941
 * Second (Federation) dinar, 1944-1965
 * Third (Hard) dinar, 1966-1989
 * Fourth (Convertible) dinar, 1990-1992
 * Fifth (Reformed) dinar, 1992-1993
 * Sixth (October) dinar, 1993
 * Seventh (1994) dinar, 1994
 * Eighth (Novi) dinar, 1994-2003

Dove1950 11:34, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

So you're saying that the Serbian dinar became the Yugoslavian dinar, at least in Serbia. And in the new part of Yugoslavia, which were obtained from A-H Empire, the Yugoslav krone circulated for some time? If so, then the only valid question is when did the Yugo krone co-circulate with the other two. And I presume it should made clear that the Yogo krone circulated in what was approximately the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, but not in Serbia?

GFD also says "Before World War I, the Dinar had been used in Serbia, and the Austrian Kronen had been used in the Austrian parts of Yugsolavia. Yugoslavia eventually adopted the Serbian Dinar as its single currency with 1 Serbian Dinar (YUS) equal to 4 Kronen (YUK). The National Bank, first of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and later of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, issued banknotes between 1920 and 1941." It seems that the Yugoslav dinar started in 1920, not 1918. Your edit on coins and banknotes also say that the coins and notes of hte first started in 1920 (I didn't made changes there).

The excel file shows So what can we really conclude from these pieces of evidence?

Isn't it possible that 1944 was printed on the notes, but was not issued until 1945?

Regarding, 12 or 13 million in 1994. I just doubt that GFD is capable if providing such a specific information. We need cross-referencing.

And about the name of these different dinars, I just think that when people hear the term like "fifth dinar", he wouldn't know if that dinar suffered hyperinflation, if that dinar was issued before or after the break up. If I say 1992 dinar, then the answers are clear. Yes, the equality 1 1992 dinar = 10 1990 dinara can be confusing. I tried to address that by 1 "1992 dinar" = 10 "1990 dinar". But somebody rejected it. I believe that the names GFD gives are sketchy, or even made up. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 12:20, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll get on to the question regarding the krone. As to the dinar, the question is when we apply the name change. There is some validity to the idea of applying it in 1920 but, given that we want to call it the "Yugoslav dinar" and this country didn't exist until 1929, we're in danger of making things up ourselves. I'm sure the names in GFD aren't made up as I've seen them used elsewhere. I'll hunt that down too. It is possible that the notes were printed in 1944 and issued in 1945 so I'll look for some confirmation. Regarding the 12 million, I'll look for corroboration as that's the first time I've seen a fixed exchange rate. Dove1950 11:54, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Here's one useful reference for 1994 which is a bit different from GFD. Dove1950 11:57, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for looking into these matter. As my user page indicates, I'm busy in real life and is lagging far behind. I wish I could help. The reference you gave says "about 12 million". --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 01:57, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

I have been trying to figure out exchange rates for this as well. This reference says 1DM = 6 trillion dinars on January 4, 1994. mreames 19:20, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Language
So why was the Croatian version removed? |currency_name_in_local = Jugoslavenski dinar  Југословенски динар  Jugoslovanski dinar  Enlil Ninlil 07:12, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Because this currency is obsolete. And the infobox for obsolete currencies says "This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete." This currency still lived until 2003. At that time, IMHO, there is only one official language in the Union of Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia. I will change the user to the more correct entity. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 07:30, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

Grammar
If you want to use Serbian grammar for dinar, at least use it correctly. This article uses genitive plural "dinara" and "novih dinara" on every occasion and it is used only after numbers ("500 dinara", "27 novih dinara"). The first section is about the declination and the article still requires a major revamp of all instances where dinar occurs. Admiral Norton (talk) 21:19, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Would you be willing to do this? I for one would be grateful. Dove1950 (talk) 23:38, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * This is another advantage of using English: dinar/dinars. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 01:04, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Yugoslav dinar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110713032744/http://www.infotech2003.com/catalogue/World/cata.asp?Country=Yugoslavia to http://www.infotech2003.com/catalogue/World/cata.asp?Country=Yugoslavia

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:53, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yugoslav dinar


text: Template:Major poker tournaments

title: Template:Major poker tournaments


text:
Humani generis

Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of Catholic Doctrine". It primarily discussed, the encyclical says, "new opinions" which may "originate from a reprehensible desire of novelty" and their consequences on the Church.

Influences
There was speculation that Dutch Jesuit Sebastiaan Tromp, professor of theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University, had assisted in drafting the encyclical.

Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange (1877–1964), professor of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, is said to have been a major influence on the content of the encyclical.

Role of theology
Humani generis states: "This deposit of faith our Divine Redeemer has given for authentic interpretation not to each of the faithful, not even to theologians, but only to the teaching authority of the Church."

In Humani generis, Pope Pius held a corporate view of theology. Theologians, employed by the Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the Church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in all kinds of empirical research, which the Church will generously support, but in matters of morality and religion, they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the Church, the Magisterium.

The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation […] in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church.

Humani generis is critical of some trends in modern theology, but does not mention or attack individual opinions or even groups of dissenting theologians.

The Pope later refers to a new axiom: "a new intellectual current, a new public mood within the Church, and, new behaviour patterns" of its members. He asked his fellow bishops, to heal this "intellectual infection", which should not be allowed to grow.

In areas of both "human sciences and sacred theology", the encyclical authorized "research and discussions" where "reasons for both opinions, that is, those favorable and those unfavorable to evolution" were to "be weighed and judged."

Obstacles to finding God
Humani generis begins with a recognition of several obstacles to seek and find God by the light of reason alone:

Though human reason is, strictly speaking, truly capable by its own natural power and light of attaining to a true and certain knowledge of the one personal God, who watches over and controls the world by his providence, and of the natural law written in our hearts by the Creator; yet there are many obstacles which prevent reason from the effective and fruitful use of this inborn faculty. For the truths that concern the relations between God and man wholly transcend the visible order of things, and, if they are translated into human action and influence it, they call for self-surrender and abnegation. The human mind, in its turn, is hampered in the attaining of such truths, not only by the impact of the senses and the imagination, but also by disordered appetites which are the consequences of original sin. So it happens that men in such matters easily persuade themselves that what they would not like to be true is false or at least doubtful.

This is why man stands in need of being truthfully enlightened by God's revelation.

Four issues
Having thus established a main principle, the encyclical continues with a review of the philosophical currents of modern culture and their potential and dangers in light of divine revelation of faith in the distinct levels. It reviews recent theological, philosophical and scientific developments.

Nouvelle théologie
In describing erroneous development in the Catholic Church after World War II, the encyclical does not mention names, nor does it accuse specific persons or organizations. The encyclical states the Nouvelle théologie and its followers viewed Catholic teaching as relative, that it departed from traditional neo-Thomism using relativistic historical analysis and engaging philosophical axioms, such as existentialism, or positivism. The encyclical further states that the Nouvelle théologie scholars expressed Catholic dogma with concepts of modern philosophy, immanentism or idealism or existentialism or any other system, and that some believed that the mysteries of faith could be expressed by truly adequate concepts but only by approximate and ever-changeable notions. The encyclical also stated:

Everyone is aware that the terminology employed in the schools and even that used by the Teaching Authority of the Church itself is capable of being perfected and polished; and we know also that the Church itself has not always used the same terms in the same way. It is also manifest that the Church cannot be bound to every system of philosophy that has existed for a short space of time. Nevertheless, the things that have been composed through common effort by Catholic teachers over the course of the centuries to bring about some understanding of dogma are certainly not based on any such weak foundation. These things are based on principles and notions deduced from a true knowledge of created things. In the process of deducing, this knowledge, like a star, gave enlightenment to the human mind through the Church. Hence it is not astonishing that some of these notions have not only been used by the Ecumenical Councils, but even sanctioned by them, so that it is wrong to depart from them.

Pius pleads with the "rebels" not to tear down but to build up. He demands not to neglect, or to reject, or devalue so many and such great resources which have been conceived, expressed and perfected over the centuries. A new philosophy like existentialism, "today, like a flower of the field in existence, tomorrow outdated and old-fashioned, shaken by the winds of time", he says, is a poor and unstable basis for the theology of the Church.

Evolution
The encyclical took up a nuanced position with regard to evolution. It distinguished between the soul, held as created divinely, and the physical body, whose development may be subject to empirical and prudent study: The Teaching Authority of the Church does not forbid that, in conformity with the present state of human sciences and sacred theology, research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter – for the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God.

The encyclical does not endorse a comprehensive acceptance of evolution, nor its outright rejection, because it deemed the evidence at the time not convincing. It allows for the possibility in the future:

This certainly would be praiseworthy in the case of clearly proved facts; but caution must be used when there is rather question of hypotheses, having some sort of scientific foundation, in which the doctrine contained in Sacred Scripture or in Tradition is involved.

The position delinking the creation of body and soul has been more recently confirmed by Pope John Paul II, who highlighted additional facts supporting the theory of evolution half a century later.

Polygenism
While the factual basis for creationism should be researched further, the encyclical issues a clear no to another scientific opinion popular at the time, polygenism, the scientific hypothesis that mankind descended from different groups of original humans (that there were many groups of Adams and Eves).

When, however, there is question of another conjectural opinion, namely polygenism, the children of the Church by no means enjoy such liberty. For the faithful cannot embrace that opinion which maintains that either after Adam there existed on this earth true men who did not take their origin through natural generation from him as from the first parent of all, or that Adam represents a certain number of first parents. Now it is no way apparent how such an opinion can be reconciled with that which the sources of revealed truth and the documents of the Teaching Authority of the Church propose with regard to original sin, which proceeds from a sin actually committed by an individual Adam and which through generation is passed on to all and is in everyone as his own.

Old Testament critiques
A final critique is issued against negative interpretations which downgrade the Old Testament to historical half-truths, or which impute error to the alleged ancient sacred writers.

If, however, the ancient sacred writers have taken anything from popular narrations (and this may be conceded), it must never be forgotten that they did so with the help of divine inspiration, through which they were rendered immune from any error in selecting and evaluating those documents.

Therefore, whatever of the popular narrations have been inserted into the Sacred Scriptures must in no way be considered on a par with myths or other such things, which are more the product of an extravagant imagination than of that striving for truth and simplicity which in the Sacred Books, also of the Old Testament, is so apparent that our ancient sacred writers must be admitted to be clearly superior to the ancient profane writers.

Humani generis encourages further research, taking into account and respecting the holiness of the Old Testament scriptures to Jews and Christians alike.

Conclusion
Pope Pius XII, who usually employs diplomatic and carefully measured language in his writings, is convinced of the serious nature of those opinions threatening to (to quote the encyclical's subtitle) "undermine the foundation of Catholic doctrine", a most unusual tone for this pontiff.

Philosophy and theology are the main topics of this encyclical. But it extends further into the realm of culture and science.

Legacy
Fr. Brian Van Hove, SJ states that Humani generis caused "a freezing of systematic theology into a Thomist orthodoxy", remarking that the "freeze" was later ameliorated by Pope John Paul II's 1993 Veritatis splendor. For example, Fr. Henri de Lubac (later Cardinal de Lubac) wrote about his plan for a comprehensive theological project integrating "patristics, liturgy, history, philosophical reflection [...] The lightning bolt of Humani generis killed the project."

title: Humani generis


text:
Swales (surname)

Swales is an English surname. It either derives from the River Swale or Swallow Hill. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alonzo Swales (1870–1952), British trade unionist
 * Ian Swales (born 1953), English Liberal Democrat politician
 * Jessica Swale, English theatre director
 * John Swales (born 1938), English linguist
 * John Douglas Swales (1935–2000), English physician
 * Kim Swales, British economist
 * Penelope Swales, Australian musician
 * Peter Swales (1932–1996), chairman of Manchester City F.C.
 * Peter Swales (1948–2022), Welsh historian
 * Solomon Swale (1610–1678), English politician
 * Steve Swales (born 1973), English footballer
 * Ted Swales (1915–1945), South African World War II piloth
 * Athan Swales (2006-2019), Sacrificed his life to save the pakistan revolutionary guard

title: Swales (surname)


text:
Talk:John Lister-Kaye

Untitled
Two questions: 1. Why will Wikipedia only find this page if you use the precise case and search for 'John Lister-Kaye'? 2. When is it no longer a stub? --PaulGarner 11:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've fixed the former by creating John Lister Kaye to redriect to this article. For the latter, see Stub. This is clearly no longer a stub - you've done a grand job! Andy Mabbett 22:02, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Andy. --PaulGarner 10:21, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Aigas Opening Year
The House Of Aigas website gives the year of the official opening by Sir Frank Fraser Darling as 1976. However, in Song Of The Rolling Earth JLK quotes from his notebook of Jan 1977, soon after the purchase of Aigas, and he describes the dreadful state the house is in. At that time it was barely habitable. From memory I am fairly sure that the author bio of both Song Of The Rolling Earth and The Seeing Eye give the opening year as 1977. I'll check the books. --PaulGarner 10:02, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

On page 176 of the paperback edition of Song Of The Rolling Earth the year of the opening by Sir Frank Fraser Darling is given as 1977. --PaulGarner 18:02, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

The author bios of both SOTRE and TSE give the opening year as 1977. --PaulGarner 09:04, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on John Lister-Kaye. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060529020309/http://www.aigas.co.uk/John-Lister-Kaye-g.asp to http://www.aigas.co.uk/John-Lister-Kaye-g.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060529020309/http://www.aigas.co.uk/John-Lister-Kaye-g.asp to http://www.aigas.co.uk/John-Lister-Kaye-g.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050904235941/http://www.jour.city.ac.uk/books/documents/features/johnlisterkaye.htm to http://www.jour.city.ac.uk/books/documents/features/johnlisterkaye.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060505043358/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-03-15/Debate-1.html to http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-03-15/Debate-1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050910124348/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-04/sor0519-02.htm to http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-04/sor0519-02.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:33, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Lister-Kaye


text:
User:Hobbit Marco

=General information= I'm Marco, born in 1986, currently living in the Netherlands. I am currently studying Computer Science in college

=Hobbies / interests=

 * Anime/manga
 * Japan
 * Martial Arts
 * Aikido
 * Roleplaying

I basicly like almost anything related to Japan. I don't know why, it just really fascinates me.

title: User:Hobbit Marco


text:
Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function. In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult) the relative preservation of neuronal integrity implies a reduction in the rate of neuronal loss over time, which can be expressed as a differential equation.

It is a widely explored treatment option for many central nervous system disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and acute management of neurotoxin consumption (i.e. methamphetamine overdoses). Neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow disease progression and secondary injuries by halting or at least slowing the loss of neurons.

Despite differences in symptoms or injuries associated with CNS disorders, many of the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration are the same. Common mechanisms of neuronal injury include decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain, energy failure, increased levels in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, inflammatory changes, iron accumulation, and protein aggregation. Of these mechanisms, neuroprotective treatments often target oxidative stress and excitotoxicity—both of which are highly associated with CNS disorders. Not only can oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger neuron cell death but when combined they have synergistic effects that cause even more degradation than on their own. Thus limiting excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is a very important aspect of neuroprotection. Common neuroprotective treatments are glutamate antagonists and antioxidants, which aim to limit excitotoxicity and oxidative stress respectively.

Excitotoxicity
Glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the most important mechanisms known to trigger cell death in CNS disorders. Over-excitation of glutamate receptors, specifically NMDA receptors, allows for an increase in calcium ion (Ca2+) influx due to the lack of specificity in the ion channel opened upon glutamate binding. As Ca2+ accumulates in the neuron, the buffering levels of mitochondrial Ca2+ sequestration are exceeded, which has major consequences for the neuron. Because Ca2+ is a secondary messenger and regulates a large number of downstream processes, accumulation of Ca2+ causes improper regulation of these processes, eventually leading to cell death. Ca2+ is also thought to trigger neuroinflammation, a key component in all CNS disorders.

Glutamate antagonists
Glutamate antagonists are the primary treatment used to prevent or help control excitotoxicity in CNS disorders. The goal of these antagonists is to inhibit the binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors such that accumulation of Ca2+ and therefore excitotoxicity can be avoided. Use of glutamate antagonists presents a huge obstacle in that the treatment must overcome selectivity such that binding is only inhibited when excitotoxicity is present. A number of glutamate antagonists have been explored as options in CNS disorders, but many are found to lack efficacy or have intolerable side effects. Glutamate antagonists are a hot topic of research. Below are some of the treatments that have promising results for the future:
 * Estrogen: 17β-Estradiol helps regulate excitotoxicity by inhibiting NMDA receptors as well as other glutamate receptors.
 * Ginsenoside Rd: Results from the study show ginsenoside rd attenuates glutamate excitotoxicity. Importantly, clinical trials for the drug in patients with ischemic stroke show it to be effective as well as noninvasive.
 * Progesterone: Administration of progesterone is well known to aid in the prevention of secondary injuries in patients with traumatic brain injury and stroke.
 * Simvastatin: Administration in models of Parkinson's disease have been shown to have pronounced neuroprotective effects including anti-inflammatory effects due to NMDA receptor modulation.
 * Memantine: As a low-affinity NMDA antagonist that is uncompetitive, memantine inhibits NMDA induced excitotoxicity while still preserving a degree of NMDA signalling.
 * Riluzole is an antiglutamatergic drug used to slow the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Oxidative stress
Increased levels of oxidative stress can be caused in part by neuroinflammation, which is a highly recognized part of cerebral ischemia as well as many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The increased levels of oxidative stress are widely targeted in neuroprotective treatments because of their role in causing neuron apoptosis. Oxidative stress can directly cause neuron cell death or it can trigger a cascade of events that leads to protein misfolding, proteasomal malfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, or glial cell activation. If one of these events is triggered, further neurodegradation is caused as each of these events causes neuron cell apoptosis. By decreasing oxidative stress through neuroprotective treatments, further neurodegradation can be inhibited.

Antioxidants
Antioxidants are the primary treatment used to control oxidative stress levels. Antioxidants work to eliminate reactive oxygen species, which are the prime cause of neurodegradation. The effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing further neurodegradation is not only disease dependent but can also depend on gender, ethnicity, and age. Listed below are common antioxidants shown to be effective in reducing oxidative stress in at least one neurodegenerative disease:

 * Acetylcysteine: It targets a diverse array of factors germane to the pathophysiology of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders including glutamatergic transmission, the antioxidant glutathione, neurotrophins, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory pathways.
 * Crocin: Derived from saffron, crocin has been shown to be a potent neuronal antioxidant.
 * Estrogen: 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol have been shown to be effective as antioxidants. The potential for these drugs is enormous.  17α-estradiol is the nonestrogenic stereoisomer of 17β-estradiol.  The effectiveness of 17α-estradiol is important because it shows that the mechanism is dependent on the presence of the specific hydroxyl group, but independent of the activation of estrogen receptors.  This means more antioxidants can be developed with bulky side chains so that they don't bind to the receptor but still possess the antioxidant properties.
 * Fish oil: This contains n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to offset oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. It has high potential for being neuroprotective and many studies are being done looking at the effects in neurodegenerative diseases
 * Minocycline: Minocycline is a semi-synthetic tetracycline compound that is capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. It is known to be a strong antioxidant and has broad anti-inflammatory properties.  Minocyline has been shown to have neuroprotective activity in the CNS for Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and ALS.
 * PQQ: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as an antioxidant has multiple modes of neuroprotection.
 * Resveratrol: Resveratrol prevents oxidative stress by attenuating hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of ROS. It has been shown to exert protective effects in multiple neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and ALS as well as in cerebral ischemia.
 * Vinpocetine: Vinpocetine exerts neuroprotective effects in ischaemia of the brain through actions on cation channels, glutamate receptors and other pathways. The drop in dopamine produced by vinpocetine may contribute to its protective action from oxidative damage, particularly in dopamine-rich structures. Vinpocetine as a unique anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. It increases cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
 * THC: Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol exerts neuroprotective and antioxidative effects by inhibiting NMDA neurotoxicity in neuronal cultures exposed to toxic levels of the neurotransmitter, glutamate.
 * Vitamin E: Vitamin E has had varying responses as an antioxidant depending on the neurodegenerative disease that it is being treated. It is most effective in Alzheimer's disease and has been shown to have questionable neuroprotection effects when treating ALS.  A meta-analysis involving 135,967 participants showed there is a significant relationship between vitamin E dosage and all-cause mortality, with dosages equal to or greater than 400 IU per day showing an increase in all-cause mortality. However, there is a decrease in all-cause mortality at lower doses, optimum being 150 IU per day. Vitamin E is ineffective for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.

Stimulants
NMDA receptor stimulants can lead to glutamate and calcium excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Some other stimulants, in appropriate doses, can however be neuroprotective.

 * Selegiline: It has been shown to slow early progression of Parkinson's disease and delayed the emergence of disability by an average of nine months.
 * Nicotine: It has been shown to delay the onset of Parkinson's disease in studies involving monkeys and humans.
 * Caffeine: It is protective against Parkinson's disease. Caffeine induces neuronal glutathione synthesis by promoting cysteine uptake, leading to neuroprotection.

Neuroprotectants (cerebroprotectants) for acute ischemic stroke
When applied to protecting the brain from the effects of acute ischemic stroke, neuroprotectants are often called cerebroprotectants. Over 150 drugs have been tested in clinical trials, leading to the regulatory approval of tissue plasminogen activator in several countries, and the approval of edaravone in Japan.

Other neuroprotective treatments
More neuroprotective treatment options exist that target different mechanisms of neurodegradation. Continued research is being done in an effort to find any method effective in preventing the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases or secondary injuries. These include:
 * Caspase inhibitors: These are primarily used and studied for their anti apoptotic effects.
 * Trophic factors: The use of trophic factors for neuroprotection in CNS disorders is being explored, specifically in ALS. Potentially neuroprotective trophic factors include CNTF, IGF-1, VEGF, and BDNF
 * Therapeutic hypothermia: This is being explored as a neuroprotection treatment option for patients with traumatic brain injury and is suspected to help reduce intracranial pressure.
 * Erythropoietin has been reported to protect nerve cells from hypoxia-induced glutamate toxicity (see erythropoietin in neuroprotection).
 * Lithium exerts neuroprotective effects and stimulates neurogenesis via multiple signaling pathways; it inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), upregulates neurotrophins and growth factors (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), modulates inflammatory molecules, upregulates neuroprotective factors (e.g., B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70)), and concomitantly downregulates pro-apoptotic factors. Lithium has been shown to reduce neuronal death, microglial activation, cyclooxygenase-2 induction, amyloid-β (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau levels, to preserve blood-brain barrier integrity, to mitigate neurological deficits and psychiatric disturbance, and to improve learning and memory outcome.
 * Neuroprotectin D1 and other neuroprotectins (see specialized proresolving mediators) and certain resolvins of the D series (i.e. RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, RvD4, RvD5, and RvD6; see specialized proresolving mediators) are docosanoid metabolites of the omega 3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while resolvins of the E series (RvD1, RvD2, and RvD3; see specialized proresolving mediators) are eicosanoid metabolites of the omega 3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These metabolites, which are made by the action of cellular lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and/or cytochrome P450 enzymes on DHA or EPA, have been shown to have potent anti-inflammation activity and to be neuroprotective in various models of inflammation-involving neurological diseases such as various degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. A metabolically resistant analog of RvE1 is in development for the treatment of retinal disease and neuroprotectin D1 mimetics are in development for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and hearing loss.

title: Neuroprotection


text:
Mazhar

The mazhar (مزهر; : mazāhar, مزاهر) is a large, heavy tambourine used in Arabic music. The mazhar's frame is generally made out of wood. Its single head is considerably thicker than that of the riq, its smaller cousin. Some drums have brass zills that are about 10–13 centimetres (4–5 inches) in diameter; these may be played with a shaking technique.

The Egyptian percussionist Hossam Ramzy is a notable performer of the mazhar.

title: Mazhar


text:
Darrel Brown

Darrel Rondel Brown (born October 11, 1984) is a sprinter from Trinidad and Tobago who specializes in the 100 metres and the 200 metres.

Career
In the beginning of his career, he was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete at the CARIFTA Games twice, both in 1999 and 2000, after becoming the first athlete to win back-to-back titles in both the 100 and 200 metres (Youth). After switching to the "junior" age group in 2001, Brown won the 100 metres for three consecutive years (2001–2003), becoming the first athlete ever to do so.

He also performed well in World Youth and Junior Championships. At the 2000 World Junior Championships he finished fourth in both 100 metres and 4 x 100 metres relay. After setting a new World Youth Record over 100 meters at 10.24 on April 14, 2001, he then won gold medals at the 2001 World Youth Championships and the 2002 World Junior Championships. In 2002 he also won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay. He also helped win a silver medal in relay at the 2001 World Championships for seniors.

Under the guidance of Henry Rolle Brown ran the 100 m at the 2003 World Championships where he finished second behind Kim Collins. In addition to the silver medal, he set the junior world record of 10.01 seconds in the quarter-finals stage. He also won a relay silver medal at the 2003 Pan American Games, and an individual gold medal at the 2003 Central American and Caribbean Championships.

In June 2005 he set a new personal best with 9.99, thus becoming one of the few athletes to run below 10 seconds. At the 2005 World Championships, Brown was knocked out in the semi-finals with 10.16 seconds. In the relay event, however, he won a silver medal with the Trinidad and Tobago team in a new national record of 38.10 seconds. He later finished fourth at the 2005 World Athletics Final. He also won two gold medals at the 2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships.

Half a year later, at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, he exited in the quarter-finals. The same thing happened at the 2008 Olympic Games. He won another individual gold medal at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships.

He competed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, reaching the quarter-finals of the 100 metres, but he pulled up in the race, finishing in 10.93 seconds.

At the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, he competed as part of the 4 × 100 m relay for Trinidad and Tobago which finished second behind Jamaica in a national record of 37.62s. Brown was the first leg for team T.T.O. Jamaica's victory was, at that time, a championship record of 37.31s.

Personal bests

 * All information taken from IAAF Profile.

title: Darrel Brown


text:
Kamaran

Kamaran Island (كمران Kamarān) is the largest Yemeni island in the Red Sea. The 108 km2 island is 18 km long and 7 km wide and is strategically located at the southern end of the Red Sea. It is a "shelf island" located in the shallow waters of the Arabian peninsula's continental shelf with coral reefs surrounding three sides of the island. The population numbers 2,200.

Kamaran is generally flat, with a few hills in the south. Its highest point is Jabal Yaman (24 meters high), situated about three kilometers from Ra's al Yaman, the southeastern cape of the island.

History
In 1513, Afonso de Albuquerque spent three months on the island after the abortive siege of Aden. The Portuguese stay was marked by a short supply of food, a small smattering of only goats and camels, alongside the outbreak of a mysterious epidemic that caused fever and blood clogging.

In 1523 Selman Reis went on an expedition in the Red Sea. During this expedition Selman Reis discovered that the Kamaran Island was occupied recently by the Portuguese, who used their base to raid the coast of Arabia, Salman Reis and Husayn al Rumi had an Ottoman force composed of 4,000 men. After their arrival in Yemen, the Ottomans attacked the Portuguese, leading to the complete destruction and expulsion of Portuguese forces and the occupation of the island by the Ottomans.

During the early months of World War I, there was a debate among the British on the suitability of occupying Kamaran and the other Turkish-held Red Sea islands such as the Farasan Islands. Those who opposed the move pointed out that when war broke out, Great Britain had solemnly declared that it had no territorial ambitions in the area; even a temporary occupation might be seen by the Arabs, particularly the Imam of Yemen, as a breach of that promise. Finally, the decision was taken to occupy Kamaran and on the 9th of June 1915, the RMS Empress of Russia landed an armed party on the island, previously evacuated by the Turkish garrison. G. A. Richardson, formerly vice-consul at Hudaydah and Kamaran, also disembarked to act as Political Officer with additional responsibility for Police, Treasury and Customs. While the British continued to administer Kamaran from Aden, they never declared formal possession. In 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, which divided up the defeated Ottoman Empire, declared an end to its sovereignty over the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent islands, whose future was to be "settled by the parties concerned" without specifying those parties. Britain continued to administer the island despite the objections of Yemen which claimed sovereignty over the island. In 1949, Britain formally declared the governor of Aden to be the governor of Kamaran but the island did not become a part of the colony.

Quarantine station

After the departure of the Turks, an international control was exercised over the quarantine station, but it was in fact placed under British administration. In anticipation of a vast increase in the number of the faithful from British India, the Dutch East Indies, etc. who would make the pilgrimage the camp was greatly extended. Long lines of barrack-like sleeping quarters were constructed where the Turks had provided only wattle huts. Big disinfecting plants were installed where the pilgrims went through an ordeal of cleansing on a production line basis. A power station was built. The local water supply being inadequate, a massive distillation plant was introduced to make sea water fit for drinking. There were carpenters’ shops, machine shops, a small railway to transport fuel and stores, a wireless station, a fine landing stage, a cantonment of officials’ bungalows. This proved a bonanza for the islanders. They prospered on this trade in potential disease among the devout, and the population grew. In the village of Kamaran, the only settlement apart from a few isolated groups of fishermen's huts, fine houses and a magnificent mosque went up, and a lively trade in pilgrim requirements was conducted with the mainland. The pilgrimage quarantine station continued to function until 1953, when the Saudis opened their own quarantine station in Jeddah and put the large profitable pilgrim camps of Kamaran out of business.

Norman Lewis describes that, during Thompson's commissionership, resident islanders worked primarily as pearl divers and would rarely last past the age of 50 due to the harsh work-induced stresses.

However, this prosperity was short-lived. Determined to control the pilgrimage in all its aspects, the Saudi Arabian Government decided to construct its own quarantine station and to insist that Kamaran be by-passed. Soon, the long lines of buildings in the camps lay empty and deserted; a handful of men maintained what had become a ghost town while arrangements were debated for its breaking up and disposal.

End of the British presence
On 30 November 1967, Kamaran became a part of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) upon its independence from Britain, but was seized by the adjacent Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) in 1972 and became a part of a unified Yemen in 1990.

Postal history
Kamaran Island had an Ottoman post office until 1915 and had a sub-post office of Aden beginning in 1924. From 1967, it was a postal territory of South Yemen, from 1972 of North Yemen, and from 1990 of the unified Republic of Yemen.

Sources and external links

 * WorldStatesmen- Yemen
 * Kamaran Island page
 * Kamaran Island Photo Gallery
 * Nigel Groom. The island of two moons: Kamaran 1954 at The British-Yemeni Society webpage
 * Small Islands in the Near East

title: Kamaran


text:
User:Gryffindor/Welcome

Welcome! Bienvenue! Willkommen!
Hi , and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Please don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Gryffindor

title: User:Gryffindor/Welcome


text:
User:Saboteur~enwiki

 {| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"
 * style="text-align: center" |
 * style="text-align: center" |

Sandbox

title: User:Saboteur~enwiki


text:
Swale

Swale or Swales may refer to:

Topography

 * Swale (landform), a low tract of land
 * Bioswale, landform designed to remove silt and pollution
 * Swales, found in the formation of Hummocky cross-stratification

Geography

 * River Swale, in North Yorkshire, England
 * The Swale, a channel separating mainland Kent from the Isle of Sheppey, England
 * Borough of Swale, a local government district in Kent, England
 * Swale railway station

Other uses

 * Swale (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Swales (surname), a surname
 * Swales Aerospace, a U.S. aerospace and defense company from 1978 to 2007, founded by Tom Swales

title: Swale


text:
Amasra

Amasra (from Greek Amastris Ἄμαστρις, gen. Ἀμάστριδος) is a small Black Sea port town in the Bartın Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Amasra District. Its population is 6,098 (2021).

The town today is much appreciated for its beaches and natural setting, which has made tourism the most important activity for its inhabitants. Amasra has two islands: the bigger one is called Büyük ada ('Great Island'), the smaller one Tavşan adası ('Rabbit Island'). It was annexed by the Ottoman Empire after the Siege of Amasra.

History
Situated in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, the original city seems to have been called Sesamus (Greek: Σήσαμος), and it is mentioned by Homer in conjunction with Cytorus. Stephanus says that it was originally called Cromna (Κρῶμνα); but in another place, where he repeats the statement, he adds, as it is said; but some say that Cromna is a small place in the territory of Amastris, which is the true account. The place derived its name Amastris from Amastris, the niece of the last Persian king Darius III, who was the wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea, and after his death the wife of Lysimachus. Four small Ionian colonies, Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, also mentioned in the Iliad, and Tium, were combined by Amastris, after her separation from Lysimachus, to form the new community of Amastris, placed on a small river of the same name and occupying a peninsula. According to Strabo, Tium soon detached itself from the community, but the rest kept together, and Sesamus was the acropolis of Amastris. From this it appears that Amastris was really a confederation or union of three places, and that Sesamus was the name of the city on the peninsula. This may explain the fact that Mela mentions Sesamus and Cromna as cities of Paphlagonia, while omitting Amastris.

The territory of Amastris produced a great quantity of boxwood, which grew on the nearby Mount Cytorus. Its tyrant Eumenes presented the city of Amastris to Ariobarzanes of Pontus in c. 265–260 BC rather than submit it to domination by Heraclea, and it remained in the Pontic kingdom until its capture by Lucius Lucullus in 70 BC in the second Mithridatic War. The younger Pliny, when he was governor of Bithynia and Pontus, describes Amastris, in a letter to Trajan, as a handsome city, with a very long open place (platea), on one side of which extended what was called a river, but in fact was a filthy, pestilent, open drain. Pliny obtained the emperor's permission to cover over this sewer. On a coin of the time of Trajan, Amastris has the title Metropolis. It continued to be a town of some note to the seventh century of our era. From Amasra got its name an important place of Constantinople, the Amastrianum. Arrian writes that the Amastris was a Greek city, which had a port for ships. He also adds that it was 90 stadia from the river Parthenius and 60 stadia from the Erythini

The city was not abandoned in the Byzantine Era, when the acropolis was transformed into a fortress and the still surviving church was built. It was sacked by the Rus during the First Russo-Byzantine War in the 830s. Speros Vryonis states that in the 9th century a "combination of local industry, trade, and the produce of its soil made Amastris one of the more prosperous towns on the Black Sea." In the 13th century Amastris exchanged hands several times, first, seized by a Georgian army, led by David Komnenos, becoming a possession of the Empire of Trebizond in 1204, then at some point in the next ten years being captured by the Seljuk Turks, until finally in 1261, in her bid to monopolize the Black Sea trade, the town came under the control of the Republic of Genoa. Genoese domination ended when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered the whole Anatolian shores of the Black Sea.

The ancient Greek writer Myronianus (Μυρωνιανὸς), was from the Amastris.

Ecclesiastical history
The bishopric of Amastris was established early: according to Eusebius, its congregation received a letter from the second-century bishop, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, wherein he names their bishop, one Palmas. The see was initially a suffragan of the metropolitan of Gangra, capital of the Roman province of Paphlagonia.

In the late 8th century its bishop obtained from the Byzantine Emperor its elevation to the rank of autocephalous archeparchy. It is listed as such in the Notitia Episcopatuum attributed to Basil the Armenian (c. 840) and in that of Leo VI the Wise (early 10th century).

In the middle of the 10th century it obtained the rank of Metropolitan see without suffragans, a rank it held until, due to the diminution in the number of Christians in the area, it was suppressed.

From the 14th century to the second half of the 15th, the town was also the seat of a bishopric of the Latin Church.

Latin titular see
No longer a residential bishopric, Amastris (Curiate Italian Amastri) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

The diocese was nominally restored in the 19th century as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric and had the following incumbents of the episcopal (lowest) rank :
 * Titular Michael Francis Howley (1892.04.28 – 1895.01.05) as Apostolic Vicar of Western Newfoundland (Canada) (1892.04.28 – 1895.01.05), later Bishop of Saint John’s, Newfoundland (Canada) (1895.01.05 – 1904.02.08), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Saint John’s, Newfoundland (1904.02.08 – 1914.10.15)
 * Titular Bishop Antonio Maria Roveggio, Comboni Missionaries (F.S.C.I.) (1895.02.08 – 1902.05.02), Apostolic Vicar of Central Africa (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) (1895.02.08 – death 1902.05.02)
 * Titular Bishop John Joseph O’Gorman, Holy Ghost Fathers (C.S.Sp.) (1903.09.14 – death 1935.04.13), as Apostolic Vicar of Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone) (1903.11.09 – 1932)

In 1929 it was promoted to titular archbishopric. It is vacant as such since decades, having had the following incumbents of the archiepiscopal (intermediary) rank :
 * Titular Archbishop Efrem Hykary (1936.07.22 – death 1958.02.09), as Patriarchal Vicar of Antioch of the Syriacs (Lebanon) (1936.07.22 – 1958.02.09)
 * Titular Archbishop Teopisto Valderrama Alberto (1959.09.07 – 1965.04.06), as Coadjutor Archbishop of Caceres (Philippines) (1959.09.07 – 1965.04.06), later succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of Caceres (1965.04.06 – retired 1983.10.20)

Main sights
With its architectural heritage, Amasra is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.

Archaeological Museum: there is a fine medium-sized archaeological museum by the sea with remains from both land and underwater. Of particular interest is a statue of the snake god Glykon, a fraudulent creation of a local entrepreneur during Roman imperial times.

Amasra Castle
Amasra Castle was built during the Roman period. The walls of the castle were built by the Byzantines. The front walls and gates were built by the Genoese in the 14th and 15th centuries. Though located on a narrow peninsula, a tunnel under the castle leads to a fresh water pool.

Fatih Mosque
It was originally built as a Byzantine church in the 9th century AD. The church narthex section consists of three parts. After the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered Amasra in 1460, it was converted to a mosque. It is open to prayers. There is also a chapel on the same street but it is closed to prayers since 1930.

Bird's Rock Road Monument
Bird's Rock Road Monument was created between AD 41-54 by the order of Bithynia et Pontus Governor Gaius Julius Aquila. It was a resting place and monument. At the time when Claudius was the Roman Emperor, Aquila was the commander of the building army in the eastern provinces. It is located a little outside Amasra, and is easily accessed by steps leading from the roadside.

Coal mine and proposed power station
In 2009, a coal-fired power station of 2640 MWe (or 1200 MWe) was proposed by a subsidiary of Hattat Holding, but after concerns were raised about the effect on air quality, marine ecology, and ash it was not built. They now propose just a coal mine.

title: Amasra


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Webcomics/Participants

Active WikiProject participants
To express your participation in the Webcomics WikiProject, edit this section and add * , and any comments, to the list of members in alphabetical order by username.

You may also be interested in adding your username to WikiProject Comics/Participants.

(initially based on WikiProject_Council/Proposals/Webcomics):

 * Cricks2013 (talk)
 * user:all_the_usernames_I_wanted
 * user:Arlo_Barnes
 * user:Caseyjhall
 * user:HenryCrun15
 * user:Historyday01
 * user:Maplestrip
 * user:MJL
 * user:Nen-WCH
 * user:Oornery
 * user:SilmarilElwing

Active former-workgroup participants
These users had added their name to the workgroup and presumably would be interested in moving their signature line to the section above, and have edited Wikipedia in the last three years (as of March 2021):

 * Adashiel (aka Abe Dashiell)
 * Ambi Valent
 * Coyoty
 * CyberSkull
 * Danlev (aka Dan Leveille)
 * DoubleAW
 * EggOfReason
 * ekedolphin
 * Emperor
 * Gwalla
 * Hobbamock
 * ISD
 * JakeyPotter
 * Jump Guru
 * Kris Classic
 * Ksnortum
 * l337p4wn
 * Mèþru
 * Mobius Soul
 * Nekura
 * Nightstallion
 * Oni Ookami Alfador
 * Owen123c
 * Philip Taron (aka Philip)
 * Rjanag
 * Robin Z
 * Schwael
 * SCZenz
 * SPKx
 * UberMan5000

Inactive participants
These users are considered inactive as, while they have the   or    infobox on their userpage, they have not edited Wikipedia in over five years. The list excludes users who have been banned indefinitely.

 * Ariolander
 * BoyliciousDarian
 * Cat Constantine
 * David~enwiki (aka David)
 * Eruhildo
 * HotWings
 * JONJONAUG
 * Laurenschumacher
 * Noxshade
 * Orochi nem0
 * Pharod42
 * Rmj12345
 * Roytales~enwiki (aka Roy Tales)
 * Schwarzlicht
 * Sopostmodernn
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Wootking
 * WorldsTallestMidget
 * Yeezil

Member userbox
You may place User WikiProject Webcomics on your user page to display the following userbox:

This template will add your user page to:
 * category:WikiProject Webcomics participants

User survey
Needs updating

As of January 2020 there were 145 users listed as members of the former Webcomics Work Group of Wikiproject comics. Of those:
 * 31 had edited Wikipedia in the prior 3 years
 * 26 had edited Wikipedia in the prior year
 * 8, possibly 9 had edited a page related to webcomics in the prior 3 years, and
 * 4, possibly 5 had edited a page related to webcomics in the prior year.