text:
Višegrad

Višegrad (Вишеград, ) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It rests at the confluence of the Drina and the Rzav river. As of 2013, the municipality has a population of 10,668 inhabitants, while the town of Višegrad has a population of 5,869 inhabitants.

The town includes the Ottoman-era Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, a UNESCO world heritage site which was popularized by Ivo Andrić in his novel The Bridge on the Drina. A tourist site called Andrićgrad (Andrić Town), dedicated to Andrić, is located near the bridge.

Etymology
Višegrad is a South Slavic toponym meaning "the upper town/castle/fort".

Geography
Višegrad is located at the confluence of the Drina river and the Rzav river in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the road from Goražde and Ustiprača towards Užice, Serbia, which is part of the geographical region of Podrinje. It is also part of the historical region of Stari Vlah; the immediate area surrounding the town was historically called "Višegradski Stari Vlah", noted as an ethnographic region in which the population was closer to Užice, located on the Serbian side of the River Drina, than to the surrounding areas.

Climate
Višegrad has a temperate climate (Köppen: Cfb/Cfa) with cold winters, hot summers, and moderate precipitation year-round.

Middle Ages
The area was part of the medieval Serbian state of the Nemanjić dynasty; it was part of the Grand Principality of Serbia under Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–96). In the Middle Ages, Dobrun was a place within the border area with Bosnia, on the road towards Višegrad. After the death of emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–55), the region came under the rule of magnate Vojislav Vojinović, and then his nephew, župan (count) Nikola Altomanović. The Dobrun Monastery was founded by župan Pribil and his family, some time before the 1370s. The area then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Bosnia, part of the estate of the Pavlović noble family.

The settlement of Višegrad was mentioned in 1407, but started to be mentioned more often after 1427. In the period of 1433–37, a relatively short period, caravans crossed the settlement many times. Many people from Višegrad worked for the Republic of Ragusa. Srebrenica, Višegrad and their surroundings were again in Serbian hands in 1448 after the despot Đurađ Branković defeated the Bosnian forces.

Ottoman period
According to Turkish sources, in 1454, Višegrad was conquered by the Ottoman Empire led by Osman Pasha. The Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge was built by the Ottoman architect and engineer Mimar Sinan for Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. Construction of the bridge took place between 1571 and 1577. It still stands, and it is now a tourist attraction, after being inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.

In 1875, the Serbs from the area between Višegrad and Novi Pazar revolted and formed a volunteer military corps, which fought in the valley of the River Ibar in 1876. In 1882, a Jewish cemetery was established in Višegrad while in 1905, the first Jewish synagogue was built in the town. Višegrad remained under Ottoman rule until the Berlin Congress (1878), when Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Austro-Hungarian period
The Bosnian Eastern Railway from Sarajevo to Uvac and Vardište was built through Višegrad during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Construction of the line started in 1903. It was completed in 1906, using a track gauge. Having costed 75 million gold crowns, which is approximately 450 thousand gold crowns per kilometer, it was one of the most expensive railways in the world built at the time. This line was eventually extended to Belgrade in 1928. Višegrad is today part of the narrow-gauge heritage railway Šargan Eight.

World War II
On 18 April 1941 Ustashe murdered ten Serbs including Dragiša Jakšić, the president of the Dobrun municipality. Many Serbs were executed by the fascist Ustashe regime along the Drina Valley for a month during the Genocide of Serbs, especially near Višegrad. Jure Francetić's Black Legion killed thousands of Bosnian Serb civilians and threw their bodies into the Drina river. In 1942, about 6,000 Serbs were killed in the villages of Miloševići and Stari Brod near Rogatica.

In November 1941, with the help of the Italians, the Serbian royalist Chetniks established a civil and military government in the area of Višegrad, and engaged in genocidal killing of local Bosniaks. Thousands of civilians were massacred in Višegrad in December. In March 1942, 42 Bosniak villagers were burned to death in the village of Drakan.

During the Battle for Višegrad in October 1943, the Chetniks attacked a German garrison and captured the town whose Axis garrison had 350 dead and 400 wounded soldiers. 2,000 Bosniak civilians were killed after the capture of Višegrad. The Yugoslav Partisans took control of Višegrad on 14 February 1945.

Bosnian War
Višegrad is one of several towns along the River Drina in close proximity to the Serbian border. The town was strategically important during the conflict. A nearby hydroelectric dam provided electricity and also controlled the level of the River Drina, preventing flooding of downstream areas. The town is situated on the main road connecting Belgrade and Užice in Serbia with Goražde and Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a vital link for the Užice Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) with the Uzamnica camp as well as other strategic locations involved in the conflict.

On 6 April 1992, JNA artillery bombarded the town, in particular Bosniak-inhabited neighbourhoods and nearby villages. Murat Šabanović and a group of Bosniak men took several local Serbs hostage and seized control of the hydroelectric dam, threatening to blow it up. Water was released from the dam causing flooding to some houses and streets. Eventually on 12 April, JNA commandos seized the dam. The next day the JNA's Užice Corps took control of Višegrad, positioning tanks and heavy artillery around the town. The population that had fled the town during the crisis returned and the climate in the town remained relatively calm and stable during the later part of April and the first two weeks of May. On 19 May 1992 the Užice Corps officially withdrew from the town and local Serb leaders established control over Višegrad and all municipal government offices. Soon after, local Serbs, police and paramilitaries began one of the most notorious campaigns of ethnic cleansing in the conflict.

There were widespread looting and destruction of houses, and terrorizing of Bosniak civilians, with instances of rape, with a large number of Bosniaks killed in the town, with many bodies being dumped in the River Drina. Men were detained at the barracks at Uzamnica, the Vilina Vlas Hotel and other sites in the area. Vilina Vlas also served as a rape camp, in which Bosniak women and girls (some not yet 14 years old at the time), were brought to by police officers and paramilitary members (White Eagles and Arkan's Tigers). According to victims' reports some 3,000 Bosniaks were murdered in Višegrad and its surroundings, including some 600 women and 119 children. Bosniaks detained at Uzamnica were subjected to inhumane conditions, including regular beatings, torture and strenuous forced labour. Both of the town's mosques were razed. According to the Research and Documentation Center, at least 1,661 Bosniaks were killed/missing in Višegrad.

With the Dayton Agreement, which put an end to the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, the latter which Višegrad became part of.

Before the war, 63% of the town residents were Bosniak. In 2009, only a handful of survivors had returned to what is now a predominantly Serb town. On 5 August 2001, survivors of the massacre returned to Višegrad for the burial of 180 bodies exhumed from mass graves. The exhumation lasted for two years and the bodies were found in 19 different mass graves. The charges of mass rape were unapproved as the prosecutors failed to request them in time. The cousins Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić were convicted on 20 July 2009, to life in prison and 30 years, respectively, for a 1992 killing spree of Muslims.

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in professional fields per their core activity (as of 2018):

Culture
Andrićgrad, town built by filmmaker Emir Kusturica, dedicated to Ivo Andrić, it was officially opened on 28 June 2014. The House of Culture was founded in 1953. Film screenings and other cultural activities take place in there, including amateur drama programs. The City Gallery, which was opened in 1996, is located in the House of Culture. There is also a folk dance ensemble operating in Višegrad under the name KUD "Bikavac".

Religion
Dobrun Monastery, a Serbian Orthodox monastery founded one of the most notable monasteries of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sports
Višegrad is also known for various sports clubs. The local football club is FK Drina HE Višegrad, which competes in the 2nd League of Srpska. In its long history, (1924-2024) the club played different seasons in the 1st League of Srpska.

KK Varda is a basketball club from Višegrad, currently playing in the 1st League of Srpska, having also had good seasons in the Premier League of Bosnia.

Some of the famous Višegrad basketball players

Dalibor Ilić currently at KK Crvena Zvezda

Stefan Lakić currently at KK Čačak

Only womens club in the city is OK HE na Drini, a volleyball club, also with a long history, having played in the Premier League of Bosnia, the 1st League of Srpska and the 2nd League of Srpska, Winning the title in 2023/2024 in the 2nd League of Srpska, From 2024/2025 season, they will be back to the 1st League of Srpska.

Sara Glibić is currently playing for Jedinstvo Bimal, as is Anja Ašonja in the Greek 1st division.

Other sports clubs are Handball Club Višegrad, founded in 2002, currently playing in the 1st League of Srpska, a futsal club founded in 2023, playing in the 2nd League of Srpska and karate and judo clubs.

title: Višegrad


text:
Quadricyclane

Quadricyclane is a strained, multi-cyclic hydrocarbon with the formula CH2(CH)6. A white volatile colorless liquid, it is highly strained molecule (78.7 kcal/mol). Isomerization of quadricyclane proceeds slowly at low temperatures. Because of quadricyclane's strained structure and thermal stability, it has been studied extensively.

Preparation
Quadricyclane is produced by the irradiation of norbornadiene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene) in the presence of Michler's ketone or ethyl Michler's ketone. Other sensitizers, such as acetone, benzophenone, acetophenone, etc., may be used but with a lesser yield. The yield is higher for freshly distilled norbornadiene, but commercial reagents will suffice.
 * Synthesis of quadricyclane from norbornadiene.png

Proposed applications to solar energy
The conversion of norbornadiene into quadricyclane is achieved with ~300 nm UV radiation. When converted back to norbornadiene, ring strain energy is liberated in the form of heat (ΔH = −89 kJ/mol). This reaction has been proposed to store solar energy. However, the absorption edge of light does not extend past 300 nm whereas most solar radiation has wavelengths longer than 400 nm. Quadricyclane's relative stability and high energy content have also given rise to its use as a propellant additive or fuel. However, quadricyclane undergoes thermal decomposition at relatively low temperatures (less than 400 °C). This property limits its applications, as propulsion systems may operate at temperatures exceeding 500 °C.

Reactions
Quadricyclane readily reacts with acetic acid to give a mixture of nortricyclyl acetate and exo-norbornyl acetate. Quadricyclane also reacts with many dienophiles to form 1:1 adducts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quadricyclane


text: User talk:81.77.90.80

title: User talk:81.77.90.80


text:
AVT

AVT may refer to:

 * Advanced volatile threat, cyberattack not requiring file on hard drive
 * Alijah Vera-Tucker, American football player
 * Arginine vasotocin, a hormone
 * Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo (Association of Victims of Terrorism), Spain
 * Audiovisual translation, a specialized branch of translation
 * Avnet, American electronics company (NASDAQ stock symbol AVT)
 * AVT Statistical filtering algorithm
 * Two US Navy hull classification symbols: Aircraft transport (AVT) and Auxiliary aircraft landing training ship (AVT)

title: AVT


text:
Talk:Colfax, Indiana

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Colfax, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcities%2Ftotals%2F2012%2FSUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:57, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colfax, Indiana


text:
Talk:Talking tree

In Ireland a tree may help you look for a leprechaun's gold, although it normally doesn't actually know where the gold is.

That's new to me - could we have a reference please?

Not sure if this links helps anyone but I'd keep it around http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=MLYGYKBGOGQ2DQFIQMFSFGGAVCBQ0IV0?xml=/news/2007/11/12/wtree112.xml EvanCarroll 21:16, 13 November 2007 (UTC) -- I'd like to see a reference to the story by Philostratus. I assume it's in The Life of Apollonius of Tyana Book VI. There is a passage where Thespeseon has an elm tree salute Apollonius in the voice of a woman, but it does not enter into the conversation? It is more of a conjuring trick on the part of Thespeseon. Thanks! Darci (talk) 04:34, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Talking tree


text: Talk:Angling

title: Talk:Angling


text:
Talk:Tonia Kwiatkowski

Untitled
Hate to create a stub, but there's not much about her on the web. Fang Aili 22:05, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

POV and unsourced
The recent large addition of text is highly slanted towards Kwiatkowski, and is unsourced. I have asked the anon editor who made the edits to confirm he/she actually wrote the material, and to provide sources. --Fang Aili talk 18:43, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Tonia Kwiatkowski
Copied from Fang Aili's talk page I wrote the recent additions to the Tonia Kwiatkowski page. As a competitive figure skater (currently competing in domestic and international masters-level (i.e. old people!) events, and preparing to take my senior-level (8th and final) USFSA skating test), much of what I wrote was based on my own knowledge, as I have watched competitive skating since the early 1980s, have many performances on tape, and personally know a number of elite-level skaters, judges and officials. When I was in doubt regarding details, I double checked my facts with video recordings and archival article research on lexis-nexis and other news databases.

Almost all of the competition event details I wrote about on the Tonia Kwiatkowski page were events which I either watched live, have seen recordings of, or both. For those details where written press coverage is available, would you like citations to those? I am uncertain, however, how to source things which can only be confirmed by watching a spoecific video, or more generally by watching coverage of the sport over a period of 2.5 decades. For example, my comment on Tonia's style development is based on watching her performances over many years. Because I saw these performances as they occurred (and can rewatch many of them using my own videos or those on youtube or various skating video-sharing online forums), I witnessed the progression in style over a long period of time. How does one source this obvious change in style and dress, or than to say it is self-evident if you watch videos and compare her appearance in 1990 with her appearance in 1996 and 1998?

I am also the author of the Karen Magnussen page, which, from my perspective, contains no more or less potentially biased statements.

I prefer to remain anonymous for the time being, so perhaps you can reply here which components of the Tonia Kwiatkowski article you believe are slanted towards her. I have no bias for or against the skater, but was merely reporting the qualitative nature of her competitive career beyond easily verifiable results, which was all that was on the page. Please also state which facts you think should have citations or sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.87.223.155 (talk • contribs)

 * I would love to take your edits at face value. However everything on Wikipedia must be verifiable. What's self-evident to you might not be so to others. Whatever sources you have, please list them. They need not be online sources; you could cite "short program, 1992 U.S. Nationals", for example. (I wonder if some of her programs are available on youtube.com.) But I must stress that "qualitative nature" is not the same to everyone. If you're to state these points you must have sources to back them up. But thank you for taking the time to add to the article. I know it's hard to source everything, but we must strive to do so. Thanks. --Fang Aili talk 15:27, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Summary is about a different person not Tonia
Seems to have been edited with all caps about someone named APOSTLE EVERREADY SAMUEL IDONOYA. The other sections seem correct 24.64.108.18 (talk) 03:21, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tonia Kwiatkowski


text:
Richard Mottram

Sir Richard Clive Mottram (born 23 April 1946) is a former British civil servant, who retired in 2007 from his most recent senior post as Permanent Secretary, Intelligence, Security and Resilience in the Cabinet Office.

He has served on the boards of a number of private and public sector organisations, including chairing the boards of Amey PLC from 2008-17 and of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) from 2008-2014. He was a Governor of the Ditchley Foundation from 1996-2019 and served on its Council of Management. He was a Visiting Professor in the department of government at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) from 2008-21. He is chair of the advisory board of the LSE's foreign policy think tank (LSE IDEAS) and lectures on its Executive Masters course and other LSE courses. He is a trustee of the Royal Anniversary Trust, which oversees The Queen's Anniversary Prizes for Higher and Further Education.

Education and early career
Mottram was educated at King Edward VI Camp Hill School in Birmingham. He entered the central government civil service in 1968 aged 22 with a first class degree in International relations from Keele University. From 1975 until 1977, he served in the Defence and Overseas Secretariat of the Cabinet Office. He was then the secretary of two study groups on the rationale for and system options for a successor to the UK's strategic nuclear deterrent which led subsequently to the decision to adopt Trident. He was then appointed private secretary to the permanent under secretary, MOD: Sir Frank Cooper. From 1982 to 1986, he was private secretary to a succession of Secretaries of State for Defence - John Nott, Michael Heseltine and the late George Younger. He was Heseltine's Private Secretary at the time of his resignation in 1986 over the Westland affair.

In 1985, as private secretary to Michael Heseltine, the Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence, he was a witness for the prosecution in the trial of Clive Ponting, who was later acquitted of an offence under section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 for passing information to Labour MP Tam Dalyell about the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands War. When asked whether answers to parliamentary questions should be truthful and not deliberately ambiguous or misleading, there was a long silence before he replied: "In highly charged political matters, one person's ambiguity may be another person's truth".

From 1986 to 1989, he was the Under-secretary responsible for the defence programme, and from 1989 to 1992, the Deputy Secretary with responsibilities for UK defence policy and strategy, and defence relations with other countries at the time of the end of the Cold War. He was the architect of the "Options for Change' Defence Review.

Multi-purpose Permanent Secretary
After this, in 1992, he was appointed as a Permanent Secretary, first at the Office of Public Service and Science in the Cabinet Office. His responsibilities there included public service change, Civil Service management questions, and science and technology policy and the science budget.

In 1995, he became Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence, where he worked on, among other things, the Labour Government's Strategic Defence Review.

In 1998, he became permanent secretary at the Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Mottram's tenure at DETR saw important developments in environmental policy and the publication of White papers on Urban and rural policy. A 10-year transport plan was developed building on the 1998 White paper on Integrated transport. One aspect of transport — railways — tended to dominate in the media. New institutional arrangements were introduced with a Strategic Rail Authority alongside the Rail Regulator but the appointments by John Prescott of Sir Alastair Morton as chairman of the Strategic Rail Authority and Tom Winsor as Rail Regulator proved an unhappy partnership, which ended in 2001 when Morton resigned and was replaced by Richard Bowker. Mottram's term also saw the rail crashes at Ladbroke Grove, Hatfield and Potters Bar. The national railway infrastructure company Railtrack got into serious financial difficulties after the Hatfield rail crash in October 2000, and on 7 October 2001 was put into administration on the petition of the Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and the Regions Stephen Byers MP in very controversial circumstances. Mottram was closely involved in the preparations for the administration of Railtrack and in July 2005 was called as a witness in the largest class legal action ever brought in the English courts, when 49,500 shareholders of Railtrack sued the Secretary of State for Transport for damages for misfeasance in public office. The case was lost because the shareholders could not prove targeted malice on the part of Stephen Byers, that is an intention maliciously to injure the shareholders. Mottram's evidence was not contested by the claimants. In his summing up the judge referred to him as a "direct, accurate and truthful" witness.

On 11 September 2001, after both World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon were hit in the day's terrorist attacks, a special advisor in Mottram's department, Jo Moore, sent an email to the press office of her department which read: "It's now a very good day to get out anything we want to bury. Councillors' expenses?" The suggestion caused severe criticism for its insensitivity, callousness and political ineptitude. As the administrative head of the department in which Moore worked, Mottram was asked by Stephen Byers to consider whether disciplinary action should be taken against Moore.

Mottram was still at the DETR in 2002 when, after further controversy over alleged "burying of bad news" involving Moore and Martin Sixsmith, the department's Director of Communications, Stephen Byers announced that both Moore and Sixsmith had decided to resign. Mottram was in the middle of negotiations with Sixsmith at the time of the Byers announcement. According to Sixsmith he said to a colleague as Byers headed to the interview studios:

We're all fucked. I'm fucked. You're fucked. The whole department is fucked. It's the biggest cock-up ever. We're all completely fucked.

After Sixmith included this quote in an interview with the Sunday Times about his "resignation" it was picked up extensively in the media and tended to be reported in bowdlerised form as "f***ed", leading Tony Wright, the Chairman of the Public Administration Committee at the time, to comment to Mottram that "Our note-takers have trouble with asterisks."

Sir Richard was embarrassed by the report of his remarks, and was asked about them by the House of Commons Public Administration Committee on 7 March 2002. In response, he said: "I find the subject of the remarks I am alleged to have made with the asterisks one of the most tedious subjects I have ever had to deal with ... What is actually the case is that much to my regret, actually, these remarks appeared in the newspapers, they were uttered in private to one person, with one other person in the room and they were quite clearly over the top in a number of respects, not least in describing the nature of the crisis we were engulfed in. In previous incarnations I have dealt with life and death matters where lots of people lives were at risk. I have been responsible for things to do with nuclear warfare and whatever one thinks about the events of that Friday they are not in that category. I much regret the thing was so over-hyped."

Sir Richard has worked closely with a large number of Ministers and took the impartiality and professionalism of the civil service very seriously. His efforts to communicate the nature of this relationship were not, however, always successful. In his oral evidence to the House of Commons Public Administration Committee on 7 March 2002, he said

"... one of the interesting things about the Civil Service, which I do not think Ministers understand sufficiently clearly, despite our efforts constantly to tell them, is that it is a fantastically loyal institution to Ministers. What the Civil Service wants, and I always compare it to a rather stupid dog, it wants to do what its master wants and it wants to be loyal to its master and above all it wants to be loved for doing that and I am not sure Ministers understand that. When I said 'stupid dog', of course I meant a superbly well-educated dog, particularly those brought up in Nissen huts."

He later said that he realised that this analogy was a "tremendous mistake".

In May 2002, as Stephen Byers resigned as secretary of state, Mottram was moved to the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) as permanent secretary. In his time at DWP, a number of innovative policies were introduced on welfare to work and pensions and the department agreed to achieve staff reductions of 40,000 posts against a starting point of 130,000 staff (full-time equivalents), much the largest efficiency-related staff saving within central government. By the time Mottram left DWP, implementation of this saving was well underway.

Sir Richard moved to a strategic position at the Cabinet Office on 11 November 2005 as Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator (still as a permanent secretary and also as a safe pair of hands with wide experience across government). He succeeded Bill Jeffrey. He also took on the role of chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. His post was subsequently retitled as Permanent Secretary Intelligence, Security, and Resilience, Cabinet Office. In this role he acted as the accounting officer for the Single Intelligence Account, from which the three Security and Intelligence Agencies are funded. He also acted as deputy chair of the Civil Contingencies Committee, supporting the prime minister, home secretary and other ministers in their role as chair and, in the event of any serious incident requiring central government coordination, acting as the Government's senior crisis manager. He was also responsible for co-ordination of the Government's counter-terrorism policy and programmes.

He was made chair of the Joint Intelligence Committee at time when the credibility of the organisation needed to be re-established after intelligence reports were apparently "sexed-up" for PR purposes during the chairmanship of John Scarlett. The JIC's role had come under scrutiny in the review of the information about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and the Hutton Inquiry into the suicide of MoD weapons expert, Dr. David Kelly.

Sir Richard retired from the Civil Service in November 2007 when the responsibilities he held were reorganised into two posts, with the Cabinet Secretary taking on the Accounting Officer role for the Intelligence Agencies.

Other roles
Sir Richard served as a Board Member and then from 2002 to 2004 President of the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management. He was a Board Member of Ashridge Business School from 1998- 2015.

Styles and honours
Mottram was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1998 New Year Honours and promoted to a Knight Grand Cross of the same Order in the 2006 New Year Honours.

 * Mr Richard Mottram (1946–1998)
 * Sir Richard Mottram, KCB (1998–2006)
 * Sir Richard Mottram, GCB (2006–present)

title: Richard Mottram


text:
Frederick Fleet

Frederick Fleet (15 October 1887 – 10 January 1965) was a British sailor, crewman and a survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Fleet, along with fellow lookout Reginald Lee, was on duty when the ship struck the iceberg; Fleet first sighted the iceberg, ringing the bridge to proclaim: "Iceberg, right ahead!" Both Fleet and Lee survived the sinking, Fleet was the last surviving Lookout of the Titanic.

Fleet testified at the subsequent inquiries into the disaster that, if he and Lee had been issued binoculars: "We could have seen it (the iceberg) a bit sooner." When asked how much sooner, he responded, "Well, enough to get out of the way." In later life, Fleet suffered from depression, possibly in part due to the disaster. He died by suicide at age 77 on 10 January 1965.

Early life and maritime career
Fleet was born in Liverpool, England on 15 October 1887. He never knew his father, and his mother abandoned him and ran off with a boyfriend to Springfield, Massachusetts, never to be seen or heard from again. Fleet was raised by a succession of foster families and distant relatives. In 1903 he went to sea as a deck boy, working his way up to able seaman.

Before joining the crew of the RMS Titanic, he had sailed for over four years as a lookout on the RMS Oceanic. As a seaman, Fleet earned five pounds per month plus an extra 5 shillings for lookout duty. He joined the Titanic as a lookout in April 1912, along with five other watchmen.

RMS Titanic
Fleet boarded the Titanic in Southampton on 10 April 1912. The ship made two stops, first in Cherbourg, France, and then in Queenstown, Ireland. The lookouts, six in total, made two-hour shifts due to extreme cold in the crow's nest. The trip was uneventful until the night of 14 April 1912. At 22:00 (10 p.m.) that night, Fleet and his fellow lookout Reginald Lee replaced George Symons and Archie Jewell at the nest. They were passed the order given earlier by second officer Charles Lightoller to watch out for small ice. The night was calm and moonless, which made it difficult to spot the icebergs due to the lack of waves breaking against the base of the iceberg and reflection. Despite Fleet and his fellow lookouts repeatedly requesting binoculars, they were never provided. This is sometimes attributed to the last-minute change in the hierarchy of the ship when officer David Blair was removed from the maiden voyage crew (due to the knock-on effect of Henry Tingle Wilde being appointed chief officer) without mentioning where the binoculars were located. It is also speculated that Blair accidentally took the keys of the cabinet containing the binoculars with him. Despite both inquiries into the disaster, nothing clarified why the lookouts were not provided with binoculars, although evidence suggests that White Star Line steamers' lookouts did not routinely use them. Some experts have said that even using binoculars, neither Fleet nor Lee could have spotted the iceberg any sooner given the conditions of the night.

At 23:39 (11:39 p.m.), Fleet first spotted the iceberg and rang the nest's bell three times to warn the bridge of something ahead. Then, using the nest's telephone, he contacted the bridge. It was answered by Sixth Officer James Paul Moody, who asked Fleet immediately, "What did you see?" He pronounced the infamous "Iceberg! Right Ahead!" warning. Moody passed Fleet's warning to First Officer William McMaster Murdoch, who was in charge of the bridge. After the collision, Fleet and Lee remained on duty for twenty more minutes. At 00:00 (12 a.m.), Fleet and Lee were relieved by Alfred Frank Evans and George Hogg. Fleet went down to the boat deck and helped prepare Lifeboat No. 6. Second officer Lightoller put quartermaster Robert Hichens in charge of the lifeboat and ordered Fleet aboard as well. As they were lowered away, Hichens and American socialite Margaret Brown realized there were only two sailors, including Fleet, to man the boat, and called for another sailor to be sent. As no able seaman was near, Canadian Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen volunteered to join the boat saying he had experience in sailing. He was ordered by Lightoller to reach the boat by climbing down a rope.

Once away from the sinking ship, the boat tried to reach the lights of a ship in the distance, thought to be the SS Californian. While Hichens remained at the tiller, Fleet and Peuchen managed the oars. Arguments and problems arose on boat 6 as quartermaster Hichens kept insulting and mistreating the rowers, including Margaret Brown and Helen Churchill Candee. Later in the night, there was an argument about whether to return for survivors, with Hichens warning against returning for fear of being swamped by swimmers. The lifeboat finally reached the RMS Carpathia by 6:00 A.M. on Monday, 15 April 1912.

After the disaster, Fleet underwent two inquiries: first, the U.S. Inquiry; secondly, the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry. In the United States, he was questioned by Senator William Alden Smith, to whom he repeatedly said that had they been equipped with binoculars, the disaster would not have happened. Before the British inquiry, he underwent a long examination but refused to answer many of the questions. Lord Mersey, Chairman of the Commission, concluded Fleet's interrogation by telling him that he was grateful for his willingness to answer questions despite his wariness when responding to every question. Fleet replied with a sarcastic "Thanks."

World War I, World War II, and later life
Fleet served on the Titanic's sister ship RMS Olympic before leaving the White Star Line in August 1912 after noticing that the company treated those involved with the Titanic differently. For the next 24 years he sailed for different shipping companies, including the Union-Castle Line. Fleet served on merchant ships throughout World War I. Later, he was the ship's lookout again on the Olympic during the 1920s and early 1930s. When he left the sea in 1936, he was hired by Harland & Wolff to work at the company's shipyards in Southampton. While working there, he lived with his wife's brother. He served again during World War II.

Later, closer to retirement, he became a newspaper salesman and experienced financial difficulties.

Death
Shortly after Christmas, on 28 December 1964, Fleet's wife died, and her brother evicted him from the house. Consequently, Fleet fell into a downward spiral of depression. He returned to his brother-in-law's home and killed himself by hanging himself in the house's garden on 10 January 1965. He was 77. Fleet was buried in a pauper's grave at Hollybrook Cemetery, in Southampton. This grave remained unmarked until 1993, when a headstone bearing an engraving of the Titanic was erected through donations raised by the Titanic Historical Society.

title: Frederick Fleet


text: User talk:70.240.71.157

title: User talk:70.240.71.157


text:
Template talk:Portals

Grouped List?
Why aren't the Portals on this template grouped? No one wants to skim it alphabetically, especially if they're after something other than a geog entity.

This is not done, but it's IMO a big improvement & almost surely scalable. (I commented out Philosophy (under Other), presuming that a Portal requires more than a Cat.) I almost left "Other" very larger, but i ended up grouping nearly all the less "instrumental" cultural artifacts under culture; the most controversial aspect may be either that or "Fictions" (which of course overlaps importantly with Literature).

I'm not sure if Culture should be alph'd before Geog, or if be everything else should be secondary to that Big Dog that evidently predominates in people's interest in the concept.

 * Geography:
 * Africa: Algeria - Morocco - South Africa
 * Asia:
 * Bangladesh -
 * China: China (PRC): Hong Kong
 * India - Iran - Israel - Malaysia - Palestine - Singapore
 * Europe:
 * European Union:
 * Estonia - Greece - Hungary - Ireland - Poland - Spain - United Kingdom
 * Romania: Bucharest
 * Belarus - Russia - Ukraine
 * North America:
 * Canada: Quebec: Montreal
 * Caribbean - United States
 * Oceania: Australia - New Zealand - Philippines
 * South America: Brazil - Colombia
 * Culture:
 * Art -
 * History: Biography
 * Literature - Music -
 * Sports and games:
 * Baseball - Chess -
 * Computer and video games: Final Fantasy
 * Cricket - Football - Formula One - Pokémon
 * Stories: Doctor Who - James Bond - Star Wars
 * Science:
 * Archaeology - Astronomy - Biology - History of science - Mathematics - Physics - Scientific method
 * Society
 * Business and Economics - Law -
 * Schools: University
 * Technology:
 * Agronomy - Aviation - Engineering -
 * Information technology: Cryptography
 * Medicine - Trains
 * Other:
 * Personal life - Pornography -
 * Religion: Eastern Christianity

 * The reason the Template is not grouped is because when wikiportals first started an alphabetical list was enough, and when more were added a grouped template was created at main portals. Wherever you would like to see the sorted template instead of the alphabetical I think it would be a good idea to switch it over. - Trevor MacInnis (Talk | Contribs) 01:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

OK, the answer is inertia.

Template:Portals is in use on about 150 non-talk pages.

Template:main portals is in use on: I don't know if that is just more inertia, or bcz the person who built it used a Model 29 TTY (no lower case), and most editors understand why lower case was invented.
 * Main Page (simple layout)
 * Browse
 * Wikiportal
 * Wikiportal/Aviation

There seems to be no reason to perpetuate the alpha version, now that the effort needed to reorganize the groups is so much less than the effor of getting them out of alpha order. The way this is done is to replace the alpha version text with the grouped version text, without changes of names. If there is still need for an alpha version, that will become clear, and we can worry about whether the cases needing alpha are more than those needing grouping, i.e., which version should get the old title in order to minimize the number of edits needed.

(Which grouping scheme is best is less of an issue: the answer is surely neither, and we'll never see a final version; except for those wanting all caps, i'd suggest tuning the one above as involving the lesser effort.)

--Jerzy•t 07:06, 2005 August 23 (UTC)

Multiple Views of Grouped List?
All I have to say is "Whoa! that's way too big for a portal footer!" It's so big that I've switched the Trains portal to use Main portal in the footer instead. slambo 10:36, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The following is almost the result of
 * discarding
 * everything below the top level from every top-level Portal except Technology and Other, and
 * everything below the 2nd level from every Portal in Technology except Trains
 * (and the process could have been carried further if Trains were deeper in the implicit tree),
 * then
 * "turning the tree 90 degrees" (mostly by merging adjacent lines), and
 * tacking Other on at the bottom.
 * (It differs from that strict algorithm in that i exercised some discretion, by leaving Cryptography in place.)

Geography - Culture - Science - Society - Technology

Agronomy - Aviation - Engineering - Information technology: Cryptography - Medicine - Trains
 * Other:
 * Personal life - Pornography -
 * Religion: Eastern Christianity

 * I think that if you adjust your browser window's width, it'll show you how it'll look if you put a self-sizing box of your choosing around it (in contrast to the bulleted part sticking way out to the left as here).

 * That's modelled after the indexes at the top of each LoPbN page, for example Template:List of people Ste. The LoPbN ones are to a large extent automatically maintained, and something similar may be appropriate for these if they are used.

 * I'm saving the above as Template:Portals view: Technology, and suggest it for any Portals whose maintainers share Slambo's concern, among "Technology" and those just "below" Technology -- that is, at this moment, among Technology, Agronomy, Aviation, Engineering, Information technology, Cryptography (bcz i bent the algorithm to include it), Medicine, and Trains.

 * Technology (in its current form) will hopefully turn out in the long run to be a special case, in that it has so few Portals directly below it that also have Portals below them.  Unless this turns out to be a waste of effort, i'll do one for Europe that will demonstrate what Technology doesn't need, and no page in the LoPbN tree uses: a view "down" as well as "up" and "sidewise".

 * --Jerzy•t 22:07, 2005 August 23 (UTC)

That is much more concise and more appealing to use on the portal, but I'm not so keen on the Other section's position. As it is, it looks like it was tacked on as an afterthought. I'm not sure what would make a better solution for it right now, though. slambo 13:11, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

List of portals
I moved the text to List of portals and linked to that list, but it was reverted. I would regard that the better choice. --80.135.15.147 21:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

The new category style for the template

Overall, it's not too bad, but there are a few changes that should probably be made to the categorization of the portals within the template. The Carribbean is not a continent; I'd suggest the section should be renamed to something like "Multinational regions". And while we're at it, we might as well re-order the subsections of Geography by the size of the region being discussed; list the multinational regions first, then nations, then subnational regions then cities. Finally, all of the entries in "Miscellaneous" will easily fit into the other categories as follows: Thoughts? slambo 18:03, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Aviation, Cryptography and Trains - all into Science and Technology
 * Eastern Christianity, Esperanto, European Union and Schools - all into Society and Culture
 * Speculative fiction - into Sports, Games and Entertainment

 * Personally, I don't like the new theme, it makes something wrong in Portal:Mars (see the page footer, I'm using Safari, I'm not sure if it works correctly in other browsers). -- Yaohua2000 18:25, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't really like the styling of the re-design so I re-did it myself. I should have read the discussion here beforehand mind you - I agree with all of slambo's comments above.  So I'll do them now!  Yaohua2000 - the Portal:Mars link works fine on IE, Yahoo! Browser, AOL and a couple of other browsers I've got on my system... I think it might just be a Safari-issue.  Deano 21:23, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried again using Firefox on my Mac, it works fine, but incorrect in Safari. Screenshot on the right, note the position of the the category bar. -- Yaohua2000 21:40, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Does that only happen for Portal:Mars? Becuase if that is the case then it is an issue with the portal's script, not the template... Deano 21:46, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the caption "Browse by Themes" is not necessary, since most of portals has its own box template, and the caption and the theme (color, background, and etc) should be managed by the portal itself. This template is better to only provide content, but not format. -- Yaohua2000 21:59, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

addition of new portals
We are having a discussion at WP:P about whether or not incomplete portals should be added to the namespace. The consensus is that the namespace should contain NO portals that are a)pointless (i.e. lack enough potential to be worth creating), b) incomplete OR c) low quality should be included in the namespace.

All portals are listed at WP:P - when a portal is good enough to be in the namespace then it can be added. But at present, neither Portal:Christianity or Portal:Bucharest does not qualify due to section a) the latter due to section b). So they have to be removed! Deano 12:48, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Deano. The point you raise about Portal:Christianity being "pointless" is somewhat puzzling - are you suggesting that a historical and global religion with over two billion adherents does not deserve a portal of its own due to lack of potential? Consider that now various other religions have also become emboldened to set up their own counterparts; Islam and Portal:Judaism have recently been established, and the Eastern Christianity has been in existence far longer. Are people suggesting that such portals, which have fascinating histories and have influenced people throughtout centuries are really "pointless"? There should not be a "separation of Church and Pedia" - of course, religious beliefs should not influence editing decisions, but neglecting them is blantantly POV. With such a rich and varied history, major religion portals certainly have potential and are not pointless. Brisvegas 10:06, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm gonna level with you mate. I have no idea what I was talking about when I wrote that. If someone else had written that, I'd have responded exactly as you did. But I do stand by what I said about Portal:Bucharest. Deano 17:57, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for reconsidering your position. It is good to see you are an open-minded person. :) Brisvegas 07:34, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Portal:Galicia
i really don't think this qualifies for the namespace for now, so if there are no objections that haven't been covered at WP:P then I'll remove it. Deano 21:08, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think there should be a portal for Galicia, and this really highlights the need for some kind of approval mechanism before portals can be created. Otherwise we'll end up with almost as many portals as articles as everyone seems to want a portal for their favourite topic area. Worldtraveller 22:32, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

My sentiments echoed exactly! Deano 22:45, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I'll try and get started on that this week.--cj | talk 04:14, 29 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, yet another pointless portal: Water.--cj | talk 04:22, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Removed Portal:Mythology
Per discussions here and at WP:P, I've rolled back the change that added Portal:Mythology to the template. Only the intro section has anything filled in (and the section name is even misspelled), the rest are all red links and the code on it is messed up so that the columns aren't displaying properly. Slambo (Speak) 16:44, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, please have a look at the user's talk page User talk:83.56.141.30. BTW, the portal has been improved. --Roland2 17:34, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That was fast. Mucho better; objection withdrawn.  Slambo (Speak)  17:57, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * (Just to avoid confusion: It was not me who improved this portal ... --Roland2 18:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC))

Remove caption "Browse by Themes" and the frameborder?
They don't make sense and aren't necessary, since most of portals has its own box template, and the caption and the theme (color, background, and etc) should be managed by the portal itself. This template is better to only provide content, but not format. — Yaohua2000 01:32, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I would tend to agree, but rather than completely remove them, wrap them in tags so that only the content is normally included. Slambo (Speak)  18:23, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * done. — Yaohua2000 19:15, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Religion portals
as everyone will have noticed there has been an influx of religion-oriented portals. Several were severely below-par when they were added to the namespace, but most seem to be up to scratch. I ran JuanMuslim through what was needed... but we'll see in the long run how it all pans out. Deano 18:15, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Navigation vs. Category
You guys have the navigation and Category, Category:Portals, in one template. That is fine for the portals, but some userspages are using the template for the navigation and showing in the category. There is probably more than one way to fix this. Please fix this. -- Fplay 02:01, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Try to be like Portal:Browse
There has a been a minor reorganzation for the groupings. I will implement on this template. -- Fplay 02:23, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Interwiki
Please add vi:Tiêu bản:Các chủ đề Wikipedia. User:Es.ntp. 118.68.61.132 (talk) 08:10, 14 February 2009 (UTC).
 * Done. -- Quiddity (talk) 18:28, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Hellenismos portal (new)
I made the Hellenismos portal. Portal instructions say to add a link to main portals, but it looks like I should not take that literally because that page looks like a technical reference. I am adding it to 'Portal' anyway; if step 8 should have been done somewhere besides this discussion board, please let me know.--Dchmelik (talk) 11:07, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 12 March 2016
9D1974DEC692BF54 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.190.199.53 (talk) 09:59, 12 March 2016 (UTC)
 * ❌ since the request is not clear. -- John of Reading (talk) 10:08, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Portals


text:
Cynan Dindaethwy

Cynan Dindaethwy ("Cynan of Dindaethwy") or Cynan ap Rhodri ("Cynan son of Rhodri") was a king of Gwynedd (reigned c. 798 – c. 816) in Wales in the early Middle Ages. Cynan was the son of Rhodri Molwynog and ascended to the throne of Gwynedd upon the death of King Caradog ap Meirion in 798. His epithet refers to the commote of Dindaethwy in the cantref Rhosyr. Unlike later kings of Gwynedd, usually resident at Aberffraw in western Anglesey, Cynan maintained his court at Llanfaes on the southeastern coast. Cynan's reign was marked by a destructive dynastic power struggle with a rival named Hywel ap Caradog, usually supposed to be his brother.

There is no historical record of Cynan's early years as king, but his reign ended in a combination of natural disasters and military reverses. In 810, there was a bovine plague that killed many cattle throughout Wales. The next year Deganwy, the ancient wooden court of Maelgwn Gwynedd, was struck by lightning.

A destructive war between Cynan and Hywel raged on Anglesey between 812 and 816, ultimately ending with Cynan's defeat and banishment. Cynan and Hywel are said to be brothers in historical works such as John Edward Lloyd's History of Wales, although Lloyd does not cite its source. The Annals of Wales mention the pair only by name, without any title, relation, or patronym. (In comparison, it takes care to point out the brotherly nature of Elisedd's slaughter of Gruffydd ap Cyngen in Powys around the same time.) The genealogies from Jesus College MS 20 deny Cynan and Hywel were brothers at all, instead making Hywel the son of Caradog ap Meirion and a distant cousin of Cynan Dindaethwy son of Rhodri Molwynog. The Harleian genealogies agree with this. Cynan died within a year of his exile according to the Annals of Wales and the Irish Annals.

After Cynan's death, there was a battle at his former court at Llanfaes on Anglesey noted by the chronicles, but the combatants are not identified.

Cynan's daughter Esyllt became the mother of Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad, the first King of Gwynedd (c. 825 – c. 844) known not to have descended from the male line of Cunedda.

title: Cynan Dindaethwy


text:
User talk:Triorph

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! D. J. Bracey (talk) 22:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Triorph


text:
User talk:Kennyz

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Sam Vimes 22:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Kennyz


text:
Kontakion

A kontakion (Greek κοντάκιον, kondakion, plural κοντάκια, kondakia) is a form of hymn in the Byzantine liturgical tradition.

The kontakion form originated in the Byzantine Empire around the 6th century and is closely associated with Saint Romanos the Melodist (d. 556). Kontakions have a number of strophes (oikoi or ikoi, stanzas; singular oikos or ikos) and begin with a prologue (the prooimoion or koukoulion). A kontakion sometimes has a biblical theme and may feature a dialogue between biblical characters. The only kontakion that is used in full length today is the Akathist to the Theotokos.

Etymology
The word kontakion derives from the Greek κόνταξ (kontax), which means "rod" or "stick" and refers specifically to the rod around which a scroll is wound. While the genre dates to at least the 6th century, the word itself is attested only in the 9th century. The name is likely a reference to the fact that kontakions tend to be lengthy and have a large number of stanzas, thus metaphorically or literally requiring a great deal of "scrolling".

A hymn book containing kontakia is called a kontakarion (κοντακάριον; loaned into Slavonic as kondakar, кондакарь), but a kontakarion is not just a collection of kontakia: in the tradition of the Cathedral Rite (like that practiced at the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople) this became the name of the book of the prechanter or lampadarios, also known as psaltikon, which contained all the soloistic parts of hymns sung during the morning service and the Divine Liturgy. Because the kontakia were usually sung by protopsaltes during the morning services, the first part for the morning service with its prokeimena and kontakia was the most voluminous part, and acquired the name kontakarion.

History
Originally the kontakion was a Syriac form of poetry, which became popular in Constantinople under Romanos the Melodist, Anastasios and Kyriakos during the 6th century and was continued by Sergius I of Constantinople and Sophronius of Jerusalem during the 7th century. Romanos' works had been widely acknowledged as a crucial contribution to Byzantine hymnography, in some kontakia he also supported Emperor Justinian by writing state propaganda.

Romanos' kontakion On the Nativity of Christ was also mentioned in his vita. Until the twelfth century, it was sung every year at the imperial banquet on that feast by the joint choirs of Hagia Sophia and of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Most of the poem takes the form of a dialogue between the Mother of God and the Magi.

A kontakion is a poetic form frequently encountered in Byzantine hymnography. It was probably based on Syriac hymnographical traditions, which were transformed and developed in Greek-speaking Byzantium. It was a homiletic genre and could be best described as a "sermon in verse accompanied by music". In character it is similar to the early Byzantine festival sermons in prose — a genre developed by Ephrem the Syrian — but meter and music have greatly heightened the drama and rhetorical beauty of the speaker's often profound and very rich meditation.

Medieval manuscripts preserved about 750 kontakia since the 9th century, about two thirds had been composed since the 10th century, but they were rather liturgical compositions with about two or six oikoi, each one concluded by a refrain identical to the introduction (prooimion). Longer compositions were the Slavic Akafist which were inspired by an acrostic kontakion whose 24 stanzas started with each letter of the alphabet (Akathist).

Within the cathedral rite developed a truncated which reduced the kontakion to one oikos or just to the prooimion, while the music was elaborated to a melismatic style. The classical repertoire consisted of 42 kontakia-idiomela, and 44 kontakia-prosomoia made about a limited number of model stanzas consisting of fourteen prooimia-idiomela and thirteen okoi-idiomela which could be combined independently. This classical repertoire was dominated by classical composers of the 6th and 7th centuries.

Form
The form generally consists of 18 to 24 metrically identical stanzas called oikoi (lit. "houses"), preceded, in a different meter, by a short prelude called a koukoulion (cowl) or prooimoion. The first letters of each of the stanzas often form an acrostic, which frequently includes the name of the poet. For example, Romanos' poems often include the acrostic "Of the Humble Romanos" or "The Poem of the Humble Romanos". The last line of the prelude introduces a refrain called "ephymnion", which is repeated at the end of all the stanzas.

The main body of a kontakion was chanted from the ambo by a cleric (often a deacon; otherwise a reader) after the reading of the Gospel, while a choir, or even the whole congregation, joined in the refrain. The length of many kontakia — indeed, the epic character of some — suggest that the majority of the text must have been delivered in a kind of recitative rather than having music composed for every word, but unfortunately the original music to the kontakia has not survived.

The liturgical place of the kontakion
Within the cathedral rite, the ritual context of the long kontakion was the pannychis during solemn occasions (a festive night vigil) and was usually celebrated at the Blachernae Chapel. Assumptions that kontakia replaced canon poetry or vice versa that the Stoudites replaced the kontakia with Hagiopolitan canon poetry, always remained controversial. The Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople established an own local school earlier (even if it is no longer present in the modern books), while the Stoudites embraced the genre kontakion with own new compositions. The only explanation is that different customs must have existed simultaneously, the truncated and the long kontakion, but also the ritual context of both customs.

The truncated form consists only of the first stanza called "koukoulion" (now referred to as simply "the kontakion") and the first oikos, while the other oikoi became omitted. Within the Orthros for the kontakion and oikos is after the sixth ode of the canon; however, if the typikon for the day calls for more than one kontakion at matins, the kontakion and oikos of the more significant feast is sung after the sixth ode, while those of the less significant feast are transferred to the place following the third ode, before the kathismata.

Since the late 13th century, when the Court and the Patriarchate returned from exile in Nikaia, the former cathedral rite was not continued and thus, also the former celebration of kontakion changed. The only entire kontakion celebrated was the Akathist hymn. Its original place was within the menaion the feast of Annunciation (25 March). In later kontakaria and oikemataria which treated all 24 oikoi in a kalophonic way, the Akathist was written as part of the triodion, within the oikematarion the complete kontakion filled half the volume of the whole book. As such it could only be performed in short sections throughout Great Lent and became a kind of para-liturgical genre. In the modern practice it is reduced to heirmologic melos which allowed the celebration of the whole Akathist on the morning service of the fourth Sunday of Great Lent. This Akathist was traditionally ascribed to Romanos, but recent scholarship has disapproved it. In Slavic hymnography the so-called Akafist became a genre of its own which was dedicated to various saints; while not part of any prescribed service, these may be prayed as a devotional hymn at any time.

The current practice treats the kontakion as a proper troparion, based on the text of the prooimion, dedicated to a particular feast of the menaion or the moveable cycle.

Prooimia of 4 classical kontakia
The examples chosen here are only the introduction (prooimion, koukoulion) and they belong to the old core repertoire of 86 kontakia which had been all known as part of the cathedral rite. Thus, they can be found with notation in the kontakarion-psaltikon.

According to the melodic system of the cathedral rite, certain kontakia-idiomela served as melodic models used to compose other kontakia. The kontakion for Easter for instance was used to compose an Old Church Slavonic kondak in honour of the local saints Boris and Gleb, two martyre princes of the Kievan Rus. The concluding verse called "ephymnion" (ἐφύμνιον) was repeated like a refrain after each oikos and its melody was used in all kontakia composed in the ēchos plagios tetartos.

Kontakion of Pascha (Easter)

The Slavic kondakar has the old gestic notation which referred (in the first row) to the hand signs used by the choirleaders to coordinate the singers. Except for the ephymnion the whole prooimion and the oikoi were recited by a soloist called "monophonaris" (the hand sign were not so important than during the ephymnion). The Middle Byzantine notation used in the Greek kontakarion-psaltikon rather showed the melismatic melos behind these signs.

Εἰ καὶ ἐν τάφῳ κατῆλθες ἀθάνατε, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ᾍδου καθεῖλες τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ ἀνέστης ὡς νικητής, Χριστὲ ὁ Θεός, γυναιξὶ Μυροφόροις φθεγξάμενος. Χαίρετε, καὶ τοῖς σοῖς Ἀποστόλοις εἰρήνην δωρούμενος ὁ τοῖς πεσοῦσι παρέχων ἀνάστασιν.

Аще и въ гробъ съниде бесъмьртьне нъ адѹ раздрѹши силѹ и въскрьсе ꙗко побѣдителъ христе боже женамъ мюроносицѧмъ радость провѣща и своимъ апостолѡмъ миръ дарова падъшимъ подаꙗ въскрьсениѥ

Though Thou didst descend into the grave, O Immortal One, yet didst Thou destroy the power of Hades, and didst arise as victory, O Christ God, calling to the myrrh-bearing women: Rejoice! and giving peace unto Thine apostles, Thou Who dost grant resurrection to the fallen.

Another example composed in the same echos is the Akathist hymn, originally provided for the feast of Annunciation (nine months before Nativity).

Kontakion of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos (25 March)

Τῇ ὑπερμάχῳ στρατηγῷ τὰ νικητήρια, ὡς λυτρωθεῖσα τῶν δεινῶν εὐχαριστήρια, ἀναγράφω σοι ἡ πόλις σου, Θεοτόκε· ἀλλʹ ὡς ἔχουσα τὸ κράτος απροσμάχητον, ἐκ παντοίων με κινδύνων ἐλευθέρωσον, ἵνα κράζω σοί∙ Χαῖρε Νύμφη ἀνύμφευτε.

Възбраньнѹмѹ воѥводѣ побѣдьнаꙗ ꙗко избывъ ѿ зълъ благодарениꙗ въсписаѥть ти градъ твои богородице нъ ꙗко имѹщи дьржавѹ непобѣдимѹ ѿ вьсѣхъ мѧ бѣдъ свободи и да зовѹ ти радѹи сѧ невѣсто неневѣстьнаꙗ.

To thee, the Champion Leader, we thy servants dedicate a feast of victory and of thanksgiving as ones rescued out of sufferings, O Theotokos; but as thou art one with might which is invincible, from all dangers that can be do thou deliver us, that we may cry to thee: Rejoice, thou Bride Unwedded.

Kontakion of the Transfiguration of the Lord (6 August)

This kontakion-idiomelon by Romanos the Melodist was composed in echos varys (the grave mode) and the prooimion was chosen as model for the prosomoion of the resurrection kontakion Ἐκ τῶν τοῦ ᾍδου πυλῶν in the same echos.

Ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄρους μετεμορφώθης, καὶ ὡς ἐχώρουν οἱ Μαθηταί σου, τὴν δόξαν σου Χριστὲ ὁ Θεὸς ἐθεάσαντο· ἵνα ὅταν σὲ ἴδωσι σταυρούμενον, τὸ μὲν πάθος νοήσωσιν ἑκούσιον, τῷ δὲ κόσμω κηρύξωσιν, ὅτι σὺ ὑπάρχεις ἀληθῶς, τοῦ Πατρὸς τὸ ἀπαύγασμα.

На горѣ прѣобрази сѧ и ꙗко въмѣщахѹ ѹченици твои славѹ твою христе боже видѣша да ѥгда тѧ ѹзьрѧть распинаѥма страсть ѹбо разѹмѣють вольнѹю мирѹ же провѣдѧть ꙗко ты ѥси въ истинѹ отьче сиꙗниѥ

On the mount Thou was (sic) transfigured, and Thy disciples, as much as they could bear, beheld Thy glory, O Christ God; so that when they should see Thee crucified, they would know Thy passion to be willing, and would preach to the world that Thou, in truth, art the Effulgence of the Father.

Kontakion of the Sunday of the Prodigal Son (9th week before Easter, 2nd week of the triodion)

The last example is not a model, but a kontakion-prosomoion which had been composed over the melody of Romanos the Melodist's Nativity kontakion Ἡ παρθένος σήμερον in echos tritos.

Τῆς πατρῴας, δόξης σου, ἀποσκιρτήσας ἀφρόνως, ἐν κακοῖς ἐσκόρπισα, ὅν μοι παρέδωκας πλοῦτον· ὅθεν σοι τὴν τοῦ Ἀσώτου, φωνὴν κραυγάζω· Ἥμαρτον ἐνώπιόν σου Πάτερ οἰκτίρμον, δέξαι με μετανοοῦντα, καὶ ποίησόν με, ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου.

Having foolishly abandoned Thy paternal glory, I squandered on vices the wealth which Thou gavest me. Wherefore, I cry unto Thee with the voice of the Prodigal: I have sinned before Thee, O compassionate Father. Receive me as one repentant, and make me as one of Thy hired servants.

Kontakion of the Departed
Perhaps the kontakion which is best known in the west is the Kontakion of the Departed or the Kontakion of the Dead. The text is attributed to the "humble Anastasios", probably a Byzantine monk writing in the 6th or 7th century, although the exact date is a matter of debate. It was translated into English from Russian by William John Birkbeck, an English theologian and musicologist who studied Russian church music in Moscow in 1890. The traditional tune, known in English as the Kiev Melody, was edited by Birkbeck's close friend, Sir Walter Parratt, the organist of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Queen Victoria may have heard this kontakion in Russian at a memorial service in London for the death of Tsar Alexander III in 1894, where she noted that "a fine Russian hymn, always sung at funerals throughout the Greek Church, was sung without accompaniment, & was very impressive". She certainly heard Birkbeck's translation when it was sung at the funeral of Prince Henry of Battenberg in 1896. During the planning of Victoria's state funeral, her daughters asked that the kontakion be included in the service as it was a favourite of their mother's, a suggestion which was blocked by Bishop Randall Davidson with the support of King Edward VII, on the grounds that the text was not in keeping with Anglican teaching on prayers for the dead. Nevertheless, it was sung at the funeral of Queen Alexandra at Westminster Abbey in 1925.

The Kontakion of the Departed with Parratt's arrangement was included in the first edition of The English Hymnal in 1906, and has since appeared in several other Anglican hymn books, including Hymns Ancient and Modern and The Hymnal in the United States. It has been sung at the state and ceremonial funerals of Sir Winston Churchill, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Queen Elizabeth II.

In 1971, British composer Benjamin Britten used the Kiev Melody as one of four themes in his Cello Suite No. 3, which he wrote as a present for Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. The American hymnologist, Carl P. Daw Jr., wrote a paraphrase of this kontakion in 1982, Christ the victorious, give to your servants, intended for congregational singing and set to the tune Russian Hymn by Alexei Lvov.

Μετὰ τῶν ἁγίων ἀνάπαυσον, Χριστέ, τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν δούλων σου ἔνθα οὐκ ἔστι πόνος, οὐ λύπη, οὐ στεναγμός, ἀλλὰ ζωὴ ἀτελεύτητος: ἀλληλούϊα.

Со святыми упокой, Христе, души раб Твоих, идеже несть болезнь, ни печаль, ни воздыхание, но жизнь безконечная.

Сам Един еси Безсмертный, сотворивый и создавый человека: земнии убо от земли создахомся, и в землю туюжде пойдем, якоже повелел еси, Создавый мя и рекий ми: яко земля еси и в землю отыдеши, аможе вси человецы пойдем, надгробное рыдание творяще песнь: Аллилуиа, Аллилуиа, Аллилуиа.

Give rest, O Christ, to thy servant with thy saints, where sorrow and pain are no more; neither sighing, but life everlasting.

Thou only art immortal, the Creator and Maker of man; and we are mortal, formed of the earth, and unto earth shall we return; for so thou didst ordain when thou createdst me, saying: 'Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.' All we go down to the dust, and, weeping o'er the grave we make our song: Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia.

title: Kontakion


text:
Talk:Hereford Inlet Lighthouse

Untitled
The Making of a Fine Image A photographer’s prospective By Skip Willits

For more lighthouses visit my web site

I met the Hereford Inlet lighthouse in February of 1995 when I was photographing the lighthouses in New Jersey for a poster which was subsequently published later in that year. Unknown to me at the time, I should have done the photography later in the spring when the Victorian gardens were in full bloom. I am a professional photographer of some modest renown specializing in lighthouses and other beach and maritime studies. The original photos I made in 1995 had nothing to do with the “Image” of this light.

Lighthouses and the history of them, their locations, keepers, legends and or myths have become a favorite topic of not only my vocation but my avocation as well. There is a sense of history and drama associated each light not found in other historic structures. I guess the aura of the ocean and the mariners lost at sea lend a mystique to lighthouses. Each light has its own romance and local devotees eager to work long hours to maintain them. The original Keepers, for the most part, were paid less than $500 per year to keep and maintain their light. Current “Keepers”, for the most part, are unpaid in dollars but reap much more in the satisfaction of promulgating the legends.

When most ships were powered by wind and sail, sailors were necessarily limited to hugging the coastlines. Lighthouses were the only sure marker of one’s location and served to warned ships to stay away. Modern shipping is conducted with GPS, radar, and other marvels of the electronic age. Lighthouses hence have become more of a destination rather than beacons warning of potential disaster.

North Wildwood is blessed with an historic beacon carrying on the history and mystery of an age long gone. Hereford Inlet Lighthouse is truly a destination in itself. Yes, for the lighthouse aficionados there is that. The Victorian house, the tower, the light, the memorabilia are all there for the lighthouse buff. But this treasure also affords one of the most unique Victorian gardens on the east coast. Steve Murray is the Superintendent of Parks for North Wildwood and is responsible for the spectacular plantings surrounding the lighthouse front and back. With 25 plus years of experience in seashore gardening, Steve has created the setting for the crown jewel of North Wildwood.

I have witnessed and documented, over the last ten years, a total exterior renovation of the physical structure, bringing it back to the way it was when the place was built in 1874. But the infrastructure, gardens, and location are merely the shell. A shell held together by the folks who put in many long hours of dedication and pure work. This is truly a place where people afford other people an opportunity is see, visit, learn, and contemplate. Steve also serves as the head of the organization. Betty Mugnier is the unofficial modern day “Keeper” and runs the place with the help of Jane and Marie. Sam and Ronnie Black run the food concessions when there is an event at the light and Ralph Feindt sells lighthouse caps and other memorabilia to help raise funds.

It is ironic that a place which was originally intended as a signal for mariners to avoid has become a place for folks to gather. But it seems that lighthouses are just that today, a place for good folks to gather. And, Hereford Inlet Lighthouse is one of the finest places to gather on the east coast and is truly the crown jewel of North Wildwood. And that is the image I see.

Image needs replacement
Hello all...

An image used in the article, specifically Image:HEREFORE INLET LIGHTHOUSE.jpg, has a little bit of a licensing issue. The image was uploaded back when the rules around image uploading were less restrictive. It is presumed that the uploader was willing to license the picture under the GFDL license but was not clear in that regard. As such, the image, while not at risk of deletion, is likely not clearly licensed to allow for free use in any future use of this article. If anyone has an image that can replace this, or can go take one and upload it, it would be best.

You have your mission, take your camera and start clicking.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 20:50, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I've added a USCG archive photo. Have you tried contacting the photographer who has left his website above? He may can take care of changing the licensing to meet requirements. Skip Willetts is the author. Cheers, ⋙–Berean–Hunter—► ((⊕)) 21:31, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Suggested move
All the external links, as well as what NRHP data I can find, refer to this as a Lighthouse, not just a Light. I suggest moving this article to "Hereford Inlet Lighthouse".--BillFlis (talk) 09:05, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

 * @BillFlis I agree, I've made the move. I checked their official website. Wil540 art (talk) 14:57, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Control
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2017/11/the_battle_for_the_hereford_lighthouse_di_ionno.html#incart_river_home

Adding mention of the Lighthouse Gardens?
The gardens seem to be a featured part of the Lighthouse. https://herefordlighthouse.org/gardens-html/ Perhaps someone could get a photo of them? - Wil540 art (talk) 14:57, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hereford Inlet Lighthouse


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Angel tech

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep (No consensus). You might want to relist this, since IMO it would be deleted if it got more votes. --Ryan Delaney talk 20:15, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Angel tech
Denied speedy as vanity. AFAICT a nn band not known outside Bristol; does not seem to meet any of the WikiProject_Music/Notability_and_Music_Guidelines -choster 22:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. They seem to be prominent in the Bristol music scene. Pburka 01:11, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Fails WP:MUSIC quite spectacularly. FCYTravis 02:09, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ...except for criteria 2 and 6. Since a lot of their work seems to have been for theater, film and television, I'm suspicious that the WP:MUSIC guidelines might not apply very well to them. Pburka 23:00, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bacchus (character)

Bacchus a.k.a. Deadface is a comics character created by Eddie Campbell and based upon the Roman god of wine and revelry, known to the Greeks as Dionysus. In this incarnation, Bacchus is one of the few Greek gods who have survived to the present day, and is now an elderly barfly wandering the world telling stories about "the old days."

In his introduction to one of the Bacchus collections, writer Neil Gaiman explains that the series "mixes air hijacks and ancient gods, gangland drama and legends, police procedural and mythic fantasy, swimming pool cleaners and the classics. It shouldn’t work, of course, and it works like a charm."

Publication history
Bacchus first appeared as a character in Deadface (March 1987), a Harrier Comics title which lasted eight issues. In issue #5 Campbell spun the character out of that book and into his own comic, the eponymous Bacchus, a book that lasted two issues, focusing the Deadface comic on Joe Theseus, an updated version of Theseus. When Harrier Comics ceased publication, Campbell managed to sell stories containing the character to numerous publishers; the American publisher Dark Horse, where the character appeared in their anthology title Dark Horse Presents, and who also collected the Deadface comics in the Deadface: Immortality Isn't Forever collection published November 1990; and two British publishers, Trident Comics, where the stories appeared in their black-and-white anthology, Trident, and Atomeka, appearing in A1, another black-and-white anthology.

Dark Horse then collected these short stories and serialized them in comic book form as the three-issue mini-series Deadface: Doing the Islands with Bacchus (1991), as well as serializing the adventures of another character from the mythos, The Eyeball Kid (grandson of Argus "all eyes"), in the Dark Horse anthology Cheval Noir, which was later extended and repackaged as a three-issue mini-series, The Eyeball Kid in 1992.

After these collections and repackaging, Dark Horse commissioned the new storyline, Deadface: Earth, Water, Air, & Fire, a four-issue mini-series published in 1992. Following this in May 1993 came 1,001 Nights of Bacchus, a single-issue comic book compilation of various other previously uncollected storylines which Campbell had placed with various publishers but which he had also created within a unified framing sequence.

The next storylines related to the Bacchus mythos were again serialized, this time in Dark Horse Presents as Hermes vs the Eyeball Kid (1993-1994) and The Picture of Doreen Grey (1995), the former also collected as a three-issue mini-series in 1994-1995.

The final work in the Bacchus mythos to be published by Dark Horse was also the first time Bacchus appeared within a comic published in color, The Ghost in the Glass, published in 1995. At this point Campbell decided to self-publish his own comic, Eddie Campbell's Bacchus, in which he published two new storylines featuring Bacchus, King Bacchus and Banged Up, while concurrently revising and reprinting the material already published, and also adding new stories to the 1,001 Nights of Bacchus sequence. The Bacchus character's stories came to an end after the Banged Up storyline, and although Campbell eventually finished the reprinting of the previously published material, he continued publishing Eddie Campbell's Bacchus, updating the name to Eddie Campbell's Bacchus Magazine to reflect the growing number of text pieces he was running, before canceling the book with issue #60.

Campbell also published these revised storylines in the graphic novel format in collaboration with the publisher Top Shelf.

Creators
Campbell worked with numerous collaborators on the many series and appearances Bacchus made, beginning with Phil Elliott, whom Campbell approached to color the Deadface and Bacchus covers.

Ed 'Ilya' Hillyer worked as inker on the last four issues of Deadface, before taking full art chores on The Eyeball Kid series initially serialized in Cheval Noir.

Wes Kublick collaborated with the writing on some of the short stories which made up Deadface: Doing the Islands with Bacchus, and Stephen Bissette, Phil Elliott and Pete Mullins collaborated on the art on other stories in this sequence. (Mullins helping to redo Elliott's story, which was reworked and retitled.)

Kublick again helped Campbell with the writing on the first two issues of the Deadface: Earth, Water, Air, & Fire series.

1,001 Nights of Bacchus saw collaborations on the writing front with Kublick, Marcus Moore, Daren White, and Mark Campbell, with Mark Campbell also writing one story in this sequence solely. Artistic collaborators on this sequence were Steve Stamatiadis, Dylan Horrocks, and Pete Mullins, who all collaborated on one story each.

Hermes vs. The Eyeball Kid is credited as being written by Campbell and Kublick, and drawn by Campbell, Mullins, and April Post, with Mullins, again assisting with the art on the latter two-thirds of The Picture of Doreen Grey. The Ghost in the Glass featured art by Teddy Kristiansen.

Mullins again assisted on King Bacchus, with another credit for April Post on part 9. The final serial, Banged Up, saw Marcus Moore again assist with some of the stories and Mullins assist on almost all of the art with a little help from Steve Francis on part 8.

Other notable characters
Notable characters within Eddie Campbell's Bacchus mythos include:
 * Joe Theseus
 * The Eyeball Kid
 * Hermes
 * Simpson
 * Big Ginny
 * Collage
 * The Stygian Leech
 * The Telchines

Collected editions

 * Bacchus Vol 1: Immortality Isn't Forever (Dark Horse Comics, 1990) ISBN 0-9585783-6-2
 * Bacchus Vol 2: The Gods of Business (with Ed Hillyer, 1996) ISBN 0-9585783-1-1
 * Bacchus Vol 3: Doing the Islands with Bacchus (1997) ISBN 0-9585783-7-0
 * Bacchus Vol 4: The Eyeball Kid - One Man Show (with Ed Hillyer, 1998) ISBN 0-9585783-2-X
 * Bacchus Vol 5: Earth, Water, Air, Fire (with Wes Kublick, 1998) ISBN 0-9585783-0-3
 * Bacchus Vol 6: The 1001 Nights of Bacchus (2000)
 * Bacchus Vol 7/8: The Eyeball Kid Double Bill (with Wes Kublick, 2002)
 * Bacchus Vol 9: King Bacchus (with Pete Mullins, 1996) ISBN 0-9585783-8-9
 * Bacchus Vol 10: Banged Up (with Pete Mullins and Marcus Moore, 2001) ISBN 978-0-95778-962-3
 * Bacchus Omnibus Edition Volume One (2015) ISBN 978-1-60309-026-1
 * Bacchus Omnibus Edition Volume Two (2016) ISBN 978-1-60309-027-8

Sources consulted

 * Comic Book Awards Almanac
 * Dunn, Patrick. "Eddie Campbell Explains the 'Big, Ugly Idea' that Launched Years of Bacchus," Paste Magazine (July 13, 2015).

title: Bacchus (character)


text:
Talk:Kirklin, Indiana

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Kirklin, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:41, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kirklin, Indiana


text: Talk:Michigantown, Indiana

title: Talk:Michigantown, Indiana


text: Talk:Mulberry, Indiana

title: Talk:Mulberry, Indiana


text: Talk:Rossville, Indiana

title: Talk:Rossville, Indiana


text:
Transdanubia

Transdanubia (Dunántúl; Transdanubien, Prekodunavlje or Zadunavlje, Zadunajsko ) is a traditional region of Hungary. It is also referred to as Hungarian Pannonia, or Pannonian Hungary.

Traditional interpretation
The borders of Transdanubia are the Danube River (north and east), the Drava and Mura rivers (south), and the foothills of the Alps roughly along the border between Hungary and Austria (west).

Transdanubia comprises the counties of Győr-Moson-Sopron, Komárom-Esztergom, Fejér, Veszprém, Vas, Zala, Somogy, Tolna, Baranya and the part of Pest that lies west of the Danube. (In the early Middle Ages the latter was known as Pilis county.)

This article deals with Transdanubia in this geographical meaning.

Territorial changes

While the northern, eastern and southern borders of the region are clearly marked by the Danube and Drava rivers, the western border was always identical with the political boundary of Hungary, therefore it was affected by the territorial changes of the 20th century. Before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 the present-day regions of Burgenland, Prekmurje and Međimurje were integral parts of Transdanubia. The three villages of Rusovce, Jarovce and Čunovo also belonged to Transdanubia before the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. Transdanubia is essentially a Hungarian geographical concept so these areas ceased to be parts of it when they were annexed by neighbouring countries.

EU regions
Transdanubia is a NUTS territorial unit in the European Union, consisting of Central Transdanubia, Western Transdanubia and Southern Transdanubia (see NUTS:HU). Pest county and Budapest belong to the region of Central Hungary. It has an area of 37,000 km2 and a population of around 3.1 million.

Geography

The territory of the region is 38,000 km2, and it comprises almost half of the whole territory of Hungary. In terms of historical geography it also comprised major part of northern Pannonia, and thus the term Hungarian Pannonia refers to this region. The terrain is very varied with gentle hills, valleys, basins, mountains and plains. The main geographical formations are the Transdanubian Mountains, the southern half of the Little Alföld, the Alpokalja, the Transdanubian Hills, and the Mezőföld (part of the Great Alföld). The main rivers are the Danube, Drava, Rába, Zala, and Kapos. In the middle of Transdanubia lies the biggest freshwater lake of Central Europe, the Lake Balaton. Other importants lakes are the Lake Velence and the Lake Fertő.

History
Historically the counties of Transdanubia were Moson, Győr, Sopron, Vas, Zala, Veszprém, Fejér, Komárom, Esztergom, Somogy, Tolna and Baranya. They comprised the so called Districtus Trans-Danubianus from the beginnings of the 18th century. The boundaries of these counties, established by Stephen I of Hungary, remained unchanged for almost 900 years until 1920.

Ancient history
Transdanubia has been populated since the Stone Age. Between 10 BCE and 434 CE, it was part of the Roman Empire. With some present-day Austrian and Croatian territories, it comprised the Province of Pannonia, a romanised, Latin-speaking border region with important Roman towns (Scarbantia, Aquincum, Sopianae, Gorsium, Savaria) and rural villas.

Middle Ages
In the Age of Migrations it was occupied by the Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Gepids, Avars, Franks and the Slavic peoples. In 900 Pannonia was occupied by the Magyars and after 1000 became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Transdanubia has been one of the most important regions of Hungary since the 11th century. Esztergom has been the ecclesiastical capital of the country since 1001 until today, and Stephen I of Hungary established his royal seat at Székesfehérvár, later the coronation town of the kings. Transdanubia was also the cradle of the Hungarian higher education. The first college was established in Veszprém, and the first university was established in Pécs in 1367. Other important medieval cities were Veszprém, Pécs, Győr and Sopron. After the devastating Mongol invasion (see Mongol invasion of Europe) new castles were built, and King Béla IV of Hungary established a new royal capital at Buda, next to the Danube. The region's rich medieval heritage is seen everywhere from the little village churches to the old castles, monasteries and town houses.

Early modern times
In the Ottoman era (16-17th centuries) the eastern and southern part of Transdanubia came under Turkish rule. The ever changing border ran along the Transdanubian Mountains and the southern shore of the Lake Balaton. The dangerous border was guarded by frontier-fortresses (végvár), the most important of which were Győr and Nagykanizsa. The Asian-style Ottoman rule and the constant war had devastating effects: dozens of villages were destroyed, the population was decimated and parts of the region became almost totally deserted. The territories belonging to the Royal Hungary (except the border regions) were more lucky, because the European-like developments were continuous. Here the 17th century was the period of the Catholic Counter-reformation, the fights for national independence from the Habsburgs and the formation of a new, powerful Catholic aristocracy.

In 1686 the allied Habsburg, Polish and Bavarian army reconquered Buda and terminated the Ottoman rule. In the 18th century the region was slowly rebuilt, and many new settlers (Magyars, Germans, Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians) arrived. Famous baroque castles were built to show the power of the big landowner families, for example the Esterházys in Fertőd and the Festetics in Keszthely. The baroque townscape of the cities survived until today in Győr, Székesfehérvár, Pécs, etc.

In the 19th century Trandanubia underwent a capitalist development. Due to its closeness of Austria it became again the richest part of the country, and – at least after the public opinion – more "European" and Western-like than any other region of Hungary or most regions of post-communist Central Europe.

Modern times

Under the People's Republic of Hungary (1949–1989) new industrial cities were built at Tatabánya, Dunaújváros, Ajka and Komló, and new industries and factories were established, for example Hungary's only atomic power plant at Paks. In Pécs uranium was mined and big industrial suburbs were built. One of the most famous plant of Socialist Hungary, the Ikarus Bus was established in Székesfehérvár. After the fall of socialism, northern Transdanubia was more successful at adapting to the new economic situation than other parts of Hungary (except Budapest) and most of the foreign investment came here to help the radical economic renewal. In the 1990s Székesfehérvár was counted as probably the economically most successful Hungarian town. Esztergom, Győr and Szentgotthárd became centers of the automobile industry with the establishment of the Suzuki, Audi and Opel factories. On the other hand, some rural regions remained impoverished, especially in Southern Transdanubia and along the River Drave.

title: Transdanubia


text:
Talk:Alton, Indiana

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Alton, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://geonames.usgs.gov/fips55/INfips55_delim.txt

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:01, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Alton, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcities%2Ftotals%2F2012%2FSUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:33, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alton, Indiana


text:
Talk:Burger King Kingdom

External link
There is another Burger King related cool gang called Burger King Kids Club. You can take a look at
 * http://www.progressiveboink.com/archive/bkkidsclub.html

--Abdull 22:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

The original burger king from the early 70s was the same image as the one from 2005, whereas the early 80s king was a silly-looking cartoon version, a little dwarfish character. Should this be reflected in the text?

 * Actualy, the original burger king was a live actor, like Ronald McDonald.

 * That's true, the actor didn't wear a mask and he actually had a beard.(February 3, 2006)

Affair with Brook Burke
...what? Twin Bird 20:09, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

This article is a little misleading Brooke Burke has been starring in Burger King commercials since the Tender Crisp Bacon Cheddar Ranch commercial where she was on a swing in the background being pushed by the king. It was like a year later after this commercial that the beach date and horseback riding paparazzi photos surfaced. Sepharo

I think we should make it clear that these are not ACTUAL paparrazzi photos, they were made by Burger King as a joke.

What? This section should be deleted.

Verkhovensky 22:42, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

The Burger King as an Internet meme
It definetly seems like this should be mentioned, as from what I've seen he has definetly developed something of a cult following on various websites.

Weird redirect?
Why does "Where is your god now?" link to this page? Unless it's some inside joke I'm not aware about.

24.136.88.151 01:23, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Same here. ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.45.231.73 (talk) 10:55, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 00:26, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burger King Kingdom


text:
David Henry McFadden

David Henry McFadden (February 17, 1856 – February 21, 1935) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1892 to 1907, and again from 1910 to 1915. McFadden was a Conservative, and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin.

McFadden was born in Peterborough, Canada West (now Ontario), and educated in Bruce, Ontario. He received certification from the Ontario Veterinary College and practised as a veterinary surgeon. He also served as manager of the Alexandra Realty Co. in Emerson, Manitoba, and was active in municipal politics. In religion, McFadden was a Methodist.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election, defeating Liberal incumbent James Thomson by fourteen votes in the Emerson constituency. The Liberals won a majority government in this election, and McFadden served as an opposition member. He was one of only six Conservatives returned in the 1896 election, defeating candidates of the Liberals and the Patrons of Industry.

McFadden was returned again for Emerson by an increased majority in the 1899 election. At the provincial level, the Conservatives won a majority government under the leadership of Hugh John Macdonald. The Conservative Party assumed office on January 10, 1900, and McFadden was appointed as Minister of Public Works and Provincial Secretary. When Rodmond Roblin replaced Macdonald as premier on December 20, 1900, he reassigned McFadden as Municipal Commissioner and Provincial Secretary.

He was re-elected over Liberal George Walton in the 1903 election, and might have lost had the opposition vote not been split with a Prohibitionist candidate. In the 1907 election, Walton defeated McFadden by 105 votes. He resigned from cabinet on June 26, 1907.

McFadden returned to the legislature in the 1910 election, defeating Walton by a margin of nine votes in Emerson. He was not re-appointed to cabinet and served as a backbench supporter of Roblin's administration. In the 1914 election, McFadden defeated Walton by thirty-two votes.

In 1915, the Roblin administration was forced to resign from office after a report commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor found the government guilty of corruption in the tendering of contracts for new legislative buildings. A new election was called, in which the Liberal government won a landslide majority. McFadden did not seek re-election.

He attempted to return to the legislature in the 1922 election, but lost to independent candidate Dmytro Yakimischak.

title: David Henry McFadden