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Catrail

The Catrail is a linear earthwork in Roxburghshire, southern Scotland. It runs from Robert's Linn (55.31575°N, -2.72988°W), a burn (stream) flowing into the Slitrig Water, westward and north-westward to the head of the Dean Burn (55.40104°N, -2.98338°W), a tributary of the Borthwick Water. It is about 11.5 mi long (as the crow flies), and consists of a ditch and bank. The Deil's Dyke was once considered to extend to the Catrail.

Description
The Catrail is discontinuous and although the various sections are not fully aligned they are considered parts of a single structure on the grounds that the profile is similar from section to section. Between sections, the line generally seems to follow the courses of streams and rivers.

In profile, the earthwork consists of a ditch about 6–12 ft wide and 2–4.5 ft deep, and a parallel embankment about 8–13 ft wide and 2 ft high. There is generally a lesser bank running along the other side of the ditch which is quite wide but only a few inches high. The main bank is on the north-east side of the ditch.

The Catrail cuts across the upper Teviot valley, separating the low-lying farmland to the north-east around Hawick in Teviotdale from the hillier up-river country to the south-west.

Interpretation
It is not known when or by whom the Catrail was made, or for what purpose. However, since it is not substantial enough to be an effective military barrier, it seems likely to have been a territorial boundary marker, possibly dating from the Early Middle Ages.

The philosopher, poet and historian John Veitch undertook a survey of the Catrail in the late 19th Century and devoted a chapter to it in his History and Poetry of the Scottish Border, Volume 1 (1893). He believed that it had been constructed early in 7th Century to mark the south-eastern boundary of the territory held by the Strathclyde Britons.

title: Catrail


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Arcwelder

Arcwelder is an American punk rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota, formed in 1987. The band, a perennial local favorite, consists of brothers Rob and Bill Graber and Scott Macdonald, all of whom share in songwriting and singing.

The band released six albums between 1990 and 1999, including Pull and Jacket Made in Canada. Pitchfork writer Ryan Schreiber called them one of the best Minnesota bands of the 1990s.

History
Under their original name Tilt-A-Whirl, the band released their first album, This, in 1990 on the small Minneapolis label Big Money, Inc. As the record was being released, the band was sued for trademark infringement by Sellner Manufacturing, the manufacturer of the Tilt-A-Whirl amusement ride. Rather than go to court, the band changed their name to Arcwelder, the title of an instrumental on the record. The initial release of This had a disclaimer sticker noting the lack of affiliation between the ride's manufacturer and the band.

Arcwelder has toured the U.S., with such bands as the Jesus Lizard, Jawbox, and Tar, and has played shows with such artists as Dirty Three, Pegboy, Caspar Brötzmann, and Cows.

In 1992, the song "Favor", from the album Jacket Made in Canada, appeared at number 32 on John Peel's "Festive Fifty".

Magnet magazine called Arcwelder's third album, 1993's Pull, "a 45-minute masterpiece that still holds its own against almost anything from indie rock’s glory years."

Arcwelder's final album, Everest, was released in 1999. Reviewing the album for CMJ New Music Monthly, Mike Wolf wrote that Arcwelder's career showed a singular focus: "Over the years, the trio has done one thing and one thing only: tirelessly propulsive, rhythmic, catchy rock" of a particularly Midwestern and, by 1999, unfashionable kind. Wolf went on to say that this was not a weakness in their music, but that "they've established themselves as the only practitioners of this style of rock that matter. Everest shows Arcwelder nearing perfection in its craft."

In both 2002 and 2012, Arcwelder was invited to perform in the UK All Tomorrow's Parties music festival, by those years' curators Shellac. The names of all three members of Arcwelder appear on the cover of the 1997 Shellac album The Futurist.

The band has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.

All of the original members of the band reformed for a performance at the Touch and Go 25th anniversary celebration held September 8–10, 2006 in Chicago, Illinois.

The band did not release any new music between 1999 and 2023, but continued to tour.

In December 2023, 24 years after Everest, Arcwelder released two new songs, "Lafayette" and "Take It Slow," on its website. A full new album was released in January 2024, titled Continue. The songs were recorded by Jason Orris at Minneapolis studio The Terrarium, and mixed by J. Robbins of Washington, D.C., punk band Jawbox.

Albums

 * This (1990)
 * Jacket Made In Canada (1991)
 * Pull (1993)
 * Xerxes (1994)
 * Entropy (1996)
 * Everest (1999)
 * Continue (2024)

7" Singles

 * "Pint Of Blood" b/w "Define My Life" (Sonic Boom Records, 1988)
 * "Favor" b/w "Plastic" (Douphonic/ Big Money Inc, 1992)
 * "I Am The Walrus" b/w "Sign Of The Times" (Big Money Inc, 1992)
 * "Raleigh" b/w "Rosa, Walls" (Touch and Go, 1992)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arcwelder


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Talk:Central New England Railway

Untitled
The western terminal of the ND&C RR was at Dutchess Junction on the Hudson River south of Fishkill Landing. The tracks from Hopewell Junction to the Hudson River are still active and owned by Metro North RR
 * See my comments at Talk:Newburg, Dutchess and Connecticut Railroad. --SPUI (talk) 05:05, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, I wrote this article a while ago, before I figured out all the details of the lines in the area. I have to go back and fill in the missing parts. --SPUI (talk) 05:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on Central New England Railway. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151104155926/http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp to http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp

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title: Talk:Central New England Railway


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Talk:Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy

Untitled
Hi, we ended up with two articles about the same plane, did a quick merge, will return and tidy. Winstonwolfe

There's one in the usa, N896U, At the Yankee Air Musseum, Willow Run Airport.

The prototype Argosy at the Yankee Air Museum was scrapped in 2015. Mark Lincoln (talk) 01:53, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

YouTube Video
I have posted a video clip of the Whistling Wheelbarrow on YT: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5iNNj4UZhc Royzee 11:26, 4 February 2007 (UTC) Great page BTW - Cheers, Roy Szweda

title: Talk:Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy


text: User talk:172.145.249.120

title: User talk:172.145.249.120


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Cross Island

Cross Island may refer to:

Geography

 * Cross Island, Alaska, an island in the Beaufort Sea
 * Cross Island, Bermuda
 * Cross Island, County Down, a townland in Northern Ireland
 * Cross Island (Maine), an island in the U.S. state of Maine
 * Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge, a National Wildlife Refuge in the state of Maine, U.S.
 * Cross Island (Massachusetts), an island in the U.S. state of Massachusetts
 * Cross Island (Nova Scotia), an island offshore from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
 * Cross Island, Mumbai, an uninhabited islet off the southeast coast of Mumbai
 * Cross Island Trail, a rail trail in Queen Anne's County, Maryland and part of the American Discovery Trail and the East Coast Greenway

Transportation

 * Cross Island MRT line, a subway line in Singapore
 * Cross Island Parkway (Hilton Head Island), in South Carolina, U.S.
 * Cross Island Parkway, a highway in Long Island, New York, U.S.

Other uses

 * Cross Island Chapel, a non-denominational church located in Oneida, New York

title: Cross Island


text:
File:Hbfs single.jpg

Summary
Harder Better Faster Stronger single cover

title: File:Hbfs single.jpg


text: User:Reject

title: User:Reject


text:
Holiday (The Magnetic Fields album)

Holiday is the fourth studio album by American indie pop band The Magnetic Fields. The album was the band's third to be recorded and was intended to be release prior to The Charm of the Highway Strip through the label Feel Good All Over, but due to the label delaying its release, was issued in 1994 five months after its successor. Merge Records would later rerelease the album in 1999.

Background
During the recording of Holiday, original Magnetic Fields vocalist Susan Anway left the band, moving from the band's native Massachusetts to Arizona. Rather than search for a new vocalist for the band, Magnetic Fields leader Stephin Merritt decided to sing the songs he had been writing instead. Nonetheless, an alternate version of Holiday closing track "Take Ecstasy with Me" with Anway on vocals featured on the compilation Oh, Merge: A Merge Records 10 Year Anniversary Compilation (1999).

Music
Holiday features a synthpop sound, particularly one reminiscent of the genre's early 1980s heyday. Stewart Mason of AllMusic compared the album's sound to that of Architecture & Morality-era Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. While the songs on the album are accessible and melodic, they nonetheless exude a "chilly tone" and fondness for what Mason described as "odd noises and unexpected accents."

Merritt's instrumentation on the album consists of simply "a closetful of early Casio, Yamaha and other keyboards," which Merritt layers over each other. Trouser Press felt the album consists of songs with Casio keyboards as their foundation, albeit "accessorized" with "the unconventional bookends of Johny Blood's tuba and Sam Davol's cello." Doug Bleggi of Stereogum felt the album blurs the line between guitars and synthesizers.

Holiday opens with "BBC Radiophonic Workshop", named after the electronic pioneers of the same name. With its lo-fi production and combination of synthesized and acoustic instrumentation, the 20-second track features an "oddly eccentric looping of tones". "Desert Island" makes use of fuzzy reverb. "Deep Sea Diving Suit" makes use of a jew harp-style sound. Len Comaratta of Consequence of Sound wrote: "The upbeat, quirky, plucking sound associated with the instrument sails along as if it was bed music to the song itself."

Stephin Merritt sings in a deep baritone voice. Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork compared his vocals on the album to those of Calvin Johnson. In the words of Mason, the phrasing of the album's lyrics "vacillates mostly between the poles of deadpan wryness and romantic longing" and, with their "striking imagery" and "Cole Porter-level rhymes", mix mordant wit with unabashed romanticism.

Release
Though Holiday was completed in 1993, it took a long time for John Henderson, the owner of the band's then-current label Feel Good All Over, to release it on the label, and by the time the label did eventually release it in 1994, the band had signed to Merge Records, which had already released their fourth recorded album The Charm of the Highway Strip that April. The close release dates of the two albums meant that some magazines reviewed the albums together, which annoyed Merritt. It has also been speculated that this would have meant consumers would buy one of the two albums, but not both.

In anticipation of the band's then-upcoming 69 Love Songs album, Merge Records re-released Holiday on January 12, 1999, alongside a re-release of the band's 1992 EP The House of Tomorrow.

Reception
Reviewing Holiday for AllMusic, Stewart Mason described the songwriting on the record as "a huge leap beyond the first two Magnetic Fields albums" and felt that "[e]very track here is a winner." Robert Christgau gave Holiday a three-star honorable mention rating, quipping that it contains "more songs about songs and songs" and highlighting "Strange Powers" and "Swinging London". In a write-up for Pitchfork, Ryan Schreiber called Holiday a "classic" and "definitely an inspired record."

Legacy
The intro of "The Flowers She Sent and the Flowers She Said She Sent" was used in an episode ("Nightcrawlers") of Nickelodeon's The Adventures of Pete & Pete. The song "Strange Powers" was used in an episode ("Forget the Herring") of HBO's Bored to Death.

In 2017, Exclaim! ranked Holiday second in their list of Stephin Merritt's best albums, and Stereogum ranked Holiday fifth in their list of Stephin Merritt albums rated from worst to best.

Personnel

 * The Magnetic Fields
 * Stephin Merritt – vocals, instrumentation
 * Claudia Gonson – toys and management
 * Sam Davol – cello

 * Additional personnel
 * Johny Blood – tuba

title: Holiday (The Magnetic Fields album)


text:
1926–27 PHL season

The 1926–27 season was the first year for the Prairie Hockey League (PHL). The PHL was, in essence, a reorganisation of the Western Hockey League after it folded the previous year. Five teams each played 32 games.

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

League championship
The Calgary Tigers won the Prairie Hockey League championship by forfeit over the Saskatoon Sheiks. Saskatoon refused to continue the playoff series after complaining about the referee in game one, won by the Tigers 2–1.

title: 1926–27 PHL season


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Vanity domain

In the Domain Name System (DNS), a vanity domain or Brand TLD is a domain name whose purpose is to express the individuality of the person on whose behalf it is registered. This contrasts with domain names which resolve to an organisation (e.g. a company) or a service that organisation offers. Vanity domains may be compared with vanity car registration plates, which similarly identify their owner as an individual and not just someone relying on another organisation's services.

A subdomain of an ISP's domain that is aliased to an individual user account is a vanity domain. Other definitions include: These uses apply primarily to regular domain names registered at the highest allowed level rather than subdomains (although, technically speaking, a second-level domain is actually a subdomain of its top-level domain).
 * the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing defines it as "A domain you register for the sole purpose of having your own domain so you can have an easily remembered URL and e-mail address",
 * while the Jargon File defines it as "An Internet domain, particularly in the .com or .org top-level domains, apparently created for no reason other than boosting the creator's ego."
 * The Sun iPlanet Messaging Server uses  to set up a domain name for e-mail use which is not fully hosted.

Because vanity domains are operated for or on behalf of individuals, they typically will not offer the full complement of services an organisational domain name (or rather, the host that it points to) would be expected to honour; for example, the DNS record may contain only an MX record identifying a mail server accepting e-mail for that domain (which may itself be an e-mail forwarding server) and an A record identifying a shared web hosting service only offering HTTP (which may itself be a URL redirection service).

As well as being easily remembered, vanity domains (especially when registered at the highest level allowed by the registrar) offer the advantage of personal mobility; they continue to be associated with a person even when that person switches service providers.

Use of top-level domains
A top-level domain does not refer to the cost of a website domain. It means how appropriate your domain is for your website or website topic. A top-level domain can become part of a vanity URL. Taking advantage of countries that do not ask for proof of residence to register their country-specific TLDs (Top Level Domains) can allow a user to incorporate the two or three letters following the dot, using them to help spell out the desired name, word or phrase.

title: Vanity domain


text: User:Gookoid

title: User:Gookoid


text:
Rejuvenation (The Meters album)

Rejuvenation is the fifth studio album by the New Orleans funk group The Meters. It was released in 1974. In 2003, the album was ranked number 138 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and 139 in a 2012 revised list.

Background
The Meters cut their first three mostly instrumental albums with Josie Records, before signing with Reprise and recording 1972's Cabbage Alley, their first album to feature mostly vocal songs and arrangements. Rejuvenation is the follow-up album. It was produced by Allen Toussaint and recorded at his brand new Sea-Saint Studios in New Orleans. Some of the songs on the album include horn section arrangements by Toussaint.

The front cover artwork features a photograph of a woman sitting on a couch alongside several record albums strewn about her living room, such as Allen Toussaint's 1972 Life, Love and Faith as well as the Meters' own previous LP Cabbage Alley.

Reception
Stephen Erlewine of AllMusic called it "a first-class funk album" and noted the album's rock influences and its hard-edged funk. Robert Christgau had a positive view and singles out the two tracks "It Ain't No Use" and "Just Kissed My Baby" as highlights. Jon Pareles of Rolling Stone called the album "a high point of 1970s funk". He noted the sparse spacing of the music and stylistic influences from Mardi Gras, gospel, R&B and country. Daryl Easlea of BBC Music called the music a "merger of funk and swamp rock" and said the album is "the epitome of groove-laden, hook-rich, in-your-face funk." He singled out "Africa" and "It Ain't No Use" as highlights.

Influence and cover songs
The album's influence is detectable in the work of a number of artists who have performed renditions of its songs. The Red Hot Chili Peppers did a modified version of the song "Africa" on their album Freaky Styley. Throughout their version, the word "Africa" is changed to "Hollywood" and "Mother Land" is changed to "Brother Land". The third track, "Just Kissed My Baby", is used in Grand Theft Auto IV on the funk radio station "IF99 (International Funk)". The song is sampled on Public Enemy's "Timebomb" from the album Yo! Bum Rush the Show. Chris Duarte did a rendition of "Just Kissed My Baby" on Texas Sugar/Strat Magik. He has also covered "People Say" live. covered "Just Kissed My Baby" on the album Out of the Blues. New Orleans' The Dirty Dozen Brass Band covered "Africa" on their Medicated Magic album. The Grateful Dead regularly performed "Hey Pocky A-Way" in their concerts in the late 1980s. Widespread Panic regularly cover "It Ain't No Use" and have played and still play "Just Kissed My Baby" many times. George Porter, Jr. has sat in with Widespread Panic a number of times, most recently at their annual "Panic en la Playa Siete" destination shows. The 01/28/2018 show at Riviera Maya, MX featured George on bass & vocals performing "It Ain't No Use".

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic, with added vocal credits. with:
 * The Meters
 * Ziggy Modeliste – drums, composer, producer, vocals
 * Art Neville – keyboards, composer, producer, vocals
 * Leo Nocentelli – guitar, composer, producer, background vocals
 * George Porter Jr. – bass, composer, producer, background vocals
 * Lowell George – slide guitar on "Just Kissed My Baby"

 * Production
 * Allen Toussaint – producer
 * Tim Livingston – project manager
 * Bob Irwin – mastering
 * Al Quaglieri – mastering
 * Ken Laxton – engineer
 * Rich Russell – design
 * Bunny Matthews – liner notes

title: Rejuvenation (The Meters album)


text: User talk:24.108.164.123

title: User talk:24.108.164.123


text:
Kerry Condon

Kerry Condon (born 9 January 1983) is an Irish actress. She was the youngest actress to play Ophelia in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Hamlet (2001–2002). She played Octavia of the Julii in Rome (2005–2007), Stacey Ehrmantraut in Better Call Saul (2015–2022), and was the voice of the artificial intelligence entity F.R.I.D.A.Y. in various films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Condon has collaborated with Martin McDonagh in the plays The Lieutenant of Inishmore (2001) and The Cripple of Inishmaan (2009), as well as the films Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) and The Banshees of Inisherin (2022). For her performance in the last of these, she received several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Career
In 2001 at the age of 18, Condon landed the role of Mairead in The Lieutenant of Inishmore by Martin McDonagh which she performed at the Royal Shakespeare Company and in 2006 at the Lyceum Theatre in New York. For the production she recorded the song "The Patriot Game" with The Pogues. That same year, Condon played the role of Ophelia in Hamlet, making her the youngest actress to ever play that role for the RSC. In 2009, she appeared in another play by Martin McDonagh, The Cripple of Inishmaan, for which she won a Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play and a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance.

Condon's movie roles include Kate Kelly, Ned Kelly's outlaw sister, in 2003's Ned Kelly and an appearance in the 2003 Irish independent film Intermission with Cillian Murphy, Kelly Macdonald, and Colin Farrell. She was in the 2005 Jet Li action-thriller Unleashed. In 2005, Condon co-starred as Octavia of the Julii, sister of the Roman Emperor Augustus, in the HBO/BBC series Rome.

She then appeared as Masha, a Tolstoian, in The Last Station, a film about the last months of Leo Tolstoy's life with Helen Mirren and Christopher Plummer, before playing jockey Rosie Shanahan in the 2012 TV series Luck. Condon appeared in the season 4 premiere of the post-apocalyptic zombie drama The Walking Dead playing the role of the character Clara, which aired 13 October 2013. She voiced the artificial intelligence F.R.I.D.A.Y., Iron Man's replacement for J.A.R.V.I.S. in the Marvel Studios films Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame.

After reuniting with Martin McDonagh in the 2017 film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Condon played a major role in McDonagh's 2022 film The Banshees of Inisherin as the long-suffering sister of Colin Farrell's character. Condon's performance in the film earned her immense critical praise, garnering several accolades, including a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role and nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress–Motion Picture and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

title: Kerry Condon


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Bowmanville Foundry

Bowmanville Foundry Co. Ltd. is a foundry located in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada. The company has a long history in the manufacture of ductile, gray iron and malleable iron castings.

History
The company was established in 1901 by Christian Rehder, who managed the business until his death in 1941, when his son Ernie took over. After Ernie died in 1978 his sons Tom and Lawrence took over, with some technical guidance from Ernie's oldest son Ned, who did not work at the factory but was a highly respected metallurgist. The company was sold in 1988 to people outside of the family.

A 2005 book titled Iron in the Blood (ISBN 0-9736633-0-8) by local authors Helen Bajorek MacDonald and Helen Lewis Schmid, discusses the history of the company in the context of family, community, labour and economic history. The official launch of Iron in the Blood was mentioned in the Ontario Legislature by John O'Toole, the member for Durham.

title: Bowmanville Foundry


text:
Talk:Gidget (TV series)

For episode listings
For episode listings of all 32 episodes of the original series, see tv.com. For the 1985 sequel telemovie and two season sitcom series from 1985, see The New Gidget. Andrewa 05:05, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Images
Images inserted into an article are in proportion to the article's length, layout, etc. This article can't take more than three. I've removed the Pete Duel/Betty Connor image to support the TV Guide cover. Please do not enlarge the TV Guide image nor add a lengthy caption. Overjoyed (talk) 15:42, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

What about Lynette Winter?
You should make a article about Lynette Winter. I think there shoould be a article about every main person. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CPGirlAJ (talk • contribs) 21:26, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Other Questions
Re: the 2006 DVD -- Is the Sally Field interview from 1965, 2006, or other?

Can someone explain why the series' opening credits, in reruns, seems to have a different video presentation from what was probably originally aired in 1965-66? Seven1672 (talk) 07:42, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Gidget 14?
Very minor quibble: the Plot section says that Gidget is being "guided through her fifteenth year." One's fifteenth year ends when one turns 15. I think that Gidget is 15 when the show starts, so she would be in her sixteenth year. Am I right that she's 15 at the start?Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 02:24, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Changed the material in the article.Arnold Rothstein1921 (talk) 22:54, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gidget (TV series)


text:
1927–28 PHL season

The 1927–28 season was the second and last season of the Prairie Hockey League (PHL). Two of the league's three remaining teams played 26 games while the third team played 28.

Regular season
Two teams, the Edmonton Eskimos and Calgary Tigers, folded after the previous season leaving only three teams for this, the last PHL season. The Saskatoon Sheiks, who had finished second overall the previous season, finished first overall for this one.

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

League championship
In the second and last championship of the Prairie Hockey League, the Saskatoon Sheiks won the PHL Championship. The Moose Jaw Maroons were the runner-up.

title: 1927–28 PHL season


text:
Gray iron

Gray iron, or grey cast iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure. It is named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite. It is the most common cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight.

It is used for housings where the stiffness of the component is more important than its tensile strength, such as internal combustion engine cylinder blocks, pump housings, valve bodies, electrical boxes, and decorative castings. Grey cast iron's high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are often exploited to make cast iron cookware and disc brake rotors.

on brakes in freight trains has been greatly reduced in the European Union over concerns regarding noise pollution. Deutsche Bahn for example had replaced grey iron brakes on 53,000 of its freight cars (85% of their fleet) with newer, quieter models by 2019—in part to comply with a law that came into force in December 2020.

Structure
A typical chemical composition to obtain a graphitic microstructure is 2.5 to 4.0% carbon and 1 to 3% silicon by weight. Graphite may occupy 6 to 10% of the volume of grey iron. Silicon is important for making grey iron as opposed to white cast iron, because silicon is a graphite stabilizing element in cast iron, which means it helps the alloy produce graphite instead of iron carbides; at 3% silicon almost no carbon is held in chemical form as iron carbide. Another factor affecting graphitization is the solidification rate; the slower the rate, the greater the time for the carbon to diffuse and accumulate into graphite. A moderate cooling rate forms a more pearlitic matrix, while a fast cooling rate forms a more ferritic matrix. To achieve a fully ferritic matrix the alloy must be annealed. Rapid cooling partly or completely suppresses graphitization and leads to the formation of cementite, which is called white iron.

The graphite takes on the shape of a three-dimensional flake. In two dimensions, as a polished surface, the graphite flakes appear as fine lines. The graphite has no appreciable strength, so they can be treated as voids. The tips of the flakes act as preexisting notches at which stresses concentrate and it therefore behaves in a brittle manner. The presence of graphite flakes makes the grey iron easily machinable as they tend to crack easily across the graphite flakes. Grey iron also has very good damping capacity and hence it is often used as the base for machine tool mountings.

Classifications
In the United States, the most commonly used classification for gray iron is ASTM International standard A48. This orders gray iron into classes which correspond with its minimum tensile strength in thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi); e.g. class 20 gray iron has a minimum tensile strength of 20000 psi. Class 20 has a high carbon equivalent and a ferrite matrix. Higher strength gray irons, up to class 40, have lower carbon equivalents and a pearlite matrix. Gray iron above class 40 requires alloying to provide solid solution strengthening, and heat treating is used to modify the matrix. Class 80 is the highest class available, but it is extremely brittle. ASTM A247 is also commonly used to describe the graphite structure. Other ASTM standards that deal with gray iron include ASTM A126, ASTM A278, and ASTM A319.

In the automotive industry, the SAE International (SAE) standard SAE J431 is used to designate grades instead of classes. These grades are a measure of the tensile strength-to-Brinell hardness ratio. The variation of the tensile modulus of elasticity of the various grades is a reflection of the percentage of graphite in the material as such material has neither strength nor stiffness and the space occupied by graphite acts like a void, thereby creating a spongy material.

Advantages and disadvantages
Gray iron is a common engineering alloy because of its relatively low cost and good machinability, which results from the graphite lubricating the cut and breaking up the chips. It also has good galling and wear resistance because the graphite flakes self-lubricate. The graphite also gives gray iron an excellent damping capacity because it absorbs the energy and converts it into heat. Grey iron cannot be worked (forged, extruded, rolled etc.) even at temperature.

Gray iron also experiences less solidification shrinkage than other cast irons that do not form a graphite microstructure. The silicon promotes good corrosion resistance and increased fluidity when casting. Gray iron is generally considered easy to weld. Compared to the more modern iron alloys, gray iron has a low tensile strength and ductility; therefore, its impact and shock resistance is almost non-existent.

title: Gray iron


text:
Gamera vs. Jiger

Gamera vs. Jiger (ガメラ対大魔獣ジャイガー) is a 1970 Japanese kaiju film directed by Noriaki Yuasa, written by Niisan Takahashi, and produced by Daiei Film. It is the sixth entry in the Gamera film series, following Gamera vs. Guiron, which was released one year prior. Gamera vs. Jiger stars Tsutomu Takakuwa, Kelly Burris, Katherine Murphy, and Kon Ohmura, and features the fictional giant flying turtle monster Gamera. The film was released theatrically in Japan on 21 March 1970, and did not receive a theatrical release in the United States, instead being released directly to television by American International Television in 1970 under the title Gamera vs. Monster X. The film was followed by Gamera vs. Zigra the following year.

Plot
Japan is preparing for Expo '70 to be held in Osaka. Construction of the various buildings and pavilions is well under way. On Wester Island in the Pacific Ocean, a large statue of mysterious origin (called the Devil's Whistle) is located by scientists. The removal of the statue is hampered first by a tribal member of the Wester Island people, then by the unexpected arrival of Gamera, who aggressively attempts to prevent the removal of the statue, only to be shot at by the crew instead. The statue is removed from the island successfully after a volcano erupts. Shortly after departing the island, members of the ship's crew begin to fall ill. The statue appears to be the source of the outbreak, as it makes a continuous piercing sound, driving many of the crew members insane.

After the statue is removed, Jiger makes her first appearance and gets Gamera's immediate attention. The first of several fights ensues and Jiger wins by shooting projectile quills from her face. To make matters worse, Gamera is on his back and cannot move. He pulls himself up with his tail using a large rock, then removes the embedded quills from his limbs and is finally able to fly after Jiger.

Meanwhile, Jiger is actively seeking the statue, because it is making a horrible ringing sound that is causing her tremendous pain. Scientists are beside themselves as Jiger displays another weapon: a heat ray that vaporizes not only flesh, but entire city blocks. The JSDF does make a token effort to kill the kaiju, but her quills knock down the F-104 Starfighters, ending that involvement.

Gamera returns for round two as the fight is witnessed by several children. Gamera knocks Jiger around and has the upper hand, until Jiger pulls Gamera to her. Jiger extends a stinger from her tail and inserts the barb into Gamera's chest, laying an egg inside his lung. Gamera staggers away, roaring in agony. Finally, he barely makes it to the bay and his body turns a chalky white color, almost like ice. Gamera is presumed to have been killed at this point, as Jiger heads straight to Expo '70. Jiger finally obtains the statue and throws it into the ocean, ending the painful noise.

The children convince them to do a medical exam on the comatose Gamera, where it is discovered that there is a dark spot on one of his lungs. One of the scientists served as a zoo director and realises that the spot might not be a fast-spreading cancer, but actually a parasitic infant Jiger growing inside Gamera. An operation is needed to remove the threat, so the children take the initiative by taking a walkie-talkie and a mini-sub. Communication is established with the kids and they enter Gamera through his open mouth, and after almost going into his stomach, they arrive at the problem lung. The children are able to exit the sub and walk around in the lung. There, they discover the baby.

The baby looks like a tiny version of its mother, except that instead of shooting quills, it squirts a sticky goo. The baby attacks them, but it has a weakness just like its mother: white noise. The kids discover that this is actually a fatal weakness and manage to kill the baby, using static from their walkie-talkie. They leave Gamera's body and report their findings to the scientists. They rig up large speakers to keep Jiger at bay, as well as figure out that power would have to also be run into Gamera, who seemingly cannot recover on his own. The children make a final trip inside Gamera to hook up a set of power lines directly to his heart.

Jiger is kept immobile by the speakers playing the white noise. It is not enough to kill her, but buys enough time for the other plan to get started. Gamera is subjected to high voltage shock before the electrical grid overloads. It is enough that Gamera does revive on his own.

Gamera flies over to the World's Fair for the final battle. Jiger tries every weapon she has got, but Gamera has learned from his previous battles with her. After her spears fail to affect him, Jiger then uses her heat ray, the one weapon she has yet to use on him. It does not affect Gamera's shell or even his skin (likely due to Gamera's resistance to heat), but the sound it generates threatens to rupture his eardrums. Luckily, Gamera is able to put telephone poles into his ears to protect them from the sound. After trying all her other attacks, Jiger resorts to her tail stinger again, but Gamera is prepared for it this time and uses a building to smash her tail and destroy the stinger. Gamera body-slams Jiger several times from great heights, but Jiger is not affected. However, it buys Gamera the time needed to go into the ocean and retrieve the statue from the ocean floor. Jiger, enraged by the statue's return, attempts to catch the flying Gamera. Gamera taunts Jiger with the statue, who tries in vain to catch Gamera and retrieve it. Gamera finally ends the fight by throwing the statue at Jiger, which embeds itself in Jiger's skull, killing her. Gamera then returns the devil beast's carcass to Wester Island.

Production
As boys magazines at the time had stories on ancient civilizations that were popular, Nisan Takahashi's early script, titled Gamera vs. Giant Demon Beast X (ガメラ対大魔獣X, Gamera tai Dai Majū Ekkusu), constructed around an ancient monster from the lost continent of Mu. Takahashi also wanted to include an “occult” element with Jiger and the cursed statue.

Reportedly director Yuasa coerced then Daiei president Nagata Masakazu to fork over an additional allotment of 30 million yen (approximately 100,000 US dollars at that time) to beef up the effects budget.

In the film, Jiger nor Gamera do not destroy any of the buildings of the Expo 70 fair because the Expo board members had forbidden it.

Gamera vs. Jiger was the sixth film in the Gamera series.The American version of the film includes stock footage from Gamera vs. Guiron and Gamera vs. Barugon.

Keisuke Sawada, the young Expo 70 worker who befriends the children and acts as their guide, was played by then 20-year old Ryo Hayami, under his first stage name Sanshiro Honoo. Hayami would achieve greater fame starring as Keisuke Jin, who transformed into the titular superhero of Kamen Rider X (1974), the third Kamen Rider TV series.

Release
Gamera vs. Jiger was released in Japan on March 21, 1970, on a double bill The Invisible Swordsman. The film was never released theatrically in the United States. It was released directly to television by American International Television in 1970 as Gamera vs. Monster X.

Home media
Shout! Factory has released the film on September 21, 2010, on DVD as a double feature with Gamera vs. Guiron.

Image Entertainment released the American version of the film in 2004 on DVD as a double feature with Monster from a Prehistoric Planet.

Legacy
Gamera vs. Jiger was featured in season 13 (2022) of Mystery Science Theater 3000, a show that has frequently featured Gamera films. It was the first new episode featuring a Gamera film since Gamera vs. Zigra in season 3 (1991).

title: Gamera vs. Jiger


text:
Great Island (disambiguation)

Great Island is an island within Cork Harbour in Ireland.

Great Island may also refer to:
 * Great Island (Newfoundland and Labrador), an island in Canada
 * Great Island, Falkland Islands
 * "The Great Island" another name for Madagascar
 * Great Island (New Zealand), an island in Fiordland, New Zealand
 * Manawatāwhi / Great Island, an island in the Three Kings Islands group of New Zealand
 * Great Island or King's Island, an island of Enfield, Connecticut
 * Great Island (Massachusetts), an island of Massachusetts

title: Great Island (disambiguation)


text:
Devo Live 1980

DEVO Live 1980 is a live album and video DualDisc release by American new wave band Devo, released by Target Video in 2005.

Background
The release documents a performance by the band filmed on August 17, 1980, during their Freedom of Choice tour, when the band was gaining mainstream success on the strength of the Freedom of Choice album and their hit single, "Whip It". It was shot by director/cameraman Joe Reis and his Target Video team at the Phoenix Theater in Petaluma, California, using three video cameras. Bassist/songwriter/vocalist Gerald V. Casale provided the following note for the DualDisc's back cover: "This lone artifact offers indisputable evidence that in 1980 Devo had reached a turning point. We were no longer just art monsters, we were mainstream performers too."

The setlist is similar to that of the full DEV-O Live album (as released by Rhino Records' Rhino Handmade imprint in 1999 and as a regular Rhino CD release in 2005), which was recorded within a few days of this concert. The DVD side of the DualDisc features bonus video footage of Devo opening for themselves at the M-80 Festival as "Dove, the Band of Love".

A short clip of the band performing "Gut Feeling/(Slap Your Mammy)" from this concert was previously seen on the band's 2004 DVD release Live in the Land of the Rising Sun.

Release
Devo Live 1980 was first released on July 12, 2005. The DualDisc release is available in both jewel case (CD) and Amaray (DVD) packaging. Separate CD and DVD editions were also issued.

DVD side

 * 1) "Freedom of Choice Theme Song"
 * 2) "Whip It"
 * 3) "Snowball"
 * 4) "It's Not Right"
 * 5) "Girl U Want"
 * 6) "Planet Earth"
 * 7) "S.I.B. (Swelling Itching Brain)"
 * 8) "Secret Agent Man"
 * 9) "Pink Pussycat"
 * 10) "Blockhead"
 * 11) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
 * 12) "Uncontrollable Urge"
 * 13) "Mongoloid"
 * 14) "Be Stiff"
 * 15) "Gates of Steel"
 * 16) "Freedom of Choice"
 * 17) "Jocko Homo"
 * 18) "Smart Patrol/Mr. DNA"
 * 19) "Gut Feeling/Slap Your Mammy"
 * 20) "Come Back Jonee"
 * 21) "Tunnel of Life"
 * 22) "Devo Corporate Anthem"

CD side

 * 1) "Whip It"
 * 2) "Snowball"
 * 3) "It's Not Right"
 * 4) "Girl U Want"
 * 5) "Planet Earth"
 * 6) "S.I.B. (Swelling Itching Brain)"
 * 7) "Secret Agent Man"
 * 8) "Pink Pussycat"
 * 9) "Blockhead"
 * 10) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
 * 11) "Uncontrollable Urge"
 * 12) "Mongoloid"
 * 13) "Be Stiff"
 * 14) "Gates of Steel"
 * 15) "Freedom of Choice"
 * 16) "Smart Patrol/Mr. DNA"
 * 17) "Gut Feeling/Slap Your Mammy"
 * 18) "Come Back Jonee"

Personnel

 * Devo
 * Mark Mothersbaugh – vocals, keyboards, guitar
 * Gerald V. Casale – vocals, bass, bass keyboards
 * Bob Mothersbaugh – vocals, lead guitar
 * Bob Casale – rhythm guitar/lead guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Alan Myers – drums

 * Technical
 * Grata Video – producer
 * Mike Varga – editor
 * Geoff Falasca – editor
 * James W. Kelley – animator
 * John Joh – graphic design
 * Joe Reis – executive producer
 * Fred Seaman – executive producer
 * Jackie Sharp – co-producer
 * Gerald V. Casale – liner notes
 * Greg Prato – liner notes
 * Bob Casale – CD mastering

title: Devo Live 1980


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Manila massacre

The Manila massacre (Pagpatay sa Maynila or Masaker sa Maynila), also called the Rape of Manila (Paggahasa ng Maynila), involved atrocities committed against Filipino civilians in the City of Manila, the capital of the Philippines, by Japanese troops during the Battle of Manila (3 February 1945 – 3 March 1945) which occurred during World War II. At least 100,000 civilians were killed in total during the battle from all causes including the massacre by Japanese troops.

The Manila massacre was one of several major war crimes committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as judged by the postwar military tribunal. The Japanese commanding general, Tomoyuki Yamashita, and his chief of staff Akira Mutō, were held responsible for the massacre and other war crimes in a trial which started in October 1945. Yamashita was executed on 23 February 1946 and Mutō on 23 December 1948.

Massacre
The Americans who have penetrated into Manila have about 1000 troops, and there are several thousand Filipino soldiers under the Commonwealth Army and the organized guerrillas. Even women and children have become guerrillas. All people on the battlefield with the exception of Japanese military personnel, Japanese civilians, and special construction units will be put to death.

Before the battle, deciding that he would be unable to defend Manila with the forces available to him, and to preserve as large a force as possible in the rural, more defensible Sierra Madre mountain region of northern Luzon, General Tomoyuki Yamashita had insisted on a complete withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manila in January 1945. However, Yamashita's order was ignored by about 10,000 Japanese marines under Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi who chose to remain in Manila. About 4,000 Japanese army personnel were unable to leave the city due to the advance of the American and Filipino forces.

In the Battle of Manila from February to March 1945, the United States Army advanced into the city of Manila in order to drive the Japanese out. During lulls in the battle for control of the city, Japanese troops took their anger and frustration out on the civilians in the city. Violent mutilations, rapes, and massacres occurred in schools, hospitals and convents, including San Juan de Dios Hospital, Santa Rosa College, Santo Domingo Church, Manila Cathedral, Paco Church, St. Paul's Convent, and St. Vincent de Paul Church.

Dr Antonio Gisbert told of the murder of his father and brother at the Palacio del Gobernador, saying, "I am one of those few survivors, not more than 50 in all out of more than 3000 men herded into Fort Santiago and, two days later, massacred.

The Japanese forced Filipino women and children to be used as human shields into the front lines to protect Japanese positions. Those who survived were then murdered by the Japanese.

Mop-up operations
The Japanese conducted mop-up operations to clear north Manila of guerrillas, executing more than 54,000 Filipinos, including children, as they passed through towns.

Pregnant Filipino women were killed by having their bellies ripped open while Filipino civilians trying to flee were executed.

Mass rapes
The Bayview Hotel was used as a designated "rape center". According to testimony at the Yamashita war crimes trial, 400 women and girls were rounded up from Manila's wealthy Ermita district, and submitted to a selection board that picked out the 25 women who were considered most beautiful. These women and girls, many of them 12 to 14 years old, were then taken to the hotel, where Japanese enlisted men and officers took turns raping them.

Despite many allied Germans holding refuge in a German club, Japanese soldiers entered in and bayoneted infants and children of mothers pleading for mercy and raped women seeking refuge. At least 20 Japanese soldiers raped a young girl before slicing her breasts off after which a Japanese soldier placed her mutilated breasts on his chest to mimic a woman while the other Japanese soldiers laughed. The Japanese then doused the young girl and two other women who were raped to death in gasoline and set them all on fire.

The Japanese went on setting the entire club on fire killing many of its inhabitants. Women who were escaping out the building from the fire were caught and raped by the Japanese. 28-year-old Julia Lopez had her breasts sliced off, was raped by Japanese soldiers and had her hair set on fire. Another woman was partially decapitated after attempting to defend herself and raped by a Japanese soldier.

Death toll
The combined death toll of civilians for the Battle of Manila was about 100,000, most of which was attributed to massacres by Japanese forces. Some historians, citing a higher civilian casualty rate for the entire battle, suggest that 100,000 to 500,000 died as a result of the Manila massacre on its own, exclusive of other causes.

Extensive as were the Japanese atrocities during the battle, American artillery and firepower were most responsible for the destruction of Manila's architectural and cultural heritage, and, according to a Japanese estimate, caused 40 percent of the total Filipino deaths during the battle.

General Yamashita's role in the massacre

General Yamashita was convicted as a war criminal for the Manila massacre, although Admiral Iwabuchi's marines had committed the atrocities and Yamashita had earlier ordered him to evacuate Manila. Iwabuchi himself committed suicide in the face of imminent defeat near the end of the Battle of Manila. Former war-crimes prosecutor and author Allan Ryan argues that there was no evidence that Yamashita committed crimes there, ordered others to do so, was in a position to prevent them, or even suspected they were about to happen.

However, the problem with this argument was that Yamashita's lawyers resorted to using a chain of command technicality defense related to how the Japanese Navy were solely responsible for the massacre in Manila as a way to excuse Yamashita of committing all war crimes in the Philippines, of which there were many outside of Manila, according to the Chief of the Government Section for the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and Chief of Civil Affairs Section, U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, Brigadier General Courtney Whitney. Yamashita was actually held responsible for numerous other war crimes that the prosecution claimed was a systematic campaign to torture and kill Filipino civilians and Allied POWs as shown in the Palawan Massacre of 139 U.S. POWs, wanton executions of guerrillas, soldiers, and civilians without due process like the execution of Philippine Army general Vicente Lim in December 1944, and the massacre of 25,000 civilians in Batangas Province. These crimes that were committed outside of the Manila massacre were done by the Japanese Army, not the Navy. It was argued that Yamashita was in full command of the Japanese Army's secret military police, the Kempeitai, which committed numerous war crimes on POWs and civilian internees and he simply nodded his head without protest when asked by his Kempeitai subordinates to execute people without due process or trials because there were too many prisoners to do proper trials. Philippine Army generals Lim, Simeon de Jesus, and Fidel Segundo were beheaded alongside hundreds of other people in mass graves by Army soldiers in Manila without a trial or due process on Yamashita's orders, long before Yamashita left Manila. The Japanese Navy and Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi had nothing to do with the massacres done by Yamashita's Kempeitai and regular Army soldiers that were under his chain of command. Yamashita's lawyers tried to claim, to no avail, that for all of these Army massacres that Yamashita had no responsibility whatsoever and didn't know anything.

General MacArthur, five other generals, and the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately held Yamashita responsible for war crimes since he was in command of all Japanese troops in the Philippines at the time. President Harry S. Truman also agreed with the verdict and chose not to pardon Yamashita or commute his sentence. Yamashita was convicted on the grounds that he made no attempt to discover or stop atrocities from being committed. This would become known as the Yamashita standard. A group of American military lawyers attempted to defend General Yamashita by appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the appeal failed, 5 votes to 2. As a result, Yamashita was sentenced to death by hanging. He was hanged on 23 February 1946 in a camp south of Manila. The two dissenting Supreme Court Justices called the entire trial a miscarriage of justice, an exercise in vengeance, and a denial of human rights.

title: Manila massacre


text:
Talk:Waterkeeper Alliance

Untitled
Does this belong in Category:Survival skills ? Thanx 69.142.2.68 05:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

need to change the page name, don't know how
Hi,

It doesn't belong in "survival skills" - this is an environmental protection and advocacy organization. Also, I don't know how to fix this, but the name of this page should be "Waterkeeper Alliance", not "Water Keeper Alliance" (waterkeeper is one word.

Removal of Flag
I don't know who flagged this up as sounding like an advertisement. I think, it is simply stating what the organisation does. I challenge the person who flagged this to get off his backside and edit the article in a way in which he considers to be neutral rather than spamming. Thank you. John2o2o2o (talk) 20:36, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Alliance members list?
plenty of stuff to do, but wondering if there's any interest in generating a list of members. could it be auto-populated via script from WA website? yeah, 350 is a *helluva* lot (-) Maybe just new additions as they appear in the news? maybe unnecessary. Doug Grinbergs (talk) 22:25, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waterkeeper Alliance


text:
Malleable iron

Malleable iron is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix. Through an annealing heat treatment, the brittle structure as first cast is transformed into the malleable form. Carbon agglomerates into small roughly spherical aggregates of graphite, leaving a matrix of ferrite or pearlite according to the exact heat treatment used.

Three basic types of malleable iron are recognized within the casting industry: blackheart, whiteheart, and pearlitic.

History
Malleable iron was used as early as the 4th century BCE, and archaeologists have found malleable iron artifacts made in China between 4th century BCE and 9th century CE. By the Tang dynasty, the use of malleable iron in China waned, although there are malleable iron artifacts dating to the 9th century. Malleable iron is mentioned in England in a patent dating to the 1670s. Réaumur conducted extensive research on malleable iron in 1720. He discovered that iron castings which were too hard to be worked could be softened by packing them into iron ore or hammer slag and exposing them to high temperature for a number of days. Creating malleable iron began in the United States in 1826 when Seth Boyden started a foundry for the production of harness hardware and other small castings.

Castability, heat treating and post-casting operations
Like similar irons with the carbon formed into spherical or nodular shapes, malleable iron exhibits good ductility. Incorrectly considered by some to be an "old" or "dead" material, malleable iron still has a legitimate place in the design engineer's toolbox. Malleable iron is a good choice for small castings or castings with thin cross sections (less than 0.25-inch, 6.35 mm). Other nodular irons produced with graphite in the spherical shape can be difficult to produce in these applications, due to the formation of carbides from the rapid cooling.

Malleable iron also exhibits better fracture toughness properties in low temperature environments than other nodular irons, due to its lower silicon content. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is lower than many other ductile iron alloys.

In order to properly form the spherical-shaped nodules of graphite (called temper graphite nodules or temper carbon nodules) in the annealing process, care must be taken to ensure that the iron casting will solidify with an entirely white iron cross section. Thicker sections of a casting will cool slowly, allowing some primary graphite to form. This graphite forms random flake-like structures and will not transform to carbide during heat treatment. When stress is applied to such a casting in application, the fracture strength will be lower than expected for white iron. Such iron is said to have a 'mottled' appearance. Some countermeasures can be applied to enhance the formation of the all-white structure, but malleable iron foundries often avoid producing heavy sections.

After the casting and heat treatment processes, malleable iron can be shaped through cold working, such as stamping for straightening, bending or coining operations. This is possible due to malleable iron's desirable property of being less strain rate sensitive than other materials.

Applications
It is often used for small castings requiring good tensile strength and the ability to flex without breaking (ductility). Uses include electrical fittings, hand tools, pipe fittings, washers, brackets, fence fittings, power line hardware, farm equipment, mining hardware, and machine parts.

title: Malleable iron


text:
User talk:Enemy of zod

UNBLOCK MY IP WHICH IS 151.196.185.249, I'M TRYING TO WORK ON A PROJECT BUT I CANNOT DO IT WHEN I AM BLOCKED SO PLEASE UNBLOCK ME!

'''user:iamzodyourzodeveryzod has gotten on my ip, my ip is used around my complex, we all chose to share a network, in the area of my apartment complex. Therefore the ip has been blocked because of iamzodyourzodeveryzod. I have a username, which I don't want to expose to others, but I told Edward (zod) to not use wikipedia for awhile because he's ruining it for others in our complex. So I'm requesting that you unblock the ip, because I was going to work on something but now I can't. So whoever reads this please unblock my ip.'''

'''He will most likely be removed from the network. I really want to work on the project I'm doing. Please admins come and unblock this ip, so I can continue work on my project.'''

title: User talk:Enemy of zod


text: User:Woozer~enwiki

title: User:Woozer~enwiki


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Cattle prod

A cattle prod, also called a stock prod or a hot stick, is a handheld device commonly used to make cattle or other livestock move by striking or poking them. An electric cattle prod is a stick with electrodes on the end which is used to make cattle move via a relatively high-voltage, low-current electric shock. The electric cattle prod is said to have been invented by Texas cattle baron Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. of the King Ranch around 1930, although versions were sold as early as 1917.

Electric prods
A hotshot is typically cylindrical, and can carry an open electric current at the "shock end" when activated. The electric current at the shock end runs through two metal electrodes. Anything that touches the electric current receives a high-voltage low-current shock, not strong enough to kill a human or a large animal such as a cow or sheep from short-term exposure, but strong enough to cause significant pain.

The electric cattle prod is designed to inflict a painful shock to cattle, and thus "prod" them along; the pain stimulates movement. Some higher-voltage prods can interfere with radio and CB radio reception when activated.

There are various designs of electric cattle prods. Their shape is often subject to guidelines of what can easily be used and handled. They range in length from six inches (usually of a more encased rectangular prism design like a stun gun), to up to six feet. As the precursor of stun guns, cattle prods also have a wide range of voltage with enough current to operate in the same manner as a stun gun does against humans. Whether it is called a cattle prod or a stun gun, both units are shaped for easy carry and function in the same manner against animals or humans. Most are simple designs powered by 9-volt or a combination of other types of batteries. Anything out of that range is usually too heavy and unwieldy for practical use. Another typical design is a box containing a large battery (or battery pack) at the handle end and wires embedded in a fibreglass rod, ending with two electrodes in a rubber tip. This design is well-suited for use as a regular cattle prod.

The use of electric cattle prods has been debated by many people. Organizations such as PETA contend that the use of cattle prods is as much mentally harmful as it is physically. Most farmers contend that the short shock is minutely felt, and soon forgotten.

Usage on people in policing and torture
Cattle prods today are designed with a high range of voltages and currents. If more powerful prods are applied continuously to the skin, the current eventually causes heating, searing, burning, and scarring of skin at the contact point. Electric prods have found favour with torturers.

Prior to the development of stun batons and the taser, electric cattle prods were also used on people in varying degrees. Their first common usage on people occurred during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s; prods were first adopted by police officers in Alabama to use on protesters and agencies elsewhere followed; Hotshot later developed an electric police baton.

The picana is an electric prod based originally on the cattle prod but designed specifically for human torture. It works at very high voltage and low current so as to maximize pain and minimize the physical marks left on the victim. Among its advantages over other torture devices is that it is portable, easy to use, and allows the torturer to localize the electric shocks to the most sensitive places on the body, where they cause intense pain that can be repeated many times.

Electric shock devices, including cattle prods, have been used as a means of coercive control on autistic and mentally handicapped people. Famous proponents of this practice include Matthew Israel and Ivar Lovaas. The use of electric shocks in this way has been condemned as torture by the United Nations special rapporteur, and the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ban on all such electric shock devices in 2020.

On August 14, 2013 in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, gang leader Mendel Epstein told two undercover Federal Bureau of Investigation agents that he used a cattle prod to coerce Jewish husbands to grant religious divorces to their wives, leading the press to nickname him "The Prodfather". The cattle prod had been favored as a torture device by Epstein due to its effectiveness when used on cattle. He was convicted of conspiring to commit kidnapping, and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Alternatives
Cattle can be difficult to move and direct for a variety of reasons. Prods can be useful for moving stubborn or aggressive animals, but often cattle will not move forward when they are fearful of something they see, hear, or smell. Removal of these distractions or hiding them, such as with solid wall partitions, can greatly reduce animal handling problems, however, cattle handlers cannot completely overcome the animal's decision not to move forward.

By studying the psychology of the animals and redesigning the working environment it is possible to handle the animals without the need for brute force and causing pain and suffering to the animal in many, but not all, cases. Significant work in this regard has been done by Colorado State University professor Temple Grandin to study how cattle perceive the environment around them and to design better livestock slaughterhouse handling systems that do not induce fear into the animal.

title: Cattle prod


text:
Talk:Geinoh Yamashirogumi

Album infomation help...
I was wondering if anyone could give anymore infomation about the albums "Reverberation of Earth","Selections From African Folk Music","Selections From Folk Music on Silkroad" and this other live album called "Hirakareta Gasshou". Just at least the dates that they were released, they are from this list on this website. Alus 12:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Geinoh Yamashirogumi
"Geinoh Yamashigorumi" is the official English translation of "芸能山城組". Since all of the release albums use "Geinoh", and it is an established name in the world, "Geinoh" is desirable. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Korva (talk • contribs).

A what?
I've never heard of a "musical collective". Doesn't sound quite like a band, not with "hundreds of people", and why are they from "all walks of life"? Why aren't they just musicians? This article doesn't make much sense. Boneyard90 (talk) 23:55, 23 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It's a collective: a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest, or work together on a specific project(s) to achieve a common objective. In this, that common interest is folk music from around the world. I've linked the word. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WP Japan ! 00:34, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geinoh Yamashirogumi


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CEO (Data General)

Comprehensive Electronic Office (CEO) was a suite of office automation software from Data General introduced in 1981. It included word processing, email, spreadsheets, business graphics and desktop accessories. The software was developed mostly in PL/I on and for the AOS and AOS/VS operating systems.

Overview
CEO was considered office automation software, which was an attempt to create a paperless office. CEO has also been cited as an example of an executive information system and as a decision support system.

It included a main program known as the Control Program, which offered a menu driven interface on the assorted dumb terminals which existed at the time. The Control Program communicated with separate "Services" like the Mail Server, Calendar Server, File Server (for documents). There was also a Word Processor and a data management program which was also accessible from the Control Program. In 1985, Data General announced a complementary product, TEO (Technical Electronic Office), focused on the office automation needs of engineering professionals.

In later years, CEO offerings grew to include various products to connect to CEO from early personal computers. The first such product was called CEO Connection. Later a product named CEO Object Office shipped which repackaged HP NewWave (an object oriented graphical interface).

CEO code was heavily dependent on the INFOS II database. When Data General moved from the Eclipse MV platform to the AViiON, CEO was not ported to the new platform as the cost would have been prohibitive.

CEO was often compared with IBM's offering, commonly called PROFS.

CEO offered integration with DISOSS and SNADS. CEO also supported Xodiac, Data General's proprietary networking system. In 1989, Data General unveiled an email gateway product, Communications Server, which provided interoperability of CEO with X.400 email systems and X.500 directories.

One early CEO site, Deutsche Credit in Chicago, first installed CEO while it was under beta in 1980, and by 1986 had 80 users of the product.

Other users included the U.S. Forest Service, who installed CEO in 1983, and whose CEO system fell victim to a hacking attack in December 1984. CEO was also formerly used by Health and Welfare Canada as its departmental email system.

title: CEO (Data General)


text: User:Hooters~enwiki

title: User:Hooters~enwiki


text:
Zhao Feiyan

Zhao Feiyan (, ? – September or October 1 BC ), formally Empress Xiaocheng (孝成皇后), was a Chinese Gējì and monarch. She was an empress during the Han dynasty. Her husband was Emperor Cheng. She was known in the collective consciousness of Chinese society more for her beauty than for the regal presence that she and her sister, the Consort Zhao Hede engaged in and exuded, but unlike most of the famous beauties in Chinese history (such as the Four Beauties), she was often vilified by her own sisters. She was often compared and contrasted with Yang Guifei, the concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, because she was known for her slender build while Yang was known for her full build. This led to the Chinese idiom huanfei yanshou (環肥燕瘦, literally "plump Huan, slender Fei"), which describes the range of the types of beauties. Later, the idiom was also used as a figurative expression on literary styles that can be either verbose or sparse, but were equally effective. She was born in slavery and trained in the performing arts, a background that made her appointment as empress highly controversial. Subsequent persecution by her political enemies eventually led to her being forced to commit suicide. After her death, her reputation was marred by accusations of vicious scheming, murder of other imperial consorts and their offspring, and relentless promiscuity, punctuated by bouts of extravagant shopping.

Early life
The actual birth date of Zhao Feiyan is not known but it is assumed to be 45 BC. According to historical accounts, her personal name might be Yi Zhu (宜主), She was a daughter of two hereditary servants of imperial princes or princesses. Those accounts also say that when she was born, her parents were so poor that they abandoned her, but they saw that she was still alive after three days, so they took her back in and raised her. After her father died she and her sister were adopted by a housekeeper to a rich family. Their adoptive father's name was Zhao Lin (趙臨) and they took his surname.

When she grew up, she was assigned to the household of Princess Yang'a (陽阿公主), a sister of Emperor Cheng. She became a dancing girl there, and she received the name that she would become known for—Feiyan (literally, flying swallow) because she was so slender and so agile in dance that she was like a flying swallow.

Imperial consort to Cheng
Circa 19 BC, Emperor Cheng was visiting Princess Yang'a when he saw both her and her sister Hede, and he became enamored with them. He had both of them sent to his palace, and they became greatly favored imperial consorts, and they took his affection away from Empress Xu and Consort Ban. In 18 BC, they falsely accused Empress Xu and Consort Ban of witchcraft; Empress Xu was deposed, and while Consort Ban was able to successfully plead her case, she did not wish to return to the same environment and instead became a lady in waiting for Empress Dowager Wang. The Zhao sisters now dominated the palace and they had captured the love of Emperor Cheng.

Emperor Cheng wanted to make Feiyan the new empress, but Empress Dowager Wang complained about her low birth and prior occupation as a dance girl. In 16 BC, she finally capitulated to her son's wishes, and in preparation, Emperor Cheng first created Feiyan's father Zhao Lin the Marquess of Chengyang, so that she would no longer be viewed as coming from low birth. On 13 July, she was created empress. Feiyan seems to be the mastermind behind all of this, because everything turned out in her favor, but in the future, it turns out that her sister Hede is smarter than her, but it is not known which leadership role she had on the past events: Which was the fall of Empress Xu and Consort Ban and the promotion of relatives and control over the palace.

Empress consort
As an empress, Zhao Feiyan enjoyed the pinnacle of power, wealth, glory and respect inside and outside the palace. She acquiring vast estates, luxurious clothing, and exquisite jewelry; also, her private palace budget was even higher than what Empress Xu received early in Emperor Cheng's reign, which was later reduced in 28 BC, although it remained unchanged for Feiyan until the end of Emperor Cheng's reign. Zhao Feiyan as empress, acquired all things with very great luxury and her position and performance in the palace was safe and powerful. However, she began to lose favor from Emperor Cheng, while her sister Hede had acquired the title of “Zhaoyi” (second in rank; which meant “the Lady of Bright Deportment”), and received the nearly exclusive affection and proximity of Emperor Cheng. While the sisters initially were jealous of each other, they later reconciled, and continued to dominate the palace together, and both turned the imperial harems into hell, and no one could stop the actions of these two.

Their actions made Empress Dowager Wang more dissatisfied with them, but Emperor Cheng continued to support both more and more. However, neither of them would produce any children who could serve as imperial heir—something greatly troubling to Emperor Cheng (whose earlier favorites Empress Xu and Consort Ban were also childless, and no other consort of whom was known to have had children). It was alleged that Empress Zhao, with her sister covering for her, often engaged in adulterous acts with men who were known to have fathered many children, in hopes of becoming pregnant.

Empress Zhao and her sister Hede would also be alleged to have been involved in something even more sinister around this period. Based on an investigative report later authored in 6 BC (after Emperor Cheng's death), Emperor Cheng had two sons—one born to Consort Cao in 12 BC and one born to Consort Xu (a relative of the deposed Empress Xu) in 11 BC. However, both of the sons were murdered in their infancy by orders of Consort Zhao Hede, with at least tacit agreement from Emperor Cheng; Consort Cao was forced to commit suicide after her son was murdered. The report further alleged that the Zhao sisters engaged in many tactics, such as forced abortions, assassinations, and poisonings, to make sure that no other concubine would bear an imperial heir.

In 9 BC, still heirless, Emperor Cheng appeared to come to the resolution of making either his younger brother Prince Liu Xing of Zhongshan (中山王劉興) or his nephew Prince Liu Xin of Dingtao his heir. Emperor Cheng became convinced that Prince Xin was more capable, and at the same time, Prince Xin's grandmother Consort Fu was endearing herself to Empress Zhao, her sister Hede, and Emperor Cheng's uncle Wang Gen with lavish gifts, and so the Zhaos and Wang Gen both praised Prince Xin as well. Emperor Cheng made Prince Xin crown prince on 20 March 8 BC.

Empress dowager
Emperor Cheng died suddenly in April 7 BC, apparently from a stroke (although historians also report the possibility of an overdose of aphrodisiacs given to him by Consort Zhao Hede). Immediately there were many rumors that he had in fact had concubines who bore him sons, but that those sons and their mothers were murdered by Consort Zhao Hede (out of jealousy) and possibly Emperor Cheng himself. Grieving her husband and apparently fearful of appraisals, Consort Zhao Hede killed herself. Crown Prince Xin ascended the throne as Emperor Ai. Because the rumors largely centered around Hede and because of her role in Emperor Ai's becoming Emperor Cheng's heir, Empress Zhao was personally unscathed, and Emperor Ai honored her with the title of empress dowager. However, she would have little or no political influence during the reign of Emperor Ai.

After the investigative report commissioned by Grand Empress Dowager Wang was published in 6 BC, accusing Consort Zhao Hede of the atrocities against the other imperial consorts and their children (and implicitly, although not directly, accusing Empress Dowager Zhao of the same thing), Empress Dowager Zhao's family was exiled, and the marquess titles granted to her brother and her nephew were removed. However, Empress Dowager Zhao herself was spared, particularly because she was on very friendly relations with Emperor Ai's domineering grandmother Consort Fu (who had now insisted on, and receiving, the title of grand empress dowager as well). Some of her relatives, instead of going into exile, were hidden by Grand Empress Dowager Wang's nephew Wang Ren (王仁), but after they were discovered, Wang was punished by being sent back to his march.

Death
In August 1 BC, Emperor Ai died. In decisive action, Grand Empress Dowager Wang seized power back from Emperor Ai's favorite Dong Xian and made her nephew Wang Mang regent to the succeeding Emperor Ping. Wang Mang, who wanted to extinguish all dissent (and who previously bore a grudge against Emperor Ai for demoting him and extended that grudge to those who supported Emperor Ai) had Empress Dowager Zhao demoted from her position as empress dowager to the title of Empress Xiaocheng. A few months later, she was further demoted to a commoner and ordered to guard her husband's tomb. That day, she committed suicide.

Inclusion in the Lienü zhuan
Her biography was included in the Confucian classic Biographies of Exemplary Women (Lienü Zhuan), compiled by the Han dynasty scholar Liu Xiang. Zhao Feiyan's biography is part of Scroll 9, titled Supplemental Biographies  (新刊續列女傳).

In popular culture

 * She is portrayed as one of the antagonists in the 2008 Chinese television series "The Queens" by Tong Liya.
 * Zhao is portrayed as one of the characters of the Chinese television series Love Weaves Through a Millennium, played by Niki Yi.

title: Zhao Feiyan


text:
Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Science College

Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Science College (Maktab Sains Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan, abbrev: MSPSBS) is a government secondary school and sixth form college in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. It was founded in 1966 and is named after the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III.

Location
The school is located on Jalan Muara, close to the Brunei International Airport, commercial areas and two other educational institutions, Berakas Secondary School and the Sultan Saiful Rijal Campus of the Institute of Brunei Technical Education.

History
The college began as Sekolah Menengah Melayu Pertama (First Malay Secondary School) in the then Brunei Town in 1966. Upper secondary level (Form 4) was introduced in the school in 1967 while sixth form was introduced two years later. In 1969, the school moved from Brunei Town to an area along Jalan Muara.

On 23 September 1971 the school was officially renamed as Maktab Melayu Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan (Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Malay College). It was inaugurated by the late Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III, the 28th Sultan of Brunei and the father of the current Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.

Bilingual education policy was implemented in 1974 and English medium classes were introduced. Two years later science education was started. The school was then again renamed as Maktab Melayu Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan/Sekolah Sains (Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Malay College/Science School).

In 1985, the status of the school was upgraded to a college to acknowledge the inclusion of the sixth form and the school finally adopted the current name.

In 1994, the college moved to a new campus in the Rimba area on the outskirts of Bandar Seri Begawan. After renovations of the old Muara campus was completed, the college moved back to it on 2 April 2005. The Rimba campus was turned into the Rimba Secondary School. Starting from 2007, classes for Form 1 (now known as Year 7) students were scheduled in the afternoon due to a shortage of classrooms. In 2008, Year 8 students were also scheduled in the afternoon session. Year 7 students in 2008 were the first batch to try out the scheme of work for SPN21 (Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad Ke-21).

Enrolment and structure
Entry to the college requires grade "A" in all five subjects (hence more commonly known as "5 'A's") of the Primary School Assessment (Penilaian Sekolah Rendah or PSR), the national examination taken at the end of Year 6 in primary school.

The school operates in a two sub-school structure. The secondary school caters for students in years 7 to 10, whilst the Sixth Form Centre caters for students in Lower and Upper Six. The school enrolls students only for Year 7 every year, prohibiting entries for other years. Only current enrolled Year 7 students are allowed to proceed to upper levels. The size of classes vary each year, depending on the entrance quotas.

Uniform
The school uniform for boys consists of purple pants for years 7 to 10 and grey pants for sixth form students, white MIB shirt with embroidered school logo and a black songkok.

Girls' uniforms are long white and lavender checkered skirt for years 7 to 10 and long grey skirt for sixth form students, white dress and a school embroidered square tudong.

Members of the student councils wear the same uniform with the exception of the colour of their pants and long skirts, which are navy blue.

A different uniform applies for physical education classes.

Extracurricular activities
Aside from academics, the school provides a wide range of extracurricular activities for its students. These include: Debate (Gavel Club), Da Vinci, Drama and Theatre, Environmental Club and more. This is along with Swimming, Basketball, Football, Netball, Badminton, Table Tennis, Track and Field, Golf, Rugby, Hiking and Hockey.

The school takes part in interschool competitions including Science, Mathematics, Computing, Debate, Hadrah and Nasyid competitions.

The school is also known for their notable Choir, Netball, Hockey, Track and Field team, winning several titles each year. In 2013, the unofficial school team, consisting of sixth form girls, MS Rebels came second in the First National Women's Rugby Tournament. During the early years in 1978-1980 the hockey teams and netball teams were very competitive and went to national competitions. This trend still continues today.

The school has also been known to be active in extracurricular activities including a drug awareness team. The school also has an Environmental Club to encourage students on natural awareness and for class research purposes.

The college has a house system for the purpose of the annual inter-house competitions in sports (track and field, football and netball) and arts (debate and drama). There are four houses and they are colour-coded, which consist of Hulubalang (yellow), Laksamana (blue), Panglima (red) and Pahlawan (green); they are named after the Malay traditional military ranks which mean 'Commander', 'Admiral', 'General' and 'Warrior' respectively.

Notable alumni

 * Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 * Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah
 * Princess Sarah
 * Prince Abdul Mateen
 * Princess Majeedah Nuruul Bolkiah
 * Princess Hafizah Sururul Bolkiah
 * Princess Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah
 * Prince Abdul Qawi
 * Prince Omar Ali
 * Prince Abdul Muqtadir
 * Pengiran Anak Khalilah Khalilat ul-Bolkiah
 * Pengiran Anak Hajjah Siti Radhiah Bolkiah
 * Pengiran Anak Muhammad Abdul Qayyum
 * Pengiran Anak Nurul-Amal Ni’matullah Athirah
 * Pengiran Anak Nurul-Amal Munjiat ul-Athirah
 * Abu Bakar Apong
 * Goh King Chin
 * Eusoff Agaki Ismail
 * Wafi Aminuddin
 * Fakhrul Razi

The Science College is also known to produce most of Brunei's prominent lawyers, doctors, educators, high ranking government officers, and armed personnel.


text:
Weygand

Weygand is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Conrad Weygand (1890–1945), German chemist
 * Maxime Weygand (1867–1965), French military commander
 * Robert Weygand (born 1948), American politician
 * Zina Weygand (born 1945), French historian

title: Weygand


text:
Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992–1996

Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992–1996 is a compilation album by American riot grrrl band Jack Off Jill. It was released on the label Sympathy for the Record Industry in the US, and Livewire/Cargo Records in Europe.

The album consists of early singles released on singer Jessicka's Rectum Records label and demo versions of songs which later appeared on Sexless Demons and Scars, the band's full-length debut album. Marilyn Manson is credited with production of 17 tracks, and contributes sleeve notes.

Track listing

 * 1) "Hypocrite" – 3:02
 * 2) "Horrible" – 2:29
 * 3) "Kringle" – 2:52
 * 4) "Lollirot" – 2:39
 * 5) "Media C-Section" – 1:51
 * 6) "My Cat ('94)" – 3:07
 * 7) "Super Sadist" – 1:49
 * 8) "Spit and Rape" – 3:25
 * 9) "Swollen ('94)" – 3:23
 * 10) "Yellow Brick Road" – 2:18
 * 11) "American Made" – 3:27
 * 12) "Boy Grinder" – 3:45
 * 13) "Bruises are Back in Style" – 3:44
 * 14) "Cherry Scented" – 1:23
 * 15) "Chocolate Chicken" – 1:28
 * 16) "Choke" – 4:00
 * 17) "Confederate Fag" – 1:27
 * 18) "Cumdumpster" – 2:22
 * 19) "Don't Wake the Baby ('95)" – 1:43
 * 20) "Everything's Brown" – 3:55
 * 21) "French Kiss the Elderly" – 3:43
 * 22) "Girlscout" – 3:18
 * 23) "Working with Meat" (US version only)
 * 24) "Cockroach Waltz" (US version only)

Personnel

 * Jessicka — vocals
 * Agent Moulder— bass, piano
 * Michelle Inhell— guitar
 * Tenni Ah Cha Cha— drums
 * Marilyn Manson— producer (Tracks: 1 – 10, 12 – 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22), Additional guitar track on 'Swollen', Credited as "Sausage Pot Bri"

title: Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992–1996


text:
Jeney

Jeney is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * László Jeney (1923–2006), Hungarian water polo player
 * Mihály Lajos Jeney (1723/1724–1797), Hungarian general and mapmaker
 * Viktor de Jeney (1902–1996), Hungarian painter
 * Zoltán Jeney (1943–2019), Hungarian composer

title: Jeney


text:
Knotted cord

A knotted cord was a primitive surveyor's tool for measuring distances. It is a length of cord with knots at regular intervals. They were eventually replaced by surveyor's chains, which being made of metal were less prone to stretching and thus were more accurate and consistent.

Knotted cords were used by many ancient cultures. The Greek schoenus is referred to as a rope used to measure land. Ropes generally became cables and chains with Pythagoras making the Greek agros a chain of 10 stadia equal to a nautical mile c 540 BC. The Romans used a waxed cord for measuring distances.

A knotted cord 12 lengths long (the units do not matter) closed into a loop can be used to lay out a right angle by forming the loop of cord into a 3–4–5 triangle. This could be used for laying out the corner of a field or a building foundation, for instance.

Ancient Egypt
Knotted cords were used by rope stretchers, royal surveyors who measured out the sides of fields (Egyptian 3ht). The knotted cords (Egyptian ht) were 100 royal cubits in length, with a knot every hayt or 10 royal cubits. The rope stretchers stretched the rope in order to take the sag out, as well as to keep the measures uniform.

Since land in ancient Egypt was measured using several different units, there would have been knotted cords with the knots spaced in each unit. Among these were the mh t3 or land cubits, remen royal cubits, rods or ha3t, generally the lengths in multiples of 100 units. The longest measured length listed in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is a circumference of about a Roman mile with a diameter of 9 khet.

Despite many popular claims, there is no surviving evidence that the 3-4-5 triangle, and by implication the Pythagoras' theorem, was used in Ancient Egypt to lay out right angles, such as for the pyramids. The historian Moritz Cantor first made the conjecture in 1882. Right angles were certainly laid out accurately in Ancient Egypt; their surveyors did use knotted cords for measurement; Plutarch recorded in Isis and Osiris (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired the 3-4-5 triangle; and the Berlin Papyrus 6619 from the Middle Kingdom (before 1700 BC) made statements that suggest knowledge of Pythagoras' theorem. The 3-4-5 triangle was used because it is the smallest right-angled triangle with whole-numbered side lengths. However, no Egyptian text before 300 BC actually mentions the use of the theorem to find the length of a triangle's sides. Therefore, the historian of mathematics Roger Cooke published that the Ancient Egyptians probably did know the Pythagorean theorem, but concludes that "there is no evidence that they used it to construct right angles".

title: Knotted cord


text: User:Rousterspor

title: User:Rousterspor


text:
Middle Ground

Middle Ground or middle ground may refer to:

Places

 * Middle Ground (New Rochelle), a large submerged reef in the city of New Rochelle, New York, United States
 * Middle Ground (India), an island within Mumbai Harbour, India
 * An area of the Midwestern United States called the "Middle Ground" due to the dispute between British settlers and Native Americans over to whom the land should belong

Art and entertainment

 * The Middle Ground, a 1980 novel by Margaret Drabble
 * "Middle Ground" (The Wire), a 2004 television episode
 * "Middle Ground", an episode of The Good Doctor
 * "Middle Ground" (song), a 2023 song by Maroon 5

Other

 * Middle ground (also: middle-ground or middleground), an artistic space, located between background and foreground
 * Middleground (1947–1972), American Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Golden mean (philosophy), a desirable "middle ground" between two extremes.
 * Argument to moderation, a logical fallacy that states that the "middle ground" is always correct

title: Middle Ground


text:
Drafting tape

Drafting Tape, also known as artist's tape, is similar to masking tape in that it has a wide variety of uses, but differs in several key areas.

 * 1) Drafting tape should not leave a sticky residue behind
 * 2) Drafting tape is easily removable, even from delicate surfaces like paper. Drafting tape should not tear the paper during removal. This is the main reason engineers and architects use this kind of tape in their blueprints.
 * 3) Drafting tape should have a neutral pH.
 * 4) Drafting tape is slightly more water-resistant to help with masking for paint.

While the obvious use of drafting tape is for drawing, drafting tape, like masking tape, can also be used for labeling and hanging posters. Its white or cream coloring goes well with many other colors, and it can be written on easily with any felt-tipped marker. In addition, drafting tape costs less than conventional labels, and its low cost also makes it more forgiving of errors. Drafting tape can also be used in Technical Drawing to help keep the paper well positioned and ensure no residue is left behind when removed. Drafting tape is designed to be temporary, so it may disintegrate over time.

Drafting tape is not nearly as strong as duct tape or Gaffer tape; it will break with minimal effort, it has very little odor, smelling like glue and paper, and it is not waterproof.

Painter's Tape, or "blue tape," behaves similarly to artist's tape however painter's tape is not acid free and is meant for household use instead of art use.

title: Drafting tape


text: User:Moodaltering

title: User:Moodaltering


text: User talk:68.180.1.141

title: User talk:68.180.1.141


text:
1889 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Three
Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth could not confirm the existence of this cyclone, citing "unreliable" reports from the Dominican Republic "and absence of evidence from daily weather map series".

Hurricane Four
Hurricane San Martín of 1889

Hurricane Six
Guadeloupe observed stormy conditions on September 12. Consequently, the track for this system begins just east of the Leeward Islands that day. After passing between Guadeloupe and Dominica later on September 12, the cyclone moved west-northwestward to westward across the Caribbean. By September 17, the storm intensified into a hurricane over the northwestward Caribbean, based on conditions reported by the steamer Mascotte. The system strengthened further, likely to a strong Category 2 hurricane prior to making landfall in Mexico near Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo, several hours later. Late on September 18, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Campeche after weakening to a tropical storm. However, the cyclone quickly re-gained hurricane status and curved northward on September 19. The hurricane turned northeastward by September 22 and then made landfall near Buras, Louisiana, as a Category 1 hurricane with a barometric pressure of 982 mbar. Later on September 23, the system struck near Gulf Shores, Alabama, likely as a strong tropical storm. After crossing the Southeastern United States, the storm emerged into the Atlantic from the Delmarva Peninsula early on September 25 and crossed far eastern Massachusetts before becoming extratropical over the Gulf of Maine.

In Mexico, the states of Campeche and Tabasco reported a few days of heavy rains, overflowing rivers, causing mudslides, and destroying some homes. Additionally, strong winds toppled trees and damaged crops, especially bananas and corn. Many of these trees fell onto dwellings, demolishing more than 100 and destroying some 250 others in Carmen. Although the storm remained far south of Florida as it headed towards the Yucatán Peninsula, a few locations observed tropical storm-force wind gusts, including up to 60 mph (95 km/h) at Key West. Several communities across the northern portion of the state reported some damaged homes and downed trees. Several locations across Georgia observed at least 1 in of rain, including 1.93 in in Smithville. Although the storm crossed the interior portions of North Carolina, wind gusts reached as high as 70 mph (110 km/h) along the coast, likely at Frying Pan Shoals. Some wind damage was reported over the western part of the state, mainly downed telegraph wires in Asheville and a hotel partially deroofed in Swannanoa.

Tropical Storm Nine
Chenoweth also proposed the removal of this storm from HURDAT, finding "No evidence in land-based reports or from ships".

title: 1889 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Via Tiburtina

Via Tiburtina is an ancient road in Italy leading east-northeast from Rome to Tivoli (Latin: Tibur) and then, with the Via Valeria, on to Pescara (Latin: Aternum).

Historical road
It was probably built by the Roman censor Marcus Valerius Maximus in 307 BC at the time of the conquest of the Aequi territory and later lengthened, probably in about 154 BC, by Marcus Valerius Messalla to the territories of the Marsi and the Aequi in the Abruzzo, as Via Valeria. Its total length was approximately 200 km from Rome to Aternum (the modern Pescara). It exited Rome through the Aurelian Walls at the Porta Tiburtina, and through the Servian Wall at the Porta Esquilina.

Historians assert that the Via Tiburtina must have come into existence as a trail during the establishment of the Latin League. It is difficult to determine the part of the course from Albulae Aquae to Tibur. Though afterward it became an important thoroughfare, the extension of the Via Tiburtina beyond Tibur always retained its original name of Via Valeria.

Roman bridges

There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte Lucano and Ponte Mammolo.

Contemporary road
A former state road with the same name exists today and follows the same path.

title: Via Tiburtina


text: User:Planetaustin

title: User:Planetaustin


text:
Talk:Recurring Final Fantasy monsters

Beastmen
Beastmen has been merged into the bestiary, however, I'm going to come back and split it up I think. The various creatures will be split into different sections of the bestiary and merged into existing entries (eg, Tonberry). Eventually, A simple list of beastmen in FFXI will remain and link to more detailed entries in the bestiary of the creatures. Chanlord 01:31, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

All beastmen i know
Yagudo, Orc, Quadav, Demon, Antica, Mamool Ja Savages, Qiqurn, Goblin, Moblin, and Undead Swarm on FFXI. Yagudo use White Mage, Ninja, Samurai, Black Mage, and Bard. Orc are Warrior, Monk, Paladin, Dark Knight, and Black Mage. Quadav are White Mage, Black Mage, Paladin, Warrior, and Red Mage. Demon are Summoner, Warrior and Dark Knight. Antica are Paladin, Black Mage and Warrior. Mamool Ja are Blue Mage, Dragoon, and Black Mage of what I know. Qiqurn are Ranger and Thief. Goblin are White Mage, Black Mage, Red Mage, Warrior and Ranger. Moblin are the same. Undead Swarm are Black Mage, Dragoon, and Thief. The Shadow Lord is a awkward case. He uses Invincible, but will not cure himself. This makes me think he is partially a PLD (Paladin). Oh god i forgot Tonberry. White Mage, Black Mage, and Thief i believe.

title: Talk:Recurring Final Fantasy monsters


text:
Talk:Recurring Final Fantasy animals

Should it be mentioned that flan and soulflayers (mindflayers) in FFXI have a backstory to them? (Semi-spoiler: They're failed blue mages or something.) I say "semi" because this information was on the History of Blue Mage thing on the POL site. (mass of thrashing feelers = Soulflayer; horrific mound of quivering flesh = Flan) --Jopasopa 02:05, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Facers
Why are Facers here? I can't remember them appearing in anything other than XII, and if they did and I just forgot, could someone add them? If they didn't, well I thought this bestiary is just for recurring and/or significant enemies/monsters in FFs, not every single adversary ever. --Jopasopa 22:33, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There is already a precedence for not only creatures that appear in only one game, but are also insignificant and they aren't even adversaries: Papaopamus, Shoopuf, and maybe a couple others that I can't think of right now. --Daedalus 21:12, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Recurring Final Fantasy animals