text:
Plumpton, New South Wales

Plumpton is located 45 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

History
Following European settlement of Australia in 1788, attempts were made to integrate Indigenous Australians into the European culture. As significant land grants had been made around Prospect, a 'Native Institute' – which came to be known as 'Black's Town' – was built early in the 1820s around the Plumpton area, at the intersection of Rooty Hill Road and Richmond Road. The 'School for Aboriginal Children' was relocated to this institution in 1823, however by 1833 it had been abandoned.

In the short time it existed, 'Black's Town' stamped its name on the road from Prospect to the institution. The railway station was named for the road and the settlement around Blacktown railway station and the whole district became known as Blacktown.

Walter Lamb (1825–1906) established a cannery, fruit preserving works and a coursing (greyhound racing) track on his property Woodstock. The area was initially known as Woodstock, but when a post office was established in 1889, there was confusion over this Woodstock and a railway station on the Blayney-Harden line, also called Woodstock. Coursing in England was conducted at Plumpton, so that name replaced Woodstock.

Geography
Located on the Cumberland Plain, Plumpton is a generally flat suburb and is rectangular in shape, bordered by Jersey Road to the north, the Westlink M7 motorway to the east, Woodstock Avenue to the south and Pringle Road to the west. The suburb is primarily residential, with a small commercial area based on the Plumpton Marketplace shopping complex on the northern edge of the suburb.

Plumpton Park is a large recreational and conservation reserve in the centre of the suburb featuring remnant Cumberland Plain open woodland and a constructed wetland based on a stormwater retention basin.

Commercial area
Plumpton Marketplace is a shopping centre, which is home to a Woolworths supermarket, a Big W discount department store, a medical clinic, banking, fashion, fast food and other retail outlets. Plumpton is located close to the suburb of Mount Druitt which provides many of the services which are not available in Plumpton.

Schools
Plumpton Primary School and Plumpton High School are located adjacent to each other. Plumpton High School, established in 1976, is located in an urban area serving a diverse population within a low socio-economic context. There are currently around 1100 students who attend the school, representing over 70 different nationalities and including about 75 Aboriginal students.

Plumpton House, a government operated school for children and teens with behavioural problems is also located nearby. There is one church-operated school in Plumpton; Good Shepherd Primary School.

Transport
Plumpton is readily accessed from the Westlink M7 motorway, which forms the eastern boundary of the suburb. The suburb is also a short distance north of the M4 motorway.

Busways provides regular bus services to Rooty Hill, Mount Druitt, Riverstone and Blacktown railway stations.

Demographics
At the, there were 8,244 persons usually resident in Plumpton. Couples with dependent children make up two-thirds of the population. 25% were children under the age of 15, significantly higher than the national average, while elderly people were 6% of the population. The median age is 30 years, seven years younger than the national median age. Plumpton is a multicultural area, with 44.9% of residents born overseas. The most common foreign birthplaces were the Philippines (18.4%), Fiji (5.6%), Pakistan (2.6%) and India (2.5%). 1.7% of inhabitants were reported as being of indigenous origin. The most common responses for religious affiliation in Plumpton were Catholicism (41%), Islam (11%), Anglicanism (10%) and Hinduism (6%), while 6% had no religion.

The occupations of the population were clerical and administrative workers (18%), professionals (15%), technicians and trades workers (14%), machinery operators and drivers (13%) and labourers (13%). 6.1% of the labour force in Plumpton were unemployed, slightly higher than average, while the average household income was slightly higher than the rest of the country.

87% of dwellings in Plumpton were fully detached houses, with the remainder consisting of attached houses such as townhouses and duplexes. There were only six apartments. The median rent was $350 per week (compared with $285 for all of Australia) and more than three-quarters of houses were owner-occupied.

Notable residents

 * Steven McRae, Principal Dancer, Royal Ballet London – grew up in Plumpton
 * Mathew Ryan – Goalkeeper and Captain of Australia national soccer team. He was born, and grew up in Plumpton.

title: Plumpton, New South Wales


text:
Eimeo

Eimeo may refer to:
 * Moorea, Tahiti, formerly known as Eimeo
 * Eimeo, Queensland, a town in Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eimeo


text:
Solovar

Solovar is a fictional superhero character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Solovar is a sapient gorilla and leader of a race of gorillas that first appeared as supporting characters of Flash.

Solovar appears in The Flash, voiced by Keith David.

Publication history
Solovar first appeared in The Flash #106 and was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino.

Fictional character biography
For many years, Solovar is the leader of Gorilla City, a hidden city of hyper-intelligent gorillas. Renowned for his wisdom and psychic powers, he is virtually unchallenged, except by the villainous Gorilla Grodd, and his servant Monsieur Mallah. This rivalry is so great that, after Solovar is captured by humans (playing dumb to keep his identity and origin secret), Grodd follows him to Central City to learn the secrets of Solovar's force-of-mind powers. He succeeds in this, but the Flash captures him after Solovar escapes and tells the Flash of Grodd.

The Flash helped the gorilla leader escape and became the first human to learn of the city's existence, and its location. This leads to a rivalry between Grodd and the Flash, as well as an alliance between the Flash and Solovar. Flash has helped to defeat Grodd many times.

Under Solovar's guidance, Gorilla City is a technological utopia. Eventually, he decides his people can no longer use their science to hide from the human world. Believing that the world's ecological and political problems cannot be solved by ignoring them, he opens his city's borders to the world and asks for membership in the United Nations. He advocates peace — among the gorillas and with humans — and is behind two diplomatic overtures to the human world. The second tour of the U.S., sadly, is cut short by his assassination by a lethal car bomb. While a mysterious group calling itself the Human Supremacy Movement takes credit for the act, it is quickly made clear to the reader that Solovar's assassination at the hands of human racists is in fact a ruse concocted by the Simian Scarlet, a group of gorillas within Gorilla City seeking to overthrow the ruling council (the manipulators, however, are themselves being manipulated by Gorilla Grodd).

Solovar is briefly succeeded by his nephew, Ulgo. With tensions between humans and gorillas rising, the JLA is invited to Gorilla City to assist in a diplomatic mission, only to fall victim to an ambush. In the heat of battle, the gorilla army tests its new weapon on the heroes, a "gorillabomb" that transforms humans into gorillas. While the JLA retreat to their moonbase to find a cure, Prince Ulgo appears before the United Nations to formally declare war on the human race.

However, he promises, there will be no bloodshed in the battle, and he makes his point by detonating a gorillabomb in the auditorium. With the entire UN assembly transformed both mentally and physically into gorillas, the JLA act swiftly to minimize damage and loss of life. Alas, saving the delegates uses up their only chance to change back into humans, and so our transformed heroes must remain in their simian forms until they can find another way to return to normal.

Not that they are allowed much time to do this; as the Martian Manhunter telepathically learns, the gorillas are strategically targeting several places around the globe, including Themyscira, Atlantis, Central City, Blüdhaven), Metropolis, and low Earth orbit. The heroes split up and set out to neutralize the gorilla army, end the human-gorilla war, and find a way to return to normal.

Once the JLA have achieved their goals, Ulgo is later succeeded by Solovar's son, Nnamdi.

During the Blackest Night, Barry Allen raced to Gorilla City to seek aid from Solovar, not knowing of his death. Finding the city ravaged, Allen assumed Grodd had attacked, only to discover Solovar had been reanimated as a Black Lantern. Barry managed to temporarily stop him by dragging his corpse through the air at superspeed while leaving it outside the protective aura his body generated when he took passengers, reducing Solovar's Black Lantern self to dust when he could not cope with the friction that he was being subjected to.

The New 52
Solovar, in the new universe, is the founder and first ruler of Gorilla City, regarded as the Forefather of his species. He, his followers and his family had been around during the apex of the Mayan civilization just moments before its abrupt destruction by a metaphysical force. As the Speed Force destroyed the ancient culture in a blare of lightning, that same bolt of energy struck him and a few other apes within the vicinity, creating the first few in a new generation of superintelligent gorillas who would come to found the hidden nation of Gorilla City.

Powers and abilities
Solovar possesses physical and mental abilities akin to those of Gorilla Grodd, stemming from the same meteorite that evolved them and the rest of their brethren. Though not as significantly developed as his evil counterpart, Solovar is a gifted mentalist in his own right. He is an able political activist, being king of his own highly advanced civilization and an accomplished diplomat with savvy knowledge of world affairs. Solovar, like all apes of Gorilla City, boasts an accomplished intellect. He was a contributing pioneer to the development of his nation's advanced science and technology, and knows all its workarounds. He also has the augmented physical abilities of all Super Apes of his homeland.

During the events of the Blackest Night the deceased king Solovar is reanimated by a Black Power Ring and gifted with all the abilities that come with being a Black Lantern, such as accelerated regeneration, emotional reading and consumption by removing the hearts of the living, simulation of old powers from his previous life and the typical functions allotted by a Power Ring.

Within the DCnU reboot, Solovar was the first among his lineage of apes touched by The Light. Solovar naturally possesses a greater physical and mental constitution greater than humans and most of his fellow apes.

Other versions

 * Solovar makes a minor appearance in Flashpoint as the original ruler of Gorilla City before being overthrown by Gorilla Grodd.
 * Solovar appears in Scooby-Doo Team-Up.

In other media

 * Solovar appears in the Challenge of the Superfriends episode "Revenge on Gorilla City", voiced by Michael Rye.
 * Solovar appears in the Justice League two-part episode "The Brave and the Bold", voiced by David Ogden Stiers. This version is an albino gorilla with white fur and black skin who lacks psionic powers and is Gorilla City's chief of security.
 * Solovar appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Dead Reckoning", voiced again by David Ogden Stiers.
 * An alternate universe incarnation of Solovar appears in The Flash two-part episode "Gorilla City", voiced by Keith David. This version is a gruff yet wise, valiant, and honorable albino gorilla from Earth-2. Additionally, a mental projection of Solovar appears in the episode "Grodd Friended Me".

Film
Solovar appears in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths – Part Two, voiced by Darin De Paul.

Video games

 * Solovar appears in Justice League Heroes, voiced by Nick Jameson. This version is an albino gorilla with white fur and gray skin.
 * Solovar appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Solovar appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by JB Blanc. This version overthrew Gorilla Grodd to become ruler of Gorilla City.

Miscellaneous

 * Solovar appears in Young Justice #18 and #19. This version is the leader of a gorilla troop from Bwunda who were captured by a group of scientists led by the Brain and Ultra-Humanite and experimented on, gaining increased strength, intelligence and telepathy. In the present, Ultra-Humanite uses the gorillas to attack and capture the Team before they liberate them.
 * Solovar appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic as the kind yet ruthless leader of Gorilla City who shares Grodd's enmity towards humanity and seeks out aid from Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins to prune mankind's population to a more manageable size.

title: Solovar


text:
Barbarian 2

Barbarian 2 may refer to:

 * Barbarian II: The Dungeon of Drax, a 1988 Palace Software video game
 * Barbarian II, a 1991 Psygnosis video game

title: Barbarian 2


text: Category:Haute-Marne

title: Category:Haute-Marne


text:
Isotopes of uranium

Uranium ($92$U) is a naturally occurring radioactive element that has no stable isotope. It has two primordial isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235, that have long half-lives and are found in appreciable quantity in the Earth's crust. The decay product uranium-234 is also found. Other isotopes such as uranium-233 have been produced in breeder reactors. In addition to isotopes found in nature or nuclear reactors, many isotopes with far shorter half-lives have been produced, ranging from $214$U to $242$U (with the exception of $220$U). The standard atomic weight of natural uranium is $238.029$.

Natural uranium consists of three main isotopes, $238$U (99.2739–99.2752% natural abundance), $235$U (0.7198–0.7202%), and $234$U (0.0050–0.0059%). All three isotopes are radioactive (i.e., they are radioisotopes), and the most abundant and stable is uranium-238, with a half-life of $4,468,300,000 years$ (about the age of the Earth).

Uranium-238 is an alpha emitter, decaying through the 18-member uranium series into lead-206. The decay series of uranium-235 (historically called actino-uranium) has 15 members and ends in lead-207. The constant rates of decay in these series makes comparison of the ratios of parent-to-daughter elements useful in radiometric dating. Uranium-233 is made from thorium-232 by neutron bombardment.

Uranium-235 is important for both nuclear reactors (energy production) and nuclear weapons because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissile in response to thermal neutrons, i.e., thermal neutron capture has a high probability of inducing fission. A chain reaction can be sustained with a sufficiently large (critical) mass of uranium-235. Uranium-238 is also important because it is fertile: it absorbs neutrons to produce a radioactive isotope that subsequently decays to the isotope plutonium-239, which also is fissile.

List of isotopes

 * $214$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 122
 * α
 * $U$Th
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|$0.52 ms$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|215.026720(11)
 * rowspan=2|1.4(0.9) ms
 * α
 * $210$Th
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$215$?
 * $211$Pa
 * $+$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 124
 * 216.024760(30)
 * α
 * $215$Th
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $216$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2206 keV
 * α
 * $216, 218$Th
 * 8+
 * rowspan=2|$2.25 ms$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|217.024660(86)#
 * rowspan=2|$212$
 * α
 * $216m$Th
 * rowspan=2|(1/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$0.89 ms$?
 * $212$Pa
 * $217$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 218.023505(15)
 * α
 * $19.3 ms$Th
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $213$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2117 keV
 * rowspan=2|$+$
 * α
 * $217$Th
 * rowspan=2|8+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * $218$U
 * rowspan=2|$650 μs$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 127
 * rowspan=2|219.025009(14)
 * rowspan=2|60(7) μs
 * α
 * $214$Th
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$218m$?
 * $390 μs$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$214$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 129
 * rowspan=2|221.026323(77)
 * rowspan=2|0.66(14) μs
 * α
 * $218$Th
 * rowspan=2|(9/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$219$?
 * $215$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$+$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130
 * rowspan=2|222.026058(56)
 * rowspan=2|4.7(0.7) μs
 * α
 * $219$Th
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$221$?
 * $217$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$+$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131
 * rowspan=2|223.027961(63)
 * rowspan=2|65(12) μs
 * α
 * $221$Th
 * rowspan=2|7/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$222$?
 * $218$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$+$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132
 * rowspan=2|224.027636(16)
 * rowspan=2|396(17) μs
 * α
 * $222$Th
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$223$?
 * $219$Pa
 * $+$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 225.029385(11)
 * 62(4) ms
 * α
 * $223$Th
 * 5/2+#
 * $224$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 226.029339(12)
 * 269(6) ms
 * α
 * $220$Th
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|$+$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|227.0311811(91)
 * rowspan=2|1.1(0.1) min
 * α
 * $224$Th
 * rowspan=2|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β$225$?
 * $221$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$226$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|228.031369(14)
 * rowspan=2|9.1(0.2) min
 * α (97.5%)
 * $222$Th
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (2.5%)
 * $227$Pa
 * rowspan=2|$223$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2|229.0335060(64)
 * rowspan=2|57.8(0.5) min
 * β$+$ (80%)
 * $227$Pa
 * rowspan=2|(3/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (20%)
 * $228$Th
 * rowspan=3|$224$U
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=3|230.0339401(48)
 * rowspan=3|20.23(0.02) d
 * α
 * $228$Th
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * SF ?
 * (various)
 * CD (4.8×10$229$%)
 * $+$Pb $229$Ne
 * rowspan=2|$225$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 139
 * rowspan=2|231.0362922(29)
 * rowspan=2|4.2(0.1) d
 * EC
 * $230$Pa
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.004%)
 * $226$Th
 * rowspan=4|$−12$U
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=4|232.0371548(19)
 * rowspan=4|68.9(0.4) y
 * α
 * $208$Th
 * rowspan=4|0+
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4|
 * CD (8.9×10$22$%)
 * $231$Pb $231$Ne
 * SF (10$227$%)
 * (various)
 * CD?
 * $232$Hg $228$Mg
 * rowspan=4|$−10$U
 * rowspan=4|
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 141
 * rowspan=4|233.0396343(24)
 * rowspan=4|1.592(2)×10$208$ y
 * α
 * $24$Th
 * rowspan=4|5/2+
 * rowspan=4|Trace
 * rowspan=4|
 * CD (≤7.2×10$−12$%)
 * $204$Pb $28$Ne
 * SF ?
 * (various)
 * CD ?
 * $233$Hg $5$Mg
 * rowspan=5|$229$U
 * rowspan=5|Uranium II
 * rowspan=5 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=5 style="text-align:right" | 142
 * rowspan=5|234.0409503(12)
 * rowspan=5|2.455(6)×10$237$ y
 * α
 * $−11$Th
 * rowspan=5|0+
 * rowspan=5|[0.000054(5)]
 * rowspan=5|0.000050– 0.000059
 * SF (1.64×10$209$%)
 * (various)
 * CD (1.4×10$24$%)
 * $205$Hg $28$Mg
 * CD (≤9×10$234$%)
 * $5$Pb $230$Ne
 * CD (≤9×10$238$%)
 * $−9$Pb $−11$Ne
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $206$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1421.257(17) keV
 * 33.5(2.0) ms
 * IT
 * $28$U
 * 6−
 * rowspan=5|$−12$U
 * rowspan=5|Actin Uranium Actino-Uranium
 * rowspan=5 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=5 style="text-align:right" | 143
 * rowspan=5|235.0439281(12)
 * rowspan=5|7.038(1)×10$208$ y
 * α
 * $26$Th
 * rowspan=5|7/2−
 * rowspan=5|[0.007204(6)]
 * rowspan=5|0.007198– 0.007207
 * SF (7×10$−12$%)
 * (various)
 * CD (8×10$210$%)
 * $24$Pb $234m$Ne
 * CD (8×10$234$%)
 * $235$Pb $8$Ne
 * CD (8×10$231$%)
 * $−9$Hg $−10$Mg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $215$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.076737(18) keV
 * 25.7(1) min
 * IT
 * $20$U
 * 1/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $−10$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(300) keV
 * 3.6(18) ms
 * SF
 * (various)
 * rowspan=4|$210$U
 * rowspan=4|Thoruranium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 144
 * rowspan=4|236.0455661(12)
 * rowspan=4|2.342(3)×10$25$ y
 * α
 * $−10$Th
 * rowspan=4|0+
 * rowspan=4|Trace
 * rowspan=4|
 * SF (9.6×10$207$%)
 * (various)
 * CD (≤2.0×10$28$%)
 * $235m1$Hg $235$Mg
 * CD (≤2.0×10$235m2$%)
 * $236$Hg $7$Mg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $232$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1052.5(6) keV
 * 100(4) ns
 * IT
 * $244$U
 * 4−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $235$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2750(3) keV
 * rowspan=2|120(2) ns
 * IT (87%)
 * $−8$U
 * rowspan=2|(0+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * SF (13%)
 * (various)
 * $−11$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 237.0487283(13)
 * 6.752(2) d
 * β$208$
 * $28$Np
 * 1/2+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $−11$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 274.0(10) keV
 * 155(6) ns
 * IT
 * $206$U
 * 7/2−
 * rowspan=3|$30$U
 * rowspan=3|Uranium I
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 146
 * rowspan=3|238.050787618(15)
 * rowspan=3|4.468(3)×10$236m1$ y
 * α
 * $236$Th
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|[0.992742(10)]
 * rowspan=3|0.992739– 0.992752
 * SF (5.44×10$236m2$%)
 * (various)
 * β$236$β$237$ (2.2×10$−$%)
 * $237$Pu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $237$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2557.9(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|280(6) ns
 * IT (97.4%)
 * $237m$U
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * SF (2.6%)
 * (various)
 * $237$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 239.0542920(16)
 * 23.45(0.02) min
 * β$238$
 * $9$Np
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $234$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 133.7991(10) keV
 * 780(40) ns
 * IT
 * $−5$U
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $−$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(900)# keV
 * rowspan=2|>250 ns
 * SF?
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * $−$U
 * rowspan=2|$−10$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 148
 * rowspan=2|240.0565924(27)
 * rowspan=2|14.1(0.1) h
 * β$238$
 * $238m$Np
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α?
 * $238$Th
 * $239$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 149
 * 241.06031(5)
 * ~40 min
 * β$−$
 * $239$Np
 * 7/2+#
 * $239$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 242.06296(10)
 * 16.8(0.5) min
 * β$239m1$
 * $239$Np
 * 0+
 * (various)
 * $239m2$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 237.0487283(13)
 * 6.752(2) d
 * β$239$
 * $240$Np
 * 1/2+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $−$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 274.0(10) keV
 * 155(6) ns
 * IT
 * $240$U
 * 7/2−
 * rowspan=3|$244$U
 * rowspan=3|Uranium I
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 146
 * rowspan=3|238.050787618(15)
 * rowspan=3|4.468(3)×10$236$ y
 * α
 * $241$Th
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|[0.992742(10)]
 * rowspan=3|0.992739– 0.992752
 * SF (5.44×10$241$%)
 * (various)
 * β$−$β$241$ (2.2×10$242$%)
 * $−$Pu
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $242$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2557.9(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|280(6) ns
 * IT (97.4%)
 * $0.5 ms$U
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * SF (2.6%)
 * (various)
 * $233$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 239.0542920(16)
 * 23.45(0.02) min
 * β$208$
 * $232$Np
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | $233$U
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 133.7991(10) keV
 * 780(40) ns
 * IT
 * $233$U
 * 1/2+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | $234$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(900)# keV
 * rowspan=2|>250 ns
 * SF?
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT?
 * $238$U
 * rowspan=2|$234$U
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 148
 * rowspan=2|240.0565924(27)
 * rowspan=2|14.1(0.1) h
 * β$238$
 * $234$Np
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α?
 * $234$Th
 * $234$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 149
 * 241.06031(5)
 * ~40 min
 * β$234$
 * $234$Np
 * 7/2+#
 * $234$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 242.06296(10)
 * 16.8(0.5) min
 * β$234$
 * $234$Np
 * 0+
 * $234$Np
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α?
 * $235$Th
 * $234$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 149
 * 241.06031(5)
 * ~40 min
 * β$234$
 * $234$Np
 * 7/2+#
 * $235$U
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 242.06296(10)
 * 16.8(0.5) min
 * β$234$
 * $234$Np
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 92
 * style="text-align:right" | 150
 * 242.06296(10)
 * 16.8(0.5) min
 * β$235$
 * $238$Np
 * 0+

Uranium-214
Uranium-214 is the lightest known isotope of uranium. It was discovered at the Spectrometer for Heavy Atoms and Nuclear Structure (SHANS) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou, China in 2021, produced by firing argon-36 at tungsten-182. It undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of $238$.

Uranium-232
Uranium-232 has a half-life of 68.9 years and is a side product in the thorium cycle. It has been cited as an obstacle to nuclear proliferation using $238$U, because the intense gamma radiation from $17$Tl (a daughter of $9$U, produced relatively quickly) makes $238$U contaminated with it more difficult to handle. Uranium-232 is a rare example of an even-even isotope that is fissile with both thermal and fast neutrons.

Uranium-233
Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium that is bred from thorium-232 as part of the thorium fuel cycle. $238$U was investigated for use in nuclear weapons and as a reactor fuel. It was occasionally tested but never deployed in nuclear weapons and has not been used commercially as a nuclear fuel. It has been used successfully in experimental nuclear reactors and has been proposed for much wider use as a nuclear fuel. It has a half-life of around 160,000 years.

Uranium-233 is produced by the neutron irradiation of thorium-232. When thorium-232 absorbs a neutron, it becomes thorium-233, which has a half-life of only 22 minutes. Thorium-233 beta decays into protactinium-233. Protactinium-233 has a half-life of 27 days and beta decays into uranium-233; some proposed molten salt reactor designs attempt to physically isolate the protactinium from further neutron capture before beta decay can occur.

Uranium-233 usually fissions on neutron absorption but sometimes retains the neutron, becoming uranium-234. The capture-to-fission ratio is smaller than the other two major fissile fuels, uranium-235 and plutonium-239; it is also lower than that of short-lived plutonium-241, but bested by very difficult-to-produce neptunium-236.

Uranium-234
$238$U occurs in natural uranium as an indirect decay product of uranium-238, but makes up only 55 parts per million of the uranium because its half-life of just 245,500 years is only about 1/18,000 that of $238$U. The path of production of $239$U is this: $239$U alpha decays to thorium-234. Next, with a short half-life, $238$Th beta decays to protactinium-234. Finally, $198$Pa beta decays to ⇭⇭⇭U.

⇭⇭⇭U alpha decays to thorium-230, except for the small percentage of nuclei that undergo spontaneous fission.

Extraction of rather small amounts of ⇭⇭⇭U from natural uranium would be feasible using isotope separation, similar to normal uranium-enrichment. However, there is no real demand in chemistry, physics, or engineering for isolating ⇭⇭⇭U. Very small pure samples of ⇭⇭⇭U can be extracted via the chemical ion-exchange process, from samples of plutonium-238 that have aged somewhat to allow some decay to ⇭⇭⇭U via alpha emission.

Enriched uranium contains more ⇭⇭⇭U than natural uranium as a byproduct of the uranium enrichment process aimed at obtaining uranium-235, which concentrates lighter isotopes even more strongly than it does ⇭⇭⇭U. The increased percentage of ⇭⇭⇭U in enriched natural uranium is acceptable in current nuclear reactors, but (re-enriched) reprocessed uranium might contain even higher fractions of ⇭⇭⇭U, which is undesirable. This is because ⇭⇭⇭U is not fissile, and tends to absorb slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor—becoming ⇭⇭⇭U.

⇭⇭⇭U has a neutron capture cross section of about 100 barns for thermal neutrons, and about 700 barns for its resonance integral—the average over neutrons having various intermediate energies. In a nuclear reactor, non-fissile isotopes capture a neutron breeding fissile isotopes. ⇭⇭⇭U is converted to ⇭⇭⇭U more easily and therefore at a greater rate than uranium-238 is to plutonium-239 (via neptunium-239), because ⇭⇭⇭U has a much smaller neutron-capture cross section of just 2.7 barns.

Uranium-235
Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.

Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutron is about 504.81 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn. At thermal energy levels, about 5 of 6 neutron absorptions result in fission and 1 of 6 result in neutron capture forming uranium-236. The fission-to-capture ratio improves for faster neutrons.

Uranium-236
Uranium-236 has a half-life of about 23 million years; and is neither fissile with thermal neutrons, nor very good fertile material, but is generally considered a nuisance and long-lived radioactive waste. It is found in spent nuclear fuel and in the reprocessed uranium made from spent nuclear fuel.

Uranium-237
Uranium-237 has a half-life of about 6.75 days. It decays into neptunium-237 by beta decay. It was discovered by Japanese physicist Yoshio Nishina in 1940, who in a near-miss discovery, inferred the creation of element 93, but was unable to isolate the then-unknown element or measure its decay properties.

Uranium-238
Uranium-238 (⇭⇭⇭U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature. It is not fissile, but is fertile: it can capture a slow neutron and after two beta decays become fissile plutonium-239. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, but cannot support a chain reaction because inelastic scattering reduces neutron energy below the range where fast fission of one or more next-generation nuclei is probable. Doppler broadening of ⇭⇭⇭U's neutron absorption resonances, increasing absorption as fuel temperature increases, is also an essential negative feedback mechanism for reactor control.

About 99.284% of natural uranium is uranium-238, which has a half-life of 1.41×10⇭⇭⇭ seconds (4.468×10⇭⇭⇭ years). Depleted uranium has an even higher concentration of ⇭⇭⇭U, and even low-enriched uranium (LEU) is still mostly ⇭⇭⇭U. Reprocessed uranium is also mainly ⇭⇭⇭U, with about as much uranium-235 as natural uranium, a comparable proportion of uranium-236, and much smaller amounts of other isotopes of uranium such as uranium-234, uranium-233, and uranium-232.

Uranium-239
Uranium-239 is usually produced by exposing ⇭⇭⇭U to neutron radiation in a nuclear reactor. ⇭⇭⇭U has a half-life of about 23.45 minutes and beta decays into neptunium-239, with a total decay energy of about 1.29 MeV. The most common gamma decay at 74.660 keV accounts for the difference in the two major channels of beta emission energy, at 1.28 and 1.21 MeV.

⇭⇭⇭Np then, with a half-life of about 2.356 days, beta-decays to plutonium-239.

Uranium-241
In 2023, in a paper published in Physical Review Letters, a group of researchers based in Korea reported that they had found uranium-241 in an experiment involving ⇭⇭⇭U+⇭⇭⇭Pt multinucleon transfer reactions. Its half-life is about 40 minutes.

title: Isotopes of uranium


text: File:NajwaKaram-HaziHeloCover.jpg

title: File:NajwaKaram-HaziHeloCover.jpg


text:
Isotopes of protactinium

Protactinium (91Pa) has no stable isotopes. The four naturally occurring isotopes allow a standard atomic weight to be given.

Twenty-nine radioisotopes of protactinium have been characterized, ranging from 211Pa to 239Pa. The most stable isotope is 231Pa with a half-life of 32,760 years, 233Pa with a half-life of 26.967 days, and 230Pa with a half-life of 17.4 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 1.6 days, and the majority of these have half-lives less than 1.8 seconds. This element also has five meta states, 217mPa (t1/2 1.15 milliseconds), 220m1Pa (t1/2 = 308 nanoseconds), 220m2Pa (t1/2 = 69 nanoseconds), 229mPa (t1/2 = 420 nanoseconds), and 234mPa (t1/2 = 1.17 minutes).

The only naturally occurring isotopes are 231Pa, which occurs as an intermediate decay product of 235U, 234Pa and 234mPa, both of which occur as intermediate decay products of 238U. 231Pa makes up nearly all natural protactinium.

The primary decay mode for isotopes of Pa lighter than (and including) the most stable isotope 231Pa is alpha decay, except for 228Pa to 230Pa, which primarily decay by electron capture to isotopes of thorium. The primary mode for the heavier isotopes is beta minus (β−) decay. The primary decay products of 231Pa and isotopes of protactinium lighter than and including 227Pa are isotopes of actinium and the primary decay products for the heavier isotopes of protactinium are isotopes of uranium.

List of isotopes
[5.1(+61−19) ms] [5.3(+40−16) ms] 24Ne 23F Brevium
 * 211Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 3.8(+4.6−1.4) ms
 * α
 * 207Ac
 * 9/2−#
 * 212Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 121
 * 212.02320(8)
 * 8(5) ms
 * 212Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 121
 * 212.02320(8)
 * 8(5) ms
 * 8(5) ms
 * α
 * 208Ac
 * 7+#
 * 213Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 122
 * 213.02111(8)
 * 7(3) ms
 * style="text-align:right" | 122
 * 213.02111(8)
 * 7(3) ms
 * α
 * 209Ac
 * 9/2−#
 * 214Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 123
 * 214.02092(8)
 * 17(3) ms
 * α
 * 210Ac
 * 215Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 124
 * 215.01919(9)
 * 14(2) ms
 * α
 * 211Ac
 * 9/2−#
 * rowspan=2|216Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|216.01911(8)
 * rowspan=2|105(12) ms
 * α (80%)
 * 212Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 216Th
 * 217Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 217.01832(6)
 * 3.48(9) ms
 * α
 * 213Ac
 * 9/2−#
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 217mPa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1860(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|1.08(3) ms
 * α
 * 213Ac
 * rowspan=2|29/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (rare)
 * 217Pa
 * 218Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 218.020042(26)
 * 0.113(1) ms
 * α
 * 214Ac
 * 219Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 219.01988(6)
 * 53(10) ns
 * α
 * 215Ac
 * 9/2−
 * 220Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 220.02188(6)
 * 780(160) ns
 * α
 * 216Ac
 * 1−#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 220m1Pa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 34(26) keV
 * 308(+250-99) ns
 * α
 * 216Ac
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 220m2Pa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 297(65) keV
 * 69(+330-30) ns
 * α
 * 216Ac
 * 221Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 221.02188(6)
 * 4.9(8) μs
 * α
 * 217Ac
 * 9/2−
 * 222Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 222.02374(8)#
 * 3.2(3) ms
 * α
 * 218Ac
 * rowspan=2|223Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132
 * rowspan=2|223.02396(8)
 * rowspan=2|5.1(6) ms
 * α
 * 219Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.001%)
 * 223Th
 * rowspan=2|224Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|224.025626(17)
 * rowspan=2|844(19) ms
 * α (99.9%)
 * 220Ac
 * rowspan=2|5−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.1%)
 * 224Th
 * 225Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 225.02613(8)
 * 1.7(2) s
 * α
 * 221Ac
 * 5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|226Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|226.027948(12)
 * rowspan=2|1.8(2) min
 * α (74%)
 * 222Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (26%)
 * 226Th
 * rowspan=2|227Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|227.028805(8)
 * rowspan=2|38.3(3) min
 * α (85%)
 * 223Ac
 * rowspan=2|(5/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (15%)
 * 227Th
 * rowspan=2|228Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2|228.031051(5)
 * rowspan=2|22(1) h
 * β+ (98.15%)
 * 228Th
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.85%)
 * 224Ac
 * rowspan=2|229Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|229.0320968(30)
 * rowspan=2|1.50(5) d
 * EC (99.52%)
 * 229Th
 * rowspan=2|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.48%)
 * 225Ac
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 229mPa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 11.6(3) keV
 * 420(30) ns
 * 3/2−
 * rowspan=3|230Pa
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 139
 * rowspan=3|230.034541(4)
 * rowspan=3|17.4(5) d
 * β+ (91.6%)
 * 230Th
 * rowspan=3|(2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (8.4%)
 * 230U
 * α (.00319%)
 * 226Ac
 * rowspan=4|231Pa
 * rowspan=4|Protoactinium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=4|231.0358840(24)
 * rowspan=4|3.276(11)×104 y
 * α
 * 227Ac
 * rowspan=4|3/2−
 * rowspan=4|1.0000
 * CD (1.34×10−9%)
 * 207Tl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2|228.031051(5)
 * rowspan=2|22(1) h
 * β+ (98.15%)
 * 228Th
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.85%)
 * 224Ac
 * rowspan=2|229Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|229.0320968(30)
 * rowspan=2|1.50(5) d
 * EC (99.52%)
 * 229Th
 * rowspan=2|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.48%)
 * 225Ac
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 229mPa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 11.6(3) keV
 * 420(30) ns
 * 3/2−
 * rowspan=3|230Pa
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 139
 * rowspan=3|230.034541(4)
 * rowspan=3|17.4(5) d
 * β+ (91.6%)
 * 230Th
 * rowspan=3|(2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− (8.4%)
 * 230U
 * α (.00319%)
 * 226Ac
 * rowspan=4|231Pa
 * rowspan=4|Protoactinium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=4|231.0358840(24)
 * rowspan=4|3.276(11)×104 y
 * α
 * 227Ac
 * rowspan=4|3/2−
 * rowspan=4|1.0000
 * CD (1.34×10−9%)
 * 207Tl
 * rowspan=4|231Pa
 * rowspan=4|Protoactinium
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=4|231.0358840(24)
 * rowspan=4|3.276(11)×104 y
 * α
 * 227Ac
 * rowspan=4|3/2−
 * rowspan=4|1.0000
 * CD (1.34×10−9%)
 * 207Tl
 * 207Tl
 * SF (3×10−10%)
 * (various)
 * CD (10−12%)
 * 208Pb
 * CD (10−12%)
 * 208Pb
 * rowspan=2|232Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 141
 * rowspan=2|232.038592(8)
 * rowspan=2|1.31(2) d
 * β−
 * 232U
 * rowspan=2|(2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (.003%)
 * 232Th
 * 233Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 233.0402473(23)
 * 26.975(13) d
 * β−
 * 233U
 * 3/2−
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|234Pa
 * rowspan=2|Uranium Z
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 143
 * rowspan=2|234.043308(5)
 * rowspan=2|6.70(5) h
 * β−
 * 234U
 * rowspan=2|4+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * SF (3×10−10%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 234mPa
 * rowspan=3|Uranium X2
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * SF (3×10−10%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 234mPa
 * rowspan=3|Uranium X2
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 234mPa
 * rowspan=3|Uranium X2
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 78(3) keV
 * rowspan=3|1.17(3) min
 * β− (99.83%)
 * 234U
 * rowspan=3|(0−)
 * rowspan=3|Trace
 * IT (.16%)
 * 234Pa
 * SF (10−10%)
 * (various)
 * 235Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 235.04544(5)
 * 24.44(11) min
 * β−
 * 235U
 * (3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|236Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 145
 * rowspan=2|236.04868(21)
 * rowspan=2|9.1(1) min
 * β−
 * 236U
 * rowspan=2|1(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, SF (6×10−8%)
 * (various)
 * 237Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 237.05115(11)
 * 8.7(2) min
 * β−
 * 237U
 * (1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|238Pa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 147
 * rowspan=2|238.05450(6)
 * rowspan=2|2.27(9) min
 * β−
 * 238U
 * rowspan=2|(3−)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, SF (2.6×10−6%)
 * (various)
 * 239Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 239.05726(21)#
 * 1.8(5) h
 * β−
 * 239U
 * (3/2)(−#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−, SF (2.6×10−6%)
 * (various)
 * 239Pa
 * style="text-align:right" | 91
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 239.05726(21)#
 * 1.8(5) h
 * β−
 * 239U
 * (3/2)(−#)
 * β−
 * 239U
 * (3/2)(−#)

Protactinium-230
Protactinium-230 has 139 neutrons and a half-life of 17.4 days. Most of the time (92%), it undergoes beta plus decay to 230Th, with a minor (8%) beta-minus decay branch leading to 230U. It also has a very rare (.003%) alpha decay mode leading to 226Ac. It is not found in nature because its half-life is short and it is not found in the decay chains of 235U, 238U, or 232Th. It has a mass of 230.034541 u.

Protactinium-230 is of interest as a progenitor of uranium-230, an isotope that has been considered for use in targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT). It can be produced through proton or deuteron irradiation of nautral thorium.

Protactinium-231
Protactinium-231 is the longest-lived isotope of protactinium, with a half-life of 32,760 years. In nature, it is found in trace amounts as part of the actinium series, which starts with the primordial isotope uranium-235; the equilibrium concentration in uranium ore is 46.55 231Pa per million 235U. In nuclear reactors, it is one of the few long-lived radioactive actinides produced as a byproduct of the projected thorium fuel cycle, as a result of (n,2n) reactions where a fast neutron removes a neutron from 232Th or 232U, and can also be destroyed by neutron capture, though the cross section for this reaction is also low.

binding energy: 1759860 keV

beta decay energy: −382 keV

spin: 3/2−

mode of decay: alpha to 227Ac, also others

possible parent nuclides: beta from 231Th, EC from 231U, alpha from 235Np.

Protactinium-233
Protactinium-233 is also part of the thorium fuel cycle. It is an intermediate beta decay product between thorium-233 (produced from natural thorium-232 by neutron capture) and uranium-233 (the fissile fuel of the thorium cycle). Some thorium-cycle reactor designs try to protect Pa-233 from further neutron capture producing Pa-234 and U-234, which are not useful as fuel.

Protactinium-234
Protactinium-234 is a member of the uranium series with a half-life of 6.70 hours. It was discovered by Otto Hahn in 1921.

Protactinium-234m
Protactinium-234m is a member of the uranium series with a half-life of 1.17 minutes. It was discovered in 1913 by Kazimierz Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring, who named it brevium for its short half-life. About 99.8% of decays of 234Th produce this isomer instead of the ground state (t1/2 = 6.70 hours).

title: Isotopes of protactinium


text:
Isotopes of thorium

Thorium (90Th) has seven naturally occurring isotopes but none are stable. One isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.405×1010 years, considerably longer than the age of the Earth, and even slightly longer than the generally accepted age of the universe. This isotope makes up nearly all natural thorium, so thorium was considered to be mononuclidic. However, in 2013, IUPAC reclassified thorium as binuclidic, due to large amounts of 230Th in deep seawater. Thorium has a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition and thus a standard atomic weight can be given.

Thirty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 232Th, 230Th with a half-life of 75,380 years, 229Th with a half-life of 7,917 years, and 228Th with a half-life of 1.92 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than thirty days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than ten minutes. One isotope, 229Th, has a nuclear isomer (or metastable state) with a remarkably low excitation energy, recently measured to be $8.356 eV$ It has been proposed to perform laser spectroscopy of the 229Th nucleus and use the low-energy transition for the development of a nuclear clock of extremely high accuracy.

The known isotopes of thorium range in mass number from 207 to 238.

List of isotopes

 * 207Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 9.7(+46.6−4.4) ms
 * α
 * 203Ra
 * 208Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 208.01791(4)
 * 1.7(+1.7-0.6) ms
 * α
 * 204Ra
 * 0+
 * 209Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 119
 * 209.01772(11)
 * 7(5) ms [3.8(+69−15)]
 * α
 * 205Ra
 * 5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|210Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|210.015075(27)
 * rowspan=2|17(11) ms [9(+17−4) ms]
 * α
 * 206Ra
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 210Ac
 * rowspan=2|211Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|211.01493(8)
 * rowspan=2|48(20) ms [0.04(+3−1) s]
 * α
 * 207Ra
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 211Ac
 * rowspan=2|212Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|212.01298(2)
 * rowspan=2|36(15) ms [30(+20-10) ms]
 * α (99.7%)
 * 208Ra
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.3%)
 * 212Ac
 * rowspan=2|213Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|213.01301(8)
 * rowspan=2|140(25) ms
 * α
 * 209Ra
 * rowspan=2|5/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 213Ac
 * 214Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 124
 * 214.011500(18)
 * 100(25) ms
 * α
 * 210Ra
 * 0+
 * 215Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 125
 * 215.011730(29)
 * 1.2(2) s
 * α
 * 211Ra
 * (1/2−)
 * rowspan=2|216Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
 * rowspan=2|216.011062(14)
 * rowspan=2|26.8(3) ms
 * α (99.99%)
 * 212Ra
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.006%)
 * 216Ac
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216m1Th
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2042(13) keV
 * 137(4) μs
 * (8+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216m2Th
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2637(20) keV
 * 615(55) ns
 * (11−)
 * 217Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 217.013114(22)
 * 240(5) μs
 * α
 * 213Ra
 * (9/2+)
 * 218Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 218.013284(14)
 * 109(13) ns
 * α
 * 214Ra
 * 0+
 * 219Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 219.01554(5)
 * 1.05(3) μs
 * α
 * 215Ra
 * 9/2+#
 * 220Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 220.015748(24)
 * 9.7(6) μs
 * α
 * 216Ra
 * 0+
 * 221Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 221.018184(10)
 * 1.73(3) ms
 * α
 * 217Ra
 * (7/2+)
 * 222Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 222.018468(13)
 * 2.237(13) ms
 * α
 * 218Ra
 * 0+
 * 223Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 223.020811(10)
 * 0.60(2) s
 * α
 * 219Ra
 * (5/2)+
 * rowspan=2|224Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|224.021467(12)
 * rowspan=2|1.05(2) s
 * α
 * 220Ra
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * CD (rare)
 * 208Pb 16O
 * rowspan=2|225Th
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|225.023951(5)
 * rowspan=2|8.72(4) min
 * α (90%)
 * 221Ra
 * rowspan=2|(3/2)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (10%)
 * 225Ac
 * 226Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 226.024903(5)
 * 30.57(10) min
 * α
 * 222Ra
 * 0+
 * 227Th
 * Radioactinium
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 227.0277041(27)
 * 18.68(9) d
 * α
 * 223Ra
 * 1/2+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|228Th
 * rowspan=2|Radiothorium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|228.0287411(24)
 * rowspan=2|1.9116(16) y
 * α
 * 224Ra
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * CD (1.3×10−11%)
 * 208Pb 20O
 * 229Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 229.031762(3)
 * 7.916(17)×103 y
 * α
 * 225Ra
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 229mTh
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8.355733554021(8) eV
 * 7(1) μs
 * IT
 * 229Th+
 * 3/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 229mTh+
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8.355733554021(8) eV
 * 30(1) min
 * γ
 * 229Th+
 * 3/2+
 * rowspan=3|230Th
 * rowspan=3|Ionium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=3|230.0331338(19)
 * rowspan=3|7.538(30)×104 y
 * α
 * 226Ra
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|0.0002(2)
 * rowspan=3|
 * CD (5.6×10−11%)
 * 206Hg 24Ne
 * SF (5×10−11%)
 * (Various)
 * rowspan=2|231Th
 * rowspan=2|Uranium Y
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 141
 * rowspan=2|231.0363043(19)
 * rowspan=2|25.52(1) h
 * β−
 * 231Pa
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10−8%)
 * 227Ra
 * rowspan=3|232Th
 * rowspan=3|Thorium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 142
 * rowspan=3|232.0380553(21)
 * rowspan=3|1.405(6)×1010 y
 * α
 * 228Ra
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|0.9998(2)
 * rowspan=3|
 * SF (1.1×10−9%)
 * (various)
 * CD (2.78×10−10%)
 * 182Yb 26Ne 24Ne
 * 233Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 233.0415818(21)
 * 21.83(4) min
 * β−
 * 233Pa
 * 1/2+
 * Trace
 * 234Th
 * Uranium X1
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 234.043601(4)
 * 24.10(3) d
 * β−
 * 234mPa
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 235Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 235.04751(5)
 * 7.2(1) min
 * β−
 * 235Pa
 * (1/2+)#
 * 236Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 236.04987(21)#
 * 37.5(2) min
 * β−
 * 236Pa
 * 0+
 * 237Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 237.05389(39)#
 * 4.8(5) min
 * β−
 * 237Pa
 * 5/2+#
 * 238Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 238.0565(3)#
 * 9.4(20) min
 * β−
 * 238Pa
 * 0+
 * rowspan=3|230Th
 * rowspan=3|Ionium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 140
 * rowspan=3|230.0331338(19)
 * rowspan=3|7.538(30)×104 y
 * α
 * 226Ra
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|0.0002(2)
 * rowspan=3|
 * CD (5.6×10−11%)
 * 206Hg 24Ne
 * SF (5×10−11%)
 * (Various)
 * rowspan=2|231Th
 * rowspan=2|Uranium Y
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 141
 * rowspan=2|231.0363043(19)
 * rowspan=2|25.52(1) h
 * β−
 * 231Pa
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10−8%)
 * 227Ra
 * rowspan=3|232Th
 * rowspan=3|Thorium
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 90
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 142
 * rowspan=3|232.0380553(21)
 * rowspan=3|1.405(6)×1010 y
 * α
 * 228Ra
 * rowspan=3|0+
 * rowspan=3|0.9998(2)
 * rowspan=3|
 * SF (1.1×10−9%)
 * (various)
 * CD (2.78×10−10%)
 * 182Yb 26Ne 24Ne
 * 233Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 233.0415818(21)
 * 21.83(4) min
 * β−
 * 233Pa
 * 1/2+
 * Trace
 * 234Th
 * Uranium X1
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 234.043601(4)
 * 24.10(3) d
 * β−
 * 234mPa
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 235Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 235.04751(5)
 * 7.2(1) min
 * β−
 * 235Pa
 * (1/2+)#
 * 236Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 236.04987(21)#
 * 37.5(2) min
 * β−
 * 236Pa
 * 0+
 * 237Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 237.05389(39)#
 * 4.8(5) min
 * β−
 * 237Pa
 * 5/2+#
 * 238Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 238.0565(3)#
 * 9.4(20) min
 * β−
 * 238Pa
 * 0+
 * 37.5(2) min
 * β−
 * 236Pa
 * 0+
 * 237Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 237.05389(39)#
 * 4.8(5) min
 * β−
 * 237Pa
 * 5/2+#
 * 238Th
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 238.0565(3)#
 * 9.4(20) min
 * β−
 * 238Pa
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 90
 * style="text-align:right" | 148
 * 238.0565(3)#
 * 9.4(20) min
 * β−
 * 238Pa
 * 0+
 * 0+

Uses
Thorium has been suggested for use in thorium-based nuclear power.

In many countries the use of thorium in consumer products is banned or discouraged because it is radioactive.

It is currently used in cathodes of vacuum tubes, for a combination of physical stability at high temperature and a low work energy required to remove an electron from its surface.

It has, for about a century, been used in mantles of gas and vapor lamps such as gas lights and camping lanterns.

Low dispersion lenses
Thorium was also used in certain glass elements of Aero-Ektar lenses made by Kodak during World War II. Thus they are mildly radioactive. Two of the glass elements in the f/2.5 Aero-Ektar lenses are 11% and 13% thorium by weight. The thorium-containing glasses were used because they have a high refractive index with a low dispersion (variation of index with wavelength), a highly desirable property. Many surviving Aero-Ektar lenses have a tea colored tint, possibly due to radiation damage to the glass.

These lenses were used for aerial reconnaissance because the radiation level is not high enough to fog film over a short period. This would indicate the radiation level is reasonably safe. However, when not in use, it would be prudent to store these lenses as far as possible from normally inhabited areas; allowing the inverse square relationship to attenuate the radiation.

Thorium-228
228Th is an isotope of thorium with 138 neutrons. It was once named Radiothorium, due to its occurrence in the disintegration chain of thorium-232. It has a half-life of 1.9116 years. It undergoes alpha decay to 224Ra. Occasionally it decays by the unusual route of cluster decay, emitting a nucleus of 20O and producing stable 208Pb. It is a daughter isotope of 232U in the thorium decay series.

228Th has an atomic weight of 228.0287411 grams/mole.

Together with its decay product 224Ra it is used for alpha particle radiation therapy.

Thorium-229
229Th is a radioactive isotope of thorium that decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 7917 years. 229Th is produced by the decay of uranium-233, and its principal use is for the production of the medical isotopes actinium-225 and bismuth-213.

Thorium-229m
229Th has a nuclear isomer, 229Th, with a remarkably low excitation energy of $eV$, corresponding to a photon frequency of $2,020,407,384,335 kHz$ (wavelength $nm$). Although in the very high frequency vacuum ultraviolet frequency range, this is the only known opportunity for direct laser excitation of a nuclear state, which could have applications like a nuclear clock of very high accuracy or as a qubit for quantum computing.

These applications were for a long time impeded by imprecise measurements of the isomeric energy, as laser excitation's exquisite precision makes it difficult to use to search a wide frequency range. There were many investigations, both theoretical and experimental, trying to determine the transition energy precisely and to specify other properties of the isomeric state of 229Th (such as the lifetime and the magnetic moment) before the frequency was accurately measured in 2024.

As a peculiarity of its extremely low excitation energy, the lifetime of 229mTh very much depends on the electronic environment of the nucleus. In neutral 229Th, the isomer can decay by internal conversion within a few microseconds. However, the isomeric energy is not enough to remove a second electron (thorium's second ionization energy is $7 us$), so internal conversion is impossible in Th+ ions. Radiative decay occurs with a half-life orders of magnitude longer, in excess of 1000 seconds. Embedded in ionic crystals, ionization is not quite 100%, so a small amount of internal conversion occurs, leading to a recently measured lifetime of ≈$11.5 eV$, which can be extrapolated to a lifetime for isolated ions of $600 s$.

History
Early measurements were performed via gamma ray spectroscopy, producing the $1,740 s$ excited state of 229Th, and measuring the difference in emitted gamma ray energies as it decays to either the 229mTh (90%) or 229Th (10%) isomeric states.

In 1976, this technique first indicated that 229Th has a nuclear isomer, 229mTh, with a remarkably low excitation energy. At that time the energy was inferred to be below 100 eV, purely based on the non-observation of the isomer's direct decay. However, in 1990, further measurements led to the conclusion that the energy is almost certainly below 10 eV, making it one of the lowest known isomeric excitation energies. In the following years, the energy was further constrained to $29.586 keV$, which was for a long time the accepted energy value.

Improved gamma ray spectroscopy measurements using an advanced high-resolution X-ray microcalorimeter were carried out in 2007, yielding a new value for the transition energy of $3.5 eV$, corrected to $7.6 eV$ in 2009. This higher energy has two consequences which had not been considered by earlier attempts to observe emitted photons:
 * Because it is above thorium's $7.8 eV$ first ionization energy, neutral 229mTh will not decay radiatively at all, and
 * Because it is above the $6.08 eV$ vacuum ultraviolet cutoff, the produced photons cannot travel through air.

But even knowing the higher energy, most of the searches in the 2010s for light emitted by the isomeric decay failed to observe any signal,   pointing towards a potentially strong non-radiative decay channel. A direct detection of photons emitted in the isomeric decay was claimed in 2012 and again in 2018. However, both reports were subject to controversial discussions within the community.

A direct detection of electrons being emitted in the internal conversion decay channel of 229mTh was achieved in 2016. However, at the time the isomer's transition energy could only be weakly constrained to between 6.3 and 18.3 eV. Finally, in 2019, non-optical electron spectroscopy of the internal conversion electrons emitted in the isomeric decay allowed for a determination of the isomer's excitation energy to $6.2 eV$. However, this value appeared at odds with the 2018 preprint showing that a similar signal as an $8.28 eV$ xenon VUV photon can be shown, but with about $8.4 eV$ less energy and an 1880 s lifetime. In that paper, 229Th was embedded in SiO2, possibly resulting in an energy shift and altered lifetime, although the states involved are primarily nuclear, shielding them from electronic interactions.

In a 2018 experiment, it was possible to perform a first laser-spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear properties of 229mTh. In this experiment, laser spectroscopy of the 229Th atomic shell was conducted using a 229Th2+ ion cloud with 2% of the ions in the nuclear excited state. This allowed probing for the hyperfine shift induced by the different nuclear spin states of the ground and the isomeric state. In this way, a first experimental value for the magnetic dipole and the electric quadrupole moment of 229mTh could be inferred.

In 2019, the isomer's excitation energy was constrained to $1.3 eV$ based on the direct detection of internal conversion electrons and a secure population of 229mTh from the nuclear ground state was achieved by excitation of the $8.28 eV$ nuclear excited state via synchrotron radiation. Additional measurements by a different group in 2020 produced a figure of $29 keV$ ($8.1 eV$ wavelength). Combining these measurements, the expected transition energy is $153.1 nm$.

In April 2024, two separate groups finally reported precision laser excitation Th4+ cations doped into ionic crystals (of CaF2 and LiSrAlF6 with additional interstitial F− anions for charge compensation), giving a precise measurement of the transition energy. This enabled the construction of high-precision lasers which are measuring the frequency up to the accuracy of the best atomic clocks.

Thorium-230
230Th is a radioactive isotope of thorium that can be used to date corals and determine ocean current flux. Ionium was a name given early in the study of radioactive elements to the 230Th isotope produced in the decay chain of 238U before it was realized that ionium and thorium are chemically identical. The symbol Io was used for this supposed element. (The name is still used in ionium–thorium dating.)

Thorium-231
231Th has 141 neutrons. It is the decay product of uranium-235. It is found in very small amounts on the earth and has a half-life of 25.5 hours. When it decays, it emits a beta ray and forms protactinium-231. It has a decay energy of 0.39 MeV. It has a mass of 231.0363043 grams/mole.

Thorium-232
232Th is the only primordial nuclide of thorium and makes up effectively all of natural thorium, with other isotopes of thorium appearing only in trace amounts as relatively short-lived decay products of uranium and thorium. The isotope decays by alpha decay with a half-life of 1.405 years, over three times the age of the Earth and approximately the age of the universe. Its decay chain is the thorium series, eventually ending in lead-208. The remainder of the chain is quick; the longest half-lives in it are 5.75 years for radium-228 and 1.91 years for thorium-228, with all other half-lives totaling less than 15 days.

232Th is a fertile material able to absorb a neutron and undergo transmutation into the fissile nuclide uranium-233, which is the basis of the thorium fuel cycle. In the form of Thorotrast, a thorium dioxide suspension, it was used as a contrast medium in early X-ray diagnostics. Thorium-232 is now classified as carcinogenic.

Thorium-233
233Th is an isotope of thorium that decays into protactinium-233 through beta decay. It has a half-life of 21.83 minutes. Traces occur in nature as the result of natural neutron activation of 232Th.

Thorium-234
234Th is an isotope of thorium whose nuclei contain 144 neutrons. 234Th has a half-life of 24.1 days, and when it decays, it emits a beta particle, and in doing so, it transmutes into protactinium-234. 234Th has a mass of 234.0436 atomic mass units (amu), and it has a decay energy of about 270 keV (kiloelectronvolts). Uranium-238 usually decays into this isotope of thorium (although in rare cases it can undergo spontaneous fission instead).

title: Isotopes of thorium


text:
Isotopes of actinium

Actinium (89Ac) has no stable isotopes and no characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. There are 34 known isotopes, from 203Ac to 236Ac, and 7 isomers. Three isotopes are found in nature, 225Ac, 227Ac and 228Ac, as intermediate decay products of, respectively, 237Np, 235U, and 232Th. 228Ac and 225Ac are extremely rare, so almost all natural actinium is 227Ac.

The most stable isotopes are 227Ac with a half-life of 21.772 years, 225Ac with a half-life of 10.0 days, and 226Ac with a half-life of 29.37 hours. All other isotopes have half-lives under 10 hours, and most under a minute. The shortest-lived known isotope is 217Ac with a half-life of 69 ns.

Purified 227Ac comes into equilibrium with its decay products (227Th and 223Fr) after 185 days.

List of isotopes

 * 203Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * α
 * 199Fr
 * (1/2+)
 * 204Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * α
 * 200Fr
 * 205Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * α
 * 201Fr
 * 9/2−?
 * 206Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 206.01450(8)
 * 25(7) ms
 * α
 * 202Fr
 * (3+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Ac
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(50) keV
 * 15(6) ms
 * α
 * 202Fr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Ac
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(110)# keV
 * 41(16) ms
 * α
 * 202mFr
 * (10−)
 * 207Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 207.01195(6)
 * 31(8) ms [27(+11−6) ms]
 * α
 * 203Fr
 * 9/2−#
 * rowspan=2|208Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|208.01155(6)
 * rowspan=2|97(16) ms [95(+24−16) ms]
 * α (99%)
 * 204Fr
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 208Ra
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 208mAc
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 506(26) keV
 * rowspan=3|28(7) ms [25(+9−5) ms]
 * α (89%)
 * 204Fr
 * rowspan=3|(10−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (10%)
 * 208Ac
 * β+ (1%)
 * 208Ra
 * rowspan=2|209Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|209.00949(5)
 * rowspan=2|92(11) ms
 * α (99%)
 * 205Fr
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 209Ra
 * rowspan=2|210Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|210.00944(6)
 * rowspan=2|350(40) ms
 * α (96%)
 * 206Fr
 * rowspan=2|7+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4%)
 * 210Ra
 * rowspan=2|211Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|211.00773(8)
 * rowspan=2|213(25) ms
 * α (99.8%)
 * 207Fr
 * rowspan=2|9/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.2%)
 * 211Ra
 * rowspan=2|212Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|212.00781(7)
 * rowspan=2|920(50) ms
 * α (97%)
 * 208Fr
 * rowspan=2|6+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 212Ra
 * rowspan=2|213Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|213.00661(6)
 * rowspan=2|731(17) ms
 * α
 * 209Fr
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 213Ra
 * rowspan=2|214Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|214.006902(24)
 * rowspan=2|8.2(2) s
 * α (89%)
 * 210Fr
 * rowspan=2|(5+)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 214Ra
 * rowspan=2|215Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
 * rowspan=2|215.006454(23)
 * rowspan=2|0.17(1) s
 * α (99.91%)
 * 211Fr
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.09%)
 * 215Ra
 * rowspan=2|216Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 127
 * rowspan=2|216.008720(29)
 * rowspan=2|0.440(16) ms
 * α
 * 212Fr
 * rowspan=2|(1−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (7×10−5%)
 * 216Ra
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mAc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 44(7) keV
 * 443(7) μs
 * α
 * 212Fr
 * (9−)
 * rowspan=2|217Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128
 * rowspan=2|217.009347(14)
 * rowspan=2|69(4) ns
 * α
 * 213Fr
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (6.9×10−9%)
 * 217Ra
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 217mAc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2012(20) keV
 * 740(40) ns
 * (29/2)+
 * 218Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 218.01164(5)
 * 1.08(9) μs
 * α
 * 214Fr
 * (1−)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 218mAc
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 584(50)# keV
 * 103(11) ns
 * (11+)
 * rowspan=2|219Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130
 * rowspan=2|219.01242(5)
 * rowspan=2|11.8(15) μs
 * α
 * 215Fr
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10−6%)
 * 219Ra
 * rowspan=2|220Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131
 * rowspan=2|220.014763(16)
 * rowspan=2|26.36(19) ms
 * α
 * 216Fr
 * rowspan=2|(3−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (5×10−4%)
 * 220Ra
 * 221Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 221.01559(5)
 * 52(2) ms
 * α
 * 217Fr
 * 9/2−#
 * rowspan=2|222Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|222.017844(6)
 * rowspan=2|5.0(5) s
 * α (99%)
 * 218Fr
 * rowspan=2|1−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 222Ra
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 222mAc
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
 * rowspan=3|1.05(7) min
 * α (88.6%)
 * 218Fr
 * rowspan=3|high
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (10%)
 * 222Ac
 * β+ (1.4%)
 * 222Ra
 * rowspan=3|223Ac
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=3|223.019137(8)
 * rowspan=3|2.10(5) min
 * α (99%)
 * 219Fr
 * rowspan=3|(5/2−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * EC (1%)
 * 223Ra
 * CD (3.2×10−9%)
 * 209Bi 14C
 * rowspan=3|224Ac
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=3|224.021723(4)
 * rowspan=3|2.78(17) h
 * β+ (90.9%)
 * 224Ra
 * rowspan=3|0−
 * rowspan=3|
 * α (9.1%)
 * 220Fr
 * β− (1.6%)
 * 224Th
 * rowspan=2|225Ac
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|225.023230(5)
 * rowspan=2|10.0(1) d
 * α
 * 221Fr
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (6×10−10%)
 * 211Bi 14C
 * rowspan=3|226Ac
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=3|226.026098(4)
 * rowspan=3|29.37(12) h
 * β− (83%)
 * 226Th
 * rowspan=3|(1)(−#)
 * rowspan=3|
 * EC (17%)
 * 226Ra
 * α (.006%)
 * 222Fr
 * rowspan=2|227Ac
 * rowspan=2|Actinium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|227.0277521(26)
 * rowspan=2|21.772(3) y
 * β− (98.62%)
 * 227Th
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (1.38%)
 * 223Fr
 * 228Ac
 * Mesothorium 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 228.0310211(27)
 * 6.13(2) h
 * β−
 * 228Th
 * 3+
 * Trace
 * 229Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 229.03302(4)
 * 62.7(5) min
 * β−
 * 229Th
 * (3/2+)
 * 230Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 230.03629(32)
 * 122(3) s
 * β−
 * 230Th
 * (1+)
 * 231Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 231.03856(11)
 * 7.5(1) min
 * β−
 * 231Th
 * (1/2+)
 * 232Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 232.04203(11)
 * 119(5) s
 * β−
 * 232Th
 * (1+)
 * 233Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 233.04455(32)#
 * 145(10) s
 * β−
 * 233Th
 * (1/2+)
 * 234Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 234.04842(43)#
 * 44(7) s
 * β−
 * 234Th
 * 235Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 235.05123(38)#
 * 60(4) s
 * β−
 * 235Th
 * 1/2+#
 * 236Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 236.05530(54)#
 * β−
 * 236Th
 * rowspan=3|(1)(−#)
 * rowspan=3|
 * EC (17%)
 * 226Ra
 * α (.006%)
 * 222Fr
 * rowspan=2|227Ac
 * rowspan=2|Actinium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|227.0277521(26)
 * rowspan=2|21.772(3) y
 * β− (98.62%)
 * 227Th
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (1.38%)
 * 223Fr
 * 228Ac
 * Mesothorium 2
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 228.0310211(27)
 * 6.13(2) h
 * β−
 * 228Th
 * 3+
 * Trace
 * 229Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 229.03302(4)
 * 62.7(5) min
 * β−
 * 229Th
 * (3/2+)
 * 230Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 230.03629(32)
 * 122(3) s
 * β−
 * 230Th
 * (1+)
 * 231Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 231.03856(11)
 * 7.5(1) min
 * β−
 * 231Th
 * (1/2+)
 * 232Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 232.04203(11)
 * 119(5) s
 * β−
 * 232Th
 * (1+)
 * 233Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 233.04455(32)#
 * 145(10) s
 * β−
 * 233Th
 * (1/2+)
 * 234Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 234.04842(43)#
 * 44(7) s
 * β−
 * 234Th
 * 235Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 235.05123(38)#
 * 60(4) s
 * β−
 * 235Th
 * 1/2+#
 * 236Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 236.05530(54)#
 * β−
 * 236Th
 * 234Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 234.04842(43)#
 * 44(7) s
 * β−
 * 234Th
 * 235Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 235.05123(38)#
 * 60(4) s
 * β−
 * 235Th
 * 1/2+#
 * 236Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 236.05530(54)#
 * β−
 * 236Th
 * 236Ac
 * style="text-align:right" | 89
 * style="text-align:right" | 147
 * 236.05530(54)#
 * β−
 * 236Th
 * β−
 * 236Th
 * 236Th

title: Isotopes of actinium


text:
Isotopes of radium

Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of $1,600 years$. 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series). Radium has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.

In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped. This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.

List of isotopes

 * 201Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * α
 * 197Rn
 * (3/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 201mRa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260(30) keV
 * α
 * 197mRn
 * (13/2+)
 * 202Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 114
 * 202.00989(7)
 * α
 * 198Rn
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|203Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
 * rowspan=2|203.00927(9)
 * rowspan=2|4(3) ms
 * α
 * 199Rn
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 203Fr
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 203mRa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(90) keV
 * rowspan=2|41(17) ms
 * α
 * 199Rn
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 203Fr
 * rowspan=2|204Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
 * rowspan=2|204.006500(17)
 * rowspan=2|60(11) ms [59(+12−9) ms]
 * α (99.7%)
 * 200Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.3%)
 * 204Fr
 * rowspan=2|205Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
 * rowspan=2|205.00627(9)
 * rowspan=2|220(40) ms [210(+60−40) ms]
 * α
 * 201Rn
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 205Fr
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 205mRa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(110)# keV
 * rowspan=2|180(50) ms [170(+60−40) ms]
 * α
 * 201Rn
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (rare)
 * 205Ra
 * 206Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 206.003827(19)
 * 0.24(2) s
 * α
 * 202Rn
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|207Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|207.00380(6)
 * rowspan=2|1.3(2) s
 * α (90%)
 * 203Rn
 * rowspan=2|(5/2−, 3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 207Fr
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mRa
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 560(50) keV
 * rowspan=3|57(8) ms
 * IT (85%)
 * 207Ra
 * rowspan=3|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * α (15%)
 * 203Rn
 * β+ (.55%)
 * 207Fr
 * rowspan=2|208Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|208.001840(17)
 * rowspan=2|1.3(2) s
 * α (95%)
 * 204Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (5%)
 * 208Fr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 208mRa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1800(200) keV
 * 270 ns
 * (8+)
 * rowspan=2|209Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|209.00199(5)
 * rowspan=2|4.6(2) s
 * α (90%)
 * 205Rn
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 209Fr
 * rowspan=2|210Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|210.000495(16)
 * rowspan=2|3.7(2) s
 * α (96%)
 * 206Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4%)
 * 210Fr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210mRa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1800(200) keV
 * 2.24 μs
 * (8+)
 * rowspan=2|211Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|211.000898(28)
 * rowspan=2|13(2) s
 * α (97%)
 * 207Rn
 * rowspan=2|5/2(−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 211Fr
 * rowspan=2|212Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|211.999794(12)
 * rowspan=2|13.0(2) s
 * α (85%)
 * 208Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (15%)
 * 212Fr
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Ra
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1958.4(5) keV
 * 10.9(4) μs
 * (8)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Ra
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2613.4(5) keV
 * 0.85(13) μs
 * (11)−
 * rowspan=2|213Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|213.000384(22)
 * rowspan=2|2.74(6) min
 * α (80%)
 * 209Rn
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 213Fr
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 213mRa
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1769(6) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.1(1) ms
 * IT (99%)
 * 213Ra
 * rowspan=2|17/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1%)
 * 209Rn
 * rowspan=2|214Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
 * rowspan=2|214.000108(10)
 * rowspan=2|2.46(3) s
 * α (99.94%)
 * 210Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.06%)
 * 214Fr
 * 215Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 215.002720(8)
 * 1.55(7) ms
 * α
 * 211Rn
 * (9/2+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 215m1Ra
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1877.8(5) keV
 * 7.1(2) μs
 * (25/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 215m2Ra
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2246.9(5) keV
 * 1.39(7) μs
 * (29/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 215m3Ra
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3756.6(6)+X keV
 * 0.555(10) μs
 * (43/2−)
 * rowspan=2|216Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128
 * rowspan=2|216.003533(9)
 * rowspan=2|182(10) ns
 * α
 * 212Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * EC (<1×10−8%)
 * 216Fr
 * 217Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 217.006320(9)
 * 1.63(17) μs
 * α
 * 213Rn
 * (9/2+)
 * 218Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 218.007140(12)
 * 25.2(3) μs
 * α
 * 214Rn
 * 0+
 * 219Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 219.010085(9)
 * 10(3) ms
 * α
 * 215Rn
 * (7/2)+
 * 220Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 220.011028(10)
 * 17.9(14) ms
 * α
 * 216Rn
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|221Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|221.013917(5)
 * rowspan=2|28(2) s
 * α
 * 217Rn
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (1.2×10−10%)
 * 207Pb 14C
 * rowspan=2|222Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|222.015375(5)
 * rowspan=2|38.0(5) s
 * α
 * 218Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * CD (3×10−8%)
 * 208Pb 14C
 * rowspan=2|223Ra
 * rowspan=2|Actinium X
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|223.0185022(27)
 * rowspan=2|11.43(5) d
 * α
 * 219Rn
 * rowspan=2|3/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (6.4×10−8%)
 * 209Pb 14C
 * rowspan=2|224Ra
 * rowspan=2|Thorium X
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|224.0202118(24)
 * rowspan=2|3.6319(23) d
 * α
 * 220Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (4.3×10−9%)
 * 210Pb 14C
 * rowspan=2| 225Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2| 225.023612(3)
 * rowspan=2| 14.9(2) d
 * β−
 * 225Ac
 * rowspan=2| 1/2+
 * rowspan=2| Trace
 * α (2.0%)
 * 221Rn
 * rowspan=2|226Ra
 * rowspan=2|Radium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|226.0254098(25)
 * rowspan=2|1600(7) y
 * α
 * 222Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (2.6×10−9%)
 * 212Pb 14C
 * 227Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 227.0291778(25)
 * 42.2(5) min
 * β−
 * 227Ac
 * 3/2+
 * 228Ra
 * Mesothorium 1
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 228.0310703(26)
 * 5.75(3) y
 * β−
 * 228Ac
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 229Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 229.034958(20)
 * 4.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 229Ac
 * 5/2(+)
 * 230Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 230.037056(13)
 * 93(2) min
 * β−
 * 230Ac
 * 0+
 * 231Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 231.04122(32)#
 * 103(3) s
 * β−
 * 231Ac
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 231mRa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.21(9) keV
 * ~53 μs
 * (1/2+)
 * 232Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 232.04364(30)#
 * 250(50) s
 * β−
 * 232Ac
 * 0+
 * 233Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 233.04806(50)#
 * 30(5) s
 * β−
 * 233Ac
 * 1/2+#
 * 234Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 234.05070(53)#
 * 30(10) s
 * β−
 * 234Ac
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|224Ra
 * rowspan=2|Thorium X
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|224.0202118(24)
 * rowspan=2|3.6319(23) d
 * α
 * 220Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (4.3×10−9%)
 * 210Pb 14C
 * rowspan=2| 225Ra
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 137
 * rowspan=2| 225.023612(3)
 * rowspan=2| 14.9(2) d
 * β−
 * 225Ac
 * rowspan=2| 1/2+
 * rowspan=2| Trace
 * α (2.0%)
 * 221Rn
 * rowspan=2|226Ra
 * rowspan=2|Radium
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 138
 * rowspan=2|226.0254098(25)
 * rowspan=2|1600(7) y
 * α
 * 222Rn
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * CD (2.6×10−9%)
 * 212Pb 14C
 * 227Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 227.0291778(25)
 * 42.2(5) min
 * β−
 * 227Ac
 * 3/2+
 * 228Ra
 * Mesothorium 1
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 228.0310703(26)
 * 5.75(3) y
 * β−
 * 228Ac
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 229Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 229.034958(20)
 * 4.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 229Ac
 * 5/2(+)
 * 230Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 230.037056(13)
 * 93(2) min
 * β−
 * 230Ac
 * 0+
 * 231Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 231.04122(32)#
 * 103(3) s
 * β−
 * 231Ac
 * (5/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 231mRa
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.21(9) keV
 * ~53 μs
 * (1/2+)
 * 232Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 232.04364(30)#
 * 250(50) s
 * β−
 * 232Ac
 * 0+
 * 233Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 233.04806(50)#
 * 30(5) s
 * β−
 * 233Ac
 * 1/2+#
 * 234Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 234.05070(53)#
 * 30(10) s
 * β−
 * 234Ac
 * 0+
 * 232Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 232.04364(30)#
 * 250(50) s
 * β−
 * 232Ac
 * 0+
 * 233Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 233.04806(50)#
 * 30(5) s
 * β−
 * 233Ac
 * 1/2+#
 * 234Ra
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 234.05070(53)#
 * 30(10) s
 * β−
 * 234Ac
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 88
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 234.05070(53)#
 * 30(10) s
 * β−
 * 234Ac
 * 0+

title: Isotopes of radium


text:
Isotopes of francium

Francium (87Fr) has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. Its most stable isotope is 223Fr with a half-life of 22 minutes, occurring in trace quantities in nature as an intermediate decay product of 235U.

Of elements whose most stable isotopes have been identified with certainty, francium is the most unstable. All elements with atomic number of 106 (seaborgium) or greater have most-stable-known isotopes shorter than that of francium, but as those elements have only a relatively small number of isotopes discovered, the possibility remains that undiscovered isotopes of these elements may have longer half-lives.

List of isotopes

 * 197Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 197.01101(6)
 * 2.3(19) ms
 * α
 * 193At
 * (7/2−)
 * 198Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 198.01028(3)
 * 15(3) ms
 * α
 * 194At
 * 3+#
 * 199Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 112
 * 199.00726(4)
 * 16(7) ms
 * α
 * 195At
 * 1/2+#
 * 200Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 200.00657(8)
 * 24(10) ms
 * α
 * 196At
 * 3+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 200mFr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(110) keV
 * 190(120) ms
 * α
 * 196At
 * 10−#
 * rowspan=2|201Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2|201.00386(8)
 * rowspan=2|67(3) ms
 * α (99%)
 * 197At
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 201Rn
 * rowspan=2|202Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
 * rowspan=2|202.00337(5)
 * rowspan=2|290(30) ms
 * α (97%)
 * 198At
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 202Rn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 202mFr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(90)# keV
 * rowspan=2|340(40) ms
 * α (97%)
 * 198At
 * rowspan=2|(10−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 202Rn
 * rowspan=2|203Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
 * rowspan=2|203.000925(17)
 * rowspan=2|0.55(2) s
 * α (95%)
 * 199At
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (5%)
 * 203Rn
 * rowspan=2|204Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
 * rowspan=2|204.000653(26)
 * rowspan=2|1.7(3) s
 * α (96%)
 * 200At
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4%)
 * 204Rn
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.6(3) s
 * α (90%)
 * 200At
 * rowspan=2|(7+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 204Rn
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 326(4) keV
 * 1.7(6) s
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|205Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
 * rowspan=2|204.998594(8)
 * rowspan=2|3.80(3) s
 * α (99%)
 * 201At
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 205Rn
 * rowspan=2|206Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|205.99867(3)
 * rowspan=2|~16 s
 * β+ (58%)
 * 206Rn
 * rowspan=2|(2+, 3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (42%)
 * 202At
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 190(40) keV
 * 15.9(1) s
 * (7+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 730(40) keV
 * 700(100) ms
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|207Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|206.99695(5)
 * rowspan=2|14.8(1) s
 * α (95%)
 * 203At
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (5%)
 * 207Rn
 * rowspan=2|208Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|207.99714(5)
 * rowspan=2|59.1(3) s
 * α (90%)
 * 204At
 * rowspan=2|7+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 208Rn
 * rowspan=2|209Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|208.995954(16)
 * rowspan=2|50.0(3) s
 * α (89%)
 * 205At
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 209Rn
 * rowspan=2|210Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|209.996408(24)
 * rowspan=2|3.18(6) min
 * α (60%)
 * 206At
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (40%)
 * 210Rn
 * rowspan=2|211Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|210.995537(23)
 * rowspan=2|3.10(2) min
 * α (80%)
 * 207At
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 211Rn
 * rowspan=2|212Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|211.996202(28)
 * rowspan=2|20.0(6) min
 * β+ (57%)
 * 212Rn
 * rowspan=2|5+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (43%)
 * 208At
 * rowspan=2|213Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
 * rowspan=2|212.996189(8)
 * rowspan=2|34.14(6) s
 * α (99.45%)
 * 209At
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.55%)
 * 213Rn
 * 214Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 213.998971(9)
 * 5.0(2) ms
 * α
 * 210At
 * (1−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214m1Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 123(6) keV
 * 3.35(5) ms
 * α
 * 210At
 * (8−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214m2Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 638(6) keV
 * 103(4) ns
 * (11+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214m3Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6477+Y keV
 * 108(7) ns
 * (33+)
 * 215Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 215.000341(8)
 * 86(5) ns
 * α
 * 211At
 * 9/2−
 * 216Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 216.003198(15)
 * 0.70(2) μs
 * α
 * 212At
 * (1−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mFr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 219(6) keV
 * 850(30) ns
 * α
 * 212At
 * (9−)
 * 217Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 217.004632(7)
 * 16.8(19) μs
 * α
 * 213At
 * 9/2−
 * 218Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 218.007578(5)
 * 1.0(6) ms
 * α
 * 214At
 * 1−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 218m1Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86(4) keV
 * 22.0(5) ms
 * α
 * 214At
 * (8−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 218m2Fr
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
 * high
 * 219Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 219.009252(8)
 * 20(2) ms
 * α
 * 215At
 * 9/2−
 * rowspan=2|220Fr
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|220.012327(4)
 * rowspan=2|27.4(3) s
 * α (99.65%)
 * 216At
 * rowspan=2|1+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (.35%)
 * 220Ra
 * rowspan=3|221Fr
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=3|221.014255(5)
 * rowspan=3|4.9(2) min
 * α (99.9%)
 * 217At
 * rowspan=3|5/2−
 * rowspan=3|Trace
 * β− (.1%)
 * 221Ra
 * CD (8.79×10−11%)
 * 207Tl 14C
 * 222Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 222.017552(23)
 * 14.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 222Ra
 * 2−
 * rowspan=2|223Fr
 * rowspan=2|Actinium K
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|223.0197359(26)
 * rowspan=2|22.00(7) min
 * β− (99.99%)
 * 223Ra
 * rowspan=2|3/2(−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (.006%)
 * 219At
 * 224Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 224.02325(5)
 * 3.33(10) min
 * β−
 * 224Ra
 * 1−
 * 225Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 225.02557(3)
 * 4.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 225Ra
 * 3/2−
 * 226Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 226.02939(11)
 * 49(1) s
 * β−
 * 226Ra
 * 1−
 * 227Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 227.03184(11)
 * 2.47(3) min
 * β−
 * 227Ra
 * 1/2+
 * 228Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 228.03573(22)#
 * 38(1) s
 * β−
 * 228Ra
 * 2−
 * 229Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 229.03845(4)
 * 50.2(4) s
 * β−
 * 229Ra
 * (1/2+)#
 * 230Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 230.04251(48)#
 * 19.1(5) s
 * β−
 * 230Ra
 * 231Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 231.04544(50)#
 * 17.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 231Ra
 * (1/2+)#
 * 232Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 232.04977(69)#
 * 5(1) s
 * β−
 * 232Ra
 * 233Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 233.052518(21)
 * 900(100) ms
 * β−
 * 233Ra
 * 1/2+ #
 * α (99.9%)
 * 217At
 * rowspan=3|5/2−
 * rowspan=3|Trace
 * β− (.1%)
 * 221Ra
 * CD (8.79×10−11%)
 * 207Tl 14C
 * 222Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 222.017552(23)
 * 14.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 222Ra
 * 2−
 * rowspan=2|223Fr
 * rowspan=2|Actinium K
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
 * rowspan=2|223.0197359(26)
 * rowspan=2|22.00(7) min
 * β− (99.99%)
 * 223Ra
 * rowspan=2|3/2(−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (.006%)
 * 219At
 * 224Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 224.02325(5)
 * 3.33(10) min
 * β−
 * 224Ra
 * 1−
 * 225Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 225.02557(3)
 * 4.0(2) min
 * β−
 * 225Ra
 * 3/2−
 * 226Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 226.02939(11)
 * 49(1) s
 * β−
 * 226Ra
 * 1−
 * 227Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 227.03184(11)
 * 2.47(3) min
 * β−
 * 227Ra
 * 1/2+
 * 228Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 228.03573(22)#
 * 38(1) s
 * β−
 * 228Ra
 * 2−
 * 229Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 229.03845(4)
 * 50.2(4) s
 * β−
 * 229Ra
 * (1/2+)#
 * 230Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 230.04251(48)#
 * 19.1(5) s
 * β−
 * 230Ra
 * 231Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 231.04544(50)#
 * 17.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 231Ra
 * (1/2+)#
 * 232Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 232.04977(69)#
 * 5(1) s
 * β−
 * 232Ra
 * 233Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 233.052518(21)
 * 900(100) ms
 * β−
 * 233Ra
 * 1/2+ #
 * 230.04251(48)#
 * 19.1(5) s
 * β−
 * 230Ra
 * 231Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 231.04544(50)#
 * 17.6(6) s
 * β−
 * 231Ra
 * (1/2+)#
 * 232Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * 232.04977(69)#
 * 5(1) s
 * β−
 * 232Ra
 * 233Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 233.052518(21)
 * 900(100) ms
 * β−
 * 233Ra
 * 1/2+ #
 * 233Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 87
 * style="text-align:right" | 146
 * 233.052518(21)
 * 900(100) ms
 * β−
 * 233Ra
 * 1/2+ #
 * β−
 * 233Ra
 * 1/2+ #

title: Isotopes of francium


text:
User:Gigapixel

hullo

title: User:Gigapixel