text:
Talk:Lliswerry

The official name is 'Liswerry' (with one L) regardless of what the railway bridge on Somerton Road might say! Here is a list from www.statistics.gov.uk:

Newport	00PRMX	Allt-yr-yn Newport	00PRMY	Alway Newport	00PRMZ	Beechwood Newport	00PRNA	Bettws Newport	00PRNB	Caerleon Newport	00PRNC	Gaer Newport	00PRND	Graig Newport	00PRNE	Langstone Newport	00PRNF	Liswerry Newport	00PRNG	Llanwern Newport	00PRNH	Malpas Newport	00PRNJ	Marshfield Newport	00PRNK	Pillgwenlly Newport	00PRNL	Ringland Newport	00PRNM	Rogerstone Newport	00PRNN	St. Julians Newport	00PRNP	Shaftesbury Newport	00PRNQ	Stow Hill Newport	00PRNR	Tredegar Park Newport	00PRNS	Victoria Owain 10:50, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

RUBBISH! THE NAME THE DOUBLE L IN LLISWERRY HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE ORIGINAL SPELLING OF THE NAME, TAKEN FORM THE WELSH LLYS MEANING COURT. THE SPELLING WITH 1 L HAS ONLY HAD IT'S ORIGINS WHEN THE POST OFFICE OPPENED THE L WAS DROPPED EITHER BECAUSE THE ORGINATORS WERE TRYING TO ANGLICIZE THE NAME OR IT WAS EASIER TO PRODUCE ON A STAMP! CHECK OUT W.H. DAVIES POETRY IF YOU DON'T BELIEVE ME!! PEOPLE WHO ARE BORN AND BRED IN LLISWERRY FIND IT INCREASINGLY ANNOYING THAT OUTSIDERS APPEAR TO KNOW HOW TO SPELL OR NAME BETTER THAN WE DO AND FIND THAT THE COUNCIL CHANGE STREET SIGNS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS IN ORDER TO ABOLISH THE ORIGINAL SPELING OR OUR NAME!

LET THE PEOPLE OF LLISWERY CHOOSE HOW THEIR DISTRICT IS TO BE SPELT AND STOP TRYING TO DESTROY A NAME THAT HAS EXISTED FOR HUNDREDS OR YEARS BEFORE NEWPORT COUNCIL OR THE STATISTICS OFFICE!!!

LONG LIVE LLISWERRY WITH 2 L'S!!!

All three schools use the Welsh spelling. 'Lliswerry' gets 15,200 hits on Google, while 'Liswerry' musters 12,700. It's safe to say that the 'Ll' form is the more widely used, even if pronounciation hasn't followed suit. As for the names of council wards, they don't always reflect local usage. I don't know anyone who calls Maindee 'Victoria' 86.139.43.182 23:39, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Liswerry with one L is the anglicised version of Llyswyry, therefore, if the 'two Ls' brigade insist on two Ls they SHOULD use the entire welsh spelling. They can't just take the two Ls of the welsh name and stick them on the front of the anglicised version and claim it's the correct spelling. Clearly it's not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DaveMclean (talk • contribs) 22:54, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

If your origins are from Liswerry / Lliswerry you probably spell the name with 2 Ll,s. I completed a face book survey and I was surprised that everybody who took part (over 300) completely agreed it was spelt with two Ll’s, not one person came back and spelt it with one L. However if you do look at old maps before 1830 you will always find that the name was only spelt with one L. So I would sum up if it’s important to the people from Lliswerry to spell it with 2 Ll’s then that’s good enough for me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.168.188.147 (talk) 14:32, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

Correct the spelling
Ok, I know the spelling has always been contentious and don't wish to open a bunfight but Newport City Council's own website consistently refers to 'Lliswerry' as the ward and area as does all spelling of the name for buildings and organisations in the area. eg Lliswerry schools, Lliswerry AFC and all Wikipedia references. The only anomaly is the actual article title 'Liswerry'. Therefore unless there is an objection I propose for consistency to move the page from Liswerry to Lliswerry. I will leave the first sentence unchanged, which already reads 'Lliswerry, sometimes spelt Liswerry'.Pwimageglow (talk) 17:45, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to change it to LliswerryZebroski (talk) 16:34, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Quite agree. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:24, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Here's a South Wales Argus article from March 2020 with this image. Probably 1970s? The geograph.org image linked to in the article is not very clear. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:48, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 28 June 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved. See general agreement below to rename this article. Kudos to editors for your input, and Happy Publishing! (nac by page mover)  Paine Ellsworth , ed.  put'r there  18:31, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Liswerry → Lliswerry – As per article content. As per Lliswerry High School. As per sources. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:23, 28 June 2019 (UTC) --Relisted. – Ammarpad (talk) 10:38, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

The result of the move request was: no consensus. (non-admin closure) KSFT  (t|c) 06:55, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

- can you please clarify your position with respect to the proposal? bd2412 T 04:02, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:USENGLISH this is the name of the settlement, community and ward. While "Liswerry" gets about 47,900 results and "Lliswerry" gets about 93,300 it seems like "Liswerry" is the English name while the Welsh one prefers 2 "l"s (although the actual Welsh name is Llyswyry). Note that "Lliswerry High School" is a proper noun so can be different to the suburb, see Fife/Fifeshire Artillery Militia for example. See also discussion here.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 07:34, 29 June 2019 (UTC)
 * WRONG: The Ward and Community as per Newport Council is Lliswerry here 18:52, 1 July 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pwimageglow (talk • contribs)
 * The Lliswerry Runners also spell it that way. As does the doctor's surgery and the Baptist Church and the Church of England Benefice.... Just sayin'. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:59, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Possibly then we should dismiss the OS because we need Welsh specific sources but apparently Newport isn't a high Welsh speaking place especially given the Ghits difference and the Newport City Council source.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:12, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Most of Wales isn't high Welsh speaking areas. It's irrelevant because the official name of the area is Lliswerry as I've referenced and, as you say, it's not even a Welsh translation anyway.Pwimageglow (talk) 18:21, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You are quite right, Newport certainly isn't "a high Welsh Speaking place". And even though the typical Newport accent usually renders that first sound as /l/ rather than /ɬ/, I'd suggest that many Newport residents, especially those in any official position, would today expect to see it written with two ls. Martinevans123 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:20, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. Support as nominator. Sorry, I thought this was clear. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:38, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you for correcting this. I only added it when, as you can see, I was directly asked to "clarify my position with respect to the proposal". Martinevans123 (talk) 18:22, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Pleasure!  Paine Ellsworth , ed.  put'r there  18:26, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Support Sorry, I thought this was clear - as I've clarified and referenced the official name of the area and most widely used spelling is Lliswerry. Also, why was this move request closed after just 3 days? Pwimageglow (talk) 18:16, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * User:KSFT, do wish to review your non-Admin closure, in the light of Pwimageglow's recent contribution? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:19, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you. The discussion had been relisted nearly two weeks before I closed it, with no comments for about three days before or after, so I assumed no one else planned to participate. Now that a couple edits have been made to the closed discussion, I see I was wrong. I am reverting my close. I hope a consensus forms. KSFT  (t|c) 21:10, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks, User:KSFT. User:Crouch, Swale, would you care to respond at all? Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:29, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Martinevans123 I still hold the position that the OS is likely the best source since its a national one that can be used for consistency, that said the evidence presented shows that the spelling with 2 "l"s is also common that I'm only weakly against this move. However I don't see evidence that its the official name either even if that's what Newport City Council calls it. What other sources are there on the settlement (and community/ward) as opposed to other entities that have the settlement in their name?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:37, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * With respect, what on earth are you talking about? the official name of the area is Lliswerry as identified by Newport City Council. Any other opinion or spelling is irrelevant. I dont wish to be unkind but do you really think the local authority don't know how to spell the wards under their control? As further supporting evidence Martinevans123 has patiently listed the numerous organisations in the area spelling Lliswerry. Other than a typo in an OS map there's no evidence to suggest any other spelling and even if there was the official name is still and always will be Lliswerry.Pwimageglow (talk) 09:26, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You seem to be saying that Newport City Council, under whose local government this ward falls, is somehow "less official" than Ordnance Survey, a mapping agency? I'm simply pointing out that the vast majority of local bodies and organisations, which represent the people who actually live there, also call it Lliswerry. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:43, 23 July 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Lliswerry


text:
Talk:Aldinga, South Australia

Edits of 5 November 2014
The edits have been made. FIRSTLY, sections ‘Tourism’ and ‘Local Political Issues’ have been removed because these sections are off-topic (i.e. the content is relevant to the suburb of Aldinga Beach) and do not have any citations. In particularly, ‘Local Political Issues’ was tagged as being ‘uncited’ since October 2009 (i.e. 5 years ago). SECONDLY, the ‘History’ section has been upgraded to replace content is either trivial (i.e. Flinders did sail past but he did not specifically mention the locality in his book) or incorrect (i.e. the local port was Port Willunga and the Fleurieu Peninsula whose name came into use during the 20th century was served by ports at Myponga Beach, Carrickalinga, Normanville, Second Valley, Rapid Bay et al). THIRDLY, the following sentence from the lead section has been removed because the suburb is not on the coast (but rather several kilometres inland) and that it is not on the Fleurieu Peninsula: ‘Aldinga is well known for its long flat beaches on the Gulf St Vincent on the western side of Fleurieu Peninsula.’ Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 00:03, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aldinga, South Australia


text:
West Side, Lewis

The West Side (An Taobh Siar) is the name used for the (predominantly Gaelic-speaking) settlements along the NW coast of the Isle of Lewis between Dell in Ness to the NE and Shawbost to the SW.

The area is about 25 km long and is served by the A857 and A858 roads.

The settlements on the West Side are: (from the NE) Galson/Gabhsann, Melbost/Mealabost, Borve/Buirgh, Shader/Siadar, Barvas/Barabhas, Brue/Brù, Arnol, Bragar and Shawbost/Siabost.

title: West Side, Lewis


text:
Talk:City of Onkaparinga

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title: Talk:City of Onkaparinga


text:
Panegyris

A panegyris (πανήγυρις "gathering"), is an Ancient Greek general, national or religious assembly. Each was dedicated to the worship of a particular god. It is also associated with saint days and holy festivals. Panegryis is used three ways: A meeting of the inhabitants from one town and its vicinity, a meeting of inhabitants of an entire province, district, or of people belonging to a particular tribe, and for national meetings. The panegyreis were festivals in which prayers were made, sacrifices offered, and also processions.

Relation to panegyry and panegyric
Πανήγυρις is also transliterated as panegyry, and in turn, some sources define panegyry to be a panegyric. A panegyric is a formal public speech. This could be a separate usage of panegyry, an obsolete usage, or simply an error.

title: Panegyris


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fun @ Dave's World

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 01:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Fun @ Dave's World
Vanity page. Non-notable. Links to a web page that is free hosting. Don't think it's a speedy candidate as it claims to be one of the longest running personal website still online. GraemeL 10:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC) Before you dismiss my website as a vanity site, please understand its not always about me and there are many times, I am the brunt of the joke. Its not a site about how wonderful I am. We've had a cult following for 8 years and the site has published 444 consecutive weeks. I am not sitting here saying it is a hugely notable site, but it has been a consistent, conscientious effort to providing somewhat clean and decent entertainment to the web. I can understand the Wikipedia entry needs editing, but not dismissed on the grounds my site is a "vanity" site.-DL(UTC) (Unsigned comment by, first edi) I edited the entry.(UTC) (Unsigned comment by )
 * Strong Delete. The page was started in 1997, six years after the beginning of the web. I believe that it's a candidate for speedy in as much as the claim to notability is trivially false. Sdedeo 13:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I fell asleep halfway through, woke up and re-read it and it's still a load of boring, nn, vanity crap. --Outlander 17:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn website vanity. -- Etacar11   23:16, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No one is calling your site vanity. The Wiki article is what we call vanity (see WP:VAIN).  It has nothing to do with your character or site itself. --  Etacar11   05:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Bad wording on my part. As Etacar11 pointed out, I wasn't calling your page a vanity page. The vfd should probably have started with "Vanity entry". See WP:WEB for current proposals on what constitutes web site notability. --GraemeL 15:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I know you're trying, but the non-notability of the website still warrants deletion of the article. -- Etacar11   13:58, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Frank Stapleton

Untitled
Where does the figure 365 games for Manchester United come from? Does that include friendlies? says 265+21 as a sub=286 games. The Manchester United official website says 288 games (I suppose that might include the Charity Shield games in 1983 and 85). /83.227.2.49 10:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Anderlecht
There is no record of Frank having played for Anderlecht during the 1987-1988 season on this website http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/rsc-anderlecht/1988/2/. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.44.249.31 (talk) 12:51, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Stapleton


text:
User talk:Mr. Bene

Web analytics
Hello Mr Bene,

Welcome to Wikipedia! Just a note to say thank you for starting the web analytics article. I'm glad someone got round to it! I've done some more work on it. Stephen Turner 10:55, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

World's oldest dams
Hi Bene, thank you for your kind comments, the first that I have received, ever since I joined Wikipedia on July 19, 2005! Had a few nasty ones, though, all from the same guy, LOL.

But the edit that gave me the most satisfaction must surely be "Alan la Zouche". That article contains a genealogy with countless of names. And there were quite a few contributors to that article, creating redundant statements, where the facts are the same, but only written differently. Same soup, different bowl, so to speak, LOL. Did take me two to three days to straighten it. But the end result was really satisfying.

Your article on "Web Analytics" is fabulous! PM Poon 16:26, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Featured article for December 25th
I noticed you have listed yourself in Category:Atheist Wikipedians. That said, you will probably be interested in my suggested featured article for December 25th: Omnipotence paradox. The other suggestion being supported by others for that date is Christmas, although Raul654 has historically been against featuring articles on the same day as their anniversary/holiday. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-11-28 08:27

Favor to ask
I saw your drawing and explanation in the IWF discussion and I was wondering if you could toss up maybe 1-2 images for the IWF block of Wikipedia article? Right now the article is only summarizing press releases so it makes for a pretty unenlightening couple of paragraphs about why the block impacted so many people. I think changing the images from the DNS filtering scheme to the url blacklist scheme that it eventually turned out to be won't be too difficult, but you seemed to have a good knack for explaining it, so I figured I would ask you. If you would like to add some text as well to the article, here are some sources I found handy to understand the nature of the blacklist: Thanks for any help you can offer. Protonk (talk) 06:36, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.openrightsgroup.org/2008/12/08/iwf-censors-wikipedia-chaos-ensues/
 * http://www.pcworld.com/article/155112/wikipedia_article_censored_in_uk_for_the_first_time.html
 * http://apcmag.com/internet_filter_stuffup_cuts_off_wikipedia.htm

 * Just getting in touch with Richard Clayton for permission to use some of the data from his published paper on this topic. 19:27, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for dropping that in there. Protonk (talk) 00:56, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

SVG
Sure thing. — neuro(talk) 00:52, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Done, and done. :) — neuro(talk) 01:06, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Whoopsy daisy, I screwed it up! Fixing. — neuro(talk) 01:07, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed. — neuro(talk) 01:14, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Jazzberry Ram
Hi! I have no way of knowing what's intended when one hits the "save" key. Problem was, there was no text. We also get clobbered big time from folks who seem to think that this is the place to promote their garage band and I thought this was yet another of those things. Since this is clearly not the case, I'll undelete it for you so that you don't have to recreate the taxobox. --PMDrive1061 (talk) 07:55, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:DC Logo Blue Final.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:30, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr. Bene


text:
Niu Xianke

Niu Xianke (675 – September 2, 742 ), formally Duke Zhenjian of Bin (豳貞簡公), was a general and official of the Chinese Tang dynasty. He served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang. He took an unconventional path to the position of chancellor by starting as a low-level bureaucrat and gradually getting promoted, rather than going through the imperial examinations, and was known for being careful and obedient to fellow chancellor Li Linfu.

Background
Niu Xianke was born in 675. He was from Jing Prefecture (涇州, roughly modern Pingliang, Gansu). His family traced its ancestry to the Han dynasty military official Niu Han (牛邯), whose descendants later settled in the region that became Jing Prefecture. His family was not prominent in political circles, as, unlike most other chancellors of the time, there were no records of any other ancestors of his serving as officials. All that were recorded about his great-grandfather Niu Tong (牛通), grandfather Niu Hui (牛會), and father Niu Yi (牛意) were their names.

Niu Xianke himself initially served as a minor bureaucrat in his home county of Chungu (鶉觚, in modern Pingliang), and was respected by the county magistrate Fu Wenjing (傅文靜). Fu was later charged with the operation of military farming settlements in the Longyou (隴右, modern eastern Gansu) region, and he brought Niu with him as an aid. For Niu's contributions in military matters, he was eventually promoted to military adviser to the prefect of Tao Prefecture (洮州, roughly modern Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu).

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Early in the Kaiyuan era (713-741) of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the general Wang Junchuo (王君㚟) served as the jiedushi, a military commissioner, of Hexi (河西, headquartered in Wuwei, Gansu). Niu Xianke and Song Zhen (宋貞) served as his assistants and were his close associates. In 727 Wang and Song were killed in an ambush by the Uyghur tribal leader Yaoluoge Hushu (藥羅葛護輸), but Niu was able to escape. Subsequently, Niu and Pei Kuan (裴寬) served under the general Xiao Song, the jiedushi of Hexi who replaced Wang. Xiao entrusted much responsibility to Niu, and Niu was said to be honest and hard-working. He began to impress prominent people of the region despite his humble origins. After Xiao became chancellor in 728, Niu was made the secretary general of Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei) and acting jiedushi of Hexi through Xiao's recommendation. Xiao continual praise eventually led to Niu's promotion to full jiedushi. While serving as jiedushi, Niu was known to be frugal and saved a large surplus for the governmental treasury, and also had good armor and weapons made.

In 736, Niu replaced Xuanzong's second cousin Li Hui (李褘) the Prince of Xin'an as jiedushi of Shuofang (朔方, roughly modern Yinchuan, Ningxia), and the official Cui Xiyi (崔希逸) replaced Niu as jiedushi of Hexi. Cui was impressed with the amount of treasury as well as supply of armor and weapons that had been stockpiled in Hexi, and he reported this to Xuanzong. Xuanzong sent the official Zhang Lizhen (張利貞) to verify this, and once confirmation had been sent, was exceedingly pleased. He wanted to promote Niu to minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) and wanted to create him a title—both actions were opposed by the chancellor Zhang Jiuling, on the basis that Niu, not learned, was unsuitable to be minister of a major ministry, and that being honest and frugal were part of his responsibility, not something that should be awarded with a title. This drew Xuanzong's displeasure, and another chancellor, Li Linfu, seeing this, advocated for Niu's creation as a duke. Xuanzong agreed and created Niu the Duke of Longxi. Later that year Zhang offended Xuanzong further and Xuanzong removed him and his friend and fellow chancellor Pei Yaoqing from office. He made Niu the minister of public works (工部尚書, Gongbu Shangshu) and designated him as Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), making him a chancellor de facto, to serve alongside Li Linfu, while still letting him keep the post in Shuofang. As chancellor, it was said that Niu was careful and frugal, and did not dare to make any key decisions, deferring all of them to Li Linfu.

In 737, the imperial censor Zhou Ziliang (周子諒) submitted an indictment against Niu, arguing that he did not have qualifications to be chancellor, and further cited a prophecy that indicated that a person named Niu would harm the empire. Xuanzong, in anger, had Zhou caned and then exiled, and Zhou died on the way. As Zhou had been recommended by Zhang, Li Linfu used this opportunity to attack Zhang, and Zhang was exiled from the capital. Later that year the deputy chief judge of the supreme court, Xu Jiao (徐嶠), submitted a flattering report to Xuanzong, pointing out that capital punishment had become almost unnecessary due to the peacefulness of his reign. Xuanzong was pleased and credited the chancellors. He thus created Li Linfu the Duke of Jin and Niu the Duke of Bin. It was also around this time that a revision of the laws, led by Li Linfu, Niu, and the officials in charge of the justice system, was completed.

In 738, Niu was made Shizhong (侍中), the head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), a post considered one for a chancellor; he was also made the deputy jiedushi of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), but remained at the capital Chang'an to serve as chancellor. He was further given the additional post of minister of defense in 739 and was responsible for selecting military officers, just as Li Linfu was made the minister of civil service affairs and was responsible for selecting officials. In 740, he was stripped of his commands of Shuofang and Hedong, but remained chancellor.

In 742, Niu was gravely ill. His former assistant at Shuofang, Yao Hong (姚閎), a grandson of the deceased chancellor Yao Chong, had been favored by him due to Yao Hong's dabbling in supernatural matters and claimed to know how to avoid misfortune. He recommended Yao to serve as imperial censor. Now that he was ill, he asked Yao to pray for him—and Yao did so but forced Niu to recommend Yao's uncle Yao Yi (姚弈) and the official Lu Huan (盧奐) to replace Niu himself as chancellor. Yao Hong went as far as writing out the petition and forcing Niu to sign, but Niu was so ill that he was unable to sign properly. Niu died in fall 742. After his death, his wife, when imperial messengers came to mourn him, showed the imperial messengers a petition to accuse Yao Hong of extortion. In anger, Xuanzong forced Yao Hong to commit suicide and demoted Yao Yi and Lu. He awarded Niu posthumous honors.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 103.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 133
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 213, 214, 215.

title: Niu Xianke


text:
User talk:C12H22O11/archives

 Old messages on this talk page are archived at my talk archives:
 * archive 01 (18 Apr 2005 - 17 Aug 2005)
 * archive 02 (18 Aug 2005 - 04 Sep 2005)
 * archive 03 (04 Sep 2005 - 20 Sep 2005)
 * archive 04 (10 Oct 2005 - 07 Nov 2005)
 * archive 05 (08 Nov 2005 - 24 Dec 2005)
 * archive 06 (25 Dec 2005 - 13 Jan 2006)
 * archive 07 (14 Jan 2006 - 28 Feb 2006)
 * archive 08 (01 Mar 2006 - 22 May 2006)
 * archive 09 (25 May 2006 - 06 Jul 2006)
 * archive 10 (22 Jul 2006 - 28 Aug 2006)

title: User talk:C12H22O11/archives


text:
Cáhita

Cahíta is an umbrella term for several Indigenous peoples of Mexico in the West Coast states of Sonora and Sinaloa. The term includes the Yaqui, Mayo, and Tehueco peoples. Early Jesuit missionaries kept detailed documentation about these people in the colonial era.

The Cáhita numbered approximately 40,000 in the 20th century.

Origin
An early 17th-century Jesuit first recorded the term Cáhita, which referred to the Hiaki, Mayo, and Tehueco. Mid-19th-century Mexican scholars broaden the term Cáhita to refer to more region peoples.

Historical culture
The Cahita were semi-nomadic, not having a fixed permanent settlement but moving throughout a region defended as their own. Despite common cultural elements, the Spanish divided them into subgroups based on their spoken language and area inhabited. The language belonged to the Uto-Aztec family, but the variety in dialects allowed the Jesuits to distinguish nations, designating indigenous groups by language. The Jesuits identified five main nations within the Cahitas, considered the most important due to the large number of families forming them: Sinaloa, Ocoroni, Zuaque, Mayo and the Yaqui. The first three had their territories in the valleys of the Sinoloa and Fuerte Rivers; The Mayo and the Yaqui occupied territory in the valleys of the rivers that today bear their names; the Yaqui and Mayo, whose channels span across the state of Sonora.

Some of the Cahita people that existed in the state of Sinaloa were the Sinaloas, Ahomes, Ocoronis, Bacoregüis, Comoporis, Basopas, Níos, Comanitos, Bacubiritos, Terabuitos, Batacaris (or Batucaris), Tehuecos, Zuaques, Zoes (or Tzoes), Huites, Yecoratos and Oguiras.

Territory
The Cahita are part of the cultural and geographical area of Aridoamerica. They share some similarities with Mesoamerican peoples. They have long been an agrarian and grow corn, beans, squash, and chili. Their historical territory extended from the Mocorito River in the south to the Yaqui River in the north, the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountain range to the east and the Pacific coast in the west. They were demographically distributed between five rivers: Mocorito, Sinaloa, Fuerte, Mayo and Yaqui, but did not establish strong ties with each other. Each community lived freely, forming their regions through natural movement.

Language
A large and developed population, such as the Nahuas, were able to exert their influence through contact with groups and tribes in the region. According to the testimony of missionaries, evangelizing in the province of Sinaloa, between the Mocorito River and the Yaqui River existed a large number of different languages. However, the primary language spoken was Cahita.

In 1593, there were three languages on the Mocorito River, six on the Sinaloa River, one with two dialects on the Mayo River, one with a dialect on the Fuerto River, and another on the Yaqui River. Over the passage of time, these languages disappeared until the use of Cahita was universal between the Sinaloa and Yaqui Rivers.

Their languages, the Yaqui and Mayo languages, form the Cáhitan branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. They are agglutinative languages, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes, with several morphemes strung together. The Cáhita population and language was drastically reduced by Spanish explorers during colonial times.

Economy
Their economy was based on subsistence agriculture along banks of rivers. In order to cultivate crops they used a long planting stick or cane, more than a meter long, to create a small hole in order to plant seeds. As the river seasonally grew, the lands flooded, and the indigenous people would wait for the plants to grow and fruit to ripen in order to harvest them. They enjoyed around two harvests a year, corresponding with the twice annual flooding of the rivers. They planted corn, pumpkin, chili, and beans. They did not tend to store their harvest, and so if any produce was lost, they had to resort to hunting and gathering to sustain themselves.

Their nomadic lifestyle and constant moving along rivers are explained by their agricultural economy, necessitating them to search for riverbanks favorable for planting, then move on once the resources of an area were exhausted.

Political and social organizing
The Cahita were a kinship-based society, organized together in groups of families. They had a basic social organization, and did not recognize any individual authority beside a military leader in times of war. The majority of the indigenous people were monogamous, although polygamy was allowed and divorce was socially acceptable and occurred frequently.

Military
A very marked cultural trait of the Cahita was their belligerence. This trait distinguishes them from the other groups in the region, such as the Tahues and the Totorames. Their main armaments were arrows, the bow, and the club. Arrows were made with a sharp point hardened by fire and coated in poison. It was customary to enter battle yelling, as well as painting their bodies and faces and wearing adornments of feathers. They used military tactics such as hidden traps placed in the paths of enemies, and often used surprise raids at dawn.

Entering into battle was a decision made by adult males. Because of this, they gathered the population and consulted the elders and experienced warriors. They smoked tobacco, danced, drank spirits, and listened to arguments for and against war. The main purpose of engaging in war was to regain territory occupied by other tribes, or to redress a grievance. After triumph in a battle, they celebrated the victory by ritually consuming the body of an enemy; as such, they chose whoever had distinguished themselves in battle to do this.

Religion
The Cahita people worshipped natural forces such as the wind, the water, the earth, the sun, and the sea, to whom they provided offerings to ask for good harvests, abundant fishing, or a fruitful harvest. They believed in the existence of something superior to all the forces, who was responsible for all of creation. Their ceremonies were simple and without ritual. Special attention was paid to healers, who administered medicine to the sick and had special knowledge of herbal medicine. Their therapeutic practices were heavily religious, leading to the Jesuits referring to healers as 'sorcerers' and political leaders due to their high prestige within the group.

Lifestyle
They lived in houses made of sticks, mud, and palm, similar to that of the Tahues, built away from the rising river and close to fields. The practical nature of their houses allowed them to move easily when circumstances required, as they had limited belongings and huts could be easily rebuilt after moving.

They were potters, manufacturing objects out of ceramic for daily and religious use. They created things for other uses such as whistles, and left space in the legs of their pots to insert small balls that made sound when shook. They practiced spinning and weaving cotton, which was a wild and abundant plant in the region. They wore woven blankets as clothing, although among men it was more common to go nude. Women tended to wear skirts made of cotton or suede.

The Cahita enjoyed ball games requiring strength and skill, which were common across Mesoamerica. They also played games of chance, betting belongings such as blankets, shell adornments, and skins.

title: Cáhita


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Talk:Web analytics

What sort of bias does this article have?
This article has a cleanup tag that indicates a lack of neutrality in this article. In what way is the article biased? Jarble (talk) 21:34, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - SP23 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by StellaQuan441 (talk) 02:26, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web analytics


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List of French Navy ship names

This is an alphabetical list of the names of all ships that have been in service with the French Navy. Names are traditionally re-used over the years, and have been carried by more than one ship.

A

 * Achéron
 * Achille
 * Aconit
 * Admirable
 * Africain
 * Africaine
 * Aigle
 * Alexandre
 * Algérien
 * Algésiras
 * Amarante
 * Amazone
 * Ambitieux
 * America
 * Amiral Charner
 * Amphitrite
 * Andromaque
 * Annibal
 * Apollon
 * Aquilon
 * Aquitaine
 * Arabe
 * Aréthuse
 * Argonaute
 * Ariane
 * Armide
 * Arromanches
 * Artémis
 * Artémise
 * Astrée
 * Astrolabe
 * Atalante
 * Atlas
 * Audacieux
 * Auguste

B

 * Bison
 * Borda
 * Boudeuse
 * Bougainville
 * Bouvet

C

 * Capricieuse
 * Casabianca
 * Cassard
 * Cassiopée
 * Chacal
 * Champlain
 * Colbert
 * Courbet

D

 * D'Entrecasteaux
 * D'Estienne d'Orves
 * De Grasse
 * Dumont d'Urville
 * Dupérré
 * Dupetit-Thouars
 * Dupleix
 * Dupuy de Lôme
 * Duquesne
 * Durance

E

 * Églantine
 * Élan
 * Émile Bertin
 * Épée
 * Espadon
 * Estérel
 * Étoile

F

 * Forbin
 * Foudre
 * Fougueuse
 * Francis Garnier

G

 * Gapeau
 * Garonne
 * Gazelle
 * Georges Leygues
 * Glaive
 * Glorieuse
 * Gracieuse
 * Guénon
 * Guépard
 * Guépratte

H

 * Hache
 * Hallebarde
 * Henri Poincaré

I

 * Indomptable
 * Inflexible

J

 * Jacques Cartier
 * Jaguar
 * Jauréguiberry
 * Jean Bart
 * Jean de Vienne
 * Jeanne d'Arc
 * Jules Verne

K

 * Kersaint

L

 * La Fayette
 * La Galissonnière
 * La Grandière
 * La Motte-Picquet
 * Lapérouse
 * Laplace
 * Latouche-Tréville
 * Léopard
 * Lion
 * Loire
 * Luberon
 * Lynx
 * Lyre

M

 * Maillé-Brézé
 * Marne
 * Massue
 * Méduse
 * Mercure
 * Meuse
 * Mistral
 * FRENCH SHIP Molène
 * Monge
 * Montcalm
 * Moqueuse
 * Mutin

N

 * Normand

O

 * Orage
 * Orion
 * Ouragan

P

 * Panthère
 * Pégase
 * Persévérante
 * Pluton
 * Poseïdon
 * Primauguet

R

 * Rapière
 * Railleuse
 * Reddition
 * Redoutable
 * Richelieu
 * Rieuse

S

 * Sabre
 * Siroco
 * Somme
 * Styx
 * Surcouf

T

 * Tapageuse
 * Tenace
 * Téméraire
 * Terrible
 * Tigre
 * Tonnant
 * Tourville
 * Triomphant

V

 * Var
 * Vauquelin
 * Victor Schoelcher
 * Vigilant
 * Vulcain

title: List of French Navy ship names


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Talk:Emperor Higashiyama

Untitled
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. Paul August ☎ 21:13, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

There is a standard format for the titles of articles on monarchs, and there is no reason for Emperor Higashiyama to be exempt from this. Just as Emperor Go-Toba of Japan and Richard II of England are listed as such, so should this article be moved back to "Emperor Higashiyama of Japan". LordAmeth 11:03, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This discussion is already going on without you at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (Japan-related articles). The consensus at this point (with a couple of exceptions) is that the titles should be "Emperor X" only. (The person who moved this article is a rogue who is just acting unilaterally.) The Wikipedia rules on naming monarchs makes an exception for Asian monarchs and the rule for adding the country name preemptively only applies to European monarchs where there might be confusion. There is no possibility of confusing Emperor Higashiyama. Even the word Higashiyama is about as Japanese as you can get. In any event, there is presently zero support for leaving the "of Japan" on the titles. Please continue this discussion at the above referenced page. -Jefu 12:10, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Please see the current battle situation of names of Japanese monarchs at. The articles have recently been moving, some of them quite much. Cross-section of the prevalent usage at the moment you are checking may however change in blinks of eyes. 217.140.193.123 16:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emperor Higashiyama


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Waxed

Waxed is the debut album of the Norwegian rock band BigBang. It was first released in 1995 then reissued in 2002 by Warner Music.

Overview
All tracks where recorded at G. L. Studio, with the exception of "Little Cloud", recorded at Rodeløkka Stuidos. "Elle Vogue" is a hidden instrumental track that appears after nine minutes and thirty-six seconds of silence following "Down There Again".

Personnel
Bigbang Additional personnel
 * Øystein Greni – lead vocals, guitars, arrangements, mixing, mastering
 * Erik Tresselt – bass, vocals, arrangements, mixing, mastering,
 * Christer Engen – drums, vocals, arrangements, mixing, mastering

 * Børge Finnstad – producer, engineer, mixer (all tracks except "Little Cloud")
 * Jørn Christensen – producer, recording engineer ("Little Cloud")
 * Audun Strype – mastering
 * Iver Olav Erstad – Organ ("Tennis Club")
 * Aud Vikør – cover design
 * Fin Serck Hanssen – photography
 * Management – Grand Sport Management

title: Waxed


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Shawbost

Shawbost (Siabost) is a large village in the West Side of the Isle of Lewis. The village of Shawbost has a population of around 500 and lies around 20 mi west of Lewis's capital Stornoway. Shawbost is within the parish of Barvas. A recent development in the village was the renovation of the old school into the new community centre. The scattered settlement is split into three sections: North Shawbost (Siabost bho Thuath), South Shawbost (Siabost bho Dheas) and New Shawbost (Pàirc Shiaboist). There is a small museum of folk life and nearby is a small stone circle. The village is overlooked by a small hill named Beinn Bhragair, 261 m high. Shawbost is a prominent village on the Isle of Lewis, due to the school, community centre, beach and Harris Tweed mill.

In the 2001 United Kingdom Census, 72% of people in Shawbost reported being able to speak Scottish Gaelic.

Shawbost School
The local school has both secondary and primary teaching units. Shawbost School has a roll of 86 pupils between 5–14 years of age. The school is also an optional secondary school for children from the neighbouring villages of Carloway, Bragar, Arnol, Bru and Barvas. The children's other option is to transfer directly to the Nicolson Institute in Stornoway.

The present school building was opened in 1992 and provided the village, along with the neighbouring villages, with various facilities. These facilities include a community library, games hall, swimming pool, outdoor football park and shinty, all which can be used by the public in addition to a kitchen and meeting rooms.

The school has both permanently based teachers and visiting staff who also teach at other local schools. This allows the children to receive the best education possible in subjects such as art and music.

The school is as of May 2011 the home of shinty in Lewis. It is the home park of Lewis Camanachd.

Ionad Na Seann Sgoil

Ionad Na Seann Sgoil (Old School Centre) is Shawbost's community centre. The community centre had been the village's first school until the new school was built. The building was then used as a nursery school for a short while until the building came into disrepair. It was then abandoned for many years, but was rebuilt at a cost of nearly £1 million and used as the village's new community centre; it was opened in September 2005.

The purpose of the community centre was to serve the needs of the local community, both young and old, and of the wider community, extending beyond the West Side to the entire island. Thus the centre became home to many new facilities, including an auditorium which can seat around 75 people but can be folded and stored away so that the room can be used for dances and other events. A museum is contained in the building displaying local historical artefacts as well as much literature about the local history and people, and the archives of the West Side Historical Society.

There is also a community kitchen which is used as a café in summer for visitors to the local museum and also for tourists passing through the village en route to another of Lewis's many historical sites. The centre also contains a conference room, fitness suite and a croileagan, which is a nursery in which the children are taught in Gaelic. Outside the centre is a community garden which was created over a number of years.

Finally the community centre contains a youth café which has modern equipment to keep the local youth entertained. Facilities include a PC suite, games consoles with high-definition televisions and various musical equipment, among others.

Shawbost Beach

Shawbost beach is one of many beautiful beaches on the Isle of Lewis. It is reached by one of two single-track roads, one arriving at the beach from each side, which diverge from the main road. The beach is about 200 m long and has a slipway on the left hand side. On either side of the beach are crags as well as cliffs; there is a coastal walk from Dail Beag to Bragar. The beach is usually very quiet, even in summer.

Shawbost in film

 * 1973: The Highlands and Islands - A Royal Tour, a documentary about Prince Charles' visit to the Highlands and Islands, directed by Oscar Marzaroli, in which Prince Charles is seen visiting MacLeod's woollen mill.

title: Shawbost


text:
Talk:Goramansingh

Manoj kumar yadav at - teera post- kanhai vai- biroul, tahsil - goabauram, distt.- darbhanga, bihar —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.149.216.76 (talk • contribs) of 18.08.2005

Thanks for informing your details. Hey, I,m from Goramansingh village .I don,t know who is PRAKHAND ADHYAKSHA of the Goura-Bauram block. Are you really PRAKHAND ADHYAKSHA ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Santosh singh linux (talk • contribs) of 04.06.2006

Request
Always look the article on Goramansingh .Add more content as possible as about it.Anyone who know the geographical status of this page, please add it.Santosh_singh_linux 06:44, June 5 2006

Education
Literacy rate is not very high in this village. About 71% of the people are literate. It has Anganbari centres in every Tola but unresponsive. There is Primary School, Middle School, High School and +2 school but it must be considered negligible. Unresponsive behaviour of teachers, lack of rooms , under construction buildings and unaware parents are the main cause of this literacy situation. It is demolishing the glory of this village. Under privileged class is unable to afford private tuitions and

title: Talk:Goramansingh


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World Scout Moot

The World Scout Moot is an event for senior branches of Scouting (traditionally called Rovers) and other young adult Scouts, gathering up to 5,000 people. Moots provide an opportunity for young adults in Scouting to meet, with the objective of improving their international understanding as citizens of the world. Moots are held every four years and are organized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM).

Participants must be 18–25 years old at the time of the event. Scouts who are 26 or older can take part as International Service Team (IST) volunteer staff.

History
Rover Moots were taking place at provincial, national and international levels in the UK, Australia and Canada from the mid-1920s.

The first World Rover Moot was held in 1931 at Kandersteg, Switzerland, with following events held almost every four years until 1961, when the 7th World Rover Moot took place in Melbourne, Australia. Originally entitled the "World Rover Moot", the Moot was replaced by World Moot Years between 1965 and 1982. This was done with the aim of increasing the number of events and accessibility to Rovers.

In 1985, after lobbying led by Australia, the World Scout Conference decided to reinstate the World Scout Moot to the calendar of world Scouting events, with the naming changed to reflect that not all countries had continued with a Rover section, notably the UK and the USA. At the World Scout Conference in January 1988, bids were presented by Australia and Switzerland, with Australia awarded the 8th World Scout Moot for Dec 1990/Jan 1991, and Switzerland granted the 9th World Scout Moot for July 1992. In 1993 it was decided to hold future Moots every four years.

The 10th World Scout Moot was hosted by Sweden in 1996, the 11th World Scout Moot by Mexico in 2000, and the 12th World Scout Moot by Taiwan in 2004. After originally scheduled for 2008 in Mozambique, the 13th World Scout Moot was held in Kenya in 2010 – the first ever such event to take place in Africa.

The 14th World Scout Moot was hosted by Canada in 2013, while the 15th World Scout Moot was held in Iceland in the summer of 2017. The 16th World Scout Moot was due to be in Ireland in 2021, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic the event was postponed to 2022 and subsequently cancelled. The next World Scout Moot will be hosted by Portugal in 2025.

title: World Scout Moot


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V. Shanta

Viswanathan Shanta (11 March 1927 – 19 January 2021) was an Indian oncologist and the chairperson of Adyar Cancer Institute, Chennai. She is best known for her efforts towards making quality and affordable cancer treatment accessible to all patients in her country. She dedicated herself to the mission of organizing care for cancer patients, study of the disease, research on its prevention and cure, spreading awareness about the disease, and developing specialists and scientists in various subspecialties of oncology. Her work won her several awards, including the Magsaysay Award, Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award given by the Government of India.

She was associated with Adyar Cancer Institute since 1955, and held several positions, including that of the director of the institute, between 1980 and 1997. She served as a member of several national and international committees on health and medicine, including the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Health.

Early life and education
Shanta was born on 11 March 1927, at Mylapore, Chennai, into a distinguished family that included two Nobel Laureates: C. V. Raman (grand uncle) and S. Chandrasekar (uncle). She did her schooling from National Girls High School (now Lady Sivaswami Ayyar Girls Higher Secondary School) and by the age of 12 she had made up her mind to become a doctor. She did her pre-medical study in Presidency College and obtained her M.B.B.S from the Madras Medical College in 1949, D.G.O. in 1952, and M.D. (in Obstetrics & Gynecology) in 1955.

Career
When Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy set up the Cancer Institute in 1954, Shanta had just finished her Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). She had passed the Public Service Commission examination and had been posted to the Women and Children Hospital. In the 1940s and 1950s, Indian women who entered the medical profession generally entered the field of obstetrics and gynecology, but Shanta joined the Cancer Institute instead, upsetting many people.

The institute began as a small, 12-bed cottage hospital with a single building, minimal equipment and just two doctors, Shanta and Krishnamurthi. For three years she worked as honorary staff until the Institute offered to pay her Rs.200 per month and residence within the campus. She moved into the campus on 13 April 1955, and remained there until her death on 19 January 2021.

During her long career of over 60 years, Shanta held several positions at the Cancer Institute and served as its director between 1980 and 1997. She was personally concerned about the quality of patient care and believed that a physician's role went beyond treatment and that caring for patients was essential to that role. She developed protocols that went beyond treatment and encompassed holistic care. In addition to caregiving for patients and study of the disease, she focused on creating a pool of specialists and scientists at the institute. She was an advocate of early detection of cancer and the need to change public perception of the disease, especially the extreme fear and hopelessness associated with the disease. She was particularly critical of the metaphorical usage of the name of the disease to describe a dangerous and uncontrollable situation or one of hopelessness.

Shanta served as a member of several national and international committees on health and medicine, including the World Health Organization's Advisory Committee on Health. She was also a member of the Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission for Health.

Awards
Shanta, an elected fellow of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, was a recipient of the Padma Shri Award in 1986, Padma Bhushan, in 2006 and Padma Vibhushan in 2016.

She received the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2005, and dedicated the award to her institute. The award citation is worth quoting to describe aptly Dr. Shanta's service. It reads in part:"'In an era when specialised medical care in India has become highly commercialised, Dr. Shanta strives to ensure that the Institute remains true to its ethos, `Service to all.' Its services are free or subsidised for some 60 per cent of its 100,000 annual patients [...] seventy-eight-year-old Shanta still sees patients, still performs surgery, and is still on call twenty-four hours a day.'"

Death
Shanta died aged 93 on 19 January 2021. She had complained of chest pain the previous night and was rushed to a private hospital though she had initially insisted on being medically managed within her Institute's campus and did not want invasive ventilation. She was diagnosed as having a massive heart block that could not be rectified.

title: V. Shanta


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Tiangong program

The Tiangong program is China's space program to create a modular space station, comparable to Mir. This program is independent and unconnected to any other international space-active countries. The program is part of the China Manned Space Program that began in 1992. The core module of the Tiangong space station, the Tianhe ("Harmony of the Heavens") was finally launched on 29 April 2021 marking the start of the Tiangong Space program deployment.

China launched its first space laboratory, Tiangong-1, on 29 September 2011. Following Tiangong-1, a more advanced space laboratory complete with cargo spacecraft, dubbed Tiangong-2, was launched on 15 September 2016. The first module of the 12 part new series of Tiangong space station launched on 29 April 2021.

The project culminated with the Tiangong space station, which consists of a 22.6-ton core module and cargo transport craft, with two more major research modules launched in 2022. It supports three astronauts for long-term habitation.

Background
After the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons during the Korean War, Mao Zedong decided that only a nuclear deterrent of its own would guarantee the security of the newly founded PRC. Thus, Mao announced his decision to develop China's own strategic weapons, including associated missiles. After the launch of mankind's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, Mao decided to put China on an equal footing with the superpowers ("我们也要搞人造卫星"), using Project 581 with the idea of putting a satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the PRC's founding. However, it would not be until 24 April 1970 that this goal would become a reality.

Mao and Zhou Enlai began the PRC's crewed space program on 14 July 1967. China's first crewed spacecraft design was named Shuguang-1 (曙光一号) in January 1968. Project 714 was officially adopted in April 1971 with the goal of sending two astronauts into space by 1973 aboard the Shuguang spacecraft. The first screening process for astronauts had already ended on 15 March 1971, with 19 astronauts chosen. The program was soon cancelled due to political turmoil.

The next crewed space program was even more ambitious and was proposed in March 1986 as Project 863. This consisted of a crewed spacecraft (Project 863–204) used to ferry astronaut crews to a space station (Project 863–205). Several spaceplane designs were rejected two years later and a simpler space capsule was chosen instead. Although the project did not achieve its goals, it would ultimately become the 1992 Project 921, encompassing the Shenzhou program, the Tiangong program, and the Chinese space station.

On the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China's founding, China launched the Shenzhou 1 spacecraft on 20 November 1999 and recovered it after a flight of 21 hours. The country became the third country with a successful crewed space program by sending Yang Liwei into space aboard Shenzhou 5 on 15 October 2003 for more than 21 hours. It was a major success for Chinese space programs.

Project history
In 1999, Project 921-2 was finally given official authorization. Two versions of the station were studied: an 8-metric ton "space laboratory" and 20-metric ton "space station". In 2000, the first model of the planned space station was unveiled at Expo 2000 in Hanover, Germany. This was made up of modules derived from the orbital module of the Shenzhou spacecraft. Overall length of the station would be around 20 m, with a total mass of under 40 metric tons, with possibility of expansion through addition of further modules.

In 2001, Chinese engineers described a three-step process toward the realization of Project 921. The original target date for the fulfillment of the project was 2010.
 * First, crewed flight itself (Phase 1); this successfully occurred in 2003
 * Second, the orbiting of a space laboratory (Phase 2, a scaled back version of the initial model) that would only be crewed on a short-term basis and left in an automated mode between visits
 * The third phase would involve the launch of a larger space laboratory, which would be permanently crewed and be China's first true space station (Phase 3)

Originally, China planned to simply dock Shenzhou 8 and Shenzhou 9 together to form a simple space laboratory. However, it was decided to abandon that plan and launch a small space laboratory instead. In 2007, plans for an 8-metric ton "space laboratory" being launched in 2010 under the designation of Tiangong-1 were made public. This would be an eight-ton space laboratory module with two docking ports. Subsequent flights (Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 10) will dock with the laboratory.

On 29 September 2008, Zhang Jianqi (张建启), Vice Director of China crewed space engineering, declared in an interview of China Central Television (CCTV), it is Tiangong-1 that will be the 8-ton "target vehicle", and Shenzhou 8, Shenzhou 9, and Shenzhou 10 will all be spaceships to dock with Tiangong-1 in turn. On 1 October 2008, Shanghai Space Administration, which participated in the development of Shenzhou 8, stated that they succeeded in the simulated experiments for the docking of Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou 8.

In September 2010, the central government formally approved the implementation of China's manned space station project, and plans to build a large-scale, long-term manned national space laboratory around 2020.

On 16 June 2012, Shenzhou 9 was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Inner Mongolia, China, carrying a crew of three. The Shenzhou craft successfully docked with the Tiangong-1 laboratory on 18 June 2012, at 06:07 UTC, marking China's first crewed spacecraft docking.

On 11 June 2013, China launched Shenzhou 10 with a crew of three headed for the Tiangong-1.

Tiangong-2 space laboratory launched on 15 September 2016. This was first crewed with Shenzhou 11 which launched on 17 October 2016 (16 October UTC) from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and docked two days later.

The full 60-metric ton space station will support three astronauts for long-term habitation. The core module, the Tianhe ("Harmony of the Heavens"), launched on 29 April 2021. The Tianhe module was first crewed with the Shenzhou 12 mission which launched and docked on 17 June 2021.

Space laboratory phase
Chinese efforts to develop low Earth orbit space station capabilities will begin with a space laboratory phase, with the launch of three Tiangong test vehicles (later reduced to two).

Tiangong-1 "target vehicle"

The Chinese docking target consists of a propulsion (resource) module and a pressurized module for experiments, with a docking mechanism at either end. The docking port of the experiment section supports automated docking. Its length is 10.5 m, diameter is 3.4 m, with a mass of 8000 kg. Launched on 29 September 2011, it was intended for short stays of a crew of three. The second docking port, on the propulsion module, was kept screened from press photography inside and outside the module. It re-entered and burned up in the atmosphere on 2 April 2018, at 00:16 UTC.

Tiangong-2 "space laboratory"

A second and a third test station were originally planned to precede the eventual modular station. These would be 14.4 m long, with a diameter of 4.2 m, and weigh up to 20000 kg. The second one would provide life support for a crew of 2 for 20 days, and the third one a crew of 3 for 40 days. However, all the objectives of these two stations were later merged into one project, and the size scaled down to less than 10000 kg.

The resulting Tiangong-2 space laboratory was launched on 15 September 2016. The station made a controlled reentry on 19 July 2019 and burned up over the South Pacific Ocean.

Tiangong-3
A third space station proposed but later cancelled in favor of advancing to the new large modular station.

Tiangong space station
China plans to build the world's third multi-module space station, to follow Mir and the International Space Station (ISS). This was dependent upon the date of OPSEK's separation from the ISS but after a statement in September 2017, the head of Roscosmos Igor Komarov said that the technical feasibility of separating the station to form OPSEK had been studied and there were now "no plans to separate the Russian segment from the ISS".

The previous separate components will be integrated into a space station, arranged as:

 * Tianhe Core Cabin Module (CCM) – based on the Tiangong-3 "space station" and analogous to the Mir Core Module. The 18.1-meter-long core module, with a maximum diameter of 4.2 meters and a launch weight of 22 tons, was launched first on 29 April 2021.
 * Laboratory Cabin Module I (LCM-1 Wentian) and Laboratory Cabin Module II (LCM-2 Mengtian) – based on Tiangong-2 "space laboratory". Each laboratory module is 14.4 meters long, with the same maximum diameter and launch weight of the core module.
 * Shenzhou – crewed vessel
 * Tianzhou ("Heavenly Vessel") – a cargo craft based on Tiangong-1 that will have a maximum diameter of 3.35 m and a launch weight less than 13 t, intended to transport supplies and experiments to the space station. The craft will have three versions: pressurized, unpressurized, and a combination of the two. It was first launched on the new Long March 7 launch vehicle from Wenchang on 20 April 2017.

The larger station will be assembled in 2021–2022 and have a design lifetime of at least ten years. The complex will weigh approximately 60000 kg and will support three astronauts for long-term habitation. The public is being asked to submit suggestions for names and symbols to adorn the space station and cargo spacecraft. "Considering past achievements and the bright future, we feel that the crewed space program should have a more vivid symbol and that the future space station should carry a resounding and encouraging name", Wang Wenbao, director of the office, said at the news conference. "We now feel that the public should be involved in the names and symbols as this major project will enhance national prestige, and strengthen the national sense of cohesion and pride", Wang said.

The core module, the Tianhe ("Harmony of the Heavens"), launched on 29 April 2021.

Tiangong has an orbital altitude similar to that of the ISS and has approximately one-fifth the mass.

International co-operation
After the success of China's crewed space launch, a Chinese official expressed interest in joining the International Space Station program. In 2010, European Space Agency ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated that his agency was ready to propose to the four other partners (CSA, JAXA, NASA, and Roscosmos) that China, India, and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership. China has indicated a willingness to cooperate further with other countries on crewed exploration.

title: Tiangong program


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Andover railway station (England)

Andover railway station serves the town of Andover, Hampshire, England. The station is served and operated by South Western Railway. It is 66 mi down the line from London Waterloo on the West of England Main Line.

According to the Office of Rail Regulation Statistics on Rail Trends, during 2019 to 2020, 1,152,576 exits and entries were made at Andover rail station, making it the 15th most used rail station in the county of Hampshire (including the unitary authority areas of Portsmouth City Council and Southampton City Council).

History
The station was opened on 3 July 1854, and was previously known as Andover Junction, as it stood at the junction of the Exeter-London line and the now-defunct Midland and South Western Junction Railway running between Cheltenham, Swindon, Andover and Southampton Terminus. Andover had a second station, Andover Town, to the south of the junction station on the line to Redbridge that was often called the Sprat and Winkle Line. This route fell victim to the Beeching Axe in September 1964, three years after passenger trains had been withdrawn from the M&SWJR line.

Opened by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR), it became part of the Southern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The station then passed on to the Southern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Network SouthEast until the privatisation of British Rail.

Motive Power Depots
The LSWR opened a small locomotive depot a short distance past the junction in 1854, which was damaged in 1856 by a locomotive boiler explosion. The Swindon Marlborough and Andover Railway (SM&AR) also built a depot next to the station in 1882. The LSWR depot was destroyed by fire in 1896 and was replaced by a larger depot next to the SM&AR shed in 1903. The SM&AR shed was closed by the Western Region of British Railways in 1958 and was demolished soon afterwards. The LSWR depot was in the Southern Region and survived until June 1962.

Services
South Western Railway runs eastbound services to London Waterloo, and westbound services to Salisbury and Exeter St Davids. Limited services run via Westbury to Yeovil Pen Mill.

Layout
The entrances are on the south side of the station, which consists of a ticket office, a heated waiting room, three self-service ticket machines, a small counter selling hot drinks outside the station, a bike locker, and a small shop. There are four entrances – one to the east of the ticket office, used when it is closed; the ticket office itself; an entrance to the west of the ticket office that was formerly used for a drinks van (now relocated to the counter outside the station); and one from the car park. This side of the station is platform 2, with trains going west to Salisbury and Exeter St. Davids.

Through a step-free subway immediately adjacent to the third entrance as listed above is platform 1, an island platform, which has trains going east to Basingstoke and London. Platform 1 has a waiting room, toilets, and a passenger assistance office.

There are two disused platforms. The first is a bay platform on the east side of platform 2, which used to serve as the platform to Redbridge on the Sprat and Winkle Line until the line was closed. The trackbed is still clearly visible, but the track itself has been removed. The second is on the other side of the island to platform 1, which used to serve as the platform to Swindon on the Midland and South Western Junction Railway. This platform still has tracks, as it is still used for military purposes to link with the depot in Ludgershall. Beyond this are disused sidings.

Future
The new open-access operator Go! Cooperative has proposed operating a light rail service from Andover using the branch line to Ludgershall.

title: Andover railway station (England)


text: User talk:82.37.209.195

title: User talk:82.37.209.195


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Li Shizhi

Li Shizhi (died 747), né Li Chang (李昌), formally the Duke of Qinghe (清和公), was a Chinese poet and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. He was known as one of the Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup due to his ability to drink a large amount of wine without becoming drunk.

Background
It is not known when Li Shizhi was born, but it is known that his grandfather was Li Chengqian, the eldest son and original crown prince of Tang dynasty's second emperor Emperor Taizong. Li Chengqian was deposed in 643 but spared, and his line was bypassed in the subsequent succession, which eventually went to his brother Li Zhi (Emperor Gaozong). Li Shizhi's father Li Xiang (李象) served as a prefectural secretary general during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian, but was removed by her. Li Shizhi himself started his public service as an officer of the imperial guards during the second reign of Emperor Gaozong's son (and thus his cousin) Emperor Zhongzong.

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
In the middle of the Kaiyuan era (712–741) of Emperor Zhongzong's nephew Emperor Xuanzong, Li Shizhi became the prefect of Tong Prefecture (通州, in modern Beijing). He was known for being able, and after the imperial attendant Han Chaozong (韓朝宗) surveyed the region, Han recommended him to Emperor Xuanzong. He thereafter successively served as the commandant at Qin Prefecture (秦州, roughly modern Tianshui, Gansu), the prefect of Shan Prefecture (陝州, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan), and then mayor of Henan Municipality, to which the eastern capital Luoyang belonged. It was said that Li Shizhi's governance was simple and straightforward, and that he did not dwell on details, to the relief of the officials and people under him. While at Luoyang, he was responsible for building three major levees that alleviated flooding problems that plagued Luoyang, and when a monument was subsequently erected to commemorate his contributions, Emperor Xuanzong had his son Li Lin (李璘) the Prince of Yong write the text and Li Ying the Crown Prince write the heading, a great honor for Li Shizhi. Li Shizhi later served as Yushi Daifu (御史大夫), the chief imperial censor.

In 736, Li Shizhi, lamenting the fact that neither his grandfather nor his father, on account of their removals, received an honored burial, requested that they be allowed to be reburied near the tomb of Emperor Taizong. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and further posthumously created Li Chengqian a prince and Li Xiang a duke, as well as bestowing posthumous honors on Li Shizhi's uncle Li Jue (李厥) and several of Li Shizhi's brothers. They were buried together in a grand ceremony. Li Shizhi was soon made the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu). It was said that Li Shizhi liked entertaining guests, and that he was able to drink two liters of wine without being drunk. Although he spent nights entertaining guests and only days on the affairs of state, he was able to get everything done.

In 739, Li Shizhi became the governor at You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing) and acting military governor (jiedushi) of the region.

In 742, after the death of the chancellor Niu Xianke, Li Shizhi succeeded Niu as Zuo Xiang (左相) -- the head of the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng) and a post considered one for a chancellor; he was also created the Duke of Qinghe. He served alongside Li Linfu, and they fought over control of government, although since Li Shizhi was not a deep thinker, Li Linfu was able to find ways to damage him. For example, on one occasion, Li Linfu told Li Shizhi that there were gold deposits at Mount Hua that could be mined—and Li Shizhi, as Li Linfu intended, then proposed to Emperor Xuanzong to mine the gold deposits. Li Linfu then pointed out that pursuant to Taoist principles, he believed that a mine at Mount Hua would damage Emperor Xuanzong's health, thus bringing imperial displeasure on Li Shizhi. In another incident, in 745, with Li Shizhi also serving as the minister of defense and Emperor Xuanzong's son-in-law Zhang Ji (張垍) serving as deputy minister and whom Li Linfu also disliked, Li Linfu had some 60 officials at the minister of defense accused of corruption, and then coerced confessions out of them by torture, intending to use this to discredit Li Shizhi and Zhang, although neither was punished. However, subsequently, Li Linfu was able to accuse several officials friendly with Li Linfu—Huangfu Weiming (皇甫惟明), Wei Jian (韋堅), Pei Kuan (裴寬), and Han Chaozong—and get them demoted or exiled. Li Shizhi, in fear, offered to resign the chancellor position, and in 746 was removed from his chancellor post, becoming an advisor to the new crown prince (Li Ying having been forced to commit suicide in 737) Li Heng. He wrote a poem in which he lamented that after he was removed, not even his family and friends were visiting him.

Later in 746, however, when Li Linfu made further accusations against Wei, Li Linfu implicated a large number of Wei's associates, including Li Shizhi. Li Shizhi was thus demoted to be the governor of Yichun Commandery. In 747, when Li Linfu was able to get Emperor Xuanzong to send the imperial censor Luo Xishi (羅希奭) to various commanderies to execute Wei and several other officials implicated, the commanderies were terrorized. As Luo was approaching Yichun, Li Shizhi was fearful and committed suicide.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 99.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 131.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 214, 215.

title: Li Shizhi


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title: Template talk:Infobox World Youth Day