text:
Template talk:Football kit/pattern list

Commons image
can someone make a kit to F.C. Ashdod? it is red with yellow, here is a link - 85.250.174.96 14:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * here is another picture: 85.250.174.96 14:37, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Removed irrelevant sections
There were three sections at the bottom of this template, which I have moved to their own templates: Each of these is irrelevant to the Football kit template because that template does not accept patterns for those elements. They are, however, relevant to Basketball kit, Field hockey kit, Netball kit and Rugby kit, among others. I have made them available on those templates' talk/documentation pages. Rolando (talk) 16:04, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Shorts (see Kit shorts)
 * Socks (see Kit socks)
 * Skirts (see Kit skirts)

Hi, I created and uploaded a new kit design to wiki commons, how do i get the image to show up here so that I can get it to show up on the teams wiki? - —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmym410 (talk • contribs) 15:37, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Sash help
Hi, I need your help for the "right sash" version of _brightblueleftsash body kit for using it in the SPAL 1907 team page. Would someone of you be so kindly to create the "_brightbluerightsash" for my needs? Thank you for the attention. 83.103.99.50 (talk) 09:27, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Automatic addition of patterns
Is it possible to create bot or find another way to automatically add new patterns here? I've seen millions of them (some not transparent of course, but a lot of transparent and useful also) on the team pages that aren't here on the list. --NineInchRuiner (talk) 11:32, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Adding new kits
I must be an idiot or something. I would like to create and add new kits to be used with various articles I am helping on (Actually rugby teams but it seems we use football patterns unless anyone knows different). How do I upload new bodies and sleeves etc to use them, I can't find instructions anywhere...!

For example I have created a body but can't get to to appear on the appropriate page or on the list of availabel kit patterns.

What am I doing wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbwa mwitu (talk • contribs) 16:33, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Alphabetical sorting
Is this realy needed? I believe that it's much more easier to find appropriate template when theay are sorted by color and not by alphabet. Thoughts? -NineInchRuiner (talk) 21:22, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I just reworked this page and the alphabetical sorting was a carryover from the previous revision. I agree with you that color is more important than alphabetical. If things are named properly, though, alphabetical sorting should put most of the colors together. Udeezy (talk) 21:29, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Template:Football kit/pattern list has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Udeezy (talk) 23:42, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Jako design
Can someone create the design of Jako? Need it in black. This is the picture --Edwinvandersar (talk) 13:05, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

long sleeves
Although the modern game is played with short sleeves, historically it was long sleeves. How hard would it be for "someone" to put together a few long sleeves? John of Cromer in Philippines (talk) mytime= Mon 13:21, wikitime=  05:21, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Fujieda MYFC kit?
Can anyone help me by making Fujieda MYFC's home kit? I can't quite get the different halves right. Here are pictures of their kit, they are the team in purple - Cam Melling (talk) 14:19, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Uploaded kits
Please help. I uploaded a few team kits but cant seem to find it or add it to the article which it is intended for?? I dont know what I am doing wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by VOliviertjie (talk • contribs) 08:25, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

Sash help
I need your help for the "left sash" version of _blackbluerightsash body kit for using it in the Zawisza Bydgoszcz team page. Could someone help me? Thanks :) --Erixson (talk) 07:19, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Need help from someone who can design this Football Kit
Hello, Recently, a new jersey design unveiled for India national football team, its different from general straight stripes or parallel stripes, or boxes. I have gone through Template:Football kit/pattern list, but didn't find such stripes on arm. Here is the new jersey design, https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-asian-cup/1002013/afc-asian-cup-2019-india-national-team-kit-and-price-revealed/ It has "orange" colour tiger stripes on arm, pattern of which i didn't get anywhere. Can anyone please design the "home" and "away" color for the article, to put in the infobox. It will be a great help. Than you Dey subrata (talk) 16:58, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

Colour change
The three blue left shoulder stripes template. Is there an easy way to have it in green? Skteosk (talk) 00:20, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Help please
Hi, three new kits were revealed for FK Željezničar Sarajevo not long ago, the home, away and third kit ones. Can someone please design, upload them on commons and put them in the article's infobox? If it's easier to know, you don't have too do the third one, just the two main ones. That would be awesome if someone does it. They were made by Macron. Here are the links for all three:
 * Home kit: https://shop.fkzeljeznicar.ba/proizvod/domaci-dres-2020-21/
 * Away kit: https://shop.fkzeljeznicar.ba/proizvod/gostujuci-dres-2020-2021/
 * Third kit: https://shop.fkzeljeznicar.ba/proizvod/treci-dres-2020-2021/

Kirbapara (talk) 13:55, 3 December 2020 (CET)

Zaire football kits
I'm looking to make a Zaire national football page but need help with the kit templates. I want to have it so that they have the leopard logos on the front if at all possible.

They can be found here: http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/fifa-world-cup/1974/1974-group-2.html

Home kit: green top, yellow shorts, green socks (2nd Zaire kit but with yellow shorts from the 3rd?

Away Kit: the Yellow top, green shorts and yellow socks

If anyone can help it would be appreciated

Lankyant (talk) 22:28, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

North Vietnam kits
The North Vietnam national football team needs lots for the infobox. The kits are shown in these images. The red is the home and the black is the goalkeeper kit. Thank you if you can make them. Lankyant (talk) 23:59, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ -- Great Brightstar (talk) 13:50, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

Puerto Rico 2021/2022 kits
Can someone make the new kits of Puerto Rico?

Home Away Alternate (or Third)

Thank you.

Baloncesto Puerto Rico (talk · ctb) 00:13, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Romania 1922 football kit
I uploaded a kit to put it one the 1922 King Alexander's Cup article, but it does not work no matter how I write the code: "Romania1922", "Romania1922.png", "_Romania1922", "_Romania1922.png" or "File:Romania1922.png" but none of them work. Can someone help? This is the kit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romania1922.png

Can anyone help with updation of infobox jersey
India national football team and India women's national football team jersey has been changed with new patterns, men's & women's]. Will be a great help if someone update the infobox jersey with the same pattern and colour. Thank you. Drat8sub (talk) 15:41, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Please help with these kit pattern
Can anyone please create the patterns of jersey of the India national football team...

For the infoxbox of the India senior as well as junior teams 1. Home 2. Away similar pattern.

For kit evolution history at the Wikimedia commons 1. Home similar patter to away jersey 2. Away

I've earlier requested on various talk page related to football project including here, but was in vain. Kindly, if anyway who knows how to make kit pattern please help. Drat8sub (talk) 09:12, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Football kit/pattern list


text:
User:Snackwell

O gawrsh, I have a page. Some things:

 * Very occasional wikipedia editor
 * Needham, MA
 * Professional writer - happy to help with copy editing on any topic, whether I'm familiar with it or not
 * Singer in the band Similar Jones

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Snackwell


text: User talk:210.50.143.20

title: User talk:210.50.143.20


text:
Talk:Ballona Creek

Tributary?
I thought that Ballona Creek ran to the ocean... I don't believe it is a tributary of the L.A. River. In fact, it is a historic course of the L.A. River, prior to a great shift during the flooding of 1825. Does someone actually have a source saying Ballona flows into the Los Angeles River? Mike Dillon 14:35, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * There would not be such a source. I know this because I live about a mile from the creek, and it most definitely does not flow into the L.A. River.  I have fixed the article accordingly.--Slightlyslack 00:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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CULTURE "With year-round Mediterranean climate, the area attracts immigrants and visitors from all over the world making Ballona Creek Watershed a vibrant melting pot of culture."

Political correctness run amok with the insertion of a subjective opinion that is meaningless and worthless. Obbop mumbled this. Content I have placed within Wiki in the past that was far less rancid than what I am pointing out was quickly discarded. Anything to the rich of center upon the political spectrum is torn asunder in Wiki. 03:32, 29 April 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Obbop (talk • contribs)

Save for future more developed history page
In 1974, Los Angeles awarded a contract to replace “triple barrel box structures that slow the flow of channel water” with “reinforced concrete girder structures” over Hauser Boulevard, Burnside Avenue and Thurman Avenue, as well as landscaping “portions of the south side of the creek between Genessee and Cochran” and installing planters at each crossing.

title: Talk:Ballona Creek


text:
Meineckia

Meineckia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1858.

Meineckia is one of eight genera in the tribe Poranthereae. They are native to the Americas, South Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. The genus is particularly well represented in Madagascar. Species of Meineckia may be monoecious or dioecious. They are trees or shrubs, or rarely, they are subherbaceous.

 * Species

 * Meineckia acuminata – Morogoro
 * Meineckia baronii – NW Madagascar
 * Meineckia bartlettii – Jalisco, Chiapas, Belize, Honduras
 * Meineckia calycina – Anamalai Hills
 * Meineckia capillipes – Guatemala, Honduras
 * Meineckia cerebroides – SE Madagascar
 * Meineckia decaryi – Madagascar
 * Meineckia filipes – Socotra
 * Meineckia fruticans – Kenya, Tanzania
 * Meineckia gracilipes – SE Madagascar
 * Meineckia grandiflora – Ulanga, Lindi
 * Meineckia humbertii – SW Madagascar
 * Meineckia leandrii – W Madagascar
 * Meineckia longipes – SW India
 * Meineckia macropus – Mishmi Hills
 * Meineckia madagascariensis – E Madagascar
 * Meineckia neogranatensis – Nicaragua, Colombia, Brazil
 * Meineckia nusbaumeri – Madagascar
 * Meineckia nguruensis – Nguru
 * Meineckia orientalis – E Madagascar
 * Meineckia ovata – Teita
 * Meineckia parvifolia – S India, Sri Lanka
 * Meineckia paxii – Lushoto
 * Meineckia peltata – Madagascar
 * Meineckia phyllanthoides – C + E Africa, Oman, Yemen
 * Meineckia pubiflora – SW Madagascar
 * Meineckia ranirisonii – Madagascar
 * Meineckia stipularis – Tanzania
 * Meineckia trichogynis – Madagascar
 * Meineckia uzungwaensis – Mufindi
 * Meineckia vestita – Tanzania
 * Meineckia websteri – Madagascar

Circumscription
The circumscription of Meineckia has undergone several changes since Henri Ernest Baillon erected the genus in 1858. Some of its species have been put in other genera and sometimes other genera have been merged with it. The name Peltandra had been used for some species in Meineckia, but this is now a nomen rejectum. The name Peltandra is now conserved as the name of a genus in Araceae.

Meineckia was last revised in 2008 by Vorontsova and Hoffmann. They recognized 30 species and divided the genus into two subgenera.

Meineckia subgenus Petaliferae has only two species: its type species, Meineckia cerebroides, and Meineckia gracilipes. They are dioecious shrubs from Madagascar. Their petals are very small.

Meineckia subgenus Meineckia has 28 species. Its type species, Meineckia phyllanthoides, is the same as that of the genus. They are monoecious or dioecious trees or shrubs, or sometimes, subherbaceous. Their flowers have no petals. This subgenus is the only completely apetalous taxon in the tribe Poranthereae.

Vorontsova and Hoffmann did not recognize Zimmermannia and Zimmermanniopsis as separate genera, but placed their species in Meineckia subgenus Meineckia.

title: Meineckia


text:
Talk:Neo (magazine)

Untitled
Is it NEO or Neo. I did a quick google search, but that wasn't conclusive. --Commander Keane 14:36, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've seen both used, for example "Neo" is used on the Neo Mag Forums but the magazine seems to use NEO most often, I wasn't sure which one to use myself when I started the article. --GracieLizzie 15:25, September 04, 2005 (BST)

Does anybody know when Sweatdrop started their tutorials in Neo? --Msproduct 01:11, October 14, 2006 (BST)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Neo (magazine)


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Tunisia


text:
Freeze gelation

Freeze-gelation, is a form of sol-gel processing of ceramics that enables a ceramic object to be fabricated in complex shapes, without the need for high-temperature sintering. The process is similar to freeze-casting.

The process is simple, but the science is, as of 2005, not well understood. The most common process involves the mixing of a silica solution with a filler powder. For example, if we were making a component out of alumina, aluminium oxide, then we would still use a silica sol, but alumina filler powder. The relative amounts used differ, normally between 3 and 4 times more filler than sol is added by weight.

A wetting agent is added, such that the filler powder disperses properly in the sol, which is mostly water. This makes the mixture doughy and stiff. The mixture is, however, highly thixotropic, so that when vibrated it turns liquid. The stiff dough is placed in a mold and the mold vibrated to liquefy the mixture, filling the mold and releasing any trapped air.

The filled mold is then frozen. On freezing, silica precipitates from the sol, forming a gel. This gel holds the filler powder together in something approximating a sintering greenform. The component is then dried in a furnace, leaving the component.

The advantages of freeze-geleation over sintering are essentially cost-based. It doesn't require high pressure equipment or powerful furnaces (drying temperatures are only just above water's boiling point), yet it creates a useful product which takes the shape of the mold very accurately.

History
In terms of being simply a process by which powder can be made into a monolith, freeze casting could be as old as the earth. A material called laminar opaline silica or LOS is believed to be formed by the freeze casting of volcanic ash, some soils containing the required sols to make the gel.

Artificially it is also an old process, having been known and studied for 100 years or more, but never brought to significant industrial application. Lottermoser, a German, wrote a paper on 'das Ausfrieren von Hydrosolen' (the Freezing of Hydrosols) in 1908. Through the 20th century various people have patented techniques using freeze-gelation, most being centred on the use of ceramics as refractory materials. A furnace lining brick, or an investment casting mold, can be easily fabricated using this method.

Recently there was a flurry of interest in freeze-casting at the University of Bath, UK, which led most significantly to two doctoral theses, by J. Laurie in 1995 and by M. Statham in 1998. Taken together in chronological order, these form a good introduction to the technique for the interested party.

Applications
To consider the applications of freeze-casting, we should consider the properties of the freeze-cast component. First, and critically, it is not fully dense. It contains only about 60–70% solid matter, the remainder being air in the form of porosity. This in turn leads to an interesting property of freeze-castings – they are often porous, not merely at the surface, but throughout their thickness. A fluid will penetrate through the pores in the casting and eventually soak through, like a sponge. This is because at porosity percentages above the 'pore percolation threshold', pores link up into continuous channels. The pore percolation threshold depends on the characteristics of the material, but it is normally very roughly around 20%. A 60% dense component has 40% porosity.

As we might expect, this amount of air in the component reduces its strength a lot. Pure, fully dense alumina, for example, is as strong as steel – far stronger if processed carefully – but freeze-cast alumina components are of similar strength to concrete. The freeze-cast component also tends to be brittle, fracturing easily.

It is unlikely then that freeze-cast components could be used structurally (without further processing – more later), but they have other properties that make them useful. They are rather light, with freeze-cast alumina components having a density somewhere in the region of 2.5 g/cm3, similar to aluminium. They are easy and cheap to make, from inexpensive and safe ingredients and using no dangerous equipment. They can take complex shapes, as they are cast, rather than machined. They can also be very large, probably larger than monolithic ceramic components made by any other process. Finally, and crucially, their porosity means that they can be infiltrated by materials with useful properties, or processed with other materials in. For example, the component could be dipped in molten copper, such that the copper is drawn up by capillary action into the porosity, increasing the conductivity of the component vastly. Alternatively, copper powder could be used as a filler powder in place of some alumina to the same end.

Freeze-cast components, in their basic form, are ideal for use as heat-resisting objects. In this way, they can be useful in metalwork, as molds or as substrates for metal spray-forming. However, with suitable post-processing, they could fulfil many other applications, such as silicon chip mounts, or even engine blocks.

Theory
The science is not particularly well understood. It has been known for years that silica sols (also known as colloidal silica, silicic acid, polysilicic acid) will gel when exposed to temperatures around 0 °C (32 °F). The theoretical mechanism is quite simple:

Colloidal silica is produced by the polymerisation of monosilicic acid, Si(OH)4, until the chains of polysilicic acid become so long they form silica particles with hydroxylated surfaces. On freezing of the sol, the silica particles are rejected away from the solidifying interface and forced into the interstices between the ice crystals. Here, they come into contact with each other, and link via the condensation of their surface hydroxyl groups into siloxane bonds. This, happening throughout the sol, forms a gel.

In a filled sol, the ceramic powder is trapped within the gel, and forms a monolith.

title: Freeze gelation


text:
Barry Blue

Barry Blue (born Barry Ian Green; 4 December 1950) is an English singer, producer, and songwriter. As an artist, he is best known for his hit songs "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" and "Do You Wanna Dance" (both 1973).

Blue has also been a prolific songwriter and producer for many artists and has had over forty worldwide hits, including those by Andrea Bocelli, Diana Ross, Celine Dion, The Saturdays, The Wanted, and Pixie Lott. In film and television, Blue has provided soundtracks and/or themes for productions including Eyes of Laura Mars, The Long Good Friday, and Escape to Athena.

Early days
At the age of 13, Blue (born Barry Ian Green) made his first television appearance with his school band, the Dark Knights, performing on Stubby Kaye's Silver Star Show, a weekly children's talent show hosted by Kaye via Granada TV. By the age of 14, Blue had signed with record producer Norrie Paramor, whose assistant was Tim Rice; the producer of Blue's first song "Rainmaker Girl", which became a hit for Gene Pitney in the United States. Later, he became a bassist in the line-up of Spice; the band featured Mick Box and David Byron, and was the precursor to the heavy rock band Uriah Heep. He followed this in 1966 with a two-year period in A&R at the Bee Gees' publishing company Abigail Music, under the direction of their manager Robert Stigwood.

In 1970, Blue signed as a songwriter to ATV-Kirshner located in Bruton Street, London, where he joined a group of professional songwriters that included Lynsey de Paul and Ron Roker. One of their earliest songs was "Sugarloaf Hill", recorded by the reggae artist Del Davis. Other early career notable songs co-written by Blue and de Paul include "Tip of My Tongue" for the British group Brotherly Love, as well as female vocal trio Ellie, and "House of Cards" recorded by a number of artists including John Christie, Australian artist Rob Guest, and the D.J. Tony Blackburn. Another from this period included "Crossword Puzzle", also co-written with de Paul, and which led to an appearance on Top of the Pops for Irish singer Dana. At the time, he was still using his real surname of Green.

Blue wrote his first UK Singles Chart hit back in 1972 with de Paul, titled "Sugar Me". The song was originally written for Peter Noone, but de Paul's boyfriend at the time, Dudley Moore, suggested that she should take a demo version to manager Gordon Mills, who told her she should record it herself. The song also charted in the Netherlands, Spain, and Belgium. "Sugar Me" was also covered in the US by Nancy Sinatra and Claudine Longet.

Career
He released his first record in June 1971, under his real name of Barry Green, on the Ember label titled "Together", written by Jean-Pierre Mirouze, taken from the French film Le mariage collectif. He signed to Decca Records and released four singles between 1971 and 1974, including "Papa Do". In a 2020 interview, he revealed that he decided to adopt Blue as a stage name after speaking with a record company employee who told him that green is considered an unlucky colour by circus performers, and because all the three singles released as Barry Green had been "quite unsuccessful", he eventually decided to be known as Barry Blue instead.

His first UK chart success as a performer came with the change of name, and a record deal with Bell Records in 1973. He had five hit singles, "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" (no. 2, 1973; co-written with de Paul), "Do You Wanna Dance?" (no. 7, 1973), "School Love" (no. 11, 1974), and "Miss Hit and Run" (no. 26, 1974), followed by his final Top 40 hit in the UK Singles Chart in October 1974, "Hot Shot" (co-written with de Paul), which climbed to no. 23 in the UK and reached no. 3 in Zimbabwe. Blue returned to the UK charts in 1989 with a remixed version of "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)". Throughout 1973–74, Blue appeared on many major TV shows and tours alongside artists such as Queen, ABBA, and Status Quo.

Blue achieved a million seller in 1975 with "Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby", recorded by Brotherhood of Man. Two years later, in 1977, he co-wrote "Devil's Gun", a song by C. J. & Company from the album of the same name. The song was no. 1 on the Billboard disco/dance chart for five weeks. The single also peaked at no. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100, and no. 2 on the R&B chart.[2] Written by Blue, Ron Roker, and Gerry Shury, and produced by Mike Theodore and Dennis Coffey, the song is notable for being the first record played at the opening of Studio 54 on 26 April 1977 by DJ Richie Kaczor.[3] The instrumental portions of "Devil's Gun" were featured prominently in the international version of the film Crocodile. It also featured in the film The Real Bruce Lee. In 2016, the song was included in The Get Down soundtrack, and the following year it was featured in the film Borg vs McEnroe.

One of his major production successes was the multi-racial, Anglo-US funk/soul band Heatwave, who enjoyed hits in the UK and US with "Boogie Nights", "Always and Forever", "Mind Blowing Decisions", and "The Groove Line". Other funk songs produced by Blue include "Funk Theory" by Rokotto, which reached no. 49 in 1978, "Somebody Help Me Out" by Beggar and Co, which reached no. 15 in the UK in 1981, and "Say Yeah" by The Limit, which peaked at no. 17 on the UK Singles Chart and no. 7 on the U.S. Billboard Dance/Club Play chart in 1985. In 1989, under the artist name Cry Sisco!, Blue had another minor hit with a song called "Afro Dizzi Act", which reached no. 42 on the UK Singles Chart.

Chart hits as a songwriter

 * "Sugar Me" for Lynsey de Paul (1972) – a worldwide million seller
 * "Tip of My Tongue" for Brotherly Love (1973)
 * "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" for Barry Blue (1973)
 * "Do You Wanna Dance" for Barry Blue (1973)
 * "School Love" for Barry Blue (1974)
 * "Miss Hit and Run" for Barry Blue (1974)
 * "Hot Shot" for Barry Blue (1974)
 * "Ooh I Do" for Lynsey de Paul (1974)
 * "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" for Flash Cadillac & Continental Kids (1974)
 * "Kiss Me Kiss Your Baby" for Brotherhood of Man (a European million seller) (1975)
 * "Devil's Gun" for C. J. & Company (1977)
 * "Funk Theory" for Rokotto (1978)
 * "One More Minute" for Saint Tropez (USA chart hit, plus no. 9 Dance chart) (1979)
 * "And I Wish" for The Dooleys (1979)
 * "I Eat Cannibals Part 1" for Toto Coelo (1982)
 * "Dracula's Tango (Sucker for Your Love)" for Toto Coelo (1982)
 * "All Fall Down" for Five Star (1985)
 * "Dancin' (on a Saturday Night)" (reissue) for Barry Blue (1989)
 * "Escaping" for Asia Blue (1992)
 * "Escaping" for Margaret Urlich (1989)
 * "Beautiful Life" for Lydia Canaan (1995)
 * "Escaping" for Dina Carroll (1996)
 * "Je Compte Jusqu'à Toi" for Patricia Kaas (1997)

Chart hits as a producer

 * "Fairytale" for Dana (1976)
 * "Boogie Nights" for Heatwave (1977)
 * "Have I the Right" for Dead End Kids (1977)
 * "Too Hot to Handle" / "Slip Your Disc to This" for Heatwave (1977)
 * "The Groove Line" for Heatwave (1977)
 * "Mind Blowing Decisions" for Heatwave (1978)
 * "Always and Forever" for Heatwave (1978)
 * "Something's Cooking in the Kitchen" for Dana (1979)
 * "I've Got Faith in You" for Cheryl Lynn (USA R&B hit) (1980)
 * "(Somebody) Help Me Out" for Beggar and Co (1981)
 * "Cheers Then" for Bananarama (1982)
 * "Say Yeah" for Limit (ft. Gwen Guthrie) (1985)
 * "Mony Mony" for Amazulu (1987)
 * "Afro Dizzi Act" for Cry Sisco! (1989)

Film, television and advertising
Blue has provided soundtracks and/or themes for various productions:

Honours, awards, and achievements

 * 1965: Silver Star (Stubby Kaye’s talent show)
 * 1973: Carl Allan Award – Record of The Year (Dancing’ On A Saturday Night)
 * 1977: 6 BMI / ASCAP Awards (Heatwave USA)
 * 1977: Councillor – BASCA
 * 1977: Music Week – Market Survey Top Record Producer
 * 1986: Founded Aosis Studios in London
 * 1989: Founded The Escape Artist Company
 * 1995: Founded Connect 2 Music
 * 2007: Founded Plan 8 Music
 * 2010: Director, PRS for Music Ltd (2010–2019)
 * 2014: Director, Karma Songs

title: Barry Blue


text:
2004 Fed Cup

The 2004 Fed Cup was the 42nd edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.

The final was held at the Ice Palace Krylatskoye in Moscow, Russia, on 27–28 November. The home team Russia defeated the defending champion France to win their first title after five final appearances.

World Group play-offs
Date: 10–11 July

The eight losing teams in the World Group first round ties and eight winners of the Zonal Group I sections competed in the World Group play-offs for spots in the 2005 World Group II.

Americas Zone

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.
 * Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.

Group I
Venue: Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil (outdoor clay)

Dates: 19–24 April

 * Participating Teams

Group II
Venue: Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil (outdoor clay)

Dates: 19–24 April

 * Participating Teams

Asia/Oceania Zone

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.
 * Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.

Group I
Venue: New Delhi, India (outdoor hard)

Dates: 19–24 April

 * Participating Teams

Group II
Venue: New Delhi, India (outdoor hard)

Dates: 19–24 April

 * Participating Teams

 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania

Group I
Venue: Athens, Greece (outdoor clay)

Dates: 19–24 April

 * Participating Teams

Group II
Venue: Marsa, Malta (outdoor hard)

Dates: 26 April – 1 May

 * Participating Teams

Group III
Venue: Marsa, Malta (outdoor hard)

Dates: 26 April – 1 May

 * Participating Teams

Rankings
The rankings were measured after the three points during the year that play took place, and were collated by combining points earned from the previous four years.

title: 2004 Fed Cup


text:
Talk:Cocoa Beach, Florida

Sister City
An editor has commented that he was sure CB did not participate in the sister city biz anymore. Can this be deleted? Never had a reference to start with. Student7 (talk) 12:05, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Rick Martel
It looks like Martel was only billed as being from Cocoa Beach. From what I found, he was born in Canada and retired there. Perhaps he did live in Cocoa Beach while he was wrestling, but I can't find anything to confirm it, so I've hidden the mention for now.

Rick Martel did live in Cocoa Beach in the late 80s and early 90s. He lived in a canal front home on West Point Drive on the south end of town, about a mile up the street from where I live now. He had a boat he used on the Banana River. Unfortunately for him, he did not have he proper gear on his boat one day when he had a routine inspection from the Marine Patrol. (fortunately for us) This resulted in a public record of the event under his real name. http://webinfo4.brevardclerk.us/facts/d_caseno.cfm?CaseNumber=05-1990-IN-002290-AXXX-XX

Also, the Houston Astros never played a game in Cocoa Beach. The games were played at Astro/Cocoa stadium (now called Cocoa Expo) west of the City of Cocoa (not cocoa Beach). I attended many of those games with my grandfather as a child. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.33.136.252 (talk) 02:25, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Although being born in Quebec City, Quebec, this man was said to be from Cocoa Beach, Florida during his career.

Hometown: 	Lac-Beauport, Quebec City 2002: Rick Martel is now involved real-estate and lives in Lac-Beauport, suburb of Quebec City, QC, Canada. Culicidae (talk) 20:14, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Picture of Glass Bank
We need a picture of the Glass Bank in the history subsection IMO. Doesn't have to be recent but Wikimedia has to own the picture! Student7 (talk) 20:51, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

"Orlando's Closest Beach"
Cocoa Beach advertises itself as this, when in reality Playalinda Beach is 1-2 miles closer (4-5 miles closer if you take the faster toll roads to Cocoa). This probably isn't worth mentioning, but I'm putting this here preventatively, since we should also not state as fact that Cocoa is Orlando's closest beach. --NE2 12:23, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Thanks for discussing it. Each article is stand-alone. No place in Wikipedia is a gateway for other places. Whatever is Orlando's closest beach should tentatively be in WikiTravel or some other site, not in Wikipedia. Thanks. Student7 (talk) 18:54, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

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text:
Peltandra

Peltandra, the arrow arums, is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the eastern United States, eastern Canada, and Cuba.

 * Species
 * 1) Peltandra sagittifolia - (Michx.) Morong - Spoon flower or the white arrow arum - southeastern US from eastern Louisiana to Virginia
 * 2) Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott - Arum arrow - Cuba, Quebec, Ontario, Oregon, California, Washington; eastern US from Maine to Florida, west to Texas, Kansas, and Minnesota
 * 3) †Peltandra primaeva – Eocene, Golden Valley Formation, North Dakota, USA

title: Peltandra


text:
Urban Council

The Urban Council (UrbCo) was a municipal council in Hong Kong responsible for municipal services on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon (including New Kowloon). These services were provided by the council's executive arm, the Urban Services Department. Later, the equivalent body for the New Territories was the Regional Council.

The council was founded as the Sanitary Board in 1883. It was renamed the Urban Council when new legislation was passed in 1936 expanding its mandate. In 1973 the council was reorganised under non-government control and became financially autonomous. Originally composed mainly of ex-officio and appointed members, by the time the Urban Council was disbanded following the Handover it was composed entirely of members elected by universal suffrage.

History
The Urban Council was first established as the Sanitary Board in 1883. In 1887, a system of partial elections was established, allowing selected individuals to vote for members of the Board. On 1 March 1935, the Sanitary Board was reconstituted to carry out the work which remained much the same until World War Two broke out. The board was renamed the Urban Council in 1936 when the government passed the Urban Council Ordinance, which gave legal motive to the already expanding range of services provided by the Council.

After the Second World War, the Council returned to its pre-war form but without any elected members. The work of the Sanitary Department of the government began to separate out from the medical and health service. On 28 May 1946, the Council met for the first time after the Japanese occupation. It was given power to carry out all its old duties – cleaning, burying the dead, running bath houses and public lavatories, hawker control – as well as some new ones, such as the use of bathing beaches throughout Hong Kong.

Only in May 1952 did elections return to the Urban Council. Two members were elected. Later in 1952, the number of elected members was doubled, their terms of office extended to two years, and the franchise enlarged.

By April 1956 half of the members of the Urban Council were elected, but by a minority of the population. A voter had to be at least 21 years of age, to have lived in Hong Kong for at least three years and to be qualified in at least one of 23 categories, which included educational qualifications (School Certificate Examination or equivalent), be a juror, salaried taxpayer, or a member of certain professional organisations. More details can be found in Schedule 1 of the Urban Council Ordinance (Cap. 101, Laws of Hong Kong). It was estimated that in 1970 there were 250,000 eligible voters and in 1981 the number had increased to 400,000 – 500,000.

In the 1960s, the duties of the Urban Council continued to multiply. City Hall in Central was opened in 1962, followed by the first multi-storey market in Jardine's Bazaar in March 1963.

In 1973, the Council was reorganised under non-government control. It was given financial autonomy, which meant the budget could be planned without the approval of the Legislative Council. It was also no longer primarily in charge of housing. From then onwards, there were no government officials on the Council and both the chairman and vice-chairman were elected among the 24 members. At the time, the Council was unique in consisting solely of members of the public.

The Urban Council celebrated its centenary in 1983, with the Urban Council Centenary Garden in Tsim Sha Tsui East named to commemorate the occasion.

In the 1960s, the council proposed that its jurisdiction should be expanded to encompass the entire colony, but this was not accepted. The Urban Services Department already provided services in the New Territories despite the council not having jurisdiction there. In 1979, the New Territories Services Department was created (within the Urban Services Department) as a dedicated unit to take up these responsibilities.

In 1986, Regional Council was set up to serve the New Territories (excluding New Kowloon), analogous to the Urban Council. The New Territories Services Department was reorganised to form the Regional Services Department, separate from the USD, the executive arm of the Regional Council.

In 1994, the Council became fully elected based on universal and equal adult suffrage.

After the transfer of sovereignty on 1 July 1997, the Council's name was changed to Provisional Urban Council, consisting of members of the pre-handover Council, and new members were appointed by the Chief Executive.

Members and elections
Elections for unofficial members of the Urban Council were held since 1888. Suffrage was restricted to residents on the special and common jury lists between 1888 and 1973.

In 1973, the electoral franchise was widened to residents above 21 years of age who have lived in Hong Kong for at least three years that qualified in at least one of 23 specified categories, which included educational qualifications (School Certificate Examination or equivalent), be a juror, salaried taxpayer, or a member of certain professional organisations as listed in Schedule 1 of the Urban Council Ordinance (Cap. 101, Laws of Hong Kong). Half of the members of the Urban Council were elected, but by a minority of the population. It was estimated that in 1970 there were 250,000 eligible voters and in 1981 the number had increased to 400,000 – 500,000. Prominent elected Urban Councilors included Elsie Tu and Brook Bernacchi of the Reform Club.

The size of the Urban Council is as follows:

The electorate and turnout of selected Urban Council elections before the expansion of electoral franchise is as follows:

Expansion of Electoral Franchise
The Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong was published on 6 June 1980 for public consultations on reforming local administration in Hong Kong. The Green Paper recommended that:
 * the number of appointed members in the Urban Council be increased to 15 to maintain the pre-existing ratio between appointed and elected members;
 * 8 constituencies be created for the Urban Council, with 7 multi-member constituencies and 1 single-member constituency; and
 * 1-2 constituencies in each district; each constituency represents 250,000.

Upon the conclusion of public consultations, the White Paper: District Administration in Hong Kong was published in January 1981. The White Paper solidified expansion of suffrage for Urban Council elections. The Urban Council (Amendment) Ordinance 1981 was subsequently enacted in 1981 to provide for the expansion of electoral franchise and creation of constituencies to the Urban Council election on 8 March 1983:
 * number of elected and appointed members increased from 12 to 15 members each;
 * 15 single-member constituencies created (each of 250,000 population), elected through first-past-the-post voting; and
 * the term of UC members elected in 1981 shortened to 2 years to accommodate Urban Council elections under the reformed electoral methods in 1983.

The electoral franchise were expanded to around 568,000 voters upon implementation of the White Paper, which marked an increase by 17 times:
 * minimum voting age to remain at 21;
 * minimum period of ordinary residence in Hong Kong increased from 3 to 7 years;
 * all residents were eligible for suffrage regardless of nationalities; and
 * the 23 criteria for registering as voters in Urban Council elections abolished.

The electorate and turnout of selected Urban Council elections after the expansion of electoral franchise are as follows:

Changes to the electoral system of unofficial members in the Urban Council are outlined as follows:

Duties and services
The Urban Council provided many services to the Hong Kong people over the years. The Urban Services Department was the executive branch of the Council to implement policies and services. In 1997, it had about 16,000 employees, according to its published leaflet of 'service promises'.

The Council's services included: recreational venues and activities, libraries, museums, cultural and entertainment venues, ticketing, wet markets, hawker registration and control, cremation, street cleansing, issuing licenses, and operating abattoirs.

Arts and culture
The Urban Council played a significant role in the artistic and cultural development of Hong Kong.

It also managed the Urban Council Public Libraries system in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon which, upon the dissolution of the municipal councils, was merged with the Regional Council Public Libraries to form Hong Kong Public Libraries.

Cultural events
The Council held the Festival of Asian Arts every year since 1976. The Council also sponsored the International Film Festival, which took place annually mid-year and which gave Hong Kong people a rare chance to see a range of international film making, as well as Chinese films. The Independent Short Film and Video Awards were founded in 1993.

Museums
The Hong Kong Museum of Art regularly exhibits Chinese and Western art and frequently arranges art exchanges with overseas countries. The Hong Kong Museum of History, once housed in Kowloon Park, records local history and oral tradition. It is now located at Chatham Road in Tsim Sha Tsui. The Hong Kong Space Museum presents shows in the Space Theatre and exhibitions on astronomy, nature and space exploration with IMAX techniques.

Arts groups
The Council directly financed and often even managed many local arts groups. In 1983, at "An Evening With the Council's Performing Companies" – one of the events in the Urban Council Centenary Celebration – the then-council chairman Hilton Cheong-Leen said, "Together with the Government, the Urban Council is committed to the development of the arts in Hong Kong. We aim to do so at the professional level so that gifted Hong Kong citizens can develop their artistic potential. We also aim to make available to all members of the community a wide range of artistic performance for their enjoyment and appreciation. And in the not too distant future we hope to see Hong Kong recognised as a major international centre of the performing arts."

The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra was established in 1977, under direct financial support and management by the Urban Council.

The Hong Kong Repertory Theatre was also founded in 1977 and was directly financed and administered by the Urban Council. It aims to promote and raise the standards of the theatrical "stage play" drama in Cantonese in the territory with professional actors, directors, playwrights, administration, training and production.

The Hong Kong Dance Company was established in May 1981, and was at one time directly administered by the Urban Council. It aims to combine classical and folk traditions of China with contemporary international awareness. These groups were later taken over by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department when the Urban Council was dissolved. In 2001, the groups were privatised and became limited companies, but still receive funding from the government.

Recreation and sport
The Council operated sports grounds, parks, indoor games halls, and public swimming pools.

Sanitation
The Council was responsible for street cleansing, refuse collection, and pest control. It operated refuse collection points, public toilets and bathhouses, and was responsible for rubbish bins throughout the urban area. It was also responsible for the control of hawkers, issuing hawker licences and operating hawker bazaars.

Demise
In early 1997, chief executive-designate Tung Chee-hwa announced that the two municipal councils would be disbanded on 1 July 1997 (the Handover) and replaced by two provisional councils, with members appointed by the government, that would serve until elections in 1999. Tung said that those reappointed must "love China [and] love Hong Kong" and refused to clarify whether democratic politicians met this definition. The announcement caused a row at the Urban Council and was unpopular with the public. Likewise, the pre-handover government opposed China's decision to disband the two councils and the 18 district boards, and to reintroduce appointed seats, which had been abolished under democratic reforms.

The post-Handover met in May 1997 and drafted new legislation that would allow the chief executive-designate to appoint members to the new provisional bodies. Three bills re-introducing appointed seats to the post-Handover municipal councils and district boards were passed by the provisional legislature on 7 June 1997. The Urban Council, Regional Council and District Boards (Amendment) Bills 1997 stipulated that Tung Chee-hwa could appoint no more than 50 seats to the provisional municipal councils. Frederick Fung, chairman of the ADPL, called the bills a "retrogression of democracy" while Chan Kam-lam of the pro-Beijing DAB claimed that "elections were divisive and appointments would stabilise the community". Also on 1 July, elements of the Urban Council Ordinance and Regional Council Ordinance were repealed to allow the government to determine the composition and tenure of the councils.

After the Handover, the council was disbanded and replaced with the Provisional Urban Council, which comprised pre-Handover councillors plus new members appointed by the new government. The same was done with the Regional Council. The government then announced that the councils would be abolished in 1999. Both councils jointly objected to this plan, putting forward an alternative merger proposal entitled "One Council, One Department", which was not accepted by the government.

Both councils were dissolved on 31 December 1999 as planned. Within days of the dissolution of the Urban Council, its distinctive symbol was systematically removed from public sight, such as by pasting over it with paper on all litter bins and information boards. Shortly afterwards, all the litter bins were themselves discarded, replaced by a similar design, but in green rather than purple. Although the government had promised that some powers and duties of the Urban Council and Regional Council would be passed to the District Councils, in fact all were taken up by two newly created government departments: the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department and the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, along with the Home Affairs Department.

The archives of the two municipal councils are held by the Hong Kong Public Libraries, and are available online in digitised form.

Lists of Chairmen
Before 1973, the chairmanship was occupied by the Director of Urban Services:
 * A. de O. Sales, 1973–1981
 * Hilton Cheong-Leen, 1981–1986
 * H.M.G. Forsgate, 1986-1991
 * Ronald Leung Ding-bong, 1991–1999

title: Urban Council


text: User:Echelon FIN

title: User:Echelon FIN


text:
User talk:Mujuni

Mujuni Anatory, a journalist for over seven years the period through which he worked for several reputable media houses including Tanzania Standard Newspapers-publisher of Daily News and sunday News; Business Times-publishers of Business Times, Daily Times, Majira, spoti Starehe and many other newspapers; and Africa Media Online.

He was born in 1974 in Karagwe, the district located in the far norhwestern Tanzania at its border with Uganda and Rwanda. His farther, Anatory Tibyakuba Kazoba who's a retired teacher and his mother, Geraldina Kyenyaga are small farmers in Rukulaijo Village.

title: User talk:Mujuni


text:
Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche

Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche (b. 23 Oct 1964 ) is the title of a tulku lineage of Tibetan Buddhist lamas. They originate with Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, one of the most illustrious lamas of recent history, known for his central role in the rimé or non-sectarian movement in 19th Century Tibet. Jigme Namgyel (b. 1964) is the present Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche. He is the second or third incarnation, depending on whether Lodro Thaye is counted (he was not known as "Dzigar Kongtrul"—that lineage is one of five distinct subsequent variants beginning after his death).

The 2nd Dzigar Kongtrul
The second Dzigar Kongtrul, Lodrö Rabpel, was recognized by his root guru the 15th Karmapa, Khakyab Dorje, along with Karsey Kongtrul. He was the younger brother of Dzigar Chogtrül, a Drukpa Kagyü of a long incarnate lineage.

His bases of activity were Palpung Monastery, Tsadra Rinchen Drag and Dzong Shö, and later he founded a monastery known as Rango Tsokhar near Neten Gön, the monastery of the 2nd Neten Chokling Rinpoche to whom he was very close. According to Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, a contemporary master who died in 1996, Lodro Rabpel was renowned throughout Derge for his eloquence.

The 3rd Dzigar Kongtrul
The present Dzigar Kongtrul was born in the Northern Indian province of Himachal Pradesh to Tibetan refugee parents; his father was the third Neten Chokling, Pema Gyurme (1928–1974), and his mother, Mayum Tsewang Palden, practiced all her life, even in the midst of raising five children. Rinpoche grew up in a monastic environment. He was trained in the Longchen Nyingtik lineage of the Nyingma school as well as the Khyen-Kong Chok-Sum lineages (those of Jamgon Kongtrul, Khyentse Wangpo and Chokgyur Lingpa—the three primary figures in the rimé movement) by his root guru H.H. Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. Rinpoche also studied extensively under Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Nyoshul Khen Rinpoche and the great scholar Khenpo Rinchen. He moved to the United States in 1989 with his family and began a five-year tenure as a professor of Buddhist philosophy at Naropa University (then Institute) in 1990.

Not long after arriving in the United States, Rinpoche founded Mangala Shri Bhuti, an organization established to further the practice of the Longchen Nyingtik and Khyen-Kong Chok-sum lineages. He established a mountain retreat center, Longchen Jigme Samten Ling, in southern Colorado, where he spend much of his time in retreat and guides students in long-term retreat practice. When not in retreat, Rinpoche travels widely throughout the world teaching and furthering his own education.

His most well-known student in the Western world is Pema Chödrön, who took him as her primary teacher in 1994, years after the death of her root guru, Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche.

Mangala Shri Bhuti, Rinpoche's organization, has a total of five centers. Three are study and practice centers – Phuntsok Choling in Boulder, Colorado, Pema Osel Do Ngak Choling] in Vershire, Vermont, and the Guna Institute in Bir, India. The remaining two are retreat centers – Longchen Jigme Samten Ling in Crestone, Colorado, seat of the e Sangdo Palri Temple], and Guna Norling in Salvador, Bahia – Brazil.

Artistic pursuits
Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche is also an abstract expressionist painter. Kongtrul Rinpoche views creativity as "something very large – the essence of everything". His training in the arts began at an early age with the practice of calligraphy, music, ritual dance and other traditional Tibetan arts. After his introduction to Western culture, Rinpoche became increasingly interested in modern art, particularly abstract painting and the work of Pablo Picasso and Wassily Kandinsky. He began painting under the guidance of his teacher, Yahne Le Toumelin in the mid-1990s. Le Toumelin, who is based in Dordogne, France, is herself a renowned abstract expressionist painter who was introduced by André Breton in the 1960. She regards Rinpoche as her most significant student.

Integrating art and wisdom
In his book  Natural Vitality, Kongtrul speaks about how the creative process and meditation can merge. The outcome is not only profound works of art, but an added dimension for our spiritual growth.

The essential practice of meditation is to allow the mind to express itself freely without fear or judgment. In each moment of awareness we encounter impressions of the outer world through our sense perception as well as our inner world of thoughts, feelings and emotions. When, through the process of meditation, we are able to let this incredible array of experience be, without trying to reject what we fear or pull in what we feel attracted to – when we relax into experience without trying to manipulate it in any way – we have a complete experience of mind, naked and unaltered. Art, when it is free of such notions of beauty and ugliness, ‘shoulds’ and ‘shouldn’ts’ can be used to express this complete experience of mind. When art evolves from this understanding it provides the possibility for those who see it to also experience the natural and unfabricated nature of their own awareness. –Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche

title: Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche


text:
Cryolathe

A cryolathe is a device used for freezing and grinding human corneal tissue into different refractive powers.

title: Cryolathe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rin'Gith Crystals

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:56, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Rin'Gith Crystals
Unencyclopedic starwars cruft written like it's real. :(

Oh, and you might want to copyedit it. I would have, but I was lazy. --Phroziac (talk) 14:40, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, I'm pretty sure it's a duplicate of something on the Star Wars Wiki (albeit badly written). Alphax τεχ 14:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Can't find any on Google. Title might be misspelled. Either way, doesn't seem important enough for an encyclopedia article of its own.  Acetic Acid  ( talk  ) 15:09, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * It was originally crystels before i moved it, but i'm 99% sure that crystals are always spelled crystals. --Phroziac (talk) 15:16, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, no indictation this is legit, let alone notable. CUSWE, Star Wars Timeline Gold, and SWW all turn up nothing.-LtNOWIS 03:13, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
People v. Hall

The People of the State of California v. George W. Hall or People v. Hall,, was an appealed murder case in the 1850s, in which the California Supreme Court established that Chinese Americans and Chinese immigrants had no rights to testify against white citizens. The opinion was delivered in 1854 by Chief Justice Hugh Murray with the concurrence of Justice Solomon Heydenfeldt and the dissent of Justice Alexander Wells.

The ruling effectively freed Hall, a white man, who had been convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of Ling Sing, a Chinese miner in Nevada County. Three Chinese witnesses had testified to the killing.

Accession of California to the United States
With the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, the area of Alta California (which contains the modern U.S. state of California and some other states to its east) came under the control of the United States. Formally, the area was ceded to the United States as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In 1850, California formally joined the United States as the 31st state. Other parts of Alta California that became all or part of later U.S. states included Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.

California Gold Rush and Chinese migration to California
In early 1848, gold was discovered in California. This led to the California Gold Rush, where people from the United States, Mexico, and China arrived at California in search of gold. Although mining was the original attraction, many Chinese moved into the cities to provide services. Although their competition in mining was not liked by the whites in California, their presence in city services was initially highly appreciated.

Chinese Labor Strike of 1867
In June 1867 a labor strike occurred in the Sierra Nevada mountains by Chinese workers building the Transcontinental Railroad. Because the workers had no formal rights to complain, they mounted one of the earliest instances of peaceful, Confucian-style collective action in a situation where no formal civil rights exist.

Legal background
Section 14 of the Act concerning Crime and Punishment, passed in 1850, stated that "No black or mulatto person, or Indian, shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of, or against a white man." As written, the Section did not appear to apply to Chinese witnesses.

Between 1849 and 1854, Chinese had made use of the California court systems, with varying degrees of success. For instance, Ah Toy, a woman from China who arrived at San Francisco in 1848, started a brothel in 1850, becoming the first Chinese madam operating in the United States. She attempted to use California's court system to seek justice twice:

 * She unsuccessfully sued a group of miners for paying her in brass filings instead of gold dust.
 * In August 1852, she threatened to sue Yee Ah Tye, a notorious Chinese leader, for extortion, claiming that he had demanded that her prostitutes pay him a tax. Yee Ah Tye backed down, although he would later be imprisoned for other charges.

Case decision
In 1853, a California court convicted George Hall, a white man, of the murder of Ling Sing, a Chinese miner, based on the testimony of Chinese witnesses. George Hall appealed the verdict, arguing that the testimony of the Chinese witnesses should not be accepted and that Section 394 of the Act Concerning Civil Cases, which barred the use of testimony by blacks, mulattoes, and Indians against whites, should also be extended to banning the testimony of Chinese. The California Supreme Court, in an opinion delivered by Chief Justice Hugh Murray and joined by Justice Solomon Heydenfeldt, sided with Hall.

The case has been described as "containing some of the most offensive racial rhetoric to be found in the annals of California appellate jurisprudence" and "the worst statutory interpretation case in history."

In support of its decision to include Chinese people within the class prohibited from giving evidence in favor of or against a white man, the California Supreme Court in the majority opinion stated the following about Chinese people:

"The same rule which would admit them to testify, would admit them to all the equal rights of citizenship, and we might soon see them at the polls, in the jury box, upon the bench, and in our legislative halls."

"This is not a speculation which exists in the excited and over-heated imagination of the patriot and statesman, but it is an actual and present danger."

"The anomalous spectacle of a distinct people, living in our community, recognizing no laws of this State, except through necessity, bringing with them their prejudices and national feuds, in which they indulge in open violation of law; whose mendacity is proverbial; a race of people whom nature has marked as inferior, and who are incapable of progress or intellectual development beyond a certain point, as their history has shown; differing in language, opinions, color, and physical conformation; between whom and ourselves nature has placed an impassable difference, is now presented, and for them is claimed, not only the right to swear away the life of a citizen, but the further privilege of participating with us in administering the affairs of our Government."

The case had a dissenting opinion written by Justice Alexander Wells which simply stated: "From the opinion of the Chief Justice, I most respectfully dissent."

Consequences and responses
The case did not make violence against Chinese de jure legal: it was still possible to convict a white person of murdering Chinese if credible white witnesses, or other reliable evidence, could be produced. However, it de facto made it much easier for whites to get away with violence against Chinese.

Ah Toy, the successful Chinese madam, closed down her brothel in 1854. While this was primarily because of the 1854 anti-prostitution laws instituted in California, it is also believed to have been motivated in part by the increased risk of harassment due to the decision in People v. Hall.

In January 1855, William Speer, the Presbyterian minister in San Francisco Chinatown, responded strongly, "The principles of the Magna Carta, the prerogatives of juries, the rights of judges and advocates, Republicanism and Christianity, and common humanity are all outraged by this iniquitous decision of the Supreme Court of California".

In April 1857, the San Francisco Evening Bulletin editorialized, "We regret this action, based as it is entirely on prejudice, and can only express our conviction that a period will ultimately arrive when it will be clear to all that the law as it stands is mischievous and prejudicial to the highest degree to the public interests."

In 1860, Pun Chi, a businessman from China, wrote an impassioned appeal challenging the verdict in People v. Hall and in general challenging the negative view of Chinese in California. His appeal was translated to English by the Presbyterian minister William Speer in 1870.

A state law passed in 1873 invalidated all testimony laws, and therefore overrode the decision in People v. Hall.

title: People v. Hall


text:
Chelato Uclés

José de la Paz Herrera Uclés, commonly known as Chelato Uclés, (21 November 1940 – 28 April 2021) was a Honduran footballer and coach.

Early years
He grew up in Soledad, Honduras, a small town of the municipality of El Paraíso in extreme poverty. From Soledad, his family moved to Comayagüela, where he was introduced to football. He dedicated his life to football, choosing it over baseball in a time when baseball was very popular in Honduras.

He played the 1965–66 season in the national league for Atlético Español.

Herrera's nickname was given to him by a friend, Danieri Flores, to whom Chelato tried to nickname "Danilerato"; Flores responded with "Chelato", which has since stuck as his nickname.

Managerial career
He made his debut as manager on 14 December 1969, when he replaced "Popo" Godoy as manager of Motagua.

Honduran National League
During José's career as technical director of National League teams, he made history with three different clubs. However, he failed in his attempt at taking a couple of small teams to win the championship.

The first part of Chelato's history in National League begins in 1974, when he won his first title with C.D. España. With it, Chelato also delivered to the city of San Pedro Sula their first championship ever, after defeating F.C. Motagua of Tegucigalpa by the score of 1–0 in their final match.

He took C.D. Olimpia, to win the championship title in 1992. Later, he added two more championships with Olimpia, in 1996–97 and 2003–04.

By 2001, "Chelato" took charge of C.D. Marathón. At the moment of his arrival he declared that "It would be pretty to leave Marathón being a champion." Those were very optimistic words for team that at that moment was going through a very difficult stretch; fighting to not being relegated to second division. Nevertheless, at the end of the season, "Chelato" kept his word, and the team became the new champs of the Honduran National League.

In spite of all the triumphs obtained with big teams, Chelato never could carry a small team to win a championship title. In 1983, he left Club Universidad at the doorstep of the title. And later, in the 1990s the disappointment was for Platense.

Herrera is also known for a wild experiment that was never seen before in the history of Honduran football. He disguised a team (Broncos of Choluteca), as the Honduras national football team and played a full tournament. At the end; the whole experience was as positive for him as it was for the players.

Clearly, Herrera had a lot of success in the Honduran national league. His extensive participation as coach, took him to win a total of 5 championships and to have a fighting chance in six tournaments. His record is only surpassed by the "old fox" of the Honduran National League, Carlos Padilla Velásquez.

1982 World Cup
In 1981 Herrera became the only Honduran coach to carry Honduras to the World Cup. For that task, Chelato and his players had to overcome two different phases in the qualifying rounds. The preliminary phase was long and grueling. The second and last was relatively easy; once in the World Cup, Honduras had an acceptable tournament.

For the pre World Cup tournaments Chelato used as his base; the players from Real C.D. España, and the members from the 1977 Youth World Cup played in Tunisia. Among them were: Jaime Villegas, Anthony Costly, and Julio Cesar Arzu among many others.

In the pre- qualifying round Honduras faced: El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama and Costa Rica in round trip games; being the match against the 'Guatemala,' the key game that gave the Hondurans the classification to the final round. This game was won by the scoreboard of 1–0, with goal of Jimmy Bailey and a stupendous participation of the goalkeeper: Jimmy Steward.

At the end of the tournament, Honduras netted 15 goals and received 5. Drew games against: Costa Rica, and Guatemala, lost against  El Salvador national team and won the remaining encounters. Once the preliminary phase was finished, Honduras received the home field advantage of the Final Round. This event took place at stadium Nacional de Tegucigalpa.

In this tournament Honduras had as its rivals the following teams: Mexico, El Salvador, Haiti, Cuba and Canada. In the inaugural match against Haiti, Honduras won by the score of 4–0, then beat the Cubans for 2–0, as well as the Canadians for 2–1. Honduras assured its classification to the World Cup with a tie (0-0) to El Salvador. In the final match, Honduras tied against Mexico 0-0. This signified the elimination of the Mexicans from the 1982 FIFA World Cup, and El Salvador would accompany Honduras to Spain.

For the World Cup, Chelato included in the staff two important players who did not participate in the final qualifying round: Gilberto Yearwood who at the time was playing in Spain, and high-scoring player: Porfirio Betancourt in substitution of Jimmy James Bailey who suffered a severe injury.

After the disastrous fall of El Salvador national team in their presentation before Hungary for 1–10, many experts doubted the capacity of the other representative of CONCACAF (The Honduras National Team). But this did not last long, because on June 16 in its first game, played at stadium Luís Casanova of Valencia; Honduras showed great skills against Spain.

From the very beginning the team put the host country up against the wall. – A goal by Hector Zelaya in the first half, forced the Spanish team to be in the attack. In the end; the tie was achieved by the Spaniards through a penalty kick; charged by the Argentine referee Arturo Andrés Iturralde against Honduras. The match ended up in a tie (1-1).

On June 21 Honduras played its second match at stadium The Romareda of Zaragoza, against Northern Ireland. After being down in the scoreboard for a while, Chelato Uclés sent substitute player Tony Laing to the field, at a moment when a corner kick was going to be forwarded. Laing came in; and just headed the ball into the net, to establish the tie and final score against the Irish Team.

In spite of the good presentation of Chelato's team in the first two matches, this was later affected in the final game against the Yugoslavs. A doubtful penalty kick marked by the Chilean referee Gastón Edmundo, against Honduras; determined the scoreboard in favor of Yugoslavia (0-1). This marked the elimination of Honduras from the tournament. Despite what happened in the last game, the Honduran people recognized the good work of Chelato Uclés and his team.

After the Spanish experience, the efforts of Chelato Uclés, for returning to a World Cup with the Honduras national team ended in failures. The first one of these; was for Mexico 1986; where Chelato's team was eliminated by Canada national team. The following elimination of Honduras with Chelato in command was in the qualifying rounds of Italy 1990. In that opportunity, was Trinidad and Tobago who knocked out Honduras. The last elimination of Honduras with Chelato as coach was in the qualifiers for Germany 2006.

2006 World Cup
The process of Germany 2006 had the direct and indirect participation, of Jose de La Paz Herrera. Most of which was to a large extent negative, for the interests of the Honduran football.

The process started when, the sports press put pressure on the president of the Honduran football federation; Rafael Leonardo Callejas to hire Chelato, because he was considered to be a "good and cheap coach." In the end Callejas caved in.

The first test for Chelato in this new process was Copa UNCAF of Panama in 2003. This was also a qualifier tournament for the 2003 Gold Cup. But Ucles’ new process with the national team did not start well, Honduras lost 3 out of 5 matches in the tournament, finishing fourth. This forced the team to play off games against Trinidad & Tobago and Martinique. The team was supposed to win these two matches, if it were to participate in the upcoming Gold Cup.

After this setback, Chelato was criticized harshly by the Honduran press, reason why on February 22, he said "from the beginning everything was lost". Because the players never did what he commanded them to do. Later on, Chelato said that he was ready to leave his post as the Honduras national football team coach, if the federation asked him to do so.

Chelato versus Bora
When the national team returned to Honduras from Panama, the directory of the federation under Callejas' control once again was pressed by a sector of the media, to force Chelato out. Callejas did so, and replaced him with interim Coach: Edwin Pavón.

Pavon took control of the national team and qualified it, to the Gold Cup, by getting positive results against Trinidad and Tobago and Martinique. After the participation of Pavón in the Mexico's Gold Cup, the directory of the Federation named Bora Milutinović as the new Honduran coach.

The election of Milutinović caused a tremendous malaise, among Chelato's followers and the coach himself. Both, (Chelato and the sports press) would then be allies; in open opposition against the Serbian coach. They used all kind of tactics to make Milutinović's job difficult. But Milutinović qualified Honduras to the next round nonetheless. However, he did not resist the subsequent personal attacks, and literally left the country through the "back door." No one in Honduras noticed, until he was already, in his residence in Mexico.

When Milutinović was contacted in his residence by Rafael Leonardo Callejas; he recommended Raúl Martínez Sambulá and Juan Carlos Espinoza, to take over the Honduras national football team. With these two coaches in command, Honduras started the elimination round relatively well. They beat Costa Rica at home by score of 5–2. But the results after that first win were negative for the new coaches.

Comeback
After the defeat suffered by Honduras at the hands of Guatemala (0-1): The sport press, the federation, and football fans panicked, they saw another failure on the horizon. Chelato Ucles returned. Rafael Leonardo Callejas offered him the coaching position once more, and Chelato accepted.

He was asked if the situation could be restored with the national team facing elimination against Costa Rica. To what Chelato responded "In 33 days much can be done." And that "Is not impossible to win against to Costa Rica." He also added that if he qualified Honduras to the next round, he would be elected president.

After having accepted the coaching position, Chelato prepared the team in Miami. He made a series of line up changes, and played a preparation game against Haiti, then headed for San Pedro Sula to face the ‘Ticos.’—In the end; things did not go well for Chelato Ucles and his team. They were eliminated by Costa Rica in the final match. The press blamed Chelato, for dismantling the team with only 33 days left for a crucial match. Chelato on the other hand, blamed the federation and Bora Milutinovic, and the federation blamed the press.

After the elimination of Honduras from Germany 2006; Chelato stayed in control of the Honduras. The country did not want to know nothing about football, after so much frustration the people retired from the stadiums. Chelato noticed that and quietly prepared the team for next tournament; (Copa UNCAF 2005).

For this competition Ucles called a mixture of young and experienced players like: Wilmer Velásquez, and Milton Núñez, as well as; Carlos Moran and Marvin Chávez among others. In this tournament Chelato did a lot better than in the previous one; taking Honduras to the championship game against Costa Rica. He lost the final through penalty kicks, but qualified to the Gold Cup 2005 nonetheless.

In the 2005 Gold Cup played in the United States, Honduras beat teams like: Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica, arriving at semifinal instances. Nevertheless, the Catrachos were defeated by the United States by score of 2–1, finishing in third place of the tournament. This was the last competition for Chelato Uclès. Then he retired and dedicated himself to politics.

In 2007, he was signed by Marathón again.

In 2010, Chelato Uclés was appointed national team manager of Belize in a bid to qualify for Brazil 2014.

In May 2012, he was made technical director of Real España for a second time, only to resign at the end of September 2012 citing internal problems and bad results.

Health
In August 2015 Chelato Uclés, who was suffering from diabetes, was hospitalized to undergo a foot operation. He was granted a monthly 2200 dollar pension by Honduran Congress to challenge his disease and financial problems. He had been a member of Congress from 2006 to 2010. He died on April 28, 2021, at the age of 80.

Death
"Chelato Uclés" died on April 28, 2021, fighting diabetes. Death was confirmed by his son.

title: Chelato Uclés


text:
User talk:Psychophant

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

It looks like you know what you're up to, but just in case, here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 14:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC).

A tag has been placed on Leo Van Dolson, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NeilN 23:23, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Answer
If you share your ip address with other people that would explain why you did not make that edit. Oysterguitarist 01:59, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Meandwife.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Meandwife.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 02:06, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Leo Van Dolson
Leo Van Dolson, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Leo Van Dolson satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Leo Van Dolson and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Leo Van Dolson during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Sancho 03:30, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Userbox
Hi, I am not an expert on this, but I understand that at one stage there was heaps of debate about user boxes, and the consensus was that saying "interested in" was ok, but "is a" was not. Most probably I am wrong. I would say that is why I changed it. Fermion 06:37, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Ichthus: January 2012
 In this issue...

- Ichthus is the newsletter of Christianity on Wikipedia • It is published by WikiProject Christianity For submissions contact the Newsroom • To unsubscribe add yourself to the list here
 * From the Editor
 * What are You doing For Lent?
 * Fun and Exciting Contest Launched
 * Spotlight on WikiProject Catholicism

title: User talk:Psychophant


text:
Flash and the Pan (album)

Flash and the Pan is the debut album by Australian musical group Flash and the Pan, released in 1978. It was released by Albert Productions in Australia, Ensign Records in Europe, and Epic CBS/Sony in the United States.

The album covers differed between the Australian, the international and United States, and United Kingdom releases (UK pictured). The track "And the Band Played On (Down Among the Dead Men)" — about the sinking of the Titanic — was released as a UK single, reaching No. 54 in September 1978. "Hey, St. Peter" was released as a single in the United States in 1979, and reached number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100.

"Walking in the Rain" was later covered by Grace Jones on her 1981 album Nightclubbing. The song was also recorded by South African icon Johannes Kerkorrel, who included it on his album Die Ander Kant in 2000.

"California" is the only song ever released by Flash and the Pan that was not written by Harry Vanda and George Young. It was written by George's brother Alex, under the pseudonym of his wife Monika James.

Critical reception
Reviews of Flash and the Pan’s 1978 self-titled album are ambivalent about the vocal style and lyrics, fascinated by the weirdness, but upbeat and sometimes glowing in their overall assessment. Alan Niester in The Globe and Mail calls the album “surrealistic in its detachment at times”, and “one of the strangest but ultimately finest records to surface in the seventies”. Niester concludes that the album is "the closest thing to a masterpiece we're likely to get this year, and you have to have it". David Fricke in Rolling Stone notes unfavourably the “rampant punning” and “mind games” of the lyrics, but says that the songwriters, Vanda & Young, “never underestimate the simple joy of a good hummable tune”. The same reviewer goes on to say that the album is a “flawlessly executed operetta of applied rock & roll knowledge”. Steve Simels in Stereo Review calls the album a “minor pop masterpiece” but says that the synthesiser sound “verges on Eurodisco, with some tacky New Wave organ”. Simels describes the lyrics as “frankly melodramatic […] declaimed (in the verses) more often than sung”. But Simels gives up trying to pigeonhole the record with, “Let’s just say that it’s excellent music and let it go at that.” Jon Pareles, writing for Creem says Flash and the Pan’s songs are “incorrigibly catchy” but he earlier notes the detachment of the vocal style and the insincerity of lyrics; like Simels, he counters his own criticism, saying, “[If] You want sincerity, go watch Merv Griffin.” Simon Frith in Melody Maker factors the experience of Vanda & Young into the album’s “pop mastery, [which is] evident in the hooks, the minor chords, the insidious orchestrations”. When Frith goes on to express doubts about the “bland monotone” of the vocals, saying that it “adds to the joke, but I’m not sure it adds to the pleasure”, he later adds, “But then I’m still listening to this LP, and Vanda and Young may be cleverer than I think, and make easy listening out of this robotic sound".

Reviews compared Flash and the Pan’s debut album to the group 10CC, albeit “early 10CC, before they took themselves seriously”, and “10CC gone maniac”. Alan Niester adds more comparisons: “a hungover Lou Reed” and “Tom Waits with a Jack the Ripper fetish”. Jon Pareles says the music is arranged “Brian Eno-style”. David Fricke notes the “shameless pirating” of The Kinks' You Really Got Me on the song, “The Man Who Knew the Answer”, and compares the vocal narrative in “California” to that in The Beach Boys’ “Sloop John B” – the result sounding like “an outtake from David Bowie’s Low".

Track listing
All songs written by Harry Vanda and George Young except where noted.

Personnel

 * Harry Vanda – production, guitar, vocals
 * George Young – production, synthesizer, lead vocals
 * Les Karski – bass
 * Ray Arnott – drums
 * Warren Morgan – piano

title: Flash and the Pan (album)


text:
Talk:Low Desert

Merge
I disagree with the suggestion to merge. The term "Low Desert", AFAIK, is almost exclusively associated with just the California portions of the Sonora Desert, and excludes those portions in Arizona and Mexico. Blank Verse  ∅  14:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * After consulting with a couple of Wikipedia editors who live in the area, I've removed the merge request and done some copy-editing that I hope makes things clearer. Blank Verse   ∅  13:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. I live in the Phoenix, Arizona area and admin a low desert gardening group. All Master Gardener documents and documentation from the University of Arizona distinguish areas here as low desert, intermediate desert, and high desert.  I had never heard of these terms being exclusive to California. Wca42 (talk) 17:25, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

stub?
I'm not sure this necessarily qualifies as a stub. I think the article could purely be in reference to the phrase "Low Desert", and all other related information could be linked to the Colorado Desert page. I think it would be inappropriate to build a whole page about the Colorado Desert under the more local slang term for it, the Low Desert.

Not just California
In Arizona, local usage is:
 * Low Desert = Phoenix, Yuma, Colo River towns (500 - 1500 ft elevation)
 * Intermediate Desert = Tucson & vicinity (+/-2500 ft el) = Sonoran Desert Uplands
 * High Desert = Navajo Res, Arizona Strip (+/- 5000 ft el)

Cheers, Pete Tillman (talk) 04:16, 30 July 2008 (UTC), longtime AZ resident

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title: Talk:Low Desert


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Tanzania


text:
Laurence Chaderton

Laurence Chaderton (c. September 1536 – 13 November 1640) was an English Puritan divine, the first Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and one of the translators of the King James Version of the Bible.

Life
Chaderton was born in Lees, or else Chadderton, both near Oldham, Lancashire, England, probably during September 1536, a son of Thomas Chaderton, a Catholic. His birth preceded the institution of parish baptism registers in England in 1538.

Under the tuition of Laurence Vaux, a Roman Catholic priest, he became an able scholar. In 1564, he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, where, after a short time, he formally adopted the Reformed doctrines and was in consequence disinherited by his father. In 1567, he was elected a fellow of his college; subsequently, he was chosen lecturer of St Clement's Church, Cambridge, where he preached to admiring audiences for many years. He married Cecily Culverwell, which entailed giving up his fellowship.

He was a man of moderate, puritan views, though numbering among his friends some of the greatest Puritan preachers and divines like Thomas Cartwright, Richard Greenham, Richard Rogers, and William Perkins. So great was his reputation that when Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer to Elizabeth I, founded Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1584, he chose Chaderton for the first master, and on his expressing some reluctance, declared that if he would not accept the office the foundation should not go on.

In 1604, Chaderton was appointed one of the four divines for managing the cause of the Puritans at the Hampton Court Conference. He was also among the translators of the King James Version of the Bible. In 1578, he had taken the degree of B.D., and in 1613, he was created D.D. At this period he made provision for twelve fellows and above forty scholars in Emmanuel College. Fearing that he might have a successor who held Arminian doctrines, he resigned the mastership in favour of John Preston in 1622, but survived him, and lived also to see the college presided over successively by William Sancroft and Richard Holdsworth. He died at the age of about 104, preserving his bodily and mental faculties to the end.

Works
Chaderton published a sermon preached at St Paul's Cross about 1580, and a treatise of his On Justification was printed by Anthony Thysius, professor of divinity at Leiden. Some other works by him on theological subjects remain in manuscript (as of 1911).

title: Laurence Chaderton