text:
Lathe center

A lathe center, often shortened to center, is a tool that has been ground to a point to accurately position a workpiece on an axis. They usually have an included angle of 60°, but in heavy machining situations an angle of 75° is used.

The primary use of a center is to ensure concentric work is produced; this allows the workpiece to be transferred between machining (or inspection) operations without any loss of accuracy. A part may be turned in a lathe, sent off for hardening and tempering and then ground between centers in a cylindrical grinder. The preservation of concentricity between the turning and grinding operations is crucial for quality work.

When turning between centers, a steady rest can be used to support longer workpieces where the cutting forces would deflect the work excessively, reducing the finish and accuracy of the workpiece, or creating a hazardous situation.

A lathe center has applications anywhere that a centered workpiece may be used; this is not limited to lathe usage but may include setups in dividing heads, cylindrical grinders, tool and cutter grinders or other related equipment. The term between centers refers to any machining operation where the job needs to be performed using centers.

A center is inserted into a matching hole drilled by a center drill. The hole is conical near the surface and cylindrical as it gets deeper.

Dead center (and live center)

A dead center (one that does not turn freely, i.e., dead) may be used to support the workpiece at either the fixed or rotating end of the machine. When used in the fixed position, a dead center produces friction between the workpiece and center, due to the rotation of the workpiece. Lubrication is therefore required between the center and workpiece to prevent friction welding from occurring. Additionally the tip of the center may have an insert of cemented carbide which will reduce the friction slightly and allow for faster speeds. Dead centers are typically fully hardened to prevent damage to the important mating surfaces of the taper and to preserve the 60° angle of the nose. As tungsten carbide is much harder than steel, a carbide-tipped center has greater wear resistance than a steel center.

When turning between centres, a 'dead centre' is used in the headstock as well as the tailstock. As the one in the headstock revolves with the work, this centre is known as a live centre.

Soft center
Soft centers are a special version of the dead center in which the nose is deliberately left soft (unhardened) so that it may be readily machined to the correct angle prior to usage. This operation is performed on the headstock center to ensure that the center's axis is aligned with the spindle's axis.

Running or revolving center
A revolving center, also known as a rotating center or running center in some countries, is constructed so that the 60° center runs in its own bearings and is used at the non-driven or tailstock end of a machine. It allows higher turning speeds without the need for separate lubrication, and also greater clamping pressures. CNC lathes use this type of center almost exclusively and they may be used for general machining operations as well. Spring-loaded centers are designed to compensate for center variations, without damage to the work piece or center tip. This assures the operator of uniform constant tension while machining. Some live centers also have interchangeable shafts. This is valuable when situations require a design other than a 60° male tip. A live center, which may be hard or soft, is a plain center placed in the revolving mandrel; it moves and is therefore live.

Pipe center
A pipe center, also known as a bull nose center is a type of live center which has a large diameter conical nose rather than a sharp point. This allows the center to be used in the bore of a pipe or other workpiece with a large interior diameter. While a pipe center ensures the workpiece remains concentric, its main advantage is that it supports the workpiece securely, and can be used for parts whose larger inner diameter prevents the use of a normal pointed center. Thin-walled material such as pipes easily collapses if excessive force is used at the chuck end.

Cup center
There are two types of cup centers. The woodworking variety is a variation of the traditional live center. This type of cup center has a central point like a normal live center and also has a ring surrounding it. The ring supports the softer material around the center point and prevents the wood from splitting under pressure from the central point. A different variety of cup center is used for metalworking. The metalworking variety of cup center has a tapered hole rather than a conical point. It supports the part by making contact with the outside diameter of the end of the part, rather than using a center hole.

Drive center
A drive center, also known as a grip center, is used in the driving end of a machine (headstock). It is often used in woodworking or where softer materials are machined. The biggest advantage is one clamping and can process whole sizes of parts, don’t need to reclamp and then save more time.

It consists of a dead center surrounded by hardened teeth, which bite into a softer workpiece allowing the workpiece to be driven directly by the center. This allows the full diameter of the workpiece to be machined in a single operation, in contrast with the usual requirement where a carrier is attached to the workpiece at the driven end. The use of modified shell end mills in a drive center, instead of hardened pins, enables better gripping and prevents breakdown time due to pin stop.

Spring center
A spring center is a metalworking lathe center for maintaining a cutting tool like a reamer or a tap, in axial alignment with a hole being worked on. It consists of a point backed by a spring to push the cutting tool into the workpiece.

title: Lathe center


text:
Kaz Harada

Kaz Harada may refer to:

 * Kazuo Harada (died 1998), Japanese anime producer, audio director, and sound effects director who worked for Studio Comet
 * Kimikazu Harada, chairman of Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Music Artists Inc.
 * Kaz Harada, a fictional character based on the latter person in the American-Japanese animated fantasy-comedy television series Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kaz Harada


text:
Vance A. Funk III

Vance Anderson Funk III (born December 16, 1942) is an American lawyer and politician from Newark, Delaware. He was the mayor of Newark from 2005 until he retired in 2013.Vance Funk does appear as Spiderman from time to time in a variety of Newark area parades.

Early life
Funk was born December 16, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He earned a BS in business administration from the University of Delaware in 1965 and received a JD from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1968. He was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army and served a year in the 519th MP Battalion during the Vietnam War.

Career
Funk became a real estate agent after graduating from law school. In 1972, he became alderman for the city of Newark, a position he held until 1986. He opened a law firm in 1975, and returned to private practice in 2000. He retired from his firm in 2017, turning it over to his son.

In 2004, Funk was elected mayor of Newark, defeating incumbent Harold Godwin with 74 percent of the vote. He was reelected three times. He was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition that was formed in 2006.

On August 8, 2013, Funk announced his resignation as mayor, citing health concerns brought on by stress from community opposition to the construction of a Wawa convenience store and gas pumps near his neighborhood. Funk supported the proposal while many of his neighbors had organized a grassroots campaign against it. Several days later, he announced he was moving his date of resignation forward three months to September 30.

title: Vance A. Funk III


text:
Newark Post

The Newark Post is a local newspaper for the city of Newark, Delaware. It features local news, crime reports, and a section on events at local schools and at the University of Delaware.

History
The Newark Post was founded in 1910, by Everett C. Johnson who later went on to become Secretary of State of Delaware. The first issue came out on January 26. The motto of the paper in those early days was, "Good Roads, Flowers, Parks, Better Schools, Trees, Pure Water, Fresh Air and Sunshine for Somebody and Work for Somebody."

In the early 1960s another paper, The Newark Weekly, was founded by Reginald B. "Rocky" Rockwell and Henry Galperin—and a newspaper battle began in this small college town which ended with The Newark Weekly purchasing the Newark Post -- and renaming the publication the Weekly Post. The paper ran in this format for a number of years—even going daily as The Daily Post—for less than a full year beginning in 1972—and returning to its weekly publication. In the early 1980s the Weekly Post ceased publication for a couple of years, but was revived by its owners in its original name as the Newark Post.

title: Newark Post


text:
André Ducharme

André Ducharme (born 23 July 1961) is a Canadian author, comedian, and humorist from Quebec. He was a member of the musical comedy group Rock et Belles Oreilles from 1981 to 1995.

title: André Ducharme


text:
Dead center

Dead center or dead centre may refer to:

Engineering

 * Dead centre (engineering), a position of a crank where the applied force is straight along its axis
 * Dead center (tool), a type of lathe center used for accurately positioning a workpiece on an axis

Music

 * Dead Center (Game Theory album), a 1984 power pop album
 * Dead Center (Eric Alexander album), a 2004 jazz album
 * Dead Center Productions, a Ukraine-based record label for heavy metal music

Other media

 * deadCENTER Film Festival, an Oklahoma film festival established in 2001
 * "Dead Center", a 1954 science fiction novelette by Judith Merril
 * Dead Center, a 1993 film directed by Steve Carver
 * The Dead Center, a 2018 film starring Shane Carruth
 * Dead Center, a campaign in the 2009 video game Left 4 Dead 2
 * "Top Dead Center", a column by Kevin Cameron in Cycle World magazine

title: Dead center


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terry Lawley

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedily deleted. HappyCamper 05:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Terry Lawley
ug - nn, vanity Ryan Norton T 03:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. vanity, nn, and Warren Zevon fan. It is not clear if the user who created the page is simply very lost, or this an elaborate hoax/joke. Dottore So 03:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity, nn Groeck 04:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete under CSD A7. Also personal essay. DES (talk) 05:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text: File:Traffic-department-2192-box-art.jpg


text:
Talk:Views on lesbian porn

I have moved material on pornography here from the lesbian article. It is a separate topic, and (in addition to ongoing edit wars) there are serious, unresolved questions as to what the proper treatment of contemporary and historical pornography is for Wikipedia. In particular, there is ongoing controversy regarding the use of pornographic images to illustrate such articles. I am of two minds about this, and it is not my fight.

However, it is abundantly clear to me that such material does not belong in articles such as lesbian because it violates the Principle of least astonishment. Moreover, it may limit the readership of the lesbian article by people who either find sexually explicit imagery objectionable themselves or who may be viewing or editing the article in an environment where such imagery may be awkward if viewed by others.

Accordingly, I leave the content here, where others may continue the debate over what images, if any, to include.

The Uninvited Co., Inc. 03:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Views on lesbian porn


text:
User talk:Mbbhjkluuoltrd7667/May-July 2005

This is an archive of my talk pages from May to July 2005.

= May 2005 =

Crisscross method
The image from this article is missing, so the last line doesn't really make sense. Can you retrace where the image what happened to it? Mgm|(talk) 21:52, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

= June 2005 =

Move
Please, please, please don't move pages by copy-pasting from one location to another. There's a reason we have a move feature - read all about the correct process here. As a side note, your move to Mary, Baroness Soames is against convention - we do put the last name in for peers, although it's not necessarily done that way in formal situations. – ugen64 01:30, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

= July 2005 =

Edit summaries
Might I encourage you to use edit summaries more often? They're very helpful to other editors who watch the articles you edit. Thanks a bunch! — Dan | Talk 16:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Order of precedence
Are you sure it's a good idea to add succession boxes for order of precedence? Given the vicissitudes of politics and society, that order is bound to change quite often, and would be a real pain to maintain. Mackensen (talk) 19:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I dunno, I was a little hesitant to do it at first, but I'm hoping if it catches on then I won't be the only one maintaining the system. Matjlav 19:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think they are a good idea, given they are not really of any interest except in the most formal situations. Plus they are taking up too much room. It is better justto say a person is X in the order of precedence. Astrotrain 22:00, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's the thing though. If an earldom goes extinct everyone who followed that earl is suddenly off by one (or some such). I don't see the value, and I for one am not interesting in maintaining it. Keeping Members of the House of Lords current is bad enough... Mackensen (talk) 22:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not planning to take the succession box too far... I'm probably not going to put boxes in the 600-some barons' pages. But it shouldn't be too hard, I don't think, because the main bulk of the thing is peers and the royal family, which don't change to quickly. Matjlav 01:33, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: Notice
Replied at my talk page. Redwolf24 (Talk) 23:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

PUI v. IFD
Hi Matjlav. The images uploaded by User:Bct88 that you listed at WP:IFD are currently being dealt with by us admins at WP:PUI. Please could you go back and restore the PUI templates on the images and possibly remove the request from IFD? Thanks Craigy (talk) 04:55, July 26, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.173.74.2

title: User talk:69.173.74.2


text:
Pilsner Urquell Brewery

Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s. (Pilsner Urquell Brewery) is a Czech brewery which opened in 1842 in Plzeň, Bohemia. It was the first brewery to produce a pale lager, branded as Pilsner Urquell, which became so popular and was so much copied that more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today is pale lager, sometimes named pils, pilsner and pilsener after Pilsner Urquell. The brewery name, Pilsner Urquell, which can be roughly translated into English as "the original source at Pilsen", was adopted as a trademark in 1898. Pilsner Urquell is the largest producer and exporter of beer in the Czech Republic.

The brewery was part of the SABMiller group of companies from 1999 to 2017. As part of agreements with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller in 2016, Pilsner Urquell was sold to Japan-based Asahi Breweries in 2017.

History

The brewery was founded in 1839 by both local Czech-speaking and German-speaking citizens in Bohemian city of Plzeň as Bürgerbrauerei (citizens' brewery, later translated to Měšťanský pivovar in Czech). The first beer was brewed here in 1842 by Bavarian brewer Josef Groll. In 1859, “Pilsner Bier” was registered as a brand name at the local Chamber of Commerce and Trade. In 1869, a competitor was founded as a joint stock company, later known as Gambrinus. In 1898 the German trademark Urquell and Czech trademark Prazdroj were created, to underline the claim of being the older, original source of Pilsner beer. In 1932 Měšťanský pivovar merged with Plzeňské akciové pivovary. In 1946, the brewery was nationalized under the name Plzeňské pivovary (Pilsen breweries).

After the fall of communism in late 1989, the brewery was turned into a public share company, then renamed in 1994 after the Czech name of their famous beer, Plzeňský Prazdroj. In 1999, they started to merge with  Pivovar Radegast a.s. and Pivovar Velké Popovice a. s..

The brewery has been the largest exporter of beer produced in the Czech Republic since 2000 when production surpassed that of Budějovický Budvar.

Timeline
Pilsner Urquell has been brewed in the same brewery using the same recipe and traditional methods, like triple decoction and parallel brewing in wooden lagering barrels for over 175 years.
 * 1295 City of Pilsen established, beginnings of brewing.
 * 1307 First recorded mention of the existence of an actual brewery with malt house.
 * 1839 Burghers in Pilsen decide to found the Burgess' Brewery (Bürgerbrauerei, Měšťanský pivovar).
 * 15 September 1839 – autumn 1840 Construction of the Burgess' Brewery, forerunner of today's brewery.
 * 5 October 1842 First brew of Bavarian type beer, bottom-fermented beer, so-called pale lager.
 * 1 March 1859 "Pilsner Bier" brand name registered at the Chamber of Commerce and Trade in Pilsen.
 * 2nd half of 19th century Brewery expands in Europe, first exports from Pilsen to America.
 * 1869 Competitor founded as First Stock Brewery (První akciový pivovar), today known as Gambrinus.
 * 1898 New Urquell - Prazdroj trade mark created.
 * 1910 Světovar - Český Plzeňský pivovar akciové společnosti v Plzni.
 * 1913 Output over 100 million litres of beer, commercial representation in 34 countries.
 * 1925 - 1933 Merger of several Pilsen breweries.
 * 1933 Two breweries remain in Pilsen: Měšťanský pivovar and Plzeňské akciové pivovary (PAP), with the majority of PAP shares being owned by Měšťanský pivovar.
 * 1 June 1945 National administration for companies owned by Měšťanský pivovar in Pilsen . National administration took over management of the Měšťanský pivovar (afterwards known as Prazdroj) and PAP (Gambrinus).
 * 13 September 1946 Nationalization of both breweries and creation of a single national company, Plzeňské pivovary.
 * 1 Jun 1964 Formation of the company Západočeské pivovary with registered office in Pilsen. Creation of the national company Plzeňský Prazdroj with regard to ownership of trademarks and contact with customers abroad.
 * November 1989 Fundamental changes initiated for the company's entire organisation.
 * 1 May 1992 Following privatization the joint stock company Plzeňské pivovary, a.s. is established. Major investment, technological development, rise in output and exports, development of business and distribution network, marketing.
 * 1994 Formation of joint stock company Plzeňský Prazdroj.
 * 1999 Merger approved with the companies Pivovar RADEGAST a. s., and Pivovar Velké Popovice a. s.
 * 1999 Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s. becomes part of South African Breweries, subsequently called SABMiller.
 * Apr 2002 Pilsner Urquell was voted beer of the year at the Helsinki Beer Festival.
 * 30 September 2002 merger completed with the companies Pivovar RADEGAST a. s., and Pivovar Velké Popovice a. s. This resulted in the formation of a single joint stock company called Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s.
 * 21 December 2016, agreement of sale to Asahi Group Holdings was concluded in March 2017. As part of agreements with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller in 2016, Pilsner Urquell was sold to Japan-based Asahi Breweries in 2017.

Products

 * Pilsner Urquell, pale lager and flagship of the brand, has created new category of beer (Pilsner, Pils), contains 4.4% ABV (in Czech: 11° or Ležák).
 * Gambrinus Original, a pale draught beer with 4.3% ABV (in Czech: 10° or Výčepní).
 * Gambrinus Plná, a pale lager with 5.2% ABV (in Czech: 12° or Ležák).
 * Gambrinus Unpasteurized 10°, an unpasteurized draught beer with 4.3% ABV (in Czech: Nepasterizovaná 10°).
 * Gambrinus Unpasteurized 12°, an unpasteurized pale lager with 5.0% ABV (in Czech: Nepasterizovaná 12°).
 * Gambrinus Unfiltered, an unfiltered yeast pale lager with 4.95% ABV (in Czech: Nefiltrované).
 * Velkopopovický Kozel
 * Radegast
 * Birell, a non-alcoholic beer
 * Excellent (beer)
 * Frisco, a flavored cider
 * Kingswood Cider
 * Master, beer specialties
 * Kopparberg Cider
 * Klasik (beer)
 * Primus (beer)

Museum

A brewery museum ("Pivovarské muzeum") has been set up near the brewery in the authentic medieval brewing house with malt house, which has been declared a cultural monument. It includes the late Gothic malt house, kiln, original drying shed and two-level laying-down cellars with ice-cellar, which are hewn from the Pilsen substrata. The exhibition covers Pilsen's most ancient history, the development of crafts, the emergence and growth of the guilds, the beginnings and development of brewing, malting, the craft of cooper, haulage and catering.

The tour includes a replica of a pub from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and a laboratory from the second half of the 19th century. The city walls have been opened with an example of the cultivation of barley and hops.

The museum has become an anchor for the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Pilsner Fest
Pilsner Fest is a two-day beer festival held each year by the brewery, with music by local bands on four stages in the town.

title: Pilsner Urquell Brewery


text:
Talk:Molvizar

This article was more or less pretty straightforward. I am, by no means, dually fluent--but there was a single, glaring error in this translation--5 km vs 9 km from Cosa Tropical--that has led me to do a complete retranslation. I also went ahead and cleaned up the grammar a bit... if you like, you can check my work.

This is what I translated:

Molvizar is a small town in the south of the Province of Granada, Spain, and lies approximately five kilometers from the Cosa Tropical. Its population is 2,500. Locals celebrate the patron saint, Santa Ana, on July 26, during which the town puts forth a traditional representation of "Moros y Cristianos" (Moors and Christians), which commemorates the Reconquista expulsion of the Moors from Spain.

ckoski02 A Shortage of Chairs 03:07, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molvizar


text: User talk:Andypop

title: User talk:Andypop


text:
Yulia Barsukova

Yulia Vladimirovna Barsukova (Ю́лия Влади́мировна Барсуко́ва, born 31 December 1978) is a Russian retired individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2000 Olympic champion in the All-Around, the 2000 Grand Prix Final All-around champion, the 1999 World All-around bronze medalist, 2000 European All-around bronze medalist and 1999 Grand Prix Final All-around bronze medalist.

Early life
Barsukova began figure skating at age five in the Izmaylovo District of Moscow where she lived. When she was eight years old, she passed a sports club and saw girls practicing rhythmic gymnastics through the window. Her father soon enrolled her in the sport. After three years, she moved to Tagansky District high school's rhythmic gymnastics department.

Competitive career
Barsukova was coached by Vera Silaeva until she was sixteen, when Silaeva took her student to Russia's head coach, Irina Viner. Viner was unimpressed initially but accepted her at the urging of Russia's national team choreographer, Veronica Shatkova.

Barsukova began competing at international competitions following the coaching change. For six years she competed under the shadow of other Russian gymnasts, Yanina Batyrchina, Amina Zaripova, Natalia Lipkovskaya and then Alina Kabaeva. Barsukova considered quitting rhythmic gymnastics until Viner persuaded her to stay and be patient. She had her breakthrough in 1998. During an event dedicated to the 15th anniversary of Ballet Magazine, Barsukova performed along with the stars of the theater. She performed her "Dying Swan" ball routine and received the unofficial title of Miss Bolshoi Theater.

2000 Olympics
Barsukova won many rhythmic gymnastics titles after her emergence in major competitions as a second member of the Russian team. She won gold in hoop at the 2000 World Cup Final in Glasgow and then gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics after a hoop fumble by then-World champion, Alina Kabaeva. She was the 2000 European All-around bronze medalist and won the rope final at the 2000 European Championships (9.983). She was the oldest Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics—21 years, 8 months and 27 days—until fellow Russian Evgenia Kanaeva won her second gold medal at London 2012 being aged 22 years, 4 months and 7 days.

After the Olympics, Barsukova won the all-around title at the Grand Prix Final in Deventer where she also won gold in ball, rope and ribbon final. She retired from competition following the 2000 Aeon Cup. She has participated in Russia's Channel One project "Stars on Ice".

On 15 February 2015, a star-studded gala was held in Russia for the 80th founding anniversary of Rhythmic Gymnastics. The venue was held in the historical Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. Among those who performed at the gala were Russian former Olympic champions, Olympic medalists and World champions including: Barsukova, Evgenia Kanaeva, Irina Tchachina, Daria Dmitrieva, and Yana Batyrshina.

Personal life
Barsukova was married to Denis Samokhin, a Russian former ice dancer, in 2008 they had a son, Nikita, but they eventually divorced. Barsukova has a son, Daniil, born in 2017.

title: Yulia Barsukova


text:
Nova Scotia Highway 105

Highway 105 in Nova Scotia represents the Cape Breton Island leg of the Trans-Canada Highway. It runs from the Port Hastings Rotary just east of the Canso Causeway in Port Hastings to the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney, representing a distance of 142 km.

In 2010, the provincial government named the entire highway Mabel and Alexander Graham Bell Way in honour of Mabel Gardiner Hubbard and her husband Alexander Graham Bell, who resided and are buried at Beinn Bhreagh near Baddeck.

Route description
The highway travels northeast from Port Hastings along the base of a group of mountains known as "The Big Ridge" to Whycocomagh. It then follows the north shore of Bras d'Or Lake, bypassing Baddeck on a short Super two controlled access segment. Still running in a general northeast direction, at St. Anns the highway begins ascending the west slope of Kelly's Mountain on the Cape Dauphin Peninsula. Highway 105 descends the east slope of Kelly's Mountain using a series of sharp turns including a 180° hairpin turn at New Harris Forks before crossing the Great Bras d'Or Channel of Bras d'Or Lake on the Seal Island Bridge. The road crosses Boularderie Island using another short Super two controlled access segment and then runs southeast as an uncontrolled access road through the villages of Bras d'Or and Florence. Highway 105 regains controlled access for the final 3 km to its eastern terminus at the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney where travellers can continue to Newfoundland.

With some minor exceptions noted above, the highway is two lanes and uncontrolled access. In addition, there are two intersections controlled by traffic lights in Florence.

The Cabot Trail, which is usually used to describe a different road, is signed along a portion of Highway 105 between Nyanza and St. Anns so that the signed route forms a loop.

History
Highway 105 is descended from the former Trunk 5, which no longer exists; Highway 105 follows the old Trunk 5 alignment, using present Routes 205, 305 and roads named after it to serve areas bypassed by Highway 105. The 105 name was applied in 1970.

Trunk 5 was a provincial trunk road in Victoria County and the Cape Breton Regional Municipality between Boularderie East and Millville Boularderie on Boularderie Island in Nova Scotia. The route, known as Millville Highway, was the main highway before Nova Scotia Highway 105 opened. It originally extended from Sydney River to Port Hawkesbury. It is now commonly known as Old Route 5.

title: Nova Scotia Highway 105


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EarthTHESHIP

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. HappyCamper 05:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

EarthTHESHIP
Your guess is as good as mine. Borderline patent nonsense. No Google hits. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  03:06, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as short/no context, I guess. I would have tagged it cleanup-context first though. Gazpacho 03:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense Ryan Norton T 03:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and hurry. Quicksandish 03:10, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * The cleanup tag was too generous. I've tagged it for a speedy.  CanadianCaesar 03:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete his/her other contribution Indian People’s Congress as well, which gets 2 hits on Google. Dottore So 03:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Paul Ben-Victor

Paul Ben-Victor (born July 24, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Greek mobster Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos on the HBO drama series The Wire, Alan Gray in Entourage (2005–2008), and Ray in Body Parts (1991).

Early life
Ben-Victor was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Leah Kornfeld, a playwright, and Victor Friedman. He attended Midwood High School, graduating in 1983.

Career
Ben-Victor debuted on the small screen in 1987 in the television film Blood Vows: The Story of a Mafia Wife and on an episode of Cagney & Lacey.

Ben-Victor has been featured on many television cop dramas like FBI, Monk and CSI, and also had a recurring role as two-bit con man Steve Richards on three episodes of NYPD Blue from 1994 to 1997. He also appeared as Steve Richards on a 1998 episode of the short-lived police drama Brooklyn South.

Ben-Victor had a starring role in the Sci-Fi Channel television show The Invisible Man, alongside Vincent Ventresca. The two later guest starred together on the hit TV show Las Vegas. They were reunited again on an episode of the new USA Network series In Plain Sight ("Hoosier Daddy"), on which Ben-Victor has a supporting role.

He was cast in important roles on HBO dramas The Wire (as mobster Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos) and Entourage, as well as making a 2006 appearance as Coach Lou on My Name Is Earl. He portrayed Moe Howard in the 2000 television film The Three Stooges.

Ben-Victor has roles in the films The Irishman (2019), The Banker (2020), and Last Looks (2022).

He has co-written stage plays with his mother, including Club Soda and The Good Steno.

title: Paul Ben-Victor


text:
Bruno Landry

Bruno Landry is a Québécois comedian and humorist. He was part of the humor group Rock et Belles Oreilles from 1981 to 1995.

title: Bruno Landry


text:
Mortal Kombat: Conquest

Mortal Kombat: Conquest is an American martial arts television series developed by Juan Carlos Coto. Based on the Mortal Kombat fighting game franchise, it aired in syndication for one season from October 3, 1998 to May 22, 1999. The series serves as a prequel to the games, following the original Kung Lao (Paolo Montalban) as he protects Earthrealm with the help of bodyguard Siro (Daniel Bernhardt) and former thief Taja (Kristanna Loken). It was one of the first live action shows based on a video game to air on United States television, preceded only by the live action segments of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!.

Summary
Many centuries ago, Earth was an enchanting and desirable planet. Powerful and rich with natural resources, the vicious megalomaniac Shao Kahn wanted Earth as part of his growing collection of conquered realms known as Outworld. To protect Earth, Mortal Kombat was created: a tournament in which the fate of the planet is decided in battles between competitors from Earthrealm and Outworld. Five hundred years in the past, the monk warrior Kung Lao defeated Shao Kahn's sorcerer, Shang Tsung. When Kung Lao spared his life, Shao imprisoned Shang in the cobalt mines.

Kung Lao now had to train the next generation of warriors, who would give their lives to save Earth. Kung Lao created a partnership and friendship between two warriors: Siro, a former bodyguard, and Taja, an ex-thief. In the mysterious city of Zhuzin, Kung Lao and his new friends are guided and watched over by the thunder god Raiden. The three now battle various evils of both Outworld and Earthrealm, including an imprisoned Shang Tsung, who swore eternal revenge on Kung Lao for his humiliating defeat, and the sultry and seductive Vorpax, who is also imprisoned in the mines and has an agenda of her own.

Main

 * Paolo Montalban as Kung Lao
 * Daniel Bernhardt as Siro
 * Kristanna Loken as Taja
 * Tracy Douglas as Vorpax
 * Bruce Locke as Shang Tsung
 * Jeffrey Meek as Raiden and Shao Kahn

Notable guest appearances
With Conquest immediately following TNT's top-rated program, WCW Monday Nitro, WCW wrestlers Meng and Wrath filmed separate appearances. Former QVC model Dorian John played the barmaid Magda in the episodes "Twisted Truth" and "Quan Chi".

Production and release
Mortal Kombat: Conquest was produced by Threshold Entertainment (who produced the Mortal Kombat film series) in association with New Line Television (television arm of the films' distributor). Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution distributed the series. The program was filmed at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida. The Warner Bros. unit (eventual holder of the Mortal Kombat property), as New Line's corporate sibling-turned-parent, syndicated the series until it was later picked up by TNT, which aired the remaining new episodes in addition to broadcasting repeats of the first-run syndication run. With a lucrative timeslot following WCW Monday Nitro, Conquest was very popular, but according to the show's developer, Joshua Wexler, this resulted in higher budget costs for the show than anticipated. The cancellation was not announced at first, and rumors of a second season circulated. However, TNT pulled the plug on the show, leaving it with a cliffhanger ending. The ending was planned to have been resolved in the second season, which would have summed up the series and corresponded with the MK timeline.

Home media
Mortal Kombat: Conquest has been released on DVD in the United Kingdom and Australia, where it enjoyed a more successful run on television. Unofficial collections produced in the UK consist of unrelated and edited episodes merged so that each disc contains a theme, and some of the DVDs contain spelling errors on the covers. Several episodes of the series, consisting of one show per disc, were released in Germany; two of the discs feature episodes centered around Kreeya and Sub-Zero. DVDs were also recently released in Portugal, with many spelling errors on the covers. In 2015, Warner Home Video released Mortal Kombat: Conquest - Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.

Reception
In 2010, 4thletter! ranked Conquest as sixth on the list of "The Top Ten Most Ridiculous Things to Come Out of Mortal Kombat". In 2011, 1UP.com featured the series in the article "The Top Ten Times Mortal Kombat Went Wrong", calling it a "wire-fu disaster".

title: Mortal Kombat: Conquest


text:
Talk:Sigma-additive set function

Error in the "Basic Properties" section
\mu(nullset) = 0 does not follow from finite additivity. It's an added condition to make \mu nontrivial. That is, if \mu(nullset) \ne 0, then \mu(E) = \infty for all sets E. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.192.26.106 (talk) 15:36, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Merging into measure (mathematics)
Hmmm... I see you've intentionally and knowingly changed this from a redirect to Measure (mathematics) to an independent article, but I don't understand why, since that article also has as its major topic a definition and elementary properties of countable additivity. It's possible that the content here is easier to follow for the uninitiated, but having two definitions in different articles is just asking for them to be expanded in independent, overlapping and confusing ways.

In short, I move that this content be merged back into Measure (mathematics). And if not, the redirects at countable additivity and so forth should probably be changed. —Blotwell 03:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I created this article because I thought that the topic "sigma additivity" was deserving of its own article. Here are my reasons:

 * When I follow a link of some term like "sigma additivity", because I want to know what it means, I would rather be sent to an article just about that term, which defines that term right at the top, instead of being directed to an article about a different topic and having to read down into the article, for the definition I'm seeking.
 * The definition of the property in this article is more general than the one given in Measure (mathematics) (In fact it is not entirely clear to me that you could actually say that Measure (mathematics) actually defines a "sigma additive function", rather it defines a "countably additive measure".)
 * This article has content which is not now in and does not necessarily belong in Measure (mathematics).
 * This article has the possibility of expanding further beyond what would necessarily be appropriate for the article Measure (mathematics). For example it could have a section on the history of and motivation of the property. It could describe possible uses of the concept outside of Measure theory. It could explore generalizations or restrictions of the property. It could discuss the relationship between this property and other related properties like subadditivity.

 * So for these reasons I would prefer to leave this article here. I have, for the time being, redirected countable additivity here. However I really am by no means an expert in this area and I would appreciate, the views of more knowledgeable editors. I will see if I can round some up ;-)
 * Paul August ☎ 19:03, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Paul's reasoning. There is of course some overlap with measure (mathematics) but that's OK. I don't really like super articles containing a lot of stuff when you just want to look up a single thing. That is, I'd vote to keep this article separate. Oleg Alexandrov 22:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would be fully convinced into agreeing with you both if I saw evidence that the notion of σ-additivity has application outside the definition of a measure specifically (or at least, outside trivial generalizations thereof). My concern is precisely that it has not and cannot have, basically because if you look at the axioms for a measure you'll see that σ-additivity is the only axiom, and hence "σ-additive function" and "measure" are actually the same concept.  —Blotwell 04:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well as defined in Sigma additivity μ can have negative values. Whereas in Measure (mathematics) μ is required to be non-negative, that was what I meant by my point 2 above. And what about the other reasons given above? Paul August ☎ 04:49, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, nonnegativity—I was afraid I was overlooking something. Very well, then I agree that there is a place for as many articles as currently exist and I withdraw my merge nomination.  I'm still confused though: is this meant to be a page about σ-additivity (the axiom which may or may not be used in a context with other axioms) or about the class of σ-additive functions?  Especially from your argument 4 (and the page title) I infer the former, but (assuming that σ-additive functions which aren't measures are ever notable) shouldn't we have a separate page for the latter?  And Measure (mathematics) already does have a section on "Generalizations": your philosophy expressed in 4 seems to suggest it doesn't belong; I feel that it's fine (and should include a sentence linking to sigma-additive functions, since they're clearly a generalization of measures).  As for history—I'm speculating, but my guess is that measures were invented first and other σ-additive functions a subsequent generalization, in which case my preference would be to put the history in the Measure (mathematics) page.  Anyway, those are my thoughts, I don't want to contest this more, do whatever you think best.  —Blotwell 04:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Agree with Oleg & Paul. However, one mistake was to not link sigma-additive in the the article measure (mathematics) once this article was written. That link is critical: it will encourage editors to expand/expound in this article, not the other. Twice, now, in two days, I've written expanded sections in one article only to discover shortly afterwards that what I wrote was already covered in another article, but that other article hadn't been wikilinked to the one I was editing! Its no loss, its just a shame. linas 03:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes of course, it should have been linked. Paul August ☎ 04:04, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

It can take −∞ as a value
So... again, why did you revert my edit? Why do you think it gives "nothing but headaches"? Please answer here. --Fibonacci 23:31, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It might be useful to explain that the measure is often taken to be non-negative, but that the rpinciples of sigma-additivity work just as well for an extended (negative) measure as well. Just so that those of us expecting a positive measure aren't surprised. linas 00:37, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Not only (nonnegative) measures are σ-additive. Measures have their own article. This one should discuss σ-additivity only.
 * But the point of the question was that the article was written as if a σ-additive function could only take values in (−∞, +∞]; I changed it to the whole extended real line, and Oleg Alexandrov changed it back. I just wanted to ask him why. And... I was expecting Oleg to answer... --Fibonacci 01:00, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Fibonacci, you know very well that a measure can't take both +∞ and −∞ as values, as then you can't add up the two. You either explain this in the article, or you restrict yourself to an interval not containing both of those. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 01:20, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * And you know that the definition allows it (in principle) to take both values, but then it is proven that you cannot possibly have both. I'd go for the former option. --Fibonacci 01:52, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * May I ask the purpose of the degree symbol appearing after the parenthetic describing your clarification? TricksterWolf (talk) 21:45, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

additive but not sigma-additive
The following is not additive, not when defined on the power set of the reals anyway.

$$ \mu (A)= \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox { if } 0 \in \bar A \\ 0 & \mbox { if } 0 \notin \bar A \end{cases}$$

(-1,0) and (0,1) are disjoint, and their closures contain 0

u((-1,0))+u((0,1))=2

restricting the function to the power set of the positive reals won't work either...

(0,1) - rationals

and

(0,1) intersect rationals

both contain 0 in their closure.

defining the function as

$$ \mu (A)= \begin{cases} \infty & \mbox { if } 0 \in \bar A \\ 0 & \mbox { if } 0 \notin \bar A \end{cases}$$

fixes the problem. An example not involving $$ \infty $$ would be nice.

-- Yeah, I agree this example is so blatently flawed it should be removed.. I will put your edit in for now, and attempt to come up with a different example next time Im bored... --TM-77 18:15, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok added example, but its very late here, and it probaby contains some kind of error. It definitly needs to be written more clearly.. still, it works (I think). It basically tries to fix the original example given in such a way as to not allow for sets which aren't intervals around 0, and thus you can't have two disjoint measure 1 sets.

--TM-77 23:54, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops, my adjustment only works by only considering intervals as subsets of R. I has managed to make sure that you could only consider an interval in order to get a measure 1 set, however as it was defined on the powerset of R (i.e. all possible subsets of R), you can have a=(0,1)-rationals and b=(0,1)intersect rationals, and this is not additive.
 * To fix this problem I had considered trying to define the function on only intervals of R, I can't actually remember if that is allowed in terms of /mu being a measure.. but then Is suppose this is only a general function... hmm could someone check that please...
 * --TM-77 12:07, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

The (current) example of an additive function on the powerset of the reals that is not sigma additive is wrong. By the given formula, the measure of the irrationals is 1 and the measure of the rationals is 1, but the measure of their union is again 1. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.187.97.19 (talk) 14:43, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

More general definition?
Could sigma-additivity be defined more generally:

X a set

A a set of subsets of X

f a function from A to the reals

for all A1, A2... disjoint sets contained in A

if $$\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n \in A$$ then $$f(\bigcup_{n=1}^\infty A_n)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty f(A_n)$$ -unsigned

 * Yeah, one could, but this defintion is not so interesting. You could as well deal with A being a sigma-algebra to start with. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:40, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

There ought to at least be at least an explicit mention of Finite Additivity in this article
There ought to at least be at least an explicit mention of Finite Additivity in this article since Finite additive and Finitely additive redirect here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.191.212.109 (talk) 22:27, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree. As a novice, I want a quick definition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.101.143.230 (talk) 01:04, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Other definitions?
Kolmogorov's original defining axiom AIUI was that for any sequence A1, A2, ... of sets in $$\scriptstyle\mathcal{A}$$ such that $$A_i \supset A_{i+1}$$ and $$\bigcup_{i=1}^\infty A_i = \emptyset$$ we have $$\lim_{i \rightarrow \infty} \mu(A_i) = 0$$. Is that the same as sigma additivity? How is that proven? ciphergoth (talk) 20:04, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

A possible mistake
"..The union of these sets is the interval (0, 1) whose closure is [0, 1] and μ applied to the union is then infinity,..."

in my opinion, the word "infinity" in this sentence must be replaced with the word "one".
 * You are correct. I've fixed this now. Paul August ☎ 09:25, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually the definition had been recently changed from

 * $$ \mu (A)= \infty \mbox { if } 0 \in \bar A$$

 * to

 * $$ \mu (A)= 1 \mbox { if } 0 \in \bar A.$$

 * But that makes the function non-additive, see the section "additive but not sigma-additive" above. I've now fixed this (I hope). Paul August ☎ 09:50, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sigma-additive set function


text: User:Chupacupcake

title: User:Chupacupcake


text:
User talk:Chupacupcake

Please leave your hate mail here. I might not respond if you are rude.

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you have fun contributing to the project.

I've noticed you've edited some pages related to the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and the Holocaust. In such controversial and sensitive topics it is extremely important to cite sources for the information you want to add. If you do not others are likely to quickly revert your changes.

Good luck. - Haukurth 17:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chupacupcake


text:
Talk:Glenn White

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Glenn White. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161027102259/http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2379-winners-of-the-2014-awards-medals-and-prizes to http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2379-winners-of-the-2014-awards-medals-and-prizes

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:11, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glenn White


text:
Ipatiev House

Ipatiev House (Дóм Ипáтьева) was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg (later renamed Sverdlovsk in 1924, renamed back to Yekaterinburg in 1991) where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917), his family, and members of his household were murdered in July 1918 following the Bolshevik Revolution. Its name is identical to that of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, from where the Romanovs came to the throne. As an act for the 60th anniversary of the Russian Revolutions, it was demolished in 1977 by orders of the Politburo to the local Soviet government, almost 59 years after the Romanov family murder and 14 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself.

History

In the 1880s, Ivan Redikortsev, an official involved in the mining industry, commissioned a two-story house to be built on the slope of a prominent hill. The length of the facade was 31 metres. In 1898, the mansion passed to Sharaviev, a gold dealer of tainted reputation. Ten years later, the house was acquired by Nikolai Nikolayevich Ipatiev, a military engineer, who turned the ground floor into his office.

It seems to have been on the basis of information supplied by Pyotr Voykov that Ipatiev was summoned to the office of the Ural Soviet at the end of April 1918 and ordered to vacate what was soon to be called "The House of Special Purpose."

The Imperial family's stay and on-site execution
The Imperial Romanov family moved in on 30 April 1918 and spent 78 days at the house. This household included Tsar Nicholas Romanov, his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, their four daughters, their son and heir Alexei, the Tsarevich (crown prince); their court physician Dr. Yevgeny Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov, and valet Alexei Trupp. They occupied four rooms on the upper story of the Ipatiev House, while their guards were housed on the ground floor. From early July, command of this guard was taken over by Yakov Yurovsky, a senior member of the Ural Soviet.

The prisoners were permitted brief daily exercise in an enclosed garden. However, the windows to their rooms were painted over and they were kept in isolation from the outside. A high wooden fence was built around the outer perimeter of the house, closing it off from the street.

About midnight on 16–17 July 1918, Commander Yurovsky entered the second-floor room of Dr. Botkin, who was awake and writing a letter. Botkin was told to awaken the Imperial family and their three remaining servants, so that the whole party could be evacuated from Yekaterinburg. The reason given was that the anti-Bolshevik White Army forces of Tsarist and moderate democratic socialists in the ensuing Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, were nearing the city and that there had been firing in the streets.

After taking about half an hour to dress and pack, the Romanovs, Botkin and the three servants were led down a flight of stairs into the courtyard of the house, and from there through a ground-floor entrance to a small semi-basement room at the back of the building. Chairs were brought for Tsarevich Alexei and Tsarina Alexandra at the Tsar's request. The remainder of the party stood behind and to one side of the seated pair.

After a while, Yurovsky and a party of armed men entered the basement room through the double doors. Ivan Plotnikov, history professor at the Maksim Gorky Ural State University, has established that the executioners were Yakov Yurovsky, G. P. Nikulin, M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin), Peter Ermakov, S. P. Vaganov, A. G. Kabanov, P. S. Medvedev, V. N. Netrebin, and Y. M. Tselms. Three Latvians refused at the last minute to take part in the execution.

Yurovsky spoke briefly to the effect that their Romanov relatives had attempted to save the Imperial family, that this attempt had failed and that the Soviets were now obliged to shoot them all. He and his squad then opened fire with pistols on the prisoners.

The number of people crowded into a comparatively small area led to an inefficient and messy slaughter. The women among the prisoners had diamonds and jewelry concealed in their clothing, deflecting many of the bullets. It took between twenty and thirty minutes before all were killed.

Demolition

As early as 1923, the photographs of the fenced house were disseminated in the Soviet press under the label of "the last palace of the last Tsar". In 1927, the house was designated a branch of the Ural Revolution Museum. It then became an agricultural school before taking on new life in 1938 as an anti-religious museum. During this period it was customary for party apparatchiks to arrive in large tour groups, posing before the bullet-damaged wall of the cellar in which the former Tsar and his family had been executed. In 1946, it was taken over by the local Communist Party. In 1974, it was formally listed as a Historical-Revolutionary Monument. However, it was steadily becoming a place of pilgrimage for those who wished to honour the memory of the imperial family.

In 1977, as the sixtieth anniversary of the Russian Revolution approached, the Politburo decided to take action, declaring that the house was not of "sufficient historical significance", and ordering its demolition. The task was passed to Boris Yeltsin, chair of the local party, who had the house demolished in September 1977. He later wrote in his memoirs, published in 1990, that "sooner or later we will be ashamed of this piece of barbarism." However, despite this action, the pilgrims kept coming, often in secret and at night, leaving tokens of remembrance on the vacant site. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union that was complete by 1991 (by coincidence, Yeltsin had played a major role during its dissolution and was Russia's first post-Soviet President), the Church on the Blood, one of the largest in Russia, was built on the site.

The Romanov crosses
On one side of the church, there is an Orthodox cross which marks the location of the Romanov family’s death. Even during the Soviet era, there were crosses placed in that area, which changed over time. Different crosses would be replaced by new ones as the years went by. A small wooden structure was eventually built behind the cross and still stands near the church today.

Another cross stands near the wooden structure, showing the spot where the executions occurred.

In literature and drama
The house features as the setting for three plays: Ekaterinburg (David Logan, 2013) the title being an alternate romanization of Yekaterinburg, OTMA (Kate Moira Ryan, 2006) and The House of Special Purpose (Heidi Thomas, 2009). All three plays deal with the time in captivity spent inside the Ipatiev House by the Romanovs and their retainers.

The house is featured in the episode "Ipatiev House" in season 5 of the television series The Crown, covering the execution of the Romanovs.

title: Ipatiev House


text:
DIN sync

DIN sync, also called Sync24, is a synchronization interface for electronic musical instruments. It was introduced in 1980 by Roland Corporation and has been superseded by MIDI.

Definition and history
DIN sync was introduced in 1980 by Roland Corporation with the release of the TR-808 drum machine. The intended use was the synchronization of music sequencers, drum machines, arpeggiators and similar devices. It was superseded by MIDI in the mid-to-late 1980s.

DIN sync consists of two signals, clock (tempo) and run/stop. Both signals are TTL compatible, meaning the low state is 0 V and the high state is about +5 V. The clock signal is a low-frequency pulse wave suggesting the tempo. Instead of measuring the waveform's frequency, the machine receiving the signal merely has to count the number of pulses to work out when to increment its position in the music. Roland equipment uses 24 pulses per quarter note, known as Sync24. Therefore, a Roland-compatible device playing sixteenth notes would have to advance to the next note every time it receives 6 pulses. Korg equipment uses 48 pulses per quarter note. The run/stop signal indicates whether the sequence is playing or not.

If a device is a DIN sync sender, the positive slope of start/stop must reset the clock signal, and the clock signal must start with a delay of 9 ms.

A detailed description on how to implement a DIN sync sender with Play, Pause, Continue and Stop functionality was published by E-RM Erfindungsbuero.

Pinouts
DIN sync is so named because it uses 5-pin DIN connectors, the same as used for MIDI. DIN sync itself is not a DIN standard. Note that despite using the same connectors as MIDI, it uses different pins on these connectors (1, 2, and 3 rather than MIDI's 2, 4 and 5), so a cable made specifically for MIDI will not necessarily have the pins required for DIN sync connected. In some applications the remaining DIN sync pins (4 and 5) are used as tap and fill in or reset and start, but this differs from one device to another.

Some manufacturers offer DIN sync over a 3.5 mm TRS mini-jack connection. Similar to the MIDI standard over TRS minijack, the aim is to reduce space in the device with a smaller connector.

Other clock systems
The MIDI interface uses the same 5-pin DIN connectors but is electrically not compatible with DIN sync. The MIDI protocol features a MIDI beat clock. MIDI beat clock also works with 24 ticks per quarter note. MIDI timecode is used for more general timecode synchronization applications.

Analog clock signals are equivalent to the clock signal at pin 3 of DIN sync interface. The clock rate is usually higher than the DIN sync's rate. Typical values are 48, 96 or 192 pulses per quarter note (examples: Oberheim DMX, DX, DSX; LinnDrum 1 and 2).

Analog trigger signals transfer a pulse per musical event. For instance, a trigger corresponds to a step of an analog sequencer or an arpeggiator, a step in a rhythm pattern. Typical analog triggers run at four pulses per quarter note.

Combining with other clock systems
The combination of DIN sync with a different clock system can be achieved either by converting the format or the clock rate (see list below) or by using a central unit (so-called master clock), which provides multiple clock formats. The approach with a master clock is usually chosen, especially if synchronization with absolute time is required, such as synchronization with a tape recorder or with video footage.

Typical devices which can act as a master clock and provide DIN sync include the Roland SBX-80, Roland SBX-10, Friendchip SRC, E-RM midiclock⁺ and Yamaha MSS1. Many drum machines which have DIN sync and MIDI clock outputs can act as master clock for those two formats.

Converting from and to other clock systems
Though DIN sync and MIDI clock have the same clock rate, they require a conversion of the format within a microprocessor or similar. The conversion from MIDI clock to DIN sync is available in many industrial devices. The conversion from DIN sync to MIDI clock can be performed by devices such as 'Sync-Split2' from Innerclock Systems, or D-Sync by Kenton Electronics. Also two no longer produced devices do this type of conversion: Roland SBX10, Korg KMS30. On September 1, 2014, Roland introduced the SBX-1 which provides MIDI to sync24 or sync48 conversion.

To get an analog trigger or clock from the DIN syncs clock signal one has to use digital frequency division or frequency multiplication. There are no dedicated industrial devices that provide a division. The Roland SBX10 can convert into a 48, 96, and 120 PPQN clock.

Devices
Some devices have a DIN sync input as well as DIN sync output, other devices have only a single DIN socket which sometimes can be switched between input and output.

Note that sync48 devices can be combined with sync24 devices if 32nd notes are programmed instead of 16th notes.

title: DIN sync


text:
Scots Confession

The Scots Confession (also called the Scots Confession of 1560) is a Confession of Faith written in 1560 by six leaders of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. The text of the Confession was the first subordinate standard for the Protestant church in Scotland. Along with the Book of Discipline and the Book of Common Order, this is considered to be a formational document for the Church of Scotland during the time.

In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland agreed to reform the religion of the country. To enable them to decide what the Reformed Faith was to be, they set John Knox as the superintendent over John Winram, John Spottiswood, John Willock, John Douglas, and John Row, to prepare a Confession of Faith. This they did in four days. The 25 Chapters of the Confession spell out a contemporary statement of the Christian faith as understood by the followers of John Calvin during his lifetime. Although the Confession and its accompanying documents were the product of the joint effort of the Six Johns, its authorship is customarily attributed to John Knox.

While the Parliament approved the Confession on 27 August 1560, acting outside the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh to do so, Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, refused to agree, and the Confession was not approved by the monarch until 1567, after Mary's overthrow. It remained the Confession of the Church of Scotland until it was superseded by the Westminster Confession of Faith on 27 August 1647. However, the confession itself begins by stating that the Parliament "ratifeit and apprevit [the confession] as wholesome and sound doctrine grounded upon the infallible truth of God's word"; thus, though changes within societies may have diminished its relevance, believers hold that the authority of its statements is rooted not in parliamentary approval but in, as it says, "the infallible truth of God's word".

In 1967, it was included in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.'s Book of Confessions alongside various other confessional standards, and remains in the current Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)'s Book of Confessions.

As the Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560, the Confession remains part of Scots law.

title: Scots Confession


text:
Gilbert Ashwell

Gilbert Ashwell (July 16, 1916 – June 27, 2014) was an American biochemist at the National Institutes of Health. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences for his work with Anatol Morell in isolating the first cell receptor.

Biography
Ashwell was born in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1916. After high school, he went to college to further his education. He attended the University of Illinois, where he earned his B.A.in 1938 and M.S. in 1941. He then went to Columbia University in New York, which was closer to his hometown, to spend two years doing research. In 1950, Ashwell joined the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases. This Institute had grown and later split into two institutes, which are the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Ashwell worked at the latter as an emeritus scientist after his retirement.

Ashwell’s research
Ashwell’s goal as a researcher was to devise a labeling serum glycoproteins in order to study the role of ceruloplasmin in Wilson disease. With another researcher named Anatol G. Morell, he worked to propose that membrane lectins remove senescent circulating glycoproteins, and discovered one of the earliest known carbohydrate receptors. They were able to devise a labeling procedure which allowed them to remove enzymes of the glycoproteins' sialic acid residue. By completing this process, they were able to incorporate other substances into the protein. In 1974, Ashwell and Morell happened to discover that a certain receptor in a human’s liver is able to recognize a specific glycoprotein called asialoglycoprotein. Ashwell explained that he was not specifically looking for the asialoglycoprotein when he found it.

Ashwell died on June 27, 2014, from pneumonia in a Washington, D.C., area hospital. He was 97.

title: Gilbert Ashwell


text:
Gogaji

Gogaji is a folk deity, worshipped in the northern states of India especially in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab region, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Gujarat. He is a warrior-hero of the region, venerated as a saint and a 'snake-god'.

Although there are references to him in the folklore of Rajasthan, little historical knowledge of Gugga exists other than that he ruled the small kingdom of Dadrewa (in present day Rajasthan) and was a contemporary of Prithviraj Chauhan.

Etymology
According to legend, Goga was born with the blessings of Guru Gorakhnath, who gave 'Gugal' fruit(Commiphora wightii) to Goga's mother Bachhal which was used to name him. Another belief is that he was called Goga because of his remarkable service to cows(Gou in Sanskrit).

Kingdom
Goga had a kingdom called Bagad Dedga that spanned over to Hansi near Hisar in Haryana. It is believed that Goga lived during the 12th Century AD In the past, the river Sutlej flowed through the district of Bathinda in present-day Punjab in India. The capital was at Dadrewa near Ganganagar.

Family
Goga (गोगा) (Rajasthani: (Gugo) गुग्गो) was born in c. 900 AD to queen Bachchal (the daughter of a Rajput ruler, Kanwarpala who in 1173 AD ruled over Sirsa in present-day Haryana) and king Zewar a Rajput belonging to Chauhan Clan in the village name Dadrewa in Churu district of Rajasthan. The earliest parts of Goga's life were spent in the village of Dadrewa, situated on Hissar—Bikaner highway in Sadulpur tehsil of Churu district in Rajasthan. According to other legends, his father was Vachha Chauhan, the Raja of Jangal Desh, which stretched from the Sutlej to Haryana.

Birth
When Bachal was worshipping Gorakhnath, her twin-sister decided to usurp the blessings from the Gorakhnath. In the middle of the night, she wore her sister's clothes and deceived Gorakhnath into giving her the blessing fruit. When Bachal realised it, she rushed to Gorakhnath and said that she had not received anything. To this, Gorakhnath replied that he had already given his blessings and said that her sister was attempting to deceive her. After repeated requests by Bachal, Gorakhnath relented and gave her two Gugal candies. She distributed these candies to ladies having no child, including the 'blue mare' who was pregnant at that time. When the Guru gave the blessing to Bachal, he foretold that her son would become very powerful and would rule over the other two sons of their aunt, Kachal.

Marriage
Goga was married to Shreeyal Roz who was daughter of Tandul Nagari's King Sindha Singh.

Other
Another story is that Arjan and Sarjan were against Goga and was a part of conspiracy with king Anangpal Tomar of Delhi. King Anganpal attacked bagad region with Arjan and Sarjan. Both of them were killed by Goga. Goga spared the king after his miserere. In a quarrel about land he killed his two brothers on which account he drew upon himself the anger of his mother.

Celebration and fairs
The history of Goga falls within folk religion and therefore his followers include people from all faiths. Goga is popular as a Devta who protects his followers from snakes and other evils. He has been deified as a snake demigod and is a prominent figure among those who follow the Nāga cult in what is now Rajasthan and since the seventeenth century has been worshipped in the Western Himalayas also, possibly as a consequence of migration there from Rajasthan.

He is particularly popular among those engaged in agrarian pursuits, for whom the fear of snakebite is common. Although a Hindu, he has many Muslim devotees and is chiefly considered to be a saint (pir) who had the power to cure the effects of poison (jahar).

He was reputed to be a disciple of Guru Gorakhnath. According to Muslim oral tradition prevalent in Punjab, he learnt the way of entering and leaving solid earth by a Muslim Pir Hazi Rattan of Bathinda. Goga is also believed to have lived for some time in Bathinda.

The cult is prevalent in Rajasthan and other states of northern India, including Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and the north western districts of Uttar Pradesh. His followers can also be found in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Rajasthan
His shrine, referred as medi (shortened colloquial term for Samādhi), consists of a one-room building with a minaret on each corner and a Hindu grave inside, marked by a Nishan (a symbol or sign), which is made up of a long bamboo with peacock plumes, a coconut, some colored threads and some handpankhas with a blue flag on the top.

Worship of Goga starts in Bhaadra month of Hindu calendar. On the 9th of Bhadra, the people worship his symbol, a black snake painted on a wall. Worshippers take a fly-flap, known as chhari, round the village. Devotees pay their respect to it and offer churma. The Savayians sing devotional songs known as ‘Pir ke Solle’ in his honour to the accompaniment of deroos. Beating of deroos is the exclusive privilege of the Savayian community; others may sing, dance or offer charhawa. It is believed that the spirit of Gugga temporarily takes abode in the devotee dancer who lashes himself with a bunch of iron chains. People also open their rakhis on this day(bhadra krishna paksh navmi) and offer them to him. They also offer sweet puri (a type of sweet chappati) and other sweets and take his blessing.

Grand fairs are held at samadhi sathal Gogamedi. Gogamedi is 359 km from Jaipur, in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. It is believed that Goga went into samādhi at Gogamedi. Thousands of devotees gather to pay homage at this memorial annually in the month of Bhadrapada during the Goga fair, which lasts for three days. The fair is held from the ninth day of the dark half of Bhadrapada (Goga Navami) to the eleventh day of the dark half of the same month. People sing and dance to the beats of drums with multicoloured flags called nishans in their hands. The songs and bhajans on the life history of Gogaji are recited accompanied by music played with traditional instruments like Damru, Chimta, etc. At his birthplace Dadrewa, the fair goes on over a month. Devotees from far eastern places of Dadrewa start arriving from the beginning of the auspicious month of Bhaadra. These devotees are commonly known as purbia (those who belong to east). It is a common sight to see people with snakes lying around their necks. According to a folklore in and around his birthplace Dadrewa it is believed that if someone picks up even a stick from johra (a barren land which has a sacred pond in Dadrewa), it would turn into a snake. Devotees of Gogaji worship him when they get a snake bite and apply sacred ash (bhabhoot) on the bite as an immediate remedy.

Himachal Pradesh
In Thaneek Pura, Himachal Pradesh, a very large scale festival and fair is organized on Gugga Navami. The tale of Gugga Ji is recited, from Raksha Bandhan to Gugga Naumi, by the followers who visit every house in the region. These followers while singing the tales of Gugga Ji carry a Chhat (a wooden umbrella) and people offer them grains and other stuff. They bring all the collected offerings to the temple and then the grand festival of Gugga Navami is celebrated for three days. Apart from various pujas and rituals, the wrestling competition (Mall or Dangal) is organized for three days where participants from all over the region compete. The annual three-day fair is also a part of these festivities where people come and enjoy great food, and shop for decorative items, handicrafts, clothes, cosmetics, household goods, and toys for children.

Punjab
Goga is known as Gugga in the Punjab who has a significant following. Many Punjabi villages have a shrine dedicated to Gugga Jaharveer known as Medi. A fair is organised annually in the village of Chhapar and is known as the Chhapar Mela. Gugga's legacy in Punjab can be seen in towns such as Bareta Mandi, which is situated at a distance of 51 km from Mansa in Punjab. "The town is predominantly inhabited by Chauhans who trace their origin from Gugga, ‘Lord of Snakes’. It is said that nobody has ever died here on account of snakebite because of the blessings of Gugga."

In the Punjab region, it is traditional to offer sweet Vermicelli to the shrines of Gugga Ji and sweet fried bread (mathya (ਮੱਥੀਆ)). He is worshiped in the month of Bhadon especially on the ninth day of that month. Gugga is meant to protect against snake bites and he is venerated in shrines known as marris. The shrines do not conform to any religion and can range from antholes to structures that resemble a Sikh Gurdwara or a Mosque. When worshipping Gugga, people bring noodles as offerings and also leave them in places where snakes reside. People perform a devotional dance while dancing on the legendary songs of bravery sung in his praise.

On the day of Gugga naumi, when offering the sweet dish, songs are sung which include:

Punjabi: ਪੱਲੇ ਮੇਰੇ ਮਥੀਆਂ ਨੀ ਮੈਂ ਗੁੱਗਾ ਮਨਾਓੁਣ ਚੱਲੀਆਂ ਨੀ ਮੈਂ ਬਾਰੀ ਗੁੱਗਾ ਜੀ

Palle mere mathyaa ni mein Gugga manaun challyaa ni mein bari Gugga ji

Translation I have got mathya I am going to worship Gugga ji Oh Gugga ji

title: Gogaji


text:
User talk:Kwiksilver~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, Kwiksilver, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * Try our tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * Keep the Five Pillars of Wikipedia in mind, and remember to write from a neutral point of view.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~, or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask a question at the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome, and good luck!

-- Kirill Lokshin 03:13, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kwiksilver. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kwiksilver~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kwiksilver~enwiki


text:
Level Plane Records

Level Plane was an American independent record label based in New York City that was founded in early 1997 by Greg Drudy for the release of Saetia's first 7". Drudy ran the label until it ceased to exist in 2009. It released records in a variety of styles including those by many screamo bands.

Roster

 * A Day in Black and White
 * Air Conditioning
 * Amanda Woodward
 * Anodyne
 * Aussitôt Mort
 * Bloody Panda
 * Books Lie
 * Bright Calm Blue
 * Bucket Full of Teeth
 * City of Caterpillar
 * Coliseum
 * The Conversions
 * Defeatist
 * Drain the Sky
 * Envy
 * The Fiction
 * Forstella Ford
 * Get Fucked
 * Get Rad
 * Gospel
 * Graf Orlock
 * The Hidden Chord
 * The Holy Shroud
 * Hot Cross
 * Jeromes Dream
 * Kaospilot
 * Landmine Marathon
 * Lickgoldensky
 * Life at These Speeds
 * Life Detecting Coffins
 * Light the Fuse and Run
 * Louise Cyphre
 * Malady
 * Melt-Banana
 * Mikoto
 * The Minor Times
 * Muslimgauze
 * Neil Perry
 * Newgenics
 * North of America
 * The Now
 * Oil
 * The One AM Radio
 * pg. 99
 * Ruhaeda
 * Racebannon
 * Saetia
 * Saviours
 * Shikari
 * Sinaloa
 * The State Secedes
 * Thou
 * Tombs
 * Transistor Transistor
 * A Trillion Barnacle Lapse
 * Usurp Synapse
 * Van Johnson
 * the Vidablue
 * Warwolf
 * You and I

title: Level Plane Records


text:
Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum

Khnumhotep (ẖnm.w-ḥtp(.w)) and Niankhkhnum (nj-ꜥnḫ-ẖnm.w) were two male ancient Egyptian royal servants. The men shared the title of Overseer of the Manicurists in the Palace of King Nyuserre Ini, sixth pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, reigning during the second half of the 25th century BC. They were buried together at Saqqara and are listed as "royal confidants" in their joint tomb. They are notable for their unusual depiction in Egyptian records, often interpreted as the first recorded same-sex couple.

Family
Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are believed by scholars, including Thomas Dowson, and Greg Reeder, to be the first recorded same-sex couple in ancient history. The assumed romantic relationship between Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum is based on depictions of the two men standing nose to nose and embracing. Niankhkhnum's wife, depicted in a banquet scene, was almost completely erased in antiquity, and in other pictures Khnumhotep occupies the position usually designated for a wife. Their official titles were "Overseers of the Manicurists of the Palace of the King". Critics argue that both men appear with their respective wives and children, suggesting the men were brothers, rather than lovers.

Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are depicted in the tomb with their respective families. It has been proposed that they were the sons of Khabaw-khufu and Rewedzawes. They appear to have had three brothers named Titi, Nefernisut, and Kahersetef. Three possible sisters are also attested. They are named Neferhotep-hewetherew, Mehewet and Ptah-heseten. Niankhkhnum's wife was named Khentikawes. The couple appear in the tomb with three sons named Hem-re, Qed-unas and Khnumhezewef, and three daughters, Hemet-re, Khewiten-re and Nebet. At least one grandson is attested, Irin-akheti, the son of Hem-re and his wife, Tjeset.

Khnumhotep had a wife by the name of Khenut. Khnumhotep and Khenut had at least five sons named Ptahshepses, Ptahneferkhu, Kaizebi, Khnumheswef and Niankhkhnum the younger (possibly named after the tomb owner), as well as a daughter named Rewedzawes.

Careers
Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum were the head manicurists for the royal family, but held a number of different official titles and duties. Both or either men held the following titles:

 * 1) m-r jr ant pr aA "overseer of manicurists (literally, 'those who do fingernails') in the palace."
 * 2) sHD jr ant pr aA "inspector of manicurists in the palace"
 * 3) Hrj sStA "guardian of secrets"
 * 4) rx nswt "king's acquaintance"
 * 5) zXAw nswt "king's scribe"
 * 6) mHnk nswt "confidant of the king"
 * 7) jr xt nswt "keeper of the king's things"
 * 8) mrr nb.f "one who is beloved of his lord"
 * 9) Hm-nTr ra m Szp jb ra "sun priest in the (place where the sun-god) Ra's heart receives welcome," that is, in Nyuserre's solar temple at Abu Ghurab
 * 10) wab mn swt nj-wsr-ra "purity attendant of the enduring places of Nyuserre" (a cleaner-priest in this king's pyramid complex at Abusir).
 * 11) wab nswt "one who purifies the king." (a personal priest to the king)
 * 12) nb jmAx nTr aA "lord of those who are honored before the great god" (an aspirational title signifying donations to the individual's mortuary estate from the king.

On duty at the sun temple, Niankhkhnum or Khnumhotep may have watched over subordinate officials, such as the m-r pr Sna "overseer of the magazines" who in turn supervised crews of porters stocking and withdrawing material from the granaries and store-rooms.

Care of the king's body and wardrobe in preparation for his public appearances required a large number of aides, apparently working in different ateliers each under its own leadership. In addition to the manicurists whom Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep supervised, the palace had attendants under one or more men holding the title jrj nfr HAt "keeper of the headdress," responsible for the king's wigs and headcloths, jrw Snj " hairdressers, who kept him shaven, and an m-r n jzwj Xkrwt nswt "overseer of the two chambers of king's adorners." The post of Xkrt nswt "adorner of the king" was always held by women, who were legally, if not socially, equal to men in Egypt. Neferhotep-Hathor is labeled with this status at the funeral procession of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep.

How, or how often, personnel in the hairdressers' shop, which from titulary evidence stands higher than the manicurists in 5th and 6th Dynasty prestige rankings, communicated with the latter remains unknown. No hairdressers are labeled at the funeral procession. Ptahshepses, the keeper of the headdress who became Nyussere's vizier, and Ti, overseer of the pyramids and sun temples, are two officials whom Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep may have worked with. Both Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are attested on a harvest scene in the splendid burial estate of Ptahshepses, where they may have been quarry supervisors, yet named as jr ant pr aA "palace manicurists," quite junior to titulary in their own tomb, which could mean Ptahshepses died while they were younger. A door jamb, besides TAtj "vizier," displays the title HAt-a "one whose arm is in front," a pure honorific Allen distinguishes from the m-r and jrj titles specifying responsibility domains we've encountered up to now. The jrj nfr HAt "keeper of the headdress" epithet, recorded in many of the rooms, is spelled with the mouth sign (Gardiner D21), not the eye sign (D4), so that it shares the introductory word of jrj-pat "hereditary prince," another of Allen's honorifics.

Tomb

The tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum was discovered by Egyptologist Ahmed Moussa in the necropolis at Saqqara, Egypt in 1964, during the excavation of the causeway for the pyramid of King Unas. It is the only tomb in the necropolis where men are displayed embracing and holding hands. In addition, the men's chosen names (both theophorics to the creator-god Khnum) form a linguistic reference to their closeness: Niankhkhnum means "life belongs to Khnum" and Khnumhotep means "Khnum is satisfied;" The precise king and regnal date of this tomb are unknown; style places it in the latter 5th Dynasty under Nyuserre or Menkauhor. No human remains were discovered inside. It is believed the tomb was built in stages, first a sequence of two chambers cut into the limestone of a low escarpment in the northern area of Saqqara, then a surface-built mastaba structure added to mate with the earlier construction. This would have occurred as the two intended occupants gained resources.

In a banquet scene, Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep are entertained by dancers, clappers, musicians and singers; in another, they oversee their funeral preparations. In the most striking portrayal, the two embrace, noses touching, in the most intimate pose allowed by canonical Egyptian art, surrounded by what would appear to be their heirs.

Forecourt entrance with architrave and pillars
A two-pillared portico makes up the eastern half of the mastaba's façade. The front is inscribed with Niankhkhnum depicted on the left, Khnumhotep on the right. These two reliefs are virtually identical, only the names being different.

Interior of forecourt
This space is fairly small. The west side is decorated with a funerary procession for Niankhkhnum and the east side shows a matching funerary procession for Khnumhotep.

The uppermost south wall shows the two men seated before an offering table. Niankhkhnum is seated on the right, while Khnumhotep is seated on the left. The table with offerings stretches out between them. Below the offering scene the two men are depicted netting fowl and fishing. On the left, below this lintel, Khnumhotep stands on a papyrus boat, spearing fish in the water that floods the bases of papyrus stalks he drifts among. He is accompanied by his wife Khenut, sons and a daughter. On the right, Niankhkhnum is depicted in a similar manner, aiming his throw stick at the waterfowl although the active arm is now missing from this piece.

Outer vestibule
At the entrance scenes of baking bread and brewing beer are depicted. Barley is carefully measured out and turned into bread. Other scenes include goat herding, ship building, harvesting scenes, sailing, netting of birds, etc. The east wall contains a legal text. Below this text several people are depicted thought to be the family of the two men. At the very bottom ships are shown. The men are shown standing before the main cabin of the ship.

Court (open to sky)
An undecorated space which serves to connect the vestibule and chambers on the north end of the mastaba with the abutting rock-cut sections of the tomb to their south. Modern security grates now obstruct much of the full sun that would have flooded this small, walled yard, yet little or no sun fell on the vestibule to the outer rock-cut hall described below, as its entrance faces north.

Inner vestibule
With names, titles, and standing portraits of the two men, it is much smaller than the other vestibule and without pillars. The lintel's inside surface features another cattle count scene, and each tomb owner appears on one of the side walls with his wife, amid a flow of yet more offerings from the herds.

Outer hall
This outer hall, an antechamber to the final, inner hall, marks the tomb's first, rock-cut phase of construction, and is fully decorated. Before the mastaba was added, it would have been the first room a visitor entered after passing through the forecourt, which was relocated northeast to the far side of the mastaba where it is now. Here, people engage in agricultural occupations including the weighing of corn and grain, the ploughing of fields, and harvesting.

A double doorway to the inner hall is on the west wall, with a broad pillar dividing the doors. Its surface depicts the two men, their children, drawn much smaller to reflect a lesser status, in tow behind each parent. The respective wives do not appear in this scene. Niankhkhnum has three sons and three daughters, Khnumhotep five sons and one daughter, some of whom may be adopted or conceived by a second wife or mistress as they lack the shendyt kilts worn by the others. All the children except Niankhkhnum's youngest son, who still runs naked with his shaved head bearing the single sidelock of youth, are adults despite the scale they are drawn at. Ptahshepses, a son of Khnumhotep, wore the youth sidelock in the marsh scene of the forecourt but not so here. Either inconsistency intrudes, or the art, completed over years, reflects some changes of status which transpire during the tomb's construction.

Inner hall
Now on the reverse side of the dividing pillar, Niankhknum and Khnumhotep embrace again, and a third time on the opposite wall of this small chamber. They are without their children in this innermost sanctuary. Each man has a "false door," a carved, slot-like niche surrounded by inscriptions which was produced in the royal workshops and installed in the tomb. Niankhknum's is seriously damaged. The false door provided an accessway for the deceased, as a spiritual being, to reach offerings left at the tomb by the living. These offerings were to be set on plinths in front of the false doors. Behind the false doors is a small statue closet known as the serdab. A statue of each man would have been placed here, facing the chamber as if to watch visitors come and go, but invisible to the offering-bringers since the false doors are actually solid. It appears that tomb robbers removed the statues in antiquity; they are no longer extant.

Deaths and burial
The longevity of the owners, and the circumstances of their deaths are unknown. The limestone sarcophagi beneath the mastaba were ransacked and wooden coffins of later date interred in the burial chambers. Booth, citing others, adheres to the theory that Khnumhotep died first, leaving Niankhkhnum to complete the tomb's art. This conclusion was drawn from Khnumhotep's jmAx epithets (see Titulary section), a style of beard he wears, and exclusion of his wife at the banquet scene when Niankhknum's was originally there. In Reeder's interpretation, absence of Khnumhotep's parents here matching absence of his wife at the banquet, is consistent with Khnumhotep predeceasing his afterlife partner..

Uncertain precise relationship connects Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep as well; Altenmüller considers them brothers, Baines that they were twins, and Reeder that they were same-sex conjugal or domestic partners evidenced by iconography normally used for husband and wife, or, with Khnumhotep, for women (sniffing the lotus blossom).

Literature

 * Ahmed Moussa & Hartwig Altenmüller (1977), Das Grab des Nianchchnum und Chnumhotep. Darmstadt, Germany: Philipp von Zabern. This is the generally accepted publication of the tomb. In German. ISBN 978-3-8053-0050-6
 * James Allen (2005), The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Series: Writings from the ancient world (23), Peter Der Manuelian (Ed.), Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-182-7
 * John Baines (2013). High Culture and Experience in Ancient Egypt. Bristol, CT: Equinox. ISBN 978-1-84553-300-7
 * Charlotte Booth (2015), In Bed with the Ancient Egyptians, Stroud, UK: Amberley.ISBN 978-1-44-564343-4
 * Thomas A. Dowson, "Archaeologists, Feminists, and Queers: sexual politics in the construction of the past". In, Pamela L. Geller, Miranda K. Stockett, Feminist Anthropology: Past, Present, and Future, pp. 89–102. University of Pennsylvania Press 2006, ISBN 0-8122-3940-7
 * Linda Evans, Alexandra Woods (2016), Further Evidence that Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep were Twins // The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Vol. 102, Issue 1, pp. 55–72
 * Uroš Matić (2018), Out of touch: Egyptology and queer theory (or what this encounter should not be) In: Von der Quelle zur Theorie. Von Verhältnis zwischen Objektivität und Subjektivität in den historischen Wissenschaften, Hrsg. Anne-Sophie Naujoks und Jendrik Stelling. Leiden: Mentis, pp. 183–197.
 * Ian Shaw, Editor (2000), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, New York:Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7
 * William K. Simpson (2003) "Three Autobiographies of the Old Kingdom," in W.K. Simpson (Ed.), The Literature of Ancient Egypt. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 401–413. ISBN 978-0-300-09920-1
 * John Taylor (2001), Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79164-5
 * Emily Teeter (2011), Religion & Ritual in Ancient Egypt, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61300-2
 * Vera Vasiljević (2008), Embracing his double: Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep // Studien zur  Altägyptischen Kultur. Bd. 37, pp. 363 –372
 * Leslie Ann Warden (2013) Pottery and Economy in Old Kingdom Egypt, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00-425-985-0
 * Richard Wilkinson (1994). Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art, New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28070-3

title: Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum


text:
Talk:Will it play in Peoria

Great page
Love that phrase. Hope this article can grow into something of real interest. Paul Klenk 03:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Will it play in Peoria


text: User talk:207.253.174.146

title: User talk:207.253.174.146