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Species complex

In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use.

Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), which may be a complex ranking but it is not a species complex. In most cases, a species complex is a monophyletic group of species with a common ancestor, but there are exceptions. It may represent an early stage after speciation in which the species were separated for a long time period without evolving morphological differences. Hybrid speciation can be a component in the evolution of a species complex.

Species complexes exist in all groups of organisms and are identified by the rigorous study of differences between individual species that uses minute morphological details, tests of reproductive isolation, or DNA-based methods, such as molecular phylogenetics and DNA barcoding. The existence of extremely similar species may cause local and global species diversity to be underestimated. The recognition of similar-but-distinct species is important for disease and pest control and in conservation biology although the drawing of dividing lines between species can be inherently difficult.

Definition
A species complex is typically considered as a group of close, but distinct species. Obviously, the concept is closely tied to the definition of a species. Modern biology understands a species as "separately evolving metapopulation lineage" but acknowledges that the criteria to delimit species may depend on the group studied. Thus, many traditionally defined species, based only on morphological similarity, have been found to be several distinct species when other criteria, such as genetic differentiation or reproductive isolation, are applied.

A more restricted use applies the term to a group of species among which hybridisation has occurred or is occurring, which leads to intermediate forms and blurred species boundaries. The informal classification, superspecies, can be exemplified by the grizzled skipper butterfly, which is a superspecies that is further divided into three subspecies.

Some authors apply the term to a species with intraspecific variability, which might be a sign of ongoing or incipient speciation. Examples are ring species or species with subspecies, in which it is often unclear if they should be considered separate species.

Related concepts

Several terms are used synonymously for a species complex, but some of them may also have slightly different or narrower meanings. In the nomenclature codes of zoology and bacteriology, no taxonomic ranks are defined at the level between subgenus and species, but the botanical code defines four ranks below subgenus (section, subsection, series, and subseries). Different informal taxonomic solutions have been used to indicate a species complex.

cryptic species: Cryptic species are morphologically identical species. More generally, the term is often applied when species, even if they are known to be distinct, cannot be reliably distinguished by morphology.

sibling species: Also called aphanic species. This term, introduced by Ernst Mayr in 1942, was initially used with the same meaning as cryptic species, but later authors emphasized the common phylogenetic origin. A recent article defines sibling species as "cryptic sister species", "two species that are the closest relative of each other and have not been distinguished from one another taxonomically".

species flock: Also called species swarm. This refers to "a monophyletic group of closely related species all living in the same ecosystem". Conversely, the term has also been applied very broadly to a group of closely related species than can be variable and widespread. Not to be confused with a mixed-species foraging flock, a behavior in which birds of different species feed together.

Superspecies: Sometimes used as an informal rank for a species complex around one "representative" species. Popularized by Bernhard Rensch and later Ernst Mayr, with the initial requirement that species forming a superspecies must have allopatric distributions. For the component species of a superspecies, allospecies was proposed.

Species aggregate: Used for a species complex, especially in plant taxa where polyploidy and apomixis are common. Historical synonyms are species collectiva, introduced by Adolf Engler, conspecies, and grex. Components of a species aggregate have been called segregates or microspecies. Used as abbreviation agg. after the binomial species name.

sensu lato: A Latin phrase meaning 'in the broad sense', it is often used after a binomial species name, often abbreviated as s.l., to indicate a species complex represented by that species.

Identification
Distinguishing close species within a complex requires the study of often very small differences. Morphological differences may be minute and visible only by the use of adapted methods, such as microscopy. However, distinct species sometimes have no morphological differences. In those cases, other characters, such as in the species' life history, behavior, physiology, and karyology, may be explored. For example, territorial songs are indicative of species in the treecreepers, a bird genus with few morphological differences. Mating tests are common in some groups such as fungi to confirm the reproductive isolation of two species.

Analysis of DNA sequences is becoming increasingly standard for species recognition and may, in many cases, be the only useful method. Different methods are used to analyse such genetic data, such as molecular phylogenetics or DNA barcoding. Such methods have greatly contributed to the discovery of cryptic species, including such emblematic species as the fly agaric, the water fleas, or the African elephants.

Speciation process

Species forming a complex have typically diverged very recently from each other, which sometimes allows the retracing of the process of speciation. Species with differentiated populations, such as ring species, are sometimes seen as an example of early, ongoing speciation: a species complex in formation. Nevertheless, similar but distinct species have sometimes been isolated for a long time without evolving differences, a phenomenon known as "morphological stasis". For example, the Amazonian frog Pristimantis ockendeni is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago.

Stabilizing selection has been invoked as a force maintaining similarity in species complexes, especially when they adapted to special environments (such as a host in the case of symbionts or extreme environments). This may constrain possible directions of evolution; in such cases, strongly divergent selection is not to be expected. Also, asexual reproduction, such as through apomixis in plants, may separate lineages without producing a great degree of morphological differentiation.

A species complex is usually a group that has one common ancestor (a monophyletic group), but closer examination can sometimes disprove that. For example, yellow-spotted "fire salamanders" in the genus Salamandra, formerly all classified as one species S. salamandra, are not monophyletic: the Corsican fire salamander's closest relative has been shown to be the entirely black Alpine salamander. In such cases, similarity has arisen from convergent evolution.

Hybrid speciation can lead to unclear species boundaries through a process of reticulate evolution, in which species have two parent species as their most recent common ancestors. In such cases, the hybrid species may have intermediate characters, such as in Heliconius butterflies. Hybrid speciation has been observed in various species complexes, such as insects, fungi, and plants. In plants, hybridization often takes place through polyploidization, and hybrid plant species are called nothospecies.

Range and habitats
Sources differ on whether or not members of a species group share a range. A source from Iowa State University Department of Agronomy states that members of a species group usually have partially overlapping ranges but do not interbreed with one another. A Dictionary of Zoology (Oxford University Press 1999) describes a species group as complex of related species that exist allopatrically and explains that the "grouping can often be supported by experimental crosses in which only certain pairs of species will produce hybrids." The examples given below may support both uses of the term "species group."

Often, such complexes do not become evident until a new species is introduced into the system, which breaks down existing species barriers. An example is the introduction of the Spanish slug in Northern Europe, where interbreeding with the local black slug and red slug, which were traditionally considered clearly separate species that did not interbreed, shows that they may be actually just subspecies of the same species.

Where closely related species co-exist in sympatry, it is often a particular challenge to understand how the similar species persist without outcompeting each other. Niche partitioning is one mechanism invoked to explain that. Indeed, studies in some species complexes suggest that species divergence have gone in par with ecological differentiation, with species now preferring different microhabitats. Similar methods also found that the Amazonian frog Eleutherodactylus ockendeni is actually at least three different species that diverged over 5 million years ago.

A species flock may arise when a species penetrates a new geographical area and diversifies to occupy a variety of ecological niches, a process known as adaptive radiation. The first species flock to be recognized as such was the 13 species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands described by Charles Darwin.

Biodiversity estimates
It has been suggested that cryptic species complexes are very common in the marine environment. That suggestion came before the detailed analysis of many systems using DNA sequence data but has been proven to be correct. The increased use of DNA sequence in the investigation of organismal diversity (also called phylogeography and DNA barcoding) has led to the discovery of a great many cryptic species complexes in all habitats. In the marine bryozoan Celleporella hyalina, detailed morphological analyses and mating compatibility tests between the isolates identified by DNA sequence analysis were used to confirm that these groups consisted of more than 10 ecologically distinct species, which had been diverging for many millions of years.

Evidence from the identification of cryptic species has led some to conclude that current estimates of global species richness are too low.

Disease and pathogen control

Pests, species that cause diseases and their vectors, have direct importance for humans. When they are found to be cryptic species complexes, the ecology and the virulence of each of these species need to be re-evaluated to devise appropriate control strategies. Examples are cryptic species in the malaria vector genus of mosquito, Anopheles, the fungi causing cryptococcosis, and sister species of Bactrocera tryoni, or the Queensland fruit fly. That pest is indistinguishable from two sister species except that B. tryoni inflicts widespread, devastating damage to Australian fruit crops, but the sister species do not.

Conservation biology
When a species is found to be several phylogenetically distinct species, each typically has smaller distribution ranges and population sizes than had been reckoned. The different species can also differ in their ecology, such as by having different breeding strategies or habitat requirements, which must be taken into account for appropriate management. For example, giraffe populations and subspecies differ genetically to such an extent that they may be considered species. Although the giraffe, as a whole, is not considered to be threatened, if each cryptic species is considered separately, there is a much higher level of threat.

title: Species complex


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Talk:Indiana General Assembly

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Wikidata list
Indiana state legislatures from 1816 through 2021 are in Wikidata. -- M2545 (talk) 17:58, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Indiana General Assembly


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Talk:Dungeon Siege II

Buff? Emanation?
The last paragraph in the game description has me scratching my bald head. It reads, in part:

 * ...players can also buy pets that grow after being fed items. Pets will start off with a basic attack (and spell if applicable) but gain a power upon reaching the 3rd level of growth and finally an emanation upon becoming mature. Most pet emanations are good and do not count towards the 2 buff limit.

What do "buff" and "emanation" mean? Is "emanation" just a poor spelling of "animation"? Can someone please explain these terms in the article? — Frecklefoot | Talk 21:49, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Buffs: Spells cast on characters to enhance abilities, health, etc… for a short time.
 * Emanation: Like Buffs but cast from pets and not counted against the buff limit. --Pulsar 19:18, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Removed "Sequel" section
This section referred to Throne of Agony on the PSP. While the backstory is based on DS2, it is not really a sequel. The crossover is mentioned in the Expansion section, which I personally think is sufficient. Since Throne of Agony was not created under the "Dungeon Siege 2" label I don't think it's appropriate to include a section on it here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by VanishingUser (talk • contribs) 08:48, 16 April 2007 (UTC).

Dubious
In the "Expansion" section, the article states:
 * "The initial difficulty level of Broken World assumes that characters are roughly level 40; it does not take into consideration that DS2 players may have played through the multiple difficulty levels of the original game."

However, I have heard from people that *have* completed Veteran/Elite in the original, and were granted access to the corresponding modes of Broken World upon conversion. I myself only played characters through the Mercenary level before installing Broken World, but I do know for an absolute fact that the expansion does have difficulty levels, in a scaling pattern of:
 * "'Mercenary' Dungeon Siege II" -> "'Mercenary' Broken World" -> "'Veteran' Dungeon Siege II" -> "'Veteran' Broken World" -> "'Elite' Dungeon Siege II" -> "'Elite' Broken World'"

The actual statements of difficulty conversions are sort of a distant memory for me, but has anyone experienced being faced with a Merc BW after completing Vet/Elite DS2 (or vice versa) firsthand? Found Missing (talk) 22:12, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Online
So, online play cannot be done if it's a pirated copy? Not even LAN or IP games? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.158.74.137 (talk) 21:03, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ds2box.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:59, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Reception
There needs to be information on how this game was received by critics.--Drat (Talk) 14:08, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, however I'm not great at editing these sorts of things. You may find this link useful:

http://uk.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/dungeonsiege2/review.html?mode=web —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.111.77.60 (talk) 17:53, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

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Oka Nikolov

Orhej "Oka" Nikolov (Орхеј "Ока" Николов ; born 25 May 1974) is a retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He serves as assistant coach for Los Angeles FC in Major League Soccer. He spent nineteen seasons with Eintracht Frankfurt, appearing in 413 official games over the course of 13 Bundesliga seasons. Born in Germany, he represented Macedonia at international level.

Club career
Born Erbach im Odenwald, Hessen, West Germany, Nikolov grew up in Sandbach in Hessen, starting playing football with local SG Sandbach.

Nikolov started his senior career at Eintracht Frankfurt as backup, first to Uli Stein and then Andreas Köpke. After the latter left the team in June 1996 following the team's relegation from the Bundesliga he became first-choice, losing that status in early 2002 to newly-signed Dirk Heinen; he made his debut in the top division on 9 September 1995, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–1 home win against 1. FC Kaiserslautern.

In the following years Nikolov played in every season. In February 2007, after Pröll received a rib injury, he was reinstated by manager Friedhelm Funkel, contributing with 20 games during the team's 2006–07 season.

In January 2010, it was announced that the 35-year-old Nikolov would not renew his contract with Eintracht that was due to expire in the summer, but he eventually signed a new deal until 2012, and later until 2013. In June 2013, Eintracht revealed that the goalkeeper's contract would be cancelled, effective immediately to allow Nikolov to fulfill his lifelong dream to play in the United States.

On 19 June 2013, Nikolov signed with the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. He made his first start as a Union player on 30 July 2013 in a friendly against Stoke City playing 45 minutes.

Nikolov signed with Fort Lauderdale Strikers on 19 February 2014 on a contract for the nine-game Spring season. Nikolov started and played eight matches in goal for the Strikers, posting two clean sheets. The team ended up as runners-ups.

Coaching career

 * Director of Coaching at JFC Frankfurt
 * Project Director and Coach at the Eintracht Frankfurt Football Academy
 * Assistant coach for the Germany national under-19 team.
 * Nikolov also served as Assistant Coach for the Macedonian National Team as well as a goalkeeper coach for LA Galaxy.

Nikolov joined the coaching staff of Los Angeles FC in February 2022.

International career
Nikolov chose to represent the country of his ancestors, going on to win five caps for Macedonia in four years. He made his debut in a September 1998 friendly match against Egypt but since he also possessed German citizenship he couldn't acquire a Macedonian passport and therefore was unable to play in official games under FIFA. His five appearances were in friendlies.

His final international was a match in November 2001 against Hungary.

Honours
Eintracht Frankfurt
 * DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2005–06

title: Oka Nikolov


text:
Tooth and Claw (Doctor Who)

"Tooth and Claw" is the second episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast on BBC One on 22 April 2006.

The episode is set in Scotland in 1879. In the episode, a group of warrior monks intend to use an alien werewolf (Tom Smith) to take over the British Empire and start an "Empire of the Wolf" by turning Queen Victoria (Pauline Collins) into a werewolf.

Plot
The Tenth Doctor and Rose land on the Scottish moors in 1879. They encounter a carriage carrying Queen Victoria, who has been forced to travel by roads to Balmoral Castle as a fallen tree has blocked the train line to Aberdeen, which is feared to be a potential assassination attempt. The Doctor poses as the Queen's protector, and he and Rose join the Queen as she travels to the Torchwood Estate, a favourite of her late husband Prince Albert, to spend the night. The royal party is unaware that the Torchwood Estate has been captured by a group of monks led by Father Angelo, forcing its owner, Sir Robert MacLeish, to play into their ruse as they take the place of the house's servants and guards. The monks, having arranged for the fallen tree to force the Queen to the estate, have brought a man that turns into a werewolf, hoping to pass its nature to the Queen and create a new "Empire of the Wolf".

The Doctor soon realises the trap they have fallen into, and helps to save Rose, the Queen, and Sir Robert from Father Angelo's men and the werewolf by taking shelter in the estate's library, its wood coated with oil of mistletoe wood to stave off the beast. They study the library and discover evidence collected by Sir Robert's father, a polymath, and Prince Albert which indicates the werewolf is an alien being that fell to Earth and inhabited multiple generations of hosts. The Doctor also realises that the estate was designed as a trap for the werewolf, as by use of its strange telescope along with the Queen's Koh-i-Noor diamond, its cut fashioned by Prince Albert, they can destroy the alien lifeform.

Sir Robert sacrifices himself to allow the Doctor, Rose, and the Queen to prepare the telescope in the observatory. They are able to trap and kill the werewolf in the concentrated light of the full moon collected by the diamond. The next day, the Queen gives the Doctor and Rose knighthoods before banishing them from the British Empire. In honour of Sir Robert's sacrifice and his father's ingenuity, she orders the creation of the Torchwood Institute to help defend Britain from further alien attacks, declaring that “if the Doctor should return, then he should beware, because Torchwood will be waiting.”

Continuity
The Doctor introduces himself as "James McCrimmon". Jamie McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) was a young (fictional) Scottish piper from the 18th Century, and a companion of the Second Doctor.

Production
Filming took place between 26 September and 27 October 2005. In the scene where the Doctor and Rose meet the Queen's guards, the Doctor slips into a Scottish accent, which is a reference to actor David Tennant's heritage. Michelle Duncan and Jamie Sives were unable to attend the readthrough for this story, and their parts were read by Tennant's parents, who happened to be visiting the Doctor Who set. Tennant told reporters at the series' press launch, "Because it's set in Scotland they were delighted to be asked to read in. My mum played Lady Isobel and my dad played Captain Reynolds and they were in seventh heaven. And they were genuinely cheesed off when they didn't get asked to play the parts for real! I was like, 'Chill-out, Mum and Dad, back in your box!'"

Treowen House in Dingestow, Wales, was one of the sites for filming this episode, representing Torchwood House in the Scottish Highlands. Exterior shots were filmed at Craig-y-Nos Castle, Swansea Valley. The monk fight scene was filmed at a courtyard in Dyffryn Gardens, St Nicholas.

At one point during filming, Billie Piper's hair caught fire. Interviewed in Doctor Who Confidential, director Euros Lyn said that various martial arts films were viewed in researching the opening fight sequence, including Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

The werewolf in this story is computer-generated. Pauline Collins stated in a BBC press release that there were two performance artists who demonstrated the movements that the werewolf would do and talked about the problems of overacting in a situation where one was simply reacting to a green screen. A deleted scene was included on the boxset DVD, where the Doctor and Rose, after being knighted and exiled from the British Empire, run off towards the TARDIS.

Cast notes
Pauline Collins appeared previously in the series as Samantha Briggs in the Second Doctor serial The Faceless Ones (1967). This makes her the third actor from the classic series to appear in the new series, following William Thomas (Remembrance of the Daleks and "Boom Town") and Nisha Nayar (Paradise Towers and "Bad Wolf"/"The Parting of the Ways"). Collins had been offered a role as a companion in 1967, but had turned this down. According to the accompanying episode commentary, actor Tom Smith, who played the Host, attended drama school with David Tennant.

When Sir Robert offers to precede the Queen out of the window, she calls him "my Sir Walter Raleigh". Actor Derek Riddell had played Raleigh in the BBC drama The Virgin Queen, screened earlier in the year. The script originally had Victoria refer to Sir Francis Drake, until Riddell pointed out that this would have been incorrect for the reference the Queen was making.

Broadcast and reception
Overnight ratings for the episode peaked at 10.03 million (during one five-minute segment). The audience Appreciation Index was 83. The episode received an average of 9.24 million viewers, taking the timeshift into account.

This episode was released on 5 June 2006 as a basic DVD with no special features, together with "School Reunion" and "The Girl in the Fireplace", and as part of a second series boxset on 20 November 2006. This release included an audio commentary by writer Russell T Davies, visual effects supervisor David Houghton and supervising art director Stephen Nicholas.

Ian Berriman of SFX was highly positive of the episode, calling it "frigging ace" and praising Collins' portrayal of Queen Victoria. He particularly praised Davies' writing and the tone of the episode. IGN's Ahsan Haque gave the episode a 7.8 out of 10 rating, highlighting the cinematography and special effects used on the werewolf. However, he thought that the story was "entertaining" and had a "few exciting moments", but it was unsatisfying with elements such as the werewolf chase feeling out of place for Doctor Who. For the website in 2010, Matt Wales named "Tooth and Claw" the seventh best Tenth Doctor episode. However, Dek Hogan of Digital Spy was less positive about the episode, finding it a let-down after the series opener, though he thought the wolf "looked great".

title: Tooth and Claw (Doctor Who)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Africommerce Website

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 19:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Africommerce Website
Non-notable website KeithD (talk) 16:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete google only brings up unrelated articles including the Wikipedia cleanup page. NSR (talk) 18:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Tourism in Kenya

title: Category:Tourism in Kenya


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Talk:List of United States senators from Indiana

Merger from United States Senate elections in Indiana
There's some great information in United States Senate elections in Indiana, but it would be better to put these two together for greater context.—Markles 15:48, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Woefully inadequate entry
The list on this page is incomprehensibly deficient.

Although Senator Todd Young is at the top, he’s not on the list below.

So, one of our current Indiana Senators isn’t on the list of Senators, not to mention decades’ worth of gaps.

I don’t have time to fix it myself, but anyone trying to rack up Wikipoints (?), or whatever one gets by helping write Wikipedia, might want to bite into it. 🙂 Gkuzma (talk) 21:29, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the section titled "Living former U.S. Senators from Indiana" because that should only have living people who are not currently serving. Since Todd Young is currently a senator, he is not included in that section. Emk9 (talk) 00:35, 30 July 2019 (UTC)


text: User talk:Lee.e

title: User talk:Lee.e


text:
User:Graphophile~enwiki

See my page in French WikiPedia :

title: User:Graphophile~enwiki


text:
Chest compression

Chest compression may refer to:

 * The prevention of the expansion of the chest, see Compressive asphyxia
 * A technique used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or for the treatment of choking

title: Chest compression


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Papercrete

Papercrete is a building material that consists of re-pulped paper fiber combined with Portland cement or clay, as well as other soils. First patented in 1928 by Eric Patterson and Mike McCain (who originally named it "padobe" and "fibrous cement"), it was revived during the 1980s. It is generally perceived as an environmentally friendly material due to the significant recycled content, although this is offset by the presence of cement, which emits CO2 during manufacture. The material also lacks standardisation, and proper use therefore requires care and experience. However the inventors have both contributed considerably to research into developing the necessary machinery to make it, as well as methods of using it for construction.

Manufacture
The paper used in papercrete can come from a variety of sources, including newspaper, junk mail, magazines, books. A mixer is used to pulp the mix before this is combined with cement or clay. Depending on the type of mixer, the paper may need to be soaked in water beforehand.

Properties
The name papercrete arises from the fact that most formulas use a mixture of water and cement with cellulose fiber. The mixture has the appearance and texture of oatmeal and is poured into forms and dried in the sun, much like the process for making adobe.

Dried papercrete has very low strength, but fails by slow compression (due to the large air content and hence compressibility) rather than in a brittle manner. Concrete and wood (though dry soft wood can be as high as R-2 per inch, high moisture content reduces this value markedly) are not known for their insulating qualities; however, papercrete also provides good insulation.

Papercrete's R-value is reported to be within 2.0 and 3.0 per inch (2.54 cm); papercrete walls are typically 10 to(-) thick. Unlike concrete or adobe, papercrete blocks are lightweight, less than a third of the weight of a comparably-sized adobe brick. Papercrete is generally mold resistant and has utility as a sound-proofing material, however mold can develop if the material remains warm and moist for too long.

Dried, ready-to-use papercrete has a rough surface. This increases its surface area and provides a very strong bond from one block to the next. Additionally papercrete's ready moldability provides considerable flexibility in the designed shape of structures, for example domed ceilings/roofs can be easily constructed using this material. When properly mixed and dried, the papercrete wall can be left exposed to the elements. In its natural state, it is a grey, fibrous-looking wall. For a more conventional look, stucco can be applied directly to it.

Papercrete construction has the advantage of being relatively low-cost, as materials are cheap and widely available. Furthermore, machinery suitable for small-scale construction is simple to design and construct.

Standardization and commercial acceptance
As of 2007, papercrete lacks approval from the International Code Council. This limits its use within cities in the United States where building codes apply, for example in this area it cnanot be used as a load-bearing wall. However, its strength in model structures has been proven, meaning that some homes and small commercial buildings have been constructed using it. In these small building projects, papercrete is being used as an in-fill wall in conjunction with structural steel beams or other load-bearing elements. However, there is little or no evidence of its long-term durability.

Research tests into papercrete were carried out by Barry Fuller in Arizona and Zach Rabon in Texas. Fuller directs government-funded research on papercrete through the Arizona State University Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering. He is also head of a subcommittee for the American Society for Testing and Materials, and it is his goal to set standards that will lead to acceptance of the product within the architectural community and commercialization of the product, especially for affordable housing.

Structural tests have been completed on several papercrete formulas and Fuller claims the compressive strength of papercrete to be in the 140 - 160 psi range, while others like Kelly Hart claim 260 psi. For comparison, the compressive strength of concrete ranges from 15 to(-) depending on the application. A more useful measure of papercrete's properties is its stiffness, that is, the extent to which it compresses under load. Its stiffness is many times less than that of concrete, but sufficient for the support of roof loads in some low-height buildings.

Papercrete was also tested for its tensile strength. Fuller noted that a papercrete block was the equivalent of hundred of pages of paper - almost like a catalog. Papercrete has very good shear strength as a block. Lateral load involves sideways force - the wind load on the entire area of an outside wall for example. Because papercrete walls are usually a minimum of 12 in thick, and usually pinned with rebar, they may be strong laterally.

Zach Rabon founded Mason Greenstar in Mason, Texas for the purpose of producing and selling a commercially viable papercrete block. His product, Blox Building System, is the only mass-produced commercial papercrete block in the market. He has built several residential structures with it.

The Mason Greenstar block had its genesis in a journey Rabon's father, Kent Rabon, made to Marathon, Texas. The elder Rabon made the acquaintance of Clyde T. Curry, the proprietor of Eve's Garden Organic Bed & Breakfast and Ecology Resource Center.

Curry was an early proponent of papercrete and benefited from the lack of building regulations in the small mountain community of Marathon. Curry built four of the rooms at the bed and breakfast either partially or entirely out of papercrete and is in the process of building two more, in addition to a library and reception area, entirely out of papercrete. Along with Fuller's work at Arizona State University, Curry's establishment has become a resource center for people interested in papercrete, and workshops are intermittently held there.

The Rabons had prior experience as homebuilders and are owners of a ready-mix cement plant in Mason. They invested in research and testing on their product for several years. However, they consider their product a proprietary formula. They filed for a separate patent even though a patent for papercrete had already been filed in 1928. The block developed by Mason Greenstar is known for its uniform shrinkage (all papercrete blocks go through a lengthy dry-time that involves some shrinkage), giving it a sharper edge.

Fuller has remarked that in tests he has performed on the Rabon block, it has outperformed other formulas.

A study model home made of papercrete has been built at the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies. This study model is a sample of homes to be built for a sustainable community in Tijuana by students of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona.

Similar materials
Different earth-paper mixes are promoted under different names. A mix that uses clay as a binder instead of Portland cement is often referred to as "Hybrid Adobe", "Fidobe", or "Padobe".

title: Papercrete


text:
Talk:United States congressional delegations from Indiana

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Bonanza, Idaho

Bonanza is a ghost town in Custer County, Idaho, United States. It was originally established as a mining town. As of 2005, the land is privately owned but open to the public. Custer has a museum for the gold-rush era where visitors can experience the lives of the citizens of Custer and can search for gold.

Bonanza is the site of one of many Boot Hill cemeteries.

title: Bonanza, Idaho


text: Category:Economy of Kenya

title: Category:Economy of Kenya


text:
Talk:Albert J. Beveridge

Untitled
I was lead to this page by a disputed link from an article regarding Albert J. Beveridge, Senator from Indiana in the early 20th century. I can find no discussion in any project of Albert J. Beveridge. Why is his biographical article linked to this discussion? 69.234.197.167 (talk) 22:45, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * What discussion is linking to where? Charles Edward 13:22, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Spouse: Catherine Eddy Beveridge
A diary of Catherine Eddy Beveridge was published by her grandson, Albert J. Beveridge III, in 2005, Hamilton Books, Latham, Maryland. Entitled "The Chronicle of Catherine Eddy Beveridge, An American Girl Travels into the Twentieth Century", the diary covers the years 1902-1908, includes many period photographs, and gives a personal insight into the social world of the American upper class of the time.HardyBoysA (talk) 16:43, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

NPOV tag
I have placed the NPOV tag on the article because, in its current state, it cast Beveridge as a imperialist and a racist without putting any context to the whole thing. This is primarily a problem also, in my opinion, because it does not discus the major rift he created in the state Republican party because of his views, his virtually being expelled from the party, and the long term damage he did the state party (as other progressives did nationally) when he left it. Fixing this up has been on my to-do list for sometime. I just have not been able to get around to it. —Charles Edward (Talk 12:02, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I take the view that it's better to remove problematic material rather leave it in and uglify the article with an large banner, so I've removed the quote for now. Flowerparty ☀ 13:47, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Fine by me :) —Charles Edward (Talk 13:54, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

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Undredal

Undredal is a small village in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The popular tourist destination of Undredal is located along the Aurlandsfjorden which is a branch off the massive Sognefjorden in Norway's "fjord-country." It sits along the Aurlandsfjorden, about 5 km south of the mouth to the Nærøyfjord. Undredal is home to the smallest stave church in Northern Europe, Undredal Stave Church.

With a population of approximately 100 people and 500 goats, Undredal is famous for the brown goat cheese (geitost) that is still produced the traditional way. The production of cheese is important to the local economy as eight farms produce 10 to 12 ST of cheese each year. Goat sausage is also produced locally.

Prior to 1988, Undredal was only accessible by boat, but since then a road connection has been made by constructing two lengthy tunnels as part of the European route E16 highway. The Gudvanga Tunnel leads southwest to the village of Gudvangen and the Flenja Tunnel goes to the villages of Flåm and Aurlandsvangen to the northeast. There is a brief 700 m long length of road between the tunnels that has an access road to Undredal 6.5 km to the north.

This little village was mentioned in Rick Steves' show about Norway.

History
Historically, Undredal was first mentioned when the Bishop of Bjørgvin (Bergen) placed Pål Bårdson, a known scholar, there as a representative of the church. Pål Bårdson was the Chancellor to the court of King Magnus, and he later was the Archbishop of Nidaros (Trondheim) from 1333 until 1346. The Undredal Stave Church can be dated back to 1147.

title: Undredal


text:
Talk:Jesse D. Bright

German American?
"Bright", "Grant", and, "Graham". These are the only known family names, so how can this article suggest that, Jesse D.Bright, came from a German family? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.175.13.142 (talk) 15:06, 17 October 2014 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Dan Coats

After congress
I removed the snipit on Coats starting after 9/11 because it is irrelevant to the article.

I have also changed this sections use of his first name to his last name. This is something we should be following throughout the article as per WP:SURNAME. TheIguana (talk) 01:17, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Is a candidate "Senator-elect" five minutes after the networks call the election? Or do they become "Senator-elect" only after the board of elections (or the Secretary of State) certify their election? 02 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.183.31.2 (talk)

US Congress: Gun voting record section
The US congress section has a great deal of weight on Coats gun voting record. While this is an important aspect of his tenure as a Congressperson I am concerned about this issue warranting over two-thirds of his US Congress section. This amount of content places undue weight on one of the many topics that would have been in the lime light during his tenure. TheIguana (talk) 21:01, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Lobbyist
The opening para includes "lobbyist" in the list of Coats' professions, but that is the last mention of it. (Was this info scrubbed from a previous version?) A quick internet search says he's done two separate stints as a lobbyist, between government jobs. More detail is required in the "After Congress" section, since no account is made of his activities in the 2005 - 2010 period. When was he a lobbyist? Did he lobby for a company (King & Spalding is one name that pops up) or was he self-employed? What issues, industries or groups did he lobby for? He's on his way back to the Senate now, and inquiring minds will want to know more. 24.128.188.152 (talk) 01:24, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

committee assignments
A section on Coats' Senate activity post 2010 and his committee assignments should be added. 74.69.11.229 (talk) 12:22, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

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Controversy
Recent accusations by Anonymous of Dan Coats having KKK membership is pretty notable, but this article is partially locked for me to add it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.157.118.97 (talk • contribs) 2 November 2015

Hacktivist groups are not reliable sources. If this is independently confirmed then it can be added. LoneWolf1992 (talk) 23:38, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Anonymous denies naming Coats and other politicians as KKK members. APK whisper in my ear  07:29, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

What did he do in the Army?
I'm curious about such things and looked him up.

This article says he left as a Staff Sergeant.

This report says he served in the Corps of Engineers.

Probably not enough here to make a new section, but if anyone finds more it may be worth considering. 155.213.224.59 (talk) 14:58, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:08, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Donald Trump official portrait.jpg

Citation for Ratcliffe nomination is TWITTER???
Multiple articles referring to this announcement are out. If we are citing using a social media post, we need to add a publication: why? Twitter etal SM postings can be removed/exited/blocked from general view. Also, as mentioned on the talk page for John Ratcliffe, check dates: I have now found three (3) different ones. Stemgal92 (talk) 21:58, 28 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You are right about citing Twitter; I have replaced that link with a secondary source. -- MelanieN (talk) 22:34, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dan Coats


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robocore

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 19:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Robocore
A Google search for "Robocore" returns 507 hits, most of which seem unrelated to music. Also, a Google search for "Bleeding Quinceanera" (supposedly a pioneer of the genere) returns only one hit - a myspace page. I assert that this is non-notable and possible bandcruft. Kurt Shaped Box 16:06, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn -- Ryan Norton T 16:28, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn- probably made up --Dysepsion 00:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, re-reading it, it seems like it's just a sly attack on the Straight Edge movement... --Kurt Shaped Box 00:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Shakespeare (book)

Shakespeare, a biographical and critical study of William Shakespeare by Anthony Burgess, was published in 1970. ISBN 0-7867-0972-3.

title: Shakespeare (book)


text:
Talk:Charles W. Fairbanks

Untitled
Fairbanks' earliest ancestor in America, Jonathan Fayerbanke, constructed what is believed to be the oldest wooden frame house in American. The Fairbanks Homestead, built in 1636, is located in Dedham, Massachusetts.

title: Talk:Charles W. Fairbanks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Churling Doad

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 19:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Churling Doad
Appears to be nonsense; can't confirm notability. 0 Google hits. Psychonaut 16:08, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism much? :) -- Ryan Norton T 16:26, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dic-def (changed from comment) Old English ceorl, “freeman of the lowest class.” is ok, as for the rest, I cannot attest. Alf 20:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * To say delete' would be churlish (yes, that's where "churlish" comes from). Delete Tonywalton  | Talk 14:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.64.10.22

title: User talk:84.64.10.22


text:
National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses

The National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses (NAON) is an American non-profit volunteer-run professional association that aims to advance orthopaedic nursing. Formed in 1980, NAON was designed to promote the highest standards of nursing practice by educating its practitioners, promoting research, and encouraging effective communication between orthopaedic nurses and other groups with similar interests.

NAON membership consists of more than 6,000 registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, student nurses, and associate members from across the United States and around the world who share an interest in musculoskeletal health care.

NAON is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. Starting in 1981, NAON has organized an annual congress at different locations in the United States.

History
One of the main goals of the founders of NAON was to form a stronger and firmer foundation for the development of an orthopaedic nursing organization. Recovering from the unexpected dissolution of the previous organization, Orthopaedic Nurses Association (ONA), members from across the United States met on March 8, 1980, in Atlanta, Georgia, under the leadership of Nancy Hesselbach and Barbara Fiehler. This meeting was convened during the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Subsequently, NAON was established and incorporated in Missouri on April 14, 1980.

Publications
NAON publishes:
 * Orthopaedic Nursing, a peer-reviewed nursing journal
 * NAON News
 * Core Curriculum for Orthopaedic Nursing

Foundation
The NAON Foundation supports the goals and mission of NAON by providing grants, scholarships, and awards to nurses pursuing careers in orthopaedic nursing practice, education, administration, and research.


text:
Talk:Vance Hartke

Indiana Political Heroes Author Geoff Paddock
Sorry if my formatting skills aren't the best, but I was reading this article and something doesn't seem right. The section 'Indiana Political heroes' Author Geoff Paddock seems to be a word for word reprint of a book by said author. I haven't actually read the book, but it seems like the most likely scenario. In addition, there is no citation, and much of the text is already included earlier in the article. Actually, not that I look at it again, the sections that have the same material earlier in the article are also not cited. This looks like a section that should probably be eliminated, no? Or at least merged into the rest of the article and cited. I'm contemplating removing the entire section myself, if I don't see objections in the relatively near future (1 or 2 weeks). Tominrochester Tominrochester (talk) 11:39, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That section heading may be gone, but much of this article still reads like it was lifted from a hagiography: largely adulatory tone and very few references. I know rather little about the man and his career, but there's quite a bit of work to be done here. --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 11:30, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

"Last Democrat Besides a Member of the Birch Family to be Elected"?
Now that Donnelly has been elected to the Senate, that needs to be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.157.211.165 (talk) 21:05, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vance Hartke


text:
Bayhorse, Idaho

Bayhorse is a ghost town in Custer County, Idaho, United States, founded in 1877, though active development of the town did not begin until 1880. Bayhorse was once a thriving mining town, principally supported by large nearby silver deposit. In 1882, the town increased its smelting capabilities, producing $300,000 worth of silver over the course of the year. By 1885, the town had grown to 300 residents, supported by a mill, three stores, a hotel, a restaurant, a meat market, a lodging house, and five saloons. The same year, the town built a refinery, allowing the mining industry to issue silver bars and by 1900, the town had extracted over $10 million in total ores, including silver, lead, and copper.

In 1976, the entire community was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The town property was purchased by the state in 2006 and opened to the public in 2009 as part of the Land of the Yankee Fork State Park.

Remains
Along the main dirt street, several preserved ruins of houses and mining equipment are still visible. Also intact are charcoal kilns used to make charcoal to smelt the ore from the mines.

title: Bayhorse, Idaho


text:
Michael Thwaites

Michael Rayner Thwaites, AO (30 May 1915 – 1 November 2005) was an Australian academic, poet, and intelligence officer.

Early life and education
Thwaites was born in Brisbane, to Yorkshire immigrant Robert Ernest Thwaites who taught at Brisbane Grammar School and Jessie Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Hugh Nelson, a previous premier of Queensland. He was educated at Geelong Grammar School, entering Trinity College at the University of Melbourne from which he graduated in 1937. As a student he came into contact with the Oxford Group (later Moral Rearmament), whose ideas greatly influenced him. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford where he won the Newdigate Prize (1938) for poetry and the King's Gold Medal for Poetry (1940). He was the first Australian to win either of these prizes, and is still the only Australian to have won the Newdigate Prize.

Naval and intelligence career
Thwaites joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and was an officer in World War II. In 1999 he published Atlantic Odyssey, an account of his war service on anti-submarine escort naval trawlers and an armed whaler. After the war he returned to Oxford to complete his studies, graduating MA B Litt, then returned to Australia, becoming a lecturer in English at the University of Melbourne in 1947.

Despite having no background in intelligence work, Thwaites was recruited in 1950 to the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) by its director-general Charles Spry. Unlike the British tradition of university recruitment, in 1950 almost all ASIO staff were from military intelligence and police operational backgrounds, and Spry had been encouraged to recruit senior staff with higher educational credentials. Thwaites proved to be a highly competent intelligence officer and encouraged more analytical recruitment policies. Despite some outside criticism that ASIO staff was an "old boys' club" (perhaps based on the assumption that ASIO was modelled on MI5), military and police backgrounds dominated ASIO staffing into the 1970s and Thwaites eventually resigned believing that the analytical resources were undervalued.

In 1954 Thwaites played a leading role in the defection of the Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov to Australia, which led to the celebrated Petrov Affair. When Petrov first defected it was Thwaites who debriefed him, and he later spent 18 months with Vladimir and Evdokia Petrov at an ASIO "safe house" in Sydney, helping them write their life stories in the book "Empire of Fear".

Thwaites always insisted that the timing of Petrov's defection was determined by Petrov, and was not orchestrated to coincide with the 1954 federal election, as the Labor Party leader, Dr H. V. Evatt said at the time and as many people in Australia continued for many years to believe. He also maintained that Petrov was a genuinely important source of intelligence in the Cold War context, revealing the names of about 600 Soviet operatives around the world. Thwaites recorded his part in these events in Truth Will Out: ASIO and the Petrovs. He also ghost-wrote the Petrovs' book Empire of Fear.

Literary life and career
Thwaites left ASIO in 1971 to become Assistant Parliamentary Librarian. This position enabled him to devote more time to poetry, which was always his first love. His best known poems include The Jervis Bay, The Prophetic Hour, and Message to My Grandson. His collected poems spanning 1932 to 2004 were published as Unfinished Journey which won the 2005 ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for poetry. With his wife Honor, he wrote the patriotic hymn For Australia, to a tune by Henry Purcell. The contents of Unfinished Journey were republished with some minor changes in a hardback volume titled "The Singing Light", on the occasion of Michael Thwaites's centenary in 2015. His poetry is also available on the website www.thwaites.com.au which is maintained by the Michael and Honor Thwaites Heritage Association.

Honours
Thwaites was made an officer of the Order of Australia in 2002. He was an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Melbourne.

title: Michael Thwaites


text:
Talk:Phantom Manor

Article needs a thorough rewrite
Encyclopaedia articles cannot read like the insider's dialogue on a fan forum. It's a fascinating article, but it needs to sound less flowery and should not involve vague Disney terms.

Also, it cannot be written in a "we"-perspective. But most of all it needs more facts! Actual facts, not the facts the Imagineers want us to perceive as facts as we experience the ride. Tomsintown 23:11, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. And there are more than one version of the history of the ride (in terms of the plot of what is supposed to have happened to the fictious characters years ago).  I am not sure also why the ride is, for the benefit of the article, split into three parts; also facts re capacity of ride and number of doom buggies etc would be of interest TimothyJacobson (talk) 15:08, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Source?
This reads like a Babelfished copyvio. -- Cyrius|✎ 16:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Holiday
Has the attraction been turned into a "Nightmare Before Christmas" attraction (like Haunted Mansion Holiday in California)? If so, is it worth writing an article on this? TimothyJacobson (talk) 15:08, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Is the 'Phantom Manor holiday' decoration for 2010 a fact? There are no references cited and I could not find anything on the web about that. Could the editor please state where he/she found that information? Pascualangulo (talk) 06:38, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

The Facade
Whereas, I can see where the casual viewer , would mistake the outside as an homage to the Bates home in "Psycho" , it's not what the Imagineers used as a model. According to the book, "The Haunted Mansion:From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies" , it is largely based on the Fourth Ward School in Virginia City,Nevada. ( The schoolhouse standing one story taller. ). 75.104.190.248 (talk) 01:03, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Phantom Manor front.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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Inclusion of too much content
Aside from the obvious lacking of citations/references, the article seems WP:BLOATED and filled with excess information. Most of the article is written very well, but it seems that lots of information is WP:UNSOURCED and unnecessary. PerpetuityGrat (talk) 14:18, 26 March 2021 (UTC)

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 * Phantom Manor (WwhJ).jpg

General QOL improvements
Hey all- I went through and removed some flowery language, fixed some errors, and added some information. Generally just QOL improvements, as well as cutting down the page in some areas that were unnecessarily lengthy or wordy. Added a few citations here and there, etc. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by HerrGause (talk • contribs) 05:20, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phantom Manor


text: Talk:William E. Jenner

title: Talk:William E. Jenner


text: User talk:81.153.146.214

title: User talk:81.153.146.214


text:
Aleksandar Vasoski

Aleksandar Vasoski (Александар Васоски; born 21 November 1979) is a Macedonian professional football manager and former player who is the current manager of Macedonian First Football League club Sileks.

Club career
Born in Skopje, Vasoski played for local clubs, most notably Vardar and Cementarnica. He played for Bundesliga outfit Eintracht Frankfurt from 2005 to 2011. After parting with Frankfurt, Vasoski decided to retire from playing due to numerous knee injuries.

International career
Vasoski made his senior debut for the Macedonia national team in a July 2000 friendly match against Azerbaijan and has earned a total of 34 caps, scoring 2 goals. His final international was a November 2008 friendly against Montenegro.

Early career
Vasoski previously worked as the youth team manager and coordinator of Metalurg Skopje and Vardar. On 16 July 2018, he became the new manager of Vardar, winning the Macedonian First League in the 2019–20 season with the club. Vasoski left Vardar in December 2020. He then worked as manager of Akademija Pandev from 2020 to 2022.

Sarajevo
On 8 January 2022, Bosnian Premier League club Sarajevo appointed Vasoski as manager. On 10 January 2022, he was officially confirmed as Sarajevo manager, signing a six-month contract, with an option to stay at the club until June 2023. Vasoski was victorious in his first Bosnian Premier League game as Sarajevo manager, winning 2–0 away against Leotar on 26 February 2022.

On 5 March 2022, he lost his first Sarajevo derby as a manager in a 2–0 defeat to Željezničar. On 10 April 2022, Vasoski managed Sarajevo to a 6–0 win against Rudar Prijedor, the club's biggest league win of the season. Following a series of poor results, which culminated with a 1–1 draw against rivals Željezničar, he resigned as manager on 10 May 2022.

Player
Vardar
 * Macedonian First League: 2001–02, 2002–03

Eintracht Frankfurt
 * DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2005–06

Individual
 * Macedonian Footballer of the Year: 2004

Manager
Vardar
 * Macedonian First League: 2019–20

title: Aleksandar Vasoski


text:
Talk:John W. Kern

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title: Talk:John W. Kern


text:
Talk:Richard Lugar

Bias unlikely
I don't think it's terribly likely Senator Lugar's page will be vandalized or edited to be very biased. Neither side can really complain about him. He's too old and has been a Republican too long for the right to attack him, and he's too centrist for the left to attack him. I personally feel he's one of the most rational members of the legislature. --Starkruzr 01:47, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Whenever people are up for election, people with (usually imagined) grudges will usually put in an appearance. 68.39.174.238 02:08, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * His public persona aside, he is the King of Ethanol, and as such directly responsible for a host of problems, including high food prices. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.67.79 (talk) 01:46, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Expand page
This page needs to be expanded. Why should Evan Bayh's page be so much larger than Lugar's?--Bedford 16:22, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Mainly because Bayh is more in the public eye, while as Lugar, now, works behind the scenes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.77.204.235 (talk) 19:37, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Warren County
I was just about to revert the edit made about Warren County. However, I decided to make sure and it appears a cock-up by CNN has given the wrong figures and Lugar did win the county. --Davebesag 16:24, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Jay Leno
Every time Jay mentions what Senator Dick Lugar says, Jay mentions that he is the only US Senator with a "Pornstar" name! Dick Luger, get it?

Supercool Dude 17:10, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

New picture?
Can't a better picture be found than one with him talking to an actress? It seems that a picture of him giving a speech, campaigning, or anything else would be more appropriate and more enlightening. Meeting with a movie star has nothing to do with politics.--Gloriamarie 16:48, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, if you can find a photo that is free (not copyrighted), then go ahead! Reywas92 Talk 19:39, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Poor title
This man is most commonly known as Richard, not Dick, and the title ought reflect this. 74.233.157.151 (talk) 07:02, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Almost Certainly will become next Most senior Senator (Republican)
Following Ted Steven's guilty verdict, he will likely be voted out of office, and with Pete Domenici not running, Luger (3rd in republican Seniority) will likely become the most senior republican senator.

Should we mention it yet, or wait for confirmation? 78.148.170.152 (talk) 15:21, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Wait until it (and if) actually happens. HoosierStateTalk 01:06, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Signature
I own a copy of Senator Lugar’s signature. How would I go about placing that in the signature spot of the info box? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Politicsislife (talk • contribs) 23:54, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Scan it and upload it using the "Upload file" tool in your toolbox on the left. If you post a link to it here, I will make sure that the signature gets cleaned up so that it looks like the good signatures you find here, Sadads (talk) 00:06, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Can do. Honestly I’ve never uploaded a photo before. It is a signed photo by him I got in January and I’ve cropped it so it just shows the signature. What do I fill in for the following forms? Thanks. Original source
 * Author(s):
 * Permission
 * Description: — Preceding unsigned comment added by Politicsislife (talk • contribs) 00:59, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Author:Self
 * Permission: Public Domain
 * Description:Describe how you got the picture, when, where and why

Hope that helps, Sadads (talk) 01:12, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Is this right? Feel free to edit it and if I did upload it right then please tell me. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Politicsislife (talk • contribs) 01:34, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, good job, I am asking another editor to convert it into a more flexable file format. Also, remember to sign comments on talk pages with 4 tildas, ~ . If you ever need any help, free to leave a comment on my talk page, Sadads (talk) 01:46, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Campaign-style
Some sections sound quite campaign-style. Polmandc (talk) 04:13, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

RESIDENCE
Sen. Lugar's residence is listed as Indianapolis, Indiana yet by the Senator's own admission he has his residence in McLean Virginia since 1977. Why is this error not corrected? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.16.130.223 (talk) 19:13, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

File:Dick Lugar official photo 2010.JPG to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Dick Lugar official photo 2010.JPG will be appearing as picture of the day on September 17, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-09-17. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:41, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Quite disgusting that an official photo of a politician wormed its way into the FP fold. Sca (talk) 13:46, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Agricultural reform?
The section on Agricultural reform is totally inadequate:

"As Chairman of the Agriculture Committee, Lugar built bipartisan support for 1996 federal farm program reforms, ending 1930s-era federal production controls."

More detail should be given. Exactly what were the reforms and exactly what were the "1930s-era federal production controls"?

"He worked to initiate a biofuels research program to help increase U.S. utilization of ethanol and combustion fuels,"

Something should be said about the ramifications (largely negative) of ethanol use as a biofuel.

"and led initiatives to streamline the U.S. Department of Agriculture,"

Exactly what initiatives and exactly what streamlining?

"reform the food stamp program, and preserve the federal school lunch program."

Reform the food stamp program exactly how? ---Dagme (talk) 17:49, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Infobox name change to Dick Lugar ?
I've noticed that sometimes the name at the top of the infobox is sometimes different from the page name, using a nickname. Here's an example. It would be appropriate, I think, to change the name at the top of the infobox to Dick Lugar. The nickname was commonly used in the press and I think the change would be apt. Ceboswell21 (talk) 01:37, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Lugar


text:
Peace and love

Peace and love may refer to:

Music

 * Peace & Love (festival), a Swedish music festival

Albums

 * Peace and Love (DJ Tatana album), 2004
 * Peace and Love (Edison Chen album), 2001
 * Peace & Love (Juliana Hatfield album), 2010
 * Peace and Love (The Pogues album), 1989
 * Peace and Love (Swingin' Utters album), 2018
 * Peace and Love, Inc. (Information Society album), 1992

Songs

 * "Peace and Love", by Fountains of Wayne from their album Welcome Interstate Managers
 * "Peace & Love", by Juliana Hatfield from her album Peace & Love
 * "Peace and Love", by Neil Young from his album Mirror Ball
 * "Peace and Love", by Quasi from their album When the Going Gets Dark
 * "Peace and Love", by the Red Hot Chili Peppers from their album Return of the Dream Canteen

Sculptures

 * Peace and Love (sculpture), by Ringo Starr

title: Peace and love


text:
LVN

LVN may refer to:

 * Littlehaven railway station (National Rail station code), in West Sussex, England
 * Licensed Vocational Nurse, see Licensed practical nurse
 * LVN Pictures, film studio
 * Airlake Airport in Minnesota, USA
 * Lehigh Valley News, local online news website for the Lehigh Valley

title: LVN


text:
Talk:Sherman Minton

FA concerns
It was suggested here that this FA could use a check for source-text integrity, so I'm going to do that below. Will finish the rest of this later. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 19:21, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Okay. I've finished the table, which uses a more-or-less random sample of about 10% of the references. (If anyone wants to check my work, Gugin and Radcliff are both available for free via the Internet Archive.) Now, it's possible that the ones I looked at were outliers, but it does seem that there are some pretty big source-text integrity issues here, including really serious problems like misattributed quotes and factual mistakes. As it stands, I don't think I'd be comfortable keeping this as an FA unless a) all the above issues were fixed and b) someone was willing to check every single reference for similar problems. I'm going to list the article at WP:FARGIVEN; it may be taken to featured article review if there's no improvement in the next few weeks. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 22:47, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

.. Please do a better job. You guys are not even being honest in your review of the sources on these articles... —Charles Edward (Talk | Contribs) 22:40, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That link says "'This committee doesn't intend to permit you to use this as a forum to air your Republican views,' Schwellenbach of Washington said", which contradicts the claim that "Minton beat his gavel and yelled, 'This committee...'". Extraordinary Writ (talk) 22:51, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * This review is totally mistaken.. Are you sure you actually have the source book? —Charles Edward (Talk | Contribs) 22:50, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * This makes me sad.. :( I guess go ahead and FAR it. I don't have time to update this article or go through all these citation. But I will say I strongly object and cannot believe the article nearly this deviated from the sources. Clearly the FA review process must have been seriously broken to have promoted these articles I wrote... I hope you will take steps to hold the reviewers accountable... I trust you will either clean it up or demote it as appropriate... —Charles Edward (Talk | Contribs) 22:54, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, to be fair, lots of the things I marked above probably are in the source somewhere—they just aren't on the particular page that was cited. I don't really fault you or the reviewers for that: a lot of it has more to do with changing expectations for FAs than anything else, I think. And I certainly don't want to give the impression that I don't appreciate all the work you did on this article: as someone who's written a couple of Supreme Court FAs myself, I definitely know how much work goes into them, and I'm grateful for all the improvements you were able to make. It's just that citation requirements have become a lot stricter in the past decade or so, and unfortunately that means that articles like this one need some work to bring back up to standard. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 23:13, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sherman Minton


text:
Gotta Stop (Messin' About)

"Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" is a song by Prince, released in the UK as a follow-up single to support his third album, Dirty Mind. The single was not an album track, though it was written at the same time, and possessed a similar sound. "Gotta Stop Messin' About" marked the first time Prince released non-album tracks, which, especially as B-sides, would become a prominent part of his career.

The song is keyboard dominated, and the lyrics speak of a woman who's constantly "messin' about" with other men. The song contains familiar Prince themes of sexual frustration, masturbation and sexual metaphors. The track consists of two verses and multiple repeats of the chorus. It was played live on the Dirty Mind Tour with an extended instrumental section at the end.

"Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" was released in the UK as two separate 7" singles, one with the Dirty Mind track "Uptown" as a B-side, and the other with "I Wanna Be Your Lover", from Prince. Each single also had an accompanying 12" single, both with the same tracks as the 7" and both including the song "Head", from Dirty Mind.  Despite an extensive advertising campaign and promotion, and coinciding with Prince's first UK gig, neither issue of the single charted. The track would later be released in the U.S. as the B-side of the 12" single for "Let's Work", and become a highly sought-after collector's item. "Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" was also later released on The Hits/The B-Sides and Prince 4Ever.

Personnel
Credits from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud.

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars, Oberheim OB-X, bass guitar, drums, handclaps

title: Gotta Stop (Messin' About)


text:
Talk:Harry S. New

Common name
Regarding the move of this page, Harry S. New (66%) and Harry New (31%) are the only iterations of New's name that constitute over 5% of references to him on newspapers.com. Star Garnet (talk) 20:17, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry S. New


text:
Talk:James Noble (Indiana politician)

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Requested move 5 August 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Moved to James Noble (Indiana politician) (closed by non-admin page mover) — DaxServer (t · m · e · c) 12:41, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

James Noble (senator) → James Noble (U.S. senator) – James H. Noble was also a senator, but not a U.S. senator. — BarrelProof (talk) 22:19, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Move to James Noble (Indiana politician), our standard disambiguator in these circumstances. The other one was from Wisconsin. We don't generally use "senator" or "U.S. senator" as a disambiguator. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:38, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Move to James Noble (Indiana politician) per above.--Ortizesp (talk) 03:06, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * OK with me. — BarrelProof (talk) 03:09, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:James Noble (Indiana politician)


text: User talk:81.139.63.209

title: User talk:81.139.63.209


text:
Talk:Snowblading

"Snowblades" is a trademark of Salomon. The generic word for the sport is "skiboarding", since other manufacturers (such as Line, K2, Canon, and others) sell similar equipment. I'll have to come back and edit this article when I have time. --Elkman 16:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snowblading