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Ricky Ray

Ricky Ray (born October 22, 1979) is an American former professional Canadian football quarterback. Ray spent the majority of his professional career with the Edmonton Eskimos and Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He also briefly spent time in the af2, as well as with the San Francisco 49ers and New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). Ray is the all-time leader in passing yardage, pass completions, and passing touchdowns for both the Edmonton Elks and Toronto Argonauts. He won a Grey Cup championship four times as a starter, in 2003, 2005, 2012, and 2017.

College career
In 1997, Ray made his debut for Shasta College, a two-year community college in Redding, California. He became a first-team All-American and state player of the year in 1998. He also set several school records during his time at Shasta, most notably throwing 199 consecutive pass attempts without allowing an interception. On December 20, 2014, Ricky was inducted into the Shasta County Sports Hall Of Fame.

Ray moved on to play NCAA college football with Sacramento State University. In 1999, Ray completed 179 of 291 passes for 2,422 yards and 20 touchdowns. In 2000, he completed 168 of 270 passes (62.2%) for 13 touchdowns with 6 interceptions. Ray is still in the top ten for many Sacramento State career passing records.

San Francisco 49ers
After his college career ended in 2000, Ray, having gone undrafted by the NFL, attended training camp with the NFL's San Francisco 49ers, but did not make the team and only dressed for a single pre-season game. He earned the nickname "Frito Ray" by teammates, as he was working as a delivery driver for Frito-Lay chips when he was called up for training camp.

Fresno Frenzy
Ray made his professional debut with the Fresno Frenzy of the Arena Football League's developmental league af2. He played seven games for the Frenzy, where he was coached by former CFL quarterback Rick Worman. He completed 116 passes for 1,296 yards, 25 touchdowns and 6 interceptions. Worman was instrumental in arranging a tryout with the Eskimos.

Edmonton Eskimos
In 2002, Ray made the CFL's Edmonton Eskimos out of training camp. The Eskimos were considered one of the strongest teams in the West Division at the time. However, the Eskimos were deep at quarterback. Starter Jason Maas was considered one of the best at his position in the league. Ray started the season as the Eskimos' third-string quarterback.

Late in the fourth quarter of a Week Four game against the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Maas was knocked out of the game, and would not be available for the Week Five matchup against the rival BC Lions. Ray made his debut relieving Maas in the Saskatchewan game and his first start against the Lions, throwing for four touchdowns. Ray threw for 2,991 yards, 24 touchdowns, and nine interceptions with a quarterback rating of 101.3, highest in the league.

With Maas still recovering from injury, Ray led the Eskimos to the Grey Cup game against Montréal. Ray threw for 324 yards, but the Eskimos lost the 90th Grey Cup to the Alouettes 26-16 at home. Ray failed to convert on a vital two-point conversion late in the game that could have tied the affair at 18–18. The failure forced the Eskimos into an onside kick attempt, which failed as Montréal returned it for a touchdown and took a lead that they would not lose. During the year, Ray received Offensive Player of the Week and Month honours, but was ineligible for the Offensive Rookie of the Year award, due to his brief NFL experience.

Maas returned for the 2003 season, setting up a quarterback duel between Maas and Ray during training camp. However, Maas sustained a back injury during the off-season, a condition that would require surgery. Ray remained the starter even after Maas returned.

Despite splitting time early in the year, Ray ended with a 67.6 completion percentage, 4,640 yards, 35 touchdowns and 13 interceptions and was a candidate for the Most Outstanding Player award. The Eskimos rebounded from their slow start and made the playoffs, defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western final as Ray threw for 356 yards. The 91st Grey Cup in Regina, Saskatchewan featured the Eskimos against the Alouettes. The Eskimos defeated the Alouettes 34–22, for the team's first Grey Cup in a decade. Ray played exceptionally against Alouettes coach Don Matthews's renowned blitzing defense, completing 22 of 32 passes for 301 yards and two touchdowns.

New York Jets
After two years in Canada, Ray began to look south of the border. Former Eskimo Warren Moon, a legend in the NFL and CFL, advised Ray to stay in the CFL a little while longer to improve as a quarterback and receive a better shot at a starting job. But the lure of the league he had dreamed of in his youth proved too strong to keep Ray in Canada, and he signed with the New York Jets.

In the 2004 NFL season, Ray dressed for six games with the Jets. When starter Chad Pennington went down briefly with a rotator cuff injury, backup Quincy Carter came in and played well, relegating Ray to the bench. After the season concluded, Ray asked for his release by the Jets. Ray subsequently returned to the Eskimos.

Edmonton Eskimos (second stint)
Ray's return was accompanied by controversy. He became the favourite to take the starting job in Edmonton, but, once again, the team was deep at quarterback in 2005. In addition to Ray, Maas remained in Edmonton. While Ray had been in the NFL, Maas had been the starter and had played superbly, becoming only the second Eskimo to pass for 5,000 yards in a single season.

Ray received the starting job out of training camp in 2005. Maas, despite frequent trade rumours, was once again made his backup. Jason Johnson remained on the roster as the third quarterback. Ray started the 2005 season strongly, leading the league in completions and yardage. He set a pro football record with 479 completions in 2005. However, towards the end of the year, Ray's play faltered, concluding in him not throwing a touchdown in the season's last four games.

In the playoffs, Ray was benched twice more, both in the West Semi-Final against Calgary and the West Final against British Columbia, and both times Maas came on the field, threw very well, and recorded the winning points. Head coach Danny Maciocia, however, promised Ray the start in the 93rd Grey Cup, perhaps because of rumours that a trade of Maas to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats had already been arranged. This time, however, Ray seized the opportunity presented to him, throwing for 359 yards and two touchdowns while completing 35 of 45 passes. The Eskimos defeated the Montreal Alouettes 38-35 in overtime, and Ray was named most valuable player of the Grey Cup.

In 2006, Ray started for the Eskimos for every single game of the season, led the league in passing with exactly 5,000 yards, and was near the top in completion percentage at 65.7%, 21 touchdowns, and a passer rating of 89.8. On September 14, 2007, in a win against the Montreal Alouettes, Ray surpassed CFL and NFL hall-of-famer Warren Moon to capture the Eskimos' all-time record for career passing yards. On September 28, 2007, he suffered a separated shoulder at the hands of Toronto Argonauts safety Willie Pile, ending his season. Without Ray, the Eskimos lost their remaining five games and missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.

In 2008, Ray completed 422 of 608 pass attempts (69.8% completion) for a league-leading, career-best, and single-season Eskimo record 5,661 yards. Ray threw for 26 touchdowns and 17 interceptions for a 101.8 quarterback rating. Ray also scrambled for 258 yards and 5 touchdowns. One of his best games of the season came in the final week of the season vs. the Alouettes when Ray broke the record for highest completion percentage in a single game (with a minimum of 20 passing attempts) when he went 23 of 25 for 92.0% for 302 yards and 2 touchdowns in only 3 quarters of play. He led the Esks to a win in the crossover playoff game in Winnipeg, but the team lost in the East finals to Montreal. The 2008 Eskimos were the first team to ever win a crossover game.

In 2009, Ray completed 401 of 596 pass attempts (67.3% completion) for a league leading 4,916 yards, 22 touchdowns and 12 interceptions for a 96.4 quarterback rating. Ray scrambled for 206 yards and 6 touchdowns. In a game versus the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Ray completed 20 consecutive passes before receiver Jamaica Rector dropped a pass, ending the streak. This remarkable performance left Ray 2nd all time behind teammate Jason Maas (who completed 22 straight passes on July 30, 2004), in the CFL record books for most consecutive pass completions in a single game.

In 2010, Ray completed 288 of 447 pass attempts (64.4% completion) for 3,565 yards, 11 touchdowns and 16 interceptions for an 82.3 quarterback rating. Additionally, Ray scrambled for 302 yards and three touchdowns. In Game 15, Ray had a career rushing performance, compiling 135 yards on 12 rushes and a touchdown. He started 16 of the 18 games. Statistically, it was the worst year of his career.

In 2011, Ray completed 343 of 526 pass attempts (65.2% completion) for 4,954 yards, 24 touchdowns and 11 interceptions for a 99.3 quarterback rating. Additionally, Ray scrambled for 258 yards and 1 touchdown. Ricky Ray had a bounce back season after struggling in 2010. His solid play earned him Offensive Player of the month for the month of September. Ray lead the Eskimos to a record of 11–7, qualifying for the Playoffs.

Toronto Argonauts
Ray was traded to the Toronto Argonauts on December 12, 2011, for quarterback Steven Jyles, placekicker Grant Shaw, and a 2012 first round draft pick. Ray went on to win the 100th Grey Cup as the Argonauts' starting quarterback. On May 31, 2013, the Argos extended Ray's contract through the 2015 CFL season.

In 2012, Ray completed 321 of 468 pass attempts (68.6% completion) for 4,059 yards, 20 touchdowns and 11 interceptions for a 99.8 quarterback rating. Rays 68.59% completion rate was a new team record breaking the previous mark of 67.25% set by Kerwin Bell in 1998. Ray injured his knee in the third quarter of a Week 4 win against the Blue Bombers. He missed the Week 5 game and then returned to the starting lineup in Week 7, following a bye in Week 6. Ray was averaging over 300 yards passing per game compiling a total of 3,341 yards in his first 11 games before suffering a knee injury in the 1st quarter of a game against Montreal. Ray would return for the final two games of the season completing 20 of 33 passes for 383 yards, 4 touchdowns and no interceptions vs Winnipeg and 24 of 30 passes for 305 yards, 4 touchdowns and 1 interceptions against Saskatchewan, earning offensive player of the week honors for the latter performance and helping the Argos clinch a playoff spot.

In the 2012 East division semi-final Ray completed 23 of 30 passes for 239 yards, 2 touchdowns no interceptions and a rushing touchdown as they defeated Edmonton 42–26. In the process Ray helped the team set a new CFL playoff record for the most points in a single quarter with 31. In the East division final, Ray completed 28 of 37 passes for 399 yards 1 touchdowns and no interceptions as the team beat Montreal on the road 27–20 in advancing to the finals. The Argos would ultimately emerge victorious in the 100th Grey Cup held at home, beating Calgary 35–22. Ray would finish the game 18 for 30 for 231 yards, 2 touchdowns and 1 interception.

In the 2013, Ray had a phenomenal year setting multiple CFL, pro football and team records, despite suffering a shoulder injury in the first quarter of a game against Calgary in Week 7 which forced him to sit out six games. Ray would return before the end of the season helping the Argos clinch first in the east before sitting out the final game of the season.

Ray completed 234 of 303 for 2,878 yards in 10 games and had a 77.23% completion percentage which broke the previous CFL and pro football single season record of 73.98% set by Dave Dickenson in 2005 and his own Argo record of 68.59% set last year. Ray finished with 21 touchdowns and just 2 interceptions, resulting in a 10.5 to 1 touchdown to interception ratio, breaking the single season CFL record of 6 to 1 set by Dave Dickenson in 2000. Ray also set the CFL record for lowest percentage of passes intercepted in a single season with a 0.66% breaking the previous CFL record of 1.09% set by Anthony Calvillo in 2009. Ray had a streak of 222 consecutive pass attempts without throwing an interception to begin the year, going back to the previous year the streak was 247 pass attempts, before throwing his first interception on his last pass of a game in Week 16 against Hamilton. This figure is possibly a CFL record as the Argo team itself set a league record for most consecutive passes without an interception by a team. Ray finished the year with a record passer efficiency rating of 126.37, surpassing the previous pro football record of 122.46 set by Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and the CFL record of 118.77 set by Dave Dickenson in 2005. On July 19, 2013, Ray completed 19 of 20 passes against Winnipeg setting a new single game CFL and pro football completion percentage record of 95.0%, beating the previous record of 94.74% set by Alex Smith in 2012, his own CFL record of 92.0% set in 2008 and the Argos team record of 87.1% set by Condredge Holloway in 1985. In the same game, he tied the Argo record for most consecutive pass completions held by Mike Rae with 17. Only to surpass that mark in his final game of the season against Winnipeg. Ray set a new team record with 21 consecutive pass completions, the second longest such streak in CFL history, falling one shy of the record of 22 held by Jason Maas. In the same game Ray also set a new personal high for passing yards with 505. It was the first time in his career that he had passed for over 500 yards and the third highest single game total in Argos history. Ray did however break a 53-year-old Argo record for most completions in a single game with 39 besting the previous record of 38 set by Tobin Rote in 1960. It was also the 9th time in his career and 2nd time in the year that he had passed for over 400 yards in a game. In addition to the numerous records Ray set, he was named offensive player of the month for September and also named offensive player of week three times. In the first game of the season against Hamilton, Ray complete 24 of 34 passes for 368 yards, 4 touchdowns and no interceptions, earning him offensive player of the week honors. Ray would earn his second offensive player of the week honors after completed 30 of 35 passes for 413 yards with 3 touchdowns and no interceptions against Edmonton in game 6. And lastly for his aforementioned performance against Winnipeg, where he completed 39 of 45 passes for 505 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions.

In spite of the personal spectacular regular season, Ricky Ray leading the Argonauts to a first-place finish in the East would be ruined by Henry Burris and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats defeating Ray and the Argonauts 36-24 in the 2013 East Division final held at the Rogers Centre, Toronto.

Ricky Ray played in all but one of the 18 regular season games during the 2014 CFL season, however the Argos were unable to qualify for the postseason, finishing with a record of 8–10. Ray had one of his highest volume seasons as a passing quarterback in his career during the 2014 campaign. His 425 pass completions was the second highest of his career, trailing only his 2003 season with the Eskimos when he completed 479 passes. Ray attempted 620 passes over the course of the season, which was the 4th most attempts in his career, and the most since 2008. He racked up a league-leading 4,595 passing yards, his most yards in a season since 2009.

In November 2014, following the conclusion of the Argos season, Ray had surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right (throwing) shoulder and a small tear in his right rotator cuff. The recovery time for the surgery was estimated to be around six months, which would allow Ray to return action in time for CFL training camp in the spring of 2015. However, Ray's recovery went slower than expected: As a result, the Argos placed Ray on the six-game injured list during the preseason. Ray missed the first 16 games of the 2015 CFL season, making his first start of the season in Week 19 against the BC Lions. At the time of his return, the Argos were 8–8, having clinched a playoff berth, they were fighting for a home playoff game (which they lost when they were defeated by the Lions). Ray played in the final regular season game and also the Eastern Semi-Final against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. In the playoff game Ray completed 22 of 34 pass attempts for 220 yards with 1 touchdown and 1 interception; however Justin Medlock kicked a 47-yard field goal with no time on the clock to eliminate the Argos, thus ending their season. On December 3, 2015, Ray and the Argos agreed on a contract extension; preventing him from becoming a free-agent in February 2015. Entering the 2016 season Ray was finally 100% healed from his shoulder injury which had plagued him since November 2014. Ray started the first five games of the season before sustaining a knee injury as defensive lineman Vaughn Martin rolled up into him in the third quarter. Following the game Ricky Ray was diagnosed with a sprained MCL, and was expected to miss between three and six weeks. Ray missed three games over the following five weeks before returning to play in the Labour Day weekend games against the BC Lions and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Following their Labour Day game against the Tiger-Cats, reports surfaced suggesting Ray would miss the remainder of the 2016 CFL season with a punctured lung. The following day, it was announced that Ray would miss between four and six weeks with a partially deflated lung. This was Ray's second significant injury in 2016 and he has only played one full season since 2011. After missing six weeks recovering from a partially deflated lung Ray returned to the starting lineup in Week 18 of the regular season. However, he was unable to best the league-leading Stampeders and as a result the Argos were eliminated from playoff contention, falling to a record of 5–12.

On February 28, 2017, at his introductory press conference, newly appointed head coach Marc Trestman declared Ray the Argos starting quarterback for the 2017 season: Despite Ray having only started 12 games over the previous two seasons. In the opening game of the season, Ray threw for a career-high 506 yards in a 32-15 win over the rival Tiger-Cats. On July 29, 2017, Ray surpassed Condredge Holloway to become the franchise leader in passing yards. Holloway threw for 16,616 yards between 1981 and 1986. On August 19, 2017, Ray became the Argonauts' all-time passing touchdown leader with his 99th touchdown pass, surpassing Holloway's 98. In that same game, he threw for his 100th touchdown pass as an Argonaut, becoming the first player in CFL history to throw at least 100 touchdown passes for two franchises. On October 21, 2017, Ray reached the 60,000 career passing-yard mark, becoming just the fourth player in CFL history to accomplish the milestone. In that same game, he also hit 5,000 passing yards for the season, joining Doug Flutie and Anthony Calvillo as the only players to pass for 5,000 yards at least four times in their careers. That game also marked the 12th time he eclipsed the 300-yard mark that season, which is an Argonauts record. The Argonauts finished the season 1st in the East with a 9-9 record, the only .500 team in the division. For his performance, Ray finished as runner-up to Edmonton quarterback Mike Reilly for the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award. He would go on and win his fourth Grey Cup against the Calgary Stampeders in the 105th Grey Cup game. One day after the Argos Grey Cup parade, Ray conveyed to reporters that he was "seriously considering retirement". Ray, 38 years of age, who was a pending free agent for the 2018 season, said there was no timetable for a decision. On February 2, 2018, Ray and the Argos agreed to a one-year contract extension.

In 2018, Ray was carted off the field in the second half of the Argos Week 2 loss to the Calgary Stampeders after being awkwardly tackled between a pair of Stampeder defensive linemen. Ray was hospitalized, and the following day the team confirmed that Ray did indeed have feeling in all of his extremities. Given his age (38), and the severity of the injury, Ray's future as a quarterback was placed in doubt. Only a couple days later team doctors advised Ray to not play again in 2018. On September 24, 2018, Head Coach Marc Trestman confirmed that Ray would not return to the Argos for the 2018 season. In early November 2018 Ray was still considering his options, leaving the door open for a possible return in 2019. By early March Ray had not informed the Argos of his intentions for the 2019 season, and still needed to be cleared by doctors before returning to the field. General manager Jim Popp hinted that if Ray were to return to the Argos it would be as a backup quarterback, possibly transitioning to a coaching role in the future. On May 8, 2019, Ray held a press conference to officially announce his retirement.

Ray was announced as a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame 2022 class on June 21, 2022.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ricky Ray


text:
User talk:Modify

Blockquotes
Using blockquotes is not only acceptable html code on Mortimer Adler, it is preferred because using a colon only indents the left margin, while blockquoting indents both margins. (see How to edit a page) --Blainster 23:59, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information and the head's up. I'm sure you had good reasons for using the blockquotes. My own preference is for a flush-right margin for quoted material, but indented margins are good as well. modify 17:25, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Template
Hi Modify, I actually like your template. I think a combination old/new template would work. Maybe as a compromise, it would be your fonts, text, and old width, colours. I'll try a new version tonight, and see what happens. Once again, thanks for trying to improve the template. -- Jeff3000 18:36, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Jeff3000, that's encouraging to hear. Let's see what you come up with. modify 15:41, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey Modify, Your blue version of the Baha'i template is now active. Thanks for the help. -- Jeff3000 13:20, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Jeff3000, for acting on that. I was a way for a little while. modify 13:53, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

A4W Reactor
I reverted your broken links and if you'd like to discuss, let's bring it here. -- RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib Reverts 12:51, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Please see my reply. As a friendly suggestion, you may wish to avoid using a vandalism tool to make such a revert, and do it by hand instead. This particular tool adds the user's name to a log and suggests that the original edit was vandalism, which, in this case, was clearly not the case. modify 13:15, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Human body
I wonder if perhaps you were a little short in your examination of the "See Also" section of Human body, which you deleted with edit summary "remove joke categories". Unfortunately you deleted all the see also links, including obviously valid ones such as Body language. Please be a little more selective, or at least use the talk page to propose ones to delete? It is obvious that some should be deleted, like body thetan was at some point. :-) Shenme 03:39, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for drawing my attention to the hasty removal of good categories. I'll try to be more selective next time! modify 06:37, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Hawaii, USA
I think that the "USA" should have been left where it was in the "Greeneville" article. The way I look at it, some kid in Nigeria who just got his $100 laptop might not be all that familiar with Hawaii. It's a thoroughness thing, a better-safe-than-sorry thing. Also, it seems a little presumptuous of Americans to assume that everybody knows all about things American. How many Americans know what Kyushu is, for example? --Milkbreath (talk) 16:51, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Edits of Enterprise Architecture article
Hello. On 20 June, you made a number of edits to the Enterprise Architecture article. Some were good, but some introduced incorrect or misleading statements about Enterprise Architecture into the article. You did not discuss your additionsn the discussion page.

I plan to make full edits to the article to try to remove the inaccuracies that have been added since April, and that will include your edits in June. Please return to the article sometime soon to review the changes. Please use the discussion page for anything that is non-grammatical. --Nickmalik (talk) 16:28, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Non-free files in your user space
Hey there Modify, thank you for your contributions. I am a bot, alerting you that non-free files are not allowed in user or talk space. I removed some files I found on User:Modify/BladeLogic. In the future, please refrain from adding fair-use files to your user-space drafts or your talk page.

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Dead links
Hi Modify,

Just a heads-up that it's not a good idea to delete a reference (as opposed to a dot point under External links) just because a URL isn't working. Often such links can be recovered (eg), but even if they can't, they're still useful to readers and editors who want to know where the info in an article came from. WP:DEADREF gives some options for dealing with dead links.

Cheers, Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 08:50, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Beyond that, a reference with a dead link is still a valid reference. The purpose of a reference is to document what the source of a statement was. Whether that source is still available online is irrelevant. I reverted you again at Electromagnetic radiation, and started a discussion on the statement you are questioning at talk:Electromagnetic radiation. Let's discuss it there.--Srleffler (talk) 06:20, 21 June 2012 (UTC)--Srleffler (talk) 06:20, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

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User talk:EvanYares

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! D. J. Bracey (talk) 19:54, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
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Merna Kennedy

Merna Kennedy (born Maude Kahler; September 7, 1908 – December 20, 1944) was an American actress of the late silent era and the transitional period into talkies.

Career
She was born in Kankakee, one of two children to Maud (née Reed) and John Kahler, a German-American butcher turned chiropractor. After her parents separated, her mother moved the family to California, where she married a grocer two years later, and changed their name to Kennedy. At the outbreak of World War I, their mother prepped seven-year-old Merna and brother Melvin (known as Merle) to tour as a dancing and singing sibling act on the Orpheum and Pantages theater circuits of vaudeville, where she became acquainted with Lita Grey. Merle broke his leg ending the duo, prompting Grey to suggest silent films to Merna.

Kennedy was best known during her brief career for her role opposite Charlie Chaplin in the silent film The Circus (1928), a role for which she was brought to the attention of Chaplin by her friend Lita Grey, who became Chaplin's second wife in 1924. She had red hair and muscular legs (due to being a dancer,) the latter of which helped her gain the role of the circus bareback rider.

Kennedy continued acting after The Circus, starring in early sound films, but retired in 1934 when she married choreographer/director Busby Berkeley on February 10, 1934 at Hollywood United Methodist Church. Their marriage broke up by 1936.

Death
Kennedy died at age 36 of a heart attack on December 20, 1944, four days after her marriage to Master Sergeant Forrest Brayton. She is buried at Pinecrest Cemetery in California.

Silent films

 * 1928 The Circus as The Ringmaster's Step-daughter, a Circus Rider
 * 1929 Barnum Was Right
 * 1929 Skinner Steps Out

Talkies

 * 1929 Broadway
 * 1930 The Rampant Age
 * 1930 Embarrassing Moments
 * 1930 The King of Jazz
 * 1930 Worldly Goods
 * 1930 The Midnight Special
 * 1931 Stepping Out
 * 1932 The Gay Buckaroo
 * 1932 Lady with a Past
 * 1932 Ghost Valley
 * 1932 Come On, Tarzan
 * 1932 The All American
 * 1932 The Red-Haired Alibi
 * 1932 I Like It That Way
 * 1933 Laughter in Hell
 * 1933 Emergency Call
 * 1933 Easy Millions
 * 1933 Don't Bet on Love
 * 1933 I Love That Man (scenes deleted)
 * 1933 Arizona to Broadway
 * 1933 Police Call
 * 1933 The Big Chance
 * 1933 Son of a Sailor
 * 1934 Wonder Bar
 * 1934 Jimmy the Gent

title: Merna Kennedy


text:
User:Potzomchick/sandbox

The dental key is an instrument that was used in dentistry to extract diseased teeth. Before the era of antibiotics, dental extraction was often the method of choice to treat dental infections, and extraction instruments date back several centuries. The dental key, (also known as Clef de Garengeot, Fothergill-Key, English-Key, Dimppel Extractor or Tooth Key) dates back to the 1700's and remained popular into the 20th century when they were replaced by the more modern forceps. Modeled after a door key, the dental key was used by first inserting the instrument horizontally into the mouth, then its "claw" would be tightened over a tooth. The instrument was rotated to loosen the tooth. This often resulted in the tooth breaking, causing jaw fractures and soft tissue damage.

The design of the dental key evolved over the years. The original design featured a straight shaft, which caused it to exert pressure on the tooth next to the one being extracted. This led to a newer design in 1765 by F.J. Leber where the shaft was slightly bent. Newer designs, such as those manufactured by medical instrument maker Charriere featured interchangeable claws. By the end of the 19th century, the introduction of forceps rendered the tooth key mostly obsolete, however, a modern version of the dental key, the Dimppel Extractor, briefly revitalized its use later in the 20th century. Potzomchick 19:54, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Potzomchick/sandbox


text:
User talk:Potzomchick

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Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 19:54, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
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Dental Extraction
Hi. The image you uploaded (Image:DentalSurgicalExtraction.jpg) is currently on the English Wikipedia only. Because it could be extremely useful to other language wikipedias (and because it's public domain), I suggest uploading it to Commons:. Once that's done (use the same file name), you can put a NCT tag on the english wikipedia image. I'd do it myself, but just wanted you to be the credited uploader over there. If you think it's too much hassle, or you'd like me to do it, or if you need some help on the process, please feel free to contact me on my talk page or on commons. Cheers! --Storkk 12:16, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
 * PS. you might want to consider that for your other images, too. Cheers! --Storkk 12:18, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for File:DentalKeys.jpg
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title: User talk:Potzomchick


text:
User talk:Ray Oiler

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 19:54, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
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LICRA v. Yahoo!
Thanks for your comment on the Appeal Court judgment. I am aware that the section I cite is not the only reason that the appeal was dismissed (three judges felt that the court had no jurisdiction over the French parties; three judges felt that the case was no longer ripe as the French parties had no intention of enforcing the French order and in any case Yahoo! had changed its policies to substantially comply). However, as the case was argued on First Amendment grounds, I think the courts observation as regards to the extent of First Amendment protection is relevant in general, even if it were not decisive in this case. Best wishes, Physchim62 (talk) 12:18, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Canadian election results
Since the CBC definition of "elected" is arbitrary (it does not mean that enough votes have been counted for a candidate to be elected), this should be avoided on Wikipedia. I am using data from the Elections Canada web site to update Wikipedia. Andrew_pmk | Talk 03:27, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I know. What I said is that CBC calls candidates "elected" even if it is possible (but unlikely) that another candidate could be elected. Andrew_pmk | Talk 03:33, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ray Oiler


text:
Category:Panamanian painters

mistro minater puator

title: Category:Panamanian painters


text:
User talk:Lorus77

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 19:55, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion nomination of Струков, Михаил Михайлович
Hello Lorus77,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Струков, Михаил Михайлович for deletion, because it doesn't appear to contain any encyclopedic content. Take a look at our suggestions for essential content in short articles to learn what should be included.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.

Meatsgains (talk) 01:05, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Струков, Михаил Михайлович

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Струков, Михаил Михайлович requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. TheGracefulSlick (talk) 01:32, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Lorus77. An English language Wikipedia page about this subject already exists: Michael Stroukoff. I considered making "Струков, Михаил Михайлович" a "WP:REDIRECT" to this article, but the English language Wikipedia doesn't usually have "redirects" in languages other than English. I'm aware that the Russian language Wikipedia uses the format "Surname, given name patronymic" for biographical articles. That format isn't used on the English language Wikipedia. Please let me know if you have any questions about this, or if I can help you in any English language Wikipedia-related questions. Peter in Australia aka --Shirt58 (talk) 09:56, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lorus77


text:
Talk:Double album

First double album?
"1996 2Pac's All Eyes on Me was released as being supposedly the first double rap album to ever be entirely of an original album format".
 * http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=383188 was released in 1993. Lotheric (talk) 10:29, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

Comments
--Gyrofrog (talk) 19:55, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Is the proper spelling double-album?
 * 2) Shouldn't the list of double albums be moved to its own article? (For one thing it has the potential to grow very, very long.)

 * Considering that many dance music albums are doubles makes the list a little silly IMOSecretlondon 21:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As predicted, this list is already growing quite long. Does anyone have objections to splitting the list from the article? -- Gyrofrog (talk) 18:05, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with either way; if the best thing to do is split the list from the article then I say go for it :) Cjmarsicano 04:33, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. See List of double albums. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a great pitty that Leonard Cohen has never made a double album, albeit an album long enough to take up 2 LP, it makes me wonder - given that he is one of the heaviest talents of all time - how many songs he has recorded, that nobody's ever heard because thay were simply thrown off his albums. Some day we will find out, maybe when the Leonard Cohen catalog is reissued on SACD.
 * [restored from different section]: Should would-have-been double albums such a Death of a Ladies' Man by Leonard Cohen be added to this article.

 * Were the Guns N' Roses Use Your Illusion discs truly a double album, or the simultaneous release of two separately sold albums? Perhaps a note could be made of this practice; Bruce Springsteen's Human Touch and Lucky Town are another example of simultaneous, but separate, album releases. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.191.191.153 (talk) 04:14, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Best selling double album
What is the best-selling double album of all time? Is it still Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness? 71.65.54.92 00:09, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The Beatles White album was when it came out, but was later topped by Saturday Night Fever.

Double LP Side Order
Why do some double albums mix up their side orders? For example LP 1 has side 1 and side 4 on it, while LP 2 has side 2 and side 3 on it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.22.231.53 (talk • contribs) 03:44, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Short answer: the listener only had to get up once to flip both records over. Now the long version; it's the train of thought off the top of my head. (If someone can put this more succinctly, it's definitely worth mentioning in the article - and thanks for bringing it up!) It has to do with the way some turntables were constructed. Many models had a tall spindle in the center with a little latch at the top. The listener could place several records, one on top of the other, on the spindle. When one side of one record finished, the tone arm would move out of the way, then the next record would drop, and playback would resume. (In hindsight this may not have been very good for the records.) Double albums were sometimes made with sides 1 & 4 on one disc, and sides 2 & 3 on the other. This way, after side 1 finished, the next record would drop and side 2 would play. When side 2 finished, the listener could pick up both records at the same time, flip both of them over and then 3 and 4 would play in that order. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 04:02, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Kid Rock
This probably isn't worth mentioning in the article, but I thought I'd share it here. I've never really listened to Kid Rock, so I don't really have any opinion of him to speak of. But one thing I thought was really cool was his idea for a tripple album (which he didn't end up making): The three CDs would be named, in order, "Kid" "Fucking" "Rock:. The first would have been country, the second hip-hop and the third rock. You have to admit that that's a very cool idea.
 * Triple albums have been done before. Zazaban (talk) 03:01, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Albums by length
As this article discusses more than just double albums, could we move it to albums by length — or similar? jareha (comments) 06:45, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Do separately released albums count as a double album?
I was wondering if albums such as Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II and System of a Down's Mezmerize and Hypnotize count as double albums? If they are not actually double albums, is there a term for them, and should there be mention of them in this article? Joltman 19:27, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, IMO, they're not double albums. Double (triple, etc.) albums come in a single package, and those to which you're referring do not.  There are several other pairs like that in List of double albums; it's been proposed to move them to a separate article, but nobody's come up with anything good to call them.  Maybe "double releases"? <big shrug> — Wwagner 16:05, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

triple album
the first one of note... All things must pass is from november '70 while the woodstock OST was released in August i believe. but maybe woodstock is a compilation and not suitable as a prototype triple album?

Video Game Soundtracks?
Video game soundtracks often release using multiple discs. 3-disc game albums are not uncommon, and sometimes there are even albums containing 4 or more discs. For example, the recent Okami Original Soundtrack contains 5 discs of music. Being that it is all from one single game, I don't feel it could be considered a boxset.

Anyway, I was just wondering if this is worth mentioning in this article. --Kaleb.G 22:19, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Side numbering on double album vinyl records
This needs to be added to the article (and comes out of my recent edit revision on the Tommy (rock opera) article ): The reason for strange out-of sequence side numbering on double albums was record changers. Most people didn't have single-play turntables, they had changers with a tall central spindle. You stacked the records on the spindle and they would drop down onto the platter one at a time. So a double album (disc one had sides 1 & 4. disc two had sides 2 & 3) would be stacked with side 1 facing up on the bottom and the second disc with side 2 facing up stacked on top of it. Then, when both records had been played and side 2 was done, you flipped the stack of two over as one unit. So now the second disc was now on the bottom, with side 3 facing up, and the first disc with side 4 facing up on the disc on top of that so you would end up playing sides 1,2,3,4 in the proper order. Thomas Dzubin Talk 01:06, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Best selling
I thought the best selling double album of all time is Dangerous (album). Article List of best-selling albums worldwide says the same. The Wall is the second. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.17.40.66 (talk) 19:18, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Merge
Unless anyone has any objections (I can't imagine why since the article is fairly empty), I'm going to merge triple album to this article (which mainly consists of deleting that page into a redirect TheHYPO (talk) 10:36, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree. I'll do the move as there has been no objections.  SilkTork  *YES! 19:38, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Obvious NPOV
From the Critical Reaction section:

"''The concept of a double album is one that often sparks critical debate. Some see them as a testament to a band's creativity, and many double albums, such as Bruce Springsteen's The River, Elton John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti and the Rolling Stones' Exile on Main St. were met with great praise upon their release and are now widely considered to be classics. Others received somewhat mixed reviews upon their release, but with the passing of time their reputation has improved.

'''On the other hand, double albums are often seen as self indulgent and bloated, containing "filler" tracks or old studio out-takes which would not usually be considered of a high enough standard to appear on a single album. In many instances, double albums come at a time in a band's career when they have achieved much success and possibly believe that fans will buy anything they produce.'"

The part I bolded is the most offending, although the whole section is POV and unsourced. It looks as though someone who's against double albums wrote this. --Crackthewhip775 (talk) 02:06, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

First studio double album
Blonde on Blonde may have been the first rock double album ever, but what about Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook released in 1956? Does anyone know of an earlier studio double album than that?DrRockzo (talk) 21:49, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

 * That's not rock, is more like jazz, but the first rock double-album, I think, was 1964 album called The International Battle Of The Century The Beatles vs. The Four Seasons, an early released by Vee-Jay of the the first Beatles' album (Introducing... The Beatles) w/b an album by The Four Seasons.--Julio1017 (talk) 01:56, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

 * internal inconsistency: The article states that there were 6 weeks between releasing Bob Dylan's "Blonde on Blonde" and Zappa's "Freak Out"; however the specific articles for these albums state June 20th and June 27th respectively. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.81.201.186 (talk) 16:44, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The release date for Blonde on Blonde is uncertain. May 16th, 1966 is often cited, but there's evidence that it was actually several weeks later, possibly even July.  The section should mention this.  —Torc.  ( Talk.  ) 18:14, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Albums That Span More Than Three Discs
Can you think of any more? I'm curious...--66.177.73.86 (talk) 22:04, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

another triple album
Tom Waits' "Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards" for triple albums? — Preceding unsigned comment added by IIIIIIIII (talk • contribs) 21:54, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Opera
Shouldn't it be mentioned that recordings of operas (and other long classical music works) have been released as double, triple, quadruple, quintuple and sextuple albums since the earliest days of LP records? Roope (talk) 21:26, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

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David Bowie Low & Heroes
Both released in the same year, both are very similar in genre and production wise, both were recorded with Brian Eno — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30C:FD47:C0E0:7952:EC81:E4A8:CB26 (talk) 23:34, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

"Double Disc Album" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Disc_Album&redirect=no Double Disc Album] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Killarnee (talk) 22:46, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Double album


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shia ranking of the Sahaba

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Move to Shia view of the Sahaba and Sunni view of the Sahaba. Redwolf24 (talk) 01:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Shia ranking of the Sahaba + Sunni ranking of the Sahaba
It should be noted that Sunni ranking of the Sahaba also exists and should be considered in this VfD. I am putting this up for deletion because the unsourced "ranking" seems inherently POV / original research to me. I originally placed but Striver shot down that idea so I believe here will be a better place to determine communal view of this. For more reasons see my vote.

 * Move (with change of format and deletion of unsourced) to Shia view of the Sahaba or Shia views of the Sahaba. Because I was unclear: The content will be moved... the main change will be to have this article be descriptive (qualitative) instead of the quantative approach used now which is not found in other sources. gren グレン
 * I believe that the ranking is impossible to have NPOV. I am aware that there is general Shia feeling towards different individuals but not so we can place different ones in a list of who Shia believe are "strongly positive", "strongly negative", etc. as the page does.   we have now, which wouldThe current article is not sourced and I believe this move will first allow a discussion of the views of the Sahaba instead of the list with the rankings which appear to be original research and I am doubting that there is any representative scholarly Shia source with the a ranking system.  The viewpoint is fine but I feel this is more or less of a mockery of encyclopedic work.  Oh, and for this wanting a more specific policy related reason -- I feel it violates WP:NOT 1.3, 1.7 and to a lesser extent 1.4 gren グレン 19:58, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep lol, i love it, of cource we need a VFD for even this article, otherwise it would break the trend of VFD all shia articles... --Striver 20:30, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I mean, are you opposing the idea that shias like the Banu Hashim and hate Umar, Muaviya & co, or is your problem that its not all in one single list somewhere? Well, List of cities in Georgia, USA is not sourced, why dont you go and VFD it? I mean, go read any random Shia book and you will se it curse any and everyone on the "strong negative" section and praise any and everyone in the "strong positive" section, as if there was some secret about that... i dont get you. Its common knowledge the stuff added in the list, i mean, its so COMMONLY known that NOBODY has edited or changed the list in ANY way since i created it or added people to it, NOBODY is contesting the ranking. I Mean, are you contesting the ranking? --Striver 20:42, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Nonetheless "strong negative" and the strict classification of yours is original research. If you wish to cite what the books say that is another matter.  Cities in Georgia is more objective fact than this... a completely different ball game.  I am contesting the use of ranking in the first place.  Sourced descriptions would be fine, but not a ranking.  Which is why I believe it should be moved.  I would also prefer you not imply that this has anything to do with it being a Shia article.  The common denominator in Shia articles up for deletion seems to be your hand placed on them.  My reasoning is this.  I don't want anyone coming to wikipedia and being under the impression that Sunnis and Shia have some sort of ranking system for Muhammad's companions. -- the different groups will generally have different views and I acknowledge that, so source it and place it in context.  One shia site does not mean that that view is correct.  Make notable citations Striver and say whom your citing.  That is my problem.  I haven't editted it because I thought it was such a mess I didn't know what to do so I avoided it.  I can't tell you other users' reasons.  gren グレン 20:52, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Those points are already addressed in great detail in the first part of the article. --Striver 22:36, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Needs copyediting, but appears to be a significant topic. No theoretical reason why it can't be neutrally presented. Osomec 00:23, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment This entire enterprise is 'seriously' flawed.  It would be interesting to discuss the Sahaba in the context of an emerging Shia & Sunni orthodoxy, particularly why different companions came to be viewed as they were (beyond the bullet point summaries here).  But a laundry list like this is difficult to accept.  It would be like Cathars ranking of early Saints, or Arianist ranking of the Disciples - a meaningless exercise.  Would the author be willing to pen a more detailed exposition of the changing view of the Sahaba within an emerging Shia tradition, complete with proper sources and references?  That would be a great article.  If the article is kept, the existing content needs to be largely replaced. Dottore So 01:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thats a good point, ill try to add to the article the historical reseason of the split in the view of the Sahaba. However, i feel its going to be hard for me to do that in a NPOV way and i might need some co-editor to help me write in a NPOV way. --Striver 01:42, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you've come to the right place to find co-editors. In the event that you are able to expand upon the historical context, I would suggest moving the article to a topic heading such as Changing sectarian views of the Sahaba and unite the Sunni and Shia into a merged discussion.   Dottore So 01:53, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Move I agree with Dottore So, the idea can be tweaked to be much more encyclopedic with a further discussion of the views of individual members of the Sahaba, providing reasons for just how these views came to be with sources of course. Gren is right as well: it seems "ranking" screams "POV list" and Shia Views of the Sahaba would be more appropriate. The idea of ranking gives the impression that the concept is black-and-white, when in reality it's not. Sorna Doon 02:45, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In light of the discussion above and the general agreement that seems to have emerged, I will vote to Move either per my own or the original suggestion, with the hope that the article will undertake a more systematic examination of how Sunni/Shia views on the Sahaba were formed, and - as importantly - the significance for both communities. Dottore So 18:14, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP The article is showing the rankings of Sahaba according to the shia view and there is nothing wrong wiyth that--Khalid! 11:08, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

--Ya Ali 11:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP for the same reason as Osomec
 * Move - i'm with Gren on this one. --Irishpunktom\talk 14:45, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move, and restructure to deal with the OR and POV issues raised. Looks to me like there's some valuable and useful content here, however.  Alai 17:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move both. Unless all Shia agree on the ranking of their 100,000 Sahaba and unless all Sunni agree on the ranking of their considerably fewer sahaba, both articles should be renamed, although I would prefer something more like Sahaba in Shia Islam and Sahaba in Sunni Islam.  Are there differing views between Alawiya and Zaiddiyah, etc. and/or among the Wahhabis/Salafis and Sufis?  I'm not opposed to lists, or even to rankings, as long as there is agreement outside WP as to the correct rankings.  Tomer TALK  21:19, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Move - I have never seen anything to think that there is a universal ranking of the Sahaba. There are different views and it should be moved to say that. rydia 23:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Move - there could be a good article in a discussion of how the companions of Muhammad -- the early Muslims -- took sides in various disputes. There's the succession to Muhammad and the first Islamic civil war, the Fitna. Basically, the Shi'a trust (rank high) the companions who took the side of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Therefore, any discussion of factionalism among the companions would necessarily subsume the articles under discussion now. Zora 03:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.110.175.238

title: User talk:70.110.175.238


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Jamie Kane

Many, many votes
Goodness. I don't think I'd want to be the person who has to try to count all the valid votes here. I don't think I've ever seen so many votes over an article before. It just goes to show how much publicity has been created!! --Rebroad 19:56, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Jamie Kane - final tally
This is my tally of the votes. A few of them may be in error, due to the large number of vote changes and/or reaffirmations. Unsigned votes and suspected sockpuppets were not counted. I apologize if I missed or miscounted anyone's vote. However, the outcome is fairly clear: post rewrite total (which I give greater weight) = 93 keep, 21 delete; grand total = 103 keep, 53 delete. -- BD2412 talk 06:14, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Keep (pre-rewrite)
 * 1) Kappa 08:31, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) mintywalker 10:54, 14 August 2005 (BST)
 * 3) android79 12:11, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Craigbutz 01:01, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Fernando Rizo 08:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Grue 19:37, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Michael Snow 00:44, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Shaddack 09:10, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Sandstein 10:25, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) JYolkowski 14:34, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Delete (pre-rewrite)
 * 1) Peripathetic
 * 2) Stereo 09:01:36, 2005-08-14 (UTC)
 * 3) Krisjohn 09:06, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Qwghlm 11:29, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) GraemeL 12:18, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Nandesuka 12:20, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Spliced 13:10, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Dpbsmith 13:33, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Pahalial 13:48, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) *drew 14:13, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) WormRunner 15:08, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Ben Houston 15:41, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Tobycat 15:45, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) fuzzie 16:25, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Malcolm Farmer 16:31, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) WCityMike 17:17, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) D. G. 17:57, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Antaeus Feldspar 18:48, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Adam S 18:58, August 14, 2005 (UTC) ;
 * 20) Coolhappysteve
 * 21) Curps 19:06, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Noisy | Talk 19:27, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Zoe 23:10, August 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) SarekOfVulcan 21:53, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) Motor 22:15:20, 2005-08-14 (UTC)
 * 26) Arwel 22:26, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) johnd 23:03, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Nunh-huh 23:27, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) BMIComp 23:45, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) nixie 23:49, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Oboreruhito 19:48, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 32) Alterego 21:05, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

Keep (post-rewrite)
 * 1) Barberio 12:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Uncle G 00:15:10, 2005-08-15 (UTC)
 * 3) mholland 00:42, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Ashley Y 00:40, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Mintchocicecream 00:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Chieftramp 02:15 monday 15 vii (bst)
 * 7) Aya 42 02:24, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) MelSkunk 02:34, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Brian0918 2005-08-15 02:53
 * 10) khaosworks 03:51, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) William Pietri 04:27, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) MCB 05:17, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Ron Johnson Ron Johnson
 * 14) Visviva 06:26, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) ben dummett 06:29, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Rebroad 08:57, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Meneth 09:38, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) James F. 09:50, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Parallel or Together? 10:04, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Jolyonralph 10:06, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Thryduulf
 * 22) Thv 10:11, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 23) Wwwwolf 10:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 24) Benna 10:18, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 25) P0ppe 10:21, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 26) ShaunMacPherson 10:25, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 27) Kizor 10:28, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 28) Www.wikinerds.org 10:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 29) Hemsath 10:51, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 30) David | Talk 10:52, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 31) Michael 10:53, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 32) PhilHibbs 10:57, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 33) Jdcope 11:08, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 34) Thparkth 11:10, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 35) Lethe | Talk 11:14, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 36) Leopard 11:17, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 37) WS 11:34, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 38) FreplySpang 11:41, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 39) Jambalaya 12:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 40) Unigolyn 12:08, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 41) h3l1x 12:16, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 42) TexasDex 12:22, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 43) Paranoid 13:21, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 44) Chris 13:22, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 45) Brighterorange 13:39, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 46) Ed_g2s 13:52, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 47) Knobunc 13:54, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 48) phrawzty 14:02, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 49) Mark Williamson 14:24, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 50) SqueakBox 15:03, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 51) ElKevbo 15:05, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 52) Anomaly1 15:23, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 53) johnSLADE 15:25, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 54) Lionheart 16:29, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 55) Doradus 15:33, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 56) AnthonySorace 15:43, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 57) ciphergoth 15:46, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 58) DenisMoskowitz 15:57, 2005 August 15 (UTC)
 * 59) Skyfaller 16:02, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 60) Cleduc 16:14, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 61) Adrian 16:18, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 62) Eisnel 16:38, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 63) Explodicle 16:47, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 64) Nick Catalano 16:56, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 65) Lucien 16:59, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 66) Gamaliel 17:05, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 67) Sindri 17:39, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 68) Lpm 18:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 69) Hedgeman 17:59, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 70) RichW 18:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 71) billatq 1806, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 72) Hooper_X
 * 73) mcdavis42 19:33 UTC 15-AUG-05
 * 74) Dayv 18:40, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 75) MikeJ9919 19:05, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 76) SF2K1 19:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 77) Jal.
 * 78) Phoenix9
 * 79) Nycmstar 20:37, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 80) Shoka 20:47, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 81) Brian Schlosser42 21:09, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 82) Wanion 21:16, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 83) DougieLawson 22:00, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 84) Bryan 00:51, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 85) NathanO 01:02, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 86) Hahnchen 03:00, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 87) Augustz 22:02, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 88) Pg133 20:35, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 89) tadpole256
 * 90) Random 05:36, 2005 August 16 (UTC)
 * 91) Bluap 09:15, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 92) Kemkerj 16:50, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 93) Secret 00:49, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Delete (post-rewrite)
 * 1) Splash 01:00, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Nunh-huh 01:47, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Andrevan 01:56, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Andrew pmk 02:57, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Shanen 09:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Jaromil
 * 7) Crucis 10:43, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) DeWayneLehman 11:47, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Elfguy 12:11, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Motor (talk) 12:27:09, 2005-08-15 (UTC)
 * 11) Scovetta 09:07, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Brewder
 * 13) wrp103 (Bill Pringle)  14:04, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) rwilsonjr
 * 15) STrRedWolf 14:18, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) getkashyap 14:39, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) 66.159.216.215 16:31, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) LGagnon 20:20, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) obo 21:22, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Winterstein 21:51, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) An mo 15:22, 16 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jonathan Z. Smith

Untitled
On his teaching status- He is the Robert O. Anderson Distinguished Service Professor at the College of the University of Chicago.-I believe no appointment at the Divinity School or any other committees at this time.

--i don't believe he started at chicago in 1968, which this page originally stated (assuming i. PhD date of 1968 is correct and ii. he completed PhD before holding a faculty position) also, he held positions at dartmouth and ucsb, though i'm unsure of the dates 128.135.78.60 16:34, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Smith seems to think that he moved to Chicago in the academic year 1968-69. See Relating Religion (10)

New peacock and overly-detailed tags
Not sure I understand why these tags have been added. The article seems fine to me - and Smith was certainly very influential in his field. Maybe if  pointed out some particularly problematic areas then we could work on improving things. Retinalsummer (talk) 00:11, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Well, no one was interested in discussion, so I removed the "interviews and lectures", which I can see could be considered superfluous. Other than that, I don't see any serious problems with the article. If anyone disagrees, then do let me know and we can work on improving it. Retinalsummer (talk) 23:35, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonathan Z. Smith


text:
Persian phonology

The phonology of the Persian language varies between regional dialects, standard varieties, and even from older variates of Persian. Persian is a pluricentric language and countries that have Persian as an official language have separate standard varieties, namely: Standard Dari (Afghanistan), Standard Iranian Persian (Iran) and Standard Tajik (Tajikistan). The most significant differences between standard varieties of Persian are their vowel systems. Standard varieties of Persian have anywhere from 6 to 8 vowel distinctions, and similar vowels may be pronounced differently between standards. However, there are not many notable differences when comparing consonants, as all standard varieties a similar amount of consonant sounds. Though, colloquial varieties generally have more differences than their standard counterparts. Most dialects feature contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters. Linguists tend to focus on Iranian Persian, so this article may contain less adequate information regarding other varieties.

Vowels

The graph to the right reflects the vowels of many educated Persian speakers from Tehran.

In Iranian Persian there are three short vowels:, and , and three long vowels: ,  and. The three short vowels are only short when in an open syllable (i.e. without a coda) that is non-final (regardless of stress); e.g. صِدا "sound", خُدا  "God". In an unstressed closed syllable, they are around 60 percent as long as a long vowel. Otherwise all vowels are long; e.g. سِفْت تَر "firmer". When the short vowels are in open syllables, they are also sometimes unstable and may tend to assimilate in quality to the following long vowel (both in informal and formal speech). Thus, دِویسْت "two hundred" ranges between  and ; شُلوغ  "crowded" ranges between  and ; رَسیدن  "to arrive" ranges between  and ; and so on.

In Dari the short vowels are, and  in Kabul, however  is pronounced as  in other regions such as Herat. In Dari and Tajik /a/ is the most common vowel and at the end of the word may be pronounced as. Unlike Iranian Persian, Dari has 5 long vowels, , , , and. The Dari vowel and the Iranian vowel  are, respectively, the unrounded and rounded versions of the same vowel. ('roundness' referring to the shape of the lips during pronunciation)

In Iranian Persian Word-final is rare except for تُوْ  "you" and nouns of foreign origin. Word-final is very rare in Iranian Persian, with the exception being نَه  "no". The word-final in Early New Persian mostly shifted to  in contemporary Iranian Persian, and  is also an allophone of  in word-final position. is the most common short vowel that is pronounced in final open syllables.

Diphthongs
The status of diphthongs in Persian is disputed. Some authors list, others list only and , but some do not recognize diphthongs in Persian at all. A major factor that complicates the matter is the change of two classical and pre-classical Persian diphthongs: and. This shift occurred in Iran but not in some modern varieties (particularly of Afghanistan). Morphological analysis also supports the view that the alleged Persian diphthongs are combinations of the vowels with and.

The Persian orthography does not distinguish between the diphthongs and the consonants and ; that is, they are both respectively written as ی and و.

becomes in the colloquial Tehran dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Iranian Persian.

Spelling and example words
For Iranian Persian: Eastern Persian varieties (Tajik and Dari) have also preserved these two Classical Persian vowels:

In the modern Perso-Arabic alphabet, the short vowels, and  are usually left unwritten, as is normally done in the Arabic alphabet. (See .)

Historical shifts
Early New Persian inherited from Middle Persian eight vowels: three short i, a, u and five long ī, ē, ā, ō, ū (in IPA: and ). It is likely that this system passed into the common Persian era from a purely quantitative system into one where the short vowels differed from their long counterparts also in quality: i > ; u > ; ā >. These quality contrasts have in modern Persian varieties become the main distinction between the two sets of vowels.

The inherited eight-vowel inventory is retained without major upheaval in Dari, which also preserves quantitative distinctions.

In Western Persian, two of the vowel contrasts have been lost: those between the tense mid and close vowels. Thus ē, ī have merged as, while ō, ū have merged as. In addition, the lax close vowels have been lowered: i >, u > ; this vowel change has also happened in many dialects of Dari. The lax open vowel has become fronted: a >, and in word-final position further raised to. Modern Iranian Persian does not feature distinctive vowel length.

In both varieties, ā is more or less labialized and raised in Dari. Dari ō is also somewhat fronted.

Tajiki has also lost two of the vowel contrasts, but differently from Western Persian. Here, the tense/lax contrast among the close vowels has been eliminated. That is, i and ī have merged as, and u and ū as. The back vowels have chain shifted as well. Open ā has been rounded and raised to an open-mid vowel (compare with Canaanite shift). In northern dialects, mid ō (transcribed phonologically as $⟨ӯ⟩$ in the Cyrillic script and "ū" in the Latin script) has shifted to, while in southern dialects, mid ō has shifted upward and merged with ū (and u) as.

A feature of Eastern Persian dialects is the systematic lowering of i and ī (both $⟨и⟩$ in Tajiki) to e and ē (both $⟨е⟩$ in Tajiki), and u and ū (both $⟨у⟩$ in Tajiki) to o and ō (both $⟨ӯ⟩$ in Tajiki), directly before a glottal consonant ( or ) that is in the same syllable; loanwords from Arabic generally undergo these changes as well. However, since $⟨ӯ⟩$ (o, ō) has merged into $⟨у⟩$ (u, ū) in most dialects of southern and central Tajikistan, $⟨у⟩$ is realized before the glottal consonants in those dialects instead. (This phenomenon also occurs in neighbouring Urdu and Hindi, but it is only the short vowels i and u that are lowered to e and o before and .)

The following chart summarizes the later shifts into modern Tajik, Dari, and Western Persian.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Early New Persian ! Dari ! Tajiki ! Western Persian ! Example ! Tajik ! Romanization ! English
 * || ||  ||  || شَب || шаб || šab || night
 * || || ||  || باد || бод || bād || wind
 * || || rowspan="2" |  ||  || دِل || дил || dil || heart
 * || || rowspan="2" |  || شیر || шир || šīr || milk
 * || ||  || شی٘ر || шер || šēr || lion
 * || ||  ||  ||  کَیْ || кай || kay || when
 * || || rowspan="2" |  ||  || گُل || гул || gul || flower
 * || || rowspan="2" |  || نُور || нур || nūr || light
 * || ||  || رو٘ز || рӯз || rōz || day
 * || ||  ||  || نَوْ || нав || naw || new
 * }
 * || ||  ||  ||  کَیْ || кай || kay || when
 * || || rowspan="2" |  ||  || گُل || гул || gul || flower
 * || || rowspan="2" |  || نُور || нур || nūr || light
 * || ||  || رو٘ز || рӯз || rōz || day
 * || ||  ||  || نَوْ || нав || naw || new
 * }
 * || ||  || رو٘ز || рӯз || rōz || day
 * || ||  ||  || نَوْ || нав || naw || new
 * }
 * }
 * }

Consonants
Notes:

 * In Central Iranian Persian and  have merged into [~ɢ]; as a voiced velar fricative  when positioned intervocalically and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop  otherwise. Many dialects within Iran have well preserved the distinction.

Allophonic variation
Alveolar stops and  are either apical alveolar or laminal denti-alveolar. The voiceless obstruents are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive. The Persian language does not have syllable-initial consonant clusters (see below), so unlike in English, are aspirated even following, as in هَسْتَم  ('I exist'). They are also aspirated at the end of syllables, although not as strongly.

The velar stops are palatalized before front vowels or at the end of a syllable.

In Classical Persian, the uvular consonants غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes, the fricative and the plosive, respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian (which is used in the Iranian mass media, both colloquial and standard), there is no difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق. The actual realisation is usually that of a voiced stop, but a voiced fricative ~ is common intervocalically. The classical pronunciations of غ and ق are preserved in the eastern varieties, Dari and Tajiki, as well as in the southern varieties (e.g. Zoroastrian Dari language and other Central / Central Plateau or Kermanic languages).

Some Iranian speakers show a similar merger of ج and ژ, such that alternates with, with the latter being restricted to intervocalic position.

Some speakers front to a voiceless palatal fricative  in the vicinity of, especially in syllable-final position. The velar/uvular fricatives are never fronted in such a way.

The flap has a trilled allophone [] at the beginning of a word; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of [], especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only [] occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words. An approximant also occurs as an allophone of  before ;  is sometimes in free variation with  in these and other positions, such that فارْسِی ('Persian') is pronounced  or  and سَقِرْلات ('scarlet')  or. is sometimes realized as a long approximant.

The velar nasal is an allophone of  before, and the uvular nasal  before.

may be voiced to, respectively, before voiced consonants;  may be bilabial  before bilabial consonants. Also may in some cases change into, or even ; for example باز ('open') may be pronounced  as well as  or  and/or , colloquially.

Dialectal variation
The pronunciation of و in Classical Persian shifted to  in Iranian Persian and Tajik, but is retained in Dari. In modern Persian may be lost if preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel in one whole syllable, e.g. خواب  'sleep', as Persian has no syllable-initial consonant clusters (see below).

Spelling and example words
Before every initial vowel onset, a glottal stop is pronounced (e.g. ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ('Iran')).

In standard Iranian Persian, the consonants and  are pronounced identically.

Consonants, including and, can be geminated, often in words from Arabic. This is represented in the IPA by doubling the consonant, سَیِّد саййид.

Syllable structure
Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)).

Persian syllable structure consists of an optional syllable onset, consisting of one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, consisting of one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
 * Onset
 * Consonant (C): Can be any consonant. (Onset is composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic is inserted between consonants.)
 * Nucleus
 * Semivowel (S)
 * Vowel (V)
 * Semivowel (S)
 * Coda
 * First consonant (C): Can be any consonant.
 * Second consonant (C): Can also be any consonant (mostly, , , , & ).

Word accent
The Persian word-accent has been described as a stress accent by some, and as a pitch accent by others. In fact, the accented syllables in Persian are generally pronounced with a raised pitch as well as stress; but in certain contexts words may become deaccented and lose their high pitch.

From an intonational point of view, Persian words (or accentual phrases) usually have the intonation (L +) H* (where L is low and H* is a high-toned stressed syllable), e.g. کِتاب 'book'; unless there is a suffix, in which case the intonation is (L +) H* + L, e.g. کتابم  'my book'. The last accent of a sentence is usually accompanied by a low boundary tone, which produces a falling pitch on the last accented syllable, e.g. کِتاب بُود 'it was a book'.

When two words are joined in an اِضافَه ezafe construction, they can either be pronounced accentually as two separate words, e.g. مَرْدُمِ اِینْجا 'the people (of) here', or else the first word loses its high tone and the two words are pronounced as a single accentual phrase:. Words also become deaccented following a focused word; for example, in the sentence نامَهٔ مامانَم بُود رُو میز 'it was my mom's letter on the table' all the syllables following the word مامان  'mom' are pronounced with a low pitch.

Knowing the rules for the correct placement of the accent is essential for proper pronunciation.

 * 1) Accent is heard on the last stem-syllable of most words.
 * 2) Accent is heard on the first syllable of interjections, conjunctions and vocatives. E.g. بله  ('yes'), نَخَیْر  ('no, indeed'), وَلِی  ('but'), چِرا  ('why'), اَگَر  ('if'), مِرْسِی  ('thanks'), خانُم  ('Ma'am'), آقا  ('Sir'); cf. 4-4 below.
 * 3) Never accented are:
 * 4) personal suffixes on verbs ( ('I do..'),  ('you do..'), ..,  ('they do..') (with two exceptions, cf. 4-1 and 5 below);
 * 5) the possessive and pronoun-object suffixes,, , , &c.
 * 6) a small set of very common noun enclitics:  the  اضافه  ('of'),  a definite direct object marker,  ('a'),  ('and');
 * 7) Always accented are:
 * 8) the personal suffixes on the positive future auxiliary verb (exception to 3-1 above);
 * 9) the negative verb prefix, ;
 * 10) if,  is not present, then the first non-negative verb prefix (e.g.  ('-ing'),  ('do!') or the prefix noun in compound verbs (e.g. کار  in کار می‌کَرْدَم );
 * 11) the last syllable of all other words, including the infinitive ending  and the participial ending,  in verbal derivatives, noun suffixes like  ('-ish') and , all plural suffixes , adjective comparative suffixes , and ordinal-number suffixes .  Nouns not in the vocative are stressed on the final syllable: خانُم  ('lady'), آقا  ('gentleman'); cf. 2 above.
 * 12) In the informal language, the present perfect tense is pronounced like the simple past tense. Only the word-accent distinguishes between these tenses: the accented personal suffix indicates the present perfect and the unstressed one the simple past tense (exception to 3-1 above):

Colloquial Iranian Persian
When spoken formally, Iranian Persian is pronounced as written. But colloquial pronunciation as used by all classes makes a number of very common substitutions. Note that Iranians can interchange colloquial and formal sociolects in conversational speech. They include:
 * In the Tehran accent and also most of the accents in Central and Southern Iran, the sequence in the colloquial language is nearly always pronounced .   The only common exceptions are high prestige words, such as قرآن  ('Qur'an'), and ایران  ('Iran'), and foreign nouns (both common and proper), like the Spanish surname بِلْتْران Beltran, which are pronounced as written. A few words written as  are pronounced , especially forms of the verb آمَدَن  ('to come').
 * In the Tehran accent, the unstressed direct object suffix marker را is pronounced  after a vowel, and  after a consonant.
 * /h/ can be deleted in syllable-final position; e.g. کوه ('mountain') ->.
 * Some consonant clusters, especially, can be simplified in syllable-final position; e.g. دَسْت ('hand') ->.
 * The 2nd and 3rd person plural verb subject suffixes, written and  respectively, are pronounced  and.
 * The stems of many frequently-occurring verbs have a short colloquial form, especially اَسْت ('he/she is'), which is colloquially shortened to  after a consonant or  after a vowel. Also, the stems of verbs which end in,  or a vowel are shortened; e.g. می‌خواهَم  ('I want') → , and می‌رَوَم  ('I go' → ).

title: Persian phonology


text:
Río Negro, Chile

Río Negro (, English: Black River) is a Chilean city and commune in Osorno Province, Los Lagos Region. The city is located 38 km south of Osorno and 6 km west of Route 5. It has an area of 1,266 km² and a population of 14,732 inhabitants (7,204 women and 7,528 men according to census 2002).

The commune is bordered on the north by Osorno and San Juan de la Costa, on the east by Puerto Octay, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the south by Purranque.

History
In the 19th century, the commune was a property located between Chahuilco and Purranque called Curileufu by the Huilliche. The town was founded on lands donated by Jose Miguel Alderete in the year 1896. The first alcalde (mayor) was Pedro González.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Río Negro spans an area of 1265.7 sqkm and has 14,732 inhabitants (7,528 men and 7,204 women). Of these, 6,583 (44.7%) lived in urban areas and 8,149 (55.3%) in rural areas. The population fell by 8.1% (1294 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Río Negro is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Carlos Schwalm Urzúa (RN). The council has the following members:
 * Carlos Kusch (UDI)
 * Pedro Carreño (PDC)
 * Jaime Ramos (Ind.-PS)
 * Patricio Alvarado (Ind.-RN)
 * Juan Saldivia Quintullanca (Ind.-PRI)
 * Rosiel del Río (Ind.-UDI)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Río Negro is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Fidel Espinoza (PS) and Carlos Recondo (UDI) as part of the 56th electoral district, together with Puyehue, Purranque, Puerto Octay, Fresia, Frutillar, Llanquihue, Puerto Varas and Los Muermos. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).

Localities and sectors

 * Riachuelo
 * Chifin
 * Huellelhue Beach
 * Huilma
 * Millantué
 * Chan-Chan
 * Chahuilco
 * Ñancuan
 * Tres Esteros
 * Río Blanco
 * El Bolsón

Climate
The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), with average temperatures of 11.4 °C.

title: Río Negro, Chile


text:
Faxfleet Preceptory

The Faxfleet Preceptory is a former community of the Knights Templar located in what is now the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stood on lands which are now part of Thorpe Grange Farm and are largely buried under a field to the west of the farm known today as Temple Garth. The location is west of Kingston upon Hull, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Youlthorpe and 25 miles (40 km) south-west of Beswick.

History
Faxfleet was one of Yorkshire's greatest preceptories, originally built upon land provided in 1185 by the Crusader knight, Roger de Mowbray, Lord of Northumberland. De Mowbray had been ransomed by the Templars from the Turks who were holding him prisoner. In that year it is recorded that Odo, Serlo, Gille, Stephen, Harvat and Ucca were Templars tenants, each farming 2 acre of land under the strip farming system. In 1290 Geoffrey Jolif was preceptor, or commander, of the Knights Templar at Faxfleet (until 1301) and Robert de Halton was master of the bailiwick of the Temple in the same county.

In 1308, several persons, although not Jolif, were arrested at Faxfleet, were sent to York, and were eventually sentenced to do penitence in the Cistercian Order.

The preceptory was closed in 1308 and was valued at that time at over £290.

title: Faxfleet Preceptory


text:
User talk:ChiliMac

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 19:57, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:ChiliMac


text:
Category:Psophiidae

The Psophiidae, or trumpeters are a small family of birds within the order Gruiformes.

title: Category:Psophiidae


text:
Olaf Guthfrithson (disambiguation)

The English Olaf Guthfrithson is a form of the Old Norse Óláfr Guðfriðarson. An Anglicised form of the Old Norse name is Olaf Godredsson. The Old Irish form of these names is Amlaíb mac Gofraid. These four names may refer to:

 * Olaf Geirstad-Alf, legendary 9th century Norwegian king
 * Olaf Guthfrithson (died 941), King of Dublin and York
 * Olafr Godredsson (c. 1080–1153), or Olaf Morsel, King of Mann, son of Godred Crovan
 * Olaf the Black (1174–1237), or Olaf Godredsson, son of Godred Olafsson of the Isle of Man

title: Olaf Guthfrithson (disambiguation)


text:
Mark Isherwood (politician)

Mark Allan Isherwood (born 21 January 1959) is a Welsh Conservative Party politician, who has served as a Member of the Senedd (MS) for the North Wales region since 2003. He is currently Shadow Counsel General and Shadow Minister for Housing and Planning. Isherwood has held a number of Shadow Ministerial positions for the Welsh Conservatives since he was first elected, at various points holding portfolios for Finance, Social Justice, North Wales, Europe, Housing, Communities and Local Government, among others. He is also particularly notable for his advocacy for people with both physical and learning disabilities and impairments. He is himself deaf, and chairs cross party groups on disability, deaf issues and Autism, among others.

Background
Isherwood attended Stockport Grammar School. He graduated with a Politics degree from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He is the son of Liberal Democrat politician Rodney Isherwood.

Isherwood is deaf, and one of his children has a learning disability. Isherwood is a patron for a number of charities with a focus on disabled people.

Isherwood is an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers. He was North Wales Area Manager for Cheshire Building Society. He was governor of Ysgol Parc y Llan, and was a Board Member of Flintshire Housing Association.

Political career
Isherwood was a Community Councillor in the village of Treuddyn.

In 2001, Isherwood was the Conservative candidate for the constituency of Alyn and Deeside, but was not elected, receiving 26.3% of the vote. In the 2003 Senedd elections Isherwood ran in the Delyn constituency, where he came second to Welsh Labour's Sandy Mewies. He was however elected on the Conservatives' party list in the North Wales electoral region. He was subsequently re-elected on the party's list at elections in 2007, 2011, 2016 and 2021. In 2021 he again ran unsuccessfully for the Delyn constituency, and again came second to Welsh Labour's candidate Hannah Blythyn.

Isherwood has also run for the Delyn constituency in the UK Parliament at the 2015 general election, coming second.

He currently chairs the Senedd Public Accounts and Public Administration committee. He is a member of the committee chair's forum, and the Committee for the Scrutiny of the First Minister. Isherwood further chairs 7 cross party groups - on Autism, Deaf Issues, Disability, Fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency, Funerals and Bereavement, Hospice and Palliative Care and North Wales. He is also a member of 26 other cross party groupings.

Second Senedd (2003-2007)
In May 2003, Isherwood was first appointed to a Welsh Conservative front-bench role, as Finance spokesperson. In October 2003, alongside Liberal Democrat Eleanor Burnham, Plaid Cymru's Jocelyn Davies and Welsh Labour's Ann Jones, Isherwood was referred to the South Wales Police for failing to declare on his register of interests that he was employing his wife out of National Assembly funds. Isherwood stated he had not been aware that he was required to do this until being contacted by the BBC for comment, and had contacted Dafydd Elis-Thomas (then Presiding Officer) immediately, and registered his wife's employment.

In April 2004, Equal opportunities was added alongside Isherwood's finance portfolio, after the previous equal opportunities spokeperson David Davies walked out of the Assembly's equal opportunities committee, after an exchange with a representative from LGBTQ+ Charity Stonewall described by other members of the committee as 'offensive' and 'aggressive'. In October 2004 Isherwood, alongside then Welsh Conservative leader Nick Bourne were criticised for not attending a civil service briefing on the welsh economy held on a monday, typically a constituency day. The day after the 2005 general election, Isherwood was reshuffled from the finance portfolio to social justice, while retaining the equal opportunities portfolio. Over the course of the remainder of the second Senedd, he would have several more spokesperson roles added, being given the role for children, and later in February 2006 life-long learning. The final addition in this term was housing, at some point prior to January 2007.

Third and Fourth Senedds (2007-2016)
After the 2007 National Assembly elections Isherwood retained responsibilities for social justice, equality and housing, and with the Welsh Conservatives becoming the largest party not in government, they became the Official Opposition, and thus Isherwood became Shadow Minister for these roles.

In May 2011, Paul Davies was appointed acting leader as Welsh Conservative leader Nick Bourne lost his seat at the 2011 National Assembly elections. Davies reshuffled the Welsh Conservative front bench, appointing Isherwood as soley Shadow Minister for Communities and Housing. Shortly thereafter the 2011 Welsh Conservative leadership election was held, which saw Andrew RT Davies elected leader. Davies appointed Isherwood as Shadow Minister for Social Justice, Shadow Minister for Housing and Communities and Shadow North Wales Minister.

Fifth and Sixth Senedds (2016-)
After the 2016 Assembly elections, the Welsh Conservatives were no longer the Official Opposition with 11 seats to Plaid Cymru's 12. Isherwood was handed briefs on Communities and Europe, being Conservative Party Spokesperson on these matters. In April 2017, due to the newly independent status of Dafydd Elis-Thomas and the defection of Mark Reckless from UKIP to the Conservatives, the Conservatives again became the second largest party, making Isherwood Shadow Minister for Communities and Europe.

This changed in 2018, when Andrew RT Davies resigned as leader of the Welsh Conservatives and was replaced by Paul Davies. Davies appointed Isherwood as Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Communities and Local Government, and again as Shadow Minister for North Wales. In July 2020 Davies again reshuffled his Shadow Cabinet, and Isherwood was appointed Shadow Minister for Local Government, Housing and Communities, and Shadow Minister for the Armed Forces and North Wales.

In January 2021, Paul Davies resigned as leader of the Welsh Conservatives having been accused of breaking COVID-19 rules, and Andrew RT Davies returned as leader of the Welsh Conservatives. RT Davies appointed his new Shadow Cabinet days later, with Isherwood being appointed Shadow Finance Minister, Shadow North Wales Minister, and Welsh Conservative Chief Whip. Between March and May 2021 these portfolios again ceased to be shadow ministries, due to Plaid and the Welsh Conservatives being tied for numbers of MSs. After the 2021 Senedd elections, Isherwood was reshuffled back to being Shadow Minister for Social Justice, alongside the role of Shadow Counsel General. In April 2024 RT Davies reshuffled his cabinet again, this time appointing Isherwood as Shadow Minister for Housing and Planning, alongside maintaining the Shadow Counsel General Portfolio.

Disability advocacy
Isherwood openly describes himself as disabled, and is a noted advocate on disability matters in the Senedd. He chairs the Senedd cross-party groupings on Disability, Autism and Deaf Issues, and former chair of the group on Neurological Conditions. He is also a member of cross-party groupings on Diabetes, Learning Disability, Muscular Dystrophy and Neuromuscular conditions and Rare, Genetic and Undiagnosed conditions. He is an advocate for the social model of disability.

In 2004 Isherwood criticised the criminalisation of cannabis, saying that "No-one is wishing to encourage people to break the law, but the concern is that people in pain are being criminalised when they seek what, for them, is an effective form of pain control." Since then, he has repeatedly advocated for its decriminalisation for medicinal use.

British Sign Language (BSL) (Wales) Bill
In 2021 and 2022, Isherwood put forward motions to note a proposal for a BSL (Wales) bill. In 2024, Isherwood won the ballot for a member bill, and formally proposed the British Sign Language (BSL) (Wales) bill.

Foreign Policy
Isherwood supported Brexit.

title: Mark Isherwood (politician)