text:
Christophe Bassons

Christophe Bassons (born 10 June 1974 ) is a French former professional road racing cyclist. His career ended when he spoke out about doping in the Tour de France.

Origins
Christophe Bassons was born in Mazamet, France, in the Tarn department. He studied and qualified in civil engineering. He began cycle-racing in 1991 in mountain biking. He started racing on the road in 1992 and won the Tour du Tarn et Garonne in 1995. That same year he won the world military time-trial championship and became national time-trial champion. He turned professional in 1996 for Force Sud and then, when the team failed, for Festina, a watch and clock maker.

1998 and Festina
Bassons became known during the 1998 Festina doping scandal, when the discovery of a carload of drugs being driven to the team's riders in the Tour de France led to evidence that doping was widespread in the team. In September 1998, the newspaper France Soir published statements made to the police. Two convicted riders, Armin Meier and Christophe Moreau, said that Bassons was the only rider on the team not taking drugs.

Jean-Luc Gatellier said in L'Équipe:

 * It's true he's not one of them and he hasn't come out of the same mould. It's true that he refused to 'load the cannon' (the pretty expression used by those who take EPO) these past years, it's true that Christophe Bassons doesn't belong to the family of cheats and the corrupted.

Moreau's and Meier's court statement brought attention to a rider who had never acquired it through his racing. He wrote in Vélo, a French monthly, that riders who spoke out against quarterly medical checks imposed by the sports ministry after the Festina trial were hypocrites. He said: "That makes me laugh when I hear they're asking for changes to the tests. The truth, however, is that they are obliged to change their behaviour. They talk about 'two-speed cycling' But me, for three years, I've been the second speed. They have ruined three years of my life as a racer and I never said anything."

In 1998 he turned down a 270,000 franc-per-month raise (more than 10 times what he was earning at the time) offered to him if he would use Erythropoietin (EPO). His stance against doping led other riders, most notably Lance Armstrong, to harass him for breaking the longstanding code of silence about doping in the sport.

1999 Tour
The interest that the Festina trial brought to him led to an invitation to write a column during the 1999 Tour de France for Le Parisien, a newspaper in the same corporate group as the Tour de France itself. Bassons wanted to write about the "suspicious" speeds he was seeing; the average speed at the 1999 Tour was 25.2 mph; no Tour had ever been run faster than 24.9 mph. As he later told Bicycling, "The 1999 Tour was supposed to be the "Tour of Renewal," but I was certain that doping had not disappeared." He was not the only rider concerned about how fast the 1999 Tour was going; fellow Frenchman Jean-Cyril Robin who rode for US Postal in 1997-98, told Bassons at one point, "This has got to stop! We can't go on racing like this!"

Ian Austen wrote in Procycling:

 * On the whole his columns were largely innocuous if entertaining looks at life in the peloton. If anything, he sometimes went out of his way to dispel doping rumours. After the stage into Blois, which passed at record average speed, Bassons warned readers: 'Don't get any ideas about the record speed. With a wind like we had, it's normal to ride this fast.' But two columns stuck out. After Lance Armstrong showed that not only had he recovered from cancer, he'd risen to the top of the pack, Bassons wrote that his performances had 'shocked' the peloton.

Stage 10 took place on 14 July and was from Sestrieres to Alpe d'Huez. Nobody had been talking to him. The entire peloton planned to ride slow for the first 100 km without telling him. Bassons only heard about this because a mechanic from his team told him. Bassons decided he was "fed up" and decided to ride ahead of the others ("attacked from the start"). As they came to a flat spot, "all of the teams rode together to close me down". As the teams rode by him, they stared at him.

"' . . . and then Lance Armstrong reached me. He grabbed my by the shoulder, because he knew that everyone would be watching, and he knew that at that moment, he could show everyone that he was the boss. He stopped me, and he said what I was saying wasn't true, what I was saying was bad for cycling, that I mustn't say it, that I had no right to be a professional cyclist, that I should quit cycling, that I should quit the tour, and finished by saying [*beep*] you. . . . I was depressed for 6 months. I was crying all of the time. I was in a really bad way.' - Bassons, from BBC Radio 5, 2012 10 15"

Bassons said Armstrong also asked him why he was speaking out; "I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'" Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on TF1, a French national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home."

Bassons was shunned by other riders. Giving a television interview at St-Étienne (after Stage 11), he said, a passing rider in his own team said: "Watch what you say!" Bassons said: "I started feeling isolated. In the middle of 170 riders, that's a tough way to live." Race director Jean-Marie Leblanc chastised Bassons for speaking as if "he is the only rider who is beyond reproach." Officials with his own team joined in on the condemnation, calling him a coward who only spoke to burnish his own image. Riders shunned him or at best nodded. He cracked, saying he had not wanted to leave the race but his nerves could not stand it anymore. He said:

 * The [team doctor] comforted me. We often talk together about the problem of doping and we share the same ideas. I confided in him and I whined [j'ai chialé]. I got to sleep but a bit after midnight I could no longer sleep because of my worries. I went into the corridor, I phoned my coach, Antoine Vayer, and Pascale, my wife. At 5.30am I had my breakfast and I packed my case. I crossed with Marc and he said I was letting down the team. He said a rider could leave the race if he cracked physically but he couldn't accept that one can crack mentally. I said goodbye to everyone but one rider didn't look at me and refused to shake my hand. That hurt.

The reporter Jean-Michel Rouet wrote:

 * Sometimes he was congratulated on his courage, as Daniel Baal, the president of the FFC at the start at Sestrieres. But more often, others pointed at him [on le montrait du doigt], looked elsewhere, if they didn't just insult him. He has a few friends and a heap of enemies. His solitude was the living proof that nothing fundamental has changed in the morals of the milieu. Christophe Bassons died at the stake [est mort au bucher], burned by his passion. On official communiqués, he left two words: non partant. The peloton had already forgotten rider number 152.

The sports minister, Marie-George Buffet, said: "What a strange role reversal. Rather than fighting against doping, they're fighting its opponent." She wrote to him to sympathise, saying that it was time someone spoke out.

Bassons' colleagues in the team refused to share their prizes with him. Normally teams pool their winnings and share them out by the number of days a rider has survived the race. One rider, Xavier Jan, said: "Christophe Bassons rode only for himself and didn't at any time work for the overall good of the team." It had nothing to do with his comments about doping, he said. Thierry Bourguignon, part of another team but earlier a member with Bassons of Force Sud, confirmed: "I was the only one to talk to Bassons... He doesn't listen to anyone. Bassons is an individualist. Even in a race he doesn't easily lend a hand. He rides for himself."

Cycling after 1999
Bassons raced again, riding in Germany and Belgium. He said: "I felt a lot of tension. Some didn't talk to me. Others pretended nothing had happened, which is worse. Some say it's just youthful folly, but I feel more adult than them. I'm not the only clean rider but there aren't many who can say 'I don't take drugs'. For most riders, their health is the last of their concerns."

He moved to a smaller team, Jean Delatour, but the mistreatment continued. In 2001 at Four Days of Dunkirk, he later told Bicycling, "several guys tried to ride me into the ditch . . . it got dangerous, and I realized that it wasn't worth continuing". He ended his professional road racing career. In her book about the Armstrong doping scandal, Cycle of Lies, Juliet Macur wrote that Bassons' mistreatment was a sign of the power Armstrong had over international cycling at the time.

On 20 October 2012, he was suspended for one year by the French Cycling Federation (FFC) for having missed an antidoping test during the 2012 French national mountain bike championships. He had quit the race partway through, and by the time he heard he was one of the riders chosen for testing, it was too late to get back to the race site for the test. His suspension was reduced to one month on appeal. Bassons took the FFC to court and they found in his favour ruling that the governing body owed him compensation. The FFC appealed but the court did not find in their favour and they had to pay Bassons €31,691 (£28,440/$36,270) in compensation.

In 2011/2012, after investigations into past doping in cycling, especially the 2012 USADA report on Armstrong's US Postal Service team, some media re-told Bassons' story. In one interview for the BBC, Tyler Hamilton publicly apologized for being part of the peloton that shunned him, saying that he (Tyler) was "100% wrong" not to talk to Bassons. Bassons said "that's life, it's nothing. I don't begrudge Hamilton. I understand."

After professional cycling
In 2000 he published his autobiography Positif and in 2001 he qualified as a sports teacher and began teaching. He now works for the ministry of youth and sport at Bordeaux, in charge of drug tests.

He told Willisher of Guardian in 2012 that he considered his career to be as a sports professor, not his six years of cycling. He also said that he was "not bitter" against Armstrong, and was content with his situation, comparing it to what Armstrong was going through in the wake of the 2012 USADA report.

Major results

 * 1996
 * 7th Grand Prix des Nations

 * 1998
 * 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 4th Overall Tour de Pologne
 * 5th GP Eddy Merckx
 * 10th Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise

 * 1999
 * 1st Stage 7 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 3rd Tour du Haut Var

 * 2000
 * 3rd Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise

 * 2001
 * 9th Overall Circuit des Mines

title: Christophe Bassons


text: Category:Convicts transported to Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Vernon Washington

Samuel Vernon Washington (August 10, 1923 – June 7, 1988) was an American actor who starred in film and television.

Biography
Washington was born and raised in Hartford, Connecticut, the 8th child of Benjamin and Olive Evans of Dinwiddie County, Virginia and Frederick, Maryland, respectively. He was 5 feet and 11 inches tall and father of 4 children with his wife, Marion Blunt. Vernon was educated at the Wolter School of Speech and Drama, Carnegie Hall, New York City, where he studied Speech under Madame Annette Wolter and Dr. Walter O. Robinson; and Drama under Rossi, Mary Higgins and Gus Lambluise.

He is best known for his roles in the 1984 science fiction movie The Last Starfighter as Otis and in the 1985 horror movie Friday the 13th: A New Beginning as George and television roles in the 1979 miniseries Roots: The Next Generations as Rev. Mills. Vernon had a recurring role on the CBS hit series The Jeffersons as Leroy. Later he appeared in an episode of the hit CBS series, Falcon Crest as Teddy Eubanks, a horse groomer.

His special abilities and training include writer, director and producer. He has been awarded the "Stars & Stripes Award" for "Ready, Front, at Ease," a lighthearted Army musical. He was the founder, producer and director of West End Repertory Theatre in New York City. He has served as Artistic Director of Greensburgh, Newark and Staten Island Theatre Arts Workshops; and Assistant Professor of Drama, Staten Island Community College, New York City.

Filmography

 * Change at 125th Street (1974, TV Movie) as Herbert
 * Uncle Joe Shannon (1978) as Old Timer
 * Roots: The Next Generations (1979, TV Mini-Series) as Rev. Mills
 * The Dark (1979) as Henry Lydell
 * Pray TV (1981, TV Movie) as Jimmy
 * Falcon Crest (1983, Episode: "Solitary Confinements") as Teddy Eubanks
 * The Last Starfighter (1984) as Otis
 * Joan Rivers and Friends Salute Heidi Abromowitz (1988, TV Special) as himself
 * Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985) as George Winter
 * Dream West (1986, TV Mini-Series) as Dodson
 * The Jeffersons (1977-79) as Leroy (6 episodes)

title: Vernon Washington


text: User talk:66.92.74.189

title: User talk:66.92.74.189


text:
Royal York

Royal York may refer to:

Hotels

 * The Principal York, York, England (formerly known as The Royal York Hotel)
 * Fairmont Royal York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Transport

 * Royal York Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Royal York (TTC) subway station, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Royal York, an international night train of the Canadian Pacific Railway and New York Central

title: Royal York


text:
Padovan polynomials

In mathematics, Padovan polynomials are a generalization of Padovan sequence numbers. These polynomials are defined by:

 * $$P_n(x) = \begin{cases}

1,                    &\mbox{if }n=1\\ 0,                    &\mbox{if }n=2\\ x,                    &\mbox{if }n=3\\ xP_{n-2}(x)+P_{n-3}(x),&\mbox{if } n\ge4. \end{cases}$$

The first few Padovan polynomials are:

 * $$P_1(x)=1 \,$$
 * $$P_2(x)=0 \,$$
 * $$P_3(x)=x \,$$
 * $$P_4(x)=1 \,$$
 * $$P_5(x)=x^2 \,$$
 * $$P_6(x)=2x \,$$
 * $$P_7(x)=x^3+1 \,$$
 * $$P_8(x)=3x^2 \,$$
 * $$P_9(x)=x^4+3x \,$$
 * $$P_{10}(x)=4x^3+1\,$$
 * $$P_{11}(x)=x^5+6x^2.\,$$

The Padovan numbers are recovered by evaluating the polynomials Pn−3(x) at x = 1.

Evaluating Pn−3(x) at x = 2 gives the nth Fibonacci number plus (−1)n.

The ordinary generating function for the sequence is

 * $$ \sum_{n=1}^\infty P_n(x) t^n = \frac{t}{1 - x t^2 - t^3} . $$

title: Padovan polynomials


text:
History of Toowoomba, Queensland

The modern history of Toowoomba begins in the 19th century. Europeans began exploring and settling in the area from 1816 on-wards. By the end of the 1840s the rich lands around Toowoomba were being used for agriculture. 12 suburban allotments at Drayton were surveyed in 1849. Small commercial settlements were growing with schools and churches also being built. The first council election took place in 1861 and the telegraph connection to Brisbane was established in 1862. Between 1868 and 1886, several new railway lines from Toowoomba were opened. Throughout the 21st century the city prospered with new hospitals, large industrial buildings and education facilities established. Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport was opened in 2014.

Name
How the name Toowoomba was derived is still a point of argument. There are several theories, including:

 * that it derived from the aboriginal word for swamp which is Tawampa as the Aboriginal peoples had no "s" in their language sound system.
 * that the aboriginal interpretation for "reeds in the swamp" Woomba Woomba was used as the original source
 * that the word Toowoomba was taken from the aboriginal term for a native melon "Toowoom" or "Choowoom" which grew plentifully in the township.

1800-1820
In 1816 English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham arrived in Australia from Brazil where he had been collecting botanical specimens for Joseph Banks. He was the first European to visit the land known as Toowoomba today.

1820-1840
In June 1827, Cunningham was rewarded for his many explorations when he discovered 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of rich farming and grazing land bordered on the east by the Great Dividing Range and situated 100 miles (160 km) west of the settlement of Moreton Bay (later became Brisbane). Cunningham named his find Darling Downs after Ralph Darling (later Sir Ralph), then Governor of New South Wales.

It was not until 13 years later when George and Patrick Leslie established Toolburra Station 56 mi south-west of Toowoomba that the first settlers arrived on the Downs. Other settlers such as Thomas Alford quickly followed and a few tradesmen and businessmen settled and established a township of bark-slab shops called The Springs which was soon renamed Drayton.

1840-1860
Towards the end of the 1840s，Drayton had grown to the point where it had its own newspaper shop, general store, trading post and the Royal Bull's Head Inn which was built by William Horton and still stands today. Horton is regarded as the real founder of Toowoomba, although he was not the first European to live there.

Early in 1849 Horton sent two of his men, William Gurney and William Shuttlewood, a former convict, to cut away reeds in a marshy swampland area a few miles away that nobody from Drayton ever visited. When Gurney and Shuttlewood, a future Borough Alderman, arrived they were surprised to find a pitched tent among the reeds. The tent's owner was bush worker Josiah Dent who was the first man to live in "The Swamp". This extraordinary news was the main talking point in Drayton for weeks and people became interested in developing The Swamp as useful farming land. Plans were drawn for 12 to 20 acre (49,000 to 81,000 m²) farms in the swamp (later to be drained and become the foundation for the establishment of Toowoomba) in the hope of attracting more people to the area to support the land and build up the town. Two years later people began purchasing the land but not new settlers. The new farm holdings attracted buyers from Drayton.

In 1850 land was selling at £4 an acre (£988/km²). Drovers and wagon masters spread the news of the new settlement at Toowoomba. By 1858 Toowoomba was growing fast. It had a population of 700, three hotels and many stores. Land now £150 an acre (£37,000/km²).

1851 saw the establishment of a National School at Drayton, which later became Drayton State School. On 29 August 1852 the town's only churchman, the Rev. Benjamin Glennie who had lived in Drayton since 1848, christened both children at the Alford home. It was the first Church of England service held in Toowoomba and the first day the word "Toowoomba" was written on a public document.

In 1853 the Queensland Government granted 2 acres of Crown land for a Presbyterian church, school and manse on the south-west corner of James Street and Hume Street (-27.5695°N, 151.956°W), now in East Toowooomba. In May 1858 tenders were called to erect a raised timber church of 20 by 30 ft. By September 1858 construction had commenced but halted due to insufficient funds to complete the building. In March 1859 the Presbyterian minister at Ipswich, William Lambie Nelson, visited Toowoomba, spending a week successfully collecting funds to finish the church. The church building was finally completed on 11 September 1859 and was used by visiting ministers. It was not until 1863 that the congregation of St Stephen's was officially established when Nelson decided to purchase a farm in Toowoomba (now Gabbinbar) and became the Presbyterian minister at Toowoomba, preaching the first service on 6 December 1863.

1860-1880
On 30 June 1860 a petition of 100 names was sent to the Queensland Governor requesting that Toowoomba be declared a Municipality. Governor George Bowen granted their wish and a new municipality was proclaimed on 24 November 1860. The first town council election took place on 4 January 1861 and William Henry Groom, who had led Toowoomba people in their petition for recognition, polled the most votes. On 12 August 1862 Alderman Groom was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly as Member for Drayton and Toowoomba.

Also in August 1862, telegraphic communication was opened between Toowoomba and Brisbane.

In 1864 Toowoomba Gaol was opened. After closure in 1900, it became the site of the Austral Hall (1904), a woman's reformatory and laundry (1883-4), Rutlands Guest House, and various other modern sites, including a motel, a restaurant and a town house block.

In 1865 Toowoomba South State School opened, the first State School in Toowoomba itself.

In April, 1867 Toowoomba's rail link with Ipswich was opened.

In 1870 Alderman Spiro replaced William Henry Groom as Mayor. In 1873 Council was granted control of the swamp area and offered a prize of £100 for the best method of draining it.

The Toowoomba Gas and Coke Company was floated in 1875 and the Council pledged to erect street lamps to assist with the establishment of the fledgling company. Due to its financial situation Council leased part of the swamp to town brickmakers.

The Council approved the construction of the Toowoomba Grammar School. The school's foundation stone was laid in this year.

1880-1900
In 1892 the Under Secretary of Public Land proclaimed Toowoomba and the surrounding areas as a township.

By 1898, the existing Town Hall was inadequate for the demands of a growing community. In July, Council agreed that new municipal buildings and a Town Hall should be constructed on the site of the School of Arts which had been destroyed by fire earlier that year, pending the sale of the old Town Hall for £2,000 to the Roman Catholic Church.

1900-1920
Council offered a prize of 25 guineas for the best design. Architect Willoughby Powell's design was awarded first prize and the contract to erect the building at a cost of £10,000 went to Alexander Mayes who later was elected Mayor. The new building was opened in 1900 and still stands in Ruthven Street today. A refurbishment program was completed in 1996 at a cost of $3.4 million and Council meetings are once again held there.

The Trevethan, a single cylinder automobile was built in Toowoomba.

At noon on 20 October 1904 Toowoomba's status of a township was changed to a city and every bell and horn was sounded for half a minute to celebrate the event.

A suburban rail motor service commenced in May, 1917, running to Wyreema, 10 mi away. It was extended to Cambooya and to Willowburn in 1918. They ceased around 1923.

1920-1950
Downlands College was opened in 1931.

World War II saw an influx of American and Australian troops who took over the parks and major buildings for recreational, hospital and training purposes.

1950-2010s
Since the 1950s, Toowoomba has added the provision of tertiary services, military installations, public service departments to its traditional role as a commercial, agricultural and educational centre.

Queensland's first female mayor, Nellie E. Robinson, was elected to the City of Toowoomba in 1961.

A tertiary education centre, the QITDD, was established in Toowoomba in 1967. It became an autonomous college of advanced education, the Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education (DDIAE) in 1971; a university college (UCSQ) in 1990 and subsequently the University of Southern Queensland (USQ).

In the ensuring years the first highrises in Toowoomba are built reflecting the population and economical growth of the City.

In January 2011, the city was severely affected by flash floods. Parts of the central business district along Gowrie Creek were particular hit and several people lost their lives.

In 2013, local construction company, Wagners, build Australia's first privately built jet-capable airport, and the first one in the city's history; Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport.

In 2014 the Federal Government announce the long-awaited Toowoomba Second Range Crossing, the largest regional infrastructure project in Queensland's history.

title: History of Toowoomba, Queensland


text: User talk:129.110.193.227

title: User talk:129.110.193.227


text:
Steam shower

A steam shower is a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces water vapor that is dispersed around a person's body. A steam shower is essentially a steam room that offers the typical features of a bathroom shower. Steam showers are generally found in self-contained enclosures that prevent the water vapour from escaping into the rest of the room, avoiding damage to drywall, paint, or wallpaper. Steam showers combine the functionality of a standard steam room with many additional features including a shower, FM radio and hydrotherapy. Steam showers are available in a variety of materials, including tile, acrylic, fiberglass, glass, stone, and wood.

History
Steam showers have evolved from the steambath which is thought to have been invented during the height of the Roman Empire. Ancient Roman baths served many community and social functions within Roman society. These Roman baths were supplied by natural hot springs from beneath the ground.

Features
A steam shower could be a regular shower with the added steam feature that is powered by a steam generator. In addition to plain steam, modern steam showers provide additional features such as foot massagers, ceiling rain showers, television, radios, telephones, audio input from an MP3 or CD player, chromatherapy or aromatherapy. A steam shower can use solar thermal technology and lessen the electricity bill drastically by heating the water with the sun.

Health effects
Over the years, steam has been utilized for a variety of different health purposes. The way people generate their steam has changed and steam showers can deliver a more intense burst of steam than a steam room or range top. Some physiotherapy experts have begun to incorporate steam into their rehabilitation practices. Although a cure has never originated for the common cold, steam is often cited as a reliable way to temporarily alleviate the symptoms.

Some medical professionals recommend steam baths as a way to diminish the pain and stiffness associated with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Steam showers may cause health effects similar to those associated with sauna.

title: Steam shower


text:
User talk:MBAgal

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 04:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MBAgal


text:
Octa of Kent

Octa (or Octha) (c. 500 – 543) was an Anglo-Saxon King of Kent during the 6th century. Sources disagree on his relationship to the other kings in his line; he may have been the son of Hengist or Oisc, and may have been the father of Oisc or Eormenric. The dates of his reign are unclear, but he may have ruled from 512 to 534 or from 516 to 540. Despite his shadowy recorded history Octa made an impact on the Britons, who describe his deeds in several sources.

In literature
Octa appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century pseudohistory Historia Regum Britanniae. The earlier scenes featuring him are taken directly from the Historia Brittonum, while the later scenes have no known source, and were likely invented by Geoffrey. As in the Historia Brittonum, Octa is brought to Britain by his father with Vortigern's consent. Later, Vortigern is deposed by the rightful King of the Britons, Aurelius Ambrosius (the historical Ambrosius Aurelianus) and Hengist is captured and later executed. Octa leads his men to York and continues to harry the Britons, along with his kinsman Eosa. Aurelius besieges York, and eventually Octa surrenders. He negotiates a truce in which the Saxons are allowed to stay in northern Britain as vassals to Aurelius. After the death of Aurelius, however, Octa and Eosa regard the treaty as no longer binding and resume their belligerence. The new king, Aurelius' brother Uther Pendragon, leads his armies against the Saxons and routs them in a surprise night attack. Octa and Eosa are taken prisoner, but they eventually escape and return to Germany. They return with a vast army, and Uther meets them again in a battle in which Octa and Eosa are finally slain.

Octa may appear in Welsh Arthurian literature as Osla Bigknife, though this character may be better identified with Offa of Mercia. This Osla figures in two medieval prose tales, Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100) and The Dream of Rhonabwy (12th- or 13th-century). In Culhwch he is a member of King Arthur's retinue; he is named in a list of Arthur's followers, and his weapon "Bronllavyn Short Broad", which is wide enough for Arthur's army to use as a bridge, is described. Osla later participates in the hunt for the great boar Twrch Trwyth, during which he nearly drowns when the sheath of his great knife fills with water. In Rhonabwy Osla is Arthur's opponent at the Battle of Badon.

title: Octa of Kent


text:
User talk:Spike7

Welcome to Wikipedia!
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 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
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 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
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 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 04:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spike7


text:
Nurses (American TV series)

Nurses is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 14, 1991, to May 7, 1994, created and produced by Susan Harris as a spin-off of Empty Nest, which itself was a spin-off of The Golden Girls.

Synopsis
The series revolved around a group of nurses working at the same Miami hospital as Empty Nest's Dr. Harry Weston. Initially, the main characters were strong-willed nurse Annie Roland (Arnetia Walker), sarcastic nurse Sandy Miller (Stephanie Hodge), dim-witted nurse Julie Milbury (Mary Jo Keenen) and Latina nurse Gina Cuevas (Ada Maris) who frequently reminisced about her homeland, the fictional San Pequeño. Also in the cast were arrogant Dr. Hank Kaplan (Kip Gilman), wise-cracking orderly Paco Ortiz (Carlos Lacamara) and flaky nurse Greg Vincent (Jeff Altman). Florence Stanley had a recurring role during the first season as Dr. Riskin.

Changes were made after the first season in an effort to boost ratings. David Rasche joined the cast in the second season as Jack Trenton, a slimy white-collar criminal forced to perform community service at the hospital, and in the final season Loni Anderson joined the cast as new hospital administrator Casey McAfee. Other changes included the addition of Markus Flanagan as hunky orderly Luke Fitzgerald for the second season only, the changing of the show's theme song in seasons two and three, having nurse Gina and Dr. Hank Kaplan get married (Gina being pregnant by Dr. Hank). Nurse Greg Vincent was also written off after season one.

In the series' final season, nurse Sandy was gone, and the series' focus moved increasingly from the nurses to Casey McAfee's adjustments in running the hospital under a new HMO, and the antics of Jack Trenton and his sidekick Paco the orderly.

Cast

 * Stephanie Hodge as Nurse Sandy Miller (1991–1993)
 * Arnetia Walker as Nurse Annie Roland
 * Mary Jo Keenen as Nurse Julie Milbury
 * Jeff Altman as Greg Vincent (1991–1992)
 * Ada Maris as Gina Cuevas
 * Kip Gilman as Dr. Hank Kaplan (credited in Season 1 as Kenneth David Gilman)
 * Carlos Lacámara as Paco Ortiz
 * Florence Stanley as Dr. Riskin (1991–1992)
 * Markus Flanagan as Luke Fitzgerald (1992–1993)
 * David Rasche as Jack Trenton (1992–1994)
 * Loni Anderson as Casey MacAfee (1993–1994)

Crossovers
The following is a list of Nurses episodes featuring characters from The Golden Girls and Empty Nest.
 * Season One
 * Episode 2: "A Lesson in Life" – Laverne Todd from Empty Nest
 * Episode 6: "Mother, Jugs, and Zach" – Harry Weston from Empty Nest
 * Episode 9: "Begone with the Wind" – Rose Nylund from The Golden Girls and Laverne Todd from Empty Nest
 * Episode 20: "Moon Over Miami" – Blanche Devereaux from The Golden Girls and Charley Dietz from Empty Nest
 * Season Two
 * Episode 2: "In My New Country" – Laverne Todd from Empty Nest
 * Episode 7: "Playing Doctor" – Carol Weston from Empty Nest
 * Season Three
 * Episode 1: "The Eagle Has Landed" – Harry Weston from Empty Nest
 * Episode 4: "Jack's Indecent Proposal" – Charley Dietz from Empty Nest
 * Episode 7: "The Bridges of Dade Country" – Harry Weston from Empty Nest
 * Episode 9: "Temporary Setbacks" – Sophia Petrillo from The Golden Girls and Empty Nest, and Carol Weston from Empty Nest
 * Episode 10: "The Birth of a Marriage" – Harry Weston from Empty Nest

title: Nurses (American TV series)


text:
User talk:Ajarmst

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist   C. Holla @ me!
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Margaret Mead
I agree completely with your recent post on the talkpage of Margaret Mead - the article is not up to scratch. I have some familiarity with the literature on the Mead-Freeman affair and wrote the biography of Derek Freeman - I'd be happy to collaborate in imprving the Mead article. ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 14:55, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ajarmst


text:
User talk:Koppany

Re:Benkovac
Yes I have seen his user page. Honestly I don't know what to do. I am already way over my head in all this, I am convinced Benkovac is just another sockupppet by LAz17 he uses for disruption which is why I started Requests_for_checkuser/Case/LAz17. His IP range is the same as in LAz's although that may not mean much since I believe he has a dynamic IP, however his edits, identical rhetoric and behaviour all suggest they are the same person or at least are working together. He also has unsual help in Petri Krohn who supports him for unknown reasons, he also accused me of being a sockuppet of some other user. The last reason is pretty much why I don't want to meddle in this too much anymore, I have made a RfCU and I will wait the results, you can however pursue this matter further. --No.13 11:00, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I saw your comments, too, at User talk:Benkovac, and agreed. I did welcome him, though. :-) Bearian 17:48, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Hi, Thank You for your help with incorrect or POV edit undo's done by user: Erdeniss. DávidSch 03:34, 23 August 2007 (CET)

Mostar
I think you should be interested in this.

A user is saying Mostar isn't majority croat even though there are sources to prove it. That user is Visca el barca and he is a sockpuppet. That user has been banned 7 time because of his nationalsit propaganda views. visit category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Hahahihihoho —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.134.213 (talk) 07:32, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

madžar names
gembeš, stop provoking Serbs by writing foreign names for Serbian villages. madžar names cant be in first sentence of village articles. if you want to write historical names then write "History" or "Name" title in articles and write madžar names there together with German, Turkish, Latian and other historical names. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.252.126.212 (talk • contribs) 14:14, 29 August 2007
 * ne, gembeš, sam ćeš napravit posebne dijelove članka za ova imena jer moraš bit dresiran. deo našeg rada obuhvaća i dresuru gembeša, koji pored toga što moraju znati da su ta ružna azijska imena važna koliko i lanjski proljev, moraju također znat i himnu Republike Srbije da je otpjevaju kad ih ko uvečer zaustavi na ulici i to im zatraži. Vidijo sam ja i gore gembeše od tebe, ali smo ih sve dresirali da znaju pjevat himnu Srbije i da budu sretni dok to čine. I za tebe ima lijeka, gembeš boy, ne brini brige. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.252.126.225 (talk) 21:55, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

 * Please in English wiki write in English. I also ask you please stop personal insults and ultranationalist hatred. Hvala. --Koppany 17:41, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Only for your information this has not been PANONIAN. His IP number is 212.200.xxx.xxx . --Rjecina 17:06, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Koppany, that message of 195.252.126.225 is a heavy threat and uncivil, also containing haterige towards a certain nation. Don't allow such persons (like 195.252.126.225) to bully you and write messages, in which your people and language are insulted. Have you reported him to admins? Sincerely, Kubura 06:44, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Copy paste moves
A copy-paste move is never correct in the main space, regardless of whether you are under the impression that your reasoning is correct or not. You are in some ways over-simplifying and in others over-complicating the matter at hand here. The title refers to two individuals, one of which is hardly recognizable under the name you wish for him to have. He was Charles I of Austria from his ascension to the throne up until the day he died. That was his name whether or not it was a reigning or non-reigning imperial title. Charles 17:54, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The Emperor of Austria did have the right to the Crown of Hungary, regardless of whether or not that was through Austria (not) or through Hungary in its own right. The man who was King of Hungary was Emperor of Austria and it is by that title which he is best known. Really now, if there are articles on conflicts regarding Russia and Finland must we have Grand Duke Nicholas II of Finland? Yes, he that, but no, it is not his most common name. I am right, his most common name is Charles I of Austria. Charles 21:15, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Orahovica, Osijek, Slavonija
Hi, I am writing to you from the Spanish wikipedia. We have a discussion about these three topics. I wrote in Spanish in the discussion of Orahovica. Given that is the Spanish Wikipedia, and there is no translation for some terms, I guess is more appropiate to leave them in the croatian way. I do not know if the Pejačević family was hungarian or croatian (or the nationality held in this historical time), but something have to be done. I do not have sources, I am usually translating from English into Spanish. If you are so kind to give your sources I am sure that an agreement can be made and also we could complete this article by giving the reference. Thank you in advance. (Please write also in Spanish in the Spanish Wikipedia)--Transducción 15:11, 16 October 2007 (UTC) Thanks a lot! I am going to change as soon as possible the information. Thanks also for the references, this helps a lot to improve the article!Köszönöm, Viszontlátásra! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Transducción (talk • contribs) 21:00, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

3RR
See what you are doing and warn you, look at all his 'contributions'! Squash Racket 16:34, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Please cite sources at Talk:Hunt-Poznan to help prove the facts. You know Wikipedia is all about sources. Squash Racket 16:47, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Cite them for your statements in your response at the RfC (or in the article too), I don't have these books. The RfC will be reviewed, let them see which source proves each of the facts you mentioned. Squash Racket 19:12, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That's fine, we don't need to hurry, RfCs usually take some time. Squash Racket 19:15, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

If you have the sources by now, you can include them at the RfC. Squash Racket 15:12, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Hungarian names
Thank you for adding Hungarian names to the articles about villages in Slovakia. It is usually a good idea to use a template for the Hungarian language ( Zólyom ) instead of just typing (Hungarian: Zólyom). It links to the Hungarian language and looks like "(Zólyom)". Tankred 19:10, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * If you thank for adding Hungarian names, then why do you delete them all over Wikipedia? Squash Racket 15:11, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Horthy
Are you absolutly sure he was not of Armenian descent? I was told otherwise.--Moosh88 23:32, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Nicolau
That sounds correct but I can't say for sure. Romanian speakers can kind of read Aromanian, we can understand a little too, but unless we've studied it, we can't generally write or say more than a few words. To talk to an expert, I suggest you leave a message here. Biruitorul 00:20, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Hunt-Poznan RfC
I added a reference at the RfC, you may add yours to prove the facts. Squash Racket 18:19, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * He really proved that or this is a theory just like Kézai's? Please also add the proof, the reasoning, so that everybody can read it at the RfC in English. Squash Racket 11:25, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Noble Titles in Eastern name order template
I may be wrong, but I'm under the impression that the eastern name order template doesn't include noble titles. If you look at Miklos Horthy, it says "Horthy Miklós" rather than "nagybányai Horthy Miklós". Hence my removal of your edit to the template on Gyorgy Almasy. If you disagree, get in touch. --Palatinus Regni! 21:50, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Mystkowski
I do not understand why every single change I make to this entry is deleted. Surely you can't think that everything I put in this is vanity and trash? The part about the American line claiming succession is left in and yet the person they give their support to is not? This does not make any sense to me. Nor are the deletions of other notable members of the family, I believe that being awarded a state medal of honor for combat constitutes notoriety. I understand that some of the facts I write down here are unsupportable but I am a member of the family and therefore am a source myself. This article is not about me but about my whole family specifically several cousins. This is not vanity, it is truth and the fact that other noble families are able to post names of members without citing them and we cannot is simply not fair. The editers of this page have no more way of knowing if Stanislaus is made up than Christopher or Nickolai. As claimant to the title, Christopher should at least be left in as pretender. He was in this article for years but only recently was deleted, if it was an issue, the many editors before these recent additions and deletions would have edited his name out. At least let me revert this article back to the way it was before these edits and deletions began.

I thank you for your work with this article,

Matthew —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.99.191.246 (talk) 16:47, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Merry Xmas
I wish you a very Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! -- R O   A M A  T  A A  | msg  17:57, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Merry Christmas Koppany. --Frankieparley (talk) 20:04, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Elective monarchy
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Elective monarchy, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 02:14, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a real person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. If this is the first page that you have created, then you should read the guide to writing your first article.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. — Jeff G. (talk|contribs) 18:18, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

There are hundreds of references on Claudine Rhedey von Kis-Rhede in most of the libraries around the world. The information on this page is basic genealogy and it is factual. I would like to know why a tag has been placed on Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia.

Can someone explain? DrewKE

Adding Famous People
What is the proper procedure for adding Famous People? I didn't see references on the other listings, so I didn't include one. A google search returns 500+ references to the work of Dr. Mirjana Stantić-Pavlinić, MD, MS, Specialist in Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Community Health Centre Ljubljana,. Metelkova 9, 1000 Ljubljana for example http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/8243 Search also Stantic-Pavlinic to find, for axample http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/animalnet/2005/5-2005/animalnet_may_12-2.htm and http://www.medworm.com/rss/search.php?qu=rabies&t=Rabies&r=Any&f=infectiousdiseases&page=2&o=r

for examples of references to her research

She is the Neice of Đuro Stantić (1878-1918), a world champion in racewalking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Annebethmi (talk • contribs) 14:50, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Aromanians
Hi. Could you please give me a summary of what this says? All I can understand is that it mentions Aromanians and Herbert von Karajan. Thanks  Balkan Fever  06:30, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. That clears things up. One more thing, are there any Aromanians in Hungary? Are they considered Romanians there?  Balkan Fever  02:19, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That would make sense - the Aromanians seem to be the most assimilated people of the Balkans. BTW, you may have already seen this, but there are new developments at Talk:Principality of Pindus and Voivodship of Macedonia and at User talk:Future Perfect at Sunrise. Please give your opinion so we can have a consensus title.  Balkan Fever  00:52, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Krajina Towns Again
Hi there. If you remember some time ago there was an issue with the Krajina town catory. We have yet another problem and another vote as some Croats are not happy with this topic existing. Please add a vote or some input. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Towns_in_the_Former_RSK Thanks. (LAz17 (talk) 19:05, 24 October 2008 (UTC))

Voting
Hi. You've participated in the debate about deleting of category:Former Towns of RSK 1991-95. Now, there's a similar voting on deletion on the article (created, although the results of discussion was delete, not listify). The links to the voting is here merger suggestion?. Since you've participated previously in the discussion, you're invited to participate again. Please, give your opinion. Kubura (talk) 14:22, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Rudolf Schuster
Szia! Rudolf Schusterről írt szócikkben azt írtad, hogy anyja oldaláról magyar származású. Ezt nem egészen értem, mivel Schuster anyja Margita Figuli szlovák írónő, aki olasz származású. Bár kétségtelen tény, hogy apja és anyja is kiválóan beszéltek magyarul. (Kérlek a magyar szerkesztőlapomra írj vissza: hu:Poganyp:Talk)

Hello! In the article about Rudolf Schuster you have written that by the side of his mother he has Hungarian orgin. I don't completely understand this because his mother was Slovak writer Margita Figuli, who has Italian orgin. However it is doubtless that both his parents speak fluently Hungarian. Poganyp (talk) 17:25, 19 May 2009 (UTC) (Please write me back on my Hungarian account: hu:Poganyp:Talk)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Koppany! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:24, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Sava Babić -

VOTING on Maros (Mures) County Template
Hi. Kopppány, I see you participated in the debate about the naming of Székelyudvarhely. There is very similar voting on the admissibility or deletion the template on Maros (Mures) county. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2010_January_26 Since you've participated previously in the discussion, you're invited to participate again. Please, give your opinion. kind regards User:Rokarudi Rokarudi 13:13, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Koppany


text:
Three Churches, West Virginia

Three Churches is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The town is located north of Romney along Jersey Mountain Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 5) at a crossroads with Three Churches Hollow Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 5/4). Originally known as Jersey Mountain, Three Churches was renamed for the three historic white wooden churches located there: Mount Bethel Church, Mount Bethel Primitive Baptist Church, and Branch Mountain United Methodist Church. The Three Churches Post Office is no longer in service.

Historic sites

 * Branch Mountain United Methodist Church - The last remaining active church will close on June 30, 2012. The Cemetery Association will keep the building available for weddings, funerals, and special community services. The phone number is listed on the sign outside of the church.
 * Mount Bethel Church - Hampshire County's oldest standing house of worship.
 * Mount Bethel Primitive Baptist Church
 * Scanlon Log House - Listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Active organizations in the area

 * Jersey Mountain Ruritan Club

title: Three Churches, West Virginia


text:
Talk:Numen

Comments
Does the part about "noddings" make sense?
 * --Wetman 06:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Added etymological discussion. AnonMoos 19:56, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Unsourced
The following might prove hard to source: "The followers of Numina in Rome were held to strict rituals. Not wanting to offend any of the multiple deities they would follow the same routine every time. Eventually when the words became uncomprehensible they still said them not wanting to offend the gods." --Wetman 05:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's even harder to source once Wikipedia mirror sites start copying those sentences. When that happens, Wikipedia bots begin identifying the sentences as "copyrighted". It's best to either remove unreferenced statements, or, if you're unsure but skeptical, add the tag. Fuzzform (talk) 05:43, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Merger?
This article has had a merge tag for over a year, and yet there has been no discussion about it here (or on talk page of the numinous article). I'm in favor of the merge, unless there is something intrinsically different about the usages (it doesn't seem that there is). Fuzzform (talk) 01:07, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * A "numinous presence"? Isn't that a bit redundant? It's like saying "present presence", or "presentous presence" (to use a non-existent word). Fuzzform (talk) 05:38, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I thought Wikipedia deprecated articles with adjectives as titles. A numinous presence is the eery and supernatural sense of an otherworldly presence, even godhead. But we all have presence, though some of us are more self-assertive, and others lack charisma. --Wetman (talk) 05:45, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

The merger is a bad idea as the concepts are different, part of the problem being that many scholars are not exactly clear on the nuances of the terms and confusion reigns. But numen and numinous as explicated in the entries are NOT the same. Properly speaking, a numen is the felt presence of a deity. Whether that diety resides "over" or "in" depends on dimensionality. The deity resides "in" the object, so long as the object is conceived of as three-dimensional space. In the same sense as one resides in a house. But if one conceives of space as two dimensional, then it numen presides "over" the space, in the same way the mouse pointer hovers over the text on the screen. In fact, that's an excellent analogy because we would say the mouse pointer exists in the monitor but hovers over the text. So with the numen and it's location in space.

The other poorly drawn distinction is between the location of the numen subjectively and objectively. As for whether "numinous presence" is redundant is a matter of debate. If the numen is conceived of merely as the "felt presence" of a deity with the feeling located in the subject then it is redundant term, since one is simply speaking of the "felt presence of a presence". If the numen is conceived as having an objective reality apart from its sensed presence, more akin to a spirit, then it is not redundant since one is referring to a real objective manifestation which is felt. In this case "numinous presence" is best read as "the felt presence of a mystery of a particular place."

This two concepts help explain why the definition of numen as used in Rome is not the same as that used by Otto in numinous (and Ott and Jung definitions are very different, btw). For one, the numen was never wholly other as it was always tied to a particular physical location. In his poem, "Marina", TS Eliot captures this idea perfectly when he says "by this grace dissolved in place". Eliot and Jung are in agreement in the sense that the numen is best understood as that combination of salt and water (numen and place) is a solution best described as "salt water". This conception of the numen is utterly alien to anything that Otto ever wrote.

I could continue in this vein for some time but it is not my point to write an essay on the conception of the numen in various thinkers. I hope that I have brought forth enough evidence to illustrate the fact that the definitions of the numen are of significant divergence that a merging of the entries is a bad idea. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Worlddan (talk • contribs) 16:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree, the two concepts as related by our articles are different enough to be separated. And since there hasn't been much movement on this talkpage in a couple months, I'm going to go ahead and remove the merge tag.  Ford MF (talk) 19:43, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Meaning what?
What does this sentence mean?

"The many names for Italic gods may obscure this sense of a numinous presence in all the seemingly mundane actions of the natural world."

First of all, the statement is unsourced. Not to mention that it makes no sense. Why does the multiplicity of names necessarily obscure the presence of the numen? Do they not perhaps manifest and elaborate it under varied aspects? What does 'seemingly mundane' mean here? What kind of "actions" are mundane, or are they in fact not? Cynwolfe (talk) 19:26, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Single source article
The only source claimed for the article is Rudolf Otto's The Idea of the Holy, first published in 1917, seemingly still in print and popular. Otto was not, as far as I can tell, a religious historian but a comparative theologian who seeks the idea of the Holy in the past (QED). "Numen" is a historic Roman religious term - surely its article should be based on recent specialised works by historians of Roman religion. There's no shortage. Haploidavey (talk) 01:26, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Quoting Dumézil
The "Ancient Roman cult" section under the "Significance" heading contains a slight misinterpretation. The lines quoted there from Dumézil's Archaic Roman Religion (vol. 1) were actually written by the scholar H. J. Rose with whom Dumézil is arguing and—at that particular point in Archaic Roman Religion—quoting. It comes from Rose's Primitive Culture in Italy (1926) pp. 44-45. Dumézil has his own interpretation of numen (p.29 of ACC) that admits the accuracy of Rose's but shows how it is historically off-base to read numen as "the product or expression of power" before the era of the Augustan writers, which Rose does frequently (hence Dumézil's extensive critique in Chapter 3 of ACC).

Didn't want to make any changes that are that involved without an explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.72.110.104 (talk) 23:13, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Needs organization
Not too well organized. Lots of contributors, no unifying hand. References are good too, but referencing what? For rexample, the etymology is given twice. There are a number of definitions, some contradictory. Imperial Rome is treated differently from the rest of Rome. The whole thing is treated as cult. Not a cult, a belief. There were a lot of cults along those lines. It isn't sociologists per se that are interested in the topic. Sociology is science - you know, statistical data and experiments, theories of society, etc. This is not that. This is history of religion. I worked on this a long time ago, and met with all kinds of flak. No one could agree. There is now, however, a lot of source material here. I propose to reorganize it, get it all together. I get the point, no one is interested in any personal definitions, so I will try to make sure most everything is quoted. The topic in general has this organization: 1) An initial meaning and usage in ancient Rome 2) An expansion of the concept to other cultures. I will stick by that. Also there are certain errors of neglect, which are understandable, but WP is a little larger nowdays. "Numen" is being used to translate religious concepts from the Far East, so it isn't just western. But, as a phase of religious belief it is pretty much universal. So, Phase 1 would be ancient Rome, Phase 2 would be a generalization of the concept, Phase 3 would be instances in other cultures. I don't plan to look back to see what I said before. It was not adequate, I am sure. I do plan to bring in other sources if I have to. This will take a while. Ciao.Botteville (talk) 21:15, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Numen


text:
Polak

Polak is the Polish noun for a Pole (also in several other Slavic languages). It is also a surname. In 2020 there were over 21,500 persons with the surname in Poland.

Notable people with the surname include

 * A. Polak Daniels (1842–1891), Dutch chess master
 * Abraham Polak (1910–1970), Israeli historian, professor at the Tel Aviv University
 * Ada Polak (1914–2010), Norwegian art historian
 * Anna Dresden-Polak (1906–1943), née Polak, Jewish Dutch gymnast
 * Anna Sophia Polak (1874—1943), Jewish feminist and author
 * Ben Polak (born 1961), British professor of economics
 * Benedykt Polak (c. 1200), Polish Franciscan friar, traveler, explorer and interpreter
 * Bojan Polak (1918–2004), Yugoslav military officer, politician, and athlete
 * Boris Polak (born 1954), Israeli world champion and Olympic sport shooter
 * Carel Polak (1909–1981), Dutch politician
 * Christian Polak (born 1950), French businessman and author
 * Clairy Polak (1956–2023), Dutch journalist
 * Clark Polak (1937–1980), American businessman, publisher, journalist, and LGBT activist
 * Eleni-Klaoudia Polak (born 1996), Greek athlete specialising in the pole vault
 * Elza Polak (1910–1995), Yugoslav horticulturist
 * Elżbieta Polak (born 1959), Polish politician
 * Eric Polak, American fantasy artist
 * David Polak, American business executive and philanthropist from Beverly Hills, California
 * Fred Polak (1907–1985), Dutch sociologist and politician
 * Gottlieb Polak (1883–1942), Chief Rider and Riding Master of the horses Spanish Riding School
 * Graham Polak (born 1984), Australian Football League player
 * Hanna Polak (born 1967), Polish director, cinematographer and producer
 * Henri Polak (1868–1943), Dutch trade unionist and politician
 * Henry Polak (1882–1959), British humanist
 * Jacques J. Polak (1914–2010), Dutch economist
 * Jakob Eduard Polak (1818–1891), Austrian physician active in Iran
 * Jakub Polak (musician) (1545–1605), Polish musician
 * Jakub Polák (anarchist) (1952–2012), Czech anarchist and Roma rights activist
 * Jason Polak (born 1968), Australian soccer player
 * Johan Bernard Abraham Fortunatus Mayor Polak, Indonesian politician and sociologist
 * Jo-Anne Polak (born 1959), first woman executive in the Canadian Football League
 * Julia Polak (1939–2014), Argentine-born British pathologist
 * Kyle Polak (born 1984), American goalkeeper
 * Maralyn Lois Polak, American writer
 * Marcin Polak (born 1982), Polish Paralympic cyclist
 * Marek Polak (born 1963), Polish politician
 * Mary Polak (born 1967/68), Canadian politician
 * Maximilien Polak (1930–2022), Dutch-born Canadian judge and politician
 * Minus Polak (1928–2014), Dutch lawyer, politician, judge
 * Mira Adanja Polak (born 1942), Serbian journalist, author and TV host
 * Miroslav Polak (born 1958), Serbian football manager and player
 * Monique Polak (born 1960), Canadian writer
 * Nate Polak (born 1989), American soccer player
 * Paul Polak (1933–2019), Czech-born American businessman
 * Patrycja Polak (born 1991), Polish volleyball player
 * Rainer Polak, ethnomusicologist and djembe drummer
 * Richard Polak (1870–1957), Dutch photographer
 * Roman Polák (born 1986), Czech ice hockey player
 * Ryszard Polak (1959–2017), Polish footballer
 * Sacha Polak (born 1982), Dutch film director
 * Sjaak Polak (born 1976), Dutch footballer
 * Stuart Polak, Baron Polak (born 1961), British politician and member of the House of Lords
 * Tadeusz Polak (born 1944), Polish footballer
 * Tyler Polak (born 1992), American soccer player
 * Vojtěch Polák (born 1985), Czech ice hockey player
 * Wim Polak (1924–1999), Dutch politician
 * Wojciech Polak (born 1964), Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland
 * Vasek Polak (1914–1997), Czech race car driver and racing team owner
 * Željko Polak (born 1976), Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer

title: Polak


text:
Talk:Wine cellar

Untitled

 * Corresponding English-language article: wine cellar
 * Worth doing because: no article
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 05:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Status: done Lectonar 11:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Other notes:
 * Supported:

Ad
This article is partly an advertisement for the product Koolsomethingsomething (forget the name)--84.188.197.64 14:32, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Merge
I'm okay with Wine Cave being merged into Wine Cellar, as long as Wine Cellar remains the name of the article. It is by far the most popular use with a "Wave Cave", actually just being a type of Wine Cellar. Agne 11:56, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Don't merge
"Wine cellar" is typically associated with residential wine storage and storage units, whereas "Wine Cave" is more appropriate for a high-volume storage areas (e.g., at wineries). Crammer101 11:13, 10 December 2006 (UTC)crammer101

"Wine Cellar" and "Wine Cave" are not the same and should not be merged together under one topic. The differences are too great to describe in this small section, but the storage of wine in a cave and a wine cellar and the construction and build-out of a wine cellar is completely different than the construction of a wine cave. Vigilantinc 15:16, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Attribution
Some content in the Wine rack section are from the merged article Wine rack. AgneCheese/Wine 16:34, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

I found this page: http://www.winecellarinnovations.com/res_cus_prep_room.htm and felt that it was appropriate for the Wine Cellar page. It provides guidelines for proper wine cellar instruction. For users looking for information on wine cellars, this seems to be very useful information. I tried adding it but can't seem to figure out why it's not accepted. It's not promotional - only information on constructing a wine cellar, which is what the page is about. Please advise... thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Uprightcomm (talk • contribs) 14:42, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

I think that a better photo of a wine rack is needed. The article just got finished stating that a wine rack should store the bottles in such a position as to keep the corks in contact with the wine. In this photo, most of the wines are stored too close to upright for this to be true. JDHeinzmann (talk) 04:02, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Interesting wording
"all types of wine, including red, white, sparkling, and fortified, can spoil."

Before this moment, I was unaware that "all types of wine" included every type of wine. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 711groove (talk • contribs) 19:49, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 06:01, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Aging Temperature
I'd like to suggest a source in response to the citation needed tag in the Conditions section. The text in need of citation is: "Note that wine generally matures differently and more slowly at a lower temperature than it does at a higher temperature." An appropriate source for this claim can be found at: http://www.vintagecellars.com/science-of-aging-wine.asp.

It states, "wines age best under cool conditions. An 18° increase from the 55° baseline doubles the rate of chemical reactions in wine. But if chemical reactions age the wine, why not increase the temperature and get a decade's worth of flavor complexity in a few years? Unfortunately, there are no such shortcuts. A temperature of 55° is the perfect environment for the chemical reactions that result in good wine. But it's too cold to allow other, undesirable reactions that can give a wine unwanted aromas. Even a short exposure to extreme temperatures can trigger unwanted reactions and ruin the wine. Wine ages best at a temperature that is both cool and constant."

The Vintage Cellars' Education Center is an informative and thorough resource on wine cellars, storage, and aging. The owners of the site have more than twenty years of expertise in wine cellar construction and are well-regarded in the wine cellar industry. I'd like disclose that Vintage Cellars is a client for the marketing agency I work for. Nevertheless, I wanted to offer the page as a verifiable and reputable source. Warrenh3 (talk) 00:21, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

If no one objects, I can go ahead and make the change. Warrenh3 (talk) 23:49, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

"Cellarman" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellarman&redirect=no Cellarman] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 03:33, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wine cellar


text: User talk:165.228.3.67

title: User talk:165.228.3.67


text:
User talk:Luckygotunlucky

Warning
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:44, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luckygotunlucky


text:
Sherwood Egbert

Sherwood Harry Egbert (July 24, 1920 – 1969) was an American businessman and marine. He served as president of the Studebaker-Packard Corporation and Studebaker Corporation from February 1, 1961 to November 24, 1963.

History
Egbert was born July 24, 1920, in Easton, Kittitas County, Washington.

He studied engineering at Washington State University for two years.

In 1942, he joined the United States Marine Corps and became a major. He served in the South Pacific.

He joined Studebaker from the McCulloch Motors Corporation, with no experience of the automobile industry.

He replaced former president Harold E. Churchill under a corporate goal of diversification—to get the company out of carmaking and "absorb Studebaker's tax loss credits ($94 million) by merging with prosperous companies". Instead, Egbert took a genuine interest in the cars and moved his home to the Studebaker proving grounds lodge. He set out to resurrect the auto division's flagging fortunes, encouraged by industry reports of projected sales figures that indicated that there would still be room for a smaller manufacturer.

He initiated production of the stylish Avanti, based on a Lark chassis and drivetrain with fiberglass bodywork designed by a team headed by Raymond Loewy. The car was in production by the spring of 1962, insufficient lead time for comprehensive assembly and distribution of the many orders soon received. He had hoped to sell 20,000 Avantis that year but could only build 1200. To revamp the Studebaker passenger cars, Egbert hired Brooks Stevens "on a minuscule budget", with good results such as the Gran Turismo Hawk; overall sales continued to be well below the break-even point.

Disagreements between Egbert and Studebaker's board of directors exacerbated the illness with which he was diagnosed in 1962. Cancer surgeries and lengthy recuperation absence allowed the board to ease him out of office, replacing him as president with Byers A. Burlingame. He resigned on November 24, 1963. Studebaker closed its U.S. auto manufacturing operations just a month later. Production was moved to the Canadian plant where Studebaker continued building cars until March 1966.

In 1964 Egbert established a management consulting firm in Los Angeles.

Egbert died in Los Angeles in 1969.

title: Sherwood Egbert


text:
Manuka, Australian Capital Territory

Manuka (, sometimes pronounced as ) is an area in the Inner South district of Canberra, Australia covering parts of the suburbs of Griffith and Forrest. Manuka Shops, Manuka Oval, Manuka Swimming Pool, and Manuka Circle take their name from the park in the area.

Origin of name

The precinct is named after Manuka Circle, the street which forms the northern boundary of the precinct. Manuka Circle was on Walter Burley Griffin's original plan for Canberra and named after the Leptospermum scoparium, a flowering tree native to New Zealand and south-eastern Australia. The name Manuka is pronounced by most local Canberrans differently from the tree after which both street and suburb are named:  (compared to  for the tree). The common name of the tree species comes from the Māori word for it, mānuka, and is sometimes written with the macron included, as mānuka, in New Zealand English.

When Griffin drew up his plans in 1912, there was still some optimism that New Zealand might join the Federation of Australia. Griffin's plans included eight avenues radiating out from Capital Hill named after the capitals of the six states, the capital of the Northern Territory and the capital of New Zealand. Before the name Wellington Avenue was gazetted it was realised that New Zealand was not going to become part of a federation of Australasia and the name was replaced by Canberra Avenue. Griffin planned that the state capital city avenues were terminated with a park named after the generic botanical name for a native plant from that particular site; for example, Telopea Park is named after the waratah, the floral emblem of New South Wales, and is at the end of Sydney Avenue, named after the capital of New South Wales. Another remnant of Griffin's nomenclature was the Wellington Hotel, formerly on the corner of Canberra Avenue and National Circuit which was demolished and replaced by the hotel known in 2005 as "Rydges Capital Hill Canberra".

History
Business allotments for Manuka were included in the first auction of city leases in December 1924. At the same time leases were sold in the city, Braddon, Kingston, Forrest and Red Hill. Lessees were required to erect buildings of approved design on the blocks within three years. The decision to develop business centres at both Kingston (then called Eastlake) and Manuka, which were within 1/2 mi of each other had been made in the absence of Sir John Sulman, the chair of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee. He later recorded his disapproval of the decision. Sulman had designed Manuka and it was intended to be the principal commercial centre on the south side.

The decision to allow the development of Eastlake meant that in Manuka investment lagged and building was slow. Eastlake was preferred by residents as a business centre because of the bigger shops and closer proximity to more homes, as well as being closer to the previously only substantial shop in the Territory, which was near Canberra railway station. The opening of the Capitol Theatre, and the convent school associated with St Christopher's Catholic cathedral, allowed the Manuka businesses to develop competitively.

Manuka includes several areas that are listed by the ACT Heritage Council:

 * St Christopher's Cathedral Precinct, which has been the centre of Catholic worship and education in the Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn since 1928.
 * St Paul’s Church on the corner of Canberra Avenue and Captain Cook Crescent, which the Heritage Council considers to be an excellent example of an Inter-War Gothic church with Art Deco influences. The church was designed by Sydney Architects Burcham Clamp and Son and dedicated on 6 August 1939.
 * The Manuka Oval and Caretaker’s Cottage, which began to be developed as a sports ground in the early 1920s and began to be developed as a formal enclosed oval in March 1929. The Heritage Council considers that it is "significant for its continual use as a Canberra sporting facility, retaining an array of features such as the historic tree plantings, the oval, the Caretaker's Cottage and the later scoreboard which tell the story of its development as a popular sporting venue."
 * Manuka Swimming Pool on Manuka Circle, which was completed in 1930. The ACT Heritage Council considers it to be "an important component of the body of 'Federal Capital' style public buildings associated with the establishment of Canberra as the National Capital."
 * The Canberra Services Club at 14 Manuka Circle, which the ACT Heritage Council considers to be historically significant for its association with the provision of hospitality to service personnel by Canberra volunteers during World War II. Lady Gowrie, the wife of the Governor General, played a major role in establishing it, including fund-raising. The Services Club burnt down in April 2011, but it has been decided to rebuild it.
 * The former Griffith Child Health and Welfare Centre at 30 Manuka Circle, which was opened in 1937. The Heritage Council considers it to be important as the first permanent baby health centre in the ACT.

Shops
Shops were first built in Manuka between 1925 and 1930. In recent years a collection of outdoor cafes has taken over the more utilitarian shops that dominated the area up to the late 1970s. In the 1960s the precinct included a hardware shop, two supermarkets, a large delicatessen, two butchers, a fishmongers, at least one green grocer, several florists, a boot shop and repairer, clothes shops, home wares and furniture shops, several shoe shops, chemists, newsagents, several barbers and hairdressers and a shop selling church candles. Manuka is now known for its restaurants and for some nightclubs.

Manuka Pool
Building work commenced on the pool in July 1930. It was the first swimming pool to be built for the city. Before its completion, Canberrans swam in the Molonglo River and other local swimming holes at the Cotter and Murrumbidgee Rivers. Canberra's first pool was built on the south side as it was closer to more Canberra residents than any northside location. The pool was officially opened on 26 January 1931.

Manuka Oval
Manuka Oval has a seating capacity of 13,550 people and an overall capacity of 16,000 people, although this is lower for some sports depending on the configuration used. The area on which the ground is situated has been used for sport since the early 20th century, but was only enclosed in 1929. It has undergone several redevelopments, most recently beginning in 2011.

St Christopher's Cathedral

St Christopher's Cathedral is adjacent to the shopping district, and is technically located in the suburb of Forrest. The first stage of St Christopher's Cathedral which was completed in 1939. St Christopher's was finally extended to its present size in 1973, when it became the co-cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn, and more recently the sole cathedral when the former cathedral in Goulburn ceased to be a cathedral of the archdiocese. It was listed by the ACT Heritage Council in 1998.

St Paul's Church
Founded in 1939 it part of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn. It is listed in the ACT Heritage Register as an "...excellent example of an Inter-War Gothic church with Art Deco influences". It was the first place in Australia to install a combination organ and has one of a small number of rings of bells in the Australian Capital Territory. It is situated on the corner of Canberra Avenue and Captain Cook Crescent, opposite Manuka Oval.

Capitol Theatre
The Capitol Theatre was one of Canberra's most important centres for entertainment in the early life of the city, with many plays and films. The design was to the requirements of the theatre impresario J.C. Williamson. It was opened in 1927 and hosted a reception for the arrival of aviator Bert Hinkler in Canberra in 1928. The theatre was later bulldozed in 1980 and a new cinema was built on the site. The decision to destroy such an important building of Canberra's heritage was controversial at the time and since. The second cinema space was eventually decommissioned in 2020, and the building was demolished between 2023 and 2024 to make way for a new hotel.

title: Manuka, Australian Capital Territory


text: User talk:24.23.194.154

title: User talk:24.23.194.154


text:
User talk:Tanizaki

Not real smart
Conducting a personal vendetta against the forum that you openly trolled. Not very mature behavior. Alyeska 04:46, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I demand that you stop your trolling and personal attacks immediately! Tanizaki 17:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm so smart, I can hardly stand it
How did I troll? Tanizaki 21:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Racist comments
Also I want an apology for your racist comment “Now, go have some haggis.” Which I find offence (being Scottish) because you think it is a valid debating retort. I will file a complete with an admin is you don’t apologise. Elfwood 23:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

"Scottish" is not a race
Being Scottish is not a race. It's not even a country. You have United Kingdom citizenship. Anyway, don't you celebrate Robert Burns Day?

First Scotland (read it) is a country. The United Kingdom (which also says it’s a country) is made up of a group of countries.

Second yes it is a racist comment. The fact that you took my nationality and then based and insult in a debate of that makes it racist. Weather i enjoy haggis is irrelevant you used it as an insult based on my nationality and that makes it racist.

(Technical side note i am not a citizen of UK i am a subject still.)

 * Scotland simply is not a country. If it is, show me your Scottish passport. Name a treaty to which Scotland is a party. Is Scotland a member of the United Nations? Sorry, but my comment was not racist.

Yes it was and your evidence for Scotland not being a country is "i say so". The act of union even said it stayed a country.

Both the articles on Scotland and UK say it is a country.

Having a UK passport would be no different than the EU passport they were talking about awhile back. And the UN recognises nations not contrary. There is a difference a nation can be a group of contraries.Elfwood 10:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

VFD TrekBBS
Why did you claim that the TrekBBS violoated WP:WEB when in fact it passes. Votes for deletion/TrekBBS Elfwood 13:24, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Change your vote in the TrekBBS VFD or come up with a different reason why it should not be hear.Elfwood 17:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

What did you say? I can't hear you over all the piping pipers! Tanizaki 18:10, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Snarky comment on Stardestroyer.net VfD
Your last comment on this VfD (the "hahAHhahahahah" one) (a) doesn't help the community reach consensus and (b) makes you, personally, look like an unpleasant person who nobody should like. In my experience, people often vote against people who they perceive as acting unpleasantly, because who wants to be on the same side of someone who is acting unpleasant?

Do whatever you like, but if I were you, I would revert and remove that comment. Nandesuka 02:50, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Good job reverting that. I think you made a smart decision.  Nandesuka 02:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanizaki


text:
Theatre Royal, Hobart

Theatre Royal is an historic performing arts venue in central Hobart, Tasmania. It is the oldest continually operating theatre in Australia; Noël Coward once called it "a dream of a theatre" and Laurence Olivier launched a national appeal for its reconstruction in the 1940s.

1834–1856, Construction and early years
In 1834, Peter Degraves, founder of Cascade Brewery, and a group of Hobart citizens purchased dock-side land for the purpose of building a public theatre. Architect John Lee Archer created a provincial Georgian design and the first stone was laid that year. The location was not ideal for future gentry audiences; it was in a rough and foul-smelling area near an abattoir, brothels, factories, and pubs. The architect accommodated the local population by creating an entrance through a neighbouring pub directly into the theatre's pit seating, colloquially known as "the Shades." When a national economic downturn caused most of the original investors to pull out, Degraves stepped in and took complete ownership.

The building was completed, using convict labor in part, by the end of 1836. It staged its inaugural performances in March 1837; Thomas Morton's Speed the Plough and the W. Oxberry's The Spoiled Child. In June, the theatre was formally named the "Royal Victoria Theatre" in honor of the coronation of the Queen of the United Kingdom but it became known simply as "The Theatre Royal."

During the period of Anne Clarke's tenure as manager (1840-1847), the theatre became renowned as a pioneer theatre institution in Australia for its high quality and Clarke was credited by the press with introducing 'a better class of performer and a superior style of management' and for giving theatre, which was then regarded as somewhat dubious, a better name.

1856–1911, Cockfights etc
Due to the neighbourhood, early performances tended towards cockfights, boxing, and religious meetings. The patrons of the Shades included visiting seamen and workers from the convict-laden Wapping area surrounding the theatre. They became known for their drunken and disruptive interactions with performers. Degraves undertook a major renovation in 1856 but it did not improve bookings or offerings. Following Degraves' death in 1883, Richard Lewis purchased the theatre for £3222. For the next 40 years or so, Lewis made improvements to further attempt to upgrade the theatre's fashion. In 1911 the interior was completely rebuilt, creating the Louis Quatorze style auditorium there today. Designed by William Pitt from Melbourne, who specialised in theatres, the Shades was replaced with raked stalls seating, and a higher and steeper balcony was built above. The decoration featured red velvet upholstery, gilded highlights, and a crystal chandelier in a domed ceiling.

1911–1952, Decline and first major renovation
Despite continued attempts at maintaining the theatre, it declined over the next three decades. By the 1940s, the performers had to beware of holes in the stage, unsafe wiring, faulty heating, and cockroaches. Unsafe conditions eventually led to a planned demolition. In 1948, Sir Laurence Olivier arrived in Hobart as part of the Old Vic touring company and spoke passionately about the theatre, launching a national appeal; "'We appreciate playing in it not only because it is a beautiful little theatre; it is more than that. Your parents and grandparents have sat here as audience. Our parents have acted on this stage. In the one hundred and eleven years it has been played in it has built up atmosphere and the secret of atmosphere is antiquity. Don’t let it go.'"

His speech was effective. The state government purchased the theatre for £12,000 with the promise of restoration if matching funds were raised. An ambitious public campaign followed and by 1952, the renovations were completed. 'Royal boxes' had been installed specifically for an anticipated visit from then-Princess Elizabeth. King George's death curtailed the planned audience but the theatre re-opened on schedule. The updates were a success; the theatre was booked with frequent productions and became home to a new resident company.

1952–1986, Expansion and fire
The theatre enjoyed several successful decades marked with periodic structural updates. In the early 1980s, a A$1 million-dollar refurbishment was launched in honour of the theatre's 150-year anniversary. In addition to restoring much of the 1911 decorations, the backstage facilities were modernized and reconfigured to become the Backspace Theatre, a venue for cabaret and smaller local companies. The work was almost complete when, on 18 June 1984, a fire began backstage and spread to the main auditorium. In addition to structural damage to the roof, the water and smoke damage was extensive but was somewhat contained by a fire curtain that somewhat inexplicably fell across the stage. Most of the furniture, decoration, and technical equipment was damaged; only one painting survived. 'Australia's grand old lady of the theatre world' was quickly launched back into reconstruction, covered by a public fundraising appeal, adequate insurance and the State Government's assurance. However, it would take several years for the theatre to re-open.

1986–Current
The theatre completed its major refurbishment and reopened in March 1986. It re-established itself as a centre of Hobart's social life, thanks in part to government policies encouraging national touring of popular theatre shows. It presents an annual program that features live theatre, contemporary music, dance and entertainment. Since 1994, it has offered a subscription season and has seen both the number of performances and overall attendances increase steadily. The theatre has incorporated modern technology with the computerisation of the lighting control system and the installation of a computerised ticketing system.

From 2018 to 2021, the theatre was combined with The Hedberg performing arts centre, including a new studio theatre (replacing the Backspace Theatre).

Fred the Ghost
The theatre's mascot is a resident ghost of a former actor who was allegedly killed during a fight in the basement. Known as "Fred", the theatre used the ghost for the first time in the 1984 restoration appeal.

title: Theatre Royal, Hobart


text: User talk:138.88.136.106

title: User talk:138.88.136.106


text:
The Awakening

The Awakening may refer to:

Religion

 * Awakening (Finnish religious movement), a Lutheran movement in Finland
 * Great Awakening, several periods of Anglo-American Christian revival

Film

 * The Awakening, a 1913 film starring Charlotte Burton
 * The Awakening (1917 film), an American silent film directed by George Archainbaud
 * The Awakening (1928 film), an American silent film directed by Victor Fleming
 * The Awakening (1954 film), an American television short film starring Buster Keaton
 * The Awakening (1956 film), an Italian comedy drama film
 * The Awakening (1980 film), a British horror film directed by Mike Newell
 * The Awakening, a 1995 television film starring Sheila McCarthy
 * The Awakening (2006 film), a Bollywood documentary
 * Species: The Awakening, a 2007 American science fiction thriller film
 * The Awakening (2011 film), a British supernatural drama film

Television

 * The Awakening (TV series), a 1984 two-part Singaporean drama series
 * The Awakening (Doctor Who), a 1984 Doctor Who serial

Episodes

 * "The Awakening" (Avatar: The Last Airbender)
 * "The Awakening" (Defiance)
 * "The Awakening" (Masters of Science Fiction)
 * "The Awakening" (Spider-Man)

Literature

 * The Awakening (Armstrong novel), a 2009 Darkest Powers novel by Kelley Armstrong
 * The Awakening (Carroll novel) or The Quantum Prophecy, a 2006 novel by Michael Carroll
 * The Awakening (Chopin novel), an 1899 novel by Kate Chopin
 * The Awakening (Smith novel), a 1991 Vampire Diaries novel by L. J. Smith
 * "The Awakening" (short story), a 1942 story by Arthur C. Clarke
 * The Awakening, the third and final arc of the Ben Drowned series by Alexander D. Hall

Music

 * The Awakening (band), a musical project of Ashton Nyte

Albums

 * The Awakening (Ahmad Jamal album) or the title song, 1970
 * The Awakening (Billy Harper album) or the title song, 1979
 * The Awakening (Caliban album) or the title song, 2007
 * The Awakening (James Morrison album) or the title song, 2011
 * The Awakening (Kamelot album), 2023
 * The Awakening (Lord Finesse album), 1996
 * The Awakening (Melissa Etheridge album) or the three-song title work, 2007
 * The Awakening (Merciless album) or the title song, 1990
 * The Awakening (Nekropolis album) or the title song, 1997
 * The Awakening (The Pharaohs album), 1971
 * The Awakening (PMD album) or the title song, 2003
 * The Awakening (P.O.D. album) or the title song, 2015
 * The Awakening (Send More Paramedics album), 2006
 * The Awakening (EP), by GFriend, 2017
 * The Awakening, by the Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, 2018
 * The Awakening, by the Reddings, or the title song, 1980

Songs

 * "The Awakening", by Alice Cooper from Welcome to My Nightmare, 1975
 * "The Awakening", by Edison's Children, 2011
 * "The Awakening", by Godsmack from Faceless, 2003
 * "The Awakening", by Hawkwind from Space Ritual, 1973
 * "The Awakening", by Lovebites from Awakening from Abyss, 2017
 * "The Awakening", by Narada Michael Walden from Awakening, 1979
 * "The Awakening", by Narnia from Awakening, 1998
 * "The Awakening", by the Pat Metheny Group from Imaginary Day, 1997
 * "The Awakening", by York, 1998
 * "The Awakening", a piece of library music composed by Johnny Pearson and used as theme music by ITV

Other uses

 * The Awakening (sculpture), a 1980 sculpture by J. Seward Johnson Jr.

title: The Awakening