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Heavenly Bodies (1990s tag team)

The Heavenly Bodies is a professional wrestling tag team famous for having worked in Smoky Mountain Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation, and various independent promotions. Over the years, there have been multiple variations of the team, which has at different times included "Doctor" Tom Prichard, "Sweet" Stan Lane, "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton, and "Gigolo" Jimmy Del Ray, and was led by heel manager James E. Cornette.

Prichard and Rose
In 1985, Tom Prichard and Pat Rose briefly used the name the Heavenly Bodies while working in the Memphis territory. The team was managed by Sherri Martel.

Prichard and Lane
In 1992, Prichard reformed the Heavenly Bodies in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) with Stan Lane. Managed by Jim Cornette, Prichard and Lane became the first SMW Tag Team Champions. Following his departure from World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Bobby Eaton was added to the team. Manager Jim Cornette explained that any two of the three men could defend the belts at any given time, as he had registered the Heavenly Bodies with SMW as a 'corporation'.

During their tenure in SMW, the Heavenly Bodies had long running feuds with the likes of The New Fantastics (Bobby Fulton and Jackie Fulton) and The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson). Their feuds were often highlighted with hardcore matches and numerous title changes. An agreement between SMW and WCW allowed the bodies to face the Rock 'n' Roll Express at the SuperBrawl III pay-per-view on February 21, 1993. The Heavenly Bodies lost this match. For a brief time in 1993, Eaton held Smoky Mountain's television championship (the promotion's secondary title) while the Heavenly Bodies were the tag team champions.

Prichard and Del Ray
In May 1993, Lane left the team after losing a loser-of-the-fall leaves town match. The team continued with Lane replaced by Pritchard's "cousin" "Gigolo" Jimmy Del Ray. Over the next few years, the new duo competed not only in SMW but also in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and the United States Wrestling Association (USWA). They continued their feud with The Rock 'n' Roll Express in these promotions and began new rivalries with the Steiner Brothers (Rick and Scott Steiner), and The Smoking Gunns (Bart and Billy Gunn).

In July 1993, SMW's working agreement with the WWF allowed the Heavenly Bodies and The Rock 'n' Roll Express to wrestle on the organization's pay-per-view shows. Prichard and Del Ray unsuccessfully challenged for the WWF Tag Team Championship at SummerSlam 1993 but captured the SMW Tag Team Championship against The Rock 'n' Roll Express three months later at Survivor Series 1993.

During their time in the WWF, they wrestled a tour for All Japan Pro Wrestling in May 1994, and returned to SMW in the summer of 1994 to feud with teams like The Rock 'n' Roll Express, The Thrillseekers (Chris Jericho and Lance Storm) and The Gangstas (New Jack and Mustafa Saed).

In 1995, The Bodies defeated PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D) to capture the USWA Tag Team Championship. Later in the year, Prichard and Del Ray also competed in ECW, aligning themselves with Raven (see Raven's Nest) to face off against The Public Enemy (Rocco Rock and Johnny Grunge). Following the November 1995 closure of SMW, the Heavenly Bodies disbanded. Their last match as a team occurred in ECW on December 9, 1995, losing to The Public Enemy. Prichard joined the WWF as Zip of The Bodydonnas while Del Ray competed on the independent circuit and in WCW as "Jimmy Graffti".

Del Ray died of a heart attack on December 6, 2014.

DeNucci and Nelson
A new Heavenly Bodies team began to compete on the independent circuit around 2000. The New Heavenly Bodies, comprising "Vivacious" Vito DeNucci and "Casanova" Chris Nelson captured the NWA World Tag Team Championship three times, and on occasion, "Gigolo" Jimmy Del Ray served as their manager. DeNucci and Nelson were previously the longest reigning NWA World Tag Team champions, but have since been surpassed by America's Most Wanted. The duo occasionally appear on various independent wrestling shows. The team also wrestled in IPW as Drunk and Disorderly; as well as holding the NWA World Tag Team Championships three times, they have also held the IPW Tag Team Championships among others.

On April 3, 2010 the New Heavenly Bodies defeated the Dark City Fight Club (Jon Davis and Kory Chavis) to win the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. On April 16 DeNucci and Nelson lost the titles back to the Dark City Fight Club.

Golden and Thunder
Eddie Golden and K. C. Thunder, former rivals in Southern States Wrestling, teamed together as the Heavenly Bodies throughout the Southeastern United States during 2008. They were occasionally accompanied by their valet Dawn Renea. Although short-lived compared to the prior incarnations, they won the tag team titles in the New Frontier Wrestling Association and challenged the tag champions in NWA All-Star Wrestling. In one of their last matches together, they wrestled Iron Cross and Stan Lee in a Texas Tornado death match at a middle school fundraiser in Lebanon, Virginia. According to the pre-match stipulation, the Heavenly Bodies' valet Dawn Renae would have her head shaved if the team failed to win the belts.

Dustin and Justin Corino
In 2015, "Desirable Dustin" and "Gigolo Justin" began teaming as the Heavenly Bodies in the Global Force Wrestling promotion. They also wrestled for New Jersey-based promotion, PWS (Pro Wrestling Syndicate), during which time they received permission from Tom Prichard to use the name the Heavenly Bodies. The PWS owners parted ways and Pat Buck, former co-owner of PWS, started WrestlePro. The Heavenly Bodies won the WrestlePro Tag Team titles on January 7, 2016.

Championship and Accomplishments

 * Lane and Prichard
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked them # 73 of the 100 best tag teams of the PWI Years in 2003.
 * Smoky Mountain Wrestling
 * SMW Tag Team Championship (5 times)
 * Prichard and Del Ray
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked them # 73 of the 100 best tag teams of the PWI Years in 2003.
 * Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
 * PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Smoky Mountain Wrestling
 * SMW Tag Team Championship (3 times)
 * United States Wrestling Association
 * USWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * DeNucci and Nelson
 * Coastal Championship Wrestling
 * CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times)
 * Pro Wrestling Fusion
 * NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Southern Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Syndicate
 * PWS Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * WrestlePro
 * WrestlePro Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Golden and Thunder
 * New Frontier Wrestling Association
 * NFWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)

title: Heavenly Bodies (1990s tag team)


text:
User:Hvidstue~enwiki

=hvidstue= See my user-site at da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Hvidstue

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Hvidstue~enwiki


text:
Marienberg (disambiguation)

Marienberg is a town in Saxony, Germany.

Marienberg ("Mary's mountain" in German) may also refer to:

 * Bad Marienberg, a town in the Westerwaldkreis of Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Marienberg Fortress, Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
 * Marienberg Abbey, a Benedictine abbey near the village of Burgeis, South Tyrol, Italy
 * Mariënberg, a small village in the municipality of Hardenberg in the Netherlands
 * Baltic German name for Maarjamäe, Tallinn, Estonia
 * Marienberg languages of Papua New Guinea
 * Marienberg Hills of Papua New Guinea
 * Marienberg, Papua New Guinea
 * Marienberg Rural LLG of Papua New Guinea

title: Marienberg (disambiguation)


text:
Peugeot Pars

The Peugeot Pars, also known as Peugeot Persia, is a passenger car produced by the Iranian carmaker Iran Khodro. After 10 years of manufacturing the Peugeot 405 in Iran, the company designed the Peugeot Persia as its facelift, with a front end similar to that of the Peugeot 406 (and the Peugeot 605). The Peugeot Persia was soon renamed Peugeot Safir and eventually Peugeot Pars because of local copyright problems. The Peugeot Pars has been made in multiple variants. The 16V, ELX and LX models use more powerful PSA 16-valve engines and a few other improvements.

Engines
The following variants are, or were, available:
 * Pars (XU7 L3 engine, 8 Valve, 100 Horsepower (83 Horsepower in CNG/Bifuel Variant), 153 Nm of Torque (135 Nm in CNG/Bifuel Variant) - gasoline or Bifuel (CNG/gasoline)
 * Pars LX, Pars automatic and Pars ELX-TU5 (TU5 Engine, 16 Valve, 105 Horsepower 142 Nm of Torque)
 * Pars 16V and Pars ELX (XU7 L4 Engine, 16 Valve, 110 Horsepower 155 Nm of Torque)
 * Pars ELX XUM (XUM Engine, 8 Valve, 105 Horsepower 155 Nm of Torque)
 * Pars ELX XU7P (XU7P Engine, 8 Valve, 97 Horsepower 146 Nm of Torque)

The PSA-borrowed engine is XU7JP (code LFZ, known as L3 in Iran) 1.8 L SOHC with two valves per cylinder capable of producing a maximum power of 101 PS (74 kW) at 6000 rpm and a maximum torque of 153 Nm (15.6 kgf m / 113 ft·lbf) at 3000 rpm which is controlled by the SAGEM SL96 ECU. The same engine was already in use in various PSA Peugeot Citroën passenger cars.

Peugeot Pars LX
This version uses a 1.6 L, 16-valve engine. The PSA-borrowed engine is TU5JP4 (code NFU, known as TU5 in Iran) DOHC with 4 valves per cylinder capable of producing a maximum power of 109 PS (80 kW) at 5800 rpm and a maximum torque of 142 Nm (14.47 kgf m / 104.73 ft·lbf) at 4000 rpm which is controlled by a Crouse or Bosch ECU. The same engine was already powering The PSA Peugeot 206 (Type 5 and Type 6 only.) and the Peugeot 405 SLX, The situation was the same with the Runna As Well.

Peugeot Pars ELX

The upmarket version named ELX features smart instrument cluster, multi-purpose Persian-reading dashboard telematics, alarm with door auto-lock, park assistant, electric Recaro cloth seats equipped with heater/cooling fan, luxury dashboard trim, passenger illuminated vanity mirror, 4-disc brakes with ABS/EBD, and finally rally alloy wheels.

The PSA-borrowed engine is XU7JP4 (code LFY, known as L4 in Iran) 1.8 L 16-valve DOHC with 4 hydraulically adjusted valves per cylinder capable of producing a maximum power of 109.0 bhp (81.3 kW / 110.5 PS) at 5500 rpm and a maximum torque of 155.0 N·m (15.8 kgf·m / 114 ft·lbf) at 4250 rpm which is controlled by Bosch Motronic MP 7.3 ECU. The same engine was already in use in the PSA's Peugeot 406 LX 1.8i 16v, Citroën Xantia SX 1.8i 16v, and Citroën Xsara VTS 1.8i 16v

IKCO replaced the ELXs engine with the new XUM powertrain, the 8-valve 1.9L PSA XUM Engine which makes 105 horsepower and 155 Nm of torque. The new ELX XUM was also more equipped, this time around coming with a new steering wheel which had buttons on it to control multi media, A Passenger Airbag, Handsfree For the Radio, New black and beige trimming and Wood trimming, new Gauge Cluster. The ELX XUM stopped production in 2017.

After a five-year hiatus, the well-equipped ELX returned in 2022, this time however with more features, like Cruise control, Rain sensor, Tire-pressure monitoring system, In-car entertainment system which included a Touch Screen Display, Etc.

Whilst much more equipped than the previous ELX trim level, It instead had much weaker powertrain options, a 1.8L XU7+ Straight-four engine or a 1.6L TU5 JP4 16 Valve Straight-four engine which was already seen in the Peugeot 206, Peugeot 405 SLX and the IKCO Runna. The 1.8L XU7+ was a first timer engine for IKCO which was soon put in the IKCO Arisun.

Peugeot Pars 16V
Not as well equipped as ELX, this model was simply an upgraded version of Pars in terms of engine and rear brakes. The 16V employed a more powerful 16 valve engine, and rear disc brakes, but ABS was not available even as an option. The 16V model's production lasted less than a year; began on the second quarter of 2003 and ended on the first quarter of 2004 (making them 1382 model year based on Persian calendar), the same time it was replaced with the ELX model.

The Iran Khodro website contradicts this information, stating that a non-ELX 16V variant was still produced in 2009 (and with drum brakes in the rear).

Many Iranian car industry critics believe its production was a case study of the Iranian car market capacity performed by Iran Khodro before beginning the production of ELX to see if people are interested in more powerful and luxurious versions of Pars.

As an improvement over the Pars, the 16V utilizes solid disc brakes on rear wheels, but unlike the ELX which is equipped with an advanced ABS/EBD, the 16V model uses the same vacuum booster, master cylinder, distributor, and hydraulic lines in its braking system as the standard Pars.

The more powerful LFY engine (later used on the ELX) fitted to the 16V models grabbed the interest of the authorities who are always seeking for high-performance yet inexpensive cars as service vehicles. A large number of 16Vs were produced according to requests registered by Iranian governmental organizations. 16Vs can be seen as parliament service cars and also motorcade escorts.

Facelift
In July 2023, The Peugeot Pars received a facelift due to not being able to meet modern standards, IKCO used the front bumper from the IKCO Arisun, a product made by the same manufacturer. They also managed to just barely fit a daylight system on the new Pars, they removed the plastic protection pieces from the car's body to make it look and seem more modern. The car this time around, was also equipped with more features such as a DRL System, Electronic stability control, Gear Shift Indicator screen. The car was also offered with IKCO's new powertrain, the PSA TU5P (EC5 In Europe), as well as a Euro 5 version of the PSA XU7P.

title: Peugeot Pars


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Blakedown railway station

Blakedown railway station serves the English village of Blakedown, Worcestershire. It was opened as Churchill in 1852, later becoming known for a time as Churchill & Blakedown after the two villages became a single parish.

The station is unstaffed, with only a basic shelter on each platform. There is a level crossing immediately to the west of the platforms, and in the absence of a footbridge or subway this is also the only method for passengers to cross the tracks.

The platforms were lengthened in the 1990s to allow longer trains to call. This is because Blakedown is within the Birmingham commuter band and over the twenty years between 1998 - 2018 usage of the station has increased by 147%. Currently there is a proposal to develop a car park on an adjacent field site to cater for further anticipated growth.

Since August 2012 the signalling system has been altered, with the former signal box having been closed and control of the nearby crossing and signals transferred to the Saltley Rail Operating Centre. The old signal box was then acquired by the Churchill and Blakedown Historical Society for its headquarters and was shifted across the road to a site adjoining the station in 2016.

Services
Since 2017, West Midlands Railway has run an off-peak service every 30 minutes each way, with off-peak trains terminating at Kidderminster westbound, and eastbound services running alternately to Stratford-upon-Avon and Whitlocks End. Through services are available to Worcester Foregate Street, Worcester Shrub Hill, and Dorridge at peak periods, with a nighttime service running to Leamington Spa Mondays to Saturdays. There is a two-hourly service from the station each way on Sundays, with through trains to and from Worcester.

From September 2002 until May 2023, Chiltern Railways peak-hour services from Kidderminster to London Marylebone called at Hagley. Therefore, Blakedown commuters could change there for a service to London.

title: Blakedown railway station


text: Category:2005 awards

title: Category:2005 awards


text:
Charles Leslie Wrenn

Charles Leslie Wrenn (1895–1969) was an English scholar. After taking an MA at the University of Oxford, he worked for a year as a lecturer in the department of English Language and Literature at the University of Leeds in 1928–29. Following his return to Oxford, he became Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in 1945, the successor in the chair of J.R.R. Tolkien, and held the position until 1963. Wrenn was a Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. He was also a member of the Oxford literary discussion group known as the "Inklings", which included C. S. Lewis and Tolkien, and met for nearly two decades between the early 1930s and late 1949. Some of the work published by Wrenn includes The English Language (1949), A Study of Old English Literature (1967), and An Old English Grammar, written with Randolph Quirk (1955, rev. 1957). His literary interests were primarily comparative literature and later poets including T. S. Eliot.

Selected writings

 * The English Language; by C. L. Wrenn. London: Methuen, 1949
 * Beowulf, with the Finnesburg fragment; edited by C. L. Wrenn. London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1953. Rev. & enlarged ed. (=2nd ed.) London: Harrap, 1958. 3rd ed.; fully revised by W. F. Bolton. London: Harrap, 1973. ISBN 0245509941. (The latter was reissued by the University of Exeter in 1988, ISBN 0859893219.)
 * An Old English Grammar; by Randolph Quirk and C. L. Wrenn. London: Methuen, 1955
 * English and Medieval Studies Presented to J. R. R. Tolkien on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday; edited by Norman Davis and C. L. Wrenn. London: Allen and Unwin, 1962

title: Charles Leslie Wrenn


text:
The Happy Prince

The Happy Prince may refer to:

 * The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a collection of stories for children by Oscar Wilde
 * "The Happy Prince" (story), the title story of the collection
 * The Happy Prince (Bing Crosby and Orson Welles album), a 1946 studio album of phonograph records by Bing Crosby and Orson Welles of the Oscar Wilde short story "The Happy Prince"
 * The Happy Prince (The La De Das album), a 1969 album by New Zealand rock band The La De Da's
 * The Happy Prince (1974 film), an animated short film adaptation of the short story by Oscar Wilde
 * The Happy Prince (2018 film), a British biographical drama film about Oscar Wilde

title: The Happy Prince


text:
Talk:Grosse Pointe

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title: Talk:Grosse Pointe


text:
Private library

Private libraries are libraries that are privately owned and are usually intended for the use of a small number of people, or even a single person. As with public libraries, some people use bookplates – stamps, stickers or embossing – to show ownership of the items. Some people sell their private libraries to established institutions such as the Library of Congress, or, as is often the case, bequeath them after death. Much less often, a private library is maintained intact long after the death of the owner.

History
The earliest libraries belonged to temples or administration bodies, resembled modern archives, and were usually restricted to nobility, aristocracy, scholars, or theologians. Examples of the earliest known private libraries include one found in Ugarit (dated to around 1200 BC) and the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (near modern Mosul, Iraq), dating back to the 7th century BC.

Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was home to a great number of private libraries, many with extensive collections of over 400 tablets. The nucleus of these private libraries were primarily texts which had been transcribed by the proprietors themselves from the time they acquired their education in the art of the scribe. As insignificant as these libraries may seem, they established the basis for the Library of Ashurbanipal collection.

Egypt
While private libraries in ancient Egypt were not common, they did exist to some extent. One of the problems in identifying potential individual libraries is that it is often difficult to distinguish between a personal library and one associated with a temple. However, many personal libraries survived over time, and are perhaps more numerous than traditionally assumed. Several private tombs have exposed copious texts whose content is scholarly in nature. In addition, extensive clusters of papyrus scrolls have been unearthed in association with domiciliary arrangements, confirming that some type of library endured there. The Middle Kingdom Period (2055–1650 BC) offers the best clues to the presence of private libraries in ancient Egypt.

For example, one sepulcher contained a chest with books on bureaucratic relations, hymns, and incantations. In total, the cache revealed a 20-volume library. A rather large collection from the Thirteenth Dynasty suggests a library belonging to a doctor or necromancer. In addition to general texts on assorted literature, there is a profusion of discourses on medicine and magic. A private library of considerable quantity is attributed to Kenherkhepshef, a scribe. This library embodies nearly 50 manuscripts, accommodating a collection of disparate subjects from correspondence missives to astrological recipes such as incantations and dream interpretations. This particular library spanned many generations, being passed to one family member to the next, which gives the impression of the significance the library had.

A manuscript known as the Westcar Papyrus from this same period alludes to an individual whose residence occupies spaces for a private library. The text of the manuscript is a fanciful narrative; however, it proves that ordinary citizens were literate and accumulated books for their own use. One Middle Kingdom tomb, associated with a healer and lector priest, contained over 20 books, one of which was the now-famous Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Finally, a private library in a New Kingdom tomb at the site of Deir el Medina housed books on medicine as well as on love poetry and wisdom literature.

Ancient Greece
In 600 BC, library and archival collections in ancient Greece flourished. Within the next three centuries the culture of the written word rose to a pinnacle there. Although public libraries available to all citizens were established in some cities, such as Athens, most citizens could not read. However, private book collections owned by the elite and leading citizens were growing, along with the glorious homes and structures used to store them. Private libraries were not only built by the wealthy, but also by professionals who needed information nearby, including doctors and scholars. Notable scholarly figures like Euripides, Herodotus, Thucydides, and even Plato had their own private libraries with large collections. One of the most notable figures in ancient Greece with his own private library was Aristotle. Establishing his personal collection into a library at the Lyceum, Aristotle allowed his students and fellow scholars to use it. After his death, his collection grew to include the work of Theophrastus and student research. The collection was thought to have been scattered after Theophrastus's own death by Neleus. While most of the collection was supposedly brought to Rome and Constantinople, other pieces within the collection were sold to the Library of Alexandria, only to be destroyed later with the library.

Ancient China
There were numerous private libraries in Ancient China. These institutions were called "book collection house" in Chinese, which was widely accepted from Song Dynasty. Under the influence of petty-farmer consciousness, the patriarchal system, lack of books, and other factors, "hiding book" thinking was dominant then. Not all private libraries in ancient China were unavailable to the public. Some owners made their collection open to the public. Mostly to young men who were studying for civil service examinations, these became known as "academy" libraries.

Ancient Rome
The earliest libraries to appear in Rome were of the private type and were most often procured as spoils of war. For example, when the Roman general Aemilius defeated the Macedonian king Perseus in 168 BC, the only plunder he wished to possess was the king's private library. Likewise, in 86 BC, the Roman general Sulla appropriated the library of the infamous Greek bibliophile and kleptobibliophile Apellicon of Teos. Finally, around 73 BC, Lucullus removed and brought back to Rome the private library of King Mithridates VI of the Pontus region. Nearly every house of nobility had a library, and virtually every one was split into two rooms: one for Latin texts and one for Greek texts. Rome may very well have been the birthplace of specialized libraries, with evidence of early medical and legal libraries. In Rome, one can see the beginnings of book preservation. One author proposed that a library is better suited if it meets the rising sun in the east in order to ensure that it does not succumb to bookworms and decomposition. Some examples of Roman-period private libraries include the Villa of the Papyri, the House of Menander, the House of Augustus, and the Domus Aurea.

In the 5th century BC, on the island of Cos outside the city of Pergamum, a medical school complex with a library was built in the sanctuary of Asclepius. This is the first medical school known to have existed, and consequently can be credited as the first specialized library.

Small private libraries called bibliothecae were responsible for advancing the larger public libraries of the Roman world. The design of these libraries was rather a novelty, and became the archetype of later institutions, in particular libraries of imperial estates. The form of private libraries during the late Republic Period and early Empire Period imitated Greek architectural characteristics. The library itself was a repository of diminutive proportions whose purpose was to accommodate books. The books were supported on wooden shelving units or were kept in cupboards situated against walls. Rooms annexed to the library were used primarily as reading rooms. The configuration of these libraries was rectangular and is considered more of niche than a separate room because they were always extensions of other structures.

Acquiring books for personal use in order to cultivate oneself was all the rage in the Roman world, partially galvanized by the monarchs who were often prolific writers. Satirist Martial notes that it was quite accepted for the houses of the Roman elite to harbor a library. One reason for the abundance of private libraries is the reinforcement of enlightenment and perpetuating the literary traditions. It was also not uncommon for an individual to assemble a library in order to inveigle an emperor. The writer Lucian of Samosata denounces one such individual who exploits his library to cajole the emperor.

The emperor Augustus admired the works of authors and was a prolific author himself. He encouraged the advancement of the library as an institution by harboring a private library of his own. The library was the first to incorporate Greek and Hellenic architectural behaviors. The shape of the library was in the recognizable rectangular style. This library marked the establishment of a binary collection with individual rooms supporting the literatures of Greek and Roman writers respectively.

Both the philologist Aulus Gellius and the emperor Marcus Aurelius acknowledge the existence of a private library housed in the Domus Tiberiana. While Aurelius makes a passing reference to a bibliothecarius or palace librarian, Gellius commented on how he and author Sulpicius Apollinaris were engaged in erudite disquisition within the library.

The Roman sovereign Hadrian had a fondness for all types of literature; his private sanctuary, the Villa Adriana, had its own library. Like the private library of Augustus, Hadrian's collection promoted a doublet of Greek and Latin writings. It is difficult to ascertain how many manuscripts the libraries held; however, one assessment speculates that at a single wooden cabinet may have held at least 1,500 scrolls.

During the tenure of Nero, an affluent residence was not complete without a library. In fact, libraries were as important as baths.

The third century biographer Capitolinus remarks on a private library owned by the Emperor Gordion II. Apparently, the original owner of this library was the father of scholar and polymath Quintus Serenus Sammonicus, whom Gordion was a student of. Upon the death of Sammonicus in 212 AD, the library of some 62,000 manuscripts was entrusted to Gordion. It is not clear what happened to this library, but it has been suggested that it was absorbed by the libraries of the Palatine, Pantheon, or Ulpian. It is also conceivable that it had been interspersed during the upheavals of the third century.

Renaissance Europe

The Renaissance brought with it a renewed interest in conserving the new ideas being put forth by the great thinkers of the day. Kings throughout European countries created libraries, some of which have become the national libraries of today. In addition, wealthy individuals began establishing and developing their own private libraries.

The National Library of France (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) in Paris was started in 1367 as the Royal Library of King Charles V. In Florence, Italy, Cosimo de Medici had a private library which formed the basis of the Laurentian Library. The Vatican Library was also established in the 15th century. Pope Nicholas V helped to renew the Vatican Library by donating hundreds of personal manuscripts to the collection.

The creation and expansion of universities prompted the gifting of private libraries to university libraries. One notable donation was by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester to Oxford University in the early 15th century.

Colonial North America
Private libraries were a characteristic of the first colonists to North America, rather than a peculiarity. For example, 27 libraries were known to have existed in Plymouth Colony alone between 1634 and 1683. Books and the idea of establishing libraries in the new world had always been a strong conviction for the early settlers. William Brewster was one of the many passengers on board the Mayflower on its maiden voyage to America who transported his library, which consisted of nearly 400 volumes. Even as early as 1607, these libraries were flourishing in English-settled Jamestown. The Virginia colony sovereign John Smith described a private library owned by the Reverend Good Master Hunt which was incinerated during a fire that destroyed much of the town. Another analogous finding from 1720 to 1770 in Maryland records that over half of the demographics population had at least the Bible in their libraries; in Virginia, there were close to a thousand private libraries, each with a typical assemblage of 20 books. Distinguished martial administrator Miles Standish owned 50 books, while the governor of Connecticut John Winthrop the Younger carried 1,000 books with him on his voyage to the recently established territories in 1631.

George Washington's proclivity towards reading and collecting books in general was also acclaimed. Washington's personal library was originally housed in his estate at Mount Vernon, Virginia. The library consisted of 1,200 volumes and a catalog of the titles included in his library was created before his death in 1799. During the mid-nineteenth century, nearly all of the former collection had been purchased by Massachusetts book and manuscript merchant Henry Stevens. Stevens subsequently decided to auction the collection to the British Museum in London; however, interested parties from both Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts procured the collection where they bequeathed it to its current residence, the Boston Athenæum. Washington's library encompassed books in many disciplines such as economics, geography, history, and religion. Some of his most beloved volumes were those that pertained to agriculture, since he was an avid farmer. One work that he embraced dearly was a play entitled Cato, a Tragedy written in 1712 by the English playwright Joseph Addison because he felt a connection between the main character Cato and his constant battle with totalitarianism. In addition to the subject areas, the library accommodated diaries, travel, and over 100 federal correspondence letters.

Like Washington, Thomas Jefferson was a prolific collector of books and a voracious reader. He actually owned three libraries over the course of his lifetime. The first was maintained from ages 14 to 26 (1757–1770) at his birthplace of Shadwell, Virginia, about five miles west of Monticello. It consisted of 40 that he inherited from his father. Since his father had been a surveyor, the library contained a plethora of maps and topographical monographs, though Jefferson added quite a few volumes to the library from his studies. By 1770, Jefferson had acquired over 300 volumes, worth an estimated 200 pounds.

During the period of the American Revolution in the 1780s, Jefferson amassed a collection of books that numbered in the thousands. This collection became his library at his home in Monticello. Over 2,000 books were purchased during the time he spent in France in the late 1780s. Because Jefferson was fluent in French and Latin, the library contained numerous books in these languages, as well as 15 others. The collection was abundant in books on law, philosophy, and history, but it accommodated volumes on many subject areas such as cooking, gardening, and more exotic avocations like beekeeping. Unlike some of his contemporaries, Jefferson traveled very little. As such, the library became his best travel guide. Even though the library went through multiple stages throughout his lifetime, in 1814 it was known that he had the single greatest private library in the United States.

Though Jefferson is recognized most for the breadth of his library, the most astounding characteristic of it is how it was cataloged. While most libraries during this period in American history classified their holdings alphabetically, he chose to catalog his collection by subject. Inspired by Francis Bacon's tripartite categorization of knowledge (Memory, Reason, and Imagination), Jefferson divided his library's catalog into History, Philosophy, and Fine Arts before further subdividing topics out into a total of 46 categories.

When the Library of Congress was consumed by fire, Jefferson persuaded the library to purchase his collection of between nine and ten thousand books in order to compensate for the lost collection. Congress accepted a portion of Jefferson's library (6,487 volumes) in 1815 for the cost of $23,950. The figure was obtained by calculating the number of books in addition to their dimensions, though Jefferson insisted that he would agree to any price. He remarked, "I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from this collection". December 1851 brought a second fire to the Library of Congress, which managed to extinguish over 60% of the collection acquired from Jefferson. Jefferson assembled a succeeding library of several thousand volumes. This second library was placed in an auction and purchased in 1829 in order to alleviate his indebtedness.

The most recognizable individuals in colonial North America were proprietors of substantial personal libraries. John Adams, for example, owned more than 3000 volumes, which were entrusted to the Boston Public Library in 1893. He was not only a bibliophile, but an amateur librarian; he maintained his collection fastidiously and even opened his library to the public.

Legislator James Logan was a contemporary of Benjamin Franklin, with whom he developed a relationship over a passion for books. According to Logan, there was nothing more important than the acquisition of knowledge. His appetite for enlightenment led to the establishment of a private library of nearly 3000 titles, acknowledged as one of the largest in colonial America. In 1745, Logan converted his private library into a public library, which was the first structure in America to be recognized as a library for the public.

Benjamin Franklin, who was instrumental in establishing the first subscription library in North America, was the owner of a private library of considerable proportions. This clandestine miscellanea is not well known, though a contemporary of Franklin, a certain Manasseh Cutler, observed this library firsthand. Cutler noted, "It is a very large chamber and high studded. The walls were covered with book shelves filled with books; besides there are four large alcoves, extending two-thirds of the length of the chamber, filled in the same manner. I presume this is the largest and by far the best, private library in America". There are no extant catalogs of what treasures were held in Franklin's library; however, his will contained a register which included some 4,726 titles.

Modern era

Private libraries in the hands of individuals have become more numerous with the introduction of paperback books. Some nonprofit organizations maintain special libraries, which are often made available to librarians and researchers. Law firms and hospitals often maintain either a law or medical library for staff use. Additionally, corporations maintain libraries that specialize in collections pertaining to research specific to the areas of concern to that organization. Scientific establishments within academia and industry have libraries to support scientists and researchers. These libraries may not be open to the public.

Library (domestic room)
The word library also refers to a room in a private house in which books are kept. Generally, it is a relatively large room that is open to all family members and household guests, in contrast to a study, which also often contains a collection of books but is usually a private space intended to be used by one person.

Famous private libraries

 * Queen Elizabeth II's library in Windsor Castle
 * Tianyi Pavilion – the oldest private library in Asia; located in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
 * Library of Sir Thomas Browne disposed of by auction in 1711
 * Bibliotheca Lindesiana
 * Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Library located in Aligarh, India
 * Library of the History of Human Imagination, Jay Walker's private library in Ridgefield, CT
 * Morgan Library & Museum houses J. P. Morgan's collection in New York City
 * The Library of Rudolf Steiner
 * George Washington Vanderbilt's library in Biltmore Estate

title: Private library


text:
C. L. Wrenn

C. L. Wrenn may refer to:
 * Charles Leslie Wrenn (1895–1969), British scholar
 * Corey Lee Wrenn (born 1983), American sociologist

title: C. L. Wrenn


text:
San Pedro Sacatepéquez

 San Pedro Sacatepéquez is the name of two locations in Guatemala:

 * In Guatemala department:
 * San Pedro Sacatepéquez, Guatemala
 * In San Marcos department:
 * San Pedro Sacatepéquez, San Marcos

title: San Pedro Sacatepéquez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GrantM

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedily deleted. --HappyCamper 05:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

GrantM
Speedy Delete Article serves no purpose except to flame another internet user. Not encyclopedic. Article originates from an internet forum Tykell 22:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete and block user.   Paul Klenk 22:18, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete pure flame Groeck 22:30, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Do not delete - it is not biased, and does not flame. 71.107.101.67 23:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete personal attack, and votes from anonymous users don't count. Andrew pmk | Talk 23:25, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- DS1953 23:46, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- non-notable, non-verifiable --Mysidia (talk) 01:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete - Personal attack. --Beau99 (talk) 02:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Placed the tag Personal Attack Plus sockpupet --Aranda56 05:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

PLEASE DELETE MY PAGE, GURPREET_CHAGGAR ! Thanks

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GrantM


text:
Amarasiri Dodangoda

Amarasiri Dodangoda (18 October 1941 – 30 May 2009) was a Sri Lankan politician, the former Minister of Justice and Law Reforms (2005–2009) and the second Chief Minister of the Southern Province (1993–1994).

Early life
Dodangoda was born on 18 October 1941 to a businessman William Appuhamy and Punyawathie Goonesekera in Dodangoda, Galle. His had his primary education at Kukulalawatte Junior School, Ginimallegaha, Baddegama and had his tertiary level education both at Baddegama Ratnasara Vidyalaya and Richmond College, Galle. He graduated from the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya in 1963 with a B.A. degree and began his profession as a teacher at Vidyaloka Pirivena, Galle. Then he joined the Government service as an Education Officer in the latter part of the 1960s and this was followed by his entry to Sri Lanka Law College in 1971. Subsequently he was sworn in as an Attorney-at-Law of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. He was married and had two children.

Politics
He was a radical political figure in Southern Sri Lanka since 1971. He acted as Sri Lanka Freedom Party organiser for Baddegama, contested the Baddegama electorate and entered Parliament in 1983. In 1989 he contested the Galle multi member electorate and was elected to parliament. In 1993 he gave up his Parliamentary seat and when he was the elected Chief Minister of the Southern Province. He re-entered Parliament as an MP in 1994 when the Sri Lanka Freedom Party returned to government after 17 years and held various ministerial portfolios, including those of indigenous medicine, co-operatives, vocational training, local government, public administration and home affairs. He was appointed Minister of Justice and Law Reforms in 2005. He was a firm supporter of then President, Mahinda Rajapakse.

"Not only in Galle City but around Sri Lanka many lands were purchased by foreigners and they continue to do so. When the new Government is formed we will not allow them to purchase lands' said Amarasiri Dodangoda former Minister and the leader of the Galle District Freedom Alliance. Amarasiri Dodangoda said he was in Parliament about 23 years and this is the first time candidates are meeting to explain their policies. He said that during the last two years UNF Ministers and MPs said many things but have not done work to people. Many became rich people."

"* Sri Lanka can be taken towards progress only by a Leftist Government, Amarasiri Dodangoda said. 'UNP denial, of a secret pact with the LTTE is an utter falsehood, and deceptive as they have already inserted of an interim administration to North-East for a short period, in their election manifesto'.
 * 'The UNP and its leader Ranil Wicremesinghe were the most suitable tools for those business tycoons and LTTE to activate their coup against the government.
 * 'Sensible and patriotic people are with the PA, and not with UNP. Short time interim administration given to Prabhakaran in the North-East means giving Eelam on a platter for ever. You all should be aware of it' Amarasiri Dodangoda said."

Death
In March 2009, Dodangoda was admitted to the Colombo National Hospital due to an undisclosed ailment. On 30 May 2009, he died as a result of prolonged illness.

title: Amarasiri Dodangoda


text:
Gloxinia

Gloxinia can refer to:
 * Gloxinia (genus), flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae
 * Sinningia speciosa, a plant species formerly classified in the genus Gloxinia and still commonly known by that name, in the family Gesneriaceae
 * Creeping gloxinia (Lophospermum erubescens), in the family Plantaginaceae, formerly in Scrophulariaceae
 * Hardy gloxinia (Incarvillea delavayi), in the family Bignoniaceae

title: Gloxinia


text:
Talk:Bahla Fort

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/433. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 13:18, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bahla Fort


text:
Horseneck Beach State Reservation

Horseneck Beach State Reservation is a public recreation area comprising more than 800 acre on the Atlantic Ocean in the southern portion of the town of Westport, Massachusetts. The reservation is one of the state’s "most popular facilities ... welcom[ing] hundreds of thousands of visitors per year." It is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.

Description
The reservation occupies a peninsula that juts out from Westport's mainland with Rhode Island Sound to the southwest and Buzzards Bay to the southeast. The reservation features 2 mi of barrier beach, marshland, and a protected estuary habitat. Most of the marshland is concentrated at the northern portion of the peninsula bordering Horseneck Channel and The Let. The barrier island known as Gooseberry Neck (or Gooseberry Island) is connected by a causeway to the main peninsula and is the southernmost extension of Horseneck Beach State Reservation. It partially divides Rhode Island Sound from Buzzards Bay.

History
The name Horse Neck is believed by some to derive from the Algonquin word hassanegk, meaning "a house made of stone although it may be that the long land mass resembles a horse's head." Summer homes were built in the area after a bridge connected the beach to Westport Point in 1893. After all but four homes were destroyed by hurricanes in 1938 and 1954, the state acquired Horseneck West Beach in 1956. Gooseberry Neck was added to the state's holdings in 1957. which also previously had summer homes.

Activities and amenities
The state reservation offers fishing, windsurfing, motorized and non-motorized boating with boat ramp, trails for biking and walking, showers, hunting, and bird watching. The beach is located along the southern portion of the peninsula, bordering Rhode Island Sound and Buzzards Bay. Restroom facilities, management office, food bar, designated on-duty lifeguard towers, and paved walkways are found alongside the beach. A 100-site campground is located behind the dunes at Gooseberry Neck, at the eastern end of the reservation.

Accessibility
The state reservation is accessible from the Bascule Bridge via Route 88, an offshoot of Interstate 195. Route 88 is the main (and direct) route of the two land routes to Horseneck. Route 88 ends on Horseneck, where John Reed Road, the main road serving the reservation, begins. John Reed Road ends at East Beach Road on the eastern portion of the peninsula. The other land route to Horseneck is East Beach Road via Horseneck Road, on the peninsula's connector, near the Westport/Dartmouth town boundary. The beach is accessible from the several large, designated parking lots via toll gates.

title: Horseneck Beach State Reservation


text: Talk:Camuy, Puerto Rico

title: Talk:Camuy, Puerto Rico


text:
Táchira State Anthem

The anthem of the Táchira State, Venezuela, was written by Ramón Eugenio Vargas; the music was composed by Miguel Ángel Espinel. It was adopted in 1912, after a contest promoted by the regional government. The current anthem is the third made for the state.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus Las glorias de la Patria, sus fueros de Nación, unidos defendamos con ínclito valor.

I Somos libres. Las férreas cadenas del esclavo rompiéronse ya; el hogar tachirense sonríe bajo un sol todo luz:La igualdad.

II Extinguidos los odios añejos Perseguimos un solo ideal: Que prospere la tierra nativa Bajo un cielo de amor y de paz.

III El trabajo es la fuerza suprema Que nos lleva cual nuevo Titán A la meta sublime y gloriosa De los pueblos que saben triunfar.

IV Que en el Táchira ondule por siempre como enseña de honor regional, con la unión y altivez de sus hijos, el trabajo, la paz, la igualdad.

title: Táchira State Anthem


text:
Wikipedia talk:Argentina-related regional notice board/Archive 1

Photos
Hey! i think i have some photos of Iguazu natiional park, 'll look for them later today and try to upload them. if anyone has anymore photos of any of the projects upload them pleaaaseee

Maberk

 * Great, just don't forget to upload them from commons:Special:Upload so that there's no need to upload them in every wikipedia priject (it will be available in en:, es:, etc...). You might do yourself an user there.
 * BTW, ~ will write your usename, date and hour of your message, as in:Mariano 06:20, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Provinces
There's an argument going on on the naming convension for our Provinces. Options seam to be:

 * A: X Province (Buenos Aires Province, Río Negro Province, Jujuy Province, etc)
 * B: X (province) ( Buenos Aires (province), Río Negro (province), Jujuy (province), etc)
 * C: Provincia de X (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Río Negro, Provincia de Jujuy, etc)

Please, add any further option you would prefer to vote. Comments to other poples votes in the Comments section. (Try to keep the votes in one line).

Comments
It seams that we will end up using the Catamarca (province) model. There will be a lot of changes needed, so I suggest we divide the provinces between the volunteers to do these changes. The more we are, the less work we have.

Also, we should remember to use the same policy when creating any other things (cities, departments, partidos, etc). We can also start fixing those once we finish with the provinces.

Any thoughts? -Mariano 10:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I was expecting more feedback!
 * Any way, I found that this is not an Argentine problem only. Please, take a look at Naming conventions (provinces) and WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming.

 * Sorry, I completely missed this. I completely agree. In case there's a possibility for ambiguity, shall we use XXXX (province of Argentina) or XXXX (Argentine province) or what? What about the other subnational entities? --Pablo D. Flores 11:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I think we should see what happens there, right? -Mariano 15:10, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Firstly, I don't think we should see what happens. Instead we should act.

Why don't we just add the standardized ISO codes instead of making up names of articles? For example, for Argentinian provinces, we can add the ISO 3166-2:AR codes. For example, we could name the Buenos Aires article "Buenos Aires (AR-B)". The only problem with that would be you would have to look up the codes if you don't remember them, but at least they are semi-intuitive. So we could also use the form "Buenos Aires (AR)".

And anyway, we don't need to write "(province of Argentina)". That's why we have ISO 3166-2:AR and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. For example, "AR" stands for Argentina, and "B" for Buenos Aires inside Argentina.

Another example: Córdoba would be "Córdoba (AR-X)", or just "Córdoba (AR)". 2004-12-29T22:45Z 05:42:38, 2005-07-27 (UTC)

Votes

 * A: Literal name in English. As the most common format I've seen around. -Mariano 07:32, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * A: Same reasons as above --A/B 'Shipper ? (talk) 12:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * B: Post from '18:04, 14 July 2005 (UTC)' has good reasons for my change of heart. --A/B 'Shipper ? (talk) 18:40, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A :I agree (but B also seems reasonable)Jfa 13:14, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * B: I definively want to change my vote. The name has to be the most important, and the term province must be aclartatory, to disambiguate from the capital cities and other places named likewise (like Córdoba for instance).--Jfa 15:51, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A: Same reasons, I think this vote is a landslide. :) --Sebastian Kessel 15:26, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * B: The translation of the word "Provincia" is unnecessary and sounds artificial, and, many times, users just want to display the main part of the name, for example "Jujuy" instead of "Jujuy Province", or "Buenos Aires" instead of "Buenos Aires Province", even if they just refer to the province instead of the namesake city. The word "Province" should be optional, not obligatory. With the format "X (province)", displaying the word "province" or "Province" becomes optional when placing a vertical bar after the right parenthesis, like this: " X (province) ". For an explanation, see How to edit a page. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 18:04, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * C: I'm against translating; "province" has a clear derogatory undertone in English (cfr. the use of "provincial" as an adjective). I can see reasons for B, but the benefits in piping syntax are minimal (one can also do Buenos Aires, after all). Taragui 19:02, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * B: The parentheses notation gives the same information and, as stated, most of the time you want the name of the province (or "province of X"). Besides, if this notation becomes uniform for all administrative units, we will avoid funny titles like Tigre Partido (it actually took me a while to get it). Combining with C might be useful too ( Santa Fe (provincia) ). --Pablo D. Flores 10:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * B. That format makes is clear that the "(province)" is a clarifier. The problem with using Catamarca Province over Catamarca (province) is that it implies the former is the correct, formal name -- in which case, why isn't Entre Ríos at Entre Ríos Province? I see the last vote was a week ago; I hope I'm still on time, and I'm ready and willing to help with the heavy lifting in moving the links around.–Hajor 23:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A: Because this is the shortest way to write
 * X (province of Spain)
 * X (city of Spain)
 * X (province of Argentina)
 * X (city of Argentina)

versus
 * X Province, Spain
 * X, Spain
 * X Province, Argentina
 * X, Argentina

 * Last year I was in Córdoba province in Argentina.
 * Last year I was in Córdoba Province, Argentina.

Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:32, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Various discussions (moved from within vote listing

 * In response to the term province must be aclartatory, to disambiguate
 * Last year I was in Córdoba province in Argentina.
 * Last year I was in Córdoba Province, Argentina.
 * Awkward syntax and (I suspect, but I'd like confirmation from the Argentines here with reference to local preferred use) spurious capitalization. I would much prefer "Last year, I was in the province of Córdoba (province), Argentina. Which yields: Last year, I was in the province of Córdoba, Argentina –Hajor 01:51, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * FYI, there are two provinces called Córdoba. That's why country disambiguation is used. What you like seems not very practicable to me. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A minor detail that escaped me. Please consider: "Last year, I was in the province of Córdoba (Argentine province), Argentina . Which gives a nice, elegant "Last year, I was in the province of Córdoba, Argentina". Or any number of similar, accessible variations. –Hajor 02:42, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to The word "Province" should be optional, not obligatory
 * many time people want use the name and with brackets you have to write X province .... how often have I seen this. Your pipe trick is only half the truth.
 * My pipe trick is the complete truth. When you write, you just have to type "Buenos Aires (province)", and after you save, the text gets saved automatically as "Buenos Aires" . In other words, it's the wiki program (MediaWiki) which adds the second part that reads "Buenos Aires", not the user himself. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 06:25:04, 2005-07-27 (UTC)
 * I seldom see that. I see more of "X province" or (even better) "province of X" because, in general, the word "province" is a clarifier, not part of the name. The parenthetical format offers much greater flexibility. –Hajor 01:51, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * why do people write "X province" ? Why do people in ENGLISH write New York City and not new York city? Because it's needed to identify the thing. Maybe it's not 100% scientific, but this is language, language is living. Nobody speaks like "I was in Buenos Aires bracket open province bracket close. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 02:22, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * First of all, this is not about being "scientific" or not. Secondly, the people say "New York City" because they have to distinguish between the city and a homonymous state. And that, of course, is when they actually have a need to distinguish the two. But they don't always need to. Not all cities have namesake provincies. Then, they don't always say "New York City". They also say "New York" when they refer to the city. And whether the words "city" or "City" are "needed", as you say, to identify the "thing", in reality it depends on the namespace or the context and situation in which they're talking. You ask why people say "X province". Well, then I ask you why people also say "X" instead of "X province", because they actually do. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 06:29:52, 2005-07-27 (UTC)
 * Amusing though it was, let's ignore the attempted vocalization of wikisyntax. You ask why people write "Córdoba province". Ok, the Chicago Manual of Style says: "Words such as empire, state, county, city, kindgom, colony, territory, and so forth, which designate political divisions of the world, are capitalized when they are used as an accepted part of the proper name. When not used as an accepted part of the proper name, or when used alone, such terms are usually lowercased." See the problem? I'm not sure the "Province" in "Santa Fe Province" is an accepted part of the proper name, most particularly because the proper name is in Spanish and obeys a different grammatical structure. See also the Guardian style manual here, which offers as examples "Sydney harbour", "Monterey peninsula", and "Bondi beach"; I'd guess "Entre Ríos province" would fit in nicely with those. –Hajor 04:27, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to most of the time you want the name of the province (or "province of X")
 * as said, it's not true that most of the time you want the name without the word "province". Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:32, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, that's what you say, but who knows if it's actually true. I really doubt that i would say "provincia de Buenos Aires" most of the time when I'm talking about the province. Most of the time, I would say "Buenos Aires", because people would know anyway what I'm talking about because they understand the context in which I talk. A computer program like MediaWiki can't distinguish between the two because it can't recognize the context, and that's the only reason why we need to give the articles different names. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 08:20:01, 2005-07-27 (UTC)

 * In response to why isn't Entre Ríos at Entre Ríos Province?
 * we can move Entre Ríos
 * Sure we can, but I don't think we should. Instead, we can also move all the other provinces which don't follow the Entre Ríos pattern. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 08:26:21, 2005-07-27 (UTC)

 * In response to the shortest way to write
 * That's just half the truth, because we only need parentheses to disambiguate.
 * we will need them very often (90%?)Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Secondly, I myself would never say that "I was in Córdoba Province, Argentina", because that sounds too bookish and too artificial, and it just sucks. Firstly, I'd never say "Córdoba Province, Argentina", because the comma and the pause in speech, they both suck, and because it implies a kind of telegram style or abbreviated style that I'd never use in natural spoken language, not even in written representation of spoken language. I don't care if it's Spanish, or English, or German. The comma and the pause suck.
 * For the US it is done that way, afaik. That's why I thought it's common in english Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd use the preposition "in" instead of the comma. And that if, and only if, I'd say "Córdoba Province", but even that sounds too artificial, because it implies that "Province" is part of the "official" name, but in reality, I know that that's not the truth, and it just sucks. In Spanish, we say "la Provincia de Buenos Aires" or "la provincia de Buenos Aires" at most, and that's just to distinguish "la provincia de Buenos Aires" from "la ciudad de Buenos Aires". And then, even the capitalization or not of "provincia" is optional, not forced. And if we're within the namespace of Argentinian provinces, and if we then know we're just talking about Argentinian provinces, then we'd just say "Buenos Aires", even if we're talking about the province instead of the city. And that applies to Spanish and to any given translation.
 * no it's not only to distinguish province from ciudad, there is also Buenos Aires Canton. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I just hate to see the generic name of the province outside the parentheses, because you're forcing many users to talk in a way they'd never talk, and because everyone has a different way of talking. If we put the whole generic name between parentheses, then we don't force users to talk in a way they'd never wanna talk. We don't force them to display that part in the text that the reader reads. That's why we have parentheses: to make the word or words between the parentheses optional, but not obligatory. To me it just sounds very burocratic to try to force users to use translated words which are totally unnecessary. For example, it's necessary to say "Buenos Aires", but not necessarily "Province". You could just as well say you were in the "Provincia de Buenos Aires" or the "Province of Buenos Aires". Why use the form "Buenos Aires Province" and not, say, "Province of Buenos Aires"? Why not use the prepositional phrase with of instead of "Province" as a determinandum? That really shows you that the translation of "Provincia" is arbitrary and unnecessary and inflexible and burocratic.
 * sometimes it's unecessary to say Buenos Aires and it's sufficient to sy province. Maybe you take a trip to BsAs? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Next thing, I don't see why you wanna force me to say "in Córdoba Province" instead of "in the Córdoba Province", because you're forcing the grammatical structure and an artificial translation. In Spanish we say "la Provincia de Buenos Aires", so you even want me to mix up the grammatical structures.
 * what kind of article use the people in China? I mean, why are you going to teach the reader laTobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's why I wanna see the generic name between parentheses, so English speakers and Spanish speakers don't get forced to use a certain structure they don't wanna use, even if we're just in the English-speaking Wikipedia.

 * The next point is, you're just talking about the length of the text one has to type. Look, I also care about that, but, nonetheless, it's still secondary. The most important thing is what gets displayed, in other words, what the reader reads when he looks at the page. In a wiki, you have to distinguish between the text that gets written, and the text that gets displayed. They're not the same. The most important thing is the end result, the bottom line. That is what the reader who visits Wikipedia sees when he looks at the page. I don't care if I have to type one hundred kilometers of text, as long as the text that gets displayed the way I want. What counts most is whether the ideas get expressed the way Wikipedia editors intend to, not whether they have to type more words. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 06:50:16, 2005-07-27 (UTC)
 * 100% agree. what the reader sees is important. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 22:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Let's keep it cool
Please, everyone has its own opinion, and we are trying to find a consent that has not yet being reached in the Wikipedia.

Truth is that there are thousands of articles with names such as New York City, Santa Cruz River, etc., and that naming is neither right or wrong, it's just an option.

I've read some things I would like to clarify. First I would like to say that the official name of the Argentine provinces respond to the Procinvia de X format (Provincia del Chubut, Provincia de Salta, etc). Question: Should we translate Provincia or not? Second, I believe its important to keep the name of an Article as clear, simple and closer to the end-user as possible.

In my opinion, the benefits of naming an Article one way or the other can not be "I have to type less", but "That's the proper name", or "that's the english name", or even "that's what the end-user would probably search for".

Now, I kindly ask you to present your pros and cons in a more tidy way. I propose the following format, but its imperative that we keep the points short, not duplicated, and add no comments in between:

 * X (province) and variants
 * advantages
 * No need of full typed pipe when the word Province is not needed.
 * disadvantages
 * Needs full typed pipe when don't need the word Province.
 * X Province and variants
 * advantages
 * Literal translation of the spanish official name "Provincia de X".
 * disadvantages
 * Needs full typed pipe when don't need the word Province.

 * I'll add a couple of things to the above, so as to keep the discussion from straying again.
 * It is just not possible to have a format that satisfies everyone and that fulfills all possible goals. But Wikipedia offers the possibility of redirects.
 * Please please everybody stop proselitizing a format, don't assume the other party is somehow ignorant of the obvious, don't resort to precedents (as if this were a trial), and sign your posts. We're going into uncharted space here, making an important policy and remaking the whole portion of WP that refers to Argentina, so let's keep it cool and sensible.
 * The user needs to be able to find things quickly. But in many cases the user will find an article by jumping from another article. When the user comes in from the Search dialog, s/he should find a redirect or a disambiguation page. Once exposed to a unified format for province name citation, s/he will learn. Let's not assume that users will be discouraged by not finding an article after just the first try.
 * Maybe (sorry) there's an extra alternative. There could be an inline template, e. g.  that expands to, say,  . --Pablo D. Flores 10:58, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Bottom line, the problem here is that we have to use province because most of cases there are a city with the same name. That said, province is clearly disambiaguational, so, in my opinion, it should be beetween parenthesis. Below is my proposal:

 * {| cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"

! Provincia ! Capital
 * Jujuy (province)
 * Jujuy (city)
 * Salta (province)
 * Salta (city)
 * Catamarca (province)
 * Catamarca (city)
 * Tucumán (province)
 * Tucumán (city)
 * Formosa (province)
 * Formosa (city)
 * Chaco
 * Resistencia
 * La Rioja (province, Argentina)
 * La Rioja (city)
 * San Juan (province)
 * San Juan (city, Argentina)
 * Mendoza (province)
 * Mendoza (city)
 * San Luis (province)
 * San Luis (city)
 * Córdoba (province, Argentina)
 * Córdoba (city, Argentina)
 * Misiones
 * POsadas
 * Corrientes (province)
 * Corrientes (city)
 * Santa Fe (province)
 * Santa Fe (city)
 * Entre Ríos
 * Paraná (city)
 * Buenos Aires (province)
 * Buenos Aires (city) (is not the capital but)
 * La Pampa
 * Santa Rosa (Argentina)
 * Neuquén (province)
 * Neuquén (city)
 * Río Negro (province)
 * Viedma
 * Chubut
 * Rawson
 * Santa Cruz (province)
 * Río Gallegos
 * Tierra del Fuego (province)
 * Ushuaia
 * }
 * Buenos Aires (province)
 * Buenos Aires (city) (is not the capital but)
 * La Pampa
 * Santa Rosa (Argentina)
 * Neuquén (province)
 * Neuquén (city)
 * Río Negro (province)
 * Viedma
 * Chubut
 * Rawson
 * Santa Cruz (province)
 * Río Gallegos
 * Tierra del Fuego (province)
 * Ushuaia
 * }
 * Santa Cruz (province)
 * Río Gallegos
 * Tierra del Fuego (province)
 * Ushuaia
 * }
 * Ushuaia
 * }

 * In the examples above, province is to desambiguate, nothing more; when there is no need to desambiguate, I think it would not be needed to be used.--Jfa 13:03, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for offering a very good solution which I think would work very well. Just one additional comment: with the province located at Salta (province), you could conceivably argue primary topic disambiguation for the city and have it at Salta a secas: no disambig tag in the article title but with a disambiguation header at the top of the article. (That's how we had the Mexican states and cities organised -- eg, Veracruz (state), and Veracruz for the city -- before we decided to adopt the "federalised" solution of Veracruz, Veracruz, for the city and Veracruz for the state.) Wouldn't work for Córdoba, but Corrientes, Neuquén, etc. -- no problem. –Hajor 15:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with that. The words between parentheses are just for disambiguation. 2004-12-29T22:45Z 06:08:59, 2005-07-28 (UTC)

Gauchos Pesados
Has anyone ever heard of Gauchos Pesados? I never did, and that's why I've set a VfD on the article some time ago. But the article is well writen. Please, vote at the Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Gauchos Pesados. -Mariano 10:30, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Due to the recent discovery of several hoaxes by the same user who did Gauchos Pesados and many other already deleted hoaxes under the IPs and, we should consider voting for deletion the Glamorous cumbia article as stated in the no original research policy, and all links to both articles. -Mariano 12:06, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Deustch
It seams Ze Germans have been very productive lately. There's a lot of information about de:Argentina already there, including articles about the provinces (de:Jujuy (Provinz)), cities (de:San Salvador de Jujuy, regions (de:Región Noroeste Argentino, de:Región Patagonia Argentina, de:Puna), and others: de:Liste der Provinzen Argentiniens, de:Julio Argentino Roca. If anyone is interested in trasnlating them into English or Spanish, good luck. (Please, no machine translations). -Mariano 09:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * also the article on the Flag of Argentina could use some content from de:Flagge Argentiniens (which is a featured article in de). Two bad I have zero german in my pocket. SpiceMan 08:48, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

San Martin
I'm trying to expand the article on José de San Martín. What I've written so far can be seen at User:SpiceMan/San Martin. My goal is to make it a Featured Article, which means not only expanding this article but also make the articles around him more complete. Any help really appreciated. SpiceMan 12:36, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Province naming convention (vote)
There seems to be a slight majority of proponents in favor of a format like this XXX (zzz), where zzz is a disambiguation item, either province or province, Argentina or AR. I strongly favor XXX (province[, Argentina]) and I believe most of the rest of us here could live with it, provided there are alternative names as redirects (that's an entirely different can of worms we've yet to open). Basically we should have names like the one posted in the table above. We've had plenty of discussion; could we try to reach a consensus about this option now? Please don't add an opinion or repeat the ones above; just say "yes" or "no". I don't mean to appoint myself as an authority here, but it's about time.

 * PS: As per a request, the proposal is (for the moment) restricted to provinces (not cities).

To the proposal of naming provinces as above, I say...

 * Yes. --Pablo D. Flores 14:29, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Go figure... --Jfa 16:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. –Hajor 18:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep 2004-12-29T22:45Z 06:19:54, 2005-07-28 (UTC)
 * No. but, of course, I will accept the decision of the majority (even if ugly!) -Mariano 07:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. A/B 'Shipper ? (talk) 17:59, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
Hey folks can you please wait with this comma thing? Did anybody of you ever have seen this? What will you do with departments and barrios etc.? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 20:21, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If you vote here, we must assume you have taken the time to think about it. I think. This proposal is for provinces only; departments and barrios are a different thing (they are many and scattered). I for one intend to wait and see everybody's opinion before I start renaming articles. --Pablo D. Flores 20:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why shall I vote Yes/No if I am undecided. I am on the way to do some research. There is discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(subnational_entities)

And why not look for a solution for the departments as well? Maybe later on we will move all back. Little bit more planning please - disculpe soy alemán, like to do some planning. Let's avoid double work. Nobody will die if this waits a little. Category:Argentine_national_parks use "X Designator". A little bit different but also Rivers, Mountains, Islands in WP use this. I started Matrix of subnational entities - anyone knows quantatiy of departments? What is the level after departments? Districts? Municipalities? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 14:37, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Each province, as sovereign in matters of its own subdivisions, is different: Buenos Aires only has partidos under the provincial level, which are in fact municipalities, although most of the interior partidos are large and has more towns and villages besides the head. The partidos are divided in cuarteles (old use) or localidades, which in fact doesn't has authorities, besides appointed delegates. In the other provinces, which are divided in departaments, their caracther varies beetween them: in Santa Fe departaments are administrative, doesn't has elected officials, and are subdivided in communes and municipalities; in Mendoza, departaments are as same as Buenos Aires' partidos. This is in fact a very complicated matter that need to be investigate...--Jfa 14:19, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Note also that the naming conventions differ even in Spanish. People say "Partido de Tigre" (Buenos Aires) but "Departamento Constitución" (Santa Fe). From the long (endless) discussion at WP:Naming et al I seem to recall that local variants were considered more important than uniform formatting at the international level. I would happily extend this to the lower administrative levels. Note also (that's 2 also's) that rivers and mountains are 1) not administrative divisions 2) differently named in English (you can say "province of XXX" or "XXX province", but not "river of XXX").

 * In any case, regardless of the actual name of the province articles, I'd like to see a uniform treatment of locations in Argentina of the form  ("(city of) Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina"). --Pablo D. Flores 14:49, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

More naming conventions
I was wondering if Peninsula Valdés was correct as a name... In keeping with other titles, it should be Valdés peninsula (or Valdés Peninsula); if we take it as a whole expression it should be Península Valdés (with accented í). While it is very easy to move the page and create redirects, there should be a standard in the first place. I tend to consider "Península Valdés" as an indivisible whole, much like "Puerto Madryn". BTW, Quilmes Atlético Club also looks positively weird... Sorry about the nitpicking — it looks as if I was born for that. --Pablo D. Flores 15:39, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * As little as I like it, the club's proper name is Quilmes Atlético Club (afa page. I made some redirections that I considered a normal user would attempt. -Mariano 16:05, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Since when are geographical feature indivisible? Maybe look at peninsula project if this exists - Argentina is not the only country with peninsulas. We most not reinvent the wheel. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 20:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no such WikiProject, apparently. Note that Valdés peninsula exists as a redirect. The thing is that, for most people I think, the place name is heard as indivisible, "Península Valdés". Note that I simply moved it from Peninsula Valdés, which was a typo, missing the accute accent on the í. --Pablo D. Flores 20:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * no project but I found Category:Peninsulas, wouldn't this imply Valdés Peninsula.? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 15:01, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Categories often go by "Politics of Country" I saw e.g. "Argentine politics" I will move this to "Politics of Argentina". Maybe keep this format in mind if creating new Categories Tobias Conradi (Talk) 20:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Second that. Especially since the corresponding articles use that format (XXX of Argentina or sometimes XXX in Argentina). --Pablo D. Flores 20:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Administrative Divisions
Instead of discussing this issue in each province articles and Departments of Argentina, I'll address the issue here.

The administrative divisions vary among provinces, it is self determined. For instance, Córdoba is divided in departamentos, which are subdivided in pedanías, which are divided in municipalities, and there are comunas which are administrative entities below municipalities, although they're not integral part of a municipality in administrative terms (I don't know what that means, I just found out about this).

On the other hand, Buenos Aires is NOT divided in departamentos. It's divided in municipios usually called partidos (Municipalidad de La Matanza, not Departamento). The usual organization scheme of these municipios is in an Executive Department (Departamento Ejecutivo) and Legislative Department (Concejo Deliberante) which adds confusion about the issue: the municipality's government is usually called departamento referring to either the Executive or Legislative branch of the municipality government (or both).

There are 2171 municipios in Argentina according to this. Another example is Entre Ríos, here you can see how confusing the thing is: the province is divided like Buenos Aires in municipalities with a heading saying Ciudades cabeceras de Departamento, refering to the cities where the Executive and Legislative branches are located.

So I'm bringing this so we discuss how to organize this mess. SpiceMan 11:40, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No need for Mass suicide, if we use the proper title for each thing, then it shouldn't be such a problem. Partidos will still be partidos and departamentos won be nothing else but departamentos. Of course, it will be necesary to fix some incorrect articles that explain the political divisions of Argentina. I Guess we are a Federation after all. -Mariano 11:58, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

new list and same/similiar-name info at Departments of Argentina. If i got it right there are 376. Maybe there will be some places, like Villa XYZ, San Martín Department in different provinces, and at the same time Villa XYZ in different departments of the same province, so province and department name will need to be added. Maybe like Villa XYZ, San Martín, Corrientes? Tobias Conradi (Talk) 23:58, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

I created Partido, to avoid lengthy and also little wrong wikify like partido in the future. I you see an old link, maybe change it. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 00:14, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Fair comment

Fair comment is a legal term for a common law defense in defamation cases (libel or slander). It is referred to as honest comment in some countries.

United States
In the United States, the traditional privilege (inherited from British common law) of "fair comment" is seen as a protection for robust, even outrageous published or spoken opinions about public officials and public figures. Fair comment is defined as a "common law defense [that] guarantees the freedom of the press to express statements on matters of public interest, as long as the statements are not made with ill will, spite, or with the intent to harm the plaintiff".

The defense of "fair comment" in the U.S. since 1964 has largely been replaced by the ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964). This case relied on the issue of actual malice, which involves the defendant making a statement known at the time to be false, or which was made with a "reckless disregard" of whether the statement was true or false. If "actual malice" cannot be shown, the defense of "fair comment" is then superseded by the broader protection of the failure by the plaintiff to show "actual malice".

Each state writes its own laws of defamation, and the laws and previously decided precedents in each state vary. In many states, (including Alabama where the case of Times v. Sullivan originated), the "fair comment" defense requires that the "privilege of 'fair comment' for expressions of opinion depends on the truth of the facts upon which the comment is based" according to U.S Supreme Court Justice Brennan who wrote the ruling in Times v. Sullivan.

"Actual malice" removes the requirement of being faultless in the reporting of the facts by the defendant. (Under the law prior to this decision any false statement could, if found to be defamatory, be grounds for damages.) Instead it raises the question of whether factual errors were made in good faith. "Actual malice" means then that the defendant intentionally made false statements of alleged facts, or recklessly failed to verify alleged facts when any reasonable person would have checked. If it is held that the defendant made intentionally false statements of fact, that will form a powerful argument that any statements of opinion based upon those facts were made with malice. If the plaintiff can prove malice on the part of the defendant the common law defense of "fair comment" is defeated.

The "actual malice" standard only applies when the statement is about a "public official", or a "public figure", or in some cases about a "matter of public interest". When it does apply it offers so much more protection to the defendant that it would be very rare for the defendant to assert "fair comment" instead. When the allegedly defamatory statement is about a purely private person, who is not a "public figure" in any way, the defendant may need to resort to the defense of "fair comment" instead.

Canada
In Canada, for something to constitute fair comment, the comment must be on a matter of public interest (excluding gossip), based on known and provable facts, must be an opinion that any person is capable of holding based on those facts, and with no actual malice underlying it. The cardinal test of whether a statement is fair comment is whether it is recognizable as an opinion rather than a statement of fact, and whether it could be drawn from the known facts. There was formerly a rule stating that the opinion must be honestly held by the publisher (See Chernesky v. Armadale Publications Ltd. [1978] 6 W.W.R. 618 (S.C.C.)) but this rule was changed to one requiring that the opinion is capable of being held by anyone. (See Rafe Mair v. Kari Simpson [2008] 2 S.C.R. 420)

United Kingdom
Fletcher-Moulton LJ said in Hunt v Star Newspaper [1908] 2 KB 309, Tab 3, at 319-320, CA:

"“The law as to fair comment, so far as is material to the present case, stands as follows: In the first place, comment in order to be justifiable as fair comment must appear as comment and must not be so mixed up with the facts that the reader cannot distinguish between what is report and what is comment: see Andrews v. Chapman. [FN16] The justice of this rule is obvious. If the facts are stated separately and the comment appears as an inference drawn from those facts, any injustice that it might do will be to some extent negatived by the reader seeing the grounds upon which the unfavourable inference is based. But if fact and comment be intermingled so that it is not reasonably clear what portion purports to be inference, he will naturally suppose that the injurious statements are based on adequate grounds known to the writer though not necessarily set out by him. In the one case the insufficiency of the facts to support the inference will lead fair-minded men to reject the inference. In the other case it merely points to the existence of extrinsic facts which the writer considers to warrant the language he uses. In this relation *320 I must express my disagreement with the view apparently taken by the Court of Queen's Bench in Ireland in the case of Lefroy v. Burnside [FN17], where the imputation was that the plaintiffs dishonestly and corruptly supplied to a newspaper certain information. The Court treated the qualifications "dishonestly" or "corruptly" as clearly comment. In my opinion they are not comment, but constitute allegations of fact. It would have startled a pleader of the old school if he had been told that, in alleging that the defendant "fraudulently represented," he was indulging in comment. By the use of the word "fraudulently" he was probably making the most important allegation of fact in the whole case. Any matter, therefore, which does not indicate with a reasonable clearness that it purports to be comment, and not statement of fact, cannot be protected by the plea of fair comment. In the next place, in order to give room for the plea of fair comment the facts must be truly stated. If the facts upon which the comment purports to be made do not exist the foundation of the plea fails. This has been so frequently laid down authoritatively that I do not need to dwell further upon it: see, for instance, the direction given by Kennedy J. to the jury in Joynt v. Cycle Trade Publishing Co. [FN18], which has been frequently approved of by the Courts.”"

In Branson v Bower [2002] QB 737, at p 748, para 29, Eady J said:

"“The comment must be upon ‘facts truly stated’ [29] A commentator must not deliberately distort the true situation. That would be relevant on "malice" even according to Lord Nicholls's criterion. It would not be honest. The matter of distortion (whether dishonest or otherwise) may also come into play, however, at the stage of the objective test, because one cannot decide whether a hypothetical commentator could hold an opinion in a vacuum. Even at this point, it is surely necessary to test the matter against some factual assumptions.”"

Whether the comment is fair, Diplock J (as Lord Diplock then was) said in a summing up to jury in Silkin v. Beaverbrook Newspapers Ltd. and Another [1958] 1 WLR 743, Tab 5, at 749:

"“Would a fair-minded man holding strong views, obstinate views, prejudiced views, have been capable of making this comment? If the answer to that is yes, then your verdict in this case should be a verdict for the defendants. … If you were to take the view that it was so strong a comment that no fair-minded man could honestly have made it, then the defence fails and you would have to consider the question of damages.”"

In relation to malice in the context of fair comment (which is different from the malice in the context of qualified privilege), Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead NPJ said in Albert Cheng v Tse Wai Chun (2000) 3 HKCFAR 339 at p 360I to 361D:

"“My conclusion on the authorities is that, for the most part, the relevant judicial statements are consistent with the views which I have expressed as a matter of principle. To summarise, in my view a comment which falls within the objective limits of the defence of fair comment can lose its immunity only by proof that the defendant did not genuinely hold the view he expressed. Honesty of belief is the touchstone. Actuation by spite, animosity, intent to injure, intent to arouse controversy or other motivation, whatever it may be, even if it is the dominant or sole motive, does not of itself defeat the defence. However, proof of such motivation may be evidence, sometimes compelling evidence, from which lack of genuine belief in the view expressed may be inferred. Proof of motivation may also be relevant on other issues in the action, such as damages.

It is said that this view of the law would have the undesirable consequence that malice would bear different meanings in the defences of fair comment and qualified privilege, and that this would inevitably cause difficulty for juries. I agree that if the term 'malice' were used, there might be a risk of confusion. The answer lies in shunning that word altogether. Juries can be instructed, regarding fair comment, that the defence is defeated by proof that the defendant did not genuinely believe the opinion he expressed. Regarding qualified privilege, juries can be directed that the defence is defeated by proof that the defendant used the occasion for some purpose other than that for which the occasion was privileged. This direction can be elaborated in a manner appropriate to the facts and issues in the case.”"

The common law defence of fair comment in an action for defamation was abolished in England and Wales by the Defamation Act 2013, replaced with the statutory defence of honest opinion.

title: Fair comment


text: Category:2005 in film

title: Category:2005 in film