text:
User talk:Joshurtree

UK economy
Hi! In the future, please allow some time for a discussion on the talk page before you decide to remove sourced content. That is not to say that your point isn't good, far from it, but removing sourced content, especially when the source is very reliable and backed up by secondary sources, may be considered vandalism. In this case, I don't consider your edit vandalism but I do wish you would have allowed people the time to answer on the talk page before deciding to delete both the content and the source. Cheers JdeJ (talk) 22:15, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

UK GDP
Just a note that user:JdeJ is fiercely pro-French and is on a mission to ensure France's economy is seen as larger than the UK's. Signsolid (talk) 22:27, 17 January 2008 (UTC) Signsolid (talk) 22:27, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, my fiercely pro-French bias can be seen from my edit history. Almost 4% of my edits deal with topics related to France. The other 96%, well. Honestly though, Signsolid continues to attack me and stalk me from page to page. I've reported him for harassment. JdeJ (talk) 22:36, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:East Africa abbr
A tag has been placed on Template:East Africa abbr requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes.

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 05:02, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Football in Sheffield
Yeah, I was thinking that it was time that we tried to get another Wednesday article featured. Maybe Hillsborough or History of Sheffield Wednesday F.C.? Both might be quite a bit of work though. What do you reckon our chances of getting Sheffield Rules featured are? I must admit I'm far from an expert on the subject, but it's an article that I feel deserves a bit more limelight... Dan1980 (talk | stalk) —Preceding comment was added at 20:49, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think you're right about the history article, there's a lot of work there. I might have a crack at expanding it at the end of February though - I'm having an operation and will be off work for two weeks, so if I'm feeling up to it I can have a Wikipedia marathon!

 * The Sheff football taskforce sounds like a good idea, or maybe even a dedicated Sheff Football Wikiproject. Our Wikiproject has been neglected for months now and as you say it can only help the other Sheffield football related articles if we work with the Blades editors. Where's the discussion on it - I haven't seen it? Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 22:17, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

January 2008
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions in a content dispute within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution. Gwernol 21:05, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Peer review/Sheffield Rules/archive1
I've added some comments for you at the peer review. Feel free to get in touch with me if you need any help. All the best! The Rambling Man (talk) 10:00, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi Josh,
 * I've just had another quick look over Sheffield Rules (it's looking fantastic by the way) and I reckon that there are quite a few statements in it that will require citations if we are to go for FA status. I'm probably not going to be much use at finding sources for them, but if you want I could add  to the ones that I think need to be cited and leave the rest to you.
 * As the subject is quite old and not very well known to the casual reader, I think that there will probably be quite a lot to be honest.
 * Let me know what you think, I don't mind going through the entire article and tagging statements with for you if you want.
 * Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 00:59, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I've gone through the entire article and copyedited it and added  tags where I think that citations are needed.  I have tried to be as strict as possible as I'm sure that will be the case if we go for FA with this, but if you think that I have been too harsh and that a statement is covered by a nearby citaion then feel free to just remove the tag - it's not easy for me to tell as I don't have all of the books to hand.  Also, I'm not sure what the convention is when adding inline citations that cover several statements in the same paragraph, but it appears that some of them are given after the first statement and some after the final statement.  In my opinion it would be better if there was a uniform way of citing multiple statements (probably after the final statement in the paragraph), and I'm sure that consensus must already exist somewhere for this.
 * I've also added a couple of comments to the peer review. Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 14:57, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Billy Mosforth
I see that you recently created this article. There is already an article about the same person at William Mosforth, so the two articles will need to be merged. Your article is more complete, so can I suggest that you incorporate anything in the William Mosforth article and then make this a redirect? Cheers. --Daemonic Kangaroo (talk) 18:54, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:England abbr
A tag has been placed on Template:England abbr requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes.

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 03:48, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Hillsborough Stadium
I've added this section to the article (I shamelessly ripped off the format from Priestfield Stadium, although I've expanded upon it a bit). If you could have a quick look at it and maybe copyedit it, that would be great. There are also a few citations missing, I don't know if you could help out with them...

Finally, I could not find the record League attendance anywhere, which should really be in there too - any ideas? Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 11:02, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Kenya abbr
A tag has been placed on Template:Kenya abbr requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

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Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 03:16, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

February 2008
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Speedy deletion of Template:United States abbr
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Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:27, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Unitslength
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Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

WPSWFC
Hi Josh,

I've finally set up the Wikiproject for Version 1.0 assessment and put some guidelines at WikiProject Sheffield Wednesday/Assessment.

Please let me know what you think of the page. Also if you could tag any articles you come across for quality and importance that would be great.

By the way, I notice you've added a watchlist to the project. How does that work? Does it automatically add any pages tagged with WPSWFC?

Cheers, Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 23:58, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've been busy tagging articles, so the number of pages tagged with WPSWFC has more than doubled. It's probably worth running the script to update the watchlist again. I think that I have tagged all of the existing articles on SWFC players and managers now, so we should have all existing SWFC related articles covered. Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 21:57, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Bangladesh abbr
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If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 20:47, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Bermuda abbr
A tag has been placed on Template:Bermuda abbr requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 01:50, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

First Version 1.0 results for Sheffield Wednesday articles
The bot has done its first run and the results are:

– Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 18:05, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Cup final articles
Hi Josh,

I notice that you've rated the SWFC related cup final articles as Low importance. I was holding off rating them as they don't fit nicely in to the SWFC specific guidelines that I drew up at WPSWFC, however as they've been rated as Mid importance by WP:FOOTY, don't you think that we should upgrade them to Mid or High importance in that they at least "fill in more minor details" and probably "contribute a depth of knowledge" rather than being "mainly of specialist interest"? Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 21:02, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Whilst I'm on the assessment subject, what are your thoughts on current players. Should these be regarded as more important than previous players bearing in mind that they are likely to have played less than 50 games? Should there be a minimum importance for permanent members of the current squad, e.g. at least Mid or High importance?
 * Also, what about the other related articles such as Sheffield Rules? Dan1980 (talk | stalk) 21:10, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Project watchlist
Hi, I just spotted this and wondered if it would be possible to use this to create watchlists for projects other than Sheffield and if there was any limit on the number of articles that it can process. Keith D (talk) 20:59, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Many thanks for setting up the bot. Does it run on a schedule basis or is it manually invoked?

 * There is a minor problem with the script with non-ascii characters as in Brontë Country which is output to the list as Bront� Country Keith D (talk) 20:22, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Would it be possible to set up JoshurBot to create watchlists for WikiProject Louisville and WikiProject Kentucky? We were already using WatchlistBot to create these previously, but it went out of service. The watchlist files currently used are at WikiProject Louisville/Watchall and WikiProject Kentucky/Watchall -- Project watchlist could be set up in these if that's how it's supposed to work. By the way, how frequently is JoshurBot run? Thanks! Stevie is the man! Talk • Work 19:23, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for creating watchlists for these projects. However, there are a couple of issues: 1) The talk pages for articles are missing (we would like to track them too); and 2) Only the talk pages for categories, images, portal, etc. are listed and not the regular pages themselves.  Let me know if you have any questions.  Thanks!  Stevie is the man!  Talk • Work 18:07, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:CallTemplate
A tag has been placed on Template:CallTemplate requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:04, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:Canada abbr
A tag has been placed on Template:Canada abbr requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

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Auto-archiving of Talk:Leeds
I think you added the Autoarchiving to the page, and it has now autoarchived but without leaving any links to the archive. Did you set it up right? PamD (talk) 08:19, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Sheffield Rules
Hi Josh,

I've just got back online after over a week without any internet connection and I notice that Sheffield Rules didn't make FA. Any idea why? I notice that it didn't attract any opposition and that no reason was given for why it failed FAC. Dan1980 (talk ♦ stalk) 15:48, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm guessing that there must be some sort of minimum requirement for the number of supports that a FAC should receive to pass regardless of whether or not it is opposed. It's a real shame if that's the only reason they failed it. Might be worth drumming up some support on WT:FOOTY after the new FAC has been on for a while. The bot thing sounds like a great idea too, although that said, I did list the FAC on WP:FOOTY anyway. Dan1980 (talk ♦ stalk) 19:29, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Project watchlist
Hey, I noticed the default syntax at the top which lets the user know the page is updated by bot has a bad link. An example is here: WikiProject Ohio/watchlist. The click here leads to an invalid page. The problems seems to be with the subst:fullpagename. If I figure out what's wrong I'll let you know. §hep  •   ¡Talk to me!  20:37, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The problem was with the "subst:", I removed it and the link works fine now. That okay?  §hep   •   ¡Talk to me!  20:43, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Image:Example league position.xls listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Example league position.xls, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Hut 8.5 17:45, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Watchlist
Hi, can you run the bot to refresh the Yorkshire watchlist? Many thanks Keith D (talk) 17:26, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi still waiting for an update, is there anyway that there could be a regular update of the list? Keith D (talk) 20:42, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Can you please update the Yorkshire project watchlist as it has not received an update since April. May be there is a way that we can initiate an update ourselves rather than having to wait until you run it for us. If this is possible then let me know how to do it. Thanks. Keith D (talk) 15:23, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

GDP by country
If you remove the tag again, I will report you! Your actions are not according to policy. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  TALK 12:56, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
Hi. You're invited to join in a discussion on the inclusion of the EU in the above list. Talk:List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29. Regards  SilkTork  *YES! 23:16, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Report
Hi there, thought I'd let you know that Fonez4mii has been reported for suspected sockpupperty over Here. Jack forbes (talk) 15:15, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Sheffield Structures
Can you explain why the "Sheffield Structures" table that was added to the main "Sheffield page" was removed with the "not an appropriate place for it" comment ? If I wanted to find out about Sheffield the place to look is the main "Sheffield page", I would not look say in Leeds for such info for example ? one purpose of the main page is surly to link to other related content that is relevant to Sheffield and the table provides a way of allowing access to a lot of information to a much wider audience - BulldozerD11 (talk) 21:58, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reply josh, now you have pointed out that there are 1/2 a dozen similar tables that it could be argued should go on the front page I can see you point of view, and action. but then that begs the question of what should be included or not I suppose. BulldozerD11 (talk) 01:36, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Talk:List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
The Mediation discussion regarding the inclusion of the EU in List of countries by GDP %28nominal%29 has come to a conclusion with the following result:
 * The EU to remain in List of countries by GDP (nominal).
 * The EU to be positioned according to GDP rank between World and USA.
 * No consensus on the EU appearing in all three charts. By convention this means the situation would remain as current - that is the EU remains on all three charts.
 * Data for the EU on each chart to only be given if sourced, otherwise a dash to replace the data.
 * Explanation to be placed in the lead section for the appearance of the EU and other non-countries. Possible wording: "Several economies which are not normally considered to be countries are included in the list because they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison."
 * The List retains the current name.
 * A suggestion by Tomeasy that I feel should be carried out is that the sister articles are given the same treatment as agreed above.

Unless there are significant disagreements within the next 48 hours I will be closing the Mediation. Any questions, please get in touch. Regards  SilkTork  *YES! 10:45, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Constituent country
There has been a long centralized discussion at Talk:United Kingdom, in which it was decided with 83.33% consensus that constituent country would be used to describe England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. However, users at Scotland are saying that they will not accept a consensus made on another page, so I would like to inform you that there is now a similar vote on the Scotland talk page. Cheers -- fone    4    me   20:37, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

We are walking ourselves into a stalemate
Please see my suggestion here. Cheers -- fone    4    me   12:54, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Template:Trans Pennine Trail (Table Only)
Hi. Just wondering what the "(Table Only)" signifies in the above and whether or not it would be an error to remove it..? Sardanaphalus (talk) 09:02, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Should it not be Trans Pennine Trail attractions (as displayed at head of navbox), as its not actually the trail its self described in the template. - --BulldozerD11 (talk) 23:17, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Sheffield Wednesday
Hi Josh,

I've just started a new sources section at the Wikiproject and would appreciate it if you could add to it with any useful links that you know of that aren't already listed. The new section can be found here.

There's also a book list that will help in sourcing articles if you need information from a book that you do not own, so if you could add any books that you have to the list then that would be great too.

Finally, I'm in the process of starting individual articles for each of Wednesday's seasons. To start with these will essentially be stubs with an infobox and final league table, but will eventually be fleshed out. If you would like to help by expanding these articles or by creating some of the stubs then feel free to join in – you won't be treading on any toes! There is a full list of the season articles here.

Cheers, Dan1980 (talk ♦ stalk) 21:55, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Oxford Wikimania 2010 and Wikimedia UK v2.0 Notice
Hi,

As a regularly contributing UK Wikipedian, we were wondering if you wanted to contribute to the Oxford bid to host the 2010 Wikimania conference. Please see here for details of how to get involved, we need all the help we can get if we are to put in a compelling bid.

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Templates for deletion nomination of Template:New Zealand abbr
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Joshurtree! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:49, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Roger Davison -

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File:Elsecar Heritage Center.jpg missing description details
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Attention yellow.png File:Hillsborough Stadium.jpg listed for deletion on Wikimedia Commons
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 * see commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Hillsborough Stadium.jpg. --Martin H. (talk) 19:54, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:UK ward
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Better source request for File:Nathaniel Creswick.jpg
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 * File:Nathaniel Creswick.jpg

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Category:Trans Pennine Trail
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of Crystal Peaks for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Sheffield One

A tag has been placed on Sheffield One requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company, corporation or organization, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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Request for help with 1862 version of Sheffield Rules
Hi User:Joshurtree. I see you haven't been active on Wikipedia or Wikisource for almost a decade, so this attempt to contact you will probably be in vain, but here goes anyway :) You originally added the 1862 version of the Sheffield Rules to Wikisource here in 2006, and I've been trying to add sourcing information.  I've been vainly looking for any source -- online or offline, in print or out of print -- for the complete set of 1862 rules, and I've come up blank so far.  The version of the rules on Wikisource appears to be the only complete version I can find anywhere (apart from copycat websites and books).  If you can give me any hint of where I might be able to find an independent source for the complete 1862 Sheffield Rules, I would really appreciate it.  The addition of sourcing information would make the version you created online at Wikisource even more valuable. For context, I'm trying to build up a thoroughly sourced collections of laws of early laws of football on Wikisource. Thanks! Grover cleveland (talk) 18:59, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi. The 1862 rules were copied from a copy held at the Sheffield Archive. Their catalog of Sheffield FC documents is here. The 1862 rules are part of FCR 12(2). Hope this helps. josh (talk) 16:11, 27 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that information! Grover cleveland (talk) 00:44, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

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Nomination of List of football club nicknames in the United Kingdom for deletion
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title: User talk:Joshurtree


text:
Talk:Hungarian pengő

Numbers
Unless I'm very confused (wouldn't be the first time) there's something wrong with the numbers on this page.

Isn't a sextillion (1021) a thousand billion billion (in short scale) rather than a thousand million billion? Similarly isn't 100 quintillion (1020) a hundred billion billion, not a hundred million billion?

cf. Pengő mil trillones & cien trillones (long scale) —Moilleadóir 15:02, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi there!
 * Well, correct me if I'm wrong (I'm looking at Names of large numbers here)
 * A sextillion (1021) should be a thousand billion billion (since a thousand is 103 and a billion is 109 and because $$10^3 \times 10^9 \times 10^9 = 10^{21}$$), while a thousand million billion (million being 106) is $$10^3 \times 10^6 \times 10^9 = 10^{18}$$, which corresponds to a quintillion, not a sextillion.
 * 100 Quintillion ($$10^2 \times 10^{18} = 10^{20}$$) should be a hundred billion billion (just like above, but with a hundred instead of a thousand), while a hundred million billion is $$10^2 \times 10^6 \times 10^9 = 10^{17}$$, which corresponds to a hundred quadrillion.
 * Hope to have explained it so that everyone can follow! So, now we're two hoping not to be all too wrong; I corrected the main entry. :-)
 * Note that you have to be careful when comparing the numbers with other european languages, since those usually use a different scale (though the numbers in the spanish article seem to be correct).
 * Also, right now, I am not really sure which of the numbers are correct; is really a sextillion meant or rather thousand million billion? Is really 100 quintillion or 100 million billion meant? Since I do not understand hungarian, I cannot tell from the images (which leads me to another problem: the image of the first link has a banknote depicted which says "1 milliard" — do they use another scale/word altogether, wrong link or just some weird coincidence?). --NicApicella, 18/Aug/2005

 * It says "Milliard B-pengo", the B- stands for Billion Nik42 22:08, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks; that's true, I didn't notice the leading "B-"! --NicApicella, 19/Aug/2005

I think it is very confusing to use the long scale for numbers. It has been almost totally replaced by use of the short scale, where 1 billion is 1,000,000,000. It would be much better to use the short scale in this article. 93.97.194.138 (talk) 07:42, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Hungarian terms
Modern English terms are the following (with the exponent given): The corresponding Hungarian terms are, on the other hand, the following:
 * million (6), billion (9), trillion (12), quadrillion (15), quintillion (18), sextillion (21) etc.
 * millió (6), milliárd (9), billió (12), billiárd (15), trillió (18), trilliárd (21) etc.

As it is shown, the "long scale" is used in Hungary. For more on international usage and history of terms see the article on Names of large numbers.

The first image is of egymilliárd b.-pengő, out of which

 * egy means 1
 * milliárd is milliard, $$10^9$$, a thousand million
 * b.- refers to billió, trillion ($$10^{12}$$) in English (see above)

So it shows the denomination $$10^9 \times 10^{12} = 10^{21}$$, i.e. sextillion in American and modern British usage.

The second image is of százmillió b.-pengő, out of which

 * száz means 100
 * millió is million, $$10^6$$
 * b.- is again billió, trillion in English

So it shows the denomination $$10^2 \times 10^6 \times 10^{12} = 10^{20}$$, a hundred quintillion in American and modern British usage.

So I think these names are correct in the article.

Adam78 19:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Just in time... :-( Now I see your point is not about these but about their expanded clarification. I checked it; you were right with the correction. – At least I hope to have answered NicApicella's last question. -- Adam78 19:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You sure did! :-) Thank you very much... NicApicella, 19/Aug/2005

Introduction of Forint
''The highest denomination in use was a 100 billion billion (100 quintillion, 1020) pengő, see image.

The Hungarian economy could only be stabilized by the introduction of a new currency, and so, on August 1, 1946, the forint was introduced at a rate of 400 octillion (4×1029) pengő.

Is this correct? According to this, 1 forint was equivalent to 4 billion of the highest denomination bills. Surely there must be some mistake? I can't believe that people would require billions of banknotes to purchase goods! Nik42 22:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

As it's mentioned in the article, adópengő (literally: "tax-pengő") was used instead. But I found a more exact reference : on the last day with pengő, July 31 1946, a newpaper named Szabad Szó cost 100 million adópengő, and it advertised various women's clothes for forint. Another ad: "Dollar? No! Gold? No! Forint? Yes! What is more, we will only sell all our goods for forint from August 1st. Textile wholesale store by Zsigmond Darvas. ". The price of the same paper was 40 fillér (= 0.4 forint) on the following day. -- Adam78 00:09, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So, was that 100 billion billion pengő actually a hundred billion billion adópengő? Nik42 01:17, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

No. Adópengő was used in everydays in the first half of 1946 (to my understanding), but the above sentence is about the official currency, pengő. Adam78 12:45, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

In Romanian
Recent edit changed it to "penghel (pengel)". Here is a list of numbers written in Romanian that I got from Romanian banknotes This image shows "doua pengő", this image shows sutǎ penghei. Most other plural value I found are "penghei". --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 15:58, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I cannot deny what is written on the 2 pengo banknote (about the correct spelling in Romanian), but: In Romania Hungarians are known for their inability to realize the accord between the noun and the adjective (acordul substantivului cu adjectivul) (please take it as a fact, not as a malicious joke!). So, it would not be surprising to make a mistake on an official banknote, in the 1920s. In doua pengő (more correctly douǎ pengő), standing for two pengő would mean that the pengő would be of female gender (like house: douǎ case, meaning two houses). But the plural form (either penghei or pengei, both plausible in Romanian) found on several other banknotes indicates the male gender of the noun. Furthermore, on this banknote instead of pengő it would have bin correct to have penghei or pengei, as two asks for the plural form of the noun.

 * Below there is a table of some numerals in Romanian (for male/female genders of nouns)

 * Regarding the correct plural form, I will highlight the following images that show (though not at the same time i.e. not on the same banknote) the two forms: Image:HUP 10 1936 reverse.jpg Image:HUP 1000 1943 reverse.jpg Image:HUP 100 1930 reverse.jpg Image:HUP 1000 1927 reverse.jpg Image:HUP 1000 1945 NOS reverse.jpg Image:HUP 50 1932 reverse.jpg Image:HUP 1000 1945 OS reverse.jpg.

 * The singular form pengel/penghel is based on the derivation of the two plural forms found on the banknotes. We must not overlook the fact that, in Romanian, letters like Ü, and ő do not exist! --ES Vic (talk) 10:24, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

German name
Is Pengő sure the german name ? German language has no ő letter, as far as I know, only ö. --Xerces8 (talk) 15:35, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I was wondering about this, too. There is only ö in the German spelling. I also wonder about the plural pengi. Is there any evidence? --Thidrek (talk) 15:37, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The German name of the currency is PENGÖ. The German name was used on the backside of the Hungarian banknotes, see it here: http://papirpenz.hu/reszletek/87

--Benutzer:Teutschvölkischer 14:03, 25. Lenzing [März] 2012 (MEZ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teutschvölkischer (talk • contribs) 12:04, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

It's correct that german has no "ő", but that's just because "ő" is simply an "ö" with accents and German doesn't use any accents.--195.16.249.250 (talk) 11:19, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Introduction date
There's clear disagreement about when this currency was introduced. states 4 November, 1925, which is the same year that the first banknotes were dated. However, the 1927 date is well referenced (all be it in Hungarian), so could I ask those who might change to a different date to present their reference? Dove1950 (talk) 22:17, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The referenced homepage appears to be very unreliable, superficial and inaccurate. Let me cite a few sentences:
 * "He began issuing denars and obols soon thereafter." - I doubt that any of the coins issued by St. Stephan are considered obols.
 * "Louis I (1342-83) issued the first gold coins in Hungary" - it was Charles Robert, actually
 * "Austria was a republic from 1918 until 1920, a kingdom without a king from 1920 until 1945, a People’s Republic from 1945 until 1989, and a republic since 1989." - I guess it wants to say Hungary, not Austria
 * I have no idea where the unreferenced ISO-code like letterwords (XATC, XATG, ATP, ATG, ATK, HUK, HUP) come from. The ISO-4217 standard was created in 1978, and I have not seen any references on official coding of obsolate/historical currencies. Similarly, non of the dates, exchange rates or other data are referenced. The role of Reichskreditkassenschein (XDEK :-)) and Russian Roubles is negligible if any in the Hungarian monetary system, even during total occupation.
 * The "most" official source of date of introduction of Hungarian currencies can be found in laws. The introduction of the Pengő was regulated by the law no. 35 of 1925 (link here, google translation here). Timur lenk (talk) 14:43, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The introduction of the Pengő was regulated by the law no. 35 of 1925 (see above links), and introduced on 1 January 1927 (same reference). —Coroboy (talk) 10:29, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Exchange rate for forint
The article states that the forint was introduced at a rate of 4×10^29 pengo, i.e. 400 octillion. However the Encyclopedia Britannica states that the rate was in fact 400 quintillion (4x10^20). Can someone provide a reliable source for the 4x10^29 figure ? If not, I'll change it to the figure provided by the EB. Passportguy (talk) 20:36, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Long scale quintillion is actually 10^30, I would excpect EB to use that, but maybe they actually mentioned the numbers? --OpenFuture (talk) 23:47, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I checked that, and when descibing the German hyperinflation of 1922/23, they use the short scale (i.e. "trillion" not "billion" for 1,000,000,000,000). . So I'd suspect they'd use the same scale for the Hungary article as well. Even if they did use the long scale, 400 quintillion would be 4x1032 - again not the 4x1029 stated in the Wikipedia article. Passportguy (talk) 21:32, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * For reference :

 * 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 4x1029 = 400 octillion (Ssc) / 400 quadrilliard (Lsc)
 * 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 4x1032 = 400 nonillion (Ssc) / 400 quintillion (Lsc)
 * 400,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 4x1020 = 400 quintillion (Ssc) / 400 trillion (Lsc)

Names for large numbers
This is the first time I saw "quintillion" and "sextillion" outside mathematics articles. I really think we should express them in terms of millions, billions and trillions. People may not know what "quadrillion", "quintillion" and "sextillion" mean. Professor M. Fiendish, Esq. 04:14, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I think linking the words should solve the problem. Lanthanum-138 (talk) 14:50, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Inconsistency
Under "Historical exchange rates" the dates are written in DD/MM/YY format for the USD to pengő table, the table under it, the adópengő to pengő table, the dates are in written format.

Could we get a standard format going? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.81.179.154 (talk) 12:39, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Details
I have noticed that the section on hyperinflation is rather small. Can someone who has more knowledge on this matter expand it (sch as reasons, etc), and perhaps split it off onto its own article. This is, after all, the worst inflation ever!

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080607170335/http://shoebox.heindorffhus.dk/frame-HungaryInflation03.htm to http://shoebox.heindorffhus.dk/frame-HungaryInflation03.htm

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Implied yearly inflation rate added to infobox
The implied yearly inflation rate (in percent) can easily be calculated with the exchange rates given in the article (31 May: 1 USD:4.2*10^16, 10 July: 1:4.6*10^29). The calculation is as follows:

There are 40 days between 31 May and 10 July. With the above numbers, inflation before conversion to percentage is worth (4.2*10^16)/(4.6*10^29) = 1.1*10^13 over 40 days. On day 40, this means the money is worth 1.1*10^13 times less than on day 1. One may take the 40th-root of 1.1*1^13 (=2.1183). This number means that every day, money is worth 2.1183 times less than the day before. At that rate, after a year, the money would be worth 2.1183^365 (=9.7*10^118) times less. To get the yearly inflation rate in percentage from this 9.7*10^118 figure, remove 1 (it remains 9.7*10^118) and multiply by 100: 9.7*10^120%.

Nicolas Perrault (talk) 01:47, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:53, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * HUP 10 1926 obverse.jpg

Pengow
Pengow??? Does such a word exist in Polish? I am a Green Bee (talk) 16:50, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hungarian pengő


text:
User talk:Sean Hart

Welcome!

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Sorry for the delayed welcome. Nonetheless, Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:02, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

For future reference...
It's Zoe Slater, not Zoë. Trampik e y (talk to me)(contribs) 17:37, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sean Hart


text:
Stone Zoo

Stone Zoo is a medium- to small-sized zoo of about 26 acre in Stoneham, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1905, the zoo includes low-lying areas densely developed with smaller exhibits for animals as well as rocky forested hillsides devoted to larger habitats for Species Survival Plan programs. It is operated by the Commonwealth Zoological Corporation, doing business as Zoo New England, which also operates the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.

Stone Zoo is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

History
The Stone Zoo was founded in 1905 as the Middlesex Fells Zoo, a small collection of local animals which soon began to include more exotic species. A new attraction, the Kiddy Zoo, largely based on Mother Goose stories, opened in the 1950s. In the 1960s, the zoo underwent major renovations under the guidance of zoo director Walter D. Stone, including the construction of a large free-flight aviary. The renovation project saw the inclusion of elephants, giraffes, zebras, pygmy hippopotamus, sea lions, and many other large animals. On March 14, 1969, the zoo was renamed the Walter D. Stone Memorial Zoo, following his death in 1968.

The zoo continued to operate through the 1970s and 1980s and began breeding endangered species, including orangutans, kinkajous, siamang, and kudus. A polar bear named "Major" arrived in July 1979, and soon became the zoo's main attraction.

On November 12, 1990, state budget cuts caused the Stone Zoo to cease operation. Following public outcry, the state senate established a private, non-profit corporation to manage the zoo, with the help of fund-raising and donations, and the zoo reopened on June 6, 1992. During this transition period, the zoo fell into disrepair and lost all of its large animals, with the exception of Major who remained until his death in 2000. The zoo rapidly declined in quality and attendance. Old facilities were repurposed including using the former giraffe house as an animal education center.

Recent developments
In the early 2000s, Zoo New England began a fund-raising campaign to reinvigorate both the Stone Zoo and the Franklin Park Zoo.

On September 24, 2005, Stone Zoo celebrated its 100th anniversary. The zoo layout was modified to make the grounds interesting and educational, despite the lack of large animals. Many new exhibits were created and existing ones expanded or upgraded. These improvements have been credited with increasing zoo attendance.

A Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) bus stop is expected to be added to improve access by public transportation.

Exhibit areas
The major exhibits and animals on display are:

 * Alfred Huang North American Crane Exhibit (c. 2012): Home to American alligators, barrow's goldeneyes, hooded mergansers, sandhill cranes, tundra swans, and whooping cranes (c. 2014).
 * Animal Discovery Center (c. 2017): Home to Arizona blond tarantulas, Blanding's turtles, California king snakes, Chilean rose tarantulas, corn snakes, dyeing poison dart frogs, eastern box turtles, green and black poison dart frogs, honey bees, leopard geckos, magnificent tree frogs, Panamanian golden frogs, rosy boas, tonkin bug-eyed frogs, and vinegaroons.
 * Barnyard: Home to Guinea hogs, Nigerian dwarf goats, miniature zebus, and various chicken breeds. This section also features a 'nature playscape' playground.
 * Caribbean Coast (c. 2018): A 6000 sqft walk-through aviary featuring blue and gold macaws, Caribbean flamingos, Chilean flamingos, green winged macaws, Jamaican iguanas, scarlet ibises, and scarlet macaws. Nearby, there is a bush dog exhibit (the only one of its kind in New England) which displays a breeding pair. The pair had two pups, one male and one female born in November 2018.
 * Himalayan Highlands (c. 1998): Home to black-necked cranes, markhors, red-crowned cranes, snow leopards, white-naped cranes, and yaks.
 * Mexican Gray Wolf Exhibit (c. 1998): Was home to a single lone Mexican wolf named Roberto. He died in October 2019. In early 2020, the zoo now has a sibling pack of six, adolescent wolves that now roam the hillside habitat.
 * Treasures of the Sierra Madre (c. 2002): Recreating the Sierra Madre mountains, the exhibit houses Chacoan peccaries, white-nosed coatis, cougars, Gila monsters, jaguars, peregrine falcons, pueblan milk snakes, red-tailed boas, ringtails, greater roadrunners, and Seba's short-tailed bats.
 * Treetops & Riverbeds (c. 2008): An open-air environment with has exhibits for black-and-white colobuses, North American river otters, and northern white-cheeked gibbons.
 * Windows to the Wild (c. 2003): Home to barn owls, black-handed spider monkeys, cotton-top tamarins, hyacinth macaws, Inca terns, laughing kookaburras, Linne's two-toed sloths, prehensile-tailed porcupines, red-rumped agoutis, rhinoceros hornbills, and rock hyraxes. A tortoise exhibit featuring a trio of African spurred tortoises opened in the former flamingo grotto in July 2019.
 * Yukon Creek (c. 2000): Simulates the Canadian boreal forest; home to American black bears, Arctic foxes, bald eagles, Canada lynxes, North American porcupines, and reindeer.

Seasonal exhibits

 * Birds of prey (c. 2005): Outdoor wild bird demonstrations through contract with the World Bird Sanctuary of St. Louis, Missouri, running Memorial Day through Labor Day
 * An annual holiday light exhibit, ZooLights, with seasonal displays from Thanksgiving through Christmastime

title: Stone Zoo


text:
En éxtasis

En éxtasis (English: In ecstasy) is the fourth studio album by Mexican singer Thalía, released on 12 September 1995, by EMI Latin. The album became a huge success in Latin America and other countries. This is the first album Thalía recorded on the company EMI Music. It was also her first international release.

The album produced five singles, received several certifications and consolidated her career. The lead single, "Piel Morena" was a success in the Latin market and is widely recognized as one of her signature songs, while the single "Maria la del Barrio" was very popular, thanks to the Mexican telenovela of the same name starring Thalía. The album was nominated for Pop Album of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 1996. According to Billboard magazine, the album is a multimillion seller, it sold around 2 million copies worldwide, becoming one of best-selling "Latin" albums.

Background and development
After signing a multimillion-dollar contract in 1994 with the company EMI, Thalía joined Emilio Estefan and other producers like Oscar Lopez and Kike Santander to record the material in Miami and New York.

According to Estefan, the first time he saw Thalia was at an edition of the Acapulco Festival in which "he predicted that he would collaborate with her once". Finally, when Thalía was in Miami in 1994 to promote one of her soap operas Estefan called her by phone to say, "Hey, life brought us together again [...] Gloria and me saw Marimar every night and I have a perfect song for you [come to our studio]". After that, the performer went to the famous Crescent Moon Studios to record some tracks for the album. She confessed that she "felt like the chosen one" since Estefan called her and that after hearing "Piel Morena" she commented that "it was exactly her style".

The album was released on 12 September 1995; it is characterized by including several Latin American genres, such as Latin pop, cumbia and salsa. According to Thalía, En éxtasis is "an intimate moment in which I wanted to mold my feelings on a sheet. [..] They are extreme emotions and situations that are lived in moments of love [and]" in ecstasy".

The number of songs included in En éxtasis was not the same in all the countries where it was released. This is due to the fact that, at the same time the album was being released, Thalía's most successful telenovela, María la del Barrio ("Mary from the Block"), was being broadcast in all Latin America. Even though this contributed to expand Thalía's popularity throughout the Continent, it also made different people enjoy different songs. For example, the Brazilian version of the album features, as bonus tracks, a remixed version of the songs "Amándote" ("Loving you") and "Gracias a Dios" ("Thanks God"), and the soundtrack from "María la del Barrio" ("Mary from the block"). However, this version does not include the song "Juana". On the other hand, the Argentinean version of the album features, as a bonus track, only a remixed version of "Piel Morena".

Composition
En éxtasis was produced by the Chilean producer Oscar Lopez, except for the songs "Piel Morena" and "Me Faltas Tú", which were produced by Emilio Estefan and Kike Santander.

The album includes several cover songs: "Gracias a Dios", originally by the Mexican singer Juan Gabriel; "Me Erotizas" ("You turn me on"), originally performed by the French singer Herbert Léonard, under the name "Sur des musiques érotiques" ("About erotic musics") on the 1987 album "Laissez-nous rêver" ("Let us dream"). Thalia wrote a new Spanish lyric for the song; "Fantasía" ("Fantasy"), by Gabriela Anders; "Te Quiero Tanto" ("I love you so much"), originally by Eddie Sierra on the 1990 album "Está todo bien" ("Everything is alright"). The lyric of the song had to undergo some changes, not only because it was a woman who was performing it this time, but also because its author had used some expressions which are typical of the Argentinean Spanish (such as "vos", a way of addressing someone), and referred expressly to Buenos Aires (one of the original verses goes: "estoy atrapado entre la luna y Buenos Aires" -"I am trapped between the moon and Buenos Aires"-; which Thalía changed to "estoy atrapada entre la luna y los mares" -"I am trapped between the moon and the sea"-). "Llévame Contigo" was recorded in 1992 by Argentine singer Guillermo Guido in his album "Llévame Contigo". She also co-wrote "Lágrimas".

Promotion
A promotional tour was announced in mid 1995, to start on November that year and finish on February 1996 thorough South America, Spain and the United States. Album's promotion coincided with the promotion of her telenovela, María la del Barrio. Aside her native country, Mexico, Thalía visited countries such as Brazil to promote the album. She planned to visit Los Angeles' convention "Radio y Música" but the presentation was cancelled.

Singles

 * "Piel Morena": Released as the lead single from the album. The song was Thalia's first proper international single release and became a latin classic, topping the charts in several countries. It is also considered as one of her signature songs. The song's music video, directed by Daniel Grenuer, was shot mostly in black and white. In some scenes, Thalía wears a bra made of faucets and another one that holds candles.

 * "Amándote": Released as the second single from the album, this song went to the latin radios top 5. The music video was shot in Miami and directed by Peter Begman. It depicts Thalía wearing a pink bikini, playing beach volleyball and rollerblading around the city. Then she goes into a retro style and dances with her friends. There is a cameo appearance of the Spanish singer Julio Iglesias. It was the second time that they collaborated appearing in a music video. The song reached number 4 in Mexico City.

 * "Maria la del Barrio": After the huge ratings of the Mexican telenovela of the same name starring Thalía, this song was chosen by the label to receive a proper single release, becoming the third single from the album. The music video consists of scenes from the telenovela.
 * "Quiero hacerte el amor": The ballad was released as the fourth single from the album. Thalia performed the song during her TV appearances and it was in the set-list for her concerts that time. She also performed it on an episode of her telenovela Rosalinda (1999). No music video was released for the song. An English version of the song was included in her album Nandito Ako (1997).
 * "Gracias a Dios": After the success of the previous releases, the song was released as the fifth and final single from the album and became another top 5 hit for Thalía. It was written by Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel. The song is also known for its provocative music video, directed by Benny Corral. It depicts Thalía wearing a black leather bustier and a black short wig. She shaves a man tied to a chair and wets him with a firehose. An English version of the song was included in her album Nandito Ako (1997).

Promotional singles:
 * "Me Faltas Tú": Released as the first promotional single in countries like Mexico, Argentina and Peru. Written by Kike Santander, the song is a guitar-driven ballad about a person missing someone. Thalia made many performances of the song in TV shows and concerts. She gave a memorable live performance to the song featuring Julio Iglesias, which was considered an iconic act by the Latin community.
 * "Lágrimas": Written by Aureo Baqueiro and Thalía, it was released as the second promotional single from En éxtasis. It is also the last song written by Thalia about body fluids, after "Saliva", "Sudor" and "Sangre". She performed part of the song in a music video wearing a green dress in 1994, as a part of her special in "Chabeli", a Mexican TV program. Thalia performed it a few times and also sang it on an episode of her telenovela, Rosalinda (1999).

In Argentina, "Gracias a Dios" was the soundtrack of the soap opera "María la del Barrio" ("Mary from the block"), starring Thalía, instead of the song with which it was originally released in México (and which also became a hit).

Critical reception
The album received mixed to favorable reviews. Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars and wrote that "En Extasis is the first album where Thalía gets to sing well-written songs over lively productions" and that "there's some passable material interspersing these standout songs, but for the most part, Thalía gets first-rate songs to sing here and consequently she'd never sounded as good as she does here", he conclude that the album "doesn't neatly fit into any one category such as banda or Latin pop. It's dynamic music propelled with bits of cumbia, bits of pop, bits of salsa, bits of banda -- a bit of most everything great about Latin music, in fact." In his review for Amazon Joey Guerra said that "there are a few limp moments on En Extasis, but Thalia is clearly coming into her own as a singer" he also praised the songs "Piel Morena", "Amandote" and "Gracias a Dios", being the first one his favorite song of the album. Colombian newspaper El Tiempo said that only two tracks of the album are good, "Piel Morena" and "Me faltas tú" "thanks to their lyrics, and especially their catchy rhythms, much like the style of Colombian Kike Santander, the author of these songs".

Commercial performance
En éxtasis gave Thalía multiple gold and platinum records and made her win several prizes worldwide. She received a lot of certifications in an only day in 1997, during the inauguration of EMI's Miami office. The event received coverage of over 15 different TV channels and music directors from several countries. The album sold a half million copies worldwide up to July 1996. According to Billboard, it became a "multimillion seller" album. Worldwide estimated sales stand at 2 million as of 1997.

In the United States, En éxtasis failed to chart on the Billboard 200. However, it reached number 7 on the Billboard's Latin Pop Albums and number 13 on the Top Latin Albums. It was certified Double Platinum (Latin) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), recognizing 200,000 shipments within the country. In Thalía's home country, Mexico, the album sold between 220,000 and 500,000 copies.

Across South America, the album achieved commercial success. In Argentina, the record became the second best-selling album of 1996 by EMI Music, with over 100,000 units sold that year. En éxtasis also made Thalía the first Mexican female artist to have a Double Platinum award in the territory. In Brazil, the record sold 30,000 units during its first 15 days, and was certified Gold by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD) on 1997, denoting sales of 100,000 units. This led Thalía to became the first Mexican female solo artist to receive a Gold certification in the country, a feat that would not be matched for 12 years until the release of Anahí's album Mi Delirio (2009). Actual sales in Brazil stand at between 150,000 and 190,000 units, according to Billboard (1997) and Jornal do Commercio (1998), respectively. Thalía also became the biggest-selling Mexican female act in Brazil. Elsewhere, the album reached the number one in Paraguay, and the top ten in Greece and Hungary.

Bailando En éxtasis
A special edition, titled Bailando en Éxtasis (Dancing in Ecstasy) was released in 1996 by EMI, which contained only the remixed versions of most popular's album track list, and a karaoke version of "Piel Morena". It was a limited edition, not available in Latin American countries such as Argentina, for instance.

Legacy
En éxtasis has been noted as the album that launched and boosted Thalía's international music career. According to Manila Standard, Marimar and En éxtasis "has managed in so short a time to endear herself to the Filipino public". In 1995, publication Vista called Thalía the most popular hispanic artist by that moment. In 2001, Billboard commented, a string of successful albums, notably En éxtasis, have defined her musically and established her as a force to be reckoned with in the Latin market. Similary, author of Juglares hispanoamericanos: datos breves de autores (2005), wrote that En éxtasis was the confirmation of her talent.

Accolades
In 2002, "Piel Morena" won the poll of the best all-time Spanish song in the United States by Univision.

Credits

 * Thalía – vocals
 * Gabriela Anders – background vocals
 * Edwin Bonilla – bongos, conga, maracas, timbales, tambora timbal
 * Francisco Centeno – bass
 * Doris Eugenio – vocals, background vocals
 * Steve Ferrone – drums
 * Sammy Figueroa – percussion
 * Eddy Ganz – background vocals
 * Didi Gutman – piano, keyboards
 * Jeff Kievit – trumpet
 * Amaury Lopez – background vocals
 * Juanito Marquez – guitar
 * Bobby Martinez – saxophone
 * Archie Pena – drums
 * Nicki Richards – background vocals
 * Kike Santander – bass, guitar, percussion, background vocals
 * Ira Siegel – guitar
 * Dana Teboe – trombone
 * Lori-Ann Velez – background vocals
 * Francisco "STAR" Del - drum machine and keyboards

Production

 * Marcelo Añez – assistant engineer
 * Scott Canto – assistant engineer
 * Sean Chambers – assistant engineer
 * David Dachinger – engineer, mixing
 * Pablo Flores – remixing
 * Don Grossinger – mastering
 * Scott Perry – engineer
 * Mario Ruíz – executive producer
 * Eric Schilling – engineer
 * Ted Stein – engineer

title: En éxtasis


text:
Cairo Gang

The Cairo Gang was a group of British military intelligence agents who were sent to Dublin during the Irish War of Independence to identify prominent members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) with, according to information gathered by the IRA Intelligence Department (IRAID), the intention of disrupting the IRA by assassination. Originally commanded by British Army General Gerald Boyd, they were known officially as the Dublin District Special Branch (DDSB) and also as D Branch.

Twelve D-Branch members, including British Army officers, Royal Irish Constabulary officers and a civilian informer, were simultaneously assassinated in Dublin on the early morning of Sunday 21 November 1920 by the IRA assassination unit known as The Squad. The operation was a meticulously planned decapitation strike masterminded by Michael Collins. The 14 deaths were the first killings of what was later dubbed Bloody Sunday.

Tim Pat Coogan's biography of Michael Collins asserts that the "nom de guerre" of the British unit derived from a common history of service in the Middle East, but that is disputed by some Irish historians, such as Conor Cruise O'Brien, and it has been suggested that they received the name because they often held meetings at Cafe Cairo, at 59 Grafton Street in Dublin. Earlier books on the 1919–1923 period do not refer to the Cairo Gang by that name.

Background
By 1920, the IRA's Dublin headquarters, under the direction of Michael Collins, had, through assassination and intelligence penetration, eliminated the G Division of the Dublin Metropolitan Police, previously the mainstay of the Crown's intelligence operations against Irish Republicans. The Dublin Castle administration, the headquarters of the British government in Ireland, were forced to look for external intelligence support.

In January 1920, the British Army Intelligence Centre in Ireland formed a special plain-clothes unit of 18 to 20 demobilised ex-army officers, and some officers still on active duty, to conduct clandestine operations against the IRA. The officers received training in London, most likely under the supervision of Special Branch, which had been part of Britain's Directorate of Home Intelligence since February 1919. They may also have received some training from MI5 officers and former officers working for Special Branch. Army Centre in Dublin hoped these officers could eventually be deployed to the provinces to support its 5th and 6th Division intelligence staff, but it decided to keep the unit in Dublin, at the Dublin District Division, commanded by Boyd. It was known officially as the Dublin District Special Branch (DDSB) and also as D Branch. In May 1920, Lieutenant Colonel Walter Wilson arrived in Dublin to take command of D Branch.

Following the events of Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920, when twelve D Branch officers were assassinated by the IRA under the command of Michael Collins, D Branch was transferred to the command of Brigadier-General Sir Ormonde Winter in January 1921. Winter had been placed in charge of a new police intelligence unit, the Combined Intelligence Service, in May 1920, and his charter was to set up a central intelligence clearing house to more effectively collate and coordinate army and police intelligence. Those members of D Branch who survived Bloody Sunday were very unhappy to be transferred from army command to CIS command and, for the next six months, until the Truce of July 1921, D Branch continued to maintain regular contact with the Army Intelligence Centre while undertaking missions for Winter's CIS.

A famous photograph from the Piaras Béaslaí collection that is purported to show members of the Cairo Gang is lodged in the National Library of Ireland's photographic archive (five copies). An inscription describes the men as "the special gang F company Auxiliaries". The men in the photo are numbered, but there are no names or details on the back of the photos. Three other photos in the collection show Auxiliaries posing on vehicles in the grounds of Dublin Castle. Those three photos are similarly numbered.

The IRA Intelligence Department (IRAID) was receiving information from numerous well-placed sources, including Lily Mernin, who was the confidential code clerk for British Army Intelligence Centre in Parkgate Street and Sergeant Jerry Mannix, stationed in Donnybrook. Mannix provided the IRAID with a list of names and addresses of all the members of the Cairo Gang. Collins's case officers on the intelligence staff – Liam Tobin, Tom Cullen and Frank Thornton – were meeting with several D Branch officers nightly, pretending to be informers. Another IRA penetration source, participating in the nightly repartee with the D Branch men at Cafe Cairo, Rabiatti's Saloon, and Kidds Back Pub, was Dublin Metropolitan Police Detective Constable David Neligan, one of several moles Collins had recruited to infiltrate the G-Division. The IRA recruited most of the Irish domestic servants who worked in the rooming houses where the D Branch officers lived, and all of their comings and goings were meticulously reported to Collins's staff.

All the members of the D Branch were under IRA surveillance for several weeks, and intelligence was gathered from sympathisers, for example, who was coming home at strange hours, thereby indicating that they were allowed to violate the military curfew. The IRA Dublin Brigade and the IRAID then pooled their resources and intelligence to draw up a hit list of suspected Cairo Gang members, and set the date for the assassinations to be carried out as 21 November 1920, at 9:00 a.m.

Assassinations
The operation was planned by several senior IRA members, including Michael Collins, Dick McKee, Liam Tobin, Peadar Clancy, Tom Cullen, Frank Thornton and Oscar Traynor. The killings were planned to coincide with a Gaelic football match between Dublin and Tipperary, because the large crowds around Dublin would allow the members of The Squad to move about more easily, and make it more difficult for the British to detect them before and after they carried out the assassinations.

Clancy and McKee were picked up by Crown forces on the evening of Saturday, 20 November. They were tortured and later shot dead "while trying to escape". Tortured and killed with them was Conor Clune, the nephew of Archbishop Clune of Perth, who had been senior chaplain to the Catholic members of the Australian Imperial Force in World War I. Clune was manager of the seed and plant nursery owned by Edward MacLysaght near Quin, and Clune and MacLysaght travelled to Dublin on the morning of Saturday, 20 November 1920, bringing with him the books of the Raheen Co-op for its annual audit. Clune was arrested in a raid on Vaughan's Hotel in Dublin, where he was a registered guest.

28 Pembroke Street Upper
At 9:00 a.m., members of the Squad entered 28 Pembroke Street. The first British agents to die were Major Charles Milne Cholmeley Dowling and Captain Leonard Price. Andy Cooney of the Dublin Brigade removed documents from their rooms.

Captain Brian Christopher Headlam Keenlyside, Colonel Wilfrid Woodcock and Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Montgomery were also killed. Woodcock was not connected with intelligence and had walked into a confrontation on the first floor of the Pembroke Street house as he was preparing to leave to command a regimental parade at army headquarters. He was in his military uniform and, when he shouted to warn the other five British officers living in the house, he was shot in the shoulder and back, but survived. As Keenlyside was about to be shot, a struggle ensued between his wife and Mick O'Hanlon. The leader of the unit, Mick Flanagan, arrived, pushed Mrs Keenlyside out of the way and shot her husband.

119 Morehampton Road
At 119 Morehampton Road, Donnybrook, 2.3 km from the scene of the first shootings, another member of the Cairo Gang, Lieutenant Donald Lewis MacLean, along with a suspected informer, T. H. Smith and MacLean's brother-in-law, John Caldow, were taken into the hallway and about to be shot, when MacLean asked that they not be shot in front of his wife. The three were taken to an unused bedroom and shot. Caldow survived his wounds and fled to his home in Scotland.

92 Lower Baggot Street
Just 800 metres away, at 92 Lower Baggot Street, another Gang member, Captain William Frederick Newberry, and his wife, heard their front door come crashing down and blockaded themselves into their bedroom. Newberry rushed for his window to try to escape but was shot while climbing out by Bill Stapleton and Joe Leonard, after they had broken the door down.

38 Upper Mount Street
Two key members of the Gang, Lieutenant Peter Ashmun Ames and Captain George Bennett, were made to stand facing the wall on a bed in a downstairs rear bedroom and shot by Vinny Byrne and others in his squad. A maid had let the attackers into 38 Upper Mount Street and indicated, at gunpoint, the rooms occupied by the two targeted men. Despite many accounts to the contrary, Byrne was not involved in the killings in Morehampton Road that morning.

28 Earlsfort Terrace
Sergeant John J Fitzgerald, of the Royal Irish Constabulary, also known as "Captain Fitzgerald" or "Captain Fitzpatrick", whose father was from County Tipperary, was killed a kilometre away at 28 Earlsfort Terrace. He had survived an assassination attempt when a bullet grazed his head. This time he was shot twice in the head. The documents found in his house detailed the movements of senior IRA members.

22 Lower Mount Street
An IRA unit led by Tom Keogh entered 22 Lower Mount Street to kill Lieutenant Henry Angliss, alias Patrick Mahon and Lieutenant Charles Ratsch Peel. The two intelligence specialists in the Gang, Angliss and Peel, had been recalled from Russia to organise British intelligence operations in the South Dublin area. Angliss had survived an assassination attempt when he had been shot at in a billiard hall. He was targeted for killing Sinn Féin fundraiser John Lynch, mistaken for General Liam Lynch, Divisional Commandant of the 1st Southern Division, IRA. Angliss was shot as he reached for his gun.

Peel, hearing the shots, managed to block his bedroom door and survived even though more than a dozen bullets were fired into his room. When members of Fianna Éireann, who were on lookout, reported that the Auxiliary Division were approaching the house, the unit of eleven men split up into two groups, the first leaving by the front door, the second through the laneway at the back of the house.

119 Baggot Street
At 119 Baggot Street, a three-man unit killed Captain Geoffrey Thomas Baggallay, a barrister who had been employed as a prosecutor under the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 regulations and who had appeared for the prosecution in multiple military tribunals that sentenced alleged IRA volunteers to death.

Gresham Hotel
Captain Patrick McCormack and Lieutenant Leonard Wilde were in the Gresham Hotel in O'Connell Street. The IRA unit got to their rooms by pretending to be British soldiers with important dispatches. When the men opened their doors they were shot and killed. A listing in The Times for McCormack and Wilde does not indicate any rank for the latter – in fact, he was a discharged army officer who had been a British consul in Spain. McCormack's killing was a mistake. He was a member of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps and was in Ireland to buy horses for the British Army. He was shot in bed and Collins later acknowledged the error. Unlike the other British officers, McCormack, a Catholic from Castlebar, was buried in Ireland, at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.

Fitzwilliam Square
Captain John Scott Crawford, in charge of motor repair of the British Army Service Corps, narrowly escaped death after the IRA entered a guesthouse in Fitzwilliam Square where he was staying, looking for a Major Callaghan. On not finding their target, they debated whether or not to shoot Crawford. They decided not to shoot him because he was not on their list. Instead, they gave him 24 hours to leave Ireland, although the major left Ireland in no hurry despite that close call.

Eastwood Hotel
In the Eastwood Hotel at 91 Lower Leeson Street, the IRA failed to find their target, Captain Thomas Jennings. Other targets who escaped were Captain Jocelyn Hardy and Major William Lorraine King, a colleague of Hardy who was missing when Joe Dolan burst into King's room. According to the prim Todd Andrews, Dolan took revenge by giving King's half-naked mistress "a right scourging with a sword scabbard", and setting fire to the room afterwards.

Major Frank Murray Maxwell Hallowell Carew, an intelligence officer who, with Captain Price, had almost cornered 3rd Tipperary Brigade commander Seán Treacy a month before, was on the list. (Treacy had been killed by G men as he tried to shoot his way out of a trap on 14 October, a week before the day of the Cairo Gang assassinations.) When the IRA came calling for Murray, he had moved to an apartment across the street. He heard the gunfire at his former lodging and fired his revolver at an IRA sentry outside. The sentry was hit and took cover inside the house. The Volunteers moved on.

Several IRA men carried sledgehammers with them the morning of 21 November, because they expected to encounter bolted doors. They did not find any, but T. Ryle Dwyer claims that they used them to smash the skulls and faces of some of the officers they had shot.

Two members of the Auxiliary Cadet Division, Temporary Cadets Frank Garniss, aged 34, and Cecil Augustus Morris, aged 24, were among a patrol of Auxiliaries who responded to the scene of one of the attacks, armed with .45 calibre Webley revolvers and a carbine. Garniss and Morris were shot and killed as they sought to cordon off the rear of one of the scenes of assassination.

A listing in The Times of killed and wounded notes that, in addition to Caldow, Captain Brian Keenlyside, Colonel Hugh Montgomery, Major (Wilfrid) Woodcock and Lieutenant Randolph Murray were wounded. On 10 December 1920, Montgomery died of the wounds he received on Bloody Sunday.

Fatalities
Nineteen men were shot. Fourteen were killed on 21 November and Montgomery died later, making fifteen in all. Five were wounded (including King's mistress). Ames, Angliss, Baggallay, Bennet, Dowling, Fitzgerald, McCormack, MacLean, Montgomery, Newberry, Price, Wilde, Smith, Morris and Garniss were killed. Keenlyside, Woodcock, Murray and Caldow were wounded. Peel and others escaped. The dead included members of the "Cairo Gang", British Army Courts-Martial officers, the two Auxiliaries and a civilian informant.

Aftermath
Of the IRA men involved, only Frank Teeling was captured during the operation. He was court-martialled and sentenced to hang but escaped from Kilmainham Gaol. He was later tried for shooting a member of the National Army, and convicted for killing a man for bringing a bag of tomatoes into the bar at the Theatre Royal, Dublin. Patrick Moran and Thomas Whelan were arrested later and, despite their protestations of innocence and 19 false witnesses attesting to alibis, were convicted and hanged for murder on 14 March 1921.

The remaining Cairo Gang members, along with many other spies, fled to Dublin Castle or England, fearing they were next. Another member committed suicide in Dublin Castle. The deaths and flights dealt a severe blow to British intelligence gathering in Ireland.

The Igoe Gang
Eventually, another group of intelligence operatives, known officially as the Identification Branch of the Combined Intelligence Service (CIS), took the fight to the IRA. The group was known informally as The Igoe Gang, named after its leader Head Constable Eugene Igoe, who was from County Mayo. Igoe reported to Colonel Ormonde Winter. The Igoe Gang consisted of RIC personnel drawn from different parts of Ireland who patrolled the streets of Dublin in plain clothes, looking for wanted men. The gang posed a serious threat to Collins's apparatus and even caught a Volunteer whom Collins had brought to Dublin to identify Igoe.

The Igoe Gang was accused of using excessive force while interrogating prisoners – prior to his hanging, IRA man Thomas Traynor (a member of The Forgotten Ten) was badly beaten by members of the gang.

The Gang was never penetrated by the IRA. Igoe later conducted secret service operations for Special Branch over many years in other countries, but never returned to his farm in Mayo out of fear of reprisal. Brigadier General Winter appeared on Igoe's behalf to obtain an increase in his pension in view of his many services to the Crown in Ireland and elsewhere.

title: Cairo Gang


text:
Talk:Fornicate gyrus

The
"The Fornicate Gyrus is connected to the amydala, the mid region of the parietal region of the skull. The Fornicate Gyrus releases a chemical that allows sexual stimulation usually in the mid 20's in females and 30's in males. It is possibly part of the Limbic system."

This article makes little sense to me. Could the initial author add a reference for his information? What is the chemical? Can't people be sexually stimulated before their 20's and 30's? Therefore what is the function of the chemical? --Henry Hadlow 15:03, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fornicate gyrus


text: Category:74 deaths

title: Category:74 deaths


text:
User talk:Musha

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
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Hey, it's Geordie. I started an account under Padishar.

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text: User talk:63.19.200.40

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