text:
Talk:Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i

Need to cite sources
1. OHA election: 4th in a field of 20 sounds good, single-digit percentage might not sound so good. To be NPOV, present both angles. Source for exact vote totals?
 * I'll look up vote totals and make the change. --JereKrischel 17:47, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Vote totals: http://www.hawaii.gov/elections/results/2000/general/00swgen4.htm --JereKrischel 18:02, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

2. "Aloha 4 All": Dr Conklin seems to identify himself as one of the original instigators here, so what supports the change saying that Mssrs Burgess and Twigg-Smith started it alone?

 * Ken Conklin specifically denied in an email being a founding member on any legal articles of incorporation, although he certainly is a major intellecutal contributor to the organization. I suppose we're dancing around what it means to be a "founding member" - do you think that the original wording is more appropriate?  How about "Conklin helped start Aloha for All, a 501(C)(3) non-profit corporation founded by Burgess, Twigg-Smith"? --17:47, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Picture is very good. -- IslandGyrl 13:36, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Mahalo, JereKrischel, for the prompt response. That takes care of both points as far as I'm concerned.

 * Note that when we do fact-checking by contacting persons directly—and I have done / will be doing the same thing; e.g. in an e-mail to me, Prof Davianna McGregor denied having written the Apology Resolution, and I'll eventually get around to working on that article again—we are technically in violation of the verifiability policy. I think we're on safe ground because we're documenting things openly on the Talk page, the points are not that critical, and we might otherwise be unable to illuminate them at all. So I'm not objecting, but at some point someone else might: "How can I tell if you two really got those e-mails from Dr Conklin / Prof McGregor? And if you folks are that close to your respective subjects, can I trust either of you?" etc. In the meantime, though, "hele on"! -- IslandGyrl 10:23, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Very interesting point...I guess some of the things we do border on original research, but I think we're doing the right thing here. I can understand some of the impetus for the policy, but I think it could use some amendment...I'll have to ponder this for a while - I don't want to violate policy here, but I'm afraid that it's a bit easily gamed by people with access to "reputable publishers", and if anything wikipedia is a valuable alternative to the mainstream media. For example, The Hawai'i Reporter will probably publish just about anything Conklin submits, so if he wanted to assert something without proof (i.e., McGregor being the author of the apology resolution), he could do so in that forum.  And then McGregor could get the Advertiser (awfully pro-sovereignty usually) to publish her denial.  And back, and forth.  In a world where anyone can publish anything on a website, it's hard to discern what "reputable" means I suppose.  I not only enjoy the fact checking we've done, but I think it serves a very useful purpose.  I guess at the end it's all about trust, and although I can imagine you being skeptical of Conklin's claims of foundership of Aloha For All, and actually looking up the 503(c)(3) articles of incorporation to verify his denial, I think that process is a legitimate one.

 * Anyway, thanks for the pointer to that policy. I'll ponder it a bit more and try to adhere to the policy better.  Maybe there is some light for us in the WikiProject Fact and Reference Check? --JereKrischel 20:21, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Older items
Welcome, 67.49.166.229! I edited, but then decided to remove the following passage you added:

 * In 2004, Conklin after much pressure by the local press shared his views of Hawaiians and Hawai‘i. Conklin told a reporter, "Hawaiians although a friendly people could not govern themselves out of a paper bag." He then went on to say that Hawai‘i is "truly paradise, except for the racism towards the white man or haole, which the locals here commonly refer to me [as] with such disgust in their tone."

 * Conklin's views are very controversial in the state of Hawai‘i. One reason for this is that Conklin actually lives on the island of O‘ahu while he crusades for his cause.

The quotations in the first paragraph are going to need a verifiable citation of a source (newspaper article, etc.) if they are to be retained. And I admit I don't understand the point of the second paragraph; if I did I would have tried to find a more neutral phrasing than "crusades for his cause." It is a fact that Dr Conklin is controversial, but what does that have to do with his living on O‘ahu? In whose opinion does this connection exist? Is it relevant to the encyclopedia reader? -- IslandGyrl 18:02, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems like 67.49.166.229 has decided to vandalize this page with anti-gay homophobic rhetoric. 67.49.166.229, regardless of what your opinions on Conklin's positions, ad hominem attacks are not acceptable.  Please contribute according to The Five Pillars of Wikipedia. -- JereKrischel 17:41, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Eye On Conklin Site Suspect
The Eye on Conklin website purports to be part of "The Hawaiian Foundation, Inc.", which was "Officially becoming a non-profit organization in January 2005..." according to the site. A check of httpx://guidestar.org, listing non-profits yields nothing, a red flag for a sock puppet site. The only people behind it seem to be Lana Robbins and Frank Agostinelli, seen on this archive page: httpx://web.archive.org/web/20040518003141/httpx://www.eurasiancommunity.com/, who are linked to realhapas.com, which also claimed to be part of "The Hawaiian Foundation, Inc.". (the site dedicated to the proposition that hapa is only a term that should be used for part hawaiian people, not asian/caucasian mixes) A whois search reveals that all of these sites are actually registered by DomainsByProxy.com, further obscuring the source behind these works.

I would suggest that the suspect nature of the site kenconklin.com disqualifies it from being worth linking to. From the 5 pillars: "It means citing verifiable, authoritative sources whenever possible, especially on controversial topics." --JereKrischel 03:58, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * You'll notice I originally removed that whole set of anon edits including the link. Later I had second thoughts because of another WP guideline about trying to salvage useful content even from bad or blatantly-POV edits. No question the blog is dodgy and murky about its origins, though. So I concur, let's dump it. Whoever posted the link originally should find a balancing resource critical of Dr Conklin that is worthy of being taken seriously.
 * P.S. It would be nice to have (copyright-safe) pictures of Dr Conklin and Mr Burgess though. -- IslandGyrl 22:12, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't understand why there is a battle of adding and deleting Eye on Conklin. Perhaps you are right though, that Eye on Conklin should not be in there.  I personally never saw a problem with it, nothing more than the author behind Eye on Conklin wanting to show a different perspective of Kenneth Conklin.  Also I don't know who Frank Agostinelli is but I suspect he has nothing to do with Eye on Conklin.  66.215.18.34 00:26, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the real problem is that Eye on Conklin does not show a different perspective, but merely attacks him personally. The current top article on that blog merely calls him a "deciever", and is nothing more than a vanity attack site.  If it was a site that responded in some way to his writings, or his assertions, rather than just attack him personally, it may be acceptable, but right now it is clearly not a "different perspective", it is a site dedicated to name-calling and personal attacks.  You may agree with these attacks, kalani, but they certainly have no place here at wikipedia.  --JereKrischel 03:44, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

I would question Jere Krischel's ability to provide a neutral point of view regarding Ken Conklin. Considering that he has such a close working relationship with Ken Conklin on the Morgan Report web site for starters. Reading his comments above, it certainly does look like he will argue for the removal of any negative comments about Ken Conklin. While the Eye on Ken Conklin site does get personal, it also contains references to material that proves Ken Conklin wrong on some issues. Another site that may be worth including is at httpx://mauliauhonua.com/PaulsWordPress/index.php which comments on some of the writings of Ken Conklin, highlighting the errors. But if Jere Krischel continues to be active in writing on Ken Conklin here then there is no chance of any criticism of Ken Conklin appearing on Wikipedia, no matter how valid it may be. -- 66.133.242.199 02:32, 15 April 2006

 * The whole point of wikipedia is to give everyone a chance to strive for NPOV. If we were to disqualify people from editing the article on Ken Conklin because of bias shown in the world outside of Wikipedia, certainly people like Paul Arrighi wouldn't be qualified to write anything either.

 * Insofar as the Eye on Conklin reference to Paul's critique of Ken's claim that kanaka maoli should not be considered "indigenous", it is difficult to call that "highlighting the errors" - Paul's rhetoric is clearly primarily personal attack, with limited debate on the merits. He attributes the most negative motivations to Ken, and uses the slightest difference of dates (440AD versus 400AD) as a reason to condemn everything he says.  For example, Paul writes "Ken Conklin is mistaken in thinking that the loss of some aspects of a culture is a determinant in whether a people are indigenous or not.", but Paul does not reference any sort of reference to back up his claim.  In fact, Indigenous peoples shows a reference from the U.N. in 1972 that claims that indigenous people are those who today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic and cultural customs and traditions than with the institutions of the country of which they now form part.

 * Criticism of Ken Conklin may be perfectly valid - but personal attacks are not. Unfortunately, those who oppose Conklin's ideas of racial equality have no other avenue to attack his ideas. --JereKrischel 19:25, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

A predictable response from someone who only serves to promote Ken Conklin's activities rather than provide a neutral POV which is what I originally pointed out. So Jere maintains that as soon as a culture changes, then it is no longer indigenous? This debate would be better served by a third party looking at what Paul Arrighi has written and them deciding if they are personal attacks on Ken Conklin or a valid critique of Ken Conklin's writings. Despite that, I suspect that Jere would still remove any reference that is critical of Ken Conklin because of his bias towards Ken Conklin. -- 66.133.242.199 14:18, 15 April 2006

 * I did not maintain anything about what part culture played in the definition of "indigenous" - the U.N. did in 1972. Again, instead of addressing the merits of references, you attack the person making the reference.

 * You seem to have two issues here - you'd like to have baseless negative opinions of Ken Conklin's character given more weight, and you'd like to have alternate points of view regarding the arguments Ken Conklin makes on racial equality in Hawaii given more light. For the first issue, I think it is inappropriate to engage in personal attacks.  For the second issue, I think you have a strong showing of the alternate point of view in the article, Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

 * I'd be more than happy to hear a third party's opinion of Paul Arrighi's writings - I think that the personal nature and juvenile character of his attacks on Ken are self-evident, and that a neutral observer would be able to recognize that. If you'd like, we can ask for a third-party from the Mediation Cabal here.  --JereKrischel 22:41, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Hard to understand your rationale on this, you state "He attributes the most negative motivations to Ken, and uses the slightest difference of dates (440AD versus 400AD) as a reason to condemn everything he says." When in the same topic Paul also states "Ken opens up with some rational information in the first two paragraphs, concerning the settlement of Hawaii by the Polynesians." and "Ken Conklin correctly states Indigenous people who have continuously maintained their cultural traditions as their primary and regular way of life clearly deserve special protection so they may continue doing so." So he is not condemning everything Ken says. What he does do is bring to light that Ken's claim that the Saxons tenure in England is longer than that of the Hawaiians in Hawaii is incorrect. Where Ken only provides one approximate date for the Hawaiians, Paul provides a date for the Saxons, with 3 references to provide a clearer picture which Ken does not do. This is hardly consistent with someone making a personal attack. -- 66.133.242.199 01:35, 16 April 2006

 * Actually, recent archaeology has shown that Ken's claim was correct - see this Advertiser article. The negative, personal attacks are in the flavor of: "In yet another example of his habit of distorting the truth".  Paul has taken an approximate date (400 AD), which has a range of error that includes his specific date (449 AD), and uses it to claim that Ken has a "habit of distorting the truth".  Regardless of the 49 year difference (new data indicates settlement of Hawaii between 800 and 1000 AD), that seems no reason to invalidate Ken's comparison to the Anglo-Saxons.

 * Paul has acutally published what is an opinion piece on the motivations of Ken, based on a single disagreement on the date of Anglo-Saxon presence in England versus kanaka maoli presence in Hawaii. His arguments are flimsy, clumsy, and thanks to the miracles of modern archaeology, his one factual disagreement with Ken is incorrect.

 * Paul's personal attacks continue with assertions that Ken "displays his intent at vilification of the Hawaiians". His disagreements with Ken (besides on the 400/449 AD date) are purely rhetorical, with no references at all.  I could go further if you'd like, and tear Paul's argument down point by point, but this probably isn't the proper forum...I'll tell you what, within the next week I'll post something at my blog responding to Paul's argument, and we can hash it out further there.  --JereKrischel 19:17, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

"His disagreements with Ken (besides on the 400/449 AD date) are purely rhetorical, with no references at all." Only if you consider The Morgan Report, Gavin Daws, Attorney General Ashford, Hawaiian Kingdom Legislature Education Committee and Maui News amongst other references that he cites as not references. So what you are saying that Ken Conklin's item on the indigenous status of the Hawaiians is correct despite the fact that it contains no references at all while Paul Arrighi's item is incorrect and it does contain some references. This gets back to my original issue, you only seek to promote Ken Conklin's activities and because of your close working relationship with him provide a very biased entry on Ken Conklin whether you will admit to it or not. Regretfully such situations devalue the importance of Wikipedia as a neutral source of information. -- 66.133.242.19914:51, 16 April 2006

 * Did you read what Paul wrote? His attack on Sanford Dole hardly relied at all upon the few references he made...he also seems to make the mistake of asserting that the Provisional Government and Republic of Hawaii were not internationally recognized, based on his own interpretation of the authority conferred to the diplomatic corps from other nations in Hawaii.  And again, Paul concentrates on unfounded, personal attacks, with "Sanford Dole does tower above all others in Hawaiian history, few have achieved his level as a scoundrel, thief or a liar."

 * I'm not promoting any of Ken's activities here at all - the article on Ken is clear, sympathetic, and neutral in tone. It does not claim that he is 100% right on every issue he speaks to, nor does it assert that his arguments are invulnerable to critique.  That being said, your desire to add personal attacks to the article on Ken Conklin seems to devalue your potential contribution to Wikipedia. --JereKrischel 04:31, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

The personal attacks that you claim exist are just your opinion, one that is undeniably biased towards Ken Conklin, despite this you overlook that Paul does agree with Ken Conklin on some points as I have shown above. Again at least Paul does cite some references, something that Ken's article on the indigenous status of Hawaiians fails to do even once. But it is notable that you diligently remove any comments or links to sites that are contarary to Ken's and your views to the point that I think this item should be removed from Wikipedia. -- 66.133.242.199 23:15, 16 April 2006

 * First note, please attribute your comments with:

--~

 * Second of all, I do not diligently remove comments or links to sites that are contrary to my views - the Hawaiian sovereignty page contains links to many groups I completely disagree with, and I help maintain that page diligently. What is notable is that I diligently remove personal attacks, and strive for NPOV articles.

 * Regarding the article on Ken Conklin, I'll have you note that it was originally posted by IslandGyrl, who is very pro-sovereignty, and that the version that exists today is largely unchanged from her original article. The fact that the article does not include baseless personal attacks accusing Ken Conklin of racism does not mean it is pushing any POV - in fact, it is a rather dry assessment of his political career and activist work.

 * There is no reason for this article to be removed from Wikipedia, and there certainly is no reason to include personal attack blog links in the article. The article on Ken Conklin does not push his POV, it merely describes, in a neutral manner, what his point of view is, and his historical significance to the debate over hawaiian sovereignty.  It does not say he is correct, accurate, or definitive.  Please read Neutral point of view for more information regarding NPOV. --JereKrischel 08:05, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

"Controversial"
JK, your hair-splitting about whether or not C's assertions are controversial are nothing short of hilarious. I am not going to revert now, but will give you a chance to recover whatever shred of decency and common sense you may have left. Arjuna 09:23, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Arjuna, you can't quote people out of context. If you want to find a source that asserts that he is  controversially "accusing those within it of preaching racism and apartheid", find the source.  Don't just find a page with "controversial" and his name on it.

 * Would you like help finding a negative review of Conklin? Seriously, in good faith, I can go look for one further (simple google does not find any reliable reference that uses the word "controversial" - of course, you gotta ignore cousin Lana'a blogs), but you just can't throw in "controversial" because it suits you. --JereKrischel 13:10, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

JK, be serious. You are simply trying to waste my time, not to mention mis-using the entire notion of citations. I think any other person with a modicum of common sense would agree that if Ken Conklin himself acknowledges that his class at UH on these issues was controversial, then his assertion that Hawaiian Sovereignty people "are practicing racism and seeking apartheid", then gee -- that might also, just barely, maybe, perhaps, under such conditions as say EVERYWHERE, also be considered, at minimum, "controversial". I could easily insist on the more accurate qualifier of "incendiary", but have been trying to be reasonable and simply use "controversial". Use your head! And stop overzealously trying to protect your friend. (Does he pay you for this service?) There might even be some Wikipedia guideline on what's going on here. Do you really think your efforts on this will hold up to outside scrutiny? Really? I think you're just trying to make me jump through hoops at this point, and I'm not going to. "Controversial" is a reasonable description of Conklin, it's not editorializing, and you know it as well as I do. So if you want to find a bloody citation, you go for it mate. Failing that, I will begin reverts when I'm free of the 24 hour window. Cheers, Arjuna 19:01, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No, arjuna, I'm not trying to waste your time - I'm trying to improve the article. Ken's class on Hawaiian Sovereignty is not identical to asserting that pro-sovereignty people are "practicing racism and seeking apartheid".  Making the stretch that because his class was self-described as "controversial" to asserting that his criticism of pro-sovereignty folks as "practicing racism and seeking apartheid" is controversial is beyond WP:OR.

 * Second, no, I'm not paid for my contributions to Wikipedia, and I assume you aren't either, so let's start by acknowledging that we're both good hearted volunteers here trying to work together.

 * Third, I think you may misunderstand 3RR - 3RR means you can do up to 3 reverts in 24 hours, not that the 3rd revert is a violation. The 4th revert is.  I know, I know, this doesn't help my cause to inform you that you're limiting yourself arbitrarily, but I thought it important to point out to you in the spirit of full disclosure.  So feel free to revert 3 times every 24 hours, and I'll do the same.

 * Anyway, pretty please, with sugar on top, find a cite. If he is as patently controversial as you seem to believe, it shouldn't be hard for you to find a magazine or newspaper article to that effect. c/m/t --JereKrischel 20:16, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

This is getting kinda overheated. The discussion about 3RR is not good you guys; it sounds like threats on both sides and I don't want this to be a standard that we all have to live with. Jere, can you give the specific reason you don't like the word "controversial"? I guess I'm thinking that something is controversial if some people disagree strongly with it. I might be missing something, but the only angle by which I could see that KC could not be viewed as "controversial" would be to say that the guy is so far out there on some things that nobody, even the rest of the GRIH/AFA crew, agree with him. And to me, this is quite plausible -- at least I hope that it is! To illustrate what I mean, try look at this link:. It clearly shows that there is indeed controversy with KC's position, and includes a link to KHNL footage that gives a visual picture of the controversy. It also shows KC trying to physically bite Auntie Terri Keko'olani's finger off, which is what I mean by him perhaps being a little extreme for even the GRIH team. I myself have more footage like that, but I guess that's OR? My point is that it could indeed be said that some of KC's viewpoints and behavior are so far out that it may indeed be wrong to call them controversial. But I'm not sure that that's what you mean, Jere. One way or another, let's have some more aloha in all this. Pretty please, but no sugar (nuff of that already). Somebody reminded me of the importance of this recently, and it was good advice. Aloha,-- Laualoha 20:32, 3 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Laualoha (talk • contribs)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 06:39, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Conklin doctorate
An anonymous user claimed that a search of the UM Dissertation database showed no recored of a Kenneth R. Conklin writing a dissertation. Another user reverted that edit. Conklin does indeed appear to have a doctorate according to this database. His dissertation is from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1967. It is titled THE RELEVANCE PROBLEM IN PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION. The source is DAI-A 28/08, p. 3065, Feb 1968. The ProQuest ID # is 755317761. The url is http://0-proquest.umi.com.catalog.lib.cmich.edu:80/pqdweb?did=755317761&sid=1&Fmt=1&clientId=45540&RQT=309&VName=PQD although due to licensing restrictions those without access to the databse may not be able to access it. It is a subscription database. LarryQ (talk) 02:53, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Changes - 1/12/09
I just removed from this article the spam link that was masquerading as a reference and one other spamlink. This article needs some reliable sources per WP:RS. – ukexpat (talk) 01:37, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Is there a cite so support "He once taught a controversial course on Hawaiian Sovereignty at the University of Hawaii." There's no title for this course. I've always had the understanding that his proposed course was canceled before it ever began.--RichardP1978 (talk) 09:20, 20 February 2009 (UTC)RichardP1978
 * If there is no cite, then you can remove the information since you've already posted about it here. Viriditas (talk) 09:44, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i


text:
Peter Gouldthorpe

Peter James Gouldthorpe (born 30 July 1954) is an Australian artist and author best known for his children's books. He lives and works in Hobart, Tasmania with his wife, Jennie, and has two children.

Early life
Gouldthorpe was born in Melbourne, but most of his childhood was spent in the Northern Beaches of Sydney. After leaving high school, he studied art at East Sydney Technical College (now the National Art School), before moving to Tasmania at the age of nineteen. Here, he taught at Devonport and Launceston TAFE colleges, and began painting landscapes, holding several solo exhibitions in Devonport at The Little Gallery (now the Devonport Regional Gallery).

Children's books
Gouldthorpe wrote and illustrated his first children's book, Jonah and the Manly Ferry, in 1983. Since then, he has gone on to illustrate or write/illustrate seventeen picture books and innumerable educational books. His work uses a wide variety of mediums including linocut, scraperboard, watercolour, crayon, coloured pencils, acrylic and oil paints. His books have often been shortlisted for The Children's Book Council of Australia's Children's Book of the Year Awards. In 1994, First Light (written by Gary Crew) was awarded Picture Book of the Year. He has collaborated with some of Australia's best-loved children's authors, including Paul Jennings, John Marsden and Colin Thiele. He has also introduced a new generation of young readers to the works of great Australian poets CJ Dennis and Ethel Turner though his illustrated versions of their work.

Landscape painting
Since 2001, Gouldthorpe has returned to landscape painting, often working en plein air. He has held several solo shows at Colville Street Art Gallery. He has been a three-time finalist in the Glover Prize, winning the People's Choice Award in 2010.

Other media
Gouldthorpe's work appears in many other areas, including murals, stamps, advertising, film, television and live performance. Several of his murals, employing the Trompe-l'œil technique, can be seen around the streets and businesses of his home town, Hobart.

Children's non-fiction
Ice, Wind, Rock: Douglas Mawson in the Antarctic (written and illustrated by Peter Gouldthorpe, 2013) - Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Notable Book 2014

Lyrebird!: a true story (written by Jackie Kerrin, 2012) - Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Honour Book 2013

No Return: Captain Scott’s Race to the Pole (written and illustrated by Peter Gouldthorpe, 2011)

Queenie: One Elephants Story (written by Corinne Fenton, 2006) - Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Honour Book 2007

Children's fiction
The Dog on the Tuckerbox (written by Corinne Fenton, 2008)

Pannikin and Pinta (written by Colin Thiele, 1999)

Norton’s Hut (written by John Marsden, 1998)

The Lost Diamonds of Killiecrankie (co-created with Gary Crew, 1995)

The Wonder Thing (written by Libby Hathorn, 1993)

First Light (written by Gary Crew, 1993) - Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year 1994

Grandad's Gifts (written by Paul Jennings, 1992) - Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award Shortlisted Book 1993

Hist! (poem by C. J. Dennis, 1991) Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award Honour Book 1992

Sheepdogs (written by Jack Bedson, 1990)

Don’t Get Burnt! (written by Jack Bedson, 1985)

Walking to School (poem by Ethel Turner, 1984)

Jonah and the Manly Ferry (written and illustrated by Peter Gouldthorpe, 1983)

Trompe l'Oeil
The Aurora Mural, Denison Lane, South Hobart, Tasmania, 2002

Tony Haigh Walk, North Hobart, Tasmania, 2000

Le Provençal Restaurant, South Hobart, Tasmania 1994

Stamps
Creatures of the Night (Australia Post, 1997)

Antarctic Research Ships (Australia Post, 2003)

Advertising
Murals feature in the award-winning  Tasmania - Go Behind The Scenes  television commercial for the Discover Tasmania website

Awards
Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Notable Book 2014 for Ice, Wind, Rock: Douglas Mawson in the Antarctic

Glover Prize Children's Choice 2014 for Tasman Passage

Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Honour Book 2013 for Lyrebird!: a true story written by Jackie Kerrin

Glover Prize People's Choice 2010 for Gondwana Rococo

Children's Book Council of Australia Eve Pownall Book of the Year Award Honour Book 2007 for Queenie: One Elephants Story written by Corinne Fenton

Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year 1994 for First Light written by Gary Crew

Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award Shortlisted Book 1993 for Grandad's Gifts written by Paul Jennings

Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award Honour Book 1992 for Hist! poem by C. J. Dennis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Gouldthorpe


text:
User talk:Quanben

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Thanks for uploading Image:OrientalPearl.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 23:33, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quanben


text:
Talk:Leagues of China

Chuulghan or Aymag?
Does Chinese méng 盟 (league) correspond to Mongolian chuulghan (?) or rather aymag? Babelfisch 00:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Meng corresponds to ayimaɤ and corresponded to čiɤulɤan although the meaning of "league" is carried by the latter.

 * During the Qing Dynasty, the hierarchy of the Mongolian administrative system was as follows: čiɤulɤan -> ayimaɤ -> qosiɤu. Ayimaɤ had been a spontaneous unit among the Mongol tribes but had no administrative function during the Qing Dynasty. Lord of each čiɤulɤan regularly held an assembly. In Northern Mongolia, čiɤulɤan corresponded one-to-one with ayimaɤ, so each čiɤulɤan was known by ayimaɤ's name. Some time after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the name of čiɤulɤan was replaced by ayimaɤ and the original ayimaɤ was abolished in Inner Mongolia. But for some reason, the Chinese name was left unchanged. In Mongolian People's Republic, traditional ayimaɤs were reorganized into smaller ayimaɤs. --Nanshu 01:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Great! Maybe that information could be incorporated into the article. Just one note: I think you're confusing the vowel ɤ with the consonants ɣ (or better: γ) here. They look very similar in many fonts. Babelfisch 05:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I use a mongolian transliteration input system I made myself. Hmm, I have to fix misspellings I spread over Wikipedia. --Nanshu 22:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Just in case anyone reads this: the names of aimags and chuulgans in Outer Mongolia were not the same. Khan Uulyn Chuulgan was the chuulgan of Tusheet Khan aimag, Kherlen Bars Khotyn Chuulgan was that of Setsen Khan aimag etc. At least that's what my sources say. That there was a 1-1-correspondence between aimags and chuulgans in Outer Mongolia is correct. Yaan (talk) 09:51, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leagues of China


text: User talk:69.241.2.27

title: User talk:69.241.2.27


text:
Edith Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun

Edith Maud Rawdon-Hastings, 10th Countess of Loudoun (10 December 1833 – 23 January 1874) was a Scottish peer. She died aged 40 after caring for Rowallan Castle. Sir George Gilbert Scott designed an Eleanor Cross style monument to her which was erected in Ashby de la Zouch.

Early life
Rawdon-Hastings was the second child and eldest daughter of George Rawdon-Hastings, 2nd Marquess of Hastings, the British peer and courtier, and his wife Barbara née Yelverton, 20th Baroness Grey de Ruthyn. Her elder brother was Paulyn Rawdon-Hastings, 3rd Marquess of Hastings, who died unmarried. Among her younger siblings were Lady Bertha Rawdon-Hastings (wife of Augustus Wykeham Clifton), Lady Victoria Rawdon-Hastings, Henry Rawdon-Hastings (who married Lady Florence Paget, daughter of Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey), and Lady Frances Rawdon-Hastings (wife of Charles Marsham, 4th Earl of Romney). Fifteen months after her father's death in 1844, her mother married Capt. Hastings Henry, nephew of the Duke of Leinster, who took took the name of Yelverton by royal license in 1849. From her mother's second marriage, she had a younger half-sister, Hon. Barbara Yelverton, who later married John Yarde-Buller, 2nd Baron Churston.

His mother, who inherited the barony when only seven months old, was the only child of Henry Yelverton, 19th Baron Grey de Ruthyn (a friend of Lord Byron) and the former Anna Maria Kellam. Her paternal grandparents were Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings and his wife, Flora Mure-Campbell, 6th Countess of Loudoun.

Career
She was greatly attached to the old Mure family mansion of Rowallan Castle near Kilmaurs in Ayrshire, and funded restorations of it.

In 1866, Rawdon-Hastings drew a picture which she called "Skeleton Ball". This picture is now in the Tate.

Personal life
On 30 April 1853, she married Charles Clifton. The couple took the surname of Abney-Hastings, as a condition of inheriting from a second cousin Sir Charles Abney-Hastings, 2nd Bt, a natural grandson of the 10th Earl of Huntingdon (brother of Lady Edith's grandmother). , . They had six children:
 * Lady Flora Paulyna Hetty Barbara Abney Hastings (1854–1887), who married Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk.
 * Charles Edward Hastings Clifton, 11th Earl of Loudoun (1855–1920), who married the Hon. Alice Fitzalan-Howard, daughter of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop (himself the second son of Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk), in 1880.
 * Hon. Paulyn Francis Cuthbert Rawdon-Hastings (1856–1907), a Major who married Lady Maud Grimston, daughter of James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam.
 * Gilbert Theophilus Clifton Clifton-Hastings-Campbell, 3rd Baron Donington (1859–1927), who married Maud Kemble Hamilton, daughter of Sir Charles Hamilton, 1st Baronet.
 * Hon. Henry Cecil Plantagenet Clifton (b. 1860), who married Maharaja Duleep Singh's companion and was subsequently ostracised when the party went in exile.
 * Lady Egidia Sophia Frederica Christina Clifton (1870–1892), who died young.

Edith died on 23 January 1874 and was buried in the churchyard at Castle Donington, except for her right hand, which – at her own request – was buried in the parkland of her home at Donington Hall. After she died, the Loudoun monument was erected in Ashby. The octagonal monument by Sir George Gilbert Scott is based on the Eleanor crosses and is now a Grade II* listed structure. After Edith's death, her widowed husband was created Baron Donington.

Descendants
Through her son Paulyn, she was a grandmother of Edith Abney-Hastings, later 12th Countess of Loudoun.

Through her son Gilbert, she was a grandmother of four granddaughters, including Hon. Selina Clifton-Hastings-Campbell, who married Sir Edward McTaggart-Stewart, 2nd Baronet.


text:
Technical Difficulties (filk group)

Technical Difficulties was a Filk group composed of Sheila Willis, Linda Melnick and T.J. Burnside (now T.J. Burnside Clapp). They won The Pegasus Award ("For Excellence In Filking") in the Best Performer category at the Ohio Valley Filk Fest convention in 1989, and produced two albums on cassette, Please Stand By and Station Break.

Side 1

 * Lullaby for a Weary World
 * Reluctant Freedom
 * Elizabeth's Song
 * Come You Knights
 * Innocence Lost
 * Dedication

Side 2

 * Technical Difficulties, Part I: Dona Nobis Pacem
 * One Final Lesson
 * Break Forth
 * Few Days
 * Thinking of You / The Cruel War
 * Technical Difficulties, Part II: The Hallelujah Chorus

Side 1

 * Star Sisters
 * Ladyhawke!
 * Go, Traveller
 * Dairy Queen
 * Robin Hood
 * Arafel's Song

Side 1

 * Wolf and Hawk
 * Challenge
 * Wishful Thinking
 * Jaq's Song
 * Dreamer's Lament
 * Technical Difficulties, Part III: Pachalbel's Canon in G

title: Technical Difficulties (filk group)


text:
Jalsaghar

Jalsaghar (জলসাঘর Jalsāghar, lit. 'The Music Room') is a 1958 Indian Bengali drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray, based on a popular short story by Bengali writer Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay, and starring Chhabi Biswas. The fourth of Ray's feature films, it was filmed at Nimtita Raajbari at Nimtita, in Murshidabad district. Despite initial poor critical reception in India, Jalsaghar went on to win the Presidential Award for best film in New Delhi, and played a significant role in establishing Ray's international reputation as a director. It has since gained near-universal critical acclaim, and has come to be regarded by the cinema community as one of the greatest films of all time.

Plot
Jalsaghar depicts the end days of a decadent zamindar (landlord) in Bengal and his efforts to uphold his family prestige while facing economic adversity. The landlord, Biswambhar Roy (Chhabi Biswas), is a just but otherworldly man who loves to spend time listening to music and arranging public performances, rather than managing his flood-damaged properties and adjusting to the government's abolition of the zamindari system after Independence. He is challenged in arranging performances and organising concerts by a rich commoner who has made his money through business. This is the tale of a zamindar who has nothing left but self-delusion and sacrifices his family and position trying to retain it and the clash of the old and new India's.

Cast

 * Chhabi Biswas – Biswambhar Roy
 * Padma Devi – Mahamaya, Roy's wife
 * Pinaki Sen Gupta – Khoka, Roy's son
 * Gangapada Bose – Mahim Ganguly, Neighbour
 * Tulsi Lahiri – Manager of Roy's estate
 * Kali Sarkar – Ananta, Roy's servant
 * Ustad Waheed Khan – Surbahar player
 * Roshan Kumari – Krishna Bai, The dancer
 * Begum Akhtar – Durga Bai, Singer

Other credits

 * Music & Dance performances
 * (On screen) – Begum Akhtar, Roshan Kumari, Ustad Waheed Khan, Bismillah Khan
 * (Off screen) – Dakhshinamohan Thakur, Ashish Kumar, Robin Mazumdar, Imrat Khan, Salamat Ali Khan

Production
Jalsaghar was based on a popular short story written by Bengali writer Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay. After the box office failure of Aparajito, Ray desperately needed a hit and decided to make a film based both on a popular piece of literature and one that would incorporate Indian music. It was his first film to extensively incorporate classical Indian music and dancing. Ray began shooting in May 1957.

While in pre-production, Ray and his crew had difficulty finding a suitable location for Biswambhar Roy's palace. By chance they met a man who recommended the palace of Roy Chowdhurys in Nimtita, known as the Nimtita Rajbari and Ray decided to scout the location. To his surprise the palace was not only perfect for the film but just so happened to have once belonged to Upendra Narayan, whom Bandopadhyay had based his main character on when first writing the short story. Ray worked closely with composer Ustad Vilayat Khan on the film, although he was initially uncertain about the composer's musical choices and had to convince Khan to make more sombre music pieces for the film.

According to Ray, "The Nimtita palace was perfect, except that the music room–it did have one, for Ganendra Narayan's uncle Upendra Narayan Choudhury had been a patron of music much like the nobleman in our story–was not impressive enough to serve as the setting for the sumptuous soirées that I had planned." Therefore, the film's famed jalsaghar scenes were made inside the Aurora Film Corporation studio In Maniktala, Kolkata. The studio has now been demolished.

Reception
Although the film received mostly poor reviews in India, it received the Presidential Award in New Delhi for best film. When the film was gradually released in Europe and the US in the early 1960s it became a critical and financial hit and helped establish Ray's international reputation, although Ray said that in 1958 he did not think that the film would be successful in foreign markets. New Statesman film critic John Coleman compared Ray to Jean Renoir and Marie Seton said that the film "challenged the whole convention of songs and dances in India cinema. Audiences...conditioned to the introduction of songs and dances as entertainment interludes and [as] dramatic and romantic stresses, had never before been confronted with...classical singing and dancing as integral focal points of realistic sequences." John Russell Taylor said that the film was "one of Ray's most masterly films, exquisitely photographed and directed with a complete, unquestioning mastery of mood ... For those willing to place themselves under its hypnotic spell it offers pleasures of unique delicacy." Roger Ebert hailed it as "[Ray's] most evocative film, and he fills it with observant details." In 1963 Bosley Crowther praised the "delicacy of direction ... [and] eloquence of Indian music and the aurora of mise en scène." However, that same year Stanley Kauffmann criticised the film, calling it "a deeply felt, extremely tedious film...the Indian music is simply uncongenial and tiresome to our ears." In 1965 Derek Malcolm called it Ray's "most perfect film." When the film was released in Paris in 1981 it was a surprise hit and led many French critics to adopt a new appreciation for Ray that had not been common in France up to that time. San Francisco Chronicle critic Edward Guthmann described it as "A wonderful tale of pride and the fools it makes of men." Werner Herzog said about Jalshaghar "The most amazing Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray and there's one film, really beautiful, it's called The Music Room... And it's of phenomenal beauty and Ray really knew how to use music and create a drama around music." Pauline Kael gave the film a rave review writing " great, flawed, maddening film -- hard to take but probably impossible to forget. It's often crude and it's poorly constructed, but it's a great experience. Worrying over its faults is like worrying over whether King Lear is well constructed; it really doesn't matter".

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 100% based on 24 reviews with an average rating of 9.09/10.

Box office
In 1981, the film was a box office success in France, where it sold 173,758 tickets, the highest for an Indian film up until Salaam Bombay! (1988).

Awards and recognitions

 * 1959 – All India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film
 * 1959 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali
 * Best Music Award at 1st Moscow International Film Festival. Also got a nomination for Grand Pix for Best Film in the festival.
 * Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. Voted #20 on the list of "100 Best Films" by the French magazine Cahiers du cinéma in 2008. Was ranked at #27, #146 and #183, respectively, in the Sight and Sound list of Greatest Films in 1992, 2002 and 2012. Film critic Derek Malcolm ranked the film at No. 56 on his list of the "Top 100 Movies" in 2001. The British Film Institute included it in their list of '360 Classics'. The film got the 7th spot (jointly with few other films) on the list of Cinemaya's Greatest Asian Films (1998). Recently, Busan International Film Festival featured it at no. 18 (jointly with few other films) in their list of 100 Best Asian Cinema.
 * In 2021, The Daily Star ranked the film 3rd on its list of the greatest short story adaptations.

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive preserved Jalsaghar in 1996.

Home video
In 1993, Merchant Ivory Productions restored the film and Sony Pictures Classics released it theatrically in New York with five other Ray films. It was released on VHS in 1995.

In July 2011, an HD digitally restored version of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection.

Sound Track
A CD of the sound track was released at the end of the 1980's by Ocora-RadioFrance / Harmonia Mundi. The booklet accompanying the CD contains excerpts of an interview of Satyajit Ray by Andrew Robinson. The interview took place in Calcutta in 1986. https://archive.org/details/jalsaghar-le-salon-de-musique-sound-track-booklet

title: Jalsaghar


text:
Talk:Free group

Free abelian group
Question, is the reason that a free abelian group is not the same as an abelian free group is that in an free group ab ≠ ba, necessarily, but in an abelian free group, a+b=b+a? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.120.99.192 (talk • contribs) 22 August 2005

All free groups are not abelian, as the word aba^{-1}b^{-1} is not the neutral element. Anyhow the free groups are the free objects in the category of groups and hence the name free group makes sense. A free abelian group is a free object in the category of abelian groups. The meaning of free abelian group is NOT: a free group which is abelian. This is a very important subtle difference. HenrikRueping (talk) 09:12, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Very nice
-- Very nice page. After spending an hour staring at Hungerford's definition, it's nice to see the clear underlying idea. Thanks. 134.243.218.123 23:11, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Possible revision and expansion
Hi everyone!

I've been working on a possible revision and expansion of this article for a while. Parts of it are now in good enough shape that it might make sense to move them into the main article in some form. Let me know what you think: Please be aware that when I'm writing a draft, I tend to rewrite as much text as possible, on the theory that we can use whichever version comes out better. Jim 20:24, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * User:Jim.belk/Draft:Free group
 * I don't think that what you have prepared is any way acceptable as a substitute for the present page. It is amateur and short on any extra useful information. This is not the way WP articles are written. Mathsci 21:22, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm really not proposing replacing this page with the draft. I wrote a bunch of stuff, and now I'm proposing moving the best of it to this page.  Please take a look and see if you like any of it. :-) Jim 21:29, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's probably best to follow normal pratice and add little bits at a time. Don't remove anything: there's a lot that you haven't included in your version and some of it is not concise or encyclopedic. The references of Magnus et al and Serre are classics. There is incidentally the whole connection of the lower central series of the free group and free Lie algebras due to Magnus that has not yet been covered; also Haagerup-Gromov a-T-menability of the free group. So please just add extra details bit by bit, trying to be as concise and general as possible, and don't attempt to rewrite the whole article. Mathsci 21:45, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

All right, I'll just go ahead and post some things. Feel free to undo any revisions you dislike. Jim 22:29, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks good. I just reinstated the fact about the naming of free groups and made a reference to Magnus' work on free Lie algebras. Your way of including references in the text makes it a little bit hard to edit the original. Please try to avoid this if you change any of the mathematics sections: just add references at the end. Mathsci 11:58, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You have now started adding trivialities. The rank of a free group is the rank of its abelianisation as a free Abelian group. What you added is long-winded and mathematically obvious. It's exactly what is not wanted in this article. Why not read the chapter on commutators in Magnus' book? (This is the first case G/G'.) The problem with what you have added is exactly what was wrong with your draft article. Sorry. Mathsci 18:35, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry that you didn't like that section, but I think its contents would be non-obvious to someone who wasn't a group theorist. In any case, I'm happy to work on other articles instead. Jim 19:14, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * This is a little bit WP:POV, don't you think? If you look at the history of the page, you might get some idea of consensus and of the level of the article. But what's wrong with Ab(G)=G/G'? When I came across this article, I was surprised to find no mention of group actions on trees. Mathsci 19:51, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

the contents of the topology and geometry sections from Jim's draft, in more concise form perhaps, can help provide additional examples/perspectives. Mct mht 05:53, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Inverses in Generating Set
The section on construction of the free groups from a set S says to suppose that for each element a in S, its inverse a-1 is also contained in S. My understanding of the generating set is that it should be an arbitrary set, and a word in the elements of S can contain either positive or negative powers of those elements. Could we consider revision of that section? ATC2 (talk) 18:43, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's wrong. Feel free to rewrite it. Though I would stay away from powers - it's easier just to use x and x−1. --Zundark (talk) 18:58, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

 * A way to correct it without drastic changes is just to distinguish the free generating set S = { a, b, c }, from the monoid generating set T = S ∪ S−1 = { a, a−1, b, b−1, c, c−1 }. In other words, the problem is not with the a−1, but rather with using the letter S to denote two distinct sets.  Basically, the free monoid on T is very easy to understand, and makes a good foundation for the free group construction (which is T modulo the rewrite rules a⋅a−1 → 1, a−1⋅a → 1, etc.). JackSchmidt (talk)

 * Done. Thanks for the suggestion.ATC2 (talk) 22:11, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Cyclically reduced?
The article says „A word is called cyclically reduced, if its first and last letter are not inverse to each other. Every word is conjugated to exactly one cyclically reduced word.“ But in $$F_2 = \langle x,y,z \rangle$$, the word $$xyz$$ is cyclically reduced according to the definition, and so is it’s conjugate $$c_{x^{-1}}(xyz)=x^{-1}xyzx = yzx$$. It seems that the second quoted sentence is wrong, or am I misunderstanding it? --Nomeata (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:36, 6 May 2009 (UTC).

 * Fixed. JackSchmidt (talk) 14:57, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Unique epimorphism?
The article says "This can be formalized by the following universal property: given any function ƒ from S to a group G, there exists a unique homomorphism...." and that the "...homomorphisms FS → G are in one-to-one correspondence with functions..." Doesn't uniqueness require the additional constraint that the homomorphism be surjective? Harold f (talk) 17:31, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * No, the uniqueness is due to the fact that FS is generated by S. The homomorphism FS → G needn't be surjective (and obviously can't be if |FS| < |G|). --Zundark (talk) 17:51, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Tarski's Problem
There was some hubbub about Kharlampovich & Myasnikov's original independent proof not working correctly. I've heard they ultimately fixed it by employing a bunch of Sela's techniques, occasionally even employing his notation, which differed markedly form their own. It's apparently fairly clear their result should ultimately be regarded as an extension of Sela's work to cover decidability. It's however true that they had done a great deal of work before he publish his paper too, probably an awful lot of which has direct bearing on the decidability question which they ultimately answered. It's probably best to simply site them for the decidability without referring to their arguments around elementary equivalence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.251.240.12 (talk) 13:20, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Construction
The section on the construction as words contains true statements but lacks the important remarks that extra work is needed to prove that this is indeed a group. We need to prove, for example, that the group operation (concatenation followed by reduction) is well-defined, and (related) that the operation is associative. I'm not saying that we should do the proof, but we should mention that it's needed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.115.83.195 (talk) 00:52, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Free group


text:
Costcutter

Costcutter is a chain of convenience shops, supermarkets and off-licences that operates in Ireland, Great Britain and Poland. The chain operates primarily as a symbol group and is owned by Barry Group in the Republic of Ireland and by Bestway Wholesale in the United Kingdom.

In the UK, the group owns the Costcutter, Kwik Save, Supershop, and Simply Fresh brands.

History
Costcutter was founded in 1986, by Colin Graves.

In 2000, the brand entered the Irish market as a separate business under the ownership of Barry Group.

By 2006, there were some 1,400 shops under the Costcutter brand, with the majority of shops being in the United Kingdom, and 120 shops in the Republic of Ireland and 52 in Poland.

A proposed merger with Nisa-Today's collapsed in November 2006, after concerns about a cartel. which were reported to the Office of Fair Trading by members of Nisa-Today's, who opposed the merger.

Costcutter revived the Kwik Save brand in 2012, from a separate chain which had ceased trading.

In 2018, The Co-Op Group made an offer of £15 million in an attempt to take ownership of Costcutter. The bid was rejected, but it was believed the Costcutter was open to further talks. The Co-op subsequently became the sole supplier to the Costcutter group.

In 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic, Costcutter built 20 pop-up shops in NHS hospitals.

In December 2020, Costcutter's UK business was acquired by the wholesaler Bestway. The Co-op supply agreement continues. Its Irish business remains in the ownership of Barry Group.

Other sources

 * Vantage chiefs in MBO row
 * Barry's buys 24 shop franchises
 * Costcutter, Vantage in strategic link-up

title: Costcutter


text:
Jean-Louis Berlandier

Jean-Louis Berlandier (1803 – 1851) was a French-Mexican naturalist, physician, and anthropologist.

Early life
Berlandier was born in Geneva, and later trained as a botanist there. During this time he probably served an apprenticeship to a pharmacist.

Career
In his early 20s on the recommendation of his mentor, Auguste Pyrame De Candolle, he joined a Mexican scientific expedition as a biologist and plant specialist. Berlandier arrived at Pánuco, in the Mexican state of Veracruz, in December 1826. He collected plants in the surrounding area before continuing into Texas as part of the Mexican Boundary Commission. The commission left Mexico City on November 10, 1827, under the command of Manuel de Mier y Terán. Berlandier made botanical collections around Laredo, Texas, in February 1828 and around San Antonio, Gonzales, and San Felipe in March, April, and May 1828. After a brief trip to the interior of the country after he contacted malaria, he returned to San Antonio. He collected botanical specimens, made notes on animal species, and collected information on over forty Native American tribes in the surrounding territory, with special emphasis on the Comanche. In the fall of 1828, with a group of 30 Mexican soldiers led by Colonel José Francisco Ruiz, Berlandier accompanied Comanche leaders Reyuna and El Ronca on a bear and American Bison hunt on open lands northwest of San Antonio. From November 19 to December 18, Berlandier accompanied Ruiz to explore the silver mines on the San Saba River. On February 3, 1829, he also joined a force led by Antonio Elosúa to put down an uprising against the presidio commander at Goliad.

After the commission was dissolved in November 1829, Berlandier settled in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and became a physician. He made additional botanical and animal collecting trips in Texas and other parts of Mexico, including returning to Goliad in 1834.

Berlandier compiled detailed information on the expeditions, including catalogues of plants, animals and Native American groups. This information is among the earliest ethnological studies of the tribes of the southern plains. One of his original manuscripts, dated 1834, is currently held by the Gilcrease Museum in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Berlandier served as a captain, cartographer, and aide-de-camp in Mexico's Army of the North at the outbreak of hostilities between the United States and Mexico in the spring of 1846, under the command of General (later President) Mariano Arista. Captain Berlandier drew the first sketch maps of the battle of Palo Alto (May 8, 1846), which now reside in the Library of Congress. Berlandier's extensive knowledge of the region of south Texas and Tamaulipas, garnered from his field explorations to collect botanical specimens, was invaluable to General Arista.

After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the fighting in February 1848, Berlandier was asked in 1850 to take part in the International Boundary Commission to define the border between Mexico and the United States. During the Mexican War he was placed in charge of the hospitals in Matamoros and served as an interpreter. In 1851 Berlandier drowned in the San Fernando River near Matamoros.

Publications

 * Berlandier, Jean-Louis. "Grossulariaciae," (an article on the gooseberry),
 * published in the "Mémoires of the Society of Natural History of Geneva"; 1824.
 * included in Auguste Pyrame DeCandolle's "Prodromus", a book on the plants of the world, 1826.

 * Berlandier, Jean-Louis and Chovell, Rafael. "Diario de viaje de la Comisión de Límites." 1850.
 * Berlandier, Jean-Louis (translated by Sheila M. Ohlendorf et al.) "Journey to Mexico during the Years 1826 to 1834. (in two volumes)." Texas State Historical Association, Austin, Texas,  1980.
 * Berlandier, Jean-Louis (translated by Frank Mares) "Itinerario: Campaña de Palo Alto y Resaca de Guerrero." Yale University:Western America Collection MS S-310, 1846.
 * Berlandier, Jean-Louis "Journal of Jean Louis Berlandier during 1846–1847, Including the Time When He Was Driven from Matamoros by the Americans."  Thomas Phillips Collection, MS 15512 (Berlandier), Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Copy on file at the Arnulfo L. Oliveira Library, University of Texas at Brownsville.

Manuscripts
Berlandier's manuscripts contain the only existing records of some languages of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, including Mamulique and Garza.

 * Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1828–1829). [Vocabularies of languages of south Texas and the lower Rio Grande]. (Additional manuscripts, no. 38720, in the British Library, London.)
 * Berlandier, Jean L.; & Chowell, Rafael (1850). Luis Berlandier and Rafael Chovell. Diario de viage de la Commission de Limites. Mexico.

title: Jean-Louis Berlandier


text:
Beaumont Botanical Gardens

The Beaumont Botanical Gardens (23.5 acres), also known as the Tyrrell Park Botanical Gardens, includes botanical gardens and the 10,000 sq ft Warren Loose conservatory. The gardens are located in 500 acre Tyrrell Park at 6088 Babe Zaharias Drive, Beaumont, Texas, USA. An extra benefit is that the gardens are located in a migratory bird flyway. Tyrrell Park is listed on the Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail map.

Hours and accessibility
The outdoor gardens are open to the public every day during daylight hours at no charge; while the conservatory is open Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday from 9 am to 4 pm, Saturday and Sunday from 1 pm to 5 pm from April through October and noon to 4 pm November through March. (closed on Wednesdays and major holidays) Both the outdoor gardens and the Warren Loose Conservatory are wheel chair and stroller accessible.

A large meeting center is also on the grounds.

History
The gardens trace their origin to April 12, 1951, when the Beaumont Council of Garden Clubs was formed. Creation of a public garden was one of the goals of that organization. The gardens were first established in 1968 when the city of Beaumont set aside 10 acres of land at Tyrrell Park. The Beaumont Garden Center Building was dedicated on August 20, 1971. In 1972, a master plan for the gardens was drawn up, and labeling of the trees, vines, and shrubs begun. The Beaumont Garden Center became the Beaumont Botanical Gardens in 1996. In 1999, the city of Beaumont set aside additional acreage increasing the gardens to the present size of 23.5 acres.

Outdoor gardens
A variety of gardens and structures have been added over the subsequent years, including:

 * Green and White Garden (1986)
 * Stream Bed Garden (1986)
 * Antique Rose Garden (1987)
 * Shelter Building in the Garden (1988)
 * Grandmother's Garden (1989)
 * Modern Rose Garden (1990)
 * Japanese garden (1991)
 * Gazebo (1991)
 * Azalea Trail (1991)
 * Daylily Display Garden (1991)
 * Native Plant Garden (1992)
 * Bromeliad
 * Display Garden (1992)
 * herb garden (1994)
 * Violet's Garden (1994)
 * Camellia Garden (1995)
 * Vi's Fountain (1996)
 * Secret Garden (2000)
 * Palm
 * Agave Garden (2001)
 * The Bob Whitman Propagation House (2001).

Indoor gardens
Also on the grounds are the Binks Horticultural Center and the 10000 sqft Warren Loose Conservatory, one of the largest in Texas. The Loose Conservatory features tropical plants from around the world, a waterfall, a Koi fish pool; and many theme gardens displaying camellias, modern and antique roses, bromeliads, and native plants. The Warren Loose Conservatory was dedicated on September 7, 1997. The Binks Horticultural Center was dedicated on February 14, 2000. The Bob Whitman Propagation House has a collection of rare bromeliads and orchids.

Recovery from Hurricanes Rita and Ike
Hurricane Rita, in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008, both damaged the conservatory as well as numerous trees on the garden grounds. In addition, the outdoor walks were damaged. Many plants died. Not only was the damage repaired and plants replaced, but many improvements to the grounds and buildings were made.

title: Beaumont Botanical Gardens


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Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations

The Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations (Ambassadeur et Représentant permanent du Canada auprès des Nations unies), known unofficially as the Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations (Ambassadeur du Canada aux Nations unies), is the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations. The position was established in 1946 and is based at the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations, which is located at 466 Lexington Avenue (20th floor) in New York City.

New York
The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations in New York City, where the main headquarters of the United Nations is located, is responsible for the multilateral foreign policy priorities of Canada, facilitating Canada's interests in international development, peace, security and human rights.

Geneva
The Permanent Mission of Canada to the World Trade Organization, the United Nations and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva is the primary avenue for diplomatic relations between the Government of Canada and international organizations based in Geneva, Switzerland, mainly the World Trade Organization (WTO), the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG), the Conference on Disarmament and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Canada's Permanent Representative to the UN and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva is Ambassador Leslie E. Norton. Canada's Permanent Representative to the WTO is Ambassador Stephen de Boer. In addition to local personnel, the mission is composed of staff from various Canadian federal departments and agencies.

Chiefs of Delegation to the League of Nations
Prior to 1946, Canada sent representatives, called 'Chiefs of Delegation', to the League of Nations. On three occasions, the Chief of Delegation was the Prime Minister of Canada:
 * 1928 – William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * 1934 – Richard Bedford Bennett
 * 1936 – William Lyon Mackenzie King


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Naqadeh

Naqadeh is a city in the Central District of Naqadeh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

At the 2006 census, its population was 72,975 in 18,320 households. The following census in 2011 counted 75,550 people in 21,283 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 81,598 people in 24,482 households.

Etymology
Naqadeh is the current name of the town (and county). The former name, known as Solduz (also spelled Sulduz, in Kurdish: Sundus), in reference to the Mongol Sulduz tribe, may have replaced an older name (now lost) during the reign of the Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan in 1303.

Geography
Naqadeh is situated on the bank of the Bayzawa river, encompassing an old artificial mound. The county in which Naqadeh is located is to the south-west of Lake Urmia on the lower course of the Gadar river.

Naqadeh is in the midst of the counties of Orumieh, Piranshahr, Mahabad and Oshnavieh, and is the axis of communications due to its position.

Demographics
The town has a Shia Azerbaijani (Karapapakh) majority, with a Sunni Kurdish minority. The main Kurdish tribes are the Mamash and Zerza, while the Mangur and Mamachi tribe have had a historical presence in the town. Assyrians and Jews formerly populated the town as well. The Lazarist missionary movement led by Augustin-Pierre Cluzel was moreover active in the town in the 1840s. In the early 19th century, Sulduz had 4 to 5 thousand Kurdish and Mukaddam Turkic families. In 1828, Prince Abbas Mirza resettled 800 Karapapakh families in Sulduz. In the 1930s, Shahsevans from Hashtrud arrived to the town as well.

In 1979, it was estimated that Azerbaijanis constituted 65% of the population, while the remaining portion was Kurdish. In 1985, according to Richard Tapper, there were "Kurdicized Turks" in Sulduz, some of whom were Sunni.

History
In 1303, during the reign of Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan, the area comprising Naqadeh County was distributed in fiefs. According to the orientalist Vladimir Minorsky (died 1966), citing the 16th-century Kurdish prince and writer Sharafkhan Bidlisi, during the rule of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu (in about the 15th century), "i.e. Jong after the Čōbānīs had disappeared", the Kurds of the Mukri occupied the county of Naqadeh, and its old inhabitants were most likely "reduced to servitude". Minorsky, citing a mutilated and undated part of Bidlisi's work, narrates that a certain Budak of the Kurdish Baban tribe captured the county in which Naqadeh is located from the Qizilbash. This event may refer to one of the abrupt outbursts of skirmishes which occurred on the Safavid frontier.

In 1828, following the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Iranian crown prince Abbas Mirza handed over the district in which Naqadeh is situated as a fief to 800 Turkic Karapapakh families and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government. Just prior to their arrival, the district had a population of 4–5,000 families of both Kurds and Muqaddam Shia Turks. The district would gradually fall into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers. The state-supported Karapapakh consolidated their power quickly by attacking the Kurdish Mangur and Zerza tribes.

In 1914, 80 Assyrian families were left in the town, and 120 Jewish families of which most have since then migrated to Israel. The Jews of Naqadeh County were "probably the oldest element in the present population" of the county. In 1917, there were 598 Assyrians in 108 families at Sulduz; 35 were elderly, 60 were orphans, and 84 were able-bodied.

During the Ottoman occupation from 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents. The Ottomans attempted to destroy the tribal structure and free the rayah of the town. The town would change hands between the Ottomans and the Russians in this period, until the Iranians took control in 1919.

Ethnic relations were friendlier despite clashes during the 1940s when the town was part of the short-lived Republic of Mahabad.

The local Azerbaijanis were favored by the state and dominated the town politically and socially, which added to the ethnic violence in the town. Kurdish separatism and the political demands by Kurds were a source of concern for the Azerbaijanis, fearing the loss of influence in the region. In April 1979, after the Iranian Revolution, the two ethnic groups clashed in the town and about 100 to 300 people were killed. The reason for the clashes was the relatively liberal political atmosphere in the country which pushed the Kurds to openly aspire for self-governance. The new government furthermore recruited local Shia Azerbaijanis to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps which went on to massacre the Kurds of nearby Qarna, Qalat and Egriqash.

In recent years, nationalist Azerbaijani events have been repressed by the state, while Kurdish nationalism has become more radical as seen with the attraction among the youth towards the Kurdistan Free Life Party.

Notable people

 * Mohammad Oraz, alpinist
 * Mustafa Hijri, politician

title: Naqadeh


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Sutheaswari Mudukasan

Sutheaswari Mudukasan (born ca 1985) is a badminton player from Malaysia. She was part of the national women's team that won the bronze medal at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. She played at the 2005 World Badminton Championships in the women's singles event, survived the first round before losing to Li Li of Singapore in the second round.

title: Sutheaswari Mudukasan


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Lake Tōya

Lake Tōya (洞爺湖) is a volcanic caldera lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park, Abuta District, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is part of "Toya Caldera and Usu Volcano Global Geopark" which joins in Global Geoparks Network. The stratovolcano of Mount Usu lies on the southern rim of the caldera. The lake is nearly circular, being 10 kilometers in diameter from the eastwest and 9 kilometers from the northsouth. The town of Tōyako comprises most of the area surrounding the lake and the town of Sōbetsu is located on the eastern side. Lake Tōya is said to be the northernmost lake in Japan that never ices (with competing claim by nearby Lake Shikotsu), and the second most transparent lake in Japan. Nakajima Island (not to be confused with another island of the same name in Lake Kussharo) is a recursive island in the middle of the lake which houses the Tōya Lake Forest Museum.

Lake Tōya was called Kim'un-to (キ ム ウン (kim'un) means "in the mountain" and ト (to) means "lake" ) by the Ainu. In the Meiji era, Japanese pioneers named the lake Tōya after the Ainu expression to ya, which means "lakeshore, land around a lake."

The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya and The Windsor Hotel Toya Resort & Spa.

Surroundings
Surrounding the lake, there are numerous parks as well as walking trails, such as the Waterfront Forest Lane (Takarada Nature Observation Trail) and the Nishiyama Sanroku Crater Trail. Several onsen managed by the town of Toyako offer a view of the lake. There are also several hand and footbaths nearby. Uniquely, large vending machines near the onsen offer spring water that can be taken to be used at home.

In popular culture

 * The setting of the 2012 film Bread of Happiness is on the shores of the lake.
 * In the manga and anime Gintama, Lake Tōya (洞爺湖 Tōya-ko) is engraved on the Bokutō of the main character Gintoki Sakata (坂田 銀時, Sakata Gintoki).
 * It is the model for Lake Kiriya in the anime Celestial Method.
 * Lake Verity in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl and Pokémon Platinum is based on this lake as the Sinnoh region is a fictionalized version of Hokkaido.

title: Lake Tōya


text:
User:Greenleaf~enwiki

Hello, welcome to my user page. I'm interested in

 * Computer Science, especially Artificial Intelligence, more specifically, Natural Language Processing, and in particular, Lexical semantics.
 * Engineering, Geek Culture, Software Industry
 * Linux, Open Source
 * Philosophy
 * Greek and Norse Mythology
 * Impressionist art
 * Politics in general

Comments and opinions are welcome, and will be promptly addressed as soon as possible ;-).

You can also consider emailing me.

Tools
Various useful stuff
 * How to edit a page
 * Wiki markup
 * Picture tutorial
 * Layout guide
 * Manual of style
 * Other misc stuff
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Boilerplate text
 * Stub types
 * Image copyright tags.
 * Village pump
 * My edit count

 * NOT/Shortcuts
 * Notability
 * WP:WikiProject Sri Lanka

 * Uploading images

 * /Sandbox

and the official bit:

title: User:Greenleaf~enwiki


text:
Talk:Khet

Untitled
I have now added references and wikified the page for the 5th time.

Hopefully the next incident of vandalism will be by someone other than Egil, Ken, Gene, Drini or Zoe and be discussed here on the discussion page rather than simply reverted to the unwikified unreferenced version again.

 * By the way, the current verson (23:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)) almost looks acceptable, after putting only the relevant parts, claening up, organizing references (although probably not all of them needed), etc. So I'm done with this one. -- < drini | ∂drini > 23:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Why then did Gene rather clumsily revert it, delete all the positive changes and place a bad cleanup tag with no discussion?

 * Dear rktect, that is because, despite what you claim, the various Wikipedians that criticize you are not one and the same.

hmmm, dissension in the ranks?Rktect

 * From my point of view, this article is useless and for the most part contains irrelevant material. It serves no purpose, and should be a redirect to Ancient Egyptian weights and measures.
 * As far as I can see this is just another vehicle you created to promote your fantasies about Eratosthenes et al. The only item of value is khet = 100 royal cubits, which is, surprise, correct. Let me just mention: Gee, how about thatRktect
 * How about backing up some of your "as far as I can see" speculation with an actual cite or reference Your POV is evident. You don't think standards of mesure are interesting therefore they are irrelevant and noone else should be allowed to take an interest in them.Rktect 18:27, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * The 3ht of 3 st3t or khet = 300 royal cubits A unit you invented to suit your claims about Eratosthenes.

 * I gave you at least three independent cites of this unit on the Eratosthenes pageplus a discussion of crop rotation and the clustering of fields and the distribution and tenure of of fields sized by aroura and mh t3 or land cubit in the Rameside period.Rktect

 * 300 royal cubits= 157.5 m, 700 stadia of 157.5 m =110.25 km. An Egyptian stadion you invented to suit your claims about Eratosthenes.

 * 1 Egyptian minute of march = 350 royal cubits = 183.75 m Another definition you just made up. I guess the Egyptians were always running.

 * Why not just once try and look at a cite when I give it to you
 * "By stadion the Greeks meant either the distance covered in a minute of march or the distance covered in a double minute of march; generally they called stadion the double minute of march corresponding to the division of the day into 12 double hours, but the stadion of 300 feet or one minute of march was also used." [Metrum]

 * At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was determined that the Egyptian royal cubit is 525 mm. and hence it was concluded that Eratosthenes calculated by stadia of 300 Egyptian royal cubits. Newton too had tried quite successfully to ascertain the length of the Egyptian royal cubit from the dimensions of the Great Pyramid, in order to interpret Eratosthenes’ datum." Rktect
 * up to milimter precission.. as it egyptinas had a modern system that standarizd measurements. -- < drini | ∂drini > 19:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 1 hr of march = 1 atur or itrw = 11.025 km The atur has nothing to do with marching, it is for sailing, i.e. river journeys.
 * The Egyptian value for the itrw or river journey was 21,000 royal cubits.  You had to cheat here too, to support your claims about Eratosthenes. By all reliable sources, the atur is 20,000 royal cubits.
 * -- Egil 10:15, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The original source is Herodotus Book II of his historywho says the schoenus is an Egyptian measure of 60 furlongs, ie; 600 furlongs or stadia to a degree, 1/10 degree, 21,000 royal; cubits.
 * You have been informed before that the Egyptian measures are septenary so not "20,000?" as per Gardiner but 21,000 as per the several cites provided you on the Eratosthenes page. Either provide sources to the contrary or quit making this ridiculous claim. Your lack of familiarity with the most basic material is staggering.Rktect 18:27, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Re: Gene's comment that the autocad reproduction of the sketch of an architect from the old kingdom found at Saquarra does not date to the old kingdom, I cited Somers Clarke and R Englebach where their hand drawn and photo reproductions of the sketch should put this puppy to bed.Rktect 18:27, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Disputed
See User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect -- Egil 15:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC) No reason given removing tagRktect 20:14, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
Anyone mind this article being made into a redirect to Ancient Egyptian weights and measures? -- Egil 17:18, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It should then become a disambiguation page, as the Districts of Bangkok are also named Khet. andy 17:11, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Done -- Egil 16:27, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khet


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Chad Knaus

Chad Anthony Knaus (born August 5, 1971) is an American former NASCAR crew chief. He is currently employed at Hendrick Motorsports as the Vice President of Competition. Knaus has 81 victories as Jimmie Johnson's crew chief and is the only NASCAR crew chief to win five consecutive championships. He has worked in NASCAR since 1991. Over this time, he has worked for four teams: Dale Earnhardt Incorporated, Melling Racing, Tyler Jet Motorsports and Hendrick Motorsports. He has been a crew chief in NASCAR for 19 years and is considered to be one of the greatest NASCAR crew chiefs of all-time. He was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame on January 19, 2024.

Early life
Born in Rockford, Illinois on August 5, 1971. He has 2 half sisters and a half brother. He graduated from Jefferson High School in 1989. Knaus grew up around the racetracks of the Midwest helping his father, John, race against the likes of Mark Martin, Alan Kulwicki, Rusty Wallace, and Dick Trickle. By the time he was 14, Knaus served as crew chief during his father's Rockford Speedway championship season. The father-son combination also won the Great Northern Series championship and finished second in the NASCAR Winston Racing Series. A few years and seven track championships later, Knaus moved to North Carolina in 1991 to pursue a job in national stock car racing.

Racing career
After working with Stanley Smith's stock car team, Knaus joined the No. 24 Hendrick Motorsports team led by crew chief Ray Evernham and raced by driver Jeff Gordon. From 1993 to 1997, Knaus advanced from being a general fabricator to managing the entire chassis and body construction program for the No. 24 team. Serving as a rear tire changer on the original Rainbow Warriors pit crew, Knaus was a part of the 1995 and 1997 championship teams.

Following the 1997 season, Knaus joined Dale Earnhardt, Inc. as car chief, where he worked with the No. 1 team driven by Steve Park and Darrell Waltrip in the 1998 season. After Park returned to the team from his injuries, Knaus and Waltrip moved to Tyler Jet Motorsports. In 1999, Knaus moved to Melling Racing after Evernham, who had just left Hendrick Motorsports, invited him to lead the Dodge development team. During two Dodge test sessions, Knaus worked with driver Stacy Compton. The two worked well together, resulting in Knaus' promotion to crew chief for Compton in October 2000.

Crew chief
In 2001, Compton and Knaus started in the front row for the Daytona 500, took the pole position at the Talladega 500, and qualified third at the Pepsi 400 at Daytona. Despite restrictor plate track qualifying prowess, the team scored just one top 10 (Daytona 500) and five top 15 finishes.

Knaus returned to Hendrick Motorsports for the 2002 season, becoming crew chief of the No. 48 car driven by rookie driver Jimmie Johnson. The team recorded three race wins, six top-five positions, 21 top-ten positions, and four pole positions, two of which were for the Daytona 500 and Aaron's 499. Knaus and Johnson finished the season fifth in the Driver's Championship. In 2003, the No. 48 team finished second in the Driver's Championship after earning two pole positions and winning three races, including the Coca-Cola 600. The team also recorded 14 top-five positions and 20 top ten positions.

In 2004, the season began with some early disappointments in weeks two and three at Rockingham and Las Vegas. However, the team quickly rebounded with a week five win at the Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 at Darlington Raceway. Subsequent victories at the Coca-Cola 600 and the Pocono 500 helped solidify their place in the NASCAR Chase for the Cup towards the end of the season. However, poor finishes at Talladega (37th) and Kansas (32nd) nearly ended their chances to win the Nextel Cup, but three consecutive wins, and four in the final six races, put the No. 48 team 18 points behind leader Kurt Busch going into the final race. The second victory at the Subway 500 in Martinsville on October 24, 2004, was marred by tragedy when Rick Hendrick's son, Ricky, nieces and brother were killed in an airplane crash en route to the race. All eight passengers and both pilots died in the incident. Johnson and Knaus put the organization of their back as they won the following race at Atlanta which was their third in a row. The team eventually finished second in the Cup Series points, losing to Kurt Busch by eight points. Johnson and Knaus won 8 races that season.

Knaus and Johnson finished the 2005 season ranked fifth in the standings after a crash in the season ending race at Homestead.

In 2006, Johnson and Knaus won their first Cup Series championship with 5 wins, 13 top 5s, and 24 top 10s.

In 2007, Knaus and Johnson took home their second straight championship with a series best 10 wins. Hendrick Motorsports was the dominant team in 2007, amassing 18 wins in 36 races. Knaus and Johnson led the Hendrick charge that saw the championship battle come down to a race between themselves and teammate Jeff Gordon.

In 2008, Knaus and Johnson tied NASCAR history with three straight championships set by Cale Yarborough. The Lowe's Racing team had seven wins, 15 top-fives, 22 top-tens, and six poles.

In 2009, Knaus shared 13 top-fives, 20 top-tens, six wins, and 1 DNF with Johnson as they won their record fourth championship in a row.

During the 2010 AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway while Jimmie Johnson had the points lead, Knaus made a major decision. After Johnson had two bad pitstops during the race, Knaus decided to swap crew members by switching Johnson's crew with Jeff Gordon's crew since Gordon was taken out of the race during the caution. Johnson would finish in 9th but lost the points lead to Denny Hamlin and was behind the points lead by 33 points for the last two races of the season. But the move worked very well for Johnson and Knaus as Hamlin had troubles of his own and Johnson would win his fifth championship in a row with 6 wins, 17 top 5's, and 23 top 10's.

But in 2011, Johnson and Knaus failed to make it 6 championships in a row as Johnson scored only two wins, 14 top 5's, and 21 top 10's while finishing 6th in the standings.

In the 2012 season, Johnson was in a big title fight with Brad Keselowski during the chase. Johnson started 2nd in the chase and took the points lead after finishing 2nd in Loudon. But Keselowski would win the next race at Dover while Johnson finished in 4th and Keselowski took the points lead back. Johnson would win at Martinsville with 3 races left to boost him to the points lead. During the closing laps of the 2012 AAA Texas 500 at Texas, Johnson and Keselowski fought hard for the lead going back and forth but Johnson prevailed and won at Texas. But at Phoenix, Johnson blew a tire and hit the wall and ended up finishing 32nd 38 laps down. The finish ended up dropping them out of the points lead by 20 points to Keselowski. At Homestead in the final race of the season, Johnson had a competitive car and led 25 laps of the race and had a points lead as much by 7 points during the race. But Johnson had to retire on lap 225 of the race with issues with the rear gear and ended their title hopes. Johnson and Knaus scored 5 wins, 18 top 5's, and 24 top 10's and finished 3rd in the Cup Series standings in 2012.

To start the 2013 season, Johnson and Knaus won the Daytona 500 which would be Johnson's first with Knaus in the stand since Knaus was suspended when Johnson won the 2006 Daytona 500. 2013 would see Johnson and Knaus win their 6th Cup Series title after Johnson scored 6 wins, 16 top 5's and 24 top 10's.

In 2014, NASCAR changed the Chase format and expanded it from 12 to 16 drivers with a win locking them in the chase automatically and had 4 drivers get eliminated after 3 races with only four drivers competing for the title in the last race of the season. Johnson and Knaus won the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte to pick up their first win of 2014 and automatically locking themselves into the chase. Johnson and Knaus started the chase in 2nd behind Brad Keselowski and made it through the Round of 16 with ease. But a 40th at Kansas, a 17th at Charlotte, and a 24th at Talladega eliminated Johnson from the Chase. Despite not being in the chase, Johnson and Knaus won at Texas. Johnson and Knaus scored four wins, 11 top 5's and 20 top 10's and finished 11th in the final standings.

In 2015, Johnson and Knaus won four races in the regular season and placed first in the standings when the chase began. Unfourtunetly, their hopes of winning a record-tying 7th Cup Series Championship vanished quickly after a broken driveline and a 41st place finish at Dover eliminated Johnson from the chase. Johnson and Knaus would win at Texas during the chase. Johnson and Knaus scored 5 wins, 14 top 5's, and 22 top 10's while they finished 10th in the standings.

In 2016, Johnson and Knaus only won two races during the regular season and were 6th in the standings when the chase began. Johnson and Knaus were able to get through the Round of 16 and advanced to the Round of 12. They scored their third win of the season in the first Round of 12 race at Charlotte which automatically advanced them to the Round of 8. During the first race of the Round of 8 at Martinsville, Johnson ended up losing fuel pressure during a caution. Despite this, Johnson would win and would automatically give him and Knaus a chance at Homestead-Miami Speedway to compete for their 7th Cup Series Championship. Johnson would qualify 14th for the race but had to go to the rear of the field for a unapproved body modification which meant he started in 40th. Johnson made his way through the field quickly and was in the top 10. But Johnson wasn't the most competitive car as he was in or near the top 5 for most of the race and could not catch up to the other Championship contenders in Carl Edwards, Kyle Busch, and Joey Logano. With 10 laps to go, Johnson was running in 5th when Carl Edwards got wrecked by Joey Logano and triggered a massive crash which ended Edwards' championship hopes. Johnson made it through the wreck unscathed and was ahead of Logano and Busch. Another caution flew with 5 laps to go setting up overtime and Johnson made his way to 2nd place in the race. Johnson took the lead from Kyle Larson on the restart and Johnson won the race giving him and Knaus their record-tying 7th Cup Series championship putting Johnson alongside Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt for most Cup Series titles. Johnson and Knaus scored 5 wins, 11 top 5's and 17 top 10's enroute to their 7th Cup Series title.

In the 13th race of the season at Dover, Johnson and Knaus scored their final win together. After that win, Johnson and Knaus' team struggled. They would make the chase but were eventually knocked out of the Round of 8 ending their hopes of their 8th Cup Series title. Johnson and Knaus scored 3 wins, 4 top 5's, and 11 top 10's in 2017 whole finishing in 10th in the standings.

2018 would be Knaus and Johnson's final season together. It would also be Knaus and Johnson's first winless season together. They made the chase and were battling for the win in the final lap of the inaugural Charlotte Roval race with Martin Truex Jr. but Johnson and Truex spun and Johnson would finish 8th and were eliminated in the Round of 16. Johnson and Knaus scored no wins, two top 5's, and 11 top 10's and finished 14th in the standings.

On October 10, 2018, Hendrick Motorsports announced that Knaus would move to the No. 24 team of William Byron in 2019, ending his 16-year partnership with Johnson after 83 wins and seven NASCAR Cup Championships. Byron posted his first win in 2020 at the Coke Zero Sugar 400 and Knaus's first win since 2017. In September 2020, it was announced Knaus would step down from his crew chief role at Hendrick Motorsports and become the team's vice president of competition.

Rules violations and suspensions
Knaus's first suspension, for two races, came in March 2001 for a seatbelt violation at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. It was notable because it was the first safety violation in the wake of Dale Earnhardt's death. Knaus appealed, but lost, returning at Texas three weeks later.

While working for Hendrick Motorsports, Knaus was accused of cheating after Jimmie Johnson's 2006 Daytona 500 qualifying run. He had made an illegal adjustment to the rear window, which resulted in his suspension from Cup Series events until March 22. Despite the loss of his crew chief (and having to start from the rear of the field in a backup car), Johnson won both the Daytona 500 and two of the first three races overall with interim crew chief Darian Grubb.

Knaus again found himself at the center of controversy during the road race debut of NASCAR's Car of Tomorrow. On June 23, 2007, the #24 crew (chiefed by Steve Letarte) and the #48 crew entered the inspection line for the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Infineon Raceway with the newest body style out of the Hendrick shop. While both cars fit the templates, NASCAR officials questioned the shape of the fenders in between the template points. Johnson was not allowed to qualify the car and started at the back of the field. Knaus was fined $100,000 and was suspended for six races.

In February 2012, Knaus was once again accused by NASCAR officials of a rules violation involving the #48 car of Jimmie Johnson after it failed pre-race inspection for the Daytona 500. NASCAR issued penalties: Knaus and #48 car chief Ron Malec were suspended six races each, Knaus was fined $100,000, and driver Jimmie Johnson docked 25 driver points. On March 20, 2012, the chief appellate officer of NASCAR rescinded the suspensions and the docked driver points but left the financial penalty in place.

Outside activities
Knaus was a regular commentator on NASCAR Performance, a program that was broadcast each race weekend on Speed. Each program provided a crew chief perspective on stock car racing. Knaus has also appeared in several television commercials for Kobalt Tools by Lowe's, the primary sponsor of the No. 48 car at the time. He also voices the crew chief in NASCAR games which include NASCAR 08 and NASCAR 09 on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Personal life
Knaus married Brooke Werner (the former Miss Vermont USA in 2009) in August 2015. They have two children.

Cup Series

 * † - Suspended by NASCAR for multiple races.
 * ‡ - Car was victorious two other times, but Knaus was suspended at the time.
 * - Knaus missed one race due to the birth of his daughter.

Xfinity Series

 * † - Knaus served as crew chief for Justin Allgaier for the 2017 Ford EcoBoost 300 Xfinity Series championship race as a result of a suspension to Jason Burdett at Phoenix because of a brake infraction.

title: Chad Knaus


text:
Cristina Aicardi

Christina Irene Aicardi Cagigao (born 14 January 1986) is a Peruvian badminton player. She competed at the 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games. In 2008, she won the gold medal at the Pan Am Championships in the women doubles partnered with Claudia Rivero. She played at the 2005 World Badminton Championships in Anaheim. In the women's singles event she lost in the first round to Elena Nozdran of Ukraine.

Pan Am Championships
Women's singles

Women's doubles

South American Games
Women's singles

Women's doubles

BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles

Women's doubles

Mixed doubles
 * BWF International Challenge tournament
 * BWF International Series tournament
 * BWF Future Series tournament

title: Cristina Aicardi


text:
Talk:Posten

Disambiguation
I suggest a disambiguation. How about The Swedish Post, Norway Post , Finland Post Corporation  and The Åland Post. These are all postal services that uses the name "Posten". The name suggestions are taken from the companies offical web sites. See also Naming_conventions_%28use_English%29. bbx 01:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. The page in its current form should be split into Posten (Norway) and Posten (Sweden). SAB 19:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have split the article into Posten (Norway) and Posten (Sweden) as suggested above. SAB 20:29, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Posten


title: File:Orion1.jpg