text:
En ventre sa mere

The Law French phrase en ventre sa mere ("in its mother's womb") refers to a fetus in utero and is commonly used in Legal English.

An unborn fetus, which is thus still "en ventre sa mere", may be accepted to be a beneficiary for some purposes if it is subsequently born alive. Such a fetus is treated as born if it thereby takes a direct benefit.

The use of this concept in legal language can be traced to English cases in the 19th century. In Occleston v Fullalove (1873–74) L.R. 9 Ch. App. 147, a case heard in the Court of Appeal in Chancery, it was argued for the Appellant that although the child in question was "en ventre sa mère" at the date of the will subject to the litigation, there was neither principle nor authority against such a child having a reputation of paternity. The court allowed the after-born child to share with her sisters under the will.

The concept is used in common law jurisdictions and has been extended beyond the law of wills and succession so that claims in the law of torts are also recognised. In the Australian case Watt v. Rama [1972] VR 353 it was deemed that a fetus is a person entitled, once born, to compensation as a plaintiff for injury caused while en ventre sa mère.

Some U.S. cases have removed the requirement that the fetus actually be born. In Amadio v. Levin, 509 Pa. 199 (1985), the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that "it makes no difference in liability under the wrongful death and survival statutes whether the child dies of the injuries just prior to or just after birth." In Farley v. Sartin Trucking, 195 W.Va. 671, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia did away with a requirement that a tortiously killed fetus be viable outside the womb at the time the tort was committed. The deceased unborn child's personal representative may maintain an action pursuant to the state's wrongful death statute, the court held, cautioning that the cause of action does not extend against a woman who has a legal abortion.

In current spoken French, the phrase would now be rendered as "dans le ventre de sa mère".

title: En ventre sa mere


text:
Talk:Rush (1991 film)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rush (1991 film) cover.jpg
Image:Rush (1991 film) cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:04, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Story line makes no sense!

Someone needs to put:

1- a spoiler warning. 2- Fix the story line. As it is it is a mess. It doesn't tell a coherent story. It has been years since I've seen it or I would do it myself. It's a good movie-god enough to deserve decent treatment here. Any film deserves that. Even Plan 9 from Outer Space which has a much better article here and is considered by many to be the worst film ever made. Someone forgot Xanadu I guess. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.66.213.140 (talk) 07:54, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. Ucucha 02:46, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Rush (film) → Rush (1991 film) — To disambiguate from other films with the same title or very similar ones. This film not primary use of "Rush (film)". Rush (1991 film) currently redirects here. Richard New Forest (talk) 14:09, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The only other article is Rush (1983 film) - which could also be titled Blood Rush - that has only 2 incoming article links and fewer than 200 pageviews per month. Rush (film) has 10-20 times the pageviews, so does appear to be primary use. I've added a hatnote pointing to the 1983 film. Station1 (talk) 01:29, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Support WP:NCF, and I can't see how primary usage could ever apply, since both names are disambiguated, and therefore not what one would type in, as it is not the primary name (in this case it would be Rush) 70.29.210.242 (talk) 13:07, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rush (1991 film)


text:
Category:Landmarks by country

This category is based on the American English definition of landmark, which roughly corresponds to visitor attraction in British English, but is perhaps rather broader.

title: Category:Landmarks by country


text:
CFWM-FM

CFWM-FM (99.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is owned by Bell Media and airs an adult hits format branded as Bounce 99.9. The studios and offices are at 1445 Pembina Highway, Winnipeg, with sister stations CKMM-FM and CFRW. The transmitter is on Road 54 Northeast, off McGillivrey Boulevard, near Oak Bluff.

AM Radio
The station signed on in 1928 as CJRW, at 600 AM. As with most early AM radio stations, it changed frequencies several times (see NARBA). It permanently settled at 630 in 1935 and adopted the call sign CKRC in 1943. The station was affiliated with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Dominion Network from 1944 until the network dissolved in 1962.

In 1993, CKRC was purchased by two of its employees, Sales Executive Terry O'Rourke and General Manager Bill Gorrie. They owned and ran the station for 3 years.

Switch to FM
O'Rourke and Gorrie got permission from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to move CKRC to the FM band in 1996. The new FM station adopted the current call letters, CFWM-FM. (The CKRC call letters now belong to an FM station in Weyburn, Saskatchewan.) They branded the new station as Magic 99.9, airing a soft adult contemporary format.

In 1997, O'Rourke and Gorrie sold CFWM-FM to Standard Radio. Standard Radio later acquired CKMM-FM and CFQX-FM from Craig Media. (CKMM is now owned by Bell Media, while CFQX is now owned by the Jim Pattison Group.) CFWM had to be sold, as the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) would not let one company own more than two AM or FM stations in the same radio market. CFWM was sold to CHUM Limited in 2001 in exchange for CHOM-FM in Montreal.

Bob FM, Bounce Radio (2002–present)
On March 4, 2002, CFWM became the first radio station in Canada to adopt an adult hits format and gave birth to the "Bob FM" brand (which has been credited as one of the inspirations behind the more famous "Jack FM" branding).

In 2007, CFWM, along with the other CHUM Limited stations, were sold to CTVglobemedia (now Bell Media). Longtime Winnipeg morning show hosts Beau & Tom (since 1989) moved from CHIQ-FM to CFWM. On August 31, 2009, Frazier, who previously hosted the morning show on CHIQ with Beau & Tom from 1995 to 2000, rejoined Beau & Tom on CFWM.

On January 4, 2011, CFWM's morning show and CHIQ-FM's past morning show switched stations, putting Beau, Tom and Frazier back on CHIQ.

On May 18, 2021, the station rebranded under Bell's national adult hits brand Bounce, with no change in format.

Past personalities
Bob Washington, a personality on the station during the CKRC era, was well known outside of Winnipeg as the "voice" of K-tel, a Winnipeg-based direct response advertising company. Bill Walker, who later became one of the most recognizable television hosts of the 1950s and 60s, was morning man of CKRC from 1951 to 1955.

Other notable personalities from the CKRC era include Doc Steen, Boyd Kozak, Jim Paulson, Scott Walker (Bill's son), Bernie Pascal, Billy Gorrie, Bryan Fustukian (as Vik Armen) and Buster Bodean.

Hal Sigurdson hosted a Canadian Football League radio show on CFWM-FM during the late-1950s and early-1960s.

title: CFWM-FM


text:
Vichte

Vichte is a village in the municipality of Anzegem, in the south of West Flanders, Flanders, Belgium. It has 4,345 inhabitants (2004). Small, densely populated village with an important textile industry. Famous for its 12th century Roman Catholic church (now serving as a cultural centre) and its privately owned castle. It is also the location of Brewery Verhaeghe, well known for its Flemish Red Ales.

title: Vichte


text:
Jonas Chickering

Jonas Chickering (April 5, 1798 – December 8, 1853) was a piano manufacturer in Boston, Massachusetts.

Jonas Chickering was born in Mason Village, and raised in nearby New Ipswich, New Hampshire where his father Abner Chickering kept a farm and worked as a blacksmith. Chickering apprenticed three years as a cabinet maker with John Gould.

In 1818 Chickering removed to Boston with Gould's permission, working for cabinet-maker James Baker, but one year later began working for pianomaker John Osborn at 12 Orange Street. In 1823, Chickering formed a partnership with pianomaker James Stewart; they produced 15 pianos the first year at workshops at 20 Common street and sold their first piano on June 23, 1823, for $275.

Stewart & Chickering dissolved after four years, and in 1830 Chickering became associated with John Mackay, a merchant, as well as organ and pianomaker who had worked with Alpheus Babcock, doing business as Chickering & Co. at 416 Washington street. In 1837 Chickering & Mackays (with Mackay's son William H. Mackay) built a new five story factory, with warerooms and a small concert hall, at 334 Washington Street, and warehouse at Franklin square.

John Mackay was lost at sea February 1841, and Chickering mortgaged the factory and bought out his and William H. Mackay's shares in installments. The Washington street factory burned December 1, 1852 putting out over 200 workmen and amounting to $250,000 loss, as well as all the tools and patterns, and a nearly completed prototype for a grand piano (later indicated as being overstrung). Chickering organized a temporary factory, and began construction of a new steam-powered factory started at 791 Tremont street, designed by Edward Payson to Chickering's specifications.

Chickering died before the factory's completion, on December 8, 1853. Over 800 people, including leading piano manufacturers and many of the societies of which Chickering had been a member, marched in his funeral procession and the mayor of Boston ordered the ringing of the city's church bells.

At the time of his death, Chickering's company had built over 12,000 pianos and was producing about 1,500 a year worth $200,000, almost twice the sales of Timothy Gilbert, his largest competitor in Boston. His pianos at the London International Exhibition of 1851 earned a gold medal with special mention for the grand, which was noted for brilliancy and power as well as its great solidity. Chickering patented single piece iron frames combined with wrest plank bridges and damper guides in square pianos, and with massive wrest plank terminations in grands; Chickering & Mackays were assignees of an action patented by Alpheus Babcock, and licensed actions patented by Edwin Brown and George Howe. Chickering pioneered pronounced curved hammer strike lines in squares which permitted larger hammers, and is also credited encouraging Ichabod Washburn to develop the first music wire produced in the United States.

Chickering, with Henry W. Pickering and Edward Frothingborn incorporated a charter to erect the Boston Music Hall, paid for by subscription and built in 1852. He served as president of the Handel and Haydn Society, and of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, which he joined in 1829, until his death.

Chickering married Elizabeth Sumner Harraden November 20, 1823. They had four children: Thomas E. Chickering, C. Frank Chickering, George H. Chickering, and Anna Chickering. Chickering's sons worked as pianomakers, and became partners in the company in 1853 forming Chickering and Sons.

title: Jonas Chickering


text:
Talk:Sierra Leone Civil War

To avoid copyright issues:
This from source US State Department

Links to Department sites are welcomed. Unless a copyright is indicated, information on the Department of State Web Site is in the public domain and may be copied and distributed without permission. Citation of the U.S. State Department as source of the information is appreciated.

This from source AFROL

Quoting "afrol News" as your source, you are hereby allowed to reproduce parts of that article. Regards, Rainer Chr Hennig, afrol News

 * But some of the supposed citations from the State Department aren't actually there. The 100,000 dead is not the State Department page.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.193.79.137 (talk) 23:10, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Charles Taylor - scrupulous?
Could someone please explain why Charles Taylor was called a scrupulous faction leader? Is this a confusion with unscrupulous, or is Taylor scrupulous in some other way? Until someone can explain this, I am removing the adjective altogether. For the record, Wiktionary defines scrupulous as:

1. meticulous 2. having scruples or compunctions 3. having principles that guarantee scruples don't arise AidanBC 23:35, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

WPMILHIST Assessment
An excellent article, long, thorough, detailed, presumably accurate, and seemingly largely if not entirely unbiased - I'll admit, I skimmed, didn't read the whole thing.
 * I'm not quite sure what I think about the objectivity (i.e. the non-bias) of the opening paragraph. It seems to imply that the sole significant element of this conflict was its cost in human lives and in displacement of refugees. I think the introduction would be more balanced if it discussed, albeit briefly, the causes and effects of the war, in political and historical terms.
 * The section "Where are they now?" could probably benefit from being retitled. It's a simple and compelling chapter title, but not particularly academic or encyclopedic. "Activities of key figures in the aftermath of the civil war" or "Current activities and whereabouts of key actors", while clunky, might be better.
 * Also, please consolidate your references & bibliography. LordAmeth 20:31, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Kabbah at TaRC
I'm taking out that Kabbah was unstatesmenlike. It seems a bit slanderous, and thus is in violation of the policy on biographical material on living persons (see WP:LIVING). Reading his opening speech, he seems sincerely interested in promoting peace and progress. . Smmurphy(Talk) 02:50, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

citation template
I started going through the article citing sources for numbers and things like that and I got a bit overwhelmed. I agree that the article could use some lengthening, but for now, I was wondering: rather than putting the citation template, could we maybe put citation needed tags next to statements that are "likely to be contested" or wherever you think they are needed. Most of this stuff is fact-y type stuff that you can find in any history book (Hirsch works for almost all of it dated before 2000) or in BBC news articles. Do we really need each and every sentence cited? (P.S. sorry for the American spelling, which anon changed. My spell check is American, and I rarely know and never much care which words have alternate spellings.)  Best, Smmurphy(Talk) 17:44, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Sourcing every sentence would, of course, be disproportionate. But a topic of this nature is liable to be subject to diverging (often contradictory) interpretations and accounts, hence it is preferable that the article's content be verified using reliable sources; that would entail the extensive distribution of citations (albeit in moderation;-). Arbitrary numbers aside, compare this article with Algerian War and American Civil War). Examples such as "...the former president of Liberia, then a faction leader in Liberia's civil war — reportedly sponsored the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) as a means to destabilize Sierra Leone..." and "...Under Momoh, APC rule was increasingly marked by abuses of power..." logically require attribution. Your additions have certainly alleviated the article's citation problem, so I do support the replacement of with the selective placing of  tags. I must add, however, that the cites you introduced should be converted to format. SoLando (Talk) 08:05, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I generally use footnotes ( tag) for things that need some explanation in their citation, and Harvard-like style for short little citations. I'd be fine with using only footnotes, but I never know if I'm supposed to cite things over and over or and "cite footnote more than once" (which doesn't work when different page numbers are used).  It would also be pretty easy to put ref tags around citations, as in the Johannes Kepler article WP:CITE mentions.  I never care how things are referenced.  Anyway, I'll keep working on finding citations.  The lines you mentioned should be pretty easy to cite. Right now there isn't near as much depth in this article as in the ones you mentioned, so the facts aren't as liable to multiple interpretations yet.  But as we get there, I agree that having a culture of citation around an article is key.  Anyway, does the ref tag + extra bibliography make since, or do you prefer just the ref tag? Smmurphy(Talk) 19:57, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Apologies if this (very late) reply is redundant. Yes, there is no provision stipulating a certain style of formatting - my previous remark merely revealed preferences ;-) I would suggest adopting that format, however, as Harvard-style (to me) appears quite cumbersome and clutters paragraphs in articles that require comprehensive sourcing. Incidentally, I invariably use only when attributing multiple facts to a single page, or when informations is encompassed by sequential pages; I invariably specify its relation to the material using an author and theme (e.g.  ). But even with the guidance of the MoS, exercising discretion is advisable as how one utilises sources is inherently subjective. While the examples I presented are arguably elementary in the context of those familiar with the conflict (not even taking into account Taylor's war crime charges), it is still preferable to source them to pre-emptively resolve possible disputes and provide...."reassurance" to those learning about the conflict. Indeed, it is essential if this article is to ultimately attain a status of recognition from the community (A-class, GA, FA), as that trend is so evident at WP:FAC. Such hope is arguably premature, however, as there are more fundamental problems that need to be addressed before such a nomination can even be considered. Can I just assure you that I really don't gripe this often! ;-) And please refer to King's Regiment (Liverpool) for an example of my preferred format. By the way, I've just obtained Hirsch's book. Interesting. SoLando (Talk) 14:42, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. I like the style of the King's Regiment page you linked to.  I hope you haven't taken my use of the Hirsch book as a recommendation.  The book is pretty bland, to my taste.  Its a bit short, and now out-of-date, but it is well respected and easy to leaf through, so its a good source for citations. Let me know if you have any ideas about how to make this page better, though.  I made some heavy-ish contributions here a while ago, but my energy for it petered out...  Best, Smmurphy(Talk) 21:23, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Lemon?
"Lemon, the Governor-General (representing the British Monarch) declared Siaka Stevens—APC leader and Mayor of Freetown—as the new Prime Minister." Who is Lemon? I can't find anything out about anyone named that. Recury 17:51, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No idea, here is the List of Governors-General of Sierra Leone, no Lemon. I think the section needs some rework. Perhaps such early events belong more in the history of Sierra Leone article, as it came a generation before the civil war itself.  The again... Smmurphy(Talk) 23:51, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Now that I look through the history, someone just changed the word "Accordingly" to "Lemon" as part of a series of vandalisms. Also, most of the section on the civil war itself is copied verbatim from here. Recury 18:56, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Uploads
I tried to upload a new picture for the thumbnail on the right. I failed. Sorry for vandalizing the page. But more importantly, I will be working on this page in earnest the next couple of days...so stay tuned for some updates.IR393.sae211 (talk) 21:31, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

 * No problem. I fixed the map - I put in the new map you uploaded, but you need to add information about the image at the image's upload page here .  BTW, that wasn't "vandalism".  Vandalism is when you destroy something on purpose.  That was just a technical editing error.  Good luck with your work on the article.  Best regards!  -- Ssilvers (talk) 22:28, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

In-line references needed
This article does not have adequate in-line citations to sources. See WP:CITE for instructions on how to use references in Wikipedia. Generally, there should be at least one citation per paragraph. Without in-line references, it is difficult to assess the reliability of the information. Best regards, -- Ssilvers (talk) 06:31, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * That's a start. -- Ssilvers (talk) 06:56, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Update/assessment
Most of the references are here now - just need a dozen more. I have increased the assessment to C-class, but I don't know how to fix the MILHIST banner. -- Ssilvers (talk) 03:07, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

formatting of dates
Hi fellow contributors, I am a new editor and I've been kind of obsessing about this entry lately so I have done a bunch of edits. Just realized that in my zeal I've been erroneously changing dates from Euro style to U.S. style so I apologize. Will change them all back to Euro style next time I am on if no one has done it by then. I also want to say I only just realized that this was a student's project so I apologize for stepping on any toes if I made changes to your work, IR393.sae211. Choozy78 (talk) 13:03, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi Choozy. The student has turned in the project to the professor, so I suspect that he is taking a break from the article.  Also, the classes involved in the project understand that other editors will edit the students' work.  That is how Wikipedia works.  Yes, please do change the dates back to Euro style.  It seems to me that you are doing a good job of moving this article forward.  The most important thing is to add citations to WP:Reliable sources, if you can, where it says "citation needed".  Thanks for your help - it's great to see enthusiastic new editors!  -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:13, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

Excellent work, Choozy! -- Ssilvers (talk) 22:25, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Links to main articles
I didn't put these links in, but if you want to delete any of them, please explain why they are not helpful. Those articles have, or will have, more background that could be helpful to the reader. Thanks for discussing before deleting. Best regards, -- Ssilvers (talk) 00:14, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * In the case of the "resource curse" I thought it would read more smoothly if incorporated into the section itself. The section title was "the resource curse" but the expression wasn't explained or defined anywhere in the body of the section itself.  Once I had incorporated its definition into the body of the section in a sentence, including a link to its wikipedia entry, it didn't seem to be necessary to have it listed as a "main article" under the section heading as well. Sorry I should have put a comment in when I edited that section. Choozy78 (talk) 07:39, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

Thanks. That makes sense in this case, and your addition of the explanation was good, but you also needed to add a citation to a source. I added one for you, but check it to see if you have a better one. Two other editors deleted the links in other sections, but I put one of them back where I felt that the link to the main article might be helpful. -- Ssilvers (talk) 15:50, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The source citation for "resource curse" that you added was fine, thanks for that. Choozy78 (talk) 20:54, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

FYI, be careful of bad links. NPRC, for example, links to an unrelated article. -- Ssilvers (talk) 23:24, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Great new refs. Just a note that you normally don't need three or more refs for one proposition.  Usually, you should just pick the best one or two, unless there is a special reason why you need to have more refs for the sentence.  All the best, -- Ssilvers (talk) 23:33, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

I am working on an NPRC article on my user page so I'll relink it when it's up. Each reference refers to a difference piece of info in that sentence. I will look back and see if I can separate out one of the points into a new sentence if necessary. Choozy78 (talk) 01:33, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * By the way Ssilvers I agree with you that the Abidjan Peace Accord link to main article should not have been cut Choozy78 (talk) 07:24, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Liberian Civil War
The biggest flaw in the article as it stands (apart from the "citations needed" that I am ploughing through) is the inadequate acknowledgment of the connection between the Sierra Leone civil war and the Liberian Civil War. I'm hoping to work up a section on that and put it under the "causes of war" section. Choozy78 (talk) 01:14, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Looking forward to seeing it. Thanks!  -- Ssilvers (talk) 01:34, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

shortening of names of agreements
In regard to your correcting "Abidjan mandated that...", Buckshot06, I don't think it needs to be reverted back (and I was not the one who wrote it that way originally) but just wanted to mention that writers do sometimes refer to peace agreements, conferences etc. by their shortened form (including just the name of the city in which they occurred) when it's clear from the context that that is what is being referred to. eg. The Fourth World Conference on Women which took place in Beijing in 1995 is often referred to in shorthand as "Beijing" in articles about the progress of women's rights "since Beijing." Whoever wrote it even made the link on the word "Abidjan" link directly to Abidjan Peace Accord. Anyway your fix was fine too but just wanted to mention this. Choozy78 (talk) 18:29, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I'll agree with Buckshot on this one. What Choozy says is true, but I think it needs to be very clear, since we are writing for a general audience, rather than for the political history crowd.  I am not familiar with this stuff, and I found the short form jarring, even though it is linked.  Sometimes we can do a service for our readers by simplifying the terminology that is familiar and convenient to readers of specialist sources.  Just my 2 cents, though.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 20:13, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

I thought the change was fine and it made sense, but I just wanted to mention that it's not an "error" strictly-speaking, but a style choice. Choozy78 (talk) 23:33, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh, yes, definitely just a style choice (see also WP:MOS for our general style guidelines). It is hard, when editing collaboratively online, to convey to people the tone of what you mean.  If you see an edit summary that looks a little insensitive, or whatever, it is good to assume that the person meant it in the best possible light.  So, in this case, I'm sure that what Buckshot meant was that the change reflected her or his understanding of our usual style in these matters.  By assuming this, it makes interactions more positive and saves a lot of worry.  All the best!  -- Ssilvers (talk) 05:54, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks guys. I am very well aware that 'Rio' can refer to the Earth Summit or 'Yalta' to (Yalta Conference). But Ssilvers writes the reason why I made the change - not everyone knows this kind of stuff. For the same reason, we ought to be very careful about our use of abbreviations, and even consider using the full form a second time half way down a really long article. But in general, this is a fantastic expansion using good sources on a underappreciated topic; great work guys. You may be interested to look at one of my prize articles, Armed Forces of Liberia, and if you've got spare time, National Patriotic Front of Liberia could probably use expansion as well. Happy holidays!! Buckshot06 (talk) 19:04, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Update
Thanks to Choozy's research, we are down to six "citation needed" tags. I'm promoting the article to B-class. -- Ssilvers (talk) 22:21, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Yay, party! Glad I could help out. Choozy78 (talk) 22:34, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Message from Military History Project talk page
Hi. I am copying this message that I saw about this article over at the talk page for the WP:Military history project.

 * It's a great expansion - really helpful. I've been doing a lot of work on Military of Sierra Leone and you may find useful material there too. Can you explain the 'Sobels' better please? What exact links did they have with the rebels? Buckshot06 (talk) 23:28, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

I think it would be super if you two discuss these items here. I don't have much to contribute in this area. Choozy, if you have any questions about Wikipedia editing, in general, please don't hesitate to ask me on my talk page. Happy editing! -- Ssilvers (talk) 22:41, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks Ssilvers and thanks for your advice and tips so far. Hi Buckshot06, basically during the civil war things got rather murky and members of the Sierra Leone Army started playing both sides. As for the specifics of the links, well, they ranged from soldiers simply "acting like" rebels and then blaming them (eg. looting villages and disguising their activities as those of the RUF), to actually coordinating with and collaborating with the RUF (eg. deliberately withdrawing from defended areas, leaving pre-arranged resources, ammunitions etc. for the RUF).  From everything I've read about "sobels" so far they weren't so much an organized force as individuals or groups acting opportunistically in the rural areas. Choozy78 (talk) 23:22, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks Choozy. Your work on this article has been really good. For my PhD research I have been perpherially looking at the question of why warlords hit their 'own' civilians, and I see you've linked an article on the subject. Do you have a copy of 'Azam, Jean-Paul (2006). "On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize Their Own Civilians". Economics of Governance 7: 53–73?' Is it possible to e-mail it to me? You can contact me via the EmailThisUser button on the left hand of my userpage. Kind regards from New Zealand, Buckshot06 (talk) 21:13, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi Buckshot06, I have emailed you. Cheers, Choozy78 (talk) 00:10, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Updates
Hey All,

I'm very impressed with the changes and improvements that have been made to this page since I last visited. Just as month ago, this page was little more than an ill-informed cribbing from a State Department website. Best of luck editing! --IR393.sae211 (talk) 16:43, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi, Sae.  Your rewrite of the article was extremely valuable, not only for the new content and reference that you added, but also, it provided an excellent framework for other editors to continue to improve and refine the document.  Well done!  -- Ssilvers (talk) 19:21, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, we could not have done it without your excellent foundations IR393.sae211! I got really into it over the December/January new year but I am now busy at work again, I hope to do some more work on it when I next have some time, Jun/July. Choozy78 (talk) 23:31, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Chopping off hands
Why does this article not treat the RUF tactic of amputations? Abductive (reasoning) 21:11, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Sierra Leone Civil War. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050913110640/http://afrol.com:80/News/sil007_civil_war.htm to http://www.afrol.com/News/sil007_civil_war.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:20, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Sierra Leone Civil War. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110725115348/http://www.cads-sierraleone.org/newunmandate.htm to http://www.cads-sierraleone.org/newunmandate.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120322022750/http://jsaw.lib.lehigh.edu/viewarticle.php?id=924&layout=html to http://jsaw.lib.lehigh.edu/viewarticle.php?id=924&layout=html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120305024721/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/monographs/No68/Chap4.html to http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/monographs/No68/Chap4.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120305024659/http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/monographs/No68/Chap3.html to http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/monographs/No68/Chap3.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102020941/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm to http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Sierra-leone.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081029201800/http://www.sc-sl.org/Press/pressrelease-062007.pdf to http://www.sc-sl.org/Press/pressrelease-062007.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://afrol.com/News/sil007_civil_war.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:16, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Sierra Leone Civil War. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120829043828/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/2000s/Sierra.html to http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/2000s/Sierra.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071119024627/http://www.sc-sl.org/Documents/SCSC-03-01-I-001.html to http://www.sc-sl.org/Documents/SCSC-03-01-I-001.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:10, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Missing references
Ping User:Overt covert. In this edit [] you have added *During the Sierra Leone Civil War gender specific violence was widespread. etc. This section now contains references no 105-115 and all the information is: Denov seems to be included in the section Further reading but not in any of the sections for references/sources. All the references lack complete names of the author/s, title of the article/book, publisher or journal or any other information enabling the reader to identify these references. -- Can User:Overt covert (or someone else who knows) please provide the missing information and include it in the references or provide it here. -- The template .{{sfn|... is used and it does not work well here. Please use the citation templates. Using the {{cite book .. etcetera allowes the hoover cards to work and makes the references section very informative and readable.--ツ{{sup|ツ}}Dyveldi ☯ prat  ✉ post 13:57, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oosterveld 2013, p. 235.
 * Wood 2013, p. 145.
 * Meyersfeld 2012, p. 164.
 * Denov 2010, p. 109.
 * Mustapha 2003, p. 42.
 * Kennedy & Waldman 2014, pp. 215–216.
 * Decker et al. 2009, p. 65.
 * Martin 2009, p. 50.
 * Simpson 2013.
 * Reis 2002, pp. 17–18.
 * Cohen 2013, p. 397.

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:23, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Girl amputated by the RUF.jpg
 * Memuna Mansaray.jpg
 * RUF Leader Foday Sankoh.jpg
 * Sierra Leone Civil War 1991 to 2002.jpg
 * The Sierra Leone Kamajors.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:52, 17 February 2022 (UTC)
 * SL National Peace Monument (3).jpg

Queen Elizabeth as a leader?
I wanted to question why Queen Elizabeth II is listed as a leader for the UK. I recognise she was the head of state at the time but on pages like the War in Afghanistan on only only political leaders are listed, even for wars in times where the monarch did exert more influence (eg WW1). The most recent war (other than this one) where I can find the reigning monarch listed as a leader was the Boer War, where they're depicted with the Royal banner not the Union Jack. FA Rehal (talk) 04:13, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sierra Leone Civil War


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sigmund Hardy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 03:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Sigmund Hardy
No google hits on Sigmund Hardy or Riparian State of the Colorado. This is either a vanity article, a hoax, or both. Soltak 22:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity --Dysepsion 22:23, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity — Stevey7788 (talk) 22:31, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity. Nandesuka 22:46, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Jaxl | talk 00:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity with yearbook picture. -- Etacar11   00:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above. I personally think likely hoax. www.anywho.com does not know of anyone named Sigmund Hardy in either California or Arizona. I do get exactly one Google hit on "Sigmund Hardy" but the circumstances are very odd. My preferences are set to search any language." I get a hit at a Dutch-language literature site, http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/lic/autor.asp?paras=/lg;1/aut_id;3443/. "Sigmund Hardy" does not show up visibly on the page, but it is hidden in the source text where it forms part of a popup menu. It is a list of separate items, but Google picks it up as "Thomas Carpenter, Edward Forster, EM Freud, Sigmund Hardy, Thomas Joyce". Get it? Forster, EM; Freud, Sigmund; Hardy, Thomas... I can't quite imagine anyone running across this by accident and using it as inspiration for a hoax, though. Anyway "Sigmund Hardy" will be a good Googlewhacking search item, at least until Google indexes the VfD article. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Native reserve

Native reserve or Reserve may refer to:

Australia

 * Aboriginal reserve
 * Indigenous Protected Area

Canada

 * Urban Indian reserve/Réserve indienne urbaine
 * Indian reserve

New Zealand

 * Native Reserves, areas formerly designated for Māori people
 * (see also Te Puni Kōkiri (Ministry of Māori Development))

South Africa

 * Bantustans, originally created as native reserves by the British government

United States

 * Hawaiian home land
 * Indian reservation
 * Indian colony
 * List of Alaska Native tribal entities

Israel

 * Gaza strip
 * West Bank

title: Native reserve


text:
Buried Alive (band)

Buried Alive is a hardcore punk band from Buffalo, New York that existed in the late 1990s and was signed to Victory Records. The band featured the now current singer of Terror, Scott Vogel, who had previously sang in Slugfest and Despair, and played drums in Cinderblock and Fadeaway.

Buried Alive were at the forefront of the late 1990s hardcore scene and despite their short-lived career, are credited with influencing many of today's more popular hardcore acts. BA's genre defying power was best seen by the diversity of bands they toured with, including Snapcase, Vision of Disorder, 7 Seconds, Kid Dynamite, Hot Water Music, Elliott, Skarhead, Converge, Candiria, All Out War, and Reach the Sky. Lead singer Scott Vogel disbanded the outfit to form Los Angeles hardcore band Terror. Primary songwriters Matt Roberts and Joe Orlando still perform together in the Buffalo-based band MOTHER RED. Buried Alive was asked to contribute an unreleased and exclusive song for Redstar Records to use on their Various Artists compilation, The Sound and the Fury, following a show they played headlining for Every Time I Die and Kid Gorgeous in 1999, but it did not happen. The unreleased song was later released on their Watchmen Session '98 demo EP.

The band reformed in 2020 to record Death Will Find You on Bridge 9 Records. The four-track EP is their first recording in two decades.

Band members

 * Scott Vogel – vocals
 * Matt Roberts – guitar
 * Scott Sprigg – guitar
 * Joe Orlando – bass
 * Jesse Muscato – drums

Former members
 * Kevin Corcoran – drums

Discography

 * "Six Month Face" 7" (1999) (Victory Records)
 * The Death of Your Perfect World (1999) (Victory Records)
 * Split 7" w/Reach the Sky (2000) (Indecision Records)
 * Last Rites (2001) (Victory Records)
 * Watchmen Session – Demo '98 (2018)
 * "Death Will Find You" 7" (2020) (Bridge 9 Records)
 * "The Episcopalian" 12" w/ Sloth Finger ( Fruitbowl Records)

title: Buried Alive (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rajan Edappallath

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 03:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Rajan Edappallath
Non notable. Google turns up only one result Dysepsion 22:19, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please read: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Deletion sorting/India =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:40, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As above. --PhilipO 23:04, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity that really isn't very clear. From google, I'm guessing he works for a pharmaceutical company? --  Etacar11   00:43, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete although from the first few lines, I wonder if there might be someone notable lurking here. This is the trouble with an encyclopedia built on Google. If someone finds something, prod me on my talk page. -Splash 03:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Kenneth Waller

Kenneth Waller (5 November 1927 – 28 January 2000) was an English actor. He was known for portraying Grandad in Bread and Old Mr. Grace in Are You Being Served?

Early life
Kenneth Waller was born in Lowerhouses Huddersfield, Yorkshire on 5 November 1927. In 1931 during the depression, he moved to Hythe, Hampshire in the New Forest and they were living there at the breakout of World War II. In 1940 his family returned to his native Huddersfield. Waller left school aged 16 and worked as a wages clerk until being called up for National Service.

In 1949, he was a member of the Christ Church Woodhouse men's choir.

After serving in the Royal Air Force as a Radar Mechanic, Waller worked for a firm of auctioneers.

Career
Experience in local rep at the Oxford Playhouse encouraged him to move to London, where he made his West End debut in Julian Slade and Dorothy Reynolds' 1957 musical Free as Air. He was later in the original cast of Give a Dog a Bone in 1964, and took over various roles in various other London productions such as Salad Days and Anne of Green Gables: The Musical. Waller was also associated the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, but always looked forward to the times when his work took him on location further afield, including Rome, India and Scandinavia.

An excellent pianist and an ardent lover of classical and choral music, Waller was extremely knowledgeable on the subject of oratorio and sang with Anthony Bowles' Actors' choir and the BBC Chorus. He also appeared as the Narrator in Peter and the Wolf, and Carl Davis wrote a special concert piece, "Duck's Diary," for him.

From the fifties to the seventies, his career as an actor saw him appear on both television and film. On the big screen, he had modest roles in Room at the Top (1959), Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968), Scrooge (1970), Fiddler on the Roof (1971) and Carry On Behind (1975). Other small screen credits included Big Deal, Crossroads, The Fenn Street Gang, Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, The Professionals, Doctor Who, All Creatures Great and Small, Terry and June and Juliet Bravo. Waller also portrayed the father of Curly Watts in Coronation Street.

In 1981, he joined the cast of Are You Being Served? as Old Mr. Grace; ironically he was 29 years younger than Harold Bennett, who played Young Mr. Grace.

Waller also made an appearance in the Series 5 episode, "Boxing Day Social", on On the Buses, as well appearing in the 1984 miniseries, Ellis Island and even lending his voice for Romuald the Reindeer. In 1985 he appeared in an episode of The Optimist.

In 1986, Waller became a household name as Grandad in Carla Lane's Liverpool sitcom, Bread and his catchphrase, "Where's my tea?", quickly caught on with the viewing public.

Waller continued to stay in touch with the theatre during the final years of his life, touring successfully with Barbara Windsor in Joe Orton's classic black comedy, Entertaining Mr Sloane and appearing in a musical version of Beauty and the Beast at the Manchester Opera House, in 1998.

Personal life and death
Despite his television fame, Waller never lost his affection for Yorkshire, taking great pride in retaining both his accent and his many friends within the Huddersfield Choral Society.

Kenneth Waller died on 28 January 2000 in London, England at the age of 72, after a brief illness. He never married.

Filmography

 * Z-Cars (1963-1977, TV Series) - Wilfred Wilson / Pianist / Fred Jones / Stanley Collins
 * Room at the Top (1959) - Reggie (uncredited)
 * Crossroads (1964, TV Series) - Mr. Hardgreaves
 * Mr. Brown Comes Down the Hill (1965) - Journalist / Patron of the Bar
 * A Game of Murder (1966, TV Series) - Dr. Hasting
 * Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) - Inventor #4
 * Softly, Softly (1970, TV Series) - Potter
 * Scrooge (1970) - Party Guest (uncredited)
 * The Onedin Line (1971, TV Series) - Drayman
 * On the Buses (1971, TV Series) - Busman
 * Fiddler on the Roof (1971) - (uncredited)
 * The Love Pill (1972) - Professor Edwards
 * Dixon of Dock Green (1972-1974, TV Series) - Dealer / Porter
 * Menace (1973, TV Series) - Manager
 * Doctor on the Go (1975, TV Series) - Mr. Pole
 * Carry On Behind (1975) - Barman
 * The Venetian Twins (1976, TV Movie)
 * Doctor Who (1977, Episode: "The Invisible Enemy") - Hedges
 * Target (1977, TV Series) - Warehouse Transport Manager
 * The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978, TV Mini-Series) - Clerk of Court
 * The Famous Five (1978, TV Series) - Enemy Agent
 * All Creatures Great and Small (1980, TV Series) - Mr. Ronald Beresford
 * Are You Being Served? (1981, TV Series) - Old Mr. Henry Grace
 * Juliet Bravo (1982, TV Series) - Sidney Dorkins
 * Fair Ground! (1983, TV Series) - Mr. Grant
 * Minder (1984, TV Series) - Roland
 * Ellis Island (1984, TV Mini-Series) - Shepherd #1
 * Big Deal (1984-1986, TV Series) - Ferret
 * The Optimist (1985, TV Series) - Solicitor
 * Roll Over Beethoven (1985, TV Series) - Mr. Beckett
 * The Pickwick Papers (1985, TV Series) - Fogg
 * The Beiderbecke Affair "Harry the Supergrass" (1985)
 * Bread (1986-1991, TV Series) - Grandad
 * Boon (1987, TV Series) - Mr. Newell
 * Coronation Street (1988, TV Series) - Arthur Watts, Curly Watts's father
 * Romuald the Reindeer (1996, TV Series) - Grandpa Ivy (voice)

title: Kenneth Waller


text:
User:Familyguyfan1990

I am a 10th grade nerd/political watch dog. if you have any problems with my editing plaease just e-mail me familyguyfan1990@yahoo.com I am going to try to turn this into some sort of a myspace nock off. ah what else can i say about my self i am Italian, Carpathian German and Welsh. Also i hate when liberal idiots censor the stuff i right on thses pages.

{| style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"
 * Wikipedia:Babel + Other Information
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *

title: User:Familyguyfan1990


text:
Shop Assistants

Shop Assistants were a Scottish indie pop band from Edinburgh, Scotland, formed in 1984, initially as 'Buba & The Shop Assistants'. After achieving success with independent releases they signed to Chrysalis Records sublabel Blue Guitar, releasing their only album in 1986. After splitting in 1987, with singer Alex Taylor moving on to The Motorcycle Boy, they reformed for two further singles in 1990.

History
The group began as Buba & the Shop Assistants, consisting of lead vocalist Aggi (Annabel Wright, later of The Pastels), guitarist David Keegan, bassist John Peutherer, and drummer Moray Crawford. This line-up released one single, the now highly collectible "Something to Do" on Villa21 Records, which was produced by Stephen Pastel. Pastel also contributed backing vocals. Peutherer and Crawford were credited on the sleeve as "Murray-John."

Aggi left to be replaced by Karen Parker, who was later joined by second vocalist Alex Taylor. After some live performances, Parker, Peutherer, and Crawford departed and were replaced by Sarah Kneale (bass), Laura MacPhail (drums) and Ann Donald (drums). The band's name was shortened to Shop Assistants, and the first release under their new name was the Shopping Parade EP in 1985 on The Subway Organization. The lead track, "All Day Long" was described by Morrissey as his favourite single of that year.

Donald left in late 1985, and was briefly replaced on drums by Joan Bride. Shopping Parade was followed in early 1986 with "Safety Net", the first release on Keegan's 53rd & 3rd Records, which peaked at number two in the UK Independent Chart, and the band recorded a national radio session with Janice Long and a second John Peel session, both of BBC's Radio One. The exposure they gained from the sessions enabled the group to have two songs to be voted into John Peel's Festive Fifty in both 1985 and 1986.

In 1986, Shop Assistants were featured on NME's compilation C86 with one of their slower songs, "It's Up to You", taken from Shopping Parade EP. Also in that year, they signed to Chrysalis Records's sub-label Blue Guitar for another single, "I Don't Wanna Be Friends With You", as well as their only album, Shop Assistants. That single reached number 77 in the UK Singles Chart, while the LP spent one week at number 100 in the UK Albums Chart. The album was re-released on CD in 2001, and is now out of print.

Shop Assistants split early in 1987, when Taylor left the group to join The Motorcycle Boy. After a two-year hiatus, the group reformed without Taylor, and with Kneale on vocals, MacPhail on bass, and the addition of Margarita Vasquez-Ponte of Jesse Garon And The Desperadoes on drums. With the new line-up, they recorded new material in late October 1989 at Chamber Studios in Edinburgh; releasing the singles "Here It Comes" in 1989 and "Big 'E' Power" in 1990 on Avalanche Records. They also recorded a cover of The Rolling Stones' 1978 song "Respectable" for the tribute album Stoned Again - A Tribute to The Rolling Stones on Imaginary Records. They split up again shortly afterwards, with Keegan joining The Pastels.

It was revealed in 2020 that Alex Taylor had died in 2005.

Albums

 * Shop Assistants (November 1986, Blue Guitar Records) UK No. 100

Singles

 * "Something to Do" (November 1984, Villa) - as Buba & The Shop Assistants
 * Shopping Parade EP: "All Day Long"; "Switzerland"; "All That Ever Mattered"; "It's Up to You" (August 1985, Subway)
 * "Safety Net" (February 1986, 53rd & 3rd) UK No. 155
 * "I Don't Wanna Be Friends With You" (September 1986, Blue Guitar) UK No. 77
 * "Here It Comes" (January 1990, Avalanche Recordst)
 * "Big 'E' Power" (May 1990, Avalanche Records)

title: Shop Assistants


text:
Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)

In December 1832, two naval vessels were sent by the United Kingdom to re-assert British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), after the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (part of which later became Argentina) ignored British diplomatic protests over the appointment of Luis Vernet as governor of the Falkland Islands and a dispute over fishing rights.

Background

In 1765, Captain John Byron was searching for the mythical Pepys Island, Byron explored Saunders Island, which lies 1.5 miles (2.5 km) off the coast of West Falkland. He named the harbour Port Egmont, and claimed this and other islands for Britain, on the grounds of prior discovery. The next year Captain John MacBride established a British settlement at Port Egmont. Independently France had established in 1764 a colony at Port Louis, which it handed over to Spain in 1767.

The British presence in the west continued, until interrupted by Spain, during the Falkland Crisis from 10 July 1770 to 22 January 1771. Economic pressures led Britain to unilaterally withdraw from many overseas settlements in 1774, and they left Port Egmont on 20 May 1774, leaving a plaque asserting their continuing sovereignty over the islands. A few years later, under orders from Madrid, the Spanish demolished the settlement at Port Egmont and removed the plaque. The Spanish settlement was itself withdrawn in 1811.

The islands remained an important outpost for whalers and sealers who used the islands to shelter from the worst of the South Atlantic weather. By merit of their location, the Falkland Islands have often been the last refuge for ships damaged at sea. Most numerous among those using the islands were British and American sealers, where typically between 40 and 50 ships were engaged in hunting fur seals.

In 1823, after its war of independence against Spain, the United Provinces granted land on East Falkland to Luis Vernet, who first travelled to the islands the following year. That first expedition failed almost as soon as it landed, and a second attempt, in 1826, sanctioned by the British (but delayed until winter by a Brazilian blockade), also failed after arrival in the islands. In 1828, the United Provinces government granted Vernet all of East Falkland, including all its resources, with exemption from taxation if a colony could be established within three years. He took settlers, some of them British, and before leaving once again sought permission first from the British Consulate in Buenos Aires. After receiving consent, Vernet agreed to provide regular reports to the British consul and expressed the desire for British protection for his settlement should they decide to re-establish their presence in the islands.

On Vernet's return to the Falklands, Puerto Soledad was renamed Puerto Luis. The United Provinces proclaimed Luis Vernet as governor of the islands in 1829. British diplomatic protests at the appointment and declarations of sovereignty were ignored. The United Provinces also granted Vernet exclusive rights to seal hunting in the islands. This too was disputed by the British and US consulates at Buenos Aires but once again the diplomatic protests were ignored. Vernet continued to provide regular reports to the British consul throughout this period.

In 1831, Luis Vernet with his newly created authority, used the services of a Captain Brisbane in the ship Betsy to capture three US vessels (Breakwater, Superior and Harriet) that were hunting seals in Falklands waters. The Breakwater escaped but the catch of the other two ships was confiscated and their crews were arrested. Vernet returned to the mainland, bringing senior officers of the US vessels to stand trial for violating restrictions on seal hunting. The US consul protested violently against the seizure of US ships and the USS Lexington sailed to the Falklands. The log of the Lexington reports only the destruction of arms and a powder store, though in his claim against the US government for compensation (rejected by the US government of President Grover Cleveland in 1885) Vernet stated that the settlement was destroyed. The islands were declared free from all government, the seven senior members of the settlement were arrested for piracy and taken to Montevideo, where they were released without charge on the orders of Commodore Rogers.

This latter incident finally convinced the British Foreign Office to reassert its sovereignty claim over the islands. Throughout much of 1832, the United Provinces did not have a government representative in the islands. The Buenos Aires government commissioned Major Esteban Mestivier as the new governor of the islands, to set up a penal colony, but when he arrived at the settlement on 15 November 1832 his soldiers mutinied and killed him. The mutiny was put down by sailors from the French whaler Jean-Jacques and the British sealer Rapid. Major José María Pinedo, commander of the United Provinces schooner Sarandí, returned just before the British arrived.

Arrival of the squadron
Under the command of Captain John James Onslow, the brig-sloop HMS Clio, previously stationed at Rio de Janeiro, reached Port Egmont on 20 December 1832. It was later joined by HMS Tyne. Their first actions were to repair the fort at Port Egmont and affix a notice of possession.

Onslow arrived at Puerto Louis on 2 January 1833. Pinedo sent an officer to the British ship, where he was presented with the following written request to replace the Argentine flag with the British one, and leave the location.

"I have to direct you that I have received directions from His Excellency and Commander-in-Chief of His Britannic Majesty's ships and vessels of war, South America station, in the name of His Britannic Majesty, to exercise the rights of sovereignty over these Islands.

It is my intention to hoist to-morrow the national flag of Great Britain on shore when I request you will be pleased to haul down your flag on shore and withdraw your force, taking all stores belonging to your Government."

Pinedo entertained plans for resisting, but finally desisted because of his obvious numerical inferiority and the want of enough nationals among his crew (approximately 80% of his forces were British mercenaries who refused to fight their countrymen). The British forces disembarked on 3 January and switched the flags, delivering the Argentine one to Pinedo, who left on 5 January.

Recognising Vernet's settlement had British permission, Onslow set about ensuring the continuation of that settlement for the replenishment of passing ships. The gauchos had not been paid since Vernet's departure and were anxious to return to the mainland. Onslow persuaded them to stay by paying them in silver for provisions and promising that in the absence of Vernet's authority they could earn their living from the feral cattle on the islands.

The British vessels did not stay long and departed two days later, leaving William Dickson (Vernet's storekeeper) in charge of the settlement. Dickson was provided with a flagpole and instructed to fly the British flag whenever a vessel was in harbour.

Argentina claims that the population of the islands was expelled in 1833; however, both British and Argentine sources from the time, including the log of the ARA Sarandí, suggest that the colonists were encouraged to remain under Vernet's deputy, Matthew Brisbane.

Aftermath

HMS Beagle arrived on 15 March 1833. Vernet dispatched his deputy Matthew Brisbane to the islands to take charge of his settlement March 1833. Meeting with Captain Fitzroy of the Beagle, he was encouraged to continue with Vernet's enterprise provided there was no attempt to further the ambitions of the United Provinces. Like Onslow before him, Fitzroy was forced to use his powers of persuasion to encourage the gauchos to continue working in Vernet's establishment:

"During the month we remained in Berkeley Sound, I had much trouble with the crews of whaling or small sealing vessels, as well as with the settlers, who all seemed to fancy that because the British flag was re-hoisted on the Falklands, they were at liberty to do what they pleased with Mr. Vernet's private property, as well as with the wild cattle and horses. The gauchos wished to leave the place, and return to the Plata, but as they were the only useful labourers on the islands, in fact, the only people on whom any dependance could be placed for a regular supply of fresh beef, I interested myself as much as possible to induce them to remain, and with partial success, for seven staid out of twelve."

Arriving in the Falklands, Fitzroy expected to find the thriving settlement reported by another British officer. Instead, he found the settlement in a derelict state, which Brisbane blamed upon the Lexington's raid. Fitzroy questioned several members of the settlement who corroborated Brisbane's account:

"Next morning Brisbane came on board with his papers, and I was quite satisfied with their tenor, and the explanation which he gave me of his business. Some misapprehension having since arisen about his being authorized by Vernet to act in his stead, I may here mention again (though no longer of any material consequence), that Brisbane's instructions from Vernet authorized him to act as his private agent only, to look after the remains of his private property, and that they had not the slightest reference to civil or military authority. This settled, I went to Port Louis, but was indeed disappointed. Instead of the cheerful little village I once anticipated finding – a few half-ruined stone cottages; some straggling huts built of turf; two or three stove boats; some broken ground where gardens had been, and where a few cabbages or potatoes still grew; some sheep and goats; a few long-legged pigs; some horses and cows; with here and there a miserable-looking human being – were scattered over the fore-ground of a view which had dark clouds, ragged-topped hills, and a wild waste of moorland to fill up the distance.

"How is this?" said I, in astonishment, to Mr. Brisbane; "I thought Mr. Vernet's colony was a thriving and happy settlement. Where are the inhabitants? the place seems deserted as well as ruined." "Indeed, Sir, it was flourishing," said he, "but the Lexington ruined it: Captain Duncan's men did such harm to the houses and gardens. I was myself treated as a pirate—rowed stern foremost on board the Lexington – abused on her quarter-deck most violently by Captain Duncan – treated by him more like a wild beast than a human being – and from that time guarded as a felon, until I was released by order of Commodore Rogers." "But," I said, "where are the rest of the settlers? I see but half a dozen, of whom two are old black women; where are the gauchos who kill the cattle?" "Sir, they are all in the country. They have been so much alarmed by what has occurred, and they dread the appearance of a ship of war so much, that they keep out of the way till they know what she is going to do." I afterwards interrogated an old German, while Brisbane was out of sight, and after him a young native of Buenos Ayres, who both corroborated Brisbane's account."

On departing from the islands Fitzroy expressed his concern for the settlement with its lack of regular authority in a virtually lawless group of islands.

On 26 August 1833, eight members of the settlement led by Antonio Rivero ran amok, killing the five senior members. In part this stemmed from the re-imposition of paying the wages of the gauchos in paper vouchers issued by Vernet.

In 1834 on his second visit Charles Darwin commented that:

"After the possession of these miserable islands had been contested by France, Spain, and England, they were left uninhabited. The government of Buenos Aires then sold them to a private individual, but likewise used them, as old Spain had done before, for a penal settlement. England claimed her right and seized them. The Englishman who was left in charge of the flag was consequently murdered. A British officer was next sent, unsupported by any power: and when we arrived, we found him in charge of a population, of which rather more than half were runaway rebels and murderers."

- The Voyage of the Beagle

Lieutenant Henry Smith was installed as the first British resident in January 1834; he immediately set about establishing British authority, arresting the murderers. The United Kingdom has held the territory ever since but for a two-month period after the 1982 invasion, during the Falklands War.

In Buenos Aires, Vernet was effectively bankrupt and attempts to obtain compensation from the US Government for losses from the Lexington raid proved fruitless. The situation in Buenos Aires was chaotic and diplomatic relations with the US remained ruptured till 1839. He made several approaches to the British Government asking for support to re-establish his business at Port Louis, receiving support from Woodbine Parish (British chargé d'affaires in Buenos Aires from 1825 to 1832) as the best qualified person to develop the islands.

Vernet wrote to Lieutenant Smith offering advice, which was gratefully received and acted upon. Smith repeatedly urged Vernet to return to Port Louis but as Vernet became increasingly involved in the territorial dispute with the government in Buenos Aires all communications ceased and no more accounts were sent. An approach to Lieutenant Robert Lowcay, who had succeeded Lieutenant Smith as British resident, to retrieve his property was rebuffed but later he was requested to remove his property as the British government could not be responsible for it.


text:
User:Nutjob

nutjob
Nutjob is the alias I've used for some time when someone once said that I needed to seek psychiatric help. My real name is Sean Kelly. I'm a consultant available for hire in software development.

I'm also a devotee of psychedelic trance music, a father, and a fan of palm trees. I'm also an amateur chef and foodie. I live in Texas, in the USA.

Politically I'm on the cafeteria plan: I prefer to pick and choose my issues rather than back the full menu put forth by each side of a party system. I'm for some issues that would make liberals indignant and other issues that would make conservatives scrambling for their bibles.

title: User:Nutjob


text:
Deutsche Singmesse

The Deutsche Singmesse is a form of (Tridentine) Low Mass that developed in German-speaking countries.

Historical precursors
In Austria, congregational singing of sacred texts in Old High German at Easter Masses is attested by medieval manuscripts dating as early as the twelfth century. The hymn Christ ist erstanden, translated from the Easter sequence Victimae paschali laudes, became very popular, sung with processions and also sung before the Gospel at Mass, in alternation with the Latin text. With the success of that translation, vernacular versions of other feast-day sequences followed.

In addition, vernacular adaptations of parts of the Ordinary of the Mass appeared as early as the 1260s, when a homily of Berthold of Regensburg describes a profession of faith which was sung after the Latin Credo: "I believe in the Father, I believe in the Son of my Lady Saint Mary, and in the Holy Spirit, Kyrie eleison." By the time of the Council of Trent, vernacular singing was so well-established that the emperor Ferdinand I asked the Council in 1562 to preserve the existing practice and allow vernacular singing in the Mass. In 1581, a hymnal in Prague included metrical adaptations of the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo and the Lord's Prayer.

Origin
The German Singmesse, in its classic form, originated in efforts toward a German-language celebration of the Mass during the Enlightenment era, especially in southern Germany and in Austria, in areas influenced by Josephinism. Together with the Augustinian canon and musician Norbert Hauner, the dean of the Herrenchiemsee abbey, Franz Seraph von Kohlbrenner published his book of songs and prayers ''Der heilige Gesang zum Gottesdienste in der römisch-katholischen Kirche. Erster Theil'', which presented the liturgy in the German language, at Landshut in 1777. In this book for the first time the service is conceived as a Singmesse, a form of Mass sung by the faithful. The still popular Advent hymn "Tauet, Himmel, den Gerechten", for example, appears here as an offertory song during the Sundays of Advent.

In 1795 Michael Haydn reworked Hauner's melodic settings and created his own Deutsches vollständiges Hoch-Amt from them. This series of songs for the individual parts of the Mass (which were still spoken softly by the priest in Latin) is usually named for the first lines of the opening song Hier liegt vor deiner Majestät or simply designated as the Haydn Mass. The text reflects the spirit of the Enlightenment and, through the Singmesse, it has become part of German Catholic heritage. This second setting is the best known Singmesse and appears to this day in several regional editions of the 1975 Catholic hymnal Gotteslobg.

As a matter of liturgical history, the Singmesse varieties replaced the orchestral Masses previously used, which Kaiser Joseph II had forbidden in his domain.

The most famous 19th-century Singmesse, the 1826 Deutsche Messe by Franz Schubert, is based on Haydn's exemplar. Like his, it is not a setting of the classic Mass Ordinary, but instead offers German-language songs whose sensibility is freely related to the expressions in the Ordinary, and that express the feelings of the worshippers in Romantic style.

Other composers who wrote works in the form of the Singmesse include Leopold Mozart and Franz Xaver Gruber.

The Betsingmesse
Following the recommendations of Romano Guardini and the Benedictines of Maria Laach Abbey under Abbot Ildefons Herwegen, the Augustinian canon Pius Parsch of Klosterneuburg Monastery celebrated so-called "Community Masses" (Gemeinschaftsmessen) in the Church of St. Gertrude (Klosterneuburg) in 1922, in which parts of the Mass were sung by the people in the German language. By this, he wanted to develop active participation by the worshippers and a sense of relationship with early Christianity. These celebrations amounted to the birth of the liturgical movement in Austria and Germany. A groundbreaking event was the celebration of a Betsingmesse at the Vienna Catholic convention (Katholikentag) in 1933.

In the Betsingmesse parts of the Mass propers (the variable parts of the Mass) were presented in the form of German songs. German sung forms or songs were also developed or appointed for the Mass Ordinary. At the same time, the texts were spoken in Latin by the priest, just as before, so the two-track structure of the priestly and congregational action was still present.

Later developments
The Betsingmesse became obsolete with the liturgical reform introduced after the Second Vatican Council and with the introduction of vernacular liturgy in the celebration of the Missa cum populo.

The tradition of carrying out parts of the liturgy in the form of German songs that are not necessarily a German rendering of those parts of the liturgy: e.g., by a "Song at the Gloria" or a "Song at the Sanctus", however, has been retained in many parishes, even if it is regarded critically by liturgists and is not supported by the official documents as part of the modern Roman rite.

Additional Literature

 * Adolf Adam/Rupert Berger: Pastoralliturgisches Handlexikon. Freiburg: Herder 1990, s.v. "Betsingmesse", pp. 61f
 * Karl Eder: Auf dem Weg zur Teilnahme der Gemeinde am Gottesdienst: Bamberger Gebet- und Gesangbücher von 1575 bis 1824. St. Ottilien: EOS-Verl. 1993 (Dissertation: Theologische Reihe; Vol. 56, and: University of Bamberg, Thesis, 1992/93) ISBN 3-88096-446-7
 * Barbara Krätschmer: "Die deutsche Singmesse der Aufklärung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Deutschen Hochämter von Johann Michael Haydn." In: Singende Kirche 33 (1986), p. 11–17
 * Pius Parsch: Volksliturgie. Klosterneuburg 1940
 * Pius Parsch: Klosterneuburger Betsingmesse. 9th edition, Wien-Klosterneuburg: Volksliturgischer Verlag 1940

title: Deutsche Singmesse


text:
User:Scriberius/Projects/Wolfgang Hausner

Wolfgang Hausner (* 1940 in Vienna, Austria) is the first sailor, who circumnavigated the world with a catamaran.

Life
Hausner grew up in Vienna, Austria. At age 21, he moved to Australia und worked as a miner. With his first self-built Catamaran Taboo (10 m), he sailed 50.000 Seemeilen um die Welt. Als er das Schiff vor Papua New Guinea verlor, betätigte er sich in Southeast Asia als Schneckenhändler. Das nächste, 1979 gebaute Schiff, ebenfalls ein Katamaran (18 m lang), baute er mit seiner damaligen girl-friend Gerti. With their vessel Taboo III unternahmen die beiden gemeinsam eine zehnjährige Weltumseglung. In 1989, they returned to the Philippines. Today, Hausner offers Mitsegeltörns with Taboo III. Bis heute ist er 130.000 Seemeilen gesegelt. Neben seiner schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit ist er als Taucher aktiv. Viele bezeichnen ihn als Aussteiger.

Er ist mit Gerti Hausner verheiratet und hat eine Tochter, Vaitea. Die Familie lebt heute auf den Philippines.

Literatur

 * Wolfgang Hausner: Taboo. Eines Mannes Freiheit. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1987
 * Wolfgang Hausner: Atolle und Taifune. Taboo III zwischen Hölle und Paradies. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1997
 * Wolfgang Hausner: Taboo III. Segeln und Abenteuer - Leben auf sieben Meeren. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1997


text:
United Presbyterian Church

United Presbyterian Church may refer to:

Denominations

 * United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (1958–1983)
 * United Presbyterian Church of North America (1858–1958)
 * United Presbyterian Church of Brazil
 * United Presbyterian Church of Pakistan
 * United Presbyterian Church (Scotland) (1847–1900)

Congregations and buildings

 * United Presbyterian Church of Canehill, Arkansas
 * United Presbyterian Church (Malad City, Idaho)
 * United Presbyterian Church, Summerset, Scotch Ridge, Iowa
 * United Presbyterian Church (Lisbon, New York)
 * United Presbyterian Church and Rectory (Albany, Oregon)
 * United Presbyterian Church of Shedd, Oregon
 * United Presbyterian Church (Pullman, Washington)
 * United Presbyterian Church, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland

title: United Presbyterian Church


text:
Talk:Mongol invasion of Europe

No historical fact will support Mongols failed to occupy Esztergom
"the Mongols claimed control of Hungary, they could not occupy fortified cities such as Fehérvár, Esztergom, Veszprém, Tihany, Győr, Pannonhalma, Moson, Sopron, Vasvár, Újhely, Zala, Léka, Pozsony, Nyitra, Komárom, Fülek and Abaújvár" All Historical authors and expert will agree that Esztergom was destroyed by the Mongols, in fact that is the main reason why King Bela IV has to move its Capital to Buda because the city cannot be defended. please change it, it is not historically accurate.

 * I live in Esztergom. I know for sure, that the town and the castle (citadel) were two separate places. The latter was built on a hill outside of the town. The royal palace and the archbishop's residence were located inside the citadel, with most of the treasure, that the mongols wanted. The poorly fortified town was completely destroyed by the mongols, it's documented. The citadel was besieged and charged repeatedly, but the mongols failed to take it. It's also documented in the sources. This again underlines, that the mongols could sack anything they wanted, but not the heavily fortified places. The town of Esztergom was quickly rebuilt, and it belonged to the archbishop from then on. As for the new capital, Buda, the town itself was built on a well defendable place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.66.232.152 (talk) 19:18, 25 April 2019 (UTC)  152.66.232.152 (talk) 19:21, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

Too much use of heavily biased European primary sources
This article needs to incorporate a wider array of sources, since some of the modern sources referenced heavily rely on uncritical appraisals of the biased European primaries, while placing much less emphasis on the Persian chroniclers and the Yuan Shi and Chinese biographies, such as the biography of Subedei. This type of provincial examination of individual Mongol campaigns in isolation has fallen out of favor in recent decades, and many secondary sources are thus out of date, since understandably, there are too many sources in too many languages for one person to use them all. Other wiki Mongol articles have become more accurate over time, but this one is still lacking.

For fuller explanation, if you actually read the European primary sources, you notice almost all of them exhibit the same characteristics of exaggerating Mongol numbers (if mentioned of course) - for example, Jan Dlugosz claims that the diversionary Mongol force at Legnica was several times the size of Duke Henry II, which is logically impossible given its secondary role. Accounts of both Legnica and Mohi claim that the Mongols were actually losing for most of the fight, but then got lucky by yelling in Polish or used foreign smoke which turned the tide, and that the Mongol forces took grievous casualties and almost lost. Then you have all the nearby European rulers claiming that of course they drove the Mongols out of their lands. But Wenceslas could not have won any kind of real victory, since such a needless battle was against Subedei's orders from the Chinese sources. This version of events is often taken with only minor critical analysis, and often the more grounded European accounts such as Matthew Paris are omitted, like this page.

On the other hand the Yuan Shi indicates that at Mohi, Batu lost 30 of his 4,000 personal troops during the bloody bridge fighting. While he undoubtedly lost more of his auxiliary troops than his elites, this is a less than 1% casualty rate for the only part of the battle where the Mongols lost notable amounts of men. The Mongols recorded that this was a bloody battle because they were used to taking extremely minimal casualties. Given after the battle the Mongols ravaged huge swathes of the countryside simultaneously, it seems highly unlikely that their casualties at Mohi were anything near what was implied by the European sources.

 * The fact, that the mongols ravaged the countryside proves only, that king Béla has lost most of his army, and tells us nothing about the mongol losses. Batu lost 30 of his personal bodyguards is irrelevant for the grand picture. Noone knows what were the losses (not even for the hungarians, since their army size is also unknown). But directly after the campaign, travellers report from the mongol owned lands, that the mongol losses were large. It does not necessarily mean battle casualities, as there were severe epidemics and famine too. 152.66.232.152 (talk) 19:48, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

 * well I don't agree with you with a bit of that there's a bit of European bias if you want to take a more neutral view the the Mongols I can tell you a few things I know that I don't see in this article one the Mongols often did not fight in a straightforward manner they would not engage they would use light infantry and archery and also often would use their auxiliaries and allies and wouldn't even join the battle until they seen how their allies were doing I know of examples where they would simply walk away and run off the battlefield and leave their allies there to be slaughtered secondly I don't see anything in this article that speaks of the Scandinavian armies or Viking armies it's all somatics you can call it whatever you want but really where that's where they came from who came and rejected or put the Huns the Mongols in the full retreat from Europe so if you want to take a more neutral view I think you should definitely add these in in some sort of context because anyone who studies Any history at all and this is just the basics we know this so if you want to offer more neutral view you could say that and I understand what you're saying but in this article I see a lot of stuff about southern Europe and I know what I know about them and I know that if the northern European tribes had such trouble with them that the ones you speak of definitely wouldn't wouldn't be so glorious I do so well but another thing they commonly did was grabbed up Europeans or subjugated people's and they use them as their as the base of their army and if they weren't doing good they just simply walked off the battlefield so I think you should have that in some sort of context if you want to be more neutral I can't stand I have a very good view anything positive to say but I know that is the truth and I don't see it anywhere in this article all these other Southern Europeans I don't know much about him but I only definitely if the Germans and the French and people had such a problem fighting these people that the ones you speak of from Italy and and Georgia and and all these Southern European countries definitely wasn't hungry definitely won a fair very well in fact knowing my history they did very poorly unless you want to talk about Vlad who also did very poorly but he was one of these people I speak of that had a very tough role but very essential like William Wallace or Judas and they they paved the way for victory doing very bad essential things but basically losing in the end and we're often much hated although Wallace is loved in Scotland and I'm sure glad has loved and hungry and well I don't know where poor Judas is loved 209.171.85.223 (talk) 08:29, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * obviously I meant like cavalry sorry for the spelling mistakes if you need any clarification let me know but just the two main things that I know I don't care what you want to call I'm Scandinavians Vikings are the ones who defeated the the Mongol armies and evicted them from Europe for good and that the Mongol armies often would use subjugated people's as the base of their armies and put them out to fight and if they didn't do well they would simply walk off the battlefield and and yes I definitely agree with you that the southern Europeans might be glorifying their actions a little bit if the Germans and such had such a hard time with them but I think the light infantry of the Scandinavians was just too much for those little baby Mongo they had a better technique the light cavalry sure it works but how do you engage a very thinly put forward line of light infantry the line was so long the Huns wouldn't even know where to engage and they would just simply be engolfed and destroyed like like anyone that came before them my opinion and also mongol tactics simply wouldn't work in that sort of environment
 * and I don't think the Mongols would even be able to access Scandinavia so they became the hunters became The hunted there's nobody you can send against to the Scandinavians at the time you can't go there I don't think they would even survive you know what I mean there's no there's no one to divide and conquer there's so I think they finally met their match when they got evicted by the Vikings I don't see anything about that in this article and I know that's true 100% and also I think they're they're horses will probably finally met their match too their little ponies probably couldn't even run half as fast but that's just an opinion all I know for fact is that the Vikings are Scandinavians evicted them from Europe and that often they would use their subjugated people's armies and simply walk off the battlefield if it wasn't going their way they wouldn't even engage so if you want out of more neutral view go ahead I guess you can compare Hungarian troops to they're Northern European counterparts as troops troops and just say how is this even possible they're obviously glorifying (the only reason I guess it's been off topic only but the only reason any of these like the Italians any of these Southern European armies ever did so good was because these Northern places they didn't live in cities there was no cities when they came to Germany or are these other places we lived in small tribes they were counting small families who are simply coming together to fight against them and when they finally forced us into bulldating our power which was very unfortunate for the whole world as far as as far as the science and the in the such but once we consolidated our power and united into cities and Nations they got evicted quite quickly.)
 * Yes you can do that research that yourself most of the northern European places when the Romans came Southern armies there wasn't even towns or cities they were simply families living together coming together to defend themselves and the consolidation of power was a horrible thing for the whole world. One only has to look at Germany what happened in world war II to the only successful State Nation the only other one I can even compare is the early Greek city-states which is unsuccessful but this is something similar to what happened yeah in Germany and world war II you know destroyed a beautiful culture one of the best most amazing in the world and science philosophy nature all these things and it was gone simply because we had to consolidate power to fight these bastards off so I think that's also worth mention if you wanted more neutral view. 209.171.85.223 (talk) 08:42, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * but yes I don't think many people know are understand that when they seem to think we are glorifying our history or or it's simply European point of view is that what people fail to mention about Europeans is that we simply lived in families we didn't have any cities or towns and that's a fact we are simply a bunch of families in that you people that brought the violence to us forced us into these cities and towns and all these things that you blame us for that you that come from you yourself even the native Americans had towns when we found them we never had these things I promise you you can go and do your research and then come back to me we'll talk about it 209.171.85.223 (talk) 08:46, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

Second, after the victory at Mohi, it needs to be clarified that the Mongols split their army into two distinct missions: Kadan would pursue King Bela along the Adriatic coast with a mobile force, while Batu and Subedei would subdue central and eastern Hungary and exploit their gains. It's definitely false to say that the Mongols struggled against the Hungarian castles and fortresses. The Mongols destroyed the citadel and garrison at Oradea, sacked almost all of Esztergom, More accurate would be to say that Kadan had no answer to them, since he was not equipped to take them by anything but guile, which failed. We have no record of Subedei's army being deterred at any point — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.247.69.66 (talk) 08:52, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Oradea was basically the only (out of the dozens of) well fortified place to fall. Every other was defended, although the mongols have used siege equipment reportedly. As for Esztergom, the town, and the royal citadel were two separate locations. The town was poorly fortified, and was situated on a lowland, so it was easily destroyed. The citadel (with all the treasure of the royal palace) was built next to it on a hill, and it had (and has) stone walls. The mongols failed to take it, despite mounting multiple charges, and having many pieces of siege equipment. Instead of jerking off to the casuality numbers, you should sometimes actually read the sources. 152.66.232.152 (talk) 19:48, 25 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Actually, they DIDN'T have the heavy siege equipment that they used to take down castles/fortifications in China. The effort of moving such war material clear across central Asia and a huge chunk of Europe was too involved. The Mongol force was heavier armed than the 'recon in force' of Subotai and Jebe in the 1220's, but it wasn't the same make-up as was used against the Chinese. 50.111.45.222 (talk) 00:23, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

Ridiculous Eurocentric Bias - Needs serious overhaul
A number of the statements in the article are so far divorced from the actual primary sources that they are essentially fiction. For example, the article currently has:

''"The Mongols' pursuit of Béla IV continued from Zagreb through Pannonia to Dalmatia. While in pursuit, the Mongols under the leadership of Kadan (Qadan) suffered a major defeat at Klis Fortress in Croatia in March 1242." '' Thomas of Spalato, our best source on these events, actually says the following.

"However, the Tatars believed that the king [Bela IV of Hungary] was in the fortress of Klis, and so they began to attack the fort from all sides, launching arrows and hurling spears. However, the place was naturally well fortified, and they could cause only limited harm. So then they dismounted from their horses and began to creep up hand over hand to higher ground. But the defenders of the fort hurled huge stones at them and managed to kill a number of them. This setback, however, only made them more ferocious, and they came right up to the great walls and fought hand to hand. They looted the houses and took away no little plunder. But when they learnt that the king was not there, they abandoned their attack on the fortress, and ascending their mounts rode off in the direction of Trogir. All the same, no small number of them turned towards Split."

There is no possible way to derive the former statement from the actual source. This entire article is filled with distortions of this kind in some bizarre attempt to prove that the Europeans performed well in the invasions. I don't have the time to make a cleanup, but I did delete the offending passage at the very least. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Baldwinthebold (talk • contribs) 09:52, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I just want to repeat the last thing I said to the other guy since you want to bring up eurocentric bias I'll ask you to do your research into Germanic and Scottish people when when they came and found us with their armies that we didn't have any towns or cities none existed at all and we simply lived in families in peace and that you forced us to do these things you other people you forced us to consolidate our power into towns and cities and Nations so before you accuse us of a eurocentric bias please do your research even the native Americans they seem to have a lot of say but we found them they were living in towns and cities all everybody except that I know of okay so please don't accuse people of eurocentric bias until you know a little something about us 209.171.85.223 (talk) 08:51, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * 0 primitive cuz that's not the case at all the salts have always been current in metalworking when Iron age started we had iron when the bronze age started we had bronze and so on and so on we chose to live in families we didn't have cities or towns I was our way of life okay the natives all the white man in the white man ruins nature blah blah blah no no it's not how it happened at all we found you living in season we found you when they found us we just lived in families we were primitives we weren't nothing we were farmers we had the same technologies everyone we were ready to give them their fair fight but they forced us to consolidate into towns and cities and Nations and countries and it wasn't good for us it was horrible so before you open your mouth please go do your research and don't accuse us of something that you did yourself you know and all this stuff that you basically forced us to do or that little ass basically you I don't know who you is where it comes from I suppose it comes from Iran or Iraq area that was called something different at the time and made its way to grease and then into Rome and just spread from there but we we were actually Superior in in certain ways in the study of nature astrology science but no in Scotland and Germany not a single town or city existed when you came with your armies and found us 209.171.85.223 (talk) 08:55, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 16 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Bitva na sinix vodax.jpg

Town names.
I can see German names like Legnitz or Breslau on the map, but in XIII century those places were Polish and it was Legnica and Wratislavia (now Wroclaw). 172.82.50.67 (talk) 13:25, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I see the in Kingdom of Hungary many cities names are German. It should be use appropriate names according to the timeline. OrionNimrod (talk) 13:35, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Was this really a Mongol victory?
The infobox currently lists a Mongol victory as the outcome. As per body text, the Mongols were driven back eventually, and even the infobox already states: "Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe (1242)." Considering that, shouldn't we use something like "Initial Mongol victory" and "Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe"? That seems more accurate. For comparison, we don't list Cortador (talk) 06:54, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mongol invasion of Europe


text:
Talk:Mariah Carey albums discography

References and sources
These two sites have argeeable sales.
 * South Africa Marey Carey Fan Club
 * Worldwide sales

Glitter
Glitter has sold an estimated 5 millions copies according to http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20060816/CPARTS04/608160620/5085/CPARTS04.

That is not true. That album barely went gold in the US, and as it was dropping off the US Top 200, it managed platinum. It did not sell an additional 4 million copies worldwide.

Mariah sold over 150 albums in 2003
According to MARIAH'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE in the news --> Awards section HERE in the 2003 Career Awards, it says: World Music Awards - The Diamond Award in honor of over 150 million ALBUMS sales worldwide!!!!

So Mariah didn't sell 144 million albums today, She sold over 170 million albums.

Semi-protected edit request on 14 April 2021
CHANGE: According to the RIAA, she is the highest-certified female artist (tying with Barbra Streisand) and thirteenth overall recording artist with shipments of 68.5 million albums in the US.[6]

TO: According to the RIAA, she is the second highest-certified female artist (behind Barbra Streisand) and fifteenth overall recording artist with shipments of 66.5 million albums in the US.[source: https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=awards_by_artist#search_section] 2603:8000:C145:8200:E8ED:2927:DF48:3ECD (talk) 07:36, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌. The current ref has both at 68.5 million. I'm not sure why yours says something different; perhaps it's the "Type" column. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 08:22, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 April 2021
CHANGE: According to the RIAA, she is the highest-certified female artist (tying with Barbra Streisand) and thirteenth overall recording artist with shipments of 68.5 million albums in the US.[6]

TO: According to the RIAA, she is the second highest-certified female artist (behind Barbra Streisand) and fifteenth overall recording artist with shipments of 66.5 million albums in the US. (source:https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=awards_by_artist#search_section) Mnirola42 (talk) 22:34, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅. ‑‑Volteer1 (talk) 17:20, 20 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually, this is mildly puzzling, and I don't understand the RIAA site. It says 66.5 million on the "awards by artist" tab, and 68.5 million on the "top tallies" tab (which was the previous source), and the extra 2 million would make her tie with Barbra Streisand. Given other sources seem to quote 66.5 million, e.g., etc., it's probably correct so I'll stick with it, but I'm not sure what's going on here. ‑‑Volteer1 (talk) 17:33, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 March 2023
Change Daydream’s worldwide sales figure to 25 million. Source: https://www.sonymusic.co.jp/artist/MariahCarey/discography/SICP-30795 2001:BB6:1E5E:4C00:D8ED:FFDC:4CC5:48D5 (talk) 02:57, 12 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌. Your citation does not say 25 million, and in any case the sales figure was described as 20 million in 2015. It would be surprising indeed if a 1995 album sold an additional 5 million copies between 2015 and 2023. Buyers are far more interested in recent works. Binksternet (talk) 03:37, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mariah Carey albums discography