text:
Talk:Gar

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 June 2019 and 16 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GracyxMiller. Peer reviewers: Ohjeezewhy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Doctor Velvet, GermanShortHair, Jac1702. Peer reviewers: Doctor Velvet.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:03, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

feeding live food to gar
I've written in the article "absolutely no reason to feed gar live fish such as goldfish or guppies. Not only is this cruel, but cheap ornamental fish are a very effecient way to introduce parasites into an aquarium".

anonym42069erfaqu then commented:

"whats cruel about it? if the gar is willing to eat it, its food... whats cruelty? thats like, a personal view. not a neutral view"

Feeding living animals to another animal is cruel according to the RSPCA, ASPCA, and any other animal welfare body you choose to mention. Since gars will readily take other foods, the only reason to persist in feeding goldfish to a gar is because the owner enjoys watching the gar attack live prey.

There are practical reasons, too. A varied diet of fresh and frozen invertebrates, fish meat, and pellets will give the gar the best chance of getting all the nutrients it needs. Cheap goldfish are maintained in squalid conditions and parasites are widespread, therefore feeding them to the garpike is a good way of infecting it. Finally, a gar trained to take a variety of foods is easy to look after because you aren't dependent on live foods, you can use pellets or whatever else is convenient at the time.

My comments on what they eat are based on personal experience -- I looked after a spotted gar for several years while doing my undergraduate degree in zoology. It ate pretty much anything.

Cheers,

Neale

 * So it's not cruel if you KILL the animal first, amirite. That totally makes sense. 2601:150:0:DA40:D822:76E:8C80:5B3F (talk) 18:41, 5 July 2015 (UTC)amancalledhorse

Species name
A question for the experts: the species name in the alligator gar article has been changed from  Atractosteus spatula to Lepisosteus spatula. This article says "Atractosteus" but the external links cited on alligator gar say "Lepisosteus". Which is correct? (If the designation has changed, both should be included on the page, and the date and reason of the change should be cited.) Thanks for your help! — Catherine\talk 02:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the (currently) correct Latin name for these gar is Atractosteus spp., at least according to Fishbase...

 * http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=1073

 * Lepisosteus was the name for all the gars until relatively recently. It dates from 1803 (Lacepède, B. G. E. 1803, Histoire naturelle des poissons; Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-lxviii + 1-803 + index). Atractosteus dates from 1820 (Rafinesque, C. S., 1820, Ichthyologia Ohiensis [Part 8].  Western Rev. Misc. Mag. 165-173). Atractosteus was simply viewed as a junior synonym of Lepisosteus for many years. Apparently, E. O. Wiley (1976. The phylogeny and biogeography of fossil and Recent gars (Actinopterygii: Lepisosteidae). Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas Misc. Publ. 64:1-111) resurrected the genus.

 * So, to cut a long story short, until the late 1970s all gars were Lepisosteus, after 1976 the gars were split into Lepisosteus and Atractosteus, and ever since then zoos, aquarium books, anglers, and so on have been gradually catching up. As the external links on the alligator gar article indicate, many places still don't differentiate between the two genera of gar, and treat them all as Lepisosteus.

 * Latin names change as our ability to see differentiation and determine phylogenies gets better, so it's no surprise that these sorts of conflicts exist. Makes life awkward for wikipedians, to be sure, but it's a result of progress in the field of systematics!

Identifying particular species of gars
Is there anybody here knowledgeable of what particular species does the Mexican Pejelagarto belong to? There is an article in Wikipedia on the Pejelagarto but it does not reference the particular species. I think that would be a valuable addition to that article.

 * Cheers,

 * Neale

 * Neale Monks 22:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks; I added your info to the alligator gar article! — Catherine\talk 06:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Agressive?
I thought it should be mentioned in the article how bigger prey the gar will attack and if they are teritorial etc towards humans, dog or other domestic animals. As I dont know I'm affraid I can't contribute. Fists (talk) 04:30, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

BANDALISM
In paragraph 2. How lifeless must one be to vandalize articles about fish?

Merge with Garfish Article?
Should this not be merged or redirected to this article? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfish --50.136.172.74 (talk) 15:51, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Confused lead paragraph
The opening sentence in this article is confused because it tries to explain the different useage of names in America and Britain. A much better opening sentence is found at the beginning of the "Distribution" section, i.e. "The gars are members of the Lepisosteiformes (or Semionotiformes), an ancient order of ray-finned fish; fossils from this order are known from the late Cretaceous onwards." Discussion of the different names can do in the "Etymoogy" section.__DrChrissy (talk) 11:01, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Feel free to edit, be bold. Zzorse (talk) 13:55, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

New Additions to Consider (3-9-2018 by Doctor Velvet)
Hello,

I've included some additional bits of information about this article in my Sandbox [|Sandbox]. Please check it out! Doctor Velvet (talk) 23:51, 9 March 2018 (UTC)Doctor Velvet

 * , I did a quick review of your sandbox, and encourage you to continue developing the the proposed section, and include it as long as the material can be cited to reliable sources. Adding photographs and other images might be a bit trickier but if you can find some that are in the public domain, or that have been released under a CC-BY-SA compliant license, then by all means upload them. I'll be happy to collaborate with you and offer whatever help and guidance you need. Atsme 📞📧 03:10, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

Gar fish distribution
Greetings, Atsme

I am one of the contributing editors to the Gar page. I have revised my Distribution section, due to some improper referencing of the type of Fish, which you pointed out.

Thank you for double-checking; I really appreciate it!

If you could review again, and check to see that all the information is accurate, that would be swell.

Thank you.

Doctor Velvet (talk) 18:18, 11 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi, - please see the following research.   For Beloniformes, see the clade.   Lepisosteiformes are grouped with Mesozoic macrosemiids and 'semionotids' in the Semionotiformes.  They are not the same as Belone belone - see this article which may also prove helpful.  The information and map you provided belongs in either garfish or needlefish, not gar. Atsme 📞📧 19:11, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Regarding the Image

I did not mean to start a war; I edited the little blurb to effectively showcase the image that I included beforehand.

Could you tell me why it's incorrect?

It shows the distribution of the Alligator and the Spotted Gars; if it's an issue with the fish then I'm not sure what to say: they're both from the family Lepisosteidae.

Thank you

Doctor Velvet (talk) 22:11, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The image you attempted to include is not representative of gar distribution. Why did you think it was? There are various species of gars throughout the United States. I provided a distribution map of only the longnose gar to give you an idea of distribution - there are many other species of gars that will each have different distribution maps so instead of trying to add so many maps to this article, we add the distribution maps to the articles of individual species. Now do you see why your map is incorrect? Atsme 📞📧 00:30, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Yes indeed. Thank you! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doctor Velvet (talk • contribs) 18:05, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * You're welcome!! 😉 Atsme 📞📧 18:50, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

Fin chart
I removed the incorrect name on the fin chart and uploaded the new version. You may need to purge cache to see the correct version. Atsme Talk 📧 19:20, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gar


text:
Division 4

Division 4 is an Australian television police drama series made by Crawford Productions for the Nine Network between 1969 and 1975 for 301 episodes.

Synopsis
The series was one of the first dramas to follow up on the enormous success of the earlier Crawford Productions crime show Homicide and dealt with the wide variety of cases dealt with by police in the fictional Melbourne suburb of Yarra Central (modelled on St Kilda).

Awards
The series won 10 Logie Awards, including two Gold Logies (for Australia's most popular entertainer) for Gerard Kennedy, who played Frank Banner.

It was also critically acclaimed, winning a number of Penguin and Awgie awards for its scripts and actors. In 1972 Frank Taylor received the Penguin Award for the Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series. After Kennedy decided to leave Division 4, the Nine Network summarily cancelled the series; only one episode was made with his replacement John Stanton.

Theme song
The opening library music theme Power Drive composed by Johnny Pearson in 1967 was sampled by TISM in their 1998 single Thunderbirds Are Coming Out.

Home media
As of February 2017, twelve volumes of this series have been released on DVD through Crawfords/WinTV, representing the entire series run (with the exception of episode 102A "Conspiracy", which exists as a partial episode only and was not included).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Division 4


text: Category:Archaeological sites in Japan

title: Category:Archaeological sites in Japan


text:
User:Kraiken

Not that there's much about me on it but you can visit my website: kraiken.com

Sorry - it got deleted when my previously free web space expired so don't bother....

title: User:Kraiken


text:
Talk:Warwick (town), New York

there's a hell of a lot more to this town than that! I'm fairly certain there is some interesting history in Warwick. There are number of mansions which I believe were built by railroad barrons and the like.

It is also mentioned in The Great Gatsby for what that's worth.

Also, Pine Island is a major onion producing region which was settled by Polish immigrants.

but I hear you saying (if you're listening) "go ahead and find out about it yourself!"

--Jasongetsdown 21:11, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Paint Ball Kid filmed in Warwick
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1849312237751610953&q=paint+ball+kid&hl=en <-- the kid in the video says it's filmed in Warwick NY. 69.125.89.103 01:00, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

It's john Michael, and the kid in the beginning is Shane Jardine.

title: Talk:Warwick (town), New York


text:
User talk:Lapinmies/archive

Hello! Say what you want! I like you, do you like me?

Congratulations for your white hat
You have ended finnish "lukio" with very good grades! Congratulations and you maybe can see, that I got only B from english. Näkemiin, PacoCrunz 14:14, 4 June 2005

Re: Bit of a problem with votes for deletion page...
Iltaa Lapinmies! Try clicking the "Purge Page Cache" link at the top of the VfD if page is not reloading otherwise. I don't think you did anything wrong with that VfD submission. Server is just slow this time of day. Kuulemisiin, jni 15:11, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
I have edited Suuret Suomalaiset for NPOV. You have every right to think Esa Saarinen is an idiot and his books are crap, but that's your personal POV, not encyclopedic fact. — J I P | Talk 10:02, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Finland Flag
Hello. I am having problems with my website server now, so I cannot add the flag of Finland at this time. I also like to thank you for pointing out to me that I am missing a flag, since (it turns out) I am also missing the flags of the UN, Brazil and probably that of the Red Cross. BTW, my email is zscout370 at hotmail dot com. Zscout370 00:28, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * The site has been updated to reflect your corrections. I thank you once again for pointing it out to me. Zscout370 23:07, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Harry Potter spoilers
Hello, I noticed that you edited Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince to include a major plot spoiler right at the beginning. Such spoilers are listed in the plot summary, not early in the article itself and especially not at the very beginning. This is done to avoid ruining the end of the book for those that wish to read it and find out for themselves. If you've read the book, maybe you could help with the plot summary section to ensure it is as inclusive as possible. Thanks. :) --Sanguinus 14:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

List of fads
Hello, Lapinmies. Your addition of anime to Fad's list of fads does not conform to a neutral point of view, and that is why I am reverting it. The assumption that anime is a fad is made with a limited geographic scope, as it takes into consideration the USA only. Please remember that the project is aimed at avoiding systemic bias. Thus you should make a simple consideration: is anime a fad in Japan? The same can apply to, for example, France. Anime and manga have been huge there for decades. So, yeah, not a fad. Cheers. --Sn0wflake 20:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Tyrany of the majority
Thanks for finding that page. Next time you find one like it, could you please list it on VfD, instead of blanking it? Blanking's against the Wikipedia Deletion Policy. Thanks. Supadawg - Talk 18:12, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Hangman Game 11
Hey man. Sure you can host Game 11, but you are going to need to wait a bit because we are voting to move the page. So as soon as that is resolved, I'm going to archive games 1-10 and then I'll give you a heads up, okay? -Hoekenheef 23:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, all clear. Make her a good one! -Hoekenheef 11:09, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well that didn't take long. Do you want to do the next one? -Hoekenheef 10:31, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

vfd
I have noticed that recently you voted on a VfD. Prior to that VfD your signature was Lapinmies. During voting on that VfD you used my signature, I having previously voted. I would appreciate your returning to your earlier signature, as deliberately copying the signature of another user constitutes fraud. ( ! | ? | * ) 21:05, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Jamel Debbouze
On april, you deleted the fact that he was the best paid ator in France. It was true in 2002, I corrected ;-) 82.67.183.125 16:34, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Vicente Fox
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gamaliel 20:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lapinmies/archive


text:
Talk:Pair production

Can we please remove this formula?
After reading this page, I could not possibly imagine this formula being useful to any reader, so I decided to go to the source ("Koehn, C., Ebert, U., Angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung photons and of positrons for calculations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and positron beams, Atmos. Res. (2014), vol. 135-136, pp. 432-465"). I assumed there would be no way someone could even correctly copy this formula into the page. I made it as far as I2 where there is a sign error in wikipedia compared to the paper. This clearly does not belong in the page, and should be removed, since anyone remotely interested in the equation would simply refer to the paper. Unfortunately, I believe this requires a rather substantial rewrite. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.38.58 (talk) 19:44, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

Is it necessary for the Wikipedia to flash the gory details of a formula?
The details of Köhn and Ebert result seem out of place in an article directed at general reader.

Full agree. Wikipedia is not the place to develop such complex formula that 99.9% of readers cannot even udnerstand. It is by far more useful to place it in this talk.

Here is the development of the Formula for experts:

$$ \begin{align} d^4\sigma &= \frac{Z^2\alpha_{fine}^3c^2}{(2\pi)^2\hbar}|\mathbf{p}_+||\mathbf{p}_-| \frac{dE_+}{\omega^3}\frac{d\Omega_+ d\Omega_- d\Phi}{|\mathbf{q}|^4}\times \\ &\times\left[- \frac{\mathbf{p}_-^2\sin^2\Theta_-}{(E_--c|\mathbf{p}_-|\cos\Theta_-)^2}\left (4E_+^2-c^2\mathbf{q}^2\right)\right.\\ &-\frac{\mathbf{p}_+^2\sin^2\Theta_+}{(E_+-c|\mathbf{p}_+|\cos\Theta_+)^2}\left (4E_-^2-c^2\mathbf{q}^2\right) \\ &+2\hbar^2\omega^2\frac{\mathbf{p}_+^2\sin^2\Theta_++\mathbf{p}_-^2\sin^2\Theta_-}{(E_+-c|\mathbf{p}_+|\cos\Theta_+)(E_--c|\mathbf{p}_-|\cos\Theta_-)} \\ &+2\left.\frac{|\mathbf{p}_+||\mathbf{p}_-|\sin\Theta_+\sin\Theta_-\cos\Phi}{(E_+-c|\mathbf{p}_+|\cos\Theta_+)(E_--c|\mathbf{p}_-|\cos\Theta_-)}\left(2E_+^2+2E_-^2-c^2\mathbf{q}^2\right)\right]. \\ \end{align} $$

with

$$ \begin{align} d\Omega_+&=\sin\Theta_+\ d\Theta_+,\\ d\Omega_-&=\sin\Theta_-\ d\Theta_-. \end{align} $$

This expression can be derived by using a quantum mechanical symmetry between pair production and Bremsstrahlung. $$Z$$ is the atomic number, $$\alpha_{fine}\approx 1/137$$ the fine structure constant, $$\hbar$$ the reduced Planck's constant and $$c$$ the speed of light. The kinetic energies $$ E_{kin,+/-} $$ of the positron and electron relate to their total energies $$ E_{+,-}$$ and momenta $$ \mathbf{p}_{+,-} $$ via

$$ E_{+,-}=E_{kin,+/-}+m_e c^2=\sqrt{m_e^2 c^4+\mathbf{p}_{+,-}^2 c^2}. $$

Conservation of energy yields

$$ \hbar\omega=E_{+}+E_{-}. $$

The momentum $$ \mathbf{q} $$ of the virtual photon between incident photon and nucleus is:

$$ \begin{align} -\mathbf{q}^2&=-|\mathbf{p}_+|^2-|\mathbf{p}_-|^2-\left(\frac{\hbar}{c}\omega\right)^2+2|\mathbf{p}_+|\frac{\hbar}{c} \omega\cos\Theta_+ +2|\mathbf{p}_-|\frac{\hbar}{c} \omega\cos\Theta_- \\ &-2|\mathbf{p}_+||\mathbf{p}_-|(\cos\Theta_+\cos\Theta_-+\sin\Theta_+\sin\Theta_-\cos\Phi), \end{align} $$

where the directions are given via:

$$ \begin{align} \Theta_+&=\sphericalangle(\mathbf{p}_+,\mathbf{k}),\\ \Theta_-&=\sphericalangle(\mathbf{p}_-,\mathbf{k}),\\ \Phi&=\text{Angle between the planes } (\mathbf{p}_+,\mathbf{k}) \text{ and } (\mathbf{p}_-,\mathbf{k}), \end{align} $$

where $$ \mathbf{k} $$ is the momentum of the incident photon.

In order to analyse the relation between the photon energy $$ E_+ $$ and the emission angle $$ \Theta_+ $$ between photon and positron, Köhn and Ebert integrated the quadruply differential cross section over $$ \Theta_- $$ and $$ \Phi $$. The double differential cross section is:

$$ \begin{align} \frac{d^2\sigma (E_+,\omega,\Theta_+)}{dE_+d\Omega_+} = \sum\limits_{j=1}^{6} I_j \end{align} $$

with

$$ \begin{align} I_1&=\frac{2\pi A}{\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+}} \\ &\times \ln\left(\frac{(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+-\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2 \Theta_+}(\Delta^{(p)}_1+\Delta^{(p)}_2)+\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2}{-(\Delta^{(p)}_2) ^2-4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+ -\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2 \Theta_+}(\Delta^{(p)}_1-\Delta^{(p)}_2)+\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2 }\right) \\ &\times\left[-1-\frac{c\Delta^{(p)}_2}{p_-(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)}+\frac{p_+^2c^2\sin^2\Theta_+} {(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)^2}-\frac{2\hbar^2\omega^2p_-\Delta^{(p)}_2}{c(E_+-cp_+\cos \Theta_+)((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)}\right], \\ I_2&=\frac{2\pi Ac}{p_-(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)}\ln\left( \frac{E_-+p_-c}{E_--p_-c}\right), \\ I_3&=\frac{2\pi A}{\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+ }} \\ &\times\ln\Bigg(\Big((E_-+p_-c)(4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+(E_--p_-c)+(\Delta^{(p)}_1+\Delta^{(p)}_2) ((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c) \\ &-\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+}))\Big)\Big((E_--p_-c) (4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+(-E_--p_-c) \\ &+(\Delta^{(p)}_1-\Delta^{(p)}_2) ((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)-\sqrt{(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+}))\Big)^{-1}\Bigg) \\ &\times\left[\frac{c(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)}{p_-(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)}\right.\\ &+\Big[((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)(E_-^3+E_-p_-c)+p_-c(2 ((\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2-4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)E_-p_-c \\ &+\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2(3E_-^2+p_-^2c^2))\Big]\Big[(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+\Big]^{-1} \\ &+\Big[-8p_+^2p_-^2m^2c^4\sin^2\Theta_+(E_+^2+E_-^2)-2\hbar^2\omega^2p_+^2\sin^2\Theta_+p_-c(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c) \\ &+2\hbar^2\omega^2p_- m^2c^3(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)\Big] \Big[(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)\Big]^{-1} \\ &+\left.\frac{4E_+^2p_-^2(2(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2-4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)(\Delta^{(p)}_1E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_2p_-c)}{((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)^2}\right], \\ I_4&=\frac{4\pi Ap_-c(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)}{(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+}+\frac{16\pi E_+^2p_-^2 A(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2}{((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)^2}, \\ I_5&=\frac{4\pi A}{(-(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2-4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+) ((\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)} \\ &\times\left[\frac{\hbar^2\omega^2p_-^2}{E_+cp_+\cos\Theta_+} \Big[E_-[2(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2-(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2)+8p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2)] \right.\\ &+p_-c[2\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2-(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2)+16\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+]\Big]\Big[(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+\Big]^{-1}\\ &+ \frac{2\hbar^2\omega^2 p_{+}^2 \sin^2\Theta_+(2\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2 p_-c+2(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2E_-+8p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+ E_-)}{E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+}\\ &-\Big[2E_+^2p_-^2\{2((\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2-(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2)(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2 +8p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+[((\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2+(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2)(E_-^2+p_-^2c^2)\\ &+4\Delta^{(p)}_1\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-p_-c]\}\Big]\Big[(\Delta^{(p)}_2E_-+\Delta^{(p)}_1p_-c)^2+4m^2c^4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+\Big]^{-1}\\ &-\left.\frac{8p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+(E_+^2+E_-^2)(\Delta^{(p)}_2p_-c +\Delta^{(p)}_1 E_-)}{E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+}\right], \\ I_6&=-\frac{16\pi E_-^2p_+^2\sin^2\Theta_+ A}{(E_+-cp_+\cos\Theta_+)^2 (-(\Delta^{(p)}_2)^2+(\Delta^{(p)}_1)^2-4p_+^2p_-^2\sin^2\Theta_+)} \end{align} $$

and

$$ \begin{align} A&=\frac{Z^2\alpha_{fine}^3c^2}{(2\pi)^2\hbar}\frac{|\mathbf{p}_+||\mathbf{p}_-|}{\omega^3},\\ \Delta^{(p)}_1&:=-|\mathbf{p}_+|^2-|\mathbf{p}_-|^2-\left(\frac{\hbar}{c}\omega\right) + 2\frac{\hbar}{c}\omega|\mathbf{p}_+|\cos\Theta_+,\\ \Delta^{(p)}_2&:=2\frac{\hbar}{c}\omega|\mathbf{p}_i|-2|\mathbf{p}_+||\mathbf{p}_-| \cos\Theta_+ + 2. \end{align} $$

This cross section can be applied in Monte Carlo simulations.

Revert regarding pair production in matter
This is a note explaning my revert of the edit that was just made. The paragraph beginning with this text is not about pair production in the vacuum:

''In nuclear physics, this occurs when a high-energy photon interacts with an atomic nucleus, allowing it to decay into an electron and a positron without violating conservation of momentum. It is the chief method by which energy from gamma rays is observed in condensed matter.''

It refers to a real photon decaying to an electron and a positron. Although there is no nuclear decay involved, a nucleus is required to conserve momentum. If that were not true, photons with E > 1.022 MeV would decay extremely rapidly while moving through space; instead, it happens only in matter. -- SCZenz 14:49, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Info from anon that can be properly formatted and added
•	Usually occurs near a nucleus (only a negligible amount of energy is transferred to the nucleus, but momentum is not conserved.).

•	hν – 1.022 MeV = E+ + E-, that is the energy of the positron plus the energy of the electron is equal to the energy of the original photon minus the rest mass of the two created particles.

•	The attenuation cooeficient is proportional to Z-squared, and has a logarithmic dependence on the photon energy

•	Because the probability increases rapidly with energy above the threshold level (1.022MeV), higher energy megavoltage beams can, in fact, be less penetrating than lower energy beams, particularly in high Z materials.

•	Nuclear attraction and repulsion tend to give the positron slightly more energy than the electron.

•	If pair production occurs in the field of an electron, it is called Triplet Production: o	Three particles appear, the original electron, the created electron and the created positron. o	The threshold for triplet production is 2.04 MeV o	Small probability compared to pair production (for Pb, Z = 82, triplet probability ~ 0.01 x pair probability.

•	Significant compared to Compton effect when hν → 10 MeV and Z ≥ 10

•	In radiotherapy, pair production can occur in bones, increasing the dose to bone.

Production of heavier particles
The photon need only have a total energy of twice the rest mass(me) of an electron (1.022 MeV) for this to occur as described above; if it is much more energetic, heavier particles may also be produced.

What are these "heavier particles"? - Quirk 09:03, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Muons and tauons - it requires the photon to be more than twice the rest mass of these particles. Agger 09:12, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Curiosity on photon-photon pair production
Article says: photon-photon pair production may occur at 511 KeV, comparing it to photon-nucleus pair production. This leaves me wondering how the photon-photon version might work: it means photons could as well interact with other photons to produce particle-antiparticle pairs? -- Alessandro Ghignola (talk) 09:07, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

P.S. Nevermind, I've found it here, but perhaps a link to that article may be given in the text. -- Alessandro Ghignola (talk) 09:19, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

A single photon cannot split into two photons without additional particles involved, since that would violate conservation of angular momentum. Photons have spin one, whereas two photons have a cumulative spin of either zero (1 − 1) or two (1 + 1). Theoretically, a spin-two graviton or a spin-zero higgson could produce photon pairs though. Nicole Sharp (talk) 17:05, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Conservation of Momentum
Why couldn't the newly created positron and electron absorb the momentum of the photon? How would the conservation law break without a nucleus? The article doesn't give a reason for this, just states this as a fact. Could someone shed some light on this? PAStheLoD (talk) 02:54, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Math
There is a significant chunk of math in this article, would it be wise to break it down some and explain it? I don't have a problem with pretty math, but since wikipedia likes for the common man to be able to understand things, we should probably do something to make the math more presentable to a wider audience. 76.198.38.250 (talk) 20:00, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

Feynman Diagram
The Feynman diagram does not conserve momentum, so the interaction shown is only possible for a virtual pair production (though the diagram shows free pair production). 76.181.69.229 (talk) 22:00, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

I hope this is just my computer going wrong
http://puu.sh/gMWBX/ac4241b70a.png Am I the only one that sees a huge space here? Even if I am not, it's odd that there's something that large on the page. Is it a formula that didn't load? (I refreshed.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mechanic1c (talk • contribs) 23:28, 23 March 2015 (UTC)

Z
I think we should relabel "Z" as "nucleus" instead in the diagram shown to avoid confusion with the Z boson of the weak interaction. See "commons:file talk:Pair production Cartoon.gif." Nicole Sharp (talk) 17:08, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

Basic Kinematics section has some serious mistakes
There are some serious mistakes in the section on Basic Kinematics. The conclusion is that the electron and positron are produced back-to-back. This is clearly wrong. As anyone who has seen photons convert to e+e- in bubble chamber photographs, they are produced with an almost zero opening angle not 180 degrees.

The problem with the maths is easy to see. (1+cos(theta)) is really (1-cos(theta)). Tracing this back, the minus sign follows from "E"-"p" not "E"+"p" which is the Minkowski geometry of spacetime.

So this section needs to be re-done, preferably with some better explanations of the approximations being used. For example, the statement that the nucleus has negligible mass compared to the energy of the photon would only be true for photon energies above several hundred GeV.

Chris Bowdery — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:541A:1400:C595:135F:3FF6:64F3 (talk) 21:23, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

Photon is not an elementary particle
Looking at the first sentences, I see an error - "Pair production is the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle. Examples include creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton" - if it is the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle then a proton and an antiproton, which are composed of quarks/antiquarks, would not qualify. This needs to be clarified. --Nerd1a4i (talk) 13:02, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Basic kinematics - Energy and momentum conservation
The section "Basic kinematics" is inaccurate. Specifically, according to the metric signature (−, +, +, +) and with the assumption that the modulus of the velocity of the electron and the positron is the same, and that $$\theta$$ is the angle between the two velocity vectors (as in the article), the calculation gives

$$ p_{e^-}p_{e^+} = -\left( \frac{E^2}{c^2} - \mathbf p_{e^-} \cdot \mathbf p_{e^+} \right) = -m^2 c^2 \gamma^2 \left( 1-\beta^2\cos\theta \right) $$

and hence

$$ (p_\gamma)^2 = -4m_e^2\gamma^2(c^2-v^2\cos^2\theta/2) = 0 $$

The equality can be true only if $$v=c$$ and $$\theta=0$$, that is clearly impossible for electrons and positrons. The underlying reason is that the equality $$\frac{E}{c}=p$$ holds for massless particles like photons, but not for massive particles like electrons and positrons, unless they move at the velocity of light (that is impossible for massive particles). Therefore, it is not possible to assure energy and momentum conservation when a single photon decays in massive particles without the interaction with other particles. Szunino81 (talk) 13:19, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Hawking radiation is not pair production by the definition given here
The article mentions Hawking radiation (under the heading "Astronomy", which incidentally is ridiculous), but Hawking radiation does not involve a neutral boson. More generally, there are lots of other forms of pair production that also do not involve a neutral boson - Schwinger pair production, pair production in plasma, pair production from the collision of two (high energy) photons, etc. So, either the lede should be rewritten to include these other phenomena, or it should make clear that it is not discussing them and the reference to Hawking radiation should be deleted. I think the first option is better.  Waleswatcher  ( talk ) 21:26, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

History
This article could use a bit of history. I'd imagine the first observation of pair production was quite notable and surprising, but it's not mentioned at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.40.48.159 (talk) 14:05, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

About the conservation of momentum and energy
The photon must be near a nucleus in order to satisfy conservation of momentum, as an electron–positron pair produced in free space cannot satisfy conservation of both energy and momentum.

Actually it does not require a nucleus. It requires a second particle.

The problem is the free choice of the reference frame. The energy of the photon depends on the frame of reference. It can have any positive value, see Relativistic_Doppler_effect.

So we have an initial state, where we have only one photon with an arbitrary energy, depending on our choice of reference frame. In the final state however we have two particles. These particles have rest mass, and so the total energy in the final state must be at least equal to the rest masses of the produced particles. This contradicts the free choice of the reference frame, and thus impossible.

I believe there is another explanation involving Feynman diagrams. There are rules for drawing Feynman diagrams, and there can not be a process where only one particle enters the diagram and more particles leave.

However these are both indirect explanations. Cs.B. (talk) 19:36, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Minimum energy required
As energy must be conserved, for pair production to occur, the incoming energy of the photon must be above a threshold of at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles created. (As the electron is the lightest, hence, lowest mass/energy, elementary particle, it requires the least energetic photons of all possible pair-production processes.)

The explanation is not factually correct, since the electron is not the lightest particle. Neutrinos are lighter. I can not provide explanation on why neutrino-antineutrino pair production does not occur (or does it?). It may be related to the interactions, since photons are only known to interact via electromagnetism and gravity, where neutrinos do not interact with electromagnetism. Maybe there is neutrino-antineutrino pair production involving other bosons.

Cs.B. (talk) 19:44, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I came here to ask the same question. I'm guessing that Buday's explanation (neutrinos don't interact via the EM force) is right, but in any case the article should be corrected by someone who knows. Mcswell (talk) 15:06, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pair production


text: User talk:130.49.221.234

title: User talk:130.49.221.234


text:
Kelowna City Council

Kelowna City Council is the governing body of the city of Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. The council consist of the mayor and eight elected city councillors who represent the city. Municipal elections are held every four years across the Province on the third Saturday of November.

2022–present
Elected in the 2022 municipal elections Mayor: Tom Dyas

Councillors: Charlie Hodge, Mohini Singh, Maxine DeHart, Luke Stack, Loyal Wooldridge, Ron Cannan, Rick Webber, Gord Lovegrove

2018-2022
Mayor: Colin Basran
 * Vote Results

Councillors: Charlie Hodge, Mohini Singh, Ryan Donn, Gail Given, Maxine DeHart, Brad Sieben, Luke Stack, Loyal Wooldridge

2014-2018
Mayor: Colin Basran
 * Vote Results

Councillors: Charlie Hodge, Mohini Singh, Ryan Donn, Gail Given, Maxine DeHart, Brad Sieben, Tracy Gray, Luke Stack

2011-2014
Mayor: Walter Gray

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Gail Given, Colin Basran, Andre Blanleil, Luke Stack, Mohini Singh, Maxine DeHart, Gerry Zimmermann.

2008-2011
Mayor: Sharon Shepherd
 * Vote Results

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Brian Given, Andre Blanleil, Angela Reid, Michele Rule, Graeme James, Luke Stack, Charlie Hodge.

 * As of the November 2009 by-election; Kevin Craig has replaced Brian Given.
 * By-Election Results

2005-2008

 * Vote Results
 * Mayor: Sharon Shepherd
 * Councillors: Robert Hobson, Brian Given, Carol Gran, Michele Rule, Colin Day, Andre Blanleil, Norm Letnick, Barrie Clark

2002-2005

 * Vote Results
 * Mayor: Walter Gray
 * Councillors: Robert Hobson, Brian Given, Al Horning, Ron Cannan, Colin Day, Andre Blanleil, Sharon Shepherd, Barrie Clarke.

1999-2002
Mayor: Walter Gray

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Brian Given, Ron Cannan, Colin Day, Andre Blanleil, Sharon Shepherd, Smiley Nelson.

1996-1999
Mayor: Walter Gray

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Joe Leask, Ron Cannan, Colin Day, Andre Blanleil, Sharon Shepherd, Smiley Nelson, Marion Bremner.

1993-1996
Mayor: James Stuart

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Colin Day, Andre Blanleil, Joe Leask, Ben Lee, Henry Markgraf, Shirley Staley, Marion Bremner.

1988-1993
Mayor: James Stuart

Councillors: Robert Hobson, Marion Bremner. Further Councillors Unknown.

title: Kelowna City Council


text:
User talk:Parerga

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Parerga


text:
User talk:Serendipodous

Nomination of Twelfth planet (disambiguation) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Twelfth planet (disambiguation) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Twelfth planet (disambiguation) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 02:46, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Planet at FAR
I have nominated Planet for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Artem.G (talk) 17:46, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

90377 Sedna - featured article review
I have nominated 90377 Sedna for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Renerpho (talk) 05:45, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

"Nibirum" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Dimwell Arrhythmic Rhyming Slang" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Dimwell Arrhythmic Rhyming Slang and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 17 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. John of Reading (talk) 07:29, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Always precious
Ten years ago, you were found precious. That's what you are, always. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:56, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

Thank you today for J. K. Rowling! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 05:15, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

... and today for Ceres (dwarf planet)! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:00, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Greetings
Hi, if you are still in the astronomy lark, perhaps you could cast an eye over a query I made at ares or arcs?. More importantly, if you are still in London, I'm planning to attend my first meetup since before Lockdown next month, assuming Monkeypox, the latest wave of COVID or the rise and return of Cthulhu don't get in the way. And possibly even if they do.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  22:52, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Featured Article Save Award for Solar System
There is a Featured Article Save Award nomination at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review/Solar System/archive2. Please join the discussion to recognize and celebrate editors who helped assure this article would retain its featured status. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  16:19, 10 July 2022 (UTC)

Religious debates over the Harry Potter series Featured article review
I have nominated Religious debates over the Harry Potter series for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  02:01, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

BrE
Um, you do know that Oxford is in the UK, and that the OED is a British dictionary? — kwami (talk) 09:26, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Timeline pages now redirects
You deleted content from timeline pages like 10th millennium, turning them into redirects to Timeline of the far future. This edit is not appreciated and is being reverted. 24.59.254.203 (talk) 20:29, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * If you do, I will almost certainly nominate them for deletion. Perhaps you should discuss. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 20:31, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

refs in talk pages
Hi. This may be old news to you, but I saw an old comment of yours where you said don't put refs in talk page comments; they stay at the bottom no matter how long the page gets. Actually, you can just put a reflist tag at the bottom of the thread to fix that. There's even reftalk (expanded) and sources-talk (collapsed) for that purpose.

Sorry if I'm stating the obvious. — kwami (talk) 18:34, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Edit requests
Hello there! Something I like to do is review the queue of requested edits, and I saw that you resolved a request submitted at Talk:Solar System. I'd like to bestow upon you a kitten for helping others!

If you ever run into another edit request and wish to fulfill it, one thing to help out editors that like to review requested edits is to add the parameter  to the edit request template. I've gone ahead and done this for you. This parameter applies to all of the protection-specific templates (e.g Edit semi-protected, Edit extended-protected, etc), and it serves to remove the request from the queue. A fantastic script that streamlines this process with a slick graphical interface is the Edit Request Tool by.

I appreciate you being here on Wikipedia, and happy editing! — Sirdog (talk) 03:57, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Jupiter
Nice job on Ceres, do you plan on bringing Jupiter back to FA? LittleJerry (talk) 18:45, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

I started this, if you don't mind. 07:44, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Thanks
Insane work on Ceres, thanks a lot for keeping the GA number at WP:VA high :) CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 15:32, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

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Good to see you
Hi Serendipodous, was thrilled to see your name mentioned in the Signpost for promoting Ceres to FA last month. It's pretty insane to think that Featured article candidates/Scattered disc was 14 years ago. Thanks for supporting me back then on my path towards becoming an independent content contributor - and hope all is well with you!  ceran  thor 15:52, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:SolarSummary
Template:SolarSummary has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 07:28, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

Yo Ho Ho

 Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  is wishing you Seasons Greetings! Whether you celebrate your hemisphere's Solstice or Christmas, Diwali, Hogmanay, Hanukkah, Lenaia, Festivus or even the Saturnalia, this is a special time of year for almost everyone!

Spread the holiday cheer by adding ~ to your friends' talk pages.

 Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  22:13, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

Happy New Year, Serendipodous!

Happy New Year! Serendipodous, Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable New Year, and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia. See this for background context.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:17, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Send New Year cheer by adding {{subst:Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:17, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 17
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited 90377 Sedna, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Heliopause.

(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:07, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Jupiter Trojan or Jupiter trojan?
Can you please take a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jupiter_trojan#Jupiter_Trojan_or_Jupiter_trojan and give your opinion?

Thanks, JS (talk) 02:34, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

Burney
'Pluto' was one of the top 3 proposed names. Yes, Burney proposed it. So did a lot of other people. I don't remember the source that said that crediting her was mostly optics, but we do have a source that she was the first "outside of the Lowell staff". And that's from Tombaugh himself. — kwami (talk) 20:16, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Unseen University for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Unseen University, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.

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Left some comments on Jupiter peer review
I read a bit of the Jupiter article and left some comments on the peer review page, I've been enjoying reading it so far! If you find my comments useful let me know and I can leave some more. Neuroxic (talk) 16:34, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

"asteroid" is anachronistic for naming of Ceres
Ceres was named as a planet. If we anachronistically say it was named as an asteroid, we need to say that Pluto was named as a dwarf planet. Which I think is rather jarring, but we should be consistent. — kwami (talk) 11:12, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

Maya Hawke edit
Hello, I am just addressing the reversion you made on the Maya Hawke biography section regarding her ancestry. It is commonplace in biographies of people to address their ancestry, irrespective of what precise percentage it is. Obviously Swedish is only part of it, and one could discern further based on her parents' documented ancestry, but doing so veers into original research; as far as reliable documented sources go, I could only find one that supports her having Swedish ancestry—I figure that in time, there may be reliable sources to support the bigger picture, but I disagree that this is a frivolous detail. —Drown Soda (talk) Drown Soda (talk) 02:24, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

90377 Sedna scheduled for TFA
This is to let you know that the above article has been scheduled as today's featured article for 14 November 2023. Please check that the article needs no amendments. Feel free to amend the draft blurb, which can be found at Today's featured article/November 14, 2023, or to make comments on other matters concerning the scheduling of this article at Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/November 2023. I suggest that you watchlist Main Page/Errors from the day before this appears on Main Page. Thanks and congratulations on your work. Gog the Mild (talk) 13:46, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the 2010 article, and all who helped in the recent FAR bringing it up to date! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:42, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Timeline of the far future
What other page would better suit the inclusion? The page far future in religion does not include a timeline.

A. Rosenberg (talk) 13:03, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Jupiter FA
You got some responses. LittleJerry (talk) 18:39, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Category:Jupiter (mythology) has been nominated for renaming
Category:Jupiter (mythology) has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Redtigerxyz Talk 17:19, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

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"Pro-" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Good article reassessment for Slender Man
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J.K.Rowling
I have nominated J. K. Rowling for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets the featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Delist" in regards to the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 8.9% of all FPs. 17:22, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

In appreciation
Thank you :-)  Serendi pod ous  16:37, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

TFA
Thank you, and the many who contributed, today for Planet! -- Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:35, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for your help at Halley's Comet. I know you've been frustrated by how I handled that FAR last year, and I'm sorry about what happened there. Renerpho (talk) 21:59, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Serendipodous


text:
Talk:Mob psychology

Should this redirect to crowd psychology?

Could Mob Psychology occur today, even with the extenisive knowledge we have upon it? Could there be a second Holocaust?

Combine
I don't see any difference between "mob psychology" and "crowd psychology." Unless there's a reason (not given in the article itself) for keeping the two articles separate, I'll move for combining the two. Blintz 18:13, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Redirecting to Crowd Psychology. Jjmckool (talk) 07:17, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mob psychology


text:
Pakruojis District Municipality

Pakruojis District Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania. It is an agricultural district, situated in the north of Lithuania and bordering with Latvia. The rivers Kruoja, Mūša and others flow through the district. Forests occupy 16.7% of the territory of the Pakruojis district. It is close to two major cities: Šiauliai is 40 km to the west, and Panevėžys - about 50 km to the southeast.

Pakruojis is known as one of the main centres of traditional Lithuanian brewing, along with Pasvalys and Biržai. The founder of the Lithuanian beer website alutis.lt reports that there are 19 breweries in the Pakruojis district. Most bars in town feature local types of beer. The main park in Pakruojis features a collection of local folk-art wood carvings.

title: Pakruojis District Municipality


text:
User talk:Michael32710

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more Michaels. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:18, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey, thanks for the prompt interwiki on Water landing; I don't think I would have found it myself! Melchoir 21:18, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Article
An article that you have been involved in editing, 7th Reconnaissance Group, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Lineagegeek (talk) 20:03, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michael32710


text:
Jack Snow (writer)

John Frederick Snow (August 15, 1907 – July 13, 1956), born Piqua, Ohio was an American radio writer, writer of ghost stories, and scholar, primarily of the works of L. Frank Baum. When Baum died in 1919, the twelve-year-old Snow offered to be the next Royal Historian of Oz, but was turned down by a staffer at Baum's publisher, Reilly & Lee. Snow eventually wrote two Oz books: The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946) and The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949), as well as Who's Who in Oz (1954), a guide to the Oz characters, all of which Reilly & Lee published.

In his second year in high school, the Snow created the first radio review column in American journalism, in The Cincinnati Enquirer. After graduation, Snow pursued a career in print journalism and primarily in radio, with periods in teachers college and the U. S. Army. He named the Ohio radio station WING, and spent seven years with the National Broadcasting Company in New York. In 1944, he attempted to get NBC to produce a radio series based on the stories of fellow Weird Tales author Ray Bradbury.

Snow published five stories in Weird Tales over the space of two decades:
 * "Night Wings" (September 1927)
 * "Poison" (December 1928)
 * "Second Childhood" (March 1945)
 * "Seed" (January 1946)
 * "Midnight" (May 1946)

These were all included in Dark Music and Other Spectral Tales (1947) with the exception of "Second Childhood". A full description of each tale in the collection appears in the entry on Snow in E.F. Bleiler's Guide to Supernatural Fiction Snow also published several letters in the letters column of Weird Tales over the years. "Seed" has also been reprinted in Marvin Kaye's 1988 anthology Weird Tales: The Magazine That Never Dies". When Snow assembled his 1947 collection Dark Music he wanted it to include a dozen of his best stories, including one of his more sinister tales, “Midnight,” which had appeared in the May 1946 issue of Weird Tales with Bradbury's story "The Smiling People." Later, Bradbury agreed to write the foreword for the volume. But the publisher insisted on padding the volume with a number of Snow's stories that were juvenilia. Bradbury, only twenty-six years old at the time, had agreed to write a foreword for Snow's collection but he reneged when he read these additions, rejecting them as "patently unpublishable". It has been rumored that the jackets for all copies of Jack Snow's book, Dark Music and Other Spectral Tales, (whose cover art is by Ronald Clyne – his first published book jacket) had to be overstamped with a bar of ink, to block out Bradbury's name- but no copy has ever surfaced with such a bar of ink. Snow wrote to Bradbury "You are a literary craftsman with ambitions to become a skilled and recognized artist in the field. I have no such ambitions. I want to write because I enjoy it."

Snow also wrote a short story, "A Murder in Oz," for Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, but the editors rejected it, and it was posthumously published in The Baum Bugle. That story has been published in a recent collection titled Spectral Snow (Hungry Tiger Press, 1996), which collects several of the horror stories Snow sold to popular magazines, such as Weird Tales. There is a good deal of overlap between Snow's two collections but each contains stories not found in the other. The eponymous story has been anthologized in other collections.

Anthony Boucher praised Who's Who in Oz for its comprehensive set of character sketches, plot synopses, biographical notes, and "skilled discussion of many arguable points in the chronology and history of Oz"."

There have been rumors over the years of a third unpublished Oz book by Snow, entitled Over the Rainbow to Oz (involving either Polychrome, the rainbow's daughter, or an early history of Oz), but no manuscript has ever been discovered.

Snow's address book of Oz fans, discovered after he died, became the basis of the mailing that established The International Wizard of Oz Club.

The Baum Bugle winter 1987 issue contains biographical and bibliographical information about Snow as well as critical analysis of his horror output.

An entry on the movie website IMDB indicates that he died in New York of internal hemorrhaging and is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Piqua, Ohio (his birthplace), next to his father, John Alonzo Snow. Both father and son are buried in lot 021 001.

title: Jack Snow (writer)


text:
Jaywick

Jaywick is a coastal village in the Tendring district of Essex, England, 2 miles west of Clacton-on-Sea. It lies on the North Sea coast of England, 60 miles from London and 17 miles from Colchester. It was constructed in the 1930s as a holiday resort for Londoners, but has, over time, been officially named the most deprived area in the country.

The land on which the village is built was originally fields and salt marsh and unsuitable for agriculture. It was purchased by the entrepreneur Frank Stedman in 1928 to build low cost, affordable holiday homes for working-class families, and became a popular holiday destination throughout the 1930s. After the Second World War, a shortage of housing meant the properties became permanently inhabited despite not being built for this purpose. Many holiday homes are now in a state of disrepair, and the local community have resisted demolition. Jaywick has significant problems with unemployment and is at risk of flooding, despite several attempts by the local council to transform the area.

Location
Jaywick is around 60 mi from London and 17 mi southeast of Colchester. It is in the Golf Green ward of the Tendring district of north-east Essex. To the north-east is Clacton-on-Sea (from which it is separated by Clacton Airfield), while to the west is the estuary of the River Colne. Jaywick is divided into the Tudor estate to the north (also known as West Clacton), the Village to the southeast and the Brooklands and Grasslands estates to the southwest.

Most shops are on the village's main street, Broadway. A 200-year-old Martello tower on the coastline was converted into an arts and heritage centre. The artwork, "46 Brooklands Gardens", by Nathan Coley was erected at the Martello tower as a three-month show piece.

History
What is now Jaywick was originally fields and salt marshes near Clacton and St Osyth. A wooden spear from the Lower Paleolithic era, found locally in an area of foreshore erosion, is the oldest known man-made wooden artefact found in the British Isles. The name Jaywick is first documented in 1438 and apparently means "farm frequented by jays"; the earliest recorded form, Clakyngeywyk, includes the adjective clacking, meaning "chattering". During the 19th century, the area was popular for shooting and contained a rifle range.

Because of its proximity to the sea, Jaywick had never been a practical place for farming due to the risk from floods; and the land remained unused. A sea wall was built in 1880 to protect against flooding. Ordnance Survey mapping around 1897 shows Jaywick as a few farmhouses near what is now Crossways on the Tudor estate. By the turn of the 20th century, campaigners such as William Morris had attempted to convince people of the virtues of self-sufficient communities for poor families away from large cities, which led to developments such as Peacehaven in Sussex in 1914. Jaywick was proposed by property developer Frank Stedman in 1928 as a cheap holiday retreat for Londoners. Stedman had noticed the popularity of Clacton as a holiday resort and believed that he could sell small plots of land to East End residents on which holiday homes could be built. Residents were encouraged to buy land and self-build properties, with plots being offered as little as £25 and Stedman convinced buyers that a house could be built for as little as £395. An initial emphasis was on well-being, health and fitness, with outdoor exercises being popular. Stedman was motivated primarily by money rather than altruism and while he discussed plans for landscaping the development, along with a lake and a sports centre, they never materialised.

The original estate was developed in the shape of a car radiator grille and the roads were named after vehicle manufacturers. Coaches regularly picked up holidaymakers throughout the 1930s from Ilford and Romford. The Jaywick Miniature Railway, an 18 in gauge miniature railway operated from 1936 to 1939. The locomotive was a model of a GNR Stirling 4-2-2.

Plotland developments elsewhere in Britain were bulldozed after the Second World War. Attempts were made by the local council to demolish Jaywick, but there was resistance from residents who campaigned against it and won a preservation order in 1970. The council were unhappy about a housing development sitting on such a flood-prone site and modern conveniences were slow in arriving. A mains sewer system was only installed in 1977.

In 1978, the local council issued an "Article 4 Direction" to control housing development so that planning permission is required for home improvements that would not usually be needed elsewhere, including all extensions, porches and garden structures. The direction was further revised in 2010.

In the 1990s, forty prefabricated houses were built on an adjacent former holiday camp site to rehouse residents of some of the most dilapidated properties. Despite it winning several architectural awards and being praised by the local council, only five of the older properties were demolished. The original development along Brooklands has faced demolition, particularly with respect to dilapidated properties. Vacant sites nearby have been purchased to provide new homes. New permanent residences in Brooklands are prohibited by council regulations. Tendring District Council hope that by 2026, the area will change sufficiently to be attractive for development, and to provide a self-sufficient service based economy for tourism.

In 2018 Tendring district council engaged Colchester-based architects HAT Projects who designed Sunspot (named after an earlier structure, an amusement arcade), a £4.8M development designed to provide offices, workshops, a cafe, training areas and a market hall. In October 2023 23 out of its 24 units had been rented out to small businesses.

Social issues
Despite being marketed as holiday homes, many of the original houses became permanent residences due to post-war housing shortages in London, and by 1950 there was a significant year-round population. Jaywick now includes large numbers of retired and unemployed people. A 2011 report in The Guardian found that 62% of working age residents in Jaywick received benefits, compared to 15% of the national average. A subsequent report in 2015 reiterated the area was one of the most deprived English neighbourhoods. According to the Index of Multiple Deprivation of both 2010 and 2015, the western half of the village is the most deprived area of England. According to the Citizens Advice Bureau, 40% of residents are unable to work due to a disability or long-term illness. 60% of pupils at Frobisher Primary School, on the edge of the village, receive free school meals.

A 2009 report found that four out of Eastern England's ten cheapest streets in which to buy property are in Jaywick, with property on Tamarisk Way selling for an average of £44,050. A 2013 report in The Guardian showed that bungalows were being sold on the Brooklands estate for around £20,000.

In 2010, Jaywick was assessed as the most deprived area in England. In September 2015, it was again named as the most deprived, according to the indices of deprivation based on several factors including: poverty, crime, education and skill levels, unemployment and housing, after being assessed in 2012–13. Referring to the older estates in Jaywick, the headmistress of Frobisher Primary School said "When you go to certain parts of it, you are quite shocked that you are in England." In 2012, Jaywick was labelled the UK's youth unemployment hotspot. Randeep Ramesh, writing in The Guardian, noted that there has been little employment available since the Butlins holiday camp closed in 1983. Local charity Signpost has helped young people find employment, which has become difficult due to many jobs being a significant distance away in Colchester or Ipswich. Tightening of building regulations has meant that simple builders jobs for cash are now illegal without appropriate health and safety training. Drug abuse is a particular problem in the area. Because of the area's reputation for economic deprivation, private developers are unwilling to invest there.

The local controlling council, Tendring District Council, are working with the residents of Brooklands on improving the area and trying to buy up land to build new housing. Council leader Mick Page stated "The only way we will start anything in Jaywick is for us to lead it. We will be the catalyst." The council proposed to stop the allocation of housing benefit to rented properties in Jaywick by 2017, to discourage rental in poor quality buildings. Former council leader Neil Stock has called Jaywick "an embarrassment to the whole country", blaming planning regulations he believes are draconian. Stock reported around 30 to 40 absentee landlords were renting poor quality accommodation to tenants on benefits without requiring any deposit, adding that "the state is subsidising squalor."

In 2011, the council complained to then-Prime Minister David Cameron, asking him to lobby the Committee for the 2012 London Olympics to ensure the Olympic torch passed near Jaywick, the only one of the ten most deprived wards in England it would not pass close to.

The Jaywick Community Resource Centre sits on a former boating lake in Brooklands, and provides support to local residents. In 2010, two filmmakers compiled a documentary, Jaywick Escapes, which showed life in the village. The film combined archive footage from the estate's early years alongside recent interviews with recovering heroin addicts living in Jaywick. It was shown at the 2012 East End Film Festival and an extract was subsequently shown at the Science Museum. In 2015, "Jaywick – Benefits by the Sea" aired on Channel 5. The programme looked at residents of the dilapidated town and their lifestyles. It included a sixty-year-old man who claimed he had not been sober since he was fifteen. A few residents of the Tudor Estate, outside the main deprived areas, complained and asked the Royal Mail to remove the name Jaywick from their postal address.

An image of the village was used in an attack ad by congressional candidate Nick Stella during the 2018 United States midterm elections. The advert subsequently received angry criticism from residents and Tendring District Council Cabinet Member Paul Honeywood, saying "I know that many Jaywick Sands residents will be outraged at being smeared in this way, and rightly so." Stella has since apologised and a spokesperson for the Stella campaign said "our intent was never to make fun of the town".

Environmental risk
During the North Sea flood of 1953, Jaywick was flooded, resulting in the deaths of 35 people. Since then, sea defences have been put in place and many precautions have been made to avoid flooding. Coastal Jaywick has benefited from 30,000 cubic metres of dredged sand as part of a £9.4m upgrade. The residential areas are categorised as having the highest risk of flooding in the country, and a council report anticipated that global warming would increase the risk to human life in Jaywick from flooding over the next 50 to 75 years. The area would be the first to be hit by floods in the event of a tidal surge over the marshes surrounding St Osyth.

The main road into the village is close to sea level and there is the potential risk that a flood could cut off access for emergency services. Many roads, particularly around Brooklands, are unadopted without any public funding, hindering emergency access and giving the area a "run down" look. Because properties are sited on marshland, road improvements tend to have a short lifespan and are quickly damaged in bad weather. In December 2013, due to a severe flood risk, all residents in Jaywick were asked by Essex Police to temporarily leave the area, to be rehoused temporarily in school buildings around Clacton. A similar exercise happened in January 2017 following a threat of coastal flooding, involving the potential evacuation of 2,500 homes in Jaywick and nearby Lee-over-Sands.

Use in media
The 2006 film Starter for 10 scenes set on the seafront were filmed in Jaywick. A scene in Brexit: The Uncivil War was set in a housing estate in Jaywick.

title: Jaywick


text:
Talk:Jon Heder

Untitled
Someone please replace the badly stretched out picture of Mr. Heder.

Anyone want to summarize the death rumor?

Birthdate
LIAR is born a year after his identical twin? Please check birthdatyes for Jon and his twin.

--Talent--
No one has addressed the critiques of Heder? Some argue he plays the same character in every movie.

--Death Rumor--
I have heard rumors that Jon Heder died in a car crash. Is this true
 * There is a good link already in the article debunking that rumor. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 00:20, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Birthplace
See http://www.blackfilm.com/20040618/features/jonheder.shtml, he says "Born in Fort Collins, Colorado, moved to Oregon when I was two, grew up in Salem, Oregon, the capitol." --Fallout boy 05:35, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

--Quip It!--
Is this him on the cover of this board game. http://www.screenlifegames.com/game/quipit/

 * I have no idea, but it sure looks like him! — Frecklefoot | Talk 10:12, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Monster House (film) role
This is highly debated. Please tell me: Is it pizza guy, or skull guy??? --Addict 2006 05:02, 4 March 2007 (UTC) Oh wait. If the pizza guy's name is "Reginald "Skull" Skulinski"... Please verify this! --Addict 2006 05:03, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Confirmed. --Addict 2006 02:53, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Looks like...
So who thinks he looks like young James Blunt with the scraggly hair? Cuz I think he does!

Sequel
What is the source for the sequel? I find this highly unlikely. Supergeeky1 23:22, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed them. IMDb has no information on them.  I suspect they were just joke entries. — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:08, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ugh. More hoaxes. --Addict 2006 03:43, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Living Person
I'm not an expert on the Wikipedia regs for biography of a living person, but is all of the information about siblings, neices, nephews, etc., necessary or appropriate? PurpleChez 18:35, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I keep cutting that and people keep putting it back in. Its gone for now. Asarelah 16:31, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Surely we can't name everyone, but what's the harm in mentioning a few family members? Parents and sibilings are usually always mentioned, as well as other family members if their life has placed a large enough impact on the topic at hand (ie, Gerard Way's grandmother Elena). // Decaimiento Poético  00:38, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Aside from his immediate family (parents, siblings, wife, child), his family is not particularly relevant. His nieces and nephews certainly are not. Asarelah 03:35, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

To Fix
Quoth the article: 'Heder cousin Lindsay Paxton Grimes who got married earlier this year to Mitch Grimes of Fauquier County VA''

Does anyone want to turn that into a complete sentence that is relevent to the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.184.22 (talk) 09:01, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm removing it. These people aren't notable. Asarelah (talk) 12:42, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Not cited
The note about Jon Heder belonging to a fraternity has no citation, and has been added by someone who also vandalized the Napolean Dynamite page? Revert?--FritoKAL (talk) 06:23, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Definetely. You don't have to discuss it when something like that is uncited and potentially libelous. If you see something like that, delete it, pronto. Asarelah (talk) 15:50, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Almost certainly vandalism since BYU doesn't have fraternities. They're forbidden at the school. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 13:18, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

South Park episode
It seems very stupid to include that a TV show mentioned his name. Imagine if you did something like that for every actor and every tv show... it should be removed 24.27.141.96 (talk) 00:50, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Child
I edited the part in his personal life about his child. He and his wife had a girl (As the source said), not a boy which was previously written. (HowIFeel 05:20, 15 November 2008 (UTC)) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Happychick13 (talk • contribs)

THE FLAME
HE WAS GIVEN THE GIMMICK OF "THE FLAME" ON WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW! I DEMAND THAT YOU PEOPLE PROVIDE A 500 WORD SECTION THAT COVERS HIS APPEARANCE AS "THE FLAME" IMMEDIATELY OR I WILL SUE ALL OF YOU LAZY SLUGS FOR NOT DOING YOUR JOB! I AM A TAX PAYER, YOU ALL WORK FOR ME, SO ADD THIS SECTION RIGHT NOW! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.59.14.175 (talk) 19:07, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

The 2010+ part of the filmography needs to be removed or fixed, it is very un-Wikipedia like. I lack the know how to do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.255.172.229 (talk) 22:58, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

His filmography
His filmography is missing a fairly decent 2021 Thanksgiving movie titled “Funny Thing About Love” in which he plays a significant role as the brother of one of the main characters. 2601:803:580:A090:204E:A9D7:A982:5C4D (talk) 18:54, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jon Heder


text: User talk:83.171.222.181

title: User talk:83.171.222.181


text:
File:FungusTheBogeyman.jpg

Summary
Fungus the Bogeyman book cover

title: File:FungusTheBogeyman.jpg


text:
Casement Park

Casement Park (Páirc Mhic Asmaint) is the principal Gaelic games stadium in Belfast, Northern Ireland, that served as the home ground of the Antrim hurling and Gaelic football teams. It is located in Andersonstown Road in the west of the city, and is named after the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement. In 2015, the stadium had a capacity of approximately 31,500.

The stadium was closed as of June 2013, and by 2021 was in a state of dereliction, with redevelopment plans pending for several years. While planning permission for the redevelopment of Casement Park was confirmed in July 2021, by March 2023, it remained closed. A successful combined bid by the Republic of Ireland and England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to host UEFA Euro 2028, includes a proposal to redevelop the stadium by 2028. While, by March 2024, some demolition work had commenced, uncertainty remained over the funding and timing of the proposed redevelopment.

History
Casement Park, one of the largest stadia in Northern Ireland, was built in the years following World War II, with the main stand reportedly incorporating steel reclaimed from disused military aircraft hangars in County Fermanagh.

It was named after Roger Casement, an Irish revolutionary who was executed in 1916 for his role in the Easter Rising.

The ground opened in June 1953, with Armagh Harps defeating St John’s of Antrim in the final of the inaugural Ulster Senior Club Football Championship. The newly opened Casement Park hosted the Ulster Championship final less than a month later, which saw Armagh overcome reigning All-Ireland champions Cavan.

The ground's location in a republican neighbourhood saw incidents during the Troubles which contributed to unionist perception of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) as pro-republican. Rallies against the introduction of internment were held on 12 September 1971 and 19 March 1972. The ground was occupied by the British Army from Operation Motorman on 31 July 1972 until October 1973. Provisional IRA members displayed weapons at a rally there in August 1979. In March 1988, two Army corporals who drove into a republican funeral cortège were beaten in Casement Park before being killed on nearby waste ground. Anniversaries of the 1981 hunger strike were marked by rallies at the stadium in 2001 and 2006, against the wishes of the GAA Central Council.

In all, Casement Park has hosted eight Ulster football finals. However, the Antrim ground has not held the provincial final since 1971, with St. Tiernach's Park in Clones hosting the final every year since except between 2004 and 2006 when it was moved to Croke Park, such was the demand for tickets. A major facelift of the stadium in 2000 saw more championship games played at Casement Park. Floodlights were added in 2006.

The stadium hosted a match for the last time on 10 June 2013, which was the 2013 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final between Antrim and Monaghan.

In November 2016, Casement Park was included as part of the Irish Rugby Football Union's, ultimately unsuccessful, bid to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup. The stadium was also included in Northern Ireland's successful joint UEFA Euro 2028 bid.

Proposals
In 2006, proposals were raised to build a new multi-purpose stadium on the site of the old Maze prison near Lisburn, which was intended to host association football, rugby union and Gaelic games. However, opposition to the idea led to it being dropped in favour of a new venue in the Sydenham area of East Belfast. This led to Ulster GAA, which was one of the partners in the Maze project, to pull out in favour of remaining at Casement Park.

Plans to redevelop Casement Park were announced in 2009, though it was not until 2011 that the Northern Ireland Executive announced that it had granted £138m for various stadium redevelopment projects throughout Northern Ireland, of which Ulster GAA would receive £61.4m to be used to redevelop Casement Park into a 40,000 all-seated stadium. A further £15 million was proposed from the Central Council of the Gaelic Athletic Association. If the plans had been approved, the venue would become the largest stadium in Ulster. In early 2012 it was announced that the redevelopment work would start at the end of 2013 with a view to having the new stadium open by September 2015. It was expected that, after its completion, Ulster GAA would move its headquarters from St Tiernach's Park in Clones to the redeveloped Casement Park.

Local residents of West Belfast objected to the proposal and in September 2013 the Mooreland and Owenvarragh Residents Association (MORA) issued a formal petition and letter of objection to the Northern Ireland Department of Environment, describing the new stadium plans "a monstrosity" and too expansive. The residents filed a lawsuit as the date for the commencement of construction continued to be delayed. In December 2014 the High Court ruled a ministerial decision granting planning approval for the redevelopment of the stadium was unlawful, setting the proposal back further. Ulster GAA responded with disappointment to the decision, though vowed to re-submit an improved design. They did so in October 2016, unveiling a smaller scale project with a reduced capacity of 34,500. This design didn't obtain planning approval, as Northern Ireland's power-sharing government was dissolved in March 2017. This delay saw the anticipated total cost of the project increase to approximately £110 million.

Antrim's 14 point "home" loss to Tyrone in the 2019 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final in Armagh highlighted the run-down status of the Casement Park pitch and grandstands. The GAA stated it was hopeful of receiving planning permission for the redevelopment in mid-Spring 2020. This eventually came in October 2020 when Minister for Infrastructure Nichola Mallon recommended planning approval. As of 2020, the stadium was speculated to open in summer 2023, while the project still faced funding uncertainties.

In July 2021, planning permission for the redevelopment of Casement Park was confirmed. At that time, the redevelopment project (including a proposed capacity of 34,578) was set to commence in the first half of 2022 and expected to be a two-year build. However, the planning approval was subject to a High Court review, and in May 2022 an appeal against the stadium's redevelopment was rejected by the court, with work then projected to begin at an unspecified date in 2023 for "complet[ion] in 2025".

In March 2023 the GAA announced that, if redeveloped as proposed, it would give special permission under Rule 42 for Casement Park to be included in a joint UK & Ireland bid to host the UEFA Euro 2028 Championship. The bid was chosen in October 2023; Casement Park is the sole host stadium in Northern Ireland.

In November 2023, after the previous contractor went into administration, the GAA stated that it was seeking a new primary contractor for the redevelopment project. At that time, the architecture firm which had previously been engaged, Populous, was reportedly "still involved". The GAA and Irish Football Association (IFA) both indicated that the "not jeopardise" the deadline for the project.

Work begins
In February 2024, clearance work began at the start of the redevelopment project. This included some demolition work on the stadium's former concrete terracing in March 2024.

It was reported on 13 June 2024 that detail of UK government funding for the stadium would not be published until after the UK general election on 4 July 2024. On 16 June 2024, Northern Ireland's First Minister Michelle O'Neill said that Casement Park would be built "on [her] watch".

title: Casement Park


text:
Talk:Jenny Everywhere

Too Many Links?
I was merely trying to be all inclusive and make the Wiki page more comprehensive. Gimme a while to think of a way to add to the article itself.

Also, I cleaned up the discussion because it was all answered and out of date.

--Fesworks (talk) 21:35, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Powers & Abilities
As the character is associated with Superhero ideas, a listing of her powers and abilities would be useful as well. From reading some of the linked stories (many dead links by the way), she appears to have the power shift realities, supposedly at random, sort of like Doctor Sam Beckett in Quantum Leap. Anything else? Nutster (talk) 15:32, 21 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Some of the stories seem to indicate that she has control over her ability to shift realities instead. Nutster (talk) 15:52, 22 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know if this is still of interest to anyone, but there are two typical Jenny Everywhere powers. One is to shift between worlds, as mentioned. Sometimes this is random, while other Jennies do it as casually as crossing the street. The other is mental awareness of her other selves; the knowledge and memories of any Jenny are potentially available to any other Jenny, since she's the same highly multiplexed person. Not every instance of Jenny Everywhere shows either of those abilities, and some display other powers such as teleportation. Wyvern (talk) 08:59, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Missing Citation
Anyone have a citation for this Jenny Everywhere was specifically created when her creators could not find any other truly open-source or public domain characters.[ Jenny Everywhere (talk) 10:17, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

I also need a clarification for this In 2003, Nelson Evergreen and Joe Macaré had made a limited 50-unit self-publication of their stories, Name's Not Down and Damn Fine Hostile Takeover.[clarification needed]  Jenny Everywhere (talk) 10:30, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

I got rid of them since nobody reacted in a week Omnism (talk) 12:58, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jenny Everywhere


text:
Amico Aspertini

Amico Aspertini, also called Amerigo Aspertini, was an Italian Renaissance painter and sculptor whose complex, eccentric, and eclectic style anticipates Mannerism. He is considered one of the leading exponents of the Bolognese School of painting.

Biography
He was born in Bologna to a family of painters (including Giovanni Antonio Aspertini, his father, and Guido Aspertini, his brother), and studied under masters such as Lorenzo Costa and Francesco Francia. He traveled to Rome with his father in 1496, and is briefly documented there again between 1500 and 1503, returning to Bologna thereafter and painting in a style influenced by Pinturicchio and Filippino Lippi (whose work the critic Roberto Longhi suggested [in Officina ferrarese, 1934] he may have seen in Florence before 1500). To his Roman years belong at least two collections of drawings, the "Parma Notebook" (Taccuino di Parma) and the Wolfegg Codex. In Bologna in 1504, he joined Francia and Costa in painting frescoes for the Oratory of Santa Cecilia next to San Giacomo Maggiore, a work commissioned by Giovanni II Bentivoglio.

In 1508–1509, while in exile from Bologna following the fall of the Bentivoglio family, Aspertini painted the splendid frescoes in the Chapel of the Cross in the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca (a church, like the Oratory of Santa Cecilia, maintained by Augustinian friars). Aspertini was also one of two artists chosen to decorate a triumphal arch for the entry into Bologna of Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V in 1529. He produced sculptures for doors in San Petronio Basilica in Bologna. Aspertini also painted façade decorations (all now lost), and altarpieces. Many of his works are often eccentric and charged in expression. For example, the Pietà he painted inside San Petronio appears to occur in an other-worldly electric sky.

His Tuscan near-contemporary Giorgio Vasari described Aspertini (in The Lives) as having an eccentric, half-insane personality. According to Vasari, he was ambidextrous and worked so rapidly with both hands that he was able to divide chiaroscuro between them, painting chiaro with one hand and scuro with the other. Vasari also quotes Aspertini as complaining that all his Bolognese colleagues were copying Raphael.

He died in Bologna.

Anthology of works

 * Adoration of the Shepherds – Staatliche Museen, Berlin
 * Adoration of the Shepherds (1515) – Uffizi, Florence
 * Domus Aurea, Rome
 * A Baptismal Ceremony – Vanderbilt University Fine Arts Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee
 * Frescoes, Oratorio di Santa Cecilia, Bologna
 * San Frediano, Lucca
 * San Michele in Bosco, Bologna
 * Pietà with Saint Mark, Ambrose, John the Evangelist, and Anthony Abbot (1519) – San Petronio, Bologna)
 * Saint Sebastian, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
 * Battle of the Amazons (Italy)
 * Madonna and Child with Saints George, Joseph, John the Evangelist and Sebastian, Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi, Lucca
 * San Giacomo Maggiore, Bologna
 * Profile of a Hero (1496) – Christian Museum, Esztergom
 * Madonna Enthroned with Saints, (c. 1515) – San Martino, Bologna
 * Holy Family with Saints (after 1530) – Saint Nicolas des Champs, Paris

title: Amico Aspertini


text:
Marc Weiner

Marc Weiner (born 1952) is an American comedian, puppeteer, and actor. He is best known for performing with his "head puppets", small puppet bodies in which an actor would stick their hand through a hole at the top of the puppets head. He hosted the Nickelodeon show Weinerville from 1993 to 1997. Weiner is also known for his roles as the Map and Swiper on the Nick Jr. show Dora the Explorer.

Early and personal life
Weiner was born in Queens, New York City and raised in Mahopac, New York, to a Conservative Jewish family. His father owned a plumbing supplies company in Yorktown Heights, New York. He went to Hebrew school as a child and would often entertain his classmates by doing slapstick which would get him in trouble. Weiner struggled with dyslexia in school, which made him feel isolated. As a child, Weiner was diagnosed with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, affecting his bones, requiring him to use crutches. He had missed many days of school due to the condition. When he was nine years old, his family took a trip to Disneyland and volunteered to assist a magician performing. Weiner attended Monmouth College, where he opened a coffeeshop, dropping out in 1971. He later became a weekend cook's mate on the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, where he would entertain children, eventually earning his captain's license. Weiner later moved to Maine, where he studied at the Celebration Mime School. He lived in New Jersey at one point.

Weiner became Orthodox Jewish in the 1980s after having an epiphany about his Jewish identity. He would study Judaism and attend Lincoln Square Synagogue. He identifies as Modern Orthodox.

Weiner is married to Sandra (née Rosenblatt). They have 4 children, one of whom is deceased.

Career
Weiner began his career as a street performer, collaborating with Robin Williams, and an improv comic who performed at Comic Strip Live, Catch A Rising Star, and the Comedy Cellar in the late-1970s. In 1981, he was a writer and occasional actor on Saturday Night Live. Around this time, he made an appearance on the Bizarre show with his puppet show Rockin Rocko and Tony.

Weiner wrote and hosted a children's television show called Weinerville, which ran on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1997. He also co-hosted the east-coast portion of the 1994 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.

In 1998, Weiner made a guest appearance as himself in "Terminal", an episode of Cartoon Network/Adult Swim's Space Ghost Coast to Coast.

Since the cancellation of Weinerville, he has provided the voices of several characters on the Nick Jr. shows Dora the Explorer, Go, Diego, Go!, and Dora and Friends: Into the City!, including Map, Fiesta Trio and Swiper the Fox, and starred in the show Wordville, also on Nick Jr. In the UK, he starred in "Trebor Mighty Mints" commercials. Weiner also provided the voice of “The Map” in the 2019 film adaptation Dora and the Lost City of Gold.

On an episode of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, Weiner appeared as Ned's substitute teacher from elementary school. On an episode of Brotherly Love, he appeared (as himself) as a client needing the Romans to customize his truck while putting on a small show with his puppets.

Weiner is the founder of the Empathy Labyrinth organization which runs workshops emphasizing empathy. It is based out of Stamford, Connecticut.

After becoming Orthodox, for stand up comedy sets, Weiner performs exclusively for Jewish organizations, synagogues, private parties and fundraisers. He also does not perform on Shabbat.

title: Marc Weiner