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Talk:IMDb/Archive 1

Early discussion
What happened in the early days of IMDB? My understanding is that it was a collaborative effort on a Usenet newsgroup, but soon after the invention of http/www, it became a proprietary website.

It's a great website, don't get me wrong, but I've always wondered how they made that transition and whether it was controversial at the time. I think the story might make a great cautionary tale about why a free license is so important.

 * As I understand it, the people (i think they are british) that had physically the website, and managed and organized the entries, where contacted by amazon.com, who was looking for a way to sell more movies. So they bought the site, and hired the former owners to mantain it.

I also wonder whether or not the existence of IMDB (which is a great website, as I say) would undercut any possibility of my starting a similar but free effort, using similar software. Wiki software is unstructured for a good reason, but for some kinds of information (movie listings), a priori structure can be handled very easily. But the essential wiki nature (anyone can edit anything) might provide fertile soil for the growth of such an effort.

Alternatively, you might consider making custom changes to the Wiki software to support the encyclopedia effort, or make additional software to support Wiki. One obvious thing might be to write software to scan and Wikify free information like the CIA factbook so KQ doesn't have to type it all. Another might be to have "create page from template" pages at which a user could interact with forms and/or applets to create standard-format pages for things like movies, species, poker games :-) (with plenty of room for free-form text, of course). This latter can be done indepently of Wiki itself (for example, I could create a template on my own site that generated Wiki pages), but some extra software support might be handy (for example, being able to put non-visible comments into a Wiki page, or marking pages as editable only by such template scripts (this latter is already a feature of UseMod that Wikipedia doesn't use). I'll see if I can come up with a sample of what that might look like. --LDC

Actually I don't type the CIA info, but save the .html and cut and paste from notepad. But templates would certainly be handy for things with a fixed structure that people do have to type.

Wasn't the IMDB originally called the "Cardiff Movie Database"? --Robert Merkel

The servers that it ran on were at Cardiff University in Wales... here is the link to their own telling of the history of IMDb if anyone wants to see it http://us.imdb.com/Help/Oweek/history --mincus

I've seen several movie-related entries such as Mel Brooks. It contains biographical information, which is good. It also contains an incomplete list of movies he wrote/produced/acted in. I don't think this is so good. I somehow doubt that Wikipedia will ever be able to compete with IMDB in this regard. IMDB will always have more up-to-date information (at least for anyone still alive) because it has a lot of users itself, and is considered the resource for looking up movie facts. I think perhaps instead of trying to list out movies or other statistics here, we just put in a link to IMDB.

Now I'm not advocating we don't put in any movie info into Wikipedia. I'm certainly all for documenting significant works by anyone. Some movies and movie people have had a significant impact, either politically, or culturally or whatever, and Wikipedia is a good place to document such.

What do y'all think? -- ansible

I almost think it is beside the point. We don't HAVE to replicate the IMDB because it is there. But we have no reason to not replicate in each and every case that is useful to us, and also whenever anyone has a yen to just add stuff for the fun of it. Once our user level is up, I think that it is inevitable that we will compete with the IMDB. My feeling about the Wikipedia so far is that if there isn't explcitly a reason to not do it on the Wikipedia, then someone will eventaully do it. The only worry I have is in maintaining the few strictures we have (NPOV for one). Provided we remain strong on the core don'ts it's my feeling that everything else will get filled in sooner or later.-trimalchio

I simlpy don't understand this article about IMDB. Is simply doesn't contain any pieces of information. I wanted to know its history, the names of the founders, etc... it is a full disappointment.

Try this link in case you want to know more: www.imdb.com/Help/Oweek/history/

Accessing IMDb functionality from within wikicode
Shouldn't this section really be on the talk page to avoid self reference? --Phil | Talk 12:01, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Yes. Here it is: Fredrik | talk 12:39, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I have now moved this to a <div> at the top of the page. —Mulad (talk) 21:41, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Americanism on IMDB message boards / Koenig's Theory
Does anyone agree with me that the following passage is a pointless digression that doesn't belong in the article? The Singing Badger 03:11, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * One theme of IMDb flame wars that comes up with surprising regularity is American foreign policy and culture, generally in a deriding tone. This theme can come up attached to movies that do warrant a discussion about a perceived pro- or anti-American tone, such as Les Triplettes de Belleville, but it seems just as often that it comes up without basis and regardless of what is being discussed. The regularity of this phenomenon led to the forming of Koenig's Theory, which states: No matter what the original subject of the conversation and regardless of what subject is being discussed, the probability of any and every discussion, debate or argument on the IMDb message boards becoming an argument about America (pros, cons, etc.) reaches one. (See Godwin's Law)

 * Yes. The whole "Koenig's Theory" section seems strongly POV and unsupported. Elde 23:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I also think the "Koenig's Theory" section is a digression - and strongly POV. This is why -
 * IMDB isn't a catalogue of singularly American works, so why bring up America when an entire host of artworks in the database potentially witness to the subjectivity of media consumers about many other contries?
 * Why even of all of the myriad topics of discussion at IMDB message boards would we pick out conversations about America?
 * Even if IMDB was entirely about America, what place is there in an encyclopedia to catalogue vague proofs of Anti-American temperaments, when again, people disagree about all kinds of things in IMDB forums?
 * Since there is no reasonable context of singularly raising the question of America, and the seemingly arbitrarily injected attachment of the fact that some people hate America, some unseen agenda or "something to say" about America reeks right through the lines.
 * I think the entire section labeled "Koenig's Theory" is out of place.
 * --Mr alex hall 03:29, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, let's remove it. The Singing Badger 13:43, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

That's kinda true actually. The 'Kingdom of Heaven' board is swamped with flamers and trolls about religions, and hardly any movie discussions. Trolls, especially conservative ones, often make topics about that movie xxx is a pro/anti Bush film, and debates ensure. There are a lot of political extremists on the site due to the relaxed moderation system

Commercials?
Why does the first sentence say that IMDb includes information about commercials? Commercials are expressly included excluded from the IMDb according to the IMDb's entry form for new titles. --Metropolitan90 00:56, July 26, 2005 (UTC). (Edited. --Metropolitan90 00:58, July 26, 2005 (UTC))
 * I see what you mean, but then again it does say that commercials, video clips and music videos "go to the biographical section under 'other works'". see example here. -- Lochaber 09:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Migrating to Wikipedia?
The "Caveat emptor' section contains this:
 * The added restrictiions ... has caused some longtime conrtibutors to abandon the IMDb in favor of other information sites, such as Wikipedia.

Is there any evidence to support this (typo-laden) statement, or is it merely an attempt to promote Wikpedia at the expense of IMDb? I submit that it is the latter: and there is little (if any) evidence of significant disenchantment or defection to be found in the "Contributor's Help" message board on IMDb, or indeed anywhere on the web. I propose that this sentence be deleted.
 * It does seem a bit POV but mainly it's unverifiable so I'll remove it. -- Lochaber 09:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I was the one who added the statement because I and a number of others have abandoned IMDb due to their added restrictions. Unfortunately no one has bothered to write an article on this so it's difficult to cite. I'm going to put it back but I will rewrite it slightly. I tried to be NPOV about it the first time but I'll give it another shot. I am not about to start citing private e-mails, however. 23skidoo 12:06, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

All Movie Guide?
Hi. I just deleted a link to the "All Movie Guide" as spam. While it does seem to be a real site, half of each page is taken up by advertising, and it didn't seem appropriate to me to make that the very first link in the IMDB article's "External Links" section. However, if the consensus is that this is an appropriate link to have here, I'll restore it (at the end of the links section). What do others think? --Nandesuka 20:29, 10 August 2005 (UTC) (signed late)
 * Well the All Movie Guide is fairly notable in its own right and as part of the All Media Guide, though I wouldn't say it's referenced as much as the All Music Guide (aka allmusic.com), all that aside I don't really see why the IMDb article needs an external link to it, it's not like the google.com article has an external link to altavista.com. -- Lochaber 17:35, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

I do not understand the need for deletion of the "All Movie Guide" link, especially as spam. Also I do not understand Nandesuka's reference that All Movie Guide has some advertising. If nothing else, most of IMDB's pages are a mass of advertising and affiliate links. Is this a point to be criticized? All Movie Guide is the only online movie database that comes close in overall comprehensiveness to IMDB. Many other articles do list alternatives, why not IMDB? -- Kenta 22:58, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a web directory. In the context of an encyclopedia article about the IMDB, a link to All Movie Guide doesn't make sense.  There is already a category link to "Online databases", in which the All Movie Guide is included.  There's also an "online music databases" category -- I would not object to creating an "online movie database" category and adding both IMDB (and AllMovieGuide, and others) to it.  But like I said, I could be wrong -- if the consensus here is that the link belongs, we can restore it.  It just seems like a nonsequiteur to me. --Nandesuka 23:17, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The article for All Movie Guide doesn't have an external link to IMDb, just thought I'd mention that... Anyway it's not the advertising that swings it for me, as you say there is plently of advertising on IMDb, it's just that I don't think there's any point in putting external links for websites just because they do similar things. To hark back to my earlier example, does anyone think that all the search engine articles should have external links to all the other search engines webpages? If they were owned by the same company it would be different but if all that relates them is their content then how is the link relevent? -- Lochaber 10:40, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's precisely because we're encyclopedic that noting that there are other similar institutions is pertinent. Ceratainly, we don't want to become dmoz, but my personal interpretation of that is that it's on a page-by-page basis; surely one additional link doesn't violate it, particularly when the link is what it was? --Baylink 02:26, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

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Category:Macedonian dynasty

Articles relating to the Macedonian dynasty, which ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest extent since the Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Characteristic impedance of vacuum

This information is all in the CI page. I don't see any grounds for a separate page. Also the actual value given is different which is confusing.

 * If something is different and not incorrect, then obviously all information is not there. That should merit it alone from blanking unless the information is tranfered over.

 * While impedance is not really my thing, vacuum constants often if not always should merit their own instance, since often it can represent quite a different thing. As an example there is speed of light in vacuum which could be interpreted as a real phenomena, while values different from that (speed of light in medium) could be regarded as a fictous thing.

 * Martin Ulfvik 18:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I see that impedance is not your thing. The impedance of a transmission line is the ratio of volts in the line (the ones you measure with a voltmeter) and amperes in the line (the ones you measure with an ammeter). The impedance of free space is an universal constant and has nothing to do with volts, amperes or transmission lines. I created a stub for vacuum impedance, and I am linking this page to this stub. Please consult an electromagnetism book before redirect unrelated pages. LPFR 10:16, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:FIFA U-17 World Cup

Bold names in "Awards"
Why are the names "Adriano," "David," "William," and "Santamaría" in the Awards section bolded? Akrabbim 01:26, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It's analogous to, for example, "Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima" - many footballers, especially those from Portuguese-speaking countries, are known by only 1 given name. – ugen64 02:20, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Name change
FIFA changed this event:

I know FIFA changed both the U-17 and U-20 tournaments to "U-17 World Cup" and "U-20 World Cup" beginning next year. they are no longer called "World Championships" Check FIFA.com

 * I moved this page to its new title. For discussion, go to Talk:FIFA. --Gabbec 06:27, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Solomon Islands Currently disqualified
It has been announced that Solomon Islands U17 was disqualified for the irregular use of an ineligible player in the 2018 OFC U-16 Championship. The SIFF has appealed the decision.

Source: http://footballoceania.com/2019/02/16/solomon-islands-disqualified-from-the-ofc-u16-championship-out-of-the-world-cup/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.241.100.247 (talk) 16:45, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

2019 Podium vandalism
Someone keeps changing the 2019 edition details in the results section (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-17_World_Cup#FIFA_U-17_World_Cup) — in some parallel universe Argentina beat France in the final, with Canada and New Zealand coming third and fourth... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a00:23c6:7492:f600:9842:ea76:78ec:3afc (talk) 23:07, 19 Spetember 2020 (UTC)
 * I have notified WP:RPP of this matter. Here is a diff of my reasoning for protection request, but this same message will be copied here as well.

 * An anonymous editor, all IPs of which originate out of Tangerang, Indonesia, began vandalizing with changes to flags here, in 2 edits. All of this users' edits, based in the same location, either have the same content as or are a derivative of the falsified information in this edit. One more attempt by the vandal to restore their version of the article was made in April before their edit warring behavior and subsequent page protections began in September. I have notified WP:FOOTY of this behavior twice already; one is already archived at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Archive 135, and I just notified the same WikiProject of this behavior at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football. To all watchers of this page: please be wary of this vandal pattern, and restore any good faith edits between the first case of vandalism back in 22 January and today where necessary. Thanks for all assistance. Jalen Folf   (talk)  03:13, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * This vandal now has an LTA page since April 2021. See Long-term abuse/Jakarta Goat vandal. Jalen Folf   (talk)  02:24, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 November 2023
https://ibb.co/nCqNXsW this is the map Tlfaza (talk) 18:40, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Liu1126 (talk) 23:01, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:FIFA U-17 World Cup


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Astruc

Astruc (אסטרוק) is a Jewish surname and a given name (praenomen). In Provençal dialect, astruc means "happy", "lucky". Notable people with the name include:
 * Astruc family
 * Abba Mari (13th century), French rabbi who took the name Astruc
 * Astruc de Noves (14th century), French philosopher and physicist
 * Astruc Remoch (14th century), Spanish medieval doctor
 * Astruc ha-Levi (14th century), Spanish medieval scholar
 * Alexandre Astruc (1923–2016), French film critic and director
 * Didier Astruc, French chemist
 * Gabriel Astruc (1864–1938), French theatrical impresario
 * Jean Astruc (1684–1766), French medical professor
 * Miriam Astruc (1904–1963), French archaeologist
 * Mordecai Astruc, Jewish liturgical poet
 * Zacharie Astruc (1835–1907), French sculptor, painter and author

title: Astruc


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Fingerprints of the Gods

Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization is a 1995 pseudoarcheology book by British writer Graham Hancock, which contends that an advanced civilization existed in prehistory, one which served as the common progenitor civilization to all subsequent known ancient historical ones. The author proposes that sometime around the end of the last ice age this civilization ended in cataclysm, but passed on to its inheritors profound knowledge of such things as astronomy, architecture and mathematics.

The book was followed by Magicians of the Gods.

Thesis
Hancock argues for a civilisation centered on Antarctica (which lay farther from the South Pole than today) that supposedly left evidence (the "fingerprints" of the title) in Ancient Egypt and American civilisations such as the Olmec, Aztec and Maya. Hancock discusses:
 * creation myths describing deities like:
 * Osiris, Thoth (Egypt)
 * Quetzalcoatl (Mesoamerica)
 * Viracocha (Andes)
 * a range of archaeological sites such as Tiwanaku in Bolivia. Tiwanaku was a planned city which, according to UNESCO, reached its peak between 400 AD and 900 AD, but is assigned an earlier date by Hancock. Tiwanaku is also featured in other works of "alternative archaeology", including Von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods?. Von Däniken suggested that it provides evidence of an extraterrestrial civilisation, whereas Hancock does not argue for "ancient astronauts"; he proposes Atlantis as the origin of a lost civilisation.

Hancock suggests that in 10,450 BC, a major pole shift took place. Before then, Antarctica lay farther from the South Pole than today, and after then, it shifted to its present location. The pole-shift hypothesis hinges on Charles Hapgood's theory of Earth Crustal Displacement. Hapgood had a fascination with the story of Atlantis and suggested that crustal displacement may have caused its destruction. His theories have no supporters in the geological community, where the accepted model is plate tectonics, but they were adopted by Rand and Rose Flem-Ath's When the Sky Fell: in Search of Atlantis (1995/2009) in which they expand the evidence for Charles Hapgood's theory of earth-crust displacement and propose Antarctica as the site of Atlantis.

Reception
Members of the scholarly and scientific community have described the proposals put forward in the book as pseudoscience and pseudoarchaeology.

Canadian author Heather Pringle has placed Fingerprints specifically within a pseudo-scientific tradition going back through the writings of H.S. Bellamy and Denis Saurat to the work of Heinrich Himmler's notorious racial research institute, the Ahnenerbe, and the "crackpot theories" of Nazi archaeologist Edmund Kiss. Pringle draws attention to Fingerprints' "wild speculations" on the origins of Tiwanaku and describes Hancock as a "fabulist".

Kenneth Feder said that the book reads like the "Victorian travelogue" of a writer untrained in archeology, who credits a mysterious white people for the achievements of the ancient civilizations he visits, Hancock notably referring to the Maya as "jungle-dwelling Indians" who could not possibly come up with a sophisticated calendar. Feder finds Hancock's synthesis of a variety of fringe writers such as Ignatius Donnelly, Charles Hapgood, Arthur Posnansky, Robert Bauval and Anthony West "very hard to swallow, indeed."

Fingerprints of the Gods has been translated into 27 languages and is estimated to have sold five million copies around the world.

Hancock responded to some of his critics with an updated edition of the book published in 2001 with a new introduction and new appendices, Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues.

Influence
Fingerprints of the Gods was cited as an inspiration for the 2009 disaster film 2012. In a November 2009 interview with the London magazine Time Out, the film's director Roland Emmerich stated, "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's crust displacement theory in Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods."

In the extras of the Blu-ray 10,000 BC, the director Emmerich and his co-writer Harald Kloser said that they had found inspiration in the same book.

title: Fingerprints of the Gods


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Patrick Gass

Patrick Gass (June 12, 1771 – April 2, 1870) served as sergeant in the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). He was important to the expedition because of his service as a carpenter, and he published the first journal of the expedition in 1807, seven years before the first publication based on Lewis and Clark's journals.

Early life
Gass was born of Irish descent in Falling Springs (present day Chambersburg), Pennsylvania to parents Benjamen Gass and Mary McLene. Gass moved often with his family until 1777, when they settled in Maryland. Gass did not stay there long, but chose to live with his grandfather and receive an education. During this time, he spent little time in school, causing him to be illiterate until adulthood.

He began his military career in 1792, with a Virginia militia or ranger company stationed in Wheeling fighting against Indians. In 1794 he helped build the house of James Buchanan, Sr. near Mercersburg Pennsylvania and became acquainted with the young future U.S. president, James Buchanan, Jr. He joined the U.S. Army in 1799, serving under General Alexander Hamilton until 1800. He rejoined the army in 1803 and served in Kaskaskia, Illinois, near St. Louis.

Expedition and later life
His skill as a carpenter was important to the expedition— he led the construction of the Corps' two winter quarters, hewed dugout canoes, and built wagons to portage the canoes 18 miles around the falls of the Missouri. On the return trip, Gass was given command of the majority of the party for a short period while Clark and Lewis led smaller detachments on separate explorations.

He kept a journal of the expedition, which was published in 1807, the first such journal published. In it, he coined the term “Corps of Discovery”. The book was first printed and sold by subscription in Pittsburgh at $1.00 per copy. It was later reprinted in England and translated into French and German. A reprint is currently being sold by the University of Nebraska Press and the University of Nebraska at Lincoln online version of the Lewis and Clark journals  give 222 entries from Gass's journal.

He remained in the army after the expedition returned, serving in the War of 1812, in which he lost an eye, and fighting in the battle of Lundy's Lane. During the Civil War, Gass at the age of 91 years had to be removed from a recruiting station after he wanted to enlist to fight the rebels. (Wisdom of History by J. Rufus Fears). At the age of 60, he married Maria Hamilton, aged 20. She bore seven children (six of whom survived to adulthood) over the remaining 15 years of her life. They settled in Wellsburg, West Virginia, where he died in his 99th year, the oldest surviving member of the expedition.

title: Patrick Gass


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User:Assyria 90

ܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܟܠܕܝܐ ܒܒܝܬܢܗܪܝܢ
'''The Assyrians (Chaldeans/Syriacs/Maronites/Melkites/Nestorians) are the indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Today, the Assyrians are the descendants of the ancient Assyrian Empire and one of the earliest civilizations emerging in Mesopotamia. Although the Assyrian empire ended in 612 BC, history is replete with recorded details of the continuous persistence of the Assyrian people till the present time. Assyrian civilization at one time incorporated the entire Near East most notably the area of the Fertile Crescent.'''

'''The heartland of Assyria lies in present day northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran. The remains of the ancient capital of Assyria, Nineveh, lie next to Mosul in northern Iraq. Until earlier this century prior to the Assyrian Genocide of 1915, the major Assyrian communities still inhabited the areas of Tur Abdin and Hakkari in southeastern Turkey, Jazira in northeastern Syria, Urmi in northwestern Iran, and Mosul in northern Iraq as they had for thousands of years.'''

'''The world’s 4.5 million Assyrians are currently dispersed with members of the Diaspora comprising nearly one-third of the population. Most of the Assyrians in the Diaspora live in North America, Europe and Australia with nearly 400,000 residing in the United States of America. The remaining Assyrians reside primarily in Iraq and Syria and to a lesser extent in Iran, Lebanon, and Turkey.'''

The Lords Prayer in Aramaic
ܐܒܘܢ ܕܒܫܡܝܐ ܢܬܩܕܫ ܫܡܟ ܬܐܬܐ ܡܠܟܘܬܟ ܢܗܘܐ ܣܒܝܢܟ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܒܫܡܝܐ ܐܦ ܒܪܥܐ ܗܒ ܠܢ ܠܚܡܐ ܕܣܘܢܩܢܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܘܫܒܘܩ ܠܢ ܚܘܒܝܢ ܘܚܬܗܝܢ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܕܐܦ ܚܢܢ ܫܒܩܢ ܠܚܝܒܝܢ ܠܐ ܬܥܠܢ ܠܢܣܝܘܢܐ ܐܠܐ ܦܨܐ ܠܢ ܡܢ ܒܝܫܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܕܠܟ ܗܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܘܚܝܠܐ ܘܬܫܒܘܚܬܐ ܠܥܠܡ ܥܠܡܝܢ ܐܡܝܢ

title: User:Assyria 90


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Alan S. Kaufman

Alan S. Kaufman (born April 1944) is an American psychologist, writer, and research professor known for his work on intelligence testing.

Early life and career
Born in Brooklyn and raised on Long Island, Kaufman earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965; M.A. in Educational Psychology from Columbia University in 1967; and Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1970 (under Robert L. Thorndike), specializing in psychometrics.

He has been married to psychologist Nadeen L. Kaufman since 1964. While Assistant Director at The Psychological Corporation from 1968 to 1974, he worked closely with David Wechsler on the revision of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and supervised the standardization of the revised version (WISC-R). He also collaborated with Dorothea McCarthy in the development and standardization of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. He held positions at University of Georgia (1974–1979), University of Alabama (1984–1995), and Yale University (1997-2023) before taking a position at University of Connecticut.

Development of Kaufman IQ scales
The research team that Kaufman and his wife supervised while at the University of Georgia in 1978-79 developed the original Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and several other psychological and educational tests, including the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA/NU), Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT), and the second editions of both ( KTEA-II and KBIT-2). The Kaufman Survey of Early Academic and Language Skills (K-SEALS) and the Cognitive/Language Profile of the Early Screening Profiles address the preschool level. The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), the Kaufman Short Neuropsychological Assessment Procedure (K-SNAP), and the Kaufman Functional Academic Skills Test (K-FAST) extend through the adult life span.

In 2004/2005, revised versions of the Kaufmans' tests were published, including the KABC-II, KTEA-II, and KBIT-2. The KABC-II integrates both the PASS and CHC theories of intelligence.

Overview of Kaufman's tests
Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT)

The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT) is a brief, individually administered measure of verbal (vocabulary subtest) and non verbal (Matrices subtest) intelligence. It can be used with those aged 4–90 years old and takes between 15–30 minutes to administer. It can be useful in a variety of settings including clinical, educational, vocational, and research settings. The original KBIT was published in 1990, while the second edition (KBIT-2) followed in 2004.

The KBIT-2 generates three scores: Verbal, Non Verbal and an overall IQ composite. Theoretically the verbal subtests measure crystallised ability and the non verbal subtests measure fluid reasoning.

The Verbal portion of the KBIT-2 is made up of two subtests, Verbal Knowledge and Riddles. These measure verbal, school related skills by measuring an individual's word knowledge, verbal concept formation, reasoning ability and range of general information. The Non Verbal portion is made up of the Matrices subtest and measures the ability to solve new problems by assessing ability to perceive relationships and complete visual analogies.

Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA)

The KTEA provides an individually administered measure of educational achievement for those aged 4 years 6 months – 25 years (comprehensive form) and 4 years 6 months – 90+ (brief form). The test can be used to identify an individual's strengths and weaknesses in three key domains: maths, written language and spoken language. It can also be used as part of a comprehensive psychological, psychoeducational or neuropsychological test battery which can enhance understanding of the individuals total functioning.

The current edition was published in 2004. Since its publication it has become a widely used measure of academic achievement in education. The test takes between 15–80 minutes to administer and there are two alternate forms which enables it to be used to monitor progress or response to intervention.

The Comprehensive Form consists of 14 subtests grouped into 4 domain composites, 4 reading-related composites, an overall Comprehensive Achievement Composite in addition to separate subtest scores.

The Brief Form is a curriculum-based instrument which provides norm-referenced assessment in the same three core achievement domains as the comprehensive form. There is no content overlap with the Comprehensive Form, it can be used for retesting and includes the following subtests:

 * Reading — word recognition and reading comprehension
 * Maths — computation and application problems
 * Written expression — written language and spelling.

The Brief Form provides a battery composite as well as subtest scores in reading, maths and spelling.

Influence on other researchers
Widely regarded as a teacher and mentor, as well as a researcher, Kaufman's cadre of doctoral students at the University of Georgia has gone on to become a significant influence in the field as well. Kaufman mentored, among others, Cecil R. Reynolds, Randy W. Kamphaus, Bruce Bracken, Steve McCallum, Jack A. Naglieri, and Patti Harrison, all of whom became Professors at major universities and authors of some of the most widely used psychological tests in the United States. Also Kaufman with his wife, Nadeen, supervised foreign doctoral students at the University of Alabama including Toshinori Ishikuma and Soo-Back Moon, who became influential Professors in mother countries and translated and adopted the K-ABC for Japanese and Korean children, respectively.

Children
His son is a professor and researcher in psychology (creativity): James C. Kaufman.

title: Alan S. Kaufman


text:
Swampy Cree language

Swampy Cree (variously known as Maskekon, Maskegon and Omaškêkowak, and often anglicized as Omushkego) is a variety of the Algonquian language, Cree. It is spoken in a series of Swampy Cree communities in northern Manitoba, central northeast of Saskatchewan along the Saskatchewan River and along the Hudson Bay coast and adjacent inland areas to the south and west, and Ontario along the coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Within the group of dialects called "West Cree", it is referred to as an "n-dialect", as the variable phoneme common to all Cree dialects appears as "n" in this dialect (as opposed to y, r, l, or ð; all of the phonemes are considered a linguistic reflex of Proto-Algonquian *r).

It had approximately 4,500 speakers in a population of 5,000 as of 1982 according to the 14th edition of the Ethnologue. Canadian census data does not identify specific dialects of Cree (all estimates now current rely on extrapolations from specific studies), and currently, no accurate census of any Algonquian language exists.

The grammar and the examples used on this page are taken from Ellis's Second Edition (1983) of Spoken Cree.

Dialects
A division is sometimes made between West Swampy Cree and East Swampy Cree.

Communities recognized as West Swampy Cree include Shoal Lake, The Pas, Easterville, Chemawawin Cree Nation, Grand Rapids Barren Lands, Churchill, Split Lake, York Factory, Fox Lake, Shamattawa, and God's Lake Narrows (all in Manitoba) and Fort Severn, Ontario.

Communities recognized as East Swampy Cree are Weenusk, Attawapiskat, Albany Post, Kashechewan, and Fort Albany (all in Ontario). The Cree spoken at Kashechewan also shows Moose Cree influence.

This page reflects the forms found in Albany Post (now Kashechewan).

Consonants
The consonant inventory for Swampy Cree contains 11 phonemes. A twelfth phoneme /l/ is not native but has entered the language via loanwords and influence from Moose Cree.

Voicing does not cause phonemic contrast in Swampy Cree. According to Ellis, however, stops often undergo voicing intervocalically when preceded by a stressed long vowel or nasal. For example, "māci" is pronounced [māːd͡zi], and "maci" is pronounced [mat͡si].

Preaspiration of stops creates a phonemic distinction. For example, "pētāw" (he brings it) is not the same as "pēhtāw" (he waits for it).

In emphatic words that contain an initial vowel, [h] is often inserted before the vowel. It is not a phonemic distinction but simply an indicator of stress. Similarly, word-final vowels are often followed by moderate aspiration, which does not mark any change in meaning. Postaspiration is not phonemically distinctive either.

The consonant /h/ is occasionally pronounced as [j] (as in English "yes") intervocalically.

When a short vowel is dropped, leaving a nasal next to a stop, the nasal assimilates to the same place of articulation as the stop. For example, "nipāskisikan" becomes "mpāskisikan".

In words such as ocawāšimiša, the [c] is actually an underlying /t/, assimilated by preparation for the articulation of the two [š]. In fact, pronunciation with a [t] is perceived as baby talk.

In word-final position, /t/ becomes [š].

Vowels
Vowels in Cree can experience a great deal of variation but remain one phoneme. Long /ō/ varies between [ō] and [ū] but remains one phoneme. Long /ā/ varies between approximately [ǣ] as in "hat") and [ɑ̄] (as in "hall"). Short /i/ varies between [ɪ] and [ɛ].  Short /o/ varies between approximately [o] and [ʊ]. Short /a/ has the widest variation, from [æ] to [ʌ] and [ɛ] as well, when it proceeds the approximant [j].

Contractions

 * /Cw/ + /i/ yields /Co/
 * /aw/ + /i/ yields /ā/

Stress
Stress is not distinctive in Swampy Cree. In other words, there are no minimal pairs of words that are distinguishable only by stress.

Morphology
Swampy Cree is a polysynthetic language that relies heavily on verbs so many things that would be expressed in English nouns or adjectives are expressed as verbs. In fact, Swampy Cree has no adjectives at all. Instead, it has the intransitive form of verbs. For example, instead of saying, "He is strong," in Cree, one says something like "He strongs."

Nouns
Nouns in Swampy Cree have both free and bound stems, the latter being used in combination with other morphemes. Compounds are common and can be formed from other nouns, verb stems, and particles.

Swampy Cree does not have gender in the Indo-European sense (masculine, feminine and neuter). Rather, it differentiates between animate and inanimate (see Animacy). While no living things are within the "inanimate" class, there are some nonliving things (socks, kettles, stones, paddles, etc.) within the "animate" class.

Personal possessor prefixes
Possession is also expressed via affixation. The first- and second-person prefixes are the same as for verbs.

There are groups of nouns that have a dependent stem and must occur with some sort of possessor. They include relatives, body parts and things that are regarded in Algonquian tradition as extremely personal items, such as hunting bags. Possession is also occasionally marked by the suffix /-im/ (known as the possessed theme), which occurs inside the suffix for plurality when it occurs. The /(a)/ suffix is added when the possessed item is animate.

With plural nouns (as opposed to the possessors), the suffix /-ak/ (for animate) or /-a/ (for inanimate) is added after all other suffixes.

Obviative is marked on animate nouns as the suffix /-a/ and on inanimate nouns as the suffix /-iliw/. Animate obviative nouns do not mark number so it is unknown whether an obviative noun is singular or plural. Inanimate obviative nouns are marked for plurality. Surobviative nouns show neither the number of the noun itself nor the number of the possessor.

Pronouns
While person and possession are often expressed by affixation in Cree, there are separate personal pronouns, which are often used for emphasis.

Demonstratives
There is a further distinction in the Fort Albany region between "kotak" (another) and "kotakīy" (another one of two).

Verbs
As stated above, Swampy Cree relies heavily on verbs to express many things that are expressed in other ways in languages like English. For example, noun incorporation is quite common in Cree.

Both transitive and intransitive verbs in Swampy Cree change their endings (and occasionally even their stems) depending on animacy. Intransitive verbs rely on the animacy of their subjects while transitive verbs rely on the animacy of their objects.

There are multiple forms of the verbs. The Independent Order of the verb is the set of verb forms that are used in the main clause. The Conjunct Order consists of the forms used in other types of clauses. Also, Swampy Cree has suffixes for direct action as opposed to inverse. The labels not to the quality of the action but which person is acting on which other grammatical person. For example, "I see him/her" (ni...wāpam...ā...w) is a direct action because the first person is acting upon the third and "He/she sees me" (ni...wāpam...ikw...w) because it is the third person acting upon the first. In Cree, the order of "directness" is second person, first person, third person.

Transitive Inanimate Verbs and Animate Intransitive Verbs also have the option of relational or non-relational forms. Relational forms are for when the verb is carried out in relation to another person. A famous example from the translation of the Pilgrim's Progress is kici-pēci-itohtē-w-ak, which comes from "evangelist bid me come hither" but literally translates to "that I come hither (in relation to him)."

Swampy Cree has two types of imperatives: Immediate Imperative and Future Imperative. As the name implies, the Immediate Imperative is for actions that should be carried out immediately, and the Future Imperative is for actions that should be carried out after a lapse of time.

Order of affixes
1) Person: There are two "subject" prefixes for Cree Verbs for first person (/ni(t)-/) and second person (/ki(t)-/). The third person is unmarked. The prefixes are used simultaneously with suffixes that express number, animacy, and transitivity.

2) Tense: Future tense is expressed by a prefix /-ka-/ in the first and second person and /ta-/ in the third person. The future tense marker is inserted after the person marker (if any). In casual speech, it is often contracted with the person marker (example: nika- becomes n'ka-).

Completed action is often expressed by a prefix /kī-/ (in affirmative utterance) and /ohci-/ (in negative utterances) and is commonly used to refer to the past. For example, /itohtēw/ means "he goes (there) but /kī-itohtēw/ means "he went (there)".

4) Aspect

There is a potential prefix /kī/ (can, be able to) that precedes the root but follows both person and tense prefixes.

The prefix /ati-/ indicates gradual onset (as opposed to sudden beginning).

4*) Some prefixes have more freedom in where they go, such as /pēci/ (in this direction, towards the speaker).

5) Location emphasis: When a locating expression is used at the beginning of a sentence, the verb contains a prefix /iši-/ as a sort of emphasis and agreement (approximately "thus" or "so"). Ellis describes it as being approximately "At the store do you there work?" If the locating expression does not precede the verb, /iši-/ is not used because it is relative root (so it refers to something that precedes it in the phrase).

6) Root

7) Reciprocal action

Reciprocal action is expressed by the suffix /-ito-/, occurring between the stem and the normal inflection.

8) Inflectional suffix

9) Causative: The causative suffix /-hēw/ can be added to verbs in order to change it to a causative verb. For example, itohtēw means "He goes there," and ihotahēw means "He takes him there."

Animate intransitive verbs
Animate intransitive verbs are intransitive verbs that have an animate subject.

Inanimate intransitive verbs
These verbs are often the equivalent of the English construction that begins with the empty subject "it" (examples: it is raining, it is snowing, it is day, it is poison, etc.):
 * tahk (cold) → tahkāyāw (it is cold)
 * tipisk (night) → tipiskāw (it is night)
 * kīšik (sky) → kīšikāw (it is day)

Some of the elements, such as "tahk-", cannot stand on their own, but others are free morphemes, such as "kīšik".

Unsurprisingly, first and second person never appear in this context, leaving only the third person and obviative forms.

Transitive animate verbs
Transitive animate verbs whose object is animate, but not all nouns that are part of the "animate" gender are animate in the traditional sense of the word. For example, "wharf" is animate. The distinction between "transitive" and "intransitive" in Cree is not the same as in English. For example, thinking and coughing always take an object ("itēlihtam" → "he thinks (it)" and "ostostotam" → "he coughs (it)").

Independent Indicative

Conjunct Indicative

Conjunct Subjunctive

Transitive inanimate verbs
Transitive inanimate verbs are of, basically, two types: Type 1 are those with a stem that ends in a consonant (ex: "wāpaht-am" → "he sees it") and Type 2 are those where the transitive inanimate stem end in a vowel. The verbs take the same endings as their animate intransitive counterparts (ex: ayā-w → "she has it"). There are also verbs that some Algonquian linguists describe as "pseudo-transitive" verbs. Ellis groups them with Type 2 transitive inanimate verbs because they also function like transitive inanimate verbs while taking animate intransitive endings (example: "wāpahtam sīpīliw" → "he sees the river").

Particles
These are forms that are never inflected. Preverbal particles can be added to already independent verbs in order to add meaning. Some particles can occur only as preverbal particles, others can occur only as independent words, and still others are preverbal with some verbs and independent with others:

 * ohcitaw = purposely (always independent)
 * pihci- = accidentally (always preverbal, dependent)
 * wīpac = early, soon (always independent)
 * pwāstaw = late (sometimes independent, sometimes dependent)

Conjunct order
Verbs in their conjunct form are the equivalent of English dependent clause. One use of the conjunct form can be used to express purpose. For example, Kī-pēc'-ītohtēw nā kici-otāpēt (Did he come to haul {wood}?)

Verbs in their conjunct form occasionally have other form of morphemes. For example, the aspect markers are as follows: /kā-/ = completed aspect/past time, /kē-/ = future time, /ē-/ = the verb in the dependent clause is going on at the same time as that in the main clause.

The negative particle used in Conjunct Order is /ēkā/.

Relative construction
Relative construction is expressed by the completive aspect marker /ka-/ with the verb in the Conjunct Order. For example, atāwēw (he trades), but kā-atāwēt (the one who trades → a trader).

Indirect speech
While Cree prefers direct reported speech, it is possible to make indirect speech constructions by using the aorist marker /e-/ in addition to other aspect markers.

The Changed Conjunct
The Changed Conjunct changes the vowels of the first syllable of a verb as follows:
 * /i/ becomes /ē/
 * /a/ becomes /ē/
 * /o/ becomes /wē/
 * /ī/ becomes /ā/
 * /ē/ becomes /iyē/
 * /ā/ becomes /iyā/

It can be used to express the difference between Present General and Present-Time questions. That is the difference between "Do you speak Cree?" and "Are you speaking Cree?" Present-Time questions use the prefix /ka-/ without any vowel change. Present General questions use no prefix and change the vowel according to the paradigm above.

It can also be used in Vivid Narrative for effect, but it sounds outdated to modern-day speakers.

Grammatical cases
Swampy Cree nouns have three cases: nominative, vocative and locative (sometimes referred to as "mention-case", "address-case" and "oblique case" respectively). The vocative case remains as a form distinct from the nominative only for a few words, such as nōhtā - (my) father. The locative case is expressed by the suffix /-ihk/, which means in/at/on/to.

Questions
Yes/no questions are formed by adding the question marker "nā" to the first full word of the sentence: "kimawāpin nā?" Are you visiting? "Tāpwē nā?" Really?

Content questions use not "nā" but a special form of the verb. The structure of the sentence then reads: question word - predicate (in conjunct form). Because verbs in their conjunct form do not use prefixes but express the subject as part of the suffix, the form of the sentence can be described as Question word - Verb - (Object) - Subject (with VOS all one word).

Negation
The negative particle "mōla" is use before the person prefix of a verb and before any particles that directly modify and precede it: "Mōla nikihtohtān"  I'm not going away. "Mōla māskōc wīpac nētē nika-ihtān"   I shall probably not be there soon.

Indirect objects
In English, with verbs like "give, show, lend, etc.", it is often said that the verb takes a direct and an indirect object, and the recipient is the indirect object. In Cree, the recipient is considered the immediate object. The object being given is then moved over one more "slot". That is of importance especially when one deals with two third-person objects. In the sentence, "John gave Mary the book," Mary would be in the third person, and the book would be in the obviative.

Verbs of being
The verb of being "ihtāw" (he is) is only ever used in the context of "he is in some location." Equational sentences often require no verb, but the verbalizer /-iw/ the stem-vowel /-i/ (animate) or /-a/ (inanimate) and the inflectional /-w/ (animate) or /-n/ (inanimate) can be added to nouns in order to express "He/she/it is a something" or "He/she/it displays the characteristics of a something." For example, acimošiš (puppy) + "iwiw" = "acimošišiwiw" (He is a puppy), while "cīmān" (boat/canoe) + "iwan" = "cīmāniwan" (It is a boat/canoe).

Literature
Portions of the Bible were translated into Swampy Cree by Rev James Hunter and his wife Jean, who was a Cree speaker. The first publication in Roman characters, was the Gospel of Matthew by James Hunter. This was published on the Church Mission Society mission press in 1853. This was followed by the First Epistle of John (Nistum Oo Mamowe Mussina̔humakāwin John) translated by Jean Hunter in 1855, who also translated many hymns. Most of these were reprinted by the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) in London: the Book of Psalms (David Oo Nikumoona), the Gospel of Mark (Oo Meyo Achimoowin St Mark) and the Gospel of John (Oo Meyo Achimoowin St John) were published in 1876. Matthew (Oo Meyo Achimoowin St Matthew) was published in 1877. Further selections of Scripture, including the Psalms, were published in the Prayer Book which was published in 1877.

Author David Robertson published a Swampy Cree version of his book, When We Were Alone. He also used Swampy Cree and inserted a glossary of the language in his book, The Barren Grounds, which is part of The Misewa Series.

title: Swampy Cree language


text:
AM expanded band

The extended mediumwave broadcast band, commonly known as the AM expanded band, refers to the broadcast station frequency assignments immediately above the earlier upper limits of 1600 kHz in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Region 2 (the Americas), and 1602 kHz in ITU Regions 1 (Europe, northern Asia and Africa) and 3 (southern Asia and Oceania).

In Region 2, this consists of ten additional frequencies, spaced 10 kHz apart, and running from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. In Regions 1 and 3, where frequency assignments are spaced 9 kHz apart, the result is eleven additional frequencies, from 1611 kHz to 1701 kHz.

Europe
The extended band is not officially allocated in Europe, and the trend of national broadcasters in the region has been to reduce the number of their AM band stations in favor of FM and digital transmissions. However, new Low-Power AM (LPAM) stations have recently come on the air from countries like Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Italy. These frequencies are also used by a number of "hobby" pirate radio stations, particularly in the Netherlands, Greece, and Serbia. Vatican Radio for many years transmitted on 1611 kHz, before ceasing broadcasts on this frequency in 2012. Since 2014 a licensed Norwegian project has been broadcasting both Radio Northern Star and The Sea on 1611 kHz.

ITU Region 2
In 1979, a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) adopted "Radio Regulation No. 480", which stated that "In Region 2, the use of the band 1605-1705 kHz by stations of the broadcasting service shall be subject to a plan to be established by a regional administrative radio conference..." As a consequence, on June 8, 1988 an ITU-sponsored conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil adopted provisions, effective July 1, 1990, to extend the upper end of the Region 2 AM broadcast band, by adding ten frequencies which spanned from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. The agreement provided for a standard transmitter power of 1 kilowatt, which could be increased to 10 kilowatts in cases where it did not result in undue interference.

Anguilla
Even before the formal adoption of the expansion, a 50,000-watt religious station located on the island of Anguilla, British West Indies, was broadcasting on 1610 kHz as "The Caribbean Beacon". This station dated to the early 1980s, and is no longer on the air.

Argentina
In Argentina, the expanded band assignments are primarily in the region surrounding the nation's capital, Buenos Aires.

Canada
Canada has made an informal agreement with the United States to allow Canadian stations operating on 1610, 1630, 1650, 1670 and 1690 kHz to be located closer to their common border than would normally be allowed, in exchange for allowing the U.S. the same privilege on the other frequencies. Therefore, all of its limited number of expanded band stations currently operate on these frequencies.

Cuba
There have only been a few expanded band stations established in Cuba. The most commonly used frequency is 1620 kHz, where multiple stations simulcast Radio Rebelde network programming.

Mexico
Mexico has a total of four radio stations licensed for the expanded band prior to 2017: XEUT-AM 1630, XEARZ-AM 1650, XEANAH-AM 1670, and XEPE-AM 1700. Both XEARZ (5 kW) and XEPE (10 kW) operate with nighttime power greater than 1 kW. These stations were authorized before changes in 2014 set aside the AM expanded band, along with 106-108 MHz on FM, for social community and social indigenous radio stations.

With the exception of XEFCR-AM in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, all of the stations since assigned to the expanded band have been community or indigenous stations: XECSCA-AM, XECSCGU-AM, XECSIA-AM, XECSIB-AM and XECSIC-AM.

Background
In the United States, implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement in 1941 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had established 1600 kHz as the upper limit for the standard AM broadcast band. Beginning in the 1930s adjacent higher frequencies had commonly been designated as a police radio band. Even after police radio transmissions were no longer made on this band, some county and city ordinances still forbade receivers capable of picking up transmissions on these frequencies, and they had reportedly been occasionally enforced to cite motorists in possession of amateur radio gear, or in extreme cases an AM radio installed in the vehicle as original equipment.

A small group of frequencies, starting at 1665 kHz, had been set aside for use by cordless telephones, however in 1983 a higher allocation was assigned, and production after October 1, 1984 of handsets transmitting on the lower frequencies was prohibited. Therefore, by 1988 the frequencies from 1610 to 1700 kHz were largely unoccupied, with one major exception: 1610 kHz was one of two primary frequencies (along with 530 kHz) that had been assigned for use by hundreds of low-powered Travelers Information Stations (TIS). Moreover, the controlling licensing authority for these stations was not the FCC, but instead was the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), so coordination between the two agencies was required. It was concluded that, for operation on 1610 kHz, TIS and broadcasting stations were considered "co-primary" services, thus existing TIS stations were protected from having to move to new frequencies. The restriction imposed by having to protect existing TIS stations on 1610 kHz generally reduced by one the number of available expanded band frequencies, and because the sole U.S assignment for this frequency, KALT in Atlanta, Texas, was eventually deleted; currently there are no broadcasting stations licensed for 1610 kHz in the United States.

The FCC gave approval for TIS stations to operate on 1620–1700, on a secondary basis, and it was informally suggested that, once most radios could tune to the higher frequencies, all of the TIS stations on 1610 kHz could be moved as a group to 1710 kHz, however this was never implemented. (Currently 1710 kHz is unused by TIS stations with one exception: a waiver has been granted to Hudson County, New Jersey to operate a single-frequency network (WQFG689)).

Preparation
When the ITU approved the extension of the "top end" of the AM band to 1700 kHz in 1988, few consumer radios could tune higher than about 1620 or 1630 kHz. However, it was reported at the time that FCC "officials have been meeting with American manufacturers of radio receivers to make an early start on producing sets capable of receiving signals in the new band..." and when the first U.S. expanded band radio station began operating in late 1995, it was estimated that by now there were 280 million radios capable of receiving the full expanded band.

During the 1988 ITU conference, it was suggested that as many as 500 U.S. stations could be assigned to the new frequencies. On April 12, 1990 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted to begin the process of populating the expanded band. Although some individuals had hoped the commission would give preferences to minority-owner or daytime-only stations, it announced that the main priority would be reducing interference on the existing AM band, by transferring selected stations to the new frequencies. It was now estimated that the expanded band could accommodate around 300 U.S. stations.

The common FCC practice for station applications on the standard AM frequencies is to process the applications individually. For the expanded band, the Commission decided to allocate the entire band at once on a nationwide basis, after evaluating all of the stations which notified the FCC that they were interested in moving to the new band. Faced with the difficult task of evaluating hundreds of applications, the FCC developed a multi-factored algorithm to rank the applicants. In addition to required separation standards, both within the United States and internationally, a major component of the evaluation was an individual station's "interference improvement factor", which was the degree to which a move to the expanded band would decrease the amount of interference on its vacated frequency, especially at night. The FCC summarized its primary considerations as "fulltime operation with stereo, competitive technical quality, 10 kW daytime power, 1 kW nighttime power, non-directional antenna (or simple directional) and 400-800 km spacing between co-channel stations".

There was an outstanding question about the number of stations, based on the proposed standards, that could be accommodated on the new frequencies, with the FCC noting that an engineering firm, Cohen, Dippell and Everist, had "submitted an analysis to demonstrate that instead of 25 to 30 stations per channel... their calculations show 'approximately 5 (certainly less than 10)' stations can be assigned per channel".

Implementation
In the fall of 1994, the FCC announced that, out of 688 applicants, a specially designed computer program (which took two weeks to run) had chosen 79 stations to make the transfer to the expanded band. However, a year later the Commission rescinded these assignments, after it was determined that there had been major flaws in the data used to evaluate the applications.

A provision had been added to the Communications Act of 1934 in late 1991 which mandated that priority for expanded band assignments would be given to existing daytime-only stations that were located in a community with a population over 100,000, and which also did not have any full-time stations. The two authorized stations that met this standard became the first two to begin broadcasting on the new band: WJDM, 1660 kHz in Elizabeth, New Jersey (now WWRU in Jersey City, New Jersey) in late 1995, and KXBT (now KDIA), 1640 kHz in Vallejo, California in early 1996. These two are the only expanded band stations in the United States authorized to use 10 kW at night. Other U. S. stations generally use ten kilowatts during the day and one kilowatt at night, with non-directional antennas. An exception exists for stations that use antennas with higher than normal efficiency or those multiplexed with an existing station on a different frequency. KVNS in Brownsville, Texas, operates at 12% less than the standard (8.8 kW day and 880 watts at night) due to treaty obligations with Mexico, and WIGT in Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands, is licensed for 920 watts both day and night, due to similar treaty restrictions with respect to France's territorial holdings of Martinique and Guadeloupe.

On March 22, 1996 the FCC announced a revised allocation table, consisting of 87 stations, but this too was eventually withdrawn due to errors. A third, and final, allocation, now approving 88 stations, was announced on March 17, 1997. In order to ease the transition, the FCC provided that both the original station and its expanded band twin could optionally operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. The FCC originally assumed that the expanded band stations would simulcast the programming of the original standard band stations, and be licensed to the same community. However, in most cases the expanded band stations have run separate programming, and a few have moved to other communities. One policy the FCC has generally enforced is that the two stations must remain under common ownership,  > although an exception was made in the case of KYHN in Fort Smith, Arkansas, when the FCC approved its separate ownership, on the grounds that "Capstar's donation of the facility to MMTC, which planned to use KYHN to train women and minority group members in broadcasting and broadcast management, advanced the diversity goals set forth in the pending proceeding Promoting Diversification of Ownership in the Broadcasting Services".

In general the FCC has refused to consider assigning any stations to the expanded band which were not included in the March 17, 1997 approval list. In 2006 an exception was made to this policy for WRCR in Ramapo, New York, which was allowed to move from 1300 to 1700 kHz, with the FCC stating that a "waiver is warranted to permit the licensing of a station that could provide full-time local emergency radio service to Rockland County residents who would be at great risk in the event of a radiological emergency at the Indian Point facility".

Later activities
A 2006 accounting by Radio World reported that, out of 4,758 licensed U.S. AM stations, 56 were now operating on the expanded band. The expanded band frequencies have also become popular for use by hobbyist microbroadcasting transmissions (which don't require licenses) due to the relatively limited number of broadcasting stations compared to the more congested standard/legacy AM band.

Despite the initial requirement that one of the two paired stations had to cease broadcasting by the end of a five-year period, as of 2015 there were 25 cases where co-owned standard band and expanded band stations were still active, some of which were approaching 20 years of operation. However, at this time the FCC expressed its intention to eventually eliminate the practice, stating: "We therefore tentatively conclude that any licensee with dual standard/Expanded Band authorizations... should be required to surrender one of the two authorizations within one year of release of a future Report and Order in this proceeding adopting this proposal..." This report also noted that "A total of 88 Expanded Band channels were originally allotted. There were 67 applications filed for Expanded Band allotments, of which 66 construction permits were granted, with one application still pending. Licenses were granted to 54 stations that migrated from the standard AM band to the Expanded Band. Of those, 22 unconditionally surrendered their standard band licenses and remained in the Expanded Band; three conditionally surrendered their standard band licenses, and four standard band licenses were canceled by the Commission. The Commission also received one unconditional surrender of an Expanded Band authorization and one conditional surrender, and it canceled one Expanded Band license."

In 2021, the FCC announced plans for an auction of new station assignments, which included replacing four AM stations recently deleted in the St. Louis, Missouri area. A suggestion to also include "abandoned AM expanded band facilities that were approved but never built" was denied. A 2022 FCC filing by Inspiration Media, Inc. characterized "the three decade-old expanded band plan" as so far providing only "exceedingly modest band-improvement".

Australia
Within Australia, the standard AM band transmitting frequencies of 531 to 1602 kHz are designated as the Broadcasting Services Band (BSB), while 1611 to 1701 kHz is designated as the "Mid-Frequency" band. A limited number of stations operate under commercial licences on 1611, 1620 and 1629 kHz. The 1992 Broadcasting Services Act introduced "narrowband" station classifications, for broadcasts targeting specialized non-general audiences, primarily in the larger cities, and a majority of stations assigned from 1611 to 1701 kHz are low-powered (400 watts or less) Narrowband Area Service stations (MF-NAS).

Japan
The AM expanded band in Japan extends to 1629 kHz. 1620 kHz and 1629 kHz are normally used by Highway advisory radio and/or Roadside Stations along stretches of major expressways. Many Japanese AM radios, car stereos and other receivers (walkman, etc.) can tune up to 1629 kHz. 1611 kHz is rarely used in Japan.

The Philippines
In the Philippines, the first AM expanded band radio station in low power format broadcasting in Marikina is DZBF, "Radyo Marikina 1674", started on July 25, 1996.

title: AM expanded band


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BIW

BIW may refer to:

 * Body in white (BiW), a stage in automotive design
 * biw, ISO 639 language code for the Kol language (Cameroon)
 * BIW, rail station code for Biggleswade railway station, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire, England, UK
 * Bürger in Wut ("Citizens in Rage"), a German political party
 * Business is War, a type of Business war games
 * Bath Iron Works, a shipyard in Maine, US
 * Beloit Iron Works (later Beloit Corporation), a former manufacturing company in Beloit, Wisconsin, US
 * Brillion Iron Works, a former manufacturing company in Brillion, Wisconsin, US
 * BIW Technologies, a former British software company, now part of Oracle

title: BIW


text:
Body in white

Body in white (BIW) is the stage in automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, door locks/handles, seats, upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been integrated into the structure. Assembly involves different techniques such as welding (spot, MIG/MAG, or friction stir), riveting, clinching, bonding and laser brazing.

The term derives from manufacturing practices before steel unibody monocoques, when automobile bodies were made by outside firms on a separate chassis with an engine, suspension, and bumpers attached. The manufacturers built or purchased wooden bodies (with thin, non-structural metal sheets on the outside) to bolt onto the frame. The bodies were painted white prior to the final color.

A folk etymology for "body in white" is the appearance of a car body after it is dipped into a white bath of primer (undercoat paint)— despite the primer's actual gray color. BIW could also refer to when car bodywork would be made of timber – all timber products, furniture, etc., are considered to be "in the white" when at the stage of raw timber before finishing or varnishing.

In car design, the "body in white" phase is where the final contours of the car body are worked out, in preparation for the ordering of the expensive production stamping die. Extensive computer simulations of crash-worthiness, manufacturability, and automotive aerodynamics are required before a clay model from the design studio can be converted into a body in white ready for production.

Factories may offer BIW cars to racers, who then may replace up to 90% of the car with aftermarket parts, and niche manufacturers like Ruf Automobile start their cars with BIWs from other makers.

Related terms
A related term in the automotive industry is "body in black". This can refer to a car body that is formed of alternate materials such as composites rather than conventional metal; these composite materials, such as carbon fiber,  are black rather than white. "Body in black" can also refer to a step in the design process in which a mock-up of a new car skin is built, in order to perform exacting measurements during the design and pre-production processes.

title: Body in white


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Karen Blixen Museum, Kenya

The Karen Blixen Museum, located 10 km outside of Nairobi, Kenya, "at the foot of the Ngong Hills", is the former African home of Danish author Karen Blixen, famous for her 1937 book Out of Africa which chronicles life at the estate.

History
Located in what was then British East Africa, the bungalow-style house which is now the Karen Blixen Museum was built in 1912 by the Swedish engineer Åke Sjögren, The house and its attached property were bought in 1917 by Karen Blixen and her husband, Baron Bror von Blixen-Finecke with the intention of operating a coffee plantation. After the Blixens separated in 1921, Karen Blixen continued to live at the house and run the plantation until she returned to Denmark 1931 for good. Her life here is chronicled in her most famous book, Out of Africa, as well as in her book Shadows on the Grass.

After Blixen's death in 1962, the house was donated by the Danish government in 1964 to the new Kenyan government as an independence gift and was opened to the public in 1986 as one of Kenya's national museums, following the popularity of the 1985 movie, Out of Africa. However, this site was not where the Out of Africa was filmed, as the pictures were taken in Blixen's first farmhouse, Mbagathi, nearby, where she lived between 1914 and 1917. Nowadays the museum is situated in the upscale Nairobi suburb named "Karen," which was created by the land re-parceling of the coffee farm, after Blixen's return to Denmark.

The Karen Blixen Museum is open every day between 09:30 and 18:00, including on weekends and public holidays. Visitors have the opportunity to take part in continuously offered guided tours of the house, which features rooms designed in both the original decor and with props from the 1985 film. The grounds, which feature original equipment from the coffee farm, are also available for touring. There is also a gift shop. The grounds of the museum are available to rent for weddings, corporate functions, and other events.

title: Karen Blixen Museum, Kenya


text:
Rúnar Kristinsson

Rúnar Kristinsson (born 5 September 1969) is an Icelandic former professional footballer who played for Lokeren, Lillestrøm SK, Örgryte IS and KR Reykjavík. He is the current manager of Fram. His son, Rúnar Alex Rúnarsson, is a goalkeeper, playing for Danish side F.C. Copenhagen.

Club career
Rúnar first tried out football at the small club Leiknir, before he started practicing at KR Reykjavík, Iceland's oldest and most successful club, where he spent his youth career. His performances at the country's highest level attracted foreign clubs, and he was eventually transferred to Örgryte IS in Sweden. Halfway in the 1997 season, he moved across the border to Lillestrøm SK of Norway. Rúnar was a success there, thus in 2000, he moved to K.S.C. Lokeren in Belgium where he was very successful.

In May 2007, he returned to his former club KR Reykjavík in Iceland to finish his career. He took over as head coach at KR halfway through the 2010 season and managed the team for four whole seasons after that, resulting in two league titles (2011 and 2013) and three cup titles (2011, 2012 and 2014). Rúnar left KR November 2014, to manage his former club Lillestrøm SK.

International career
Rúnar has been capped 104 times for Iceland, scoring three goals in the process, which was a long-standing record until Birkir Bjarnason broke it in 2021. He was captain of the team in 11 matches, but retired from international duties in 2004.

Player
KR Reykjavík
 * Icelandic Cup: 1994

Manager
KR Reykjavík
 * Úrvalsdeild: 2011, 2013, 2019
 * Icelandic Cup: 2011, 2012, 2014
 * League Cup: 2012, 2019
 * Icelandic Super Cup: 2012, 2014, 2020

title: Rúnar Kristinsson


text: User talk:Agentofdarkness

title: User talk:Agentofdarkness


text:
Class A surface

In automotive design, a class A surface is any of a set of freeform surfaces of high efficiency and quality. Although, strictly, it is nothing more than saying the surfaces have curvature and tangency alignment – to ideal aesthetical reflection quality, many people interpret class A surfaces to have G2 (or even G3) curvature continuity to one another (see free form surface modelling).

Class A surfacing is done using computer-aided industrial design applications. Class A surface modellers are also called "digital sculptors" in the industry. Industrial designers develop their design styling through the A-Surface, the physical surface the end user can feel, touch, see etc.

Application
A common method of working is to start with a prototype model and produce smooth mathematical Class A surfaces to describe the product's outer body. From this the production of tools and inspection of finished parts can be carried out. Class A surfacing complements the prototype modelling stage by reducing time and increasing control over design iterations.

Class A surfaces can be defined as any surface, that has styling intent, that is either seen, touched, or both and mathematically meets the definition for Bézier.

Automotive design application
In automotive design application Class A surfaces are created on all visible exterior surfaces (ex; body panels, bumper, grill, lights etc.) and all visible surfaces of see-touch & feel parts in interior (ex: Dashboard, seats, door pads etc.). This can also include beauty covers in the engine compartment, mud flaps, trunk panels and carpeting.

Product design application
In the product design realm, Class A surfacing can be applied to such things like housing for industrial appliances that are injection moulded, home appliances, highly aesthetic plastic packaging defined by highly organic surfaces, toys or furniture. Among the most famous users of Autodesk Alias software in product design is Apple.

Aerospace design application
Aerospace has styling and product design considerations in interiors like bezels for air vents and lights, interior roof storage racks, seats and cockpit area etc. In recent years Airbus used ICEM Surf for generating the exterior surface geometry for Aesthetics and Aerodynamic optimisation before delivering the surface to downstream CAD software like CATIA.

Clay modelling
Class A surfacing / digital sculpting is similar to clay modelling with the added advantage of computing power to change or incorporate design changes in existing/new design. Moreover, the revisions of clay modelling and refinement iteration are carried out in digital version. The scanned data of a selected clay model will be taken as a "Point cloud data" input, and Class A designers work on this Point cloud data to generate preliminary surfaces and further refine them to Class A surfaces.

Normalisation
Class A surfaces are currently not standardized, a team of French engineers propose a new idea for standardization:
 * Class A: G0/G1/G2/G3 – Good aesthetic quality of reflections
 * Class B: G0/G1 – Minimal classic quality (G0 = 0mm, G1 = 0.2° Max, Cu = 0.1mm-1)
 * Class C – Surface hole/Bump/Bad tangents

Class C is a rough, poor surface, which will cause a problem in CAM/CAD and not aesthetically. Holes (G0), bad tangencies (G1), and micro Bumps that cannot be used for a ball cutter for example.

Class B is the minimum quality for everything to go well in CAM/CAD. In Aeronautics, everyone is in Class B without Holes with good Tangencies (G1) and without unusable micro Bumps.

Class A has the qualities of a Class B, but in addition is mainly in G2/G3 curvatures, allowing very beautiful aesthetic reflections, smooth and without cuts. Necessary for mass consumer products such as cars or iPhones.

Notable software
The most widely used software tools are Alias by Autodesk, ICEM Surf a standalone software, ICEM Shape Design and ICEM Shape Design AeroExpert followed by Dassault systems etc integrated in module in Catia V5.

title: Class A surface


text:
Transitology

In political science and in international and comparative law and economics, transitology is the study of the process of change from one political regime to another, mainly from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones rooted in conflicting and consensual varieties of economic liberalism.

Transitology tries to explain processes of democratization in a variety of contexts, from bureaucratic authoritarianism and other forms of dictatorship in Latin America, southern Europe and northern Africa to postcommunist developments in eastern Europe. The debate has become something of an academic "turf-war" between comparative studies and area studies scholars, while highlighting several problematic features of social science methodology, including generalization, an overemphasis on elite attitudes and behavior, Eurocentrism, the role of history in explaining causality, and the inability to produce testable hypotheses.

Transitology explains the different pathways to and from democracy as explained in the Massive Open Online Course MOOC on Transitology set up by Anja Mihr and launched by the Global Campus for Human Rights. In this training course Transitology is explained as a concept and analytical framework applied in political and social science to analyse political regime change in either ways, democratic or autocratic. Successful democratic transition, is one pathway how democratic institutions slowly consolidate and strengthen over time. Transitology also explains why weak and corrupted democratic institutions fail and backslide into authoritarian political practices and, subsequently, autocracies.

Notable academics

 * Dankwart Rustow, father of the theory of transitology, former Columbia University professor, and professor for 25 years at the City University of New York.
 * Philippe C. Schmitter, a key proposes on transitology and author of Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (1986) with Guillermo O'Donnell.
 * Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Prize–winning economist and professor of economics at Columbia University.
 * Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University.
 * Katharina Pistor, Professor of Law, Columbia University.
 * Seymour Martin Lipset, While Lipset did not study transitology directly, his theories on the role of economic development in the survival of democracy, first articulated in "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy, has been influential in the field.
 * Larry Diamond, political science professor at Stanford University, has been significant in the development of the concept of illiberal democracy and its role in democratic transitions.
 * Thomas Carothers, also significant in the development of the concept of illiberal democracy and articulating the distinction between a consolidating democracy and an illiberal democracy.

title: Transitology


text:
Talk:Gosudarstvennyj Universalnyj Magazin

From WP:RfD:

 * Gosudarstvennyj Universalnyj Magazin → State Universal Store - A pointless redirect from a foreign-langauage term transliteration, which is non-unique, by the way. I deleted it once, but it was restored. mikka (t) 17:08, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. The nomination doesn't fit any of the 6 points mentioned under "When should we delete a redirect?". But it may well prevent the creation of a duplicate article. Rl 17:37, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * oppose here. No constroversy by the redirect but may be useful. Non-unique translit, I agree. So, we could create redirects with other tranlits. Unless this makes some problems, that I don't see... --Irpen 18:29, August 18, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Investors in People

Investors in People is a standard for people management, offering accreditation to organisations that adhere to the Investors in People Standard. From 1991 to January 2017, Investors in People was owned by the UK government. As of 1 February 2017, Investors in People transitioned into the Investors in People Community Interest Company. Investors in People assessments are conducted locally through local Delivery Centres across the UK and internationally.

History
In 1990 the Department of Employment was tasked with developing a national standard of good practice for training and development. Investors in People was born and officially launched at that year's CBI Conference in Glasgow by then Secretary of State for Employment, the Rt Hon Michael Howard QC MP.

Investors in People UK was formed in 1991 to protect the integrity of the Investors in People framework. It was a non-departmental public body and received funding from the former UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). The organisation was based in London, United Kingdom and managed the development, policy, promotion and quality assurance of the Investors in People framework.

From April 2010 the work of the organisation was transferred to UKCES (UK Commission for Employment and Skills) which was responsible for the strategic ownership of Investors in People until January 2017, when the organisation transitioned into a Community Interest Company on 1 February 2017.

The Sixth Generation Standard
In September 2015, Investors in People launched the sixth generation standard, evolved from the previous fifth generation to keep pace with modern practices. The current framework reflects the latest workplace trends, leading practices and employee conditions required to create outperforming teams. The latest framework focuses on three key areas: leading, supporting and improving. Within these sit nine performance indicators based on the features of organisations that consistently outperform industry norms. Organisations are assessed against these indicators using a performance model made up of four levels: Developed, Established, Advanced, High-Performing. In order to achieve the minimum level of accreditation against this framework, an organisation must meet all nine indicators at 'Developed' level.

Accreditation
Thousands of organisations from the public and private sector have achieved accreditation. In 1999 it was estimated that one in three UK organisations was accredited, with one quarter of the UK workforce working for an Investors in People accredited company in 2002. In 2011, 2,873 UK schools held the Standard.

As of 2013, there are four levels of accreditation: Accredited, Silver, Gold and Platinum.

Research
The original research was carried out in 2000 by Duncan Collins (architect of the Standard in 1991) and David Gittings. This was published by The Department of Education and Employment as ISBN: 1 84185 347 X and was the first empirical proof that developing pays off financially. The Standard is regularly reviewed by Investors in People (formally as part of the UK Commission for Employment and Skills) and independent research is conducted on the benefits of working with the Investors in People framework and the impact of achieving recognition. This research has indicated that Investors in People has a positive impact on performance.

Investors in People also commissions regular research into employee views and attitudes. This includes their employment satisfaction survey, the annual Job Exodus Trends Report. The research looks at workers feelings towards changing job in the next 12 months and those actively looking for a new position.

In 2009 Investors in People funded research together with the Health and Safety Executive and the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development concluding that companies that treated their staff well had a better chance of surviving economic downturn.

In 2002 Investors in People researched graduate employment trends, concluding that two thirds of graduates believe training and development is one of the most important factors when choosing an employer

Investors in People International
Though UK-based, the Standard has been licensed to a number of other countries through Investors in People International. Investors in People International operates in more than 80 countries and delivers services in more than 30 languages.

title: Investors in People