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Bumper Stumpers

Bumper Stumpers is a Canadian game show in which two teams of two players competed to decipher letter puzzles presented as fictional vanity licence plates.

The show was a joint production of Canada's Global Television Network and the United States' USA Network, in association with Barry & Enright Productions and Wink Martindale Enterprises. This was one of three original series that USA and Global co-produced in the 1980s, with a 1985 revival of Jackpot and 1986's The New Chain Reaction preceding it; of the three, Bumper Stumpers was the only one that was not a revival of a previous series, and was ordered by Global without a pilot.

Bumper Stumpers started taping on June 10 and premiered on June 29, 1987, and aired concurrently on Global and USA until December 28, 1990. It was created by Wink Martindale, the second creation of his to make air (Headline Chasers, which Martindale launched in syndication in 1985 in the United States with himself as host, was the first) and developed by Mark Maxwell-Smith. Al Dubois, who at the time was a weather forecaster for Global, hosted the show with Ken Ryan serving as the announcer. The show was taped at the Global Television Studios in Toronto, Ontario and it was also the last USA Network game show to be taped in Canada.

Reruns of the series were seen on Global in Canada from 1990 to 1995 and on Game Show Network in the United States in 1994–95 and 2000. Bumper Stumpers later aired on the Canadian specialty channel GameTV from October 1, 2012, until 2017, from January 8 to February 25, 2018, and again from February 4, 2019, to March 1, 2019.

Main game
Bumper Stumpers featured two teams, one usually a returning champion pair. The teams' goal was to correctly solve the Super Stumper, a puzzle designed to resemble a vanity licence plate that consisted of seven spaces and was said at the beginning of each game to belong to someone or something. After host Dubois relayed that information to the teams, the first space in the Super Stumper was revealed. Each space concealed either a letter or a number, which was only revealed after the team chose a space.

To reveal the spaces in the Super Stumper, the teams would have to correctly decipher a series of other vanity plates. Using the top two monitors of a seven square game board, the teams were shown a pair of plates. One of the plates belonged to a particular subject, and the first team to buzz in was given the selection. If one of the teammates chose the right plate, the other was given ten seconds to try and decipher it. If not, the other team was given ten seconds to see if they could solve. If the team that buzzed in first did not choose the correct plate, the other team got first crack at solving the plate and both teammates could offer guesses. Once a team correctly deciphered a plate, they were given a choice of one of the blank spaces to fill and, once it was, five seconds to guess.

If all seven spaces were filled and the team that filled the last one could not solve the Super Stumper, the opposing team was given one last chance to solve. If it was still unsolved after that, a speed-up round was played with a new Super Stumper. Control started with the team that gave the last correct answer, and they chose a space and were given five seconds. If they could not solve, the other team chose its own space to fill. The teams took turns filling in the blanks until one of them solved the Super Stumper.

The first team to solve the Super Stumper won the game. The first team to solve Two Super Stumpers won the match, along with CA$1,000, and advanced to the bonus round for a chance to win more money.

Originally, solving a Super Stumper won the team that did so CA$500 and the right to play the bonus round. If a Super Stumper went unsolved, the next one was played for an additional CA$500, and play continued in this manner until a Super Stumper was solved. Also, the team who correctly buzzed in first was able to play or pass; this was dropped relatively early in the run after many more contestants elected to play.

Plates
The writers on Bumper Stumpers had various methods they used to relay the necessary information to lead the contestants to the identity of the subject owning the plate.

For instance, a plate belonging to swashbucklers might read PYR88, with the solution being "pirates" ("pyr" + "eights"). Another plate belonging to Bill Cosby might read IIPI, with the solution being his television series I Spy ("Is" + "pi"). In both these cases, pairs of letters and numbers are read as plurals instead of “eighty-eight” or “eye-eye”. This was the case in most uses of pairs, but not all.

In other instances Roman numerals might be used, such as in the plate IVTHST8. This plate reads “fourth estate”, with the number four represented by the IV at the beginning of the plate. Any plate that had “H2O” in it would have something to do with water, as that is its chemical symbol.

Other plates simply required the contestants to figure out proper pronunciation, such as for the plate TPRT (tea party), CUNL (see you in Hell), or TYRDFHM (tired of him). In most cases the use of vowels implied that the long pronunciation of the letters was being sought, such as in the plates “ARAD” or “SPRARAD”, which translate to “air raid” and “spray Raid”.

Bonus round
This show had three bonus rounds throughout the run.

Bonus round #1
The first bonus round was split into two halves, with the objectives being different depending on the outcome of the first portion.

In the first half, the team trying to identify up to seven plates within 30 seconds. Correctly solving all seven plates before time ran out won the champions CA$2,000.

If the team had not solved all seven plates but had solved at least one of them before time ran out, they received a second chance to win some bonus money in the second half of the round, which was referred to “The Final Stumper”. This portion of the round was played two different ways.

Format #1
The seven game board monitors each displayed a letter in the word “STUMPER”, and each letter concealed something underneath. For each plate the team correctly solved, money amounts were added to the board. The first amount added was CA$500, and depending on how many plates were solved up to five additional amounts would be added. CA$100 was added to the board first, CA$200 second, CA$300 third, CA$400 fourth, and an additional CA$500 space was added last. Any letter that did not receive a money amount instead concealed a stop sign.

The team could keep choosing as long as they kept revealing dollar amounts and could stop at any point. Revealing a stop sign ended the round and froze the team's winnings. If they managed to find at least $500, the money was doubled. A team could win a maximum of $1,800 in this portion of the round (CA$100, CA$300, CA$500 = CA$900, multiplied by two).

Format #2
In the second format, the goal became to accumulate $1,000 or more. This time, in addition to the five dollar amounts one of the letters in STUMPER hid a space marked “WIN.” That space was added first, then the rest of the dollar amounts.

If the team managed to accumulate $1,000 or more or find the WIN space, their bonus total was augmented to $2,000. This time, finding one of the stop signs cost the team all of their bonus winnings.

Bonus round #2
In the second bonus round, the team was given 30 seconds and up to five plates to solve. They were required to solve four of them before time ran out. If they did so, they were rewarded with CA$200; otherwise, the round ended there and they won nothing additional.

If the team did correctly solve the necessary four plates, they were presented with a chance to take their winnings and quit or risk the money to try and double it by solving another plate. If they decided to take the risk, they were shown the plate and given seven seconds to solve it.

Up to three additional plates could be played, and the team could win up to CA$1,600 for correctly solving all three. They could also stop at any time and take their winnings, and the same double-or-nothing principle was in play for every word.

Bonus round #3
The third Bumper Stumpers bonus round consisted of a series of five plates connected to a subject, with each plate serving as a clue to the subject's identity.

This time, only one player from the winning team played the first half of the round. That player was given 30 seconds to decipher the plates, with CA$100 given for each. Unlike the previous bonus round formats, Dubois did not give out clues to the plates. After the time was up, the player was given a choice: either stop with whatever money he/she had accumulated, or risk it to see if the other player, isolated backstage, could come up with the owner of the plates. If the team took the risk and the second player was able to identify the subject using the solved plates, the team's winnings would be tripled. Thus, the maximum amount a team could win was CA$1,500.

Winning teams could stay on the show until defeated or winning five matches. Under the original format, where the bonus round was played after each game rather than each match, a team could also be retired by being defeated twice in the front game.

Tournament of Champions
Near the end of the show's run, airing on USA in September 1990 and repeated in December of that year, a "Tournament of Champions" was held, with 16 undefeated teams returning to compete. The winning team received an additional $10,000, while $5,000 was awarded to the runners-up.

title: Bumper Stumpers


text:
User talk:Plethorapw

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 07:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Plethorapw


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chips mackinolty

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Will move it to correct capitals. -Splash 01:58, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Chips mackinolty
Vanity/Non-notable (Only 260 Google hits) -- one of a gazillion one-time protesters who found his way into a newspaper or two. Paul Klenk 07:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC) PS After the vote should be moved to Chips Mackinolty. Capitalistroadster 18:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. His artworks have been exhibited at major Australian galleries such as the National Gallery of Australia, and the Australian Centre for Photography. Certainly notable. Cnwb 07:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above. Kappa 11:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I originally greeted the intial editor to request tagging of the picture now used in this article (it is taken from http://www.nga.gov.au/federation, so may not be a problem in that), they may have gone offline as no reply/action on this yet. I have left a message to inform them of this VfD, pointing them here. Alf 12:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If his work is displayed at the National Gallery of Australia, then he is a significant Australian artist. According to ''Australians: A History" published in 1987,he was an art dealer in Katherine who played a significant role in the development of Australian art.  Capitalistroadster 18:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 260 non-vanity, non-dupe Google hits for an non-Internet person is pretty good; not only that, the hits are from notable sources and document him as a notable person. Don't just count the Google hits; look at them. --Prosfilaes 21:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Dorcia

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 07:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Hecate images and article
Two things...

First, you recently uploaded two images, Image:Hecate2.jpg (which you labeled public domain) and Image:Cybele_hekate_pergamonm1.jpg which you didn;t give any label to at all. I am concerned that these may be (and in fact propbably are) copyright violations. They are photographs of three dimensional objects. The photographs are in color, which means it's likely they are too recent to be old enough to be in the public domain themselves (photographs of two dimensional objects that are in public domain are also public domain). You also don't say at all where you got these images from.

Second, you have made an extensive amount of changes to the article itself, and it seems like you are completely going off the opinion of one author, treating her opinions as factual instead of noting them as her opinions. When you add information like this it is Wikipedia policy to cite your sources (see Verifiability) and not take the opinions of any one author as gospel (see Neutral point of view).

It's nice to see you making the efforts to do updates, but you should also make sure that you are not trying to do too much here without looking into how things should be done. DreamGuy 22:57, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Warning
Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Wickethewok 15:56, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dorcia


text: Talk:Weber State University

title: Talk:Weber State University


text:
Clinton Smith (basketball)

Clinton Smith (born January 19, 1964) is an American former basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A forward born in Cleveland, Ohio, he went to college at Cleveland State University where he helped lead the 1985–86 team to the Sweet Sixteen. He was drafted in the fifth round by the Golden State Warriors in the 1986 NBA draft and he played two seasons in the NBA.

title: Clinton Smith (basketball)


text:
User talk:RevRaven

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 07:27, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Image copyright problem with Image:Iczer_One.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Iczer_One.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 20:11, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Decatur, Alabama
Regarding your recent edition of Decatur, Alabama: Please do not add commentary and your personal analysis of an article into Wikipedia articles. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy and breaches the formal tone expected in an encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. —LonelyPilgrim 16:11, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Mst3k.jpg source
If I might ask, where did you get Image:Mst3k.jpg? It's described in the license statement as a screenshot, but I don't recognize it as such. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 05:49, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi there. I found this in my MST3K graphics archives. I put it using the screenshot template because of my unfamilarity with the templates. I wasn't able to find the template for a Promotional Image, which is what the graphic actually is (it was used by Best Brains on some promotional material). I appologize for the inconvience if this has caused any problem, but really I wanted to get the infobox done quickly and with a good picture of the planet logo (and I didn't have a CC-era picture of the planet handy). I hope I haven't caused any problem! Reverend Raven 14:14, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem. I've changed the license template to promotional (it's listed at Image copyright tags, a good resource for these things) and added a line about the image coming from Best Brains, but from an unknown URL. We'll see if that satisfies copyright requirements. If not, we can probably dig up more info. Tbanks. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 15:48, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I appreciate the help (and the links, having came from Everything2 it's a bit overwhelming the level of control present here at Wikipedia)! I can give you some sources for the graphic in question: It was used on promo material for the Amazing Colossal Episode Guide (and on the cover, if colored differently), on the Press Kit for MST3K: The Movie, on the rental poster and the out of print DVD of The Movie. Best Brains also used it on some of their letterheads, on some Master Tapes (such as Emmy screeners). Thanks again for fixing the template tag, and really for your good work on the MST3K articles. Seems like you and I are frequenters of the same articles, hopefully making some excellent resources for other Wikipedians. Reverend Raven 16:20, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * What I'm looking for is how this image became a digital graphic. Did you take a picture of it from one of the aforementioned sources? Whatever history you might recall would be helpful. ~ Jeff Q (talk) 17:07, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I was not the photographer of said graphic. I vaugly remember finding it way back in the day, around the era of the great eBay prop auction. If this image is in violation of Wikipolicy, I could try to scan the image from one of the screeners or other promo material I own. However, I think that we should definately find a good quality screen grab of the planet from the Comedy Central era. The reshot Sci-Fi era planet is far to dark to make out all the letters. Same for MST3K: The Movie, I think that a clean grab of the CGI planet used in the trailer/TV ads would be perfect (as compared to the boring text title). But yeah, and stuff! Reverend Raven 15:41, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Ghostposter2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ghostposter2.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Angr 18:06, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Your edit to The Wizard (film)
Holy crud, I knew those dinosaurs were some sort of real-life attraction! Thanks for adding that info in. --UsaSatsui (talk) 07:25, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mst3k.jpg
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Plan 9 Publishing article nominated for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image File:Iczer One.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Iczer One.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free media (File:Mst3k.jpg)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:02, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RevRaven


text:
Troston

Troston is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England, five miles north-east of Bury St Edmunds. Its parish church contains rare mediaeval wall paintings, including dragon-slaying and the Martyrdom of St Edmund.

The local pub, The Bull, had been a central part of the village since the late 1800s, but was closed, leaving it boarded up. Owners, brewers Greene King, sold it, and The Bull has now reopened as a Free House with a restaurant.

Troston Hall, to the south of the village, is a Grade II* listed late sixteenth-century manor house, with the Grade II listed Hall Farm to its north.

There are 16 listed buildings in the village.

Governance and religion
The parish falls under the West Suffolk District Council ward of Pakenham & Troston, the Suffolk County Council division of Thingoe North, and the parliamentary constituency of Bury St Edmunds, whose MP since 2015 is Jo Churchill of the Conservative Party.

The ecclesiastical parish falls under the province of Canterbury, the diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and the deanery of Ixworth.

Notable residents

 * Edward Capell (1713-1781), Shakespearian critic and Groom of the Privy Chamber
 * Capel Lofft (1754-1824), lawyer, political figure, and writer.

title: Troston


text:
Talk:Statistical randomness

Global vs. local ?
I'm not exactly sure of the distinction between local and global randomness. I haven't found many references to those in theory (well, not with google at least). It seems to me that a "globally random" sequence will have some subsequences that wouldn't be considered random, but I can we say that that sequence isn't "locally random" ? Isn't it just a question of sample size ? or of sample / subsample ?

Anyway, the current use seems a bit confusing. It "seems" that "local randomness" is sometimes used to mean "statistical randomness" - or maybe something like "does not exhibit any "small scale" patterns ?

Yeah, maybe it's just a distinction on the size of the patterns being checked for. That makes sense. Flammifer 07:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Local randomness, as originally defined by Kendall and Babington, refers to the lowest threshold at which equiprobability and whatever other properties you are looking for can be found. In their own random number table of 100,000 digits, it was locally random as low as intervals of 1,000 digits (though a few intervals were less "random" than others and they advised not to use them alone). The contrast would be a definition of "randomness" used by philosophers and many mathematicians which specifies that if all events are independently randomly determined, then no sequence is more probable than another. But with this you end up with the problem of induction -- there's no way to test for "randomness", and it requires complete faith that your method is generating independently random digits. This approach is often used by philosophers and psychologists when they want to make fun of the RAND statisticians who put together A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates; the fellows saw somewhat "patchy" distributions in their data (not patterns per se, but coming close to failing a chi-square test) and so they "re-randomized" it. The philosophers and psychologists say, "Ha, they don't even know that randomness means that they could have entire stretches of zeroes and it would still be random if the method was random!" Of course the philosophers and psychologists don't understand that by "random" the statisticians meant "locally random" in this sense. Much less that such sequences would be worthless to them, much less that a series of hetereogenous digits is more likely than one of homogenous ones. But anyway, I hope this explains a bit. If you send me an e-mail, I can send you a whole paper on the history of this. :) --Fastfission 02:58, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * At least, that's what Kendall and Smith meant when they created the concept of "local randomness" in 1939. I'm not a statistician so I can't tell you if that's how it is currently used. --Fastfission 03:03, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Sample "Random" data
For example, here is an image of 10000 points essentially stemming out of the Pari/GP random number function.

You can notice the "fractal"-like patterns/periodicity.--Billymac00 (talk) 20:07, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Please add.
Please add references to Wide Sense Stationary and Stationary Processes, as these are one set of common synonyms of terms. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 10:24, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_process

Randomness of π
Is it true that π exhibits statistical randomness as is purported in the following sentence:

"...sequences such as the results of an ideal die roll, or the digits of π exhibit statistical randomness[citation needed]."

I know for sure that such claim is a proposal written by Yadolah Dodge in "A Natural Random Number Generator" but I don't know if someone has taken millions/billions of digits through the appropriate tests.

Anyone to shed light into this issue?

216.18.212.218 (talk) 22:11, 27 September 2010 (UTC) Robert Smith

need defining cite
The lead's first sentence is essentially a definition but its reference, at best, only implies one. The reference is useful but belongs somewhere else in the article. For a definition, a more explicit reference should be cited. Nick Levinson (talk) 01:35, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Statistical randomness


text:
Ogm

OGM or Ogm may refer to:
 * Ogg § OGM, a discouraged extension to the Ogg file format.
 * Ontonagon County Airport, the ICAO and FAA LID code OGM
 * Ustupu-Ogobsucum Airport, the IATA code OGM
 * Hibernate OGM (Object/Grid Mapper), an extension to store data in a NoSQL store

title: Ogm


text:
U.K. Subs

U.K. Subs are an English punk rock band, among the earliest in the first wave of British punk. Formed in 1976, the mainstay of the band has been vocalist Charlie Harper, originally a singer in Britain's R&B scene. One of the first hardcore punk bands, elements of rhythm and blues music - including harmonica - also remained an occasional element of their work.

1976–1978
Although the U.K. Subs were part of the original punk movement in England, the band originally started playing as part of the pub rock scene under the name The Marauders. In 1976, after seeing a couple of punk rock shows at The Roxy, the band decided to become a punk rock band, changing their name at first to the Subversives but later modifying it to the U.K. Subs. The band consisted of founder Charlie Harper, guitarist Nicky Garratt, bassist Paul Slack, and a drummer who went under the name Rory Lyons. By the time the band recorded their first single, Pete Davies had replaced Lyons and was the band's regular drummer.

Their style combined the energy of punk and the rock and roll edge of the then-thriving pub rock scene. The band's first six hit singles, including "Stranglehold", "Warhead", "Teenage", and "Tomorrow's Girls", all managed to enter the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart. Their first four albums would also make the U.K. charts. However, they never had another single or album make the charts after 1981.

The first two songs released by the band were on the April 1978, Farewell to the Roxy album. The two songs, "I Live in a Car" and "Telephone Numbers," were recorded live at a December 31, 1977 show at The Roxy. The U.K. Subs were the first band on the bill at the show that night with Rory Lyons on drums. The recording of this show was later released as the album Live Kicks in 1980.

In 1978, the band released their first single, "CID," on City Records, a UK-based underground label. The band played two John Peel sessions in 1978, and a third in June 1979, for BBC Radio 1. These sessions were subsequently released together on a single album, Peel Sessions, in 2003. Also, in 1978, the band played some opening gigs for The Police. In 1979, Julien Temple wrote and directed a short film Punk Can Take It, a parody of wartime documentaries, that consisted mainly of U.K. Subs playing live on stage. The film was released theatrically.

1979–1981
In May 1979, the band signed to GEM Records, a punk rock offshoot of RCA Records. Their first single for GEM, "Stranglehold," was released in June 1979. It was followed by "Tomorrow's Girls" which was released in August 1979. Their debut album, Another Kind of Blues, was released in October 1979 with their second album, Brand New Age following in April 1980. Several EPs were also released in this period and their singles "Teenage" and "Warhead" both made the U.K. charts. Their third album, a live album entitled Crash Course, was recorded at the Rainbow Theatre in London on 30 May 1980 during the Brand New Age tour. Released in 1980, it was their biggest selling album ever.

In June 1980, Davies and Slack left the band and were replaced with bassist Alvin Gibbs and drummer Steve Roberts. At this point some of the songs took on a more heavy metal-influenced edge. In February 1981, the band released their fourth album, Diminished Responsibility which was the final U.K. Subs album to chart in the U.K. In April 1981, they released the non-album single "Keep on Running (Til You Burn)", their sixth single for GEM, and the last single by the U.K. Subs to chart in the U.K. It was also their last release on GEM Records as the label folded soon after the release of the single.

1982–1983
The band recorded their next album at the rural Jacobs Studio in Farnham, Surrey in the south of England. Endangered Species was released 19 March 1982 on the band's new label, NEMS, which also folded shortly after the release of the album. Harper and Garratt both consider this album to be the U.K. Sub's best album. Following the recording of the album, Steve Roberts was fired at the end of 1981 and the Subs used both Mal Aisling and John Towe as replacements. The band toured the U.S. in support of the album, hoping to get signed to a U.S. label. It was their second tour of the U.S.; the first occurring in 1979. In July 1982, they became the first Western band to perform in Poland since the imposition of martial law, and the suppression of the trade union Solidarity. Their concert was held in Gdańsk, and they were supported by Brygada Kryzys.

In 1983, the band released the three-song Shake Up the City EP on Abstract Records, which they also recorded at Jacobs studios. Drummer Kim Wylie played on the EP and for the subsequent tours of the U.K., Europe, and the U.S. They again played several concerts in Poland in 1983 with new wave Polish band Republika. Differences in musical direction, as well as the inability to secure a U.S. record deal, led to Gibbs, Garrett, and Harper going their separate ways, although Harper would continue to use the U.K. Subs name with frequently changing members backing him. The three would reunite for the first time in July 1988 to record Killing Time.

1984–2021
In 1991, U.K. Subs also had Lars Frederiksen (now of Rancid) on guitar for a 30-date UK tour.

The U.K. Subs song "Down on the Farm" was covered by Guns N' Roses at Farm Aid in 1990 and on their 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?". "We were just doing it for the fun of it," recalled Slash. "And it was sounding good, so we recorded it."

U.K. Subs joined the bill for the 2006 Fiend Fest. The band have toured with The Misfits, The Adicts, Osaka Popstar, Agent Orange, and The Ramones. The U.K. Subs song "Warhead" is played in the movie, This Is England. U.K. Subs are one of the regular bands to play the Rebellion Festival nearly every year since its origins as The Holidays in the Sun Festival in 1996.

In 2002, the band was featured with D.R.I and The Eight Bucks Experiment on a seven-inch compilation record called F*#k You Punks vol.3, with an anti terrorist song called "Terrorista".

In 2007, drummer Jamie Oliver was a contestant on the UK quiz show Nothing But the Truth. Vocalist Charlie Harper was among the panel of witnesses. Oliver reached the £5,000 mark, but lost it all in a bid to double his winnings.

In recent years, the band's work has been critical of British politician Nick Clegg, with the 2013 song "Coalition Government Blues" describing the Liberal Democrats' leader as "liking his perks". The band's 2015 album Yellow Leader was widely suspected of referring to Clegg, with yellow being the official colour of his political party.

To celebrate 40 years since its release, Demon Records issued a special edition copy of Another Kind of Blues in a box set of two 10" coloured vinyl on 13 April 2019. This was soon followed by the next album in succession, Brand New Age on 12 July 2019. Crash Course and Diminished Responsibility have also been reissued and Cleopatra Records has released an expanded version of Endangered Species. In September 2021, to celebrate 40 years since the band's concert at Gossips, the official live cassette of the show was rereleased on CD and Download as Danger: The Chaos Tape via Cherry Red.

On 17 October 2021, Alvin Gibbs announced on Facebook that "Charlie Harper, Steve Straughan and I have decided Jamie Oliver will no longer continue as drummer for the UK Subs" over "his post seemingly celebrating the tragic and abhorrent death of Conservative MP, David Amess". Anti-Pasti drummer, Kevin Nixon, agreed to temporarily take over the role vacated by Oliver, enabling the band to meet live commitments in France in October 2021.

2022-present: Final studio album and tours
In what was advertised as the U.K. Subs' final album, Reverse Engineering - a studio record of new material - was released on 1 July 2022.

On 20 August 2022, the band played what was billed as their "last ever" show on the island of Ireland, performing at Voodoo in Belfast.

Former drummer Steve Roberts, AKA Steve ZeSuicide, died on 13 October 2022.

In December 2022, the band announced drummer Dave Humphries had left the band.

European and UK tours planned for 2023 were advertised as being the "final full" tours by the U.K. Subs. The band added: "Rest assured - the band will then continue to play Festivals and the occasional mini weekend tour in various countries as and when". The UK tour is culminated with five consecutive sold-out nights at the 100 Club in London.

Album titles and later releases
Successive U.K. Subs album titles start with consecutive letters of the alphabet, although the band released several live albums and compilations that were not part of the sequence of 26 alphabetical titles. All but one of their 21 studio albums are a part of this 26 album sequence. Reverse Engineering and the two studio albums consisting solely of covers, Subversions and Subversions II, all released after concluding the 26 album sequence, are not part of the sequence. The six non-studio albums included in the sequence comprise four live albums, a compilation album entitled Sub Mission: The Best of the U.K. Subs 1982–1998 which also contained a bonus disc with a live recording from a show in Bristol in 1991, and Peel Sessions which compiled their three late 1970's sessions with BBC DJ John Peel.

In May 2016, the band released an album starting with the letter "Z", Ziezo, which completed their alphabetical series of album titles. The album was recorded in November 2015 at Perry Vale Studios in South London. At the time, the band announced that, although they intended to continue to release EPs and singles, Ziezo would be their last full album. The album was funded through the Crowdfunding site Pledge Music starting on 1 November 2015.

After releasing Ziezo, the Subs released a double single in 2017 and an EP in 2018 in addition to two albums of covers, titled Subversions and Subversions II, which were released in 2018 and 2019, respectively.

On 1 July 2022, Cleopatra Records released the Subs' latest studio album, Reverse Engineering. Alvin Gibbs announced on behalf of the U.K. Subs in January 2021 that the band had begun recording the new album due to the large amount of new material they had written both as a band and individually. He said that this new album "will categorically be the last ever UK Subs album."

Musical style
The UK Subs' tempo exceeded that of many of the original British punk bands, earning them a reputation as a pioneer of hardcore punk music. They retained limited elements of rhythm and blues due to Harper's previous years as an R&B singer. Music writer Colin Larkin described the band as specialising in "shambolic sub-three-minute bursts of alcohol-driven rock ‘n’ roll".

Band members
Current
 * Charlie Harper - lead vocals and harmonica (1976–present)
 * Alvin Gibbs - bass (1980–1983, 1988, 1996, 1999–2002, 2003–present)
 * Steve Straughan - guitar (2016–present)
 * Stefan Häublein - drums (2023-present)

Former

 * Richard Anderson - guitar (1976–77)
 * Greg Brown - guitar (1977)
 * Steve Slack - bass (1976–77, 1983–1984)
 * Rory Lyons - drums (1976–1977)
 * Robbie Harper - drums, guitar (Rob Milne) (1977)
 * Steve J Jones - drums (1977, 1983–1984)
 * Nicky Garratt - guitar (1977–1983, 1988, 1996, 1999–2002, 2004–2010)
 * Paul Slack - bass (1977–1981, 2008–2010)
 * Robby Baldock - drums (1978)
 * Pete Davies - drums (1978–1980, 1984, 1991–1996, 2007, 2008)
 * Carlos Hyena - guitar (1978)
 * Ian "Tanner" Tansley - drums (1980 on Brand New Age Tour – filling in for a sick Pete Davies)
 * Steve Roberts - drums (1981–82, 1987, 2002)
 * Adam Griffiths - bass (1981–1982)
 * Mal Asling AKA 'Sol Mintz' - drums (1982)
 * John Towe AKA 'Kim Wylie' - drums (1982–1983, 2003)
 * Captain Scarlet (David Lloyd) - guitar (1983–1984)
 * Tim Britta - guitar (1984)
 * Jim Moncur - guitar (1984–1987)
 * Tezz Roberts - bass (1984), guitar (1984–85, 1995, 2002), drums (1988, 1999)
 * John Armitage - bass (1984–1985)
 * Matthew "Turkey" Best - drums (1984)
 * Rab Fae Beith - drums (1984–1986; died 2023)
 * Ricky McGuire - bass (1985–1986)
 * Mark Barratt - bass (1986–1987)
 * Darrell Barth - guitar (1986–87, 1989–91, 1999)
 * Geoff Sewell - drums (1986)
 * Knox - guitar (1987)
 * Alan Lee - guitar (1987–89)
 * Flea (Dave Farrelly) - bass (1987–91)
 * Dave Wilkinson - drums (1987)
 * Duncan Smith - drums (1987–88)
 * Belvy K - drums (1988)
 * Matt McCoy - drums (1988–92, 1993, 1995)
 * Andy McCoy - guitar (1988)
 * Leo Mortimer - drums (1989–90)
 * Karl Morris - guitar (1990–1992, 1993)
 * Jeff Moe - drums (1991)
 * Lars Frederiksen - guitar (1991)
 * Johan - guitar (1991)
 * Scott Snowden - guitar (1992)
 * Alan Campbell - guitar (1992–2004)
 * Derek Reid - bass (1995)
 * Brian Barnes - bass (1992–1994, 1996–2001, 2002–2004, 2008)
 * Greg Cahill - drums (1993 Canada, Argentina tours)
 * Dave Ayer - drums (1995–1997)
 * Gizz Butt - guitar (1996)
 * Phil Pain - guitar (1996)
 * Benjie Bollox - drums (1996)
 * Blitz - drums (1996)
 * Michael Richter - drums (1997)
 * Gary Baldy (Ostell) - drums (1997–99)
 * Carly Guarino - bass (1997)
 * Andy Frantic - bass (1997–99)
 * Pumpy - drums (1999–2000)
 * Tommy Couch - drums (1999–2000)
 * Gizz Lazlo - drums (1999, 2006)
 * Jason Willer - drums (2001–2006)
 * Simon Rankin - guitar (2001), bass (2001–2002)
 * Bones - bass (2002)
 * Criss Damage - drums (2002)
 * Darrah - drums (2002)
 * Jay - drums (2002)
 * Tommy Krash - bass (2002)
 * Alistair Chesters - bass (2002–2007)
 * Pete Honkamaki - bass (2002–2003)
 * Steve Crittall 'Soho Steve' - guitar (2003)
 * Clara Wiseman - bass (2005)
 * Jet - guitar (2005–2016)
 * Eric Baconstrip - drums (2005)
 * Peter 'Goldblade' Byrchmore - guitar (2006)
 * Chema Zurita - bass (2007–2011, 2016)
 * Jared Melville - drums (2008)
 * Peter Revesz - bass (2008)
 * Tony Barber - bass (2008)
 * Jamie Oliver - drums (2005–2021)
 * Kevin Nixon - drums (2021)
 * Steven Donnelly - bass (2022 Irish tour dates)
 * "Magic" Dave Humphries - drums (2021–2022)

Studio albums

 * Another Kind of Blues (1979) (UK No. 21)
 * Brand New Age (1980) (UK No. 18)
 * Diminished Responsibility (1981) (UK No. 18)
 * Endangered Species (1982)
 * Flood of Lies (1983)
 * Huntington Beach (1985)
 * Japan Today (1987)
 * Killing Time (1988)
 * Mad Cow Fever (1991)
 * Normal Service Resumed (1993)
 * Occupied (1996)
 * Peel Sessions (1997)
 * Quintessentials (1997)
 * Riot (1997)
 * Timewarp (2001)
 * Universal (2002)
 * Work in Progress (10 January 2011)
 * XXIV (6 February 2013)
 * Yellow Leader (3 August 2015)
 * Ziezo  (2 May 2016)
 * Subversions (22 June 2018)
 * Subversions II (28 June 2019)
 * Reverse Engineering (1 July 2022)

Compilation albums

 * Recorded 1979–1981 (1982)
 * Demonstration Tapes (1984)
 * Subs Standards (1986)
 * Raw Material (1986)
 * A.W.O.L. (1987) (U.S only release)
 * The Singles 1978–1982 (1989)
 * Down on the Farm (A collection of the less obvious) (1991)
 * Los Exitos En Singles 1978–1985 (1992) (Argentinian release)
 * Scum of the Earth-Best Of (1993)
 * The Punk Is Back (1995)
 * Self-Destruct – Punk Can Take It 2 (1997)
 * Punk Rock Rarities (1998)
 * The Punk Singles Collection (1998)
 * Sub Mission: The Best of the U.K. Subs 1982–1998 (1999)
 * Time Warp: Greatest Hits (2001)
 * Before You Were Punk (2004)
 * Original Punks Original Hits (2006)
 * An Introduction to The U.K. Subs (2006)
 * Complete Riot (2006)
 * Greatest Hits (2009)

Live albums

 * Live Kicks (1979) (Recorded Live at the Roxy 1977)
 * Crash Course (1980) (UK No. 8)
 * Dance & Travel in the Robot Age  (1980) (Bootleg live album recorded in Milan)
 * Live in London (1980) (Australian release of "Live Kicks" plus the rest of "A Farwell to the Roxy")
 * Danger: The Chaos Tape (1981 - re-released in 2021)
 * Gross Out USA (Live) (1984)
 * Left For Dead (1986)
 * In Action (10th Anniversary) (1986)
 * Live in Paris (1989)
 * Europe Calling (1990)
 * Live At the Pipeline (1996) (USA)
 * Live in the Warzone (1998)
 * Countdown (Live) (2001)
 * World War (Live) (2003)
 * Staffordshire Bull (Live) (2004)
 * Live & Loud (2005)
 * Violent State (2005)

EPs

 * "C.I.D." (1978) (EP)
 * "Stranglehold" (1979) (EP)
 * "Tomorrows Girls" (1979) (EP)
 * "She's Not There" / "Kicks" (EP) – 1979 – No. 36 UK
 * "Warhead" (1980) (EP)
 * "Teenage" (1980) (EP)
 * "Keep on Running EP Version" (1981)
 * "Shake Up The City" (1982) (EP)
 * "Another Typical City" (1983) (EP)
 * "The Magic" (1984) (EP)
 * "This Gun Says" (1985) (EP)
 * "Live in Holland" (1986) (EP)
 * "Hey Santa" (1987) (EP)
 * "Motivator" (1988) (EP)
 * "Sabre Dance" (1989) (EP)
 * "The Road is Long, The Road is Hard" (1993) (EP)
 * "War on the Pentagon" (1997) (EP) (U.S. only)
 * "Day of the Dead" (1997) (EP) (U.S. only)
 * "Cyberjunk" (1997) (EP) (U.S. only)
 * "Riot" (1998) (EP)
 * "The Revolution's Here" (2000) (EP)
 * "Warhead" (2008) (CD EP)
 * "Screaming Senile"(2018) (EP)

Singles

 * "Stranglehold" – 1979 – No. 26 UK
 * "Tomorrow's Girls" – 1979 – No. 28 UK
 * "Warhead" – 1980 – No. 30 UK
 * "Teenage" – 1980 – No. 32 UK
 * "Party in Paris" – 1980 – No. 37 UK
 * "Keep On Runnin' (Till You Burn)" – 1981 – No. 41
 * "Countdown" (1981)
 * "Another Typical City" (1983)
 * "Postcard from L.A." (Split single) (1994) (U.S. only)
 * "Betrayal" (1995) (U.S. only)
 * "Drunken Sailor" (2002)
 * "666 Yeah" (2006)
 * "Product Supply" (2011)
 * "Sensei" (2022)

Compilation appearances

 * Punk And Disorderly III – The Final Solution (1983)
 * Backstage pass – Pronit (1986)
 * Hardcore Breakout USA (1990)
 * Snowboard Addiction - Fun Ride (1994)
 * Skaters Gear - 6 (1995)
 * Hardcore Breakout USA Volume 2 (1995)
 * The British Punk Invasion Vol 2 (1996)
 * The Punk, The Bad & The Ugly (1997)
 * At War With Society (1998)
 * At War With Society – II (1999)
 * A Triple Dose Of Punk (1999)
 * Mighty Attack (1999)
 * Smells Like Bleach: A Punk Tribute to Nirvana (2001)
 * Angry Songs and Bitter Words (2003)
 * Hardcore Breakout USA 1,2,3,... (2004)
 * Radio Olmos 1993 (two UK Subs tracks recorded live in an Argentinian prison)

Tributes and references

 * "I Lost My Love (to a UK Sub)" track by The Gonads (1982)
 * "(Give Me) Charlie Harper (Any Day)" track by The Bus Station Loonies (1996)
 * "Uncle Charlie" track from The Cage by Anti Nowhere League (2016)
 * "Song For Charlie" track from Many of My Friends Are Simians But Only A Few Are Gorillas by I Am Chimp! (2015)

title: U.K. Subs


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User:Hpkomic

More to come at a later point.

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Juan de Ayala

Juan Manuel de Ayala y Aranza (28 December 1745 – 30 December 1797) was a Spanish naval officer who played a significant role in the European exploration of California, as he and the crew of his ship the San Carlos were the first Europeans known to have entered the San Francisco Bay, having sailed there from the Port of San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.

Biography
Ayala was born in Osuna, Andalucía, Spain. He entered the Spanish navy on 19 September 1760, and rose to achieve the rank of captain by 1782. He retired (on full pay on account of his achievements in California) on March 14, 1785.

In the early 1770s, the Spanish royal authorities ordered an exploration of the north coast of California, "to Ascertain if there were any Russian Settlements on the Coast of California, and to Examine the Port of San Francisco". Don Fernando Rivera y Moncada had already marked the point for a mission in what is now San Francisco, and a land expedition to establish Spanish rule over the area, under Juan Bautista de Anza had been sent northwards. Ayala, then a Lieutenant was one of those assigned to the naval expedition. He arrived in Vera Cruz in August, 1774 and proceeded to Mexico City to receive orders from the Viceroy, Frey Don Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursua.

Bucareli sent him to San Blas where he took command of the schooner Sonora, part of a squadron under the general command of Don Bruno de Heceta, in the frigate Santiago. The squadron sailed from San Blas early in 1775. However, when they were lying outside San Blas about to set out, the commander of the packet ship San Carlos, Don Miguel Manrique, was taken ill - some sources say that he went mad. Ayala was ordered to take command of this larger vessel, sailed back to San Blas to land the unfortunate Manrique, and rejoined the squadron after a few days' sailing. Ayala was designated to pass through the strait and explore what lay within, while the Santiago and Sonora continued northwards.

The San Carlos took on supplies at Monterey, leaving there on 26 July and then proceeding northwards. Ayala passed through the Golden Gate on 5 August 1775, with some difficulty and great caution because of the tides. He tried a number of anchorages, finding that off Angel Island was most satisfactory, but failed to make contact, as he had hoped, with Anza's party. Ayala put up a wooden cross where he landed the first night. The San Carlos remained in the Bay until 18 September, returning to San Blas via Monterey. Ayala's subsequent report to the Viceroy gave a full account of the geography of the bay, and stressed its advantages as a harbour (chiefly the absence of "those troublesome fogs which we had daily in Monterey, because the fogs here hardly reach the entrance of the port, and once inside the harbor, the weather is very clear.") and the friendliness of the local Native American people.

On 12 August 1775, Ayala gave the name Isla de Alcatraces, "island of the pelicans", and what is now Yerba Buena Island, "on account of the abundance of those birds that were on it." The name was transferred in 1826 to Alcatraz Island. The word "Alcatraz" comes from Spanish, which in turn was a probably a loan word from Arabic, القطرس al-qaṭrās meaning "sea eagle." The pelicans native to San Francisco Bay are brown pelicans.

title: Juan de Ayala


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Civil Reserve Air Fleet

The Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) is part of the United States's mobility resources. Selected aircraft from U.S. airlines, contractually committed to Civil Reserve Air Fleet, support United States Department of Defense airlift requirements in emergencies when the need for airlift exceeds the capability of available military aircraft.

History
In 1952, after aircraft were commandeered for the Berlin Airlift, the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) was created as a more orderly way of serving emergency military needs.

The Fleet has two main segments: international and national (domestic).

CRAF has been activated three times. The first activation was as part of Operation Desert Shield. The second was once as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2021 it was activated as part of Operation Allies Refuge in Afghanistan.

Membership commitment and requirements
The airlines contractually pledge aircraft to the various segments of Civil Reserve Air Fleet, ready for activation when needed. To provide incentives for civil carriers to commit aircraft to the Civil Reserve Air Fleet program and to assure the United States of adequate airlift reserves, the government makes peacetime Department of Defense (DoD) airlift business available to civilian airlines that offer aircraft to the Civil Reserve Air Fleet. DoD offers business through the International Airlift Services. For fiscal year 2005, the guaranteed portion of the contract was $418 million. Air Mobility Command (AMC) previously reported that throughout fiscal 2005 it planned to award more than $1.5 billion in additional business beyond the guaranteed portion of the contract.

To join the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, carriers must maintain a minimum commitment of 40% of its Civil Reserve Air Fleet capable passenger and cargo fleet. Aircraft committed must be US registered, and carriers must commit and maintain at least four complete crews for each aircraft.

Fleet
, the Civil Reserve Air Fleet consists of 450 aircraft from 25 airlines. This breaks down to 413 aircraft for international operations, with 268 considered to be in the "long-range international" category and 145 in the "short-range international" section, as well as 37 aircraft in the "national" segment. These numbers are subject to change on a monthly basis.

Contracts
The U.S. Department of Defense regularly issues contracts and task orders within the Civil Air Reserve Fleet program. For example, on 1 October 2018, U.S. Transportation Command issued millions of dollars of task orders to members of the Civil Air Reserve Fleet. On 1 October 2019, U.S. Transportation Command again issued millions of dollars of task orders to members of the Civil Air Reserve Fleet for charter airlift services. Less than one year's worth of Civil Air Reserve Fleet operations (18 November 2015 through 30 September 2016) was worth roughly $357 million.

Membership
The following air carriers are members of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet :

Long-range international

 * ABX Air
 * Air Transport International
 * American Airlines
 * Amerijet International
 * Atlas Air
 * Delta Air Lines
 * FedEx Express
 * Hawaiian Airlines
 * Kalitta Air
 * National Airlines
 * Omni Air International
 * Polar Air Cargo
 * United Airlines
 * UPS Airlines
 * Western Global Airlines

Short-range international

 * ABX Air
 * Alaska Airlines
 * Amerijet International
 * Delta Air Lines
 * Eastern Airlines
 * JetBlue Airways
 * Lynden Air Cargo
 * National Airlines
 * Northern Air Cargo
 * Sun Country Airlines
 * United Airlines

Domestic

 * Allegiant Air
 * Everts Air Cargo
 * Southwest Airlines

title: Civil Reserve Air Fleet


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Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also referred to as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures,  are episodes resembling an epileptic seizure but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy. PNES fall under the category of disorders known as functional neurological disorders (FND), also known as conversion disorders, and are typically treated by psychologists or psychiatrists. PNES has previously been called stress seizures and hysterical seizures, but these terms have fallen out of favor.

Incidence
The number of people with PNES ranges from 2 to 33 per 100,000. PNES are most common in young adults, particularly women. The prevalence for PNES is estimated to make up 5–20% of outpatient epilepsy clinics; 75–80% of these diagnoses are given to female patients and 83% are to individuals between 15 and 35 years old.

Children
PNES are seen in children after the age of eight, and occur equally among boys and girls before puberty. Diagnostic and treatment principles are similar to those for adults, except that in children there is a broader differential diagnosis of seizures so that other possible diagnoses specific to children may be considered.

Signs and symptoms
PNES episodes can be difficult to distinguish from epileptic seizures without the use of long-term video EEG monitoring. Some characteristics which may distinguish PNES from epileptic seizures include gradual onset, out-of-phase limb movement (in which left and right extremities jerk asynchronously or in opposite directions, as opposed to rhythmically and simultaneously as in epileptic seizures), closed eyes, high memory recall, and lack of post-ictal confusion. Although these symptoms are possible in epileptic seizures, they are much more commonly found in PNES.

PNES episodes are often less injurious than epileptic seizures. Unlike epilepsy, many PNES patients presenting with total unresponsiveness still retain some form of conscious response, including the natural behavior to protect oneself from harm. This is often reflected by a lack of tongue-biting, urinary and/or fecal incontinence, fall-related trauma, or accidental burns, all of which are significantly less common in PNES than in epileptic seizures. Other means of determining consciousness include dropping a patient's hand above the nasopharyngeal lead; the natural response is to prevent it from falling. Visual tracking and resistance to passive eye movements can also be used to determine PNES when the eyes are open. However, total unresponsiveness is possible in PNES, and lack of conscious response on its own is not enough to indicate an epileptic seizure.

While most epileptic seizures last no more than two minutes, PNES episodes may last five minutes or longer. An epileptic seizure lasting longer than five minutes is considered a life-threatening medical emergency, which is not a risk in PNES.

Causes and risk factors
The cause of PNES has not yet been established. One hypothesis is that they are a learned physical reaction or habit the body develops, similar to a reflex. The individual does not have control of the learned reaction, but this can be retrained to allow the patient to control the physical movements again. The production of seizure-like symptoms is not under voluntary control; symptoms which are feigned or faked voluntarily would fall under the categories of factitious disorder or malingering.

Risk factors for PNES include having a history of head injury, and having a diagnosis of epilepsy. Approximately 10–30% of people diagnosed with PNES also have an epilepsy diagnosis. People diagnosed with PNES commonly report physical, sexual, or emotional trauma, but the reported incidence of these events may not differ between PNES and epilepsy.

Diagnosis
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (version 5) the criteria for receiving a diagnosis of PNES are:

 * 1) One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.
 * 2) Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions.
 * 3) The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.
 * 4) The symptom or deficit causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning or warrants medical evaluation.

Additionally, the specific symptom type must be reported "with attacks or seizures".

Some individuals with PNES have carried an erroneous diagnosis of epilepsy. On average, it takes seven years to receive a proper diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of PNES firstly involves ruling out epilepsy as the cause of the seizure episodes, along with other organic causes of non-epileptic seizures, including syncope, migraine, vertigo, anoxia, hypoglycemia, and stroke. However, 5–20% of people with PNES also have epilepsy. Frontal lobe seizures can be mistaken for PNES, though these tend to have shorter duration, stereotyped patterns of movements, and occurrence during sleep. Next, an exclusion of factitious disorder (a subconscious somatic symptom disorder, where seizures are caused by psychological reasons) and malingering (simulating seizures intentionally for conscious personal gain – such as monetary compensation or avoidance of criminal punishment) is conducted. Finally other psychiatric conditions that may superficially resemble seizures are eliminated, including panic disorder, schizophrenia, and depersonalization derealization disorder.

The most definitive test to distinguish epilepsy from PNES is long term video-EEG monitoring, with the aim of capturing one or two episodes on both video recording and electroencephalography (EEG) simultaneously (some clinicians may use suggestion to attempt to trigger an episode). Additional clinical criteria are usually considered in addition to video-EEG monitoring when diagnosing PNES. By recording the event in question on video and EEG simultaneously, a clear diagnosis can usually be obtained.

Laboratory testing can detect rising blood levels of serum prolactin if samples are taken in the right time window after most tonic-clonic or complex partial epileptic seizures. However, due to false positives and variability in results, this test is relied upon less frequently.

Treatment
Patient understanding of the new diagnosis is crucial for their treatment, which requires their active participation. A negative diagnosis experience may cause frustration and could cause a person to reject any further attempts at treatment. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy, is most frequently used to treat PNES. There is also some evidence supporting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants.

Retraining and Control Therapy (ReACT)

ReACT, while new and understudied, has shown extremely promising outcomes for reduction of PNES episodes in pediatric patients. This therapy focuses on the idea that PNES are caused by a learned physical reaction or habit the body develops, similar to a reflex. ReACT aims to retrain the learned reaction (PNES episodes) by targeting symptom catastrophizing and restoring sense of control over symptoms.

Prognosis
For individuals who pursue treatment for PNES, CBT has shown varying rates of success but it has been established as one of the most promising treatments to date. ReACT has shown reduction in symptoms by 100% seven days after treatment and 82% of individuals who completed the therapy remained symptom free for 60 days. A follow-up has not been done to see if the therapy retained its reduction of symptoms beyond the 60 days. In the cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with dissociative seizures (CODES) trial, the largest regarding CBT treatment for PNES though found no significant reduction in monthly episodes compared to the control arm at 12 months, however there were significant improvements on a number of secondary outcomes, such as psychosocial functioning, and self-rated and clinician-rated global change. A secondary analysis of the CODES trial demonstrated improved frequency of PNES episodes at 6 months with CBT.

History
Hystero-epilepsy is a historical term that refers to a condition described by 19th-century French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot where people with neuroses "acquired" symptoms resembling seizures as a result of being treated on the same ward as people who genuinely had epilepsy.

The etiology of FND was historically explained in the context of psychoanalytic theory as a physical manifestation of psychological distress and repressed trauma. There is very little supporting evidence for this theory, as there is little research.

The DSM-IV lists conversion disorders instead of the current FND. Additionally, in revision, the DSM-5 was updated to add emphasis to the positive physical signs inconsistent with recognized diseases. The requirement of a history of psychological stressors and that the symptom is not fake was removed as well.

Society and culture
PNES rates and presenting symptoms are somewhat dependent on the culture and society. In some cultures, they, like epilepsy, are thought of as a curse or a demonic possession. In cultures with a solid establishment of evidence-based medicine, they are considered a subtype of a larger category of psychiatric disease.

Terminology
The term PNES is sometimes considered a misnomer, because the word "seizure" refers to a surge of electrical discharges in the brain, which does not occur in PNES episodes. Many prefer to use more general terms like "spells," "events," "attacks," or "episodes." "Non-epileptic attack disorder," or NEAD, is typically used in the UK for this reason. Although "pseusoseizures" remains a common term for PNES episodes in the medical field, many patients dislike it due to associated stigma and implications of malingering.

Within DSM 5, patients presenting with PNES may meet the criteria for functional neurological disorder and in some cases, somatic symptom disorder, whilst in ICD 10 it may meet the criteria for a conversion disorder.

title: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure


text:
Ptsich

The Ptsich, or Pcič (Пціч, ) is a river in Eastern Europe. It flows south through Belarus, taking its source near Minsk, and draining into the Pripyat, being its left tributary. It is 421 km long, and has a drainage basin of 9470 km2.

Its biggest tributary is the Aresa.

title: Ptsich


text:
Morgan Turinui

Morgan Turinui (born 5 January 1982 in Sydney) is an Australian rugby union footballer who currently is a rugby commentator for Stan Sport and Channel Nine in Australia.

Early life
Turinui was educated at the Sydney school of Waverley College. In 2000, Turinui captained the Australia Schoolboys, having been the vice-captain of the side in the previous year. Turinui went on to represent the Australia under-21 team in 2002 and play for the Australian Sevens side in Hong Kong and Beijing.

Professional career
Turinui came of age in 2003, scoring a record six tries for his club side, Randwick DRUFC against Warringah Rugby Club. This effort helped him to be selected for his provincial team, the New South Wales Waratahs, in the same year. In his first year as a professional player, he made his debut for the national team against Ireland and was selected for the Wallabies campaign for the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup.

Although he did not feature prominently in the 2003 tournament, he went on to become a regular fixture in the national team. Turinui was named vice-captain of the Wallabies for their Bledisloe Cup Test against the All Blacks in September 2005 and played in all 13 of the Wallabies' Tests in that year. In June 2007, Turinui signed with the Queensland Reds for the 2008 Super 14 season.

Since retiring from rugby, Turinui now commentates on Stan Sport, alongside Andrew Mehrtens, and Justin Harrison.

title: Morgan Turinui


text:
Talk:Las Colinas, Texas

While Las Colinas is technically just a development in Irving, Texas, it is often considered a separate city. For instance, it has its own zip code and several corporations claim to be headquartered in Las Colinas rather than Irving. Therefore, I feel this US-city convention redirect is appropriate. Thatdog 07:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Las Colinas, Texas


text:
Dirección de Observaciones Judiciales

Dirección de Observaciones Judiciales (Directorate of Judicial Surveillance, DOJ) is an Argentine intelligence service responsible for intercepting communications as required by judicial officers. It is part of the Secretaría de Inteligencia, the main intelligence agency; and is a subagency of the National Intelligence System. It is known as "Division 84" or "Ojota" inside SIDE. ("O-Jota" is the Spanish pronunciation of the letters OJ.)

Building
The DOJ is located in a tall, nondescript building on Ave. de los Incas 3834, in Buenos Aires. The building has an internal surface of 27000 sqft and an estimated monetary value of US$ 1,577,443.

Before moving into its own building it operated out of Telecom Argentina´s Belgrano facility.

Mishandling allegations
During the past few years, there have been allegations of budget mishandlings and phone interventions without a judicial request and authorization; and about SIDE's counterintelligence service also having the capability to intercept communications.

title: Dirección de Observaciones Judiciales


text:
Chess Oscar

Chess Oscar was an international award given annually to the best chess player. The winner was selected by votes that were cast by chess journalists from across the world. The traditional voting procedure was to request hundreds of chess journalists from many countries to submit a list of the ten best players of the year. The voters were journalists who knew the game and followed it closely, and so the honor was highly prized. The award itself took the form of a bronze statuette representing a man in a boat. The prize was created and awarded in 1967 by Spanish journalist Jorge Puig, and the International Association of Chess Press (AIPE). The awards were given from 1967 until 1988. Then, after a pause, they resumed in 1995, and were then organized by the Russian chess magazine 64 until 2014.

The Oscar for the best women chess player of the year was established in 1982.

Statuette
The statuette's final form, a man in a boat, was carved by the sculptor Alexander Smirnov. It represented a figure known as "The Fascinated Wanderer", which refers to a short story written in 1873 by 19th-century Russian author Nikolai Leskov. In this story, the title character,MLK, is a horse trainer and a brute of a man. From his birth his mother has promised that Ivan's life would be devoted to the church. Ivan spends many years avoiding this fate, but eventually gives in and becomes a monk, not for spiritual reasons, but due to a poverty of opportunity.

The Chess Oscar statuette originally took the form of "The Lady of the Umbrella", a figure based on a statue in Parc de la Ciutadella in Barcelona, Spain.

Winners

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

!Year !!Player !!Country
 * 1967 || Bent Larsen ||
 * 1968 || Boris Spassky ||
 * 1969 || Boris Spassky ||
 * 1970 || Bobby Fischer || 🇺🇸
 * 1971 || Bobby Fischer || 🇺🇸
 * 1972 || Bobby Fischer || 🇺🇸
 * 1973 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1974 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1975 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1976 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1977 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1978 || Viktor Korchnoi || 🇨🇭
 * 1979 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1980 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1981 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1982 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1983 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1984 || Anatoly Karpov ||
 * 1985 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1986 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1987 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1988 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1989–94 || no awards ||
 * 1995 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 1996 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 1997 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 1998 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 1999 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2000 || Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺
 * 2001 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2002 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2003 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2004 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2005 || Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬
 * 2006 || Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺
 * 2007 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2008 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2009 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2010 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2011 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2012 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2013 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * }
 * 1988 || Garry Kasparov ||
 * 1989–94 || no awards ||
 * 1995 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 1996 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 1997 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 1998 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 1999 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2000 || Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺
 * 2001 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2002 || Garry Kasparov || 🇷🇺
 * 2003 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2004 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2005 || Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬
 * 2006 || Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺
 * 2007 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2008 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2009 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2010 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2011 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2012 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2013 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * }
 * 2004 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2005 || Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬
 * 2006 || Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺
 * 2007 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2008 || Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳
 * 2009 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2010 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2011 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2012 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2013 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * }
 * 2010 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2011 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2012 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2013 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * }
 * 2012 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * 2013 || Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴
 * }
 * }

Women
First era
 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

!Year !!Player !!Country
 * 1982 || Nona Gaprindashvili ||
 * 1983 ||Pia Cramling ||🇸🇪
 * 1984 || Maya Chiburdanidze||
 * 1985 || Maya Chiburdanidze ||
 * 1986 || Maya Chiburdanidze||
 * 1987 || Maya Chiburdanidze||
 * 1988 || Judit Polgár || 🇭🇺
 * }
 * 1986 || Maya Chiburdanidze||
 * 1987 || Maya Chiburdanidze||
 * 1988 || Judit Polgár || 🇭🇺
 * }
 * 1988 || Judit Polgár || 🇭🇺
 * }
 * }

Second era

Judit Polgár won five more Women's Oscars (1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, and 2002) in the second period of the awards.

By person

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

!Player !!Country !!Wins
 * Garry Kasparov ||, later 🇷🇺 || 11
 * Anatoly Karpov || || 9
 * Viswanathan Anand || 🇮🇳 || 6
 * Magnus Carlsen || 🇳🇴 || 5
 * Bobby Fischer || 🇺🇸 || 3
 * Boris Spassky || || 2
 * Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺 || 2
 * Bent Larsen || || 1
 * Viktor Korchnoi || 🇨🇭 || 1
 * Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬 || 1
 * }
 * Boris Spassky || || 2
 * Vladimir Kramnik || 🇷🇺 || 2
 * Bent Larsen || || 1
 * Viktor Korchnoi || 🇨🇭 || 1
 * Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬 || 1
 * }
 * Viktor Korchnoi || 🇨🇭 || 1
 * Veselin Topalov || 🇧🇬 || 1
 * }
 * }

By nation

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

!Country !!Wins
 * || 17
 * 🇷🇺 || 7
 * 🇮🇳 || 6
 * 🇳🇴 || 5
 * 🇺🇸 || 3
 * 🇧🇬 || 1
 * || 1
 * 🇨🇭 || 1
 * }
 * 🇺🇸 || 3
 * 🇧🇬 || 1
 * || 1
 * 🇨🇭 || 1
 * }
 * 🇨🇭 || 1
 * }
 * }

title: Chess Oscar


text:
King Edward VII Land

King Edward VII Land or King Edward VII Peninsula is a large, ice-covered peninsula which forms the northwestern extremity of Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica. The peninsula projects into the Ross Sea between Sulzberger Bay and the northeast corner of the Ross Ice Shelf, and forms part of the Ross Dependency. Edward VII Peninsula is defined by the Ross Ice Shelf on the southwest, Okuma Bay on the west, and to the east by Sulzberger Bay and the Saunders Coast, all essentially on the Ross Sea / Southern Ocean in Antarctica. The northwest extremity of the peninsula is Cape Colbeck. Edward VII Peninsula is located at -77.66667°N, -155°W.

The western coast is Shirase Coast. In the north and east the Swinburne Ice Shelf is located. Edward VII Peninsula was discovered on 30 January 1902 by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE) (1901–1904) under Robert Falcon Scott, who named it King Edward VII Land for King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. The coastline was further explored by the Nimrod Expedition under Ernest Shackleton in 1908–09, and the first landfall was made by a party of the Japanese Antarctic Expedition led by Shirase Nobu in 1912. The region was renamed "Edward VII Peninsula" after the peninsular character of the region was determined by exploration conducted by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933–1935) and the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) Expedition (1939–1941).

Most of the peninsula is within the Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand (see Territorial claims of Antarctica).

title: King Edward VII Land


text:
Abelardo Colomé Ibarra

Corps General Abelardo Colomé Ibarra (born 13 September 1939 in Santiago de Cuba, Oriente Province, Cuba) was a Vice President of the Council of State of Cuba and the Cuban Minister of the Interior, serving in the latter position from 1989, until his retirement in October, 2015. Known as Furry he first laid the foundations of State Security in 1959.

Career
Ibarra was a founding member of the 26th of July Movement. Following the collapse of the Batista regime in Cuba, Ibarra attempted to organise Cuban military expeditions to help local revolutionaries overthrow the governments of Bolivia and Argentina. In December 1975, he was named the head of the first Cuban military mission to Angola. Ibarra reportedly drove to the Cuban and Angolan front lines to personally supervise the defence against National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) forces, backed by invading South African troops.

Ibarra is a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. He bears the title Hero of the Republic of Cuba, and holds the Order of Máximo Gómez in recognition of, in Fidel Castro's own words, "his extraordinary merits in the insurrectional struggle against the tyranny and the imperialist neocolonial domination, the struggle for the consolidation and defense of the socialist state, and the accomplishment of heroic internationalist missions."

Victory of the Cuban Revolution
At the victory of the Cuban Revolution, in April 1959 Abelardo was appointed Chief of the Intelligence Directorate of the Rebel Army. He was part of Fidel Castro's support after the visit of the United Nations Organization.

It is believed that it was Colomé Ibarra who informed Fidel Castro in Havana that Hubert Matos would take up arms. In 1961, Efigenio Ameijeiras requested his support for the National Revolutionary Police, where he assumed the leadership of the Motorized Police, the same with which he fought during the Invasion of the Bay of Pigs.

In 1962 he began to work in the Military Counterintelligence of the Armed Forces, fulfilling internationalist combat missions in Bolivia and Argentina, where he entered with a false Algeria n passport to meet Jorge Masetti. In Bolivia, he bought a 4-hectare farm in Cochabamba, close to Emborozu, south of Tarijas and close to Argentina.

He fought alongside Samuel Rodiles Planas and Raúl Díaz-Argüelles in the Cuban military brigade in Algeria, participating in the same way in the preparation of the guerrillas that fought with Che Guevara in the Congo, former Zaire in addition to getting involved in the organization of guerrilla groups in Guinea-Bissau for the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.

Colomé participated in the location of military and intelligence devices in South Yemen and Somalia, in addition to fulfilling infiltration and combat missions from Mexico and Central America to Venezuela.

He was Division Chief in the Eastern Army, participating in Operation Mambí in 1968. He organized the Northern Army Corps in Holguín until his appointment as Head of the Directorate of Military Counterintelligence. In 1972, he was appointed Vice Minister of the Armed Forces with powers to replace Minister Raúl Castro in his absence. In 1975, on the death of Raúl Díaz-Argüelles in Angola, he was sent to combat replacing him against South African forces and UNITA. In 1976 he was Military Chief of all Cuban troops in Angola.

Colomé was Head of the 10th. Directorate of Military Intelligence. He was in charge of the espionage carried out between the socialist countries and members of NATO. Colomé Ibarra was in charge of carrying out the investigations and arrests in the case of General Arnaldo Ochoa Sánchez. After the trial against General José Abrantes, he was appointed Minister of the Interior until October 26, 2015, when he requested his resignation, in a letter sent to President Raúl. The Council of State agreed to award him with the First Degree Order for the Service to the Fatherland for his standard career.

title: Abelardo Colomé Ibarra