text:
Phosphofructokinase 2

Phosphofructokinase-2 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, PFK-2) or fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2), is an enzyme indirectly responsible for regulating the rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in cells. It catalyzes formation and degradation of a significant allosteric regulator, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) from substrate fructose-6-phosphate. Fru-2,6-P2 contributes to the rate-determining step of glycolysis as it activates enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 in the glycolysis pathway, and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 in gluconeogenesis. Since Fru-2,6-P2 differentially regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it can act as a key signal to switch between the opposing pathways. Because PFK-2 produces Fru-2,6-P2 in response to hormonal signaling, metabolism can be more sensitively and efficiently controlled to align with the organism's glycolytic needs. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. The enzyme is important in the regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and is found in greatest quantities in the liver, kidney and heart. In mammals, several genes often encode different isoforms, each of which differs in its tissue distribution and enzymatic activity. The family described here bears a resemblance to the ATP-driven phospho-fructokinases; however, they share little sequence similarity, although a few residues seem key to their interaction with fructose 6-phosphate.

PFK-2 is known as the "bifunctional enzyme" because of its notable structure: though both are located on one protein homodimer, its two domains act as independently functioning enzymes. One terminus serves as a kinase domain (for PFK-2) while the other terminus acts as a phosphatase domain (FBPase-2).

In mammals, genetic mechanisms encode different PFK-2 isoforms to accommodate tissue specific needs. While general function remains the same, isoforms feature slight differences in enzymatic properties and are controlled by different methods of regulation; these differences are discussed below.

Structure
The monomers of the bifunctional protein are clearly divided into two functional domains. The kinase domain is located on the N-terminal. It consists of a central six-stranded β sheet, with five parallel strands and an antiparallel edge strand, surrounded by seven α helices. The domain contains nucleotide-binding fold (nbf) at the C-terminal end of the first β-strand. The PFK-2 domain appears to be closely related to the superfamily of mononucleotide binding proteins including adenylate cyclase.

On the other hand, the phosphatase domain is located on the C-terminal. It resembles the family of proteins that include phosphoglycerate mutases and acid phosphatases. The domain has a mixed α/ β structure, with a six-stranded central β sheet, plus an additional α-helical subdomain that covers the presumed active site of the molecule. Finally, the N-terminal region modulates PFK-2 and FBPase2 activities, and stabilizes the dimer form of the enzyme.

While this central catalytic core remains conserved in all forms of PFK-2, slight structural variations exist in isoforms as a result of different amino acid sequences or alternative splicing. With some minor exceptions, the size of PFK-2 enzymes is typically around 55 kDa.

Researchers hypothesize that the unique bifunctional structure of this enzyme arose from a gene fusion event between a primordial bacterial PFK-1 and a primordial mutase/phosphatase.

Function
This enzyme's main function is to synthesize or degrade allosteric regulator Fru-2,6-P2 in response to glycolytic needs of the cell or organism, as depicted in the accompanying diagram.

In enzymology, a 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

 * ATP + beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate $$\rightleftharpoons$$ ADP + beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Thus, the kinase domain hydrolyzes ATP to phosphorylate the carbon-2 of fructose-6-phosphate, producing Fru-2,6-P2 and ADP. A phosphohistidine intermediate is formed within the reaction.

 * At the other terminal, the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.46) domain dephosphorylates Fru-2,6-P2 with the addition of water. This opposing chemical reaction is:
 * beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O $$\rightleftharpoons$$ D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate

Because of the enzyme's dual functions, it can be categorized into multiple families. Through categorization by the kinase reaction, this enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. On the other hand, the phosphatase reaction is characteristic of the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds.

Regulation
In almost all isoforms, PFK-2 undergoes covalent modification through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation based on the cell's hormonal signaling. Phosphorylation of a specific residue may prompt a shift that stabilizes either kinase or phosphatase domain function. This regulation signal thus controls whether F-2,6-P2 will be synthesized or degraded.

Furthermore, the allosteric regulation of PFK2 is very similar to the regulation of PFK1. High levels of AMP or phosphate group signifies a low energy charge state and thus stimulates PFK2. On the other hand, a high concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and citrate signifies that there is a high level of biosynthetic precursor and hence inhibits PFK2. Unlike PFK1, PFK2 is not affected by ATP concentration.

Isozymes
Protein isozymes are enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded with different amino acid sequences and as such, display slight differences in protein characteristics. In humans, the four genes that encode phosphofructokinase 2 proteins include PFKFB-1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3 and PFKFB4.

Multiple mammalian isoforms of the protein have been reported to date, difference rising by either the transcription of different enzymes or alternative splicing. While the structural core that catalyzes the PFK-2/FBPase-2 reaction is highly conserved across isoforms, the major differences arise from highly variable flanking sequences in the isoform amino and carboxyl terminals. Because these areas often contain phosphorylation sites, changes in amino acid composition or terminal length may result in vastly different enzyme kinetics and characteristics. Each variant differs in their primary tissue of expression, response to protein kinase regulation, and ratio of kinase/phosphatase domain activity. While multiple types of isozymes may consist in a tissue, isozymes are identified by their primary tissue expression and tissue of discovery below.

PFKB1: Liver, muscle, and fetal
Located on the X chromosome, this gene is the most well-known of the four genes particularly because it encodes the highly researched liver enzyme. Variable mRNA splicing of PFKB1 yields three different promoters (L, M and F) and therefore, three tissue-specific variants that differ in regulation:
 * L-Type: liver tissue
 * Insulin activates liver PFK-2 function to indicate a high abundance of blood glucose is available for glycolysis. Insulin activates a protein phosphatase which dephosphorylates the PFK-2 complex and causes favored PFK-2 activity. PFK-2 then increases production of F-2,6-P2. As this product allosterically activates PFK-1, it activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
 * In contrast, glucagon increases FBPase-2 activity. At low blood glucose concentrations, glucagon triggers a cAMP signal cascade and in turn, Protein Kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates Serine 32 near the N-terminus. This inactivates the bifunctional enzyme's ability to act as a kinase and stabilizes the phosphatase activity. Therefore, glucagon decreases concentrations of F-2,6-P2, slows rates of glycolysis, and stimulates the gluconeogenesis pathway.
 * M-Type: skeletal muscle tissue; F-Type: fibroblast and fetal tissue
 * In contrast to most other PFK-2 tissues, PFK-2 in both skeletal muscle and fetal tissue is solely regulated by concentrations of Fructose-6-phosphate. Within their first exon, there are no regulatory sites that require phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to provoke a change in function. High concentrations of F-6-P will activate kinase function and increase rates of glycolysis, whereas low concentrations of F-6-P will stabilize phosphatase action.

PFKB2: Cardiac (H-Type)
The PFKB2 gene is located on chromosome 1. When greater concentrations of adrenaline and/or insulin hormone are circulated, a Protein Kinase A pathway is activated which phosphorylates either Serine 466 or Serine 483 in the C-terminus. Alternatively, Protein Kinase B may also phosphorylate these regulatory sites, which are part of the FBPase-2 domain. When this serine residue is phosphorylated, FBPase-2 function is inactivated and greater PFK-2 activity is stabilized.

PFKB3: Brain, placental, and inducible
PFKB3 is located on chromosome 10 and transcribes two major isoforms, inducible type and ubiquitous type. These forms differ in alternative splicing of Exon 15 in their C-terminus. However, they are similar in that for both, glucagon activates a cyclic AMP pathway; this results in Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, or AMP-activated Protein Kinase phosphorylating a regulatory residue on Serine 461 in the C-terminus to stabilize PFK-2 kinase function. Furthermore, both isoforms transcribed from this gene are noted for having a particularly high, dominant rate of kinase activity as indicated by a kinase/phosphatase activity ratio of 700 (whereas the liver, heart, and testis isozymes respectively have PFK-2/FBPase-2 ratios of 1.5, 80, and 4). Therefore, PFKB3 in particular consistently produces large amounts of F-2,6-P2 and sustains high rates of glycolysis.
 * I-Type: Inducible
 * This isoform's name is a result of its increased expression in response to hypoxic stress; its formation is induced by lack of oxygen. This type is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells, especially tumor cells.
 * U-Type: Ubiquitous; also known as placental or brain
 * Though discovered separately in the placental, pancreatic-β-islet, or brain tissues, the various isoforms appear identical. The tissues it was discovered in all require great energy to function, which may explain PFKB3's advantage of such high kinase-phosphatase activity ratio.
 * The brain isoform in particular has lengthy N- and C-terminus regions such that this type is almost twice as large as the typical PFK-2, at around 110 kDa.
 * The brain isoform in particular has lengthy N- and C-terminus regions such that this type is almost twice as large as the typical PFK-2, at around 110 kDa.

PFKB4: Testis (T-Type)
Gene PFKB4, located on chromosome 3, expresses PFK-2 in human testis tissue. PFK-2 enzymes encoded by PFK-4 are comparable to the liver enzyme in size at around 54kDa, and like the muscle tissue, do not contain a protein kinase phosphorylation site. While less research has clarified regulation mechanisms for this isoform, studies have confirmed that modification from multiple transcription factors in the 5' flanking region regulates the amount of PFK-2 expression in developing testis tissue. This isoform has been particularly implicated as being modified and hyper-expressed for prostate cancer cell survival.

Clinical significance
Because this enzyme family maintains rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it presents great potential for therapeutic action for control of metabolism particularly in diabetes and cancer cells. Data also demonstrates that all of the PFK-2 genes (although the PFKB3 gene response remains the most drastic) were activated by limitations in oxygen. The control of PFK-2/FBP-ase2 activity was found to be linked to heart functioning, particularly for ischemia, and the control against hypoxia. Researchers hypothesize that this responsive characteristic of the PFK-2 genes may be a strong, evolutionary physiological adaptation. However, many human cancer cell types (including leukemia, lung, breast, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers) demonstrate over-expression of PFK3 and/or PFK4; this change in metabolism likely plays a role in the Warburg effect.

Lastly, the Pfkfb2 gene encoding PFK2/FBPase2 protein is linked to the predisposition to schizophrenia.

title: Phosphofructokinase 2


text: Talk:Sangre Chicana

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sangre Chicana


text:
The Incredible Tide

The Incredible Tide is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel for young adults written by Alexander Key, published in 1970. It was the source material for the 1978 Japanese anime television series Future Boy Conan, directed by Hayao Miyazaki.

Overview
The Incredible Tide tells the story of Conan, a boy who lives alone on a small island on Earth ravaged by World War III. The world was knocked off its axis and the continents have sunk into the ocean, with only small islets remaining. Conan is rescued but finds that the new society is very different from the world he knew before.

The West
Conan, Lanna and Teacher are survivors of a land called the West, or the Western World, that now no longer exists, as a result of the cataclysmic destruction caused by the war. The West is described as having been a generally peaceful place.

The Peace Union
Although the reasons behind the war are not clear, a global superpower known as the Peace Union waged war against the West, finally using a doomsday weapon that destroyed their enemies, but destroyed themselves as well. The Peace Union does not exist anymore, but its leftover artifacts are everywhere.

The Change
The doomsday weapon that the Peace Union used was magnetic in nature and caused a disruption in the Earth's core, causing massive worldwide earthquakes that changed the shape of land and sea alike. Huge tsunamis inundated all the world's coastlines; this was the "incredible tide" mentioned in the book's title. People now refer to this time as the Change.

The New Order
A group of people have recolonized a surviving Peace Union city, which they call Industria, and call themselves the New Order. They are trying to unite the survivors of the world under their banner and recreate the former civilization's technological glory. Of course, they consider themselves to be doing everyone a favor and expect everyone to be grateful or be subject to punishment.

High Harbor
The Western survivors made their way to an island and created High Harbor, a place of refuge, where they live peacefully, but it is a hard life, without many technological comforts.

Conan
Once Conan of Orme, a place in the West that no longer exists, Conan is 17 years old when the story begins. The incredible tide of the title caused the fleeing helicopter he was in to crash on its way to the island refuge that would become High Harbor, marooning him on a tiny island as the sole survivor, where he learned to survive on his own and has been living for five years. As a result of the hardship he has grown very strong.

Lanna
Lanna is described as a small, birdlike girl, and indeed she has several friends who are birds, including a tern named Tikki. She seems to have an empathic connection with birds that lets her communicate with them on a rudimentary level. She is a friend of Conan's who hasn't seen him since the cataclysm. Mazal is her aunt, Shann is her uncle, and Teacher is her grandfather. She has a deep-seated fear of the ocean since the tsunamis swept across the world.

Teacher
Teacher is a lean old man with a white beard and a mass of thick white hair who knows Conan and is the grandfather of Lanna. He is very wise, to the point of knowing how to communicate telepathically with Conan and Lanna's mother Mazal over great distances. His real name is Briac Roa, and he is in hiding because the leaders of the New Order want to find him and use his knowledge to recreate the technology that the old world used to have.

Mazal and Shann
Lanna's Aunt and Uncle, they are the leaders of High Harbor. Mazal is Teacher's daughter and periodically receives telepathic messages from him, although she can't always make contact. She is also Lenna's mother's sister. Shann is a doctor and husband of Mazal..

Citizen Doctor Manski
A researcher who serves on a New Order exploration team, charting islands and searching for Briac Roa, Doctor Manski is totally committed to the New Order cause. She hates Westerners because a Westerner killed her son in the war, and thus she hates Conan too—but she is so dedicated to the New Order that she wants to make sure his youth and strength are put to work for the New Order.

Commissioner Dyce
Dyce is a trader from the New Order, but he is more than that; he is also an agent of the New Order. He has come to High Harbor to take anything he can get his hands on that might help the New Order, and he is frustrated whenever he demands something that isn't in the trade agreements and Shann denies him.

Orlo
A rebellious teenager at High Harbor who has decided to break away from the rule of Mazal, Shann, and Teacher, and has begun drawing more teenagers and children to his cause. Unfortunately the rebellion seems to be mostly for rebellion's sake—he's willing to steal food and even deal with the New Order to preserve his autonomy.

Plot
The story alternates between the experiences of Conan and Lanna. A New Order ship discovers the island where Conan has been surviving for five years since the helicopter crash and captures him, taking him back to the city of Industria as a worker. Meanwhile, Lanna and her parents at High Harbor have to deal with Dyce, who wants her people to supply lumber faster than they can with the tools they have and is desperate for knowledge of the whereabouts of Briac Roa.

The New Order seems to be resurrecting only the worst of the fallen civilization's qualities, putting together a military-industrial complex without a culture or conscience. Without telling him what it will mean, they mark his forehead with a tattoo that designates him as an "apprentice citizen," meaning that he will have to work to pay off the "debt" that he owes in gratitude for having "rescued" him. Enraged, he seizes the tattooing device and marks several self-important officials before he is subdued, and they assign him to work for a crazy old man named Patch, who turns out to be Teacher. Teacher has been hiding in Industria since the cataclysm, since it's the last place where the New Order would ever look for him, hiding his identity by acting like an insane, crippled old man.

At High Harbor, Lanna and her parents are continuing to deal with Dyce and his demands—now he wants some wrecked aircraft that are on the island and some sassafras roots. Teacher has said that the New Order should by no means have those aircraft or the roots (the trees haven't yet multiplied to populations where there are enough to trade). Lanna finds out that they also have to deal with Orlo, who has been leading a rebellious tribe of children and teenagers that has broken away from the rest of High Harbor.

Teacher, in the guise of Patch, is still an apprentice citizen despite having been in Industria for years, because he likes where he is: in a boat shop, building boats. No one else in Industria knows how to build them—the city wasn't even on the coast before the Change. But Teacher has been planning to leave, and now that Conan is here, Teacher can put those plans into motion.

Sickness breaks out at High Harbor, and Dyce is the only one who has any medicines. Lanna discovers that not only is Orlo trying to take over High Harbor, he's making deals with Dyce. Teacher discovers that there's going to be another earthquake, and this one will drop half of what remains of Industria into the sea. His humanitarian nature forces him to go to the council and tell them who he really is so he can warn them, but he wants Conan to take the boat he's been building and wait for him at a designated rendezvous point.

Meanwhile, a child has died from the illness at High Harbor, and Shann and Mazal agree to let Dyce have the aircraft in exchange for the medicine they need, although Shann thinks Dyce deliberately started the sickness as a bargaining chip.

Conan waits for Teacher, but Teacher doesn't come. Realizing that Teacher is in trouble, he returns to Industria and rescues him, and they set sail for High Harbor, hoping that the searchers from Industria don't find them. They run deliberately into a storm as the only way to escape pursuit, but Teacher nearly drowns. Conan manages to get them to the island where he had survived for five years, and with Teacher's help he modifies their ship for the voyage to High Harbor—but they will have to hurry, because they know that with the coming earthquake will also come a tsunami. To their surprise, they discover that Dr. Manski has also washed up on this island, because her survey ship was ordered to search for Briac Roa and went down in the same storm. They can't just leave her there with a tsunami on the way, and she has no choice but to go with them, but she still can't believe that he is Briac Roa or that such things as telepathy—or God—exist.

Lanna despairs when Dyce entices more and more of the High Harbor people onto his trading vessel to show them the goods he has to trade—things that people don't need but that he can entice them into believing they want. She wishes she could see the ship for herself, because it might give her a better idea what to do, but she doesn't dare go there for fear of looking as if she were herself endorsing Dyce and his goods. So she tries something that has worked for her in the past; she sends her tern Tikki to fly over the ship and attempts to see through his eyes. But this fails. Instead, she climbs to the highest point on the island and tells Tikki to find Conan and bring him safely to High Harbor.

Teacher tells Dr. Manski about how Dyce had traded for the flying machines and their power cells for medicine to stop the sickness that had killed one child at High Harbor, and how he may in fact have spread the sickness in the first place. Manski thinks he's lying, because she doesn't trust how he gets his information and because he's an enemy of the New Order. But she begins to believe that he really is Briac Roa. Tikki makes it to their ship, but the fog has closed in, and they can't follow him because they can't see what direction he flies in.

Lanna and her parents learn that Orlo and Dyce have a plan to take over their house and move in, throwing Shann and Mazal out but keeping Lanna around, presumably as a plaything for Orlo. They resolve that this will not happen without a fight and arm themselves. Teacher has warned Mazal about the coming tsunami, and she has warned Dyce to take his ship out to sea, but he doesn't believe her. Lanna tries once more to put her psyche into Tikki and help him lead Conan and Teacher home, and this time she succeeds.

Conan, Teacher and Dr. Manski arrive at High Harbor right in the middle of the strife. Orlo and Dyce's faction immediately moves to seize Conan and Teacher, but Conan fights back and tells them to take shelter because there's a tsunami coming. Neither Dyce nor Orlo believe either Conan or Dr. Manski. Orlo captures Lanna, but lets her go when Conan challenges him directly, and Conan easily defeats him, awing his followers. Conan then uses the situation to get them all to seek higher ground, carrying the semi-conscious Orlo himself as the tsunami waters start to rush in. The story ends rather abruptly as it appears they will all make it to safety by working together.

Influence on Hayao Miyazaki
In 1978 Hayao Miyazaki directed a 26-episode series called Future Boy Conan, based on The Incredible Tide. The themes of living sustainably in harmony with nature rather than coercing it with technology, and of villains trying to recover the technology that nearly destroyed the world in the past, both recurred strongly in the first full-length film Miyazaki later wrote and directed, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984), and in the 1982-1994 manga of the same name by Miyazaki on which he partly based his film. The idea of the world being covered in water made its way into the third act of Ponyo. Miyazaki's interpretation of Lana would serve as a prototype for Sheeta from Castle in the Sky.

Availability
While the actual book has long been out-of-print, it became available again in digital form by Open Road Integrated Media in 2014.

title: The Incredible Tide


text:
Gatow

Gatow, a district of south-western Berlin is located west of the Havelsee lake and has forested areas within its boundaries. It is within the borough of Spandau. On 31 December 2002, it had 5,532 inhabitants.

History
Gatow's existence was first recorded in 1258 under the name of Gatho. In 1558, the village of Gatow became part of Spandau. Following the division of Berlin into four sectors at the end of the Second World War, Gatow became part of the British sector of West Berlin in early July 1945.

Infrastructures
Today's General-Steinhoff-Kaserne was between 1934 and 1994 home to an airfield, first used by the Luftwaffe as a staff and technical college, Luftkriegsschule II, and then by the Royal Air Force and Army Air Corps as RAF Gatow. RAF Gatow has the unlikely distinction of having been home during the Berlin Airlift to the only known operational use of flying boats within central Europe, when the RAF used Short Sunderlands to transport salt from Hamburg to Berlin, landing on the Havelsee lake.

The airfield was handed back to the Luftwaffe on 7 September 1994 and was kept in use as an airfield for a very short time, being closed to air traffic in 1995. It is now called General-Steinhoff-Kaserne and is home to some non-flying Luftwaffe units, and the Luftwaffen Museum der Bundeswehr. This is the museum of the Luftwaffe which has many displays (including historic aircraft) and much information on German military aviation and the history of the airfield. Admission to the museum is free, and full details of the museum and how to get there are on the museum's website. The history of RAF Gatow and of western forces in Berlin from 1945 to 1994 is told in the Alliierten Museum (Allied Museum).

Also on the site of the former RAF station, but not part of General-Steinhoff-Kaserne, is a school, the Hans-Carossa-Gymnasium, and houses for government employees of the Federal Republic of Germany. This has been from 2003 part of the district of Berlin-Kladow.

title: Gatow


text:
Talk:ʻAkaka Falls State Park

akaka is not the tallest falls on the big island, others are *much* taller (1900ft?) --Archier 03:54, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

about akaka falls
when was it declared a state park and why? Some special things about it

title: Talk:ʻAkaka Falls State Park


text:
Seminole High School (Pinellas County, Florida)

Seminole High School is a public coeducational high school located in Seminole, Florida. It is governed by the Pinellas County Schools. The school's mascot is "Wally the Warhawk". The student population is approximately 1,650.

History
Prior to the opening of the school in the late summer of 1962, students in what is now known as the Seminole area attended Largo High School or Dixie Hollins High School. With rapid growth in Seminole in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it became necessary for the newly suburban area to have its own high school. The original school consisted of what is now the main building where the administration offices are located and the front cafeteria. Seminole was the first high school in Pinellas County to be air-conditioned. The current "Warhawk" stadium was built in 1967 after a lengthy fundraising drive (Seminole Pow Wow). The auditorium, gymnasium and band facilities were built in later years. The school underwent a significant expansion in 1977 and an extensive remodeling in 1996. In the fall of 1973, the school used double sessions until the opening of Osceola High School in 1981.

Athletics
Seminole High School athletic programs include baseball (boys), basketball, ten pin bowling, cheerleading, cross country, flag football (girls), football, golf, soccer, softball (girls), spring football, swimming, diving, tennis, track, volleyball, and wrestling.

Soccer
During 2003 season, the Seminole soccer team won the state championship.

Baseball
The Seminole Warhawk baseball team won the state title (Class 5A) in 2001.

Wrestling
The Seminole High School wrestling team won two state championships in the 1970s.

Orchestra
In 2006 The Seminole High School Orchestra played at Carnegie Hall. The Orchestra also played for the governor, and at the invitation-only event for Disney Honors.

Vocal
SHS has three auditioned choirs (Warhawk Singers, Hawkapella and Seminole Singers) and two non-auditioned choruses ( Men's & Women's Choir).

Marching band
The Seminole High School Warhawk Marching Band has won the FMBC Florida State Class 4A Championships in 2018, 2012, 2011, 2006, and more. They were the grand champions at the 2017 USBands Southern States Regional Championship in Chattanooga, Tennessee. They were the grand champions of the Virginia Beach National Marching Band Festival (1978). They have also marched in parades, including Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California (2005 and 2013), Disney Christmas Day Parade (2007), and Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (2010).

The band has been invited to perform at the 2025 Rose Parade in Pasadena, CA.

Concert bands
The Wind Ensemble is the top level concert band. Membership is by audition. The Symphonic Band is the intermediate level concert band of the program, and is composed of students that have the ability to perform music at grade 3 or higher.

Jazz bands
The "All In" Big Band is the top jazz band at Seminole High, and has received superior ratings at State MPAs for multiple consecutive years. The "High Noon" Jazz Ensemble is the second jazz band, and is open to any students interested.

Drama and Musical Theatre Department
The Seminole High School Drama and Musical Theatre Department, also known as Troupe 3039 at competitions, usually put on at least one musical a year, and compete at the Florida Thespians District and State competitions every year.

Notable alumni

 * Clayton Andrews, former pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays, Class of 1996
 * Mike Bianco, head baseball coach for Ole Miss, Class of 1985
 * Bruce G. Blowers, singer-songwriter, Class of 2005
 * Jeff Darlington, ESPN contributor and sports writer for The Miami Herald, Class of 2000
 * Ryan Fowler, former linebacker for the New York Jets, Dallas Cowboys, and Tennessee Titans, Class of 2000
 * D'Qwell Jackson, former linebacker for the Cleveland Browns
 * Nicole Johnson (Miss America), 1999 Miss America, Class of 1992
 * Greg Jones, former relief pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
 * Casey Kotchman, former first baseman for the Miami Marlins
 * Todd La Torre, lead singer of the rock band Queensrÿche, Class of 1992
 * Brett Phillips, former outfielder for the Tampa Bay Rays, Class of 2012
 * Mark Stock, artist, Class of 1970
 * Scott Tucker, Olympic swimmer, Class of 1993
 * Brandon Walton, NFL offensive tackle, Class of 2016
 * Bobby Wilson, baseball coach and former baseball catcher


text: User talk:70.29.33.43

title: User talk:70.29.33.43


text:
Homer vs. Patty and Selma

"Homer vs. Patty and Selma" is the seventeenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 26, 1995. In the episode, Homer loses all his money in pumpkin futures and must turn to Patty and Selma for a loan. Meanwhile, Bart takes up ballet lessons, with an instructor voiced by actress Susan Sarandon.

The episode was written by Brent Forrester and directed by Mark Kirkland, with David Mirkin serving as the executive producer. Sarandon had wanted to guest star on The Simpsons because her children were fans of the show; she made a later appearance in the series in the episode "Bart Has Two Mommies" as the voice of a computer. Mel Brooks also makes an appearance in "Homer vs. Patty and Selma", and had previously accompanied his wife Anne Bancroft to the recording studio when she had a role in the episode "Fear of Flying".

Chris Turner cites scenes from the episode in describing Homer's characteristic qualities in his book Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Turner notes that the episode illustrates Homer's impulsiveness, silliness, and "physical stupidity". Contributor Raja Halwani writes in the compilation work The Simpsons and Philosophy that the episode shows Homer's tendency to habitually lie to Marge, and cites Homer's covering for Patty and Selma when they are caught smoking as a positive aspect of his character. The episode also received positive mention from Turner in Planet Simpson, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood in their book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, and Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide.

The episode became particularly popular in Latin America due to the scene in which Bart is nicknamed by Homer and depicted as a "Ratboy": "Niño Rata", the Spanish equivalent of "Ratboy", became a frequently used Internet meme and coloquial way to refer to a broad social group consisting of irate and/or inexperienced underage/prepubescent/early adolescence fans of multiplayer video games, as well as YouTube users who troll other users in the comments section of videos.

Plot
Noticing sales have been going up, Homer invests in pumpkins; not realizing it's Hallowe'en, he sells his futures too late and loses his entire investment. Now unable to make mortgage payments and unable to borrow money from the bank, Homer realizes his last resort is to ask Patty and Selma for money after they receive promotions at the DMV. The sisters agree to lend him money on the condition that he becomes their humble servant. The sisters take pleasure in making Homer's life miserable, while Homer begs Patty and Selma to help conceal his money woes from Marge, who soon finds out after seeing his IOU note to her sisters.

To earn more money Homer becomes a chauffeur, but while chauffeuring his first passenger Mel Brooks, he is stopped by Chief Wiggum for not having the proper license. Homer goes to the DMV to obtain one, but is horrified to discover his evaluators will be Patty and Selma, who mercilessly fail his driving and written test. To celebrate Homer's failure, they light up cigarettes but are caught by their supervisor, who threatens to demote them for smoking on the job. After seeing Marge's dismay at the situation, Homer reluctantly covers for them by claiming the lit cigarettes are his. To thank Homer for helping them avoid demotion, Patty and Selma offer to let him pass his test, but instead Homer eagerly asks them to forgive the loan.

In the subplot, Bart is late for school on the day students choose their physical education classes. When he arrives, ballet is the only class that is available. Despite his initial reluctance, Bart soon discovers he is a talented dancer and is invited to star in a school ballet. Bart insists on wearing a mask to conceal his identity, fearful that he will be taunted and beaten up; however, he manages to put on a performance that delights the audience. After his performance, Bart reveals his identity and despite his confidence in his performance, the school bullies chase Bart anyway, intending to beat him. He tries to escape by jumping over a trench but injures himself after failing the leap. Seeing that Bart is hurt from the fall, the bullies leave without pummeling him. Lisa tells Bart she is proud of him for showing his sensitive side.

Production
The script for "Homer vs. Patty and Selma" was written by Brent Forrester and was the first time he received a writing credit on The Simpsons. Executive producer David Mirkin describes it as a very grounded and emotional episode that seems very "sitcomy".

Bart's ballet teacher was voiced by Susan Sarandon, and was designed to look a little bit like her. Sarandon had wanted to guest star on the show because her children were big fans; she brought them with her to the recording session. Due to a traffic jam, she was late for the recording session, but once she arrived, she fell into character and worked very hard on getting her accent accurate. Sarandon would later have a cameo appearance as the voice of a computer in the season 17 episode "Bart Has Two Mommies". Mel Brooks has a cameo appearance as himself. His wife Anne Bancroft had played a role in the episode "Fear of Flying" and Brooks had accompanied her to the recording session. Mirkin realized that Brooks was "dying to do the show" and asked him if he would be willing to do a guest part, and he agreed. Many of the writers were fans of Brooks, and Matt Groening described the chance to have him guest star as "an incredible honor".

The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland who was a fan of Patty and Selma, having previously directed the season two episode "Principal Charming", which also focuses on the duo. When directing the sequences where Bart does ballet dancing, Kirkland assigned the scenes to animators who were familiar with dancing.

Themes
Chris Turner writes in his book Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation that the episode illustrates how Homer Simpson is "an organism of considerable complexity". Turner comments, "Homer is carrying the full symbolic weight of twentieth-century America on his shoulders, and no garden-variety doofus could manage that task." Turner discusses a moment from the episode where Marge tells her sisters, "Homer doesn't mean to be rude, he's just a very complicated man", after which Homer breaks a plate over his head and shouts "Wrong!" Turner writes that this "revelatory moment" is illustrative of "several of the best-known aspects of Homer's character: his impulsiveness, his inherent silliness, his evident, even physical stupidity".

In the compilation work The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer, edited by William Irwin, Mark T. Conrad, and Aeon J. Skoble, the episode is cited as an example where, as contributor Raja Halwani writes, "Homer is a habitual liar, he lacks honesty." In addition to "lying about his financial losses in investments" in the episode, Halwani notes Homer lied to Marge in "The Front" about "the fact that he never graduated from high school", and in the episode "The Cartridge Family", Homer lied to Marge about getting rid of the gun he had purchased. However, Halwani later highlights positive aspects of Homer's character, noting that in the episode, Homer "pretended he was the one smoking so that Patty and Selma would not get fired for smoking at their workplace".

Critical reception
Chris Turner wrote in Planet Simpson that the scene where Homer "smashes a dinner plate over his head" is one of his favorite Homer moments. "I'd like to say it's the defining Homer moment, but that would do a grave injustice to the extraordinary dramatic achievement that is Homer J. Simpson", Turner comments.

Writing in I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood said, "Patty and Selma have rarely been more evil than here — they are fabulously cruel."

In a review of the sixth season of The Simpsons, Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide writes, "Homer’s disdain for Marge’s sisters – and vice versa – has always led to terrific sparks, and “Vs.” provides another great round in their eternal battle. It's hilarious to see Homer indebted to the Terrible Two..."

Ratings
In its original broadcast, "Homer vs. Patty and Selma" finished 38th in ratings for the week of February 20–26, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 11.1, equivalent to approximately 10.6 million viewing households. It was the third highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following Beverly Hills, 90210 and Married... with Children.

Legacy
In Latin America, the figure and concept of "Niño Rata", which means "Ratboy" (the nickname Homer ascribes to Bart in a scene in this episode) in the Spanish language, slowly became an Internet meme, particularly on YouTube. The phrase is now popularized as coloquial way to refer to irate, inexperienced and underage fans of such video games as Minecraft, Call of Duty, FIFA, Grand Theft Auto Online and Fortnite; it is also used to designate YouTube users who troll other users in the comments bar.

title: Homer vs. Patty and Selma


text: User talk:68.39.202.73

title: User talk:68.39.202.73


text:
Bon Gaultier

Bon Gaultier was a pen name assumed by the writers William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Sir Theodore Martin.

The humorous Bon Gaultier Ballads remained popular for a long time; originally contributed to a magazine, they appeared in book form in 1845.

Contents

The Broken Pitcher- a story about a Moorish woman who throws a Christian Knight down a well after stealing three kisses from her

title: Bon Gaultier


text: Talk:Liberty House (department store)

title: Talk:Liberty House (department store)


text:
User talk:DocM~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 03:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

AfD nomination of Live at the Top of the Tower
I have nominated Live at the Top of the Tower, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Live at the Top of the Tower. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Ferdia O'Brien (T) / (C) 05:46, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Live at the Bolton Albert Halls
I have nominated Live at the Bolton Albert Halls, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Live at the Bolton Albert Halls. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Ferdia O'Brien (T) / (C) 05:50, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called DocM. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name DocM~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:31, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DocM~enwiki


text:
Talk:Nelson Doi

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Nelson Doi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080905122009/http://www.asuh100.com/files/SB_Article_Past_ASUH_Presidents_All_Pages_LowRes.pdf to http://www.asuh100.com/files/SB_Article_Past_ASUH_Presidents_All_Pages_LowRes.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:34, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nelson Doi


text:
User:Ml grug

Hello. Most of my additions have to do with either Tasmania or Football (Soccer) this is because I like football and live in Tasmania!!! I am slowly learning new templates etc. and how Wikipedia works.

Grug. Do you like rock climbing? Do you do you?

title: User:Ml grug


text:
Talk:Jean King

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jean King. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235449/http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/8625961f519b48029d641e368a010d9f/HI--Obit-King/ to http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/8625961f519b48029d641e368a010d9f/HI--Obit-King/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:23, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean King


text:
User talk:Spazster

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Academic Challenger 03:40, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Spazster


text:
User:Doc Tropics/United States health reform 1912-1920

U.S. health reform in the period 1912-1920 was an issue raised nationally by Theodore Roosevelt's call for national health insurance, in his third party bid for president in the election of 1912. Woodrow Wilson was preoccupied with other domestic policy issues and World War I, so most of the debate during this period was at the state level.

The American Association for Labor Legislation was instrumental in developing and advocating a model insurance law for universal health insurance that would have been administered on a compulsory basis by the states. Although this model bill was introduced in several state legislatures, progress on state-level universal coverage initiatives stalled.

Conservatism and fears of communism of the latter years of World War I and its immediate aftermath, were factors. Doctors, some of whom initially supported reform efforts, became the chief force opposing reform.

Background
For most of the 19th Century, Americans received health care in their homes from midwives, physicians, homeopaths, and herbalists. These generally charged low fees and patients were able to pay out-of-pocket for care (Kovner & Knickman, p.132). By the close of the 19th century, however, Americans increasingly believed that medicine was a science and that "physicians were best able to deliver high quality health care" (Kovner & Knickman, p. 132). The number of hospitals in America grew from fewer than 200 in 1873 to over 4,000 (with 35,500 beds) in 1900. Medical education system began requiring internships and residencies in hospitals as a part of physician training (Kovner & Knickman, p. 132) and training itself became more rigorous and uniform across the country. Health care as we now know it was on the rise at the beginning of the 20th century.

According to Harvard professor Lawrence Henderson, 1912 constituted a "Great Divide" when "for the first time in human history, a random patient with a random disease consulting a doctor chosen at random stands a better than 50/50 chance of benefiting from the encounter (Harris 1966: 5). The Flexner Report was issued that same year, recommending a complete overhaul of the U.S. medical education system, including shutting down a large number of medical schools (Starr 1982).

Sick leave was not a typical benefit offered to workers: those who became sick could experience sizable reductions in income. Medical care was relatively inexpensive, so the chief concern centered around sickness insurance that would replace wages for sick workers (a companion to the unemployment insurance also being sought by reformers during this period). There was no private health insurance to speak of, an innovation that did not appear until 1929.

How the issue got noticed
Isaac Rubinow's Social Insurance (1913) highlighted the economic effects of sickness, with focus on the affordability of a healthy life. The poor classes experienced a far higher mortality and sickness rate than the upper and middle classes, for a variety of reasons. First, food: fresh and nourishing food at higher prices, and the growth of pre-prepared food. Second, time for physical exercise was a luxury for the workingman. Those active outdoors usually had to work in all weather conditions, leading to multiple diseases of exposure. Many indoor trades had their own occupational diseases. Industrial poisonings by arsenic, lead, and mercury were not uncommon (Rubinow 1916: 211). It was estimated that the average American wage-worker lost $20 per year due to missed work due to sickness, or 3% of his earnings (Rubinow 1916: 222). This may not seriously hurt the economic stability of the family, but having to pay out-of-pocket for medical treatment, or skipping treatment and prolonging the disease, might make a significant impact.

The role of labor
The "Bread and Roses Strike" of 1912 was a major turning point in American history and the labor movement. Textile mill workers organized to fight for fair wages, safe working conditions and better living standards. This strike was important because it represents the first time in American history that people from different backgrounds joined together to fight for their collective rights. The strike and subsequent victory of 1912 gave strength to the union advocates of the labor movement, and proved that workers could achieve better wages and working conditions through patient and peaceful demonstrations.

Strikes, demonstrations and unionization eventually led to the passage of the Clayton Act in 1914. This act made explicit the legal concept that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce". Important legal developments and the establishment of the union framework opened the door for employer health care coverage for American workers.

The push for compulsory health insurance began to build in the United States around 1915. The underlying concern was to insure workers against catastrophic industrial accidents that were common at the time. Consequently, life insurance companies rose to the top of the insurance industry by providing lump sum payments at death. The unionization of America's workers was instrumental in establishing an insurance industry designed to serve and protect America's workers.

How the issue was framed
During this period emphasis was on the adverse financial consequences suffered by families with a sick member and wage loss. Concerns about the price of medical care were secondary. The major issue was the sickest, especially serious illness of wage-earners. The American Association for Labor Legislation's Social Insurance Committee, formed in 1913, chose to address the need for health insurance first, reasoning that "sickness was one of the greatest causes of poverty." (Numbers, 19)

Policy communities
The Progressives were social reformers concerned about poor working conditions especially among America's poor. The Progressive movement arose in the late 19th century in response to the growing industrialization of America and the movement was fueled by accounts of corporate greed written by Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell.

Policy entrepreneurs
Although he never got elected to a third term to push for enactment of universal coverage, Roosevelt nevertheless was a pivotal player in finally placing this issue on the national agenda. As reflected in his "trust-busting" while president, Roosevelt was a champion of the "little guy" against large corporate interests; thus, he was motivated to propose national health insurance on behalf of the common man, but may also have been attracted to the issue given his sickly childhood as an asthmatic.

William F. Willoughby, an official in the Department of Labor, wrote a book called Workingmen's Insurance that advocated a labor union supported system. Dr. Isaac M. Rubinow, a later champion of the cause, began writing on the subject of European measures of health insurance reform in 1904. Frank Vanderlip, a former assistant secretary of the treasury under William McKinley, studied the German system as well. The Russell Sage Foundation in 1908 sent Dr. Lee K. Frankel, a social worker, and Miles Dawson, a lawyer, to Europe to investigate those systems.

Many of the other reformers at the state level were doctors motivated by concern for their patients; if they were motivated by financial concerns, they kept such motivations well-hidden.

Origin of the idea of national health insurance
The idea of national health insurance had begun in Germany in 1883 under Bismarck. The German Reichstag had adopted a compulsory sickness insurance law which offered protection to limited groups of industrial labors. John Graham Brooks' Compulsory Insurance in Germany, 1893, was the first study of the idea in the United States. By 1912, a number of other European nations had adopted very similar social insurance systems to pay for medical care, including Norway in 1909 and Great Britain in 1911 (Ways and Means 1974). But national health insurance was part of a comprehensive package of reforms sought by Progressives during this period. Ironically, even though the Progressive party candidate in 1912 (Teddy Roosevelt) lost the election, virtually every plank of the Bull Moose Party eventually was enacted during the decades to come. The sole exception to this was national health insurance.

The national mood
Arizona was the last of the 48 states to enter the union (1912) and it would be nearly a half century later that two more states would enter. The country at the beginning of the 20th century was an emerging international power whose public felt increasingly confident about their role in the world. Americans were reluctant to get involved in World War I, but once they did so, they were a decisive factor affecting the outcome. However, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia frightened Americans, culminating in the Red Scare of the early 1920's. To feed this fear, a few radicals perpetuated highly public acts of violence. In April of 1919 thirty-six bombs were sent in the mail to prominent government officials and capitalists such as Attorney General Palmer, Justice Holmes of the Supreme Court, and J.P. Morgan. One month later, Attorney General Palmer's house in Washington was defaced by a bomb (Allen 1931: 42). To counteract the Red Scare, the Attorney General raided pool halls, bowling alleys, and restaurants, places that communists might gather, and arrested 4,000 people and deported 550 (Quadagno 2005: 17). Palmer loaded 249 resident aliens, including feminist Emma Goldman, onto an Army ship and sent it off to the Soviet Union. Newspapers nicknamed the ship the Soviet Ark (Watson 2002: 53). Any group looking to solve social problems with government action was suspected of communist ties. So by the end of this period, Americans were reticent to adopt reforms that appeared to pose any threat to their cherished values of liberty and self-reliance. Doctors ultimately were able to exploit these anxieties and use the rhetoric of anti-communism to derail state-level universal coverage initiatives. Meanwhile, labor strikes began popping up across the country, the most notable being the bloody strikes by the Boston police force and the nation's steel workers in 1919. The Socialist News proclaimed the steel strike an "open class war" while other newspapers condemned the strike as un-American and Bolshevist inspired (Murray 1951: 453-455).

Organized political interests
The Progressive Movement. The Progressives ultimately were a highly influential political movement even though they failed at repeated efforts to get one of their candidates elected as president. They succeeded on the policy front largely because opposition parties were able to co-opt their ideas rather than defeat them on their merits. The American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) created the Committee on Social Legislation, headed by Edward T. Devine, which began an active movement for compulsory, state-supported health insurance in America. The Committee on Social Legislation drew up the "Standard Bill" that they hoped would serve as a model for future legislation. The AALL's bill applied to all manual workers and others earning less than $1,200 a year. Benefits were of 1)medical aid, 2)sick pay, 3)maternity benefits, and 4) a death benefit. (Starr 1982: 244) Because the AALL claimed to be an academic, scholarly organization, it contained an important group of college professors, including Henry Seager of Columbia University, who served as president of the AALL three times. He believed that social scientists could also be social reformers and that scholarship should be of service to society. This was one reason each AALL recommendation was prepared on the basis of "'scientific' investigation by experts" (Yellowitz 1965: 55-58). Seager viewed sickness as a social rather than an individual problem, leading him to lament, "In the United States we are still so far from considering illness as anything beyond a private misfortune against which each individual and each family should protect itself, as best it may, that Germany's heroic method of attacking it as a national evil through government machinery, seems to us to belong almost to another planet (Rubinow 1916: 205)."

Physicians. Some doctors were Progressives and aided in the drafting of early health insurance legislation from 1915 to 1919. Attention to the issue of health insurance began to diminish as the medical needs of the war became a prominent issue in the minds of many doctors (Walker 1969: 301). An increasingly vocal minority ultimately culminated in the unanimous passage of a resolution by the American Medical Association House of Delegates at their 1922 convention stating their opposition to all forms of state medicine (Mays 2004: 19) except services to military personnel and a few other special interest groups. In 1917, physicians in California formed the League for the Conservation of Public Health to organize opposition to a bill similar to the AALL's "Standard Bill." With support and financial backing from the Insurance Economic Society, a group of insurance companies headed by Prudential and Metropolitan, the bill was defeated. In New York, the AALL bill was met with equal opposition from physicians. County doctors went so far as to depose the physician who chaired the state committee that endorsed the AALL bill. The bill, however, did pass in New York, with the caveat that physicians could still set their own fees and lead a health insurance commission created to run the program (Quadagno 2005: 20).

Health insurance industry. There was no health insurance industry to speak of during this period; hence there was no industry to either promote or oppose the idea of universal coverage. The Insurance Economic Society, however, did fear that government involvement in health care would undercut the commercial life insurance and funeral benefits industry. This group did oppose the idea of universal coverage (Quadagno 2005: 20). The AALL "Standard Bill" prompted some insurance companies to consider offering health insurance, and in 1921 Metropolitan sold its first individual health policy. Prudential followed in 1925 by offering group health insurance (Quadagno 2005: 21).

Business. Both large and small businesses played almost no role t the beginning of the debates about universal coverage during this period. However, large manufacturers began to lend support to the opposition later in the movement. Manufacturers such as B.F. Goodrich and many steel companies felt that businesses were better equipped to provide insurance than the government. In 1917, the National Association of Manufacturers expressed their support for a voluntary system of state-provided insurance rather than a compulsory program (Walker 1969: 302). In theory, businesses large and small might have benefited from health insurance coverage for workers, but conversely might have strongly resisted any efforts to make business pay for coverage or even collect payroll taxes from workers to finance social insurance-style medical benefits.

Labor. Although unions were not yet widespread in America, the labor movement and Progressives were closely allied in terms of their policy agenda generally as well as the aspiration for health insurance coverage specifically. In a 1917 piece, Irving Fisher, president of the American Association for Labor Legislation, proposed that compulsory health insurance was the ideal way to prevent sickness and improve the national mortality rate. He also argued that the decrease in labor due to the war made this of utmost importance. The American Federation of Labor represented only a small percentage of the working force and therefore lacked significant political influence.(Numbers:1978) That said, labor lacked the power to overcome the strong influence of doctors on policymakers at the state level. Indeed, it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's experience with the power of doctors while he served as New York's governor that ultimately convinced him to remove national health insurance from his Social Security bill in 1935 rather than risk defeat of the entire package in the face of heated opposition to NHI from the doctors (Mays 2004: 21).

Government
The Presidency. As noted earlier, the president played little role in the mostly state-level debates that occurred around national health insurance during this period. Theodore Roosevelt left the presidency in 1908, and entrusted President Taft to continue his policies. Taft, however, made policy decisions such as restricting conservation and revising tariffs that alienated Republican progressives. In 1912, Roosevelt was convinced by progressive Republicans to run for president against Taft. At the 1912 Republican convention in Chicago, Roosevelt's delegates walked out and formed the Progressive Party. This led the way for Democratic party nominee Woodrow Wilson's victory in 1912, as Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote.

Congress. Likewise, with the exception of a small spark of interest exhibited by Meyer London, Congress was not active in championing or blocking national health insurance during this period. Of note was the Sheppard-Towner Act, a measure calling for federal aid to help improve infant and maternal mortality rates. First introduced in 1918, the Act was eventually passed in 1921 despite strong opposition from the American Medical Association, which saw the bill as a move towards state-mandated healthcare. Many attributed this success to strong lobbying by a number of women's organizations along with the support of President Harding.

The Supreme Court. Even if the health insurance movement could have gotten a bill passed into law, it is doubtful that such a law would have survived the Supreme Court of the day. The Court was coming to be occupied by a group of four justices known collectively as The Four Horsemen (Supreme Court). They became famous later for their opposition to FDR and his New Deal. Cases like Hammer v. Dagenhart (later overruled by U.S. v. Darby) demonstrate judicial recalcitrance toward federal intrusion into the marketplace. The Horsemen were particularly interested in protecting the States from federal interference - even when this meant striking down a child labor law.

19th Century jurisprudence took a significantly different interpretation of the commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution. The federal government had to have more basis than that an economic action might have a mere "effect" on prices in order to enact legislation, in contradiction to the later ruling of Wickard v. Filburn, which saw a central government empowered to restrict one's ability to plant on one's own land for the consumption of himself and his family.

State government. In contrast, several states, most notably the populous states of California and New York, engaged in highly vocal debates on this issue, but none ultimately enacted any major sort of legislation. The opposition of state medical societies was far too powerful to resist. In 1917 alone, bills involving health insurance were introduced in the legislatures of 15 states. In 1918, the governors of New Jersey and Massachusetts in their annual messages recommended the implementation of health insurance as a way to protect public health. No legislation was produced by these efforts. Only California had a bill go to popular vote; that bill, however, was struck down (Ketcham 1919: 89-92).

In New York, the health insurance movement was energetic and very successful. Senator Ogden L. Mills of the State Legislature first introduced the idea in 1916, but it quickly took off. Senator Courtlandt Nicoll revised the bill and the new bill got lots of support. The New York State Federation of Labor made health insurance their top agenda. Further strong support came from the Women's Joint Legislative Conference, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Consumers League and the Woman's Suffrage Party. Even Governor Alfred Smith endorsed a health insurance law (Terris.

The Bill was passed by the Sate Senate in April, 1919, but never made it to the Assembly for a vote. The Speaker, Thaddeus Sweet, thought the bill was too "Bolshevistic" and this allow opposition to join the wagon. The New York State Manufacturers and Merchants Association, the commercial insurance companies and many in the medical profession all joined in opposition against the bill.

Like previous attempts, the idea of health care insurance reform was denied. Socialist scares and heavy opposition halted any and all progress on health reform.

Consensus-building
During this period, New York probably came closest to enacting legislation to achieve universal coverage. The strong and persistent leadership of the governor was instrumental in pushing opposing parties in the direction of trying to compromise. But again, ultimately, the power of the state medical society trumped the best efforts of state policymakers to get reform enacted.

Why the window of opportunity for health reform opened
Theodore Roosevelt was the first presidential candidate to call for national health insurance in his 1912 third party bid for president under the progressive Bull Moose Party (Mayes 2004: 1). The only major national health insurance proposal introduced in Congress during this period was a House Joint Resolution submitted in 1916 by a Socialist Congressman from New York's East Side, Meyer London, (NY) in 1916 (Chapman and Talmadge 1970: 6). [see H.R.J. Res. 159, 64th Cong. 1st Sess. 53 Cong. Rec. 2856 (1916)]. Most of the action was at the state level, with universal coverage initiatives discussed in CA, NY and several other states. (further info can be found in Theodore Rex by Edmund Morris)

Why the window of opportunity for health reform closed
National efforts. Ironically, Roosevelt's bid cost incumbent Republican president Howard Taft the election, leading to the election of the nation's first and only PhD: former New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson. Although Wilson's first inaugural address in 1913 had suggested the federal government should safeguard the nation's health (Chapman and Talmadge 1970: 6), he never seriously pursued this issue during his presidency, as he was preoccupied with other domestic issues in his first term--e.g., creation of the Federal Reserve, establishment of a national income tax, and trade reform--and with World War I and the League of Nations during his second term. Wilson also suffered a devastating stroke in September of 1919. But because of the Constitution's silence as far as presidential incapacity and efforts by his wife Edith Wilson, the Wilson agenda was fixed into place for the last year and a half of his presidency. (further info can be found in Edith and Woodrow by Phyllis Lee Levin) Thus, this initiative never even reached the point of an administration bill being sponsored in Congress. There was a congressional initiative, but its sponsorship by a Socialist member of Congress virtually ensured its being ignored, although it at least got to the point of congressional hearings even though it was never voted on in committee. But in the context of the later public paranoia exhibited in reaction to the Bolshevik revolution, it seems implausible that this measured could have garnered much serious support even had it been brought to a floor vote.

Several groups who had initially supported health care reform began to change their position. Forrest A. Walker proposes several reasons for this tide of change. Health care reform came late in the Progressive era when a more conservative aura was blanketing the United States. Furthermore, the movement in favor of health reform never gained popular support. It was a movement of academics and never reached out to the common working man for support. World War One was also a major reason why health care reform never gained much momentum. The public's attention was taken by the war. Because national health insurance began in Germany, it was seen as unpatriotic during the war to support the movement (Walker 1969: 300).

In addition, the existence of a myriad of special interest groups with diverse, ambiguous and often conflicting interests made it difficult to establish a unified front with which to fight for reform. The three main special interest groups were the medical profession, labor organizations and businesses. The groups clashed in ways that prevented reform from becoming reality (Starr 255).

As well, it is worth noting this was a very conservative period for the U.S. Supreme Court, with various progressive laws designed to improve working conditions declared unconstitutional. Even if national health insurance had been enacted during this period, it is not altogether clear it could have survived Supreme Court scrutiny on constitutional grounds.

State-level efforts. Between 1915 and 1920, eight states (California, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin) appointed official commissions to investigate health insurance. The "Standard Bill" for health insurance was drafted by the American Association for Labor Legislation in 1915 and introduced in a number of state legislators. In 1916 and 1917 the "Standard Bill" was introduced in the New York Legislature by Senator Odgen L. Mills, and the bill was modified considerably. In 1919 it was introduced in a bipartisan manner and held strong support from labor groups and civic associations, but no state bill was ever enacted because of growing opposition.

Doctors initially supported the idea of universal coverage at the state level, but ultimately came to the conclusion, based in part on observations about what was happening abroad in the countries with national health insurance, that "government medicine" might pose a serious threat to their livelihoods. Forces external to the medical profession had significant influence in leading physicians to come to this conclusion. By couching their concerns in inflammatory language that preyed upon the prevailing public fear of communism, they were successfully able to marshal strong opposition to reform initiatives so that nothing was enacted. Editorials ran in newspapers such as the New York Times that tied health insurance to bolshevism.


text:
Svätý Jur

Svätý Jur (Sankt Georgen; Yergen; Szentgyörgy; formerly Jur pri Bratislave) is a small historical town northeast of Bratislava, located in the Bratislava Region. The city is situated on the slopes of Little Carpathians mountains and surrounded by typical terraced vineyards with more than 700 years of winemaking tradition. In 1990, the intact city center was declared a protected city reservation. Cadastrially, Svätý Jur includes also the natural reserve Šúr, established in 1952 to protect one of the last and largest remnants of a tall-stem swamp alder forest in Central Europe.

Today, Svätý Jur has a population of over 5,000 citizens. The town is well connected with a major road between Pezinok and Bratislava passing through and the Svätý Jur railway station situated on the main Košice - Bratislava railway line. The city is bordered by the Little Carpathian mountains to the west, Bratislava to the south, natural reserve Šúr to the east and Limbach and Pezinok to the north and northeast respectively.

Etymology
The city name translates literally as Saint George, Jur being the archaic form of Juraj in the Slovak. Between 1960 and 1990, the Communist government renamed the town to Jur pri Bratislave.

Geography
Svätý Jur is situated in the Pezinok District of the Bratislava Region in southwestern Slovakia. The surrounding areas include large vineyards in the nearby Little Carpathians and the unique Šúr swamps, a protected area.

History
Archaeological excavations date the original settlement to the Hallstatt period and the Quadi period.

In the 9th century, a Great Moravian castle was built here. Svätý Jur was first mentioned in a written source in 1209 and received a town charter in 1299. It became a royal free town in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1647.

Defensive city walls were constructed between 1603 and 1664, but Svätý Jur was devastated by the Ottoman Turks in their invasion of 1663. The Ottoman troops also destroyed the White Castle (Biely Kameň), which had been an important administrative center of the region until then.

In the 18th century, the Hungarian government recruited German farmers to repopulate the area. To encourage migration, it allowed the Germans to keep their language and religion in order to develop farmland for cultivation and produce. Through the 19th century and into the 20th century, the population of this area was largely ethnic German, although by that time they spoke an archaic form of German. They were known as Danube Swabians. In part because Nazi Germany used the eastern ethnic German communities as an excuse for its wars of expansion in eastern Europe, after World War II, ethnic Germans were forcefully expelled to Germany and other Western countries.

In 1840, the first (horse) railway in the Kingdom of Hungary was built from Bratislava to Svätý Jur.

Landmarks
The most remarkable historical monument is the Gothic church of St. George, built in the 13th century. The sandstone altar from 1527 is an example of a transition between the Gothic and Renaissance styles. The stained glass windows were designed by Janko Alexy in 1950. The wooden bell tower from the 17th century protects a bell from 1400. The bell cracked due to a fire in 1802 and after repair in 1848 was damaged again. There is a fame that this bell was buried during the period of the Ottoman raids and was accidentally found by a rooting pig afterwards.

A Great Moravian castle was built in the 9th century and it was abandoned in the 14th century. 1,693 metres of the walls have been preserved, but their height is now lower than the original 10 metres.

Other places of interest include a Renaissance manor house, a Baroque church of Trinity, a Piarist monastery from 1720, a late 18th century synagogue and the ruins of the city walls.

Svätý Jur is also well known for the largest raceway in Slovakia.

Biely Kameň Castle
The castle of Biely Kameň was mentioned for the first time in 1217.

It was the seat of the counts of Svätý Jur until 1609, when they moved to a more comfortable manor house in the town. The castle was partially destroyed by an Ottoman raid in 1663.

The ruins are still visible.

Population
In 2006, Svätý Jur had a population of 5,186. According to the 2001 census, 97.5% of inhabitants were Slovaks. The Roman Catholicism is the most popular religion (72.5%), but there is also a significant number of atheists (15.9%) living in the village.

Sport
The town has an association football team called ŠK Svätý Jur.

Famous people

 * Alojz Hudek (1887 – 1961), SDB, Roman Catholic priest end Missionary (Bolivia, Peru)
 * Karl Samuel Grünhut (1844–1929), Austrian jurist
 * Dr Imrich Sarkany FRCP, Consultant Dermatologist, Royal Free Hospital, London

Twin towns – sister cities
Svätý Jur is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Bělá pod Bezdězem, Czech Republic

title: Svätý Jur


text:
Desiderata of the Lombards

Desiderata (fl. 771) was a queen consort of the Franks. She was one of four daughters of Desiderius, King of the Lombards, and his wife Ansa, Queen of the Lombards. Desiderata was married to Charlemagne in 770 in effort to create a bond between Francia and the Kingdom of the Lombards. The marriage also sought to isolate Charlemagne's brother Carloman I, who ruled over the central territories of Francia. It lasted just one year, and there are no known children.

Marriage to Charlemagne
Desiderata was the first (or possibly second) wife of Charlemagne. (There are questions about the nature of Charlemagne's relationship to Himiltrude, who may have been his first wife.) Carolingian historian Janet Nelson writes that the alliance between the Franks and Lombards arising out of the marriage to Desiderata was directed against Charlemagne's brother Carloman, whose territory it encircled. The marriage was opposed by Pope Stephen III, who in the summer of 770 wrote to Charlemagne and Carloman bemoaning the union between "the most notable race of the Franks and that fetid brood of the Lombard's that had brought leprosy into the land." There is no mention of this marriage in the Royal Frankish Annals or their revised version. However, it is mentioned briefly in chapter 18 of Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, which records that "at the urging of his mother, [Charlemagne] married a daughter of Desiderius."

Debate surrounding her name
Although she is commonly referred to by the name Desiderata there is some debate surrounding her name. One school of thought is that the name derives from an editorial error in a 19th-century copy of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica which capitalized the 'D' in desideratam filiam (Latin for 'desired daughter'). Janet Nelson argues that it is far more likely that Desiderata's name is actually 'Gerperga.' Nelson provides multiple reasons as to why this is the case, firstly, the name fits in with the names of Desiderius' other daughters, all of which end in the suffix 'perga.' Secondly, Carloman's wife was called Gerberga, and this, Nelson believes, explains why when Gerberga fled to Desiderius after Carloman's death, the Annals of Lobbes believed that she was fleeing to her father, due to confusion over the similarities of their names. Additionally, in Pope Stephen III's letter to Charlemagne and Carloman, he is not sure of which brother is marrying Gerperga, Nelson argues that this confusion is also caused by the similarity in the names of Desiderius' daughter and Carloman's wife. The Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni in his tragedy Adelchi gave her the name Ermengarda.

title: Desiderata of the Lombards


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rogers City Wrestling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 22:45, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Rogers City Wrestling
Long article Needs Nearly Impossible Clean Up for a Non Notable Wresling Program that all they do was win a few state champs Delete --Aranda56 03:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Congratulations for Rogers City Wrestling's accomplishments, although sorry to say that it isn't Wiki-material! UniReb 12:09, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I hesitate to say that this is non-notable, although the article doesn't do enough to assert that notability. Has this wrestling team achieved notice outside of 1)the local community or 2)the state's wrestling community? From the history on the wrestling team's website, it seems that they may be on the verge of notability, but not quite there. Cmadler 12:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Cheech and Chong (album).jpg

title: File:Cheech and Chong (album).jpg


text:
Talk:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers

Content and SavoyStyle.com
A lot of this information was taken from savoystyle.com. There's more information there that isn't here, but I didn't want to lift the whole page for copyright reasons. I know there is more information out there on this group. Maybe a list of more members. And why is Frankie Manning the only member with his own page? What about Al Minns or Leon James, or Norma Miller? And should there be a page for the Ray Rand Swingers, the dance troupe from the west coast?

 * I've added Frankie Manning's autobiography as further reading. If anyone wants to do some digging, it probably has enough material for at least a good stub (more in some cases) on many of the dancers mentioned here. - Jmabel | Talk 16:31, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

California Routine
Was curious on opinion here. The California Routine is a somewhat significant routine, but (I would say) not significant enough to meet WP:Notability to have its own WP article. However, I would think that it is significant enough to have a section within an article, of which, I think this would be the most appropriate article to host such a section. Several other articles mention the California Routine (such as the Hot Shots article) and these could link to this article either directly (with appropriate section hash tag), or to "California Routine" page but have that page redirect to the section within this article. Any thoughts on this? As I said, I think it's significant enough to deserve a section. — al-Shimoni  (talk) 23:15, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers


text:
Sankt Georgen

Sankt Georgen may refer to several places, all named after the German name of Saint George:

In Austria

 * in Carinthia:
 * Sankt Georgen am Längsee in the district St. Veit an der Glan
 * Stift Sankt Georgen abbey near Sankt Georgen am Längsee
 * Sankt Georgen im Lavanttal in the district Wolfsberg
 * in Lower Austria:
 * Sankt Georgen am Reith in the district Amstetten
 * Sankt Georgen am Ybbsfelde in the district Amstetten
 * Sankt Georgen an der Leys in the district Scheibbs
 * in Salzburg:
 * Sankt Georgen bei Salzburg in the district Salzburg-Umgebung
 * in Styria:
 * Sankt Georgen an der Stiefing in the district Leibniz
 * Sankt Georgen ob Judenburg in the district Judenburg
 * Sankt Georgen ob Murau in the district Murau
 * in Upper Austria:
 * Sankt Georgen am Fillmannsbach in the district Braunau am Inn
 * Sankt Georgen am Walde in the district Perg
 * Sankt Georgen an der Gusen in the district Perg
 * Sankt Georgen bei Grieskirchen in the district Grieskirchen
 * Sankt Georgen bei Obernberg am Inn in the district Ried im Innkreis
 * Sankt Georgen im Attergau in the district Vöcklabruck
 * St. Georgen, a church at Rennweg am Katschberg

In Germany

 * Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald in Schwarzwald-Baar (district), Baden-Württemberg
 * Sankt Georgen (Bayreuth), a district of Bayreuth
 * Sankt Georgen (Freiburg), a district of Freiburg
 * Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt-am-Main

In Romania

 * Sfântu Gheorghe

In Slovakia

 * Svätý Jur (Sankt Georgen)
 * Borský Svätý Jur (Bur-Sankt-Georg)

In Slovenia

 * Podkum, a village in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia
 * Podšentjur, a village in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia
 * Šenčur, a village in the Municipality of Šenčur in northern Slovenia
 * Sveti Jurij, Rogašovci, a village in the Municipality of Rogašovci in northeastern Slovenia

title: Sankt Georgen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexander-Howden

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 00:15, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Alexander-Howden

 * Delete Seems to be a completely valueless article. Possibly some individual writing about themself.  DirectorStratton 03:46, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I was searching on here about rare surnames and this is all that came up. Don't delete it - give me a good article about rare surnames, or expand it at least. 81.170.12.52 23:37, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a directory. An article on rare surnames shouldn't even contain a list of rare surnames. DirectorStratton 00:42, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with an article on rare surnames. I think such an article/list might be of some value, and most readers would want to see a few examples.  What does the Guinness book of world records say?---CH  (talk) 00:51, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This afd nomination was orphaned. Listing now.  No opinion. —Cryptic (talk) 06:41, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified nonsense. There is probably a very large number of surnames used only by one person, and anyone can create a new "rare" surname by combining two semi-rare ones. What makes this surname special enough to even be mentioned in an article on rare surnames? And why should we have such an article in the first place? Uppland 07:57, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agree with Uppland's reasoning. Dlyons493 10:17, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uppland. Any combination of two surnames is more unique than its individual constituents. - Mgm|(talk) 11:24, September 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Quite obviously not a rare surname. Both Alexander and Howden are common surnames. - Last Malthusian 15:22, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless needed as disambig for people of that name. Martg76 22:44, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense, as Uppland said. I am a name geek, but can't see any value in an article on rare surnames, either. There are plenty of surnames with only one or two bearers, and this one, being rare only by virtue of hyphenating two more common names, doesn't even legitimately qualify. ManekiNeko | Talk 03:01, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.86.16.61

title: User talk:69.86.16.61


text: User talk:68.53.66.25

title: User talk:68.53.66.25


text: User talk:69.225.161.179

title: User talk:69.225.161.179


text: User talk:72.224.39.16

title: User talk:72.224.39.16


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Fat Mouse

Fat Mouse

Television news is always running stories on obesity. To illustrate the story, they go outside, and film fat people walking down the street, but crop their faces out. I think there's a fundamental lack of respect in presenting the issue that way. So I give you Image:Fatmouse.jpg. It clearly illustrates obesity, and it's cute, without being disrespectful. Uploaded by Ta bu shi da yu from Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Help! Someone who knows how to download the real picture, please do so! While the current picture is stunning, it is not properly categorized. Dan Watts 13:17, 9 September 2005 (UTC) Raven4x4x 05:14, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. -- Norvy (talk) 03:48, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You know, I've think I've seen this picture in the news before... --AllyUnion (talk) 10:33, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * If I remember correctly where I saw this picture before, the fat one was injected with a growth hormone and the thin one wasnt. Just an extra tidbit of info about this picture.
 * On the small side and overcompressed; artifacts are visible in the blue cloth. —Cryptic (talk) 21:31, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not being used to illustrate anything. Can we also confirm that it was administered with growth hormone rather than being genetically engineered? Dunc|☺ 00:17, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The site where the image is from gives no explanation of the image- it could just be an obese mouse and a regular mouse, however the could also be mice used for leptin research which may or may not be mutants. Unless it can be verified one way or another it doesn't illustrate anyting other than obesity. It may also be the case that this is a copyrighted image that is just used on a US gov site, there is nothing there to suggest that this image is in the PD.--nixie 00:38, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Mice are overexposed. Enochlau 13:20, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Small and I don't like the blue background - makes the mice too blue. --Fir0002 07:45, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. This is the second time I've reverted vandalism to this picture. Raven4x4x 13:25, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not up to FP image quality. - Bevo 01:01, 16 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Chaos (genus)

Chaos is a genus of single-celled amoeboid organisms in the family Amoebidae. The largest and most-known species, the so-called "giant amoeba" (Chaos carolinensis), can reach lengths up to 5 mm, although most specimens fall between 1 and 3 mm.

Members of this genus closely resemble those of the genus Amoeba and share the same general morphology, producing numerous cylindrical pseudopods, each of which is rounded at the tip. However, while Amoeba have a single nucleus, Chaos can have as many as a thousand. Because of this attribute, C. carolinensis was once placed in the genus Pelomyxa alongside the giant multinucleate amoeba Pelomyxa palustris. Recently, molecular phylogenetic studies of this species have confirmed the view of some earlier researchers that it is more closely related to Amoeba than to Pelomyxa. The species is now placed in the independent genus Chaos, a sister group to Amoeba.

Dietary habits
Chaos species are versatile heterotrophs, able to feed on bacteria, algae, other protists, and even small multicellular invertebrates. Like all Amoebozoa, they take in food by phagocytosis, encircling food particles with its pseudopodia, then enclosing them within a food ball, or vacuole, where they are broken down by enzymes. The cell does not have a mouth or cytostome, nor is there any fixed site on the cell membrane at which phagocytosis normally occurs.

Movement
The cell's membrane, or plasmalemma, is extremely flexible, allowing the organism to change shape from one moment to the next. The cytoplasm within the membrane is conventionally described as having two parts: the internal fluid, or endoplasm, which contains loose granules and food vacuoles, as well as organelles such as nuclei and mitochondria; and a more viscous ectoplasm around the perimeter of the cell, which is relatively clear and contains no conspicuous granules. Like other lobose amoebae, Chaos move by extending pseudopodia. As a new pseudopod is extended, a variable zone of ectoplasm forms at the leading edge and a fountaining stream of endoplasm circulates within. The effort of describing these motions, and explaining how they result in the cell's forward movement, has generated a large body of scientific literature.

Early history and naming controversy
The genus Chaos has had a long and often confusing history. In 1755, Rösel von Rosenhof saw and depicted an amoeboid he named "der kleine Proteus" ("the little Proteus"). Three years later, Linnaeus gave Rösel's creature the name Volvox chaos. However, because the name Volvox had already been applied to a genus of flagellate algae, he later changed it to Chaos chaos. In subsequent decades, as new names and species proliferated, accounts of Chaos, under a variety of synonyms, became so thoroughly entangled with descriptions of similar organisms, that it is virtually impossible to differentiate one historic amoeboid from another. In 1879, Joseph Leidy suggested collapsing all the "common" large, freshwater amoebae into one species, which he proposed to call Amoeba proteus. A dozen species, including several that had been identified as belonging to Chaos, were to be regarded as synonyms of Amoeba proteus. However, in the description he gives of this organism, it is clearly defined as a uninucleate amoeba, unlike the modern Chaos.

In 1900, the biologist H. V. Wilson, at the University of North Carolina, discovered and isolated a giant amoeba that resembled Amoeba proteus but had cellular nuclei numbering in the hundreds. Since there existed already a genus of giant multinucleate amoebae, Pelomyxa, Wilson placed his organism in that taxon, naming it Pelomyxa carolinensis. This amoeba was easily cultivated and became a widely distributed and studied laboratory organism.

In 1926, Asa A. Schaeffer argued that Pelomyxa carolinensis was, in fact, identical to the amoeba that had been seen by Rösel in 1755, the "little Proteus" which Linnaeus had named Chaos chaos. Therefore, he urged that, in keeping with the principle of priority governing biological nomenclature, the name of the organism should be Chaos chaos. Several investigators argued vigorously against the validity of that name, but others adopted it. A third faction accepted the validity of the genus Chaos for Wilson's amoeba, but retained the second half of the binomial, referring to the organism as Chaos carolinensis. By the early 1970s, all three names were in use concurrently, by various investigators. However, studies of the fine structure and physiology of the amoeba made it increasingly clear that there were profound differences between it and the other Pelomyxa (including the complete absence, in true Pelomyxa, of mitochondria). Since then, a nomenclatural consensus has emerged, and today the organism is generally known as Chaos carolinensis, as first proposed by Robert L. King and Theodore L. Jahn in 1948.

Recent phylogeny
Until quite recently, the genus Chaos was included, along with all other protists that extend lobose pseudopods or move about by protoplasmic flow, in the phylum Sarcodina. Molecular phylogenies based on the examination of ribosomal DNA, have shown that Sarcodina is a polyphyletic grouping: that some amoeboids shared a more recent common ancestor with members of other phyla than with other Sarcodina. Consequently, the amoeboids of Sarcodina have been distributed among two newly created supergroups, Rhizaria and Amoebozoa. Chaos and its close relative, Amoeba, are now placed in the latter, within the order Tubulinida: naked amoebas (lacking a test, or shell), either monopodial or possessing somewhat cylindrical pseudopods, with non-adhesive uroid (a region at the posterior of the cell which has a crumpled appearance).

While the monophyly of Amoebozoa has yet to be established, current information confirms the status of Chaos and Amoeba as closely related taxa within the group. However, the same research raises questions about the monophyly of the genus Chaos, since Chaos nobile may be basal to a group containing Chaos carolinensis and at least two species of Amoeba, as illustrated below, following Pawlowski and Burki (2009):

title: Chaos (genus)