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List of Scottish place names in other countries

This page is a list of place names in Scotland which have subsequently been applied to other parts of the world by Scottish emigrants or explorers, or contain distinctive Scottish surnames as an element.

Antarctica

 * Ailsa Craig (South Orkney Islands)
 * Anderson Peninsula
 * Dundee Island and Firth of Tay
 * Inverleith Harbour
 * McDonald Ice Rumples
 * McMurdo Sound, McMurdo Ice Shelf and McMurdo Station
 * McIntyre Island
 * MacKenzie Bay
 * Mount Campbell
 * Mount Crawford (Antarctica)
 * Mount Dalrymple
 * Mount Douglas (Antarctica)
 * Mount Hamilton (Antarctica)
 * Mount Inverleith
 * Mount Kirkpatrick/Kilpatrick and Kirkpatrick Basalt (named for a Glasgow businessman)
 * Mount Strathcona
 * Robertson Island
 * Robertson Islands
 * Scotia Arc and Scotia Sea
 * South Orkneys
 * Cape Geddes
 * Laurie Island (named by Scottish National Antarctic Expedition)
 * Nigg Rock
 * Orcadas Base
 * Omond House
 * Scotia Bay
 * South Shetlands
 * Barclay Bay
 * Duff Point
 * Gibbs Island
 * Livingston Island, McFarlane Strait (Livingston)
 * McFarlane Strait
 * Morton Strait
 * South Shetland Trough

Argentina

 * Armstrong, Santa Fe
 * Drysdale, Buenos Aires - a settlement in Carlos Tejador Partido, Argentina
 * Henderson, Buenos Aires
 * Munro, Buenos Aires (Duncan Mackay Munro)
 * Nueva Escocia - Spanish for New Scotland

Australia

 * New South Wales
 * Ben Lomond
 * Glen Innes
 * Dalgety
 * Northern Territory
 * MacDonnell Ranges
 * Queensland
 * Aramac (R. R. Mackenzie)
 * Ayr
 * Brisbane (Thomas Brisbane)
 * Cairns
 * Esk
 * Kilcoy
 * Logan City (Patrick Logan)
 * Mackay (John Mackay)
 * Mitchell (Thomas Mitchell)
 * Tasmania
 * Ben Lomond
 * Suburbs of Hobart-Glenorchy-
 * Glenorchy and City of Glenorchy
 * Victoria
 * Grampians, Victoria
 * St. Kilda
 * Dunkeld
 * Western Australia
 * Marvel Loch, Western Australia
 * Perth
 * Stirling
 * Stirling Range

Barbados

 * Names in Bridgetown, Barbados (not a Scottish name)
 * Arthurs Seat
 * Callendar
 * Carrington
 * Inch Marlowe (Inchmarlo)
 * Montrose
 * James Town (King James VI of Scotland)
 * Saint James, Barbados

Bermuda

 * Callan Glen
 * Hamilton
 * Hamilton Parish (Note that Hamilton is not in Hamilton Parish)

Bulgaria

 * Atolovo (Атолово, from the Bulgarian transliteration of Atholl and the Slavic toponymic suffix "-ovo")

Canada

 * Also note that, unless otherwise stated, province names are not Scottish.

Caledonia Mountain
 * Alberta
 * Banff - named after town in north east Scotland
 * Calgary - named after Calgary, in Mull
 * New Brunswick
 * Perth-Andover

Scotland
 * Nova Scotia - Latin for New
 * Inverness County, Nova Scotia
 * Victoria County, Nova Scotia
 * Arisaig
 * Glendale
 * Iona
 * New Glasgow
 * Sunnybrae
 * Aberdeen
 * Halifax
 * Dundee

For Nova Scotian names in Scottish Gaelic (not necessarily the same as the English versions) see:
 * Canadian communities with Scottish Gaelic speakers
 * Scottish Gaelic placenames in Canada.

A notable example of this phenomenon is Beinn Bhreagh, former home of Alexander Graham Bell.

 * Ontario
 * Eglinton
 * Fergus
 * Glencoe
 * Hamilton
 * Port Elgin
 * Tobermory
 * Wallaceburg (William Wallace)
 * Prince Edward Island
 * New Glasgow

Chile

 * Alejandro Selkirk Island (Juan Fernández Islands, named for Alexander Selkirk)
 * Villa Cameron
 * Cochrane, Chile
 * Gordon Island
 * Lennox and Picton - Picton allegedly from "Pict", Lennox from the area north of Glasgow

Dominica

 * Scotts Head, Dominica
 * Scott's Head Village

England

 * Crawford, Lancashire, a hamlet near Rainford
 * Scotch Corner
 * Scotland Yard (London)
 * Telford (named after Scottish engineer)

Falkland Islands

 * Douglas

Note: The Falkland Islands derive their English language name from Falkland Sound. This was named for Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, who in turn took his title from Falkland Palace. See also West Falkland and East Falkland, the two main islands. Stanley is a location in Scotland, but the Falkland town is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby.

Brenton Loch (inlet) and Loch Head Pond are also rare examples of the Scottish word "loch" being applied to bodies of water outside Europe.

Hong Kong

 * Aberdeen Harbour
 * Aberdeen Street
 * Arbuthnot Road
 * Argyle Street
 * Arran Street
 * Berwick Street
 * Braemar Hill
 * Bute Street
 * Dumbarton Road
 * Dunbar Road
 * Dundas Street
 * Edinburgh Place
 * Elgin Street
 * Fife Street
 * Forfar Road
 * Gullane Road
 * Grampian Road
 * Inverness Road
 * Jardine's Lookout (William Jardine)
 * Lomond Road
 * Moray Road
 * Pentland Street
 * Perth Street
 * Piper's Hill
 * Renfrew Road
 * Selkirk Road
 * Stirling Road
 * Sutherland Street
 * Tweed Street
 * Zetland Street

India

 * Port Blair (Andaman Islands, named after Archibald Blair)
 * McLeod Ganj was named after Sir Donald Friell McLeod, a Lieutenant Governor of Punjab
 * Dalhousie, India, a town in Himachal Pradesh, named after Lord Dalhousie (1st Marquess of Dalhousie), Governor-General of India (1848–1856)

Italy

 * Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi

Indonesia

 * Jawa Timur (East Java)
 * Glenmore (fr:Glenmore (Indonésie), id:Glenmore, Banyuwangi) - From a Gaelic placename both in Mull and Lismore, it was named by Scottish Highland soldiers serving in the Dutch East India Company of the 18th Century who were garrisoned in the area near Mount Raung and who eventually married locally and settled down.

Ireland
Because Scotland and Ireland have their own Gaelic languages, many of the same placename elements can be found in both countries. However, during the Ulster Plantations, Scottish settlers from the Lowlands who were mostly of Anglo-Saxon stock have left their mark with some place names in Ulster which are distinct to Ireland's predominantly Celtic placenames.
 * Bridge End (Donegal)
 * Burnfoot (Donegal)
 * Burt (Donegal)
 * Caledon, County Tyrone from Caledonia
 * Crawfordsburn (Down)
 * Drumcairn (Donegal)
 * Inch (Donegal)
 * Scotch Quay (Waterford)
 * St. Johnston (Donegal)
 * Manorcunningham (Donegal)
 * Newtown Cunningham (Donegal)
 * Newtownstewart (Lislas)
 * Stewartstown (an Chraobh)

Jamaica

 * Aberdeen
 * Alva
 * Berwick Castle
 * Clydesdale
 * Culloden (two places)
 * Dundee
 * Elderslie
 * Elgin Town (two places)
 * Farquhar's Beach
 * Glasgow
 * Inverness
 * Kilmarnoch (sic - from Kilmarnock)
 * Suburbs of Kingston (possibly not itself a Scottish name)
 * Balmagie
 * Braeton
 * Dunrobin
 * Pitcairn Valley
 * Portmore
 * Sterling Castle (Stirling Castle)
 * Knapdale
 * Montego Bay suburbs include Dunbar Pen and Glendevon.
 * Perth Town
 * Roxborough
 * Stewart Town
 * Tweedside

Kerguelen Islands

 * McMurdo Island/Ile McMurdo
 * Ile Murray

Malawi

 * Blantyre
 * Cape Maclear

Malaysia

 * Darvel Bay
 * Cameron Highlands
 * Fraser's Hill
 * Port Dickson
 * Kinta Kellas, Batu Gajah

Isle of Man

 * Atholl Street (financial district of Douglas. Douglas while also a Scottish name, is not of Scottish origin in this case)
 * St Ninian's Crossroads (Saint Ninian)

The Isle of Man like Ireland also has its own Gaelic language meaning that Scottish placename elements such as "glen" (Manx: "glione") frequently turn up there, e.g. Sulby Glen, but these are indigenous.

New Caledonia

 * New Caledonia

New Zealand

 * North Island
 * Hamilton, New Zealand
 * Napier, New Zealand
 * South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura
 * Balclutha - from the Gaelic for 'Clydetown' (Baile Chluaidh)
 * Dunedin, from Dun Eideann, Scottish Gaelic for Edinburgh
 * Lammerlaw Range (mountains)
 * The Grampians (mountains)
 * Oban, largest settlement in Stewart Island/Rakiura
 * Ulva Island
 * Water of Leith (river)

The South Island also contains the Strath-Taieri and the Ben Ohau Range of mountains, both combining Scots Gaelic and Māori origins. Invercargill has the appearance of a Scottish name, since it combines the Scottish prefix "Inver" (Inbhir), meaning a river's mouth, with "Cargill", the name of a leading early settler, who was born in Scotland. Invercargill's main streets are named after Scottish rivers (Dee, Tay, Spey, Esk, Don, Doon, Clyde, etc.), and many places in Dunedin have names mirroring those in Edinburgh. Inchbonnie is a hybrid of Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic

Norway

 * Hjeltefjorden, meaning "Shetland Fjord"

Panama

Due to the Darién scheme, the Caribbean coast of Panama has various names which refer to the Scottish presence. The colony was called "New Caledonia", the settlement "New Edinburgh", the fort "Fort St Andrew" and the bay near it "Caledonia Bay". These names are defunct, although references to the Scottish settlers remain in some of the Spanish language names of the region.

Pitcairn Islands

 * Pitcairn
 * Henderson Island (Scottish surname)

Seychelles

 * Farquhar Group and Farquhar Atoll

South Africa

 * Eastern Cape
 * Aberdeen
 * Albany, South Africa (named after Albany, New York, in turn from an old name for Scotland, Alba)
 * Cathcart (George Cathcart)
 * Grahamstown (John Graham (British Army officer))
 * KwaZulu-Natal (native)
 * Balgowan
 * Dundee
 * Glencoe
 * Scottburgh
 * Gauteng (native)
 * Suburbs of Johannesburg
 * Abbotsford
 * Argyll
 * Balmoral
 * Birnam
 * Blairgowrie
 * Brushwood Haugh (Haugh being a Lowland Scots word for meadow)
 * Buccleuch
 * Dunkeld
 * Dunnotar
 * Dunvegan
 * Glen Atholl
 * Glen Esk
 * Heriotdale
 * Kelvin
 * Melrose
 * Moffat View
 * Strathavon
 * Wattville
 * Mpumalanga
 * Balfour (formerly "McHattiesburg")
 * North West Province
 * Orkney
 * Northern Cape
 * Alexander Bay (James Edward Alexander)
 * Campbell
 * Sutherland
 * Western Cape
 * Arniston (Arniston, Midlothian)
 * Clanwilliam
 * Elgin
 * Gordon's Bay
 * McGregor
 * Napier
 * Pringle Bay
 * Robertson (Rev William Robertson)
 * Suburbs of Cape Town
 * Airlie
 * Balvenie
 * Bellville (after Charles Davidson Bell, Surveyor-General of the Cape from 1848 to 1872)
 * Bonnie Brook (Burn is the normal form in Scotland)
 * Clunie
 * Crawford
 * Crofters' Valley
 * Dunoon
 * Dunrobin
 * Glencairn
 * Kelvingrove
 * Lochiel
 * Schotsche Kloof - Afrikaans for "Scottish Ravine".
 * St Kilda
 * The Glen
 * Finlay's Point
 * Murray's Bay, on Robbin Island, named after John Murray, a Scottish whaler

South Georgia

 * Allardyce Range
 * Geikie Glacier (Archibald Geikie)
 * Leith Harbour (former whaling base)
 * Lyell Glacier, South Georgia (Charles Lyell)
 * McNish Island (Harry McNish)
 * Mount Carse
 * Mount Cunningham (John C. Cunningham)
 * Ross Glacier
 * St Andrews Bay
 * Stromness and Stromness Bay
 * Scotia Arc
 * Scotia Sea

Sri Lanka

 * Aberdeen Falls
 * Balmoral
 * Caledonia
 * Dalhousie
 * Elgin Falls
 * Glasgow
 * Highland
 * Iona
 * Macduff
 * Maitland Crescent
 * St. Andrew's
 * Sanquhar

Sweden

 * Inverness, a residential area in Danderyd Municipality, Stockholm

Tristan da Cunha

 * Edinburgh of the Seven Seas

Trinidad and Tobago

 * [Glencoe] (Suburb of Port of Spain)
 * Caledonia Island and Craig Island (joined by a reef)
 * Culloden Bay
 * Mount Irvine
 * Roxburgh
 * Speyside

Turks and Caicos Islands

 * Cockburn Harbour (South Caicos)

Vanuatu

 * New Hebrides

Wales

 * Butetown ("Tiger Bay"), in Cardiff (named after the Marquess of Bute)
 * Wattstown (Cwtch)

Zambia

 * Livingstone, Zambia (David Livingstone)

Zimbabwe

 * Bannockburn
 * Craigmore, Zimbabwe
 * Glendale, Zimbabwe
 * West Nicholson
 * Bulawayo is a native name, but 38 of the 156 suburbs have names of some kind of Scottish origin.
 * Barbourfields
 * Burnside
 * Douglasdale
 * Glencoe
 * Glengarry
 * Kelvin, Kelvin East, Kelvin North and Kelvin West (River Kelvin)
 * Lochview - in reference to Lakeside Dam.
 * Montrose Old Church
 * Morningside
 * Paddonhurst
 * Southdale (Shetland Islands).
 * Harare also a native name - suburbs include
 * Ardbennie
 * Braeside
 * Glen Lorne
 * Lochinvar
 * Strathaven

Some post-colonial renaming has taken place, e.g. Lake Chivero was formerly known as Lake McIlwaine. It is uncertain whether the "Glen" of Glen Norah is Scottish inspired.

Outer space

 * The Moon
 * Dorsa Geikie, a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon, is named after Sir Archibald Geikie.
 * Europa
 * Arran Chaos
 * Callanish
 * Tormsdale (Tormsdale, Caithness)
 * Martian craters
 * Ayr
 * Balvicar
 * Banff
 * Darvel
 * Doon
 * Echt
 * 253 Mathilde (asteroid)
 * Clackmannan
 * 243 Ida (asteroid)
 * Fingal (features are named after caves, in this case Fingal's Cave on Staffa)


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Sponka.tv

Sponka.tv is a Slovenian regional television station most notable for the Frequency Controversy it was involved in from 2003 to 2010. It broadcasts in the regions of Koper, Sežana and Nova Gorica.

Sponka.tv was born as a Cable TV channel, and has only been broadcasting on terrestrial TV since 2003.

Programmes
The station broadcasts mostly local news, local sports, and music, as well as advertisement and pornographic films at late night. It claims to be the voice of the culture and the people of the Slovenian Littoral.

Programme Controversy
The programming is not without controversy. For example, the pornographic films are broadcast too early, starting at 22:00, even though Slovenian law prohibits their broadcast at that kind of time. In addition, the music broadcast by the station is mostly Balkan (Serbian turbofolk) which has nothing to do with the Slovenian Littoral.

Frequency Controversy
The station is controversial,  because it transmits, from the local repeater of Tinjan, near the town of Koper, on the Slovenian Littoral, on the channel UHF 52. However, in the same area, on the same channel, transmits, from the repeater of Conconello in Trieste (but also receivable on the same frequency from the repeaters of Monte Madonna (Teolo) in Padova, Prati della Chiesa (Pedrosa) Udine, and Monte San Michele (Sagrado) in Gorizia), the Italian private channel Italia Uno, which is the most watched channel by the youths of both Italy, and the Slovenian Littoral.

Beginning
The controversy began in late 2003 when Sponka.TV got the license to broadcast on UHF 52 from Tinjan. According to known sources, this was done because the European Commission told Slovenia to turn on anything at all on that channel in order to reclaim it. The wills of the people in the transmitter's target area were not considered at all. At the first the channel's signal was relatively week but its strength kept increasing. The first complaints also appeared in social media around then.

In addition, the station's director, Neda Gerželj, engaged in defamatory practices against the Italian Republic on the same social media. Already then, however, the raison d'etre of the station's terrestrial frequency was called into question by the local population because according to contemporary Slovenian law, a cable-only station was not allowed to start terrestrial transmissions, putting into question the validity of the station's license.

Frequency war
In addition, Italia Uno was then the most watched channel in the Slovenian littoral and might therefore have been deemed unwanted competition. Other big commercial Italian channels were also targets of the so-called Frequency war, for example most frequencies of Canale 5, Italia Uno's sister channel, were covered too, as were those of the second sister channel, Rete 4. La7 (formerly Telemontecarlo) and MTV Italia (formerly Videomusic) were also subject to interferences, however so were also the Slovenian POP TV and Kanal A, subject to interferences from the Italian side (though the Italians were the first to broadcast on those frequencies).

There was also a mysterious fire at the Conconello transmitter around the same time, which damaged the transmission equipment of Telefriuli, causing it to reduce the strength of its signal, limiting its availability on Slovenian territory. The causes for that fire have to this day not been established, and the possibility it was a Slovenian terrorist attack against the transmitter exists.

Temporary stop
In around 2005, the situation came to a temporary stop, as the signal of Sponka.TV on UHF 52 disappeared, leaving Italia Uno visible with a clear picture again. The complaints subsided and the situation returned to normal. Sponka.TV resumed its broadcasts on Cable TV.

The reasons for that are to this day unknown, and most people at the time thought the channel simply gave up and desisted. However, that would soon prove false.

Resumption
The crisis resumed when Sponka.TV's signal returned and Italia Uno disappeared again. Complaints from the local population flared up again but were again ignored. Eventually, the signal's strength was increased again. Soon, the channel also turned on a second frequency, UHF 30 from Ankaran-Hrvatini, making it impossible to receive La7 (formerly Telemontecarlo) in some places. And, just like UHF 52, the signal on UHF 30 also interfered on Italian territory.

In addition, the channel's broadcasts were also detected on UHF 34 in Divača, possibly from Sežana, without any license, whatsoever, and it eventually also obtained frequencies on a transmitter north of Nova Gorica, again without license.

Apparent end
Since December 2010, the controversy has become moot as Italy and Slovenia have both switched off the analog signals, and the digital multiplex inside which Italia Uno is located is on channel UHF 49 (between 2010 and 2012 on UHF 36), and was never on Sponka.TV's UHF 34.

However, for a while, UHF 52 and UHF 30 both kept transmitting in analog even after the switch off for unknown reasons, interfering with a Mediaset pay TV multiplex on UHF 52 and a RAI state TV multiplex on UHF 30. Also, Sponka.TV started an expansion without license, as it became hosted in ViTel TV's multiplex in Nova Gorica, on UHF 34 (same frequency Sponka.TV's own multiplex broadcasts on from Ankaran-Hrvatini).

This and the station's previous actions make it possible that it was all along interested in nothing but aggressive expansionism in the aether.

In December 2011 Sponka.tv has also begun transmitting via DTT on channel UHF 34 (Multiplex L5) from the transmitter of Ankaran.

Reasons for the controversy
Due to Sponka.tv's signal interfering with that of Italia Uno, at some locations to the point of Sponka.tv completely replacing Italia Uno, several requests have been forwarded to the direction of Sponka.tv, requesting them to cease, and desist, their transmissions from Tinjan, or at least, to move them onto some other frequency. Sponka.tv's direction, however, dis-missed the requests completely.

The controversy is important, because Sponka.tv doesn't interfere with Italia Uno only on the Slovenian territory, but also on the Italian territory, hence, why the owners of Italia Uno, Silvio Berlusconi's Mediaset, themselves, also requested Sponka.tv to do something about the issue already, yet, Sponka.tv still refuses to comply with the given requests, giving the 1961 agreement between Italy, and Yugoslavia, in which, the channel UHF 52 was assigned to Yugoslavia, as their reason not to do so. However, Yugoslavia, and later, Slovenian, never used the channel until the advent of Sponka.tv in 2003, hence, why Mediaset used the channel for Italia Uno. The channel has also been assigned to Italy for after 2012, for use in DTT broadcasting.

Another reason for the controversy is that the program is from Portorož, yet its intended area of terrestrial coverage only includes the town of Koper and its surroundings, while Portorož is not even considered.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sponka.tv


text: User talk:84.13.30.35

title: User talk:84.13.30.35


text: User talk:84.13.9.165

title: User talk:84.13.9.165


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User talk:Craigers1010

JUDGE IS A NOOBZOR BUT STILL SEXY

title: User talk:Craigers1010


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User talk:Fibulator

HEY YALL WASSUP :[]

title: User talk:Fibulator


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Castlemead

Castlemead is the second tallest high-rise building in Bristol, England, after Castle Park View topped out in 2020. Designed by A.J. Hines and started in 1973, work was halted by a recession in the property market and it was completed in 1981. The building has a roof height of 80 metres or 262 feet and consists of 18 floors, 17 of which are offices. Castlemead is owned by Regional Properties Ltd and managed by Knight Frank LLP.

In June 2021, a major £2.1 million refurbishment completed. This included upgrading all 18 floors up to Grade A standard and transforming the basement to facilitate the creation of 374 new bike spaces, together with cycle hire facilities, 18 new showers, storage lockers, large dedicated drying room, new secure access with lift and 12 electric car charging points.

The building is a short walk from Castle Park and the River Avon, and the Cabot Circus and Broadmead shopping areas.

Companies contained within the building include: IMDb, Beaufort Securities Stockbrokers, IBEX Global UK, Marsh Commercial, Equiniti, Bristol IT Company and MWB Business Exchange. The building is also used by organisations including Lloyds TSB, and the City of Bristol College for holding exams.

title: Castlemead


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Talk:Free television services (Hong Kong)

Merge?
It is neccesary to have two pages, with the other listing at Pay television services (Hong Kong)?--Huaiwei 13:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:RoCKy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Thorpe  talk 13:17, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:RoCKy


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Sagotia

Sagotia is a genus of plants under the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1860. It is native to northern South America.

 * Species
 * Sagotia brachysepala (Müll.Arg.) Secco - French Guinea, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
 * Sagotia racemosa Baill. - French Guinea, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil; possibly Panama + Costa Rica

moved to Morierina (Rubiaceae)
 * Formerly included
 * Sagotia gardenioides - Morierina montana (Rubiaceae)

In 1851, Duchassaing & Walpers used the same generic name, Sagotia, to refer to a very different plant. Ordinarily, the rules of nomenclature mandate that the older name should be considered legitimate, while the newer one would need to be abandoned. In this case, however, the decision was made to conserve the newer name and reject the older one. Thus the one name in the older name was changed as follows:
 * Names in homonym genus
 * Sagotia triflora (L.) Duchass. & Walp. - Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

title: Sagotia


text: Category:Pro Wrestling Noah championships


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Talk:Parkes, Australian Capital Territory

I've uploaded this pic which would go well here, but can't make it fit without messing with the formatting. If somebody would like to give it a go, please do. Adz 13:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

The population was 24?! I wonder where they live --Astrokey 44 11:14, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Population
Population is probably 350-500 (guess) since The Griffin, an appointment complex, opened on Constitution Ave in October 2022. I haven’t updated the population section yet, I’ll read some other suburb pages to understand the community standards for that section before I do. 203.12.5.144 (talk) 20:27, 23 January 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:Sámi languages

title: Category:Sámi languages


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Open Market

Open Market was an ecommerce software startup, founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in early 1994. It went public in 1996 on the Nasdaq exchange under the symbol OMKT as one of the first ecommerce IPOs. The stock more than doubled on its first day of trading, ending with a $1.2 billion market capitalization. It relocated to Burlington, Massachusetts in early 1998.

In 1999, Open Market acquired Future Tense, founded in 1995, to combine its ecommerce software with Future Tense's content management system.

Open Market was later acquired by Divine in 2001 for about $59 million. Divine later filed for bankruptcy in early 2003. In the same year, Soverain Software acquired Open Market's ecommerce assets, including the TRANSACT product. FatWire Software acquired Open Market's content management business from the Divine bankruptcy. FatWire has extended the Open Market software and currently services Open Market's original content management customer base.

FatWire was acquired in 2011 by Oracle, and OpenMarket's content Management is now branded as Oracle WebCenter Sites.

Products and technology
Open Market developed a number of software products, including:

 * Open Market Web Server: One of the first commercially available Web (HTTP) servers, and the first commercial product with a highly scalable threading architecture. The Secure Web Server variant added support for Secure HTTP (S-HTTP) and SSL.
 * Transact: Open Market's eCommerce product. Notable for the use of cryptography to support digital offers and digital receipts with useful properties for eCommerce applications
 * OM Express: An early offline web browser
 * OM Axcess: A centralized access management tool for websites
 * OM e-Business Suite: The WCM Software acquired from FutureTense and greatly extended

Open Market also invented FastCGI, a high-performance variant of the CGI interface. FastCGI was first implemented in Open Market's Web server products, but versions have since been developed for many other Web servers.

OpenMarket also owned patents for the shopping cart filed in 1994, session identifiers filed in 1998, and credit card payments over the internet filed in 1998.

title: Open Market


text: Category:Frontier Wrestling Alliance championships


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Stria terminalis

The stria terminalis (or terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its centromedial division to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Anatomy
The stria terminalis covers the superior thalamostriate vein, marking a line of separation between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus as seen upon gross dissection of the ventricles of the brain, viewed from the superior aspect.

The stria terminalis extends from the region of the interventricular foramina to the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, carrying fibers from the amygdala to the septal nuclei, hypothalamic, and thalamic areas of the brain. It also carries fibers projecting from these areas back to the amygdala.

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) is an extension of the rostral amygdala. It correlates with anxiety in response to threat monitoring. It is thought to act as a relay site within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity in response to acute stress. However, the stress response is time related and the BNST does not activate for contextual fear. This means that a sudden scary situation that is under ten minutes long, does not activate the BNST. It is also thought to promote behavioral inhibition in response to unfamiliar individuals, by input from the orbitofrontal cortex. Bilateral disruption of this pathway has been shown to attenuate reinstatement of drug seeking behaviour in rodents.

This nucleus is known to project inhibitory fibers to the lateral hypothalamus and participate in the control of feeding in rodents. Optogenetic activation of this inhibitory pathway rapidly produced voracious feeding behavior in well-fed mice and optogenetic inhibition of this pathway reduces food intake even in starved animals.

Derangement of opioid signaling in the BNST appears to mediate chronic alcohol-induced changes in stress response.

Sexual dimorphism
The central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc) is sexually dimorphic. On average, the BSTc is twice as large in men as in women and contains twice the number of somatostatin neurons. A sample of six post-mortem, long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) treated trans women (male-to-female) were found to have a female-typical number of cells in the BSTc, whereas a trans man (female-to-male) was found to have a male-typical number. The authors (Jiang-Ning Zhou, Frank PM Kruijver, Dick Swaab) also examined subjects with hormone-related disorders and found no pattern between those disorders and the BSTc while the single untreated male-to-female transsexual had a female-typical number of cells. They concluded that the BSTc provides evidence for a neurobiological basis of gender identity and proposed that such was determined before birth.

Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to influence hypothalamic size, even though the study tried to do this by including non-transsexual male and female controls which, for a variety of medical reasons, had experienced hormone reversal. The statement about the neurobiological basis from birth has later been brought to question, though not refuted, by a follow-up study by the same group which found that the sexual dimorphism of the BSTc is not present before adulthood (approximately 22 years of age) even though transsexuals report being aware of their gender identity since childhood.

Since somatostatin-expressing neurons typically block dendritic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron, thus inhibiting signals traveling through associated structures, it is believed that the larger bed nucleus of the stria terminalis found in men (including transgender men) reduce the startle response in men and may be responsible for the higher incidence of specific phobias in women, and a possible source for the stereotype of women being afraid of mice.

Oxytocin receptor activity in the BNST is important for social recognition in rats. Both male and female rats that received a microinjection of oxytocin receptor antagonist had lower social recognition scores than rats that received a vehicle injection, and microinjections of oxytocin into the BNST enhanced social memory in male, but not female, rats.

Reduction of the size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has been observed in pedophilic male perpetrators, in addition to reductions in the right amygdala, hypothalamus and abnormalities in related structures. The authors propose that childhood deficits in the BNST and medial amygdala may cause inhibition of sexual maturity.

title: Stria terminalis


text:
CertCo

CertCo, Inc., was a financial cryptography startup spun out of Bankers Trust in the 1990s. The company pioneered a risk management approach to cryptographic services. It had offices in New York City and Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offered three main public key infrastructure (PKI) based products: an Identity Warranty system (tracking and insuring reliance on identity assertions in financial transactions); an electronic payment system (internally known as Acquire); and an Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) responder for validating X.509 public key certificates. It went out of business in Spring 2002 never having found a wide market for its products despite filing a number of patents and developing new technology.

Early history
CertCo was founded in March 1994 by Frank Sudia and Peter Freund as an internal bank department known as BT Electronic Commerce (BTEC). It spun out in November 1996 as CertCo with a number of outside strategic and financial investors in a transaction managed by Goldman Sachs.

Some of its better known early employees included Rich Ankney, Ed Appel, Alan Asay, Ernest Brickell, David Kravitz (inventor of the Digital Signature Algorithm), Yair Frankel, Dan Geer, C.T. Montgomery, Jay Simmons, Nanette Di Tosto, Paul Turner, Mark Jefferson and Moti Yung.

Early on it licensed the "Fair Cryptosystem" key escrow patents of MIT Professor Silvio Micali and announced plans to implement a "Commercial Key Escrow System". Thereafter the policy climate for key escrow turned negative, market interest waned, and the system was never built.

Vision
CertCo and Bankers Trust promoted the creation of a bank consortium to serve as a PKI certificate authority for global commerce, leading to the 1999 launch of Identrus, later renamed Identrust. The banks, however, declined to license CertCo's technology, opting instead for a vendor-neutral approach. Unlike the vendor-neutral approach, Certco promoted a risk management approach to PKI with transaction level insurance, and pioneered novel visionary approach to authentication in the financial sector: First, a distributed proactively secured certificate authority was designed and built (had it become a standard, it would have avoided a single control point over certificate authorities, and would have avoided coercion by that control point, and would have been further used to prevent attacks on the trust infrastructure, like the one on DigiNotar). Secondly, strong authentication of clients employing PKI and digital signatures was promoted, and if it had been widely used this would have reduced the effect of Phishing attacks, also envisioned as a possible threat to financial transactions). Currently, practice employing U2F devices employs such strong authentication measures at the user side.

CertCo's most notable commercial customer was SETCo, the operating company for the Visa-MasterCard Secure electronic transaction credit card security protocol, to which it provided certificate authority technology, which was the first implementation of distributed Threshold cryptography based signing. Currently, Threshold Cryptography is widely employed, say in the Cryptocurrency exchange ecosystem.

Business failure
Despite developing new technology, CertCo did not find a wide market for its products, and went out of business in Spring 2002, following substantial reductions in technical staff in November and December 2001, due, partially, to unavailability of investors after the September 11 attacks.

Technical contributions
CertCo made various contributions to the fields of cryptography and public key infrastructure via scientific publications and patents. Its most heavily cited patents by subject are:

 * Attribute certificates
 * Certificate authority
 * Digital Rights Management
 * Identity warranty
 * Key escrow
 * Payment system

Other patent filings include
 * Changing key fragments in a digital signature system
 * Computer-based method and system for aiding transactions

Standards and policy
CertCo personnel contributed to a number of standards bodies and policy projects, including:

 * IETF Online Certificate Status Protocol OCSP
 * American Bar Association Digital Signature Guidelines]
 * ANSI X9.30 The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
 * ANSI X9.31 Reversible Public Key Cryptography (rDSA) (better known as RSA)
 * ANSI X9.45 Attribute Certificates
 * ANSI X9.57 Certificate Management for Financial Services

title: CertCo


text: Category:Swedish dialects

title: Category:Swedish dialects


text:
User talk:Spitfire89~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Thorpe  talk 13:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Spitfire89~enwiki


text:
User talk:Sushimatsuda

Miltos Manetas
Miltos Manetas has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this person might not be notable enough for an article. Please review Notability (people) for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" template, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but if an editor is still not satisfied that it meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. NickelShoe (Talk) 06:04, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Neen

 * Why my article on Neen is deleted? from Talk:Neen

Hey, welcome, I saw your note at Talk:Neen.. check out the welcome page if you haven't yet! Stick around ;)

Neen was deleted in December 2006 after the discussion at Articles_for_deletion/Neen. However, It looks like the most recent Neen article was deleted due to copyright violation, contents copied from http://www.neen.org/neenhistory.html Due to licensing here at wikipedia, it is ok to use copyrighted material unless the author knowingly releases rights to the material. See Copyright for more detail. You may consider creating an article at User:Sushimatsuda/Neen, which satisfies Notability and then submitting it for review at Deletion review.

Feel free to drop any questions my way. -- ∴ here…♠ 18:37, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sushimatsuda


text:
User talk:Julian Thome

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Thorpe  talk 13:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
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Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. --MarkSweep✍ 08:32, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. DS 15:23, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Regarding A Film by Julian Thome and your edits to Cocaine and Jim Morrison
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -GTBacchus(talk) 08:37, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Block
You have been blocked for 1 hour. If you continue to vandalize pages after your block, you will be blocked for longer. Your IP address is also blocked. Please stop vandalizing Wikipedia. Thank you. -GTBacchus(talk) 08:54, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Your list of the "Best Movies of all Times" has been deleted. If you would like to make such a list, keep it in your user space, for instance at User:Julian Thome/Best Movies of all Times. And going through your talk history, I see you've had problems with putting up nonsense in the past, so this will be your only warning: do not re-ad the list in the main namespace or you will be blocked. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 10:14, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Your edits to movie pages.
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Dharmabum420 10:39, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. - Dharmabum420 10:44, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. - Dharmabum420 10:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Stop_hand.png|left|30px]] This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.  Dismas|(talk) 10:49, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

blocked
I have restored the material you blanked from your talk page above - and it is clear that you have been adding nonsense and vandalism and have been warned multiple times. Enough - you have been blocked for 24 hours. If you continue your nonsense after you come back, I'll just block you permanently as you have no productive edits. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 10:54, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've tried to reply to the multiple emails you have sent, but the return-to is fake. The answer is no, I won't unblock you, and I don't care how many computers you've got, I'll block those all, too, if I need to.  --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 13:01, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Reply to email

 * "A Film by Julian Thome will be produced this year. Please not delete the site. It´s important, really!!!"

Fine. Once it's produced, and talked about, and written about in reputable sources like imdb.com, then we can have a Wikipedia article on it. Wikipedia's verifiability policy is non-negotiable, and Wikipedia is not a crystall ball, so we don't report on future events.

This is the process: you go out in the world and accomplish something so impressive that other people talk about you, and write articles about you. Then, people will write about you on Wikipedia. Until then, sorry, too soon. Those are the same rules for everyone, so it's fair. -GTBacchus(talk) 07:08, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. Please note that page blanking, addition of random text, deliberate misinformation, and repeated and blatant violation of WP:NPOV are considered vandalism. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires.  Sceptr e  ( Talk  ) 11:53, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Effection
Why delete the page "Effection (film)" - User: Julian Thome
 * I don't believe it exists - I can't find it in IMDB and I've never heard of a film with 15 directors. If you can point me to a reliable source (not the IMDB profile for Tremors) then I'll reconsider.--Cherry blossom tree 12:27, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This is at least the third time that you've recreated this article. Such activities are disruptive and they hurt Wikipedia's credibility. I've blocked you for 24 hours for continued disruption. --MarkSweep (call me collect) 21:46, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Remo Williams Picture
Err, I didn't create the picture, I just repositioned it in the article. You should ask the user who created it. Also, since I have never seen the other movies you have mentioned, I regard this as a strange request. Dyl 13:29, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Effection: Hellraiser
Do not remove the AfD tag from the page while the discussion page for deletion is in progress. - adnghiem501 07:20, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, if it exists surely a google search would return a result but it doesn't seem to. Can you provide a link that it does, I'm just looking for evidence, thats all -- Tawker 07:25, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Please stop removing the AfD tag. Doing so is vandalism. Leave it on this page until the progress is finished. - adnghiem501 07:36, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Please tell me why you are creating this page even if the film has not been released. - adnghiem501 07:39, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

AfD Notice Removal
This is your final warning, if you continue to remove the AfD notices you WILL be blocked. This is a valid AfD and removal of the notice is considered vandalism. Thanks -- Tawker 07:44, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to James Newton Howard, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to Tom Cruise, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to Ed Harris, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to Chris Penn, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

(I could list many more.) Nationalparks 08:44, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

blocked
For repeated vandalism, and recreation of deleted material (something you have been warned about many times by myself and many others yet have wilfully ignored), you have been bloced indefinitely. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 02:39, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * And, as a bit of advice, do NOT send me an email unless the address is real. Do NOT threaten to return under sock-puppets, or no-one will consider your case.  --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 02:46, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of The Wild Stallion for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article The Wild Stallion is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/The Wild Stallion until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. The Film Creator (talk) 16:58, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Julian Thome


text:
User:Stx

Hi!

--

Please stop trying to reset my password, 82.132.232.24.

title: User:Stx


text:
AIM-97 Seekbat

The AIM-97 Seekbat or XAIM-97A Seek Bat was a long-range air-to-air missile developed by the United States. It was intended to counter the perceived capabilities of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 and proposed to arm both the F-15 Eagle and F-4 Phantom, the missile ultimately never entered service.

Overview
In the early to mid-1970s the United States was highly concerned by the perceived capabilities of the MiG-25, an aircraft which was known to be capable of speeds in excess of Mach 3 and which carried long-range air-to-air missiles. It was widely claimed that the Foxbat was a new generation "super-fighter", capable of comfortably outclassing any US or allied aircraft. The US initiated the F-15 Eagle program largely in response to this threat. To equip the F-15 the Air Force initiated development of the AIM-82 short-range missile and the AIM-97 Seekbat. The former was a dogfighting missile intended as a replacement for the AIM-9 Sidewinder, the latter was to be a new high-altitude long-range missile designed specifically to shoot down the MiG-25 - hence the name "Seekbat", the "bat" referring to the MiG-25's "Foxbat" NATO reporting name.

The Seekbat was based on the AGM-78 Standard ARM. It had a larger propulsion unit and used semi-active radar homing with an infrared seeker for terminal guidance of the missile. The operational ceiling was 80000 ft.

Test firings began in late 1972, but the Seekbat program did not make a great deal of progress and was cancelled in 1976. By this time new knowledge of the MiG-25s capabilities and role led to the cancellation of the program because the missile's cost did not justify its procurement.

title: AIM-97 Seekbat


text:
Breed the Killers

Breed the Killers is the third full-length studio album by the American metallic hardcore band Earth Crisis, released in 1998. It was their major label debut and only release for Roadrunner Records, before subsequently returning to Victory Records. The last song on the album "Ecocide" is a re-recording of a song from their first release, All Out War.

The record was re-released on November 4, 2008 in the United States (November 7 in Europe) by I Scream Records. The album was remastered and features two live bonus tracks.

Credits

 * Karl Buechner - vocals
 * Scott Crouse - guitar
 * Eric Edwards - guitar
 * Bulldog - bass
 * Dennis Merrick - drums
 * Screaming Lord Sneap - additional guitar on "Ultramilitance"
 * Robb Flynn from Machine Head - additional vocals on "One Against All"

title: Breed the Killers


text:
Tessie Santiago

Tessie Marie Santiago (born August 10, 1975 in Miami, Florida) is an American actress of Cuban and Spanish descent.

Family and education
Tessie Santiago is a first generation American. Her parents and grandparents fled from Cuba after Fidel Castro took power in 1959. Her grandfather was a sculptor. Santiago's father, Joe Santiago, was a musician and her mother's mother was described as a painter. (Santiago's mother, Tess Stebbins, went on to earn a college degree from Barry University as a working adult in Florida and is Executive Director of Medical Education at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.) Santiago learned to play the piano at age seven.

Santiago has two younger siblings, a brother and a half-sister. She attended Miami Coral Park High School graduating class of 1993.

A May 1999 graduate from the University of Miami, she earned a double major in film and theater arts and was able to study Shakespeare in London, England and Film Production with the Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU) in Prague, Czech Republic. At university, she starred in the independent film Echo and acted in several other student films.

While working in Spain on the Queen of Swords, Santiago rescued and adopted a dog she named Zion.

Santiago's favourite authors include Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin and Milan Kundera. She has reported aspiration to work behind the camera, both as a writer and a director.

Santiago married actor Carlos Bernard in December 2013. They have a son, Jax, born in August 2018.

Career
Santiago made her television debut in 2000 in the syndicated action/adventure television series Queen of Swords, playing Tessa Alvarado/The Queen. She went on to appear on television shows including the first 11 episodes of the first season of the sitcom Good Morning, Miami, playing Lucia Rojas-Klein; and in episodes of Kitchen Confidential, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and One on One. In 2001, Santiago landed a co-starring role with Annabeth Gish and Kamar de los Reyes in the VH1 TV-movie The Way She Moves, playing Christina Juarez, a Latina dancer with the dream of winning a dance exhibition. Santiago then played Sarah Marshall in the independent film The Way Back Home. In 2009, she starred in the movie The Cell 2, a direct-to-video spin-off of the 2000 film The Cell, playing psychic investigator Maya Casteneda. She was a cast regular on the 2010 TV series Twentysixmiles, playing Jennifer Calderon. She also had a role in the 2010 film Angel Camouflaged playing Desdemona. She guest starred in an episode of the TV series Royal Pains in 2010, reuniting with her former Good Morning, Miami co-star, Mark Feuerstein. She appeared in 3 episodes of the TV series The Secret Life of the American Teenager in 2012.

Accolades
Santiago was nominated for a 2001 ALMA Award for "Outstanding lead actress in a syndicated drama series" for Queen of Swords together with Tia Carrere and the winner Gina Torres.

She was ranked #50 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2001 list.

title: Tessie Santiago


text:
Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue

Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue (16 April 1854 – 29 October 1932), styled Viscount Ebrington from 1861 to 1905, was an English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1881 until 1892 and later in the House of Lords having inherited his father's peerages. He was a famous sportsman in the hunting-field.

Origins
Fortescue was the son of Hugh Fortescue, 3rd Earl Fortescue (1818–1905), whose main seat was Castle Hill, Filleigh, Devon, by his wife Lady Georgiana Augusta Charlotte Caroline Dawson-Damer, daughter of George Lionel Dawson-Damer and sister of Lionel Dawson-Damer, 4th Earl of Portarlington. He was known by his courtesy title of Viscount Ebrington until his father's death in 1905, when he inherited the earldom.

Education
He was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was treasurer of the University Pitt Club.

Local career in Devon
He was a captain in the North Devon Hussar Yeoman Cavalry and became Colonel of the North Devon Yeomanry. He was a J.P. for Devon and for South Molton, the town close to the family seat of Castle Hill, Filleigh. He served as Deputy Lieutenant for Devon and was Lord-Lieutenant of Devon from 1903 to 1928. He was also Chairman of Devon County Council. He was Provincial Grand Master of Freemasons in Devon. He was Master of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds.

National career
He was at one time private secretary to Lord President of the Council Earl Spencer. He was ADC to King Edward VII from 1903 to 1910 and received a KCB in 1911. He was ADC to King George V from 1910 to 1921. He served as president and chairman of the Territorial Force Advisory Council.

Parliamentary career
In 1881 Fortescue was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Tiverton and held the seat until 1885 when representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. In 1885 he was elected MP for Tavistock. When the Liberals split in 1886 over Home Rule for Ireland, he joined the breakaway Liberal Unionists. He held the seat until 1892.

Purchases Exmoor Forest
When Viscount Ebrington he purchased the reversion of about 20,000 acres comprising the former royal forest of Exmoor from Sir Frederick Knight (1812–1897) who with his father John Knight (d.1851) had introduced livestock farming to that previously undeveloped and barren moorland. Following the early death of Knight's son Frederick Sebright Winn Knight (1851–1879) in 1879 aged 28, Knight sold the reversion of Exmoor Forest to Ebrington, that is to say he retained a life interest. Ebrington used the residence constructed by James Boevey in 1654 at Simonsbath, ten miles NE of Castle Hill, as a hunting lodge and for his work in continuing agricultural development. He instituted an annual horse show at Exford, which helped to increase the quality of hunters used on Exmoor.

Death and burial
He died at the age of 78.

Marriage and children
Fortescue married his cousin, Hon. Emily Ormsby-Gore, daughter of William Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech, on 15 July 1886. They had three children:
 * Hugh William Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue (1888–1958)
 * Geoffrey Faithful Fortescue (1891–1900), died young.
 * Denzil George Fortescue, 6th Earl Fortescue (1893–1977)

title: Hugh Fortescue, 4th Earl Fortescue


text:
File:Earth Crisis Slither album cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Earth Crisis album Slither.


text:
Hans Karlsson

Hans Karlsson (born 21 October 1946) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician. From 2002 to 2006, he served in the Cabinet of Göran Persson as Minister for Employment in the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications of the Swedish government. His responsibilities included health and work injury insurance and sick pay.

A painter by profession, Hans Karlsson came into politics through the Swedish Painters' Union, a trade union affiliated to LO, the Swedish Trade Union Confederation. In 1975 he became branch chairman for the Örebro County branch, and in 1978 he started to work for the union. In 1986 he became Organising Secretary at LO, where he later held other posts, including Collective Bargaining Secretary.

In 1993, Karlsson was elected to the National Board of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. In 2002, Prime Minister Göran Persson made him Minister for Employment.

Karlsson holds no university degree, but has studied labour market issues and labour legislation at Örebro University College (now Örebro University) in the 1970s.

Hans Karlsson is married with five children.

title: Hans Karlsson


text:
User talk:AKLR

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Ngb 13:29, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Vote for Deletion
Aidan, as you noticed, your recent article Aidan Ross has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not. Of course, there is nothing wrong with learning to edit by writing articles on you or your friends, but you should do it in the Wikipedia sandbox or on your own user page.

I copied the text of your article to your user page, which can be edited as you see fit. I also corrected the format for the image you tried to add.

Welcome to Wikipedia and I hope you continue to contribute. -- DS1953 20:08, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Chainsaws in popular culture for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Chainsaws in popular culture is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Chainsaws in popular culture until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 19:18, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:AKLR


text:
User talk:Cluas

Hi and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you so much for looking over our guidelines and acting appropriately.

lots of issues | leave me a message 13:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cluas


text:
Kiele Sanchez

Kiele Sanchez (born October 13, 1977) is an American actress who starred in the A&E Network drama The Glades. Previously, she had starred as Anne Sorelli in The WB comedy-drama Related and as Nikki Fernandez on the main cast in the third season of the ABC television drama series Lost. She also starred in the DirecTV drama series Kingdom on the Audience Network.

Early life and education
Sanchez was born in Chicago. Her father, Oscar Sanchez, is a racetrack jockey agent. She is one of four children, and is of Puerto Rican descent. Sanchez began her acting career at Glenbard North High School in Carol Stream, Illinois, when she performed in a school production of The Grapes of Wrath. Her performance helped her overcome her stage fright, with which she struggled at the time.

Career
In 2000, Sanchez auditioned for MTV's Wanna Be a VJ contest in New York. She was selected as one of the five finalists, but did not win the competition. However, an agent who had seen her on MTV expressed interest in representing her.

After her agent recommended a move to Los Angeles, Sanchez auditioned and landed roles in the short-lived drama series That Was Then, and the sitcom Married to the Kellys. In 2003, Sanchez appeared in the film Stuck on You. She joined the cast of the hit ABC show Lost, for the series' third season, as Nikki Fernandez, but due to fan responses to her character, she was killed off six episodes after her first appearance. She had a recurring role on the ABC show Samantha Who?, and played a leading role in the 2008 film Insanitarium, alongside Jesse Metcalfe. She co-starred as Gina, Nick's (Timothy Olyphant) girlfriend, her character was famously seen nude swimming, near a waterfall in her first scene, in the 2009 thriller A Perfect Getaway.

Sanchez starred in the 2010 film 30 Days of Night: Dark Days, taking over the role of Stella Oleson from Melissa George, who played her in the first film. Sanchez also starred in the DirecTV drama series Kingdom which premiered on the Audience Network in the fall of 2014. She also appeared in 49 episodes of The Glades, which ran for four years.

In February 2020, she was cast as Lorna (the ex-wife of Mickey Haller) in the CBS series The Lincoln Lawyer, which is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly.

In November 2022, Sanchez joined her husband Zach Gilford in a recurring role as Sydney Voit, the wife of Gilford's character Elias Voit in Criminal Minds: Evolution.

Personal life
She was married to screenwriter and director Zach Helm from 2001 to 2008.

In 2010, Sanchez began dating actor Zach Gilford, with whom she co-starred in the ABC television pilot The Matadors. The couple became engaged in November 2011, and married on December 29, 2012. The couple also co-starred in The Purge: Anarchy. In August 2015, Sanchez announced that she and Gilford were expecting their first child, a son, that November. In October 2015, the couple announced that Sanchez had suffered a stillbirth. In November 2017, the couple had a daughter, born via surrogate.

title: Kiele Sanchez


text:
1926 Norwegian continued prohibition referendum

A consultative and facultative referendum on continuing with prohibition was held in Norway on 18 October 1926. Partial prohibition had been effective since 1917, and following a 1919 referendum, spirits and dessert wine had also been banned.

Partially caused by pressure from France, which saw its exports of alcoholic beverages fall, a referendum was organised to decide whether prohibition should be continued. Popular support for prohibition fell in all counties. It was overwhelmingly rejected in and around Oslo, as well as in other urban areas like Bergen. As a result, the law was abolished and prohibition brought to an end.


title: File:GothamGirlsCvr2.jpg


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João Barreiros

João Manuel Rosado Barreiros (born July 31, 1952), also known by the pseudonym José de Barros, is a Portuguese science fiction writer, editor, translator and critic.

He graduated in Philosophy from the University of Lisbon in 1977, and has been teaching it in high school since 1975. His experiences in education eventually led him to write a semi-autobiographical satire titled "The Test" in 2000.

Fiction
Barreiros's writing style, influenced by that of Robert Silverberg and James Tiptree, Jr, is distinctively sardonic and shows a marked tendency towards satire and black comedy.

His plots frequently employ unlikeable protagonists in dystopic settings, where they are faced with the brutality of everyday life and are often thwarted by their own actions in the end. The stories tend to offer extremely graphic depictions of violence, and utterly reject political correctness and its icons — Walt Disney and Sesame Street are frequent targets of derision by Barreiros, for example, and he has gone so far as to cast Big Bird analogues as the principal antagonists in A verdadeira invasão dos marcianos.

Some of Barreiros's work has been translated into English, Spanish, French, Italian and Serbian.

He has twice won the Brazilian Nova Award, offered by fans to the best foreign short story published in South America, for "Um Dia com Júlia na Necrosfera" (in 1992) and "A Arder Caíram os Anjos" (in 1994). He was won the Adamastor Prize for Short Stories in 2014 with "O Coração é um Predador Solitário".

Miscellaneous activity
João Barreiros's book and film reviews have appeared in publications such as Público, O Independente, Ler and Os Meus Livros. The mercilessness of Barreiros's criticism earned him a reputation among Portuguese science fiction fans, and his titanium nib fountain pen gained legendary status as a result.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, Barreiros edited two science fiction and fantasy labels for Editora Clássica and Gradiva. Among the writers he introduced to a Portuguese audience are Iain M. Banks, William Gibson, Peter Straub, Dan Simmons and A. A. Attanasio. Publishers usually balked at Barreiros's unorthodox picks, and so books like Stephen R. Donaldson's Lord Foul's Bane, Nancy A. Collins's Sunglasses After Dark and James Blaylock's The Last Coin were translated but never published.

Barreiros also co-founded Simetria — Portuguese Science Fiction and Fantasy Association in 1995 (he later broke from it, in 1999), and the Portuguese Association for the Fantastic in the Arts in 2005.

Fiction

 * "Uma Noite na Periferia do Império", at E-nigma
 * "Silent Night", at Infinity Plus
 * "Synchronicity", at Fantastic Metropolis
 * "The Test", at Fantastic Metropolis

title: João Barreiros


text:
Dera Ghazi Khan

Dera Ghazi Khan (Urdu: ), abbreviated as D.G. Khan, is a city in the southwestern part of Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 19th most populous city of Pakistan. Lying west of the Indus River, it is the headquarters of Dera Ghazi Khan District and Dera Ghazi Khan Division.

Foundation
Dera Ghazi Khan is named after a Dodai chieftain Ghazi Khan, son of Haji Khan Mirani. It was founded at the end of 15th century when Baloch tribes were invited to settle the region by Shah Husein, the second Langah Sultan. Dera Ghazi Khan region was part of Multan province of the Mughal Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries.

Fifteen generations of Miranis ruled the area till the 19th century. In the beginning of the 19th century, Zaman Khan was the ruler of Dera Ghazi Khan under Kabul. The area was invaded by the Sikh Army from Multan under the command of Khushal Singh, general of Ranjit Singh in 1819 and thus Dera Ghazi Khan came under the Sikh rule.

Post independence
After the success of the Pakistan Movement, which led to the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while many Muslim refugees from India settled down in the Dera Ghazi Khan District. Many Hindus and Sikhs from Dera Ghazi Khan settled in Delhi and founded Derawal Nagar along with the migrants from Dera Ismail Khan.

Geography and climate
Dera Ghazi Khan is located at 30'03" N and 70'38" E. The overall climate of the city is dry with little rainfall. The winter is mild and dry, but it is very hot in summer. The average high during summer is about 107 °F, while during winter the average low is 40 °F. The prevailing wind direction is north–south. Due to the barren mountains of Koh-Suleman and the sandy soil of the area, windstorms are common in the summer. During summer, the temperatures are generally amongst the highest in Pakistan. Fort Munro, located on the edge of Punjab province, has relatively cooler weather. In winter, scattered snowfall has been reported in high elevated areas of Koh e Sulaiman.

Civic administration
Dera Ghazi Khan Municipal Corporation is administratively subdivided into seven Union Councils. The city is also the headquarters of Dera Ghazi Khan District and administrative capital of Dera Ghazi Khan Division.

Colleges

 * Ghazi University is a university in Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. The university was established in 2012 on the initiative of the Chief Minister of the Punjab Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif. It is named after Baloch mercenary Ghazi Khan. The university is situated in the center of city near pull daat and college chock. Since its inception, GU has been operated only on additional charge basis. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Tufail (TI) assumed the charge as a permanent Vice Chancellor (VC), on Sept. 18, 2018. Major infrastructure and development process started in the university in 2018.
 * Mir Chaker Khan Rind University of Technology MCUT is public sector Engineering University providing Engineering education in various discipline of Technology. It is necessary in public interest to make provisions for the establishment of Mir Chakar Khan Rind University of Technology in Dera Ghazi Khan to promote research and development for purposes of producing high quality technical human resource to cope with the present day requirements.
 * College of Agriculture, DG Khan Sub-Campus University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. (CADGK)
 * Indus International Institute: It is affiliated with National College of Business Administration and Economics has been established by private sector. For the needs of remote area students, the institute has its own buses to facilitate the transport availability for the students. Indus institute has a library and Computer Lab as well.

 * The College of Education: It was established in 1989 under the affiliation of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. The college became a constituent institution of the University of Education in 2002 and is in its new building adjacent to the Shah Faisal (Bihari) Colony. The campus has a hostel for boys and onel for girls. The campus offers teacher education programs like BEd Secondary, MEd, M.A. Education and B.A. BEd's several private sector colleges also exist in this city.
 * Ghazi Khan Medical College: The government decided to establish a medical college in Dera Ghazi Khan to improve the facilities in southern part of the province. Ghazi Khan Medical College classes were started in 2010 in Q.M.C Bahawapur. The foundation stone for Ghazi University and Dera Ghazi Khan Medical College was laid in December 2011. Classes shifted from Q.M.C Bahawalpur to Ghazi Khan Medical College in March 2012. Niaz Ahmed Baloch was appointed as a first principal of the Medical College.
 * The Medical and Dental College has been developed as a state-of-the-art medical institution imparting accredited and approved medical education and research. The D.H. Hospital and Research Institute, which will be a research-oriented teaching hospital, will fulfill the requirement of training and research of medical students. The curriculum of the Medical and Dental College will be in line with the PM&DC regulations and international health standards.
 * The Medical and Dental College has been developed as a state-of-the-art medical institution imparting accredited and approved medical education and research. The D.H. Hospital and Research Institute, which will be a research-oriented teaching hospital, will fulfill the requirement of training and research of medical students. The curriculum of the Medical and Dental College will be in line with the PM&DC regulations and international health standards.

Technology and specialization
 * UAF College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan: It is a constituent college of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad located near the airport imparts training in the degree of BSc (Hons.) Agriculture. The college consists of teaching sections of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Horticulture, Agronomy, Soil and Forestry Range Management and Wildlife, Agricultural Entomology, Plant Pathology, Animal Production and Health, Agricultural Engineering and Technology, and Social Sciences and Rural Development. It aims to develop as a university.
 * Govt. Institute of Technology: It is situated at airport road, and is one of the biggest institutes in the region offering diploma and BTech classes in more than ten technologies in morning and evening shifts. Diploma courses in technologies are Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Auto-mechanical, Petroleum, Chemical, Petrochemical, I.T. and Computer etc.

 * Cadet college fort munro: It is situated at N-70 Quetta road in fort munro, a only beautiful hill station of south Punjab, state of the art building under PAKISTAN AIR FORCE.

Universities
The government has established a state-of-the-art Ghazi University in Dera Ghazi Khan since 2011 near airport. For this purpose 1000 acres of land has been acquired for the next 50 years requirement of the university. The foundation stone for Ghazi University and Ghazi Medical College was laid in December 2011. The Govt. Postgraduate College, FAU Agriculture College and Ghazi Medical College will work under this university. Vice Chancellor of Islamia University Bahawalpur Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed has given additional charge of Ghazi University v.c since 11.06.2014. The Virtual University of Pakistan has established its campus here since 2004 which is providing both campus based and distance learning education primarily based on IT tools and technology. Another prominent educational organisation is the Allama Iqbal Open University campus. The government has approved Akhuwat University of Engineering and Technology in Dera Ghazi Khan since 2012.. Mir chakar khan rind university of technology.

Demographics
Most people are Sunni Muslims. The majority of the population is poor but they have been ruled by the rich landlords and chiefs of Baloch tribes which played a significant role in the national and provincial politics.

Some of these feudals use the title Sardar for themselves, including former Chief Minister of Punjab Usman Buzdar, former President of Pakistan Farooq Leghari, Governors of the Punjab Zulfiqar Ali Khosa and Latif Khosa, Mir Badshah Qaisrani, Sardar of the Malghani Balouch tribe, Chief Minister of Punjab Dost Muhammad Khosa, Chief Secretary of Punjab, Nasir Mehmood Khosa, Former Inspector General Police of Punjab, Tariq Khosa, and Supreme Court Judge Asif Khosa.

The city is one of the oldest districts in South Asia. Dera Ghazi Khan did not develop like other cities in Punjab. Based on the surveys of 2004–2005, Dera Ghazi Khan district is considered one of the twenty poorest districts of Pakistan with about 51% of its population living below the poverty line.

Population
Historical populations of Dera Ghazi Khan city.

Airport
Dera Ghazi Khan International Airport is located near the city.It carries both domestic and International Flights.

Fairs and festivals

 * Sangh Mela, is a Vaisakhi fair during March and April, and has been celebrated in Sakhi Sarwar by people coming from Jhang and Faisalabad for centuries. This festival is celebrated by Hindus and Muslims, especially at the time of wheat harvesting. In some places it is known as Basant. Throughout history, a large number of followers coming from different religions became the followers of Sakhi Sarwar. Max Arthur Macauliffe, a colonial office appointed in Punjab, observed in 1875 that not only Muslims but Hindus also visited the shrines during the urs. In the 1911 census of India, 79,085 Sikhs reported to be followers of Sakhi Sarwar.

Cuisine

 * Sohan Halwa is a traditional sweet made by boiling a mixture of water, sugar, milk and wheatflour (coarse pieces)/cornflour until it becomes solid.

Notable people

 * Niaz Ahmad Akhtar (Pakistani academic)
 * Farooq Leghari (former President of Pakistan)
 * Mohsin Naqvi (Poet)
 * Prabhu Chawla (Journalist)
 * Asif Saeed Khosa (Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan)
 * Nasir Khosa (Chief Secretary of Punjab)
 * Latif Khosa (former Governor of Punjab)
 * Amjad Farooq Khan (MNA)
 * Zulfiqar Ali Khosa (former Governor of Punjab)
 * Dost Muhammad Khosa (former Chief Minister of Punjab)
 * Tauqeer Nasir (Actor)
 * Hafiz Abdul Kareem (MNA)
 * Awais Ahmed Leghari (MPA, former MNA)
 * Usman Buzdar (Former Chief Minister of Punjab)
 * Zartaj Gul (MNA) Former Minister for Climate Change
 * Jamal Leghari (former MPA, Punjab Assembly)
 * Imran Rafiq( Pakistani cricketer)

Press and media
Daily Jang is published from Dera Ghazi Khan along with many local newspapers in Urdu, Saraiki and Balochi languages. The Daily Kasak is also published in the city.

title: Dera Ghazi Khan


text:
Slither (album)

Slither is the fourth full-length album by the American metalcore band Earth Crisis, released in 2000. It marked a return to Victory Records following the band's 1998 Roadrunner Records album Breed the Killers. Slither ventured into the nu metal sound popularized by '90s metal bands such as Korn and Deftones. The album peaked at No. 50 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart.

Production
The album was produced by Steve Evetts. The album cover was designed by the artist Dave McKean.

Reception
Chronicles of Chaos wrote: "Managing to stir up enough emotion and deafening cries of aggression, the band storms through a sonic assault of heavy vibes and mosh pit worthy material—and the music of Slither is also chock-full of strong harmonies to boot." The Telegram & Gazette wrote that the songs "boast rich textures as the band combines its old hard-core raucousness with a freshly developed 'clean' heavy-rock sound." The New Straits Times thought that "the lyrics are often contrived and meaningless, which diminishes the power of the music somewhat."

Credits

 * Karl Buechner – vocals
 * Scott Crouse – guitar
 * Erick Edwards – guitar
 * Ian "Bulldog" Edwards – bass
 * Dennis Merrick – drums

title: Slither (album)


text:
Exeter River

The Exeter River is a 40.5 mi river located in Rockingham County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States.

It rises in the town of Chester, 12 mi southeast of Manchester. It follows a winding course east and northeast to Exeter, where it becomes the Squamscott River, a tidal river leading north to Great Bay. There are falls and small dams at several locations along the river. A significant dam (Great Dam) that had long existed at the river's termination in Exeter was removed in the summer of 2016, restoring the river's flow to its natural state where it meets the Squamscott River.

The Exeter River drainage basin encompasses an area of 126 sqmi. The upper 33.3 mi of the river, from its headwaters to its confluence with Great Brook in Exeter, were designated into the NH Rivers Management and Protection Program in August 1995.

title: Exeter River


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Tobramycin

Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces tenebrarius that is used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infections. It is especially effective against species of Pseudomonas.

It was patented in 1965, and approved for medical use in 1974. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2021, it was the 299th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions.

Medical uses
Like all aminoglycosides, tobramycin does not pass the gastro-intestinal tract, so for systemic use it can only be given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. Eye drops and ointments (tobramycin only, Tobrex, or combined with dexamethasone, sold as Tobradex) and nebulised formulations both have low systemic absorption. The formulation for injection is branded Nebcin. The nebulised formulation (brand name Tobi) is indicated in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.

Tobramycin eye drops (with or without dexamethasone) are indicated in the treatment of superficial infections of the eye, such as bacterial conjunctivitis.

Tobramycin, in its injectable form, is also indicated for various severe or life-threatening infections caused by susceptible strains: sepsis, meningitis, lower respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, skin infections, bone infections, and skin structure infections, complicated and recurrent urinary tract infections.

Spectrum of susceptibility
Tobramycin has a narrow spectrum of activity and is active against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and various Gram-negative bacteria. Clinically, tobramycin is frequently used to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. The following represents the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The MIC for Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP-1, is 2.3±0.2 μg/mL at 25 °C [unpublished].
 * Pseudomonas aeruginosa - <0.25 μg/mL – 92 μg/mL
 * Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) – 0.5 μg/mL - >512 μg/mL
 * Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) – 0.5 μg/mL – 2 μg/mL

Contraindications
Tobramycin is contraindicated in people with hypersensitivity against aminoglycoside antibiotics. The Infusion is also contraindicated in people with myasthenia gravis.

Side effects
Like other aminoglycosides, a major side effect for tobramycin is ototoxicity or a loss of equilibrioception, or both in genetically susceptible individuals. Other side effects include nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular toxicity, and hypersensitivity reactions. Nephrotoxicity can be particularly worrisome when multiple doses accumulate over the course of a treatment or when the kidney concentrates urine by increasing tubular reabsorption during sleep. Adequate hydration may help prevent excess nephrotoxicity and subsequent loss of renal function. For these reasons parenteral tobramycin needs to be carefully dosed by body weight, and its serum concentration monitored. Tobramycin is thus said to be a drug with a narrow therapeutic index.

Interactions
Muscle relaxants and diethylether can add to the neuromuscular blocking effects of tobramycin.

Methoxyflurane, when used as an inhalational anesthetic, can aggravate the nephrotoxic effects of injected tobramycin. Likewise, combining injected tobramycin with other nephrotoxic or ototoxic drugs can lead to more adverse effects; examples include amphotericin B, ciclosporin, cisplatin, vancomycin, and the diuretic furosemide. Other diuretics can also increase the risk for side effects because they raise tobramycin concentrations in the body fluids.

Combining tobramycin with betalactam antibiotics can be desirable because of their synergistic effects. However, when they are given through the same drip, as well as in people with reduced kidney function, they can react with each other to form antibiotically inactive amides.

Mechanism of action
Tobramycin works by binding to a site on the bacterial 30S and 50S ribosome, preventing formation of the 70S complex. As a result, mRNA cannot be translated into protein, and cell death ensues. Tobramycin also binds to RNA-aptamers, artificially created molecules to bind to certain targets. However, there seems to be no indication that Tobramycin binds to natural RNAs or other nucleic acids.

The effect of tobramycin can be inhibited by metabolites of the Krebs (TCA) cycle, such as glyoxylate. These metabolites protect against tobramycin lethality by diverting carbon flux away from the TCA cycle, collapsing cellular respiration, and thereby inhibiting Tobramycin uptake and thus lethality.

Pharmacokinetics
Tobramycin is not absorbed in the gut. When given as infusion, it is distributed in the extracellular fluid. It can accumulate in the kidney's tubular cells and in the lymph of the inner ear. Only low concentrations reach the central nervous system and breast milk. Tobramycin passes the placenta: in the fetus, 20% of the mother's concentrations have been measured.

The substance is neither bound to plasma proteins, nor is it metabolized. It is excreted in unchanged form via the kidneys with a biological half-life of about 2 to 3 hours. Elimination from deep compartments such as the renal cortex follows after 8 to 12 hours. In newborns the half-life is 4.6 hours on average; in those with a low birth weight it is as long as 8.7 hours on average. People with reduced kidney function also have a longer half-life for tobramycin, while in those with severe burns it can be shorter.

Society and culture
Tobramycin was patented in 1965, and approved for medical use in 1974.

Tobramycin in the form of eye drops is available in Bulgaria, Hungary, the United States, and Canada by prescription only, whereas in the other countries it may be available over the counter.

Tobrex eye drops are a 0.3% tobramycin sterile ophthalmic solution produced by Alcon Pharmaceuticals. Benzalkonium chloride 0.01% is added to Tobrex as a preservative.

In Egypt, tobramycin (in the form of eye drops) is sold under the brand Tobrin, produced by EIPICo.

Tobramycin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

In 2021, tobramycin was the 299th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 500,000 prescriptions.

title: Tobramycin


text:
Arteriotomy

Arteriotomy (or arterotomy) is a medical term for an opening or cut of an artery wall. It is a common step in many vascular surgical procedures and operations. The corresponding term for an incision into a vein is a venotomy.

Either a transverse or a longitudinal incision can be made (with respect to the direction of the artery), depending on the situation. The incision is typically made with a scalpel and extended with surgical scissors.

title: Arteriotomy


text:
Woody Bay, Devon

Woody Bay is a bay on the North Devon coast of England, 3 mi west of Lynton and 8 mi east of Combe Martin with a stony beach. It lies in the civil parish of Martinhoe at the edge of the Exmoor National Park and is a waypoint on the South West Coast Path. There were once plans to develop the area to become a holiday resort.

Access to the remote beach is via a very narrow one mile long steep lane, there is no parking.

Around the headland is Lee Abbey Bay that is on the Lee Abbey Estate. This has an accessible beach with parking.

History
In 1885 the Manor of Martinhoe, including the then-named Wooda Bay, was purchased by Colonel Benjamin Lake, a wealthy solicitor from Orpington in Kent. Perhaps in an effort to emulate Sir George Newnes' efforts in the nearby twin towns of Lynton and Lynmouth, Col. Lake planned to develop the bay as an exclusive resort. He converted Martinhoe Manor House into an Hotel, and in 1894, opened a new golf course at Martinhoe common. Plots of land were sold off, and a number of villas were built on the wooded slopes overlooking the bay.

Col. Lake's plans meant there would be a need to bring in more visitors, by improving communications into the area. New roads were built and in 1895, construction of a pier was started, to provide access from coastal steamers. In 1898, The narrow-gauge Lynton & Barnstaple Railway arrived, with a relatively substantial station built high above the bay. There were also plans (never fulfilled) for a branch line to run down towards the shore.

In January 1897, with the pier almost completed, a major steamship company operating in the area announced that they would be sailing to Woody Bay instead of Lynmouth. This caused considerable alarm among the Lynton and Lynmouth residents, and eventually, the decision was reversed. The official opening of the Woody Bay pier took place on 15 April 1897. However, bad weather and low tides prevented the first ships from docking, and this set the scene for future visitors – the pier was not long enough to cater for landings at low tide. Although there was a regular service from Bristol, fewer steamers were calling than had been intended, and plans were drawn up to extend the pier further out into the bay. A cliff railway was also mooted, like the nearby Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway, to connect with the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway, although neither plan ever came to fruition.

On 12 January 1899, the pier was severely damaged by a storm, with another a year later. It was never repaired, and the remains were finally demolished for scrap in 1902, although some evidence of its existence can still be seen on the shoreline today.

The Colonel continued pouring money into the area, in an effort to see his dream become reality. In July 1900, he was forced into bankruptcy, with debts of over £170,000. He was sentenced to twelve years in prison, for using clients' savings to fund the Woody Bay developments, and died in 1907 along with any prospect of further intensive developments around Martinhoe.

Present day
Woody Bay railway station is the base of the modern Lynton and Barnstaple Railway, a charitable trust which has re-opened some of the original route for steam trains.

title: Woody Bay, Devon


text:
Corduroy road

A corduroy road or log road is a type of road or timber trackway made by placing logs, perpendicular to the direction of the road over a low or swampy area. The result is an improvement over impassable mud or dirt roads, yet rough in the best of conditions and a hazard to horses due to shifting loose logs.

Corduroy roads can also be built as a foundation for other surfacing. If the logs are buried in wet, acidic, anaerobic soils such as peat or muskeg, they decay very slowly. A few corduroy road foundations that date back to the early 20th century still exist in North America. One example is the Alaska Highway between Burwash Landing and Koidern, Yukon, Canada, which was rebuilt in 1943, less than a year after the original route was graded on thin soil and vegetation over permafrost, by using corduroy, then building a gravel road on top. During the 1980s, the gravel was covered with a chip-seal. The late 1990s saw replacement of this road with modern road construction, including rerouting of the entire highway.

In World War II corduroyed roads were used by both German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front.

In slang use, corduroy road can also refer to a road in ill repair, having many potholes, ruts, or surface swellings. This should not be confused with a washboard road.

Historical uses

The earliest recorded use of a corduroy road in England was during the Norman attack on Saxon resistance leader Hereward the Wake who had taken refuge in the marshes on the Isle of Ely. Two contemporary sources say that the Normans built a corduroy road one mile long to try to reach him in 1071 but eventually succeeded in their attack using treachery. Corduroy roads were used extensively in the American Civil War between Shiloh and Corinth after the Battle of Shiloh, and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas.

In the Pacific Northwest, roads built of spaced logs similar to widely spaced "army track" were the mainstay of local logging practices and were called skid roads. Two of these, respectively on the outskirts of the mill towns of Seattle and Vancouver, which had become concentrations of bars and logger's slums, were the origin of the more widespread meaning of "skid road" and its derivative skid row, referring to a poor area.

Hull's Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment is a section of corduroy road in Brownstown, Michigan that is on public display at the River Raisin National Battlefield Park. This segment is the only known extant portion of Hull's Trace, a military road that was built at the beginning of the War of 1812 from Urbana, Ohio, to Detroit.

By the early 1800s, a corduroy road had been built along what is now King Street in Waterloo, Ontario in Canada; its remains were unearthed under the roadway in 2016. The road was probably built by Mennonite settlers between the late 1790s and 1816. A historian explained that the road had been built for access to a mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".

Similar types of road
The puncheon or plank road uses hewn boards instead of logs, resulting in a smoother and safer surface.

Origin
The name "corduroy road" refers to the road's ridged appearance similar to corduroy fabric.

title: Corduroy road


text:
User:Iznogoud~enwiki

As I live in Monaco, I started with the french version of Wikipedia, so my homepage is located here :.

fr:Utilisateur:Iznogoud

title: User:Iznogoud~enwiki


text:
Thakar Singh

Thakar Singh (26 March 1929 – 6 March 2005) was a spiritual teacher in the contemporary Sant Mat (Radha Soami) lineage of Sikh religious leaders. Initiated by Kirpal Singh in 1965, he began work as a Satguru himself in 1976, following the death of Kirpal Singh. Thakar Singh distributed what he paraphrased from Kirpal Singh as, "a practical form of spirituality which is not connected to any particular religion, sect, or thought."

While he was born into Sikhism, and wore the traditional Sikh garb all his life, he gave up its traditional outer practices soon after initiation and devoted himself wholly to the Sant Mat spiritual practices known as Surat Shabd Yoga and Naam. Continuing Kirpal Singh's emphasis on the unity of all religions, Thakar Singh frequently referred to the Bible when addressing Westerners, the Adi Granth, Ramayana and other Indian scriptures in India, and the Qur'an when addressing Muslim people. He gave thousands of talks in his 30 years as a Master, his message being one of transcendence of the material and devotion to God, the "unchangeable permanence behind all things".

Biography
The documentation on Thakar Singh's life is mainly limited to the few details he communicated about himself during his talks and public appearances. A biography composed of stories about the Master was collected by Wendy Heid in 1994, and it touches the central points from the perspective of the inner, spiritual aspirations. It has few points of contact with concrete people, places, or times. Thakar Singh corrected and edited this work. There are also some biographical materials made available by his organisation Know Thyself As Soul, International, although they have few details or specifics and again focus in the main on the inner life.

Devotional work
Thakar began to work in the capacity of a preacher, and to hold Satsang (spiritual gatherings) in his home and elsewhere. This was a logical continuation of the devotional music classes and study classes of the Adi Granth he had been giving privately for many years; the only difference was that instead of preaching against the physical master, he now explained the Guru Granth Sahib in the light of his inner experiences. Kirpal Singh visited Thakar's city by invitation and visited his home in this time frame (exact date and location in the Punjab unknown, but near to Amritsar):

"Today I will tell you about a time when I was living in a small town in India with a population of about 25,000. I had been posted in the (government) service there for four or five years, and I asked my Master to come to that town to give a satsang. I was well known in that area and, although I was the only initiate of my Master, I had some influence with the many aspirants and seekers after truth, and I knew they would come to listen to him..."

Each Sunday on his day off, Thakar would travel from one town to another to give satsang. Sometimes he would visit as many as four towns in one day. He also increased his meditation time on work days to four, five, and then six hours. In 1970, Kirpal Singh issued an invitation to all of his initiates in the form of a circular letter inviting anyone who wanted to have special instruction on how to give satsang to come to Delhi and receive personal lessons. Thakar applied for a four-month leave of absence from his work and began this intensive meditation retreat in the presence of the master with four other aspirants. The retreat consisted of 12 to 14 hours of meditation daily as the main regimen.

Thakar returned to work after four months and continued his practices. When Kirpal Singh died in 1974, Thakar applied for a long leave of absence and went into intensive meditation for up to 16 hours a day for an extended period. Afterwards he did not return to work but kept extending his leave, taking unpaid leave or making other arrangements until he retired early, at the age of 47.

Guruship
Kirpal Singh did not publicly name a successor, and after his death in 1974, a number of proposed successors appeared including Darshan Singh (Kirpal Singh's physical son), Ajaib Singh, Soami Divyanand, and others. Thakar Singh began work in the role of Guru at Sawan Asham in Delhi on 7 February 1976. Within four months he travelled to Germany and then later that year to Mexico. In 1979 he visited the United States for the first time. His first American representative was named Bernadine Chard. In 1987 he visited Canada.

Thakar Singh's mission grew steadily over time and he was responsible for a number of innovations and records. He was the first Sant Mat Master to visit Africa, making a five-month tour through the continent and visiting twelve countries, from October to February 1989. He also visited the Far East for the first time that year, going to South Korea, The Philippine Islands, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Taiwan during a three-month tour. He visited New Zealand on the same tour. Eventually he would reach all the continents with the exception of Antarctica and as many as forty countries. He moved his national headquarters to Nawan Nagar, near the foothills of Himalayas. In April 1992, Thakar Singh went into seclusion about 25 kilometres away in Sai. He did not travel for some years except for brief visits, maintaining an intensive meditation schedule and very simple lifestyle. This regime continued for the rest of the Master's life. He visited the United States for the last time in the summer of 2003. At the end of his life he spoke of having initiated over two million souls.

Illness and death
Thakar Singh died on 6 March 2005 in Nawan Nagar, India, at the age of 76; however, he had been ill for the entire previous year when he underwent open heart surgery in February 2004.

title: Thakar Singh