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User talk:Machtzu

For your class
Hi, just wanted to answer your question on the Village Pump. There isn't an uncensored version of Wikipedia, and attempts to censor it would be against official policy (per 1.9 of WP:NOT), so the best way to attack your problem would be to install a filtering program like Netnanny. Also while i'm here, i'll put in the standard welcome message...

Welcome!

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Karmafist 00:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure if you will get this but I'll try anywat! Is it possible to suggest to the 'powers that be' some sort of Family Filter similar to google, where you actively have to click off or view if someone considers this to be unsafe material. Similar to the 'This content is controversial' options that you can have on entries into the encyclopedia?

Thanks,

--Machtzu 01:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I replied to your comments on my talk page. Thanks! — Felix the Cassowary 23:12, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Just a question
Is there any kind of article you would delete?Gateman1997 23:17, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

There certainly is, but an encyclopedia, is by definition a compendium of all human knowledge. If that means you need to include an article on a small school fine it has relavance because the school may produce the next Einstein or the next Shakespear. I wouldn't have outright advertising, if someone went through all the books and redirected them to Amazon I would have a problem with that, and I hope other's would too, however a manufacturer who employes 100 people is a medium sized buisness and what's more is probably quite important in their local community, an unbaised article commenting on the production methods used the financial info of the company and its stock ticker would be acceptable.

On a slightly different note, if for example through the course of someones degree they undertake a Doctorate they would be contributing by researching a new technique/process etc, because of that I would consider that they would deserve an entry under their specialisation detailing the research that they did and what was concluded. We already have quite advanced topics in maths, engineering, physics and so on so it would not be unreasonable to include their information if their work has passed peer review (their's not wiki's).

Also take meanings for example, when a word is used in a context that its not suitable for does it become suitable by its use? For example 'I capped the fence post', mean I put on a waterproof top, bears no resembalence to 'I capped some guy', I shot him, if you check the Oxford English Dictionary your only going to find the former meaning and not the latter, but are both equally valid? So if 1 person is known to a hundred people because of something he/she does eg José Fernando Ferreira Mendes or Barbara Schwarz does that mean he/she is important enough to be notable here?

I would argue that provided someone has put the time and effort into developing an article, providing its not gibberish, pure spam, or a falsification then it has a place somewhere here. If a branch needs to be created to hold it then that might be worth doing, but all information has value however small.

I'd be interested in your views. --Machtzu 23:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well you definitely have a well thought out view and for that I salute you. Many people vote to keep articles with no notion of why they do so just that it should be in the encyclopedia. My view of the matter is a bit more pragmatic. I look at what the value of an article is to both the author and subsequent contributors, its value to the encyclopedia, and any potential value it could possibly have through maximum fleshing out. In some cases articles that are useless and woeful stubs now have the potential to grow larger and be useful to the encyclopedia. In some cases there is limited information that can be added to a stub and it will never be useful to the encyclopedia or anyone beyond a VERY limited audience. In those cases I vote to delete without prejudice. There are articles worth keeping and there are ones that though they seem encyclopedic are really just sucking up limited server space.

 * This was of course spurred by those 4 school articles up for deletion. I consider each differently and have voted accordingly as you can see. Some of them are worthwhile and have future potential. Some in my view can never be expanded to anything useful beyond puffing up the people who attend those schools that they have an entry here. That's all well and good for their self esteem, but that's not what an encyclopedia is. Just my thoughts. Gateman1997 23:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes the main flaw in my arguement is the limited resources that wikipedia has to work with, 6Billion people with 20KB on each is 120TB of data, quite unfeasable. That said the internet is the global village... I'm very new to wiki and I am sure this has been discussed somewhere but is it possible to list my 2 cents somewhere for public discussion?

Your also quite right that any self gratification on these boards is the wrong place but maybe less information about a lot of things is better than a lot of information about less things. ( heck I should be writing sound bites ;) and thats two in one article!)--Machtzu 00:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've yet to encounter any giant public forum on the issue, however it comes up fairly often as a more concentrated issue revolving around a particular type of article here and there. The big one I've noticed most recently seems to be the school debate and the road debate. Some users take the view any and all schools from dance schools to preschools up to universities should be included, others take the opposite view that only colleges should be included. And it usually gets ugly. Same can be said for roads. I usually draw the line at numbered roads with a few notable exceptions like Broadway in NYC. But there are people who are on both sides of my view and we debate it endlessly on project pages and most often on VFD. Best way to find a debate is to go to VFD.Gateman1997 00:08, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Would you mind if I included this discussion in a new item at say VFD or the Village Pump?--Machtzu 00:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not at all. I'm always looking to discuss this with people, especially in a rational manner as we have.Gateman1997 00:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Poster-sockbaby.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:07, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

File:Cousley Wood -1899.jpg
A file that you have uploaded to Wikipedia, Cousley Wood -1899.jpg and which I moved to Commons, has been nominated for deletion in both places because it is missing information about where it comes from or who created it, which is needed to verify its copyright status.

The source should be the address to the web page where you found it, the name and ISBN of the book you scanned it from, or similar. You should also name the author, provide verifiable information to show that the content is in the public domain or has been published under a free licence by its author, and add an appropriate template identifying the public domain or licensing status, if you have not already done so. Please complete this information if you can. Thanks. Hogweard (talk) 18:11, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Machtzu


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User talk:Poodcanine

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --JYolkowski // talk 00:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

And again...
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Fire Star 00:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Poodcanine


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Peter Beard

Peter Hill Beard (January 22, 1938 – March 31 / April 19, 2020) was an American artist, photographer, diarist, and writer who lived and worked in New York City, Montauk and Kenya. His photographs of Africa, African animals and the journals that often integrated his photographs, have been widely shown and published since the 1960s.

Early life and education
Peter Beard was born in 1938 in New York, the son of Roseanne (Hoare) and Anson McCook Beard Jr., heir to a railroad fortune. He was raised in New York City, Alabama, and Islip, Long Island. Beard began keeping diaries as a young boy and making photographs, as an extension of the diaries, at the age of 12. A graduate of Pomfret School, he entered Yale University in 1957, with the intention of pursuing pre-med studies, only to switch his major to art history. At Yale, he was tapped into the secret society Scroll and Key. His mentors at Yale included Josef Albers, Richard Lindner and Vincent Scully. Beard graduated with a BA in 1961.

Inspired by earlier trips to Africa in both 1955 and 1960, Beard traveled to Kenya upon graduation. Working at Tsavo National Park, he photographed and documented the demise of 35,000 elephants and other wildlife, later to become the subject of his first book, The End of the Game. During this time, Beard acquired Hog Ranch, a property near the Ngong Hills adjacent to the coffee farm owned by Karen Blixen, which would become his lifelong home-base in East Africa.

Art
Beard's photographs of Africa, African animals and journals that often integrate his photographs have been widely shown and published since the 1970s. Each of his works is unique, a combination of his photography with elements derived from his daily diary-keeping, a practice he continued until his death in 2020. These volumes contain newspaper clippings, dried leaves, insects, old sepia-toned photos, transcribed telephone messages, marginalia in India ink, photographs of women, quotes, found objects, and the like; these become incorporated, with original drawings and collage by Beard. Certain of his works incorporate animal blood, sometimes Beard's own blood (in sparing quantities), a painting medium the artist favored.

The Peter Beard Studio and Archive was started by Peter and Nejma Beard, and is the primary source for artwork by Peter Beard. The Archive maintains a repository of published and unpublished written and visual material relating to the artist's life, work, projects, travels, exhibitions, and relations with his cohort.

Beard's first exhibition was at the Blum Helman Gallery, New York City, in 1975. Landmark museum exhibitions have been held at the International Center of Photography, New York City, in 1977, and the Centre national de la photographie, Paris, in 1997. Gallery exhibitions followed in Berlin, London, Toronto, Madrid, Milan, Tokyo and Vienna. Beard's work is included in private collections throughout the world.

Personal life
Descended from distinguished American families on both sides, Beard was one of three sons born to Roseanne (Hoare) Beard and Anson McCook Beard, Jr. His great-grandfather, James Jerome Hill, founded the Great Northern Railway in the United States in the late 19th century, and used his railroad fortune to become a great patron of the arts. All of his heirs were exposed to and owned great collections, presumably having a strong influence on Beard's interests in the arts and beauty.

Beard married his first wife, Mary "Minnie" Olivia Cochran Cushing in 1967; their marriage lasted only briefly. His second wife was Cheryl Tiegs, the fashion model, from 1981 to 1983.

In 1986, he married Nejma Khanum. The couple had a daughter, Zara (born 1988), for whom his book, Zara's Tales, was written.

In 1996, he was badly injured by an elephant but survived.

Beard befriended and in some cases collaborated with many artists, including Andy Warhol, Andrew Wyeth, Francis Bacon, Karen Blixen, Truman Capote, Richard Lindner, and Salvador Dalí. He also photographed many other well-known people. He appeared in Adolfas Mekas's film, Hallulujah the Hills, in 1963, at the first New York Film Festival.

Death
On the afternoon of March 31, 2020 Beard, who was suffering from dementia and ill health after a stroke, wandered away from his Montauk, Long Island home. Despite exhaustive searches he was not found.

On April 19, Beard's body was found by a hunter in a densely wooded area in Camp Hero State Park in Montauk Point, New York.

Selected books

 * Graham, Alistair, and Beard, Peter (1973). Eyelids of Morning: The Mingled Destinies of Crocodiles and Men. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society. ISBN 0-8212-0464-5
 * Beard, Peter; and Gatura, Kamante (1975). Longing for Darkness: Kamante's Tales from Out of Africa. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-153080-7
 * Beard, Peter (2004). Zara's Tales: Perilous Escapades in Equatorial Africa. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-42659-0
 * Beard, Peter (1965). The End of the Game. New York: Viking Press. Reprinted New York: Doubleday, 1977.  Japan: Camera Manichi, 1978.  Germany: Taschen, 2008.  ISBN 978-3-8365-0530-7
 * Beard, Peter; Beard, Nejma; Edwards, Owen; Aronson, Steven M.L. (2008). Peter Beard (Collector's Edition). Germany: Taschen, 2006. (Art Edition) Germany: Taschen, 2007. (Trade Edition) Germany: Taschen, 2008, 2013, and 2020. ISBN 978-3-8365-7742-7
 * Beard, Peter; Paul Theroux. 50th Anniversary Edition of The End of the Game.  Taschen.  ISBN-978-3-8365-5547-0

Catalogues

 * Beard, Peter (1993). Diary: From a Dead Man's Wallet: Confessions of a Bookmaker. Japan: Libroport Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-4-8457-0791-1
 * Beard, Peter, and Caujolle, Christian (1996). Peter Beard: Photo Poche #67. Paris: Centre national de la photographie, ISBN 2867541034
 * Beard, Peter (1997). Oltre la fine del Mondo. Milan: Grafiche Milani.
 * Beard, Peter (1998). Beyond the End of the World. Milan: Universe Publishing (a division of Rizzoli International Publications, Inc.). ISBN 978-0-7893-0147-5
 * Beard, Peter (1999). Peter Beard: Stress & Density. Vienna: KunstHausWien, Museums Betriebs Gesellschaft, mbH. ISBN 978-3901247071
 * Beard, Peter (1999). Peter Beard: Fifty Years of Portraits. Santa Fe, NM: Arena Editions. ISBN 1-892041-15-4
 * Beard, Peter (1999). Peter Beard: Fifty Years of Portraits. Santa Fe, NM: Arena Editions. ISBN 1-892041-15-4

title: Peter Beard


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Leva Patel

Leva Patel (Leuva Patidar) is a sub-caste of Patidars in India, situated mainly in Charotar region of Gujarat. Compared to other Patidar subcastes such as the Kadavas, they had greater wealth and control of positions in commerce, education, and producer cooperatives.

Origin
Leva Patels originated from the Katha Vistar Taluka Bhachau Jillo Kutch-Bhuj Gujarat, Kheda district of Gujarat as Shudra. There are a variety of popular legends regarding their origin, such as being migrants from Punjab, migrants fleeing the Kushans, migrants from Ayodhya, or descending from Hunas, Gurjaras. However, these legends are of dubious reliability, and are an example of the invention of tradition. The most popular of these traditions is that Levas descend from Lava, son of the deity Rama in the Hindu epic Ramayana. The Levas claim that their name derives from Lava; however, it actually is a corruption of Reva, the local name for the Narmada River.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, many Leva Patels have immigrated to other countries, like South Africa, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Within India, they have migrated from Gujarat to other states, like Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh.

title: Leva Patel


text:
Talk:Fernanda Abreu

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Offertorium

Offertorium (Russian Жертвоприношение) is a concerto for violin and orchestra composed by Sofia Gubaidulina in 1980 and revised in 1982 and 1986. It was dedicated to Gidon Kremer, who in touring with it around the world brought Gubaidulina to international attention.

History
The story of Offertorium’s commission began with a chance conversation between the composer and Gidon Kremer, of whose playing skills Gubaidulina was an immense admirer, during a cab ride they happened to share. Though not well acquainted with Gubaidulina’s work, Kremer was impressed by those of her works he had heard, and he made an offhand request to her to write him a violin concerto. The request stuck in the composer's mind, and from that chance encounter, Offertorium was born – even though Kremer's whirlwind success, and the permission he had received to play outside the Soviet Union for two years, soon led him to forget all about it.

Gubaidulina began working on the piece in the summer of 1979, taking musical advice from Pyotr Meshchaninov and completing it in March 1980. She drew inspiration from Kremer’s performance style; in particular, she took advantage of his handling of opposites and their transitions and his tone, which she recognized as expressing “total surrender of the self to the tone.” Offertorium is thus an example of a piece crafted both for and from the person to whom it was composed and dedicated.

Like many of her other pieces, Offertorium contains religious elements. Even the name is a reference to that section of a Mass (performed immediately after the Credo) that is sung while the priest is offering up the prepared bread and wine. The work takes as its overarching theme the concepts of sacrifice and offering: the sacrifice of Christ during the Crucifixion, God’s offering in creating the Earth, the sacrifice of the performer to the tone, the sacrifice of the composer to the art, and the sacrifice of the main musical theme to disintegration and, later, reconstruction.

Themes
The work is centered on the musical theme given by Frederick the Great to Johann Sebastian Bach which formed the basis of his Musikalisches Opfer (BWV 1079). Gubaidulina orchestrates this theme using a Klangfarbenmelodie technique reminiscent of Webern, passing it around various instruments to exploit their different timbres.

The introduction presents the theme almost whole: it lacks only the last note. The soloist then enters, beginning a series of variations, each of which removes one note from the beginning and end of the theme. (After the third variation, the original theme is hard to make out.) After the theme's demise, the central section is a free rhapsody.

The final section is a slow string chorale that resembles a Russian Orthodox hymn. Beneath this, the harps and piano reconstruct the theme note by note, in reverse (retrograde), a process that concludes only at the very end with a complete statement from the solo violin. In uniting her twin inspirations, Webern and Bach, and in the deep Christian symbolism of the theme's "death" and "resurrection", Offertorium is a work representative of Gubaidulina's mature period.

Performance
The prospects for a performance of Offertorium were tenuous, however: Kremer, the person to whom it had been dedicated and given to perform, was at odds with the Moscow government for refusing to return to the Soviet Union at the end of his two-year period of permission to perform worldwide. Gubaidulina was worried that her piece would never be performed by Kremer, who instead chose to stay in the West. The work’s subject matter was also a barrier to its being performed, as religion was a touchy topic at the time. (In fact, Gubaidulina was unofficially criticized by Tikhon Khrennikov for her heavy use of religion as inspiration). Faced with such bleak circumstances, Gubaidulina asked her publisher Jürgen Köchel to smuggle the score to Kremer through the All-Union Agency on Copyrights. While this was happening, Gubaidulina attempted to have the chorale from Offertorium used in a film (The Great Samoyed by Arkady Kordon) for which she was scoring the music, but this was rejected by the director. The score did, however, finally reach the West and Kremer, who found a venue – the Wiener Festwochen – and the necessary resources to perform the forty-minute piece.

Offertorium was first performed in 1981 in Vienna by Kremer and the ORF Symphony Orchestra, directed by Leif Segerstam, and was immediately lauded for its striking beauty. In Russia, it was first performed in 1982 (in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory) by Oleg Kagan and the Symphony Orchestra of the Ministry of Culture under Gennady Rozhdestvensky. Gubaidulina was requested to prepare a shortened version, completed in 1986, although it is debatable whether the concerto actually needed cutting; nonetheless, the changes did not detract from appreciation of the work, and the revised edition has spread around the globe, bringing Gubaidulina to worldwide attention.

title: Offertorium


text: User talk:192.88.124.202

title: User talk:192.88.124.202


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American Eagle (Marvel Comics)

American Eagle (Jason Strongbow) is a Navajo superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
American Eagle first appears in Marvel Two-in-One Annual #6 (October 1981), by writer Doug Moench and penciler Ron Wilson. In the story entitled "An Eagle from America!" Strongbow gains superhuman powers and becomes American Eagle. He joins with Thing, Ka-Zar, and Wyatt Wingfoot to defeat Klaw.

The character subsequently appears in Contest of Champions #1, 3 (June & August 1982), Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #279 (January 1983), and Rom #65-66 (April 1985-May 1985). He makes several appearances in stand-alone stories in Marvel Comics Presents including issues #27 (September 1989), 128 (May 1993), 130 (June 1993), and 147-148 (February 1994). The story "Just Another Shade of Hate", in issue #27, is its first solo adventure.

The American Eagle is not seen again for some time until his appearance in Thunderbolts #112-115 (May 2007-August 2007) where the writer Warren Ellis and the artist Mike Deodato Jr gave him a new look. American Eagle appears in his own digital comic on Marvel Digital Comics Unlimited published Nov. 12, 2008. Titled American Eagle: Just a Little Old-Fashioned Justice, it is an eight-page story written by Jason Aaron with art by Richard Isanove. This eight-page digital story was later printed in Marvel Assistant-Sized Spectacular #1 (2009). He plays a big role in the story "Homeland" in War Machine (vol. 2) #6-7 (2010) written by Greg Pak. He appears in Heroic Age: Heroes #1 (November 2010) and Fear Itself: The Home Front #5 (October 2011).

American Eagle received an entry in the original Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #1, in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #1, in The Marvel Encyclopedia (2009) and in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A To Z Update #2 (2010).

Fictional character biography
Jason Strongbow is a member of the Navajo Nation who was born in Kaibito, Arizona. He attempted to stop a mining company from excavating a mountain sacred to his tribe. He discovered that the villain Klaw was in league with the mining company. Klaw needed uranium to augment his sonic powers. Strongbow's brother Ward did not agree with him about preserving the mountain. Inside the mine, an argument erupted between the brothers and Klaw which led to violence. During the fight, Klaw used his sonic blaster on the two brothers. Somehow, a combination of the sonic energy of the blast and the exposure to the uranium gave both of the Strongbow brothers enhanced physical abilities. Klaw fled with his crew and Ward to the Savage Land in hopes of gaining vibranium to augment his powers.

Jason emerged from the mine. Taking inspiration from a flying eagle, he took up the mantle of American Eagle. He followed Klaw to the Savage Land. There, he met Ka-Zar, Thing, and Wyatt Wingfoot. The four joined forces and defeated Klaw and his minions. During the battle, Ward was shot and killed by one of the miners.

American Eagle returned to become a champion of his tribe, subsequently identified as the Navajo Nation. Since his battle with Klaw in the Savage Land, he was among the heroes of the world gathered to take part in the Contest of Champions, he was among the heroes who gathered to honor the Hulk, and he was among the heroes who helped Rom the Spaceknight defeat the Dire Wraiths.

In his first solo adventure, the American Eagle defeated the Peace Monger and his Knights of Saint Virgil in Washington, D.C. With the NYPD, American Eagle arrests his cousin Jimmy Littlehawk who - along with two friends - robbed a casino on the Reservation then left for New York City. He helped F.B.I. agent Dale Peck arrest Jonas Murphy, a mutant and a serial killer. With Detective Frank Ramirez, Strongbow stopped a drug ring led by a man named Sinner, who used children to sell his merchandise. Strongbow escaped execution by John Marshall, who stole land from Native American men and was later ruined through a real estate charge by American Eagle. With the help of Interpol, Strongbow lured Marshall and his soldiers into a trap.

After the 2006 "Civil War" storyline, Jason Strongbow confirms to his friend Steve Rogers that he is strongly against the Super-Human Registration Act, and is planning to fight Iron Man over it. He also bears a new costume with fewer stereotypically Native American attributes, including a leather jacket and a helmet resembling the head and beak of a bald eagle. It is his intent to prevent the Steel Spider from direct confrontation with an angry group of men from Jason's Navajo reservation by persuading the Steel Spider to ease up on his zealous vigilante act. By talking to Ollie, he hopes to defuse a time bomb of local violence just waiting to explode.

The Eagle finds the Steel Spider in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, as the Thunderbolts unexpectedly arrive. Ollie argues that they will try to kill him and replace him with "Some Good Government Worker". When the Thunderbolts eventually do emerge, Jason decides to ally himself with Steel Spider, shooting the team's leader, Moonstone, through the wrist with a crossbow bolt. After a prolonged fight, Sepulchre becomes involved, and the three defeat Venom, the Swordsman, Songbird, and Radioactive Man. Though the latter two wish to try to defeat them using the old team's methods, leaving Sepulchre and the Eagle, Moonstone orders that Bullseye cripple the Eagle in the same way he did Jack Flag. The issue ends with Songbird, Radioactive Man, Penance and Venom squaring up against Steel Spider, Sepulchre and Jason, in what Steel Spider describes as 'almost ... a fair fight'. The Eagle ends up crippling Bullseye before making his escape.

A news reporter stated that because American Eagle lives on a Native American Reservation he is exempt from the Registration Act, and that the Commission on Superhuman Activities would take no action against him because of this.

During the 2008-09 "Dark Reign" storyline, it is revealed that Jason is hiding James Rhodes' mother inside the Navajo County. Norman Osborn later tries to convince him to subdue War Machine, because he has no jurisdiction over Strongbow. Jason refuses to act for anyone other than the interests of the Navajo and fights together with War Machine against a "Giant Ultimo Head" Rhodes stumbled upon along the way to find the men behind the "Ultimo Virus" deployed in Acquiria.

During the 2011 "Fear Itself" storyline, American Eagle deals with the fear and chaos in Bleachville as well as drug traffickers and the town's mayor.

American Eagle later appears as a member of the Agents of Wakanda.

Powers and abilities
American Eagle possesses superhuman strength, enabling him to lift (press) approximately 15 tons under optimal conditions. He also possesses superhuman speed, agility, stamina, and sturdiness as a result of radiation-induced mutation. Strongbow's bodily tissues are somewhat harder and more resistant to physical injury than that of an ordinary human. However, he is far from invulnerable. While he can be injured by weapons composed of conventional materials, he can withstand impact forces that would severely injure or kill a normal human with little to no injury to show for it. He can run at a maximum speed of 65 miles per hour for approximately 5 hours before tiring to an appreciable degree.

American Eagle's sensory organs have also been fortified by the radiation-induced mutation. Like his namesake, the Eagle, he has hyperkeen eyesight, able to see at 800 ft what the average human being sees at 20 ft. His senses of hearing, smell, taste, and touch are approximately three times that of an average human being.

Equipment
American Eagle also carries a crossbow which fires special bolts.

Analysis
In Native Americans in Comic Books - A Critical Study, Michael A. Sheyahshe notes that while American Eagle "may have some inherent stereotypic issues, the fact that American Eagle's powers come from a non-ethnically based source (and not, say, the Great Spirit) marks a significant improvement for Indigenous characters."

During an interview with Comic Book Resources, the assistant editor Lauren Sankovitch explains why she chose to represent American Eagle in Marvel Assistant-Sized Spectacular #1 (2009):

"For a character whose total appearances I could count on my fingers, not to mention having some of the worst costumes in the history of tacky superherowear, I felt American Eagle had such a tremendous potential within the Marvel U as a whole. With his strong identification to his Native American heritage and disaffected attitude towards the larger superhero community, he's a principled man with his own brand of justice. Pair that with his bone-dry sense of humor and take-all-comers power set, he is a force to be reckoned with."

In an interview, Greg Pak, the writer of the story "Homeland" in War Machine (vol. 2) #6-7 (2010), told that Jason Strongbow, aka American Eagle, is easily his "favorite reinvented character of the past decade." Indeed, the modern character has undergone some transformations compared to its appearances from 1981 to 1994. At the beginning, the Navajo hero was wearing a stereotypical costume with feather headdress and buckskin boots. When the writer Warren Ellis and the artist Mike Deodato Jr. used the character in Thunderbolts, its new look is composed of ordinary clothes, a leather jacket and a helmet resembling the head and beak of a bald eagle. In its first appearances, Strongbow was running under his own power, at the opposite the new version uses a motorcycle.

World War II
There was an American Eagle before Strongbow took the mantle. Lt. Col. James Fletcher, a renowned battlefield hero of World War I in recent times became the security chief and trainer for Project: Rebirth. He was captured by agents of the Red Skull (Johann Schmidt) and was tortured by the Master Interrogator. He refused to yield any information and committed suicide to avoid breaking under further torture. First appeared in Adventures of Captain America #1 (September 1991) and appeared through to issue #3 (December 1991) which depicted his death.

Earth-712
There have also been two incarnations of characters named the American Eagle in the Squadron Supreme:

 * The first being Johnathon James Dore Senior, who was a member of the Golden Agency and a founding member of the Squadron Supreme. He is also the father of Blue Eagle. He first appeared in Squadron Supreme #1 (September 1985).
 * The second incarnation, is the son of the original Squadron's American Eagle. The character debuted as a member of the team of superheroes called the Squadron Supreme in The Avengers #85 (February 1971) as American Eagle, then as Cap'n Hawk in The Avengers #148 (June 1976), and finally as Blue Eagle in Squadron Supreme #1 (September 1985).

title: American Eagle (Marvel Comics)


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Talk:Right to fork

This does not actually refer to any right, it should probably be a part of the fork article that already exists. Janizary 00:46, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, it contained inaccurate information and information that duplicated Fork (software development). Ironically, the article is a POV fork. It now redirects. --65.19.73.36 19:32, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Right to fork


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User:Mathbot/Mapped links

 * 1) some pages on Wikipedia are named differently than on PM, so links need to be changed
 * 2) (it does not matter how much space is there below on both sides of --)

image        -- image (mathematics) image2       -- function (mathematics) union        -- union (set theory) intersection -- intersection (set theory) mathbbr      -- real number mathbbq      -- rational number mathbbz      -- integer inclusion2   -- subset ring         -- ring (mathematics) real         -- real number positive     -- negative and non-negative numbers negative     -- negative and non-negative numbers compact      -- compact set boundary     -- boundary (topology) range        -- range (mathematics) continuous   -- continuous function domain       -- domain (mathematics)
 * 1) PM link     -- Wikipedia link

title: User:Mathbot/Mapped links


text: Category:1999 Atlantic hurricane season

title: Category:1999 Atlantic hurricane season


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Peter Lassen

Peter Lassen (October 31, 1800 – April 26, 1859), later known in Spanish as Don Pedro Lassen,  was a Danish-born Californian ranchero and gold prospector. Born in Denmark, Lassen immigrated at age 30 to Massachusetts, before eventually moving to California (then a part of Mexico). In California, Lassen became a Mexican citizen and received the vast Rancho Bosquejo from Governor Manuel Micheltorena. He is the namesake of Lassen County, California, Lassen Peak, Lassen National Forest, and Lassen Volcanic National Park.

Early life
Peter Lassen was born in Farum, Denmark, and immigrated in 1830 to Boston, Massachusetts. Born to Johanne Sophie Westergaard and Lars Nielsen, Peter was baptized at the age of one week on December 7, 1800. The patronymic surname Larsen, meaning son of Lars, was applied in his naming and was common among Danish farmers at that time. Lassen used several different spellings while living in Denmark and in Copenhagen, sometimes preferring to be called Peter Larsen Farum, after his birthplace.

When he was seventeen, Lassen moved to Kalundborg to learn blacksmithing. He apprenticed under his uncle, Christian Nielsen until 1823, when he moved to Copenhagen to work under a master blacksmith named Sigersted.

Pioneering California
In 1840, he immigrated to California and became a rancher. Peter Lassen traveled from Keyetsville, Missouri, to Westport, Missouri, a "common place of rendezvous for overland parties". The expedition Lassen joined was made up of missionaries and adventurers, some on their way to California; others headed to the Columbia River basin in Oregon.

Lassen met the ship Lausanne on the Willamette River in Oregon. He sailed on July 3, 1840, boarding for passage to Bodega Bay, in Sonoma County, California. The travelers were invited to touch land in California at Fort Ross, and stayed on there until they could procure some horses to travel to Sutter's Fort.

Lassen arrived at Sutter's Fort in August 1840, with William Wiggins, who had traveled with him from Westport (now Kansas City, Missouri), over land and by sea for nearly fifteen months starting in May 1839. John Sutter happily welcomed the men and traveled with them from his colony, known at the time as New Helvetia (meaning New Switzerland), to Yerba Buena and Alviso, California, in a small sailboat.

While it is likely he was working as a blacksmith during his early years in California, Lassen traveled to Santa Cruz in 1841, where he oversaw the construction of a sawmill owned by Isaac Graham on Zayante Creek. Lassen was paid 100 mules for his efforts. From the winter of 1840- 1841 Lassen returned to San Jose, with another pioneer blacksmith, William "Guillermo" Gulnac; the two travelling to the upper San Joaquin Valley in the Spring of 1841. In July 1842, the men arrived at "Rancho Campo de los Franceses" but just missed connecting with French-Canadian trappers who worked for the Hudson's Bay Company. Lassen pushed on with his livestock, and instead spent the next few years camped in a hut along the Cosumnes River, working as a travelling blacksmith.

Lassen Emigrant Trail
Lassen established the Lassen Cutoff of the California Trail, which left the main trail near the modern-day Rye Patch Reservoir and crossed a desolate section of what is now northwestern Nevada, including the Black Rock Desert. His cutoff continued to Goose Lake in northeastern California, and then followed the Pit River into California's Central Valley. Portions of this trail were particularly arduous, and many of its early travelers greatly regretted choosing it. The route was extensively traveled during the years 1848 to 1853, but because of the hardships of the route, the trail was little used thereafter. The Applegate Trail also traveled from Rye Patch Reservoir to Goose Lake. (The Applegate Trail was intended as a safer alternative to the main route of the Oregon Trail, and it continued into Oregon's Willamette Valley.) The Lassen Cutoff is a California Historical Landmark marker No. 763 and 678.

John D. Unruh, Jr., writes of Lassen's first attempt at using his cutoff, rescued from disaster by a group of well-supplied emigrants from Oregon who helped him reach his ranch: "Here the wily Dane orchestrated a meeting wherein the emigrants supposedly endorsed him as a guide and warmly praised his cutoffs. This deceptive endorsement was rushed eastward to be printed in newspapers and influence credulous forty-niners hell-bent for the gold fields. Planning carefully, Lassen also dispatched agents to divert forty-niners onto the cutoff and to set up trail advertisements (including a signboard at Lassen Meadows, where the Applegate Trail branched off from the Humboldt River) with the reassuring message that the diggings were a mere 110 miles ahead ... [A later] emigration trustingly followed their lead, many foolishly discarding surplus provisions on the assumption that only 110 miles remained. The suffering of those choosing the Lassen Cutoff was severe, for it proved to be some 200 miles longer than either the Carson or Truckee routes."

Rancher
Lassen was granted in 1844 the 22206 acre Rancho Bosquejo Mexican land grant in Tehama County by Governor Manuel Micheltorena. On his fourth expedition to the west, John C. Fremont recorded in his journal that in the spring of 1846 he visited and stayed at the Lassen ranch. Fremont noted that Lassen had brought into cultivation wheat, grapes and cotton. In 1855 Lassen moved to the Honey Lake region, where he prospected and served in the office of surveyor of the unofficial Nataqua Territory.

Death
Lassen was murdered on April 26, 1859 in Clapper Canyon (then known as Black Rock Canyon) in the Black Rock Mountains as he was traveling in the area (later known as Hardin City, Nevada), to prospect for silver. He was traveling along with Edward Clapper and Americus Wyatt; Clapper was killed in the same incident, but Wyatt escaped. The circumstances surrounding his death remain mysterious. According to Wyatt, Lassen and Clapper were shot by an unseen sniper while breaking camp.

At the time the culprits were widely considered to be Northern Paiute, who were then in a state of unrest, which would soon lead to the Paiute War. However, Wyatt himself, Pit River Indians, and disgruntled emigrants who followed the Lassen trail, have also been suspected. In particular, an investigation at the time disclosed that none of the supplies of Lassen, Clapper or Wyatt had been taken; in the perception of the investigator, leaving the supplies was not normal conduct for a Native American raiding party at that time, and, as a result, Wyatt himself has been suspected as the murderer of Lassen and Clapper. William Weatherlow, the Susanville resident, leader of the Honey Lake Rangers, and close friend of Isaac Roop was known to be in the area and was leading the prospecting party Lassen, Clapper, and Wyatt were in search of. Weatherlow was thought by local Indian Agent Major Dodge to have been the murderer under order from Isaac Roop for political gain as Lassen was a prominent and leading candidate for the provisional governorship of the forming Sierra Nevada Territory. Peter Lassen's grave is in Susanville in Lassen County, California, along the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Peter Lassen's Grave at 2550 Wingfield Road, Susanville, California is a California Historical Landmark No. 565.

Legacy
Banner Lassen Medical Center and Lassen College in Susanville, Lassen National Forest, Lassen Peak, and Lassen Volcanic National Park are named in his honor. In addition there is a Scout troop in his hometown of Farum called Peter Lassen Troop.

In popular culture
The actor Michael Witney portrayed Lassen in a 1968 episode, "The Other Side of the Mountain", of the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor.

title: Peter Lassen


text: User:Flatulent

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Forth Estuary Transport Authority

The Forth Estuary Transport Authority (FETA) was the authority responsible for the maintenance of the Forth Road Bridge over the Firth of Forth in eastern central Scotland. FETA was created in 2001 by the Transport (Scotland) Act 2001 - to replace the Forth Road Bridge Joint Board.

Remit
The Forth Estuary Transport Authority was formed in 2001, with a wider remit than the Forth Road Bridge Joint Board it replaced. It was able to fund road and public transport improvements to aide crossing the Firth of Forth, and its new powers permitted it to include the use of routes other than the Forth Road Bridge, such as using the Firth of Forth itself for hovercraft services between Fife and Lothian.

Organisation
The board of FETA had ten members, allocated as follows:
 * four to the City of Edinburgh
 * four to Fife Council
 * one to the Perth and Kinross Council
 * one to West Lothian Council

History of significant operations
The Forth Road Bridge underwent a comprehensive structural survey between 2003 and 2005 after suspension bridges of similar design and age in the United States were found to be suffering from corrosion in their main suspension cables. The survey results showed significant corrosion and an accompanying loss in strength of between 8 and 10% in the cables on the Forth Bridge.

The rate of corrosion and weakening of the main cables would have required the bridge to close to HGV traffic some time around 2014 and then close to all traffic by 2019, so plans were drawn up to build a replacement crossing, to run parallel to the existing road bridge between Lothian and Fife. Dehumidification equipment was installed to remove moisture from the inside of the main suspension cables, in an attempt to slow or halt the corrosion, but with no guarantee of success, the Forth Estuary Transport Authority and Scottish Government were left with no option but to plan the construction of a new crossing.

Dehumidification work on the Forth Road Bridge was successful in halting the corrosion of the main cables, so there is now no requirement to close the existing Forth Road Bridge to traffic. The Forth Road Bridge will, as a result, be incorporated into the road network alongside the new bridge, the Queensferry Crossing, and will provide a dedicated public transport crossing, remaining available as a diversionary route in the event the new bridge has to be closed.

Closure
The Scottish Government put out to tender a contract for the operation and maintenance of the existing road bridge and new Queensferry Crossing (the rail bridge remaining under the ownership and control of Network Rail). The successful bidder was Amey plc who would take over maintenance work in 2015.

The Forth Bridges Operating Company (the legal title for the incoming private operator) inherited staff from the Forth Estuary Transport Authority, and transferred over under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006. The Forth Bridges Operating Company will then be responsible for the maintenance of the Forth Road Bridge, the Queensferry Crossing and the approach roads to the north and south; the M90 from Junction 3, Halbeath, through to Junction 1A, Kirkliston.

The Forth Estuary Transport Authority was disbanded on 31 May 2015.

title: Forth Estuary Transport Authority


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Ceremonial deism

Ceremonial deism is a legal term used in the United States to designate governmental religious references and practices deemed to be mere cultural rituals and not inherently religious because of long customary usage. Proposed examples of ceremonial deism include the reference to God introduced into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency, and the Ohio state motto, "With God, all things are possible".

The term was coined in 1962 by the then-dean of Yale Law School, Eugene Rostow, and has been used since 1984 by the Supreme Court of the United States to assess exemptions from the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Usage by the Supreme Court
The first use of the term in a Supreme Court opinion is in Justice Brennan's dissenting opinion in

"...I would suggest that such practices as the designation of 'In God We Trust' as our national motto, or the references to God contained in the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag can best be understood, in Dean Rostow's apt phrase, as a form a 'ceremonial deism,' protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content."

In Justice O'Connor, concurring in the opinion, invoked the term in her analysis of the nature of the phrase "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance, saying in part

"There are no de minimis violations of the Constitution – no constitutional harms so slight that the courts are obliged to ignore them. Given the values that the Establishment Clause was meant to serve, however, I believe that government can, in a discrete category of cases, acknowledge or refer to the divine without offending the Constitution. This category of 'ceremonial deism' most clearly encompasses such things as the national motto ('In God We Trust'), religious references in traditional patriotic songs such as 'The Star-Spangled Banner', and the words with which the Marshal of this Court opens each of its sessions ('God save the United States and this honorable Court'). These references are not minor trespasses upon the Establishment Clause to which I turn a blind eye. Instead, their history, character, and context prevent them from being constitutional violations at all. [emphasis added, citations omitted]"

Controversy
It has been unsuccessfully argued that the government requiring or promoting the phrase in "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

David Niose argues that reference to religion is not more likely to be harmless merely because it is "ceremonial." Used for the purpose of defending religious references by the government as harmless, he says the term "ceremonial deism" is grossly inaccurate and even dangerous, and argues that genuinely discriminatory governmental actions often escape scrutiny, partly because they are shielded by the euphemism of "ceremonial deism".

Professor Martha Nussbaum at the University of Chicago Law school stated in 2008 that "'Ceremonial Deism' is an odd name for a ritual affirmation that a Deist would be very reluctant to endorse, since Deists think of God as a rational causal principle but not as a personal judge and father."

title: Ceremonial deism


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Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah

ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Jarrāḥ (عامر بن عبدالله بن الجراح; 583–639 CE), better known as Abū ʿUbayda (أبو عبيدة) was a Muslim commander and one of the Companions of the Prophet. He is mostly known for being one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised. He remained commander of a large section of the Rashidun Army during the time of the Rashid Caliph Umar and was on the list of Umar's appointed successors to the Caliphate, but died in the Plague of Amwas in 639 before Umar.

Ancestry and early life
Abu Ubayda belonged to the al-Harith ibn Fihr clan, also called the Balharith, of the Quraysh tribe. The clan was settled in the lower quarter of Mecca, a town in the Hejaz (western Arabia) and home of the Quraysh. During the pre-Islamic period (pre-620s), the Balharith were allied to the Banu Abd Manaf (the ancestral clan of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) in the Mutayyabun faction, against the other Qurayshite clans headed by the Banu Abd al-Dar. Abu Ubayda's father Abd Allah was among the chiefs of the Quraysh in the Fijar War against the Hawazin nomads in the late 6th century. His mother was also a Qurayshite.

Abu Ubayda was born around 583 CE. Before embracing Islam, he was considered to be one of the nobles of the Quraysh and had a reputation among his tribesmen for modesty and bravery.

Companion of The prophet
By 611, Muhammad was preaching the oneness of God to the people of Mecca. He began by inviting his closest companions and relatives in private to the way of Islam. He embraced Islam a day after Abu Bakr in the year 611 at the age of 28.

Abu Ubayda lived through the harsh experience that the Muslims went through in Mecca from beginning to end. With other early Muslims, he endured the insults and oppressions of the Quraysh.

In 623 CE, when Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, Abu Ubayda also migrated. When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off each immigrant (Muhajir) with one of the residents of Medina (Ansari), joining Muhammad ibn Maslamah with Abu Ubayda making them brothers in faith.

Military career under Muhammad
In the year 624, Abu Ubayda participated in the first major battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, at the Battle of Badr. In this battle, he fought his own father Abdullah ibn al-Jarrah, who was fighting alongside the army of Quraysh. Abdullah ibn al Jarrah attacked his son with his sword and Ubaydah killed him.

In the year 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud. In the second phase of the battle, when Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from the rear, changing an Islamic victory into defeat, the bulk of the Muslim soldiers were routed from the battlefield, and few remained steadfast. Abu Ubayda was one of them and he guarded Muhammad from the attacks of the Qurayshi soldiers. On that day, Abu Ubayda lost two of his front teeth while trying to extract two links of Muhammad's armour that had penetrated into his cheeks.

Later in the year 627 he took part in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza. He was also made commander of a small expedition that set out to attack and destroy the tribes of Tha'libah and Anmar, who were plundering nearby villages.

In the year 628 he participated in Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and was made one of the witnesses over the pact. Later in the same year, he was a part of the Muslim campaign to Khaybar.

In the year 630, when the Muslim army conquered Mecca, Abu Ubayda was commanding one of the four divisions that entered the city from four different routes. Later that year, he participated in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if. He was also part of the Tabuk campaign under the command of Muhammad himself. On their return from the Battle of Tabuk, a Christian delegation from Najran arrived in Medina and showed interest in Islam and asked Muhammad to send them a person to guide them in the matters of religion and in other tribal affairs according to Islamic laws, Abu Ubayda was appointed by Muhammad to go with them. He was also sent as the tax collector to Bahrain by Muhammad. He was present in Mecca when Muhammad died in 632.

In the year 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Daat al-Salaasil from where he called for reinforcements, this was known as the Expedition of Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah. Muhammad sent Abu Ubayda in command of an army that included Abu Bakr and Umar. They attacked and defeated the enemy. Later in the same year, another expedition was sent under his command to locate the routes of Qurayshi caravans.

Role in the succession of Abu Bakr
Muhammad died in 632 and the Muslims were in disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of their nascent community. On the same day of the Islamic prophet's death, the Ansar convened in a controversial meeting that became known as the Saqifa. They chose one of their own as caliph. Their principal aim was to prevent a Meccan, especially the new converts among the Qurayshi aristocracy, from gaining power over them.

Opinion among the Muhajirun were split, with one side favoring a person closer to Muhammad in kinship, namely Ali, who they held was favored by Muhammad to succeed him. The other faction of the Muhajirun mostly backed Abu Bakr due to his seniority, closeness to Muhammad, and the increasingly important role he was attaining in the prophet's last years. The bulk of the Qurayshite new converts, with the prominent exception of Abu Sufyan, backed Abu Bakr.

The Islamic tradition generally portrays Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubayda as operating in concert and decisively intervening against the Ansar at Saqifa. After a debate, the triumvirate obtained the allegiance of the Ansar to Abu Bakr despite their reservations. There are indications, according to the modern historian Elias Shoufani, that Umar initially favored Abu Ubayda but that he lacked sufficient support against Abu Bakr, who he consequently supported against other potential candidates. A report in the history of al-Baladhuri holds that after Muhammad died, Umar told Abu Ubayda, "Stretch your hand and let us give you the bay'ah [oath of allegiance], for you are the custodian (Amīn) of this ummah (the Muslim community), as the prophet called you". Abu Ubayda is then said to have declined in favor of Abu Bakr. Another report in the history of al-Tabari holds that Abu Bakr offered the caliphate to Umar or Abu Ubayda at the Saqifa, but both insisted on Abu Bakr's succession.

Deployment and appointment to supreme command
As the Ridda wars came to an end, Abu Bakr dispatched three or four armies at the same or different intervals toward Byzantine Syria to conquer that region. Though there are several versions in the early Islamic tradition, including in the works of Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi, al-Mas'udi (d. 956), al-Azdi (d. 944), as well as the 10th-century-compiled Kitab al-Aghani, that place Abu Ubayda as one of these commanders, modern research, including by historians H. A. R. Gibb, C. H. Becker, Philip K. Hitti, Andreas Stratos, D. R. Hill and Khalil Athamina date his dispatch to after Abu Bakr's death. In the comprehensive 9th-century history of the early Muslim conquests by al-Baladhuri, the latter states "there is no truth" to the claim Abu Ubayda was sent by Abu Bakr; rather, the caliph "intended to send Abu ʿUbayda at the head of one of the armies, but the latter asked the caliph to relieve him of this mission". Athamina assesses that "certain allusions" in the Islamic sources offer context to the notion that Abu Ubayda, despite his participation in several expeditions under Muhammad and his high-standing among the Muslims, did not have the desire nor the necessary military experience and merit to accept the post Abu Bakr offered him.

Modern research indicates that Abu Ubayda was dispatched to the Syrian front by Abu Bakr's successor, Umar, and early Muslim authors al-Baladhuri, al-Fasawi (d. 890) and Ibn Asakir (d. 1175) mention it was in the capacity of commander of an army of reinforcements. His arrival most likely dated to around 636, shortly after the first Muslim capture of Damascus in late 635 or during the preparation for the subsequent Battle of the Yarmuk. At the time, supreme command of the Muslim armies in Syria was held by Khalid ibn al-Walid. Umar may have sent Abu Ubayda to assume the supreme command. Several accounts in the Islamic tradition claim Abu Ubayda concealed the caliph's order from the rest of the army to avoid potentially insulting Khalid or provoking a mutiny while the Muslims were on the cusp of a major confrontation with the Byzantines. Athamina dismisses the reliability of these claims, considering them militarily illogical and meant to dramatize the change in command and emphasize Abu Ubayda's "moral superiority and unselfishness". Instead, Athamina maintains Abu Ubayda's appointment to the supreme command was made by Umar, who had kept in constant contact with Abu Ubayda through letters and emissaries, after the decisive Muslim victory at the Yarmuk.

Abu Ubayda may have been chosen to lead at that time, when the Byzantine defense of Syria had taken an enormous blow, as the circumstances called for an able administrator to take the helm from a military commander like Khalid. The Islamic tradition provides a host of moral and personal reasons why Khalid was demoted in favor of Abu Ubayda, but most modern historians view these as either partially valid or literary innovations. Athamina holds Abu Ubayda was likely installed because Khalid and his large force of tribesmen from Arabia and Iraq, along with their families, presented a threat to the old-established, formerly Byzantine-allied, and militarily experienced Arab tribes of Syria, whose defection was considered vital by Umar to form a network of defense against the Byzantines. This motivated him to demote Khalid and disband his army, the remnants of which were transferred to the Sasanian front in Iraq.

Ajnadayn and Damascus
Soon the Muslims heard of a gathering of 90,000 Byzantine army (Eastern Roman army) at Ajnadayn, about 15 mi southwest of Jerusalem. All the divisions of the Muslim army, about 32,000 in number, joined Khalid at Ajnadayn on 24 July 634. Under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid the Muslims defeated the Byzantine army there on 30 July 634 at the Battle of Ajnadayn. After one week, Abu Ubayda, along with Khalid, moved towards Damascus. On their way to Damascus, they defeated another Byzantine army at the Battle of Yakusa in mid-August 634. Caloiis and Azrail, the governor of Damascus, led another army to stop Khalid's corps but they were also defeated in the battle of Maraj-al-Safar on 19 August 634.

The next day the Muslims reached Damascus and besieged the city, which continued for 30 days. After defeating the Byzantine reinforcements sent by Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab, 20 mi from Damascus, Khalid's forces attacked and entered the city. With Khalid's divisions investing the city from the northeast, Thomas, the purported son-in-law of the Emperor Heraclius, surrendered the city to Ubayda, who was besieging the Bab al-Jabiya (Jabiya Gate), on 19 September 634.

Abu Ubayda was appointed by Khalid ibn al-Walid to siege the Jabiya Gate of Damascus. It was Abu Ubayda who gave peace to Damascus after Khalid ibn al-Walid attacked the city and conquered it by force. Abu Ubayda, Shurahbeel ibn Hassana and 'Amr ibn al-'As, unaware of Khalid's attack from the Eastern Gate, gave peace to them, which was reluctantly endorsed by Khalid. The Byzantine army was given a cease fire of three days and allowed to go as far as they could with their families and treasure. Others simply agreed to stay at Damascus and pay tribute. The Muslims controlled the road to Emessa, so the Byzantines went west and then north up the Beqaa Valley. After the three-day truce was over, the Muslim cavalry, under Khalid's command, pursued the Byzantine column via the shorter Emessa road and caught them in the northwest Beqaa Valley, just before they entered the mountains en route to Antioch at the Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj.

Conquest of central Syria
Soon after the appointment of Abu-Ubayda as commander in chief, he sent a small detachment to the annual fair held at Abu-al-Quds, modern day Abla, near Zahlé; east of Beirut. There was a Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison guarding that fair, the size of the garrison was miscalculated by the Muslim informants and it quickly encircled the small Muslim detachment. Before it would have been completely destroyed, Abu Ubayda, having received new intelligence, sent Khalid to rescue the Muslim army. Khalid reached there and defeated them in the Battle of Abu-al-Quds on 15 October 634 and returned with tons of looted booty from the fair and hundreds of Byzantine prisoners.

With central Syria captured, the Muslims has given a decisive blow to the Byzantines. The communication between northern Syria and Palestine was now cut off. Abu Ubayda decided to march to Fahl (Pella), which is about 500 ft below sea level, and where a strong Byzantine garrison and survivors of Battle of Ajnadayn were present. The region was crucial because from here the Byzantine army could strike eastwards and cut the communications line with Arabia. Moreover, with this large garrison at the rear, Palestine could not be invaded.

Thus the Muslim army moved to Fahl. The Byzantine army was eventually defeated at the Battle of Fahl on 23 January 635 A.D.

Battles for Emesa and the second battle of Damascus
After the battle, which would prove to be a key to Palestine and Jordan, the Muslim armies split up. Shurahbeel and Amr's corps moved south to capture Palestine. Meanwhile, Abu Ubayda and Khalid with a relatively larger corps moved north through Lebanon to conquer Lebanon and northern Syria.

While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, sensing the opportunity, quickly sent an army under General Theodore Trithyrius to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison had been left. Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims having finished the business at Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. The Byzantine army met the Muslims halfway to Emesa, at Maraj al-Rome. During the night, Theodras sent half of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise attack on the Muslim garrison.

Khalid's spy informed him about the move, Khalid having received permission from Abu Ubayda, galloped towards Damascus with his mobile guard. While Abu Ubayda fought and defeated the Byzantine army in the Battle of Marj ar-Rum, Khalid moved to Damascus with his light cavalry and attacked and defeated Theodras in the second battle of Damascus.

A week later, Abu Ubayda himself moved towards Heliopolis (Baalbek), where the great Temple of Jupiter stood. It surrendered to Muslim rule after little resistance and agreed to pay tribute. Abu Ubayda sent Khalid straight towards Emesa.

Emesa and Chalcis sued for peace for a year. Abu Ubayda, accepted the offer and rather than invading the districts of Emesa and Chalcis, he consolidated his rule in conquered land and captured Hama, Maarrat al-Nu'man. The peace treaties were, however, on Heraclius's instructions, to lure the Muslims and to secure time for preparation of defenses of northern Syria (present-day Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey). Having mustered sizeable armies at Antioch, Heraclius sent them to reinforce strategically important areas of northern Syria, like Emesa and Chalcis. With the arrival of Byzantine army in the city, the peace treaty was violated, Abu Ubadiah and Khalid thus marched to Emesa, and a Byzantine army that halted Khalid's advance guard was defeated. The Muslims besieged Emesa, which was finally conquered in March 636 after six months of siege.

Battle of Yarmouk
After capturing Emesa, the Muslims moved north to capture whole of the northern Syria. Khalid, acting as an advance guard took his mobile guard to raid northern Syria. At Shaizer, Khalid intercepted a convoy taking provisions for Chalcis. The prisoners were interrogated and informed him about Emperor Heraclius' ambitious plan to take back Syria. They told him that an army, possibly 200,000 strong, would soon emerge to recapture their territory. Khalid stopped there. After his past experiences, Heraclius, now had been avoiding pitch battles with the Muslims. He planned to send massive reinforcements to all the major cities and isolate the Muslim corps from each other, and thus separately encircle and destroy the Muslim armies. Five massive armies were launched in June 636 to roll back Syria.

Khalid, sensing Heraclius's plan, feared that the Muslim armies would be isolated and destroyed. In a council of war he suggested that Abu Ubayda draw all the Muslim armies to one place so as to fight a decisive battle with the Byzantines. As per Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubayda ordered all the Muslim armies in Syria to evacuate the conquered land and concentrate at Jabiya. This maneuver gave a decisive blow to the Heraclius's plan, as he did not wish engage his troops in an open battle with the Muslims, where the light cavalry could be effectively used. From Jabiya, on Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubayda ordered the Muslim army to withdraw on the plain of the Yarmouk River, where cavalry could be used. While the Muslim armies were gathering at Yarmouk, Khalid intercepted and routed the Byzantine advance guard. This was to ensure the safe retreat of the Muslims from conquered land.

The Muslim armies reached there in July 636. A week or two later, around mid July, the Byzantine army arrived. The Byzantine commander in chief, Vahan, sent Christian Arab troops of the Ghassanid king, Jabalah ibn al-Aiham, to check the strength of the Muslims. Khalid's mobile guard defeated and routed the Christian Arabs; this was the last action before the battle started. For the next month negotiations continued between the two armies, and Khalid went to meet Vahan in person at Byzantine camp. Meanwhile, the Muslims received reinforcements sent by Caliph Umar.

Finally on 15 August, the Battle of Yarmouk was fought, it lasted for 6 days and ended in a devastating defeat for the Byzantines. The Battle of Yarmouk is considered to be one of the most decisive battles of history. It was the historic defeat that sealed the fate of Byzantines, the magnitude of defeat was so intense that Byzantine could never recover from it. It left whole of the Byzantine Empire vulnerable to the Muslims. The battle was the greatest battle ever fought on Syrian soil till then and was a tactical marvel of Abu Ubayda.

Siege of Jerusalem
With the Byzantine army shattered and routed, the Muslims quickly recaptured the territory that they conquered prior to Yarmouk. Abu Ubayda held a meeting with his high command, including Khalid, to decide on future conquests. They decided to conquer Jerusalem. The Siege of Jerusalem lasted four months after which the city agreed to surrender, but only to caliph Umar in person. 'Amr ibn al-'As suggested that Khalid should be sent as caliph, because of his very strong resemblance to Umar. Khalid was recognized and eventually, Umar came and the Jerusalem surrendered on April 637. After Jerusalem, the Muslim armies broke up once again. Yazid's corps went to Damascus and captured Beirut. Amr and Shurahbil's corps went on to conquer the rest of Palestine, while Abu Ubayda and Khalid, at the head of a 17,000 strong army moved north to conquer whole of the northern Syria.

Abu Ubayda sent the commanders 'Amr ibn al-'As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, and Shurahbil ibn Hassana back to their areas to reconquer them. Most of the areas submitted without a fight. Abu Ubayda himself, along with Khalid, moved to northern Syria once again to conquer them with a 17,000 strong army. Khalid along with his cavalry was sent to Hazir and Abu Ubayda moved to Chalcis.

Conquest of northern Syria
With Emesa already in hand, Abu Ubayda and Khalid moved towards Chalcis, which was strategically the most significant Byzantine fort.

Defense of Emesa
After the devastating defeat in the Battle of Yarmouk, the remainder of the Byzantine empire was left vulnerable. With few military resources left, it was no longer in a position to attempt a military comeback in Syria. To gain time to prepare a defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the Muslims occupied in Syria Heraclius thus sought help from the Christian Arab tribes which came of Jazirah that mainly from Circesium and Hīt and the tribes mustered a large army and marched to besiege Emesa. Abu Ubayda withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa as a part of complex strategy which he devised to repel the massive invasion of the Christian Arabs against Emesa, while Caliph Umar instructed Abu Ubaydah to send his field commanders outside of Emesa with sufficient splinter forces to lay counter siege to cities in Jazira, homeland of enemy Arab christian tribes, in order to divert the focus of enemy concentration in Emesa. So the splinter forces under Iyadh ibn Ghanm In 638 the Muslims attacked Hīt, which they found to be well fortified; thus, they left a fraction of the army to impose a siege on the city, while the rest went after Circesium.

After Emesa
Later on, In Chalcis, the Byzantines would guard Anatolia, Heraclius's homeland Armenia and there the Asian zone's capital Antioch. Abu Ubayda sent Khalid, with his elite cavalry, the mobile guard, towards Chalcis. The fort was guarded by the Greek troops under their commander, Menas, who was reported to be of high prestige, second only to the emperor himself. Menas, diverting from conventional Byzantine tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading elements of the Muslim army before the main body could join them at Hazir, 5 km east of Chalcis. This is known as the Battle of Hazir, which even forced Umar to praise Khalid's military genius. Umar is reported to have said:

"Khalid is truly the commander, May Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr. He was a better judge of men than I have been."

Abu Ubayda soon joined Khalid at the virtually impregnable fort of Chalcis, which surrendered in June 637. With this strategic victory, the territory north of Chalcis lay open to the Muslims. Khalid and Abu Ubayda continued their march northward and laid siege to Aleppo, which was captured after fierce resistance from desperate Byzantine troops in October 637. The next objective was the splendid city of Antioch, the capital of the Asian zone of the Byzantine Empire.

Before marching towards Antioch, Khalid and Abu Ubayda decided to isolate the city from Anatolia. Accordingly, they sent detachments north to eliminate all possible Byzantine forces and captured a garrison town, Azaz 50 km from Aleppo; from there the Muslims attacked Antioch on the eastern side. In order to save the empire from annihilation, a desperate battle was fought between the Muslim army and that of the defenders of Antioch, popularly known as Battle of Iron Bridge. The Byzantine army was composed of the survivors of Yarmouk and other Syrian campaigns. After being defeated, the Byzantines retreated to Antioch and the Muslims besieged the city. Having little hope of help from Emperor Herakleios, Antioch surrendered on 30 October 637, with the terms that all Byzantine troops would be given safe passage to Constantinople.

Abu Ubayda sent Khalid northwards, while he marched south and captured Lazkia, Jabla, Tartus and the coastal areas west of Anti-Lebanon Mountains. Khalid moved north and raided territory up to the Kızıl River (Kızılırmak) in Anatolia. Emperor Heraclius had already left Antioch for Edessa before the arrival of the Muslims. He arranged for the necessary defenses in Al-Jazira and Armenia and left for his capital Constantinople. On his way to Constantinople he had a narrow escape when Khalid, after the capturing Marash, was heading south towards Munbij. Heraclius hastily took the mountainous path and, passing through the Cilician Gates, is reported to have said:

"Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Thou art an infidel's (enemy's) now. Peace be with you, O' Syria – what a beautiful land you will be for the enemy hands."

With the devastating defeat at Yarmouk his empire was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. With few military resources left he was no longer in a position to attempt a military come back in Syria. To gain time for the preparations of the defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the Muslims occupied in Syria. He sought help of the Christian Arabs of Al-Jazira who mustered up a large army and marched against Emesa, Abu Ubayda's headquarters. Abu Ubayda withdrew all his forces from northern Syria to Emesa, and the Christian Arabs laid siege to the city. Khalid was in favour of an open battle outside the fort, but Abu Ubayda rather sent the matter to Umar, who handled it brilliantly. Umar sent detachments of the Muslim army from Iraq to invade Al-Jazira, homeland of the invading Christian Arabs, from three different routes. Moreover, another detachment was sent to Emesa from Iraq under Qa'qa ibn Amr, a veteran of Yarmouk who was sent to Iraq for the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Umar himself marched from Medina at the head of 1,000 men. The Christian Arabs, when they received the news of the Muslim invasion of their homeland, abandoned the siege and hastily withdrew to Al-Jazira. At this point Khalid and his mobile guard came out of the fort and devastated the army, attacking them from the rear.

Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
After the battle Umar ordered the conquest of Al-Jazira, which was completed by late summer 638 A.D. Following the victory, Abu Ubayda sent Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm (conqueror of Al-Jazira) to invade the Byzantine territory north of Al-Jazira. They marched independently and captured Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakır), Malatya and whole of Armenia up to Ararat and raided northern and central Anatolia. Heraclius has already abandoned all the forts between Antioch and Tartus to create a buffer zone or no man's land between Muslim controlled areas and mainland Anatolia.

Umar for the time being stopped his armies from further invasion deeper into Anatolia but rather ordered Abu Ubayda, now the governor of Syria, to consolidate his rule in Syria. At this point, Umar is reported to have said:

"I wish there was a wall of fire between us and Romans, so that they could not enter our territory nor we could enter theirs."

Due to the dismissal of Khalid from the army and a famine and plague the next year, the Muslim armies were kept from invading Anatolia. The expedition to Anatolia and Armenia marked the end of the military career of Khalid.

Relief efforts during the 638 famine
Later that year Arabia fell into a severe drought, and large sums of people began to perish from hunger and epidemic diseases alike, both resulting from the drought and its complications. Therefore, countless numbers of people (in the hundreds of thousands), from throughout Arabia, gathered at Medina as food was being rationed. Soon, Medina's food reserves declined to alarming levels; by this time, Caliph Umar had already written to the governors of his provinces requesting any relevant aid they might assist with. One such letter was rushed to Abu Ubayda, who responded promptly:

"I am sending you the Caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other will be at Madinah."

True to his assurance, Abu Ubayda's caravans of food supplies were the first to reach Medina, with 4,000 camels arriving full of food. To handle the overwhelming amount, Umar appointed Abu Ubayda to distribute this among the thousands of people living in the outskirts of Medina. Following Abu Ubayda's generous aid and efforts, Umar provided 4,000 dinars as a modest stipend or token of appreciation which, he refused on the grounds that the deed was done for the sake of God.

Death
Abu Ubayda died of the plague and left no descendants.

Character
His appearance was striking. He was slim and tall, with a bright face and a sparse beard. Looking at him was pleasing and meeting him was refreshing. He was an extremely courteous and humble person, and quite shy. However, he would become earnest and alert in a tough situation.

Several early Islamic sources and the hadith compilations of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim all note that Muhammad held Abu Ubayda to be the "man of trust" of the umma (Muslim community). Other Islamic sources refer to him as "al-qawiyy al-amin" (the strong and the trustworthy). According to Gibb, Abu Ubayda was "a man whose personality impressed his contemporaries, but he is presented by later tradition in a rather colourless fashion".

Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab once said about him, "Three persons in the tribe of Quraysh were most prominent, had the best character, and were the most modest. If they spoke to you, they would not deceive you, and if you spoke to them, they would not accuse you of lying: Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Uthman ibn Affan and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah."

He chose to live a simple life, opting for the most modest of garments when compared to some of the other sahaba (companions of Muhammad). During the conquest of Jerusalem, when Caliph Umar had come to Syria, he was met by Khalid ibn al-Walid and Yazid bin Abu Sufyan. Caliph Umar dismounted from his camel and threw sand at them while admonishing them that "it has not been even a year since you have come out of the hunger and hard life of Arabia, and you have forgotten all the simplicity when you saw the glamour of Syria's Emperors?" Both men were incidentally wearing better garments than they were previously accustomed to; Khalid ibn al-Walid noted that beneath their clothes, they were still sufficiently armed, indicating they were still accustomed to the practical ways of hard desert life, bringing some relief to the Caliph. Comparatively, Abu Ubayda was also present but had always maintained his humble dress and way of life. Umar was pleased to see him, and that very evening, when Umar arrived at his home, he saw that Abu Ubayda, a man-made successful in the art of battle (earning him rights to much booty), had no possessions at home except one bed, a sword, and a shield. Umar said to him, "O' Abu Ubayda, you [could/should] have arranged some things of comfort for yourself at home." Replied Abu Ubayda "O' Umar that's enough for me."

He is regarded by Muslims to be one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised during their lifetime.

The Ubaydah Bin Al Jarrah Air Base near Kut, Iraq is named after him.

Tomb

Beginning in the 13th century, Abu Ubayda's tomb was held to be in the village of Ammata in the Jordan Valley area of Transjordan. That part of the valley became known 'Ghawr Abi Ubayda'. Earlier places where Abu Ubayda and his wife were said to have been buried were Tiberias and Beisan in the Jordan district (corresponding to the Galilee and its environs). The traveler al-Harawi, who visited the tomb in Ammata at the beginning of the 13th century, mentions that his tomb was shown in all three places.

The Jarrahs, the family that traditionally maintained the tomb, claimed descent from Abu Ubayda, and were exempt by the Ottoman authorities from paying taxes. They had a waqf on the property and collected donations to Abu Ubayda's memory from farmers and traders at the market nearest the tomb.

title: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah


text:
DAAS

DAAS, DaaS or Daas may refer to:

 * Data as a Service (DaaS), a model of delivering dynamic data
 * Desktop as a service (DaaS): "desktop" virtualization in computing
 * Daas (2005 film), an Indian Tamil-language romantic film
 * Daas (2011 film), a Polish film
 * Dad's Army Appreciation Society
 * The Doug Anthony All Stars (stylized as D⋆A†A☭S), an Australian musical comedy group (1984–1994, 2014–present)
 * Ain Arnat Airport (ICAO: DAAS) in Algeria
 * The Arabic acronym for Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 * Dismissive avoidant attachment style

title: DAAS


text:
Zacconi

Zacconi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ermete Zacconi (1857–1948), Italian stage and film actor
 * Giuseppe Zacconi (1910–1970), Italian director
 * Lodovico Zacconi (1555–1627), Italian-Austrian composer and musical theorist

title: Zacconi


text:
Elizaveta Khripounova

Elizaveta Igorevna Khripounova (Russian: Елизавета Игоревна Хрипунова), now recording as Elizaveta (Russian: Елизавета), also formerly known as Elly K, is a Russian-American pianist, singer/songwriter and opera singer.

Early life
Elizaveta was born in New York City and raised in Moscow, Russia. She left Moscow when she was sixteen.

Career
Elizaveta is a pianist, singer/songwriter, and opera singer with classical training.

In 2007 she released a digital EP "Like Water". The title track was featured in the 2008 motion picture The House Bunny. Her song "Gravity" was featured in the 2010 motion picture Ice Castles.

Her debut full-length album Beatrix Runs was produced by Grammy Award-winner Greg Wells and was digitally released on Universal Republic Records 24 January 2012 exclusively via iTunes. The album was physically released through Amazon on 17 July 2012. Also on 17 July 2012, Elizaveta released her iTunes Session EP.

In 2013 Khripounova performed at the TED Global 2013.

On 17 March 2014 the first single from the Hero EP was remixed by electronic music duo Pegboard Nerds and featured in the viral video "Superman with a GoPro" which has over 20 million views on YouTube. On 14 April 2014, Khripounova released the Hero EP which reached #38 on Billboard's Heatseaker's Charts. On the same day, The A.V. Club premiered a video for the song "Sorry" which featured Malece Miller and Nico Greetham from the television show, So You Think You Can Dance.

Elizaveta's songs have been featured in ABC's Scandal, Pretty Little Liars and The Affair. Elizaveta also sings the Tavern Songs in the award-winning role playing video game Dragon Age Inquisition, as the bard Maryden Halewell.

Elizaveta's first single from her 2015 album Messenger is called 'Trap' and is featured in a Russian motion picture "Призрак"(2015).

In 2019 she released Meet Again in honor of the Kyoto Animation tragedy. Proceeds from the song went to victims in recovery.

Discography

 * The Piano Girl (EP, 2002, Elly K) - as Elly K
 * Intangible (2004, RussianChicksRule! Records) - as Elly K
 * Breakfast With Chopin (2006)
 * "Like Water" (2008)
 * Elizaveta (EP, 2011, Universal Republic)
 * "Dreamer" (2011, Universal Republic)
 * Beatrix Runs (2012, Universal Republic)
 * Elizaveta: iTunes Session EP (2012, Universal Republic)
 * "Hero" (with Pegboard Nerds) (2014, Monstercat)
 * Elizaveta: Hero EP (2014, Flower Army Records)
 * "Messenger" (2015, Flower Army Records)
 * "Extraordinary" (with Pegboard Nerds and Spyker) (2017, Monstercat)
 * "SOS" (2018, Flower Army Records)
 * "Drifters" (with Feint) (2019, Monstercat)
 * "Archangel" (with Timur) (2020, Flower Army Records)

title: Elizaveta Khripounova


text:
WOAY-TV

WOAY-TV (channel 4) is a television station licensed to Oak Hill, West Virginia, United States, serving the Bluefield–Beckley–Oak Hill market as an affiliate of ABC. It has been locally owned by the Thomas family since its inception, and its studios and transmitter are co-located on Legends Highway in Scarbro, just outside the Oak Hill city limits (though with an Oak Hill mailing address).

History
The first television station in southern West Virginia, WOAY-TV, began operations on December 14, 1954, on channel 4. The station was founded by local businessman Robert R. Thomas Jr., and operated as a sister station to WOAY radio (860 AM and 94.1 FM, now WAXS). The station began as a primary ABC affiliate, but in its early years maintained a secondary relationship with the DuMont Television Network, which it lost when DuMont shut down in 1956. In 1959, it switched its primary affiliation to CBS, retaining a secondary affiliation with ABC.

Channel 4 became a full ABC affiliate on February 19, 1967, opting to affiliate with what then-station manager Robert Brown referred to as "the nation's fastest-growing network," and dropped most of its remaining CBS programs. WOAY-TV initially continued to air the CBS Evening News for some time afterward, mainly because the full CBS affiliate nearest to the area, WCHS-TV (channel 8) in Charleston, did not carry it (WOAY dropped it by 1968 when WCHS began clearing it). Another CBS series, Captain Kangaroo, was also retained, presumably until ABC launched AM America (the predecessor of Good Morning America) in 1975.

In previous decades, the station was known throughout the area for a very theatrical professional wrestling show that it produced with local talent in an arena adjacent to its studios. However, this ended on September 30, 1977, when WOAY's main studio, control room, offices, and transmitter building were destroyed in a fire. The stations' facilities were rebuilt in the former wrestling arena, where WOAY-TV remains today. Channel 4 returned to the air within two weeks after the fire, first with ABC programs, and local productions resumed soon thereafter.

Three months prior to the fire, in July 1977, station owner and founder Robert R. Thomas Jr. died, and ownership of the WOAY stations was passed onto his wife Helen and their five children. Robert R. (Robbie) Thomas III succeeded his father as president of the stations, and oversaw WOAY-TV until his death in November 2016. The Thomas family attempted to exit broadcasting in 1990, successfully selling the radio stations but ultimately chose to retain WOAY-TV after a failed sale to Withers Broadcasting Companies, owner of CBS affiliate WDTV in Bridgeport. Ownership of the station is now jointly held by Robbie Thomas's sister, Sarah Ann Thomas, and daughter Robin Thomas DiBartolomeo, who also replaced her father as general manager.

WOAY-TV turned off its analog signal at 11:35p.m. on June 12, 2009 and remained on digital channel 50. On that date, WOAY dropped its longtime on-air moniker of "TV 4", and began identifying simply as "WOAY Television". Unlike most U.S. TV stations after the digital transition, it did not use virtual channel technology to remap its signal to its former analog channel 4. That changed in October 19, 2019, when the station returned to its original virtual allocation as part of its physical move from channel 50 to 31, as part of the FCC-mandated frequency repack. It also moved to channel 4 and returned its longtime on-air moniker of "TV 4".

In 2009, WOAY-TV revamped its technical infrastructure to become the first high-definition station in West Virginia. The station clears the majority of the ABC network schedule.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

title: WOAY-TV


text:
Talk:American Society of Civil Engineers

Recent updates to this article in November 2015
All of the non-working links are now active working links. And the portions that needed citations now have references.

Also, the addition of material regarding the ASCE's Katrina levee investigation makes the article much more balanced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sheldonville (talk • contribs) 22:16, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

POV ?
Most of this article reads like it was taken from the ASCE website promo materials. The "Mission" section repeats info from the ASCE website, and references the ASCE website.

The sole purpose of the ASCE and their vaunted and mendacious infrastructure report is to increase spending on public construction projects. In a world of declining natural resources, the need for highways and such will decrease, not increase. Not every bridge is a death trap... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.67.79 (talk) 16:43, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've removed the huge amount of promotional language on this page. And added quotation marks in the mission statement section Johnathlon (talk) 23:56, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten the history section to incorporate secondary sources such as the Calhoun (1960) and Hunt (1897) materials ... as well as pulling other society data from their IRS form 990s...  Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 18:29, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

This is a great article. Nothing overrepresented. Each fact was referenced with an appropriate source. MarquisJohnHall (talk) 23:55, 28 April 2018 (UTC)MarquisJohnHall
 * Many thanks... Cheers Risk Engineer (talk) 12:15, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

Seven Wonders of the Modern World
An anonymous user created a separate article containing the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. I just wanted to alert those that maintain this page. Technically that information should be removed from this page if the new article is retained. --Dan East 00:53, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Removed dubious wonders

 * The Kremlin and Red Square (Moscow, Russia)
 * Mamayev Kurgan (Volgograd, Russia)

These are especially dubious and I don't see how a city square is an engineering marvel or even the statue. Ufwuct 00:53, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

All of the links that were non-working are now fixed.

Further, the addition of much material, properly cited, regarding the Katrina levee investigation makes this article much more balanced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sheldonville (talk • contribs) 22:13, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Edit article to follow along the lines of the IEEE and ASME articles ...
The IEEE article is rated by WikiProject Engineering as B-class, Top-importance ... while ASCE is rated equally important, it's is only rated Start-Class ... I would propose to start editing the ASCE article along the lines of the IEEE article as a template but obviously with the ASCE content ... For full disclosure purposes, as a civil engineer, I am a member of the organization, but this is strictly a volunteer activity and I was not requested by ASCE to do this work. Nor, am I receiving any compensation for this work. Risk Engineer (talk) 16:29, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
 * In some cases, such as the controversy materials .. I went with the ASME practice of putting that material at the end of the article .. One downside of both the IEEE and ASME articles is the lack of a program overview section ...See the National Academy of Engineering as an example of the program approach. I propose reorganizing the ASCE program elements such as Publications, Education and engineering programs, etc. to go under a single overview article like NAE's. The source for this material in the current ASCE article as well as my edits from the public domain documents, the IRS form 990s which are public domain. Cheers ... Risk Engineer (talk) 18:17, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

Removed maintenance tags ... Actual, potential and apparent COI Declaration and Information
Previously the article had been tagged in 2011 and again in 2016 with "Multiple issues - "refimprove"|date=December 2011 ... "advert"|date=March 2016 ... I have worked to rewrite eight of the ten sections to remove promotional material as well as provide additional citations for statements. As noted elsewhere in this page, I am a member of the organization but did these edits on a volunteer basis without compensation. ASCE did not direct or otherwise guide these edits. I have made these edits strictly adhering to Wikipedia requirements that the entry on the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) be neutral, free of marketing and advertorial content, and properly cited for verification of all information added to the entry. I welcome any input, edits, and feedback from the Wikipedia community in regards to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) page. As I have frequently stated when providing disclosure: if you have any questions about my editing activities, please leave me a message on my User Talk page. I am proud of the work I do and intend that my contributions always make Wikipedia better. Cheers .... Risk Engineer (talk) 21:08, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Split off the "Controversies in New Orleans levee investigations"?
I'm reading the section on here and I think it would be better as its own article. If not, it seems it could fit in a related Katrina article about it. – The Grid  ( talk )  03:04, 18 May 2022 (UTC)