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Public health surveillance

Public health surveillance (also epidemiological surveillance, clinical surveillance or syndromic surveillance) is, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice." Public health surveillance may be used to track emerging health-related issues at an early stage and find active solutions in a timely manner. Surveillance systems are generally called upon to provide information regarding when and where health problems are occurring and who is affected.

Public health surveillance systems can be passive or active. A passive surveillance system consists of the regular, ongoing reporting of diseases and conditions by all health facilities in a given territory. An active surveillance system is one where health facilities are visited and health care providers and medical records are reviewed in order to identify a specific disease or condition. Passive surveillance systems are less time-consuming and less expensive to run but risk under-reporting of some diseases. Active surveillance systems are most appropriate for epidemics or where a disease has been targeted for elimination.

Techniques of public health surveillance have been used in particular to study infectious diseases. Many large institutions, such as the WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), have created databases and modern computer systems (public health informatics) that can track and monitor emerging outbreaks of illnesses such as influenza, SARS, HIV, and even bioterrorism, such as the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States.

Many regions and countries have their own cancer registry, which is monitors the incidence of cancers to determine the prevalence and possible causes of these illnesses.

Other illnesses such as one-time events like stroke and chronic conditions such as diabetes, as well as social problems such as domestic violence, are increasingly being integrated into epidemiologic databases called disease registries. A cost-benefit analysis is conducted on these registries to determine governmental funding for research and prevention.

Systems that can automate the process of identifying adverse drug events, are currently being used, and are being compared to traditional written reports of such events. These systems intersect with the field of medical informatics, and are rapidly becoming adopted by hospitals and endorsed by institutions that oversee healthcare providers (such as JCAHO in the United States). Issues in regard to healthcare improvement are evolving around the surveillance of medication errors within institutions.

Syndromic surveillance
Syndromic surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks. According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response. Though historically syndromic surveillance has been utilized to target investigation of potential cases, its utility for detecting outbreaks associated with bioterrorism is increasingly being explored by public health officials."

The first indications of disease outbreak or bioterrorist attack may not be the definitive diagnosis of a physician or a lab.

Using a normal influenza outbreak as an example, once the outbreak begins to affect the population, some people may call in sick for work/school, others may visit their drug store and purchase medicine over the counter, others will visit their doctor's office and other's may have symptoms severe enough that they call the emergency telephone number or go to an emergency department.

Syndromic surveillance systems monitor data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, hospitals' over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns. When a spike in activity is seen in any of the monitored systems disease epidemiologists and public health professionals are alerted that there may be an issue.

An early awareness and response to a bioterrorist attack could save many lives and potentially stop or slow the spread of the outbreak. The most effective syndromic surveillance systems automatically monitor these systems in real-time, do not require individuals to enter separate information (secondary data entry), include advanced analytical tools, aggregate data from multiple systems, across geo-political boundaries and include an automated alerting process.

A syndromic surveillance system based on search queries was first proposed by Gunther Eysenbach, who began work on such a system in 2004. Inspired by these early, encouraging experiences, Google launched Google Flu Trends in 2008. More flu-related searches are taken to indicate higher flu activity. The results, which were published in Nature, closely matched CDC data, and led it by 1–2 weeks. However, it has been shown that the original approach behind Google Flu Trends had various modelling deficiencies leading to significant errors in its estimates. More recently, a series of more advanced linear and nonlinear approaches to influenza modeling from Google search queries have been proposed. Extending Google's work researchers from the Intelligent Systems Laboratory (University of Bristol, UK) created Flu Detector; an online tool which based on Information Retrieval and Statistical Analysis methods uses the content of Twitter to nowcast flu rates in the UK.

Digital methods
Digital surveillance of public health largely relies on a number of methods. The most important ones being the use of search-based trends on sites like Google and Wikipedia, social media posts on platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and participatory surveillance websites such as Flu Near You and Influenzanet. However the range of potential data sources suitable for disease surveillance has increased as different areas have become digitized; today school attendance records, hospital emergency admissions data and even sales data, can be used for syndromic surveillance purposes. Search trends provide indirect data on public health, while the latter two methods provide direct data.

Search aggregates
Search aggregates have been most frequently used to track and model influenza. A popular example is Google Flu Trends, which was first released in 2008. Wikipedia has also been used, though it is potentially prone to "noise", as it is a popular source of health information whether a user is ill or not. During the COVID-19 pandemic a new methodology has been developed to model COVID-19 prevalence based on web search activity. This methodology has also been used by Public Health England in the United Kingdom as one of their syndromic surveillance endpoints.

Social media
Examples of social media public health surveillance include HealthTweets, which gathers data from Twitter. Twitter data is considered highly useful for public health research, as its data policies allow public access to 1% samples of raw tweets. Tweets can also be geolocated, which can be used to model the spread of contagious disease. It is the most used social media platform for public health surveillance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Facebook used aggregated, anonymized data collected from its platforms to provide human movement information to disease models. It also offered users a chance to participate in a disease symptom survey through Carnegie Mellon University.

Surveillance sites
Flu Near You and Influenzanet are two examples of crowd-sourced digital surveillance systems. Both sites recruit users to participate in surveys about influenza symptoms. Influenzanet was established in 2009, and operates in ten countries in Europe. Its predecessor was Grote Griepmeting, which was a Dutch/Belgian platform launched in 2003 and 2004. Flu Near You is used in the US. Another example of a surveillance sites is Dengue na Web, used to survey for dengue fever in Bahia, Brazil.

Laboratory-based surveillance
Some conditions, especially chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, are supposed to be routinely managed with frequent laboratory measurements. Since many laboratory results, at least in Europe and the US, are automatically processed by computerized laboratory information systems, the results are relatively easy to inexpensively collate in special purpose databases or disease registries. Unlike most syndromic surveillance systems, in which each record is assumed to be independent of the others, laboratory data in chronic conditions can be theoretically linked together at the individual patient level. If patient identifiers can be matched, a chronological record of each patient's laboratory results can be analyzed as well as aggregated to the population level.

Laboratory registries allow for the analysis of the incidence and prevalence of the target condition as well as trends in the level of control. For instance, an NIH-funded program called the Vermedx Diabetes Information System maintained a registry of laboratory values of diabetic adults in Vermont and northern New York State in the US with several years of laboratory results on thousands of patients. The data included measures of blood sugar control (glycated hemoglobin A1c), cholesterol, and kidney function (serum creatinine and urine protein), and were used to monitor the quality of care at the patient, practice, and population levels. Since the data contained each patient's name and address, the system was also used to communicate directly with patients when the laboratory data indicated the need for attention. Out of control test results generated a letter to the patient suggesting they take action with their medical provider. Tests that were overdue generated reminders to have testing performed. The system also generated reminders and alerts with guideline-based advice for the practice as well as a periodic roster of each provider's patients and a report card summarizing the health status of the population. Clinical and economic evaluations of the system, including a large randomized clinical trial, demonstrated improvements in adherence to practice guidelines and reductions in the need for emergency department and hospital services as well as total costs per patient. The system has been commercialized and distributed to physicians, insurers, employers and others responsible for the care of chronically ill patients. It is now being expanded to other conditions such as chronic kidney disease.

A similar system, The New York City A1C Registry, is in used to monitor the estimated 600,000 diabetic patients in New York City, although unlike the Vermont Diabetes Information System, there are no provisions for patients to have their data excluded from the NYC database. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has linked additional patient services to the registry such as health information and improved access to health care services. As of early 2012, the registry contains over 10 million test results on 3.6 million individuals. Although intended to improve health outcomes and reduce the incidence of the complications of diabetes, a formal evaluation has not yet been done.

In May 2008, the City Council of San Antonio, Texas approved the deployment of an A1C registry for Bexar County. Authorized by the Texas legislature and the state Health Department, the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District implemented the registry which drew results from all the major clinical laboratories in San Antonio. The program was discontinued in 2010 due to lack of funds.

Laboratory surveillance differs from population-wide surveillance because it can only monitor patients who are already receiving medical treatment and therefore having lab tests done. For this reason, it does not identify patients who have never been tested. Therefore, it is more suitable for quality management and care improvement than for epidemiological monitoring of an entire population or catchment area.

title: Public health surveillance


text: User talk:Wna

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Wna


text: File:Solarlottery cover.jpg

title: File:Solarlottery cover.jpg


text:
The Birth of Venus (Bouguereau)

The Birth of Venus (La Naissance de Vénus) is one of the most famous paintings by 19th-century painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. It depicts not the actual birth of Venus from the sea, but her transportation in a shell as a fully mature woman from the sea to Paphos in Cyprus. She is considered the epitome of the Classical Greek and Roman ideal of the female form and beauty, on par with Venus de Milo.

For Bouguereau, it is considered a tour de force. The canvas stands at just over 9 ft high, and 7 ft wide. The subject matter, as well as the composition, resembles a previous rendition of this subject, Sandro Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, as well as Raphael's The Triumph of Galatea.

Description

At the center of the painting, Venus stands nude on a scallop shell being pulled by a dolphin, one of her symbols. Fifteen putti, including Cupid and his lover Psyche, and several nymphs and centaurs have gathered to witness Venus' arrival. Most of the figures are gazing at her, and two of the centaurs are blowing into conch and Triton shells, signaling her arrival.

Venus is considered to be the embodiment of feminine beauty and form, and these traits are shown in the painting. Her head is tilted to one side, and her facial expression reflects that she is calm and comfortable with her nudity. She raises her arms, arranging her thigh-length, brown hair, swaying elegantly in an "S" curve contrapposto, emphasizing the curves of her body.

Venus' figure was enlarged from a nymph from Bouguereau's The Nymphaeum, completed in 1878, a year earlier. The nymph is slightly thinner, and her breasts are fuller and more rounded. Venus' contrapposto is more intense, and her hair is also longer and lighter than the nymph's, but she arranges it almost identically.

To the uppеr-left of the painting, there is a shadow in the clouds. It appears to be the silhouette of the artist, with a head, shoulder, arm, and a raised fist that would seem to hold a paintbrush.

title: The Birth of Venus (Bouguereau)


text:
Solar Lottery

Solar Lottery is a 1955 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. It was his first published novel and contains many of the themes present in his later work. It was also published in altered form in the UK as World of Chance. The main story is about a man named Ted Benteley who lives in a strange world, dominated by percentages and the lottery. Lotteries are used to choose the next leader as well as a new assassin, whose job is to try to kill the leader or "Quizmaster". Everybody in society has the opportunity to be selected as a leader or an assassin. Benteley unexpectedly gets chosen to be a member of the committee trying to assassinate the new Quizmaster and he must decide what he is going to do.

Plot summary
Solar Lottery takes place in a world dominated by logic and numbers, and loosely based on a numerical military strategy employed by US and Soviet intelligence called minimax (part of game theory). The Quizmaster, head of the world government, is chosen through a sophisticated computerized lottery (sortition). This element of randomization serves as a form of social control since nobody – in theory at least – has any advantage over anybody else in their chances becoming the next Quizmaster.

Society is entertained by a televised selection process in which an assassin is also (allegedly) chosen at random. By countering and putting down threats to his life, using telepathic bodyguards, the leader gains the respect of the people. If he loses his life, a new Quizmaster, as well as another assassin, are again randomly selected. Quizmasters have held office for timespans ranging from a few minutes to several years. The average life expectancy is therefore on the order of a couple of weeks.

The novel tells the story of Ted Benteley, an idealistic young worker unhappy with his position in life. Benteley attempts to get a job in the prestigious office of Quizmaster Reese Verrick. Reese has just been forced out of office, however, and Benteley gets tricked into swearing an unbreakable oath of personal fealty to the former world leader. Verrick then makes it clear that his organization's mission is to assassinate the new Quizmaster, Leon Cartwright, in the world's most anticipated "competition".

To defeat the telepathic security web protecting Cartwright, Verrick and his team invent an android named Keith Pellig, into which different volunteers' minds are alternately embedded for the purpose of breaking any steady telepathic lock on the assassin. Cartwright ultimately kills Verrick, and Benteley, much to his own astonishment, becomes the next Quizmaster.

A second plotline concerns a team of Leon Cartwright's followers travelling to the far reaches of the solar system in search of a mysterious cult figure named John Preston, who, 150 years after his disappearance, is thought to somehow be alive on the legendary tenth planet known as the "Flame Disc".

Publishing history
Dick completed the first draft of Solar Lottery in March 1954. In December he completed a second draft at the request of Ace Books Editor Donald Wollheim, cutting six passages totalling as much as ten thousand words and adding perhaps seven thousand. In the meantime, however, the book had been sold to a publisher in the UK, where it appeared as World of Chance: this version includes the cut passages. However, the entire text of this version was severely copyedited, with wholesale eliminations of adjectives.

When Solar Lottery was first published in the United States by Ace Books, as one half of Ace Double D-103 in May 1955, it was bound dos-à-dos with The Big Jump by Leigh Brackett. The Ace Double edition ran 131 pages. Ace published a standard-format edition of the novel in 1959, running 188 pages. Its 1968 reissue, also running 188 pages, was labelled, misleadingly in view of the existence of the UK edition, "Complete & Unabridged".

Reception
Reviewing the Ace Double, Anthony Boucher praised the novel as "built up with the detail of a Heinlein and the satire of a Kornbluth". Declaring that Dick had created "a strange and highly convincing and self-consistent future society," he faulted Solar Lottery only for "a tendency, in both its nicely contrasted plots, to dwindle away at the end".

Reviewing a 1977 reissue, Robert Silverberg noted that the novel's final revelation "looks forward to the cynicism of the radicalized Dick of the 1960s".

title: Solar Lottery


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Quartinus

Titius Quartinus (died 235 AD) was a Roman usurper.

After the death of Alexander Severus and the usurpation of Maximinus Thrax, a unit of archers from Osrhoene in Mesopotamia, proclaimed Quartinus, a former provincial governor and friend of emperor Alexander Severus, purportedly against his own will. Those archers were led by Macedo and claimed to want revenge for Alexander's death. Quartinus himself was dismissed from the army by Maximinus after Alexander's death.

But later, Macedo betrayed Quartinus, killed him, and presented his head to Maximinus. Maximinus had Macedo executed nevertheless.

Quartinus story was written down by historian Herodianus. No other independent source mentions him, however, and thus some scholars believe Quartinus is purely an invention of Herodianus.

title: Quartinus


text:
Talk:Street light

Reversion
the latest edits seem to be unrelated to the existing content... i will revert to a previous version Nsevs 16:56, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Dangers of street lights
This section seems a bit ridiculous to include. Why don't we have dangers of X person, place, object or idea on all entries? Buldings pose a collision risk to motorists. Pedestrians pose a collision risk to motorists. Bird houses pose a collision risk to motorists. Abe Vigoda poses a collision risk to motorists. While they were all alive, the entire band Grateful Dead posed a collision risk to motorists. Now, the surviving band members continue to pose a risk to motorists. The tombstones of the dead Grateful Dead members continue to pose risks to motorists.

See what I'm getting at? Unless the section can be justified, I think it should be removed or at least renamed. Personally I don't think they belong in this article, but rather should be notes in a List of Collision Risks to Motorists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.28.104.151 (talk) 17:40, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Desirability of street lights
A variety of studies have supported this view but at least one indicated that it had little or no effect.

References should be given. This phrase seems not neutral, giving importance to just "one article". How many studies have ben carried out? One in three is significant, but one in a hundred deserves no reference to it. --John C PI 14:58, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

I googled around for these studies but couldn't find any. I took the liberty of removing this section of the article myself. --Matt0401 18:57, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It is no longer true that Britain has almost exclusively Sodium lighting. It is now becoming rare in many areas!  Dbfirs (talk) 23:58, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to know why this article references light pollution, is this mumbo jumbo really even proven to be included here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.51.41.46 (talk) 17:15, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistency
Some other web page in Wikipedia claims that Paris in France had some electric street lamps in 1878.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yablochkov_candle

Paris being in Europe; that would make it the first European city to have street lights.

 * It was demonstrated but wasn't placed into production as a street lamp. Binarypower 16:42, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

How can Tamworth, NSW be the first town in the Southern Hemisphere to receive electric street lighting in 1888 if Kimberley, South Africa already had street lighting in 1882? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.209.98.122 (talk) 07:36, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

The claim for Tamworth as the first Southern Hemisphere city with electric street lighting is almost certainly incorrect - see section further down on talk page. 15.203.233.78 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:06, 21 December 2010 (UTC).

"The next challenges"/"The future"
To me, that section seems out of place, somewhat biased, and totally unsourced. My initial instinct was to remove it, however I don't want to destroy what looks like good faith work with (I hope) good info in it. Anyone else have advices or something on that section?

The whole calculation section of CO2 emmissions is completely unsourced and untrue. An average incandecent bulb may be 150 (I would personally say lower), however, later int the section it mentions lamps at 5 and 20 watts. Also, street lighting contributes to less than 3% of the power consumed by the city. In the power shortage of the 80s, Las Vegas ordered all neon-lighting to be turned off. In turn, savings of 3% were made, so this is hardly worth mentioning as a major polluter of CO2. In my opinion, I think recalculating it with 20 volt streetlights, and comparing the kWhs consumed to another energy consumer, eg: Air Conditioning. Architect2k 17:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Reads like original research to me, I was going to comment on it right when I read it.. Reads like.. somebody lobbying for change or something. --Streaky 17:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Studies in Denmark for systems with electronic ballasts communicating through power line communication to the cabinet has shown that the ROI is around 9-10 years if applied to an existing street light system. In Denmark you will need 2 people and a lift for installing the electronic ballast to the fixture and with the cost of the equipment and an expected lifetime for electronic equipment in this environment, this doesn't make the solution feasible.

First city
According to this, the first city in the world to be lit by electric streetlamps was Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879. Uncle G 09:46, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like your correct from these sources too. Binarypower 03:06, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Acoording to, Paris was using arc lamps in 1877 (the text is in black on black) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.73.148.130 (talk) 18:06, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Distance
is there any maximum distance streetlights can be place away from each other, I would assume so as their effectivness with diminish the further away from each other they were placed. I was bored last ngiht and figured out they were roughly 30m apart from each other either on the smae side of the road of alternating from one side to the other —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Patcore (talk • contribs) 10:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

Manufacturers
Shouldn't there be such a section in this article? Possible entries are: AEG, GE (USA), Siemens (Germany), Svetlina (Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) etc. Kaksisi 18:48, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Grim light
Sorry for making this peaceful article a bit horrendous, but the additions still belong there, that was a part of history. 91.83.28.101 (talk) 13:38, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone purged the article, which is equal to censorship. Like it or not lamp posts were and are frequently used as makeshift gallows in mob executions and the paragraph I added included several example, yet some jerk swiftly removed as unsourced. This is equal to censorship! 91.83.16.172 (talk) 22:40, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The content removed was totally uncited! If it was cited then you may have had a case for censorship. Also assume good faith with the editor who removed the content since anyone can edit Wikipedia! Bidgee (talk) 23:46, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

How is this article U.S. biased?
I think the U.S. bias template should be removed because the article is not U.S. biased. As stated on the template "This article or section deals primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the subject." The article has no pictures of American street lights and has little mention of the history of street lights in the United States as a separate article has been created for that. The actual word "United States" appears only twice in the article, "Australia" ... over 5 times. This article is more Australian biased than American biased. The user who frequently edits this article (Bidgee) is from Australia and obviously wants this article to have a lot of information about street lights in Australia. I see no U.S. bias at all. Is removing every bit of information regarding the United States your idea of no U.S. bias? Just because there are a few lines that mentions the history of street lights in the United States, it doesn't mean the article is U.S. biased. I have read the entire article and only one sentence mentions United States.

This an assumption, but my opinion is that the Australian who often edits this article is anti American and prefers an Australia bias. 72.39.23.16 (talk) 17:43, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think I put the template there but no doubt it was there before the History of street lighting in the United States article. I've not looked into to see whether it has US bias of late so I will not comment on that however you call me an Australian bias which I'm not and that I'm removing US infromation in which I haven't so I would like you to withdraw that statment since I feel that it's not assuming good faith. I'm happy for anyone to add infromation but I've got no knowledge on street lights in other countries and have added very little content other then photos and maybe some text. Also I revered this edit as I seen that content was removed without an edit summary and also removed the link to another article. Bidgee (talk) 17:58, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It was wrong of me to assume, but it was not meant to be an attack, just my opinion on why the template might be there when I see no need for it to be there. That aside, I do believe the template is no longer needed. 72.39.23.16 (talk) 18:05, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * You should never assume but I also don't see it as an opinion. If it was an opinion it would have been best to say that you no longer see the need for the template since the article has no American bias within the article. Also I'm no way anti American. Bidgee (talk) 18:10, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

shouldn't "light pole" redirect here?
I don't know how to do redirects and don't got time to research it now, could someone please make it so "light pole" redirects here please? or "light pole" means somthing else, or nothing at all? --TiagoTiago (talk) 17:42, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Reference 4 isn´t working
The reference should be fixed.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.221.152.37 (talk) 12:29, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

add new link to external links....
hi, i have a website that has all the history of street lights in australia... the address is http://webstuff.gotdns.com/austreet i am asking for permision for this to be added to the external links. this is not spam...

thanks chris —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.126.165 (talk) 14:08, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

History in wrong article
For some reason a much more comprehensive history of street lights - mostly about oil lanterns from 1417 onwards - is in the article gas lighting. Shouldn't it be here instead? Also the term "modern street lamps" is meaningless to me. What was modern about them? Were they the first to burn kerosene? 213.122.4.189 (talk) 20:01, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Merge from Urban lighting, unsure about some content
Following request for wikification, have merged Urban lighting into this page; I agree that there is significant overlap in the subject matter. I have not included some text, which seems to me to require far too many citations to be suitable for inclusion. However, I include the text here should others find it of merit and wish to incorporate it into this or related articles. Note that bold areas refer to Heading 3 - did not want to clutter contents section with this.

Gas Lighting Invention of gas lighting and the industrial revolution produced a shift in the perception of urban lighting. Gas lighting started with the experiment of John Clayton, which were published in Royal Society / London as early as in 1739 and culminated into first public display of gas lighting on 4 June 1807 in London by Friedrich Albert Winzer. From there it took only 5 years to establishment of the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company to which a task of supplying gas for London was appointed for 21 years. That was the beginning of a unified urban lighting system that was based on a system of pipes leading from gas manufacturing plants to individual houses.

Electricity The times of 'fin de siècle', at the end of 19th century, were very turbulent regarding lighting designs. Technology changed from gas to arc lamp and then to filament lamps in less than 30 years. These 30 years mark the change in front-runners of light technology which soon became not the festivals and events but commercials. They were the most widespread, if not the most advanced, users of new light sources such as filament lamp and later, after 1926, also the fluorescent lamp. Together with the height of the buildings these »luminous message boards« grew unrestrained for almost a century. In some cities it produced environments where street lamp posts became almost unneeded.

Bearslikejam (talk) 01:07, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Studies citing advantages for street lights
Here are some links that might be useful for the advantages/disadvantages section.

There is a meta-analysis of a number of studies looking at the road-accident reduction rates for street lighting here: Street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries. It is published by the Cochrane Library and looks at 17 intervention studies. It draws a conclusion that there is evidence to suggest street lighting reduces accidents.

On the flip side, there are comments on this analysis, by Dr Paul Marchant. He explains why the results of the analysis (and the studies that it refers to) may be statistically biased.

The same Paul Marchant has also published an article in Proceedings of the Dark-Skies Symposium, 2006, going into more detail about why we should be skeptical of some studies about the benefits of lighting. AndrewBolt (talk) 23:40, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Kimberley/Southern Hemisphere
As Kimberley is in the Southern Hemisphere, according to the article it shgould be the first city in the Southern Hemisphere to have electric lighting, not the town in Australia that is currently credited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.213.126.7 (talk) 18:09, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Agree - several other sources indicate Kimberley to be the first city in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as Africa, to have electric street lighting. 15.203.233.78 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:04, 21 December 2010 (UTC).

Dubious Islamic Inventions No. 578
Would anyone more knowledgeable check this statement ? ''Before incandescent lamps, gas lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps, but later designs employed ignition devices that would automatically strike the flame when the gas supply was activated. The earliest of such street lamps were built in the Arab Empire,[1] especially in Córdoba, Spain.[2]''

The first reference states rather largely:

Fielding H. Garrison, History of Medicine:

"The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, firework, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc''..."

I'm inclined to think that they originated none of these things: window-panes were Roman;  fireworks Chinese, etc.;  whilst obviously stringed instruments and cultivated fruits go back to dim antiquity, at least in the Middle East. That the Arabs/Saracens had a municipal gas supply would be surprising: that these lamps had auto-ignition strains the imagination... Claverhouse (talk) 03:45, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I finally removed this, years after it should have been done as part of Template:Jagged 85 cleanup. This was added in 2007 by User:Jagged 85, who was topic-banned from history of Islam for misrepresenting sources to support an Islamic origin to absolutely everything. He was then site banned for doing the same on articles about arcade games. This text is typical of his modus operandi. It is a 100-year-old book on a completely different field, medicine, and a passing mention in a list. Garrison is not an authority on who invented streetlights first. Jagged 85 was also known for presentism, the presentation of historical phenomena as precursors to modern ones. We see nowhere a description of what these Cordoban "streetlights" were; in an age before gas mains, were they just public torches? This was a famously literate society, are there contemporary accounts? Anyone who wishes to restore this information should cite it either to a contemporary description, or a specialised book/article that describes exactly what these lights were and how they were different to any torches or flaming beacons in other locations. Unknown Temptation (talk) 20:09, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

references do not state what the article text claims they do
References 3 and 4 (as they stand on February 4, 2012) do not state or confirm that "The first street in the UK to be lit by electric light was Mosley Street, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The street was lit by Joseph Swan's incandescent lamp on the 3rd February, 1879", as the Wikipedia article says.

Reference 3 states that "The first incandescent filament electric lamp was exhibited after a lecture given by Uncle Joseph in February, 1879, at the Literary and Philosophical Society lectureroom of Newcastle-upon-Tyne when the late Lord Armstrong took the chair. It created quite a sensation, and when shortly afterwards an electric lamp was placed in a gas lamp in Mosley Street it drew large and enthusiastic crowds. This lamp was made the subject of a lecture, and shown during the lecture at Gateshead, a few nights after that of February, 1879."

This text, written by two nieces of the good Sir Joseph Swan -- which makes the reference as reliable as any teenager blog about someone's uncle, only older --, just says that a lecture about filament lamps was given by him on that 1879, and that "shortly afterwards" ONE electric lamp was placed in "A" gas lamp. AND that "this" one lamp was the subject of a lecture. nowhere does it say anything about streetlighting dates.

References 4 states that "The first houses and streets to be lit by electric light were in Gateshead and Mosley Street, Newcastle in the North-East and perhaps the most famous of these houses was Cragside, which was Lord Armstrong's country residence in the foothills of the Cheviots." There is no year mentioned in this text!

At the end, it says: "Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (1828 - 1914) Chemist, physicist and inventor of the incandescent light bulb which he first demonstrated at a public lecture here on 3 February 1879. Nearby Mosley Street was the first street in the world to be lit by such electric bulbs."

Again, the text does not give a date for the lighting of the street. Only for the lecture. It is a bit hard to believe that the street was lit on the same year the lamp was "invented".

On the other hand, consider this information: "1878: The Holborn Viaduct in London was illuminated by electricity, the first street lighting in Britain, installed by a French contractor who had lit a street in Lyon in 1857, the first in the world." (http://www.camelotintl.com/365_days/december.html)

Of course, if this is true, this changes everything: not only Mosley Street wasn't the first street to be lit with electric lamps in London, BUT also the first city to have electrical street lighting was French, not English...

What we must have in mind is that, on those days of slow communication, news took time to arrive from one place to another. So many of the cities allegedly "first" to have this or that on the 19th century may well have honestly believed they really WERE the first. BUT only one was "the first in the world", only another one "the first in North America", "The first in South America", "the first in Latin America", "the first in the Southern Hemisphere", "the first in Europe", etc.

All these statements must be challenged and checked, verified comparing the data now available to any researcher.

Looking for references in other languages, most of the claims to be the "first", in this article, are wrong.

For the first in Europe, for instance, one finds in http://demeuresdeterroir.org/2011/09/10/beaupairepremiere-ville-eclairee-a-lelectricite/ an article called "Beaupaire:première ville éclairée à l’électricité" (translation: "Beaupaire: first city lit by electricity") and "Louis Michel-Villaz, un génie illuminé" ("Louis Michel-Villaz, a brilliant genius"). Villaz may well be the "French contractor" said to have lit a Lyon city in 1857... long before any English city.

--Betty VH (talk) 01:55, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Increase or improve driver reaction time?
Right now paragraph 8 of the history section says

 * White light sources have been shown to double driver peripheral vision and increase driver brake reaction time at least 25%.

From the context I think that what was intended was "improve" or "decrease", not "increase", driver reaction time. Could someone who knows correct it if necessary? Duoduoduo (talk) 23:43, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Airports?
The last picture under "Purpose" shows light masts around the highway near Toronto Pearson Airport. Underneath it says "High mast lighting is not used near airports due to the negative effects they cause." Which negative effects? And why is it not used near airports, but it still shows on the picture? It seems pretty bogus to me. Either it deserves more explanation (somewhere in the main article) or it should be removed. Jurjenb (talk) 16:31, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * High mast lights are defined as "multiple luminaries typically installed in a ring configuration at the top of a pole at least 55 ft tall." The light poles in the second image are conventional poles, not high masts. They appear to be about 40 feet tall, and the lights are not in a ring configuration.

 * I'd suppose the negative effects could be glare during night takeoffs and landings and, depending on how high they are and how close they are to the runway, collision hazards, but I have no reference to back this up.--Triskele Jim 18:05, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Danger section
A post above from 2009 also touches on this issue, but I'd like to re-direct it a bit. Only one of the items in the list of three has a reference. Normally I don't really care, but in this case the second item flies in the face of my experience.

While it may be true that I will *spot* a car at a longer (much?) distance on an unlit road, I am unlikely to collide with it when it is two miles away. I am more likely to collide with it when it is 50 feet away, or closer. And in my experience, glare on unlit roads is dramatically worse than lit ones, to the point where sometimes I have to squint or look away - especially with the newer focussed beams. I find it extremely difficult to believe that the accident rate is any lower due to "long distance spotting", and that the problems with glare are likely far more dangerous.

But it doesn't make a difference what I believe, so I'll point to this comprehensive and easy to read this report that shows a dramatic decrease in all accident types on lit roadways of all types. From my Googling, which requires a bit of dexterity, there are dozens of such studies and they all come to the same conclusion.

Unless someone has evidence to the contrary, I'll remove this section ASAP.

Maury Markowitz (talk) 14:30, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Crime dissuasion not an aspect?
I'll grant you the "Disadvantages" section might be a bit overdone, although I think it is needed. But what about another important aspect of street lighting - I don't have any, but I believe there are stats on the reduction of urban crime when street lighting is installed. Anyone who has info care to add this into the article? Maelli (talk) 09:18, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Some studies I saw said there was no change with or without lighting. AFAIR in darkness picking a target is harder/risky for the attacker, as he cant really see the person/car/thing. Some say it helps, some say it doesnt... have a read:
 * https://keysso.net/community_news/May_2003/improved_lighting_study.pdf
 * https://cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e1208-StreetLighting.pdf
 * http://www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/07-Atkins_Husain_Storey.pdf
 * http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/hors251.pdf
 * http://www.crim.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/light.pdf
 * --Eheran (talk) 10:06, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Material Unsourced Claims
"white light sources have been shown to double driver peripheral vision and improve driver brake reaction time by at least 25%". This is an oft cited never sourced or supported claim. If it cannot be reliably sourced, ie: by someone other than an LED lighting company, it should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Consiliary (talk • contribs) 17:58, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

High voltage, more light per watt?
"Incandescent lamps were...often operated at high-voltage series circuits. Series circuits were popular since the higher voltage in these circuits produced more light per watt consumed." This is preposterous. N lamps operated in series on N times the individual lamp voltage E consume exactly the same power P and produce the same light as the same N lamps operated in parallel at voltage E: P = (E * N) * I = E * (N * I). It is more likely that the advantage is operation directly from a higher voltage (without a transformer) and use of smaller wire. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.122.49.58 (talk) 14:03, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Street light controller be merged into Street light. I think that the content in the Street light controller article can easily be explained in the context of Street light, and the Street light controller article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Street light controller will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:50, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
 * There having been no discussion, I merged the pages. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 14:27, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Purpose Section - Issues and Cleanup.
The lead for this sections says: There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. and Misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.. Both statements do not have citations, though the second statement seems reasonable and a citation could likely be found. The article originally had Beacon lights, Roadway Lights, and Security lighting as the three distinct uses, however it appears Security lighting was removed as out of scope for article: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_light&type=revision&diff=543279686&oldid=543168416 leaving the section head out of sync. The recent contributions to the section Cycle path lights and Footpath lights have issues, the former contribution seeming to be about promotion/advertising of Cycle Paths in general rather than direct relationship of Cycle paths to street lights. The Footpath section has a hanging heading. Consensus of how to improve this section most welcome!Djm-leighpark (talk) 17:31, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

Europe's first street lights were in Andalusian Cordoba
whilst the rest of Europe was in the dark ages: https://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm And someone might like to update the article... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.181.251 (talk) 16:40, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

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"Broad streets" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Broad streets. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 1 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 21:57, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Street light


text: User talk:210.23.136.200

title: User talk:210.23.136.200


text:
American spadefoot toad

The Scaphiopodidae are a family of American spadefoot toads, which are native to North America. The family is small, comprising only eleven different species.

The American spadefoot toads are of typical shape to most fossorial (or burrowing) frogs. They are round, with short legs and protruding eyes. As suggested by their name, these frogs have hard, keratinous protrusions present on their feet, which help them to dig. Like most fossorial frogs, they dig backwards into the ground. They differ from true toads because they have vertical pupils and no parotoid gland.

The American spadefoot toads are terrestrial when not underground. They are dully colored, usually a grey or dull green or brown, to aid in camouflage in their arid habitats.

Taxonomy
The American spadefoot toads were previously included in a broader circumscription of the family Pelobatidae, which then united Palaearctic and Neoarctic spadefoot toads in the same family. However, the American spadefoot genera were split off into Scaphiopodidae, with the Pelobatidae restricted to the European spadefoot toads in the genus Pelobates.

The Scaphiopodidae contains two genera, both in North America:
 * Southern spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus (Holbrook, 1836)
 * Western spadefoot toads, Spea (Cope, 1866)

Despite the common name and current distribution of the family, fossil evidence indicates that it once had a much larger distribution that at least reached eastern Asia. The extinct genus †Prospea is the earliest known member of this family, and is only known from Paleocene sediments in Mongolia.

Appearance
Similar to other burrowing frogs, American spadefoot toads are about 2-3 inches in length with round, stocky bodies and eyes that bulge from their heads. The name "spadefoot" is derived from the keratinous bone in its hind legs that allow it to burrow within soil. The skin of the toad is grey or brown in appearance and smooth to the touch.

Location and environment
Spadefoot toads are generally found in arid climates, where they spend the majority of their lives underground, generally beneath perennial ponds, creek beds, or other moisture-retaining areas. During years of sufficient rainfall, the toads surface to breed and lay eggs.

Spadefoot toads stay hidden underground in a low energy state, and are awakened by low frequency sounds of thunder. > They then dig their way to the surface. After a thunderstorm, a previously silent dry area may start to sound like a marshy swamp, as the toads quickly seek mates in the short time available before desert puddles dry up. Tadpoles rapidly mature into toads and must bury themselves before desert conditions revert to normal.

The species of spadefoot toads are found in different locations across North America. The eastern spadefoot is the only species found east of the Mississippi River, ranging from New England to southern Florida. The Great Basin spadefoot and the plains spadefoot are both found in Western Canada and the northwestern U.S., but the plains spadefoot has also spread into Texas and northern Mexico. Couch's spadefoot, Hurter's spadefoot, and the New Mexico spadefoot are all spread across the Southern and Southwestern U.S., with Couch's and Hurter's also reaching into Mexico. The western spadefoot is found in California, mainly southern parts of the state and extending into Baja California, Mexico.

The toads are believed to have moved into North America from South American countries due to a changing climate. They most likely moved into the U.S. as a single species, but split up as they spread across the continent and adapted to their new surroundings. The toads prefer marsh-like environments, but only enter the water to breed. They stay buried in the soil for most of the year as a mechanism to deal with changing weather.

Diet
American spadefoot toads have a unique diet. The adults' and tadpoles' diets vary. The adults' diet consists of invertebrates. They eat flies, crickets, caterpillars, moths, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms, and snails. The tadpoles' diet is related to its surroundings and food supply. When they are first hatched, they eat plankton. After a few days, they become carnivorous and eat animals. Tadpoles sometimes resort to cannibalism to survive. After multiple experiments, Paul Székely, Marian Tudor, and Dan Cogalniceanu concluded that tadpole development is influenced by hydroperiod, or the period in which an area is full of water. Since American spadefoot toads breed in shallow waters, they are under "constant stress from drying waters, increasing temperatures, reduced food densities, and crowding". This stress, or simply a lack of adequate food, can increase the likelihood of cannibalism. If they do resort to cannibalism, their bodies can transform. They "develop larger heads, sharp beaks, stronger jaw muscles, and shortened intestine". Researchers have concluded that this is an adaptive trait because it accelerates the rate of growth of the tadpoles by allowing for an increased caloric intake.

Conservation efforts
The eastern spadefoot was placed on the endangered list of Pennsylvania in 2005 (though also endangered in: Ohio, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ), when living populations were only found in two of their known locations. One possibility for their low population size could be that breeding pools and ponds "often dry up before the tadpoles get to complete metamorphosis"(Naish, 2015 )

So far, conservation efforts have affected the prevention of the species habitat loss. In 2012, a couple learned that 32 acres of a property they planned to subdivide and break ground on could potentially be spadefoot habitat. So as per a species action plan put forth by Berks County conservancy and its partners, the couple would now need to seek state approval, and "hire someone familiar with the eastern spadefoot toad to survey the tract for signs of its habitat". The Natural Diversity Section of the State of Pennsylvania published a 2011 species action plan for the Eastern Spadefoot toad. This plan identifies the following counties for populations: Adams, Berks, Bucks, Centre, Cumberland, Franklin, Lehigh, Northampton, Northumberland, Union, and York.

As per conservation efforts, the awareness of citizens to the endangerment of spadefoot toads in their regions has been a success.

In 2004, the western spadefoot toad was the only member of the family Scaphiopodidae to be classified as near threatened by the ICUN Red List. All other species, including the eastern spadefoot, were listed as least concern. Presently, all species' conservation status require reviewing.

title: American spadefoot toad


text:
Do the A-side

Do the A-side is a compilation album from popular Japanese band Do As Infinity, following their announcement to split. It was released on September 28, 2005 and includes every single that they have made. This is the only CD album released from Do As Infinity which does not include any of the band's pictures besides their past CD single covers. There are two versions of this album, one with 2 CDs and a DVD as well as one only containing two CDs. The title of the album is similar to that of the group's 2004 compilation, Do the B-side, which comprises most of the B-side tracks from first seventeen maxi singles they have released.

Chart positions
1Do The A side+DVD

title: Do the A-side


text:
Ante Tomić (writer)

Ante Tomić (born April 22, 1970) is a Croatian left wing writer and journalist.

Biography
He finished elementary school in the village of Prološac near Imotski, where he lived until he was fourteen. After that, he was a cadet at a Yugoslav People's Army high school in Zagreb. He completed his studies in philosophy and sociology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zadar. As a writer, he first appeared in the newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, and in 2001 he moved to the newspaper Jutarnji list.

He published his first collection of stories, Zaboravio sam gdje sam parkirao ("I forgot where I parked"), in 1997, and its expanded edition in 2001. His debut novel Što je muškarac bez brkova ("What is a man without a moustache") was published in 2000. The novel was a great success and has had seven editions so far. In 2001, he published a book of feuilletons Smotra folklora. Together with Ivica Ivanišević, he wrote the drama Krovna udruga. Adapted by Aida Bukvić, Zagreb's Croatian National Theater performed Što je muškarac bez brkova. The play won the award for best play at the Marulićevi dani festival in 2002. In 2003, he published the novel Ništa nas ne smije iznenaditi ("Nothing should surprise us"), then in 2004 the book of feuilletons Klasa optimist. The same year, he travelled across the US to provide his newspaper's coverage of the presidential campaign by talking to the American electorate on the street. In 2005 he wrote the novel Ljubav, struja voda i telefon ("Love, Stream, Water and Telephone").

As of 2009, he had his own column Vlaška posla in Slobodna Dalmacija. Tomić won the award of the Croatian Journalists' Association for the best reportage (1996) and column (2005). He left Slobodna Dalmacija in 2016 after the newspaper terminated their contract with fellow journalist Boris Dežulović following a court decision which ordered the newspaper to pay 150,000 HRK in damages for an editorial written by Dežulović.

In 2017, Tomić signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins.

Works

 * Zaboravio sam gdje sam parkirao, collection of stories, 1997.
 * Što je muškarac bez brkova, novel, 2000.
 * Smotra folklora, 2001.
 * Ništa nas ne smije iznenaditi, novel, 2003.
 * Veliki šoping, collection of stories, 2004.
 * Klasa optimist, 2004.
 * Ljubav, struja voda i telefon, novel, 2005.
 * Krovna udruga i druga drama (Anđeli pakla), collection of plays, 2005., with Ivica Ivanišević
 * Građanin pokorni, 2006.
 * Dečko koji obećava, collection of columns, 2009.
 * Čudo u Poskokovoj Dragi, novel, 2009.
 * Nisam pametan, collection of columns, 2010.
 * Klevete i laži, collection of columns, 2011.
 * Punoglavci, novel, 2011.

title: Ante Tomić (writer)


text:
Bill Walker

Bill Walker may refer to:

Australian rules football

 * Bill A. Walker (1886–1934), Australian rules footballer for Essendon
 * Bill Walker (Australian footballer, born 1883) (1883–1971), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
 * Bill J. V. Walker (1886–1949), Australian rules footballer for University
 * Bill Walker (Australian footballer, born 1942), Australian rules footballer for Swan Districts

US sport

 * Bill Walker (American football) (1933–2019), American football end for the Detroit Lions
 * Bill Walker (American football guard) (1920–2002), American football guard for the Boston Yanks
 * Bill Walker (baseball) (1903–1966), American baseball pitcher
 * Bill Walker (Toledo basketball) (born c. 1926), American basketball player
 * Henry Walker (basketball) (born 1987), American basketball player previously known as Bill Walker

Politics

 * Bill Walker (American politician) (born 1951), American lawyer and politician, former Governor of Alaska
 * Bill Walker (American politician, Arkansas) (born 1960), American politician, former member of the Arkansas House of Representatives and Arkansas Senate.
 * Bill Walker (Canadian politician) (born 1966), Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
 * Bill Walker (Scottish Conservative politician) (1929–2017), Scottish politician, Conservative Party MP, 1979–1997
 * Bill Walker (SNP politician) (born 1942), Scottish politician, MSP for Dunfermline, 2011–2013

Other

 * Bill Walker (music director) (1927–2022), Australian music composer and director
 * Bill Walker (actor) (1896–1992), American television and film actor
 * Bill Walker (other actor), American film actor, co-star of 1961 film The Mask
 * Bill Walker (artist) (1917–2011), Chicago muralist
 * Bill Walker (broadcaster) (1922–1995), Canadian broadcaster and actor

title: Bill Walker


text:
User:Slehar

Steven Lehar

I am an independent researcher and I have authored a number of books and papers on psychology, philosophy, biological vision, and Gestalt theory.

Most recently I have updated the Wikipedia page on Gestalt psychology.

User talk:Slehar

Email: slehar(at)cns.bu.edu

See also: Steven Lehar

title: User:Slehar


text:
User talk:Codemonkey

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 12:14, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

WinAPI compiler support
Since you want to "check the compiler support section for facts and add references" anyway, let me warn you that currently it's much (not to say completely) erroneous. Not only is WinAPI 100% language-independent and can be used from Delphi or PowerBasic or assembly language or whatever, it has zero relationship with C++, and even IDL support isn't necessary.

Probably you'd like to rewrite that section from scratch, rather than trying to fix it. --tyomitch 14:15, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

VWN en WCN
Beste allemaal Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, Effeietsanders 25 feb 2006 12:27 (CET)

just curious
are you the codemonkey I think you are?

If so, glad to see you here. :) Kasreyn 21:42, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, the handle I tend to go by was already taken on Wikipedia. Still, nice to meet you. :) --Codemonkey 21:47, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

FF:CC for Wii
Last I checked, it was still a launch title. Has the date changed? Ladlergo 13:00, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I've looked, but I just could not find a source for FF:CC being a launch title. If you can, feel free to add the launch title references back to the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: The Crystal Bearers article, with a source cite. --Codemonkey 13:04, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Added the reference to the FFCC page and added the game back to the launch list. Ladlergo 13:15, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Talk:PlayStation 3
Please don't take offense if you see a revert above your edit in the history of Talk:PlayStation 3, I was reverting 208.190.100.113's vandalism, not your edit...  SCH ZMO  ✍ 19:25, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * No worries. I won't. --Codemonkey 19:27, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Revert about controller on PS3
Blah. The reason I added that stuff about Sony being considered to have ripped off of Nintendo is because the PS3 article is very much lacking a neutral point of view. I see virtually none of the criticisms listed in the article and I know there are many to be had. Many people in the gaming community do consider Sony's controller to be a cheap move, and I tried my best to base it with statistics and sources as to avoid the whole "many people dislike the PS3's controller" comment that has no basis. What exactly SHOULD I use if not a Gamefaqs poll? There's hardly any other way to give a number to the statement to support it, and to leave the critism out altogether isn't proper.--SeizureDog 04:54, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * A Gamefaqs poll tells you what a certain subsection of Gamefaqs readers think. Nothing more, nothing less. I don't find that particularly noteworthy, and don't think it needs special mention in the PS3 article. Trying to use it to justify broader statements about a general feeling of outrage is, I feel, disingenuous.

 * And NPOV does not mean having criticism for criticism sake. Where relevant, where notable, where verifiable, one can, even needs, to include points of critism. But to list every point of critism that can be made is, I feel, giving undue weight. Which is in itself a very subtle, but insiduous breaking of NPOV. While I don't mean to patronize, I'd like to point to WP:NPOV as justification for my points. --Codemonkey 09:06, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * But my point is that it isn't a "very small minority opinion", and the poll reflects that. At the very least, it qualifies as a "significant minority" as stated in the link you provided. And to brush aside the results of the poll as merely "what a certain subsection of Gamefaqs readers think" is asinine. ANY poll is only what "a certain section" thinks, as it is impossible to get everyone's opinion. However, a GameFAQs poll is fairly unbias as far as polls go. It's not as if it suffers from a specific audience that would skew the poll one direction or another. Now if that poll was found on "Nintendofanboy.com" or something, then yes, it would be a terrible representation. But as it is, GameFAQs polls are about as good as you're going to see in terms of a fair representation of the community at large, and it shows that a fair amount of people don't approve what Sony is doing. Just as the Wii article deserves some talk on the unpopularity of its name, the PS3 article deserves a blurb on the unpopularity of its controller (and pricing) decisions. --SeizureDog 20:04, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The Wii article uses a Forbes article to do so, though. A fair step up from a GameFAQs poll. Anyway, as for the 'undue weight' part, if it indeed is a "prominent minority" opinion, it should, as the link states, "be easy to name prominent adherents". If it is something more than that, it should be easy to "substantiate with commonly accepted reference texts". If you feel it needs adding, the burden of evidence is on you.

 * As for polls in general; real polls, conducted by actual polling bureaus, are easy enough to misuse already, and Wikipedia guidelines state that they should be used "with the utmost care".

 * And last, if you can't find anything better than a GameFAQs poll, as you seem to suggest, it might not deserve a mention in the article. It is not about what you feel 'deserves' to be in the article. We are not about truth in Wikipedia. We are about what is verifiable. It it isn't verifiable, it doesn't belong. --Codemonkey 20:30, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say that Forbes is much of a step up from GameFAQs. While it is an established magazine, it's subject matter isn't video games at all (the fact the Wii thing got mentioned is a fluke) and if you noticed, Forbes itself was basing its reaction on message boards, which, I would use as a source myself if I didn't already know there's no way that'd hold up as a valid reference. I suppose all of this arguement has been good for something though, as I just found [this article] stating that a major employee of Nintendo is mad about the controller as well. Happy?--SeizureDog 21:04, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Honestly, yes. That is so much better. And I hope I haven't come across as to hostile in my replies. If so, my apologies. --Codemonkey 21:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I apologize as well if I came off that way. In any case, it worked out for the best for all of us. Would you mind being the one to work this information though? You'd probably do a better job wording it than me, and would save that extra step of you rewriting whatever I put down ;) --SeizureDog 21:13, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure. Just give me a minute. :) --Codemonkey 21:14, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

your changes in AR4 not visible ??
hi, I see in the change history you have added a comment to my last remark but I see neither in the text of the thread. I tried refreshing in two different browsers but I dont get the last two entries that do show in the history.

Can you explain why that should be. Is it local?

The last line I see the talk page is:

"I would not wish to load this entry..."

thx —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 90.144.113.77 (talk) 19:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Replied on the user's talk page. --Codemonkey 20:01, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Swordbird
There is definite value to people knowing the methods that the publisher is taken to publicize the novel, even to the point where they pass themselves off as independent readers. This is duplicitous and unacceptable in a literary context. Please stop reverting me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.237.109.12 (talk) 20:07, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Replied on the user's talk page. --Codemonkey 20:16, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what a meat puppet or a sock puppet is, but what I do know is that in no way have I replaced the entire article. In fact, I believe you were the one that deleted the reviews section out of the article. I am not vandalizing, this is legitimate knowledge that should be available to people when researching this novel and deciding what publishers to support. Go ahead and block me, but you are clearly violating the three revert rule and, more importantly, this is my last day at this IP address anyway.

 * Replied on the user's talk page. --Codemonkey 20:59, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Codemonkey


text:
Twelve Tribes communities

The Twelve Tribes, formerly known as the Vine Christian Community Church, the Northeast Kingdom Community Church, the Messianic Communities, and the Community Apostolic Order, is a new religious movement founded by Gene Spriggs that sprang out of the Jesus movement in 1972 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The group calls itself an attempt to recreate the 1st-century church as it is described in the Book of Acts. The group's origins in Chattanooga led to planted churches in surrounding areas. In the late seventies, the group began a community in Island Pond, Vermont. As their relationship with the Chattanooga community deteriorated, the group eventually left Tennessee and moved primarily to Vermont.

The Twelve Tribes's beliefs resemble those of Christian fundamentalism, the Hebrew Roots movement, Messianic Judaism, and the Sacred Name Movement; however, the group believes that all other denominations are fallen, and it therefore refuses to align itself with any denomination or movement. The group has strict courtship rules, and their views on child rearing have been a source of controversy. The group supports itself through the operation of several businesses, most of which revolve around agriculture, as well as cafés and restaurants, all using unpaid and often child labor.

The group has ignited controversy and garnered unfavorable attention regarding their child labor practices and accusations of abuse. They have been criticized for their beliefs and practices, including for their supremacist views towards black and Jewish people outside of their membership. The group's teachings have been characterized as "racist, misogynistic and homophobic", and ex-members report excessive corporal punishment, failure to stop child sexual abuse, and exploitation of followers for labor. Some governments and advocacy groups have labeled the group a cult.

Origins
The origins of the Twelve Tribes movement can reportedly be tracked back to the "Light Brigade," a 1972 teenagers' ministry. The ministry operated out of "The Lighthouse," a small coffee shop in the home of Gene Spriggs and wife Marsha. The Light Brigade began living communally and opened a restaurant, "The Yellow Deli", while its members were attending several churches, before they decided to join the First Presbyterian Church. Members of the Light Brigade, while affiliated with First Presbyterian, caused friction within its establishment by bringing in anyone who was willing to come with them, including members of different social classes and racial groups, a practice which was not engaged in at that time. On January 12, 1975, the group arrived at First Presbyterian only to find out that the service had been cancelled for the Super Bowl, this led the group to form The Vine Christian Community Church. During this time, the group "planted" churches, each with its own Yellow Deli, in Dalton and Trenton, Georgia; Mentone, Alabama; and Dayton, Tennessee.

Their withdrawal from the religious mainstream turned what had been a friction-filled relationship into an outcry against them. They began holding their own services, which they called "Critical Mass" in Warner Park in Chattanooga, appointing elders and baptizing people outside any denominational authority. The deteriorating relationship between the group and the religious and secular Chattanooga community attracted the attention of The Parents' Committee to Free Our Children from the Children of God and the Citizen's Freedom Foundation who labeled the church a cult and heavily attacked Spriggs as a cult leader. A series of deprogrammings starting in the summer of 1976 were carried out by Ted Patrick. The group nevertheless largely ignored the negative press and the wider world in general, and continued to operate its businesses opening the Areopagus café and a second local Yellow Deli in downtown Chattanooga. In 1978, an invitation was received from a small church in Island Pond, Vermont, for Spriggs to minister there; the offer was declined but the group began moving in stages to the rural town, naming the church there The Northeast Kingdom Community Church. One of Patrick's last deprogramming cases in Chattanooga occurred in 1980; it involved a police detective who, according to Swantko, had his 27-year-old daughter arrested on a falsified warrant in order to facilitate her deprogramming, with the support of local judges. The group continued moving, closing down all of its Yellow Delis and associated churches except for the one in Dalton. At one point, a leader conceded that the group was deeply in debt before closing the Dalton church down and moving the last members to Vermont.

Move to Vermont

The move to Vermont, combined with an initial period of economic hardship, caused some members to leave. The Citizen's Freedom Foundation conducted several meetings in Barton to draw attention to the group. The Citizen's Freedom Foundation had made allegations of mind control in Chattanooga, but now it made accusations of child abuse. In 1983, charges were brought against Charles "Eddie" Wiseman (an elder in the group) for misdemeanor simple assault; this, combined with multiple child custody cases, formed the basis for a search warrant. On June 22, 1984 Vermont State Police and Vermont Social Rehabilitation Services seized 112 children. Forty cases were dismissed as the parents refused to give the names of their children. Due to what the group perceived were a massive misunderstanding of the events and concerns leading up to and surrounding the raid, its members began formal relationships with their neighbors. Two months after the raid, the case against Wiseman fell apart after the main witness recanted, saying he was under duress from the anticult movement. The case was later dropped in 1985 after a judge ruled that Wiseman had been denied his right to a speedy trial. Eddie Wiseman's public defender, Jean Swantko, who had been present during the raid, later joined and married Wiseman.

Expansion
By 1989, the church had become widely accepted in Island Pond and grew substantially during the 1980s and 1990s, opening branches in several different countries, including the Czech Republic, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. During this expansion phase, the group used the name Messianic Communities, before deciding to rename itself The Twelve Tribes.

Through the mid-2000s, the group remained controversial, with accusations of child labor, custodial interference, and illegal homeschooling. In 2006, the group held a reunion for members and friends of the Vine Christian Community Church and the former Yellow Deli in Warner Park, announcing a new community in Chattanooga. The movement proceeded to open a new Yellow Deli in 2008, nearly 30 years after leaving Chattanooga.

Death of founder
The founder of the movement, Elbert Eugene Spriggs Jr. (May 18, 1937 — January 11, 2021), died in 2021 while visiting his Hiddenite, North Carolina, property. Within the movement Spriggs was also known as "the anointed one" and by the Hebrew name "Yoneq".

Beliefs and practices
The Twelve Tribes's beliefs resemble those of Christian fundamentalism, the Hebrew Roots movement, Messianic Judaism and the Sacred Name Movement; however, the group believes that all other denominations are fallen, and it therefore refuses to align itself with any denomination or movement. It believes that for the messiah to return, the Church needs to be restored to its original form as described in Acts 2:38–42 and Acts 4:32–37. This restoration is not merely the restoration of the 1st-century church, but the creation of a new Israel which should consist of Twelve Tribes which are located in twelve geographic regions. Part of this restoration is the return to observing the sabbath, maintaining some of the Mosaic law including dietary laws, and the festivals. This interpretation of the prophesied restoration of Israel leads the group to believe that the end times has arrived, though no date has been set.

One noted aspect of the group is its insistence on using the name "Yahshua", as opposed to Jesus. Because the name "Yahshua" represents the nature of Jesus, the group similarly bestows upon each member a Hebrew name that is meant to reflect the personality of the individual.

The group believes there are Three Eternal Destinies. It believes that after the Fall of Man every person is given a conscience; and that after dying every person goes to a state of being called death regardless of faith. Upon the second coming, believers will be brought back for the thousand years to reign with "Yahshua" before the last judgment. At the end of this millennium, all of the nonbelievers will be judged according to their deeds and put into one of two groups: the righteous and the filthy/unjust. The filthy and the unjust will be sent to the Lake of Fire while the righteous will go on into eternity and fill the universe.

Leadership and structure
The leadership within is structured as a series of Councils which consists of local councils, regional councils, and a global Apostolic Council; the group is also overseen within these councils by a fluid number of teachers, deacons, deaconesses, elders and apostles. Gene Spriggs is highly regarded as the first person to open up his home to brothers and sisters, but members state that he is not regarded as a spiritual figurehead.

The group operates as a 501(d) – "for-profit organization with a religious purpose and a common treasury." The community pays property taxes, but the 501(d) structure tends to result in no income tax liability.

Courtship and marriage
Courtship within the Community involves a "waiting period" in which the man or woman expresses their desire to get to know the other person. The couple then receives input from the community while spending time together. The couple is betrothed (engaged) if their parents (or the entire community, if they are adults) confirm their love and compatibility; the couple is then permitted to hold hands.

Weddings are dramatized pre-enactments of what the group believes will happen at the end of time when "Yahshua" returns to earth for his bride.

Children
Children have been noted to play a central role in the group's eschatological beliefs, especially the sons. The Twelve Tribes believe that it is the parents' responsibility to properly enforce a consequence for sin (wrongful action, words, behavior) so as to allow the child to maintain the state of a clean conscience. This causes the child to understand accountability to the choices they make. Over time, the children's children will be better equipped to deal with or "overcome" the faults of their predecessors. This will enable future generations of the group to hopefully be the "144,000" of Revelation 7. Children are homeschooled. Within the group, children are apprenticed to elders by the age of 13 to be trained in "crafts and specialized labor". The group acknowledges using corporal punishment with a "reed-like rod" like a balloon stick (a minimum) across the child's bottom,  though many former members, including children raised in the group, say punishments can include severe beatings to the point of bleeding or collapse, and are often repeated daily.

Businesses
The Twelve Tribes supports itself through means that allow its members to work together, without the need to seek outside employment. Businesses the group owns and operates include:

The group also runs restaurant chains:
 * Parchment Press: A printing company offering printing services, and also printing and selling the group's literature.
 * BOJ Construction: a general contractor based in Plymouth, Massachusetts and operating nationally, using unpaid and child labor.
 * Commonwealth Construction: construction contracting, primarily in the Southeastern US.
 * Greener Formulas: A soap and bodycare research and development firm with ties to its other business, Common Sense Farm.
 * Maté Factor: a yerba mate import company that also runs two cafés, in Manitou Springs, Colorado and Savannah, Georgia.
 * Tribal Trading: an organic foods distribution company based in Irún, Spain.
 * A farm in Kansas.
 * A construction business in Colorado. For that particular community, construction using unpaid labor is their main source of income.

 * Yellow Deli Restaurants
 * Common Ground Café Restaurants

Countercult movement
Bob Pardon, the executive director of Christian countercult movement New England Institute of Religious Research has done extensive research on Twelve Tribes. According to a report from the Southern Poverty Law Center, Pardon first became aware of Twelve Tribes when a former member reported potential evidence of child abuse. Because he was initially skeptical, he was given access to the group in order to research it. He also received information on the group's teachings from high level former members. Pardon released his research and findings in a report that stated "Messianic Communities, under the leadership of Spriggs, has tended towards an extreme authoritarianism" and a "Galatian heresy."

In France, the group was listed on the 1995 Governmental Report by the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France under the name "Ordre apostolique – Therapeutic healing environment."

Twelve Tribes members Jean Swantko and husband Ed Wiseman have made efforts to combat social stigma and the anti-cult movement by engaging in dialogue with the media and government authorities. Swantko, who also represents the group in legal matters, has presented at conferences including the Communal Studies Association and Society for the Scientific Study of Religion as well as a chapter in James T. Richardson's Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe.

The Twelve Tribes has been cited by Stuart A. Wright as a group suffering from "front-end/back-end disproportionality" in media coverage. According to Wright, the media often focuses on unsubstantiated charges against the group, but as charges are investigated and as cases fall apart, the media covers them significantly less at the end than it does at the beginning. Wright then asserts that this leaves the public with the impression that the group was guilty of the disproven charges.

The Island Pond raid
On June 22, 1984, Vermont State Police arrived at the Twelve Tribes's Island Pond residences and took custody of hundreds of group members with their children, based on an investigation of accusations of child abuse. All cases were dismissed when a judge found that the search warrant was unconstitutional. Frank Mahdy, the judge in the case, called the action a "grossly unlawful scheme", while Judge Wolchik, who had signed the initial search warrant, said that he was given "false or unreliable information".

The Vermont Chapter of the ACLU also criticized the raid, calling it "frightening" and "the greatest deprivation of civil liberties to have occurred in recent Vermont history." Richard Snelling, the then-Governor of Vermont who had authorized the raid, reportedly drew the "hottest political fire of his career" in the weeks after; while Vermont Attorney General John J. Easton Jr. attributed the raid to assisting his campaign for governorship.

In 1992, John Burchard, who had been the State Commissioner of Social and Rehabilitation Services, and Vanessa L. Malcarne, published an article in Behavioral Sciences and the Law, encouraging changes in the law that would have allowed the raid to succeed. The group held anniversary events in both 1994 and 2000; and produced a 75-minute documentary.

Teachings about Jews
The group teaches that the Jews are collectively responsible for the death of Christ, quoting Matthew 27:25. They are often labelled antisemitic, although the group repeatedly denies this accusation. Its members keep the Sabbath and the Jewish festivals of Pesach, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot. Youth hold Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah celebrations, and they regularly perform Israeli folk dances.

Child labor and homeschooling
In 2001, The New York Post ran an article accusing the group of child labor violations; and later attributed itself as having prompted the investigation. The Twelve Tribes responded with a press conference at the "Commonsense Farm" where the alleged child labor had taken place. The Twelve Tribes reported that during a random inspection by Estée Lauder Companies, the company discovered that several 14-year-olds had been found assisting their fathers in the factory. This report was later confirmed by Estée Lauder who terminated their contract with Common Sense products. The group's official statement at the press conference stated that they believed that it was a family-owned business, and children ought to be able to help their parents in the business while making "no apology" for it. The New York State Department of Labor stated that they intended to visit all five of the Twelve Tribes's businesses. State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer asserted that apprenticeships amounted to indentured servitude and were illegal. Robert Redford's Sundance Catalog, who had contracted with Common Wealth Woodworks (another of the group's industries that made furniture), also terminated their contract as a response to the allegations. The Labor Department found no violations at Common Sense Farm or Commonwealth Woodworks. They did propose a fine on two other industries: $2,000 for allegations of child labor law violations that the group's spokesperson, Jean Swantco Wiseman, was quoted in a news article as saying were for a 15-year-old pushing a wheelbarrow and another 15-year-old changing a lightbulb.

In June 2018, another New York State investigation into the Common Sense Farm was launched, yielding allegations of child labor, after an Inside Edition article revealed children working in the group's soap factory. Twelve Tribes owned business Greener Formulas had contracted with brands including Acure and Savannah Bee to manufacture its private label bodycare products and was using the facilities of Common Sense Farm (also owned by the group) for production. Both Acure and Savannah Bee have since terminated their contracts with Greener Formulas.

In Germany and France, the controversies centered on the issues of homeschooling, health, child abuse, and religious freedom. The group has several times been in conflict with authorities in Germany and France over homeschooling their children, with a particularly long and protracted dispute between the community in Klosterzimmern, in the municipality of Deiningen, Bavaria, and Bavarian education authorities. Homeschooling is illegal in Germany, with rare exceptions. When fines and arrests failed to have an effect on the community, authorities granted the group the right to operate a private school on the commune's premises in 2011, under state supervision. The agreement entailed that the school would not teach sex education and evolution. Authorities revoked the school's right to operate in 2013, after it refused to answer to allegations of physical abuse and a lack of certified teaching staff.

Views on slavery
According to a 2018 report by the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Twelve Tribes teaches its followers the curse of Ham as a racial curse that made Ham a servant of his brother, Shem. This teaching is used to justify slavery. Their teaching states that slavery was "a marvelous opportunity that blacks could be brought over here to be slaves so that they could be found worthy of the nations". Nevertheless, there are Black members of the Twelve Tribes, which teaches that "slavery is over for those who believe". The SPLC concludes that since Twelve Tribes views only themselves as true believers, this does not apply to any black person outside the group.

Other issues
On September 5, 2013, German police raided two communities belonging to the Twelve Tribes and removed 40 children to protect them from continued abuse. The reasons for the raid were the film shootings of a TV reporter, Wolfram Kuhnigk, who managed to secretly record how the sect beat their children. The group admits that they use a "reed-like rod" for discipline, but denies abusing their children. In 2018, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the German move to take away the children from the sect.

"In [the Wetjen v. Germany case], the parent's believed, based upon their religion, that they had the obligation to cane their children under the age of 12 when they were disobedient. The Court distinguished the right granted to parents to pass on their religious and philosophical beliefs from the Wetjen's actions stating that, '[w]hile the Court has accepted that this [the passing on of moral convictions] might even occur in an insistent and overbearing manner, it has stressed that it may not expose children to dangerous practices or to physical or psychological harm.'"

On June 26, 2018, the group was showcased on the Vice HD channel in the United States on an episode of their Cults and Extreme Belief series, as former member Samie Brosseau accused the group of abusive practices.

In July 2019, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released a 40-page summary of the results of a closed preliminary investigation stemming from allegations of child abuse at the group's Hiddenite, North Carolina property. The documents revealed the existence of other investigations over the years to include suspicions of child abuse in other compounds. There were also more bizarre allegations including deaths that were thought to be suspicious, allegations of oddities during spiritual rituals, as well as unsubstantiated allegations involving founder Gene Spriggs's conduct during his time in the military. The documents also reveal the existence of a (now closed) Federal investigation into whether the State of Vermont had violated the group's civil rights in the 1984 raid.

On February 19, 2020, Police in New South Wales Australia executed a search warrant as part of Strike Force Nanegai, on the group's Peppercorn Creek Farm property, seizing documents and other evidence in what has been a prolonged investigation into allegations of child abuse in the group. On March 3, 2020, police returned for a more extensive search operation for stillborn babies buried on the property at Peppercorn Creek Farm and another of the group's properties. On March 7, an updated report said the body of at least one infant was found at the farm. In September 2020, NSW police announced in a statement they anticipated a close of the investigation late 2020 or early 2021. No official closure or criminal charges has been announced as of October 2021.

In January 2022, early investigations into the origin of the Boulder County, Colorado Marshall Fire suggested a Twelve Tribes residential property may have been the point of origination for the fire. The fire investigation brought renewed media scrutiny of the Boulder-area group. By February 2022, the Boulder County Sheriff's office said it was considering coal mines, power lines, and human activity in the area as possible causes of the fire.

In June 2023, the Boulder County Sheriff's Office issued its investigative summary of the fire in which it concluded that the Marshall Fire originated from two sources, one of them being a slash burn intentionally started on the Twelve Tribes residential property six days prior on December 24, 2021. The slash burn was visited by local firefighters after a community member noted the size of the fire, however, the responders were reportedly unconcerned with the fire. A resident at the property told detectives that he allowed the fire to burn to coals at which point he covered the fire with dirt, but did not extinguish the coals with water. Criminal charges were not brought against those at the property as slash burning is not illegal in Boulder County, however, a representative of the Boulder County Sheriff's Office noted that the county is working on a new burn permitting process.

Outreach

The Twelve Tribes utilizes mobile operations and vehicles to evangelize at various events.

 * Peacemaker Marine: A Class-A barquentine sailing ship bought and restored by the group sailing on the Eastern coast of the United States. The group now gives tours and evangelizes at ports.
 * Peacemaker I & II Buses: A custom PD-4501 Scenicruiser with added floor from the roof of an Aerocoach

title: Twelve Tribes communities