text:
University of Cape Coast

The University of Cape Coast (UCC) is a public collegiate university located in the historic town of Cape Coast in the central region of Ghana. The campus has a rare seafront and sits on a hill overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. It operates on two campuses: the Southern Campus (Old Site) and the Northern Campus (New Site). Two of the most important historical sites in Ghana, Elmina and Cape Coast Castle, are a few kilometers away from its campus.

The University of Cape Coast was established in October 1962 as a university college in response to the country's dire need for highly qualified and skilled manpower in the education sector. Its original mandate was therefore to train graduate teachers for second cycle institutions, teacher training colleges and technical institutions, a mission that the two existing public universities at the time were unequipped to fulfill. On 1 October 1971, the college attained the status of a full and independent university, with the authority to confer its own degrees, diplomas and certificates by an Act of Parliament. Today, with the expansion of some of its faculties/schools and the diversification of programmes, the university has the capacity to meet the manpower needs of other ministries and industries in the country, besides that of the Ministry of Education. The university has since added to its functions the training of doctors and health care professionals, business professionals, administrators, legal professionals, and agriculturalists such as agricultural extension agents. UCC graduates include Ministers of State, High Commissioners, CEOs, and Members of Parliament.

History
The University of Cape Coast was established in October 1962 as a university college and placed in a special relationship with the University of Ghana, Legon. On 1 October 1971, the college attained the status of a full and independent University, with the authority to confer its own degrees, diplomas and certificates by an Act of Parliament. The university was established out of a dire need for highly qualified and skilled manpower in education. Its original mandate was, therefore, to train graduate professional teachers for Ghana's second cycle institutions and the Ministry of Education in order to meet the manpower needs of the country's accelerated education programme at the time. Today, with the expansion of some of its Faculties/Schools and the diversification of programmes, the university has the capacity to meet the manpower needs of other ministries and industries in the country, besides that of the Ministry of Education. From an initial student enrollment of 155 in 1963, the University of Cape Coast now has a total student population of about 80,000. The university started with two departments, namely: Arts and Science. These departments developed into Faculties in 1963. In order to achieve the set objectives, in 1964, the university created two more Faculties, namely: Education and Economics & Social Studies [now Faculty of Social Sciences]. The fifth faculty [School of Agriculture] was established in 1975. The Faculty of Science was split into the Schools of Physical and Biological Sciences during the 2002←/2003 academic year while the Department of Business Studies was also elevated to the School of Business with effect from the 2003/2004 academic year. The Medical School and faculty of Law among others have been added. The university now trains doctors and health care professionals, as well as education planners, administrators, agriculturalists, Accountants, lawyers etc. The University of Cape Coast (UCC) graduates include Ministers of State, High Commissioners, CEOs, and Members of Parliament.

Old Site Campus
The Old Site Campus also known as the Southern Campus is located on high grounds, above the sea level, within the Apewosika and Kokoado communities in the Cape Coast metropolis. The strategic setting of the Old Site Campus within these two communities had increased socio-economic activities.

The Campus houses the University's Central Administration, the only female hall of residence, the Adehye Hall, the Atlantic Hall and Oguafo Hall .University Hospital, which provides quality health service to the student population and the general public is located in here.

New Site Campus
New Site Campus or Northern Campus, popularly known as "Science" is within a kilometer distance from Old Site is located near the Kwaprow and Amamoma communities. The Northern Campus came into being as a result of the growing number of students admitted into the University.

The Campus houses the only male hall of the University, Casley Hayford Hall, Kwame Nkrumah Hall, Valco Hall and the Campus Broadcasting Center. It is the location of the Science Complex Building therefore the popular name "Science".

University Garden and the University Zoo are also located in the New Site Campus of the University.

Student population
From an initial student enrollment of 155 in 1963, the University of Cape Coast now has a total student population of 74,720. The breakdown is as follows: 18,949 regular undergraduate students, 1445 sandwich undergraduate students, 1014 regular postgraduate students, 2773 sandwich postgraduate students 48,989 distance undergraduate students and 1540 postgraduate distance students. The university admitted a total of 24,723 students into its various programs for the 2016/2017 academic year.

From 2016/2017 academic year till date, the population of the university keeps on increasing each year. Currently, the school has a student population of 78,485 with 41,165 (52.40%) male and 37,320 (47.60%) female student population, which in total is exactly 2,765 more than what they had in the 2016/2017 academic year. The breakdown of the student population in the 2022/2023 academic year is as follows: there have 9 sandwich students who are the only ones offering certificate in their various programs with 2 of them being males and 7 females. 11,539 diploma offering students with 11,234 being distance students (5,271 males and 5,963 females) and 305 sandwich students (132 males and 173 females). 60,406 undergraduates which entails of 23,537 regular students (13,072 males and 10,465 females), 16,260 distance students (8,324 males and 7,936 females), 1,241 sandwich students (561 males and 686 females) and 19,362 IOE sandwich students (9,937 males and 9,425 females). The population consists of 578 PhD students who are all regular students, with 372 males and 206 females. 305 PGDE students consisting of 71 distance students (29 males and 42 females) and 234 sandwich students (148 males and 86 females). 5,648 students doing their masters currently with 1,148 students being regular students(709 males and 439 females), 2,239 distance students (1,287 males and 952 females) and 2,261 sandwich students (1,321 males and 940 females).

Governance System
The University of Cape Coast is currently governed by a Council made of elected members from the University community and State appointees.

Members of Council
The governing body is known as the University Council and they consist of a Chairperson/Pro-Chancellor, Representative of Post-Graduate Students, Vice-Chancellor, three (3) Government Nominees, two (2) Representatives of Convocation, Representative of UTAG - UCC Branch, Representative of CHASS, Representative of TEWU of TUC, Representative of Alumni Association, Representative of Undergraduate Students, Representative of Post-Graduate Students, Representative of GTEC, Registrar, Pro-Vice Chancellor, Director of Finance and Council Secretariat, Office of the Registrar.

Principal officers
According to the statues of the university, principal officers of the university include the chancellor, pro-chancellor/chairperson, Vice-Chancellor, registrar and pro-vice-chancellor.

Academics
The University of Cape Coast is today organized into six colleges. Each college has different faculties, schools and departments under them as elaborated below;

College of Agriculture & Natural Sciences
==== School of Physical Sciences ====
 * Department of Physics
 * Department of Mathematics
 * Department of Statistics
 * Department of Laboratory Technology
 * Department of Computer Science & Information Technology
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Laser & Fibre Optics Centre
 * Industrial Chemistry Programme

==== School of Biological Sciences ====
 * Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
 * Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences
 * Department of Environmental Sciences
 * Department of Entomology & Wildlife
 * Department of Biomedical & Forensic Sciences
 * Department of Biochemistry

School of Agriculture

 * Department of Soil Science
 * Department of Crop Science
 * Department of Animal Science
 * Department of Agricultural Engineering
 * Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension
 * Technology Village
 * Supervise Enterprise Projects (SEPs)
 * Meat Processing Unit (MPU)

College of Distance Education

 * Department of Business studies
 * Department of Education
 * Department of Mathematics and Science

College of Education Studies
==== Faculty of Educational Foundations ====
 * Centre for Child Development Research and Referral
 * Counselling Centre
 * Department of Basic Education
 * Department of Education & Psychology
 * Department of Guidance and Counseling

==== Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences Education ====
 * Department of Arts Education
 * Department of Business and Social Sciences Education

==== Faculty of Science & Technology Education ====
 * Department of Health Science Education
 * Department of Health, Physical Education & Recreation
 * Department of Mathematics & ICT Education
 * Department of Science Education
 * Department of Vocational & Technical Education

==== School of Educational Development & Outreach ====
 * Centre for Educational Research, Evaluation and Development
 * Centre for Teacher Professional Development
 * Centre for Teaching Support
 * Institute of Education

College of Humanities and Legal Studies
==== Faculty of Social Sciences ====
 * Institute for Oil and Gas Studies
 * Institute for Development Studies (IDS)
 * Department of Sociology & Anthropology
 * Department of Population & Health
 * Department of Hospitality & Tourism Management
 * Department of Geography & Regional Planning
 * Department of Economics
 * Centre for Gender, Research, Advocacy and Documentation (CEGRAD)
 * Micro-finance Unit
 * Centre for Data Archiving, Management, Analysis and Advocacy (C-DAMAA)

==== Faculty of Arts ====
 * Information & Literacy Skills
 * Department of Theatre & Film Studies
 * Department of Religion and Human Values
 * Department of Music & Dance
 * Department of History
 * Department of Ghanaian Languages & Linguistics
 * Department of French
 * Department of English
 * Department of Communication Studies
 * Department of Classics & Philosophy
 * Centre for African and International Studies

Faculty of Law

 * Department of Law
 * Law Clinic & Department for Legal Extension
 * Centre for Legal Research
 * Law Library & Information Centre

School of Business

 * Department of Management
 * Department of Accounting
 * Department of Finance
 * Department of Marketing & Supply Chain Management
 * Department of Human Resource Management
 * Professional & Management Development Unit (PMDU)
 * Centre for Entrepreneurship and Small Enterprise Development (CESED)

School of Medical Sciences

 * Department of Nurse Anaesthesia
 * Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Management
 * Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology
 * Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 * Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology & Fetal Medicine
 * Department of Internal Medicine & Therapeutics
 * Department of Chemical Pathology
 * Department of Community Medicine
 * Department of Internal Medicine & Therapeutics
 * Department of Medical Education & Information Technology
 * Department of Microbiology & Immunology
 * Department of Pharmacology
 * Department of Paediatrics
 * Department of Morbid Anatomy & Histopathology
 * Department of Surgery
 * Department of Psychological Medicine & Mental Health
 * Department of Physiology

School of Nursing & Midwifery

 * Department of Adult Health
 * Department of Mental Health
 * Department of Maternal and Child Health
 * Department of Public Health

School of Allied Health Sciences

 * Department of Sports Science
 * Department of Physician Assistant Studies
 * Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
 * Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
 * Department of Medical Imaging
 * Department of Health Information Management
 * Department of Optometry

School of Graduate Studies and Research
The School of Graduate Studies (SGS) of the University of Cape Coast came into being on 1 August 2008. It began as a Committee on Higher Degrees, with a mandate to advise Senate on the university's graduate policy and recommend the award of scholarship for approval. In 1992, the Committee on Higher Degrees was transformed to a Board of Graduate Studies. This Board, a sub-committee of Academic Board was entrusted with responsibility for administering graduate education in the university, until its status was elevated to a school on 1 August 2008. The school has the mandate to co-ordinate graduate-level academic programmes for all colleges within the university. It also regulates and offers advice on graduate programmes of university colleges affiliated to the University of Cape Coast.

To achieve its vision and mission, the school has four-fold functions: The university operates a two-semester system for its regular graduate programmes. The First Semester begins from August to December and Second Semester from January to May. The university awards Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Education (MEd), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.), Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), Master of Commerce (M.Com.) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in the various disciplines.
 * 1) Draft regulations for all higher degrees with a view to ensuring that acceptable academic standards are maintained.
 * 2) Receive reports and consider recommendations pertaining to higher degrees and graduate diplomas from Departmental and Faculty Committee of Graduate Studies.
 * 3) Determine the results of higher degrees and graduate diplomas.
 * 4) Make recommendations to the Academic Board for the award of higher degrees and graduate diplomas.

M.A./MEd/MSc programmes will normally consist of two semesters of course work (nine months) followed by a project or dissertation (three months).

The Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) programme will normally consist of two parts. Part I shall consist of two semesters of course work for full-time students and four semesters of course work for part-time students. Part II extends over 12-months and is for research and presentation of the thesis. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) programme is essentially by research. The duration is between 3 and 4 years for full-time students and 4 and 5 years for part-time students.

==Office of International Relations == The Office of International Relation (OIR), University of Cape Coast, formerly Center for International Education (CIE) was established to promote, support and coordinate all facets of international education activities in the university. These activities include international students and staff exchanges, research collaborations and publications, and information sharing, all aimed at enhancing the international image of the university.

Over the years, the centre had fostered links with institutions of higher learning from the US, China, UK, Sweden, Germany, Liberia, Nigeria and Senegal, among others.

The centre offers specialized support services for inbound and outbound exchange students and staff on issues including, but not exclusive to, orientation, admission, enrollment, accommodation, pastoral care, pre-departure briefings and post-return debriefings for inbound and outbound exchange students and staff.

FUNCTIONS The centre: The University of Cape Coast runs an international student exchange programme with participants from Europe, North America, and other African countries. International students are fully integrated into student and campus life and receive full credit on successful completion of their studies at UCC.
 * 1) Manages all matters and programmes relating to international education.
 * 2) Serves as an advisory unit to all academic departments on exchanges and collaborations.
 * 3) Serves as a service provider on campus to all international and visiting students, faculty members and staff.
 * 4) Is responsible for the development of Memorandum of Understanding or partnership agreements with institutions in and outside Ghana.
 * 5) Facilitates the exchange of staff, faculty and students of partner institutions and vice versa.
 * 6) Organizes international workshops, seminars and conferences.

Affiliated Institutions
All Colleges of Education in Ghana
 * Pentecost University College
 * Christian Service University College
 * Palm Institute
 * Synergies Institute-Ghana
 * Fountainhead Christian College
 * Institute for Development and Technology Management
 * Institute for Security, Disaster and Emergency Studies (ISDES)
 * Klintaps University College
 * Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II Nursing Training College
 * Nduom School of Business and Technology
 * College of Health and Well-Being
 * College of Health, Yamfo

Halls of Residence

 * Oguaa Hall
 * Atlantic Hall(ATL)
 * Adehye Hall
 * Casely Hayford Hall(Casford)
 * Kwame Nkrumah Hall
 * Valco Hall
 * SRCHall
 * Supernuation hall
 * Alumni Hall
 * Valco Trust Hall (Graduate Hall)
 * PSI Hall

Rankings and reputation
In September 2021, the University of Cape Coast was ranked by Times Higher Education 2022 World University Rankings as follows: In October 2022, the university was again ranked the best in Ghana and West Africa. The 4th best in Africa and 24th in the world universities.
 * The No. 1 University in Africa for research influence (Globally)
 * The No. 1 University in Ghana
 * The No. 1 University in West Africa
 * Ranked amongst the top 5 Universities in Africa.

In July 2023, the university is still ranked as the best university in Ghana and 4th in Africa according to Times Higher Education Rankings.

Notable alumni

 * Edmund Abaka, photographer and professor of African history at the University of Miami
 * Rosina Acheampong, Ghanaian educationist and former headmistress of Wesley Girls High School
 * Alfred P. Addaquay, Ghanaian classical keyboardist, composer, arranger, conductor, choral director and singer
 * Emmanuel Addow-Obeng, Ghanaian academic, administrator and cleric. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Coast and served as the Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the Central University of Ghana
 * Mercy Catherine Adjabeng, author, magazine editor-in-chief and managing editor
 * Jane Naana Opoku Agyemang, former Minister of Education of the Republic of Ghana, first female Vice Chancellor of a public university in Ghana, first female vice presidential candidate for the National Democratic Congress, the largest opposition political party in Ghana
 * Kofi Akpabli, Ghanaian journalist, writer, and publisher
 * Kwesi Ahwoi, Ghana's High Commissioner to South Africa and Ghana's former Minister of Interior
 * Aba Andam, Ghanaian particle physicist
 * Samuel Kobina Annim, government statistician and former associate professor of economics
 * Yaw Ansong Jnr, physician-scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur
 * Juliet Asante, award-winning filmmaker, entrepreneur, activist, Huffington Post blogger, Aspen Global Leadership fellow, Legatum Institute fellow, alumnus of the Fortune 500/State Department Mentorship program, and Vital Voices Global leaders forum
 * Kojo Armah – Ghanaian lawyer, diplomat, and former member of parliament
 * George Aryee, for director general of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation
 * Kweku Asiamah – Minister of Transport
 * Barbara Asher Ayisi – Ghanaian politician, educationist, and Deputy Minister of Education
 * Michael Okyere Baafi, a Ghanaian politician and executive secretary of Ghana Free Zones Board
 * Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua – Ghanaian lawyer, politician, and member of parliament
 * Ama Afo Blay, former director-general of the Ghana Education Service
 * Johnson Nyarko Boampong, Ghanaian pharmacist, biomedical scientist, and current vice chancellor of the University of Cape Coast
 * Rosemond Aboagyewa Boohene, Ghanaian accountant, entrepreneurship scholar, and current pro vice chancellor of the University of Cape Coast
 * Richard Damoah, Ghanaian physicist and research scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
 * Doris Dartey, former Ghanaian communication educator, consultant, and onetime member and chairperson of GJA Awards Committee
 * Nana Amba Eyiaba I – Ghanaian traditional ruler (Queen-mother), educationist and former member of the Electoral Commission of Ghana
 * Dora Francisca Edu-Buandoh, current pro vice-chancellor and professor of English at the University of Cape Coast
 * Millison Narh – Deputy Governor of the Bank of Ghana
 * Abdul-Rashid Pelpuo - Member of Parliament and Minister of State for Private Public Partnership
 * Yvonne Nduom, a Ghanaian public figure known chiefly as the wife of the leader of the Progressive People's Party and is currently the Executive Chairperson of Coconut Grove Hotels
 * Kojo Oppong Nkrumah, a Ghanaian politician, lawyer, member of parliament and the Minister of Information in the administration of Nana Akufo-Addo
 * Eric Oduro Osae, a Ghanaian local governance expert, lawyer and chartered accountant who serves as the Director General of the Internal Audit Agency of Ghana.
 * William Quaitoo, a Ghanaian politician, and former Deputy Minister of Agriculture
 * Kwabena Sarpong-Anane, acting Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (2010–2011)
 * Seth Terkper – Former Minister of Finance, MOFEP (2012– to 2016)
 * Joseph Whittal – a Ghanaian who has been the Commissioner of Human Rights and Administrative Justice of Ghana since December 2016
 * Daniel A. Wubah, President, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, USA
 * Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu, a former Speaker of Parliament, a former Minister of Interior and a former member of parliament
 * Mohammed-Sani Abdulai, a Ghanaian educator and an IT specialist.

title: University of Cape Coast


text: User talk:68.60.241.250

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.60.241.250


text:
Talk:Talpa

Untitled
This seems like a somewhat pointless disambiguation page. Who is going to write an article about the Latin word for mole? Peking Duck 18:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Talpa can also be an alternate spelling of tulpa. Slick Mcfavourite 03:53, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Talpa


text:
Talk:Evolutionary linguistics

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:00, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Why "fuzzy navel"?
Why "fuzzy navel"? 203.12.157.29 18:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Removed link
Removed the references link: "www.answersingenesis.org-Language Evolution is nothing like biological Evolution" for relevance and precision reasons because the link doesn't point to anything specific about evolutionary linguistics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.134.241.32 (talk) 15:30, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Conflating two subjects
This article is conflating language change with the evolution of the language capacity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.222.47.203 (talk) 22:15, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree entirely, and I just deleted the offending section. Cgingold (talk) 13:27, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

"Paleolinguistics"
Removed link to Paleolinguistics from "See also" section by IP 201.254.118.109. The "See also" section should include Wikipedia articles of direct or fairly direct relevance to the subject of the article. This is not the case here. Evolutionary linguistics concerns the origins of spoken human language. Paleolinguistics has more than one meaning; the current article Paleolinguistics takes it in just one of these, used by some members of the Moscow school and a few American linguists, such as John Bengtson. In this meaning, paleolinguistics refers to the study of prehistorical languages at a taxonomic depth greater than that of the families generally accepted by linguists at the present time. But these are two entirely different fields with no connection between them. Someday, perhaps, they will meet up, and it will be possible to relate the origins of language to early forms of human language traced back through time by the comparative method. But at the present time these two avenues of research are totally separate and distinct.

The prevailing view was articulated by the regretted Eugene Helimski (Xelimskij): "It must be stressed in this connection that the problem of language origins (rise of articulatory organs, formation of grammatical means, creation of roots…) belongs, in my opinion, to biology and anthropology rather than to linguistics, and even within this latter (cf. [Décsy 1977–1981]) it has nothing to do with the discipline called comparative and historical linguistics" ("Early Indo-Uralic linguistic relationships", pp. 489-490). Someday, this may change. Personally, I hope so. But we must report accurately the existing situation, which is that there is no connection between "Evolutionary linguistics" and "Paleolinguistics."

There are also serious quality problems with the article Paleolinguistics which would have to be rectified before it would be worth linking anywhere. VikSol (talk) 23:37, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

This is a separate person, that said, I continue; To believe that paleo(prior to writing-expressed language)linguistics can be even theoretically studied seems farfetched to me, personally. if there is evidence of muscle development in the mouth/throat/whathaveyou that might perhaps suggest a vocal ability can't possibly prove that this ability was used for a grammar (it could be used to communicate a variety of warning signals, mimicking the calls of predator species, for instance.) on the other hand, languages based on hand and/or body movements can have complex grammars and be considered languages, and while this ability to articulate manually could easily be conducive to the development of/result from the development of tool-using hands, a body language-based communication system could quite possibly develop prior to hand dexterity, using corporal poses, facial expression (if there was a gesture indicating tense, past/present/future, and a gesture indicating value, and a simple action symbolizing a verb, with a simple point/flick of the eyes/positioning of body/etc. signifying subject, we almost have a language/ability to convey information as we understand it without stretching the imagination. I bet most present day people would pick it up in a second.) A body language of this type may not be useful as a split-second danger-alert method ("aaah!" versus "danger-behind-you" dance) but it would be incredibly useful for building and maintaining and the restructuring to fit changing needs of a social system/hierarchy/society/whatever, which would due to its existence encourage survival/communal rearing of young/extension across generations of hard-won knowledge/the passing on of this interesting trait we share.

I suppose, my verbose and punctuationally-correct-desiring-yet-failing addition was intended to elicit response, either to refute my supposing daydreamings, or to comment/agree/add to them. my personal musing on the origins of verbalized grammar structures/languages as defined by linguists is that it is an extension of emotionally-relevant pitch changes combined with body language, length of vowels, growing ever more complex due to its ability to promote survival (a stretch, but the "dude!" "duuu-de" "dude?" etc. scene in "dude, where's my car" ((I think copied from bill and ted, can't remember seventh grade too well so many years out)) goes to show the ability to coordinate behavior that emotional expression has, even without an abstract grammar. And coordination is our strong point!)

my point is ultimately though that it is impossible to pinpoint whether complex brains instigated language, or that a survival-positive development of language promoted larger brains, whether societal complexity was due to and/or caused this, whether tool use instigated/promoted/was due to this (a beneficial advantage of a complex sign language perhaps augmented by vocalizations/facial expressions leading tot the refinement of tool-use-and-manufacture-capable hands, perhaps even promoting bipedalism? possibly, this shift was made more necessary by environmental change, and a promotion of expressive facial behavior would promote forward-facing eyes, which would encourage predation rather then prey-dation...or did it happen the other way around? did a change in diet due to a changing-yet-increasingly-successful-and-complicated social environment instigate the fleeing from the trees, or did fleeing from the trees encourage the specialized behavior we have blossomed into performing so second-naturedly that even put into a situation of stimulus deprivation we audially hallucinate the sound of voices? in my personal experience with myself and acquaintances in sensory-deprivation tanks, the most common audiohallucination is a person's name (perhaps meaning they identify firstly with the social value structure we create collectively? we depend on a relation to this structure more than sensory information from our limbs/physical extensions.))

once again, I digress, but only to ingress into progress, and hopefully entice a response from someone who knows more than I do so I learn something! I hope that this Wikipedia "talk" section is used for discussion rather than knowledgeable statements, otherwise I won't even get posted or may have upset someone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stoneturningape (talk • contribs) 08:58, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Great if
This article would be great if it used even a handful of the sources in the references section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.176.143.40 (talk) 04:44, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Student comment
--Kadoru (talk) 00:36, 15 February 2013 (UTC)Hi all--my name is Katie. I'm an anthropology student at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, WA (USA) taking a course called Language and Species. As a final project a small group of us will be editing, updating, and enhancing this page. We would welcome the support and input of anyone else interested in the subject, as well as any new information you may have come across. Thanks, and hope to "talk" with everyone soon. Kadoru.Kadoru (talk

Areas for improvement
The lead section does not say which other disciplines are concerned with origins and development of language and does not go on to say that they stem from physiological changes in human anatomy as well as human cognitive evolution. Adding these would better introduce the topic. The author provides a lot of information about the FOXP2 gene which doesn't have any direct relevance to this topic. This section is overly long in proportion to its importance. This information could be mentioned in passing. There is no information regarding formant perception, combinatorial phonology and compositional semantics which are mentioned in the article. Neither is there a link to where one could find information about those terms. These should be added to explain research in the field of evolutionary linguistics. The word 'phyla' is used but is also not explained. There should be a link explaning that word. There should be a footnote to Tecumseh Fitch's descended larynx theory. There should be a footnote for Derek Bickerton's argument and a reference to who the “others” are who share his opinion on the advent of abstract words providing a mental basis for analyzing higher-order relations. Footnotes with references should also be added for Chris Knight's work and Luc Steels' research.

Lazmike (talk) 06:08, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evolutionary linguistics


text:
Flux (novel)

Flux is a 1993 science fiction novel by British author Stephen Baxter. It is the third book in Baxter's Xeelee Sequence.

Plot introduction
Dura and her fellow human beings live inside a neutron star, as they have for generations. As long as they can remember, "glitches" (instabilities of the magnetic field inside the star caused by changes in the star's rotation) have happened from time to time. As the novel starts, the worst glitch that anyone can remember threatens to destroy her home. To survive, Dura must travel to a far-off city, and eventually outside of the star itself.

Explanation of the novel's title
Flux is so called as the main race of the book, microscopic human-like beings who live within a neutron star, travel around using the magnetic field lines within that star. It also relates to a bigger element of the plot, dealing with instabilities in this field which affect many characters in different ways.

Plot summary
As the novel begins, a glitch—an instability of the magnetic field inside the star caused by changes in the star's rotation—is about to destroy a net made of ropes, where a group of 50 humans live. During this several of the older humans are killed, and importantly the humans lose their main food source, a herd of "air pigs", animals indigenous to the star.

To find more food, Dura, together with her young brother Farr, Adda (the eldest of the humans and one of the novel's main characters), Philas (wife of a man killed during the glitch; this man was also seeing Dura), and six other adults travel high into the top of the mantle of the star to find food in the forest.

While there, Adda is injured by a pregnant air pig. Soon the humans encounter Toba Mixxax, another human from Parz City. Parz is a massive wooden city where other star-humans live, with a functioning economy and upper and nether classes. As becomes apparent, the ancestors of Dura's group did originally live in Parz, but left when their belief that the Xeelee should ultimately be accepted as being for the good of humanity was not accepted by the rulers of Parz. A hospital, "The Hospital of the Common Good" in the heart of Parz City, is Adda's only chance for survival.

While in Parz, we meet several other characters, including Muub, the head physician and advisor to Hork, the administrator of Parz. To pay for Adda's treatment, Dura's labour is sold to a mantle wheat farm, and Farr is sold to work in the underbelly of the city as a miner.

Farr makes two friends while here: Toba Mixxax's son Criss, and Byza, a fellow miner. Criss teaches Farr to board (using a specially constructed plate to "surf" along the flux lines), an ability which allows him to escape from the eventual attack by the Xeelee.

After various plot points, the characters realise the instabilities are actually being caused by the attack of the Xeelee, and the next instability could destroy both Parz and possibly the star itself. Hork calls for Muub, Dura (called due to her experience as a star-human), Adda, Farr and a scientist to go down into the uninhabitable centre of the star in a specially constructed vessel and try and retrieve ancient weapons, supposedly left by the humans who originally created the star-human race. When they get there however they discover that the neutron star had been turned into a missile aimed at The Ring that is being constructed by the Xeelee and so the Xeelee have been attacking it to stop it. They also discover that they were created by normal humans to ensure that the star remains on course, but that would result in the destruction of the star and themselves. They decide to alter the course of the star so that it misses The Ring and so the Xeelee stop their attacks.

Main characters

 * Dura: daughter of Logue, the leader of the small tribe of star humans and the story's main protagonist
 * Farr: younger brother to Dura
 * Adda: curmudgeonly elder of the tribe, with knowledge of the history, beliefs and stories that have been passed down through the generations
 * Hork: Vice Chair and leader of Parz City, son of Hork IV
 * Muub: Head Physician and administrator of the hospital in Parz
 * Toba Mixxax: Ceiling farmer who takes Dura, Adda, and Farr to Parz City
 * Ito Mixxax: Toba's wife
 * Cris Mixxax: Toba and Ito's son who becomes friends with Farr and introduces him to surfing
 * Hosch: hard nosed supervisor of the fishermen that plumb for corestuff bergs from the Parz City harbour
 * Bzya: pragmatic fisherman that takes Farr under his wing, and one of the few civilised men that Adda warms to

Lesser characters

 * Logue: the leader of the small nomadic star human tribe, who is lost in the glitch in the opening pages of the book
 * Esk: another member of the tribe who lost his life in the initial glitch. Had a relationship with Dura despite being married
 * Philas: widow of Esk who, despite the awkwardness of their situation, still looks to Dura for leadership
 * Dia: female of the tribe who gives birth during the initial glitch
 * Mur: Dia's husband
 * Deni Maxx: hospital doctor who treats Adda, extremely committed to her work
 * Ray: friend of Cris who teaches Farr how to surf. Both boys are clearly intoxicated by her
 * Jool: Bzya's wife, who cultivates pleasant-smelling feed for the city's air-pigs' diet
 * Qos Frenk: ceiling farmer who employs Dura
 * Rauc: a "coolie" (ceiling farm worker) and friend of Dura's at Frenk's ceiling farm
 * Brow: Rauc's husband, who works the lumber caravans and is only able to see Rauc once a year
 * Kae: colleague of Brow (and who is in love with him)
 * Seciv Trop: Magfield expert and engineer, who is instrumental in the design of the "Flying Pig"
 * Borz: ex-coolie and leader of a small colony of runaways
 * Karen Macrae: the "Colonist" (a downloaded standard human construct) that Dura and Hork meet in the Flying Pig

title: Flux (novel)


text:
Lake Tele

Lake Tele (French Lac Télé) is a freshwater lake in Epena District, Republic of the Congo.

Description
Located at 1.33333°N, 17.15°W in the north-eastern area of the Republic of the Congo, Lake Tele was formed in Pliocene alluvial sediments by an unknown geological process. It is elliptical, almost round, in shape and is surrounded by the Likouala-aux-Herbes swamp forests which are gradually covering it.

There are no significant inlets or outlets in the lake. The water of Lake Tele is turbid, it has high content of organic materials and is acidic (pH < 4). The swamp forests around the lake have not yet been exhaustively explored.

Legends
Lake Tele is the best known home of the Mokèlé-mbèmbé (purportedly a large, unidentified reptilian creature), and is also supposedly the spot where pygmies killed and ate one of the creatures, around 1959.

The 1996 book Congo Journey, by British travel writer Redmond O'Hanlon, describes in some detail his journey through Congo to Lake Tele in search of Mokèlé-mbèmbé, as well as giving a rich description of local fauna, flora and Congolese cultural practices and relations with the indigenous Pygmy peoples.

Ecology
The 4389.6 sqkm wetland area of the Réserve Communautaire du Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-Herbes. It is a Ramsar site since 18 July 1998.

Surveys conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society in 2006 and 2007 found more than 100,000 previously unreported gorillas have been living in the swamp forests of Lake Tele Community Reserve and in neighbouring Marantaceae (dryland) forests in the Republic of the Congo.

title: Lake Tele


text: User talk:64.105.224.188

title: User talk:64.105.224.188


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neogeography

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 23:19, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Neogeography

 * Delete. This is either gibberish, vanity, or an ad (hard to tell which). Whatever it is, it's worthless and not to mention is copyvio. --Blackcap | talk 18:37, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm guessing that this is a blurb about an obscure software product, but it's so vague as to be useless. ManoaChild 22:06, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. *drew 01:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mountfield, County Tyrone

Mountfield (Irish: Achadh Ard) is a small village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is within the townland of Aghalane, northeast of Omagh. It lies on the A505 road and had a population of 252 in the 2001 Census. It is set in a stretch of undulating countryside and is regarded as a gateway to the Sperrin Mountains.

The village was developed mainly in the 19th century by Sir William McMahon and today is a quiet, tranquil place with its economy dependent on agriculture.

Mountfield is part of the Omagh District Council area.

Sport
Mountfield is the home of Mountfield F.C. Set up 2014, Mountfield is the home of Sperrin Óg Ladies Gaelic Football Club.

title: Mountfield, County Tyrone


text:
Sloboda

A sloboda (слобода, ;, ) was a type of settlement in the history of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The name is derived from the early Slavic word for "freedom" and may be loosely translated as "free settlement".

History
In the history of Russia, a sloboda was a settlement or a town district of people free of the power of boyars. Often these were settlements of tradesmen and artisans, and were named according to their trade: ямская слобода (yamshchiks'  sloboda: Yamskaya sloboda), smiths' sloboda, etc.

Often a sloboda was a colonization-type settlement in sparsely populated lands, particularly by Cossacks in Cossack Hetmanate, see "Sloboda Ukraine". Initially, the settlers of such sloboda were freed from various taxes and levies for various reasons, hence the name. Freedom from taxes was an incentive for colonization.

By the first half of the 18th century, this privilege was abolished, and slobodas became ordinary villages, shtetls, townlets, suburbs.

Some slobodas were suburban settlements, right behind the city wall. Many of them were subsequently incorporated into cities, and the corresponding toponyms indicate their origin.

The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary relates that by the end of the 19th century a sloboda was a large village with more than one church, a marketplace, and volost administration, or a village-type settlement of industrial character, where the peasants have little involvement in agriculture.

The term is preserved in names of various settlements and city quarters. Some settlements were named just thus: "Sloboda", "Slobodka" (diminutive form), "Slabodka", "Slobidka" (Ukrainian).

Similar settlements existed in Wallachia and Moldavia, called slobozie or slobozia. The latter term is also the name of the capital city of Ialomița County, Slobozia, in modern Romania.

title: Sloboda


text:
Carlton Towers

Carlton Towers in the civil parish of Carlton, 5 mi south-east of Selby, North Yorkshire, England, is a Grade I listed country house, in the Gothic Revival style, and is surrounded by a 250-acre park.

The house was re-built to its present form in 1873–1875 by Henry Stapleton, 9th Baron Beaumont (1848–1892), whose father Miles Stapleton, 8th Baron Beaumont (1805–1854) had in 1840 inherited the title Baron Beaumont, in abeyance since 1507. His architect was Edward Welby Pugin, who "encased and incorporated" the earlier manor house dating from 1614 into a larger structure. He sold much of the estate to finance the building work. The 9th Baron died of pneumonia, without issue, and it passed to his younger brother the 10th Baron. The house is now the property of the 10th Baron's great-grandson Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, 13th Baron Beaumont (born 1956) of Arundel Castle in Sussex, who has allowed it to become the home of his younger brother, Lord Gerald Fitzalan-Howard (born 1962). The main parts of the house are available for hire for wedding receptions and other events.

History
It is known that there has been a house on the site from at least the 14th century, but nothing visible remains and there is no documentary record. The manor of Carlton was acquired by Nicholas Stapleton (1280–1343), eldest son of Miles de Stapleton (d.1314), killed at the Battle of Bannockburn, who was Steward of the Household to King Edward II. The family originated at the manor of Stapleton-on-Tees near Darlington in North Yorkshire. Carlton passed to Nicholas's nephew Sir Bryan Stapleton (c.1321–1394), a Knight of the Garter and Warden of Calais, younger brother and heir of Sir Miles Stapleton (c.1320–1372), of Bedale, Yorkshire, a founder Knight of the Garter. The last in the male line of Stapleton of Carlton was Sir Miles Stapleton, 1st Baronet (1628–1707) who died childless and left his estates to his nephew Nicholas Errington (d.1716) of Ponteland, Northumberland, who in accordance with the bequest adopted the name and arms of Stapleton. Nicholas's grandson, Thomas Stapleton (d.1821), succeeded in 1750 and in 1765 improved the house and estate, commissioning Thomas White to landscape the park and Thomas Atkinson of York to add the long East Wing, the clock above which shows the date 1777. Thomas was a keen breeder and trainer of horses and with Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 8th Baronet won the St. Leger Stakes in 1778 with Hollandaise and in his own right the following year with Tommy. In 1795 he made an unsuccessful claim to the title Baron Beaumont, abeyant since 1507, which he was in remainder to through his great-grandmother Mrs Anne Errington, sister of Sir Miles Stapleton, 1st Baronet, both descendants via a distant female line of John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont, 6th Baron Beaumont (d.1460), himself a descendant in the male line of John de Brienne (d.1237), King of Jerusalem, by his third wife, Berengaria of Leon, and thus a second cousin of King Edward II of England. His son Miles died without issue in 1707, when the estate passed to his first-cousin Thomas Stapleton (d.1839), whose son Miles Stapleton, 8th Baron Beaumont (1805–1854) in 1840 successfully obtained the abeyant title Baron Beaumont. The house was re-built to its present form in 1873-5 by his son Henry Stapleton, 9th Baron Beaumont (1848–1892), an officer in the British Army, who married Violet Marie Louise Wootton Isaacson, daughter of Frederick Wootton Isaacson. As he had no children his heir was his younger brother Miles Stapleton, 10th Baron Beaumont (1850–1895), an officer in the British Army, who married Mary Ethel Tempest, daughter and heiress of Sir Charles Henry Tempest, 1st Baronet (1834–1894) of Heaton, Bolton le Moors, Lancashire. He was killed in a shooting accident only three years later and was succeeded by his infant daughter, Mona Fitzalan-Howard, suo jure 11th Baroness Beaumont (1894–1971), who married Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Glossop, heir to the Dukedom of Norfolk.

Lady Beaumont owned Carlton until her death in 1971. During the Second World War the house was used as an auxiliary military hospital but was afterwards restored to its original condition. Her eldest son, Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, 12th Baron Beaumont (1915–2002), inherited both the Beaumont and Howard of Glossop baronies and in 1975 also succeeded his cousin as 17th Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England, with several other peerage titles and also inherited the Duke's estates including his principal seat of Arundel Castle in Sussex, which he made his home. After many years with no residents, Carlton Towers was re-occupied in 1990 by his second son Lord Gerald Fitzalan-Howard (born 1962) and his wife Lady Gerald Fitzalan-Howard.

In popular culture
The house has been used for filming, including: as "Hetton Abbey" for the 1988 film version of Evelyn Waugh's novel A Handful of Dust; a television show The Guest Wing (2012); Like Minds (2006); Micawber and The Darling Buds of May.

title: Carlton Towers


text:
Ventura County Courthouse

The Ventura County Courthouse, known since 1974 as Ventura City Hall, is a historic building in Ventura, California. Located on a hill at the top of California Street, it overlooks the city's downtown district with views of the Santa Barbara Channel and Channel Islands. It was the first building in the City of Ventura to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has also received historic designations at the state, county and city levels.

Built from 1912 to 1913, the Neoclassical courthouse was designed by the Los Angeles architect Albert C. Martin Sr. in a Beaux Arts style. The building's facade includes white glazed terra cotta panels and decorations, including 24 whimsical faces of Franciscan friars, fluted Doric columns, a copper-sheathed dome and cupola, as well as Roman-arched windows. The second-floor city council chambers (previously the building's courtroom) include carved mahogany woodwork, stained glass skylights and arched windows overlooking the city and ocean.

The courthouse was expanded in the early 1930s with the construction of an annex off the building's west wing. In 1968, the building was declared structurally unsound and county workers relocated to a new complex. The City of Ventura purchased the building from the county and renovated it at a cost of approximately $3.4 million. The building has served as Ventura City Hall since 1974.

The building and historic designations
The building architecture has been described as Neoclassical Revival, Beaux Arts Classicisim, Roman Doric, and French Renaissance. The architect Albert C. Martin referred to it as "resembling Roman Doric". When the plans were unveiled in 1911, the Los Angeles Times reported that the "Roman Doric order" design would be "one of the most imposing public structures in California, and a credit to the seat of government of the prosperous lima bean section."

Notable design features of the facade include white glazed terra cotta panels and decorations, including 24 whimsical faces of Franciscan friars, fluted Doric columns, a copper-sheathed dome and cupola, Roman-arched windows, and ornate brass gates and double doors. The interior design features include extensive use of Italian marble, bronze balustrades, and a large, second-floor courtroom (now city council chambers) with carved mahogany woodwork, three domes with leaded, stained glass skylights, and arched windows overlooking the city and ocean.

The building has been praised as one of Southern California's most beautiful government buildings. In 1926, the Ventura Star wrote: "She stands majestically upon the hill, this courthouse of ours, with her national colors fluttering in the harbor breezes, for all the world like a beautiful woman in a Paris gown." In 1991, the Los Angeles Times said of the landmark structure: "Probably no local structure is more visually and symbolically dramatic, or as steeped in local legend. Perched like a lordly, lavish manor at the juncture of California and Poli streets, it overlooks the old town and the blue Pacific beyond – a constant reminder of the past."

The courthouse has been designated as a historic building at the federal, state, county, and city levels. In December 1970, it was designated as Ventura County Historic Landmark No. 12. Five months later, in May 1971, it was designated as California Historical Landmark No. 847. Three months after that, in August 1971, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the first building in the city (and the second in the county) to be so recognized. When the City of Ventura adopted its own historic landmark program in February 1974, the courthouse was one of the first buildings to be selected, receiving the designation as Ventura Historic Landmark No. 4.

1873 courthouse
The original Ventura County Courthouse was built at a cost of $10,000 in 1873 by William Dewey Hobson, who had earlier in the year successfully lobbied the California Legislature to create Ventura County. The land, donated by Bishop Thaddeus Amat, was carved out of the gardens at the Mission San Buenaventura at a location between Santa Clara, Meta (now Thompson), Figueroa, and Junipero Streets. After the new courthouse opened in 1913, the old courthouse remained vacant, though it was used for a time as housing for indigent Mexican families. The old courthouse was ultimately demolished in 1921 by contractor A. Pefley who purchased the building from the county for $200 and salvaged 200,000 bricks from the structure. A 2007 archaeological dig uncovered a portion of the mission era wall foundation built with 40 to 50 pound stones as expected from historical surveys and maps. The dig found artifacts from many periods besides the first courthouse, jail, and first hospital including signs of the long history of human settlement such as beads made of shells by Native Americans harvested from the nearby ocean.

Design and construction (1910–1913)
By 1910, the tower of the original courthouse was badly cracked and leaning over the front entrance. A bigger courthouse would also better serve the county's population which had grown from 5,073 in 1880 to 18,347 in 1910. Judge Felix Ewing recommended the site at the top of California Street for a new courthouse. The Board of Supervisors followed Judge Ewing's recommendation, deciding to acquire land totaling 400 feet by 400 feet along the north side of Poli Street, a site occupied by the homes of James Blackstock and Henry Neel. However, a bond measure to raise funds for the new courthouse was defeated in 1911. The following year, voters approved a $150,000 bond measure to build the courthouse.

The noted Los Angeles architect Albert C. Martin was commissioned to design the new courthouse. Martin's Los Angeles works include Los Angeles City Hall, the May Company Building, and St. Vincent de Paul Church. His Ventura County works include St. Mary Magdalen Church in Camarillo and the Bella Maggiore Inn in downtown Ventura.

The courthouse was built in 1912 and 1913 at a cost of $278,000.

The July 1913 dedication of the courthouse was celebrated in two days of events with a crowd estimated at 20,000 attending the festivities. The festivities began on the first day with a lengthy parade featuring seven bands, four companies of seamen and marines from the USS South Dakota anchored at Ventura, decorated automobiles, and floats from every chamber of commerce and lodge in the county, including one built in the shape of a giant lima bean pod (then the county's biggest cash crop) and another bearing a local girl dressed as the "Goddess of Liberty". After the parade, speeches were given at Plaza Park, and horse races and fireworks followed at Seaside Park. On the second day, Adolfo Camarillo, chairman of the County Board of Supervisors, formally turned over the building, and a ball was held that evening under electric lights at the new courthouse.

Operation as courthouse (1913–1968)
From 1913 to 1968, the building functioned as the Ventura County Courthouse. It also housed other offices of the county government and was the site of meetings of the County Board of Supervisors.

One of the noted defense attorneys to practice at the courthouse in the 1920s and 1930s was Erle Stanley Gardner. Gardner maintained an office one block south of the courthouse from which he practiced law and also wrote the Perry Mason novels. Gardner published the first of 82 Perry Mason novels in 1933.

Courthouse Annex
Between 1930 and 1931, the Courthouse was expanded with the construction of a two-story annex at the western end of the building. The annex was designed by architect Harold E. Burkett and built at a cost of approximately $450,000. The annex was designed to mirror the architecture of the main courthouse with a terra cotta facade, copper roof, and bronze door. It provided space for a jail and offices for, among others, the sheriff's department, motor patrol, county board of education, farm bureau, and health department.

One of the most notorious individuals held at the annex's jail was Charles Manson. Manson was arrested in Ventura in April 1968 and held and arraigned there on a drunk driving charge.

Elizabeth Duncan trial
In 1958, the main courtroom at the Ventura Courthouse was the site of the nationally publicized murder trial of Elizabeth Ann Duncan. Duncan was accused of hiring two men to kidnap and kill her daughter-in-law, a nurse named Olga Duncan. The daughter-in-law was six-and-a-half months pregnant and was beaten with a wrench, pistol-whipped, strangled and dumped in a shallow grave off Casitas Pass Road. The coverage of the trial was so extensive that an extra 150 seats were added to the 99 seats in the courtroom, and a table for dozens of reporters was set up along the front rail. After a five-week trial, which included evidence that Duncan had previously hired a man to pose as her son to seek an annulment of the marriage, Duncan was convicted. After appeals were denied, Duncan and her two co-defendants were executed in the gas chamber in August 1962.

Finding of structural unsoundness and renovation
For nearly six decades, the building served as the center of county government. During that time, the county's population grew by 2,000 percent from 18,347 in 1910 to 376,430 in 1970. The need for a larger government center prompted the County in the early 1960s to acquire 81.7 acres in east Ventura at the northeast corner of Victoria Avenue and Telephone Road. The relocation of county government offices to east Ventura was accelerated by concerns about the seismic stability of the downtown courthouse. After a small earthquake in 1968, judges refused to hold court in the main courtroom, expressing concern that the stained-glass dome might crash down on them. (An earthquake in 1954 had caused pieces of plaster to fall from the ceiling in the courtroom and law library. ) The County asked a structural engineer, W. D. Crouch Jr., to examine the building, and he concluded that the courthouse was structurally unsafe in the event of an earthquake. In November 1968, the County enacted an evacuation plan to relocate all workers from the building within 90 days. The evacuation was completed in January 1969.

City manager Ed McCombs encouraged the city council to save the building and get grants to rehabilitate the structure. In 1970, the City of Ventura bought the structure for $145,000 with the intention of making it the City Hall. Over a 17-month period from mid-1972 to December 1973, the 45,284-square-foot building was renovated and strengthened at a cost of approximately $3.4 million. Ted Fisher was the architect for the renovation, and MacLeod Construction was the general contractor. Key elements of the renovation included the following:

 * 1) More than 25 percent of the terra cotta tiles on the facade had deteriorated and were replaced.  The company that created the original tiles, Gladding, McBean, was still in business though its name had changed to Interpace Co. Interpace still had the plans for the original tiles in its files and used those plans to create the replacement tiles.  Each tile weighed 550 pounds and was fired in a kiln at 2,060 degrees. The cost of replacing the terra cotta tiles was $702,000.
 * 2) The building lacked steel reinforcement when built in 1912.  Structural reinforcement was achieved by using gunite sprayed concrete to replace an original layer of brick and mortar inside the walls. To attach the terra cotta facade to the new wall structure, small holes were bored, and a newly developed expanding epoxy adhesive was injected inside the walls. Warner Construction Co. of Los Angeles injected approximately 3,000 gallons of the epoxy into the walls.
 * 3) The electrical and plumbing systems were replaced, as were many doors and windows.
 * 4) The large courtroom on the second floor was converted into chambers for Ventura's City Council.

The city received more than $630,000 in federal grants to assist in funding the renovations, and another million dollars was to be obtained through federal revenue sharing funds. The new City Hall was dedicated in a ceremony held on December 29, 1973. It opened for business in early January 1974.

Operation as Ventura City Hall (1974–present)
The building became Ventura City Hall in January 1974 when the majority of the city's offices were relocated from the former city hall at 625 E. Santa Clara Street to the renovated courthouse. The old city hall had only 12,240 square feet of space, compared to approximately 49,000 square feet in the new city hall.

The city has continued to incur substantial expense to maintain and replace the building's signature, glazed terra cotta tiles. In 1986, the City set aside $1 million for work on the structure, most of that being required to replace 547 damaged tiles on the building's western annex. The new expenditures brought the city's total renovation costs to $8 million. In 2001, the City had a projected $6 million cost to replace additional terra cotta panels that were found to be peeling from trapped moisture.

In popular culture
The building has been a popular shooting location. In 1997, three films were shot there. In June 1989, actor-director Jack Nicholson filmed "The Two Jakes" (sequel to "Chinatown") at the building.

title: Ventura County Courthouse


text: Template:LPR

title: Template:LPR


text:
User talk:Doriandixon

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Greetings from Deathphoenix
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Deathphoenix ʕ 13:31, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Comments on the Queens discussion page
Hello,

I have seen the comments you made on the Queens discussion page, and I don't believe your tone was appropriate. Please have a look at No personal attacks. Regards, aliceinlampyland 13:03, 12 April 2006 (UTC).

Chatting on talk page
Welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for your contributions. I am glad to see that you are discussing a topic. However, as a general rule, talk pages are for discussion related to improving the article, not general discussion about the topic. If you have specific questions about certain topics, consider visiting our reference desk and asking them there instead of on article talk pages. Thank you.

Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You could also click on the signature button or  located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when they said it. Thank you.

Here you started chatting at [Talk:Computer literacy] about the importance of computer literacy in the developed world and you didn't sign your post. (WP Editor 2011 (talk) 08:18, 28 March 2012 (UTC))

Nomination of Roxanne Hall for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Roxanne Hall is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Roxanne Hall until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. K.e.coffman (talk) 08:20, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doriandixon


text:
Jane Lynch

Jane Marie Lynch (born July 14, 1960) is an American actress, comedian, and singer. She is known for starring as Sue Sylvester in the musical comedy series Glee (2009–2015), which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award. Lynch also gained recognition for her roles in Christopher Guest's mockumentary films: Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006).

Lynch had a recurring role in the sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004–2014), for which she received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award, as well as recurring roles in the drama series The L Word (2005–2009), the police drama series Criminal Minds (2006–2020), the drama series The Good Fight (2017–2022), and the period comedy series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017–2023), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award. From 2013 to 2020, Lynch hosted the game show Hollywood Game Night, which earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards.

Lynch has had roles in numerous mainstream comedy films, such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), and The Three Stooges (2012). She has lent her voice to numerous animated films, including Space Chimps (2008), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), Rio (2011), the Wreck-It Ralph film franchise (2012–2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), and UglyDolls (2019).

She is also known for her stage work including her role in Nora Ephron's off-Broadway play Love, Loss, and What I Wore in 2009. She made her Broadway debut as Miss Hannigan in the revival of Annie in 2013. She returned to Broadway as Mrs. Brice in another revival, Funny Girl, in 2022.

In 2013, Lynch received the 2,505th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category, located at 6640 Hollywood Blvd. Among her numerous accolades, Lynch has received five Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.

Early life
Jane Marie Lynch was born on July 14, 1960, in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and raised in Dolton, Illinois, the daughter of a banker father, Frank Joseph Lynch, and a homemaker-secretary mother, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). Her father was of Irish descent, his parents having come from Sonnagh, near Charlestown and Culduff, Killasser, near Swinford both in County Mayo respectively, and her mother was of Irish and Swedish ancestry. She was raised in a Catholic family and attended Thornridge High School. She graduated from Illinois State University in 1982 with a theater degree, and earned a master of fine arts degree from Cornell University in 1984.

Early work
Lynch spent 15 years in Chicago, acting in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and, at the time of her audition, was one of only two women picked to join The Second City comedy troupe. She then continued to hone her comical and improvisational skills at Annoyance Theater, playing Carol Brady in the theater's The Real Live Brady Bunch. Andy Richter played Mike Brady in the New York shows. He and Lynch became very good friends.

Film work
Lynch got her start in films in 1988, playing a small role in the film Vice Versa. In 1993, she had a secondary role as a doctor alongside Harrison Ford in The Fugitive. She also appeared, that same year, as a reporter in Fatal Instinct.

During the 1990s, she made numerous television commercials, including one for Frosted Flakes for an adult audience, directed by Christopher Guest. A few years later, Guest would remember Lynch as he chose actors for his 2000 dog show mockumentary Best in Show. Lynch played Christy Cummings, a butch lesbian personal dog handler to trophy wife Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). From there, she became a staple actress in Guest's casts, appearing in the director's A Mighty Wind (2003) as porn actress-turned-folk singer Laurie Bohner and in For Your Consideration (2006) as an entertainment reporter.

Audiences and critics took notice of Lynch for her turn in Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin. She told Fresh Air's Terry Gross that the role was originally intended for a man but also that, at the urging of Steve Carell's wife Nancy Walls, was offered to Lynch instead. From there, she took supporting roles in a series of films including Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The Rocker, The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Wreck-It Ralph and Spring Breakdown.

In Adventures of Power, a comedy about air-drumming released in 2008, Lynch reunited with Michael McKean, her former co-star from For Your Consideration, in the role of Aunt Joanie and starring alongside Ari Gold, Adrian Grenier, Chiu Chi Ling and Shoshannah Stern. In a role similar to that of her contributions as Sue Sylvester on the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee, Lynch's role as the encouraging Aunt Joanie to Power, a young musician who plays the air drums because he never had access to musical instruments, promotes the initiative to support music education.

In Julie and Julia, she portrayed Dorothy McWilliams, Julia Child's sister. Entertainment Weekly dedicated an article on its website to the possibility of her performance receiving an Academy Award nomination. However, she was not nominated. She provided the voice of Bobbi St. Simone in The Venture Bros.: Radiant Is the Blood of the Baboon Heart 2023.

Television work
Lynch has appeared in many television series, including The X-Files, L.A. Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, Glee, Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, Lovespring International, Two and a Half Men, Veronica Mars, Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Help Me Help You, Gilmore Girls, New Adventures of Old Christine, Psych, Monk, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, The King of Queens and Frasier. She also starred with John Hannah and William Fichtner in 2002's MDs and has appeared in the crime drama Criminal Minds as Spencer Reid's schizophrenic mother.

In 2008 she narrated Out & Proud in Chicago, a documentary which tells about LGBT life in Chicago from the Civil War to 2008 through the stories of 20 everyday Chicagoans, from age 30 to age 80.

Beginning in 2009, Lynch appeared as a regular cast member of the Fox series Glee. The role echoed previous guest appearances in The X-Files and Veronica Mars, being her third time cast as a harsh high school teacher. She won glowing reviews for her role as the aggressive cheerleading coach, Sue Sylvester. Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Lynch alone makes Glee worth watching." Before her work with Glee, she was a series regular on the Starz comedy Party Down. Though the series was renewed for a second season, Lynch would not be returning, due to her work on Glee.

Even in Glee's early days, Lynch continued to pursue other projects. Lynch hosted Saturday Night Live on October 9, 2010; the news of her hosting was accidentally broken to her by her Glee boss, Ryan Murphy, by text message. Lynch had also guest-starred on the Nickelodeon comedy iCarly as Pam Puckett, Sam Puckett's mother, in the episode "iSam's Mom."

Beginning on July 11, 2013, Lynch hosted the NBC game show Hollywood Game Night. The show had two teams made up of members of the public (civilians) and celebrities competing in various party games, with a chance for the civilians to take home up to $25,000.

Lynch was the co-host of the NBC special New Year's Eve with Carson Daly on December 31, 2013, alongside Carson Daly, host of The Voice.

In 2015, Lynch guest-starred in the television series Girl Meets World in the episode "Girl Meets Farkle's Choice".

On February 21, 2017, Lynch appeared on The Price Is Right as a Celebrity Charity Week contestant.

In March 2013, Lynch was announced as executive producer of comedy web series Dropping the Soap. Lynch starred in the series and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series. The series premiered on Dekkoo and was made available on digital platforms including Amazon Video.

In 2017, Lynch portrayed Janet Reno for the Discovery Channel television series, Manhunt: Unabomber.

Also in 2017, Lynch guest-starred in Episode 7 of Marvelous Mrs Maisel as popular but dislikeable comic Sophie Lennon. Lynch returned in the role for two episodes at the end of the second season.

In 2019, Lynch joined the main cast of Final Space as A.V.A., the A.I. of the Crimson Light.

In May 2020, it was reported that Lynch will appear in a recurring role on the Netflix comedy series, Space Force.

On July 8, 2020, it was reported by Vulture, that Lynch would host a revival of Weakest Link on NBC. The show debuted on September 29, 2020.

In November 2021, Lynch voiced Ole Golley in the Apple TV+ animated series Harriet the Spy.

Lynch also plays a recurring character in the comedy mystery television series, Only Murders in the Building.

Other work
Lynch wrote and starred in the award-winning play Oh Sister, My Sister. Originally produced in 1998, the play kicked off the Lesbians in Theater program at the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center in 2004.

She starred in Comcast's XFinity ads, mainly with two different laptops and two different colored Persian cats. She also stars in LG Corp.'s Text Ed campaign to educate drivers about the dangers of texting while driving.

Lynch's first experience hosting an awards show was in 2010 when she hosted the 2010 VH1 DoSomething Awards. It was announced that she will be hosting the 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, airing on VH1 on August 18. Lynch hosted the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2011, only the third woman in Emmy history to host the awards show solo. According to the edition of September 19 of The Hollywood Reporter, Lynch hosting the Emmys did not help ratings, as viewing was down 8% year over year and eight million fewer people watched the Emmys than watched Michael Vick's return to Atlanta on Sunday Night Football on NBC (21.5 million for Eagles-Falcons, 13.5 million for the Emmys).

An autobiography written by Lynch, titled Happy Accidents, was published in the fall of 2011 by Hyperion Voice. Lynch was inspired to write the book after reflecting upon the successes of her past year and wishing she could have told her more anxious, younger self to not worry as much. The memoir also includes detail about her years as an alcoholic and her success in battling this addiction. Lynch is openly lesbian and married Lara Embry in 2010. A self-proclaimed animal lover, Lynch has four rescue dogs. She has recorded a PSA for PETA encouraging the adoption of shelter animals, and she sponsors an annual adoption event at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. She was the commencement speaker for Smith College's class of 2012 where she received an honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts.

In March 2012, Lynch was featured with Martin Sheen, Jamie Lee Curtis, Chris Colfer and Brad Pitt in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play 8 – a staged re-enactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage – as Maggie Gallagher. The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights.

Lynch made her Broadway debut as Miss Hannigan in Annie for a limited engagement lasting from May 15 to July 14, 2013. She took the place of Katie Finneran.

In 2014, Lynch joined the Ban Bossy campaign as a spokesperson advocating leadership roles for girls.

In 2015, Lynch debuted See Jane Sing, a cabaret show in which she sings along with Kate Flannery from The Office and Tim Davis from ABC's Boy Band, accompanied by the Tony Guerrero Quintet. The show continues to tour around the country. In 2016, Lynch released A Swingin' Little Christmas, a nostalgic Christmas album featuring the See Jane Sing ensemble and released on Lynch's own KitschTone Records label. The album received substantial airplay around the country and landed on the Billboard AC Chart's Top 10. In 2017, Lynch recorded a Christmas single with actor Dick Van Dyke. The song was composed and produced by Tony Guerrero and was released by KitschTone Records.

In 2020, Lynch directed her first two TV commercials for the production company STORY, and joined its roster of commercial directors.

In October 2021, she was cast in the Broadway revival of Funny Girl as Rosie Brice. Her stint ran from opening on April 24, 2022, to an expected August 14, 2022 conclusion.

In 2022, Lynch was named honorary "mayor of Funner", the putative location of Harrah's Resort Southern California. In this role, Lynch promotes the resort, including its additional vegan food options and non-alcoholic beverages as Lynch does not eat animal products nor drink alcohol.

Personal life
Lynch married Lara Embry, on May 31, 2010, in Sunderland, Massachusetts. In June 2013, Lynch announced that they were divorcing. Their divorce was finalized in January 2014.

In November 2021, Lynch married longtime partner Jennifer Cheyne in Santa Barbara, California.

Lynch is deaf in her right ear. She speculated to Craig Ferguson on a July 19, 2013 broadcast of The Late Late Show that the deafness was most likely caused by having had a high fever as an infant.

Acting credits and accolades
For playing Sue Sylvester in Glee, she won a Primetime Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, TCA Award, Satellite Award, and People's Choice Award. Lynch has received five Primetime Emmy Awards from twelve nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Awards from six nominations, and a Golden Globe Award from two nominations. In 2013, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

title: Jane Lynch


text:
User talk:TheMessenger

This discussion was moved to Village pump (proposals).

title: User talk:TheMessenger


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Communication for Youth Institute

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 23:19, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Communication for Youth Institute
Lack of context; not notable Groeck 18:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google turns up almost nothing. Quicksandish 18:50, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; non-notable. Jaxl | talk 20:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 01:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The Punkles

The Punkles were a German band performing songs by The Beatles in punk style. They formed in 1998 in Hamburg, Germany, and was a side project of Prollhead!.

After a lot of touring around Europe they toured together with Beatallica in October 2005 and in Spring 2006. Unlike Beatallica they performed the Beatles songs "as they are", singing the same lyrics and playing cover versions of the originals, just a "little" faster and with a punk feeling.

They were quite successful in Europe, as well as in Japan, where their best of CD The Punkles 1998-2003 (2003), and the following album, Pistol (2004), both entered the Top 50. Their final album For Sale! was released in April 2006. They have not appeared in public since.

Albums

 * The Punkles (1998 - Wolverine Records) The cover is a tribute to the album Black and White by The Stranglers.
 * Punk! (2002 - Bitzcore) The cover is a tribute to The Beatles album Help! and the first Sex Pistols album.
 * Beat The Punkles (2002 Bitzcore - reissue of the first album) The cover is a tribute to The Beatles album A Hard Day's Night. The name was a parody of the album Meet The Beatles.
 * 1998 - 2003 (Imperial/Teichiku Records) The cover is a tribute to the famous The Beatles Yesterday and Today "Butcher" cover.
 * Pistol (2004 Bitzcore & Imperial/Teichiku Records) The cover is a tribute to The Beatles Revolver.
 * Punkles for Sale (2006 Punkles Records & Imperial/Teichiku Records) The cover is a tribute to The Beatles Abbey Road. The name was a parody of the album Beatles for Sale.

title: The Punkles


text:
Feast of the Circumcision of Christ

The Feast of the Circumcision of Christ is a Christian celebration of the circumcision of Jesus in accordance with Jewish tradition, eight days (according to the Semitic and southern European calculation of intervals of days) after his birth, the occasion on which the child was formally given his name.

The circumcision of Jesus has traditionally been seen, as in the popular 14th-century work the Golden Legend, as the first time the blood of Christ was shed, and thus the beginning of the process of the redemption of man, and a demonstration that Christ is fully human, and of his (parents') obedience to Biblical law.

The feast day appears on 1 January in the liturgical calendar of Eastern Orthodox churches, all Lutheran churches, and some churches of the Anglican Communion (while the Divine Maternity of Mary is observed on 26 December in the Byzantine rite, both in Greek Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches ). In the General Roman Calendar, the 1 January feast, which from 1568 to 1960 was called "The Circumcision of the Lord and the Octave of the Nativity", is now the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, and the Octave Day of the Nativity of the Lord. In Western Christianity, the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus Christ marks the eighth day (octave day) of Christmastide.

Textual sources
"And when eight days were fulfilled to circumcise the child, his name was called Jesus, the name called by the angel before he was conceived in the womb. (Luke 2:21)"

Eastern Orthodox churches
The feast is celebrated with an All-Night Vigil, beginning the evening of December 31. The hymns of the feast are combined with those for Saint Basil the Great. After the Divine Liturgy the next morning, Russian churches often celebrate a New Year Molieben (service of intercession) to pray for God's blessing for the beginning of the civil New Year (Byzantine Christians commemorate the Indiction, or Ecclesiastical New Year, on September 1).

On the Julian calendar, 1 January will correspond, until 2100, to 14 January on the Gregorian Calendar. Accordingly, in Russia, 14 January in the civil calendar is known as "The Old New Year", since it corresponds to 1 January in the Julian Calendar, still used by the Church.

Latin Church
At an early stage the Church in Rome celebrated on 1 January a feast that it called the anniversary (Natale) of the Mother of God. When this was overshadowed by the feasts of the Annunciation and the Assumption, adopted from Constantinople at the start of the 7th century, 1 January began to be celebrated simply as the octave day of Christmas, the "eighth day" on which, according to, the child was circumcised and given the name Jesus. In the 13th or 14th century 1 January began to be celebrated in Rome, as already in Spain and Gaul, as the feast of the Circumcision of the Lord and the Octave of the Nativity, while still oriented towards Mary and Christmas. The emphasis that Saint Bernardino of Siena (1380–1444) laid on the name of Jesus in his preaching led in 1721 to the institution of a separate Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus. Pope John XXIII's General Roman Calendar of 1960 calls 1 January simply the Octave of the Nativity. (This 1960 calendar was incorporated into the 1962 Roman Missal.) The 1969 revision states: "1 January, the Octave Day of the Nativity of the Lord, is the Solemnity of Mary, the Holy Mother of God, and also the commemoration of the conferral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus."

The Ambrosian Rite celebrates this day as the Circumcision of the Lord.

Lutheran Church
As the Circumcision of Our Lord is a feast of Christ and related directly to the life of Christ as recounted in Holy Scripture (notably Luke 2:21), it is celebrated by Lutheran churches. It remains on Lutheran liturgical calendars to this day, although some Lutherans now use the title "The Circumcision and the Name of Jesus" or simply "The Name of Jesus." Martin Luther preached at least one notable sermon on this feast day, which is still available in his Church Postils, and most Lutheran hymnals prior to the 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship contain several hymns for the occasion.

Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion's Book of Common Prayer liturgy celebrates this day as the Circumcision of Christ.

Since 2000, the Common Worship of the Church of England has listed this day as "The Naming and Circumcision of Jesus."

The Book of Common Prayer of the Anglican Church of Canada calls it "The Octave Day of Christmas, and the Circumcision of Our Lord, being New Year's Day".

The 1979 Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church (United States) names this day "The Holy Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ", a Feast of the Lord.

A Prayer Book for Australia (1995) of the Anglican Church of Australia calls it "The Naming and Circumcision of Jesus".

title: Feast of the Circumcision of Christ


text:
Yuracaré people

Yuracaré (also called Yurujare, Yurucare) are Bolivian indigenous people living on 2,500 square kilometres along the Chapare River watershed in Cochabamba Department and Beni Department, in the Bolivian Lowlands of the Amazon Basin. The Yuracaré reside not far from Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba, among the forests and plains near the Andes. They are among the residents of the Yuracaré Native Community Land (TCO), the Yuqui TCO, the Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory, the Chiman Indigenous Territory, and the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory I.

The Yuracare language is a language isolate, and is believed to be spoken in Bolivia by between 500 and 2,500 people. There are about 400 families in the Cochabamba Department and 62 Yuracare households in the Beni Department. The Yuracaré, who are one of approximately 35 Bolivian indigenous groups, traditionally bury their dead along with their bow and arrows, as it is a belief that the dead go to a place underground where game is plentiful.

Modern issues
Indiana University's IFRI, along with the Center for the Study of Economic and Social Reality (CERES), has done research among the Yuracaré regarding the way the Yuracaré manage their forests. The organization helped the Yuracaré develop a forest management plan and receive official land titles to their territory by 1996, and in 1998 the Bolivian government officially approved the management plan. This was the first time in Bolivian history that an indigenous group was granted concessionary forest management rights. Further, the IFRI said that the natives' forest management practices increase the amount and size of fruiting trees. The Yuracaré find it important to maintain the forest because certain trees bear the fruit that is necessary in attracting the game that they hunt and of which they live off.

Like other indigenous groups in Bolivia, the Yuracaré have faced major problems stemming from cultural issues in recent years. Some background: Bolivia is South America's poorest nation, and the native populations there are the most financially deprived of all. Having remained isolated over the years, authentic native traditions have still survived, while evolving under Catholic (in this case, the Jesuits of Paraguayan Reductions) and Spanish influences. The proliferation of the Spanish language has led to disconnect and even friction between native tongues and Spanish-speakers. Globalization has been a major issue, as the Yuracaré have rejected privatization that has been implemented with encouragement from the U.S., to some amount of success.

title: Yuracaré people


text: Category:Protestant Reformers

title: Category:Protestant Reformers