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2008 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season was the most destructive Atlantic hurricane season since 2005, causing over 1,000 deaths and nearly $50 billion (2008 USD) in damage. The season ranked as the third costliest ever at the time, but has since fallen to ninth costliest. It was an above-average season, featuring sixteen named storms, eight of which became hurricanes, and five which further became major hurricanes. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur caused the season to start one day early. It was the only year on record in which a major hurricane existed in every month from July through November in the North Atlantic. Bertha became the longest-lived July tropical cyclone on record for the basin, the first of several long-lived systems during 2008.

The season was devastating for Haiti, where nearly 800 people were killed by four consecutive tropical cyclones (Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike), especially Hurricane Hanna, in August and September. These four storms caused about $1 billion in damage in Haiti alone. The precursor to Kyle and the outer rain bands of Paloma also impacted Haiti. Cuba also received extensive impacts from Gustav, Ike, and Paloma, with Gustav and Ike making landfall in the country at major hurricane intensity and Paloma being a Category 2 when striking the nation. More than $10 billion in damage and 8 deaths occurred there.

Ike was the most destructive storm of the season, as well as the strongest in terms of minimum barometric pressure, devastating Cuba as a major hurricane and later making landfall near Galveston, Texas, as a large high-end Category 2 hurricane. One very unusual feat was a streak of tropical cyclones affecting land, with all but one system impacting land in 2008. The unusual number of storms with impact led to one of the deadliest and destructive seasons in the history of the Atlantic basin, especially with Ike, as its overall damages made it the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, although it has since been surpassed by several hurricanes.

Seasonal forecasts
Dr. Philip J. Klotzbach, Dr. William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University (CSU) – as well as forecasters at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Met Office (UKMO), Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), Weather Services International (WSI) – issued forecasts of hurricane activity prior to the start of the season.

Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defines the average number of storms per season (1950 to 2000) as 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength in the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms, with 5 to 7 of those reaching hurricane strength, and 1 to 3 major hurricanes.

Pre-season forecasts
The first forecast for the 2008 hurricane season was released by CSU on December 7, 2007. In its report, the organization predicted 13 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an annual Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of 115 units. The odds of a major hurricane landfall in the Caribbean and along the United States were projected to be above average. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm strength. The odds of a major hurricane landfall in the Caribbean and along the United States were projected to be above average in the CSU forecast.

Three days later, TSR—a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London—called for a very active season featuring 15.4 (±4.7) named storms, 8.3 (±3.0) hurricanes, 3.7 (±1.8) major hurricanes, and a cumulative ACE index of 149 (±66) units. Mirroring CSU, the group assigned high probabilities that the United States and Lesser Antilles landfalling ACE index would be above average. On January 3, 2008, WSI projected 14 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.

In April, CSU slightly raised their values owing to a favorable Atlantic sea surface temperature configuration during the preceding month, upping the projected numbers to 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. TSR, in contrast, slightly reduced their numbers on April 7 due to cooler projections for Atlantic Ocean temperatures compared to their December forecast. WSI on April 23 raised the expected number of hurricanes from 7 to 8 and major hurricanes from 3 to 4 while leaving the number of named storms unchanged. On May 22, the NOAA's Climate Prediction Center announced their first seasonal outlook for the 2008 season, highlighting 65 percent odds of an above-normal season, 25 percent odds for a near-normal season, and 10 percent odds of a below-average season. A range of 12 to 16 named storms, 6 to 9 hurricanes, and 2 to 5 major hurricanes was provided, each with 60 to 70 percent probability. The CPC, alongside TSR and CSU, highlighted the ongoing multi-decadal period of enhanced Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, the ongoing La Niña in the Pacific, and warmer than average ocean temperatures across the eastern tropical Atlantic as the basis for their predictions.

Midseason outlooks
On June 3, CSU released an updated outlook for the season but left their values from April unchanged. Examining conditions in April and May, the organization compiled a list of hurricane seasons with similar conditions: 1951, 1961, 2000, and 2001. TSR slightly lowered their numbers in their June 5 update but continued to predict an above-average season. Meanwhile, on June 18, the UKMO released their seasonal forecast, assessing a 70 percent probability the number of tropical storms would fall between 10 and 20, with 15 tropical storms noted as the most likely value in 2008. No projections for the number of hurricanes, major hurricanes, or ACE were given. On July 2, WSI held firm to their April forecast; the organization was forced to slightly increase the number of named storms and hurricanes later that month. On July 4, TSR slightly raised their forecast. Following an active start to the season, CSU upped their predictions in an August 5 update, calling for 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 175 units. TSR released their final outlook for the season that day, raising their values to 18.2 (±2.9) named storms, 9.7 (±1.7) hurricanes, 4.5 (±1.4) major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 191 (±42) units. On August 7, NOAA's CPC raised their probability of an above-average season from 65 percent to 85 percent. The final outlook yielded a 67 percent chance of 14 to 18 named storms, 7 to 10 hurricanes, and 3 to 6 major hurricanes. WSI, meanwhile, issued their final seasonal outlook on August 27, reaffirming their numbers from the previous month.

Seasonal summary
The 2008 hurricane season officially began on June 1, though Tropical Storm Arthur formed one day earlier. The season was above-average, featuring 16 named storms, 8 of which intensified into hurricanes, while 5 of the hurricanes reached major hurricane status. Despite a La Niña dissipating early in the summer months, atmospheric conditions remained favorable for tropical cyclogenesis, including abnormally low wind shear between 10°N and 20°N. Additionally, sea surface temperatures in the deep tropics and the Caribbean Sea were fifth warmest since 1950. The season saw the first occurrence of major hurricanes in the months of July through November. Four storms formed before the start of August, and the season also had the earliest known date for three storms to be active on the same day: Hurricane Bertha, and Tropical Storms Cristobal and Dolly were all active on July 20. This season was also one of only ten Atlantic hurricanes seasons on record to have a major hurricane form before August, as well as one of only seven Atlantic seasons to feature a major hurricane in November. The final tropical cyclone, Hurricane Paloma, degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area over Cuba on November 9, three weeks before the season officially ended on November 30.

The season was devastating for Haiti, where four consecutive tropical cyclones – Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike – killed at least 793 people and caused roughly $1 billion in damage. Hurricane Ike was the most destructive storm of the season, as well as the strongest, devastating Cuba as a major hurricane and later making landfall near Galveston, Texas, at Category 2 (nearly Category 3) intensity. The cyclone caused a particularly devastating storm surge along the western Gulf Coast of the United States due to in part to its large size. Ike was the second-costliest hurricane in the Atlantic at the time, but has since dropped to sixth following Sandy, Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Hanna was the deadliest storm of the season, killing 533 people, mostly in Haiti. Gustav was another very destructive storm, causing up to $8.31 billion in damage to Haiti, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and the United States. Dolly caused up to $1.6 billion in damage to south Texas and northeastern Mexico. Bertha was an early season Cape Verde-type hurricane that became the longest-lived July North Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, though it caused few deaths and only minor damage. The Atlantic basin tropical cyclones of 2008 collectively caused roughly $49.4 billion in damage and at least 1,074 fatalities. At the time, the season ranked as the third costliest on record, behind only 2004 and 2005. However, it has since fallen to eighth.

Other notable storms included Tropical Storm Fay, which became the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to make landfall in the same U.S. state on 4 occasions; Tropical Storm Marco, the smallest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record; Hurricane Omar, a powerful late-season major hurricane which caused moderate damage to the ABC islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands in mid-October; and Hurricane Paloma, which became the third-strongest November hurricane in recorded history and caused about $454.4 million in damage to the Cayman Islands and Cuba. The only storm of the season to not reach tropical storm status, Tropical Depression Sixteen, contributed to a significant flooding event in Central America, with the cyclone itself directly blamed for at least nine deaths.

Overall, the season's activity was reflected with a total cumulative ACE rating of 146. This was well above the normal average, and nearly double the rating given to each of the two preceding seasons (79 – 2006; 74 – 2007).

Tropical Storm Arthur
In late May, a westward-moving tropical wave and the mid-level remnants of Tropical Storm Alma from the East Pacific combined over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. This led to the formation of Tropical Storm Arthur by 00:00 UTC on May 31. The cyclone reached its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph six hours after development, and it made landfall at 09:00 UTC on June 1 about halfway between Belize City, Belize, and Chetumal, Yucatán Peninsula, at that strength. Once inland, Arthur quickly lost organization and degenerated to a remnant area of low pressure around 00:00 UTC on June 2. It dissipated six hours later. In conjunction with Alma, Tropical Storm Arthur dropped over 12 in of rainfall across portions of Belize, destroying roads, washing out bridges, and damaging 714 homes. Total damage was estimated at $78 million, and five deaths were recorded.

Hurricane Bertha
A well-defined tropical wave left Africa on July 1 and organized into a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on July 3. Six hours later, it intensified into Tropical Storm Bertha, the easternmost tropical storm on record in the Atlantic during July. Steered on a west-northwest or northwest course, Bertha reached hurricane strength around 06:00 UTC on July 7. The cyclone then underwent a period of rapid intensification that brought it to its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph later that day. Structural changes and a more hostile environment caused the storm to fluctuate in intensity as it passed east of Bermuda. By July 19, however, the storm began to undergo extratropical transition, a process it completed by 12:00 UTC the next morning. The post-tropical storm continued northeast and merged with a larger extratropical low near Iceland on July 21. Lasting a duration of 17 days, Bertha became the longest-lived Atlantic tropical cyclone on record during the month of July.

As the cyclone passed east of Bermuda, it produced strong wind gusts peaking at 91 mph. Power lines were downed, cutting electricity to about 7,500 homes, and tree branches were snapped. Heavy rainfall, reaching 4.77 in at L.F. Wade International Airport, flooded roadways. Meanwhile, Bertha produced large waves and rip currents along the U.S. East Coast, resulting in 3 deaths offshore New Jersey and 57 water rescues in Atlantic City alone. Fifty-five people were injured off the coast of Delaware while an additional four individuals were injured off North Carolina. At Wrightsville Beach in particular, officials estimated at least 60 water rescues over a 48-hour span. Over a seven-day period beginning on July 9, the storm contributed to 1,500 ocean rescues in Ocean City, Maryland.

Tropical Storm Cristobal
A trough of low pressure, the remnants of an old frontal boundary, extended along the East Coast of the United States on July 15. The trough extended into the Gulf of Mexico the following day and resulted in the development of a circulation that subsequently crossed Florida on July 17. Once in the Atlantic, the system became better organized and coalesced into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on July 19. It intensified into Tropical Storm Cristobal twelve hours later. After passing close to the Outer Banks of North Carolina, the storm continued northeast and reached peak winds of 65 mph early on July 21, when an eye feature was evident on microwave imagery. Progressively cooler waters began to weaken Cristobal the next day, and it was then absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone south of Newfoundland around 12:00 UTC on July 23.

The precursor disturbance to Cristobal produced up to 6 in of rain in Florida, blocking storm drains and causing street flooding. Some 35–40 cars were pulled from submerged streets in Marco Island, with some vehicles submerged in as much as 2 ft of water. Generally lesser rainfall totals occurred across the Southeastern United States, though record daily accumulations around 3.43 in resulted in minor flooding in Wilmington, North Carolina. Moisture from the tropical cyclone became intertwined with an approaching frontal system, producing a maximum rainfall total of 6.5 in in Baccaro, Nova Scotia. Basements were flooded and roads were washed out along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia.

Hurricane Dolly
A tropical wave emerged off Africa on July 11. As the wave moved west into the Caribbean, it produced gale-force winds and its satellite presentation resembled that of a tropical storm at times. However, the system did not develop a well-defined circulation until around 12:00 UTC on July 20, at which time it was designated as Tropical Storm Dolly about 310 mi east of Chetumal, Quintana Roo. On a northwest course, the cyclone failed to organize initially; however, a more conducive environment in the Gulf of Mexico allowed Dolly to attain hurricane strength by 00:00 UTC on July 23 and reach its peak as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph twelve hours later. Dry air and cooler waters eroded the storm's eyewall after peak intensity, but Dolly still harbored winds of 85 mph at its landfall on South Padre Island, Texas, at 18:20 UTC. It made a second landfall on the Texas mainland at a slightly reduced strength two hours later. Once inland, Dolly weakened to a tropical storm early on July 24 and ultimately degenerated to a remnant low around 00:00 UTC on July 26. The remnant low turned north and crossed the Mexico–United States border before losing its identity over New Mexico early on July 27.

In its early stages, mudslides generated by heavy rainfall from the storm caused 21 deaths in Guatemala. As the storm progressed across the Yucatán Peninsula, it produced significant beach erosion in Cancún. Offshore, the body of a fisherman was recovered while three others were purported missing. Offshore the Florida Panhandle, one person drowned in rough surf. In Texas, the hurricane caused moderate structural damage to the roofs of homes on South Padre Island, where maximum sustained winds of 78 mph, gusting to 107 mph, were recorded. Some buildings of lesser construction were severely damaged as well. Extensive damage to trees and utility poles occurred throughout Cameron and Willacy counties. Six weak tornadoes or waterspouts were recorded, but generally minor damage was observed. Widespread heavy rainfall occurred throughout southern Texas, with a concentration of 15 in near Harlingen; this rainfall caused severe inland flooding. Farther south in Mexico, a hurricane research team east of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, recorded sustained winds of 96 mph, gusting to 119 mph. In the city itself, downed power lines fell into floodwaters, electrocuting a man. The remnants of the storm heavy impacted Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, where five homes and a historic church were collapsed and about 2,840 acre of corn and barley were ruined. Farther north in New Mexico, an estimated 350–500 structures were damaged, roads and bridges were washed out, and one man was swept away by the swollen Rio Ruidoso river. In nearby El Paso, Texas, homes and streets were flooded, and one indirect death occurred when a driver rolled over after hitting a puddle. Overall, Dolly caused at least $1.6 billion in damage, with $1.3 billion in the United States and $300 million in Mexico.

Tropical Storm Edouard
A trough developed across the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 2 and quickly developed into a tropical depression about 85 mi southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River around 12:00 UTC on August 3. The depression moved westward and intensified into Tropical Storm Edouard on August 4. The impacts of northerly wind shear initially curtailed intensification; the following day, however, a more favorable environmental regime allowed the storm to attain maximum winds of 65 mph. Edouard made landfall near the McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges at 12:00 UTC on August 5 at peak strength. The system quickly weakened once inland and was downgraded to a tropical depression early on August 6 before degenerating into a remnant low at 06:00 UTC that day. It continued to move northwestward across Texas and dissipated around 00:00 UTC on August 7.

Rough surf and rip currents led to the deaths of three men in Panama City Beach, Florida,  a fourth man in Perdido Key, a fifth man at Orange Beach, Alabama, and a sixth man near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Wind gusts in Louisiana peaked at 62 mph, ripping the roofs of mobile homes, downing numerous trees, and toppling power lines across Cameron, Calcasieu, and Vermilion parishes. Along the coastline, storm tides generally varied between 4 –, with a peak of 5.09 ft near Intracoastal City. This contributed to minor inland flooding. In Texas, rainfall peaked at 6.48 in near Baytown, leading to the inundation of dozens of homes. Several roadways, including a portion of Interstate 10, were closed across Chambers and Harris counties. Sustained winds of 56 mph, gusting to 71 mph, brought down trees and power lines while inflicting minor roof damage to hundreds of homes. Overall Edouard caused about $800,000 in damage, with about $350,000 in Louisiana and $450,000 in Texas.

Tropical Storm Fay
A tropical wave emerged from Africa on August 6 and moved swiftly across the Atlantic, developing into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 15 while near the northwestern tip of Puerto Rico. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fay as it struck the coastline of Haiti, and it maintained its status as a minimal tropical storm while progressing through the Cayman Trough and into south-central Cuba. Fay curved north and zigzagged across Florida, making a record four separate landfalls in the state. The first occurred near Key West on August 18 and the second just east of Cape Romano on August 19. While inland over Lake Okeechobee, Fay developed a well-defined eye and reached peak winds of 70 mph. The third landfall occurred near Flagler Beach on August 21 and the final southwest of Carrabelle on August 23. The cyclone weakened to a tropical depression in the Florida Panhandle on August 24 and moved northwest into Mississippi before making an abrupt turn to the northeast the following day. It merged with a frontal boundary and became extratropical around 06:00 UTC on August 27. The low was ultimately absorbed by a larger extratropical system over Kentucky early the next morning.

Throughout the Caribbean, Fay contributed to at least 16 deaths: 10 in Haiti, 5 in the Dominican Republic, and 1 in Jamaica. Many of these deaths were resultant from the storm's prolific rainfall, with numerous weather stations across the Dominican Republic and Cuba reporting accumulations of 7 –; Agabama, Cuba, recorded a localized maximum of 18.23 in. The combination of heavy rainfall and gusty winds resulted in over 2,400 homes being damaged across the Dominican Republic. Similar destruction was reported in Haiti, particularly on Gonâve Island. As Fay meandered across Florida, it produced widespread torrential rainfall there, with accumulations peaking at a record 27.65 in in the city of Melbourne. While run-off ultimately helped replenish Lake Okeechobee and surrounding reservoirs, the immediate impact of the rain event was more destructive. Thousands of residences were inundated, some with as much as 5 ft of water, and sewage systems were congested. Numerous trees were felled, and downed power lines cut electricity to tens of thousands of homes. Fay was a prolific tornado producer, with 81 confirmations across 5 states: 19 in Florida, 17 in Georgia, 16 in North Carolina, 15 in Alabama, and 14 in South Carolina. A majority were short-lived and weak. Overall, Fay caused seventeen deaths in the United States: fifteen in Florida, one in Georgia, and one in Alabama. Throughout all areas impacted, Fay caused about $560 million in damage.

Hurricane Gustav
A tropical wave departed Africa on August 13, coalescing into a tropical depression south of Puerto Rico by 00:00 UTC on August 25 and intensifying into Tropical Storm Gustav twelve hours later. With a small inner core, the system rapidly strengthened to a hurricane early on August 26 before striking the southwestern peninsula of Haiti later that day. Gustav weakened while traversing Haiti and Jamaica but quickly restrengthened over the northwestern Caribbean, reaching winds of 145 mph before making landfall on the Isle of Youth, and striking the mainland just east of Los Palacios, Cuba, with winds of 155 mph later on August 30. Plagued by wind shear and dry air, the hurricane did not re-intensify over the Gulf of Mexico, instead making a final landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana, at 15:00 UTC on September 1 with winds of 105 mph. Gustav continued northwest, weakening to a tropical depression over northern Louisiana before merging with a cold front over northern Arkansas around 12:00 UTC on September 4. The remnants accelerated northeast and merged with another extratropical low over the Great Lakes later on September 5.

Throughout the Dominican Republic, over 1,239 homes were damaged, of which 12 were destroyed, and about 50 communities were isolated. Eight people were killed in a mudslide. In neighboring Haiti, some 10,250 homes were damaged, including about 2,100 that were destroyed. Eighty-five people were killed. The storm caused $210 million in damage across Jamaica and resulted in 15 deaths. The impact of Gustav was ruinous across the Isle of Youth and mainland Cuba, where sustained winds of 155 mph and gusts up to 211 mph resulted in damage to 120,509 structures (about 21,941 beyond repair). The 211 mph wind gust, observed at Paso Real de San Diego weather station in Pinar del Río Province, was the second highest wind gust ever recorded on land in a tropical cyclone, behind only Cyclone Olivia's 253 mph gust on Barrow Island, Australia. A total of 140 electrical towers were destroyed, laying waste to 809 mi of power lines and cutting power to much of the area. Dozens of residents were injured but no deaths occurred. The estimated cost of the storm fell just shy of $2.1 billion. Upon striking the United States, Gustav produced strong winds that damaged the roofs and windows of many structures, as well as a large storm surge along the coastline of Louisiana which overtopped levees and floodwalls in New Orleans. Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas. Tornadoes were confirmed throughout the region, including 21 in Mississippi, 11 in Louisiana, 6 in Florida, 2 in Arkansas, and 1 in Alabama. In total, Gustav cost $6 billion in the United States and killed 53 people: 48 in Louisiana, 4 in Florida, and 1 at sea.

Hurricane Hanna
A tropical wave entered the Atlantic on August 19, leading to the formation of a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on August 28 approximately 315 mi east-northeast of the northernmost Leeward Islands. Twelve hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hanna. Interaction between the cyclone and an upper-level low kept Hanna fairly steady-state for several days, with its appearance briefly resembling that of a subtropical storm. Meanwhile, a building ridge over the eastern United States forced the storm to dive south. A reprieve in upper-level winds allowed Hanna to attain hurricane strength at 18:00 UTC on September 1 and reach peak winds of 85 mph six hours later. However, the aforementioned ridge soon began to impart northerly wind shear, and the cyclone weakened accordingly. A second upper-level low caused Hanna to conduct a counter-clockwise loop north of Haiti before reaching the western periphery of the subtropical ridge, sending the storm ashore near the North Carolina–South Carolina border at 07:20 UTC on September 6 with winds of 70 mph. It curved northeast once inland, merging with one cold front over southern New England and a second near Newfoundland.

Hanna produced heavy rainfall across mountainous sections of Puerto Rico, leading to mudslides that damaged bridges and roads. Strong winds downed trees and power lines. Damage across the Turks and Caicos Islands in the wake of the storm was presumed to have been minor—confined to some roof damage to homes—but damage assessments were limited given the impact of Hurricane Ike less than a week later. Across Hispaniola, torrential rainfall exacerbated flooding that had already occurred during Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricane Gustav. While the exact death toll is indiscernible due to the quick succession of tropical cyclones, Hanna is believed to have killed at least 529 people in Haiti, most in the commune of Gonaïves, as well as 1 person in the Dominican Republic. Along the coastline of the United States, rip currents killed one person at Kure Beach, North Carolina and another in Spring Lake, New Jersey. Gusty winds downed trees and power lines that cut electricity along the Eastern seaboard. Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire. One person drowned in a South Carolina drainage ditch. Total damage was estimated at $160 million.

Hurricane Ike
At 06:00 UTC on September 1, the season's ninth tropical depression developed from a well-defined tropical wave that left Africa on August 28. A strong subtropical ridge to the depression's north directed it on a west-northwest path for several days, while environmental conditions allowed for quick intensification. It intensified into Tropical Storm Ike six hours after formation and, on September 3, began a 24-hour period of rapid intensification that saw its winds increase from 85 mph to a peak of 145 mph. The ridge to Ike's north soon amplified, forcing the hurricane on an unusual, prolonged southwest track while also imparting increased wind shear. After briefly weakening below major hurricane strength, a relaxation in the upper-level winds allowed Ike to reattain Category 4 strength while entering the Turks and Caicos Islands; it then made several landfalls at a slightly reduced intensity. Winds again increased to 130 mph as Ike moved ashore near Cabo Lucrecia, Cuba. Land interaction prompted structural changes to the storm's core, and Ike only slowly rebounded to an intensity of 110 mph before its landfall on the northern end of Galveston Island, Texas, early on September 13. Ike curved northeast once inland, interacting with a front the next morning and merging with another low near the Saint Lawrence River on the afternoon of September 15.

In Haiti, Ike compounded the flooding disaster imparted by previous storms Fay, Gustav, and Hanna. The country's food supply, shelter, and transportation networks were ruined. At least 74 deaths were attributed to the hurricane in Haiti, and an additional 2 occurred in the Dominican Republic. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, about 95 percent of all houses on Grand Turk Island were damaged, 20 percent of which severely so. An equal proportion of homes were damaged in South Caicos, including over one-third that were significantly damaged or destroyed. The agricultural and fishing industries suffered significant losses too. The highest concentration of damage in the Bahamas occurred on Inagua, where 70–80 percent of houses sustained roof damage, of which approximately 25 percent saw major damage or were destroyed. Throughout both archipelagos, damage climbed to between $50–200 million. In Cuba, nearly a quarter of the island's population, 2.6 million people, was evacuated in advance of the storm; as a result, only seven deaths were reported. However, structural damage was catastrophic, with 511,259 homes damaged (about 61,202 of which were total losses). About 4,000 metric tons (4,410 st) of foodstuffs were ruined in storage facilities while the island's crops as a whole sustained serious damage. Floodwaters cut off several communities as roads were inundated and bridges were swept away. Ike was estimated to have caused about $7.3 billion in damage across Cuba, making it the costliest hurricane on record there until Hurricane Irma in 2017.

While progressing across the Gulf of Mexico, Ike's slow movement and unusually large wind field led to a huge storm surge, upwards of 15 –, that devastated the Texas coastline. The storm's destruction was most complete on the Bolivar Peninsula, where nearly all homes were wiped off their foundations and demolished. Numerous trees and power lines were downed, cutting power to some 2.6 million customers across Texas and Louisiana. Roads were obstructed by both floodwaters and fallen objects. As Ike transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, it produced extensive wind damage across the Ohio River Valley. In Ohio alone, 2.6 million people lost power. Insured losses climbed to $1.1 billion, comparable to the Xenia tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak in terms of being the costliest natural disaster in the history of Ohio. Throughout the United States, Ike killed 74 people in Texas, 28 people across the Ohio River Valley, 6 people in Louisiana, and 1 person in Arkansas. Damage reached $30 billion. Farther north in Canada, the remnants of Ike produced record rainfall and high winds across portions of Ontario and Québec.

Tropical Storm Josephine
A strong tropical wave accompanied by a surface low departed Africa late on August 31. The system began to organize almost immediately after entering the Atlantic, developing into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on September 2 and intensifying into Tropical Storm Josephine six hours later. On a west to west-northwest heading, the cyclone steadily intensified and attained peak winds of 65 mph early on September 3. An exceptionally strong upper-level trough, aided by outflow from nearby Hurricane Ike, prompted a weakening trend thereafter. Despite intermittent bursts of convection, Josephine weakened to a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on September 6 and degenerated to a remnant low six hours later. The low ultimately dissipated on September 10. The storm's remnants impacted Saint Croix early on September 12, producing localized heavy rainfall that flooded roadways.

Hurricane Kyle
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 12. The westward-moving feature crossed the Windward Islands on September 19 and began to interact with a strong upper-level trough, leading to an increase in convection and a more evident circulation center. Steering currents directed the disturbance into the southwest Atlantic, where a decrease in wind shear led to the formation of a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on September 25 and organization into Tropical Storm Kyle six hours later. Gradual intensification occurred as the cyclone passed well west of Bermuda; it attained hurricane strength around 12:00 UTC on September 27 and reached peak winds of 85 mph a day later. After making landfall just north of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, at 00:00 UTC on September 29, Kyle accelerated northeastward. The storm developed a frontal structure as convection became elongated and asymmetric, leading to its extratropical transition by 06:00 UTC on September 29. A larger extratropical low absorbed it about a day later.

The precursor disturbance to Kyle produced up to 30.47 in of rainfall in Puerto Rico, resulting in numerous flash floods and mudslides that killed six people. About $48 million in damage occurred in Puerto Rico. In rain-stricken Haiti, heavy rainfall caused the Orangers River to overflow its banks, resulting in severe damage to homes in Jacmel. In the Northeastern United States, two people were killed by large waves in Rhode Island. Heavy rainfall across Massachusetts and Connecticut led to significant flooding. Kyle produced hurricane-force winds along the southwestern coastline of Nova Scotia that uprooted trees while damaging boats, docks, wharves, and a building under construction. More than 40,000 customers were left without electricity at the height of the storm. Coastal locales were inundated by a combination of storm surge, large waves, and high tides, particularly in Shelburne, where streets were flooded. Kyle and its remnants caused roughly $9 million in damage in Canada.

Tropical Storm Laura
On September 26, a non-tropical low formed along a quasi-stationary front well west of the Azores. This feature organized into Subtropical Storm Laura by 06:00 UTC on September 29 after shedding its frontal boundaries, and it further developed into a fully tropical system on September 30 as deep convection formed over the center. A northward motion brought the storm over progressively cooler waters on October 1, and it degenerated to a remnant area of low pressure by 12:00 UTC that day. The low merged with a front less than 24 hours later and existed as an extratropical entity until being absorbed by a larger non-tropical low west of the British Isles on October 4. The remnants of Laura produced heavy rainfall on already-saturated ground across the northwestern United Kingdom, overflowing drainage systems and closing roads. In eastern Norway, strong winds downed trees onto roadways and cut power to 10,000 households.

Tropical Storm Marco
A broad area of low pressure persisted across the northwestern Caribbean Sea through the end of September. A tropical wave reached the southwestern Caribbean on October 4, aiding in the formation of a circulation center near Belize. The low tracked across Yucatán Peninsula and, following an increase in convection while over the Laguna de Términos, organized into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on October 6. The newly formed cyclone entered the Bay of Campeche a few hours later and quickly intensified into a tropical storm—the smallest on record in the Atlantic Ocean. Favorable anticyclonic flow aloft aided in continued development of the tightly coiled storm, and Marco attained peak winds of 65 mph early on October 7, an intensity it maintained through landfall east of Misantla around 12:00 UTC that day. Marco's tiny circulation quickly weakened once inland, dissipating by 00:00 UTC on October 8. Impacts from the storm were generally minor, though some low-lying cities were flooded by heavy rainfall.

Tropical Storm Nana
A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on October 6, accompanied by a broad area of low pressure. The system organized as bands of convection coalesced around the center, leading to the formation of a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on October 12. On a west-northwest course, the depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Nana and attained peak winds of 40 mph. The effects of strong wind shear mitigated further organization, weakening the storm back to tropical depression intensity by 12:00 UTC on October 13 and causing it to degenerate to a remnant low a day later. The low turned northwest and dissipated on October 15.

Hurricane Omar
A tropical wave moved off Africa on September 30 and failed to organize appreciably until reaching the eastern Caribbean Sea on October 9. There, an increase in convection led to the formation of a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on October 13; it intensified into Tropical Storm Omar eighteen hours later. A broad upper-level trough to the cyclone's northwest caused it to conduct a counter-clockwise turn and accelerate northeast while also aiding in the onset of an extended period of rapid intensification. Omar attained hurricane strength around 00:00 UTC on October 15 before ultimately reaching peak winds of 130 mph a little over a day later shortly after passing near Saint Croix. Uncharacteristically, the cyclone was plagued by moderate wind shear during its rapid intensification phase, and a further increase in upper-level winds caused Omar to abruptly weaken. The storm continued northeast through the Anegada Passage and into the central Atlantic. Omar weakened to a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on October 18 and degenerating to a remnant low twelve hours later. The low persisted for two days before dissipating.

Omar first impacted the Netherlands Antilles, where large waves caused severe damage to coastal facilities. Winds just shy of tropical storm intensity damaged the roofs of homes and downed several trees. The island of Aruba saw significant flooding from heavy rains. Throughout the United States Virgin Islands, only the eastern sections of Saint Croix received hurricane-force winds, with tropical storm-force winds in surrounding locales. These strong winds nonetheless downed trees and power lines and capsized 94 vessels. Landslides damaged roadways. Overall damage was estimated around $5 million in Saint Croix. Across the Lesser Antilles, the combination of strong winds and frequent lightning caused widespread power outages. Ships were run aground, structures were damaged, and some communities were isolated. Storm surge was severe in western sections of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, causing significant damage to coastal property and businesses. One man died in Puerto Rico after going into cardiac arrest while installing storm shutters. Total damage was estimated at $19 million in Saint Kitts and Nevis, $54 million in Antigua and Barbuda, and $2.6 million in Saint Lucia.

Tropical Depression Sixteen
A tropical wave left Africa on September 27 and moved into the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 10, where a broad area of low pressure formed. The low paralleled the coastline of Nicaragua for a few days while associated convection became better organized; this ultimately led to the development of a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on October 14. The storm maintained a poorly-organized structure throughout its duration, with the low-level center embedded within a larger gyre and little central thunderstorm activity. A reconnaissance aircraft measured peak winds of 30 mph, and the depression maintained these winds as it made landfall just west of Punta Patuca, Honduras, at 12:30 UTC on October 15. It moved west-southwest and ultimately degenerated over mountainous terrain around 06:00 UTC the next day. In mid- to late October, the tropical depression combined with another area of low pressure as well as a cold front to produce torrential rainfall across Central America. In what was described as the region's worst flooding disaster since Hurricane Mitch, crops suffered catastrophic losses, tens of thousands of homes were destroyed, and dozens of people were killed. At least nine deaths were directly attributed to the depression itself.

Hurricane Paloma
A broad area of disturbed weather developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 1, ultimately coalescing into a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC on November 5. It moved north amid a favorable environment, becoming Tropical Storm Paloma twelve hours after formation and attaining hurricane intensity by 00:00 UTC on November 7. An impinging upper-level trough directed Paloma toward the northeast while enhancing outflow, prompting a period of rapid intensification that brought the storm to its peak as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 145 mph around 12:00 UTC on November 8, the third strongest November hurricane on record in the Atlantic. An increase in wind shear soon began to take a toll on the cyclone, weakening Paloma to Category 2 strength as it made landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba, and further to a tropical storm around 06:00 UTC on November 9. It ultimately degenerated to a remnant low early the next day. The low meandered around Cuba before entering the Gulf of Mexico, and it dissipated south of the Florida Panhandle on November 14.

Paloma caused significant impacts on Cayman Brac in the Cayman Islands, where nearly every structure was damaged or destroyed. On nearby Little Cayman, a fewer number of buildings were destroyed while trees and power lines were downed. Damage across the island chain was estimated at $124.5 million. In Cuba, the combination of hurricane-force winds, torrential rainfall, and significant storm surge along the coastline resulted in damage to 12,159 homes; 1,453 of these were destroyed. Hundreds of businesses were impacted, dozens of electrical poles were toppled, and over a dozen bridges were damaged. The island's agricultural sector suffered significant loss. Overall, Paloma inflicted about $300 million in damage there. In Jamaica, rainfall contributed to one death. The storm's remnants moved northward into Florida, resulting in a daily rainfall record in Tallahassee and localized heavy rainfall in surrounding locales.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2008. This was the same list used in the 2002 season, with the exceptions of Ike and Laura, which replaced Isidore and Lili, respectively. Storms were named Ike, Omar, and Paloma for the first time in 2008. The name Laura was previously used under the old naming convention.

Retirement
On April 22, 2009, at the 31st Session of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Gustav, Ike, and Paloma from its rotating North Atlantic basin name lists due to the number of deaths and damage they caused. They were replaced with Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette, respectively, for the 2014 season.

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2008 USD.

title: 2008 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Federalist No. 78

Federalist No. 78 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the seventy-eighth of The Federalist Papers. Like all of The Federalist papers, it was published under the pseudonym Publius.

Titled "The Judiciary Department", Federalist No. 78 was published May 28, 1788, and first appeared in a newspaper on June 14 of the same year. It was written to explicate and justify the structure of the judiciary under the proposed Constitution of the United States; it is the first of six essays by Hamilton on this issue. In particular, it addresses concerns by the Anti-Federalists over the scope and power of the federal judiciary, which would have comprised unelected, politically insulated judges that would be appointed for life. The Federalist Papers, as a foundation text of constitutional interpretation, are frequently cited by U.S. jurists, but are not law. Of all the essays, No. 78 is the most cited by the justices of the United States Supreme Court.

Federalist No. 78 quotes Montesquieu: "Of the three powers [...], the judiciary is next to nothing." There was little concern that the judiciary might be able to overpower the political branches; since Congress controlled the flow of money and the President the military, courts did not have nearly the same power from a constitutional design standpoint. The Judiciary would depend on the political branches to uphold its judgments. Legal academics often argue over Hamilton's description of the judiciary as the "least dangerous" branch. Hamilton also explains how federal judges should retain life terms as long as those judges exhibit good behavior.

Federalist No. 78 discusses the power of judicial review. It argues that the federal courts have the job of determining whether acts of Congress are constitutional and what must be done if the government is faced with the things that are done on the contrary of the Constitution.

Controls on judicial conduct
The fundamental debate that Hamilton and his Anti-Federalist rival "Brutus" addressed was over the degree of independence to be granted to federal judges, and the level of accountability to be imposed upon them. In England, a judge can be removed from office "upon the address of both Houses of Parliament." Moreover, as the Act of Settlement 1701 was a mere law, the judicial independence it provided could be abrogated wholesale by an act of Parliament. Similarly, English judges were beholden to Parliament, in the sense that their judgments can be overturned by that body. Brutus took the position that the Constitution should adopt the English system in toto (with minor modifications); Hamilton defended the present system.

Several scholars believe that the case of Rutgers v. Waddington "was a template for the interpretive approach he [Hamilton] adopted in Federalist 78."

Good behavior tenure
In England, although most agents of the Crown served "at the pleasure of the King," public officials were often granted a life tenure in their offices. Lesser lords were given the authority to bestow life tenure, which created an effective multi-tiered political patronage system where everyone from paymasters to judges to parish clerks enjoyed job security. Without some kind of effective control upon their conduct, this would engender intolerable injustice, as the King's ministers would be free to 'vent their spleen' upon defenseless subjects with impunity.

The English solution to this problem was to condition the holding of office upon good behavior, as enforced by the people through the writ of scire facias. Although it was technically a writ of the sovereign, this power concerned only the interests of his subjects; as the King exercised it only as parens patriae, he was bound by law to allow the use of it to any subject interested. Sir William Blackstone explains in his landmark treatise on the common law, Commentaries on the Laws of England:

"WHERE the crown hath unadvisedly granted any thing by letters patent, which ought not to be granted, or where the patentee hath done an act that amounts to a forfeiture of the grant, the remedy to repeal the patent is by writ of scire facias in chancery. This may be brought either on the part of the king, in order to resume the thing granted; or, if the grant be injurious to a subject, the king is bound of right to permit him (upon his petition) to use his royal name for repealing the patent in a scire facias."

Violations of good behavior tenure at common law included "abuse of office, nonuse of office, and refusal to exercise an office," and the "oppression and tyrannical partiality of judges, justices, and other magistrates, in the administration and under the colour of their office, [which could be prosecuted] by information in the court of king's bench." As the remedy of the writ of scire facias was available in every one of the colonies, its efficacy as a deterrent against abuse of judicial office was assumed rather than debated.

Legislative review of judicial decisions
The primary point of contention between Hamilton and Brutus was in the concern that judges would substitute their will for the plain text of the Constitution, as exemplified by the Supreme Court's de facto revision of the Eleventh Amendment. Hamilton conceded that no federal judge had the legal authority to impose his or her will on the people in defiance of the Constitution:

"There is no position that depends on clearer principles, than that every act of a delegated authority, contrary to the tenor of the commission under which it is exercised, is void. No legislative act, therefore, contrary to the Constitution, can be valid. To deny this, would be to affirm, that the deputy is greater than his principal; that the servant is above his master; that the representatives of the people are superior to the people themselves; that men acting by virtue of powers, may do not only what their powers do not authorize, but what they forbid. ...

To avoid arbitrary discretion in the courts, it is indispensable that they should be bound down by strict rules and precedents, which serve to define and point out their duty in every particular case that comes before them."

Brutus pointed out that the Constitution did not provide an effective mechanism for controlling judicial caprice:

"There is no power above them, to control any of their decisions. There is no authority that can remove them, and they cannot be controlled by the laws of the legislature. In short, they are independent of the people, of the legislature, and of every power under heaven. Men placed in this situation will generally soon feel independent of heaven itself."

Hamilton viewed this apparent flaw in constitutional design as more of a virtue than a vice:

"But it is not with a view to infractions of the Constitution only, that the independence of the judges may be an essential safeguard against the effects of occasional ill senses of humor in the society. These sometimes extend no farther than to the injury of the private rights of particular classes of citizens, by unjust and partial laws. Here also the firmness of the judicial magistracy is of vast importance in mitigating the severity and confining the operation of such laws. It not only serves to moderate the immediate mischiefs of those which may have been passed, but it operates as a check upon the legislative body in passing them; who, perceiving that obstacles to the success of iniquitous intention are to be expected from the scruples of the courts, are in a manner compelled, by the very motives of the injustice they meditate, to qualify their attempts. This is a circumstance calculated to have more influence upon the character of our governments, than but few may be aware of."

It appears that Hamilton is relying on the efficacy of the writ of scire facias, coupled with a presumption that other branches of government will ignore unconstitutional judicial decisions, as a control upon judicial misconduct.

Judicial review
Federalist No. 78 describes the process of judicial review, in which the federal courts review statutes to determine whether they are consistent with the Constitution and its statutes. Federalist No. 78 indicates that under the Constitution, the legislature is not the judge of the constitutionality of its own actions. Rather, it is the responsibility of the federal courts to protect the people by restraining the legislature from acting inconsistently with the Constitution:

"If it is said that the legislative body is themselves the constitutional judges of their own powers and that the construction, they put upon them is conclusive upon the other departments, it may be answered, that this cannot be the natural presumption, where it is not to be collected from any particular provisions in the Constitution. It is not otherwise to be supposed, that the Constitution could intend to enable the representatives of the people to substitute their will to that of their constituents. It is far more rational to suppose that the courts were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and the legislature, in order, among other things, to keep the latter within the limits assigned to their authority."

Federalist No. 78 views the judicial branch as inherently weak because of its inability to control either the money or the military of the country. The only power of the judicial branch is the power of judgment:

"The Executive not only dispenses the honors but holds the sword of the community. The legislature not only commands the purse but prescribes the rules by which the duties and rights of every citizen are to be regulated. The judiciary, on the contrary, has no influence over either the sword or the purse; no direction either of the strength or of the wealth of the society; and can take no active resolution whatever. It may truly be said to have neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments."

Because of the courts' weakness, Federalist No. 78 sees the possibility of corruption using the judicial review as a non-issue. The people will never be in danger if the structure of the government written up in the Constitution remains. It also asserts that judgment needs to be removed from the groups that make the legislation and rule:

"It equally proves, that though individual oppression may now and then proceed from the courts of justice, the general liberty of the people can never be endangered from that quarter; I mean so long as the judiciary remains truly distinct from both the legislature and the Executive. For I agree, that 'there is no liberty if the power of judging is not separated from the legislative and executive powers."

Federalist No. 78 views Supreme Court Justices as an embodiment of the Constitution, the last group to protect the foundation laws set up in the Constitution. This coincides with the view above that the judicial branch is the branch of judgment:

"The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It, therefore, belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body."

According to Federalist No. 78, the federal courts have a duty to interpret and apply the Constitution, and to disregard any statute that is inconsistent with the Constitution:

"If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents. . .."

Federalist No. 78 argues that the power of judicial review should be used by the judicial branch to protect the liberties guaranteed to the people by the Constitution and to provide a check on the power of the legislature:

"[W]here the will of the legislature, declared in its statutes, stands in opposition to that of the people, declared in the Constitution, the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former. They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws, rather than by those which are not fundamental. ..

[W]henever a particular statute contravenes the Constitution; it will be the duty of the judicial tribunals to adhere to the latter and disregard the former."

Federalist No. 78, therefore, indicates that the federal judiciary has the power to determine whether statutes are constitutional and to find them invalid if in conflict with the Constitution. This principle of judicial review was affirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Federalist No. 78


text:
Talk:Wes Montgomery

Dead Link
I removed some dead link about an amp modification. feel free to add it again if someone has a working link...

colaborated albums
I dusted off some of Wes's old albums. I forgot how impressed I had been with "The Mastersounds with Wes Montgomery", KISMET, which included Monk and Buddy, in addition to Richie Crabtree and Benny Barth, recorded on the Pacific Jazz label (date not stated). There was also " A portrait of Wes Montgomery", with the Montgomery Brothers (featuring Wes), with strings by the infamous Gerald Wilson, also on Pacific Jazz, compiled/produced after his death.

I also enjoyed "The Dynamic Duo" colaborations (with Jimmy Smith), including "Further Adventures of Jimmy and Wes".

Obviously, I was, and remain a hugh fan. Let me know if more specific information can be useful.

Daniel

Influence
I added a citation tag to the section dealing with people influenced by Montgomery. These types of sections pop up a lot, and very rarely include citations. After two weeks, I will remove the listing unless citations can be provided. I do see that one of the external links supports some of the names, but not the non-neutral statement "By some accounts, Montgomery has been the most influential jazz guitarist of all time, whose style has transcended into other forms of music, including Rock 'n' Roll, Soul, and Rhythm and Blues." We have to know who says that. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 21:23, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well after letting this stuff remain for far too long, I've removed it. Any future claim of Wes Montgomery influencing guitarist X will need to be sourced or it will be deleted.  --cholmes75 (chit chat) 20:52, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Birth
While googling other years of birth came out: 1923, 1925, 1929. Which one is correct? 213.140.11.136 10:58, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1923 is on his tombstone, so I'd say that's the right one. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 14:47, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Cover
'In and Out' from 'Movin Wes' was covered some time in the late sixties by legendary British rock organist Brian Auger and the Trinity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.72.23.71 (talk) 22:05, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Johnny Smith
Based on my own extensive reading on the bebop era I dispute the statement, "Johnny Smith was the guitarist in the original New York Bebop scene," a doubt that the Wiki article for Johnny Smith only reinforces: "Johnny Smith . . . is an American cool jazz and mainstream jazz guitarist, although he does not consider himself to be a musician in the idiom."

First, "the original New York bebop scene" thrived in the early '40s when Smith was in the Army. Smith was not part of the pioneering sessions at Minton's, for example.

Second, although Smith could play in any musical setting and therefore could play bebop, he was hardly the only guitarist available to play it in clubs like Birdland (which opened in December 1949, when The Street -- 52nd Street -- was already in decline and the jazz scene migrated west to Broadway, which is where Birdland was located). Let's not forget Barney Kessel and Kenny Burrell.

Nothing in the above comment is meant as criticism of The Maestro, Johnny Smith, and I'm open to any evidence, or interpretation of evidence, that supports the statement about him in the Wes Montgomery article.--Tony FloodAnarchristian (talk) 17:23, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The article has many flaws, the main one being that it's been mainly written and edited by Montgomery fans. I enjoy some of his playing and am aware of the extent of his influence, but there is too much subjective gushing over his work in the article, and not enough of what wikipedia is for, namely assembling and making sense of the public record of his work and its significance.  Lexo (talk) 23:15, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed there. Almost sounds like an advertisement, but it manages to present enough information. Anyone up for rewording it? I wouldn't know enough to undertake the task. Fishdert 23:38, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Revision to Death
The start of this section contains the sentence, "A heavy smoker, Wes didn't have very long to enjoy his commercial success."

This sentence should be removed as it has no reference citation and is not verifiable. Wes Montgomery's smoking seems to be attributed to his death, which is not support by any sources. His not having long to enjoy his success is subjective but certainly not a fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.112.18.5 (talk) 04:05, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wes and Verve
I read a story that W.M. was discovered by Cannonball Aderley who heard him play in a club. C.A. then called his friend at Verve Records to come and listen to him. Then Verve signed a contract with W.M. Unfortunately, I cannot quote any details. Hanysek12 (talk) 22:31, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wes Montgomery


text:
Talk:Kennedy (commentator)

Anybody remember Kennedy's show name in Seattle
This lists Kennedy's show in Seattle as "the Buzz". That was incorrect. The station was called 100.9 The Buzz. I think her show was just called Kennedy, but I can't remember for sure. 2601:603:1A80:1FE0:9523:89FF:9AE7:4AF4 (talk) 15:55, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Bob's Burgers
Has anyone noticed that Kennedy and the wife in the cartoon "Bob's Burgers" look alot alike? 96.42.232.39 (talk) 17:56, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

To destroy JB
To find out what happened when the Blasio‘s wife received $865 million and had nothing to show for it. where does Joe Biden go whenever everyone thinks he’s on vacation? You know what I think he’s getting treatments for his state of mind. And the reason why people are being cured for their cold or long lasting virus take a check on the medication is it doing the right thing? Is it the right medication?? more.? Got more symptoms!please get back to me 🙏😇❤🥊🏉 2603:7000:8C00:6C49:CCD2:B289:30B2:87D6 (talk) 19:14, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Career
Kennedy now (3/2024) has a column published from time to time on the UK Daily Mail website. I don’t know the particulars thus haven’t attempted to edit the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.131.163.84 (talk) 15:40, 16 March 2024 (UTC) https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-13237363/kennedy-new-columnist-author.html

title: Talk:Kennedy (commentator)


text:
User talk:Jeschwartz

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, add a question to the Help Desk or ask me on my Talk page. If you have any suggestions about how to improve this welcome, message, let me know. Again, welcome! And thanks for the partial bibliography on Richard Rorty - external sources are quite useful. JesseW 20:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Jeschwartz


text: Category:Bochum

title: Category:Bochum


text: User talk:86.134.90.53

title: User talk:86.134.90.53


text: User talk:24.73.73.2

title: User talk:24.73.73.2


text:
File:BBHcover1.jpg

Summary
Cover of Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters issue #1.

title: File:BBHcover1.jpg


text:
Once Bitten (Annabel Lamb album)

Once Bitten was Annabel Lamb's 1983 debut album. The U.S. version of the album differed from the U.K. release and as well as different cover artwork, contained the single "Riders on the Storm" which was not present on the original U.K. issue.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Annabel Lamb; except where indicated
 * 1) "Once Bitten"
 * 2) "Take Me in Your Arms"
 * 3) "Heartland" (Adrian Borland)
 * 4) "Hold Fast"
 * 5) "Backwards Through the Looking Glass"
 * 6) "Dividing the Spoils of Love" (Lamb, Mark Damron)
 * 7) "Red for Danger"
 * 8) "Snake Pliskin"
 * 9) "Missing"
 * 10) "No Cure"

Personnel

 * Annabel Lamb - lead vocals, backing vocals, synthesizer, piano, Hammond organ
 * Chris Jarrett - guitar
 * Steve Greetham - bass, fretless bass, guitar, backing vocals
 * Robin Langridge - piano, synthesizer, Hammond organ, backing vocals
 * Richie Stevens - drums, percussion
 * John Kongos - Fairlight CMI
 * Jim Dvořák - trumpet
 * Adrian Borland - guitar on "Heartland"
 * Steve Hogarth - piano on "Dividing the Spoils of Love"
 * Colin Woore - additional guitar on "Hold Fast"
 * Jeff Scantlebury - congas on "Missing"
 * Paul Hirsh - panpipes on "No Cure"

title: Once Bitten (Annabel Lamb album)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Magicicada

Magicicada

I think this is an amazing picture. They only show up every 17 years, and the photo is good. ''From. Photo by Arthur D. Guilani. The photographer stated on the external link given above at the time of the upload: "Please feel free to use any picture in this library... just give credit to my name... thank you."'' I'm not sure if this disqualifies it though.

 * Wow, I can already tell this won't garner much support here, but nominate and support nonetheless. - Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Although this is a nice photograph, it's a bit too busy for my liking at the moment. Perhaps if you cropped it down to just the bush or the part of the bush that is focused the best it would make it so the picture better revolves around the actual subject.--Elfer 21:26, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I had thought about it, but I liked the craziness of the background. Somehow when I think "cicada", I think craziness. Sometimes busy-ness is a way to focus your attention, not distract from it. Just my thoughts. I already know this won't have a lot of support. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:30, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, craziness can be ok for photography in general, but for encyclopedic photography, it just detracts from the picture, since the picture is supposed to focus on one thing specifically. --Elfer 22:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say the background is too distracting, but focusing more on the cicadas would be more informative. Raven4x4x 08:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose because of this, though only just. Raven4x4x 10:43, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - very interesting for someone like me from the UK who's never seen a Cicada - Adrian Pingstone 20:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support — wow! Andrew pmk 20:46, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support as is - Focusing just on the cicadas would lose the impression that they're on every leaf off to the horizon--which they well might be. Elf | Talk 21:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, although I really want to support. It's a cool picture but it is too distracting for me.  I agree that maybe if more attention was on the cicada's it would work for me...but as it is, the background ruins it.--ScottyBoy900Q ∞  03:26, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment only: note that the external source where I got this one from has many more similar images of these Magicicadas. Maybe there is an even better one there that would address the comments made about the background here. Lupo 13:42, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It's a rather busy picture. The background is annoying especially the very white parts. (unsigned comment by Enochlau at 03:48, 1 September 2005)
 * oops sorry. Enochlau 21:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 12:58, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Non-insect elements of image are too distracting, especially the areas where the sky shows through. If it were cropped down to just the part of the bush with the cicadas, I might support. Andrew Levine 18:46, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * +5/-4 This link is Broken 02:46, 10 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Art Nehf

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text: User talk:62.251.27.218

title: User talk:62.251.27.218


text:
User talk:Shueyb

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Shueyb


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-mentoring

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 16:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

E-mentoring
non-notable neologism, see the terrifying set of e-themed redlinks as well: e-coaching, etc. Sdedeo 20:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * e-delete. We don't need this neologism. Optichan 21:12, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * e-Gad! Delete per nom. Alf 21:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * e-delete Creator could use some e-counseling as well... -- Ryan Norton T 00:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * e-delete Amren (talk)  01:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ee by gum. Delete Tonywalton  | Talk 14:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
2005–06 Zimbabwe Tri-Nation Series

The Videocon Tri-Series was a three-team One Day International cricket tournament played between Zimbabwe, India and New Zealand in Zimbabwe. New Zealand won the tournament, defeating India by 6 wickets in the final in Harare.

Tournament structure
The sides played each other in a double round robin, meaning that each side played four matches, for a total of six matches. A win was worth five points, and a loss zero – however, if the winning team had a run rate (i.e. runs hit per over) higher than 1.25 times that of the opponent, a bonus point was awarded to the winning side, if not it went to the losing side. In the event of a tie or a no-result, each side was to be awarded three points. The top two teams on points went through to the one-match final.

title: 2005–06 Zimbabwe Tri-Nation Series


text:
Talk:Sydney Pollack

Lead: "more than... over... over..." Are these totals really not known?
Can anyone supply accurate totals to rid the lead of the "more than... over... over..." plague? Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 15:25, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sydney Pollack


text:
User talk:TBeez

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 20:21, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:DCP 0028.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:DCP 0028.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 09:18, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:TBeez


text:
Talk:Gregg Popovich

Untitled
Greg Popovich several times said that he is Serb

 * Actually, he said that family roots on his father's side go back to Herzegovina and Montenegro. Being Montenegrin and being from Montenegro aren't the same. Additionaly, Pop has been to Serbia for coaching clinics in the last few years and referred to himself as Serbian in interviews.65.94.133.126 19:25, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well the link I provided has an interview where he actualy stated the oposite, and even serbian sites such as B92 had this information publicated Crnogorac2 (talk) 21:17, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

This may be a picky point, but the coach of the year award is given out early in the playoffs and has nothing to do with playoff performance. So the statement about Pop receiving this award "after leading the Spurs to another championship" is misleading I think. Also, I have read a fair bit on this guy and I have never seen it mentioned that he has an anger management problem. Where did you get this? This seems to be a bit of a serious statement and I think it should be backed up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.179.54.194 (talk • contribs).
 * I've made the contextual change per your request on the COY award; wordsmith it some more if that is still unclear. I've also removed the anger part; someone can add it back in later with a proper cite if they feel the need.  Thanks for your feedback on the article!  Kuru  talk  04:17, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

How come this page is Catagorized as Croatian-American even though his father is Serbian...shouldn't it be Serbian-American????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.240.49.219 (talk) 22:29, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
I added an infobox for Pop, but we need a free image of Gregg. I cant find any on flickr with his name in the tags, but if someone knows of one it would be a great add to the article.Bgautrea (talk) 06:00, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

I added part that he did spy training and considered the CIA as a career - that's an interesting part of his life.Jacksonthor (talk) 20:07, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Fluent in Russian?
According to Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban in an interview on Pardon The Interuption, Gregg Popovich is the one current coach in the NBA who is fully fluent in Russian. Any confirmation about?

DaDoc540 (talk) 22:00, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

I came here looking about the same thing haha 24.251.33.38 (talk) 22:47, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

refs
How many references are needed before removing the "additional sources required" template ? --RichardMills65 (talk) 07:11, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

Playoff Wins/Losses/Games
The statistics in the PG, PW and PL columns sort lexicographically instead of numerically. I have no clue if this is intentional or how to fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.4.125.53 (talk) 23:16, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Surely not intentional. The problem was the use of dashes in the column that made it think the data type was text. I made some changes to the template used on the page and it seems to work as one would expect now. The template is used on about 500 NBA coach pages, so I'm crossing my fingers that I did not break something else in the process. :)   Kuru   (talk)  01:15, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Self-contradiction
One sentence in the intro says he has the most consecutive winning seasons (playoffs and regular season) at 19, then says he's behind Phil Jackson, who has 20. Also, what's with the "(playoffs and regular season)"? Does this mean a winning playoff record? Clarityfiend (talk) 23:58, 9 August 2016 (UTC)

Comments on 2016 Election
http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/spurs/article/Gregg-Popovich-uncensored-Discusses-the-10609311.php?cmpid=twitter-desktop 76.16.93.184 (talk) 04:04, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 28 July 2021
Completely remove the sentence that mentions Stern’s decision being criticized by commentators, such as Adrian Wojnarowski. This is very one-sided and not needed. Stern’s decision was also supported by various sources as well. 2603:6081:5942:B000:C55E:741F:24FE:DF90 (talk) 11:58, 28 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Wojnarowski's opinion is allowed per WP:ATTRIBUTEPOV.  I changed it from plural "commentators", as the source only had his opinion. Seems it'd be more informative by making it neutral if you could identify sources for the supporters that you referred to, not just remove Woj's opinion.—Bagumba (talk) 12:51, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

Military Service in the infobox?
Any reason his service in the Air Force isn't included in the infobox?Bro rick (talk) 04:03, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregg Popovich


text: User talk:161.149.63.106

title: User talk:161.149.63.106


text:
Sorry! (TV series)

Sorry! is a BBC television sitcom that aired on BBC1 from 12 March 1981 to 10 October 1988. It starred Ronnie Corbett and was created and written by Ian Davidson and Peter Vincent, both of whom had previously written for Corbett on The Two Ronnies.

The theme music was composed by Gaynor Colbourn and Hugh Wisdom, arranged by Gaynor Colbourn and conducted by Ronnie Hazlehurst.

Plot
Sorry! is centred on Timothy Lumsden who, 41 years old in the first three series (his age increased to 42 and then 48 in subsequent series - Corbett was actually 50-57 during the series' run), is a librarian who still lives at home with his domineering mother Phyllis and henpecked father Sidney. Although quite shy around women, Timothy longs to find love and leave home, but Phyllis is always against the idea and constantly manipulates her son into staying at home. One of the catchphrases of the series is Sidney's "Language, Timothy!", typically said in response to something that has been misunderstood as inappropriate or offensive. Timothy usually responds "Sorry, Father", but sometimes snaps "Shut up, Father!", to which Sidney replies "fair enough".

Timothy's friend Frank and sister Muriel urge Timothy to stand up to his mother once and for all. Muriel had successfully left home and married Kevin, and so is viewed with distrust by her mother.

Cast

 * Ronnie Corbett – Timothy Lumsden
 * Barbara Lott – Phyllis Lumsden
 * William Moore – Sidney Lumsden
 * Marguerite Hardiman – Muriel
 * Derek Fuke – Kevin
 * Roy Holder – Frank Baker
 * Wendy Allnutt – Annette (series 1 ep. 1), and Jennifer (series 6)
 * Bridget Brice – Pippa (series 7)
 * Jennie Franks - Jean
 * Mavis Pugh - Mrs Barrable
 * Sheila Fearn - Freddie
 * John Leeson - Victor
 * Michael Redfern - Denny
 * Teddy Green - Denzil

Barbara Lott, who played Timothy's mother, was only ten years older than Corbett.

DVD releases
The first two series of Sorry! were released on DVD under Playback Entertainment (Region 2, UK) in 2004. The DVD was put out of print in 2006, but the first series was re-released on DVD in 2007 under 2entertain & BBC Worldwide. It includes three audio commentaries by Ronnie Corbett. The second series was re-released in March 2008. The third, fourth, fifth and sixth series were released (for the very first time) on 2 August 2010 and 21 February 20 June and 26 September 2011. The seventh (and final) series was released on 4 June 2012 along with the complete set of 7 DVDs.

In region 4, the first four series have been released.

title: Sorry! (TV series)


text:
Tony Gilroy

Anthony Joseph Gilroy (born September 11, 1956) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. He wrote the screenplays for the original Bourne trilogy (2002–2007) and wrote and directed the fourth film of the franchise, The Bourne Legacy (2012). He also wrote and directed Michael Clayton (2007) and Duplicity (2009), earning nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the former.

In 2016, Gilroy was hired by Lucasfilm to provide rewrites and uncredited reshoots for Rogue One. He later returned to the Star Wars universe as the showrunner, head writer and executive producer of Andor (2022–present), a Disney+ political spy drama series chronicling the evolution of Cassian Andor over a five-year period preceding the events of Rogue One.

Personal life
Gilroy was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Ruth Dorothy (née Gaydos), a sculptor and writer, and Frank D. Gilroy, an award-winning playwright, director, and movie producer, who received the Tony Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play The Subject Was Roses in 1965. He is the brother of screenwriter Dan Gilroy and editor John Gilroy. Through his father, he is of Italian, Irish and German descent. He has two children, Sam and Kathryn, and is married to Susan Gilroy.

Gilroy was raised in Washingtonville, New York. He graduated from Washingtonville High School in 1974 at 16 years old and attended Boston University for two years before dropping out to concentrate on his music career.

Writing
Gilroy has written many scripts for film, starting with the script for The Cutting Edge in 1992. This was followed by Dolores Claiborne in 1995 and The Devil's Advocate in 1997. He was one of five credited writers on Michael Bay's Armageddon, the highest-grossing film of 1998. Gilroy's next script was Proof of Life in 2000. In 2002, 2003 and 2007 he wrote the screenplays for The Bourne Identity, The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum, and wrote and directed the next installment of the Bourne series, The Bourne Legacy (2012).

Also in 2007, he wrote and directed the film Michael Clayton, which won an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay, and was nominated for several Academy Awards including screenplay. In 2009, Gilroy wrote and directed the romantic comedy spy film Duplicity, starring Clive Owen, Julia Roberts and Tom Wilkinson. Gilroy was set, along with The Bourne Ultimatum co-screenwriter Scott Z. Burns, to write the script for the upcoming film Army of Two, based on the video game from EA Montreal.

In September 2013, Gilroy delivered a screenwriting lecture as part of the BAFTA and BFI Screenwriters' Lecture Series.

In 2018, he received a Distinguished Screenwriter Award from the Austin Film Festival.

Directing
Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film Michael Clayton, which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide.

He also wrote and directed his next film, Duplicity, released March 20, 2009, and starring Clive Owen, Julia Roberts and Tom Wilkinson. He then took over as director of the next entry in the Bourne series as well as co-writing; the film, The Bourne Legacy, was released August 10, 2012, starring Jeremy Renner, Rachel Weisz, Edward Norton, Joan Allen, and Albert Finney.

Star Wars
In 2016, Gilroy co-wrote the script to the sci-fi war film Rogue One, directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic Star Wars. Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz.

In October 2019, Gilroy returned to the Star Wars franchise to serve as the showrunner for the Disney+ political spy drama Andor, taking over from Stephen Schiff. Gilroy wrote five of the twelve episodes in the series' first season and was also originally set to direct multiple episodes. However, Toby Haynes took over as the director of these episodes due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. After multiple delays, Andor premiered on September 21, 2022, and received widespread critical acclaim. It received a total of eight Emmy nominations, including a nomination for the best drama series and nods for writing, directing, cinematography and musical score.

Gilroy based his storytelling about the character Cassian Andor on Joseph Stalin. Of the star of the series, Diego Luna, Gilroy remarked to Rolling Stone, "If you look at a picture of Young Stalin, isn't he glamorous? He looks like Diego!"

Feature films
Uncredited writing works

title: Tony Gilroy


text:
The Bund (TV series)

The Bund is a Hong Kong period drama television series first broadcast on TVB in 1980. It is praised as "The Godfather of the East" and spawned two sequels, two remakes, and a film adaptation. The theme song, which shares the same Chinese title as the series and was performed by Frances Yip, also became a memorable Cantopop hit.

Plot
The series is set in China in the 1920s. Hui Man-keung, a Yenching University graduate who has served three years in prison for participating in the May Fourth Movement, decides to make a fresh start in Shanghai, where he meets and befriends Ting Lik, a fruit vendor. After becoming the leader of a small gang, he invites Ting to be his partner. At the same time, he builds a good relationship with Fung King-yiu, a wealthy tycoon and gang boss, after saving Fung's daughter Ching-ching from being taken hostage. Fung wants Hui to work for him but Hui declines. Ching-ching falls in love with Hui.

After Ting kills a rival in a dispute over a woman, other gangs attack Hui and Ting and destroy their small gang. Hui and Ting then join Fung's bigger gang for protection. Later, Hui discovers that Fung is collaborating with secret agents from the Japanese right-wing Black Dragon Society to destroy the Chin Woo School, a Chinese martial arts school committed to defending China from foreign aggression. He enters a dilemma on whether to side with Chin Woo School or turn against Fung. Eventually deciding to help the Chin Woo School, Hui kills a Japanese spy, Yamaguchi Kaoriko, in a gunfight. Furious upon learning of Hui's betrayal, Fung sends his men to hunt down and kill Hui. On account of their friendship, Ting secretly helps Hui escape from Shanghai.

Hui fakes his death to evade Fung's men and settles in Hong Kong, where he marries So Wong-tai, starts a new life with her family, and opens a small restaurant. Meanwhile, in Shanghai, Ching-ching is unable to accept the news of Hui's death so she visits Hong Kong when she hears rumours that Hui is still alive there. She meets Hui in Hong Kong but refuses to believe him when he tells her he is already married. Hui then brings her home to show her his family. Unknown to them, Fung's men had secretly followed them and they kill Hui's family while he was out. After learning that Fung's men had murdered his family, Hui swears vengeance on Fung and returns to Shanghai to take his revenge.

Hui becomes an adviser to Nip Yan-wong, Fung's biggest rival. Through many successful manoeuvres, Hui assists Nip in crippling Fung financially and politically. He also tells Ching-ching that they can never be together. During Hui's absence, Ting begins to court Ching-ching. After Ting is seriously injured on one occasion, Ching-ching agrees to marry him. Hui, who has already been deeply affected by the loss of his family, only feels worse after seeing that his ex-lover is about to marry his best friend. Determined to take his revenge against Fung, he seeks help from Ting, who sets Hui and Fung up for a game of Russian roulette. Hui emerges victorious and kills Fung.

Ching-ching is unable to forgive Hui for killing her father and she leaves China for France. Meanwhile, Hui and Ting cooperate and manage to form the most powerful gang in the Shanghai underworld. However, Hui is not interested in gang affairs as he is eager to find Ching-ching and patch up with her. On the night before he leaves for France, Hui is gunned down outside a restaurant by unknown assailants.

Main cast

 * Chow Yun-fat as Hui Man-keung (許文強)
 * Ray Lui as Ting Lik (丁力)
 * Angie Chiu as Fung Ching-ching (馮程程)
 * Lau Dan as Fung King-yiu (馮敬堯)
 * Kent Tong as Chan Hon-lam (陳翰林)
 * King Doi-yum as So Wong-tai (蘇旺娣)
 * Susanna Au-yeung as Yamaguchi Kaoriko (山口香子)

Theme song
The series eponymous theme song, The Bund (上海灘) was performed by Frances Yip. It was one of the early collaborations composed by Joseph Koo with the lyrics by Wong Jim. The song would also become one of the top 10 songs awarded in the 1980 RTHK Gold songs awards. Yip gained international fame after the song's release, and it has since become her signature song.

The 1996 film Shanghai Grand released some 16 years later also re-used the same song. This version was performed by Andy Lau.

DVD release
In 2015, TVBI distributed The Bund on 5 DVDs in its original state. Each of the 25 episodes are 45 minutes long. Audio is available in Cantonese or Mandarin with Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese subtitles, but none in English. However, it is only available in Hong Kong and Macao. On 6 February 2009, TVB released the original series and its two sequels on DVD format. The original series, substantially edited, was previously released on VCD in 2000.

Cultural references
Two scenes have subsequently been replicated and parodied in many films and television series in Hong Kong. The wedding of Ting Lik and Fung Ching-ching was one. The death of Hui Man-keung was another. In particular, Chow Yun-fat was propelled into the limelight and became a household name in Hong Kong. The scene where Hui is assassinated outside a restaurant is culturally considered one of the all-time greatest scenes in Hong Kong television.

Sequels, remakes and adaptations
The series was a phenomenal success throughout Asia and the episodes were subsequently re-edited into two features in 1983. Chow Yun-fat's popularity also increased due to his performance in the series.

Chow Yun-fat's character had died at the end of The Bund so he did not return for the sequel, The Bund II, except for a brief flashback cameo appearance. The identity of Hui's assailants was a central plot point of The Bund II; though the first film hinted at French assailants, the sequel established that Hui was in fact killed by Japanese assailants with the cooperation of a Chinese businessman. Ray Lui continued portraying his character in The Bund II and The Bund III.

In 1996, The Bund was remade into the Hong Kong television series Once Upon a Time in Shanghai, starring Sunny Chan, Gordon Lam and Nadia Chan as the original characters, and Adam Cheng and Carol Cheng as new characters.

The plot of the 1996 Hong Kong film Shanghai Grand, directed by Poon Man-kit and produced by Tsui Hark, is similar to that of The Bund. Leslie Cheung and Andy Lau starred as Hui Man-keung and Ting Lik respectively.

The Bund was remade again in 2007 into a mainland Chinese television series, Shanghai Bund, directed by Gao Xixi. Huang Xiaoming, Susan Sun, Li Xuejian and Huang Haibo starred as the original characters.

In 2016, The Bund was adapted into a mainland Chinese film under the title The Game Changer, directed by Gao Xixi (who also directed the 2007 remake), and starring Huang Zitao and Peter Ho.

title: The Bund (TV series)