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Chrysler Turbine Car

The Chrysler Turbine Car is an experimental two-door hardtop coupe powered by a turbine engine and was manufactured by Chrysler from 1963 to 1964. Italian design studio Carrozzeria Ghia constructed the bodywork, and Chrysler completed the final assembly in Detroit. A total of 55 cars were manufactured: five prototypes and a limited run of fifty cars for a public user program. All have a signature metallic paint named "turbine bronze", roughly the color of root beer. The car was styled by Elwood Engel and Chrysler studios. They featured power brakes, power steering, and a TorqueFlite transmission.

The Chrysler turbine engine program that produced the Turbine Car began during the late 1930s and created prototypes that completed long-distance trips in the 1950s and early 1960s. The A-831 engines that powered the Ghia-designed Turbine Car could operate on many fuels, required less maintenance, and lasted longer than conventional piston engines. However, they were much more expensive to produce.

After testing, Chrysler conducted a user program from October 1963 to January 1966 that involved 203 drivers in 133 cities in the United States cumulatively driving more than one million miles (1.6 million km). The program helped the company determine problems with the cars, notably with their complicated starting procedure, relatively unimpressive acceleration, and sub-par fuel economy and noise. The experience also revealed the advantages of the turbine engines, including their remarkable durability, smooth operation, and relatively modest maintenance requirements.

After the user program ended in 1966, Chrysler reclaimed the cars and destroyed all but nine; Chrysler kept two cars, six are displayed at museums in the United States, and one is in comedian Jay Leno's private collection. Chrysler's turbine engine program ended in 1979, mainly due to the failure of the engines to meet government emissions regulations, relatively poor fuel economy, and as a condition of receiving a government loan in 1979.

Background
Chrysler began researching turbine engines for aviation applications during the late 1930s, led primarily by executive engineer George Huebner. After World War II, Huebner was part of a group of engineers who began exploring the idea of powering a car with a turbine. Other members of the secretive Chrysler research team that worked on automotive turbines included fellow engineers Bud Mann and Sam B. Williams. The concept intrigued them, mainly because turbine engines have fewer moving parts than their piston-powered counterparts and can run on a variety of fuels. According to historian Charles K. Hyde, by the mid-1950s Chrysler "led the way in terms of gas turbine research" (although General Motors and Rover also built operational turbine cars after World War II).

After improving their turbine design, most notably by engineering a regenerator to resolve an issue with heat exchange, the Chrysler team's efforts reached early maturity when they mated a turbine to an otherwise-stock 1954 Plymouth Belvedere. Heating, cooling, and emissions were among the principal engineering challenges in designing a car around a turbine engine. Chrysler tested the Belvedere, claiming that its turbine engine contained 20% fewer parts and weighed 200 lbs less than comparable, conventional piston engines. On June 16, 1954, the company publicly unveiled the turbine-powered Belvedere at its Chelsea Proving Grounds in Chelsea, Michigan, in front of over 500 reporters.

Chrysler unveiled its next turbine car, a 1956 Plymouth, on March 23, 1956; Huebner drove it 3,020 mi on a four-day trip from New York City to Los Angeles. Although the car was shadowed by a 14-person convoy of mechanics with fuel and spare parts, it only required two minor repairs on the trip (neither of which were engine-related). The coast-to-coast journey's success led Chrysler to double the size of its turbine program and move it from the Highland Park Chrysler Plant to a larger facility on Greenfield Road in Detroit.

The program began generating several patent applications in 1957, due mainly to the contributions of metallurgist Amedee Roy and engineer Giovanni Savonuzzi. The next iteration of the Chrysler turbine engine (the second-generation engine) was placed into a 1959 Plymouth, which averaged 19.4 mpgus on a trip from Detroit to Woodbridge, New Jersey. This mileage was substantially higher than the 13 mpgus achieved with the first-generation turbine on the 1956 New York-to-Los Angeles journey.

After Chrysler named former accountant Lynn Townsend its new president in 1961, the company unveiled its next, third-generation turbine engine on February 28; the CR2A was the first Chrysler turbine engine to be officially named. Unlike its more experimental predecessors, the CR2A was designed with an eye on costs and production methods. While the engine was under development in May 1960, Huebner said that it would serve as its own torque converter, generate 140 hp, have an acceleration lag of 1.5 seconds (compared with nine seconds for its predecessor), and weighed 150-450 lbs less than a comparably sized piston engine.

Third-generation turbines were mated to a variety of vehicles, including a 2.5-ton 1960 Dodge truck and the Chrysler Turboflite concept car. Refined CR2A turbines were installed into a 1962 Dodge Dart and Plymouth Fury; the Dart was driven from New York City to Los Angeles in December 1961, and the Fury completed a journey from Los Angeles to San Francisco in January 1962. After Huebner arrived in Los Angeles with the Dart, he spent two hours giving journalists rides in the turbine-powered car.

Chrysler had barnstormed its fleet of turbine cars to dealers across North America, Europe, and Mexico by February 1962, visiting 90 cities, giving rides to almost 14,000 people, and being seen by millions more. The third-generation turbine program ended at the 1962 Chicago Auto Show that month, where the company displayed its turbine-powered fleet. Shortly before the show, Chrysler announced an upcoming fourth-generation turbine engine it planned to install in a limited run of 50–75 cars which would be loaned to the public at no cost in late 1963, a decision primarily due to enthusiastic public response to the barnstorming tour.

Engine

The Chrysler Turbine Car is powered by the A-831, Chrysler's fourth-generation turbine engine. The most notable difference from its predecessor, the CR2A, was its use of twin regenerators (one mounted on either side of the gasifier) instead of a single top cover-mounted heat exchanger. This design helped the A-831 trim 40 lbs from the CR2A's weight, reducing it to a relatively light 410 lbs. Due to their construction, the engines did not require antifreeze, a cooling system, a radiator, connecting rods, or crankshafts.

The A-831 could operate on diesel fuel, unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and JP-4 jet fuel; leaded gasoline damaged it. According to Chrysler, it could burn a variety of unusual fuels ranging from furnace oil and perfume to peanut and soybean oils. Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos ran one of the cars on tequila after Chrysler engineers confirmed that it would do so.

The engine produced 130 bhp at 36,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) and idled between 18,000 and 22,000 rpm. At stall, the engine was capable of delivering 425 lbft of torque. At idle, its exhaust did not exceed 180 °F. When driven at 120 mph, the turbine ran at its maximum of 60,000 rpm. The A-831's compressor had a pressure ratio of 4:1 and an efficiency of 80%; its combustor operated at 95% efficiency.

Compared to conventional piston engines, turbine engines generally require less maintenance, last longer, and start more easily in cold conditions; the A-831 started properly at temperatures as low as -20 °F. The first car to receive an A-831 was a Plymouth Fury. In this Ghia-built turbine car, the engine had a 0-to-60 mph time of about 12 seconds. Due to the exotic materials and strict tolerances needed to build the engines and the investment casting method with which they were made, the A-831s were very expensive to produce; Chrysler never disclosed their actual cost.

Design
The Turbine Car was styled in the Chrysler studios under the direction of Elwood Engel, who had worked for the Ford Motor Company before moving to Chrysler. Due to its resemblance to the Engel-designed Ford Thunderbird, the car is occasionally called the "Englebird". According to Huebner, the design was intended to compete with the Chevrolet Corvette in addition to the Thunderbird.

The car's bodies were handmade by Italian design studio Ghia, which had built several concept cars for Chrysler (including the Imperial limousines and the Norseman). The mostly completed Turbine Car bodies, which were assembled, painted, trimmed, and upholstered by Ghia in Italy, were shipped to Chrysler's Greenfield Road turbine facility in Detroit for final assembly; this consisted of installing the turbine engines, TorqueFlite transmissions, electrical wiring, and components such as radios and heaters. Building an individual car may have cost as much as $55,000 ; Virgil Exner, Jr., estimates that the bodies themselves cost about $20,000. However, Chrysler never revealed the cost of each turbine engine.

The first five cars were completed in early 1962 as prototypes used for troubleshooting; each was slightly different from the others, varying in exterior color, interior upholstery, and roof material. Early problems discovered from the prototypes included sluggish acceleration (attributed in part to the relatively heavy hand-built bodies) and vibration, ultimately determined to be caused by the tire treads and noticeable due to the unusual smoothness of the turbine engine.

A total of 50 identical Turbine Cars were built between October 1963 and October 1964. They were all two-door hardtop coupes, with air-over-oil power brakes and power steering. The cars had independent front suspension with a coil spring at each front wheel, eschewing Chrysler's contemporary-standard independent front longitudinal torsion bar system (although their rear suspension utilized off-the-shelf leaf springs). All four wheels were equipped with power-assisted drum brakes.

The car body is finished in a metallic, root beer-colored paint known as "turbine bronze". Its headlights, deeply-recessed taillights, turn signals, and pod-shaped backup lights are mounted in chrome bezels. The turbine-inspired style carries through to the center console design of the interior, which has bronze-colored leather upholstery, deep-pile bronze carpet, and brushed aluminum accents. The cars have black vinyl covered hardtop roofs, leather-upholstered bucket seats for front and rear passengers, and whitewall tires.

The Turbine Car's dashboard is dominated by three large gauges: a speedometer, a tachometer, and pyrometer, the latter monitoring the temperature of the turbine inlet (the engine's hottest component). Its appearance is mostly stock, although the tachometer and pyrometer display abnormally high readings compared to piston-engine cars: 46,000 rpm and 1,700 °F, respectively. All 55 turbine cars had identical ignition keys.

User program

Two of the cars gave rides to visitors at the 1964 New York World's Fair, and another went on a worldwide tour; 50 were lent to the general public as part of a user program. The cars were given to drivers for three months at no charge, aside from fuel costs; participants also gave Chrysler in-depth interviews within two weeks of returning their cars. During the user program, which ran from October 1963 to January 1966, the cars' operational downtime was reduced from four percent early on to one percent by its conclusion.

The user program helped identify a variety of problems with the cars, including starter malfunction at high altitudes, difficulty in mastering the unusual eight-step starting procedure (which, for some users, resulted in engine damage), and the cars' relatively unimpressive acceleration. Nonetheless, the turbine engines were remarkably durable in comparison to contemporary piston engines. The most-cited advantages of the turbine engine, according to the participants' interviews, were its smooth and vibration-free operation, reduced maintenance requirements, and ease of starting in different conditions; the most-common complaints concerned its slow acceleration, sub-par fuel economy, and relatively high noise level. Investigating the latter complaint, Chrysler found that the distinctive sound of the car's turbine (reminiscent of a jet engine) was positively received by about 60% of those involved in the user program and disliked by about 20% of their fellow users.

The cars had conspicuous warning labels cautioning drivers to avoid using leaded gasoline; although the turbine engine could run using leaded fuel, it left debilitating deposits in the engine. This left Chrysler recommending against the very fuel that was most common and easily obtained at the time of the program. Fuels commonly used by those participating in the user program included diesel and home heating oil.

More than 1 million miles (1.6 million km) were accumulated in testing by the 50 cars given to the public, which were driven by 203 users before the program ended in January 1966. The users lived in 133 cities in the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C.; 180 were male and 23 were female, their ages ranged from 21 to 70, and 60% were Chrysler owners.

Legacy

In April 1966, Product Planning and Development Vice President, Harry E. Chesebrough, noted that the 50 test cars would be taken off the road regardless of whether the Chrysler Turbine Car went into production. Chrysler destroyed 46 of the cars after it finished the user program and other public displays. Forty-five of the cars were burned and crushed at a scrapyard south of Detroit, and the other was destroyed at Chrysler's Chelsea Proving Grounds. A widely circulated explanation was that the cars were destroyed to avoid a substantial tariff on the imported Ghia bodies, although author Steve Lehto claims that this idea has been "largely discredited". The destruction of the cars was in line with the automobile industry's practice of not selling non-production or prototype cars to the public. According to Lehto, the decision was influenced by Chrysler's public relations concerns: the potential difficulty of keeping the cars running and fears that owners would replace the turbine powerplants with piston engines. A Chrysler executive was quoted in Look: "Our main objective is research, and we did not want turbines turning up on used-car lots." A similar practice was later used by General Motors with its EV1 when it terminated the program and destroyed most of the cars in 2003.

Chrysler's development of turbine engines continued from the late 1960s into the 1970s, resulting in the creation of fifth- and sixth-generation engines. The turbines ultimately failed to meet government emissions regulations and had relatively poor fuel economy, despite promising early results and a $6.4 million contract from the Environmental Protection Agency. According to Charles K. Hyde, the company's effort to enlarge and diversify its turbine program was unsuccessful and spread its "already-thin executive talent pool even thinner". An October 1967 Department of Commerce report concluded that the turbine engine was "unsuited to automobiles". Development continued on automotive turbines, in part because turbine exhaust contains fewer unburned hydrocarbons and lower concentrations of other pollutants. In March 1971, the Williams Research Corporation continued developing a turbine engine with funding from the National Air Pollution Control Administration. Chrysler's turbine engine development continued through the mid-1970s, with later compact versions of the engines installed in the Dodge Aspen. However, the program and the seventh-generation engine were discontinued in 1979 as a requirement of the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979, as well as due to its inability to attain fuel economy goals. One Chrysler Turbine Car appeared in the 1964 film The Lively Set, painted white with blue racing stripes; it was the only Turbine Car not painted bronze.

Nine Chrysler Turbine Cars have survived. Three were initially retained by Chrysler, two of which it still owns; six are on display at museums around the United States; and one is owned by a private collector. Chrysler has displayed one of its cars at the now closed Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Five of the six cars currently on museum display were donated to the Detroit Historical Museum; the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan; the National Museum of Transportation in Kirkwood, Missouri; the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles; and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. In 2005, the Detroit Historical Museum lent its car, which had been in warehouse storage, to the Gilmore Car Museum in Hickory Corners, Michigan. All the cars donated to museums had their fan assemblies removed to render their engines inoperable, although the car owned by the National Museum of Transportation was restored and returned to operating condition in the 1980s, allowing it to appear at car shows.

The sixth Chrysler Turbine Car on museum display has been owned by Stahls Automotive Collection in Chesterfield, Michigan, since being acquired at auction in March 2021. This car was originally donated to the former Harrah Collection in Reno, Nevada, later purchased by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, and then sold to Frank Kleptz of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The only other Turbine Car ever to be privately owned is currently in the collection of comedian and television host Jay Leno, who purchased one of the three cars originally retained by Chrysler in 2009. Leno's car was featured in the BBC television show James May's Cars of the People. Both his car and the car now owned by Stahls Automotive Collection are operational.

Locations of surviving cars

 * #991211: National Museum of Transportation, Kirkwood, Missouri
 * #991225: Detroit Historical Museum, Detroit, Michigan
 * #991230: Walter P. Chrysler Museum, Auburn Hills, Michigan
 * #991231: Stahls Automotive Collection in Chesterfield, Michigan (formerly in Frank Kleptz's private collection in Indiana )
 * #991234: Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan
 * #991242: Jay Leno's private collection in California (formerly at the Walter P. Chrysler Museum, Auburn Hills, Michigan )
 * #991244: Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles, California
 * #991245: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
 * #991247: Walter P. Chrysler Museum, Auburn Hills, Michigan

Other gas-turbine concept cars

 * EcoJet concept car
 * Fiat Turbina
 * General Motors Firebird
 * Jaguar C-X75
 * Renault Étoile Filante
 * Rover JET1
 * Rover-BRM
 * Toyota GTV

title: Chrysler Turbine Car


text: Template:Michigan-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Michigan-stub


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Laurent Chappis

Laurent Chappis (8 May 1915 – 28 December 2013) was a French architect and town planner. He was born in Aix-les-Bains, France in May 1915. He created the French ski resort of Courchevel located in the Trois Vallées and in doing so practically wrote the rule book on how to design a ski resort. Chappis was a keen ski tourer exploring the mountains around Grenoble in the 1930s before joining the army and serving in the early stages of World War II. A decorated war hero he was captured in an attack on a German position in the final days before the French surrender and served five years in a PoW camp in Austria.

He completed his doctorate in captivity, the subject was the development of a ski resort in the Trois Vallées area. His ideas were often controversial, especially with developers more concerned with profits than aesthetics. This led him to be nicknamed the Anarchitecte. In the 1960s he was appointed as a United Nations expert on mountain development. A nomination that came not from his native France but from Italy. Chappis is also credited along with the architect Denis Pradelle with creating a modern, functional style of mountain architecture which rejected both traditional Savoie styles and the Tyrolean chalet style of architecture.

Works
Laurent Chappis worked on studies in many countries including France, Italy, Argentina, Morocco, Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, his most notable works are:
 * Courchevel
 * Chamrousse - Le village d'enfants de Bachaboulou
 * San Sicario - Clos de la Chapelle
 * Pila Gressan - Residence Gorraz

title: Laurent Chappis


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Ř

The grapheme Ř, ř (R with caron, example of Czech pronunciation: ) is a letter used in the alphabets of the Czech and Upper Sorbian languages. It was also used in proposed orthographies for the Silesian language. It has been used in academic transcriptions for rhotic sounds.

The Unicode glyphs are and. Either can also be represented using the combining character.

Czech
Ř is the 28th letter of the Czech alphabet. In the Czech language ř is used to denote, a raised alveolar non-sonorant trill. Its manner of articulation is similar to other alveolar trills but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is usually voiced,, but it also has a voiceless allophone occurring in the vicinity of voiceless consonants or at the end of a word. Of the official national languages, only Czech has it.

In the oldest medieval texts, the sound of ř was simply spelled as r, then it was written using a variety of letter combinations, such as rs, rſ, rſſ, rz, and rzſ (compare oltars to modern oltář). According to Jan Gebauer (1894), the earliest known distinct appearance is in the place names Lukohořany and Orſechow in a charter or deed from 1237. In the early 15th century work De orthographia bohemica, attributed to Jan Hus, the letter ṙ is introduced. The dot diacritic above the letter gradually had various forms, which eventually became the modern ř.

Upper Sorbian
Ř is a letter in the Upper Sorbian alphabet. In the Upper Sorbian language it denotes the voiceless postalveolar fricative. The letter only occurs after p, t, and k; it originates from older r that had been devoiced by those sounds by the early 9th century, and became a sibilant in the following centuries. The letter does not appear in the orthography of Lower Sorbian.

Silesian
The letter is present in a proposed alphabet for Silesian, the Silesian Phonetic Alphabet, created in 2006. The alphabet was created with the goal of limiting the use of digraphs as much as possible, by replacing them with single characters. Ř had also been proposed in an orthography presented in 2001 by Piotr Kalinowski and Józef Kulisz, being used instead of the Polish digraph ⟨rz⟩ ; this was done with the intention of emphasizing the separateness of Silesian from Polish. The writing system was only used in a few short internet entries of both codifiers. The letter was also used in a project by the linguist Jolanta Tambor, presented in 2008, which was meant to reflect the phonetic diversity of the entire Silesian-speaking region by assigning letters to sounds heard only in some areas; ř represented the fricative trill of Cieszyn Silesian, like in Czech. The system did not attract much interest and is known only from the text of her paper.

Romani
It is used by academics and activists to represent the Romani language's second rhotic retained in some dialects (which is also commonly spelled as ⟨rr⟩), variously pronounced as a long trill, a uvular trill , or a retroflex tap or approximant.

Kurdish
In some Latin-based scripts of Kurdish, it represents the voiced alveolar trill, as opposed to the alveolar tap represented by ⟨r⟩.

Americanist notation
In Americanist phonetic notation, ř has been used to represent a flap. This usage might come from William A. Smalley in Manual of Articulatory Phonetics (1963).

Berber
The letter is used in scholarly transcriptions of Riffian Berber. It represents a sound that comes from historical *l; in most Riffian dialects it is distinguished from r by its lack of influence on nearby vowels, however in some dialects this contrast is strengthened either by ř being trilled and r being a tap, or by ř being palatalized and r not being palatalized. Ř is a rhotic approximant or fricative in some dialects.

Hausa
In Paul Newman's transcription of Hausa (seen in A History of the Hausa Language), it is used to represent the trill, as opposed to the flap represented by r. The contrast between the two is marginal in the modern language, but the distinction is important for tracing the phonological history of Hausa.

IPA
Lowercase ř is an obsolete symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet, used as of 1912 and 1926. It represented the apicoalveolar fricative trill (as in Czech). The symbol was replaced by ɼ, a long-legged r, which was rarely used for a few decades before being retired in 1989. The sound is now represented by.

Umbrian
In transliterations of the native alphabet of the extinct Umbrian language, ř is used to designate a sound of unknown quality, generally deriving from earlier intervocalic *d (and also from intervocalic *l that preceded a front vowel). The same sound was represented in the Latin alphabet by the sequence ⟨rs⟩.

title: Ř


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Whipping Boy (Irish band)

Whipping Boy were an Irish alternative rock band who were active from the late 1980s until the late 1990s, who released 3 full-length albums.

History
Whipping Boy formed in Dublin in 1988, the band comprising Fearghal McKee (vocals), Paul Page (guitar), Myles McDonnell (bass, vocals), and Colm Hassett (drums). They initially performed cover versions of songs by The Velvet Underground and The Fall, and went by the name Lolita and the Whipping Boy, shortening their name when their female guitarist left. After a couple of EPs on the Cheree label, they released their low-key debut album, Submarine in 1992 on Liquid Records. Their live performances raised their profile, with McKee known to cut himself with broken glass on stage. The album was critically acclaimed though commercially unsuccessful, and led to a deal with Columbia Records, who issued the band's second album, Heartworm, in 1995, along with three minor hit singles. Heartworm received much critical acclaim, with Allmusic calling it "an earth-shatteringly powerful experience". The group split up in 1998 after being dropped by Columbia, leaving a third album unreleased. The self-titled album was eventually released in 2000 on their own Low Rent label.

The band reformed in September 2005, announcing several Irish dates. The original line-up disbanded finally in 2006. McKee and Hassett reformed the band in 2011 without the permission of Page and McDonnell. Their respective roles were assumed by Killian McGowan and Finn O'Connor. This line-up released a single called "No One Takes Prisoners Anymore" before disbanding once more in 2012.

Singles

 * Sweet Mangled Thing EP (1989) (self-issued cassette-EP)
 * Whipping Boy EP (1990) Cheree
 * I Think I Miss You EP (1991) Cheree
 * "Favourite Sister" (1992) Liquid
 * "Twinkle" (1995) Columbia
 * "We Don't Need Nobody Else" (1995) Columbia (UK No. 51, IRE No. 24)
 * "When We Were Young" (1996) Columbia (UK No. 46, IRE No. 28)
 * "Twinkle" (1996) Columbia (UK No. 55)
 * "No One Takes Prisoners Anymore / Earth's Last Picture" (2012) Rocket Girl

title: Whipping Boy (Irish band)


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Frank Morales

Frank Morales is an Episcopal priest and activist in New York City.

Morales was born in 1949 and grew up in the Jacob Riis Houses on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His father was Puerto Rican and his mother was Peruvian. He first became involved in politics after the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. as a member of the Assassination Information Committee.

Morales graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1976, and became an assistant pastor in 1978. In the Bronx he worked with squatters. In one interview he recalled, “I used to walk out of services with a crowbar and we’d open up abandoned buildings…” He now volunteers at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.

In 2003, he founded the Campaign to Demilitarize the Police in NYC. He continues to campaign on housing issues.

He was married to journalist Nancy Jo Sales from 2004 to 2006.

title: Frank Morales


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Ŕ

Ŕ (minuscule: ŕ) is a letter of the Lower Sorbian and Slovak alphabets, Ukrainian Latin alphabet and Proto-Turkic orthography. It is formed from R with the addition of an acute. Their Unicode codepoints are and. The PostScript names are Racute and racute.

Slovak
In Slovak $⟨ŕ⟩$ is used to represent, the geminate syllabic alveolar trill.

Lower Sorbian
It is used in Lower Sorbian to represent, the palatalised alveolar trill.

Basque
In Sabino Arana's orthography of the Basque language, $⟨ŕ⟩$ was used for the contrasting with $⟨r⟩$ which was used for. However, in the standard Basque alphabet, is represented with $⟨r⟩$ in syllable-final positions and $⟨rr⟩$ between vowels.

title: Ŕ


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Hillhead High School

Hillhead High School is a day school in Glasgow, Scotland, on Oakfield Avenue, neighbouring the University of Glasgow.

Admissions
It is one of the largest schools in Glasgow.

Grammar school
Until 1972 it was a co-educational selective school. It then became a comprehensive school.

Comprehensive
In 1972 the local authority in Glasgow abolished the selectivity process and the school gradually became a comprehensive school serving its geographical catchment area of Glasgow's West End, and serving many pupils from wider afield who had attended the primary school.

Former teachers

 * Colin Campbell, SNP MSP from 1999 to 2003 for West of Scotland (taught from 1961 to 1963)

School facilities
The school has two buildings, the Main Building and the Terrace Building. It also uses the nearby Wellington Church for mass assemblies at October, Christmas, Easter and Summer.

The X-shaped listed Main Building, acquired in the 1930s, is the larger of the two buildings, and is where most pupils begin their studies. Most of the school's classrooms and offices are situated on its four floors. Also in the Main Building is the library, where a career and exam advisor makes biweekly appearances. The main building was designed by E G Wylie in 1921, and construction finished in 1929. It is now protected as a category B listed building.

Originally owned by the University of Glasgow, the Terrace Building was acquired by Hillhead in c.2001. This building is used primarily for applied studies.

Notable former pupils

 * Don Arrol, Glaswegian comedian and presenter of Sunday Night at the London Palladium in the early sixties
 * Stanley Baxter, Glaswegian actor
 * Menzies Campbell, former leader of the Liberal Democrats
 * Kari Corbett, actress
 * Prof Gordon Younger Craig, FRSE, geologist, James Hutton Professor of Geology 1967–84 University of Edinburgh, founder trustee of Our Dynamic Earth
 * Prof Jack D. Dunitz, Professor of Chemical Crystallography from 1957 to 1990 at ETH Zurich, and known for the Bürgi–Dunitz angle
 * Ian Dunn (d. 1998), gay and paedophile rights activist, founder of the Scottish Minorities Group
 * Sir Alastair Dunnett, journalist and newspaper editor, Editor from 1956 to 1972 of The Scotsman, and from 1946 to 1955 of the Daily Record
 * Islam Feruz, first footballer to play for Scotland under the school qualification rule
 * Alexander Fleck, 1st Baron Fleck, chairman from 1953 to 1960 of ICI
 * Laura Fraser, actress
 * Janice Hally, playwright and scriptwriter
 * Gilbert Highet, Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature from 1950 to 1972 at Columbia University, New York
 * Prof E. A. J. Honigmann, Joseph Cowen Professor of English Literature from 1970 to 1989 at Newcastle University
 * Gordon Jackson OBE, actor, noted for The Great Escape and The Professionals
 * Prof Janusz Jankowski, doctor and academic
 * Vera Kenmure, (1904-1973) Scottish minister
 * George Leslie, politician
 * Ian MacGregor, metallurgist and industrialist, antagonist in the UK miners' strike (1984-1985), chairman from 1983 to 1986 of the National Coal Board, and Chief Executive from 1980 to 1983 of the British Steel Corporation
 * Harry McGowan, 1st Baron McGowan, chairman from 1930 to 1950 of ICI
 * Alexander Mackendrick, film director
 * Alistair MacLean, author
 * Saul Metzstein, film director
 * Edward Rosslyn Mitchell, Labour MP from 1924 to 1929 for Paisley
 * Shuna Scott Sendall, opera singer
 * Walter Owen, translator of S.American poetry (Argentine gaucho epic Martin Fierro, etc.)
 * Sir Horace Phillips CMG, Ambassador to Turkey from 1973 to 1977, High Commissioner to Tanzania from 1968 to 1972, and Ambassador to Indonesia from 1966 to 1968
 * Sir John Rennie CMG OBE, Governor of Mauritius (the last before its independence) from 1962 to 1968
 * Anne Strachan Robertson, archaeologist and numismatist
 * Ian Rodger, co-founder of Scottish Opera
 * Prof Archie Roy,
 * Robert Service, poet
 * May Miles Thomas, film director
 * Alexander Trocchi, novelist who wrote Young Adam
 * Jean Turner, former Independent MSP from 2003 to 2007 for Strathkelvin and Bearsden
 * Jonathan Watson, comedian. (Only an Excuse?)
 * James Alfred Wight OBE, writer and veterinary surgeon from 1939 to 1990 (pen name: James Herriot)
 * Sir Charles Wilson, first Vice-Chancellor from 1957 to 1961 of the University of Leicester, then Principal of the University of Glasgow from 1961 to 1976
 * John Young, Conservative MSP from 1999 to 2003 for West of Scotland.

title: Hillhead High School


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Coherence (statistics)

In probability theory and statistics, coherence can have several different meanings. Coherence in statistics is an indication of the quality of the information, either within a single data set, or between similar but not identical data sets. Fully coherent data are logically consistent and can be reliably combined for analysis.

In probability
When dealing with personal probability assessments, or supposed probabilities derived in nonstandard ways, it is a property of self-consistency across a whole set of such assessments.

In gambling strategy
One way of expressing such self-consistency is in terms of responses to various betting propositions, as described in relation to coherence (philosophical gambling strategy).

In Bayesian decision theory
The coherency principle in Bayesian decision theory is the assumption that subjective probabilities follow the ordinary rules/axioms of probability calculations (where the validity of these rules corresponds to the self-consistency just referred to) and thus that consistent decisions can be obtained from these probabilities.

In time series analysis
In time series analysis, and particularly in spectral analysis, it is used to describe the strength of association between two series where the possible dependence between the two series is not limited to simultaneous values but may include leading, lagged and smoothed relationships.

The concepts here are sometimes known as coherency and are essentially those set out for coherence as for signal processing. However, note that the quantity coefficient of coherence may sometimes be called the squared coherence.

title: Coherence (statistics)


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Talk:Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission

There is a quotation from AsianTribune in the Criticisms portion of the article. I am going to remove this because that source seems to be pretty biased and untrustworthy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.235.206.44 (talk) 04:54, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

After reading about the article about Srilanka Monitoring Mission, I found that this side is not reliable as lots of things done by the Srilankan government were hidden and the editor tried to show to the world that LTTE is bad. As a Srilankan I am aware of what is happening there. This site seems to bias to Srilanka or there should be some influence of Shinhala extremist behind this.

Ulf, Just wondering, what was the reason for removing "alleged" norwegian training of the LTTE?

 * There are at least three reasons:

 * 1. The article is about the SLMM, not about Norway.
 * 2. There is no proof that such training has been given by Norwegians to the LTTE.
 * 3. And if there is proof - it is for sure mercenaries. You can see a lot of "soldiers of fortune" around the world, some also Norwegians. That does not mean the various governments side with what they do, mostly always they do not. As for Norwegians training armed groups without the consent of the Norwegian government, they would be breaking Norwegian, and most probably also international law.

 * In general I think you are expanding the article a bit too much, as the article is about the SLMM, not Norway as a peace facilitator. Some of the content you have added also seems to be biased towards the view that JVP/JHU has - and that is not the view of the government of Sri Lanka or all sinhalese for that sake.

 * Last but not least; Norway and the Nordic countries has the support of the government of Sri Lanka, the co-chairs (USA, EU and Japan), and India is also supportive. GOSL, India and the co-chairs are continually briefed about the situation, and if any of them expressed their wish for Norway and the Nordic staffed SLMM to leave, they would surely do so as fast as being asked for.

 * This has not happened, as the parties GOSL/LTTE and the co-chairs + India seems to realize that there is no alternative. Ulflarsen 15:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * After responding to your question I saw that the edits I made was changed, with "rv vandalism". I reported this to the | administrators noticeboard as I believe you have a bias and want to forward your own personal view, and so are being POV. Ulflarsen 16:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Ulf,

Thanks for the reply. You mentioned there are no proof regading Norway providing training to LTTE. However, there were speculations, and there was a news item I quoted with the URL from an international newspaper. Do you mean to say if a report says something in the tone "it is alleged....", that shouldn't be in Wikipedia?

You said this article is about Norway. But, I already mentioned strong connection of Norway with SLMM. Any dispute regarding the SLMM is directed to the Norway govenment by SL Goverment.Thus any accusation of Norway has a very high impact on the SLMM.

If you call me "bias" since I added material that questions the impartiality of SLMM/Norway from the public news sources, shouldn't the "bias call" apply to you as well since you added material that "stengthens" the part played by Norway/SLMM?

 * I did not say the article was about Norway, I wrote it was about the SLMM. That is one of the several reasons that the alledged training of LTTE cadres by Norwegians should not be there. Read what I write, and there are at least two other reasons as well. Ulflarsen 04:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi Ulf, sorry for the typo error, you said the article was about SLMM. The article says the strong connection between Norway and SLMM, thus any accusation of Norway has a very high impact on the SLMM.

Thus, as reported by international news sources, I suggest "ex-Norwegians allegedly trained the LTTE" should be there. I don't think you should remove it because you don't agree with it.

Further, If you call me "bias" since I added material that questions the mpartiality of SLMM/Norway from the public news sources, shouldn't the "bias call" apply to you as well since you added material that "stengthens" the part played by Norway/SLMM?

 * Regarding the report that Norwegians trained the LTTE, please read what I have written. It is not proved by anyone. And IF it is proved, it does not, I repeat NOT have any direct connection with Norway and official Norwegian policy. As an example, if I as an ex-military Norwegian commit a murder no one would argue that I did that on behalf of the Norwegian state. So - again, there is no proof for the rumor that Norwegians trained LTTE, and even if there was it has nothing to do with Norway and Norwegian policy in Sri Lanka.

 * Regarding bias; you added a lot of information that aims to portray the SLMM as higly unpopular in all quarters in Sri Lanka, some of it also clearly not true, or not proved, other info out of context. It was not true that the naval monitor called the LTTE, and it is not proved that Norwegians have given LTTE training. On top of that you labeled my changes "vandalism", without any discussion about it. The fact that it quickly was reverted back by an admin says what needs to be said.

 * Frankly, I think you have misunderstood this website, as it is not about internal quarrels in Sri Lanka - it is about building an encyclopedia, after the |NPOV guidelines. It means that we should try to write articles that are balanced and presents all majority and minority views fairly:

 * "Articles should be written without bias, representing all majority- and significant-minority views fairly. This is the neutral point of view".

 * To write something that is not true, or not proved, is not very fair, and rather biased I would say. Reading what you have added (and I have by no means removed all that I disagree with) I ask myself: "how on earth can they keep the SLMM, why dont they kick them out, if they are so bad?"

 * The very simple answer is: They are not. Some of the noise about the SLMM comes from internal sinhalese quarrels, some come from lack of respect for the CFA (Cease Fire Agreement) from the LTTE, but both parties want the SLMM to stay - and that is why it is there.

 * The SLMM is disputed, it has done mistakes, and both should be reflected in the article, but the major problem is not with the SLMM, it is only a monitoring organisation; tasked with recording violations, reporting them, and low-level mediation in the districts. That is the SLMM, a Nordic organisation - the rest is up to the parties: GOSL (Government of Sri Lanka) and LTTE. Ulflarsen 19:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi Ulf,
 * About your claim that it was not proved ex-norwegian forces trained the LTTE. You said, "To write something that is not true, or not proved, is not very fair, and rather biased I would say"

This is contrary to the wikipedia examples. Michael Jackson was not "proved" to have abused a child, but the allegations can be mentioned in wikipedia. Please refer to the NPOV tutorial link below.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_tutorial#Accusations

It also shows how to neutralise an accusation that you believe to be false. Simply "removing" it is NOT wikipedian. I suggest you read the above section, and add the link again (that you deleted) and neutralise if it you think it would be appropriate.

I doubt you ever understood the reason for this item be in the SLMM article. I guess since you are Norwegian and this news item has a negative connation of Norway, you were rather partial in understanding the good spirit of the purpose it was added to the SLMM article, and quicly removed it even without even discussing it in the "talk" pages.

It wasn't meant to incrimate Norway. Whether Norway had actually played role in it or not is important in this context. The accusation was reported in the Media and it has contributed to the view that SLMM/Norway was NOT impartial. That was why the orignal news item was added (that you removed), and that is why it should be in article.

 * You said, ""how on earth can they keep the SLMM, why dont they kick them out, if they are so bad?" The very simple answer is: They are not.

This clearly shows you have a POV and a bias. Whether SLMM is "good" or "bad" is not for us to decide. You believe SLMM is good and that is your POV. The matrial you've added strengthens your POV. You did not add material for "bad" or "perceived bad" side of the SLMM. I would like to remind, "Articles should be written .…presenting all majority- and significant-minority views fairly."

If you don't believe that you have a bias and POV, think of the current US intervention in Iraq. From a Pro-US POV, one could say "US intervention is Good, it has international support", which is exactly what you say above regading SLMM. A non-bias & NPOV view should be citing both pro-USA and anti-US views held and "perceived reasons" for such views.

Now don't claim I did not add any good points about SLMM -- that view was already there before I start contributing. I added different views of the SLMM (that was not presented in the article) in the existance and cited the sources.

Minor(?) edits
I changed two sentences in the article, because I felt that they are too direct:

 * "University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna), Sri Lanka, accuses Norway's 'appeasing the LTTE' strategy responsible for the assassination of Foreign Minister" : to "strategy as being responsible", because "strategy responsible" sounds like "strategy that is responsible" and indirectly suggests that the accusation is actually a fact.
 * infighting among the Sinhalese was removed because there was no information in the article to say that the accusations are done only by Sinhalese. For instance, it's not clear how UTHR's claims are a result of "political infighting among Sinhalese". Ulf, could you please comment? Greenleaf 05:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding the UTHR I did not add that comment, but the pattern of Norway being accused of what goes wrong in Sri Lanka is clear. How Norway should be responsible for 100 policemen not being able to protect the FM from having someone with a gun coming close to him is not clear to me.
 * There was no mention in the article that Norwey should have given personal protection to LK. The mention was that Norway's (let's agree that this should have been SLMM's, if necessary) lenient policy towards the LTTE is responsible for killings, in the sense of lack of punishment. (This indeed is a political claim, and I do not want to argue on that; my point here is only that UTHR blame on Norway was not about bodyguarding LK, hence your argument does not apply - not whether the claim was reasonable or not.) Greenleaf

 * If you remove the "infighting among the Sinhalese" you miss the central point in this conflict:

 * in my extra humble opinion, this is not the page to discuss that, because this page is about SLMM. There is a seperate page Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. But, let's forget that for a moment, and, Greenleaf

 * "Leading politicians in Sri Lanka today acknowledge that the Tamils have been wronged, and that the malpractice of successive governments is reponsible for the ethnic conflict. President Kumaratunga has repeatedly noted that Sri Lanka "has failed in the essential task of nation building" because successive governments "failed to address the issue of building a truly pluralist nation-state. She added: "It is Sinhalese racism that has become the greatest strength of the Tamil racism {practiced by the LTTE leader Vellupillai Prabhakaran}." From "Blowback - Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Etnich Conflict in Sri Lanka" by Neil De Votta, assistant professor of political science, Hartwich College, New York,

 * Thank you for the reference. However, I do not get what you meant; the quote says that CK acklowledges of Sinhalese racism. Infighting, as I understand, does not have anything to do with racism, because as I feel it's almost the opposite of that. Sinhalese couldn't be fighting with each other because they are racist. If CK used the word infighting, (and if you sufficiently explain UTHR et alia or leave out the word Sinhalese) I do agree to put that with the quote "others however say". (regardless of the fact that I still do not personally get the reason for that argument, simply because it's not given. That A causes B in itself is a proposition, not a necessary truth.)

 * Also, that "tamils have been wronged" is immaterial in this articles context, because this article discusses the SLMM. Greenleaf

 * About the same has been said from the current opposition leader, Ranil Wickremesinghe. If you write "Others however see the accusations as motivated by political reasons." you dont get the point, as it is the continous ethnic outbidding that created the Sri Lankan problem, and keeps it alive. So, I believe that the phrase should be kept, as however bad the LTTE are - and they are worse than bad, belive me - the problem was created by the Sinhalese, and can not be solved before the Sinhalese stop their infighting. Ulflarsen 19:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * What I meant was this article is about SLMM, and critisism thereof. I saw the points mentioned on critisism section, reasonable or not, are relevent; however, I did not see how each of the points mentioned (for instance, UTHR's claims or Navel incidence), or any groups' intepretation of them, were results of infighting among sinhalese. I'm afraid that your quote from CK did not explain that either. The roots of the conflict may well have been for a totally different reason I do agree in principal, and Sinhalese might have been politically motivated by those same reasons to accuse SLMM, but that's as far as it goes in the context of this article IMHO, hence my change to "politically motivated". The proposition was that "these incidences are viewed by some as ..."; you did not, I'm afraid, show that how "these incidences" mentioned, or views thereon, (I'm not sure which of these two you meant because you referred to it as 'it': "Others however see it as the usual political") can be generated from "infighting among Sinhalese".

 * If you feel that the "root cause" should be included in this page, I'm open for discussion, because right now I prefer to stop here, for the sake of brevity. Please open a seperate subsection if you feel so, because this section is already tangled.

 * The time of this Signature applies to all the short signatures i made above, within reasonable context of course. Greenleaf 05:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Suggest then that the sentence "Others however see the accusations as motivated by political reasons." is removed, as that makes more sense. Ulflarsen 17:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you mean that you suggest this? Sorry to disagree again, but that would lose what's (already inadequately) available for one side of the story. But since you added that part and I edited it, as a compromise I would agree with you. It would be great if you can improve it instead with counter-claims as you seem to be aware of them more than me. For instance, just now I checked up with SLMM website for press releases on the cited naval incident but failed to find anything - and I noticed your comment that it was not true that naval monitor called LTTE. Ideally, I would like if we can have each of the incident was seperately addressed, but you two may have differing views. and may be we can discuss whether "big picture" interpretations must be included.
 * And Mr. Anon, could you please sign your comments with notmal style? use ~ . I highly recommend that you register. Greenleaf (signature added late, so no point adding the time. sorry.)

Regarding the last comment, if its "Greenleaf" that wrote it (not signed), then I can just repeat, I believe one better remove the following sentence: "Others however see the accusations as motivated by political reasons." The reasons for that are simply that there is one part of Sri Lankan society that either fabricates, or takes events out of context, and that is the extreme Sinhalese, read JHU/JVP. Not the muslims, or the EPDP - but consistently the extreme Sinhalese. If one can not write that, then the sentence simply does not make much use, and is better removed. The ones who know will know anyway, and the ones who dont know anything about the conflict will not understand any more of it, or the critique of the SLMM and Norway's role. Ulflarsen 17:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Your claim is an opinion at best, and does not explain the factual content that is already in the article, for instance, about UTHR. Are you saying UTHR is composed of extreme sinhalese? Unless you cannot explain that, I wonder what basis your claim has in the context of SLMM or the critisism. If you claim that no one but extreme sinhalese criticises SLMM, please put that in the article and show evidence. If it is that obvious a truth, it cannot be that hard to find proper evidence for it rather than some unrelated quote from a politician. In my opinion, that CK/Ranil acknowkedges of Sinhalese racism is not a universal argument to prove any accusation against Sinhalese in any case.  Talking about CK, here is a link where CK criticises SLMM, which is much more related to the context, than, for instance, your quote of her: " Sri Lankan President Chandrika Kumaratunga has voiced her disapproval of the decision of the Norwegian-led Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission"    "She also made no secret of her unhappiness over the way the  Sri Lankan monitoring mission (SLMM) set up under the leadership of Norway" "President Chandrika Kumaratunga's complaint about the head of the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission being partial to the country's separatist rebel..."  "Sri Lankan President Chandrika Kumaratunge has criticized the decision of the SLMM ..."   Does this conclusively infer that SLMM was wrong? In my eye, it neither does that, nor implies anything about CBK being "extreme sinhalese, read: JVP/JHU". It was a politically motivated claim may be. I hope you would get the point, or explain whether you see CK also as an extreme sinhalese.

 * In my opinion, that "ones who dont know anything about the conflict will not understand any more of it" is not a support to over-hypothesize anything. Someone can as well come and add "some claim this all was Brits/India/SWRD/Chelva/Amir/Sirima/JRJ/Sinhalese/Tamils fault" and leave as well - believe me, I have heard them all. Keeping "politically motivated", imo, helps because they will at least know that these allegations are not universally accepted. If you want to say more than that, please do so, but do provide evidence, because your claim, as I feel, is not coherent with the facts regarding this article, no more than any of the above possible claims I mentioned. If you need more facts to make it coherent, I'd rather you added them. (obviously I am not going to add them, not because of a bias, but because there's no point of adding things I myself consider unsupported) However, if you insist that the removal of sentence is better, you have my consent anyway, given as a compromise rather than an agreement. If we can settle on that, consider this post final on removal, and remove it when you need.

 * About the links you cited (below) I do not know if Bala is the best, but I do enjoy reading his insightful HT articles. Your link seems to be dead though. About PiSL and TN, well you know what will be there even before you visit them. :-) Greenleaf 08:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * About a press release about the naval incident; there was never issued any, as far as I remember. SLMM dont issue much to the press. Most of its reports go to the parties (GOSL/LTTE), the Nordic countries that is behind the SLMM and the co-chairs (EU, USA and Japan). India is also regularly informed. Any of the parties, and most probably also the co-chairs AND India could terminate the SLMM if they wanted, on very short notice. Norway as the facilitator and the leading nation within the SLMM is of course aware of these "facts on the ground".

 * For learning more about the parties the |GOSL website has a lot of material, for the LTTE I would recommend |Tamilnet. The best independent observer is "Colombo Diary" by PK Balachandran in |Hindustan Times. He knows a lot about the history, the present and he can write and analyze it. Ulflarsen 18:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Ulf, "Frankly, I think you have misunderstood this website, as it is not about internal quarrels in Sri Lanka". (This is exactly what you've said above). "In fighting among Sinhalese", whether true or not, has no relevance here. Nor, this is about 'how to solve the problem in Sri Lanka'. -anonymouse contributor who is having a discussion with Ulf regarding a deleted link.

Greenleaf, regarding the sentence - I still believe it makes little sense. There is a lot of critique of the SLMM and that is just how it should be, from Amnesty, HRW etc. Part of it is due to the organisations misunderstanding the CFA, and the rest can probably be placed on the account for no-one being perfect.

But - the content added from the anonymous poster is as far as I can see of the kind that comes from JHU/JVP. Basically they want the SLMM/Norway out and the LTTE crushed in a new war. That's just fine with me - their country. But the problem with that critique in this article is that it does not show its flag. And just briefly about their want for another war, CBK just recently in connection with the P-TOMS said something like this: "You want war? You can have it, but that means mobilisation, not only the poor that fill the lower ranks of the armed forces now, and it means wiping out the corrupted officers that sell off arms and munition to the LTTE."

So, again - even though you keep on saying that I have not proved anything, I believe the the fact is that the various comments our anonymous contributer have added is not just any "accusations as motivated by political reasons" - but the almost continuous lamentation by the extreme sinhalese, the JHU/JVP.

But to round it up, I doubt if I will add much, at least at the moment - as the basic stuff that should be there is to be found. Regarding Balachandran, I have not found any better tham him on Lanka, please inform me if you know any. And even though both the "Peace in Sri Lanka" and "Tamilnet" is biased I do find them both very useful, and not always as predictable as one would assume, given their masters. Ulflarsen 18:08, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah I said that as a disclaimer on my knowledge rather than disagreement; because whose work I remember enough consistently is only Balachandran and BBC's Frances Harrison (while she was there). Compared to Frances, Bala is miles ahead in my opinion. I guess in addition to BBC's trademark style of reporting, Frances only had a few opinions on big picture, but lacked insights.
 * Usually I get news through personal contacts in SL, so news I get from all these sources are somewhat less interactive than I would have them be :o).

 * Hi Ulf, you say, "I believe the the fact is that the various comments our anonymous contributer have added is not just any "accusations as motivated by political reasons" - but the almost continuous lamentation by the extreme sinhalese, the JHU/JVP."

 * I am wondering whether you believe Former FM Lakshman Kadirgamar, Present FM Anura Bandaranayaka & UTHR are "the JHU/JVP". Those persons, (and institutions) have continously questioned ("lamented", you say) the alleged partiality of SLMM and Norwegian governemnt.

 * The survery carried out by CPA, which is headed by a Tamil, says only 27% believe SLMM is impartial. Are you saying the rest, 83%, are extremist Sinhalese/JHU/JVP? -203.217.57.218 08:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

1. Neither Kadirgamar, A. Bandaranaike or the UTHR are representing the extreme Sinhalese. The UTHR is probably a bit idealistic in their critique - as HRW and Amnesty.

2. You probably know that such surveys can give the result one want, regarding the question asked.

What is a fact - and now we talk about FACTS, is that the main parties in Sri Lanka, the UNP and the SLFP both support the SLMM and the Norwegian facilitation. These two parties hold a solid majority in parliament, given them by the Sri Lankan people in democratic elections. Those two parties are very well aware of that they can have the SLMM and the Norwegians out tomorrow, if they want - but they dont. Ulflarsen 15:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Redirecting
I belive this page should better have been named Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission, because it's more descriptive and unique. There may be more SLMM's coming around.

For now, I created a page with that name and did a redirect; do we need to move the content there and make SLMM a redirect to Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission?

I feel that way very strongly; Ulf, and other anonymous contributors - any comments? And if you agree, could someone just move it? Greenleaf 01:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A change of name is ok with me, but dunno how to do it, so good if you can do it. Ulflarsen 04:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. There's a neat little 'move' link at the top in case you didn't notice it. *too* convenient actually :o). Greenleaf 05:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

== BIAS ==

This is meant to be a page about the SLMM not about your personal views on the SLMM and the Tamil Tigers. Please refrain from using sources such as spurs.net, sisk.net etc.. Asian Tribune. Asian Tribune is fictionious, it doesnt exist, it is a site with no telephone number or press office. It is not recognised by any press body, you might as well put links to blogs!! This site should be about the wonderful work the SLMM perform, with constructive arguements for/against using sources from internationally reputable sites such as reuters, cnn, bbcnews. If you are going to quote SINHALESE sources, then maybe I should quote Tamil sources such as Tamilnet, TamilNation, etc.. Please refrain from defacing this pace. I have removed all relevent articles and will continue to do so. Please write fact and back it up with reputable sources, I could not find any information about wiretaps on the ambassador, so please don't lie either. If an ambassador had his phone tapped, it would hit international news surely? Not Sinhalese news organisation.

Please note there is an ethnic conflict going on in the island, so the two communities will have a different view of the SLMM. My personal view is that the SLMM are doing a fine job. But I have not edited the article to reflect this view.

Norway's role
Why is so much of the article about Norway? Norway's role as mediator and the SLMM are two very different things, and this article is supposed to be about the SLMM, not Norway's mediation. It seems to me that the criticism of Norway belongs in an article on the Sri Lankan peace process, and certainly not here. -- Arvind 19:03, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I assume that the lack of response means that nobody particularly objects to my implementing this suggestion. I'll wait a couple of days more, and then put it into effect. -- Arvind 17:24, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with you - but I have had my share of quarrels over this article, so I more or less gave it up I guess... It's not good and good if you could edit it. Ulflarsen 17:53, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

NPOV violations - Criticism Section
I believe the following items should be removed or changed so that the reader is aware this is not fact but assumptions made by one party. The site used as a source for these items obviously has an anti SLMM/Norway/LTTE POV www.sivik.org

 * A Chinese ship was attacked off northern Sri Lankan sea, on March 20, 2003 and it is widely believed this was carried out by the LTTE. At least twice, LTTE has previously attacked Chinese ships off Sri Lankan seas. [6] [7]

 * General Trond Furuhovde, a Norwegian and then Head of SLMM, indirectly suggested to the LTTE to put the blame on a “third party with stolen uniforms”. [8] No such “third parties” have previously carried out such attacks in Sri Lankan seas. SLMM later issued a statement blaming a “third party” without naming who that third party was.

Besides if we are to include conjecture as fact then it should also be noted that said Chinese vessel was thought to be an intelligence gathering ship used by the SL Navy, given the number of antennae etc.

The following is also sourced from another site with clear anti LTTE/SLMM POV not a neutral source www.spur.asn.au

 * On another occasion, the Sri Lankan navy was pursuing a suspected LTTE arms vessel, and a SLMM officer on board the Navy boat informed the SLMM HQ about the raid via a satellite phone. The SLMM HQ checked with the LTTE which allowed the LTTE arms vessle to escape. The Opposition party lodged the strongest protest and demanded government to declare the SLMM monitor in question as "Persona non grata" [9].

--Realstarslayer 14:35, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, I have served with the SLMM. I dont want to interfere more with this article as I have had my share of quarrels over it. But the SLMM is still there - and now as the LTTE wants it out - its suddenly acceptable for the sinhalese. Says the most I guess... Ulflarsen 17:08, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Its a shame people have put you off this, I think you make a valuable contribution having first hand experience of the ground realities.--Realstarslayer 02:41, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have made the following changes, rearanged where the two items lsited above appear and added a preface to them:

 * As an example of the more contentious criticism leveled at the SLMM, accusations from sources with a more hard-line Sinhala Nationalist leaning are listed below, these are so far unfounded:

 * A Chinese ship was attacked off northern Sri Lankan sea, on March 20 2003 and it is widely believed this was carried out by the LTTE. At least twice, LTTE has previously attacked Chinese ships off Sri Lankan seas.

 * General Trond Furuhovde, a Norwegian and then Head of SLMM, indirectly suggested to the LTTE to put the blame on a “third party with stolen uniforms”.  No such “third parties” have previously carried out such attacks in Sri Lankan seas. SLMM later issued a statement blaming a “third party” without naming who that third party was.

 * On another occasion, the Sri Lankan navy was pursuing a suspected LTTE arms vessel, and a SLMM officer on board the Navy boat informed the SLMM HQ about the raid via a satellite phone. The SLMM HQ checked with the LTTE which allowed the LTTE arms vessle to escape. The Opposition party lodged the strongest protest and demanded government to declare the SLMM monitor in question as "Persona non grata".

 * Realstarslayer,
 * The following is also sourced from another site with clear anti LTTE/SLMM POV not a neutral source www.spur.asn.au

 * It is important to visit the source before labelling a source "POV". On this occasion, the source you labelled merely mirrors two articles from external newspapers, The Daily Mirror(Sri Lanka) and The Hindustan Times(India). Neither of these sources have ever been accused of POV in regards to this issue.

 * The site used as a source for these items obviously has an anti SLMM/Norway/LTTE POV www.sivik.org

 * www.sivik.org web site hosts recorded audio conversations between "General Trond Furuhovde" and the LTTE to substantiate its claims. This is not a mere accusation. I have not seen/heard General Trond Furuhovde denying this conversation. Please update the references if you find anything to the contrary.
 * I believe the following items should be removed or changed so that the reader is aware this is not fact but assumptions made by one party.
 * This is not an assumption. This was reported on the BBC.
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2871201.stm
 * Besides if we are to include conjecture as fact then it should also be noted that said Chinese vessel was thought to be an intelligence gathering ship used by the SL Navy, given the number of antennae etc.

 * I suggest you quote references and add this to the article. Do you have any sources?

 * As an example of the more contentious criticism leveled at the SLMM, accusations from sources with a more hard-line Sinhala Nationalist leaning are listed below, these are so far unfounded:

 * The above assertion does not match with description it refers to.
 * 1) BBC Reported "Tamil Tigers 'sink Chinese boat'" on LTTE sinking Chinese ship on 20/03/2003.
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2871201.stm

 * 2) It is false and incorrect to claim the BBC or MIPT(which carries a list of LTTE attacks) is "Sinhalese Hardliners".

 * Therefore, the vast majority of sources are not even from "Sinhalese"; let alone being "hardlined", hence the following text was removed.
 * "As an example of the more contentious criticism leveled at the SLMM, accusations from sources with a more hard-line Sinhala Nationalist leaning are listed below, these are so far unfounded:" -FriendOfPanda 10:41, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Sinking of Chinese Ship
Hello FriendOfPanda, please read the entire section, the reason that is listed as a contentious criticism is because of the accusation that the SLMM head gave excuses and ideas to the LTTE as to how they could claim it wasn't their attack, this is unfounded, not the actual attack itself. However I can see how it is confusing now so I will modify it to reflect this.--Realstarslayer 13:52, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Hello Realstarslayer,

 * May I remind you that it is IMPORTANT to read what is said in sources BEFORE labelling them "Sinhalese hardlined"?

 * I notice the following errors.

 * ERROR 1 - Label www.svik.org as "Sinhalese Hardlined"

 * Hardline Sinhala elements claimed that General Trond Furuhovde, a Norwegian and then Head of SLMM, indirectly suggested to the LTTE to put the blame on a “third party with stolen uniforms.

 * Realstarslayer, Did you read the source? Here you accuse a Norwegian organization, SVIK, of being "Sinhalese hardlined", which does not make any sense. As seen from SVIK web site, SVIK may be anti terrorist, but it is certainly false to claim this Norwegian group is "Sinhalese Hardlined".

 * They may be located in Norway but do you know who they are? Fine I agree I cannot lable them as 'Sinhala Hardliners' it should be 'they espouse the same views as Sinhala Hardliners'. And I did see their site that is why I stand by my accusation that these are unfounded claims that the SLMM willining gave an excuse to be used by the LTTE, scratchy MP3s of so called 'tapped' phone messages are meaningless.

 * ERROR 2 - Label "unfounded" the information which seemingly is credible and not even denied.

 * This is not unfounded as you claim; the web site hosts a recorded audio conversation between the SLMM and LTTE in which the SLMM indirectly makes the suggestion. SLMM has not denied this conversation. If SLMM denies this conversation, this accusation becomes unfounded.

 * ERROR 3 - Deny SLMM blamed on "third parties"
 * They further claim that the SLMM later issued a statement blaming a “third party” without naming who that third party was, however the actual SLMM statement makes no such claims

 * All SLMM rulings may not be online in SLMM site but this matter was widely reported even in the international media. For instance, please look at the following Chinese newspaper, The SLMM has blamed the attack on the Chinese trawler on an unidentified armed group and urged both the government and LTTE rebels to identify and disarm them. . It is a good idea not to do incorrect labelling, when in doubt or have no time to research sufficiently.

 * Fine I stand corrected on that point, however the main claim was that this was a concocted excuse given to the LTTE by the SLMM, this is still unfounded.

 * ERROR 4 - Tagging a large chunk of indepdent-sourced material from mirrored sources as "Sinhalese hardlined".

 * I already explained this to you and still wonder why you repeatedly label The Daily Mirror and The Hindustan Times as "Sinhalese hardlined". These information was not quoted from SPUR. This information was quoted from independent articles (who in turn quote the Sri Lankan president) which are mirrored at SPUR.

 * The fact that an article from The Hindustan Times being mirrored at a seemingly "Sinhalese hardlined" site does not make the original site "Sinhalese hardlined". If you follow this approach, you end up labelling even The Washington Post as "Sinhalese hardlined"! ;-)

 * Please link the independant material if you can rather than the SPUR redirect in that case. I am not trying to prove any POV, if you have evindence to the contrary I am more than happy that it informs us more.

 * I notice that you have a difficulty in identifying "Sinhalese hardlined" elements. All of the above errors are of incorrectly labelling indepdent sources as "Sinhalese hardlined". Tagging quotes from The People's Daily of China or The Hindustan Times of India or SVIK of Norway as "Sinhalese Hardlined" is bewilderingly inaccurate, to say the least.

 * ERROR 5 - Deleting information without citing reasons.

 * You deleted the following vital information, No such “third parties” have previously carried out such attacks in Sri Lankan seas. This is an IMPORTANT piece of information. The fact that no such unknown third parties has ever carried out attacks in these area is a vital background information. Don't delete unless you have sources to say otherwise.

 * There was no malicious intent there, the accusation was that the SLMM was actively making up excuses and telling them to the LTTE, not whether the incident was actually carried out by third parties or not, as such this was not relevant to the particular accusation. Remember this is about the SLMM not the LTTE or GoSL so to delve into the actual attack would lead us down the wrong path was my thought anyway.

 * Due to the above FIVE ERRORS, I edited out your unfounded text. ( pun intended ;-) ) -FriendOfPanda 10:39, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Comments inline. Anyway if you could add some links other than SVIK or SPUR then I have no problem with it. Regards.--Realstarslayer 13:45, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Winding up
I've moved the bit about the SLMM's hampered mandate to the operations section. While it was important enough for the lead when they were a functioning organisation, it's of less importance now and can safely be consigned to the body. -- Arvind (talk) 17:27, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Links
I deleted some external links that are either not working or no longer relevant (some links were showing some irrelevant sites).--Fahim (talk) 03:57, 11 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission


text:
User:Plutor/monobook.js

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text:
Harry Boyle (cricketer)

Henry Frederick Boyle (10 December 1847 – 21 November 1907) was a leading Australian cricketer of the 1870s and 1880s.

Early life
The Boyle family moved from Sydney to the Bendigo area in 1853. After a period of gold prospecting, Daniel Boyle (Harry's father) settled in Sydney Flat (now Woodvale) where he ran the Australian Store.

Harry Boyle learned his cricket from gold prospector and Bendigo Advertiser journalist, John Glen. Boyle was one of the locals who helped create the Sydney Flat Cricket Ground circa 1862. In March 2023, the Woodvale Community Group named the ground, the Henry Frederick (Harry) Boyle Oval in recognition of his sporting achievements.

SFCC and BUCC
As a young man, Boyle played for the Sydney Flat Cricket Club (a club he helped form). His ability was soon recognised and he was asked to play for the Bendigo United Cricket Club first appearing for them in 1864. The BUCC was the "big" club in the area at that time.

Boyle's figures for the years he played with the BUCC are:

Batting - 105 innings  1923 runs   18.3 average

Bowling - 352 wickets  1855 runs   5.2 average Boyle's form for the BUCC brought him to the attention of both the East Melbourne Cricket Club as well as Victoria. He first represented Victoria in March 1872 when he scored 27 runs but did not get to bowl. The following year in December 1873, he became the first Australian to bowl W G Grace playing for XV of Victoria against Grace's touring English XI.

EMCC
From the cricket season of 1872, Boyle would travel to Melbourne each weekend to play with the East Melbourne Cricket Club. He moved to Melbourne permanently in 1874 and became captain of the EMCC in 1875 following the retirement of Dan Wilkie from first class cricket. Boyle's figures for first eleven matches he played with the EMCC:

Batting - 211 innings  4352 runs   23.5 average (Between 1872 and 1896)

Bowling - 15562 balls  5113 runs   619 wickets   8.161 average (Between 1872 and 1874)

Victoria
Boyle represented Victoria 28 times and was also a selector.

Batting - 51 innings  614 runs   12.03 average

Bowling - 3700 balls  1213 runs   62 wickets   19.56 average

Australia
Boyle visited England with the Australian touring teams, of 1878, 1880, 1882, 1884, 1888 and in 1890 as manager. He was chosen as captain for the 1880 tour but a shipboard team meeting voted to replace him with the more outgoing Billy Murdoch before their arrival.

An outstanding medium-pacer, Boyle's greatest strengths were said to be the accuracy of his deliveries and his ability to probe a batsman's weaknesses. W G Grace wrote of Boyle in his 1899 Cricketing Reminiscences, 'Boyle had a rare head on his shoulders, but was often successful in getting batsmen out when other bowlers as good had tried and completely failed.'

His bowling was considered to be particularly effective under English conditions. His achievements with the ball were often overshadowed by the exploits of his teammate, "The Demon Bowler", Fred Spofforth. While this was the case, the Sydney newspaper the Referee noted, '. . . Boyle bowled more with his head than Spoff did. And it was a deal better head too.'

He was an exceptionally good close-in fielder, too, and a brave if limited batsman. In all, he played 12 test matches.

Batting - 16 innings  153 runs   12.75 average

Bowling - 1743 balls  641 runs   32 wickets   20.03 average

Football
Boyle played Australian rules football for Sandhurst Football Club in 1872 and 1873 and the Carlton Football Club in 1874.

Boyle and Scott
In August 1879, Harry Boyle opened H F Boyle and Co, a sporting goods warehouse on Bourke St in Melbourne. The firm became Boyle and Scott in January 1880 when Boyle's lifelong friend, Dave (The Almanac) Scott joined the firm as a partner.

During its existence, the firm was an important and innovative part of sporting life in Victoria. Of great value to cricket historians are the five editions of Boyle and Scott's Australian Cricketer's Guide which the firm published starting from 1879/80.

The firm closed in 1892, a victim of the economic recession of that time.

Later life
Following the closure of Boyle and Scott, Harry Boyle had an extended break in the Sandhurst/Bendigo area. During that period, he made a few appearances for both of his old clubs, Sydney Flat and Bendigo United.In 1895 Boyle moved to Brisbane where he played a season for the Brisbane Graziers. In 1896 he moved to Tasmania for a short time before returning to Victoria.

In 1897 Boyle took up the government position of superintendent of track cutting in Gippsland. During the years he and his wife Margaret were in Gippsland, they lived in the town of Walhalla.

In 1903 Boyle was retrenched from his job and he and Margaret left Walhalla and returned to Melbourne. In November of that year newspapers reported that he had been appointed as collector to the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum. This was a position he held until shortly before his death.

Personal life
On 12 March 1879, Harry Boyle married Margaret (Maggie) Wilson Scott. The marriage did not produce any children. Margaret Boyle outlived her husband and died in the city of Hobart on 2 March 1920.

Harry Boyle was descended from two members of the Australian First Fleet, Thomas Chipp (a marine) and Jane Langley (a convict).

Death
During the middle of the year in 1907, Boyle started complaining of problems with his eyes and pains in his chest. Following consultations with Doctor Springthorpe of Collins Street Melbourne), Boyle was admitted to a private hospital and an operation was performed on his throat. Following the operation, it was hoped that he would recover and Boyle travelled to Bendigo to stay at the house of his brother-in-law (Senator James Hiers McColl). Hopes for his recovery were short lived and on 10 October 1907, he was taken from Senator McColl's house to Nurse McKinnon's Private Hospital on Wattle Street. Boyle continued to decline and died "shortly after nine o'clock" in the morning on Thursday 21 November 1907. Boyle, a life-long smoker died as a result of cancer of the esophagus.

title: Harry Boyle (cricketer)


text: Category:Michigan stubs

title: Category:Michigan stubs


text:
Talk:Matthew Parker

Update
This all needs updating in light of contemporary scholarship to revise the old Britannica narrative which is based on the idea that there was an "elizabethan settlement" and factions easily grouped as right, left, and center. Dan Knauss 15:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Bishop of Bedford
The article refers to John Hodgkins, Bishop of Bedford. But to the best of my knowledge, there has never been a Bishop of Bedford. Millbanks (talk) 11:14, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There is indeed. --Secisek (talk) 10:49, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Nosey Parker wasn't an Archbishop
The current section entitled "Nosey Parker" is unjustifiable and erroneous. The OED online cites the first appearance of this phrase from the early 20th century, "from the postcard caption ‘The Adventures of Nosey Parker’, referring to a peeping Tom in Hyde Park." It is extremely unlikely that the phrase would have arisen from Parker's own behavior in the 16th century and I cannot find this cited anywhere other than the Book of Lists cited in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.238.192.242 (talk) 15:13, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Agree most sincerely with this comment. My Webster's unabridged also indicates usage beginning in the early 20th Century. I believe this section is specious and spurious. Should be removed from the article. Cheers, Mr. Crash Happy — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrcrashhappy (talk • contribs) 02:32, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

Charity Work
Any objections to adding a little section under Archbishop about his role in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597? 86.158.128.176 (talk) 21:11, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Recent IP edits at this article by block-evading sock
Numerous recent edits at this article have been made by a block-evading sock. Regular editors at this page should examine edits made since August 3rd, should decide which, if any of them, are worth keeping. If a roll-back to User:WereSpielChequers's version 967955593 of 09:58, July 16, 2020 would be an improvement, I wouldn't hesitate to do so. See also, edits prior to November 16, 2019. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 00:58, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matthew Parker


text:
Talk:Acid dye

Definition
The definition that was given here before for acid dyes was wrong. It read "Acid dye is a dye that at first burns but then slowly seeps into the substance applied to change the colour." This is completely untrue. As a quick counter-example, food colorings are acid dyes, yet they are completely harmless, and certainly do not burn at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.150.32.119 (talk • contribs) 15:31, 22 August 2005
 * The definition right now is not that great still. I'm thinking of a better one. At the very least there's nothing solid provided to distinguish acid dyes from direct dyes. If I understand things correctly, the key lies in textile, fibres, polymers dyeing application. Legate of Skai (talk) 10:03, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acid dye


text:
Köstritzer

The Köstritzer brewery is one of the oldest producers of Schwarzbier (black beer) in Germany. It is in Bad Köstritz, close to Gera in Thuringia.

History
The brewery was first mentioned in inheritance tax documents as "Köstritzer Inheritance" in 1543, which makes it one of the oldest breweries in Germany. In 1696, the Counts of House Reuss acquired the brewery and renamed it to the "Knightly Estate Brewery." Since 1806, the brewery has been permitted to use the title "Princely Brewery" since the Knights of House Reuss were promoted to princes. In 1811, 6400 hectoliters (hl)(169,070.1 gallons) of different beers were produced and sold in cities as far away as Berlin, Dresden, Magdeburg and Frankfurt am Main.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who lived in Weimar, is recorded as having mainly bought beers of various types, from the Köstritz and Oberweimar breweries as well as bread rolls. On November 17, 1823, the scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt wrote from Weimar, to his wife Caroline von Humboldt and others, about his and Goethe's diet:

"Since I stopped drinking tea, it's all over. Once I'm on the edge of the abyss and one step further, I'm swimming in beer. Oh God!, dear child, Goethe doesn't have an appetite for anything, not for bouillon, meat, vegetables; he lives on beer and rolls, drinks large glasses in the morning and debates with the servant whether he should drink dark or light brown Köstritzer or Oberweimarisches beer – or whatever the Greul are called. But he usually goes into another room when I'm there. The shyness does not go completely out in a human breast."

In 1829 the company along with 15 other buildings in Köstritz burned down. As a result, the brewery was rebuilt in the west wing of the palace. In 1872 the agricultural inspector and later entrepreneur Rudolf Zersch leased from the House of Reuss the domains of Köstritz, Dürrenberg and Hartmannsdorf and in 1875 the Princely Brewery Köstritz. The latter was initially expanded in the castle and at other production sites in Köstritz under the direction of master brewer Carl Holomoucky.

Under Holomoucky, the varieties Köstritzer Schwarzbier and the lager Blume des Elsterthales were initially produced. From the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, black beer was said to have a health enhancing effect. In an advertisement from 1893, the brewery advertised that it was "recommended by high medical authorities for the anemic, those suffering from lung diseases, women who have recently given birth, breastfeeding mothers and convalescents of all kinds". The brewery sent Otto von Bismarck a container of Blume des Elsterthales on his birthday and advertised the beer with his praise.

In 1896 the brewery had a capacity of 40,000 hl (1,056,688.2 gallons) and produced 25,000 hl (660,430.13 gallons) of beer annually, of which 12,000 hl (317,006.46 gallons) was black beer.

Between 1906 and 1908 Zersch had a new brick company building erected in Köstritz. After the Second World War, the brewery was nationalized in October 1948 and traded as VEB Köstritzer Schwarzbierbrauerei from November 25 of the same year. In the German Democratic Republic, the Köstritzer brewery was one of the few companies that produced beers for export. The beer was exported to the Federal Republic of Germany from 1956 to 1976, then to all of Eastern Europe until reunification. The brewery was completely rebuilt between 1979 and 1990.

In April 1991, Bitburger Holding took over 100% of the business. From 1991 to 1993, the brewery was extensively modernized. In 1993, the company established "Köstritzer Schwarzbier" as its significant brand on the German market. The brewery increased its total output more than six-fold between 1991 (145,000 hl/ 3,830,494.76 gal) and 2005 (879,000 hl/ 23,220,723.4). To this day, Köstritzer has a 30 percent market share in Germany for dark bottom-fermented beers.

Present Day
Köstritzer produces the following types of beer:
 * Schwarzbier (4.8% ABV)
 * Kranich-Bräu
 * Edel-Pils
 * Diät-Pils
 * Bibop (a mixture of cola and beer)
 * Witbier
 * Pale Ale
 * Kellerbier

title: Köstritzer


text:
European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals

The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals is a treaty of the Council of Europe to promote the welfare of pet animals and ensure minimum standards for their treatment and protection. The treaty was signed in 1987 and became effective on 1 May 1992, after at least four countries had ratified it. Adherence to the treaty is open and not limited to member countries of the Council of Europe. As of August 2023, it has been ratified by 26 states (most recently by Netherlands in July 2023).

Content
The convention is divided into seven chapters:
 * 1) General provisions
 * 2) Principles for the keeping of pet animals
 * 3) Supplementary measures for stray animals
 * 4) Information and education
 * 5) Multilateral consultations
 * 6) Amendments
 * 7) Final provisions

Parties
A review of the treaty performed in 1995 resulted in minor modifications of the text and allowed signatory states to declare themselves exempt from certain paragraphs of the treaty. Subsequently, a number of additional countries signed and ratified the treaty, making use of this provision by declaring themselves exempt from the prohibition of tail docking. No country that has ratified the treaty has made any reservations regarding the other cosmetic surgeries prohibited by §10: cropping of ears, removal of vocal cords, and declawing.


text:
Talk:List of municipalities in Indiana

Untitled
There are several which are listed also in List of towns in Indiana.

They are (from most populous to least populous) Merrillville, Schererville, Plainfield, Highland, Munster, Clarksville, Brownsburg, Griffith, Dyer, St. John, Zionsville, Chesterton, Avon, Speedway, Cedar Lake, Yorktown, Mooresville, Lowell, Danville and Santa Claus.

At least the individual articles of these refer these as towns, not cities. Is there a reason to include these 20 in the city-list? 85.76.151.49 (talk) 23:59, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

Towns distinct from Cities
More to that above question, but what is the legal and administrative difference in towns and cities? The article describes the different classes of cities, but there is nothing on the town page describing what they are administratively. Obviously, they are smaller, but what is the population limit, and is their local government set up differently than that of a city's? --Criticalthinker (talk) 08:42, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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2020 populations are incorrect
For example, Indianapolis has a population of 887,642 as of the 2020 census, the 877,903. Every 2020 figure is incorrect. It appears a "estimate" was used instead? Estimates should not be used in wikipedia when census counts are available. Mattximus (talk) 12:46, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:22, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Carmel-City-Center-Palladium-Reflecting-Pond.jpg

title: Talk:List of municipalities in Indiana


text:
Shizuka Kamei

Shizuka Kamei (亀井 静香) is a former Japanese politician and a former chairman of the Parliamentary League for the Abolition of the Death Penalty.

Early life
He was born in the city of Shōbara in Hiroshima Prefecture into a poor family. He studied at the department of economics at University of Tokyo and worked his way through school through various jobs, including singing at a cabaret.

Upon graduation in 1960, he entered Sumitomo Seika, and joined the National Police Agency in 1962. In 1972, he took charge of a number of high-profile cases, including the Red Army Asama-Sanso incident, the Narita Airport incident, and the Tel Aviv highjacking. Kamei is one of the few major politicians to oppose the death penalty, and wrote a book, Shikei Haishi ron, asserting his opposition.

Political career
In 1977, he left the agency and received 3.5 million yen in severance pay, which he used to run for the Diet in Hiroshima. He was elected in 1979 as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).

In 1989, he formed the Freedom Reform Alliance, criticizing the LDP's system of factions and strongly supported Shintarō Ishihara. He became Minister of Transport in 1994 and Minister of Construction in 1996. In 1998, he left the Mitsuzuka faction and formed the "Nakayama-Kamei group" with Minister of Foreign Affairs Taro Nakayama.

In 1999, he headed up the LDP's Policy Research Council and founded the Kamei faction. In 2003, he unsuccessfully ran for the position of Prime Minister against the incumbent, Junichiro Koizumi.

He opposed Koizumi's postal privatization plan and left the LDP in 2005, forming the Kokumin Shinto (People's New Party) with four other Diet members. Despite facing the popular businessman Takafumi Horie in the 2005 election, he won reelection for the tenth time.

On 16 September 2009, Kamei became the banking and postal services minister in the newly formed Hatoyama cabinet. Throughout the week, he voiced his commitment to providing economic stability for small companies, who he claimed "had lost vitality". He plans to provide a moratorium of up to three years on loan repayments and attempts to put a brake on what he perceives as excesses by financial and lending institutions.

Kamei decided not to run in the 2017 Japanese general election and therefore lost his seat in the House of Representatives.

Cultural references
He is sometimes humorously referred to as Shizuka-chan (where "chan" is a title usually reserved for young girls) after a female character in the manga Doraemon who shares his personal name.

The character "Takeo Tsuruta" in the manga Akumetsu is based on him.

Scandal
In August 2003, Kamei acknowledged receiving political donations from the leader of a group of loan sharks affiliated to the Yamaguchi-gumi, the largest known yakuza syndicate in Japan. The donor was Susumu Kajiyama.

Personal life
Kamei is a six-level blackbelt in Aikido and enjoys golf and oil painting. His niece Akiko is a current member of the House of Representatives.

title: Shizuka Kamei


text:
This Is Spinal Tap (soundtrack)

This Is Spinal Tap (or simply Spinal Tap) is the soundtrack to the film This Is Spinal Tap, released in 1984. It was re-released in 2000 with lyrics and two versions of "Christmas with the Devil" as bonus tracks. The cover art is identical to that of the fictional album Smell the Glove featured in the film.

Other appearances
"Gimme Some Money" was featured in the 1991 comedy film Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead.

The song "Tonight I'm Gonna Rock You Tonight" is featured in the video game Guitar Hero II. When played as the encore song at the end of the career mode's second tier, the in-game band's drummer spontaneously combusts upon the song's completion, a direct reference to This Is Spinal Tap. Its riff is borrowed in the song "Athlete Cured" from the 1988 album by The Fall, The Frenz Experiment.

Seattle grunge band Soundgarden covered the song "Big Bottom" several times at their early live shows, documented on their live video Louder Than Live as well as on the Netherlands release of their 1992 "Rusty Cage" single.

San Francisco queercore band Pansy Division recorded a same-sex edit of "Big Bottom" in 1993. The track was included in their 1995 compilation album Pile Up.

"Stonehenge" is featured in the 2006 Supernatural season two episode, "Simon Said".

In early 2007, American Express Small Business Services used "Gimme Some Money" (with vocals) as background music in a television ad.

At the Live Earth concert during the summer of 2007, Spinal Tap performed "Big Bottom" at Wembley Stadium with members of many of the other acts from the festival, including members of Beastie Boys, Metallica, Foo Fighters, and many others, all playing bass guitars. Their set also included "Stonehenge" and "Warmer Than Hell."

Spinal Tap

 * David St. Hubbins (Michael McKean) – lead vocals and guitar, bass guitar on "Big Bottom"
 * Nigel Tufnel (Christopher Guest) – lead guitar, mandolin, and vocals, bass guitar on "Big Bottom", co-lead vocals on "Hell Hole", "America", and "Stonehenge"
 * Derek Smalls (Harry Shearer) – bass guitar and vocals, co-lead vocals on "America"
 * Viv Savage (David Kaff) – keyboards and vocals
 * Mick Shrimpton (Ric Parnell) – drums and percussion

Additional personnel

 * Harlan Collins – synthesizers
 * John Sinclair – keyboards

Production

 * Produced by Christopher Guest, Michael McKean and Harry Shearer
 * Recorded, engineered and mixed by Patrick McDonald
 * Editing: Kenneth Karman

title: This Is Spinal Tap (soundtrack)