text:
User:Król/Sydvetlish

Sydvetlish

This is a "germanic conlang", that is based in Bokmål, Danish, German, English and Swedish. This is very simple, and you can learn at http://matheusfsl3459.vilabol.com.br, but you can see a "preview" here.

The Alphabet
Is a very common alphabet:

A a - As in Portuguese.

Å å - As in Danish and Bokmål.

Æ æ - As in Danish.

B b - As in English.

C c - As in English.

D d - As in English.

E e - As in Danish and Bokmål.

F f - As in English.

G g - As in German.

H h - As in Polish.

I i - As in German.

J j - As in German.

L l - As in English.

M m - As in English.

N n - As in English.

O o - As in German.

Ø ø - As in Danish and Bokmål.

P p - As in English.

R r - As in English.

S s - As in Polish, never a ZZZZZZZZZZ!

T t - As in English.

U u - As in German.

Ü ü - As in German.

V v - As in German.

X x - As in Greek.

Y y - As in Polish, never a Y in MY!

Z z - As in German.

Grammar
Sydvetlish grammar is the study of grammar in the Sydvetlish language. Grammars of Sydvetlish can be either prescriptive or descriptive. Prescription sets rules for language, while description simply describes the way a language is spoken; this article attempts to be primarily descriptive. It is important to understand that experts disagree about many parts of Sydvetlish grammar: what follows is just one analysis among many.

The grammar of Sydvetlish is in some ways relatively simple, and in others quite complex. For example, word order is relatively fixed because Sydvetlish is an analytic language and this aspect of grammar is therefore relatively simple. The verbal system, on the other hand, is quite large and complex, like those of many other Indo-European languages.

This article is organized in sections, addressing word order, nouns, verbs, and other areas as they become relevant in the course of discussion.

Word Order
Structurally, Sydvetlish is a subject verb object (SVO) language, meaning that it prefers a sequence of subject, verb, object in its simplest (declarative) statements with end punctuation. Thus:

 * Tom [subject] øtes [verb] chyse [object].
 * Mary sys de cat.

In general, Sydvetlish is a head-initial language, meaning that the "anchor" of a phrase (segment of a sentence) occurs at the beginning of the phrase. For example:

 * rån kickly (verb phrase)
 * at store (prepositional phrase)

The main exception is in noun phrases, which are head-final:

 * vlü haus (adjective + noun)
 * Fred'ys cat (possessive + noun)

This leads to a sentence like: "Fred'ys sistår rån kickly at store". As can be inferred from this example, the sequence of a basic sentence (ignoring articles and other determiners) is: Adjective1 - Subject - Verb - Adverb - Adjective2 - Direct.Object - Adjective3 - Indirect.Object.

Changes in word order are used in interrogative sentences ("Vel du gål at store?"), changes from active to passive voice ("Car vas bougt væ John"), and lexical or grammatical emphasis (topicalization).

Nouns
In Sydvetlish, nouns generally describe persons, places, things, and abstract ideas, and are treated as grammatically distinct from verbs. Sydvetlish nouns, in general, are not marked for case. Nouns are, however, marked for number and definiteness. For example:

Sydvetlish does not have dual or trial numbers for nouns.
 * de (definite article):de haus refers to a specific house (e.g. "De haus Je vas børn i")
 * a/ån (indefinite article): a haus can refer to a generic house ("A hous er a bilving fø lævink i").
 * singular: de haus refers to one house
 * plural: de hause refers to more than one house

The two primary exceptions to case marking are the possessive clitic (which used to be called the saxon genitive) and the pronominal system. In Sydvetlish, the possessive is marked by a clitic at the end of the possessing noun phrase. This can be illustrated in the following manner: The first <'s> clitic on koning indicates that the daughter in question is the king's. The second <'s> clitic does not attach to "daughter", as many people mistakenly believe, but in fact to the entire noun phrase De koning'ys dauhter.
 * De koning'ys dauhter'ys haus felt.

On the other hand, Sydvetlish preserves relics of the old Germanic noun case system in its pronouns. The full set of cases are listed below; note that modern use of the second person singular du1 is rare, and is confined to dialects and religious and poetic functions. In everyday speech, the second person plural you is almost always used instead.

A remnant of grammatical gender is also preserved in the third person pronouns. Gender is assigned to animate objects based on biological gender (where known), and to personified objects based on social conventions (ships, for example, are often regarded as feminine in Sydvetlish). "Er" is used for masculine nouns; "ste" is used for feminine nouns; and "es" is used for nouns of indeterminate gender and inanimate objects. It is generally considered both ungrammatical and impolite to refer to humans (other than babies) as "es".

Traditionally, the masculine "er" was used to refer to a person in the 3rd. person when their gender was unknown or irrelevant to the context; recently, this usage has come under criticism for supporting gender-based stereotypes and is increasingly considered inappropriate (see Gender-neutral language). There is no consensus on a replacement. This situation rarely leads to confusion, since the intended meaning can be inferred from context. Spivak pronouns have also been proposed which are basically formed by dropping the leading "th" from the plural counterpart, but their use is relatively rare compared to other solutions. For comparison, speakers of German distinguish between the homophonous "sie" ("ste"), "sie ("dey"), and "Sie" ("du", polite) with little difficulty.

Verbs
In Sydvetlish, verbs generally describe actions, and can also be used to describe certain states of being. In contrast to the relative simplicity of English nouns, verbs come in a large array of tenses, some moods, two voices, and are marked for person.

Person in verbs
Verbs in Sydvetlish are marked in limited fashion for person. Unlike some other European languages, person cannot generally be inferred from the conjugation attached to the verb. As a result, subject nouns and pronouns are generally required elements in Sydvetlish sentences for clarity's sake. Most regular verbs in Sydvetlish follow the paradigm exemplified below for the simple present:

Stem: listen 1st. sing.: Je ist 2nd. sing.: Du ist 3rd. sing.: Er, ste, es er 1st. plur.: Vi ist 2nd. Plur.: Yø ist 3rd. Plur.: Dey ist

Voice in verbs
Sydvetlish has two voices for verbs: the active and the passive. The basic form is the active verb, and follows the SVO pattern discussed above. The passive voice is derived from the active by changing the form of the verb, inverting of subject and direct object, and marking the subject with "væ". For example:

 * 1) active: John herd muzik.
 * 2) passive: Muzik vas herd væ John.

The semantic effect of the change from active to passive is the depersonalization of an action. It is also occasionally used to topicalize the direct object of a sentence.

Verbal moods
Sydvetlish has three primary moods of verb. These are the infinitive, the imperative and the subjunctive. Again, the infinitive is the simplest, and most basic form.

 * The imperative mood is used in issuing commands. It is formed by using the verb in its simplest, unconjugated form: "Listen!", "Sit!", "Øt!".  The imperative mood in Sydvetlish occurs only in the second person, and the subject ("du") is generally not expressly stated, because it is implied.  When the speaker gives a command to anyone else, it is still directed at the second person as though it were a request for permission, although it may be a rhetorical statement.

title: User:Król/Sydvetlish


text:
HSwMS Gotland

There have been at least two ships of the Swedish Navy named HSwMS Gotland after the island in the Baltic Sea.

 * HSWMS Gotland (1933) – a seaplane cruiser launched in 1933 and scrapped in 1963
 * HSWMS Gotland (Gtd) – a Gotland-class submarine attack submarine launched in 1995 and as of 2019 in active service

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HSwMS Gotland


text:
User:Kelson Philo/wirikuta

High in the mountains of central Mexico, between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Zacatecas ranges, lies the Huichol Indians Sacred site of Wirikuta. Wirikuta is the sacred land of the Huichols deified ancestors. Huichols carry out yearly pilgrimages to Wirikuta and collect peyote - a cactus containing hallucinogens - along the way. The peyote is eaten during special ceremonies and enables the Huichols to commune directly with their Gods. The pilgrimage is one of the highlights of the Huichols' religious year.

title: User:Kelson Philo/wirikuta


text:
User talk:Koringles

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 04:50, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Koringles


text: User talk:69.140.155.197

title: User talk:69.140.155.197


text:
The Spencer Davis Group

The Spencer Davis Group were a British blues and R&B influenced rock band formed in Birmingham in 1963 by Spencer Davis (guitar), brothers Steve Winwood (vocals, keyboards, guitar) and Muff Winwood (bass guitar), and Pete York (drums). Their best known songs include the UK No. 1 hits "Keep on Running" and "Somebody Help Me" and the UK and US Top 10 hits "Gimme Some Lovin'" and "I'm a Man".

Steve Winwood left in 1967 to form rock band Traffic. After releasing a few more singles, the band ceased to be active in 1969. Davis revived the group on two more occasions, without the involvement of the Winwood brothers, first in 1973–1974 for two more albums, and again from 2006, since when they had primarily been a touring act. Davis died on 19 October 2020, effectively ending the band.

Formation
The Spencer Davis Group was formed in 1963 in Birmingham after the Welsh guitarist Spencer Davis encountered vocalist and organist Steve Winwood (then aged 14 and still at school), and his bass playing brother Muff Winwood performing at a pub, the Golden Eagle, as the Muff Woody Jazz Band. He recruited them and Pete York on drums to form the Rhythm and Blues Quartette, which performed regularly in the city. In 1964, they signed their first recording contract after Chris Blackwell of Island Records saw them at an appearance in a local club; Blackwell also became their producer. (Island was then a small independent label with UK Fontana contracted for distribution.) Muff Winwood came up with the band's name, reasoning, "Spencer was the only one who enjoyed doing interviews, so I pointed out that if we called it the Spencer Davis Group, the rest of us could stay in bed and let him do them."

Breakthrough success
The group's first professional recording was a cover version of "Dimples", released as a single in 1964. In late 1965, they gained their first No. 1 single with "Keep On Running", written by reggae musician Jackie Edwards. In 1966, they followed this with another Jackie Edwards-written No. 1 hit "Somebody Help Me" and the Top 20 hit "When I Come Home", this song a collaboration between Edwards and Steve Winwood. "Keep On Running" and "Somebody Help Me" were issued as singles in the US on Atco during 1966, but due to lack of promotion, neither of them gained airplay or entered the American charts.

For the German market, the group released a medley of "Det war in Schöneberg, im Monat Mai" and "Mädel ruck ruck ruck an meine grüne Seite" (the first is from a 1913 Berlin operetta, the second is a Swabian traditional) as a tribute single for that audience, Davis having studied in West Berlin in the early 1960s.

During late 1966 and early 1967, the group achieved two more hits with "Gimme Some Lovin'", which went Top 5, and "I'm a Man", which went Top 10. Both of them sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold record status. "Gimme Some Lovin'" was written by Davis and the Winwood brothers, while "I'm a Man" was written by Steve Winwood and the group's producer Jimmy Miller. These tracks proved to be their breakthrough in the US, where they were now signed to United Artists Records, both going Top 10 there.

In 1966, the group starred in The Ghost Goes Gear, a British musical comedy film, directed by Hugh Gladwish, and also featuring Sheila White and Nicholas Parsons. It was not well received and Winwood later considered it a career mistake.

Disbandment
Steve Winwood left the group in April 1967 to form Traffic; his brother, Muff, moved into the music industry working in artists and repertoire (A&R) at Island Records. In the same period, both the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic featured on the soundtrack of the film Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush released in that year. After the Winwoods' departures, the Spencer Davis Group continued with the addition of guitarist Phil Sawyer (ex-Les Fleur de Lys) and keyboardist/vocalist Eddie Hardin (ex-A Wild Uncertainty). This line-up recorded several tunes for Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush and released the psychedelia-sounding "Time Seller" single in July 1967; the b-side, "Don't Want You No More", also received radio airplay.

This was followed by "Mr. Second-Class" in late 1967, which received heavy airplay on Radio Caroline (a pirate radio ship off the British coast), and the album With Their New Face On in 1968. At that time Ray Fenwick had replaced Phil Sawyer. The group's last minor hit, "After Tea", was released at the same time by the German band The Rattles, providing competition that led finally to a temporary stop to all activities of the band. The song was originally recorded by the Dutch group After Tea, which included guitarist/singer Fenwick among its members.

After one further single ("Short Change"), Eddie Hardin and Pete York left to form the duo Hardin & York. They were replaced by future Elton John band member Dee Murray on bass and Dave Hynes on drums. Nigel Olsson, another future Elton John band member, replaced Hynes, and this line-up produced the album Funky in 1969 (only released in the USA on Date Records, a subsidiary of CBS, in 1970) before splintering. Fenwick wrote all the songs and his 1971 solo album Keep America Beautiful, Get a Haircut also featured Murray and Olsson.

The group broke up on 19 July 1969.

Solo work and reunions
The group reunited in 1973 with Davis, Fenwick, Hardin and York, and newcomer Charlie McCracken on bass. The group released the albums Gluggo (1973) and Living in a Back Street (1974) before once again disbanding.

Davis continued working, however, producing some jazz-oriented albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The band re-formed in 2006, although only Davis and Hardin remained from the 1960s group line-ups. The Spencer Davis Group continued to tour the US and Europe, but with two differing line-ups; only Spencer Davis himself was present in both formations of the band. Hardin remained with the UK version of the band until his death in 2015.

Davis died in California on 19 October 2020, at the age of 81, while being treated for pneumonia.

Cover versions of songs
The Spencer Davis Group – particularly its incarnation with Steve Winwood – proved to be influential, with many of the band's songs being recorded by other artists over the years. Among these are Chicago's cover of "I'm a Man"; The Allman Brothers Band's version of Davis and Hardin's "Don't Want You No More" (both 1969); Three Dog Night's recording of "Can't Get Enough of It" (1970); and The Blues Brothers' "Gimme Some Lovin'" (1980). The Grateful Dead also covered Spencer Davis Group material in live performance on occasion, and Spencer Davis himself performed "I'm a Man" with the Grateful Dead in a 1989 performance at Los Angeles' Great Western Forum.

Band members
Final members

Europe
 * Miller Anderson
 * Colin Hodgkinson
 * Steff Porzel

US
 * Ed Tree
 * Taras Prodaniuk
 * Jim Blazer
 * Tom Fillman

Former members

 * Spencer Davis
 * Steve Winwood
 * Muff Winwood
 * Pete York
 * Chris Wood
 * Eddie Hardin
 * Phil Sawyer
 * Ray Fenwick
 * Dee Murray
 * Dave Hynes
 * Nigel Olsson
 * John Hitchcock
 * Charlie McCracken
 * Jim Blair

Discography

 * Their First LP (1965)
 * The Second Album (1966)
 * Autumn '66 (1966)
 * With Their New Face On (1968)
 * Funky (1970)
 * Gluggo (1973)
 * Living in a Back Street (1974)
 * Vibrate (1986)

title: The Spencer Davis Group


text:
Lucky Bucky in Oz

Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942) is the thirty-sixth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the third and last written and illustrated solely by John R. Neill. (He wrote a fourth, The Runaway in Oz, but died before illustrating it.) The book was followed by The Magical Mimics in Oz (1943).

Bucky Jones is aboard a tugboat in New York Harbor when the boiler blows up. He is soon blown into the Nonestic Ocean where he meets Davy Jones, a wooden whale. The pair take an undersea route to the Emerald City, and have many adventures along the way.

title: Lucky Bucky in Oz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teletronics inc

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 17:13, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Teletronics inc
I don't see this being a noteworthy corporation unless someone else can prove otherwise or there's a rewrite. It seems like an add. Dysepsion 04:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as spam. Following the link makes it obvious that it's an ad. -- WCFrancis 05:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WCFrancis. (How many items downloading for that one page ad?!) Alf 11:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad/spam. -- Etacar11   03:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:CODA System

Notability
I notice this page has accrued a notability template. It would be worth discussing this.

As a first point, this article is not covered by Notability (books). The CODA System is not a single or serial publication, it is a gaming system, elements of which can be found in several books printed covering at least two separate games. If this were an article on a single RPG manual printed for any of these games, then they would absolutely not be considered notable, but even then Notability (books) would likely not cover a gaming manual, as Notability (books) does not cover "reference works such as dictionaries, thesauri, encyclopedias, atlases and almanacs ... and instruction manuals and exam prep books." Gaming manuals would be expected to fall within this set of exceptions. Regardless, the CODA System is not a single manual, but a gaming system. It should be judged on the more general Notability guidelines.

With this in mind, it's not clear at this point that this system would satisfy notability. The article in its present state lacks sources. The majority of sources I can find referencing this system are reviews of the individual manuals; simple reviews probably don't constitute significant coverage as per the guideline.

However, the CODA System is the basis of two important games: Star Trek Role-playing Game and Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game. Although these games never achieves major market success, the subjects of both these games are massive in pop-culture; additionally, there is no other major Star Trek RPG on the market, though there is another, more-successful LotR RPG avaialble (Middle Earth RPG).

Given that the vast majority of RPG systems are never known outside of the RPG community, I don't know what level of notability would be required to justify the system, if we rule out reviews of the system and fan sites, which would be the majority of sources for all but the largest RPG systems. However looking purely at the general Notability requirements, the subject of this article probably doesn't meet them and we should consider if it should be merged somewhere. If it is merged, both Star Trek and LotR have significant "related products" lists - the individual games using this system could be listed there.

Any thoughts? I'll change the template to the general notability template if I can figure out how; if you read this talk page and the template is yet to be changed, please change it yourself. CastorQuinn (talk) 05:55, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There are provisional guidelines for RPGs at WP:RPG/N and discussion on that article's talk page; perhaps you would share your thoughts there? Percy Snoodle (talk) 11:22, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reference Percy. What I'll suggest is that decisions on the notability of this article be delayed until the proposed Notability:RPG guideline has been either implemented or dismissed.  CastorQuinn (talk) 04:08, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure - no-one's AFD'ed the article, so there's no rush. Percy Snoodle (talk) 11:30, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

General Discussion
Although I edited this article a little, I am not extreamly familiar with this specific system. I did notice some problems I would like to point out that maybe somone could help clarify more.

First of all it would help if the author clarified wich Lord of the rings RPG they were refering to, I have only found one entry for an offical game so I linked to it (this one here), but maybe there is another one? (which could help clarify the next point)

Secondly the author seems to imply that this system is specifically designed for Wizards of the Coast games, and yet at the end of the article they mention that it is used for the Lord of the rings RPG. This beomces a problem because as far as I can tell wizards of the coast have not published a LOTR RPG and the one I did find is published by Decipher, Inc.

Also if anyone has more knowledge to specifics of the systems such as atributes, the health point system and advances it would help to expand what is already exisiting. If we want this article to be this detailed it needs to explain these terms in a little more depth (in my opinion)

Obviously other things need to be cleared up that I havn't mentioned, this is hopefully a good place to start? --Jake 04:53, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

"First of all it would help if the author clarified wich Lord of the rings RPG they were refering to"

The one published by Decipher, which is named "The Lord of the Rings RPG", is the one refered to.

Iron Crown Industries used to publish the Middle Earth Role Playing Game (MERP). It did not use the Coda system (which did not exist then), but a simplified version of ICE's Rolemaster system.

"Secondly the author seems to imply that this system is specifically designed for Wizards of the Coast games, and yet at the end of the article they mention that it is used for the Lord of the rings RPG."

No, the Coda system is compared to the WotC d20 system. This does not imply that Coda is designed for WotC games.

The Coda system, as stated in the article, is used for the LotR & Star Trek role playing games published by Decipher.

-- (Sorry, not registered.)

Also, the structuring of this article as a comparison to the d20 system seems rather odd. I plan to try to rewrite it. --Malirath 22:12, 8 March 2006 (UTC) (Registered now.)

Significant rewrite
I've left the basic information intact, just organised and worded it a bit better, reduced the focus on comparison to d20 (CODA is a system in its own right, so it seemed unusual to define it in terms of d20) and removed some of the less relevent details (such as the actual formula for generating the HP and health levels in-game, or the description of the objectives of the LOTR RPG). I've also noted that the CODA system as used in LOTR is slightly different to the CODA system from Trek.

I am unaware of any other Decipher publications, or any other published games, which use this system; if anyone knows of any, a section at the base of this page enumerating them and their publication dates would be very useful. Specifics of the mechanics beyond what we already have seem uneccesary here - they are not generally detailed on the entries for other game systems, and as CODA is not an open source gaming system including a detailed run down of the mechanics may be a breach of copyright.

I don't play CODA myself, so if I've introduced any slight errors in terms here, corrections would be wonderful. CastorQuinn 07:03, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Also, the official spelling seems to be CODA, not Coda. This may be worth a page rename; I'm not sure how to initiate one of those. CastorQuinn 07:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:CODA System


text:
Talk:Jerry Lynn

Untitled
No one has anything to say about this great man?

Career in WWF/E
when was his match against RVD on heat, because the way its explained in the article it sounds like it was the next week. but i know he had 1 or 2 matches on smackdown. Don.-.J 16:25, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

TKO
I never saw Jerry Lynn do a TKO as a finishing move
 * He used it to finish on match in TNA... search it in google.. though as he only used it once i wouldnt really class it as a finisher. However, some people seem to dissagree --- Paulley
 * Jerry Lynn has used the TKO on many occasions and usually finishes matches with it Giovi35 09:23, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Best of All time?
Who exactly ever called the Jerry Lynn vs. Rob Van Dam series among the best matches of all time? Mattpat11 20:46, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

EVERYONE. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.180.159.1 (talk) 03:32, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * You are not everyone. Many people would disagree with you. 96.25.248.210 (talk) 03:41, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 17:06, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Ring of Honor World Heavyweight Championship
Just got word that Jerry Lynn has won the ROH World Heavyweight Championship off of Nigel McGuinness. Once the proper things have been put in place (verifiable claims of him winning), it will needed to be added to the profile. COOLRUNNER87 (talk) 05:31, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

WWF Theme
His WWF theme song was "Tomb It May Concern" from the Extreme Music library. TheGary (talk) 00:20, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Way back
I remember Jerry from a temp job we were both working in Chanhassan MN around the beginning of his career in wrestling. He was a cool guy. MoonJoe (talk) 17:42, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

history in wwe
i know for a fact he worked in wwe smackdown in 2006 but yet it isnt mentioned at all in the article, whats up with that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.148.142.113 (talk) 18:51, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jerry Lynn


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Wei Jiansu

Wei Jiansu (韋見素) (687–763), courtesy name Huiwei (會微), formally Duke Zhongzhen of Bin (豳忠貞公), was a Chinese politician who served as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and his son Emperor Suzong. As a young man, Wei served as a military aide to Emperor Xuanzong's father, the future Emperor Ruizong, then the Prince of Dan. He later served in various regional postings and senior offices at the Tang court in Chang'an, and though his conduct met with approbation, in the later stages of his career he was considered controllable. This, as well as his early connection to Emperor Ruizong, allowed the leading chancellor Yang Guozhong to install Wei as chancellor and director of the examination bureau late in Emperor Xuanzong's reign. During the chaos of the An Lushan Rebellion, Wei accompanied Emperor Xuanzong and Yang in their flight from Chang'an and was severely injured when the imperial guard massacred Yang and his family. Subsequently, after Emperor Suzong claimed imperial title and Emperor Xuanzong abdicated, Wei initially retained his chancellorship but was subsequently shifted to positions of less responsibility. He eventually left office altogether and died in retirement in 763.

Background
Wei Jiansu was born in 687, during the first reign of Emperor Ruizong. His family was from the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an, and traced its ancestry to a line of officials of the Han dynasty, Cao Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui dynasty, and Tang. Wei JIansu's grandfather Wei Fu (韋福) served as a prefectural prefect, and his father Wei Cou (韋湊) served as an official during the reigns of Emperor Ruizong's father Emperor Gaozong, mother Wu Zetian, brother Emperor Zhongzong, Emperor Ruizong himself, and Emperor Ruizong's son Emperor Xuanzong, being known for his honesty and bluntness.

Wei JIansu himself passed the imperial examinations, and during Jinglong era of Emperor Zhongzong (707-710), he served as a military officer at the mansion of Emperor Ruizong, who was then the Prince of Dan. He later served as a guard commander, and then the officer in charge of storage at Henan Municipality (河南府, encompassing the eastern capital Luoyang).

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Wei Cou died during Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan era (713–741), and Wei Jiansu left public service to observe a mourning period. Once the mourning period was over, he became the secretary general of the supreme court (大理寺丞, Dali Sicheng), and inherited his father's title of Duke of Pengcheng. At one point, he was accused of an offense lost in history and was demoted to be the military advisor to the prefect of Fang Prefecture (坊州, in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi). He was subsequently recalled to be a low level official at the ministry of treasury and given the honorific title Chaosan Daifu (朝散大夫). He then served at the ministry of defense, before he became Jianyi Daifu (諫議大夫), a consultant at either the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) or the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng).

In 746, Wei was made the examiner of the Jiangxi, Shannan (山南, i.e., modern northern Hubei), Qianzhong (黔中, i.e., modern Guizhou and western Hunan), and Lingnan regions, to tour the regions to examine the customs of the regions and find officials to promote or demote. It was said that wherever he went, he was stern, and the officials were also led into being stern. Upon his return to Chang'an, he was made Jishizhong (給事中), an imperial attendant. He subsequently served as acting deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang), and then Shangshu You Cheng (尚書右丞), one of the secretaries general at the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). In 750, he was made the deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang) and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫). It was said that Wei was kind and forgiving, and that he was fair in selecting officials while serving as the deputy minister of civil service affairs.

Meanwhile, at this time, the chancellors Yang Guozhong and Chen Xilie were not on good relations, and Emperor Xuanzong did not find Chen to be an appropriate chancellor. In 754, Chen thus resigned, and initially, Emperor Xuanzong wanted to replace him with Ji Wen (吉溫). Yang opposed, because Ji was then aligned with An Lushan, with whom Yang also had a rivalry. Yang consulted the officials Bao Hua (寶華) and Song Yu (宋昱), both of whom told Yang that Wei was elegant but easy to control. Yang thus recommended Wei, and Emperor Xuanzong, remembering Wei's service to Emperor Ruizong while Emperor Ruizong was the Prince of Dan, agreed. In fall 754, Emperor Xuanzong thus made Wei the minister of defense (武部尚書, Wubu Shangshu) with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. He also made Wei an imperial scholar at Jixian Institute (集賢院) and put him in charge of the examination bureau. It was said that because Yang recommended Wei, Wei followed his directions, and that he did nothing to moderate the growing conflict between Yang and An, eventually leading to An's rebellion in 755.

In 756, after An's forward forces defeated and captured the Tang general Geshu Han at Tong Pass, Emperor Xuanzong, under Yang's advice, decided to abandon Chang'an and flee to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan). On July 13, the imperial train, without announcing to the people of Chang'an, left Chang'an, with Emperor Xuanzong attended to by the imperial clan members, Yang, Wei Jiansu, the official Wei Fangjin (魏方進), the general Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮), and eunuchs and ladies in waiting close to the emperor.

On July 15, Emperor Xuanzong's train reached Mawei Station (馬嵬驛, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The imperial guards were not fed and were angry at Yang Guozhong. Chen also believed that Yang Guozhong provoked this disaster and planned to carry him—and reported his plans to Li Heng through Li Heng's eunuch Li Fuguo, but Li Heng was hesitated and gave no approval. Meanwhile, though, Tufan emissaries, who followed Emperor Xuanzong south, were meeting with Yang Guozhong and complaining that they were also not fed. The imperial guard soldiers took this opportunity to proclaim that Yang Guozhong was planning treason along with the Tufan emissaries, and they killed him, along with his son Yang Xuan (楊暄), the Ladies of Han and Qin, and Wei Fangjin. Wei Jiansu was also nearly killed, but was spared at the last moment with severe injuries. The soldiers then surrounded Emperor Xuanzong's pavilion, and refused to scatter even after Emperor Xuanzong came out to comfort them and order them to scatter. Chen publicly urged him to put Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine and Yang Guozhong's cousin Consort Yang Yuhuan to death—which Emperor Xuanzong initially declined. After Wei Jiansu's son Wei E (韋諤) and Gao Lishi spoke further, Emperor Xuanzong finally resolved to do so. He therefore had Gao take Consort Yang to a Buddhist shrine and strangle her there. Emperor Xuanzong had Li Mao (李瑁) the Prince of Shou visit Wei Jiansu and give him medication.

After the Yangs' death, Wei Jiansu was the only remaining high-level official in the imperial train, and the remaining generals had differences in opinion about what to do next—with many not wanting to proceed further to Jiannan because Yang was the military governor (jiedushi) of Jiannan, and therefore they saw Jiannan as a potential trap. There were therefore various suggestions: to flee to Hexi (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longyou (隴右, headquartered in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits; to flee to Lingwu; to flee to Taiyuan; and to return to Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong was intent on still going to Jiannan, but did not dare to offend the soldiers. At Wei E's suggestion, he proceeded to Fufeng (扶風, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), leaving Li Heng the Crown Prince behind as rear guard—but Li Heng was subsequently detained by the soldiers, who believed that a counterattack should be launched, and eventually departed from Emperor Xuanzong and proceeded to Lingwu.

After Li Heng's departure, Emperor Xuanzong continued his trek south, but the soldiers were unhappy, some going as far as cursing the emperor. Fortuitously, though, a large cache of silk that Shu Commandery (蜀郡, roughly modern Chengdu) arrived. Emperor Xuanzong declared to the soldiers that it was his fault that a rebellion occurred, and that the soldiers should take the silk and then return home and let just the imperial train go to Shu Commandery. The soldiers were touched, and no longer considered rebelling against the emperor. In fall 756, after Emperor Xuanzong reached Baxi Commandery (巴西, roughly modern Mianyang, Sichuan), he made Wei, in addition to being the minister of defense, Zuo Xiang (左相) -- the head of the examination bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. When they reached Shu Commandery, Emperor Xuanzong further created him the Duke of Bin and gave him the honorific title Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (金紫光祿大夫).

During Emperor Suzong's reign
Meanwhile, Li Heng had declared himself emperor at Lingwu (as Emperor Suzong). When Emperor Suzong's messengers reached Emperor Xuanzong, he gave public approval and took the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor). He sent Wei Jiansu and other chancellors Fang Guan, and Cui Huan to Lingwu to official invest Emperor Suzong as emperor and gave them the imperial seal and the edict officially passing the throne. They encountered Emperor Suzong, who was then launching a counterattack, at Shunhua (順化, in modern Qingyang, Gansu), and they offered the seal and the edict to Emperor Suzong. Emperor Suzong declined, stating that with empire still in turmoil, it was not an appropriate time for him to officially take the throne, instead putting the seal and the edict aside and paying them daily respects, as they represented Emperor Xuanzong.

Meanwhile, though, Emperor Suzong had been impressed with Fang's reputation and therefore particularly honored Fang, giving him most of the responsibilities. In contrast, Emperor Suzong was displeased with how Wei had followed Yang Guozhong's directions and therefore did not pay him much respect, although he allowed Wei to remain chancellor for some time. In spring 757, Wei was made Zuo Puye (左僕射), one of the heads of the executive bureau, and removed from his chancellor post. He was subsequently made a senior advisor to the crown prince. After Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an in fall 757, he sent Wei to Shu to escort Emperor Xuanzong back to Chang'an. After Wei brought Emperor Xuanzong back to Chang'an, he was given the honorific title Kaifu Yitong Sansi (開府儀同三司).

In Emperor Suzong's Shangyuan era (760-761), Wei requested to retire on account of a foot ailment, and Emperor Suzong allowed him to do so. He died around the new year 763, briefly after Emperor Suzong himself had died and been succeeded by his son Emperor Daizong. Wei was given posthumous honors and given an official burial.

Notes and references

 * Old Book of Tang, vol. 108.
 * New Book of Tang, vol. 118.
 * Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 216, 217, 218, 219, 220.

title: Wei Jiansu


text: User talk:69.107.26.221

title: User talk:69.107.26.221


text:
Musta Lindu

Musta Lindu (re-released as Black Bird), is Värttinä's 2nd album, released in 1989 by Olarin Musiikki. Like their first album, it is mostly traditional Karelian and Finnish folk songs, with 15 girls singing and playing kantele and 6 young men on acoustic instruments.

In 1998, the album was re-released under the title Black Bird, by Finlandia Innovators.

Track listing

 * 1) "Sorja poika" / "Pretty Boy" (traditional / Sari Kaasinen) – 2:58
 * 2) "Musta lindu" / "Black Bird" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 3:02
 * 3) "Itku" / "Weep" (S. Kaasinen) – 5:11
 * 4) "Ui ui" / "Oh..." (trad. / S.Kaasinen) – 2:37
 * 5) "Täst' se lähti toinen tahti" / "The Second Beat" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 4:59
 * 6) "Vot i kaalina" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 1:47
 * 7) "Kadrilli" / "Quatrille" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 3:08
 * 8) "Ämmät" / "Old Wives" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 2:33
 * 9) "Kylä vuotti uuttaa kuuta" / "Waiting For The New Moon" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 4:59
 * 10) "Loitsu" / "Spell" (Värttinä boys) – 0:58
 * 11) "Ruskie neitsyt" / "Brown-haired Maiden" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 2:22
 * 12) "Ruskoi reggae" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 3:15
 * 13) "Ankaralaisen turistin maahanpanopolkka" / "Funeral Polka of an Ankaran Tourist" (trad. / S. Kaasinen) – 2:12

title: Musta Lindu


title: File:1970FunHouseSessions.jpg


text:
User:Soujourner

Sojourner Rover uncovering the truth

title: User:Soujourner


text:
Monaco at the 1972 Summer Olympics

Monaco competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. Five competitors, all men, took part in four events in two sports.

Fencing
One fencer represented Monaco in 1972

 * Men's épée
 * Jean-Charles Seneca - Eliminating rounds (2V-5L), did not advance

Shooting
Four shooters represented Monaco in 1972.

 * 50 m rifle, three positions
 * Francis Boisson - 1004, 67th place

 * 50 m rifle, prone
 * Joe Barral - 593 pts, 31st place
 * Pierre Boisson - 585 pts, 73rd place

 * Trap
 * Paul Cerutti - 171pts, 45th place (disqualified)

title: Monaco at the 1972 Summer Olympics


text:
Spencer Davis

Spencer Davis (born Spencer David Nelson Davies; 17 July 1939 –19 October 2020) was a Welsh musician. He founded the Spencer Davis Group, a band that had several hits in the 1960s including "Keep On Running", "Gimme Some Lovin'", and "I'm a Man", all sung by Steve Winwood. Davis subsequently enjoyed success as an A&R executive with Island Records.

Early life
Davis was born in Swansea, South-West Wales, on 17 July 1939. His father was a paratrooper during World War II. While his father was away, his uncle Herman was a musical influence on Davis, teaching him how to play the harmonica at age six. While growing up in Swansea, Davis lived through The Blitz: "The bombed city centre was my playground. I watched the town being absolutely destroyed." Davis's mother continued to live in the West Cross area of Swansea until her death. He began learning to play harmonica and accordion at the age of six. He attended Dynevor School and became proficient in languages. He moved to London when he was 16 and began working in the civil service as a clerical officer at the Post Office Savings Bank in Hammersmith and then for HM Customs and Excise. However, he went back to his old school to study for A-levels in languages, becoming head boy in 1959. In 1960, he moved to Birmingham, to read German at the University of Birmingham. In music circles, Davis was later known as "Professor".

Early music career
His early musical influences were skiffle, jazz and blues. Musical artists who influenced Davis include Big Bill Broonzy, Huddy Ledbetter, Buddy Holly, Davey Graham, John Martyn, Alexis Korner and Long John Baldry. By the time he was 16, Davis was hooked on the guitar and the American rhythm and blues music making its way across the Atlantic. With few opportunities to hear R&B in South Wales, Davis attended as many local gigs as practical.

When Davis moved to Birmingham as a student, he often performed on stage after his teaching day. While in Birmingham, he formed a musical and personal relationship with Christine Perfect who was later a member of Fleetwood Mac.

The Spencer Davis Group
In 1963, Davis went to the Golden Eagle in Birmingham to see the Muff Wood Jazz band, a traditional jazz band featuring Muff Winwood and his younger brother, Steve Winwood. Davis persuaded them to join him and drummer Pete York as the Rhythm and Blues Quartet. Davis performed on guitar, vocals and harmonica, Steve Winwood on guitar, organ and vocals, Muff Winwood on bass and Pete York on drums. Reportedly, they adopted the name the Spencer Davis Group because Davis was the only band member who agreed to press interviews, allowing the other band members to sleep longer.

The group's live reputation attracted the attention of Island Records founder Chris Blackwell who signed the group to its first contract and became their manager. The group had No. 1 hits in the UK with consecutive single releases in 1966 ("Keep On Running" and "Somebody Help Me"). Steve Winwood sang lead vocals on all the Spencer Davis Group's hits up to "I'm a Man" in 1967.

The Spencer Davis Group continued after Winwood left to form Traffic in April 1967. The group recorded two more albums before splitting in 1969. Another version of the group with Davis and York appeared in 1973 and disbanded in late 1974. Various incarnations of the band toured in later years under Davis's direction.

Solo career
After the group broke up, Davis moved to California and recorded an acoustic album with Peter Jameson, It's Been So Long, for Mediarts in mid-1971. He followed it with a solo album, Mousetrap, for United Artists, produced by and featuring Sneaky Pete Kleinow. Neither album sold well. Soon after, he moved back to the UK, formed a new Spencer Davis Group and signed with Vertigo Records. In addition, Davis was an executive at Island Records in the mid-1970s. As a promoter for Island Records, Davis worked with Bob Marley, Robert Palmer and Eddie and the Hot Rods as well as promoting the solo career of former Spencer Davis Group member Steve Winwood.

In 1993, Davis formed the supergroup the Class Rock All-Stars. He left the group in 1995 to form World Classic Rockers with former Eagles bassist Randy Meisner, ex Toto singer Bobby Kimball and ex Moody Blues and Wings guitarist Denny Laine.

Later life
Davis retained an affinity for Germany, having studied its language and played in clubs in Berlin early in his career. He watched both the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, with his son, its fall in 1989.

Davis was a supporter and honorary member of the Wales nationalist party, Plaid Cymru. From the mid-1970s onwards, Davis lived in Avalon on Catalina Island, a small island off the coast of Southern California. During the summer of 2012, the Catalina Island Museum hosted an exhibition called "Gimme Some Lovin': The Spencer Davis Group", to celebrate Davis's musical career. To complement the museum show, the museum also hosted a symposium on "The British Invasion", where Davis was joined on a panel by, among others, Micky Dolenz of the Monkees and a July Fourth concert featuring Davis singing his hits with a backing band named 'The Catalina All Stars'.

Personal life
He had three children and divorced in the late 1970s.

Death
Davis died from pneumonia in Los Angeles on 19 October 2020 at the age of 81.

title: Spencer Davis


text:
Talk:Centretown

Untitled
Regarding the accuracy of this article: What evidence, sources can support the statement regarding a large Korean population? It doesn't seem like Centretown (or Ottawa for that matter_ has a large Korean population by any means, or at least one worth noting. --Simon522 05:17, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The area around Catherine and Bank Street has a Korean restraunt and a Korean church, so I assumed that's where the Koreans were. -- Earl Andrew - talk 07:06, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Never assume, it makes an ass out of you and me. There's a few gay related stores on Bank St. around Gilmor, but it most certainly isn't Ottawa's "gay village." --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 13:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I suppose you're right, but where else are there a couple of korean places within a block of eachother in Ottawa? -- Earl Andrew - talk 15:38, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sandy Hill. There are two Korean restaurants and a Korean grocery within a few blocks of my house. Pburka 01:52, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

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Gabriel Iglesias

Gabriel Jesús Iglesias (born July 15, 1976) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He has produced a number of stand-up specials for television outlets such as Comedy Central and Netflix, including I'm Not Fat… I'm Fluffy, and Hot and Fluffy. As an actor, he has appeared in numerous live-action and animated TV shows and films, including starring in the sitcom Mr. Iglesias on Netflix, playing Tobias in the 2012 movie Magic Mike and its 2015 sequel, and providing the voice of Speedy Gonzales in Space Jam: A New Legacy. He was also the host of the shows Stand Up Revolution on Comedy Central and Fluffy's Food Adventures on Fuse.

In 2018, Iglesias was one of the top 10 paid comedians in the world.

Early life
Iglesias was born July 15, 1976, in San Diego, California, to Esther P. Mendez and Jesús Iglesias. His mother Esther raised him as a single mother. He is of Mexican heritage. He grew up in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park, and Compton before settling in Section 8 low-income housing in Long Beach, where Iglesias spent most of his youth.

Career
Iglesias worked for a cell phone company in Los Angeles and in 1997 went into comedy full-time, though it resulted in him being evicted from his home and losing his car.

Iglesias often references his weight in his comedy, often saying, "Oh, I'm not fat, I'm fluffy", elaborating that there are five levels of fatness, "Big", "Healthy", "Husky", "Fluffy", and "DAMN!!!" In 2009 he added a sixth level, "Oh hell, no."

In 2000, he appeared in the sixth season of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That, co-starring with Amanda Bynes and Nick Cannon.

Iglesias was a contestant on the fourth season of reality TV series Last Comic Standing in 2006, surviving elimination to become one of the final eight comics. He was disqualified at that point for having used a smuggled BlackBerry to communicate with family and friends, which violated the rules of the show.

In 2007, Iglesias voiced an entire Mexican family in "Padre de Familia", a sixth season episode of the Fox TV animated comedy Family Guy. That same year, he began voicing a recurring set of identical twin characters on The Emperor's New School, a Disney animated series that he describes as his favorite voice work.

In 2011, Comedy Central debuted Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution, a stand-up series that Iglesias produced and hosted, running for three seasons before ending in 2014.

Iglesias hosted/co-hosted six episodes of Equals Three, and played a strip club DJ and drug dealer in the 2012 film Magic Mike.

Iglesias voiced Ned and Zed in the 2013 DisneyToon Studios film, Planes. He also voiced characters in the animated films The Nut Job (2014) and El Americano: The Movie (2016).

Iglesias is featured in the reality series Fluffy Breaks Even, which premiered on Fuse on October 1, 2015. The show was renamed Fluffy's Food Adventures upon its third season renewal in January 2017. From 2019 to 2020, he played Gabe Iglesias, in Mr. Iglesias, a Netflix original series about a teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. In 2021, he voiced the character of Speedy Gonzales in the film Space Jam: A New Legacy and Picchu in Maya and the Three.

In 2022, Iglesias was the first comedian to sell out Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles. The concert was released to Netflix on October 18, 2022, as Stadium Fluffy.

Influences and style
Iglesias' comedy influences are Paul Rodriguez, Eddie Murphy, Robin Williams, and Bill Cosby. He is known for his trademark Hawaiian shirts.

Regarding how novice comedians can widen their fan base, Iglesias stated in a January 2016 interview:

"In the beginning, work as clean as you possibly can and stay away from topics that could be controversial or offensive. For example, don't talk about politics, don't talk about religion. Stay away from sports. Talk about things that are relatable to everyone. The more relatability you have, the bigger the fan base you're going to have."

Awards and honors
On February 10, 2012, Iglesias was presented with several awards by the city of El Paso, Texas, including the key to the city and the Beacon of H.O.P.E Award from the nonprofit organization Operation H.O.P.E.

Personal life
Since 2010, Iglesias has lived in Whittier, California. He was in a long-term relationship with Claudia Valdez, with whom he has a self-proclaimed stepson named Frankie whom he calls his son. According to a June 2020 People article, he separated from Valdez in 2017, which led him to cancel some performances, and to quit drinking for two years. Despite the breakup, he still maintains a close relationship with Frankie, whom he helped raise.

Health
In The Fluffy Movie, Iglesias describes how at his heaviest, which he states was 445 lb, he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and with his blood sugar spiking to over 300 mg/dl (16.6 mmol/L) regularly, was given two years to live by his doctor. He said the shock of being told this had prompted him to reevaluate how he took care of himself and explained that he decided to lose weight in order to ensure his continued presence in the lives of his family. Iglesias described the struggle to incorporate a healthier lifestyle, relating how he was told by a specialist that his heavy touring schedule precluded him from being a candidate for bariatric surgery, and how he instead resorted to weight-lifting, Diamond Dallas Page Yoga, and a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, which helped him shed over 100 lb. Iglesias has also struggled with depression and alcoholism, which he attributes partly to burnout from his heavy touring schedule.

On July 15, 2021, his 45th birthday, Iglesias tested positive for COVID-19, and cancelled his remaining shows at the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts as well as the taping of his upcoming comedy special.

Discography

 * Hot and Fluffy (2008) Image Entertainment
 * I'm Not Fat, I'm Fluffy (2009)
 * We Luv Fluffy (2009)
 * Aloha Fluffy (2013) Comedy Central
 * I'm Sorry For What I Said While I Was Hungry (2016) Netflix
 * One Show Fits All (2019) Netflix
 * Stadium Fluffy (2022) Netflix

title: Gabriel Iglesias


text:
Talk:Xlib

Does anyone know how old the version of the O'Reilly book in http://www.sbin.org/doc/Xlib/ is? It mentions X11R5 but not R6. Mostly, though, I'm just amused with the line from the introduction that says "the X11 subroutine library (Xlib) is expected to be stable for several years and to be at least a de facto industry standard." (Heh, think they consider it to have been "several years" yet?) --Dirk Gently 05:00:42, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

Does anyone know where I can get a *download* for Xlib / X11 / X Window for my Redhat Linux 9. I was looking for a download for last few days ! Here also I couldnt find the information regarding the download.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.54.85.131 (talk • contribs) 13. dec 2005 kl. 07:01

To do

 * description on how using Xlib differs from the direct use of the X protocol (which is almost never done)
 * functions that are specific to Xlib (resources, contexts)
 * images (difference with pixmaps)

Anything else? - Liberatore(T) 19:29, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Peer review of a related article
I submitted X Window core protocol for peer review, as I intend to candidate it for featured status. I would appreciate comments (Peer review page). - Liberatore(T) 18:05, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

GTK
AFAIK GTK is not build over xlib directly but over GDK which is indeed over xlib —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.34.209.95 (talk • contribs) 27. aug 2006 kl. 16:25

In a quick check, /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgtk-3.so.0 uses these Xlib symbols directly:  XChangeProperty  XClearArea XExtendedMaxRequestSize XFixesChangeSaveSet XFlush XFree XGetSelectionOwner XGetWMNormalHints XGetWindowAttributes XGetWindowProperty XGrabKey    XGrabServer XIGrabKeycode XIUngrabKeycode XInternAtom   XKeysymToKeycode XMaxRequestSize XSelectInput XSendEvent  XSync XUngrabKey XUngrabServer. GDK uses far more symbols from Xlib, but GTK does use it directly. TEDickey (talk) 15:46, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

xLib for Texas Instruments Graphics Calculators
Just thought I'd point out that xLib is a graphics library bundled with certain TI calculators. You may want to create a disambiguation page or something. 72.25.192.4 (talk) 04:26, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

appeared around 1985
The oldest source available is X.V10R3, which has almost entirely 1985 copyright dates. In particular, the Xlib portion has only 2 of 163 copyright notices with 1984 and 1985. The other files are copyrighted 1985. Saying "around 1985" is misleading, and replacing that with "circa" is not an improvement. TEDickey (talk) 21:27, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

question about 1985?
In the X.V10R3 sources, all of the copyrights in the X directory (corresponding to this topic) say /* Copyright   Massachusetts Institute of Technology    1985   */ and the README file concludes with Robert W. Scheifler MIT Laboratory for Computer Science August 1985 The newest file in that directory is from February 1986. In the sources, 416 files have a 1985 copyright date, 161 with 1986. It seems that at least one release of X took place during 1985. According to comments and here, it required a licensing agreement with MIT (comment apparently by Jim Fulton, who was an early X developer). TEDickey (talk) 23:27, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Xlib and XCB

 * Here is an alternate link for the failed verification in paragraph 2:
 * "Xlib and XCB compatibility was achieved by rebuilding libX11 as a layer on top of libxcb."
 * https://www.x.org/wiki/guide/xlib-and-xcb/#index2h2 173.245.132.79 (talk) 21:18, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

 * That's not suitable, since it gives the reader no clue regarding when this happened. I found a suitable source and trimmed the editorialization which detracted from the topic TEDickey (talk) 00:15, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
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promotional term is not part of title
The phrase "Definitive Guides", etc., does not appear on the title or copyright pages of these books. It is merely a promotional term which should not be part of the citation TEDickey (talk) 21:11, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xlib


text: File:Jebediah-jebediah.jpg

title: File:Jebediah-jebediah.jpg


text: User talk:71.96.99.130

title: User talk:71.96.99.130


text:
Uttering

Uttering is a crime involving a person with the intent to defraud that knowingly sells, publishes or passes a forged or counterfeited document. More specifically, forgery creates a falsified document and uttering is the act of knowingly passing on or using the forged document.

Background
In the law of countries whose legal systems derive from English common law, uttering is a crime similar to forgery. Uttering and forgery were originally common law offences, both misdemeanours. Forgery was the creation of a forged document, with the intent to defraud; whereas uttering was merely use – the passing – of a forged document, that someone else had made, with the intent to defraud. In law, uttering is synonymous with publication, and the distinction made between the common law offences was that forgery was the fabrication of a forged instrument (with the intent to defraud) and uttering was the publication of that instrument (with the intent to defraud). Statute law offences of forgery replace the common law offences nowadays, often subsuming the offence of uttering, and, where the distinction exists, forgery is usually a felony rather than a misdemeanour.

Canada
Uttering a forged document is a criminal offence in Canada, contrary to section 368 of the Criminal Code. It is an indictable offence and is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.

Republic of Ireland
Uttering forged documents remains a crime in the Republic of Ireland under the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001. Prior to that, the Forgery Act 1837, Forgery Act 1861 and Forgery Act 1913, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, remained in force.

England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Section 36 of the Forgery Act 1861, still in force, creates the offence of, among other things, uttering a forged register or entry in a register, or certificate of births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, or burials, or copy of such an entry. The maximum penalty is life imprisonment. Initially, Section 6 of the Forgery Act 1913, now repealed, created the offence of uttering a forged document, seal, or die. The Act defined all of those terms for that purpose. Section 29(1)(i) of the Larceny Act 1916, now repealed, created the offence of uttering a letter or writing demanding property with menaces.

Scotland
In Scotland, uttering forged writings is a crime defined as "using as genuine a fabricated writing falsely intended to pass as genuine the writing of another person".

United States
In the U.S., uttering is the act of offering a forged document to another when the offeror has knowledge that the document is forged. Uttering does not require that the person who presented the document actually forged or altered the document. For example, forging a log for personal profit might be considered uttering and publishing. Another example would be the forging of a university diploma. As an example of the law itself, the State of Michigan defines the offense (MCL 750.249): "Any person who utters and publishes as true any false, forged, altered or counterfeit record, deed, instrument or other writing specified, knowing it to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeit, with intent to injure or defraud is guilty of uttering and publishing."

Forging or illegal "publishing" of an official or unofficial document is not the essence of uttering. Uttering is the actual presentation of forged or official documentation as one's own.

title: Uttering


text:
User talk:Black Death

Feel free to drop me a line

Response to question
Hello - I just wanted to let you know that I responded to your question on User talk:203.53.201.11. Please let me know if I can be of any further assistance --AbsolutDan (talk) 03:16, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Black Death


text: File:Jebediah-of-someday-shambles.jpg

title: File:Jebediah-of-someday-shambles.jpg


text:
CBK (AM)

CBK (540 kHz) is a Canadian public radio station licensed to Watrous, Saskatchewan. It broadcasts the CBC Radio One network as a Class A clear-channel AM station powered at 50,000 watts around the clock from a non-directional antenna near Watrous.

Its studios are located at the CBC's broadcast centre at 2440 Broad Street in Regina, with an additional bureau in the Saskatoon Co-op building on 4th Avenue South in Saskatoon. The Regina facility also houses CBK-FM and CBKT-DT. In Regina, a nested rebroadcaster, CBKR-FM 102.5 MHz, simulcasts CBK for listeners who may have trouble receiving the 540 AM signal amid downtown office and apartment buildings.

CBK 540 operates on a low frequency and with high power in a region with excellent ground conductivity. That helps CBK's daytime signal to reach most of the southern two-thirds of Saskatchewan, including Regina, Saskatoon, Yorkton, Swift Current, Lloydminster, Moose Jaw and Prince Albert. It also provides grade B coverage as far west as Calgary and as far east as Winnipeg, and reaches across the border into North Dakota and Montana.

History
CBK officially opened during an evening ceremony in Watrous on July 29, 1939. The K in the station's call sign honours Henry Kelsey, an English fur trader, explorer, and sailor who was the first recorded European to have visited what is now Saskatchewan.

CBC engineers deliberately chose to place the station's transmission facilities near Watrous in order to provide the best possible broadcast signal to the densely populated portion of Saskatchewan, including the cities of Regina and Saskatoon. Watrous is located about 150 km northwest of Regina and about 100 km southeast of Saskatoon in an area where potash-rich soil provides especially good ground conductivity, an important component in determining the strength and reach of an AM radio station's daytime ground wave signal. Additionally, Watrous, in particular, was an advantageous location due to being on the main line of the Canadian National Railway, whose telecommunications infrastructure was used to deliver content to CBC radio stations before the creation of the Trans Canada Microwave system.

Because of the factors making the CBK signal particularly strong, the station was originally intended as the CBC's clear-channel station for the Prairies, broadcasting the full CBC radio schedule together with privately owned affiliates in the region broadcasting portions of the schedule (clear-channel CKY in Winnipeg—now CBW—was one such affiliate at the time). The strong daytime signal also spills into the United States and was initially the only radio station receivable during the daytime in parts of North Dakota and Montana.

For most of World War II, CBK aired programming in both English and French. The French programming was prepared at CBK by a two-person crew and included newscasts, musical programs, and transcriptions of CBC programming produced in Montreal.

At the start, CBK had no physical presence in Saskatchewan beyond Watrous. Although privately owned CBC affiliates in the province occasionally originated programming to be aired over the full CBC network including CBK, most local and regional programming on CBK was produced and fed from Toronto, and then from Winnipeg beginning in 1948. The station's first full production studio within Saskatchewan opened on October 1, 1954, in Regina. An additional studio facility opened in Saskatoon following the sign-on of television station CBKST. In 1980, CBK's regional weekday morning program began to be hosted simultaneously from both Regina and Saskatoon.

On June 4, 1976, CBK's transmitting tower was toppled by strong winds during a severe thunderstorm. CBK's staff went back on the air in the cities of Regina and Saskatoon by temporarily taking over CBC's low-powered FM transmitters normally used to air French language programming. Within a few days, the 540 kHz signal was restored using a temporary tower while a new permanent one was built. The replacement tower was completed in 1983 and, like the original, is a quarter-wave monopole antenna 141.7 m tall.

The station's original mercury vapour tube transmitter manufactured by RCA was replaced in 1975 by a Continental Electronics transmitter, which could be monitored and controlled remotely from Regina. In 1988, a Nautel solid-state transmitter was added.

Transmitter building
One of the station's distinctive features was its 70.2 m2 Art Deco transmitter building located just east of Watrous on Agnes Street. Until operations became nearly completely automated from Regina with the addition of the solid-state transmitter in the 1980s, the building was staffed by CBC personnel, for whom the CBC had company housing built in Watrous. Before automation, and with the exception of during World War II when armed guards patrolled the property, the building was routinely open for the public to tour.

The building itself was designed by the CBC's architecture department. It was two storeys tall (of four split-levels) and had a white stucco exterior with blue trim. Inside, the transmitter and its control room were prominently displayed in the centre. The original RCA transmitter contained a 12.2 m long red-and-chrome façade, visible from a gallery accessible to visitors, and was set atop a linoleum floor depicting a map of Canada marking the locations and call signs of all CBC-owned and affiliated radio stations in the country as of 1939.

The transmitter and control room were flanked by a small studio to keep the station on air in the event of an emergency, a studio control room, a workshop, a stenographer's office, and storage space. For the use of CBC personnel employed at the facility, the building also contained a heated, two-car garage and emergency living quarters consisting of bunk beds, a kitchenette, and a living room. In the mid-1960s, the living quarters were expanded with the addition of a two-person underground fallout shelter containing duplicated transmitter controls and a small studio to be used to broadcast news in the event of a nuclear attack. A backup electrical generator with fuel tank ensured that the station could remain on air for weeks without power and under control from inside the fallout shelter. The living quarters and emergency broadcast capabilities were briefly reactivated in late 1999 to provide contingency in the event of the year 2000 problem interrupting normal operations.

The design of the building included a number of technological innovations for its time, including air conditioning, special "dust and water proof" double-paned windows, and a unique transmitter cooling system involving the use of over 3400 L of water per hour flowing through the chamber housing the tubes and exiting through to sprayers on the building's copper roof, where water sprayed to a depth of as much as 23 cm was allowed to evaporate to further counteract the heat generated by the transmitter.

In 2007, the transmitter was moved into a steel shed next to the transmitting antenna. Having been made redundant, the original transmitter building fell into disrepair. While there was an effort by a local heritage committee in Watrous to preserve the building as an historic site, the high cost of removing dangerous interior materials such as asbestos and lead paint made this unfeasible, and the CBC decided to demolish the building in the summer of 2015. Before demolition, the heritage committee salvaged components and artifacts for preservation. A 2019 revitalization plan for the communities of Watrous and Manitou Beach called for potentially building a replica of the building at some point in the future.

Local programming
CBK and its repeater stations air several local shows, in addition to CBC network programming. Weekdays begin with The Morning Edition. At noon, Blue Sky is heard and in afternoon drive time, Afternoon Edition is broadcast. Saturday and Sunday mornings, Saskatchewan Weekend airs.

In Saskatoon, CBK-1-FM 94.1 has carried its own local morning program, Saskatoon Morning, in place of the Regina-based wake up show The Morning Edition, since 2013. It airs from the CBC's Saskatoon bureau in the Affinity Building at 100-128 4th Avenue South in downtown Saskatoon. Saskatoon Morning began streaming online on April 29, and began airing on 94.1 in September after the CBC won Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approval to move the program over-the-air. For the rest of its broadcasting day, CBK-FM-1 carries the same programming as CBK.

Rebroadcasters
In 2000, the CBC opened a local FM repeater of CBK in Regina, CBKR-FM 102.5. In 2006, a Saskatoon repeater was added, CBK-1-FM 94.1. Both cities had been plagued with reception problems of the main 540 AM signal.

CBK has the following rebroadcasters. Except for its Regina, Saskatoon and Meadow Lake transmitters, all are officially part of the licence of CBKA-FM in La Ronge (see below):

Community-owned rebroadcasters
Though separately licensed, CBKA-FM in La Ronge is a full-time satellite of CBK. Until 2009, that station produced its own noon-hour show and regional news updates, although it aired both The Morning Edition and The Afternoon Edition.

title: CBK (AM)


text: User talk:Google42

title: User talk:Google42


text:
CBKR

CBKR may refer to:

 * CBKR (AM), a radio rebroadcaster (740 AM) licensed to Parson, British Columbia, Canada, rebroadcasting CBTK-FM
 * CBKR-FM, a radio rebroadcaster (102.5 FM) licensed to Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, rebroadcasting CBK

title: CBKR


text:
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56°S to 60°N, to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth prior to the release of the ASTER GDEM in 2009. SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour during the 11-day STS-99 mission in February 2000. The radar system was based on the older Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), previously used on the Shuttle in 1994. To acquire topographic data, the SRTM payload was outfitted with two radar antennas. One antenna was located in the Shuttle's payload bay, the other – a critical change from the SIR-C/X-SAR, allowing single-pass interferometry – on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast that extended from the payload bay once the Shuttle was in space. The technique employed is known as interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Intermap Technologies was the prime contractor for processing the interferometric synthetic aperture radar data.

The elevation models are arranged into tiles, each covering one degree of latitude and one degree of longitude, named according to their south western corners. For example, "n45e006" stretches from 45°N 6°E to 46°N 7°E and "s45w006" from 45°S 6°W to 44°S 5°W. The resolution of the raw data is one arcsecond (30 m along the equator) and coverage includes Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. A derived one arcsecond dataset with trees and other non-terrain features removed covering Australia was made available in November 2011; the raw data are restricted for government use. For the rest of the world, only three arcsecond (90 m along the equator) data are available. Each one arcsecond tile has 3,601 rows, each consisting of 3,601 16 bit bigendian cells. The dimensions of the three arcsecond tiles are 1201 x 1201. The original SRTM elevations were calculated relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid and then the EGM96 geoid separation values were added to convert to heights relative to the geoid for all the released products.

The elevation models derived from the SRTM data are used in geographic information systems. They can be downloaded freely over the Internet, and their file format (.hgt) is widely supported.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission is an international project spearheaded by the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA transferred the SRTM payload to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in 2003; the canister, mast, and antenna are now on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

Versions
The USGS SRTM data is based on NASA's SIR-C instrument. It is available in at the following versions:
 * Version 1 (2003–2004) is almost the raw data.
 * Version 2.1 (~2005) is an edited version of v1. Artifacts are removed, but voids are not yet filled. There are 1-arcsecond data over the US.
 * Version 3 (2013), also known as SRTM Plus, is void-filled with ASTER GDEM and USGS GMTED2010. This release is available in global 1-arcsecond (30 meter) resolution since 2014.

The SRTM also carries the X-SAR instrument operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Italian Space Agency (ASI). The resulting dataset is usually called SRTM/X-SAR, or SRTMX for short. The grid resolution is high at 25 meters, but it has many gaps. The data was made public in May 2011.

The terminology regarding versions and resolutions can be confusing. "SRTM1" and "SRTM3" refers to the resolutions in 1 and 3 arc-seconds, not the versions of the format. On the other hand, "SRTM4.1" refers to a specific filled version by CGIAR-CSI. It is recommended to add a "v" in front of the version number to disambiguate.

No-data areas
The elevation datasets are affected by mountain and desert no-data areas. These amount to no more than 0.2% of the total area surveyed, but can be a problem in areas of very high relief. They affect all summits over 8,000 meters, most summits over 7,000 meters, many Alpine and similar summits and ridges, and many gorges and canyons. There are some SRTM data sources which have filled these data voids, but some of these have used only interpolation from surrounding data, and may therefore be very inaccurate. If the voids are large, or completely cover summit or ridge areas, no interpolation algorithms will give satisfactory results.

Void-filled SRTM datasets

Groups of scientists have worked on algorithms to fill the voids of the original SRTM (v2.1) data. Three datasets offer global coverage void-filled SRTM data at full (3-arcsecond) resolution:

 * The CGIAR-CSI version 4 provides the best global coverage using interpolation.
 * The USGS HydroSHEDS dataset was generated for hydrological applications and is suitable for consistent drainage and water flow information. References are provided on the algorithms used and quality assessment.
 * The void-filled SRTM data from Viewfinder Panoramas by Jonathan de Ferranti are high quality at full SRTM resolution. The data is filled using local survey maps and photographs. The OpenTopoMap website uses this fill. It has been partially updated for the 1-arcsecond release in the US.

In November 2013, LP DAAC released the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Version 3.0 (SRTM Plus) Product collection with all voids eliminated. Voids were filled primarily from ASTER GDEM2, and secondarily from USGS GMTED2010 – or USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) for the United States (except Alaska) and northernmost Mexico according to the announcement.

Highest Resolution Global Release
1-arc second global digital elevation model (30 meters) is available from the United States Geological Survey web site. The United States Government announced on September 23, 2014 over a United Nations Climate Summit that the highest possible resolution of global topographic data derived from the SRTM mission will be released to public. Before the end of the same year, a 1-arc second global digital elevation model (30 meters) was released. Most parts of the world have been covered by this dataset ranging from 54°S to 60°N latitude except for the Middle East and North Africa area. Missing coverage of the Middle East was completed in August 2015.

Users
In early June 2011, there were 750,000 confirmed users of SRTM topography dataset. Users in 221 countries have accessed the site.

title: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission


text:
Solomon Islands Football Federation

The Solomon Islands Football Federation is a member of the Oceania Football Confederation. The Solomon Islands national football team made history when they made it to the final Oceania stages of the 2006 World Cup Qualification against Australia. Before the tournament began it was almost presumed this place would go to New Zealand.

Divisions

 * Telekom S-League (Division 1)
 * Division 1 Football League (Division 2)
 * Former - Solomon Islands National Club Championship (2000-2010)

Cups

 * Solomon Cup
 * Malaita Cup

Teams
These are the current teams of the 2015-16 Telekom S-League.
 * Guadalcanal (Honiara)
 * Hana (Honiara)
 * Koloale (Honiara)
 * KOSSA (Honiara)
 * Malaita Kingz (Malaita)
 * Marist (Honiara)
 * Real Kakamora (Makira-Ulawa)
 * Solomon Warriors (Honiara)
 * Western United (Western)
 * West Honiara (Honiara)

These are the current teams of the 2018 HFA Premier Division.
 * Henderson Eels
 * Solomon Warriors
 * Hana
 * G. Camp United
 * CY Strikers
 * Mars United
 * Sokomora
 * Junior Flamingo
 * CDL Lekas
 * Northern United
 * Marist
 * Realas
 * Laugu United
 * Waneagu
 * Kossa
 * Makuru
 * Walas
 * Naha

These are the current teams of the 2018 HFA Division 1
 * Sunbeam
 * Junior Warriors
 * Islands
 * Our Breeze
 * KGVI Snails
 * Juniper
 * Maasina
 * Saa United
 * Koloale
 * Rangers
 * Three United
 * Las United
 * Toba Kingz
 * DMP
 * Kukum Bombers
 * Lau Valley
 * Solomon Sheet Steel
 * Kolei United

title: Solomon Islands Football Federation


text:
User talk:Soujourner

"For millions of years mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination We learned to talk" - Stephen Hawking

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Gaurav1146 09:13, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Soujourner


text:
Dihydroactinidiolide

Dihydroactinidiolide is a volatile terpene. It has a sweet, tea-like odor and is used as a fragrance. Dihydroactinidiolide occurs naturally in black tea, fenugreek, fire ants, mangoes, and tobacco. It has also been prepared synthetically.

Dihydroactinidiolide is a pheromone for a variety of insects; for example, it is one of the three components of the pheromone for queen recognition of the workers of the red fire ant.

title: Dihydroactinidiolide


text:
East Division (CFL)

The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, its counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues.

The four teams in the division are the Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes, and Ottawa Redblacks. Several now-defunct teams have also played in the East Division including two teams from the United States and a large number of teams that have played in Hamilton, Montreal, and Ottawa prior to the current teams from those cities. Additionally, current West Division team, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers have, in the past, spent a number of seasons in the East over three separate stints.

Pre–1907
The first organized football club in Canada was the Hamilton Foot Ball Club, a predecessor of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, in 1869. This was followed by the formation of the Montreal Foot Ball Club in 1872, the Toronto Argonaut Football Club in 1873 and the Ottawa Football Club (the future Ottawa Rough Riders) in 1876.

The first organized competitions were formed in 1883, when the Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) and the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU) were founded. At the time the sport was generally called rugby union or rugby football because its rules were similar to rugby union's, although this would change drastically in the coming decades. The following year, the two provincial unions would form the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU), with Montreal winning the first national championship later that year. The CRFU collapsed before the decade was out, but was re-organized as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891, with Osgoode Hall winning the first CRU championship the following year.

The turn of the 20th century was marked by fundamental changes in the rules of the game. The ORFU was the first competition to adopt the Burnside Rules, which were to revolutionize the Canadian game. The QRFU and CRU initially resisted the changes, but by 1906 the Burnside Rules were in force throughout Ontario and Quebec. Although substantial changes (such as forward passing) were still to come, modern Canadian football would ultimately evolve from John Thrift Meldrum Burnside's code.

W. A. Hewitt was vice-president of the ORFU, and represented the Toronto Argonauts. He sought for ORFU to have uniform rules of play with the CRU, with a preference to use the snap-back system of play used in Ontario. In December 1906, The Gazette reported that a proposal originated from Ottawa for the ORFU and the QRFU to merge, which would allow for higher calibre of play and create rivalries. Hewitt helped organize the meeting which established the IRFU in 1907.

Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (1907–1959)
In 1907, in a meeting organized by Hewitt, the ORFU's Hamilton Tigers and Toronto Argonauts joined with the QRFU's Montreal Foot Ball Club and Ottawa Rough Riders (Ottawa had been moving back and forth between the two unions over the past few years) to form an elite competition, the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (also known as the "Big Four"). Montreal won the first championship that year, taking home the James Dixon Trophy. In 1909 Lord Grey, the governor general of Canada, donated a trophy to be awarded to the CRU champion. The trophy, which became known as the Grey Cup, was not won by an IRFU club until the Hamilton Tigers captured the trophy in 1913. Following the 1915 season, the IRFU suspended competition because of World War I, and did not fully resume until 1920.

From 1925 until 1953, IRFU teams dominated Canadian football, winning 18 of the 26 Grey Cups its clubs contested in that timespan (the IRFU suspended operations from 1942 through 1944 because of World War II). During this period, the calibre of play in the IRFU was recognized as being on par with any league in North America. The Big Four attracted considerable interest in the United States and even had its games televised by the National Broadcasting Company for a time during the 1950s (in fact, these games were more widely available than their NFL counterparts). This interest eventually declined as the National Football League gained prominence and the American Football League rose in popularity. During this time, the IRFU became increasingly professionalized. However, in order to keep up the pretense of amateurism, players were usually paid under the table.

By the mid-1950s, the IRFU had dropped all pretense of amateurism, and it was clear that it was a far higher calibre competition than the ORFU (the Quebec union had faded from the scene in the early part of the century), the only purely amateur union still competing for the Grey Cup. Moreover, the Western Interprovincial Football Union had been gaining strength over the last two decades, and its level of play was almost on par with that of the IRFU. The WIFU's champion had faced the Big Four's champion in the Grey Cup final every season since 1945, and it proved capable of winning the Grey Cup on a regular basis during this decade. Following the 1954 season, the ORFU finally stopped challenging for the Grey Cup, thus making the game a contest between the champions of the IRFU in the East and the WIFU in the West. Although it was another four years before the amateurs were formally locked out of Grey Cup play, this marks the start of the modern era of Canadian football.

In 1956, the IRFU and WIFU agreed to form the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC withdrew from the CRU and renamed itself the Canadian Football League. The new league assumed control of the Grey Cup, though it had been the de facto professional championship for four years before then.

Eastern Football Conference (1960–1980)
The IRFU changed its name to the Eastern Football Conference in 1960. In 1961, the EFC agreed to a partial interlocking schedule with what was known by then as the Western Football Conference. Although the EFC was part of the CFL, its merger with the WFC was only a partial merger for the next two decades. During this time, the conferences maintained considerable autonomy, much like Major League Baseball's two leagues operated during the 20th century. For example, the East had a different playoff format until 1973 and a shorter schedule until 1974. During this time, attendances increased substantially for most clubs and television revenue gained prominence and importance. By the 1980s, however, rising player salaries had caused considerable financial losses for some teams. In an effort to bolster the league's stability, the CFL decided to proceed with a complete merger of the two regional conferences.

East Division (1981–1994, 1996–present)
In 1981, the CFL's two conferences agreed to a full merger and a full interlocking schedule. Although the EFC has carried on since that time as the CFL's East Division, full authority was now vested within the CFL. The decision to create a full interlocking schedule meant that the teams were playing fewer divisional games, consequently the league decided to add two extra divisional games per team, thus extending the schedule to 18 games per team starting in 1986.

The East Division has undergone major changes since the dissolution of the EFC. Following the 1981 season the Montreal Alouettes folded. They were refounded in time for the 1982 season as the Montreal Concordes. The new owners restored the Alouettes name in 1986, but this franchise folded shortly before the start of the 1987 regular season. Consequently, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the easternmost team in the West Division, were transferred to the East Division to keep the divisions equal in size. This led to the first "all-Western" Grey Cup in 1988 when the Blue Bombers won the East Division championship for the first time.

In 1994, the CFL decided to expand further into the United States after admitting the Sacramento Gold Miners as the first U.S. team a year earlier. This led to the addition of the two American-based teams in the East, the Shreveport Pirates and a team in Baltimore that would eventually be called the Stallions after the NFL successfully prevented the team from using the name "Colts". Baltimore would go on to win the East Division championship in 1994. For the 1995 season, all eight Canadian teams competed in the North Division, while the five American teams formed the South Division.

Prior to the 1996 season however, all of the American clubs disbanded. The owner of one, the Grey Cup champion Stallions, moved his organization to Montreal as the third and current incarnation of the Alouettes. However, while the Alouettes are now officially reckoned as having suspended operations from 1987 to 1995, they do not acknowledge their past as the Stallions. The pre-1987 divisional alignment was restored, only to see Winnipeg return to the East after one season when the Ottawa Rough Riders folded. The Blue Bombers returned to the West in 2002 after the Ottawa Renegades commenced play in the nation's capital. With the suspension of the Renegades in 2006, the Blue Bombers again were transferred to the East Division. With the East Division Ottawa Redblacks beginning play in 2014, the Blue Bombers moved back to the West Division again.

Grey Cup record
Prior to 1954, Eastern clubs dominated the Grey Cup. For most of the modern era, however, the West has generally been on an equal footing and in recent decades has often dominated the East in the regular season. From 1954 to 2016, the East won 27 Grey Cups and lost 35. This is not counting the 1995 season. Two of the East's Grey Cup wins were by the Blue Bombers, who have played in the West for most of their history.

Playoff format
Since 1955, three teams have competed in the East playoffs in most seasons. Only the top two teams qualified for the post-season in 1986 when an earlier form of the cross-over rule was in force, while four teams qualified in 1994 when there were six teams. In 1997, the present cross-over rule was implemented, allowing the fourth place team from one division to take the play-off place of the third place team in the other division, should the fourth place team earn a better record. From 1997 to 2016, the fourth place team in the West has taken advantage of the cross-over rule nine times, including four times when there were equal teams in the divisions. However, it was not until 2008 that a West team (Edmonton) advanced to the East Final, and only four other teams (the 2009 BC Lions, 2016 Eskimos, 2017 Saskatchewan Roughriders and 2019 Eskimos) have won a game since. Neither crossover team won more than one playoff game.

Since the implementation of the crossover rule, the closest an East team has come to earning a cross-over berth in the West playoffs was in 2001 when fourth place Toronto finished one point behind third place BC.

Current teams

 * Toronto Argonauts (formed 1873, joined 1907)
 * Hamilton Tiger-Cats (formed 1950 as a result of the merger between the Hamilton Tigers and Hamilton Wildcats)
 * Montreal Alouettes (formed 1946, renamed Concordes in 1982, renamed Alouettes in 1986, suspended operations in 1987, returned in 1996)
 * Ottawa Redblacks (formed 2010, began play 2014)

Former teams

 * Hamilton Tigers (formed in 1869, joined in 1907, merged with the Hamilton Wildcats to form the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1950)
 * Montreal Football Club (formed in 1872, joined in 1907, disbanded in 1915)
 * Ottawa Rough Riders (formed in 1876, joined in 1907, disbanded in 1996)
 * Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers (joined in 1919, disbanded in 1935)
 * Montreal Indians/Cubs/Royals/Bulldogs (Indians joined in 1936, replaced by Cubs in 1938, replaced by Royals in 1939, disbanded in 1941)
 * Hamilton Wildcats (formed in 1941, joined in 1948, merged with the Hamilton Tigers to form the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in 1950)
 * Montreal Hornets (1945)
 * Baltimore Stallions (formed in 1994, played in South Division in 1995; relocated to Montreal in 1996)
 * Shreveport Pirates (formed in 1994, played in South Division in 1995; disbanded)
 * Ottawa Renegades (formed in 2002, suspended in 2006)
 * Winnipeg Blue Bombers (formed in 1930, played in the East Division 1987–1994, 1997–2001, and 2006–2013)

Total playoff berths while in the CFL East
This reflects Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Baltimore Football Club, and Shreveport Pirates results only while in the East Division.

title: East Division (CFL)