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List of Japanese spies, 1930–1945

This is a list of Japanese spies including leaders and commanders of the Japanese Secret Intelligence Services (Kempeitai) in the period 1930 to 1945.

 * Yakichiro Suma es – Japan's Ambassador in Spain, chief of the Japanese spy network code named "TO". Friend of Foreign Ministers Ramón Serrano Suñer (General Franco's brother-in-law) and Count Gomez Jordana. He collected information from Afghanistan, the Soviet Union, Iran, and India.
 * Morito Morishima pt – Japanese ambassador in Portugal.
 * Hiroshi Ōshima – Japanese ambassador in Germany, close friends with Admiral Canaris, chief of Germany's intelligence organization (Abwehr) and Italy's Military Intelligence Bureau. Oshima then relayed TO to Tokyo along with messages coordinating policies and operations between the three Axis powers.
 * Yoshio Muto – spy operating in San Francisco.
 * Toshio Miyazaki – Imperial Japanese Navy agent who recruited the American Harry Thomas Thompson as a secret agent in San Diego.
 * Yuchi Tonogawa – an Imperial Japanese Army agent working undercover as a farm worker in Brazil, also a member of a local secret ring in Brazil.
 * An Imperial Japanese Army captain working undercover as a chef for a prominent Brazilian family until Brazilian security services detected him.
 * Jakuji Ochi – an Imperial Japanese Navy agent working undercover as a woodworker in Panama, also chief of a secret ring in Las Perlas Archipelago. Also in Panama were a Japanese family of fishermen who were a supposed part of this web.
 * Prince Higashikuni – on a secret mission commissioned by Tenno. In 1921, he arranged a secret meeting in Baden-Baden (Germany) with "Three Raven" (a secret military think tank) to organize the underground commission of "Eleven Reliable Men" who gave orders to prepare the future conquest lines of Japanese forces.
 * Prince Chichibu – with Hirohito's orders, arrived in Manchuria for an underground reconnaissance mission in accordance with secret plans for the Japanese intervention there.
 * Ryonosuke Seita – chief of a spy ring in Brisbane, Australia. Possibly linked to Pedro de Ygual, Spanish consul in Australia and a known General Franco supporter.
 * Akashi Motojiro – Black Dragon member and agent specialized in Siberia and North Asia. Knowledgeable about China, Manchuria, Siberia. He established contacts throughout the Muslim world. These Muslim contacts would be maintained throughout World War II, both as operatives in their areas and as a hedge against Soviet aggression. Akashi eventually established networks through Europe too, that served the Black Dragons. The Black Dragons also formed close contact and even alliances with Buddhist sects throughout Asia.
 * Japanese Official Radio, Radio Tokyo (NHK), sent its foreign transmissions, with some cover messages, to Japanese Doho agents outside Japan.
 * Hiraya Amane – secret agent in Hankow, China. Wrote Zhong-guo Bi-mi She-hui Shi, the first true history of the Triads and other secret societies; this book was a special intelligence handbook. Hiraya also organized Tung Wen College in Shanghai that trained future agents for espionage in China. The Tung Wen would continue to operate until the end of World War II, training agents for operations throughout Asia.
 * Marcelle Tao Kitazawa – agent in Australia, linked with Seita, who led a spy web in New Caledonia. This claim appears to have been debunked in an Axis History Forum entry by Dachhase on 13 October 2012.
 * Agent Umeda – local agent in North Queensland, Australia.
 * Kinoaki Matsuo – member of the ultra-nationalist Black Dragon secret society, and an officer in Japanese intelligence.
 * Mitsuru Toyama – chief of Black Dragon Society, an active agent linked with Japanese Secret Service and Japanese outside agents.
 * Shūmei Ōkawa – ultra-nationalist, agent instructor, and an agent in China and North Asia. [None of the "agent instructor" or "agent" claims are supported by the Wikipedia entry for Okawa dated 11 September 2017.]
 * Yoshio Kodama – Japanese gangster and yakuza chief, he set up a massive network of Manchurian spies and informants spread across China.
 * Hideki Tojo – the Chief of the Imperial Japanese Army, Prime Minister and chief of the Kodoha Party; for a period chief of Kwantung Army and Kempeitai Intelligence service in Manchukuo. He also maintained during his military life direct control of the Japanese Secret Services (apart from the Emperor's command of such services) and received information first through his direct link with the Black Dragon Society and his own intelligence work with the Imperial Japanese Army during the conflict.
 * Kōki Hirota – former Foreign Minister and head of the Black Dragons (also guided intelligence services in the group), discussed the advantages and consequences of a conflict with the United States with War Minister Hideki Tōjō. In a conference on August 26, 1941, at a session of the Black Dragon Society HQ in Tokyo, the War Minister ordered preparation to be made to wage a total war against the armed forces of the United States. December 1941 or February 1942, were considered adequate time for this operation. Tojo said he "will start the war with America, and after sixty days he will reshuffle the cabinet and become a great dictator", at same time if analyzed the last dates provided from Japanese secret agents about Soviet Far East and European colonies in Southeast Asia, in relation to this operation.
 * Previously in World War II on the Chinese mainland, Black Dragon posed one five column, so-called "China Wave-Men". They undertook some secret operations at favour of such group. Similar operations with revolutionaries were established from 1906 to the 1940s, targeting India, the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines amongst others. The Black Dragons began establishing subsidiary groups to support these regional actions.
 * Kenjiro Hayashide – second secretary in Japanese Embassy in Xinjing, Diplomatic Adviser to the Kangde Emperor and underground secret agent, author of "Epochal voyage to Nippon", a publication edited by the Intelligence agency in General Affairs State Council of Manchukuo.
 * Michitarō Komatsubara – intelligence chief in Harbin.
 * Kingoro Hashimoto – served in the secret service in Manchukuo.
 * Sadao Araki – undertook some secret actions during the Siberian Japanese expeditionary force period
 * Wellington Koo – as member of Lytton Commission during his diplomatic mission in Manchukuo, reported the frequent watching of suspicious Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and White Russian employees in the Hotel Moderne, Harbin. Similarly, Amleto Vespa as a Manchu/Japanese forces secret agent, confirmed the presence of such secret agents in places where the mentioned diplomatic commission stayed in country.
 * Kanji Ishiwara – undertook undercover actions and espionage in Manchukuo.
 * Kenji Doihara – member of a Japanese intelligence service in Manchukuo, working there and in mainland China.
 * Noboyushi Obata (Shinryo) – chief of a secret unit in Harbin.
 * Masaiko Amakazu – secret agent in Manchukuo, chief of the Manchukuo Film Association.
 * A Japanese undercover agent, disguised as a "housekeeper" watching Puyi in the imperial palace and writing periodic reports to superiors of Japanese secret services in Manchukuo about intimate details of Kangde Emperor.
 * Theoretically in Manchukuo, Kangde Emperor held the command of Manchu Secret Services. In reality, these units and their sections stayed under Kempeitai and Kwantung Army control.
 * Amleto Vespa – Italian forced secret agent of Japanese and Manchu secret service.
 * In Manchukuo – Japanese and Manchu local secret services used some Chinese, Mongol, Buriats, Korean, and White Russians as secret agents and saboteurs.
 * Lo-Chen-Yu – a local Manchu servant with delictive links, also a secret agent.
 * Seishirō Itagaki – member of a Japanese intelligence service in Manchukuo and Korea.
 * Yasunori Yoshioka – Japanese intelligence member in Manchukuo.
 * A Prince – unknown identity, chief and secret agent in Japanese secret service in Manchukuo. Possibly Prince Takeda.
 * Konoto Daisaku – Japanese agent in Manchukuo.
 * Major Giga – Japanese agent and saboteur in Manchukuo.
 * Hisao Watari – Japanese intelligence agent in Manchukuo.
 * Kwantung Army – included the Asano Division, manned with White Russians; and "Mongol Army" special units, manned by Mongols. Imperial forces projected to use such units in secret missions and sabotage during eventual invasion of Soviet Siberia, Outer Mongolia, and Russian Far East.
 * Takayoshi Tanaka – Japanese agent with missions in north and central China.
 * Kanji Tsuneoka – the real power in Mengchiang, led the central academy (intelligence school) in Kalgan and undertook secret operations in the area. Directed the Kwantung Army Mongol Department, native saboteurs, and secret agent units.
 * Yoshiko Kawashima – Manchu princess, and Japanese secret agent in mainland China.
 * Pince Su – Mongol Japanese agent in Inner Mongolia.
 * Nataoke Sato – Japanese ambassador in Moscow, undertook some secret missions for the Axis Powers during Eastern front battles.
 * Jinzo Nomoto – intelligence officer sent by an Imperial Japanese Army unit to Tibet and Xinjiang. He worked in Manchukuo and was a member of Kwantung Army Mongol Department.
 * Ma Zhongying – Uyghur servant who undertook some secret actions for the Japanese.
 * Trebitsch Lincoln – Hungarian.
 * Kanyei Chuyo – a chief of Imperial Japanese Navy secret services. Directed the 8th Section "Yashika." Between this unit stay the "Australian Section" ("Tokyo Gimusho") linked with Japanese Naval Intelligence Staff under command of Imperial Navy General Staff. The office had orders to research any affairs of the British Empire in Southeast Asia and Pacific Area.
 * Kinoaki Matsuo – Foreign Affairs Ministry official who was liaison between the Japanese Foreign Office and the Imperial Admiralty.
 * Mineo Ōsumi – noble and member of the Supreme War Council of Japan. He undertook some secret missions in central and southern China under the orders of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
 * Officer Maruyama – served in a Tokkō Censorship Department underground unit in Tokyo, Japan. He monitored information sent out of Tokyo by foreign journalists.
 * Japanese Secret Services – used some foreign persons as inside agents, including one American residing in Japan, one Hungarian agent in the service of the Imperial Japanese Army, and one Euroasiatic agent working for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Japanese secret service, Army, and Navy such people, along with Western and East Asian agents, during the Pacific War.
 * Since the 1920s, the intelligence services also used Doho or dokuku jin – (nikkei) cultural groups in the Pacific War as alternative secret agents. These were Japanese citizens with foreign nationality, with loyalty to the emperor and Japan; they lived around the world.
 * Tatsuki Fuji – Editor of the Singapore Herald and an agent in Malaya/Malaysia.
 * Shinozaki Mamoru – Japanese diplomat arrested for espionage.
 * Imperial Japanese Army – special forces agents, Susuhiko Mizuno, Sergeant Morita, Sergeant Furuhashi, Lance Corporal Kazuo Ito six sailors and five Timorese decoys, undertook secret missions from Koepang, Timor, to disembark in Western Australia, on January 19, 1944. They were members of the Matsu Kikan (Pine Tree) Secret Agency, led by Captain Masayoshi Yamamoto with HQ in Ambon (Dutch Indies), under command of 19th Army. The group traveled aboard the Hiyoshi Maru; managed by Staff Sergeant Auonuma and officer Hachiro Akai. They arrived at Cartier Island escorted by Kawasaki Ki-48 "Lilly" light bomber of 7th Air Division from Kendari, finally arriving at Browse Island. The group observed nearby areas. On January 20, 1944, the unit returned to Timor.
 * Australian sources mentioned a January 1944 Japanese secret mission to Mornington Island, in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Watchers inform about one large black ship landing on the island on January 15, 1944.
 * The Black Dragon Society, the Kaigun Kyokai (Navy League), or the Hoirusha Kai (Military Service Man's League), and other similar societies. These Japanese secret groups were well known to the US Naval Intelligence Service and the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the subversive actions in the United States among some elements of Doho communities.
 * Other overseas Japanese agents of Black Dragon Society were the so-called "soshi" (Brave Knights). At the same time, referring to superior commander as the "Darkside Emperor" mentioned agents since the 1940s, operating worldwide, as far away as North America, South America, and Morocco. They formed covert ties with the Nazis.
 * German Lt. Col. Fritz von Petersdorf, assist and German military attaché in Tokyo, received some information from Japanese Intelligence Services, in accord with Axis Powers agreements. Such information was related to military strength, transportation, reserves, troop dispositions, and movements of Soviet Far East units sent to the West European front (Operation Barbarossa), as well as data concerning the war industry in the Soviet Union. This report was supported by Admiral Wenneker, the German naval attaché, under German official Ambassador Eugen Ott in Tokyo.
 * Hiroshi Akita – Chief of German Section of Japanese Military Intelligence.
 * Imperial Japanese Army – sent a secret mission to Germany via Siberia, leaving Tokyo on March 1, 1943. This operation was led by Major General Okamoto, who had been chief of the Second Bureau (Intelligence) at the time of the outbreak of the Pacific War. His staff consisted of Colonel Kotani, Navy officer Captain Onoda, and Mr.Yosano, Foreign Office chancellor. Objectives of the mission were to investigate German ability to carry on the war; and to clarify Japan's real situation to the Germans. A third objective (concerning the arrangement of a separate peace between Germany and the Soviet Union) was eliminated just prior to the mission's departure. The Okamoto Mission reported its findings in a cable dated July 5. Many reservations were attached to the report, which concluded that German national power was lower than had been foreseen by the mission before it left Japan. Germany would accordingly encounter many difficulties in emerging triumphant without first overcoming the critical problems that were fast approaching: shortage of manpower, lowering of industrial war potential, insufficiency of liquid fuel, etc.
 * On October 15, 1943, IGHQ incorporated its Second Bureau's 16th Section (German and Italian Intelligence) into the 5th Section (U.S.S.R. intelligence), just as the German Army was failing in its early summer offensive against Orel. The Soviet Army, on the other hand, had seized the operational initiative. The feeling of the Imperial Japanese Army High Command was somewhat inclined to pessimism vis-a vis Germany. The Imperial Japanese Army committed a great error by placing excessive confidence in Germany. After the Allies had established a Second Front in northern France (June 1944) and a recent attempt on Hitler's (July 20 plot, 1944) - only then did the Japanese Army intelligence services and High Command conclude that Germany possessed scant prospects for victory.
 * Patrick Heenan (July 1910-February 13, 1942) was a Captain in the British Indian Army, who was convicted of treason, after spying for Japanese military intelligence during the Malayan campaign of World War II. Heenan was reportedly killed in a summary execution, during the Battle of Singapore. It is alleged that the British Commonwealth military censors suppressed these events.
 * William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord Sempill, a British peer and record-breaking air pioneer who passed secret information to the Japanese military before World War II.
 * Makihara Satoru, a Mitsubishi manager in London, was arrested on 2 August 1940 on suspicion of espionage, and taken to Brixton prison.  Thanks to intervention by William Forbes-Sempill (see above), he was released a few days later due to "insufficient evidence".
 * Velvalee Dickinson - German American known as "The Doll Woman" who related Naval information using her New York City doll shop as a front.
 * John Semer Farnsworth-was a former Court Martialed American Naval Officer who sold naval secrets to Japan for money in the 1930s.

title: List of Japanese spies, 1930–1945


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Category:Durchmusterung objects

Stars in the Durchmusterung catalogues are given BD (Bonner Durchmusterung), CD (Cordoba Durchmusterung), or CP (Cape Photographic Durchmusterung) numbers.

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title: Category:Durchmusterung objects


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Talk:Carthage, Indiana

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Croton oil

Croton oil (Crotonis oleum) is an oil prepared from the seeds of Croton tiglium, a tree belonging to the order Euphorbiales and family Euphorbiaceae, and native or cultivated in India and the Malay Archipelago. Small doses taken internally cause diarrhea. Externally, the oil can cause irritation and swelling. Croton oil is used in Phenol-croton oil chemical peels for its caustic exfoliating effects it has on the skin. Used in conjunction with phenol solutions, it results in an intense reaction that leads to initial skin sloughing. Since croton oil is very irritating and painful, it is used in laboratory animals to study how pain works, pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs, and immunology.

Because croton tiglium oil is cocarcinogenic, it has been used in tumor research. Berenblum and Shubik saw croton oil as a “promoting” agent: a kind of carcinogen that acted through an inflammatory response. Mice painted only with croton oil hadn’t developed tumors. Croton oil is the source of the chemical compound phorbol. Tumor promotion activity was traced to phorbol esters present in croton oil. Pure phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which is found in croton oil, is widely used in laboratory research to induce tumor development.

History of use
During World War II, the United States Navy added a small amount of croton oil to the neutral grain spirits that powered torpedoes. The oil was intended to prevent sailors from drinking the alcohol fuel. Sailors devised crude stills to separate the alcohol from the croton oil, as alcohol evaporates at a lower temperature than croton oil.

Norwegian partisans among workers at a factory, ordered by the Quisling government to turn over a catch of sardines to the Nazi German government for shipment to Saint-Nazaire (a U-boat base of operations) arranged with the British for a large shipment of croton oil to covertly poison the sardines, whose fishy taste was expected to conceal the tampering.

In "The Bulletin" (9 Dowry Square, Hot Wells, May 29, 1845,) the Reverend Richard Harris Barham wrote a medically inspired poem to relieve the anxiety of a very dear friend a month before his own death on June 17, 1845. The attending doctor advises his patient, among other treatments for a sore throat that is producing barely a sound: "... Please put out your tongue again! / Now the blister! / Ay, the blister! / Let your son, or else his sister, / Warm it well, then clap it here, sir, / All across from ear to ear, sir; / That suffices, / When it rises, / Snip it, sir, and then your throat on / Rub a little oil of Croton: / Never mind a little pain! / Please put out your tongue again! ..." The patient was Barham, who had accidentally swallowed a piece of pear core that got into his windpipe on October 28, 1844. Despite the "professional" advice and the very painful and "highest quality" treatments of the time being given freely to him by Doctors Roberts and Scott, and by the eminent surgeon Mr. Coulson, for "violent vomiting", "inflamed throat", and catching "a cold" in April 1845, Barham died.

"Medicinal" croton oil was supplied in the California Genocide to dying Indian groups.

In popular culture
In Thomas Wolfe's 1929 novel Look Homeward Angel, 18-year-old Steve Gant and a friend sneak into neighbors' barn. In the barn, Steve and his friend find a liquor bottle that the husband hid from the wife; they drink the entire bottle. For revenge, the husband refills the bottle with croton oil. When Steve and his friend return to the barn and find the bottle refilled, they drink from it. This time they get very sick.

In John Steinbeck's novel East of Eden, published in 1952, Kate uses it to murder Faye and inherit her whorehouse. Faye is poisoned with a combination of first strychnine (unsuccessfully) and then two drops of croton oil, on a salad of home-canned beans, mimicking accidental botulism poisoning. To allay suspicion, Kate also poisons herself with cáscara sagrada which gives the same cathartic symptoms, but to a non-fatal degree. Steinbeck also alludes to croton oil in In Dubious Battle, chapter 7.

In the movie They Rode West, released in 1954 and starring Robert Francis, an Army post's previous physician was widely disliked because he frequently prescribed croton oil for the troops.

In the 1966 movie El Dorado starring John Wayne, cayenne pepper, hot mustard, ipecac, asafoetida, croton oil, and gunpowder are the ingredients in an emetic administered to the drunken sheriff J. P. Harrah (Robert Mitchum) to sober him up and prevent him from drinking for the foreseeable future. Arthur Hunnicutt's character Bull expresses great surprise that the extract's use will be risked.

In Bernard Cornwell's 1994 historical fiction Copperhead, the second book of The Starbuck Chronicles, Nate Starbuck is force fed croton oil over a number of days whilst being interrogated by the Confederate authorities after he is accused of being involved in the attempted passing of sensitive military information to the Union.

title: Croton oil


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Maurice Suckling

Captain Maurice Suckling (4 May 1726 – 14 July 1778) was a British Royal Navy officer of the eighteenth century, most notable for starting the naval career of his nephew Horatio Nelson and for serving as Comptroller of the Navy from 1775 until his death. Suckling joined the Royal Navy in 1739 and saw service in the English Channel and Mediterranean Sea during the War of the Austrian Succession. With the support of relatives including Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole, Suckling was promoted quickly and received his first command in 1754. At the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756 he was promoted to captain and given a command on the Jamaica Station. There he played a major part in the Battle of Cap-Français in 1757 and fought an inconclusive skirmish against the French ship Palmier in 1758 before returning to Britain in 1760.

Suckling was employed in the aftermath of the Capture of Belle Île in 1761 destroying French fortifications on the Île-d'Aix and went on half pay at the end of the war in 1763. He was given his next command during the Falklands Crisis of 1770, and took his nephew Nelson with him. Despite having misgivings over Nelson's suitability for the navy, Suckling supported him and saw him translated into several more active ships in order to further his naval education when Suckling himself moved to command a guard ship. Suckling left his ship in 1773 and was initially rebuffed in his attempts to gain fresh employment with the navy because of the ongoing peace, but in 1775 First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, appointed him Comptroller of the Navy.

Suckling was competent in his new role and oversaw the Royal Navy's mobilisation when the American Revolutionary War began. In 1776 he was also elected Member of Parliament for Portsmouth. Suckling was able to use his powerful position to again assist Nelson, forming part of the board that passed him for promotion to lieutenant in 1777. Suckling continued throughout the period to assiduously attend meetings of the Navy Board, but was increasingly hampered by a long-term illness that caused him considerable pain. He died unexpectedly on 14 July 1778.

Early life
Maurice Suckling was born on 4 May 1726 in the rectory house in Barsham, Suffolk. His father was the Reverend Maurice Suckling and his mother Anne Turner. Suckling's maternal grandfather was Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet, while his great-uncle was the prime minister, Sir Robert Walpole. Suckling lived in Barsham until the age of four when his father died. His mother then moved the family, which also included his sister Catherine and brother William, to Beccles in the same county. Nothing is known of Suckling's childhood past this point apart from that he continued to live in Beccles.

Suckling's immediate family, as a single parent household, was not especially rich, and he did not receive a university education. These factors limited his career prospects, with the former meaning he could not become a British Army officer and the latter stopping him from following his father into the clergy. Suckling did however have the support of considerable patronage from the powerful Walpole, and because of this he was able to find a place within the Royal Navy. At the age of thirteen, on 25 November 1739, Suckling was appointed an ordinary seaman on board the 50-gun fourth-rate HMS Newcastle at Sheerness Dockyard. While some records suppose that he was supported in his joining of the navy by another maternal relative, Captain George Townshend, the historian John Sugden says this was the doing of Walpole. Suckling's first patron within the navy was Captain Thomas Fox, the commanding officer of Newcastle.

Early career
In Newcastle Suckling saw service in the Western Approaches, the English Channel, and off Gibraltar and Lisbon. He was advanced to able seaman on 7 April 1741 before being promoted to midshipman on 7 September. In 1742 Newcastle was sent to serve in the Mediterranean Sea; while at Port Mahon in March the following year Fox was given command of the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Chichester and, continuing to support Suckling's career, he took the midshipman with him on 16 June. While in the Mediterranean Suckling met the future Admiral of the Fleet Sir Peter Parker, at the time another junior officer, and formed a friendship that would endure throughout their respective careers.

Having continued with Fox in Chichester, on 8 March 1745 Suckling took his examination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant at Port Mahon. He was at this stage not actually eligible to take the examination, by the rules needing to be a year older and to have another seven months of sea service. Fox was one of the four captains sitting to examine Suckling, and likely because of this the deficiencies in Suckling's report were ignored and he passed. Suckling was immediately promoted and appointed to serve as fourth lieutenant of the 70-gun ship of the line HMS Burford. While sailing off Villefranche on 7 February 1746, he was transferred to the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Russell also as fourth lieutenant. On 9 June the following year he moved again, joining the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Boyne at the order of her flag officer, Rear-Admiral John Byng. Having initially served again as fourth lieutenant, Suckling was promoted to become Boyne's third on 9 January 1748 and her second on 16 August.

With the War of the Austrian Succession ending, Suckling returned home in Boyne, arriving at Spithead on 14 October. He was then, on 1 November, transferred from Boyne into the 50-gun fourth-rate HMS Gloucester as the ship's first lieutenant, which the naval historian David Syrett suggests was another appointment brought about by Suckling's patrons. The captain of Gloucester was his relative Townshend. Suckling's position in Gloucester meant that he avoided the unemployment that came to many naval officers when the Royal Navy began to decommission warships in response to the end of the war.

Gloucester sailed to join the West Indies Station on 15 May 1749, and Suckling spent the next three years of his career based in the ship at Jamaica. Gloucester finally returned to England on 16 January 1753, at which time Suckling was appointed second lieutenant of the 70-gun ship of the line HMS Somerset, which was the guard ship at Chatham Dockyard. He was promoted to become Somerset's first lieutenant on 19 April before, on 2 January 1754, being discharged from the ship. One day later he was promoted to commander.

First commands
At the same time as his promotion Suckling was given command of the 14-gun sloop HMS Baltimore. The ship was at the time serving on the North America Station, and Suckling took passage out in a merchant ship to take up his new command. He did so at Charleston, South Carolina, on 20 May. In Baltimore Suckling spent most of his time patrolling the coast of the Carolinas, with occasional diversions taking him as far north as Boston. On 11 September 1755 Suckling was with his ship at Halifax, Nova Scotia, when Vice-Admiral Edward Boscawen translated him into command of the 64-gun ship of the line HMS Lys, which had recently been captured from the French just before the start of the Seven Years' War. Lys was only armed en flute, and Suckling was ordered to sail her back to Britain.

Having left Halifax on 19 October with the rest of Boscawen's ships, Lys was separated from them in a storm but succeeded in reaching the Downs on 23 November. Suckling's command of Lys, being a ship of the line and officially the command of a post captain, combined with his patronage and the beginning of the Seven Years' War, almost guaranteed his promotion to that rank. This occurred on 2 December. Suckling had taken longer than some of his contemporaries, such as Augustus Keppel and Richard Howe, to reach the rank, but having done so he could expect to be eventually promoted to flag rank by seniority if he lived long enough.

Seven Years' War
Alongside his promotion, Suckling was given command of the 60-gun ship of the line HMS Dreadnought which was the flag ship of Townshend, now a rear-admiral. Ordered to Jamaica, Dreadnought formed part of an eleven-warship escort for a convoy that left Spithead on 31 January 1756. Dreadnought arrived at Port Royal on 18 April; Townshend would go on to leave the Jamaica Station but Suckling and Dreadnought continued on. The ship spent most of her service in harbour at Port Royal as the area was a backwater in the Seven Years' War. Suckling was able, however, to occasionally take his ship on patrols around the coast of Santo Domingo.

On 21 October 1757, Dreadnought and two other 60-gun ships of the line undertook an operation to intercept a French convoy leaving Cape Français. Dreadnought first spotted sails at 7am, and at midday the British found that the French squadron sent to escort the convoy had come out to engage them. It was an unexpectedly powerful squadron, consisting of seven warships, including four ships of the line. The senior British officer, Captain Arthur Forrest, met with his captains. When he suggested that the French were looking for a battle, Suckling replied "I think it would be a pity to disappoint them". The three ships formed a line of battle with Dreadnought taking the vanguard. Suckling began the battle at 3:20pm by engaging the French flag ship, the 74-gun ship of the line Intrépide. Dreadnought destroyed so many of Intrépide's spars that the French ship was unable to stop herself from falling afoul of the ship following behind her, the 50-gun fourth-rate Greenwich. This put the French squadron into confusion as their ships began to get caught up in one another. The British took advantage of this, attacking them with little return fire.

The action continued for around two and a half hours. At this point the French commodore, Guy François Coëtnempren de Kersaint, called for one of his frigates to tow Intrépide out of the battle. The French squadron, having received heavy casualties, retreated back into Cape Français. Forrest's ships, their rigging and masts heavily damaged, were unable to chase them. This ended the Battle of Cap-Français, the only full-scale battle of Suckling's career. The British lost twenty-four men killed and eighty-five wounded in the skirmish, of which ten and thirty respectively were from Suckling's command. Unable to re-engage the French, the ships returned to Port Royal to undergo repairs. After this Dreadnought returned to her regular duties at Jamaica.

On 1 September 1758 Dreadnought was patrolling alongside the 50-gun fourth-rate HMS Assistance when they received intelligence that the French 74-gun ship of the line Palmier was off Port-au-Prince. They discovered Palmier there the following morning, and at 4am Dreadnought began to attack Palmier from close range. Assistance, however, was becalmed and unable to help Suckling in the engagement. Palmier fired into Dreadnought's rigging and, with his ship's movement disabled, Suckling was unable to stop the French ship from escaping. When Assistance finally reached Dreadnought the two ships chased after Palmier but were too far behind to re-start the engagement. Dreadnought had eight men killed and seven wounded in the action. On 17 June 1760 Dreadnought was ordered back to England as escort to a convoy of sixty-four merchant ships. She arrived in the Downs on 29 August. Suckling subsequently sailed his ship to Chatham, where she was paid off on 19 November.

Suckling did not stay unemployed for long, being appointed to command the 70-gun ship of the line HMS Nassau on 16 January 1761. Employed in the Bay of Biscay, Nassau mostly saw service implementing blockades, with there being little serious opposition for the British after the Battle of Quiberon Bay. In June Suckling's ship reinforced the British squadron that had recently captured Belle Île, and she was then detached in a squadron under Captain Sir Thomas Stanhope. Stanhope's orders were to engage any French shipping left in the Basque Roads, and to destroy fortifications on the Île-d'Aix. The squadron found no ships to attack but between 21 and 22 June Nassau and five other ships were sent on to Aix. Despite interference from French prames based in the Charente they succeeded in their task with only minor losses.

Suckling left Nassau in February 1762 to recommission the 66-gun ship of the line HMS Lancaster, returning to his former ship on 22 February. Suckling then stayed in Nassau until the end of the Seven Years' War, paying off his ship at the Nore in February 1763. Suckling's fortune to find employment at the end of the War of the Austrian Succession did not now repeat itself, and he went ashore on half pay, probably living at his home in Woodton, Norfolk. After seven years in such a position Suckling's services were called upon again for the Falklands Crisis in 1770. As the Royal Navy began mobilising in the expectation of war against Spain, he was given command of the 64-gun ship of the line HMS Raisonnable, which was fitting out at Chatham, on 17 November.

Patron of Nelson
Suckling's sister Catherine had died on 26 December 1767, leaving behind three sons; William, Maurice, and Horatio Nelson. Suckling and his brother subsequently took an interest in promoting the careers of their nephews, and when Suckling took command of Raisonnable he brought Horatio with him, appointing him a midshipman. Suckling, who had told tales of his naval exploits to Horatio while on half pay, accepted him at the direct request of Nelson's father Edmund and did not himself think that it was the right choice, saying: "What has poor Horatio done, who is so weak, that he should be sent to rough it out at sea? But let him come, and the first time we go into action a cannon ball may knock off his head and provide for him at once."

Despite this attitude Suckling was happy to use his influence for Nelson's benefit; he wrote him into Raisonnable's books on 1 January 1771 rather than in March or April when Nelson actually joined the ship so that he could have several extra months of seniority. This was Nelson's first sea service although Raisonnable never left the Thames Estuary during Suckling's command, which ended with the de-escalation of tensions and the decommissioning of the ship. On 13 May Suckling was instead given command of the 74-gun ship of the line HMS Triumph, continuing to support Nelson by taking him with him to his new ship. Triumph was employed as a guard ship, and during Suckling's tenure she would spend time at Blackstakes, Sheerness, and Chatham. On 26 June Suckling was also appointed senior officer for his part of the Thames Estuary; he filled most of his time with paperwork regarding topics including naval discipline and the deployment of marine detachments.

Aware that the monotony of service on board a guard ship would not provide the practical experience necessary for Nelson's naval career, Suckling organised for a Hibbert, Purrier and Horton ship captain who had served under him in Dreadnought to take Nelson to the West Indies. Nelson left on 25 July and throughout the trip was kept on the books of Triumph, which ship he re-joined on 17 July 1772. Suckling continued on in Triumph throughout this, his duties at the time of Nelson's return including hosting on board First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. In May 1773 Suckling had Nelson transferred to serve in the 8-gun bomb vessel HMS Carcass for an expedition to the North Pole, he having previously operated with Carcass' commander Captain Skeffington Lutwidge. Nelson having returned from this, Suckling then had him join the 24-gun frigate HMS Seahorse on 27 October. Seahorse was commanded by another friend and old Dreadnought shipmate, Captain George Farmer. Suckling left Triumph on 1 December when his standard three-year appointment came to an end.

Comptroller of the Navy
Suckling returned to half pay; he was still in his prime, a handsome and slim man despite some gout in his right hand and a thinning hairline. As a senior captain there were limited positions available for him within the navy while the country was at peace. Suckling showed an interest in working ashore when positions in Newfoundland and Jamaica arose in 1775. Employment was also available for naval officers within the civil side of the navy's command, the Navy Board; having spent two years unemployed, on 12 April Suckling was appointed Comptroller of the Navy.

The Comptroller of the Navy was the head of the Navy Board, responsible for all Royal Navy warship construction and upkeep as well as troop transports and dockyards. The position was highly prestigious as well as important and why Suckling, a relatively unknown candidate, was chosen by Sandwich is not known. The naval experience that Suckling brought to the position was of great value to Sandwich, who went about reforming naval administration with particular emphasis on making Royal Navy shipyards more productive.

Suckling proved adept as head of the Navy Board, initially in peace and then during the American Revolutionary War. Despite his deep commitment to public duty he found it time-consuming and arduous work. During his tenure the mobilisation of the navy for war saw the number of ships under his purview expand from 110 in October 1775 to 306 in July 1778. Suckling attended the majority of meetings called by the Navy Board, often six days a week, overseeing both the growth of the navy and the creation of a fleet of 416 troop transports to convey the army across to America. His hard work was done in tandem with that of Rear-Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser, his predecessor as Comptroller of the Navy and the incumbent First Naval Lord.

Suckling continued to receive personal advancement during this period, being elected unopposed as member of parliament for the Admiralty-controlled constituency of Portsmouth on 18 May 1776; he never voted or made a speech during his tenure in the House of Commons. Suckling was also able to use his position to again assist his nephews, appointing Maurice a clerk in the Navy Office in November 1775 and on 9 April 1777 serving as an examining captain on Horatio's lieutenancy examination. Nelson was, as Suckling had been, underage for the position but this was ignored and he passed, being appointed to serve in the 32-gun frigate HMS Lowestoffe.

A view promoted in older biographies of Nelson, that he was unaware his uncle was to examine him and that Suckling did not tell the other examiners of their relationship, "not wish[ing] the younker to be favoured", has been questioned in more recent years by Sugden and the naval historian R. J. B. Knight. Nelson was promoted to captain two years later, beating the average time of a lieutenant to reach captaincy by eight years.

Death and legacy
While continuing in work, from around January 1777 a long-term but undiagnosed illness had begun to take a considerable toll on Suckling's health. He would often spend days at a time "in much bodily pain", as he wrote to Sandwich on 28 January. The naval historian N. A. M. Rodger argues that Suckling was a "less successful choice" than Palliser had been because of this, but that he was still an able man. Having attended his last meeting of the Navy Board on 4 March 1778, he suddenly and unexpectedly died in his apartments at the Navy Office, London, on 14 July, aged fifty-two. He was buried in the chancel of Barsham Church.

Having missed almost every battle that took place during the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War, Syrett argues that the majority of Suckling's career was "uneventful and perhaps even lacklustre". While he found success as Comptroller of the Navy that, Syrett suggests, might have seen him become "one of the great naval administrators of the Royal Navy", the overwhelming reason for Suckling's enduring fame lies with Horatio Nelson. Suckling is most remembered as the man who was instrumental in beginning and supporting Nelson's naval career as he grew to become a national hero. Even after Suckling's death his relationships with officers such as Parker resulted in preferment for Nelson. Nelson would go on to remember his uncle's conduct at Cape Français, recollecting it prior to fighting the Battle of Trafalgar exactly forty-eight years later. Sugden emphasises Suckling's importance to Nelson, saying that he had "managed his career, planned every move and cleared away every obstacle". Nelson said after Suckling's death that: "I feel myself to my country his heir...And it shall, I am bold to say, never lack the want of his counsel. I feel he gave it to me as a legacy, and had I been near him when he was removed, he would have said, "My boy, I leave you to my country. Serve her well, and she'll never desert, but will ultimately reward you.""

Personal life
Suckling married his cousin Mary Walpole, daughter of Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole, on 20 June 1764. The marriage further increased Suckling's network of powerful connections, as Mary was the sister-in-law of the daughter of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, another powerful figure. The couple did not have any children before Mary died in 1766. The death of much of Suckling's family before him left "a worrying void in his life" according to Sugden. With very few close relatives, his will of 1774 left bequests to his brother and some of the Walpole family, but the majority of his wealth was split between Catherine's children. Suckling left his sword, said to have previously been owned by Galfridus Walpole, to Nelson.

title: Maurice Suckling


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User talk:Nenuial

Welcome to my talk page!
This is where you can talk about/to me and such relating to that stuff.

title: User talk:Nenuial


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File:In A Model Room (P-Model album - cover art).jpg

Summary
Cover art for P-Model's "In A Model Room".


text: File:Jwhispers.jpg

title: File:Jwhispers.jpg


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Category:Ross objects

Stars in the Ross catalogue, surveyed by Frank Elmore Ross, are given Ross numbers.

 * Help keep this category in order, modify to , dropping the Ross prefix, using only the number, on pages that categorize here.

title: Category:Ross objects


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Genetic association

Genetic association is when one or more genotypes within a population co-occur with a phenotypic trait more often than would be expected by chance occurrence.

Studies of genetic association aim to test whether single-locus alleles or genotype frequencies or more generally, multilocus haplotype frequencies differ between two groups of individuals (usually diseased subjects and healthy controls). Genetic association studies are based on the principle that genotypes can be compared "directly", i.e. with the sequences of the actual genomes or exomes via whole genome sequencing or whole exome sequencing. Before 2010, DNA sequencing methods were used.

Description
Genetic association can be between phenotypes, such as visible characteristics such as flower color or height, between a phenotype and a genetic polymorphism, such as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), or between two genetic polymorphisms. Association between genetic polymorphisms occurs when there is non-random association of their alleles as a result of their proximity on the same chromosome; this is known as genetic linkage.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a term used in the study of population genetics for the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci, not necessarily on the same chromosome. It is not the same as linkage, which is the phenomenon whereby two or more loci on a chromosome have reduced recombination between them because of their physical proximity to each other. LD describes a situation in which some combinations of alleles or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies.

Genetic association studies are performed to determine whether a genetic variant is associated with a disease or trait: if association is present, a particular allele, genotype or haplotype of a polymorphism or polymorphisms will be seen more often than expected by chance in an individual carrying the trait. Thus, a person carrying one or two copies of a high-risk variant is at increased risk of developing the associated disease or having the associated trait.

Case-control designs
Case control studies are a classical epidemiological tool. Case-control studies use subjects who already have a disease, trait or other condition and determine if there are characteristics of these patients that differ from those who do not have the disease or trait. In genetic case-control studies, the frequency of alleles or genotypes is compared between the cases and controls. The cases will have been diagnosed with the disease under study, or have the trait under test; the controls, who are either known to be unaffected, or who have been randomly selected from the population. A difference in the frequency of an allele or genotype of the polymorphism under test between the two groups indicates that the genetic marker may increase risk of the disease or likelihood of the trait, or be in linkage disequilibrium with a polymorphism which does. Haplotypes can also show association with a disease or trait. One of the earliest successes in this field was finding a single base mutation in the non-coding region of the APOC3 gene (apolipoprotein C3 gene) that associated with higher risks of hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis using a case-control design.

One problem with the case-control design is that genotype and haplotype frequencies vary between ethnic or geographic populations. If the case and control populations are not well matched for ethnicity or geographic origin then false positive association can occur because of the confounding effects of population stratification.

Family based designs
Family based association designs aim to avoid the potential confounding effects of population stratification by using the parents or unaffected siblings as controls for the case (the affected offspring/sibling). Two similar tests are most commonly used, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haploid-relative-risk (HRR). Both measure association of genetic markers in nuclear families by transmission from parent to offspring. If an allele increases the risk of having a disease then that allele is expected to be transmitted from parent to offspring more often in populations with the disease.

Quantitative trait association
A quantitative trait (see quantitative trait locus) is a measurable trait that shows continuous variation, such as height or weight. Quantitative traits often have a 'normal' distribution in the population. In addition to the case control design, quantitative trait association can also be performed using an unrelated population sample or family trios in which the quantitative trait is measured in the offspring.

Evidence
Evidence of the association is based on MNAs that are usually based on studies that include large sample sizes like genome-wide association studies. With only little empirical data associating study results and study design, bias in genetic association studies are not well understood.

Reporting outcomes
Based on traits either continuous or binary, heritability (going from 0 to 1 with 0 meaning non-hertiable) outcomes are usually reported respectively by the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic variation or the proportion of variance attributed to genetic variation.

title: Genetic association


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High Druid of Shannara

High Druid of Shannara is a trilogy of fantasy novels in the Shannara series by Terry Brooks. Set 20 years after the events of The Voyage of the Jerle Shannara, the series chronicles the adventures of Pen Ohmsford as he seeks to rescue his aunt, the High Druid Grianne Ohmsford.

Jarka Ruus
The first novel in the High Druid trilogy chronicles the banishment of Grianne Ohmsford, the High Druid, to the dark world of the Forbidding by Shadea a'Ru through the employment of a magic known as liquid night. Grianne's nephew, Penderrin "Pen" Ohmsford mounts a rescue mission far into the Northland in an attempt to bring her back into the Four Lands.

Tanequil
The second novel of the High Druid trilogy details Pen's quest to find aid from the magic Tanequil tree, the deployment of a powerful new weapon by the corrupt Federation army, and the trials of the incarcerated Grianne in the Forbidding.

Straken
The final novel of the High Druid trilogy brings the adventure to rescue the High Druid from the Forbidding and defeat the Federation army to its conclusion. In addition, it brings an end to the demon's plot to release the demons from the Forbidding.

title: High Druid of Shannara


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Samuel Dudley

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:38, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Samuel Dudley
It's a bit of genealogy about a 17th-century settler. Nothing much to see here, except that his father was famous. Radiant_ >|< 15:29, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator Sliggy 17:19, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOT a genealogy, and notability is not inherited. -Splash 22:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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In a Model Room

In a Model Room is the debut album of Japanese band P-Model. It was an electronic pop album, released in 1979 under the label, Warner Bros.

Background
By 1978, Susumu Hirasawa, guitarist and vocalist of Mandrake, one of the few Japanese progressive metal bands at the time, was unsatisfied with the style the band worked in, feeling that progressive rock had lost its social relevance and became solely for entertainment. By then, Mandrake's only achievements were a devoted but extremely niche following by fans of Japanese progressive rock fans (who, by Hirasawa's estimate, totaled at only a few hundred people), and bit parts on releases by an all-synth band they'd befriended.

Around this time, the punk rock/new wave movements started in the west; experiencing these new forms of presenting concepts and visuals through music via promotional videos; most of the band went through a drastic change in outlook towards music, and started to write songs and gradually change their look accordingly.

Mandrake had turned into a half-hearted band and, after declining an offer to sign with Victor Music Industries, Hirasawa decided to "abort" Mandrake, characterizing it as the defeat to commercialism. The band's final live performance was a three-hour show at the Shibuya Jean-Jean, meant to be the symbolic burial of Mandrake's aborted body.

On New Year's Day 1979, the members of the band held a meeting to decide how they would reform. Bassist Tohru Akutu, still attached to progressive rock, decided to depart from the band. The instruments which "emitted a pretentious grandeur" (most of them painted in dignified colors like purple, gold and burgundy) were either repainted in bright colors (like yellow, light blue and pink) or sold off to buy ones more adequate for what the band envisioned. It was decided that their name would be changed to something that evoked the new development of a mass-produced industrial good.

Composition and Production
Most of the songs on the album were created by Mandrake late in the group's existence, which allowed for a quick debut release. The songs show a tendency for complex compositions and unusual time signatures. The lyrics reflect on the sociopolitical issues of Japan at the time, during the Japanese post-war economic miracle, and were influenced in part by Nineteen Eighty-Four.

In a Model Room was produced by Masahide Sakuma, keyboardist of the new wave band Plastics with studio experience from being in the progressive rock band Yonin-Bayashi, who agreed to do so on the strength of the album's first track. Described by Hirasawa as "an honest man who acted with a life-sized air of cleanliness", Sakuma was swiftly trusted by the band, who were cautious with making their debut. Producing for the first time outside of his band, Sakuma went on to become a renowned session producer.

The instrumentation is a mix of standard punk with electronic devices for mechanical tones: A Roland CR-68 drum machine does simultaneous beats alongside a standard drum kit; the Maxi-Korg 800DV synthesizer was used for a unique blipping noise, dubbed by the music press as a "musical stapler". P-Model came to argue with Warner-Pioneer, Sakuma and engineer Makoto Furukawa daily over their instruments: The band picked them because they felt a rough sound was crucial to their theme, the production thought it all sounded bad. Ultimately, P-Model compromised on most aspects of the recording.

Hirasawa re-recorded the album (with the exception of "Sophisticated") in 1999 as Virtual Live-1 [P-Model Live at Roppongi S-Ken Studio 1979].

Legacy
In 2007 Rolling Stone Japan ranked it at number 52 in its list of the 100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time and Snoozer ranked it at number 125 in its list of the 150 Greatest Albums of Japanese Rock 'n' Roll. Polysics covered "The Great Brain" for the 2007 album Karate House and have performed "Art Mania" live. A cover of "Art Mania" using Kagamine Rin is included on the Hatsune Miku sings NEW WAVE cover album.

Track listing
The figure of "Art Mania" is a modification of a phrase from the 1952 Poly e Seus Modernistas song "Turista" (written by Ângelo Apolônio), based on a 1963 cover by The Atlantics. "The Great Brain" is a reworking of a section of the 1973 Mandrake song Deranged Door (錯乱の扉) (officially unreleased at the time, credited to Fumiyasu Abe when released on 1997's Unreleased Materials vol. 1). "White Cigarettes" contains an interpolation of the Arabian riff (believed to originate from a 17th century traditional Algerian song, published as part of various other compositions by various other musicians over time).

Two other songs were considered for the album: The Hirasawa-penned "Alien" (異邦人) and the Tanaka piece "White Shoes" (ホワイト・シューズ). The former, at times part of Mandrake setlists, was considered too heavy and "not the sound you want out of a pink album"; it was later recorded, with new parts by Tanaka, for Landsale. The latter was first publicly released as BGM for the end credits of the Photon-1 video in 1989.

Personnel

 * P-Model - Production, Arrangements
 * Susumu Hirasawa - Vocals, Guitar, Synthesizer, Jacket Design
 * Yasumi Tanaka - Combo organ, Synthesizers, Sequencer, Backing vocals
 * Sadatoshi Tainaka - Drums, Drum machine
 * Katsuhiko Akiyama - Bass, Synthesizer, Backing vocals

 * Staff
 * Masahide Sakuma - "Switchist", Production
 * Tomonari Sassa - Direction
 * Makoto Furukawa - Engineering, Mixing
 * Kozo Kenmochi, Kenji Konno & Ryuichi Suzuki - Assistant Engineering
 * Yūichi Hirasawa - Lyrics, Art director
 * Hideki Namai - Photography
 * Special Thanks to: Hisaaki Katoh, Nobumasa Uchida, Yūichi Hirasawa, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Daiji Okai, Sunshine City Gals, Ms. Shirota

Release history

 * "Roomrunner" is included on the GET THE PUNK -J PUNK & NEW WAVE 1972～1991- various artists compilation.
 * "Art Mania" is included on the ROCK is LOFT　-Purple Disc- ～SHINJUKU LOFT 30th Anniversary～, TECHNOLOID -JAPANESE 80's NEW WAVE SAMPLER-, Rock NIPPON～Selected by Hiroshi Tsuchiya, KING SONGS of NEW WAVE and SAKUMA DROPS compilation albums.
 * The album's singles were reissued on CD on paper sleeves to replicate their original packaging with the band's other Warner-Pioneer released singles as part of the Tower Records exclusive Warner Years Singles Box box set in 2012.

title: In a Model Room


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Advanced Train Control System

An Advanced Train Control System (ATCS) is a North American system of railroad equipment designed to ensure safety by monitoring locomotive and train locations, providing analysis and reporting, automating track warrants, detecting blind spot and similar orders.

ATCS specifications are published by the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and are designed to document the stated requirements of railway/railroad operational and technical professionals concerning ATCS hardware and software.

Principles
The basic principle behind ATCS is to provide a cost efficient, safe, modular, train control system with an open architecture. The primary goals of the system are to provide for

 * compatibility of systems across railroads. This helps to ensure seamless operation. For example, locomotives from one railroad will be able to communicate, via data radio, with dispatch centers from other roads when operating on their track. Certain baselines, such as standard communications protocols and message formats, have been developed to ensure this goal is met.
 * the ability for each railroad to selectively implement the capabilities and features it needs. Full-fledged ATCS implementation on an entire railroad is not always appropriate or feasible. ATCS has been designed to allow for selective implementation on various parts of a railroad.
 * a modular growth path from less capable implementations to more capable implementations. This eliminates the need for an "all-at-once" approach that would be difficult and expensive to achieve. In fact, railroads can implement ATCS at a rate that makes sense from both the service and fiscal points of view.
 * the ability to implement a system with components from different suppliers. This relieves the railroads of the need to purchase potentially expensive and complex converters that are often needed to interconnect and interface various vendor components. As a result, user costs should be reduced by providing for expanded sources of supply.

ATCS functions
The primary ATCS functions are:

 * management of track occupancies through centralized route and block interlocking logic;

 * issuance of movement authorities via the data link to equipped trains and work vehicles, and via voice radio to unequipped trains and work vehicles;
 * tracking of equipped train location and track occupancies via the data link, and unequipped train location and track occupancies via voice reports and manual entry;
 * speed enforcement for equipped trains;
 * enforcement of limits of authority for equipped trains;
 * pacing for fuel economy for equipped trains;
 * monitoring and control of wayside systems;
 * reporting of equipped train diagnostics and operating parameters; and
 * general exchange of instructions and messages.

Systems
The ATCS architecture consists of five major systems. Four of these systems are the information processing systems that reside at the central dispatch office (the Central Dispatch Computer), on-board locomotives (the On-Board Computer), on-board work vehicles (the Track Forces Terminal) and in the field (the Wayside Interface Unit). These systems collect, process, and distribute data with minimal input from dispatchers, enginemen, and foremen. The fifth system and the ATCS keystone, is the modern data communications system, which ties the various information processing systems together and significantly reduces the need for voice communications.

ATCS has been designed for modular expansion, which allows for varying levels of operational sophistication. Three basic levels of operation have been identified, although many hybrid configurations are expected in actual installations.

The Base Communications Packages (BCP) interface the ground segment to the RF segment of the communications system. Mobile Communications Packages (MCP) interface clients to the RF segment of the communications system or (optionally) to the ground system directly. MCP clients include wayside interface units, on-board computers, and track forces terminals. The RF segment operates at 4800 bits per second in the 900 MHZ radio band.

The Association of American Railroads' Task Force on Locomotive Systems Integration (LSI) has the mission to "develop a practical approach to the integration of the new electronic and mechanical components on locomotives" (per Minutes of Locomotive Systems Integration Committee Briefing to Locomotive Suppliers, September 5, 1991, Montreal, Quebec, dated September 11, 1991). An architecture to achieve this mission has evolved in the LSI Specifications which describe multiple configurations of electronic and mechanical components in a locomotive cab.

title: Advanced Train Control System


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User talk:Fitzpaine

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Jimmy Wales is a Media proprietor running a Political machine!
Fitzpaine 16:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fitzpaine


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The Poetics of Space

The Poetics of Space (La Poétique de l'Espace) is a 1958 book about architecture by the French philosopher Gaston Bachelard. The book is considered an important work about art. Commentators have compared Bachelard's views to those of the philosopher Martin Heidegger.

Summary
Bachelard applies the method of phenomenology to architecture, basing his analysis not on purported origins (as was the trend in Enlightenment thinking about architecture) but on lived experience in architectural places and their contexts in nature. He focuses especially on the personal, emotional response to buildings both in life and in literary works, both in prose and in poetry. He is thus led to consider spatial types such as the attic, the cellar, drawers and the like. Bachelard implicitly urges architects to base their work on the experiences it will engender rather than on abstract rationales that may or may not affect viewers and users of architecture.

"Sometimes the house of the future is better built, lighter and larger than all the houses of the past, so that the image of the dream house is opposed to that of the childhood home…. Maybe it is a good thing for us to keep a few dreams of a house that we shall live in later, always later, so much later, in fact, that we shall not have time to achieve it. For a house that was final, one that stood in symmetrical relation to the house we were born in, would lead to thoughts—serious, sad thoughts—and not to dreams. It is better to live in a state of impermanence than in one of finality."

- Gaston Bachelard

Bachelard also discusses psychoanalysis and the work of the psychiatrist Carl Jung. Comparing the psychoanalytic and phenomenological approaches to his subject matter, he sees merit in both, but finds the phenomenological approach preferable.

Publication history
The Poetics of Space was first published by Presses Universitaires de France in 1958. In 1964, the Orion Press, Inc. published the book, with a foreword by the philosopher Étienne Gilson, in an English translation by the writer Maria Jolas. Beacon Press republished the work in English in 1969. In 1994, it republished it in a new edition with an added foreword by the historian John R. Stilgoe. In 2014, Penguin Books published an edition with a foreword by the novelist Mark Z. Danielewski and an introduction by the philosopher Richard Kearney.

Reception
The Poetics of Space has influenced the philosophers Paul Ricœur and Edward S. Casey, and the critic Camille Paglia. Ricœur was influenced by Bachelard's understanding of the imagination. Casey identified The Poetics of Space as an influence on his work Getting Back into Place (1993). He wrote that Bachelard shared Heidegger's "emphasis on the importance of dwelling places." However, he added that neither Heidegger nor Bachelard "adequately assessed the role of the human body in the experience of significant places." Paglia identified The Poetics of Space as an influence on her work of literary criticism Sexual Personae (1990). She has commented of Bachelard's "dignified yet fluid phenomenological descriptive method" that it "seemed to me ideal for art", and described Bachelard as "the last modern French writer I took seriously."

Joan Ockman gave The Poetics of Space a positive review in Harvard Design Magazine. She compared Bachelard's views to Heidegger's, and wrote that, alongside works such as Heidegger's Being and Time (1927) and his essay "Building Dwelling Thinking", The Poetics of Space was a key text for the architect Christian Norberg-Schulz. She also compared Bachelard's views on epistemology to those of the philosopher Thomas Kuhn and described him as an influence on the philosopher Michel Foucault, finding it apparent in Foucault's The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969). Danielewski compared The Poetics of Space to the critic Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence (1973), the essayist Lewis Hyde's The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (1983), Steve Erickson's novel Days Between Stations (1985), and Thomas Pynchon's novel Against the Day (2003).

Other authors who have praised The Poetics of Space include Gilson, Stilgoe, Kearney, and the philosopher Gary Gutting. Gilson credited Bachelard with making "one of the major modern contributions to the philosophy of art". Stilgoe praised his discussion of "the meaning of domestic space". Kearney described The Poetics of Space as "the most concise and consummate expression of Bachelard's philosophy of imagination." Gutting credited Bachelard with subtly explaining the meaning of archetypal images.

title: The Poetics of Space


text:
Talk:Austin, Indiana

Untitled
Deleted Linda McNew, as while her work is a good contribution to the community, it does not fit under the scope of what "Famous people" originating from Austin should define. (02/04/07) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.69.219.42 (talk) 06:44, 4 February 2007

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title: Talk:Austin, Indiana


text:
File:Landsale.jpg

Summary
Cover art for P-Model's "Landsale".

title: File:Landsale.jpg


text:
Talk:Cooter

Trimming
I tried to trim according Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). I also removed the link to vagina as I believe it is unlikely that any editor will in good faith add a link from another article to here intending that sense. — Pekinensis 15:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I think the vagina link should be replaced. Why? Because I came here because I was not certain what the slang term 'cooter' referred to, and wanted verification that it was what I thought it was, and hey look, no such verification! --Malimar

I was saddened to see the link to vagina and no mentioning of Cooter as a surname. Cooter was my maiden name and I have a large family in the United States, Canada, and the U.K., with relatives who range from published academics to wealthy entreprenuers and politicians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mamadigs (talk • contribs)
 * If you want to add a list of people named Cooter who are already notable enough to have at least a stub article in Wikipedia, go ahead. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 22:00, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cooter


text:
Landsale (album)

Landsale is P-Model's second album.

Overview
Landsale bears similarity to the debut In A Model Room, with sarcastic lyrics to the background of a nervous and energetic sound. The songs are more aggressive, with the exception of opening track "Ohayo".

Landsale went on to become the band's only chart-topping album. Hirasawa re-recorded most of the album in 1999 as Virtual Live-2 [P-Model Live at Shibuya Nylon 100% 1980].

Personnel

 * P-Model - Production, Arrangements
 * Susumu Hirasawa - Lead vocals, Backing vocals on "Touch Me", Guitar, Synthesizer
 * Yasumi Tanaka - Combo organ, Synthesizers, Sequencer, Piano on "Ohayo", Backing vocals
 * Sadatoshi Tainaka - Drums, Percussion
 * Katsuhiko Akiyama - Bass, Synth bass, Piano on "Na-Ka-Yo-Shi", Backing vocals, Lead vocals on "Touch Me"

 * Guest musicians & production
 * Noriko Amano Group - Strings on "Ohayo"
 * Makoto Furukawa - Engineering, Mixing
 * Michio Kawamata & Shunichi Kusayanagi - Assistant Engineering

 * Staff
 * Tomonari Sassa - Direction
 * Yūichi Hirasawa (credited as "You Hirasawa") - Art director
 * Takuya Usami & Hideki Namai - Photography
 * Model House - Productive Management
 * Thanks to: 21st Wonderland, Yūkun, Āchan, Masakazu Iwanari & many others

Release history

 * "Daijobu" is included on the Burst! New Wave 1980 various artists compilation.
 * The album's single was reissued on CD on a paper sleeve to replicate its original packaging with the band's other Warner-Pioneer released singles as part of the Tower Records exclusive Warner Years Singles Box box set in 2012.

title: Landsale (album)


text:
David Young (Canadian playwright)

David Samuel D'Arcy Young (born 17 July 1946 Oakville, Ontario) is a Canadian playwright, novelist, and screenwriter.

Born in Oakville, Ontario, Young studied at the University of Western Ontario. He is the author of seven plays, two novels and several screenplays and teleplays. Two of his plays, Inexpressible Island and Glenn, have been nominated for multiple Canadian drama awards. The play, Fire, received four Dora Mavor Moore Awards as well as the Chalmers/Toronto Drama Bench Award.

Young is also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada, a non-profit literary organization that seeks to encourage Canada's writing community, and a trustee of the Griffin Prize for Excellence in Poetry.

Plays

 * Love Is Strange (1985), a theatrical study of the life and times of Robert Kieling, the star-struck farmer from Saskatchewan who has spent his adult life in mental institutions because he believes he and singer Anne Murray are in love.
 * Fire (1986), a political musical inspired by cousins Jimmy Swaggart and Jerry Lee Lewis, co-written with Paul Ledoux. The play received four Dora Mavor Moore Awards as well as the Chalmers/Toronto Drama Bench Award.
 * Glenn (1992), a theatrical portrait of pianist Glenn Gould.
 * Inexpressible Island (1997), a play about six men marooned in an ice cave in Antarctica.
 * An Enemy of the People (2001), an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play.
 * Clout (2001), a comedy about men, sex and power.
 * No Great Mischief (2004), an adaptation of the award-winning Alistair MacLeod novel.

Teleplays

 * Fraggle Rock, eleven episodes (1983–1987)

title: David Young (Canadian playwright)


text: User:Rama/Blank human bodies

title: User:Rama/Blank human bodies


text: Talk:Morristown, Indiana

title: Talk:Morristown, Indiana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/$candalou$

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:40, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

$candalou$
Non existant phenomenon or extremely specialized jet set phenomenon. Shows no hits on Danish, Swedish or Norwegian google and no relevant hits in English Google. Author seems ignorant as to phenomenons meaning. Celcius 15:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probably made up or non-notable, can't find anything on this (i.e. fails verifiability). Any Scandinavians (other than the nominator) care to comment? --IByte 16:18, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified; this vote changes to Abstain upon verification. android  79  16:44, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per android. Alf 19:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No Opinion. I created the page since someone added it wrongly to the Scandalous song by Prince page. (MistaTee 20:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete, also can't verify. Uttaddmb 17:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Chrisney, Indiana

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title: Talk:Chrisney, Indiana


text: File:Potpourri (P-Model album).jpg

title: File:Potpourri (P-Model album).jpg


text:
Talk:Dale, Indiana

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title: Talk:Dale, Indiana


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Talk:Evanston, Indiana

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title: Talk:Evanston, Indiana