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Robert Warwick

Robert Warwick (born Robert Taylor Bien; October 9, 1878 – June 6, 1964) was an American stage, film and television actor with over 200 film appearances. A matinee idol during the silent film era, he also prospered after the introduction of sound to cinema. As a young man he had studied opera singing in Paris and had a rich, resonant voice. At the age of 50, he developed as a highly regarded, aristocratic character actor and made numerous "talkies".

Early life
Warwick was born Robert Taylor Bien in 1878 to Louis and Isabel (Taylor) Bien.

Some sources say he was born in England; others say Sacramento, California. His father was of French ethnicity. Bien studied music in Paris and trained for two years to be an opera singer, but acting proved to be his greater calling. He met his future wife, Arline Peck in Paris; the American couple married in 1902. After his return to the United States, he started in theatre and then film.

Stage
Warwick (by then using his stage name) made his Broadway debut in 1903 in the play Glad of It. One of his co-stars was a young John Barrymore, also making his Broadway debut. Both actors, over time, became matinee idols. For the next twenty years Warwick appeared in such plays as Anna Karenina (1906), Two Women (1910), with Mrs. Leslie Carter; and The Kiss Waltz (1911) and Miss Prince (1912), in both of which he was able to display his singing voice.

He also appeared in The Secret (1913), A Celebrated Case (1915) and Drifting (1922) with Alice Brady, not to mention several other plays through the end of the 1920s.

Military service
Warwick served in the U.S. Army during World War I as an infantry captain and as a liaison officer with the French Army.

Film career
Warwick started making silent films in 1914, with his early work including The Mad Lover (1917) and Thou Art the Man (1920). He made numerous productions in the 1910s primarily in Fort Lee, New Jersey. Two films, Alias Jimmy Valentine and A Girl's Folly, both directed by Maurice Tourneur, have been preserved, and showcase Warwick as a silent actor, as well as Tourneur's directing talent. Both are available in the 21st century on home video.

From the 1920s on, Warwick alternated doing plays and silent films. He was fifty when sound films arrived, and though middle aged and with his matinee idol looks fading, he found plenty of work in character roles, much enhanced by his rich, resonant voice, eloquent diction, and aristocratic manner. When the studios moved to Los Angeles, Warwick followed.

Warwick's extensive filmography includes such classics as The Little Colonel (1935) with Shirley Temple and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) with Errol Flynn. He was one of a number of actors favored by director Preston Sturges and appeared in many of his films, among them Sullivan's Travels (1941), The Palm Beach Story (1942) and Hail the Conquering Hero (1944). He also appeared in I Married a Witch (1942) and Man from Frisco (1944).

Television and later life
Warwick made numerous appearances on television almost from its initial popularity in the late 1940s. In his seventies he was still hard at work and made appearances on every type of television show, from Westerns such as Broken Arrow and Sugarfoot, to the adventure series Rescue 8, to the science fiction series The Twilight Zone, to the anthology series The Loretta Young Show.

Personal life
Warwick married Arline Peck in 1902; they had a daughter, Rosalind. They divorced in 1909.

By 1910, Warwick married actress Josephine Whittell (1883–1961), but the childless marriage also ended in divorce.

In 1930 he married Stella Larrimore (1905–1960) (a sister of Francine Larrimore). They had a daughter, Betsey, who later became a poet in Los Angeles.

Warwick died June 6, 1964, in West Los Angeles, California, at age 85. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City. Survivors included his daughters and two grandchildren.

Silent

 * The Dollar Mark (1914) as James "Jim" Gresham
 * The Man of the Hour (1914, extant) as Henry Garrison
 * Across the Pacific (1914, extant) as Minor Role (unconfirmed and uncredited)
 * Alias Jimmy Valentine (1915, extant) as Jimmy Valentine
 * The Man Who Found Himself (1915) as James Clarke
 * An Indian Diamond (1915 short)
 * The Face in the Moonlight (1915) as Victor / Rabat
 * The Stolen Voice (1915, extant, Library of Congress) as Gerald D'Orville
 * The Flash of an Emerald (1915) as Lucius Waldeck
 * The Sins of Society (1915) as Captain Dorian March
 * Fruits of Desire (1916) as Mark Truitt
 * The Supreme Sacrifice (1916) as David Aldrich
 * Human Driftwood (1916, lost) as Robert Hendricks
 * Sudden Riches (1916) as Robert Crewe
 * Friday the 13th (1916) as Robert Brownley
 * The Heart of a Hero (1916, extant) as Nathan Hale
 * All Man (1916) as Jim Blake
 * The Man Who Forgot (1917, lost) as The Man, later known as John Smith
 * A Girl's Folly (1917, extant) as Kenneth Driscoll
 * The Argyle Case (1917, lost) as Asche Kayton
 * Hell Hath No Fury (1917)
 * The Family Honor (1917) as Captain Stephen Wayne
 * The False Friend (1917) as William Ramsdell
 * The Silent Master (1917) as Valentin, aka Monsieur Simon
 * The Mad Lover (1917) as Robert Hyde
 * The Accidental Honeymoon (1918, incomplete, fragment in the Library of Congress) as Robert Courtland
 * Secret Service (1919, lost) as Major Lewis K. Dumont
 * Told in the Hills (1919, extant, Gosfilmofond) as Jack Stuart
 * In Mizzoura (1919, lost) as Jim Radburn
 * An Adventure in Hearts (1919, lost) as Captain Dieppe
 * The Tree of Knowledge (1920, lost) as Nigel Stanyon
 * Jack Straw (1920, extant) as Jack Straw
 * Thou Art the Man (1920, lost) as Myles Calthrope
 * The City of Masks (1920, lost) as Tommy Trotter
 * The Fourteenth Man (1920, lost) as Captain Douglas Gordon
 * The Spitfire (1924, lost) as Oliver Blair

Sound

 * Unmasked (1929) as Craig Kennedy
 * The Royal Bed (1931) as Premier Northrup - Prime Minister
 * Not Exactly Gentlemen (1931) as Layne Hunter
 * A Holy Terror (1931) as John Bard aka Thomas Woodbury
 * The Woman from Monte Carlo (1932) as Morbraz
 * So Big! (1932) as Simeon Peake, Gambler
 * The Rich Are Always with Us (1932) as The Doctor
 * The Dark Horse (1932) as Mr. Clark
 * Unashamed (1932) as Mr. Ogden
 * Doctor X (1932) as Police Commissioner Stevens
 * The Girl from Calgary (1932) as Bill Webster
 * I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) as Fuller
 * Afraid to Talk (1932) as Jake Stranskey
 * Silver Dollar (1932) as Colonel Stanton
 * The Secrets of Wu Sin (1932) as Roger King
 * Frisco Jenny (1932) as Kelly (uncredited)
 * Ladies They Talk About (1933) as Warden (uncredited)
 * Racetrack (1933) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Three Musketeers (1933, Serial) as Colonel Brent [Ch. 1]
 * The Whispering Shadow (1933 serial) as Detective Robert Raymond
 * Fighting with Kit Carson (1933) as Chief Dark Eagle (uncredited)
 * Pilgrimage (1933) as Major Albertson
 * The Power and the Glory (1933) as Edward - Chairman of Board Meeting (uncredited)
 * Charlie Chan's Greatest Case (1933) as Dan Winterslip
 * Female (1933) as Attorney Bradley (uncredited)
 * Jimmy the Gent (1934) as Probate Judge Kalsmeyer (uncredited)
 * School for Girls (1934) as Governor
 * No Sleep on the Deep (1934 short) as Emerson Eldridge
 * Midnight Alibi (1934) as Assistant District Attorney (uncredited)
 * The Dragon Murder Case (1934) as Dr. Halliday
 * Cleopatra (1934) as General Achillas
 * A Shot in the Dark (1935) as Joseph Harris
 * The Little Colonel (1935) as Colonel Gray
 * Night Life of the Gods (1935) as Neptune
 * Code of the Mounted (1935) as Inspector Malloy
 * The Murder Man (1935) as Colville
 * Hop-Along Cassidy (1935) as Jim Meeker
 * The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935) as Junius Brutus Booth (uncredited)
 * Anna Karenina (1935) as Colonel at Banquet (uncredited)
 * Two Sinners (1935) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Bars of Hate (1935) as The Governor
 * Timber War (1935) as Ferguson
 * The Fighting Marines (1935, Serial) as Colonel W. R. Bennett
 * A Thrill for Thelma (1935, Short) as Captain Richard Kyne (uncredited)
 * Whipsaw (1935) as Robert W. Wadsworth
 * A Tale of Two Cities (1935) as Judge at Tribunal
 * Tough Guy (1936) as Mr. Frederick Martindale Vincent II
 * The Return of Jimmy Valentine (1936) as Jimmy Davis
 * Sutter's Gold (1936) as General Alexander Rotscheff
 * The Bride Walks Out (1936) as Mr. McKenzie
 * Mary of Scotland (1936) as Sir Francis Knollys
 * Charlie Chan at the Race Track (1936) as Police Chief (uncredited)
 * Romeo and Juliet (1936) as Lord Montague
 * The Vigilantes Are Coming (1936, Serial) as Count Ivan Raspinoff
 * Bulldog Edition (1936) as Evans
 * In His Steps (1936) as Judge Grey
 * Adventure in Manhattan (1936) as Phillip
 * Can This Be Dixie? (1936) as Winston
 * White Legion (1936) as Captain Parker
 * Can This Be Dixie? (1936) as General Beauregard Peachtree
 * The Bold Caballero (1936) as Governor Palma
 * Give Me Liberty (1936, Short) as George Washington
 * High Hat (1937) as Craig Dupont Sr.
 * Woman in Distress (1937) as Van Alsten (uncredited)
 * Let Them Live (1937) as The Mayor
 * The Prince and the Pauper (1937) as Lord Warwick
 * The Road Back (1937) as Judge
 * Souls at Sea (1937) as Vice Admiral (uncredited)
 * The Life of Emile Zola (1937) as Major Henry
 * Jungle Menace (1937 serial) as Chief Inspector Angus MacLeod
 * Fit for a King (1937) as Prime Minister
 * Counsel for Crime (1937) as Asa Stewart
 * The Trigger Trio (1937) as John Evans
 * The Awful Truth (1937) as Mr. Vance
 * Conquest (1937) as Captain Laroux (uncredited)
 * The Spy Ring (1938) as Colonel Burdette
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) as Sir Geoffrey
 * Law of the Plains (1938) as Willard McGowan
 * Blockade (1938) as Vallejo
 * Squadron of Honor (1938) as Kimball
 * Come On, Leathernecks! (1938) as Colonal Butler
 * Army Girl (1938) as Brigadier General Matthews
 * Gangster's Boy (1938) as Tim Kelly
 * Annabel Takes a Tour (1938) as Race Track Announcer (uncredited)
 * Going Places (1938) as Frome
 * Fighting Thoroughbreds (1939) as Commissioner (uncredited)
 * Devil's Island (1939) as Demonpre
 * Almost a Gentleman (1939) as Major Mabrey
 * Juarez (1939) as Major Du Pont (uncredited)
 * The Magnificent Fraud (1939) as General Pablo Hernandez
 * In Old Monterey (1939) as Major Forbes
 * Konga, the Wild Stallion (1939) as Jordan Hadley
 * The Ash Can Fleet (1939, Short) as Von Hindenberg (uncredited)
 * The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) as Lord Mountjoy
 * La Inmaculada (1939)
 * Four Wives (1939) as Mr. Roberts (scenes deleted)
 * The Earl of Chicago (1940) as Clerk at Parliament (uncredited)
 * Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940, Short) as Captain Leonard Wood (uncredited)
 * Murder in the Air (1940) as Doctor Finchley
 * On the Spot (1940) as Cyrus Haddon
 * New Moon (1940) as Commissar
 * The Sea Hawk (1940) as Frobisher
 * The Great McGinty (1940) as Opposition Speaker (uncredited)
 * A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940) as Opposition Parliament Speaker (uncredited)
 * Christmas in July (1940) as Juror (uncredited)
 * The Lady Eve (1941) as Passenger on Ship (uncredited)
 * A Woman's Face (1941) as Associate Judge
 * This England (1941) (uncredited)
 * I Was a Prisoner on Devil's Island (1941) as Governor
 * Sullivan's Travels (1941) as Mr. LeBrand
 * Louisiana Purchase (1941) as Speaker of the House
 * Cadets on Parade (1942) as Colonel Metcalfe
 * The Fleet's In (1942) as Admiral Wright
 * Eagle Squadron (1942) as Bullock
 * Secret Enemies (1942) as Otto Zimmer, aka Dr. Woodford
 * The Palm Beach Story (1942) as Mr. Hinch
 * I Married a Witch (1942) as J.B. Masterson
 * Tennessee Johnson (1942) as Major Crooks
 * Two Tickets to London (1943) as Ormsby
 * Dixie (1943) as Mr. LaPlant
 * Women at War (1943 short) as Major General "Blood and Thunder" Travis
 * Deerslayer (1943) as Chief Uncas
 * In Old Oklahoma (1943) as Chief Big Tree (uncredited)
 * Man from Frisco (1944) as Bruce McRae
 * Hail the Conquering Hero (1944) as Marine Colonel (uncredited)
 * Kismet (1944) as Alfife
 * Bowery to Broadway (1944) as Cliff Brown
 * The Princess and the Pirate (1944) as The King
 * Sudan (1945) as Maatet
 * Criminal Court (1946) as Mr. Marquette
 * The Falcon's Adventure (1946) as Kenneth Sutton
 * Unconquered (1947) as Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas (scenes cut)
 * Gentleman's Agreement (1947) as Irving Weisman (uncredited)
 * Pirates of Monterey (1947) as Governor de Sola
 * Fury at Furnace Creek (1948) as General Fletcher Blackwell
 * The Three Musketeers (1948) as D'Artagnan Sr. (uncredited)
 * Million Dollar Weekend (1948) as Dave Dietrich
 * Adventures of Don Juan (1948) as Don José - Count de Polan
 * Gun Smugglers (1948) as Colonel Davis
 * A Woman's Secret (1949) as Roberts
 * Impact (1949) as Captain Callahan
 * Francis (1950) as Colonel Carmichael
 * In a Lonely Place (1950) as Charlie Waterman
 * Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950) as High Priest
 * Vendetta (1950) as The French Prefect
 * Sugarfoot (1951) as J.C. Crane
 * The Sword of Monte Cristo (1951) as Marquis de Montableau
 * The Mark of the Renegade (1951) as Colonel Vega
 * The Star (1952) as R.J., Aging Actor at Party
 * Against All Flags (1952) as Captain Kidd
 * The Mississippi Gambler (1953) as Governor Paul Monet
 * Salome (1953) as Courier (uncredited)
 * Jamaica Run (1953) as Court Judge
 * Raiders of the Seven Seas (1953) as New Governor of Cuba (uncredited)
 * Fort Algiers (1953) as Haroon
 * The Story of Father Juniper Serra (1954, TV Movie) as Father Serra
 * Silver Lode (1954) as Judge Cranston
 * Passion (1954) as Padre (uncredited)
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) (Season 1 Episode 9: "The Long Shot") as Matthew Kelson
 * Escape to Burma (1955) as The Sawbwa
 * Chief Crazy Horse (1955) as Spotted Tail
 * The Hammer and the Sword (1955, TV Movie) as George Washington
 * Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955) as Humbert
 * While the City Sleeps (1956) as Amos Kyne
 * Walk the Proud Land (1956) as Chief Eskiminzin
 * Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend (1957) as Brother Abraham
 * The Buccaneer (1958) as Captain Lockyer
 * Night of the Quarter Moon (1959) as Judge
 * It Started with a Kiss (1959) as Congressman Muir
 * Song Without End (1960) as Emissary (scenes cut)

title: Robert Warwick


text:
Charles Cullen

Charles Edmund Cullen (born February 22, 1960) is an American serial killer. Cullen, a nurse, murdered dozens—possibly hundreds—of patients during a 16-year career spanning several New Jersey and Pennsylvania medical centers until being arrested in 2003. He confessed to committing as many as 40 murders at least 29 of which have been confirmed, though interviews with police, psychiatrists and journalists suggest he committed many more. Researchers who are intimately involved in the case believe Cullen may have murdered as many as 400 people. However, most murders cannot be confirmed due to lack of records.

Early life
Charles Cullen was born on February 22, 1960, in West Orange, New Jersey. He was raised in a working-class Catholic family as the youngest of eight children. His father, Edmond, a bus driver, died on September 17, 1960, when Charles was seven months old. Cullen later described his childhood as "miserable" and claimed to have been constantly bullied by his schoolmates and sisters' boyfriends. When he was age nine, he made the first of many suicide attempts by drinking chemicals from a chemistry set.

Cullen's mother, Florence Cullen (Ward), was born in England and emigrated to the US after World War II as a war bride. She was killed in a car accident on December 6, 1977. Cullen, then 17 years old, was at the time in his senior year of high school. Cullen recalled his mother's death as being "devastating" and described being upset that the hospital did not immediately inform him of her death and cremated her body instead of returning it.

The following year, Cullen graduated from West Orange High School and enlisted in the United States Navy. He served aboard the submarine USS Woodrow Wilson. He successfully passed basic training and the psychological examinations required for submarine crews (who were expected to spend as long as two months at a time being submerged in a cramped vessel). Cullen rose to the rank of petty officer second class as part of the team that operated the vessel's Poseidon missiles. He did not fit in during his time in the Navy and was hazed and bullied by his fellow crewmen.

A year into his service, Cullen's leading petty officer aboard Woodrow Wilson discovered him seated at the missile controls wearing a surgical mask, gloves, and scrubs rather than his uniform. Cullen was disciplined for that action but never explained why he had dressed that way. The Navy reassigned Cullen to a lower-pressure job on the supply ship USS Canopus. He attempted suicide and was committed to the Navy psychiatric ward several times over the subsequent few years. Cullen received a medical discharge from the Navy in 1984 for undisclosed reasons.

Shortly after his discharge, Cullen enrolled at Mountainside Hospital's nursing school in Montclair, New Jersey. Elected president of his nursing class, he graduated in 1986 and started work at the burn unit of Saint Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey.

Meanwhile, Cullen met and married Adrianne Baum in 1987. Their daughter, the first of two girls, was born later that year. However, Cullen's wife became increasingly disturbed at his unusual behavior and his abuse of the family dogs. In 1993, she filed a restraining order against him based on her fear that he might endanger her and their two children. She claimed that Cullen had spiked people's drinks with lighter fluid, burned his daughter's books, and left his daughters with a babysitter for a week. Cullen denied these claims, saying that his wife was exaggerating. Nevertheless, she continued to insist that Cullen was mentally ill.

Murders
The first murders to which Cullen later confessed occurred at Saint Barnabas. On June 11, 1988, he administered a lethal overdose of intravenous medication to a patient. Cullen eventually admitted to killing several other patients at Saint Barnabas, including an AIDS patient who died after Cullen gave him an overdose of insulin. Cullen left Saint Barnabas in January 1992 when the hospital authorities began investigating the contaminated IV bags. The investigation later determined that Cullen had most likely been responsible, resulting in dozens of patient deaths at the hospital.

One month after leaving Saint Barnabas, Cullen took a job at Warren Hospital in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, where he murdered three elderly women with overdoses of the heart medication digoxin. His final victim said that a "sneaky male nurse" had injected her as she slept. However, family members and health care providers at the hospital dismissed her comments as unfounded.

The following year, Cullen moved into a basement apartment in Phillipsburg after a contentious divorce from his wife. Cullen later claimed that he had wanted to quit nursing in 1993, but the court-ordered child support payments forced him to continue working. In March 1993, Cullen broke into a co-worker's home while she and her young son slept, but he left without waking them. He then began stalking the woman, who filed a police report against him. Cullen subsequently pleaded guilty to trespassing and received one year of probation. The day after his arrest, he made another suicide attempt.

Cullen took two months off from work and was treated for depression in two psychiatric facilities. However, he attempted suicide twice more by the end of the year. That September, a 91-year-old cancer patient at Warren Hospital reported that Cullen, who was not her assigned nurse, had come into her room and injected her with a needle. She died the next day. Her son protested that her death was not natural, and the hospital administered a lie detector test to Cullen and several other nurses, which he passed. Cullen continued to work at Warren until the following spring.

Cullen began a three-year stint in the intensive care unit of Hunterdon Medical Center in Flemington, New Jersey. He claimed that he did not harm anyone during the first two years at Hunterdon. However, hospital records for that period had been destroyed at the time of his arrest in 2003. Cullen admitted to murdering five patients between January and September 1996, again with overdoses of digoxin. He then found work at Morristown Memorial Hospital but was soon fired for poor performance. Cullen remained unemployed for six months and stopped making child support payments. After seeking treatment for depression in the Warren Hospital emergency room, he was briefly admitted to a psychiatric facility.

In February 1998, Cullen was hired by the Liberty Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where he staffed a ward of respirator-dependent patients. There he was accused of giving patients drugs at unscheduled times. He was fired after being seen entering a patient's room with syringes in his hand, an encounter that left the patient with a broken arm. Cullen caused a patient's death at Liberty Hospital, which was blamed on another nurse. After leaving Liberty, Cullen was employed at Easton Hospital from November 1998 to March 1999. On December 30, 1998, he murdered yet another patient. A coroner's blood test showed lethal amounts of digoxin in the patient's blood but an internal investigation within Easton Hospital was inconclusive; evidence did not definitively point to Cullen as the murderer.

Even with his history of mental instability and the number of deaths during his employment at various hospitals, Cullen continued to find work because of a national shortage of nurses. Additionally, no reporting mechanism yet existed to identify nurses with mental health or employment problems. Liability concerns made hospitals unwilling to take significant action against Cullen.

In March 1999, Cullen took a job at the burn unit of Allentown's Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest, where he murdered one patient and attempted to murder another. One month later, he voluntarily resigned from Lehigh Valley Hospital and took a job working in the cardiac care unit at St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. During the subsequent three years, Cullen murdered at least five patients and is known to have attempted to kill two more. On January 11, 2000, he once again attempted suicide by lighting a charcoal grill in his bathtub and hoped to succumb to carbon monoxide poisoning. His neighbors smelled smoke and called the fire department and police. Cullen was taken to a hospital and a psychiatric facility but returned home the following day.

No one suspected Cullen was murdering patients at St. Luke's until a co-worker found medication vials in a disposal bin. The drugs were not valuable outside the hospital, and since they were not used in recreational drug use, the theft was highly unusual. An investigation showed that Cullen had taken the medication. He was offered a deal by St. Luke's to resign and be given a neutral recommendation, or to be fired. He resigned and was escorted from the building in June 2002. Seven of his coworkers at St. Luke's later alerted the Lehigh County district attorney of their suspicions that he had used drugs to kill patients. Investigators never looked into Cullen's past and the case was dropped nine months later for lack of evidence.

In September 2002, Cullen began working in the critical care unit of the Somerset Medical Center in Somerville, New Jersey. He began dating a local woman around then, but his depression worsened. Cullen had killed at least 13 patients and attempted to kill at least one more by mid-2003, using digoxin, insulin, and epinephrine. On June 18, 2003, he unsuccessfully attempted to murder Somerset patient Philip Gregor, who was later discharged and died six months later of natural causes.

Somerset began to notice Cullen's wrongdoing when he accessed the rooms and computerized records of patients to whom he was not assigned. The hospital's computerized drug-dispensing cabinets showed that he was requesting medications that his patients had not been prescribed. His drug requests included many orders that were immediately canceled and many requests within minutes of one another. In July 2003, the executive director of the New Jersey Poison Information and Education System warned Somerset officials that at least four suspicious overdoses indicated the possibility that an employee was killing patients. By October, Cullen had killed at least five more patients and attempted to kill another.

When a patient in Somerset died of low blood sugar in October 2003, the hospital alerted the New Jersey State Police. That patient was Cullen's final victim. State officials castigated the hospital for failing to report a nonfatal insulin overdose administered by Cullen in August. An investigation into his employment history revealed past suspicions about his involvement in patient deaths. Somerset fired Cullen on October 31, 2003, ostensibly for lying on his job application. Somerset nurse Amy Loughren, a co-worker of Cullen's who had been friendly with him while they worked together at Somerset, alerted the police after she had become alarmed about Cullen's records of accessing drugs and his links to patient deaths. Police kept him under surveillance for several weeks until they had finished their investigation. Investigators assigned Loughren to visit Cullen after work hours and to talk with him while she wore a wire. With that evidence, police had produced enough probable cause for arrest.

Arrest and sentencing
Cullen was arrested at a restaurant on December 12, 2003, and charged with one count of murder and one count of attempted murder. On December 14, he admitted to homicide detectives Dan Baldwin and Tim Braun that he had murdered Florian Gall and had attempted to murder Jin Kyung Han, both of whom were patients at Somerset. In addition, Cullen told the detectives that he had murdered as many as 40 patients over his 16-year career. In April 2004, Cullen pleaded guilty before Judge Paul W. Armstrong in a New Jersey court to killing 13 patients and to attempting to kill two others by lethal injection while he was employed at Somerset.

As part of his plea agreement, Cullen promised to cooperate with authorities if they did not seek the death penalty for his crimes. A month later, he pleaded guilty to the murder of three more patients in New Jersey. In November 2004, Cullen pleaded guilty in an Allentown court to killing six patients and trying to kill three others. He repeatedly interrupted the proceedings by taunting the judge with the chant, "Your Honor, you need to step down." Cullen was ordered to be restrained and gagged.

On March 2, 2006, Cullen was sentenced to 18 consecutive life sentences by Judge Armstrong in New Jersey; he is not eligible for parole until June 10, 2403. Currently, he is held at New Jersey State Prison in Trenton, New Jersey. On March 10, 2006, Cullen was brought into the courtroom of Lehigh County (Pennsylvania) President (Presiding Judge) Judge William H. Platt for a sentencing hearing. Cullen, upset with the judge, kept repeating, "Your Honor, you need to step down" for 30 minutes until Platt had Cullen gagged with cloth and duct tape. Even after being gagged, Cullen continued to try to repeat the phrase. In that hearing, Platt gave him an additional six life sentences. As part of his plea agreement, Cullen has been working with law enforcement officials to identify additional victims.

Motives
Cullen stated that he had overdosed patients to spare them from being seen going into cardiac or respiratory arrest and being listed as a Code Blue emergency. He told detectives that he could not bear to witness or to hear about attempts at saving a victim's life. Cullen also stated that he gave patients overdoses so that he could end their suffering and prevent hospital personnel from dehumanizing them. However, not all of his victims were terminal patients. Some, like Gall, had been expected to recover before Cullen killed them. The nurse Lynn Tester described many of the victims as "people on the mend" in a police interview.

Investigators stated that Cullen may have caused patients to suffer but did not realize it, which contradicted his claims of wanting to save patients. Similarly, Cullen told investigators that although he often observed patients' suffering for several days, the decision to commit each murder was performed on impulse. Cullen told detectives in December 2003 that he lived most of his life in a fog and that he had blacked out memories of murdering most of his victims. He said that he could not recall how many he killed or why he had chosen them. In some cases, Cullen adamantly denied committing any murders at a given facility. However, after reviewing medical records, he admitted that he had been involved in patient deaths.

Legal impact
Cullen moved from facility to facility undetected mainly because of the lack of requirements to report suspicious behavior by medical workers and inadequate legal obligations on employers. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, like most other states, required health care facilities to report suspicious deaths only in the most egregious cases, and the penalties for failing to report incidents were minor. Also, many states did not give investigators the legal authority to discover workers' previous employers.

Employers feared investigating incidents or giving a bad employment reference for fear of such actions triggering lawsuits. According to detectives and Cullen himself, several hospitals suspected him of harming or killing patients but failed to take appropriate legal actions. After Cullen's criminal conviction, many of the hospitals at which he had worked were sued by the families of his victims. The files and settlements against the New Jersey hospitals, all of which were settled out of court, are sealed.

In some cases, individual workers took it upon themselves informally to try to prevent Cullen from being hired or to have him terminated. Some contacted nearby hospitals in secret or quietly spoke to their superiors to alert them not to hire Cullen. When Cullen took a job at Sacred Heart Hospital, in Allentown, in June 2001, a nurse who had heard rumors about him at Easton Hospital advised her coworkers. The nurses threatened to quit en masse if Cullen was not immediately dismissed, which he was.

Prompted by the Cullen case, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and 35 other states adopted new laws which encourage employers to give honest appraisals of workers' job performance and provide legal protections for reporting medical errors. The New Jersey laws, in particular, formed the model other states would follow. Firstly, the 2004 Patient Safety Act increased hospitals' responsibility for reporting "serious preventable adverse events". The 2005 Enhancement Act, a supplement to the Patient Safety Act, required hospitals to report certain details on their employees to the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs and mandated that complaints and disciplinary records relating to patient care be kept for at least seven years.

In popular culture
The 2008 direct-to-video film Killer Nurse, written and directed by Ulli Lommel, was loosely based on Cullen.

The CBS newsmagazine show 60 Minutes featured an interview with Cullen conducted by correspondent Steve Kroft, in an episode which originally aired on April 28, 2013, and which was titled "Angel of Death". It was the first time Cullen had spoken publicly of his crimes or of his motives for committing them.

On June 25, 2020, the British television channel Sky Crime aired the documentary Charles Cullen – Killing for Kindness, produced by Woodcut Mediastory.

The film The Good Nurse, adapted from Charles Graeber's non-fiction book The Good Nurse: A True Story of Medicine, Madness, and Murder, was released on Netflix on October 26, 2022. Eddie Redmayne portrays Cullen and Jessica Chastain portrays coworker Amy Loughren, a nurse who helped implicate Cullen and assisted detectives by talking with Cullen after work hours while she wore a wire.

Capturing the Killer Nurse is a 2022 documentary film about Cullen. It includes interviews with Cullen, his co-workers, detectives and Amy Loughren, a nurse who assisted the detectives. There are interviews with family members of the victims, true crime author Charles Graeber and audio from Cullen himself. It began streaming on Netflix on November 11, 2022.

A 2023 episode of the podcast Criminal is an interview with Amy Loughren and covers the story.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charles Cullen


text:
Talk:Sonni Ali

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 12 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Wlin486.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

"Sonni" or "Sunni"or"sunny"
The Encarta blurb found at refers to this historical figure as "Sunni Ali". Which is correct, Sunni or Sonni? Courtland 00:39, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My world history textbook says "Sonni" - probably both are acceptable, as with many Arabic terms, e.g. Muslim or Moslem. Andre ( talk ) 00:45, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * An anon user just changed this back from Sonni to Sunni. While I agree that either is probably ok, English language Google searches for "'Sonni Ali' Songhai"  and "'Sunni Ali' Songhai"  reveal a preference for "Sonni" by about 2:1.  I'll switch this back, and for now I'd suggest leaving it there; of course, though, if anyone has any contrary stats indicating "Sunni Ali" to be the more common/correct usage, I'd be happy to see them.  --Dvyost 03:15, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I always read "Sonni Ali" and not "Sunni Ali" but how the vowel is rendered may vary. "Ber" just means "great." --A12n 15:21, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

controversial info without references
Sunni Ali Ber was a Muslim by default thinking, You cannot measure by science the Islamicness of a person just because they have "non-Islamic" beliefs. This is highly subjective and is an area for "faith discussions" not a Wikipedia bio. Muslims all over the world blend their native beliefs with Islam, there is no "pure Islam" How do you measure faith? see definition of a Muslim--Halaqah 13:23, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I just added some references. It may be controversial, but it's valid info. Andre (talk) 16:35, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

References should not be links (see other sites for example). If you put something of that weight which i see as a redundant discussion (discussing the degree of Islam of someone) the bio is a stub it does little to expand who Sunni was. This needs developing. A un sourced list of African people isn’t a reference. Source a book, a page with references to the source of the material. If you cant do that then it has to be deleted as invalid and unsubstantiated. I have put it in this section below so you can develop it but it cannot be in the article without serious backing of references, web links are not references--Halaqah 18:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

redundant cats
Sunni Ali Ber was from Africa not the Middle East. do not put middle eastern slave owning tags on his page. Becare when you do reverts because you undo valid work.--Halaqah 18:29, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree since Songhai was in Africa, not Asia. IExistToHelp (talk) 00:08, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Discuss before adding back to article
Opinions vary on whether Sonni Ali can correctly be described as a Muslim. He ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at a time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was being challenged. His adherence to African animism while also professing Islam leads some writers to describe him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.

This is in conflict with the following site which has been listed above:

Sunni Ali Ber built a remarkable army and with this ferocious force, the warrior king won battle after battle. He routed marauding nomads, seized trade routes, took villages, and expanded his domain. He captured Timbuktu, bringing into the Songhay empire a major center of commerce, culture, and Moslem scholarship. ]

there is no substancial accurate source to support the statments which i have removed.Please see wikipedia standards for adding disputed items. You must provide valid clearly established sources, what you are doing is weasling "Opinions vary on whether Sonni Ali can correctly be described as a Muslim" show these opinions from academics.Or leave the discussion alone. --Halaqah 18:34, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, websites are indeed valid references. The ones I used might not be, but websites can be. See Reliable sources. Second of all, I created this article -- I'm not about to "leave the discussion alone." The opinions DO vary, it's not weaseling. Andre (talk) 22:15, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * And also, those two statements are not in conflict. Sonni Ali did build an army and did make the Songhay empire into a center of Muslim scholarship -- this is not in dispute. Opinions vary among academics, however, whether Ali himself was truly a Muslim, or just a nominal (in name only) Muslim, since he continued to practice African animism that was in direct conflict with Islam. Andre (talk) 22:18, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

It doesnt meet the standard, cite one book, site one serious source any website can say anything, so it must appear on a more substantial page. "Opinions vary among academics" if this is true then bring the other academics, Did Ali Mazrui say it, did Diop say it, WHO? There is zero reference from any academic--that is called weasling. You just cant have a bio and at length discuss a topic which doesnt illuminate a weighted fact. First of all his degree of Islam is a seriously minor aspect in a bio that needs to deal with much more than how much Islam he practiced, It is very tedious and highly subjective. Imagine going through all the Jews of history and debating the degree of Jewness. The definition of Islam is broad and hence unless you can specific show this issue has weight i dont see its value here. Time i think should be spent building up a "full" bio. And your references have to not be copy and paste links. As someone who is very familiar with West African history the point is rare and not "Opinions vary among Academics. --Halaqah 11:53, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

It is in conflict because he wasnt really a Muslim, yet he had a Muslim name, he made Songhay a centre for Islamic scholarship, he probably prayed 5 times a day. Practising animism doesnt invalidate Islam. This is a theological debate and this here is a bio of a man. Please read the Islam section, since Islam is not a monolith it is almost "racial superiority" to suggest because he had African traditions he was a "real Muslim" while the Arabs who blend their ancient beliefs with Islam are "real Muslims." It is invalid as their is no strong evidence to support this claim. And we must deal in facts especially when making conflicting statements. Why would a man be promoting Islamic scholarship and then not be a Muslim--its a conflict. He wasnt a Arab Muslim, he was an African Muslim.--Halaqah 11:53, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

I am very happy you created the article. Because it is important. But we have peer assesment and it is for the good of everyone as we are all made to produce 100% quality work. I have created many articles and we cannot let pride stop valid critic. I have had to remove or drop many things when i was asked by peers for sources.--Halaqah 12:03, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This isn't about pride or theology. It's about a simple fact: many writers describe him as "nominally Muslim." If you need a book I'll get a book, but websites are valid sources too. Andre (talk) 19:43, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

And make sure you dont get one book, because the statement is "Opinions vary among academics" so you need to show this, page number author, authority, etc. If we make statements that are not disputed noone is going to sqeeze u for references but dont make controversial statments without serious evidence. Its not that somebody hasnt said that but i think in such a short bio it is very unbalanced out of the blue to discuss how Islamic or none Islamic someone is. Its like saying he wasnt really African, because he was a Muslim, or in your case he wasnt really Muslim because he was African. r these people Islamic scholars? we need this info, and c there is only one refernce on this page (and i added it) --Halaqah 21:49, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Owen 'Alik Shahadah
A discussion thread about the reliability and notability of this author and his pages is taking place at Neutral point of view/Noticeboard, please comment there so we can get a final consensus. Rupert Loup (talk) 12:06, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

History
Sonni Ali could actually be true and not contradict each other — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.216.68.11 (talk) 18:11, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

What is Bodmas
Y sonni was the king of songhai Empire 41.114.11.97 (talk) 21:53, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Songhai established and ruled under Sonni ali
Songhai established and ruled under Sonni ali 41.114.37.250 (talk) 21:15, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

History
Five achievements of sunni ali 102.88.82.137 (talk) 18:27, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sonni Ali


text:
George R. Ray

George Raymond (Holman) Ray (November 30, 1869 – October 13, 1935) was an English-born politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1914 to 1915, as a member of the Conservative Party.

Ray was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, as George Holman, the youngest child and only son of George and Hanna (née Ray) Holman, and was educated in England. Ray worked as an accountant in London and in Africa. He served in the Royal Navy from 1888 to 1891. In 1900, he married Maude Williams in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Ray became an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1901. He served as post manager at Berens River, Churchill, York Factory, Norway House and Fort Alexander. In 1911, he became manager for the Nelson River district, stationed at Fort Nelson in northern Manitoba.

He was elected to the legislature in the 1914 provincial election, in a deferred election for the constituency Churchill and Nelson. The Conservatives had already won a majority government in the rest of the province, and Ray won without opposition. He served as a backbench supporter of Rodmond Roblin's government.

The Roblin administration was forced to resign in 1915, amid a serious corruption scandal. A new general election was called, which the Liberals won in a landslide. Ray did not seek re-election.

In 1920, Ray rejoined the Hudson's Bay Company as an inspector in the fur trade commissioner's office in Winnipeg and then, in 1921, became manager for the James Bay district. He retired from the Company in 1927.

He was the author of Just Craft and Skill, a play published in 1911, and Kasba, a novel published in 1915. His novel The Land Of Silence: A Novel Of The Great Northland was serialized in The Beaver from 1921 to 1923.

Ray died in hospital in Edmonton from pneumonia at the age of 65.

title: George R. Ray


text:
User talk:Pfistermeister

Welcome!

Hello, Pfistermeister, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:
 * Try our tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * Keep the Five Pillars of Wikipedia in mind, and remember to write from a neutral point of view.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~, or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

If you have any questions, see the help pages, ask a question at the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome, and good luck!

-- Kirill Lokshin 00:40, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Roger Scruton
Hi Pfistermeister, I've posted an RfC at Talk:Roger Scruton—see here—to ask whether the neutrality tag should remain on the article. There are a number of issues in dispute; if you could comment even on just one of them, or your overall impression of the article's balance, that would be very helpful. I'm leaving this note because you've edited the article or talk page, but if you have no interest in commenting, please feel free to ignore the request. Cheers, SlimVirgin  TALK |  CONTRIBS 20:40, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Hello there. I've left a message on Talk:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension to explain why I removed your addition. I'd be grateful if you could respond there if you wish to include the content discussed there. JFW | T@lk  19:10, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

The Fall of the Roman Empire
Whilst I agree it's not a remake, I don't think it's particularly helpful to label editors as "idiots". We need to assume good faith as it certainly didn't aim to destroy the article. Regards, -- Tærkast (Discuss) 17:01, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

ANI Notification
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Doniago (talk) 17:26, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * You were blocked in March for a week - so now I'm blocking you for two weeks. Enough. Fences  &  Windows  18:34, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Idiots. Pfistermeister (talk) 20:54, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Extending to indef. Fences  &  Windows  23:32, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Please note, indef doesn't mean permanent. I am turning your talk page access back on so you can request a block reduction or removal (I'd intended to do that before, my mistake). All that is required for the block to be lifted is a pledge to not attack and insult other editors. That kind of behaviour makes Wikipedia poisonous and unwelcoming. Just because you dislike other editors' prose or content decisions doesn't mean you should belittle and abuse them. You can put your point across without needing to lash out. Fences  &  Windows  19:00, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm sick of wikipedia. It's full of illiterates and idiots. Shove it. Pfistermeister (talk) 00:14, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I second that Pfistermeister. --RJR3333 (talk) 07:28, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pfistermeister


text:
User:Sdiablo

o lol

title: User:Sdiablo


text:
The Temptin' Temptations

The Temptin' Temptations is the third studio album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label released in 1965. The album includes several of the group's hits from 1965, and also includes a handful of singles that were not included on the Temptations' first 1965 album, The Temptations Sing Smokey. Among these are the 1964 singles "Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" and "I'll Be in Trouble"; and the 1965 singles "Since I Lost My Baby", and "My Baby". Seven of the album's 12 tracks had previously been released as singles and their B-sides, though "My Baby" preceded the album only by a month.

Overview
The three pre-"My Girl" singles all feature Eddie Kendricks on lead vocals. "I'll Be in Trouble" was written and produced by Smokey Robinson, while "Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" was a Norman Whitfield production. Both songs were Top 40 hits for the group immediately following the success of their first hit, "The Way You Do the Things You Do". "The Girl's All Right With Me", "I'll Be in Trouble's" b-side, charted on its own at number 102, and was written by Kendricks, Whitfield, and Eddie Holland, but produced by Smokey Robinson and Whitfield.

"Since I Lost My Baby", a heartbroken ballad exemplary of Smokey Robinson's work, features David Ruffin on lead vocals, pining away for a lost lover even though the world around him is a relative nirvana. Longing and melancholy, "Since I Lost My Baby" (written by Robinson & fellow Miracle Pete Moore) tells a story about the pain of losing a lover. Temptations lead singer David Ruffin paints a picture as the song's narrator of an idyllic world where he has everything anyone could ask for, except for love. Contemporary R&B singer Luther Vandross would later cover the song on his 1982 album  Forever, For Always, For Love.

"My Baby", an extension of the theme from "My Girl", features Ruffin and the Temptations bragging about the qualities of a special lady. It was written by Miracles members Robinson, Pete Moore, and Bobby Rogers.

"My Baby"'s B-side, the Paul Williams-led "Don't Look Back", was a hit in its own right, becoming a top 20 R&B hit and serving for several years as the Temptations' live-show closing number. It was also the original A-side of this recording, and as such, was performed by the group on The Ed Sullivan Show. It was later relegated to B-side status in the wake of "My Baby"'s bigger pop success at the time. However, today, "Don't Look Back" is the far more popular and better-remembered tune. Although the Temptations retired "Don't Look Back" from their repertoire following Williams' 1971 departure from the group, several cover versions have been recorded. These include versions by Al Green, Bobby Womack, The Persuasions, and Teena Marie, as well as a collaboration between Peter Tosh, Mick Jagger, and Keith Richards for Tosh's 1978 album Bush Doctor.

Track listing
Side one
 * 1) "Since I Lost My Baby" (Smokey Robinson, Pete Moore) (lead singer: David Ruffin) 2:55
 * 2) "The Girl's Alright with Me" (Norman Whitfield, Edward Holland, Jr., Eddie Kendricks) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:55
 * 3) "Just Another Lonely Night" (Ivy Jo Hunter, William "Mickey" Stevenson) (lead singer: Paul Williams) 3:03
 * 4) "My Baby" (Robinson, Moore, Bobby Rogers) (lead singer: David Ruffin) 3:06
 * 5) "You've Got to Earn It" (Robinson, Cornelius Grant) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:41
 * 6) "Everybody Needs Love" (Whitfield, Holland) (lead singers: Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin) 2:59

Side two
 * 1) "Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" (Whitfield, Holland) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:23
 * 2) "Don't Look Back" (Robinson, Ronnie White) (lead singer: Paul Williams) 2:56
 * 3) "I Gotta Know Now" (Whitfield, Holland) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) 2:40
 * 4) "Born to Love You" (Ivy Jo Hunter, William "Mickey" Stevenson) (lead singers: Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin) 2:41
 * 5) "I'll Be in Trouble" (Robinson) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks; Melvin Franklin on last line of bridge) 3:00
 * 6) "You're the One I Need" (Robinson) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks; bridge vocals: David Ruffin and Paul Williams) 2:24

Unreleased recordings from The Temptin' Temptations sessions: These three songs have subsequently been released.
 * "Come Back My Love" (Berry Gordy, Robert Gordy) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) - produced by Berry Gordy, Jr.
 * "Nobody But You" (Clarence Paul, Sylvia Moy) (lead singer: Eddie Kendricks) - produced by Clarence Paul
 * "That'll Be The Day" (Henry Cosby, Moy, Stevenson) (lead singer: David Ruffin) - produced by Henry Cosby & William "Mickey" Stevenson

Personnel
The Temptations with:
 * David Ruffin – vocals (baritone/tenor/falsetto)
 * Eddie Kendricks – vocals (tenor/falsetto)
 * Paul Williams – vocals (second tenor/baritone)
 * Melvin Franklin – vocals (bass)
 * Otis Williams – vocals (second tenor/baritone)
 * The Andantes – additional backing vocals on "Just Another Lonely Night" and "That'll Be the Day"
 * Jimmy Ruffin – additional backing vocals on "Born To Love You"

Producers
 * Smokey Robinson – "Since I Lost My Baby", "The Girl's Alright with Me", "My Baby", "You've Got to Earn It", "Don't Look Back", "I'll Be in Trouble" and "You're the One I Need", Executive Producer
 * Norman Whitfield – "The Girl's Alright with Me", "Everybody Needs Love", "Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" and "I Gotta Know Now"
 * William "Mickey" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter – "Just Another Lonely Night" and "Born to Love You"

Chart and singles history

 * Note: There was no Billboard R&B singles chart from November 1963 until January 1965. Most discographies include R&B information from Cash Box magazine to fill in the gap in the R&B chart, as is done here with the 1964 releases.

title: The Temptin' Temptations


text:
Flower Alley

Flower Alley (foaled May 7, 2002) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Winner of the Travers Stakes during his racing career, he is best known as the sire of 2012 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner I'll Have Another.

Background
Flower Alley was bred in Kentucky by George Brunacini's Bona Terra Farms. A chestnut horse, he has a small white star on his forehead and a small white sock on his back right leg. At maturity, he stood 16.1 hands high.

Breeder George Brunacini was notably killed in the August 27, 2006, crash of Comair Flight 5191 at Blue Grass Airport in Lexington, Kentucky.

Flower Alley is a son of Distorted Humor, a Mr. Prospector line sire whose other offspring includes dual classic winner and champion Funny Cide and Belmont Stakes and Breeders' Cup Classic winner Drosselmeyer. Flower Alley is inbred 3×3 to Mr. Prospector.

His dam, Princess Olivia, is sired by Lycius, who won the Gr.I Middle Park Stakes as a juvenile.

Flower Alley was bought by the Melnyk Racing Stables of Eugene Melnyk for $165,000 at the 2003 Keeneland September yearling sale Eugene Melnyk's daughter is named Olivia, and selected Flower Alley from the sale because of his dam's name.

Two-year-old season
Flower Alley made his racing debut in December 2004 at Calder, finishing third in a maiden race. It was his only run as a juvenile.

Three-year-old season
Flower Alley won the Grade II Jim Dandy Stakes, the Grade II Lane's End Stakes (in his third career start), and, on August 27, the Grade I Travers Stakes at Saratoga as a sophomore. He was trained by Saratoga's leading trainer, Todd Pletcher, and was ridden in the Travers by top jockey John Velazquez. Flower Alley was second to Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner Saint Liam in the Breeders' Cup Classic on October 30, 2005.

Flower Alley spent his 2005 winter break in Ocala, Florida, at his owner's Winding Oaks Farm, then trained at Churchill Downs for an early summer return to the track.

Four-year-old season
Flower Alley, under his Travers Stakes jockey John Velazquez (who skipped his Saturday Belmont mounts to ride the four-year-old), came back to the races as the favorite to win the Grade III $150,000 Salvator Mile Handicap at Monmouth Park in Oceanport, New Jersey, on June 24, 2006. It was a 3$1⁄4$ -length victory as the 1–2 favorite. Out of 11 starts, he had now won 5, placed three times, and showed once. With that win in the slop, his earnings totaled more than $2,500,000.

After the Salvator Mile, Todd Pletcher said, "We'll go to the Whitney Stakes on August 5th now, if everything goes smoothly." Pletcher also planned to run Flower Alley in Saratoga's G1 Woodward Stakes as well as the Breeder's Cup Classic, run this year at Churchill Downs.

On August 5, 2006, Invasor, an Argentine-bred son of Candy Stripes, won the Whitney by a nose to the surging Sun King. Flower Alley, a joint favorite in the race, made a brief run at the leading horses, then faded to come home seventh. Flower Alley also failed to hit the board in the Woodward Stakes, again finishing seventh.

He finished 11th in the November 2006 Breeders' Cup Classic at Churchill Downs, which was the last race of his career. He was retired after the race with a record of 14: 5-3-1 and earnings of $2,533,910.

Stud career
In 2007, Flower Alley began his career as a stallion at Three Chimneys Farm, alongside Point Given, Rahy, Albert the Great, Big Brown. The Midway, Kentucky, farm had acquired a 50% ownership of Flower Alley, the second graded stakes winner by Distorted Humor to stand at stud.

In May 2012, Flower Alley's son I'll Have Another won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, bringing his status as a stallion into the spotlight. After his son's accomplishments on the track, Flower Alley's stud fee was raised to $20,000; a big increase from his $7,500 price tag of recent years.

In 2015, however, despite his recent success as a stallion, Flower Alley was sold to stand at Wilgerbosdrift Stud in South Africa. He currently resides there, alongside United States Gr.III winner Fire Away, a grandson of Personal Ensign.

Flower Alley's most notable progeny includes:
 * I'll Have Another: Winner of the 2012 Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Robert B. Lewis Stakes and Santa Anita Derby
 * Bullards Alley: Winner of the 2017 Canadian International Stakes and Louisville Handicap
 * My Wandy's Girl: Winner of the Barbara Fritchie Handicap, Clasico Accion de Gracias (PR-G1), Dia de los Padres Stakes (PR-G1), and Roberto Clemente Stakes (PR-G1)
 * Lilacs and Lace: Winner of the Ashland Stakes and California Oaks
 * Neck 'N Neck: Winner of the Indiana Derby, Matt Winn Stakes, Ack Ack Handicap, and Greenwood Cup Stakes
 * Lukes Alley: Winner of the Gulfstream Park Turf Handicap, Autumn Stakes, and Durham Cup Stakes
 * Bouquet Booth: Winner of the Delta Downs Princess Stakes and Silverbulletday Stakes

Flower Alley has also found success as a broodmare sire. He is the broodmare sire of:

 * Lucky Lilac: Winner of the Ōsaka Hai, Queen Elizabeth II Cup (Japan), Hanshin Juvenile Fillies, and Tulip Sho. She was awarded the JRA Award for Best Two-Year-Old Filly in 2017. Lucky Lilac is a daughter of Lilacs and Lace.
 * Daisy: Winner of the Tempted Stakes
 * Smooth Like Strait: Winner of the Cecil B. DeMille Stakes

title: Flower Alley


text:
Beverley Park

Beverley Park may refer to

 * Beverley Park, New South Wales, a suburb in southern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 * Beverley Park, Kingston upon Thames, a public park in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, London, England

title: Beverley Park


text:
Santa Apolonia

Santa Apolonia and Santa Apolónia are the Spanish and Portuguese spellings of Saint Apollonia.

It is also used as a place name:
 * Santa Apolonia, Chimaltenango, Guatemala
 * Santa Apolonia, Matanzas, Cuba
 * Santa Apolonia Hills, Peru
 * Santa Apolónia Station, a major railway and metro station in Lisbon, Portugal
 * Santa Apolonia, Trujillo, Venezuela
 * A former name of Réunion Island given by Portuguese Explorers in the 16th Century, now part of France

title: Santa Apolonia


text:
File:Johnnystoolpigeon.jpg

summary
Johnny Stool Pigeon poster

Fair use in Johnny Stool Pigeon
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Johnnystoolpigeon.jpg


text:
Bob Shawkey

James Robert Shawkey (December 4, 1890 – December 31, 1980) was an American baseball pitcher who played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Philadelphia Athletics and New York Yankees from 1915 to 1927. He batted and threw right-handed and served primarily as a starting pitcher.

Early life
Shawkey was born to John William Shawkey (descended from German immigrants named Schaake) and Sarah Catherine Anthony, in Sigel, Pennsylvania.

Professional career
He moved from Slippery Rock State College to an independent league in 1911, then to the American League in 1912 as a pitcher for Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics. In 1915, Mack sold him to the New York Yankees where he remained (except for a brief service with the U.S. Navy during World War I when he served on the battleship Arkansas for eight months) until 1931. While facing his former team in, he struck out 15 A's batters in a game, setting the Yankees team record for most strikeouts in a game; this record lasted for fifty-nine years.

At the start of the season, Shawkey was chosen to be the Yankees' Opening Day starting pitcher. Because the team's first game was at home, this also meant that he was the first player to pitch at the newly built Yankee Stadium. The Yankees won 4–1 behind Babe Ruth's three-run home run, with Shawkey pitching a complete game to become the first winning pitcher at the stadium.

Shawkey also served as the Yankees' manager in the 1930 season—following the sudden death of Miller Huggins—and guided the Yankees to a third-place finish.

Shawkey won 195 games in his career, and won 20 or more games in four of his seasons (his high was 24). Shawkey is noted as the starting pitcher in the first game played in Yankee Stadium on April 18, 1923, and set the franchise record for 15 strikeouts in a single game, which stood until Ron Guidry broke it in 1978. Bob credited his success to a super fastball and an outstanding curve ball. He later served as the baseball coach for Dartmouth College.

An adept batsman during his 15 year career, Shawkey compiled a .214 batting average (225-for-1049) with 90 runs, 3 home runs and 95 RBI. From 1920-1924, he drove in 59 runs for the New York Yankees. In 8 World Series games, he hit .267 (4-for-15) with 2 RBI.

In 1970, Shawkey was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in Brookville, Pennsylvania. During the 1976 opening day festivities for the renovated Yankee Stadium, Shawkey threw out the ceremonial first pitch. He died at age 90 in Syracuse, New York, on New Year's Eve 1980.

title: Bob Shawkey


text:
User:4v4l0n42/Milestones

Number of Edits

 * 1st Edit - 13:36, 2004 October 6 Porco Rosso
 * 100th Edit - 22:29, 2005 July 30 Image:Uchiha Sasuke 003.jpg
 * 250th Edit - 16:18, 2005 August 21 Nadia-Nadia001.png
 * 1000th Edit - 12:52, 2006 January 28 Gankutsuou.
 * 2000th Edit - 19:07, 2006 March 12 Claymore (manga)

Images Contribution

 * 1st Image Uploaded - 16:24, 2005 July 22
 * 100th Image Uploaded - 11:42, 2005 August 14

Articles contribution

 * 1st Edit - 13:36, 2004 October 6 Porco Rosso
 * 100th Edit - 10:55, 2005 August 28 Mithril
 * 250th Edit - 11:16, 2006 January 28 Gankutsuou
 * 500th Edit - 08:17, 2006 February 25 Alagaësia

title: User:4v4l0n42/Milestones


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arielle

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy delete. --HappyCamper 05:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Arielle
I think the reason is obvious.  realwingus  00:44, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 00:56, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. — Trisk 01:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. Elfguy 01:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy tagged. It doesn't need to clutter VFD. --Tito xd 01:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Awww! Don't expunge Arielle! Roodog2k 02:18, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Patent nonsense. *drew 02:28, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is already on BJAODN-- if that counts as a "transwiki" it's speedy-approved. Ashibaka (tock) 02:50, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arielle


text: Category:Religion in Africa

title: Category:Religion in Africa


text:
User:Taliswolf

Currently working on:
2004 Encyclopedia topics

Started:
2005 Sep-10 Twyford, Hampshire

2005 Aug-28 Bernard Binlin Dadié, Acrisol

Hovering around:
Philip Pullman, His Dark Materials, and related.

title: User:Taliswolf


text:
User:Acjelen/Concert

A concert is a live performance, usually of music, before an audience. The music may be performed by a single musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, a choir, or a musical band. More informal names for a concert include "show" and "gig". Concerts are held in a wide variety of settings or venues, including pubs, nightclubs, houses, barnss, dedicated concert halls, large multipurpose buildings, and even sports stadium. The musicans usually perform on a stage. Before the dominance of recorded music, concerts would be the only opportunity one would generally have to hear musicians play.

There is normally a charge to attend a concert, though some are free. Proceeds normally benefit the musical group, the owners of the venue, and others involved in putting on the concert. The proceeds from some concerts go to benefit a cause or charity.

A concert tour is a series of concerts by a musician, musical group, or some number of either in different cities or locations.

While the principal reason for a concert is the opportunity for the musicians to perform in front of an audience, even the most purely artistic of endeavors will see gains. Concerts provide the musicians exposure to the public. An attendee will probably see the musicians perform again if the concert was worthwhile. Recording artists usually go on tours to promote record sales and introduce their fans to new musical compositions.

The nature of a concert will vary by musical genre and individual groups in those genres. Concerts by a small jazz combo and a small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume, but vary in music and dress.

Musical groups with large expected audiences can put on very elaborate and expensive affairs. In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, the musicians will frequently include additional entertainment devices within their concerts. These tend to include changeable stage lighting effects and various special effect "visuals", which include anything from large video screens, inflatables, smoke or dry ice, pyrotechnics, artwork, pre-recorded video, and unusual attire. Activities which may take place during these concert including dancing, sing-alongs, moshing or head-banging, and crowd-surfing.

Larger concerts involving a greater number of musical groups, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Examples include the Woodstock Music and Art Festival, the Newport Jazz Festival, and Cambridge Folk Festival.

title: User:Acjelen/Concert


text:
Talk:Battalion

The strategy game
Battalion is also an online turn-based strategy game. But when I tried to edit the page accordingly, it was rejected. Why?
 * Well, actually it wasn't rejected, but now you've drawn my attention to it it has been removed. Why? Because it read like an advert and was unencyclopaedic (e.g. it referred to players in the 2nd person) and because it was in completely the wrong place. This is not a noticeboard for game fans. -- Necrothesp 03:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Misc editorial questions
I am not an expert but why does the symbol refer to the AUSTRIAN 14th battalion? I can see nothing to indicate its nationality. 82.212.19.84 15:47, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Why is the picture in the top right corner of a platoon when the article is about a battalion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:4901:8930:30F8:2AD4:91A5:8D47 (talk) 04:25, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

US Section
Whoever wrote the sentence below needs to check their source. Old English alphabets DID have the letter Jj. It was originally the letter Ii with a swash attached to it. The letter's history goes back to ancient Rome. The reason there was no company J (back in the day) is because the letters I and J looked too similar to make any distinction with some handwriting. NOW, the omission of Co. J is by tradition.

"There was no J company or troop: the letter J was traditionally not used because in 18th and 19th centuries the old English alphabet did not have the letter "J" and was never added because of tradition."

If the author does not wish to make this correction, I will gladly do it. Best wishes. Jaaches (talk) 13:52, 6 February 2015 (UTC)JAACHES

I changed it back to the way I posted it on 14 June 07, before it was erroneously changed on 3 Dec 14. Yes, the letter existed, but it was not commonly found in most printer's type face blocks, so as a matter of practicality, as 'J' was not commonly used in print, the custom was then (now having become tradition) to not use 'J' in either printed/typed or written form to designate a military unit.CobraDragoon (talk) 15:47, 6 February 2015 (UTC) ---

I think the US section needs a lot of work. It reads quite poorly with the parts for the Marine Corps inserted with parentheses after every point. I think we should make two sections, one for the Army, one for the Marines, describing the structure of a battalion in both. In the Army, at Battalion is commanded by a Major, sometimes at Lt. Col. A brigade is commanded by a Colonel.

Agreed, it very wordy and needs condensing perhaps using the British entry as an example? Also the tactical elements are similar if not essentially the same for both entries and should perhaps reflect that rather than as sub sections of a particular nation.Twobells (talk) 09:52, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

I deleted the wholw 'tactical communications' section, it's not relevant here. If I have time I will give the whole US section a very heavy edit. 12:34, 24 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.6.147.186 (talk)

It should probably be explicitly stated what the difference is between organic and separate battalions. Mad2Physicist (talk) 06:18, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Communications
I think the material on tactical communications in the US Army is interesting, but misplaced. Pete Fenelon 21:51, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Purpose of article
Wikipedia is not a dictionary. The lead paragraph is nothing but a definition. Most of the rest of the article is unrelated to Battalions, and is general background information on military organizations. The article doesn't cite a single source... what is encyclopedic about this topic?StreamingRadioGuide 06:16, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Interesting point, but does not battalion have meaning distinct from other orgs? MadZarkoff (talk) 22:18, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

HQ Companies
Does anyone know, in the British Army is the Commanding Officer of a Battalion also the Officer Commanding the Headquarters Company? Or does the HQ Company have its own commander (presumably a Major) as the other companies do? 86.158.11.109 (talk) 04:01, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

The Officer Commanding the HQ company (or Support Company as they are often now known) are indeed commanded by a Major. This is a separate appointment to Regimental 2ic also.--Mlongcake (talk) 09:54, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

HQ Company (HQ Coy.) and Support Company (Sp.Coy) are NOT different terms for the same company. They are separate entities each with their own Officer Commanding (OC).

Fire Services Battalions
I'm not comfortable making the change yet as a newbie, but battalion is also in common usage in the American fire service to denote a subdivision of a fire department. Inclusion might be considered 1) limited in scope and as such not a world view on the subject 2) jargon 3) too broad within the scope of the present article. Any thoughts on how to best work this additional definition into the article? Random memo (talk) 03:40, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Some fire departments, such as the FDNY use the term battalion in their organizational levels. Can someone put this in? Mazeau (talk) 01:22, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

-Actually, I'd say 99% of fire departments in the US use battalion in the organizational levels. I was surprised not to even find any mention of fire departments. I wouldn't be surprised if South America and Canada follow the battalion organizational leveling too. Usually it can be worded differently, like "district chief" instead of battalion chief, but they are still the same exact thing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.170.39.28 (talk) 11:11, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

RSO
Can anyone confirm that the RSO is actually an officer from the Royal Corps of Signals? I have never heard of this before!--Mlongcake (talk) 09:56, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

I served in the Signal Platoon of a UK Infantry Battalion and the RSO was always from my cap badge.Demobbed (talk) 00:37, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Correct. The Royal Corps of Signals do not operate Battalion level.

Theatre of War
What is "Theatre of War II" other than a game? Should this be "World War II"? I can't find any reference to "Theatre of War II" as a conflict in WikiPedia or Google. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Barwise1 (talk • contribs) 13:06, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Historical meaning
The term "battalion" appears in Manuals of Arms from the early 18th Century, but the battalion they refer to is not the modern battalion. The 1740 French Manual of Arms prescribes that except in the most unusual circumstances, His Majesty's infantry regiments will deploy and fight in a single battalion including all seventeen companies.

The British system was different, as the regiment did not deploy as such, but raised, equipped, and trained one or more battalions which did deploy to the theatre of operations. Many, if not most, regiments of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars fielded a single battalion.Cybersharque (talk) 22:39, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Unit numbers in the US military
I'm not sure if this is the place, but I can't find anything about it anywhere. How do US unit designation numbers work these days? Why are the unit numbers so high? Is each battalion (or other sized unit) given it's own unique number, regardless of what unit it is part of? To make sure they never confuse one "13th Battalion" with another "13th Battalion"? I'd always assumed that a unit was numbered within it's parent unit, i.e. "5th Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiment" and "5th Battalion, 7th Infantry", etc. But I see that the numbers go so high, up into the hundreds, even the thousands...there is no way one unit has that many battalions, or companies. So do they give them all a unique number, regardless of parent unit? Like, the 3rd Infantry doesn't have 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc, it might have 403rd, 211th and 109th, while the 7th Infantry has the 312th, 573rd and 200th? Is that how it works these days? Because I don't see why else the numbers would go so high. 400 battalions is like the size of an army, about 300,000 men. So there is no division with 1st through 400th Battalions, is there? The other possibility I thought of is that units are given two, three or four digit numbers depending on what area they specialize in? That's how you get weird numbers like "6941st Guard Battalion" (although it's not from the US, I've seen similar ones here, I believe. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/6941st_Guard_Battalion AnnaGoFast (talk) 23:30, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

 * AnnaGoFast, I believe you have a misunderstanding of the battalion designations to which you refer. If you are saying that the 3rd Infantry Regiment has battalions numbered with three-digits; you are incorrect – the 3rd Infantry Regiment has battalions numbered one through four, although the 3rd battalion is currently inactive. In the same manner, the 7th Infantry Regiment currently has only one battalion, the 2nd on active duty.

 * If by 3rd and 7th Infantry you meant divisions, then presently the 3rd Infantry Division contains battalions from the 7th Infantry Regiment (2-7, and 3-7), the 15th Infantry Regiment (3-15), the 28th Infantry Regiment (1-28), and the 30th Infantry (1-30). The numbers in parentheses indicate the battalion number and the regimental number, the – (dash) indicates that the regimental headquarters does not exist and that the battalion(s) report directly to a brigade or higher headquarters. If the regimental headquarters of the battalion existed as the next level of command, then the notation would be 2/7, indicating that the regiment was commanding its own battalions. (Currently, in the US Army, only the 75th Ranger Regiment still has this battalion/regiment hierarchy.) The 7th Infantry Division oversees several infantry battalions including: 2-1, 2-3, 1-17, 5-20, 1-23, & 4-23.

 * The first battalion of the 109th Infantry Regiment (1-109) currently serves in the 55th Heavy Brigade Combat Team of the 28th Infantry Division (Pennsylvania National Guard) and the first battalion of the 200th Infantry Regiment (1-200) serves in the New Mexico National Guard. The 211th and 312th Infantry Regiments are both inactive and I do not believe that the US Army has ever had infantry regiments numbered 403rd or 573rd, so I do not understand where you saw these.

 * The US Army does use discrete, and apparently most often random, two, three, and four digit numbers for special purpose battalions, such as the 6941st Guard Battalion, which served with US Army Berlin during the Cold War. (These numbers are usually very obscure with no apparent reason for their selection; could be random digits or a sort of Rube Goldbergian code or inside joke for their selection.) However, combat arms (currently classified as maneuver, fires, and effects) battalions are always identified as a battalion/squadron of a parent regiment for purposes of lineage and heraldry and the highest infantry battalion number I am aware of is the 5th battalion of the 20th Infantry Regiment (5-20).

 * I hope all of the above helps clear this up for you. See the following articles for more information re designation of US Army battalions: US Army Combat Arms Regimental System, US Army Regimental System, Company (military unit), and Structure of the United States Army. CobraDragoon (talk) 04:01, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Size
It is said in this page that battalions consists of 300-1000 men, does that mean the 300 Spartans led by King Leonidas is a battalion? RA9Markus (talk) 19:54, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Article needs to be globalised
Currently the article focuses on the term "battalion" as it is used in Western countries. As a result, the lead generalises specific uses of the term as universal fact. For example, the only parts of the article which state that a battalion usually consists of 300 to 1,000 soldiers are in the U.S. and Canada sections. There is no reliable source given that says this is universally true. Centre Left Right ✉ 07:37, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battalion


text:
Sword of Victory

Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si or Phra Saeng Khan Chai Sri (, the "Venerable Sword of Victory", "Great Sword of Victory" ) is part of the royal regalia of the King of Thailand. The sword represents the military might and power of the king. The hilt has a length of 25.4 centimetres (10 inches) with the blade measuring 64.5 centimetres (25 inches). When placed in the scabbard the sword has a total length of 101 centimetres (40 inches) and weighs 1.9 kilograms (4.2 pounds). The sword’s neck between the blade and the hilt is decorated with a gold inlaid miniature of Vishnu riding the Garuda.

History
It is a double-edged iron sword with a quartz hilt, held in a scabbard made of gold, inlaid with precious stones. It was among the relics discovered in 1957 from the crypt at Wat Ratchaburana.

According to a stone inscription describing the history of the Sukhothai Kingdom, Pho Khun Pha Mueang had been given the sword Phra Saeng Khan chai si by his father, Pho Khun Si Nao Num.

However, a story has been circulated that the sword was found in 1784 by a fisherman in Cambodia who found it in his fishing net (in Tonle Sap) at Siem Riep, and Chao Phraya Uthai Phubet who ruled presented it to Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) of Thailand, his suzerain at the time. According to legend, it was said that the moment the blade arrived in Bangkok, seven lightning strikes hit the city simultaneously, including the city gate (Wiset Chaisi), where the blade entered, and over the main gate of the Grand Palace (Phiman Chaisi).

During the coronation ceremony the king is handed the sword by a Brahmin, then straps it onto his belt himself. The sword features heavily in the Oath of Allegiance Ceremony where the King ceremoniously dips the sword into a bowl of sacred water, and then drinks the water as an example, followed by senior civil servants and military officers as a sign of allegiance to the institution of the monarchy.

title: Sword of Victory


text:
Arnold Goodman, Baron Goodman

Arnold Abraham Goodman, Baron Goodman, CH (21 August 1913 – 12 May 1995 ) was a British lawyer and political advisor.

Life
Arnold Goodman was born at Hackney, London, son of Jewish parents Joseph Goodman (1879/80–1940), a master draper, and Bertha (1887–1959), daughter of Joseph Mauerberger, owner of a Stepney drapery business. His first name was given on his birth certificate as "Aby", which was corrected by his father only in 1931. The Goodman family were comfortably prosperous, as Goodman described in profiles. He was educated at Hackney Downs School (formerly The Grocers' Company School), University College London, and Downing College, Cambridge. He became a leading London lawyer as Senior Partner in the law firm Goodman, Derrick & Co (subsequently Goodman Derrick LLP and now RWK Goodman LLP). He was solicitor and advisor to politicians such as Harold Wilson.

Lord Goodman was chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain from 1965 until 1972, succeeded by Lord Gibson. As chair of the Arts Council, Goodman managed the organisation's 'golden age' with the establishing of the South Bank Centre and adoption of the only UK government bill for the Arts while the Council began regular funding for a number of galleries and theatre companies in the English regions. He was also chairman of British Lion Films, the Committee of Inquiry into Charity Law, the Committee on London Orchestras, the Housing Corporation, the National Building Agency, the Newspaper Proprietors' Association, and The Observer Trust, as well as being Director of the Royal Opera House and Sadler's Wells, Governor of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, a member of the Planning Committee for the Open University and President of the Theatrical Advisory Committee. He was a Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Art. He was also a founder and patron of the Next Century Foundation. He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) by the University of Bath in 1976. On 7 November of the same year, he formally opened the British Music Information Centre (BMIC).

Publisher Rupert Hart-Davis was a client when Goodman was a partner in Rubenstein Nash; Goodman reached an agreement with Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook over G. M. Young's life of Stanley Baldwin in 1952, though it required the "hideously expensive" job of removing and replacing seven leaves with revised wording in 7,580 copies of the book. In 1963, Goodman (now in his own firm, Goodman Derrick) arranged for Granada Television to take over Hart-Davis's loss-making publishing firm and Hart-Davis "wasn't surprised when he became a leading trouble-shooter for the government". After hearing details of the firm's finances for ten or fifteen minutes Goodman dictated everything back to his secretary: "the most amazing feat of mental agility I've ever seen or heard of".

In 1977, Goodman founded the Motability scheme for disabled motorists.

Later in his career, Lord Goodman was Master of University College, Oxford, succeeding Lord Redcliffe-Maud in 1976. He retired from the post in 1986 and died from pneumonia on 12 May 1995.

Arnold Goodman was created a life peer as Baron Goodman, of the City of Westminster in 1965 and sat as a Crossbencher. He was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1972.

Criticisms
After Goodman's death one of his wealthy clients, Lord Portman, alleged that Goodman stole funds worth £10 million from his family's trust over a 30-year period and made donations to the Labour Party. Portman commenced legal proceedings for recovery but the claim was never substantiated, and the research of Goodman's biographer concluded that it had no substance.

Goodman was often portrayed by Private Eye as a sinister "power behind the throne" exerting huge influence on the British establishment. Private Eye often referred to him as Lord "Two Dinners" Goodman, a reference to his girth.

According to a documentary made by Richard Bond for Channel 4, The Gangster and the Pervert Peer, screened on 16 February 2009, Goodman, who never married, was one of the chief parties responsible for suppressing investigations by journalists which exposed how Lord Boothby and others were responsible for protecting the Krays from justice. Official MI5 records declassified on 22 October 2015 revealed that the association between the bisexual Boothby and the Kray twins had been the subject of an MI5 investigation in 1964.

Publications

 * Not For the Record selected speeches and writings (1972).

title: Arnold Goodman, Baron Goodman


text:
USS Tautog

USS Tautog may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Tautog (SS-199), a Tambor-class submarine launched in 1940 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1959
 * USS Tautog (SSN-639), a Sturgeon-class submarine launched in 1967 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1997

title: USS Tautog


text:
Erich Häßler

Erich Häßler (April 22, 1899 – December 2, 2005) was a German pediatrician and academic from Leipzig, Saxony. He was also one of the last surviving veterans of the First World War living in Germany.

In 2004, Häßler was one of 22 members of the medical profession to sign a declaration of solidarity for Dr Rosemarie Albrecht, a German doctor accused of having conducted medical experiments in the Nazi era. Häßler was a member of the "Sängerschaft zu St Pauli" in Jena, a student fraternity. He died at the age of 106.

title: Erich Häßler