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Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu

Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu (also rendered Yakub Kadri; ; 27 March 1889 – 13 December 1974) was a Turkish novelist, journalist, diplomat, and member of parliament.

Biography
Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, was born in Cairo on 27 March 1889. He was the son of Abdul Kadir Bey, a member of the Karaosmanoğlu family which started to gain a reputation in the 17th century around the Manisa region. His mother was İkbal Hanım, a woman in Ismail Pasha's palace community. Until the age of six, he was raised in Cairo, after which his family moved to their homeland, Manisa. He completed his primary education in Manisa, and in 1903, the family moved to İzmir.

Karaosmanoğlu was one of the contributors of İkdam during the Turkish War of Independence and after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, a representative of Manisa to the Grand National Assembly from 1931 to 1934. Karaosmanoğlu was the founding editor-in-chief of Tan newspaper which was launched in 1935 and served in the post until 1938. Then until 1955, he served as an ambassador of Turkey in various European and Middle Eastern capitals.

Following his return to Turkey, he served as the editor of Ulus in 1957. In 1961, he was a representative of the constituent assembly of the National Unity Committee following the 1960 coup d'état. His last political position was again as a representative of Manisa to the Grand National Assembly from 1961 to 1965. In 1966, he was elected chairman of the Anadolu Agency.

Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu died at the Gülhane Military Medical Academy in Ankara on 13 December 1974. He was buried next to his mother's tomb in Yahya Efendi Cemetery in Istanbul.

Works
Yakup Kadri's first work was published in 1913. His novel Yaban (Stranger, 1932) depicts the bitter experiences of a Turkish intellectual, Ahmed Celal, in the countryside after losing his arm in the Battle of Gallipoli. Though categorized as naturalist, the novel has a romantic, anti-pastoral quality.

His novel Panorama analyzes the political, social, and economical changes during the transition period from the Turkish Empire to the Turkish Republic. It is considered to be a "generation novel" as the story is based on the lives of several generations of the same family during this transitional period. The novel is written entirely in Turkish.

He was one of the theorists of the Kadro movement and among the founders of Kadro magazine.

Personal life
Karaosmanoğlu married Ayşe Leman Karaosmanoğlu who was a daughter of Mehmed Asaf Paşa, an Ottoman pasha. Burhan Belge was Leman's brother, and her nephew is Turkish author Murat Belge.

title: Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu


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Electric Bass

Electric bass can mean:

 * Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
 * Electric bass guitar
 * Bass synthesizer
 * Big Mouth Billy Bass, a battery-powered singing fish

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Electric Bass


text:
Talk:MIT Technology Review

POV
User:Dpbsmith has put a lot of effort into recent edits on this entry, but unfortunately the resulting article seems to be primarily an attack against the quality, marketing, and intentions of Technology Review, focusing especially on arguing that it's not as closely connected to MIT as people might think. These edits were precipitated by a mini edit-war on the main MIT article on whether or not Technology Review qualified as MIT's alumni magazine. This entry needs to be overhauled in a big way to present a more balanced POV.

Another related point is that I'd be more comfortable if newspaper references on Wikipedia all contained links to archived versions of those papers so that someone could easily verify the accuracy and full context of quotes. -- BrassRat 09:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Got any ideas on trimming and balancing it? It's probably a matter of subtle tone. Before I started working on it the article was information-sparse and a puff piece, paraphrased from their current blurbery, that said very little about what Technology Review actually is. The article was not intended to be an attack. For example I thought I made it very clear that the result of the changes has been to triple the circulation.

 * The story of exactly what the relationship is turned out to be rather complicated, since the magazine before 1997 is totally different from what it is after 1997 and as I collected data points they sort of grew beyond anything I could summarize quickly. I thought I was very clear about saying that the Institute claims a "close" relationship, and that the magazine is owned by MIT.

 * Do you have any problems with these general ideas:
 * the relationship was close before 1997 and more distant after 1997?
 * the 1997 overhaul was radical in nature
 * the change involved an emphasis on trying to increase circulation be more commercial?
 * the change was definitely successful at the first goal and probably the latter?
 * the change was controversial and liked by some and disliked by some
 * prior to 1997 the non-alumni content included much more material by MIT people and about MIT than after 1997--that is it now from MIT rather than of MIT?

 * Juxtaposing the recent flap about a rogue freelancer and a statement of its formerly being considered trustworthy is definitely snarky and it was inappropriate to put it there.

 * The newspaper references are from an online source that is available at no cost through my local public library and possibly yours, but you need to have a library card to access it. I can cite the source, but I can't let people use my library card number. Any ideas what to do about that? I have to say that I think a reference to a newspaper that gives date and page number is certainly verifiable, just like any print reference... there's never been any definition of verifiable to mean verifiable _online_; in fact I think there is or was a statement that print references are considered superior. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * More thoughts. Maybe the best way to do this is to separate the modern Technology Review from the historic Technology Review (two sections, one article) to avoid juxtapositions and odious comparisons. Modern TR section comes first, adjust emphasis to point out its success in its mission. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

What do you think now?
Subject line says all. Dpbsmith (talk) 13:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

It's a big improvement -- thanks for your hard work on this. I think it still needs editing and more descriptive content on topics beside its lineage, but I think we can remove the POV tag now. -- BrassRat 16:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Paragraphs with references
Oops. I moved a couple paragraphs and threw the footnote numbering out of sequence. Thanks to User:Dpbsmith for fixing this. I suppose I've just gotten so used to editing articles with no references at all that I don't bother to check such things. (Sadly, that's not really a joke.) Anville 16:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I've wanted something like the ref/note mechanism for a long time. This is the first time I really tried to use it and I have mixed feelings about it. Fortunately moving things around doesn't break any linkages, all that happens is that the numbers don't match. Maybe the right thing to do would be to change all the #'s to *'s in the list of notes before moving things around in an article and then change them back to #'s only when one has time to sort out the ordering. It only matters if the article is going to be printed out...
 * You left some comment about people not italicizing publication names, which presumably means me. So let me ask in return: Are you sure that the right usage is:
 * The New York Times
 * as opposed to
 * The New York Times?
 * I would have thought that "The New York" was part of the publication's name; ditto for "Boston Globe." Dpbsmith (talk) 18:19, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I guess "modern" and "historical" won't work any more...
...no time to do more on this right now. Anyone with good ideas, edit away.

"Postmodern," "Modern," and "Historical?" Nope.

"Nascent," "Classic," and "Historical?" Uh-uh.

Dpbsmith (talk) 23:12, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Needs reorganizing
I don't know when I'll get around to it, but, yes, the references need to be converted to the new format, and, yes, someone needs to figure out how best to organize the article. Probably the lead should briefly describe the current magazine, and the sections should be placed in historical order: the "historical" magazine, the Bruce Journey era, and the post-Journey magazine. Or something like that. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:09, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Poor quality of feedback options on TR's web site
On October 22, 2013 Technology Review produced a damning article on The Decline of Wikipedia which, in my POV, was riddled with POV. I tried to find a mechanism to give feedback to MIT but their website only offerded contact options for such things as admission. Equivalent feedback and correction mechanisms, as are instantly available on Wikipedia, were not evident. I am just wondering whether this is worth a write up. Gregkaye (talk) 10:35, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Not worth adding to this article. This is not an encylopedic issue.  You would also have to find at least one reliable, secondary source to add it, or the addition would be original research, which not allowed here on Wikipedia. — Lentower (talk) 20:20, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on MIT Technology Review. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20041210220920/http://www.textfiles.com:80/humor/woolly_m.amm to http://www.textfiles.com/humor/woolly_m.amm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20051017042334/http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/issue4/index.cfm to http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/issue4/index.cfm

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on MIT Technology Review. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130430204955/http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000803209 to http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000803209

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External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://searchpdffiles.com/asme-announces-national-magazine-award-finalists
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Proposal to change the first sentence.
Hey all.

My goal is to reduce the confusion of reading an MIT Technology Review article and mistaking it for a peer reviewed paper.

The current page states the fact that they are published by MIT, with only a link to MIT Technology Review's homepage.

This proposed edit provides the same wording as what is on their about-page, "Our coverage is independent of any influence, including our ownership by MIT," with the citation linking directly to the source text.

Does anyone contest to this change?

--Tsangares (talk) 09:23, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

It seems misleading to say that they are not owned by MIT when the link says that they are in fact owned by MIT. I definitely think that the current first sentence should be replaced. "Published by MIT" seems better - though not ideal it is at least not false like the current first sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.200.169.250 (talk) 18:35, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

MIT Technology Review is, in fact, wholly owned by the MIT - and has been so since 1899. - Jason Pontin, former editor in chief of MIT Technology Review — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.235.144.66 (talk) 22:18, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Do we need a list of the 10 breakthrough innovations each year?
Does it make sense to have the yearly list of 10 breakthrough innovations? Simsong (talk) 11:04, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

Should I add a list of editors of this publication?
I am writing an article on the history of MIT Technology Review for MIT Technology Review. (I am not an employee of MIT Technology Review, but I do freelance for the publication.) I have references from the publication regarding its editors. Typically such lists of editors are considered to be encyclopedic.

I am happy to add them to this article, but don't want to do so without the sense of the community being in favor of my doing so, since I am involved with the publication. On the other hand, if I do not do it, it is doubtful that anyone else will. Simsong (talk) 11:06, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:MIT Technology Review


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Martin Platt

Martin Platt is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street, portrayed by Sean Wilson. His major storylines were a relationship with Gail Tilsley (Helen Worth) following the death of her husband Brian (Christopher Quinten) and the birth of their child David (Jack P. Shepherd); a feud with Gail's former mother-in-law Ivy Tilsley (Lynne Perrie); the adoption of Brian's children Sarah (Tina O'Brien) and Nick (Ben Price); affairs with Cathy Power (Theresa Brindley) and Rebecca Hopkins (Jill Halfpenny); his relationship with 16-year-old Katy Harris (Lucy-Jo Hudson); and his involvement in the rescue of Gail from her killer husband Richard Hillman (Brian Capron). He left on 9 November 2005. In January 2018, it was confirmed that he would be returning for a short period. He returned on 22 March 2018 and left on 26 March 2018 to go to New Zealand with Robyn and Charlotte. On 29 June 2024 it was announced that Wilson will reprise the role of Martin for a short stint to collide with Gail's exit.

1985–2005
Teenager Martin Platt is first seen in 1985 as a school-leaver working in Jim's Cafe. He had two GCEs and was studying at Salford Technical College. In February 1989, Brian Tilsley (Christopher Quinten) is murdered and Martin begins comforting his widow and former employer at the café, Gail (Helen Worth). They gradually fall for each other and in 1990, Gail finds she is pregnant. Feeling Martin is too young to settle down, she is about to have an abortion when Martin stops her. Their son, David, is born on Christmas Day 1990. Martin helps raise Gail's two older children, Sarah-Louise (Lynsay King) and Nicky (Warren Jackson) from her marriage to Brian. He develops a father-daughter relationship with Sarah but Nicky does not like him and is often keen to remind him that he is not his real father, and for this reason he cannot tell him what to do. Brian's mother, Ivy (Lynne Perrie), is also hostile towards Martin, especially when he decides that he wants to adopt Nicky and Sarah. Supported by Ivy's husband Don Brennan (Geoffrey Hinsliff), the adoption later goes through, despite opposition from Ivy, who even told Social Services that Gail was an unfit mother, but Martin allowed her to visit Nicky and Sarah. When Ivy died in 1995, she presented more trouble for Martin and Gail due to the terms of her will, changes made during the adoption dispute, left her estate and house to Nicky, on the condition by changing his name back to Tilsley with Sarah and Don left nothing. Upon discovering this, Martin is angry because he legally adopted him and wanted to keep him under the Platt surname, however Gail tells him to accept it because she knew that Ivy wanted Nicky to have Brian's surname knowing that she is to blame for Brian's death.

In the mid-1990s, Martin becomes friendly with fellow nurse, Carmel Finnan (Catherine Cusack). Carmel makes Gail believe she is having an affair with Martin and is pregnant by him, but the problem is solved by Carmel's father, John (Shay Gorman) from Ireland coming to take her home. Martin later sleeps with nurse Cathy Power (Theresa Brindley) on Christmas Day, while working as a student nurse. Martin confesses, and Gail finds it difficult to forgive him, but they are reconciled after Martin passes his nursing exam. In 1998 Martin is suspended from work after Les took an overdose by accident and blamed Martin for this, Les was later found at fault and Martin returned to nursing in early 1999. Martin's 13-year-old adoptive daughter Sarah (now Tina O'Brien) finds out she is pregnant and she cannot have an abortion. Despite him and Gail planning to go to Canada and adopt the baby, Sarah gives birth to Bethany Platt (Amy and Emily Walton). In 1999, Martin becomes friendly with Rebecca Hopkins (Jill Halfpenny), and Gail accuses him of having an affair, but is reassured. Martin and Rebecca subsequently do have an affair, which Martin confesses to Gail only after Rebecca has left him. After an unsuccessful attempt to patch up the marriage, Martin goes to live in a nearby flat and Gail divorces him. Martin remains close to Gail, even after the divorce, and often comes round to have tea with Gail, Sarah, Bethany and David (now played by Jack P. Shepherd).

After his divorce Martin unexpectedly begins a romance with Gail's best friend, Sally Webster (Sally Dynevor). The romance causes controversy due to Gail and Sally's friendship and Martin's friendship with Sally's ex-husband Kevin (Michael Le Vell), but Gail's happiness with new boyfriend Richard Hillman (Brian Capron) leads her to give the new couple her blessing. However, the relationship eventually fizzles out and Sally reunites with Kevin.

When Richard - revealed to have committed a string of murders - tries to kill Gail and the children by driving his car into the canal, Martin and Tommy Harris (Thomas Craig) jump into the canal and swim down to the sunken car and rescue them - although Richard dies. Martin later falls in love with Tommy's sixteen-year-old daughter Katy (Lucy-Jo Hudson). Tommy, who had previously been Martin's friend, is outraged when he finds out about their relationship, and attacks Martin physically, whilst Katy's brother, Craig Harris (Richard Fleeshman), attempts to kill Martin by tampering with the brakes on his car. Katy's parents are even more unhappy when she leaves school to move in with Martin. When Sarah discovers her boyfriend Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley) is gay and had been having an affair with Martin's nurse colleague Karl Foster (Chris Finch), she gives birth prematurely to her son Billy Platt who then dies and she and David are angry with Martin when he continues to date Katy, who knew about Todd's sexuality. An angry Martin then attacks Karl at the hospital and is suspended from his job but later reinstated. Katy then falls pregnant with Martin's child. When Sally begins having an affair with colleague Ian Davenport (Philip Bretherton), her previous relationship with Martin, who is working late hours, leads Tommy and his wife Angela Harris (Kathryn Hunt) to believe they are having an affair. They tell Katy, who moves out of Martin's flat and has an abortion. When Gail tells them the truth, Katy is devastated. She confronts Tommy in a rage, and attacks him with a heavy adjustable spanner, killing him. Because of the bad blood between Martin and Tommy, Martin is at first arrested for the murder. Even though Angela only witnesses the murder of Tommy, she confesses to doing it to protect Katy. Martin is released. Katy is hysterical, and as a diabetic, decides to commit suicide by forgoing her insulin injections and eating sugar. Martin, Sarah and Sarah's boyfriend Scooter (Sushil Chudasama) manage to get her to hospital, but she later dies.

Martin decides to move to Liverpool with his new girlfriend Robyn (Clare Calbraith). David is devastated when he hears that Martin is leaving and does not talk to Martin for a while; however, the two of them reconcile just before Martin leaves. Martin and Robyn drive off to Liverpool for their new life together.

2018
After being raped by Josh Tucker (Ryan Clayton), David decides to visit Martin with Max and Lily. It is revealed that Martin and Robyn are expecting their second child together, and are planning to emigrate to New Zealand. Martin realised that David was upset, though came to the conclusion that David was furious with him for leaving for New Zealand, which David says is the truth, too ashamed to open up to his father over being raped. Martin then assured David that he was free to visit him anytime, and this made David think about emigrating over there permanently. As David returned home, he informed his maternal family about his plans to move to New Zealand, much to their surprise, devastation and disappointment.

Martin then arrives back in Weatherfield for the first time in over twelve years, and met David's new girlfriend Shona Ramsey (Julia Goulding). When Josh overheard Martin and Shona discussing David's decision to leave his life-long home, he expressed his concern for David's welfare. After finding out, David told Martin that Josh was no friend of his. Despite Max and Lily telling him that they wanted to remain in Weatherfield, David's mind was made up to emigrate. Martin reassured David that he could come and visit him anytime he wished, but David told Martin that he could not live in the same street where Kylie was murdered, and thus refused to say goodbye to his father. However, as Martin prepared to leave for his new life in New Zealand, David came to see his father off.

Development
Actor Sean Wilson was axed from Coronation Street when a major storyline conference decided the character of Martin had been "played out". Wilson later reflected that the producers had "done him a favour by axing his character", and Wilson has since said that if he were to return to the soap, the producers would have to be "very persuasive". He claimed he was dropped from the show, due to his refusal to portray a storyline in which Martin would be jailed for having a relationship with an underage girl.

In January 2018, it was announced that Wilson would be reprising the role of Martin for a short period as part of David's male rape storyline.

Reception
The character has been described as the "only properly functional husband" of Gail, who had been married a total of five times by 2016.

title: Martin Platt


text:
Talk:Speenhamland system

I don't see how the politically motivated reference to the closing of Speen post office has any bearing on the historical facts of the Speenhamland system of poor relief. Perhaps this paragraph should be removed?

Anachronistic
"this led to an unchanged effective market wage instead of a subsidy to workers." I've removed this sentence, because it presumes a functioning, ideal, labour market. This is rarely true, and is certainly false for the period amd place in question. JackyR 17:57, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Page name
I learned of this (in GCSE History) as the Speenhamland system. Could anyone confirm if that is the usual name for it, and if so move the page? I think Speenhamland would be better as a disambiguation page, with links to here and to Speenhamland, Berkshire, which is, after all, the original meaning of the term. -- Blisco 10:27, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

I've added a disambiguation link at the top of this page. I felt this article was much more substantial when compared to the other one. Also, I was struggling to think what to name this one. Speenhamland (welfare model)? So I think that resolves the matter. Greggykins 10:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * As I said above, "Speenhamland system" is the name my school textbooks used. I don't know if that's the name most used in academic sources, but it seems the most obvious title. The disambiguation link is a good idea for the current setup anyway. --Blisco 16:59, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Speenhamland and The Great Transformation
There may be value in linking this article to the treatment of Speenhamland in Polanyi's The Great Transformation, chapter 7 "Speenhamland, 1795". For Polanyi Speenhamland was largely responsible for the debasement of the rural poor in the transition between paternalistic protectionism and the rise of the  market economy: "During the most active part of the Industrial Revolution, from 1795 to 1834, the creating of a labor market in England was prevented through the Speenhamland Law". --Henri (talk) 17:32, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * And is representative of those historians I have read; the natural tendency of the Speenhamland system is to reduce wages to zero. Reading Polanyi or more recent sources to explain this at greater length would be good. But this unsourced sentence is not useful.
 *  Speenhamland has been seen by Karl Polanyi in The Great Transformation'' to aggravate the underlying causes of poverty in any particular parish,{elucidate|date=August 2013} but more recent research has shown that it helped prevent chronic poverty and malnutrition, thus avoiding declining productivity in the workforce {Citation needed|date=March 2013}.
 * A year of unsourced contentiousness is enough. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:30, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

POV Criticism section
The opinions of a single writer are stated as neutral facts in the criticism section of this article. The very fact that he is writing for a publication called Jacobin should raise suspicions that these statements may be partisan (particularly as they are not backed by any additional sources).

A simple fix would be to prefix every statement with "Rutger Bregman argues ...", instead of stating Rutger Bregman's opinions as objective fact.

31.124.167.135 (talk) 00:56, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speenhamland system


text:
Talk:Clonskeagh

The Dodder doesn't define it's north. I'm pretty sure it's north is at the intersection of eglinton road and clonskeagh road. Also this is in Dublin 6. --Richy 09:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Not all of Clonskeagh is Dublin 6. Much of it is Dublin 14 (including Roebuck Road). I understand Clonskeagh north of the Dodder is often called "Vergemount" a la the hospital, but most people I have spoken to from there call themselves Clonskeagh residents. --shane t 15:19, 01 November 2005 (UTC)

That little bit of Clonskeagh north of the Dodder is a different postal code, different electoral distict & different council area than the rest of it. Clonskeagh Road is about the only common link. --Ljmcg 15:52, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

I have attempted to resolve the unclarity surrounding the borders. They are fluid so it's tricky, but I think I got the essence pretty well. Also, corrected an error in that the Mosque and Islamic Cultural Centre are not on Clonskeagh Road but in fact have a postal address on Roebuck Road. Added info regarding St Kilian's and the LFI. Ribbit 14:29, 3 March 2006 (UTC)Ribbit

Businesses section needs an overhaul or perhaps deleted?
Most of the businesses listed in this section have moved. Vodafone has moved. Philips are no longer there. What about the rest? Bardcom (talk) 12:44, 22 April 2008 (UTC)¨

 * I think the section is valid but needs updating. SeoR (talk) 15:53, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * My concern over having this section here at all is how to apply a qualifying criteria for inclusion - otherwise a case could be made to include everything from Chinese Take-aways to Dog-walking services. Bardcom (talk) 16:54, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Very true. Is a Chinese take-away less notable than a statue? Sarah777 (talk) 21:18, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Probably. Depends though.  But mostly true.  As a general rule of thumb. --Bardcom (talk) 21:32, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should have an article along this line for Chinese take-aways? Sarah777 (talk) 22:28, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Ooohhh! Tempting! Must .... resist .... --Bardcom (talk) 23:44, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Map?
Are there any guidelines for having location maps in articles such as this? Is there a template? --Bardcom (talk) 21:33, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yep. Some relatively new ones - you use standard coordinates and they lead to a choice of maps - the reader then picks one. There was a bit of argy bargy involving that troublesome editor, BHG. But I think I managed to restore the peace :) You will find the latest at WikiProject Geographical coordinates Sarah777 (talk) 21:03, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clonskeagh


text:
Western Australian Government Railways

Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) was the operator of railway services in the state of Western Australia between October 1890 and June 2003. Owned by the state government, it was renamed a number of times to reflect extra responsibility for tram and ferry operations that it assumed and later relinquished. Westrail was the trading name of WAGR from September 1975 until December 2000, when the WAGR's freight division and the Westrail name and logo were privatised. Its freight operations were privatised in December 2000 with the remaining passenger operations transferred to the Public Transport Authority in July 2003.

History of operations

The WAGR had its origins in 1879, when the Department of Works & Railways was established.

The first WAGR line opened on 26 July 1879 between Geraldton and Northampton. It was followed by the Eastern Railway from Fremantle to Guildford via Perth on 1 March 1881. The WAGR adopted the narrow gauge of to reduce construction costs.

Over the next few decades, an extensive network of main lines and branches throughout Western Australia were built, primarily to service the wheatbelt. Prior to the expanded use of road transport, the network was of vital importance in the state, particularly for the moving of agricultural, forestry and mining products.

In 1890, the Department was abolished and replaced by the WAGR and the Department of Works & Buildings (later the Public Works Department).

The WAGR network was joined to that of the rest of mainland Australia, albeit to, a different gauge, in October 1917 with the opening of the Commonwealth Railways' Trans-Australian Railway to Kalgoorlie.

Legislative restrictions were implemented to limit competition from road transport, most notably from the 1930s through to the 1950s, when the Transport Co-ordination Board kept strict control over commercial road traffic through powers vested by the State Transport Co-ordination Act 1933. As road transportation expanded and losses escalated, many lines closed from 1949.

The network peaked in 1937 at 6,600 kilometres. Unusually for such a large network, only one tunnel was required, the Swan View Tunnel. A few isolated lines were operated, such as the Marble Bar line in the Pilbara and the Hopetoun-Ravensthorpe line on the South Coast. With many lines in need of heavy maintenance, rolling stock in need of replacement and heavy losses being incurred, during the 1950s many branches closed with 1,320 kilometres of the network so treated in 1956/57, although 275 kilometres were subsequently reopened on a seasonal basis.

In the late 1960s, the Eastern and Eastern Goldfields lines between Perth and Kalgoorlie was gauge converted to allow through operation of trains from the eastern states along with the Esperance & Menzies lines, with sections through the Avon River and east of Southern Cross built on new alignments. A concerted program of dieselisation saw diesel locomotives replace the last steam locomotives in March 1972.

In the late 20th century, the end of restrictions on competing road transport resulted in the WAGR and its successors moving from being a small customer-oriented system to a predominantly main line bulk carrier operation. This resulted in many smaller communities losing their facilities. However, in the wheatbelt, bulk handling of grain continued despite the changes.

Westrail
In September 1975, the WAGR adopted the trading name Westrail and an associated logo. However, the official name of the WAGR was not changed.

The new name was the main element of a complete program to improve the WAGR's public image. Every visible feature of the organisation was to be associated with the new Westrail identity. The transition from WAGR to Westrail quickly began, with the new name rapidly and almost universally replacing the old one in the vocabulary of staff and the public.

Strong impetus to acceptance of the new corporate identity was given by the completion of a new Westrail office headquarters and passenger facility at East Perth Terminal (then known as Perth Terminal). The new building, named the Westrail Centre, was opened by the Premier of Western Australia, Sir Charles Court, on 12 November 1976.

Westrail was responsible for managing the state's rail infrastructure. It operated urban and regional passenger and freight services throughout Western Australia. In Perth, Westrail provided the metropolitan area rail service, under contract to another arm of the State government. Its country passenger services involved the operation of both trains and road coaches.

In October 1987, it was announced by Premier Brian Burke and Federal Minister for Land Transport & Infrastructure Support, Peter Duncan, that a merger of Westrail with Australian National was being investigated. Nothing ever came of it.

On 17 December 2000, the WAGR's freight division along with the Westrail name and logo were sold to Australia Western Railroad, a subsidiary of the Australian Railroad Group (ARG). The deal also saw the WAGR's freight lines leased to ARG for 99 years.

The WAGR's remaining functions, including owning the rail network and operating regional passenger services, were transferred to the Western Australian Government Railways Commission. On 1 January 2003, the WAGR Commission's functions were absorbed by the Public Transport Authority.

The former Westrail Centre is now known as the Public Transport Centre.

Names
The WAGR was renamed a number of times to reflect extra responsibility for tram and ferry operations that it assumed and later relinquished.
 * 1 January 1880 – 30 September 1890: Department of Works & Railways
 * 1 October 1890 – 30 June 1914: Western Australian Government Railways (I)
 * 1 July 1914 – 30 June 1922: Western Australian Government Railways & Tramways
 * 1 July 1922 – 30 June 1930: Western Australian Government Railways, Tramways & Electricity Supply
 * 1 July 1930 – 30 June 1946: Western Australian Government Railways, Tramways, Ferries & Electricity Supply
 * 1 July 1946 – 21 April 1949: Western Australian Government Railways, Tramways & Ferries
 * 22 April 1949 – 16 December 2000: Western Australian Government Railways (II)
 * 19 September 1975: WAGR adopted the trading name Westrail
 * 17 December 2000: The freight business, Westrail name and a 49-year lease on the network outside of Perth were sold to the Australian Railroad Group. The public entity that continued to operate passenger services was renamed the Western Australian Government Railways Commission (WAGRC).
 * 1 July 2003: WAGRC succeeded by Public Transport Authority that today operates services under the Transperth and Transwa brands

Corporate identity
Initially, Westrail applied an orange with blue stripe livery to its locomotives and passenger vehicles. Freight rolling stock and road trucks were painted yellow, and blue was used on all signs, buildings and printed material. The Westrail logo incorporated a stylised "W" surmounted by a solid bar representing a railway track. Between the bar and the "W" was the word "Westrail".

In July 1997, a yellow with blue livery was unveiled when the first Q class diesel-electric locomotive was delivered.

Inquiries and Royal Commissions
A range of committees of inquiry as well as Royal Commissions were conducted on aspects of the railways between 1893 and 1959, however to appreciate the number of commissions that had relevance to railway operations, the coal and wheat industries were linked with the railway operations as well. The following are a selected group of commissions:

 * Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the condition and organisation of the railway workshops at Fremantle.
 * Chairperson: Charles Harper.
 * Royal Commission on City Railway Traffic 1899
 * Chairperson: H. W. Venn 30/06/1897
 * Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the administration of the locomotive branch of the Western Australian Government Railways
 * Chairperson: Richard Speight 23/08/1899
 * Royal Commission on charges made against high officials in the service of the Western Australian Government Railways 1906
 * Chairperson: Robert F. McMillan
 * Royal Commission on railways 1922
 * Chairperson: George W. Stead
 * Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into Australian Standard Garratt Locomotive 1947
 * Chairperson: Albert A. Wolff
 * Second interim report of the Royal Commission appointed to enquire into (inter-alia) the supply of local coal to the Western Australian government railways
 * Chairperson: Alexander J. Gibson
 * First interim report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the Midland Junction Workshops of the Western Australian Government Railways
 * Chairperson: Alexander J. Gibson
 * Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the management, workings and control of the Western Australian Government Railways
 * Chairperson: Alexander J. Gibson
 * Royal Commission appointed to inquire into administration of the Western Australian Government Railways
 * Report on the working of the government railways for quarter ended 30 September 1957
 * Report of the Western Australian Government Railways Commission for the year ended 30 June 1959
 * Chairperson: Alan G. Smith

Acquisitions
The WAGR purchased the Great Southern Railway in December 1896 and the Midland Railway of Western Australia in August 1964.

Services
The WAGR operated a wide variety of services throughout its history, including the more standard country and suburban passenger and freight workings as well as a limited electrified service, early country railcar services, road bus services and overnight sleeper services to distant destinations.

Named services
Although some passenger trains were bestowed nicknames, it was not until The Westland was launched in 1938, that a service was officially named. Further trains were named in the 1960s in an effort to increase the prestige of rail travel.

Unnamed services
The WAGR operated services from Perth to many destinations throughout the state. In 1935, it operated 63 sleeper services a week. It also operated local passenger, many operating as mixed trains. The last of these ceased in 1973.

Electrified services
While the current Perth urban passenger network operated by Transperth is entirely electrified, between May 1924 and March 1969 the State Electricity Commission operated the only electrified line in Western Australia as part of the WAGR network. The line was 800 metres in length and operated within the confines of the East Perth Power Station. The electric locomotive used on the railway is preserved at the Western Australian Rail Transport Museum in Bassendean, though is currently not on display.

Country diesel railcar services
In December 1937, the Governor class diesel railcars were introduced on daylight regional services from Perth. The longer distance services remained locomotive hauled.

Road bus service
Where lines were closed in the 1940s and 1950s, or passenger services discontinued, road bus services were introduced. Most of the services and the same routes continue to the present.

The rail-road services commenced on 24 November 1941 with one vehicle operating a service from Perth to Kojonup via Boddington. By 1949, there were 28 buses. and by 1959, more than fifty. Dual-purpose buses that also carried freight were introduced in 1949. Buses operated included Fodens, articulated trailer buses, AECs, Leyland Lions, Hino RC320Ps and Mercedes-Benz O303s.

In the late 1960s, long-distance coaches operated from Perth to Meekatharra, Esperance, Geraldton and Albany.

In the early 1970s the WAGR Bus service included seasonal six-day Wildflower Study Tours from Perth and along roads to and from Geraldton through the northern wheatbelt. These had first been operated in 1948 by the Midland Railway of Western Australia. Also in the early 1970s, the King Karri Scenicruiser buses ran from Bunbury through Manjimup, Pemberton, Northcliffe and Walpole to Albany at the same time the Albany Progress overnight train was still operating, making it possible to do a round trip by rail from Perth to Albany and bus from Albany to Perth via Bunbury.

In the mid-1970s some services reflected where rail services had either closed or had ceased providing facilities for passengers, the following selection is not the total service at the time.
 * Albany-Denmark-Nornalup-Walpole
 * Perth-Wooroloo-Wundowie-Northam
 * Perth-Toodyay-Goomalling-Wubin-Mount Magnet-Meekatharra
 * Wagin-Katanning-Pingrup-Jerramungup

Railway road truck services
There were also road-freight services, while the restrictions on non-government trucking were still in force, with suburban truck services from Perth to Midland, Fremantle, Kewdale and Gosnells. The country services were extensive having Perth and country rail stations as terminal locations.

Reso tours
From 1928 until the 1970s (excluding a hiatus from 1929 to c. 1933, due to the Great Depression), WAGR ran "reso tours" as a way of publicising WA's natural resources, and the associated industries. These tours went as far north as Geraldton and east to Kalgoorlie, but most commonly south to the forest areas around Pemberton and that town's timber mills. Tours also covered apple festivals in Bridgetown and Manjimup. The first tour was organised for industry and business leaders from Victoria, but by 1933 they were open to the public and sufficiently popular to have waiting lists.

A defining aspect of the tours was that they included all food and accommodation; passengers slept on the train rather than in a separate hotel, and the trains were referred to as "hotels on wheels". Tours typically ran over a weekend, leaving on Friday evening and returning on Monday morning. There were longer tours; in 1961 an 18-day tour included Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, Bunbury, Katanning and Pemberton.

Liveries
Until 1951, most steam locomotives were painted black. From that date, locomotives used on passenger services were painted green. The early diesel locomotives were painted green, with a red stripe later added. In the late 1960s, a grey and light blue livery was introduced. The latter was resurrected by South Spur Rail Services in the early 2000s.

Carriages were painted Indian red, before a larch green and cream livery was introduced in October 1951. When launched in 1964, The Midlander stock was painted in a maroon and ivory livery. When the Westrail brand was introduced in 1975, an orange and blue livery was introduced for locomotives. In the late 1990s, this was superseded by a yellow and blue livery.

Rolling stock
The WAGR operated a large number of unique steam, diesel and electric locomotive classes. Most of the steam locomotives were built in the United Kingdom, with the WAGR's Midland Railway Workshops building some from 1915. The early diesels were mainly built by Beyer, Peacock and Company in England, Clyde Engineering in Sydney, and English Electric in Brisbane. Later diesels were assembled in Perth.

The WAGR built much of its carriage and wagon stock at the Midland Railway Workshops. From the late 1930s, the WAGR operated diesel railcars such as the Governor and Wildflower classes.

In 1936, the WAGR owned 420 locomotives, 4 railcars, 461 carriages, 24 brake vans and 11.052 goods wagons.

A survey of goods wagons carried out in 1949 disclosed that the WAGR had 54 classes of 4-wheeled vehicles and 13 different types of bogie wagons. The 4-wheeled vehicles had been built on 12 different types of underframes in no fewer than 71 variations, ranging in length from 11 ft to 21 ft. The bogie wagons were mounted on six different types of bogie trucks and represented a total of 61 styles. The lack of uniformity caused difficulties in operation and maintenance, and made necessary a large and widely varying stock of spare parts of limited interchangeability.

In the early 1950s, the WAGR implemented a replacement program of goods wagons built instead to rigidly standard designs, on only three types of underframes, 18 ft, 36 ft and 42 ft in length, respectively. The new standard designs provided for increased axle loads and higher tare-load ratios, and the new wagons were also fitted with NCDA-type central drawbars and doubly articulating couplers.

In connection with the gauge conversion of the Eastern and Eastern Goldfields Railways in the late 1960s, the WAGR constructed a stock of standard gauge goods vehicles, including a class of wheat hopper wagons that, with a maximum payload of almost 76 LT, were the largest freight vehicles operated by any Government railway in Australia.

Chief Mechanical Engineer
Chief Mechanical Engineer was the highest posting at the Midland Railway Workshops, which in turn managed (through construction, repair and design) all aspects of railway maintenance and equipment. The post was established in 1900 and abandoned in 1989.

Lines and operational centres

 * See Western Australian Government Railway lines and operations centres

Legacy and preservation
A number of former WAGR locomotives and rolling stock types, as well as many examples of WAGR architecture and railway infrastructure have been preserved, with the Hotham Valley Railway and Rail Heritage WA holding extensive collections. Some items are preserved interstate, notably by the Pichi Richi Railway. With the deregulation of the Australian rail market in the 1990s, former WAGR rolling stock has operated in other states, with L class locomotives having operated in the eastern states for ATN Access, Aurizon and Pacific National.

Publications
In September 1970, WAGR News Letter was launched as a staff newsletter. The last edition was published in December 1973, with Movement superseding it.

From 1975 until 1981, Westrail News Letter was published as a staff newsletter.

title: Western Australian Government Railways


text:
Isaac Pennington

 * See Isaac Penington (disambiguation) for other people with a similar name.

Sir Isaac Pennington (1745–1817) was an English physician, of whom there are two portraits in the National Portrait Gallery.

Isaac Pennington was educated at Sedbergh School and St John's College, Cambridge. From 1773 to 1817 he was physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge and from 1793 to 1817 Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge University.

title: Isaac Pennington


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Fuerzas Especiales

The Fuerzas Especiales (Special Forces), commonly known as FES is a Tier 1 special operations group of the Mexican Navy - Marines that falls under the special operations command (UNOPES). It was officially established in late 2001.

These forces are capable of carrying out non-conventional warfare in the air, sea and land, by utilizing all means of infiltration available to develop the most variable operational incursions with the use of military diving techniques, parachuting, vertical descent, urban combat, sniping and use of explosives. The units are well organized, trained and equipped to operate independently in maritime, lake, riverine or terrestrial scenarios.

Operations
The FES has played a major active role in the war against international cartels by undertaking direct action missions, intelligence gathering, reconnaissance operations, weapons and facility seizures, kill or capture missions with support from U.S. government agencies such as the DEA.

Some of their most known operations:

 * 1) Operation Cuerno III. The raid and elimination of the leader of the Beltran Leyva Cartel, Arturo Beltran Leyva, in Cuernavaca, Morelos in December 2009.
 * 2) Elimination of Gulf Cartel leader Antonio Cárdenas Guillén aka "Tony Tormenta" in Matamoros, Mexico, 2010. 3 marines KIA during the firefight with his close protection circle of gunmen known as “Los Escorpiones”. Heavy fire, grenades and road blockades were implemented by the cartel gunmen that day.
 * 3) In 2012 during a successful operation Zetas cartel regional boss Iván Velázquez Caballero aka El Talibán was captured in San Luis Potosi.
 * 4) In 2013 special operations personnel with support from the US government was able to track down with a drone & capture Zetas cartel top boss, Miguel Ángel Treviño, aka Z-40, in Nuevo Laredo
 * 5) On February 22, 2014, El Chapo Guzman was captured in Mazatlán, Mexico, by FES teams.
 * 6) Operation Black Swan. During a joint US-Mexico operation, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, was captured in Los Mochis, Sinaloa in 2016. Guzman Loera had escaped from prison in 2015.
 * 7) Operation Barcina. Operation which gained media attention due to a leaked video where a helicopter with a mounted M134 Minigun was gunning down the Beltran Leyva Cartel regional boss Juan Francisco Patrón aka “El H2” and his gunmen in 2017.
 * 8) In July 2022, they carried out the successful "Operación Leyenda II" in which they captured the pioneer drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero.

Training
In order to become part of the Special Forces the contestant must pass a basic special forces course. The course has a duration of 1571 hours that is divided in 6 phases:

 * 1) Introduction to Special Forces (4 weeks)
 * 2) Parachuting (5 weeks)
 * 3) Commando and stress tests (6 weeks)
 * 4) Mountain operations (4 weeks)
 * 5) Intervention/CQB (5 weeks)
 * 6) Diving and combat diving courses (16 weeks)

After passing the basic special forces course the operator continues to receive the additional training in the following areas:

 * Counter-terrorism
 * Combat medicine
 * VIP close protection
 * Drone surveillance
 * Sniper course
 * VBSS operations
 * HALO/HAHO parachuting
 * Military intelligence
 * Special Reconnaissance
 * Search and rescue
 * Hazardous materials handling
 * Human rights awareness
 * EOD

Some of the main training centers and subcenters where courses are given:

 * Centro de Entrenamiento Avanzado in Valle de Bravo, Mexico
 * Centro de Capacitación y Adiestramiento Especializado de Infantería de Marina (CENCAEIM) in Champotón, Mexico
 * Escuela de Búsqueda, Rescate y Buceo in Acapulco, Mexico

Additional training is also given to FES operators in the United States.

Weaponry

 * SIG-516 GEN-12
 * SIG MPX COPPERHEAD
 * Sig Sauer MCX Virtus
 * M4 Carbine
 * FN P90
 * H&K UMP
 * PSG-1
 * M249 Squad Automatic Weapon
 * Glock 17
 * P226 MK25
 * M203 grenade launcher
 * M60E6
 * Sig Sauer P320 Compact
 * Milkor MGL
 * P365 9mm Pistol
 * M72 LAW

title: Fuerzas Especiales


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Illinois Route 76

Illinois Route 76 (IL 76) is a north–south state highway in far north-central Illinois. It runs from the US 20 Bus. in Belvidere north to the Wisconsin State Line at State Trunk Highway 140. This is a distance of 15.77 mi.

Route description
Illinois 76 is an undivided two-lane rural highway for its entire length. Starting in US 20 Bus. in Belvidere, IL 76 travels north. It then intersects Illinois Route 173 near Poplar Grove. At the Wisconsin state line, IL 76 curves west. As soon as the road curves north, it enters Wisconsin. At that point, the road becomes WIS 140.

History
Initially, only the section between IL 173 and US 20/IL 5 (now mostly US 20 Bus.) in downtown Belvidere was signed as IL 76. In 1935, IL 76 extended north to the state line. Also, IL 76 was slightly truncated due to the rerouting of US 20. Also, IL 5 then only appeared on the former stretch of US 20 from Rockford to Belvidere. Since 1967, part of IL 5 became part of US 20. Another truncation happened in Belvidere. Since 1989, US 20 Bus. bypassed downtown Belvidere. As a result, IL 76 no longer ended in downtown but instead ended north of downtown.

title: Illinois Route 76


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Oxford High School, England

Oxford High School is a private day school for girls in Oxford, England. It was founded by the Girls' Day School Trust in 1875, making it the city's oldest girls' school.

History

Oxford High School was opened on 3 November 1875, with twenty-nine girls and three teachers under headmistress Ada Benson, at the Judge's Lodgings (St Giles' House) at 16 St Giles', central Oxford. It was the 9th school opened by the Girls' Public Day School Company. Pupils were given a holiday when the Assize Judge visited. The school moved to 38 St Giles' in 1879 and then to 21 Banbury Road at the start of 1881, in a building designed by Sir Thomas Graham Jackson, just south of the location of another Jackson building, the Acland Nursing Home. By this time, the headmistress was Matilda Ellen Bishop.

Rapid expansion led to the ultimate removal of the school to Belbroughton Road in 1957. It became a direct grant grammar school in 1945 under the Education Act 1944 and chose to become independent in 1976 after the scheme was abolished. The junior section was opened in 1989 and further expanded in the 1990s to meet the growing demand. It absorbed two preparatory schools, Greycotes and The Squirrel, which meant girls could now be educated at Oxford High School from age 3 to Sixth Form.

Academics
Oxford High School regularly ranks as one of the country's highest achieving independent schools in terms of examination results. The school was ranked first in the South East in a Sunday Times survey based on exam results and "value for money". In the 2011 examinations it was ranked amongst the top 20 independent schools nationwide for GCSE results and the best performing girls' school in the A Levels.

In 2006, the school became the first in Oxfordshire to make Mandarin a compulsory subject. Pupils will study it for at least a year accompanying French and can choose to either continue Mandarin or continue French.

Houses
The girls in the senior school are divided into four houses, each named after an Ancient Greek deity:

 * Zeus (green)
 * Ares (blue)
 * Athena (yellow)
 * Poseidon (red)

Headteachers

 * Ada Benson 1875–1879
 * Matilda Ellen Bishop 1879–1887
 * Lucy Helen Soulsby 1887–1897
 * Edith Marion Leahy 1898–1902
 * Rosalind Mabel Brown 1902–1932
 * Margaret Gale 1932–1936
 * Violet Evelyn Stack 1937–1959
 * M.E. Ann Hancock 1959–1966
 * Mary Warnock 1966–1972
 * Elaine Kaye 1972–1981
 * Joan Townsend 1981–1996
 * Felicity Lusk 1997–2010
 * Judith Carlisle 2011–2016
 * Philip Hills 2017–2019

Notable former pupils

 * Josephine Barnes (1912–1999), first woman President British Medical Association (BMA)
 * Ursula Bethell (1874–1945), New Zealand poet and social worker
 * Vicky Bowman, former British diplomat
 * Emma Bridgewater, potter
 * Jacintha Buddicom, poet and childhood friend of George Orwell
 * Nancy Cadogan, artist
 * Catherine Conybeare, academic and philologist
 * Charithra Chandran, actress
 * Gail Davey, professor of epidemiology
 * Dame Cressida Dick (b. 1960), former Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police
 * Sian Edwards, conductor
 * Sos Eltis, author and academic
 * Rebecca Flemming, classicist
 * Amelia Fletcher economist, and indie band singer
 * Martha Lane Fox, entrepreneur lastminute.com
 * Mel Giedroyc, actress/comedian
 * Lucy Gordon, actress/model
 * Emily Gowers, Professor of Latin literature at the University of Cambridge
 * Sophie Grigson, cookery TV/writer
 * Dame Pippa Harris, Film Producer
 * Ethel Hatch, British painter
 * Mary Hockaday, journalist
 * Dame Margaret Hodge, Labour MP and minister
 * Verena Winifred Holmes, engineer
 * Harriet Hunt, chess International Master
 * Elizabeth Irving, actress and founder of the Keep Britain Tidy Campaign
 * Elizabeth Jennings (1926–2001), poet
 * Ludmilla Jordanova, Professor of Modern History at the King's College London
 * Frances Kirwan, mathematician
 * Susan Lea Professor at the University of Oxford
 * Anna Lapwood, Director of Music at Pembroke College, Cambridge and television/radio presenter
 * Dame Rose Macaulay, novelist
 * Serena Mackesy, journalist and author
 * Miriam Margolyes, (b. 1941), actress
 * Ghislaine Maxwell, (junior section, left age 9), socialite and convicted child sex trafficker
 * Charlotte Mendelson (b. 1972), novelist
 * Anne Mills, health economist
 * Teresa Morgan, academic
 * Eleanor Oldroyd, BBC Radio Sport presenter
 * Ann Pasternak Slater, academic
 * Eileen Power (1889–1940), economic historian and medievalist
 * Rhoda Power (1890–1957), broadcaster and children's writer
 * Liz Shore, former deputy chief medical officer
 * Dame Maggie Smith, double Oscar-winning actress, seven times BAFTA Film Awards winner, Triple Crown of Acting
 * Barbara Strachey (1912–1999), broadcaster and writer
 * Catherine Tucker, American economist
 * Ayesha Vardag, Founder & President of Vardags, divorce lawyer
 * Anna Walker, British civil servant

title: Oxford High School, England


text:
Grant Kirkhope

Grant Kirkhope (born July 10, 1962) is a Scottish composer and voice actor for video games and film. Some of his notable works include GoldenEye 007, Banjo-Kazooie, Donkey Kong 64, and Perfect Dark, among many others. He has won an Ivor Novello Award for Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope and a World Soundtrack Award for The King's Daughter as well as being nominated for various BAFTA, ASCAP, and IFMCA awards.

Early life and education
Kirkhope was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, where his mother, Margaret Kirkhope, worked as a music hall dancer. Kirkhope's father, Alexander Kirkhope, was works manager of Redpath Brown steel works and was an avid music fan and exposed him to early influences such as Frank Sinatra and Glenn Miller. Kirkhope taught himself to play guitar at age 11 and is classically trained in the trumpet. Kirkhope was brought up in Knaresborough, North Yorkshire from the age of five, and attended King James's School. Kirkhope played in various bands after leaving the Royal Northern College of Music, including Zoot and the Roots along with the saxophonist Snake Davis. Kirkhope also spent many years as part of "the Big Bad Horns" which were part of UK rock band Little Angels. Kirkhope joined Rare in October 1995, he played for two bands called Syar and Maineeaxe where he played the guitar and already knew Robin Beanland, another Rare composer.

Career
Kirkhope is an Ivor Novello Awards and World Soundtrack Awards winning, BAFTA, ASCAP and IFMCA-nominated composer who has created the soundtrack for various video games. Kirkhope's score for Viva Piñata was nominated by BAFTA in the Original Score category in its 2007 awards.

Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning was nominated for Best Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media by the International Film Music Critics Association and in the Cue Awards 2012 for Best Overall Score, Best Video Game Score and Grant was also nominated for Best Break Out Composer.

Kirkhope was nominated in the 2015 ASCAP Composer’s Choice Awards for his work on “Civilization: Beyond Earth” and also won the Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media 2015 from the International Film Music Critics Association for the same score. Civilization: Beyond Earth also won Best Score: Video Game at the Cue Awards 2015. He was nominated in the 2016 ASCAP Composer’s Choice Awards for his work on Civilization: Beyond Earth – Rising Tide and was also nominated for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media 2016 from the International Film Music Critics Association for the same score. Civilization: Beyond Earth – Rising Tide was also nominated for Best Score: Video Game at the Cue Awards 2016.

He won the award for Best Score at the Silicon Beach Film Festival for the score to the feature film Shadows directed by Michael Matteo Rossi in 2020. The score to the animated short The Wrong Rock was nominated for Original Score - Short Film (animation) at the Hollywood Media in Music Awards in 2021. The score to the feature film The King's Daughter won the People's Vote Award at the World Soundtrack Awards in 2022. The score for Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope was nominated for Score - Video Game and the score for 'The King's Daughter was nominated for Score - Fantasy Film at the Hollywood Music and Media Awards in 2022.

Kirkhope won an Ivor Novello Award for his score for Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope in 2023 and was nominated for Best Video Game Score at the World Soundtrack Awards for the same score in 2023.

Kirkhope was also involved in casting the voice actors for the Viva Piñata cartoon.

Personal life
Kirkhope moved to the United States in 2008 to work on Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning and became a naturalized United States citizen in March 2017. As of 2012, he and his family reside in southern California.

title: Grant Kirkhope


text:
Kasprowy Wierch

Kasprowy Wierch (Slovak; Kasprov vrch; sometimes in Kasper Peak) is a peak of a long crest in the Western Tatras one of Poland's main winter ski areas. Its dominant southern crests mark the border with Slovakia. It is accessible in most conditions by foot and daily by cablecar.

History
From 1910 onwards Kasprowy Wierch became very popular among ski tourists so much so an aerial tramway or téléphérique, reaching almost to the summit, was built between 1935 and 1936 as such it is one of the oldest in Europe. As part of its modernization, the cabin aerial ropeway was closed for a period until December 2007. In 1938 meteorological and astronomical observatories were built here. One of the faint Kordylewski clouds, at or circling the L4 and L5 Lagrange points of the moon, was first photographed here by Kazimierz Kordylewski in 1961.

Geography
The mountain is at the crossroads of four crests, two of which coincide with footpaths, incorporating steps, bounding Poland and Slovakia and in times without snow the steep paths heading into both countries south and north are quite easily traversable. The peak itself is just north of the border, which is deemed to be a straight line relative to the two dominant ridges.

Crossing the border between Poland and Slovakia is not restricted, since both countries are members of the Schengen area. Users of the cable car change cars midway in their ascent/descent, at Mount Myślenicke Turnie. At the top station is a restaurant and information office building with further ski lifts outside.

The mountain is popular among hikers from Poland, because of its easy accessibility, both on foot and by the cable car. However, it is much less visited from the Slovak side, because the ascent from the nearest settlement in Slovakia involves a lengthy (17 km) approach up a remote valley Tichá dolina.

Climate
Without the existence of a summer, the climate is of tundra (Köppen: ET), as found in the highest areas of the Alps.

Cable cars and chairlifts
The cable cars are extremely popular and tourists regularly have to wait up to 3 hours to buy tickets – roughly the same time it would take to ascend the mountain on foot. The cable car service has caused environmental concerns and protests in 1935 and 2006.

In 1961–1962 and in 1967–1968 chairlifts were built on the slopes and they run in two sections.

title: Kasprowy Wierch


text:
User:Leviramsey

Move along, nothing to see here...

title: User:Leviramsey


text:
Alice Dixon Le Plongeon

Alice Dixon Le Plongeon (1851–1910) was an English photographer, amateur archeologist, traveller, and author. She was one of the first people to excavate and study the ancient Maya sites of Chichen Itza and Uxmal.

Early life
Alice Dixon was born in London on 12 December 1851. She was the second of nine children born to Henry Dixon and Sophia Cook. Henry Dixon was a copper-plate printer who later became a successful photographer. Henry Dixon was recognized in the late nineteenth century for his contribution to the development of panchromatic photography and for his photos of London architecture taken for the Society for Photographing Relics of Old London. Alice learned the principles of photography from her father and worked as an assistant at his studio.

Another member of the family who had a strong influence on Alice was her uncle, Dr. Jacob Dixon. Dr. Dixon practiced Spiritualism and Alice became involved in the Spiritualist movement in England at a young age. 1871, Alice participated in a séance at her Uncle's home. In her memoirs Alice reports that at this séance a spirit predicted that she would be married before she was twenty and that she would move very far from England.

Later the same year Alice met Augustus Le Plongeon while he was in London studying Mexican and Maya artifacts at the British Museum. After she first met Augustus, Alice told her mother, "Mother, while I was out today I met him who I know that I shall have to marry by and by." Twenty-five years her senior, Augustus Le Plongeon was a French-American photographer and amateur archeologist who had already traveled and worked in Chile, California, and Peru. He was in London to prepare for a trip into the jungles of Yucatán. Alice grew interested in ancient Maya civilization, studied John L. Stephen's Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, and agreed to join Augustus on his expedition. Alice and Augustus, not yet married, traveled from London to New York to complete the last of their preparations.

Career
The couple married in New York before traveling to Mexico in 1873. After arriving in Mérida, Alice Dixon Le Plongeon became seriously ill with yellow fever. Augustus nursed her back to health, and they stayed in Mérida while she regained her strength. The pair became acquainted with local scholars and learned to speak Yucatec Maya. Their first trip out of Mérida was a short visit to Uxmal, where they explored the site and took some photographs.

The Le Plongeons were in Yucatán during the years of the Caste War, a conflict between the Maya, called the Chan Santa Cruz, and the army of Yucatán. In 1875, they left Mérida and traveled to Chichen Itza with a military escort, who was assigned to stay with the archeologists while they worked.

When out in the field, the Le Plongeons practiced archeology by taking numerous photographs, sketching drawings and maps, making molds of bas-reliefs, and digging excavation tunnels to explore buildings. Their photography equipment consisted of two Scovill Manufacturing Company view cameras with an assortment of lenses. They took a variety of photographs, including 3D stereo images, which were developed in a darkroom set up on site. In addition to the detachment of soldiers, the Le Plongeons hired local Maya men to cut back the vegetation and clear growth from the site. The whole crew faced illness and hunger, heat, insects, and other dangerous wildlife.

In addition to exploring the sites of Chichen Itza and Uxmal, Alice and her husband worked around the city of Mérida, and at Mayapan. In 1878 they traveled south to British Honduras before financial difficulties forced them to return to the United States to solicit sponsorship.

From 1880 to 1884 the Le Plongeons spent time in Mexico City and continued their work at sites in Yucatán. During this time, they made a few trips back to New York when their finances were strained. Among their sponsors was cigarette manufacturer Pierre Lorillard and Phoebe Hearst. When in New York the couple gave lectures on their work and attempted to sell their bas-relief molds to museums and collectors.

Findings and theories
By studying the murals and statues at Chicen Itza, Augustus and Alice developed theories about the past Maya rulers and the influence of the Maya. They pieced together a narrative of an ancient Maya ruler named Queen Moo (from the Maya word for macaw) and her brother and consort Prince Coh, sometimes called Prince Chaacmol (named for the Maya words chaac and mol, meaning powerful warrior). Throughout their careers, the Le Plongeons would expand on their theories. Eventually, they came to believe the ancient Maya had helped found ancient Egyptian civilization as well as the lost civilization of Atlantis.

In November 1875 the Le Plongeons unearthed a large statue from near the Platform of the Eagles and Jaguars at Chichen Itza. The statue was of a reclining man and the Le Plongeons believed it was a representation of Prince Chaacmol. So, the statue was named Chacmool and was lauded by the American Geographical Society as a great archeological find. Other artifacts were found near the statue including flint, ceramic pieces, and a piece of jadeite that Augustus had set in a gold brooch. Alice would keep and wear this talisman for the rest of her life.

Life in New York
In 1884 the Le Plongeons left Mexico and settled in New York. There, Alice focused on her writing and giving lectures. She published articles and organized her field notes. Alice also became involved in a number of social movements. She was a member of Sorosis, a professional women's organization. She also gave lectures to fund raise for the New York Diet Kitchen Association, an organization which aimed to fed the poor. Alice had a strong interest in Spiritualism, Freemasonry, and the Rosicrucians, and was active in the Theosophical Society.

The archeological community was not welcoming to the Le Plongeon's theories about Queen Moo. Alice wrote that she was "bitterly indignant" about the lack of recognition for her and her husband's work. Despite these critics the pair continued to write and lecture on their findings. In 1886 Alice published Here and There in Yucatan and in 1902 her epic poem Queen Moo's Talisman was published. She also wrote about the Maya establishing the ancient civilization of Atlantis in A Dream of Atlantis, which was published in serial form in The World Magazine, a Theosophy serial, from 1909 to 1911.

Augustus Le Plongeon experienced declining health in the summer of 1908. Alice spent much of her time attending to his needs before he died in December of that year. Alice continued to write and give lectures after her husband's death but became ill and was diagnosed with breast cancer in February 1910. She died on 8 June at New York Women's Hospital.

Works

 * Here and There in Yucatan (1886)

title: Alice Dixon Le Plongeon


text:
User talk:Jlvillalba

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. However, you may wish to have a look at Autobiography and at the criteria for speedy deletion for reasons why your article on Jose luis villalba may not be seen as appropriate for Wikipedia. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 09:53, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jlvillalba


text:
Talk:Alley

Local Words
I know in the regions of the UK there are numerous local words for alleys besides ginnel and alleyway, including gennel, ten-footer and passage. Does anyone object to these being incorporated?
 * Not I. (By the way, you can sign your posts by typing ~, four tildes.) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 17:57, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Sounds good to me too, although as a Brit i've never heard of an alley being called a "service road", and we seem to have missed backstreet, or is that classified elsewhere? --Spacebwoy 16:13, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Chicago is known as "The alley capital of America" and should be a city mentioned in this article. Thank you. 24.12.73.177 11:06, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

I didn't want to mess up the article, but in case this information is of use to a future editor I can recall than in England in the 1980s the term was entry in Manchester and ginnel in Oldham. I also note that Twitten has a list which is similar but not the same. Scatterkeir (talk) 09:00, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for mentioning that. I have integrated the information in twitten (and also in chare and snickelways) into this article, and put links to the "Other terms" section here in "See also" sections of those articles. Fortunately, none of the information was contradictory, so there were no conflicts to resolve. Beyond My Ken (talk) 15:29, 6 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In my part of Derbyshire an alley between houses was also called a channel which is probably a posh way of saying ginnel. Back streets were generally residential streets away from the main road, often poorer neighbourhoods. Hence my mother, who was insufferably snooty, referred to "back street kids." 81.152.161.62 (talk) 11:16, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * A channel or a ginnel was often used for a passage leading to the back of a house though in my village it called an "entry" 217.43.255.190 (talk) 13:26, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Venice
Is it worth mentioning here about the sheer number of alleyways that populate Venice? I wouldn't know where to begin with writing something about it - just a suggestion for anyone that maybe could. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.98.129.30 (talk) 02:30, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed
Could someone with more experience than I in these things please set up a disambiguation header? There should be some way to access articles about people with the surname Alley (such as John_B._Alley), or notable places with Alley in the name, from this article. Thanks! Bricology (talk) 23:00, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Recent edit
Apologies to Feline Hymnic for my sloppy speed reading!!Rwood128 (talk) 21:43, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * That's fine. Don't worry. Feline Hymnic (talk) 21:52, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Is Bartholomew Close an alley?
Re the recent query, I too had my doubts (and almost deleted it) as this doesn't conform to my idea of an alley (I'm originally from London). To me an alley should be a narrow, urban footpath. This close is more like a lane (a narrow road, especially a quiet country road) to my eye, especially as it is open to traffic. But I have learnt that alleys in North America can be wider than Bartholomew Close, and are not always for pedestrians only. The residential alleys and the back lanes (alleys) of Boston seem to be about the same width as Bartholomew Close (from online photos), and I would characterize them as very narrow streets, though they are called alleys. It seems that alley (French origin) and lane (Anglo-Saxon origin) are synonyms for a narrow path, street, or road. The defining of narrow is a difficulty. While Bartholomew Close is open to cars it doesn't seem to be designed for more than slow moving local traffic, and that may be another general characteristic of wider alleys. I live in St John's, Newfoundland, and the narrow, down-town pedestian alleys here are called lanes, but so are some in London, I've now discovered. Rwood128 (talk) 15:21, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * "Alley" is a fairly elastic terms. The alleys in LA run between named streets, parallel and running straight for many, many blocks, and they're wider than some streets here in Manhattan.  I guess what makes them "alleys" is that they give service access to the backs of buildings, something that wasn't accounted for in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, when the Manhattan grid was laid out (which is why we put our garbage out on the street for pickup). Some alleys in Philadelphia are barely a car's width wide (meaning a cart's width when they were established), while others are barely walkable. I would guess that use for service and (relative) narrowness might be important parts of a working definition of what is and isn't an alley, but I don't feel strongly enough about it to shape the article to that definition. BMK, Grouchy Realist (talk) 15:33, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

The idea that an alley could be a back lane or a service road never struck me, until recently I discovered this North American usage -- actually I have back lane access behind my house here in Newfoundland, and originally a garage in my backyard, though the laneway is very narrow -- garbage is collected from the front. Philadelphia is a good example of the variation in width. I wonder if the word alley is used for a service lane at all in the U.K. ? Rwood128 (talk) 16:17, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Italy and the rest of Europe
I've been looking for more information on European alleys, as the article is becoming lopsided. I've added more to the section on words in other languages, though I don't fully trust Google translations. There are some fascinating pictures of Italian vicolo on the Italian page (little text), but there isn't really room here for more images. Is it possible to make a simple, regular link to a Wikipedia article in another language? Rwood128 (talk) 13:51, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Alley
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Alley's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "nytimes": From Serbia:  From Annapolis, Maryland:  From Libya:  From New York City:  From Portugal: "Portugal’s Debt Efforts May Be Warning for Greece", New York Times, 14 February 2012. From Jerusalem:  From Sweden: Higgins, Andrew (26 May 2013). "In Sweden, Riots Put an Identity in Question." The New York Times. Retrieved June 2013.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 19:10, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Corrected. Rwood128 (talk) 20:24, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Alleyway which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:00, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

UK
Given that this article's main audience is presumably in the English speaking world, doesn't the original ordering of the sections make more sense than the recent changes? Also the UK section should be placed, out of alphabetical order, at the beginning of the European section. I don't think a Western-centric bias can be avoided, in an English language article, on a topic like this. Asia was a late addition in an attempt to extend the article's coverage. Rwood128 (talk) 17:48, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * That is exactly the thinking my reordering was meant to combat :) The more you get used to English Wikipedia not be UK/US centric, the more familiar it will get. Cheers CapnZapp (talk) 07:48, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

Fictional
User:Meters wrote let's nto start listing supposedly notable fictional alleys when we don't even list notable real alleys. One does not preclude the other. In this case, I do not oppose your revert, simply because the new section was not minimally complete - even only three or five good illustrative examples would make a difference. CapnZapp (talk) 07:45, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

 * The heading "fictional alleys" was confusing. What was proposed was a trivia section of real alleys mentioned in works of fiction. I don't see why an encyclopaedia should include them, unless, perhaps, they have a significant role in a major work of fiction. Meters, please add the missing notable alleys. Rwood128 (talk) 10:43, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Again, I am not opposing your revert. I just wanted to argue against the argument stated in the edit summary. I see no reason why the presence or absence of notable real alleys should impact our decision to list (or not list) notable fictional alleys. Cheers CapnZapp (talk) 11:40, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * CapnZapp, not "fictional", but real alleys mentioned in works of fiction. And it wasn't my revert, but Meters. Please read more carefully! As the addition didn't list any examples, Meters's revert was correct. Rwood128 (talk) 12:11, 14 May 2022 (UTC)
 * My comment was addressing the edit summary of the revert, not the action itself. Sorry for mixing up you with Meters. As the addition didn't list any examples, Meters's revert was correct. Yes, this is exactly what I have already stated. CapnZapp (talk) 16:04, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

Vietnam
Hi Beyond My Ken, re your recent revert, I was influenced by the image on the linked page, which suggests a narrow street or lane (i.e a right of way regularly used by traffic) rather than what this article focuses on – very narrow rights of way mainly used by pedestrians. The various images shown support this definition. Rwood128 (talk) 13:19, 7 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Not "narrow rights of way mainly used by pedestrians", rather "a narrow lane, path, or passageway, often reserved for pedestrians". The alleys of many cities (Philadelphia and San Francisco come immediately to mind) are used by cars, bikes and other vehicles - even garbage trucks.  I see no legitimate reason for the exclusion of the Vietnamese alleys described. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:25, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Why are these American "streets" called alleys, if there's a regular flow of traffic? This looks like a useful resource that I hope to read this week <https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2021/8/16/the-american-alley-part-1-a-hidden-resource>. See also the stub back lanes, or "service lanes". The article can be improved. Thanks.

Australasia
Nrw Zealand appears to have laneways that are very similar to those in Australia. There are numerous separate articles on Australian laneways but I found nothing for NZ. Rwood128 (talk) 21:38, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

Mews?
A Mews is an access to a row of urban stables. U.K. dialect has many names for alley (alley, with its old French origins, itself being found in the south and east). Ginnel Gunnel Snicket Twitchel Jitty entry cut backs gully … and many others are all regional U.K. names for Alley. Not ’mews’ though. cf. David Crystal for regional variations of ‘alley’ 20040302 (talk) 13:01, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * What's your point? Beyond My Ken (talk) 14:19, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

 * 20040302 can you supply more information about your source, please? I think,Beyond My Ken, that more might be said about the different types of alleys considered by this article. For example there are narrow passages, what the English tend to think of as alleys, I think (I left 55 years ago). Then there are narrow lanes, usually behind houses with vehicular access limited to local traffic, which, I believe, is what the average American calls an alley. There also other narrow lanes that are lined with houses, which normally are not part of the regular road network. A mews might be seen as a subdivision of this type, though with a different history. When I can find time I'll check to see if any clarification is needed here – or even if the article needs dividing? Rwood128 (talk) 20:11, 18 December 2022 (UTC)

User:Rwood128, hi thanks yep I will get back to you on this. As you say, all the terms I mention for ‘alley’ are generally urban passages not wide enough for a carriage or a car (mews are wide enough, because they had to fit a carriage). The concept of ‘road network’ post-dates the word ‘alley’. I will source, but pls be patient :-) 20040302 (talk) 09:22, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

Re-arranged images
Hi Guest2625, Thanks for your recent edits, but could you restore the images that were originally on the left, please. It would make the page more interesting visually. There may also be too many images, though I'm probably guilty for adding them! Rwood128 (talk) 10:46, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

 * You can go ahead and make any layout edits to the article that you want. If I strongly disagree with the placement of a specific image, I will open a discussion on the talk page about the specific image before editing or moving it again. Cheers. -- Guest2625 (talk) 01:09, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alley