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Great Indian Peninsula Railway

The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (reporting mark GIPR) was a predecessor of the Central Railway (and by extension, the current state-owned Indian Railways), whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai (later, the Victoria Terminus and presently the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus). The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on 1 August 1849 by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c.83) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On 21 August 1847 it entered into a formal contract with the East India Company for the construction and operation of a railway line, 56 km long, to form part of a trunk line connecting Bombay with Khandesh and Berar and generally with the other presidencies of India. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer and Charles Buchanan Ker and Robert Wilfred Graham as his assistants. It was India's first passenger railway, the original 21 miles (33.8 km) section opening in 1853, between Bombay (Mumbai) and Tanna (now Thane). On 1 July 1925, its management was taken over by the Government. On 5 November 1951, it was incorporated into the Central Railway.

Incorporation in London
Incorporated as a company in 1849, with its head office in London, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway line was initially proposed for a length of 1300 mi, to connect Bombay with the interior of the Indian peninsula and to the major port of Madras (Chennai) on the east coast. It was originally meant to connect the towns of Poona (Pune), Nassuek (Nashik), Aurungabad (Aurangabad), Ahmednuggur (Ahmednagar), Sholapoor (Solapur), Nagpur, Akola (West Berar), Oomrawutty (Amravati), and Hyderabad. It was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices.

The management committee consisted of 25 British men, including officials of the East India Company and banks in London, most of whom resided in Britain and some who had resided in India. The original 25 person board consisted of people such as John Stuart-Wortley and William Hamilton (both MPs from Britain who became the company's chairman and deputy chairman), Frederick Ayrton (ex-East India Company), cavalrymen such as Major Clayton and Major-General Briggs, Bombay residents John Graham, Col. Dickenson, Hon. Jugonnath Sunkersett and Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, bankers such as John Harvey (Commercial Bank of London) and S. Jervis (Director of the London and County Bank, Lombard Street), and directors of other railway companies such as Richard Paterson (Chairman of the Northern and Eastern Railway Company) and Melvil Wilson (Director of the Alliance Assurance Office).

Beginnings in Bombay
An year after the passing of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company Act in 1849, the first sod was turned ('Bhoomipujan' was done) of the first rail line at Sion on 30 October 1850, by the Chief secretary of Bombay Government, John P. Willoughby. The line was meant to be an "experimental line" between Bombay and Thana, whose gauge was set at 5 ' 6'' (1676 mm) by Governor General Lord Dalhousie in January 1851. The contract for this segment was handed to the contractors Faviell and Fowler, while the next segment from Tannah to Callian (today's Kalyan) to contractors George Wythes and William Jackson along with Jamsetjee Dorabjee Naegamwalla.

Work began, but was soon slowed down by heavy showers in October 1851. This was the same year the first locomotives for this line (Locomotives GIP-1 to 8) were built at the Vulcan Foundry in England. Several problems were encountered, for instance, the laying of the line among the swamp at Sion, worker strikes, among others. Then there was a question of whether the experimental line be a single line, or a double line. The contract opted for the latter option, but there were other ideas. Doing this would have saved money. In the end, the Government of Bombay asked to retain the 'double line' option, owing to complications in contracts and finances.

First locomotive
The following year, in 1852, Bombay received its first locomotive. Built by E. B. Wilson, the same firm that built Roorkee's locomotive Thomason, it was brought by sea to Bombay. The Bombay Telegraph of 17 February states that "She had been landed six days ..." suggesting that the locomotive landed in Bombay on 11 or 12 February 1852. On its arrival, it was pulled down a public road by 200 coolies, before it was put on the rails. This Locomotive was named "Lord Falkland" after the then Governor of Bombay, Lucius Bentinck Cary, who reportedly left the city on the eve of the occasion.

It was stationed on a land in Byculla, previously used for planting toddy. This plot of land, belonging to William Phipps, among others, was bought by the GIPR at a cost of Rupees 4000. This locomotive was a tank engine, meaning that it had all its fuel, water and boiler on the same frame, not having an external tender wagon. Four wheels were attached to the cranked driving shaft, and placed in the center. The Telegraph further stated that efforts were made to prepare the loco for work by 'the end of the week'.

The Locomotive had its first run on 18 February 1852 from its stationing at Byculla, to Parel. Thousands crowded around the place, watching the loco at the entrance of its shed. The excitement was immense, with the natives amazed when the loco commenced its maiden journey. The engine started at a walking speed, later travelling at 15 miles an hour (about 24 km/h). A crowd ran after the moving contraption, hardly leaving the tracks clear. The locomotive traveled the 2 miles (3.2 km) between Byculla and Parel, waiting at its destination for some time. The second trip was completed, notably with a lady being among the passengers. On both trips the loco was stopped briefly, to correct some small matters; however, the engine was found to be in proper order.

Around this time there arose debates on what vocabulary be introduced for the railways in native languages. The natives had already started referring to railways, in their language, some calling it "Aag Boat"' (the term for steam boats). Without proper words to describe the railway systems, even the 1854 translation of the Lardner's Rail Economy (translated by Krishnashastri Bhatwadekar in Marathi) referred to rail roads as "Lokhandi Rustey" the term for Iron Roads, hence even the name of the book was Lokhandi Rustyanche Sunshipt Vurnan (translated as "A Short Account of Iron Roads"). Some translations were soon suggested.

The Locomotive in its shed at Byculla drew crowds of thousands from over the city. When it began its operations, sometimes carrying twelve wagons of Ballast up the steep slopes, the natives standing in the way in astonishment. For the natives, it was a mesmerizing experience, for they had never seen such an immensity traveling on rails. Not satisfied by watching from sides, the crowds would come extremely close to the operating locomotive, only paving way when the loco came a few meters away. Police was ordered around the line for the safety of the observers. Finally twelve men with sticks were employed for this duty. Some people sought an opportunity, setting up stalls of Toddy and cakes, to sell to the visitors.

The same year, three Locomotives and the rail carriages arrived on the ship, Charles along with six European locomotive drivers in September 1852.

The First Trial run
The first trial run was conducted between Bombay and Thane on 18 November 1852, at noon. The locomotives and the carriages were still not yet in order (having arrived only 2 months ago). Hence the same Lord Falkland was employed as the locomotive, with trucks, temporarily fitted to be used as carriages. The Journey was to be commenced at noon, reaching the destination of Parsick (Parsik) point at about 1 p.m. They were to have their tiffin in the tunnel built there, to later return back at sunset, as reported by the Allen's Indian Mail of 1852. The passengers were the engineers, directors and their friends. The Journey started soon after twelve p.m., later halting at near the beginning of the Salsette island for refilling water. The entire journey was extensively described by the newspaper The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce (now known as The Times of India). The journey was reported completed in 45 mins, the highest speed being 50 mph (about 80 km/h), with the average being 30 mph (about 48 km/h). This Journey soon paved way for the official run next year (1853) on 16 April, that formally began the era of the Indian Railways.

Railways around Bombay
On 16 April 1853 at 3:35 pm, the first passenger train of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway left Boree Bunder station in Bombay (present day Mumbai) for Tanna (present day Thane). The train took fifty-seven minutes to reach Tanna. It covered a distance of 21 miles (33.8 km). Three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib of the GIP-1 Classification pulled the 14 carriages carrying 400 passengers on board.

The portion of the line from Tanna to Callian (present day Kalyan) was opened on 1 May 1854. The construction of this portion was difficult as it involved two-line viaducts over the estuary (see picture on right) and two tunnels.

On 12 May 1856 the line was extended to Campoolie (present day Khopoli) via Padusdhurree (present day Palasdhari) and on 14 June 1858 Khandala-Poona (present day Pune) section was opened to traffic. The Padusdhurree-Khandala section involved the difficult crossing of the Bhore Ghat (present day Bhor Ghat) and it took another five years for completion. During this period, the 21 km gap was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the village of Campoolie.

The Kassarah (present day Kasara) line was opened on 1 January 1861 and the steep Thull ghat (present day Thal Ghat) section up to Egutpoora (present day Igatpuri) was opened on 1 January 1865 and thus completed the crossing of the Sahyadri.

Bombay to Madras
Beyond Callian, the south-east main line proceeded over Bhor Ghat to Poona, Sholapore (present day Solapur) and Raichore (present day Raichur), where it joined the Madras Railway. By 1868, route kilometerage was 888 km and by 1870, route kilometerage was 2,388.

Bombay to Calcutta
Beyond Callian, the north-east main line proceeded over the Thull ghat to Bhosawal (present day Bhusawal). From Bhosawal, there was a bifurcation. One passed through great cotton districts of Akola (West Berar) and Oomravuttee (present day Amravati) and was extended up to Nagpore (present day Nagpur) and then to Raj-nandgaon in Drug district (Present day Durg). The other was extended up to Jubbulpore (present day Jabalpur) to connect with the Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line of the East Indian Railway which had been opened in June 1867. Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta.

The Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. Although, in the novel it is erroneously claimed that the line passes through Aurangabad, which is, again erroneously claimed as the capital of the Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgeer. At that time period, line had not reached Aurangabad but rather moved northward after reaching Bhusawal towards Jabalpur. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".

Rolling stock
By the end of 1874 the company owned 345 steam locomotives, 1309 coaches and 7924 goods wagons. In 1906 a steam railcar from Kerr, Stuart and Company was purchased. By 1936, the rolling stock had increased to 835 locomotives, 1285 coaches and more than 20.000 freight wagons.

Classification
It was labeled as a Class I railway according to Indian Railway Classification System of 1926.

title: Great Indian Peninsula Railway


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Talk:Nuristani languages

Untitled
I don't think there is that much more than can be said. Nuristan is essentially the end of the world. Neither the Pakistanis, nor the British before them, nor the Afgans, pre-during-or post Taliban have ever tried to impose central control over the region.

In terms of the Kurgan hypothesis, this part of the world can be interpreted as the last surviving outpost of IE warrior culture. --FourthAve 03:14, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

the Pamir "see also" is because these are the languages spoken "next door". It would be nice to have a map of the distribution of all these Indo-Iranian langauges. dab (ᛏ) 19:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Like this one? Of course, we'd have to ask Richard Strand if we can use it on Wikipedia. Florian Blaschke 21:51, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Needs to be reworked for standard classification
The standard classification of the Nuristani group is still:

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan (aka Indic)

Northwest Group

Nuristani

The proposal for separation as an independent branch of Indo-Iranian should be discussed as new thinking not yet accepted by consensus. The righthand sidebar should be updated with the standard classification.

See Ethnologue.org

Compare my complete reworking of the Dardic languages article.

Sorry I don't have time to do this one...

Article has re-classified correctly.  Arjun G. Menon  ( talk  · mail) 19:57, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Nuristani are Aryan (Indo-Iranian) languages
In most theories, Nuristani are considered a third separate branch of Indo-Iranian (Aryan) languages - meaning they are neither in the Pashto (Iranian) branch nor Dardic (Indo-Aryan) branch. This is supported by Georg Morgenstierne and Michael Witzel, who are the best scholars of Aryan languages.

Richard Strand is not very helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.152.246.223 (talk) 14:02, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * First of all, please present exact quotes and page numbers. Secondly, even if you are correct, you are still not allowed to contribute, since you are a banned user (User:Banigul and/or User:Alishah85). That's evading your block and may prevent you from legally editing Wikipedia for a long time. So please stop. Tājik (talk) 21:25, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

There are references don't vandalize (See http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90795)
 * Ethnologue?! First of all read what Ethnologue is! 13:09, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Georg Morgenstierne Morgenstierne´s greatest single contribution to linguistics must be his theory about the origin of the Nuristani (Kafir) languages. He claimed that these languages separated from the Indo-Iranian family already before the Rig Veda (a collection of Vedic hymns) was formulated or perhaps even before the Indian and Iranian branches began to separate. His theory took years to gain support among the linguists but today is undisputed. http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/english/language.html

 * Richard Strand Within the Indo-European linguistic family the Nuristâni languages form a third sub-group of the Indo-Iranian group, alongside the Iranian and Indo-Âryan sub-groups. http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html

 * Also see articles by Michael Witzel - he also agrees. 119.152.247.96 (talk) 15:24, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Nuristani language materials
The Bashgeli kafirs & their language By Gottlieb William Leitner

http://books.google.com/books?id=EeQLAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Kafiristan: the Bashgeli Kafirs and their language By Gottlieb William Leitner

http://books.google.com/books?id=GG8IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Bashgeli Kafirs & Their Language (1880)

https://archive.org/details/bashgelikafirst00leitgoog

Kafiristan: The Bashgeli Kafirs and Their Language (1880)

https://archive.org/details/kafiristanbashg00leitgoog

Notes on the Bas̳h̳galī (Kāfir) Language By John Davidson

http://books.google.com/books?id=OtdmPknTCBAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Bashgali Dictionary: An Analysis of Colonel J. Davidson's Notes on the Bashgali Language By Sten Konow

http://books.google.com/books?id=ePzyRKnzOzEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush (1900)

https://archive.org/details/kfirsofhinduku00robeuoft

Kafiristan (October 24, 1884)

https://archive.org/details/jstor-1758377

Rajmaan (talk) 22:45, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html

 * I'm leaving here more material on Nuristani gods: Allen Nicholas Justin. Some gods of Pre-Islamic Nuristan. In: Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 208, n°2, 1991. Histoire des religions et comparatisme : la question indo-européenne. pp. 141-168. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1991.1679] [www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1991_num_208_2_1679] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:14D:5CE7:8E72:EC12:30AF:8230:EF8C (talk) 01:15, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

Morgenstierne's articles
Does anyone have copies of Morgenstierne's articles pertaining to the Nuristani languages? Kwékwlos (talk) 16:17, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Bump. Kwékwlos (talk) 17:33, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nuristani languages


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Cadoux, Western Australia

Cadoux is a town in the northeastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is about 180 km northeast of Perth, within the Shire of Wongan-Ballidu.

The townsite was gazetted in 1929 and the railway siding was opened in the same year. It was on the Amery–Kalannie line at 149 miles 49 chains.

The main industry in town is wheat farming with the town being a Cooperative Bulk Handling receival site.

Cadoux earthquakes
Cadoux, and neighbouring Burakin to the north, are considered unusually seismically active for Australia, with minor earthquakes reported on an annual basis. Notable events include in 2001 (Burakin swarm) and in 2022.

The most significant event, however, was on 2 June 1979 with a significant earthquake just east of the town. It had a Richter magnitude of 6.1 and was the second most damaging earthquake in the history of Western Australia. Damage to the area was estimated to be A$3.8 million (in 1979 dollars). Only one injury was recorded in the entire earthquake−a broken arm sustained by a child from falling masonry.

title: Cadoux, Western Australia


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Wren Building

The Wren Building is the oldest building on the campus of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. Along with the Brafferton and President's House, these buildings form the College's "Ancient Campus." With a construction history dating to 1695, it is the oldest academic building still standing in the United States and among the oldest buildings in Virginia. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Construction of the first building on this site began August 8, 1695 and was completed by 1700. The building, along with the rest of the historic courtyard, was built using enslaved labor. After several fires and rebuildings, the Wren Building was the first major building restored or reconstructed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., after he and the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin began Colonial Williamsburg's restoration in the late 1920s. The building's was restored in the 20th century by Boston architects Perry Shaw & Hepburn. The college named the building in honor of the English architect Sir Christopher Wren, after the Reverend Hugh Jones, a William and Mary mathematics professor, wrote in 1724 that the college building was "modeled by Sir Christopher Wren". However, it is unknown how Jones came to this conclusion, since there are no actual documents tying Wren to the building's design, and he never even visited North America. Perry Shaw and Hepburn's restoration reflects the building's historic appearance from its reconstruction in 1716 after a 1705 fire to 1859, when it burned again.

The building is constructed out of red brick in the style of Flemish and English Bond, as was typical for official buildings in 17th- and 18th-century Williamsburg, including several walls remaining from previous structures, and it contains classrooms, offices, a refectory, known as the Great Hall, kitchen, and a chapel, which was added as a south wing in 1732. The crypt beneath the chapel is the resting place of several notable Virginians, including royal governor the 4th Baron Botetourt, Speaker of the House of Burgesses Sir John Randolph, and his son Peyton Randolph, the first President of the Continental Congress.

On the top of the building is a weather vane with the number 1693, the year the College was founded. In the early 1770s, plans were drawn up to complete the building as a quadrangle. Alumnus Thomas Jefferson (class of 1762) drew up a floorplan submitted to Governor Dunmore and foundations were laid in 1774. The looming American Revolutionary War halted further construction, however, and the fourth wing was never completed. The foundations, however, still exist and were uncovered during excavations in 2014.

The first and second floors of the building are still open for public viewing. Guided tours of the Wren Building are offered whenever classes are in-session by the Spotswood Society, named after Alexander Spotswood, an influential Virginia governor. The Spotswood Society also maintains a virtual tour.

Uses of the building
The Wren Building is the oldest extant building constructed for use by a college or university in the United States, ahead of runner-up Massachusetts Hall at Harvard. The Wren Building, previously known simply as "The College" or "The Main Building" was effectively the school's only academic building until the completion of the Brafferton building and President's House in the 1720s and 1730s. The campus only began its westward expansion in the first part of the twentieth century. Students studied, attended religious services, and lived in the Wren Building. In addition, at least eight students brought their enslaved people at the cost of room and board. After the destruction of Virginia's former capital of Jamestown, Virginia's legislature met in the building's Great Hall as a temporary meeting place from 1700 to 1704 while the Capitol was under construction. In fact, the College was critical to Williamsburg becoming the new capital of Virginia after William & Mary students made speeches on May 1, 1699 from the College Building about how they would help build the town to its full potential. When the Capitol burned in 1747, the legislature moved back into the building until the Capitol was reconstructed in 1754. The building also housed a grammar school and an Indian school, which was moved to the Brafferton building, in 1723. The building was used as a military hospital by the French during the American Revolutionary War and by the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

The Wren Building today has historical and ceremonial importance in addition to its academic use. Each year during the opening convocation ceremony, incoming William and Mary freshmen enter the building from the courtyard, pass through the central hall, and exit on the opposite side. As seniors, students pass through the building in the opposite direction on their way to the graduation ceremony. The Yule Log Ceremony, the College's holiday celebration, is held every year at the Wren Building, typically during the second weekend in December. Each fall incoming freshmen take the school's Honor Code Pledge in the building's Great Hall. The Bishop James Madison Society, the College's second-oldest secret society, is rumored to meet in the Wren Building.

Historic setting

After the completion of the President's House and the added chapel wing in 1732, the College's layout and overall architectural organization changed little until the construction of additional academic buildings in the early-twentieth century. For nearly one hundred and fifty years, the campus consisted of the three buildings- the Wren Building, the Brafferton, and the President's House- proportionally arranged in the College yard. With the Wren Building (or "College" as it was called) placed in the middle and bounded by the Brafferton to the south and the President's House to the north, the view gave visitors a sense of balance and proportion, important tenets of the Enlightenment and visible in Jacobean, Anglo-Dutch, and Georgian architecture of the period. To complete the view, a formal geometric garden of hedge rows, topiaries, planting beds, and marl paths was laid out in the College yard facing Duke of Gloucester Street, and a botanical and scientific garden was laid in the back, which led to acres of woodlands and streams. Archaeological and historical evidence points to the formal garden in the front having been destroyed by the late-eighteenth century. Plans drawn up by French engineers of Williamsburg in 1782 show plain rectangular beds ornamenting the front, and later nineteenth-century engravings and photographs show rows of trees and even cows lounging in the College yard. Any remaining physical trace of the gardens were finally obliterated in 1862, when massive earthworks were built during the Siege of Williamsburg. However, the Brafferton Building was most likely facing the opposite way and was therefore excluded from this garden area.

Recorded descriptions of the grounds appearance are few. One possible view was discovered in the late-1920s when researchers discovered a ca. 1747 printing plate in England's Bodleian Library depicting Williamsburg landmarks, including the College. Although this "Bodleian Plate" served as the blueprint for the Wren Building's restoration in the 1920s and 1930s, little was known about the plate's authenticity with regard to the gardens until College archaeologists and students began digging for evidence in 2005. Since these initial archaeological discoveries, the Bodleian Plate has proved remarkably faithful in its depiction of the College yard's early garden layout.

Although the two side structures are not entirely balanced (there is a slight size discrepancy between the Brafferton and President's House), the sight of the College would have been impressive for an 18th-century Virginian. Native- and foreign-born visitors alike marveled at the College's design.

Slavery
Following the usage of enslaved labor in the construction of the Wren Building, enslaved persons were utilized in a variety of roles by the college, including as chefs, gardeners, and laborers. These enslaved men and women were most likely overseen by one specific man, or perhaps the housekeeper. The building of the Wren Building was also funded by enslaved labor, since the funds for William and Mary that were provided in the 1693 royal charter were funds from a tobacco plantation.

Enslaved individuals were also a means of revenue. When William & Mary lost its funding from the monarchy because of the American Revolution, the Virginia Gazette published a statute passed at a meeting of the Board of Visitors which emphasized how the Visitors intended to use the sale of slaves to compensate for this loss of funding: “A sufficient number of slaves shall be reserved for cleaning the College; and if any remain after such reservation, and hiring of the slaves belonging to the garden and kitchen, as aforesaid, they shall be hired out at publick auction.” In the early part of the nineteenth century, the College gave its few slaves a dollar each for Christmas, and it is known from the record that the dollars were mailed to each slave as the College also paid postage. William & Mary itself owned a plantation, the Nottoway Quarter, which ran on enslaved labor, starting in 1718 with seventeen enslaved people. The proceeds from the sale of tobacco helped to fund the College and scholarships. It was sold in 1802.

The Spotswood Society works with the Lemon Project: A Journey of Reconciliation, which is a project created in 2009 in an attempt to "rectify wrongs perpetrated against African Americans by the College through action or inaction." A display discussing the college's ties with slavery was erected in the building's information center in 2019. A bronze tablet also was erected to honor those who fought in the Civil War, replacing the 1914 marble plaque that listed the names of only the students and faculty who fought in the Confederacy. The new marble plaque contains all the names of the Union and Confederate soldiers.

Fires

The building has been gutted by fire three times (1705, 1859, and 1862). The first fire was accidental and began in a basement in the North Wing of the building in 1705. Reconstruction after this fire, commanded by Governor Alexander Spotswood, was completed by 1716 with partial funds from Queen Anne. A second fire ravaged the building in 1859, and when it was rebuilt, the Wren Building had a newly fashionable Italianate design. In this fire, a man at the school accused the enslaved people of starting the fire, due to their use of candlelight. However, another man defended the enslaved individuals, stating that he had seen their candle go out prior to the fire. A third fire was set intentionally by Federal troops during the Civil War in 1862. Each reconstruction incorporated the surviving exterior walls, but the overall look of the building has varied considerably over time.

Sir John Randolph, a Speaker of the House of Burgesses, an Attorney General for the Colony of Virginia, and the youngest son of William Randolph and Mary Isham, was interred at the chapel of the Wren Building after his death in 1737. After the burial vaults were disturbed in the 1859 fire, a physician who examined the contents of Randolph's tomb discovered the bones of Randolph and an unknown second person.

Botetourt statue
Popular Virginia Governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt, better known as Lord Botetourt, who died in office in 1770 and had been a member of the College's Board of Visitors, was buried in the crypt under the building's chapel. A statue of Lord Botetourt was acquired by William and Mary in 1797 and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building in 1801. Previously displayed in the piazza of the Capitol Building at the opposite end of Duke of Gloucester Street, the statue was a landmark in front of the building for several centuries. After years of weathering, it was removed in 1958 and in 1966 was placed in its new location inside the College's Swem Library. In 1993, as the College celebrated its Tercentenary (300th anniversary), a new statue of Lord Botetourt, created in bronze by William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray, was installed in the College Yard, in the place occupied for so many years by the original.

Priorities of the College

A large plaque was presented by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in 1914 which lists some of the notable firsts for William and Mary:
 * First college in the United States, the claim being that its antecedents go back to the college proposed at Henrico (1619).
 * First American college to receive its charter from the Crown under the Seal of the Privy Council, in 1693. Hence it was known as "their Majesties' Royal College of William and Mary."
 * First and only American college to receive a colonial Coat-of-Arms from the College of Arms in London, 1694.
 * First college in the United States to have a full Faculty, consisting of a President, six Professors, usher; and writing master, 1729.
 * First college to confer medallic prizes; the gold medals donated by Lord Botetourt in 1771.
 * First college to establish an inter-collegiate fraternity, the Phi Beta Kappa, December 5, 1776.
 * First college to have the Elective system of study, 1779.
 * First college to have the Honor System (inked by Thomas Jefferson), 1779.
 * First college to become a University, 1779.
 * First college to have a school of Modern Languages, 1779.
 * First college to include Fine Arts in a professorship, 1779.
 * First college to have a school of Municipal and Constitutional Law, 1779.
 * First college to teach Political Economy, 1784.
 * First college to have a school of Modern History, 1803.

title: Wren Building


text:
Afropop Worldwide

Afropop Worldwide is a radio program that presents the musics of Africa and the African diaspora. The program is produced by Sean Barlow for World Music Productions in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. It is hosted by the veteran Cameroonian broadcaster Georges Collinet, who previously attained renown for his work with Voice of America.

Afropop Worldwide launched in 1988 as Afropop, a weekly public radio series, in response to widespread interest in international pop music. The first of its kind, it later expanded to include the music and cultures of the entire African diaspora. The program is distributed by Public Radio Exchange (PRX) to over a hundred radio stations in the United States. It is also heard in Europe and Africa.

In 2014, the program was awarded an institutional Peabody Award for "its pioneering role in the 'world music' movement".

The producers have explained the show's mission:

"Our vision is to increase the profile of African and African Diaspora music worldwide, and to see that benefits go back to artists, music industry professionals, and the countries that produce the music. The Afropop database is central to our strategy as it harnesses the power of what we have done, and allows us to integrate past work with new research to support new projects. We are working in partnership with Calabash Music to help musicians from Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America leapfrog over the barriers of the conventional music business and take advantage of the emerging digital marketplace for global music."

title: Afropop Worldwide


text:
User:Sanderk~enwiki

My other web projects include:

Disaster Psychiatry Outreach www.disasterpsych.org - Disaster Psychiatry Outreach, a disaster mental health non-profit.

Mental Health for the Air Borne www.psychiatry.aero.

title: User:Sanderk~enwiki


text:
Ouray County Courthouse

The Ouray County Courthouse, constructed in 1888, is the seat of government of Ouray County, Colorado. It is located at the corner of 6th Avenue and 4th Street in Ouray, Colorado. This structure is a contributing property of the Ouray Historic District.

The courtroom was used in the John Wayne movie True Grit.

title: Ouray County Courthouse


text:
Jean Paré

Jean Paré, CM (December 7, 1927 – December 24, 2022) was a Canadian caterer, author of the Company's Coming cookbook series, and founder of Company's Coming Publishing Limited. She was one of the top-selling cookbook authors in the world, selling 30 million copies as of 2011. She wrote over 200 cookbooks before her retirement in 2011. In 2004, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada (CM), Canada's highest civilian honour.

Life
Paré was born on December 7, 1927, in Irma, Alberta, to Edward and Ruby Elford. The family moved to Edmonton. Jean married her first husband, Clarence Lovig, in 1946. In 1959, they moved to Vermilion, Alberta, where they owned and operated the Vermilion Auction Mart. Later they built and operated the Vegreville Auction Mart as well. Jean and Clarence were divorced in the mid 1960s, leaving Jean on her own with two school-age children to support.

Using a $1,000 loan from a local bank, she opened a small café in Vermilion. There, she met her second husband, Larry Paré, a single father of three children.

Jean Paré was the author of Company's Coming cookbooks, published and distributed by Company's Coming Publishing Limited, which she co-founded in 1981. She oversaw publication of more than 17,000 kitchen-tested recipes and the publication of more than 200 cookbooks. After 30 years and 30 million cookbooks sold, she retired in February 2011.

Prior to publishing cookbooks, Paré was a caterer in her home town of Vermilion, Alberta. Because of requests for her recipes, she wrote and published her first cookbook in 1981 at the age of 53. To begin, 15,000 copies of 150 Delicious Squares were produced, and sold in specially designed racks at gas stations, grocery stores, and at local fairs. This first book was the start for Company's Coming Publishing Limited. Paré went on to have more than 200 Company's Coming cookbooks published before her retirement in 2011, selling 30 million copies. Her cookbooks are typically about a single subject with easy to follow recipes that rely upon readily available ingredients.

Jean Paré was also a principal shareholder in COMAC Food Group. That company owned Company's Coming Bakery Cafés, Grabbajabba Specialty Coffee, Pastels Cafés, and the Canadian rights to the Domino's Pizza franchise.

Among her accomplishments was her appointment as a Member of the Order of Canada.

In 2009 she donated her collection of 6,700 cookbooks, many of them collections of recipes from women from community organizations, churches, and Canadian local groups, to the University of Guelph.

Paré died on December 24, 2022, at the age of 95.

title: Jean Paré


text:
Wyalkatchem, Western Australia

Wyalkatchem is a town in the central Wheatbelt region, 192 km east-north-east of Perth, 35 km east of Dowerin and 44 km south of Koorda. At the, Wyalkatchem had a population of 358.

The town won the state tidy town award in 2000 and 2002, and then won the national award in 2003.

History
Wyalkatchem is an Aboriginal name first recorded for a waterhole, spelt Walkatching in the 1870s. The spelling Walcatching was used in 1881 when the Toodyay Road Board referred to a tank to be built there, and when the road from Northam to the Yilgarn Goldfield was surveyed in 1892 the spelling Wyalcatchem was used for the tank. The Walkatching spelling is probably the most accurate, as Aboriginal names in this region rarely end in em. The change of spelling from Wyalcatchem to Wyalkatchem in 1911 was done by the Department of Lands & Surveys according to rules the department had adopted for spelling Aboriginal names. The meaning of the name is not known.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

When the extension of the railway east from Dowerin was planned in 1908, land was set aside for a future townsite in the area of the Wyalcatchem tank. The route of the railway and site for a station was not fixed until 1910, and action followed to then fix the position of the townsite and survey town lots. Following the survey of the lots the townsite was gazetted spelt Wyalkatchem in 1911.

When the railway from Dowerin opened in February 1911, Wyalkatchem was a minor siding only, but its importance grew when it was selected as the turnout point for a branch line leading north and then east to the Mount Marshall district. Thus a small village quickly blossomed on the town site. The branch line to Bencubbin opened on 1 February 1915 and the line from Dowerin was extended to Merredin in August 1911.

A bioblitz was conducted in 2012 in a bush reserve between Korrelocking and Wyalkatchem. 54 people took part and collected samples of scorpions, pseudoscorpions, isopods, spiders and centipedes, including some new species.

Commercial area
The extensive railway barracks in town are leased by the shire council from the Western Australian Government Railways Commission. The barracks represent one of the few intact examples of its kind in Australia and are currently used as accommodation during Dowerin Field Days and as the headquarters of a hang-gliding club.

The area is home to a Cooperative Bulk Handling receival point that can hold nearly 120,000 tonnes of grain and crops; the primary industries in the area are wheat and sheep farming. The town also supports a gypsum mine that is situated just outside town at Lake Cowcowing.

In 2013 Wyalkatchem hosted the inaugural Racewars event, organised by The Racewars Group. The event saw 200 competitors and over 3000 spectators witness some of Western Australia's fastest vehicles race head-to-head and against the clock on the 1500m airstrip at the Wyalkatchem airport. After the success of the inaugural event, Wyalkatchem has agreed to host the event for another five years.

title: Wyalkatchem, Western Australia


text:
George Horner

George Horner is the name of:

 * George Horner (died 1677) (1605–1677), English MP for Somerset
 * George Horner (died 1707) (1646–1707), English MP for Somerset - son of above
 * Red Horner (George Reginald Horner, 1909–2005), Canadian ice hockey player
 * George William Horner (1849–1930), translator of Coptic versions of the Bible
 * George Horner (musician) (1923–2015), pianist at Terezin concentration camp

title: George Horner


text:
Henry J. Hatch

Lieutenant General Henry James Hatch (born August 31, 1935) served as Chief of Engineers for the United States Army from June 17, 1988 – June 4, 1992.

Hatch was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1992 for leadership in the engineering and construction programs of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and for exceptional management of its programs.

Early life and education
The son of an artillery officer, Henry J. Hatch was born on August 31, 1935, in Pensacola, Florida. After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1957 with a B.S. degree in engineering, he completed airborne and ranger training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and later earned an M.S. in geodetic science at Ohio State University in 1964.

Military career
Hatch held several leadership positions in Army airborne and airmobile units early in his career. He commanded a company of the 307th Engineer Battalion, 82d Airborne Division, at Fort Bragg, North Carolina; served on the staff of the 2d Airborne Battle Group, 503d Infantry, in Okinawa; and commanded the 326th Engineer Battalion, 101st Airborne Division, in Vietnam in 1968–69. Hatch subsequently oversaw West Point construction work for the Corps' New York District and in 1974 began a three-year tenure as Nashville District Engineer. He then returned to Asia to lead the 2d Infantry Division Support Command in Korea and later directed Army and Air Force construction in Korea, Japan, and the Pacific as the Corps' Pacific Ocean Division Engineer. Hatch was Deputy Chief of Staff, Engineer, for U.S. Army, Europe, in 1981–84. He next served briefly as Assistant Chief of Engineers and then for nearly four years as Director of Civil Works. President Reagan appointed him Chief of Engineers in May 1988.

Post-Military career
In 2012, Hatch joined Dawson & Associates in Washington, DC as a senior advisor focusing on federal environmental and water permitting policy.

Awards and decorations
Hatch's military awards included:

title: Henry J. Hatch


text:
Talk:Intrapreneur

This is a copyvio of http://entrepreneurs.about.com/cs/makingthechoice/a/intrapreneur.htm. I'm off to figure out how to label it properly. Clair de Lune 03:19, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Intrapreneur


text:
Vijay Rajindernath

Vijay Rajindernath (7 January 1928 – 22 November 1989) was an Indian cricketer.

Career
Rajindernath was one of the four wicket-keepers that India tried against Pakistan in the 1952–53 series. He played in the Third Test at Bombay which India won losing only four wickets. Rajindernath did not bat but effected four stumpings, three of which were off Subhash Gupte. He holds the Test record for the most stumpings in a complete career without a catch. He was replaced by Ebrahim Maka for the next Test.

Rajindernath also played in three unofficial Tests against a touring Commonwealth XI in 1950–51. In December 1950 he hit his only first-class century, when he scored 136 for Bihar in their innings victory over Orissa in the Ranji Trophy.

Rajindernath studied at Government College, Lahore, and took an MA in Hindi from Benares. He worked for Burmah Shell and later with Indo-Nippon batteries in Baroda.

title: Vijay Rajindernath


text:
User talk:Mdanie2

Welcome from Spinboy
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 03:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Gemma Mewse

A tag has been placed on Gemma Mewse requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article, which appears to be about a real person, individual animal(s), an organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, does not indicate how or why the subject of the article is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  at the top of the article, immediately below the speedy deletion  tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate), and providing your reasons for contesting on the article's talk page, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. You may freely add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

You may want to read the guidelines for specific types of articles: biographies, websites, bands, or companies. Acabashi (talk) 16:45, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Googling shows own web site, twitter, facebook, insubstantial blogs and forums, and such. Acabashi (talk) 16:50, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

February 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not replace pages with blank content, as you did with this edit to Gemma Mewse, as this is confusing to readers. The page's content has been restored for now. If there is a problem with the page, it should be edited or reverted to a previous version if possible; if you think the page should be removed entirely, see further information. Thank you. Krashlandon (talk) 16:48, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * My warning was incorrect in this case. Please disregard it, and consider only the one below. Krashlandon (talk) 04:35, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

Please do not remove speedy deletion notices from pages you have created yourself, as you did with Gemma Mewse. Please use the template on the page instead if you disagree with the deletion, and make your case on the page's talk page. Thank you. JamesBWatson (talk) 21:01, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Userfied article
I have replied to your message on my talk page. See also User:Mdanie2/Gemma Mewse. JamesBWatson (talk) 12:48, 2 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Once again, I have replied to your message on my talk page. Also, when you post to a talk page, you should finish your message with four tildes (in other words ~) . This will automatically be converted to a signature, which not only tells other users who posted the message, but also contains a link back to your talk page, which can be very helpful to anyone who wants to get back to you. JamesBWatson (talk) 13:10, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Gemma Mewse for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Gemma Mewse is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Gemma Mewse until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. :| TelCo NaSp  Ve :|  08:27, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdanie2


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Creation evangelism

It is an adequate discription for what christians use to evangelise, which is the core fondation of the faith.


text:
Horní Ředice

Horní Ředice is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.

title: Horní Ředice


text:
Fibonacci prime

A Fibonacci prime is a Fibonacci number that is prime, a type of integer sequence prime.

The first Fibonacci primes are :

 * 2, 3, 5, 13, 89, 233, 1597, 28657, 514229, 433494437, 2971215073, ....

Known Fibonacci primes
It is not known whether there are infinitely many Fibonacci primes. With the indexing starting with F1 = F2 = 1, the first 37 indices n for which Fn is prime are :
 * n = 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 23, 29, 43, 47, 83, 131, 137, 359, 431, 433, 449, 509, 569, 571, 2971, 4723, 5387, 9311, 9677, 14431, 25561, 30757, 35999, 37511, 50833, 81839, 104911, 130021, 148091, 201107.

(Note that the actual values Fn rapidly become very large, so, for practicality, only the indices are listed.)

In addition to these proven Fibonacci primes, several probable primes have been found:
 * n = 397379, 433781, 590041, 593689, 604711, 931517, 1049897, 1285607, 1636007, 1803059, 1968721, 2904353, 3244369, 3340367, 4740217, 6530879.

Except for the case n = 4, all Fibonacci primes have a prime index, because if a divides b, then $$F_a$$ also divides $$F_b$$ (but not every prime index results in a Fibonacci prime). That is to say, the Fibonacci sequence is a divisibility sequence.

Fp is prime for 8 of the first 10 primes p; the exceptions are F2 = 1 and F19 = 4181 = 37 × 113. However, Fibonacci primes appear to become rarer as the index increases. Fp is prime for only 26 of the 1229 primes p smaller than 10,000. The number of prime factors in the Fibonacci numbers with prime index are:
 * 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 4, 2, 1, ...

, the largest known certain Fibonacci prime is F201107, with 42029 digits. It was proved prime by Maia Karpovich in September 2023. The largest known probable Fibonacci prime is F6530879. It was found by Ryan Propper in August 2022. It was proved by Nick MacKinnon that the only Fibonacci numbers that are also twin primes are 3, 5, and 13.

Divisibility of Fibonacci numbers
A prime $$p$$ divides $$F_{p-1}$$ if and only if p is congruent to ±1 modulo 5, and p divides $$F_{p+1}$$ if and only if it is congruent to ±2 modulo 5. (For p = 5, F5 = 5 so 5 divides F5)

Fibonacci numbers that have a prime index p do not share any common divisors greater than 1 with the preceding Fibonacci numbers, due to the identity:

 * $$\gcd(F_n, F_m) = F_{\gcd(n,m)}.$$

For $n ≥ 3$, Fn divides Fm if and only if n divides m.

If we suppose that m is a prime number p, and n is less than p, then it is clear that Fp cannot share any common divisors with the preceding Fibonacci numbers.

 * $$\gcd(F_p, F_n) = F_{\gcd(p,n)} = F_1 = 1.$$

This means that Fp will always have characteristic factors or be a prime characteristic factor itself. The number of distinct prime factors of each Fibonacci number can be put into simple terms.

 * Fnk is a multiple of Fk for all values of n and k such that n ≥ 1 and k ≥ 1. It's safe to say that Fnk will have "at least" the same number of distinct prime factors as Fk. All Fp will have no factors of Fk, but "at least" one new characteristic prime from Carmichael's theorem.

 * Carmichael's Theorem applies to all Fibonacci numbers except four special cases: $$F_1 =F_2 =1, F_6 = 8$$ and $$F_{12} = 144.$$ If we look at the prime factors of a Fibonacci number, there will be at least one of them that has never before appeared as a factor in any earlier Fibonacci number. Let πn be the number of distinct prime factors of Fn.
 * If k | n then $$\pi_n \geqslant \pi_k +1$$ except for $$\pi_6 = \pi_3 =1.$$
 * If k = 1, and n is an odd prime, then 1 | p and $$\pi_p \geqslant \pi_1 +1 = 1.$$

The first step in finding the characteristic quotient of any Fn is to divide out the prime factors of all earlier Fibonacci numbers Fk for which k | n.

The exact quotients left over are prime factors that have not yet appeared.

If p and q are both primes, then all factors of Fpq are characteristic, except for those of Fp and Fq.

 * $$\begin{align}

\gcd (F_{pq}, F_q ) &= F_{\gcd(pq, q)} = F_q \\ \gcd (F_{pq}, F_p ) &= F_{\gcd(pq, p)} = F_p \end{align}$$

Therefore:

 * $$\pi_{pq} \geqslant \begin{cases} \pi_p + \pi_q + 1 & p\neq q \\ \pi_p + 1 & p = q \end{cases}$$

The number of distinct prime factors of the Fibonacci numbers with a prime index is directly relevant to the counting function.

Rank of apparition
For a prime p, the smallest index u > 0 such that Fu is divisible by p is called the rank of apparition (sometimes called Fibonacci entry point) of p and denoted a(p). The rank of apparition a(p) is defined for every prime p. The rank of apparition divides the Pisano period π(p) and allows to determine all Fibonacci numbers divisible by p.

For the divisibility of Fibonacci numbers by powers of a prime, $$p \geqslant 3, n \geqslant 2$$ and $$k \geqslant 0$$

 * $$p^n \mid F_{a(p)kp^{n-1}}.$$

In particular

 * $$p^2 \mid F_{a(p)p}.$$

Wall–Sun–Sun primes
A prime p ≠ 2, 5 is called a Fibonacci–Wieferich prime or a Wall–Sun–Sun prime if $$p^2 \mid F_q,$$ where

 * $$q = p - \left(\frac\right)$$

and $$\left(\tfrac\right)$$ is the Legendre symbol:

 * $$\left(\frac{p}{5}\right) = \begin{cases} 1 & p \equiv \pm 1 \bmod 5\\ -1 & p \equiv \pm 2 \bmod 5 \end{cases}$$

It is known that for p ≠ 2, 5, a(p) is a divisor of:

 * $$p-\left(\frac\right) = \begin{cases} p-1 & p \equiv \pm 1 \bmod 5\\ p+1 & p \equiv \pm 2 \bmod 5 \end{cases}$$

For every prime p that is not a Wall–Sun–Sun prime, $$a(p^2) = p a(p)$$ as illustrated in the table below:

The existence of Wall–Sun–Sun primes is conjectural.

Fibonacci primitive part
Because $$F_a | F_{ab}$$, we can divide any Fibonacci number $$F_n$$ by the least common multiple of all $$F_d$$ where $$d | n$$. The result is called the primitive part of $$F_n$$. The primitive parts of the Fibonacci numbers are
 * 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 4, 13, 7, 17, 11, 89, 6, 233, 29, 61, 47, 1597, 19, 4181, 41, 421, 199, 28657, 46, 15005, 521, 5777, 281, 514229, 31, 1346269, 2207, 19801, 3571, 141961, 321, 24157817, 9349, 135721, 2161, 165580141, 211, 433494437, 13201, 109441, ...

Any primes that divide $$F_n$$ and not any of the $$F_d$$s are called primitive prime factors of $$F_n$$. The product of the primitive prime factors of the Fibonacci numbers are
 * 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 1, 13, 7, 17, 11, 89, 1, 233, 29, 61, 47, 1597, 19, 4181, 41, 421, 199, 28657, 23, 3001, 521, 5777, 281, 514229, 31, 1346269, 2207, 19801, 3571, 141961, 107, 24157817, 9349, 135721, 2161, 165580141, 211, 433494437, 13201, 109441, 64079, 2971215073, 1103, 598364773, 15251, ...

The first case of more than one primitive prime factor is 4181 = 37 × 113 for $$F_{19}$$.

The primitive part has a non-primitive prime factor in some cases. The ratio between the two above sequences is
 * 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 13, 1, 1, ....

The natural numbers n for which $$F_n$$ has exactly one primitive prime factor are
 * 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 72, 74, 75, 76, 82, 83, 93, 94, 98, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 135, 136, 137, 140, 142, 144, 145, ...

For a prime p, p is in this sequence if and only if $$F_p$$ is a Fibonacci prime, and 2p is in this sequence if and only if $$L_p$$ is a Lucas prime (where $$L_p$$ is the $$p$$th Lucas number). Moreover, 2n is in this sequence if and only if $$L_{2^{n-1}}$$ is a Lucas prime.

The number of primitive prime factors of $$F_n$$ are
 * 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 4, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, ...

The least primitive prime factors of $$F_n$$ are
 * 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 1, 13, 7, 17, 11, 89, 1, 233, 29, 61, 47, 1597, 19, 37, 41, 421, 199, 28657, 23, 3001, 521, 53, 281, 514229, 31, 557, 2207, 19801, 3571, 141961, 107, 73, 9349, 135721, 2161, 2789, 211, 433494437, 43, 109441, 139, 2971215073, 1103, 97, 101, ...

It is conjectured that all the prime factors of $$F_n$$ are primitive when  $$n$$ is a prime number.

Fibonacci numbers in prime-like sequences
Although it is not known whether there are infinitely primes in the Fibonacci sequence, Melfi proved that there are infinitely many primes among practical numbers, a prime-like sequence.

title: Fibonacci prime


text:
Elvin R. Heiberg III

Elvin Ragnvald Heiberg III (March 2, 1932 – September 27, 2013) was a United States Army general who was Chief of Engineers between 1984 and 1988.

Biography
Born at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, Heiberg became a third-generation West Pointer when he graduated fifth in the United States Military Academy class of 1953. He later obtained three master's degrees; the first a Master of Science in civil engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1958, then two Master of Arts degrees from George Washington University, one in government in 1961 and one in administration. Heiberg graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1965 and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1971.

Early in his military career Heiberg served as an operations officer of the 3d Brigade, 3d Infantry Division, in Germany, and taught in the Social Sciences Department at the Military Academy. In 1968-69 he commanded the divisional 4th Engineer Battalion in Vietnam and was awarded a Silver Star. He then served as special assistant and executive assistant to the director, Office of Emergency Preparedness, under the Executive Office of the President.

Heiberg served for a year as executive to Secretary of the Army Howard Callaway. He then headed the United States Army Corps of Engineers' New Orleans District and in 1975-78 the Ohio River Division. He served as senior engineer on the staff of U.S. Army, Europe, in 1978-79. Heiberg was the USACE director of civil works in 1979-82 and then Deputy Chief of Engineers. After managing the army's Ballistic Missile Defense Program for a year, he became Chief of Engineers in 1984. Heiberg, the 46th Chief of Engineers, remains the youngest "Chief" of the Corps of Engineers since 1838, when Brigadier General Totten became the 11th "Chief Engineer" (then the title). Heiberg retired as a lieutenant general (three stars) in June 1988.

As a civilian, Heiberg was chief executive officer of Rollins Field Services, Inc., under the Delaware firm Rollins Environmental Services, 1988-1990. He then moved to J.A. Jones Construction, a major engineering firm headquartered in Charlotte, NC. He headed J.A. Jones Construction Services from 1990 to 1993 and, in 1992 started J.A. Jones Environmental Services.

In 1993, Heiberg moved back to the Washington DC area and founded Heiberg Associates, Inc., which provides engineering and environmental consulting services to a variety of clients.

Heiberg was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1995, and later became a founding member of the National Academy of Construction. Heiberg often provided volunteer services to the National Research Council, the research/study arm of the two National Academies (Science;Engineering). Starting in 2000, that work was primarily in reviewing draft reports before they are finalized.

Heiberg married Kathryn ("Kitty") Schrimpf (August 19, 1931 – December 25, 2015) in Kansas in 1953, after graduating from the United States Military Academy. She accompanied Heiberg on most of his military assignments. They resided in the Washington, D.C., area, where Heiberg Associates was headquartered, and where Mrs. Heiberg ran her own business in antiques, porcelain repair and custom framing ("Creative Concepts"). Among her many volunteer efforts, Mrs. Kitty Heiberg performed work within the Nixon White House and a great variety of Army and Army wives' community efforts. They had four grown children, all married, and several grandchildren. He died of cancer on September 27, 2013, in Arlington County, Virginia, and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on January 10, 2014. His wife was buried next to him on March 10, 2016.

Awards and decorations
Heiberg's military awards include;
 * Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg Army Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
 * SilverStar.gif Silver Star
 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters,
 * Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Flying Cross
 * Bronze Star ribbon.svg Bronze Star
 * Air Medal ribbon.svg Air Medal with six Oak Leaf Clusters
 * Army commendation one Oak leaf cluster
 * National Defense service medal one Oak Leaf cluster
 * Korean war service medal
 * Vietnam service medal four bronze stars
 * Army service Ribbon
 * Army Overseas Service Ribbon Numeral one
 * Vietnam Technical Service Honors Medal First class
 * United Nations medal Korea
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960– Device
 * BEL Kroonorde Commandeur BAR.svg Order of the Crown (Belgium) (Commander)
 * Ordem do mérito militar.png Order of Military Merit (Brazil) (Grand Commander)

title: Elvin R. Heiberg III


text:
Skalleluia!

Skalleluia!, also called The Insyderz Present Skalleluia!, is the second album by the Christian third-wave ska band, The Insyderz. Released 5 May 1998, it is the first of their albums dedicated to ska renditions of worship songs. The album was an unexpected success for the band, which had been reluctant to record an album of praise and worship music despite their own background with the genre.

The album charted on Billboards "Hot 200", "Heatseekers", and "Top Contemporary Christian" charts at 200, 15, and 8 respectively. Their cover of Rich Mullins' song "Awesome God" won the band a Dove Award for "Hard Music Recorded Song Of The Year" in 1999.

Personnel

 * Joe Yerke - Lead Vocals
 * Kyle Wasil - Lead Guitar
 * Nate Sjogren - Drums
 * Beau McCarthy - Bass Guitar
 * Bram Roberts - Trumpet
 * Mike Rowland - Trombone

title: Skalleluia!


text:
Talk:William II de La Marck

Sources? POW?
I was going to write up a detailed list of wrongs in this article. I just lost patience. Most of it are unsourced, linked to either unsourced wiki articles or to one published sourced. All the article has a bias. A strong one, too. Wouldn't it be better to just delete the article instead of defaming a long dead guy and blamish wiki's record? Perhaps someone in authority will see this and act ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.137.11.240 (talk) 21:32, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Source of this portrait
The second writer proclaims Jan van der Marck is a margraaf (seacount) of Wassenaar and a lord of Voor(n)e. Please explain the new 'makket' title of lord of Lumey? FNH. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.105.216.225 (talk) 18:51, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:William II de La Marck


text: User talk:144.138.137.64

title: User talk:144.138.137.64


text: Category:Extreme Championship Wrestling shows


text:
Dolní Ředice

Dolní Ředice (Nieder Reditz) is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.

title: Dolní Ředice


text:
Bernard Amtmann

Bernard Amtmann (1907–1979), antiquarian bookseller, bibliographer, publisher and founder of Montreal Book Auctions in 1967 and the Antiquarian Booksellers Association of Canada in 1966, was born in Vienna, Austria in 1907.

Amtmann immigrated to Canada in 1947 to join his brother William Amtmann in Ottawa where he started a small antiquarian bookselling business, issuing his first catalogue by 1948. He transferred his business to Montreal in 1950 and began to specialize in Canadiana. In 1967 Amtmann founded Montreal Book Auctions Ltd. to further promote Canadiana. Following Amtmann's death in January 1979, Montreal Book Auctions was sold to Canada Book Auctions Ltd. and relocated to Toronto.

Bernard Amtmann was the moving force behind the foundation of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of Canada in 1966 and served as its first president. He made a significant contribution to the field of Canadian bibliography, publishing a number of bibliographies and bibliographic tools, most notably his four-volume Contributions to a Short-Title Catalogue of Canadiana (1971–1973), The Arctic Bibliography, and Contributions to a Dictionary of Canadian Pseudonyms (1973).

Honorary Degree
Amtmann received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Saskatchewan Regina Campus.

Bernard Amtmann Fellowship Award
First awarded in 1992, and offered in his memory through the Bibliographic Society of Canada, the Bernard Amtmann Fellowship award is handed out every three years to a scholar in one of four areas of interest: Candiana, book collecting, bookselling, and bibliography.

title: Bernard Amtmann


text:
Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad

The Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad is a shortline railroad operating in Northeastern Pennsylvania, especially the Scranton area.

DL began service in August 1993 and is the designated operator for 88 mi of trackage in Lackawanna, Wayne, Northampton, and Monroe Counties. It is a subsidiary of holding company Genesee Valley Transportation Company, Inc. (GVT). It was founded by Jeffrey Baxter, Charles Riedmiller, John Herbrand, Michael Thomas and David Monte Verde who continue to make up its corporate ownership.

Overview
GVT began in 1985 in upstate New York marketing rail-related services to both private and public industry throughout the northeast.

Under contract with the Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority (PNRRA), who owns the rail assets and properties, GVT operates within Lackawanna, Wayne, Monroe, and Northampton counties on these following lines:

 * from Scranton northeast to the city of Carbondale on the former Delaware & Hudson Railway's Penn Division mainline (now called the Carbondale Mainline)
 * from Scranton southeast to Slateford Junction in Monroe County on the former Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad's (DL&W) Southern Division mainline (now called the Pocono Mainline)
 * from Scranton southwest to Montage Mountain and Minooka on lines of the former Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley Railroad electric interurban streetcar line, known as the Laurel Line. The line is still known as the Laurel Line with the Minooka Industrial Track connected to it.

As of 2022 there are about 25 active rail industries in the region with the possibility of several new rail dependent industrial prospects for the region.

These are the lines hosting the seasonal passenger trains of both the Steamtown National Historic Site, the Electric City Trolley Museum, and the Erie Lackawanna Dining Car Preservation Society. The Pocono Mainline has hosted a number of excursions out of Steamtown, including excursions of the Nickel Plate 765.

In 2015 the authority extended DL's lease for five years.

Poconos expansion
The DL interchanges with Norfolk Southern Railway in Taylor, Pennsylvania, Norfolk Southern in Portland, Pennsylvania via Slateford Junction near Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania, and the Reading Blue Mountain & Northern Railroad via Duryea Yard outside Pittston, Pennsylvania, thus connecting to the Great Lakes via Sayre Yard and New Jersey and New York City via former Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ).

In the summer of 1998, under a haulage agreement with Canadian Pacific Railway (CP), the DL had operated unit Canadian grain trains between Taylor, Pennsylvania and the Ardent Mills Grain Mill at Pocono Summit, Pennsylvania. Operated by DL crews, these trains averaged approximately 52 cars. The grain trains to Ardent Mills Grain Mill still continue, but the haulage agreement is now with Norfolk Southern since NS now owns Taylor Yard.

Equipment roster
The DL is renowned as a bastion for both rebuilding and operating 70+ year-old ALCO diesels on a daily basis. It is the only railroad operating four ALCO RS-3s and the owner of the only remaining ALCO C636 in existence.

A new unified color scheme of gray and white with red and yellow stripes was to be applied to GVT system units beginning in 2006 as they exit the South Scranton shops; the most recent being rebuilt ALCO C425 No. 2457 in the summer of 2016. No. 3000 appeared in September 2016.

Recent activity

 * A new 2,000-foot extension connects the county's trolley line, the Electric City Trolley Museum, from the Steamtown National Historic Site, Scranton, to a new station and trolley restoration facility, immediately adjacent to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders stadium, PNC Field, off Montage Mountain Road in Moosic.
 * The 2006 Annual Convention of the American Association of Private Railroad Car Owners (AAPRCO) took place in Scranton on DL at the Steamtown National Historic Site on site behind the Mall at Steamtown September 20–24, 2006, traveling via Cincinnati-Chicago-St. Albans, Vermont-Scranton-Chicago-Cincinnati route over the 14-day event. Many past Presidential and historic rail cars attended with a round-trip steam-powered run to the Delaware Water Gap on September 21, 2006.
 * The 2010 Annual Convention of the National Railway Historical Society took place in Scranton on June 22–26, 2010, with numerous events run on DL lines.
 * DL has been the motive power for several trips run by the Erie-Lackawanna Dining Car Preservation Society, a preservation group that owns and operates several historic passenger cars, including a Nickel Plate Road (NKP) Pullman sleeper and two Budd Company dining cars from DL&W's Phoebe Snow.
 * In connection with the Anthracite Railroads Historical Society, DL started operating a heritage fleet, including a CNJ RS-3 and Lehigh Valley Railroad C420.
 * Starting in 2017, Office Car Specials and inspection trains have become more frequent on DL. These trains use a mix of ELDCPS and company-owned passenger equipment, most notably NKP sleeper No. 211 City of Lima, DL&W diner No. 469, and Erie Lackawanna Railway business car No. 2.
 * Completed in September 2020, the DL constructed a new shop for their locomotives, the Von Storch Locomotive Shops. The new shop is located in the Green Ridge Yard in Scranton. Genesee Valley Transportation Co., Inc. Invested more than $2 million into the new shop.

title: Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad


text:
Talk:List of places in California

Original page was very long
789K is WAY too big--should be broken up, probably by letter range. Niteowlneils 03:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe a better broke may be by category : County, municipality, CDP...I don't think a list of places in California means something. Shall we create List of places in the USA ?--Revas 03:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not? There are a million other lists of places. See Category:Lists of places Why should this list not exist because it is complete, whereas the others are thoroughly empty. — BRIAN 0918  • 2005-08-21 04:41

 * Well, to be honest, I don't see the interest ofthe pages list of place in England either. --Revas 13:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * All these lists give you an idea of how much is missing from the encyclopedia. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-21 14:50

 * Yes, but you can put them on your user page. Don't beliebe people never watch it.--Revas 15:03, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * According to special:Longpages, this is the largest page in the entire encyclopedia, almost twice the size of the next-largest page. Furthermore, that next-largest page is also a vanilla list of places, as are all the top five biggest pages, and all five of them were created by the same user.  The next-biggest one outside of the five pages created by that user is just about a third the size of this page.  Even if this list was encyclopedic or useful (and I think it's not, and would vote to delete it if it came up on VfD), it's plain that it is just Too Damn Big.  While size constraints are a bit looser for lists, Wikipedia articles should not rival small MP3s in size. Aquillion 04:01, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I knocked out a bunch of the breakups, but there is still some stuff left to be done. We should add the header from this page to all the daughters, and mark some with list-stub. There is already a list for cities in California, and for counties, so what do you suggest we put on this page? Anything? -- Lord Vold e  mort  (Dark Mark)  20:08, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Navigation change
How about:

 * Because this list would be too long for one page, it has been broken down by letter:

 * Places in California starting with the letter A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

-HiFiGuy 23:01, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

What is the intended use for this parent list?
There seems to be a combination of cities that are included in the separate alphabetical listing and other places that are listed only here. Is this by design? Shold it be shortened to just the navigation emplae and a see also section for other lists?--Hjal 10:49, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Useless
well, maybe not useless, but very strangely structured. "places", shouldnt that include parks, lakes, neighborhoods? and shouldnt redlinked names have references? I agree this is way too big to be useful as an article. maybe a category.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 08:52, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Criteria for inclusion
This article includes no criteria for inclusion or exclusion in this list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SimplyIrresistible (talk • contribs) 07:54, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

INcomplete
this list is much shorter than the combined listings of the various letter lists. i dont know how this one is generated, but it should be eliminated entirely, and only the letter lists should remain.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 06:55, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

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"Algodon, California" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Algodon, California. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 25 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Bacon 07:31, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Many more edits are needed
There are so many more edits that are needed for this group of lists that I don't even know where to begin. As many other editors have mentioned it's clunky and difficult to navigate, and it's also very hard to find if you're not explicitly looking for it. For example, it would be great to see if these places could be categorized by type of place, for example whether it's an independent city or town, a sub-neighborhood of a larger city, a CDP or an unincorporated community that is not necessarily a CDP, and make this the standard for all pages. I think the ZIP code data could be combined into one column on all pages, with the column title labeled as "ZIP Code(s)" and either a singular ZIP Code or range of ZIP Codes added for each place. Many of the places on these lists either do not exist or no longer exist, and there are a few duplicate entries that should also be removed. I think it might also be a good idea to add population, size and incorporation data to places where it applies. I commend everyone who has put work into this group of lists so far, but these are just a few ideas I have for making it stronger and more purposeful for readers. Pf1127 (talk) 21:04, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of places in California


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Abdul Rahman bin Faisal

Abdul Rahman bin Faisal

 * Nominated on 03:36, August 21, 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by August 28.

Former king of Arabia, and spiritual Imam to many

Support:
 * 1) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 03:36, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Darwinek 18:45, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Karakara

Karakara is a town and commune in the Dosso Region of southern Niger. It had a population of 44,333 as of 2012.

title: Karakara


text:
Talk:Lucca (Chrono Trigger)

Weapon
Doesn't Lucca use the hammer in close combat? And such, shouldn't that be in the weapons category also?

Looking only at what's presented in the game itself, there's nothing to support that; the more probable conclusion is that she uses the butt of her gun as a blunt weapon. 132.162.213.109 23:26, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to agree. She only does this to an enemy when they are very close to her, which would lead me to believe she's hitting them with her gun, because they are preumably too close to shoot. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.3.56.78 (talk • contribs).

 * Actually, inspection of her game sprite reveals that Lucca does, in fact, use her mallet for close combat. It's Marle that hits with the butt of her weapon. Lucca's hammer, though, is not a weapon on its own, and takes on the stats of whatever gun she's currently wielding. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 140.232.146.127 (talk • contribs).

title: Talk:Lucca (Chrono Trigger)


text:
Paradise (The Insyderz EP)

Paradise is the third release, by the Christian third-wave ska band, The Insyderz. Released in 1998, paradise is the band's only CD single. The song "Our Wars" contains numerous references to Star Wars, and "Just What I Needed" is a cover of The Cars song.

Track listing

 * 1) "Paradise"
 * 2) "Our Wars"
 * 3) "Just What I Needed"
 * 4) "Our Wars" (Dark Fader mix)
 * 5) "Paradise" (Karaoke mix)

title: Paradise (The Insyderz EP)


text:
Talk:List of places in New York (state)

Comment
884K is WAY too big--should be broken up, probably by letter range. Niteowlneils 03:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. --Revolución (talk) 16:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I also agree... I have "decided" to work on it a bit. My progress is noted at my workspace I hope it works out. --Robert Harrison|Talk 23:24, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've already uploaded the Lists of places for about 5 other states, and plan to do all the rest (just a matter of copying and pasting once per article). I don't think you should break them up by letter. The simpler option would be to break them into two articles, one from A-M, another from N-Z. There are plenty of other huge articles that nobody complains about (see: Special:Longpages) — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-28 23:28
 * I must say that disagree with you, Brian. The article (and others) would definately benefit from being split at least once if not multiple times. Please do not assume that the pages you are working on are being singled out. It just happens to be the current largest. I plan on over time attempting to bring all the top 100 or so articles down in size (without any substantial loss of content). Though with school just a day away, I might get side-tracked.
 * So I pose a question, are you against a break up by letter? The reason I ask this is that I am about 45% done with source code for the A-Z lists for this article. I wish to finish what I started but I do not want my work to be fruitless. BTW: I think it is a great idea that lists of this sort exist. It proves your statement about how much Wikipedia is missing.

 * --Robert Harrison|Talk 00:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I'd say we break up the article into three parts, possibly A-L ,M-S, and T-Z --Revolución (talk) 16:11, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Duplicates
There are hundreds of duplicates in these lists that need to be removed. Is there a project to fix these types of issues? CPAScott 19:53, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Redlinks
Why do they individual articles still have hundreds of redlinks, after over 5 years of Wikipedia's existence? At least turn them into stubs so people from those places can expand them. Badagnani (talk) 22:17, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Why does this exist?
There already are separate, and much better, and COMPLETE articles on "list of villages in new york" and so on for each type of division of new york. What is the reason of this poorly edited, redundant, ill-concieved article/list? I will be nominating for AfD if no one comes up with a good reason why this should exist.Camelbinky (talk) 00:30, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of places in New York (state)


text:
Talk:List of places in Idaho

Untitled
140K is WAY too big--should be broken up, probably by letter range.

 * For example, see List of places in California/A. Elf | Talk 01:43, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of places in Idaho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Canning how-to (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Canning how-to
This was recently vfd'd, with comments evenly split between transwiki and delete, and so was closed as keep. I've transwikied the article to Wikibooks, so deletion should now be non-controversial. —Cryptic (talk) 03:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as an article detailing the history of Canning how-to, such as books, shows, films on canning how-to historically and important figures in the Canning how-to movement. -Wiffle0rz 04:55, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. How-tos belong in Wikibooks, and I don't see anything that could be merged into canning. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-08-21 T 05:25:23 Z
 * Delete as per Markaci. --Apyule 05:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. Dottore So 06:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Markaci. Kjkolb 10:26, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. A5. Awful call by the closer, too. Not a single vote was made for keeping the article. -R. fiend 02:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I just don't see the place of this article in an encyclopedia. I don't think people go to an encyclopedia to learn how fix their brakes, hang wallpaper or can food.  There is some information that could potentially be merged into Canning, but most of this article is empty placeholders.--Esprit15d 14:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete since it has been transwikied to a better life. Vegaswikian 06:02, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joseph K. Bratton

Lieutenant General Joseph K. Bratton (April 4, 1926 – June 2, 2007) was an American Army officer and nuclear engineer.

Biography
Bratton was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He graduated third in the class of 1948 at the United States Military Academy and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers. He served with an engineer battalion in Austria from 1949 to 1952 and with the divisional 13th Engineer Combat Battalion in Korea in 1953 and 1954, both before and after the armistice there. Likewise, he later commanded the 24th Engineer Battalion, 4th Armored Division, in Germany (1964–65) and the 159th Engineer Group in Vietnam (1969–70). Bratton also held numerous staff assignments. He was a military assistant to Secretary of the Army Stanley Resor from 1967 to 1969 and secretary to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 to 1972. Having received a master's degree in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959, Bratton served as Chief of Nuclear Activities, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe (SHAPE), from 1972 to 1975 and Director of Military Applications at the U.S. Department of Energy from 1975 to 1979. Note - the U.S. Department of Energy was called the "United States Energy Research and Development Administration" at this time,  not the current name of Department of Energy (DOE). His last assignments before becoming Chief of Engineers in October 1980 were as Division Engineer of the Corps' South Atlantic Division (1979–80) and then briefly as Deputy Chief of Engineers.

Bratton died on June 2, 2007, of an aneurysm, at the age of 81 in Virginia. His wife had preceded him in death in 2006. He, alongside his wife, are interred in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Awards and decorations
His military awards included;

title: Joseph K. Bratton