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Malcolm Nash

Malcolm Andrew Nash (9 May 1945 – 30 July 2019) was a Welsh cricket player and coach. He played first-class cricket for Glamorgan. Nash was a left-arm medium-pace bowler and useful lower-order left-handed batsman. He made his debut for the county in 1966 and was released by the county after the 1983 season. He captained the county in 1980 and 1981. He took the most wickets for Glamorgan in 1969 when it won the county championship. In 1985, he played his last one-day match for Shropshire. Between 1966 and 1983 in his 17 years career, Nash took 993 first-class wickets, scored 7,129 runs and held 148 catches. He died on 30 July 2019 in London at the age of 74 years.

Early life
Nash was born in Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, on 9 May 1945, to a cricketing father who was a member of the local club. He studied at Wells Cathedral School in Somerset, where he played cricket and hockey.

First-class career
Despite the Sobers episode, Nash took just under 1000 first-class wickets (including Sobers' wicket on more than one occasion) at a good average of just over 25. His best bowling figures were 9 for 56 (the tenth wicket fell to a run out) in the first innings against Hampshire in 1975, when he took 14 wickets in the match. He took 7 for 15 to dismiss Somerset for 40 in 1968.

He also scored two hundreds with the bat, and hit four consecutive sixes himself in one over. His top score was 130, made against Surrey in the first game of the 1976 season. Coming in with the score 65 for 6 in reply to 338, Nash reached his century in 76 minutes. His other century came in 1978 against Leicestershire, when he came in at 78 for 7 and made 124, including five sixes, one of which brought up his century.

When Glamorgan won the County Championship in 1969, going through the season undefeated, Nash was the side's leading wicket-taker, with 71 at 18.98 in 21 matches; he also made 435 runs at 22.89.

Garfield Sobers' six sixes
Nash is best known for being the first bowler who was struck for six sixes in as many balls by Garfield Sobers on 31 August 1968 at Swansea while bowling slow left-arm. The ball was sold by Christie's the auctioneers for £26,400 in November 2006, although subsequent analysis has cast significant doubt on the authenticity of the ball sold – the ball sold was a Duke, while Nash stated that he had used only a Surridge ball during the over in question.

In August 1977, he was also hit for five sixes and a four by Lancashire batsman Frank Hayes.

Nash normally bowled medium-fast, but at the time, impressed by the success Derek Underwood was enjoying, he was experimenting with spin bowling. He later commented, "Sobers came along and quickly ended my slow-bowling career. It was a pretty short experiment."

Limited-overs career
In a Benson & Hedges Cup match in 1976 Nash scored 103 not out against Hampshire, hitting 7 sixes and 7 fours, and reaching his century off 61 balls, after Glamorgan had been 85 for 6 when he came in. He then took 2 for 40 off 11 overs, Glamorgan won by 3 runs, and Nash won the match award. His best bowling was 6 for 29 against Worcestershire in the John Player League in 1975, when he took the last 5 wickets for 2 runs, including the hat-trick. Nevertheless, Worcestershire won by 48 runs.

Between 1966 and 1983 in his 17 years career, Nash took 993 first-class wickets, scored 7,129 runs and held 148 catches. Nash served as the captain of the county. In 1985, he played his last one-day match for Shropshire.

He played Minor Counties cricket for Shropshire in 1984 and 1985.

Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Nash became a cricket coach in California. Nash then moved to Kansas before returning to Wales in 2013.

Death
Nash died on 30 July 2019 in a hospital in London at the age of 74 years. He was being treated there after he became sick at a function at Lord's Cricket Ground.

title: Malcolm Nash


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Ida Bagus Wiswantanu

Ida Bagus Wiswantanu has been Chief Government Prosecutor in Bali, Indonesia since 2002. From 2005 until 2007 he was reassigned as general prosecutor to Yogyakarta, since 2008 he is Bali's Chief Government Prosecutor again. In November 2008 Wiswantanu was in charge of the execution of 3 convicted terrorists who were convicted for their involvement with the bombings of 2002 in Kuta, Bali.

Wiswantanu had stated that in 90 per cent of more than 200 narcotics cases he has handled, he has obtained the sentence he has sought for the accused. He also claimed that the one in ten cases in which judges have wound back his sentence requests are the small ones, "usually less than 100 grams".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ida Bagus Wiswantanu


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Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl

Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl (born 25 December 1946) is the current president of The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance or TIPRA. He was the leader of the Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra, a political party based in the Indian state of Tripura.

Marriage and family
After finishing school in Shillong, Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl married Linda Hrangkhawl. The couple had a son Borkung Hrangkhawl. Borkung is now a popular singer-songwriter who is celebrated across Northeast India.
 * I don't deny that Linda (his wife) influenced my decision to surrender...I have no hesitation to admit that she alone was 25 per cent responsible for this (the Tripura) accord.

Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl, TNV chief, in The Week

Greater Tipraland Movement
On June 7, 2021, The INPT merged with TIPRA for the cause of Greater Tipraland Demand understand the leadership of Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl.

Later on, in 11 June 2021, Hrangkhawl was elected as the president of the TipraHa Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA). This marks his participation in the demand of separate statehood for the Indigenous Tiprasa people.

Tripuri Nationalism leadership between 1978–1988
Hrangkhawl began his political career as an organising secretary in the ethno-nationalist Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti. He became the leader of the Tripuri Sena, the militant wing of TUJS. Tripuri Sena was formed following the Left Front victory in 1977, and it engaged in physical combat against the left. Tripuri Sena soon evolved into the Tripura National Volunteers.

For ten years, 1978–1988, Hrangkhawl led an armed struggle as the supremo of the TNV, which sought to expel the Bengali majority from Tripura. TNV soon became infamous for their campaign of ethnic cleansing in the rural areas of Tripura. In 1983 he expressed the political ambitions of TNV in the following words in a letter to the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi:

 * Armed insurgency was necessary to reach your heart. Either you deport all foreign nationals who infiltrated into Tripura after 15 October 1947 or settle them anywhere in India other than Tripura... We demand a free Tripura.

In 1988 TNV signed a peace treaty, and TNV was converted into a political party.

TNV later merged with INPT.

Political career
After signing the TNV Accord in 1988, Bijoy Hrangkhawl joined mainstream politics with The Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra (INPT). He oversaw the implementation of the agreement like the reservervation of three more seats for the Indigenous people in Tripura Assembly.

In 1998 Tripura Assembly Election, Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl contested from Kulai constituency and became a Member of Legislative Assembly. He contested the state election as an Independent candidate.

Hrangkhawl went on to contest two more election which is 2003 and 2008 Tripura Assembly Election and winning both of these elections.

title: Bijoy Kumar Hrangkhawl


text:
Talk:Alford L. McMichael

Article basis
This article's content appears to have come from NATO. Is their material public domain? Strangely, it seems the person essentially copied and pasted it, yet edited out the part where he served as a security guard. Kjkolb 12:56, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's probably public domain, but I think it's sloppy to just copy and paste the source material. Same problem with the John L. Estrada article. TaintedMustard 08:59, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Content Background
SgtMaj McMichael's bio is actually taken, in root, from the United States Marine Corps General Officer's Bio (www.usmc.mil), as he served as the SgtMaj of the Marine Corps. It should be public domain. PFC Turner, USMC138.162.140.45 20:04, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Wars?
The sidebar mentions both the Iraq and the Afghanistan wars (under their military PR monikers), but the bio says nothing about when and how he participated. Are there any references? I wouldn't doubt that he has set foot in Iraq, for example, to check up on the troops, but what length of deployment constitutes... constitutes... come to think of it, what does it even mean to write "Wars: Operation E.F, Operation I.F." under his name? This is one of the many things that makes this article more like a resume than an encyclopedia article. --Rschmertz 02:07, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it should be removed. The dude is not an active participant in those operations. The only way he would be in Iraq, Afghanistan, etc. would be to check up on Marines, give them a pep talk that most wouldn't want to hear, then hop back on a plane for the Pentagon. Usually 30 consecutive days in theater are required to be credited with campaign participation. If no one objects, it should be removed. Nobunaga24 02:24, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree with above. Shouldn't be there.  I'll pull it.

Housecleaning
Made a lot of changes - this was the first article I created, thanks for everyone helping me fix it, I've learned a lot. I'm a big fan of the SgtMaj's and I want this article to be a good as he deserves. Semper Fi.Windyjarhead 22:57, 27 March 2006 (UTC)windyjarhead

3 Infoboxes
Just a question here. Is it appropriate to have 3 infoboxes on this page?--Kumioko (talk) 15:34, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Ribbon Fix
I don't quite have the attention detail personality to fix it the way it should, but the ribbon rack is always in columns of 3, not 4. So as to portray correct info, can someone fix that please? 2600:1006:B124:EFAE:0:46:A330:9C01 (talk) 02:34, 22 January 2015 (UTC)Grammar Mobster; 1 Jan, 2015

External links modified
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Bhim Singh (politician)

Bhim Singh (17 August 1941 – 31 May 2022) was an Indian politician, activist, lawyer and author. He was the founder, president and chief patron of the socialist and secular Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (JKNPP). Singh was Panthers Party chairman for 30 years from 1982-2012, chief patron from 2012-2021, and president from 14 February 2021-31 May 2022. In effect with over 40 years of controlling leadership, he was India’s longest serving political party leader, and one of the longest serving leaders in the world.

Singh was an elected member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly from 1977 until 1987, from Chenani-Ghordi (Udhampur). As party leader, he contested the 1988 Udhampur by-election to the Lok Sabha. Despite leading by over 30,000 votes at the end of the count, he was declared to have lost in a repoll, and alleged rigging by the coalition. Singh had gone on hunger strike along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee against the Election Commission decision, in the poll, and brought the case before the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, that overturned the result.

Following which, he was nominated twice by Prime Ministers of India, Narasimha Rao, and Manmohan Singh as member of the National Integration Council in 1991 and 2008.

In 1985, in a landmark hearing, Singh was awarded fifty thousand rupees by the Supreme Court of India for his false imprisonment, after being suspended as a Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. In 2017, Singh defeated the government of India in the Supreme Court, enabling bar council elections to be held in Jammu and Kashmir for the very first time, in accordance to the Advocates Act 1961.

Prior to quitting the then ruling Congress party, he had reached its highest ranks. In 1973 he was appointed as president of the Youth Congress in Jammu and Kashmir by then prime minister Indira Gandhi, then served in 1977 as vice president of Indian Youth Congress, and finally as a general secretary for the All India Congress Committee.

In 1996, the party was notable in moving the Supreme Court and the Election Commission to return the democratic process to militancy-torn Jammu and Kashmir, when elections were held again in the state after a nine years hiatus.

Singh had survived an assassination attempt by the senior superintendent of police, while leading the Jammu student protests of 1966. He was known as Sher-e-Jammu (Lion of Jammu).

From 1967-1973 he travelled to 150 countries mostly by motorbike. His book documenting the journey, "Peace Mission Around the World on Motorcycle (Vol. II)", was released by Dr. Karan Singh, the first Sadr-i-Riyasat (President) of Jammu and Kashmir.

At times, he was criticized for his long standing friendships and legal counsel to socialist dictators worldwide.

In the 2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative assembly elections, the Panthers Party under Bhim Singh’s leadership won all seats in its strong hold, the Udhampur district, and provided two cabinet ministers as part of a ruling collation government along with PDP and Congress party. Until his death, he was reported as a potential candidate for the 2022 Indian vice presidential election and the presidential election.

Early life
Bhim Singh was born Kunwar (Prince) Bhim Singh on 17 August 1941 in Bhugterian, Ramnagar in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir during the British Raj of India. His father was Thakur (Prince) Birbal Singh, a serviceman who served the Allies of World War II and later the Indian Army post-independence. Bhim Singh was the great-grandson of celebrated General Zorawar Singh, referred to by historians as the “Napoleon of India,” for his 19th century conquests of Ladakh, Baltistan, Skardu and the heartlands of Tibet.

In 1951, Bhim Singh's father had thousands of acres of land in Ramnagar forcibly taken with no compensation by the government of prime minister Sheikh Abdullah, leaving he and his eleven other siblings to starve in poverty as revenge against the Dogra dynasty, whose ruler had previously imprisoned prime minister Abdullah.

He was first sent to prison in 1953 while still a student after he had thrown confectionery at prime minister Abdullah during a visit to his school by him. At the time Bhim Singh's father Thakur Birbal was rallying against the government's land reforms in Jammu with Prem Nath Dogra and his anti-Abdullah Jammu Praja Parishad party.

As a college student Bhim Singh was a political activist going on hunger strike as early as 1959. In 1961, Bhim Singh was arrested following the death of Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir in April 1961. He had led thousands of students from GGM Science College Jammu, in protest against ex Crown Prince Karan Singh and prime minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, who had refused to fly the flag at half mast. Bhim Singh had led the college students to capture the Secretariat building, and climbed the roof, to fly the flag at half mast in honour of his deceased king. Bhim Singh managed to tear down the Jammu and Kashmir flag while armed police fired live ammunition at him. In the aftermath Bhim Singh was arrested by the deputy inspector general of police, and imprisoned in Katua and later Reasi jails. He was imprisoned for over six months from 1961 to 1962 in Jammu Central Jail, where he shared a jail cell with Sheikh Nazir the future general secretary of the National Conference party.

Assassination attempt in Jammu protests, 1966
Bhim Singh was again arrested in 1966 for leading thousands of students in protest while president of the Jammu and Kashmir Students Congress. During the protests of October 1966, that called for an establishment of a university in Jammu four students were killed and fifty-three injured. On 17 October 1966, Brij Mohan, Subhash Chandra and Gulshan Handa died in protests on the G.G.M. Science College site in Jammu. While the senior superintendent of police shot student leader Gurcharan Singh on 18 October, at a students march in Kanak Mandi, Jammu. The superintendent had aimed for Bhim Singh but M.P. Khosla, the future chief secretary of Jammu and Kashmir, had intervened to save Bhim Singh's life. Later Bhim Singh escaped curfew to visit and appeal to prime minister Indira Gandhi in New Delhi. Gandhi set up an inquiry into the affair under Pranab Mukherjee, the future president of India, that found several government and police officials responsible for the deaths. University of Jammu was subsequently opened in 1969.

World tour on motorbike
Soon after he left India to travel the world from 1967-1973. Mostly by the way of motorbike he managed to visit more than a 150 countries. During his travels he was recorded by the Nigerian Times in 1970, as the first person to cross the Sahara Desert on motorcycle from Tan-Tan, Morocco to Senegal through Spanish Sahara and Mauritania. In Chile he was personally received by its then President Salvador Allende, and in the Middle East he met with Yasir Arafat who later accepted Bhim Singh's invitation to India.

His book documenting his early travels "Peace Mission: Around the World on Motorcycle (Vol. I)" was published by Har Anand Publications in 2009. A Hindi version for the book was released a year later by Sheila Dikshit, then Chief Minister of Delhi. At the book release K. Padmanabhaiah, former Home Secretary of India, recalled Bhim Singh's contributions to reinstating the democratic process in Jammu and Kashmir in the 1996 assembly elections which were held after a gap of nine years. His next travelogue "Unbelievable—Delhi to Islamabad," addressed the need for fairer treatment of Pakistani prisoners in India. It was released by the vice president of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari. Guest of honour at the book release Amitabh Mattoo, compared Bhim Singh to Che Guevara, for his decades long lobbying for amendment to Article 370, to fully integrate Jammu and Kashmir into India.

The second volume of his book documenting his global travels, "Peace Mission Around the World on Motorcycle (Vol. II)", was released by Dr. Karan Singh the erstwhile crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir.

Academics and student leadership
On his travelsn he attended the University of London earning an LL.M. and was the first Indian to be elected Secretary of the University of London Union in 1971. Later in 1972, Bhim Singh was called to the bar at law, as a specialist on Palestinian and Middle Eastern affairs. Before returning to Jammu and Kashmir to engage in politics, Bhim Singh worked as a professor of international law at Cambridge University.

Friendship with Yasser Arafat
Bhim Singh has been a vocal supporter of Arafat for over three decades and was the chairman of the Indo-Palestine Friendship Society. He first met a young Yasser Arafat in 1968 at a Red Cross office on the east bank of the Jordan river. In 1973 Bhim Singh would travel to Syria in support of Arafat and join the PLO over the dispute of Golan Heights between Israel and Syria during the Yom Kippur War. When in 1992 Arafat was exiled from Lebanon, Bhim Singh would once again visit him in support in Tunis and a few years later Singh would travel to Ramallah to see Arafat, where he had set up a temporary capital for Palestine. In 2016 Palestinian ambassador Adnan Abu Alhaija, released Bhim Singh's documentary film on Yasser Arafat at a screening in New Delhi.

International visits
Bhim Singh first visited Hiroshima in 1972. Meeting survivors of the nuclear attacks on Japan, influenced his future campaigning for complete disarmament, and against American military interventions. He would return to Hiroshima several times throughout his political career on 6 August, the anniversary of the atomic bombing, to observe the fast for disarmament at Peace Memorial Park, and lecture on world unity.

He was the first Indian to travel to over 150 countries in the 1970s, and wrote a book to document his travels.

Political career
Singh in 1973 was appointed president of the Youth Congress in Jammu and Kashmir by then prime minister Indira Gandhi, he then went on to become a general secretary of the All India Congress Committee.

Foundation of the Panthers Party
He would later leave the Congress Party due to political and economic differences to found his own political party, the Jammu and Kashmir National Panther's Party (JKNPP) on 23 March 1982, along with a few other prominent political personalities including Jay Mala the former president of the Indian Students Congress. He was twice elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Singh has also been a member of National Integration Council, first in 1991 nominated by prime minister of India Narasimha Rao, and then again in 2008 nominated by prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. He has contested seven times in the Indian parliamentary elections including against the former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in Amethi, and former Bharatiya Janata Party leader LK Advani in New Delhi.

As an advocate he has won many landmark cases in the Supreme Court of India and has been jailed several times while leading movements for students and youth demands including opening a university in Jammu. He has been jailed 54 times, spending an aggregate 8 years in detention, out of which 18 times he was released by order of the Supreme Court.

Parliament elections
Bhim Singh stood in the 1984 general elections for Indian parliament, from the Udhampur constituency. He came second, to the Indian National Congress from which he had recently split to form the Panthers Party. He received 95,149 votes (26.24%).

At the conclusion of the count on 19 June 1988, local radio and news in Jammu and Kashmir along with AIR correspondent, Ajit Singh announced Bhim Singh as the winner of the Udhampur by-election by 32,000 votes. The former president of India, Giani Zail Singh sent a message of congratulations to Bhim Singh on his victory. However, Union Home Minister of India, Buta Singh had dispatched Dr. Bhalla, Secretary of the Election Commission by a Home Ministry aircraft to Jammu. Bhalla ordered the returning officer, S.P. Kazal to refer the count result to the Election Commission of India in New Delhi. On 25 June 1988, Peri Shastri the chief election commissioner in New Delhi declared the Congress Party candidate Mohd. Ayub Khan, instead as the winner by 2,376 votes. The returning officer was later found to have committed suicide with no known motive.

Bhim Singh filed a review petition against the order of the Election Commission of India, stating the declared result was rigged at the instance of Rajiv Gandhi and Farooq Abdullah, leaders of the ruling coalition parties. Atal Behari Vajpayee joined Bhim Singh on hunger strike in front of the Election Commission offices in protest to the vote rigging. The Jammu and Kashmir High Court ruled in favour of Bhim Singh, however when Justice K.K. Gupta delivered the judgement four years later on 15 October 1992, the relevant session of parliament stood dissolved already.

On the night of rigging in June 1988, despite the dishonourable intentions of his opposition Congress party, Bhim Singh had helped to pacify an aggressive set of youth that had come in support of the Panthers Party to stop Dr. Bhalla from escaping to Delhi on a helicopter. Thousands of youth had gathered at the count venue which was at the Kathua Government Degree College. They demanded that the returning officer confirm the result there and then as opposed referring it to New Delhi. Bhim Singh later wrote in his book the Murder of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir, that he had intervened to pacify the crowd at the time despite it costing him the result, as an outbreak of violence at the venue could have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians by the heavily armed police that were present due to an escalation in the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.

In May 2019, Singh stood as a candidate for Indian parliament from Jammu, and was the poorest and oldest candidate in the constituency. At the time of the election he was over 78 years old and had just INR 30,000 ($420) cash, INR 16,000 ($224) bank deposit, and land valued at INR 38,000 ($533). He finished fourth out of 24 candidates, with 4,016 votes (0.27%).

Jammu and Kashmir state assembly 2002–2008
In the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections in 2002, the party which he headed, the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, won four seats in the state government, enabling them to be part of the ruling coalition, with Bhim Singh's nephew Harsh Dev Singh serving as education minister. In its stronghold the Udhampur district, Bhim Singh's party had won all 3 seats. In 2007 he withdrew support to the Congress Party lead coalition, citing differences with the Peoples Democratic Party another member of the coalition. The state government fell soon after when the PDP itself withdrew their support from the Congress Party during the Amarnath land transfer controversy, placing the state under direct rule of the central government for a few months prior to the 2008 Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections.

Chairman of Indo-Palestine Friendship Society
Bhim Singh after forging a friendship with Yasser Arafat on his world travels, on his return to India became chairman of the Indo-Palestine Friendship Society. The society under his leadership, has campaigned strongly for the sovereign recognition of the Palestine state. Bhim Singh has also been highly critical of the formation of the state of Israel, stating that "Israel was created in violation of UN Charter... to exploit and subjugate the Arabs," and referred to its presence in the Middle East as "illegal occupation." In 1970, Bhim Singh's book An examination of documents on which the State of Israel is based, was published by the PLO research center.

In 2000, the Indo-Palestine society staged a hunger strike protest in front of the Israeli embassy in New Delhi, demanding that Israel withdraw from Palestine, and adhere to UN resolutions. Palestinian ambassador, Adli Sadeq in 2010 at a conference organized by Indo-Palestine Friendship Society, had criticized the government of India, for issuing a weak statement in regards to the killing of nine activists by Israel in the Gaza flotilla raid. In 2015, Bhim Singh criticized the Indian media and prime minister Narendra Modi, for their silence in regards to the unfriendly treatment and embarrassment suffered by the president of India, Pranab Mukherjee at an Israeli airport. Israeli authorities had barred the Indian president, from taking four satellite systems intended as gifts for the Palestinian Al-Aqsa University in Ramallah, which Bhim Singh believed to be an insult to India as well as Palestine.

Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, 1985
On 17 August 1985 Bhim Singh was suspended from the opening of the budget session of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly that was scheduled for 11 September. He subsequently challenged the suspension in the Jammu and Kashmir High Court. After his suspension was stayed by High Court on 9 September, Bhim Singh left Jammu for Srinagar to attend the Legislative Assembly session. En route at 3:00 am on 10 September, he was intercepted by the police at Qazi Kund, 70 km from Srinagar. He was taken away by the police and kept prisoner at an undisclosed location. After attempts to locate him proved futile his wife and advocate Jay Mala then moved the court to locate Bhim Singh. On 13 September, the court ordered the inspector general of the police to inform Jay Mala where her husband was being held in custody. Only after this was Singh brought before a magistrate for the first time on 14 September. In the case the court found statements by M.A. Mir, superintendent of police to be false, neither could the superintendent explain why he expected Bhim Singh to travel through Qazi Kund on the night of his arrest. The court also found the lengthy affidavit filed by inspector general Khajuria contained statements of facts that he could not possibly have been aware of.

The court found that Bhim Singh was not produced before the magistrate nor sub judge who issued the police orders of remand and that the police obtained the orders in surreptitious circumstances at the residence of the magistrate and after hours from the sub judge. The Supreme Court judge, O. Chinnappa Reddy criticized the conduct of the magistrate and sub judge stating that they had no concern for the subject out of either casual behavior or worse that they had potentially colluded with the police who had deliberately acted mala fide. The court ruled that there "certainly was a gross violation of Shri Bhim Singh's constitutional rights" and condemned the "authoritarian acts of the police." The judges though stated that the police were but minions and that they were in no doubt that the top levels of the government of Jammu and Kashmir where ultimately responsible.

The Supreme Court in a landmark judgement that impacted tort law in India, awarded Bhim Singh a compensation of fifty thousand rupees for his illegal detention and false imprisonment by the police. Bhim Singh had left jail with a fractured leg and claimed during his false imprisonment the police and state agencies had made an attempt on his life.

Human rights lawyer
As a human rights activist and lawyer in the Supreme Court of India he has aided thousands of helpless prisoners, farmers, employees, and youth all over the country. Through writs he had filed through his political party and the State Legal Aid Committee which he headed, he has secured the release of 300 Pakistani, Pakistan administered Kashmir and Afghan prisoners from Indian jails, some of whom had been held for decades. Bhim Singh has also served as the chairman of the executive Committee of Legal aid with chief justice Bhagwati who described him as, "as crusader for truth and justice." Bhim Singh in December 2016, was re-elected unopposed as a senior executive member of the Supreme Court Bar Association.

1996 Supreme Court Case
In 1996, Prof. Bhim Singh filed a petition in the Supreme Court of India, that demanded the Election Commission of India reinstate the democratic process in Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian central government had indefinitely delayed elections to the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly for over nine years, and placed the state under virtual martial rule by proxy control of the central government in Delhi. They had done so citing a rise in the violent insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Prof. Bhim Singh was successful in his petition, arguing that stopping the democratic process was fuelling the insurgency, rather than bringing it under control. After over nine years of martial rule, with no elected representation of the people, the democratic process was finally returned by order of the Supreme Court in April, when it have judgement in favour of Prof. Bhim Singh. Subsequently, the 1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections where held in September.

Call for Governor's Rule
After the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander, Burhan Wani the state of Jammu and Kashmir was engulfed in violent riots leaving over 2,000 injured and the deaths of several civilians and CRPF personnel. In July 2016, Bhim Singh attempted through the judiciary to have the State government dissolved and replaced by Governor's rule. He had attempted to do this by a petition filed on behalf of the Panthers Party calling for gubernatorial rule under section 92 of the Jammu and Kashmir constitution. While the Supreme Court denied Singh's petition after two weeks of curfew in the State, it called for a report by prime minister Modi's government on the matter. T.S. Thakur, the chief justice of India had requested solicitor general Ranjit Kumar present a response to Singh's petition on the "ground realities" in Jammu and Kashmir. On 22 August 2016, the Supreme Court stated that the situation of curfew and unrest in the state of Jammu and Kashmir could not be dealt with by the courts. It however asked Bhim Singh to join a delegation composed of prime minister Narendra Modi and the leader of the opposition former chief minister Omar Abdullah to find a political solution to the issue. The court further requested that solicitor general Ranjit Kumar arrange a meeting between prime minister Modi and Bhim Singh.

2017 Supreme Court case
Despite the passing of the Advocates Act, 1961 Jammu and Kashmir remained the only state of India not allowed to elect a bar council. In February 2017, in a historic judgement, the Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of Bhim Singh, allowing the state for the first time to elect its bar council. In the case lawyers for the Union of India, had argued that it was not conducive to hold bar elections in Jammu and Kashmir. However, Bhim Singh challenged the government's logic, arguing that if bar council elections could not be held in the state due to militancy, that it would not have made sense to hold assembly and parliamentary elections either.

Attempted party expulsion and presidency
Bhim Singh was expelled from the Panthers Party in November 2020, by his nephew Harsh Dev Singh, who he had previously nominated as the chairman of the party. Harsh Dev Singh had said he had expelled Bhim Singh for meeting with the leaders of the People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration (PAGD), which included Farooq Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti, that Harsh Dev Singh called anti-national.

However, following a media offensive by Bhim Singh, and an appeal in support by former chief minister Omar Abdullah, a fact finding committee of the Panthers Party headed by its president Balwant Singh Mankotia found Bhim Singh had only visited the PAGD meeting in a personal capacity, and revoked his expulsion.

In February 2021, Balwant Singh Mankotia himself resigned from his post as president of the party citing family reasons, and was replaced by his uncle Bhim Singh who was elected unanimously as president, and back in official active command of the political party he founded, after a period over eight years when he had stepped down as chairman in 2012.

After being elected president of Panthers Party at the age of 79, Bhim Singh on 14 February 2021, gave a statement to the media, that "Panthers party shall continue its peaceful fight for justice and equity... we shall all fight for truth and justice, equality and equity for all, irrespective of their religion, region, caste or class," along with reinstating the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir, that had been previously converted into a union territory of India, on 6 August 2019, following the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.

Later activities
Bhim Singh was a member of the 22 person delegation to discuss the future of Jammu and Kashmir, chaired by Prime Minister Modi at his residence in New Delhi, India on 24 June 2021. Other members of the delegation included home minister of India Amit Shah, lieutenant governor of Jammu and Kashmir Manoj Sinha, and former chief ministers Farooq Abdullah, Omar Abdullah, Ghulam Nabi Azad, and Mehbooba Mufti. At the meeting Bhim Singh spoke of the need to restore the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir, and a need to hold elections that had been delayed by over 2 years. His demands were later broadcast on national television following the meeting.

A day before the meeting Bhim Singh was mentioned in the news as a potential nominee for 2022 vice-president of India election, on a joint ticket with his kinsman Karan Singh who was reported as a potential candidate for President of India.

Potential presidential nomination
Bhim Singh was reported in the Indian media as potential candidate for the President of India in the 2022 election, for the ruling BJP party despite having been in long opposition to them.

Personal life
He married Panthers party co-founder Jay Mala. They have one son, Ankit Love who was leader of the One Love Party in Great Britain.

Honors
He was the Convenor of the Council for Promotion of Dogri Language, Culture and History a body which awards the Dogra Ratan awards. In 2011 the president of India Pratibha Patil, presented the awards at the General Zorawar Singh Auditorium.

Death
Singh died on 31 May 2022 from a long-illness at his home in Jammu, India at aged 80. Several political leaders including prime minister Modi, ex prime minister Deve Gowda, home minister Amit Shah, defence minister Rajnath Singh, J&K lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha, Kashmir crown prince Karan Singh, former Jammu & Kashmir chief ministers Farooq Abdullah, Omar Abdullah, and Mehbooba Mufti wrote condolences in tribute to him.

Thousands of people attended his cremation ceremony, which was broadcast on television, and held in his ancestral village near Ramnagar, Udhampur on 1 June 2022. Sad to hear about the demise of Prof Bhim Singh, founder of the JK panthers party. My respectful tributes to his departed soul. He would be remembered as a grassroots leader who devoted his life to the welfare of Jammu & Kashmir. Sincere condolences to his family and supporters. 31 May 2022Prof Bhim Singh Ji will be remembered as a grassroots leader who devoted his life for the welfare of Jammu and Kashmir. He was very well read and scholarly. I will always recall my interactions with him. Saddened by his demise. Condolences to his family and supporters. Om Shanti. 31 May 2022

Defence of Saddam Hussein
Bhim Singh along with George Galloway, Natwar Singh and General Baig was a member of the Co-ordination Committee Against Economic Sanctions headed by Iraq's deputy prime minister Tariq Aziz. In 2005 he was called ‘Vishwa Ratna,’ as possibly the only person in the world who could refuse 7.3 million barrels of oil vouchers as illustrated in Table 3 of Vol.II in the report of the UN Committee dealing with Oil-for-food program headed by Paul Volcker during sanctions placed on Iraq. In essence saying no to oil vouchers that would have been worth over $500 million at the time of the Paul Volcker Committee report in 2005. Neither was he served notice to appear in front of the United Nations investigation on the matter. Bhim Singh says that he had also turned down a thick envelope stuffed with cash, at the residence of the Iraqi ambassador in New Delhi, and that he only ever accepted a few token gifts from Saddam, like a bottle of fine alcohol and a Swiss Longines watch with the Ba'ath Party insignia on its dial.

Later, Bhim Singh was named by Saddam as an advocate to plead his case in the Trial of Saddam Hussein, and set up the International Defence Committee for Saddam, leading a team of 11 lawyers. However, the United States blocked him from traveling to Baghdad. In 2006 at a UNI press conference he had stated that, "a dead Saddam can be more dangerous than a living Saddam for the US and UK... the execution may take a moment. But its consequences will be dangerous and long-term."

Eviction notice from VP House
Bhim Singh was given guest accommodations at VP House in New Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir in 1991, for security reasons by prime minister Chandra Shekhar due to the threat posed to his life by terrorist groups in the Jammu and Kashmir insurgency. In 2015, he was first asked to vacate his accommodation at VP House by the Urban Development Ministry and then given an 8-week eviction notice by the Supreme Court, questioning how he could have stayed as a guest for "30 years" at VP House which is usually meant for visitors of members of parliament. The television channel NewsX reported the story as an abuse of political power for luxury accommodation. Bhim Singh and his Panthers Party however protested the eviction at Jantar Mantar, stating that the accommodations were just a one room-suite used as offices to receive and assist Kashmiris with grievances. Bhim Singh believed that the eviction actions were politically motivated due his party's opposition to prime minister Narendra Modi and the BJP-PDP coalition government in Jammu and Kashmir levying tax on Hindu pilgrims traveling to Vaishno Devi and civil-rights cases that he had pending in the Supreme Court on behalf of Pakistani refugees against the government. Earlier Bhim Singh and his Panther's Party had also protested the cut down of his 22 personnel Z security cover by the BJP-PDP government as an act of political discrimination.

Stance against CIA, ISI & Mossad
Bhim Singh has long alleged that the CIA, Mossad and ISI had become active in the 1970s to remove India's prime minister Indira Gandhi, from power and dissect Jammu and Kashmir away from under Indian administration. Singh who was named as a defence advocate by Slobodan Milosevic for his trial at the Hague claimed that "CIA has not learnt a lesson from the past and it wants to dissect India the way it did with USSR, Yugoslavia and elsewhere." He continued to state that the 2015 coalition between the widely opposed views of the BJP and PDP had continued links to an ISI agenda to separate Jammu and Kashmir from India. Further alleging that the Hurriyat political party was in fact backed by Pakistan's ISI and acted as its agent in the state.

Later, declassified documents from the CIA's Operation Cyclone (1979-1989), revealed that the CIA funded the Jihadi warriors, mujahideen through Pakistan and its ISI. It was the most expensive known covert operation conducted by the CIA, with over $20 billion spent on training and arming the militants.

Support for Gaddafi
In 2011, Bhim Singh who was also chairman of the Afro-Asian Solidarity Council appealed to the UN Security Council to intervene in the air-raids on Libya on the basis that they were against UN charter. Bhim Singh then visited Libya and encouraged Muammar Gaddafi to invoke democratic reforms at grass root levels. Afterwards he wrote an essay in support of Muammar Gaddafi and condemned his capture and subsequent death as "barbaric," by rebels that he claimed were under a "US lead-NATO command." Bhim Singh believed that a bloody civil war may result as consequence of tribal disputes post-Gaddafi, and that the bifurcation or trifurcation of Libya itself maybe on the US agenda for what he claimed would give a better hold over oil resources. He claimed Gaddafi had been on a US hit list as he had refused to join NATO and for his 1975 "Green Book", that had also put him in opposition to some other Arab leaders and kings that the US was supporting. At the time Bhim Singh had also stated a need for a universal plan for democracy of all countries under the ruthless rule of sheikhs, kings, sultans and dictators.

Stance against Abdullah
Bhim Singh had alleged that his opposition Abdullah family were secret billionaires in an interview with NewsX TV channel, calling for a CBI investigation into the sudden death of Haji Yusuf in police custody. Yusuf linked to money corruption within the Abdullah's National Conference party had died in custody vomiting blood, after being detained for hours at the private residence of Omar Abdullah, the then chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir.

Defence of Slobodan Milošević
Bhim Singh had first met Yugoslavian president Milošević at the height of his power, in his Belgrade palace where Milošević cooked an omelette for him. Bhim Singh was the only lawyer from Asia, to be on Slobodan Milošević's defence team, headed by former US attorney general Ramsey Clark, at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague. Singh traveled to The Hague to meet Milošević in a high security prison in August 2005. He had to cross 12 security check points prior arriving at defendant's prison cell. Milošević told Singh that he feared he would be killed soon and that he was being poisoned. Milošević was found dead in his prison cell on 11 March 2006, according to autopsies he died of a heart attack. Bhim Singh's book The Judgement on NATO Aggression Against Yugoslavia was published in 2007.

Comparison to Fidel Castro
After a 1971 meeting with Fidel Castro in Cuba, Bhim Singh had long admired and praised his leadership style, but had criticized his governance of Cuba. Bhim Singh himself had been criticized as a dictator in similar fashion to Castro for nominating individuals to office within his party without holding democratic elections.

Documentary film

 * Star of Bethlehem (2014)
 * Yasser Arafat (2016)

title: Bhim Singh (politician)


text:
Talk:List of accounting software

Untitled
OK, a suggestion which was carried over from some other Category:Lists of software pages: Comments? Ojw 13:00, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not make all the links here wikilinks
 * That way, anything red-linked (like this) is not notable enough to be listed on Wikipedia
 * If someone thinks an item of software is notable enough to include here, they can create a wikipedia page for it
 * If others disagree, they can vote for that page to be deleted
 * Either way, it prevents these pages becoming a link farm, and means that those of us who maintain software list pages don't have to worry so much about deciding what goes in them.

 * Agree --Sleepyhead 13:10, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --S.K. 22:48, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

- I've put LAWADM as proprietary -- their freeware version looks a lot like a demo to me, but if anyone actually uses the freeware version full-time and can say that it's fully-functional, we can change that back. Ojw 12:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of accounting software


text:
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party

The Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party is a socialist and secular state political party in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The party was founded on 23 March 1982 by husband and wife couple Prof. Bhim Singh and Jay Mala, Its aim is to "demolish corruption, communalism, criminalization, drug menace" and to establish a real democracy through ultimate revolution. Panthers party has maintained power at assembly and local level for over four decades in its stronghold within the mountainous Udhampur constituency, where in the vicinity 5.9 million tonnes of lithium, the 7th largest known reserve in the world, with an estimated value of $500 billion, was discovered in February 2023.

Panthers Party had campaigned for over three decades for the abolition of Article 370 and Article 35A, demanding that the special status of the State of Jammu and Kashmir be revoked, and for it to be fully assimilated into the Republic of India. These demands were finally met by a presidential order in August 2019 that revoked Jammu and Kashmir's special status. Panthers Party campaigns for a further division of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with the recognition of Hindu-majority Jammu Division as a new and separate state of India.

In 2017, Ankit Love, the son of Bhim Singh and Jay Mala, announced his candidacy for Prime Minister of India for the 2019 Indian general election. He became the party's leader on 28 May 2017. On 23 June 2021, Panthers Party President Prof. Bhim Singh was reported in the media as a potential candidate for the 2022 Indian vice presidential election, as recommended for nomination by Ankit Love, just prior to meeting Prime Minister Modi at his residence for special dialogue in regards to the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.

In 1996, the party was notable in moving the Supreme Court and the Election Commission to return the democratic process to militancy-torn Jammu and Kashmir, when elections were held again in the state after a nine years hiatus.

The party formed part of the coalition government of Jammu & Kashmir along with the Congress and PDP after the 2002 Jammu & Kashmir elections, winning all seats in the Udhampur district, with Harsh Dev Singh serving as education minister in the cabinet, and Yash Paul Kundal as the minister of animal and sheep husbandry.

The party is a strong proponent of secular values in Jammu & Kashmir and across the region plagued by the terrorist insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. As a strong advocate of women's rights the Panthers Party women's wing works to protect women from domestic abuse in Jammu and Kashmir and female foeticide. The Women Panthers have called for a 33% reservation of seats for women in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.

Prof. Bhim Singh who is locally known as Sher-e-Jammu (Lion of Jammu) is the party's Chief Patron and served as the Panthers Party chairman for 30 years till 2012, when his nephew Harsh Dev Singh became Chairman. Balwant Singh Mankotia has served as party's state President since 2010.

The Panthers Party has been a long-time advocate of a sovereign statehood for Palestine. It strongly condemned Israel in reaction to the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid that left nine humanitarian aid workers dead, and called on the Indian central government to support Palestinians inside and outside the UN. In 2014, Panthers Party activists burned an effigy of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu at protests held in New Delhi, calling for UN intervention under Chapter VII, and terming Israel's actions in Gaza as "genocide."

By December 2015, the Panthers Party's membership drive had reached a target of 100,000 members.

Panthers Party, has fielded candidates in other Indian states, including Delhi in 2015, Uttarakhand in 2012, and in 2007 contested all MLA seats in Himachal Pradesh. In 2017, Panthers Party contested elections in Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh, and reconstituted its branch in Rajasthan, headed by Ashok Bapna. Panthers Party branch in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is led by state president Naresh Ambedkar.

In 2017, Qatar's state-funded Al Jazeera, and Turkey's state-run Anadolu Agency, labelled the Panthers Party as a right-wing Hindu nationalist political party, for its billboard poster campaign, calling for an expulsion of Burmese Rohingya Muslim refugees from Jammu.

Founding
The party was founded by Bhim Singh in 1982 as a split from the Indian National Congress. At the time, Bhim Singh was a member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly with the Congress party. Bhim Singh had differences with the Congress party's alliance with the National Conference party of Sheikh Abdullah. In particular, the Panther's Party was founded in reaction to Sheikh Abdullah's Resettlement Act.

The manifesto of the party focused on secular, nationalist and democratic principles, while seeking to respect the diversity of cultures and religions in the state including Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir.

A month after its formation, in April 1982, the name of the party was questioned in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by Chief Minister, Sheikh Abdullah who had asked "Bhim Singh you were all right as a human being. Why you chose to be an animal?" Prof. Bhim Singh had then responded that "the people of State were terrorized by a big animal, known as Sher-e-Kashmir (Lion of Kashmir was Abdullah's nickname). They needed safety and protection from that lion. It was necessary to become an animal (Panther) to resist the lion."

J&K general elections, 1983
On its formation in the 1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections the Panther's Party contested 50 seats in Jammu and Kashmir. The Panthers Party won only one seat, that of party founder Bhim Singh. He retained his seat with 7,690 votes (34.37%), a slender margin of 262 votes over his Congress Party rival. In reaction to his split from Congress, its ruling Nehru-Gandhi dynasty, had given Bhim Singh stiff opposition in his constituency of Chenani-Ghordi.

In the neighbouring constituency of Udhampur, Panthers Party co-founder Jay Mala, placed third against sixteen other male candidates with 3,768 votes (13.75%), and polled the second most votes amongst all women candidates in the 1983 J&K general elections. She was one of only seven female candidates that contested out of a total 512 candidates.

Indian general elections, 1984
Bhim Singh stood in the 1984 general elections for Indian parliament, from the Udhampur constituency. He came second, to the Indian National Congress from which he had recently split to form the Panthers Party. He received 95,149 votes (26.24%).

Bhim Singh, MLA v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, 1985
On 17 August 1985 Bhim Singh was suspended from the opening of the budget session of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly that was scheduled for 11 September. He subsequently challenged the suspension in the Jammu and Kashmir High Court. After his suspension was stayed by High Court on 9 September, Bhim Singh was illegally detained and arrested by the police en route to Srinagar. After attempts to locate him proved futile his wife and advocate Jay Mala then moved the court to locate Bhim Singh. The court ruled that there "certainly was a gross violation of Shri Bhim Singh's constitutional rights" and condemned the "authoritarian acts of the police." The judges stated that they were in no doubt that the top levels of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir where ultimately responsible.

The Supreme Court in a landmark judgement that impacted tort law in India, awarded Bhim Singh a compensation of fifty thousands rupees for his illegal detention and false imprisonment by the police. Bhim Singh had left jail with a fractured leg and claimed during his false imprisonment the police and state agencies had made an attempt on his life.

J&K general elections, 1987
Panthers Party in the 1987 J&K general elections, contested 21 out of 76 seats for the legislative assembly. They lost in all constituencies, and received a total of 46,043 votes (6.85%) across the seats they contested.

Thakur Dass Chantora was runner-up from Chenani-Ghordi, with 10,462 votes (36.99%). Sat Pal was runner-up from Marh, with 11,818 votes (35.97%). Girdhari Lal was runner-up from Ramnagar, with 6,807 votes (27.95%). Bhim Singh came in third from Reasi, with 5,534 votes (16.73%).

Bhim Singh accused Farooq Abdullah's government of rigging the elections, which led to insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and the ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus.

Udhampur MP By-Election, 1988
At the conclusion of the count on 19 June 1988, Panthers Party leader, Bhim Singh was announced as the winner of the Udhampur by-election by 32,000 votes. However, the Union Home Minister of India, Buta Singh had dispatched Dr. Bhalla, Secretary of the Election Commission by a Home Ministry aircraft to Jammu. Dr. Bhalla ordered the Returning Officer, S.P. Kazal to refer the count result to the Election Commission of India in New Delhi. On 25 June 1988 Peri Shastri the Chief Election Commissioner in New Delhi declared the Congress Party candidate Mohd. Ayub Khan instead as the winner by 2,376 votes. The Returning Officer was later found to have committed suicide with no known motive.

Bhim Singh filed a review petition against the order of the Election Commission of India, stating the declared result was rigged at the instance of Rajiv Gandhi and Farooq Abdullah, leaders of the ruling coalition parties. Atal Behari Vajpayee joined Bhim Singh on hunger strike in front of the Election Commission offices in protest to the vote rigging. The Jammu and Kashmir High Court ruled in favour of Bhim Singh, however when Justice K.K. Gupta delivered the judgement four years later on 15 October 1992, the relevant session of parliament stood dissolved already.

Bhim Singh later wrote in his book, Murder of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir, that he had intervened to pacify a crowd of his supporters at the time, despite it costing him the result. As he feared an outbreak of violence at the count venue could have resulted in the deaths of hundreds of civilians, by the heavily armed police present there, due to an escalation of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir.

Indian general elections, 1989 & 1991
With his court battle still ensuing against the Election Commission over the rigging of the previous election, Bhim Singh contested again for the Panthers Party, from Udhampur in the 1989 Indian general elections. He polled fourth, with 22,625 votes (7.23%).

In the 1991 Indian general elections, Panthers Party contested two seats from National Capital Territory of Delhi, in protest to the 1991 Hawala scandal, that broke out after an arrest of Kashmiri militants revealed evidence of money corruption by senior Indian politicians, including leader of the opposition, L. K. Advani.

Bhim Singh contested against BJP leader, L. K. Advani in New Delhi. He came sixth out of 63 candidates, with 396 votes (0.18%). Ishwar Chand contested for the Panthers Party from South Delhi, against the BJP's Madan Lal Khurana. Chand came 26th out of 74 candidates with 191 votes (0.05%).

Indian general elections, 1996
The Panthers Party in the 1996 Indian general election contested five out of the six parliamentary seats in Jammu and Kashmir. The Panthers Party candidates were Dil Jeet Singh in Baramulla, Mohammad Akbar in Srinagar, Mohamad Yousf Ganai in Anantnag, Navin Baksi in Jammu, and Bhim Singh in Udhampur.

Collectively the Panthers Party received a total of 99,599 votes (5.05%) across the seats contested.

J&K general elections, 1996
Panthers Party defeated the Election Commission in the Supreme Court of India, forcing it to hold elections in Jammu and Kashmir by order of chief justice J. S. Verma. Democratic elections had not been held for nine years, with the state placed under the Indian President's rule, due to a break down in law and order resultant from the terrorist insurgency.

Panthers Party contested 45 out of 87 seats in the 1996 J&K general election. It received a total of 55,885 votes (4.33%) across the seats it contested. Harsh Dev Singh won from Ramnagar with 9,049 votes (24.56%).

Indian general elections, 1998 & 1999
Panthers Party in the 1998 Indian general elections contested eight seats in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir. The party received a total of 24,638 votes (0.59%) across the seats they contested.

In the 1999 Indian general elections held a few months after the Kargil war, the party contested from four constituencies in Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, and received a total of 15,888 votes (1.38%) across the seats they contested.

Jammu and Kashmir state assembly 2002-2008
In the 2002 Jammu and Kashmir assembly elections, Panthers Party stood candidates in 36 out of 87 seats, gaining a total of 101,830 votes (7.24%) across the seats they contested. The party won in four constituencies, which included all three seats in the Udhampur district.

Udhampur was won by Balwant Singh with 24,679 votes (40.39%). Chenani was won by SH Faquir Nath with 17,118 votes (37.42%) and Ramnagar by Harsh Dev Singh 29,914 votes (50.40%). Samba was won by Yash Paul Kundal with 11,079 votes (25.31%).

Harsh Dev Singh served as the education minister in the coalition government, under his tenure as minister, English was made a compulsory language from first grade in state schools. Yash Paul became the minister of animal and sheep husbandry. Panthers Party leader, Bhim Singh became member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council. In 2007, Bhim Singh withdrew support to the Congress Party lead coalition, citing differences with the Peoples Democratic Party. The government fell soon after when the PDP itself withdrew their support from the Congress Party during the Amarnath land transfer controversy, placing the state under direct rule of the Indian central government for a few month prior to the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections, 2008.

Indian general elections, 2004
In the 2004 Indian general elections, the Panthers Party fielded seven candidates from Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Delhi. Ravinder Kumar Jassi stood for the party in Ludhiana, Ved Prakash in New Delhi, R. Ravicandran in South Delhi, Syed Mohammed Rafiq Shah in Baramulla, Bashir Ahmad in Srinagar, Kuldeep Singh in Jammu, and Bhim Singh in Udhampur.

The party received 70,078 votes (2.00%), across the seats contested.

Protests as opposition in state assembly 2008-2014
In the 2008 J&K general elections, Panthers Party contested 73 out of 87 seats, and received a total of 131,944 votes (3.33%). They retained three seats in the legislative assembly, and formed part of a fragmented opposition along with the BJP and PDP.

While in opposition they led a series of theatrical protests. In March 2013, Balwant Singh climbed onto his seat and hurled his microphone across the assembly house, leading a protest with the BJP. He demanded a resolution against Pakistan who had condemned India's hanging of Parliament attack terrorist Afzal Guru. The month after in April 2013, Balwant joined another opposition disruption in the Jammu and Kashmir assembly condemning the death of Indian prisoner Chamel Singh in a Pakistani jail who had been allegedly tortured before his death.

In May 2013, Panthers Party held another protest in the assembly demanding that chief minister Omar Abdullah resign, claiming his order was responsible for the deaths of five Central Reserve Police Force personnel in Srinagar. Harsh Dev Singh led a walk out protest in October 2013 from the assembly house with the BJP. They had wanted the Ganaie Committee Report scrapped.

Balwant Singh lead protesters in violent clashes with armed police in his constituency of Udhampur on 16 August 2014. They were protesting against what they claimed was discrimination against youth from Jammu in favor of people from the Kashmir valley in regards to employment opportunities with the Railway Police.

On 24 August 2014 Speaker of the House, Mubarak Gul ordered security guards to forcibly evict Balwant Singh from the assembly when he disturbed proceedings against a bill by Omar Abdullah that had urged India to resume dialogue with Pakistan, instead Balwant wearing a black bandana hawkishly demanded that the assembly condemn ceasefire violations by Pakistan, claiming they were leading to deaths of innocent villagers.

A few days later on 28 August, Harsh Dev Singh lead protests disturbing proceedings in the assembly house with placards demanding that the word secular be inserted into the Jammu and Kashmir constitution to bring it to parity with the Constitution of India. In the protest they also claimed that the BJP who had recently come into power in the Indian national government in May 2014 were destroying the secular fabric of the country.

In October 2014, party leader Bhim Singh heavily criticized BJP leader Narendra Modi's visit to Jammu and Kashmir, stating he was not "able to play the role of the prime minister," and on his visit should have first met terrorism effected people as opposed to those effected by the recent 2014 Kashmir floods. In November 2014, he condemned the BJP as a party of "shop keepers" run from Nagpur by Hindu paramilitary group RSS.

Next month in December, the Panthers party lost all their seats in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly elections.

Syed Mohammad Rafiq Shah remained as the sole Panthers Party representative in government until March 2015, as a Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council. Earlier in April 2013, Shah had been marshalled out of the upper house after creating a ruckus in protest to discrimination against Urdu, an official state language. During his protest he highlighted news reports that a government official from the Doda district had refused to place signs in the Urdu language.

Indian general elections, 2009
The Panthers Party contested ten seats across Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir in the 2009 Indian general elections. The party candidates were Mohammad Iqbal Jan in Baramulla, Bhim Singh in Udhampur, Gurinder Singh Sood in Ludhiana, Vijendra Singh in Churu, Shiv Kumar in Alwar, Om Prakash in Tonk-Sawai Madhopur, Gurdan Singh in Jodhpur, Harsh Malhotra in Delhi, Raj Kumar Nagar in Sirsa, and Ramesh Kumar in Gurgaon.

The Panthers Party received a total of 87,502 votes across the ten seats, losing each election.

Condemnation of Israel's attack on Gaza flotilla, 2010
The Panthers Party strongly condemned Israel's actions in the Gaza flotilla raid, during which nine activists carrying humanitarian aid for Palestine were killed by Israeli armed forces. Balwant Singh Mankotia, Panthers state president accused Israel of religious suppression at the time, as residents of Ramallah, Anata, Hebron and Jericho were denied from offering prayers at Al-Aqsa. Balwant Singh in reaction to the incident said "Israel should pullout its troops from Palestine and lift all barricades," as he believed that "the settlement of Jewish community in Occupied Palestine is a grave threat to international peace and security."

The party at the time had called on the Indian central government to support the sovereign statehood of Palestine both in and outside the UN, stating that the USA and Israel were in violation of UN Resolution 181.

Life sentence for Iqbal Jan overturned, 2012
Iqbal Jan who was candidate for parliament for Baramulla constituency for Panthers Party in May 2009, was given a life sentence after being convicted for waging war against the country in September 2009. On 28 February 2012, Delhi High Court overturned the judgment and called for immediate release of Jan from Tihar prison, who had been represented by Panthers Party founder Bhim Singh as his advocate.

Indian general elections, 2014
In the 2014 Indian general elections, Panthers Party fielded 13 candidates in Delhi, Punjab, Bihar, and Jammu and Kashmir. Syed Mohammed Rafiq Shah in Baramulla, Mohammad Maqbool Malik in Srinagar, Syed Abid Ahmad Shah in Anantnag, Bhim Singh in Udhampur, Hari Chand Jalmeria in Jammu, Kishan Kumar Sharma in Ludhiana, Lakhvir Singh in Fatehgarh Sahib, Shaminder Singh in Bathinda, Mohammad Hasnan Khan in North East Delhi, Jai Ram Lal in East Delhi, Sunita Chaudhary in New Delhi, Mohan Kanuga in South Delhi, Moqim Ansari in Purvi Champaran.

They received a total of 57,103 votes across the 13 seats. They lost each election, and saved five deposits.

J&K general elections, 2014
In the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir general elections, the Panthers Party contested 60 out of 87 seats. They lost all their three MLA seats, and 56 deposits polling a total of 95,941 votes (1.99%). It was the first time in 18 years that the Panthers Party had no elected representative in the J&K legislative assembly.

Demand for President's Rule 2016
In reaction to the escalating violence and blindings from anti-riot pellet guns in the valley during the 2016 Kashmir Unrest, the Panthers Party through the Supreme Court of India had attempted to dissolve the government by imposition of Governor's rule. On 22 August, while the court denied the party's attempt, it ordered the solicitor general to arrange a meeting between the Panthers Party leader, Bhim Singh and Prime Minister Narendra Modi to discuss the issue. During the case Bhim Singh had stated that "pellet guns from Israel are used against the Kashmiris. This is a crime." Three days later, Home Minister of India, Rajnath Singh traveled to Kashmir and met with a three-member delegation of the Panthers Party promising to end the use of pellet guns. On 19 September, Bhim Singh meet Narendra Modi for the first time since the latter had become Prime Minister. A day after, the Supreme Court asked its Registry to consider listing Bhim Singh's second demand for President's rule for an earlier hearing.

Farooq Abdullah Guest of Honor at 39th Panthers Party Anniversary Event 2021
On 23 March 2021, Farooq Abdullah, former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir was the surprise guest of honor and main speaker at the Panthers Party's 39th anniversary event in Jammu's Dogra Hall, and shared the stage with Prof. Bhim Singh and former minister Harsh Dev Singh. Previously, Panthers Party had stood in fierce opposition to Farooq Abdullah, and his father Sheik Abdullah for nearly four decades. Abdullah had been detained under house arrest for 220 days in the previous year, after the Government of India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, and Prof. Bhim Singh had filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court of India in February 2020, demanding Farooq Abdullah's release, as well as the release of his son Omar Abdullah and 600 other political activists who had been detained for six months. Prof. Bhim Singh aged 79, had also just returned to active leadership when he was elected President of the Panthers Party the month before on 14 February 2021, when his nephew Balwant Singh Mankotia resigned from the post citing family issues.

Prior to being elected President of the Panthers Party, Prof. Bhim Singh was briefly expelled from the Panthers Party by his nephew and party chairman Harsh Dev Singh in Nov 2020, when he had met with Farooq Abdullah at his residence and the rest of the Peoples Alliance for Gupkar Declaration in Srinagar, Kashmir.

At the Panther Party event, Abdullah had commented that the "Congress which is a national level party has become weak", and that the recent division and removal of Jammu and Kashmir's special status was "an attack on our honour." In reference to Prof. Bhim Singh and Harsh Dev Singh, Abdullah hoped that "these lions will stand up to the challenge posed by the divisive forces."

Bulgari Hotel London Incident 2021
Following a fight and dispute with a Pakistani businessman in relation to the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Ankit Love was removed by London metropolitan police from the Bulgari Hotel & Residencies, one of the most expensive apartment buildings in the world, where in 2012 an apartment sold for $157 million (INR 1200 crore). Love had been invited to the hotel as a guest by Ariana Ghani, niece of then president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani in July 2021, just a month prior to the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban.

Aam Admi Party Defection 2022
In 2022, over a hundred Panthers Party members, including three former MLAs and two ex cabinet ministers merged into the newly formed Jammu and Kashmir branch of AAP party. AAP had just recently won the Punjab assembly election. Prof. Bhim Singh had expelled all members who had defected to the AAP, stating their exit thus had no effect.

2022-2023 Jay Mala Leadership
Panthers Party founder Bhim Singh died in office as President of Panthers Party on 31 May 2022, following which his wife and co-founder Jay Mala took effective full control of Panthers Party as its leader, Chairwoman and de facto President. She nominated Vilakshan Singh working under her authority as an acting interim president until the party's official presidential elections scheduled for 23 March 2023.

Lithium Discovery
In February 2023, following the discovery of 5.9 tonnes of lithium in Reasi, Jammu, Ankit Love took over as Chief Patron of the Panthers Party, a role previously held by his father Prof. Bhim Singh. Jay Mala commented that Love due to his international perspective was the best person to manage the $500 billion worth of lithium discovered in the Udhampur parliamentary constituency where the Panthers party won the election previously.

Ankit Love stated at the time: "There is more Lithium in Jammu, than oil in Dubai! Almost half a trillion US dollars worth of it. So we must make sure our people will now be the richest in the world. We must have the best infrastructure, libraries, hospitals, art galleries, theatres, sports teams, shopping malls, five star hotel resorts, airports and the creation of a brand new world class Prof. Bhim Singh University which was always my father’s dream, to build the world’s greatest university here.”

Eviction by government from secure accommodation
On 20 February, Government of Jammu and Kashmir withdrew Jay Mala's secure accommodation by sealing the Panthers party office in Jammu. She subsequently on a TV appearance asked that Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir Manoj Sinha, launch a probe into her husband's death. Jay Mala at the time had stated "there was a certain plot to assassinate her too, and that she may not survive for much longer".

Harsh Dev Singh Rejoins Panthers Party
On 16 Feb 2023, Harsh Dev Singh resigned as Chairman of J&K Aam Aadmi Party, and rejoined Panthers Party in the presence of Jay Mala.

Harsh Dev elected state President
Supported by Jay Mala, former education minister Harsh Dev Singh was elected state president of Panthers party by the working committee on 4 April 2023.

Jay Mala Death
Jay Mala died 26 April 2023, at age 64, after fighting for her life on a ventilator at Government Medical College Jammu. Her dead body was kept in the mortuary for ten days amidst a power struggle for control of the party between her late husband Bhim Singh's nephews ex minister Harsh Dev Singh and advocate Vilakshan Singh.

Following which, her son Ankit Love, who was in London at time for her death, requested a post-mortem on Jay Mala's body, which was conducted on 5 May 2023. Mala had previously stated that she feared there was a plot to assassinate her.

Love expelled Vilakshan Singh from primary membership of the Panther Party on 17 May 2023. Jay Mala had died after suffering a fatal injury to her head while visiting the home of Vilakshan Singh's sister.

Harsh Dev Singh presidency 2023
Harsh Dev Singh was nominated by former Panthers party president Bansi Lal Sharma, and on 3 April 2023 elected by majority vote of the party's working committee as president, for a term of 3 years.

Supreme Court petition for holding of delayed Assembly elections
On 25 May, Harsh Dev Singh filed a petition with the Supreme Court of India, seeking to move the Election Commission to hold elections in J&K as soon as possible, that not been conducted for 9 years The assembly stood dissolved for four years, with no elected representation of the people at the executive level.

J&K lithium mining rights auction
On 29 May, JKNPP president Harsh Dev Singh, addressing a press conference in Jammu, stated "People of J&K have exclusive right over lithium reserves.", and that the central government's announcement to auction the lithium by December, was interfering with matters that under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957 fall within the lawful domain of state and union territory governments. He stated the central government was attempting usurp lithium rights of people of Jammu and Kashmir.

Protest leader and contender for coalition Chief Minister
With the serious possibility of a coalition government in Jammu and Kashmir, former Minister of Education Harsh Dev Singh rose to prominence and as a potential candidate for Chief Minister after being falsely arrested while leading a series of protests against corruption in the police,  mining, sanitation, pension, education, roads, power and water departments.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scientific Computation

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 22:50, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Scientific Computation
Neologism. The first paragraph of the article says:
 * "Scientific computation is a term often confused with scientific computing. Often, the terms are used interchangeably. [...] Scientific computation, if the term ever becomes widespread, seems like a natural outgrowth of it."

This confirms my experience that there is in fact no difference between the terms scientific computation and scientific computing. It seems the author wants to introduce a distinction, but this should not be included in Wikipedia until it is a bit more widespread. I warned the author to include references on User talk:Cat2020 and here, but to no avail. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. OR and POV fork.  The author appears to be creating a distinction that does not currently exist. Require objective citations. ManoaChild 23:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ranting. Oleg Alexandrov 01:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Paul August ☎ 01:42, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No useful content that is not already in scientific computing. Gandalf61 09:40, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research/Neologism. --DrTorstenHenning 13:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to scientific computing
 * Delete. Neologism. (Disagree with redirect, if anyone cares.)  -- Arthur Rubin 20:05, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * why not redirect? Septentrionalis 21:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems notable. Lots of work on optimizing algorithm's for doing scientific/statistical calculations. Klonimus 03:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't quite understand your comment. I agree that scientific computation is a notable area and that lots of important work is done in that context. My problem with the article under discussion is that this area is already described in Scientific computing, and that article under discussion (Scientific Computation) is about a distinction between "scientific computing" and "scientific computation" which does not exist. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ben Is Dead

Ben Is Dead was a Los Angeles–based zine published from 1988 through 1999. Its creator, Deborah "Darby" Romeo, got its name from a dream she had about her husband Ben, a Frenchman she divorced not long into the magazine's run. Romeo would later write that during the magazine's early days Ben found the title amusing, and would introduce himself to people as "Ben, from Ben is Dead."

Beginnings
The magazine began as a photocopied publication featuring interviews with punk and "alternative" rock bands of the era (including such then up-and-comers as Ethyl Meatplow, Nirvana and Hole) alongside the confessional and often shocking writing of Romeo, editors Mikki Halpin and Kerin Morataya, and her many contributors (which included such colorful personalities as Vaginal Davis, Ron Athey and Lisa Crystal Carver.) Starting with issue 10 ("Mother"), each issue had an overall theme ("Revenge," "Obsessions and Bad Habits," "Sex," etc.) which the zine's writers would explore in exhaustive detail, freely recounting their own suicide attempts, kinky sexual adventures, addictions or family horror stories. The zine gradually became much more slick-looking and featured interviews with such mainstream acts as Tom Jones, "Weird Al" Yankovic and Duran Duran alongside underground notables like William S. Burroughs, Johnny Rotten and Anton LaVey. Eventually Ben Is Dead had a circulation in the tens of thousands and was being sold in Borders and Tower Records across the United States.

Evolution
As the zine continued, its tone became increasingly erratic as Romeo mixed the dark, confessional material with more light-hearted pop culture commentary, including articles about her fascination with Beverly Hills, 90210. Romeo's 90210 obsession eventually resulted in her and Morataya creating The I Hate Brenda Newsletter, a one-shot publication which was widely covered by the mainstream press. They also co-wrote the 1993 Pinnacle publication, The 'I Hate Brenda' Book and even formed their own band, Rump, which released a novelty compact disc entitled Hating Brenda.

In the mid to late 1990s, Romeo was often interviewed by the mainstream media, serving as a rather ambivalent spokesperson for the zine movement; she once joked that unless she found a way to make her zine pay off, she was soon going to be doing CNN interviews from a cardboard box. Romeo was constantly embroiled in feuds with other zinesters, and her last known publishing project was Socially Fucking Retarded, a 2000 one-shot zine chronicling the KillZine tour she went on with various other zinesters and the controversies along the way.

Romeo regularly interviewed her cantankerous father in Ben Is Dead, and in one interview she told him she couldn't imagine publishing a zine after she turned 30. And indeed, not long into her 30s, Romeo announced she was ceasing publication. The last issue of Ben is Dead featured the theme of "Celebrity." Actor/artist/noted eccentric Crispin Glover appeared on the cover and was the subject of a lengthy and very peculiar interview.

Today
While the zine evolved quite a bit over the years, some things about it never changed – notably each issue being organized around a theme, the very small typeface used throughout (over the years the magazine printed many letters from readers complaining the font was so tiny it was hard to read) and the tiny quotations and commentary that ran along the bottom of almost every page. The zine attracted some notable fans, including Star Trek producer Brannon Braga, who sent in a fan letter. Many alternative cartoonists of the era (such as Adrian Tomine and Ellen Forney) were also fans, and contributed to the zine's penultimate, comics-themed issue.

Today Ben Is Dead is perhaps best known for the three-part series of "Retro" issues, in which dozens of writers looked back at the trends and fads of their childhoods with a mix of nostalgia and horror. These issues were compiled into the sprawling book, Retro Hell: Life in the '70s and '80s, From Afros to Zotz. Early in the millennium, an anthology of Ben Is Dead articles was announced at Incommunicado Press, although the project eventually fell through. In 1996, Romeo established the University of California, Los Angeles' "Darby Romeo Collection of Zines," a permanent archive currently housed in UCLA's Arts Library Special Collections.

Many of Ben is Dead's writers have continued their writing careers (Vaginal Davis writes for LA Weekly, Lisa Crystal Carver and Mikki Halpin have each written several books, etc.) including Romeo, who has penned articles for LA Weekly, Alternative Press, Vanity Fair, the Chicago Tribune and The Village Voice among others. She currently maintains the blog Coconut Girl Wireless.

title: Ben Is Dead


text: User talk:65.26.247.222

title: User talk:65.26.247.222


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St Mawr

St Mawr is a short novel (or novella) written by D. H. Lawrence. It was first published in 1925.

The heroine of the story, Lou Witt, abandons her sterile marriage and a brittle, cynical post-First World War England. Her sense of alienation is associated with her encounter with a high-spirited stallion, the eponymous St Mawr. She eventually settles in a remote ranch set high in the mountains of New Mexico, near Taos.

The inspiration for the novel came from Lawrence seeing a magnificent bay stallion while staying during January 1924 in the village of Pontesbury, Shropshire, while visiting a writing friend Frederick Carter.

Lawrence wrote most of this brief novel whilst spending five months of the summer of 1924 at what is now known as the D. H. Lawrence Ranch, a property which he and wife, Frieda, acquired from Mabel Dodge Luhan earlier that year.

St Mawr first appeared in St Mawr and Other Stories which, in addition to the novella, consists of two short stories 'The Overtone' and 'The Princess', and two unfinished stories 'The Wilful Woman' and 'The Flying Fish'. All these works were written during Lawrence's stay in America between 1922 and 1925.

Standard edition

 * St Mawr and other stories (1925), edited by Brian Finney, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22265-6

title: St Mawr


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RATAN-600

The RATAN-600 (РАТАН-600 – радиоастрономический телескоп Академии наук – 600, an acronym for the "Academy of Sciences Radio Telescope – 600") is a radio telescope in Zelenchukskaya, Karachay–Cherkess Republic, Russia. It comprises a 576 m diameter circle of rectangular radio reflectors and a set of secondary reflectors and receivers, based at an altitude of 970 m. Each of the 895 2×7.4 m reflectors can be angled to reflect incoming radio waves towards a central conical secondary mirror, or to one of five parabolic cylinders. Each secondary reflector is combined with an instrumentation cabin containing various receivers and instruments. The overall effect is that of a partially steerable antenna with a maximum resolving power of a nearly 600 m diameter dish, when using the central conical receiver, making it the world's largest-diameter individual radio telescope.

Operating modes
The telescope can operate in three modes:
 * Two-mirror system: A sector of the ring focuses waves to the cylindrical secondary mirror which directs them onto the receivers.
 * Three-mirror system: The linear plane mirror reflects the waves to the south sector of the ring, which focuses them on a cylindrical secondary, that reflects them onto the receivers. This is a Kraus-type periscope mirror system.
 * Entire ring: For observations near the zenith, the entire ring can be used, together with the conical secondary mirror and its receivers.

Simultaneous independent observations at various discrete azimuths are possible. For this, a sector of the ring is coupled with one of the secondary mirror-and-receiver units, which can be positioned using railway tracks, while another sector, in conjunction with another secondary mirror, is similarly used for an independent observation.

Optical specifications
It has a resolving power in the horizontal plane of 1 arcminute at a wavelength of 8 cm (3.75 GHz). The effective collecting area of the entire ring is 1000 sqm which is 0.33% of that expected of a completely filled reflector of this size.

Transit telescope
The RATAN-600 is primarily operated as a transit telescope, in which the rotation of the Earth is used to sweep the telescope focus across the subject of observation. Radio frequency observations can be made in the 610 MHz to 30 GHz frequency band, though primarily in the centimeter waveband, with an angular resolution of up to 2 arcseconds. Observation of the Sun at radio wavelengths, in particular of the solar corona, has been a long-standing focus of the RATAN-600's scientific programme. It has also contributed to radio observation for the SETI project. The RATAN-600 has not suffered from the persistent technical problems of the neighbouring BTA-6, and has generally been in high demand since it began operation in mid-1974.

SETI candidate signal
On 15 May 2015, at 18:01:15.65 sidereal time, RATAN-600 detected a strong (0.75 Jansky) signal from the direction of HD164595. More specifically, the signal intensity rose and fell as the telescope panned past in a way that closely matched what would be expected for a distant source. Since the short wavelength (2.7 cm, or 11 GHz, in the X band) is unusual for a natural source of that power, after the researchers announced the signal in late August 2016 (in the form of a request for follow-up observations) there was a flurry of excitement that it might be a SETI candidate. Of course, the same artificial appearance also makes a terrestrial source likely. Because the signal is in a frequency band allocated to military use, it might have originated from a secret reconnaissance satellite. After further analysis, and a failure of other observatories to corroborate the signal, the Special Astrophysical Observatory concluded that it was of probably terrestrial origin.

Later research suggests that it might have been a faulty satellite in a slow spin, as the frequency matches one used for inter-satellite beacons, but was more likely to be the downlink from an intact but classified satellite.

title: RATAN-600


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K. R. Gouri Amma

K. R. Gouri (14 July 1919 – 11 May 2021 ), born Kalathilparambil Raman Gouri, commonly known as Gouri Amma, was an Indian politician from Alappuzha in central Kerala. She was one of the most prominent leaders of the Left movement in India.

Born near Cherthala, K. R. Gouri studied at Maharaja's College and Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. Refusing an offer from the Government of Travancore to be appointed a magistrate, she joined the Communist Party in 1948. She was elected to Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954. She served as the Land Revenue or Social Welfare minister in the 1957, 1967 (Namboodiripad), 1980 and 1987 (Nayanar) Kerala ministries. As the Revenue Minister in the first Kerala ministry, she famously piloted the Kerala Agrarian Relations Bill.

K. R. Gouri was expelled from Communist Party of India Marxist in 1994, and subsequently became a minister in the Congress-led Kerala Cabinet from 2001 to 2006.

Early career
K. R. Gouri was born on 14 July 1919 to K. A. Raman and Parvathi Amma in a wealthy Ezhava family in Alappuzha, Travancore. She studied at Maharaja's College, Ernakulam and St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam (Graduation in History). She obtained her law degree (B. L.) from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram and enrolled as an advocate at Sherthalai.

Gouri was the first woman from the Ezhava community to get a degree in law. She famously refused an offer from C. P. Ramaswami Aiyar, the Prime Minister of Travancore, to be appointed a government magistrate.

She married her colleague T. V. Thomas in 1957. The couple was later estranged.

In Travancore politics
K. R. Gouri started her public life with the Quit India Movement and later joined the agitation for the merger Travancore with the state of India. She joined the Communist Party in 1948 (by this period, she had started working for the Party among coir workers in Alappuzha). She unsuccessfully ran for office from Sherthalai Constituency in the 1948 Travancore elections. Subsequently she underwent imprisonment and endured severe police torture.

She was elected to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954 (she was in prison throughout the election period).

In the first Kerala ministry
The state of Kerala was constituted on 1 November 1956 (States Reorganization Act). In 1957, the Communist Party of India defeated the Indian National Congress in the first Kerala Legislative Assembly elections and, under E. M. S. Namboodiripad, formed the first non-Congress government in independent India. K. R. Gouri, member from Sherthalai, was chosen as the Revenue Minister.

Kerala Agrarian Relations Bill
As the Revenue Minister in the first Kerala ministry, K. R. Gouri piloted the Kerala Agrarian Relations Bill in December, 1957. Two major aims of the legislation introduced were the abolition of tenancy and the security for landless agriculture labourers or the hut dwellers. The bill gave tenants the right to buy their land from the owner at a price set by regulations, placed ceilings on the amount of land a family could own, established procedures for determining a fair rent, made illegal any evictions after the formation of Kerala and set up Land Tribunals in every taluk.

The Kerala Assembly passed the bill on 10 June 1959. The President refused to assent the bill and sent it back with recommendations. The new Congress-led alliance government passed the amended bill as Agrarian Relations Act in 1960 (which was declared unconstitutional by the Kerala High Court in 1963).

Split in the Party
In 1964, ideological differences over a split between the Soviets and the Chinese communists and over the response to the 1962 India-China war prompted a large faction of party members to break with the Communist Party of India and form the Communist Party of India Marxist. After the split of 1964, K. R. Gouri joined the newly formed Communist Party of India Marxist.

With the Communist Party of India Marxist
In 1967 assembly elections resulted in the formation of the Communist Party of India Marxist-led United Front government in Kerala (Second Namboodiripad ministry). K. R. Gouri, a member from Aroor, was chosen as Minister for Revenue, Social Welfare and Law. She served from March 1967 to November 1969.

From 25 January 1980 till 20 October 1981 K. R. Gouri served as Minister for Agriculture, Social Welfare, Industries, Vigilance and Justice Administration in the first E. K. Nayanar ministry.

1987 assembly elections
The Left Democratic Front projected K. R. Gouri as the Chief Minister designate in the 1987 election assembly campaign. But once the alliance emerged victorious, the party chose veteran leader E. K. Nayanar instead.

In the Second E. K. Nayanar ministry (1987–1991), K. R. Gouri served as Minister for Industries and Social Welfare, Vigilance and Administration of Justice.

With the Congress Party
K. R. Gouri was expelled from Communist Party of India Marxist in 1994. She founded Janadhipathya Samrakshana Samithi (the J. S. S.) in 1994, which later became a member of the Congress-led anti-Marxist alliance United Democratic Front.

Minister in the Congress ministries
K. R. Gouri served as the Minister of Agriculture in the third A. K. Antony ministry (May 2001 – August 2004). She also a served as the Minister of Agriculture, Soil Conservation, Soil Survey, Warehousing Corporation, Dairy Development, Milk Co-operatives, Agricultural University, Animal Husbandry and Coir in the first Chandy ministry (August 2004 – May 2006).

Later years
Gouri published her autobiography titled Athmakatha, which won the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award for best Autobiography/Biography in 2011.

K. R. Gouri died on 11 May 2021. She was cremated at the Valiya Chudukad in Alappuzha.

Positions held

 * Kerala State Secretariat Member, Communist Party of India Marxist.
 * Chairman, Committee on Government Assurances (1960–61)
 * Chairman, Public Accounts Committee (1986–87)
 * President, Kerala Karshaka Sangam (1960–84)
 * President, Kerala Mahila Sangam (from 1967–76)
 * Secretary, Kerala Mahila Sangam (1976–87)

Films

 * Lal Salam (1990), co-written by Cheriyan Kalpakavadi and directed by Venu Nagavalli.

 * Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami (1994), written by Salim Cherthala and directed by Babu Raj (Babu Cherthala)

title: K. R. Gouri Amma