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Gordes

Gordes (Gòrda) is a commune in the Vaucluse département in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The residents are known as Gordiens. The nearest big city is Avignon; smaller cities nearby include Cavaillon, L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue and Apt.

Geography
The territory of Gordes occupies some of "Les Monts de Vaucluse", a group of mountains and hills, part in the valley of the Calavon (a local river) also called the "Luberon Valley".

Neighboring communes
Neighboring villages are Venasque and Murs to the north, Joucas and Roussillon to the east, Goult, Saint-Pantaléon, Beaumettes and Oppède to the south and Cabrières-d'Avignon and Saumane-de-Vaucluse to the west.

Topography
Located between two geographic areas, Gordes is one of the biggest communes of the area with 4,804 hectares. The north is defined by the southern edge of the Vaucluse Mountains. The highest point of the commune (635 meters) is in this area, next to la Pouraque and les Trois Termes. The south of the commune is the Calavon valley, also called the Luberon Valley, and a few hills in the area. The lowest height of the commune, at 111 meters, is in the south in the area called plan de l'Alba.

The village itself is located in the center of the commune, on a giant calcareous rock from the Vaucluse Mountains, dominating the valley.

Geology
With a wide variation of the land, geology of the commune is divided into several distinct zones.

In the north, on the Vaucluse Mountains, are soils dating mainly from the Upper Jurassic with Urgonian limestone and calcareous clay. There are also, in very low amounts and primarily localized over the Senanque Abbey, soils dating from the Eocene/Oligocene, composed of limestone, sand, and clay.

Geology to the south of the village is more complex. The plain of Gordes (southeast) is composed of soil dating from the Quaternary (fluvial deposits, colluvium and scree) and soils of the Late Jurassic period (calcareous clay and blue marl). The hills area of "les garrigues" (in the south) is composed of soil dating from the Cretaceous – Paleocene period (calcareous sandstone, calcareous lacustrine clay, colorful, white and ocher sands and some ferruginous) and from the Miocene period (molasses limestone, sand and marl). Finally, the soil of the territory down to the plain of Calavon with some slightly higher ground dating from the Miocene and one lower from the Quaternary.

Climate
Gordes has a Mediterranean climate characterised by relatively dry summers and cool, damp winters. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind is the mistral.

In summer, high temperatures associated with a reduced amount of rain creates a drought of almost one or two months a year according to the Gaussen Index (temperatures in Celsius degrees twice higher than rains in millimeters).

History
The name "Gordes" derives from the Celtic word "Vordense". Vordense was pronounced Gordenses, then Gordae/Gordone, and finally Gòrda then translated into French "Gordes".

Early history
Occupation by the Roman empire. The area is full of evidence of their occupation especially the Roman road passing through Apt and Carpentras and crossing the valley. Gallo-Roman remains were found in "Bouisses" district (skeletons, amphorae, columns) or Gallo-Roman substructures in the hamlet of "les Gros".

Middle Ages and Renaissance
In the 8th century, a Benedictine abbey known as Saint-Chaffret was founded by monks of the Abbey of Saint-Chaffre in Monastier-en-Velay on the site of an ancient cella (Roman temple) destroyed during the Arab invasions.

In 1031, a castle was built and the Latin word "castrum" was added to what thus became "Castrum Gordone". The castle was re-enforced in 1123 to become a "nobile castrum", the only one known among the many castles nearby.

In 1148, the Sénanque Abbey was established under the patronage of Alfant, Bishop of Cavaillon, and Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona, Count of Provence, by Cistercian monks who came from Mazan Abbey in the Ardèche.

After the death of King René of Provence, the territory of Provence was incorporated in 1481 into the kingdom of France as a "province royale française" (French royal province). An insurrection broke out in the former states of Agoult-Simiane and County of Forcalquier. Gordes is distinguished by a strong opposition to French centralism but will pay heavily for its claims of independence. A year later, with the wedding of his son, Jacques Raybaud de Simiane takes the title of "Baron de Gordes".

Second World War
During World War II, Gordes was an active resistance village and was later awarded a medal, the Croix de guerre 1939–1945.

On 21 August 1944, almost a week after the beginning of the Operation Dragoon on the Provençal coast, a German patrol was attacked by the resistance. The day after, 22 August, the village was subject to violent reprisals. The Germans forced the inhabitants to enter their homes, shooting those who were late or that were not cooperating, and started to shoot from the rock on the other side with a cannon and destroyed a dozen houses. On the other side of the village, the rest of the troops set fire to a chariot, pieces of wood and houses, blocking potential followers. More than twenty houses were destroyed. After the Liberation the resistance destroyed another part of the village, including the notarial house with all the archives. All this destruction brought the municipality the sad privilege to appear amongst three "stricken cities" of the Vaucluse department. By war's end, thirteen persons had been killed or executed in Gordes, twenty inhabitants had been shot by the enemy and five inhabitants were deported.

After World War II
After a period of reconstruction, the village began to attract artists including Marc Chagall and Jean Deyrolle, who discovered the village in 1947, and who attracted their artist friends including Serge Poliakoff, Victor Vasarely and Jean Dewasne.

Armory
The primary ones are reported in 1696 in the Armorial Général de France and coming from the Gordes-Simiane family.

Other historical language names
Gòrda in classical norm of provencal, Gordo in Mistralian norm

Administration

The commune of Gordes has numerous infrastructures of public utility like the "gendarmerie", the fire brigade, the post office, a tax office, a library, etc.

Sister cities

 * 🇫🇷 Annet-sur-Marne, France, since 1985.

Sights
Located in the middle of the village, the castle, which was partially rebuilt in Renaissance style in 1525, is a major tourist attraction.

In the immediate vicinity of Gordes is the Romanesque Sénanque Abbey (Cistercian) and the Village des Bories, a village of dry stone huts that is now a museum.

Building regulations

All new buildings in Gordes are made of stone with terracotta roof tiles. No fences are allowed, only stone walls. All electrical and telephone cables are underground, except in some pre-existing installations on the borders of the commune. Some streets inside the village are paved with stone and are called calades.

The hamlets
There are several ancient hamlets around the village, whose names are mostly based on the names of the local families (Gros, Imbert, Martin, Cortasse) or from the activities performed there (les bouillons, les bouilladoires).

The largest hamlet is les Imberts, in the valley 5km to the southwest. Les Imberts church was built between 1785 and 1792; other buildings also have 18th century architectural details. Gordes' two football pitches are in Les Imberts: one for official matches and the other for training. Les Imberts has a nursery and a school and once had several small shops, but in 2011 it only had a petrol station.

Les Gros and les Martins are two former hamlets, which are close to each other, between les Imberts and the commune of les Beaumettes.

The hamlets of les Sauvestres, les Pourquiers, les Marres and les Cortasses are in the plain to the south-east of Gordes. Some of the buildings in these hamlets date back hundreds of years.

Agriculture
As in many villages in the Vaucluse department, agriculture is important. Historically, almond trees were the most planted in the area, and though they are still present, olive trees have largely replaced them. Thus olive oil is important to local commerce. You can also find vineyards, with the production of table grapes or wine in AOC Ventoux.

Tourism
Tourism is a major part of the local economy of Gordes. Accommodating the tourist trade, there are a number of hotels, bed and breakfasts, seasonal rentals, and restaurants.

The main sights on the commune are the village itself, the castle, the Saint-Firmin Palace cellars, the Sénanque Abbey and the Village des Bories. In the surrounding towns, other tourist locations may be found, such as the Fontaine de Vaucluse, Roussillon or L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, the Luberon area, Avignon or the Mont Ventoux.

Gordes also has two centers of relaxation, numerous pools and ponds and miles of hiking trails.

Commercial activity and handcraft
Commercial activity is also important in the Gordes economy with various shops including several shops dedicated to tourists, selling souvenir and regional products (figurines, textiles, olive oil, honey, etc.). Moreover, a Provençal market is held every Tuesday morning around the castle.

Gordes also attracts artisans and traders in the real estate business like agents, architects, builders, landscapers, decorators and masons.

Transport
The main access to the village of Gordes is the departmental road D2 then the departmental road D15, coming from Cavaillon. It is from the latter road, below the Bel-Air rock, that you can observe the most famous and photographed point of view of the village.

Gordes is located 38 kilometres east from Avignon and its TGV station, 75 kilometres from the Marseille Provence Airport and 87 kilometres from Marseille. The closest "gares SNCF" (normal train station) are located in L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue and Cavaillon.

Facilities
Market day occurs in Gordes once a week. On Tuesday mornings, merchants from the area set up booths and sell their wares. These typically include food, clothing, instruments, Provençale dishes, decorations, and handicrafts. Additionally, the village has two bakeries and a variety of shops.

Education
The commune has a primary school, a nursery school and a day care centre.

Health
The village is home to several doctors, a pharmacy, a dentist and even an hospital but exclusively used for older people.

Sport
The commune is equipped with various sporting facilities including two football/soccer fields, walking and cycling trails, pétanque and other recreational spaces.

Notable people
Several important artists have lived or worked in Gordes, including André Lhote, Marc Chagall, Pierre Chapo, Philippe Ragueneau, Victor Vasarely, Victor Spahn, Walter Salles and Willy Ronis. President François Mitterrand had a holiday home in Gordes.

Fine arts and festivals
The village of Gordes has a few art galleries and festivals. The biggest festival of Gordes is a music festival, but there is also a wine festival.

The castle, stone houses, stone paved streets, views, etc. of Gordes have been an important source of inspiration for paintings or photography. for example, the Provençal Nude by Willy Ronis was made in the "fontaine basse" area of Gordes in 1949.

Literature
Gordes appears in several books including :
 * La vénus de Gordes, Ernest Daudet (1875)
 * Sa Majesté l'argent III, La Comtesse De Gordes, Xavier de Montépin, (1878)
 * All the books about the adventure of the Chat Moune, Philippe Ragueneau (from 1981 to 1990)
 * Les trois Joyaux de Gordes, Marc de Smedt (1988)
 * A year in Provence, Peter Mayle (1993)
 * Deliver Us From Evil, David Baldacci (2010)

A photograph of Gordes was used on the cover of the 2017 Gollancz edition of Orsinia, an edition combining Malafrena and Orsinian Tales by Ursula K. Le Guin.

Film and television
Gordes has served as the setting for several movies or series including :
 * One Deadly Summer, Jean Becker (1983) ;
 * Mistral's Daughter, Kevin Connor (1984) ;
 * A Year in Provence, David Tucker (1993)
 * Gazon maudit, Josiane Balasko (1995) ;
 * 18 ans après, Coline Serreau (2003);
 * A Good Year, Ridley Scott (2006);
 * Mr. Bean's Holiday, Steve Bendelack (2006).

title: Gordes


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User:RE

I'm a physicist living in California.

sv:User:RE

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:RE


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User talk:Jon wolfe is awesome

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Jon wolfe is awesome


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Sabas Pretelt de la Vega

Sabas Pretelt de la Vega (born April 11, 1946) is a Colombian economist and businessman, who served as Colombian Minister of the Interior and Justice, and Ambassador to the Colombian missions in Italy, Greece, Cyprus, San Marino, and Malta. He was sentenced to six years and eight months in prison in April 2015 for corruption after the Yidispolítica scandal where Yidis Medina supposedly took a bribe from Pretelt. He was released in April 2018 under good behavior, in which he set up an education system for the soldiers in the naval base he was detained in.

Personal life
Sabas Pretelt de la Vega was born in Cartagena de Indias in the Department of Bolívar, Colombia on April 11, 1946. He had three children with his ex-wife Pilar Arango Gomez: María Vanessa, Verónica, and Mauricio. Pretelt married fellow Colombian economist Ana Luisa de Zubiría on September 11, 2006 in a private ceremony at the home of his sister, Mercé Pretelt de la Vega. The godparents were President of Fedegán, José Félix Lafaurie, and the Attorney General of Colombia, Mario Germán Iguarán Arana. The nuptials were hastened due to Pretelt's diplomatic appointment in Italy and left that same day to Rome.

He graduated from the Liceo de Cervantes, he also graduated from the Universidad de Los Andes (Colombia) as humanist and from the Universidad del Valle as an economist. He has a master's degree in Business Administration and has been a professor at several Colombian universities.

Sabas Pretelt de la Vega was the Colombian minister of the Interior and Justice between November 2003 and September 2006. Pretelt de la Vega was a member of President Álvaro Uribe's cabinet as Minister of Interior and Justice, being the first non-lawyer to occupy that position. He is credited for bringing significant legislative achievements to effectively improve the fight against drug trafficking and the country's stability. During this tenure as Minister, he served several times as Minister in charge of the presidential office. His successor is Carlos Holguín Sardi, since 2006.

Prior to being a member of Álvaro Uribe's cabinet, Sabas Pretelt was between 1988 and 2003 the president of FENALCO, the Colombian National Association of Commerce. Pretelt had a successful career in the private sector, both as entrepreneur and President of the National Council of Entrepreneurs, a coordinating body of all the private sector organizations in Colombia. In that quality, he also represented several times Colombia's employers in the Assembly of the International Labour Organisation and in other regional organizations such as ALAS, the Latin American Association of Supermarkets and the Food Marketing Institute of the United States, among others.

In the academic field, Pretelt was a professor of Greek culture and pre-Socratic philosophy in the La Salle University, and of Projects Evaluation in the University of Valle. He has published numerous articles in newspapers and magazines and is the author of the books “San Andres: Centro Financiero Internacional” and “Privatizaciones, Apertura, y Desarrollo.”

Due his involvement in the corruption scandal known as Yidispolítica he was banned from holding any public office for twelve years and was sentenced to six years in prison where he stayed in a naval base in Cartagena. He was released after three years for good behavior after setting up education services for the uneducated in the naval base. His letter of resignation was finally accepted by President Juan Manuel Santos on the eve of the nomination of his successor as ambassador.

title: Sabas Pretelt de la Vega


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Talk:Waldemar Haffkine

Day of Death
I'm looking at a French encyclopedia of bacteriologists (Renaud, Hansen, and Freney) which places Haffkine's death on October 26, 1930, not October 20, 1930. Any ideas as to what his real deathday is? -vinny
 * Good eye. The bio in Russian wiki also says Oct. 26. Fixed. ←Humus sapiens ну? 09:21, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Wife and kids
Waldemar Haffkine had no wife nor children therefor I edited out * Nancy Hafkin, great-granddaughter of W.M. Haffkin, visits the Haffkine institute Waldemar Haffkine was my great grand uncle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

 * This makes no sense. The article you yourself provided reads "Nancy Hafkin, great-granddaughter of Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine." How could Haffkine have no children, according to you, if he has a great-grand daughter? You can't be someone's great-grandfather if you didn't have a child of your own. So, while your edits will stand for now since we don't have a source for who were his wife/child, but once the source is found, it'll be added.--RossF18 (talk) 17:12, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Link is dead, but the article is here: When Hafkin visited Haffkine's (2004-02-26) For 61-year-old Nancy Hafkin, great-granddaughter of Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, the founder of the institute, a visit to her[sic] Haffkine institute at Parel was an emotional occasion. Hafkin, who served for over two decades with the United Nations in Africa and is now retired Probably Nancy Jane Hafkin? Her family tree. Her paternal great-grandfather is Louis Hafkin (Vit'ebsk ~1860-?). Waldemar Haffkine's family tree, listed as unmarried and childless. I don't immediately see a connection. --178.11.101.136 (talk) 01:42, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 20:29, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Dubious
I have removed this bit because there is absolutely no reliable source that mentions this: "At first, he was met with deep suspicion and survived an assassination attempt by Islamic extremists during the first year there (1893), but he managed to vaccinate about 25,000 volunteers, most of whom survived." - source - Fazal lauds Indo-Russian friendship. The Press Trust of India. December 18, 2002. Shyamal (talk) 08:53, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Another recent source
I found this to be a pretty good summary, in case it can also be useful to expand the article: — Paleo Neonate  – 03:27, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Citizenship
In some places I read he became a French citizen, in others a British citizen. Maybe both? Maybe neither? This should be clarified. Spafky (talk) 09:01, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Hawgood clearly refers to him as a naturalised British Citizen - https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/wp-data/uploads/2014/05/Haffkine-1896-Publication.pdf. The references I could find to him as French appeared to be from less academic sources. I wonder if he needed to be a British citizen to become CIE. DoctorAB (talk) 21:56, 9 August 2022 (UTC)

Russian or Ukrainian
Given the current conflict I am sure this could be a difficult issue. He was born in Odessa, Ukriane which was then part of the Russian Empire and sources do refer to him as Russian and some Ukrainian. I think we should consider a consensus on this and wondered what views were? The Haffkine Institute refers to him as Ukrainian for example- http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm. DoctorAB (talk) 19:28, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Simon Sharma refers him as Russian or Russian. Jew throughout his recent book Foreign Bodies. DoctorAB (talk) 21:53, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please see MOS:NATIONALITY & also WP:MODERNPLACENAME. Ukraine was part of the Russian empire when Haffkine was born. That makes him a Russian subject, whereas Ukranian would be his ethnicity. While I sympathize with Ukrainian nationalists wanting to claim him for their own, his life was governed by Russia until he emigrated. We should respect what was true in the 19th century and not rewrite history for the sake of how some political or nationalist agenda. Peaceray (talk) 15:19, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * thank you @Peaceray. DoctorAB (talk) 16:54, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * An administrator has . See WP:PC for more detail about pending changes protection. Peaceray (talk) 20:03, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waldemar Haffkine


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tales of Legendia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Tales of Legendia
No mention at IMDb. Paul Klenk 07:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. It's a video game, not a movie.  This is clearly stated in the article and verifiable by way of the external link.  C'mon!  Thatdog 08:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not on List of PlayStation 2 games as yet (unless its English name is different as list is 'American names', have added cats and vfg stub, not sure which year it was tho'. Alf 11:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep per Thatdog, plus it's already been released in Japan. Nifboy 18:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I cleaned up some of the silly text in the article. --TimPope 19:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please don't modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ


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Maria Manakova

Maria Manakova (born 1 March 1974) is a Russian-born Serbian chess player holding the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM). Born in Kazan, she lived in Serbia for several years and played for the Yugoslav women's chess team. Manakova was first board reserve on the silver medal-winning Yugoslav team at the Women's European Team Chess Championship in Batumi 1999, although she did not play any games. The following year, she competed in the Women's World Championship, where she reached round 2. In 2013, she won the Serbian women's championship.

Her peak Elo rating is 2395, achieved in the FIDE rating list of April 2001.

She appeared partly wrapped in a fur coat on the cover of the Russian magazine Speed in 2004, which along with her “forthright views", caused a stir in some circles, according to London's The Telegraph.

title: Maria Manakova


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Chips Mackinolty

Chips Mackinolty (born 12 March 1954) is an Australian artist. He was involved in the campaigns against the war in Vietnam by producing posters, and was a key figure in the radical poster movement.

Early life
Chips Mackinolty was born on 12 March 1954 in Morwell, Victoria.

Art career
During the 1970s posters became an art form, with artists using the cheap posters as a political tool. The Earthworks Poster Collective, established in 1971, was the most active and well-known of these groups. Earthworks operated from the Sydney University Art Workshop, commonly known as the Tin Sheds.

Mackinolty was introduced to screen printing in Goulburn Street, Sydney.

In 1978 Mackinolty designed a poster to commemorate Prime Minister Robert Menzies death, to reflect a working-class view on the prime minister, and the "Pig Iron Bob" nickname that was given to him during the Dalfram dispute of 1938.

Mackinolty used sharp, flat colours and increasingly professional techniques to produce posters such as "For the man who said life wasn't meant to be easy – make life impossible". The poster is a multi-imaged send-up of former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. It was posted up at night around Sydney, helping to politicise a generation.

Public service roles
With the dissolution of Earthworks Poster Collective in 1980, Mackinolty moved first to Townsville, North Queensland, as a community arts officer, and then to the Northern Territory. He worked as an art adviser to Aboriginal art centres in Katherine. (Mimi Aboriginal Arts and Crafts, 1981–1985) and Mutitjulu (Maruku Arts, 1985). From then until 1990 he worked at the Northern Land Council in Darwin as a journalist, designer and field officer. He produced a number of posters in that period under the name Jalak Graphics, although most were printed at Redback Graphics in Wollongong and Sydney. Many used Aboriginal languages in their text.

During the 1990s Mackinolty worked with others from Darwin under the banner of Green Ant Research Arts and Publishing. He also accepted assignments from the Country Liberal Party (CLP) government, including the euthanasia education program. He also acted as a go-between, liaising between the CLP government and the Jawoyn traditional owners of Katherine.

Mackinolty was employed as an advisor to the Northern Territory Labor government from 2002 to 2009, under various ministers, then quit to work for the Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance Northern Territory (AMSANT) as a policy worker, a position he held until 2013, when he left for an extended period in Europe and the Middle East.

Journalist
As well as graphic design, Mackinolty worked as a correspondent for newspapers, including the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Australian and The Bulletin. He has been an occasional correspondent for Crikey, particularly its arts section, and has also contributed articles to The Monthly.

Exhibitions and awards
Work in the 1990s included a controversial exhibition of posters with colleague Therese Ritchie If you see this exhibition you'll know we have been murdered which was attacked by the then CLP government (1998). Along with Ritchie, in 2000 he was a joint winner with Bede Tungatalum, of the Fremantle Print Award.

In 2010, again with Therese Ritchie, he held a retrospective at Charles Darwin University, Not Dead Yet. In the same year he won the 4th Togart Award worth $15,000, for Contemporary Visual Art. He continues to exhibit art in the Northern Territory, interstate and internationally. His 2016 exhibition The Wealth of the Land was launched in Palermo, Sicily.

Collections
His work is held in many major galleries in Australia, including the National Gallery of Australia; National Museum of Australia; Artbank; Art Gallery of NSW; National Gallery of Victoria; Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory; Charles Darwin University; Australian War Memorial; Art Gallery of South Australia; the National Library of Australia; Australian Centre for the Moving Image; and many others. His work can also be found in the National Library of New Zealand, Médiathèque de silos in Chaumont, France; the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and in private collections abroad.

title: Chips Mackinolty


text: User talk:69.224.48.250

title: User talk:69.224.48.250


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Rinka Falls

Rinka Falls (slap Rinka) is a waterfall in the Logar Valley, in the Municipality of Solčava in northern Slovenia. It is the source of the Savinja River. It has been proclaimed a natural heritage feature. Rinka Falls is one of the most beautiful and best-known waterfalls in Slovenia. It is also a popular tourist destination. With its drop of 105 m, it is the highest of the 20 waterfalls in the Logar Valley. The longest step has a length of 90 m. It is visited in all seasons of the year. In the winter it is popular with ice-climbers.

There are also four mountains in the vicinity called Rinka: Carniola Mount Rinka (Kranjska Rinka; 2453 m), Carinthia Mount Rinka (Koroška Rinka; 2433 m), Styria Mount Rinka (Štajerska Rinka; 2374 m), and Little Mount Rinka (Mala Rinka; 2289 m).

The name Rinka comes from the Slovene common noun rinka 'ring, hoop, link of a chain'. It is a borrowing from German (cf. Ringel, Ringl, etc.) and was used to designate a rounded or ring-like topographic feature.

title: Rinka Falls


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Jain communities

The Jains in India are the last direct representatives of the ancient Shramana tradition. People who practice Jainism, an ancient religion of the Indian subcontinent, are collectively referred to as Jains.

Sangha
Jainism has a fourfold order of muni (male monastics), aryika (female monastics), Śrāvaka (layman) and sravika (laywoman). This order is known as a sangha.. Many Jains are in general caste.

Cultural influence
The Jain have the highest literacy rate in India, 94.1.% compared with the national average of 65.38%. They have the highest female literacy rate, 90.6.% compared with the national average of 54.16%.

As per national survey NFHS-4 conducted in 2018 Jains were declared wealthiest of any community with 70% of their population living in top quintiles of wealth. The sex ratio in the 0-6 age group is the second lowest for Jain (870 females per 1,000 males).

Communities
Jains are found in almost every part of India. There are about 100 different Jain communities in India. They can be divided into five groups based on historical and current residence:

Central India

 * Jainism in Bundelkhand
 * Jainism in Madhya Pradesh

Western India

 * Jainism in Gujarat (Gujarati Jain)
 * Jainism in Maharashtra (Marathi Jain)
 * Jainism in Mumbai

Northern India

 * Jainism in Delhi
 * Jainism in Uttar Pradesh
 * Jainism in Rajasthan (Marwari Jain)

Southern India

 * Jainism in Karnataka
 * Jainism in Kerala
 * Jainism in North Karnataka
 * Jainism in Tamil Nadu (Tamil Jain)

Eastern India

 * Jainism in Bengal
 * Jainism in Nagaland

Diaspora
Virchand Gandhi made a presentation of Jainism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893, marking one of the earliest appearances of Jainism outside India. The World Jain Congress was held in Leicester in 1988.
 * Jainism in Europe
 * Jainism in Canada
 * Jainism in the United States
 * Jainism in East Africa - One of the oldest Jain overseas diaspora. Their number was estimated at 45,000 at the independence of the East African countries in the early 1960s. Most members of the diaspora belonged to Gujarati speaking Halari Visa Oshwal Jain community originally from the Jamnagar area of Saurashtra.
 * Jainism in West Africa

Population
The Jain population in India according to 2011 census is 0.54% i.e. 4,451,753 (Males 2,278,097; Females 2,173,656) out of the total population of India 1,210,854,977 (males 623,270,258; females 587,584,719). The tabular representation of Jain population in the major states of India as per 2011 Census data released by the government is:

It is likely that the actual population of Jains may be significantly higher than the census numbers.

The Jain population in United States is estimated to be about 150,000 to 200,000.

In Japan, there are more than 5,000 families who have converted to Jainism and is growing faster there.

title: Jain communities


text: Category:Serbian chess players

title: Category:Serbian chess players


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Talk:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure

Psychogenic seizures not psychogenic?
I removed the assertion that psychogenic seizures are not psychogenic. This article is about psychogenic seizures. Other sorts of seizures, non-psychogenic in origin, are detailed in articles listed under 'see also'. Repeatedly explaining, in an article called "psychogenic seizures," that psychogenic seizures are not psychogenic is confusing and ultimately pointless. This would be similar to repeated assertions in the article entitled Dog, that dogs are not in fact dogs but are cats.

If someone wants to create a section entitled "Controversy," with text along the lines of "Some authorities have stated that psychogenic seizures do not exist per se," that might be a good idea. It would need, however, to be cited, as with any other contribution to Wikipedia, because Wikipedia forbids original research. I am eager, of course, to learn of the existence of any such verifiable statements, and strongly suggest that if they exist they be placed into the article.

- ikkyu2 ( talk ) 23:13, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

In my opinion the person who wrote the current article on Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures has an "agenda". The article is clearly imbalanced and attempts to whitewash issues of psychiatric predisposition as well as issues of malingering (wherein "seizures" are used to motivate some form of social gain such as may occur when "seizures" are attributed to an auto or industrial accident potentially tied to financial incentive). Whoever wrote the article probably has some form of practice wherein he/she manages these patients. In practice an accurate diagnosis of psychogenic seizures, malingering, or frank fraud are anathema because they generate patient hostility, billing problems, and possibly even retribution law suits. However, even though rigorous avoidance of accuracy may understandable in some contexts, this is no place to do such a dance. The article needs to be written by someone who is willing to look at the complex issues accurately and without a hidden agenda.

The introductory sentence "There is no scientific consensus as to what causes PNES. However, many physicians believe the condition may be triggered by psychological problems..." seems problematic because PNES is by definition psychological in origin. Gomer2 (talk) 11:34, 31 May 2018 (UTC)

Gomer2, I just saw your comment. Yes, there is indeed a problem here, in that the name "psychogenic nonepileptic seizures" implies a known causation, but in reality, the causes of PNES are still a matter of debate. But the solution to this problem is not to assert that the causation mentioned in the name must be correct by definition. The solution is to change the name. There is an increasing trend in the literature to refer to these seizures using more neutral terms, such as :non-epileptic attack disorder" or "functional nonepileptic seizures".

I think we are getting to the point where we need to consider changing the title of this page to reflect these recent changes (while still ensuring that searches for PNES redirect here).Wilshica (talk) 01:10, 14 June 2021 (UTC) Wilshica

Flashlight seizures
Photosensitive epilepsy are of an epilepic origin ,and shouldt be a part of this article The Procrastinator 21:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

I think what you meant to say is that photosensitive epilepsy is non-epileptic in origin and should be a part of this article. Both assertions are wrong. -Ikkyu2 02:47, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Why is 'seizures' plural in the article name?
The article discusses a syndrome of recurrent seizures which has no better singular name. An isolated psychogenic seizure does not qualify as conversion disorder, does not require treatment, and in general is different than the syndrome which is discussed in the article. Refer to for more. -Ikkyu2 23:42, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Revert to recent edit.
A recent edit included the following text, which I've reverted. Discussion follows:

In the past the patient with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures was thought to have a history of childhood physical abuse or sexual abuse or other severe emotional trauma. Treatment, with cognitive therapy or behavioral therapy, would be focused on strategies to recognize the onset of the seizures and use techniques to abort them, or to interrupt the stimulus-response pathway that produces them.

This is now largely discredited with only a few Psychiatrists willing to pursue this line. These tend to be non-organic such as the leading exponent Douglas Turkington who has led research into the abuse causes of seizures. Turkington holds that even though the patient and their family may not remember the abuse this is because the abuse is repressed (see Freud and the unconscious). As no empirical proof can be provided for this theory other specialists regard such theories as pseudo-science.

This is even more true given the fact that most epilepsy specialists recognise that a) some seizures, especially complex frontal lobe, are very hard to diagnose b) respone to medication is no indication of the pseudo nature of the seizure as patients diagnosed with epilepsy frequently do not respond to treatment.

 * "In the past, the patient with PNES was thought to have a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse." That's not what this paragraph, which I wrote, originally said.  It said that such patients were often found to give such a history.  That's still true, and I've reverted it to say "sometimes found to give such a history."  Mangling text - sourced text, no less - to distort its meaning and then rebutting it is poor editing form, and I request that you not do so in the future.

 * According to Betts, 1997, in EPILEPSY: A COMPREHENSIVE TEXTBOOK, (see article for reference) cognitive behavioral therapy is still the mainstay of treatment technique. If you are going to cite a different theory, such as Mr Turkington's, please provide a verifiable reference published by a reputable source.

 * The paragraph about frontal lobe seizures is not relevant to an article section about the treatment of non-epileptic seizures. Non-epileptic seizures are not caused by epilepsy.  If you wish to assert, in an article called 'Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures,' that non-epileptic seizures are caused by epilepsy, I suggest creating a section called 'Criticism' or 'Controversy' and placing your assertions there.  If the assertions are not verifiably referenced, they will be removed.

ikkyu2 ( talk ) 19:43, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, honestly, I can't understand how editors to this page can use the term pseudoseizures, right after the introduction to the article asserts that that term should never be used. I encourage people thinking of editing the article to read it first.  If you're going to write paragraphs about pseudoseizures, at least delete the part where the article admonishes readers never to use the term.  ikkyu2  ( talk ) 03:37, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Non-epileptic Attack Disorder
I've created Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) as a redirect to this excellent article. It appears that there is a US/UK split on terminology here, possibly resulting from the influence of Dr Tim Betts (former editor of the journal Seizure and advisor to Epilepsy Action). The two big UK charities have articles referring to NEAD rather than PNES (Epilepsy Action, The National Society for Epilepsy). Searches for NEAD on PubMed tend to show UK research.

I wonder if it we should mention "Non-epileptic Attack Disorder (NEAD)" in the article - otherwise folk may wonder if it is a different thing. I do think there is a subtle difference between NEAD and PNES. NEAD, in using the term "Disorder" appears to be more like a diagnosis/disease. Whereas PNES is a label for symptoms or the manifestation of a disease. (Apologies if I'm not using the precise medical terms here).

Ikkyu2 - The NSE online article mentioned above is written by Tim Betts, who is also the author of one of your references. I can't read the book. However, reading the online article I suspect the article and the chapter have much in common. If you agree, I suggest this article be added to either the External Links or perhaps in the References as an option for those unable to consult the book.

 * I agree without any reservation. - ikkyu2 ( talk ) 21:22, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Non-epileptic seizures
Non-epileptic seizures is currently a redirect to this article. There is much confusion online as to whether NES is exactly equivalent to PNES. Many NES articles appear to be discussing only psychological causes. Some online articles discussing NES split them into physiological causes and psychogenic causes. I guess the former group get less written attention and are less likely to be given the label "NES" for any length of time, since the patient is then quickly then diagnosed with (and treated for) their physiological condition. I suspect most NES articles are written by folk who are only interested in the PNES aspect.

The book "Differential Diagnosis in Adult Neuropsychological Assessment" (ISBN 0826116655) has a section headed "Non-Epileptic Seizures" on p109. This says "Non-epileptic seizures are seizures that do not original from a primary neurological cause in the brain. The two types of non-epileptic seizures are physiological and psychogenic. Physiological non-epileptic seizures are caused by medical conditions in an organ system other than the brain, such as cardiovascular abnormalities, most commonly syncope. ...". I can't read any of the book "Non-Epileptic Seizures, 2nd edition" (ISBN 0750670266), but from its contents listing it does not appear to discuss physiological conditions.

I wonder if it would be good to promote non-epileptic seizures to being an article of its own. The contents of the "Other non-epileptic seizures" section could go there, as could some of the similar material in the "Diagnosis" section of the epilepsy article. Both this article and the epilepsy article could then have a "See also" to NES. The DAB link at the top of seizure could then point at Non-epileptic seizures.

An even more radical thought would be to move seizure to epileptic seizure and make seizure into a DAB article. I would vote for that since I think it is best to be specific in the name of the article.

 * I agree; I think all 3 of these articles should at least link to each other in their See also sections. - ikkyu2 ( talk ) 21:22, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * With regard to the idea of promoting non-epileptic seizures to its own article, I think that the things that are non-epileptic seizures divide into two categories: psychogenic seizures, and misdiagnosis. People can shake during a syncopal attack, but that doesn't make it a seizure; it makes it a syncope that can be misdiagnosed as a seizure.  People can lose the thread of conversation during a migraine aura, but that doesn't make it a non-epileptic complex partial seizure; it's still a migraine headache.  People can shake all over due to non-epileptic myoclonus, but what's the point of calling that a seizure?  It's myoclonus.  These things are not seizures, unless you want to warp the word seizure to mean something that no one expects it to mean, and I don't think that's a particularly good idea.  - ikkyu2  ( talk ) 01:58, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with what you've said, from a precise and medical point-of-view. Can I just check – do you no longer think it is useful to create such an article? I still think it is possible to have a Non-epileptic seizures article that carefully discusses the two causes (physiological and psychogenic) and does indeed mention that (after investigation and diagnosis) the former would then be no longer called a seizure by a physician, but he/she would then use the more accurate term appropriate for the actual underlying disease.

 * However, I think the public use the term seizure in a more general sense than a careful physician would. In the medical world, with the need not to cause any confusion, the term has become exclusively associated with epileptic seizures. Some non-medical dictionary definitions are (excluding the act of taking something):

 * A sudden attack (as of disease) – Webster's
 * A very sudden attack of an illness involving unconsciousness or violent movement – Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
 * OLD USE a sudden failure of the heart – Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
 * A seizure is also the sudden loss of control of your muscles and, often, the loss of consciousness, caused by certain medical conditions – Cambridge Dictionary of American English
 * a sudden manifestation or recurrence of a disease, such as an epileptic convulsion – Collins
 * a sudden attack of illness, especially a stroke or an epileptic fit. – Compact Oxford English Dictionary
 * A sudden attack, spasm, or convulsion, as in epilepsy or another disorder – The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
 * The meaning "sudden attack of illness" is attested from 1779 – Online Etymological Dictionary

 * In my research for List of people believed to have epilepsy, I have read many news stories where the words seizure or fit are used very casually. Any article should be clear on the medical profession's use of the term seizure. At the same time, we must accept that people will call all sorts of things a seizure. --Colin 13:58, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I'm handicapped by my POV on this one. I've studied this for so many years, and I'm so convinced I'm right :), that it's hard for me to know exactly what the more typical encyclopedia reader would find useful.  - ikkyu2  ( talk ) 00:30, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Pseudoseizures
Whilst I agree the term pseudoseizures is unsatisfactory, we have perhaps yet to find the ideal term. See for a study from the patient's point of view. The following statistics are also interesting:

 * non-epileptic attack disorder - 19 PubMed Articles, 281 Google results
 * psychogenic non-epileptic seizures - 25 PubMed Articles, 477 Google results
 * non-epileptic seizures - 92 PubMed Articles, 16,300 Google results, this recent book on Amazon: ISBN 0750670266
 * pseudoseizures - 233 PubMed Articles, 25,100 Google results, this recent book on Amazon: ISBN 1904424279

The term pseudoseizures still appears in recent articles and books - it is not going away quickly --Colin 17:58, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Well, it redirects here (to PNES) in both singular and plural forms, and it's bolded in the introduction. It's deprecated for good reasons - it's stigmatizing and strictly inaccurate. I would say that it is going away about as quickly as the term 'epileptic idiot' went away in terms of describing the developmentally delayed person with epilepsy, which is to say, no conceivable speed could be fast enough. - ikkyu2 ( talk ) 21:22, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This isn't just my own personal POV, by the way; although it happens to be, it is also clearly explained, in exactly the way it's explained here in the linked article from the Epilepsy Foundation on PNES. - ikkyu2  ( talk ) 02:00, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

I often find it a shame that valid scientific names are deprecated because they may "connote" something in the uneducated eye of the beholder. There are many medical and scientific terms in pseudo- and people should be educated to understand what it means. Dadge (talk) 11:07, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

what can cause them?
In the paragraph "Causes", there is the sentence "A history of abuse or other psychological trauma is often present as a causative factor", and then a request for citation needed. I would propose the following article as a well done study in reputable medical journal: Nonepileptic seizures and childhood sexual and physical abuse. Kenneth Alper, Orrin Devinsky, Kenneth Perrine, Blanca Vazquez, Daniel Luciano. Neurology, 1993, 43(10). Pubmed ID: 8413951  https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.43.10.1950  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.20.25.26 (talk) 13:22, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

i was wondering what sort of things can cause seizures? i read party pills can as can low blood sugars but i was wondring about like alchohol and thing like that???? (203.109.241.127 03:48, 25 March 2006 (UTC))

 * This isn't the relevent article to answer your question. Have a look at Epilepsy:Causes, though that doesn't really cover one-off seizures. Seizures can be provoked by taking certain drugs and alcohol (and also during withdrawal). Colin°Talk 10:08, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Removed unsupported assertion
I removed the following text from the article:

 * Treatment based on insight-oriented techniques or exploring of abuse histories has not been found to be effective.... Instead, treatment with cognitive therapy or behavioral therapy is focused on concrete strategies to recognize the triggers of the seizures and use techniques to control them and eventually halt the onset.

Those statements are not supported by the references provided. None of the references provided even mentions non-epileptic seizures or their treatment.

There appears to be very little evidence regarding effective treatment for this condition. I did find one study, here, which supports CBT. But I'm not sure that one study warrants inclusion in the encyclopedia.Twerges (talk) 08:12, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Removal of unsupported claims in Treatment section
There was some question about my edit here. Another editor claimed on my user page that:

 * [The edit] removed information that was referenced properly.

The claims were not referenced properly. The claims are followed by references which do not support the claims at all.

For example, take the reference from the mayo clinic website. It says this about treatment:

 * Seeing a psychologist or professional counselor can help treat symptoms of conversion disorder and prevent it from coming back. This can be especially helpful if you have anxiety, a mood disorder such as depression or other mental health issues.

That does not support the superiority of CBT over insight therapy for this condition. In fact, it does not even mention either CBT or insight therapy.

The other references are even less related to the claims. Most of the references either do not mention CBT or do not mention PNES. One of the references is a general criticism of psychotherapy research and has nothing to do with this topic. Another reference has a malformed URL and goes nowhere.

The only reference which has any support at all for the claims made was here. However, that reference only includes support in the "user comments" section at the bottom of the article, in which anonymous users wrote comments like "CBT worked for me" and so on. That is not an acceptable reference for the claims made, since user comments are not reliable according to WP:RS.

When I did a quick search of pubmed, I found little support for the claims which I deleted. I found exactly one study which supported CBT for this condition:. That study does not compare the effectiveness of CBT versus insight therapy for this condition. Twerges (talk) 19:28, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the clarification. I confess I did not go to the original soruces to verify that they stated what they were being used to support. My oversight, sorry and thanks. --PaulWicks (talk) 19:38, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Overhauling the article
I am attempting to upgrade this article from a slightly woolly hodgepodge of polemics to a decent article. I'm currently integrating a lot of content from Dr Mellor's recent review and will go out and find some more recent references to weave in once I'm done. All assistance gratefully received! Cheers, --PaulWicks (talk) 20:24, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The article Hystero-epilepsy is somewhat unclear, but looks to me to be suggesting that an anecdote about Charcot is worth an entire encyclopedia article. I disagree and suggest we mention "Hystero-epilepsy" as an outdated term for PNES in the article here and delete the Hystero-epilepsy article. Whaddya reckon? --PaulWicks (talk) 21:21, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I concur. That article is a stub, and has been for quite a while.  It's unlikely it will ever be developed further. Merging is a good plan.  --Jack-A-Roe (talk) 21:33, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Only if you can find a reliable source that says Hystero-epilepsy was actually a form of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. It looks that way, and a peculiar one at that -- where the patients presented having nothing resembling epilepsy but were placed in a ward with "similar" patients who displayed "epileptic" attacks and they then hysterically "caught" epilepsy from them. If you do merge, it needs to have its own section and made quite clear that this was an invented disease and a product of the hospital care these women received. PNES is not an invented disease. Colin°Talk 22:04, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Colin, I think those are fair suggestions and align with what I had in mind. I will await a few more comments before taking action (or not), maybe later this week. --PaulWicks (talk) 07:51, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

The hystero-epsily section really needs to be removed outright. It's irrelevant to the actual topic at hand, and makes the article confusing to read. Anyone disagree? 50.135.73.142 (talk) 02:09, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi there, I'd say it can probably be trimmed but retained. I will take a scalpel to it and see what we think. --PaulWicks (talk) 08:53, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Looks much better to me. Thanks for the edit. 50.135.73.142 (talk) 05:34, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Factitious Seizures?
I query whether the author may have gotten his or her wires crossed in the "Distinguishing Features" section. The diagnostic criteria for NEAD are stated earlier in the article as including an absence of malingering - why, then, does the author use the work 'faking' in the final line of this section?

"Mellors et al. warn that such tests are neither conclusive nor impossible for a determined patient with factitious disorder to "pass" through faking convincingly." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.253.244.181 (talk) 09:16, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Trying to introduce a note of caution and balance
Hi all,

This page is looking quite good, but I did notice some rather bold claims e.g. PNES are caused by childhood trauma and repressed memories. They could well be, but many would disagree. That's just one hypothesis.

It would be nice to raise the evidential standards on this page a little, if not to the level of mainstream medical pages, at least a bit higher. I've made a few attempts, but would welcome feedback and further contributions. Things I found concerning (you might spot others):

- there is no scientific consensus as to what causes PNES. We have various theories - all quite different - but they are no more than that. In some places, theory was presented as fact, and this is a bad look.

- there is some evidence to support a role for past trauma, and some to support a role for personality characteristics. But also plenty of studies that support neither.. Need to show balance here.

- when describing theories that are contentious and widely disputed, the phrasing didn't always make that clear. e.g., Instead of "PNES are caused by childhood abuse", better to say "One theory is that PNES are caused by childhood abuse" (then give supporting evidence and alternative views)

Further suggestions, feedback welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilshica (talk • contribs) 01:35, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Project Med student editor
Hello PNES editors, I am a medical student at Tel Aviv University who was assigned this article as part of a wikimed elective course. This article is currently listed as "start-class" so I intend to contribute new portions (e.g. causes, mechanism, pathophysiology, etc.) in an appropriate format. I am collaborating with a member of the ILEA to facilitate neutral improvements. Please reach out to me with comments/questions/concerns regarding my edits.Gomer2 (talk) 18:59, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

Added "History & Culture" section. Added "Epidemiology" section. Added "Signs & Symptoms" section. Modified "Treatment" section to include (1) clarify importance of education in treatment and (2) difficulty falling through cracks (between psychiatry and neurology)

Modified "Diagnosis" section: 1. "capturing one or two episodes on both videotape..."; videotape is outdated technology 2. Saying EEG tests have high false-positive rate is inaccurate and has more to do with EEG interpretation. false-negative also occurs but apparently can be identified as such. In any case, conventional EEG is not the most relevant for PNES...sticking instead to long-term video-EEG monitoring. 3. goals (#1-4) of EEG-video monitoring

modified Intro: PNES are by definition psychological.

Added "Causes" section:

Gomer2 (talk) 12:31, 31 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. And welcome. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:05, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Moved here

Unclear if these are used in the article as references? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 20:05, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Edit Class Project
Hello all,

I am an undergraduate student studying psychology and am in my fourth year. I have been researching PNES for all four years of my undergraduate career and will be making edits to this article under the supervision of my PI and a PhD student. My main goals for this article are to update the citations and ensure the citations come from credible scientific sources, among other things. I am linking my sandbox here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SkyM99/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure for anyone to review who may be concerned/interested in my change ideas. This is obviously a work-in-progress and I am still a student, I believe everyone is still a student in this topic, so bear with me! — Preceding unsigned comment added by SkyM99 (talk • contribs) 19:28, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Wilshica (talk) 01:00, 14 June 2021 (UTC)== Risk factors ==

I think the article would be improved if risk factors were defined more narrowly, in line with the use of the term in epidemiology, to include those factors that have genuine predictive value (that is, are associated with increased probability of receiving the diagnosis relative to someone without that factor). This definition would exclude vague psychological constructs like "symptom focusing" as there is no evidence that measures of this construct (even if they could be agreed upon), have any value as predictors of a PNES diagnosis.

I have attempted a rephrase. Wilshica (talk) 01:00, 14 June 2021 (UTC) wilshica

Follow-up for ReACT treatment
There has been a follow-up study regarding the ReACT treatment for PNES (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8633863/). Could anybody more versed in this topic than I include this information in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:DC:1F2F:34E8:7422:6787:E37E:F460 (talk) 00:27, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 25 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SkyM99. Peer reviewers: DanielJanko, Chanda10.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Removal of bad information in signs and symptoms, treatment, and prognosis
Removed the following claim in "signs and symptoms:"

 * PNES episodes are nearly indistinguishable from epileptic seizures. The main differences between a PNES episode and an epileptic seizure is the duration of episodes. Epileptic seizures typically last between 30 and 120 seconds depending on the type, while PNES episodes typically last for two to five minutes.

which was contradicted by the following in "diagnosis:"

 * Some features are more or less likely to suggest PNES but they are not conclusive and should be considered in the broader clinical picture. Features that are common in PNES but rarer in epilepsy include: biting the tip of the tongue, seizures lasting more than two minutes (easiest factor to distinguish), seizures having a gradual onset, a fluctuating course of disease severity, the eyes being closed during a seizure, and side to side head movements. Features that are uncommon in PNES include automatisms (automatic complex movements during the seizure), severe tongue biting, biting the inside of the mouth, and incontinence.
 * If a person with suspected PNES has an episode during a clinical examination, there are a number of signs that can be elicited to help support or refute the diagnosis of PNES. Compared to people with epilepsy, people with PNES will tend to resist having their eyes forced open (if they are closed during the seizure), will stop their hands from hitting their own face if the hand is dropped over the head, and will fixate their eyes in a way suggesting an absence of neurological interference.

Moved all of this info from diagnosis into signs and symptoms, and added more details and sources.

Removed the following from "treatment," overly detailed and not sourced at all.

 * Eight points recommended to explain the diagnosis to the person and their caregivers are:
 * Reasons for concluding they do not have epilepsy
 * What they do have (describe functional neurological disorder)
 * Emphasize they are not suspected of "putting on" the attacks, and the symptoms are not "all in their head"
 * There may be no triggering "stresses"
 * Maintaining factors
 * May improve after correct diagnosis
 * Caution that anticonvulsant drug withdrawal should be done in conjunction with their physician
 * Describe treatment to help regain control of symptoms

Removed the following paragraph from "prognosis." The first sentence is directly contradicted by its own source; the others are all sourced from studies from the 90s. Treatment for PNES has greatly improved over the last 30 years, and studies from the 90s of untreated PNES patients aren't good sources for modern PNES prognosis.

 * Functional seizures have been found to be as disabling and costly as epilepsy. Though there is limited evidence, outcomes appear to be relatively poor with a review of outcome studies finding that two-thirds of people with PNES continue to experience episodes and more than half are dependent on the Social Security program at three-year follow-up. This outcome data was obtained in a referral-based academic epilepsy center and loss to follow-up was considerable; the authors point out ways in which this may have biased their outcome data. Outcome was shown to be better in people with higher IQ, social status, greater educational attainments, younger age of onset and diagnosis, attacks with less dramatic features, and fewer additional somatoform complaints.

137.22.90.64 (talk) 08:01, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure


text: User talk:70.119.74.174

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User talk:Glequericac

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Talk:Pacific blockade

Do not delete
I don't have time to review it now, but a number of 19th century international law scholars (possibly early 20th century) dealt with this subject enough to make it notable (once notable, always notable). Though my understanding is it is of historical interest, not current. I've added the International Relations/Law banner as it falls into that area. IMHO (talk) 23:17, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Recent examples?
what is recent examples of pacific blockade?
 * There was some talk in the US cabinet during the Cuban Missile Crisis of reviving this doctrine, but they decided to term their actions against Cuba then  a "quarantine" instead.John Z (talk) 05:42, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Gunboat diplomacy
Isn't this just another name for/a type of gunboat diplomacy? Both articles even cite the Don Pacifico affair as examples of the concepts they cover. Seems like they could be merged. 108.34.186.243 (talk) 10:06, 18 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Many actions have indeed overlapped, but seems to me Gunboat Diplomacy is about a threat, explicit or not, to bombard or even invade, with blockade being incidental or even absent, whilst Pacific Blockade is blocking traffic, pure and simple. It's an economic sanction, except it's applied by force. Jim.henderson (talk) 20:09, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific blockade


text:
Talk:Omar Ahmad

Bias
Based on the quote, including sourcing, and the external links, their is a clear anti-Islamic bias in the article, i am not saying the quote needs to be removed, as it is relevant to an expanded article, but the addition of two suspect ex-links, and the lack of any further information, epically considering that this is a founder of the largest American-Islamic relations org. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:19, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Omar Ahmad silicon.jpg
Image:Omar Ahmad silicon.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 14:44, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Article restoration
On July 23, 2007, a user from the IP address 206.81.48.186 deleted approximately 2/3 of this article, leaving primarily information that was taken from CAIR's website. I reverted the article back to what appeared to be the latest version that contained most of the information, then went through the entire article and sourced it. Because the subject seems to be known mostly for the controversies surrounding his views and affiliation with radical Muslim groups, the rest of his biography is rather short--if anyone can fill more of that in, please do so. --Deusnoctum 23:27, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Omar Ahmad
Cyberbot II has detected links on Omar Ahmad which have been added to the blacklist, either globally or locally. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed or are highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. The addition will be logged at one of these locations: local or global If you believe the specific link should be exempt from the blacklist, you may request that it is white-listed. Alternatively, you may request that the link is removed from or altered on the blacklist locally or globally. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. Please do not remove the tag until the issue is resolved. You may set the invisible parameter to "true" whilst requests to white-list are being processed. Should you require any help with this process, please ask at the help desk.

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External links modified
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Did CAIR founder say Islam to rule America?
Even though WorldNetDaily is not considered a reliable source anymore, I do consider this specific article (direct link) to be well researched and balanced and a plus for the article. Gun Powder Ma (talk) 23:30, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omar Ahmad


text:
Category:Conservationists

This category is for conservationists who were or are active in the conservation movement. For people involved in Conservation and restoration, also referred as conservationists see Category:Conservator-restorers.

title: Category:Conservationists


text:
The Million Pound Radio Show

The Million Pound Radio Show was a long-running radio programme written by and featuring Nick Revell and Andy Hamilton that aired on Britain's BBC Radio 4. A series of sketches, interspersed with dialogue between the two, the show ran for at least six series between 1985 and 1992 with associated Christmas specials, along with a World Cup special in 1990 and a Millennium special broadcast in 1996 ("We reckon that by the time the year 2000 arrives the mere mention of the word 'millennium' will be enough to send people into life-threatening comas"). Regular Andy Hamilton players such as Felicity Montagu also turned up and Harry Enfield appeared in many programmes.

The show became popular in the UK through a sketch involving Pirates requiring better employment conditions ("We wants a training day!" "Aye! And a creche!") being repeatedly played on BBC Radio 1; the only cassette release of the series capitalised on this and had "Includes the famous pirate sketch!" emblazoned on the cover.

The Million Pound Radio Show is today quite frequently broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 Extra channel, on digital radio and the internet.

In an interview given on BBC Radio 7's "I Did It My Way", broadcast on 5 April 2008, Andy Hamilton said that there was a chance of a 'reunion' programme, perhaps at the next election. However, he made no firm commitment.

Series 1 (August 1985)

 * 1) Later on in Our Sports Feature.
 * 2) Tulula Blaze Remembers Ivor Novello.
 * 3) Drinking & Driving Foreign Diplomat.
 * 4) Now A Look Ahead To Monday on Radio 4 – Fame – Quite Well Respected

Series 2 (September 1986)

 * 1) How Come Nostradamus Never Won The Pools
 * 2) Government New Aid Scheme For Small Business
 * 3) Astronaut Mugged in Space
 * 4) Third Test at Lords
 * 5) Eta Terrorist Bomb Campaign
 * 6) Rupert Murdoch: Sun Goes Upmarket
 * 7) Leonardo da Vinci
 * 8) Shipping Forecast

Series 3 (October 1987)

 * 1) The Man Who Didn't Belong
 * 2) The Man Who Changed
 * 3) They Came From All Good Stores
 * 4) The Devil's Disciples
 * 5) Invaders From The Planet Dull
 * 6) Journey to the Centre of the Brain

Series 4 (March 1989)

 * 1) Page 3 Girl
 * 2) Guest Will Be Bros
 * 3) European onion threat and a whale of a time with Moby Dick
 * 4) Buckingham Palace revelations and government food advice
 * 5) The secret of Stonehenge, and The Day Truth Broke Out.
 * 6) A Ronald Ambrose Physics Lecture, and poorly Andy's National Health Service choices
 * 7) Christmas Special
 * 8) World Cup Special (1990)

Series 5 (July 1991)

 * 1) Pirates
 * 2) Dead President
 * 3) Weapons Fair
 * 4) Country life
 * 5) Time
 * 6) Golden Boot
 * 7) Election Special (1992)
 * 8) Columbus Special (1992)
 * 9) State of the Nation Special (1994)
 * 10) Millennium Special (1996)

title: The Million Pound Radio Show


text: User talk:141.153.55.8

title: User talk:141.153.55.8


text:
User:Silverbackman

Hello my name is Silverbackman.

title: User:Silverbackman


text: User talk:83.227.191.19

title: User talk:83.227.191.19


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maria Manakova

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 01:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Maria Manakova
Only 111 Google hits; notable only for appearing nude. Paul Klenk 07:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why wouldn't a Chess Grandmaster be considered notable?  If anything she's more notable than many other grandmasters (almost all of whom have Wikipedia articles) because of her extra magazine publicity.  Thatdog 07:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if other grandmasters have articles. -- Kjkolb 08:40, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep SaltyPig 12:15, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Posing passed pawns. Alf 12:19, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Chess grandmaster is noteworthy. --Cactus.man 15:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per the above --Mysidia (talk) 16:45, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nomination is not well thought out.  There are only 184 Woman Grandmaster's in the world.  Maria Manakova would be encyclopedically notable for her strength as a chess player even without a nude pictorial. Quale 21:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As per Quale.--Prosfilaes 21:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's regrettable that the page author considers nudity to be more noteworthy than achieving grandmaster status. We are all capable of nudity. How many of us are GM's?
 * Hundreds of people are GMs, and the differences on the chess board, except for the top few, are incomprehensible to most people. A chessplayer posing nude for money is unusual (the article says unique for a female grandmaster, though I wonder how anyone not a full-time researcher with the Kinsey institute could have real evidence for that), and it's something we all can comprehend. The article is yours to edit, but I'm afraid even if you do add a bunch of information on her playing style, most of us will come away with "Russian female grandmaster. Posed nude for Russian magazine Speed. But which one?"--Prosfilaes 17:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per the general consensus. Hall Monitor 22:53, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all GMs, WGMs and national chess champions. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Reno811

Sorry, but that message wasn't intended for you; it was meant for someone who was removing random chunks of the Hells Angels article. Perhaps the vandal shares your IP address. — Dan | Talk 07:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reno811


text: User talk:62.1.231.126

title: User talk:62.1.231.126


text:
User talk:Tgm22

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Thanks for uploading, please have a look at image copyright tag and choose a 'tag' for it, if you need help, please ask me. Alf 07:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Here are some tips:
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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 07:23, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Chips mackinolty
The recent article Chips mackinolty has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. You may wish to comment at Pages for deletion/Chips mackinolty. Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not, Alf 12:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Image copyright problem with Image:Morgan_Turinui_page_image_3.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Mackinolty.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mackinolty.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 16:36, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tgm22


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smokabong

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Paul August ☎ 03:33, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Smokabong
Appears to be a vanity page. --Mysidia (talk) 07:24, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Assiduously nn. MCB 08:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SaltyPig 12:16, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I have greeted initial editor and suggested they comment here. Alf 12:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Alright, I agree. Mitch (initial editor) 20:22 29 August 2005 (AEST)
 * Delete. Non-notable, seems to just be an ad to a CafePress store.   ral  315  17:36, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per creators wish, (userfy if he likes!). Alf 14:48, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.2.2.137

title: User talk:24.2.2.137


text: User talk:212.29.41.30

title: User talk:212.29.41.30


text:
User talk:MidLfinger

Chips mackinolty== Welcome to Wikipedia! ==

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 07:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

Image Tagging Image:LindaMiles.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:LindaMiles.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Image Tagging Image:VaderSting.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:VaderKane.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Vaderbomb.jpg
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title: User talk:MidLfinger