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Śrauta

Śrauta is a Sanskrit word that means "belonging to śruti", that is, anything based on the Vedas of Hinduism. It is an adjective and prefix for texts, ceremonies or person associated with śruti. The term, for example, refers to Brahmins who specialise in the śruti corpus of texts, and Śrauta Brahmin traditions in modern times can be seen in Kerala and Coastal Andhra.

Etymology and meaning
The Sanskrit word śrauta is rooted in śruti ("that which is heard", referring to scriptures of Hinduism). Johnson says that śrauta, is an adjective that is applied to a text, a ritual practice, or a person, that is associated with śruti. Klostermaier concurs, stating that the prefix means "belonging to śruti", and includes ceremonies and texts related to śruti. The word is sometimes spelled shrauta in scholarly literature.

History
Spread via Indian religions, homa traditions are found all across Asia, from Samarkand to Japan, over a 3000-year history. A homa, in all its Asian variations, is a ceremonial ritual that offers food to fire and is ultimately descended from the Vedic religion. The tradition reflects a ritual eclecticism for fire and cooked food (Paka-yajna) that developed in Indian religions, and the Brahmana layers of the Vedas are the earliest surviving records of this.

Yajna or vedic fire sacrifice ritual, in Indian context, became a distinct feature of the early śruti (Vedic) rituals. A śrauta ritual is a form of quid pro quo where through the fire ritual, a sacrificer offered something to the gods, and the sacrificer expected something in return. The Vedic ritual consisted of sacrificial offerings of something edible or drinkable, such as milk, clarified butter, yoghurt, rice, barley, an animal, or anything of value, offered to the gods with the assistance of fire priests. This Vedic tradition split into Śrauta (śruti-based) and Smarta (Smriti-based).

The Śrauta rituals, states Michael Witzel, are an active area of study and are incompletely understood.

Śrauta "fire ritual" practices were copied by different Buddhist and Jain traditions, states Phyllis Granoff, with their texts appropriating the "ritual eclecticism" of Hindu traditions, albeit with variations that evolved through the medieval times. The homa-style Vedic sacrifice ritual, states Musashi Tachikawa, was absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism and homa rituals continue to be performed in some Buddhist traditions in Tibet, China and Japan.

Texts
Śrautasūtras are ritual-related sutras based on the śruti. The first versions of the Kalpa (Vedanga) sutras were probably composed by the sixth century BCE, starting about the same time as the Brahmana layer of the Vedas were composed and most ritual sutras were complete by around 300 BCE. They were attributed to famous Vedic sages in the Hindu tradition. These texts are written aphoristic sutras style, and therefore are taxonomies or terse guidebooks rather than detailed manuals or handbooks for any ceremony.

The Śrautasūtras differ from the smārtasūtra based on smṛti (that which is remembered, traditions). The Smartasutras, in ancient vedic and post-vedic literature, typically refer to the gṛhyasūtras (householder's rites of passage) and sāmayācārikasūtras (right way to live one's life with duties to self and to relationships with others, dharmaśāstras).

Śrauta Sutras
The Śrautasūtras form a part of the corpus of Sanskrit sutra literature. Their topics include instructions relating to the use of the śruti corpus in great rituals and the correct performance of these major vedic ceremonies, are same as those found in the Brahmana layers of the Vedas, but presented in more systematic and detailed manner.

"Definition of a Vedic sacrifice Yajña, sacrifice, is an act by which we surrender something for the sake of the gods. Such an act must rest on a sacred authority (āgama), and serve for man's salvation (śreyortha). The nature of the gift is of less importance. It may be cake (puroḍāśa), pulse (karu), mixed milk (sāṃnāyya), an animal (paśu), the juice of soma-plant (soma), etc; nay, the smallest offerings of butter, flour, and milk may serve for the purpose of a sacrifice. — Apastamba Yajna Paribhasa-sutras 1.1, Translator: M Dhavamony"

Baudhayana srautasutra is probably the oldest text in the śrautasūtra genre, and includes in its appendix a paribhāṣāsūtra (definitions, glossary section). Other texts such as the early Apastamba śrautasūtra and later composed Katyayana start with Paribhasa-sutra section. The śulbasūtras or śulvasūtras are appendices in the śrautasūtras and deal with the mathematical methodology to construct geometries for the vedi (Vedic altar). The Sanskrit word śulba means "cord", and these texts are "rules of the cord". They provide, states Kim Plofker, what in modern mathematical terminology would be called "area preserving transformations of plane figures", tersely describing geometric formulae and constants. Five śulbasutras have survived through history, of which the oldest surviving is likely the Baudhayāna śulbasūtra (800–500 BCE), while the one by Kātyāyana may be chronologically the youngest (≈300 BCE).

Rituals
Śrauta rituals and ceremonies refer to those found in the Brahmana layers of the Vedas. These include rituals related to fire, full moon, new moon, soma, animal sacrifice, as well as seasonal offerings made during Vedic times. These rituals and ceremonies in the Brahmanas texts are mixed and difficult to follow. A clearer description of the ritual procedures appeared in the Vedanga Kalpa-sutras.

The Vedic rituals, states Burde, can be "divided into Śrauta and Gṛhya rituals". Śrauta rites relating to public ceremonies were relegated to the Śrautasutras, while most Vedic rituals relating to rites of passage and household ceremonies were incorporated in the Gṛhyasūtras (literally, homely; also called Laukika or popular, states Lubin). However, the Gṛhyasūtras also added many new non-Śrauta ceremonies over time. The śrautasūtras generally focus on large expensive public ceremonies, while gṛhyasūtras focus on householders and saṃskāras (rites of passage) such as childbirth, marriage, renunciation and cremation.

The śrautasūtra ceremonies are usually elaborate and require the services of multiple priests, while gṛhyasūtra rituals can be performed without or with the assistance of a priest in the Hindu traditions.

Animal versus vegetarian sacrificial offerings
The Śrauta rituals varied in complexity. The first step of a Śrauta ritual was making of an altar, then the initiation of fire, next of Havir-yajnas recitations, then offering of milk or drinkable liquid drops into the fire, then prayers all with mantras.

More complex Śrauta rituals were based on moon's cycle (Darshapurnamasa) and the seasonal rituals. The lunar cycle Śrauta sacrifices had no animal sacrifices, offered a Purodasha (baked grain cake) and Ghee (clarified butter) as an offering to gods, with recitation of mantras.

According to Witzel, "the Pasubandha or "Animal Sacrifice" is also integrated into the Soma ritual, and involves the killing of an animal." The killing was considered inauspicious, and "bloodless" suffocation of the animal outside the offering grounds was practiced. The killing was viewed as a form of evil and pollution (papa, agha, enas), and reforms were introduced to avoid this evil in late/post-Rigvedic times. According to Timothy Lubin, the substitution of animal sacrifice in Śrauta ritual with shaped dough (pistapasu) or pots of ghee (ajyapasu) has been practiced for at least 600 years, although such a substitution is not condoned in Śrauta ritual texts.

The discussions about substituting animal sacrifice with vegetarian offering, states Usha Grover, appear in section 1.2.3 of the Shatapatha Brahmana of the Yajurveda. This section, states Grover, presents the progressive change in the material offered to gods during a Śrauta ritual. The change, adds Grover, may be related to Ahimsa (non-violence principle), or merely a means to preserve the number of cattle, or lack of availability of sacrificial animals. However, according to Grover, the ancient text suggests that "animal sacrifice was given up", and offering had become "vegetable, grains, milk and ghee". The view that ancient Vedic texts had begun asserting that vegetable offerings were as efficient as animal offerings, for certain sacrifices, is shared by Max Müller and others.

Decline
According to Alexis Sanderson, Śrauta ceremonies declined from the fifth to the thirteenth century CE. This period saw a shift from Śrauta sacrifices to charitable grant of gifts such as giving cows, land, issuing endowments to build temples and sattrani (feeding houses), and water tanks as part of religious ceremonies.

Contemporary practices
Most Śrauta rituals are rarely performed in the modern era. Some Śrauta traditions have been observed and studied by scholars, as in the rural parts of Andhra Pradesh, and elsewhere in India and Nepal. Śrauta traditions from Coastal Andhra have been reported by David Knipe, and an elaborate śrauta ceremony was video recorded in Kerala by Frits Staal in 1975. According to Axel Michaels, the homa sacrifice rituals found in modern Hindu and Buddhist contexts evolved as a simpler version of the Vedic Śrauta ritual.

Knipe has published a book on Śrauta practices from rural Andhra. The Śrauta ritual system, states Knipe, "is an extended one, in the sense that a simple domestic routine has been replaced by one far more demanding on the religious energies of the sacrificer and his wife," and is initiated by augmenting a family's single fire Grihya system to a three fire Śrauta system. The community that continues to teach the Śrauta tradition to the next generation also teaches the Smarta tradition, the choice left to the youth. The Andhra tradition may be, states Knipe, rooted in the ancient Apstamba Śrauta and Grihya Sutras. In the Andhra traditions, after one has established the routine of the twice-daily routine of agnihotra offerings and biweekly dara pūrṇamāsa offerings, one is eligible to perform the agniṣṭoma, the simplest soma rite. After the agniṣṭoma, one is eligible to perform more extensive soma rites and agnicayana rites.

Śrauta brahmins specialise in conducting rituals according to the śruti corpus of texts, in contrast to smarta brahmins, known for conducting rituals according to smriti texts.

Women reciting mantras at śrauta ceremonies of Hinduism from ancient times have been suggested by a number of scholars such as Mary McGee, Stephanie Jamison, Katherine Young, and Laurie Patton.

Defunct practices
The Ashvamedha and Rajasuya are not practiced anymore. There is doubt the Purushamedha, a human sacrifice, was ever performed.

Influence
The Śrauta rituals were complex and expensive, states Robert Bellah, and "we should not forget that the rites were created for royalty and nobility". A Brahmin, adds Bellah, would need to be very rich to sponsor and incur the expense of an elaborate Śrauta rite. In ancient times, through the middle of 1st millennium CE, events such as royal consecration sponsored the Śrauta rites, and thereafter they declined as alternative rites such as temple and philanthropic actions became more popular with the royalty.

The Upanishads, states Brian Smith, were a movement towards the demise of the Śrauta-style social rituals and the worldview these rites represented. The Upanishadic doctrines were not a culmination, but a destruction of Vedic ritualism. This had a lasting influence on the Indian religions that gained prominence in the 1st millennium BCE, not only in terms of the Vedanta and other schools of Hindu philosophy that emerged, but also in terms of Buddhist and Jaina influence among the royal class of the ancient Indian society.

"In the Upanishads, one might be witnessing the conclusion of Vedism, not in the sense of its culmination but in the sense of its destruction. In the proto-Vedantic view, the universe and ritual order based on resemblance has collapsed, and a very different configuration based on identity has emerged. Upanishadic monism, one might say, blew the lid off a system contained, as well as regulated, by hierarchical resemblance. The formulation of a monistic philosophy of ultimate identity – arguably one indication of Vedism dissipating and reforming into a new systematic vision of the world and its fundamental principles – was born outside the normative classification schema of Vedic social life and became institutionalized as a counterpoint to life in the world."

With time, scholars of ancient India composed Upanishads, such as the Pranagnihotra Upanishad, that evolved the focus from external rituals to self-knowledge and to inner rituals within man. The Pranagnihotra is, states Henk Bodewitz, an internalized direct private ritual that substituted external public Agnihotra ritual (a srauta rite).

This evolution hinged on the Vedic idea of devas (gods) referring to the sense organs within one's body, and that the human body is the temple of Brahman, the metaphysical unchanging reality. This principle is found in many Upanishads, including the Pranagnihotra Upanishad, the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad section 2.2, Kaushitaki Upanishad sections 1.4 and 2.1–2.5, Prasna Upanishad chapter 2, and others. The idea is also found and developed by other minor Upanishads such as the ancient Brahma Upanishad which opens by describing human body as the "divine city of Brahman".

Bodewitz states that this reflects the stage in ancient Indian thought where "the self or the person as a totality became central, with the self or soul as the manifestation of the highest principle or god". This evolution marked a shift in spiritual rite from the external to the internal, from public performance through srauta-like rituals to performance in thought through introspection, from gods in nature to gods within.

The Śrauta Agnihotra sacrifice thus evolved into Prana-Agnihotra sacrifice concept. Heesterman describes the pranagnihotra sacrifice as one where the practitioner performs the sacrifice with food and his own body as the temple, without any outside help or reciprocity, and this ritual allows the Hindu to "stay in the society while maintaining his independence from it", its simplicity thus marks the "end station of Vedic ritualism".

title: Śrauta


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DBZonPS2

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

DBZonPS2
Not notable web forum, Alexa: 379,797. Also vanity and promotion feydey 12:29, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, website and forum advertising. With DBZ being so popular there's fansites with a far more respectable ranking. Also, listing forum moderators and members is a big no-no. Maybe we should mention that somewhere, I've seen too much of that type of articles today. - Mgm|(talk) 13:13, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Lets hope someone starts Wikinetforums soon, as I've previously stated. Alf 17:03, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Cape Cod Crusaders

Cape Cod Crusaders were an American soccer team based in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1994, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2008, when the franchise folded and the team left the league.

The team played its home games at several different venues in eastern Massachusetts: mainly in stadium on the campus of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, but also at Whitman-Hanson High School in Whitman, Massachusetts, and at Bowditch Stadium in Framingham, Massachusetts. Also played at Barnstable High School in the town of Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Crusaders' historical home was the stadium on the grounds Dennis Yarmouth High School in the town of Yarmouth, Massachusetts, where they won back to back championships in 2002 and 2003. The team's colors were red and white.

The team had a sister organization, the Boston Renegades, who play in the women's USL W-League. The club still fields a team in the USL's Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella.

History
The Crusaders were one of the most successful minor-league soccer teams in the United States, having been national PDL champions twice, in 2002 and 2003. The team was also one of the most long-lasting teams, having played in four different leagues, at two different levels, over the course of more than a decade. In the mid-2000s the Crusaders became part of the Massachusetts Premier Soccer (MPS) organization, which runs soccer schools and north senior and junior amateur leagues across Massachusetts, with the intent of developing and promoting the game.

In 2007, Crusaders striker Ricardo Pierre-Louis was part of the Haiti squad which took part in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Pierre-Louis was the only PDL player to take part in the tournament, coming on as a substitute in the 1–1 draw with Costa Rica, and playing a full 90 minutes in the 2–0 defeat to Canada.

Final squad
vs. Brooklyn Knights, 25 July 2008

Honors

 * USL PDL New England Division Champion 2008
 * USL PDL Northeast Division Champion 2007
 * USL PDL New England Division Champion 2006
 * USL PDL Northeast Division Champion 2005
 * USL PDL Champion 2003
 * USL PDL Eastern Conference Champion 2003
 * USL PDL Champion 2002
 * USL PDL Eastern Conference Champion 2002

Head coaches

 * Methembe Ndlovu (2003)
 * 🇺🇸 Paul Baber (2005–2008)

Stadiums

 * Stadium at Dennis Yarmouth High School, South Yarmouth, Massachusetts (1994–2003)
 * Stadium at Barnstable High School, Hyannis, Massachusetts (2004–2007)
 * Stadium at Nauset Regional High School, North Eastham, Massachusetts 1 game (2005)
 * Stadium at Weymouth High School, Weymouth, Massachusetts 1 game (2006)
 * Stadium at Whitman-Hanson Regional High School, Whitman, Massachusetts 3 games (2007–2008)
 * Stadium at Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (2008)
 * Stadium at Bridgewater-Raynham Regional High School, Bridgewater, Massachusetts 1 game (2008)
 * Bowditch Stadium, Framingham, Massachusetts 1 game (2008)

Average attendance

 * 2008: 309
 * 2007: 284
 * 2006: 330
 * 2005: 306

title: Cape Cod Crusaders


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Trina McGee

Trina Colette McGee (formerly known as Trina McGee-Davis) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Angela Moore on the ABC-TV sitcom Boy Meets World.

Early life
McGee attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. for a time.

Career
After appearing in minor film roles and guest-starring in various sitcoms, McGee landed her first recurring TV role as Angela Moore in Boy Meets World in 1997. Angela's interracial relationship with Shawn Hunter (played by Rider Strong, to whom McGee is 10 years senior) was unusual for a major network television show at the time, especially one whose target demographic was teenagers. She once remarked that the typical reaction she received from young fans regarding the relationship was overwhelmingly positive and encouraging, often inquiring as to when the characters might reconcile after a breakup. She expressed her personal wish that the relationship would serve as an example of diversity for the world. In 2015 she reprised the role in one episode for the sequel series Girl Meets World.

In June 2020, McGee stated that she experienced racism while starring on Boy Meets World. She stated that the people she had incidents with were Will Friedle and Michael Jacobs. She said that she has since made amends with Friedle.

title: Trina McGee


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Mokra, Silesian Voivodeship

Mokra is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miedźno, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km north of Kłobuck and 80 km north of the regional capital Katowice.

On 1 September 1939, it was the site of the Battle of Mokra, fought between the Polish cavalry brigade and a German panzer division. The one-day battle was won by the Poles.

title: Mokra, Silesian Voivodeship


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title: Category:Villages of Poland


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User:Lit316/Josephine Baker

Josephine Baker (1906-1975), is known as the "girl who danced her way through the 20's and 30's only dressed in bananas". A dancer, singer, actress and a comedian all in one, Josephine Baker was the first black female entertainer to break through racial prejudice in Europe and the United States. Her acts were both outrageously funny and quite sexy. She was a star of stage, screen and recordings, a civil rights activist and an honored military woman during World War II. She adopted 12 children of different races, whom she called the "Rainbow Tribe". Josephine sought to prove that "children of different ethnicities and religions could be brothers". Josephine's stardom lasted for 50 years; her fans gave her extravagant gifts such as diamonds and cars, and she received over 1,500 marriage proposals. Overcoming the limitations imposed by the color of her skin, she became one of the world's most versatile entertainers, performing on stage, screen and recordings. Josephine was decorated for her undercover work for the French Resistance during World War II. She was a civil rights activist. She refused to perform for segregated audiences and integrated the Las Vegas nightclubs. She adopted twelve children from around the world whom she called her "Rainbow Tribe." On her funeral procession, 20,000 people gathered on the streets of Paris to pay respects. Baker was the first American woman buried in France with military honors. Josephine Baker became an idol in all respects. Not only was she a breathtaking performer, but she was also a very intelligent woman who fought for civil rights. She inspired people even after her death?"The Josephine Baker Story" motion picture was released in 1991. The film won two Emmys and was nominated for Golden Globe

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Night Shift (British TV series)

Night Shift is a British television series that portrayed people who work the night shift (work during the night).

Night Shift was made by a small independent production company called Addictive TV for the ITV network in the United Kingdom. Each episode of Night Shift lasted only five to ten minutes. The show's original run was from 1992 to 1994, while an additional series was produced in 1998. Several of Night Shift's episodes were filmed at the same location, most notably Gatwick Airport and Victoria Station.

The original series featured a model shot, in which a camera moves across a Monopoly-style map of a city into the title, Night Shift, written as a street name. The shot was produced for a pilot in mid-1992, but utilized in the final shows too. The model was constructed by model-maker Peter Poole, and filmed by Dave Hicks. Despite the look, there was no film studio involved: just a Brighton garage. A mini-mist smoke machine was used to add depth to the backlit model, which was about 6 by 4 feet in size. A photo appeared in the design magazine, Creative Review, in the What's New In Design? section.

The show, filmed entirely hand-held in a style uncommon at the time, was presented in an informal fashion by the writer and actor, Colin Bennett. Bennett is also known for his appearance on the BBC children's television show, Take Hart, which was presented by Tony Hart.

The short episodes would generally show up at a moment's notice if programmes ran early or it was needed to fill in a small gap. In the latter part of scheduling sometimes two episodes or more would be shown back to back. Colin always appeared sporting an Edmonton Oilers jacket and only removed it once during the entire run. The production crew were often spoken to by the presenter, with reference to "Nick" and "Graham". These names refer to producer/sound recordist Nick Clarke and producer/director Graham Daniels of Addictive TV. The crew sometimes appeared on camera with one episode at Gatwick Airport, weighing baggage. The series was shot by award-winning cameraman Nic Small.

Examples of the shows include a late night visit to a cab firm who were not very busy at all and Colin learnt that most of their time was spent playing cards. Escort agencies, hospitals, lap dancing bars, police stations and even nuclear power plants were frequented by the team. An individual episode was filmed entirely using a nightvision camera out in the dark with the army giving it an eerie green glow. The series was also the first ever television programme allowed to film in Gatwick Airport's control tower (before the BBC series Airport).

title: Night Shift (British TV series)


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User:Lit316/Khaled Hosseini

Khaled Hosseini

Khaled Hosseini (b. March 4, 1965) is and Afghan American author. Born in Kabul in a family of five children, where is mother taught Farsi and history in high school and his father work for the embassy. His family moved to Paris in 1976, where his father worked at a diplomatic post. Though scheduled to return to Afghanistan in 1980, the family was wary of the impact of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and requested political asylum in the United States.

He graduated from the School of Medicine at the University of California San Diego in 1993 where he worked as an internist for Kaiser. Currently resides in San Jose, California with his wife, Roya and his two children (a boy and a girl, Haris and Farah).

In 2001, he began working on his first novel, The Kite Runner about life in Afghanistan from the fall of the monarchy until the collapse of the Taliban regime. The novel derives its name from the Afghan custom of battle of kites. Hosseini drew from his own life experiences in writing the book Taking only a two day seminar called “How to Get Your Novel Published”, he wrote this novel in the mornings between 5 am and 8 am while his family slept. Published in 2003, it became an instant success making this the first book to be written in English by an Afghan.

Riverhead Books will publish Khaled Hosseini’s next novel about Afghanistan, Dreaming Titanic City, in the summer of 2006,

Bibliography

Adair, Lara. “Success made easy – or so it seems.” San Francisco Chronicle. Sunday, June 8, 2003.

Conlogue, Ray. “Afghanistan’s next chapter.” The Globe and Mail. Thursday, June 12, 2003.

Nhu, T.T. “Seeing Afghanistan form afar”  The Mercury News. June 21, 2003.

title: User:Lit316/Khaled Hosseini


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Hull School of Art and Design

The Hull School of Art and Design (previously the Hull School of Art) is an art school in Kingston upon Hull, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

History
Founded in 1861, classes were originally given in a suite of upstairs chambers at the Public Assembly Rooms, now the New Theatre. In 1878, the School of Art had moved to a Georgian town house on Albion Street. In 1901, an Anlaby Road site was acquired from the North Eastern Railway Company, and an architectural competition advertised. The winning design for a new Hull School of Art was produced by the Bloomsbury firm of Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards; the building was completed in April 1905.

In 1930 the school at Anlaby Road became Hull College of Arts and Crafts. In 1962 the College was renamed the Regional College of Art and Design, and began to offer a syllabus leading to the newly recognised Diploma in Art and Design (DipAD). In 1972 a new Art College Building on Queens Gardens was commissioned, designed by the Architectural Partnership of Frederick Gibberd. This building received its first students in September 1974, and offered honours degrees in Fine Art and Graphic Design.

The amalgamation of the local authority's higher education provision commenced in 1976 with the foundation of Hull College of Higher Education. It was later renamed the University of Humberside and entered into alliance with higher education institutions in Lincoln. The resulting University of Lincolnshire and Humberside came into being in 1996, and underwent a further name change in 2001 when it became the University of Lincoln. Renamed as the Hull School of Art and Design, the school is now a part of Hull College Group.

Alumni

 * Simon Goddard
 * Alfred Garth Jones
 * Ted Lewis
 * John Alexander Parks
 * Professor David Remfry MBE RA studied Painting and Printmaking from 1959 to 1964. His tutor was Gerald Harding.
 * Harry Hudson Rodmell
 * Theresa Tomlinson
 * Vanessa Winship
 * Andrew Voller, E.M.A. Psychology founder.

title: Hull School of Art and Design


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Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast

Znamensk (Vėluva; Welawa) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Gvardeysky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pregolya River at its confluence with the Lava River 50 km east of Kaliningrad. Population figures:

History
The site of today's Znamensk was originally an Old Prussian fort, with a settlement named Velowe nearby. The site featured an unusually large oak tree, considered sacred by the local Prussians. It survived at least until 1595, when it was mentioned by Caspar Hennenberger.

Around 1255 the locality was fortified, but the castle was surrendered to the Teutonic Knights by its mayor, Tirslo. The Teutons continued to use the castle and began to colonize the region with Germans, giving the settlement the name Wehlau. It received its civic charter in 1335 and in 1339 and became a centre for horse stables and horse trade. Until the late 19th century the town was allowed to organise a six-day linen fair, a three-day horse fair and two additional horse and cattle fairs every year. In 1349 Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Heinrich Dusemer founded a Franciscan Monastery there to commemorate his victory over the Prussians in the battle of Streba River. In 1380 the St. Jacob's church was erected.

Since 1440, the town was a founding member of the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule. In 1454, the Confederation asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland. During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, in 1460 the Teutonic Order besieged the town and successfully retook it. The war ended in 1466 with a peace treaty signed in Toruń, according to which the town became a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. In 1490 Grand Master Johann von Tiefen restored (or founded, the sources are unclear) another Franciscan monastery in the town. However, it was destroyed in 1519 in the course of Protestant Reformation, when the burghers converted to Protestantism and decided that such a small town is not able to bear the burden of sustaining two monasteries.

In 1540 the town was destroyed by a large fire and only the St. Jacob's church was left standing. Wehlau was successfully rebuilt, although natural disasters struck it repeatedly, notably in 1542 and 1593. The town finally recovered and by the end of 16th century Margrave Georg Friedrich considered moving the University of Königsberg to Wehlau, which however never materialised. The town had a mixed population, and as of 1623, Polish and Lithuanian languages were required for the local teacher. In the Treaty of Wehlau signed in the town in 1657, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, received sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.

In 1818, it became the seat of Landkreis Wehlau in East Prussia within the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1871 Wehlau joined the German Empire. By the end of the 19th century the town had roughly 4,000 inhabitants, mostly German Lutherans. The town had a station of the Prussian Eastern Railway connecting Königsberg and Berlin to the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway, as well as a Lutheran church, a regional courthouse and a school.

Near the end of World War II, on 23 January 1945, the town was taken by troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front of the Red Army. The old town center was almost completely destroyed, and the German population fled during the evacuation of East Prussia or was expelled. It became part of the Kaliningrad Oblast and was renamed Znamensk, losing its civic rights in the process. It was demoted to a rural settlement in 2006.

Notable people

 * George von Kunheim (1523–1611) married Margaretha Luther, grandchild of Martin Luther in 1555.
 * Johann Christoph Strodtmann (1717–1756) a German author, writing on theology, philology, classical studies, history of law and history of scholarship
 * Gustav Neumann, (1838–1881), chess master
 * Ernst Vanhöffen (1858–1918), zoologist
 * David Hilbert (1862–1943), mathematician
 * Walter Schütz (1897–1933), politician
 * Herbert Pilch (1927–2018), linguist

title: Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast


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Euston Arch

The Euston Arch, built in 1837 (and demolished in 1962), was the original entrance to Euston station, facing onto Drummond Street, London. The arch was demolished when the station was rebuilt in the 1960s, but much of the original stone was later located—principally used as fill in the Prescott Channel—and proposals have been formulated to reconstruct it as part of the planned redevelopment of the station, including the station's use as the London terminus of the High Speed 2 line.

When Euston station was redeveloped, Drummond Street was split into two parts, on either side of the station complex, with the eastern half renamed Doric Way, after the style of the arch.

Construction

Designed by the architect Philip Hardwick, it was inspired by the Roman architecture Hardwick encountered on a trip to Italy in 1818 and 1819. Strictly speaking it was not an arch at all, but a propylaeum of the Doric order. The sandstone structure was designed for the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR), complementing Birmingham Curzon Street station, at the other end of the company's mainline. The arch was to be not only a fitting gateway to the Midlands, but to the whole new world which the railway was to open up.

The construction of the arch was announced by the directors of the L&BR in a report dated February 1837:

The arch was supported on four columns, and bronze gates were placed behind them. It stood 70 ft and 44 ft, while the diameter of each of the columns was 8 ft. The structure was built from stone from Bramley in West Yorkshire, and cost £35,000. Initially it had very little embellishment and no descriptive title until 1870, when the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) incised "Euston" on the architrave in letters of gold. There were two lodges on each side of the arch, executed like it in strictly classical style. Each of these lodges was separated from its neighbour by an imposing pair of bronze gates. One of the gates between the lodges operated as an entrance for carriages and very heavy goods going by train, while one of the lodges was an office for outgoing parcels.

The traveller would drive through the arch into an oblong courtyard running north to south and enclosed by a brick wall nearly 500 ft and 100 ft. On the eastern side (the arriving traveller's right) was a range of offices behind a colonnade of pillars.

The arch was not admired by everyone in its early years. A guide to London published at the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 described it as "gigantic and very absurd" and placed "without reference to the courtyard it leads to". The British Almanac for 1839 remarked that it was "noble", emphasising the purity of its style, but stated that "it was not necessary, as in the case of many porticoes to country houses, to have sash windows peeping out between Doric columns; the perfection of the style could be maintained and should be appreciated."

The addition of the station name was part of station improvements in 1869–74 which also saw the creation of an entrance drive from the Euston Road to the portico. In 1881, however, the westernmost pier and lodge of the arch structure were demolished to make way for offices, and soon afterwards a hotel extension blocked the view from Euston Road.

Following the First World War, the LNWR built a war memorial in the form of an obelisk on the entrance drive, designed to be in alignment with the arch and lodges. The war memorial survived the 1960s redevelopment and is a listed building.

1938 proposal
A suggestion to move the arch was made in 1938 by the London Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS), which proposed rebuilding Euston Station according to an American-inspired design by Percy Thomas, a respected architect hired with the help of a loan provided by the government. After returning from a tour of modern stations in the United States, Thomas proposed a large stripped-Classical block with wings, which incorporated a hotel, offices and the station. This plan involved removing the Euston Arch. Gerald Wellesley and Albert Richardson of the Georgian Group, a conservation organisation, managed to persuade Lord Stamp, chairman of the LMS, that it could be resited on the Euston Road, even though Thomas had insisted that it would not be possible to move it. Ultimately these plans for reconstruction were never realised as the Second World War began the following year.

1960 proposal
In January 1960 the British Transport Commission served the London County Council (LCC) (the local planning authority) with notice of its intention to demolish Euston station.

Conceived in the context of the BTC's plans to upgrade and electrify the main line between Euston and Scotland as part of its Modernisation Programme, the proposal called for the demolition of the entire station, including the arch and the Great Hall, which were both Grade II listed buildings. The existing station was regarded as inconveniently sited and impractically small.

At a planning inquiry held in late January 1960, the LCC adopted a report by its Town Planning Committee which allowed the removal of the arch and its attendant lodges on condition that they would be "re-erected on another site in an appropriate dignified and open setting." Giving evidence to the LCC, the BTC estimated that the re-siting costs would be in the region of £180,000. It refused to countenance any suggestion that it would fund the work. In the House of Commons, the MP Woodrow Wyatt tabled a motion demanding that the arch as well as the Great Hall and Shareholders' Room in the station should be retained.

Under the legislation governing the planning procedure, once the BTC's notice to demolish had expired on 17 April 1960, only the Minister of Housing and Local Government could save the buildings by placing a preservation order on them. In default of the minister's action, the station would be demolished.

Royal Fine Art Commission
In 1960 the Royal Fine Art Commission, the body responsible for advising on questions of "public amenity or of artistic importance", asked both the BTC and the LCC to consult it. Local planning authorities are 'advised' to seek the commission's advice on development schemes of national or major regional importance, and the commission will make non-binding recommendations as to the proposed development from the perspective of its impact on the local environment and its design quality. The BTC referred the commission to the LCC which itself avoided the issue by stating that it was for the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to call-in the planning application. The ministry refused to act, stating that it still remained for the LCC to deal with the application.

In May 1960 Henry Brooke, the Conservative Minister for Housing and Local Government, was asked to issue a building preservation order in respect of the arch under Section 29 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. This would prevent any works being carried out without the permission of the LCC. He rejected the request, believing that an order was unnecessary given that the LCC was in discussions with the BTC on the future of the arch. The Royal Fine Art Commission contacted the minister in June 1960 expressing their concern for the arch, and again requested to be consulted on the proposals for redevelopment of the station site. The minister did not reply to this letter.

Decision
On 12 July 1961, in a written answer to a parliamentary question by Sir Frank Markham, the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples, confirmed that he had given approval to the early reconstruction of Euston station which, in his view, was urgent not only because of the electrification programme but also because three 50-year-old Underground lifts had almost reached the end of their useful lives. The replacement of the lifts would cost £700,000. As he recounted:

The arch did not, in his view, justify such expenditure, and although he expressed his regret at the passing of a major monument of the early railway age, there was no practical alternative in his mind.

Reaction and last-minute lobbying

The arch's imminent demolition sparked a preservation protest in which Woodrow Wyatt, John Betjeman and Nikolaus Pevsner were prominent figures, and a wider debate about the modernisation of central London. There was public disquiet over how a local authority with a good track record for architecture and town planning such as the LCC, and the BTC, an important public service operator, could allow the demolition of such an important monument. Figures such as Sir Charles Wheeler, the President of the Royal Academy, backed by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, the Georgian Group and the London Society, lobbied in vain for the arch's preservation. Arguments which had been successfully employed to see off the previous attempted demolition in 1938 failed to sway the BTC which said that it was unable to afford the costs of reconstruction.

The Victorian Society, whose vice-chairman was Sir John Betjeman, attempted to raise £90,000 to pay for the relocation of the arch, and pleaded for a stay of execution for the arch until this had been done. A Canadian firm, Nicholas Brothers, had offered to move the portico on rollers to a site 200 yards nearer the Euston Road. It was reported in October 1961 that a promise had been received that the gates of the arch would be preserved and moved elsewhere on the railways.

On 24 October 1961, a group of campaigners including J. M. Richards, the editor of the Architectural Review, went to see Harold Macmillan, the Conservative Prime Minister, to plead for the preservation of the arch, arguing that if it really had to be moved, that it should be dismantled and re-erected elsewhere. As J. M. Richards recalled, "Macmillan listened – or I suppose he listened [...] he sat without moving with his eyes apparently closed. He asked no questions; in fact he said nothing except that he would consider the matter."

Two weeks later Macmillan gave his response to the proposals. He stated that he had decided against adopting the suggested preservation strategy and explained that "every possible way" of preserving the arch had been investigated by the BTC, but the lack of available land, the operational requirements of the station and the removal costs entailed made the project infeasible. He revealed that the only place the arch could be put where it would not look "incongruous" was the traffic roundabout on the Euston Road, a possibility which had been considered unsuitable by the LCC. He refused to allow any further delay or to allow the Victorian Society time to raise funds, for that would delay the reconstruction of the station and involve extra expenditure of £100,000.

A group of young architects had attempted to delay demolition by climbing the scaffolding around the arch and erecting a 50 ft long banner with the inscription "save the arch" on it. Sir John Summerson was also present at the demonstration.

Demolition
Demolition began in December 1961. Leonard Fairclough Limited of Adlington in Lancashire were appointed as demolition contractors. The company revealed that it would take several weeks to demolish the arch, as the job would have to be done by hand — explosives being out of the question owing to possible damage to the adjacent buildings.

Criticism
The Architectural Review criticised the cynical means employed by British Railways in achieving the demolition of the arch:

Frank Valori, a representative of Leonard Fairclough Ltd., later revealed to Lord Esher that he had undertaken the demolition "without pleasure" and had offered to provide the government with an alternative site at his own expense at which he would store the stones of the portico with a view to re-erecting it elsewhere. This offer was "disdainfully rejected by the Government on the flimsy pretext that no place could ever be found." Valori presented a silver model of the arch to Lord Esher who admitted that the gesture "made him feel as if some man had murdered his wife and then presented him with her bust". Valori later incorporated part of the arch into the stonework of the house which he had constructed for himself in Bromley.

The campaign to preserve the arch was a significant factor in the development of industrial archaeology as a distinct discipline.

Remains of the arch

The ornamental iron gates from the arch were saved at the time of demolition and are now in the National Railway Museum in York.

In 1994 the historian Dan Cruickshank discovered that at least 60% of the stone from the arch was buried in the bed of the River Lea at the Prescott Channel in the East End of London. The location of the stones, for which he had been searching for 15 years, had been revealed by Bob Cotton, a British Waterways engineer, who had acquired the material in 1962 to fill a chasm in the bed of the channel.

Cruickshank revealed on the One Foot in the Past television programme, broadcast on 7 June 1994, that the stone had barely weathered at all. As he explained, "This makes the reconstruction of the arch a tangible reality, ... The arch is made of stone from the Bramley Fall quarry in Yorkshire which is incredibly hard, almost like granite." A section of fluted column was brought up from the river bed, where the stones with "Euston" marked in gold lettering are believed to be located. Other stones are lying in the gardens of those involved in the arch's demolition. The television programme showed at least one large piece being part of the rear wall of a large rockery in one garden.

In May 2009 British Waterways raised many more stones from the Prescott Channel, in conjunction with work to repair waterways serving the Olympic Park.

A Fuller's pub in the new station, named The Doric Arch after Euston arch, has a display of some of the recovered stone behind the bar.

Reconstruction plans
In 1996 Dan Cruickshank launched the Euston Arch Trust, an organisation dedicated to the rebuilding of the arch, which counted among its members the modernist architects Peter Smithson (who with his wife Alison had written a history of the arch) and Piers Gough. The trustees saw the opportunity to put right a historical wrong whilst at the same time addressing the fragmented townscape around Euston, including possibly the restoration of Euston Square which was laid out in the early nineteenth century but fell victim to the redevelopment of Euston Station in 1968. Railtrack were reported to be 'keen' on the idea of reconstructing the arch and the London Borough of Camden were said to have 'no case against revival'. The estimated cost of rebuilding in 1996 was said to be £5 million.

On 6 November 2007 the historian Tristram Hunt reported in The Guardian newspaper that a project to rebuild the arch as part of the redevelopment of Euston Station could be led by Alastair Lansley, the lead architect for the reconstruction and rebuilding of St Pancras Station.

On 18 February 2008 Marcus Binney reported in The Times newspaper that the arch may be rebuilt as part of the redevelopment of Euston Station from 2009.

In September 2009 the Euston Arch Trust revealed detailed plans to rebuild the arch in front of Euston Station, between a pair of existing lodges on Euston Road. It was reported that lettable space in the arch could help pay the cost of construction, now estimated at £10 million. The trust suggests this might involve a 'banqueting room' at the top of the arch and a 'nightclub' in the basement.

In March 2014 it was announced that a revived £1.2bn scheme to rebuild London’s Euston station as the gateway to the High Speed 2 line might include reconstruction of the Euston Arch. The Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: "I will ... ask HS2 Ltd and Network Rail to develop more comprehensive proposals for the redevelopment of Euston, working with the rail industry and the local community. This work should include proposals for the Euston arch, which should never have been knocked down and which I would like to see rebuilt." In November 2016, the then Minister of State for Transport, John Hayes, also supported reconstruction of the Euston Arch, saying "We will make good the terrible damage that was done to Euston, by resurrecting the Euston Arch." Uncertainty about the future of HS2 nonetheless raised doubts about the reconstruction of the arch. While the plan remained for the line to run to Euston, the redevelopment of the station was delayed in October 2023.

Legacy
The demolition of the arch inspired the artist Tom Eckersley to design a tile motif at Euston Underground station displaying the arch for the new Victoria line, which was opened in 1968, shortly afterwards. The motif shows the arch in black and red on a red background.

title: Euston Arch


text:
Sense and Sensibilia (Austin book)

Sense and Sensibilia is a landmark 1962 work of ordinary language philosophy by J. L. Austin, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Austin attacks sense data theories of perception, specifically those of A. J. Ayer.

The book was published posthumously having been reconstructed from Austin's manuscript notes by fellow Oxford philosopher Geoffrey Warnock. Austin's first lectures, which formed the basis for the manuscript, were delivered at Oxford in Trinity Term 1947 under the general title "Problems in Philosophy".

The Guardian described it as: "... a philosophical classic... Mr Warnock has performed his task in a way that is quite remarkable. His brilliant editing puts everybody who is concerned with philosophical problems in his debt." "Trouser-word" comes from Sense and Sensibilia.

title: Sense and Sensibilia (Austin book)


text:
Cassandra Ponti

Lejanie Palma Anigan (born 1 March 1978), known professionally as Cassandra "Cass" Ponti, is a Filipino former actress, dancer, model, and reality television contestant. After spending 112 days inside the house on Pinoy Big Brother, Ponti garnered 214,188 votes, 18.9% of total votes, to place third in the Big Night finale.

Ponti was an FHM model with the screen name Honey V. She's well known for her passion in cooking, Visayan accent, and her caring for others, especially inside the Pinoy Big Brother house. She was the cover model of the October 2006 issue of Maxim Philippines and the November 2008 issue of Playboy Philippines.

Ponti studied at Saint Mary's College in Tagum City, Davao del Norte and was an entertainer in Japan before she became model and actress.

Movies

 * Banal (2007)
 * Agent X44 (2007)
 * Enteng Kabisote 3: Okay Ka, Fairy Ko: The Legend Goes On and On and On (2006)
 * Shake, Rattle and Roll VIII (2006)
 * Sabel (2004)

TV appearances

 * Rosalka as Jason's mother
 * Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo as Vega
 * Maalaala Mo Kaya as Querida
 * Komiks - various roles
 * Babalik Kang Muli as Elyssa
 * ASAP
 * Boy & Kris
 * Wowowee
 * Abt Ur Luv
 * Pinoy Big Brother

title: Cassandra Ponti


text:
Formula Lightning

Formula Lightning was an electric car open-wheel, open cockpit formula racing series for University engineering programs that ran from 1994 to 2004 in the United States. The series was sponsored by ABB and a number of local and regional electric companies. For much of the duration of the series, the races were organized by Electric Vehicles Technology Competitions (EVTC) and sanctioned by SCCA Pro Racing.

The motivation behind the series was to generate excitement amongst the public about electric vehicles. The hope was that focusing on high speed racing, rather than an endurance event, would get fans of motorsports like NASCAR and IndyCar to think favorably about electric vehicle technology. The race organizers also sought to inspire and train a generation of undergraduate engineers to become electric vehicle designers of the future.

The basic chassis of the vehicles was standardized and built by the Solar Electric Race Association (SERA). Universities across the country purchased these identical rolling chassis and then designed, developed, and built the electric drive systems needed to race. There were no changes allowed in the chassis design without majority approval of the Formula Lightning Owners Association. This ensured student teams could concentrate on the electric drive without the necessity of designing specialized mechanical chassis components.

The two predominant battery technologies used in the powertrains were lead-acid and nickel-cadmium. Most cars had somewhere around 1200 pounds of batteries, which were stored in the side-pods. The races were typically 25-50 miles long. Because of the speeds that the cars ran at and the state of battery technology at the time, more than one set of batteries were needed per race. Thus most teams planned at least one pit stop, which required 600 pounds of batteries to be removed from each side and replaced with a fully charged pack.

Professional drivers were hired to pilot the vehicles during the races and were able to reach speeds up to 140 mi/h. The series competed on both oval tracks (including Indianapolis Raceway Park and Richmond International Raceway) and road course race tracks (including Burke Lakefront Airport and Firebird Raceway in Phoenix).

The first race was held in July 1994 in support of the Grand Prix of Cleveland CART race with the University of Notre Dame winning the event. Throughout the decade-long series a number of universities participated including Bowling Green State University, IUPUI, University of Oklahoma, Ohio State University, Kettering University, and Arizona State University. The final official series race was held in October 2004 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. Ohio State University was the leading series champion.

The race series stands as an important precursor to Formula E and the rise of other electric motorsport s in the 2010s and 2020s, that happened alongside the broader spread of electric powered passenger vehicles.

title: Formula Lightning


text:
User talk:Colmenero

Welcome from bastel
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions to the Landless Workers' Movement article. I hope you and your young family are doing fine - congratulations! As for Wikipedia, I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! I saw that you had some problems signing with your name on talk pages, the easiest way of doing that is adding four tildes ~ after your post - it will look like this: bastel 12:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Here are some other good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump. Again, welcome. bastel 12:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colmenero


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-15/From the editor

Comments

 * Yay! I love the Signpost... it really helps with figuring out what's going on :-) Just remember to be reporter like... - Ta bu shi da yu 08:46, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll second that "Yay!". The Signpost is really useful and informative. If there's any way I can help, let me know--I'd like to chip in a little at least. Meelar (talk) 13:48, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it be great if there could be a comments section at the end of each article like this? lots of issues  | leave me a message 01:06, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, that's what the "Discussion" tab above is mostly used for (though there usually isn't a lot of comment on articles).  ral  315  02:26, August 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I can aslo chip in a bit. Let me know if u need ny help. kaal 05:33, 16 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Treehouse of Horror V

What is the Cowboy Film shown at the beginning?
I'm referring to "the 1947 Glenn Ford classic '200 Miles to Oregon'", which I can't actually find on the web and yet was shown in a snippet at the beginning. May I assume then the footage is from another cowboy film, and if so which one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.7.41.160 (talk) 11:47, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Shame no one has answered this yet. I have researched this and there is no such film.  No film database includes a film by that title, no Glenn Ford filmography includes the title, and the over 3,000 Google results of a search for the exact phrase are all discussions of this Simpsons episode. 12.233.146.130 (talk) 22:50, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

References to "The Shining"
Is this section necessary? I mean, the segment's title and the initial mention that it's based on the movie should be enough. The plot summary makes it clear that Homer plays the Jack Torrance role, Bart is Danny, Willie is Halloran, et cetera. It seems very redundant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dynskeet (talk • contribs)

Nightmare Cafeteria
Why are the two statements that Homer and Maggie don't appear in "Nightmare Cafeteria" incorrect? They weren't really shown, but seen at the end, while Bart realized it was just a nightmare. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.38.1.27 (talk • contribs)

Lose the trivia section
Please see WP:Trivia and Avoid trivia sections in articles L0b0t 02:22, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I always wondered why trivia are suposely so bad. I read the WP:Trivia, and I still wonder what people consider "important". I think most part of any encyclopedia won't help me to survive, to eat, or to find a place to sleep safely. Other than that, important is just a state of mind. But I do understand how Trivia sections can get out of hand. I guess it does make it somewhat easier for random users to come in and push some data.

 * Anyway, introductions aside, this trivia seems little enough, and I'd like to ask you, someone who seems to dislike trivias, if this one, for example, could be merged into the article. I could see, with few different words, part of it on the description, and the last one into the Shinning section itself. I'm asking as someone who is not that active, and like to avoid deleting (sometimes way too much).

 * After all, one of the most important parts of wikipedia, from what I can see, is the wiki and wikifications should always be welcome.

 * --Caue (T | C) 05:40, Tuesday 2006-12-5 (UTC)

 * Hello Caue, thanks for asking. My objections to the trivia sections are rooted not in a dislike of trivia but, rather, with the way in which it is often presented.  Editors must provide a reliable source for all information that is added to the encyclopedia.  If one is only describing an event that happens in a particular episode (not mentioning any other work of fiction or real life event) then the episode itself (a primary source) is all one needs to cite.  If however, one want's to make a connection between two works of fiction or between a particular episode and a real-life event we require that an editor cite a secondary source to satisfy the no original research policy.  Essentialy this problem is one of causality, things like parody, allusion, homage, etc are specific stylistic devices or literary techniques and to attribute these motivations to the writters of an episode without a reliable source stating that the writters did indeed intend for that scene to be a parody of a scene in another work is a clear violation of our original research policy.  There are many, many, many, many forums and fansites where fan speculation and analysis is welcomed but the general purpose encyclopedia is not one of them.  So, let's suppose that an editor has a piece of information and a reliable source ready to cite to back it up.  How does one add it to the article?  If the information is written up as prose, in a nice neat paragraph then there is no problem.  The problem arises with the creation of a bulleted list, nothing will kill an article's chances at featured article status faster than a bulleted list.  Lists are a prime example of lazy writting, if one can not be bothered to put information into prose then one should not bother to edit the encyclopedia.  These list sections serve as cruft magnets, encouraging others to come by and add more crufty nonsense to the list.  I hope this helps answer your question; please feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you would like to discuss this or anything else.  Cheers. L0b0t 16:40, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup Tag
The page seems to follow the same set up as the other Simpsons Halloween pages. What on the page needs cleaned up? Pnkrockr 17:09, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunatly, as with a great many articles about television shows, it is saddled with a "trivia", "cultural reference", or "quotes" section; all of which are very unencyclopedic, magnets for spam and cruft, and tend to turn into lists which is a poor way to lay out an article. Please see: WP:Trivia, WP:NOT,and WP:AVTRIV.  Please stop by the Trivia Cleanup Project at WP:WPTCU, if you would like to help out. Cheers.  L0b0t 17:31, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

 * Prose
 * 1) In the infobox, you have Each member of the family enters with disfigure bodies. It should be disfigured bodies.
 * 2) It saw James Earl Jones guest star as the alternate universe Maggie Simpson. Something about this sentence just isn't right. Perhaps 'James Earl Jones guest stars as the alternate universe Maggie Simpson or something of that nature. I just don't like the It saw business. It sounds weird to me, but this is just one man's opinion.
 * 3) Any instance of the possessive case of "Mr. Burns" should be written as "Mr. Burns's."
 * 4) ...access to two of his favorite things - beer and television Should use a colon instead of a dash
 * 5) With television back again Homer's insanity gradually fades. Bad sentence. Maybe: With access to television returned to him, Homer's insanity gradually fades.
 * 6) During his first trip, he amazingly realizes... What's amazing about it? Is it because Homer is so stupid? Instead, maybe you can include the part about how Homer reflects on the advice that Abe Simpson gave him on his wedding day.
 * 7) Every effort goes wrong, however: Homer sits on... a semicolon should be here instead of a colon
 * 8)  However, Marge does not know what a "donut" is, immediately Homer runs screaming to the toaster, travelling back through time again, with a few seconds of his leaving it begins to rain donuts. This sentence has a few problems. Try reading it out loud, then rewrite it so that it flows better. Same thing with the sentence right after it. "Another version" of what?
 * 9) ...and Lunchlady Doris is now down to serving Grade F meat. "down to" is bad. Maybe "is now forced by budget constraints to serve Grade F meat."
 * 10) ''...between students locked in cramped cages and a "free range" area." Finish the sentence with "as though they were livestock" so that the meaning is clear.
 * 11) The part about the fog needs to be tied in better with the plot summary before it. Maybe add something like "the family reassures Bart that he was just having a bad dream, and that he has nothing to fear except that mysterious fog that turns people inside out" or something like that. It makes it clear what you mean.
 * 12) ...a "massive" fan of The Simpsons, and that as he did not file a lawsuit against the show he approved of the episode. This makes no sense.
 * 13) ...score of 8.2/10 out of 78 at the... I assume mean "out of 78 votes." Minor omission.
 * 14) ...indeed a disturbing universe" is of Matt Groening's... should be "is among" not "is of".
 * 15) This article should use American English, not British English, since this is an American television show. As such, change things like "favourite" to "favorite".

 * Structure
 * 1) Homer's line "close enough" from "Time and Punishment" was referenced in the Stargate SG-1 episode "Moebius". this does not belong in the "Reception" section, as far as I can tell. I don't know where I would put it.

This is one of the better Simpsons articles I've seen in terms of everything except its prose. I might like for one more screencap in the "cultural references section," maybe of the TV screen coming out of the floor with Flanders's face. I think it would round out the article nicely, but it isn't necessary.

However, the prose needs some work, as I've outlined above. For me, this is the most important part of any encyclopedia article. However, since this is the only thing that I have a problem with, I'm going to put the article on hold, pending these changes. Comb through the article one more time to check discrepancies in British/American English, as I might have missed more than just "favourite." Good luck, let me know when you've made the changes by posting a message on this talk page (I'll add the page to my watchlist), and I'll come back to update my review. A lot of hard work has already been put in to this article, and just a little bit more will put it over the edge for GA. –King Bee (τ • γ) 15:37, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I dont' have time now, but I'll make these changes in an hour or so. Gran2 15:42, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * O have implemented your suggestions and the article is ready for another look. -- Scorpion 16:18, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Done a little bit myself. As for the image, I personally think its okay, the same with the Moebius thing, but there we go. As Scorpion said, if you could re-review it, that would be good. Gran2 17:08, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I like what you guys have done, and I like that you did it so quickly. I have no reservations in promoting the article now. Good work. –King Bee (τ • γ) 17:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

GA Sweeps (Pass)
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. The article history has been updated to reflect this review. Regards, M ASEM 03:26, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Edits
We don't need to include everything said in the DVD commentary. I removed that which isn't needed, especially where specific references to movie "The Shining" are pointed out. We already say the segment is a parody of that movie, so there's no need to go through individual scenes pointing out references. There are a hundred of those in that segment; listing them adds nothing.  Equazcion •✗/C • 21:42, 19 Mar 2008 (UTC)
 * We also don't need to spell out that the scenes were written to be as long as it takes to toast a piece of bread. It's both unnecessary and obvious. I'm not going to revert you again, but this insistence on keeping all of your original factoids listed is not going to get the article to FA standards. You've got all-oppose votes so far at FAC for a reason. The article so far reads like it's a bunch of notes taken while listening to the DVD commentary. If you want to fix that, you'll have to do something different than you have been. Let me know when you're ready to actually improve the article.  Equazcion •✗/C • 13:48, 20 Mar 2008 (UTC)
 * Always looking to improve the article. Your welcome to keep copyediting. Just don't delete info for no reason. Buc (talk) 20:32, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Flander's New world order in Time and Punishment
It appears that the part with Flanders as world dictator was a reference to 1984 using Ned as Big Brother. The orders to send Homer to "ReNeducation Camp" parallels the Communist regimes in China and Russia, which George Orwell did not want to happen in England. Hugehippo (talk) 06:40, 11 June 2008 (UTC)HugehippoHugehippo (talk) 06:40, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Ending
The scene at the end where they are turned inside out is a reference to an old radio program (Inner Sanctum?) I once heard many years ago. I do not remember any details for reference but thought I'd mention it in case anyone else remembers this.--Phyllis1753 (talk) 14:35, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

non-Brazillian
Does anyone know who this Brazillian time traveller is that Homer implies in the second part? -92.228.6.86 (talk) 00:37, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Allegedly, Carlos Castaneda, but that may just be someone trying to make sense of a substitution that was originally nonsensical. Jwrosenzweig (talk) 07:31, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

The Floating Homer and Mister Peabody!?
Since Homer kills so many dinosaurs? He usually stays on the ground for time-traveling, not floating in the middle of nowhere! Plus Mister Peabody and Sherman from The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle are in the middle of nowhere in this episode! For an episode made in 1994, this goes OFF THE CHARTS AND SCALES! -- Does it look like rocks to you!?  07:56, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

The Av Club article
The AV Club posted their retrospective on this incredible episode a couple of days ago, and there's some awesome info in there that we can use: http://www.avclub.com/articles/treehouse-of-horror-vi,99427/--Coin945 (talk) 16:59, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Treehouse of Horror V


text:
Springfield Storm

The Springfield Storm was an American soccer team which played in the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid for one season, in 2005, after which the franchise was relocated to Glendora, California to become the Los Angeles Storm.

They played their home games primarily at Harrison Stadium on the campus of Drury University in Springfield, Missouri, but also occasionally played at Cooper Field, also in Springfield. The team's colors were white, blue and yellow.

Competition history
Springfield Storm were formed by local businessmen Chris Hanlon and Doug Fiester and former professional players Armen Tonianse and Brett Thomas, and entered the PDL in 2005. Playing out of Harrison Stadium on the campus of Drury University, the Storm enjoyed a fairly decent year of competition. They tied their first competitive game 1–1 with Des Moines Menace, and beat Colorado Springs Blizzard 3–0 in their second. As the year progressed, Storm registered a couple of impressive victories, including a 3–0 home victory over Nashville Metros and a 4–2 come-from-behind won over the other team from Tennessee, Memphis Express. Unfortunately, Storm's defence was overly-leaky; on five occasions the Storm conceded four or more goals, including a pair of 5–0 and 5–1 losses to Boulder Rapids Reserve in June, and two six-goal losses to Kansas City Brass in final two games. Storm finished the season fifth in the heartland, out of the playoffs; Mike Myers was the season's top scorer, with 4 goals, while Nick Bohnenkamp registered 4 assists. At the end of the season the ownership group sold the franchise to investors in Glendora, California, where it moved to become Los Angeles Storm.

Coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Chris Hanlon 2005
 * 🇺🇸 Tyler Linn Assistant Coach, Reserves Head Coach 2005

Stadia

 * Harrison Stadium, Springfield, Missouri 2005
 * Cooper Field, Springfield, Missouri 2005 (3 games)

title: Springfield Storm


text:
User:Lit316/Gunter Grasse

Gunter Grasse, Germany’s most prominent contemporary writer, gives us a collection of stories in My Century, each representing a year of the German century. While not a true novel in the purest sense of such an idea, Grasse’s 100 narrators present linear-linked short stories, building a trail in My Century as simply as Gretel left bread crumbs in hopes of finding her way home. After recording murder, war and disasters along with scientific and technical discoveries; cultural achievements; and even sports highlights, Grasse gives us a way home leaving us hope for the future.

Grasse’s skill at connecting seemingly insignificant and large events; threading them together using his impeccable memory to hold up a mirror so that perhaps we can see ourselves as we too moved through the 20th century (this, of course, would apply more to those of us of German birth). Although a different “voice” narrates each story, Grasse’s skill lies in the linear threading of the first story begun in the year 1900, narrated by a former soldier in which he tells a tail of unbelievable brutality; to the last story, begun in 1999, and narrated by, I believe, Grasse’s own mother. In the end, Grasse leaves us with hope for the future. If, after all, if one lives to be 103, why not be unafraid to see what comes next?

Grasse was reared under the boot of National Socialism, and experienced all the scientific gifts and disasters of the 20th century. That his impeccable and expansive memory produced My Century, is to validate that Grasse remembers the past but lives in the present and looks forward to the future.

title: User:Lit316/Gunter Grasse


text:
Aranda, Australian Capital Territory

Aranda is a suburb in the district of Belconnen, in the Australian capital city of Canberra. Located at the western foot of Black Mountain and bounded on two sides by nature park, the suburb is characterised by its bush setting. During the planning and development of the suburb, a large proportion of large native trees – predominantly eucalypts – were left in place.

The suburb derives its name from the Arrernte tribe of Central Australia, previously known as Arunta, which means 'White Cockatoo'. The streets in Aranda are named after Aboriginal tribal groups from around Australia. The suburb comprises an area of 160ha and in 1967 was the first suburb in Belconnen to be settled.

A small plaque at the Aranda District playing fields near the suspension bridge over Belconnen Way marks the settlement of the suburb as the first development in the Belconnen district. It reads: "This tablet marks the inauguration of development of the district of Belconnen by the Minister of State for the Interior The Honourable J. D. Anthony, M.P. 23 June 1966"

Location

Aranda is located in the south east of Belconnen. It is bounded by Caswell Drive on the east, separating the suburb from Black Mountain Nature Park, Belconnen Way to the north, Bindubi Street to the west and Aranda Bushland to the south. A pedestrian bridge crossing the six-lane Belconnen Way connects the suburb with the suburb of Bruce to the north. The suburbs of Cook and Macquarie are located to Aranda's west on the opposite side of Bindubi Street.

Aranda is located 4 km to the west of Civic along Belconnen Way. Bandjalong Crescent, a curved bell shaped street is the main street passing through the suburb, connecting Caswell Drive with Bindubi Street. A number of community facilities are located in the centre of the curve.

Transport
A bicycle path along Bindubi Street connects Aranda with the Canberra bike path network. A walking path runs through a reserve along the spine of the suburb and connects with the footbridge to the suburb of Bruce. A walking track over Black Mountain connects Aranda with the CSIRO and the Australian National University.

Aranda is served by ACTION bus route 32 which connects to Civic via Barry Drive and to Belconnen Town Centre via Cook and Macquarie. Buses to/from Belconnen also stop at or near Calvary Hospital, located in Bruce but easily accessible from Aranda by crossing Belconnen Way at the Haydon Drive T-intersection.

Facilities
A number of community facilities are located close to one another near the intersections of Bandjalong and Bindel Streets. These include two primary schools (Aranda Primary School and St. Vincent's Catholic school), two churches and a pre-school.

Aranda has a local set of shops. The Aranda shops were left vacant for many years but have recently been leased, a cafe and bar has opened, with outdoor seating. The nearby Jamison Centre in neighbouring Macquarie services the area on a much larger scale, including supermarkets, retail and medical outlets, banks and cafes.

A number of playing fields are located in the north western corner of the suburb including baseball and soccer fields, as is a Scout hall. A nursing home was located on Bindel Street, but it closed in 2015.

The Belconnen Ambulance and Fire & Rescue Station, a co-located facility, opened in September 2016 with their former premises in the nearby suburb of Belconnen closing.

Community activity
Due to its setting in a bush environment

The Aranda Residents Group (ARG) is association number A03227 on the ACT register of It is active in representing the interests of its residents on such major planning issues as the Gungahlin Drive Extension, residential development issues, the Emergency Services Station on Aranda Oval (opened 2016), and redevelopment of the Aranda Shops.
 * The Gungahlin Drive Extension, completed in 2011, is a four lane road connecting Gungahlin Drive in Gungahlin with Parkes Way near Lake Burley Griffin. The road follows the route of Caswell Drive, separating Black Mountain reserve from Aranda.people of all ages join

Political representation
For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Aranda is in the Division of Canberra.

For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Aranda is in the Ginninderra electorate.

Geology
Aranda is built on top of rocks from the Pittman Formation. These are from the upper Ordovician Age. Mostly the rocks are greywacke formed on a continental slope, but also have bands of the Acton Shale Member, a grey to black laminated shale. The Acton Shale contains graptolites. The Deakin Fault cuts through the south west of the Aranda Bushland. South west of the fault is Silurian age Mount Painter Volcanics tuff and ashstone.

title: Aranda, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Fauldhouse United F.C.

Fauldhouse United Football Club are a Scottish football club based at Park View in Fauldhouse, West Lothian.

The club won the Scottish Junior Cup in 1946 and currently play in the East of Scotland Football League.

Coaching staff
Source

Current squad
As of 27 October 2022

Managerial history
c Caretaker manager

¹ David Dunn and Mark Daly took interim charge of the team in 2019 due to Manager illness.

Honours
Scottish Junior Cup
 * Winner: 1945–46

SJFA East Region South Division
 * Winner: 2007–08
 * Winner: 2012–13

Other honours

 * Fife & Lothians Cup winners: 1992–93
 * Edinburgh & District League winners: 1945–46
 * East Region Division One winners: 1982–83, 1992–93
 * East Region Division Two winners: 1981–82, 1996–97, 2001–02
 * East of Scotland Junior Cup winners: 1944–45, 1945–46
 * East Junior League Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 2002–03, 2003–04
 * Brown Cup winners: 1945–46, 1960–61

title: Fauldhouse United F.C.


text:
Nahuel Huapi Lake

Nahuel Huapi Lake (Lago Nahuel Huapi) is an Andean lake in the lake region of northern Patagonia between the provinces of Río Negro and Neuquén, in Argentina. The lake has a northwest-southeast elongated shape and complex geography with several branches, peninsulas and islands. The city of Bariloche is on the southern shore of the lake and the town of Villa La Angostura lies on its northwestern shores. The lake is wholly inside Nahuel Huapi National Park. It is one of the largest lakes in northern Patagonia. It is drained by Limay River and it is part of the watershed of Negro River which discharges into the South Atlantic.

Additionally, the northwest shore of the lake is the site of an isolated house sometimes alleged to have been occupied by Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler following his purported escape from Berlin in April 1945.

Etymology
The name of the lake derives from the toponym of its major island in Mapudungun (Mapuche language): "Island of Puma", from nahuel, 'puma', and huapí, 'island'. There is, however, more to the word "Nahuel"—it can also signify 'a man who by sorcery has been transformed to a puma'.

Geography

Nahuel Huapi lake, located within the Nahuel Huapi National Park, has a surface of 530 km2, rests 2510 ft above the sea level, and has a maximum measured depth (as of 2007) of 1522 ft.

Its seven branches are named Blest (36 km2), Huemul (21.5 km2), de la Tristeza (18.5 km2), Campanario (7.9 km2), Machete, del Rincón and Última Esperanza. It is connected to other smaller lakes such as Gutiérrez, Moreno, Espejo and Correntoso. The deep-blue waters hold a number of islands, most notably Victoria Island (Argentina) with an area of 31 km2, and Isla Huemul on the south end of the lake.

The lake's crystal clear waters are very susceptible to climate changes and have an average surface temperature of 45 F; this makes it both beautiful and treacherous. Hypothermia is one of the risks bathers must undertake. Kayaking is a popular sport on this and adjacent lakes. The lake is also the starting point of the Limay River.

Limnology and geology
The lake depression consists of several glacial valleys carved out along faults and Miocene valleys that were later dammed by moraines. During the Last Glacial Maximum of the Llanquihue glaciation the lake basin was wholly occupied by a glacier.

The lake has usually a blue colour but on occasion its water have turned turquoise or green after earthquakes in southern Chile such as the one on May 22, 1960 and the one on January 2, 2011.

The June 2011 eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, in neighboring Chile, caused parts of the lake's surface to be blanketed in volcanic ash.

The dominant species of plankton in the winter half-year in the lake is Dictyosphaerium pulchellum. The remainder of the year Bacillariophyceae and Chrysophyceae algae dominate.

Fauna
This lake harbors several introduced, non-native species of trout, including rainbow trout, brown trout and brook trout which attract anglers from the world over.

A curious fact about the lake is that, despite being nowhere near any ocean and being at high altitude, it is also home for kelp gull and the blue eyed cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps), otherwise strictly marine birds.

Nahuelito
At the beginning of the 20th century, and following an old aboriginal legend, the rumor of a giant creature living in the deep waters of the lake took up. The creature is known locally as Nahuelito. Reported sightings of it predate Nessie and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1912).

Local Mapuche called another creature el Cuero (leather) for its smooth skin. The neighboring lake Lago Lácar, has also been the site for accounts of another creature, more consistent with a plesiosaur, with aborigines describing it as a sea-cow with teeth all around it.

Members of the Buenos Aires Zoo visited the lake in 1922 trying to corroborate the reports of sightings of the prehistoric animal, but found no evidence to support the theory of such a creature.

Hitler conspiracy theory

Some works, such as the National Police Gazette (circa 1950–1970), an American tabloid-style magazine, as well as a 2004 book by Abel Basti and the 2011 book Grey Wolf claim that Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun did not commit suicide but escaped to Argentina along with other Nazis and lived in the surroundings of Bariloche for many years after World War II. Hitler and Braun allegedly resided at the Inalco House, located at the northwest end of the lake, in part due to the estate's remoteness and lack of accessibility.

The son of real-estate businessman Primo Capraro sold the property to architect Alejandro Bustillo, who designed the house in early 1943. The plan includes unusual design features such as bedrooms connected by bathrooms (and closets), similar to Hitler's Berghof residence in Bavaria. Bustillo sold the estate to Enrique García Merou, a Buenos Aires lawyer linked to several German businesses; Merou is alleged to have assisted the Nazi ratlines. The residence was later sold to businessman Jorge Antonio, the representative of German automaker Mercedes-Benz in Argentina and a close associate of Argentine president Juan Perón. In 1970, the house was sold to José Rafael Trozzo, who also bought properties owned by escaped Schutzstaffel (SS) officer Reinhard Kopps, who—along with Capraro—had ties to SS commander Erich Priebke. The Trozzo family put the house up for sale in 2011 (the year Grey Wolf was released).

According to the fringe theory, a number of U-boats ferried certain high level Nazis including Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun and a large amount Nazi loot to Argentina, where the Nazis were given refuge by Perón, who, with his wife Evita, had been receiving money from the Nazis for some time. Hitler allegedly arrived in Argentina, first staying at Hacienda San Ramón, a large ranch east of San Carlos de Bariloche. Hitler then moved to a Bavarian-style mansion at Inalco where he remained until Peron was overthrown in a military coup in 1955 when he fled to an even more remote chalet to avoid detection when the new government in Buenos Aires began looking for Nazi war criminals alleged to be hiding in Argentina. Purportedly, Eva Braun left Hitler around 1954 and moved to Neuquén with their daughter, Ursula ('Uschi'), and Hitler died in February 1962.

Citing a former Nazi presence in Bariloche, the investigative series Hunting Hitler (2015–2018) reveals a guard tower—reportedly built by the same architect as the Inalco House—looking over the lake (situated closer to Bariloche than the house), as well as a destroyed bunker on the other side of the lake; together the two sites (in addition to other possible lookouts such as a wooden building resembling a guard shack) may have provided a panoramic view used to safeguard the mansion, then accessible from only the lake due to heavy forestation and long rumoured to have housed Hitler. Additionally, the Hunting Hitler team cited the proximity of German scientist Ronald Richter's Perón-backed nuclear fusion project on Huemul Island.

In a 2018 episode of Expedition Unknown, Abel Basti secured a rare excursion into the Inalco House, revealing little except for some old kitchen utensils in the basement. Using a metal detector on the grounds, host Josh Gates located a Nazi coin, leading him to conclude that Nazis (but not necessarily Hitler) could have used the house.

title: Nahuel Huapi Lake


text:
P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)

"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" is a song by American singer, songwriter and dancer Michael Jackson, released as the sixth single from his sixth album, Thriller (1982). The song was written by James Ingram and Quincy Jones.

"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was released on September 19, 1983. The single charted at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 46 on the Hot Black Singles chart, becoming the sixth top 10 hit from the album. It reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was most successful in Belgium, charting within the top 10 at number 6. The song has been covered and sampled by numerous artists, including Monica, Justin Guarini and Kanye West. The original demo was also remixed by Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am for Thriller 25.

Background
Quincy Jones came up with the original title for the song after his wife, Peggy Lipton, brought lingerie with the words "pretty young thing" on it. From there, Jones asked several songwriters to write a song around the title. Jackson and musician Greg Phillinganes co-wrote and recorded a demo, which was presented to Jones by Phillinganes. That version is featured on The Ultimate Collection (2004). Jackson recalls that his version with Phillinganes was not what Jones was looking for. "Quincy wanted a fast song. Mine was mid-tempo." When James Ingram presented his demo, Jones said "that's it", and sent Ingram home to finish the lyrics. Jones then suggested they extend the bridge and add a chant section, resulting in Jones receiving a co-writer's credit. Jackson says he loved the version Ingram and Jones came up with, stating that he liked the "code" in the lyrics and the fact that words like "tenderoni" were fun rock 'n' roll-type words that couldn't be found in the dictionary.

Recording
Producer Quincy Jones allowed his long-time sound engineer Bruce Swedien to choose a large-diaphragm Shure SM7 dynamic microphone for Jackson's voice. The choice was unusual, as the microphone was more often seen in radio stations. For backing vocals, Swedien positioned Jackson at different distances from the microphone to record each track, to get a thicker sound.

James Ingram later described working with Jackson and Jones as being in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. "It's almost like I got the chance to go to Oz and Quincy was the Wizard of Oz and Michael Jackson was who he was dealing with in his world. Their work ethic is unbelievable." He noted how Jones would fall asleep on the board, waking up to answer a question. "He works in the Alpha state a lot", Ingram added. Two of Jackson's sisters, Janet and La Toya, provided backing vocals in the guise of the P.Y.T.s. The two sisters sang "na na na" back at their brother towards the end of the song. According to the official sheet music at Musicnotes.com, "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" is in the key of B minor. It has a tempo of 126 beats per minute, making it one of Jackson's fastest songs.

Release and reception
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was released in the US on September 19, 1983, as the sixth single from Thriller. The single charted at no. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and no. 46 on the Hot Black Singles chart, becoming the sixth Top 10 hit from Thriller. The song was released in Europe in March 1984. In the United Kingdom, the song reached a peak position of 11. It was most successful in Belgium, charting within the Top 10 at no. 6. The single was placed at no. 14 in the Netherlands. "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" charted at number 24 in Canada and peaked at number 51 in Germany.

Response to "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was mixed to positive. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic thought that it was "frizzy funk". Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine believed that "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was a "lush disco paradise". However, Rolling Stone reviewer Christopher Connelly, while discussing the album in a review, stated that the song "isn't up to the spunky character of the other tracks". Connelly mentioned that one of Jackson's weaknesses was "a tendency to go for the glitz", and cited the song as one example of this. Davitt Sigerson, from the same magazine, also agreed with Connelly, calling it one of Thriller's "forgettables". Jon Pareles of The New York Times called the song "fluff", and believed that the other songs from the album were what made Thriller such a hit.

P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing) 2008
For Thriller 25, Black Eyed Peas frontman and producer will.i.am remixed the demo version of "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" which Michael Jackson and Greg Phillinganes had co-written. The producer commented on Jackson and the project: "You always just dream of meeting him, let alone working with him. I wouldn't have believed it. I grew up in the projects in East Los Angeles and Thriller was filmed about two blocks from my house, but my mother was really strict and she wouldn't let me go to the factories—she didn't care who was filming a video there; but I'm on the 25th anniversary, 25 years later—that's pretty awesome." Entitled "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing) 2008", the remix was well received by Rolling Stone. The publication described the track, along with "The Girl Is Mine 2008", as being one of the best songs on the album. They noted that will.i.am "updates the songs' original sound to make them dancefloor-worthy 25 years after their release".

Personnel

 * Written, composed and arranged by James Ingram and Quincy Jones
 * Produced by Quincy Jones
 * Michael Jackson – lead and backing vocals, electric piano (CP-70)
 * Greg Phillinganes – synthesizer, synthesizer programming
 * Michael Boddicker – Roland VP-330 vocoder, E-mu Emulator
 * James Ingram – Portasound keyboard
 * Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars
 * Louis Johnson – electric bass
 * N'dugu Chancler – drums
 * Michael Jackson, Louis Johnson, Greg Phillinganes, James Ingram, Steven Ray – handclaps
 * P.Y.T.'s:
 * Janet Jackson
 * La Toya Jackson
 * Becky Lopez
 * Bunny Hull
 * Additional background vocals:
 * James Ingram
 * Howard Hewett

Track listing
A-side B-side
 * 45 RPM
 * 1) "P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing)" – 3:59
 * 1) "Working Day and Night" (live—Jacksons) – 4:26

A-side B-side
 * Disco single
 * 1) "P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing)" – 3:59
 * 1) "This Place Hotel" – 4:41
 * 2) "Thriller" (instrumental) – 5:56

Official versions

 * Album version – 3:59
 * Demo version – 3:47
 * 2008 remix with will.i.am – 4:21

Cover versions and references to the song

 * 2002: American Idol runner-up Justin Guarini sang "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" on the first season of the show.
 * 2007: A part of the lyrics to Justice's "D.A.N.C.E." refer to Jackson's song, and are said to be in homage to the singer.
 * 2011: The song is performed in the twelfth episode, "Silly Love Songs", of the second season of musical television series Glee, by character Artie Abrams (played by Kevin McHale).
 * 2012: The Wood Brothers performed a version of the song for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.
 * 2017: John Gibbons covered and remixed "P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing)". It has charted at number 12 on the UK Dance Singles Chart number 1 on the Indie Singles Chart and number 22 on the Scottish Singles Chart.

Sampling

 * 2002: "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was both sampled and interpolated on Monica's single "All Eyez on Me". "We used vocals from the song that didn't make the Thriller album", stated producer Rodney Jerkins. "He [Jackson] had more vocals and ad-libs that were never heard, and we used the ones that were not heard." Jackson hand-delivered his original masters to Monica, who, as a longtime Jackson fan, was touched by the move.
 * 2003: The chorus of "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was sampled by rapper Memphis Bleek on "I Wanna Love U". The song, sung by Donell Jones, featured on Bleek's M.A.D.E. album.
 * 2007: "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was also sampled on rapper Kanye West's "Good Life", the third single from his Graduation album.
 * 2023: "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" was also sampled on producer DJ Khaled's "Supposed to Be Loved".

title: P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)


text:
Shap Abbey

Shap Abbey was a religious house of the Premonstratensian order of Canons regular situated on the western bank of the River Lowther in the civil parish of Shap Rural, around 1.5 mi from the village of Shap, in the Eden District of Cumbria, England. The site is in the care of English Heritage and managed on its behalf by the Lake District National Park.

History
Although the present Shap Abbey was built in 1199, the monastic community was founded on another site 20 miles south near Kendal in 1190, but it moved to the present site, then called 'Hepp', in 1199. The old name meant 'a heap' but it gradually assumed the present-day name "Shap" over the next 100 years.

One of the abbots was the impressive Richard Redman (died 1505), later successively  Bishop of St Asaph (c. 1471), Bishop of Exeter (1495), and Bishop of Ely (1501). He is remembered by a magnificent funeral monument in Ely Cathedral

Shap Abbey escaped the initial phase of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536, but it was closed in 1540 and subsequently sold to the Governor of Carlisle. Most of the abbey buildings have been demolished, however the tower remains are still impressive, and the outline of the building plan is clearly visible.

Masonry was robbed away at the end of the 17th century to build Shap Market Hall, and much of the ornate carved stonework was also removed and used in the building of Lowther Castle. Many of the abbey buildings were incorporated into a farmhouse and used as barns, and little has happened to these over the last four centuries as they have formed part of a working farm.

Burials

 * Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford
 * Robert Clifford, 3rd Baron Clifford
 * Roger Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford
 * Henry Clifford, 10th Baron Clifford

Access
The site is open to the public at all reasonable times and entry is free. Facilities are limited to a car park and a short path leading over the fields to the small 16th-century Keld Chapel, now in the care of the National Trust.

title: Shap Abbey