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Botts' dots

Botts' dots (turtles in Washington and Oregon or buttons in Texas and other southern states) are round non-reflective raised pavement markers. In many parts of the US, Botts' dots are used, along with reflective raised pavement markers, to mark lanes on highways and arterial roads. They provide tactile and auditory feedback to drivers when moving across designated travel lanes, and are analogous to rumble strips.

Botts' dots are named after Elbert Dysart Botts, a California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) engineer credited with overseeing the research that led to the development of the markers.

Botts' dots are most commonly white but may be yellow when used to substitute for the yellow lines that divide opposing directions of traffic in North America. The dots are made of various ceramic materials or plastics such as polyester.

On some roads, lanes are marked only with a mix of Botts' dots and conventional reflective markers, eliminating the need to repaint lane divider lines. This kind of substitution is expressly authorized by Section 3B.14 of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Botts' dots and other raised markers are rarely used in regions with substantial snowfall, because snow plows damage or dislodge them.

History

Caltrans engineers may have studied the concept of raised pavement markers as early as 1936. However, the department did not commence research in earnest until 1953, when the postwar economic boom resulted in an alarming increase in the number of cars and car accidents in California. Painted lines tended to become invisible during rain.

The initial dots were made of glass and were attached to the road by nails or tacks, as suggested by Botts. The nails were soon abandoned: his team discovered that when the dots popped loose under stress, the nails punctured tires. Contrary to a common myth, the published record does not make clear whether Botts invented the famous epoxy that solved the problem; some sources indicate that one of his protégés was responsible for the epoxy.

In 1965 San Diego Police Motorcycle Officer Kenneth Grant Maine, improved upon, applied for a patent pending, and then submitted the white epoxy-resin reflective raised pavement markers to the California Bureau of Highways, the predecessor to the California Department of Transportation, now known as Caltrans.

In September 1966, the California State Legislature mandated that Botts' dots be used for lane markings for all state highways in all non-snowfall areas.

Usage
Today, there are more than 25 million Botts' dots in use in California, though they have started falling out of favor. In 2017, Caltrans announced that it would stop using Botts' dots as the sole indicator of lane division, due to cost and worker safety, and in order to make roadways more compatible with self-driving cars. Reflective lane markings will be wider and thicker, providing some of the tactile feedback the Botts' dots provided. In California, highway lanes may be marked either solely by Botts' dots, or dots placed over painted lines. Four dots are used for broken lines on freeways, and broken lines on surface streets may use only three dots. Reflective pavement markers are placed at regular intervals between Botts' dots to increase the visibility of lane markings at night. In the Las Vegas area of southern Nevada, roads with multiple lanes use four pavement markers for each broken white line, a reflective marker followed by three Botts' dots.

Botts' dots are used extensively in Hawaii. Most state-owned roads and many arterial roads in the state use Botts' dots as the delineation between lanes. They are also used for the dashed marking in passing areas.

More recently, Botts' dots have been used in the snow-free areas of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Georgia, Washington, and Texas. Some states that do experience snow, particularly Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, use Botts' dots only during the summer months for temporary lane markings in construction zones. Typically, the dots are installed when construction starts in the spring, and they are removed when work stops for the winter.

In New Mexico, where snow is uncommon in most locations during the winter, Botts' dots are used along with Reflective markers to outline gore areas at interchanges, but the state does not use either for regular lane markings on state highways. Some local jurisdictions (notably Alamogordo and Las Cruces) use Botts' dots and reflective markers for regular lane markings on local streets. Botts' dots had also been employed previously in Albuquerque, but the city has since discontinued their use in favor of reflective paint for pavement markings.

Until the late 1990s, Botts' dots were also used extensively in the snow-free areas of Arizona, however, ADOT has since ended this practice, opting for painted stripes with reflective markers instead. However, they can still be found on US Route 95 south of Yuma, as well as on some local streets in Yuma and Tucson.

Many states in snow-prone areas of the Midwest and Northeastern United States use reflectors placed into protective metal castings, which allow them to be plowed over without being dislodged from the road surface. These pavement markers are usually augmented with reflective paint and delineators placed on plastic or metal posts at regular intervals along the edges of the road. In California and other locations in the Southwest United States that experience occasional but significant snowfall, the reflectors are placed into recessed pockets in the roadway, which allows visibility during dry weather but permits a plow blade to travel across the reflector without dislodging it, with no special protective castings needed.

title: Botts' dots


text:
Talk:Gerhard Groote

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 00:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gerhard Groote


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Itarsi

Itarsi is a city and municipality in Narmadapuram in Madhya Pradesh, India. Itarsi is a key hub for agricultural goods and is the biggest railway junction in Madhya Pradesh. Rail services from all 4 major metropolitan cities of India namely Mumbai to Kolkata and Delhi to Chennai pass through Itarsi. Itarsi has large number of agro-based industries and warehouses. Itarsi got its name by "eeta(eent)", (literally means brick in Hindi) and "rassi", (literally means rope in Hindi). Bricks and ropes had been made earlier in Itarsi. It has an Ordnance Factory. The Bori Wildlife Sanctuary and  Tawa Dam are nearby.

Geography & Climate
Itarsi is located at 22.62°N, 77.75°W. It has an average elevation of 304 metres (997 feet). Itarsi has high temperatures in summers with temperatures reaching up-to 41°C in May/June. Monsoon begins from the month of July and lasts up-to September with maximum rainfall of the District being 326.4 mm. In winters the temperatures range from 11°C to 19°C. The coldest months being December and January.

History
In the British Colonial Era, Itarsi gained prominence as a strategic railway junction connecting major cities in Central India. Established by the British, the railway station played a crucial role in facilitating nationwide railway transportation. Evolving into a significant transportation hub, Itarsi became a key center for the movement of goods and passengers, contributing to its economic growth. With strategic transportation links, the city witnessed industrial development, particularly in transportation and logistics. Its diverse cultural and demographic mix reflects Itarsi's status as a vibrant urban center.

Itarsi Tehsil Population Statistics
Itarsi is a sub district in the Narmadapuram district, in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The total population in Itarsi sub district is 240,719 as per the survey of census during 2011 by Indian Government. Of this about 123,325 people are living in the urban (towns and cities) area and about 117,394 are living in villages (rural areas)

There are 49,297 households in this sub district.

There are 124,898 males (52%) and 115,821 females (48%).

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Itarsi had a population of 114,495. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Itarsi has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81% and female literacy is 69%. In Itarsi, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Itarsi comes under "Constituents of Urban Agglomerations of Madhya Pradesh" includes Itarsi (M), Pathrauta (part) (OG), Bhilakhedi (CT) and Meharagaon (CT).

Administration
The city is a Tehsil under Narmadapuram District. It is a part of Narmadapuram Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) and comes under Narmadapuram - Narsinghpur Loksabha (Parliament) constituency. It has a municipality with 34 wards and is headed by a municipality chairperson.

Transport

Itarsi is one of the biggest railway junctions in Madhya Pradesh, at the crossing of important east–west and north–south routes. Itarsi comes under West Central Railway zone whose headquarters is in Jabalpur. Itarsi is connected via broad gauge lines to Bhopal and Delhi to the north, Bhusawal and Mumbai to the west, the railway junctions of Nagpur to the south and Jabalpur to the east. Rail services from Mumbai to Guwahati and Delhi to Chennai pass through Itarsi. 250 trains are daily passing through. Itarsi runs one express train — Vindhyachal express — and it runs three passenger trains in Jabalpur route daily. Itarsi is the busiest railway station in Bhopal division. The new platforms 6 and 7 opened for Jabalpur, Nagpur and Bhusawal routes.

National Highway (NH-69) connects Itarsi to major cities Bhopal and Nagpur. New four lane roads are under the making in to be functional under 5 years. Four Duronto Express trains have technical halts at Itarsi.

The nearest airport is in Bhopal.

Under construction project - * Itarsi-Bhusawal 3rd line. * Itarsi-nagpur 3rd line (Central Railway pushes Rs 140cr third line project in ghat section). * Itarsi-bhopal 3rd line. *

Diesel Loco Shed
Itarsi Diesel Loco Shed is an engine shed located in Itarsi. It comes under the Jabalpur railway division of the West Central Railway zone.

History
As one of the oldest Diesel Loco Sheds, it was opened in the year 1964 with a total number of 40 locomotives.

Operations
After the electrification of Itarsi-Allahabad section at a cost of Rs 350 cr and Itarsi-Jabalpur at a cost of Rs 134 cr, the shed now services both diesel and electric locomotives. Two effluent treatment plants and Incinerators are also available. It also has canteen facility for the staff members. In 2020, it employed around 750 people.

In 2014, amidst reports of contact dermatitis caused by diesel handling in other Indian Railway sheds, around 100 mechanics from Itarsi shed also reported persistent skin afflictions.

In 2021, 23 diesel locomotives were scrapped in the shed earning 13.86 crores. The shed consumed 875 MWh electricity in 2019-20 and 563 MWh in 2020–21.

title: Itarsi


text:
Talk:Groote, Gerhard

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 00:34, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Groote, Gerhard


text:
Category:Furry webcomics

Webcomics made by members of the furry fandom or containing "furry" themes, mainly revolving around anthropomorphic animals.

title: Category:Furry webcomics


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Itbay

Itbāy (اطبيه) or ʿAtbāy is a region of southeastern Egypt and northeastern Sudan. It is characterized by a chain of mountains, the Red Sea Hills, running north–south and parallel with the Red Sea. The hills separate the narrow coastal plain from the Eastern Desert.

Geology
The Red Sea Hills are composed of the exposed Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary rock of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Although the rock itself is 550–900 million years old, the mountains were created by uplift when the Red Sea itself was formed in the Oligocene, only some 23–34 million years ago. The Red Sea Hills are thus part of the same formation as the Sarawat Mountains of Saudi Arabia and the mountains of the Sinai Peninsula. The Red Sea Hills rise almost to 3000 m today, but in the past were much higher. The Oligocene uplift caused the rejuvenation of their streams and the increased erosion removed most of the limestone and sandstone to expose the basement layer.

The Itbāy is arid, receiving less than 200 mm of rainfall each year with high variability. The Barka River, the most significant of the few seasonal streams that flow into the Red Sea, rises in the Red Sea Hills of Sudan and empties into the sea at the Tokar Delta. In prehistoric times it was probably a permanent river.

History
In prehistoric times, the Red Sea Hills were likely the area where the Proto-Cushitic language was spoken.

The Red Sea Hills are a source of porphyry, which was being mined as early as the fourth millennium BC.

The Red Sea Hills are inhabited by the Beja people who speak a Cushitic language and practice pastoralism. They mainly live near the dry riverbeds, wādīs, that flow seasonally into the sea and the Nile, where there is limited vegetation. In antiquity, the Beja were known as the Blemmyes and their presence in the hills is detected archaeologically by the presence of Eastern Desert Ware from the fourth century AD. The material culture of the hills places it firmly within ancient Egypt's sphere of influence. Extensive mining settlements have been found in the Wadi Allaqi and the Wadi Gabgaba. The early Blemmyes built platform tumuli (flat-topped burial mounds), and the appearance of cairns to mark burials in the late Middle Ages may be linked to Islamization.

title: Itbay


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User talk:Bariumboy

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. stop vandalizing george w. bush Andries 00:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bariumboy


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Bradford How

Bradford How (born Bradford Michael Lorne How in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian entertainer. A former MuchMusic VJ from 2000 to 2003, he has hosted shows including Nick at Nite's Bet The House, VH1's Top 20 Countdown in 2005, and as a regular on the TV series He's with Me from 2013 to 2016.

Career
How won the 2000 MuchMusic VJ Search, and became one of the channel's most well-liked video jockeys. After stints hosting Electric Circus and Gonna Meet A Rockstar, among other shows. He left MuchMusic on October 30, 2003 to pursue other ambitions. In 2004, he applied to join VH1, and became a co-host of the channel's Top 20 countdown, alongside fellow Muchmusic VJ alum, Rachel Perry. He also co-hosted with Aamer Haleem.

He also hosted Nick at Nite's "Bet The House".

title: Bradford How


text:
Talk:Ground Beetle

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 00:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ground Beetle


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Itinerarium

An itinerarium (plural: itineraria) was an ancient Roman travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages (vici) and other stops on the way, including the distances between each stop and the next. Surviving examples include the Antonine Itinerary and the Bordeaux Itinerary. The term later evolved and took wider meanings (see later meanings below).

Ancient practice
The Romans and ancient travelers in general did not use maps. While illustrated maps existed as specialty items, they were hard to copy and not in general use. On the Roman road system, however, the traveller needed some idea of where he or she was going, how to get there, and how long it would take. The itinerarium filled this need. In origin, it was simply a list of cities along a road: "at their most basic, itineraria involve the transposition of information given on milestones, which were an integral feature of the major Roman roads, to a written script." It was only a short step from lists to a master list. To sort out the lists, the Romans drew diagrams of parallel lines showing the branches of the roads. Parts of these were copied and sold on the streets. The very best featured symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. The maps did not represent landforms but they served the purpose of a simple schematic diagram for the user.

The Roman government from time to time undertook to produce a master itinerary of all Roman roads. Julius Caesar and Mark Antony commissioned the first known such effort in 44 BC. Zenodoxus, Theodotus, and Polyclitus, three Greek geographers, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary. This task required over 25 years. The result was a stone engraved master itinerarium set up near the Pantheon, from which travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies.

Vicarello cups
Archaeology has turned up some itinerary material in unexpected places. The four Vicarello Cups, made of silver and dated to 1st century AD, were found in 1852 by workmen excavating a foundation at Vicarello, Bracciano (near Bracciano), 37 km northwest of Rome. They are engraved with the names and distances of 104 stations on the road between Gades (modern-day Cadiz) and Rome, covering in total a distance of 1,840 Roman miles (2,723.2 km). Believed to be a votive offering by merchants travelling from Gades to Rome, the inscription is a valuable source of information about the road network at the time, and scholars refer to this artefact as the Itinerarium Gaditanum. Similarly, the Itinerarium Burdigalense (Bordeaux Itinerary) is a description of a route taken by a pilgrim from Bordeaux in France to the Holy Land in AD 333.

Later meanings
The term changed meaning over the centuries. For example, the Itinerarium Alexandri is a list of the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the medieval period, the term was applied to guide-books written by travelers, most of which were accounts of pilgrimages to the Holy Land.

title: Itinerarium


text: User talk:84.92.121.199

title: User talk:84.92.121.199


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Addicted to bass

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (but move to proper capitalization). -- BD2412 talk 20:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Addicted to bass
It's a pop single by whom, exactly? And released when? And just who is its influence? Eddie.willers 00:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't know much about the song itself, but I remember it was pretty popular when it came out, and as such I believe meets the notability criteria for music. This article just needs a lot more info, not deletion. Raven4x4x 01:08, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have added more information and hope to add more further. Notable song by Puretone featuring Amiel Daemion. It was #2 in the UK in 2002 and top 20 in Australia in 1998. Capitalistroadster 01:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, hit single. Kappa 02:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Subject is a notable single. Rob Church Talk 02:20, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have expanded the song further explaining its record of chart success, the history and its nomination for awards in Australian music awards. No change of vote from Keep. Capitalistroadster 07:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Further Comment After the conclusion of the vote, should be moved to Addicted to Bass. Capitalistroadster 07:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Cap'. Alf 09:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; the article is very informative after Cr's changes. The song was a huge hit over here, and got considerable airplay. IINAG 18:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge.  Paul Klenk
 * Keep enough info for an article Elfguy 01:24, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but move to Addicted to Bass (it's a song title, therefore does not fall under the ægis of Wikipedia's "sentence style capitalization" rule)... I am, after all, Addicted to Bass... Tomer TALK  02:47, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move → Addicted to Bass as per Tomer. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-08-28 T 03:17:08 Z
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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House of Israel (Ghana)

The House of Israel is a Jewish community located in southwestern Ghana, in the towns of Sefwi Wiawso and Sefwi Sui. This group of people, of the Sefwi tribe, built a synagogue in 1998. Many of the men and children read English, but no one knows Hebrew.

History of Jews in Ghana
The people of Sefwi Wiawso trace a call for a "return" to normative Judaism by Aaron Ahomtre Toakyirafa, a community leader who, in 1976, is said to have had a vision. In 2012, Gabrielle Zilkha, a Toronto-based filmmaker, visited Sefwe Wiawso to do research for a documentary about the House of Israel she is making. According to Zilkha, about 200 people—mostly children—live in the community. She states that the lack of a historical record makes it difficult to verify the group's claims, but that there is an oral tradition dating back 200 years.

In the 1990s, the House of Israel began to reach out to the wider Jewish world. The community worked with Jewish organizations such as Kulanu and Be'chol Lashon.

A smaller community of Jews from the House of Israel lives in Sefwi Sui, a small farming community located twenty miles from Sefwi Wiawso.

Jewish facilities
The leader of the House of Israel since 1993, David Ahenkorah received his own vision in taking up the mantle. He has been granted a 40-acre plot of land to build a Jewish school for the community, but they have not yet been able to raise funds for construction. Children currently attend a local school, run by Christians. They built a synagogue in 1998 in New Adiembra, a Jewish neighborhood in Sefwi Wiawso. Recently, they painted it blue and white, the colors of Israel. There are several family compounds nearby and about 200 people belong to the synagogue. It is a single-room synagogue with a miniature Sefer Torah. There is no mechitza.

title: House of Israel (Ghana)


text: User talk:68.99.99.133

title: User talk:68.99.99.133


text:
Itsekiri people

The Itsekiri (also called the Isekiri, iJekri, Itsekri, Ishekiri, or Itsekhiri) are one of the fundamental Yoruba subgroups in Nigeria's Niger Delta area. They originate from Ile-Ife and speak a Yoruboid language and can be found in Ondo, Edo and Delta State. The Itsekiris presently transcends a population of over 1 million people and live mainly in parts of Ondo, Edo and majorly in the Warri South, Warri North and Warri South West local government districts of Delta State on the Atlantic coast of Nigeria.

Large Itsekiri communities and population can also be found in 5 other local government areas of delta state Okpe Local Government, Uvwie Local Government, Udu Local Government, Sapele Local Government, Ethiope West Local Government Areas in Delta Central senatorial district, Delta State Nigeria.

Other significant communities of Itsekiris can be found in parts of Edo and Ondo states and in various other Nigerian cities including Lagos, Benin City, Port Harcourt and Abuja. Many people of Itsekiri descent also reside in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. The Itsekiris are closely related to the Yoruba of South Western Nigeria and also close to the Urhobo people and Edo peoples. The Itsekiris traditionally refer to their land as the Kingdom of Warri or 'Iwere' as its proper name – which is geographically contiguous to the area covered by the three Warri local government districts. The area is a key centre of Nigeria's crude oil and natural gas production and petroleum refining and the main town Warri (a multi-ethnic metropolis) forms the industrial and commercial nucleus of the Delta State region.

Ethnography
The Itsekiri are a people of mixed ethnic origins who speak a language very closely related to the Yoruba of south western Nigeria and the Igala language of central Nigeria but which has also borrowed some cultural practice from the Ijebu people, Ile-Ife and Benin, they engaged with Portuguese in trade terminologies, as the Itsekiri were the first people in Nigeria to establish contact with the Portuguese who were exploring the West African coast, and also more recently, English. Although linguistically related to the Yoruba and Igala ethnic groups, however, through centuries of intermingling modern day Itsekiris are of mixed ethnic origins. They are most closely related to the South-Eastern and South-South Yorubaland sub-groups - Ijebu, Akure, Ikale, Ilaje, Ondo and Owo, but also Edo, Urhobo and Ijaw. The Itsekiri today are mainly Christian (Protestant and Roman Catholic) by religion.

Thus having had six centuries of direct cultural exposure to Western Christianity and other African influences, contemporary Itsekiri language and culture has successfully evolved into a hybrid of the many cultures that have influenced its development. Similarly owing to the complex genetic mix of most Itsekiris over the centuries, many individuals self-identifying as Itsekiri would usually be a complex mix of any of the aforementioned ethnic and racial groups. Thus modern day Itsekiris may be the only southern Nigerian ethnic group to be almost totally heterogeneous (mixed) in its genetic composition. The total absence of any dialectal variation in the Itsekiri language is also unique for the region and is most likely the result of the early coalescing of the Itsekiri people into a small and highly centralised nation state from the 15th century onward.

History
The Itsekiri people are an ethnic group with a rich history that dates back almost a thousand years before the founding of the Kingdom of Warri. According to historical records, Itsekiri were formed by a group of Yoruba tribes who migrated to the Niger delta region.

The Yoruba tribes that made up the Itsekiri people were primarily from the Ijebu, Mahin/Ilaje, Ugbo, Owo/Ọ̀ghọ̀, igala and Ile-Ife regions. These groups were collectively known as the "Olukumi" people, with "Olukumi" translating to "my friend" in the itsekiri language. This name was used to refer to the Yoruba people for centuries.

A significant event in Itsekiri history occurred when Olu Ginuwa left the Kingdom of Benin to found the Kingdom of Warri. During this time, Bini migrants who were chasing Olu Ginuwa joined the Yoruba group in the area and founded Okere.

The Kingdom of Warri has continued on to the present day with Ogiame Olu Atuwatse III currently ruling as king of Warri Kingdom. The Warri Kingdom's historical capital is Ode-Itsekiri (also called "Big Warri" or "Ale Iwerre"), although the monarch's main palace is in Warri Town.

Itsekiris today
The Itsekiri, though they are a minority group within Nigeria, have one of the oldest histories of western education in West Africa, and the Itsekiri in particular have a sense of pride associated with western education. In the Warri Kingdom, one the earliest instances of the pursuit of a western education by a Nigerian was by a Itsekiri prince in 1600. and are noted for producing one of its earliest university graduates – the Olu of Warri Kingdom, Olu Atuwatse I, Dom Domingo a 17th-century graduate of Coimbra University in Portugal.

Culture
The Itsekiris traditionally lived in a society that was governed by a monarchy (the Olu) and council of chiefs who form the nobility or aristocracy. Itsekiri society itself was organised along the lines of an upper class made up of the royal family and the aristocracy – the 'Oloyes and Olareajas' these were mainly drawn from noble houses including the Royal Houses and the Houses of Olgbotsere (Prime Minister or king maker) and Iyatsere (defence minister). The middle class or Omajaja were free-born Itsekiris or burghers. As a result of the institution of slavery and the slave trade there was a third class 'Oton-Eru' or those descended from the slave class whose ancestors had come from elsewhere and settled in Itsekiriland as indentured or slave labourers. In modern-day Itsekiri society the slave class no longer exists as all are considered free-born.

Traditionally, Itsekiri men wear a long sleeved shirt called a Kemeje, tie a George wrapper around their waist and wear a hat with a feather stuck to it. The women wear a blouse and also tie a George wrapper around their waist. They wear colourful head gears known as Nes (scarf) or coral beads. Itsekiris are also famed for their traditional fishing skills, melodious songs, gracefully fluid traditional dances and colourful masquerades and boat regattas.

Religion
Before the introduction of Christianity in the 16th century, like many other African groups, the Itsekiris largely followed a traditional form of religion known as Ebura-tsitse (based on ancestral worship) which has become embedded in modern-day traditional Itsekiri culture. Once the dominant form of western Christianity in Itsekiriland for centuries, only a minority of Itsekiris are Roman Catholics today whilst the majority are Protestants notably Baptist and Anglican.

Itsekiri language
Whilst genetically the Itsekiris are a complex mixture of the many different ethnicities and races that have settled in their area, the Itsekiri language is very closely related to the Ilaje and other south-eastern Yoruba dialects and to the Igala. It has also been influenced significantly by the Bini, Portuguese and English languages due to centuries of interaction with people from those nations. However, it remains a key branch of the Yoruboid family of languages even retaining archaic or lost elements of the proto Yoruba language due to its relative isolation in the Niger-Delta where it developed away from the main cluster of Yoruba language dialects.

Unlike nearly all key Nigerian Languages, the Itsekiri language does not have dialects and is uniformly spoken with little or no variance in pronunciation apart from the use of 'ch' for the regular 'ts' (sh) in the pronunciation of some individual Itsekiris, e.g. Chekiri instead of the standard Shekiri but these are individual pronunciation traits rather than dialectal differences. This may be a relic of past dialectal differences. The English language continues to exert a strong influence on the Itsekiri language both in influencing its development and in its widespread usage as a first language amongst the younger generation. Modern standard Yoruba (the variety spoken in Lagos) also appears to be influencing the Itsekiri language partly due to the similarity between both languages and the ease of absorbing colloquial Yoruba terms by the large Itsekiri population living in Western Nigerian cities. Itsekiri is now taught in local schools up to university degree level in Nigeria.

There are a number of semi-autonomous Itsekiri communities such as Ugborodo, koko, Omadino and Obodo whose history predates the 15th-century establishment of the Warri Kingdom. The Ugborodo community claims direct descent from the Ijebu a major Yoruba sub-ethnic group.

Notable people

 * Ogiame Atuwatse III (Current Olu of Warri Kingdom)
 * Eyimofe Atake (Senior Advocate of Nigeria)
 * FOM Atake, Nigerian Judge (1967–1977) and Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1979-1982)
 * Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko (Olu of Warri Kingdom)
 * Nana Olomu (chief and merchant from the Niger Delta region)
 * Festus Okotie-Eboh (politician, first Nigerian finance minister)
 * Arthur Prest (Nigeria's first Minister of Communications, High Court Judge and High Commissioner to the UK)
 * Alfred Rewane (businessman and a financier of NADECO)
 * Sunday Tuoyo (Nigerian brigadier general and military governor of Ondo State)
 * Misan Sagay (screenwriter)
 * Emmanuel Uduaghan (politician, governor of Delta State)
 * Omawumi Megbele (musician)
 * Oritse Femi (musician)
 * Florence Omagbemi - Nigeria U20 female football team coach and former player for the Super Falcons.
 * Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor (president of the Christian Association of Nigeria)
 * Grace Alele-Williams (Professor of Mathematics, author and first female vice-chancellor of a Nigerian university).
 * Amaju Pinnick (Nigeria Football Federation chairman)
 * Tuedon Morgan (Nigerian marathon runner - 2 Guinness world records)
 * Sam Oritsetimeyin Omatseye (Nigerian poet and novelist)
 * Dudu Omagbemi (footballer Mikkelin Pallioiliajat)
 * Oritsejolomi Thomas (founder-provost of Lagos College of Medicine, vice-chancellor of University of Ibadan)
 * Julie Coker (Miss Western Nigeria, broadcaster, and journalist)
 * Tee Mac Omatshola Iseli (flutist and classical musician)

title: Itsekiri people


text:
Talk:Mike Garvey

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title: Talk:Mike Garvey


text:
Talk:Butts Up

Issues
Would like to determine whether this is a regional game. I have spoken to several people in Boston, for example, that had never heard of it. Any way to get a sense, on this page, about where in the US kids play this? J. Van Meter
 * I used to play this game while going to Rosemont Middle School around 1990 or so, that's from 6th to 8th grade ages(12-14). Rosemont is located in Fort Worth, Texas, Texas. Those were the days.--Robert Harrison Talk 00:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've played this in Australia, also as a variant of game called brandings where you would try to hit the person with the ball before they got to the wall (leaving them with a round red mark or brand)

 * We played this at my Seattle-area elementary school, only we called it "butt ball". The balls we used were always blue rubber balls. —jiy (talk) 10:36, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * We played butts up at my High school in Ossining, New York. Our variation was played with a large, rubber "red rover" ball.

--Lpslogan29 19:12, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * We played it in my elementary and middle school in Mendham, New Jersey. We played with tennis balls.

 * We played in elementary in the mid-late 90's here in Southern California. Not with all the rules listed here but pretty close.--Sublimished 03:47, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * We played in lower and middle school in Monterey, CA (Central California). We played the continuous version. ie Three "outs" and you stood at the wall and got pegged in the butt once by each person that got you out. None of that throwing at the runner to get them out business that's mentioned in the article, though.

 * In the UK it's known as Bums Up, and is played with a football (or a "soccer ball" if you insist). The rules are as follows (though, as with any playground game, they're likely to vary wildly from school to school):

Thus, it's possible to avoid going in goal and receiving the forfeit simply by not taking any shots. Which is likely to have repercussions of its own. Jarlsberg 22:45, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * A person is selected by some method (eg, an arbitrary decision based on lack of popularity) to go in goal.
 * The remaining players attempt to score. A goal is only valid if it's been touched by at least two players since the goalie last had it.
 * A player missing a shot goes in goal.
 * Once a goalie lets in 3 goals without anyone missing, the ball is then pelted at his arse from a predetermined spot by each other player.

 * We played this game in elementary school back in the 1990s in Terrace, British Columbia, Canada. We played two versions.  The one we called "Booty" was, for some reason, a version that omitted the standing against the wall phase when one was out.  The "Red Ass" version we played had the runner facing the wall and only one attempt was made to throw the ball (usually as hard as the thrower could) at the persons butt.  If the thrower missed, the runner was still in the game. Timeless Enigma (talk) 09:30, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

We played this in my middle school in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, and it was always called "Red Ass". The rules were as Timeless Enigma has them if I remember, with only one chance to get someone out by hitting them as they stand against the wall. Also, I'm not sure if this is a regional thing, but we only ever played with tennis balls. Zorio (talk) 03:14, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Played "Buns Up" extensively with my group of friends in the late 70's in Austin Texas - we used one or more tennis balls - great fun! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 17.103.120.22 (talk) 19:08, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Should this be combined with wall ball?
In elementary in Atlanta, Georgia I played the violent form of Butt's Up; but here at my neighborhood pool they play a less violent variant known as Wall Ball, which I noticed has its own entry, but seems (according to its article) substantially the same as Butt's Up. So it seems silly that two different articles exist for games which vary mainly in name.

 * - I'm not sure if the Butts Up terminology is used in all the other versions of the game. J. Van Meter 14:06, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

I played this game in Northern Virginia in the late 70's. At that time, we called it "Spread-Eagle" for the position you had to assume on the wall.

hahaha YES!! I actually LOVE that someone made an article on this! Best childhood game ever!

I grew up in Northern New York in the 80's and we played it as "Spread-Eagle" also. Mostly boys played and us girls watched. The boys had to spread their arms against the wall to be hit by the ball if they didn't touch the wall in time. It was banned by our school eventually when too many people got huge red welts. Durablemater 03:29, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

There are a couple issues with this article, but most confusing to me is: This article is about Butts Up. At the beginning of the introduction is a list of the many other names that Butts Up goes by. Good. One of those, per this article, is wallball. Okay. But later in the introduction it says "Popular in New England is another frequent variation of wallball that usually differs a lot from the more widely known 'Butts Up'." ..."another frequent variation of wallball"??? The article is about Butts Up; when did wallball become the subject? For that sentence to make sense at all, to be appropriate in the intro to this article, it would have to say "Popular in New England is a frequent variation of Butts Up often called wallball which differs a lot from the 'Butts Up' usually played elsewhere." But I think it would be most appropriate to save this bit of information for later in the article. (on a semi-related topic, I feel that the 'Rules of the game' section is too long and is a bit confusing. I would suggest just including the basic, most widely-accepted rules of the game under this heading then creating an additional heading for 'Variations'. And this could be a great place to talk about Wallball in New England). Niccast (talk) 05:21, 7 May 2018 (UTC) (grew up in Vermont playing both Butts Up AND Wallball in the late '80s. They are, in fact, 2 separate games)

Variations
The way that we played, if the person being thrown at looked back, you could bounce the ball off the ground, allowing you to try to hit the person in the crotch. Fermun 19:49, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Butts up?
I played this game in nevada but the point was to peg the person in the butt... maybe thats where the name came from? It doesnt mention anything in the article about the name.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.187.75.183 (talk) 19:04, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Excessesive list of names for the game.
I tried removing an excessive list of colloquial names for the game but this was reverted. There are 47 colloquial names listed. I will trim it down to about 5-10. The brave celery (talk) 12:54, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

Ball touching
The player should throw the ball to the wall before the other player touches the wall and if not no but throws 41.223.72.103 (talk) 08:57, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

BUTT throws
The should alway retouch the ball before a BUTts throws is called by the player throwing 41.223.72.103 (talk) 09:02, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Sissy Baka is out of hand
People are using this language to MUCH 2403:580A:9541:1:AD8E:6AFC:94F6:3A68 (talk) 09:34, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Butts Up VS Suicide VS Wall Ball
Butts Up sounds very similar to Suicide (and both are alternately known as Wall Ball, which is a  separate, though similar, game). Should Butts Up and/or Suicide and/or Wall Ball be merged and cleaned up? 208.83.126.115 (talk) 17:17, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butts Up


text: Talk:Andy Houston

title: Talk:Andy Houston


text:
Ituiutaba

Ituiutaba (Brazilian Portuguese: /itujuˈtabɐ/) is a municipality in the western part of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Elevated to city status in 1901, its population in 2020 was 105,255 and a total area in the municipality of 2,694 km2. The elevation of the seat of the municipality is 544 m.

Location
It is located in the west of the economic and geographical region called Triângulo Mineiro and is on BR 365, which begins at Chaveslândia in the west and connects as far as Pirapora in the north. Neighboring municipalities are Gurinhatã, Ipiaçú, Capinópolis, Canápolis, Santa Vitória, Monte Alegre de Minas, Prata, Campina Verde and the state of Goiás.

Distances
 * Uberlândia: 135 km
 * Uberaba: 237 km
 * Itumbiara: 110 km
 * Chaveslândia: 135 km
 * Belo Horizonte: 685 km

Statistical Microregion
Ituiutaba is also the name of statistical microregion 29 which includes 6 municipalities: Cachoeira Dourada, Capinópolis, Gurinhatã, Ipiaçu, Ituiutaba, and Santa Vitória. The population of this microregion was 135,140 (2000) and the area was 8,748.90 km2. The population density in 2000 was 15.45 inhabitants/km2.

Climate
Classified as AW hot-humid (according to the Koppen classification), tropical with dry winter, with a well-defined rainy season from October to April and a dry season from May to September. Average temperatures range from 14 °C in June to 31 °C in December. The yearly average is 28 °C. Frost is rare.

Economic activities
The most important economic activities are cattle raising, industry, commerce, and agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$972,529,000. Ituiutaba is in the top tier of municipalities in the state with regard to economic and social development. It is the center of a rich agricultural area which receives adequate rainfall and is well watered. As of 2007 there were 08 banking agencies in the town. There were 14,365 automobiles.

In the rural area there were 1,459 establishments occupying about 4,300 workers. 628 of the farms had tractors, a ratio of around one tractor for every two farms. There were 190,000 head of cattle in 2006. The crops with a planted area of more than 1000 hectares were sugarcane, corn and soybeans. There was also production of rubber, coffee, and oranges.

Health and education
Ituiutaba has high quality of life, using Brazilian standards. The population is comparatively well-educated. According to the city government site (no date given) there were 128 doctors, 130 dentists, 13 veterinarians, 18 psychologists, 170 lawyers, 14 architects, and 111 agronomists.

In the health sector there were 54 total establishments, 23 public and 31 private. Of these there were 06 hospitals with 211 beds. In the educational sector there were 33 pre-schools, 39 primary schools and 05 middle schools. There were 03 institutes of higher education, all private.

 * Municipal Human Development Index: 0.818 (2000)
 * State ranking: 15 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
 * National ranking: 254 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.

 * Literacy rate: 89%
 * Life expectancy: 76.0 (average of males and females)
 * Urbanization rate: 51.36%
 * Percentage of urban houses connected to sewage system: 99

Media
There are five television stations: Rede Integração - affiliated with Rede Globo, Rede Vitoriosa - affiliated with Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão - SBT, TV Paranaiba - affiliated with Rede Record, Band Triângulo - affiliated with Band and Rede Vida. There are seven radio stations: Rádio Cancella FM, Rádio Cancella AM, Rádio Difusora FM, Rádio Difusora AM, Rádio Interativa FM, Rádio Globo AM and Rádio Dimensão FM. There are three newspapers: Jornal do Pontal, Gazeta do Pontal and Jornal Hoje em Dia.

History
The settlement of the region began in 1820 when Joaquim Antonio de Morais and José da Silva Ramos arrived and expelled the native inhabitants, the Caiapós. The first name was Arraial de São José do Tijuco. In 1890 there were 5,000 inhabitants. In 1901 it became a municipality with the name Vila Platina, later changed in 1917 to Ituiutaba.

Unveiling the congado history in Ituiutaba-MG

In Ituiutaba reportedly some Congadeiros, the festivities took place on farms outside the city where they also raised their suits. With the becoming of time, the festival has become known, was brought to the city. However, the parish priest of the time did not accept that Congadeiros walk into the church, prohibiting the holding of the festival site. This ban was because the Congadeiros, did not follow the Catholic religion, but others of African origin. Meanwhile, around Ituiutaba, to honor his wife Geralda Ramos da Silva on his birthday on April 2, 1951, Mr. Demetrio Silva da Costa (Cyzicus) invited his father Marciano Silvestre da Costa, his brother Gerard Clarimundo Coast and several other friends to play Mozambique and commemorate the date. Upon learning of the incident, Ana Carolina Ribeiro (Dona Rosa), cousin of Cyzicus, invited the group to work together to bring the suit in Mozambique Ituiutaba and rekindle the devotion to St. Benedict with much dancing, partying and devotion. So they went to the parish priest of the time, Father John Ave, to communicate it and ask him to leave, next to the church, making the feast of St. Benedict and Our Lady of the Rosary. The pastor, not allowed, claiming that the Church had problems previously with the suits Congado that formerly existed in Ituiutaba, and that because of these clashes, had already fragmentado. In 1952, the newly created suit, decided to rehearse in order placing the group properly uniformed street in protest against the attitude of the priest. They walked down the street 22 at 5 am. They made a dawn with fireworks in front of the Forum site getting the consent of justice to conduct the celebrations in the city. They went to St. Joseph Church, where he entered the enclosure and attended the morning mass. After the Congadeiros went visiting various residences singing, dancing saints protectors streets. In the following years the party happened without the existence of a fellowship or church support. Still, Congadeiros insisted on having the recognition of the celebration by the church, performing each year the festivities in honor of St. Benedict and Our Lady of the Rosary, with the support of the devotees and supporters. Years later, restructures itself in the Congado Ituiutaba.

The group now organized, lock arms with a drop of the pastor of the church, which is to make a series of these requirements to concede to the same space at the site. One of those requirements was that the Congadeiros really embrace the Catholic faith. Accepting the request of the priest they baptized, received first Eucharist, crismaram and those who were cohabiting, married in the Church. Another requirement was that the Congadeiros had active participation in religious ceremonies, just like that, the party would have some relationship with the Church. Thus the Catholic Church tried to erase their black African religious heritage, yet the Congadeiros although "Catholics" did not fail to keep their ancestral practices, even if secretly.

Before the completion of all requirements made by him, Father John Ave, in 1956, asked the Congadeiros to choose twelve couples among themselves who knew well the Catholic doctrines. Of these couples, men appointed by the priest as "The Twelve Apostles" (Marciano Silvestre da Costa, Clarimundo Geraldo da Costa, Demetrius Silva da Costa - Cyzicus, Antonio Belchior, Baldwin Anthony da Costa - Antonio Goat, Agenor Prudêncio do Nascimento, Andira Alves, Max Avelino da Costa, Jerome Ventura Keys-Dunga, Aristides da Silva, Antônio Manoel Gomes and Lord Edmund) founded the Brotherhood of St. Benedict according to the instructions of the pastor, who authorized, in 1957, the operation of the Brotherhood, by blaming it suits founded between the years 1951 to 1954 and by others who supposedly were to arise.

From the creation of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict groups Congado also now have their own religious group within the Church, which is replaced by function not only religious but also cultural, organizing and coordinating suits Congado of Ituiutaba. As listed in the Small History of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict, it was founded on 13 May 1957 with "special service" and "First Communion Benedictines of several young children and adults." It was through the creation of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict that Congadeiros won permission to celebrate in the Church. It was through her that they also raised capital to later buy the land and erect the Church of St. Benedict.

The Brotherhood was originally formed by just over 100 people; today it includes over 600 individuals. She has become the guarantee of Congadeiros "law of the Church"; their creation and foundation opened the doors to the consolidation of suits and became the foundation for what emerged. The feast in honor of St. Benedict is composed of seven suits Congado the participation of several others from the surrounding cities that participate in the celebrations for several years.

title: Ituiutaba


text:
Masterson

Masterson may refer to:

Places:
 * United States:
 * Masterson, community, Carson County, Texas (35.41111°N, -101.61944°W)
 * Masterson, community, Moore County, Texas (35.63583°N, -101.96°W)
 * Masterson, community, the original name of the town of Clinton, Vernon County, Wisconsin
 * Masterson Lake, reservoir, Tyler County, Texas (30.68389°N, -94.3875°W)
 * Masterson Lake Dam, dam, Tyler County, Texas (30.68333°N, -94.38667°W)
 * Masterson Mill, community, Lawrence County, Alabama (34.53861°N, -87.28333°W)
 * Masterson Mill Lake Dam, dam, Lawrence County, Alabama (34.545°N, -87.27°W)
 * Masterson Oil Field, oilfield, Pecos County, Texas (31.13028°N, -102.63139°W)
 * Mastersonville, community, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (40.19667°N, -76.48694°W)
 * The Masterson Institute For Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, New York City

Other:
 * Masterson (surname)

title: Masterson


text:
Talk:Haman Karn

Fate?
What is the fate of Haman Karn?

She got defeated in her final battle with Judau Ashta, pilot of MSZ-010 ZZ (Double Zeta) Gundam. This was chronicled in the animation series Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ.--Pfalcone 11:51, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

In the third Zeta movie, 星の鼓動は愛, she and other elements of the Axis forces return to the asteroid belt after the Gryps war. The movies constitute an alternate timeline, though, because Camille is not a vegetable at the end. --Annon

Very Trivial
At the end of one of the Hellsing manga volumes (2) Kouta Hirano states that he wishes to be reincarnated as "Maharaja Karn, then give birth to Haman." He also cites Haman Karn as his favourite Newtype. --Annon VIII

Date of Birth
Something seems wrong with her date of birth. It says UC 044 (same as Gihren Zabi) but she is listed as being 22 in UC 087. I don't know which of the dates is incorrect, but the numbers just don't add up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.28.162.23 (talk) 03:16, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

- Char remarks early in Zeta that Haman must be "about 20 now" ill fix it --80.196.107.246 (talk) 12:46, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Pro-Federation Edits which ought to stop
I've restored some actual facts to the article, and edited out the poorly written pro-Federation moral lecturing that people have been inserting into this article. Rei Murasame (talk) 14:01, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Haman Karn


text:
Cedar Pond (Massachusetts)

Cedar Pond is a small oval-shaped pond in the town of Lakeville, Massachusetts. It is located just off of Somserset Lane from Long Point Road, which is easily accessible from Route 105. The pond is primarily used for irrigating nearby bogs and farmland.

title: Cedar Pond (Massachusetts)


text:
Ivittuut Municipality

Ivittuut, (old spelling Ivigtût) was a municipality (from 1951 until 2008), on the coast of Arsuk Fjord in southern Greenland. With an area of just 100 km2 (600 km2 according to other sources), it was the smallest municipality of Greenland, bordering on the former Narsaq municipality in the north, east and south, and on the west by the Labrador Sea. It has been integrated into the new Sermersooq municipality. Due to its small size, the municipality is all ice-free, as it does not extend inward to the ice sheet of Greenland.

The town of Ivittuut is abandoned and the only settlement of the municipality is the permanent naval base Kangilinnguit (Grønnedal). The municipality existed de jure and was about to be absorbed by Narsaq when the 2009 municipal reform took place.

Kangilinnguit is the Danish naval headquarters of Greenland, originally established to protect Ivittuut's cryolite mine.

title: Ivittuut Municipality


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Griffith

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE --Doc (?) 14:39, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

David Griffith
This might be a marginal case of deletion, but Google and Amazon.com tests don't seem to show much. Perhaps when the book mentioned in the article is released this would be notable enough, but for now, it might be deletion material. Paul 00:45, 27 August 2005 Paul 05:21, 12 September 2005 (UTC) ''Note: I didn't originally use this template but I put it in on 9-12. Also going to relist on the AFD log. '' Paul 05:21, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I vote against deletion because I think that the ability to find obscure information on wikipedia is what makes it such a great tool, one that is truly different than encyclopedia britannica or another. Also, perhaps the book will be quite notable. [Anon user] 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete: Anon, plez read Wikipedia_is_not_a_crystal_ball.---CH (talk) 02:48, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonnotable. --Angr/undefined 07:47, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as perCH . If there were a user page, I'd say Userfy until the book comes out and its notability is verifiable - since there's not, maybe the article creator would consider adding the (probably about-to-be-deleted) material again when the book does appear?  Dlyons493 09:59, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Former content, 02:58, 22 December 2002 Maveric149, was a redirect to D. W. Griffith. However, AFAIK D. W. Griffith is never referred to as "David Griffith." Dpbsmith (talk) 00:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per CH. No evidence of notability presented. Adjunct professors do not meet the "professor test" (which IMHO sets the bar too low, anyway). Books are almost never notable before publication. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Eamon03

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 00:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image:Great Northern Herald.png
Hello, Eamon03. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Great Northern Herald.png) was found at the following location: User:Eamon03. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 06:13, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Domino Rally

The article Domino Rally has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not meet WP:GNG/ contains WP:OR"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rusf10 (talk) 01:46, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eamon03


text:
File:Cookiecrisp.gif

Various Cookie Crisp characters. I found this from Google.

Fair use rationale
This image has been checked by a third party against the articles in which it appears. It meets the following fair-use criteria:-
 * No free alternative possible
 * If this is a promotional image from the company, then any "user-supplied" image whose sole purpose was clearly to represent the same copyrighted box/item art (and nothing else, and with no significant artistic input- i.e. a "mechanical" reproduction, whether by scanner or camera) would likely have the same restrictions.
 * Is being used to demonstrate the marketing of a specific product and serves to demonstrate said marketing than being used in a solely decorative manner.
 * Does not deprive company of ability to make money in any way
 * Is not being used in misleading or mis-representative manner

title: File:Cookiecrisp.gif


text:
Shawnee Free Jones

Shawnee Free Jones (born 1975) is an American actress and model.

Jones had a successful career as an underwater fashion model, becoming the muse of photographer Howard Schatz.

Working with Schatz, she appeared in advertisements for Target Corporation, Sony, the MGM Grand station, Kohler Co., Wolford, Wacoal, and Palmer's Cocoa Butter. She was dubbed "America's Underwater Supermodel" by Maxim, and her image was placed on the Empire State Building during Schatz's "Installation" project. She also appeared on the cover of Schatz's book, Pool Light.

She appeared as the underwater dancer in Ricky Martin's music video for "She Bangs" and guest starred as an underwater mystery on Baywatch. Jones also appeared as a punk girl in an episode of the cult teen comedy-drama Freaks and Geeks.

She is the daughter of American spiritual guru Adi Da.

Filmography

 * L.A. Confidential (1997)
 * Denial (1998)
 * American Intellectuals (1999)
 * Women of the Night (2000)
 * Monkeybone (2001)
 * Free (2001)
 * Mr. BBQ (2002)
 * Man of the Year (2002)
 * Never Get Out of the Boat (2002)

Notable TV guest appearances

 * Baywatch (1989) in episode "Maui Xterra"
 * The Huntress (2000) playing "Temp" in "Surprise Party"
 * Gideon's Crossing (2000) playing "Joanne Cooper" in "Gift, The"
 * Freaks and Geeks (1999) playing "Jenna Zank" in "Noshing and Moshing"

title: Shawnee Free Jones


text:
DCEThreads

DCEThreads is an implementation of POSIX Draft 4 threads. DCE Stands for "Distributed Computing Environment" DCEThreads allowed users to create multiple avenues of execution in a single process. It is based on pthreads interface.

History
DCE/RPC was under development, but the POSIX committee had not finalised POSIX threads at the time. The Open Group had to make a decision about which to use, and the final POSIX threads were different from their selection.

POSIX Draft 4 threads were limited to begin with (the final standard fixed these). Microsoft adopted DCE/RPC wholesale in Windows NT as MSRPC and also in DCOM. Most of the stability and reliability problems that programmers associate with DCOM services - especially memory leaks, exception handling problems and thread cancellation stability issues - can be traced back to the use of POSIX Draft 4 threads.

DCE/RPC is sufficiently complex that the issue of updating it to solve and modernise the POSIX Draft 4 threading problem requires highly skilled and highly specific programming knowledge. Consequently, despite its capacities, the reference implementation of DCE/RPC has been held up due to a lack of information and resources.

The key difference between POSIX Draft 4 threads and the final POSIX threads specification, aside from a number of functions being interruptible where others are not, is thread cancellation. DCE/RPC utilises thread cancellation to propagate signals across the "Remote" of RPC, such that for example a client application terminating a thread results in its corresponding thread on the server also being terminated in the same way. The final POSIX specification does not include such sophisticated cancellation methodology, and, given the difficulties that the Unix vendors had in correctly implementing the POSIX threads specification, it was removed.

Recent developments
Linux, since the introduction of NPTL and the Linux 2.6 kernel, has proper support for thread cancellation.

Current use
DCEThreads now only realistically exists as an emulation layer.

title: DCEThreads


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bezza

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete executed by User:User:MacGyverMagic. Fernando Rizo T/C 18:18, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Bezza
Delete it is an article about a real(?) person that does not assert the importance or significance of the subject Grcampbell 00:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a non-notable biography and vanity. Al 01:28, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy, non-notable, et cetera. Quicksandish 02:17, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - qualifies as a speedy under CSD #7. Rob Church Talk 02:23, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy tagged Ryan Norton T 09:03, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bezza


text:
Talk:Gunnison (river)

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 00:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gunnison (river)


text:
Los Cerritos Center

The Los Cerritos Center is a super regional shopping mall located in Cerritos, California. Since September 1971, the Los Cerritos Center has been an integral part of the city of Cerritos' tax revenue. The mall is the city's largest revenue source, producing $581 per square foot in sales ($296 million total) in 2010. The tax revenue generated from the Los Cerritos Center for its host city totals to approximately $3 million a year. The facility is owned by Macerich & GIC Private Limited.

Development
The Cerritos Redevelopment Agency initially invested $30 million for the development of the Los Cerritos Center area. The 100 acre shopping area built at Gridley Road and South Street was developed by Ernest M. Hahn, Inc. in September 1971 with the Phase I opening of the corridor from The Broadway department store (currently Macy's) to Ohrbach's (first became Mervyn's in 1987, currently a Forever 21) and J.W. Robinson's (became Robinsons-May in 1993) in addition to having an initial 150 specialty stores. Phase II followed in 1971 with the opening of the wing from Ohrbach's to Sears. In 1981, Phase III saw the opening of Nordstrom and its first wing. In November 1993, Phase IV was completed when the Palm Court Cafes debuted in the center with 14 eateries.

At opening
At its opening, the Los Cerritos Center was one of the area's first shopping malls and was noted for its high quality maintenance and complete climate-controlled environment.

The original goal of the center was to bring thousands of dollars of sales tax revenue to the city of Cerritos. In its first four years, the city of Cerritos' retail sales grew tenfold, topping over $207 million in 1974.

Old tenants
Previous tenants of the Los Cerritos Center include:

Palm Court Cafes
The Palm Court Cafes was a food court with restaurants such as McDonalds, Steak Escape, Subway, and more. The Food Court had a lavish entrance, featuring yellow letters, a bunch of trees, and a cool design. Even the mall entrance was lavish. In 2015 however, the mall renovated it, turning it into the Dining Court and closing the McDonalds.

Today
In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off its 235 properties, including the Sears at Los Cerritos Center, into Sertiage Growth Properties.

Since the end of 2015, the center has been undergoing a large-scale renovation, which brought in new anchors such as Dick's Sporting Goods and Harkins Theatres, in-line stores, remodeled interiors, new furnishings and lighting, exterior landscaping, as well as art work and overall re-branding.

The Macy's wing houses merchandise, confectionery, and services for the family, the main concourse holds more upscale fashion stores, restaurants and boutiques, and the Sears wing focuses on specialty shops in entertainment, younger consumers, as well as the newly renovated Dining Court.

Forever 21, which opened in January 2010 from the old Mervyn's store, was the first flagship styled store for the retailer in the United States and opened to much acclaim.

A brand new, relocated Nordstrom department store and wing opened in May 2010 on the site of the former Robinsons-May store (closed in 2006 due to Federated acquiring May Department Stores Company). The added wing made room for nine additional in-line shops and restaurants. The old Nordstrom site was demolished for redevelopment and is now the site of a 16-screen Harkins Theatres which opened in spring 2016, as well as The Cheesecake Factory, which opened in November 2015.

Realizing the importance of multiculturalism and diversity in the region today, the Los Cerritos Center, in conjunction with the city of Cerritos, is home to the Festival of Friendship held every February. Cultural booths and performances are held annually with the goal of reaching out to the various diverse communities the center serves.

In 2010, 8.5 million shoppers visited the mall with November 26 (Black Friday) marking the biggest day of the year with 79,682 visitors. The daily average attendance from January through November 2010 was 22,133 people a day. December 2010 saw an average of 35,631 a day. Los Cerritos Center is the most financially successful mall in the Southeast Los Angeles region.

In early 2017, Red Robin closed to make way for a P. F. Chang's, which was opened in late 2017.

On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide. The store closed on January 6, 2019.

Transit access
The mall is accessible by Metro Local Line 62, Long Beach Transit Routes 141, 172, 173, 192, Norwalk Transit Route 2, OCTA Route 30, and Cerritos on Wheels Line 2B.

title: Los Cerritos Center


text:
Talk:Guthrie, A. B., Jr.

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 00:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guthrie, A. B., Jr.


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Maghreb Arabe Press

Maghreb Arabe Presse (MAP), also known as Maghreb Agence Presse, is the government-owned official news agency of the Kingdom of Morocco.

History and profile
The agency was founded on 31 May 1959 by Mehdi Bennouna in Rabat. It was nationalized in 1973.

The director is Fouad Arif, and headquartered in Rabat. The agency has official international services in five languages: Arabic, English, French, Spanish, and Tamazight. In 1960, the agency launched an African bulletin. It launched a Middle East service as well as an English service on 14 October 1975.

Abdeljalil Fenjiro served as the director of the agency for more than twenty years until 16 November 1999 when Mohammed Yassine Mansouri replaced him in the post.

In addition to providing news, the agency co-founded a national charter for the improvement of women's images in the media with the Ministry of Social Development and Family and Solidarity and the Ministry of Communication and Culture in 2005.

On 19 May 2023, King Mohammed VI appointed Fouad Arif as the new Director General of MAP, following the death of Khalil Hachimi Idrissi.

International offices
The agency has international offices in Abidjan, Algiers, Bonn, Beyrouth, Cairo, Dakar, Geneva, Jeddah, Lisbon, Madrid, Mexico City, Montreal, Moscow, New Delhi, Nouakchott, Paris, Rome, Tunis and Washington. In addition, the agency is reported to have a "large network in Asia".

National and regional offices
The agency has national and regional offices in Agadir, Casablanca, Tangier, Dakhla, Fez, Kenitra, Laayoune, Nador, Oujda and Settat.

Correspondents
The agency has correspondents in Abu Dhabi, Addis Ababa, Ankara, Baghdad, Buenos Aires, Beijing, Caracas, Damascus, El Jadida, Essaouira, Málaga, Marseille, Mexico City, New Delhi, Ouarzazate, Pretoria, Tan-Tan, Taza, Tehran, Tétouan and Tripoli.

title: Maghreb Arabe Press


text: User talk:213.81.187.192

title: User talk:213.81.187.192


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Brothers in Unity

Brothers in Unity (formally, the Society of Brothers in Unity) is an undergraduate literary and debating society at Yale University. Founded in 1768 as a literary and debating society that encompassed nearly half the student body at its 19th-century peak, the group disbanded in the late 1870s after donating its collection of books to help form Yale's central library.

It was revived in 2021 as a secret society by members of the senior class and alumni.

First incarnation
The Society of Brothers in Unity at Yale College was founded in 1768 by 21 members of the Yale classes of 1768, 1769, 1770, and 1771. The society was founded chiefly to reduce class separation among literary societies; at the time, Yale freshmen were not "received" into any society, and junior society members were forced into the servitude of seniors "under dread of the severest penalties".

David Humphreys, a freshman of the class of 1771, persuaded two members of the senior class, three junior class members, two sophomores, and 14 freshmen to support the establishment of a new society. Its founding members were: • Joseph Barker

• Lewis Beebe

• John Brown

• William Burrall

• David Close

• Josiah Cotton

• Henry Daggett

• Phinehas Fanning

• John Hart

• Levi Hubbell

• David Humphreys

• Mark Leavenworth

• Achilles Mansfield

• Allyn Mather

• Sylvester Muirson

• James Nichols

• Josiah Pomeroy

• Seth Sage

• Oliver Stanley

• Simeon Tryon

• Joseph Woodbridge The group picked Stanley as its first president.

The notion of including freshmen was challenged by two or three existing literary groups that waged "an incessant war" against the new society, as described in Brothers in Unity's 1841 catalog of members. But within a year, Brothers became fully independent, its popularity influencing other societies to reconsider their exclusion of first-year students. The Yale College freshman class of 1771 ultimately yielded 15 members to the new group, while the older Linonian Society accepted four—the first recorded time in which underclassmen were publicly accepted into a Yale society. It is speculated that this struggle launched the Brothers' century-long rivalry with Linonia.

Through at least 1841, the society is said to have followed the template of other debating societies, although operating under "Masonic secrecy," according to 19th-century Yale historian Ebenezer Baldwin. Baldwin wrote that the group, in conjunction with Linonia and the Calliopean Society, discussed scientific questions and gravitated towards literary pursuits. This is substantiated by the Brothers' public documentation, which says the society sought "lofty places in science, literature, and oratory" fields, as well as general "intellectual improvement." It also produced plays, including contemporary British dramas and works by its members.

By the beginning of the 19th century, most Yale College students joined either the Brothers or Linonia. "While the official curriculum remained extraordinarily rigid, the student body built a rich extra-curriculum through the literary societies that allowed them to explore subjects that would normally have no place in the college," wrote Elizabeth James in 2015. "Research papers, debates, and literary exercises gave vitality to intellectual life within the college. The societies provided a place where student voices and opinions could be heard, and their questions or thoughts about the world around them interrogated by their classmates." These societies helped pave Yale's way toward a broader European model of education.

Both groups held expansive literary collections, which they used to compete against each other. Between 1780 and 1841, the Brothers claimed to own more volumes than Linonia, although these assertions are disputed. Despite their rivalry, the two societies described each other as "ornaments" of Yale and "generous rivals." When Yale built its first central library in 1846, Linonia and Brothers in Unity accepted the library's invitation to house their collections in the new building. For several decades, the collections were maintained separately, each with a librarian, staff, catalogs, and building entrance. However, the society declined during the Civil War and against the competition of newer secret societies such as Skull and Bones. Linonia and Brothers proposed donating their collections to Yale in 1860, and this was finally done in 1872. These donations are commemorated in the Linonia and Brothers Room of Yale's Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers (L&B) collection, a travel collection, a collection devoted to medieval history, and books recently added to Sterling’s collections.

Brothers in Unity disbanded after the library donation; various sources say this happened in 1871, 1872, or 1878.

Second incarnation (2021-present)
In 2021, 21 Yale undergraduates revived the defunct society in a different form. While the original Brothers had a relatively open admissions policy and a large membership, its new incarnation follows the model of Yale's restrictive and smaller senior secret societies.

The new group says it seeks members with professional experience in, or simply passion for, certain types of public service, including the U.S. armed forces, U.S. Congress, the U.S. foreign service, and U.S. intelligence community; and, in "exceptional circumstances", people who demonstrate business leadership or entrepreneurship.

The society is funded by the 1768 Foundation Inc., a 501(c)(3) public charity administered by alumni.

Symbols and traditions
Internally, members call the society the Brotherhood. In 1768 or 1769, the Brothers adopted the motto E parvis oriuntur magna, meaning "From small things come great things". Its values are chivalry, openness, and selflessness.

Activities
Brothers in Unity holds debates and invites speakers to discuss contemporary entrepreneurship, foreign policy, literature, and politics. In 2021, it hosted a lecture named for Morrison Waite, the seventh chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, who helped strike down the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The Brothers also award the David Humphreys Prize for a valedictory oration.

In 2022, the Brothers donated photographs and documents concerning its revival to the Yale University Library's Manuscript and Archives collection.

Membership
Membership in Brother in Unity admits 10 new members each spring. A current Yale professor acts as an ex-officio member to advise the society. As of October 2023, it had 120 alumni and current members.

Members of the group between 1768 and 1841 include 26 Yale valedictorians, several Supreme Court justices, one Chief Justice, six governors, 13 Senators, 45 Congressional representatives, a Secretary of the Navy, a Secretary of the Treasury, a Postmaster General, 14 presidents of colleges and universities, two U.S. Attorneys General, and a U.S. Vice President. By 1841, a total of 2,828 students had belonged to the group.

title: Brothers in Unity


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Shakugan no Shana

Shakugan no Shana (灼眼のシャナ), also known simply as Shana (シャナ), is a Japanese light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi with illustrations by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 27 novels from November 2002 to November 2023 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. The story focuses on Yuji Sakai, a high school boy who becomes involved in an age-old conflict between forces of balance and imbalance in existence; in the process, he befriends a fighter for the balancing force and names her "Shana". The series also incorporates fantasy and slice of life elements.

Two manga adaptations were published by ASCII Media Works in Dengeki Daioh and Dengeki Maoh. Between 2005 and 2012, the series was adapted by J.C.Staff into three 24-episode anime television series, a four-episode original video animation (OVA) series, an animated film, and a standalone OVA episode. A PlayStation 2 video game was released in March 2006, which was ported to the Nintendo DS in March 2007. Viz Media licensed the novels and the first manga series for release in North America, but stopped publishing both prematurely. Geneon originally licensed the first television series for release in North America, but the license later transferred to Funimation, now Crunchyroll, who also licensed the remaining anime properties. Critics praised the series for its execution of typical story elements.

Setting and plot
Shakugan no Shana follows an age-old conflict between the human world and the Crimson Realm (紅世), which is a parallel universe to it. The inhabitants of the Crimson Realm, the Crimson Denizens (紅世の徒), can manipulate the Power of Existence (存在の力), which serves as the "fuel" for a being's existence. Denizens with exceptional power among their peers are known as Lords of the Crimson Realm (紅世の王), while more powerful Lords are known as Gods (神). Denizens who do not care about the balance between the two realms aim to gather the Power of Existence from humans to use for their own purposes. It is the duty of Flame Hazes (フレイムヘイズ), humans who have contracted with a Crimson Lord, to maintain this balance by killing Denizens who disrupt it. Denizens and Flame Hazes fight using magic spells called Powers of Unrestraint (自在法), which are also known as Unrestricted Spells or Unrestricted Methods. One such spell is the Seal (封絶), which creates a space where the Crimson Realm and the human world intersect and causalities, including time, are stopped.

The story mainly takes place in Misaki City in Japan. It begins when high school student Yuji Sakai enters the conflict after a Flame Haze tells him that he died some time ago and that he is a Torch (トーチ), a human with greatly diminished Power of Existence which will eventually run out. Yuji is also a Mystes (ミステス), a special kind of Torch who can move within Seals and contains a Treasure Tool (宝具), magical objects that the Denizens created which can provide special abilities or Powers of Unrestraint. Unfazed by his apparent death, Yuji befriends the girl and names her "Shana" after her sword. They later discover that the Treasure Tool within Yuji is the Reiji Maigo (零時迷子), which restores his Power of Existence each midnight.

Over time, Shana and Yuji encounter other Flame Hazes, such as Margery Daw and Wilhelmina Carmel, and Denizens as an organization of Denizens called Bal Masqué discover that Yuji possesses the Reiji Maigo and seek to use it for their own ends. The organization is led by Hecate, Sydonay, and Bel Peol, three Lords collectively known as the Trinity who serve under the Snake of the Festival (祭礼の蛇), a God who resides within the Reiji Maigo. When the Snake emerges, it merges its consciousness with Yuji's, taking command of Bal Masqué and planning to create a parallel world called Xanadu, which will serve as a paradise for Denizens with unlimited Power of Existence. Shana and the other Flame Haze oppose the creation of Xanadu, as it would eventually cause large-scale disruptions in the human world, the Crimson Realm, and Xanadu itself.

Shana formulates a countermeasure and adds a law to Xanadu that forbids the Denizens from eating humans. With Xanadu created, the Denizens depart along with other Flame Hazes who are determined to help enforce order on it. Yuji intends to go to Xanadu alone and ensure that humans and Denizens can learn to coexist, but Shana refuses to be left behind. Yuji ultimately accepts Shana's feelings and the two kiss, activating a spell Crimson Lord Lamia left for Yuji, which restores his existence and his humanity, meaning that he is no longer a Torch. With the help of another spell from Lamia, Yuji restores all humans in Misaki City whose existence the Denizens absorbed before he and Shana depart for Xanadu together.

Production
In an early draft of what would later become Shakugan no Shana, Yashichiro Takahashi set the story in a different dimension and described the main character as having the initial personality of Shana, but the appearance of an older woman similar to Margery Daw. However, after talking with an editor, Takahashi rewrote the character to have the appearance of a young girl. In doing so, he used Shana's small build to symbolize a story of growth and to emphasize the physical conflict between her and her opponents. Noizi Ito was contacted in early August 2002 to be the illustrator for the series, and she was very excited to work on the project after she read the manuscript for the first novel; this was the first time Ito drew illustrations for a book.

Shortly before writing Shakugan no Shana, Takahashi made his debut as an author with A/B Extreme, which was awarded an honorable mention in the eighth Dengeki Novel Prize by MediaWorks (now ASCII Media Works) in 2001. By his own admission, A/B Extreme was too difficult for readers to understand, so for his next work, he set out to write something easier to grasp. As such, the initial premise of Shakugan no Shana was to write a boy meets girl story in a school setting, though initially love was not one of the themes included. He was given the freedom to write as he pleased based on this premise after showing it to his editor.

Light novels and books
Shakugan no Shana began as a light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi, with illustrations drawn by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 27 volumes between November 9, 2002 and November 10, 2023 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint; 22 comprise the main story, while the other five are side story collections. A short story was later published in the September 2017 issue of ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko Magazine. Viz Media licensed the novels for English distribution in North America, but they only released two volumes in 2007. The novels are also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.

A 160-page guide book titled Shakugan no Shana no Subete (灼眼のシャナノ全テ) was published on December 10, 2005 by ASCII Media Works. Two more guide books were published by ASCII Media Works for the anime adaptations: Anime Shakugan no Shana no Subete (アニメ 『灼眼のシャナ』 ノ全テ) on October 27, 2006 with 176 pages, and Anime Shakugan no Shana II no Subete (アニメ 『灼眼のシャナII』 ノ全テ) on October 19, 2009 with 168 pages. Four 128-page art books illustrated by Ito were published by ASCII Media Works: Guren (紅蓮) on February 25, 2005, Kaen (華焔) on August 9, 2007, Sōen (蒼炎) on August 10, 2009, and Shana (遮那) on August 9, 2013.

Manga
A manga adaptation, illustrated by Ayato Sasakura, was serialized in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine Dengeki Daioh between the April 2005 and October 2011 issues. The individual chapters were collected and published in ten tankōbon volumes from October 27, 2005 and October 27, 2011. A special limited edition version of volume two was bundled with a booklet titled Grimoire including contributions from guest artists and writers for various illustrations, manga, and short stories. Viz Media licensed the manga for English distribution in North America. Viz released six volumes between April 17, 2007 and September 21, 2010, but then cancelled the release of the final four volumes. The manga is also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media, and in Germany by Egmont.

A second manga illustrated by Shii Kiya, titled Shakugan no Shana X Eternal song: Harukanaru Uta (灼眼のシャナX Eternal song -遙かなる歌-), is based on the events of the tenth novel and began serialization in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine Dengeki Black Maoh on September 19, 2007. The manga was later transferred to Dengeki Maoh and ran in that magazine between the December 2009 and September 2012 issues. Five volumes were released between January 27, 2009 and September 27, 2012. The manga is licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.

Anime
A 24-episode anime television series adaptation of Shakugan no Shana aired in Japan between October 6, 2005 and March 23, 2006 on TV Kanagawa. Produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Takashi Watanabe, the screenplay was written by Yasuko Kobayashi, and chief animator Mai Otsuka based the character design used in the anime on Noizi Ito's original designs. The sound director is Jin Aketagawa, and the soundtrack is composed by Kow Otani. The series was later released by Geneon in eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2006. Later, an original video animation (OVA) episode titled Shakugan no Shana SP, which takes place after the events of episode 13, was released on December 8, 2006.

An anime film based on the first novel that was released in Japanese theaters on April 21, 2007 as one of three films released at Dengeki Bunko's Movie Festival. The staff who produced the anime series returned to produce the film. The version shown in theaters was 65 minutes in length. Those who saw the film in theaters could buy a short book titled Shakugan no Shana M containing two short stories written by Takahashi published by ASCII Media Works under the imprint Dengeki Gekijō Bunko. The film was released on DVD in Japan on September 21, 2007 in regular and special editions, which featured the full length 90-minute director's cut version. It was later released on Blu-ray Disc (BD) in Japan on July 27, 2011.

Shana production staff would again return to produce two additional TV series and an OVA series. The 24-episode second season, titled Shakugan no Shana Second (灼眼のシャナII), aired between October 5, 2007 and March 28, 2008 on MBS. The series was later released by Geneon to eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2008. A four-episode OVA series titled Shakugan no Shana S was released on BD/DVD from October 23, 2009 to September 29, 2010. The 24-episode third season, titled Shakugan no Shana Final (灼眼のシャナIII -Final-), aired between October 8, 2011 and March 24, 2012 on Tokyo MX. The series was released by Geneon on eight BD/DVD compilation volumes from December 2011 to July 2012.

Geneon licensed the first TV series for North American distribution, but after Geneon withdrew from the North American market, Funimation Entertainment took up the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution rights, though Geneon still retained the license. A DVD box set was released by Funimation in September 2008, and was re-released in September 2009 under Funimation's "Viridian Collection". Funimation later re-licensed the first series and re-released it in a BD/DVD combo pack on August 21, 2012. The series made its North American television debut on September 10, 2012 on the Funimation Channel. The first season and its accompanying OVA were also licensed by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand, and by MVM Films in the United Kingdom. Funimation later licensed the film, the second and third TV series, and the OVA series for release in North America, with a different English dub cast compared to the first anime season.

Audio CDs
For the first Shakugan no Shana anime series, four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Hishoku no Sora" (緋色の空) by Mami Kawada was released in November 2005, and the second opening theme "Being" by Kotoko was released in March 2006. The first ending theme "Yoake Umarekuru Shōjo" (夜明け生まれ来る少女) by Yoko Takahashi was released in October 2005, and the second ending theme "Aka no Seijaku" (紅の静寂) by Yoko Ishida was released in February 2006. The original soundtrack for the first anime series was released in January 2006. For the Shakugan no Shana film, two theme song singles were released: the ending theme "Tenjō o Kakeru Monotachi" (天壌を翔る者たち) by Love Planet Five—made up of Kotoko, Kawada, Eiko Shimamiya, Mell, and Kaori Utatsuki—was released in April 2007; the insert song "Akai Namida" (赤い涙) by Kawada was released in May 2007. The film's original soundtrack was released in September 2007.

For Shakugan no Shana Second, two theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Joint" by Kawada was released in October 2007, and the second opening theme "Blaze" by Kotoko was released in March 2008. The first ending theme is "Triangle" by Kawada and was released on the single for "Joint", and the second ending theme "Sociometry" by Kotoko was released on the single for "Blaze". The song "Sense" by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24, and was released on Kawada's album Savia in March 2008. The original soundtrack for Shakugan no Shana Second was released in January 2008. For Shakugan no Shana S, the single for the opening theme "Prophecy" by Kawada was released in November 2009, and the ending theme "All in Good Time" by Kawada was released on her album Linkage in March 2010. The song "Portamento" by Kawada was used as an insert song in episode 4, and was released on Savia.

For Shakugan no Shana Final, four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Light My Fire" by Kotoko was released in November 2011, and the second opening theme "Serment" by Kawada was released in February 2012. The first ending theme "I'll Believe" by Altima was released in December 2011, and the second ending theme "One" by Altima was released in February 2012. The song "Kōbō" (光芒) by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24. Three insert songs by Kawada were also used in Shakugan no Shana Final: "u/n" in episode 15 released on the single for "Serment", "Akai Namida" in episode 19, and "Hishoku no Sora" in episode 24.

Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana Assorted Shana containing image songs, audio dramas and background music tracks were released between February and April 2006. Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana II Splendide Shana containing images songs and audio dramas were released between February and May 2008. Three volumes of albums titled Shakugan no Shana F Superiority Shana containing audio dramas, background music tracks, and short versions of theme songs from Shakugan no Shana Final were released between February and July 2012. The third Superiority Shana album also included the song "Kōbō". A compilation album of songs used in the series was released on January 24, 2018.

A weekly radio drama of Shakugan no Shana aired four episodes between November 29 and December 20, 2003 on Dengeki Taishō. The scenario was an original side-story written by Takahashi, and takes place between the first and second light novel volumes. The cast for the radio drama was different from the anime adaptations. A CD compilation of the radio drama titled Shakugan no Shana Drama Disc, including an additional audio drama, was eligible for mail orders up to March 31, 2004. Another drama CD was released with the April 2008 issue of Tokuma Shoten's Animage magazine; the cast is the same as with the anime versions.

Video games
An action RPG visual novel titled Shakugan no Shana, developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 23, 2006 for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). A 36-page A4-sized art book titled Honō (焔) featuring illustrations by Ito was available to those who pre-ordered the game. The game was re-released as a "Best" version on February 7, 2008. The story was written by Takahashi, and features character designs by Ito. The opening theme song is "Exist" by Rie Kugimiya, which was released on volume one of the Assorted Shana albums. The player assumes the role of Yuji Sakai during the visual novel aspect, where much of the game's duration is spent on reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue.

The game follows a branching plot line through eight chapters with five possible endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. Text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. Sometimes during text progression, an "active countdown" minigame appears, which requires the player to press the game buttons in a specific order in a set time limit. Success or failure in these minigames influence which endings are viewed. During the turn-based battle sequences, the player assumes the role of Shana. The player uses a combination of fire, powers of unrestraint, and treasure tools to battle Crimson Denizens; and Shana is also able to use a special attack and defend.

A Nintendo DS port of the game titled Shakugan no Shana DS, developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 29, 2007. Those who pre-ordered the game received a calendar spanning April 2007 to March 2008, and an art book of rough sketches by Ito titled Tōka (灯火) was available for a limited time with the purchase of the game. A new story for the DS version was written by Takahashi. The game also contains an image gallery that allows the player to see what Shana and Yoshida Kazumi look like in different clothes, and a battle mode that lets the player fight against the computer with a character other than Shana.

Shana appears as a playable character in the crossover RPG Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus for the Nintendo DS, and other characters from Shakugan no Shana also appear in the game. Shana appears in the 2014 fighting game Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax, which features various Dengeki Bunko characters.

Reception
In October 2014, the novels were reported to have sold over 8.6 million copies. As reported on the obi strip on volume 4 of the Shakugan no Shana manga released in January 2008, 1.2 million copies of the manga had been sold. Theron Martin from Anime News Network reviewed the manga and called it "inferior" to the anime, and notes the anime develops characters better than the manga. Martin also critiques the art, saying the background art has little detail, and while the action scenes are handled well enough, they are still sub-par compared to the same scenes in the anime. Martin concludes the review by warning the readers that "[if] this is your first exposure to the franchise, look to the anime version to see it done right."

When reviewing the anime, Martin thought the first Shakugan no Shana always manages to slightly exceed expectations, and while its story elements may be typical, its execution is not. Martin noted that Shana's Flame Haze transformation is a visual highlight of the series, and other details are shown equal care. Reviewer Chris Beveridge of Mania.com felt uncomfortable about the morbid nature of the series. While Beveridge did not think the series is "groundbreaking", it proves to be a "solid title" that continuously gets better. The pacing in the middle of the first season was criticized for quickly ending an arc before "going into a storyline that feels out of character for the show." Martin's review of Shakugan no Shana Final was less positive; he described Yuji as having been made into a different character (though his complexity was praised), criticized the addition of a large number of prominent characters without sufficient development, and described some things as not making sense, although he praised Shana's development over the course of the third series.

title: Shakugan no Shana


text: User talk:User3

title: User talk:User3