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Weobley

Weobley is an ancient settlement and civil parish in Herefordshire, England. Formerly a market town, the market is long defunct and the settlement is today promoted as one of the county's black and white villages owing to its abundance of old timber-framed buildings. Although it has the historical status of a town and is referred to as such in the sources, it nowadays refers to itself as a village.

Landscape
Weobley is in an entirely rural location, 12 mi north-west of Hereford and 8 mi south-west of Leominster. It occupies the small shallow valley of the little Marl Brook in the northern lower dip slope of Burton Hill, overlooking the valley of the Newbridge Brook which is a sub-tributary of the River Arrow. The surrounding countryside is mostly farmland, with a few small named ancient woods. However, to the south the deer park of Garnstone Castle (formerly Garnstone Manor) separates the settlement from the wooded heights of Burton Hill. The “castle” was a castellated mansion, an important design by John Nash 1807, which was demolished in 1959. Ornamental plantings for it survive, notably a row of Sequoiadendron giganteum trees which includes a monumental specimen of 34 ft girth.

Weobley Marsh is a separate hamlet to the east, grouped around an area of ancient common land and traditionally a haunt of witches.

To the west is the ancient farmstead of The Ley, with a Grade-I listed farmhouse dating to 1589.

The underlying geology comprises the Raglan Mudstone Formation of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. The soils are argillic brown earths, of high fertility.

Layout
The historical layout of the settlement, on which the majority of the old buildings stand, is in the form of an inverted T. The crossbar of the T is the High Street, and the stem is the funnel-shaped mediaeval marketplace comprising a triangular area abutting the High Street and extended to the north by the aptly-named Broad Street. The triangle used to have a row of infill buildings, but these were demolished in the mid 20th century and replaced by a small urban park called the Rose Garden. The west side of the former marketplace is called Portland Street, and the south side is Market Pitch.

To the south of the High Street is the site of a mediaeval castle, but this has no civic presence. It abuts the Garnstone deer-park, and is described as a ring and bailey. The track leading to it from the High Street is flanked by an avenue of oaks planted in 1837 to mark the accession of Queen Victoria.

From towards the east end of the High Street, and running to the east of the castle, is the Hereford Road. This was originally a turnpike road to Hereford, but is now just a country lane.

At the north end of Broad Street, Bell Square runs to the west with more old buildings, then turns to the north-west as Meadow Street (B4230) to become the road to Kington. Bell Square is very wide for a street, and has been suggested as the core of the pre-13th century village arranged around an early marketplace or small village green.

The west end of the High Street turns south then west as Mill Bank, named after an impressive mid 19th century brick corn mill but formerly known as Chamber Walk, and this becomes the B4230 road to Hereford. The mill is Grade II listed.

The ancient parish church of SS Peter and Paul is oddly placed, away from the built-up area to the north and accessed by a country lane called Church Road which is a continuation of Broad Street. More unusually, this lane doubles back on itself after running round the churchyard and ends a short distance west of where it started, forming a dead-end hairpin loop. This has been suggested as the ghost of the pre-13th century village, arranged between the church and an early marketplace or small village green at Bell Square. A small grassy area is due south of the churchyard, and this used to be the town's bowling green.

The B4230 does not enter the old town centre, but runs directly from Mill Bank to Meadow Street via a little bypass called Back Lane which roughly parallels Broad Street to the west. This is an old thoroughfare; the name in other mediaeval boroughs is known to indicate an access route to the back ends of a set of thin land strips called burgage tenements. One of these would comprise a town house with a smallholding at its rear, usually with back access so that farm animals did not have to be taken through the house -hence Back Lane.

The historical core of the settlement is a Conservation area.

Two housing estates of the latter half of the 20th century more than doubled the size of the settlement. They are Bearcroft, north of Gadbridge Road which is the eastern continuation of the High Street, and Burtonwood which is east of Hereford Road. A small industrial estate, the Whitehill Business Park, was set up on the Kington Road.

Early days
A detailed archaeological survey of the site of the castle in 2002, using ground-penetrating radar, gave indications of an Iron Age settlement here.

There are a few Roman surface finds. A coin of Constantine the Great was found in the town in the 17th century. In 2001, two brooches and six coins were found close to The Ley.

Saxons
The settlement existed in Saxon times, as evidenced from its entry in the Domesday Book. In 1066, the village was owned by “Edwy the Noble’’ and had ten villagers, five smallholders, eleven slaves, one priest and two “other”. It was valued at £5, and was in the Hundred of Stretford.

In the Domesday Book the village name was transcribed as Wibelai. The name possibly derives from 'Wibba's Ley', a ley being a woodland glade and Wibba being a local Saxon landowner. It is still pronounced as "Web-ley" (the spelling being similar to nearby Leominster, the letter 'o' in whose name also is not pronounced).

Whether the Saxon settlement was nucleated and, if so, where it was located, are both uncertain although Bell Square is suggested and possible house platforms identified. Also uncertain is the location of the place of worship served by the priest mentioned in the Domesday Book, as the earliest extant fabric in the present church is Norman.

Two hints exist as regards the status of the Saxon place of worship. One is that the later church had the same dedication as the nearby great minster of Leominster, that of SS Peter and Paul. However, there is no documentation to support the claim that Weobley was a dependent chapel in the original area of the Leominster parochia according to the Minster hypothesis. The other is that the Domesday survey listed a priest but not the church or chapel; since the survey was of landholdings producing an income, this hints that the church had no independent revenue and so was not yet parochial.

Church
The parish church is the oldest surviving building in Weobley.

The Domesday book listed the Lord of the Manor in 1086 as Roger de Lacy. The de Lacy family was to become very powerful. Hugh de Lacy became Lord of the Manor in 1091, and he is credited with building the forerunner of the present church early in the next century -the Norman south doorway of this survives, albeit salvaged and re-set in a later wall.

Hugh gave his new church to his family's monastic foundation of Llanthony Priory, which established a cell (a small dependent monastery) here. However, it did not last long. The priory retained possession until the Dissolution.

The putative aisleless Norman church was re-built in an extended project which continued through most of the 13th century. This began at the start of this century, when a south aisle was added (the Norman doorway was preserved from the demolished wall, and re-used). The chancel was rebuilt about mid-century, and then the nave was reconstructed -this was only completed in the early 14th century. The work included the addition of a narrow north aisle and a clerestory; the latter involved the replacement of the south aisle arcade, only about seventy years old. The bell-tower was added to the north-west corner around 1330–40, with a spire that is the second-tallest in the county. This tower is at an angle, which is unusual, and is thought to have doubled up as a fortified peel tower against Welsh raids. Finally, the north aisle was widened in the mid 15th century in the Perpendicular style, and a large east window provided for the chancel.

Castle
The castle ruins comprise a ring and bailey -there is no motte, and no surviving stonework. However, the Garnstone deer-park contains a large flat-topped mound that has been identified as a motte -although there is doubt about this. If the identification is correct, then the first castle was not on the present site.

Weobley Castle is only first documented as existing during The Anarchy, when it was seized in person by King Stephen from Geoffrey Talbot in 1140, although it was still the property of the de Lacy family. Later, that family's involvement with the rebellion against King John by William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber led to the castle being in royal possession again from 1208 to 1213. A surviving depiction by Silas Taylor, executed in 1655, shows the ruin of a rectangular keep with round corner towers, and the style suggests that the castle was rebuilt by Walter II de Lacy after the de Lacy family regained ownership. However, there was no further active history and John Leland described it in 1535 as “a goodly castell, but somewhat in decay”.

A geophysical survey in 2003 revealed that the bailey had fallen out of use in the 12th century, when or soon after the stone keep had been built, and had been subdivided into burgage tenements as part of the town. However, all these had been replaced by ridge and furrow cultivation by the 17th century as the town underwent redevelopment and the smallholding portions of burgage tenements were hived off. The final removal of all stonework from the site is undocumented, but was thorough as even the foundations were dug out.

Mediaeval borough
The 2003 geophysical survey mentioned above demonstrated archaeologically that the town existed by the 13th century, and was experiencing growth. However, it never had a royal market charter which indicates that the market right was already of time immemorial in the Middle Ages. The first market was possibly at Bell Square, and if so was moved when Walter II de Lacy laid out Broad Street as a borough with flanking burgage tenements on both sides, also a single set of tenements on the west side of the present Hereford Road which took over the old castle bailey. The market day was Thursday. The new settlement was also provided with defences which were, at best, a timber palisade on a bank and ditch. This did not last long, and did not morph into a proper town wall.

Walter II did obtain a charter for an annual fair in 1231, but this was to transfer the date from the Feast of the Ascension to that of the Invention of the Holy Cross (3 May) so the origin of the fair is also unknown.

At this period there was a stack of two watermills exploiting the limited power of the little Marl Brook, one on the site of the 19th century steam mill and the other upstream. Later, windmill was built on a little hill now called “Windmill Knapp”, just west of Back Lane, by the start of the 15th century. The same location had been occupied by a pottery in the 13th century, and the site is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

The 1255 eyre roll for Herefordshire listed Weobley as having its own jury for legal trials at the circuit court.

There was a small Jewish community here in the late 13th century, which meant that the town was prospering commercially. It was noted for trade in particularly high-quality wool known as “Leominster Ore”. It also developed a fine leather glove industry, which was flourishing by the end of the 16th century. However, in the late Middle Ages the town was most famous for its ale -as distinct from beer, as it was not hopped. A local proverb, “Leominster bread and Weobley beer, none can come near” was first recorded in Camden's Britannia in 1610. The Welsh were very fond of ‘’cwrw Weble’’ or Weobley ale, and it features in late mediaeval Welsh poetry.

The triangular marketplace was infilled in the 14th century owing to building pressure, as the range of buildings that used to be in the surviving one between Broad Street and Portland Street (all now destroyed) allegedly contained some fabric of that age. However, the original infill consisted of two parallel rows separated by three narrow streets. The easternmost street and the eastern row were both lost in 17th century redevelopment, but the step in the eastern Broad Street frontage is the ghost of the latter. Six high-quality timber-framed buildings of the 14th century in the town survived to be listed in the 20th century.

Parliamentary borough
In 1295 the town first, briefly, became a parliamentary borough when King Edward I summoned two representatives to London, who attended parliaments until 1307. Then representation lapsed.

In 1628 Weobley was incorporated as a borough, sending two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons until the Reform Act 1832. The voting requirement specified that the “inhabitant householders” had the vote. The borough constables maintained a record of eligible voters, called the “lewn book”. Predictably the borough elections quickly became known for corruption, venality and arguments about validity, with some voters being persuaded by the supply of free drink -so that one candidate called Weobley “our liquid metropolis”.

The ancient parish of Weobley was divided into two townships, those of “Weobley Borough” and “Weobley Foreign”. There was no municipal corporation (town council), so the lord of the manor was in charge of the town and the annual court leet (as distinct from the circuit court, which was for more serious legal matters). At the court leet, two constables were elected for law enforcement purposes, and they also supervised parliamentary elections. There were no other town officials, so administratively the place was no better than a village.

In the contemporary village is “The Throne”, a large 400-year-old building - King Charles I spent the night here on 5 September 1645, after the Battle of Naseby during the English Civil War. Back then the edifice was the “Unicorn Inn”, but that business moved across the street to new premises later in the century and the former hostelry was renamed in honour of the visit.

The Market Hall (demolished in the 1860s) was a fine timber-framed building allegedly erected by John Abel (1578–1675), and located on the south-east corner of the marketplace infill. It had a large upper chamber over an open ground floor, supported by ornately carved timber posts. A drawing of it survives by Joseph Murray Ince 1839, which is now at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum in the USA. Also, paintings by William Pitt of the mid 19th century feature it.

William Crowther, a native who made his fortune as a haberdasher in London, left a legacy to found a Free Grammar School for local boys in 1653. A timber-framed edifice was provided on the west side of Hereford Street (now Hereford Road), and the school was opened in 1655. The building survives as the “Old Grammar School”. In the early 18th century a charity school for girls also existed.

John Birch, a soldier and politician who fought for the Parliamentarian cause in the First English Civil War, sat in the House of Commons at various times from 1646. He purchased the Garnstone estate and became the Lord of the Manor, having himself elected as a Member of Parliament in 1679. He remained as such until his death in 1691, and has an impressive monument in the parish church. His nephew, also called John Birch, then became Lord of the Manor and was also a borough MP when he died in 1735.

There are several surviving 17th century town buildings, evidence of prosperity. Also, the burgage tenements were being broken up, and many of their smallholdings were being hived off and consolidated as farm fields. This occurred on the castle site.

The confusion, venality and corruption occurring at elections (votes were being sold for £10-15 each; £2275-3300 in 2021 values) drew the attention of Parliament, and in 1736 it was resolved to restrict the franchise to occupiers (owners, or tenants having been resident for 40 days previously) of so-called “vote houses”. The annual rental value of such a property had to be £1 or over, and the occupier had to pay scot and lot which, in practice, meant the parish poor rate since there was no borough corporation. However, after this the Lord of the Manor, Thomas Thynne, Viscount Weymouth (later first Marquess of Bath) instructed the constables not to register for the poor rate any resident who would not promise to vote for his candidates. This was disfranchisement, and the aggrieved voters took their case to the King's Bench. They lost, and thus Weobley became a pocket borough under the control of the Thynne family. To make sure of matters, Weymouth bought the vote houses that he did not already own.

In 1830, a House of Commons report gave the number of vote houses in 1821 as 93, but with only 81 occupiers. Allegedly the Marquess had been keeping vote houses empty until forty days before an election, when he would have temporary tenants installed who would vote obediently.

19th century
The manufacture of gloves at Weobley received a boost at the start of the 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars, because imports of fine French gloves were stopped. At this time, the town was still famous for beer (“malt liquor”, so it was not hopped). Quarries of building stone and roadstone were in the vicinity”. There was a direct turnpike road to Hereford, the present Hereford Road. At this time, the ancient fair on 3 May had been replaced by one on Maundy Thursday for “horned cattle” (i.e. not calves) and horses, and also on the Thursday three weeks later for the same and “coarse linen cloth”.

In 1807 the castellated mansion of Garnstone Castle was built by John Nash.

The parliamentary borough was disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832. Since there was no town council, administratively the place became a village. Despite this it was chosen as the headquarters of the local poor law union, and a workhouse was opened at Whitehill on the road to Kington in 1837. A Roman Catholic church was opened in 1834, and a Primitive Methodist congregation gathered in 1839 and built a chapel in 1844 (the present structure opened in 1861). To supplement the old Grammar School, the National Society for Promoting Religious Education opened a National School in 1834.

However, the town continued to morph into a village in the 1840s. John Thynne had become the fourth Marquess of Bath in 1837 aged only six, and his trustees of his estate decided to dispose of the “vote houses” by auction in 1844 and 1846. They also ordered the disposal of the Market Hall in 1848, which was the death-knell for the ancient market. The actual demolition of the Hall was in the 1860s. The old grammar school gave up, sold off its building and merged with the National School to create a co-educational school in new premises in Broad Street, later to move to an extant building in Portland Street in 1873. The population of the parish in 1841 was 907.

By 1858, the fair had been moved back near to its ancient date, on 8 May for cattle and entertainment -it was becoming a funfair. The industries producing gloves and beer had both gone, the latter being replaced by cider, and the only industry left was some malting (there was no mill yet). On the other hand, there was a new brick-built police station and courtroom in Back Lane and petty sessions were held every other Monday. A “van” (covered wagon) made the round trip to Hereford twice a week. The population in 1851 was 972.

The railways completely ignored Weobley. The nearest station, at Moorhampton, was opened on the Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway in 1862 and was 3.5 mi away.

The only 19th century industrial development was a corn mill powered by steam, completed in 1862. The parish church was restored in 1865, at a cost of £3 200 (2021: £416 000). In 1868, the market was “nearly obsolete”, but the place still regarded itself as a town and there was a town crier employed in 1877. A nail manufacturer was operating in the same year

The extinction of street trading meant a wave of houses being converted to shops, which are a feature of the village's architecture. Some merely had shop fronts inserted, while others suffered more radical remodelling.

Weobley Rural District Council was created in 1894, and had its offices in the Union Workhouse on the Kington road.

20th century
In 1909 the population was 703, down from 907 in 1841. The cattle fair on 8 May was defunct (the funfair continued), and the nail manufacturer had gone. At a time when motor buses were already running in Hereford (the first was in 1908), the public cart was still clopping on the round trip to Hereford twice a week. Unusually the carter was a lady, Mrs Elizabeth Garbutt.

In that year, the decayed town had a police station, a solicitor who also acted as a bank agent and insurance broker (there was no bank here yet), another insurance broker, a “relieving officer” (in charge of poverty assistance) who was also a third such broker, a doctor, six grocers, three butchers, a baker, a chemist, a tobacconist, three inns (Unicorn, Salutation and Red Lion), three drapers (clothes and material shops), a tailor, three shoemakers, a cobbler (footwear repairer), a saddler who also dealt in bicycles and who ran the post office, two hauliers, a mason, three builders and a blacksmith. There was a set of “Recreation Rooms”. The newly established Army Reserve (then known as the Territorial Force) had a Drill Hall. Lloyds Bank later opened a branch in the village, on the corner of Broad Street and High Street.

The two world wars passed Weobley by, except that eighteen local men died in action in the first one. There were no casualties in the second.

In 1920, the Birmingham and Midland Omnibus Company, familiarly known as Midland Red, began a motor bus service to Hereford. The company and its successors (which kept the original nickname) operated until the depot in Hereford shut down in 2015.

In 1943 a serious fire in a bakery gutted the remaining old buildings of the marketplace infill, and these had to be demolished to create the little town park (the “Rose Garden”) there now. The lost timber-framed block of two houses had its origin in the late 15th century, with alterations in the following three centuries.

Garnstone Castle by John Nash was demolished in 1959, the village's second major architectural loss of the 20th century.

In 1951, the population was 634 which was less than a century before. However, in 2001 the population had almost doubled to 1246 as a result of residential developments. These mostly involved the creation of the housing estates of Burtonwood and Bearcroft to the east of the historical area. The former is a council house estate built in the Fifties and early Sixties by Weobley Rural District Council, the latter was a private development from the early Seventies to the early Eighties.

21st century
In 2001 the artist Walenty Pytel completed a metal sculpture of a magpie called Magnus for the village (a magpie is the village's emblem, because it is black-and-white like many of the old houses). The sculpture was commissioned after the village won the Calor Gas/Daily Telegraph Great Britain Village of the Year in 1999.

In 2015 one of Weobley's three ancient inns, the Red Lion, closed down and became an Indian restaurant.

On 3 August 2016, the BBC's The One Show was broadcast entirely from Weobley.

In 2017 the parish church was put on the Heritage at Risk Register compiled by Historic England, because the stonework of the tower and spire was rotting and there was no restoration proposal in place.

In 2019 the village's ancient brewing industry was revived when the Weobley Brewing Company set up a brewhouse in Portland Street.

In 2021 an endowment allowed the creation of a nature reserve, named the Weobley Wildlife Meadows and run by the Herefordshire Wildlife Trust.

Governance
Weobley has never had a municipal corporation or town council. Before 1894, the parish vestry was in charge of routine civic administration, and the Lord of the Manor was in charge of the annual manorial court leet which elected two constables for law enforcement purposes. This was the same as for any parochial village in England. Then the Local Government Act 1894 created Weobley Parish Council under Weobley Rural District Council, the latter in turn being subject to Herefordshire County Council.

Weobley Rural District Council was absorbed into Leominster District Council in 1974, which in turn was abolished in 1998 to leave Herefordshire Council as a unitary authority. The Parish Council has an advisory role, and is responsible for certain public amenities. The population of the civil parish in 2011 was 1,255.

For parliamentary elections, Weobley is part of the electoral ward called Golden Cross and Weobley. The population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,985.

Rail
Weobley has never had a railway. The nearest station at Moorhampton was closed in 1962. The railhead since then has been Hereford, connected by the 461 bus.

Road
Weobley's link to the wider world is the B4230, which runs from Whitehill on the A4112 through the village to Moorhampton on the A480 and then to Byrford Common on the A438. The old turnpike road direct to Hereford is a country lane. Gadbridge Road (the continuation eastwards of the High Street) and a street off Hereford Road called Burton Wood both exit the village eastwards to a network of narrow country lanes leading to Dilwyn, Stretford and King's Pyon as well as to the satellite hamlet of Weobley Marsh.

Buses
The major bus route serving the village is the 461, operated by Sargents Brothers and with a daily service in 2021 of eleven buses each way from Hereford railway station to Kington. Some of these run through to Llandrindod Wells. The main bus stop in Weobley is in Broad Street. One each way of these buses is numbered 462, because it reaches Kington via Eardisley instead of directly.

The other route is the 507, operated by Lugg Valley Travel and giving a round trip to Leominster on Tuesdays and Fridays only. Unlike the 461, this serves Burtonwood as well as Broad Street.

Overview
The village has an Anglican church, which is mostly 13th century but was restored in 1865: St Peter and St Paul's Church. This is now (2021) part of the “Weobley and Staunton Group of Parishes”, which is a team ministry including six other local churches and which is in the Diocese of Hereford.

Plan
The church has a nave with aisles of four bays, followed by a crossing with transepts. However, the transept arches are integral with the nave arcades and the nave roof is extended over the crossing. The nave, aisles, crossing and transepts form a unit which is almost square on the plan at 63 ft deep and 61.25 ft wide. There follows a very deep but unaisled chancel, almost as deep as the nave and crossing combined at 54 ft. A vestry abuts this on the north side. The south aisle has an external porch. An oversized tower with spire is attached at an angle to the north-west corner of the north aisle, and intrudes into it.

Exterior
The present building replaced an earlier Norman one, and has a re-set Norman south doorway within the porch. It is not entirely certain that this came from a building on the same site; also, nothing is known of the small monastery of Augustinian canons from Llanthony Priory which briefly existed at the start of the 12th century. The extant fabric is otherwise mostly 13th century, and is made up of local sandstone ashlars and rubble. The north aisle walls and east window are, however, of the mid 15th century and are in the Perpendicular style. The roofing is partly in matching stone slabs, and partly in slate. The nave has a low clerestory, and before the 1865 restoration cat-slide roof pitches covered nave and aisles in single slopes so hiding the clerestory.

The west front of the nave is all in ashlar stonework, in contrast with the rubble used elsewhere, and dates to around 1300. The doorway is embellished with two orders of ball flower, and above is a large four-light window in the Decorated Gothic style flanked by a pair of empty statue niches. The smaller window in the end of the north aisle, to the left, is in the Perpendicular style of about 1450 and was installed inside-out by mistake.

There are four other large windows in the main body of the church, and the fenestration is otherwise simple and rather sparse. The south transept has a hexagonal rose window of seven lights. The east wall has a five-light Perpendicular window with simple tracery and a pair of portrait busts as hood moulding stops (these are of the 1865 restoration). The north transept has a two-light window topped by a trefoil, and the north aisle has a four-light Perpendicular window of more ornate design than the east window.

The large south porch has a sundial over its portal. The actual door is decorated, and is dated 1712.

Tower
The oversized five-storey tower is very unusual. It was added to the north-west corner around 1330–40, with a spire that is the second-tallest in the county at 185 ft. On the plan it is at an angle, which is odd and not easily explicable, and is thought to have doubled up as a fortified peel tower against Welsh raids. This is because the entrance doorway (off the north aisle) was fitted with a drawbar to enable people to barricade themselves inside.

The walls are blank, grim and virtually windowless, and each face is flanked with projecting wall strips meeting at diagonal stepped buttresses at the corners. The first storey has a recess containing blind three-light window tracery in its north, west and east walls -only the central light of these is glazed. The flanking lights used to contain small statues. The top of the tower has a set of four gabled and crocketed pinnacles apparently modelled on those of the tower of Hereford Cathedral. The south face has a clock.

The octagonal stone spire is not fully original, for it was struck by lightning in 1640 and rebuilt at a shorter height in 1675. It was only restored to its original form in 1898. It is supported by four flying buttresses, a feature unique in the country, and has the bell-chamber in its base which is also a singular feature.

Interior
The mediaeval interior was vandalized by Puritan fanatics, who smashed the stained glass (some fragments survive), broke the piscina basins and mutilated the tomb effigies. The ambience mostly dates from the 1865 restoration, and has the whitewashed walls and octagonal arcade columns contrasting with the Victorian polychrome geometric tiled floor. The nave has a scissor truss roof. The Victorian stained glass is of good quality.

Some mediaeval sculptural work survives in the fabric. The south aisle at its west end has a row of corbels for a former 16th roof above the arcade, carved to depict a lion, an angel, an ape and a grotesque man. There is a late 13th century piscina in the chancel and one from earlier in that century in the south aisle; the latter is richly ornamented with dog-tooth.

The font is early 14th century, octagonal in limestone with window-tracery panels in shallow relief on each side of the bowl. The cover is c. 1700. Adjacent is one of the church's six bells, removed to here in 1983 because of worries about the tower's integrity. (These problems have become serious, leading to the church being put on the Heritage at Risk Register in 2017.) In the north transept is a fragment of the mediaeval wooden rood screen.

There are three mediaeval altar-tombs. That of Sir William Devereux (d. 1402) is against the south wall of the chancel, and has a badly defaced alabaster reclining effigy of him in armour c. 1430. He had married Agnes Crophull, heiress of Weobley Castle, and as a widow she married John Marbury (d. 1437). Their effigies, again in alabaster and mutilated with him in armour, are on their own tomb in an arched recess in the south side of the chancel, c. 1450. This tomb incorporates salvaged items from earlier work, notably two fragments of 13th century coffin lids with foliated crosses. In the north aisle is an anonymous tomb with no effigy, probably early 15th century.

In the south aisle is a tomb-slab is a tomb-slab carved with a foliated cross flaked by a mitre and crozier, with the inscription “Hic jacet Hugo Bssop”. This is a rebus, as the deceased was not a bishop but had the surname Bishop.

On the chancel north wall is the spectacular Baroque monument commemorating Colonel John Birch (d. 1691). It has a pair of black marble Corinthian columns, standing on a high shallow plinth bearing his epitaph which is framed in the same marble. The columns support the ends of a broken segmental pediment, and in the gap of this is his heraldry carved in relief. The aedicule frames a statue of the deceased within a shallow round-headed niche in grey marble.

Churchyard cross
In the churchyard just south of the chancel are the remains of a 14th-century churchyard cross, which comprise a Scheduled Ancient Monument. This has five octagonal steps, and a decorated socket stone. The shaft and cross-head are modern.

There is a legend that if you walk around the cross seven times at midnight while reciting the Lord's Prayer backwards, you will summon the Devil.

War memorial
The village's war memorial is further south in the churchyard, and is a Grade II Listed Building. The material used is sandstone, and it was inaugurated in 1920. It is a cross with a tapering shaft, standing on a monolithic block with partly chamfered corners, itself standing on a stepped plinth. The names commemorated are carved into the block; there are eighteen from the First World War, and none from the Second World War because the village suffered no casualties -this is mentioned in the epigraph.

Roman Catholic
Weobley's little Roman Catholic church is on the Kington Road outside the village, and is dedicated to St Thomas of Hereford.

When being a Catholic was illegal in England under the Penal Laws, Weobley was described as a “nest of Papists”. The recusant Monington family of Sarnesfield Court (demolished 1955) maintained a chapel in their house after the Reformation until Catholic emancipation in 1829, whereupon they decided to have a church built. It was erected in 1835, and is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Herefordshire as well as being a very early example of ecclesiastical Gothic Revival architecture.

The family put the church under the care of Downside Abbey, and several other local Catholic churches were founded from it. However, in 1923 the responsibility was transferred to the local Belmont Abbey, and in 1938 it was decided to consolidate the three churches at Weobley, Broxwood and Kington into the one parish of “Kington and Weobley”. Belmont Abbey is still in charge, and the parish priest resides at Weobley. The church of the Holy Family at Broxwood has been closed down and is now a private house; this was built in 1863, in an isolated and thinly populated location in the civil parish of Pembridge.

The church at Weobley is a very simple rectangular goth-box in sandstone rubble with a slate roof, having three bays and with a large two-light Gothic window for each bay in the south wall. These windows have brick headings, and wooden tracery. A similar but smaller west window is over the small gabled external porch (added in the 20th century), and on the roof gable above is a simple bell-cote. The north wall is windowless, and abuts a small red brick annexe which is now the sacristy but used to be a schoolroom. The east end of the church abuts the presbytery, which is an attractive two-storey Regency-style house (higher than the church) in bright red brick with a symmetrical frontage and a floating semi-cylindrical door canopy over a fanlight. The ensemble is Grade II listed, as one building.

The small interior has pink walls and a shallowly vaulted white plaster ceiling. The wooden altar, reredos and statues of the Sacred Heart and St Thomas of Hereford are by the Hereford woodcarver Charles Victor Gertner. The angels in front of the supports of the west gallery are salvage from Belmont Abbey church.

Methodist
A Primitive Methodist congregation gathered at Weobley in 1839, and built a chapel in 1844. This they rebuilt, and the present structure opened in 1861. The chapel is now (2021) part of the Shropshire and Marches Methodist Circuit.

This is a small rectangular edifice in red brick, with two large round-headed windows in each side wall separated by shallow brick pilasters. Ancillary accommodation abuts the back. The façade has a pair of windows in the same style, flanking a round-headed doorway with fanlight. The windows and the doorway are lined with ashlar stone blocks in long-and-short work, and the building's corners are provided with rectangular quoins set so as to give the same effect. The keystones of the doorway and windows of the façade are each embellished with an axe-head motif in sunk relief. There is a stone string course creating a false pediment. A stone dedicatory tablet with a shallowly rounded top sits on this string course.

Schools
The village has two schools, Weobley High School and Weobley Primary School. They are situated next to each other on the south side of the street called Burton Wood.

The primary school has its antecedents in a Free Grammar School for local boys in 1653, founded as a result of a legacy left by Willian Crowther in 1863. This existed in a surviving timber-framed building in Hereford Road until it merged with a National School founded for both sexes in 1834. The combined school established itself in premises in Portland Street in 1873, now the village's convenience store.

Weobley High School was built in response to the growth in the size of the village in the later 20th century, and opened in 1963 as Weobley County Secondary School. New premises were built for the primary school just to the east of this, and opened in 1998. These feature a pioneering “environmentally friendly” system of heating, powered by a boiler fuelled with wood chips and having wall insulation made from recycled newspapers. The system also serves the High School next door, with the latter's old oil-fired system being kept in reserve.

Bowls
Bowls has a long history in Weobley. There was a bowling green on the site of the castle in 1824, but the present Weobley and District Bowling Club (which plays flat green) was founded in 1947. The first green was on Church Road, behind the (now closed down) Red Lion inn. The club moved to its present green on Hereford Road in 2010.

Football
Weobley Football Club was founded in 1990, and played in the Herefordshire Football League. It was wound up in September 2019 owing to the amateur playing squad having commitment issues.

Cricket
Weobley Cricket Club amalgamated with the Burghill and Tillington Cricket Club in 2016; the resultant Burghill, Tillington and Weobley Cricket Club play in the Worcestershire County Cricket League at their ground at Tillington.

Public amenities
The Village Hall is on Gadbridge Road, and next to it is the Play Area which has a skatepark. The Community Centre is a separate facility in Burton Gardens. The Weobley Museum and History Centre is in the former police station on Back Lane.

The village has a Medical Centre at the start of Gadbridge Road, comprising a surgery and a dentists. The Post Office is on Portland Street. Lloyds Bank on the corner of Broad Street and High Street has closed down.

In 2021 there were also two long-established inns (The Unicorn and The Salutation), two restaurants (one used to be the former Red Lion inn), a tearoom, a convenience store (the Old School Shop, because the village school used to be here), a butchers, a delicatessen with café and a very small traditional filling station (Portland Garage).

A Heritage Trail has been laid out in the village, and there is also a Weobley Circular Walk which takes in the countryside to the south.

Scheduled Monuments
Weobley has three Scheduled Ancient Monuments: The castle earthworks. The mediaeval pottery on Windmill Knapp (nothing to see). The churchyard cross.

Grade I
Weobley has two Grade I Listed Buildings: The parish church of SS Peter and Paul. The Ley. The latter is a farmhouse to the west of the village, and is a sumptuous two-storey timber-framed house on a H-plan, built in 1589 and little altered since.

Grade II*
Weobley has eleven buildings listed Grade II*, two-storey black-and-white timber box-framed unless otherwise specified:

List of Grade II* Listed Buildings at Weobley

1 Bell Square (near junction with B4230). 15th century, L-shaped with hall-wing on street and cross-wing perpendicular to it with a jettied frontage. The former was given a brick extension in the 19th century, when two little shops were created here (long defunct).

Marlbrook House, south end of Back Lane. 15th century, partly rebuilt 16th century, large and L-shaped; the cross-wing has a jetty, and the second storey of the hall-wing extends over a carriage portal.

4 Portland Street (listed as “Northern Half of Weobley Stores”, now called Queens Truss). 15th century fragment of a larger edifice. The frontage has two distinct zones, the left having a jetty but the right having a cavetto to the gutter with curved timbers. The former shop window has been replaced with cheap fenestration.

Red Lion Inn (as was). 14th century, but the hall range on Bell Square was rebuilt in the 17th century and extended in the 18th. It has a sandstone rubble first storey frontage. The cross range on Church Road is original, and connects via a small 20th century link block to an outbuilding which has a cruck frame and which is a fragment of an originally larger structure. The ensemble is listed as one building, and in 2021 was occupied by a restaurant called Lal Bagh, meaning “Beloved Garden” (the original is in Bangalore).

The Dairy Farm. On Meadow Street. 15th century with 17th century barn attached, L-shaped with a box-framed cross-wing having a jetty and a cruck-framed hall-wing. The chimney is modern.

The Gables. Broad Street. 15th century gabled cross-wings; the central hall-wing was rebuilt in the 17th century and provided with a stone porch having columns in a vaguely Tuscan Doric style. The timbering is decoratively embellished.

The Old Corner House. Corner of Broad Street and Bell Square, 15th century, L-shaped with a single-storey hall-range on the former and a jettied cross-range on the latter. The hall-range has a dormer window. In the 20th century was converted into a live-in shop (in 2021 a tea room), and for this the cross-range was extended by re-erecting a dismantled timber-framed barn from elsewhere.

The Old Grammar School. Hereford Road. Purpose-built for Crowther's Grammar School, founded 1659. Symmetrical, with two large attic dormers and a bell-cote.

The Old Manor, Bell Square (next to number 1). 14th century. Two tall jettied cross-wings of different widths, sandwiching a single-storey hall-wing.

Grade II
Weobley has seventy-six buildings listed Grade II. Some of these are on farms outside the village:

List of Grade II Listed Buildings at Weobley

1&2 High Street. 17th century. Two semi-detached houses, timber box-framed with the first storey cased in whitewashed brick and the second in black-and-white.

2 Portland Street. Early 19th century, whitewashed brick with slate roof and a symmetrical frontage.

3 Broad Street. Early 17th century, timber box-frame, black-and-white, perpendicular to the street with a gabled frontage.

3 Hereford Road. Late 18th century, in whitewashed coursed sandstone rubble blocks (called Mayfield).

3 High Street. Early 18th century, in whitewashed brick. Altered for a shop in the early 19th century, hence the oriel window.

5 Broad Street. 17th century, timber box-frame, black-and-white (called April Cottage). Has a lean-to on left side. Abuts Little Croft (see below).

Barn behind Unicorn Hotel. 16th century. Timber box-frame, weatherboarded, three bays with the eastern one 17th century.

Barn at Brockaly. 17th century, timber box-frame clad in weatherboarding. This is on Riddox Lane which is north of Whitehill and some distance from the village, but is in the civil parish. Visible from lane.

Barn at Fields End. Early 18th century, timber box-frame. Has threshing floor and possible horse gin. Farm is south of Garnstone Park, no public access.

title: Weobley


text:
Talk:Air St. Thomas

TRANSPORTEURS AÉRIENS INTERDITS Cette liste mentionne les transporteurs aériens qui font l’objet, soit d’un refus d’autorisation de programme, soit d’une suspension ou d’un retrait d’une autorisation préalablement accordée, en raison de constats de non-conformité aux normes internationales (OACI). Ces constats peuvent notamment provenir des inspections réalisées par les autorités européennes dans le cadre du programme SAFA (Safety Assessments of Foreign Aircraft) de la Conférence Européenne de l’Aviation Civile. Nota Bene : Lorsqu’un transporteur du tableau ci-dessus apporte les éléments techniques nécessaires permettant de garantir la conformité de ses conditions d’exploitation et d’entretien aux standards internationaux, il pourra être retiré de cette liste. Aucune procédure de ce type n’a été entamée auprès de la Direction Générale de l’Aviation Civile française, ou n’a pu aboutir à ce jour, pour les transporteurs figurant sur la liste. Le fait qu’un transporteur ne se trouve ni dans cette liste ni dans celles des transporteurs autorisés, signifie qu’il n’a pas demandé à transporter des passagers à titre commercial en France, à compter du 31 octobre 2004. Nationalité du transporteur Nom du transporteur Observation Date de la décision Corée du Nord AIR KORYO Interdit depuis avril 2001 Etats-Unis AIR SAINT-THOMAS Interdit depuis le 19/03/04 Libéria INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES Interdit depuis le 01/04/04 Mozambique LINEAS AER DE MOZAMBIQUE Interdiction étendue au transporteur TRANSAIRWAYS, affrété par L.A.M. Interdit depuis le 03/12/04 Thaïlande PHUKET AIRLINES Interdit depuis le 04/06/05

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Air St. Thomas


text: File:Aiden Ford.JPG

title: File:Aiden Ford.JPG


text:
Semper

Semper may refer to:

Mottos
Semper Montani Liberi (Mountaineers Are Always Free) West Virginia
 * Semper supra (Latin: Always above), the official motto and march of the United States Space Force
 * Semper fidelis (Latin: Always faithful), a motto used by, among others, the United States Marine Corps
 * Semper fortis (Latin: Always courageous), an unofficial motto of the United States Navy
 * Semper Gumby (Dog Latin: Always flexible), an unofficial motto of the USCG, USMC, USPHS, CAP, Emergency Management and more
 * Semper maior (Latin: Always more, always greater), a motto of Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits
 * Semper paratus (Latin: Always ready), the United States Coast Guard motto
 * Semper primus (always first), a Latin phrase used as a motto by several United States and Israeli military units
 * Semper vigilans (always vigilant), a Latin phrase used as a motto by the Civil Air Patrol, several military units, and the city of San Diego, California, U.S.
 * Semper vigilo (Latin: Always vigilant or Always alert), motto of Police Scotland
 * Sic semper tyrannis (Latin: Thus always to tyrants), motto of Virginia
 * Quas dederis solas semper habebis opes (Latin: "What thou hast given alone shall be eternal riches unto thee"), motto of Queen Mary's Grammar School, England

People

 * Carl Semper (1832–1893), German ethnologist and animal ecologist
 * Colin Semper (1938–2022), Anglican priest
 * Georg Semper (1837–1909), German entomologist
 * Gottfried Semper (1803–1879), German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture
 * Johannes Semper (1892–1970), Estonian writer and translator
 * John Semper, American screenwriter, producer and story editor
 * Manfred Semper, German architect of the second Dresden Opera House and son of Gottfried Semper
 * Natalya Yevgenevna Semper (1911–1995), Soviet memoirist and Egyptologist
 * Trevor Semper (born 1970), Montserratian cricketer

Other uses

 * Semper (food brand), Swedish brand of infant food, a member of Hero Group
 * "Semper I", 2011 episode of the psychological thriller TV series Homeland
 * Semperoper, an opera house in Dresden, Germany
 * Semper (Property Management System), Hotel Software company based in South Africa

title: Semper


text:
Talk:Phuket Air

Fair use rationale for Image:Logo phuketair.PNG
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BetacommandBot 05:21, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phuket Air


text: User talk:67.70.116.30

title: User talk:67.70.116.30


text:
Newton-in-Bowland

Newton or Newton-in-Bowland is a village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley district, in the county of Lancashire, England, formerly known as Newton-on-Hodder. The civil parish had a population of 237 in 2001, according to the United Kingdom Census, increasing to 315 at the 2011 Census. The township covers almost 6,000 acres of the Forest of Bowland. Historically, the village is part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was transferred to Lancashire for administrative purposes on 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972.

The village pub – The Parkers Arms – takes its name from the neighbouring Parker family of Browsholme Hall. For many generations, the Parkers have served the Lords of Bowland as Bowbearers of the Forest of Bowland. The Parkers Arms is popular with tourists and locals alike. It serves modern British food and local ales and is renowned for sourcing much of its food from within the Bowland area.

History
Recorded in Domesday as Neutone and part of the ancient parish of Slaidburn since Saxon times, Newton has been a constituent part of the demesne of the Manor of Slaidburn since the second half of the fourteenth century. A fall in the population resulting from the Black Death (1348–50) as well as the absorption of Bowland into the Duchy of Lancaster had led to wholesale manorial reorganisation during the 1360s. As a result, the Domesday manors of West Bradford and Grindleton - being part of the parish of Mitton - were also annexed into a new Liberty of Slaidburn, with the caput moving from Grindleton to Slaidburn.

From the late eleventh century, the Manor of Slaidburn had formed part of the ancient Lordship of Bowland. That Lordship in turn comprised a Royal Forest and a Liberty of ten mesne manors spanning eight townships within four ancient parishes and covered an area of almost 300 sqmi on the historic borders of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The manors within the Liberty of Bowland were Slaidburn (including Newton, West Bradford and Grindleton), Knowlmere, Waddington, Easington, Bashall, Mitton, Withgill (Crook), Leagram, Hammerton and Dunnow (Battersby).

Two of the mesne manors of the Lords of Bowland remained within the bounds of the township of Newton after the fourteenth century but did not fall within the demesne of Slaidburn: Battersby was held by the eponymous Battersby family until the late sixteenth century. It was acquired and renamed Dunnow by a branch of the Shireburnes of Stonyhurst who held the manor until the time of the English Civil Wars. Much land being sold during this period, the Slinger family acquired the remnant which they held until 1728. Thereafter, the manor passed to Robert Parker, a relative of the Slingers, who sold it to the Wilkinsons in the early 1800s. The current Dunnow Hall dates from the nineteenth century. The last so-called Squire of Dunnow, John King-Wilkinson, died in May 2011.

Knowlmere was a mesne manor of the Lords of Bowland originally subinfeudated to the Savile family but held by the Hammertons from 1382. From at least the mid-thirteenth century, some thirty acres, the core of the estate, had been tenanted by the De Knoll family from which the manor takes its name. The Hammertons suffered severe penalties for Sir Stephen Hammerton's involvement in the Pilgrimage of Grace and their lands, including Knowlmere, were confiscated in 1537. By this time, the manor of Knowlmere comprised "some eighteen farms and lesser holdings which included Birkett, Foulscales, Thorneyholme, Mossthwaite and other properties on the south side of the Hodder between Newton and Dunsop Bridge". A portion of the original Knoll family holding, close to Burholme, appears to have been retained by the family until 1503 when it came into the possession of the Earls of Derby. There has been some speculation that the mysterious Bogeuurde in Domesday - identified by Ekwall with Barge Ford, near Foulscales - may in fact be the manor of Knowlmere in its earliest manifestation.

Title to the Manor and Liberty of Slaidburn, West Bradford and Grindleton, including the township of Newton, was bought by Tory MP, Ralph Assheton, later first Baron Clitheroe, in 1950. In 1977, his second son, the Hon Nicholas Assheton, was granted title. Since 2003, the Lord of the Manor and Liberty of Slaidburn has been Thomas Assheton, son of the Hon Nicholas Assheton and nephew of the second Baron Clitheroe.

Newton was an early centre of Nonconformist religion. Richard Leigh of Birkett, the founder of Newton's first independent chapel in 1696, was closely associated with the great Congregationalist preacher Thomas Jollie. Thomas Jollie's grandson, also Thomas, married Leigh's daughter while his nephew, John Jollie, served as Newton's first Congregationalist minister from 1696 to 1702. The original chapel was replaced in 1887 and was finally closed to services in June 2012. Newton also boasts an historic Quaker burial ground.

Geography
The Roman road known as Watling Street, that runs from Manchester via Ribchester to Carlisle, passes in a NNE direction to the west of the village.

The River Hodder flows through Newton, joined by Easington Brook on the eastern edge of the village, and Foulscales Brook a little further south. The confluence of Foulscales Brook and the Hodder is the location of Barge Ford, considered to be the mysterious Bogeuurde mentioned in Domesday and by some, linked to the early origins of the manor of Knowlmere. Close by sits Foulscales Farm, a fourteenth-century hall, the oldest dwelling in Bowland, tenanted by the Eastwood family, descendants of Richard Eastwood (d. 1871), Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland and founder of St Hubert's Catholic Chapel, Dunsop Bridge.

Governance
The civil parish of Newton was created from the township of the same name in 1866. In 1938, the geographically non-contiguous division of Lower Easington was transferred to Newton.

Along with Bowland Forest Low, Slaidburn, Bolton-by-Bowland, and Easington, the parish forms the Bowland, Newton and Slaidburn ward of Ribble Valley Borough Council.

title: Newton-in-Bowland


text:
Kolasib

Kolasib is a town located in the northern part of Mizoram, India. It serves as the headquarters of the Kolasib District. Situated along the border with the state of Assam, Kolasib is an important transit point connecting Mizoram with the rest of India. The town is known for its strategic location and serves as a gateway to Mizoram from the neighboring state.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Kolasib district had a population of 83,955.

Economy
Kolasib is agriculture-dominated economy with a few service sector jobs as it is a district capital. A large number of people cultivate betel nut, oil palms, rice, wheat and fish which is both consumed and exported to other districts of Mizoram.

Transport
A helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started which connects the Aizawl with Kolasib. The distance between Kolasib and Aizawl through NH 54 is 83 km and is connected with regular service of bus and Maxi-Cabs.

Media
The Major Newspapers in Kolasib are:
 * Duhlai Daily
 * Ramnuam
 * Kolasib Times
 * Kolasib Today
 * Turnipui
 * Chhuahtlang Daily
 * Vairengte Aw:
 * Kolasib Aw
 * Zingtian Daily
 * Rengkhawpui
 * Zoram Kanaan

Major Television Cable Network in Kolasib are:
 * Kolasib Cable Network (KCN)
 * C.Zakhuma Cable Network (CZS)

title: Kolasib


text:
File:Greyhawk Supplement 1975.jpg

Original uploader information
11:02, 29 August 2005

title: File:Greyhawk Supplement 1975.jpg


text:
Cambridge Energy Research Associates

Cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) is a consulting company in the United States that specializes in advising governments and private companies on energy markets, geopolitics, industry trends, and strategy. CERA has research and consulting staff across the globe and covers the oil, gas, power, and coal markets worldwide.

The company was founded in 1983 by Pulitzer Prize winning author Daniel Yergin, James Rosenfield and Joseph Stanislaw. Comprising experts from many fields within the energy industry, CERA was acquired by IHS Energy in 2004. In 2009 it modified its name to IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates (IHS CERA) as part of the IHS brand integration in which name changes also took place for other endorsed brands under IHS, including IHS Jane's, IHS Global Insight, IHS EViews, and IHS Herold.

CERAWeek
Some of the company's largest clients include international energy companies, energy consumers, governments, utilities, technology companies, and financial institutions. Many of them attend "CERAWeek", the company's annual conference held at the Hilton Americas Hotel in Houston, Texas. Daily programs usually revolve around the topics of oil, natural gas, electric power, renewables, and technology.

Past keynote speeches have been given by the energy secretaries and ministers of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Mexico, Norway, and the United States. Other notable speakers have included former United States Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman, former Colorado Senator Gary Hart; former United States Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans; former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, and former Secretary General of OPEC Rilwanu Lukman.

CERA also manages the Upstream Capital Costs Index.

Peak oil
As the controversy over peak oil intensified in 2006, CERA found itself on the optimistic side of predictions, forecasting that a peak would not occur before 2030, and this would not be a "peak" but rather an "undulating plateau". This opinion has been met with criticism by those who believe a peak has already occurred or is imminent. ASPO-USA described CERA's position as having a credibility problem. Chris Skrebowski considered the CERA report to be a polemic that confused stocks and flows.

In June 2008, Daniel Yergin said that markets have helped fuel a "shortage psychology" that the world is "running out of oil". He also described $120–$150 per barrel as the "break point" for oil, the point where demand erosion would affect the price rise.

CERA researchers have predicted in September 2009 that peak demand has come and gone in the OECD world, likely sometime in 2005. This is not, however, in agreement with peak oil, which is more on the extraction and production side. CERA continues to believe that there is plenty of oil under ground. In predicting peak demand in developed countries, CERA states that long-term demand is softening as a result of demographic and socioeconomic changes in developed countries (such as the aging of OECD populations), improved transportation efficiency, and encroachment by substitutes such as biofuels and natural gas.

Leadership

 * Daniel Yergin, Chairman
 * James Rosenfield, Co-Founder

title: Cambridge Energy Research Associates


text:
Talk:Tan Tock Seng

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Tan Tock Seng
He was nice and rich and he was really helpful 129.126.39.243 (talk) 01:12, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tan Tock Seng


text:
Talk:Good cop, bad cop

Morality?
It can border on torture as practiced by thousands of police and prosecution authorities who decide for themselves what the bounds of legality, abuse, torture, sensitivity and sensibility are.

I'm not an expert on interrogation and torture, so maybe this is the case, but right now it looks like an unsourced moral stance on the issue, instead of a factual report. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.107.135.187 (talk) 04:47, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Mutt and Feff should not border on any thing near torture, it should actually not even be aggresive to be effective, just one posative stance and one negative stance to be effective. I am a subject matter expert. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.176.38.252 (talk) 03:05, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Rewrite
I rewrote the second paragraph to remove the bit that looked like advice, and the reference to the Reid technique (I'm sure it wasn't intended, but it reads like advertising: "this doesn't work, try our special technique instead"). --fuddlemark 11:03, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, this doesn't read like a wiki article should. For instance, it should say whether this pertains to a common practice, something trained or just to movies and tV shows. 66.41.66.213 23:43, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, does this actually occur in the real world that often?
 * The mention of the Reid technique is very strange. Many people know the "good cop bad cop" phrase, but how many know the Reid technique? Who added this link? May be better to FIRST focus on the main phrase, and then based on that explain the CONTEXT to any OTHER technique. This is even more important when no history is available in the article - people may mistake it as if this is somehow intrinsically linked to the Reid technique or any other technique mentioned by any random visitor there. 2A02:8388:1600:A200:891:599B:CAEB:E16C (talk) 23:28, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

US-centric
This is a very US-centric game - other nations prohibit this technique. Even in the US a good lawyer may question the results in court simply because tricked evidence is inherintly weak. Guidod 13:55, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It probably isn't entirely legal in the US, either. In practice, though, that doesn't stop anyone from using it. Hell, I'm not an interrogation expert and I know what it is.  The technique isn't ubiquitous and widely known because it is never used. - Plasticbadge 04:28, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not just used by cops, people will accuse others of playing "good cop, bad cop" in other institutional settings and stuff, in the UK, as a metaphor.  Merkin's   mum  22:29, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Psychological Torture?
How is this psychological torture? A trick, maybe, but torture? --Mr. Vernon 01:02, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The threats of the bad cop may very well qualify as that, especially if you consider that it works mostly on misinformed or naive victims, who might take the threats serious no matter how exaggerated or made-up they are. Psyches don't get bruises, thus it can certainly be difficult to decide where pressure ends and torture starts, Lying with the intent to cause fear (beyond getting caught for one's deed) could be considered sufficient. --217.87.121.39 19:15, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I don't see how that counts as torture. While it does typically work on those who are naive, it has no impact on those who are aware of the tactic, physical or mental.  Many parents use a similar technique but would we say they were torturing their children?  --Mr. Vernon 23:47, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A lot of us would. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 00:36, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Origins
What is the first version (in movie) of Good cop/Bad cop? BTW, there's one Monk episode where he tries to help an interrogation, and the interrogated victim asks something like: "what is this? Bad cop, crazy cop?". Albmont (talk) 23:19, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. We need to add the history here. Most people know this from movies, but movies are not always a good source for the ORIGIN or HISTORY of something, due to directors doing their "creative freedom" stuff. The article needs a history or time table, even if incomplete, where it first may have appeared. Eventually someone can trace it back to the real "final" origin. 2A02:8388:1600:A200:891:599B:CAEB:E16C (talk) 23:26, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Whose Line Is It Anyway? Episode #
The episode in which in a sketch, Ryan and Colin are dishwasher repairmen whose previous jobs were a good cop, bad cop duo, is Episode 12, Season 3, Production #309 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.151.52.176 (talk) 23:20, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Name
I think this article should be renamed to remove the / symbol from the name. See Naming_conventions and Naming_conventions.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:11, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I think there is a good technical reason for not using / as it creates a sub-page. -- PBS (talk) 17:45, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Those two policies just say "page names should avoid beginning with non-alphanumeric characters" and "do not intentionally use slashes to make subpages". Is the "good technical reason" still an issue, in modern Wikipedia? (An article like AC/DC doesn't appear to have any hacks or warnings on it.) --McGeddon (talk) 17:54, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Good point, I've asked at Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:57, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Subpages are disabled in the article namespace, so the use of the / character is not a problem. As long as "Good cop/bad cop" is the WP:Most common name (as opposed to, say, "Good cop-bad cop", with a hyphen), then there is no reason it should be a problem. (Note: I'm not actually suggesting which one is more common, I'm just using it as an example.) Cheers,--Aervanath (talk) 18:01, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Popular culture section
Any thoughts as to whether we can lose this? All the current examples are "in one scene of a film or TV episode, a character references or tries to use the already-described interrogation technique; it works, or fails, or something really funny happens", none of which add anything to the reader's understanding of the subject. If there was a film entirely based around a good-cop/bad-cop interview, it'd be worth mentioning, but I can't see anything salvageable in the current version here. --McGeddon (talk) 10:07, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Should be modified to remove POV
This "The technique is easily recognised by those familiar with it, but it remains useful against subjects who are young, frightened, or naïve. Experienced interrogators assess the subject's level of intelligence and experience with the technique prior to its application." is really POV, I think.

'easily recognised by those familiar with it': by what authority is this statement made? Could it not be effective against even those familiar with it (eg, those in a weakened psychological state)?

To say the 'technique is...useful' is really advocating for its use. This is not appropriate in a wiki article, especially given that the ethics of the use of this technique are questionable. Added to this, by whose authority is the statement made that it is more effective on 'subjects who are young, frightened, or naïve' in eliciting desired information? The statement is also very vague - what is 'young'? 15? 18? 23?

Again 'Experienced interrogators assess the subject's level of intelligence and experience with the technique...' implies advocacy of it, which is inappropriate. If this statement is accepted as accurate, then I believe it should be changed to something like: 'Some experienced with this technique believe that the subject's level of intelligence and prior exposure to it should be assessed before its application.' But again, such a statement should only be made if an authority for it can be cited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.11.72.4 (talk) 07:02, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I would also argue that "It can border on torture as practiced by thousands of police and prosecution authorities who decide for themselves what the bounds of legality, abuse, torture, sensitivity and sensibility are." is blatant POV and should be removed on similar grounds. Waldo (talk) 06:07, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

original research moved here:
There are various countermeasures available that can disrupt the tactic or cause it to backfire:

 * An experienced subject may choose to deliberately bait the "bad cop" with provocative behavior of his own short of violent provocation (such as derogatory remarks about the bad cop or his family; racial, ethnic and gender slurs if applicable; or offensive gestures), hoping that the "bad cop" will lose self-control and react violently towards the subject.
 * Severe verbal abuse or otherwise insulting behavior targeted at the "good cop" has also proven highly disruptive on occasion.

The good cop/bad cop routine is a common dramatic technique in cinema and television, where the bad cop often goes beyond the boundary of legal behavior. A common variant to subvert expectations is to seemingly introduce the "bad cop" first, only to reveal that he is actually the "good cop" despite his harshness and that the real "bad cop" is even worse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added an unspecified datestamp.
 * Are the cops, in the Blue Bloods S5E14 ep.,  strategizing, or merely enjoying a well-established traditional black humor]], in the dialog
 * “Good cop/bad cop?” then “How about “bad cop/worse cop?”? —2601:199:C201:FD70:11A7:97FF:F10F:72CE (talk) 23:14, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Why the subject may identify with the bad cop.
It's easy to leave out the other half of this tactic because it's rarely explained in detail. When the subject recognizes the routine, they can begin to side with the "bad cop". Because while the good cop is pretending to be a friend, the subject rejects them believes the bad cop is the one actually telling them the truth. The interrogators often swap places during this time and the bad cop initiates camaraderie with the subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.72.213.187 (talk) 06:23, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:07, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Good cop, bad cop.jpg

Requested move 4 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 13:40, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Good cop/bad cop → Good cop, bad cop – Per WP:COMMONNAME and MOS:SLASH. Google Ngrams shows that the proposed title is used around 25% more than the current title (the ngrams API does not support search with commas so to confirm this you will need to download the dataset; the relevant two are "Golden _NOUN_ _ADP_ the 12th" and "good _NOUN_ suit _._ _NOUN_"). In addition, per MOS:SLASH we should try to avoid joining words with a slash, as it suggests that the words are related without explaining how. BilledMammal (talk) 11:26, 4 March 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support The slash is a weird non-standard way of titling it. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 11:44, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment While MOS:SLASH does, rightfully, observe that a slash suggests that words are related without explaining how, exactly the same thing can be said about a comma, which serves a variety of purposes. Here, for example, it no more aids than does the slash in illuminating the dynamic involving the two cops. Largoplazo (talk) 11:46, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That's true; I didn't consider the issues with the comma. My feeling is that commas are generally slightly more illuminating, as they suggest that everything on the right is related to everything on the left, while slashes can alternatively suggest that only the words immediately adjacent to the slash are related, but that is only a feeling and I feel that in this circumstances readers will interpret both as meaning there is a relation between the "good cop" and the "bad cop".
 * Phrases in frequent use, although less frequent than the current title and the proposed title, are "good cop and bad cop", "good cop to bad cop","good cop versus bad cop", and "good cop or bad cop". I don't believe these are any more illuminating than the current title so perhaps a descriptive title would be more suitable here - I think "Good cop, bad cop tactic", "Good cop-bad cop tactic", "Good cop, bad cop interrogation technique", and "Good cop-bad cop interrogation technique" would all be reasonable choices. BilledMammal (talk) 11:52, 4 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. It's not like there's one cop alternating between good and bad, there are two cops, one good, one bad. J I P  | Talk 19:54, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support MOS:/ alone is reason enough. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 23:06, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Question How often is "Good cop bad cop" (with just the space) used in comparison to the other two? Freedom4U (talk) 03:19, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That's not even grammatically correct. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 03:30, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The current title is used around five times more, and the proposed title around 6 times more. BilledMammal (talk) 03:41, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. It's two cops, so use a comma. A dash could also be used, I suppose, but people like to argue more about dashes.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  03:19, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per MOS:SLASH. - Station1 (talk) 06:36, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support for the reasons stated above. I always thought the slash was a little odd but hadn't bothered to challenge it since, as others have noted,  there seems to be no one standard punctuation for this phrase. --Coolcaesar (talk) 14:39, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support due to MOS - Born25121642 (talk) 03:04, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per general consensus and MOS:SLASH - Tbf69 🛈 🗩 17:41, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Good cop, bad cop


text:
Karin Slaughter

Karin Slaughter (born January 6, 1971) is an American crime writer. She has written 24 novels, which have sold more than 40 million copies and have been published in 120 countries. Her first novel, Blindsighted (2001), was published in 27 languages and made the Crime Writers' Association's Dagger Award shortlist for "Best Thriller Debut" of 2001.

Slaughter won the 2015 CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger award for her novel Cop Town.

Her 2018 novel, Pieces of Her, was adapted into an eight-episode television series of the same name, released in March 2022 on Netflix.

Philanthropy
Slaughter is a library advocate and founded Save the Libraries, a non-profit organization that campaigns to support US public libraries. The Save the Libraries fund has provided more than $300,000 to the DeKalb County Public Library in Atlanta, Georgia.

Publishing history
Characters from Slaughter's two main series, Grant County and Will Trent (Atlanta), were brought together in her novels Undone (2009), titled Genesis internationally, and Broken (2010). In these novels, Sara Linton and Will Trent work cases set in Grant County and Atlanta, respectively.

Grant County series (2001 to 2007)
Slaughter is best known for her Grant County series:
 * Blindsighted, 2001
 * Kisscut, 2002
 * A Faint Cold Fear, 2003
 * Indelible, 2004
 * Faithless, 2005
 * Beyond Reach/Skin Privilege, 2007

Set in the fictional town of Heartsdale, Georgia (in the fictional Grant County), the narrative takes place from the perspective of three main characters: Sara Linton, the town's pediatrician and part-time coroner; Jeffrey Tolliver, Linton's husband and the chief of police; and his subordinate, detective Lena Adams.

Will Trent (Atlanta) series
The Will Trent series, which takes place in Atlanta, Georgia, features Georgia Bureau of Investigation special agent Will Trent and his partner Faith Mitchell. So far, Trent has appeared in Triptych, Fractured, Undone, Broken, Fallen, Criminal, Unseen, The Kept Woman, The Last Widow, The Silent Wife, and After That Night, as well as the novellas Snatched, Busted, and Cleaning the Gold.

ABC ordered a pilot episode starring Ramón Rodríguez as Trent and Erika Christensen as Angie, his girlfriend. The series premiered on January 3, 2023, and ABC has renewed the series for a third season.

Other works
Like a Charm is a short story anthology featuring several thriller authors, including Lee Child, Peter Robinson (novelist), John Connolly (author), and Laura Lippman. Each story is linked by a charm bracelet that brings bad luck to its owners. The setting and time periods of each story vary greatly, ranging from 19th-century Georgia to wartime Leeds. Karin Slaughter wrote the first and last stories.

Martin Misunderstood is an original audio novella narrated by Wayne Knight. Both the story and the narration were nominated for an Audie Award in 2009.

The Unremarkable Heart won the Edgar Award for Best Short Story in 2013.

Her book Pieces of Her reached number 2 on the New York Times Bestseller list, the week it was released in late August 2018. Pieces of Her was published through HarperCollins and follows a young woman who learns about a hidden side of her mother, Laura. It is in the vein of a psychological thriller and was given a positive review by Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews. Her other standalone novels—Cop Town, Pretty Girls, The Good Daughter, and False Witness—have all been New York Times bestsellers.

In February 2019, it was announced that Netflix will be developing an 8-episode television series starring Toni Collette, based on the Pieces of Her novel.

Personal life
Slaughter was a contestant on an installment of ABC's Holey Moley which originally aired on June 4, 2020.

Awards
Slaughter has won or been nominated for many awards.

In reverse chronological order, they are:
 * 2020, Ned Kelly Award
 * 2019, Georgia Author of the Year
 * 2019, International Thriller Writers Awards Finalist
 * 2017, The Skimm Book Club
 * 2017, Romantic Times Lifetime Achievement Award Winner, Suspense
 * 2017, AudioFile Best Book of the Year (AudioFile Earphones Award)
 * 2017, Crime Writers' Association Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award Longlist
 * 2016, International Thriller Writers Awards Finalist
 * 2016, People’s Choice Award Winner
 * 2015, Edgar Nomination, Best Novel, Cop Town
 * 2015, American Association of People with Disabilities Image Award
 * 2015, Crime Writers' Association Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award, Winner, Cop Town
 * 2014, Romantic Times Reviewers Choice Award
 * 2014, AudioFile Magazine Earphones Award Winner, Cop Town, 2013
 * 2014, Crime Zone, The Silver Fingerprint Winner, Best Foreign Thriller, Unseen
 * 2014, Anthony Bouchercon Nomination, Best Short Story, The Unremarkable Heart
 * 2014, Edgar Award Winner, Best Short Story
 * 2013, Mystery Readers International Macavity award nomination, Best Short Story, The Unremarkable Heart
 * 2011, Crime Zone, The Silver Fingerprint Winner, Best Foreign Thriller, Fallen
 * 2011, International Thriller Writers Silver Bullet Award Winner
 * 2010, Suspense Magazine Best of 2010 Winner, Thriller/Suspense, Broken
 * 2009, Le Livre de Poche Prix Lecteurs Winner, Faithless
 * 2009, Crime Zone the Silver Fingerprint Winner, Best Foreign Thriller, Fractured
 * 2009, Audio Publishers association Audie Nomination, Humor, Martin Misunderstood
 * 2009, Left Coast Crime Hawaii Five-0 Nomination, Best Law Enforcement/Police Procedural, Fractured
 * 2008, ITV Crime Thriller International Author of the Year Nomination, Best Fiction, Beyond Reach
 * 2008, Georgia Author of the Year Nomination, Best Fiction, Beyond Reach
 * 2007, Crime Zone the Silver Fingerprint Winner, Best Foreign Thriller, Beyond Reach
 * 2007, Crime Writers' Association Ian Fleming Steel Dagger nomination, Best Thriller, Triptych
 * 2003, Romantic Times Reviewers’ Choice Awards Winner, Best Contemporary Mystery, A Faint Cold
 * 2002, Mystery Readers International Macavity Award Nomination, Best First Mystery, Blindsighted
 * 2002, International Thriller Writers Barry Award Nomination, Best First Novel, Blindsighted
 * 2001, Crime Writers' Association Dagger Award Nomination, Best Thriller Debut, Blindsighted

title: Karin Slaughter


text:
Camila Bordonaba

Camila Bordonaba Roldán (born September 4, 1984) is an Argentine actress, singer and theater director. She is known for her performances in the series Chiquititas, Rebelde Way, Floricienta, El Patrón de la Vereda, Atracción x4 en Dream Beach and for having been part of the pop-rock band Erreway along with Felipe Colombo, Benjamín Rojas and Luisana Lopilato.

Biography
Camila was born on September 4, 1984, in El Palomar, Buenos Aires province. Her father Juan Carlos Bordonaba is a grocer and her mother Nora Roldán is a podiatrist. She has two older siblings, Melina and Rodrigo.

Career
In 1987 she made her television debut when she was only three years old in the musical program Canta Niño, joining the cast with her older sister, Melina.

She sang in "La banda de Canta Niño" and also sang some songs as a soloist, such as «Señora Vaca» with which she did the casting, «Será como mamá y papá», «Somos el mundo» (Spanish version of We Are the World by Michael Jackson), the original in English, «Estrelinha» in Portuguese and «Pubbli-pubbli-pubblicità» and «La Ciribiricoccola», both in Italian with her sister. At age eight she began studying acting. She previously practiced rhythmic gymnastics and participated in competitions. At twelve she began her career as an actress in the children's telenovela Chiquititas, created and produced by Cris Morena, with Nadia Di Cello being the actresses who lasted the longest in the cast. She participated from 1996 to 2001 in the theatrical seasons of it. In 2001 she filmed her first film called Chiquititas: Rincón de luz starring Romina Yan and Facundo Arana. In 2002 and 2003, she starred alongside Benjamín Rojas, Luisana Lopilato and Felipe Colombo in the Rebelde Way series, a fiction for adolescents created and produced by Cris Morena. At the same time, she joined the musical band named Erreway, along with her co-stars, and published the first album "Señales". With the success of the series and the band begins the "Señales Tour" presenting the songs of the album throughout Argentina, along with the more than fifteen musical performances of "Rebelde Way, el show", which includes the final concert, carried out at the Gran Rex theater in Buenos Aires. In 2003 Erreway released his second album entitled "Tiempo" and started the "Nuestro Tiempo" tour. She traveled to Israel, giving eighteen concerts at the Nokia Sport Center Stadium in Tel Aviv, along with the cast of the series.

In 2004, she shot her second movie called Erreway: 4 caminos. This is accompanied by the publication of Erreway's latest album entitled "Memoria", which includes all the themes of the film. Presenting the album, Erreway gives his last tour and the group splits to embark on new projects of their own. That same year she participates as a villain in the series Floricienta where she appears in the role of Paloma/Julieta Mónaco. In 2005, she obtained the first adult leading role of her, as Sisí Ponte, along with the actor Gustavo Bermúdez in the telenovela El Patrón de la Vereda. She performed the theme song for it. She also makes a guest appearance on the series ¿Quién es el jefe? as a judge. In 2006, she was part of the cast of Gladiadores de Pompeya broadcast by Canal 9. That year, after the success of the Rebelde Way series in Spain, broadcast since 2004 on several channels, the "Erreway Fever" returns. Two new albums are released, a compilation called "The Rebelde Way album" and a live one, "Erreway In Concert". After the success in sales, the albums "Señales" and "Tiempo" were published in Spain. In July Felipe Colombo and Camila travel to Spain to represent Erreway with various record companies and press conferences. In December they met again, this time without Luisana Lopilato, for the "European Tour", with concerts in several Spanish cities and all tickets sold out. In 2007, in Spain, Luisana Lopilato, was chosen "The beautiful young international actress" (she won among actresses such as Jessica Alba, Scarlett Johansson, Jessica Biel and others). That same year the telecomedy Son de Fierro was released on Channel 13, where she plays the partner of Felipe Colombo in the role of Karina. The series becomes the most successful fiction of the year. With the return of Erreway behind her back, the group begins to record without Luisana, a new album called "Vuelvo", which would only be published in Spain and which included songs from the album "Memoria" recorded again by the trio. That same year the complete Erreway anthology was published in Spain. The new Spanish tour was finally canceled, as was the publication of the album "Vuelvo" that was already recorded. At the end of 2008, the series Atracción x4 was premiered in Dream Beach where, after a long time, she returned to share the script with Luisana Lopilato, playing Malena Lacalle, one of the members of the group "Latinas". This TV show replaced the Patito feo series, ending in 2009. In 2010, she starred in the horror film Penumbra, shot in the city of La Plata and directed by the García Bogliano brothers, where she played Victoria, one of the clients interested in the Marga's department.

In 2012, she published a new song called «Solo me salva amar» with her new band formed with Felipe Colombo and Guillermo Lorenzo, "La Miss Tijuana". After the success of the first song, another song called «Vuelvo» is published in July. Since 2010 she walked away from fame. In 2011, Camila totally devotes herself to her Arcoyrá project, getting on a caravan to tour the country with her art space. This lifestyle, which included sleeping in the fields and cooking on a stove, attracted media attention. She also directed the play Una noche en el castillo.

Personal life
Bordonaba is the godmother of Erreway bandmate and close friend Felipe Colombo's daughter alongside Benjamín Rojas, whom she dated from 1998 to 2004.

Since 2012, Bordonaba quit being a public figure, living a quiet life in the south of Argentina, but still remains active in the arts, working as a director.

Soundtrack albums

 * 1996 — Chiquititas Vol. 2
 * 1997 — Chiquititas Vol. 3
 * 1998 — Chiquititas Vol. 4
 * 1999 — Chiquititas Vol. 5
 * 2000 — Chiquititas Vol. 6
 * 2001 — Chiquititas Vol. 7
 * 2001 — Chiquititas: Rincón de Luz
 * 2005 — El Patrón de la Vereda
 * 2007 — Son de Fierro
 * 2008 — Atracción x4
 * 2009 — Atracción x4

Erreway

 * 2002 — Señales
 * 2002 — Erreway en Grand Rex
 * 2003 — Tiempo
 * 2003 — Nuestro Tiempo
 * 2004 — Nuestro Tiempo
 * 2004 — Memoria
 * 2004 — Gira 2004
 * 2006 — El Disco de Rebelde Way
 * 2006 — Erreway en Concierto
 * 2007 — Erreway presenta su caja recopilatoria
 * 2007 — Erreway en España
 * 2007 — Vuelvo

La Miss Tijuana

 * 2010 — Sólo Me Salva Amar
 * 2010 — Vuelvo
 * 2011 — Deja que llueva
 * 2011 — 3 iguanas

title: Camila Bordonaba


text:
Talk:Femtilian

I don't see much of a point to this article. Much of its content can easily be integrated into the Spiderbabe since this article describes just as much as the plot as it does the details of the character. --Bacteria 11:09, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Femtilian


text:
Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair

The Dymshits–Kuznetsov aircraft hijacking affair, also known as The First Leningrad Trial or Operation Wedding (Ленинградское самолётное дело, or Дело группы Дымшица-Кузнецова) (Leningrad Process), was an attempt to take an empty civilian aircraft on 15 June 1970 by a group of 16 Soviet refuseniks in order to escape to the West. Even though the attempt was unsuccessful, it was a notable event in the course of the Cold War because it drew international attention to human rights violations in the Soviet Union and resulted in the temporary loosening of emigration restrictions.

Background
In the wake of the 1967 Six-Day War, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. A large number of Soviet Jews applied for exit visas to leave the Soviet Union. The process of applying for an exit visa often cost applicants their jobs, which in turn made them vulnerable to charges of social parasitism, a criminal offense. While some were allowed to leave, many were refused permission to emigrate, either immediately or after their cases had languished for years in OVIR (ОВиР, "Отдел Виз и Регистрации", "Otdel Viz i Registratsii", English: Office of Visas and Registration), the MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) department responsible for exit visas. In many instances, the reason given for denial was that these persons had been given access, at some point in their careers, to information vital to Soviet national security and could not be allowed to leave.

Incident
In 1970, a group of sixteen Refuseniks (14 of them Jewish) were organized by dissident Edward Kuznetsov, who had previously served a seven-year term in prison for publishing Phoenix-61, a samizdat poetry collection. The group plotted to buy all the seats on a small 12-seater Antonov An-2 (colloquially known as "кукурузник," kukuruznik) making a local flight from Leningrad to Priozersk, under the guise of a trip to a wedding; throw out the pilots before takeoff from an intermediate stop; and fly to Sweden. Their final goal was Israel. One of the participants, Mark Dymshits, was a former military pilot, who had experience flying the An-2s. The group called the plan "Operation Wedding".

The plan was set in motion in June 1970. On the morning of 15 June the group arrived together in Smolny (later Rzhevka) Airport near Leningrad, only to be arrested by the KGB.

Aftermath
The accused were charged with high treason, punishable by death under Article 64 of the penal code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In a trial that took place from 15 to 24 December 1970, Mark Dymshits (age: 43) and Eduard Kuznetsov (age: 30) received death sentences. The prison sentences received by nine other participants were as follows: Sylva Zalmanson (age: 25; then Kuznetsov's wife, and the only woman on trial), 10 years; Yosef Mendelevitch (age: 23) and Yuri Fedorov, 15 years; Aleksey Murzhenko (age: 27 or 28), 14 years; Arie (Leib) Hanoch (age: 25), 13 years; Anatoli Altmann (age: 28), 12 years; Boris Penson (age: 23), 10 years; Israel Zalmanson (age: 21), 8 years; and Mendel Bodnya (age: 32), 4 years. Wolf Zalmanson (age: 31), brother of Sylva and Israel Zalmanson, who was a lieutenant in the Soviet army, was tried separately by a military tribunal and, on 2 January 1971, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.

After international protests, the Judicial Commission for Criminal Cases of the RSFSR Supreme Court in Moscow considered an appeal of the cases, and modified the sentences, commuting the capital sentences of Dymshits and Kuznetsov to 15 years in prison, and reducing the length of prison terms for several other defendants by two to five years.

Strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to significantly increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960 through 1970, only 4,000 people had (legally) emigrated from the USSR; after the trial, in the period from 1971 to 1980, 347,100 people received a visa to leave the USSR, of whom 245,951 were Jews.

In August 1974, Sylva Zalmanson was released as part of an Israeli secret Soviet prisoner exchange with the spy Yuri Linov that took place in Berlin, after which she immigrated to Israel, arriving in September. In the following years she advocated for the release of her husband, Edward Kuznetsov, and other dissidents.

Kuznetsov was finally released on 27 April 1979, and joined his wife in Israel. Mark Dymshits was released at the same time, along with three other prominent Soviet dissidents, Aleksandr Ginzburg, Valentin Moroz, and Georgy Vins. The release of the five dissidents came after long negotiations as part of a prisoner exchange for two Soviet foreign intelligence officers, Rudolf Chernyaev and Valdik Enger. The Soviet operatives, who were employed at the time at the United Nations Secretariat, had been sentenced in a U.S. federal court to 50 years in prison, in October 1978, following their arrest in New Jersey the previous May, while collecting an agent's report from a secret cache (a co-conspirator, Vladimir Zinyakin, an attaché of the Soviet mission to the UN, had diplomatic immunity, and was not charged).

After immigrating to Israel, Kuznetsov headed the news department of "Radio Liberty" (1983–1990), and was the chief editor of the largest Israeli Russian-language newspaper, Вести (1990–1999), the most popular Russian-language newspaper outside of Russia.

"The Committee to Free the Leningrad Three," headed by Colorado State Senator Tilman Bishop, was instrumental in organizing grassroots and diplomatic campaigns to release the remaining prisoners.

In February 1981, Mendelevitch was released and joined his family in Israel. He urged continuance of the campaign to free two members of the group, Fedorov and Murzhenko: "The fact that both are non-Jewish is the worst example of Soviet discrimination and must not pass without protest."

On 15 June 1984, Aleksei Murzhenko (1942-1999) was released, only to be rearrested for "parole violation" and sentenced to another two years; he was released June 4, 1987 and immigrated to the USA Feb. 29, 1988. In June 1985, after serving 15 years, Yuri Fedorov was released under the 101st kilometre settlement restriction. He was denied an exit visa until 1988, when he left for the United States. In 1998, he founded The Gratitude Fund in order to commemorate the Soviet dissidents "who waged a war against Soviet power and sacrificed their personal freedom and their lives for democracy."

In 2016, Operation Wedding, a documentary about the hijacking directed by Anat Zalmanson-Kuznetsov (the daughter of Kuznetsov and Sylva Zalmanson, two participants in the plot) was released.

title: Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair


text:
UMAX

UMAX is a domestic interline intermodal freight transport program that provides shipping and logistics of containers. The program is a partnership; its parent companies are Union Pacific Railroad and CSX.

Launched March 29, 2010, UMAX has a fleet of over 20,000 domestic 53 foot containers. The service traverses major cities throughout the United States.

title: UMAX