text:
Hōjō Ujiyasu

Hōjō Ujiyasu (北条 氏康) was a daimyō (warlord) and third head of the Odawara Hōjō clan. Known as the "Lion of Sagami", he was revered as a fearsome samurai and a cunning man. He is famous for his strategies of breaking the siege from Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin. A son of Hōjō Ujitsuna (北条 氏綱), his only known wife was Imagawa Yoshimoto's sister, Zuikei-in. Among his sons are Hōjō Ujimasa and Uesugi Kagetora.

Early life and rise
Born in 1515, his childhood name was Chiyomaru (千代丸). He fought his first battle when he was fifteen years old, facing Uesugi Tomooki of the Ōgigayatsu Uesugi clan (扇谷上杉家) at the Battle of Ozawahara in 1530.

Upon his father's death in 1541, a number of the later Hōjō's enemies sought to take advantage of the opportunity to seize major Hōjō strongholds. Faced with almost endless warfare, Ujiyasu was compelled to reorganize the administration of the Hōjō lands. He had already ordered a series of aggressive cadastral surveys between 1542 and 1543, and in 1550, he overhauled the Kandaka (ja) taxation system.

Odawara, where his home castle Odawara Castle (小田原城) was located, was gradually transformed into an important trading center by modifying the region's throughways (which were hitherto designed with Kamakura as a hub) and creating an artisan's guild within the castle town. In addition, post stations and market places sprung up throughout the Hôjô's lands. Ujiyasu soon became one of the main powers in the Kantō region.

Conflict with Uesugi
In 1545, Uesugi Tomosada, of the Ōgigayatsu Uesugi clan and the eldest legitimate son of Uesugi Tomooki, attempted to regain Kawagoe Castle for the Uesugi clan. Tomosada allied himself with the Koga Kubo Ashikaga Haruuji (足利 晴氏) and Uesugi Norimasa (上杉 憲政) of the Yamauchi Uesugi clan (山内上杉家) and besieged Kawagoe Castle (Siege of Kawagoe Castle). The castle garrison, led by Hōjō Tsunashige (北条 綱成), the stepson of Ujiyasu's brother Tamemasa (北条 為昌) and son-in-law of Ujitsuna, was outnumbered 3,000 to allegedly 80,000 men. Ujiyasu, leading a relief force of 8,000 soldiers, slipped some samurai past the enemy lines to inform Tsunashige of the enemy's approach, and made use of ninja to learn of the enemy's strategy and attitude. Using this intelligence, he led a night raid against the Ashikaga-Uesugi forces, which is now said to be one of the most notable examples of night fighting in samurai history. "The result was the complete defeat of the Uesugi forces and the Koga contingent. From that date the Go-Hōjō ("Later-Hōjō") as they were called, went on to further triumphs, beginning with the destruction of the Uesugi family." Despite being vastly outnumbered, the Hōjō army defeated the besiegers because, under Ujiyasu's orders, they were not bulked down by heavy armor and were not slowed by seeking to take heads.

This victory marked the decisive turning point in the struggle for the Kanto, and in the following years, proved the end of the Ōgigayatsu Uesugi line and destroyed the prestige of Uesugi Norimasa of the Yamanouchi Uesugi clan as Kantō kanrei (Governor-General of Kantō region, 関東管領). As a result, many of the Kantō warlords became vassals of the Hōjō clan.

In 1551, Ujiyasu defeated Uesugi Norimasa at Hirai Castle (平井城) and forced him to flee to Echigo, where he was taken into the protective custody of his retainer Nagao Kagetora, the later day Uesugi Kenshin and heir to Norimasa by adoption.

In 1559, Ujiyasu retired at the age of 45 and Hōjō Ujimasa inherited formal leadership of the family.

In 1561, Kenshin assumed the post of Kantō kanrei from Uesugi Norimasa and in the same year tried to conquer the region once more. Kenshin besieged Odawara Castle and burned down the town, withdrawing after two months (Siege of Odawara (1561)).

Hojo expansion

In 1561, after Uesugi withdrew from Odawara, the Hojo clan seized Iwatsuki Castle against Ōta Sukemasa and almost conquered whole Musashi Province.

In 1563, Ujiyasu allied himself with Takeda Shingen and regained Matsuyama Castle (松山城) in Musashi Province against Uesugi Norikatsu (上杉憲勝) (Siege of Musashi-Matsuyama (1563)).

In 1564, he took Kōnodai in Shimōsa Province following a battle against Satomi Yoshihiro (里見 義弘) (Battle of Kōnodai (1564)). Following this victory, Ujiyasu pushed on into Shimosa Province and Kazusa Province, but was never able to destroy the Satomi clan, who remained a thorn in the Hôjô's side right up until 1590.

Ujiyasu expanded the Hōjō territory, which now covered five provinces (Sagami, Izu, Musashi, Shimosa and Kazusa), and managed and maintained what his father and grandfather had held.

After the second battle of Konodai in 1564, the Hōjō largely contented themselves with ruling the vast tracts of land earned through 60 years of war and toil.

Ujiyasu's eastern moves brought the Hōjō into conflict against the Satake clan of Hitachi Province. At the Battle of Numajiri in 1567, Satake Yoshishige defeated the Hojo forces and limited their expansion.

Conflict with Takeda
Towards the end of his life Ujiyasu saw the first major conflicts between his own clan and Takeda Shingen (武田 信玄), who would become one of the greatest warlords of the period.

In 1568, in response to Hōjō's intervention into his invasion of Suruga Province, Shingen came into Musashi Province from his home province of Kai, attacking Hachigata (鉢形城) (Siege of Hachigata (1568)) and Takiyama (滝山城) Castles, where Ujiyasu's sons repulsed them.

In 1569, after failing to take the two castles, Shingen nevertheless pressed on to the Hōjō's home castle of Odawara, burning the castle town and withdrawing after three days (Siege of Odawara (1569)). As the forces of Shingen withdrew from repeated failed sieges of Odawara Castle, two of Ujiyasu's seven sons, the brothers Ujiteru and Ujikuni, attacked him in the pass of Mimase (Battle of Mimasetoge), ending the first of the Takeda campaigns against the Hōjō at Sagami province.

Later in the year, Shingen's son and future successor Takeda Katsuyori (武田 勝頼) led a successful siege against the Hojo Kanbara Castle (蒲原城) in Suruga province (Siege of Kanbara).

Takeda Shingen also laid siege to other Hōjō holdings in the surrounding provinces, including Fukazawa castle (深沢城) in Suruga province which was taken in 1571 (Siege of Fukazawa).

Death
Subsequently, Ujiyasu managed to make peace with Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen, the most powerful adversaries of Hōjō Ujiyasu, letting his seventh son Hōjō Saburō be adopted by childless Kenshin and accepting the fait accompli of Shingen's reign over Suruga. To cement the ties of Takeda-Imagawa-Hojo, Ujiyasu also gave his two daughters to those two clans; Lady Hayakawa wed to Imagawa Ujizane, while Lady Hojo (Hojo Masako) wed to Takeda Katsuyori becoming his second wife. Ujiyasu died in 1571, passing on the Hōjō domains to his eldest son Ujimasa (北条 氏政) in a relatively favourable situation.

Family

 * Father: Hojo Ujitsuna
 * Mother: Yojuin-dono
 * Wife: Zuikein (d.1590)
 * Adopted brother: Hōjō Tsunashige
 * Concubines:
 * sister of Katsurayama Yasumitsu
 * Matsuda-dono
 * Children:
 * Hojo Shinkuro (1537–1552) by Zuikein
 * Lady Hayakawa
 * Lady Hojo (1564–1582) married Takeda Katsuyori by Matsuda-dono
 * Hōjō Ujimasa by Zuikein
 * Jokoin married Ashikaga Yoshiuji and gave birth to Ashikaga Ujinohime.
 * Nanamagari-dono married Hojo Ujishige
 * Hōjō Ujiteru by Zuikein
 * Chorin’in married Ota Ujisuke
 * Hōjō Ujikuni by Zuikein
 * Ozaki-dono married Chiba Chikatane
 * Hōjō Ujinori by Zuikein
 * Tanseikuji-dono married Ogasawara Yasuhiro
 * Hōjō Ujitada (d.1593)
 * Kikuhime married Satomi Yoshiyori
 * Hōjō Ujimitsu (d.1590)
 * daughter married Chiba Toshitane
 * Uesugi Kagetora by sister of Katsurayama Yasumitsu

title: Hōjō Ujiyasu


text:
Administrative divisions of Krasnodar Krai

Cities and towns under the krai's jurisdiction

 * Krasnodar (Краснодар) (administrative center)
 * city okrugs:
 * Karasunsky (Карасунский)
 * with 2 rural okrugs under the city okrug's jurisdiction.
 * Prikubansky (Прикубанский)
 * with 3 rural okrugs under the city okrug's jurisdiction.
 * Tsentralny (Центральный)
 * Zapadny (Западный)
 * Anapa (Анапа)
 * with 2 rural okrugs under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Armavir (Армавир)
 * with 3 rural okrugs under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Belorechensk (Белореченск)
 * with 1 rural okrug under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Gelendzhik (Геленджик)
 * with 4 selsovets under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Goryachy Klyuch (Горячий Ключ)
 * with 7 rural okrugs under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Kropotkin (Кропоткин)
 * Krymsk (Крымск)
 * Labinsk (Лабинск)
 * Novorossiysk (Новороссийск)
 * city districts:
 * Primorsky (Приморский)
 * Tsentralny (Центральный)
 * Vostochny (Восточный)
 * Yuzhny (Южный)
 * with 6 rural okrugs under the city's jurisdiction.
 * Slavyansk-na-Kubani (Славянск-на-Кубани)
 * Sochi (Сочи)
 * city districts:
 * Adlersky (Адлерский)
 * Urban-type settlements under the city district's jurisdiction:
 * Krasnaya Polyana (Красная Поляна)
 * with 3 rural okrugs under the city district's jurisdiction.
 * Khostinsky (Хостинский)
 * with 2 rural okrugs under the city district's jurisdiction.
 * Lazarevsky (Лазаревский)
 * with 6 rural okrugs under the city district's jurisdiction.
 * Tsentralny (Центральный)
 * Tikhoretsk (Тихорецк)
 * with 1 rural okrug under the town's jurisdiction.
 * Tuapse (Туапсе)
 * Yeysk (Ейск)
 * with 1 rural okrug under the town's jurisdiction.

Federal territory

 * Urban-type settlements:
 * Sirius (Сириус)

Districts

 * Abinsky (Абинский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Abinsk (Абинск)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Akhtyrsky (Ахтырский)
 * with 6 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Anapsky (Анапский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Apsheronsky (Апшеронский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Apsheronsk (Апшеронск)
 * Khadyzhensk (Хадыженск)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Neftegorsk (Нефтегорск)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Beloglinsky (Белоглинский)
 * with 4 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Belorechensky (Белореченский)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Bryukhovetsky (Брюховецкий)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Dinskoy (Динской)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Gulkevichsky (Гулькевичский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Gulkevichi (Гулькевичи)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Girey (Гирей)
 * Krasnoselsky (Красносельский)
 * with 12 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Kalininsky (Калининский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Kanevskoy (Каневской)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Kavkazsky (Кавказский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Korenovsky (Кореновский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Korenovsk (Кореновск)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Krasnoarmeysky (Красноармейский)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Krylovsky (Крыловский)
 * with 6 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Krymsky (Крымский)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Kurganinsky (Курганинский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Kurganinsk (Курганинск)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Kushchyovsky (Кущёвский)
 * with 13 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Labinsky (Лабинский)
 * with 12 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Leningradsky (Ленинградский)
 * with 12 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Mostovsky (Мостовский)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Mostovskoy (Мостовской)
 * Psebay (Псебай)
 * with 12 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Novokubansky (Новокубанский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Novokubansk (Новокубанск)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Novopokrovsky (Новопокровский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Otradnensky (Отрадненский)
 * with 14 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Pavlovsky (Павловский)
 * with 11 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Primorsko-Akhtarsky (Приморско-Ахтарский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Primorsko-Akhtarsk (Приморско-Ахтарск)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Seversky (Северский)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Afipsky (Афипский)
 * Chernomorsky (Черноморский)
 * Ilsky (Ильский)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Shcherbinovsky (Щербиновский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Slavyansky (Славянский)
 * with 14 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Starominsky (Староминский)
 * with 5 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Tbilissky (Тбилисский)
 * with 8 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Temryuksky (Темрюкский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Temryuk (Темрюк)
 * with 11 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Tikhoretsky (Тихорецкий)
 * with 11 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Timashyovsky (Тимашёвский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Timashyovsk (Тимашёвск)
 * with 9 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Tuapsinsky (Туапсинский)
 * Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Dzhubga resort settlement (Джубга)
 * Novomikhaylovsky resort settlement (Новомихайловский)
 * with 7 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Uspensky (Успенский)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Ust-Labinsky (Усть-Лабинский)
 * Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
 * Ust-Labinsk (Усть-Лабинск)
 * with 13 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Vyselkovsky (Выселковский)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.
 * Yeysky (Ейский)
 * with 10 rural okrugs under the district's jurisdiction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
María Vento-Kabchi

María Alejandra Vento-Kabchi (born 24 May 1974) is a Venezuelan former professional tennis player. In July 2004, she reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 26. She won four WTA Tour titles in doubles.

Vento-Kabchi reached the fourth round of the 2005 US Open, where she was heavily defeated by the eventual champion, Kim Clijsters. Vento-Kabchi likened the defeat to being "run over by a truck".

Her best results in Grand Slam tournaments are reaching the fourth round in Wimbledon (1997) and US Open (2005).

She competed as María Vento until July 21, 2001, when she married lawyer Gamal Kabchi.

Vento-Kabchi retired from professional tennis in 2006.

title: María Vento-Kabchi


text:
User:Maury Markowitz/Manifesto for a Better Word Processor/What programs do we need to study?

Let's try to collect a good list of programs we should be looking at, and a little about what makes them interesting.

Mellel - this might just be the starting point for the perfect word processor! Great support for almost all the features anyone actually uses, excellent multilingual support, and powerful long-document editing options.

FullWrite Professional - this might be difficult to examine given that it barely ran on modern Macs ten years ago. Still, it's free, and might work just fine under "Classic" on MaxOS X. Things to check out: sidebars, outliner...

MacWrite Pro - I never managed to use this program, although I was interested in doing so. I hear it is slow and not very powerful, yet has a reasonably well done style system. We should also consider what to do to recreate the XTND system, a wonderful idea that was allowed to wither for no good reason. Another thing to try out is the zoom functionality, which everyone loved.

Microsoft Word - their implementation of spelling/grammar "on the fly" was a wonderful advance. I also like their auto-ligatures and things like turning "3rd" into superscripts. Generally the auto-typing sections, which are new, seem well implemented and allow someone to just type and get a nice looking document -- sadly the rest of the program, the older parts, makes that maddeningly difficult.

Nisus Writer - excellent history/guide at. Nisus seems designed for a small screen only, which is something we should reverse. It might be interesting to consider having Nisus-like "bars" sliding on and off the screen at the top. Layout Page is not needed, a full page should fit on most people's monitors today, and if not, that's what MacWrite's zoom was for. That find dialog looks interesting!

MindWrite - seems to be the first WP with an outliner. Other features included multiple clipboards (better handled through a universal clipboard/scrapbook viewer IMHO) and list numbering/sorting.

PREP - a multi-user document writing system, which allows different users to make comments in an series of "sidebars". Sounds very interesting, perhaps something could be implemented using these comments, versioning and sidebars?

iStorm - another collabrative editor, OSX/Cocoa?

Z-Write - a WP/outliner geared toward writing novels/screenplays/etc.


text:
Individual Meal Pack

The Individual Meal Pack or IMP is one type of field ration used by the Canadian Forces. The IMP is designed so that a continuous diet provides all the nutrition needed to sustain a service member in the field. The IMP meets Canada's nutrition requirements, with the exception of calcium and folic acid, which are not significant if the consumption period of rations is less than 30 (consecutive) days. IMPs provide 1200 - 1400 Cal per meal.

Three IMPs (breakfast, lunch and dinner) provide approximately 3600 Cal, enough to nourish a soldier undergoing strenuous physical activity. The meals are precooked and can therefore be safely consumed either heated or unheated. Under ideal circumstances the entrees are generally consumed heated. There are meals available for Jews, Muslims, Hindus and vegetarians.

Contents of the combat rations are subject to a three-year research and development cycle, where new meals are added, and some replaced. Every second year, new meals are field tested by three groups of 60 people drawn from each of the three Canadian Army brigades. In all, there are 21 meals available – seven breakfasts and 14 meals suitable as noon or evening meals. In addition to the main meal, each IMP contains assorted basics such as powdered coffee, protein and sports drink mixes, energy bars, trail mix, peanut butter, cereal, condiments, candy, chocolate, gum, a plastic spoon, a wet towelette and matches.

Meals are packaged fully cooked and do not require cooking. While edible cold, when circumstances permit the ideal method of preparation is to cook the entrees either in a pressure cooker, heated on the standard issue Coleman stove, or by simply boiling the rations in its package in water. Another way to warm the meal when a stove is unavailable is by putting it in the pocket of a coat during winter. Chemical cooking pouches have also been issued, allowing for flameless meal heating. Other items can also be improved by boiling or adding water, such as packages of soup, rice, powdered drinks and even the prepackaged bread, which is dense and can be softened by exposure to the pressure cooker.

Another technique developed by soldiers in the field is putting the package in the grill covering the exhaust on many armoured vehicles, and on radiators of wheeled vehicles. Some armoured vehicles come with a built-in pressure cooker.

History
The IMPs appeared in the Canadian Forces in the 1980s, replacing early canned rations (Individual Ration Pack (IRP), Canadian Army Mess Tin Ration, Compo rations). The main menu items of the IMP are "boil in a bag" (known as a "retort pouch") and require less preparation time and equipment than the previous canned rations. Another stated advantage is that preparation using retort pouches can be done using less heat, reducing the impact on the taste of the food.

Preparation and cooking
For IMPs from 2019 and beforehand, the main entrée and the dessert portion are contained in retort pouches, which are then packaged in cardboard boxes. These cardboard boxes are positioned inside the IMP package on the outer sides, sandwiching the other contents, so the IMP itself looks like it is entirely contained within a cardboard box inside the outer foil-lined paper bag. IMPs are usually "stripped" before field use by removing the cumbersome packaging and discarding extraneous elements individual soldiers do not wish to carry with them, such as the cardboard boxes containing the main entrée and dessert, and any condiments that an individual soldier may not personally use. As of 2020 new packaging has been created to help with usability and edibility. Notably, the external packaging is resealable and waterproof. Inside, the cardboard boxes have been removed to reduce weight, and the entrée and the dessert pouches have been strengthened, and a resealable beverage pouch has been provided for cold (powdered beverages). It is also not uncommon to see service members drinking hot drinks (coffees, teas, hot chocolates) out the resealable pouch, even though it is not recommended. The new method of heating has greatly improved over the previous options. The member simply puts their meal packet into a flameless ration heater. The chemical reaction generates enough heat to ensure a hot meal.

Other rations
Other types of rations are used by the Canadian Forces, notably fresh rations, or cooked meals provided directly from the kitchen or by haybox. There are also patrol packs, which are small high-protein snack-type foods (such as beef jerky or shredded cheese) and boxed lunches (consisting of assorted sandwiches, juice, fruit, pasta and a dessert) provided for soldiers to consume in situations in which meal preparation nor the delivery of haybox style fresh rations are not possible, such as travelling for training within Canada or spending the day on a shooting range. The IMP is intended to be issued when fresh rations are not possible, they can also be consumed as emergency rations, unheated.

title: Individual Meal Pack


text:
Domenico Cirillo

Domenico Maria Leone Cirillo (Grumo Nevano, Kingdom of Naples 10 April 1739 – Naples 29 October 1799) was an Italian physician, entomologist, botanist and patriot of the Neapolitan Republic of 1799.

Professional life
Cirillo completed his medical degree at the University of Naples in 1759 and assumed the role of Professor of Botany there the following year. He was a pioneer in the Kingdom of Naples for introducing the Linnaean system, to which he had been initiated through fruitful contacts with Gioachino Venturi, a disciple of Linnaeus.

Cirillo embarked on numerous botanical expeditions and produced numerous publications in the fields of botany and entomology. Additionally, he possessed remarkable skills as an illustrator, providing detailed descriptions and drawings for over thirty plant species, many of which are still recognized today. An excellent microscopist, he discovered the role of pollen in plant fertilization. These contributions to the field of botany were recognized by Carl Linnaeus himself, who honoured Cirillo by naming the plant genus Cyrilla after him.

In 1777, Cirillo was appointed as a Medicine Professor at the University of Naples. Concurrently, he served as a physician at the Naples Hospital of the Incurables, where he taught Physiology and Obstetrics. Furthermore, he held the esteemed position of Court Physician for the Kingdom of Naples. His clientele ranged from local dignitaries and foreign diplomats to the less fortunate, whom he treated without charge. Cirillo authored several medical publications and devised an innovative treatment for syphilis. He was among the first physicians in Italy to maintain a medical journal documenting his patients. Moreover, he introduced numerous medical advancements to Naples, notably the practice of smallpox inoculation.

As well as several works on hygiene he also wrote: Cirillo visited England and France and his fame reached even the other side of the Atlantic, as attested by his election to the American Philosophical Society in 1768. Due to a transcription error, however, his name was recorded as "Professor Famitz" in the Society's minutes and membership roll. A Professor from the University of Naples recently exposed the error and prompted the American Philosophical Society to correct its records after 255 years, thus recognizing Cirillo as its first Italian member.
 * Ad botanicas institutiones introduction, Naples, 1771
 * Entomologiae Neapolitanae Specimen Primum, Naples, 1787 – 1792
 * Entomologiae Neapolitanae Specimen Primum, Naples, 1787 – 1792
 * Entomologiae Neapolitanae Specimen Primum, Naples, 1787 – 1792

Patriot and Martyr of the Neapolitan Republic
With French help the Neapolitan Republic was established in January 1799, causing the monarch and his government to flee to Sicily. After at first refusing to take part in the new government, Cirillo consented to be chosen as a representative of the people and became a member of the legislative commission, of which he was eventually elected president. By June of the same year, the republic collapsed when the French withdrew and the city was overtaken by Cardinal Ruffo's counter-revolutionary Sanfedista army. Ferdinand IV's army returned to Naples, and the Republicans withdrew to the forts, ill-armed and with inadequate provisions. After a short siege, the Republicans surrendered on what they considered honourable terms: life and liberty being guaranteed them by the signatures of Ruffo, of Foote, and of Micheroux.

The arrival of Lord Nelson changed the state of affairs, and he refused to ratify the capitulation. Secure under the British flag, Ferdinand and his wife, Marie Caroline of Austria, showed themselves eager for revenge, and Cirillo joined other Republicans in fighting back.

Cirillo wrote to Emma, Lady Hamilton (wife of the British ambassador to Naples) asking her to intercede on his behalf, but Nelson wrote of the petition: "Domenico Cirillo, who had been the King's physician, might have been saved, but that he chose to play the fool and lie, denying that he had ever made any speeches against the government, and saying that he only took care of the poor in the hospitals". He was condemned to death, and hanged on 29 October 1799.

Today Grumo Nevano, his hometown, has named a school after him (now the Institute Comprehensive Matteotti-Cirillo), erected a statue in the central square of the town, and named a library "Biblioteca Comunale Domenico Cirillo". The state boarding school in Bari and the High School of Aversa in Caserta are also named for him.

title: Domenico Cirillo


text:
John Carey

John Carey may refer to:

 * John Carey (animator), staff member of Warner Bros. Cartoons in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s
 * John Carey (botanist), (1797–1880), British botanist
 * John Carey (Celticist), American scholar
 * John Carey (congressman) (1792–1875), United States Representative from Ohio; member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * John Carey (courtier) (c. 1491–1552), courtier to King Henry VIII
 * John Carey (critic) (born 1934), British literary critic
 * John Carey (Australian politician), Western Australian politician
 * John Carey (Ohio state legislator) (born 1959), Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives; former Ohio state senator
 * John Carey (Oregon politician), member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature, 1852
 * John Carey (Wisconsin politician) (1839–1888)
 * John Carey, 2nd Earl of Dover (1608–1677), English peer
 * John Carey, 3rd Baron Hunsdon (died 1617), English peer and politician
 * John L. Carey (died 1852), editor of the Baltimore American
 * Johnny Carey (1919–1995), Irish footballer and manager

title: John Carey


text: User talk:220.245.178.137

title: User talk:220.245.178.137


text:
Jainosaurus

Jainosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur of India and wider Asia, which lived in the Maastrichtian (approximately 68 million years ago). It is thought to have been about the same size as its contemporary relative Isisaurus, measuring 18 m long and weighing 15 MT. The humerus of the type specimen is 134 centimetres long.

History
The type species of Jainosaurus, J. septentrionalis has a long and complex taxonomic history closely connected to the history of the problematic genera Titanosaurus and Antarctosaurus. The first known remains attributable to Jainosaurus, the humerus GSI K22/754, was discovered in 1871 or 1872 by Henry Benedict Medlicott, and the holotype remains were found by Charles Alfred Matley between 1917 and 1920 near Jabalpur in the Lameta Formation. These were named Antarctosaurus septentrionalis by Friedrich von Huene and Matley in 1933.

The specific name of J. septentrionalis means "northern" in Latin, a reference to the fact that the species was discovered on the Northern hemisphere whereas Antarctosaurus means "saurian from the Southern hemisphere" because its type species Antarctosaurus wichmannianus was found in Argentina. The generic name honours the Indian paleontologist Sohan Lal Jain, who worked on the cranial nerve impressions in the skull; and in 1982 published a study about the results. Ironically, Jain himself considered the remains synonymous with Titanosaurus in the 1997 description of Isisaurus. However, Wilson and Upchurch (2003) rejected the synonymy of Jainosaurus and Titanosaurus due to the dubious status of the latter.

In 1995 Hunt et al., believing Antarctosaurus to belong to Dicraeosauridae, made the clearly titanosaurian Antarctosaurus septentrionalis the type species of a new genus, Jainosaurus, and determined that the braincase, GSI IM K27/497, should be the lectotype. Jainosaurus was further distinguished from Antarctosaurus by details of the braincase.

In 2009, Jeffrey Wilson and others made a detailed reassessment of Jainosaurus septentrionalis and confirmed its validity. The postcrania, which had been assumed lost, were shown to be largely present in the collection of the Geological Survey of India at Calcutta. They include: dorsal rib fragments (GSI K20/326, K27/425); a caudal vertebra (GSI K20/317), four chevrons (GSI K27/492–494, 496), the left and right scapula (only a cast still extant); a sternal plate (GSI K20/647); a humerus (lacking an inventory number), a radius (GSI K27/490) and an ulna (GSI K27/491). In 1996 Sankar Chatterjee referred a second braincase to the species: ISI R162. Some material from Pakistan also possibly belongs to Jainosaurus.

Wilson e.a. concluded that Jainosaurus is a valid taxon, clearly distinguishable from Isisaurus. It would have been a fairly derived member of the Titanosauria, more closely related to South American forms like Pitekunsaurus, Muyelensaurus and Antarctosaurus than to Isisaurus or Rapetosaurus.

title: Jainosaurus


text:
The Last King of Scotland

The Last King of Scotland is a novel by journalist Giles Foden, published by Faber and Faber in 1998. Focusing on the rise of Ugandan President Idi Amin and his reign as dictator from 1971 to 1979, the novel, which interweaves fiction and historical fact, is written as the memoir of a fictional Scottish doctor in Amin's employ. Foden's novel received critical acclaim and numerous awards when it was published. In 2006, a loose eponymous film adaptation was released.

Plot summary
The protagonist is a fictional character named Nicholas Garrigan, a young Scottish doctor who goes to work in Uganda out of a sense of idealism and adventure, arriving on the day of the 1971 Ugandan coup d'état. He relates how he came to be the personal physician and confidant of Amin, the president of Uganda during the Second Republic of Uganda. The novel focuses on Garrigan's relationship and fascination with the president, who soon grows into a brutal and ruthless dictator. Garrigan consciously and repeatedly acts against his better judgment, remaining in Amin's employment until he is far past the point of easy escape physically and morally. Mesmerized by Amin's charm and charisma, he is gradually drawn complicitly into the corruption and brutality of Amin's rule (including his personal participation in the severance of British relations with Uganda, the murder of Kay Amin, the events of Operation Entebbe and the murder of Dora Bloch, and the Uganda-Tanzania War) with fatal results for his friends and colleagues, which Garrigan treats with a mixture of physical disgust; nonchalant, fatalistic acceptance of living under a totalitarian regime; and self-serving denial of culpability.

Development and inspiration
Drawing on his twenty years of living in Africa and his background as a journalist, Foden researched the events surrounding Amin's rise to power and downfall. He interviewed many of those who watched and participated in Amin's eight-year reign and evokes the form of a memoir by inserting fictional newspaper articles and journal entries, along with actual events.

In a 1998 interview with the online magazine Boldtype, Foden said he based parts of Garrigan's character on an associate of Amin's named Bob Astles. As a British soldier who worked his way into Amin's favour, Astles was much more "proactive" than Garrigan, according to Foden, and he paid the price by spending six and a half years in a Ugandan jail after the fall of his protector.

Astles compromised himself by his direct association with Amin's security forces. While Amin was in power, Astles was alternately either favoured or punished; he was imprisoned and tortured on at least one occasion. Foden drew in part on a lengthy interview with Astles in The Times by the journalist Paul Vallely, who spoke to Astles in a Ugandan jail after smuggling a message in to Amin's henchman in a Bible.

Another real-life figure who has been mentioned in connection with Garrigan is Scottish doctor Wilson Carswell. Amin's personal physician was, in fact, a Ugandan doctor called Paul D'Arbela.

The title of the book refers to Amin's declaring himself the "King of Scotland". Foden claims that the book is an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Macbeth as a third-world dictator.

Stage adaptation
The book was adapted for the stage by Steve Waters in 2019, opening at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield; The Observer gave the play three stars out of five, describing it as "morally flawed".

Awards and nominations

 * 1998 James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for fiction) (shortlist)
 * 1998 Whitbread First Novel Award
 * 1998 Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize
 * 1999 Betty Trask Award
 * 1999 Somerset Maugham Award

Editions in print

 * 1998: New York: Knopf; Distributed by Random House, hardback, ISBN 978-0-375-40360-6 (English)
 * 1998: London: Faber Paperbacks, paperback, ISBN 978-0-571-19486-5 (English)
 * 1998: Faber and Faber, paperback, ISBN 0-571-19564-4 (English)
 * 1999: Vintage Books USA, paperback, ISBN 0-375-70331-4 (English)
 * 1999: Random House USA, hardcover, ISBN 0-375-40360-4 (English)

title: The Last King of Scotland


text:
Ruza (river)

The Ruza (Руза) is a river in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Moskva. The length of the river is 145 km. The area of its basin is 1,990 km2. It usually freezes over in November and stays under the ice until April.

title: Ruza (river)


text:
Lommel S.K.

Lommel SK is a Belgian association football club based in the city of Lommel, Limburg, that competes in the Challenger Pro League.

History
The roots of the club date back to the 1920s when the club Vlug & Vrij Overpelt-Usines (Fast & Free Overpelt-Factories) was founded, registering as an official club with the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1927 to receive matricule 1064. The club dissolved in 1933 only to be re-established in 1937 as Vlug & Vrij Overpelt (Fast & Free Overpelt) with matricule 2554 and played at stadium De Leukens in Overpelt. It was commonly known as Overpelt Fabriek (Overpelt Factory), named after the Overpelt district in which the zinc factory was situated and was a club for the local factory workers.

In 1954, the club reached the national football levels, that time at the fourth level of the Belgian football pyramid, and continued to the Belgian Third Division in 1957. Near the end of the 1950s, the name was changed again, now to Vlug en Vrij Overpelt-Fabriek (Fast and Free Overpelt-Factory).

In 1982, the club was promoted to the Belgian Second Division where it remained for three seasons before being relegated again and starting an up and down movement between the second and fourth divisions. In 1987 the club obtained the royal designation, thus changing the name in 1988 to Koninklijke Vlug en Vrij Overpelt-Fabriek (Royal Fast and Free Overpelt-Factory). Midway the 1990s the club played three more seasons in the second division but promotion to the highest level would never be obtained. In 2003 neighbours K.F.C. Lommel S.K. dissolved following bankruptcy. Lommel had been founded in 1932 and its biggest achievements included playing the 2001 Belgian Cup Final and playing in both the 1997 and 1998 UEFA Intertoto Cup. Overpelt-Fabriek and Lommel merged into K.V.S.K. United Overpelt-Lommel, often referred to as KVSK United, with KVSK an abbreviation standing for Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging en Sportkring (Royal Footballassociation and Sportscircle). It continued with the matricule 2554 of Overpelt-Fabriek but moved from De Leukens to the Soevereinstadion in Lommel. The club colours became a combination of those of Lommel (green & white) and Overpelt-Fabriek (red & blue). The new club started the 2003–04 season in the third division and only narrowly missed out on promotion. The following season the team became champions undefeated throughout the whole season (30 matches) and was promoted to the second division. During the 2005–06 season the team came close to promotion to the highest level as it led the table before the last match but lost away to Oud-Heverlee Leuven and saw the title and promotion move to Mons. The following promotion playoffs were lost to Lierse.

In 2010, the club merged with third division team KFC Racing Mol-Wezel and changed its name to Lommel United and started two very successful seasons, ending second in both 2009–10 and 2010–11. This however was a turning point, as almost all starting players decided to leave the club after those two seasons, forcing Lommel United to rebuild the team with many youngsters. A highlight was the 2014–15 season in which Lommel United again finished second. After that, the team only narrowly managed to obtain a place in the new second-level league called Belgian First Division B, but during the 2016–17 season the team started with only 3 wins out of 28 matches and despite a strong finish, the team was relegated to the Belgian First Amateur Division, thereby losing its professional status. Following that season, the team changed its name to Lommel SK.

In May 2020, it was announced that City Football Group, a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi United Group, had purchased Lommel SK, making it the ninth club to join their stable.

title: Lommel S.K.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Posse of One

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 07:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Posse of One
Even article says subject is not notable. Al 12:48, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom. -- Ryan Norton T 14:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as bandity. Brighterorange 14:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no assertion of meeting WP:MUSIC. Friday (talk) 18:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, along with related album articles. Not notable.  SWAdair | Talk 19:17, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, along w/ related album articles. Groeck 22:51, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, the artist and all his albums are nn. --TheMidnighters 00:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete everthing related to this artist, then take away his internet connection ---Outlander 21:08, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:203.14.171.220

title: User talk:203.14.171.220


text: Category:Archaeological sites in Georgia (country)


text:
User talk:Gopalkrishnan nair

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

You might also be interested in the following links and might want to contribute to the Malayalam Wikipedia also.

-- Sundar \talk \contribs 12:49, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gopalkrishnan nair


text:
User talk:Atlant/Archive 1

This is an archive of my Talk page prior to August, 2005.

The current page is, of course, located at User talk:Atlant, as per usual.

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:56, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

VT52
Just to echo Francs2000's comments, welcome to Wikipedia and thank you for writing up an article for the VT52, it was sorely missing. :) —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:17, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Boston's Silver Line
I see that you contributed to the MBTA Silver Line article. I posted a question on that article's talk page about the airport route. Perhaps you could give it a shot for my curiosity and for the article. --DeanoNightRider 08:31, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I think i read your question (I've been travelling so my access has been intermittent) and concluded I didn't know anthing "authoritative". I think the answer was "the Silver Line in South Boston isn't going to run as a single unitary line; it's going to be more like the Green Line with separate branches". But now that I'm back, I'll certainly go read your question again; I'm sure the answer to your routing question can be found (and knowing the way Wiki works, may already have been posted by someone else!).

 * Atlant 14:58, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I found my answer in the map showing the 4 branches on the All About Silver Line site. If you look at the latest official full subway map, you might see why I was confused.  --DeanoNightRider 06:27, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Talk:MBTA Commuter Rail
I asked people on IRC about it, and they all said that the way you did it is unnecessary and pointless. We have an article for Providence, so someone not knowing what Rhode Island is can simply click the Providence link and then click to Rhode Island. Please show me where this is laid out as 'the standard form for Wikipedia'. --SPUI 06:10, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Suggested Reading re Ollieplatt
Requests_for_arbitration

Requests_for_arbitration/Libertas/Evidence

Requests_for_arbitration/Libertas/Proposed_decision

Note that Ollieplatt has been deemed likely to be Libertas and about a dozen other user IDs by several Wikipedia developers who have presented technical evidence. The evidence page cites numerous examples of Ollieplatt engaging in disruptive editing and violations of wikipedia policies. The proposed decisions range up to a one year ban.

— Davenbelle 22:03, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks -- I've actually been following some of that soap opera! :-) When I looked at the contributions that user had been making, it was pretty clear that something was up.

 * Atlant 14:04, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Geo-stubs
Hi Atlant - just a quick note to say that stub articles for places in the US should get rather than simply. Keep up the good work! Grutness|hello? 01:44, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I actually tried (note the incorrect case!) but saw that it didn't work, and I was running out of time before I had to catch a bus! I'll try to remember the proper casing from hereon out (and I can always refer back to here for those times when I forget).

 * Atlant 14:07, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Nice job on the F Market page
Just wanted to say that I like the F Market page. I added a bit of information to it -- hope you find it useful! Not sure how familiar you are with other SF transit lines (emphasis added by Atlant) but I'd like to eventually add similar pages for each Muni Metro line...

--Jfruh 06:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Not as familiar as I'd like! :-) I only get to spend a week or two each year in The City. With regard to the F Market article, you're entirely welcome. A few weeks ago, I discussed the need for it with someone (was it you?) and finally got around to writing it, mostly using as my source information the brochure handed out on the trolleys.

 * Writing articles about the other lines would be fairly consistent with the approach that's been taken with the Boston MBTA articles; there's an article regarding each of the major divisions (the "colors") of the subway lines while the Green Line article contains all of the more-inter-related branches of that line.

 * Do me a favor: If you write an article about the L Taraval line, please be sure to mention "Carousel", the "Doggie Diner". :-)

 * Atlant 14:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hewlett Packard
I thought that Carley's departure date was Feb 8th or 9th. I'm an ex-HP long timer and want to have the correct date burned into my old brain so please let me know if I'm wrong on this. Thanks, hydnjo talk 18:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure I know the exact instant, but the news broke today, February 9th here in America. It's quite likely that she actually "resigned" yesterday, however the HP press release is also dated the 9th. Wiki's really slow right now so I can't look at the article history, but if I typed the 5th, that was purely a typo on my part.

 * Were you part of Test and Measurement?

 * Atlant 19:01, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone already changed it to the 9th. I was with Medical - originally by the HP purchase of Sanborn in Waltham (1965) and subsequently moved to Andover (1975). Can't say I'm sorry about Carly.  hydnjo talk 19:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Grand Central Terminal
I removed the landmark category (at least I think I did; the history is being weird) because I added it to Category:Commuter railroad terminals in New York City, which I put in the landmark category. --SPUI (talk) 13:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation, but I think it's often better to leave something in an obvious "top level category" (that any naive user of the encyclopedia can find) than to push it down into a sub-category. This is clearly an area where the Wiki culture hasn't settled on one true style yet, though.

 * (I also wish you'd post your responses to my questions about changes in articles in the article discussion pages (where everyone could see them and respond) rather than bringing the discussion here to my personal talk page; this is the second time you've done this. The way you do this leads me to feel that you're trying to limit the feedback that you get.)

 * Atlant 13:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Assume good faith. I contacted you because you put it in an edit summary. If you had asked on the talk page, I would have answered on the talk page. --SPUI (talk) 13:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd gladly assume good faith, but in our earlier encounter, I did talk to you on the discussion page but you responded to me here.

 * Atlant 14:45, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

New England Interstate Highways
I had added the link as a temporary measure, before I created the article. Now the article exists, so there's no need for the link on New England. --SPUI (talk) 20:54, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Okee-doke, but I STILL wish you'd post discussion on the discussion pages.

 * Atlant 21:03, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Um, I put it in the edit summary, just as you did. --SPUI (talk) 21:14, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * INSTEAD of here on my personal talk page, but I'll bet you knew I meant that. After all, I've only asked you two times.

 * Atlant 21:26, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Laser light
Hi Atlant,
 * And even laser light occupies a small, but non-zero frequency spectrum.

Thanks, I had never realized that, but it makes sense, given the nature of quantum physics. --Cleon Teunissen | Talk 14:06, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's in the nature of things. (Are you familiar with the Fourier transform?) At the ultimate limit, if the laser has any sort of modulation imposed on it (deliberate or random fluctuations in intensity, or even being switched on and off), it can't be truly monochromatic because the modulation MUST create sidebands.

 * And there are other effects as well. For example, in a gas laser, there must be some minor contributions from the Doppler effect as the gas convects around in the laser discharge tube and I suppose atomic vibrations contribute a little in solid-state lasers. Lasers are pretty darned good, but even they aren't perfect.

 * Here's a paper from NIST where they're discussing a laser with a linewidth of about 0.6 Hz; amid 532 terahertz, that's pretty good, but still not perfectly monochromatic. :-)
 * Thanks for writing!
 * Atlant 19:36, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I am familiar with fourier analysis, that's related to fourier transform? There is also ring laser interferometry. In ring laser interferometry the laser cavity is shaped like a torus, with at a single point in the ring the mirrors. Light in it goes back and forth, completing circles. When the ring is rotating the lasering splits into two frequencies, one upwards according to doppler shift, one downwards. These two frequencies are then allowed to interfere with each other, which is then measured as a beat frequency. The beat frequency is proportional to the angular velocity. --Cleon Teunissen | Talk 00:43, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Right; Fourier analysis is based on the transform. And thanks for reminding me about ring gyroscopes; they make a nice point about how very small frequency shifts can have nicely detectable effects. Hmm, I notice there's no article about them -- feel up to creating one? Nevermind; I found Ring laser gyroscope and created a redirect to it.

 * Atlant 01:29, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * (Updated) Atlant 15:35, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

What was with the slashes before the closing angle backets
Same question I had at Hewlett Packard. Thought I was learning something new but it didn't seem to make any difference either way. If you find otherwise please let me know. Thanks. hydnjo talk 23:11, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC) (I forgot)

BTW, is Ed Mayotte still at Teradyne? Knew him from 30+ years ago. hydnjo talk 19:18, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * 'dunno -- I'll look tomorrow.

 * Atlant 22:00, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, no one with a name anything like that turns up in our online directory nor in the 2000 hardcopy directory.

 * Atlant 12:34, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, thank for ckecking. hydnjo talk 14:45, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Plural links
Thanks for fixing my clumsy transformers to the more compact transformers - I was fixing a bunch of links to a redirect and somehow got hung up on the long hard way (probably because for other articles I needed to use the pipe). I knew about this and had used it before...but I don't yet do the right thing by reflex when Wiki editing. --Wtshymanski 15:34, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome; I can never remember the trickier cases of exactly which punctuation "ends" a Wikilink, but I've finally trained myself pretty well for plurals :-).

 * Atlant 19:30, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

VfD for Reading spark plugs for racing
The results of the VfD for Reading spark plugs for racing was to wikisource. The article has now been rewritten. Let me know if you have any concerns. Samw 19:57, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mind having a look at Votes_for_undeletion? Thanks. Samw 14:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Logic Speeds
I'd like to start a table of integrated circuit logic speeds. We can say CMOS is not as fast as TTL but that isn't always true...some buck-rogers 74HCT part probably clocks faster than a flip-flop in the obsolete 74L series for instance. So a table of comparisions is in order; I've got at least one good reference ("Art of Electronics") and a bunch of catalogs. Another thing for my to-do list. Thanks for the edit.

 * Yes, but at any given point in time, the fastest bipolar logic has always been faster than the fastest (C)MOS logic. This is still true today; SiGe ECL (or especially GaAs ECL) logic still clocks quite a bit faster than the fastest CMOS.

 * With specific regard to your list of logic speeds, I'd like to suggest two metrics:

 * Typical gate propagation delay (in ns/ps), and

 * flip-flop toggle speeds (in MHz/GHz).

 * But there are a LOT of logic families, so you (we?) are signing up for a fair amount of work.

 * Atlant 01:25, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * (And yes, Art of Electronics is a cool book! I was re-reading it just the other day.)

 * There's a pretty graph at http://techref.massmind.org/techref/logic/family.htm that shows all kinds of logic families. Hope that helps. +--DavidCary 12:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that pointer!

 * Atlant 13:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

To split, or to not split...
Hi Atlant - I noticed your edit to Brave New World, reverting to a version with the phrase 'physically engineered to not desire "dangerous" knowledge', instead of physically engineered not to desire "dangerous" knowledge. I am not in any way an anti-split infinitive zealot, and certainly agree with your edit summary, but I have to say in this case I think the unsplit infinitive reads better. Are you very strongly attached to the split version? Worldtraveller 12:23, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you very strongly attached to the split version?

 * No.

 * (Well, in what seems to be the best Wikipedian tradition, we could start a long, l-o-n-g flamewar about this and argue back and forth for months and months, invoke RFCs and arbcoms, etc., but fortunately or unfortunately, the simple answer is, indeed, "No, I don't feel strongly about it." )

 * Please feel free to change it again. :-)

 * Atlant 12:29, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, a flamewar is always an option - maybe we should revert each other a few times just to keep up appearances :) Or, perhaps we could replace 'to not desire/not to desire' with 'to eschew' or similar?  I'll make it unsplit for the moment anyway.  Worldtraveller 13:35, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think, in the interest of amity, that I'll eschew that option for now. :-)

 * And thanks for a good laugh!

 * Atlant 13:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

LCD / LED
I think that LCD's ARE a light source, although not typically thought of as such.

What SHOULD be in the list for sure though are LED lights, as they are even making inroads for residential usage. KellyCoinGuy

 * Sorry, no. LCDs are "light valves", either passing/absorbing or passing/reflecting light; they don't make any of their own. They either use a backlight or a frontlight that is (typically) either fluorescent, LED, or electroluminescent.

 * Atlant 00:04, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Artificial Light Sources, the template
YYAYY -- Someone else noticed ArtificalLightSources! I was thinking it was going to get abandoned! Thanx 68.39.174.150 02:49, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC) PS. I was thinking of just making it categories, but I kindof contradicted myself so I'll just let you fix it.

 * I'm glad you liked what I did. I'm not sure what, if anything needs fixing, but I'll look it all over again.

 * Atlant 22:21, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

BTW, Fireflies and Foxfire were supposed to be examples of bioluminescince[sic], hence the s around them. If you want to keep them as they are now I'd ax the s. Thanx 68.39.174.150 21:46, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, D'Oh!, I get it; (Sorry; give me a dope slap for that one.) I'll fix it. :-)

 * Atlant 11:13, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You'll have to settle for a trout slap 68.39.174.150 01:03, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

WP:AN/3RR postings
Please sign all posts (with ~ ) so we know who made them, and when, without consulting the history. Thanks. Noel (talk) 14:16, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, thanks -- I had noticed I didn't re-sign my later additions but didn't go back to edit them in.

 * Atlant 14:18, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Revert of ACLU
Atlant, my addition to the ACLU page was not POV. It was a direct quote from ACLU policy, to which I provided a link that was not dead, unlike the one you reverted to. From : "The ACLU agrees with the Supreme Court's long-standing interpretation of the Second Amendment [as set forth in the 1939 case, U.S. v. Miller] that the individual's right to bear arms applies only to the preservation or efficiency of a well-regulated militia. Except for lawful police and military purposes, the possession of weapons by individuals is not constitutionally protected. Therefore, there is no constitutional impediment to the regulation of firearms." --Policy #47

The sentence you reverted to, on the other hand, dresses this direct policy quote up in POV. I've reverted it and left a comment on the Talk page. --MikeJ9919 15:40, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

CE Marking
I have removed your entry on the CE page, which duplicates the CE logo entry beneath it. There is already an article titled CE mark. I suggest you redirect your CE Marking article to the existing one, merging any of your own material you wish to. That way we don't need to go through the deletion procedure. --Blainster 03:27, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Amelie
Fair enough that the article doesn't have to be "dry as dust", but instead of simply reverting my entire contribution why don't you re-enter the parts that you thought should be included? There were some valuable grammatical changes and the like which had nothing to do with why you reverted my edit. plattopustalk 18:40, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

Electric motor poles
I've dismantled motors from sugar-cube-size to those I could upright inside the stator...and there's always been a N pole for every S, therefore an even number. Can you point me at a reference that shows a motor with an odd number of poles? --Wtshymanski 13:57, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I have no camera here, or I'd happily show you a picture of several different nine-pole CD/DVD spindle motors (which are technically DC brushless motors but are, practically speaking, operated as three-phase synchronous motors). Strange, but true! There's no theoretical reason to prevent odd-pole motors, especially for external-rotor designs where the flux flows through the middle (the merger) of the stationary field coils (as compared to internal-rotor designs where the flux flows through the circumference of the field-coil laminations). But as I mentioned, they pretty much do have to have a number of poles that is a multiple of the number of phases or things would get really weird! :-)

 * Atlant 14:46, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Blandford Cemetery
Thanks for the improvements to Blandford Cemetery. Vaoverland 22:57, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome! I just happened to get there via "Random Page"; you can find a lot of interesting pages that way!

 * Atlant 10:59, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Serial commas
I note you've added what you refer to as a "Wiki-standard final comma" to several articles I've been involved with. Looking at the relevant section of the Manual of Style, it doesn't seem to me that there's a standard to be applied. Indeed, the Manual of Style says:

 * In most cases, however, the presence of the final serial comma does not affect ambiguity of the sentence, and in these cases there is no Wikipedia consensus on whether it should be used.

I don't object to its being there, and I'm not going to revert it, but whatever else it may be the final serial comma isn't as Wiki-standard as you seem to imply. Certainly in the sentence you changed on the Watership Down page, I think the comma-less version looks better, and is certainly the more common style here in Britain. Loganberry 22:29, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That text has been changing in the MoS. Here's what it said about a month-and-a-half ago:

 * As stated by Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, the Chicago Manual of Style, Strunk and White, and other authoritative sources, when a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more elements, a comma is used before the conjunction: "The wires were brown, blue, and green." The reason for the final serial comma is to prevent the last two elements from being confused as a unit. Consider its utility in this sentence: "The author would like to thank her parents, Sinéad O'Connor and Pope John-Paul II." See serial comma for further discussion.

 * So at that time, my statement was correct; thanks for calling this change to my attention! I guess I'll have to wade into this debate because I feel quite strongly that Strunk & White got it right (in their call for always including the final comma).

 * Atlant 22:42, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting. I feel the other way, as I've said before (except in cases where including the comma clearly avoids an ambiguity), but on the whole I take a fairly pragmatic view that it's largely a British/American split, and tend to treat it in much the same way as artefact/artifact and leave the style as the original author wrote it. Carry on changing my style if you like, but I see no need to use the commaless style to begin with. I know Oxford use the comma here in Britain, but they're in a minority in this country, just as they are in preferring the -ize suffix; the vast majority of Britons (including me) use -ise. Loganberry 23:11, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I know Oxford use the comma...

 * And I was just about to say...

 * "But don't you guys own Oxford?" :-)

 * Atlant 23:41, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Re: Apple Cinema Display
There are consumer video cards with Dual Link DVI ports now? I thought you had to get a multi-grand workstation card like a Quadro 4000. What changed?

 * Even at the introduction of the 30 inch Cinema display, Apple was selling the Nvidia GeForce 6800 Ultra DDL Video Card "loose-piece" for about US$600, so at that moment, there was certainly a "consumer" card available that could be purchased by anyone at a reasonable price. Now, there appear to be quite a few possible cards from both Nvidia and ATI, although a lot of the dual-link cards still seem to be packaged as "Macintosh" editions.

 * But you're starting to have lots of choices, for example, and the Apple Store is now selling the (easier to use, single-slot) ATI X800XT at US$500. Also, it isn't just the Apple dislay that uses multiple links. That monster IBM 200 dpi display also needs them if you expect to use a refresh rate gigher than a dozen Hertz or so.

 * I knew about those since WWDC 2004. I meant for PC's, because I didn't think the PC versions had it.  —RadRafe | t 23:22, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know if this is true, but I've been told that the "Mac" versions of many of these cards differ only in that they contain the Open Firmware support that's missing from the PC versions of the cards so they're "upwards compatible" from the PC versions. This also makes the Mac versions (of at least some PCI cards) compatible with Sun Microsystems systems running Solaris.

 * Atlant 23:49, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * (By the way, dual-link capability on the external DVI port is now standard on the new 17" PowerBook and an inexpensive option on the 15" model!)

 * Atlant 11:57, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

HP-35 batteries
Are you sure about the HP-35 battery pack? I've long since discarded mine, but I'm pretty sure it was wholly proprietary and not 3 AA batteries in a pack. (Later calculators such as the HP-33C did use such a pack and the batteries are indeed user-replaceable even though HP wouldn't come out and say so.) Do you still have a 35's battery pack around for verification? - Rlw 13:29, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Almost certain; my disassembled HP-35 battery pack is sitting in the bag along with my disassembled HP-35. I haven't taken a dial caliper to the cells, but they sure look like "AA" cells, just with welded tabs to form the connections within the pack (and the last two tabs "extend" out to form the gold-plated contacts of the battery pack). By the way, 'got a circuit schematic for the HP-35's internal power converter? That's what's broken in this calculator. But my '55 still works fine, dead batteries aside. :-)

 * Atlant 13:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm sure your eye is good enough and calipers ain't needed. The fact that I bought my 35 new as a college sophomore reveals I'm an old guy with fading memory. But I didn't think AA NiCd cells even existed back in '72. Sorry, no schematics. My 35 still runs fine off AC power, and I've replaced the dead cells in my 33C (still my favorite calculator), no problem. I RPN! - Rlw 14:35, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

MoS
I'd like to remind you that WP:MOS clearly states that it is not required to be followed. I'm currently calling for scratching the bit we've had a mini-revert war over on Electrical wiring (UK). It was unilaterally added by a user and I find no support of it through discussion. Cburnett 06:51, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * And the coolest thing about the MoS is that, like New England weather, it changes all the time! So if you read what it said a month ago (and perhaps it was "all text shall be set in black type") and you come back today, some PoV pusher has made it read "all type shall be set in Fuschia". So we'll just wait a while before we decide whether any given style is good or bad.

 * Atlant 13:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

electrical wiring UK
Hi, nice to see someone taking an interest in what I have been doing. I started making some alterations to the page but it became clear that there is quite a bit of stuff on different pages which is relevant and not referenced or integrated. Also saw plugwash had been taking an interest. Apart from your link to fuses, he has a link on circuit breakers. Gave up in view of the hour. will get back to it.

 * Thanks!

 * Atlant 13:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

OS/360
Hey man :) OS/360 *itself* was lightyears ahead of anything at the time. OS/360 as a software engineering project, was horribly late and out of budget due to the points that Brooks made. That's why I tagged it with Category: Software engineering disasters. Maybe we should make an explicit mention in the article? what do you think? Peace! Project2501a 07:11, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand what you're saying about it being way over budget and late, and Brooks clearly formulated a lot of his thinking as a result of his experience leading that project. But when I looked at what was actually currently included in the category of Category:Software engineering disasters, it seemed to me that OS/360 isn't really eligible for inclusion yet. There are a *LOT* of far-bigger software disasters than OS/360 that haven't made the "cut" yet. Denver International Airport comes to mind; at least OS/360 shipped. At DIA, after their initial design crashed and burned, they basically scaled it down to half its size and decommited features all over the place; what eventually was brought up was nothing like the oeiginal plan. And there are plenty of other disasters that ought to be listed long before OS/360.

 * I'll start trying to think of some and, if I get a chance, check several books. (Ed Yourdon's Death March will be one, but I have others.) Once the category starts showing some meat, then it might be

 * Thanks for writing!

 * Atlant 11:12, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your fine work, my error, etc.
Hi, let me start out by saying i've now sampled your dedicated editing, and find it wise and careful.

And i'll continue by making sure you realize that my overkill response on Talk:BASF reflected my mistaken assumption that you had been rv-warring against both User:Christopherlin and some IPs, and that it'd take firmness and thoroughness to rein you in. Far from the truth!

And it's embarrassing to go off half-cocked as i did, making assumptions too early.

I will offer you my observation that it's wise to limit the term "revert" to instances of using either the admins' roll-back button, or a save (without having edited it, and in defiance of the "editing an out of date page warning") of an old "revision" that you reach via the Page-history tool. Calling it an "rv" when you have merely tried to edit the old version of a passage back in can (if you make any mistake) at best confuse others who later read the history, and at worst create (however briefly) the appearance that you are using the summary "rv ...." to camouflage stealthy vandalism.

I particularly noted some "Swept Away ..." edits you did, including the lk-via-cmt to a talk page. Do you think it'd be justified to make Swept Away the title of what you so deftly called "the real" one, with a Top-of-Page Dab lk'g to (probably) Swept Away (2002)? The full title of the original is so seldom used (i slightly dread being asked to reproduce it!) that i think the two-word title belongs to the original. (At a glance, i'm pretty sure [Always knock on wood!] that the move won't even require deletion of an obstructing redirect.) What sayest thou?

--Jerzy·t 1 July 2005 17:48 (UTC)

 * No worries -- Thank you for writing! Like any internaut, my first instinct was to "blast back" but I've been around that loop more than once in my youth so I instead gave a lot of thought how best to respond to you, finally deciding that I just caught you on a bad day and I shouldn't respond at all. Then I saw your comment associated with your "dummy edit" and already felt a lot better about things. And here you are confirming that!

 * I think your advice about the use of the term "revert" is good; sometimes I'll revert someone explaining that "the other version was better/more clear/etc." but perhaps I shouldn't be using the word "revert" at all in that case.

 * With regard to Swept Away versus Swept Away by an Unusual Destiny in the Blue Sea of August, yes, I thought exactly what you thought: Swept Away (2002), but:
 * I figured I'd caused enough chaos for one day and I'd let the dust settle from all the earlier edits. (I wondered if my tweaks against SA2002 would provoke a response, but I'm weak and simply couldn't resist making some of them.)
 * Also, my watchlist has gotten caught in the new "Wikimedia 1.5 won't update watchlists" bug so it's a lot harder for me to see right now how people are responding to edits I make; I sure hope they fix that bug soon!

 * If things do settle out okay and if you don't beat me too it, I'll probably make the re-arrangement that you've proposed. There are only about a dozen "Madonna-related" links from the current SA2002 page so it wouldn't be too messy to do the switch.

 * Thanks again for writing -- you've made me feel a lot better and I really appreciate you having taken the time!

 * Atlant 1 July 2005 19:58 (UTC)

 * Swept Away (2002): Done (well, in process at this instant, I just reached this Wikilink, so done Real-Soon-Now!).

 * Atlant 5 July 2005 16:39 (UTC)

Wrong way Hoffman
Hi, noticed your change to SF-Oakland bay bridge. I've been chatting about this with User:Calton. I suspect that there are two scenes where he is driving on the top roadway of the bridge, once towards SF and once towards Berkeley. I haven't found any definitive citations, and I haven't seen the film in years. -- Samuel Wantman 7 July 2005 20:26 (UTC)

There's one shot -- what either of you "suspect" has nothing to do with whether it's true. Instead of vague suspicions, how about some documented proof BEFORE making an assertion? --Calton | Talk 8 July 2005 00:35 (UTC)

 * Would you two please conduct what's starting to sound like a brawl somewhere else besides my personal discussion page?

 * Atlant 8 July 2005 12:26 (UTC)

Lumens per watt
Hello.

Over on the Lighting page, you recently reverted an anonymous user's claim that fluorescent lighting systems can achieve better than 100 lumens per watt. My interest in lighting systems is mostly through the Light pollution aspect, and I'm not a lighting engineer. There are definitely sources around that claim that level of efficiency, though.

One that comes to mind is the International Dark Sky Association -- at least one of their information sheets (over here) claims that HPS, Fluorescent and LPS lights can all do better than 100 lumens per watt... with some Fluorescent lights apparently being able to get 600 lumens per watt.

Is it the sort of citation that would satisfy you? Izogi 23:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That last bit (600 L/W) is patent nonsense, so I'd worry about citing any source that claimed that. :-) The maximum theoretical efficiency of an optimally-colored monochromatic light source (at 555 nm so "greenish-yellow") is ~683 lumens/watt and the maximum efficiency of "White" light is somewhere around 200 L/W depending on the CRI that you're willing to accept. Google for "theoretical-maximum lumens watt" for a lot of references, many of which aren't HTML unfortunately, but here's one very good .PDF link: . It contains a graphic that clearly explains how luminous efficiency relates to wavelength and another that shows common efficiency ranges (with full-sized and U-tube fluorescents topping out below 100 L/W and compact fluorescents topping out at about 55 L/W).

 * But if a reputable vendor, scientific report, or trade study claims a production fluorescent lamp with >100 L/W, that would satisfy me just fine.

 * Thanks for writing!

 * Atlant 11:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments -- you've just given me another reason to be quite skeptical of the IDA's resources. I know they have the best intentions and I agree with what they promote in principle, but I've found reasons to be cautious of some of their resources in the last few years.  (Not clearly dated, no clear references or sources cited, mixing good objective information with things like poetry and people's rants, and now this.)

 * Anyway, I'll re-visit this if I come across any sources that might confirm it more clearly. Much appreciated.

 * Izogi 21:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Dashes
I'm not going to bother reverting again, but note that there's more than one standard for the use of dashes; the one that I'= (and many other people) have always used reserves em-rules for setting of or introducing a separate thought (something like, but not exactly, a colon), while en-rules are used as parentheses. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

AIX
If you insist on having AIX in Comparison of operating systems, please at least add it to ALL the tables, instead of just 1 of 3. --K. Sperling 11:34, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't add it, I merely reverted it back in. But any of us could at least add the placeholder to the remaining tables while we wait for an AIX expert to come along and supply the data.

 * Atlant 11:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * But any of us could at least add the placeholder to the remaining tables

 * Thank you for doing so!

 * Atlant 12:12, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

School vacation
. Yes, true. But not all of us are like that! Honestly! Cheers, smoddy 16:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * But not all of us are like that! Honestly!

 * I have complete confidence you're correct! Thanks for being a Wikipedian!

 * Atlant 16:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Color theory revert
My Color Theory links that I had added had been erased/reverted, and the explanation that you had given was that you were reverting deletions. I don't recall deleting anything, only adding links (though they had no summary; I figured it would have been obvious that I was simply adding links). Is there a reason my edits were reverted?

24.2.47.248

 * You're correct; based on your deleting your own HSV color space link, I completely misconstrued what was going on. I've reverted your edits back in.

 * Thanks for catching my error!

 * Atlant 23:34, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atlant/Archive 1


text:
User:Philip Hazelden

I only put something here because red links when I sign look ugly.

title: User:Philip Hazelden


text:
Omar Pasha

Omer Pasha, also known as Omer Pasha Latas (Ömer Lütfi Paşa, Омер-паша Латас; 24 September 1806 – 18 April 1871) was an Ottoman field marshal and governor. Born in Austrian territory to Serbian Orthodox Christian parents, he initially served as an Austrian soldier. When faced with charges of embezzlement, he fled to Ottoman Bosnia in 1823 and converted to Islam; he then joined the Ottoman army, where he quickly rose through the ranks. Latas crushed several rebellions throughout the Ottoman Empire, and served as a commander in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, where he defeated the Russians at Silistra (1854), regaining Bucharest and occupying the Danubian Principalities. He also won notable victories at Oltenița, Eupatoria (1855) and participated in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). As a commander Omer Pasha was noted especially for his excellent strategic skills.

Early life
Omer Pasha was born Mihajlo Latas (Михајло Латас), an ethnic Serb and Orthodox Christian, in Janja Gora, at the time part of the Croatian Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire (in modern Plaški, Lika region, Croatia).

His father Petar served in the Austrian Army and in time was appointed lieutenant-governor of the Ogulin district. His uncle was an Orthodox priest. Mihajlo was an intelligent and lively child, if rather sickly. He developed a passion for the military, and on leaving school in Gospić, he went to a military school in Zadar and was accepted as a cadet in his father's Ogulin Regiment on the frontier. He had beautiful handwriting, and was assigned to clerical duties. There he might have languished, if his father had not upset someone along the corruption line and suffered a conviction for misappropriation. Mihajlo escaped charges of embezzlement, having stolen 180 florins from the military safe, by fleeing to the Ottoman Bosnia Eyalet in 1823.

Military career
After escaping to Bosnia and living rough for a time, Latas was offered, in 1828, a position as tutor to the children of a Turkish merchant, on condition that he converted from Christianity to Islam and was circumcised. After his conversion he took the new name Omer Lutfi. A necessary condition to fulfill in order to get off the streets, it was a huge cultural step that led naturally to his decision that his future lay with the Ottomans. The big break came for the newly named Omer when the family moved to Constantinople. By astute networking and doubtless exploiting his curiosity value as a European ex-military man, he was appointed lecturer at the Turkish Military Academy. With this exposure he shone enough to be snapped up as aide-de-camp to the Polish–Ottoman General Wojciech Chrzanowski, who was engaged in the re-organization of the Ottoman Army after the defeat of the Janissaries.

Now a major, Omer completed a mapping assignment in Bulgaria and the Danube territories, gaining detailed knowledge of the ground which was to serve him well in the future. Chrzanowski also milked his ideas for re-organizing the Army; in return he smoothed the way for Omar's introduction into Turkish society. He thereby met and married a rich heiress Adviye Hanım (a daughter of Çerkes Hafız Mehmed Pasha), the start of his meteoric rise in Ottoman military circles. There is no doubt that Omar's marriage opened all the right doors for him, but equally no doubt that he proved equal to the challenges of high command which resulted. He became writing-master to the Ottoman heir, Abd-ul-Medjid, and on the succession of the latter in 1839 was made a colonel. He was shortly afterwards appointed Military Governor of Constantinople. His only daughter, Saffet Hanım, married Mustafa Celalettin Pasha.

In 1840-41 he led a successful expedition to quell a revolt in Syria, and in 1842 was Governor of the Tripoli Eyalet (Lebanon). He won distinction in suppressing the Albanian Revolt of 1843–44, led by local Muslim aristocrats. There followed the expedition to Kurdistan following the Massacres of Badr Khan (1846). After the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Omar Pasha was put in command of the Ottoman forces in Moldavia and Wallachia. His firm and effective handling of a powder keg situation involving potential confrontation with the Russian and Austrian armies demonstrated that he possessed considerable diplomatic skills.

There followed his command in Bosnia (1850) where he executed Ali-paša Rizvanbegović of Stolac, who had defended Ottoman power during an earlier revolt but then started to build up an independent power base. Omer Pasha executed, plundered and abolished the respected historical aristocracy of the Muslim faith, in the interest of buttressing Ottoman central power. As the Governor of Bosnia, and leading Turkish official in the region he invaded neighbouring Montenegro. The Austrians intervened forcing The Porte to withdraw their representative to Constantinople; it was a humiliating climbdown proving that Turkish administrative control was ebbing away in the face of the Great Powers.

This was followed by a command in the Principality of Montenegro (1852). His chief services were rendered when the Crimean War broke out. In 1853 he successfully defended Calafat. Omar made a powerful stand at Oltenitsa in southern Romania defeating (according to Turkish accounts) a numerically-superior Russian force under the indecisive General Pyotr Dannenburg. He entered Bucharest. The Turkish ultimatum was ignored, and so on 27 October 1853 Omer Pasha marched his army over the River Danube creating what became known as The Eastern Crisis. The Great Powers called halt to the impending conflict dragging the two combatants Russia and Turkey to the negotiating table. By early December a meeting was fixed for London, and with Pasha one of the representatives. But the naval battle called the 'massacre of Sinope' put an end to any hope of peace.

In January 1854 he successfully persuaded Lord Raglan to keep his word by reinforcing Varna, while the French remained deeply sceptical of Omar's strategy to protect the Turkish army's flank on the Lower Danube. His courageous defence of the garrison at Silistria bought invaluable time for the reinforcing allied armies that were arriving all the time, to get organised. Omar's leadership showed the Russians their loss of control over the Black Sea must cause a compelling reason for commencement of a Russian withdrawal. Despite later attempts by Raglan to get the Turks to launch an attack over the River Pruth with direct intention to provoke Austria into a defensive counter-attack, neither Vienna nor Pasha's forces would be drawn into such a cataclysm. His firm management of the British in Constantinople helped to stabilise the front in Crimea after January 1855 when finally transports arrived to ferry Turkish troops to Crimea. Turkish troops had just arrived from Wallachia when 19,000 Russians under Lt-Gen. Khrulev decided to attack the garrison at Yevpatoria. The assault on 17 February 1855 was a fiasco in which 800 Russians were killed by superior Turkish artillery fire supported by the Royal Navy.

A later achievement was his capture of Cetinje, Montenegro, during the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62), considered a difficult feat.

A clear and precise military thinker, Omer Pasha took bold decisions and relentlessly followed them through. Although he had a reputation as a strict and ruthless disciplinarian, he was revered and respected by his men. A true professional, while the other allies struggled to come to grips with local campaigning conditions, he had seen it all too often before. Perhaps for that reason the allied troops found his expression cold and uninterested when seated on his horse plodding round their lines.

Timeline

 * Tutor in the household of Hussein Pasha, Governor of Widdin.
 * 1834 - Writing master in a military school at Constantinople.
 * Instructor to Abdulmejid, heir apparent to the throne.
 * 1842 - Appointed Governor of Lebanon.
 * 1843 - Repressed insurrection in Albania.
 * 1846 - Repressed insurrection in Kurdistan.
 * 1850 - executed Ali-paša Rizvanbegović of Stolac, plundered and abolished the Bosniak elite
 * 1852 - defeated the Montenegrins under Prince Danilo
 * 1853 - Defeated the Russians at Olteniţa.
 * 1854 - Successfully defended Silistria against Russians, gaining possession of Bucharest.
 * 1855 - Repulsed the Russians at Yevpatoria, Crimea and captured Sukhumi in Caucasus.
 * 1857-59 - Governor of Baghdad.
 * 1862 - Defeated Montenegrin army and took possession of Cetinje.
 * 1864 - Made field marshal.
 * 1867 - Fought rebels in Crete.
 * 1869 - Made Minister of war.

title: Omar Pasha


text:
Banking in Argentina

During the 1990s, marked by President Carlos Menem's policies of liberalization, Argentina's financial system saw a significant consolidation and strengthening, in large part through foreign investment. In addition to high reserve and capital-adequacy requirements, the Central Bank of Argentina maintained a repurchase agreement with a consortium of international banks to provide a $6,000 million safety net in the event of a liquidity squeeze.

Mergers and acquisitions, which decreased the number of Argentine banks from nearly 300 in 1990 to fewer than 100 at the end of 1999, were expected to continue and lead to improvements in management and efficiency. The foreign currency reserves of the Central Bank stood at nearly $25,000 million in December 1999, or over 9 months of imports. However, these reserves were used to back the monetary liabilities of the Central Bank and were not available for conducting monetary policy; by the terms of the Convertibility Law, each Argentine peso in circulation was to be matched by one American dollar in the reserves.

Despite the recession (started in 1998 after the international economic shock due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis), bank deposits continued to grow until 2001, although at a much slower rate than in previous years. Total deposits in the banking system stood at nearly $80,000 million by mid-2001 — more than twice that of June 1995, when deposits hit a low of $37,000 million. Foreign-controlled banks held over 40% of total deposits, and six of the top 10 commercial banks were in the hands of American and European financial institutions.

Still, the level of bank utilization in Argentina remained relatively low, and bank intermediation represented only about 30% of the GDP — a much lower ratio than those of Chile, Mexico, or Brazil, for example.

Nevertheless, the banking system suffered a fatal flaw: it lent dollars and took deposits in Argentine pesos (nominally argendollars). By early 2001, deposits had reached $87,000 million, but when the economy took a second dip, capital started flowing out of Argentina, and deposits started to move away from the weaker players of the financial system, namely provincial banks and large local banks.

This eventually led to a run on all banks in the system, a freeze in deposits, and a currency devaluation, which included an asymmetric devaluation of loans and deposits. Banks were forced to collect their dollar loans at a conversion rate much lower than the rate applied to its dollar deposits. This made many banks technically bankrupt and destroyed the confidence of the public in the financial system, which was held responsible for many of the economic ills of the country.

Deposits fell to less than $40,000 million by the end of 2002. Foreign banks fled the country during 2002 and 2003, selling their operations to smaller local banks at a fraction of their original investments. Only a few large foreign banks decided to stay.

In 2004, the government compensated the banks for the impact of the asymmetric devaluation of deposits and loans through a series of "compensation bonds".

Currently banks are again gaining deposits, which amounted to more than $44,000 million by February 2006, and have been increasing their lending portfolios. Their operations are leaner, due to the massive layoffs of 2002, that reduced their working force by more than 30%. However, the Argentine population still remains extremely distrustful and wary of taking long-term loans, and rates are high in real terms given Argentina's low rates of inflation. Banking penetration remains low and banking costs high.

The Argentine banking sector is currently dominated by state-owned banks, with the largest being the Banco de la Nación Argentina. In 2005, for the first time since the 2001 collapse, the banking system made a profit, according to a Central Bank report released in February 2006. The total profits amounted to 1,958 million pesos (more than $650 million).

title: Banking in Argentina


text:
Anchor Brewhouse

The Anchor Brewhouse was a small brewery by Shad Thames in Horsleydown, near Tower Bridge in London. The brewhouse was bought in December 1787 by John Courage. In 1955, the Courage Brewery merged with the nearby Anchor Brewery, then owned by Barclay, Perkins & Co Ltd, to become Courage, Barclay & Co Ltd.

The Anchor Brewhouse's building still stands, although all brewing ceased in 1981: Boilerhouse, Brewhouse and Malt Mill still show the different functions in the process of beer making. The building is an expression of historical continuity, for brewing on the river has always been an important features of London's Thames-side. Brewing in Southwark is mentioned by Chaucer, and in Horselydown by Shakespeare.

The building was restored and reconstructed in 1985-1989 and converted into luxury residential flats. It is situated in the Tower Bridge Conservation Area in Butler's Wharf. The Anchor Tap pub that was the brewery tap is still open nearby. The pub is run by Samuel Smith Old Brewery.

Awards

 * Europa Nostra Diploma of Merit 1989
 * Civic Trust Award 1991

title: Anchor Brewhouse


text: Talk:Isle of Bute

title: Talk:Isle of Bute


text:
Water Sign

Water Sign may refer to:

 * Water sign, a division of the astrological elements
 * Water Sign (Jeff Lorber album), 1979
 * Water Sign (Chris Rea album), 1983

title: Water Sign


text:
User talk:Sneakysnaga

= Disaster = Please see comments page for the Disaster article. Revmachine21 12:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sneakysnaga


text:
Kazakhstan Premier League

The Kazakhstan Professional Football League (Қазақстан Премьер Лигасы, Qazaqstan Premier Ligasy), commonly referred to as Kazakh Premier League  or simply Premier League, is the top division of football in Kazakhstan. The League is controlled by the Football Federation of Kazakhstan and was set up in 1992. The League is fed into by the First Division and starts in spring and finishes in late autumn because of the low temperatures in the winter, with each championship corresponding to a calendar year. The majority of matches have been played at weekends in recent seasons.

Name changes

 * Top Division (1992–2001)
 * Super League (2002–2007)
 * Premier League (2008–present)

Current clubs
The following teams are competing in the 2024 season:

Soviet winners of republican level
Note that some teams such as Kairat Almaty participated in the upper leagues of the Soviet annual football competition. There was no solidly established independent Kazakh championship and the republican winner was conditionally picked by the Football Federation of Kazakh SSR. Since 1936 there was taken places republican football competition among sports societies and agencies and later among "collectives of physical culture" (CPhC → KFK). Since 1980 champion of the Soviet Kazakhstan was also awarded to "teams of masters" (professional teams) competing in football competitions of the Soviet Second League.

 * 1936 : Alma-Aty City
 * 1937 : Dinamo Alma-Ata
 * 1938 : Dinamo Alma-Ata
 * 1939–45 : No Championship
 * 1946 : Dinamo Alma-Ata
 * 1947 : Lokomotiv Jambul
 * 1948 : Trudovye Rezervy Alma-Ata
 * 1949 : Dinamo Karaganda
 * 1950 : Alma-Aty City
 * 1951 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1952 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1953 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1954 : Dinamo Alma-Ata
 * 1955 : Dinamo Alma-Ata
 * 1956 : Alma-Aty City
 * 1957 : Stroitel Alma-Ata
 * 1958 : Spartak Alma-Ata
 * 1959 : Spartak Alma-Ata
 * 1960 : Yenbek Guryev

 * 1961 : Avangard Petropavlovsk
 * 1962 : ADK Alma-Ata
 * 1963 : Tselinnik Semipalatinsk
 * 1964 : ADK Alma-Ata
 * 1965 : ADK Alma-Ata
 * 1966 : Aktyubinets Aktyubinsk
 * 1967 : Torpedo Kokchetav
 * 1968 : Gornyak Jezkangan
 * 1969 : Shakhtyor Saran'
 * 1970 : Stroitel Temir-Tau
 * 1971 : Yenbek Jezkangan
 * 1972 : Traktor Pavlodar
 * 1973 : Yenbek Jezkangan
 * 1974 : Gornyak Nikol'sky
 * 1975 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1976 : Khimik Stepnogorsk
 * 1977 : Khimik Stepnogorsk
 * 1978 : Trud Shevchenko
 * 1979 : Khimik Stepnogorsk

Zone 7 (3rd level, included teams from other republics) Zone 8 (3rd level) Zone 8 (4th level)
 * 1980 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1981 : Burevestnik Kustanay
 * 1980 : Traktor Pavlodar
 * 1981 : Aktyubinets Aktyubinsk
 * 1982 : Shakhtyor Karaganda
 * 1983 : Shakhtyor Karaganda
 * 1984 : Tselinnik Tselinograd
 * 1985 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1986 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1987 : Meliorator Chimkent
 * 1988 : Traktor Pavlodar
 * 1989 : Traktor Pavlodar
 * 1990 : Vostok Ust'-Kamenogorsk
 * 1991 : Aktyubinets Aktyubinsk

Sources:
 * Kazakhstan – List of Champions. RSSSF
 * The Kazakh SSR Football Championship (Чемпионат Казахской ССР). Footballfacts.
 * The Kazakh SSR Football Championship D2 (Чемпионат Казахской ССР D2). Footballfacts.

Best teams in republican competitions

 * 7 – Meliorator Chimkent (1951, 1952, 1953, 1975, 1985, 1986, 1987)

 * 5 – Dinamo Alma-Ata (1937, 1938, 1946, 1954, 1955)

 * 4 – Traktor Pavlodar (1972, 1980, 1988, 1989)

 * 2 – Alma-Ata {collective city team} (1936, 1950, 1956)
 * 3 – ADK Alma-Ata (1962, 1964, 1965)
 * 3 – Khimik Stepnogorsk (1976, 1977, 1979)
 * 3 – Yenbek Jezkangan (1968, 1971, 1973)
 * 3 – Aktyubinets Aktyubinsk (1966, 1981, 1991)

 * 2 – Spartak Alma-Ata (1958, 1959)
 * 2 – Shakhter Karaganda (1982, 1983)

 * 1 – Lokomotiv Jambul (1947)
 * 1 – Trudovye Rezervy Alma-Ata (1948)
 * 1 – Dinamo Karaganda (1949)
 * 1 – Stroitel Alma-Ata (1957)
 * 1 – Yenbek Guryev (1960)
 * 1 – Avangard Petropavlovsk (1961)
 * 1 – Tselinnik Semipalatinsk (1963)
 * 1 – Torpedo Kokchetav (1967)
 * 1 – Shakhter Saran (1969)
 * 1 – Stroitel Temir-Tau (1970)
 * 1 – Gornyak Nikol'sky (1974)
 * 1 – Trud Shevchenko (1978)
 * 1 – Tselinnik Tselinograd (1984)
 * 1 – Vostok Ust'-Kamenogorsk (1990)

Kazakhstan League Seasons
Notes:
 * Historical names shown in brackets according to the season.
 * Best Player Award by FFK (1992–2005, 2008, 2010–) and GOAL Journal (2006–2007, 2009).

List of champions

 * Notes:
 * Teams in bold currently compete in Premier League.
 * Italics identifies either defunct or teams that lost professional status.

League participation
Note: The tallies below include up to the 2024 season. Teams denoted in bold are current participants.

 * 33 seasons: Shakhter
 * 31 seasons: Kairat, Tobol
 * 29 seasons: Aktobe
 * 28 seasons: Irtysh, Taraz
 * 26 seasons: Kaisar, Zhetysu
 * 25 seasons: Ordabasy
 * 23 seasons: Atyrau, Okzhetpes
 * 20 seasons: Vostok
 * 18 seasons: Kyzylzhar, Zhenis
 * 16 seasons: Astana
 * 15 seasons: Ekibastuzets
 * 14 seasons: Akzhayik, Elimai
 * 9 seasons: Caspiy, Zhiger
 * 8 seasons: Shakhter-Bulat
 * 5 seasons: Alma-Ata, Tomiris
 * 4 seasons: CSKA Almaty, Gornyak, Yassy
 * 3 seasons: Turan, Ulytau
 * 2 seasons: Aksu, Azhar, Ekibastuz, Maktaaral
 * 1 season: Arman, BGS, Dinamo Alma-Ata, Dostyk, Kazakhmys, Megasport, Namys Almaty, Nasha Kampaniya, Sunkar, Yelimay

Soviet Top League participation

 * 24 seasons: Kairat

title: Kazakhstan Premier League


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text:
Foster Fitzsimmons

Foster Fitz-Simons (born Albert Foster Fitz-Simons on 30 June 1912 in Atlanta, Georgia; died 16 April 1991 in Raleigh, North Carolina) was an American dancer, novelist, and teacher. He was a member of the first all-male dance company in the US, Ted Shawn's Male Dancers. He left Ted Shawn's company to form a partnership with Miriam Winslow; they performed together for many years, appearing with the Boston, Detroit, and Toronto Symphonies as well as at the Guild Theatre in New York City and at the Rainbow Room at Rockefeller Center. They toured South America for five months in 1941.

Fitz-Simons' most notable work as a writer was his 1949 novel Bright Leaf (loosely based on the Duke family and their place in the North Carolina tobacco industry), which became a film starring Gary Cooper and Lauren Bacall in 1950. Fitz-Simons taught for many years in the Department Dramatic Art at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

title: Foster Fitzsimmons