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Central Gardens, Memphis

Central Gardens is a historic Memphis neighborhood in Midtown.

Geography
Central Gardens is bound by York Avenue on the south, Eastmoreland Avenue on the north, Rembert Street on the east, and Cleveland Street on the west.

History
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Central Gardens was built primarily between 1850 and 1930 and originally served as home to the city's wealthy middle-class residents who moved east during the heyday of the cotton boom along with the expanding city limits, which by 1900 shifted to East Parkway in what is now Midtown. Originally part of the estate of Solomon Rozelle, who had settled in Shelby County in 1815 on 1,600 acres of then wooded wilderness, the land that became Central Gardens was inherited by Rozelle's children upon his death in 1840, according to historian Barbara B. Viser. Records from 1853 document that C. W. Rozelle owned 30 acres of what became Central Gardens. Also in 1853, Judge William Roland Harris bought 40 acres from B. L. Rozelle and built his home, Clanlo Hall, on what is now Central Avenue. Clanlo and the Rozelle House on Harbert Avenue, both c. 1853, were the only two homes in the neighborhood at the time. They are the oldest homes in Central Gardens. Unlike the nearby Annesdale neighborhood, which was created as a smaller, single subdivision, Central Gardens is made up of several subdivisions, such as Merriman Park, the Harbert Place subdivision, Bonnie Crest, as well as several large estates that were subdivided.

Viser identifies 1900-1929 as the "boom years" for Central Gardens, the period in which it was "the newest, most prestigious neighborhood" in Memphis, with homes ranging from "elegant mansions to Queen Anne cottages and cozy bungalows." Streetcars provided convenient transportation to downtown Memphis. Central Gardens has been home to Mayor E. H. Crump, Clarence Saunders, Mayor Walter Chandler, Memphis grocer Frank Montesi Sr., photographer William Eggleston, Judge Julia Smith Gibbons, U.S. Representative Steve Cohen, entrepreneur Abe Plough, preservationist June West, and Crissy Haslam, wife of Tennessee governor Bill Haslam.

Churches, schools, and libraries
Grace-St. Luke's Episcopal Church (constructed in 1912 ) and the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (1938) are located in Central Gardens. Both the church and the cathedral have adjoining schools. Central Christian Church, located at the corner of South McLean since 1924, is part of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) denomination.

Grace-St. Luke's Episcopal School, a coeducational parish day school established in 1947, serves over 500 students in PK - 8th grade. Known as GSL, the school is located at the corner of Belvedere Boulevard and Peabody Avenue.

Immaculate Conception Cathedral School, located on Central Avenue, is a coeducational elementary school and an all-girls college preparatory high school. Idlewild Elementary School is part of the Memphis City Schools system.

Just outside Central Gardens is Central High School, a public high school (grades 9-12) in Memphis, Tennessee. It was founded in 1897 and is considered the first high school in Memphis; Central is often called "THE" High School. It is a part of the Memphis City Schools Optional School system where it is recognized as a school specializing in college preparatory programs. Central High's building is on the List of Registered Historic Places in Tennessee.

From 1955 until 2001, the main library of the Memphis Public Library System was located in Central Gardens at the corner of Peabody and South McLean.

Architecture
Central Gardens, composed of approximately 83 blocks, 1,540 structures and 511 acre in Midtown Memphis, has an architectural style that is highly eclectic. It reflects the prevailing tastes among early twentieth century middle class Memphians, and the best in urban residential community planning and architecture of that period. The wide variety of architectural styles works well because of uniform setbacks, cornice heights and massing, and the characteristic use of such details as front porches, bay window, porte-cochère, and leaded glass. The building materials include brick, limestone, stucco, clapboard, and wooden shingles, with many houses constructed of a mix of two or three of these. Workmanship is of a consistently high quality, and the detailing is extremely rich and well-conceived. With only a few exceptions, the architecture is more "mid-American" than "Southern"; according to architectural historian Vincent Scully, Central Gardens houses bear a closer resemblance to those in Oak Park, Illinois rather than to those in Natchez, Mississippi.

The most prevalent architectural forms found in the district are the American foursquare and bungalow. Principal styles include Colonial Revival, American Craftsman, Eclectic, Mediterranean Revival, Mission, Neoclassical, Prairie School, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, and Shingle style. While this architecture is fairly common, the superior quality of design, workmanship, materials and details is significantly uncommon. The mix of architectural styles contained in a typical district block achieves a very strong compositional harmony because virtually all houses adhere to the same rules of massing, scale, and cornice height setback and lot size.

Since 1967, the architecture and the stories behind selected homes in the district have been shared publicly each September during the neighborhood association's annual Central Gardens Home and Garden Tour. The tour is usually attended by more than 2,000 people.

Among the architects whose works are represented by homes in the district are
 * Neander M. Woods, who "may have been Memphis' most inventive architect of the first quarter of the 20th century,"
 * Mahan & Broadwell, who designed many of the Tudor and Italian homes on South McLean near Central,
 * Walk C. Jones Sr. and Max Furbinger, partners "from 1904 to 1935, the peak of Midtown's construction boom,"
 * J. Frazer Smith, whose own Peabody Avenue home reflected the same antebellum plantation design that inspired his history of Southern Architecture, White pillars: early life and architecture of the Lower Mississippi Valley country (1940) and
 * Francis Gassner, whose Harbert Avenue home's design reflected the Modernist International Style of the mid-twentieth century.

Historic preservation and annual home and garden tour
Central Gardens is one of Memphis' three historic conservation zones. The designation means that a property owner seeking a building permit for exterior work must receive a Certificate of Appropriateness (COA) from Memphis Landmarks Commission. Design Guidelines are available for all projects that require a COA.

The Commercial Appeal wrote the "inner-city neighborhood offers an elegant, inspiring reminder of how urban decay, middle-class flight and mind-numbing architecture don't have to rule the day. Central Gardens dazzled last week's home-tour crowd with its leafy green, walkable and surprisingly diverse urban landscape. You couldn't help but envy the people who live there. It's beautiful, well-maintained and 100 years old."

Arboretum status
Central Gardens was designated as a level 3 arboretum by the state of Tennessee in 2008 and recertified in December 2019. One of just two in Tennessee, it is the only level 3 arboretum in West Tennessee. The designation noted that "many of the trees are well over 80+ years and this arboretum has well over the 90 different species of trees needed to be considered a level 3."

"Since arboretums are usually found in a botanical garden or park, what makes the Central Gardens Arboretum so special is its neighborhood context," Ted Morton wrote. "Residents and visitors can see the trees in an urban setting, amid houses and streets and in ideal growing conditions." The status "officially recognizes the critical role trees play in defining the unique character and beauty of " Central Gardens.

title: Central Gardens, Memphis


text:
1921 Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prizes for 1921:

Journalism awards

 * Public Service:
 * The Boston Post, for its exposure of the operations of Charles Ponzi by a series of articles which finally led to his arrest.
 * Reporting:
 * Louis Seibold of New York World, for an interview with Woodrow Wilson.
 * Editorial Writing:
 * No award given. Jurors recommended the prize be given to William Peter Hamilton of The Wall Street Journal for two articles on "Our Envied Scrap Heap" and "Soviets and Feudalism", but the Advisory Board declined to make an award.

Letters and Drama Awards

 * Novel:
 * The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (Appleton)
 * Drama:
 * Miss Lulu Bett by Zona Gale (Appleton)
 * History:
 * The Victory at Sea by William Sowden Sims in collaboration with Burton J. Hendrick (Doubleday)
 * Biography or Autobiography:
 * The Americanization of Edward Bok by Edward Bok (Scriber)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1921 Pulitzer Prize


text: Category:People from Yamanashi Prefecture


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PortalPlayer

PortalPlayer, Inc., founded in 1999, was a fabless semiconductor company that supplied system-on-a-chip semiconductors, firmware and software for personal media players. The company handled semiconductor design and firmware development, while subcontracting the actual semiconductor manufacturing to merchant foundries.

It gained recognition as the company with which Apple contracted for development of the original iPod. The company went public with an IPO in November 2004 and traded on the NASDAQ under ticker symbol PLAY. Sales to Apple grew to 90% of the company's gross revenue, which ultimately hurt the company when Apple switched media processor chip vendors in its iPod lines.

On January 5, 2007, Nvidia Corporation announced that it had acquired PortalPlayer, Inc. for about $357 million.

PortalPlayer 5002
Dual ARM7TDMI cores with shared SRAM (3x 32KB banks). Errata in memory controller leads to halved data cache performance but fast SRAM. As the ARM7TDMI does not support cache coherency, individual ARM7TDMI cores do not have coherent views of DRAM. Custom logic is used to introduce coherency into the SRAM.

Used by the following devices:
 * iPod: Generations 1, 2 and 3

PortalPlayer 5003
System-on-a-chip containing two ARM7 CPU cores, each running at up to 90 MHz. Fixes 5002 cache bug greatly improving performance of DRAM.

Used by the following devices:
 * Rio Karma

PortalPlayer 5020
System-on-a-chip containing two ARM CPU cores, each running at 75 MHz. Expanded SRAM to 4 banks (128KB) using a crossbar style switch.

Used by the following devices:
 * iPod: Generation 4, iPod Photo, and first generation iPod Mini
 * Philips HDD100/120 (Unconfirmed)
 * Tatung Elio M310 (system/pp5020.mi4 contains the string "PP5020AF-05.11-TG01-11.40-TG01-11.40-DT" and "Copyright(c) 1999 - 2003 PortalPlayer, Inc.")
 * Virgin player 5GB
 * MSI Megaplayer 540, has firmware system/pp5020.mi4 including "PP5020AF..." string, in Germany it has been sold as Medion MD81034 by ALDI
 * iriver H10, all variations, including the 5GB, 6GB, and 20GB models
 * Edirol R-1 (Unconfirmed rumor on what chip but unit displays "Powered by PortalPlay Inc. 1999-2004"
 * M-AUDIO Microtrack ver.1 " string pp5020d-tf"
 * Olympus m:robe MR-100

PortalPlayer 5021C-TDF
Used by the following devices:
 * iPod: First generation iPod Nano and fifth generation iPod with video

PortalPlayer 5022
SRAM is no longer partitioned into fast and slower banks; all have uniform access speed.

Used by the following devices:
 * iPod: Second generation iPod Mini
 * Philips: GoGear HDD1630/HDD6320/HDD6330 > PP 5022 + codec Wolfson WM8731L

PortalPlayer 5024
PP5022 with integrated Austria Microsystems AS3514 DAC and power management chip.

Used by the following devices:
 * Sandisk Sansa e200 series
 * Philips GoGear SA9200

PortalPlayer APX
PortalPlayer's application processor series.

Used by:
 * Microsoft Zune HD
 * The current generation NVIDIA Tegra mobile processors

title: PortalPlayer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Song doctors

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Song doctors
Low information, one page links, cannot find anything significant about this in a basic Google search Donovan Ravenhull 23:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a very confused article, and manages to go from the '50s to garage in two sentences. I find about 170 unique Googles which suggest a narrowly used neologism. -Splash 00:34, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to wiktionary. Searching on "song doctor" turns up a handful of music producers; however, the concept will not merit an article, and the term sufficiently rare or specialized that a redirect would be overkill. -choster
 * Delete. per Splash. - BorgQueen 00:30, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Garyharken

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Amapola, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. Perhaps you would like to rewrite the article in your own words. For more information, take a look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Happy editing! Also, I am guessing that Image:AlopamaCover.jpg was also not cleared of copyright before posting here. On that image page you indicated the source as Amapola.Net, but that site is a redirect to an invalid URL. Please verify the source of the image and that it is in the public domain. Thanks!--Durin 23:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Semi-automated template substitution

 * This page was modified to semi-automatically substitute templates using Pathoschild's template list. // Rory 0 96 03:15, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:AmapolaWikipedia.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:AmapolaWikipedia.jpg, which you've attributed to Stephen Charles Woodward. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 21:27, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

File:Bobby2bmp.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Bobby2bmp.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 12:57, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Garyharken


text:
Hair care

Hair care or haircare is an overall term for hygiene and cosmetology involving the hair which grows from the human scalp, and to a lesser extent facial, pubic and other body hair. Hair care routines differ according to an individual's culture and the physical characteristics of one's hair. Hair may be colored, trimmed, shaved, plucked or otherwise removed with treatments such as waxing, sugaring and threading. Hair care services are offered in salons, barbershops and day spas, and products are available commercially for home use. Laser hair removal and electrolysis are also available, though these are provided (in the US) by licensed professionals in medical offices or speciality spas.

Biological processes and hygiene

Care of the hair and care of the scalp skin may appear separate, but are actually intertwined because hair grows from beneath the skin. The living parts of hair (hair follicle, hair root, root sheath and sebaceous gland) are beneath the skin, while the actual hair shaft which emerges (the cuticle which covers the cortex and medulla) has no living processes. Damage or changes made to the visible hair shaft cannot be repaired by a biological process, though much can be done to manage hair and ensure that the cuticle remains intact.

Scalp skin, just like any other skin on the body, must be kept healthy to ensure a healthy body and healthy hair production. If the scalp is cleaned regularly by those who have rough hair or have a hair-fall problem, it can result in loss of hair. However, not all scalp disorders are a result of bacterial infections. Some arise inexplicably, and often only the symptoms can be treated for management of the condition (example: dandruff). There are also bacteria that can affect the hair itself. Head lice is probably the most common hair and scalp ailment worldwide. Head lice can be removed with great attention to detail, and studies show it is not necessarily associated with poor hygiene. More recent studies reveal that head lice actually thrive in clean hair. In this way, hair washing as a term may be a bit misleading, as what is necessary in healthy hair production and maintenance is often simply cleaning the surface of the scalp skin, the way the skin all over the body requires cleaning for good hygiene.

The sebaceous glands in human skin produce sebum, which is composed primarily of fatty acids. Sebum acts to protect hair and skin, and can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin. Sebum contributes to the skin's slightly acidic natural pH somewhere between 5 and 6.8 on the pH spectrum. This oily substance gives hair moisture and shine as it travels naturally down the hair shaft, and serves as a protective substance by preventing the hair from drying out or absorbing excessive amounts of external substances. Even though sebum serves as a protective substance, too much of this oily substance can cause blockage around hair follicles. This blockage is usually from dandruff or even dead skin. As a result, "blocked or obstructed hair follicles" may prevent hair from producing. Sebum is also distributed down the hair shaft "mechanically" by brushing and combing. When sebum is present in excess, the roots of the hair can appear oily, greasy, and darker than normal, and the hair may stick together.

Hair cleaning
Washing hair removes excess sweat and oil, as well as unwanted products from the hair and scalp. Often hair is washed as part of a shower or bathing with shampoo, a specialized surfactant. Shampoos work by applying water and shampoo to the hair. The specific shampoo for oily or dry hair breaks the surface tension of the water, allowing the hair to become soaked. This is known as the wetting action. The wetting action is caused by the head of the shampoo molecule attracting the water to the hair shaft. Conversely, the tail of the shampoo molecule is attracted to the grease, dirt and oil on the hair shaft. The physical action of shampooing makes the grease and dirt become an emulsion that is then rinsed away with the water. This is known as the emulsifying action. Sulfate free shampoos are less harming on color treated hair than normal shampoos that contain sulfates. Sulfates strip away natural oils as well as hair dye. Sulfates are also responsible for the foaming effect of shampoos. Shampoos have a pH of between 4 & 6. Acidic shampoos are the most common type used and maintain or improve the condition of the hair as they do not swell the hairshaft and do not strip the natural oils.

Hairstyling equipment
Hairstyling equipment which helps in creating hairstyles include:

 * Hair dryer
 * Hair clip
 * Comb
 * Hair iron
 * Hair roller
 * Hair clipper
 * Hairbrush
 * Hairpin
 * Headband
 * Kanzashi
 * Ribbon
 * Hair tie
 * Scissors
 * Shower cap

Hair products
Cosmetics products used in creating and maintaining hairstyles include:

 * Hair coloring
 * Hair conditioner
 * Hair gel
 * Hair glue
 * Hair mousse
 * Hair serum
 * Hair spray
 * Hair tonic
 * Hair wax
 * Pomade

Hair lengths

 * Bald – having no hair at all on the head
 * Shaved – hair that is completely shaved down to the scalp
 * Buzz – hair that is extremely short and hardly there
 * Cropped – hair that is a little longer than a buzz
 * Short back and sides – hair that is longer than a crop, but does not yet hit the ears
 * Ear-length – hair reaching one's ears
 * Chin-level – hair that grows down to the chin
 * Flip-level – hair reaching the neck or shoulders
 * Shoulder-length – hair reaching the shoulders
 * Armpit-length – hair reaching the armpit
 * Midback-level – hair that's at about the same point as the widest part of one's ribcage and chest area
 * Waist-length – hair that falls at the smallest part of one's waist, a little bit above the hip bones
 * Hip-length – hair reaching the top of one's hips
 * Tailbone-length – hair that is at about the area of one's tailbone
 * Classic length – hair that reaches where one's legs meet the buttocks
 * Thigh-length – hair that is at the mid-thigh
 * Knee-length – hair that is at the knee
 * Calf-length – hair that is at the calf
 * Floor-length – hair that reaches the floor

Chemical alteration
Chemical alterations like perming, coloring can be carried out to change the perceived color and texture of hair. All of these are temporary alterations because permanent alterations are not possible at this time.

Chemical alteration of hair only affects the hair above the scalp; unless the hair roots are damaged, new hair will grow in with natural color and texture.

Hair coloring
Hair coloring is the process of adding pigment to or removing pigment from the hair shaft. Hair coloring processes may be referred to as coloring or bleaching, depending on whether pigment is being added or removed.

Temporary hair tints simply coat the shaft with pigments which later wash off.

Most permanent color changes require that the cuticle of the hair be opened so the color change can take place within the cuticle. This process, which uses chemicals to alter the structure of the hair, can damage the cuticle or internal structure of the hair, leaving it dry, weak, or prone to breakage. After the hair processing, the cuticle may not fully close, which results in coarse hair or an accelerated loss of pigment. Generally, the lighter the chosen color from one's initial hair color, the more damaged it may be. Other options for applying color to hair besides chemical dyes include the use of such herbs as henna and indigo, or choosing ammonia-free solutions.

Perms and chemical straightening
Perms and relaxation using relaxer or thermal reconditioning involve chemical alteration of the internal structure of the hair in order to affect its curliness or straightness. Hair that has been subjected to the use of a permanent is weaker due to the application of chemicals, and should be treated gently and with greater care than hair that isn't chemically altered.

Long hair
Many industries have requirements for hair being contained to prevent worker injury. This can include people working in construction, utilities, and machine shops of various sorts. Furthermore, many professions require containing the hair for reasons of public health, and a prime example is the food industry. There are also sports that may require similar constraints for safety reasons: to keep hair out of the eyes and blocking one's view, and to prevent being caught in sports equipment or trees and shrubs, or matted hair in severe weather conditions or water. Safety is usually the reason behind not allowing hair to fly loose on the backs of motorcycles and open-topped sports cars for longer tresses.

Delicate skin
Scalp skin of babies and the elderly are similar in subdued sebaceous gland production, due to hormonal levels. The sebaceous gland secretes sebum, a waxy ester, which maintains the acid mantle of the scalp and provides a coating that keeps skin supple and moist. The sebum builds overly, between every 2–3 days for the average adult. Those with delicate skin may experience a longer interval. Teenagers often require daily washing of the hair. Sebum also imparts a protective coating to hair strands. Daily washing will remove the sebum daily and incite an increase in sebum production, because the skin notices the scalp skin is lacking sufficient moisture. In cases of scalp disorders, however, this may not be the case. For babies and elderly, the sebaceous gland production is not at peak, thus daily washing is not typically needed.

Split ends
Split ends, known formally as trichoptilosis, happen when the protective cuticle has been stripped away from the ends of hair fibers.

This condition involves a longitudinal splitting of the hair fiber. Any chemical or physical trauma, such as heat, that weathers the hair may eventually lead to split ends. Typically, the damaged hair fiber splits into two or three strands and the split may be two to three centimeters in length. Split ends are most often observed in long hair but also occur in short hair that is not in good condition.

As hair grows, the natural protective oils of the scalp can fail to reach the ends of the hair. The ends are considered old once they reach about 10 centimeters since they have had long exposure to the sun, gone through many shampoos and may have been overheated by hair dryers and hot irons. This all results in dry, brittle ends which are prone to splitting. Infrequent trims and lack of hydrating treatments can intensify this condition.

Breakage and other damage
Hair can be damaged by chemical exposure, prolonged or repeated heat exposure (as through the use of heat styling tools), and by perming and straightening. Oil is harmful for rough hair and for dry scalp as it decreases nourishment for hair leading to split and hair fall. When hair behaves in an unusual way, or a scalp skin disorder arises, it is often necessary to visit not only a qualified physician, but sometimes a dermatologist, or a trichologist. Conditions that require this type of professional help include, but are not limited to, forms of alopecia, hair pulling/picking, hair that sticks straight out, black dots on the hair, and rashes or burns resulting from chemical processes. Gel provides a shiny look but dries the hair and makes it rough.

There are a number of disorders that are particular to the scalp. Symptoms may include:

 * Abnormal odor
 * Bleeding
 * Bumps
 * Caking skin buildup that appears white or another color than one's natural skin tone
 * Chafes
 * Clumps of hair falling out
 * Clumpy flakes that do not easily slough off the scalp skin
 * Dandruff and clumps
 * Dry hair & scalp
 * Excessive itchiness that doesn't go away with a few hair wash, redness of scalp skin
 * Patches of thinning
 * Pus-like drainage
 * Shedding

Any of these symptoms may indicate a need for professional assistance from a dermatologist or trichologist for diagnosis.

Scalp skin can suffer from infestations of mites, lice, infections of the follicles or fungus. There could be allergic reactions to ingredients in chemical preparations applied to the hair, even ingredients from shampoo or conditioners. Common concerns surrounding dandruff (often associated with excessive sebum); psoriasis, eczema, or seborrheic dermatitis.

An odor that persists for a few weeks despite regular hair washing may be an indication of a health problem on the scalp skin.

Not all flakes are dandruff. For example, some can merely be product buildup on the scalp skin. This could result from the common practice of applying conditioner to scalp skin without washing. This would dry upon the scalp skin and flake off, appearing like dandruff and even causing itchiness, but have no health effects whatsoever.

There are various reasons for hair loss, most commonly hormonal issues. Fluctuations in hormones will often show in the hair. Not all hair loss is related to what is known as male pattern baldness, women can suffer from baldness just as men do. Formulas for addressing this specific cause of lack of hair growth yet typically they require around three months of consistent use for results to begin to appear. Cessation may also mean that gained growth may dissipate.

Particularly among women, thyroid disease is one of the more under-diagnosed health concerns. Hair falling out in clumps is one symptom of a set of symptoms that may indicate a thyroid concern. In many gynecological exams a blood screen for thyroid is now a common protocol. Thyroid often shows up first in the behavior of the hair.

During pregnancy and breast feeding, the normal and natural shedding process is typically suspended (starting around month three because it takes a while for the body to recognize and reset for the hormonal shifts the body goes through) for the period of gestation and extended longer if one breast feeds (this includes pumping for breast milk). Upon cessation of either of these, it typically takes around two months for the hormones to shift again to the normal hormonal settings, and hair shedding can increase exponentially, for approximately 3–6 months until hair returns to its normal volume. It is commonly noticed that hair seems thicker and shinier, even, during pregnancy and breast feeding in response to the influx of shifting hormones. It is not unusual also for hair color to change, or hair structure to change (e.g., straighter hair, curlier hair). These changes can occur more often than people may realize yet isn't often reported.

General hair loss
Some choose to shave their hair off entirely, while others may have an illness (such as a form of cancer—note that not every form of cancer or cancer treatment necessarily means one will lose their hair) that caused hair loss or led to a decision to shave the head.

Hair care and nutrition
Genetics and health are factors in healthy hair. Proper nutrition is important for hair health. The living part of hair is under the scalp skin where the hair root is housed in the hair follicle. The entire follicle and root are fed by a supply of arteries, and blood carries nutrients to the follicle/root. Any time an individual has any kind of health concern from stress, trauma, medications of various sorts, chronic medical conditions or medical conditions that come and then wane, heavy metals in waters and food, smoking etc. these and more can affect the hair, its growth, and its appearance.

Generally, eating a full diet that contains protein, fruits, vegetables, fat, and carbohydrates is important (several vitamins and minerals require fat in order to be delivered or absorbed by the body). Any deficiency will typically show first in the hair. A mild case of anemia can cause shedding and hair loss. Among others, the B group of vitamins are the most important for healthy hair, especially biotin. B5 (pantothenic acid) gives hair flexibility, strength and shine and helps prevent hair loss and graying. B6 helps prevent dandruff and can be found in cereals, egg yolk and liver. Vitamin B12 helps prevent the loss of hair and can be found in fish, eggs, chicken and milk.

When the body is under strain, it reprioritizes its processes. For example, the vital organs will be attended to first, meaning that healthy, oxygenated blood may not feed into the hair follicle, resulting in less healthy hair or a decline in growth rate. While not all hair growth issues stem from malnutrition, it is a valuable symptom in diagnosis.

Scalp hair grows, on average, at a rate of about 1.25 centimeters per month, and shampoos or vitamins have not been shown to noticeably change this rate. Hair growth rate also depends upon what phase in the cycle of hair growth one is actually in; there are three phases. The speed of hair growth varies based upon genetics, gender, age, hormones, and may be reduced by nutrient deficiency (i.e., anorexia, anemia, zinc deficiency) and hormonal fluctuations (i.e., menopause, polycystic ovaries, thyroid disease).

The essential omega-3 fatty acids, protein, vitamin B12, and iron, found in fish sources, prevent a dry scalp and dull hair color. Dark green vegetables contain high amounts of vitamins A and C, which help with production of sebum and provide a natural hair conditioner. Legumes provide protein to promote hair growth and also contain iron, zinc, and biotin. Biotin functions to activate certain enzymes that aid in metabolism of carbon dioxide as well as protein, fats, and carbohydrates. A deficiency in biotin intake can cause brittle hair and can lead to hair loss. In order to avoid a deficiency, individuals can find sources of biotin in cereal-grain products, liver, egg yolk, soy flour, and yeast. Nuts contain high sources of selenium and therefore are important for a healthy scalp. Alpha-linolenic acid and zinc are also found in some nuts and help condition the hair and prevent hair shedding that can be caused by a lack of zinc. Protein deficiencies or low-quality protein can produce weak and brittle hair, and can eventually result in loss of hair color. Dairy products are good sources of calcium, a key component for hair growth. A balanced diet is extremely necessary for a healthy scalp and furthermore healthy hair.

title: Hair care


text:
Talk:Onyx

Untitled
Does anyone know if Black Onyx is super heavy in weight or heavy stone

Does anyone know how much Onyx is worth?

Black or not?
onyx is also an oldschool rap/hip hop group  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.71.114.112 (talk) 18:11, 18 January 2008 (UTC) Onyx (disambiguation) says Onyx is a "black mineral", but that is not discussed on this page. In fact, on this page it says it can be "almost every color (not including ... black)."

 * The disambig page now says onyx is "banded" so I assume someone corrected it. However the article says: "'Onyx is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. The colors of its bands range from white to almost every color (not including . . . black). . . . Sardonyx is a variant in which the colored bands are sard (shades of red) rather than black.'" If Sardonyx is a variant of onyx with red bands "rather than black" then that implies onyx has black bands, contradicting the previous sentence. 192.82.6.31 02:57, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have an onyx, wich is black, but this may be an impurity in the stone. 88.105.63.28 (talk) 13:53, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It is a bit confusing. See my comment below re: images of Onyx. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ileanadu (talk • contribs) 03:46, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Does anyone know? This stone, and many others have been mentioned many times over in the Bible. I wonder if there is any significance of relating these stones to the twelve tribes of Jacob and what that significance is or what application can be drwan from that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.220.31.136 (talk) 07:13, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

id like to ask something about black onyx. from my childhood to this day, i see many big time people have a black onyx in their rings like alpachino, dillinger, johnny dep etc. what do represent black onyx? do onyx have a history about supernatural? i heard from the Chinese people where itself repels bad luck and etc. is it true? i'd love to hear from you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.203.54.232 (talk) 13:17, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

you didnt mention that pakistan is the biggest exporter of onix, and that green onix was only found in argentina. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.194.5.107 (talk) 22:09, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Quartz
Although some chalcedony contains some moganite, onyx and other chalcedonies are still chiefly cryptocrystalline quartz. That some moganite is present doesn't change that, and references still (and properly) tag onyx and other chalcedony materials as cryptocrystalline quartz. See Deer, William Alexander; Howie, R. A.; Wise W. S. 2004. Rock-Forming Minerals: Framework Silicates: Silica Minerals, Felspathoids, v. 4B, 2 ed. Bath, United Kingdom: The Geological Society Publishing House, pp. 62–64. ISBN 1-86239-144-0 for an explanation of the differences between macrocrystalline quartz, and cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline (fibrous) quartz. • Astynax talk 22:15, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

August Birthstone
Sardonyx is the 11th stone on aaron's breastplate, which stands for the 11th tribe, or the tribe of Joseph. (Genesis 49; Exodus 28&39) It is also the August Birthstone, which under the current sidereal astrology System, is ruled by Leo and the Sun. Leo also governs the heart. This is important because in the "Opening of the mouth Ceremony"(Which is not at all literal but rather spiritual), whenever the pharaoh opens his mouth, he reveals his heart.

the "Sardonyx Seal" is important because it is an anagram for "Cylinder Seal". It also says "Zion", "Coin", "Sword and Shield", and "Leonardo", "Nicholas", "Necklace", "Exodus", "Enoch", and "Heart of the cards", "Ark", "Noah" "Ankh", "Alexander", "Crown", "Six", "Kiss", "Sacred", "Achilles", "Chakra", "Ka", "Chi", "Qi", "Orion", "Aries" "Castle", "Corona", "Aura", "Jordan", "Dragon", "Yeshua", "Wonderland", "Alice", "Crows", "Eli", "Israel", "Learn", "Lion", "Kalki", "Conch", "Shell", "Zen", "Rose", "Zero", "One", "Rain", "Deer", "Creation", "Narnia", "Aslan", "Oz", "Circle", "Snake", "Scale", "Disk", "Code", "Riddle", "Lord", "Sons" and plenty more words.

In Modern English Alchemy, this stone seal is more important than the emerald tablets. This may not be true in other languages however as it may not translate. Blazeitup52 (talk) 04:48, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

No image with basic color
The description of Onyx says,

 * Onyx comes through Latin (of the same spelling), from the Greek ὄνυξ, meaning "claw" or "fingernail". With its fleshtone color, onyx can be said to resemble a fingernail. The English word "nail" is cognate with the Greek word.[2]

Yet there's not a single image of a flesh tone mineral. The major image is of Sardonyx and there is another image with several stones of black onyx. I did a search and the most jewelry web sites state that Onyx is black or "a black and white banded variety of Agate." So, this is a somewhat confusing state of affairs. Ileanadu (talk) 03:44, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Image Problem
The image used on this article is also used on the Agate page, and given the descriptions on both pages seems as though it can't be an example of both simultaneously. "Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands." Agate page description "Banded agate (agate-like onyx); the specimen is 2.5 cm (1 inch) wide" Onyx page description "A slice of sardonyx (width = 2.5 cm)" Is this a mistake or not?NMLevesque (talk) 16:31, 23 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the term is not a mineralogical definition, but rather a very old, and imprecise gemological and common usage to describe a pattern in what is just microcrystalline quartz. Many famous onyx and sardonyx pieces do not have anything like strictly parallel bands. The onyx famous for use in intaglio and cameo hardstone carvings does have more or less parallel banding. Moreover, and although a few authorities argue differently, not all agate has banding (moss, plume and other types of patterns, plus those in which banding is isolated in a tiny fraction of a given stone). It would be best to find a better reliably sourced definition that is inclusive of those that lie outside the horizontally bedded onyx type. • Astynax talk 19:04, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:52, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Jahangir Throne?
The wiki page of Jahangir throne mentions that it is made of touchstone whereas here it is cited as an example of something made of black onyx. Are touchstones same as black onyx? 14.139.226.50 (talk) 06:45, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

The comment was posted by me. Just signing with login to get notifications about this thread. ag (talk) 06:50, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I removed it. Everything I can find says touchstone is a kind of sedimentary rock.-- Auric   talk  18:07, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Of note, the user who added it also added that the Throne was made from "black onyx, imported from Belgium", not exactly credible. -- Auric   talk  18:23, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

"parallel"
In the lead paragraph: "agate has curved bands while onyx has parallel bands."

Parallel does not mean "equidistant straight lines", it means "everywhere equidistant". But it would probably be best to just say "agate has curved bands while onyx has relatively straight ones." DCDuring (talk) 12:02, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @DCDuring Yes, considering this is even somewhat confusing and contradictory in regards to the main picture used for the article, I think it would help if we point out that it's not a very precise definition inherently 2601:580:C201:42E0:A121:6A3:803F:21F4 (talk) 04:00, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Onyx


text:
Kangaroo (novel)

Kangaroo is a 1923 novel by D.H. Lawrence. It is set in Australia.

Description
Kangaroo is an account of a visit to New South Wales by an English writer named Richard Lovat Somers and his German wife Harriet in the early 1920s. It was written in six and a half weeks during Lawrence and his wife Frieda’s eleven week stay in the NSW coastal town of Thirroul in 1922. The novel includes a chapter ("Nightmare") describing the Somers' experiences in wartime St Ives, Cornwall, vivid descriptions of the Australian landscape, and Richard Somers' sceptical reflections on fringe politics in Sydney. Ultimately, after being initially somewhat drawn to the right-wing Digger movement led by Benjamin Cooley (aka 'Kangaroo') neither it nor the "great general emotion" of Kangaroo himself appeal to Somers. Similarly, Somers rejects the socialism of Willie Struthers, with its emphasis on "generalised love". In this, the novel reflects Lawrence's own response to World War I, as Somers opts “To be clear of love, and pity, and hate. To be alone from it all. To cut himself finally clear from the last encircling arm of the octopus humanity. To turn to the old dark gods, who had waited so long in the outer dark.”

The Oxford Companion to Australian Literature describes Kangaroo as a ‘strongly auto-biographical’ novel: "reflecting the almost daily flow of Lawrence’s thoughts and impressions while in Australia. Richard Somers, the restless hero, is a barely disguised picture of Lawrence, as Harriet, his wife, is of Frieda, and many of the domestic incidents are drawn directly from their Australian experience. Described by Lawrence as a ‘thought-adventure’, the novel's apparent formlessness expresses the flow of Somers's inner life; his attraction to and withdrawal from politics; his European memories; his concern with the fundamental question of authority in marriage, society and politics and with the attractions and dangers of democracy, fascism and socialism."

Bruce Steele, in his explanatory notes for Kangaroo in the Cambridge edition of the Letters and Works of D. H. Lawrence, traces the Fascist allusions in Kangaroo to Lawrence’s 1920-1921 experiences in Italy.

Australian journalist Robert Darroch – in several articles in the late 1970s, the book D.H. Lawrence in Australia (Macmillan, 1981) and the self-published book The Horrible Paws: D. H. Lawrence’s Australian Nightmare (Svengali Press, 2019) – claims that the ‘secret army’ of Diggers featured in Kangaroo must have existed at the time of Lawrence’s arrival in NSW, as Lawrence was a realist writer who depended on personal experience for his material. Darroch posits Major General Sir Charles Rosenthal, a notable NSW World War I leader and co-founder of the NSW branch of the King and Empire League as model for Ben Cooley, and Major John Scott, D.S.O. associate of Rosenthal and 1931 Old Guard recruitment officer, as model for Jack Callcott, the Somers’ neighbour.

Historian, Barbara Kearns, in a centenary review of the novel, contests Darroch’s argument and points out that Lawrence arrived in Sydney with all the material needed to create his ‘thought adventure’. She traces the source of background details for several of Kangaroo’s key characters, to known contacts of Lawrence in Cornwall. She also cites the novel The Black Curtain, by Douglas Goldring, dedicated to Lawrence in 1920, as having had a significant influence on Kangaroo’s plot. In the Black Curtain, as in Kangaroo, the story reaches its dramatic peak when a mob of Diggers storms a socialist meeting.

Historian Joseph Davis in D.H. Lawrence at Thirroul (1989) pointed out it was not possible Lawrence could have had time for secret meetings with political leaders in Sydney, since he was too busy writing his novel in Thirroul, a feat Lawrence accomplished at the average rate of 3,100 words per day.

Davis’ subsequent work D.H. Lawrence and the Mussolini of Austinmer, offers what he calls a “detailed debunking of the myth that D. H. Lawrence ever encountered members of some so-called ‘Old Guard’ in NSW”.

Kangaroo's minor character, James Sharpe is said to have been based on the music critic and composer Cecil Gray.

Influence and adaptations
Kangaroo has influenced Australian historiography to the extent that Historian Andrew Moore - following Darroch - has cited the novel as evidence of a missing link in a continuum of ‘secret counterrevolutionary organisations’ in NSW, between the farmers armies of 1917 and Campbell's 'Old Guard’ of 1931, collectively termed by Moore ‘The Old Guard.’

Kangaroo was partly responsible for inspiring the Jindyworobak movement, an Australian nationalist literary group, that emerged in the 1930s and was committed to the production of Australian writing evoking 'spirit of place', P.R. Stephensen having argued in The foundations of Culture in Australia (1936) that “visitors, such as D. H. Lawrence, have discerned a spiritual quality of ancient loveliness in our land itself.”

Kangaroo was adapted as a film, also called Kangaroo, in 1987, featuring Colin Friels as Somers, Judy Davis as Harriet and Hugh Keays-Byrne as Kangaroo.

Novelist Margaret Barbalet, in her fiction Steel Beach, (Penguin, 1988) imagined what the known-to-have-been-excised pages from the Kangaroo manuscript could have contained, and evoked an extra-marital Lawrentian affair in Thirroul, complete with illegitimate son.

Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe used extracts from the novel in his work for speaker and orchestra, The Fifth Continent (1963). It was recorded in 1963 by Fred Parslow, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Thomas Matthews, and then again in 1997 with the composer narrating, accompanied by Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra and David Porcelijn - released on ABC Classics.

Several Australian artists have been inspired by Kangaroo. Sidney Nolan painted 8 canvases in a “D. H. Lawrence, Kangaroo” series. Gary Shead has also produced numerous paintings based on Kangaroo and the period Lawrence spent in Thirroul. Several of these, including “Checkmate” which shows Somers playing chess with Callcott, are in Wollongong Art Gallery.

title: Kangaroo (novel)


text: User talk:83.151.202.40

title: User talk:83.151.202.40


text:
Philip Bretherton

Philip Bretherton (born 30 May 1955) is an English actor. His roles include Alistair Deacon in the British television series As Time Goes By.

Early life
Bretherton was born in Preston, Lancashire, and studied English and drama at the University of Manchester, where he decided to become an actor.

As a young man, Bretherton was in an episode of the BBC TV series Miss Marple: "At Bertram's Hotel", playing Detective Inspector Campbell in 1987. Another early screen role came in The Balance of Nature (1983).

Career
Bretherton appeared in Rumpole of the Bailey in "The Barrow Boy" in November 1988 and made a brief appearance as "Rod" in Coronation Street also in 1988. He returned as "Robert Weston" in 1991, and again as "Ian Davenport" in 2004.

He was in Casualty as Andrew Bower (Lisa "Duffy" Duffin's husband), Footballer's Wives as Stefan Hauser, New Tricks as Doug Standeven. He also appeared in an episode of The Casebook of Sherlock Holmes, "The Problem of Thor Bridge" in 1990 as Mr. Joyce Cummings Q.C. He has appeared in Series 1 of Murder in Suburbia, as Phillip Whitmore. He further appeared in the episode "Last Seen Wearing" of the television series Inspector Morse in the role of French teacher David Acum. He also appeared in the fifth and final series of Young Dracula as Roquelaire, the vampire high council's head of security and father of Vlad Dracula's bodyguard Talitha. He played Matthew Woodley in Midsomer Murders "Made-to-Measure Murders" in 2010, and as Alistair Deacon in As Time Goes By from 1992 to 2002 and then 2005 for a reunion special.

Theatre
He is also active in theatre, performing as Henry Higgins in a production of Pygmalion at Clwyd Theatr Cymru, Mold, Flintshire.

Filmography

 * The Balance of Nature (1983)
 * Cry Freedom (1987)
 * Dark Floors (2008)
 * The Fifth Estate (2013)

title: Philip Bretherton


text:
HSwMS Äran

HSwMS Äran (Swedish language: "Honour") was a Swedish first class coastal defence ship (Pansarskepp). A development of HSWMS Dristigheten, the Äran class mounted the same 21 cm main guns, but differed in the layout of the secondary armament. The vessel was launched in 1901 by Gustaf V breaking a bottle of champagne on her bow, the last time that ceremony took place following complaints that breaking wine on a ship was sacrilegious. The warship served on neutrality patrols in the First World War and was damaged after running aground in 1932. In the period immediately before the Second World War, the ship's armament was deemed out of date, and in 1939 and 1940 significant improvement to the vessel's anti-aircraft capability were made with the addition of 25 mm, 40 mm and 57 mm guns. After the war, the Swedish Navy decided to retire all its coastal defence ships. Äran was retired in 1947 and sold to be broken up in 1951, the last sections of the ship finally sinking in 1968.

Design and development
Between 1880 and 1905 the Swedish Navy launched 12 coastal defence ships, to counter the Imperial Russian Navy. The Äran-class coastal defence ship was a development of HSWMS Dristigheten retaining the same main armament but with the secondary armament mounted in turrets to improve protection and angles of fire. Äran was the lead of the class. Originally designated armoured boats (pansarbaater) in Swedish, the vessels were reclassified as armoured ships (pansarskepper) in the 1920s.

Äran had an overall length of 89.7 m and measured 87.5 m at the waterline, a beam of 15.02 m and a maximum draught of 5.3 m. Normal displacement was 3840 LT although, in 1912, displacement was reported as 3612 LT. Eight Yarrow boilers fed steam to two sets of triple-expansion steam engines provided by Motała AB and rated at 5500 shp driving two shafts, giving a design speed of 17 kn. Two funnels were fitted. A full load of 300 LT of coal was carried, which gave a design range of 2000 nmi at 10 kn. During sea trials, on 21 August 1902, the vessel achieved 16.87 kn at 5913 shp. The ship had a complement of 285 officers and ratings, later expanded to 301.

Armament consisted of two single Bofors 21 cm guns mounted in turrets on the ship's centreline, one fore and the other aft. Each of the guns weighed 10.73 LT and could fire a 276 lb shell at a muzzle velocity of 750 m/s. The mounting, designated M1894, used electric training and manual elevation. Secondary armament consisted of six Bofors 15 cm guns mounted singularly in turrets amidships. These guns, which had an actual calibre of 15.24 cm and weighed 7630 kg, could fire a 43.4 kg shell at a muzzle velocity of 750 m/s. The M1899 mounting was manually trained and elevated. The ship was also armed with a tertiary armament of eight single Bofors 5.7 cm guns distributed around the superstructure and two submerged Elswick torpedo tubes for 45.7 cm torpedoes.

Armour included a 50.43 m-long armoured belt that was 175 mm thick amidships. It consisted of surface-hardened Krupp armour backed by 100 mm of teak. The main armament was protected by barbettes were 190 mm thick and turrets having an armouted face 190 mm thick and the remainder 140 mm thick. The secondary armament sat on barbettes protected by 100 mm nickel-steel armour, the turrets having a face 125 mm thick, sides 60 mm thick and a roof 48 mm thick. The conning tower was protected by 175 mm armour. Flat to the belt was deck armour that was 2 in thick. Four 90 cm searchlights were carried. A 2 m rangefinder was fitted in 1906.

Construction and career
Äran was ordered from the Lindholmens shipyard in Gothenburg, on 12 October 1898 at a cost of SEK 2,698,000. The ship was the second of the name, which can be translated "honour", in service with the navy. Laid down in 1899, the ship was launched on 14 August 1901 and completed on 7 September 1902. Delivery had been delayed by three months because, on 23 January 1900, it had been decided to equip the vessel as a flagship, so additional accommodation was fitted for a flag officer and the attendant staff required to serve in this role. Gustaf V launched the ship by breaking a bottle of champagne on her bow. However, complaints from a prelate that breaking wine of a ship was sacrilegious meant that this was the last time this ceremony was performed. The ship was commissioned into the coastal defence fleet based at Karlskrona.

Between 19 and 24 August 1906, the vessel joined sister ship HSWMS Manligheten and other ships of the Swedish Navy to host the British Cruiser Squadron under Admiral Day Bosanquet at Gothenburg. After a refit in 1914, the ship served during the First World War protecting the nation's trade routes and shipping fleet due to Sweden's neutrality in the war. On 30 April 1932, the warship ran aground in the Stockholm Archipelago, damaging the steering gear so badly that the ship slewed 90 degrees. One of the compartments flooded, but otherwise damage was minimal and the crew managed to release the vessel without assistance. Repairs took two weeks to complete. Shortly afterwards, the rudder broke in high seas and Äran was once again repaired, this time at Hårsfjärden. The ship was decommissioned and placed in reserve in 1933.

At the cusp of the Second World War, on September 1939, the ship was recommissioned. An assessment of the weaponry found it was outdated. Particularly, it was considered that the main armament, which had a daytime range of 9000 m but only 2000 m at night, would be easily outranged by modern German and Soviet guns. The engines were in poor condition, with the vessel incapable of exceeding 16 kn. The anchor chain and other equipment was also tired and needing replacing. A refit was undertaken, in which the tertiary artillery was replaced by four Bofors 57 mm and two Bofors 25 mm anti-aircraft guns added. During the following year, the torpedo tubes were removed and two Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft were added. The warship joined the squadron at Åland, returning to Karskrona before long. In 1942, the ship was decommissioned, hulked and redeployed as a floating barracks. After the war, Sweden decided to retire the whole fleet of coastal defence ships. On 13 June 1947, Äran was taken out of service and, in 1951, was sold to Marinverkstaderna of Karlskrona to be broken up. The vessel was partially cut up, some of the hull being repurposed as a pontoon near Falkenberg. This sank on 1 November 1968 at a depth of 32 m.

title: HSwMS Äran


text:
User talk:69.197.124.73

Proposed deletion of Albion Bolton Community Centre

The article Albion Bolton Community Centre has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Tagged as unsourced since 2007"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 03:15, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Albion Bolton Community Centre for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Albion Bolton Community Centre is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Albion Bolton Community Centre until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 04:06, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Off the Rack

The article Off the Rack has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Found only passing mentions, most in obits on Ed Asner"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 00:22, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.197.124.73


text:
Magnolia sargentiana

Magnolia sargentiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Magnoliaceae. It is endemic to China, where it occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan. It is widely distributed but its populations are fragmented.

This is a forest tree which grows 8 to 25 meters tall. It is harvested for wood and herbal medicine.

title: Magnolia sargentiana


text: Category:People from Saitama Prefecture

title: Category:People from Saitama Prefecture


text:
User talk:MegaBoy93277

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Nufy8 23:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:MegaBoy93277


text: Category:People from Shizuoka Prefecture


text:
User talk:Brian0918/Archive 09

You're awesome
I love your Bosh wikistress meter! It's hilarious and very clever! --Zantastik talk  22:30, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Godmode script
The godmode script adds a "rollback" button in two situations: a user's contribution page and the most recent diff of a page. Be warned however that the script is currently broken since the most recent database change (the rollback button always fails), and I still haven't found out what was wrong with it. Regards, Sam Hocevar 17:08, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for supporting my recent RfA. I was surprised and humbled by the number of positives votes. I'll be monitoring RfA regularly from now on and will look for a chance to "pay it forward". Cheers, --MarkSweep 02:10, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for voting on my RfA
Hi, Thanks for voting on my RfA. Having been elected, I hope to justify your faith in me. Thanks again. --Ragib 05:46, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for voting on my RfA
Hi, Thanks for voting on my RfA. Having been elected, I hope to justify your faith in me. Thanks again. --Ragib 05:47, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

RFA
Thanks for your support. --Briangotts (talk) 23:49, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

godmode-light.js works again
Hi! I found out what was causing godmode-light to fail. It was malformed HTML in the edit pages, and is now fixed. Regards. Sam Hocevar 14:34, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Thank you for leaving your opinion at my RfA. I will do my best to serve the Wikipedia community as an administrator. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 21:13, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Time to call back the favour...
Hi Brian, I didn't really want to bother all the people I ask to visit my semi FPC page to find out if these images are good enough to be FPC's Image:Cat03.jpg and Image:Cat02.jpg so I thought I'd ask you first for a quick opinion

 * I like the colors on Cat03 a little more, but I think Cat02 is more in focus. I would suggest rotating them clockwise so that the black edge is vertical, and then cropping it accordingly. You may also be able to use the heal brush or clone stamp to get rid of the red thing in the background, although that would be more difficult on Cat02. People at FPC don't seem to be able to get past distractions in the background. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-9 14:44

Generation Y
The Generation Y article and title are offensive. As a millenial you should do something about it. -The Masked Millenial

Thanks for your support
Thank you for voting to support my RFA. I've been promoted, and I promise to wield the mop with good faith, patience, and fairness... except when I'm exterminating vandals with the M-16 recoilless nuclear Gatling mop. --malathion talk 07:57, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Func's RfA :)
Brian0918, thank you for supporting my RfA, much appreciated! :)

Please never hesitate to let me know if you have concerns with any administrative action I may make.

Func( t, c, e, ) 00:59, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I will have you know that I am very carefully personalizing each and evry thank you. For instance...well, you know, your name is Brian0918. I could have just said User: thank you.... ;-) Thanks again. :) Func( t, c, e, ) 02:23, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

BaronLarf's RFA
Brian — Thanks for your support on my recent RFA. Please let me know if I can help with any particular administrative responsibilities, or if you have any problems with the way I use the admin tools. Oh, and nice signature; I almost blocked ya instead of thanking you. ;^) Cheers. --BaronLarf 12:33, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry I'm new here
Hdn't realised it was a breach of etiquette (I suppose you'll come and spank me now?) - but thanks for the compliment Taxwoman 16:13, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Unwelcome welcomes
Um, sorry.... Complain here if you want. :) Sango  123  20:58, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the Welcome
I appreciate it :) By the way, are you allowed to use smilies or lol(s) on this place, lol?

J.W. Hasan, 03:04, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for supporting my nomination. AlistairMcMillan 09:32, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

GNAA
please see Talk:GNAA.

RossNixon
Ross Nixon (who I see you have history with) - his comments on the creationism talk page were just too much :) →Raul654 00:23, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

Blocked users
Hi, I think you should unblock the people you blocked for editing on the GNAA page. One of them clearly deserved to be blocked for the personal attacks, but not an undefinite block. The others you seem to have blocked for so-called vandalism on the article, while they were just promoting a different version of the article (that I happen to support, and hence would not have called most of the edits vandalism). The accusations of vandalism were definitely exaggerated, especially since you were also taking place in the edit war and no one else was supporting your views. Therefore I suggest you unblock all these people, and ask a third party to block them instead, so that they can have a fresh view at the issue. Regards, Sam Hocevar 14:07, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I didn’t know about the threatening email from User:pigger. But this user has been on IRC for a while and he admitted on several occasions on #wikipedia that his last comment was inappropriate, that he thought he deserved to be blocked, but not forever. I know he is a GNAA member and most of them have been a pain in the ass for ages, but I have often been a mediator between these people and the Wikipedians, and my personal feeling is that the ones with registered accounts who do real contributions (and judging from his latest contributions he seems to be one of them) have been acting very nicely. He apparently does not want to contribute anonymously or under another account (and this argument from you is strange: if you have no doubt he’ll register another account, why the block at all?), and was just following the advice he was given on #wikipedia (which is, ask to be unblocked and settle the edit war issue that is happening on the GNAA article through an RfC). Therefore I think he should be unblocked so that he can defend himself, and you should post the email threat somewhere so that the community can decide whether he should be blocked or not (through an RfC on him for instance). Cheers, Sam Hocevar 16:59, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

RFA
You're joking, right? No, I won't accept. --SPUI (talk) 01:06, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

List of places in Alabama
Geepers, that thing is a monster at 500k. Maybe it should be split up alphabetically? SchmuckyTheCat 22:05, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank your for your support
I'd like to thank you for your support on my recent RfA. Your confidence in me is greatly appreceated, and I will do my very best to ensure that it was not misplaced. -Loren 01:05, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Template:User
The new addition is fine for people who want to use this in the future (with underscore conversion) but perhaps it would be nicer to implement this in Template:User2 so that pages like Vandalism_in_progress/Willy_on_Wheels (which works fine with spaces EXCEPT for the new addition) don't require an overhaul. This would make everyone happy, in my opinion. AdamRock 18:58, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! AdamRock 19:04, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

3RR violation
I have blocked you for 24 hours for a violation of the three revert rule on the article GNAA. Please try to resolve the dispute through other means when your block expires. --Ryan Delaney talk 18:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, as is plainly visible to anyone who looks at the article's history, I only reverted 3 times. The fourth edit was an attempt to organize the articles according to the talk page. It was obviously not a reversion. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-19 18:47
 * Your fourth revert re-inserted your preferred version with *Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica at the top. The edit history of this page shows a ludicrous amount of reverting going on. The next time this happens, I think it would be better to simply post a request for protection on Requests_for_page_protection rather than engaging in revert warring, because this is highly disruptive, and unproductive. --Ryan Delaney talk 19:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It was NOT a revert, though. You may want to read WP:3RR. I rearranged the articles according to notability, and changed "alphabetical order" to "in order of notability". I can forgive you for being new to adminship, but keeping this up is ridiculous. The article was already previously protected, but then unprotected while discussion was going on on the talk page, causing the revert war to start up again. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-19 19:07
 * Again, your fourth revert did not merely resort the disambiguation options, but re-inserted the version you desired. I don't see much point in going around in circles over this, so this will be my last reply. --Ryan Delaney talk 19:19, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but it was not a revert. Reversion means taking a previous version and reimplementing it as the current version. This version (from the fourth edit) never existed previously, so you can't claim it was a reversion. This is why I told you to read WP:3RR. It's alright to admit you're wrong once in a while. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-08-19 19:20

Unblock
I have unblocked Brian0918. He was not warned about his 3RR violation (if such it be) before being blocked. Please read blocking policy, David | Talk 19:33, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * On further investigation, Brian0918 did not violate the 3RR. He reverted twice (at 14:40 and 16:52 ) and then made a different edit at 17:55 . Even if the 17:55 edit was regarded as a revert (which it is plainly not), then that would be the third revert and not the fourth. This block was wrongly applied. David | Talk 19:44, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hello Brian, thank you very much for introducing me to the English Wiki. I use the german Wikipedia for about half a year and I think I know very much about it, but everytime I have a new look around in the world of wiki, I make new experiences, I think I do not know more than half of the whole system, but I try to learn :) -I mainly work @ the english wiki for links to the german one (robot- I think it's called like this:).. I also hope I can spend some time expanding the English encyclopedia, so lets write :) --Sandro1988 20:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for sending me the articles!

Thanks
Thanks for sending me the articles! Thelb4 20:49, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome...
But I am confused. Your page indicates you on a WikiBreak. Does this not mean you are not to contribute while on a break?

Also, for what reason did you welcome me? Was it based on seeing I have contributed modifications recently? If so, did you see any, and finally if so, can you please provide feedback on any contributions?

Thanks, David Henderson 21:05, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brian0918/Archive 09


text:
Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy

Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy (Выставка достижений народного хозяйства, Vystavka dostizheniy narodnogo hozyaystva, abbreviated as VDNKh or VDNH, ВДНХ, ) is a permanent general purpose trade show and amusement park in Moscow, Russia. Between 1991 and 2014, it was also called the All-Russia Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр). It is a state joint-stock company.

Location and transportation
VDNKh is located in Ostankinsky District of Moscow, less than a kilometer from Ostankino Tower. It is served by VDNKh subway station, as well as by Moscow Monorail. Cosmonauts Alley and the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman statue are situated just outside the main entrance to VDNKh. It also borders Moscow Botanical Garden and a smaller Ostankino Park, and in recent years the three parks served as a united park complex.

1935–1939 construction
The exhibition was established February 17, 1935 as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) (Всесоюзная сельско-хозяйственная выставка; Vsesoyuznaya selsko-khozyaystvennaya vystavka). An existing site (then known as Ostankino Park, a country territory recently incorporated into the city limits), was approved in August 1935. The master plan by Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky was approved in April 1936, and the first show season was announced to begin in July 1937 and was designed as a "City of Exhibitions" with streets and public spaces, which was very common in the 1930s. However, plans did not materialise, and three weeks before the deadline Joseph Stalin personally postponed the exhibition by one year (to August 1938). It seemed that this time everything would be ready on time, but again the builders failed to complete their work, and regional authorities failed to select and deliver proper exhibits. Some pavilions and the 1937 entrance gates by Oltarzhevsky were torn down to be replaced with more appropriate structures (most pavilions were criticised for having no windows). According to Oltarzhevsky's original plan, all of the pavilions were to be constructed from wood. In 1938, a government commission examined the construction and decided that it did not suit the ideological direction of the moment. The exhibition was considered too modest and too temporary. Oltarzhevsky was arrested, together with the Commissar for Agriculture and his staff, and eventually released in 1943. Later, he worked on the 1947-1953 Moscow skyscraper project.

As a result, in August 1938 Nikita Khrushchev, addressing the assembled Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, declared that the site was not ready, and the opening was postponed until August 1939. It finally opened on 1 August 1939, and was open to the public until 25 October. The 1940 and 1941 seasons followed but following German invasion in 1941 the exhibition was closed until the end of World War II.

1939 pavilions, as presented in 1950 album and today:

1948–1959 renovation
In October 1948 the State ordered the renewal of the Exhibition, starting with the 1950 season. Again, the opening was postponed more than once; the first post-war season opened in 1954 (still as Agricultural exhibition). In the 1956 season the planners set aside an Industrial area within the main territory; more restructuring and rebuilding followed. In 1959 the park was renamed Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (Выставка достижений народного хозяйства, Vystavka dostizheniy narodnovo khozyaystva) or ВДНХ/VDNKh. By 1989 the exhibition had 82 pavilions with an exhibition area of 700,000 square metres. Each pavilion (including the 1939 "regions") had been dedicated to a particular industry or field: the Engineering Pavilion (1954), the Space Pavilion (1966), the Central Industrial Zones Pavilion (1955), the Atomic Energy Pavilion (1954), the People's Education Pavilion (1954), the Radioelectronics Pavilion (1958), the Soviet Culture Pavilion (1964).

During Soviet times, each year VDNKh hosted more than 300 national and international exhibitions and many conferences, seminars and meetings of scientists and industry professionals. The most memorable feature of the exhibition site was the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (Rabochiy i kolkhoznitsa) statue, featuring the gigantic figures of a man and woman holding together the "hammer and sickle". The sculpture, which reaches 25 meters toward the sky, was designed by Vera Mukhina and originally crowned the 35-meter-tall Soviet pavilion at the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937).

Present day

In 1992, VDNKh was renamed, receiving the new acronym VVC, which remained in use until 2014. It occupies 2,375,000 square metres of which 266,000 square metres are used for indoor exhibits. The territory of VDNKh is greater than that of the Principality of Monaco and has approximately 400 buildings. Inadequate maintenance of Vera Mukhina's statue caused such disrepair that the statue was disassembled. It was slated to be refurbished and installed on the top of the new pavilion by 2008, but funding shortages lead to dragged-out restoration. It was finally reerected in 2009, now standing atop of a large constructivist pavilion, apparently recreating the original exhibition pavilion from the 1937 World's Fair in Paris that it was designed for.

The "VDNKh" (or VVTs) complex still operates including the name of a nearby subway station and some sights. During winter, VDNKh converts into a main Skating Rink.

Restoration
On 14 May 2014 the previous name VDNKh was restored, following an interactive poll. In addition, the mayor of Moscow announced that the Russian space shuttle, the structural test article - TVA, which was an attraction and restaurant at Gorky Park in Moscow was to be moved to the VNDKh, to be displayed near the Vostok rocket in front of the Cosmos hall. It was moved 5–6 July 2014 and re-assembled by 21 July.

In September 2018, Sergey Shogurov was appointed as CEO of VDNK. New museum and exhibition spaces were opened, a Landscape Park was created, and objects of cultural heritage were carried out, public electric transport was launched. In 2019, the restoration of the "Fraternity of peoples" and "Stone Flower" fountains was completed.

The site
The exhibition centre was built in the era of Joseph Stalin. The place selected was Moscow's northern suburb Ostankino. The main planner was Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky who planned a central avenue with fountains, small roads and a large square facing the central pavilion at the end of the avenue. A statue of Vladimir Lenin used to stand in the front of the pavilion. There is a fountain called "The Stone Flower Fountain" facing the Ukraine Pavilion. There is a smaller square facing the Space Pavilion in the centre of which stood a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft, placed there in 1976 after the pavilion of Agricultural Machinery became the Cosmos Pavilion. This aircraft was later scrapped in 2008. A large statue of Joseph Stalin stood in the square until 1948. This had previously stood on the banks of the Moskva River in the city centre. The square is called The Industrial Square.

The Worker and Kolkhoz woman sculpture was originally created to crown the Soviet pavilion of the World's Fair. The organizers had placed the Soviet and Nazi pavilions facing each other across the main pedestrian boulevard at the Trocadéro on the north bank of the Seine.


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Gray Wolf/archive1

Wolf
I've been organizing and working on this article a bit, hoping to submit it to FAC soon. I think the section on howling would do nicely with an image, and the references could be expanded. Any suggestions? Sango 123  23:33, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Would love to see this as FA. I'd like to see more on wolves in myth / fable - there's a link to werewolves but maybe a bit of text on that in the main article would help.  If the images are ok (re: copyright tags) then its ready for submission now imho, save the addition of the werewolf stuff. --PopUpPirate 23:48, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Great myth / fable additions! I'd support as FAC if you put it there! --PopUpPirate 21:21, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * How's this ? Sango  123  14:08, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Why is there a section on life span and another section of mortality? The TOC is very long, you may want to look at taking out some of the ===h3=== headings--nixie 02:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I've moved all age-related information under mortality and somewhat shortened the TOC . Sango  123  14:19, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * For me, it's a very good read. Excellent work. — Stevey7788 (talk) 01:04, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * made a few copyedits to the article. It reads good. -- ZeWrestler  Talk 16:49, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Just one thing: could 'grayish' be changed back to 'greyish' for consistency? Sango  123  17:07, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. change it then. -- ZeWrestler  Talk 17:46, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Sango  123  17:53, August 22, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Gus's

Gus's cafe was a cafe located in Civic, Canberra, Australia. It opened in 1969 and later became the first outdoor pavement cafe in Canberra. It was one of the oldest and best known cafes in Canberra and one of the first European-style cafes in Australia. It had both outdoor and indoor dining areas. The cafe closed in January 2024, but is intended to be re-opened several years in the future.

History
The cafe was established by Augustin 'Gus' Petersilka (20 July 1918 – 23 October 1994) who emigrated to Australia from Austria in 1951 and arrived in Canberra in 1962. Petersilka had difficulties with introducing this new style of dining to Canberra as it was against the regulations of the time for people to sit outside in a cafe or restaurant, and he had several well-publicised clashes with bureaucrats.

A plaque on the pavement outside Gus's cafe marks the occasion of Gus Petersilka being made the Canberran of the Year for 1978. It reads:

Gus epitomised the emerging soul of Canberra. His constant representations on behalf of the people of the city produced the establishment of the outdoor Viennese cafe throughout Canberra. He was the scourge of the establishment and a crusader of the people. His friendly hospitality and fierce determination has been indelibly stamped on the character of Canberra. May his energy, vision and laughter live on in this city.

Petersilka was commemorated on 14 November 2002, by having a street named after him in the Canberra district of Gungahlin. The cafe was heritage listed in 2011.

On 11 March 2011, Gus's was added to the Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register. The listing requires the conservation of the "intangible social value attributed to the location Gus’ café" and a plaque dedicated to the cafe rather than the cafe itself.

On 9 March 2012, Gus's was temporarily closed down by the ACT Health Directorate for serious food safety breaches and risks to the public.

The cafe closed in late June 2016 and was sold. It re-opened in September 2017 as Gus' Place.

Gus' Place closed on 14 January 2024 ahead of the demolition of the building it was located in to build a luxury hotel. The proposed design for the hotel includes a new cafe to be called Gus' Place which will be located at the site of the previous cafe.

title: Gus's


text: Category:People from Nagano Prefecture

title: Category:People from Nagano Prefecture


text:
VDNKh

VDNKh may refer to:

 * The name of the exhibition centers in former Soviet Republics
 * VDNKh (Russia), known as All-Russia Exhibition Center in 1992–2014
 * National Complex Expocenter of Ukraine (formerly "VDNH of the Ukrainian SSR")
 * Exhibition Pavilion, Minsk (formerly "VDNKh of the Byelorussian SSR")
 * VDNKh (Moscow Metro), a Moscow Metro station

title: VDNKh


text:
Isabel Bishop

Isabel Bishop (March 3, 1902 – February 19, 1988) was an American painter and graphic artist. Bishop studied under Kenneth Hayes Miller at the Art Students League of New York, where she would later become an instructor. She was most notable for her scenes of everyday life in Manhattan, as a member of the loosely-defined ‘Fourteenth Street School’ of artists, grouped in that precinct. Union Square features prominently in her work, which mainly depicts female figures. Bishop’s paintings won the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award, among other distinctions.

Early life and education
Bishop was born the youngest of five siblings in Cincinnati, Ohio. Founders of a prep school in Princeton, New Jersey, her parents were highly educated individuals and descendants from East coast mercantile families. Though the family descended from old wealth, their immediate status was of the middle class, and financial insecurity forced the family to move often. Bishop spent her childhood years in Detroit, Michigan. In every new city the Bishop family would move to, John, Isabel's father, would become involved with a local school. Oftentimes becoming the principal or eventually owning the school. Bishop compared growing up and moving around with her parents to be like being an only child, because her siblings were fifteen plus years older than her and didn't live with her family at the time.

Her father was a scholar of Greek and Latin. Her siblings, two sets of twins, were older than her by well over a decade. One set of twins, a boy and a girl, were twelve years older; the other set of twins, also a boy and girl, were fifteen years old at the time of her birth. Her mother was emotionally indifferent and distant from Bishop; she was a suffragist, feminist and aspiring writer who urged her daughters to become independent, strong women. After the family relocated to Detroit, Bishop began her art education at the age of 12 in a Saturday morning life drawing class at the John Wicker Art School in Detroit.

In 1918, at the age of 15, Bishop graduated high school and began art studies at John Wicker's art school in Detroit, Michigan. She later moved to New York City to study illustration at the New York School of Applied Design for Women. After two years there she shifted from illustration to painting, and attended the Art Students League for four years until 1924. It was there that she studied with Guy Pène du Bois and with Kenneth Hayes Miller, from whom she adapted a technique which owed much to baroque Flemish painting. In addition, she learned from other early modernists including Max Weber and Robert Henri. During the early 1920s she also studied and painted in Woodstock, New York. In 1963, she went to Yale University School of Fine Arts, New Haven.

Bishop was described as an eager intellectual who was naturally inquisitive and independent in her ways. In this period, women were becoming very active in the arts community, yet were still taken for granted. Bishop pushed against this attitude toward women artists with her insistence on applying herself both academically and politically in the art realm. Throughout her educational ventures, she was fully funded by her father's cousin, James Bishop Ford, who aided her family in their time of need. Writing on this financial sponsorship, Isabel Bishop states that she viewed her gender as an advantage: "I was lucky. I think if I had been a man the relative who sponsored my whole studenthood might not have done so. Men are supposed to make their own way. Young women were supposed to marry. But a young woman putting so much time and effort—being so serious—that was different—that interested him. I don't think he would have subsidized me if I had been a boy."

Career
For the first time that she taught at The Art Students League in New York, she was the only full time woman teacher in that school.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s she developed a realist style of painting, primarily depicting women in their daily routine on the streets of Manhattan. Her work was greatly influenced by Peter Paul Rubens and other Dutch and Flemish painters that she had discovered during trips to Europe. In 1932, Bishop began showing her work frequently at the newly opened Midtown Galleries, where her work would be represented throughout her career. Bishop takes inspiration from Rubens by adding a light ochre-ish tone to all her works, allowing for the painting to be rendered in any way.

In 1934, Bishop married Dr. Harold G. Wolff, a neurologist, and moved to Riverdale New York. However, she continued to work in a loft studio near Union Square at 9 West Fourteenth St, which she continued to use until 1984. She became interested in the interaction of form and ground and the mobility of everyday life, what she called "unfixity", life and movement captured on canvas. Her style is noted for its sensitive modeling of form and "a submarine pearliness and density of atmosphere". During this time, Bishop began working in various printing techniques, most notably aquatint.

Her work was included in the first three iterations of the Whitney Biennial in 1932, 1934, and 1936, as well as ten subsequent annual exhibitions at the Whitney Museum of American Art. She returned to the Art Students League as an instructor from 1936 to 1937. In 1940, Bishop was elected into the National Academy of Design as an associate member, and became a full member in 1941. Her work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. She was also a member of and frequently shown her work in the Society of American Graphic Artists exhibitions.

In 1938, she painted a post office mural, Great Men Came from the Hills, in New Lexington, Ohio, through the Section of Painting and Sculpture. According to the Ohio Historical Society, “In Isabel Bishop’s mural for New Lexington, historic personages from the town admire their achievements across the valley, where we see the forms and silhouettes of distant buildings. The artist, from New York City, discovered that the townspeople were proud of the distinguished people who came from Perry County. She included a Revolutionary soldier, a governor of Wisconsin, a founder of New Lexington and his grandson, an author of reference books on Ohio, the developer of the coal industry, a senator, a newspaperman, a naturalist, the county’s first historian, and General Sheridan.”

Bishop's mature works mainly depict the inhabitants of New York's Union Square area. Her portraits are often studies of individual heads (see Laughing Head, 1938, Butler Institute of American Art); the emphasis securely on the subject's expression – or of solitary nudes. Bishop also painted multiple-figure compositions, often containing two females engaged in various workday interactions. In the post-war years, Bishop's interest turned to more abstracted scenes of New Yorkers walking and traveling, in the streets or on the subways. Her signature changed many times over her career, ranging from the use of various pseudonyms to initials; some early pieces are signed I.B, or I. Bishop in both block and script. Her work remains significant as an example of the thematic concerns of the Fourteenth St. School, as well as her contribution to feminism and the "new woman" emerging in urban landscapes. The "Fourteenth Street School," was a loosely affiliated group named for the area around Union Square, where Bishop, Reginald Marsh, and the brothers Raphael Soyer and Moses Soyer worked. In 1946 Bishop became an officer of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, she was the first woman to hold this position.

In the mid-1940s, E. P. Dutton commissioned Bishop to illustrate a new edition of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice. Bishop produced 31 pen-and-ink drawings (the originals are now at the Pierpont Morgan Library).

The first retrospective exhibition of Bishop's work was held during her lifetime at the University of Arizona Museum of Art in 1974.

Awards
In 1943, Bishop was awarded the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award.

In 1979, President Jimmy Carter presented her with the Outstanding Achievement in the Arts Award.

In 1987, she received a Gold Medal for Painting by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Notable works
Virgil and Dante in Union Square, 1932, Oil on canvas, Delaware Art Museum

This piece hung in Bishop's Riverdale home for more than seven years, and set the leitmotif of her career. As a child, Bishop became familiar with the story of Virgil and Dante through her mother, who was translating the text from Italian. Dante's journey through heaven and hell represented the extraordinary depth to life and its many experiences. The two figures standing in front of Union Square adds a narrative element to the bustling scene of life in a city of millions, and sets the scene for her various paintings and prints of urban life.

Two Girls, 1935, Oil and tempera on Masonite, Metropolitan Museum of Art

One of Bishop's most well-known works, the painting took more than a year to complete and was shown at the Midtown Galleries. For the piece, Bishop had two acquaintances from the Union Square area pose, wanting to capture the interaction of the two figures. The piece was painted with oil and tempera.

Encounter, 1940, Oil and tempera on Masonite, St Louis Art Museum

In Encounter, Bishop continues with her multiple-figure compositions capturing a scene of interaction between a man and a woman on a city street. Her depiction of the woman as forthright and confident, approaching the man and backing him against a wall, exemplifies Bishop's understanding of shifting gender roles at the time.

Tidying Up, 1941, Oil on Masonite, Indianapolis Museum of Art

Tidying Up depicts a young female office worker in the midst of checking her teeth in a compact mirror. The ungainly image of self-inspection accords with Bishop's realism and her interest in the daily lives of working women. The rough brushstrokes and surface texture exhibit an interest in old master paintings.

Exhibitions

 * Isabel Bishop: exhibition of paintings and drawings, Jan. 17-Feb. 4. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1939.
 * Isabel Bishop: February 11-February 29. New York: Midtown Galleries, [1940?]
 * Bishop. May 3–May 21, 1949. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1949.
 * Bishop, Paintings and Drawings, Oct. 25-Nov. 19, 1955. New York: Midtown Galleries, [1955]
 * Isabel Bishop. March 7-March 30, 1960. New York City: Midtown Galleries, 1960.
 * Isabel Bishop. May 3–May 28, 1960. Midtown Galleries, 1960
 * Isabel Bishop. April 4–29, 1967. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1967.
 * Paintings by Isabel Bishop. Sculpture by Dorothea Greenbaum. [Exhibition] May 2–July 5, 1970. Trenton: New Jersey State Museum, 1970.
 * Isabel Bishop: A Selection of Drawings and Prints. January 8–February 2, 1974. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1974.
 * Isabel Bishop. Tucson: University of Arizona Museum of Art, 1974.
 * The Lydia and Warren Chappell Collection of Drawings and Prints by Isabel Bishop. April 12–May 18, 1975. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Art Museum, 1975.
 * Isabel Bishop, Drawings and Etchings. December 5–30, 1978. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1978.
 * Isabel Bishop Exhibition—A Fifty Year Drawing Retrospective and Recent Paintings. October 6–31, 1981. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1981.
 * Isabel Bishop, An Intimate Exhibition: Work of the Past Five Years. February 1–26, 1983. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1983.
 * Isabel Bishop: Drawings - Paintings. January 8–February 2, 1985. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1985.
 * Isabel Bishop: Across Five Decades - The Affectionate Eye - March, 1985.
 * Isabel Bishop: Etchings and Aquatints, 1985.
 * Isabel Bishop: A Retrospective of Prints and Drawings. November 5–26, 1985. Associated American Artists, 1985.
 * Isabel Bishop: Early Drawings. December 9, 1986 – January 17, 1987. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1986.
 * Isabel Bishop. May 16–30, 1991. Beverly Hills: Louis Newman Galleries, 1991.
 * Isabel Bishop: Walking Pictures. October 13–November 14, 1992. New York: Midtown Payson Galleries, 1992.
 * Isabel Bishop: Drawings. April 7–May 2, 1998. New York: DC Moore Gallery, 1998.
 * Isabel Bishop, 1902–1988: A Selection of Paintings, Drawings, and Prints. September 5–October 5, 2013. New York: DC Moore Gallery, 2013.
 * Women's Work: Selections from the Sordoni Art Gallery Permanent Collection. June 5–July 27, 2014. Wilkes-Barre: Sordoni Art Gallery, Wilkes University, 2014.

Books

 * Brooklyn Museum. Isabel Bishop--Prints and Drawings, 1925–1964. Brooklyn: The Museum, 1964.
 * Ellett, Mary Sweeney. “Isabel Bishop—The Endless Search.” Ph.D diss. University of Virginia, 1987.
 * Lunde, Karl. Isabel Bishop. New York: Abrams, 1975.
 * Nemser, Cindy. Art Talk: Conversations with 15 Women Artists. New York: IconEditions, 1995. Pages 303–320.
 * Teller, Susan. Isabel Bishop—Etchings and Aquatints: a catalogue raisonné. 2nd ed. New York: Associated American Artists, 1985.
 * Todd, Ellen Wiley. The "New Woman" Revised: Painting and Gender Politics on Fourteenth Street. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Chapter 7, pages 55–62.
 * Yglesias, Helen. Isabel Bishop. New York: Rizzoli, 1989.

Articles

 * Ellett, Mary S. “Isabel Bishop: The Endless Search.” Southeastern College Art Conference Review 11,no. 2 (Spring 1987): 165–166.
 * Rubinstein, Charlotte Streifer, "American Scene and Realist Painting: Isabel Bishop." American Women Artists: From Early Indian Times to the Present. Boston: G.K. Jall & Co., 1982
 * Todd, Ellen Wiley. “Isabel Bishop—Our Modern Master?” Woman's Art Journal 13 (Spring/Summer 1992): 45–47.
 * Wooden, Howard. "Art Feature: Isabel Bishop's Self-Portrait. Wichita Art Museum News (April 1988).
 * Yglesias, Helen. “Isabel Bishop: Paintings, Drawings, Prints.” Massachusetts Review 24 (Summer 1983): 289–304.

title: Isabel Bishop


text: Category:People from Toyama Prefecture

title: Category:People from Toyama Prefecture