text:
Talk:Midnapore

Requested move
Request to move as the spelling of Midnapore is used by the official indian government website - http://districts.nic.in/disdetails.asp?sc=wb. Change can't be done automatically as Midnapore is a redirect here. - Master Of Ninja 10:19, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 02:00, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

If there are no objections, I'm moving this back to Midnapore. The title of the article looks incredibly unprofessional right now. Also the move was executed by a user whose only contribution was, in fact, this page move. I agree that they are both "equally popular names", but Midnapore is the official name and that is where it should be. — riana_dzasta wreak havoc''' 10:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Request for detailed history
I had added some information about the strategic importance of the town during the Bargee invasion of Bengal. As far as I know, the Vagrant's Home near College Math was originally a fort of the Bargees. May be somebody could insert a detailed and more accurate history of that time? Srays 13:34, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

Overhaul to conform with wiki guidelines
I have done a complete overhaul to conform with wikis Project India guidelines. I've added a lot of information. However information in a subheading on the GEOGRAPHY and CLIMATE would be highly appreciated.

 * I've completed the sections since my last post and I think the version we have right now is mostly done and "stable". --Antorjal 16:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Legacy of Midnapore
See Midnapore.in. Blanked talk page section which merely copied everything from another article (including the speedy deletion tag on that article). —  T RANSPORTER M AN  ( TALK ) 20:46, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Oldest durga puja of midnapore
It was started on the background of freedom movement and against caste system where lower caste people were not allowed to participate in personal puja.now this 1st ever sarbajanin durgotsav ( durgapujo for all) is known as PRACHINATAMA SARBAJANIN DURGOTSAV situated at midnapore town,colonelgola ,CHOTOCHOWK Soumya Adhya (talk) 09:15, 17 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php to http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150801180649/http://itimidnapore.org/ to http://itimidnapore.org/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060907092942/http://www.outlookindia.com/mad.asp?fodname=20060327&fname=Making&sid=1 to http://www.outlookindia.com/mad.asp?sid=1&fodname=20060327&fname=Making

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:53, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Midnapur-Keranitola.jpg

title: Talk:Midnapore


text: User talk:84.157.121.190

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:84.157.121.190


text:
Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park

Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park (also known as Attack of the Phantoms in Europe and Kiss Phantoms in Italy) is a 1978 American television film starring American hard rock band Kiss and produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. The movie's plot revolves around Kiss, who use their superpowers to battle an evil inventor (Abner Devereaux, played by Anthony Zerbe) and to save a California amusement park from destruction.

NBC aired the film at the height of Kiss's popularity in the United States. Due to the film's poor acting and semi-comedic script, most Kiss fans disliked the film. Despite the film's poor quality, it has attained cult film status. Most members of Kiss despised the film for making them appear buffoonish, despite Ace Frehley enjoying the production of the film. For years after its airing, no one who worked for the group was permitted to mention the film in their presence.

Plot
At Magic Mountain, Abner Devereaux, the park's engineer and the creator of a series of animatronic attractions is not pleased that his works are being overshadowed by an upcoming concert by Kiss. Calvin Richards, the park's owner, explains that the concert will generate much-needed revenue to make up for the quality control problems that have plagued Deveraux's creations. Melissa, a park guest, becomes concerned when her boyfriend Sam Farrell, a park employee and assistant to Devereaux, has gone missing. Meanwhile, three punks sabotage one of the rides and Deveraux is blamed for the incident.

Melissa goes to Devereaux's underground laboratory, which was the last place Sam was seen. Devereaux dismisses her after explaining that he has not seen Sam, but after she leaves the lab, he reveals that Sam has been placed under mind-control through the use of an electronic device on the back of his neck. The three punks enter the Chamber of Thrills, where they fall into traps set by Devereaux. Richards fires Devereaux for his erratic behavior and disregard for the guests' safety; because of this, Devereaux swears revenge upon Richards, the park, and Kiss—all of whom he blames for his misfortune.

Shortly after Kiss' first concert at the park, Devereaux attempts to discredit them by unleashing a robotic copy of Gene Simmons to wreak havoc on the park and the security guards. The band is questioned the next day, but no action is taken, causing the park's officials, including the police and Richards to apologize to them by pardoning Gene of sabotage. Melissa seeks help from the band to find Sam, unaware that the security pass she received from Devereaux is a tracking device. Devereaux has Sam break into the band's lair to try and steal their talismans, but the plan is foiled due to the force field on the talismans' case. Kiss sneak into the park to confront Devereaux, fighting off Devereaux's animatronic white monkeys in the process. Meanwhile, Sam manages to steal the talismans and delivers them to Devereaux, who then neutralizes Kiss with a ray gun. Kiss, having lost their powers, are imprisoned in the underground lab. Devereaux then sends his robotic Kiss copies in place of the real Kiss in order to ruin their concert and incite a riot. The real Kiss manages to retrieve their talismans, thereby regaining their powers. They escape and quickly head to the stage where they defeat the imposters and save the concert.

After the show, Kiss, Melissa and Richards confront Devereaux in the underground laboratory, only to discover that he has frozen in a catatonic state, seemingly revealing himself as the namesake "phantom" of the park. Paul Stanley removes the mind-control device from Sam's neck, turning him back to normal. Richards laments Devereaux's demise by saying, "He created Kiss to destroy Kiss...and he lost." An alternate take used the final dialogue "He created KISS...to defeat KISS...and in the end, it destroyed him."

Members of Kiss

 * Ace Frehley as himself/the Spaceman
 * Gene Simmons as himself/the Demon
 * Paul Stanley as himself/the Starchild
 * Peter Criss as himself/the Catman

Others

 * Anthony Zerbe as Abner Devereaux
 * Carmine Caridi as Calvin Richards
 * Deborah Ryan as Melissa
 * John Dennis Johnston as Chopper
 * John Lisbon Wood as Slime
 * Lisa Jane Persky as Dirty Dee
 * John Chappell as Sneed
 * Terry Lester as Sam Farell
 * Don Steele as himself
 * Brion James as guard

Development
Kiss's commercial popularity was at its peak by 1978. The group's gross income in 1977 totaled $10.2 million. Creative manager Bill Aucoin felt, however, that the cycle of album releases and touring had taken Kiss as far as they could go, and that it was time to elevate the group's image to the next level. He formulated a plan to cast Kiss as superheroes, a process that began with the 1977 release of a Kiss comic book. The band agreed, and plans were developed for a Kiss film. Paul Stanley said, "It was sold to us as a cross between Star Wars and A Hard Days Night."

Production
Filming for Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park began in May 1978, and it was produced by Hanna-Barbera, known primarily for animation. Most of the picture was filmed at Magic Mountain in California, with additional filming taking place in the Hollywood Hills. Much of the production was rushed, and the script underwent numerous rewrites. All four members of Kiss were given crash courses on acting.

Before completing the script, screenwriters Jan Michael Sherman and Don Buday spent time with each Kiss member, to get a feel for how they each acted and spoke. Frehley, known for his eccentric behavior, said little to the pair but "Ack!" As a result, Frehley was not originally given any lines, except to interject "Ack!" at various points. In the first draft of the script, Frehley was described as "monosyllabic and super-friendly. Communicating largely through gestures and sounds, Ace might be best described as an other-galactic Harpo Marx." Upon learning of his lack of dialogue, Frehley threatened to leave the project. Soon after, lines other than his catchphrase "Ack!" were written for him.

The band, none of whom had any prior acting experience, had difficulty adjusting to the demands of filming. Frehley and Criss, in particular, became increasingly frustrated with the long periods of downtime normally associated with filmmaking. They were both also dealing with increasing levels of substance abuse.

Criss's dialogue had to be dubbed by voice actor Michael Bell (who had worked with producer Joseph Barbera on a number of past projects) because he refused to participate in post-production. The only time Criss's actual voice is heard is during an acoustic performance of "Beth". (Criss denies this story, stating that he "went to all the looping.")

On May 27, the last day of filming, Criss and tour manager Fritz Postlethwaite were involved in a serious car accident. Postlethwaite suffered burns but soon returned to work for Kiss. Criss's injuries were minor. On a few occasions, Frehley left the set during filming due to arguments with the film's director. In one scene that Frehley abandoned, his stunt double—African American Alan Oliney, who would later go on to stunt double for Eddie Murphy and Wesley Snipes, among others—can clearly be seen instead.

The concert depicted in the film was recorded in the parking lot of Magic Mountain on May 19, 1978, in front of a crowd of 8,000 people. Tickets for the concert were given out by local AM radio station KTNQ, where "The Real" Don Steele was a disc jockey. This is also the same radio station where Kiss made an appearance as DJs on Steele's radio program the previous year while in town to record Alive II at The Forum. The group performed a full concert, followed by lip-synched performances of some songs. "Rip and Destroy", an altered version of "Hotter than Hell" that was featured in the film, was not performed during the concert.

Music
The music in the European release was performed by Kiss.

Release and reception
Before the film's airing, a private screening was held for Kiss, as well as their management and friends. Despite the positive reactions from all in attendance, Kiss hated the film for the buffoonish way it made them appear. For years after its airing, no one who worked for the group was permitted to mention the film in their presence.

In 1979, AVCO Embassy Pictures released Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park in cinemas outside the United States, with translations of the title Attack of the Phantoms. In some countries—Italy, in particular—the film was titled Kiss Phantoms. The theatrical release featured a vastly different version, with several scenes that did not appear in the original television airing added to the cut.

The overseas film's overall soundtrack also differed from the original—much of the Hanna-Barbera fight music was replaced by music from the band's catalog, primarily from their four solo albums. In some edits, the promotional videos for "I Was Made for Lovin' You" and "Sure Know Something" were also edited into the film.

In recent years, Kiss's public statements concerning the film have been a mixture of bemusement and disgust. On VH1's When Kiss Ruled the World, Simmons stated that "It's a classic movie [...] if you're on drugs," and Frehley said that "I couldn't stop laughing from the beginning of the movie to the end". In an early-1990s interview, Simmons compared the film to Plan 9 from Outer Space, joking that the two films would make a perfect drive-in double feature.

In the years since its initial airing, Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park has achieved cult status, mainly among Kiss fans. The European edit of the film (which removes most of Ace Frehley's dialogue) is available on DVD as part of Kissology Volume Two: 1978–1991, a collection of concerts and television appearances. Previously, availability was limited to two brief VHS releases in the 1980s and a laserdisc release in 1991. In 2005, distributor Cheezy Flicks attempted to release the original TV version of the film on DVD, but due to legal issues, the disc was quickly pulled; copies purchased during the release are rare.

In Australia, the film, titled Kiss and the Attack of the Phantoms, was initially popular. The most noticeable difference in the Australian release was the inclusion of "New York Groove" as background music during the rampage through the park.

Frehley later stated that he had tons of fun while shooting the film, although he has also claimed that both he and Peter Criss were “loaded” on alcohol and cocaine during production of the film.

title: Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park


text:
Rafida

 (رافضة) refers to those Shia Muslims who 'reject' the legitimacy of the caliphates of Abu Bakr ((r. 632 – 634)), Umar ((r. 634 – 644)), and Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)), in favor of Ali ibn Abi Talib ((r. 656 – 661)), the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In particular, the term appears in Sunni polemics as a deragotary nickname for Twelvers, who constitute the overwhelming majority of the Shia community. In turn, Twelvers have reinterpreted this nickname favorably to signify their rejection of perceived Sunni oppression.

Definition
The term (or, lit. 'rejectors',  ) refers to those Shia Muslims who 'reject' the legitimacy of the caliphates of Abu Bakr ((r. 632 – 634)), Umar ((r. 634 – 644)), and Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)). One after another, these caliphs succeeded the Islamic prophet Muhammad after he died in 632 CE. In particular, the term is applied to Twelvers, who constitute the vast majority of Shias. Twelvers believe that, shortly before he died, Muhammad publicly designated his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor at the Ghadir Khumm. In their view, early caliphs thus usurped Ali's right to succeed Muhammad. They also believe that Ali was succeeded by eleven of his descendants.

Rooted in early Islamic history, the term appears in Sunni polemics as a deragotary nickname for Twelvers, who have, in turn, reinterpreted this term favorably to signify 'rejection' of all tyranny and their struggle against perceived Sunni oppression. Less commonly, the term has been applied to other Shia sects, such as the  (lit. 'exaggerators' or 'extremists'), who ascribed divinity to Shia imams and were excommunicated by them.

Context
By eleventh century, the Shia status as "rejectors of the Truth" was canonized by Hanbali scholars, who did not grant Islamic rights to Shia Muslims: They were not to be married with, meat slaughtered by them was not halal (permissible), and they could not lead prayers. With the fall of Abbasids in 1258, such attacks on Shi'ism intensified. They are labeled today as infidels or heretics by various Salafi and Wahhabi scholars, considered a bigger threat to Islam than Christianity and Judaism, and there are frequent calls for their extermination. On these grounds, some Sunni Jihadist groups have justified their acts of violence against the Shia community. A popular reference for these groups is the prominent Hanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya, a staunch anti-Shia who also accused the Shia of conspiring with nonbelievers to destroy Islam from within. In Saudi Arabia, where Wahhabism is present, schoolbooks referred to Shias as the Rafida until 1993. They were still openly denounced in Saudi schoolbooks and state-sponsored media as late as 2000s.

Once Shias realized that they could not rid themselves of the pejorative nickname, they sought to turn it to their advantage. Thus, the term Rafida has been reinterpreted in Twelver sources as an honorific title. In the contemporary era, some Shias in Iraq and Lebanon view the term as a source of pride, symbolizing revolt against tyranny.

Origins
Origins of the term is uncertain. Perhaps the term is linked with the desertion of the Shia rebel Zayd ibn Ali ( CE) by some Kufan Shias, after the former refused to denounce the first two caliphs. They thus 'rejected' Zayd and became known as the Rafida. Zayd's rebellion was subsequently suppressed by the Umayyads and he was killed. Rather than the rejection of Zayd, more likely the term historically signified the rejection of the first three caliphs by Imamites, the forerunners of Twelvers.

Over time, the term became a popular pejorative for Twelvers. For Sunnis, the term signified the rejection of the first three caliphs, whom Twelvers count among infidels for allegedly usurping Ali ibn Abi Talib's right to succeed Muhammad. For Zaydis, who follow Zayd's teachings, the term denoted the rejection of Zayd by early Imamites.

Rafida in Sunni tradition
Early in the Islamic history, the term became a popular pejorative nickname for Imamites which, for Sunnis, signified the Imamites' rejection of the first three caliphs. The term also appears in some Sunni traditions of dubious authenticity. In one such tradition, Muhammad predicts the emergence of a group that would reject Islam. In another one, he orders Ali ibn Abi Talib to kill the Rafida for they are polytheists. Elsewhere, the Rafida, who are allegedly similar to Jews, are blamed for introducing into Islam the concept of anthropomorphism, which is allegedly a hallmark of Judaism.

Rafida in Twelver tradition
Even though the term was initially intended as a derogatory nickname, there are Twelver traditions, attributed to Shia imams, that reinterpret this term favorably. In one such tradition, Rafida are identified as a small group among the people of Pharaoh who rejected his rule, undaunted by his threats of punishment. This tradition is a reference to verses 7:120–126 and 20:70–75 of the Quran. According to some Twelver traditions, the term Rafida appeared also in the Tawrat.

Rafida in Zaydi tradition
In some Zaydi sources, the term refers to those Kufans who deserted Zayd because he did not condemn the first two caliphs. Even though Zayd likely viewed Ali as the best amongst the companions of the Islamic prophet and the most qualified to succeed him, he also regarded the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar as permissible. The preponderance of Shias who rejected Zayd's stance and refused to support the his revolt were described by Zayd's supporters as the Rafida. Over time, this term became a popular pejorative nickname for Imamites which, for Zaydis, signified the Imamites' rejection of Zayd.

title: Rafida


text:
Isotopes of radon

There are 39 known isotopes of radon (86Rn), from 193Rn to 231Rn; all are radioactive. The most stable isotope is 222Rn with a half-life of 3.823 days, which decays into 218Polonium. Six isotopes of radon, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222Rn, occur in trace quantities in nature as decay products of, respectively, 217At, 218At, 223Ra, 224Ra, 225Ra, and 226Ra. 217Rn and 221Rn are produced in rare branches in the decay chain of trace quantities of 237Np; 222Rn (and also 218Rn in a rare branch) is an intermediate step in the decay chain of 238U; 219Rn is an intermediate step in the decay chain of 235U; and 220Rn occurs in the decay chain of 232Th.

List of isotopes

 * 193Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 1.15(27) ms
 * α
 * 189Po
 * 194Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 0.78(16) ms
 * α
 * 190Po
 * 0+
 * 195Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 195.00544(5)
 * α
 * 191Po
 * (3/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 195mRn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~59 keV
 * α
 * 191Po
 * (13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|196Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
 * rowspan=2|196.002115(16)
 * rowspan=2|4.7(11) ms [4.4(+13−9) ms]
 * α
 * 192Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 196At
 * rowspan=2|197Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 111
 * rowspan=2|197.00158(7)
 * rowspan=2|66(16) ms [65(+23−14) ms]
 * α
 * 193Po
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 197At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 197mRn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(60)# keV
 * rowspan=2|21(5) ms [19(+8−4) ms]
 * α
 * 193Po
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 197At
 * rowspan=2|198Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112
 * rowspan=2|197.998679(14)
 * rowspan=2|65(3) ms
 * α (99%)
 * 194Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * 198At
 * rowspan=2|199Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113
 * rowspan=2|198.99837(7)
 * rowspan=2|620(30) ms
 * α (94%)
 * 195Po
 * rowspan=2|3/2−#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (6%)
 * 199At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 199mRn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180(70) keV
 * rowspan=2|320(20) ms
 * α (97%)
 * 195Po
 * rowspan=2|13/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3%)
 * 199At
 * rowspan=2|200Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2|199.995699(14)
 * rowspan=2|0.96(3) s
 * α (98%)
 * 196Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2%)
 * 200At
 * rowspan=2|201Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
 * rowspan=2|200.99563(8)
 * rowspan=2|7.0(4) s
 * α (80%)
 * 197Po
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 201At
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 201mRn
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 280(90)# keV
 * rowspan=3|3.8(1) s
 * α (90%)
 * 197Po
 * rowspan=3|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (10%)
 * 201At
 * IT (<1%)
 * 201Rn
 * rowspan=2|202Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
 * rowspan=2|201.993263(19)
 * rowspan=2|9.94(18) s
 * α (85%)
 * 198Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (15%)
 * 202At
 * rowspan=2|203Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
 * rowspan=2|202.993387(25)
 * rowspan=2|44.2(16) s
 * α (66%)
 * 199Po
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (34%)
 * 203At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 203mRn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 363(4) keV
 * rowspan=2|26.7(5) s
 * α (80%)
 * 199Po
 * rowspan=2|13/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (20%)
 * 203At
 * rowspan=2|204Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
 * rowspan=2|203.991429(16)
 * rowspan=2|1.17(18) min
 * α (73%)
 * 200Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (27%)
 * 204At
 * rowspan=2|205Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|204.99172(5)
 * rowspan=2|170(4) s
 * β+ (77%)
 * 205At
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (23%)
 * 201Po
 * rowspan=2|206Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|205.990214(16)
 * rowspan=2|5.67(17) min
 * α (62%)
 * 202Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (38%)
 * 206At
 * rowspan=2|207Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|206.990734(28)
 * rowspan=2|9.25(17) min
 * β+ (79%)
 * 207At
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (21%)
 * 203Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207mRn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 899.0(10) keV
 * 181(18) μs
 * (13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|208Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|207.989642(12)
 * rowspan=2|24.35(14) min
 * α (62%)
 * 204Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (38%)
 * 208At
 * rowspan=2|209Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|208.990415(21)
 * rowspan=2|28.5(10) min
 * β+ (83%)
 * 209At
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (17%)
 * 205Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 209m1Rn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1173.98(13) keV
 * 13.4(13) μs
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 209m2Rn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3636.78(23) keV
 * 3.0(3) μs
 * (35/2+)
 * rowspan=2|210Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|209.989696(9)
 * rowspan=2|2.4(1) h
 * α (96%)
 * 206Po
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (4%)
 * 210At
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210m1Rn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1690(15) keV
 * 644(40) ns
 * 8+#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210m2Rn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3837(15) keV
 * 1.06(5) μs
 * (17)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210m3Rn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6493(15) keV
 * 1.04(7) μs
 * (22)+
 * rowspan=2|211Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|210.990601(7)
 * rowspan=2|14.6(2) h
 * α (72.6%)
 * 207Po
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (27.4%)
 * 211At
 * 212Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 211.990704(3)
 * 23.9(12) min
 * α
 * 208Po
 * 0+
 * 213Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 212.993883(6)
 * 19.5(1) ms
 * α
 * 209Po
 * (9/2+)
 * 214Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 213.995363(10)
 * 0.27(2) μs
 * α
 * 210Po
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214mRn
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4595.4 keV
 * 245(30) ns
 * IT
 * 214Rn
 * (22+)
 * 215Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 214.998745(8)
 * 2.30(10) μs
 * α
 * 211Po
 * 9/2+
 * 216Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 216.000274(8)
 * 45(5) μs
 * α
 * 212Po
 * 0+
 * 217Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 217.003928(5)
 * 0.54(5) ms
 * α
 * 213Po
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 218Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 218.0056013(25)
 * 35(5) ms
 * α
 * 214Po
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 219Rn
 * Actinon Actinium emanation
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 219.0094802(27)
 * 3.96(1) s
 * α
 * 215Po
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * 220Rn
 * Thoron Thorium emanation
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 220.0113940(24)
 * 55.6(1) s
 * α
 * 216Po
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|221Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|221.015537(6)
 * rowspan=2|25.7(5) min
 * β− (78%)
 * 221Fr
 * rowspan=2|7/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (22%)
 * 217Po
 * 222Rn
 * Radon Radium emanation Emanation Emanon Niton
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 222.0175777(25)
 * 3.8235(3) d
 * α
 * 218Po
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 223Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 223.02179(32)#
 * 24.3(4) min
 * β−
 * 223Fr
 * 7/2
 * 224Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 224.02409(32)#
 * 107(3) min
 * β−
 * 224Fr
 * 0+
 * 225Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 225.02844(32)#
 * 4.66(4) min
 * β−
 * 225Fr
 * 7/2−
 * 226Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 226.03089(43)#
 * 7.4(1) min
 * β−
 * 226Fr
 * 0+
 * 227Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 227.03541(45)#
 * 20.8(7) s
 * β−
 * 227Fr
 * 5/2(+#)
 * 228Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 228.03799(44)#
 * 65(2) s
 * β−
 * 228Fr
 * 0+
 * 229Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 229.0426536(141)
 * 12(1) s
 * β−
 * 229Fr
 * 230Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * β−
 * 230Fr
 * 0+
 * 231Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * β−
 * 231Fr
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 219Rn
 * Actinon Actinium emanation
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 219.0094802(27)
 * 3.96(1) s
 * α
 * 215Po
 * 5/2+
 * Trace
 * 220Rn
 * Thoron Thorium emanation
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 220.0113940(24)
 * 55.6(1) s
 * α
 * 216Po
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|221Rn
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|221.015537(6)
 * rowspan=2|25.7(5) min
 * β− (78%)
 * 221Fr
 * rowspan=2|7/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * α (22%)
 * 217Po
 * 222Rn
 * Radon Radium emanation Emanation Emanon Niton
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 222.0175777(25)
 * 3.8235(3) d
 * α
 * 218Po
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * 223Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 223.02179(32)#
 * 24.3(4) min
 * β−
 * 223Fr
 * 7/2
 * 224Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 224.02409(32)#
 * 107(3) min
 * β−
 * 224Fr
 * 0+
 * 225Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 225.02844(32)#
 * 4.66(4) min
 * β−
 * 225Fr
 * 7/2−
 * 226Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 226.03089(43)#
 * 7.4(1) min
 * β−
 * 226Fr
 * 0+
 * 227Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 227.03541(45)#
 * 20.8(7) s
 * β−
 * 227Fr
 * 5/2(+#)
 * 228Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 228.03799(44)#
 * 65(2) s
 * β−
 * 228Fr
 * 0+
 * 229Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 229.0426536(141)
 * 12(1) s
 * β−
 * 229Fr
 * 230Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * β−
 * 230Fr
 * 0+
 * 231Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * β−
 * 231Fr
 * 65(2) s
 * β−
 * 228Fr
 * 0+
 * 229Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 229.0426536(141)
 * 12(1) s
 * β−
 * 229Fr
 * 230Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * β−
 * 230Fr
 * 0+
 * 231Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * β−
 * 231Fr
 * β−
 * 230Fr
 * 0+
 * 231Rn
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * β−
 * 231Fr
 * style="text-align:right" | 86
 * style="text-align:right" | 145
 * β−
 * 231Fr
 * β−
 * 231Fr

title: Isotopes of radon


text:
Talk:Steve Hogarth

Link
The link to 'The Europeans' does not link to a band page.

D.O.B ? 1956 or 1959
Relevant sources say it's 1959, and 1956 is unsourced information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Doxent (talk • contribs) 10:55, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * User:86.139.9.221 changed this back on 13 May 2006, but as the standard of content for Wikipedia is Verifiability and not Truth, and considering that the sources given show his birthday to be in 1959, I've reverted back to the verifiable information. If we can get a couple reliable sources that contradict this, something can be done, but for now 1959 will have to do. ~Kylu ( u | t )  04:45, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * How do the following stand as reliable sources for 1956 ?, , , , , . You will see that the latter article quotes his birth name as Ronald Steven Hogarth - although it is the only reference I can find to that data. Hope this helps,

 * Derek R Bullamore 19:32, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I feel that 1959 is the best date to use on Wikipedia. Those sources certainly do support 1959, but I'm not convinced that they trump the data from Marillion.com., ,   are the same article. That doesn't invalidate it, but we shouldn't infer that repetition of this nature is significant. We have no way of knowing the provenance of 1956 in this piece.  is a fan-produced FAQ, and whilst it does indeed claiim 1956, this claim is not sourced, and therefore credibility is somewhat lacking.  repeats 1956 but also implies Hogarth sasng on Clutching at Straws. Credibility therefore not exactly great.

 * Meanwhile states 1959, and the bloke's own website must surely carry more authority? I would therefore argue that 1959 is the best fit for the Wikipedia requirements. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.27.254.79 (talk) 16:22, 29 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Actually, the band website now says 1956 . Steve Hogarth admitted at Marillion Weekend Leicester that he was 60 (at that point), and told the story as to how he came to be 3 years younger on the "record" after he first joined the band.

This article requires some sort of Wiki intervention to stop the repeated amendment of the DOB. It currently features a link to a reference that supports 1959, but where the reference itself has been deleted. The current ascertation is unreferenced.

In May 2020 Hogarth said in a podcast that he had just turned 64, not 61 as many thought. The Corona Diaries Chapter 4, including a discussion of Hogarth's recent birthday celebration. Binksternet (talk) 21:56, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

 * That is all and well, but there are many reliable sources which give 1959 as the birth year. I would suggest that the article should quote both years, with a footnote describing the differences in sources.  That might avoid another repeat of ping-pong edits changing between the two years, ad infinitum. - Derek R Bullamore (talk) 22:18, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Why the lower-case "h"?
Any particular reason why Hogarth chooses to do this? 81.158.1.233 (talk) 02:16, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd say artistic licence. For more details, ask here: http://www.marillion.com/help/contact.htm. Wikipedia isn't the right place for this. Jimmy Fleischer (talk) 16:09, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Hogarth


text:
Isotopes of astatine

Astatine (85At) has 41 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive; their mass numbers range from 188 to 229 (though 189At is undiscovered). There are also 24 known metastable excited states. The longest-lived isotope is 210At, which has a half-life of 8.1 hours; the longest-lived isotope existing in naturally occurring decay chains is 219At with a half-life of 56 seconds.

List of isotopes

 * rowspan=2|188At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2| $190 μs$
 * α (~50%)
 * 184Bi
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * p (~50%)
 * 187Po
 * 190At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * α
 * 186Bi
 * (10−)
 * 191At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * α
 * 187Bi
 * (1/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 191mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(30) keV
 * α
 * 187Bi
 * (7/2−)
 * rowspan=3|192At
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 107
 * rowspan=3|192.00314(28)
 * rowspan=3|11.5(6) ms
 * α
 * 188Bi
 * rowspan=3|3+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 192Po
 * β+, SF (0.42%)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 192mAt
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(40) keV
 * rowspan=3| 88(6) ms
 * α
 * 188mBi
 * rowspan=3| (9−, 10−)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 192Po
 * β+, SF (0.42%)
 * (various)
 * 193At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 192.99984(6)
 * α
 * 189Bi
 * (1/2+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 193m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 8(9) keV
 * 21(5) ms
 * α
 * 189m1Bi
 * (7/2−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193m2At
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 42(9) keV
 * rowspan=2|$1 ms$
 * IT (76%)
 * 193At
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (24%)
 * 189m2Bi
 * rowspan=3|194At
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 109
 * rowspan=3|193.99873(20)
 * rowspan=3|286(7) ms
 * α (91.7%#)
 * 190Bi
 * rowspan=3|(5-)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (8.3%#)
 * 194Po
 * β+, SF (0.032%#)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 194mAt
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | -20(40) keV
 * rowspan=3|323(7) ms
 * α (91.7%#)
 * 190Bi
 * rowspan=3|(10-)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (8.3%#)
 * 194Po
 * β+, SF (0.032%#)
 * (various)
 * rowspan=2|195At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
 * rowspan=2|194.996268(10)
 * rowspan=2|290(20) ms
 * α
 * 191mBi
 * rowspan=2|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+?
 * 195Po
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 195mAt
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 29(7) keV
 * rowspan=3|143(3) ms
 * α (88%)
 * 191Bi
 * rowspan=3|(7/2-)
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (12%)
 * 195At
 * β+?
 * 195Po
 * rowspan=2|196At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 111
 * rowspan=2|195.99579(6)
 * rowspan=2|377(4) ms
 * α (97.5%)
 * 192Bi
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2.5%)
 * 196Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | −40(40) keV
 * 20# ms
 * α
 * 192mBi
 * (10−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 157.9(1) keV
 * 11(2) μs
 * IT
 * 196At
 * (5+)
 * rowspan=2|197At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112
 * rowspan=2|196.99319(5)
 * rowspan=2|388.2(5.6) ms
 * α (96.1%)
 * 193Bi
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (3.9%)
 * 197Po
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 197m1At
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 45(8) keV
 * rowspan=3|2.0(2) s
 * α
 * 193m1Bi
 * rowspan=3|(1/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (<0.004%)
 * 197At
 * β+?
 * 197Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 197m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310.7(2) keV
 * 1.3(2) μs
 * IT
 * 197At
 * (13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|198At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113
 * rowspan=2|197.99284(5)
 * rowspan=2|4.2(3) s
 * α (94%)
 * 194Bi
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (6%)
 * 198Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(90)# keV
 * 1.0(2) s
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|199At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2|198.99053(5)
 * rowspan=2|6.92(13) s
 * α (89%)
 * 195Bi
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (11%)
 * 199Po
 * rowspan=2|200At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
 * rowspan=2|199.990351(26)
 * rowspan=2|43.2(9) s
 * α (57%)
 * 196Bi
 * rowspan=2|(3+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (43%)
 * 200Po
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1At
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 112.7(30) keV
 * rowspan=3|47(1) s
 * α (43%)
 * 196Bi
 * rowspan=3|(7+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT
 * 200At
 * β+
 * 200Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 344(3) keV
 * 3.5(2) s
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|201At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
 * rowspan=2|200.988417(9)
 * rowspan=2|85(3) s
 * α (71%)
 * 197Bi
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (29%)
 * 201Po
 * rowspan=2|202At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
 * rowspan=2|201.98863(3)
 * rowspan=2|184(1) s
 * β+ (88%)
 * 202Po
 * rowspan=2|(2, 3)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (12%)
 * 198Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 190(40) keV
 * 182(2) s
 * (7+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 580(40) keV
 * 460(50) ms
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|203At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
 * rowspan=2|202.986942(13)
 * rowspan=2|7.37(13) min
 * β+ (69%)
 * 203Po
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (31%)
 * 199Bi
 * rowspan=2|204At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|203.987251(26)
 * rowspan=2|9.2(2) min
 * β+ (96%)
 * 204Po
 * rowspan=2|7+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (3.8%)
 * 200Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 587.30(20) keV
 * 108(10) ms
 * IT
 * 204At
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|205At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|204.986074(16)
 * rowspan=2|26.2(5) min
 * β+ (90%)
 * 205Po
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (10%)
 * 201Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2339.65(23) keV
 * 7.76(14) μs
 * 29/2+
 * rowspan=2|206At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|205.986667(22)
 * rowspan=2|30.6(13) min
 * β+ (99.11%)
 * 206Po
 * rowspan=2|(5)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (0.9%)
 * 202Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 807(3) keV
 * 410(80) ns
 * (10)−
 * rowspan=2|207At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|206.985784(23)
 * rowspan=2|1.80(4) h
 * β+ (91%)
 * 207Po
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (8.6%)
 * 203Bi
 * rowspan=2|208At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|207.986590(28)
 * rowspan=2|1.63(3) h
 * β+ (99.5%)
 * 208Po
 * rowspan=2|6+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (0.55%)
 * 204Bi
 * rowspan=2|209At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|208.986173(8)
 * rowspan=2|5.41(5) h
 * β+ (96%)
 * 209Po
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (4.0%)
 * 205Bi
 * rowspan=2|210At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|209.987148(8)
 * rowspan=2|8.1(4) h
 * β+ (99.8%)
 * 210Po
 * rowspan=2|(5)+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (0.18%)
 * 206Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2549.6(2) keV
 * 482(6) μs
 * (15)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4027.7(2) keV
 * 5.66(7) μs
 * (19)+
 * rowspan=2|211At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
 * rowspan=2|210.9874963(30)
 * rowspan=2|7.214(7) h
 * EC (58.2%)
 * 211Po
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (42%)
 * 207Bi
 * 212At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 211.990745(8)
 * 314(2) ms
 * α
 * 208Bi
 * (1−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 223(7) keV
 * 119(3) ms
 * α
 * 208Bi
 * (9−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4771.6(11) keV
 * 152(5) μs
 * IT
 * 212At
 * (25−)
 * 213At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 212.992937(5)
 * 125(6) ns
 * α
 * 209Bi
 * 9/2−
 * 214At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 213.996372(5)
 * 558(10) ns
 * α
 * 210Bi
 * 1−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214m1At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59(9) keV
 * 265(30) ns
 * α
 * 210Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214m2At
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 231(6) keV
 * 760(15) ns
 * α
 * 210Bi
 * 9−
 * 215At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 214.998653(7)
 * 0.10(2) ms
 * α
 * 211Bi
 * 9/2−
 * Trace
 * 216At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 216.002423(4)
 * 0.30(3) ms
 * α
 * 212Bi
 * 1−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161(11) keV
 * 100# μs
 * α
 * 212Bi
 * 9−#
 * rowspan=2|217At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132
 * rowspan=2|217.004719(5)
 * rowspan=2|32.3(4) ms
 * α (99.98%)
 * 213Bi
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (.012%)
 * 217Rn
 * rowspan=2|218At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|218.008694(12)
 * rowspan=2|1.27(6) s
 * α (99.9%)
 * 214Bi
 * rowspan=2|(2−,3−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (0.1%)
 * 218Rn
 * rowspan=2|219At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|219.011162(4)
 * rowspan=2|56(3) s
 * α (97%)
 * 215Bi
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (3.0%)
 * 219Rn
 * rowspan=2|220At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|220.015433(15)
 * rowspan=2|3.71(4) min
 * β− (92%)
 * 220Rn
 * rowspan=2|3(−#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (8.0%)
 * 216Bi
 * 221At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 221.018017(15)
 * 2.3(2) min
 * β−
 * 221Rn
 * 3/2−#
 * 222At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 222.022494(17)
 * 54(10) s
 * β−
 * 222Rn
 * 223At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 223.025151(15)
 * 50(7) s
 * β−
 * 223Rn
 * 3/2−#
 * 224At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 224.029749(24)
 * 2.5(1.5) min
 * β−
 * 224Rn
 * 2+#
 * 225At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 225.03253(32)#
 * 3# s
 * β−
 * 225Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 226At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 226.03721(32)#
 * 7# min
 * β−
 * 226Rn
 * 2+#
 * 227At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 227.04018(32)#
 * 5# s
 * β−
 * 227Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 228At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 228.04496(43)#
 * 1# min
 * β−
 * 228Rn
 * 3+#
 * 229At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 229.04819(43)#
 * 1# s
 * β−
 * 229Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 9/2−
 * Trace
 * 216At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 216.002423(4)
 * 0.30(3) ms
 * α
 * 212Bi
 * 1−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mAt
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161(11) keV
 * 100# μs
 * α
 * 212Bi
 * 9−#
 * rowspan=2|217At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132
 * rowspan=2|217.004719(5)
 * rowspan=2|32.3(4) ms
 * α (99.98%)
 * 213Bi
 * rowspan=2|9/2−
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (.012%)
 * 217Rn
 * rowspan=2|218At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|218.008694(12)
 * rowspan=2|1.27(6) s
 * α (99.9%)
 * 214Bi
 * rowspan=2|(2−,3−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (0.1%)
 * 218Rn
 * rowspan=2|219At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|219.011162(4)
 * rowspan=2|56(3) s
 * α (97%)
 * 215Bi
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (3.0%)
 * 219Rn
 * rowspan=2|220At
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|220.015433(15)
 * rowspan=2|3.71(4) min
 * β− (92%)
 * 220Rn
 * rowspan=2|3(−#)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (8.0%)
 * 216Bi
 * 221At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 221.018017(15)
 * 2.3(2) min
 * β−
 * 221Rn
 * 3/2−#
 * 222At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 222.022494(17)
 * 54(10) s
 * β−
 * 222Rn
 * 223At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 223.025151(15)
 * 50(7) s
 * β−
 * 223Rn
 * 3/2−#
 * 224At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 224.029749(24)
 * 2.5(1.5) min
 * β−
 * 224Rn
 * 2+#
 * 225At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 225.03253(32)#
 * 3# s
 * β−
 * 225Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 226At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 226.03721(32)#
 * 7# min
 * β−
 * 226Rn
 * 2+#
 * 227At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 227.04018(32)#
 * 5# s
 * β−
 * 227Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 228At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 228.04496(43)#
 * 1# min
 * β−
 * 228Rn
 * 3+#
 * 229At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 229.04819(43)#
 * 1# s
 * β−
 * 229Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 227At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 227.04018(32)#
 * 5# s
 * β−
 * 227Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * 228At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 228.04496(43)#
 * 1# min
 * β−
 * 228Rn
 * 3+#
 * 229At
 * style="text-align:right" | 85
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 229.04819(43)#
 * 1# s
 * β−
 * 229Rn
 * 1/2+#
 * style="text-align:right" | 144
 * 229.04819(43)#
 * 1# s
 * β−
 * 229Rn
 * 1/2+#

Alpha decay
Astatine has 23 nuclear isomers (nuclei with one or more nucleons – protons or neutrons – in an excited state). A nuclear isomer may also be called a "meta-state"; this means the system has more internal energy than the "ground state" (the state with the lowest possible internal energy), making the former likely to decay into the latter. There may be more than one isomer for each isotope. The most stable of them is astatine-202m1, which has a half-life of about 3 minutes; this is longer than those of all ground states except those of isotopes 203–211 and 220. The least stable one is astatine-214m1; its half-life of 265 ns is shorter than those of all ground states except that of astatine-213.

Alpha decay energy follows the same trend as for other heavy elements. Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay, which become lower as the nuclei become heavier. However, astatine-211 has a significantly higher energy than the previous isotope; it has a nucleus with 126 neutrons, and 126 is a magic number (corresponding to a filled neutron shell). Despite having a similar half-life time as the previous isotope (8.1 hours for astatine-210 and 7.2 hours for astatine-211), the alpha decay probability is much higher for the latter: 41.8 percent versus just 0.18 percent. The two following isotopes release even more energy, with astatine-213 releasing the highest amount of energy of all astatine isotopes. For this reason, it is the shortest-lived astatine isotope. Even though heavier astatine isotopes release less energy, no long-lived astatine isotope exists; this happens due to the increasing role of beta decay. This decay mode is especially important for astatine: as early as 1950, it was postulated that the element has no beta-stable isotopes (i.e. ones that do not undergo beta decay at all), though nuclear mass measurements reveal that 215At is in fact beta-stable, as it has the lowest mass of all isobars with A = 215. A beta decay mode has been found for all other astatine isotopes except for 212At, 213At, 214At, 216At and 216mAt. Among other isotopes: astatine-210 and the lighter isotopes decay by positron emission; astatine-217 and the heavier isotopes undergo beta decay; and astatine-211 decays by electron capture instead. Astatine-212 and astatine-216 are expected to decay either way.

The most stable isotope of astatine is astatine-210, which has a half-life of about 8.1 hours. This isotope's primary decay mode is positron emission to the relatively long-lived alpha emitter, polonium-210. In total, only five isotopes of astatine have half-lives exceeding one hour: those between 207 and 211. The least stable ground state isotope is astatine-213, with a half-life of about 125 nanoseconds. It undergoes alpha decay to the extremely long-lived (in practice, stable) isotope bismuth-209.

title: Isotopes of astatine


text:
Isotopes of polonium

There are 42 isotopes of polonium (84Po). They range in size from 186 to 227 nucleons. They are all radioactive. 210Po with a half-life of 138.376 days has the longest half-life of any naturally-occurring isotope of polonium and is the most common isotope of polonium. It is also the most easily synthesized polonium isotope. 209Po, which does not occur naturally, has the longest half-life of all isotopes of polonium at 124 years. 209Po can be made by using a cyclotron to bombard bismuth with protons, as can 208Po.

List of isotopes

 * 186Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 102
 * 186.004403(20)
 * α
 * 182Pb
 * 0+
 * 187Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 103
 * 187.003030(40)
 * 1.40(25) ms
 * α
 * 183Pb
 * 1/2−, 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 187mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4(27) keV
 * 0.5 ms
 * α
 * 183Pb
 * 13/2+#
 * 188Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 104
 * 187.999416(21)
 * 270(30) μs
 * α
 * 184Pb
 * 0+
 * 189Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 105
 * 188.998473(24)
 * 3.5(5) ms
 * α
 * 185Pb
 * (5/2−)
 * 190Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 106
 * 189.995102(14)
 * 2.45(5) ms
 * α
 * 186Pb
 * 0+
 * 191Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 190.994558(8)
 * 22(1) ms
 * α
 * 187Pb
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 191mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 61(11) keV
 * 93(3) ms
 * α
 * 187mPb
 * 13/2+
 * 192Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 108
 * 191.991340(11)
 * 32.2(3) ms
 * α
 * 188Pb
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 192mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2294.6(10) keV
 * 580(100) ns
 * IT
 * 192Po
 * 11-
 * 193Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 109
 * 192.991062(16)
 * 399(34) ms
 * α
 * 189Pb
 * 3/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 193mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(6) keV
 * 245(11) ms
 * α
 * 189mPb
 * 13/2+
 * 194Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 110
 * 193.988186(14)
 * 392(4) ms
 * α
 * 190Pb
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 194mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2313.4(3) keV
 * 12.9(5) μs
 * IT
 * 194Po
 * (10−)
 * rowspan=2|195Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 111
 * rowspan=2| 194.988066(6)
 * rowspan=2|4.64(9) s
 * α (94%)
 * 191Pb
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+?
 * 195Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 195mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 148(9) keV
 * 1.92(2) s
 * α
 * 191mPb
 * 13/2+
 * rowspan=2|196Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112
 * rowspan=2|195.985541(6)
 * rowspan=2|5.56(12) s
 * α (94%)
 * 192Pb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+?
 * 196Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2493.9(4) keV
 * 856(17) ns
 * IT
 * 196Po
 * 11−
 * rowspan=2|197Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113
 * rowspan=2|196.985622(11)
 * rowspan=2|53.6(9) s
 * β+?
 * 197Bi
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (44%)
 * 193Pb
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 197mPo
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 196(12)# keV
 * rowspan=3|25.8(1) s
 * α (84%)
 * 193mPb
 * rowspan=3|13/2+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+?
 * 197Bi
 * IT?
 * 197Po
 * rowspan=2|198Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2|197.983389(19)
 * rowspan=2|1.760(24) min
 * α (57%)
 * 194Pb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (43%)
 * 198Bi
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2565.92(20) keV
 * 200(20) ns
 * IT
 * 198Po
 * 11−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2740(50)# keV
 * 750(50) ns
 * IT
 * 198Po
 * 12+
 * rowspan=2|199Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
 * rowspan=2|198.983666(25)
 * rowspan=2|5.48(16) min
 * β+ (92.5%)
 * 199Bi
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (7.5%)
 * 195Pb
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 199mPo
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 312.0(28) keV
 * rowspan=3|4.17(4) min
 * β+ (73.5%)
 * 199Bi
 * rowspan=3|13/2+
 * rowspan=3|
 * α (24%)
 * 195Pb
 * IT (2.5%)
 * 199Po
 * rowspan=2|200Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
 * rowspan=2|199.981799(15)
 * rowspan=2|11.5(1) min
 * β+ (88.8%)
 * 200Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (11.1%)
 * 196Pb
 * rowspan=2|201Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
 * rowspan=2|200.982260(6)
 * rowspan=2|15.3(2) min
 * β+ (98.4%)
 * 201Bi
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.6%)
 * 197Pb
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 201mPo
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 424.1(24) keV
 * rowspan=3|8.9(2) min
 * IT (56.2(12)%)
 * 201Po
 * rowspan=3|13/2+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β+ (41.4(7)%)
 * 201Bi
 * α (2.4(5)%)
 * 197Pb
 * rowspan=2|202Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
 * rowspan=2|201.980758(16)
 * rowspan=2|44.7(5) min
 * β+ (98%)
 * 202Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (2%)
 * 198Pb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2626.7(7) keV
 * >200 ns
 * 11−
 * rowspan=2|203Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|202.981420(28)
 * rowspan=2|36.7(5) min
 * β+ (99.89%)
 * 203Bi
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.11%)
 * 199Pb
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 203m1Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 641.49(17) keV
 * rowspan=2|45(2) s
 * IT (99.96%)
 * 203Po
 * rowspan=2|13/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.04%)
 * 199Pb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2158.5(6) keV
 * >200 ns
 * rowspan=2|204Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
 * rowspan=2|203.980318(12)
 * rowspan=2|3.53(2) h
 * β+ (99.33%)
 * 204Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.66%)
 * 200Pb
 * rowspan=2|205Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
 * rowspan=2|204.981203(21)
 * rowspan=2|1.66(2) h
 * β+ (99.96%)
 * 205Bi
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.04%)
 * 201Pb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 143.166(17) keV
 * 310(60) ns
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 880.30(4) keV
 * 645 μs
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m3Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1461.21(21) keV
 * 57.4(9) ms
 * IT
 * 205Po
 * 19/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m4Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3087.2(4) keV
 * 115(10) ns
 * 29/2−
 * rowspan=2|206Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
 * rowspan=2|205.980481(9)
 * rowspan=2|8.8(1) d
 * β+ (94.55%)
 * 206Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (5.45%)
 * 202Pb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1585.85(11) keV
 * 222(10) ns
 * (8+)#
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2262.22(14) keV
 * 1.05(6) μs
 * (9−)#
 * rowspan=2|207Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
 * rowspan=2|206.981593(7)
 * rowspan=2|5.80(2) h
 * β+ (99.97%)
 * 207Bi
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.021%)
 * 203Pb
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207m1Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 68.573(14) keV
 * 205(10) ns
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1115.073(16) keV
 * 49(4) μs
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207m3Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1383.15(6) keV
 * 2.79(8) s
 * IT
 * 207Po
 * 19/2−
 * rowspan=2|208Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
 * rowspan=2|207.9812457(19)
 * rowspan=2|2.898(2) y
 * α (99.99%)
 * 204Pb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.00277%)
 * 208Bi
 * rowspan=2|209Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
 * rowspan=2|208.9824304(20)
 * rowspan=2|124(3) y
 * α (99.546%)
 * 205Pb
 * rowspan=2|1/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (.454%)
 * 209Bi
 * 210Po
 * Radium F
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 209.9828737(13)
 * 138.376(2) d
 * α
 * 206Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210mPo
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 5057.61(4) keV
 * 263(5) ns
 * 16+
 * 211Po
 * Actinium C'
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 210.9866532(14)
 * 516(3) ms
 * α
 * 207Pb
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 211m1Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1462(5) keV
 * rowspan=2|25.2(6) s
 * α (99.98%)
 * 207Pb
 * rowspan=2|(25/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.016%)
 * 211Po
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 211m2Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2135.7(9) keV
 * 243(21) ns
 * (31/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 211m3Po
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4873.3(17) keV
 * 2.8(7) μs
 * (43/2+)
 * 212Po
 * Thorium C'
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 211.9888680(13)
 * 294.4(8) ns
 * α
 * 208Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 212mPo
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2911(12) keV
 * rowspan=2|45.1(6) s
 * α (99.93%)
 * 208Pb
 * rowspan=2|(18+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.07%)
 * 212Po
 * 213Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 212.992857(3)
 * 3.65(4) μs
 * α
 * 209Pb
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 214Po
 * Radium C'
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 213.9952014(16)
 * 164.3(20) μs
 * α
 * 210Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|215Po
 * rowspan=2|Actinium A
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131
 * rowspan=2|214.9994200(27)
 * rowspan=2|1.781(4) ms
 * α (99.99%)
 * 211Pb
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (2.3×10−4%)
 * 215At
 * 216Po
 * Thorium A
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 216.0019150(24)
 * 145(2) ms
 * α
 * 212Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|217Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|217.006335(7)
 * rowspan=2|1.47(5) s
 * α (95%)
 * 213Pb
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (5%)
 * 217At
 * rowspan=2|218Po
 * rowspan=2|Radium A
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|218.0089730(26)
 * rowspan=2|3.10(1) min
 * α (99.98%)
 * 214Pb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (.02%)
 * 218At
 * rowspan=2|219Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|219.01361(16)
 * rowspan=2|10.3(1) min
 * α (28.2%)
 * 215Pb
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (71.8%)
 * 219At
 * 220Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 220.0164(18)
 * 40# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 220At
 * 0+
 * 221Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 221.02123(20)
 * 2.2(0.7) min
 * β−
 * 221At
 * 9/2+#
 * 222Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 222.024144(40)
 * 9.1(7.2) min
 * β−
 * 222At
 * 0+
 * 223Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 223.02907(21)#
 * 6# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 223At
 * 11/2+#
 * 224Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 224.03211(21)#
 * 3# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 224At
 * 0+
 * 225Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 225.03712(32)#
 * 10# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 225At
 * 3/2+#
 * 226Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 226.04031(43)#
 * 1# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 226At
 * 0+
 * 227Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 227.04539(43)#
 * 2# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 227At
 * 5/2+#
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4873.3(17) keV
 * 2.8(7) μs
 * (43/2+)
 * 212Po
 * Thorium C'
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 128
 * 211.9888680(13)
 * 294.4(8) ns
 * α
 * 208Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 212mPo
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2911(12) keV
 * rowspan=2|45.1(6) s
 * α (99.93%)
 * 208Pb
 * rowspan=2|(18+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * IT (.07%)
 * 212Po
 * 213Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 212.992857(3)
 * 3.65(4) μs
 * α
 * 209Pb
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 214Po
 * Radium C'
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 213.9952014(16)
 * 164.3(20) μs
 * α
 * 210Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|215Po
 * rowspan=2|Actinium A
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131
 * rowspan=2|214.9994200(27)
 * rowspan=2|1.781(4) ms
 * α (99.99%)
 * 211Pb
 * rowspan=2|9/2+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (2.3×10−4%)
 * 215At
 * 216Po
 * Thorium A
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 216.0019150(24)
 * 145(2) ms
 * α
 * 212Pb
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|217Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
 * rowspan=2|217.006335(7)
 * rowspan=2|1.47(5) s
 * α (95%)
 * 213Pb
 * rowspan=2|5/2+#
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (5%)
 * 217At
 * rowspan=2|218Po
 * rowspan=2|Radium A
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134
 * rowspan=2|218.0089730(26)
 * rowspan=2|3.10(1) min
 * α (99.98%)
 * 214Pb
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * β− (.02%)
 * 218At
 * rowspan=2|219Po
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135
 * rowspan=2|219.01361(16)
 * rowspan=2|10.3(1) min
 * α (28.2%)
 * 215Pb
 * rowspan=2|9/2+#
 * rowspan=2|
 * β− (71.8%)
 * 219At
 * 220Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 220.0164(18)
 * 40# s [>300 ns]
 * β−
 * 220At
 * 0+
 * 221Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 137
 * 221.02123(20)
 * 2.2(0.7) min
 * β−
 * 221At
 * 9/2+#
 * 222Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 138
 * 222.024144(40)
 * 9.1(7.2) min
 * β−
 * 222At
 * 0+
 * 223Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 139
 * 223.02907(21)#
 * 6# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 223At
 * 11/2+#
 * 224Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 224.03211(21)#
 * 3# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 224At
 * 0+
 * 225Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 225.03712(32)#
 * 10# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 225At
 * 3/2+#
 * 226Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 226.04031(43)#
 * 1# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 226At
 * 0+
 * 227Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 227.04539(43)#
 * 2# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 227At
 * 5/2+#
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 140
 * 224.03211(21)#
 * 3# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 224At
 * 0+
 * 225Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 141
 * 225.03712(32)#
 * 10# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 225At
 * 3/2+#
 * 226Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 142
 * 226.04031(43)#
 * 1# min [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 226At
 * 0+
 * 227Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 227.04539(43)#
 * 2# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 227At
 * 5/2+#
 * 227Po
 * style="text-align:right" | 84
 * style="text-align:right" | 143
 * 227.04539(43)#
 * 2# s [>300 ns]
 * β−?
 * 227At
 * 5/2+#
 * 227At
 * 5/2+#

title: Isotopes of polonium


text:
Isotopes of lead

Lead (82Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series (or radium series), the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively; a fourth decay chain, the neptunium series, terminates with the thallium isotope 205Tl. The three series terminating in lead represent the decay chain products of long-lived primordial 238U, 235U, and 232Th. Each isotope also occurs, to some extent, as primordial isotopes that were made in supernovae, rather than radiogenically as daughter products. The fixed ratio of lead-204 to the primordial amounts of the other lead isotopes may be used as the baseline to estimate the extra amounts of radiogenic lead present in rocks as a result of decay from uranium and thorium. (See lead–lead dating and uranium–lead dating.)

The longest-lived radioisotopes are 205Pb with a half-life of 17.3 million years and 202Pb with a half-life of 52,500 years. A shorter-lived naturally occurring radioisotope, 210Pb with a half-life of 22.2 years, is useful for studying the sedimentation chronology of environmental samples on time scales shorter than 100 years.

The relative abundances of the four stable isotopes are approximately 1.5%, 24%, 22%, and 52.5%, combining to give a standard atomic weight (abundance-weighted average of the stable isotopes) of 207.2(1). Lead is the element with the heaviest stable isotope, 208Pb. (The more massive 209Bi, long considered to be stable, actually has a half-life of 2.01×1019 years.) 208Pb is also a doubly magic isotope, as it has 82 protons and 126 neutrons. It is the heaviest doubly magic nuclide known. A total of 43 lead isotopes are now known, including very unstable synthetic species.

The four primordial isotopes of lead are all observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to undergo radioactive decay but no decay has been observed yet. These four isotopes are predicted to undergo alpha decay and become isotopes of mercury which are themselves radioactive or observationally stable.

In its fully ionized state, the beta decay of isotope 210Pb does not release a free electron; the generated electron is instead captured by the atom's empty orbitals.

List of isotopes

 * 178Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 96
 * 178.003830(26)
 * 0.23(15) ms
 * α
 * 174Hg
 * 0+
 * 179Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 97
 * 179.00215(21)#
 * 3.9(1.1) ms
 * α
 * 175Hg
 * (9/2−)
 * 180Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 98
 * 179.997918(22)
 * 4.5(11) ms
 * α
 * 176Hg
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|181Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 99
 * rowspan=2|180.99662(10)
 * rowspan=2|45(20) ms
 * α (98%)
 * 177Hg
 * rowspan=2|(9/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2%)
 * 181Tl
 * rowspan=2|182Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100
 * rowspan=2|181.992672(15)
 * rowspan=2|60(40) ms [55(+40−35) ms]
 * α (98%)
 * 178Hg
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (2%)
 * 182Tl
 * rowspan=2|183Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101
 * rowspan=2|182.99187(3)
 * rowspan=2|535(30) ms
 * α (94%)
 * 179Hg
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (6%)
 * 183Tl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 183mPb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 94(8) keV
 * rowspan=2|415(20) ms
 * α
 * 179Hg
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 183Tl
 * rowspan=2|184Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102
 * rowspan=2|183.988142(15)
 * rowspan=2|490(25) ms
 * α
 * 180Hg
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 184Tl
 * rowspan=2|185Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103
 * rowspan=2|184.987610(17)
 * rowspan=2|6.3(4) s
 * α
 * 181Hg
 * rowspan=2|3/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 185Tl
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mPb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(40)# keV
 * rowspan=2|4.07(15) s
 * α
 * 181Hg
 * rowspan=2|13/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (rare)
 * 185Tl
 * rowspan=2|186Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104
 * rowspan=2|185.984239(12)
 * rowspan=2|4.82(3) s
 * α (56%)
 * 182Hg
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (44%)
 * 186Tl
 * rowspan=2|187Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105
 * rowspan=2|186.983918(9)
 * rowspan=2|15.2(3) s
 * β+
 * 187Tl
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α
 * 183Hg
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 187mPb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 11(11) keV
 * rowspan=2|18.3(3) s
 * β+ (98%)
 * 187Tl
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (2%)
 * 183Hg
 * rowspan=2|188Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106
 * rowspan=2|187.980874(11)
 * rowspan=2|25.5(1) s
 * β+ (91.5%)
 * 188Tl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (8.5%)
 * 184Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 188m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2578.2(7) keV
 * 830(210) ns
 * (8−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 188m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2800(50) keV
 * 797(21) ns
 * 189Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 107
 * 188.98081(4)
 * 51(3) s
 * β+
 * 189Tl
 * (3/2−)
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189m1Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(30)# keV
 * rowspan=2|50.5(2.1) s
 * β+ (99.6%)
 * 189Tl
 * rowspan=2|13/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.4%)
 * 185Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 189m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2475(30)# keV
 * 26(5) μs
 * (10)+
 * rowspan=2|190Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108
 * rowspan=2|189.978082(13)
 * rowspan=2|71(1) s
 * β+ (99.1%)
 * 190Tl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.9%)
 * 186Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2614.8(8) keV
 * 150 ns
 * (10)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2618(20) keV
 * 25 μs
 * (12+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 190m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2658.2(8) keV
 * 7.2(6) μs
 * (11)−
 * rowspan=2|191Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109
 * rowspan=2|190.97827(4)
 * rowspan=2|1.33(8) min
 * β+ (99.987%)
 * 191Tl
 * rowspan=2|(3/2−)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.013%)
 * 187Hg
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 191mPb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 20(50) keV
 * rowspan=2|2.18(8) min
 * β+ (99.98%)
 * 191Tl
 * rowspan=2|13/2(+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.02%)
 * 187Hg
 * rowspan=2|192Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
 * rowspan=2|191.975785(14)
 * rowspan=2|3.5(1) min
 * β+ (99.99%)
 * 192Tl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (.0061%)
 * 188Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 192m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2581.1(1) keV
 * 164(7) ns
 * (10)+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 192m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2625.1(11) keV
 * 1.1(5) μs
 * (12+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 192m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2743.5(4) keV
 * 756(21) ns
 * (11)−
 * 193Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 111
 * 192.97617(5)
 * 5# min
 * β+
 * 193Tl
 * (3/2−)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 193m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(80)# keV
 * 5.8(2) min
 * β+
 * 193Tl
 * 13/2(+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 193m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2612.5(5)+X keV
 * 135(+25−15) ns
 * (33/2+)
 * rowspan=2|194Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112
 * rowspan=2|193.974012(19)
 * rowspan=2|12.0(5) min
 * β+ (100%)
 * 194Tl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (7.3×10−6%)
 * 190Hg
 * 195Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 113
 * 194.974542(25)
 * ~15 min
 * β+
 * 195Tl
 * 3/2#-
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 195m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 202.9(7) keV
 * 15.0(12) min
 * β+
 * 195Tl
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 195m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1759.0(7) keV
 * 10.0(7) μs
 * 21/2−
 * rowspan=2|196Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
 * rowspan=2|195.972774(15)
 * rowspan=2|37(3) min
 * β+
 * 196Tl
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (<3×10−5%)
 * 192Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1049.20(9) keV
 * <100 ns
 * 2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738.27(12) keV
 * <1 μs
 * 4+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797.51(14) keV
 * 140(14) ns
 * 5−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 196m4Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2693.5(5) keV
 * 270(4) ns
 * (12+)
 * 197Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 115
 * 196.973431(6)
 * 8.1(17) min
 * β+
 * 197Tl
 * 3/2−
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 197m1Pb
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 319.31(11) keV
 * rowspan=3|42.9(9) min
 * β+ (81%)
 * 197Tl
 * rowspan=3|13/2+
 * rowspan=3|
 * rowspan=3|
 * IT (19%)
 * 197Pb
 * α (3×10−4%)
 * 193Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 197m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1914.10(25) keV
 * 1.15(20) μs
 * 21/2−
 * 198Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 116
 * 197.972034(16)
 * 2.4(1) h
 * β+
 * 198Tl
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2141.4(4) keV
 * 4.19(10) μs
 * (7)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2231.4(5) keV
 * 137(10) ns
 * (9)−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 198m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2820.5(7) keV
 * 212(4) ns
 * (12)+
 * 199Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 117
 * 198.972917(28)
 * 90(10) min
 * β+
 * 199Tl
 * 3/2−
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 199m1Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 429.5(27) keV
 * rowspan=2|12.2(3) min
 * IT (93%)
 * 199Pb
 * rowspan=2|(13/2+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (7%)
 * 199Tl
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 199m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2563.8(27) keV
 * 10.1(2) μs
 * (29/2−)
 * 200Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 118
 * 199.971827(12)
 * 21.5(4) h
 * EC
 * 200Tl
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2|201Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
 * rowspan=2|200.972885(24)
 * rowspan=2|9.33(3) h
 * EC (99%)
 * rowspan=2| 201Tl
 * rowspan=2|5/2−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (1%)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 201m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 629.14(17) keV
 * 61(2) s
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 201m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2718.5+X keV
 * 508(5) ns
 * (29/2−)
 * 202Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 120
 * 201.972159(9)
 * 5.25(28)×104 y
 * EC
 * 202Tl
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 202m1Pb
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2169.83(7) keV
 * rowspan=2|3.54(2) h
 * IT (90.5%)
 * 202Pb
 * rowspan=2|9−
 * rowspan=2|
 * rowspan=2|
 * β+ (9.5%)
 * 202Tl
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4142.9(11) keV
 * 110(5) ns
 * (16+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 5345.9(13) keV
 * 107(5) ns
 * (19−)
 * 203Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 121
 * 202.973391(7)
 * 51.873(9) h
 * EC
 * 203Tl
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825.20(9) keV
 * 6.21(8) s
 * IT
 * 203Pb
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2949.47(22) keV
 * 480(7) ms
 * 29/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2923.4+X keV
 * 122(4) ns
 * (25/2−)
 * 204Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 122
 * 203.9730436(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.014(1)
 * 0.0000–0.0158
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1274.00(4) keV
 * 265(10) ns
 * 4+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2185.79(5) keV
 * 67.2(3) min
 * 9−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2264.33(4) keV
 * 0.45(+10−3) μs
 * 7−
 * 205Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 123
 * 204.9744818(13)
 * 1.73(7)×107 y
 * EC
 * 205Tl
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2.329(7) keV
 * 24.2(4) μs
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1013.839(13) keV
 * 5.55(2) ms
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3195.7(5) keV
 * 217(5) ns
 * 25/2−
 * 206Pb
 * Radium G
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 124
 * 205.9744653(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.241(1)
 * 0.0190–0.8673
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200.14(4) keV
 * 125(2) μs
 * 7−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4027.3(7) keV
 * 202(3) ns
 * 12+
 * 207Pb
 * Actinium D
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 125
 * 206.9758969(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.221(1)
 * 0.0035–0.2351
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1633.368(5) keV
 * 806(6) ms
 * IT
 * 207Pb
 * 13/2+
 * 208Pb
 * Thorium D
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 207.9766521(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.524(1)
 * 0.0338–0.9775
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 208mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4895(2) keV
 * 500(10) ns
 * 10+
 * 209Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 208.9810901(19)
 * 3.253(14) h
 * β−
 * 209Bi
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|210Pb
 * rowspan=2|Radium D Radiolead Radio-lead
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128
 * rowspan=2|209.9841885(16)
 * rowspan=2|22.20(22) y
 * β− (100%)
 * 210Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.9×10−6%)
 * 206Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1278(5) keV
 * 201(17) ns
 * 8+
 * 211Pb
 * Actinium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 210.9887370(29)
 * 36.1(2) min
 * β−
 * 211Bi
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 212Pb
 * Thorium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 211.9918975(24)
 * 10.64(1) h
 * β−
 * 212Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1335(10) keV
 * 6.0(0.8) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * (8+)
 * 213Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 212.996581(8)
 * 10.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 213Bi
 * (9/2+)
 * Trace
 * 214Pb
 * Radium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 213.9998054(26)
 * 26.8(9) min
 * β−
 * 214Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1420(20) keV
 * 6.2(0.3) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * 8+#
 * 215Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 215.004660(60)
 * 2.34(0.19) min
 * β−
 * 215Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 216Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 216.008030(210)#
 * 1.65(0.2) min
 * β−
 * 216Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20) keV
 * 400(40) ns
 * IT
 * 216Pb
 * 8+#
 * 217Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 217.013140(320)#
 * 20(5) s
 * β−
 * 217Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 218Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 218.016590(320)#
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4142.9(11) keV
 * 110(5) ns
 * (16+)
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 202m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 5345.9(13) keV
 * 107(5) ns
 * (19−)
 * 203Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 121
 * 202.973391(7)
 * 51.873(9) h
 * EC
 * 203Tl
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825.20(9) keV
 * 6.21(8) s
 * IT
 * 203Pb
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2949.47(22) keV
 * 480(7) ms
 * 29/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 203m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2923.4+X keV
 * 122(4) ns
 * (25/2−)
 * 204Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 122
 * 203.9730436(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.014(1)
 * 0.0000–0.0158
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1274.00(4) keV
 * 265(10) ns
 * 4+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2185.79(5) keV
 * 67.2(3) min
 * 9−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 204m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2264.33(4) keV
 * 0.45(+10−3) μs
 * 7−
 * 205Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 123
 * 204.9744818(13)
 * 1.73(7)×107 y
 * EC
 * 205Tl
 * 5/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2.329(7) keV
 * 24.2(4) μs
 * 1/2−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1013.839(13) keV
 * 5.55(2) ms
 * 13/2+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 205m3Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3195.7(5) keV
 * 217(5) ns
 * 25/2−
 * 206Pb
 * Radium G
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 124
 * 205.9744653(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.241(1)
 * 0.0190–0.8673
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200.14(4) keV
 * 125(2) μs
 * 7−
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Pb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4027.3(7) keV
 * 202(3) ns
 * 12+
 * 207Pb
 * Actinium D
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 125
 * 206.9758969(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 1/2−
 * 0.221(1)
 * 0.0035–0.2351
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 207mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1633.368(5) keV
 * 806(6) ms
 * IT
 * 207Pb
 * 13/2+
 * 208Pb
 * Thorium D
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 126
 * 207.9766521(13)
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Observationally stable
 * 0+
 * 0.524(1)
 * 0.0338–0.9775
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 208mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4895(2) keV
 * 500(10) ns
 * 10+
 * 209Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 127
 * 208.9810901(19)
 * 3.253(14) h
 * β−
 * 209Bi
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * rowspan=2|210Pb
 * rowspan=2|Radium D Radiolead Radio-lead
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128
 * rowspan=2|209.9841885(16)
 * rowspan=2|22.20(22) y
 * β− (100%)
 * 210Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.9×10−6%)
 * 206Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1278(5) keV
 * 201(17) ns
 * 8+
 * 211Pb
 * Actinium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 210.9887370(29)
 * 36.1(2) min
 * β−
 * 211Bi
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 212Pb
 * Thorium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 211.9918975(24)
 * 10.64(1) h
 * β−
 * 212Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1335(10) keV
 * 6.0(0.8) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * (8+)
 * 213Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 212.996581(8)
 * 10.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 213Bi
 * (9/2+)
 * Trace
 * 214Pb
 * Radium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 213.9998054(26)
 * 26.8(9) min
 * β−
 * 214Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1420(20) keV
 * 6.2(0.3) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * 8+#
 * 215Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 215.004660(60)
 * 2.34(0.19) min
 * β−
 * 215Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 216Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 216.008030(210)#
 * 1.65(0.2) min
 * β−
 * 216Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20) keV
 * 400(40) ns
 * IT
 * 216Pb
 * 8+#
 * 217Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 217.013140(320)#
 * 20(5) s
 * β−
 * 217Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 218Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 218.016590(320)#
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128
 * rowspan=2|209.9841885(16)
 * rowspan=2|22.20(22) y
 * β− (100%)
 * 210Bi
 * rowspan=2|0+
 * rowspan=2|Trace
 * rowspan=2|
 * α (1.9×10−6%)
 * 206Hg
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 210mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1278(5) keV
 * 201(17) ns
 * 8+
 * 211Pb
 * Actinium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 129
 * 210.9887370(29)
 * 36.1(2) min
 * β−
 * 211Bi
 * 9/2+
 * Trace
 * 212Pb
 * Thorium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 130
 * 211.9918975(24)
 * 10.64(1) h
 * β−
 * 212Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 212mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1335(10) keV
 * 6.0(0.8) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * (8+)
 * 213Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 131
 * 212.996581(8)
 * 10.2(3) min
 * β−
 * 213Bi
 * (9/2+)
 * Trace
 * 214Pb
 * Radium B
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 132
 * 213.9998054(26)
 * 26.8(9) min
 * β−
 * 214Bi
 * 0+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 214mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1420(20) keV
 * 6.2(0.3) μs
 * IT
 * 212Pb
 * 8+#
 * 215Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 133
 * 215.004660(60)
 * 2.34(0.19) min
 * β−
 * 215Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 216Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 216.008030(210)#
 * 1.65(0.2) min
 * β−
 * 216Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20) keV
 * 400(40) ns
 * IT
 * 216Pb
 * 8+#
 * 217Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 217.013140(320)#
 * 20(5) s
 * β−
 * 217Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 218Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 218.016590(320)#
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 134
 * 216.008030(210)#
 * 1.65(0.2) min
 * β−
 * 216Bi
 * 0+
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 216mPb
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20) keV
 * 400(40) ns
 * IT
 * 216Pb
 * 8+#
 * 217Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 135
 * 217.013140(320)#
 * 20(5) s
 * β−
 * 217Bi
 * 9/2+#
 * 218Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 218.016590(320)#
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+
 * 9/2+#
 * 218Pb
 * style="text-align:right" | 82
 * style="text-align:right" | 136
 * 218.016590(320)#
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+
 * 15(7) s
 * β−
 * 218Bi
 * 0+

Lead-206
206Pb is the final step in the decay chain of 238U, the "radium series" or "uranium series". In a closed system, over time, a given mass of 238U will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in 206Pb. The production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium (though this takes a long time, as the half-life of 234U is 245,500 years). Once this stabilized system is reached, the ratio of 238U to 206Pb will steadily decrease, while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant.

Like most radioisotopes found in the radium series, 206Pb was initially named as a variation of radium, specifically radium G. It is the decay product of both 210Po (historically called radium F) by alpha decay, and the much rarer 206Tl (radium EII) by beta decay.

Lead-206 has been proposed for use in fast breeder nuclear fission reactor coolant over the use of natural lead mixture (which also includes other stable lead isotopes) as a mechanism to improve neutron economy and greatly suppress unwanted production of highly radioactive byproducts.

Lead-204, -207, and -208
204Pb is entirely primordial, and is thus useful for estimating the fraction of the other lead isotopes in a given sample that are also primordial, since the relative fractions of the various primordial lead isotopes is constant everywhere. Any excess lead-206, -207, and -208 is thus assumed to be radiogenic in origin, allowing various uranium and thorium dating schemes to be used to estimate the age of rocks (time since their formation) based on the relative abundance of lead-204 to other isotopes.

207Pb is the end of the actinium series from 235U.

208Pb is the end of the thorium series from 232Th. While it only makes up approximately half of the composition of lead in most places on Earth, it can be found naturally enriched up to around 90% in thorium ores. 208Pb is the heaviest known stable nuclide and also the heaviest known doubly magic nucleus, as Z = 82 and N = 126 correspond to closed nuclear shells. As a consequence of this particularly stable configuration, its neutron capture cross section is very low (even lower than that of deuterium in the thermal spectrum), making it of interest for lead-cooled fast reactors.

Lead-212
212Pb-containing radiopharmaceuticals have been trialed as therapeutic agents for the experimental cancer treatment targeted alpha-particle therapy.

title: Isotopes of lead