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Indiana State Road 1

State Road 1 (SR 1) is a north–south state highway in eastern Indiana, consisting of two segments. Its southern segment begins at U.S. Highway 50 and Interstate 275 in east-central Dearborn County, just east of Lawrenceburg, and ends at Interstate 469 south of Fort Wayne. Its northern segment begins at Interstate 69 on Fort Wayne's north side, and ends at U.S. Route 20 in east-central Steuben County, approximately 6 mi east of Angola.

Southern section
State Road 1 begins at an interchange of Interstate 275; this is I-275's only exit in Indiana. Just after the interchange there is a stop light at U.S. Route 50 (US 50). SR 1 travels 14.53 mi north-northwest until it reaches I-74; just beyond I-74 it crosses Indiana State Road 46 (SR 46). SR 1 continues north until it meets U.S. Route 52 (US 52) just west of Cedar Grove. Then US 52 and SR 1 continue north-northeast for 5.78 mi until they reach Brookville; here, US 52 turns west on its way to Indianapolis, while SR 1 continues north-northwest for 16.81 mi where it meets Indiana State Road 44 (SR 44). SR 1 and SR 44 travel together for 0.47 mi where SR 1 turns north-northeast towards downtown Connersville. North of Connersville, SR 1 travels north-northwest until it reaches Cambridge City, where SR 1 crosses U.S. Route 40 (US 40). After the intersection at US 40, SR 1 heads north-northeast. After 2.90 mi SR 1 has an interchange with Interstate 70 (I-70), then heads due north towards U.S. Route 36 (US 36). SR 1 turns east onto US 36 for 1.01 mi, then leaves US 36 and travels generally due north until it reaches Fort Wayne. Just south of Fort Wayne, SR 1 ends at an interchange with Interstate 469 (I-469).

Northern section
On the north side of Fort Wayne at the Dupont Road interchange of Interstate 69 (I-69), the northern section of SR 1 begins and heads east. The road heads away from I–69 as a six-lane divided highway, along the south edge of the Parkview Regional Medical Center complex, passing through numerous commercial properties. The highway narrows to a four-lane divided highway at Diebold Road and then enters an area of mixed commercial and residential properties. At Tonkel Road, SR 1 begins to curve northeast toward Leo and narrows to a two-lane highway. The route then leaves Fort Wayne, passing through rural farm land with scattered houses. Curving due north to enter Leo on Main Street, SR 1 then passes through residential areas of that town. North of downtown Leo the highway curves northeast and passes through a mix of commercial and residential properties. As the road enters DeKalb County it curves to run due north. The highway then enters Spencerville, passing through the center of town. After Spencerville, the road curves northeast, before again turning back north. The highway enters St. Joe and takes a sharp curve to head due east. The route crosses CSX Railroad tracks and makes another sharp curve heading due north. The road continues north until it meets SR 8. The two routes head east-southeast for a 1.04 mi concurrency, until SR 1 departs the joint section heading due north. The road then passes through rural farmland, with a few houses, as a two-lane highway. Upon entering Butler it crosses the Norfolk Southern Railroad tracks, before encountering a signalized intersection with US 6 in downtown Butler. SR 1 then leaves Butler heading due north until it intersects DeKalb County Road 46, at which point the highway turns northwest. The route enter Hamilton and begins a concurrency with SR 427, heading northeast and passing Hamilton Lake. After 0.84 mi, SR 1 leaves the concurrency heading due north. The highway then continues in that direction until reaching its northern terminus at US 20.

Lawrenceburg
SR 1 began at US 50 and Main Street in Lawrenceburg and traveled north on Main Street until Main Street became Ridge Avenue. It then followed Ridge Avenue until it met the current SR 1.

Bluffton to Fort Wayne
Between the late 1940s and late 1950s, SR 1 had three or more lanes. This started in Bluffton and continued north to Fort Wayne.

Fort Wayne
Before being split into two sections on either side of Fort Wayne, SR 1 traveled on a continuous route through that city. From the present northern terminus of its southern section at Interstate 469's exit 6 in south-central Allen County, it continued north on Bluffton Road to pass just east of Fort Wayne's main airport (then known as Baer Field). In the Waynedale district of southwestern Fort Wayne, SR 3 joined Bluffton Road from the southwest at Lower Huntington Road. From there the routes originally continued together northward, hugging the bank of the St. Mary's River before curving east to bridge it. SR 1/SR 3 then immediately turned right (south) onto Broadway for about 700 ft before turning east on Rudisill Boulevard. From there the routes continued to a one way pair of Clinton Street (southbound) and Lafayette Street (northbound), which then carried a concurrency of US 27 from Decatur and US 33 from St. Marys, Ohio. At Lima Road, SR 3 split to the northwest, as US 27 and SR 1 continued on Clinton. At Coldwater Road, US 27 split from the route, and SR 1 went northeast on Clinton Street/Leo Road (this intersection was also the southern terminus of SR 427 until 1965). At Tonkel Road, SR 427 departed to the north, while SR 1 continued on its current alignment.

In later years, after the decommissioning of SR 3 through Fort Wayne and the completion of the Baer Field Thruway (later renamed Airport Expressway), SR 1 was rerouted to turn right onto that roadway, which deposited motorists onto Paulding Road at Fairfield Avenue. From there SR 1 headed east along Paulding Road to its intersection with US 27/US 33 (now Lafayette Street), where it turned left (north) and joined those routes to downtown Fort Wayne. North of the Lafayette/Clinton one-way pair, US 27/SR 1 turned northwest onto Lima Road. The routes followed that road until the interchange with Interstate 69, where US 27/SR 1 joined that route going north, while SR 3 resumed going north on Lima Road. SR 1 left Interstate 69 at Dupont road and followed its current alignment, while US 27 was concurrent with I-69 into Michigan.

Steuben County
At one point, the northern terminus was at SR 120 just west of the Ohio State Line.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Indiana State Road 1


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Territorial Support Group

The Territorial Support Group  (TSG) is a Met Operations unit of London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) which specialises in public order policing, amongst other specialist areas. In 2012 it consisted of 793 officers and 29 support staff. The TSG is a uniformed unit of the MPS that replaced the similarly constituted Special Patrol Group in 1987. TSG units patrol the streets of London in marked police vans or "carriers"; using the call sign prefix "Uniform". Generally each carrier has an advanced (police) driver, six constables, and a sergeant. Territorial Support Groups often comprise three carriers, twenty one constables, and three sergeants reporting to an Inspector. They separately patrol designated areas experiencing serious levels of gang violence or disorder. When deployed, it is by the MPS Information Room. Due to the public order nature of their role, numerous carriers will often be assigned. TSG officers can be identified as TSG from the distinctive "U" in their shoulder numbers. Some TSG officers are also plainclothes officers, carrying a taser and handcuffs.

Role
Today the TSG has three main tasks in the policing of the Metropolitan Police District:

 * Securing the capital against terrorism.
 * Responding to disorder anywhere within London.
 * Reducing priority crime through borough support.

Public order
Although public order is not the TSG's only role, it is certainly their most visible and well-known. Like most police support unit vehicles, TSG vans are equipped with mesh window shields and officers are equipped with acrylic glass riot shields, visored 'NATO' helmets, shin and elbow guards, along with fireproof coveralls when required. This level of protection allows them to deal with many violent situations, including riots, football violence, and suspects armed with a variety of weapons. TSG officers are trained to a higher standard of operational readiness in their public order role than most other police support units in London; TSG training is refreshed every five weeks as a matter of routine. Exercises are conducted predominantly at the MPS Specialist Training Centre in Gravesend, Kent, though other sites are used as required, and encompass all public order scenarios. Officers undergo extensive riot training including being petrol bombed in large-scale engagements, prison clearance tactics, football stadium scenarios, night club scenarios, aircraft, rail and various “angry-man” scenarios, as well as additional specialist training. TSG units spend considerable time training with other specialist police teams as well as certain military units. Also, if a siege situation is present, but firearms are not involved, TSG will often be deployed to counter the threat. Reflecting this role the unit's former head, Commander Michael Johnson, was tactical commander for the London 2012 Olympics.

Borough support
TSG provides support to regular divisional officers through high-visibility patrols, surveillance and decoy operations while also providing a presence on the streets. Boroughs are also supported through the provision of a “Commissioner's Reserve”, a section of TSG that is on standby all year round. The Commissioner's Reserve is designed so such units are always available for rapid response of a sizeable number of officers anywhere within the metropolis to quell public order problems, from a bar brawl to large-scale public disorder and public protest. On a day-to-day basis, TSG assists the boroughs in handling and relocating particularly violent prisoners.

Terrorism response
Whilst the majority of TSG officers are unarmed, and therefore do not engage in the initial confrontation of terrorists, the TSG is equipped and trained to deal with the aftermath or evacuation during or after a terrorism emergency in London, and the unit includes a CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) trained team. Working closely with SO15 (the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command) TSG also has counterterrorism responsibilities. 200 TSG officers are now trained as firearms officers, and are available to be called upon in the event of a major attack.

Recruitment
Potential TSG candidates are selected from mainstream divisional officers. Officers are selected on merit and much emphasis is placed upon their personal policing ability, motivation, resilience and good communication skills. Fitness and stamina are also seen as essential attributes of TSG personnel. Applicants must be recommended by a senior officer (minimum rank of Inspector) whilst on division.

Equipment
Large police vans are the standard vehicle of TSG and each van transports six constables and a sergeant. Three of these vans can form an operational Serial ready to respond to incidents; following the national PSU model, this would include an inspector, three sergeants, eighteen constables, two medics and three drivers. The TSG also maintains a fleet of armoured Ford F450 based Jankel Guardians for use in serious public order situations, like the 2011 England riots. These are identical to, and interchangeable with, the Guardians used by SCO18 Aviation Command and SCO19 Firearms Command, but do not carry armed officers in public order situations.

TSG officers are not routinely armed, but are equipped with Speedcuffs, fixed batons and CS/PAVA incapacitant spray like all officers. TSG does, however, have its own firearms capability with some officers being trained as Authorised Firearms Officers (AFOs). These officers may conduct certain infrequent armed patrols across London, typically in response to a threat of terrorism.

Instead of TSG officers wearing standard black trousers and white shirt, when policing demonstrations they often wear fire-retardant overalls with their stab vests underneath.

Criticism
The TSG and their predecessors, the SPG, have been likened to paramilitary units during riot control operations by Tony Jefferson in The Case against Paramilitary Policing (1990). He argued this because of their use of shields, batons and helmets, their centralised command structure, their willingness to use force, and their squad-like formations. Peter Waddington, who has been credited with developing kettling, countered this conclusion in the British Journal of Criminology by pointing out that their equipment is mainly defensive. As employees, the police force have a duty to protect them from harm, he also notes that paramedics in riot situations also wear similar helmets and armour. Jefferson argues that by the police preparing for an event, such as a march or protest where they expect there to be violence, they create a self-fulfilling prophecy and that violence will occur. Waddington responds to this by pointing out that the TSG were deployed at the Notting Hill Carnival every year and yet there was not always violence. Jefferson also believes that by controlling the ground the TSG incites violence, Waddington cites examples (including the Battle of the Beanfield) where problems were caused by the police not controlling the ground and that when they have then tried to gain control violence ensued.

Waddington argued that if the presence of the TSG caused violence, then violence would not occur if they were not deployed. Waddington uses examples from three Poll Tax Riots to illustrate that the assumption that their deployment causes violence is not correct. When the TSG were not deployed, serious disorder occurred, including a fully-fledged riot. In contrast when the TSG, including specialists in riot control, were deployed there was less violence. What is more he found that the more the police planned for the 'worst-case scenario' the less disorder there was. When they controlled the space and the crowd was at its greatest, violence was lowest. Waddington states that whilst the deployment of the TSG in a riot situation is never desirable, it is often essential to maintain order and limit violence. However, he also believes that the use of force should be as minimal as possible and that it should only be used to achieve publicly acceptable purposes.

Officers in the TSG have faced criticism about their policing methods and complaints have been made against officers of the TSG. Senior officers say that the type of work that the TSG are involved with, policing protests and performing drug raids makes them more likely to have complaints made against them. As the result of a freedom of information request made by The Guardian newspaper, it was revealed that more than 5,000 complaints were made against the TSG in 4 years but only 9 have been upheld. Commenting on these figures, a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority stated that officers in the TSG are "practically immune" from criticism.

One ex-Metropolitan Police officer suggested that TSG members, "spend (their) days waiting for action, and far too many officers join seeking excitement and physical confrontation." Some officers are ex-military personnel and these are "the worst bullies" as "the laws of the battlefield are not appropriate to the streets of our capital".

Incidents
In 1997 a man was beaten by officers from the TSG in what was described as an "outrageous display of brutality", which only stopped when the man pretended to be unconscious. The man was charged with assault and threatening behaviour over the incident but was cleared after photographs of his injuries showed the officers had lied about the case under oath. After the man's acquittal the officers went on trial accused of assault in 1999 but were later cleared. In 2003, six officers of the TSG performed what a judge in 2009 called a "serious, gratuitous and prolonged" assault and "religious abuse" on suspect, Babar Ahmad, a 34-year-old IT support analyst who was not subsequently charged with any offence. The officers involved had already been the subject of as many as 60 complaints about unwarranted assaults against other men. A number of mail sacks containing these complaints were somehow lost. The accusations were investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission but that they were found to be unsubstantiated. Five of the six officers were still members of the TSG in 2009. Babar Ahmed was later awarded £60,000 compensation, by the High Court, for the assault. In August, 2009, it was announced that the police officers accused of attacking Babar Ahmad would face criminal charges. However all four officers were found not guilty in June 2011 after a recording from listening device placed in Mr. Ahmed's home surfaced shortly before the trial which "proved the account originally given by these officers was correct and specific details of the complaint made by Mr. Ahmad were not present"

In 2005 a Kurdish youth recorded an officer on his mobile phone telling him "If you say one more fucking word, I'll smash your fucking Arab face in" after he was stopped near Paddington Green police station. The officer was suspended but denied the charge.

Another investigation into six other officers of the TSG by the IPCC was launched following allegations made by three men that they were racially abused during an incident during June 2007 in Paddington. A van of officers stopped after seeing youths mouthing obscenities towards them. The officers appeared in court in December 2008 and were prosecuted; two for racially abusing the men, four of misconduct in a public office and one of racially aggravated assault. The Guardian reported that a request may have been made to restrict reporting of the trial by the media. The officer who was driving the van acted as a whistleblower during the trial. One officer, a former Royal Marine, accused in this case was also involved in the assault of Babar Ahmed and has had 31 complaints lodged against him since 1993. In November 2009, he was cleared of all offences, along with the other officers, and returned to work with the TSG.

During the 2009 G-20 London summit protests two officers of the TSG were suspended from duty following publication of videos which recorded alleged assaults on members of the public at the 2009 G-20 London summit protests and at a subsequent memorial. In the first case, the member of the public, Ian Tomlinson, died shortly afterwards. In the second case, Sgt Delroy (Tony) Smellie was seen hitting Nicola Fisher. Following her complaint, the Crown Prosecution Service announced in September 2009, that there was sufficient evidence to charge Sgt Smellie with assault. He appeared in court on 16 November 2009 and was cleared of assault charges on 31 March 2010 at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court. However, it was reported that he could still face misconduct proceedings over the incident. Video evidence showed that the officer seen hitting Ian Tomlinson had his face covered, and that the officers involved in both cases were not displaying their identification numbers. Following the investigation into police handling of the protest, the human rights group Liberty called for further study of what it referred to as the "militaristic approach" used by the TSG.

Bases of operations
The TSG operates from four bases located around London:

 * 2TSG, Athlon Road, Alperton
 * 3TSG, Grove Road, Chadwell Heath
 * 4TSG, Aitken Road, Catford
 * 5TSG, Larkhall Lane, Clapham

The 1TSG unit based in Paddington Green Police Station was decommissioned in 2016 relating to poor working practices, unauthorised claiming of overtime and bullying.

List of known commanding officers

 * Michael "Mick" Johnson (2007–2011)
 * Mark Bird (2011)

title: Territorial Support Group


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Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment (RE1). The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays; this information is needed to understand the formation of the universe and search for evidence of dark matter.

The principal investigator is Nobel laureate particle physicist Samuel Ting. The launch of flight STS-134 carrying AMS-02 took place on May 16, 2011, and the spectrometer was installed on May 19, 2011. By April 15, 2015, AMS-02 had recorded over 60 billion cosmic ray events and 90 billion after five years of operation since its installation in May 2011.

In March 2013, Professor Ting reported initial results, saying that AMS had observed over 400,000 positrons, with the positron to electron fraction increasing from 10 GeV to 250 GeV. (Later results have shown a decrease in positron fraction at energies over about 275 GeV). There was "no significant variation over time, or any preferred incoming direction. These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations." The results have been published in Physical Review Letters. Additional data are still being collected.

History
The alpha magnetic spectrometer was proposed in 1995 by the Antimatter Study Group, led by MIT particle physicist Samuel Ting, not long after the cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider. The original name for the instrument was Antimatter Spectrometer, with the stated objective to search for primordial antimatter, with a target resolution of antimatter/matter ≈10−9. The proposal was accepted and Ting became the principal investigator.

AMS-01
An AMS prototype designated AMS-01, a simplified version of the detector, was built by the international consortium under Ting's direction and flown into space aboard the on STS-91 in June 1998. By not detecting any antihelium, the AMS-01 established an upper limit of 1.1×10−6 for the antihelium-to-helium flux ratio and proved that the detector concept worked in space. This shuttle mission was the last shuttle flight to the Mir space station.

AMS-02
After the flight of the prototype, the group, now labelled the AMS Collaboration, began the development of a full research system designated AMS-02. This development effort involved the work of 500 scientists from 56 institutions and 16 countries organized under United States Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship.

The instrument which eventually resulted from a long evolutionary process has been called "the most sophisticated particle detector ever sent into space", rivaling very large detectors used at major particle accelerators, and has cost four times as much as any of its ground-based counterparts. Its goals have also evolved and been refined over time. As built it is a more comprehensive detector which has a better chance of discovering evidence of dark matter along with other goals.

The power requirements for AMS-02 were thought to be too great for a practical independent spacecraft, so AMS-02 was designed to be installed as an external module on the International Space Station and use power from the ISS. The post- plan was to deliver AMS-02 to the ISS by space shuttle in 2005 on station assembly mission UF4.1, but technical difficulties and shuttle scheduling issues added more delays.

AMS-02 completed final integration and operational testing at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland which included exposure to energetic proton beams generated by the CERN SPS particle accelerator. AMS-02 was then shipped by specialist hauler to ESA's European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) facility in the Netherlands, arriving February 16, 2010. Here it underwent thermal vacuum, electromagnetic compatibility, and electromagnetic interference testing. AMS-02 was scheduled for delivery to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States, in late May 2010. This was, however, postponed to August 26, as AMS-02 underwent final alignment beam testing at CERN.

A cryogenic, superconducting magnet system was initially installed on the AMS-02. When the Obama administration extended International Space Station operations beyond 2015, the decision was made by AMS management to exchange the AMS-02 superconducting magnet for the non-superconducting magnet previously flown on AMS-01. Although the non-superconducting magnet has a weaker field strength, its on-orbit operational time at ISS is expected to be 10 to 18 years versus only three years for the superconducting version. In December 2018, it was announced that funding for the ISS had been extended to 2030.

In 1999, after the successful flight of AMS-01, the total cost of the AMS program was estimated to be $33 million, with AMS-02 planned for flight to the ISS in 2003. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, and after a number of technical difficulties with the construction of AMS-02, the cost of the program ballooned to an estimated $2 billion.

Installation on the International Space Station
For several years it was uncertain if AMS-02 would ever be launched because it was not manifested to fly on any of the remaining Space Shuttle flights. After the 2003 Columbia disaster, NASA decided to reduce shuttle flights and retire the remaining shuttles by 2010. A number of flights were removed from the remaining manifest, including the flight for AMS-02. In 2006, NASA studied alternative ways of delivering AMS-02 to the space station, but they all proved to be too expensive.

In May 2008, a bill was proposed to launch AMS-02 to the ISS on an additional shuttle flight in 2010 or 2011. The bill was passed by the full U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2008. The bill then went before the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee where it also passed. It was then amended and passed by the full Senate on September 25, 2008, and was passed again by the House on September 27, 2008. It was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 15, 2008. The bill authorized NASA to add another space shuttle flight to the schedule before the space shuttle program was discontinued. In January 2009, NASA restored AMS-02 to the shuttle manifest. On August 26, 2010, AMS-02 was delivered from CERN to the Kennedy Space Center by a Lockheed C-5 Galaxy jet.

It was delivered to the International Space Station on May 19, 2011, as part of station assembly flight ULF6 on shuttle flight STS-134, commanded by Mark Kelly. It was removed from the shuttle cargo bay using the shuttle's robotic arm and handed off to the station's robotic arm for installation. AMS-02 is mounted on top of the Integrated Truss Structure, on USS-02, the zenith side of the S3-element of the truss.

Operations, condition and repairs
By April 2017, only one of the 4 redundant coolant pumps for the silicon trackers was fully working, and repairs were being planned, despite AMS-02 not being designed to be serviced in space. By 2019, the last pump was being operated intermittently. In November 2019, after four years of planning, special tools and equipment were sent to the ISS for in-situ repairs requiring four EVAs. Liquid carbon dioxide coolant was also replenished.

The repairs were conducted by the ISS crew of Expedition 61. The spacewalkers were the expedition commander and ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano, and NASA astronaut Andrew Morgan. Both of them were assisted by NASA astronauts Christina Koch and Jessica Meir who operated the Canadarm2 robotic arm from inside the Station. The spacewalks were described as the "most challenging since [the last] Hubble repairs".

The entire spacewalk campaign was a central feature of the Disney+ docuseries Among The Stars.

First spacewalk
The first spacewalk was conducted on November 15, 2019. The spacewalk began with the removal of the debris shield covering AMS, which was jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. The next task was to install three handrails in the vicinity of AMS to prepare for the next spacewalks and remove zip ties on the AMS' vertical support strut. This was followed by the "get ahead" tasks: Parmitano removed the screws from a carbon-fibre cover under the insulation and passed the cover to Morgan to jettison. The spacewalkers also removed the vertical support beam cover. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 39 minutes.

Second spacewalk
The second spacewalk was conducted on November 22, 2019. Parmitano and Morgan cut a total of eight stainless steel tubes, including one that vented the remaining carbon dioxide from the old cooling pump. The crew members also prepared a power cable and installed a mechanical attachment device in advance of installing the new cooling system. The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 33 minutes.

Third spacewalk
The third spacewalk was conducted on December 2, 2019. The crew completed the primary task of installing the upgraded cooling system, called the upgraded tracker thermal pump system (UTTPS), completed the power and data cable connections for the system, and connected all eight cooling lines from the AMS to the new system. The intricate connection work required making a clean cut for each existing stainless steel tube connected to the AMS, then connecting it to the new system through swaging.

The astronauts also completed an additional task to install an insulating blanket on the nadir side of the AMS to replace the heat shield and blanket they removed during the first spacewalk to begin the repair work. The flight control team on Earth initiated power-up of the system and confirmed its reception of power and data.

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 2 minutes.

Fourth spacewalk
The fourth spacewalk was conducted on January 25, 2020. The astronauts conducted leak checks for the cooling system on the AMS and opened a valve to pressurize the system. Parmitano found a leak in one of the AMS's cooling lines. The leak was fixed during the spacewalk. Preliminary testing showed the AMS was responding as expected.

Ground teams worked to fill the new AMS thermal control system with carbon dioxide, allowed the system to stabilize, and powered on the pumps to verify and optimize their performance. The tracker, one of several detectors on the AMS, began collecting science data again before the end of the week after the spacewalk.

The astronauts also completed an additional task to remove degraded lens filters on two high-definition video cameras.

The duration of the spacewalk was 6 hours and 16 minutes.

Specifications
About 1,000 cosmic rays are recorded by the instrument per second, generating about one GB/s of data. This data is filtered and compressed to about 300 kbit/s for download to the operation center POCC at CERN.
 * Mass: 7,500 kg
 * Structural material: Stainless steel
 * Power: 2,500 W
 * Internal data rate: 7 Gbit/s
 * Data rate to ground: 2 Mbit/s (typical, average)
 * Primary mission duration: 10 to 18 years
 * Design life: 3 years.
 * Magnetic field intensity: 0.15 tesla produced by a 1,200 kg permanent neodymium magnet
 * Original superconducting magnet: 2 coils of niobium-titanium at 1.8 K producing a central field of 0.87 tesla (not used in the actual device)
 * AMS-02 flight magnet changed to non-superconducting AMS-01 version to extend experiment life and to solve reliability problems in the operation of the superconducting system

A mockup of the machine is present inside the operations center at CERN.

Design
The detector module consists of a series of detectors that are used to determine various characteristics of the radiation and particles as they pass through. Characteristics are determined only for particles that pass through from top to bottom. Particles that enter the detector at any other angles are rejected. From top to bottom the subsystems are identified as:

 * Transition radiation detector measures the velocities of the highest energy particles;
 * Upper time of flight counter, along with the lower time of flight counter, measures the velocities of lower energy particles;
 * Star tracker determines the orientation of the module in space;
 * Silicon tracker (9 disks among 6 locations) measures the coordinates of charged particles in the magnetic field;
 * Has 4 redundant coolant pumps
 * Permanent magnet bends the path of charged particles so they can be identified;
 * Anti-coincidence counter rejects stray particles that enter through the sides;
 * Ring imaging Cherenkov detector measures velocity of fast particles with extreme accuracy;
 * Electromagnetic calorimeter measures the total energy of the particles.

Scientific goals
The AMS-02 uses the unique environment of space to advance knowledge of the Universe and lead to the understanding of its origin by searching for antimatter, dark matter and measuring cosmic rays.

Antimatter
Experimental evidence indicates that our galaxy is made of matter; however, scientists believe there are about 100–200 billion galaxies in the observable Universe and some versions of the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe require equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Theories that explain this apparent asymmetry violate other measurements. Whether or not there is significant antimatter is one of the fundamental questions of the origin and nature of the Universe. Any observations of an antihelium nucleus would provide evidence for the existence of antimatter in space. In 1999, AMS-01 established a new upper limit of 10−6 for the antihelium/helium flux ratio in the Universe. AMS-02 was designed to search with a sensitivity of 10−9, an improvement of three orders of magnitude over AMS-01, sufficient to reach the edge of the expanding Universe and resolve the issue definitively.

Dark matter
The visible matter in the Universe, such as stars, adds up to less than 5 percent of the total mass that is known to exist from many other observations. The other 95 percent is dark, either dark matter, which is estimated at 20 percent of the Universe by weight, or dark energy, which makes up the balance. The exact nature of both still is unknown. One of the leading candidates for dark matter is the neutralino. If neutralinos exist, they should be colliding with each other and giving off an excess of charged particles that can be detected by AMS-02. Any peaks in the background positron, antiproton, or gamma ray flux could signal the presence of neutralinos or other dark matter candidates, but would need to be distinguished from poorly known confounding astrophysical signals.

Strangelets
Six types of quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top) have been found experimentally; however, the majority of matter on Earth is made up of only up and down quarks. It is a fundamental question whether there exists stable matter made up of strange quarks in combination with up and down quarks. Particles of such matter are known as strangelets. Strangelets might have extremely large mass and very small charge-to-mass ratios. It would be a totally new form of matter. AMS-02 may determine whether this extraordinary matter exists in our local environment.

Space radiation environment
Cosmic radiation during transit is a significant obstacle to sending humans to Mars. Accurate measurements of the cosmic ray environment are needed to plan appropriate countermeasures. Most cosmic ray studies are done by balloon-borne instruments with flight times that are measured in days; these studies have shown significant variations. AMS-02 operates on the ISS, gathering a large amount of accurate data and allowing measurements of the long term variation of the cosmic ray flux over a wide energy range, for nuclei from protons to iron. In addition to understanding the radiation protection required for astronauts during interplanetary flight, this data will allow the interstellar propagation and origins of cosmic rays to be identified.

Results
By late 2016, it was reported that AMS-02 had observed over 90 billion cosmic rays.

In February 2013, Samuel Ting reported that in its first 18 months of operation AMS had recorded 25 billion particle events including nearly eight billion fast electrons and positrons. The AMS paper reported the positron-electron ratio in the mass range of 0.5 to 350 GeV, providing evidence about the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) model of dark matter.

On March 30, 2013, the first results from the AMS experiment were announced by the CERN press office. The first physics results were published in Physical Review Letters on April 3, 2013. A total of 6.8×106 positron and electron events were collected in the energy range from 0.5 to 350 GeV. The positron fraction (of the total electron plus positron events) steadily increased from energies of 10 to 250 GeV, but the slope decreased by an order of magnitude above 20 GeV, even though the fraction of positrons still increased. There was no fine structure in the positron fraction spectrum, and no anisotropies were observed. The accompanying Physics Viewpoint said that "The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays." These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations. Ting said "Over the coming months, AMS will be able to tell us conclusively whether these positrons are a signal for dark matter, or whether they have some other origin."

On September 18, 2014, new results with almost twice as much data were presented in a talk at CERN and published in Physical Review Letters. A new measurement of positron fraction up to 500 GeV was reported, showing that positron fraction peaks at a maximum of about 16% of total electron+positron events, around an energy of 275 ± 32 GeV. At higher energies, up to 500 GeV, the ratio of positrons to electrons begins to fall again.

The AMS team presented for 3 days at CERN in April 2015, covering new data on 300 million proton events and helium flux. It revealed in December 2016 that it had discovered a few signals consistent with antihelium nuclei amidst several billion helium nuclei. The result remains to be verified, and the team is currently trying to rule out possible contamination.

A study from 2019, using data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope discovered a halo around the nearby pulsar Geminga. The accelerated electrons and positrons collide with nearby starlight. The collision boosts the light to much higher energies. Geminga alone could be responsible for as much as 20% of the high-energy positrons seen by the AMS-02 experiment. The AMS-02 on the ISS has, as of 2021, recorded eight events that seem to indicate the detection of antihelium-3.

Over a twelve-year period aboard the ISS, the AMS has accumulated a dataset of more than 230 billion cosmic rays, spanning energies reaching multi-TeV levels. The precise measurements obtained by the magnetic spectrometer enable data presentation with an accuracy approaching ~1%. Particularly significant is the high-energy data regarding elementary particles such as electrons, positrons, protons, and antiprotons, which presents challenges to theoretical frameworks. Additionally, observations of nuclei and isotopes reveal energy dependencies that deviate from theoretical predictions. The extensive dataset collected by AMS necessitates a reevaluation of existing models of the cosmos, as discussed at the APS April meeting in 2024.

title: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer


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Indiana State Road 2

State Road 2 (SR 2) in the U.S. State of Indiana is an east–west route running from the Illinois border at Illinois Route 17 east to the outskirts of South Bend, Indiana, at the U.S. Route 20/U.S. Route 31 freeway, also known as the St. Joseph Valley Parkway. This is a distance of 80.98 mi.

Illinois to Valparaiso
SR 2 begins at the Illinois–Indiana State Line where Illinois Route 17 ends. SR 2 heads northeast toward U.S. Route 41 (US 41) and is concurrent with US 41 for 2.64 mi. It then heads east toward Lowell; beyond Lowell there is a short concurrency with State Road 55 (SR 55), followed by an interchange with Interstate 65 (I-65) at exit number 240. About 4 mi to the east, SR 2 joins U.S. Route 231 (US 231) and they are concurrent for 2.17 mi. After SR 2 leaves US 231 it heads north-northeast toward Valparaiso.

Valparaiso to LaPorte
SR 2 enters Valpariso from the southwest and joins U.S. Route 30 (US 30). At the State Road 49 (SR 49) exit, SR 2 joins SR 49 north. Soon after SR 2 leaves SR 49 and heads northeast toward LaPorte. Passing through Westville, there is a short concurrency with U.S. Route 421 (US 421).

LaPorte to South Bend
SR 2 enters LaPorte from the west along with State Road 39 (SR 39). In downtown LaPorte SR 2 has an intersection with U.S. Route 35 (US 35); here, SR 39 is concurrent with US 35. From this point, SR 2 is a four-lane divided highway. SR 2 heads northeast from LaPorte to Rolling Prairie where it meets US 20. Here, US 20 and SR 2 switch alignments at a roundabout interchange; US 20 follows the north and west legs of the interchange, while SR 2 follows the south and east legs. On the west side of South Bend, SR 2 ends at an interchange with US 20 and U.S. Route 31 (US 31).

History
SR 2 has been largely replaced by the Indiana Toll Road (Interstate 80/Interstate 90) and by US 20. SR 2 appears to be part of an old alignment from Kankakee, Illinois, to South Bend and runs more diagonally than other east–west state highways in Indiana.

In Valparaiso, SR 2 has been rerouted around the downtown and central business districts of the city. Instead of traveling through the city along Washington Street, SR 2 shares portions of the routes of US 30 and the Valparaiso Bypass (SR 49).

Several times in its history, SR 2 has run along the path of the Lincoln Highway.

Old Indiana State Route 2
Until the completion of the St. Joseph Valley Parkway around the South Bend – Elkhart area, SR 2 continued to downtown South Bend, mostly along Western Avenue (which remains, but no longer has state highway markers). SR 2 originally followed the Lincoln Highway to Fort Wayne before U.S. Route 33 (US 33) supplanted it east of downtown South Bend. Part of SR 2's former routing is now State Road 933 (SR 933).

title: Indiana State Road 2


text: User talk:Cgiorgal

title: User talk:Cgiorgal


text:
Talk:Aerial topdressing

Aerial Top Dressing c.f. Crop Dusting.
As there has been some debate about this my understanding is Topdressing concerns the delivery of fertilisers, (usually superphosphate and lime), where as Crop dusting initially referred to the use of insecticides and fungicides; it seems disputed whether it now includes topdressing as a catergory.

All material to date suggests top dressing was invented in New Zealand some twenty years after crop dusting began, it is quite possible the parochial pride allowed previous researchers to overlook prior foreign invention, which for some reason did not widely catch on.

People with local histories, please add them, and we'll take the "New Zealand" out of the title. Winstonwolfe

White Island
121.73.90.127 (talk) 08:49, 17 May 2009 (UTC) Deleted "An unsuccessful topdressing plant is the only business other than tourism ever attempted on the volcanic Whakaari/White Island. The plant was largely destroyed in an eruption."

As far I can tell the sulphur from the mining operations on white island was not used for fertiliser, plus chronologically was over well before arial topdressing took off (as it were). Also its place under environmental concerns is not appropriate.

 * Thanks, well spotted. -- Avenue (talk) 14:26, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
 * like Avenue said :-) Winstonwolfe (talk) 04:28, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Assessment
I believe that this article fails at least two of the B-class criteria - it is inadequately referenced, and poorly structured. Several people are mentioned in early sections of the article with no indication of who or what they were.dramatic (talk) 03:48, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerial topdressing


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Indiana State Road 3

State Road 3 (SR 3) in the U.S. state of Indiana is a discontinuous state highway running through eastern Indiana from near the Ohio River to near the Michigan state line. The southernmost terminus is at SR 62 in Charlestown, and the northernmost terminus is at SR 120 near Brighton.

The route was continuous until 1972, when the route was split into two segments that exist today.

Southern section
SR 3 begins just south of Charlestown at SR 62 and heads north toward downtown Charlestown. When in downtown Charlestown SR 3 intersects SR 403. SR 3 heads north out of Charlestown. Then just over 17 mi north of SR 403, there is a wrong-way concurrency with SR 203 for 1.85 mi, meaning southbound SR 203 and northbound SR 3 are going the same direction. After SR 203, SR 3 heads north toward Vernon and then North Vernon. In North Vernon SR 3 has an intersection with U.S. Route 50 (US 50). After North Vernon SR 3 heads mainly due north for 22+1/2 mi until SR 46 just west of Greensburg. SR 3 joins SR 46 on a four-lane divided highway and then enters Greensburg from the southwest. After entering Greensburg SR 46 leaves SR 3 at Main Street. In downtown Greensburg SR 3 has an intersection with US 421.

After US 421, SR 3 leaves Greensburg heading northeast, then just north. SR 3 has an interchange with Interstate 74 (I-74), 1+1/2 mi from US 421. After I-74, SR 3 becomes a two-lane undivided highway. SR 3 has a concurrency with US 52 that lasts for 0.42 mi in Rushville. SR 3 heads due north toward US 40 and then SR 3 heads east on US 40 for a short concurrency after 0.07 mi. After US 40, SR 3 has an interchange with I-70. Just south of I-70 SR 3 becomes a four-lane divided highway. After I-70, SR 3 passes near New Castle. SR 3 and US 36 have an interchange near Mount Summit. After US 36, SR 3 head north toward Muncie, where SR 3 has an interchange with SR 67.

At the interchange with SR 67, SR 3 heads east, then north along the bypass. Interchange includes US 35 south, SR 32, and SR 67 north. The bypass is a limited-access highway.

North of the Muncie Bypass, US 35 leaves SR 3 due west to Kokomo. After US 35, SR 3 heads due north to Markle. Passing through Hartford City, where SR 3 meets SR 26. South of Markle SR 3 turns northeast, then SR 3 meets SR 116. Then 0.46 mi after SR 116, SR 3 comes to its northern terminus of the southern section of SR 3, at US 224.

Northern section
The southern terminus of the northern section of SR 3 begins at I-69 and the northern terminus of US 27. The road heads north from this point, as a six–lane major arterial passing through both commercial and residential areas. North of Dupont Road, on the northside of Fort Wayne, the road becomes a rural four–lane divided highway. North of Fort Wayne, the route bypasses Huntertown, 8.20 mi north of I-69. The road then enters Dekalb County, with a traffic light at SR 205. Very soon after SR 205, the road enters Noble County, bypassing LaOtto and Avilla. In Noble County, the route passes through rural farming land and parallels an abandoned railroad track on its way to Kendallville. In Kendallville the route has a short concurrency with US 6. After the US 6 concurrency SR 3, becomes a two–lane rural highway heading due North, until Mongo where the road turns northwest. Entering into Brighton, SR 3 reaches its northern terminus at SR 120.

History
Between 1972 and 1973, SR 3 was removed between US 224 in Markle and I-69 on the north side of Fort Wayne. The final route through the Fort Wayne metro area followed Indianapolis Road/Baer Road past the city's main airport (then known as Baer Field) to Lower Huntington Road in the Waynedale district of Fort Wayne. SR 3 there turned east onto that road for only a short distance, before turning north again onto Bluffton Road (SR 1). Bluffton Road hugs the bank of the St. Mary's River before curving east and crossing it. SR 1 and SR 3 then immediately turned south onto Broadway for two blocks before turning east onto Rudisill Boulevard. SR 1/SR 3 followed Rudisill Boulevard to Lafayette Street (US 27/US 33 northbound) and Clinton Street (US 27/US 33 southbound) at which points the state routes turned north to join the others heading to/from downtown Fort Wayne. In the heart of the city US 33 departed, then upon leaving downtown Lafayette Street becomes Spy Run Boulevard (still one way northbound) before joining Clinton Street on the north side of the city. Shortly thereafter, US 27/SR 1/SR 3 turned toward the northwest onto Northrop Street and Lima Road until they reached the I-69 interchange, where SR 3 continued north on Lima Road and US 27/SR 1 turned east onto northbound I–69. With SR 3 through traffic easily using the then-recently completed I-69 to bypass Fort Wayne, the route between US 224 and the junction with SR 1 on the southwest side was turned back over to local control and the SR 3 designation was removed along the portions shared with other routes within the city.

Until 1980, SR 3 ran concurrently with SR 62 until it reached I-65 in Jeffersonville.

In 1990, the four-lane upgrade from the DeKalb–Allen County line north of Huntertown to Kendallville was completed, bypassing the towns of LaOtto and Avilla. This made SR 3 four lanes for the 25 mi from I-69 in Fort Wayne to US 6 in Kendallville.

In early 2010, construction began on SR 3 widening for about 3 mi from Ludwig Road in Fort Wayne to Dupont Road on the north side of Fort Wayne. This section of highway along Lima Road was widened from four-lane divided roadway to six-lane divided highway and was completed in November 2011.

At one point, the northern terminus was at the Michigan state line.

title: Indiana State Road 3


text: User talk:88.105.47.70

title: User talk:88.105.47.70


text:
King George Street (song)

"King George Street" is the fourth and final UK single released from Squeeze's sixth album, Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti. The B-side is a live version of the 1984 Difford & Tilbrook single, "Love's Crashing Waves".

Track listing

 * 7"
 * 1) "King George Street" (3:48)
 * 2) "Love's Crashing Waves (live)" (4:17)

 * 12"
 * 1) "King George Street" (3:48)
 * 2) "Love's Crashing Waves (live)" (4:17)
 * 3) "Up the Junction (live)" (3:20)

title: King George Street (song)


text:
Jenkins County High School

Jenkins County High School is located in Jenkins County in the city of Millen, Georgia, United States. Their mascot is the War Eagle.

Jenkins County's track team won the state championship in 2003 and were state runners-up in 2004. The Jenkins County JROTC Raiders and Regulation Drill Team were 2008 and 2009 Overall State Champions. The Raider team was first runner-up at the national level competition, held in Molena, Georgia, in 2009. The Jenkins County boys' cross country team were the 2012 and 2013 GHSA Class A Public State Runners-Up and the 2014 GHSA Class A Public State Champions. The Jenkins County girls' cross country team were the 2014 GHSA Class A Public second runner-up (third place).

Two students earned a perfect score on the math portion of the GHSGT (Georgia High School Graduation Test).

title: Jenkins County High School


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Indiana State Road 4

State Road 4 (SR 4) is an east–west discontinuous state road in the US state of Indiana. The western end of the western segment is in La Porte. The highway passes through rural areas of LaPorte and St. Joseph counties, before ending near Lakeville. The central segment starts at the eastern city limits of Goshen and heads east passing through rural Elkhart County, before ending at SR 13. The eastern segment runs between SR 327 and Interstate 69 (I-69), passing through the towns of Ashley. The state road runs through five counties in northern Indiana mostly through rural farm fields and small towns.

Dating back to the early days of the state road system, SR 4 was first signed in the southern part of the state. It was moved to its modern routing in 1932, running from Goshen to SR 13. In the early to mid 1940s, SR 4 was added to the state road system between La Porte and Lakeville, while the eastern segment was added in the late 1940s, running from SR 327 to U.S. Highway 27 (US 27). The segment of roadway east of I-69 was removed from the state road system in the early 1970s. In the mid-2010s the western segment of roadway was extended east to meet the new alignment of US 31 and the western end of the central segment was moved from downtown Goshen to the eastern city limits.

Western segment
The western segment is the longest of the three section of SR 4, at 25 mi. The segment begins at the corner of Lincolnway (SR 2) and Monroe Street, in La Porte. It follows Monroe Street southeasterly passing through mostly residential area of the city. The road leaves the city and enters rural LaPorte County; in LaPorte County SR 4 crosses over a Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad track. After crossing the track the road parallels it to the southeast before a four-way stop with the northern end of SR 104 and county road 300 South. At this intersection SR 4 turns towards the northeast, while SR 104 continues towards the southeast. SR 4 quickly bends to become generally east–west, before curving back towards the southeast. After becoming northwest-southeast SR 4 crosses over Canadian National Railroad track and through Fish Lake, between Lower Fish Lake and Upper Fish Lake.

SR 4 passes over Kankakee River before curving to become north–south. Soon after becoming north–south, SR 4 bends to become east–west and passes over another branch of the Kankakee River. The road enters North Liberty and is concurrent with Center Street, passing through an intersection with SR 23. East of North Liberty the road passes on the south side of Potato Creek State Park, while passing through farm fields and wooded areas. SR 4 passes on the north side of Lakeville having an intersection with SR 931. The road leaves Lakeville before having an interchange with US 31. SR 4 ends at this interchange but the roadway itself continues east as Pierce Road, a county road in St. Joseph County.

Central segment
The central segment begins as a continuation of Lincoln Avenue at the eastern city limits of the city of Goshen. The road heads northeast from Goshen while passing by farm and fields, in rural Elkhart County. The highway has an all-way stop with County Road 35 before bending to become east–west. SR 4 ends at a three-way intersection with SR 13 with SR 13 heading north and east from this intersection.

Eastern segment
The eastern segment of SR 4 begins at a three-way intersection with SR 327, just south of Helmer. SR 4 heads east as the Dekalb–Steuben county line, parallel to an Indiana Northeastern Railroad track, passing by agricultural land. The road enters the town of Ashley, concurrent with State Street, passing between industrial and residential properties, before entering downtown Ashley. East of downtown State Street, the highway passes by houses before an interchange with I-69. The SR 4 designation ends at this interchange, while the roadway continues east as a county road.

History
SR 4 prior to 1926 was designated between SR 5, now SR 550, and the Ohio state line, east of Lawrenceburg, generally routed along the modern corridor of US 50. Between 1926 and 1932 the SR 4 designation went unused. In 1932 SR 4 was designated between Goshen and SR 13 was designated. Between 1939 and 1941 SR 727 was commissioned, between SR 327 and Ashley, along the modern SR 4. The western segment was added to the state road system between 1942 and 1945, between LaPorte and Lakeville. The eastern segment of SR 4 was added either in 1949 or 1950, routed between SR 727, in Ashley, and US 27. SR 4 was extended west to SR 327 from Ashley replacing SR 727. The eastern terminus of SR 4 was moved west to I-69 from US 27 between 1970 and 1971. During 2014 the western segment of SR 4 was extended east to an interchange at the new route of US 31. SR 4 was extended to the US 31 freeway in conjunction with that facility opening in 2014. The segment of SR 4 from US 33/SR 15 to the eastern city limits of Goshen was removed from the state road system between 2015 and 2016.

title: Indiana State Road 4


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Singing

Singing

 * Nominated on 03:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by 2 September.

Although the article has more than two paragraphs, it is still a stub considering its expansive potential to develop into a very informative article that is of interest to a wide number of people.

Support:
 * 1) Plastictv 03:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) lots of issues  | leave me a message 17:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Comment
 * Category:singing and subcategory:vocal ranges are quite well populated. (Sorry, I've forgotten how to put the link to the category without making this page a category member) --bodnotbod 05:46, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * You do that by adding a colon before "Category", like this: Category:Singing, and you'll get Category:Singing and Category:Vocal ranges. There may be individual articles that deal with each topic related to singing, but surely the article "Singing" itself needs to present a more comprehensive picture as a whole. --Plastictv 07:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Robert Harrison/User Creations

Test template for WikiProject Politics

title: User:Robert Harrison/User Creations


text:
Indiana State Road 7

State Road 7 in the U.S. State of Indiana is located in southeast Indiana. It runs from northwest-to-southeast connecting the cities of Columbus and Madison.

Route description
SR 7 begins at Main Street in Madison, of which it then travels in a northward direction along Cragmont Street. Along the way, SR 7 briefly meanders through hilly terrain. After leaving the hilly terrain, SR 7 briefly turns northwest on another road before turning west near a railroad crossing. As the road approaches the east side of Clifty Falls State Park, the road curves northwest again, becoming Lanier Drive. After that, the route intersects with SR 56/SR 62 (Clifty Drive). On its way toward Vernon, SR 7 travels northwest and reaching the following towns and state route: Wirt, Midway, SR 250 (western section), Dupont, Walnut Ridge, and Grayford.

Before the route enters Vernon, SR 3 begins to run concurrently with SR 7 through Vernon and North Vernon. After crossing the Muscatatuck River, the road enters the town of Vernon. In this town, the routes travel along Jackson and Poplar streets. Both routes leave the town limit as they approach the Muscatatuck County Park and the city of North Vernon. Both run along State Street through downtown North Vernon. Just before leaving the city limit, SR 3 turns northward, while SR 7 continues northwest. SR 7 then intersects with US 50.

For the remainder of the route, SR 7 travels northwestward, serving Country Squire Lakes, Queensville, Scipio, and Elizabethtown. As the route approaches the city of Columbus, SR 7 intersects with US 31. Shortly thereafter, the route ends at SR 46, where thru traffic continues toward downtown Columbus.

History
Prior to 1926 the SR 7 designation was routed along the US 24 corridor. At this time modern SR 7 route was part of SR 26. In 1926 the modern route of SR 7 was planned to become part of SR 11 designation. Later in 1926 the SR 11 designation became SR 7, routed from Madison to Columbus. Between 1931 and 1932 the entire route of SR 7 became a hard driving surface. US 31 was rerouted onto SR 7 northwest of the modern intersection between the two roads between 1939 and 1941. By 1942 US 31 was rerouted onto its modern route towards Columbus. The northern end of SR 7 was moved to its current location, at SR 46, in either 1999 or 2000.

Three bronze markers in Madison, North Vernon, and Columbus designate the road as the "Guthrie Trail". The markers were placed for former Indiana State Senator William Guthrie of Dupont in the 1920s, who was instrumental in the road becoming a state highway.

title: Indiana State Road 7


text:
Anclote Key

Anclote Key is a barrier island off the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida, the largest island in the Anclote Keys, located at 28.18778°N, -82.84556°W near Tarpon Springs. Its name originates from the Spanish term for "anchor." The island is accessible only by boat and is split between Anclote Key Preserve State Park and Anclote National Wildlife Reserve. North Anclote Bar, South Anclote Bar, and Three Rooker Island (south of Anclote Key) are part of Anclote Key Preserve State Park. The island contains mangrove wetlands, coastal pine flatwoods, and beaches. A large number of shorebirds nest and breed on Anclote Key and the surrounding islands. Sand Key is located nearby. Most of the island is located within Pasco County, while its southernmost section is in Pinellas County. The island is home to the Anclote Keys Light.

Anclote Key is the northernmost barrier island on the Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula. It is a wave-dominated barrier island, 3 mi long, with tidal channels at each end. A mangrove forest extends along the landward side of the island. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the island has existed for about 1,200 to 1,500 years. Sand dunes up to 10 ft tall occur on the island. Anclote Key has lengthened considerably since 1960, especially on the northern end. This growth has blocked the channel at the north end of the island.

In the 1990s sand bars developed off both the north and south ends of the island, blocking the shallow tidal channels there. Both shoals grew and emerged above water. The new islands are now vegetated, and are known as North Anclote Bar and South Anclote Bar, respectively. The area around Anclote Key had little sand available for deposition on shoals and barriers in the middle of the 20th century. There was sand on the Gulf bottom, but it was anchored by beds of seagrass that extended almost up to the surf zone. In, or shortly after, 1960, the sea grass disappeared, and the bottom sand became available for transportation by wave and current action, providing material for those islands.

title: Anclote Key


text:
Old (Starflyer 59 album)

Old, the seventh full-length album released by Starflyer 59, was released on Tooth & Nail Records in 2003. A majority of the lyrics of the songs on this album revolve around the theme of growing older, and the album reintroduces Starflyer59's rock-oriented sound.

Track listing
All songs written by Jason Martin.

Personnel

 * Starflyer 59
 * Jason Martin – vocals, guitar
 * Jeff Cloud – bass guitar
 * Richard Swift – keyboards, background vocals
 * Frank Lenz – drums, background vocals

 * Production
 * Aaron Sprinkle – co-producer, engineer, mixing
 * Brandon Ebel – executive producer
 * Michael Christian McCaddon – art direction and design

title: Old (Starflyer 59 album)


text:
Indiana State Road 8

State Road 8 in the U.S. State of Indiana consists of two disconnected segments that were never connected.

Route description
No part of SR 8 in Indiana is included as a part of the National Highway System (NHS). The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation.

Western segment
The western terminus of the western segment is at U.S. Route 231(US 231) and SR 2 in Hebron. The highway goes due east leaving Hebron and heading toward Knox. It passes through rural farmland, having a four-way stop at SR 49 in Kouts. The route enters La Crosse having a four-way stop at US 421. North of Knox it begins a concurrency with US 35; this ends in downtown Knox with SR 8 heading due east. The road leaves Knox passing through the east side of town. The eastern terminus of the western segment is at SR 17.

Eastern segment
The western terminus of the eastern segment begins at SR 9. The road heads east from Albion toward SR 3. On the way to SR 3 the highway passes through rural farmland. The road begins a concurrency with SR 3 at a traffics light north of Avilla; this ends at an intersection with SR 3 on the east side of Avilla. The road then goes due east towards Auburn. It has a four-way stop at SR 327 north of Garrett. The route enters Auburn on the west side of town and has an interchange with Interstate 69(I-69). The road now passes through commercial areas before entering downtown Auburn where it has an intersection with Old SR 427. The roadway now leaves Auburn, returning to rural farmland. The highway has a short concurrency with SR 1. The route turns southeast towards Hicksville, OH. SR 8 ends at the Ohio state line; which then continues into the western terminus of Ohio State Route 18.

Western section
In the early 1940s, the road's western terminus was at the Illinois state line, becoming Exchange Street. It was truncated eastward to US 41 in St. John in the 1970s. From St. John to Hebron, it was concurrent to US 231. SR 8 was later truncated to its junction with US 231 in Hebron, eliminating the concurrency.

Central section
In 1951, SR 8 started in Lake Wawasee at SR 13 and continued east to US 33 south of Kimmell. This section was deleted in 1971.

title: Indiana State Road 8


text:
Army of Ghosts

"Army of Ghosts" is the twelfth and penultimate episode in the second series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who which was first broadcast on BBC One on 1 July 2006. It is the first episode of a two-part story; the concluding episode, "Doomsday", was first broadcast on 8 July.

The episode is set in London, some time after the events of the 2006 episode "Love & Monsters". In the episode, the Cybermen come to Earth from a parallel world by following a spherical ship through an interdimensional breach. The Torchwood Institute intends to open this breach further for use as an energy source.

Plot
Jackie shows the Tenth Doctor and Rose a vaguely humanoid and luminous silhouette that momentarily appears in her flat, which Jackie insists is the ghost of her deceased father. Jackie explains that for the past two months, millions of ghosts began appearing all over the world. Humans have come to accept them and believe that they are the manifestations of loved ones.

Conducting an experiment, the Doctor determines that the ghosts are in fact impressions of something forcing its way into this universe. The Doctor tracks the signal back and uses the TARDIS to travel there with Rose and Jackie, arriving at the Torchwood Institute in Canary Wharf. The Doctor and Jackie are taken by soldiers to see Torchwood's director Yvonne Hartman, while the TARDIS is impounded with Rose inside. Yvonne shows the Doctor the invisible breach which is the source of the ghost energy, along with a ship which came through the breach: a "Void ship", designed to exist in the space between universes known as the Void. Torchwood built One Canada Square around the breach and conducted experiments on it, forcing it open in an attempt to harness it as a source of energy. Yvonne also reveals to the Doctor that his encounter with Queen Victoria made him an enemy of the state and was the catalyst for the creation of Torchwood.

Meanwhile, Rose, masquerading as a Torchwood employee, slips out of the TARDIS, and gains access to the sphere chamber, where she finds Mickey, also disguised as Torchwood staff. An advance guard of Cybermen subvert and manipulate three employees into initiating an unscheduled ghost shift to forcibly open the breach, causing millions of ghosts to appear across the globe before they materialise into their true form, the Cybermen. At the same time the Cybermen arrive, the sphere suddenly activates and begins to open. The Cybermen are similarly oblivious to the origins of the sphere; they simply followed its course through the breach.

In the sphere chamber, Mickey explains to Rose that after a battle in the parallel universe the Cybermen mysteriously disappeared. He happened upon their means of escape and returned to his native universe with the intention of stopping them. Mickey believes that the Cybermen are in control of the sphere and produces a gun to destroy whatever is in it. Rose is horrified when the sphere opens and reveals its occupants to be four Daleks.

Continuity
The majority of this episode takes place in the Torchwood Institute, which is seen on screen for the first time. The phrase "Torchwood" originated from an anagram of Doctor Who used to conceal the "rushes" tapes during the filming of the first series. It was an arc word used through the majority of the second series, starting with the series one episode "Bad Wolf".

The episode's secondary plot device is the Cybermen, from the parallel universe featured in "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". The Cybermen breaking through plastic sheets is a recurring theme throughout Cybermen appearances, in particular, The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967), The Invasion (1968) and Earthshock (1982). The concept of a CyberKing, mentioned by Mickey, would eventually come to pass in "The Next Doctor" (2008).

The episode is also the first in which Freema Agyeman appears, although she is not playing the role of Martha Jones, which she would play in series 3, but a minor character named Adeola (who is later revealed to be Martha's cousin). Russell T Davies admired Agyeman's performance as Adeola and called her back to fill the role of companion that Piper had chosen to leave.

Production

To ensure that Noel Clarke and Shaun Dingwall (Mickey Smith and Pete Tyler, respectively) were available for filming, the story was filmed in the season's third production block along with "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". Filming for the story started on 2 November 2005 on location in Kennington, but this story did not become the primary focus of the production crew until 29 November, when filming began on the scenes in and around the sphere chamber. Scenes in the lever room, the main setting for the story, were filmed between 12 and 15 December, and 3 and 5 January 2006.

The episode also features references to other programmes by the BBC. The most notable of these is the cameo of Barbara Windsor as Peggy Mitchell in EastEnders, where she bars a ghost, who she presumes to be Den Watts, from The Queen Victoria. Watts, presumed killed in 1989, had returned to the soap in 2003, before being killed a second time in 2005 after being written out of the show. Other British TV personalities appearing in the episode are Trisha Goddard, Alistair Appleton and Derek Acorah, appearing as themselves. Additionally, the shot of One Canada Square is taken from the opening credits of The Apprentice. A programme with the same name as a controversial broadcast in 1992 by the BBC, Ghostwatch, also appears in the show.

Location shooting took place at the Coal Exchange and Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff Bay.

Broadcast and reception
To keep the appearance of the Daleks secret, the final scene was removed from all preview tapes and replaced with a title card reading "final scene withheld until transmission", including the copy given to the Doctor Who microsite's "fear forecast" team.

The episode was watched by 8.19 million viewers, and was the seventh most watched programme of the week, behind four World Cup games and two episodes of Coronation Street. The Companion episode of Doctor Who Confidential gained 570,000 viewers. The episode's Appreciation Index was 86, above the average baseline of 77 for drama series.

The episode was generally well reviewed by critics. The Stage commented that the episode was "a tense contest, full of drama, tears, adversity and two powerful forces coming face to face in the ultimate battle" while mockingly downplaying the England football team's defeat earlier that evening. The author of the review then stated that the cliffhanger increased his affection of the show. The Guardian commented that the episode was "Who back at its best" while The People complimented the humour of the scene of the Doctor channel surfing. Jacob Clifton of Television Without Pity gave the episode an A− rating. Ahsan Haque of IGN gave the episode 9.8 out of 10 (Incredible), and complimented the pacing of the episode and the revelation of both the Cybermen and the Daleks, concluding that "you couldn't ask for a better cliffhanger".

After its initial airing, the episode was released on DVD with "Fear Her" and "Doomsday" on 25 September 2006. The story ("Army of Ghosts"/"Doomsday") was nominated for the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form.

title: Army of Ghosts


text:
Bethpage

Bethpage may refer to:

 * Bethphage, a place on the Mount of Olives, mentioned as the place from which Jesus sent the disciples to find a donkey and a colt, which he would ride into Jerusalem
 * Bethpage, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Bethpage, New York, a hamlet located on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States
 * Old Bethpage, New York, a hamlet on Long Island, formerly called Bethpage
 * Bethpage State Park, a park on Long Island with five golf courses, including the
 * Bethpage Black Course, Long Island, hosted the 2002 and 2009 U.S. Open Golf Championships
 * Bethpage Ballpark, a baseball park in Central Islip, New York that serves as the home of the Long Island Ducks
 * Bethpage (LIRR station), on the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road
 * Bethpage, Tennessee, an unincorporated community in Sumner County, Tennessee, United States
 * Bethpage Federal Credit Union, an American financial institution

title: Bethpage


text:
Talk:United States military staff colleges

Untitled
We need and article to go with this list. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Matthew238 (talk • contribs) 03:05, 26 August 2005.

 * It seems like this should just be a part of the staff college article. Cornell Rockey 18:24, 18 February 2006 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Bethpage

Untitled
Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 03:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bethpage


text:
St Helens Town A.F.C.

St Helens Town Association Football Club is an English Football club based in St. Helens, England. The club are members of the Cheshire Football League, and as from season 2016–17 play their home matches at Acroframe Park, which they share with local rivals Pilkington.

History
St Helens Town was formed in 1901 and played at Park Road, behind the Primrose Vaults public house. Although it was known as the Primrose Ground, the players changed further down Park Road at the Black Horse pub. Playing in the Lancashire League and Lancashire Combination, the team enjoyed some early success, but struggled after the Great War and appears to have folded midway through the 1928–29 season.

The club was re-formed by George Fryer and a group of local businessmen in 1946. They took out a lease on the former cricket ground at Hoghton Road, Sutton, adjacent to the St Helens Junction railway station and, although the club entered the FA Cup in the 1946–47 season, a team could not be raised in time to fulfill the tie with Prescot Cables. Friendly games were played, then local team Derbyshire Hill Rovers were taken over in April 1947, those players forming the nucleus of the team which entered the Liverpool County Combination at the start of the 1947–48 season. St Helens Town soon began to prosper and early results included a sensational 1–4 win over Everton "A" on 6 December 1947. Former German prisoner-of-war Bert Trautmann joined the club in the summer of 1948, the strapping goalkeeper helping the team to win its first trophy, the George Mahon Cup, which was secured with a 2–1 win over Runcorn at Prescot on 7 May 1949. Crowds averaged over 2,000 that season, peaking with a league record attendance of 3,102 against Burscough in October 1948.

The following season, 1949–50, Town entered the Lancashire Combination and, despite losing Trautmann to Manchester City in October 1949, they won the Second Division title in some style the following season with three players all netting over 30 goals apiece: Albert Leadbitter (36), Harry McCann (32) and Terry Garner (31). An all-time club record attendance "between 8,000 and 9,000" witnessed a friendly game against Manchester City which was arranged as part of the Trautmann transfer deal in April 1950. Another 4,000 spectators then witnessed a second game contested by the two teams the season after. Although relegated by a slender margin from the First Division in 1951–52, the club continued to look forward, even contemplating Football League status and, in order to further their ambitions, the club moved to the former St Helens Recreation ground at City Road. Initial crowds were encouraging at their new home, but, despite success, Town decided to move back to Hoghton Road in October 1953, where they remained until April 2000.

Following a second relegation in 1956, St Helens Town continued to play in the Lancashire Combination, winning the Championship in 1971–72, by nine points ahead of Accrington Stanley. However, the formation of the Northern Premier League in 1968 led to a gradual drain of stronger clubs from the Combination and St Helens joined the Cheshire League in 1975. Seven years later, Town eventually became founder members of the North West Counties League, and competed in the Premier Division's inaugural season in 1982–83. They held the proud record of being the only club to play in the North West Counties top flight in every season until they were relegated in April 2015 in dramatic fashion, conceding an injury time equaliser to Silsden in the final game of the season in which, if they won, they would have stayed up.

Town enjoyed a golden era in the late 1980s, just missing out on an appearance in the first round proper of the FA Cup in 1985–86, losing to Morecambe in a fourth qualifying round replay. But they obtained ample compensation by winning the FA Vase in 1987, beating near neighbours Warrington Town in the final 3–2 with a Phil Layhe brace and a goal from Brian Rigby. They were regular promotion candidates for many years, largely due to the goalscoring exploits of Steve "Pellet" Pennington, who grabbed 216 goals, his season's best hauls of 45 in 1993–94 and 46 in 1997–98 just fell short of the club record of 47 scored by Phil Stainton in 1963–64.

Soon enough, the facilities at Hoghton Road had fallen into disrepair and the site was sold for housing in 2002. Town, having gone into partnership with St Helens R.F.C., ground-shared Knowsley Road for 10 years, but the intended relocation to the new Langtree Park ground did not materialise. During this period the club had to overcome many financial issues in order to exist, and several managers came and went including Joe Palladino, Paul Lodge, Joe Gillibru, Alex Wright and John Fletcher. The club then embarked on a nomadic existence, first at Ashton Town, then at their neighbours Ashton Athletic. Construction work at the council-owned multi-sports facility at Ruskin Drive had been delayed, but was ultimately completed at the beginning of the 2017–18 season. However, due to problems, home matches during season 2016–17 were played mostly at the ground of Prescot Cables, with the remainder at Ashton Town's ground.

Lee Jenkinson took charge at the beginning of the 2017–18 season and was replaced by David Platt Jr in October 2019 for the ill-fated season that saw the North West Counties League (NWCFL) campaign ultimately declared null and void due to the COVID-19 crisis. Looking to build on its secured stability the club appointed NWCFL Director Gary Langley as chairman for the start of the 2020–21 season.

2022 saw the first team relegated to the Liverpool County Premier League after a disastrous campaign left them bottom of the league by some way. Following this, a consortium, led by local musicians and fans bought the club back from St Helens R.F.C. and appointed Paul "Peo" Piert as first team manager.

Colours and crest
St Helens Town originally wore a red and white striped shirt with black shorts and socks. When the club reformed in 1946, the red stripes were replaced by blue ones and the shorts and socks became white. Since then, St Helens Town have switched from red and blue being their primary colour on a number of occasions.

Like most of the early English football clubs, the original crest adopted by St Helens Town was that of the borough's coat of arms.

Former players
St Helens Town have produced a number of players who have gone on to join Football League clubs: these include Bill Foulkes (Manchester United), John Quinn (Sheffield Wednesday) and John Connelly who joined Burnley, later transferring to Manchester United and who played in the England 1966 World Cup winning squad.

Town also saw the beginning of Bert Trautmann's career in football. The goalkeeper played a single season with the non-league outfit, including in front of a record 9,000 attendance in the final of the local Mahon Cup, before moving on to Manchester City in 1949. He went on to win the 1956 FA Cup and be inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2005.

More recently Dave Bamber scored goals in all four divisions of the Football League with a host of different clubs, starting and ending his league career with Blackpool and Karl Ledsham is now playing his football at National League level, initially with Southport, before moving on to play for Lincoln City.

Honours

 * FA Vase
 * Winners - 1986-87
 * Lancashire Combination
 * Winners - 1971-72
 * Lancashire Combination Division Two
 * Winners - 1950-51

Records
Youngest ever captain was Andrew Mawdsley aged 19
 * Record Win: 10–2 vs Abbey Hey, North West Counties League Division One, 3 January 2001
 * Heaviest defeat: 0–9 vs New Mills, North West Counties League Premier Division, 12 March 2011
 * Most appearances: Alan Wellens
 * Record goalscorer: Steve Pennington
 * Highest league position: Third in the North West Counties League Division 1, 1988–89, 1994–95

title: St Helens Town A.F.C.


text:
Talk:Seven's Travels

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070930225850/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/atmosphere2/albums/album/300124/review/5943244/sevens_travels to http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/atmosphere2/albums/album/300124/review/5943244/sevens_travels

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:59, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seven's Travels


text: User talk:82.57.79.15

title: User talk:82.57.79.15


text:
Alabama State Defense Force

The Alabama State Defense Force (ASDF) is the state defense force of Alabama, allowed by the Constitution of Alabama, federal law, the Code of Alabama, and Executive Order. It has an authorized strength of 1,000 members and is organized on the United States Army structural pattern. The ASDF is under the control of the Governor of Alabama, as the state's Commander in Chief, and comes under the authority of The Adjutant General (TAG) of Alabama. The ASDF is an adjunct, volunteer, augmenting force to the Alabama National Guard. Currently, the ASDF is inactive awaiting reorganization by the Alabama National Guard.

Origins
Prior to the modern National Guard, states would provide volunteer militia units to augment the federal army in times of war. In the Mexican–American War, Alabama provided the United States with multiple units of Alabama militia, with most serving for less than a year.

During the American Civil War, both Union units and Confederate units were raised in support of the war effort.

In the Spanish–American War, Alabama raised three volunteer infantry units.

20th century
After the declaration of World War II, the majority of the National Guard was mobilized, leaving governors without troops to guard against invasion, provide disaster relief, and protect against civil unrest. Therefore, many states, including Alabama, raised state defense forces to act as a replacement for the National Guard during the war. In 1940, Governor Frank M. Dixon created the Alabama State Guard, recruiting primarily from World War I veterans in the American Legion. Alabama took a unique approach in creating its state defense force. While other states actively recruited from veteran's organizations, Alabama went a step further and "gave the American Legion of Alabama the responsibility for creating and running its State Guard," and in return, Alabama "was able to achieve a functioning state guard sooner than most states." By using an existing private organization as the framework for their state defense force, Alabama was able to achieve full readiness far sooner than might be expected. At the war's end, the Alabama State Guard was deactivated.

On December 22, 1983, Governor George Wallace signed Executive Order Number 20, which authorized the creation of the Alabama State Defense Force, the successor of the Alabama State Guard which was disbanded in World War II.

21st century
Before the start of the United States invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, the Alabama State Defense Force began training at Fort McClellan to serve as stateside replacements for deploying units. In 2008, members delivered meals and water to Hurricane Gustav evacuees. On August 14, 2012, Governor Robert Bentley signed into law the Alabama State Defense Force bill (SB278), which added clarification to the role of the ASDF in relation to the Alabama National Guard, so that the two organizations can be better integrated in future stateside missions. As recently as April 2013, the ASDF was still seeking applicants, but as of November 2013, it was stood down from active status. While not abolished or disbanded, the ASDF was placed in inactive status while "the future structure, mission and manning of ASDF are determined." As of June 2022, the state of Alabama was still issuing Alabama State Defense Force license plates to its active and inactive members.

After the Alabama State Defense Force was shifted to inactive status, some of its members formed the Alabama Volunteers as a private organization organized under the Alabama State Defense Force Association, in order to continue their volunteer service in disaster relief efforts until the ALSDF is reactivated. In Southern Alabama, the U.S. National Reserve Corps was started with members from the ASDF, this national organization also consists of volunteers dedicated to service in disaster relief efforts and participated with the Red Cross in 2014 in damage assessment in Baldwin County.

As of February 2024, over ten years since the temporary suspension began, the state of Alabama has not yet finished its reorganization of the Alabama State Defense Force.

Mission
The mission of the Alabama State Defense Force is to on order of the Adjutant General of Alabama provide trained and ready volunteer individuals and units to support the National Guard conducting Defense Support to Civil Authorities missions to mitigate and/or alleviate the effects of a natural or man-made disaster.

Organization
The ASDF is headquartered in Montgomery, Alabama. The ASDF has three operational Brigades.

Awards and decorations
The Alabama State Defense Force issues several ribbons to guardsmen who have merited them, including the following ribbons:

 * ASDF War Ribbon.PNG ASDF Alabama War Ribbon
 * ASDF dist svc ribbon.PNG ASDF Distinguished Service Ribbon
 * ASDF meritorious svc ribbon.PNG ASDF Meritorious Service Ribbon
 * ASDF commendation ribbon.PNG ASDF Commendation Ribbon
 * Asdf achievement ribbon.PNG ASDF Achievement Ribbon (Officer)
 * ASDF achievement ribbon enlisted.PNG ASDF Achievement Ribbon (Enlisted)
 * IANG Medal of Merit.png ASDF Merit Ribbon
 * Kansas National Guard Service Medal 25yr.png ASDF Desert Shield/Storm Support Ribbon
 * ASDF Disaster Readiness Ribbon.PNG ASDF Disaster Readiness Ribbon
 * OK Distinguished Service Cross.png SGT Dixie Club-Gold Ribbon
 * SGT Dixie Club Silver Ribbon.PNG SGT Dixie Club-Silver Ribbon
 * NY Medal of Valor.PNG SGT Dixie Club-Bronze Ribbon
 * Kansas National Guard Service Medal 30yr.png ASDF Service Ribbon
 * ASDF Distinguished Graduate.PNG ASDF Distinguished Graduate Ribbon
 * CO Achievement Ribbon.jpg ASDF Professional Development Ribbon
 * ASDF Officer Training Ribbon.PNG ASDF Officer Training Ribbon
 * Alaska Territorial Guard Medal.PNG ASDF Warrant Officer Training Ribbon
 * ASDF NCO Training Ribbon.PNG ASDF NCO Training Ribbon
 * ASDF CERT ribbon.PNG ASDF C.E.R.T. Ribbon
 * ASDF Recruiting Ribbon.PNG ASDF Recruiting Ribbon
 * ASDF Super Recruiting Ribbon.PNG ASDF Super Recruiter Recruiting Ribbon
 * ASDF association ribbon.PNG ASDF Association Member Ribbon
 * SGAUS Ribbon.PNG ASDF SGAUS Ribbon
 * ASDF Outstanding Unit Ribbon.PNG ASDF Outstanding Unit Comm. Ribbon
 * SGAUS Superior Unit Citation.PNG SGAUS Superior Unit Citation
 * MEMS Academy Unit Citation.PNG MEMS Academy Unit Citation

title: Alabama State Defense Force


text:
Garton on the Wolds

Garton on the Wolds is a village and (as just Garton) a civil parish on the Yorkshire Wolds in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 mi north-west of Driffield town centre and lies on the A166 road.

History
Geological surveys of the Wolds area indicate that a river once flowed to the south of the village to a chalk and gravel lake. Archeological evidence has been found that shows habitation from about 12,000 years ago right through to modern times. Burial mounds containing chariots were found during gravel excavations. Artefacts have been discovered from Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age into Roman times. There was evidence to support the existence of a Roman cremation cemetery in what was Garton brickyard.

Forming part of the northern parish boundary with neighbouring Sledmere Parish is a listed linear earthwork that is thought to be a prehistoric boundary marker. It runs for 3700m and is 36m wide flanked by ditches and is typical of similar earthworks in the Wolds. A total of fourteen listed barrows are recorded within the parish boundary. These are thought to be associated with a lost settlement at Garton Slack.

The village is recorded in the Domesday book The entry records 5 ploughlands and owned by the Archbishop of York with the local Lord being the canons of Beverley St John, though there are also three further records of the owner being Count Robert of Mortain. It had a population of seven households.

The village was served by the Malton and Driffield Junction Railway from 1846 until 1950, when passenger traffic ceased. Freight continued on the line until 20 October 1958. The station itself was located to the south of the village.

Landmarks
Lying at the northern extent of the parish boundary on the B1252 is Sir Tatton Sykes Monument. Built by J Gibbs of Oxford to the memory of Sir Tatton Sykes, 4th Baronet of Sledmere in 1865. It is 120 feet high with 3 stages leading to a spire.

Also within the parish boundary is Elmswell Old Hall built in 1634 for Henry Best. In the village itself are 12 Grade II listed houses as well as the Church and a graveslab.

Governance & Demographics
The civil parish is formed by the village of Garton on the Wolds and the hamlet of Elmswell. According to the 2011 UK Census, Garton parish had a population of 348, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 299. On 1 April 1935 the parish of "Garton on the Wolds" was abolished and merged with Emswell with Little Driffield to form "Garton" parish. In 1931 the old parish of "Garton on the Wolds" had a population of 402. The parish council is still called "Garton on the Wolds Parish Council".

In 1823 Garton parish was in the Wapentake of Dickering, and the Liberty of St Peter. There existed a Methodist chapel, and a school which was partly supported by revenue from shares in the Driffield Navigation. Population at the time was 357. Occupations included twelve farmers, three tailors, two butchers, two grocers, two wheelwrights, a blacksmith, a boot & shoe maker, and the landlords of The Three Tuns and The Chase Inn public houses. There was also a schoolmaster and five gentlemen.

Education
The village has a primary school which is a Church of England (Voluntary Controlled) estalishment catering for 3-11 year olds.

Religion
Garton on the Wolds church, St Michael's and All Angels, was designated a Grade I listed building in 1966 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England. It is on the Sykes Churches Trail devised by the East Yorkshire Churches Group.

The church dates back to Norman times, c. 1132. In the 19th century it was restored by John Loughborough Pearson, with funding from Sir Tatton Sykes, 4th Baronet of nearby Sledmere House. Later his son, Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet, employed George Edmund Street to furnish the church. It was eulogised by Nicholas Pevsner and is a popular visitor attraction due to its unique interior; the walls and ceilings are decorated in colourful murals depicting various biblical scenes, in sharp contrast to the stark interior of many other churches, and it has highly geometric floors in the altar and nave. The mosaics in the sacristy are in the Cosmati style.

title: Garton on the Wolds


text:
Talk:São Paulo

Reverted HDI data
This topic is opening foreseeing a possible scenario of “war of edition” about the pre-referred subject. The data hdi, as is shown in the article right now, was derived from the following site : http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/ranking, at the options: RM and 2020 and describes the data of Greater São Paulo’s HDI for 2020 year. Could some third MODERATOR or ADMINISTRATOR help us in this discussion? B777-300ER (talk) 19:41, 18 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. HouseBlastertalk 02:13, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Rename the article to: "São Paulo (City)"
Please let's go move the article to: "São Paulo (City)". LOSBY2 (talk) 10:56, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Population Growth Rate Percentages
This is in the Demographics section.

Are the percentage changes for population growth correct? For example, the table shows, for the last two years:

2010 11,253,503  +0.76%

2021 12,396,372  +0.88%

However, percentage increase for these numbers is:

(12,396,372 - 11,253,503) / 11,253,503 * 100 = 10.16%

Am I completely misunderstanding what the percentage column is showing? 2603:6080:3D03:9684:78E3:2F05:C72:DA46 (talk) 19:39, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done ! Chronus (talk) 00:57, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Climate
I think it’s hard to call Sao Paulo a humid subtropical city. If not for the elevation, it would have been completely tropical, and the elevation just makes nights cooler, but there’s no real difference during the day between July and January. דולב חולב (talk) 23:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It is less than 1C away from being tropical. But the boundaries have to be somewhere, and Köppen decided that 18C was a good boundary between tropical and subtropical. Uness232 (talk) 03:55, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Old nickname of São Paulo
The city of São Paulo lost its nickname "land of drizzle" after more intense droughts and received the "city of storms" due to the frequency of days with extreme rainfall. That nickname is explained by climatologist Carlos Nobre. Data from the National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet) prove that the old nickname of the city of São Paulo is outdated.https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2024/05/10/cidade-de-sp-deixou-de-ser-terra-da-garoa-para-se-tornar-cidade-das-tempestades.ghtml Kado Gualberto (talk) 20:06, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:São Paulo