text:
Oleg Tabakov

Oleg Pavlovich Tabakov (Олег Павлович Табаков; 17 August 1935 – 12 March 2018) was a Soviet and Russian actor and the Artistic Director of the Moscow Art Theatre. People's Artist of the USSR (1988).

Biography
Tabakov was born in Saratov into a family of doctors. His paternal great-grandfather, Ivan Ivanovich Utin, came from serfs and was raised in a wealthy peasant family under the Tabakov surname. His grandfather, Kondratiy Tabakov, worked as a locksmith in Saratov where he built himself a house and married a local commoner Anna Konstantinovna Matveeva. Oleg's father, Pavel Kondratievich Tabakov, worked at the State Regional Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology "Microbe" in Saratov.

His maternal grandfather, Andrei Frantzevich Piontkovsky, was a Polish nobleman who owned lands in the Podolia Governorate and married a local villager, Olga Terentievna (surname unknown) of Ukrainian origin. Oleg's mother, Maria Andreevna Berezovskaya (née Piontkovskaya), was a radiologist. She had a daughter Mirra from the previous marriage to Gugo Goldstern, a high-ranking Soviet functionary and intelligence officer killed in the line of duty.

During the Great Patriotic War, Oleg's father volunteered for the frontline and served aboard a hospital train while his mother was evacuated to Ural along with children where she also worked in a military hospital. After the war, the parents separated.

Theatre career
Tabakov studied at the Moscow Art Theatre School. Upon graduating, he became one of the founding fathers of the Sovremennik Theatre. He administrated the Sovremennik until 1982, when he moved to the Moscow Art Theatre, where he has played Molière and Salieri for over 20 years. In 1986, Tabakov persuaded his students to form the Tabakov Studio attached to the Moscow Art Theatre. Among those who studied at the studio were Russian actors Yevgeny Mironov, Sergey Bezrukov, Vladimir Mashkov, Andrey Smolyakov and Alexandre Marine, and American actor Jon Bernthal.

Film career
Tabakov's movie career paralleled the theatrical. He was featured in Grigori Chukhrai's Clear Skies (1961), Sergei Bondarchuk's War and Peace (1966–67), TV series Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973) and D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978), the Academy Award-winning Moscow Does Not Believe In Tears (1980), Nikita Mikhalkov's Oblomov (1981) and Dark Eyes (1986), and the mock red western A Man from the Boulevard des Capuchines (1987).

Voice-over work
Tabakov has lent his distinctive, purr-like voice to a number of animated characters, including the talking cat Matroskin in Three from Prostokvashino and its sequels. After the Matroskin role, he dubbed the character of Garfield into Russian in the feature film Garfield and its sequel.

Political activity
In 1992-2008, Tabakov was a member of the commission on state awards under the President of the Russian Federation.

Tabakov was a supporter of the United Russia party.

In 2001, Tabakov was appointed a member of the board of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.

During the 2012 Russian presidential election, Tabakov was registered as a "Trusted Representative" (Доверенное Лицо) of Vladimir Putin. In July 2012, by Putin’s Decree, Tabakov was included in the Council for Public Television.

In March 2014, Tabakov signed a letter to President Putin in support of the annexation of Crimea. In September 2014, Tabakov claimed that Crimea has no relation to Ukraine and upbraided Ukrainians for discussing it: "''But all happened fairly. If our Ukrainian brothers were smarter, they would not discuss that topic. They had to say: "Forgive us for God's sake! We had encroached the gravy train." Because Crimea has no relation to dependent, nor independent Ukraine.''" In December 2015, Tabakov was banned from entering Ukraine.

In July 2015, Tabakov made comments to the Ren-TV channel regarding the list of 117 Russian artists who may pose a threat to the national security of Ukraine, prepared by the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine. He made a number of statements about Ukrainians advocating for a blacklist, saying that they "are not very enlightened. It's like my grandmother sometimes said: 'Don't bother with them, these are dark and illiterate people.' The trouble is that normal people will suffer from the fact that normal information does not reach them... I feel sorry for them. They are in some sense wretched."

In the same comments, Tabakov stated that "at all times, their best times, their brightest representatives of the intelligentsia were somewhere in second and third positions after the Russians." He was accused of xenophobia and chauvinism.

Honours and awards

 * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland";
 * 1st class (17 August 2010) – for outstanding contributions to the development of domestic theatrical art and many years of creative activity
 * 2nd class (17 August 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of theatrical art, and many years of creative activity
 * 3rd class (23 October 1998) – for many years of fruitful work in the field of theatrical art, and in connection with the 100th anniversary of the Moscow Art Theatre
 * 4th class (29 June 2015)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples (10 November 1993) – for his great personal contribution to the development of theatrical art, and training qualified personnel for theatre and film
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (USSR, 1982)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (USSR, 1967)
 * USSR State Prize (1967)
 * State Prize of the Russian Federation (1997)
 * Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1969)
 * People's Artist of the RSFSR (1977)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1988)
 * Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Arts (8 October 2008)
 * Golden Mask Award (1995)
 * Seagull Theatre Prize
 * Crystal Turandot Award
 * Russian Presidential Prize for Literature and the Arts (2003)
 * Moscow Komsomol Prize (1967)
 * Moscow Mayor's Award for Literature and the Arts (1997)
 * Diploma of the Moscow City Duma (2008)
 * Medal "For Valiant Labour" (Tatarstan, 2010)
 * Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Mordovia (2010), Saratov Oblast (2010), City of Saratov (2003)
 * Order "Key of Friendship" (Kemerovo Oblast, 2010)
 * Medal "For Faith and Good" (Kemerovo Oblast, 2011)
 * Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd class (Estonia, 2005)
 * Officer of the Legion of Honor (France, 2013)

Selected filmography

 * Sasha Enters Life (1957) as Sasha Komelev
 * The Variegateds Case (1958) as Igor Peresvetov
 * People on the Bridge (1960) as Viktor Bulygin
 * Probation (1960) as Sasha Yegorov
 * A Noisy Day (1960) as Oleg Savin
 * Clear Skies (1961) as Seryozhka
 * The Alive and the Dead (1964) as Krutikov
 * War and Peace (1965–1967, part 1-4) as Nikolai Rostov
 * The Bridge Is Built (1966) as Sergei Zaytsev
 * A Pistol Shot (1967) as Belkin
 * Touches to the Рortrait of V. I. Lenin (1967) as Nikolai Bukharin
 * Shine, Shine, My Star (Gori, gori, moya zvezda) (1970) as Vladimir Iskremas
 * The Secret of the Iron Door (1970) as Father
 * King Stag (1970) as Cigolotti
 * The Polynin Case (1970) as Viktor Balakirev
 * Property of the Republic (1972) as Makar Ovchinnikov
 * Seventeen Instants of Spring (1973, TV Series) as Walter Schellenberg
 * Mark Twain Says No (1975, TV Movie) as Mark Twain
 * How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor (1976) as Yeguzhinskiy
 * Practical Joke (1977) as otets Komarovskogo
 * An Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano (1977) as Pavel Petrovich Shcherbuk
 * Lone Wolf (1978) as Bersenev
 * Three from Prostokvashino (1978, Short) as Matroskin the Cat (voice)
 * D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1979, TV Mini-Series) as King Louis XIII
 * Moscow Does Not Believe In Tears (1980) as Vladimir, Katerina's lover
 * A Few Days from the Life of I. I. Oblomov (1980) as Ilya Ilyich Oblomov
 * The Vacancy (1981) as Yusov
 * Everything's the Wrong Way (1982) as Yermakov, papa
 * Flights in Dreams and Reality (1983) as Nikolay Pavlovich
 * Mary Poppins, Goodbye (1984, TV Movie) as Miss Andrew
 * Time and the Conways (1984) as Robin (Adult)
 * Kukacka v temném lese (1985) as Otto Kukuck
 * Applause, Applause... (1985) as Sergey Shevtsov
 * After the Rain, on Thursday (1985) as Koschei the Immortal
 * Dark Eyes (1987) as Sua Grazia
 * A Man from the Boulevard des Capuchines (1987) as Harry
 * Shag (1989) as Tutunov
 * Love with Privileges (1989) as Nikolay Petrovich, KGB General
 * It (1989) as Brudasty
 * Royal Hunt (1990) as Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn
 * The Inner Circle (1991) as Vlasik
 * Stalin (1992) as doctor Vinogradov
 * Moscow Vacation (1995) as Maurizio
 * Shirli-Myrli (1995) as Sukhodrishchev
 * Three Stories (1997) as Old Man
 * Sympathy Seeker (1997) as Cook
 * Quadrille (1999) as Sanya Arefyev
 * The President and His Granddaughter (2000) as President
 * Give Me Moonlight (2001) as cameo
 * Taking Sides (2001) as Colonel Dymshitz
 * The State Counsellor (2005) as Prince Dolgoroukoy
 * Yesenin (2005, TV Mini-Series) as KGB General Simagin
 * Relatives (2006) as Polgármester
 * Yolki 2 (2011) as cameo
 * The Kitchen in Paris (2014) as Pyotr Barinov
 * Kitchen. The Last Battle (2017) as Pyotr Barinov

authors: Анатолий Росдашин

title: Oleg Tabakov


text: User:Gary Cziko

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gary Cziko


text:
Texas obscenity statute

The Texas obscenity statute is a statute prohibiting the sale of sex toys in Texas. The law was introduced in 1973, and was last updated in 2003. While the law was never formally repealed, in 2008 a U.S. District Judge released a report declaring it to be "facially unconstitutional and unenforceable."

History
In 1973, the Texas Legislature passed Section 43.21 of the Texas Penal Code, which, in part, prohibited the sale or promotion of "obscene devices." The statute defines "obscene device" as "a device including a dildo or artificial vagina, designed or marketed as useful primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs." The legislation was last updated in 2003, and Section 43.23 currently states, "A person commits an offense if, knowing its content and character, he wholesale promotes or possesses with intent to wholesale promote any obscene material or obscene device." Section (f) of the law also criminalizes the possession of six or more devices (or "multiple identical or similar" devices) as "presumed to possess them with intent to promote."

Prosecuted cases
Prosecution under the statute is rare but has occasionally occurred. In 2001, attorneys Mary and Ted Roberts used the obscenity statute in an elaborate extortion scheme against a number of men who had engaged in extramarital relations with Mary Roberts. In Burleson in 2004, Joanne Webb faced up to one year in prison for selling a vibrator to two undercover police officers posing as a married couple at a private party. She was later acquitted, and the undercover officers were issued reprimands. In 2007, a lingerie shop in Lubbock was raided, and items "deemed to be illegal by the Texas Penal Code" were confiscated. The clerk on duty at the time was arrested, but charges were later dropped.

Appeals
Reliable Consultants, Inc., who operate four retail stores in Texas that carry a stock of sexual devices, and PHE, Inc., which is also engaged in the retail distribution of sexual devices through their website and catalogs, both filed lawsuits against the legislation, claiming that the statute is unconstitutional. In an appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit overturned the statute on February 12, 2008, by a vote of 2–1, holding that "the statute has provisions that violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution". The State of Texas filed a petition on February 22, 2008, for the Circuit Court to rehear the argument en banc.

On July 3, 2008, Texas's 13th Court of Appeals in Corpus Christi in the case of Villareal v. State, addressed the ruling of the federal Court of Appeals. The 13th Court of Appeals ruled that until the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals rules that Section 43.23 is unconstitutional, the promotion of obscene devices remains illegal. Therefore, despite the actions of the federal courts and the Texas Attorney General described elsewhere in this article, Section 43.23 remains in effect in the twenty-county area of Texas within the jurisdiction of the 13th Court of Appeals.

On August 1, 2008, the Fifth Circuit denied Texas's request to re-hear the case en banc. The refusal created a split between federal circuits: the 5th Circuit overturned the Texas law and the 11th Circuit upheld the nearly identical Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act in Alabama. The presence of a "circuit split" is one of the factors that increases the likelihood of the Supreme Court of the United States granting a writ of certiorari and ruling in order to clear up the disagreement between the two Courts of Appeals.

On November 4, 2008, U.S. District Judge Lee Yeakel released a two-page document dated October 29, 2008, in which he stated that the Texas Attorney General's Office notified him that they would not file a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court. The next month, on November 13, Yeakel filed a "joint status report" that noted the parties had come to an agreement. "Texas Penal Code §§ 43.23, to the extent that it applies to 'obscene devices' as defined in Texas Penal Code § 43.21(a)(7), is declared to be facially unconstitutional and unenforceable throughout the State of Texas".

title: Texas obscenity statute


text:
Talk:Texas obscenity statute

Untitled
Can someone help me out with a better name than this? Thanks! Trollderella 15:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Have there been any legal challenges to this statute? It seems rather severe and in a state as large as Texas I would be surprised if people (especially business owners) haven't challenged it legally. Just curious. LearningKnight 16:40, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

I think it must be just an outdated law, I'm originally from Texas, and there are plenty of shops in Houston that both "Promote the use of and sale" Dildos and Vibrators.

This article name should really be changed. It's idiotic, like saying "That Death Penalty thing in Texas". 69.148.75.78 05:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

The first citation is to a CNN story about the arrest and pending trial, but the text says she was aquitted "and the officers reprimanded." I have not found any evidence that they held a trial and certainly nothing about reprimanding the officers. If that is what happened then this article needs a better citation. GregE625 (talk) 02:10, 12 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There is quite a lot of news about the trial (some at   ), but nothing about the reprimand that I can find on google. 62.136.142.213 (talk) 03:28, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081018121053/http://scienceblogs.com:80/dispatches/2008/08/dildos_at_the_supreme_court.php to http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2008/08/dildos_at_the_supreme_court.php

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:51, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Texas obscenity statute


text:
Talk:Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy

Trivia
As the saying goes, "don't get me started". I realized a few months ago that IMSA is now older than most, if not all, of its students. aruffo 07:09, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

I am concerned that some of the early history trivia is off the mark. Is this from early class member memory (e.g. aruffo) or is this all being handled as written lore? Scott Swanson 15:12, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Course requirements
The section on course requirements is too verbose. The meaning of n-m class, for all numbers n and m, could have been explained in a sentence--why the elaborate and redundant table? -- SCZenz 15:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I cleaned this up a bunch. I did leave the table in, but ditched a lot of the obvious redundancies and added in a column on minutes-per-week, which actually makes the tabular format slightly helpful. /blahedo (t) 04:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Also the Class Schedule section has some style/formatting problems. -- SCZenz 15:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed, and I ditched a lot of the unnecessary detail. Adding a little history makes this part make more sense.  I'm removing the "needs work" tag; put it back if you think there's still a problem.  /blahedo (t) 04:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks good to me. Thanks! -- SCZenz 06:23, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Link war
There appears to be a link war going on in the See Also section: every few days, some high school gets added and another gets deleted. Most of them are just other Chicago-area high schools, which may be of high quality but otherwise bear no particular relationship to IMSA. I'm deleting all these, leaving (for the moment) only the links to similar schools in NYC and Virginia. If you have links of particular relevance, feel free to add them, but if they're just other high schools in Illinois, link them via that category. /blahedo (t) 20:18, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

However, albeit this occurrence, many of the students at the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy still fear for their lives in light of this neverending war. Many attempts are founded by the President (Sir Evan Glazer) to try to minimize the fear bestowed into the student body, nonetheless, the terror still runs rampage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.195.42.142 (talk) 14:34, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Recent Vandalism
There appears to be a barrage of vandalism going on at the page. Keep a lookout :) — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  23:53, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been; thanks for your vigilance, Ilya. It's not just IMSA, either—high schools in general are targets, because of course they're the first page that high school students look at when they learn about Wikipedia, which they see as a large mostly-blank wall labelled "Write on me!" :) /blahedo (t) 00:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps...I just don't watch many other High school pages (about individual high schools) — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  02:57, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll watch out as much as I can, as I can actually talk to/yell at the students doing this and it seems to be happening yet again. User:PeaceTank (User Talk) 22:02, 18 February 2005 (UTC)

As a student from IMSA I am going to continue to edit this page. Keep thinking IMSA's so great. Have fun; I know I will. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.107.247.125 (talk) 20:28, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Graduation Rate
You say that the "graduation rate" (which should be retention rate, as most of these students who leave do still graduate) at IMSA is fairly low, with "incoming sophomore classes roughly 240, but graduating classes are only about 205." Compared to other schools as academically rigorous, this rate is fairly high, at 85% with the numbers you cited. Gglii 16:34, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That makes me go "hmm" — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ)  02:56, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The graduation rate is both above average and hard to compare, given that students lost to attrition are not replaced. What might be valuable is comparison with retention rates at other NCSSSMST member schools.  Scott Swanson 15:17, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * One point of comparison: TAMS (A Texas version, also part of the NCSSSMST) has a graduation rate of ~65% over recent years. 129.120.244.101 (talk) 19:16, 1 March 2008 (UTC)Ittarius

Semi-Protection Sound Good?
Looks like some whackjobs are starting to vandalise this article, all off of anon ips and day-old accounts. Perhaps we should semi-protect this article. — Ilyanep  (Editorials)  22:10, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. High school web pages seem to be a popular target for moronic vandalism. This one was a little more work than usual because of sockpuppets/meatpuppets.  Eventually they'll either get blocked or bored. Jasmol 22:46, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Source on "suggested classes" ??
I edited out the part on IMSA taking suggestions for adding classes because, as far as i know without another source, IMSA isn't a one-dimensional environment. As much as it prides its self on math and sciences, it does amazing things in the education of the humanities. I think that sentence was misleading. --Auslander99 19:38, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps rewrite it, but I was talking to a student council member and he says that they don't allow addition of classes such as shop and cooking because it's specialized in a non-technical field. He says he has meeting minutes in doc format in his e-mail. Either way I'd keep the fact that they can suggest their classes. — Ilyanep  (Talk)  03:16, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I was talking to Ilyanep the other day regarding this. Based on Academic Committee's (Student Council) findings through its academic survey, it gauged student body interest in a multitude of different classes. According to Dr. David Abler, IMSA’s director of curriculum and assessment, vocational classes are not possible. However, IMSA does offer a wide variety of classes not directly related to technical fields (such as photography and ceramics). Based on the results from the surveys, will continue to work toward having class offerings that will interest students. Psycam 02:30, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

A more balanced veiw?
This articleis not fully balanced and requires a critical voice to proveide fair coverage. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.175.158.179 (talk • contribs).
 * Criticism for criticism's sake doesn't belong. It has to be notable criticism. That said, the article could use a little bit of balance, if the added paragraphs/sections are correctly worded. — Ilyanep  (Talk)  01:45, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

TALENT
The TALENT program also encourages students to go out and make their own business project...

"Wikipedia is not the appropriate place to promote your book", and see other things Wikipedia is not. All the same, good luck with the book/project. Christopherlin 19:46, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

HEY i'm no whackjob i'm doing this for a history project and my brother goes  to this school anyway nobody needed to make this the biggest source of information on this school website Imsa.edu

I think I'm missing what the general concern here is. TALENT does not have any books associated with it per se, nor any for-profit enterprises. It is a new program at IMSA that, though official, is having trouble gaining traction. Can those with concerns address them more precisely? Scott Swanson 13:47, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Notable alumni
Who is this person who keeps vandalizing the article? And how are they to be stopped? aruffo 19:45, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

If there isn't a set standard to determine who a notable alumni might be we ought to create one. Eryanv 04:42, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should use the IMSA Advancement list of alumni used for their "Trailblazer Tales" as a starting point. There is a strong argument to be made for including any inaugural and future recipients of the Alumni Trailblazer Award and, potentially, the Alumni Distinguished Leadership Award. Scott Swanson 15:21, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

I just reverted an edit removing Tay Zonday, with the justification that he is not notable and not an alumnus. Since we don't currently have a glut of alumni listed in that section, I'm inclined to keep him on the basis of notability as established on his Wikipedia page. I'm also using the broad definition of alumnus, usually used when institutions want donations, that includes everyone who ever attended, regardless of whether they graduated. I'm open to discussion on either point, if the anonymous editor would like to explain her/his decision to remove Tay. Avram (talk) 05:09, 11 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed Tay Zonday, as he never graduated from IMSA and we have plenty of other alumni who are more notable. I also fixed the graduation years to match all the styles.  Feel free to revert back if you disagree. Maripuri (talk) 01:03, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Criticism
Why isn't there a criticism section in this article? Is there any at all? --Ricera10 00:48, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There is criticism, but it will take a lot of digging through newspaper articles and Illinois Congressional records to get precise quotes of specific concerns voiced over the history of the institution. There has been a notable lack of balanced criticism of the institution over time.  Scott Swanson 15:28, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Day/Week Rotation
Although the existence of Wednesdays as I days is covered in the Student Inquiry and Research section, perhaps a more complete treatment of the current 5-day week rotation (A/B/I/C/D) and its historical evolution (A/B/C/D/E/EX, A/B/C/D/E/X, etc.) should be included. The article is fairly complete in its discussion of Mods, so perhaps this should be added in a further discussion of the academic calendar, perhaps in the Academics section near the Mod discussion? Scott Swanson 13:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there anywhere where we can get information on that? — Ilyan  e  p  (Talk)  01:17, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I would first check in the IMSA Archives, housed in the IRC.  Scott Swanson 20:10, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Assessment as of March 2007
Hello all, and thank you for contributing to this school site. I'm part of the WikiProject_Schools/Assessment team, and, as requested, I'm reviewing this page. I'm currently giving it a grade of Start on the Wikipedia 1.0 Assessment Scale and an importance of High on this importance scale.

My reasoning is as follows: While the writing and maintanance of this article is great, it just isn't well enough cited. There's also a lot of information that is trivial or would only be of local interest (non-encyclopedic content). With some cutting and research this could easily be improved Adam McCormick 05:57, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Adam, where would you suggest the cut (non-encyclopedic) content should go? Is there some area in the wikiverse where it is appropriate, or should that be offloaded to some kind of archives or alumni site such as iaa.org?  Scott Swanson 17:52, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
I believe an IP address made changes to IMSA's website recently, citing many paraphrases of the previous edition and aesthetically unpleasing. However, to further this attempt at makign the page look etter, I propose the posting of campus pictures, to keep in line with this idea. Elenseel 04:40, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Competitive students
"Extremely competitive" is a rather fluffy and meaningless phrase. It could mean that "each year, X students apply for Y positions," or "the application process is rigorous" or... well, any number of things. So I chops it out. aruffo 09:53, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Aruffo, I believe that "extremely competitive" qualifies as a phrase suitable for the article, since it gives the general reader an idea of how difficult it is to get accepted (I would know, I am an incoming sophomore), and thus believe that removing that small, two-word phrase in pointless. Elenseel 19:08, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd disagree. "Extremely competitive" gives the general reader the notion that admission is difficult in some way, but gives no indication of how, nor how difficult, as the phrase does not explain by what measure "extremely" is being judged.  And, importantly, we're discussing the inclusion of this phrase in the summary atop the entire article-- as such, we should consider whether the competition for slots a truly definitive aspect of the school.  Is that a primary attribute which people think of, or should be made to think of, when IMSA is mentioned?  Of course, as an incoming sophomore, that's bound to be one of the first things you think of now; but even half a year in, it would seem probable that that will no longer be the defining feature of your experience.  I won't delete the statement again-- I'll leave that to others-- but I will take a whack at the grammar.  aruffo 01:12, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Recent chop
Thanks for that removal. The article read far too much like a publicity campaign. aruffo 02:01, 18 June 2007 (UTC)


text: Category:Government of Cameroon

title: Category:Government of Cameroon


text:
Cindi Love

Cynthia Love is an American human rights advocate, executive, author, public speaker,entrepreneur and businessperson. She is former executive of publicly traded TORO, academic administrator, and retired ordained minister who started eight companies, several non profits and served for four years as the Executive Director of the Metropolitan Community Church and three years as ED of Soulforce

During her tenure as MCC's chief operating officer and business manager, Love played a role in the advocacy for human rights around the world. She developed the Woukd Jesus Discriminate Campaign in partnership with then Jesus MCC in Indianapolis and its pastor, Rev Jeff Miner and Mitchell Gold’s Faith in America team. She has also served on the Faith and Religion Council for the Human Rights Campaign. She was awarded the Bohnett Fellowship and attended an executive education program for local and state officials at Harvard's Kennedy School.

Education and early career
A native of Abilene, Texas, Love holds a Master of Arts from Louisiana Tech, and a doctorate in educational administration from Texas Tech University. She applied her educational training to using technology in the classroom and to forming community-school partnerships; her efforts were recognized by the Texas legislature and by Governor Ann Richards. She was later named the Executive Dean of Brookhaven College in Dallas, Texas.

Love also spent many years in the business sector, founding such companies as Ecommune, a business intended for advising Fortune 500 companies and technology ventures in Israel, School Vision of Texas, INC 500 member C.H. Love & Co., which was later bought by New Mexico Information Systems, and ICSS, Inc., which was acquired by The Toro Company, for which she guided a project that created a worldwide Intranet network, and served as both director of customer service systems and manager of global customer information systems.

From Toro, Love moved to other projects, including being the CEO of Friendly Robotics. Her experience with technology was also called upon by NASA and by the Texas legislature. For her business work, she was named one of the "Top 50 Entrepreneurs" in North America by Inc. Magazine, MIT and YEO in 1990. She has served on numerous not-for-profit boards and committees for educational, business, and LGBT interests.

Love has been the CEO and founder of a number of other corporations, including School Vision of Texas, Network in a Box, Apple Education Assistance Network, New Mexico Information Systems, and Integration Control Systems & Services.

Ministry
Love grew up in the Church of Christ, was active in citywide ministry programs from a young age, married a minister from the church, but transferred to a Southern Baptist church after her divorce. She was also active in local advocacy groups on issues regarding rehabilitation and disability services, workplace discrimination and HIV/AIDS issues; for instance, she was a long-time director of one of the West Texas Rehabilitation Center's advocacy programs, and she and her spouse later founded the Abilene Community Advocacy Program. She later founded FAMLO, a non-profit organization addressing health issues around drug addiction and HIV/AIDS. and most recently they founded Uncommon Tribe, a non-profit located in Abilene, Texas.

After leaving Toro and while working at Brookhaven, Love began serving on the MCC Board of Administrators; during this time, she completed her credentials for ordination in the denomination and took an interim post at MCC of Greater Dallas. Between January 2005 and May 2009, Love served as the Executive Director for the MCC denomination. Love was appointed executive director of the liberally-oriented (although still based on the Apostle's and Nicene Creeds ) Metropolitan Community Church in January 2005.

Love is also the author of ''Would Jesus Discriminate? The 21st Century Question''. This book is part of a broader campaign to prompt churches to consider the ways that religious attitudes against homosexuality may contribute to wider discrimination against gays and lesbians. Although the campaign began in 2006, it continues to influence the discussion. News articles from 2009 show that churches are still hosting "town halls" on the issue in places like Anchorage, Alaska, and that people are still using the slogan at marriage-equality rallies in Bloomington, Indiana and in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Personal
Love has two children from her first marriage. In 2005 she married Sue Jennings in Canada after the country introduced legislation permitting same-sex marriages. They later announced plans to marry under Californian law at a ceremony to be conducted in Los Angeles on June 24, 2008.

title: Cindi Love


text:
User:Johnny15~enwiki

My name is Nikola, and I'm from Belgrade, Serbia. I was born on December 4th 1986. This is not my first submission. I had some before but this is first submission as a member. I just joined Wikipedia, but I've been visiting since September 2004.

title: User:Johnny15~enwiki


text:
Gunflint chert

The Gunflint chert (1.88 Ga ) is a sequence of banded iron formation rocks that are exposed in the Gunflint Range of northern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario along the north shore of Lake Superior. The Gunflint Chert is of paleontological significance, as it contains evidence of microbial life from the Paleoproterozoic. The Gunflint Chert is composed of biogenic stromatolites. At the time of its discovery in the 1950s, it was the earliest form of life discovered and described in scientific literature, as well as the earliest evidence for photosynthesis. The black layers in the sequence contain microfossils that are 1.9 to 2.3 billion years in age. Stromatolite colonies of cyanobacteria that have converted to jasper are found in Ontario. The banded ironstone formation consists of alternating strata of iron oxide-rich layers interbedded with silica-rich zones. The iron oxides are typically hematite or magnetite with ilmenite, while the silicates are predominantly cryptocrystalline quartz as chert or jasper, along with some minor silicate minerals.

The Gunflint Iron Formation (exposed as the Gunflint Range) spans northwestern Ontario and northern Minnesota along the shores of Lake Superior. The type locality of the Gunflint Iron Formation is at Schreiber, ON near Lake Superior’s Thunder Bay.

Geologist Stanley A. Tyler first examined the area in 1953 and noticed its red-colored stromatolites. He also sampled a jet-black chert layer which, when observed petrographically, revealed some lifelike small spheres, rods and filaments less than 10 micrometres in size. Elso Barghoorn, a paleobotanist at Harvard, subsequently looked at these same samples and concluded that "they were indeed structurally preserved unicellular organisms." In 1965 the two scientists published their landmark finding and named the first variety of Gunflint flora. This created an academic "stampede" to explore Precambrian microfossils from similar Proterozoic environments. While older microfossils have since been described, the Gunflint microfauna is a historic geologic discovery and remains one of the most robust and diverse microfaunal fossil assemblages from the Precambrian.

Stratigraphy
The Gunflint Iron Formation is a banded iron formation, composed predominantly of dense chert and slate layers interbedded with ankerite carbonate layers. The chert layers can be subdivided into black layers (containing organic material and pyrite), red layers (containing hematite), and green layers (containing siderite). The Gunflint Iron Formation belongs to the Animike Group and can be broken up into four stratigraphic sections, the Lower Cherty, Lower Slaty, Upper Cherty, and Upper Slaty sections. Microfossils can be found in the stromatolitic chert layers, consisting of cyanobacteria, algal filaments, spore-like spheroids, and organic-rich ooids.

History
Geologist Stanley A. Tyler first examined the Gunflint Range in 1953 and observed red iron banded formations and black chert, noting probable stromatolites, though he would not go on to publish his observations for another decade. A. M. Goodwin later examined the geologic facies of the Gunflint Iron Formation in 1956, resulting in one of the first science publications on the region, but his report is devoid of any mention of microscopic life. The first publications noting the geobiological significance of the Gunflint Chert came in 1965 when two scientific papers highlighting the Gunflint microfauna were published in the preeminent journal Science. These papers were Stanley Tyler and Elso Barghoorn's ‘Microorganisms from the Gunflint Chert’ and Preston Cloud’s (University of California at Santa Barbara) ‘Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora’. While published at nearly the same time, both papers served as landmark publications introducing the idea of life occurring during the Precambrian. Each paper had markedly different foci: while Barghoorn and Tyler aimed to characterize the individual microorganisms that comprise the Gunflint chert from a taxonomical and morphological standpoint, Cloud focused on the larger-scale significance of the prospect of life existing during the Precambrian period and its implications for the field of Precambrian paleontology. The publication of these two seminal papers opened the floodgates to a vast array of paleontological and geochemical studies to explore Precambrian microfossils from similar Proterozoic environments.

Age
The Gunflint chert microfauna is mid- to late-Paleoproterozoic in age (approximately 1.878 Ga ± 1.3 Ma, as determined by Uranium-Lead dating techniques). This age has fluctuated as dating techniques have become more accurate and precise. Initial whole-rock Rubidium-Strontium and Potassium-Argon dating placed the age of the Gunflint Iron Formation at 1.56-163 Ga. Whole-rock Neodymium-Samarium dating later placed the age between 2.08 and 2.11 Ga. Finally, dating of interbedded ash layers within the Gunflint Iron Formation yielded ages between 1.86 and 1.99 Ga, which are most similar to the current consensus age of 1.878 Ga ± 1.3 Ma. At the time of discovery of the Gunflint Chert, the oldest evidence of life known was the Ediacaran fauna (635-541 Ma), a late Precambrian assemblage less than half the age of the Gunflint microorganisms.

Microfaunal diversity
The most abundant organisms in Gunflint are filaments found in stromatolitic fabrics, and typically range from 0.5-6.0 μm in diameter and up to several hundred microns in length. The Gunflint microfauna can be split into two broad categories: filaments and spheroids. In the groundbreaking 1965 Barghoorn and Tyler paper, three new genera and four new species of filamentous cyanobacteria were discovered from Gunflint chert. Since then various new genera and species have been identified, some named after Barghoorn, Tyler, and Cloud in acknowledgement of their early contributions in defining the Gunflint microbial assemblages.

Filamentous microorganisms
Filamentous microorganisms within the Gunflint Chert represent a mixed population of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and iron oxidizing bacteria. On the outcrop scale, the filamentous Gunflint cyanobacteria form meter-scale stromatolitic domes, which are discernible along the Gunflint Iron Formation stratigraphic section. Examples of newly identified filamentous genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include the genus Gunflintia and the species Animikiea septate, Entosphaeroides amplus, and Archaeorestis schreiberensis.

Spheroidal microorganisms
Spheroidal spore-like bodies within the Gunflint Chert are found irregularly distributed throughout the Gunflint Iron Formation, and range from 1 to 16 μm in diameter. The spheroidal bodies range from spherical to ellipsoidal in morphology. They are typically encased in a membrane which can vary in wall thickness and morphology. The spheroidal bodies have been hypothesized to be various things, such as unicellular cyanobacteria, endogenously produced endospores of bacterial origin, free-swimming dinoflagellates, and fungus spores. Examples of newly identified spheroidal genera and species within the Gunflint Chert include the genera Huroniospora and Eoasatrion, as well as the species Eosphaera tyleri.

Preservation of microfauna
Various predominant taphonomic models have been suggested as mechanisms for the exceptional preservation of the Gunflint Chert microfauna. Examples of these taphonomic models include organic residue preservation, fine-grain pyritization, coarse-grain pyritization, carbonate association, and hematite preservation. In organic residue preservation, a film of light-to-dark brown organic material outlines microorganisms, acting as a stain and preserving filaments, spore-like bodies, and carbonate rhombs within chert. Fine-grain pyritization is the most common type of preservation in the Gunflint Cherts, in which association of fine-grained (micrometer scale) pyrite with organic matter preserves the morphology of filamentous and spheroidal microorganisms. Coarse-grained pyritization occurs when millimeter scale pyrite minerals replace organic matter in cherts, preserving microorganism morphology. In carbonate association, filaments, spore-like bodies, and other organic structures can be preserved by carbonate mineralization (<1μm in diameter) imbedded in a chert matrix. Carbonate minerals can form as continuous bodies or as a series of lenses outlining filamentous cyanobacterial remains. Carbonate mineralization is often seen trailing pyrite crystals. Hematite preservation is a less common taphonomic mode, but is occasionally found at the interface between black stromatolitic cherts and red jasper. In this preservational method, hematite filaments <1μm in diameter encase (and occasionally replace) filamentous fossils, and are often outlined by carbonaceous films and pyrite grains. As a result of the remarkable preservation of microorganisms given the taphonomic modes described above, the Gunflint Chert is sometimes described as the first Precambrian lagerstätte, or exceptionally preserved fossil assemblage.

Significance and paleoenvironmental implications
In the 1950s and 1960s, the state of the Precambrian atmosphere was not well characterized. The discovery of the Gunflint microbiota revealed that photosynthesis (or an ancient autotrophic precursor modality) was occurring 1.8 billion years ago, and that the atmosphere was oxygenated enough to sustain microbial life. The mineralogy of the Gunflint banded iron formation reveals a complex relationship between these redox conditions throughout the Gunflint Formation. Multiple iron species in the Gunflint formation provides evidence for a highly oxidative atmosphere, with some localized reducing conditions which allowed for the transport of large quantities of iron in a soluble ferrous state.

While the Gunflint microfauna no longer represents the oldest life discovered on Earth, at the time of discovery it pushed back the presumptive age of photosynthesis and the origin of life boundary by over one billion years. This discovery spurred generations of paleontologists and geomicrobiologists to contemplate ancient atmospheric oxygen conditions and redox states, and to continue searching for older microbial life.

title: Gunflint chert


text:
Ictonyx

Ictonyx is a genus in the family Mustelidae (weasels). It contains two species:

 * Saharan striped polecat (Ictonyx libycus)
 * Striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus)

title: Ictonyx


text:
Zoboomafoo

Zoboomafoo is a live-action/animated children's television series that originally aired on PBS from January 25, 1999, to November 21, 2001. It was formerly shown in public television (depending on the area) and was regularly shown on PBS Kids Sprout until 2012. A total of 65 episodes were aired. A creation of the Kratt Brothers (Chris and Martin), it features a four-(later five)-year-old talking lemur (a Coquerel's sifaka) named Zoboomafoo, performed by Canadian puppeteer Gord Robertson (who had also puppeteered on Jim Henson's Fraggle Rock), and mainly portrayed by a lemur named Jovian, along with a collection of returned animal guests.

Cast

 * Chris Kratt as himself
 * Martin Kratt as himself
 * Jovian and Gord Robertson as Zoboomafoo
 * Samantha Tolkacz as Jackie (Season 1)
 * Genevieve Farrell as Amy (Season 2)

Segments

 * Zoboomafoo Theme Song
 * The Kratt Brothers Arrive, Calling for Zoboo, and Snacktime
 * The Mystery Animal (Song: “Who Could It Be?”)
 * Zobooland Story #1
 * Mystery Animal Leaves (Song: "I Feel Different")
 * Duck/Animal Helpers with Jackie/Amy
 * A Journey to Visit Animals (Song: “Going to the Closet”)
 * Exploring the Wild and Seeing Animals
 * Back to Animal Junction and Another Mystery Animal
 * Zobooland Story #2
 * Ending Theme: Animal Friends
 * Zoboo and Kratt Brothers Leave Animal Junction
 * Kids Introducing Their Pets
 * Meeting Animals Disclaimer (PBS and Treehouse TV airings only, shown after the credits in the latter)
 * Joke From Zoboomafoo (PBS airings only)
 * End Credits

Production notes
Zoboomafoo was produced by PBS Kids, CINAR Corporation (now folded into WildBrain), and the Kratt brothers' Earth Creatures company. Paragon Entertainment Corporation, who previously worked on Kratts' Creatures, was slated to be involved with Zoboomafoo before being replaced by CINAR.

Partial filming for the series took place on location at the Duke Lemur Center in Durham, North Carolina. The claymation segments were filmed at a studio in Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada. Although the last new episode aired on PBS Kids in November 2001, most PBS stations continued to rerun Zoboomafoo episodes in syndication through 2009. Select stations aired reruns as late as 2017. In addition, Sprout aired reruns until February 2012. The show was broadcast in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Middle East, and India.

After production on the series ended, in 2003, the Kratt Brothers began another series titled Be the Creature on the National Geographic Channel. In 2011, they created the animated series Wild Kratts, which currently airs on PBS Kids and TVOntario.

Jovian (a captive Coquerel's sifaka housed at the Duke Lemur Center) portrayed Zoboomafoo in the live-action segments (with his parents Nigel and Flavia sometimes serving as stand-ins). On November 10, 2014, he died of kidney failure in his home at the age of 20.

Awards and nominations
Zoboomafoo received the 2001 Emmy for Outstanding Directing in a Children's Series and a Parents' Choice Award for Spring 2001 and Silver Honor for Fall 2001.

Other media
There are also several video games for the PC based on Zoboomafoo, where children learn the alphabet and animals that correlate to each letter. Some of the letters have interactive games to go with them, such as a coloring page.

title: Zoboomafoo


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Galictis

A grison is any mustelid in the genus Galictis. Native to Central and South America, the genus contains two extant species: the greater grison (Galictis vittata), which is found widely in South America, through Central America to southern Mexico; and the lesser grison (Galictis cuja), which is restricted to the southern half of South America.

Names
The generic name Galictis joins two Greek words: galē (γαλῆ, "weasel") and iktis (ἴκτις, marten/weasel). Compare the word Galidictis (a mongoose genus).

The common name  is from a French word for "gray", a variant of, also meaning "gray".

Locally, in Spanish, it is referred to as a huroncito (literally "little ferret") or grisón. In Portuguese, it is a furão.

Description
Grisons measure up to 60 cm in length, and weigh between 1 and 3 kg. The lesser grison is slightly smaller than the greater grison. Grisons generally resemble a honey badger, but with a smaller, thinner body. The pelage along the back is a frosted gray with black legs, throat, face, and belly. A sharp white stripe extends from the forehead to the back of the neck.

Habitat
They are found in a wide range of habitats from semi-open shrub and woodland to low-elevation forests. They are generally terrestrial, burrowing and nesting in holes in fallen trees or rock crevices, often living underground. They are omnivorous, consuming fruit and small animals (including mammals). Little is known about grison behavior for multiple reasons, including that their necks are so wide compared to their heads, an unusual difficulty that has made radio tracking problematic.

Fossils
Grisons first appeared in South America during the early Pleistocene about 2.5 million years ago. They may be descended from the fossil genera Trigonictis and Sminthosinus, which lived in North America during the mid to late Pliocene. There are at least three known fossil species, all of which were found in Argentina:

 * † Galictis hennigi
 * † Galictis sanandresensis
 * † Galictis sorgentinii

title: Galictis


text:
SS Red Oak Victory

SS Red Oak Victory is a U.S. Victory ship of the Boulder Victory-class cargo ship used in the Second World War. She was preserved to serve as a museum ship in Richmond, California, and is managed by the Richmond Library of History and located near the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park. She was one of 534 Victories built during World War II, but one of only a few of these ships to be transferred from the Merchant Marine to the United States Navy. She was named after Red Oak, Iowa, which suffered disproportionate casualties in early World War II battles. (Montgomery County ranked third among Iowa counties in World War II casualties per capita). The ship was active during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

History
Red Oak Victory was built by the Permanente Metals Corporation's Richmond Number 1 Yard in Richmond, California and launched on 9 November 1944. Victory ships were not intended to be long-lasting, but the welds of the Red Oak Victory remained intact after 76 years. The ship is 455 ft in length, and armed with one five-inch/38 caliber gun; one three-inch/50 caliber gun, and eight 20 mm guns.

The ship was acquired by the United States Navy on December 5, 1944, and commissioned the same day as USS Red Oak Victory (AK-235). Following a fitting-out period, Red Oak Victory was loaded with cargo and departed San Francisco for Pearl Harbor on 10 January 1945. Red Oak Victory departed Hawaii on 10 February loaded with munitions needed in the Marshall and Caroline islands. Sent onward from Enewetak, she arrived in Ulithi on 28 February and then began operating under Commander Service Squadron Ten. Operating out of the Philippines, she issued cargo and ammunition to various fleet ships through the war's end in August 1945. During a hazardous tour of duty in the Pacific, Red Oak Victory handled many tons of ammunition, supplying the fleet without a single casualty.

Red Oak Victory was decommissioned in 1946 and returned to the U.S. Maritime Commission. Red Oak Victory was used by the Luckenbach Steamship Company from 1947 through the 1950s, when the vessel went to Japan, Korea, Cuba, Pakistan, India, Singapore, and Japan again. Red Oak Victory was operated by American Mail Lines for the Military Sea Transport Service from 1966 to 1968, making a dozen voyages to Vietnam, Japan, and the Philippines carrying military supplies loaded at West Coast ports. From 1968 until 1998, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in Suisun Bay.

Destined to be scrapped, Red Oak Victory came to the attention of the Richmond Museum Association in 1993. In 1996 Congress passed legislation authorizing the ship's conveyance to the Museum Association. Red Oak Victory was turned over to the Richmond Museum of History and towed to a new home in Richmond Shipyard 3 (near the location where Shipyard 1 was, where the ship was actually built in 1944) on 20 September 1998. She is being restored and operated by the Richmond Museum of History and is associated with the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park.

title: SS Red Oak Victory


text:
Category:Pete Seeger songs

 * Songs sung by Pete Seeger

title: Category:Pete Seeger songs


text:
Systolic geometry

In mathematics, systolic geometry is the study of systolic invariants of manifolds and polyhedra, as initially conceived by Charles Loewner and developed by Mikhail Gromov, Michael Freedman, Peter Sarnak, Mikhail Katz, Larry Guth, and others, in its arithmetical, ergodic, and topological manifestations. See also Introduction to systolic geometry.

The notion of systole

The systole of a compact metric space X is a metric invariant of X, defined to be the least length of a noncontractible loop in X (i.e. a loop that cannot be contracted to a point in the ambient space X). In more technical language, we minimize length over free loops representing nontrivial conjugacy classes in the fundamental group of X. When X is a graph, the invariant is usually referred to as the girth, ever since the 1947 article on girth by W. T. Tutte. Possibly inspired by Tutte's article, Loewner started thinking about systolic questions on surfaces in the late 1940s, resulting in a 1950 thesis by his student Pao Ming Pu. The actual term "systole" itself was not coined until a quarter century later, by Marcel Berger.

This line of research was, apparently, given further impetus by a remark of René Thom, in a conversation with Berger in the library of Strasbourg University during the 1961–62 academic year, shortly after the publication of the papers of R. Accola and C. Blatter. Referring to these systolic inequalities, Thom reportedly exclaimed: Mais c'est fondamental! [These results are of fundamental importance!]

Subsequently, Berger popularized the subject in a series of articles and books, most recently in the March 2008 issue of the Notices of the American Mathematical Society (see reference below). A bibliography at the Website for systolic geometry and topology currently contains over 160 articles. Systolic geometry is a rapidly developing field, featuring a number of recent publications in leading journals. Recently (see the 2006 paper by Katz and Rudyak below), the link with the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category has emerged. The existence of such a link can be thought of as a theorem in systolic topology.

Property of a centrally symmetric polyhedron in 3-space
Every convex centrally symmetric polyhedron P in R3 admits a pair of opposite (antipodal) points and a path of length L joining them and lying on the boundary ∂P of P, satisfying

 * $$L^2 \leq \frac{\pi}{4} \mathrm{area}(\partial P).$$

An alternative formulation is as follows. Any centrally symmetric convex body of surface area A can be squeezed through a noose of length $$\sqrt{\pi A}$$, with the tightest fit achieved by a sphere. This property is equivalent to a special case of Pu's inequality (see below), one of the earliest systolic inequalities.

Concepts
To give a preliminary idea of the flavor of the field, one could make the following observations. The main thrust of Thom's remark to Berger quoted above appears to be the following. Whenever one encounters an inequality relating geometric invariants, such a phenomenon in itself is interesting; all the more so when the inequality is sharp (i.e., optimal). The classical isoperimetric inequality is a good example. In systolic questions about surfaces, integral-geometric identities play a particularly important role. Roughly speaking, there is an integral identity relating area on the one hand, and an average of energies of a suitable family of loops on the other. By the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, energy is an upper bound for length squared; hence one obtains an inequality between area and the square of the systole. Such an approach works both for the Loewner inequality

 * $$\mathrm{sys}^2 \le \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\cdot\mathrm{area}$$

for the torus, where the case of equality is attained by the flat torus whose deck transformations form the lattice of Eisenstein integers, and for Pu's inequality for the real projective plane P2(R):

 * $$\mathrm{sys}^2 \le \frac{\pi}{2}\cdot\mathrm{area}$$,

with equality characterizing a metric of constant Gaussian curvature.

An application of the computational formula for the variance in fact yields the following version of Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect:

 * $$\mathrm{area}-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\mathrm{sys}^2\geq \mathrm{var}(f),$$

where f is the conformal factor of the metric with respect to a unit area flat metric in its conformal class. This inequality can be thought of as analogous to Bonnesen's inequality with isoperimetric defect, a strengthening of the isoperimetric inequality.

A number of new inequalities of this type have recently been discovered, including universal volume lower bounds. More details appear at systoles of surfaces.

Gromov's systolic inequality
The deepest result in the field is Gromov's inequality for the homotopy 1-systole of an essential n-manifold M:

 * $$ \operatorname{sys\pi}_1{}^n \leq C_n \operatorname{vol}(M),$$

where Cn is a universal constant only depending on the dimension of M. Here the homotopy systole sysπ1 is by definition the least length of a noncontractible loop in M. A manifold is called essential if its fundamental class [M] represents a nontrivial class in the homology of its fundamental group. The proof involves a new invariant called the filling radius, introduced by Gromov, defined as follows. Denote by A the coefficient ring Z or Z2, depending on whether or not M is orientable. Then the fundamental class, denoted [M], of a compact n-dimensional manifold M is a generator of $$H_n(M;A)=A$$. Given an imbedding of M in Euclidean space E, we set

 * $$ \mathrm{FillRad}(M\subset E) = \inf \left\{ \epsilon > 0 \left|\;\iota_\epsilon([M])=0\in H_n(U_\epsilon M) \right. \right\},$$

where ιε is the inclusion homomorphism induced by the inclusion of M in its ε-neighborhood Uε M in E.

To define an absolute filling radius in a situation where M is equipped with a Riemannian metric g, Gromov proceeds as follows. One exploits an imbedding due to C. Kuratowski. One imbeds M in the Banach space L∞(M) of bounded Borel functions on M, equipped with the sup norm $$\|\;\|$$. Namely, we map a point x ∈ M to the function fx ∈ L∞(M) defined by the formula fx(y) = d(x,y) for all y ∈ M, where d is the distance function defined by the metric. By the triangle inequality we have $$d(x,y) = \| f_x - f_y \|,$$ and therefore the imbedding is strongly isometric, in the precise sense that internal distance and ambient distance coincide. Such a strongly isometric imbedding is impossible if the ambient space is a Hilbert space, even when M is the Riemannian circle (the distance between opposite points must be π, not 2!). We then set E = L∞(M) in the formula above, and define

 * $$\mathrm{FillRad}(M)=\mathrm{FillRad} \left( M\subset L^{\infty}(M) \right).$$

Namely, Gromov proved a sharp inequality relating the systole and the filling radius,

 * $$\mathrm{sys\pi}_1 \leq 6\; \mathrm{FillRad}(M),$$

valid for all essential manifolds M; as well as an inequality

 * $$\mathrm{FillRad} \leq C_n \mathrm{vol}_n{}^{1/n}(M),$$

valid for all closed manifolds M.

A summary of a proof, based on recent results in geometric measure theory by S. Wenger, building upon earlier work by L. Ambrosio and B. Kirchheim, appears in Section 12.2 of the book "Systolic geometry and topology" referenced below. A completely different approach to the proof of Gromov's inequality was recently proposed by Larry Guth.

Gromov's stable inequality
A significant difference between 1-systolic invariants (defined in terms of lengths of loops) and the higher, k-systolic invariants (defined in terms of areas of cycles, etc.) should be kept in mind. While a number of optimal systolic inequalities, involving the 1-systoles, have by now been obtained, just about the only optimal inequality involving purely the higher k-systoles is Gromov's optimal stable 2-systolic inequality

 * $$\mathrm{stsys}_2{}^n \leq n! \;\mathrm{vol}_{2n}(\mathbb{CP}^n)$$

for complex projective space, where the optimal bound is attained by the symmetric Fubini–Study metric, pointing to the link to quantum mechanics. Here the stable 2-systole of a Riemannian manifold M is defined by setting

 * $$\mathrm{stsys}_2 = \lambda_1\left(H_2(M,\mathbb{Z})_{\mathbb{R}}, \|\;\|\right),$$

where $$\|\;\|$$ is the stable norm, while λ1 is the least norm of a nonzero element of the lattice. Just how exceptional Gromov's stable inequality is, only became clear recently. Namely, it was discovered that, contrary to expectation, the symmetric metric on the quaternionic projective plane is not its systolically optimal metric, in contrast with the 2-systole in the complex case. While the quaternionic projective plane with its symmetric metric has a middle-dimensional stable systolic ratio of 10/3, the analogous ratio for the symmetric metric of the complex projective 4-space gives the value 6, while the best available upper bound for such a ratio of an arbitrary metric on both of these spaces is 14. This upper bound is related to properties of the Lie algebra E7. If there exists an 8-manifold with exceptional Spin(7) holonomy and 4-th Betti number 1, then the value 14 is in fact optimal. Manifolds with Spin(7) holonomy have been studied intensively by Dominic Joyce.

Lower bounds for 2-systoles
Similarly, just about the only nontrivial lower bound for a k-systole with k = 2, results from recent work in gauge theory and J-holomorphic curves. The study of lower bounds for the conformal 2-systole of 4-manifolds has led to a simplified proof of the density of the image of the period map, by Jake Solomon.

Schottky problem
Perhaps one of the most striking applications of systoles is in the context of the Schottky problem, by P. Buser and P. Sarnak, who distinguished the Jacobians of Riemann surfaces among principally polarized abelian varieties, laying the foundation for systolic arithmetic.

Lusternik–Schnirelmann category
Asking systolic questions often stimulates questions in related fields. Thus, a notion of systolic category of a manifold has been defined and investigated, exhibiting a connection to the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category (LS category). Note that the systolic category (as well as the LS category) is, by definition, an integer. The two categories have been shown to coincide for both surfaces and 3-manifolds. Moreover, for orientable 4-manifolds, systolic category is a lower bound for LS category. Once the connection is established, the influence is mutual: known results about LS category stimulate systolic questions, and vice versa.

The new invariant was introduced by Katz and Rudyak (see below). Since the invariant turns out to be closely related to the Lusternik-Schnirelman category (LS category), it was called systolic category.

Systolic category of a manifold M is defined in terms of the various k-systoles of M. Roughly speaking, the idea is as follows. Given a manifold M, one looks for the longest product of systoles which give a "curvature-free" lower bound for the total volume of M (with a constant independent of the metric). It is natural to include systolic invariants of the covers of M in the definition, as well. The number of factors in such a "longest product" is by definition the systolic category of M.

For example, Gromov showed that an essential n-manifold admits a volume lower bound in terms of the n'th power of the homotopy 1-systole (see section above). It follows that the systolic category of an essential n-manifold is precisely n. In fact, for closed n-manifolds, the maximal value of both the LS category and the systolic category is attained simultaneously.

Another hint at the existence of an intriguing relation between the two categories is the relation to the invariant called the cuplength. Thus, the real cuplength turns out to be a lower bound for both categories.

Systolic category coincides with the LS category in a number of cases, including the case of manifolds of dimensions 2 and 3. In dimension 4, it was recently shown that the systolic category is a lower bound for the LS category.

Systolic hyperbolic geometry
The study of the asymptotic behavior for large genus g of the systole of hyperbolic surfaces reveals some interesting constants. Thus, Hurwitz surfaces Σg defined by a tower of principal congruence subgroups of the (2,3,7) hyperbolic triangle group satisfy the bound

 * $$ \mathrm{sys}\pi_1(\Sigma_g) \geq \frac{4}{3} \log g,$$

and a similar bound holds for more general arithmetic Fuchsian groups. This 2007 result by Katz, Schaps, and Vishne generalizes the results of Peter Buser and Peter Sarnak in the case of arithmetic groups defined over Q, from their seminal 1994 paper.

A bibliography for systoles in hyperbolic geometry currently numbers forty articles. Interesting examples are provided by the Bolza surface, Klein quartic, Macbeath surface, First Hurwitz triplet.

Relation to Abel–Jacobi maps
A family of optimal systolic inequalities is obtained as an application of the techniques of Burago and Ivanov, exploiting suitable Abel–Jacobi maps, defined as follows.

Let M be a manifold, π = π1(M), its fundamental group and f: π → πab be its abelianisation map. Let tor be the torsion subgroup of πab. Let g: πab → πab/tor be the quotient by torsion. Clearly, πab/tor= Zb, where b = b1 (M). Let φ: π → Zb be the composed homomorphism.

"Definition: The cover $\bar M$ of the manifold M corresponding the subgroup Ker(φ) ⊂ π is called the universal (or maximal) free abelian cover."

Now assume M has a Riemannian metric. Let E be the space of harmonic 1-forms on M, with dual E* canonically identified with H1(M,R). By integrating an integral harmonic 1-form along paths from a basepoint x0 ∈ M, we obtain a map to the circle R/Z = S1.

Similarly, in order to define a map M → H1(M,R)/H1(M,Z)R without choosing a basis for cohomology, we argue as follows. Let x be a point in the universal cover $$\tilde{M}$$ of M. Thus x is represented by a point of M together with a path c from x0 to it. By integrating along the path c, we obtain a linear form, $$h\to \int_c h$$, on E. We thus obtain a map $$\tilde{M}\to E^* = H_1(M,\mathbf{R})$$, which, furthermore, descends to a map

 * $$ \overline{A}_M: \overline{M}\to E^*,\;\; c\mapsto \left(h\mapsto \int_c h \right),$$

where $$\overline{M}$$ is the universal free abelian cover.

"Definition: The Jacobi variety (Jacobi torus) of M is the torus J1(M)= H1(M,R)/H1(M,Z)R"

"Definition: The Abel–Jacobi map $A_M: M \to J_1(M),$ is obtained from the map above by passing to quotients. The Abel–Jacobi map is unique up to translations of the Jacobi torus."

As an example one can cite the following inequality, due to D. Burago, S. Ivanov and M. Gromov.

Let M be an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold with first Betti number n, such that the map from M to its Jacobi torus has nonzero degree. Then M satisfies the optimal stable systolic inequality

 * $$ \mathrm{stsys}_1{}^{n} \leq \gamma_n \mathrm{vol}_n(M),$$

where $$\gamma_n$$ is the classical Hermite constant.

Related fields, volume entropy
Asymptotic phenomena for the systole of surfaces of large genus have been shown to be related to interesting ergodic phenomena, and to properties of congruence subgroups of arithmetic groups.

Gromov's 1983 inequality for the homotopy systole implies, in particular, a uniform lower bound for the area of an aspherical surface in terms of its systole. Such a bound generalizes the inequalities of Loewner and Pu, albeit in a non-optimal fashion.

Gromov's seminal 1983 paper also contains asymptotic bounds relating the systole and the area, which improve the uniform bound (valid in all dimensions).

It was discovered recently (see paper by Katz and Sabourau below) that the volume entropy h, together with A. Katok's optimal inequality for h, is the "right" intermediary in a transparent proof of M. Gromov's asymptotic bound for the systolic ratio of surfaces of large genus.

The classical result of A. Katok states that every metric on a closed surface M with negative Euler characteristic satisfies an optimal inequality relating the entropy and the area.

It turns out that the minimal entropy of a closed surface can be related to its optimal systolic ratio. Namely, there is an upper bound for the entropy of a systolically extremal surface, in terms of its systole. By combining this upper bound with Katok's optimal lower bound in terms of the volume, one obtains a simpler alternative proof of Gromov's asymptotic estimate for the optimal systolic ratio of surfaces of large genus. Furthermore, such an approach yields an improved multiplicative constant in Gromov's theorem.

As an application, this method implies that every metric on a surface of genus at least 20 satisfies Loewner's torus inequality. This improves the best earlier estimate of 50 which followed from an estimate of Gromov's.

Filling area conjecture
Gromov's filling area conjecture has been proved in a hyperelliptic setting (see reference by Bangert et al. below).

The filling area conjecture asserts that among all possible fillings of the Riemannian circle of length 2π by a surface with the strongly isometric property, the round hemisphere has the least area. Here the Riemannian circle refers to the unique closed 1-dimensional Riemannian manifold of total 1-volume 2π and Riemannian diameter π.

To explain the conjecture, we start with the observation that the equatorial circle of the unit 2-sphere, S2 ⊂ R3, is a Riemannian circle S1 of length 2π and diameter π.

More precisely, the Riemannian distance function of S1 is the restriction of the ambient Riemannian distance on the sphere. This property is not satisfied by the standard imbedding of the unit circle in the Euclidean plane, where a pair of opposite points are at distance 2, not π.

We consider all fillings of S1 by a surface, such that the restricted metric defined by the inclusion of the circle as the boundary of the surface is the Riemannian metric of a circle of length 2π. The inclusion of the circle as the boundary is then called a strongly isometric imbedding of the circle.

In 1983 Gromov conjectured that the round hemisphere gives the "best" way of filling the circle among all filling surfaces.

The case of simply-connected fillings is equivalent to Pu's inequality. Recently the case of genus-1 fillings was settled affirmatively, as well (see reference by Bangert et al. below). Namely, it turns out that one can exploit a half-century old formula by J. Hersch from integral geometry. Namely, consider the family of figure-8 loops on a football, with the self-intersection point at the equator (see figure at the beginning of the article). Hersch's formula expresses the area of a metric in the conformal class of the football, as an average of the energies of the figure-8 loops from the family. An application of Hersch's formula to the hyperelliptic quotient of the Riemann surface proves the filling area conjecture in this case.

Other systolic ramifications of hyperellipticity have been identified in genus 2.

Surveys
The surveys in the field include M. Berger's survey (1993), Gromov's survey (1996), Gromov's book (1999), Berger's panoramic book (2003), as well as Katz's book (2007). These references may help a beginner enter the field. They also contain open problems to work on.

title: Systolic geometry


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Church of The Giant Golden Microphone

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 02:29, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Church of The Giant Golden Microphone
Microfaith, high school prank that got a little passing publicity. Few googles, most are dead-end, suggest few heard of it, and most are forgetting fast --Doc (?) 15:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The SubGenius Must Have Slack ... er.... POEE ... er... FNORD ...er...  This is not notable. POV Statement: This has been done much more humerously by many more people anyways. And fuck'em if they cant take a joke delete Roodog2k 16:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with proposer. -- < drini | ∂drini > 16:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom and fix Sunsphere. Alf 17:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * fixed --Doc (?) 17:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity and nonsense. *drew 01:01, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

The Church of the Giant Golden Microphone should stay! It is this type of eccentricity and humor that keeps East Tennesseans laughing at themselves and their unique architecture.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Reckoning (Stargate SG-1)

"Reckoning" is a two-part episode from Season 8 of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1. It resolves the long-running story arcs of the Goa'uld, the Replicators, and the Jaffa Rebellion, and are regarded as two of the most popular episodes of the series. This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series" and a Leo Award in the category "Best Visual Effects".)

Part 1
The episode begins with an emissary of Ba'al demanding the surrender of Yu and the remaining Goa'uld System Lords. Unexpectedly, Samantha Carter is brought before them, revealing herself to be Replicator Carter as she stabs Yu and her Replicator ship advances on the Goa'uld space station. Elsewhere, SG-1 and Bra'tac are preparing for a rebel Jaffa mission when they come under attack by a Replicator-controlled Ha'tak. Their ship becomes infested, and Jackson is beamed away by the Replicators. At Stargate Command, Jacob Carter, host to the Tok'ra Selmak, brings grave news to General Jack O'Neill: the Replicators have begun a full-scale invasion of the Milky Way.

Thor of the Asgard arrives to assist in modifying the Replicator disruptor so that it is once again effective. Although he and Carter successfully modify the disruptor, the Replicators adapt after only a single shot and infest Thor's ship. Meanwhile, Teal'c and Bra'tac are dismayed that, in the face of this unstoppable foe, the Jaffa are re-pledging their loyalty to the Goa'uld en masse and the future of the Jaffa rebellion is in doubt. They decide on an audacious, last-ditch plan: with Ba'al's forces occupied and fighting the Replicators, the entire rebel army will capture Dakara, the holiest of Jaffa planets, thus proving once and for all that the Goa'uld are not gods. The rebel Jaffa find the planet lightly guarded and quickly seize its temple. However, at the behest of a robed figure, Ba'al breaks off the battle with the Replicators and sends his entire fleet towards Dakara.

On the Replicator ship, Replicator Carter probes Daniel's mind for buried knowledge from the time he was Ascended. After a ruse in which she pretends to be Oma Desala, she finds what she wants: the location of the only weapon in the galaxy capable of stopping her, hidden in the temple on Dakara. Ba'al contacts the SGC and tells them that they must destroy the weapon on Dakara before his fleet arrives, for the weapon is capable of destroying all life in the galaxy. Ba'al would not use such a weapon, but his new master would -- Anubis.

Part 2
Sam and Jacob discover the superweapon controls hidden behind a wall in the Dakara temple, and realize that it can be calibrated to emit a Replicator disruptor wave. However, to prevent the Replicators from adapting, the wave must strike all of them throughout the galaxy at the same time. The only way this is possible is to simultaneously dial every Stargate in the Milky Way from Dakara, and to accomplish this Sam and Jacob are forced to turn to Ba'al for help. Ba'al slows the advance of his fleet to buy them more time, and appears on Dakara in hologram form to lend his assistance. Back on the Replicator ship, Replicator Carter delves deeper into Daniel's Ascended memories, but finds it too immense even for the Replicator network to handle. Contrary to her assurances, she sends Replicators to attack Earth through the Stargate. O'Neill orders the evacuation of Stargate Command and the activation of the base's self-destruct.

The fleets of Ba'al and Replicator Carter clash in a titanic battle over Dakara, with the small rebel Jaffa fleet caught in the middle. The Replicators land on the surface and charge the temple. On Earth, O'Neill and several other survivors are cut off from the surface and fight desperately to hold off the Replicators while attempting to dial the Stargate. At a crucial moment, Daniel manages to exploit his connection to Replicator Carter and freeze all the Replicators. Although Replicator Carter soon breaks free and stabs him, his actions give Sam and Jacob the few seconds needed to finish their work. The superweapon activates along with Stargates all over the galaxy; the disruptor wave disintegrates all the Replicators, including Replicator Carter. With the Replicators defeated, Ba'al suddenly finds himself surrounded by free Jaffa, and beams himself away. His escape inspires Jaffa everywhere to rebel, at last breaking Goa'uld's dominion over the galaxy. Despite the good news, Jack and Sam cannot help but wonder what happened to Daniel.

Production
Both Amanda Tapping and Michael Shanks play dual roles in this episode. Tapping plays both Lt. Col. Samantha Carter and the RepliCarter. Shanks plays Dr. Daniel Jackson and provides the voice of Thor. Richard Dean Anderson and Michael Shanks do not share a scene in either episode. This episode is Michael Shanks' 150th episode.

The images of Ba'al and Anubis' homeworld are stock footage of Delmak, Sokar's homeworld. Ne'tu is clearly visible in the sky.

Reception
Fans regarded "Reckoning" as two of the most popular episodes of the series. This episode was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series" and a Leo Award in the category "Best Visual Effects".)

title: Reckoning (Stargate SG-1)


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Talk:Darth Traya

The idea of implementing soft redirect here is inspired by the article Anakin Skywalker. -- G.S.K.Lee 15:59, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Darth Traya


text:
File:RSASB2Cover.jpg

Fair use in Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:RSASB2Cover.jpg


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Talk:Boston Red Sox roster

Ramirez's Country
I've never seen a roster listing that refers to citizenship over place of birth. Roster listings always list a player's country of birth since a player's citizenship is generally not public information. The only reason we know about Manny's is because he changed it in a very public way; a lower profile player could change theirs without the public ever knowing, rendering lists such as this inaccurate. - Pal 15:59, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

You're right. What about Cuban defectors playing in MLB?, such as José Contreras, Liván Hernández and Orlando Hernández, not to mention Cuban-Americans such as Tony Pérez, José Canseco and Rafael Palmeiro, between others. MusiCitizen 18:03, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boston Red Sox roster


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Antonio Labriola

Antonio Labriola (2 July 1843 – 12 February 1904) was an Italian Marxist theoretician and philosopher. Although an academic philosopher and never an active member of any Marxist political party, his thought exerted influence on many political theorists in Italy during the early 20th century, including the founder of the Italian Liberal Party, Benedetto Croce, as well as the leaders of the Italian Communist Party, Antonio Gramsci and Amadeo Bordiga. He also influenced the Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician Leon Trotsky.

Biography
Labriola was born in Cassino (then in the Papal States), the son of a schoolteacher. In 1861, he entered the University of Naples. Upon graduating, he remained in Naples and became a schoolteacher. During this period, he pursued an interest in philosophy, history and ethnography. The early 1870s saw Labriola take up journalism, and his writings from this time expressed liberal and anticlerical views.

In 1874, Labriola was appointed as a professor in Rome, where he would spend the rest of his life teaching, writing, and debating. Although he had been critical of liberalism since 1873, his move towards Marxism was gradual, and he did not explicitly express a socialist viewpoint until 1889. He died in Rome on 2 February 1904.

Philosophical work
Heavily influenced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Johann Friedrich Herbart, Labriola's approach to Marxist theory was more open-ended than that of theorists such as Karl Kautsky. He saw Marxism not as a final, self-sufficient schematisation of history, but rather as a collection of pointers to the understanding of human affairs.

These pointers needed to be somewhat imprecise if Marxism was to take into account the complicated social processes and variety of forces at work in history. Marxist theory was to be understood as a theory critical of ideology, in that it sees no truths as everlasting, and was ready to drop its own ideas if experience should so dictate. His description of Marxism as a "philosophy of praxis" would appear again in Gramsci's Prison Notebooks.

title: Antonio Labriola


text:
Robert E. Bell

Robert E. Bell (July 16, 1914 – January 1, 2006), was an archaeologist. He was a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma from 1947-1980, and Curator of Archaeology at the Stovall Museum of Science and History at the University of Oklahoma (now the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History at the University of Oklahoma). He pioneered work on the Spiro Mounds archaeological site in eastern Oklahoma.

A Partial Bibliography of Dr. Robert E. Bell:

1947, Preliminary Report On the Archeological Activities Conducted By the Department of Anthropology in the Wister Reservoir Area In the Summer of 1947.

1947, Trade Materials at Spiro Mound As Indicated By Artifacts. American Antiquity 12: 181-184.

1948, Recent Archeological Research in Oklahoma. Bulletin of Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 19: 148-154.

1949, Recent Archaeological Research in Oklahoma. Chronicles of Oklahoma 27: 303-312.

1949, Archaeological Excavations at the Harlan Site, Fort Gibson Reservoir, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Plains Archaeological Conference Newsletter. 3 (1): 3-15. & Fay-Cooper Cole, John Bennett, Joseph R. Caldwell, Norman Emerson, Richard S. MacNeish, Kenneth Orr, Roger Willis 1951, Kincaid: a Prehistoric Illinois Metropolis. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

& David A. Baerreis 1951, Survey of Oklahoma Archaeology. Bulletin of Texas Archeological & Paleontological Society 22: 7-100.

& Richard H. Fraser 1952, Archaeological Discoveries at the Morris Site, Cherokee County, Oklahoma. In: Chronicles of Oklahoma 30 (2). 1952, Discovery Near Terlton, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 1 (3): 3-4.

1952, Field Trip To Kay County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 1 (6): 1-2.

1952, Human Skeleton Discovered Near Terlton, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 1 (2): 4-6.

& Roland Scott Hall 1953, Selected Projectile Point Types of the United States. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society 1:1-16.

1953, Report On the Oklahoma Anthropological Society Field Trip. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 2 (2).

& Charlene Dale 1953, Morris Site, (34CK39), Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Texas Archaeological Society 24: 69-140.

1953, Scott Site, Leflore County, Oklahoma. American Antiquity 18 (4): 314-331.

1953, Pottery Vessels from the Spiro Mound, C-1, Leflore County, Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 1: 25-38.

1954, Projectile Points in West-Central Oklahoma: Dan Base Collection. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 2: 11-18.

1954, Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Volume II. Oklahoma Anthropological Society.

& Karl Schmitt 1954, Historic Indian Pottery from Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 2: 19-34.

1954, Projectile Points from West-Central Oklahoma: Dan Base Collection. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Volume II. Oklahoma Anthropological Society 11-18.

1954, Excavations at Lake Texoma, Marshall County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 3 (3): 2-3.

1956, Copper Plummet from Poverty Point, Louisiana. American Antiquity 22: 80-80.

1957, Clear Fork Gouges Found in Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Texas Archaeological Society 28: 285-288.

1957, Comments Upon the OAS Dig. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 6 (6): 4-5.

1958, Archaeological Investigations at the Boat Dock Site (34MA1) in the Lake Texoma Area, Marshall County, Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society. 6: 38-47.

1958, Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin, No.1. Oklahoma City.

1958, Radiocarbon Dates from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 7 (3): 3-3.

1959, Radiocarbon Dates from Oklahoma Sites. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 8 (4).

1960, Evidence of a Fluted Point Tradition in Ecuador. American Antiquity 26(1):102-106.

1960, Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin, No.2. Oklahoma City.

& E. Mott Davis 1961, Caddoan Area: An Introduction To the Symposium. In: Relationships Between the Caddoan Area and the Plains pp. 3–10.

1961, Relationships Between the Caddoan Area and the Plains. Bulletin of The Texas Archaeological Society 31: 51-64.

1961, Relationships Between the Caddoan Area and the Plains, With Discussions By D.A. Baerreis, M.F. Kivett & R.L. Stephenson. In: Relationships Between the Caddoan Area and the Plains pp. 53–64.

1961, 1960 Excavations at the McLemore Site (34WA5), Western Oklahoma. In: Plains Anthropologist 6 (12): 62-63.

1961, Some Recent Radiocarbon Dates for Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 9 (5): 4-4.

1962, Precolumbian Prairie Settlement in the Great Plains. South Dakota Museum 2 (1): 22-28.

1963, Agee Points. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 11 (8): 1-3.

& George Garrett Huffman, Tyson A. Cathey, James E. Humphrey 1963, Prehistory. In: Guide to the State parks and Scenic Areas in the Oklahoma Ozarks pp. 24–26: University of Oklahoma.

1963, The Fred Loomis Site: a Small Group Burial Near Freedom, Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 11: 123-128.

1963, Some New Radiocarbon Dates from Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 11 (9): 3-3.

& James A. Brown 1964, First Annual Report of Caddoan Archaeology, Spiro Focus Research. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Research Institute.

& Hester R. Davis 1966, Field Reports at 8th Caddo Conference (1965). Oklahoma, Harlan Site. In: Caddoan Area Field Reports, 1962-1964 Seasons. pp. 42–57: University of Arkansas Museum.

& Edward B. Jelks & W.W. Newcomb 1967, A Pilot Study of Wichita Indian Archaeology and Ethnohistory. National Science Foundation, Grant GS-964. Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

1968, Dating the Prehistory of Oklahoma. South Dakota Museum 7 (2): 42-50.

1968, Archaeological Sites in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter. 16 (7): 8-9.

& et al. 1969, The Robinson-Solesbee Site, (34HS9), a Fulton Aspect Occupation, Robert S. Kerr Reservoir, Eastern Oklahoma. Archaeological Site Report #1. Norman: Oklahoma River Basin Survey.

1971, Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile Points. A four book set, spiral bound composed of Special Bulletins. Volume 1 (1958, Bell), 2 (1960, Bell), 3 (1968, Perino) and 4 (1971, Perino), Published by Oklahoma Anthropological Society.

1971, Bison Scapula Skin-Dressing Tools. Plains Anthropologist. 16 (52): 125-127.

1972, Harlan Site (34CK6), a Prehistoric Mound Center in Cherokee County, Eastern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Memoir #1, Norman: Oklahoma Anthropological Society.

1972, The Harlan Site, (34CK6), A Prehistoric Mound Center in Cherokee County, Eastern Oklahoma. Memoir #2, Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Norman.

1973, Washita River Focus of the Southern Plains. In: Variation in Anthropology. Springfield: Illinois Archaeological Survey.

1974, Report on burials found at Crenshaw Mound C, Miller Co., AR. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Volume XXIII (23). Oklahoma Anthropological Society. 1974, Mounds and Fieldwork Near Muskogee, Oklahoma. Robert E. Bell. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 22 (8): 6-9.

1975, Oases Volunteers Help With Test Work in Noble County. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 23 (6): 6-11.

1977, Obsidian Hydration Studies in Highland Ecuador. American Antiquity 42: 68-78.

1978, Oklahoma Archaeology: An Annotated Bibliography. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

1979, Canton Reservoir Western Oklahoma. Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newsletter 27 (3): 7-9.

1979, Ferdinandina: Biography of a French-Indian Trading Community On the Southern Plains. (tDAR id: 136352)

1980, Archeological Survey of Mack Oil Company's Well #4 Frazier, Carter County. (tDAR id: 98971)

1980, Fourche Maline: An Archaeological Manifestation in Eastern Oklahoma. Louisiana Archaeology.

1980, Oklahoma Indian Artifacts: Contributions From the Stovall Museum. University of Oklahoma, No. 4. Norman.

& John L. Gibson 1980, Fourche Maline: An Archeological Manifestation in Eastern Oklahoma. In: Caddoan and Poverty Point Archeology: Essays in Honor of C. H. Webb. pp. 83–125.

1981, Radiocarbon Dates from Archaeological Sites in Oklahoma. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 9: 77-80.

1981, Wichita Indians and the French Trade On the Oklahoma Frontier: 1719-1757. Bulletin of The Oklahoma Anthropological Society 30: 11-17.

& Christopher R. Lintz, Leon George Zabawa 1984, Kenton Caves of Western Oklahoma. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 161–174: Academic Press.

& Larry D. Banks 1984, Lithic Resources and Quarries. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 65–95: Academic Press.

& Marshall Gettys 1984, Early Specialized Hunters. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 97–108: Academic Press.

& Don G. Wyckoff 1984, Foragers: Eastern Oklahoma. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 119–160: Academic Press.

& David T. Hughes 1984, Foragers: Western Oklahoma. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma. pp. 109–117: Academic Press.

& Susan C. Vehik 1984, Woodland Occupations. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 175–197: Academic Press.

& Jack L. Hofman 1984, Western Protohistoric: a Summary of the Edwards and Wheeler Complexes. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 347–362: Academic Press.

& Lois El Albert 1984, Survey of Archaeological Activity in Oklahoma. In Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 45–63: Academic Press.

& Charles L. Rohrbaugh 1984, Arkansas Valley Caddoan: Fort Coffee and Neosho Foci. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma. pp. 265–285: Academic Press.

& James A. Brown 1984, Arkansas Valley Caddoan: the Spiro Phase. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma. pp. 241–263: Academic Press.

& Jerry R. Galm 1984, Arkansas Valley Caddoan Formative: the Wister and Fourche Maline Phases. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma. pp. 199–219: Academic Press.

& Christopher R. Lintz 1984, Plains Villagers: Antelope Creek. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 325–346: Academic Press.

& Jack L. Hofman 1984, Plains Villagers: the Custer Phase. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 287–305: Academic Press.

& Lois E. Albert, Don G. Wyckoff 1984, Oklahoma Environments: Past and Present. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 1–43: Academic Press.

1984, Arkansas Valley Caddoan: the Harlan Phase. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma. pp. 221–240: Academic Press.

1984, Protohistoric Wichita. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma pp. 363–378: Academic Press.

1984, Prehistory of Oklahoma. Edited by Robert E. Bell, Academic Press, Inc. New York

1984, Plains Villagers: the Washita River. In: Prehistory of Oklahoma, edited by Robert E. Bell. Academic Press, New York.

& Robert L. Brooks 2001, Plains Village Tradition: Southern. Handbook of North American Indians, Plains, 13:207-221.Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

title: Robert E. Bell


text:
User talk:Bschmidt

Feel free to add whatever you like here!

Database Normalization
Hi Bob,

 * Help me out here a bit... I picked your name off the Normalization discussion group because I saw you took an interest in the topic and seemed to have been around a while.

Welcome to the Wikipedia. One thing to know is that there is no need to put attribution in the article itself--only in the discussion page. There are some interesting "rules" like the idea that the introduction (part before the index) is supposed to only be three paragraphs maximum, and that you are supposed to write in such a way that the article makes sense if you click "Print view" (no links). But other than that, you just have to read a lot of articles and policy documents. Practically anything goes in a discussion context, communicate in whatever style is polite and natural for you, jokes or otherwise are fine as long as you don't sacrifice clarity of your points.

Yes I have edited the Database normalization article in the past and tried to help it out some. In fact, my own understanding of the relevance of set theory evolved through trying to make the article more readable. (I migrated set theory material into an article about the relational model itself). Because I think normalization is a useful catch-phrase for an idea that a lot of people should understand, I wanted the article to be readable by a general audience. Though I like your citing of Codd as a primary source, the article as a whole is straying a little from the (er, my) goal of being useful to even non-CS readers. I will look over your additions and perhaps make some edits when I get a moment.

You asked about being able to see who does edits under IP address (non-logged in) accounts, and there's no way of doing that. Hopefully you've gotten some experience with the version comparison tools. If you don't like the edits someone has done and want to go back, don't try and undo their edits by hand--you can click on the version in the history and then when it brings up that old page choose "edit this page". (That's how people do reverts)

There are many push-and-pulls over style, even spelling (colour vs. color). The concept of Be Bold is to go ahead and start making edits and let people go in and undo it if they don't like your idea. I thank you for having written me to ask my opinions--and I think that it's a good policy to look through the history and see who you think has changed an article for the better before doing anything too drastic. But go ahead with what you like, just don't get too emotionally involved with it, because it's an experimental medium that will quickly drive you up the wall if you start taking edits (spam or otherwise) personally.

Best, Metaeducation 11:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

OTHER
Sorry it took me so long to get back to you. I have become very disapointed in Wikipedia and no longer acrtivly edit here. I have, however, made some minor edits recently.

I would not be around frequently enough to mentor anyone.

KeyStroke 03:26, 2005 September 12 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bschmidt