text:
Free City of Greyhawk

The Free City of Greyhawk, also known as Greyhawk City and the "Gem of the Flanaess," is a fictional city-state in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. Since the setting was originally published in a folio and then again in a boxed set that were both titled World of Greyhawk, the word "Greyhawk" is often used to describe the entire campaign world setting, although the proper name for that part of the world is the Flanaess. Sometimes the lands controlled by the Free City are also referred to as Greyhawk, though the proper term for the region is the Domain of Greyhawk.

Early development
In 1972, after seeing a demonstration of Dave Arneson's Castle Blackmoor game, game designer Gary Gygax agreed with Arneson to co-develop a set of rules for a game that would eventually become known as Dungeons & Dragons. Gygax liked the idea of a castle and dungeon that players could explore, and created his own imaginary place called Castle Greyhawk, which he used to test and develop the game.

About a month after his first session, Gygax created the nearby city of Greyhawk, where the players' characters could sell their treasure and find a place to rest. The lands around Greyhawk gradually grew into an entire world as Gygax's players explored further and further afield.

In 1980, Gygax published details of his home campaign in a folio called The World of Greyhawk. This was the first published information about the City of Greyhawk.

The Free City of Greyhawk, Gem of the Flanaess, is the adventuring town that gives the World of Greyhawk setting its name. Game designer Ken Rolston comments: "The City of Greyhawk is an organism of systems within systems, with each system driven by its own motivations and personalities. [...] External politics are intertwined in the city’s internal affairs. Rival guilds compete for power and influence, and dark conspiracies fester beneath the streets, while less-weighty adventures may arise from the lighter aspects of civilized personal and commercial rivalries."

The release of The World of Greyhawk (1980) was intended to begin a new focus on the campaign world of Greyhawk, with plans for Minifigs of the UK to create an "Armies of Greyhawk" miniatures ruleset, and TSR to produce a "City of Greyhawk" folio, but none of these publications appeared.

Publication history

In 1983, TSR, Inc. replaced the folio edition with the World of Greyhawk boxed set, which contained more detailed information about the city and some of its prominent citizens, as well as background information for several small adventures set in the city.

By 1983, Gygax was planning a City of Greyhawk publication to be followed by a Castle Greyhawk publication, both to come after the World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting (1983), although the Greyhawk revival began to fade after 1984. His development for the Castle and City of Greyhawk and the Wild Coast was never finished. Gygax's first Greyhawk novel Saga of Old City (1985) "became a major source of Greyhawk lore because novelistic details about currencies and the feel of the city of Greyhawk immediately surpassed anything that had ever been printed in RPG supplements," according to author Shannon Appelcline.

In 1985, just before Gary Gygax was forced out of TSR, he wrote the first two Gord the Rogue novels, which provide many interesting details of the city of Greyhawk and its seamy underworld.

With Gygax gone, the vision of the city became TSR's, and in 1988, the company published Jim Ward's Greyhawk Adventures hardcover source book, which provided additional information regarding the city as well as interesting characters living within it.

The City of Greyhawk boxed set published by TSR in 1989 is the most complete treatment of the Free City. The box contained
 * Gem of the Flanaess—A Gazetteer of the Free City of Greyhawk and the surrounding area by Douglas Niles, a 96-page book
 * Folks, Feuds and Factions: The good, the bad, and the in-between—People who make the city what it is a 96-page book by Carl Sargent and Rik Rose,
 * three maps (city streets, city sewers, and the region surrounding Greyhawk)
 * a wall poster of the city
 * 23 "adventure cards", double-sided 8½ x 11 pieces of card stock containing the outline of an adventure in the city

The following year, in conjunction with this boxed set, TSR published a trilogy of adventure modules by Richard & Anne Brown —WGA1 Falcon's Revenge, WGA2 Falconmaster and WGA3 Flames of the Falcon—set in the city and centred around a mysterious villain called "The Falcon."

The two long-awaited Greyhawk supplements appeared after Gygax left TSR: The City of Greyhawk (1989) box presented a detailed look at the city, while WGR1: Greyhawk Ruins (1990) presented a serious look at the dungeons under Greyhawk Castle. Appelcline commented on the Greyhawk setting after Gygax left TSR: "TSR published only scattered RPG supplements until AD&D second edition, which saw the publication of the beautiful The City of Greyhawk (1989) box and the WGR1: Greyhawk Ruins (1990) book. Neither of these locales had much in common with the original locations created by Gygax & Kuntz almost 20 years prior, showing how Greyhawk continued to metamorphize and change — though James M. Ward and some of players of those early games did try to get the feel right. Around the same time, TSR published Robin Wayne Bailey’s Nightwatch (1990) novel, which was set in Greyhawk City but didn't feature the "Greyhawk Adventures" trade dress at all — showing the weakness of the setting at TSR."

The fourth module of the WGA (World of Greyhawk Adventures) series, WGA4Vecna Lives!, was not part of the Falcon series, but was set in Greyhawk City. Treasures of Greyhawk (1992) and Return of the Eight (1998) were two others set entirely within the city.

The Campaign Book from the 1992 boxed set From the Ashes, focuses on the areas in and around the Free City of Greyhawk, which game designer Rick Swan described as "a virtuoso performance, with a flawless mix of exposition, atmosphere, and detail [...] painting a bleak picture of a struggling populace. As a consequence of the great war, much of the Old City was incinerated. Destitute property owners who can’t afford to pay for restoration watch helplessly as their neighborhoods are overrun with beggars and street urchins. In the River Quarter, authorities fish out body after body with daggers in their backs. Refugees crowd the poorer districts, trade continues to decline, and Iuz, the fiendish ruler of a vast territory in the north central Flanaess, remains a constant threat. Uncertainty prevails, and player characters will find plenty to keep them on their toes." The set moved the timeline of the overall World of Greyhawk setting ten years forward to just after the Greyhawk Wars, included information regarding the City's situation, as well as additional adventure cards set in the City.

After TSR was taken over by Wizards of the Coast, the World of Greyhawk setting was updated again, and publications of this time period such as Greyhawk: The Adventure Begins (1998), the Living Greyhawk Gazetteer (2000), and Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk (2007) also provide information regarding the city in the post-wars period.

Outside of TSR
New Infinities Productions revealed in 1988 that its "Fantasy Master" line had plans to detail both the Castle and City of Greyhawk (renamed as "Castle Dunfalcon") presented in the original form that Gary Gygax and Rob Kuntz had envisioned them, but the company dissolved before any of this went into publication; Applelcline noted that "Gygax's plans to publish the City and Dungeon of Greyhawk in a renamed setting were somewhat fulfilled at Troll Lord Games, who published a few Castle Zagyg books — detailing the uppermost levels of the dungeon — before Gygax's death."

Summary of published information about the city
The following represents a summary of information taken from the various published sources mentioned above that a player would be able to use:

Early history
Greyhawk, named for the small grey hawks which populate the region, was originally a trading outpost on the Selintan River specializing in local wood and woven garments. In time the town developed strong textile and meat-packing industries. Eventually, Greyhawk came to be ruled by a warlord, who took the title "Lansgraf of the Selintan". His son was then married to the Gynarch of Hardby's daughter. The nuptials formalized a political alliance that served as the basis for rule over the Lanstadt of Selintan, an area that eventually became known as the Domain of Greyhawk.

In 4 CY, Greyhawk came under the domination of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy and remained so while strong Overkings ruled from the Malachite Throne in Rauxes. By the 3rd century CY, the Great Kingdom's influence over the city began to wane as the Overkings fell into evil ways and their hold on distant provinces became increasingly tenuous.

Rise to prominence, decline and recovery
Circa 310 CY, the mage Zagig Yragerne emerged from the Wild Coast and bribed his way into a seat on the Directing Oligarchy. Soon after, the Oligarchs elected Zagig Lord Mayor.

Greyhawk subsequently rose in fame and prominence under the leadership of Lord Mayor Zagig. He instituted legal reform, developed a new currency, fortified the walls, founded the city's first university and embarked on a major building program. Most notably, he directed the construction of nearby Castle Greyhawk.

Although Zagig—later known as Zagyg—became increasingly erratic over time, his rule is generally considered to be the most effective in the Free City's history and brought widespread prosperity to the region. Much to the annoyance of Dyvers and other rival cities, Zagig proclaimed Greyhawk to be the "Gem of the Flanaess," and did much to ensure this moniker was justified. Unfortunately, the "Mad Archmage" suddenly disappeared in 421 CY, leaving no clues regarding his whereabouts, and no heir to inherit the title of Lansgraf.

In 498 CY, after decades of Zagig's absence, the Lanstadt was therefore abolished, the title of Lansgraf permanently retired, and the Free City's Directing Oligarchy assumed political authority. The new Lord Mayor Paerinn officially proclaimed Greyhawk a free city, though it had been effectively independent of the Great Kingdom's rule for over a century.

Soon thereafter, the city lost its claim over Hardby and the Wild Coast, as the leading women of Hardby broke from Greyhawk and established the ruling office of Despotrix. This loss of lands sent the Free City into economic decline, a situation that persisted for several decades. Fortunately, the discovery of treasure in the dungeons beneath Castle Greyhawk and other nearby locales set off a gold rush of sorts, and Greyhawk's economic fortunes recovered substantially in the second half of the 6th century.

The Greyhawk Wars and the post-war situation
The Free City of Greyhawk actually had less direct involvement in the so-called Greyhawk Wars than many political entities across the Flanaess, but because the final truce was brokered in Greyhawk in CY 584, the war has come to be named for the city.

The current timeline of the Greyhawk campaign has been fixed as 591 CY, six years after the end of the Greyhawk Wars. The Wars had several important effects on the city, particularly that the unrest drove Hardby and the Wild Coast cities of Safeton and Narwell to re-submit to the rule of the Directing Oligarchs. However, since it was largely fear of Turrosh Mak's humanoid raiders from the Pomarj that prompted this move, a situation that has been resolved to some extent, the Despotrix and the Wild Coast cities are once again agitating for increased independence.

Also as a result of the Wars, the city has seen an influx of new citizens. Some of these are wealthy diplomats, and some are "nobles" who have contributed significantly to Greyhawk's coffers with the purchase of various counterfeit titles and documents. But many newcomers to Greyhawk are destitute refugees, or are merely using the city as a base for hatching political plots and intrigues across the Flanaess. In particular, there are persistent rumors of covert Scarlet Brotherhood operations in the city.

The post-war outlook for the Free City is therefore mixed. Greyhawk's finances are in the best shape they have been since Zagig's departure, but the city faces significant challenges arising from political instability and increasing criminal activity.

Geography
The Free City of Greyhawk is located centrally in the Flanaess, which is the easternmost part of the continent of Oerik on the world of Oerth. The city controls a large swath of land along the Selintan River from the Nyr Dyv south to Woolly Bay most of the Cairn Hills, parts of the Gnarley Forest, the northern Wild Coast, and parts of the Abbor-Alz. The entire region is officially known as the Domain of Greyhawk. The Domain is bordered on the east by the Abbor-Alz and its western border lies within the Gnarley Forest. The area south of Greyhawk City along the Selintan is known as the Plain of Greyhawk.

Settlements
Several settlements fall within the Domain of Greyhawk:

 * Blackstone
 * Diamond Lake
 * Elmshire
 * Ery Crossings
 * Erybend
 * Greatrock
 * Greyhawk City
 * Greysmere
 * Grossetgrottel
 * Hardby
 * Magepoint
 * Narwell
 * One Ford
 * Phandlish
 * Safeton
 * Steaming Springs
 * Two Ford

Population
As of 589 CY, the city itself boasted a population of 69,500, making it one of the largest cities on Oerth. The population for the entire Greyhawk Domain is roughly 160,000, including the larger towns of Safeton (pop. 6,100), Hardby (pop. 5,100) and Elmshire (pop. 4,000).

Religion
The Free City of Greyhawk hosts temples and shrines to many deities, including Beory, Boccob, Celestian, Corellon Larethian, Ehlonna, Fharlanghn, Garl Glittergold, Heironeous, Istus, Kord, Kurell, Lirr, Moradin, Norebo, Obad-Hai, Olidammara, Osprem, Pelor, Pholtus, Procan, Ralishaz, Rao, Saint Cuthbert, Trithereon, Ulaa, Wee Jas, Xerbo, Yondalla, and Zilchus. The worship of evil deities and fiends is forbidden, and such cults, though they may have followers, do not have a public presence. Evil religions that have established a base in the city in recent memory include those of Incabulos, Iuz, Nerull, and Vecna.

Many more deities are worshipped in other settlements of the Domain of Greyhawk. See also: List of Greyhawk deities

Languages
The most widely spoken language in Greyhawk City and most of the Domain is Common, though other tongues are spoken in settlements with large non-human populations, such as Elmshire, Greysmere, and Grossetgrottel.

Administrative Divisions
The Domain of Greyhawk has no officially named provinces. Some of the region's settlements are under the direct rule of the Free City, while others have varying degrees of autonomy. Notable settlements include:

 * The Free City of Greyhawk
 * Blackstone -A mining town in the Cairn Hills directly controlled by Greyhawk City
 * Diamond Lake - A mining town in the Cairn Hills directly controlled by Greyhawk City
 * Elmshire - A large halfling town on the Nyr Dyv, east of the Selintan
 * Greysmere - A dwarven stronghold south of the Mistmarsh
 * Grossetgrottel - A gnome warren located in the northwestern Cairn Hills
 * Hardby - A small, virtually autonomous port city on Woolly Bay, east of the Selintan
 * Magepoint - A coastal village east of Elmshire, under the protection of Tenser the archmage
 * Narwell - A large inland town on the former Wild Coast
 * Safeton - A small port city on the former Wild Coast, virtually under martial law
 * Steaming Springs - A mining town in the Cairn Hills directly controlled by Greyhawk City

Executive branch
Greyhawk's Directing Oligarchy elects one of its own to as Lord Mayor, who serves as the head of state in addition to his directorial duties. The current Lord Mayor, Nerof Gasgal, has held office since 571 CY. The Lord Mayor heads both the Directing Oligarchy and the Council of Mayors and Manorial Lords. The chief of state also officially heads the military, though actual command is most often left to the Captain General of the Watch.

Legislative branch
The Free City of Greyhawk is ruled by the Directing Oligarchy, an executive council of twelve to eighteen members representing the City's major professional guilds and the military. In some cases, the Oligarchy may include important wizards or clerics. New Directors are chosen by current council members when a vacancy must be filled.

The Greyhawk Council of Mayors and Manorial Lords is an annual assembleage of leaders from the various baronies and towns in Greyhawk Domain. In theory, this gathering allows citizens of the Domain to have a voice in the governance of the region, but in practice this Council has little real authority.

Judicial branch
Major legal matters in the Free City of Greyhawk are adjudicated by a Judge of Greyhawk, one of eight such officials appointed by the Directing Oligarchy. One of these eight is chosen to serve as Chief judge of Greyhawk, a position currently held by Sir Anton Palmirian who also sits on the Directing Oligarchy and oversees the Guild of Lawyers and Scribes. In cases of great import, three Judges of Greyhawk may preside. Appeals of major cases are always heard by a panel of three Judges of Greyhawk, though the Lord Mayor sometimes sits in place of one of the Judges.

Lesser matters in Greyhawk City are tried by magistrates from the Guild of Lawyers and Scribes.

Heraldry
The city's coat of arms is blazoned thus: Sable, a castle triple-towered argent, in chief two chains each of four links chevronwise of the second, in base six bezants.

Resources
The Free City of Greyhawk controls most of the Cairn Hills, which provide the domain with great mineral wealth, such as iron, gems, and silver.

Nearby Castle Greyhawk, with its extensive dungeons, draws adventurers and traders to the Domain of Greyhawk from across the Flanaess. As such, the Castle generates significant economic benefits for the City in trade, taxation and treasure.

Currency
The Domain of Greyhawk's standard coinage consists of the platinum plate (pp), gold orb (gp), electrum lucky (ep), silver noble (sp), and copper common (cp). All of the coins are round, except for the platinum plate, which is square. The current coinage system replaced the previous system, which included coinage worth less than the copper common known as bronze zees, brass bits, and iron drabs.

Transportation
Several roads link the settlements of the Domain of Greyhawk, including the High Road (from Greyhawk City to Elmshire), the Urnst Trail (from the High Road to the Duchy of Urnst), the Western Road (from Ford Keep on the Selintan to Dyvers), and the River Road (south from Greyhawk City along the Selintan).

Much river traffic takes place along the Selintan River, which can accommodate all but the largest sea-going vessels from the Nyr Dyv and Woolly Bay. Smaller vessels ply the Ery and Neen rivers.

Able Carter
The Able Carter is a coach company created by author Erik Mona, which first appeared in the 2000 RPGA adventure module, River of Blood. It has coaching inns in Greyhawk City, Hardby, Diamond Lake, Blackstone, Elmshire, Steaming Springs, Narwell, Safeton, and Dyvers, among other locations.

Military
The Domain of Greyhawk's military forces, though technically under the Lord Mayor's authority, are usually commanded by the Domain's highest-ranking military officer, the Captain General of the Watch, who also sits on the city's Directing Oligarchy. The current Captain General is Tigran Gellner.

Greyhawk's forces consist of several units, including:
 * The Cairn Hills Force, led by Commander Schinus Balint.
 * The Greyhawk Mountaineers, led by Commander Carstane Geronten.
 * The Hardby Marines, led by Commander Wilbrem Carister.
 * The Narwell Headhunters.
 * The Safeton Garrison, led by Commander Turin Deathstalker.
 * The "Water Rats."

title: Free City of Greyhawk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jedi robe

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Nufy8 22:14, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Jedi robe
Minor detail that belongs as part of a larger article, if anywhere. Sounds like original research as well. Delete. DES (talk) 18:29, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per DES.--Scimitar parley 19:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: without sourcing that's original 'research'. Do not merge unless sourced, and if it is, do not retain standalone. -Splash 19:56, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because... just delete. Relevant content is already in Jedi. -- BD2412 talk 20:13, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Ross UK

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more British people. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 18:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, hope to have fun! --Ross UK 18:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. There are probably more Yanks here, but there is a large contingent of Brits. There have only been a few problems between the two... see the Gasoline/Petrol argument. I don't remember where it is specifically though.  Sorry. It's good to have you though. Now don't let me catch you being a vandal! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark)  19:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

The Wessex Children
Dear Sir, you are cordially invited to join a discussion on this matter at WikiProject British Royalty. Yours in anticipation, DBD 16:44, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 01:41, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Now resourced at HMV and Fabulous Films, and restored to the article. --Ross UK (talk) 05:18, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:AlexKoroknay-Palicz.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:AlexKoroknay-Palicz.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 18:17, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Superdelegates
The reason I added "(DCW estimates)" is because the website cited lists 5 different superdelegate totals from different organizations. I don't think it is clear which one is being cited—especially when, like this morning, the numbers didn't match any of the five.--Appraiser (talk) 20:37, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Image:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thetriangleguy (talk) 18:45, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

File:Ann Wagner US Ambassador Luxembourg.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Ann Wagner US Ambassador Luxembourg.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Jay32183 (talk) 07:02, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:MCOG Poster.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:MCOG Poster.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:09, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:MCoG DVD Cover low res.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 05:49, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Category:People& has been nominated for renaming
Category:People& has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. —  RAVEN PVFF   · talk  · 13:49, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ross UK


text:
Brook Street, London

Brook Street is an axial street in the exclusive central London district of Mayfair. Most of it is leasehold, paying ground rent to and seeking lease renewals from the reversioner, that since before 1800, has been the Grosvenor Estate. Named after the Tyburn that it crossed, it was developed in the first half of the 18th century and runs from Hanover Square to Grosvenor Square. The western continuation (to Park Lane) is called Upper Brook Street; its west end faces Brook Street Gate of Hyde Park. Both sections consisted of neo-classical terraced houses, mostly built to individual designs. Some of them were very ornate, finely stuccoed and tall-ceilinged, designed by well known architects for wealthy tenants, especially near Grosvenor Square, others exposed good quality brickwork or bore fewer expensive window openings and embellishments. Some of both types survive. Others have been replaced by buildings from later periods.

Opulent hotel Claridge's co-fronts two other streets and takes the majority of a block. The Embassy of Argentina is at No. 65. The Handel & Hendrix in London occupies Nos. 23–25, once homes of famous musicians Jimi Hendrix and Handel. The baroque chamber music ensemble The Brook Street Band takes its name from No. 25 where Handel lived from 1723 to 1759.

The French restaurant Le Gavroche was housed on the primary floors of No.43 Upper Brook Street, before its closure in January 2024.

Sursock family
The Sursock family opened their first office in Europe, at No. 31, in 1858, from which they directed commercial networks, exposing land-holdings across the eastern Mediterranean to development capital of European markets (of joint-stock equity and of credit).

Others

 * Brook Street

 * 20: Gerard Vandergucht, engraver and art dealer. His son, Benjamin Vandergucht, was born here in 1753.
 * 23: Jimi Hendrix, guitarist
 * 25: George Frideric Handel, composer
 * 39: Sir Jeffry Wyatville, architect
 * 39: Sibyl, Lady Colefax and John Fowler, interior decorator and interior designer
 * 54: Valentine Ackland, poet, was born here.
 * 67: Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb, musicians, better known as the Bee Gees
 * 72: Sir Henry Holland, physician and travel writer, lived and died here.
 * 74: Sir William Gull, Royal physician
 * 74: Robert Bentley Todd, physician
 * 76: Colen Campbell, architect
 * 78: Ronald Firbank, novelist

 * Upper Brook Street

 * 1: Charles Algernon Parsons, Anglo-Irish engineer and inventor of the compound steam turbine
 * 3: Sir Lucas Pepys, physician to King George III and Jane Elizabeth Leslie, 12th Countess of Rothes
 * 4: Piero Malacrida de Saint-August, Nadja Malacrida, and Sir Thomas Fuller-Elliott-Drake.
 * 18: Anne Seymour Damer, sculptor, died here, 1828.
 * 22: Leo Bonn, founder of what became the Royal National Institute for Deaf People
 * 24: Richard Bull, MP and art collector (1755–74), Sydney Ernest Kennedy, stockbroker and art collector (1891–1921)
 * 27: William Gerard Hamilton, statesman, died here, 1796.
 * 28: Topham Beauclerk, wit, lived here as a young child, 1745 to 1753.
 * 35: William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt, lawyer and politician (the interior received mosaics by Boris Anrep in 1923).
 * 40: Edward Hughes Ball Hughes, Regency dandy
 * 51: Giorgos Seferis, Greek Ambassador, poet and Nobel laureate
 * 56: David Ricardo, economist

Notes and references

 * Footnotes

 * Citations

title: Brook Street, London


text: User talk:72.10.123.133

title: User talk:72.10.123.133


text:
Richard D. Arvey

Richard D. Arvey is an American psychology professor.

Biography
Arvey received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology in 1966 from Occidental College. He then attended University of Minnesota to study industrial psychology, earning a master's degree in 1968 and a doctorate in 1970.

Arvey has studied and consulted on issues involving employee selection, which helped him develop physical ability tests for selecting police and firefighter recruits for the City of Minneapolis. He also investigates the genetic influences of work behavior, such as job satisfaction and leadership, based on data from the Minnesota Twin Registry. In one study, Arvey et al. found that approximately 30% of the variance in leadership is genetically influenced while environmental factors contribute to the remaining differences.

He has researched factors determining work continuance in lottery winners and found that people who won more money and people who thought work was more important in a person's life were more likely to continue working.

In 1995, he was a signatory of a collective statement in response to The Bell Curve titled Mainstream Science on Intelligence, written by Intelligence editor Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal.

He currently teaches MBA Students and guides Research Candidates at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School in Singapore.

Publications

 * Arvey RD. Fairness in Selecting Employees, Addison-Wesley, 1979; revised ed., 1988. ISBN 0-201-00070-9
 * Arvey RD, Jockin V, McGue M. Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology
 * Arvey RD, Liao H, Butler R. Prediction of work injury frequency and duration among firefighters. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2001.
 * Arvey RD, Campion J. Being there: Writing the highly cited article. Personnel Psychology, 1999.
 * Arvey RD, McCall B, Cavanaugh M. Genetic influences on job and occupational switching. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1997.
 * Arvey RD, Yang H, Sackett P. Statistical power and costs in training evaluation: Some new considerations. Personnel Psychology.
 * Arvey RD, Cole D, Maxwell S, Salas E. How the power of MANOVA can both increase and decrease as a function of the intercorrelations among the dependent variable. Psychological Bulletin, 1994.
 * Arvey RD, Landon T, Nutting S, Maxwell S. The Development of Physical Ability Tests for Police Officers: a construct validation approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992.
 * Arvey RD, Bouchard T, Segal N, Abraham L. Job Satisfaction: Environmental and Genetic Components. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992.
 * Arvey RD, Campion J. The Employment Interview: A Summary and Review of Recent Research. Personnel Psychology, 1982.
 * Arvey RD, Ivancevich J. Punishment in Organizations: A Review, Propositions and Research Suggestions. Academy of Management Review, 1980.
 * Colarelli, S. M. & Arvey, R.A. (Eds.) (2015). Biological Foundations of Organizational Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

title: Richard D. Arvey


text:
Bhutanese red rice

Bhutanese red rice is a medium-grain rice grown in the Kingdom of Bhutan in the eastern Himalayas. It is the staple rice of the Bhutanese people.

Bhutanese red rice is a red japonica rice. It is semi-milled—some of the reddish bran is left on the rice. Because of this, it cooks somewhat faster than an unmilled brown rice. When cooked, the rice is pale pink, soft and slightly sticky.

This rice became available in the United States in the mid-1990s when Lotus Foods began importing it, and it is currently the only agricultural product imported from Bhutan.

title: Bhutanese red rice


text:
User talk:Capt hij

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more captains. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 18:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Capt hij


text:
File:Mars Tension-leg Platform after Katrina.jpg

Mars (oil platform) shortly after Hurricane Katrina (September 2005).

Obtained from discarded lies blog. The image was the highest resolution copy of the image found on the web; the proprietor of this site is presumed to be the copyright holder by the person who uploaded this image. A commant by zorkmidden, the original submitter of the blog entry, claims that "the picture was taken by a Chevron employee in Venezuela."

Additional found locations:, in a montage

Justification for Fair Use
The four factors: Transformative factor: Nature of work factor: Amount and substantiality factor: Effect of use on market factor:
 * The original use of the image was to document the condition of the Mars Platform after Hurricane Katrina. The use of the image at World's tallest structures is to juxtapose the height of the platform as undamaged to the height of the platform as damaged. This is clearly transformative.
 * The original purpose of the image was obviously to depict a factual situation, and has no artistic merit.
 * The image was part of a larger work, and the image itself was supportive of a textual description.
 * The effect on the market is negligible because:
 * the image is dated material;
 * the image is freely available in several locations;
 * the image does not depict a product or service which is for sale/is profitable.

See for information on fair-use justifications.


text:
Tsume shogi

Tsume shogi (詰将棋 or 詰め将棋) or tsume (詰め) is the Japanese term for a shogi miniature problem in which the goal is to checkmate the opponent's king. Tsume problems usually present a situation that might occur in a shogi game (although unrealistic artistic tsume shogi exists), and the solver must find out how to achieve checkmate. It is similar to a mate-in-n chess problem.

The term tsumi (詰み) means the state of checkmate itself. The verb form is tsumu (詰む) "to checkmate". (The related term tsumero 詰めろ refers to the slightly different concept of "threatmate". See: Hisshi.)

Tsume shogi problems are strictly forced mate problems with constant checks. They assume that the player is in brinkmate and that they will lose unless they can force a mate sequence with a check on every move. The situation simulates real shogi games in which the endgame is essentially a mutual mating race.

Note that the concept of stalemate as in western chess does not exist in shogi as it essentially does not occur.

Two other shogi problems are hisshi problems, checkmate problems of which the goal is to brinkmate and eventually checkmate the opponent which allows you to do one or more non-checking moves. The other is tsugi no itte (best next move) problems, non-checkmate problems of which the goal is to find the next best move/s that will give you an advantage.

Rules
Tsume problems have set rules for how they must be constructed and completed. If the solver breaks any of the rules, he has not solved the problem correctly. If the composer breaks any rules, he has not constructed a tsume shogi.

 * The attacking side is Black (先手); meaning, he plays first.
 * The attacking side's king is usually not present on the board. If it is, it is called a sōgyoku tsume shōgi (双玉詰将棋) problem.
 * All of the attacking side's moves must be checks.
 * White (the defender, or the side with the king) must move in such a way to delay checkmate as long as possible. So a mate earlier than the given moves is called an earlier mate.
 * White has in hand all pieces not in the board or in the attacking side's hand, not counting the other king.
 * White can drop any piece in hand to delay or prevent checkmate.
 * Black cannot make a mate line longer than the given. So, he cannot extend a mate in 65 puzzle to a mate in 225.

Purposes of tsume problems
Tsume problems can be used to fulfill one of two tasks: to train in shogi strategy or to be created as a work of art.

Shogi training
Tsume problems are considered very good training for playing shogi. They teach not only how to effectively checkmate the king but also to predict moves and plan out a long series of moves before achieving a goal. There are many websites and books dedicated to tsume problems for this purpose.

As a work of art
Many shogi players for centuries have created tsume problems with long and deliberate mating lines as artwork. They might consist of the pieces making geometric shapes, a theme which is used throughout the problem, the removal of all pieces on the board (called a Smoke Mate), or a set number of moves. One of the most famous tsume artists is Kanju Itou, who in 1755 wrote Shogi Zukou (将棋図巧), a famous collection of artistic tsume problems. The main tsume shogi prize in the shogi world is the "Kanju Prize".

Entering king
As a practical matter, when an opponent's king has entered a player's own territory, the opponent's king is often very difficult to mate given the forward attacking nature of most shogi pieces. This state is referred to as entering king (入玉 nyū gyoku). If both players' kings are in entering king states, the game becomes more likely to result in an impasse. (See Shogi § Impasse rule.)

Mating with gold
A common move in the endgame is to checkmate an opponent's king with gold drop when the position that the gold is dropped to is also defended by another piece.

Japanese has three terms for this depending on the position of the gold in relation to the king. A gold dropped directly in front of the king is 頭金 atamakin ("head-gold"). 尻金 shirikin ("buttocks-gold") is gold position directly behind the king, and 腹金 harakin ("belly-gold") is a gold placed on the side of the king.

Since many pieces (pawn, lance, knight, silver) can all promote to gold-like piece, checkmate by a gold is usual.

Because of the relative ease of mating with a gold compared to other pieces, it is often advantageous to keep a gold in hand during the endgame so that a mate with a dropped gold can be executed.

Mating and promotion
Since mate by gold is a fundamental checkmate tactic in shogi, it is common for pieces to promote into a gold to deliver checkmate.

For instance, a silver defended by a pawn can mate at the head of a king but only if the pawn is promoted. A silver protected by a pawn, lance or rook cannot attack the side squares (62, 42) leaving two escape routes for the king unless there is a knight behind the defender.

As another example, a knight may mate a king if promoted to a gold as well (as shown in the diagrams to the right). If the knight didn't promote here, then there would be no checkmate.

Mating and unpromotion
In other situations, staying unpromoted can lead to a mate while promoting does not result in mate.

In the example, if the knight on 85 moves to 73 and does not promote, it attacks the king and delivers checkmate (since the horse is also attacking the rank 2 squares in front of the king). However, if the knight moved to 73 and promoted to the gold-like narikeima, then the promoted knight isn't attacking the king leaving White a chance to counterattack to avoid checkmate.

The same is true with the silver example to the right. If the silver promoted at 83, then it would not be checkmate since a gold-like promoted silver cannot attack diagonally backward.

Piece sacrifice
It is common in shogi to sacrifice pieces – that is, attacking with the expectation that the attacking piece will be immediately captured – in order to check the king forcing the king to move to a checkmateable position. Since shogi utilizes piece drops, dropped piece sacrifices are especially useful in checkmating patterns.

In this 5-move mate example, Black can execute a 3-move mate sequence if the White's king were positioned on the 91 square. Therefore, in order to get White to move their king to that position, Black drops his rook to the 91 square in a sacrifice move. Since White is now in check and without any safe square for an escape, White must capture the rook with his king.

Now, with the king on 91, Black can check the king with a bishop drop to 73.

Now the White's king is trapped. If the king tries to flee down the ninth file to 92, then Black will simply promote their bishop on the 82 square mating the king. The same applies to fleeing to across rank 1 (...K-81, B-82+) or attempting to drop a defending piece between the king and the bishop (...G*82, Bx82+).

Fast checkmates
Like the famous Scholar's mate in western chess, shogi has a well-known early mate sequence related to the joseki for Cheerful Central Rook vs Static Rook games.

For instance, if Black is playing Cheerful Central Rook, then if White deviates from the jouseki and blunders by creating a wall with either of their silvers (S-62 or S-42), then Black will give a double check with their rook and promoted bishop rendering an 11-move mate as follows:

 * 1. || P-76 || P-84
 * 2. || P-56 || P-54
 * 3. || R-58 || P-85
 * 4. || P-55 || Px55
 * 5. || Bx55 || S-62?
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }
 * 5. || Bx55 || S-62?
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }

Similar variants of this sequence are also possible. For example, Kitao (2011) offers the following position with these implied moves:

 * 1. || P-76 || P-84
 * 2. || P-56 || P-54
 * 3. || R-58 || S-62
 * 4. || P-55 || Px55
 * 5. || Bx55 || P-34?
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }
 * 5. || Bx55 || P-34?
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }
 * 6. || Bx33! ||
 * }

Fastest shogi checkmate
In a sense, this a fairly unlikely mate sequence (cf. the Fool's mate in western chess).

1. P-76. Black's bishop diagonal is opened.

1...G-72. An unusual move early made by White. In the current configuration, the gold is stacked on top of the right silver creating a wall blocking White's king from fleeing rightward past the central file.

2. Bx33+?? A very bad blunder. Black trades his bishop for merely a pawn and promotes. Although the promoted bishop is checking White's king, it's meaningless. The game is now strongly in White's favor.

2...G-42?? An equally bad move by White. Although moving the left gold up does resolve Black's check, this allows Black's promoted bishop to simply retreat to its original place, escaping material loss (although White can capture the retreating bishop with 3. Bx88+, Black can capture back with 3...Sx88, ending up to be a bishop exchange). The better natural move here would be for White to simply capture Black's promoted bishop with their own bishop (2...Bx33). The game now has swung back and favors Black slightly.

3. +Bx42? Black captures the gold. While trading the bishop with a gold is necessary sometimes, it is not the case here. White's favor again.

3...K-61?? White's king runs from the promoted bishop. This is the losing blunder. Instead, the only good moves here are for the king or the left silver to capture the promoted bishop (3...Kx42 or 3...Sx42).

4. G*52. Dropping the gold on the 52 square gives checkmate.

If White had not created the wall structure with the gold and silver stacked on 72 and 71, respectively, White's king could have moved rightward or, even better, the gold in its starting position on 61 could have defended the 52 square.

title: Tsume shogi


text:
Glutamine synthetase

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine:

Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites.

Other reactions may take place via GS. Competition between ammonium ion and water, their binding affinities, and the concentration of ammonium ion, influences glutamine synthesis and glutamine hydrolysis. Glutamine is formed if an ammonium ion attacks the acyl-phosphate intermediate, while glutamate is remade if water attacks the intermediate. Ammonium ion binds more strongly than water to GS due to electrostatic forces between a cation and a negatively charged pocket. Another possible reaction is upon NH2OH binding to GS, rather than NH4+, yields γ-glutamylhydroxamate.

Structure

Glutamine synthetase can be composed of 8, 10, or 12 identical subunits separated into two face-to-face rings. Bacterial GS are dodecamers with 12 active sites between each monomer. Each active site creates a ‘tunnel’ which is the site of three distinct substrate binding sites: nucleotide, ammonium ion, and amino acid. ATP binds to the top of the bifunnel that opens to the external surface of GS. Glutamate binds at the bottom of the active site. The middle of the bifunnel contains two sites in which divalent cations bind (Mn+2 or Mg+2). One cation binding site is involved in phosphoryl transfer of ATP to glutamate, while the second stabilizes active GS and helps with the binding of glutamate. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions hold the two rings of GS together. Each subunit possesses a C-terminus and an N-terminus in its sequence. The C-terminus (helical thong) stabilizes the GS structure by inserting into the hydrophobic region of the subunit across in the other ring. The N-terminus is exposed to the solvent. In addition, the central channel is formed via six four-stranded β-sheets composed of anti-parallel loops from the twelve subunits.

Mechanism
GS catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of glutamate with ammonia to yield glutamine. The hydrolysis of ATP drives the first step of a two-part, concerted mechanism. ATP phosphorylates glutamate to form ADP and an acyl-phosphate intermediate, γ-glutamyl phosphate, which reacts with ammonia, forming glutamine and inorganic phosphate. ADP and Pi do not dissociate until ammonia binds and glutamine is released.

ATP binds first to the top of the active site near a cation binding site, while glutamate binds near the second cation binding site at the bottom of the active site. The presence of ADP causes a conformational shift in GS that stabilizes the γ-glutamyl phosphate moiety. Ammonium binds strongly to GS only if the acyl-phosphate intermediate is present. Ammonium, rather than ammonia, binds to GS because the binding site is polar and exposed to solvent. In the second step, deprotonation of ammonium allows ammonia to attack the intermediate from its nearby site to form glutamine. Phosphate leaves through the top of the active site, while glutamine leaves through the bottom (between two rings).

Biological function
GS is present predominantly in the brain, kidneys, and liver. GS in the brain participates in the metabolic regulation of glutamate, the detoxification of brain ammonia, the assimilation of ammonia, recyclization of neurotransmitters, and termination of neurotransmitter signals. GS, in the brain, is found primarily in astrocytes. Astrocytes protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and glutamate. In hyperammonemic environments (high levels of ammonia), astroglial swelling occurs. Different perspectives have approached the problem of astroglial swelling. One study shows that morphological changes occur that increase GS expression in glutamatergic areas or other adaptations that alleviates high levels of glutamate and ammonia. Another perspective is that astrocyte swelling is due to glutamine accumulation. To prevent increased levels of cortical glutamate and cortical water content, a study has been conducted to prevent GS activity in rats by the use of MSO.

Classes
There seem to be three different classes of GS:

 * Class I enzymes (GSI) are specific to prokaryotes, and are oligomers of 12 identical subunits. The activity of GSI-type enzyme is controlled by the adenylation of a tyrosine residue. The adenylated enzyme is inactive.
 * Class II enzymes (GSII) are found in eukaryotes and in bacteria belonging to the Rhizobiaceae, Frankiaceae, and Streptomycetaceae families (these bacteria have also a class-I GS). GSII are decamer of identical subunits..

Plants have two or more isozymes of GSII, one of the isozymes is translocated into the chloroplast. Another form is cytosolic. The cytosolic GS gene translation is regulated by its 5' untranslated region (UTR), while its 3' UTR plays role in transcript turnover.

 * Class III enzymes (GSIII) have, currently, only been found in Bacteroides fragilis and in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. It is a double-ringed dodecamer of identical chains. It is much larger (about 700 amino acids) than the GSI (450 to 470 amino acids) or GSII (350 to 420 amino acids) enzymes.

While the three classes of GSs are clearly structurally related, the sequence similarities are not so extensive.

Regulation and inhibition
GS is subject to reversible covalent modification. Tyr397 of all 12 subunits can undergo adenylylation or deadenylylation by adenylyl transferase (AT), a bifunctional regulatory enzyme. Adenylylation is a post-translational modification involving the covalent attachment of AMP to a protein side chain. Each adenylylation requires an ATP and complete inhibition of GS requires 12 ATP. Deadenylylation by AT involves phosphorolytic removal of the Tyr-linked adenylyl groups as ADP. AT activity is influenced by the regulatory protein that is associated with it: PII, a 44-kD trimer. PII also undergoes post-translational modification by uridylyl transferase, thus PII has two forms. The state of PII dictates the activity of adenylyl transferase. If PII is not uridylylated, then it will take on the PIIA form. The AT:PIIA complex will deactivate GS by adenylylation. If PII is uridylylated, then it will take on the PIID form. The AT:PIID complex will activate GS by deadenylylation. The AT:PIIA and AT:PIID complexes are allosterically regulated in a reciprocal fashion by α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and glutamine (Gln). Gln will activate AT:PIIA activity and inhibits AT:PIID, leading to adenylylation and subsequent deactivation of GS. Furthermore, Gln favors the conversion of PIID to PIIA. The effects of α-KG on the complexes are opposite. In the majority of gram-negative bacteria, GS can be modified by adenylylation (some cyanobacteria and green algae or exceptions).

Inhibition of GS has largely focused on amino site ligands. Other inhibitors are the result of glutamine metabolism: tryptophan, histidine, carbamoyl phosphate, glucosamine-6-phosphate, cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Other inhibitors/regulators are glycine and alanine. Alanine, glycine, and serine bind to the glutamate substrate site. GDP, AMP, ADP bind to the ATP site. L-serine, L-alanine, and glycine bind to the site for L-glutamate in unadenylated GS. The four amino acids bind to the site by their common atoms, “the main chain” of amino acids. Glutamate is another product of glutamine metabolism; however, glutamate is a substrate for GS inhibiting it to act as a regulator to GS.2 Each inhibitor can reduce the activity of the enzyme; once all final glutamine metabolites are bound to GS, the activity of GS is almost completely inhibited. Many inhibitory input signals allows for fine tuning of GS by reflecting nitrogen levels in the organism.

Feedback regulation distinguishes the difference between two eukaryotic types of GS: brain and non-brain tissues. Non-brain GS responds to end-product feedback inhibition, while brain GS does not. High concentrations of glutamine-dependent metabolites should inhibit GS activity, while low concentrations should activate GS activity.

Inhibitors: Research on E. coli revealed that GS is regulated through gene expression. The gene that encodes the GS subunit is designated glnA. Transcription of glnA is dependent on NRI (a specific transcriptional enhancer). Active transcription occurs if NRI is in its phosphorylated form, designated NRI-P. Phosphorylation of NRI is catalyzed by NRII, a protein kinase. If NRII is complexed with PIIA then it will function as a phosphatase and NRI-P is converted back to NRI. In this case, transcription of glnA ceases.
 * Methionine sulfoximine (MSO): MSO is an inhibitor that binds to the glutamate site. Bound to GS, MSO is phosphorylated by ATP that results in an irreversible, non-covalent inhibition of GS. The S-isomer configuration is more inhibitory. Glutamate entry is blocked into the active site by a stabilization of the flexible loop in the active site by MSO.
 * Phosphinothricin (PPT, Glufosinate): Phosphinothricin is an inhibitor that binds to the glutamate site. Glufosinate is used as an herbicide. Glufosinate treated plants die due to a buildup of ammonia and a cessation of photosynthesis.
 * Many synthetic inhibitors are available today.

GS is subject to completely different regulatory mechanisms in cyanobacteria. Instead of the common NtrC-NtrB two component system, cyanobacteria harbour the transcriptional regulator NtcA which is restricted to this clade and controls expression of GS and a multitude of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, GS in cyanobacteria is not covalently modified to raise sensitivity for feedback inhibition. Instead, GS in Cyanobacteria is inhibited by small proteins, termed GS inactivating factors (IFs) whose transcription is negatively regulated by NtcA. These inactivating factors are furthermore regulated by different Non-coding RNAs: The sRNA NsiR4 interacts with the 5'UTR of the mRNA of the GS inactivating factor IF7 (gifA mRNA) and reduces its expression. NsiR4 expression is under positive control of the nitrogen control transcription factor NtcA. In addition, expression of the GS inactivating factor IF17 is controlled by a glutamine-binding riboswitch.

title: Glutamine synthetase


text:
Surmang

Surmang (or Zurmang) refers to a vast alpine nomadic and farming region, historically a duchy under the King of Nangchen, with vast land holdings spreading over what is today the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province. In Tibetan the King of Nangchen's realm was called the "nyishu dza nga" or the 21 (provinces). Since 1959 it is mainly within the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai province in China (historically part of Kham, eastern Tibet). Yushu Prefecture is 97% ethnic Tibetan. The Surmang region is one of the poorest regions in China ranking it among the world's highest infant and maternal mortality, almost 100% illiteracy, and personal income of less than US 14¢/day. It is part of the catchment in China of the 30 million ultra-poor.

Surmang also refers to a complex of nine or ten Kagyu monasteries (gompas) in that area. These include: Surmang Namgyal Tse, Surmang Dutsi Til, Surmang Do Gompa, Surmang Doka Gompa, Surmang Kyere Gompa. The lineage held therein, known as the Surmang Kagyu, is a subschool of the Karma Kagyu yet it includes a unique synthesis of Nyingma teachings. They are led historically by the GharTengTrungSum (sum means three), namely the Gharwang tulkus, the Tenga tulkus and Trungpa tülkus.

History
Surmang Monastery was founded about 600 years ago by Trungmase, a student of Deshin Shekpa, the 5th Gyalwa Karmapa. The name in Tibetan means "many cornered" referring to the irregularly shaped reed huts used by the first monastics in the area. The 1st Trungpa Rinpoche, Kunga Gyaltsen, was a principal student of Trungmase (the 1st Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche, also well known as Matiratna, or as Lodro Rinchen, which was given by the 5th Gyalwa Karmapa). Small Surmang is the seat of the Surmang Trungpa tulkus, the line of incarnate lamas particularly associated with the sub-complex Dudtsi-til. The Surmang Trungpa Rinpoches was historically the closest students of Trungmase (1st Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche), along with the eight tongdens (other close students of the founder of the Surmang group). Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche, Zurmang Tenga Rinpoche and Zurmang Trungpa Rinpoche are together considered the "Three Pillars of Surmang (GharTengTrungSum)."

Accounts of Trungmase and the traditional hierarchy of Surmang differ somewhat. In his autobiography, Born in Tibet, Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche asserts that Trungmase did not take rebirth, and that the Trungpa tulkus were thereafter traditionally supreme abbots of all of Surmang. However, Trungmase is said to have reincarnated and his line of tulkus is known as the Gharwang tulkus. The Gharwang tulkus have traditionally been the abbots of the main Surmang monastery, Namgyal-tse, and in this role lead the Surmang Kagyu tradition. In 1976 the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa enthroned the 12th Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche as the 12th incarnation of Trungmase and an emanation of Tilopa.

The Surmang monasteries, through their long history, were exposed to violence. Dudtsi-til Monastery was razed twice by the armies of the Central Government of Tibet, the most recent time being in the 1930s, when the Central Government tried to collect taxes in Tibetan areas of Qinghai.

The Surmang monasteries were again largely destroyed during the Chinese invasion of Tibet and the subsequent Cultural Revolution. In recent years Namgyal-tse has been largely restored under the leadership of the 12th Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche. Dutsi-til Monastery is being steadily reestablished under the leadership of Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche, the spiritual leader of Shambhala Buddhism and son of Chögyam Trungpa, the 11th Surmang Trungpa. The 2010 Yushu earthquake made it necessary to raze the ancient assembly hall, all of whose costs have been borne exclusively by local support: the monastery, local business community and the Yushu Government. The present regent abbot of Dutsi-til is Aten Rinpoche. The titular head of the monastery is Choseng Trungpa Rinpoche, the 12th Trungpa Tulku.

The three famous Tulkus from Zurmang are well known with the name GharTengTrungSum (Gharwang, Tenga, Trungpa Rinpoche). Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche II and Zurmang Tenga Rinpoche II are the grandson of TrungMase / Matiratna (1st Zurmang Gharwang Rinpoche).

Surmang Foundation
Surmang Foundation was founded in 1988 by Lee Weingrad following his trip to the region in 1987, making him the first Westerner to visit the region. In 1991, the Foundation went into partnership with the Dutsi Til Monastery and the Qinghai Provincial Government resulting in the construction of a clinic. The agreement, the first one signed by the Chinese Government with a foundation in Qinghai, opened the door for other foundations in Qinghai, most notably the Konchok Foundation. Since 1991 the foundation provides community development and health services to the region, including support of monks, nuns, and visitors to the facilities at the retreat center of Dorje Khyung Dzong. The Foundation was also responsible for the arrangements and logistics of the 2001 visit of Trungpa Tulku XI's son, Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche.

Gurdjieff connection theory
The Greek-Armenian philosopher and mystic G.I. Gurdjieff claimed that a mysterious Sarmoung monastery was a major source of the teachings he brought to the West. As such, it has never been located, but the Canadian diplomat and Gurdjieffian James George has speculated, on the basis of the similar name and location, that Surmang may be real basis of the Sarmoung monastery.

title: Surmang


text:
Violator (company)

Violator is a company, record label, marketing group, and multi-media entertainment conglomerate founded and operated by Chris Lighty and Mona Scott-Young until Lighty's death on August 30, 2012.

History
In 1996, Lighty partnered with manager Scott-Young to launch Violator management. The company specialized in managing the careers of hip hop and R&B performers and is also a record label. Included among Violator's past and present clients are Mariah Carey, Busta Rhymes, N.O.R.E., Q-Tip, Missy Elliott, Fantasia, Mýa, Diggy Simmons, Cormega, Mobb Deep, LL Cool J, Nas, JoJo Pellegrino, 50 Cent, Fat Joe, Uncle Murda, Frankie Cutlass and Da Franchise. Violator has released two compilation albums of material from its artists: Violator: The Album and Violator: The Album, V2.0. The first album features Q-Tip's first solo hit single, "Vivrant Thing". Lighty also managed Sean "Puffy" Combs.

In September 2009, CEO Chris Lighty joined the Advisory Board of Purista premium cocktail mixers to aid in the execution of the company's strategic marketing plans.

Chris Lighty died on August 30, 2012.

Violator Entertainment
This is the list of movies and video games that Violator Entertainment has worked on. Music Manager Leon Derrick Youngblood SR collaborated with Dave Lighty to broker a deal for music producer/recording artist Roccstar, who is signed to Violator as a music producer and is currently working on several artist under the Violator umbrella, Chris Lighty signed off on the deal in 2011.
 * Full Clip (2004)
 * 50 Cent: Bulletproof (video game, 2005)

Clients
The following artists and producers were signed to Violator Management.

 * 50 Cent
 * Busta Rhymes
 * Charles Hamilton
 * Diddy
 * N.O.R.E.
 * Papoose
 * Prodigy
 * Q-Tip
 * Red Alert
 * Saigon
 * Uncle Murda
 * Winky Wright
 * Mobb Deep
 * Missy Elliott
 * LL Cool J

Former artists
The following artists were signed to Violator Records

 * Fat Joe (Violator/Relativity)
 * Cormega (Violator/Def Jam)
 * CRU (Violator/Def Jam)
 * Warren G (Violator/Def Jam)
 * Foxy Brown (Violator/Def Jam)
 * Da Franchise (Violator/Def Jam)
 * The Beatnuts (Violator/Relativity)
 * Mysonne (Violator/Def Jam)
 * JoJo Pellegrino (Violator/Loud)
 * Chi-Ali (Violator/Relativity)

Compilation albums

 * Violator: The Album (Violator/Def Jam, 1999)
 * Violator: The Album, V2.0 (Violator/Loud/Columbia, 2001)
 * V3: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly (unreleased) (Violator/Jive), 2003)

title: Violator (company)


text:
Dinner and a Movie

Dinner and a Movie is an American cooking and entertainment television program aired on TBS from September 8, 1995 to 2011 and made its return since 2024.

The show was hosted by chef Claud Mann and comedian Paul Gilmartin throughout its run, as well as Annabelle Gurwitch from 1996–2002, Kent Osborne in 1998 before hosting its "Movie Lounge" spin-off, Lisa Kushell from 2002–2005 and Janet Varney from 2005 to the show's end in 2011.

Format
Each episode included a movie and the preparation of a creative dinner to go with its theme, generally via a pun. For example, an episode showing Drumline features a recipe titled "The Beets Go On", referencing the Sonny & Cher single "The Beat Goes On", as well as the plot of the movie about a drummer who tries to fit in with a new marching band. However, some episodes have special guests like Kelsey Grammer in showing of Stripes, Jerry Springer in showing of Dumb and Dumber, and Richard Petty in showing of Days of Thunder.

Cookbooks based on the block were released in 1996, 1999, and 2003.

Monkey-ed Movies debuted in production which were run during the block and in odd time slots after sporting events like a minor golf tournament a day then, the station played about half an hour to unexpected results. The ratings actually increased, which prompted 13 episodes of an expanded half-hour series which would become The Chimp Channel.

The show's cancellation was announced by Gilmartin on the May 6 edition of his podcast, The Mental Illness Happy Hour.

Revival
On May 17, 2023, Kathleen Finch, Chairman and Chief Content Officer of Warner Bros. Discovery’s U.S. Networks Group, announced that it would revive the block during the company’s upfront presentation in New York City.

On May 17, 2024, it was announced that Jason Biggs and Jenny Mollen were chosen as hosts, and that the revival would debut on June 1 with the premiere of Aquaman. There are no recipes like in the original format.

Films shown by Claud and Paul

 * The Breakfast Club
 * Fast Times at Ridgemont High
 * The Blue Lagoon
 * Weird Science
 * The Money Pit
 * The Blues Brothers
 * National Lampoon's Animal House
 * Grease
 * Police Academy
 * The Lost Boys
 * Urban Cowboy
 * Heathers
 * The Cutting Edge
 * A View to a Kill
 * Honey, I Shrunk the Kids
 * The Living Daylights
 * A Flintstones Christmas Carol
 * A Christmas Carol
 * Airplane!
 * Wildcats

Films shown by Jason and Jenny

 * Aquaman
 * Avengers: Endgame
 * Crazy Rich Asians
 * Despicable Me 2
 * The Greatest Showman
 * Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
 * Kingsman: The Golden Circle
 * The Meg
 * We're the Millers

title: Dinner and a Movie


text:
Northampton School for Boys

Northampton School for Boys (NSB) is an 11–18 boys secondary school in Northampton, England. It was founded as Northampton Town and County Grammar School in 1541 by Thomas Chipsey, Mayor of Northampton. Years 7 to 11 are boys-only, while Sixth Form classes are mixed. The school generally ranks among the best-performing in the county.

Establishment
The school was founded in 1541 by mayor Thomas Chipsey, as the town's free boys grammar school. In 1557, the school moved to St. Gregory's church, which was adapted for its use. The School remained on this site until 1864, when it moved to the Corn Exchange in the Market Square. In 1870, additional premises were opened in Abington Square to educate a further 200 pupils. Due to its popularity, the school moved again in 1911, to new buildings constructed on the present site at Billing Road. During this period the school was known as the Northampton Town and County Grammar School.

Grant maintained
In 1992, the school became Grant Maintained, later becoming a Foundation school. Under the leadership of Sir Bruce Liddington, followed by Sir Michael Griffiths, it prospered as a prominent and over-subscribed school. From 1994, the school's GCSE results improved year upon year, and became the only school nationally to achieve an 11-year period of continual improvement. Michael Griffiths, headmaster, was knighted in the 2014 New Years Honours list for services to Education. Since 2014 Richard Bernard (Ex-OFSTED inspector) has taken over the role of headmaster once Sir Michael Griffiths had retired.

During the 1990s, the school allowed the admission of girls into the Sixth Form. Currently up to a quarter of the Sixth Form can be girls.

New buildings
In the summer of 1999 the school completed a new complex, Cripps Hall, named in honour of Sir Humphrey Cripps, philanthropist and Cambridge-educated former pupil of the school. It includes a theatre used for school productions and concerts as well as public performances. The building is home to the School's Expressive Arts and Modern Foreign Languages departments, as well as the theatre, drama workshop and Lounge.

During 2004, Northampton switched back to the two-tier system, once again making Northampton School for Boys a secondary school; consequently, the school had to admit pupils from the age of eleven. To cope with the increased numbers, the school for two years occupied a second campus ("Northampton School for Boys West") at the former Cliftonville Middle School—separated from the main site by St Andrew's Hospital—for the new year sevens and eights. With the completion of the RIBA award-winning new building, all pupils were located back on the main site.

Academy status
In 2010, Northampton School for Boys became an academy.

Academic and personal attainment
The school has achieved recognition for its success, particularly in the areas of sport and music. Six music groups from the school achieved places in the 2009 finals of the National Festival of Music for Youth. Out of these, the Jazz Big Band won the tournament, and two other groups finished as runners-up in their categories. In November 2007 the Schools 'Jazz Vocal Group' was invited to perform at the Music for Youth Proms at the Royal Albert Hall. In December 2005 NSB was named The Daily Telegraph State School of the Year for its achievements in sport.

Gifted pupils
The school was selected to be an ambassador school for the NAGTY due to its gifted and talented programme, which was hailed as a model system by DfES.

Sport
In terms of sport, the school has had a number of its former students go into professional rugby, but many have achieved international recognition in a range of sports. Particular strengths are rugby, football, cricket, basketball, cross country, athletics and rowing, but there are also competitive fixtures in hockey, swimming, badminton and netball. Saturday fixtures are still a part of NSB life, unlike most state schools.

On 20 May 2013, the Under 13 (year 8) age group won the English School's Football Association National Cup 4-3 AET, defeating Walkwood CE Middle School, Redditch, at Chesterfield F.C.'s Proact Stadium. This marked the first Football National Cup triumph for the school, and the second final.

On 16 March 2016, the Under 15 (year 10) age group won the football National Cup, securing a 2-1 victory over football specialist school Thomas Telford School, at the Madejski Stadium, Reading.

School buildings
The centre of the school is occupied by the 1911 Building, which over the years has been extended to include an extension to the library and which is now attached to the science and technology blocks and the new (2006) building. In the summer of 1999 the school completed the Cripps Hall, named in honour of Sir Humphrey Cripps, a former pupil of the school. It includes a theatre used for school productions and concerts as well as public performances. The building is home to the School's Expressive Arts and Modern Foreign Languages departments.

Beginning in 2005, the school has had a refurbishment and building programme, called Project 465 (the school was to be 465 years old when finished, but because of building delays it was 466), which was finished in early 2007. One of the purposes of the programme was to accommodate the newly added years sevens and eights. Constructed in a post-modern style, the building features new English and mathematics classrooms, alongside two new ICT suites, a sixth form lounge (known colloquially as "The Pod") a 'restaurant/bistro' and a concourse for indoor recreation at breaktimes.

In addition, the Edward Cripps Human Performance Centre has been built which is home to a new pool, with a floor capable of raising and lowering to change the depth of the pool, a dance studio and an extension to the fitness suite, alongside a number of changing rooms. The facilities cost £4.9 million, and was opened in December 2014 by Rebecca Adlington, a former competitive swimmer.

Admissions
Northampton School for Boys is heavily oversubscribed at both age 11 and age 16 and selection criteria for admission are applied. Boys at age 11 were formerly admitted on the basis of an application form, in which parents were encouraged to make the most of their child's interests and achievements. The school now uses 3 criteria to admit pupils: (after a number of other, statutory priority places) a sibling link, an aptitude for music or technology, and finally an independently monitored fair allocation system using banding to create an equal spread of abilities. The sixth form is open to students from all schools and has an admissions number for external students of 60. Places are allocated by sitting a test, the top 60 being admitted. Each year there are approximately 550 first choice applications to join Y7 and 300 applications from students currently in Year 11 at other schools. Girls are admitted to the 6th form.

Notable former pupils
Alumni are known as Old Northamptonians.
 * Antoine Allen, television presenter and reporter for ITV News
 * Prof Martin Bennett, British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Sciences since 2000 at the University of Cambridge
 * Jasper Davies, first-class cricketer
 * Paul Diggin, rugby union player for Northampton Saints
 * Stewart Faulkner, Olympic athlete, holder of the UK junior and under-23 indoor long jump records. Merit ranked 6th in the world by Track and Field News in 1989.
 * James Grayson, rugby union player for Northampton Saints.
 * Courtney Lawes, rugby union player for England
 * Ollie Sleightholme, rugby union player for Northampton Saints.
 * Matt Smith, the eleventh Doctor in Doctor Who.
 * Steve Thompson, rugby union player for England. Several other pupils also went on to become part of the Northampton Saints' first team.

 * Jonathan Adams (British actor)
 * William Alwyn CBE, composer
 * Malcolm Arnold CBE, composer who spent a year at the school
 * Horace Batten, rugby player and shoemaker
 * John Henry Brookes OBE (attended 1902–1905), after whom Oxford Brookes University is named, being the first principal of the original college in the mid-1950s

 * Thomas Cartwright (bishop), 17th century bishop.
 * Tony Chater, Editor from 1974 to 1995 of the Morning Star
 * Michael Creeth, biochemist whose experiments were crucial to Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
 * Francis Crick FRS, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA., and joint-winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize for Medicine
 * Sir Humphrey Cripps, businessman.
 * John Derbyshire, writer.
 * Frank Dickens FRS a biochemist known for the pentose phosphate pathway that generates NADPH
 * Bernard Donoughue, Baron Donoughue of Ashton, Advisor to Harold Wilson, Farm Minister in first Blair Government, and director from 1992 to 1997 of Towcester Racecourse
 * Sir Ian Dove, judge
 * Prof Sir Hugh Ford (engineer) FRS FREng, engineer and academic
 * Prof Gerald Fowler, Labour MP from 1966 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1979 for The Wrekin, and rector from 1982 to 1992 of North East London Polytechnic
 * Rt Rev Richard Garrard, Bishop of Penrith from 1994 to 2001
 * Ray Gosling, journalist
 * Professor Roger S. Goody FRS, Biochemist, Director Emeritus, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany and President of the German Society for Biochemistry and molecular Biology (2013–15)
 * Maj-Gen Sir Stuart Greeves KBE, CB, DSO and Bar, MC
 * Thomas Maxwell Harris FRS, botanist
 * Sir Harwood Harrison, Conservative MP from 1951 to 1979 for Eye
 * James Hervey, clergyman and writer (1720s)
 * Trevor Hold, composer (1950s)
 * Prof Sydney Ewart Hollingworth, Yates-Goldsmid Professor of Geology from 1946 to 1966 at University College London
 * T C Ivens, Fly angler and author
 * Rt Rev Graham Richard James, Bishop of Norwich since 1999
 * Prof Brian F. G. Johnson, professor of inorganic chemistry from 1995 to 2005 at the University of Cambridge and Master from 1999 to 2005 of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
 * Philip Kerr, novelist
 * Billy Knight, tennis player, quarter finalist in French Open in 1959, Head of Men's Training at the LTA
 * Rt Rev William Thomas Manning
 * Arthur A. J. Marshman, architect
 * Henry Mayes, tennis player
 * Air Commodore Richard Miller OBE, Station Commander from 1976 to 1978 of RAF Benson
 * Alan Moore, writer of dark fiction who wrote V for Vendetta and Watchmen (expelled at 17).
 * Sir James Alan Park, judge
 * Samuel Parker (English bishop), Bishop of Oxford
 * John Preston (clergyman)
 * Flight Lieutenant Jim Rosser DFC, wartime pilot
 * Arthur Rubbra CBE, engineer who designed Rolls-Royce aero engines, including the Merlin and Griffon
 * Dick Saunders, oldest jockey to win the Grand National at age 48 in 1982 on Grittar
 * Jeremy Seabrook, author and journalist
 * Prof Robert Service, professor of Russian history since 2002 at the University of Oxford
 * Eric Sharman MC
 * Philip Sharp (Royal Navy officer) CB DSC, commanded HMS Centaur (R06) from 1962 to 1963
 * Sir Alec Skempton FRS FREng, professor of civil engineering from 1957 to 1981 at Imperial College London, and president from 1957 to 1961 of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
 * Prof Harry Smith CBE FRS FRCPath, professor of microbiology from 1965 to 1988 at the University of Birmingham, who worked on anthrax in the 1950s at Porton Down
 * John Charles Traylen, architect
 * Robert Walker (composer)
 * Tom Walls, actor
 * Rt Rev David Wilcox, Bishop of Dorking from 1986 to 1995

title: Northampton School for Boys


text:
Talk:Mule (smuggling)

Muling Money - Money Laundering
There is a lot of talk in fiction about illegally moving cash out a country by using a lot of mules with each mule carrying a legal sum of cash for customs declaration. In other words, the individual mules are not breaking the law. If this occurs in reality it would be an interesting item to add since this article seems to focus only on muling drugs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.31.184.166 (talk) 19:05, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Materials
What are they using to contain whatever they're smuggling? Condoms and seran wrap?
 * It says so in the article. Format (talk) 17:46, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

General comment
This article seems to concentrate nearly exclusively on body packing. My understanding is that a lot of drug mules do not body pack. I was hoping to find out more about what they do: their methods, where and how often they get caught, etc., but I will have to research this elsewhere. For example, I was watching a show on the ID channel and there was a claim that 42% of worldwide cocaine traffic is intercepted, mostly in South and Central America. InsultComicDog (talk) 18:48, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Body packing
According to the references already shown in this article and to the definition for Body Packing in the 2018 edition of MeSH (Medical Subject Heading), to be published later this year, the concealing of drugs (and sometimes other items) is performed WITHIN the gastrointestinal tract or other body orifice, and not OUTSIDE the body. For that matter, I have changed this word in the article. Swallowing is, thus, one kind of body packing. --Arthur A Correa Treuherz (talk) 15:46, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mule (smuggling). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/cow_image.php?mode=case_viewer&imageid=51652&pt_id=13303&quiz=no
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140903074251/http://szdaily.sznews.com/html/2012-03/01/content_1945051.htm to http://szdaily.sznews.com/html/2012-03/01/content_1945051.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:08, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

How to...
''Oil-based laxatives should never be used, as they can weaken the latex of condoms and cause packets to rupture. Emetics like syrup of ipecac, enemas, and endoscopic retrieval all carry a risk of packet rupture and should not be used.''
 * This is sounding like a guidebook: 'How to Equip Mules'. Valetude (talk) 14:42, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mule (smuggling)


text:
User talk:Derekread

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Karmafist 18:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

JavaScript RegExp problem
I noticed you have experience in JavaScript. I'm hoping you can help me with a problem I've run into writing a userscript.

Please see my post at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject JavaScript.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 12:12, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Derekread


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OTF

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was only two votes, but delete anyway since nobody seems to want to defend it and it contains no useful information. moink 05:57, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

OTF
A specific subforum (and the off-topic one, at that!). Not remotely notable. —Cryptic (talk) 18:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete subpartofforumcruft. Nn. Alexa not useful as it's within a domain (that anyway has a rank of about 12 300th). -Splash 19:58, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OTF


text:
Fiona Spence

Fiona Spence (born c.1948) is an Australian stage and television actress and drama teacher. She is known for her television roles including Prisoner (1979–81) as Gestapo-like prison officer Vera "Vinegar Tits" Bennett and Home and Away as the unlucky-in-love spinster Celia Stewart (1988–90).

She has made numerous returns to Home and Away reprising her role of Celia. Her other television roles include Packed to the Rafters as Eleanor McCormick (2013). Fiona alongside her former Prisoner co-stars Val Lehman and Colette Mann (who played inmates Bea Smith and Doreen Anderson respectively), was one of three actresses who filmed cameos for the Prisoner re-imaging series Wentworth in 2019, however the scenes were deleted and never went to air.

Early life
Spence was born in Bromley, Kent, (now in Greater London) United Kingdom around 1948 to an Irish mother, Pauline, (née Connolly) and an Australian-born father, Dr. John Walton Spence, whilst serving with the British Army, Fiona's parents married in 1940, in Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine. When her father finally left the service, Spence and her family (including her sister-in-law, casting director Kerry Spence) moved to Hong Kong when she was three and then to Australia when she was six. After leaving school, she was trained as a secretary and later travelled to Montreal where she was a hostess for the Australia Pavilion (Expo 67) at the Canadian Expo.

After living in Canada for a year, she left for England and lived in London for a time working as a saleswoman for the Fortnum & Mason department store. It was while seeing several plays in London's West End, she became interested in acting. She was engaged aged 22, but broke it off. After returning to Australia, wanting to become an actress, she trained with The Independent Theatre.

Early career
Spence began acting professionally during the late 1970s. She became engaged a second time, but again the relationship ended around 1978. While living in Sydney, she appeared in her first television role in the teen drama Glenview High in 1977.

Prisoner
In 1979 she first found fame playing the sad and sadistic, authoritarian prison officer Vera Bennett, in cult soap opera Prisoner. It was on the set of Prisoner that she first met her long-term life partner, scriptwriter Denise Morgan. They remained together until Morgan's death in 2011. The character of Vera Bennett, the show's main villain, was nicknamed "Vinegar Tits" by the inmates. The role continued from the show's premiere in 1979 until 1981, appearing in episodes 1 to 224. In the first episode she was coldly sad. Later developments showed other more sensitive angles of her personality and explored the idea that her tough behaviour in the cell block was connected to her loneliness and social awkwardness outside the prison and caring for her elderly mother. Spence who played Vera with her hair in a tight bun, was hardly recognisable if she let her hair down. Spence herself commented she wasn't readily recognised in real life as Vera whenever she wore her hair down.

When producer John McRae took over day-to-day running of the series in 1981, plans were made to write Spence out of the series. Her character had become immensely popular during her two-years on the show and, when news of her departure was announced, the Ten Network received at least 100 phone calls and countless fan mail asking for Spence to remain. Spence however quietly left the show later stating "I loved playing Vera. But it was time to wash that dame right out of my hair."

Home and Away and others
During her last year with Prisoner, Spence appeared in supporting roles in both the television mini-series Women of the Sun and the television movie I Can Jump Puddles, which also featured a number of other former Prisoner co-stars including Sigrid Thornton, Sandy Gore, Lesley Baker and Anne Phelan.

From 1988 until 1990, Spence became well known for playing spinster Celia Stewart in Home and Away. While working on the show, she attended Monash University earning an arts degree in English. She also made sporadic television appearances during the next several years as a celebrity guest on game shows Cluedo and Sale of the Century as well as making a guest appearance on the television series Law of the Land and as Eleanor McCormick in Packed to the Rafters.

In 2018, Spence joined former Prisoner co-stars Colette Mann and Val Lehman in a cameo for series seven of Wentworth in the episode ten series finale as it was at the time set to be the final season of the series, but last minute funding saved the show from ending. Spence, Mann and Lehman's scene was cut out when the series was renewed for the shows final season, Mann revealed in 2022 during an interview with podcast series Talking Prisoner the cameo that they were set to do was the three of them standing in the yard and waving goodbye to one of the characters.

Theatre and pantomime
In March 1984, Spence starred alongside Geraldine Cook in the 60-minute "softcore feminist" black comedy Mums, at Melbourne's La Mama Theatre. The play was about the "manic lives" of two trapped women in a high-rise flat, in which Spence played the tough, aggressive Jo, while Cook played the more light-hearted Toots. She played Bonnie in the 1986 Melbourne Theatre Company production of the play Hurlyburly at the Russel Street Theatre.

She returned to the theatre in the early 1990s recreating the role of Vera Bennett in a British stage play version of Prisoner. She also starred in a theatrical pantomime of Aladdin with fellow Home and Away co-star Greg Benson at the Theatre Royal, in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent during December 1991 and January 1992, as well as a short-lived stage show, Lipstick Dreams, in the United Kingdom.

title: Fiona Spence


text:
Talk:Foshay Tower

not tue
the following statement is not correct: "It remains one of the tallest concrete skyscrapers to this day, second only in height to the Empire State Building in New York."

This was probably taken out of centext, and may be true if you say it is the second tallest concrete skyscraper built before World War II, or second tallest concrete Art Deco skyscraper. J. Crocker 18:37, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

missing info?
seems like this article is missing a lot of history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.97.37.63 (talk) 12:44, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

"FOSHAY" letters at night
The ten foot letters were lighted at night until either the tower going into receivership or Foshay's trial/conviction. The letters would remain dark until, if my memory serves me correctly, the fiftieth anniversary of the tower in 1979. They have been turned on at night since, except during a short period during the nineties(?) when the bulbs were replaced. I cannot find any reliable source(s) to back up my statement, maybe someone can provide it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dougdodge (talk • contribs) 03:49, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Ceiling restoration
"It has been reported that workers are currently in the process of restoring the original ceiling at the behest of the National Register of Historic Places, a process which will take a total of four months alone."

The source is from 2008. Are they done yet? :)

BevansDesign (talk) 12:34, 9 September 2015 (UTC)

Sousa march 1988?
I am doubtful that Sousa's Foshay march was not performed in public again until 1988 as I recall hearing it on a radio broadcast on NPR by Keith Brion and the Yale University Band in the late 70s.

--23.119.204.117 (talk) 23:18, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Tallest building in the Midwest for 48 years?
The claim that it was the tallest building in the Midwest for 48 years is unsourced and dubious. The earlier Chicago Temple Building completed in 1924 is taller in height (568 feet) but not stories (23). The Chicago Board of Trade Building completed in 1930 was taller both in height (604 feet) and number of stories (44). 23.245.6.74 (talk) 14:29, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foshay Tower