text:
Talk:Dinka people

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 16 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mr. Hill 99, Thompsonb18.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:32, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Alphabet Display issues
The extended characters do not display on most computers due to limited Unicode support for the Dinka alphabet. A bitmap alternative should be provided Softgrow 00:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * They weren't showing up in IE due to a limitation in IE's font handling, but I've added the Unicode template to the characters in question which works around the problem. Unicode itself doesn't have "limited support", just IE or the user's fonts. The characters are in the font Arial Unicode MS, which is commonly included with Microsoft Office, or several freely downloadable Unicode fonts. You can add a notice if you feel this needs to be explained in the article. DopefishJustin (･∀･) 20:01, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Actually, you need OpenType fonts with support for combining diacritics. Arial Unicode MS can not support two of the uppercase characters that require combining diacritics.

Move to Language
Don't you think that alphabet+ should be moved to the language article? Koryakov Yuri 18:01, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Picture from The New Student's Reference Work
Here is link to a portrait circa 1914 for when the article expands further: Image:NSRW Africa Dinka.png -- Birgitte§β ʈ  Talk  01:31, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Suggested update in re Macharia Yuot
On the list of prominent members of the Dinka tribe, can someone include the runner Macharia Yuot? He is a distance runner at NCAA Div III Widener University. He recently won the 10k, 3k steeplechase, and 5k at the Div III track & field championships - the first runner in any division to win all three of those in the same year. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2466635&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab2pos1

http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=santoliquito/060420

http://www.widener.edu/Athletics/Outdoor_Track_and_Field/Schedule_and_Results/May_26_27_NCAA_/7386/

I'd do the editing myself, but I'm afraid I'd muck up the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.245.147.124 (talk • contribs) 00:15, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Ref Maasai
Two errors in the information here: Wanyonyi (talk) 07:02, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * the Maasai are not River and Lake Nilotes, as alleged here - they are Plains Nilotes (see http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/contexts/nilotes.htm, and http://www.kenyafilmcommission.com/Home/Facts-&-Figures. Maasai are pastoralists, and have never inhabited riverine / lake regions. In Kenya and Tanzania, they inhabit some of the most arid sections of the two countries.
 * the Maasai are not the tallest group in East Africa - not by a long shot. The Tutsi are far taller, and even the Kalenjin are probably taller. The Maasai are perhaps more famous, but they are not very imposing vertically!

1991 Southeastern Dinka Massacre
This section levels accusations against Riek Machar that need to be documented from reliable sources. Pending such documentation, I have tagged the section as failing in neutrality. Awien (talk) 18:18, 3 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's a really badly documented event but it happened. The Dinka are very bitter about it. It's hard to find a proper source but Google books as a mini achieve of texts with their numbers. The range appears to be from 2,000 to 3,000, obviously not the previously linked 69,000. Secondat of Orange (talk) 04:35, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

[http;//www.sudancapcity.og]

Cow Customs?
How come no mention of the practice of young boys orally stimulating cows and also the pratice of washing their hair with cow urine?

It was on national geographic: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ8OSUXlpRw —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.204.152.228 (talk) 02:01, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * "This video has been removed as violation of Youtube's policy on nudity and sexual content" :P
 * It's true but it's not a common phenomenon, hence not a ethnic image. The Cow urine thing however is most probably true. Secondat of Orange (talk) 04:39, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Bad to worse
This entry just seems to get worse and worse every day. Non-neutral garbage gets removed, then put back in 20 edits later. No one can even decide what the various Dinka regions are called. References are added with no respect for guidelines, or even common sense. "Notable Dinka" invariably ends up looking like people's personal guest books of friends and relatives.

Someone knowledgeable really needs to go through this mess and make the entry readable and informative.

Horstvonludwig (talk) 11:33, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I completely agree. There's the JiangJang guy who just edits this page likes it's his personal site.
 * Secondat of Orange (talk) 14:59, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040926151520/http://www.openroad.net.au:80/languages/african/dinka-2.html to http://www.openroad.net.au/languages/african/dinka-2.html

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"Notable" Dinka?
Just removed a "defence lawyer" from the Notable Dinka section, only to have my edit reverted. It's amazing what a low bar there is to be considered "notable" here. I suspect people add themselves or their relatives, often without respecting alphabetical order. Horstvonludwig (talk) 00:13, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

Flag
How do we know that the flag shown at the top of this article is real?

I see no references for this in the article, and I cannot easily google up anything. The one site that I do uses Wikipedia as the reference, which is not acceptable.

If there is no source, it should be removed.

Tagging User:C1MM, who added it. --Amir E. Aharoni (talk) 20:16, 18 July 2017 (UTC)

Useful link
In case anyone might care to follow up on it:

https://books.google.ca/books?id=z7Y4X9kHeU8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lienhardt%2BDinka&ei=iLgOS_DfFKPqygS179HlDA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Lienhardt%2BDinka&f=false

Awien (talk) 20:51, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dinka people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110619034948/http://www.twiceast.org/ to http://www.twiceast.org/

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New research about the Dinka people
Some of the information on this page is wrong. I did research on the Dinka people and will add new information along with correct information.Kyoung823 (talk) 14:16, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Adding a section about Christianity
I have added a section about Christianity among the Dinka. These are the sources I used.

Fancher, Karen. "Ritual and Sacrifice Among the Dinka of Southern Sudan: Implications for Christian Evangelism and Discipleship."https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e996/1d8e9447e2ec2ec6ea656f09c5d9570b8b7d.pdf

Nikkel, Marc R. “Aspects of Contemporary Religious Change among the Dinka.” Journal of Religion in Africa, vol. 22, no. 1, 1992, pp. 78–94., www.jstor.org/stable/1580785. Accessed 30 Mar. 2020.

Snyder, Kathryn, ""In My Heart I Had a Feeling of Doing It": A Case Study of the Lost Boys of Sudan and Christianity" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 614. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/614

Zink, Jesse. “Women and Religion in Sudan’s Civil War: Singing through Conflict.” Studies in World Christianity, vol. 23, no. 1, Apr. 2017, pp. 67–83. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3366/swc.2017.0170.

Mr. Hill 99 (talk) 19:50, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Is there not a better ethnic picture?
I feel like the first picture used seems quite colonial and there should be a coloured people to more positively express the Dinka people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:EmilePersaud 16:11, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Dinka (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:02, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dinka people


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Dai Grepher

Consensus - not applicable?
A snowcone's chance in Hell of them agreeing that this is the only article consensus cannot be applicable to. Let's just assume that the one single person who called it a prequel is wrong compared to the fifteen-some people who call it a remake (not including Sakamoto, which you refuse you give a reason what Sakamoto was referring to with the remake statement). - A Link to the Past (talk) 01:00, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Dai Grepher: I told you that Sakamoto referred to remakes and the negative results of doing them to answer the question of what challenges he and his team had to overcome when creating Zero Mission to be fresh and new while still holding true to the gameplay of the original. Sakamoto spoke of remaking Metroid gameplay, not remaking Metroid. He also said that it was not a remake of story, which proves my argument correct. All you people can bring up to refute that are baseless definitions of the word "necessarily". The consensus does not exist to determine which side wins. It also does not include votes from others in other forums that agree that the game is a prequel. This is beside the point. Andrevan has disregarded the peaceful dispute resolution methods agreed upon by PouiytMan and I, and has misused his abilities to edit the page to be bias in favor of his own view. The reason is because a fair and open-minded look at the evidence will go in my favor since your side of the argument has no evidence. Dai Grepher 01:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Metroid: Zero Mission is not a remake for the sole reason that the gameplay is not that much different from Fusion.
 * And it ceased to be peaceful when you vandalized The Missing Link's user page. That is an example of pure vandalism, and why should we assume good faith after that? Any and all credibility you had was shattered when you violated one of the most important vandalism rules; DON'T TOUCH USER PAGES WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION. You accuse us of being vandals for following consensus, and you refuse to believe that your theory is more than such. You should have been blocked for the user page alone. All you do is edit talk pages, user pages and Metroid pages, all of which are done so because of this dispute. - A Link to the Past (talk) 03:06, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Dai Grepher: What are you saying with that first line? That Zero Mission is not a remake? Also, I did not vandalize The Missing Link's user page. First, I started it for him. Then I posted a fact that was apparent at the time. I did not know that editing other pages was against the rules. Other people edited my user page and posted insults on mine. So I edited The Missing Link's user page to be accurate with the type of actions he has back then. When I was informed that I should not edit others pages at all, I chose to never edit anyone's page again. It was a Good Faith edit, and the fact that I have not done anything like that since is proof of that.
 * Dai Grepher: The consensus is being used to bully the facts right off of Wikipedia because those that voted cannot accept the truth. It is personal bias that made this RfC, it is personal bias that is holding up the resolution process, and it is personal bias that is trying to decide what is posted on Wikipedia as fact. What you people are doing is not right. You are trying to preserve your theory about a game by abusing the system and administration privileges. All this because you have been proved wrong about a game.

Dai Grepher 19:39, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The whole issue recently involves the inevitable conflict between NPOV and consensus. I have to admit that it is true that NPOV is a great concept and is a goal to be achieved at Wikipedia, the whole notion that Dai Grepher puts forth that NPOV and consensus are incompatible and mutually exclusive entities is something that I find very difficult to swallow.  Through Dai's arguments, he presents the case as if having the article choose one side of the debate or another is immediately a violation of NPOV as it makes the entire article biased and predisposed to one school of thought.  Yet when researching NPOV, the Wikipedia founder suggests that this is not the intent he wishes to convey.
 * Jimbo Wales suggests in the original formulation of NPOV that a neutral point of view is not the same as being mum about different theories in the universe over a given topic. Instead, a proper NPOV would explain the differing theories over an issue, meaning in this specific case that at least the remake side of the debate needs to be presented.
 * At the same time, this inevitably has to be tempered to make sure that no argument is given undue weight. Jimbo himself mentions that a theory held by an extreme superminority does not deserve to have their theory presented at all, yet despite the fact that some debate exists, this still constitutes as NPOV.
 * The inevitable question that remains to be seen is how significant a superminority must this be for a failure to mention the superminority to be NPOV? If we even say that Dai voted within the consensus poll, we'd have a 15:1 against.  How much is needed?  30:1?  60:1?  100:1?  1,000:1?  Though Wikipedia is known the world throughout, it took quite some time to get the number of people who looked at this topic to look at it, and each in turn gave their opinion of the facts in an unbiased manner (assuming good faith, as we should do).  1,000:1 is impossible therefore to come by.  Eventually at some point, you're going to have to look into the Law of Large Numbers and say that in the whole community, one theory has much more belief than does the other.  Once that point is determined, the article should be written in that form, and that still satisfies NPOV. The Missing Link 12:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dai Grepher: I know what the NPOV is, and I would be accepting of an article that presents both beliefs if the remake belief were actually valid. Though I would disagree with it, that is Wikipedia policy, and if the topic must state, "Many believe that this game is a remake, while some others believe it is a prequel, though no official statement has been made to prove either one" or something similar, then it should be so. However, I think that mediation and arbitration will resolve the issue by siding with the belief that has the facts to support it and will decide what belief is true. That is why the remake side is trying to avoid those resolution processes like the plague. Dai Grepher 19:39, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Dai Grepher: One more thing I forgot to mention. Some of the people that voted in that poll are from other forums where I have proved a prequel to be the accurate timeline despite their best efforts. Those members came here, not to vote for a remake as a strong timeline with facts to support it, but to vote against me. They cast their votes out of personal bias against me, not because the remake theory seems more logical or factual. Dai Grepher 19:43, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the people, to be exact. ChunkyKong, but I noticed you failed to mention that one supporter of yours, who, at the time of his vote, had only two edits. All other voters were either involved in the discussion, or have many edits. Are you claiming that it's no problem that you vandalized a user page (which is actually unarguable - it was a personal attack AND an edit on someone else's user page). - A Link to the Past (talk) 00:41, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just for the record, so we don't have one of these "nuh-uh" things going on, technically I came from the forum as well. However, I also joined Wikipedia for other reasons than just this debate.  I've long since respected Wikipedia, and I decided that I would add my knowledge and editing ability to a laundry list of articles, most notably in the Legend of Zelda series.  However in light of this, I've actively taken part in the debate and have contributed a lot of ideas to the debate, so that I believe should entitle me to my opinion on this matter. The Missing Link 00:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Dai Grepher: What supporter? I had no supporter in the debate. ChunkyKong and The Missing Link from VGF, and Dr.P from the Nintendo boards are some of the people that crossed over just to disagree with me. I am claiming that I meant no ill will by editing the user page, what I put on there was not an insult, and I certainly did not know that no one but the user could edit the page. If that is the case then every user page should be restricted to everyone but that user. Someone else brought up a good point about this recent attack on my character in another forum. This is all being done lead away from the debate. So I am going to concentrate on the Zero Mission article and getting this issue resolved. Dai Grepher 02:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * User:BeamYosho. Your only supporter happens to has not made any other edits, with the exception of the User page. Screams sockpuppet or coerced voting to me. It certainly wasn't a new person either. - A Link to the Past (talk) 02:56, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

unblock
Dai Grepher emailed me, so I unblocked his account - after also undoing Andrevan's self-block.

Let's try to use the talk pages, people. Uncle Ed 02:32, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

E-mail from Dai Grepher
Dai Grepher sent me this e-mail, and I'm posting it below with his permission. Uncle Ed 19:18, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

The email
Redwolf24 has blocked me, claiming that I ignored the 3RR and was mean to other members. Both are untrue. I edited the Zero Mission page, and this was before I saw your e-mail requesting no more edits. I did not revert to an old version, I edited. Could you please protect the Zero Mission page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid:_Zero_Mission from being edited, and could you also protect the prequel version of the article, since that is the fact that has been proven? Or, as a compromise, could you protect it as an article that endorses neither timeline? I would also like to ask how I can go about getting this issue resolved. Must I take this to arbitration, because the others in the debate that are clearly ignoring the facts will not stop reverting the article back to its incorrect version no matter what proof is brought against them. Thank you for your patience and understanding in this issue.

-Dai Grepher

 * As shown on his talk page with diffs, he clearly violated 3RR. He has also vandalized a user page and is ignoring the consensus we came to on the talk page of the Zero Mission article. To protect the article would be to give in to this problematic user. Andre ( talk ) 19:22, September 9, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad

The Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad was a former class II railroad that served eastern California and southwestern Nevada.

The railroad was built mainly to haul borax from Francis Marion Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company mines located just east of Death Valley, but it also hauled lead, clay, feldspar, passengers and general goods across the desert to a connection with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad at Ludlow, California, and to the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad (later Union Pacific Railroad) at Crucero, California.

The railroad was originally intended to run from Tonopah, Nevada to San Diego, California (the "tidewater"), but never made it to either on its own rails. It was famous for being the last of the three railroads built to cross the Death Valley region, and outlasting them by over 30 years providing dedicated and reliable service to the desert residents. The T&T also formed part of a potential north-south transcontinental railroad route, connected together by four different US railway companies, later used as the basis to potentially form a Mid-Pacific Railroad.

The railroad operated from 1907 until 1940, when it suspended operations due to a lack of profitable traffic. The rails were taken up in 1943 for use in World War II and the company itself was officially abandoned by 1946.

History
Francis Marion Smith was one of California's most successful entrepreneurs and mining tycoons. In 1890, he had incorporated the Pacific Coast Borax Company and operated the largest borax mine in the world at Borate, located 11 mi north of Daggett, California, with the Borate and Daggett Railroad running a more than adequate service between the two stops. Smith was also responsible for building several interurban and rapid transport systems around Oakland, California and San Francisco, California. By 1901, Smith started searching some old borax claims located in the Black Mountains, just east of Death Valley, and located the Lila C. mine, about 135 mi from the nearest railhead of Ivanpah, California on the Santa Fe.

To bring the borax out from this remote region, he tried to use an old steam tractor to haul the ore, but it was not suited for the harsh desert conditions and was quickly taken out of service. Smith then considered the idea of building a railroad from the nearest point possible on the Santa Fe, to connect the Lila C. to the most intermediate route to his refineries at Alameda, California and Bayonne, New Jersey. He had also hoped of extending the railroad towards Tonopah, Nevada, as during that time there was a great mining boom going on in the region, with gold and silver mines popping out from all over the area, and even as far south as Beatty, Nevada, Goldfield and Rhyolite, Nevada. On July 19, 1904, Francis Marion Smith had incorporated the Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad Company in New Jersey, with Smith as president, and his associates DeWitt Van Buskirk as vice-president, C.B. Zabriskie as secretary-treasurer, and John Ryan as superintendent and general manager.

After considering building his railroad from several locations including Manvel, California (now Barnwell), and Daggett, California, Francis Smith eventually ran into William A. Clark, Montana senator and head of the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, at Las Vegas, Nevada. Clark proposed to Smith that the T&T could be built out of Las Vegas, as the quickest and most direct way to the borax mine and Tonopah goldfields. Smith reacted enthusiastically to Clark's proposal, and he agreed. However, Clark himself was considering building a railroad to Tonopah, and allowing a direct competitor to build right in his way put Clark in a very awkward position.

Beginnings
In 1905, Francis Marion Smith immediately sent crews out to Las Vegas to begin construction of the Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad. Grading was started on May 29, and by mid-July, about 12 mi of roadbed was graded. William Clark had tried constantly to discourage Smith from building his railroad, from raising rates for construction materials to consolidating the Nevada Rapid Transist Company and building an auto road from Las Vegas to Beatty. The sharpest point in the barb poked in Smith's side, was when he was openly denied by LA&SL railroad officials to allow the T&T grade to connect to their main line. Smith tried to get in contact with Clark to figure out what was going on, but Clark had completely evaded Smith by hiding out in Paris. There, Clark had come up with the idea of building his own railroad to the Nevada goldfields, which would come to be known as the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad.

Despite Smith's disappointment, he held no resentment for Clark, and instead went to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad to propose they use their stop at Ludlow, California as the T&T's new terminus. This was the perfect get-back at Clark's double-cross, for Clark and the Santa Fe were in direct competition to one another. Plus, building north of Ludlow would bring about more business opportunities for the T&T to profit off of, as there were plenty of mines in the area where the Tonopah & Tidewater was planned to be built. The biggest drawback however, was that the railroad would be twice as long as it would've been if they built out of Las Vegas, about 200 mi distance.

Francis Smith sold all of his Las Vegas railroad work, graded roadbed, property and supplies to Clark, and moved immediately to Ludlow and started building the T&T with new construction material provided by the Santa Fe. Starting construction in November, it soon got too hot for the railroad workers during the summer months. Water was the hardest to provide, but plenty of meat was made available by the butchers located in Daggett. The T&T construction crews eventually reached Crucero, California by 1906, where they had to cross over the mainline of the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. An agreement was written by the T&T and the LA&SL to use Crucero as an interchange and crossover point between the two railroads, but it did not entirely suit either party. They eventually came to a mutual agreement, and the T&T construction crews pushed further north.

The hardest part of building the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad was going through the Amargosa Canyon. It took several thousand head of mules and men to blast their way through the canyon, and took nearly three years to get to the other end where Tecopa, California now stands. The Tonopah and Tidewater reached Death Valley Junction, California by 1907, the closest point to the Lila C. borax mine. Here, a branch line was built to the mine and trains immediately started transporting the borax to the Santa Fe. The last spike was hammered into place at Gold Center, Nevada with no celebration, as the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad had already beat the T&T to Goldfield, and the financial panic of 1907 was severely crippling the operations of the gold mines.

Nevertheless, the Tonopah and Tidewater was in a better position to be more profitable than the Las Vegas and Tonopah, and in 1908 merged with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad to reach Goldfield, also connecting to Tonopah by way of the Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad. The T&T's rates were cut shorter than the LV&T, and passengers preferred the shorter route of the T&T over the LV&T as it was 100 mi shorter than it took to get to Los Angeles by the former. By the time World War I broke out, the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad was in a bad state. The United States Railroad Administration took over the T&T and the LV&T as with all the nation's railroads, but deemed the latter as an unnecessary route and had the LV&T taken up for scrap in 1918.

The Lila C. mines eventually ran dry by 1913, and the T&T filed to extend their branchline to the new mines at Ryan, California (formerly Devar). However, with their mounting debt of over $4.4 million they were denied to do so by the ICC, and instead Pacific Coast Borax organized a new railroad, the 3 ft-gauge Death Valley Railroad, to haul the ore from Ryan to the T&T at Death Valley Junction.

Decline
By 1927, Pacific Coast Borax Company had moved their mining operations to Boron, located 80 mi away from Death Valley. The Tonopah and Tidewater had to resort to hauling lead from Tecopa, feldspar and clay from Bradford Siding, north of Death Valley Junction, along with gypsum, talc and general goods. Without the borax mine however, the T&T only showed profit for about 4 years before finances dropped sharply. The Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad was abandoned by 1928, severing the T&T's rail link with Goldfield and Tonopah, forcing the railroad to cut back its tracks to Beatty.

The T&T tried to campaign tourism to Death Valley in an effort to stay alive. The railroad campaigned with the Union Pacific to have a Pullman sleeper service run from Los Angeles, interchange with the T&T at Crucero, and be hauled as far as Death Valley Junction, where guests could explore the valley and stay at exquisite hotels such as the Furnace Creek Inn and the Death Valley View Hotel at Ryan, by way of the Death Valley Railroad. The Great Depression severely crippled the tourist trade for the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, and people began to use automobiles to get to and from the valley. It was soon becoming evident that the T&T was losing too much money to keep itself afloat, maintenance costs skyrocketed due to the many floods that plagued the right-of-way in several places. By 1938, the "Tired and Tardy" as the railroad was known by then, was over $5 million in debt.

Abandonment filings with the Interstate Commerce Commission were applied by the T&T as early as 1938. Many protests were made by the local businesses that relied on the T&T for their very existence, but the ICC eventually approved of the applications for abandonment by 1940. The railroad was laid in submission for a time in hopes of reopening to better traffic, but when the United States entered World War II in 1941, all of the T&T's rails and equipment were requisitioned by the War Department for use in Europe. It took nearly a year for Sharp and Fellows, Inc. to remove the entire railway between Ludlow and Beatty, leaving but the old trackbed behind, and a few ties in the lonely desert. Much of the salvageable wood from ties and bridges were used to build a few structures, most notably the Apple Valley Inn located at Apple Valley and the El Rancho Motel in Barstow. A few buildings in Tecopa, California, along with the facilities for the hot springs, were also built from old T&T railroad ties. Many of them built by Harry Rosenberg Sr., who was the section gang foreman for the railroad from 1927 till abandonment in 1943.

Other than that, only a boxcar #129, flatcar #205, caboose #402, parts of coach chair car #30 (car itself scrapped 2022), outfit diner car #506 (formerly coach #20), a handcar and a gas-driven railcar #99 still exist. Whatever else that remains of the once-great desert railroad is now scattered across many museums and private collections located in the Mojave Desert and around the world.

Museum
A Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad Historical Society was formed in 2015 with the intent of preserving the history of the old desert railroad, and to build a HO Scale layout of it running between Ludlow, California and Death Valley Junction. The museum was formerly based in the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel located in Death Valley Junction, California, but has since moved to Goldfield, Nevada. The model railroad is currently not operating and a proper location to host it is being searched for.

Locomotives
The Tonopah and Tidewater had a maximum of 16 locomotives, 10 steam locomotives and one gas-driven railcar, and 6 steam engines added into the roster when it merged with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad in 1908.

 * Sharp & Fellows #7, an ALCO-Dickson 2-6-2 steam locomotive, was brought over to the T&T by Sharp and Fellows, Inc. to aid with the taking up of rails between Beatty, Nevada and Ludlow, California in 1943. It has been preserved and is on display at the Travel Town Museum in Los Angeles, California.

Locomotives inherited from the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad
These locomotives became possession of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad in 1908, upon merging with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad. The BGRR was later sold to the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad in 1914, then back to the T&T after abandonment of the LV&T in 1918. The BGRR was abandoned in 1928.

Rolling stock
Much of the T&T's rolling stock consisted of second-hand boxcars dating back to the 1880s and 1890s, most of them were acquired from the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad by way of railroad surplus dealer Fitzhugh-Luther Co. Freight on the line was hauled mostly in cars loaned from other railroads for faster transfer and shipment.

The T&T had some 2-axle trucked Pullman passenger cars bought new, and a few old wood-bodied passenger cars with end balconies built back in the 1890s. Some were eventually converted to work outfit cars or combine cars. The T&T would often hook a passenger car on their trains to serve as a passenger-carrying vehicle for both northbound and southbound trains. Despite this, the T&T did also have a few cabooses which were used on occasion with some of their trains.

Route
Many stops along the railroad were named for associates of Francis Marion Smith Part of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad's route runs through the Death Valley National Park, and certain sections of it have been made into hiking trails for tourists. Other parts of the route are easily accessible to offroaders, and much of the former railroad bed parallels California State Route 127 between Baker and Death Valley Junction, California.

 * Ludlow (MP 0.0), (interchange with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, location of the T&T's headquarters and locomotive repair facilities)
 * Broadwell (MP 12.68)
 * Mesquite (MP 21.49)
 * Crucero, California (MP 25.68), (interchange with the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad, later Union Pacific Railroad.)
 * Rasor (MP 29.38), named for Clarence Rasor, Smith's employee. This area is privately owned within a remote public use area, the Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area.
 * Soda Lake (MP 33.34), later renamed Zzyzx
 * Baker (MP 41.82), formerly Berry, renamed for Richard C. Baker, Smith's business associate
 * Silver Lake (MP 49.50)
 * Talc (MP 56)
 * Riggs (MP 59.47), formerly named Alta.
 * Lore (MP 60)
 * Valjean (MP 65.11)
 * Dumont (MP 74.40), named after Harry Dumont who ran the company's San Francisco office.
 * Sperry (MP 78.84), named after Smith's niece Charlotte Grace Sperry
 * Acme (MP 82.97), formerly named Morrison.
 * Tecopa (MP 87.67), junction point with the Tecopa Railroad.
 * Zabriskie (MP 91.74), named for Christian Brevoort Zabriskie, superintendent at Columbus Marsh later in charge of New York operations.
 * Shoshone (MP 96.95)
 * Fitrol Spur (MP 97-98)
 * Gerstley (MP 101.26), named for James Gerstley, Smith's business partner and later U.S. Borax President from 1950-1961.
 * Jay (MP 106.00)
 * Death Valley Junction (MP 122.01), junction for the Lila C. Branch (1907–1915) and interchange with the narrow gauge Death Valley Railroad
 * Bradford Siding (MP 128.01), spur line went to clay pits from here.
 * Muck (MP 131)
 * Jenifer (MP 139.44), named for Frank Morgan Jenifer, president of the railroad.
 * Leeland (MP 144.51)
 * Ashton (MP 154.98)
 * Carrara (MP 160.55), junction point with a cable tramway that went to a stone quarry, built by the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad.
 * Post (MP 166), later renamed Weslead.
 * Gold Center (MP 166.0), connection made here with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad heading up north to Beatty.
 * Beatty Junction (MP 169.07), junction point with the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad.
 * Beatty (MP 169.07), end track for the T&T and its facilities were joint owned with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad and the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad.

The following stops below are listed from the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad as part of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad's route between Beatty and Bonnie Claire, Nevada. In operation from 1908 until 1927.

Also includes part of the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad, when it and the Bullfrog Goldfield merged in 1914, and had to cut off half of their routes and join together as there was not enough traffic to keep both routes going at the same time.
 * Bullfrog (MP 170.18)
 * Rhyolite (MP 171.58), the T&T reached here by way of the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad by way of a branchline out of Beatty, Nevada.
 * Wiggers (MP 172.49)
 * Rider or Ryders (MP 173)
 * Hot Springs (MP 174.49)
 * Silica (MP 178)
 * Springdale (MP 179.39)
 * Tolicha (MP 186)
 * Ancram (MP 188.59)
 * Jacksonville (MP 193.19)
 * Merger Mine (MP 194)
 * Bonnie Claire (Thorp/Thorp's Wells) (MP 206.59), here the line deviated over the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad route after the reroute made to the tracks in 1914. All railroad points below are ex-LV&T stops used by the T&T and the BG after 1914.
 * Wagner (MP 218.59)
 * Stonewall (MP 227.17)
 * Cuprite (MP 227.99)
 * Silica (MP 229)
 * Ralston (MP 231.47)
 * Stella (MP 233.69)
 * Keith (MP 240.19)
 * Milltown (MP 241.19)
 * Bullfrog Junction (MP 241.59), junction point for the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad and the Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad.
 * Goldfield (MP 242.69), originally a station of the Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad, also joint operated with the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad. The T&T had an agency here until 1914 when it was rerouted over the LV&T tracks to their station and yard in Goldfield.

In popular culture

 * A song about the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, with the same name as the railroad itself, was written by late songwriter Ken Graydon. It has also been sung by music artists, Walt Richards and Paula Strong for their "Trails & Rails" album. It is currently available for listening on YouTube.
 * The Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad has also made a few appearances in film, in the 1909 documentary "Trip to Death Valley," Wallace Beery's 20 Mule Team Movie in 1940, and made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Rifleman, "Grasshopper." An episode of Death Valley Days, "The Rose of Rhyolite", was based on a real incident that happened on the railroad, though the T&T itself was not used in the episode, having been taken up long before filming began.
 * For the avid HO scale railroad modeler, Central Valley Model Works and MDC-Roundhouse offered some boxcar kits to model ones like those that ran on the T&T. Roundhouse has also made some Pullman Palace cars with the option to letter them "Tonopah & Tidewater," along with the other railroads the decals come with from the factory. The Narrow Gauge & Shortline Gazette have published several diagrams of T&T locomotives, Nos. 4 through 10 and railcar #99, for anyone who would want to kitbash a model of them.

title: Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad


text:
Talk:E20 Fuel

Redirect?
I think that this article probably shouldn't exist, unless there's a lot more to say about it. It should probably be a redirect to Common alcohol fuel mixtures. However, I've stubbed it instead, in order to provide a chance for someone to add more relevant information. Andrew Rodland 01:02, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:E20 Fuel


text:
Stacey Kent

Stacey Kent (born March 27, 1965) is an American jazz singer from South Orange, New Jersey.

Kent was nominated for a Grammy Award and was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Minister of Culture in 2009. She is married to saxophonist and composer Jim Tomlinson, who produces Kent's albums and writes songs for her with his lyricist partner, novelist Kazuo Ishiguro.

Early life and education
Kent was born in South Orange, New Jersey. Her paternal grandfather was Russian and grew up in France. After graduating from Sarah Lawrence College, she traveled to England to study music at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, where she met saxophonist Jim Tomlinson, whom she married on August 9, 1991. Kent also attended Middlebury College Language Schools in Middlebury, VT for 8 summers, enrolled in the Italian, German, Portuguese and French programs.

Career
Kent began her professional career in the 1990s, singing at Café Bohème in London's Soho. After two or three years, she began opening for established acts at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. In 1995, she appeared in Richard Loncraine's film Richard III (starring Ian McKellen), singing "Come Live with Me and Be My Love" (composed by Trevor Jones) at the Grand Ball celebrating the Yorkist triumph in the Wars of the Roses. Her first album, Close Your Eyes, was released in 1997.

Novelist Kazuo Ishiguro wrote the liner notes to Kent's 2002 album, In Love Again. Ishiguro met Kent after he chose her recording of "They Can't Take That Away from Me" as one of his Desert Island Discs in 2002. In 2006, Tomlinson and Ishiguro began to write songs for her. Ishiguro has said of his lyric writing that "with an intimate, confiding, first-person song, the meaning must not be self-sufficient on the page. It has to be oblique, sometimes you have to read between the lines" and that this realization has had an "enormous influence" on his fiction writing.

Tomlinson and Ishiguro co-wrote four songs on the album Breakfast on the Morning Tram. The first of their songs, "The Ice Hotel", won first prize in the International Songwriting Competition in April 2008. Kent recorded several more Tomlinson/Ishiguro songs on Dreamer In Concert, The Changing Lights, and I Know I Dream: The Orchestral Sessions.

Tomlinson and Ishiguro subsequently wrote songs for her albums Dreamer, The Changing Lights and I Know I Dream, and continue to write for her.

Popular success

Kent's album The Boy Next Door achieved Gold album status in France in September 2006. Breakfast on the Morning Tram (2007) achieved Platinum album status in France in November 2007 and Double Gold status in Germany in February 2008. Raconte-moi... was recorded in French and achieved Gold status in both France and Germany and became the second best selling French-language album worldwide in 2010.

Dreamer In Concert (2011) was recorded in May, 2011 at La Cigale in Paris. It includes three songs previously unrecorded by Kent: "Waters of March" by Antônio Carlos Jobim, "Postcard Lovers" by Jim Tomlinson with lyrics by Kazuo Ishiguro, and "O Comboio" by Portuguese poet António Ladeira.

In 2013, Kent released The Changing Lights, a Brazilian-tinged album, covering bossa nova classics such as Jobim's "How Insensitive" and again collaborating with Tomlinson and Ishiguro. In 2014, she left Warner Bros. and signed with Sony. Sony released Tenderly, an album of standards with Roberto Menescal, one of the founders of bossa nova. She met Menescal in Brazil in 2011 at the 80th birthday celebration of the Christ the Redeemer statue. They discovered they were fans of each other's work and collaborated on an album of standards inspired by Menescal's admiration for the duo of Julie London and Barney Kessel.

In 2014, Marcos Valle invited her to tour in celebration of the 50th anniversary of his career. They recorded the album Ao Vivo and a DVD that was recorded live at the Birdland club in New York City and the Blue Note in Tokyo.

In 2017, Kent recorded her next album for Sony, I Know I Dream: The Orchestral Sessions, her first album with an orchestra, comprising 58 musicians with arrangements by Tommy Laurence, with music from the Great American Songbook, French chansons, songs by Edu Lobo, Jobim, Tomlinson, Ishiguro, Ladeira and his songwriting partner, Cliff Goldmacher from Nashville. Tomlinson and Goldmacher wrote the title song.

In 2020, Kent released a series of singles and EPs, including "Christmas in the Rockies", "Three Little Birds", "Lovely Day", "Landslide", "I Wish I Could Go Travelling Again", "Bonita" and "Craigie Burn" as a duet with her longtime pianist Art Hirahara. Several of these singles become part of an album released in October 2021, "Songs From Other Places", for which Kent won Best Vocal Performance at the Jazz Music Awards in Atlanta, Georgia in October 2022.

Kent has sold more than 2 million albums worldwide and over 400 million streams.

Awards and honors

 * British Jazz Award, 2001
 * BBC Jazz Award, Best Vocalist, 2002
 * Backstage Bistro Award, 2004
 * BBC Jazz Award, Album of the Year, The Lyric, 2006
 * Grammy Award nomination, Best Vocal Jazz Album, Breakfast on the Morning Tram, 2009
 * Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, 2009
 * Jazz Japan Award for 'Best Vocal Album', I Know I Dream, 2018
 * Winner of 'Best Vocal Performance' at the Jazz Music Awards for Songs From Other Places, 2022
 * Winner of 'Prix Ella Fitzgerald' at the Montreal International Jazz Festival, 2023
 * Award "La Granada del Festival de Jazz”, Granada International Jazz Festival, 2023

Discography

 * Stacey Kent Sings (July 1995, possible demo recording)
 * Close Your Eyes (Candid, 1997)
 * Love Is...The Tender Trap (Candid, 1998)
 * Let Yourself Go: Celebrating Fred Astaire (Candid, 1999)
 * Dreamsville (Candid, 2000)
 * In Love Again: The Music of Richard Rodgers (Candid, 2002)
 * The Boy Next Door (Candid, 2003)
 * The Lyric, Stacey Kent with Jim Tomlinson (Token, 2006)
 * Breakfast on the Morning Tram (EMI/Blue Note, 2007)
 * Raconte-moi... (EMI/Blue Note, 2010)
 * Dreamer In Concert (EMI/Blue Note, 2011)
 * The Changing Lights (EMI/Blue Note/Warner, 2013)
 * Tenderly (Sony/Okeh, 2015)
 * I Know I Dream: The Orchestral Sessions (Sony/Okeh, 2017)
 * Christmas in the Rockies (Candid/Token, 2020) 2020)
 * Songs from Other Places (Believe/Candid/Token, 2021),
 * Summer Me, Winter Me (Naïve Records, 2023)

Singles

 * Three Little Birds (Single, Exceleration/Token 2020)
 * Lovely Day (Single, Exceleration/Token 2021)
 * I Wish I Could Go Travelling Again (Single, from "Songs From Other Places" series. Exceleration/Token 2021)
 * Landslide (Single, from "Songs From Other Places" series. Exceleration/Token 2021)
 * Bonita (Single, from "Songs From Other Places" series. Exceleration/Token 2021)
 * Craigie Burn (Single, from "Songs From Other Places" series. Exceleration/Token 2021)
 * American Tune (Single, from "Songs From Other Places" series. Exceleration/Token 2021)

As featured vocalist

 * Eau Calme with enzo enzo (2020) - 1 song
 * Frenchy with Thomas Dutronc (Sony, 2019) - 1 song
 * Danilo Caymmi Canta Jobim with Danilo Caymmi (Sony, 2013) - 1 song
 * Ao Vivo DVD with Marcos Valle (Sony, 2015) - full DVD
 * Ao Vivo with Marcos Valle (Sony, 2013) - full album
 * Brazil with Quatuor Ébène, Bernard Lavilliers (Erato/Warner, 2014) - 6 songs
 * Fiction with Quatuor Ébène, (Erato/Warner, 2012) - 1 song
 * Jan Lundgren Trio Plays the Music of Victor Young with Jan Lundgren Trio, (Sittel, 2001) - 3 songs

title: Stacey Kent


text:
Order of Good Cheer

The Order of Good Cheer (French: L'Ordre de Bon Temps) was originally a French Colonial order founded in 1606 by suggestion of Samuel de Champlain. A contemporary order awarded by the Province of Nova Scotia bears the same name in continuance of the original order.

Original order in New France
Upon arrival in New France, present day Canada. The Order of Good Cheer was founded at the habitation of Port-Royal and was originally chartered under the royal auspices of the Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just and Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The Order's practices were established by the first Chief Steward Marc Lescarbot.

It was after an impossible winter at Ste. Croix Island (on the Atlantic coast of Maine near the present Canada-US border) where many of the first French settlers in North America died of scurvy that the French fur trading colony relocated across the Baie Française (Bay of Fundy) to present-day Nova Scotia, settling the following year in a location they named Port-Royal.

At the time it was believed that "land sickness" (now known as scurvy) was caused by idleness, so Champlain organized the Order to include not just food, but also entertainment. The first meeting, which took place on November 14, 1606, included a theatrical performance called "Le Theatre de Neptune en la Nouvelle-France" ("Neptune's Theatre in New France"). The play pictures Neptune, god of the sea, with a troupe of other divines holding forth about the perils of the sea and the bounty of the New World.

The Baron de Poutrincourt, Intendant to the King of France in North America, had been on an expedition back along the coast of present-day Maine, and, on the occasion of his return to the fort at Port-Royal, the Order was founded at a glorious reception, the preparations for which reportedly involved all those remaining at Port-Royal.

His return on the 14th of November, 1606, is a date to remember in the annals of the New World, as the establishment of the first North American order of chivalry and the birth of the Nouveau Noblesse of New France. The feasting of the Order occurred weekly and continued throughout the winter until the last of March, only to recommence annually in the Fall.

The first toast of the Order made by the Baron de Poutrincourt:

"We meet tonight to witness an event that will, I pray, go ringing down the years as marking the sure founding of the Order, which God and France shall ever serve as beacon to our goal."

Quoting Lescarbot, the French historian François-Edme Rameau de Saint-Père writes: "Poutrincourt returned from his excursion on the 14th November, 1606; Lescarbot, who was always full of ideas, and who knew, no doubt, the useful part to be obtained by exterior demonstrations, foresaw to prepare for his honor a quasi- triumphal return from his voyage; Nature itself has already furnished the principal initiative, and advantage of it had been taken, everywhere were decorations and garlands of natural green; a magnificent forest hid the rusticity of wooden buildings and huts; even a theatre was built where allegoric scenes were represented; there was a feast, a discharge of musketry, and as much noise as could be made by some fifty men, joined by a few Indians, whose families served as spectators."

In 1606, there were fewer than 70 men at Port-Royal. Lescarbot states that, in total, about 50 Frenchmen, joined by indigenous people, participated in the welcoming home of Poutrincourt and the first gathering of the Order. However only fifteen men of birth are recognized as founding the Order. These would have been the only men present at the time of sufficient social standing with whom Champlain and the Baron de Poutrincourt would care to dine. The guests of the Order likely sat at other tables, probably getting equally good dinners as the rest, but without being recognized as official members of the Order.

Likely everyone at the settlement took part in the staging of "Le Théâtre de Neptune en la Nouvelle-France," written by Lescarbot and performed at the first celebration Order, which was the first European theatrical performance in North America.

Founding Chevaliers
The founding Chevaliers of the Order were those who normally dined at Sieur Poutrincourt's table. The main table of Poutrincourt, in the great hall of the fort was reserved for fifteen gentlemen of birth who are credited as the founding Matries d'Hotel or members of the Order and were known as The Nevoux Noblise of New France.

According to official documents, Baron Poutrincourt was, no doubt, the Grand Knight of the Order, followed by Champlain, Lescarbot, Louis Hébert, Charles de Biencourt, Claude de La Tour, Charles de La Tour, Daniel Hay, Champdore, leaving six unknown, but the records note that Sagamore Membertou was always treated as their equal; it is quite certain he was at that table, leaving five to be accounted for, if documents to that effect can be found.

Lescarbot's account of the Order is best translated in Murdoch's (v. 1, p 34), in which is described the gathering of the Order: "There were 15 guests (at Poutrincourt's table), each of whom in his turn, became steward and caterer of the day. At the dinner, the steward, with napkin on shoulder, staff of office in hand, and the collar of the order round his neck, led the van. The other guests in procession followed, each bearing a dish. After grace in the evening, he resigned the insignia to his successor, and they drank to each other in a cup of wine. It was the steward's duty, to look to supplies, and he would go hunt or fish a day or two before his turn came, and add some dainty to the ordinary fare. During the winter they had fowl and game in abundance, supplied by the Indians and by their own exertions. These feasts were often attended by Indians of all ages and both sexes, sometimes twenty or thirty being present. The Sagamore, or chief, Membertou, the greatest Sagamore of the land, and other chiefs, when there, were treated as guests and equals."

Champlain's account of the Order: "We spent this winter very joyously and of good times, due to the L'Ordre de Bon Temps that I established here, which each person finds useful for their health and more beneficial than any sort of medicine that we could have used. The Order was presented as a Chain of office that we placed with some small ceremony, at the neck of one of our people, charging him that day with going hunting; the next day we gave it to another and thus consequently: all who wished to try would do their best and bring the most beautiful hunt: We don't find it half bad, as well as the Indians who were with us. (Voyages of Champlain: 1613)"

Description of the order of Good Cheer: "The first winters of the French in Acadie were very painful and cost the life of several men. One has to only think of the first winter in the Sainte-Croix Island in 1604-1605 when more than thirty men of the company died from scurvy. The winters in Port-Royal were less rigorous, but nonetheless long and dull."

To brighten the atmosphere and foster the esprit de corps amongst the sieur de Poutrincourt, lord of Port-Royal's staff members, Samuel de Champlain had the idea to create "the order of Good-Cheer" during the winter 1606-1607. In turn, the members of the small elite of Port-Royal were to prepare a gastronomical meal for their fellow-members, with the fruit of their hunting and fishing in the rich Acadian natural environment plentiful with game and fish of various kinds. From time to time, the sagamo Membertou and its close relations were also invited to share the feast during which the person in charge of the eve entered ceremoniously in the main room of the Habitation wearing around his neck the collar of the Order that he would tend to the future host of the next evening. In the current rebuilt Habitation, today a national historical place of Canada, one can easily imagine the atmosphere of these evenings. The government of the province of Nova Scotia reestablished the order of the Good Cheer and it is possible to become join it. (H.P. Biggar in The Works of Samuel de Champlain)

A certificate giving honorary membership in the Order can be obtained at some of Nova Scotia's tourism offices. One site that does this and is readily available to visitors from cruise ships is the main building on the Halifax dock.

Revival
On May 11, 2001, the Speaker of the House in Nova Scotia, Canada, the Hon. Murray Scott reaffirmed official recognition of the order in Canada as grant of the province under the custodianship of the Nova Scotia Ministry of Heritage. According to resolution 1111, the minimum condition of membership to the order is that a pledge to visit Nova Scotia must be made. The order is generally presented in recognition of individuals valued by the Province of Nova Scotia or in honour of the Acadian tradition in Canada.

One becomes a member of the Order of Good Cheer by receiving an invitation from the Province of Nova Scotia or by a chevalier / member of the order.

title: Order of Good Cheer


text:
2006 United States Senate election in Minnesota

The 2006 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Senator Mark Dayton announced in February 2005 that he would retire instead of seeking a second term. Fellow Democrat Amy Klobuchar won the open seat by 20.2 percentage points. Primary elections took place on September 12, 2006.

Candidates

 * Amy Klobuchar, Hennepin County Attorney
 * Darryl Stanton, businessman

Withdrew

 * Patty Wetterling, children's safety advocate and candidate for U.S. House in 2004

Campaign
Klobuchar gained the early endorsement of the majority of DFL state legislators in Minnesota. A poll taken of DFL state delegates showed Klobuchar beating her then closest opponent, Patty Wetterling, 66% to 15%. As of June 30, 2005, Klobuchar had more cash on hand than any other candidate, nearly $1,100,000.

Klobuchar was endorsed by EMILY's List on September 29, 2005. On January 20, 2006, Wetterling dropped out of the race and endorsed Klobuchar.

Former Senate candidate and prominent lawyer Mike Ciresi, who was widely seen as the only other serious potential DFL candidate, indicated on February 7, 2006 that he would not enter the race. That removal of her most significant potential competitor for the DFL nomination was viewed as an important boost for Klobuchar.

The only other serious candidate for the DFL endorsement was veterinarian Ford Bell. Bell, a staunch liberal, ran on a platform of implementing single-payer healthcare and immediate withdrawal from Iraq. Klobuchar won the official DFL endorsement on June 9, 2006. Bell dropped out of the race on July 10, citing inability to compete financially, and also endorsed Klobuchar.

Candidates

 * Mark Kennedy, U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 6th congressional district
 * Harold Shudlick, military veteran
 * John Ulrich, military veteran

Campaign
Kennedy had faced potential challenges from former U.S. Senator Rod Grams, as well as U.S. Representative Gil Gutknecht, but both men were persuaded by national GOP leaders to run for the House instead. (Grams lost to Representative Jim Oberstar, while Gutknecht lost his reelection bid to Tim Walz.)

Candidates

 * Miles W. Collins
 * Robert Fitzgerald, public-access television executive
 * Stephen Williams, salesman

Major

 * Robert Fitzgerald (IPM), public-access television cable TV show director
 * Mark Kennedy (R), U.S. Congressman
 * Amy Klobuchar (D), Hennepin County Attorney

Minor

 * Michael Cavlan (G), nurse and independent journalist
 * Peter Idusogie (I), businessman (write-in)
 * Ben Powers (C), quality control technician

Campaign

Kennedy's routine support of President George W. Bush in House votes appeared to be a central issue for Democrats in the campaign. In June 2006, allegations were made that many references to and photos of Bush had been removed from Kennedy's official U.S. House website. In rebuttal, Republicans said that there were 72 references to Bush on the website and that the changes noted by critics had been made some time ago, as part of the normal updating process. Ben Powers was the only ballot-qualified candidate not invited to appear on Minnesota Public Television's Almanac program, despite Powers's offer to fill the space left unfilled by Klobuchar's decision not to appear with Kennedy and Fitzgerald on the program. Green candidate Michael Cavlan appeared on the program twice during the campaign as a special guest.

Debates

 * Complete video of debate, September 19, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 15, 2006
 * Complete video of debate, October 29, 2006

Polling
After the release of the Star Tribune poll on September 17, 2006, showing Klobuchar ahead by 24%, Kennedy's campaign issued a statement from Joe Pally, the campaign's communications director. He claimed that the margin was exaggerated because of bias by the Star Tribune and that the poll was "clearly more about discouraging Kennedy supporters than on reflecting the true status of one of the most closely contested Senate races in the country." This press release came in the wake of news that the Republican party was scaling back funding for Kennedy's election campaign to shore up campaigns in states seen as winnable. Kennedy's campaign frequently accused the Star Tribune of bias in favor of Klobuchar, whose father was an editorial columnist and sportswriter for the paper until his retirement. A subsequent poll by Rasmussen Reports showed a similar lead for Klobuchar, and the St. Paul Pioneer Press also showed Klobuchar with a 15% lead in September. Klobuchar won the November 7 election by more than 20 percentage points.

Results
The race was, as expected, not close, with Klobuchar winning decisively. She did well in major cities, such as Minneapolis and St. Paul, while Kennedy did well only in smaller, less populated counties. The turnout was high, although not unusual for Minnesota, one of the highest voter turnout states. Official turnout came in at 70.64%.

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Morrison (largest city: Little Falls)
 * Todd (largest city: Long Prairie)
 * Faribault (largest city: Blue Earth)
 * Nobles (largest city: Worthington)
 * Martin (largest city: Fairmont)
 * Cottonwood (largest city: Windom)
 * Dodge (largest city: Kasson)
 * Murray (largest city: Slayton)
 * Brown (largest city: New Ulm)
 * McLeod (largest city: Hutchinson)
 * Meeker (largest city: Litchfield)
 * Sibley (largest city: Gaylord)
 * Benton (largest city: Sauk Rapids)
 * Isanti (largest city: Cambridge)
 * Chisago (largest city: North Branch)
 * Mille Lacs (largest city: Princeton)
 * Kanabec (largest city: Mora)
 * Lake of the Woods (largest city: Baudette)
 * Roseau (largest city: Roseau)
 * Clearwater (largest city: Bagley)
 * Becker (largest city: Detroit Lakes)
 * Douglas (largest city: Alexandria)
 * Cass (largest city: Lake Shore)
 * Crow Wing (largest city: Brainerd)
 * Hubbard (largest city: Park Rapids)
 * Stearns (largest city: St. Cloud)
 * Wilkin, (largest city: Breckenridge)
 * Houston (largest city: La Crescent)
 * Anoka (largest city: Blaine)
 * Dakota (largest city: Hastings)
 * Scott (largest city: Shakopee)
 * Washington (largest city: Stillwater)
 * Carver (largest city: Chaska)
 * Wabasha (largest city: Lake City)
 * Goodhue (largest city: Red Wing)
 * Le Sueur (largest city: Le Sueur)
 * Waseca (largest city: Waseca)
 * Steele (largest city: Owatonna)
 * Olmsted (largest city: Rochester)


text:
File:NightbeastsCat.JPG

Picture of NightBeAsT's cat.

title: File:NightbeastsCat.JPG


text:
Federal Group

Federal Group is a privately owned family company which operates tourism, hospitality, retail, and a national sensitive freight company but is primarily known for their casino and gaming assets in Tasmania which is described as "a licence to print money". In the past the company has been known as both "Federal Hotels" or "Federal Hotels and Resorts".

The Federal Group is owned and operated by the Farrell family, consisting of Greg Farrell (managing director), John Farrell (director of business development), Julia Farrell (director of interior design), Deborah Lee (née Farrell; board member) and Jane Farrell (board member).

Federal Coffee Palace
Federal is the oldest continually operating hotel group in Australia. Its origins can be traced to Melbourne in the 1880s.

In June 1885, a company named The Federal Coffee Palace Company Limited built an elegant temperance establishment (‘Coffee Palace’) to coincide with the 1888 Centennial Exhibition. Seven stories high, it was the tallest building in Melbourne. It had 450 bedrooms and the largest dining room in Australia.

During the Depression of the late 1880s and early 1890s, the Coffee Palace lost significant amounts of money. This prompted its directors to obtain a liquor licence in order to attract more profitable clientele. The original coffee palace was renamed the Hotel Federal and it went on to become the cornerstone of what is now Federal Group.

Over the next few decades Federal operated several hotels, including The Menzies, Savoy Plaza, The Windsor, Hotel Australia, Lennons Hotel in Brisbane and Hampton Court in Sydney.

Australia's first casino
In 1956, Federal bought its first Tasmanian business – the Wrest Point Riviera Hotel in Sandy Bay, Hobart.

During the late 1960s Federal initiated discussions with the Tasmanian Government about granting the Wrest Point Riviera Hotel Australia's first casino licence. The casino was initially conceived to address the seasonal nature of Tasmania’s tourism industry, designed to be an attraction that would entice visitors to the state all year round.

In a referendum held on 14 December 1968, Tasmanian voters were asked the following question: “Are you in favour of the granting of a casino licence to Wrest Point Hotel conditional on the proposed development of that hotel?”. In spite of having a referendum planned, the Government managed to obtain sufficient votes on the floor of the parliament. They therefore decided to ignore the referendum, and hold the vote prior to the referendum, and the bill was passed as law. This process was also mired in allegations of corruption and bribery, especially with regards to Kevin Lyons, who held the balance of power.

By a slim 6% majority, the establishment of a casino in Hobart was accepted and the Wrest Point Casino Licence and Development Act of 1968 was passed.

On 10 February 1973 Australia’s first legal casino opened with great spectacle. The event featured the largest fireworks display ever seen in the country, and was televised through the Channel 7 network. American entertainer Jerry Lewis was the main guest artist.

The initial response to the casino exceeded expectations. More than 2,000 people visited the casino on the first Sunday it opened. The hotel was booked out for the first 3 months.

However, the reality of the casino soon set in. While it was initially supposed to be an entertainment and convention centre with a small casino, the casino soon took over the building with many poker machines filling the complex. The restrictions around the casino and the presence of poker machines in the community were gradually lifted, until they were widespread. The expected boon to tourism also disappeared as the vast majority of the significant losses at the machines were Tasmanian residents.

Second casino licence
In 1979, Federal Group secured a second casino licence in Northern Tasmania. The Country Club Casino and Resort was opened in 1982 and the adjacent Country Club villas were acquired by the company some years later.

Architects modelled the style and interior design of Country Club on the stately homes of America’s south. Former Chairman Greg Farrell senior had always admired the simple lines of the US Embassy building in Canberra and believed that the Georgian style would work well in the rural landscape of Launceston.

The casino is now surrounded by suburbs and local neighbourhoods.

9/11 bottleshops
With the monopoly over the poker machines in the state and all the data of where the most profitable locations were, Federal Group then purchased the 9/11 chain of bottle shops in 2006 to attach to these locations. In February 2024, Coles Liquor reached an agreement to acquire all 20 of Federal Group's 9/11 stores. The stores were subsequently rebranded as Liquorland.

Controversy
In a 2017, book entitled "Losing Streak", the Tasmanian author James Boyce argues that the monopoly-licence granted to the Federal Hotels to operate poker machines in Tasmania has been at the expense of the best interests of the Tasmania public. The licence has meant that Federal Hotels have earned around $30 million for the past 30 years.

A parliamentary enquiry called for a significant reduction of machines, and changing the deal with Federal Group. It is estimated that clubs only take in 10-30% of all pokies losses, with the majority going to Federal Group, for which they pay a minimal amount to the government in taxes.

2018 election and potential pokie ban
In August 2017, Federal Group agreed to give up their monopoly on the poker machines, if in return they would receive a reduction in their taxes (which are already the lowest gambling taxes in Australia). The Liberal government also stated that they agree to the presence of the pokies but they will not necessarily grant those licences exclusively to Federal Group.

In December 2017 the Labor Party opposition under its new leader, Rebecca White, announced that if elected they would phase out all poker machines from pubs and clubs by 2023. The reasons cited were the health implications, and that Tasmanians could not afford to lose the more than $110 million it loses every year.

In response Federal Group attacked the plan as dangerous and that it would lead to job losses, and said they would stop donating to the Labor Party. The Liberal Party mostly fell in line with Federal Group, even using Federal Group's own promotional material to attack Labor. Over half of the Liberal Party's declared donations, over $400,000, for the election were given to them by gambling interests.

There has been wide spread support for the Labor policy. The Greens have been calling for the pokies ban for many years, and the Jacquie Lambie Network also coming out in support. Others in support include David Walsh, the owner of the MONA gallery, and major opponent of the pokies. Public opinion also strongly supports either a reduction or phasing out of pokies.

Former interests

 * Strahan Village
 * Freycinet Lodge
 * Cradle Mountain Hotel
 * Gordon River Cruises
 * West Coast Wilderness Railway

Tourist accommodation

 * Wrest Point Hotel Casino
 * Country Club Casino
 * The Henry Jones Art Hotel
 * Saffire-Freycinet
 * MACq01 Hotel (2017)

title: Federal Group


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title: File:Foetus Bedrock.jpg


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Mongolian armour

Mongolian armour has a long history. Mongol armour drew its influence from Chinese, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian styles. Most Mongolian armour was scale and lamellar made of hardened leather and iron, laced together onto a fabric backing, sometimes silk. Mail armour was also sometimes used, but was rare, probably due to its weight and difficulty to repair. Mongol archers demanded the armour be light enough so that when riding, it didn't interfere with their mobility.

It is also possible that the Mongol armour lacked mail and was generally lighter than its counterparts to the East and West because the nomadic habits of the Mongols were not conducive to the labour-intensive practices and permanent facilities necessary for making mail or large plates. Sometimes arm protection was removed so riders could draw their bow more easily.

Helmets were mostly iron, but leather and other materials were also used. Lamellar armour was also used by the countries that were affected by the invasion of the Mongols worldwide, including the Mongol conquest of China and the Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia and the Levant. This is especially shown by Timur, a Turco-Mongol warlord of the 15th century who used lamellar armour consistently with his cavalry and garbed himself and his men in Mongol armour.

Genghis Khan was once said to have issued all his horsemen with silk vests, as an arrow hitting silk does not break the silk but ends up embedding the arrow in the flesh wrapped in silk, allowing the arrow to be removed by gently teasing the silk open. This is opposed to removing barbed arrows by cutting them out or pushing them through and out the other side. These silk vests functioned much like the padded armour used by European and Byzantine soldiers of the same era such as the gambeson.

title: Mongolian armour


text:
Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia

Fairmont Hot Springs is an unincorporated resort community located in south-eastern British Columbia, Canada commonly referred to as Fairmont. The community had a reported population of 781 in the 2021 census, but the town receives frequent tourists. The local resort is centered around a soak pool and swimming pool fed by natural mineral hot springs. The original springs building, surrounded by hot spring water seeping out of the ground, still stands.

The community contains three golf courses: Mountainside and Riverside are 18-hole courses, while Creekside is a family-oriented 9-hole par 3. In the winter, the area is also home to a small downhill ski area, with three lifts (one triple chair, one magic carpet and one platter lift), 13 runs and a tube park, as well as numerous cross-country trails. Fairmont Hot Springs has a strip mall including a market, restaurants, and a gift shop. Fairmont Hot Springs is home to the Dutch Creek Hoodoos, which are sandstone cliffs (hoodoos) with hiking trails located next to Dutch Creek, a source of the Columbia River and formerly a salmon breeding stream. Fairmont provides the only road access to Columbia Lake Provincial Park, five kilometers south.

Fairmont Hot Springs Airport is located here. On July 15, 2012, a mudslide occurred in Fairmont Hot Springs. A small creek that runs throughout the town formed a natural dam and backup water built up. Several homes were evacuated along with a golf course and many people were airlifted to safety.

To the north are Invermere, Athalmer, Wilmer, Radium, Edgewater, and Golden. To the south are Canal Flats, Scookumchuck, Kimberley, and Cranbrook.

Fairmont Hot Springs Resort
Fairmont Hot Springs Resort is the biggest employer in Fairmont Hot Springs. The resort boasts a hotel, two campgrounds, 3 golf courses, a ski-hill, several hot springs swimming pools, a spa, water and sewer utility plants, 668 acres of undeveloped property and more.

On March 9, 2022 the CEO of Fairmont Hot Springs resort, Vivek Sharma, asked women attending the BC Tourism and Hospitality Conference to stand in honour of International Women's Day, then after a round of applause told them to "go clean some rooms and do some dishes." It was a week before he issued an unapologetic "apology" offering to learn how to make the industry a "safer place" for women.

Resort Ownership
1957: Lloyd and Earl Wilder, and a group of investors purchased the resort.

1965 - 2006: Lloyd Wilder becomes sole owner of the resort. The resort is managed by the Wilder family for many years.

Sept 2006 - June 2023: Ken Fowler Enterprises.

June 2023 - Present: Aldestra Hotel Group.

2021 Census
The 2021 census reported a population of 781 people. Fairmont experienced a 37% increase in population between 2016 and 2021- in 2016, the population was only 571. The average age of the population in 2021 was 52.3 years old- this is significantly older than the 2021 national average age of 41.7 years old. These statistics show the popularity of Fairmont as a retirement destination.

Only 50% of the private homes in Fairmont are permanently occupied. This is because Fairmont is a popular tourist destination where many of the houses are used as vacation homes or rented to seasonal staff.

title: Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia


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Conservation authority (Ontario)

A conservation authority is a local, community-based natural resource management agency based in Ontario, Canada. Conservation authorities represent groupings of municipalities on a watershed basis and work in partnership with other agencies to carry out natural resource management activities within their respective watersheds, on behalf of their member municipalities and the Province of Ontario.

The 1946 Conservation Authorities Act provides the means by which municipalities within a common watershed can petition the Province of Ontario to form a conservation authority for that watershed to undertake programs of natural resource management. Conservation authorities are established as corporate bodies under the Act. There are currently 36 conservation authorities in Ontario.

Conservation authorities are mandated to develop programs to further the conservation, restoration, development and management of Ontario's natural resources. They carry out programs in natural hazard management on behalf of the province and municipalities, and may also carry out other programs that serve municipal interests, such as nature education, land conservation and management, recreation programs, and research. Management programs generally occur in lands known as conservation areas, restoration areas or wilderness areas, though not all lands managed are necessarily designated as such.

Conservation authorities' primary responsibilities are in natural hazard management and environmental protection. While all conservation authorities carry out natural hazard management programs, their roles in environmental protection vary significantly because these are determined by local municipalities.

Structure
Each conservation authority is governed by a board of directors made up of representatives from its member municipalities. The number of representatives each municipality can have is determined by the Conservation Authorities Act based on its population within the watershed. Board members act on behalf of the municipalities they represent. Boards collectively determine the direction of authorities including the programs they will carry out and operational decisions throughout the year. For most matters, each member is entitled to one vote, and decisions are made by majority vote. For voting on non-matching levies (levies against municipalities which are not matched by the Province), voting is done using a weighted vote, where each municipality has the same share of the vote as the share of the budget that it pays, except that no municipality can have more than 50% of the vote. If a municipality pays more than 50% of the budget, its share of the vote is capped at 50% and the shares of other municipalities are increased proportionately.

Conservation authorities are administered by a General Manager or Chief Administrative Officer who reports to the Board.

Funding
Conservation authorities' funding comes from a variety of sources. Conservation authorities have the power to generate revenue through fees and other self-generated revenue, and also the power to levy their member municipalities. As registered charities, they are eligible for certain government grants. Under Section 39 of the Conservation Authorities Act, the Province may also provide grants to conservation authorities.

Historically, conservation authorities' funding was split evenly between the Province and member municipalities. In the mid-1990s, under the Red Tape Reduction Act of the Progressive Conservative government, conservation authorities' provincial funding was drastically reduced from more than CA$50 million annually divided among all the authorities to $8 million, and the Province reduced the scope of its support to natural hazard management programs and programs for protecting provincially significant conservation land, although the $8 million in funding was exclusively for natural hazard management. Other programs were considered to be only in the local interest and the Province stated that those programs could be funded by municipalities if the municipalities wished them to continue. At the same time, the government provided conservation authorities with new powers to charge fees and generate revenue. As a result, most conservation authorities became more entrepreneurial to generate the revenue needed to continue their local programming. Funding was further cut by 5% to $7.6 million in 2000. In 2012, under the Liberal government, funding was cut again by 2% to $7.448 million, and in 2019, under the Progressive Conservative government, it was cut again by 48% to $3.58 million.

The Province also provides funding to conservation authorities for the implementation of the Clean Water Act, brought in as a result of the inquiry into the E. coli outbreak in Walkerton in 2000 which resulted in six deaths, which is meant to identify threats to and protect drinking water sources.

Annual budgets are determined by the board of directors. The portion to be funded by municipal levy (payment by member municipalities) is divided among the participating municipalities according to a formula set out in Ontario Regulation 670/00 which is based on the total value of all lands within each municipality, multiplied by modifiers in the regulation and by the proportion of the municipality which falls within the authority's jurisdiction, as a proportion of the total modified value within the authority's jurisdiction. For example, if 30% of a municipality's area falls within an authority's jurisdiction, and the total value of land in that municipality after applying modifiers is 10 million dollars, 3 million dollars is the value used to calculated the municipality's share of the levy (30% x 10 million). If the total value in the jurisdiction, after adding together all such values for all the participating municipalities, is 20 million dollars, the municipality's share of the levy is 15% (3 million divided by 20 million).

In 2013, municipal levies accounted for approximately 48% of all conservation authorities' revenue; self-generated revenue accounted for 40%; provincial funding, including the natural hazards management funding as well as Clean Water Act funding and various other grants for special projects, accounted for 10%; and federal funding, for special projects and Areas of Concern, 2%.

Role in natural hazard management
Each conservation authority has a Regulation of Development, Interference with Wetlands and Alterations to Shorelines and Watercourses under the Conservation Authorities Act which conforms to a provincial template regulation.

Under these regulations, conservation authorities regulate development and other activities in and near natural hazard areas such as shorelines, floodplains, unstable slopes, wetlands, and other hazardous lands, such as karst topography and Leda clay. Development is prohibited in areas designated by the regulation unless permission is granted by the conservation authority. Landowners or developers may need permits from a conservation authority, similar to a building permit, to do work such as constructing buildings or placing fill in these areas. These regulations were put in place after the devastating impacts of Hurricane Hazel in 1954.

Conservation authorities also do flood forecasting and warning, flood and erosion control, ice management and drought programs, and contribute to municipal land use planning.

Role in environmental protection
Conservation authorities may have programs to protect local ecosystems and contribute to the quality of life in communities throughout the province. Some of the activities conservation authorities may include:
 * Water resource management - Conservation authorities carry out research and activities to manage Ontario's water resources on a watershed basis, maintain secure supplies of clean water, and contribute to municipal planning processes.Integrated water resource management (IWRM) is an ecosystem approach in which at least: (1) the catchment or river basin1rather than an administrative or political unit is the management unit; (2) attention is directed to upstream–downstream, surface–groundwater and water quantity–quality interactions; (3) interconnections of water with other natural resources and the environment are considered; (4) environmental, economic and social aspects receive attention; and (5) stakeholders are actively engaged in planning, management and implementation to achieve an explicit vision, objectives and outcomes.
 * Stewardship - conservation authorities collectively own about 146,000 hectares of land in Ontario. They also may work with landowners to plant trees or make other environmental improvements to private property, such as helping farmers improve drainage systems.
 * Recreation - conservation authorities own over 400 conservation areas for public use, with 8,400 campsites and almost 2,500 kilometers of trails.
 * Science, data collection and monitoring - conservation authorities may collect a variety of information about their watersheds, including about water quality, land use, and types of lands (e.g., amount of wetlands and forest cover).
 * Education - through school programs, at conservation authority facilities, and through participation at local events and festivals

List of conservation authorities
Conservation Ontario is the umbrella organization for all 36 regional Conservation Authorities in the Province of Ontario:

 * Ausable Bayfield Conservation Authority
 * Cataraqui Region Conservation Authority
 * Catfish Creek Conservation Authority
 * Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority
 * Conservation Halton
 * Credit Valley Conservation
 * Crowe Valley Conservation Authority
 * Essex Region Conservation Authority
 * Ganaraska Region Conservation Authority
 * Grand River Conservation Authority
 * Grey Sauble Conservation
 * Hamilton Conservation Authority
 * Kawartha Conservation
 * Kettle Creek Conservation Authority
 * Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority
 * Lakehead Region Conservation Authority
 * Long Point Region Conservation Authority
 * Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority
 * Lower Trent Conservation
 * Maitland Valley Conservation Authority
 * Mattagami Region Conservation Authority
 * Mississippi Valley Conservation
 * Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority
 * Nickel District Conservation Authority
 * North Bay-Mattawa Conservation Authority
 * Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority
 * Otonabee Region Conservation Authority
 * Quinte Conservation
 * Raisin Region Conservation Authority
 * Rideau Valley Conservation Authority
 * Saugeen Valley Conservation Authority
 * Sault Ste. Marie Region Conservation Authority
 * South Nation Conservation
 * St. Clair Region Conservation Authority
 * Toronto and Region Conservation Authority
 * Upper Thames River Conservation Authority

title: Conservation authority (Ontario)


text: User talk:68.49.211.222

title: User talk:68.49.211.222


text:
User talk:Supremacyclaus

Marbury v. Madison
Hi. I've replied to your comment on Talk:Marbury v. Madison; thanks for coming to the talk page to discuss the issue so we can reach consensus. I moved the conversation to the end of the page, and put it under the heading "SupremacyClaus' Proposed Additions." Feel free to continue the conversation there. Note that you can (and should) "sign" comments you put on talk pages by ending them with four tildes: ~. This will be replaced with your user name and the current time and date when you save. Regards, -- Nandesuka 01:07, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Supremacyclaus


text:
User:Allofadoodah

Resides Long Island, New York and works as a photographer.

title: User:Allofadoodah


text:
Canal Flats

Canal Flats is a village municipality in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. This Columbia Valley community lies between the southern end of Columbia Lake and the northwest shore of the Kootenay River. The locality, on Highway 93/95, is by road about 83 km north of Cranbrook and 165 km southeast of Golden.

First Nations
The Ktunaxa Nation has occupied the region around Canal Flats for thousands of years. On a bluff just to the south, remnants of shelter pits evidence a former Ktunaxa salmon fishing camp.

Differing versions exist of the missionary endeavours of Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet of the Jesuits. According to one account, he organized a great assembly at the south end of Columbia Lake in 1845, where he baptized hundreds of tribal members. Afterward, he erected a cross in a prominent place to commemorate the occasion.

Relocated to the village in 2011, a log building to house the Columbia Discovery Centre and Ktunaxa Interpretive Centre opened in 2013.

Name origin
Canoeing upstream, David Thompson reached the headwaters of the Columbia River in April 1808. He named the 1.2 mi land mass separating the waterways as McGillivray's Portage. Although probably named after Duncan McGillivray, who accompanied Thompson in 1800 in their search for an overland route to the Pacific, other possibilities are Duncan's brothers William and Simon McGillivray. Subsequent interchangeable names have included Columbia Portage or Lake Pass (1858), Howse Portage (1863), Kootenay City (1885), and Grohman (1888). In 1887, Kootenay City comprised a single one-room cabin. In 1892, the townsite was surveyed. In 1897, this name was recycled to promote what would become Procter.

Canal Flat, adopted by 1888, was used interchangeably with the plural version of Canal Flats from 1895. An 1898 reference that lists Grohman as separate from Canal Flats may suggest that the southern portion had a distinct identity for a period. The plural spelling, which first appeared on a map in 1909, gained pre-eminence over time.

Waterway and roads
In 1884, the government called tenders for a ferry across the Kootenay at Upper Crossing. After retendering and negotiations, a charter was awarded to William Adolf Baillie Grohman in 1886.

A wagon road northward from Galbraith's Ferry opened in 1886. Southeastward from Steamboat Landing, and a connecting bridge at Upper Crossing, followed the next year.

Completed in July 1889, the Baillie-Grohman Canal was a barely functional scheme. Giving away 30000 acre of good land to create a virtually impassable ditch was a notable fiasco of the era. To make the waterways navigable would have required extensive dredging of the two rivers for many miles and a complete rebuild of the 1.5 mi canal. The downstream falls on the Kootenay were especially problematic. In 1890, a wagon bridge across the canal was destroyed when the canal banks collapsed.

In summertime, the Golden–Fort Steele passenger service, which served the locality, encompassed riverboat, tramway and stage modes. In 1892, the Upper Columbia Navigation & Tramway Co opened the tramway which connected Columbia Lake and Windermere Lake. In wintertime, when river ice shut down river traffic, a stage traversed the whole route.

The 1894 flood destroyed the original 323 ft bridge, which was replaced near year end with a 140 ft Howe truss, a 78 ft Queen truss, and four 20 ft pile bents.

In 1897, the 6 mi tramway permanently closed. Passengers transferred to a stage for the Windermere–Fort Steele leg.

In 1899, the respective mileages from Golden were Windermere (82.2), Brewer's (95.3), Canal Flat (111.4), and Kootenay Bridge (113.2). In the early 1900s, a substantial replacement bridge appears to have been built adjacent to Canal Flats. In 1911, the relevant listed stopping places were Windermere (82), Fairmont Springs (93), Sante's (106), Wolf Creek/Hanson's (151), and Fort Steele (160).

In 1931, the new bridge comprised two 140 ft Howe trusses. The relief camp at Canal Flats during the Great Depression carried out highway improvements.

In 1950, Highway 4 was renumbered as Highway 95, which was rebuilt in the late 1950s and paving was completed in 1962. In 1966, the highway bridge was replaced by a concrete structure.

Earlier community
Adjacent to the northwest is Thunder Hill, forming part of the Canal Flats area. The hill is first mentioned in an 1891 mining claim. A 1.5 mi tramway was installed from the 70-ton concentrator to the mine, but work ceased in 1893. The company was wound up the next year. The concentrator was sold for relocation in 1902 but the removal did not eventuate.

The local post offices were called Grohman 1888–1889, Thunder Hill 1893–1913, and Canal Flats 1913 onward.

During the canal construction, a hotel and general store operated. Shacks provided winter accommodation for the 200 workers. Once the construction crews left, the hotel, which Charles J. Brownrigg took over, was too large for likely patronage. The business soon closed, but the 1893 hotel opening by James Durick was welcomed.

Eneas (Enie) H. Small, who became the proprietor of Columbia House, made considerable enlargements to the hotel in 1897 but months later sold the business to John Bullman. That year, the Kootenay Valley Lands Co, the recipient of the 30000 acre land grant, which included Canal Flats and parcels stretching to the Canada–United States border, began releasing the holdings for sale. Bullman, who also operated a ranch on Thunder Hill and a freight business, found the Kootenay Valley Lands Co (the hotel landlord) obstructive. The final mention of the hotel was 1900, when Douglas Grainger was the proprietor.

During an episode of insanity in 1901, the Hon. Francis John Lascelles, twelfth child of Henry Lascelles, 4th Earl of Harewood, murdered the Chinese cook at his Thunder Hill ranch. Acquitted at trial, Lascelles was returned to the custody of his family in England.

By 1906, all that remained of the Grohman townsite was an abandoned hotel. The next year, Enie Small repaired his Canal Flat summer resort hotel for operation. The next mention is a further rehabilitation for opening in November 1909. In 1910, F.W. Reeves was the manager, and Lord Hindlip purchased property to build a summer house and develop the Thunder Hill Ranch.

In 1913, E.H. Small erected a two-storey, 35-room hotel at a new site to accommodate railway construction crews. The next year, the premises were granted a liquor licence, and Fred A. Small built a general store.

In 1915, William J. McFarlane bought the hotel, which was destroyed by fire the following year. About this time, Dennis Greenwood bought the general store, which by 1922 also sold gasoline. In 1925, A.H. MacKinley purchased the business. Renamed Canal Flat Roadhouse, meals were served and a liquor licence was pending. A series of owners followed. In 1929, a new school opened, and a provincial police post was established, indicating that the arrival of the large Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) mill had brought a permanence to the community.

In 1930, an offender charged with trapping without a licence fatally shot the game warden in front of the general store. A jury found him not guilty on account of momentary insanity. That year, a fire destroyed two stores, a pool room, and rooming house. In 1931, over 200 men successfully fought a forest fire that threatened the CP sawmill, station, and section house. Destroyed were the CP warehouse, police residence and few small shacks. A month later, a fire at Wheeler Motor Garage burned down the building and an adjacent restaurant.

In 1967, a radio repeater antenna was relocated to Windermere

The Canal Flats Airstrip, which existed from the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, was decommissioned when the paved more modern Fairmont Hot Springs Airport opened.

In 1985, a nearby wildfire forced an evacuation of about 1,400 residents.

Railway
The Kootenay Central Railway (KCR) was a CP subsidiary. In 1913, Burns and Jordan, the prime contractor for the railway construction, employed a large force in the vicinity. In November 1914, the last spike was driven near the north end of Columbia Lake. In January 1915, the inaugural passenger train arrived on the commencement of a through service.

In 2021, a southbound freight train struck the rear trailer of a fully loaded logging truck at the Thunderhill Road railway crossing. Although damages were extensive, no injuries were sustained.

Forestry
In 1888, a steam sawmill was installed for the duration of the canal construction.

In 1910, Canal Flats camps, under the oversight of T.G. Procter, took out 4000000 ft of logs for transportation to the Crow's Nest Pass Lumber Co mill.

In 1928, CP erected a warehouse at Canal Flats. Construction began on a logging railway up Findlay Creek and a mammoth mill northeast of the station. The next year, the CP planing mill followed the relocation of the CP sawmill from Bull River. The logging railway advanced farther up Findlay Creek, and the Crow's Nest Lumber Co also laid tracks toward Canal Flats along the main road from the south.

During the early 1930s, CP operated several small tie mills in the area.

A 1 mi spur led to the several yard tracks at the sawmill, which was owned by Crestbrook Forest Industries in the 1970s and Canadian Forest Products on closing in 2015 with the loss of 75 jobs.

Later community
In 2004, the settlement incorporated as a village municipality. That year, the Nature Conservancy of Canada became a conservation partner in the Thunder Hill Ranch.

From the mid-2010s, the village was transitioning from a forestry-dependent economy. To promote tech and trades, the Columbia Lake Technology Center opened in 2018 within the skeleton of the old mill. Two key tenants were PodTech, which manufactured transportable data centres, and Bid Group, which manufactured products such as steel conveyors for forestry companies. The existence of fibre optic infrastructure on site and in town was strategic.

In 2016, Mountain Mercantile opened in the old high school building opposite the arena. A range of boutique small businesses set up on the site, which was also the venue for a local weekend vendors market.

In 2020, the BID Group permanently closed its manufacturing facility. The next year, the village adopted a bylaw to waive the municipal portion of property taxes for new commercial developments.

In 2022, Richard Wayken was appointed as Chief Administrative Officer for the village.

An elementary school, motel, post office, café, and general store/liquor outlet/gas bar exist.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Canal Flats had a population of 802 living in 362 of its 470 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 668. With a land area of 11.07 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Recreation and entertainment

Adjacent to the north is the 1.5 km trail forming the Columbia Greenway. To the northwest is Thunder Hill Provincial Park. To the northeast is the Tilley Memorial Park (formerly Canal Flats Provincial Park). Whiteswan Lake Provincial Park is 8 km south.

The Canal Flats Arena (early 1970s) received a major renovation in 2013 and upgrade in 2018. The civic centre (1968), which was expanded in the 1980s, includes a seniors' centre and food bank. In 2021, the new pavilion at the Canal Flats Lions Park opened.

On the first weekend in June, Canal Flats holds the annual Canal Days Party. The program include parades, pancake breakfast, beer garden, food vendors, competitive events, and live music.

title: Canal Flats