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Talk:Beach volleyball

Expert Information Request
Can someone add info on 1.) When scoring switched to Rally scoring; 2.) What years 4 man or woman teams where used; 3.) Whether they have switched from strict double elimination to modified double elimination until the winners and losers brackets each had 2 teams left; and 4.) How the length of the season has changed. TonyTheTiger 18:46, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Which organisation are you referring to? Personally, I wouldn't say that (3) or (4) are particularly notable unless there's something I don't know about here. Cheers --Pak21 20:21, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

FIVB went to rally scoring in 2000 basically to make the game more TV friendly, especially with the Olympics in mind. The AVP, the U.S. pro tour, followed suit as did everyone else. At this time the long court was also scrapped in favor of the current 8m x 8m short court. 4-man (4-person co-ed) is still used in some locally-run tournaments, but it was more prevalent in the old "Parks and Rec" daysn along the Southern California beaches in the 1940s through 1970s. Main draw tournaments generally are double elimination, with a first loss resulting in reseeding in the loser's bracket. A second loss once in the loser's bracket and you're done. But you could still lose only one match and be out, if the loss occurs in the tournament semi-finals or finals. In the AVP, there is also a single elimination play-in round before the main draw starts called the qualifier. The FIVB generally uses this format but with slight alterations. Its events include country qualifiers for non main draw teams the result in reseeding for winners. Check with your local tournament to see how they do it. As for season length, they have generally gotten longer, but again it depends. Many of the top Brazilians for example play nearly year round, as they compete during the northern hemisphere's summer months on the FIVB Tour, then compete in the southern hemisphere's summer months on their own domestic circuit. 208.57.237.112 19:33, 19 October 2006 (UTC)Ryan Gray, www.bvmag.com

Professional
I think this article would really benefit from a section on professional beach volleyball around the world. Links to the major leagues can be put there, as can any important information about those leagues, differences between them, any rankings of quality, etc. matt91486 23:47, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Blocking? (and other incorrectly stated rules)
Is it permitted to hit a ball a second time after having attempted to block it (and making contact), as it seems like I've seen players do this, which would seem to go against the one-hit-per-player rule TheHYPO (talk) 09:06, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

The block counts as one hit (even if multiple contacts were made in a single attempt to block the ball), and either player may make the second hit.

There are other rules incorrectly stated as well. For example, in the AVP you can use any part of the body (not just hands or arms). Also the statement "Players on each team attempt to hit the ball over the net in such a way that it touches the ground inside the court boundaries" is technically incorrect. The ball is in if it hits the boundary, even if it hits the ground completely outside the boundary (e.g. if the line is slightly elevated due to a low spot in the sand, and the ball hits the line but then its mark is completely outside the line). --Thedillybar (talk) 18:10, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, not that we're getting down to the pedantic minutiae or anything. --Jasonschock (talk) 05:01, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

I just have a comment to the block signals. The 'open hand' means no block, and the 'fist' means blocking on the ball, without choosing line or diagonal. Somehow these two signals were mixed up in the article. Also, I might add a tactical detail: When you twitch your finger(s) when showing your block signal it means that you will try to fool the attacker by appearing to block one thing but actually blocking the other by jumping sideways in the last second. The person playing defense behind the block needs to know the blocker is attempting this move; this way he will keep his position instead of thinking that his blocker is out of position. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.62.89.61 (talk) 21:50, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Removed notable players
''Removing Notable Players from the article because it's a mess. There's nothing wrong with mentioning notable people that contributed greatly to the sport, like Charles "Charlie" Saikley (perhaps mentioned in a History section), but a simple "notable players" is just going to be huge subjective list that adds no understanding for the casual reader. Links to AVP or FIVB should allow a reader to discover more about specific players.  Please see Baseball or Soccer for excellent examples of articles that focus on a high-level view of the sport.''

--Jasonschock (talk) 00:03, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Notable players
Today, Brazil is the ruling country in FIVB men's beach volleyball, filling many of the top positions of the FIVB ranking. Top-rated players include 2004 Olympic gold medalists Emanuel Rego and Ricardo Santos, Marcio Araujo, and others. In the FIVB women's rankings, China and Brazil are the leading countries.

US players typically don't compete in the FIVB, but rather play in the AVP or the EVP, which hold tournaments only in the US. Karch Kiraly remains perhaps the world's best-known male volleyball player, and is the only person to have won Olympic gold medals in both the indoor and beach versions of the sport. Rivalling Karch throughout the 1980s was the former all-time wins leader, Sinjin Smith. Currently, the top-ranked players on the 2007 AVP tour are the 2008 Olympic gold medalists Phil Dalhausser/Todd Rogers on the men's side, and the well-known 2004 and 2008 Olympic gold medalists Misty May-Treanor/Kerri Walsh on the women's side. The duo of May-Treanor and Walsh, are said to be the best beach volleyball players of all time said by the 2008 Olympic commentators.

International female stars include Brazilians Ana Paula Connelly, Sandra Pires, Shelda Bede, and Adriana Behar, and Australians Kerri Pottharst and Natalie Cook. The young Brazilian Carolina Solberg Salgado has won a gold medal in Under-18 and Under-21 FIVB tournaments two years in a row.

Australia's retired Kerri Potharst was a two time medalist and represented Australia for 22 years.

Uniform Controversy
Currently, the article states:
 * "People have pointed out that professional beach volleyball is one of the only sports where female athletes are mandated to wear a uniform which does not exceed a certain size, essentially encouraging a "less is best" approach towards female attire, and argue that it is simply a ploy to market the game for viewership and sponsors."

I have read similar statements often in newspapers. However, I could not find anything in the official FIVB rules to support this. Does anybody know the details? Is there really a rule like this, possibly restricted to some competitions? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:19, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The 2004 Olympic uniform guidelines certainly have maximum clothing requirements. These probably don't apply directly to (eg) the 2005 World Tour, but I strongly suspect the FIVB would introduce some if they felt that the women were wearing "too much" (to put it somewhat crudely) --Pak21 18:08, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks; that is what I was looking for. I see that the women are not required to wear a bikini, so I changed the caption accordingly. I also changed "one of the only" to "one of the few" in the above fragment, but left the rest for the moment (I share Pak21's suspicions). -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 18:37, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Where do we find these surveys? -Willmcw 01:04, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Surveys have shown that the majority of male spectators at womens beach volleyball events enjoy looking at the attractive and scantily-clad players far more than the sporting action in itself, another observation that critics like to frequently point out.

Controversy section lost, relaced and now RENAMED to "Uniform Controversy"
A vandal replaced the Controversy section with garbage:. The reverter of the vandalism did not replace the section:. I didn't really like the section anyway, but if the section is not going to be replaced, it would be better done by consensus than in the form of overlooked vandalism. Rracecarr (talk) 19:00, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. I'm not sure why this wasn't done right away, because it's certainly a relevent and important issue.

I'm going to bring the section back in two steps. I'll first just bring back the last version, then simplify and reduce or cite some of the unsourced statements.TjoeC (talk) 17:49, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Now 207.104.44.187 has made some interesting and valuable edits, but has rather unilaterally renamed the controvery section "Uniforms". Please don't make major changes like that without some concensus or at least discussion. But it is probably a decent addition....I'm thinking compromise on "Uniform Controversy"TjoeC (talk) 03:47, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Controversy section
The responses to criticism in the final para of this section seems a bit unsatisfactory to me. I know nothing about beach volleyball, but what was noticeable to me when I read the section was that the criticism and responses weren't actually addressing quite the same issue. Saying that the uniforms are practical for the heat of summer is akin to saying that similar uniforms are practical in (to use the article's example) pole vaulting. But pole vaulters are not required to wear such uniforms, and are free to "cover up" if they want. The section needs a (referenced) quote from a prominent figure defending, specifically, the requirement for maximum clothing sizes, because it is that, specifically, which is given as the main criticism. Loganberry (Talk) 23:00, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Removed Uniform Controversy AND Again restored! - comments please!
''There's a lot of reasons why this shouldn't be here, but basically this article should focus on a high-level view of the sport of beach volleyball, not the politics of sport. The controversy is inherent to the politics of FIVB, AVP and perhaps the IOC. It is not inherent to the game itself.''

''This controversy probably belongs on its own page, or perhaps on the FIVB site, or AVP, or somewhere else. I don't care.''

''A casual reader, however, should receive a treatment on the factual, technical and historical aspects of the game. Link to related lists and related stuff instead of listing it here. Please see Baseball or Soccer for excellent examples of articles that focus on a high-level view of the sport. '' --Jasonschock (talk) 00:17, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree, and object to the unilateral chopping of the section. Let's have some concensus before cutting such a major portion of the article.  (I'll leave the issue of the other edits to others... (Removing notable players, for example)

 * It's fairly clear that you have some substantial interest in beach volleyball, given all the work you're putting into this article. (I tried in vain on your contributions page to find an edit NOT related to volleyball.)  Wikipedia's purpose is an encyclopedia, and the uniform controvery is one of the areas of greatest general interest in beach volleyball.  Please note the discussion above as well as the numerous edits in this area.

 * I guarantee you that if the women's golf tour started plaing in bikinis.... or tuxedoes... it wopuld be noted in their article. That spurred the thought... what sports have out of the ordinary uniforms, and do their articles address this.... the answer is yes for [Dressage], [], [], [], [], etc.

 * So I'll restore the article and ask for some concensus. If folks agree it should be removed, then maybe it makes some sense.TjoeC (talk) 03:09, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * First, I understand why this is a perceived controversy because it's been getting a lot of media coverage. However, there is undue weight being given to a non-issue. Where is the controversy? Where are the citations from authoritative sources who object to the uniforms? "Beach volleyball has been criticized ..." is the equivalent of "Some people say ..."

 * Second, every sport has a controversy - often many controversies - swirling around it. These will always exist. Does this mean they should be added to the high-level page on the sport? No. These dilute the page and are fairly inconsequential to a casual reader. If you feel there's enough information to document an actual controversy, give it a mention here and link to Controversy over beach volleyball uniforms or some such.

 * Third, the assumption that the uniforms are "out of the ordinary" is understandable, but ill informed. Surprise, surprise: women who play recreational beach volleyball play in bikinis, too. There was no sudden decision by someone in power to force women to wear bikinis to sell the sport with sex. Bikinis are simply the most practical outfit for the game, a fact for which there are citations. It's a moot point. Female gymnasts and indoor volleyball players wear tiny, revealing outfits. No controversy there.

 * In the large scheme, the uniforms are a very small facet of the sport. Just because it gets a lot of news coverage doesn't mean it should be a major part of the page. The subject is beach volleyball, not beach volleyball uniforms. Take Baseball for example. There is only one mention of any steroid scandals. There is a separate page with a treatment on Banned substances in baseball.

 * Thanks for your active interest on this. Hope we can improve this article together. --Jasonschock (talk) 07:35, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

I think your changes are very good, and vastly improve the paragraph and the overall article.TjoeC (talk) 03:33, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, not trying to be a dick here, but now that I've rewritten the "controversy" section strictly adhering to cited sources, can someone please show me the meat of said "controversy"? There is a tiny quote from an obscure Australian news source, and a quote from CNN, both from 1999, and neither containing any material supporting any kind of real controversy. "Drew the ire of players" and Gabby Reece saying bathing suits are annoying do not a controversy make.

 * A controversy would imply there are two majority opposing viewpoints. Yet, there are:

 * -No angry players up in arms, threatening a strike.
 * -No religious figures decrying the FIVB.
 * ''-No quotes from authoritative sources from either side of the supposed controversy.

''
 * The facts just simply aren't there. There is no controversy. Unless someone can give me good evidence supporting a real controversy, I'm going to make a motion to have the section removed. Feel free to create a new page for the controversy topic and we'll link to it.

 * --Jasonschock (talk) 04:31, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Looks like someone reverted all of Jasonschock's changes, complaining in the comment that the article was "chopped." I would only ask that major edits be done only after concensus is reached. I reverted the uniform controvery section to his edits, which were closely fact-chaecked.TjoeC (talk) 02:32, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Looks like Jasonschock has removed the uniform section again. I don't understand why this is done unilaterally without seeking concensus. It is absolutely inappropriate to keep unilaterally reverting and deleting this section. Putting it away in a separate page makes little or no sense; It's an important issue in the sport, despite the blind eye that the promoters of the sport may want to promote.

Your argument that there is no uniform issue or controversy is not supported. You can't whitewash reality, The fact that this sport is the only one played in bathing suits out of water, means something. That women are REQUIRED to wear more revealing uniforms than men is relevant. And that the popularity of the sport exploded when these rules were institutionalized is relevant. There were numerous citations to the issue, and it is clearly encyclopedic.

I put in a request for a third opinion. I have no interest in engaging in a revert war, so unless other Wikipedians chime in in this issue, I'm not going to waste more time. Here's one versionTjoeC (talk) 04:31, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Third Opinion
It looks to me as if two reasonably respectable sources (CNN and ABC News) say, at length, that there is some sort of controversy therefore there is some sort of controversy. It is my opinion that the section is reasonably well written and is not WP:UNDUE and can stay more or less as is. --Regents Park (sniff out my socks) 17:13, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * A lot of time went by with no added comments after the third opinion voted for inclusion of the uniform controversy section. As such, I will return the last fact-checked version to the article.--TjoeC (talk) 22:28, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Please expand this article
See Baseball and Soccer for excellent examples from featured articles.

Please add sections:
 * Overview
 * History
 * Rules and Gameplay
 * Governing Bodies
 * International and domestic tour organization and structure
 * Popularity
 * Lifestyle

--Jasonschock (talk) 00:35, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Regarding junk at the bottom of the page
I think the stuff at the bottom of this page detracts from the article. It's visually noisy, it looks "cheap", and it's tagged on like some kind of afterthought. What does it really add to the understanding of the sport?

Wouldn't it be better to link to this kind of highly-detailed info on another page and leave this page clean and high-level?

Again, see Baseball and Soccer as examples of highly-developed sports topics.

--Jasonschock (talk) 00:38, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Karch quote moved here
"You talk to any player and if they were told they could only win one tournament in their whole career, everybody would choose it to be here in Manhattan. There's an extra fire among all the players." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jasonschock (talk • contribs) 07:24, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Changes to intro
The changes repeatedly made to the intro by Jasonschock are not an improvement in my opinion.

1) Removing the word "Olympic" from the first sentence loses an important piece of information about the sport.

2) Changing the second sentence so that it is mainly about indoor volleyball rather than beach volleyball in stylistically bad.

3) Listing variations with four and six players (without a reference) ignores the fact that 3 player teams are quite popular in some places.

Adding an empty section called "Overview" is unhelpful.

Continually removing the entire "Olympics" section is tantamount to vandalism.

Please discuss further changes to the intro here.

Thank you.

Rracecarr (talk) 23:39, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Can you please stop blanket-reverting the entire lead? That's fine if you want to make edits. I didn't blanket delete the original lead; I modified what was there. You're not going to win any friends if you just keep reverting it back completely. The point is to generate a global point of view, not your point of view.

 * The current lead is also lacking terribly in good sentence structure, contains too much trivia, and is generally not very easy to read.

 * Regarding Olympics: This page is a broad treatment, high-level overview of the sport, not a repository for each and every detail about beach volleyball. There are many aspects of the sport that aren't related to the Olympics. Plus, there is already an entire wikipedia page devoted to the Olympics, so linking to this should be sufficient.

 * I say this over and over, but have a look at other sports and how their pages are structured. Baseball and Soccer, for example.

 * Ummmm.... how bout see Volleyball, for example???  Point is, there are a gazillion sports, but only a few Olympic sports. You are right that there are aspects of the game not related to the Olympics.  It is still asinine to keep deleting the fact that beach volleyball is an Olympic sport from the lead. Rracecarr (talk) 13:31, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Please see Guide to writing better articles if you need guidance. Thanks.

--Jasonschock (talk) 02:18, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, regarding the reference to indoor volleyball: Hate to tell you, but beach volleyball is just a variation of the game of volleyball. A casual reader's high-level understanding of how the game is played is immediate if they are already familiar with the "regular" game. In fact, the first sentence should probably mention that beach volleyball is a variation of volleyball.

--Jasonschock (talk) 02:34, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Olympics
There is already entire page devoted to beach volleyball at the Olympics. The preferred way to handle this on Wikipedia is to simply link to it, rather than have redundant information. --Jasonschock (talk) 02:18, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes but you have deleted information. Nowhere on Wikipedia, as far as I can tell, can you now find the names of the winners of the 1992 Olympic exhibition competition. Rracecarr (talk) 13:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Fine, then put that information on the Olympics page. It does not belong here. --Jasonschock (talk) 21:36, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Exhibition info moved to Olympics page. It's a lot more helpful if you just move this kind of stuff yourself, rather than complaining about it being deleted and replacing it. Thanks. --Jasonschock (talk) 21:47, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the mention of Olympics in the lead
The reason why we leave this out is because this is general treatment on the game of beach volleyball. The playing of the sport at the Olympics is but one small aspect of the game. It is also played:

 * Internationally on the FIVB tour
 * Domestically on the AVP tour
 * Recreationally

If anything, this article needs to stay abstracted from the particulars of organized competition and instead link to related tours, organizations, tournaments, events, etc.

It's great that it is an Olympic sport. To mention this in the lead, however, gives undue weight to a small facet of the sport.

--Jasonschock (talk) 22:26, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The point is, as I have already said, there are tons of games that are played recreationally and competitively in various places. Only a small handful are contested at the Olympics.  The fact that beach volleyball is an Olympic sport is notable for that reason, and the fact belongs in the lead.  On a side note, it also sets beach volleyball apart from other variations of volleyball which are not as widespread, like, say, wallyball. Rracecarr (talk) 04:10, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Please add to Rules and gameplay section
This section sorely needs a rewrite.

Good stuff to write about would be:
 * General characteristics of beach volleyball gameplay: shots, sets, movement on sand, ability to dive on sand, jumping ability
 * Fundamentals
 * The court
 * Sand type and depth
 * Beach volleyball strategy

Input from experts would be appreciated. User:Rracecarr?

--Jasonschock (talk) 22:03, 11 September 2008 (UTC) To the very people in the world

-- I have removed the incorrect assertion that Beach Volleyball is different from indoor Volleyball in that it is illegal to touch the net. It is not, those rules are by and large identical in beach and indoor. I have also added a link to the latest version (2013-2016) of the official rules. (87.59.128.253 (talk) 23:10, 23 August 2015 (UTC))

Replaced ref
The statement "Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor, who won two consecutive gold medals in 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics, were named "the greatest beach volleyball team of all time". had a reference:

which is a nice video, but I didn't hear the claim. I replaced it with which does make the claim. -- SPhilbrick  T  15:49, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

Lifestyle & Culture
Dismayed that the link to modern beach volleyball in this section takes you to what is essentially an ad for volleyball 1 on 1, a private pay website. Karinagw (talk) 21:39, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Tighter setting standards
I disagree about setting standards being characterized as tighter. I think they are better characterized as different--tighter on double contacts but a bit more lenient on lifts. Mingjai (talk) 21:24, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

History
There are different dates given for when the sport began (1915 and 1920). I have no idea which is correct -- can someone clarify? WilliamWQuick (talk) 15:43, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

No list of prominent beach volleyball themes movies, novels, comics, etc.? ...Seriously?!
Was this present but deleted by some overzealous editor? Or just nonexistent, not ever? Wouldn't mind adding some stuff - just wanna make sure it won't get deleted right away by someone trigger-happy... I think it's necessary since there really is some awesome stuff out there, plus a lot of the people interested in beach volleyball got into it specifically because of how those stories inspired them. Because, dear teenage editors who might not know better - this stuff wasn't on TV and in the olympics like soccer or basketball for the previous generation. All that is pretty new. For older fans and players, you either hung around a beach and got pulled into it from wathcing... or you saw it in a movie and got curious and looked it up. It had no stars (or, rather, each court had its own), and the only widely-known "player" was whichever actor's character was last seen playing it in the most recent successful blockbuster (like Tom Cruise in "Top Gun" for the 80s, etc.). 208.127.70.219 (talk) 11:44, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

Who is Natalie?
In the History section - after mentioning Volleyball Magazine, the article says, "first story had to do with natalie." I saw that this was copied from the Weebly article. I have no clue who or what natalie is. Any objections to removing it? Sturmavik (talk) 05:21, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Beach volleyball


text: Category:Compilation album stubs

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Compilation album stubs


text: Talk:Bajina basta

title: Talk:Bajina basta


text: Category:Hammer throwers

title: Category:Hammer throwers


text:
Jack Smith (film director)

Jack Smith (November 14, 1932 – September 18, 1989) was an American filmmaker, actor, and pioneer of underground cinema. He is generally acclaimed as a founding father of American performance art, and has been critically recognized as a master photographer.

Life and career
Smith was raised in Texas, where he made his first film, Buzzards over Baghdad, in 1952. He moved to New York City in 1953.

The most famous of Smith's productions is Flaming Creatures (1963). The film, that first put camp on the map, is a satire of Hollywood B movies and tribute to actress Maria Montez, who starred in many such productions. However, authorities considered some scenes to be pornographic. Copies of the movie were confiscated at the premiere, and it was subsequently banned from public view. Despite not being viewable, the movie gained some anti-heroic notoriety when footage was screened during Congressional hearings and right-wing politician Strom Thurmond mentioned it in anti-porn speeches.

Smith's next movie Normal Love (aka Normal Fantasy, Exotic Landlordism of Crab Lagoon, and The Great Pasty Triumph) (1963–1964) was the only work in Smith's oeuvre with an almost conventional length (120 mins.), and featured multiple underground stars, including Mario Montez, Diane di Prima, Tiny Tim, Francis Francine, Beverly Grant, John Vaccaro, and others. The rest of his productions consists mainly of short movies, many never screened in a cinema, but featured in performances and constantly re-edited to fit the stage needs (including Normal Love).

After his last completed film, No President (1967), (Smith’s follow-up film, Sinbad In the Rented World (1972–1984) was never completed) he created small intermedia performance and experimental theatre work until his death on September 25, 1989, from AIDS-related pneumonia. Smith produced many theatrical mini-productions, often using slide projectors, in his loft and in art space settings such as Artists Space and Colab's The Times Square Show. Descriptors of lobsters as greedy landlords dominate, along with crabs, Atlantis, 1950s exotica music, and camp-glamorous North African costumes. A pungent odor of burning incense and marijuana often perfumed the performances.

Apart from appearing in his own work, Smith worked as an actor. He played the lead in Andy Warhol's unfinished film Batman Dracula, Ken Jacobs's Blonde Cobra, and appeared in several theater productions by Robert Wilson.

Smith also worked as a photographer and founded the Hyperbole Photographic Studio in New York City. In 1962, he released The Beautiful Book, a collection of pictures of New York artists, that was re-published in facsimile by Granary Books in 2001. As a draftsman, his posters, hand written scripts and drawing-notes superimpose a very eccentric personal imagery onto the traditional language of theater.

In 1978, Sylvère Lotringer conducted a 13-page interview with Smith (with photos) in Columbia University's philosophy department publication of Semiotext(e). It was collected in 2013 in Schizo-Culture: The Event, The Book. In 2014, it was released as a limited-ledition vinyl picture disc by Semiotext(e).

In 1987, Smith was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College.

Estate
In 1989, New York performance artist Penny Arcade tried to salvage Smith's work from his apartment after his long bout with AIDS and subsequent death. Arcade attempted to preserve the apartment as Smith had transformed it – an elaborate stage set for his never-to-be-filmed epic Sinbad in a Rented World – as a museum dedicated to Jack Smith and his work. This effort failed.

Until recently, Smith's archive was co-managed by Arcade, alongside the film historian J. Hoberman via their corporation, The Plaster Foundation, Inc. Within ten years of Smith's death, the Foundation, operating largely without funding but through donations and good will, was able to restore all of Smith's films, create a major retrospective curated by Edward Leffingwell at PS 1, the Contemporary Arts Museum, now part of MoMA, put his films back into international distribution, and publish several books on Jack Smith and his work.

In January 2004, the New York Surrogate's Court ordered Hoberman and Arcade to return Smith's archive to his legal heir, estranged, surviving sister Sue Slater. Hoberman and Arcade fought to dismiss Slater's claim, arguing that she abandoned Jack's apartment and its contents; the Plaster Foundation created the archive and took possession of the work only after 14 years of repeated, documented attempts at communication with her. In a six-minute trial, Judge Eve Preminger rejected the Foundation's argument and awarded the archive to Slater.

By October 2006, the foundation still refused to surrender Smith's archive to the estate, claiming money owed them for expenses associated with managing the archive—and hoping Smith's work would be bought by an appropriate public institution that could safeguard his legacy and keep the works in the public eye. According to curator Jerry Tartaglia, the dispute was resolved as of 2008, with the purchase of Smith's estate by the Gladstone Gallery.

Legacy
Smith was one of the first proponents of the aesthetics which came to be known as 'camp' and 'trash', using no-budget means of production (e.g. using discarded color reversal film stock) to create a visual cosmos heavily influenced by Hollywood kitsch, orientalism and with Flaming Creatures created drag culture as it is currently known. Smith was heavily involved with John Vaccaro, founder of The Playhouse of the Ridiculous, whose disregard for conventional theater practice deeply influenced Smith's ideas about performance art. In turn, Vaccaro was deeply influenced by Smith's aesthetics. It was Vaccaro who introduced Smith to glitter and in 1966 and 1967, Smith created costumes for Vaccaro's Playhouse of The Ridiculous. Smith's style influenced the film work of Andy Warhol as well as the early work of John Waters. While all three were part of the 1960s gay arts movement, Vaccaro and Smith disputed the idea that their sexual orientation was responsible for their art.

In 1992, performer Ron Vawter recreated Smith's performance "What's Underground about Marshmallows" in Roy Cohn/Jack Smith which he presented in a live performance and which was later released as a film directed by Jill Godmilow and produced by Jonathan Demme.

Playwright Richard Foreman was influenced by Smith.

Tony Conrad produced two CDs from the Jack Smith tape archives subtitled 56 Ludlow Street that were recorded at 56 Ludlow Street between 1962 and 1964.

In 2017, Jerry Tartaglia directed a documentary called Escape from Rented Island: The Lost Paradise of Jack Smith which is a film essay concerning the works of Jack Smith, aimed at the artist's most devoted followers.

In 2009, Germany's Arsenal Institute for Film and Video Art staged Five Flaming Days in a Rented World, a festival and conference on Smith's work. The event included several commissioned short films in tribute to Smith's films, the most noted of which was Guy Maddin's The Little White Cloud That Cried.

Selected filmography

 * By Jack Smith
 * 1952: Buzzards Over Baghdad
 * 1961: Scotch Tape
 * 1963: Flaming Creatures (b/w, 46 minutes)
 * 1963: Normal Love (120 minutes)
 * 1967: No President (a/k/a The Kidnapping of Wendell Willkie by The Love Bandit, ca. minutes)
 * With Jack Smith as actor
 * 1960: in Ken Jacobs's Little Stabs at Happiness
 * 1963: in Jacobs's Blonde Cobra
 * 1963: in Ron Rice's Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man
 * 1963: in Rice's Chumlum
 * 1965: in Andy Warhol's Camp
 * 1966: in Warhol's Hedy (a/k/a Hedy the Shoplifter) starring Mario Montez and Mary Woronov
 * 1971: in John Lennon and Yoko Ono's Up Your Legs Forever
 * 1974: in Ted Gershunny's Silent Night, Bloody Night starring Mary Woronov, Patrick O'Neal, John Carradine, Candy Darling, Ondine, and Tally Brown
 * 1989: in Ari Roussimoff (Frankenhooker)'s Shadows in the City
 * About Jack Smith
 * 2006: Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis, documentary written, directed, and co-produced by Mary Jordan

Books by Smith

 * 1960 16 Immortal Photos
 * 1962 The Beautiful Book (dead language press, republished 2001 Granary Books)

title: Jack Smith (film director)


text:
Liu Yan (emperor)

Liu Yan (889 – 10 June 942 ), né Liu Yan (劉巖), also named Liu Zhi (劉陟) (from c. 896 to 911) and briefly as Liu Gong (劉龔), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Southern Han (南漢高祖), was the first emperor of the Chinese Southern Han dynasty, one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Background
Liu Yan was born in 889, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang. His father Liu Zhiqian (also known as Liu Qian) was then the prefect of Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong) and was married to a Lady Wei, the niece of Wei Zhou (韋宙), a prior military governor (Jiedushi) of Lingnan East Circuit (嶺南東道, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), which Feng Prefecture belonged to. However, he also secretly had a concubine outside the home, a Lady Duan, and it was to Lady Duan that Liu Yan was born. When Lady Wei found out, she killed Lady Duan, but could not bear to kill the infant Liu Yan, and she took him back home to be raised as her own, as a younger brother to her own sons Liu Yin and Liu Tai (劉台).

As Liu Yan grew up, it was said that he was tall and capable in both horsemanship and archery. After Liu Yin became the commander of the army of the circuit (which had been renamed Qinghai (清海)) by that point under the military governor Li Zhirou the Prince of Xue in 896, Liu Yan was also given the title of military advisor to Li Zhirou as the Prince of Xue, and his name was changed from Liu Yan to Liu Zhi.

Service under Liu Yin
In 901, Li Zhirou's successor Xu Yanruo died, leaving a recommendation to Emperor Zhaozong that Liu Yin be made acting military governor, and Liu Yin subsequently took that title. Liu Zhi continued serving under his brother, and was first recorded to have participated in a campaign in 902, when Lu Guangchou, who controlled the Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) region as Qian's prefect, attacked Qinghai, capturing Shao Prefecture (韶州, in modern Shaoguan, Guangdong) and giving it to his son Lu Yanchang, and then putting Chao Prefecture (潮州, in modern Chaozhou, Guangdong) under siege. Liu Yin personally led an army and repelled Lu Guangchou from Chao, and then prepared to attack Shao. Under Liu Zhi's advice (as Liu Zhi believed that a direct attack would not be successful due to the strength of Lu Yanchang's army), he put Shao under siege to try to wear out Lu Yanchang's defense, but the strategy backfired when, due to high water levels on the river, the Qinghai army's food supplies were disrupted. Lu Guangchou then launched a relief army from Qian, repelling Liu Yin from Shao.

Meanwhile, Emperor Zhaozong commissioned the chancellor Cui Yuan as the new military governor of Qinghai, but Cui, while on the way to Qinghai, heard about popular uprisings in the region and also was worried that Liu Yin would not yield the position to him, and therefore returned to then-capital Luoyang. Subsequently, after Liu Yin bribed the powerful warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), who had the Tang imperial court under his physical control by that point, Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai of Tang commissioned Liu Yin as full military governor in 904. Liu Zhi served as Liu Yin's deputy military governor. It was said that at that time, in addition to the continued conflict with Lu Guangchou, substantial portions of the region were controlled by other warlords—Khúc Hạo (曲顥) at Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern Hanoi, Vietnam); Liu Shizheng (劉士政) at Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi); Ye Guanglüe (葉廣略) at Yong Prefecture (邕州, in modern Nanning, Guangxi); Pang Juzhao (龐巨昭) at Rong Prefecture (容州, in modern Yulin, Guangxi); Liu Changlu (劉昌魯) at Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern Maoming, Guangdong); and Liu Qian (劉潜, different person than Liu Zhi's father) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Yunfu, Guangdong). In addition, east of the Pearl River, there were some 70 camps of people who did not recognize Liu Yin's authorities. It was said that after Liu Yin entrusted the military matters to Liu Zhi, Liu Zhi gradually had these warlords expelled or forced into submission, such that he became known as the preeminent general in the Lingnan region.

One of these campaigns was described as in or around 910 (by which time Liu Yin was a vassal of the new Later Liang, which Zhu had established as its Emperor Taizu, and carried the title of Prince of Nanping or Nanhai), when Liu Zhi attacked Liu Changlu at Gao Prefecture. Liu Changlu repelled his attack, but figured that he would not be able to indefinitely hold out against the Liu brothers, and therefore, along with Pang, offered to submit to Ma Yin the Prince of Chu. Ma sent troops to safely escort Liu Changlu and Pang back to his territory and had his general Yao Yanzhang take up garrison at Rong Prefecture.

In 911, Liu Yin grew deathly ill. He submitted a petition recommending Liu Zhi as acting military governor, and died shortly after. Liu Zhi took over the circuit. Shortly after, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu made Liu Zhi full military governor. His name was changed back to Liu Yan.

As military governor
It was said that Liu Yan, while serving as military governor, frequently invited members of the intelligentsia who had fled from the Central Plain to serve on his staff, and often made them prefects of the circuit's prefectures, so among the prefects there were no military officers.

Meanwhile, also in 911, Lu Guangchou's son and successor Lu Yanchang was assassinated by his officer Li Qiu, who subsequently died and was succeeded by another officer, Li Yantu. As Li Qiu had considered killing Lu Guangchou's chief strategist Tan Quanbo, Tan claimed to be ill and retired from the Qian Prefecture army. Hearing of this, Liu Yan dispatched an army to attack Shao Prefecture and captured it; its prefect Liao Shuang (廖爽) fled to Chu, allowing Liu Yan to take Shao under his control. Meanwhile, he also again attacked Rong Prefecture. Yao Yanzhang was unable to stand up against his attacks despite being aided by a Chu relief force commanded by Xu Dexun, so Yao took the people and left Rong Prefecture, allowing Liu to take control of the Rong Prefecture region, as well as Gao Prefecture. Hearing of the war between two of his vassals, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent a delegation led by the official Wei Jian (韋戩) to try to mediate a peace between Ma and Liu. Liu responded by sending a large tribute of gold, silver, rhinoceros horns, ivory, and other assorted jewels and spices, to Emperor Taizu.

In late 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated and succeeded by his son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying. In early 913, Zhu Yougui bestowed the honorary title of acting Taifu (太傅, "emperor's professor") on Liu. He was subsequently defeated in a countercoup led by his brother Zhu Youzhen the Prince of Jun and committed suicide. Zhu Youzhen, who took the throne and changed his name to Zhu Zhen, then gave Liu the title of not only military governor of Qinghai, but also of Jianwu Circuit (建武, headquartered at Yong Prefecture), and also created him the Prince of Nanping, a title previously held by Liu Yin.

Also in 913, Liu Yan sought a marital alliance with Ma Yin, and Ma agreed. In 915, Liu sent a delegation to Chu's capital Changsha to welcome Ma's daughter Empress Ma as his bride, and Ma sent his brother Ma Cun (馬存) to escort her to Qinghai. Meanwhile, Liu was dissatisfied that he was only given the title of Prince of Nanping, while another Later Liang vassal, Qian Liu, carried the greater title of Prince of Wuyue. He made a request to Zhu Zhen that he be created the similarly honored title of Prince of Nanyue and be given a further title as commander of the circuits. When Zhu Zhen refused, Liu commented:

"Now the Central Plain is in confusion. No one knows who is the true Son of Heaven with the Mandate of Heaven. How can I send emissaries over the mountains and the seas to serve a false dynasty?"

Thereafter, Liu stopped sending tributes and emissaries to the Later Liang court.

In fall 917, Liu went further and declared himself emperor of a new state of Yue, at his capital of Panyu (which he renamed Xingwang). He posthumously honored his grandfather Liu Anren (劉安仁), father Liu Qian, and brother Liu Yin as emperors. He commissioned the Later Liang emissaries Zhao Guangyi and Li Yinheng (who were previously detained by Liu Yin), as well as his deputy military governor Yang Dongqian, chancellors.

As emperor of Yue
Also in 917, Liu Yan gave his niece, Liu Hua, the daughter of his brother Liu Yin, whom he had created the Princess Qingyuan, in marriage to Wang Yanjun, a son of his northeastern neighbor Wang Shenzhi the Prince of Min (who remained a Later Liang vassal), to cement a relationship between the two states.

In 918, after Liu Yan offered sacrifices to heaven and earth and issued a general pardon, he changed the name of his state from Yue to Han (and thus his state became known as Southern Han).

Early reign
In 919, Liu Yan created his wife Lady Ma empress.

In 920, at Yang Dongqian's request, Liu Yan established schools and imperial examinations, apparently following the Tang model. He also sent emissaries to Former Shu, seeking friendly relations.

In 922, there was an incident where Liu Yan, believing in the words of a sorcerer that he needed to leave the capital to avoid a disaster, left Xingwang to visit Meikou (梅口, in modern Meizhou, Guangdong), near the Min border. The Min general Wang Yanmei (Wang Shenzhi's son or nephew) decided to launch a surprise attack on Liu Yan's train, but before Wang Yanmei's forces arrived, Liu Yan received the news and fled Meikou before Min forces could attack.

In 924, Liu Yan launched an attack on Min, advancing on the borders of Min's Ting (汀洲, in modern Longyan, Fujian) and Zhang (漳州, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian) Prefectures. A Min counterattack defeated him, and he fled.

Meanwhile, in 923, Later Liang had been conquered by its northern rival Jin, whose prince Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong). When the news reached Liu Yan, Liu Yan became fearful of this powerful new state in the north, and in 925 sent his official He Ci (何詞) to Later Tang to try to seek friendly relations in humble terms (referring to himself as "the King of the Great Han" rather than emperor while addressing Emperor Zhuangzong as "the Emperor of the Great Tang") and to find out more about the strength of this new dynasty. After He Ci returned, He Ci reported that Emperor Zhuangzong had become arrogant and excessive and that there was no need to be fearful of him; Liu Yan was pleased, and from this point on no longer sought communications with Later Tang.

Later in the year, it was said that a white dragon was discovered in the Han palace. In response, Liu Yan changed his era name to Bailong ("white dragon") and changed his own name to Gong (龔). However, later in the year, when foreign monks informed him that the character "Gong" was not favorable to Southern Han's fortune, he further changed his name to a newly created character (龑, Yǎn), showing the character of a dragon (龍) over that of heaven (天). The pronunciation was similar to his birth name, but distinct in tone. (The Zizhi Tongjian placed this second name change in 941. ) Also in 925, when Zheng Min (鄭旻) the emperor of Changhe, sent his brother Zheng Zhaochun (鄭昭淳) to Southern Han to seek a marriage alliance, Liu Yan gave another niece, the Princess Zengcheng, to Zheng Min in marriage.

Middle reign
In 928, a Chu fleet attacked Southern Han and put Feng Prefecture under siege. In response, Liu Yan, believing that Dayou was a phrase from the I Ching that would portend good fortune in battle, changed the era name to Dayou, and also sent the general Su Zhang (蘇章) to take a fleet manned with well-trained archers to try to lift the siege on Feng. Su engaged the Chu fleet and pretended to withdraw after a skirmish, inducing the Chu fleet to chase; he then caught the Chu fleet in an ambush and defeated it, forcing the Chu forces to withdraw.

In 930, Liu Yan sent his generals Liang Kezhen (梁克貞) and Li Shoufu (李守鄜) to attack Jiao Prefecture; they captured it and took Khúc Thừa Mỹ (曲承美, son and successor of Khúc Hạo) captive, taking (for the time being) Jinghai Circuit (靜海, Vietnamese: Tĩnh Hải, headquartered at Jiao Prefecture) under Southern Han control and ending the control of the circuit by the Khúc family. Liang further advanced to Champa and pillaged it of its treasure. Liu stationed his general Li Jin (李進) at Jiao Prefecture to defend it.

The Southern Han hold on Jinghai would not last long, however. After the fall of the Khúcs, Dương Đình Nghệ - the prefect of Ai Prefecture (愛州, Vietnamese: Ái châu, in modern Thanh Hóa Province, Vietnam) built up a personal army of 3,000 adoptive sons, wanting to take control of Jinghai. Although Li knew about this, he did nothing as he was receiving regular bribes from Dương. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ put Jiao Prefecture under siege. Liu Yan sent the general Cheng Bao (程寶) to try to lift the siege, but before Cheng could get there, the city fell. Li fled back to Xingwang, where Liu put him to death. Cheng tried to recapture Jiao Prefecture, but Dương Đình Nghệ defeated and killed him in battle.

In 932, Liu Yan created his 19 sons as imperial princes.

In 934, Empress Ma died.

Also in 934, Liu Yan allowed his then-surviving oldest son Liu Hongdu the Prince of Qin (Liu Hongdu's older brothers Liu Yaoshu and Liu Guitu having died earlier) to form a guard force of his own, but these guard ranks were filled with hoodlums that Liu Hongdu was close to. When Yang Dongqian tried to speak on this matter to advise Liu Yan to curb Liu Hongdu's activities, as Liu Hongdu was commonly regarded as the heir, Liu Yan refused to listen. When Yang subsequently observed the guards pillage gold and silk from merchants and the merchants' fear causing them not to report the matter, Yang lamented, "If the rule is as troubled as this, what is a chancellor for?" He thus claimed an illness and retired to his mansion. Liu Yan subsequently never again summoned Yang for any audiences, and Yang eventually died at his home without returning to chancellorship.

Late reign
In 936, Liu Yan sent his general Sun Dewei (孫德威) to attack Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou, Guangxi) and Gui (桂州, in modern Guilin, Guangxi). When Chu's prince Ma Xifan (Ma Yin's son) personally went to Gui Prefecture to defend against the attack, Sun withdrew.

In 937, Dương Đình Nghệ was killed by his general Kiều Công Tiễn (矯公羨), who took over Jinghai. In 938, when another former general of Dương's, Ngô Quyền (吳權), rose at Ai Prefecture and subsequently attacked Jiao Prefecture, Kiều Công Tiễn sought aid from Southern Han. Liu Yan wanted to use this opportunity to take over Jinghai again, so he commissioned his son Liu Hongcao as the military governor of Jinghai and changed his title to Prince of Jiao, having him command an army to head to Jiao Prefecture while Liu Yan himself commanded a follow-up army. By the time that Liu Hongcao was approaching Jiao Prefecture, however, Ngô Quyền had already defeated and killed Kiều Công Tiễn and occupied Jiao Prefecture. When Liu Hongcao prepared to attack, Ngô Quyền set a trap for him—setting large wooden planks covered with iron into the tidal zone, such that when Liu Hongcao attacked at high tide, the planks were invisible, but when the tide fell, the Southern Han ships became stuck on the planks and unable to move. Ngô Quyền then counterattacked, killing more than half of the Southern Han soldiers, including Liu Hongcao. Liu Yan, hearing the news, cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet. (This became known as the Battle of Bạch Đằng River.)

In 939, Zhao Guangyi, pointing out that there had not been any emissaries sent between Southern Han and Chu after Empress Ma's death and that the two states, related by marriage, should be friendly to each other, recommended the official Li Shu (李紓) as an appropriate emissary. Liu Yan agreed, and after Li visited Chu, Chu also sent emissaries to Southern Han, reestablishing relations between the two states. Despite this, in 941, Liu Yan sent an emissary to Later Jin's Emperor Gaozu (whose Later Jin state had earlier taken over Later Tang's territory) seeking a military alliance where they would attack Chu and divide its territory; the Later Jin emperor declined.

In 942, Liu Yan grew seriously ill. He considered both of his oldest surviving sons, Liu Hongdu and Liu Hongxi the Prince of Jin, to be arrogant and unrestrained, and considered a younger son, Liu Hongchang the Prince of Yue, to be an appropriate successor. He thus considered sending Liu Hongdu and Liu Hongxi out of the capital and making Liu Hongchang his heir. However, the official Xiao Yi (蕭益) persuaded him that bypassing older sons would cause disturbances, and so Liu Yan did not carry out this plan. He soon died, and Liu Hongdu became emperor (as Emperor Shang).

The Zizhi Tongjian, summarizing the opinions from other sources, commented about Liu Yan's reign:

"Gaozu [(i.e., Liu Yan)] was observant and capable of political tactics, but was self-important, often referring to the emperors of the Central Plain as 'prefect of Luo Prefecture' [(i.e., Luoyang, which often served as the capital of Five Dynasties states)]. The Lingnan region was where rare jewels could be gathered, so he was luxurious in his living and favored beautiful things, adorning his palaces with gold, jades, and pearls. He was cruel in his punishments, using methods including cutting off noses, cutting off tongues, dismemberment, cutting pregnant women open, tying people to heated iron poles, and boiling people.  He also sometimes put poisonous snakes in the water and threw criminals into the water, referring to this as 'water prison.'  When the chancellor Yang Dongqian tried to correct his ways, he would not listen to Yang.  In his late years, he was particularly suspicious of the intelligentsia, believing that the officials would be more concerned about the welfare of their descendants rather than of the state, and therefore became trusting of eunuchs. Therefore, from this point on, Southern Han had many eunuchs."

Personal information

 * Father
 * Liu Zhiqian or Liu Qian, posthumously honored Emperor Shengwu with the temple name of Daizu ).
 * Mother
 * Lady Duan, Liu Zhiqian's concubine ).
 * Wife
 * Empress Ma, daughter of Ma Yin, the prince of Chu:
 * Major Concubine
 * Consort Zhao, mother of Prince Hongdu, later consort dowager.
 * Children
 * Liu Yaoshu (劉耀樞), the Prince of Yong (created 932), died early
 * Liu Guitu (劉龜圖), the Prince of Kang (created 932), died early
 * Liu Hongdu (劉弘度), later renamed Liu Bin, initially the Prince of Bin (created 932), later the Prince of Qin (created 932), later emperor
 * Liu Hongxi (劉弘熙), later renamed Liu Sheng, the Prince of Jin (created 932), later emperor
 * Liu Hongchang (劉弘昌), the Prince of Yue (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 944)
 * Liu Hongbi (劉弘弼), the Prince of Qi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongya (劉弘雅), the Prince of Shao (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 945)
 * Liu Hongze (劉弘澤), the Prince of Zhen (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 944)
 * Liu Hongcao (劉弘操), initially the Prince of Wan (created 932), later the Prince of Jiao (created and killed in battle 938).
 * Liu Honggao (劉弘杲), the Prince of Xun (born 923, created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 943).
 * Liu Hongwei (劉弘暐), the Prince of En (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongmiao (劉弘邈), the Prince of Gao (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 954 '''
 * Liu Hongjiǎn (劉弘簡) (note different tone than his brother), the Prince of Tong (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongjiàn (劉弘建) (note different tone than his brother), the Prince of Yi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongji (劉弘濟), the Prince of Bian (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongdao (劉弘道), the Prince of Gui (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongzhao (劉弘照), the Prince of Yi (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)
 * Liu Hongzheng (劉弘政), the Prince of Tong (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 955)
 * Liu Hongyi (劉弘益), the Prince of Ding (created 932, killed by Liu Sheng 947)

title: Liu Yan (emperor)


text:
TANS Perú Flight 204

TANS Perú Flight 204 was a domestic scheduled Lima–Pucallpa–Iquitos passenger service, operated with a Boeing 737-200 Advanced, that crashed on 23 August 2005 on approach to Pucallpa Airport, 4 mi off the airfield, following an emergency landing attempt because of bad weather, killing 40 of the 98 passengers and crew aboard.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft involved was a 1981-built Boeing 737-244 Advanced registered OB-1809, which had been leased to TANS Perú from the South African lessor company Safair two months prior to the accident. With manufacturer's serial number 22580 and powered with two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-17A engines, the airframe had its maiden flight on 4 August 1981, and was originally delivered to South African Airways. At the time of the accident, the aircraft had accumulated 49,865 flight hours and 45,262 cycles, and was 24 years old.

The captain was 45-year-old Octavio Perez Palma Garreta, who had 5,867 flight hours, including 3,763 hours on the Boeing 737. The first officer was 37-year-old Jorge Luis Pinto Panta, who had 4,755 flight hours, with 1,109 of them on the Boeing 737; 38-year-old Gonzalo Chirinos Delgado, a trainee pilot, was also on board. He had 2,700 flight hours, but only 61 of them on the Boeing 737.

Description of the accident
An unusual cold front was developing in the vicinity of Pucallpa, minutes before the event took place, with cloud tops estimated to be 45000 ft high. Instead of diverting to another airport, the crew initiated the approach to Pucallpa Airport with torrential rain, hail, and strong winds. Some 10 minutes before the scheduled time for landing, the aircraft started rocking. Realising that the airport could not be safely reached amid the worsening weather conditions, the pilot attempted an emergency landing. The aircraft was flying through a hailstorm for the last 32 seconds of its ill-fated flight when it was seemingly taken down by a wind shear, hit tree tops, impacted terrain in a swamp located 3.8 nmi ahead of the runway threshold, broke up as it crash landed, and burst into flames, leaving a path of debris and flaming fuel 100 ft wide and 0.8 nmi long. The wreckage of the airplane was engulfed by the fire.

With 91 passengers and seven crew members on board, 35 passengers and five crew (including the three pilots) died in the accident. Non-Peruvian occupants of the aircraft included 11 Americans, one Australian, one Colombian, and one Spanish; Italians were also aboard, but the actual number of them depend upon the source. Most of the fatalities were recorded for passengers travelling in the front of the aircraft. Fifty-eight people survived the accident, many of them suffering burns and broken limbs.

Investigation
Investigation of the crash site was hindered by looters, who descended upon the crash and stole various elements to be sold for scrap. A US$500 2005 reward did succeed in securing the return of the flight data recorder. After 312 days of investigations, no  technical malfunctions were reported. The official cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error for not following standard procedures under adverse weather conditions. The captain took control of the plane, but the trainee pilot did not immediately monitor the instruments; as a result, the crew did not notice the rapid descent in the few crucial seconds they had where they could have avoided danger. According to Aviation Safety Network, the accident ranks among the more deadly ones that took place in 2005. It was also the second major crash involving a TANS Perú airplane in slightly over two years.

In the media
Flight 204 has been the subject of a Reader's Digest story and an MSNBC documentary. The Canadian TV series, Mayday, has also produced an episode about the accident named "Blind Landing".

title: TANS Perú Flight 204


text: User talk:209.165.35.195

title: User talk:209.165.35.195


text:
Richard B. Mellon

Richard Beatty Mellon (March 19, 1858 – December 1, 1933), sometimes R.B., was a banker, industrialist, and philanthropist from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Mellon family patriarch Thomas Mellon.

Biography
He and his brother Andrew Mellon, sons of Judge Thomas Mellon, were frequent business partners. Richard served under Andrew at Mellon Bank and assumed its presidency in 1921 when Andrew was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. They also made joint philanthropic gifts, notably several large donations to their alma mater, the University of Pittsburgh, including creation of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to honor their father, which is now a part of Carnegie Mellon University.

R.B. served from 1899–1910 as president of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, renamed the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) in 1907, and was heavily invested in the Pittsburgh Coal Company, today part of CONSOL Energy, where he clashed with John L. Lewis and the United Mine Workers. Later, he was instrumental in forming Mellbank Corporation, a bank holding company, which helped the affiliated banks weather the Great Depression.

In 1918, R.B. Mellon organized the Citizens' Committee on City Plan, which sought to improve Pittsburgh through better urban planning and zoning. In honor of his civic efforts, the Air and Waste Management Association recognizes individuals who have made administrative, legislative, and judicial contributions to the field of pollution abatement with the Richard Beatty Mellon Award.

In 1931, R.B. Mellon, along with C.C. Macdonald, assumed control of Idlewild Park in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. He was the founder of the Rolling Rock Club.

Mellon's philanthropic gifts were primarily church-oriented. In 1926 he established a $15 million pension fund for Presbyterian ministers. He and his wife, Jennie Taylor King, were the major donors to the Cathedral of Hope, the new home for the East Liberty Presbyterian Church, which they and their parents had attended. He died on December 1, 1933, before the new building was completed. The $13.3 million in taxes paid on his estate enabled the state to meet its payroll.

His children, Sarah Mellon and her younger brother Richard King Mellon, were heirs to the family fortune alongside their cousins Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon-Bruce.

title: Richard B. Mellon


text:
Hugh X of Lusignan

Hugh X de Lusignan or Hugh V of La Marche (c. 1183 – c. 5 June 1249, Angoulême) was Seigneur de Lusignan and Count of La Marche in November 1219 and was Count of Angoulême by marriage. He was the son of Hugh IX.

Background
Hugh's father, Hugh IX of Lusignan, was betrothed to marry 12-year-old Isabel of Angoulême in 1200, but King John of England married her instead. As a result, the entire de Lusignan family rebelled against the English king. Hugh IX married Agathe de Preuilly instead.

Hugh was born in 1183. He married Isabella, widow of King John of England, on 10 May 1220. By Hugh's marriage to Isabella, he became Count of Angoulême until her death in 1246. Together they founded the abbey of Valence.

In 1224, Hugh joined with King Louis VIII of France against the Angevins, being promised the city of Bordeaux. By 1226, he had become embittered against Louis' lack of support in conquering Gascony.

Marriage and issue
Hugh and Isabella had:
 * Hugh XI de Lusignan, seigneur of Lusignan, Count of La Marche and Count of Angoulême (1221–1250)
 * Aymer de Lusignan, Bishop of Winchester c. 1250 (c. 1222 – Paris, 5 December 1260 and buried there)
 * Agatha de Lusignan (c. 1223 – aft. 7 April 1269), married Guillaume II de Chauvigny, seigneur of Châteauroux (1224 – Palermo, 3 January 1271)
 * Alice de Lusignan (1224 – 9 February 1256), married 1247 John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
 * Guy de Lusignan (d. 1264), seigneur of Couhé, Cognac, and Archiac in 1249, killed at the Battle of Lewes.
 * Geoffrey de Lusignan (d. 1274), seigneur of Jarnac, married in 1259 Jeanne de Châtellerault, Vicomtess of Châtellerault (d. 16 May 1315) and had issue:
 * Eustachie de Lusignan (d. Carthage, Tunisia, 1270), married 1257 Dreux III de Mello (d. 1310)
 * Guillaume de Lusignan (d. 1296); known in English as William de Valence married Joan de Munchensi or Munchensy (c. 1230 – after 20 September 1307), the only surviving child of Warin de Munchensi, lord of Swanscombe, and his first wife Joan Marshal, who was one of the five daughters of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke suo jure.
 * Margaret de Lusignan (c. 1226/1228–1288), married (1st) 1240/1241 Raymond VII of Toulouse (1197–1249), married (2nd) c. 1246 Aimery IX de Thouars, Viscount of Thouars (d. 1256), and married (3rd) Geoffrey V de Chateaubriant, seigneur of Chateubriant
 * Isabella of Lusignan (1224 – 14 January 1299), lady of Beauvoir-sur-Mer et de Mercillac, married (1st) Maurice IV de Craon (1224/1239 – soon before 27 May 1250/1277) (2nd) Geoffrey de Rancon, seigneur of Taillebourg.

Hugh X was succeeded by his eldest son, Hugh XI of Lusignan.

According to explanations in the manuscripts of Gaucelm Faidit's poems, this troubadour was a rival of Hugh X of Lusignan for the love of Marguerite d'Aubusson.

He was buried in Angoulême.

title: Hugh X of Lusignan


text:
Yoshino, Nan'yō, Yamagata

Yoshino (吉野) is a district in the north of the city of Nan'yō, Yamagata, Japan. It is made up of two smaller sub-districts, Ogi and Kotaki.

As of 2005, the town has a population of 935.

Yoshino is an exemplar of rural depopulation in Japan. Fifty years ago, many people were employed in mining and forestry, the population was over 3,600, and the town even had a cinema. However, forestry gradually died out, and in 1974, the mine closed.

The population decreased further in the late 1990s when a major road, National Route 5, was built through Yoshino. A number of houses had to be demolished, and many affected families chose to relocate to nearby towns with more amenities such as Akayu or Miyauchi.

However, the remaining community is close-knit, and in an effort to retain community spirits they have restarted the annual Kumano Shrine festival, and have organised a number of community sports and culture related societies. Ogi and Kotaki both have small elementary schools, but the single junior high school in Ogi closed in March 2009. The small elementary school in Kotaki was closed in March 2013 and was merged with the elementary school in Ogi.

Kotaki is the site of the Kuguri-taki waterfall (潜り滝).

title: Yoshino, Nan'yō, Yamagata


text:
Kamila Skolimowska

Kamila Skolimowska (4 November 1982 – 18 February 2009) was a Polish hammer thrower. She is best known for her gold medal in the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, which made her the youngest Olympic hammer champion, as well as for her two medals from the European Championships. Her personal best throw, and former Polish record, was 76.83 metres, achieved in May 2007 in Doha. She died on 18 February 2009 in Vila Real de Santo António, Portugal at the Polish national team training camp.

Early life and career
She was born in Warsaw. Her father is super heavyweight weightlifter Robert Skolimowski who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal at the 1986 World Weightlifting Championships. Skolimowska first made herself known at age fifteen, when she won the hammer throw event at the 1997 European Junior Championships; the first time hammer throw was staged at the European Junior Championships. She was actually fourteen years and 264 days at the time, and had become Polish national champion and record holder the year before. Her personal best in 1997 was 63.48 metres. She improved her personal best to 66.62 metres in 1999. She also finished seventh at the 1998 European Championships, won the 1999 World Youth Championships and finished twenty-first at the 1999 World Championships.

Olympic champion
At the 2000 Summer Olympics she won a gold medal in the hammer throw, with a new personal best throw of 71.16 metres. Gold medal favourite Mihaela Melinte was disqualified shortly before the start of the qualifying round for failing a drugs test. At age 17 years and 331 days, Skolimowska became the youngest Olympic hammer champion. As it was the first time that the women's hammer throw was staged at the Olympics, she also set an Olympic record, which stood for four years. She received the Polish Golden Cross of Merit for her achievement.

Career after the Olympic gold
In the 2001 season, she finished fourth at the 2001 World Championships in Edmonton, with a throw of 68.05 metres. One month later she improved her national record to 71.71 metres, which was enough to win the IAAF Grand Prix Final in Melbourne. In 2002, she took her first championships medal since the Olympic victory, at the 2002 European Championships. Throwing 72.46 metres to take the silver medal behind Olga Kuzenkova, she almost improved on her 72.60 result achieved in June in Bydgoszcz. Toward the end of the season she finished fifth at the 2002 World Cup.

Skolimowska did not set new national records in 2003 and 2004. In 2003, she finished eighth both at the 2003 World Championships and the 2003 World Athletics Final. In the final round of the hammer throw at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens she recorded a season best of 72.57 metres, placing fifth overall in the event. She again finished fifth at the 2004 World Athletics Final.

New records
In July 2005 Skolimowska improved her national record to 74.27 metres, the result being achieved in Madrid. Exactly one month later she won the gold medal at the Universiade, four days after finishing seventh at the 2005 World Championships. At the 2005 World Athletics Final she finished second. In 2006 Skolimowska improved her national record again; to 75.29 as she won the 2006 World Cup meet in September in Athens. The record crowned a successful year, with a bronze medal at the 2006 European Championships and a second place at the 2006 World Athletics Final earlier in the season. In 2007 Skolimowska improved with more than a metre, throwing 76.83 in May at the Super Grand Prix meet in Doha. She finished fourth at both the 2007 World Championships and the 2007 World Athletics Final.

2008, however, was an unsuccessful year. Her season's best was only 73.50, achieved in June in Warsaw. In the Olympic competition, she did progress from the qualifying round, but failed to register a valid mark in the final, thus finishing unplaced.

Death
Skolimowska died unexpectedly at the age of 26 during a training session in Portugal. The cause of her death (originally reported in many media as likely a heart attack) was confirmed by autopsy to be pulmonary embolism.

The Kamila Skolimowska Memorial was established in the year of her death, initially as a hammer throw competition before evolving into an annual track and field event.

title: Kamila Skolimowska


text:
Talk:The Big Superhero Wish

Untitled
This article, as well as all the other ones linked to "List of Fairly Oddparents Episodes" was created to feature further information about the episode that would not fit on the episode list, including tidbits about the specific episode and the expanded plot details.

 * One page could easily accommodate all episodes. A whole page for this stuff is ridiculous.  The guides are poorly written and edited by the way; someone will have to come in and correct typos, etc.  Also, the episodes should be numbered, like other television shows.    The user should register and log in, by the way, so we can communicate on his or her talk page instead of individual discussion pages.    Paul Klenk 02:09, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Further thoughts: I did a look-up for the Seinfeld show; this show has one page for all episodes.  You can use it for a model.  If a nine-year-running show, the most talked about and watched in history, can accommodate all episodes in one page, then so can The Fairly OddParents.  Remember, this isn't a hobby site for you to collect your private thoughts and feelings on arcane matters.  Some of your "trivia" items are really reviews of the show.  This is not in keeping with Wikipedia.  Any opinions about episodes should be deleted.  Follow the Seinfeld model and you'll do well.   Good luck.   Paul Klenk 02:21, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Big Superhero Wish


text: Category:Governors of Puebla

title: Category:Governors of Puebla


text: Template:Germany tourism Freiburg area

title: Template:Germany tourism Freiburg area


text:
Talk:Oakhurst, New South Wales

Page move
This page was moved from "Oakhurst, Australia" to "Oakhurst, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) -- Ianblair23 02:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oakhurst, New South Wales


text: Category:Mexican philosophers

title: Category:Mexican philosophers


text:
Emperor Shizong of Jin

Emperor Shizong of Jin (29 March 1123 – 20 January 1189), personal name Wulu, sinicised name Wanyan Yong (originally Wanyan Xiu), was the fifth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. Ruling from 1161 to 1189 under the era name "Dading", Emperor Shizong's reign was the longest and most stable among the Jin emperors.

Early life
Wulu was a grandson of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founding emperor of the Jin dynasty. His father was Eliduo (訛里朵; also known as Wanyan Zongyao 完顏宗堯), Aguda's third son and a famous general in the early Jin dynasty. As Eliduo died when Wulu was just 12 years old, the latter grew up under the influence of his mother, who had come from a sinicised Balhae gentry family from Liaoyang. After her husband's death, Wulu's mother preferred to become a nun instead of remarrying one of her husband's relatives, as was the Jurchen custom. Due to his mother and her relatives, Wulu received a Han Chinese-style education and acquired good knowledge of the Chinese classics.

Wulu is said to have also been greatly influenced by the wife he had before becoming emperor. She was from the Wulinda (烏林荅) clan. She advised Wulu to be patient and to pretend to be loyal to his cousin, the emperor Digunai. Digunai admired Lady Wulinda so he summoned her to his inner court in 1151, but she committed suicide. Her death resulted in a deep enmity between Wulu and Digunai.

In 1161, when Digunai invaded the Southern Song dynasty to unify China under the Jin dynasty's rule, he also sent agents to assassinate many of his own relatives and thus to cement his power within the imperial clan. Wulu, who was on the hit list, started a rebellion against the emperor. The rebellion was supported by many Jurchen officers and aristocrats who were dissatisfied with Digunai's policy of cultural sinicisation and administrative centralisation, and the human cost of the emperor's southern adventure. The first military officer to support the rebellion was Wanyan Mouyan (完顏謀衍). Digunai lost the Battle of Caishi against the Song dynasty and was assassinated by his own disaffected officers. Wulu was able to become the new emperor without having to struggle against Digunai whose title he demoted down to Prince Yang of Hailing.

Reign

Once on the throne, Wulu – who is historically known as Emperor Shizong – abandoned his predecessor's plan for invading the Southern Song dynasty, and abolished his domestic sinicisation policies. Although conversant with Han Chinese culture himself, Emperor Shizong thought that the Jurchens' strength was in maintaining their "simple and sincere", culture, and would often attribute Digunai's defeat to the latter's wholesale abandonment of it. He was not opposed to Chinese culture per se – in fact, he once claimed that the "natural and honest" Jurchen way of life was much like what the ancient Chinese sages taught – but he thought that merely reading the Chinese classics without putting their ideas into practice was counterproductive.

During Emperor Shizong's reign, he confiscated large areas of unused land and land that had been grabbed by a few large Jurchen landowners, and redistributed it to the Jurchen settlers in northern China. Still, many Jurchens preferred not to work their land plots, but lease them to Han Chinese farmers, and engage in heavy drinking instead. The emperor criticised his people for losing their martial spirit and military skills, such as archery and riding. To give an example to his subjects, Emperor Shizong made hunting an annual royal activity in 1162, and until 1188 he went hunting almost every autumn and winter. He also enjoyed archery and ball games.

As part of his promotion of Jurchen culture and the Jurchen language, soon after ascending the throne, Emperor Shizong started a programme of translating Chinese classics into Jurchen. The Jurchen version of the Classic of History was the first to be published; by the end of the Dading era, many other Chinese classics had become available in Jurchen.

Early in his reign, Emperor Shizong chose 3,000 Jurchen men to study the Jurchen language. In 1173, the state started offering jinshi degrees in Jurchen, opened the Jurchen Imperial Academy (女真國子學) in the capital and local schools in all the circuits of the empire. It is thought by modern scholars that the purpose of offering the jinshi examinations in Jurchen was more to promote Jurchen scholarship than to recruit more Jurchen for the state service, as most of the Jurchen jinshi degree holders ended up working as teachers of the Jurchen language and of the Chinese classics in Jurchen translation.

Emperor Shizong required that, when dealing with Jurchen speakers, government officials respond in Jurchen. In 1174, even the imperial guards were told to learn Jurchen, and not to speak in Chinese; in 1183, one thousand copies of the Jurchen edition of the Classic of Filial Piety were distributed to them for their edification.

Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin (Jinshi) says that Emperor Shizong of Jin took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.

As one of the ways of restoring Jurchen traditions, Emperor Shizong prohibited servants and slaves from wearing silk, and in 1188 he prohibited Jurchens in general from wearing Han Chinese clothes.

Emperor Shizong and his successor, Emperor Zhangzong, were described as believers in both Buddhism and Taoism. In 1187, Emperor Shizong invited Wang Chuyi, a disciple of Wang Chongyang (the founder of the Quanzhen School of Taoism), to preach in his palace. According to some sources, another of Wang Chongyang's disciples, Qiu Chuji, was invited as well. The emperor requested the presence of Wang Chuyi at his deathbed.

Modern evaluation
Modern scholars feel that Emperor Shizong's efforts to maintain and revive the Jurchen language and culture were not particularly efficacious. The language lacked native literature, and his translations of Chinese works into Jurchen were helping to bring Chinese ideas and values into Jurchens' minds. In fact, the emperor himself once said that the Jurchen language was "inferior to Chinese", and could not even match Khitan. Outside of the old Jurchen lands in Manchuria, people did not see the utility of speaking the "dying" and "inferior" language, and Emperor Shizong himself was wondering if his descendants would criticise him for his attempts to force people use it.

Emperor Shizong's attempts to preserve the Jurchens' identity as hunters, too, were conflicting with his drive to improve their livelihood by making them into good farmers. Nonetheless, people generally admired his love of peace, his promotion of learning and care of people's well-being; traditionally, his era was called a "miniature of Yao and Shun", referring to the legendary ancient sage kings.

Family
Parents: Wives
 * Father: Eliduo (訛里朵), sinicised name Wanyan Zongyao (完顏宗堯), posthumously honoured as Emperor Ruizong (金睿宗)
 * Mother: Lady Li (李氏), posthumously honoured as Empress Zhenyi (貞懿皇后)
 * Empress Mingde, of the Wulinda clan (明德皇后烏林荅氏, d. 1152)
 * Wanyan Yungong, Emperor Xianzong (金顯宗 完顏允恭, 1146 – 1185), 1st son
 * Wanyan Shunian, Prince of Zhao (趙王 完顏孰輦), 2nd son
 * Wanyan Xielu, Prince of Yue(越王完顏斜魯), 3rd son
 * Princess of Yu (豫國公主), 1st daughter
 * Married Wugulun Yuanzhong, Duke of Ren (任國公 烏古論元忠), grandson of Emperor Taizu
 * Empress Guangxian, of the Li clan (光獻皇后李氏, d. 1181)
 * Wanyan Yongdao, Prince La of Zheng (鄭剌王 完顏永蹈, d. 1193), 6th son
 * Wanyan Yongji, Prince Shao of Wei (衛紹王 完顏永濟, d.11 September 1213), 7th son
 * Wanyan Yongde, Prince of Lu (潞王 完顏永德), 8th son
 * Princess of Han (韓國公主), 2nd daughter
 * married Pusan Kui (僕散揆)
 * First Consort, of the Zhang clan (元妃 張氏)
 * Wanyan Yongzhong, Prince Li of Gao (鎬厲王 完顏永中, d. 1194), 4th son
 * Wanyan Yonggong, Prince Zhongjian of Yue (越忠簡王 完顏永功, 1154 – 1221), 5th son
 * Worthy Consort, of the Shimo clan (石抺氏)
 * Virtuous Consort, of the Tushan clan (德妃 徒單氏)
 * Consort Rou, of the Da clan (柔妃 大氏)
 * Zhaoyi, of the Liang clan (昭儀 梁氏)
 * Wanyan Yongcheng, Prince Zhongxian of Yu (豫忠獻王 完顏永成, d. 1204), 9th son
 * Cairen, of the Shimo clan (才人 石抹氏)
 * Wanyan Yongsheng, Prince of Kui (夔王 完顏永升, d. 1213), 10th son
 * Unknown:
 * Princess Supreme of Yan (兗國大長公主), 3rd daughter
 * married Pucha Husha (蒲察胡沙)
 * Princess of Wu (吳國公主), 4th daughter
 * married Tangkuo Gong (唐括貢)
 * Princess of Shu (蜀國公主), 5th daughter
 * married Tangkuo Ding (唐括鼎)
 * Princess of Wan (宛國公主), 7th daughter
 * married Wulinda Fu (烏林荅復)
 * Princess of Xi (息國公主)
 * married Tushan Gongbi (徒單公弼)
 * Princess of Cao (曹國公主)
 * Princess of Wei (衛國公主)
 * married Pucha Pusulie (蒲察蒲速烈)
 * Unnamed Princess, 14th daughter
 * married Heshilie Zhushennu (紇石烈諸神奴)
 * Princess of Ze (澤國公主), personal name Changle (長樂)
 * married Puladu (蒲剌睹)

title: Emperor Shizong of Jin


text:
User:Fluent aphasia

B.S. Physics - M.S. Geophysics - M.S. Geotechnical Engineering -- Georgia Tech

Occupation: Civil Engineer

Interests:
 * Speculative fiction -- goodreads.com
 * Energy industry -- Peak Oil, fusion power, The Oil Drum
 * Secular humanism, atheism -- Free Inquiry magazine
 * EBM, futurepop, electro-industrial music --  VAC
 * MMORPGs/synthetic economies --  Final Fantasy XI, World of Warcraft

'http://quizfarm.com/test.php?q_id=23320' What is Your World View? created with QuizFarm.com

title: User:Fluent aphasia


text:
File:QueenVicStatuePlaque1.JPG

Plaque from statue of Queen Victoria outside Queen Victoria Building Sydney. July 2005.

title: File:QueenVicStatuePlaque1.JPG


text:
Emperor Xingzong of Liao

Emperor Xingzong of Liao (3 April 1016 – 28 August 1055), personal name Zhigu, sinicised name Yelü Zongzhen, was the seventh emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.

Life
Yelü Zongzhen was the eldest son of Emperor Shengzong. He was born to a court lady named Xiao Noujin (蕭耨斤) but was raised by the Empress Xiao Pusage (蕭菩薩哥), the niece of Zongzhen's grandmother Xiao Yanyan. He was enfeoffed as a prince in 1021 at the age of six. When Emperor Shengzong died in 1031, Yelü Zongzhen succeeded his father as emperor. His mother Xiao Noujin became consort dowager and his adopted mother Xiao Pusage became Empress Dowager.

After receiving this title, Xiao Noujin became arrogant and gave herself the new title of Empress Dowager despite being a former concubine. She was longtime rivals with Xiao Pusage, and spied on Xiao Pusage several times when Zongzhen was a prince. Xiao Noujin tried persuading her son to get rid of Xiao Pusage, but he refused to comply since Xiao Pusage had no children and raised him as a child. When the Emperor was occupied with a hunting trip, Xiao Noujin sent assassins to murder Xiao Pusage.

The Emperor's reign was controlled by his mother Xiao Noujin. She was very ambitious and didn't want her power at court to be diminished. Although she promised Emperor Jingzong to be content with her title of Consort Dowager, she issued a false edict stating that she was an Empress Dowager. She had plans for her younger son Zhongyuan to replace Zongzhen on the throne. Yelu Zhongyuan told his brother, and Xiao Noujin was sent away from the palace. After the Emperor's death, Xiao Noujin reportedly told her daughter-in-law Empress Xiao Dali not to mourn.

Legacy
The Sinified form of his personal name is usually given as the reason (via the Chinese naming taboo) for the variant forms of the Chinese name of the Jurchens around this time. More likely, however, the variants—which are also attested in other languages of the era lacking such a taboo—simply reflect dialectal differences among the Jurchens themselves.

Emperor Xingzong's reign was the beginning of the end for the Liao dynasty. The government was corrupt and the army started to fall apart. He attacked the Western Xia dynasty many times, and waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. However, the frequent wars were not looked kindly upon by his people, and there were much anger among them for the high taxes. Although Emperor Xingzong was successful in bullying Song into raising the annual indemnities, he was unsuccessful in his invasion of Western Xia due to sandstorms. Emperor Xingzong was interested in Buddhism and spent lavishly for his own pleasure. He died in 1055 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Daozong.

Family
Consort and issue(s):
 * Empress Renyi of the Xiao clan (仁懿皇后 蕭氏, d. 1076), personal name Dali (撻里)
 * Yelü Hongji, Emperor Daozong (遼道宗 耶律洪基, 14 September 1032 – 12 February 1101), 1st son
 * Yelü Heluwo, Imperial Uncle Rensheng (仁聖皇太叔 耶律和魯斡, 1041 – 1010), 3rd son
 * Yelü Alian, Prince of Qin (秦國王 耶律阿璉, d. 1087), 4th son
 * Princess of Jin State (晉國公主), personal name Baqin (跋芹), 1st daughter
 * Married Xiao Saba (蕭撒八)
 * Married Xiao Asu (蕭阿速)
 * Married Xiao Woni (蕭窩匿)
 * Princess of Zheng (鄭國公主), personal name Wolitai (斡里太), 2nd daughter
 * Married Xiao Yuliye (蕭余里也)
 * Noble Consort, of the Xiao clan(貴妃 蕭氏), personal name Sanqian (三蒨) – No issue
 * Unknown
 * Yelü Baoxinnu (耶律寶信奴, b. 1035), 2nd son

title: Emperor Xingzong of Liao