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Tenor guitar

The tenor guitar or four-string guitar is a slightly smaller, four-string relative of the steel-string acoustic guitar or electric guitar. The instrument was initially developed in its acoustic form by Gibson and C.F. Martin so that players of the four-string tenor banjo could double on guitar.

Construction
Tenor guitars are four-stringed instruments normally made in the shape of a guitar, or sometimes with a lute-like pear shaped body or, more rarely, with a round banjo-like wooden body. They can be acoustic, electric or both and they can come in the form of flat top or archtop wood-bodied, metal-bodied resonator, or solid-bodied instruments. Tenor guitars normally have a scale length similar to that of the tenor banjo and octave mandolin of between 21 and 23 in.

History and development
The earliest origins of the tenor guitar are not clear, but it seems unlikely that a true four-stringed guitar-shaped tenor guitar appeared before the late 1920s. Gibson built the tenor lute TL-4 in 1924, which had a lute-like pear-shaped body, four strings and a tenor banjo neck. It is possible that similar instruments were made by other makers such as Lyon and Healy and banjo makers, such as Bacon. In the same period, banjo makers, such as Paramount, built transitional round banjo-like wood-bodied instruments with four strings and tenor banjo necks called tenor harps. From 1927 onwards, the very first true wood-bodied acoustic tenor guitars appeared as production instruments made by both Gibson and Martin.

Almost all the major guitar makers, including Epiphone, Kay, Gretsch, Guild and National Reso-Phonic, have manufactured tenor (and plectrum) guitars as production instruments at various times. Budget tenor guitars by makers such as Harmony, Regal and Stella, were produced in large numbers in the 1950s and 1960s. National, formed by the Dopyera Brothers, also made significant numbers of resonator tenor and plectrum guitars between the 1920s and 1940s. Dobro, another company associated with the Dopyera Brothers, as well as National, also built various resonator tenor guitar models.

In 1934, Gibson introduced an acoustic archtop tenor guitar, the TG-50, based on the acoustic archtop six-string model, the L-50, with its production run lasting until 1958. In 1936 Gibson introduced the world's first commercially successful electric Spanish-style guitar, the ES-150. In early 1937 Gibson also began shipping two other versions of the ES-150: a tenor guitar (the EST-150, with four strings and a 23" scale, renamed the ETG-150 in 1940) and a plectrum version (the EPG-150, with a 27" scale). The ETG-150, was in continuous production until 1972.

In the mid-1950s electric solid-body tenor guitar models began to appear from companies such as Gibson, Gretsch, Guild, and Epiphone. These were mostly produced as one-off custom instruments but, for a short time in 1955, Gretsch manufactured an electric solid-bodied tenor guitar, the Gretsch 6127 DuoJet. Renewed interest in the tenor guitar led to the introduction of new solid-body electric models in the early 21st century, with companies such as Fender beginning production of a tenor version of their Telecaster model.

Tuning
Tenor guitars are normally tuned in fifths, C$3$−G$3$−D$4$−A$4$, using the same tuning as the tenor banjo, mandola, or viola. Also common are tuning one octave below standard violin tuning, G$2$−D$3$−A$3$−E$4$, which is typical of the tenor banjo in Irish folk music or "octave mandolin," and the so-called "Chicago tuning", D$3$−G$3$−B$3$−E$4$, the same as the top four strings of a standard guitar, or the "baritone ukulele," a slightly smaller instrument usually strung with nylon strings.

Plectrum guitar
The "plectrum guitar" is a four-stringed guitar with a scale length of 26 to 27 in and tunings usually based on the plectrum banjo, C$3$−G$3$−B$3$−D$4$ or D$3$−G$3$−B$3$−D$4$. They are also commonly tuned like a mandocello, C$2$−G$2$−D$3$−A$3$, one octave down from the tenor guitar, much as the relationship between a viola and cello. Plectrum guitars have not been made in as large numbers as tenor guitars and are rarer. One of the best known plectrum guitarists from the Jazz Age was Eddie Condon, who started out on banjo in the 1920s and then switched to a Gibson L7 plectrum guitar in the 1930s.

Use and performers
Tenor guitars initially came to significant commercial prominence in the late 1920s and early 1930s as tenor banjos were slowly being replaced by six-string guitars in jazz bands and dance orchestras. Tenor banjo players could double on tenor guitars to get a guitar sound without having to learn the six-string guitar. Two of the McKendrick brothers, both named Mike – "Big" Mike and "Little" Mike – doubled on tenor banjo and tenor guitar in jazz bands dating from the 1920s. "Big" Mike McKendrick both managed and played with Louis Armstrong's bands while "Little" Mike McKendrick played with various bands, including Tony Parenti.

The Delmore Brothers were a very influential pioneering country music duo from the early 1930s to the late 1940s that featured the tenor guitar. The Delmore Brothers were one of the original country vocal harmonizing sibling acts that established the mold for later similar acts, such as the Louvin Brothers, and even later, The Everly Brothers. The younger of the Delmore brothers, Rabon, played the tenor guitar as an accompaniment to his older brother, Alton's, six-string guitar. Rabon favored the Martin 0-18T tenor guitar and the Louvin Brothers later recorded a tribute album to the Delmores that featured Rabon's Martin 0-18T tenor played by mandolinist Ira Louvin, but tuned as the four treble guitar strings. Another 1930s band that featured the tenor guitar was the Hoosier Hotshots, commonly considered the creators of mid-western rural jazz. Their leader, Ken Trietsch, played the tenor guitar, as well as doubling on the tuba.

In the early 1930s Selmer Guitars in Paris manufactured four-string guitars based on guitar designs by the Italian luthier Mario Maccaferri that they marketed to banjo players for use as a second instrument. The two main four-string Selmer models were a regular tenor guitar with a smaller body and a 23 inch scale length for standard CGDA tuning, and the Eddie Freeman Special, with a larger body and a longer 25.5-inch scale length, using a reentrant tuning for the A string which was designed by English tenor banjoist Eddie Freeman to have a better six-string guitar sonority for rhythm guitar work than the normal tenor guitar with its high A string while till using the same cord shaped familiar to tenor banjoists. Selmer heavily promoted the guitar through Melody Maker and Eddie Freeman even wrote a special tune for it called "In All Sincerity". However, the guitar was not commercially successful in the 1930s, and many were subsequently converted to much more valuable six-string models. Originals of the Eddie Freeman Special are now very rare and are consequently highly valuable.

As the six-string guitar eventually became more popular in bands in the 1930s and 1940s, tenor guitars became less frequently played, although some tenor guitar models had been made in very large numbers throughout this period and are now still common.

Tenor guitars came to prominence again in the 1950s and 1960s amid the Dixieland jazz revival and the folk music boom. At this time, they were made by makers such as Epiphone, Gibson, Guild, and Gretsch as archtop acoustics and electrics, as well as a range of flat top models by Martin. A Martin 0-18T flattop acoustic tenor guitar was played in the late 1950s by Nick Reynolds of The Kingston Trio. During this period electric tenor guitars were advertised as "lead guitars", although the rationale for this is not now clear.

A major player of the electric tenor as a lead guitarist in the bebop and rhythm and blues styles from the 1940s to the 1970s was the jazz guitarist Tiny Grimes, who recorded with Cats and the Fiddle, Charlie Parker, Art Tatum, and others. Grimes used DGBE "Chicago" tuning on his tenor guitars, rather than traditional CGDA tuning.

Current use
Since 2001, there has been an increased interest in the tenor guitar, as evidenced by an increasing number of manufacturers, such as Eastwood Guitars, Blueridge, Gold Tone, Artist Guitars, Canora, Thomann, Harley Benton, and Ibanez, offering tenor guitar models, and a greater number of specialist luthiers now building custom tenor guitar models or offering to modify existing instruments into tenor guitars.

Contemporary players of the tenor guitar include Neko Case, Josh Rouse, Joel Plaskett, Adam Gnade, Ani DiFranco, Carrie Rodriguez, Joe Craven, and Dhani Harrison. Jason Molina played a tenor guitar for much of his early work as Songs: Ohia. The instrument is often used by musicians looking to replace or augment sounds produced by more conventional instruments. Elvis Costello features a tenor guitar on the title track of his 2004 release Delivery Man.

Wes Borland, the guitarist for nu metal band Limp Bizkit plays a low-tuned (F$♯$−F$♯ 1$−B$♯ 2$−E$2$) four-string guitar on the songs "Nookie", "The One", "Full Nelson", and "Stalemate" using a 4-string "Cremona" tenor guitar made by Master guitars. In April 2022, he commissioned PRS Guitars to make a custom four-string guitar.

Prominent U.K. users of the tenor guitar include the Lakeman brothers, Seth Lakeman and Sean Lakeman, and John McCusker and Ian Carr, who both play with the Kate Rusby Band. Irish folk artist Yawning Chasm primarily uses the tenor guitar.

Since 2010, Astoria, Oregon, has hosted an annual Tenor Guitar Gathering, on the basis of which some call it the "unofficial Tenor Guitar Capital of the World."

Warren Ellis plays a tenor guitar on the Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds album Push the Sky Away, and has custom tenor guitars built by Eastwood Guitars, with a shape modeled after a Fender Mustang but with a wider than usual neck to accommodate his fingerstyle playing. Eastwood currently offers several models of electric tenor guitar including the aforementioned Warren Ellis signature model, the semi-hollow Classic 4 Tenor, and the Tenorcaster.

title: Tenor guitar


text:
User talk:Rolandopacheco

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Ngb 06:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Rolandopacheco


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Isotopes of fluorine

Fluorine (9F) has 18 known isotopes ranging from 13Fluorine to 31Fluorine (with the exception of 30Fluorine) and two isomers (18mFluorine and 26mFluorine). Only fluorine-19 is stable and naturally occurring in more than trace quantities; therefore, fluorine is a monoisotopic and mononuclidic element.

The longest-lived radioisotope is [[Fluorine|18Fluorine]]; it has a half-life of $109.734 minutes$. All other fluorine isotopes have half-lives of less than a minute, and most of those less than a second. The least stable known isotope is 14Fluorine, whose half-life is $500 yoctoseconds$, corresponding to a resonance width of $910 keV$.

List of isotopes

 * 13Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 4
 * p ?
 * 12Oxygen ?
 * 1/2+#
 * 14Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 5
 * $13.045$ [$14.034$]
 * p ?
 * 13Oxygen ?
 * 2−
 * 15Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 6
 * $500 ys$ [$910 keV$]
 * p
 * 14Oxygen
 * 1/2+
 * 16Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 7
 * $15.018$ [$1.1 zs$]
 * p
 * 15Oxygen
 * 0−
 * 17Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 8
 * β+
 * 17Oxygen
 * 5/2+
 * [[Fluorine|18Fluorine]]
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * β+
 * 18Oxygen
 * 1+
 * Trace
 * style="text-indent:1em" | 18mFluorine
 * colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $376 keV$
 * IT
 * 18Fluorine
 * 5+
 * 19Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 10
 * colspan=3 align=center|Stable
 * 1/2+
 * 1
 * 20Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 11
 * β−
 * 20Neon
 * 2+
 * 21Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 12
 * β−
 * 21Neon
 * 5/2+
 * rowspan=2|22Fluorine
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 13
 * rowspan=2|$376 keV$
 * rowspan=2|$376 keV$
 * β− (> $376 keV$)
 * 22Neon
 * rowspan=2|(4+)
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n (< $16.011$)
 * 21Neon
 * rowspan=2|23Fluorine
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14
 * rowspan=2|$21 zs$
 * rowspan=2|$21.3 keV$
 * β− (> $17.002$)
 * 23Neon
 * rowspan=2|5/2+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n (< $64.37 s$)
 * 22Neon
 * rowspan=2|24Fluorine
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 15
 * rowspan=2|$18.001$
 * rowspan=2|$109.734 min$
 * β− (> $1,121.36 keV$)
 * 24Neon
 * rowspan=2|3+
 * rowspan=2|
 * β−n (< $162 ns$)
 * 23Neon
 * rowspan=3|25Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 16
 * rowspan=3|$18.998$
 * rowspan=3|$20$
 * β− ($11.006 s$)
 * 25Neon
 * rowspan=3|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($21$)
 * 24Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 23Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|26Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 17
 * rowspan=3|$4.158 s$
 * rowspan=3|$22.003$
 * β− ($4.23 s$)
 * 26Neon
 * rowspan=3|1+
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($89 %$)
 * 25Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 24Neon ?
 * rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 26mFluorine
 * rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | $11 %$
 * rowspan=3 | $23.004$
 * IT ($2.23 s$)
 * 26Fluorine
 * rowspan=3|(4+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ($86 %$)
 * 25Neon
 * β− ?
 * 26Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|27Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=3|$14 %$
 * rowspan=3|$24.008$
 * β−n ($384 ms$)
 * 26Neon
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($94.1 %$)
 * 27Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 25Neon ?
 * 28Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * n
 * 27Fluorine
 * (4−)
 * rowspan=3|29Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=3|$5.9 %$
 * rowspan=3|$25.012$
 * β−n ($80 ms$)
 * 28Neon
 * rowspan=3|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($76.9 %$)
 * 29Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 27Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|31Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$23.1 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$26.02$# [> $8.2 ms$]
 * β− ?
 * 31Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 30Neon ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Neon ?
 * β− ?
 * 26Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|27Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 18
 * rowspan=3|$86.5 %$
 * rowspan=3|$13.5 %$
 * β−n ($643.4 keV$)
 * 26Neon
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($2.2 ms$)
 * 27Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 25Neon ?
 * 28Fluorine
 * style="text-align:right" | 9
 * style="text-align:right" | 19
 * n
 * 27Fluorine
 * (4−)
 * rowspan=3|29Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 20
 * rowspan=3|$82 %$
 * rowspan=3|$12 %$
 * β−n ($27.027$)
 * 28Neon
 * rowspan=3|(5/2+)
 * rowspan=3|
 * β− ($5 ms$)
 * 29Neon
 * β−2n ?
 * 27Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|31Fluorine
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$77 %$#
 * rowspan=3|$23 %$# [> $28.036$]
 * β− ?
 * 31Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 30Neon ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Neon ?
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9
 * rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22
 * rowspan=3|$46 zs$#
 * rowspan=3|$29.043$# [> $2.5 ms$]
 * β− ?
 * 31Neon ?
 * rowspan=3|5/2+#
 * rowspan=3|
 * β−n ?
 * 30Neon ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Neon ?
 * β−2n ?
 * 29Neon ?

Fluorine-18
Of the unstable nuclides of fluorine, 18Fluorine has the longest half-life, $60 %$. It decays to 18Oxygen via β+ decay. For this reason 18Fluorine is a commercially important source of positrons. Its major value is in the production of the radiopharmaceutical fludeoxyglucose, used in positron emission tomography in medicine.

Fluorine-18 is the lightest unstable nuclide with equal odd numbers of protons and neutrons, having 9 of each. (See also the "magic numbers" discussion of nuclide stability.)

Fluorine-19
Fluorine-19 is the only stable isotope of fluorine. Its abundance is $40 %$; no other isotopes of fluorine exist in significant quantities. Its binding energy is $31.06$. Fluorine-19 is NMR-active with a spin of 1/2+, so it is used in fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopy.

Fluorine-20
Fluorine-20 is an unstable isotope of fluorine. It has a half-life of $2 ms$ and decays via beta decay to the stable nuclide 20Neon. Its specific radioactivity is $260 ns$ and has a mean lifetime of $109.734 minutes$.

Fluorine-21
Fluorine-21, as with fluorine-20, is also an unstable isotope of fluorine. It has a half-life of $100 %$. It undergoes beta decay as well, decaying to 21Neon, which is a stable nuclide. Its specific activity is $147,801.365 keV$.

Isomers
Only two nuclear isomers (long-lived excited nuclear states), fluorine-18m and fluorine-26m, have been characterized. The half-life of 18mFluorine before it undergoes isomeric transition is $11.006 seconds$. This is less than the decay half-life of any of the fluorine radioisotope nuclear ground states except for mass numbers 14–16, 28, and 31. The half-life of 26mFluorine is $1.869 Bq/g$; it decays mainly to its ground state of 26Fluorine or (rarely, via beta-minus decay) to one of high excited states of 26Neon with delayed neutron emission.

title: Isotopes of fluorine


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Griffith Jones (actor)

Griffith Jones (born Harold Jones; 19 November 1909 – 30 January 2007) was an Anglo-Welsh film, stage and television actor.

Early life
Born in Notting Hill, London, on 19 November 1909, Jones was the 5th child of William Thomas Jones and Harriet Eleanor J. Doughty (1878–1973), a Welsh-speaking dairy owner. In 1930, he was studying law at University College London when Kenneth Barnes, the Principal of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, noticed him in a student performance and offered him a career as an actor. His first professional engagement was in Carpet Slippers at the Embassy Theatre, Swiss Cottage, in 1930, while still at RADA. He won the annual RADA Gold Medal in 1932.

Career
His first West End production was Vile Bodies at the Vaudeville and Richard of Bordeaux (in which he appeared with John Gielgud) at the New Theatre. The following year he appeared with Laurence Olivier in The Rats of Norway. In 1932, he made his film debut, in The Faithful Heart, and he continued to appear in British films throughout the 1930s. He achieved success on the London stage and on Broadway as "Caryl Sanger" in the play, Escape Me Never, with Elizabeth Bergner, and also starred with her in the 1935 film version.

In 1940, he joined the British Army, but spent most of the Second World War in a touring concert party, returning to the West End in 1945 to star in Lady Windermere's Fan. He then became a fairly big star of the British cinema in the late 1940s, showing a particular talent for comedies. He was the leading man in a number of films, including Miranda (1948), opposite Glynis Johns and Googie Withers, and Once Upon a Dream (1949), opposite Withers again. He was mainly seen in supporting roles from the mid-1950s onwards, among the most prominent being in the film The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954). He still played occasional lead roles, notably as a man who is framed for murder in The Scarlet Web (1954) and as a husband who tries to have his wife murdered in the crime thriller Kill Her Gently (1957).

Royal Shakespeare Company
He was a stalwart of the Royal Shakespeare Company, appearing in 50 productions with the company between 1975 and 1999.

His first season was in director Buzz Goodbody's noted opening year at The Other Place theatre, playing the Ghost to Ben Kingsley's Hamlet and Sir William Stanley in Perkin Warbeck. His later roles included Duncan, opposite Ian McKellen, in Macbeth, Antigonus in The Winter's Tale, Aegeon in A Comedy of Errors, Gower in Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The Comedy of Errors, Chebutiken and Ferrapont in separate productions of Chekhov's Three Sisters and Tim Linkinwater and Fluggers in Nicholas Nickleby.

His last role, at the age of 90, was Tubal in The Merchant of Venice.

Personal life and death
Jones was married to actress Irene Isaac (known as "Robin") from 1932 until her death in 1985. They had two children, who both became actors: Gemma Jones (who was named after the main character in Escape Me Never) and Nicholas Jones.

Jones died in his sleep from natural causes at his home in London, England, on 30 January 2007, aged 97.

Selected filmography

 * The Faithful Heart (1932) - (uncredited)
 * Money Talks (1932) - Jimmy Dale, the Kid's rival
 * The Rise of Catherine the Great (1934) - Grigory Orlov
 * Leave It to Blanche (1934) - Philip Amesbury
 * Escape Me Never (1935) - Caryl Sanger
 * First a Girl (1935) - Robert
 * Line Engaged (1935) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Mill on the Floss (1936) - Stephen Guest
 * The Wife of General Ling (1937) - John Fenton
 * Return of a Stranger (1937) - James Martin
 * A Yank at Oxford (1938) - Paul Beaumont
 * The Four Just Men (1939) - James Brodie
 * Young Man's Fancy (1939) - Lord Alban
 * Atlantic Ferry (1941) - David MacIver
 * This Was Paris (1942) - Capt. Bill Hamilton, MI5
 * The Day Will Dawn (1942) - Police Inspector Gunter
 * Uncensored (1942) - Father de Gruyte
 * Henry V (1944) - Earl of Salisbury
 * The Wicked Lady (1945) - Sir Ralph
 * The Rake's Progress (1945) - Sandy Duncan
 * They Made Me a Fugitive (1947) - Narcy
 * Miranda (1948) - Dr. Paul Martin
 * Good-Time Girl (1948) - Danny Martin
 * Look Before You Love (1948) - Charles Kent
 * Once Upon a Dream (1949) - Jackson
 * Honeymoon Deferred (1951) - David Fry
 * Star of My Night (1954) - Michael Donovan
 * The Scarlet Web (1954) - Jake Winter
 * The Sea Shall Not Have Them (1954) - Group Capt. Todd
 * Face in the Night (1957) - Rapson
 * Account Rendered (1957) - Robert Ainsworth
 * The Truth About Women (1957) - Sir Jeremy
 * Not Wanted on Voyage (1957) - Guy Harding
 * Kill Her Gently (1957) - Jeff Martin
 * Hidden Homicide (1959) - Michael Cornforth
 * The Crowning Touch (1959) - Mark
 * Strangler's Web (1966) - Jackson Delacorte
 * Decline and Fall... of a Birdwatcher (1968) - Sir Humphrey Maltravers

Selected stage credits

 * Gertie Maude by John Van Druten (1937)
 * The Moonraker by Arthur Watkyn (1952)

title: Griffith Jones (actor)


text:
Cheese Nips

Cheese Nips (originally stylized as "Cheese-Nips") were a small cheese-flavored cracker manufactured by Mondelez International under its brand, Nabisco, they were originally used to compete against Sunshine Biscuit's (now Kellogg's) Cheez-It crackers.

Portion-controlled packages of Cheese Nips were also sold under the name Cheese Nips Thin Crisps 100 Calorie Packs (Thinsations in Canada).

History
Cheese Nips, originally stylized as "Cheese-Nips", were introduced in 1955. After the Kraft merger, they were known as "Kraft Cheese Nips". However, on November 21, 2019, there was a recall on Cheese Nips due to a plastic contamination. As of 2020, Cheese Nips have since been discontinued according to a Nabisco representative. They are still sold in Canada by a brand named "Christie" as "Ritz Cheese Nibs" as of 2022, however.

In popular culture
Cheese Nips is the name of Act 1 Track 8 of the off-Broadway musical Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. In this satire, Sylvia becomes deranged watching her guests prefer Cheese Nips to her other food preparation.

Statista calculates that in 2016, 1.5 million Americans consumed eight or more bags of Cheese Nips.

title: Cheese Nips


text:
Herbrand's theorem

Herbrand's theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical logic obtained by Jacques Herbrand (1930). It essentially allows a certain kind of reduction of first-order logic to propositional logic. Herbrand's theorem is the logical foundation for most automatic theorem provers. Although Herbrand originally proved his theorem for arbitrary formulas of first-order logic, the simpler version shown here, restricted to formulas in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers, became more popular.

Statement
Let

 * $$(\exists y_1,\ldots,y_n)F(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$

be a formula of first-order logic with $$F(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$ quantifier-free, though it may contain additional free variables. This version of Herbrand's theorem states that the above formula is valid if and only if there exists a finite sequence of terms $$t_{ij}$$, possibly in an expansion of the language, with

 * $$1 \le i \le r$$ and $$1 \le j \le n$$,

such that

 * $$F(t_{11},\ldots,t_{1n}) \vee \ldots \vee F(t_{r1},\ldots,t_{rn})$$

is valid. If it is valid, it is called a Herbrand disjunction for

 * $$(\exists y_1,\ldots,y_n)F(y_1,\ldots,y_n).$$

Informally: a formula $$A$$ in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers is provable (valid) in first-order logic if and only if a disjunction composed of substitution instances of the quantifier-free subformula of $$A$$ is a tautology (propositionally derivable).

The restriction to formulas in prenex form containing only existential quantifiers does not limit the generality of the theorem, because formulas can be converted to prenex form and their universal quantifiers can be removed by Herbrandization. Conversion to prenex form can be avoided, if structural Herbrandization is performed. Herbrandization can be avoided by imposing additional restrictions on the variable dependencies allowed in the Herbrand disjunction.

Proof sketch
A proof of the non-trivial direction of the theorem can be constructed according to the following steps:

 * 1) If the formula $$(\exists y_1,\ldots,y_n)F(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$ is valid, then by completeness of cut-free sequent calculus, which follows from Gentzen's cut-elimination theorem, there is a cut-free proof of $$\vdash (\exists y_1,\ldots,y_n)F(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$.
 * 2) Starting from leaves and working downwards, remove the inferences that introduce existential quantifiers.
 * 3) Remove contraction inferences on previously existentially quantified formulas, since the formulas (now with terms substituted for previously quantified variables) might not be identical anymore after the removal of the quantifier inferences.
 * 4) The removal of contractions accumulates all the relevant substitution instances of $$F(y_1,\ldots,y_n)$$ in the right side of the sequent, thus resulting in a proof of $$\vdash F(t_{11},\ldots,t_{1n}), \ldots, F(t_{r1},\ldots,t_{rn})$$, from which the Herbrand disjunction can be obtained.

However, sequent calculus and cut-elimination were not known at the time of Herbrand's proof, and Herbrand had to prove his theorem in a more complicated way.

Generalizations of Herbrand's theorem

 * Herbrand's theorem has been extended to higher-order logic by using expansion-tree proofs. The deep representation of expansion-tree proofs corresponds to a Herbrand disjunction, when restricted to first-order logic.
 * Herbrand disjunctions and expansion-tree proofs have been extended with a notion of cut. Due to the complexity of cut-elimination, Herbrand disjunctions with cuts can be non-elementarily smaller than a standard Herbrand disjunction.
 * Herbrand disjunctions have been generalized to Herbrand sequents, allowing Herbrand's theorem to be stated for sequents: "a Skolemized sequent is derivable if and only if it has a Herbrand sequent".

title: Herbrand's theorem


text:
Waziristani dialect

Waziristāní (وزیرستانۍ), also known as Wazirwóla (وزیرواله, meaning "of the Wazirs") and Wazirí, is a central Pashto dialect spoken in North Waziristan and South Waziristan. Waziristani differs in pronunciation and to a much lesser degree in grammar from the other varieties of Pashto.

The Waziristani dialect is similar to the dialect spoken around Urgun (eastern Paktika province) and the Bannuchi dialect of Bannu.

Lorimer states:

"While the Waziri dialects, differ as a family, in a marked degree from the Peshawar and other dialects of Pashto, they also differ to a less extent amongst themselves. These variations however, do not appreciably impede communication between Waziris of different tribes..."

- J.G. LORIMER

Waziristani Pashto is spoken by various tribes, and it is also called Masidwola by the Mahsuds and Dāwaṛwóla by the Dāwaṛ. In the Dāwaṛi variety of Wazrisitani the word for هګۍ [haɡəɪ] is يييې [jije].

The standard Pashto word for "boy", "هلک" [halək], is rarely heard in Waziristani, instead, "وېړکی" [weṛkai] meaning "little one" is used [from standard: وړوکی -waṛúkai]. The word "ləshki" [ləʃki] is used instead of the standard "لږ" [ləʐ], "a little bit".

title: Waziristani dialect


text:
George Trefgarne, 1st Baron Trefgarne

George Morgan Trefgarne, 1st Baron Trefgarne (né George Garro-Jones; 14 September 1894 – 27 September 1960), was a Welsh Liberal and later Labour politician, barrister, businessman and editor of the Daily Dispatch.

Background
George Garro-Jones was born in Haverfordwest, Wales, on 14 September 1894. He was a "child of the Manse" as his father was the Congregationalist Minister at Zion's Hill Chapel, Spittal. His father, Reverend David Garro-Jones, trained for the ministry at Brecon College and served Congregational churches across Wales. The walk from the Manse in Spittal towards Zion's Hill chapel has views across a deep gorge to Treffgarne Rocks and it is understood this is where the titled name of Lord Trefgarne originated.

Political career
Garro-Jones was private secretary to Sir Hamar Greenwood from 1919 to 1922 while Greenwood was firstly Secretary for Overseas Trade and then Chief Secretary for Ireland. Greenwood was a Liberal Minister in the Coalition Government led by David Lloyd George.

This close association led Garro-Jones into standing as a candidate for National Liberals at the 1922 general election. He was selected to contest Bethnal Green North East, where the sitting Liberal member, who also supported the Coalition Government, was retiring. However, Garro-Jones's task of holding the seat became harder when the National Liberals coalition partners, the Unionists, decided to end the coalition and he found a Unionist intervening against him. To make matters worse, he could not count on the support of the local Liberal Association when an opposition Liberal supporter of H. H. Asquith also entered the contest. As a result, he was listed last in the election results.

After the election, the divisions in the Liberal ranks between the supporters of Asquith and Lloyd George was healed. Garro-Jones was chosen as Liberal candidate at the 1923 general election for the Unionist seat of Hackney South. No Liberal candidate had fought in the constituency at the previous election, so it was not considered a particularly good prospect. The Labour candidate won, but Garro-Jones was still able to poll more votes than the sitting member who came third.

Garro-Jones only had to wait another year for the opportunity to stand for parliament again. Once again, he was chosen as Liberal candidate for Hackney South. However, this time, there was no Unionist candidate and he was able to gain the seat from his Labour opponent.

His victory was rare in an election which saw a very many Liberals lose their seats. He stood down at the 1929 election and shortly afterwards joined the Labour Party. He was elected Labour MP for Aberdeen North at the 1935 general election, holding the seat until 1945.

Garro-Jones was raised to the peerage as Baron Trefgarne, of Cleddau in the County of Pembroke, on 21 January 1947. In 1954, he assumed by deed poll the surname of Trefgarne in lieu of his patronymic. He was succeeded by his son David, a Conservative government minister.

title: George Trefgarne, 1st Baron Trefgarne


text:
Hot oil

Hot oil may refer to:

 * Chili oil, a condiment made from vegetable oil
 * Boiling oil or hot oil, an early thermal weapon
 * Oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA, see National Industrial Recovery Act

 * Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, the "Hot Oil case", a 1935 United States Supreme Court case
 * Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935

 * Hot oil manicure

title: Hot oil


text:
Nausea (band)

Nausea was an American hardcore punk band from New York City, active from 1985 to 1992. They are cited as a notable band in the first wave of crust punk.

Prior to Nausea, guitarist Victor Dominicis played in the hardcore punk bands Hellbent and Sacrilege. Nausea were involved in the New York City Lower East Side squatting community. Their earlier sound with singers Amy Miret and Neil Robinson was in the vein of hardcore punk. After Robinson's departure, he was replaced by Al Long and the band began to experiment with darker, metal influences. Robinson went on to form the bands Jesus Crust and Final Warning, as well as start Tribal War Records.

Lyrics and musical style
Nausea's apocalyptic lyrics and artwork were influenced by the sociopolitical issues of the day, such as the Reagan Administration, the US-USSR Cold War, and threats of nuclear war with the USSR. Nausea focused on topics such as environmentalism, human extinction, pollution, and animal rights.

Nausea progressed from having a very Discharge styled hardcore punk sound, to in its later years with new singer Al Long, having a more dark and metallic sound, similar to UK bands like Amebix and Axegrinder. The band broke new ground for the emerging crust punk genre, flirting with doom metal, d-beat, noise rock and sludge. Band member John John Jesse describes their music by citing bands such as Discharge, Black Sabbath, Slayer, and Pink Floyd as influences. In their formative years, the founding members were compelled by the political and social messages that the band Crass would use to drive their music; their lyrics reflected their views on feminism, anti-racism, class conflict, and the opposition against war.

Later lineup
Nausea's final lineup was: John John Jesse (bass), Victor Venom (guitar, ex-Reagan Youth), Amy Miret (vocals), Al Long (vocals), and Roy Mayorga (drums).

John John Jesse has gone on to become an artist, as well as joining with members of Choking Victim in the band Morning Glory.

Roy Mayorga went on to play with Shelter, Soulfly, Maggott SS (featuring members of Electric Frankenstein and Degeneration), ABLOOM, and Stone Sour. He also filled in for Igor Cavalera with Sepultura in 2006. Later on, Mayorga became a full-time member of Amebix when they reunited in 2008 and stayed with them until their second disbandment in 2012. In 2016, Roy toured with Ministry.

Popular culture
In Jackie Chan's film, Rumble in the Bronx, there is a punk seen wearing a leather jacket with 'Nausea' spray painted on the back.

Members

 * Al "Hoon" Long – vocals (1988–1992)
 * Amy Miret – vocals
 * Victor "Vic Venom" Dominicis – guitar
 * John John Jesse – bass
 * Roy Mayorga – drums (1989–1992)

Previous members

 * Brian Patton – drums (1985)
 * Neil Robinson – vocals (1985–1988)
 * Pablo Jacobson – drums (1985–1987)
 * Jimmy Williams – drums (1987–1988)

Official releases

 * Nausea demo (self released, 1988)
 *  Extinction LP/Cassette (1990, Profane Existence/Meantime Records)
 * Cybergod 7" (Allied Recordings, 1991)
 * Lie Cycle 7" (Graven Image Records/ Skuld Records, 1992)
 * Alive in Holland VHS (Channel Zero Reality/Profane Existence, 1993)
 * Extinction: The Second Coming CD (Selfless Records, 1993)
 * The Punk Terrorist Anthology Vol. 1 2xLP/CD (2004, Alternative Tentacles/Blacknoise Records)
 * The Punk Terrorist Anthology Vol. 2 2XLP/CD (2005, Hellbent/Blacknoise)

Compilation appearances

 * New York Hardcore: The Way It Is LP (Revelation Records, 1988)
 * Squat or Rot Volume. 1 7" (Squat or Rot Records, 1989)
 * They Don't Get Paid, They Don't Get Laid, But Boy Do They Work Hard LP (Maximum Rock'n'Roll, 1989)
 * Murders Among Us 7" (Vermiform Records, 1990)
 * More Songs About Plants and Trees 7" (Allied, 1991)
 * Discharged: From Home Front to War Front 7" (Allied, 1992)

title: Nausea (band)


text: User talk:Sunimoto

title: User talk:Sunimoto


text:
User:Mannaseeyah

The intent here is that the name looks like one of several Bible names which connotates a destinct tie to the secret Levitical practices of the High Priests. As I contribute more, I will add more. For the moment this is a placeholder, check back soon for juicy info.

title: User:Mannaseeyah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michele Raven

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Michele Raven
((''Extremely offensive reason for deletion deleted. I think the reason is "vanity."'' Kelly Martin 19:45, August 23, 2005 (UTC))) CrunkGurl88 07:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep, since appears to be a bad faith VfD nomination. --Alan Au 07:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, much as I don't like the vfd, this is a nn page. Speedy Keep, bad faith nomination ref: I'm happy to consider this notable. Usrnme h8er 07:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bad faith indeed, but this person is still nn.  (She does exist, so it's not hoax.)  Marblespire 08:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep new here but I think this should be kept, according to IMDB she has been in 54 movies and directed two more, she also gets 20,000+ google hits, is apparently Elegant Angels #1 star known as "Slutwoman" (LOL) and if Im to understand recent VfD debate correctly almost all porn-star pages are being kept, at least ones that are 10x less notable that this woman are. -ShadowStaller 08:19, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand Notable enough. Delete CrunkGurl88. Cyclone49 09:28, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain. Sheesh, the oddest VfD request ever. Delete the Nominator! --Agamemnon2 09:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The question is, can you CSD a VfD as nonsense? Usrnme h8er 11:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's certainly a bad faith nomination, but at least one other editor in good faith is of the opinion that the article should be deleted. So it's probably best to just ignore the nomination and discuss as normal, on the merits of the article subject at hand. Uncle G 11:22:05, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as notable porn star. Can we list the nomination under BJAODN. Capitalistroadster 11:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand per Capitalistroadster. Nomination should go to BJAODN if possible. --GraemeL (talk) 12:14, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Capitalistroadster --Apyule 13:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Capalistroadster, with BJAODN for the nom. --Several Times 14:43, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Porn actors and directors are a dime a dozen. There is nothing notable about this person or of value in the article. Also, it is my understanding that the subject is a "hoodrat" who drives a "broke-down car." --Tysto 15:58, 2005 August 23 (UTC)
 * Keep article. BJAODN VFD nomination. Delete CrunkGurl88. -- Bobdoe (Talk) 16:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Bobdoe to the letter :) --Raistlin 17:00, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Full disclosure: this article was written by User:Wiffle0rz, an editor that I'm actively trying to sheepdog right now. I suspect that he's a kid, and it would surprise me not one bit to know that the VfD nominator is also User:Wiffle0rz. Fernando Rizo T/C 17:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as this is clearly a nonsense nomination. Would prefer not to BJAODN this VfD.  Hall Monitor 19:48, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Seemingly notable star. CanadianCaesar 23:10, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Very weak keep - Who can forget her stellar performances in "Train My White Ass 6" and "Ultimate Strap-On Super Slam 9". We now return to our regular NPOV.  -Awyllie 05:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable porn star. Roodog2k 18:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Prince Georg of Bavaria

Prince Georg of Bavaria (Georg Franz Joseph Luitpold Maria Prinz von Bayern; 2 April 1880 – 31 May 1943) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a Catholic priest.

Birth and family
Georg was born in Munich, Bavaria, the elder son of Prince Leopold of Bavaria and his wife Archduchess Gisela of Austria. The New York Times described him as the favourite grandson of both the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria.

Military career
Georg entered the Bavarian army as a Second Lieutenant (German: Leutnant) a day before his 17th birthday on 1 April 1897; he was assigned to Infanterie-Leib-Regiment. On 8 February 1903, he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant (German: Oberleutnant) and then reassigned to the 1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry “Prince Charles of Bavaria”. Two years later, on 27 October 1905, he was promoted to Rittmeister, and on 26 October 1906 to Major. From 17 August 1908, he was also a Rittmeister and later Major in the 11th "Moravia" Austro-Hungarian Dragoons. While in the army, he became a champion boxer.

Marriage
In December 1911, Georg became engaged to Archduchess Isabella of Austria (b. 17 November 1888 in Pressburg), daughter of Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen, and his wife, Princess Isabella of Croy. The wedding took place on 10 February 1912, in the Mariä Vermählung (Marriage of the Virgin Mary) Chapel in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, officiated by Cardinal Franz Nagl.

The couple honeymooned in Wales, Paris, and Algiers, but separated before the end of the honeymoon. There were several unsuccessful attempts at reconciliation. On 17 January 1913, the union was dissolved by the Royal Bavarian Supreme Court; on 5 March 1913, the union was annulled by the Holy See on the grounds of non-consummation.

World War I
During World War I, Georg fought both on the Western Front (including the First Battle of Arras and the First Battle of Ypres) and on the Eastern Front. He started the war as commander of the Bavarian mechanized troops and eventually served under General Erich von Falkenhayn in Palestine. He was awarded both the I and II Class of the Iron Cross and on 14 December 1917 reached the rank of Colonel (German: Oberst).

Ecclesiastical career
In 1919, Georg resigned his military commission and began studying theology in Innsbruck, Austria. He was ordained a Catholic priest on 19 March 1921, and shortly afterwards received a doctorate in canon law from the Catholic Faculty of Theology at the University of Innsbruck. He continued his religious studies in Rome and in 1925 graduated from the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy.

On 18 November 1926, Pope Pius XI named Georg a domestic prelate with the title Monsignor. In the 1930s, Georg was appointed a secular canon at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. On 12 November 1941, Pope Pius XII named Georg a protonotary apostolic de numero participantium (one of the highest ranks of monsignor).

Throughout his time in Rome, Georg lived at Villa San Francesco with the Franciscan Brothers of Waldbreitbach. He maintained regular contact with his family, including his first cousin Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria who moved to Rome in 1939. He was also in regular contact with other royal and princely houses; in 1930, he attended the Rome wedding of the Prince of Piedmont (later King Umberto II of Italy) to Princess Marie-José of Belgium, and in 1935, he attended the Rome wedding of Infante Jaime of Spain. In 1938, as grand prior of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George he arranged the transfer of the remains of King Francis II of the Two Sicilies and of his wife Queen Maria Sophie from Schloss Tegernsee in Bavaria to the Chiesa del Santo Spirito in Rome.

On 31 May 1943, Georg died at Villa San Francesco. One source says that he had been ill for some time. Another source says that he died unexpectedly of tuberculosis contracted while working at a hospital. He is buried in the Campo Santo Teutonico, the German cemetery immediately outside the walls of Vatican City. In his will, he left money to pay for new bronze doors for St. Peter's Basilica; these include the "Door of the Dead" by Giacomo Manzù and the "Door of the Sacraments" by Venanzo Crocetti.

Greek succession
A few writers (e.g. Martha Schad ) maintain that after the death of his father in 1930, Georg became the successor to the Greek rights of his great-uncle King Otto of Greece who was deposed in 1862. Georg's uncle Ludwig and his descendants were more senior, but Ludwig had renounced his Greek rights in 1869. However, the Greek Constitution of 1844 required that the successor of King Otto "shall profess the Greek Orthodox religion."

Honours and awards
Prince Georg was President of the Royal Automobile Club of Bavaria (Königlich Bayerischer Automobil-Club). In 1911 he became Protector of the Bavarian branch of the German Navy League. In 1929 he became a member of the Archconfraternity of the Suffering Mother of God in the Campo Santo Teutonico.

In 1933 a portrait bust of Georg was sculpted by Arno Breker.

Orders and decorations

• Kingdom of Bavaria:

• * Knight of St. Hubert, 1898

• * Grand Prior of the Royal Bavarian House Equestrian Order of St. George, 1902

•   Austria-Hungary:

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1900

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1912

•  Tuscan Grand Ducal Family: Grand Cross of St. Joseph, 1901

•  Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania, 1902

•  Korean Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Plum Blossoms, 1903

•  Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade II, 1903

•  Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 16 May 1905

•  Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 1906

• 🇹🇭 Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 15 November 1906

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1907

•  undefined: Knight of the Military Order of Our Lady of Monteza, 1907

•  Principality of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander, 1908

•  Ottoman Empire: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory, 1908

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 1910

• * Cross of the Mount of Olives, 1910

• * Iron Cross (1914), 2nd Class, 1914; 1st Class, 1915

•  Two Sicilies: Bailiff Grand Cross of Justice of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar

•  undefined: Honorary Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 21 August 1908

title: Prince Georg of Bavaria


text:
Sam Rosen (sportscaster)

Sam Rosen (born Samuel Rosenblum, August 12, 1947) is an American sportscaster and Hockey Hall of Famer, best known as the primary play-by-play announcer for the National Hockey League's New York Rangers games on MSG. On June 8, 2008, Rosen was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. On November 14, 2016, Rosen was enshrined as the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winner for outstanding contributions as a broadcaster by the Hockey Hall of Fame. Rosen is currently the longest-tenured active broadcaster in the NHL.

Rosen's current responsibilities include Rangers telecasts and Sunday NFL games for Fox. He is paired with Joe Micheletti on Rangers broadcasts, and Charles Davis, among others, on national Fox broadcasts.

Early history
Rosen was born Samuel Rosenblum in Ulm, Germany, to Polish parents Louis Rosenblum (1915–1987) and the former Gitel Reiner (1915–2006) of Jewish descent just after World War II. His mother was born in Chełm, Poland. The Rosenblum family moved to Brooklyn, New York, when Rosen was 2 years old. As a New York Yankees fan, Rosen became a fan of their broadcaster Mel Allen. Rosen attended Stuyvesant High School and the City College of New York. At both schools, Rosen played catcher and was the captain of the baseball team. Rosen also played intramural basketball, and was on the track team in high school. Rosen grew up with an older brother, Stephen.

New York Rangers
From childhood on, Rosen attended numerous New York Rangers games and taped himself doing play-by-play. He was mentored by veteran Rangers broadcaster Jim Gordon, eventually succeeding him in the fall of 1984. From 1982-1984, he was the studio host on Ranger broadcasts. Rosen's first partner was ex-Bruin and Ranger star Phil Esposito. Starting in 1986–87, when Esposito left to become Rangers general manager, Rosen was paired with former Rangers goaltender John Davidson (nicknamed J.D.). Sam and J.D. lasted 20 years together, the longest-serving NHL broadcast team, before Davidson left for a management position with the St. Louis Blues and later with the Columbus Blue Jackets Davidson returned to take over duties as the President of the Rangers on May 17, 2019 and return to Columbus on May 20, 2021.

Beginning with the 2006–07 NHL season, Rosen partnered with Joe Micheletti, who was New York Islanders TV color analyst with former Rangers radio announcer Howie Rose on Fox Sports Net New York.

Rosen's most famous call comes every time the Rangers score a goal on the power play. The call is simply the name of the player, followed by, "It's a power play goal!", but Rosen uses a unique inflection which has been widely popular among Rangers fans and a staple of any Rangers broadcast.

However, his two most memorable calls came during the Rangers run to the first Stanley Cup in 54 years. First, he called Stéphane Matteau's double overtime goal in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals with: Matteau moves with the puck. Matteau around the net. Matteau puts it, Score! Score! The Rangers win! The Rangers win! They're going to the Finals! The Rangers win!"

Then when the Rangers won the Stanley Cup, the highest-rated game in MSG Network history: The waiting is over! The New York Rangers are the Stanley Cup Champions! And this one will last a lifetime!"

He was recognized before the Rangers-Islanders game on January 31, 2014, for thirty years of service with the MSG Network. They did a special called "This One Will Last a Lifetime: 30 Years of Sam Rosen", which was announced at intermission as a present to him by longtime partner and longtime friend John Davidson.

Rosen has been told by the Rangers he can continue his position as long as he wishes. He has asked his family to inform him if they feel he is losing his edge due to age but is encouraged that Los Angeles Dodgers play-by-play announcer Vin Scully was still considered a top broadcaster when he retired at age 88. He also called national Rangers game on radio.

Other broadcasting areas
While still in college Rosen worked in the news department at WINS.

Before taking the Rangers play-by-play job in 1984, Rosen also served as a studio host for New York Knicks basketball telecasts on MSG. By 1975, he was a full-time sportscaster for United Press International's 1000-station radio network ("UPI Audio") and was appointed its Sports Director in 1979. He not only worked a daily morning shift beginning with a 5:45 AM sportscast, but also assigned coverage by UPI's stringers at games in every city with a major league sports franchise, and supervised two junior sportscasters. The first hire he had a hand in was a 20-year-old with no previous full-time professional experience, named Keith Olbermann.

While at UPI, Rosen traveled to and covered most major sporting events, from the Super Bowl to the World Series. The duo covered the 1980 Winter Olympics for UPI, and between them reported all the breaking news coverage and produced a half-hour special report, when Yankees catcher and captain Thurman Munson was killed in a plane crash in August 1979. Even though the UPI position was a full-time responsibility, while he held it Rosen continued his other part-time positions: back-up voice of the Rangers and Knicks on radio and television, Cosmos soccer play-by-play announcer and weekend news anchor on WNEW-AM radio, and spot television boxing assignments for ESPN and USA Network. Olbermann claimed that when he worked for him Rosen held as many as 11 different jobs, while Rosen says he didn't think it was that many but admitted he worked so often that he could easily have forgotten some of them. He left UPI in 1981 when his ESPN workload and compensation became a living wage by itself.

Rosen was employed by ESPN from 1979 to 1988, calling a variety of sports for the network including hockey with Mickey Redmond,  college football, boxing, table tennis, Australian rules football, college baseball, collegiate wrestling, and NASL soccer.

He handled play-by-play for NHL Radio, a partnership between the NHL and Westwood One. He has called the Stanley Cup playoffs on the radio for many years, as well as the 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympic Men's Hockey Tournaments. In addition, he has also worked for Versus (now the NBC Sports Network) calling games in the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs and 12 Stanley Cup Finals on NHL Radio from to.

Rosen has also been a play-by-play announcer for NFL on Fox since 1996. Rosen also called preseason NFL games for the Chicago Bears from 2009 to 2017, when he was replaced by Adam Amin, and previously did this for the New York Giants for several seasons. His broadcasting partners have included Heath Evans, Kirk Morrison, Ron Pitts, Ray Bentley, Jerry Glanville, Tim Green, Brady Quinn, Matt Millen, Bill Maas, Brian Billick, Tim Ryan, Ronde Barber, Chad Pennington, Daryl Johnston, Cris Carter, John Lynch and Charles Davis.

Rosen was also the lead boxing announcer for the MSG Network until 1993. In 1989, he won the Sam Taub Award for excellence in boxing broadcasting journalism.

Rosen was also a radio play-by-play announcer for the New York Cosmos. His call "It's a Cosmos Goal" predated and could be considered as the basis for his trademark power play call.

title: Sam Rosen (sportscaster)


text:
Martin F. Conway

Martin Franklin Conway (November 19, 1827 – February 15, 1882) was a U.S. congressman, consul to France, abolitionist, and advocate of the Free-State movement in Kansas.

Conway was born in Harford County, Maryland, the son of Dr. W. D. Conway and Frances (Maulsby) Conway. His father was an Exploring Surveyor in the United States Navy, and a slave-owner. Conway learned the printer's trade in Baltimore after leaving school at fourteen and became an organizer of the National Typographical Union. He married Emily Dykes in 1851, and studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1852.

Conway moved to the Kansas Territory in 1854, initially working as a special correspondent for the Baltimore Sun.

He soon resumed the practice of law and became involved in territorial politics. In March 1855, Conway was elected from Riley County to the first Territorial Council (Senate), but resigned prior to assuming his seat. In 1855, he was an active member at the Free-State meeting in Big Springs and became a delegate to the Topeka Constitutional convention. In January 1856, he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under the Topeka constitution. In 1858, he served as president of the Leavenworth Constitutional Convention.

The following year, Conway was elected as representative to the U.S. Congress under the Wyandotte Constitution and, when Kansas entered the Union in January 1861, he was the new state's first congressman, serving as a Republican until March 3, 1863.

The Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863; Conway spent the day in Massachusetts with Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Julia Ward Howe. That month, he put forth a resolution in Congress to recognize the Confederacy then wage war on the south as war between nations.

While in the U.S. House of Representatives, he was known for his opposition to slavery but also served as a member of the Washington, D.C. "peace convention" in an effort to avert civil war. He was not returned to congress for another term, but continued to live in Washington. Conway defended President Andrew Johnson against political assaults waged by Radical Republicans in Congress and, in June 1866, Johnson appointed Conway as consul to Marseille, France.

While living in Washington during the fall of 1873, Conway had a violent confrontation with personal and political enemy, Samuel C. Pomeroy, the former U. S. senator from Kansas. He was arrested for firing three shots at and slightly wounding Pomeroy, but did not stand trial. Conway became a patient at St. Elizabeth, the Government Hospital for the Insane in Washington, D.C., and died at age fifty-four.

title: Martin F. Conway


text:
Category:EBay employees

Current and former employees of eBay Inc.

title: Category:EBay employees


text:
Château d'Eau station

Château d'Eau (literal translation: Water Tower) is a station on Line 4 of the Paris Métro. Located in the 10th arrondissement, it features two entrances by Hector Guimard which were classified as a monument historique on 29 May 1978 by the Ministry of Culture.

Location
The station is located under the Boulevard de Strasbourg at the level of the Rue du Château-d'Eau.

History
Château d'Eau station lies within the 10th arrondissement of Paris, at the intersection of the Boulevard de Strasbourg and the Rue du Château d'Eau, the latter of which gives it name to the station. The road, in turn, received its name from the square to the east of the current station that was known as the Place du Château d'Eau until 1879. The fountain in the square, known as the Girard Fountain, served as a water tower (thus the term château d'eau) until it was replaced by the David Fountain. The fountains were absorbed into the new Place de la République in 1880.

The surrounding area is mostly residential in nature. However, the Gare de l'Est and Place de République are within short walking distance, especially the latter which is a 500 m walk down the Rue du Château d'Eau. Château d'Eau station opened on 21 April 1908 as part of the initial stretch of Line 4 from Porte de Clignancourt in the north to Châtelet in the heart of Paris.

On 1 April 2016, half of the name plates on the station's platforms were replaced by the RATP as an April Fool Day joke, as with twelve other stations. Château d'Eau was humorously renamed Château de sable (Sand Castle).

In 2019, 3,878,260 passengers entered this station, making it the 125th most used in the network.

Access
Access to the station is provided by two stairways at 51 and 53 Boulevard de Strasbourg; an exit is provided at 40 Rue du Château d'Eau with an upwards escalator to the street. Château d'Eau is one of a series of status on Line 4 which run underneath the north–south axis created by Boulevard de Strasbourg and Boulevard de Sébastopol. This is in part due to the cut-and-cover nature of the Paris Métro, in which a major thoroughfare was dug up from street level and then re-covered after the tracks and stations were built.

Platforms
Like most Paris Métro stations, Château d'Eau station uses a side platform configuration with two tracks. As the Paris Métro runs inversely to normal French trains, the eastern platform is used by northbound trains to Porte de Clignancourt and the western platform by southbound ones to Mairie de Montrouge. The ceiling is a metal apron, with silver beams supported by vertical walls. The decoration is in the Ouï-dire colour style of green. The lighting frames, are of the same colour, supported by curved canopies in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the ceiling, is multi-coloured. The metal beams supporting the metal apron are silver. The grey ceramic tiles are large, square and flat and cover the walls and tunnel exits. The advertising frames are green and cylindrical and the name of the station is written with the Parisine font on enamelled plate. The platforms are equipped with grey assis-debout seats. As part of the automation of Line 4, its platforms have been upgraded to platform screen doors. These were installed between May and July 2019.

Bus connections
The station is served by the 32, 38 and 39 lines of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by the N13 and N14 lines of the Noctilien bus network.

title: Château d'Eau station


text:
Bergen Cathedral School

Bergen Cathedral School (Norwegian: Bergen Katedralskole, Latin: Schola Cathedralis Bergensis, formerly known as Bergens lærdeskole and Bergen latinskole and colloquially known as Katten) is an upper secondary school in Bergen, Norway. Located in the city centre, next to Bergen Cathedral, the school has about 850 students, 95 full-time teachers, and 5 administration personnel, including the headmaster, Karen Kristine Rasmussen.

The school is considered to have been founded in 1153 by Nicholas Breakspear (later Pope Adrian IV), making the school the second oldest in Norway together with Oslo Cathedral School and Hamar Cathedral School, which were founded the same year, one year after the founding of Trondheim Cathedral School.

History
Although the earliest written records documenting the school's existence date back to 1288, Bergen Cathedral School is believed to have been founded in 1153 by Nicholas Breakspear, who became Pope Adrian IV in 1154. It was founded as a theological school for the education of priests. Pupils would start attending the school around the age of seven. Until the school reform in 1806, the school was tied to the church. The school moved to its present location in 1840. The original building is still in use as the offices for the administration, as well as some classrooms. This building also houses the school library. In 1869 the school's gyms were built, and the same year the school changed its name from "Bergen Latinskole" to its present "Bergen katedralskole".

The school was independent until 1896, but has been administered by the government since. In 1972, the school was made a regular upper secondary school administered by the county government.

Buildings
A classrooms only building was built in 1957. Another building, containing science laboratories, computer rooms and a cafeteria was built in 1992.

In July 2007, large amounts of mold were discovered in the building from 1840. This led to the building getting closed, resulting in a shortage of teacher offices. The building contains several old classrooms, an auditorium and the school library, which is the oldest library known in Norway. For a while, the school administration considered delaying the start of the term, but this never happened as the teachers and the day-time adult education classes ended up moving into temporary barracks in the schoolyards of Bergen Cathedral School and Tanks Upper Secondary School. In February 2008, it was decided that the building would be renovated at a price of 6 million NOK as a temporary solution that would last until at least 2014.

From 2016 to 2017, the original building was closed for renovation and an additional building was being added between it and the classroom wing. The administration, the school library and some classes were temporarily located at the former Tanks videregående skole.

Academics
Of the mainline courses offered in Norwegian upper secondary schools, only the generalist line, studiespesialisering, is offered by Bergen Cathedral School. The school is the only one in Bergen offering the IB Diploma Programme, from which about forty students graduate per year. In the 2005–2006 school year, the senior year students of Bergen Cathedral School received the third best grades in Western Norway, which was the highest achieving region of Norway. The school has a reputation as a prestigious school, because of its history and high grade requirements.

Alumni
A number of the most famous alumni in the history of the school are engraved in a plaque in the old building from 1840:
 * Gjeble Pederssøn (c. 1490–1557), bishop
 * Absalon Pederssøn Beyer (1578-1575), clergyman, writer and lecturer
 * Edvard Edvardsen (1630-1695), historian
 * Petter Dass (1647-1707), poet
 * Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754), writer, playwright and lawyer
 * Hans Strøm (1726-1797), topographer
 * Claus Fasting (1674-1739), merchant, mayor and historian
 * Martin Vahl (1749-1804), botanist and zoologist
 * Nils Hertzberg (1827-1911), politician, theologist and teacher
 * Jens Zetlitz (1761-1821), poet
 * Hans Jacob Grøgaard (1764-1836), priest and Eidsvoll delegate
 * Christopher Frimann Omsen (1761-1829), civil servant and Eidsvoll delegate
 * Lyder Sagen (1777-1850), teacher and poet
 * Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie (1778-1849), civil servant and Eidsvoll delegate
 * Nicolai Wergeland (1780-1848), theologist and Eidsvoll delegate
 * Edvard Hagerup (1781-1853), politician
 * Christian Lassen (1800-1876), orientalist
 * Georg Prahl Harbitz (1802-1889), priest and politician
 * Michael Sars (1805-1869), theologian and biologist
 * Frederik Stang (1808-1884), Prime Minister
 * Johann Sebastian Welhaven (1807-1873), poet and critic
 * Ludvig Kristensen Daa (1809-1877), politician, historian and journalist
 * Ole Bull (1810-1880) violinist and composer
 * Johan Fritzner (1812-1893), priest and lexicographer
 * Peter Andreas Jensen (1812-1867), priest and writer
 * Sven Brun (1812-1894), priest
 * Ole Irgens (1829-1906), teacher and politician
 * Peter Waage (1833-1900), chemist
 * Jacob Worm-Müller (1834-1889), physiologist
 * Henrik Mohn (1835-1916), meteorologist
 * Ernst Sars (1835-1917), historian and politician
 * Armauer Hansen (1841-1912), physician

 * Alf Torp (1853-1916), philologist
 * Gerhard Gran (1856-1925), writer
 * Christian Michelsen (1857-1925), shipping magnate and Prime Minister
 * Lauritz Stub Wiberg (1875-1929), actor
 * Harald Sæverud (1897-1992), composer
 * Helge Ingstad (1899-2001), polar explorer, lawyer, Governor of Norwegian Occupied East Greenland 1932-33
 * Nordahl Grieg (1902-1943), poet, novelist, dramatist, and journalist
 * Johan Nielsen (1885-1963), Norwegian sailor priest with an outstanding history and footprint from South American to the Far East.
 * Per Hysing-Dahl (1920-1989), politician

Other notable alumni

 * Johan Koren Christie (1814–1885), writer
 * Hartvig Lassen (1824-1897), editor and historian
 * Jonas Lie (1833-1908), writer
 * Wollert Konow (1845-1924), Prime Minister
 * Hans Gerhard Stub (1849-1931), Church Bishop
 * Elizabeth Stephansen (1872-1961) mathematician and the first Norwegian woman earning a PhD in Mathematics.
 * Elise Stoltz (1872 – 1931) doctor and the first female leader of the student society Hugin at Bergen Cathedral School.
 * Arnulf Øverland (1889-1968), writer
 * Sverre Steen (1898-1983), historian.
 * Knut Fægri (1909-2001) botanist and palaeoecologist
 * Kaare Meland (1915-2002), politician
 * Gunnvor Rundhovde (1918-1987), Professor of Nordic languages at the University of Bergen
 * Ingrid Espelid Hovig (1924–2018) TV-chef and author
 * Georg Johannesen (1931-2005), writer and academic
 * Narve Bjørgo (1936-), academic
 * Ole D. Mjøs (1939-), academic
 * Jarle Aarbakke (1942-), academic
 * Gunnar Staalesen (1947-), writer
 * Ingelin Killengreen (1947-), lawyer and Norway's first police commissioner
 * Siri Hustvedt (1955-), writer
 * Gabriel Fliflet (1958-), musician
 * Harald Tveit Alvestrand (1959-), computer scientist
 * Karoline Krüger (1970-), singer & pianist
 * Heikki Holmås (1972-), politician
 * Tore Eikeland (1990-2011) politician and youth party leader of AUF in Hordaland, killed at Utøya
 * Merethe Lindstrøm (1963-), author, winner of Nordic Council's Literature Prize 2012

Staff

 * Hans Holmboe (1798-1868)
 * Johan Koren Christie (1814–1885)
 * Emanuel Mohn (1842-1891)
 * Gerhard Gran (1856-1925)
 * Ahlert Hysing (1793–1879)

title: Bergen Cathedral School


text:
User talk:Krappie

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Alan Au 07:15, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Krappie


text:
NICTA

NICTA (formerly named National ICT Australia Ltd) was Australia's Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Research Centre of Excellence and is now known as CSIRO's Data61. The term "Centre of Excellence" is common marketing terminology used by some Australian government organisations for titles of science research groups. NICTA's role was to pursue potentially economically significant ICT related research for the Australian economy.

NICTA was structured around groups focused primarily on pure research and implementing those ideas within business teams. When its funding ceased, NICTA merged with Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to form a new entity named CSIRO's Data61 on 28 August 2015.

History
In 2002, NICTA won a competitive selection process to be established as Australia's national centre of excellence in information and communications technology (ICT) research, under an Australian Government policy initiative to promote science and innovation called Backing Australia's Ability. The creation of the centre was intended to address a formerly identified weakness in long-term strategic ICT research in Australia. NICTA was officially opened on 27 February 2003.

The founding members of NICTA were the University of New South Wales, Australian National University, the Government of New South Wales (NSW), and the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly (ACT). NICTA later acquired other university and government partners. In January 2003, The University of Sydney became a partner. In July 2004, the Victoria State Government and The University of Melbourne became partners. In January 2005, the Queensland Government, the University of Queensland, Griffith University, and the Queensland University of Technology became partners. The University of Melbourne and the Victoria State Government became members in May 2011.

Since foundation NICTA created more than six new companies, collaborated on joint projects with a range of ICT industries, developed a substantial technology and intellectual property portfolio and supplied new expertise to the ICT industry through a NICTA-supported PhD program.

Australian Federal Government funding of NICTA was due to expire in June 2016 and there was a concerted effort to secure a merger with CSIRO. This merger was to be with the CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship and there was the potential for up to 200 redundancies due to funding cuts to both organisations. This merger was realised in due course as the option of last resort as NICTA lost all Federal funding and CSIRO had significant cuts.

Duane Zitzner (who replaced Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte as CEO in December 2014 after Durrant-Whyte resigned suddenly due to a disagreement with the NICTA Board ) left NICTA at the end of May 2015 in the hope that the merger with CSIRO would be completed by the end of June 2015. As of August 2015, the merger had not been finalized and Professor Robert (Bob) Williamson (who also headed NICTA's Machine Learning Research Group) was acting and terminal CEO.

NICTA formally merged with CSIRO to form a new entity called CSIRO's Data61 on 28 August 2015. Mr Adrian Turner was appointed to head the merged unit. He reported to a Deputy Chief Executive of CSIRO and had the positional equivalence of a CSIRO CEO.

Organisation
NICTA research was focused in five scale Research Groups:

 * Software Systems
 * Mobile Systems
 * Machine Learning
 * Computer Vision
 * Optimisation

NICTA focused on potential economic opportunities that related to the use of information and communication technology. NICTA was primarily funded by government and engaged in additional industry partnerships to augment its base funding. These included start-up corporations or other Australian government funds.

Four NICTA business teams were responsible for determining potential commercial or economic outcomes in the following domains for ICT:

 * Broadband and the digital economy
 * Infrastructure, transport and logistics
 * Security
 * Environment

Also, the Engineering and Technology Development team helps to productize research outcomes.

Locations
NICTA had over 700 people (half of whom were graduate students) spread across four cities in Australia at its peak in 2012. This was drastically reduced as first the Victoria state government and then the Federal Government defunded it.

 * Australian Technology Park Laboratory and Headquarters, Sydney
 * Neville Roach Research Laboratory, Kensington, Sydney
 * Canberra Research Laboratory
 * Victoria Research Laboratory
 * Queensland Research Laboratory

The Neville Roach Laboratory was moved from its standalone location onto the University of New South Wales main campus in July 2015 as a cost saving measure.

In addition, NICTA collaborated with many Australian universities and research organisations, and had smaller numbers of staff on various non-partner (and non-member) university campuses around the country.

Funding
NICTA was primarily funded by the Australian Government as represented by the Department of Communications and the Australian Research Council. NICTA also received funding from industry and several state governments, and was supported by its member and partner universities.

title: NICTA


text:
Fort Qualls

Fort Qualls referred to the pro-Bush encampment near US President George W. Bush's Crawford, Texas, ranch, which launched a demonstration to counter "Camp Casey" in downtown Crawford.

It was named "Fort Qualls" in honor of Marine Lance Corporal Louis Wayne Qualls (20), who was killed in Fallujah, Iraq, in the fall of 2004.

The Crawford encampment included a banner that says, "God Bless Our President!"

The camp's namesake's father, Gary Qualls, became increasingly frustrated with the Camp Casey anti-war demonstrators when he had to repeatedly remove a cross bearing his son's name from among those the anti-war group had put up along the road to Bush's ranch. Although Mr. Qualls did not wish his fallen son associated with Camp Casey, its supporters kept replacing the Corporal Qualls cross each time it was removed by his father.

title: Fort Qualls


text:
Habitat for Humanity Canada

Habitat for Humanity Canada (HFHC, also known as Habitat Canada; Habitat pour l'humanité Canada) is a non-governmental, and non-profit housing organization in Canada, being the Canadian arm of the global Habitat for Humanity.

The Habitat for Humanity movement spread to Canada in 1985, with the first Canadian build taking place in Winkler, Manitoba. HFHC has since grown to 50 affiliates in all 13 provinces & territories, with each affiliate being managed by a local board of directors. HFHC has been in all ten provinces since 1998 (the final province being Quebec), and all three territories since 2014.

Since its founding, HFHC has successfully provided over 3,800 families with safe, decent, and affordable housing.

The world’s first ReStore was opened by Habitat for Humanity Winnipeg in 1991.

History
Habitat for Humanity International was founded in 1996 by Millard and Linda Fuller in the United States. In September 1984, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife began the Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project in New York City.

Habitat for Humanity Canada was founded in 1985, with the inaugural meeting and first home built in Winkler, Manitoba. This marked the first national Habitat organization to be established outside of the United States. That house would go to Ernie and Gloria Penner, who were chosen as Habitat for Humanity’s first home recipients in Canada after a six-month application process. Ernie and Gloria were chosen as they were raising their children in a two-bedroom apartment in Winkler, and homeownership seemed beyond their reach.

On June 22, 1987, Winnipeg became home to the first local Habitat in Canada, Habitat for Humanity Winnipeg (later renamed Habitat for Humanity Manitoba). In early 1988, the Habitat for Humanity Canada national office was established in Waterloo, Ontario.

In April 1991, the world’s first ReStore was opened by Habitat for Humanity in Winnipeg. It operated in a small building located at Palliser Furniture, and mostly sold used lumber in its nascent years.

With its first build in Quebec in 1998, Habitat homes have since been built in all ten provinces.

In 2007, then-Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean became Vice Regal Patron for HFHC.

Manitoba
Habitat for Humanity Canada was founded and built its first ever home in Winkler, Manitoba, in 1985.

On June 22, 1987, Winnipeg became home to the first local Habitat for Humanity in Canada, as Habitat for Humanity Winnipeg.

Four years later, in 1991, the world’s first ReStore was opened by Habitat for Humanity in Winnipeg, with the help of five volunteers.

In 1993, Winnipeg, along with Waterloo, Ontario, hosted the first international Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project in Canada. Planning for this event began in 1991, when Winnipeg was formally invited to host. In 1992, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter personally asked Winnipeg Mayor Bill Norrie to create the Winnipeg Habitat Foundation, an advisory group of corporate and community leaders overseeing the project. 1993 marked Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter's very first time venturing outside of the United States on behalf of Habitat for Humanity International.

In 2012, Habitat for Humanity Winnipeg was renamed to Habitat for Humanity Manitoba.

Alberta
There are five Habitat for Humanity affiliates in Alberta:

 * Habitat for Humanity Camrose, based in Camrose
 * Habitat for Humanity Edmonton, based in Edmonton and serving communities in northern Alberta since 1991.
 * Habitat for Humanity Lethbridge, based in Lethbridge and serving the area since at least 2011.
 * Habitat for Humanity Red Deer, based in Red Deer County and serving Central Alberta since 1994.
 * Habitat for Humanity Southern Alberta, based in Calgary and serving Southern Alberta since 1990.

British Columbia
There are seven Habitat for Humanity affiliates in British Columbia:

 * Habitat for Humanity Greater Vancouver, based in Burnaby, has served the Squamish and Greater Vancouver region since 1995.
 * Habitat for Humanity Mid-Vancouver Island (formerly Humanity Nanaimo until 2007), based in Nanaimo, has served the central Vancouver Island area since 1994.
 * Habitat for Humanity Okanagan, based in West Kelowna, has served the Okanagan region from Armstrong to Osoyoos since 1992.
 * Habitat for Humanity Southeast BC, based in Castlegar and serving the Boundary and Kootenays region of BC from Rock Creek to the Alberta border, and from Golden to the U.S. border.
 * Habitat for Humanity SEBC was formerly Habitat for Humanity Boundary and Habitat for Humanity West Kootenay, which merged in March 2014. Habitat for Humanity has served the Southeast BC region since 1999.
 * Habitat for Humanity Sunshine Coast, based in Sechelt, has served the Sunshine Coast since 2004.
 * Sunshine Coast was the smallest community to have a Habitat chapter when it was formed.
 * Habitat for Humanity Vancouver Island North, based in Courtenay, has served the northern Vancouver Island area from Bowser to Port Hardy since 2004.
 * Habitat for Humanity Victoria, based in Victoria, has served the Victoria Capital Region since in 1990.

Saskatchewan
Habitat for Humanity Saskatchewan is based in Regina.

Habitat Saskatchewan also has four chapters, run in rural communities outside of Regina, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert:

 * Habitat Estevan
 * Habitat Yorkton
 * Habitat Moose Jaw
 * Habitat Melfort

Canada’s 100th Habitat for Humanity home was built in Saskatoon in 1993.

Ontario
In early 1988, the Habitat for Humanity Canada national office was established in Waterloo, Ontario. In 1993, Waterloo, along with Winnipeg, Manitoba, hosted the first international Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project in Canada.

There are 24 Habitat for Humanity affiliates in Ontario:

Toronto and GTA
Habitat GTA was established in 2014 upon the merging of Habitat Toronto, Habitat Brampton, and Habitat York, focused on building homes throughout the Greater Toronto Area.

Habitat for Humanity Toronto was established in 1988, being a local grassroots organization from its founding to 2001.

In 2001, Habitat Toronto attempted to build seven homes at once. In 2009, over 80 homes were built at three different build sites.

Each year, Habitat Toronto holds a "blitz build" that targets a specific group and tries to get a large portion of that group out to build. In 2009, the organization held a Women Build event where 300 female volunteers helped build 16 homes in Scarborough.

Habitat Toronto has been awarded numerous times for their work in the community. They were presented with an Urban Leadership Award for Renewal in 2010. The City of Toronto also honoured the organization in 2010 as an Affordable Housing Champion in Toronto.

In 2009, Habitat Toronto CEO Neil Hetherington was named as one of the Top 40 under 40 by The Caldwell Partners International.

Habitat for Humanity Heartland Ontario
It is based in London, serves the eastern portion of Southwestern Ontario, namely Brant, Elgin, Lanark, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, and Perth County.

HFHHO was established in 1993 as Habitat for Humanity London, renamed to Habitat for Humanity Oxford Middlesex Elgin in 2012 after expanding into those counties, and finally becoming Habitat for Humanity Heartland Ontario upon its acquisition of the Stratford Perth affiliate in 2014. In 2021, the organization would also expand into Brant-Norfolk.

As of January 2021, Heartland merged with Habitat for Humanity Brant-Norfolk, adding another 2 already established stores to their network located in Brantford and Simcoe respectively.

Quebec
Habitat for Humanity Quebec (Habitat pour l'humanité Québec) was founded in January 1998 as Habitat for Humanity Montréal in Montreal, marking Habitat's presence in all 10 provinces of Canada. Stephen Rotman became president of Habitat for Humanity Montreal on August 21, 1998.

The first build project was dedicated on October 31, 1999, in the Saint-Henri district of Montreal. The project consisted of building two adjacent houses to provide homes for two families. Habitat Montreal built its 3rd house in 2002.

The McGill University Campus Chapter of Habitat Quebec, formed in February 1998, is one of twelve Habitat for Humanity campus chapters in Canada.

On October 17, 2006, Montreal's ReStore was opened at 7177 Newman Boulevard in LaSalle, becoming the 50th ReStore opened in Canada and the 1st in the province of Quebec. Initially, unlike the ReStore shops in the rest of Canada, the Montreal outlet did not accept donations from the general public. "We want to sell quality goods to people, so, for now, we're relying on corporate donations," Rotman explained for The Gazette.

Also that month, Habitat Montreal had built three homes. "It costs about $75,000 to build a house, plus all the donated labour and materials," Rotman said. Rotman was optimistic that the new ReStore will generate "a couple of hundred thousand dollars a year" allowing the local Habitat group to step up the pace of construction to two houses a year.

On May 15, 2007, a new house building project was unveiled, which provide a home for a family in the Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough of East-end Montreal.

ReStore Montreal was closed on August 24, 2009, and reopened at 4399 Notre-Dame Street W, three times the size, on September 8.

In August 2010, for a fourth consecutive year, TD participated in a Habitat for Humanity Montreal project by donating $10,000. On August 11 and 12, approximately 30 TD employees helped build a duplex on 5096-5098, Sainte-Clotilde in Saint-Henri district.

On September 25, 2010, Habitat for Humanity Montreal held its first ever Party in the Park event, at Parc Gadbois in the Saint-Henri district.

In November 2010, Isabel St Germain Singh became CEO of Habitat for Humanity Montreal.

Charles Lafortune was named as its new spokesperson, in a ceremony held at ReStore, on July 7, 2011.

On November 15, 2011, two renovations projects in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve began.

Habitat Montreal organized the first annual fundraising gala on May 17, 2012, at the Montreal Delta Centre-Ville. The second fundraising gala was organized at Windsor Hotel (Montreal) on May 1, 2014. The fashion gala was given at the Windsor by the Maison Marie Saint Pierre for the profit of Habitat of Humanity.

On January 24, 2013, Habitat Montreal ReStore was re-launched.

Atlantic Canada

 * Habitat for Humanity Prince Edward Island, based in Charlottetown, was founded in 1996. Habitat PEI had built 35 houses from 2001 to 2011 in the province, but never west of Summerside at the time.
 * Habitat for Humanity Newfoundland and Labrador, based in St. John's, was incorporated in May 1994. In 2012, Habitat Newfoundland sent its first Global Village Team to Thailand.

New Brunswick
Habitat for Humanity in New Brunswick is operated by regional affiliates rather than a single provincial. Habitat for Humanity Fredericton Area serves Greater Fredericton; Habitat for Humanity Moncton serves southeastern New Brunswick; and Habitat for Humanity Saint John Region serves the Greater Saint John area.

In 1996, Canada’s 200th Habitat for Humanity home was built in Moncton.

Nova Scotia
Habitat reached Nova Scotia in 1992 with the establishment of Habitat for Humanity Halifax-Dartmouth in Dartmouth.

In 2003, a chapter was established on the South Shore, which dedicated its first home in Bridgewater in 2006. Also in 2006, the affiliate opened a ReStore in the Burnside neighbourhood.

Habitat Halifax-Dartmouth hosted its first Women Build in 2007. Habitat HRM dedicated its 25th home in Sackville in 2008.

In 2011, the organization became Habitat for Humanity Nova Scotia, a provincial affiliate of Habitat for Humanity Canada.

Northern Canada
Construction of the first Habitat for Humanity homes in the Northwest Territories began in June 2014, marking HFHC's presence in all 3 Canadian territories.

Nunavut
Habitat for Humanity Iqaluit became an affiliate of Habitat for Humanity Canada in 2005. Iqaluit was the first Canadian affiliate to benefit from Global Village support, in 2007. That year, they built the first home with the assistance of two teams of Global Village volunteers. The second home was built in 2009 with the assistance of 3 more Global Village teams.

Yukon
Habitat for Humanity Yukon (HFHY) was given official affiliate status in September 2004, with Todd Hardy as a founding member and the first President.

The first projects of Habitat for Humanity Yukon were homes at the following Whitehorse, Yukon, locations: Kodiak Place (1 unit, completed November 2006); Keewenaw Drive (2 units, completed July 2010); Wheeler Street (3 units, completed February 2011), and Pintail Place (3 units, completed February 2013).

title: Habitat for Humanity Canada


text:
User talk:Inu-liger

Votes for deletion/Queenzone
Please refrain from making personal attacks. They are strongly against Wikipedia's policy (see No personal attacks) and may lead to your being banned from editing. A history of your contributions is viewable for all here, and it only shows contributions on the VfD page for Queenzone. If you have contributed to other pages under a different username or an anonymous IP address, it won't be seen there. - ulayiti (talk)  07:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, and as a new user, please do also see the welcome page to get an overview of Wikipedia and how it works. - ulayiti (talk)  07:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inu-liger


text:
Talk:Full Belly Project

Although a few corrections have been made, this page still reads as an advertisement, not an encyclopedic article! If this subject belongs on Wikipedia at all, the article should be written in a way more neutral style. Also, to the anonymous editor of this page: please login with a registered username, as that makes it easier to communicate. JoanneB 07:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Correction
I think we've resolved the issue

No criticisms?

External links modified
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Shop closing
[|After two decades, Wilmington's Full Belly Project closes up shop] Should this be put in? Unsure if this is a good, reliable source. Malone98stockton (talk) 17:00, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Full Belly Project


text:
Farm gate value

The farm gate value of a cultivated product in agriculture and aquaculture is the market value of a product minus the selling costs (transport costs, marketing costs).

The market value is not the same as the price farmers get for their product, as (if an auction is used), the value they get per weight may be well below the market price. In some cases, the value they get per weight may even be below the breakeven price.

When selling by auction, the price the farmers get for their product is typically lower than the price they get if they sell directly to the consumer (as they are able to set this price themselves).

The farm gate value is also lower than the retail price consumers pay in a store as it does not include the additional costs the store makes (shipping, handling, storage, marketing) nor the profit margin the involved companies ask.

title: Farm gate value


text:
Bridger Wilderness

The Bridger Wilderness is located in Bridger-Teton National Forest in Wyoming, United States. Originally established in 1931 as a primitive area, 428169 acre region was redesignated as a wilderness in 1964 and expanded to the current size in 1984. The wilderness lies on the west side of the Continental Divide in the Wind River Range and contains Gannett Peak; at 13809 ft it is the tallest mountain in Wyoming. The wilderness is a part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.

There are 600 mi of hiking trails maintained in the wilderness, but with much of the terrain being steep and with many large mountain peaks to climb, many trails provide access climbing routes. Camping is permitted as long as a distance of at least 200 ft minimum is maintained away from lakes and streams. Due to the high altitude associated with this wilderness, it is not uncommon to have freezing weather, especially at night anytime of the year. In the summer months mosquitos can also be a problem.

The largest glaciers in Bridger-Teton National Forest are found in the wilderness. While lower slopes of the mountainsides are dominated by aspen and lodgepole pine, the upper altitudes include lodgepole pine, and numerous species of spruce and fir. Above the timberline at 10300 ft, the plants are delicate and subject to high human impact and care must be used to stay on trails to minimize natural resource impact which can take decades or more for recovery. Infrequent and rare sightings of grizzly bears have been recorded but black bears are much more common. In addition, most of the megafauna originally indigenous to the region still exist in the wilderness including moose, elk, mule deer, wolverine, bighorn sheep and mountain lion. There have been unconfirmed reports of wolf sightings which may be true due to wolf reintroduction commenced in the late 20th century in Yellowstone National Park to the north. Numerous bird species are found including bald eagle, osprey, peregrine falcon and Clark's nutcracker. The streams have long been home to several species of trout, but stocking of the lakes has increased their numbers there along with mountain whitefish and grayling.

Hazards
Encountering bears is a concern in the Wind River Range. There are other concerns as well, including bugs, wildfires, adverse snow conditions and nighttime cold temperatures.

Importantly, there have been notable incidents, including accidental deaths, due to falls from steep cliffs (a misstep could be fatal in this class 4/5 terrain) and due to falling rocks, over the years, including 1993, 2007 (involving an experienced NOLS leader), 2015 and 2018. Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near SquareTop Mountain in 2005, and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent accidental fall) in 2006 that involved state search and rescue. The U.S. Forest Service does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Wind River Range.

title: Bridger Wilderness