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Hưng Yên province

Hưng Yên is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It covers an area of 930.20 km2, comprising 1 city, 8 rural districts, and 1 district-leveled town, it had a population of 1,290,850 in 2022 with 250,000 people in urban areas and 1,040,850 people in rural areas. The province is a settlement along the banks of the Red River, bordered by 5 provinces and municipalities (Bắc Ninh province, Hải Dương province, Hà Nội, Thái Bình province, Hà Nam province).

Feudal dynasties
The area of the province of Hưng Yên has been inhabited for millennia.

During the legendary Hưng Kings period, Hưng Yên belonged to Giao Chỉ, in Du Chien district. Under the Ngô dynasty, it was called Dang Chau. It was then renamed Thái Bình phủ (phủ is an administrative unit) under the Early Lê dynasty, Dang Chau and Khoái Châu phủ under the Lý dynasty and Long Hung lo (lo is an administrative unit) and Khoái lo under the Trần Dynasty. Under the Later Lê dynasty, Hưng Yên belonged to Sơn Nam and then divided into Sơn Nam Thượng lo and Sơn Nam Hạ lo.

The Nguyễn dynasty implemented administrative reforms in 1831 to dismantle the trấn administrative units and establish provinces. Five districts of Đông Yên, Kim Động, Thiên Thi, Phù Cừ and Tiên Lữ were separated from Khoái Châu phủ of Sơn Nam Thượng trấn and three districts of Thần Khê, Hưng Nhân and Duyên Hà were separated from Tiên Hưng phủ of Nam Định trấn of lower Sơn Nam town to establish Hưng Yên Province. The initial centre of the province was located in An Vu and Luong Dien communes and then moved to Nhi Tan of Xích Đằng commune (now Hưng Yên city).

This area has favourable transport conditions with communes and markets lying side by side, enabling trading activities to be busier and busier. The Chronicle of Hưng Yên Province stated: "The streets are very busy and bustle, crowded with vehicles; the old images of Phổ Hiến in Sơn Nam can be seen now in this land".

French colonization
The name Hưng Yên officially appeared in the directory of the country in 1831. For that reason, prior to the French occupation of Vietnam, Hưng Yên was a province located on both sides of the Luộc River. Since its establishment, the province's territory has changed many times.

On March 27, 1833, French troops led by Captain Henri Rivière moved along the Red River from Hanoi and defeated Nam Định citadel. He then demanded Sub lieutenant Edgard de Trentinian to lead a unit of troops to attack Hưng Yên citadel. After occupying Hưng Yên, they made many efforts to strengthen their puppet government and establish various troop stations on one hand, while speeding up the measuring and mapping work for deep involvement into communes and hamlets. However, they met many difficulties, confronting resistance by the Bãi Sậy uprising.

In 1890, the French set up the Bãi Sậy area consisting of Yên Mỹ, Yen Hao, Văn Lâm and Cam Luong districts for the purpose of easier suppression of revolts. After the failure of the Bãi Sậy rebellion, they merged Van Lam, Yên Mỹ and Yen Hao districts into Hưng Yên province and returned Cam Luong district (now Cẩm Giàng) to Hải Dương province.

Also in 1890, the French split Thần Khê district from Tiên Hưng phủ of Hưng Yên province and Thái Bình phủ and Kiến Xương phủ from Nam Định province and set up a new province called Thái Bình. Afterwards, they went on to cut Hưng Nhân and Duyen Ha districts and transferred Tiên Lữ district (formerly belonging to Tiên Hưng) to merge into Khoái Châu phủ. Ever since, the Luộc River has served as the natural border between Hưng Yên and Thái Bình. This period lasted from French colonization to the August Revolution in 1945.

Modern Vietnam
When the anti-French resistance war was won and peace was restored in the north, district-level administrative units remained unchanged, except the changes in the administrative names of some wards and communes.

On January 26, 1968, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly approved a resolution on the unification of Hải Dương and Hưng Yên into Hải Hưng province. After that, on March 11, 1977, Văn Giang and Yên Mỹ districts were unified into Văn Yên district; Tiên Lữ and Phù Cừ districts were unified into Phù Tiên district; Văn Lâm and Mỹ Hào districts were unified into Văn Mỹ.

On February 24, 1979, Kim Động and Ân Thi districts were unified into Kim Thi district. Văn Yên and Văn Mỹ districts were unified into Mỹ Văn; Khoái Châu district and a part of Văn Giang district were unified into Châu Giang district.

On November 6, 1996, the National Assembly approved the division of Hải Hưng into Hải Dương and Hưng Yên. After that, the unified districts were split as the former administrative units.

Hưng Yên now has ten district and town-level administrative units: Hưng Yên city and the districts of Văn Lâm, Văn Giang, Mỹ Hào, Yên Mỹ, Khoái Châu, Ân Thi, Kim Động, Tiên Lữ and Phù Cừ, with a total 161 communes, districts and towns.

Location, topography
Hưng Yên is located in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in the Vietnam's Red River delta. The terrain is relatively flat, consisting of low hills interspersed with plain.

The eastern gateway to Hanoi, Hưng Yên, has 23 km of the 5A National Highway and over 20 km of the Hanoi-Haiphong railway route. In addition, the national highways 39A and 38, which are prolonged from the National Highway 5, passes by Hưng Yên city, running to the National Highway 1A through Yên Lệnh Bridge and to the National Highway 10 through Triều Dương Bridge. This is an important transportation axis linking southwestern provinces in the Northern Delta (Hà Nam, Ninh Bình, Nam Định and Thanh Hóa) with Hải Dương, Haiphong and Quảng Ninh provinces.

Hưng Yên is close to Haiphong and Cái Lân seaports and Noi Bai International Airport. It has borders with Hanoi and the provinces of Bắc Ninh, Hà Tây, Hà Nam, Thái Bình and Hải Dương.

Climate
Like other provinces in the Red River Delta, Hưng Yên is affected by the hot and damp tropical monsoon climate. Every year, there are two separate hot and cold seasons in the province. The sun shines on average 1,519 hours per year and the average number of sunny days per month is 24. The average temperature is 23.2 °C in the summer and 16 °C in the winter.

The average rainfall is between 1450 mm and 1650 mm and the rainfall from May to October accounts for up to 70% of the year's total. The average humidity in the air is 86%; the highest level of humidity is 92% while the lowest level is 79%.

Natural resources
Hưng Yên has the features of a delta province: flat topography without hills and mountains. There are 61,037 hectares of agricultural land, of which 55,645 hectares (91%) are for yearly cultivation and the remainder are for cultivation of perennial plants, fish farming, specialized cultivation and other purposes. The area of unused natural land is about 7,471 hectares, which are all available for agricultural production and development.

Hưng Yên has a plentiful fresh water source because it is surrounded by the Hồng River and Luộc River. Its underground water source is also bountiful with a huge reserve. In the area along the 5A National Highway, from Như Quỳnh to Quán Gỏi, there lie mammoth underground water mines with a reserve of millions of cubic metres, which not only can supply water for industrial development and urban daily consumption but also can supply a big water volume for neighbouring localities.

Hưng Yên's lignite source, which is a part of the brown basin in the Red River Delta and has a 30-billion-tonne reserve, has not been exploited yet. However, there is big potential to develop the mining industry, meeting the energy demand in the domestic market and exports.

Administrative divisions
Hưng Yên is subdivided into 10 district-level sub-divisions, which are further subdivided into 161 commune-level sub-divisions.

Workforce
The natural population growth rate is 1% per year. Hưng Yên has 57,000 young and highly educated people of working age, representing 51% of the provincial population. The number of workers having attended training courses accounts for 25% of the population, mainly graduates from universities, colleges and high schools; and technical workers.

title: Hưng Yên province


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Talk:Panthera hybrid

Jaguar-tiger hole
Why is there a gap where Jaguar♂ and Tiger♀ cross? Because for some obscure reason nobody's thought of a name? Let's think of one now! How about "jagger"? -- Smjg 10:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no idea. Probably a result of some incompatability; although that didn't stop some hybrids from being on the list. --Apostrophe 19:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Jaguars and tigers have not been hybridised. This page refers for reported hybrids, not hypothetical hybrids. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 20.133.0.8 (talk) 15:13, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Whether the hybrid exists, it's an ugly hole in the structure of the page and one that should be addressed. I see someone's addressed it now.  But to say
 * "There are no known successful attempts in the mating of these species"
 * still begs the question: known by whom? -- Smjg (talk) 01:17, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Known in the published scientific literature? --Cubbi (talk) 14:21, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Parental species
One of the reasons why they only exist in captivity because the territories of the parental species do not overlap in the wild. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:18D:4700:2D30:B947:2905:66BA:FFC1 (talk) 00:41, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Dogula
In the body of this section, it is spelt Dogla. Which is correct?
 * Dogla. I apologize for the misspelling. --Apostrophe 18:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)`

Dogla
In Suriname the word "dogla" refers (originally) to a person with Indian and Creole parents, Afro-Indian basically. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.250.166.160 (talk) 23:02, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Panthers?
How about regular panthers? Do they go in to any of this? Valley2city 06:52, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * A panther is not an actualy animal. It is one of the classification groups in taxonomy, specifically a genus. The genus is called Panthera, and in it includes the 4 big cats: Lions, Tigers, Leopards, and Jaguars. More specifically, a lot jaguars and leopards are incorrectly refered to as panthers. There is, though, a melanistic(a deformaty in fur color, like albino) that makes the leopards all black, and these are called Black Panthers.
 * In other words, the term panther is often missused. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.117.137.33 (talk) 00:18, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Neologisms
Don't make up names, especially for hypothetical creatures. If these hybrids really are referred to using these portmanteau names, cite a source. A few are real, but I suspect most are probably made up. --Alivemajor 21:23, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah quit using these childish names made up by the popular media in an attempt to be funny about one of their 'peculiar' newsitems.--194.81.255.254 08:48, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Tigons are not smaller?
Quote: "Unlike popular belief, Tigons are not smaller because of combining genetics." – I think this sentence contains two statements: 1. Tigons are not smaller; 2. The cause is genetics. – Now which statement is "unlike popular belief"? Are they not smaller? Or are they smaller indeed, but just not due to genetics? --Suaheli (talk) 06:40, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Fertility
Are any of the hybrids mentioned fertile? It's my understanding that Tigons and Ligers are sterile like Mules and Hinnies. If sterile, they wouldn't constitute a new species and would be curiosities but evolutionary deadends. Virgil H. Soule (talk) 00:17, 20 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The newest source states that female hybrids are not sterile http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19633192 Matt Zero (talk) 11:15, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

Lipard incorrect information
I have actually spoken to Dr. Gerhard Heindl, Historical Research & Documentation, at Schoenbrunn Zoo and he has told me that the zoo never had a Lipard, at least not after 1945. He stated the following:

"I had a look at the in principle very interesting page and there found a citation of Otto Antonius from 1951. As we are occupied with a book about Antonius at the moment, this was a kind of quest for me.

Two things are to tell in this case: Antonius already died in 1945, so his article was published posthumous. That’s a first reason why the mentioned animal could not have lived in 1951. A second one that in my opinion locates the mentioned not in Schoenbrunn Zoo is what Antonius wrote: “Mischlinge von einander ferne stehenden Arten, wie Löwe x Leopard, Löwe x Puma, wurden erzielt, aber nicht von mir beobachtet …”, that means: “Hybrids from species which are relatively afar like leopard x lion or lion x puma were achieved, but have not been seen by me”.

So should a hybrid lion/leopard ever have existed in Schoenbrunn Zoo it must have been up to 1945, and Antonius must have had known of it – he therefore would have named Schoenbrunn Zoo. Moreover Antonius refers in this article about hybrids in general not only such of Schoenbrunn Zoo. He also mentions animals he had seen in other zoos. According to the fact that we also don’t have records, traditions or articles about such an animal I think Antonius has been misinterpreted by the authors of........He read or heard somewhere about a hybrid lion/leopard and told about it in his article without referring to his source."

I think the content should be removedDistant smile (talk) 15:04, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Big cat/Domestic cat
Is there any evidence/research into the possibility of a Big cat/domestic cat hybrid? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hypershock (talk • contribs) 00:22, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Scrabble
Does anyone know if these hybrid names of are official words and therefore allowed in scrabble? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.101.42 (talk) 12:52, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, of course these hybrids are official words. Gug01 (talk) 20:30, 15 January 2015 (UTC) Gug 01

Proposing merge from Lion-tiger hybrids to Panthera hybrid

 * Merge - This was brought up at Articles for deletion/Lion-tiger hybrids. Though both Lion-tiger hybrids and Panthera hybrid are of decent length, there are reference problems that could be relieved by merging. I don't think lion-tiger hybrids are notable enough on their own that we need a separate article, and most readers would benefit from having all the information on one page.  --Nessie (talk) 15:10, 17 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment Let the discussion occur at the AfD page to avoid splitting the conversation. I will remove the merge tags for now, but if the AfD closes as keep feel free to start another merger proposal.

Can't find any evidence that anyone uses the 2nd, 3rd, 4th hybrid names
All sources associated with the 2-4th hybrids seem suspicious or link back to wikipedia. The original source also seems to be a kid editing this page like 5 years ago. I'm going to delete it for now, but if anyone wants to challenge, we can add it back. Thanks --Majora'sMacro (talk) 01:16, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

Taliger
'Taliger' redirects here, but is not mentioned anywhere on the page. What is a Taliger? Walkersam (talk) 00:44, 18 February 2022 (UTC)
 * A cross between a male tiger and a liger (female lion-tiger hybrid). There are also s Liligers, TiLigers, WaLiligers. But see here. Seems to be a one man operation that can be considered animal abuse. I don't think there is much value in adding these made up names for a few crosses of no notability. Perhaps delete the redirect as promotional. —  Jts1882 | talk 07:55, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

I love the table
I love the "Table of names for hybrids"
 * i will add all the hybrids as parents as well

Could we make it into a ???

>>> Webclouddat (talk) 05:28, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Panthera hybrid


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Phú Thọ province

Phú Thọ (富壽, ) is a province in northern Vietnam. Its capital is Việt Trì, which is 80 km from Hanoi and 50 km from Nội Bài International Airport. The province covers an area of 3534.56 km2 and, as of 2023, it had a population of 1,530,800.

The history of Phú Thọ is linked to the 18 dynasties of Hùng kings who were credited with building the nation of Văn Lang. Because of its strategic location, the province is known as the "West Gate of Hanoi". It is located at the confluence of two large rivers: the Red River and the Da River, and in a transitional area between the Red River Delta the country's northern mountainous provinces. The Xuân Sơn National Park, established in February 2002, is located in the province about 80 km from Việt Trì. The park covers an area of 15048 ha, with over 11000 ha of natural forest and 1396 ha of limestone-mountain forests. Phú Thọ is one of the poorest areas of Vietnam and the poorest households earn below US$6 per person per month. Tea is important to the economy of the province. The Hung Kings temple complex, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh mountain in Việt Trì, is a complex of majestic architecture enclosing Hạ Temple (built in the 15th century), Thiện Quang pagoda, Giếng, Trung and Thuong temples, and King Hung's tomb.

History
The history of the area is traced to the early third millennium BC during the Hong Bang period. Hence, the province was part of the first Vietnamese state known as Xich Quy. The Vietnamese rulers of this period are now collectively known as the Hùng kings. Later, the capital was moved to Phong Châu, which is taken as evidence of the historicity of the province. There are many festivals in the province linked to this historical lineage. Beginning in the third century BC during the Thuc dynasty, the Hùng Temple complex, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh mountain, was laid ground to dedicate to the Hùng kings who are credited with building the nation.

In December 1999, Nguyễn Thị Thủy, the leader of an unregistered Protestant house church in the province, was sentenced to one year in prison for "interfering with an officer doing his duty", which caused some religious controversy in the province.

Geography
The area of the province is 3528.1 km2, lying between 20°55 to 21°43 North latitude and 104°48 to 105°27 East longitude. Located in northern Vietnam, it is situated at the head of a triangular formation of the Red River Delta in the northern mountainous region. It is delimited by the provinces of Tuyên Quang and Yên Bài in the north, Sơn La and Hòa Bình in the west, Hà Tây to the south, and Hà Giang and Vĩnh Phúc to the east. These provinces are connected to Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. Phú Thọ province, due to its strategic location, is often called the "West Gate of Hanoi". Its location is at the confluence of two large rivers namely, the Red and Da Rivers; this province links the northern provinces of the Red River delta with the country's mountainous provinces and also the two Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan.

Climate
Phú Thọ is located in the subtropical monsoon region. The province has recorded average temperature of 23.5 C; the highest temperature and the lowest temperatures recorded have been 29 C (July) and 15 C (February), respectively. The average rainfall varies between 1600 mm and 1800 mm. Humidity is high during the monsoon season from May to October with the annual average figure of 85%; in the dry season it goes below 80%. Precipitation is in the form of rainfall, most of it falling during the monsoon period. Most of the rain usually falls between April and September.

Water resources
Three large rivers flow through the province: the Red, Lô and Da rivers, which ensure a plentiful source of water serving daily life as well as industrial purposes. The total length of these three river systems is 200 km through the province and the area drained is 5000 km2. The annual surface water resources in the province in its river systems has been assessed as 42,000,000,000 cubic meters.

Mineral resources
The mineral resources recorded in Phú Thọ province are kaolin, feldspar, spirit ores, stone and gravel sand for construction and mineral water.

Xuân Sơn National Park
The Xuân Sơn National Park was established in February 2002. It is located approximately 80 km from Việt Trì City. The park covers an area of 15048 ha, with more than 11000 ha of natural forests and 1396 ha of limestone-mountain forests. The park is biologically rich with some 465 species of upper plants and 282 species of fauna, including 23 species of amphibians, 30 species of reptiles, 168 species of birds and 61 species of mammals. Rarer species, such as Tibetan bears, white pheasants, gray gibbons, and cobras are common in the park. The highest points of the park are Mount Voi (1,387m), Mount Ten (1,244m) and Mount Cẩn (1,144m). There are extensive grottoes and caves running 7–8 km inside these mountains; they contain large populations of bats.

Administrative divisions
Phú Thọ is subdivided into 13 district-level sub-divisions:

 * 11 districts:

 * Cẩm Khê
 * Đoan Hùng
 * Hạ Hòa
 * Lâm Thao
 * Phù Ninh
 * Tam Nông
 * Tân Sơn
 * Thanh Ba
 * Thanh Sơn
 * Thanh Thủy
 * Yên Lập

 * 1 district-level town:
 * Phú Thọ
 * 1 provincial city:
 * Việt Trì (capital)

They are further subdivided into 11 commune-level towns (or townlets), 248 communes, and 18 wards.

Demographics

The province has one town municipality, ten rural districts, five precincts, nine district-level towns and 181 communes.

According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Phú Thọ province as of 2008 was 1,364,700 with a density of 387 persons per square kilometre over a total land area of 3528.1 km2. It is one of the least populated provinces in the northern midlands and mountain areas of Vietnam. The male population at this time was 660,200 with females accounting for 704,500. The rural population was 1,146,700 against an urban population of 218,000 (about 20% of the rural population). The average population density is 3,706 per km2 except Việt Trì City, where it is 21,042 per km2.

Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), Mường, Dao and Sán Chay are the dominant ethnic groups which live in the province. The Dao build their houses in the traditional style, built either on stilts, level with the ground or half on stilts and the other half beaten with earth. Du village, located within the Xuân Sơn National Park, contains an overwhelming majority of this ethnic group is a tourist attraction.

Economy
Phú Thọ is one of the poorest areas of Vietnam; the poorest households earn below $6 (USD) per person per month. As of 1997, the provincial economy was roughly evenly split at 33% of the workforce working in agriculture, industry and in services respectively. In the period during 1990–1995, the annual increase rate in income 72%. The city of Việt Trì (population 181,123 (2009)) is the headquarters of many companies and groups active in the province and contains many of the industrial firms and service industries.

In agriculture, tea is important to the economy and is the main industrial crop. In the mid-19th century, the established the tea industry in Vietnam, particularly in Phú Thọ province and they had established three research stations to promote tea plantations 33000 acre which were cultivated in Vietnam. Until 1945, during World War II, the tea gardens were deserted, and post-World War II development of the tea industry restarted with assistance from other tea producing countries. The Vietnamese established a Tea Development Incorporation. The total planted area was estimated at 8400 ha in 2001, (7200 ha in 1997), around 9% of the cultivated area of the province. The province has an annual production of 31,000 tons of fresh tea (7,000 tonnes of dry tea), although between 1998 and 2001 there was an annual rise of 8% due to the increase in area and yield. As of 2002, the annual production was estimated at 100,000 tons of dry tea, tea consumption stood at 20,000 tonnes a year and 80,000 tons were exported. Over 15,000 families in the province are involved in tea production.

The French agency Agence Française de Développement (AFD) are active in the province and have financed a tea production development program for villages in eight of the province's districts and aims contribute to the economic development of rural populations and improve their living conditions. Under AFD investment (8.5 million euro grant from France), some 3000 ha of new plantations will be created and existing plantations will be improved in yields and efficiency. 3000 families were expected to benefit from this project. The project has also facilitated improvements in infrastructure in some 115 km of existing routes.

The Vietnamese government had a development strategy for the 2001–10, aiming to improve the output and income of the provincial economy, aiming to double its GDP, increase exports fourfold and strengthen the socialist market economy. Some of the relevant economics statistics related the agriculture and industries sectors are given below. As against the national figure of 273 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery cooperatives there are 100 cooperatives, of which 96 are agricultural cooperatives and three are fisheries cooperatives. The number of cooperatives is 100 as against 7592 cooperatives in the country. There are only 192 farms (last reported in 2002) as against the national number of 120,699.

The output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 1686.6 billion đồngs against the national value of 156,681.9 billion dongs. The province produced 280,300 tonnes of cereals as against the national production of 421.3 million tonnes.

The per capita production of cereals in the district was 308.7 kg as against the national figure of 501.8 kg in 2007. The province is also known for its grapefruit, palm oil, rice and cassava; freshwater fish are caught in the Red River. In 2007, the industrial output of the province was 11705.1 billion dongs against the national output of 1.47 million billion dongs.

Culture
Đền Hùng is a national historical location where the Vietnamese give their respects to Hung kings because of their contributions to the country 4000 years ago.

Hung Kings temple complex
Hung Kings Temple, located on Nghĩa Lĩnh Mountain, 175 meters by sea level in Việt Trì city, is a complex of majestic architectures encompassing the Hạ Temple, the Thiền Quang pagoda, the Giếng, Trung and Thuong temples, and King Hung's tomb. The Hạ temple was built in the 15th century and is approached from the Dai Mon Gate. There is also a 700-year-old tree in front of this temple. The legend narrated to this temple is that Âu Cơ gave birth to 100 children. Her husband, Lạc Long Quân, led 50 of the children to the coastal region and settled them to propagate his race. Âu Cơ took 49 children up to the mountainous area. The eldest among these children became Hùng king and renamed the country Văn Lang and made Phong Châu its capital.

The Thuong Temple is approached from Trung Temple over a pathway, which has 102 brick steps. The kings worshipped the Sun God, the Earth God, the Rice God, and Saint Dong. At this temple location, the last ruler of the 18th Hung dynasty handed the reins of his kingdom to Thục Phán, who established a memorial stone pillar and took an oath that he would maintain the temple and also the inheritance of the Hung's family. King Hung's tomb is the tomb of a ruler of the 6th Hung dynasty. It is claimed the 6th dynasty Hung king, after defeating the intruders to his country, removed his dress and hung them on the branch of the kim giao tree. He soon after died right at that location. Giếng Temple is at the foot of the mountain where an 18th dynasty king's daughters, Ngọc Hoa and Tiên Dung, worshipped. They used their reflection in the water surface of the well to manicure their hair.

Festival
A festival known as the "Hung Temple Festival" is held from 8th to the 11th day of the third lunar month with the main festival being held the 10th day in Nghĩa Lĩnh Mountain, Hy Cuong Commune, Việt Trì City and Phú Thọ Province. At this festival, 18 dynasties of Hung kings are worshipped for establishing the then Văn Lang State, predecessor to present-day Vietnam. It is celebrated with lot of pomp and show as a love and pride of their homeland and ancestral land, when all the descendants of the Hung Kings gather for the festivities in which the state officials also take part. A grand procession of 100 young men and women in their traditional costumes, symbolizing children of the "Dragon and Fairy" is held. The procession is followed by a Xoan singing performance (folk songs of Vĩnh Phúc) in the Thuong Temple; a classical opera known as ca tru is held in the Hà temple. Other festivities include bamboo swings, nem con (throwing a sacred ball through the ring), cham thau (beating bronze drums) and dam duong (pounding rice).

Education
Education and training system is well established in the province. Hung Vuong University, Continuous Education Centers of the province and at all districts, Transformatic and Language Center, and other colleges and vocational schools are the institutions which contribute richly to the educational standards of the province. They help in generating the required well-trained and skilled workers. There are 542 schools (8,779 classes) with a total of 304,326 pupils, and four high schools totalling 30,221 pupils. There are three colleges and one pre-university.

Transport and communications
The province is very well connected by roads, rail, air and water transport systems that connect with all regions in Vietnam, which has facilitated its economic growth. The important road system consist of the National Highway No. 2, Yunnan–Kunming express highway route that runs from China's Yunnan province through the Tuyên Quang and Phú Thọ provinces to Nội Bài International Airport; it continues as National Highway No. 5 to Haiphong and National Highway No. 18 links to the port of Cái Lân in Quảng Ninh province. National Highway 32A, which runs from Hanoi traverses through Phú Thọ and terminates in Hòa Bình. National Highway 32C, also from Hanoi, passes through Phú Thọ to Yên Bài, eventually entering Laos. The Tran-Asian road and the Hồ Chí Minh trail also pass through the province.
 * Roads

A Trans-Asia railway line runs from Yunnan to Hanoi and goes through Lào Cai and Phú Thọ provinces. This is connected with the Hanoi-Haiphong and Hanoi-Hồ Chí Minh City railways. The railway connects to the two industrial zones of Thủy Vân and Bạch Hạ.
 * Railway

Việt Trì City is an important river port. It is at the confluence of the three major rivers that flow from China through this province in Vietnam. This waterway, as the main water transport route in the province, has a total length of 235 km. Việt Trì's river port is one of largest river ports in Vietnam and has an annual capacity of 1 million tonnes.
 * Water transport

Other infrastructure facilities
The electricity system and grid lines in the province are very stable. All of the local districts are connected to the national electricity network, which covers the entire province. Việt Trì City, capital of the province and its suburbs are provided with safe drinking water from a plant, which has a capacity of 42,000 m3/day. The plant uses German technology. Postal and telecommunication utilities and services are very well established for both domestic and international communication.

title: Phú Thọ province


text:
Vazirani

Vazirani is an Indian (Sindhi Hindu) surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Vijay Vazirani (born 1957), Indian-born American computer scientist
 * Umesh Vazirani (born c. 1959), Indian-born American computer scientist, brother of Vijay
 * Reetika Vazirani (1962–2003), Indian-born American poet

title: Vazirani


text:
TV-Anytime

TV-Anytime is a set of specifications for the controlled delivery of multimedia content to a user's local storage. It seeks to exploit the evolution in convenient, high capacity storage of digital information to provide consumers with a highly personalized TV experience. Users will have access to content from a wide variety of sources, tailored to their needs and personal preferences. TV-Anytime specifications are specified by the TV-Anytime Forum.

The TV-Anytime Forum
The global TV-Anytime Forum is an association of organizations which seeks to develop specifications to enable audio-visual and other services based on mass-market high volume digital storage in consumer platforms.

It was formed in Newport Beach, California, United States, on 27–29 September 1999 after DAVIC was closed down. It was wound up on 27 July 2005 following the publication of RFC 4078 (reference: http://www.tv-anytime.org/).

Its first specifications were published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) on August 1, 2003 as TS 102 822-1 'Broadcast and On-line Services: Search, select, and rightful use of content on personal storage systems ("TV-Anytime")'. RFC 4078 (The TV-Anytime Content Reference Identifier (CRID)) was published in May 2005.

TV-Anytime has more than 60 member companies from Europe (including BBC, BSkyB, Canal+ Technologies, Disney, EBU, Nederlands Omroep Productie Bedrijf (NOB), France Telecom, Nokia, Philips, PTT Research , Thomson), Asia (including ETRI, KETI, NHK, NTT, Dentsu, Hakuhodo, Nippon TV, Sony, Panasonic, LG, Samsung, Sharp, Toshiba) and the USA (including Motorola, Microsoft, and Nielsen).

The objectives
The TV-Anytime Forum has set up the following four objectives for their standardization work:

 * 1) Develop specifications that will enable applications to exploit local persistent storage in consumer electronics platforms.
 * 2) Be network independent with regard to the means for content delivery to consumer electronics equipment, including various delivery mechanisms (e.g. ATSC, DVB, DBS and others) and the Internet and enhanced TV.
 * 3) Develop specifications for interoperable and integrated systems, from content creators/providers, through service providers, to the consumers.
 * 4) Specify the necessary security structures to protect the interests of all parties involved.

Current status
Several implementations of the TV-Anytime specifications exist among broadcasters, EPG operators, press guide printers, etc. Early implementations have been done in the field of metadata aggregation. More is coming in the field of hybrid broadcast-broadband delivery.

A licensing program for TV-Anytime was managed by Via Licensing Corporation until early December 2010. More information on known patents of the defunct licensing programme's patent holders, claimed to be essential, is provided on the new TV-Anytime website now officially hosted by EBU.

title: TV-Anytime


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Showtime (Dizzee Rascal album)

Showtime is the second studio album by grime artist Dizzee Rascal, released on 6 September 2004  and 14 September in the United States. As of May 2007, the album has sold over 16,000 units in the United States—a decline on his debut album, Boy in da Corner, which sold 58,000. It has also been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling over 100,000 copies.

Critical reception
Showtime received critical acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 87 based on 28 reviews indicating "universal acclaim". AllMusic gave the album 4 and half stars out of 5 and wrote, "If Showtime isn't the equal artistic success of Boy in da Corner, it's slightly superior, stunning for the facts that it arrives so swiftly after the debut and is far from a retread". Rolling Stone gave the album $3 1/2$ stars out of 5 stating that "These are Rascal's most accessible beats to date". The Village Voice gave the album a favourable review, calling it a "brash, dazzling dispatch from a parallel universe" and Billboard also gave a positive review of the album, remarking that "This is hip-hop for another era, one that makes the present day commercial U.S. material seem even more flat than it already is".

Scott Plagenhoef from Pitchfork felt that "The album naturally lacks the shock of the new, the jolt of Boy in Da Corner-- instead, it's a consolidation of his strengths, lyrically and sonically, and a more satisfying listen than its predecessor". PopMatters gave the album 9/10, opining that "Aside from a couple of hiccups (the clunky R&B of "Get By", the silly call and response of "Knock Knock"), it's every bit as good as Boy in da Corner, and sometimes even better". The Guardian gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, saying "Beyond his trademark agitated yelp and panic-attack rhythms are all manner of surprising and compelling sonic twists". NME gave the album 9/10, stating that "Lyrically it's astonishing" and Spin gave it a 9/10 saying it is "At its core, Showtime is a classic second album in the hip-hop sense: puffy with bluster, brimming with indignation". Alternative Press gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, writing that "It's the urgency of [Dizzee's] brash Brit patois that dares you not to decipher it". Mojo gave a very favourable review to the album, saying that "What Dizzee Rascal has done with this record is find his own—profoundly satisfying—balance between grime's digital vortex of ringtones and car alarms and an older more contemplative electronic tradition".

title: Showtime (Dizzee Rascal album)


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Phú Yên province

Phú Yên is a central coastal province in the South Central Coast region, in Central Vietnam. It borders Bình Định to the north, Khánh Hòa to the south, Gia Lai to the northwest, Đắk Lắk to the southwest and the East Sea to the east.

History
Phú Yên formerly belonged to Champa territory as Ayaru, a part of Kauthara polity.

In 1611, Nguyen Hoang sent his general Van Phong to attack Ayaru. Champa failed and Nguyen Hoang annexed Ayaru into Dang Trong and he named it Phú Yên, which means a prosperous and peaceful land.

Geography
Phú Yên province contains two passes: Cù Mông pass in the north and Cả pass in the south.

The province's topography consists of hilly regions in the west (70%) and the fertile plain of Tuy Hòa in the east. Lowlands also extend west along Đà Rằng River. The highest peaks are at 1,592 m on the border of Khánh Hòa province in the south and at 1,331 m in the northwest (Đồng Xuân District). There are several hills near the coast, including Mô Cheo (Núi Mô Cheo, 814 m) in Sông Cầu and Đá Bia (Núi Đá Bia, 706 m) near Đại Lãnh in Đông Hòa District.

The main rivers that flow across Phú Yên are the Đà Rằng River (the largest river in Central Vietnam), Bàn Thạch River and Kỳ Lộ River. Sông Hinh Lake, a large artificial lake, is located in the southwest of the province.

Phú Yên has various picturesque landscapes, such as the Ô Loan Lagoon, Sông Cầu coconut ranges, Đá Bia and Nhạn mountains, Rô Bay, Xep Beach, and Long Thủy Beach.

The beautiful nature of Phú Yên has been used for the movie Yellow Flowers on the Green Grass, which is adapted from the same novel by Nguyễn Nhật Ánh.

Administrative divisions
Phú Yên is subdivided into nine district-level sub-divisions:

 * 6 districts:

 * Đồng Xuân
 * Phú Hòa
 * Sơn Hòa
 * Sông Hinh
 * Tây Hòa
 * Tuy An

 * 2 district-level towns:
 * Đông Hòa
 * Sông Cầu
 * 1 provincial city:
 * Tuy Hòa (capital)

They are further subdivided into eight commune-level towns (or townlets), 88 communes, and 16 wards.

Demography
As of 2007 Phú Yên has a population of 880,700. It has a relatively small urban population (178,600), making up 20% of the province's population. With 174 people per square kilometer, it is also one of the least densely populated provinces of the South Central Coast. Population density is relatively high (exceeding 500/km2) along the lower Đà Rằng River, but is lower than 50/km2 in much of the western part of the province. Average yearly population growth between 2000 and 2007 has been 1.3%, close to the regional average. Urban population growth has been faster with 2.2% per year on average.

The vast majority of the population is ethnic Kinh. There are also minorities of Cham, E De, and Ba Na people. Significant minorities of Cham live in Đồng Xuân District and Sơn Hòa District and E De people in Sông Hinh District and Sơn Hòa District. Much smaller communities of Ba Na people also live in these three districts.

Economy
With a GDP per capita of 8.43 million VND in 2007 and a relatively small industrial sector, Phú Yên is one of the less developed provinces of the South Central Coast.

Phú Yên has had a trade deficit. In 2007, it exported goods worth US$72.7 million while importing goods worth US$116.25 million, mainly fuel, raw materials, machinery, and medical goods.

Total employment was at 482,800 in 2007. The vast majority (361,400) are still employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. 45,600 people were employed in industry and construction and 75,800 in the service sector. Both industry and service have shown little employment growth between 2005 and 2007. Service employment has actually declined significantly since 2000.

Agriculture, forestry and fishing
The main agricultural regions of the province are the plains around Tuy Hòa and the lowlands along the Đà Rằng River. In 2007 the rice harvest was 321,800 t. It is the South Central Coast's largest producer of sugar-cane with a harvest of 1.051 million t (6% of Vietnam's total harvest). Cultivation of cotton and tobacco is also significant, with 800 t (5% of the national total) and 700 t (2.2%) respectively. Other crops include peanuts, cashew nuts, pepper, and coffee.

Phú Yên has a relatively large fishing sector. Its gross output is the third largest in the South Central Coast after Khánh Hòa province and Bình Định province. Aquaculture, mostly shrimp farms, make up around one third of the fishing output, while using 2300 ha.

Industry
Phú Yên is one of the less industrialized provinces of the South Central Coast. Its industrial production is mostly based on the processing of local primary products such as fish, shrimp, cashew nuts and sugar. The province also produces mineral water, beer, garments, and cement. Industrial parks are located in the north of Tuy Hòa and Sông Cầu, near Qui Nhơn.

The province is zoning and developing a large economic zone, namely the Nam Phú Yên Economic Zone in southern Đông Hòa District. Upon completion, it will become an oil-refining hub in Vietnam and potentially provide high profits for the province.

Transport
National Route 1 as well as the North–South Railway run through the province. Phú Yên's main railway station is Tuy Hòa Railway Station. Smaller railway stations are located in Đồng Xuân District and Tuy An District north of Tuy Hòa. National Road 25 connects Tuy Hòa to Chư Sê in Gia Lai province, mostly along the Đà Rằng River.

Đông Tác Airport, a small domestic airport, is located south of Tuy Hòa.

The province has a port around 28 km south of Tuy Hòa, namely Vũng Rô Port (Cảng Vũng Rô).

Energy
A hydropower plant is located in Sông Hinh District in the southwest of Phú Yên. It is built on the Hinh River, a major tributary of the Đà Rằng River and which created a lake of the same name (Sông Hinh Lake, meaning River Hinh Lake). Phú Yên produced 379.9 million kWh of electricity in 2007.

title: Phú Yên province


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User talk:Riverguard

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf.

The Deep End
This article if in VfD, I have tinkered with the track list and given it an album infobox, I notice you have edited the Madrugada article and wondered it you'd care to expand the album article a bit, I think it's prob. safe from deletion, but it's still a bit stubby. Thanks. Alf 10:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Madrugada album.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Madrugada album.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 07:16, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Riverguard


text: User talk:210.213.232.16

title: User talk:210.213.232.16


text: Category:Birdwatching

title: Category:Birdwatching


text:
User talk:Brilliantsun

Images nominated for deletion
Hi, I've nominated the images Image:Bill eating.jpg and Image:Paste.jpg, posted by you, for deletion as they are not used anywhere and their sources and licenses are not stated. –Mysid ( talk ) 10:56, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brilliantsun


text:
User talk:Craw~enwiki

Vandalism
Craw, you have vandalized Template:Feature and GNAA. Vandalism is not tolerated, stop it or you will be blocked immediately. — Sverdrup 21:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Craw. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Craw~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Craw~enwiki


text: Category:Reporting software

title: Category:Reporting software


text:
Punt (boat)

A punt is a flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, designed for use in small rivers and shallow water. Punting is boating in a punt; the punter propels the punt by pushing against the river bed with a pole. Punts were originally built as cargo boats and as platforms for fowling and for fishing, such as angling; whereas now punting is boating for pleasure.

The term punt also refers to smaller versions of regional types of long shore work boats, such as the Deal galley punt, a square-sterned, lapstrake open-boat rigged with a single dipping lugsail, used for salvage and rescue work off a beach. In coastal communities, punt refers to any small clinker-built, open-stem, general-purpose boat. In Canada, the term punt refers to any small, flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, regardless of navigational purpose, building material, or means of propulsion. In Australia, the term punt is used to refer to cable ferries. In Maine, Punt can be used interchangeably with dinghy.

Construction
A traditional river punt is a wooden boat with no keel, stem, or sternpost, and is constructed like a ladder. The main structure consists of two side-panels connected by a series of cross-planks called "treads", which are 4 in wide and spaced about 1 ft apart. Because a punt has no keel, the draw of the boat is only a few inches even when fully laden, which makes the boat very manoeuvrable and suitable for shallow waters. A punt can be manoeuvred with equal facility in either direction, making it useful in narrow streams where turning the boat around may be difficult. The square-cut bow of the punt gives the boat greater carrying capacity for a given measure of length than a boat of the same beam with a narrow or pointed bow; the square-cut bow also makes the punt very stable, suitable for transporting passengers.

The first punts are associated with the River Thames in England and were built as small cargo boats and as platforms for fishermen. Pleasure punts, built specifically for recreation, became popular on the Thames between 1860 and 1880.

Some other boats have a similar shape to a traditional punt – for example the Optimist training dinghy or the air boats used in the Everglades – but the most similar boat is the European Weidling, a type of boat that can be tracked back to Celtic boats built more than 2,000 years ago.

Punts are still made in England to supply the tourist trade in Oxford and Cambridge or for racing purposes. The construction material of choice for most punts is wood. Fibreglass is used for some very light and narrow racing punts. The sides, the ends, known as "huffs", and the "till" are normally made of hardwood such as mahogany. The treads are often made from teak. The bottom is made of softwood and may be replaced several times during the life of a particular boat.

A traditional punt is about 24 ft long and 3 ft wide. The sides are about 18 in deep. Both the bow and the stern are cut square, with a long shallow "swim"; this is to say, the underside of the boat slopes very gently at the front and the back.

Both smaller and wider punts are made. Extra large and wide punts known as ferry punts may be seen in Cambridge, where many are used as water-borne tourist vehicles. Single seater Thames punts were normally made only 2 ft wide, and somewhat shorter than a standard punt; very few of these are still afloat. Racing punts, which are still used by a few specialist clubs on the lower Thames, may be built even narrower. Thames punts have occasionally been adapted for other means of propulsion: including sails, tow-ropes, and paddle wheels. With the addition of iron hoops and canvas awnings, punts have also been used for camping.

The bottom of the punt is made with long, narrow planks stretching fore and aft, attached to the flat sides and the treads. To allow the wood to swell when it gets wet, the planks are set a small distance apart (traditionally the width of an old penny, about 1–2 mm). The gaps are caulked; this caulking normally needs to be renewed annually. The treads are attached to the sides with small wooden "knees", which may be vertical or set at an angle. The gaps between the treads are normally fitted with gratings to allow the passengers to keep their feet dry. The seats are usually just a simple board fitting against blocks on the sides, with cushions.

A punt can be punted with equal facility in either direction, so it is not obvious to the novice which end is the bow and which the stern; however, one end of the boat is strengthened with a short deck, usually called a "counter" or a "till" (terms from cabinet making), that extends some 6 ft from that end. The Thames punt-building tradition was that the end with the till was the stern, as shown in the diagram. The till provides some extra torsional rigidity, and is normally closed in; occasionally a locker may be built into it. A small minority of punts, such as those made from fibreglass at Magdalen College, Oxford have no single till in the usual sense, instead having very small tills at either end.

The forerunners of pleasure punts, fishing punts, usually had an additional compartment, called a "well," which extended across the width of the punt a little way in front of the till. This compartment was made water-tight, and had holes in the bottom or sides so that it could be flooded with water. It was used for keeping any caught fish.

Punt poles
A traditional punt has no tiller nor any provision for oars, sails, or motor; instead it is propelled and directed with a pole. Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce wood or aluminium alloy tube. A normal pole is about 12 – long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In both Oxford and Cambridge, long 16 ft poles tend to be used exclusively. The bottom of the pole is fitted with a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end – the shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Traditional wooden poles are preferred by many experienced punters; they are more sympathetic on the hands (at least when in good condition; a splintered surface is less so) and make less noise on contact with the river bottom or the punt compared with an aluminium pole. Aluminium poles are considerably cheaper and stronger, so may be preferred by punt stations offering punts for hire to inexperienced punters; however, it is normally possible to choose either type.

Racing poles are generally a great deal lighter than pleasure punt poles, and aluminium is the preferred material. It is usual to carry one or two spare poles in a race, so that one can keep punting if a pole gets stuck or is dropped.

A punt pole differs from the Fenland quant in that it does not have a cross piece at the top, and from the more generally used setting pole in that it only has a metal shoe on one end.

Punting technique
The basic technique of punting is to shove the boat along with a pole by pushing directly on the bed of the river or lake. In the 1870s, when punting for pleasure first became popular, the normal approach was for the passengers to sit at the stern on cushions placed against the till, and for the punter to have the run of the rest of the boat. The punter started at the bow, planted the pole, and then walked towards the stern, shoving the punt forwards. This is known as "running" the punt. It was the normal technique used to move heavy fishing punts. As pleasure punts became lighter, it became more usual for the punter to stand still – normally towards the stern – while shoving. This is called "pricking" the punt. Pricking has the advantages that the punter is less likely to walk off the end of the punt inadvertently, and that more of the punt can be used to carry passengers.

For pleasure punting, the best way to learn is to start out in a boat with a competent punter to watch him or her at work. After this there is no substitute for extensive hands-on practice on different stretches of river. For racing punting it is best to join a club, and to work on one's balance. Some punt racers practise by punting in canoes.

One of the keys to punting well is that the steering is done during the stroke, rather than by using the pole as a paddle or rudder; steering in this way requires less physical effort if the punter stands in the centre of the boat (or at least as far forward as is compatible with not wetting the passengers). Once the punt is under way, it is easier to keep it in a straight line if the weight in the punt is all on the same side, to tilt the punt slightly and to form a keel. For racing, therefore, the leading foot is placed to one side against the "knee" that is at, or just forward of, the centre of the boat, and does not move from that position; only the rear foot moves during the stroke. For pleasure punting the precise stance does not matter so much; it is more important that the punter remains relaxed and does not shove too hard.

Two rather different traditions have grown up in Oxford and Cambridge: in Cambridge most punters stand on the till (the flat end) and punt with the open end forward, while in Oxford they stand inside the boat and punt with the till forward. Since the rivers in both cities are narrow and often crowded, the opportunities for punting "at full pressure" are rare and these variations in stance are of little practical importance. However, the Oxford river bottoms are generally muddier than in Cambridge, increasing the likelihood of the pole becoming stuck; the lower position, longer footway and greater grip offered by the open end is advantageous on such occasions. Students at Oxford and Cambridge frequently proclaim that theirs is the only correct style, to the extent that the till end is often known as the "Cambridge End", and the other as the "Oxford End".

For the beginner
Rivington recommends that the beginner should:
 * Stand near the back of the punt (that is, on the "till" in Cambridge or on the "swim" in Oxford) and as near to the side as confidence and balance allow, facing over the side of the punt.
 * With the forward hand throw the pole vertically down close to the side of the punt, guiding it with the lower hand.
 * Let it fall all the way until it touches the bottom and then reach forward with both hands and gently push the pole past your chest. If you shove gently, you are less likely to steer wildly.
 * At the end of the stroke, relax and allow the pole to float up like a rudder behind you.
 * When the punt is going straight, recover the pole hand over hand until you can throw it down again and begin the next stroke.

The habit of relaxing at the end of the stroke helps to avoid falling in should the pole unexpectedly get stuck. When this happens, immediately attempt to twist the pole, and if this fails to free it rapidly, let it go and use the paddle to bring the punt back to it. Attempting to maintain a hold on a completely stuck pole is the most common cause of involuntary swimming as the punt will generally continue moving.

For the more experienced
More experienced punters steer during the stroke instead of using the pole as a rudder. To do this they stand further forward and keep to one side of the punt. To turn towards the side the punter is facing, the pole is thrown close to the punt and pulled towards the punter during the stroke (this is called "pinching" the punt); to turn the other way the pole is thrown slightly further out and the feet are pulled towards the pole (this is called "shoving around").

Some experienced punters punt one-handed. This technique is slower and harder to master than punting with both hands, and consists of a "bucket" recovery of the pole, where the pole is thrown forward rather than just pulled up, except that this recovery is done with one hand.

It is also feasible to punt one-handed while turning the punt pole over, in the manner of a paddle wheel. The advantage this gives the punter is that the pole can be dropped onto the river bed at an angle forward of the punter's position, while the momentum of the punt continues. When the pole comes vertical, pressure can be applied immediately to drive the punt forwards. This style of punting is particularly effective at providing power more continuously in fast-flowing streams or when the punt is moving quickly. This technique is more easily executed in shallow rivers.

Racing punters tend to stand in the middle of the punt, because it is more efficient to do so. Indeed, many racing punts have cross braces with canvas covers both fore and aft, so it is only possible to stand in the middle. Pleasure punters may like to try punting from the middle, but it is probably advisable to remove the seats and the passengers first.

It is also possible to punt tandem, that is with two punters standing one behind another in the middle of the boat, and generally punting from the same side. Some punt races are organised for pairs punting tandem.

Punting in England

The pleasure punts in use in England today were first built around 1860, becoming increasingly popular in the early 1900s. The evidence indicates that pleasure punting initially started on the non-tidal Thames and quickly spread across the country. The first punting company (Scudamore's Punting Company) in the UK was founded in 1910. This company was bought out by a newer operation established in 1993 - who then changed their name to Scudamores and claim continuity with the older company.

Pleasure punting declined across much of England in the 1950s and 1960s in proportion to the increase in motor boat traffic on English rivers, but has since increased again as the tourist industry has grown in England.

Punting is a popular leisure activity on the rivers of several well-known tourist destinations: there are commercial organisations that offer punts for hire on the Avon in Bath, the Avon in Salisbury, the Cam in Cambridge, the Cherwell and Isis in Oxford, the Avon in Stratford-on-Avon, and on the lower Thames near Sunbury. A small number of private punts are also registered on these rivers, specifically by the colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, and most often by those colleges that lie along the river. In June 2012, Norwich City Council gave the go-ahead to introduce punting on the River Wensum.

Punting in Cambridge
Traditional River Thames pleasure punts were not introduced to Cambridge until about 1902–1904, but they rapidly became the most popular craft on the river, and today there are probably more punts on the Cam than on any other river in England. This is partly because the river is shallow and gravelly (at least along The Backs) which makes it ideal for punting, but mainly because the Cam goes through the heart of Cambridge and passes close to many attractive college buildings. The popularity of punting beside the old colleges in Cambridge can produce significant congestion on this relatively narrow stretch of the river during the peak tourist season, leading to frequent collisions between inexperienced punters. Further upstream, the river enters some particularly beautiful and tranquil countryside as it approaches the village of Grantchester.

A popular summer pastime for Cambridge students is to punt to Grantchester and back, stopping for lunch in a pleasant Grantchester pub. The Cam, on its upper reaches, is known as the River Granta. During tourist season, students have been known to steal the poles of tourist punts as they pass below the college bridges.

There are several companies on the Cam operating tours and hiring punts to visitors and, while most of the colleges along the river keep punts for the exclusive use of their students, at Trinity College the punts are also available for hire to the public.

The tradition in Cambridge is to punt from the till, locally known as the "deck", at the back of the punt. The advantages to this are that punters are less likely to drip on their passengers and can steer more easily by swinging the pole behind them, but it is not how Thames punts were traditionally propelled. Nor was the till originally designed for standing on; Cambridge-built punts are made with extra strong decks, and sometimes with a deck at both ends. Photographs of punting on the Backs in 1910 show that the practice was well established by then; according to Don Strange, an old Cambridge boat man interviewed in the 1970s, the practice was started by women from Girton anxious to show off their ankles.

From late in the 19th century until at least 1989, an undergraduate social club called the Damper Club (or Dampers Club after 1958), took a loose responsibility for the interests of punting on the Cam. Membership was open to "all those who have unwillingly entered the Cam fully clothed". The future Python Graham Chapman was president in 1961–62. The Dampers Club has been succeeded by the Cambridge University Punting Society, also known as "the Granta Rats", an undergraduate student society in the University of Cambridge, founded in 2010.

Cambridge towpath
Where the River Cam flows through the town in Cambridge, experienced punters follow the path of a gravel ridge that makes for easier punting. This ridge has a curious history. It is the remains of an old towpath built when the Cam was still used for commercial river traffic. The banks on either side of the river belong to various university colleges; faced with their combined opposition to a conventional towpath on one side or the other, the river tradesmen were forced to build the towpath in the course of the stream, and to make the tow horses wade along it.

Weir and slipway
The part of the Cam in Cambridge where punting normally occurs is separated into two levels by a weir at the Mill Pool near the University Centre. (Punting on the lower river below Jesus Lock is not normally allowed.) Punters wishing to move from one level to the other drag their punts between the levels via a slipway with rollers. Tourists wishing to visit only one level can hire punts at the appropriate level to avoid the transfer, which requires about four average adults. Most punt hirers only allow use of their punts on one level, and do not allow use of the rollers with their punts.

Punting in Oxford
Except in the immediate vicinity of Magdalen Bridge, punting in Oxford is a surprisingly quiet and rural experience. Most of the punting is done on the River Cherwell, which flows through Oxford's protected green belt of fields and woods for the last few miles before it joins the Thames just south-east of Christ Church Meadow. Unfortunately this tranquillity comes at a price, for the Cherwell is both deep and muddy, and the muddy patches cling tenaciously to the pole's shoe at unexpected moments. The problem of poles getting stuck in the mud can be mitigated by twisting the pole at the end of a stroke, before trying to pull it out.

Punting on the Thames below Folly Bridge is often less enjoyable, mainly because of the competition from eights and sculls and motor boats; punts are recommended to keep close in beside the towpath. The best punting to be had in Oxford is on the Isis alongside Port Meadow to the west of the town; this stretch of river is both shallow and gravelly, has attractive scenery, and is well supplied with pubs (such as The Trout Inn in Wolvercote where some of the Inspector Morse dramas were filmed).

The tradition at Oxford is to punt from inside the boat rather than from on top of the till (or "box" as it tends to be called in Oxford) and to propel the punt with the till end facing forwards. The tradition dates from before 1880.

Punting elsewhere in England
Punting locations in England include the River Avon in Bath, the Great Stour in Canterbury, the Lancaster Canal from Lancaster, the River Avon in Stratford-upon-Avon, the River Nidd near Harrogate, the River Great Ouse at St Ives, and the Regent's Canal in London from Mile End Park.

There is some punting on the River Wear in Durham and some of the colleges of Durham University own punts; however, small rowing boats are more popular and better suited to the Wear. Specifically, University College owns punts for the use of its students.

On the Thames, punting is possible on most of the river above the tidal limit at Teddington; even in places where the river is broad it is often surprisingly shallow, especially at the edges. Commercial punts have been available for hire near Sunbury-on-Thames in recent times, but most Thames punting is now confined to a few Skiff and Punting clubs. There are active clubs at punting ledges at Thames Valley Skiff Club in Walton-on-Thames, Dittons Skiff and Punting Club in Thames Ditton, The Skiff Club in Teddington, Wraysbury Skiff and Punting Club in Wraysbury, Wargrave & Shiplake, and Sunbury. These clubs concentrate on racing punts and leisurely club-organised meanders.

Racing
Punt racing in England is governed by the Thames Punting Club, which maintains lists of umpires and publishes a handbook containing rules and bye-laws for those organising punt races on the Thames.

Races are normally held over a distance of up to 880 yd along a straight reach of the river, each end of the course being marked by a pair of poles called "ryepecks" which are firmly pushed into the river bed before the race. Races are always one punt against another, one having the inner lane and the other the outer lane. If the outer lane has consistently deeper water, then the length of the outer course may be reduced to make the race more even.

The competitors usually start with their punts' sterns level with the line between the downstream ryepecks, punt to the upstream ryepecks, and then back. The winner is the first to pass the line of the starting ryepecks (or the first one to hit his or her own ryepeck).

The turn at the upstream ryepecks is done by "stopping-up"; that is the competitor passes the ryepeck on the outside, stops his or her punt with the pole just upstream of the ryepeck, turns to face the stern of the boat and punts back in the other direction, passing the ryepeck on the inside.

Handicap races are normally held in standard "2-foot punts", that is punts that are 2 ft wide in the middle and about 18 in wide at each end. There are no restrictions on width or length for non-handicap races; punts used for these races are called "best boats" or "best-and-best" punts; the name comes from the "best" boat that you can find and the "best" boat that your opponent can. The narrowest of these boats are no more than 15 in wide. All racing punts generally have a till at both ends, and may have canvas covers to reduce the amount of water splashing into the boat.

Punt racing has been a part of the various summer regattas along the Thames since the early 1890s with punt races held at Sunbury, Chertsey, Walton, Wraysbury, Thames Ditton, Wargrave & Shiplake, and Teddington, where there are punting ledges. The annual Thames Punting Championships are held at Maidenhead. The Punting Championships have been held for well over 100 years, one of the earliest champions being the all-rounder Lord Desborough.

Punt racing under Thames Punting Club rules has never taken hold at either Oxford or Cambridge, where serious watermen and women have always preferred rowing, but varsity punt races were held on the lower Thames in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 2007 the first official varsity race for around thirty years was held with victory going to the Cambridge team. A Varsity Punt race between the two University punting societies is planned on the Cam for 2014.

Less formal punt races have also been conducted between the Cambridge Dampers Club, and its one-time Oxford rival the Charon Club. Races were conducted on the Cam or the Cherwell using normal pleasure punts in relays, traditionally with female undergraduates on each side as the batons, jumping between boats on each leg of the race.

For a number of years after 1983, the Cambridge Dampers Club also took part in the annual Scottish Boat Race against the Honourable Society of Edinburgh Boaters, racing along the Union Canal between Hermiston and Ratho for the Antlers Trophy.

In May 2011 Red Bull held the "Punt to Point" competition in Oxford, featuring head-to-head checkpoint racing.

In Tübingen, Germany, a race with similar punts (Stocherkahnrennen) on the Neckar river, has been performed annually since 1956, with about 50 punts taking part.

Punting around the world
Traditional "Thames" punts are also popular on a few other rivers outside England. These include:
 * The German region Spreewald in the state of Brandenburg, where punts are used between the small villages. The Spreewald region is known for its traditional irrigation system, with more than 200 small canals within the 484 km2 area. In spring, summer, and autumn a post-punt is used to deliver letters and parcels. Tourists explore the Spreewald using punts.
 * The Avon in Christchurch, New Zealand, where commercialised punting is a major tourist attraction.
 * The Mutha River in Pune, India, at the College of Engineering Boat Club. Punting here is mainly a leisure activity, with organised punting as part of the annual regatta, including the spectacular "Punt Formation" where illuminated punts create a nighttime display.
 * Along the Cherry Creek in Denver, Colorado in the USA. Despite the allusion to gondolas, the boats are chauffeured fibreglass punts made in Cambridge.

The technique of using a pole to propel a narrow boat in confined waters has developed in many other cultures, especially in marshy or swampy areas where transport on land is difficult. These include:
 * The Okavango Delta in Botswana, using dug-out canoes called makoros. They are punted from the rear and are used for getting around the shallow waters of the swamp. A makoro's shape is determined by the tree from which it was made, and the punter simply stands at the bottom. Bucket seats are sometimes added for passengers' comfort.
 * The Marais Poitevin, an area of marshland criss-crossed with canals north of La Rochelle in Poitou-Charentes, France. Here the boats (called barques) are somewhat shorter than a Thames punt and may have a pointed bow and stern. The punting pole (la pigouille) may be a rough cut branch or coppice pole. Originally used for transporting goods and livestock, today boats are hired by tourists.
 * In the marshy Overijssel, the Netherlands there is a boat called the punter. They are about 6 m in length and have a pointed bow and stern. Originally used for transporting agricultural goods, turf, and livestock, most newly built boats are either privately owned or hired by tourists.
 * Weidlings are very similar to Thames punts, and are used in Switzerland and Germany. In shallow water, they are propelled by a pole. On the River Neckar in Tübingen, Germany, punting boats called stocherkahn is a university tradition. These boats are larger and deeper and have a narrower bow and stern than Thames punts. Bench seats for passengers are provided down each side, and the punter stands on a small triangular deck at the stern. There are about 130 Stocherkähne at Tübingen, most of them owned by student fraternities of the university, the Studentenverbindungen. There is a traditional annual race for these boats in June, the Stocherkahnrennen.
 * Punting had a resurgence in Scotland in the 1980s as the Honourable Society of Edinburgh Boaters took to the waters of the Union Canal on the outskirts of Edinburgh. The Society staged regattas and engaged in the Scottish Boat Race with the Cambridge University Dampers Club.
 * Bamboo rafts of proportions similar to punts' are used on various rivers in northern Thailand; the technique for punting them is similar to that used in Cambridge.
 * Takasebune boats are used in various parts of Japan. The canals developed for such boats are often named takasegawa. The fast punting boats for passengers in Tokyo are called choki or choki-bune.

title: Punt (boat)


text:
Sơn La province

Sơn La is a province nestled in the northwestern part of Vietnam, renowned for its stunning landscapes and rich cultural heritage. The province is characterized by rolling hills, lush valleys, and terraced rice fields that paint a mesmerizing tapestry of green hues. Home to diverse ethnic communities, including the Thai, H'Mong, and Muong people, Son La showcases a vibrant mosaic of traditions and customs.

Sơn La Dam, the largest hydroelectric power station in Southeast Asia. is located in this province.

Administrative divisions
Sơn La is subdivided into 12 district-level sub-divisions and 204 commune-level sub-divisions:

title: Sơn La province


text:
Laura Gissara

Laura Simone Gissara (born 1984) is an Australian pop singer-songwriter. She was a final 10 contestant on the 2005 season of TV talent show, Australian Idol, and was eliminated on 26 September. In June 2006 she issued her debut single, "Ti amo", which peaked in the top 50 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It is a cover version of Laura Branigan's 1984 rendition of the Umberto Tozzi 1977 original.

Biography
Laura Simone Gissara was born in 1984 to Joe Gissara, a Telstra Corporation team leader, and Ivana, a Centrelink employee. Gissara grew up in the Melbourne in an Italian speaking household. From the age of 16 years she has written songs by working on a piano. She admires Celine Dion and "a lot of the Boy bands who were doin amazing things with harmonies".

Australian Idol
In 2005 Laura Gissara was 21 years old when she auditioned for TV talent show, Australian Idol, in its third season. In July, after her successful audition her first performance was "All the Man That I Need" (originally by Whitney Houston) as a line of ten for the top 100. For the semi-final she sang "Don't Let Go" by En Vogue. The judges were disappointed, saying that her vocal was pitchy. However, despite the poorly judged performance, Gissara made the finals on the public's votes alongside Kate DeAraugo and Milly Edwards.

On the Australian Made theme night, Top 13, Gissara had to prove that the voting public made the correct decision in voting her through. She sang Cilla Black's "You're My World" as covered by local artist, Daryl Braithwaite. All three judges said it was the best they had ever heard her sing. On the Live Verdict the next day she was told she was safe for another week. A week later, on '60s night, Gissara sang "Don't Play That Song" by Aretha Franklin. The judges said it was pretty good but she did not put enough feeling into the song. The next night she was told she was part of the bottom three along with James Kannis and Natalie Zahra; Zahra was eliminated and Gissara was safe for another week.

On the Supergroups theme, a week later, Gissara performed "The Greatest View" by Silverchair. All judges were disappointed with her performance, she was part of the bottom three along with Kannis and Daniel Spillane. Gissara was told she had the fewest votes and was eliminated. She then sang "The Greatest View" again. During her time in the Top 13, allegations were made that her father, a Telstra employee, had tampered with the telephone voting results. An investigation ensued which discounted the claims.

Australian Idol performances

 * Audition
 * Theatre Week (Round 1), Top 100, Line of 10: "All the Man That I Need" by Whitney Houston
 * Top 75, Group of 3: "Finally"
 * Theatre Week (Round 3), Top 50, solo: "Don't Play That Song" by Aretha Franklin
 * Top 30: "Don't Let Go (Love)" by En Vogue
 * Top 13, Australian Made: "You're My World" by Cilla Black, Daryl Braithwaite
 * Top 11, '60s: "Don't Play That Song" by Aretha Franklin – Bottom 2
 * Top 10, Supergroups: "The Greatest View" by Silverchair – Eliminated

Later career
In April 2006 Laura Gissara announced on her official website that she had signed with In Records/Shock Records. Her debut single, "Ti amo" was released on 31 July, while its video had premiered on rage on 1 July. "Ti amo" is a cover version of Laura Branigan's 1984 rendition of the Umberto Tozzi 1977 original. It peaked at No. 49 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It also reached No. 14 on the Australasian Artists Singles Chart, and No. 3 on the Independent AIR Chart. "Shake It Down" was issued as a single in 2008, which was co-written by Gissara with Katie Michaelson and Stephen Lovchyld. Gissara later released material under her first two names, Laura Simone, including an extended play, This Is Me, in 2010. The release includes "Frozen" which was co-written by Gissara and Michaelson.

title: Laura Gissara


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User talk:Tanmoy.goswami

Tanmoy Goswami is from Siliguri, a tiny town which is oten reffered as the Gateway of North East India, in the foothills of the Terai region of Darjeeling District of Wet Bengal in india.

Speedy deletion nomination of Techno developers group
A tag has been placed on Techno developers group requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Codf1977 (talk) 08:45, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Techno developers group

The article Techno developers group has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable company. References do not show notability.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Techno developers group
A tag has been placed on Techno developers group requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Codf1977 (talk) 10:19, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

September 2018
Hello, I'm Velella. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Gangtok have been undone because they appeared to be promotional. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted; Wikipedia articles should be written objectively, using independent sources, and from a neutral perspective. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia. Thank you.  Velella  Velella Talk 11:29, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanmoy.goswami


text:
Tiền Giang province

Tiền Giang is a province in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam.

The province was formed in February 1976, by the merger of Định Tường and Gò Công provinces of former Republic of Vietnam.

Tiền Giang has an advantage of being located between two important economic regions – the Southern Key Economic Zone (SKEZ) and the Mekong Delta. The province is a gateway to Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and other eastern provinces as well as those of the Mekong Delta through its system of 150 km road, one expressway, four National Roads (1, 30, 50 and 60). The coastline is 32 km long with thousands of coastal warp, which is an advantage for aquatic breeding such as crab and sea-based economic development.

Tiền Giang borders Long An province and HCMC to the north, Đồng Tháp province to the west, Bến Tre and Vĩnh Long province to the south, and the East Sea to the east. Mỹ Tho City, acting the leading role of socioeconomic and politic center of Tiền Giang, is the major junction of education, culture and tourism for nearby provinces. The city is 70 km away from Ho Chi Minh City to the south and 90 km away from Cần Thơ City to the east.

Geography
The climate here is clearly divided into two main seasons, namely wet season and dry season and the average temperature is about 27 °C, all of which help to create a diverse ecosystem. From the 17th century a lot of Vietnamese people migrated from Ngu Quang to Tiền Giang province to reclaim this deserted area, which was full of dangerous animals, turned it into vast rice fields and luxuriant orchards and built wealthy villages there. There are a variety of ecosystems such as those at sea, canals, mounds and Đồng Tháp Mười depression, each of them has typical animals and plants, which creates a variety for not only landscape but also culture for this place. Tien Giang is also famous for the following specialties: fruits and my tho noodles. The special fruits that you need to try at least once when coming to Tien Giang are durian and blacksmith's milk, in addition to jackfruit, rambutan, pineapple...

With a total area of 2,510.5 km2, Tiền Giang stretches along the north of Tiền River for 120 km, accounting for about 6% of SKEZ, and 0.7 of the national area. Overall, thanks to its geographic location, economic condition, road and waterway transportation, Tiền Giang province has various advantages in using natural resources, developing goods production, expanding consumption market for its products, reinforcing its ability of cooperation and exchange in terms of economics, culture and tourism with other provinces in the region, especially Ho Chi Minh City and the Southern Key Economic Zone.

Tiền Giang province has flat terrain with a slope below 1%, and the altitude varying from 0 - 1.6 m in comparison with the sea level. The whole province area is in the lower section of Mekong River. Its current terrain surface and land was created by the accumulation of Mekong river silt during the development process of the modern delta in the marine regression period from the mid-Holocene (about 5,000 – 4,500 years to the present), which is also called new silt. In general, because the land surface is new silt which is rich in cat dirt and organic matters; the altitude of topography surface is relatively low. Its force-bearing ability for construction is not high. Therefore, ground leveling need to be done and construction projects need to be reinforced. Deep layers are fairly rich in sand and have better geological characteristics for construction. However, the arrangement of layers is very complex and some layers with bad geological characteristics for construction mingle with good ones. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study them before the construction of large scale or heavy load, etc. is carried out. The whole region does not have a clear slope direction but there are several zones whose terrain is lower or higher than the general terrain.

Climate
Tiền Giang province is in the climate zone of Mekong Delta – the tropical monsoon climate zone whose temperature is high and stable all year round. It is clearly divided into two seasons: the rainy season is from May to November which is at the same time with Southwestern monsoon and the dry season is from December to April of the following year  which is at the same time with Northeastern monsoon.

Administrative divisions
Tiền Giang is subdivided into 11 district-level sub-divisions:

 * 8 districts:

 * Cái Bè
 * Cai Lậy
 * Châu Thành
 * Chợ Gạo
 * Gò Công Đông
 * Gò Công Tây
 * Tân Phú Đông
 * Tân Phước

 * 2 district-level towns:

 * Cai Lậy (newly created since 2013)
 * Gò Công

 * 1 provincial city:
 * Mỹ Tho (capital)

They are further subdivided into seven commune-level towns (or townlets), 144 communes and 22 wards.

Economy
If the Mekong Delta is dubbed Vietnam's fruit kingdom, Tiền Giang should be called “the kingdom of the fruits” since it has so many fruit brands such as Lò Rèn Vĩnh Kim star apple, Hòa Lộc mango and Tân Phước pineapple, Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc said. It is up to the province's leadership and enterprises to make it possible for Tiền Giang to acquire geographical indications for fruits in the country and Southeast Asia, he said. The province has 73,000 ha of orchards, the largest in the country, which yield around 1.4 million tonnes of fruits a year. Besides hailing local authorities’ efforts to help enterprises overcome difficulties and achieve socioeconomic growth, the PM also instructed them to promptly address issues that could hinder development, such as speeding up land acquisition for businesses. The Government would always assist the province with infrastructure development to help it achieve its socioeconomic targets and guarantee that the legal rights of enterprises and investors in the province are protected, Nguyễn Xuân Phúc said.

Secretary of the provincial Party Committee Nguyễn Văn Danh said the locality will pay attention to marine economic development based on green growth and biodiversity conservation. The province will focus on restructuring the marine economy, developing science-technology and marine human resources, protecting the environment and coping with climate change and rising sea levels, Danh, who is also Chairman of the provincial People's Council said. It aims to reduce the number of inshore fishing vessels by 30 percent and establish a chain of connectivity from supplying materials to transportation of products, processing and sales. In addition, it will develop brackish water aquaculture by applying environmentally friendly technology.

According to Tiền Giang Industry and Trade Sector, the goal for 2016 is to focus on attracting investment by creating the favorable conditions for implementing well investment projects, and effectively employing existing facilities network of the sector. In addition, more efforts will be put on supporting and creating favorable condition as well as promptly alleviating difficulties for enterprises to boost provincial production and business. Alongside, restructure of the industry sector should be well done, focusing on developing industrial products with a competitive advantage, supporting industry, high technology industry and industrial products served for the development of agriculture and rural areas.

Tourism
The Mekong Delta province of Tiền Giang has divided itself into three economic zones to create spillover effects on the tourism sector, said the province's chairman, Le Van Huong, at the Culture, Sports and Tourism Festival 2019 there on January 11. In the western region of the province, the outlying district of Cái Bè has been regarded as a driving force, thanks to its Đông Hòa Hiệp ancient village festival. The central urban economic zone, according to Huong, is aimed at raising the quality of tourism services in Thới Sơn Islet of Mỹ Tho City, together with the development of a pedestrian area along the Tiền River, and a night food market. Afterwards, the development of tourism in Tân Thành Beach of Gò Công Đông District will be associated with cultural relics in Gò Công Town and Ngang Islet of Tân Phú Đông District, along with improvements in Truong Dinh Temple. The aim is to form a festival center of the zone. In 2019, the province targets 2.1 million tourists, including 850,000 foreigners, and 1.14 trillion VND in tourism revenue.

According to VnExpress, there are four unmissable places to visit in Tiền Giang province:
 * Cái Bè Floating market
 * The market is located in the area where the Tiền River borders three provinces: Tiền Giang, Vĩnh Long and Bến Tre.

 * Dong Tam Snake Farm
 * The snake farm is in Bình Đức Commune, Châu Thành District, and is located about 9 km west of Mỹ Tho City.

 * Vinh Trang temple
 * This is the largest Buddhist site in the province, built in the 19th century, and covering an area of two hectares with many large Buddha statues and beautiful gardens. The unique architecture of the temple is a combination of both Asian and European styles.

 * Thoi Son Island
 * The 1,200 hectare island is located in the lower section of the Tiền River. It has been a popular eco-tourism site since the 1990s. Today, it welcomes hundreds of tourists and visitors every day. The paths through the island is lined with fruit trees, including plums, nipa palms and mangoes.

Notable people from Tiền Giang

 * 1) Empress Dowager Từ Dũ (1810–1902), mother of the Nguyễn dynasty's Emperor Tự Đức.
 * 2) Empress Nam Phương (1914–1963), consort of Emperor Bảo Đại, the second and last empress consort of the Nguyễn dynasty.
 * 3) Nguyễn Hữu Huân (1830–1975), a scholar and leader of an anti-French colonialist movement in Cochinchina.
 * 4) Nguyễn Thị Thập (1908–1996), Deputy Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam (1960–75), and Chairwoman of the Women's Federation of Vietnam (1956–74).
 * 5) Trương Mỹ Hoa (1945-), Vice President of Vietnam (2002–07), Deputy Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam (1997–2002), Chairwoman of the Women's Federation of Vietnam (1992–98).
 * 6) Lê Thanh Hải (1950-), former member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, Secretary of the Ho Chi Minh City's Communist Party Committee (2006-date).
 * 7) Viet Khang (1973-), Vietnamese songwriter and singer with songs that highly criticized the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
 * 8) Nguyen Minh Phong, Vietnam's Next Top Model (cycle 7) top five alumnus.
 * 9) Phương Dung (1946-), Vietnamese country singer
 * 10) Trần Văn Khê (1921-2015), Vietnamese musicologist, academic, writer, teacher and performer of traditional music.

title: Tiền Giang province


text:
Vĩnh Phúc province

Vĩnh Phúc is a province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam.

Administrative divisions
Vĩnh Phúc is subdivided into 8 district-level sub-divisions:
 * 7 districts:

 * Sông Lô
 * Bình Xuyên
 * Lập Thạch
 * Tam Đảo
 * Tam Dương
 * Vĩnh Tường
 * Yên Lạc

 * 2 provincial city:
 * Vĩnh Yên (capital)
 * Phúc Yên

They are further subdivided into 12 commune-level towns (or townlets), 112 communes, and 13 wards.

Specialty
Tay Dinh banh gio: also known as sun cake, is a famous Vinh Phuc specialty for a long time. This is an indispensable dish in traditional Tet holidays and some other holidays of the people of Tay Dinh - Vinh Phuc like banh chung. With long-standing accumulated experience, accompanied by the creativity of Tay Dinh villagers, they have created a specialty with bold flavors and unique features of Tay Dinh banh gio. The cake has a beautiful golden brown color. When eating, we can feel the aroma of rice and the chewiness of the cake, combined with sugar or molasses to create a characteristic sweet and cool taste.

Closure of Sơn Lôi Commune during the COVID-19 pandemic
On February 13, 2020, Vĩnh Phúc province has decided to lock down Sơn Lôi Commune - a rural community of over 10,600 in Bình Xuyên District - for fourteen days as an effort to contain the disease caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) virus. Seven of the total of sixteen people contracted the virus in Vietnam are residents of Sơn Lôi Commune - including a three-month-old girl. Authorities have established mobile shops and provided food and face masks to the community.

title: Vĩnh Phúc province