text:
Illawong

Illawong is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Illawong is located 27 kilometres south of the Sydney Central Business District, in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire in the area commonly called Menai. The post code is 2234, which is also assigned to the contiguous suburbs of Menai, Bangor Barden Ridge and Alfords Point.

Illawong sits between the southern shore of the Georges River and the northern shore of the Woronora River. Illawong consists mainly of residential homes, a nursing home, a primary school and a small shopping centre.

History
Illawong is an Aboriginal word meaning between two waters, referring to the Georges and Woronora Rivers. Illawong was originally inhabited by the Tharawal and/or Eora tribes who left remnants of their lives in many middens, rock carvings and cave paintings. The Illawong Nature Reserve also lies "between two waters". In this case, the reserve lies between a system of 2 wetlands, which in combination with the heavily vegetated ridgeland, provide habitat which is particularly suited to the long necked turtle.

Captain John Hunter (1731–1821) was the first European to explore the area. In 1789, Hunter sailed through the Georges and Woronora Rivers. In 1795–6, with Matthew Flinders and George Bass, Hunter explored further up the Georges River and declared the area of Bankstown.

Construction of Old Illawarra Road took place between 1843 and 1845 and was inspected by Major Thomas Mitchell, it being one of the last public works completed by convicts. The construction allowed the new route to be about 32 kilometres shorter towards the South Coast. At the southern end of the district Major Mitchell took the road across the ford at the head of the Woronora River, naming the ford "Pass of Sabugal", possibly due to the resemblance in scenery of the north-eastern frontier of Portugal.

In the 1890s Menai was a farming area and Illawong, which was then known as East Menai, was an area where wealthy people of Sydney built holiday homes and weekenders.

Originally, Illawong was part of Hurstville Municipality, but became part of Sutherland Shire in 1921.

During the 1970s the Menai region was suburbanised, and Illawong was chosen to have historic nautical street names. (Bangor, New South Wales having Aboriginal names, Alfords Point, New South Wales having botanic names and Barden Ridge, New South Wales having names to do with Australian pioneers.

This area was ravaged in the 1994 Eastern seaboard fires, which also caused destruction in the suburbs of Alfords Point, Bangor, Menai and Como. Illawong is considered to be a bushfire prone area.

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 7,271 residents in Illawong. The most common ancestries in Illawong were English 22.9%, Australian 22.0%, Irish 7.6%, Scottish 5.9% and Lebanese 5.5%. 75.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 2.7%, Lebanon 2.1% and China 1.9%. 74.4% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Arabic 5.3%, Greek 4.2%, Cantonese 1.8%, Macedonian 1.6% and Mandarin 1.6%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 32.3%, Anglican 18.2%, No Religion 17.3% and Eastern Orthodox 9.6%. The median weekly household income was $2,466 and this was considerably higher than the national figure of $1,438. Most dwellings were separate houses and these tended to be large, with 72.4% of dwellings having 4 or more bedrooms.

Commercial area
Illawong Village shopping centre sits between Fowler Road and Hobart Place. Originally a small collection of shops, the shopping centre was rebuilt in 2007. Illawong Village features a supermarket, large liquor store and many specialty shops including butcher, chemist, gift shops and several cafes and restaurants.

Transport
Major roads include Fowler Road and Moreton Road. U-Go Mobility has regular bus services which links Illawong to surrounding centres such as Menai, Sutherland and Bankstown.

Schools

 * Illawong Primary School
 * Tharawal Primary School
 * Menai High School is the major public secondary co-educational high school servicing the Menai Area.

Churches
The church within Illawong is the Menai Illawong Uniting Church, near the Illawong shopping centre.

Sport and recreation
The Scout group in Illawong is 1st Wearne Bay Sea Scouts. They have all five youth sections (Joeys, Cubs, Scouts, Venturers and Rovers) represented. The group meets in the scout hall at Wearne Bay, on the Georges River. This hall was previously the house of the former ferry master, Mr Maurie Chegwidden. The Sea Scout group was started in 1966 by Mr Ron Robertson,(first Scoutmaster), Mr William Arthur (Skip) Ross and his wife Mrs Yvonne Marlene Ross (aka Akela) Cubmaster. In the early days of the group invaluable assistance was provided by Mr Steve Hobkirk in a group leadership role. The original hall was located in a boatshed on the waterfront nearby to the present day scout hall.

Emergency Services
The Menai/Illawong Rural Fire Service (RFS) is located on the Old Illawarra Road roundabout intersection with Fowler Road.

title: Illawong


text:
Talk:Single-grained wheat

Thanks for correcting my mistakes here, I'm not a botanist. It seems Dr. Aaronsohn discovered two-seeded wild emmer (triticum dicocoides):,. ←Humus sapiens←ну? 09:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Single-grained wheat


text:
Talk:Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba

Away colours
I took the away colours form here, but I'm not sure if its still in use (its from 1998), and what shorts/socks go with it. -Mariano 09:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Correction and Addition

 * Hey: it is not Alta Gracia, it is Alta Córdoba. Please research and correct.
 * What about the famed 1970s delantera wih Saldaño/Ardiles/Kempes/Beltrán/Ceballos?
 * See: History
 * elpincha 07:00, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba


text:
Toei Mita Line

The Toei Mita Line (都営地下鉄三田線) is a subway line of the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei) network in Tokyo, Japan. The line runs between Nishi-Takashimadaira in Itabashi and Meguro in Shinagawa. Trains continue with direct service into the Meguro Line of Tokyu Corporation for Hiyoshi. The portion between Shirokane-Takanawa and Meguro is shared with the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line.

The line was named after the Mita district in Minato, Tokyo, under which it passes. On maps and signboards, the line is shown in blue. Stations carry the letter "I" followed by a two-digit number.

Overview
Platforms on the Mita Line are equipped with chest-height automatic platform gates that open in sync with the train doors. The line was the first in the Tokyo subway system to have low barriers. The Tokyo Metro Namboku Line has used full-height platform screen doors since its opening. As of April 2022, the platform doors have been fully replaced for 8 car operations.

The right-of-way and stations between Shirokane-Takanawa and Meguro are shared with the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line - a unique situation on the Tokyo subway where both operators share common infrastructure. Under an agreement of both parties, the fare for this section is calculated on the Toei system for passengers travelling to stations on the Mita Line past Shirokane-Takanawa, using the Tokyo Metro system for those travelling on the Namboku Line past Shirokane-Takanawa, and on the system "most beneficial to the passenger" (presently the Tokyo Metro schedule) for travel solely on the shared section.

According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, as of June 2009, the Mita Line is the ninth most crowded subway line in Tokyo, running at 164% capacity between Nishi-Sugamo and Sugamo stations.

Station list
All stations are located in Tokyo.

Present

 * Toei 6300 series 6-car sets (since 1993)
 * Toei 6500 series 8-car sets (since 14 May 2022 )
 * Tokyu 3000 series 8-car sets (since 1999)
 * Tokyu 3020 series 8-car sets (since 2020)
 * Tokyu 5080 series 8-car sets (since 2003)
 * Sotetsu 21000 series 8-car sets (since 18 March 2023)

Former rolling stock

 * Toei 6000 series (from 1968 until 1999)
 * Toei 10-000 series (prototype for Shinjuku Line EMUs)

Maintenance facilities

 * Shimura Depot at Takashimadaira

History
The Mita Line was first envisioned in 1957 as a northern branch of Line 5 (the present Tōzai Line), serving the section between Ōtemachi and Itabashi. Under a revised proposal in 1962, the line was made independent and its construction was undertaken by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The new line (Line 6) was planned to run from Gotanda Station on the southwestern side of the Yamanote Line through central Tokyo, with its northern extensions via Yamatochō (大和町) in Itabashi (near present Itabashi-honchō), diverting to Kami-Itabashi and Shimura (志村) (present Takashimadaira). The southernmost portion, from Sengakuji to Nishi-Magome and Nishi-Magome depot, was to be shared with Line 1 (Asakusa Line); therefore, Line 6 would be gauge.

Due to political considerations, the design of the Mita Line changed several times during the early 1960s. There were plans for it to run to Toda, Saitama, to serve a boat-racing venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics. The government of Saitama also proposed the construction of a new subway line which would allow through service on the Mita Line as far as Ōmiya Station. In 1964, these plans were changed to allow the Mita Line to connect with the Tōbu Tōjō Line via a branch to be built by Tobu between Yamatomachi (大和町) (now Wakōshi), and Shimura, the northern end of Line 6. At the southern end, the junction with the Tokyu network would be via a connecting line, which would be constructed by Tokyu from Sengakuji to Kirigaya (桐ヶ谷) on the Tōkyū Ikegami Line; the route would continue to the then-Den-en-toshi Line and finally west, down to Nagatsuta. As a result, the construction standards of Line 6 were based on those of Tobu and Tokyu (such as gauge track and 20-meter-long cars - today, the Mita Line is the only Toei line to use this gauge). A depot was planned at Shimura, independent of the Nishi-Magome depot on Line 1.

However, both Tokyu and Tobu decided the following year to operate their thorough services with the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA, now Tokyo Metro) lines instead. With no thorough service opportunities available the Tokyo Metropolitan Government began construction on the central portion of the line, leaving the plans for the Itabashi and Mita ends open for future development. This required an extension somewhere south of Seishōkō-mae (清正公前) (present Shirokane-Takanawa), probably to the then-Mekama Line of Tokyu (on the commencement of inter running to Mita and Namboku lines, the Mekama Line was divided into the Meguro Line and Tōkyū Tamagawa Line) which competed with TRTA Line 7, later called the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line.

The first segment of the line opened on 27 December 1968, between Sugamo and Takashimadaira (10.4 hm). The line was extended a further 7.3 km south to Hibiya on 30 June 1972, and 3.3 km further south to Mita on 27 November 1973. The northern 1.3 km extension (originally licensed to Tobu and later transferred to Toei Subway) was completed on 6 May 1976. For the next 24 years, the line operated between Mita and Nishi-Takashimadaira; the authorized Mita and Sengakuji section had been left uncompleted.

In 1985 the then-Ministry of Transport finally settled the plan regarding the southern extension of the line and shelved all plans for further extension to the north due to the development of the Saikyō Line. On 26 September 2000, the final 4 km segment from Mita to Meguro opened, and through service to the Meguro Line of Tokyu began at the same time, at which point the line switched to driver-only operation.

By the end of 2020, all platform screen doors on the Mita Line were extended to accommodate 8 cars in preparation of the Sōtetsu Tōkyū Link Line through service from the Sotetsu Line.

Mita Line through services to and from the Sotetsu Line began operation on 18 March 2023. Effective that date, the Mita Line began providing through services as far south as Ebina on the Sotetsu Main Line and Shonandai on the Sotetsu Izumino Line, with a fraction of trips turning around at Shin-Yokohama Station. Most local services still make it as far south as Hiyoshi on the Tokyu Toyoko Line with some peak hour trips terminating at Musashi-Kosugi (also on the Toyoko Line).

title: Toei Mita Line


text:
Talk:Professional development

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mamartin3.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:15, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

NPOV
--Strategic Learner 12:29, 27 September 2005 (UTC)This article seems to propound a point of view and is clearly in need of expansion. --Vincej 09:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried. I also removed the first sentence since it made no sense to me: "Those who use the term foster (wittingly or no) the impression that any work, no matter how menial or reluctantly undertaken, ranks as one of the professions." Comments on my edits are welcome. Janet13 06:17, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Janet - it seems that connection with that individual's quest for work improvement. I have also encountered some highly professional wait staff in, of all places, a fast food restaurant. Professionalism, in my opinion, is possible with anyone who works, regardless of their vocation or status. It's as much about attitude as anything else. Strategic Learner

Professional development classes aid in building knowledge in working professionals work styles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.182.1.254 (talk) 17:51, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I noticed that two merger proposals have been put forward but merger discussions had not yet been set up. I wanted to lend my support so I am putting this here. Also, given the similarity between the two proposals (i.e. merge from Initial Professional Development and Continuing professional development), it seems like we should be able to discuss both concurrently.
 * Support - Both the 'merge from' articles are of low quality and riddled with trivial information. I think the merger would be a good way of trimming the non-encyclopedic content. I also think that a single article will sufficiently cover the topics and make it easier for editors to keep on top of the subject. Cheers Andrew (talk) 23:32, 4 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Done. FeatherPluma (talk) 09:51, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Professional development


text:
Cyprus Stock Exchange

The Cyprus Stock Exchange or CSE (Χρηματιστήριο Αξιών Κύπρου or ΧΑΚ), is a European stock exchange located in Cyprus.

History
CSE was established under the Cyprus Securities and Stock Exchange Law which provides for the development of the securities market in Cyprus and for the establishment and operation of the Cyprus Stock Exchange. It was passed by the House of Representatives in April 1993. Operations began on March 29 1996. In 2006, it launched a common platform with the Athens Stock Exchange. The exchange is a member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges.

Diversification Strategy
The exchange allows private or public companies to list their bonds on the Emerging Companies Market (ECM) and for public companies to list their shares on the ECM. In both cases (listing of shares or bonds) the exchange will also provide the ISIN code and have the prices beamed through Bloomberg and Reuters terminals as both are official financial data vendors.

Monitoring
CySEC is responsible for the supervision and control of all CSE operations, the transactions carried out, its listed companies, brokers and brokerage firms.

title: Cyprus Stock Exchange


text: User talk:65.111.197.130

title: User talk:65.111.197.130


text:
2006 in India

Events in the year 2006 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
 * Prime Minister of India: Manmohan Singh
 * Vice President of India – Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
 * Chief Justice of India – Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Sushilkumar Shinde (until 29 January), Rameshwar Thakur (starting 29 January)
 * Arunachal Pradesh – Shilendra Kumar Singh
 * Assam – Ajai Singh
 * Bihar – Buta Singh
 * Chhattisgarh – Krishna Mohan Seth
 * Goa – S. C. Jamir
 * Gujarat – Nawal Kishore Sharma
 * Haryana – Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
 * Himachal Pradesh – Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje
 * Jammu and Kashmir – Syed Sibtey Razi
 * Jharkhand – S. K. Sinha
 * Karnataka – T. N. Chaturvedi
 * Kerala – R. L. Bhatia
 * Madhya Pradesh – Balram Jakhar
 * Maharashtra – S.M. Krishna
 * Manipur – Shivinder Singh Sidhu
 * Meghalaya – M.M. Jacob
 * Mizoram – Amolak Rattan Kohli (until 24 July), M. M. Lakhera (starting 24 July)
 * Nagaland – Shyamal Datta
 * Odisha – Rameshwar Thakur
 * Punjab – Sunith Francis Rodrigues
 * Rajasthan – Pratibha Patil
 * Sikkim –
 * until 12 July: V. Rama Rao
 * 13 July-12 August: R.S. Gavai
 * starting 12 August: V. Rama Rao
 * Tamil Nadu – Surjit Singh Barnala
 * Tripura – Dinesh Nandan Sahay
 * Uttar Pradesh – T. V. Rajeswar
 * Uttarakhand – Sudarshan Agarwal
 * West Bengal – Gopalkrishna Gandhi

Events

 * National income - ₹42,546,290 million

January - June

 * 2 January – Rajnath Singh assumed office as Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) chief.
 * 7–9 January – Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was organized in Hyderabad.
 * 26 January – Saudi monarch King Abdullah was chief guest at Republic Day parade in New Delhi.
 * 2–5 March – President of the United States, George W. Bush visited India. The United States signed a landmark nuclear deal with India pending approval from the US Congress and Indian Parliament.
 * 7 March – 2006 Varanasi bombings: A terrorist attack in Varanasi killed at least 15 people and left more than 50 injured.
 * 4 April - Two Vishva Hindu Parishad workers named Naresh and Himanshu Panse killed in blasts while they were assembling a bomb at a house in Nanded.
 * 10 April – Fire at Brand India Fair at Meerut Victoria Park in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, killed 100.
 * 12 April - Riots and violence in Bangalore following death of Dr. Rajkumar causes death of eight people destruction of more than thousand vehicles.
 * May 25 - Singur protests begins against Tata Nano factory.
 * May – Medical doctors started a strike against central government decision on reservation for in Medical Institution.

July - December

 * 6 July – The Nathula Pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opened for trade after 44 years.
 * 11 July – 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings: A series of coordinated bomb attacks struck several commuter trains in Mumbai, India during the evening rush hour.
 * 29 August – A 90% iron meteorite weighing 6.8 kilograms fell in Kanvarpura village in Rajasthan, near Rawatbhata, where the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station is located. It came to earth in the middle of the day and was found by two shepherds. Scientists from the Geological Survey of India rushed to the village to recover the object. The Deputy Director-General (western region) of the Geological Survey, R.S. Goyal, said that devastation on an "unimaginable scale" would have ensued had the meteorite struck the power station.
 * 20 November – 2006 West Bengal train disaster: A suspected terrorist attack killed five people on a train in a remote area of West Bengal.
 * 3 September – A man who fell in the dangerous Guna Caves had survived and had been rescued by a man; his friend. the man came in a group of 11 from Manjummel, Kochi.

Births

 * 29 May – Gukesh Dommaraju,  Grandmaster

Deaths

 * 3 January – Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande, physicist (born 1940).
 * 3 February – Nadira, actress (born 1932).
 * 8 February – Kuljeet Randhawa, Indian actress and former model (born 1976)
 * 25 March – Chandrakant Bakshi, author (born 1932).
 * 28 March – Bansi Lal, Haryana's four time chief minister, and defence minister of India during Indian Emergency (1975 – 77) (born 1927)
 * 12 April – Rajkumar, actor and singer (born 1929).
 * 3 May – Pramod Mahajan, politician (born 1949).
 * 5 May – Naushad Ali, musician and composer (born 1919).
 * 8 July – Raja Rao, novelist and short story writer (born 1908).
 * 21 August – Bismillah Khan, shehnai musician and Bharat Ratna winner (born 1916).
 * 27 August – Hrishikesh Mukherjee, film director (born 1922).
 * 24 September – Padmini, actress and dancer (born 1932).
 * 9 October – Kanshi Ram, politician and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (born 1934).
 * 19 October- Srividya, South Indian actress (born 1953).

Observance
Following days of religious or cultural significance were observed in 2006.

 * 13 January – Lohri, Punjab
 * 13 January – Arudra Darisanam, Tamil Nadu
 * 13–14 January – Bikaner Camel Festival
 * 14 January – International Kite Festival, Ahmedabad and Jaipur
 * 14 January – Uttarayan Kite Festival, Gujarat
 * 16 January – Jallikattu festival, Alanganallur
 * 16 January – Modhera Dance Festival, Modhera
 * 31 January – Muharram
 * 2 February – Basant Panchami
 * 26 February – Maha Shiv Ratri
 * 15 March – Holi

title: 2006 in India


text:
User:Wangwill~enwiki

Wangwill is my name.I like to pedia and write.

title: User:Wangwill~enwiki


text:
Talk:Alexandre Kojève

Response to What?
The current third paragraph of the Philosophy § would imply that Kojeve responded to Fukiyama which is absurd. Lycurgus 22:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

oldest entry
In Dictionnnaire des Philosophes (ed. Denis Huisman, PUF, Paris 1984, p1442) it is stated that Kojève died in Paris. What is your source for Brussels? Leofischer

I'm not familiar about Kojeve, but how about re-writing the Philosophy section into sub section for clarification? As well as stating the sources if needed be quoting Kojeve himself. --195.68.200.21 14:05, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Philosophy
I think the section "Philosophy" on the main page needs to be expanded. If I understand Kojeve correctly what comes to an end with the Revolution/Napoleon/Hegel (RNH) is the struggle for an adequate theory. It is precisely at this historical (RNH) point that adequacy arrives both speculatively in Hegel and practically in the ideals of the French Revolution/Napoleon. Now, the need for violent struggle is not at an end at this point. These ideals must be brought to all parts of the world. This process is often violent but also this occurs at the same time 'technically' through the syncing up of economies and laws that is also part of the process of globalization.These struggles need to happen but they do not change the 'truth' arrived at by RNH. Thus our post-history (i.e., post-RNH) that we are today immersed in must indeed be often violent. It is only with the arrival of the Universal Homogenous State that violence stops. It stops because the Revolutionary/Napoleonic Ideals reign everywhere and Hegelianism is everywhere the final form of philosophy. Joe Pomonomo2003 01:12, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

yours is something of a summary. I think it would be a contribution if you include direct citation from the works and words of Kojeve along with any summary of this or that aspect of his views. interpretations we have already. we need more interpretations with adequate citation. for example, which statements and works of his are you referring to in your summary? DocFaustRoll 05:22, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm editing the last sentence of the first paragraph here - the 'more nuanced' bit isn't explicitly supported by the quote referenced and is also a break with NPOV standards. 71.56.140.116 (talk) 00:46, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Old Mole??
"There is speculation that he died in shock at seeing this thesis overturned by the triumphant return of the Old Mole in May of that year in factories and cities all over Europe." -- Removing this sentence added 19 January 2007 by 86.144.88.165. Odd / incomprehensible / probable vandalism, and at any rate, un-cited. -- 201.50.251.197 23:17, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This is presumably a reference to a graffito written in Paris in May 1968: "The Old Mole of history seems to be splendidly undermining the Sorbonne. (telegram from Marx, 13 May 1968)". Yohan euan o4 (talk) 01:41, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 03:44, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

photo of Kojev
how to take a photo of Kojev ... Macedonian wiki...--Dalco26 (talk) 15:00, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

not a Marxist
Although Kojeve's ideas would be considered out of place among much of Marxist theory I think this should be reconsidered. Kolakowski is cited (what exactly does this say?) but as we all know he had an anti-Marxist agenda (see the second citation on his page) and was a poor judge of Marxist ideas. The 1980 Cornell University Press edition (originally translated/written in 1969) of the 'Introduction to the Reading of Hegel' states on the blurb that Kojeve was a 'Marxist political philosopher', and Allan Bloom, in the introduction, also identifies him as a 'Marxist', albeit an idiosyncratic one. Yohan euan o4 (talk) 01:41, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Le Concept, le temps et le discours
It's my understanding that this has finally been translated, and will be issued sometime before the end of the year. The last paragraph in "Philosophy" will soon have to be (slightly) reworded. --Bateau (talk) 19:40, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

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Kojeve's biography is too short.
For example: TomyDuby (talk) 16:27, 2 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Where was he born?
 * When (if at all) did he emigrate from Russia / Soviet Union?
 * When did he reach France?
 * What did he do / where was he during WW2?

title: Talk:Alexandre Kojève


text:
Yōichi Komori

Yōichi Komori (小森 陽一) is a critic of Japanese modern literature and a social activist in Japan. He is currently a professor at the University of Tokyo, Japan.

Early life
Yoichi Komori was born into a family of a professional political activists on May 14, 1953, in Tokyo, Japan. His father Yoshio Komori (1926–2008, 小森良夫), had been the representative of Japanese Communist Party to the general headquarter of the World Federation of Trade Unions (Japanese: 世界労働組合連盟) in Praha, Czechoslovakia from 1961 to 1965 and Yoshio had been elected as the central member of Japanese Communist Party from 1977(1). Yoichi Komori’s mother Kyoko (b.1930, 小森香子), is a poet and a communist social activist. Komori Yoichi’s grandfather， Shinobu Komori (1911–1962, 小森忍),was a well-known artist in sculpture and ceramics in modern Japanese art history.

Education
Komori had spent four years in Praha with his parents, where he received his elementary education in the Elementary School Attached to Russian Embassy and he returned to Japan in 1965. This experience had brought vexation on him after he returned from Praha to Tokyo in 1965 for his poor Japanese. Komori received his B.A. and master's degree in Japanese Literature at the national Hokkaido University, Japan. He finished his Ph.D. Course at the same university in 1982 and soon after that he got a tenured position as a lecturer at Seijo University in Tokyo, where he had been teaching till he moved to the University of Tokyo in 1988. He became full Professor of the University of Tokyo in 1998.

Career
Yōichi Komori made his debut with the following two influential books in the academia in Japan, which were published at the same time in March 1988, Kōzō toshiteno katari [Narrative as structure] and Buntai toshiteno monogatari [Stories as style]. With the new critical approaches and perspectives drawn from narratology and semiotics of Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin and so on, he had made a totally new and convincing interpretation on the genealogy of Japanese modern novels in 1890s. He also has influenced by literary critic Ai Maeda (1931–87, 前田愛), the author of Kindai dokusha no seiritsu [The genealogy of modern readership] (1973), Toshi kūkan no bungaku [Text and the city: essays on Japanese modernity] (1982) and so on, As a literary historian, he is also known as a brilliant researcher for the literature of Soseki Natsume (1867–1916, 夏目漱石), the father of modern Japanese literature. Yōichi Komori is also very influential to the young Japanese literary historians for his theoretical and critical approaches in the research of modern novels.

The critic Masaki Nakamasa (b.1963) points out that “a left turn” for Japanese postmodernism took place in 1992 or 1993, and can be seen in some postmodernist exponents like Tetsuya Takahashi, Yōichi Komori, Hidetaka Ishida, Tetsu Ukai (b.1955) and so on, who draw on modern European, and especially French, thoughts to criticize Japanese conservative power’s whitewashing of wartime crimes, the conservatives’ tendency to suppress historicity. Yōichi Komori represents the typical political application of postmodern theory, who draws on new methodology like semiotic theory, Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis and so forth to dig into historicity through consciousness and subconsciousness. In this sense Komori probably identifies himself as a historian in a broad sense.

Yoichi Komori is also a well-known social activist in Japan. He had been the leading intellectual who protested against the injuring party’s toning down or deleting Japan’s history of invasion of East Asia in the “new Japanese history textbook controversies” from 1993 to early 2003. He is also one of the key founding members of the Article 9 Association (A9A), a nationwide civic movement against the conservative revision of the pacifist Japanese Constitution. A9A was established in June 2005 in the names of 9 famous senior intellectuals including Kenzaburō Ōe (b.1935，大江健三郎), the Nobel Prize Laureate for Literature in 1994, the critic Shūichi Katō (1919–2008,加藤周一), Shunsuke Tsurumi (1922–2015, 鶴見俊輔), a well-known philosopher and an anti-war activist, and so on. As the chief of the Secretariat of A9A, Komori has been desperately attempting to expand further A9A groups irrespective of ideological or political differences and organize a majority of the public in defense of the peace constitution.

title: Yōichi Komori


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Zayanderud

The Zayanderud or Zayandehrud (from زاینده "fertile" or "life-giver", and رود  "river"), also spelled as Zayanderud or Zayanderood, ..., is the largest river of the Iranian Plateau in central Iran.

Geography
The Zayandeh starts in the Zard-Kuh subrange of the Zagros Mountains in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. It flows 400 km eastward before ending in the Gavkhouni swamp, a seasonal salt lake, southeast of Isfahan (Esfahan) city.

The Zayandeh used to have significant flow all year long, unlike many of Iran's rivers which are seasonal, but today it runs dry due to water extraction before reaching the city of Esfahan. In the early 2010s, the lower reaches of the river dried out completely after several years of seasonal dry-outs.

The Zayandeh River basin has an area of 41500 km2, an altitude from 3974 m to 1466 m, an average rain fall of 130 mm and a monthly average temperature of 3 C to 29 C. There are 2700 km2 of irrigated land in the Zayandeh River basin, with water derived from the nine main hydraulic units of the Zayandeh River, wells, qanat and springs in lateral valleys. Zayandeh River water gave life to the people of central Iran mainly in Isfahan and Yazd provinces. Before the drying-out, water diverted per person was 240 litres (63 US gallons/53 imp gallons) per day in urban areas and 150 litres (40 US gallons/33 imp gallons) per day in villages. In the 1970s, the flow of the river was estimated at 1.2 km3 per annum, or 38 m3 per second.

History
People have lived on the banks of the Zayandeh for thousands of years. An ancient prehistoric culture, the Zayandeh River Civilization, flourished along the banks of the Zayandeh in the 6th Millennium BC. The Zayandeh crosses the city of Isfahan, Iran. In the 17th century, Shaikh Bahai (a scholar and adviser to the Safavid dynasty), designed and built a system of canals (maadi), to distribute Zayandeh water to Isfahan's suburbs. The Zayandeh riverbed is spanned by Safavid era bridges, and the river used to flow through parks.

American archaeologists and historians of Persian art, Arthur Upham Pope and his wife Phyllis Ackerman are buried in a small mausoleum on the river bank. Richard N. Frye (an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies) has also requested to be buried there.

Water use and division

Until the 1960s in Isfahan Province the distribution of water followed the Tomar, a document claimed to date from the 16th Century. The Tomar divided the flow of the Zayandeh River into 33 parts which were then specifically allotted to the eight major districts within the region. At the district level the water flow was divided either on a time basis, or by the use of variable weirs, so that the proportion could be maintained regardless of the height of the flow.

For centuries Isfahan city had been an oasis settlement, noted for its surrounding fertile lands and prosperity. Until the 1960s industrial demand for water was minimal, which enabled the scarce water resources to be utilized primarily for agriculture. With a growing population within the basin, and rising standards of living particularly within the city, the pressure on water resources steadily increased until the division of water Tomar was no longer feasible. The creation of large steel works and other new industries demanded water.

The Chadegan Reservoir dam project in 1972 was a major hydroelectric project to help with stabilizing water flow and generating electricity. The dam was initially named Shah Abbas Dam after Shah Abbas I, the most influential king of the Safavid dynasty, but it was changed to Zayandeh Dam after the Islamic revolution in 1979. Since 1972, the Chadegan Reservoir has helped prevent seasonal flooding of the Zayandeh River.

80% of the Zayandeh's extracted water is used for agriculture, 10% for human consumption (drinking and domestic needs of a population of 4.5 million), 7% for industry (like the Zobahan-e-Esfahan and Foolad Mobarekeh steel companies and Isfahan's petrochemical, refinery and power plants) and 3% for other uses. There have been a number of tunnel projects (Koohrang) to redirect water from the Karun River (Iran's largest river that also starts in the Zagros Mountains), to the Zayandeh. These have helped provide water for the growing population and new industries in both Isfahan and Yazd provinces.

While the drying-out of the lower reaches of the Zayandeh River has been attributed to drought, the main reasons are man-made. Poor planning and populist politics have led to years of mismanagement and overuse which resulted in seasonal dry-outs and ultimately caused the river to dry out completely before reaching Isfahan.

Drying up of Zayandehroud river
Zayandehroud River lost its permanent flow since 2006 and the people and farmers of this city faced a water shortage crisis. In addition to the lack of water due to the lack of snow and rain, the main reasons for the drying up of Zayandehroud are related to human errors, which can be summarized in the following cases:

Converting 180,000 hectares of natural resource pastures into gardens upstream of the Zayandehroud River in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and Faridan region.

Creating structural dams and reservoirs for the development of agriculture in the mirage of the watershed. Establishment of large industries such as Isfahan Iron Smelter, Isfahan Oil Refinery, Isfahan Petrochemical, Chemical Industries, Mobarakeh Steel Company, Sepahan Oil Company and many industries that use a lot of water, such as power plants, etc., on the banks of Zayandeh River.

The dryness of the river has caused hundreds of thousands of residents down the river to become unemployed and has led to their seasonal or complete migration to other provinces or the city of Isfahan. This has caused a lot of damage to the farmers, so that during these years the farmers of Isfahan have rioted and protested at different times.

Closing the river and rerouting
As of November 2023 a water supply tunnel Kohrang has been under development by Iranian government for more than 20 years.

The government Minister of Energy said the river would be opened five years from 2024. In 2015 the government promised to fully open the river in 2018 then in 2021 promised to do it in 2023. The government had reallocated the water from the river to other provinces cities and industries from 1980s. A database for water share allocating had been proposed.

Projects
Borujen, Ben water supply working water project development that had been previously blocked by government

Bridges
There are several new and old bridges (pol) over the Zayandeh River.

Bridges on Zayandeh River in City of Esfahan:

Recreation
In the section of the Zayandeh River crossing Esfahan, bridges, parks, paddle boats and traditional cafes and restaurants amongst the rest of Esfahan rich cultural heritage, are major tourist attractions for Iranian as well as international visitors.

title: Zayanderud


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Barenthal

Barenthal was a steel company founded in 1947 by Eugène Schall. The company was located in Baerenthal, Lorraine. The company specialized in steel and silver-plated forks and spoons.

Today, Barenthal is owned by the Sino-American holding JH International.

title: Barenthal


text:
Tom Pashby

Thomas Joseph Pashby (March 23, 1915 –August 24, 2005) was a Canadian ophthalmologist and sport safety advocate. He spent 46 years improving the safety of hockey helmets to prevent injuries in ice hockey, by developing visors and wire face masks, and advocating for neck protection on goaltender masks. He served two decades as chairman of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA), setting standards for manufacturers of hockey and lacrosse helmets.

Pashby compiled Canadian data on hockey-related spinal cord injuries and visual impairment, while pushing for changes to ice hockey rules to prevent injuries. His work resulted in the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) making CSA-approved helmets mandatory in 1976, and the National Hockey League requiring helmets for all new players as of 1979. He succeeded in facial protection requirements for amateurs players in Canada, and rule changes against checking from behind enacted by Hockey Canada, USA Hockey, and the International Ice Hockey Federation.

Pashby received multiple awards, including the Ontario Hockey Association Distinguished Service Award, the Gordon Juckes Award from the CAHA, and was named man-of-the-year by The Hockey News in 1990. He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 1981, inducted into the builder category of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2000, and was posthumously inducted into the Leaside Sports Hall of Fame.

Early life
Thomas Joseph Pashby was born on March 23, 1915, in Toronto, Ontario. He was the only child of Norman and Florence Pashby, and attended Riverdale Collegiate Institute. He grew up in the Danforth and Pape area, and his family operated a butcher shop in East Danforth. While playing high school football, he recalled losing consciousness due to a concussion, despite feeling fine before falling on his face at the hospital.

Pashby graduated from the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine in 1940, and received his certificate of registration with the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario on August 22, 1940. He married Helen Christie in 1941, ten days before he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force. During his World War II military service, he conducted eye examinations on prospective pilots, bombers and gunners; which led to his interest in ophthalmology.

Medical career
Pashby earned ophthalmology specialist credentials from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in January 1948. He established his own practice in Leaside in 1948, He later had offices in North Toronto and Don Mills, and treated patients at Toronto Western Hospital and Centenary Hospital. He also served a consulting physician for the Toronto Maple Leafs, was the senior staff ophthalmologist at the Hospital for Sick Children, and spent time as a professor at the University of Toronto.

In 1959, Pashby's son was playing minor ice hockey without a hockey helmet, and struck his head on the ice resulting in a concussion. Pashby then forbade his sons from playing without a helmet. When only cardboard helmets were available in Canada at the time, Bert Olmstead of the Toronto Maple Leafs helped Pashby import a polycarbonate helmet from Sweden.

Pashby then spent the next 46 years of his life to improve the safety of helmets to prevent injuries. He pioneered the development of visors and wire face masks to prevent eye injuries, and pushed for neck protection on goaltender masks. After Pashby improved the design and function of helmets, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) made helmets mandatory in minor hockey as of 1965.

Canadian Standards Association
Pashby began working with the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) in 1969, to assess the safety of helmets. In 1972, he conducted research on behalf of the Canadian Ophthalmological Society by writing to 700 ophthalmologists across Canada, and compiled data on hockey-related eye injuries.

During the 1972–73 season, Pashby reported there were 287 eye injuries in hockey players, including 20 blind eyes. During the 1974–75 season, he reported 258 eye injuries and 43 blinded eyes. He also reported that since 1972, there were 309 players at either the minor, junior or professional hockey levels who had lost eyesight, but that none of them wore a CSA-approved facemask.

Pashby became chairman of the CSA in 1975, serving for two decades to set standards for manufacturers of hockey and lacrosse helmets, while pushing for changes to ice hockey rules to prevent dangerous play and injuries. In 1976, the CAHA mandated that all amateur players were a CSA-approved helmet. The CSA soon set standards for full-face protection. By 1978, no players who wore a CSA-approved helmet and face mask had suffered a blinded eye. In 1979, helmets were made mandatory for all new players to the National Hockey League. In 1980, the CAHA mandated that players in all age groups wear facial protection.

Later career
Pashby continued to compile statistics for eye injuries, and began researching data spinal cord injuries. He reported 150 spinal cord injuries since 1976, and that 30 players were in wheelchairs as of 1990. He sought to reduce injuries in the game with a four-point plan; for existing rules to be enforced, for players to wear certified protective equipment, for the size of the ice hockey rink to be enlarged to international standards; and for education in prevention of injuries be given to players, coaches, and trainers. He also stressed the need to start education at an early age.

In 1985, Pashby was a member of the Committee for the Prevention of Spinal Cord Injuries Due To Hockey, and lobbied for rules to stop checking from behind. In 1986, the CAHA recommended that its branches adopt a no-checking-from-behind rule. In 1993, the CAHA mandated neck guards for players, and enacted rules against checking from behind.

In 1999, Pashby began an international push for rules against checking to the head. Such rules were enacted by the International Ice Hockey Federation and USA Hockey in 2001, and by Hockey Canada in 2002.

Pashby sat on the board of directors of the National Association of Safe Sports, which aimed to change behaviour in sport and reduce injuries. He retired as an ophthalmologist on June 1, 2001.

Personal life
Pashby had two sons and one daughter. He moved to Leaside in 1945, where he lived for 60 years. He was a long-time coach for baseball and ice hockey teams in Leaside. He also sponsored local hockey and baseball teams for 40 years, and regularly spent summers along Georgian Bay and often vacationed at Walt Disney World.

Pashby's wife died from colon cancer in 2003. He died at his home on August 24, 2005, aged 90.

Honours and awards

Pashby received the Canadian Standards Association Award of Merit in 1979, and the Ontario Hockey Association Distinguished Service Award in 1980. He was named a member of the Order of Canada on June 22, 1981, for his contributions to eye protection and the "design and acceptance of protective equipment which has greatly reduced injury in sport". He was formally invested in the order by the Governor General of Canada during a ceremony on October 21, 1981.

In 1984, the CAHA recognized Pashby for contributions to amateur hockey in Canada with the Gordon Juckes Award. He received the Jean P. Carriere Award from the Standards Council of Canada in 1988, was one of two inaugural recipients of the Canadian Sport Safety Award from the Canadian Sports Spine and Head Injuries Research Centre in 1989. He was named man-of-the-year by The Hockey News in 1990, in recognition of his work to prevent injuries.

Pashby was granted an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Waterloo in 1996. He was inducted into the builder category of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, with the ceremony taking place on November 9, 2000. He was posthumously made one of the inaugural inductees into the Leaside Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.

Legacy and impact
The Canadian Press referred to Pashby as, "[hockey]'s foremost safety pioneer for the last half-century". The Toronto Star wrote that, "were it not for the efforts of Pashby, that sensible equipment requirement might not have happened as soon as it did". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame states that, "in pioneering the development, marketing, and standardization of protective hockey helmets, Pashby has helped to prevent innumerable career-ending, even life-threatening head injuries". Hockey executive Frank Selke Jr. stated that, "thousands of kids have been saved from serious injuries because of [Pashby]", and that "unfortunately the masses don't know how much work [Pashby] has done".

Pashby was honoured with a dinner at the Regal Constellation Hotel on March 27, 1990, which included Don Cherry as a guest speaker. Proceeds from the event helped establish the Dr. Tom Pashby Sports Safety Fund. The fund was later chaired by his son, which sought to coordinate fundraising efforts to promote education and research in "the prevention of catastrophic injuries in sport and recreation".

Pashby had a personal collection of hockey helmets and masks, 50 of which were donated for display at the Hockey Hall of Fame, including the first helmet worn by his son.

The Hockey Development Centre of Ontario oversees the annual Dr. Tom Pashby Trainer of the Year Award, given for outstanding achievements in safety and risk management, and contributions to the certification program for hockey trainers in Ontario.

In 2017, the new ice rink at Leaside Gardens was named the Dr. Tom Pashby Play Safely Rink, following a CA$500,000 donation from the Dr. Tom Pashby Sports Safety Fund to promote safety in sport and recreation.

title: Tom Pashby


text:
Brick Gothic

Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northeast and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock (though glacial boulders are sometimes available). The buildings are essentially built using bricks. Buildings classified as Brick Gothic (using a strict definition of the architectural style based on the geographic location) are found in Belgium (and the very north of France), Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Kaliningrad (former East Prussia), Denmark, Sweden and Finland.

As the use of baked red brick arrived in Northwestern and Central Europe in the 12th century, the oldest such buildings are classified as the Brick Romanesque. In the 16th century, Brick Gothic was superseded by Brick Renaissance architecture.

Brick Gothic is marked by lack of figurative architectural sculpture, widespread in other styles of Gothic architecture. Typical for the Baltic Sea region is the creative subdivision and structuring of walls, using built ornaments to contrast between red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster. Nevertheless, these characteristics are neither omnipresent nor exclusive. Many historic structures and districts dominated by Brick Gothic have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites.

The real extent and the real variety of this brick architecture is yet to be fully distinguished from the views published in the late 19th and early 20th century, especially the years around the end of World War I, when the style was politically instrumentalized.

Indeed, about a quarter of medieval Gothic brick architecture is standing in the Netherlands, in Flanders and in French Flanders. Some of these buildings are in a combination of brick and stone. The towers of St Mary's church in Lübeck, the most significant Brick Gothic church of the Baltic Sea region, have corners of granite ashlar. Many village churches in northern Germany and Poland have a Brick Gothic design despite the main constituent of their walls being boulders.

Brick Gothic architecture
In contrast to other styles, the definition of Brick Gothic is based on the material (brick), and a geographical area (countries around the Baltic Sea). In addition, there are more remote regions with brick buildings bearing characteristics of this architectural style further south, east and west—these include Bavaria, and western Ukraine and Belarus, along with eastern England and the southern tip of Norway.

Historical conditions
In the course of the medieval German eastward expansion, Slavic areas east of the Elbe were settled by traders and colonists from the overpopulated Northwest of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1158, Henry the Lion founded Lübeck, in 1160 he conquered the Slavic principality of Schwerin. This partially violent colonisation was accompanied by the Christianisation of the Slavs and the foundation of dioceses at Ratzeburg, Schwerin, Cammin, Brandenburg and elsewhere.

The newly founded cities soon joined the Hanseatic League and formed the "Wendic Circle", with its centre at Lübeck, and the "Gotland-Livland Circle", with its main centre at Tallinn (Reval). The affluent trading cities of the Hansa were characterised especially by religious and secular representative architecture, such as council or parish churches, town halls, Bürgerhäuser, i.e. the private dwellings of rich traders, or city gates. In rural areas, the monastic architecture of monks' orders had a major influence on the development of brick architecture, especially through the Cistercians and Premonstratensians. Between Prussia and Estonia, the Teutonic Knights secured their rule by erecting numerous Ordensburgen (castles), most of which were also brick-built.

In the regions along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, the use of brick arrived almost at the same time as the art of masonry. But in Denmark, especially Jutland, in the Frisian regions, in present-day Netherlands and in the Lower Rhine region, many high-quality medieval stone buildings were built before the first medieval brick was burnt there. Nevertheless, these regions eventually developed a density of Gothic brick architecture as high as in the regions near the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. The central and southern regions of Poland also had some important early stone buildings, especially the famous round churches. Many of these buildings were later enlarged or replaced using brick in a Gothic style. Especially in Flanders, the Netherlands, the lower Rhine region, Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia, Brick Gothic buildings often, but not alway, have some elements of stone ashlar. In the Netherlands it was mostly tufa, in Denmark old squared granite and new limestone. On the other hand, in many regions regarded as typical for Brick Gothic, boulders were cheaper than brick, and therefore many buildings were erected using boulders, and only decorated by brick, all through the period of Gothic architecture.

Development

Brick building became prevalent in the 12th century, still within the Romanesque architecture period. Wooden architecture had long dominated in northern Germany but was inadequate for the construction of monumental structures. Throughout the area of Brick Gothic, half-timbered architecture remained typical for smaller buildings, especially in rural areas, well into modern times.

The techniques of building and decorating in bricks were imported from Lombardy. Also some decorative forms of Lombard architecture were adopted.

In the areas dominated by the Welfs, the use of brick to replace natural stone began with cathedrals and parish churches at Oldenburg (Holstein), Segeberg, Ratzeburg, and Lübeck. Henry the Lion laid the foundation stone of the Cathedral in 1173.

In the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the lack of natural stone and the distance to the Baltic Sea (which, like the rivers, could be used for transporting heavy loads) made the need for alternative materials more pressing. Brick architecture here started with the Cathedral of Brandenburg, begun in 1165 under Albert the Bear. Jerichow Monastery (then a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg), where construction started as early as 1149, was a key influence on Brick Gothic in Brandenburg.

Characteristics

Romanesque brick architecture remained closely connected with contemporary stone architecture and often simply translated the latter's style and repertoire into the new material. The decorative techniques to suit the new material were imported form northern Italy, where they had been developed as part of the Lombard Style. Among these techniques was the use of moulded brick to realize delicate ornament. Brick Gothic drew on Romanesque building (in stone and in brick) of its region, but in its core area Romanesque stone buildings were rare and often humble In character.

In most regions of Brick Gothic, boulders were available and cheaper than brick. In some regions, cut stone was available as well. Therefore, besides all-brick buildings, there are buildings begun in stone and completed using brick, or built of boulders and decorated with brick, or built of brick and decorated with cut stone, for instance in Lesser Poland and Silesia.

Brick Gothic buildings are often of monumental size, but simple as regards their external appearance, lacking the delicacy of areas further south, but this is not exclusively the case.

None of these buildings is exactly the same today as in the Middle Ages. For instance, many of them have had alterations in a Baroque style and have then been re-gothicized in the 19th century (or reconstructed after World War II). Especially in the 19th century, some buildings were purified during restoration. In the city halls of Lübeck and Stralsund, medieval window framings of stone were replaced by new ones of brick.

At a time when ordinary people lived very locally based lives, the groups responsible for these buildings were internationally mobile: the bishops, abbots, aristocrats, and long-distance merchants who commissioned the work, and the highly skilled specialist craftsmen who carried it out. For this reason the Brick Gothic of the countries around the Baltic Sea was strongly influenced by the cathedrals of France and by the gothique tournaisien or Scheldt Gothic of the County of Flanders (where also some important Brick Gothic was erected).

One typical expression of the structure of walls, the contrast of prominent visible brick with the plastering of recessed areas, had already been developed in Italy, but became prevalent in the Baltic region.

Brick as the basic material
Since the bricks used were made of clay, available in copious quantities in the Northern German Plain, they quickly became the normal replacement for building stone. The so-called monastic format became the standard for bricks used in representative buildings. Its bricks measure circa 28 x 15 x 9 cm to 30 x 14 x 10 cm, with mortar joints of about 1.5 cm. In contrast to hewn-stone Gothic, the bricks and shaped bricks were not produced locally by lodges (Bauhütten), but by specialised enterprises off-site.

Elements
The use of shaped bricks for tracery and friezes also can be found in some buildings of northwestern Gothic brick architecture. Masterly use of these elements is found in some of the Gothic buildings of northern Italy, where these highly sophisticated techniques had originally come from, having been developed in the Lombard Romanesque period. There, such brick decorations can even be found on buildings which had been mainly erected in ashlar. Some Italian Gothic brick buildings also have friezes of terracotta.

While in central northern Germany and in Greater Poland suitable natural building stone was unavailable, trading cities could import it by sea. Therefore, St. Mary's Church in Lübeck, generally considered the principal example of Brick Gothic, has two portals made of sandstone, and the edges of its huge towers are built of ashlars, as normal for Gothic brick buildings in the Netherlands and the (German) Lower Rhine region. And the very slim pillars of its Briefkapelle (letters chapel) are of granite from Bornholm. In the Gothic brick towers of the churches of Wismar and of St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund, stone is not used for structural reasons but to provide a contrast of colours. At St. Mary's of Gdańsk, all five lateral portals and some simple but long cornices are of ashlar.

Germany
Brick architecture is found primarily in areas that lack sufficient natural supplies of building stone. This is the case across the Northern European Lowlands. Since the German part of that region (the Northern German Plain, except Westphalia and the Rhineland) is largely concurrent with the area influenced by the Hanseatic League, Brick Gothic has become a symbol of that powerful alliance of cities. Along with the Low German Language, it forms a major defining element of the Northern German cultural area, especially in regard to late city foundations and the areas of colonisation north and east of the Elbe. In the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, that cultural area extended throughout the southern part of the Baltic region and had a major influence on Scandinavia. The southernmost Brick Gothic structure in Germany is the Bergkirche (mountain church) of Altenburg in Thuringia.

In the northwest, especially along Weser and Elbe, sandstone from the mountains of Central Germany could be transported with relative ease. This resulted in a synthesis of the styles from east of the Elbe with the architectural traditions of the Rhineland. Here, bricks were mainly used for wall areas, while sandstone was employed for plastic detail. Since the brick has no aesthetic function per se in this style, most of the northwest German structures are not part of Brick Gothic proper. The Gothic brick buildings near the Lower Rhine have more in common with the Dutch Gothic than with the northern German one.

Bavarian Brick Gothic
In Bavaria, there is a significant number of Gothic brick buildings, some in places without quarries, like Munich, and some in places, where natural stone was available as well, such as Donauwörth. Several of these buildings have both decorations of shaped bricks and of ashlar, often tuff. Also the walls of some buildings are all brick, but in some buildings the base of the wall is of stone. Most of the churches share a common distinctive Bavarian Brick Gothic style. The Frauenkirche of Munich is the largest (gothic and totally) brick church north of the Alps. Examples include St. Martin's and two other churches at Landshut and the Herzogsburg (Duke's Castle) in Dingolfing.

Poland
Brick Gothic in Poland is sometimes described as belonging to the Polish Gothic style. Though, the vast majority of Gothic buildings within the borders of modern Poland are brick-built, the term also encompasses non-brick Gothic structures, such as the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, which is mostly stone-built. The principal characteristic of the Polish Gothic style is its limited use of stonework to complement the main brick construction. Stone was primarily utilized for window and door frames, arched columns, ribbed vaults, foundations and ornamentation, while brick remained the core building material used to erect walls and cap ceilings. This limited use of stone, as a supplementary building material, was most prevalent in Lesser Poland and was made possible by an abundance of limestone in the region—further north in the regions of Greater Poland, Silesia, Mazovia, and Pomerania the use of stone was virtually nonexistent.

Brick Gothic in Pomerania
Much of the coast of the Baltic Sea in the period from the 12th century to 1637 belonged to the Griffins' Duchy of Pomerania. Nowadays its territory is divided into two parts—middle and eastern in Poland and westernmost in Germany. The most outstanding Gothic monuments in this area are Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Kamień Pomorski, Cistercian abbey in Kołbacz, ruins of Jasienica Abbey in Police, ruins of Eldena Abbey (a Danish foundation) in Greifswald, St. Mary's Church in Usedom, Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes in Darłowo, remnants of Löcknitz Castle, St. Nicholas collegial church in Greifswald, St. Nicholas' Church in Stralsund, St. Mary's Church in Stralsund, St. Mary and St. Nicholas churches in Anklam, St. Mary's Church in Stargard, St. Nicholas Church in Wolin, St. Peter's Church in Wolgast, Cathedral Basilica of St. James the Apostle in Szczecin, Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koszalin, Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kołobrzeg and Church of Our Lady in Sławno and city halls in Stralsund, Szczecin (Old Town Hall) and Kamień Pomorski. The most important defensive systems were located in Szczecin and Dąbie (present district of the city of Szczecin), Pyrzyce, Usedom, Greifswald, Anklam and Stargard with the water gate on Ina river called Stargard Mill Gate.

Northern France
Even the Westhoek region in the very north of France, situated between Belgium and the Strait of Dover has instances of northern Brick Gothic, For example, there is a strong similarity between the Belfry of Dunkirk and the tower of St Mary's Church in Gdańsk.

Southern French Gothic
Southern French Gothic is a specific style of Gothic architecture developed in the south of France. It arose in the early 13th century following the victory of the Catholic church over the Cathars, as the church sought to re-establish its authority in the region. As a result, church buildings typically present features drawn from military architecture. The construction material of Southern French Gothic is typically brick rather than stone. Over time, the style came to influence secular buildings as well as churches and spread beyond the area where Catharism had flourished.

Gothic Revival – 19th-century Neo-gothic
In the 19th century, the Gothic Revival—Neogothic style led to a revival of Brick Gothic designs. 19th-century Brick Gothic "Revival" churches can be found throughout Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Lithuania, Finland, the Netherlands, Russia, Britain and the United States.

Important churches in this style included St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham (1841) by Augustus Pugin, the 1897 Mikkeli Cathedral in Mikkeli in Finland, and St. Joseph's Church in Kraków, Poland is a late example of the revival style.

Notes and references

 * Hans Josef Böker: Die mittelalterliche Backsteinarchitektur Norddeutschlands. Darmstadt 1988. ISBN 3-534-02510-5
 * Gottfried Kiesow: Wege zur Backsteingotik. Eine Einführung. Monumente-Publikationen der Deutschen Stiftung Denkmalschutz, Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-936942-34-X
 * Angela Pfotenhauer, Florian Monheim, Carola Nathan: Backsteingotik. Monumente-Edition. Monumente-Publikation der Deutschen Stiftung Denkmalschutz, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-935208-00-6
 * Fritz Gottlob: Formenlehre der Norddeutschen Backsteingotik: Ein Beitrag zur Neogotik um 1900. 1907. Reprint of 2nd ed., Verlag Ludwig, 1999, ISBN 3-9805480-8-2
 * Gerlinde Thalheim (ed.) et al.: Gebrannte Größe – Wege zur Backsteingotik. 5 Vols. Monumente-Publikation der Deutschen Stiftung Denkmalschutz, Bonn, Gesamtausgabe aller 5 Bände unter ISBN 3-936942-22-6
 * B. Busjan, G. Kiesow: Wismar: Bauten der Macht – Eine Kirchenbaustelle im Mittelalter. Monumente Publikationen der Deutschen Stiftung Denkmalschutz, 2002, ISBN 3-935208-14-6 (Vol. 2 of series of exhibition catalogues Wege zur Backsteingotik, ISBN 3-935208-12-X)

title: Brick Gothic


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Large

Balta - Cave Beck - Bopal - John Bulwer - James Burnet - John Cleland - William Collinson - Etienne Bonnet de Condillac - Louis Couturat - Nicholas Culpepper - George Dalgarno - Louis De Beaufront - Edgar De Wahl - Gustave D'Eichthal - Jean Delormel - Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy - Melvil Dewey - Dil - Diodorus Siculus - Charles-Michel de l'Epée - Eurolengo - Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve - Glosa - Alexander Gode - Francis Godwin - Lancelot Hogben - Idéologues - Idiom Neutral - Ido - Interglossa - Interlingua - ISOTYPE - Rowland Jones - Georgius Kalmar - William Kenrick - Auguste Kerckhoffs - Cyprian Kinner - Jan Amos Komensky - Jean Henri Lambert – Andrew Large - Latino sine flexione - Léopold Leau - Letellier - Francis Lodwick - Julius Lott - Raymond Lully - Joseph de Maimieux - Lord Monboddo - Otto Neurath - Novial - Bonifacio Sotos Ochando - Henry Oldenberg - Orba - Andrew Pascall - John Ray - Reform Neutral - Matthew Ricci - Ro - Peter Mark Roget - V. K. Rosenberger - St Hildegarde - Johann Martin Schleyer - Roch-Ambroise Cucurron de Sicard - Solresol - Spelin - Jean-François Sudre - Dieudonné Thiébault - Timerio - Johannes Trithemius - Thomas Urquhart - Volapük - Edgar von Wahl - John Wallis - Seth Ward - Joseph Webbe - WEDE - Welt-Deutsch - Benjamin Lee Whorf - John Wilkins - John Williams - Francis Willoughby - Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof

title: User:Charles Matthews/Large


text:
1951 in India

Events in the year 1951 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Rajendra Prasad
 * Prime Minister of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Chief Justice of India – H. J. Kania (until 6 Nov.), M. Patanjali Sastri (starting 6 Nov.)

Governors

 * Assam: Jairamdas Daulatram
 * Bihar: Madhav Shrihari Aney
 * Maharashtra: Raja Sir Maharaj Singh
 * Odisha:
 * until 5 May: Asaf Ali
 * 6 May-17 July: V. P. Menon
 * starting 17 July: Asaf Ali
 * Punjab: Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
 * Rajasthan: Maharaj Man Singh II
 * Uttar Pradesh: Hormasji Pherozeshah Modi
 * West Bengal: Kailash Nath Katju (until 1 November), Harendra Coomar Mookerjee (starting 1 November)

Events

 * National income - ₹108,633 million
 * 4-11 March, First Asian Games held in Delhi.
 * 5 November – Central Railway is formed by the merger of several government-owned railways.
 * Western Railway is formed by merging smaller railways.
 * Central Statistical Organisation is Established.

Law

 * 12 March – Patna High Court struck down Bihar Land Reforms Act, ruling it as unconstitutional on the ground that it violated Article 14 of Indian Constitution.
 * 2 June – First Amendment of the Constitution of India bill passed in Parliament of India with 228 votes and 20 votes against it.

 * 18 June – First Amendment of the Constitution of India says "state can make special provisions for advancement of any backward class"
 * 5 October – Supreme Court of India in Sri Sankari Prasad Singh Deo vs Union Of India And State Of Bihar case upheld the First Amendment of the Constitution of India.

Arts and literature

 * 16 December – Salar Jung Museum is opened to the public by the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru.

Births

 * 1 January – Nana Patekar, actor and filmmaker.
 * 1 March – Nitish Kumar, politician and Chief Minister of Bihar.
 * 18 May — Jagdeep Dhankhar, politician and 14th Vice President of India
 * 26 June – Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju, politician and member of parliament from vizianagram.
 * 9 July – Nav Bhatia, businessman and superfan of the Toronto Raptors.
 * 10 July – Narayanasami Sathyamurthy, scientist.
 * 11 July – Naramalli Sivaprasad, politician and member of parliament from Chittoor. (died 2019)
 * 30 August – Surajit Sengupta, footballer. (died 2022)
 * 7 September – Mammootty, actor
 * 25 October – A. V. Vasudevan Potti, poet and lyricist.

Deaths

 * 15 February – Stephen Hector Taylor-Smith, rocket scientist (born 1891).
 * 23 October – Jagat Singh, Third Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (born 1884).
 * 5 December – Abanindranath Tagore, Indian painter writer (born 1871).

title: 1951 in India


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Adair

Abraham Abulafia - Gilbert Adair - Red Adair - Tim Albery - Clare Alexander - Leonid Andreyev - Theo Angelopoulos - Kenneth Anger - Jean Arthur - Daisy Ashford - Laura Ashley - Marcel Aymé - Nicholson Baker - Howard Barker - Neil Bartlett - André Bazin - Jacques Becker - David Begelman - Catherine Bennett - Steven Berkhoff - Thomas Bernhard - Henry Bernstein - Claude Berri - Jane Bowles - Bill Brandt - Robert Brasillach - Howard Brenton - Robert Bresson - Lino Brocka - Kevin Brownlow - Claus von Bülow - Tim Burton - Robert Byron - Phyllis Calvert - Gavin Campbell - Esma Cannon - Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio - Justin Cartwright - Falkland Cary - Marchesa Casati - Louis-Ferdinand Céline - Sébastian Roch Nicholas Chamfort - Christo - E. M. Cioran - René Clair - John Clements - Nicholas Coleridge - Kenneth Connor - Jim Courier - Michael Coveney - Paul Cox - Terence Davies - Carl Davis - Régis Debray - Claude Achille Debussy - Nicholas De Jongh - André Derain - E. L. Doctorow - Ken Dodd - Pierre Drieu la Rochelle - Sarah Dunant - Irene Dunne - Eleonora Duse - Jacques Dutronc - Shirley Eaton - Richard Ellmann - Harvey Fierstein - Peter Finch - Mark Fisher - Paul Ford - Jane Freeman - Marc Fumaroli - Paul Gachet - Robin Gibson - David Gill - Jean Giraudoux - Maurice Girodias - Alexander Glazunov - Eric Griffiths - John Guare - David Halberstam - Kenneth Halliwell - David Hamilton - David Hare - Lorenz Hart - Todd Haynes - Will H. Hays - Hugh Hudson - Danièle Huillet - William Inge - John Junor - Jonathan Kaplan - George S. Kaufman - Philip Kaufman - Aki Kaurasmäki - Lindsay Kemp - Alek Keshishian - Krzysztof Kieslowski - Philip King - Martin Kippenberger - Oliver Knussen - Erich Wolfgang Korngold - Agota Kristof - Martin Landau - Henri Langlois - Jean-Pierre Léaud - Barry Levinson - Albert Lewin - Ronald Lewis - Anita Loos - Max Loppert - Anthony Mann - David McClintick - Joel McCrea - Kelly McGillis - Leo McKern - Gustav Meyrink - Octave Mirbeau - Ferenc Molnar - Claude Montana - Richard Morrison - Peggy Mount - Bronislava Nijinska - Anaïs Nin - Paul Oakenfold - Mañoel de Oliviera - Michael O'Pray - Ron Peck - Julian Petley - Roger Peyrefitte - Hans Pfitzner - John Philips - Richard Phillips - Maurice Pialat - Donald Pleasence - John Poulson - Melvil Poupaud - Philip Prowse - Steve Pyke - Peter Rachman - Sara Rance - Jean-Paul Rappeneau - Nicholas Ray - Stephen Rea - Rembrandt van Rijn - Jacques Rivette - Yves Robert - Heath Robinson - Joe E. Ross - Edmond Rostand - Tim Roth - Joseph Roulin - Felicity Rubenstein - Paul Ruiz - Franz Schreker - Barbet Schroeder - Campbell Scott - Sempé - Delphine Seyrig - Milton Shulman - Donald Sinden - Steve Stabler - Josef von Sternberg - George Stevens - Leopold Stokowski - Lewis Stone - Vittorio Storaro - Jean-Marie Straub - Booth Tarkington - Vic Tayback - John Tenniel - Terry-Thomas - Michael Tilson Thomas - Colin Welland - Timberlake Wertenbaker - Mary Wesley - Judith Williamson - Robert Wise - Sam Wood - William Wyler - Francis Wyndham - Fred Zinnemann

title: User:Charles Matthews/Adair


text:
Super 16

Super 16 may refer to

 * 16 mm film
 * Super16 (film school), a film school in Copenhagen, Denmark
 * "Super 16", a song the second studio album, Neu! 2, by the krautrock band Neu!
 * A proposed expansion of the southern hemisphere Super Rugby rugby union competition

title: Super 16


text:
Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery

The Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care is an academic faculty within King's College London. The faculty is the world's first nursing school to be continuously connected to a fully serving hospital and medical school (St. Thomas' Hospital). Established on 9 July 1860 by Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, it was a model for many similar training schools through the UK, Commonwealth and other countries for the latter half of the 19th century. It is primarily concerned with the education of people to become nurses and midwives. It also carries out nursing research, continuing professional development and postgraduate programmes. The Faculty forms part of the Waterloo campus on the South Bank of the River Thames and is now one of the largest faculties in the university.

The school is ranked as the number one faculty for nursing in London and in the United Kingdom whilst third in the world rankings and belongs to one of the leading universities in health services, policy and research in the world. A freedom-of-information request in 2015 disclosed that the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery had one of the lowest admission offer rates of 14% to its applicants.

The faculty specialises in the following areas: child and adolescent nursing; midwifery and women's health; adult nursing; mental health nursing; and postgraduate research, with programmes catering to the needs of a wider range of individuals and healthcare professionals continuing their professional development.

History
Inspired by Florence Nightingale and her nurses' work during the Crimean War, a fund was set up in 1855 by members of the public to raise money for her work. By June 1856, £44,039 (equivalent to over £4.26 million in 2016) was raised. Nightingale decided to use the money to set up a training school at St Thomas' Hospital. The first nurses began their training on 9 July 1860. Graduates of the school used to be called 'Nightingales'.

When Nightingale's school for nurses was initially set up, under the direction of Mrs Wardroper, the hospital matron, the students had a typical training period lasting a year. Students normally lived in-house; whilst having their own private rooms, a common room for lounge or socials was provided in the hospital's special area. The students attended their classes/patients at St. Thomas' Hospital. Around twenty to thirty students were accepted in a year, whose probationary period fall under two classifications. A common class woman who serves as student, upon completion, would receive a certain small amount of money plus a placement in a home or institution. An upper-class woman or 'Lady', on the other hand, would have completed some education and would be given the opportunity to assist in the school. Uniforms were provided at any case, and they would be under the charge of a matron (and an assistant). Upon graduation, they would be given a chance to visit Florence Nightingale in her South Street apartment, a momentous occasion for few people to meet her in person, especially since Nightingale's profile has been made well-known nationwide after the Crimean War. Nightingale kept extensive notes on all the students in the school, including their 'character'. She placed particular importance upon character; should there be any issue about 'character', the 'certification' of a nurse would be opposed.

Between 1860 and 1903 the school certified 1,907 nurses as having had one year's training. Many of the trainees went on to be matrons or superintendents of nursing.

Over the years, the training and the school itself went through a series of changes, mergers and expansions. The curriculum for nurses has changed enormously since. Further, in 1991, the school merged with Olive Haydon School of Midwifery and the Thomas Guy & Lewisham School of Nursing, creating the Nightingale and Guy's College of Nursing & Midwifery. The following year the name changed to the Nightingale College of Health. In 1993, it merged with King's College Hospital School of Nursing at Normanby College and formed the Nightingale Institute. In 1996, the institute was fully integrated into King's College London and was combined with the university's Department of Nursing Studies two years later to form the Florence Nightingale Division of Nursing & Midwifery. In 1999 it was renamed the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery. In September 2014 the school changed its name to the "Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery". In 2017 the Cicely Saunders Institute at King's moved from the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine to join with the Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. The Faculty was renamed the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care. As of 2021, the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care is a faculty of 300 staff and 4,000 students.

Notable alumni, academics and staff

 * Sir Jonathan Asbridge, first president of the UK's Nursing and Midwifery Council and director of Nursing NHS London
 * Kate Waller Barrett, prominent Virginia physician, humanitarian, philanthropist, sociologist and social reformer, led the National Florence Crittenton Mission, which she founded in 1895.
 * Alice Fisher, a nursing pioneer in the US at the Philadelphia General Hospital
 * June Jolly, children's nurse and social worker who pioneered care in children's hospitals
 * Agnes Jones, became the first trained nursing superintendent of Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary
 * Florence Sarah Lees, one of the pioneers of district nursing
 * Baronness Sophie Mannerheim, initially trained as a probationer, eventually becoming a matron and step up a Helsinki training school and later becoming president of the International Council of Nurses
 * Ian Norman, Professor and Dean of the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London and Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing and American Academy of Nursing
 * Lucy Osburn, regarded as the founder of modern nursing in Australia
 * Ella Pirrie, first head nurse of the Belfast City Hospital
 * Chief Kofoworola Abeni Pratt Hon. FRCN, first black nurse in the NHS and subsequently chief nursing officer of Nigeria.
 * Anne Marie Rafferty, Professor and former Dean of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London and Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing
 * Emmy Rappe, a Swedish nurse who founded the Swedish Nursing Association
 * Linda Richards, first professionally trained American nurse and established nursing training programs in US and Japan
 * Dame Cecily Saunders, nurse, physician and social worker who established the first modern hospice having instituted St Christopher's Hospice - which kick-started the hospice movement. Saunders was a pioneer of palliative care
 * Isla Stewart, a nurse who became the matron of St Bartholomew's Hospital and founded the Royal British Nurses Association
 * Dame Alicia Lloyd Still,DBE, RRC matron and superintendent of St. Thomas's Hospital 1913-1937, founding member of the College of Nursing (later the Royal College of Nursing), one of the leaders of the campaign for state registration of nurses in the UK, appointed then elected to the General Nursing Council (1920-1937), helped found the Florence Nightingale Museum.
 * Henny Tscherning, a Danish nurse who was president of the Danish Nurses' Organization
 * Theodora Turner, matron and nurse superintendent of St Thomas' Hospital (especially during its reconstruction period after the German bombing) as well as former president of Royal College of Nursing
 * Sarah Elizabeth Wardroper, a matron of St Thomas' Hospital at the time Nightingale instituted the school, she became the school's first superintendent


text:
Athens Exchange

The Athens Stock Exchange (ASE or ATHEX; Χρηματιστήριο Αθηνών (Χ.Α.), Chrimatistírio Athinón) is the stock exchange of Greece, based in the capital city of Athens. It was founded in 1876. There are currently five markets operating in ATHEX: regulated securities market, regulated derivatives market, Alternative market, carbon market (for EUAs) and OTC market. In the regulated securities market investors can trade in stocks, bonds, ETFs and other related securities. On the stock exchange 172 stocks are currently traded representing 166 companies.

ATHEX has over 30 indices. The six main indices are: Composite Index (GD), FTSE/Athex Large Cap (FTSE, also known as FTSE 25), FTSE/Athex Mid Cap Index (FTSEM), FTSE/Athex Market Index (FTSEA), FTSE/ATHEX Global Traders Index Plus (FTSEGTI) and FTSE/ATHEX Factor-Weighted Index (FTSEMSFW). The Athens Composite index started trading in 1980, its High 6355.04 set on 17 September 1999. The Athens stock exchange was closed on 27 June 2015 because of the Greek government-debt crisis. It reopened on 3 August 2015 and lost more than 16% in the day's trading with certain bank stocks plummeting 30%, the daily change limit.

On 23 August 2023, the company formed EuroCTP as a joint venture with 13 other bourses, in an effort to provide a consolidated tape for the European Union, as part of the Capital Markets Union proposed by the European Commission.

History

The Athens Stock Exchange started trading in 1876. Its day-to-day running has been assigned to Hellenic Exchanges – Athens Stock Exchange S.A., whose shares are listed on the exchange (athex: EXAE). Athens Stock Exchange changed into public entity in 1918. In 1995 ASE was transformed into public limited company with the only shareholder – Greek state. Greek state sold 39.67% of the shares in 1997, and 12% in 1998 through private placement. State shares were decreased to 47.7% in 1999. The derivatives market started trading in August 1999 after Athens Derivatives Exchange (ADEX) and the Athens Derivatives Exchange Clearing House started operations. In 2002 the Athens Stock Exchange and the Athens Derivatives Exchange merged to form the Athens Stock Exchange.

After being closed due to the ongoing debt crisis since 27 June 2015, the stock market crashed when the exchange was reopened on 3 August. The overall index lost over 16% of its value with bank stocks losing the maximum allowed 30% on the day's trading.

The Athens Stock Exchange is a member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges.

Location
Until 2007, the exchange was located on Sofocleous Street, in the central business district of Athens. For this reason the Exchange and Sofocleous St became synonymous with each other. It is now located in its new headquarters at 110 Athinon Street, also called Kavalas Street. The exchange's trading hours are from 10:00am to 05:20pm Monday to Friday, and is closed on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

Stock exchange
Companies listed on the exchange are regulated by the Hellenic Capital Market Commission. As of 2 February 2021 on the Athens Exchange 166 companies are represented with 172 stocks. The Securities Market has 163 stocks (from 157 companies) and the Alternative Market has 9 stocks (9 companies).

Categories of stocks
The stocks of the Securities Market are divided into three categories: For a list of the companies see: List of companies listed on the Athens Exchange .
 * Main Market (126 stocks from 124 companies)
 * Surveillance (25 stocks from 22 companies)
 * Under Suspension (12 stocks from 11 companies)

Composite Index
The Athens Exchange uses the symbol GD for the Composite Index. The Bloomberg code for this index is ASE; the Reuters code is .ATG. The Composite Index was launched on 31 December 1980 (43.60792287639523 years ago) and has 60 constituents.

Annual returns
The following table shows the annual development of the Athens Composite Index since 1987.

Management
Board of Directors oversees the activity of ATHEX. The Board consists of 13 members who are elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders for a 4-year term. The current Board was elected at the 20th general Meeting of Shareholders conducted on 31 May 2021. The chairman of the Board is George Handjinicolaou. Yianos Kontopoulos is the CEO.

title: Athens Exchange


text:
AIM-95 Agile

The AIM-95 Agile was an air-to-air missile developed by the United States. It was developed by the US Navy to equip the F-14 Tomcat, replacing the AIM-9 Sidewinder. Around the same time, the US Air Force was designing the AIM-82 to equip their F-15 Eagle, and later dropped their efforts to join the Agile program. In the end, newer versions of Sidewinder would close the performance gap so much that the Agile program was canceled.

Background
Early infrared homing missiles had two limitations that made them difficult to use in combat situations. The first was that the seeker was relatively insensitive and required large, hot sources to reliably track a target. In practice, this meant the engine of the enemy aircraft had to remain visible to the missile through the shot. The other was that the seeker had a limited field of view (FOV), meaning it could only see the target if it was in front of the missile.

These limitations were made clear during the Vietnam War, when early missiles like the AIM-4 Falcon and AIM-9 Sidewinder had success rates on the order of 9 and 14%, respectively. Much of this was due to the fact that pilots had been trained to approach using radar or ground-controlled interception, which placed the enemy aircraft somewhere in front of them, but not necessarily flying in the same direction. In these situations, the seeker might see the target's engine and send the growling signal that indicated lock-on, but would fail to track when fired because the target would move out of the FOV in the time while the missile was flying off the mounting rail.

Faced with these dismal results, the US Navy and then US Air Force introduced new training syllabuses that placed much more emphasis on pre-shot manoeuvring, so the launch aircraft would be both behind the target and flying in the same general direction. This would maximize the chance that the target would still be visible to the missile after it was launched. Unfortunately, such manoeuvring was both time consuming and potentially difficult to arrange, and in combat, there were many situations where a target would cross in front of the fighter in a "snap shot". To provide some capability in these situations, autocannons were hastily added to those fighters that lacked them.

Agile
In the late 1960s the Navy began development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter, which offered dramatically improved performance over their F-4 Phantoms. The Tomcat's origins begin in the Fleet Air Defense (FAD) concept that was based on aircraft carrying very long-range missiles and radars, allowing them to attack enemy aircraft at ranges on the order of 100 miles.

While the FAD was being developed, experience over Vietnam was clearly demonstrating that the idea of all-long-range combat was simply not possible given tactical limitations. The need for improved manoeuvrability over the lumbering FAD design was clear, and this developed into the VFX proposal that in turn produced the Tomcat. The need for a better short-range missile to equip it for times when the aircraft was forced to close on its target was also clear.

Given the dismal results with their current short-range missile, the Sidewinder, the China Lake Naval Weapons Center began development of a dramatically improved missile to replace it. Studies had demonstrated two primary sources of misses; one was taking shots when the missile could not successfully track the target, and the other was when the missile ran out of fuel trying to chase down a target at longer ranges. The new design would address both of these problems; a new seeker would allow lock-on from any angle including the front of the aircraft, greatly improved manoeuvrability would allow it to attack targets even at rapid crossing speeds, and a larger and more powerful motor would give it equal or greater range under all conditions.

The resulting Agile design was equipped with an infrared seeker for fire and forget operation. The seeker had a high off-boresight lock-on capability capable of being targeted by a Helmet Mounted Sight (HMS), allowing it to be fired at targets which were not directly ahead, making it far easier to achieve a firing position. The solid-propellant rocket used thrust vectoring for control giving it superior turning capability over the Sidewinder.

At the time the navy was developing VFX, the Air Force was developing its F-X concept, which emerged with an almost identical set of requirements as VFX. And as part of that project, they also concluded they needed a much better missile, and began the AIM-82 to that requirement. Since both missiles were more or less identical in their role, it was decided to abandon the AIM-82 in favour of the Agile.

AIMVAL
The AIM-95A was developed to a point where flight tests were carried out including test firing at China Lake and inclusion in the ACEVAL/AIMVAL Joint Test & Evaluation conducted with both the F-14 and F-15 at Nellis AFB in 1975–78. As a result of escalating costs, the project was canceled in 1975. Instead, an improved version of the Sidewinder was developed for use by both the Air Force and Navy. Although this was intended to be an interim solution, in fact, the AIM-9 continues in service today.

While the AIM-95 program was being carried out, the Royal Air Force had come to similar conclusions about the need for a new high-maneuverability missile. However, their studies suggested a much smaller, shorter-range weapon was the correct solution, a "gun that fires around corners". This led to the Taildog concept, which became SRAAM, which was ultimately canceled in favor of Skyflash. The Soviet Union also began development of an advanced high off-boresight SRM with thrust vectoring and subsequently fielded the R-73/AA-11 Archer on the MiG-29 in 1985. NATO learned about their performance due to the German reunification and efforts began to match or exceed the R-73's performance with the IRIS-T, AIM-9X and MICA IR programs.

title: AIM-95 Agile


text:
Salice Salentino

Salice Salentino is a small town and comune in the southern part of Apulia, Italy, in the Salento area. It is bounded with the province of Taranto to the northwest and the province of Brindisi to the north.

Main sights include the Chiesa Madre ("Mother Church") of Santa Maria Assunta (16th century) and the convent of the Friars Minor (1597-1597). Its coat of arms features a tree in the middle of a shield and a golden crown on top.

History
Founded by the prince Raimondo Orsini Del Balzo in the end of the 14th century, Salice Salentino owes its name to the willow trees that once used to grow and populate its muddy, clay soil. The prince constructed his residence, the "Casa del Re" (House of the King). It was later owned by the baron Zurlo in 1485. It was passed on to the marquis Albricci, Enriquez, prince of Squinzano, Filomarini, duke of Cutrofiano and della Torre.

Economy
Its main economical activity is agriculture in the olive and wine industry.

It is a center of production for Salice Salentino wine.

title: Salice Salentino


text:
John Barraclough Fell

John Barraclough Fell (1815 – 18 October 1902) was an English railway engineer and inventor of the Fell mountain railway system. Fell spent the early part of his life in London, living with his parents. About 1835 he moved with them to the Lake District. In 1840, he married a 25-year-old woman named Martha in Kirkstall, West Yorkshire. In the 1840s he worked on the first of several railways he would help construct: the Furness and Whitehaven Railway.

He continued working professionally on railways while living in Italy in the 1850s. Fell helped construct several early Italian lines, including the Central of Italy, the Maremma, and the Genoa and Voltri. He frequently crossed Mont Cenis, between Italy and France, by road, and this reportedly inspired him to create his Fell Centre-Rail System.

The Fell Centre-Rail System tackled the problem of trains climbing and descending steep gradients, which was often necessary until improvements in tunnelling were developed. In Fell's system, a third rail was run between the two rails of the train tracks, and was gripped on its sides by additional drive wheels on a specially designed locomotive as well as the brake pads of a special brake van. Back in England, a patent was issued to Fell for the idea in 1863. He conducted experiments with his system in 1864–65 on a purpose built railway near Whaley Bridge adjacent to - and, at one point, passing under - the Bunsal Incline of the Cromford and High Peak Railway at gradients of 1 in 13 and 1 in 12, with curves up to 2.5 chains radius.

The tests attracted attention of the governments of Britain and France, and the first railway using the Fell Centre-Rail System was a temporary one built in 1866–67 over the Mont Cenis Pass, the same Mont Cenis that had served as Fell's inspiration. This railway was used from 1868 to 1871, primarily to transport English mail to India as part of the All Red Route. It was replaced by the then in progress Mont Cenis Tunnel after only three years because improvements in tunnelling shortened construction time of the 13.6 kilometre tunnel.

Its worth proven in practice, other railways subsequently used the Fell system, including the Estrada de Ferro Cantagalo (Cantagalo Railway) in Brazil, and the New Zealand Railways Department for the Rimutaka Incline and for braking only on the Rewanui and Roa Inclines. Several other railways used the system for many years, sometimes only for braking.

Fell also experimented with other kinds of railways, including early light rail systems, such as the Yarlside Iron Mines tramway; and rapid-construction field railways for the British War Office, such as the Aldershot Narrow Gauge Suspension Railway. His son, G. Noble Fell, helped him with some of his research.

Fell related in his later years his three greatest achievements:
 * 1) launching the first steamer on the English Lakes
 * 2) starting the first railway in Italy
 * 3) carrying the first railway over the Alps

He pioneered the Malta Railway, now defunct, the only railway system ever built in Malta.

The zoologist Dr Barry Fell was a grandson.

Legacy
The Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man still uses the Fell system for braking.

A steam engine which entered service in 1877 is preserved in the Fell Locomotive Museum at Featherston, New Zealand. Whilst it has become commonly accepted that the locomotive Pentewan for Cornwall's Pentewan Railway was the first Manning Wardle product built under Fell's 1873 patent for long wheelbase six-coupled locomotives for non-guide wheel railways, this was not the case. The honour went to a pair of 0-6-0ST's (Manning Wardle 440 and 441 of 1873) built for the Bay of Havana and Matanzas Railway in Cuba. The remains of No. 441 still exist in Havana.

title: John Barraclough Fell


text: Category:Economy of Cyprus

title: Category:Economy of Cyprus