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Photochromism

Photochromism is the reversible change of color upon exposure to light. It is a transformation of a chemical species (photoswitch) between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (photoisomerization), where the two forms have different absorption spectra.

Sunglasses
One of the most famous reversible photochromic applications is color changing lenses for sunglasses. The largest limitation in using photochromic technology is that the materials cannot be made stable enough to withstand thousands of hours of outdoor exposure so long-term outdoor applications are not appropriate at this time.

The switching speed of photochromic dyes is highly sensitive to the rigidity of the environment around the dye. As a result, they switch most rapidly in solution and slowest in the rigid environment like a polymer lens. In 2005 it was reported that attaching flexible polymers with low glass transition temperature (for example siloxanes or polybutyl acrylate) to the dyes allows them to switch much more rapidly in a rigid lens. Some spirooxazines with siloxane polymers attached switch at near solution-like speeds even though they are in a rigid lens matrix.

Supramolecular chemistry
Photochromic units have been employed extensively in supramolecular chemistry. Their ability to give a light-controlled reversible shape change means that they can be used to make or break molecular recognition motifs, or to cause a consequent shape change in their surroundings. Thus, photochromic units have been demonstrated as components of molecular switches. The coupling of photochromic units to enzymes or enzyme cofactors even provides the ability to reversibly turn enzymes "on" and "off", by altering their shape or orientation in such a way that their functions are either "working" or "broken".

Data storage
The possibility of using photochromic compounds for data storage was first suggested in 1956 by Yehuda Hirshberg. Since that time, there have been many investigations by various academic and commercial groups, particularly in the area of 3D optical data storage which promises discs that can hold a terabyte of data. Initially, issues with thermal back-reactions and destructive reading dogged these studies, but more recently more stable systems have been developed.

Novelty items
Reversible photochromics are also found in applications such as toys, cosmetics, clothing and industrial applications. If necessary, they can be made to change between desired colors by combination with a permanent pigment.

Solar energy storage
Researchers at the Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy at the University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry are studying the photochromic dihydroazulene–vinylheptafulvene system as a method to harvest and store solar energy.

History
Photochromism was discovered in the late 1880s, including work by Markwald, who studied the reversible change of color of 2,3,4,4-tetrachloronaphthalen-1(4H)-one in the solid state. He labeled this phenomenon "phototropy", and this name was used until the 1950s when Yehuda Hirshberg, of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel proposed the term "photochromism". Photochromism can take place in both organic and inorganic compounds, and also has its place in biological systems (for example retinal in the vision process).

Overview
Photochromism does not have a rigorous definition, but is usually used to describe compounds that undergo a reversible photochemical reaction where an absorption band in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum changes dramatically in strength or wavelength. In many cases, an absorbance band is present in only one form. The degree of change required for a photochemical reaction to be dubbed "photochromic" is that which appears dramatic by eye, but in essence there is no dividing line between photochromic reactions and other photochemistry. Therefore, while the trans-cis isomerization of azobenzene is considered a photochromic reaction, the analogous reaction of stilbene is not. Since photochromism is just a special case of a photochemical reaction, almost any photochemical reaction type may be used to produce photochromism with appropriate molecular design. Some of the most common processes involved in photochromism are pericyclic reactions, cis-trans isomerizations, intramolecular hydrogen transfer, intramolecular group transfers, dissociation processes and electron transfers (oxidation-reduction).

Another requirement of photochromism is two states of the molecule should be thermally stable under ambient conditions for a reasonable time. All the same, nitrospiropyran (which back-isomerizes in the dark over ~10 minutes at room temperature) is considered photochromic. All photochromic molecules back-isomerize to their more stable form at some rate, and this back-isomerization is accelerated by heating. There is therefore a close relationship between photochromic and thermochromic compounds. The timescale of thermal back-isomerization is important for applications, and may be molecularly engineered. Photochromic compounds considered to be "thermally stable" include some diarylethenes, which do not back isomerize even after heating at 80 C for 3 months.

Since photochromic chromophores are dyes, and operate according to well-known reactions, their molecular engineering to fine-tune their properties can be achieved relatively easily using known design models, quantum mechanics calculations, and experimentation. In particular, the tuning of absorbance bands to particular parts of the spectrum and the engineering of thermal stability have received much attention.

Sometimes, and particularly in the dye industry, the term irreversible photochromic is used to describe materials that undergo a permanent color change upon exposure to ultraviolet or visible light radiation. Because by definition photochromics are reversible, there is technically no such thing as an "irreversible photochromic"—this is loose usage, and these compounds are better referred to as "photochangable" or "photoreactive" dyes.

Apart from the qualities already mentioned, several other properties of photochromics are important for their use. These include quantum yield, fatigue resistance, photostationary state, and polarity and solubility. The quantum yield of the photochemical reaction determines the efficiency of the photochromic change with respect to the amount of light absorbed. The quantum yield of isomerization can be strongly dependent on conditions. In photochromic materials, fatigue refers to the loss of reversibility by processes such as photodegradation, photobleaching, photooxidation, and other side reactions. All photochromics suffer fatigue to some extent, and its rate is strongly dependent on the activating light and the conditions of the sample. Photochromic materials have two states, and their interconversion can be controlled using different wavelengths of light. Excitation with any given wavelength of light will result in a mixture of the two states at a particular ratio, called the photostationary state. In a perfect system, there would exist wavelengths that can be used to provide 1:0 and 0:1 ratios of the isomers, but in real systems this is not possible, since the active absorbance bands always overlap to some extent. In order to incorporate photochromics in working systems, they suffer the same issues as other dyes. They are often charged in one or more state, leading to very high polarity and possible large changes in polarity. They also often contain large conjugated systems that limit their solubility.

Tenebrescence
Tenebrescence, also known as reversible photochromism, is the ability of minerals to change color when exposed to light. The effect can be repeated indefinitely, but is destroyed by heating.

Tenebrescent minerals include hackmanite, spodumene and tugtupite.

Photochromic complexes
A photochromic complex is a kind of chemical compound that has photoresponsive parts on its ligand. These complexes have a specific structure: photoswitchable organic compounds are attached to metal complexes. For the photocontrollable parts, thermally and photochemically stable chromophores (azobenzene, diarylethene, spiropyran, etc.) are usually used. And for the metal complexes, a wide variety of compounds that have various functions (redox response, luminescence, magnetism, etc.) are applied.

The photochromic parts and metal parts are so close that they can affect each other's molecular orbitals. The physical properties of these compounds shown by parts of them (i.e., chromophores or metals) thus can be controlled by switching their other sites by external stimuli. For example, photoisomerization behaviors of some complexes can be switched by oxidation and reduction of their metal parts. Some other compounds can be changed in their luminescence behavior, magnetic interaction of metal sites, or stability of metal-to-ligand coordination by photoisomerization of their photochromic parts.

Classes of photochromic materials
Photochromic molecules can belong to various classes: triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines, quinones and others.

Spiropyrans and spirooxazines

One of the oldest, and perhaps the most studied, families of photochromes are the spiropyrans. Very closely related to these are the spirooxazines. For example, the spiro form of an oxazine is a colorless leuco dye; the conjugated system of the oxazine and another aromatic part of the molecule is separated by a sp³-hybridized "spiro" carbon. After irradiation with UV light, the bond between the spiro-carbon and the oxazine breaks, the ring opens, the spiro carbon achieves sp² hybridization and becomes planar, the aromatic group rotates, aligns its π-orbitals with the rest of the molecule, and a conjugated system forms with ability to absorb photons of visible light, and therefore appear colorful. When the UV source is removed, the molecules gradually relax to their ground state, the carbon-oxygen bond reforms, the spiro-carbon becomes sp³ hybridized again, and the molecule returns to its colorless state.

This class of photochromes in particular are thermodynamically unstable in one form and revert to the stable form in the dark unless cooled to low temperatures. Their lifetime can also be affected by exposure to UV light. Like most organic dyes they are susceptible to degradation by oxygen and free radicals. Incorporation of the dyes into a polymer matrix, adding a stabilizer, or providing a barrier to oxygen and chemicals by other means prolongs their lifetime.

Diarylethenes

The "diarylethenes" were first introduced by Irie and have since gained widespread interest, largely on account of their high thermodynamic stability. They operate by means of a 6-pi electrocyclic reaction, the thermal analog of which is impossible due to steric hindrance. Pure photochromic dyes usually have the appearance of a crystalline powder, and in order to achieve the color change, they usually have to be dissolved in a solvent or dispersed in a suitable matrix. However, some diarylethenes have so little shape change upon isomerization that they can be converted while remaining in crystalline form.

Azobenzenes

The photochromic trans-cis isomerization of azobenzenes has been used extensively in molecular switches, often taking advantage of its shape change upon isomerization to produce a supramolecular result. In particular, azobenzenes incorporated into crown ethers give switchable receptors and azobenzenes in monolayers can provide light-controlled changes in surface properties.

Photochromic quinones
Some quinones, and phenoxynaphthacene quinone in particular, have photochromicity resulting from the ability of the phenyl group to migrate from one oxygen atom to another. Quinones with good thermal stability have been prepared, and they also have the additional feature of redox activity, leading to the construction of many-state molecular switches that operate by a mixture of photonic and electronic stimuli.

Inorganic photochromics
Many inorganic substances also exhibit photochromic properties, often with much better resistance to fatigue than organic photochromics. In particular, silver chloride is extensively used in the manufacture of photochromic lenses. Other silver and zinc halides are also photochromic. Yttrium oxyhydride is another inorganic material with photochromic properties.

Photochromic coordination compounds
Photochromic coordination complexes are relatively rare in comparison to the organic compounds listed above. There are two major classes of photochromic coordination compounds. Those based on sodium nitroprusside and the ruthenium sulfoxide compounds. The ruthenium sulfoxide complexes were created and developed by Rack and coworkers. The mode of action is an excited state isomerization of a sulfoxide ligand on a ruthenium polypyridine fragment from S to O or O to S. The difference in bonding from between Ru and S or O leads to the dramatic color change and change in Ru(III/II) reduction potential. The ground state is always S-bonded and the metastable state is always O-bonded. Typically, absorption maxima changes of nearly 100 nm are observed. The metastable states (O-bonded isomers) of this class often revert thermally to their respective ground states (S-bonded isomers), although a number of examples exhibit two-color reversible photochromism. Ultrafast spectroscopy of these compounds has revealed exceptionally fast isomerization lifetimes ranging from 1.5 nanoseconds to 48 picoseconds.

title: Photochromism


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Talk:Tim Powers

Post-Declare Work?
Anybody knows why his litterary production seems to have stopped with Declare ? Hektor 14:26, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a new novel that should be out before too long, currently titled In Broken Calendars (several working titles were bandied about earlier). It involves Einstein. Powers has been talking about it on the Yahoo Groups list - see external links. As for what else he was doing in the meantime, I know he's got short stories here and there, so he didn't exactly stop.  ←Hob 20:04, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Powers' Comments
I talked with Powers briefly at the ICon 2005 Festival, asked his permission to publish the photo on Wikipedia, and he said he has read this article and found it to be quite a nice one. Just FYI. Volland 19:44, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Three Days to Never
I've added a stub for Three Days to Never. I invite everyone to contribute to it. --KNHaw 23:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Dedication of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? to Powers
Powers was born in 1952, so he was only sixteen years old when Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was first published. This article implies that he did not meet Philip K. Dick until he went to Cal State Fullerton, which he is unlikely to have done at the age of 16. When did Philip K. Dick and Tim Powers meet? Did Dick really dedicate the first edition of this novel to the sixteen-year-old Powers? Or did Dick add the dedication in a later edition? Has anyone seen a copy of any edition of this book that names Powers as the dedicatee? Paulannis 14:35, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * JB, 26 Sep 2007:
 * Both editions I have (London, Millennium, 1999; London, Harper Collins, 1993) show the dedication to Maren Augusta Bergrud, who I believe was the partner of Dick's friend Bishop Jim Pike and who committed suicide shortly before Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? came out. There is, however, a note at the beginning of Radio Free Albemuth thanking Tim Powers for the manuscript, which Dick had not published during his lifetime. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.168.7.120 (talk) 14:44, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As now described in the article text, the dedication to Powers (and his wife Serena) was not in the original Do Androids . . ., but in the post-1982 movie tie-in editions retitled Blade Runner. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.200.67.3 (talk) 13:35, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

WorldsWithoutEnd
ShSilver indicated that the WorldsWithoutEnd references aren't valid for the awards mentioned in the bibliography section, so it would be good to get new references added if they are proven to be inaccurate. The World Fantasy Awards and the Phillip K Dick Awards can probably link over to those relevant pages, I don't know about the other awards/nominations, but it shouldn't be hard to revise the links to pass muster. --05:55, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The information included has much wrong information to the extent that nothing that the user added could be considered 100% reliable as is, which is why I reverted it instead of tagging everything individual thing he added.Shsilver (talk) 11:27, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I went and verified a chunk of the Tim Powers awards and they were accurate. Could you clarify precisely what information is incorrect?  That way we don't throw the baby out with the bathwater. --Preppy (talk) 17:02, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

 * All the Nebula dates are a year off. The Nebulas are awarded for the year prior to the presentation of the award (A Nebula presented in 2009 is the 2008 Nebula Award, see the discussion here.  The cited website has all those dates incorrect. Shsilver (talk) 17:35, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * This seems like it should best be corrected on the WorldsWithoutEnd site. Given that it's (temporarily) an error on that site as well, it seems like a good-faith mistake that would be relatively easy for the owners of WWE to correct. Have you/anyone approached them about that, or is that meant to be an 'exercise to the reader'? :)  --Preppy (talk) 18:46, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The information on Wikipedia is still incorrect, which is actually "the point of the exercise." :) Shsilver (talk) 19:50, 15 April 2009 (UTC)
 * What specific information on Wikipedia is incorrect here? The titling of the associated year for the awards or ???.  Could you specifically clarify exactly what elements you find to be inaccurate?  That would leave other people the grounds to correct them. --Preppy (talk) 09:27, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * My above comments do make that clear. The Nebula is named for the year before it is presented.  The site cited on the page doesn't understand that and is titling the Nebula or nominations for the presentation year.  Therefore, Dinner at Deviant's Place, for instance, was nominated for the 1985 Nebula (as this page has correct), not the 86 award. The page I just cited, also doesn't indicate some of the nominations listed, nor does it list The Anubis Gates as a nominee for any year (as was added by the previous editor has put in erroneously, backed up by comments on this website, leading me to question the veracity of the information he added, despite your spot checking. Shsilver (talk) 12:23, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, I cleaned up the Nebula awards since that seemed constructive. It would probably be easy for anyone interested to clean up any other awards that have issues too. --Preppy (talk) 20:27, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Worlds Without End had been listing the Nebula awards by presentation year, because they were following the precedent set by Locus, which also uses that method. I emailed them a couple of times, and they have agreed to use the official Nebula nomenclature, so the years now sync up.  The only other issue specifically cited here is with The Anubis Gates.  The comments you cited said "Strange that this didn't win any of the major awards".  Is this what you mean?  I have consulted other sources, such as here, that confirm the book won a Philip K. Dick award, and Locus confirms that it received the same two nominations (Locus Fantasy and BSFA) that Worlds Without End lists.  Also, the source says the book didn't win any major awards, not that it didn't receive nominations.--Icowrich (talk) 23:57, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Declare/Gilgamesh?
Can someone explain the Gilgamesh reference in the synopsis of Declare? Makes no sense to me, and no mention of Gilgamesh is made in the Declare article. In the lack of any citation or explanation, I am tempted to remove the reference, but will not do so without prior discussion. DaveSeidel (talk) 18:13, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * No response, so I will remove the Gilgamesh reference. DaveSeidel (talk) 14:39, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Novels not in chronologic order
Is there any reason why his novels are not listed in chronologic order?? If no one gives a good reason I'll rearrange them 24 hours from now. Vmerling (talk) 11:25, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I forgot to do it when I said I would, but now it's done. Looks much better if you ask me. Vmerling (talk) 02:39, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Useful information regarding Powers and the book
I posted this information in this talk page

Though it's mainly concerning the Pirates of the Caribbean film, I do believe that information from this interview with Tim Powers could be useful here(and maybe the On Stranger Tides page)...especially with some of the info that contradicts the current info. Examples of good info being:
 * Disney optioning Powers' novel prior to the release of the second movie.
 * Powers thought that the book was used for the second and third films, particularly the first and second film(listen to the interview to get the idea).
 * Powers belief that the film wouldn't follow his book 100% except for Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth. His opinion on book adaptions from a famous line by James Cain could also be used.
 * The fact that Powers and his wife went on set during the making of the film, as well as giving Johnny Depp a copy of the book.

This is merely a suggestion that I sincerely hope you'll follow. While it is appropriate to use news articles and such, it'd be better getting the info from the author himself. 75.90.114.161 (talk) 21:46, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Literary movement
'Steampunk'?? Who put this in?? Powers is as far from this genre as one can get.

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120809000559/http://upcoming4.me/news/book-news/tim-powers-salvage-and-demolition-novella-to-be-published-in-december to http://upcoming4.me/news/book-news/tim-powers-salvage-and-demolition-novella-to-be-published-in-december

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Merge proposal
An undiscussed merge of Last Call (novel) was made in March and recently reverted. This has resulted in a short edit war, with the anonymous editor somewhat out-gunned by an eminent reviewer and an admin. However, a quick dig into this shows that the merge was made and then the merged content deleted from here on the same day, leaving a one-liner. I have no great affection for the article in its current state, but it is likely notable enough for a standalone article and I feel that "merging" it and then deleting the merged content three hours later is pushing the boundaries a little too far. There was more content about the novel before the merge than after it.

So, "merge" or not? Is the one-liner an adequate replacement for the merged article? Perhaps the current article should be sent to draft as "with possibilities"? Lithopsian (talk) 10:30, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

 * it's won awards, not sure why people keep trying to remove/merge it. 136.34.181.216 (talk) 21:40, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Don't get too excited just yet. Nearly a month and nobody seems ready to go on the record as supporting a merge.  At worst, the article will get sent to draft for a while, and probably not even that.  I'll give it another week or so before closing.  Lithopsian (talk) 13:11, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support: I'm the editor who made the original merge. The IP who reverted it had some kind of personal vendetta against me and went on a crusade to revert and run on all my edits. I took it to admin and got them blocked. Don't know if they still are, but regardless, count me in support of this merge. Alternatively, since the other two books in this trilogy have their own articles with notability properly demonstrated, I would also support a merge of all three into a larger article on the trilogy itself. Just Another Cringy Username (talk) 05:41, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The merge discussion seems to be languishing, but I will add my two cents. I believe it merits its own article, so I would vote against the merge proposal. It has won notable awards. I think it could stand to be expanded with a plot synopsis, at minimum.
 * If it were to be merged, I do think the suggestion for it being added to an article for the trilogy would make more sense. CapnPhantasm (talk) 19:37, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tim Powers


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Talk:Van 't Hoff factor

This is beyond erroneous and unnecessarily complicated
What the hell The van't Hoff factor is literally just how many particles a formula breaks up into! The equations are insanely useless, and also how it's described makes 0 sense. Whoever wrote this left 2 unknowns in the equation. i = 1 + alpha??? That doesn't even make sense. Whoever wrote this needs to re-evaluate their life. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.110.66.69 (talk) 22:54, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Only when the solution is so dilute that complete dissociation occurs. For most practical solutions this is not the case - the degree of dissociation diverges from ideal at pretty low concentrations (e.g. below 0.01 mol/kg). For instance for a 1 mol/kg solution of NaCl, the degree of dissociation has been measured to be 0.789, leading to an actual van't Hoff factor of 1.789. Using a value of 2 would lead to a significant error in this case. See for more info. --137.44.3.81 (talk) 13:00, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Origin of the name
Arrgh! -- not near any Organic Chem. books. ... Did Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff actually discover this factor? or did someone else discover it and named it after him? As it is now, I left it as the factor being named after him. Vonkje 14:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

H2SO4 example needs to be changed
H2SO4 dissociation is two step, assumption that 64% means 64 molecules out of 100 are completely ionized is horribly wrong. It'll all depend on concentration, but for the 0.05M solution something like 100% dissociation for the first step and 15% for the second step will be closer to reality. It'll be better to use acetic acid as an example.
 * The example calculates 64& of the acid dissociated to sulfate + oxonium ions and 36% undissociated which is absolutely impossible. --FK1954 (talk) 06:03, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Too fancy
I'm no chemist, so excuse me, but the formula is way too fancy. I was taught that Van't hoff was observed / calculate. No a - 1/ a- whatever stuff Tourskin 04:55, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Too simplistic
The van't Hoff factors quoted for the inorganic materials assume complete dissociation in water, which only occurs in the theoretical case of infinite dilution. Using i=2 for NaCl is OK at very low concentrations, but even at 0.0010 molal, the factor is 1.97. At higher concentrations, the factor drops even more. At 1.0 molal, i = 1.81. At this concentration, assuming i = 2 yields about 10% error for any calculations.

This effect is even more pronounced for smaller ions and for ions with larger charges. For instance, MgSO4 has i = 1.09 at 1.0 molal, even though the infinite dilution value is 2(about 80% error), just like NaCl. Even at 0.0010 molal, i = 1.82 for MgSO4.

Unity
Could someone provide or link to an explanation of unity, referenced within the first section, for those of us without chemistry degrees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.105.186.115 (talk) 15:06, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Definition of van't Hoff factor
In this Wikipedia article the van't Hoff factor is defined as a quotient between actual number of solute particles and theoretical molecular number of particles. Contrary to this, my old chemistry book, the one I used when studying chemistry, defines it as a quotient of actual value of the colligative property, like depression on freezing temperature, to the theoretical one. The difference is substantial. Can someone else help?Auró (talk) 11:12, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

 * A confusion seems to have occurred between this factor and the osmotic coefficient or dissociation degree.--5.2.200.163 (talk) 14:46, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Van 't Hoff factor


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Brockville station

The Brockville railway station in Brockville, Ontario, Canada is served by Via Rail trains running from Toronto to Ottawa and Montreal. It is a staffed railway station, with ticket sales, outdoor parking, telephones, washrooms, and wheelchair access to the platform and trains.

History
Via Rail announced in November 2009 that it would replace the historic 1872 Brockville station with a new $7-million facility. The initial proposal was scaled back; on November 10, 2010, Via Rail unveiled a second proposed design for a new station building. The 2,400 sqft building was to cost $4.5 million CDN and would have been wheelchair accessible, with space to accommodate expanded track lines.

Once the proposed development was to have been completed, the old railway station building was planned to be demolished; that move met with local opposition. As passenger volumes remain low, Via returned to the drawing board and proposed a million-dollar renovation of the existing station with a new roof, exterior brick, lighting, doors, and windows. An automatic door and accessibility improvements would be added for people with disabilities, and a building adjacent to the station would be demolished and replaced with a passenger shelter. According to Brockville mayor David Henderson, "It's clearly something that set off some alarm bells in the local community, because we do have a very historical aspect to this old city. What was good is that Via Rail, and the people at Via Rail, they responded." The renovations were completed in July 2015.

Services
Brockville station is served by most trains on Via Rail's Toronto-Ottawa route and some trains on the Toronto-Montreal route. Many express trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by five to seven trains per day toward Ottawa, two trains per day toward Montreal, and six to seven trains per day toward Toronto.

title: Brockville station


text: User:Benshepherd

title: User:Benshepherd


text:
Pre-Columbian art

Pre-Columbian art refers to the visual arts of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, North, Central, and South Americas from at least 13,000 BCE to the European conquests starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The pre-Columbian era continued for a time after these in many places, or had a transitional phase afterwards. Many types of perishable artifacts that were once very common, such as woven textiles, typically have not been preserved, but Precolumbian monumental sculpture, metalwork in gold, pottery, and painting on ceramics, walls, and rocks have survived more frequently.

The first pre-Columbian art to be widely known in modern times was that of the empires flourishing at the time of European conquest, the Inca and Aztec, some of which was taken back to Europe intact. Gradually art of earlier civilizations that had already collapsed, especially Maya art and Olmec art, became widely known, mostly for their large stone sculpture.

Many pre-Columbian cultures did not have writing systems, so visual art expressed cosmologies, world views, religion, and philosophy of these cultures, as well as serving as mnemonic devices. Artisans of the Ancient Americas drew upon a wide range of materials (obsidian, gold, spondylus shells), creating objects that included the meanings held to be inherent to the materials. These cultures often derived value from the physical qualities, rather than the imagery, of artworks, prizing aural and tactile features, the quality of workmanship, and the rarity of materials. Various works of art have been discovered large distances from their location of production, indicating that many pre-Columbian civilizations interacted amongst each other. Many societies used raw materials carried from far away, suggesting difficulty of acquisition as a source of value.

For many of these cultures, the visual arts went beyond physical appearance and served as active extensions of their owners and indices of the divine. As spirituality was very prevalent among pre-Columbian cultures, themes of the deities and ritual worship were often the subjects of artwork.

Mesoamerica
The Mesoamerican cultures are generally divided into three periods (see Mesoamerican chronology):

 * Pre-classic (up to 200 CE)
 * Classic (ca. 200–900 CE)
 * Post-classic (ca. 900 to 1580 CE).

The Pre-classic period was dominated by the highly developed Olmec civilization, which flourished around 1200–400 BCE. The Olmecs produced jade figurines, and created heavy-featured, colossal heads, up to 2 meters high, that still stand mysteriously in the landscape. The Mesoamerican tradition of building large ceremonial centres appears to have begun under the Olmecs.

During the Classic period the dominant civilization was the Maya. Maya royalty commissioned artwork that commemorated their achievements and secured their place in time. Scenes depicting various rituals and historical events are embedded with hieroglyphic text to enable the viewer to identify the important figures, times and places instead of relying upon physical features that could be forgotten over time. The interpretation of the actions represented in the artwork goes hand in hand with understanding the decorative text that is woven into the picture. Unlocking this hieroglyphic text is vital as it removes anonymity and mystery from the scenes and reveals detailed records of those who held power throughout the timeline of the civilization. Like the Mississippian peoples of North America such as the Choctaw and Natchez, the Maya organized themselves into large, agricultural communities. They practised their own forms of hieroglyphic writing and even advanced astronomy. Mayan art consequently focuses on rain, agriculture, and fertility, expressing these images mainly in relief and surface decoration, as well as some sculpture. Glyphs and stylized figures were used to decorate architecture such as the pyramid temple of Chichén Itzá. Murals dating from about 750 CE were discovered when the city of Bonampak was excavated in 1946.

The Post-classic period (10th–12th centuries) was dominated by the Toltecs who made colossal, block-like sculptures such as those employed as free-standing columns at Tula, Mexico. The Mixtecs developed a style of painting known as Mixtec-Puebla, as seen in their murals and codices (manuscripts), in which all available space is covered by flat figures in geometric designs. The Aztec culture in Mexico produced some dramatically expressive artworks, such as the decorated skulls of captives and stone sculpture, of which Tlazolteotl (Woods Bliss Collection, Washington), a goddess in childbirth, is a good example. Aztec art, similar to other Mesoamerican cultures also focused on deity worship and portraying values in their society. In creating their art, Aztecs also were interested in naturalism, as making something life-like better conveyed their message through the artwork. For example, the Eagle Warrior statues are life-sized ceramic sculptures that show this sense of naturalism. The Aztecs believed these eagle warriors showed the value of youthful beauty, this can be seen in the sculpture with the Warriors young and soft features of his face.

South America
Border Fragment MET h1 1994.35.120.jpg border, flying man detail. This is a famous motif from the Paracas Necropolis burial textiles. It dates to 450–175 BCE but is in pristine condition. The field of view is about 10 in wide. The Entire textile can be viewed at Metropolitan Museum website] Muisca raft - detail - Museo del Oro, Bogotá.jpg in the Museo del Oro, Bogotá]] In the central Peruvian Andes, the Chavín civilization flourished from around 1000 BCE to 300 BCE. The Chavín produced small-scale pottery, often human in shape but with animal features such as bird feet, reptilian eyes, or feline fangs. Representations of jaguar are a common theme in Chavín art. The Chavin culture is also noted for the spectacular murals and carvings found its main religious site of Chavín de Huantar; these works include the Raimondi Stele, the Lanzón, and the Tello Obelisk.

Contemporary with the Chavín was the Paracas culture of the southern coast of Peru, most noted today for their elaborate textiles. These amazing productions, some of which could measure ninety feet long, were primarily used for as burial wraps for Paracas mummy bundles. Paracas art was greatly influenced by the Chavín cult, and the two styles share many common motifs.

On the south coast, the Paracas were immediately succeeded by a flowering of artistic production around the Nazca river valley. The Nazca period is divided into eight ceramic phases, each one depicting increasingly abstract animal and human motifs. These period range from Phase 1, beginning around 200 CE, to Phase 8, which declined in the middle of the eighth century. The Nasca people are most famous for the Nazca Lines, though they are usually regarded as making some of the most beautiful polychrome ceramics in the Andes.

On the north coast, the Moche succeeded the Chavín. The Moche flourished about 100–800 CE, and were among the best artisans of the pre-Columbian world, producing delightful portrait vases (Moche ware), which, while realistic, are steeped in religious references, the significance of which is now lost. For the Moche, ceramics functioned as a primary way of disseminating information and cultural ideas. The Moche made ceramic vessels that depicted and re-created a plethora of objects: fruits, plants, animals, human portraits, gods, demons, as well as graphic depictions of sexual acts. The Moche are also noted for their metallurgy (such as that found in the tomb of the Lord of Sipán), as well as their architectural prowess, such as the Huaca de la Luna and the Huaca del Sol in the Moche River valley.

Following the decline of the Moche, two large co-existing empires emerged in the Andes region. In the north, the Wari (or Huari) Empire, based in their capital city of the same name. The Wari are noted for their stone architecture and sculpture accomplishments, but their greatest proficiency was ceramic. The Wari produced magnificent large ceramics, many of which depicted images of the Staff God, an important deity in the Andes which during the Wari period had become specifically associated with the Lake Titicaca region on the modern Peru-Bolivia border. Similarly, the Wari's contemporaries of the Tiwanaku empire, also centered around a capital city of the same name, held the Staff God in similar esteem. Tiwanaku's empire began to expand out of Titicaca around 400 BCE, but its "Classic Period" of artistic production and political power occurred between 375 and 700 CE. Tiwanaku is currently known for its magnificent imperial city on the southern side of Lake Titicaca, now in modern-day Bolivia. Especially famous is the Gate of the Sun, which depicts a large image of the Staff God flanked by other religious symbols which may have functioned as a calendar.

Following the decline of the Wari Empire in the late first millennium, the Chimú people, centered out of their capital city of Chimor began to build their empire on the north and central coasts of Peru. The Chimú were preceded by a simple ceramic style known as Sicán (700–900 CE) which became increasingly decorative until it became recognizable as Chimú in the early second millennium. The Chimú produced excellent portrait and decorative works in metal, notably gold but especially silver. The Chimú also are noted for their featherwork, having produced many standards and headdresses made of a variety of tropical feathers which were fashioned into bired and fish designs, both of which were held in high esteem by the Chimú. The Chimú are best known for their magnificent palatial complex of Chan Chan just south of modern-day Trujillo, Peru; now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Chimú went into decline very quickly due to outside pressures and conquest from the expanding Inca Empire in the mid-15th century.

At the time of the Spanish conquest, the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu in Quechua, the "Land of the Four Quarters") was the largest and wealthiest empire in the world, and this was depicted in their art. Most Inca sculpture was melted down by the invading Spanish, so most of what remains today is in the form of architecture, textiles, and ceramics. The Inca valued gold among all other metals, and equated it with the sun god Inti. Some Inca buildings in the capital of Cusco were literally covered in gold, and most contained many gold and silver sculptures. Most art was abstract in nature. Inca ceramics were primarily large vessels covered in geometric designs. Inca tunics and textiles contained similar motifs, often checkerboard patterns reserved for the Inca elite and the Inca army. Today, due to the unpopularity of abstract art and the lack of Inca gold and silver sculpture, the Inca are best known for the architecture – specifically the complex of Machu Picchu just northwest of Cusco. Inca architecture makes use of large stone blocks, each one cut specifically to fit around the other blocks in a wall. These stones were cut with such precision that the Incas did not need to make use of mortar to hold their buildings together. Even without mortar, Inca buildings still stand today; they form many of the foundations for even modern-day buildings in Cusco and the surrounding area. The Incas produced thousand of large stone structures, among them forts, temples, and palaces, even though the Inca Empire lasted for only 95 years.

title: Pre-Columbian art


text:
Gananoque station

Gananoque railway station in Gananoque, Ontario, Canada is served by Via Rail trains running from Toronto to Ottawa. The station is an unstaffed, heated shelter.

History
Gananoque Junction was originally served by two railways: the Grand Trunk Montréal-Toronto mainline and the Thousand Islands Railway, an 8 km short line railway that led to the waterfront. A mainline station also once existed in Lansdowne but was torn down soon after CN abandoned service to the village, in 1966.

The rail junction was relocated to the current station location in 1901 while timber shipments to Gananoque's docks were declining and tourism on the line was growing, with the Thousand Islands heavily promoted as a vacation destination by rail and steamship. Unlike most stations of its era, Gananoque Junction had no freight-handling facility and was solely a passenger station.

The last passengers transferred from CN to the Thousand Island Railway at Gananoque Junction in 1962. The short line's tracks are now gone.

While the junction station remains in service, a huge water tank that towered over Gananoque Junction in the steam train era is now gone. Locomotive #500 from the now-defunct short line operation is on display next to Gananoque town hall; the Arthur Child Heritage Museum occupies the site of the former Gananoque waterfront station.

Services
Gananoque station is only served by local trains on Via Rail's Toronto-Ottawa route. Most Toronto-Ottawa trains and all Toronto-Montreal trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by one to two trains per day toward Ottawa, and two trains per day toward Toronto.

title: Gananoque station


text:
Category:User fj-1

Wikipedia users who speak a basic level of Fijiian

title: Category:User fj-1


text:
Talk:Billycan

Question
Who can tell me the name of something that is also used to boil water, but has a fire chamber contained within it? You use small twigs, bark, etc. stuffed into the chamber, and the water chamber is actually surrounded by the chimney; the water gets heat not just from the bottom, but the sides as well, and boils quickly. I think this item may have been used in Ireland, or perhaps in Europe.
 * Sounds like a Kelly Kettle. Rwxrwxrwx (talk) 10:14, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Billycan
Device for heating water on open fires... In Australia it's called a "choofer" or "chuffer"- probably because of the sound it makes. Bushmen made these boilers from discarded metal drums (44 gallons or smaller) and connected galvanised pipes to the two holes- standard thread. Cold water is poured into the lower hole near the heat source- say an open fire. As it heats the water rises and is forced out of the higher hole. The only difference is that the heat source is not enclosed. It would seem that settlers from Europe may have improvised this version with available material in ' the colonies'. vicpreece@yahoo.com.au Wollongong Australia. Diagram available... --Vicpreece 17:48, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Why "billy"?
Can anyone elaborate on why it is called a billy can? Was it named after somebody named William? Paul Turvey

What is a billy can?
There's nothing in this article that tells me what makes a billy can different than a pot, a dutch oven, a tea pot, a tin can or any other open vessel that can hold liquids... I'd like to know. Pimlottc 11:17, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right, there is nothing different about a billy; it's just another word for a pot. But maybe its Australian cultural significance makes it worth talking about. Rwxrwxrwx (talk) 11:02, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Enamel billy-can used for milk
The article makes no mention of the fact (And I can't, cos it'd be Original Research!) that in the 1950s, milk was often home-delivered in the mornings by the milkman (aka "milko") from his horse-drawn cart, who filled the billy-can - usually one with a speckled, baked enamel finish - that we left outside for him overnight. The can had a capacity of about an Imperial quart, or two Imperial pints, thus approximately 1.2 litres. For this usage, the can needed a matching lid to keep the contents clean and safe from random sampling by assorted pests, such as possums and snakes.

This system was in place both in the outer suburbs of Adelaide, SA and Launceston, Tas, until the ubiquity of bottled milk with aluminium foil caps made it uneconomical to continue. For a time, both styles of delivered milk were available, due not only to consumer conservatism but also noticeably different tastes.

Somebody may find a suitable secondary source for this information; I'm just relaying my own experience. Yoyo (talk) 05:36, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

The "Modern billies" section — are these really billies?
There's a whole section named "Modern billies" that don't seem to be billies at all. For example:

 * "Non-stick finishes are common"
 * "In order to save fuel and speed-up cooking, some modern billies have heatsinks integrated into their bases"
 * "Some manufacturers produce 'integrated cooking systems' consisting of one or more pots and a stove, designed to work as a wind-resistant integrated unit"      (previous versions of this page mentioned 'Jetboil' explicitely)

It's my impression that what distinguishes a billycan from other types of pots is: 1) it's intended to be used with a wood fire, and 2) the handle is on top (or there's no handle).

The pots described in this section are intended to be used with a gas fire, and the pot handles are on the side. I think the section talking about Jetboil-type pots should be removed. --Hirsutism (talk) 15:07, 28 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. There are no references for any of the claims made about these "billies". The first sentence, which is referenced, could be moved to the previous section and the whole "Modern billies" section deleted. Mark Marathon (talk) 21:13, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Billycan


text:
Kingston station (Ontario)

The Kingston railway station is an inter-city passenger rail station in Cataraqui, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. It is served by Via Rail trains running from Toronto to Ottawa or Montreal, along the Corridor route. It is located on John Counter Boulevard, northeast of Princess Street and northwest of downtown Kingston.

Station facilities
The station is staffed, with ticket sales, baggage check, snack bar, vending machines, telephones, washrooms, and wheelchair access to the station and trains. There are two tracks, one of which is accessed through a tunnel.

Short-term and long-term parking is available on the east side of the station. The cost is $2.50 per hour for short-term parking, $9.00 for a 24-hour period and $75.00 for a monthly pass. A taxi stand is located on the north side of the station.

The Via station is also served by Kingston Transit. Public transportation throughout the day and evening is available to the Kingston Bus Terminal, Kingston Centre, Cataraqui Town Centre, King's Crossing, Queen's University, St. Lawrence College, and downtown Kingston, either directly from the station or very close by, on routes 4, 7, 16, and 18.

History
CN's Montréal-Toronto mainline, opened October 27, 1856 as the Grand Trunk Railway, was built in three sections: Montréal built a subdivision westward to Brockville, Toronto built eastward to Oshawa, and Kingston built both east and west to bridge the gap. A "Grand Trunk village" of buildings around the 1855 two-storey stone Outer Station (810 Montreal Street) served as a regional base of operations during the initial construction and operation of the line, even though this location was awkwardly a 3 mi stagecoach ride north from downtown Kingston at the time.

The current station opened west of Kingston's then-city limits in 1974, replacing CN's historic Grand Trunk station buildings in the city's north end. Relocating the station allowed CN to shift mainline track further north, eliminating a long curve to the south. Only the wall clock was retained from the former CN Outer Station, which is now abandoned and in ruins. The current 1974 mainline station has no notable historic or architectural value.

Downtown waterfront
Kingston was once served by two railways: the 1856 Grand Trunk Railway (later CN Rail) mainline running east–west, and the now-defunct Kingston and Pembroke Railway, which ran northward to Renfrew, Ontario. The CN mainline between Toronto and Montréal crosses the Rideau Canal system at Kingston Mills, a rural area north of the city, although a spur once existed to serve the formerly-industrial waterfront.

This led to the construction of multiple historic stations in the same city; CN's Outer Station (810 Montreal Street) was located directly on the east–west mainline but awkward to access from downtown. Both a CN (Grand Trunk) spur and a CP-operated railway (the Kingston & Pembroke) followed the west bank of the Cataraqui River to reach Kingston's then-industrial waterfront and lake port. As CP operated K&P's Inner Station directly opposite Kingston City Hall in what is now Confederation Park, the Grand Trunk employed a waterfront agent, Hanlon's Depot (Ontario and Johnson), to remain competitive. The lines extended to the Canadian Locomotive Company factory and Kingston Dry Dock. Land now occupied by Confederation Park, a waterfront Holiday Inn and downtown Ontario Health Insurance Plan offices was once filled by trackage and rail yards, with grain elevators on what is now the Wolfe Islander III dock. Hanlon's Depot closed in the 1930s, K&P was largely dead by the 1950s, and the last waterfront tracks were removed when the locomotive factory closed in the 1960s.

The demise of the industrial waterfront left CN's historic Outer Station as the only passenger station in Kingston.

CN / Grand Trunk Outer Station
Because of its position at the midpoint of the Toronto-Montréal mainline, Kingston's Outer Station survived as the primary rail station in the area from the line's opening in 1856 until the current station opened in 1974. The station consisted of a stone building (1855) and a brick building (1895–1898) arranged around a curve in the main tracks and joined by a covered platform. The main 1855 limestone station exhibited some similarity in design to Belleville station (220 Station Street, used from 1856 to 2012) as one of a rare few original GTR wayside stations with an added second storey. An 1859 plan shows additional buildings including wood sheds, engine houses, a freight house and a refreshment saloon, which have long been removed.

The tracks were realigned further north in 1976. The railway offices were removed in 1987; the site was briefly refurbished as the Pig and Whistle restaurant (1989 to 1992) and then abandoned. The original roof is gone, damaged by a fire in 1996.

Designated in 1994 as a heritage railway station, the abandoned station after years of neglect lay in ruins,  with only portions of the original limestone walls still standing, and held in place by steel supports. One 2004 report to Kingston City Council estimated a $4 million cost to restore the building and clean up toxic contamination of the surrounding grounds. In 2014, Doornekamp Construction proposed relocating the former station to outer Wellington Street, in downtown Kingston, and rebuilding it as office space.

The former station's sub-prime location in Rideau Heights, long one of the worst neighbourhoods in the city, limits economic prospects for redevelopment of the historic property. Efforts by the City of Kingston to force the Canadian National Railway to preserve or repair the deteriorating station under the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act and the city's property standards bylaw have only been met with opposition and delay through the courts. The Canadian Heritage Foundation listed the station in 2008 among its top ten endangered sites and considers it to be still at risk. In 2015, the City of Kingston established the North King's Town Secondary Planning project, to examine the revitalization of neighbourhoods which include the Outer Station. The study period is set to run to late 2018, and is enabled through direction from Council, a dedicated Working Group of stakeholders and citizens, and retained professional planning consultants.

K&P Inner Station
Kingston's Inner Station, constructed as the southern terminus of the former Kingston and Pembroke Railway, is not part of the CN system. It served passengers on the now-abandoned Kingston-Renfrew line, assumed by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1913 and largely defunct by the 1950s. The canopy and platform next to the station was demolished after the station closed; as well tracks to the south were removed.

The Bay of Quinte Railway, a local carrier acquired by Canadian Northern Railway, had running rights on K&P tracks from Harrowsmith to Kingston, giving the city access to all three systems. The K&P tracks no longer exist. Due to its prime location at 209 Ontario Street in downtown Kingston (44.22917°N, -76.48028°W), the historic Inner Station remains open, maintained as a tourist information centre after restoration.

CN passenger service in downtown Kingston existed briefly from Hanlon's Depot (now a restaurant, PJ Murphy's) but never used the K&P station.

Services
Kingston station is served by most trains on Via Rail's Toronto-Ottawa and Toronto-Montreal routes, though a small number of express trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by eight to ten trains per day toward Ottawa, and five to six trains per day toward Montreal and 14 to 16 trains per day toward Toronto.

title: Kingston station (Ontario)


text:
Dollar roll

A dollar roll is similar to a reverse repurchase agreement and provides a form of collateralized short-term financing with mortgage-backed securities comprising the collateral. The investor sells a mortgage-backed security for settlement on one date and buys it back for settlement at a later date. The investor gives up the principal and interest payments during the roll period, but can invest the proceeds and usually is able to buy back the mortgage for a lower price than the sale price. The difference in the prices is called the drop, which is usually priced between SIFMA settlement dates. The value of the drop plus interest earned on the proceeds of the sale less the forgone interest and principal payments on the mortgage, is considered the roll specialness or financing advantage. With repurchase agreements exactly the same security is returned to the investor, while with dollar rolls the investor buys a substantially similar—but not necessarily identical—security. This difference produces complex results under certain areas of the United States Internal Revenue Code.

Dollar rolls help investors achieve various objectives, such as staying invested in mortgages while earning a trading spread. Likewise, if an investor faces operational or delivery obstacles with respect to a certain mortgage-backed security, a dollar roll may help the investor retain the economic exposure while avoiding the operational difficulties.

title: Dollar roll


text:
Kishanganj district

Kishanganj district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Kishanganj town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Kishanganj district is a part of Purnia division (Seemanchal).

History
Kishanganj district, which was previously part of Purnia district, is part of the Mithila region. Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established the Mithila Kingdom (also called Kingdom of the Videhas) which was ruled by the Videhas, an Indo-Aryan tribe.

During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Kingdom of the Videhas became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Kingdom of the Videhas were called Janakas. The Mithila Kingdom was later incorporated into the Vajjika League, which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.

Kishanganj was an old and important Sub-Division of Purnia district. After the long and hard struggle of around seventeen years by the people of Kishanganj including social workers, politicians, journalists, businessmen, farmers, etc., the Kishanganj district was carved out of Purnia district on 14 January 1990.

Geography
Kishanganj district occupies an area of 1884 km2, Kishanganj district is surrounded by Araria district in the west, Purnia district in the south-west, Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal on the east, and Darjeeling district of West Bengal and Nepal on the north. A narrow strip of West Bengal, about 20 km wide separates it from Bangladesh.

Kishanganj district is located between 250 20’ and 260 30’ north latitudes, and 870 7’ and 880 19’ east longitudes.

River
Major rivers flowing through the district are Mahananda, Kankai, Mechi, Donk, Ratua.

Politics

 * }

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Kishanganj one of the country's 250 most backward districts out of a total of 640. It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Kishanganj is the only tea producing district in Bihar.

Sub-divisions
The district comprises only one sub-division, Kishanganj, which is further divided into seven blocks :

 * Bhahadurganj
 * Dighalbank
 * Kishanganj
 * Kochadhaman
 * Pothia
 * Terhagachha
 * Thakurganj

Education
On 30 January 2014, the foundation stone was laid down of the Kishanganj campus of Aligarh Muslim University by Sonia Gandhi. The study centre started out by offering two courses.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Kishanganj district has a population of 1,690,400, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 293rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 898 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 30.44%. Kishanganj has a sex ratio of 946 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 57.04%. 9.53% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.69% and 3.80% of the population respectively.

A vast majority of the people live in villages. Kishanganj is the only Muslim-majority district of Bihar, with Muslims forming about 68% of the population. There are also Hindus of whom most are Surajpuris (Rajbanshi). There also are small pockets of Santals. Most of the inhabitants of Kishanganj speak Surajpuri.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 42.61% of the population in the district spoke Surjapuri, 32.62% Urdu, 9.05 Hindi, 6.66% Bengali, 3.45% Santali, 2.63% Maithili and 1.23% Bhojpuri as their first language.

Administrative units

 * Number of Revenue Division(s)- 1
 * Number of Blocks- 7
 * Number of Police Stations- 20
 * Number of Gram Panchayats- 126
 * Number of Census Villages- 771
 * Number of Municipalities- 3
 * Number of Municipal Corporation- 1

See also - Literacy In Bihar

Notable people
Asrarul Haq Qasmi

title: Kishanganj district


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article removal candidates/History of South Carolina

History of South Carolina

 * Article was de-listed and re-nominated per a controversy with original vote - not a featured article

This article was recently presented and rejected as a featured article candidate. After its initial rejection, the author immediately renominated it. There had been major, substantive objections to the article by several editors, including myself. The repairs were superficial and inadequate, and the way the article was renominated meant that editors who had been following the process had no real notice a new nomination was in place -- instead, the old one appeared to be present but dormant. The editors who made the most detailed and specific objections did not support the new article, or withdraw this objections. This amounts to "gaming" the FA process, and while I don't claim that the author/nominator was acting in bad faith, the failure to notify the objecting editors and to invite them to review the repairs was a subtantial lapse. The problems with the article -- for example, the failure to address the "nullification" crisis and related political issues, the Indian Removal Act -- remain; the attempted repairs amount to adding fairly generic references to these matters, without reaching their substance. Monicasdude 14:33, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. If you have problems with the way this went through the FAC process, it may be better to open up this issue via Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. Previous experience tells me that this page is only here to allow removal in conformity with existing process, which is not what is requested in this case. Buffyg 14:59, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I object to it substantively as well. The treatment of the important historical issues mentioned is so inadequate as to mean that the article fails the comprehensiveness standard. It's not as though the issues are obscure or insignificant, yet their combined treatment is shorter and less detailed than the discussion of one barely-notable recent issue. Monicasdude 15:14, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

(UTC)
 * Listing an article here only two weeks after it was promoted (2 August) is also "gaming" the FA process - the instructions above say Do not list articles that have recently been promoted—such complaints should have been brought up during the candidate period. ... [such] listing is likely to be summarily removed.  Why didn't you object to the second nomination?  The second nomination included a link to the first nomination, although it didn't explicit say that the old objections were addressed:  do the other previous objections all still think that their objections have not been properly addressed?  Why didn't they check whether their objections has been addressed when it was re-nominated?   (The facfailed template was added on 25 July, after the first nomination failed, and then FAC was added again on 26 July, so I don't buy the argument that the contributors didn't know it had been renominated, although renomination immediately after failing is a little unusual). -- ALoan (Talk) 15:54, 18 August 2005

 * Why didn't I object to the second nomination? Because I had no notice of it. It was put up almost immediately after the first nomination failed, even though the author/nominator had said it required major work and would be put up "later." I had a "watch" tag on the original nomination, which didn't note any of the postings regarding to the second. Are you really saying that it's necessary to check the FA candidates list in detail day after day to see if the discussion you had taken part in had been replaced by a different discussion with the same name? Renomination immediately after failure is, I think, more than a little unusual, and fairness to the editors who put their own efforts in to commenting on the article should have prevented this from happening the way it did.
 * As for "gaming," I think that taking advantage of a gap in the guidelines, without explaining the circumstances (and without even putting the FAC tag on the talk page; that was added later, by someone else) can fairly be categorized that way. I'm not trying to take advantage of any gaps or avoid any guidelines. I'm looking for any appropriate place to comment on what I believe to be an abuse of procedures, whatever the author/nominator's intentions, and I think this is the most appropriate and most visible place to do so. I've been entirely open about my action -- the first line of the comment notes the "recent" promotion of the article -- and it's entirely unfair to suggest I'm "gaming" the process in an attempt to evade the spirit of applicable guidelines. Monicasdude 16:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep. As said above, the article should not be here b/c it was recently promoted to FA status. In addition, several of the people who voted against the article in the first FA round supported it in the second round. I remember when the article first came up for FA review and the major objection seemed to be that it's record of history stopped with the Civil War. As a result, the author corrected this. I'd suggest taking your objections about the article to the article's talk page and also editing the article to improve it.--Alabamaboy 17:13, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The objections I referred to dealt with the pre-Civil War 19th century period, and were dealt with only cosmetically; the editors, myself included, who raised such objections didn't vote in favor of the FAC. And raising the issue on the talk page does nothing meaningful to address the procedural question. I don't think it's fair to the editors who took the time to review and comment on the defects to allow their objections to be summarily dispensed with using a renomination process that didn't give them any real notice. Do you check the list every day to see if a discussion you commented on has been replaced by another discussion with the same name? Monicasdude 17:25, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Then I would raise the issue on the Featured Article talk page and with the editor who promoted the article before everyone had a chance to vote. If for a period of time the article's talk page did not mention that it was again a FA candidate, then that is an issue that should be raised. However, if you have issues with the pre-Civil War 19th century parts of the article, why not simply make the changed (under the Be Bold theory of Wikipedia editing). If your concerns are legitimate and you cite them with good references, the article's original editor will have to accept them or bring them up for a discussion.--Alabamaboy 18:33, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There were 4 or 5 editors who made substantive objections and did not support (or even comment on) the renomination. I'm not competent to repair all the objectionable material, nor should it be the responsibility of the objecting editor(s) to write new text to cover obvious omissions. Whatever the motives of the author/nominator, the way this was done, even if technically within guidelines, allowed the second nomination to avoid the detailed review/comments that the initial nomination received, without really addressing the problems that were pointed out. Monicasdude 19:28, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, I'd like to make the point that the FARC process does not allow you to redress these problems at this time in this place. I would add the relevant tags to indicate the article's current defects for documentary purposes and ask the people managing the FAC process to consider whether there was a material oversight here. I'd reckon the page you were watching was moved, so you didn't see the new submission. If you believe that items were acknowledged in the first failed FAC and that it was a reasonable assumption that the second FAC should not have been submitted if these issues were agreed, you will be asked whether you saw the second FAC show up on the talk page of the article, which you ought to have followed along with the first FAC page. It is far more reasonable to allow that this was a reasonable mistake whereas the resubmission for candidacy was not. I do not, however, believe the FARC process cannot address those grievances because you are asking for an exception to the letter of one law to honour the spirit of another. Buffyg 19:39, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear (see also the comments on User talk:Monicasdude and my talk page) - I think User:Monicasdude does have a point, and this may be a good place to draw attention to it, but it is not the right place to resolve it (I'm not sure appealing to the "letter" or "spirit" of the "law" is the right approach either - Ignore all rules ;). -- ALoan (Talk) 19:50, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * (responding to BuffyG) -- I'm going to have to be blunt. The author/self-nominator said, in at least two places, that she acknowledged major problems with the articles, that it required substantial work, and that it was "much too soon" to resubmit it. She then put it back up about 24 hours later, adding a few hastily written, superficial (at best) paragraphs; made no effort to communicate with any of the objectors, and didn't follow the established procedures for an FAC nomination. You're faulting me for believing somebody's acting honestly and in good faith, and ending up being hoodwinked. Where else should I have put comments like these, and would you support me if I put them there? Monicasdude 19:54, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If your case is as clear as you claim here, my support is likely to be rather beside the point. I am neither one of the powers that be nor faulting you in the manner you claim; I am simply telling you that this means of appeal (FARC) is virtually certain not to be heard as legitimate because it is not the right forum and is in fact in manifest contradiction with the basic rules of this specific forum. I can say that what you've said of your case tells me that there are other forums where your case can get a hearing. I would advise you to seek out a user advocate and lay the issue out on Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. Buffyg 20:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

I have raised this issue on Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. We will see if they have any insight on it or can work it out. --Alabamaboy 22:25, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep it on. No good reason outside of 'playing with the system'. -- A Link to the Past 00:19, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I honestly thought that it had improved enough since it was first first nominated to warrant nominating it a second time, looking at the differences between those two versions. I had only been with Wikipedia a week and I thought that there were people checking the FAC everyday. I thought that as long as it had undergone enough changes for it to meet all previous objects and FA requirements, which I thought it had, that it could be nominated a second time regardless of time. I'm sorry and did not mean to "manipulate the system." I deeply appreciation your criticism and would not like to see anything I say misconstrued as an attack. Toothpaste 00:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say that is all perfectly understandable. I'd recommend taking taking into account Monicasdude's concerns and working out the edits on the article. This can only strengthen the article in the long run. Best, --Alabamaboy 14:12, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Keep My opinion of the FARC for South Carolina is that it is bull. Does this vote warrant count or   I need to explain it further?--Kiba 01:03, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless you're eight years old, yes, you do. And you should review the Wikipedia civility policies.Monicasdude 14:51, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. One of the best policies on Wikipedia for civility is to call those who disagree an eight year old. Get the Hell over it; the article is FA quality. Are you arguing that the people who voted on it are wrong, and you're right? All YOU are doing is being pedantic over this. You aren't FARCing this article because of its quality; rather, you FARCed it because it was renominated too quickly and you didn't notice it. Get the HELL over it. -- A Link to the Past 15:13, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * This response is an unreasonable characterisation and your line of argument borders on hectoring. Monicasdude is asserting that materials shortcomings addressed in the first FAC were not addressed before the candidacy was resubmitted. Monicasdude appears to have been reasonably confused about how to track the FAC and objects that this should not occlude the fact that changes made to allow for the second FAC were not reviewed by those who raised them in the first, just as Toothpaste appears to have been confused about the substance of the shortcomings and the appropriate means to verify that they were addressed. It is unreasonable to acknowledge on the one hand that "it was renominated too quickly" and then to pass over the question of whether that should call into question that outcome of that renomination. Without prejudice to this argument, I believe this simply needs to be addressed through another process, as this process is not intended to address shortcomings in the FAC process but defects thereafter introduced into FA articles. It is, to say the least, intemperate, for you to inject abrasive rhetoric where Monicasdude and Toothpaste are discussing with level heads and good manners. Buffyg 16:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Where am I? Is this some horrible world where calling someone an eight year old is considered good etiquette? What's next, "Good day, poopy face dop poop eater", is that going to become proper? -- A Link to the Past 17:42, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, you were not called an eight-year old. You said that you thought the FARC was "bull" and asked whether you needed to explain yourself further. That question need not be taken as rhetorical. Monicasdude said that the argument would not suffice "[u]nless you're eight years old," which would indicate that she took you seriously enough to ask you to explain yourself in a calm and reasonable fashion; I can't say exactly how seriously that would be. I'd argue that up to that point, the argument on either side was about demanding unambiguous civility. Rather than substantiating your point in good faith, you replied by arguing incivility with statements of the form "get the hell over it," which moved this from being a misunderstanding in which your possibly rhetorical question may have been taken earnestly but met with irony to a clear self-contradiction in which you argued incivility by being decidedly uncivil.
 * That was the wrong sort of irony for sorting things out. Please take a step back to let your head clear — you'll see that we are not elsewhere slipping down any slope of accepting bad etiquette if we can all now be gracious about this. Buffyg 18:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I was not called an eight year old, if you were to read closely in on this. Kiba called it bull (which isn't that proper of a thing to say), but then he made the insinuation that unless he's an eight year old, he should explain why it's bull. Personal attack or attack on an edit of theirs. Hmm... -- A Link to the Past 22:53, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Apologies for that bit of confusion. There is, however, a considerable difference between telling someone that it would be immature not to explain themselves and calling them an eight year old. In the instance at hand the first response is to ask someone to indicate clearly that they are not acting churlish by complying clearly with policy (there's no insinuation there); the subsequent response imputes a distinct act of incivility that isn't exactly what that person said and meets it with unambiguous incivility. I can see that you're cooling off and reconsidering with a measure of grace; please continue to do so. Buffyg 23:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I've been asked to comment here. From discussion on Wikipedia talk:featured article candidates, I wasn't aware if this problem had been resolved or not, but I can see now that it hasn't. First, I'd like all the personal attacks to cease immediately. Second, I agree with Monicadude's comments that this nomination amounted to gaming the process (about which I am not pleased...). As the nomination itself was tainted, I think Monicadude was correct in bringing this problem to the FARC, despite the instruction to avoid bring up recently promoted articles. I wrote that requirement, you see - the reason was to avoid people nominating articles here that had recently been legitimately promoted; on the other hand, Monicadude has a point that this aritlce was not legitimately promoted, so I don't really have an issue with him bringing it to attention on this page. I'm tempted to resolve the problem by "defeaturing" it and renominating it on FAC, along with a paragraph explaining the situation. Comments? →Raul654 19:48, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank, Raul. This seems eminently fair. Having been through a similar ordeal over the Anschluss entry, I thought it reasonable to refer Monicasdude to the FAC talk page first, since that appeared to be where the process failure happened. Unless there are objections here and given that the article has already been demoted, will this FARC be closed after a brief period to lodge objections? Given that the demotion is already done, it seems to me that it may be appropriate to go ahead and archive the FARC, as it's already been effectively actioned. Buffyg 20:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree--this is fair. I was naive in thinking that the situation was resolving itself. Doing as →Raul654 sayas will enable the process to be done in a fair manner. --Alabamaboy 21:55, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks: I agree, that would be the best solution. (I have removed this page from WP:FARC, by the way, although it is still in the FARC archive.) -- ALoan (Talk) 23:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Raul, too. Can we have a notice on the FAC page similar to the one we have here? It would have helped me out a lot when I first relisted it. Toothpaste 23:34, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Puredeadthingy

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title: User talk:Puredeadthingy


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User talk:Chickendog

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title: User talk:Chickendog


text:
Talk:Kishanganj district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 12:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

I removed the following text: "Kishanganj is called as the Cherapunji of Bihar."

The text was added into a stub tag, breaking it. I know nothing about this subject, so can someone integrate it as necessary?--Drat (Talk) 03:40, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kishanganj district


text:
User talk:Mellowyllw6

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Proposed deletion of Teppei Teranishi

The article Teppei Teranishi has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Three sources in total, only one reliable, most information is unsourced, and it's not even enough to assert notability."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  danny music editor  oops 02:47, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mellowyllw6


text:
Napanee station

Napanee station in Napanee, Ontario, Canada is served by Via Rail trains running from Toronto to Ottawa. The 1856 limestone railway station was an unstaffed but heated shelter with telephones and washrooms, which would open at least half an hour before a train arrives. The platform is wheelchair-accessible. As of February 2023, the shelter was locked.

Napanee station is one of originally 34 first generation Grand Trunk Railway stations in Ontario from the same era as the opening of the line. Nine still exist, of which three remain in active service. The station building is owned and maintained by the municipality.

History
The original Grand Trunk stations were stone buildings constructed during or immediately after the 1856 opening of the GTR (now CN) mainline between Montréal and Toronto. Nine survive today, including a pair at Napanee and Ernestown in Lennox and Addington County which were built from Kingston Limestone using similar design. The first generation "Type C" Grand Trunk stations (small stations in Napanee, Ernestown, Brighton) were stone rectangular buildings with four chimneys and five bays for arched windows on the long side and two on each end, under a pitched slate roof with elongated eaves and soffits supported by end rafters and triangular brackets.

At the time of the railway's construction, Bath, Ontario was a bustling lakefront manufacturing village with 400-1000 people. The rails led to a shift in population from Bath (which was not on the GTR mainline) to Napanee (well served by the York Road, Napanee River and Grand Trunk Railway). The railway also led to a shift in population away from small towns to larger centres such as Belleville and Kingston.

At one point, Napanee was served by two railways; the Grand Trunk (Montréal-Toronto) and the Bay of Quinte Railway (Deseronto-Sydenham). The BQR was integrated into Canadian Northern Railway's mainline to Smiths Falls in 1910 and became part of CN when the Canadian Northern went bankrupt in 1918. The former Canadian Northern line through Napanee was managed as the CN Smiths Falls Subdivision (heading north through Smiths Falls to Federal) and the CN Deseronto Subdivision (heading south to Deseronto and Brighton). Much of the Deseronto Subdivision was abandoned in the 1930s, with the last section between Deseronto and Napanee being abandoned around 1986. North of Napanee, parts of the line were abandoned starting in the early 1990s. The last fragment of this line was disconnected in 2010 at Napanee's historic Grand Trunk station; it crossed Hwy 401 to a Goodyear Tire and Rubber factory as a dead end after the rails to Smiths Falls were removed in the 1980s. The section from Strathcona to Smiths Falls is now the Cataraqui Trail.

Napanee's station is now municipally owned and remains in active use. The train no longer stops at Ernestown, leaving a boarded-up but intact CN-owned station in a rural area at an inaccessible point on the CN mainline 500 m west of Camden East Road. The other seven stations from this original set are CN-owned and in varying condition. Trains no longer stop at St. Marys Junction, Brighton and Prescott. Kingston's historic outer station, in use until 1974, is now abandoned and in ruins. Belleville's original station is intact but largely vacant as a new facility was built adjacent in 2012. The original Port Hope (1856) and Georgetown (1858) stations remain in active service.

With the exception of the removal of stone chimneys on the four corners, the exterior currently looks much as it did originally. The 1856 Napanee Station was provincially designated Feb 26, 1993 under Part 4 of the Ontario Heritage Act; Brighton Station obtained a similar designation in 2000. The other seven original stations are designated federally under the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act, a status which does not apply to the municipally-owned Napanee station as the railway no longer directly owns the building.

Services
Napanee station is only served by local trains on Via Rail's Toronto–Ottawa route. Most Toronto–Ottawa trains and all Toronto-Montreal trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by one train per day toward Toronto, and two to three trains per day toward Ottawa.

title: Napanee station


text:
David Abrahams (computer programmer)

David Abrahams is a computer programmer and admin. He is the son of physicist Elihu Abrahams and choreographer Geulah Abrahams. He is most well known for his activities related to the C++ programming language. In particular, his contributions to the language include the delineating of a theory of exceptions, sitting on the C++ Standards Committee, being a founding member of Boost and co-authoring a book on the subject of template metaprogramming. Abrahams became a member of the C++ Standards Committee in 1996 and served until 2012. During the standardization process that resulted in the first ANSI standard C++ – in 1998 – Abrahams was a principal driving force behind detailing the exception safety of the C++ Standard Library. Many of the functions and methods of the standard are specified with one of three guarantees. Together these have become known as the Abrahams guarantees.

Following the standardization, Abrahams became one of the founding members of Boost.org, a community group founded to provide reusable C++ libraries. Abrahams has written several of the libraries and assisted in the development of others. Abrahams was also the founder and principal member of Boost Consulting (later BoostPro Computing), a company that offered software development and training courses for 12 years (2001–2013) with a heavy bias to use the Boost libraries, and founder of BoostCon, now C++ Now, the annual conference in Aspen, CO.

In 2013, Abrahams became an employee at Apple Inc, where he worked on the development of the Swift programming language and became the lead of the Swift standard library. In 2017 he joined the SwiftUI project. In January 2020 Abrahams joined Google Brain to work on the Swift for TensorFlow project. In June 2021 Sean Parent announced that Abrahams had joined Adobe Inc. and together they were relaunching the Software Technology Lab.

Publications
In 2003 his paper from the 1998 International Seminar on Generic Programming at Dagstuhl "Exception-Safety in Generic Components" was published in Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

In 2004, Abrahams co-authored C++ Template Metaprogramming: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques from Boost and Beyond with Aleksey Gurtovoy. Together with Boost's Metaprogramming Library, the book broke new ground in the practical use of template metaprogramming, including re-implementing much of the Standard Template Library in a compile-time world, with all operations on types.

Significant Presentations

 * In 2003, Abrahams presented Binding C++ to Python with the Boost Python Library at the ACCU Conference.
 * In 2005, Abrahams presented C++ Template Metaprogramming and Rvalue References, Move Semantics, and Argument Forwarding at the ACCU Conference.
 * Protocol-Oriented Programming in Swift from Apple's WWDC 2015.
 * Embracing Algorithms from Apple's WWDC 2018.
 * Building Custom Views in SwiftUI from Apple's WWDC 2019.

title: David Abrahams (computer programmer)


text:
Category:User fj

These users speak Fijian.

title: Category:User fj


text: File:Dr. Mario box art.jpg

title: File:Dr. Mario box art.jpg


text:
Belleville station (Ontario)

The Belleville railway station in Belleville, Ontario, Canada is served by Via Rail trains running from Toronto to Ottawa and Montreal. The station is staffed, with ticket sales, vending machines, telephones, washrooms, and wheelchair access to the station and trains.

1856 Grand Trunk station
Built from bluish-grey Trenton limestone in 1856 by Thomas Brassey for Canadian National Railway predecessor Grand Trunk Railway, the station was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973 and protected under the Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act since 1992.

It is the oldest of multiple buildings which were once part of Belleville's GTR station yard, a facility which employed 100 by 1864 and included one of the first three GTR locomotive shops. A new locomotive shop was built in 1867, increasing capacity to 24 engines. GTR cutbacks in December 1876 led to a violent labour dispute on December 29 which stopped all trains; the Queen's Own Rifles militia deployed from Toronto on January 2, 1877 to end the strike. A new round house was built in 1912 to accommodate 42 engines, with a wheel shed and machine shop adjacent. With over a thousand people at its peak, the railway became Belleville's largest local employer.

The 220 Station Street waiting room, a mid-size "Second Class Wayside Station" at the October 27, 1856 inception of the Grand Trunk mainline, served until the adjacent modern station building opened on March 20, 2012. While this building has always served only passengers, with telegraphy and freight located in other buildings, much of the original interior was lost due to 1987 and earlier renovations. Just east of the main station building, a freight shed stored VIA's baggage carts; its basement was home to The Belleville Model Railroad Club

While three original stations from the 1850s Grand Trunk line remain in active use at Georgetown, Port Hope and Napanee, all are small single-storey "Type C" stations (typically five curved arches for windows and doors on the sides and two at each end). Belleville is a larger station ("Type B", six arches) and the last intact original station on the line to have been expanded with a second storey. A similar Outer Station existed at Kingston, but was abandoned in the 1970s and is now in ruins.

1911 Canadian Northern / Canadian Pacific station
CN's historic Grand Trunk station was once one of two active passenger terminals in the city. The Canadian Pacific Railway used a former 1911 Canadian Northern Railway station on Church Street to handle Ottawa-Toronto traffic until 1966; that building was demolished in 1976.

2012 Via Rail station
On November 10, 2010, Via Rail unveiled a design for a modern $18 million station building which would be wheelchair accessible with space to accommodate expanded track lines. Built at 250 Station Street, adjacent to the historic station, the new facility accepted its first passengers on March 20, 2012. MP Daryl Kramp officially opened the station on September 12, 2012.

The original station is marked with a Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque; as of 2012, the city and local groups are looking for new uses for the old station.

Services
Belleville station is served by most trains on Via Rail's Toronto-Ottawa and Toronto-Montreal routes, though a small number of express trains pass through the station without stopping.

As of October 2023 the station is served by 6 to 8 trains per day toward Ottawa, and 4 to 5 trains per day toward Montreal and 9 to 11 trains per day toward Toronto.

title: Belleville station (Ontario)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Turn to Fall

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 02:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Turn to Fall
Non-notable band. POV Al 14:38, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn Sdedeo 15:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nnbv. -- BD2412 talk 18:33, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. And doesn't the fact that most of it is a review make it a copyvio? --  Etacar11   23:30, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Thaana rend fox Ctr1.jpg

title: File:Thaana rend fox Ctr1.jpg