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Meek Cutoff

Meek Cutoff was a horse trail road that branched off the Oregon Trail in northeastern Oregon and was used as an alternate emigrant route to the Willamette Valley in the mid-19th century. The road was named for frontiersman Stephen Meek, who was hired to lead the first wagon train along it in 1845. The journey was a particularly hard one, and many of the pioneers lost their lives.

Starting where the Oregon Trail leaves the Snake River Plain and heads northwest toward the Columbia River Gorge (the general route of modern Interstate 84), Meek's party intended to instead head west across the Oregon High Desert, straight to the Willamette Valley. They left the main trail at Vale, Oregon and followed the Malheur River to head into the Harney Basin. They then turned west towards Wagontire Mountain and northwest to the south fork of the Crooked River. At this point, due to hardship, the party split into two groups, each of which found the Deschutes River. The two groups reunited north of where the Crooked River empties into the Deschutes and, deflecting from their original westward purpose, followed the river to the Columbia and rejoined the Oregon Trail at The Dalles.

In 1853, the Elliott Cutoff was established, completing Meek's purpose by turning upstream at the Deschutes River for 30 mi and then crossing the Cascade Mountains at Willamette Pass.

History
In 1845, there were rumors circulating among the emigrants on the Oregon Trail that Walla Walla and Cayuse Indians might possibly attack the settlers in the Blue Mountains of Oregon or along the Columbia River. Reports of threats came in conjunction with the murder of two Frenchmen in the area. Stephen Meek, the older brother of Joe Meek, was an experienced fur trapper and explorer who made his living as a wagon train guide. Meek was unemployed at the time but was considered to be someone who was familiar with eastern Oregon. When he offered the emigrants an alternate route to avoid the Blue Mountains many decided to follow him. Some 200 wagons and 1,000 people turned off the primary Oregon Trail at Vale and followed Meek into the Oregon desert, where no wagons had traveled before.

Blazing a new trail
Meek led the wagon train southwest through the Malheur Mountains. The party followed the Malheur River for the first two days but were then forced into the hill country. As they progressed the road became stonier. It was so hard on the oxen that several died each day. Some of the emigrants were not doing well, especially those who were already sick when the train took the cutoff. Just west of Castle Rock and along the North Fork of the Malheur River, Rowland Chambers' wife Sarah, the Captain's daughter and a young mother of two small children, was now critically ill, having contracted camp fever earlier in the journey. "Everything possible was done to ease her distress as she lay in the wagon hovering between life and death but alas, to no avail. Sarah breathed her last breath at this camp and was laid to rest beneath the sagebrush." The next day the grieving husband was left behind with a horse as the train continued to journey on. He went down to the river and found a native stone that he smoothed, then carved this inscription: "Mrs. S Chambers, Sep 3rd 1845." It remains one of the few Oregon Trail gravestones in existence.

The very next day the train experienced its most difficult ascent. In order to reach a ridge west of the North Fork of the Malheur River, the emigrants were forced to climb a steep, narrow ravine choked with boulders. One emigrant wrote about moving "ten thousand stones" in order to make a roadbed. Some of the wagons were damaged during the 1,000 foot climb, but they were soon repaired and the wagons continued over the hill and down to Cottonwood Creek.

The train continued over mountains until it finally came down East Cow Creek into the Harney Basin, in a region known today as the Oregon High Desert. The expression on Meek's face "changed to one of complete bewilderment, as if he were seeing the country for the first time." When trapping in this area 10 years prior, the alkaline lakes had flooded a large portion of the valley. But now it was a drought year, the lakes were small and everything looked different. They continued south along the Silvies River and out into the lakebed, where they turned west. As they made their way to Silver Creek there were some in the forward company who insisted they continue west to find a pass over the Cascades. Meek wanted to follow Silver Creek to the north, but they refused to follow him.

On September 11, 1845, James Field wrote in his diary:

"It was his intention to follow down Crooked River to the Deschutes and down it to the old road, but when he came to the marshy lake spoken of last Sunday, the company refused to follow him if he made the circuit necessary to get around it upon Crooked river again so he struck off in a westerly direction in order to get upon the main Deschutes River. He well knew that there was a scarcity of grass and water across here and so informed them, but it was nearer and they would have him go it, and now blame him for coming the route they obliged him to."

The train continued to Wagontire Mountain, a name it later received when early settlers found a wagon tire there. Here the emigrants camped in and around what they called the "Lost Hollow". There was water and grass but not an ample supply for the emigrants and all their livestock. As emigrants further back in the train continued to arrive, circumstances in the camp became desperate. Water quickly became scarce and many ran out of their staple supplies. In a weakened condition, more travelers became sick. Camp fever and other ailments began to overcome large numbers, especially the children and elders.

On September 13, Field again wrote:

"Started this morning in expectation of a long drive across the plain before us, but when about 4 mi from camp met Meek's wife in company with a friend, returning with the news that they had found no water as yet and requesting all who were at the spring to remain there until he found a camp and returned or sent word back for them to come on. Nothing remained for us to do but drive back to the camp we had just left, where we found Teatherow's company also, so if misery loves company here is enough of it, for this small camping spot is nearly eaten out by our own large stock of cattle, and to add to all this there are some in the company nearly out of provisions."

For weeks the emigrants had been finding out how unfamiliar Meek was with the area, especially as the wagons followed a serpentine route into Harney Valley. However, there was always enough grass and water to get by. But now as the train became stalled at the Lost Hollow tensions reached a boiling point. Scouts were sent out in all directions looking for water and they searched for long distances but all came back empty-handed.

In 1849, Betsy Bayley recalled this event in a letter written to her sister in Ohio:

"We camped at a spring which we gave the name of 'The Lost Hollow' because there was very little water there. We had men out in every direction in search of water. They traveled 40 or in search of water but found none. You cannot imagine how we all felt. Go back, we could not and we knew not what was before us. Our provisions were failing us. There was sorrow and dismay depicted on every countenance. We were like mariners lost at sea and in this mountainous wilderness we had to remain for five days. At last we concluded to take a Northwesterly direction . . . . After we got in the right direction, people began to get sick."

The search for water ended when Meek climbed Midnight Point and from there he could see Buck Creek 25 mi due north. The emigrants immediately left for Buck Creek but from this point on they were no longer following Meek.

During this period of the journey – while emigrants were driving their livestock throughout the night to water – the John Herren family reportedly found some gold nuggets, which led to the legend of the Lost Blue Bucket Mine. The name came from the story later circulated by some of the emigrants. The Herrens reported that if they had remained at their campsite they could have filled a blue bucket with gold nuggets. This place has never been found, but if it exists it is thought by some to be between Wagontire Mountain and the south fork of the Crooked River.

The train splits
When the train reached the springs at the south fork one group turned west while the other continued north. The larger group followed Samuel Parker up to Steen's Ridge where wagon ruts can still be seen today. Their goal was to follow the Crooked River. The smaller group with Solomon Tetherow continued west along the north side of Hampton Butte and then followed Bear Creek. Meek traveled with this smaller company. With the help of a Native American who guided the group to water in exchange for a blanket, they reached the Deschutes River where Cline Falls is today, and then followed the Deschutes north. This group suffered more for lack of supplies, so they sent a relief party ahead to The Dalles. The relief party thought it would be a two-day journey, but it took them ten days. When they arrived at The Dalles they were in a starving condition and so weak that some of the men needed help dismounting their horses.

The train reunites
On September 26, 1845, both groups arrived on the same day at Sagebrush Springs near present-day Gateway, Oregon. They had all traveled a long distance without water, and the whole train stopped to rest on the 27th. On that day Samuel Parker entered in his diary:

"May codent get to water and water was taken to them, 32 in number. Heare we beried 6 persons."

Parker later added these remarks:

"Tuck what is called Meeks cutoff - a bad cutoff for all that tuck it."

Meek continued on ahead of the company, and when he reached Sherars Falls on the Deschutes River he was warned that a father who lost two sons along the trail intended to kill him, so with the help of Native Americans a rope was sent across the swift river, and both Meek and his wife were guided through the water with ropes tied around them. They hurried to the Mission at The Dalles where they convinced Black Harris, a mountain man, to return to the falls with a crew and equipment to help the emigrants cross. In this way Meek made his escape, and the rescue crew arrived in time to help the pioneers, who numbered more than a thousand, cross with their wagons. The wagons were taken completely apart to facilitate the dangerous crossing. Some of the emigrants crossed from the low banks, using their wagon box as a boat and guided by ropes over the swift current. Others used a rope and pulley system above the high walls of the narrows about 2 mi downstream. It took nearly two weeks to cross everyone in the wagon train. The starving and exhausted emigrants finally reached The Dalles beginning around the 2nd week of October, having suffered 23 known deaths and probably many more.

It is estimated that another 25 of the exhausted emigrants died after reaching The Dalles. The deaths and other circumstances created resentment towards Meek and led to the often used phrase "Meek deserted them in the desert," despite his having stayed with his emigrants throughout most of the journey.

The Meek Cutoff is one of sixteen historic trails recognized by the State of Oregon. The blazing of the Meek Cutoff led to later wagon roads and the settlement of the eastern and central regions of Oregon.

Notable members of the party

 * Charlotte Moffett Cartwright
 * James Terwilliger
 * William G. T'Vault

title: Meek Cutoff


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User talk:JoeKershenbaum

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

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Great, just what we need around this place... more Kershenbaums. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:29, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:Chikindave

Chikindave, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for contributing. I don't think the fruits of Our Lord are bananas. You might want to check out our sandbox for fruity blasphemy! :-) Psy guy (talk) 16:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

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text: User talk:84.12.156.118

title: User talk:84.12.156.118


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User talk:Brbaeta

Welcome!
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About your Pokémon Gym Leader images
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Talk:Middle school

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American Grades
American grade systems ( and any other that you find) should be explained for what age they contain to remove ambiguity for non-americans like me. Aquataris (talk) 06:54, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The whole U.S. section is a mess to read, in my opinion. I propose rewriting it to make it clearer Ottoump (talk) 07:16, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, they should...one of the reasons, though, that sections about schooling in the US is there is no national standard - education is almost entirely left up to the individual states. and while there are rough similarities nationwide (and to a lesser extent with Canada as well), there can also be some fairly marked variations between what one state does and what another state does. (and then there's also what is done in places like Amish country, where German (but called Dutch) is the language and 1648 would apppear to be the year) Firejuggler86 (talk) 02:58, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Right, so the answer to this is *not* just to give up, but instead to make generalisations or to give examples, but this unmoored and vagueness is untenable for an encyclopedic treatment. If you really have to be that specific - just get rid of all references of year terminology and just discuss ages. Aquataris (talk) 11:32, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Middle school


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Gordon Shrum

Gordon Merritt Shrum (January 14, 1896 – June 20, 1985) was a Canadian scientist, teacher, administrator, and the first Chancellor of Simon Fraser University.

Early life
Shrum was born in Smithville, Ontario, the son of Emma Jane (née Merritt) and William Burton Shrum. His education at Victoria College at the University of Toronto, where he started in 1913, was interrupted by World War I. A friend of Lester (Mike) Pearson, he was in his Canadian Officers Training Corps (C.O.T.C.) unit starting in 1914. Their company commander was Vincent Massey.

Military
On April 1, 1916, he enlisted in the army. He was a gunner and fought at the Battle of Vimy Ridge. He received the Military Medal during the war.

Academia
After the war, he continued his education and received a Bachelor of Arts in 1919, a Master of Arts in 1921. As a doctoral student in February 1923 he was the first to replicate Kamerlingh Onnes's 1908 Nobel Prize–winning feat of liquefying helium. Later that year he was awarded his Doctorate in physics for studies of the hydrogen spectrum. As a post-doctoral fellow he was the first to identify the prominent green line in the Aurora Borealis as due to oxygen.

In 1925, he joined the faculty at the University of British Columbia (UBC) where he taught physics. In 1935 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. From 1938 to 1961, he was the head of the Physics Department. Circa 1945-1950, he was also Director of Emergency Housing, allocating former WWII Army huts for faculty and staff housing on campus in Acadia Camp and Fort Camp. From 1957 to 1961, he was the Dean of Graduate Studies and served on the Senate of the University. However, he was forced to retire at the age of 65 due to their rules.

In 1958, he was chairman of a royal commission investigating the BC Power Commission. He was also named a member of the Order of the British Empire. After retiring from UBC, he was appointed head of BC Electric by Premier W.A.C. Bennett and was involved with the Peace River hydro project. This project comprised the construction of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam, which impounds Williston Lake Reservoir, and the construction of a 2730 MW powerhouse (at that time the largest in the world) named after him: the G.M. Shrum Generating Station. In 1969, he was the recipient of Electrical Man of the Year. He stayed at BC Hydro until 1972.

During this time, Shrum was also involved in establishing Simon Fraser University and served as its first chancellor from 1963 to 1968. During this time, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada. A few years later, in 1975, he was appointed Director of the Vancouver Museum and Planetarium Association. In 1986, he wrote his autobiography with Peter Stursberg, called Gordon Shrum: An Autobiography.

Shrum died in Vancouver, British Columbia, at age 89.

title: Gordon Shrum


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Latin American Free Trade Association

The Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA, (later transformed into the Latin American Integration Association, Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración, Associação Latino-Americana de Integração) was created in the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America and offered tariff rebates among member nations. In 1980, LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) which now has 13 members: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

History
The Latin American Free Trade Association came into effect on January 2, 1962. When the trade association commenced it had seven members and its main goal was to eliminate all duties and restrictions on the majority of their trade within a twelve-year period. By the late 1960s the area of LAFTA had a population of 220 million and produced about $90 billion of goods and services annually. By the same time it had an average per capita gross national product of $440.

By 1970, LAFTA expanded to include four more Latin American nations which were Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It now consisted of eleven nations. In 1980, LAFTA reorganized into the Latin American Integration Association (Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración, ALADI). The membership of ALADI had remained unchanged until Cuba joined in 1999.

Structure
The goal of the LAFTA is the creation of a free trade zone in Latin America. It should foster mutual regional trade among the member states, as well as with the U.S. and the European Union. To achieve these goals, several institutions are foreseen: The LAFTA agreement has important limitations: it only refers to goods, not to services, and it does not include a coordination of policies. Compared e.g. to the European Union the political and economic integration is very limited.
 * the council of foreign ministers
 * a conference of all participating countries
 * a permanent council

Effects
LAFTA brought many new positive changes to Latin America. With LAFTA in place existing productive capacity could be used more fully to supply regional needs, industries could reduce costs as a result of potential economies through expanded output and regional specialization, and attraction to new investment occurred as a result of the regional market area. Although LAFTA has brought many constructive results, it has also brought problems to individual nations as well as to Latin America as a whole.

Some of the problems which the individual countries face are the way they are grouped together by their economic strengths according to LAFTA. The grouping was originally Brazil and Argentina in one group, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela in the second group, and the last group which included Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. There is a problem in these classifications because these countries are very different economically as well as in other aspects which the classification does not take into account.

Problems which Latin America faced as a whole had to deal with many of the nations in the continent being underdeveloped. The Free Trade Agreement was seen as a way of the countries having greater economic interactions amongst each other and thus improving the economic state of the poorer nations.

Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
The Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) is now the largest Latin-American group of integration. It covers more than 20 million sq kilometres and more than 493 million people. It is responsible for regulations on foreign trade which includes regulations on technical measures, sanitary regulations, environment protection measures, quality control measures, automatic licensing measures, price control measures, monopolistic measures, as well as other measures. These regulations are put into place in order for trade to be even handed amongst members of ALADI.

title: Latin American Free Trade Association


text: Template:Tartumaa

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Sussex chicken

The Sussex is a British breed of dual-purpose chicken, reared both for its meat and for its eggs. Eight colours are recognised for both standard-sized and bantam fowl. A breed association, the Sussex Breed Club, was organised in 1903.

History
The Sussex originates in the historic county of Sussex, in south-east England. It is among the oldest of British chicken breeds: birds described as "Old Sussex or Kent Fowl" were shown at the first poultry show at London Zoo in 1845. The Sussex was not included in the first poultry standard, the Standard of Excellence in Exhibition Poultry of William Bernhardt Tegetmeier, in 1865. The breed standard for the Sussex was drawn up in 1902, with three colour varieties, the light, the red and the speckled. Of these, the speckled was the oldest. The development of the light variety was probably influenced by Oriental breeds such as the Brahma and Cochin, and also by the silver-grey Dorking. The red was originally black-breasted; it and the brown may have been influenced by Indian Game. The buff variety appeared in the 1920s, and was followed by the white, a sport from the light. The most recent variety is the silver.

In the early part of the twentieth century, until the advent of commercial hybrid strains at about the time of the Second World War, the Sussex and the Rhode Island Red were the two principal meat breeds in the United Kingdom. Utility strains of the Sussex developed, with better productive capabilities but smaller and less well marked than was expected for exhibition purposes.

Characteristics
The Sussex chicken is graceful with a long, broad, flat back; a long and straight breastbone; wide shoulders; and a rectangular build. The tail is held at a 45-degree angle from the body. The eyes are red in the darker varieties but orange in the lighter ones. The comb is single. The earlobes are red and the legs and skin white in every variety. Cocks weigh approximately and hens about

Eight colour varieties are recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain: brown, buff, coronation, light, red, silver, speckled and white. The light Sussex has a white body with a black tail and black in the flight feathers and wing coverts; the neck hackles are white with black striping. The buff has the same markings, but with greenish-black on a golden-buff ground. The silver is similar to the light, but has grey thighs and a dark breast with silver lacing. The red has the same markings as the light, but the base colour is a rich dark red throughout. The speckled is a rich dark mahogany colour, each feather with a black dot and white tip. The white is pure white throughout.

The coronation Sussex has the same markings as the light, but with lavender instead of the black. It was created for the coronation of Edward VIII – an event which never took place – and had disappeared by about the time of the Second World War. It was thought to have the same red, white and blue colours as the Union Flag. A coronation bantam was re-created in the 1980s.

The American Poultry Association recognises three colours: light, red and speckled. The red and speckled were added to the Standard of Perfection in 1914, and the light in 1929.

Use
The Sussex was traditionally reared as a table bird, for meat production. In the early part of the twentieth century, it was one of the principal breeds kept for this purpose, until it was displaced by modern industrial hybrid lines. It may be kept as a dual-purpose bird. Hens lay some 180–200 tinted eggs per year; some layer strains may give up to 250. The eggs weigh about. The Sussex is also reared for showing.

title: Sussex chicken


text:
Talk:Allison Fonte

External links modified
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title: Talk:Allison Fonte


text: User talk:168.184.220.4

title: User talk:168.184.220.4


text:
User talk:Mveric

Spanish language in the Americas
Greetings! I see you've removed content from Spanish language in the Americas, noting that it's copyrighted. Can you provide links to where the copyrighted material was? That way, I can go through the article diffs, find out who added it, and see if there are other problems with their edits. Thank you. —C.Fred (talk) 20:00, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

It came from here: http://spanish.about.com/cs/historyofspanish/f/varieties.htm. Mveric (talk) 04:25, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mveric


text:
User:-kiwi-

I'm kiwi from the italian Wikipedia project, see the interwiki link. I'll add something else later...

it:Utente:kiwi

title: User:-kiwi-


text:
User:Lokomotiv Plovdiv

Hi, im lokomotiv Plovdiv (named after the Bulgarian soccer club).

About Me
My Name: Roger Bogota

My Town: Plovdiv

My Soccer Team(s): Lokomotiv Plovdiv & Bolton Wanderers

My Age: 35

My Favourate Film: Diamonds Are Forever

My Brand: Nike

My Favourate Year: 2001

My Shoe Size: 8

title: User:Lokomotiv Plovdiv


text:
User talk:-kiwi-

Welcome
Hello, -kiwi-, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! I hope you enjoy English Wikipedia. Psy guy (talk) 16:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:-kiwi-


text: User talk:67.109.148.66

title: User talk:67.109.148.66


text:
Talk:Mu'allaqat

Untitled
Please see User:DanielCD/Muallaqat for a much longer draft of this article taken from 1911 EB. --DanielCD 16:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This article on the Mu'alaqat adopts the orthodox view that does not question authonticity of these poems and does not critically analyze the claim that these poems were written in pre-Islamic era.

 * for more on the critical analysis of these poems, see the book "Fee Al Shi'r Al Jahili" (=On pre-Islamic Poetry) by Taha_Hussein

--Thameen 15:20, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that this article accepts the "orthodox" view and does not critically examine the poems. That said, I understand that at least some of the claims of Taha Hussein, were in turn based on the views on of David Samuel Margoliouth,  who published an article entitled "The Origins Of Arabic Poetry" in Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society, 1925, pp. 417-449.  Both referred to Ahlwardt who had published the critical Arabic edition of the poems.  All of these claims were scrutinized by Arthur John Arberry in The Seven Odes: The First Chapter In Arabic Literature, 1957, Allen & Unwin: London.  A more recent analysis is given by M. Zwettler, The Oral Tradition Of Classical Arabic Poetry: Its Character & Implications, 1978, Ohio State University Press.  Another interesting argument can be found in the writings of Louis Cheikho, who asserted that some of the poets may have been Christian in his Kitāb shuʻara' al-Naṣrānīyah. Beirut: Matba`atu l-Aba'i l-Mursalina l-Yasu`iyyun, 1890.  This was in turn criticized by Hechame Camille in his work Louis Cheikho et son livre le Christianisme et la Littérature Chrétienne en Arabie avant l'Islam: Etude Critique. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq, 1967.I don;t have time to work on this article right now, but I do think it could be expanded to include this discussion. Jemiljan (talk) 00:13, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

NPOV
The entire article is problematic and almost entirely without sources, but lines such as "This cautious scholar is unquestionably right in rejecting a story so utterly unauthenticated." are particularly egregious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.20.244.191 (talk) 05:58, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Essay-like
This article is written like a Wikipedia source rather than a Wikipedia article. Moaz786 (talk) 03:28, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mu'allaqat


text: Category:British & Irish Lions

title: Category:British & Irish Lions


text:
Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing

Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Company was an electric lighting company in Rahway, New Jersey that operated from December 1884 through 1886.

History
Based at the site where 1571-1579 Irving Street now stands, on Irving Street between Coach and Elizabeth, Rahway, New Jersey, Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Company was started in December 1884 after the inventor Nikola Tesla left Thomas Edison's employment following a disagreement over payment. The company was formed in a partnership between Tesla, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vale with Tesla given the task of designing an arc lighting system, a fast growing segment of the new electric light industry used mostly for outdoor lighting. Tesla designed an arc lamp with automatic adjustment and a fail-switch as well as improved dynamos. These were the first patents issued to Tesla in the US. By 1886 he had installed a central station based system in Rahway lighting streets as well as a few factory buildings.

The investors showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and, with the market already heavily controlled by Brush Electric Illuminating Company and the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, they came to the conclusion it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. By the fall of 1886 they had formed the Union County Electric Light & Manufacturing Company spelling the end for Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing and leaving Tesla penniless. Tesla even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.

Patents
Tesla had already been issued the following patents:

 *  - Dynamo-Electric Machine - 1886 January 14 -
 *  - Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 January 26 - Elements to prevent sparking on dynamo-electric machines; Drum-style with brushes.
 *  - Electric arc lamp - 1886 February 9 - Arc lamp with carbon electrodes controlled by electromagnets or solenoids and a clutch mechanism; Corrects earlier design flaws common to the industry.
 *  - Electric arc lamp - 1886 February 9 - Arc lamp's automatic fail switch when arc possesses abnormal behavior; Automatic reactivation.
 *  - Regulator for dynamo electric machines - 1886 March 2 - Two main brushes connected to helices coil ends; Intermediate point branch shunt connection for third brush.
 *  - Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 March 2 - Auxiliary brush[es] shunting a portion or whole of the field helices coil; Regulates energy flow; Adjustable level of current.
 *  - Regulator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 October 19 - Automatic regulation of energy levels; Mechanical device to shift brushes.

title: Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing


text:
Talk:Thomas Palaiologos

Untitled
The start text (2 September 2005) of this article came from article Demetrius Palaeologus which at that time was Thomas and Demetrius Palaeologus Arrigo 16:43, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I realize that Mehmed II was officially the conqueror of the Byzantine Empire, but there seems to be plenty of disenting oppinion that Mehmed actually considered himself Byzantine in nature. Kind of like the English kings claiming the French crown. Thusly, as Mehmed's took the title of caesar, He essentially viewed himself as taking, not destroying, the Byzantine state. Hiberniantears 22:54, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

There is 3 difference: English king has been crowned king of France after diplomatic deal with last French king which has proclaimed english king for his heir. In legal terms French kings of France after 1422 has been usurpers. Second thing is that only person of ortodox faith can be emperor of Byzantium and last in time of Demetrius abdication Thomas has ruled in Morea, maybe few more days but .... I like for history to think only with legal thinking. In the end problem with Mehmed like caesar in legal term is if nothing else that then all Byzantine forces which has refused to surender has been rebels ??????

I have put question to Dimadick if Osman in 1289 has lived inside our outside Byzantium because if is inside Byzantium-Turkish war has been civil war 270 years long. Question is OK because in many books Osman has lived on Byzantium frontier. rjecina

Requested move
The discussion for this move request is undergoing, as well as other similar requests, in Talk:List of Byzantine Emperors. Please go there to discuss the move request.--Panairjdde 22:08, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The debate on the move is now completed; the result was no consensus. Mango juice talk 20:26, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Palaiologos


text:
University of Jordan

The University of Jordan (الجامعة الأردنية), often abbreviated UJ or JU, is a public university located in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1962 by, and it is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Jordan. It is located in the capital Amman in the Jubaiha area of the University District. It is composed of 25 faculties, and offers 91 bachelor programs and 161 postgraduate programs. The university's stated main strategy and rule is to be global and productive in all its educational fields.

The University District where the University of Jordan is located is considered one of the most developed parts of Amman, with a rich history of education, culture, and a high population density.

Over the years, the university has experienced impressive growth. From its inception with 35,000 students in the early 2000s, the student population surged to 45,000 by the mid-2010s and surpassed 50,000 by 2019. With a rich history of graduating over two hundred thousand individuals, the university has played a significant role in shaping Jordanian society and its neighboring regions. The institution also boasts a diverse student body, with 12% international students as part of its international program. Additionally, the university maintains a faculty of approximately 1,600 members, with a third holding professorial degrees from American, European, Asian, and Arab universities, as well as alumni of the University of Jordan itself.

In terms of international recognition, the University of Jordan has secured the top spot locally and ranked 368th globally in the QS World University Rankings for 2025. This accomplishment further solidifies its position as a leading institution within the academic landscape.

Campus location
In 1962, the University of Jordan selected Jubaiha area as the construction site for its campus. Situated north of the capital, Amman, the conservatory offered ample space, picturesque views adorned with ancient cypress and pine trees, and a central location, close to significant landmarks in Jordan.

Spanning an area of 1,200 dunums, equivalent to 0.463 square miles (1.20 km2), the university campus in Jubaiha is a focal point. Notably, University Street, a bustling thoroughfare in Amman, intersects the area. This lively street serves as a vital link between East and West Amman, hosting numerous cafes, restaurants, hotels, and student accommodations, making it a popular hangout for young individuals.

The campus features twelve gates, including one on the southern side, two on the eastern side, two on the northern side, and seven on the western side, notably the University Street side, which includes the main entrance. Additionally, four parking lots are designated for student vehicles, including those by the College of Arts in the south, the Admissions and Registration Unit near University Street, the College of Education at the northern gate, and the Scientific Parking area on the far eastern side of the scientific colleges.

History
Before the founding of the University of Jordan, the people of Jordan had demanded constantly that a university is to be built in Jordan. Back then, in the 1950s, most Jordanian students studied higher education abroad. In 1962, a delegation from the British Army met with the commanders of the Jordanian Army to negotiate terms for aid from the British government intended to help with the establishment of the University of Jordan. Before King Hussein bin Talal gave the royal decree, he had been negotiating with Prime Minister Wasfi Tal regarding the establishment of the university, and they both agreed on moving forward with it; and thus King Hussein bin Talal put Prime Minister Wasfi Tal in charge of establishing the University of Jordan. The text of the Royal Decree states:

On the Opening ceremony of the university, King Hussein bin Talal, accompanied by his convoy, Prince Hassan bin Talal, and Jordanian Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tal, arrived at the university. They were warmly welcomed by the university’s president, Nasir al-Din al-Asad, the head of the Board of Trustees, Samir al-Rifai, and other members of the Board of Trustees.

During a ceremony held on April 17, 1965, King Hussein was presented with the university's first degree, an honorary doctorate. Following this honor, the King delivered an inspiring speech at the university auditorium, expressing his immense pride in witnessing the realization of his most cherished dreams and aspirations:

On December 25, 1965, the University of Jordan commenced its first day of teaching. At its inception, the university operated from three modest buildings with a budget of 50 thousand dinars and a faculty comprising eight teachers, supplemented by a small number of international professors. Notable among these professors were Nasir al-Din al-Asad, Abdul-Karim Gharaybeh, Fakher Aqel, Shawqi Daif, and Hashim Yaghi. Initially, the university consisted of one faculty, namely the Faculty of Arts, with a student body totaling 167, including 17 female students.

In its formative years, the university administration actively worked on developing the institution's infrastructure. Without delay, additional faculties were established, including the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Economics and Commerce, both inaugurated in 1965, alongside the Faculty of Arts.

Dubbed "the Mother University" by the Jordanian media in late 1962, the University of Jordan holds the distinction of being the first university established in the country. Several pioneering initiatives originated from the University of Jordan, solidifying its status as a trailblazer in the region. The Samir Al-Rifai Theater at the university served as the launchpad for the first Jordanian theater. Additionally, the Department of Sociology spearheaded the establishment of the first Jordanian community project. Furthermore, the university introduced the first credit hour system in the Arab world, marking another significant milestone in its innovative approach to education. In its early years, the University of Jordan represented a unique Arab experience. Initially recognized as a state university, it operated independently from the government, distinguishing itself as a national institution that was scientifically, financially, and administratively autonomous.

Academics
The University of Jordan offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The university has 78 undergraduate programs and 143 postgraduate programs which are divided into 109 master's degrees, and 34 doctoral degrees. The faculties are categorized into three streams: Scientific faculties, Humanitarian faculties, and Medical (Health) faculties.

Faculties
The University of Jordan's faculties include:

Scientific faculties
There are four scientific faculties:
 * School of Science
 * School of Agriculture
 * School of Engineering
 * King Abdullah II School for Information TechnologyThese faculties include 22 departments such as the department of Physics in the school of science, and the department of Electrical Engineering in the school of engineering. The faculty of Engineering was established in 1975, and is now the biggest faculty in the University of Jordan, as of 2021 all its departments have been accredited by ABET; Chemical Engineering,  Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical engineering and Mechatronics Engineering.

Humanitarian faculties

 * School of Arts
 * School of Business
 * School of Sharia
 * School of Educational Sciences
 * School of Law
 * School of Physical Education
 * School of Arts and Design
 * School of International Studies
 * School of Foreign languages
 * School of Archaeology and Tourism

Medical faculties
See Also: Medical education in Jordan
 * School of Nursing
 * School of Medicine
 * School of Pharmacy
 * School of Dentistry
 * School of Rehabilitation Sciences

Centers and institutes
Institutes: Centers: Directed at offering courses of Arabic language as a foreign language. One of 10 academies in the world that regulate Arabic language and literature. The academy is considered one of the world's top references for Arabic language and Arabic literature. The main publication of the academy is the biannual journal "The Journal of Jordan Academy of Arabic", as well as many dictionaries and other publications. Established in 1982, it provides support for researchers on Islamic studies, it also organizes courses and seminars for Islamic history and literature scholars. Established in 1972 to promote the study of Arabic and Islamic heritage, and to provide researchers with original and primary sources. The CDM library boasts 31,000 manuscripts. The objective of the establishment of the center is to provide research in water management and environment on the regional and international level. The University of Jordan launched its first graduate program in 1968/69, it was an MA program in Educational Administration and Guidance, the faculty cooperates with:
 * Institute of Archaeology
 * International Institute for Teaching Arabic Language to Speakers of Other Languages
 * Social Work Institute
 * Institute of agricultural research training extension and education
 * The Institute for the Study of Islam in the Contemporary World]
 * Center for Photonics Research
 * The University of Jordan Language Center
 * The Jordan Academy of Arabic
 * The Islamic Cultural Center
 * The Center for Documents and Manuscripts
 * Water and Environment Research and Study Center
 * Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies

The center was established in 1998 aiming to perform political and economical studies on the national and regional level. The center also performs polls with high levels of accuracy. The center occasionally performs studies for Aljazeera.
 * 1) Jordan Media Institute which offers a one–year practical master's degree.
 * 2) The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, which offers MA and High Diploma.
 * Center for Strategic Studies Jordan

Jordan University Hospital
The Jordan University Hospital was established in 1973, and it was merged with the University of Jordan in 1976. It is one of the most developed hospitals in Jordan. It's been accredited by many organizations, most notably JCI and HACCP. It also has affiliations with King Hussein Cancer Center, which was the first Cancer Center outside of the United States to be accredited by the JCI Disease Specific Certification (DSC) in November 2007.

The University of Jordan Library
The University of Jordan Library (UJL), established in 1962 alongside the founding of the University of Jordan, stands as a crucial academic resource center in Amman, Jordan. Encompassing over 12,000 square meters with an additional 4,000 square meters dedicated to reading rooms across various university faculties and scientific centers, the UJL supports a diverse academic community. The library's extensive collection boasts over one million items, including print and electronic resources, offering comprehensive services to faculty, students, researchers, and international scholars. Historically significant, the UJL was the second public library in Jordan, following the Central Library established in 1960. Organized into three main departments—Technical, Library Services, and Information—the library efficiently manages indexing, classification, acquisitions, lending systems, references, deposits, and computerization. The UJL's collections include significant historical documents, archives, parliamentary minutes, newspaper archives dating back to 1870, and special records from Jerusalem's Sharia courts and the Mamluk Sultanate. Additionally, the UJL serves as a depository center for UN and international organization documents. In September 2018, the American Corner was inaugurated within the library, enhancing cultural and educational resources. The UJL is accessible 90 hours per week, serving an average of 11,000 users daily, and provides specialized facilities for visually impaired students. Since 1986, the library has been a repository for theses and dissertations from Arab universities, accredited by the Association of Arab Universities. Integrating modern technological solutions, the UJL offers an online catalog system (Horizon) and various digital access services, underscoring its role as a key repository of both national and international historical records and a hub of academic excellence.

Scientific collections
The university research facilities contain collections of historic documents and manuscripts as well as fossil remains that are considered to be of valuable importance for the scientific community, "to provide primary and secondary sources for researchers", among which are the world's only discovered fossil bones of Arambourgiania.

Jordan University Press

According to Nature journal, Jordan has the highest number of researchers per million people in the Arab World, and the 30th worldwide. In its objective to promote scientific research, the Jordanian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research established collaboration with the University of Jordan Deanship of Academic Research in the early 1990s to publish several internationally peer-reviewed scientific journals on the highest standards in applied and social sciences as well as medical and pharmaceutical sciences. These journals are:
 * Jordan Medical Journal a peer refereed journal for researches in medical sciences and molecular biology.
 * Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Jordan Journal of Business Administration
 * Jordan Journal of Social Sciences
 * Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology
 * Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences

The University of Jordan Press issues the internationally peer-reviewed Dirasat Journal series, and several other journals in Arabic literature, Arabic and Middle Eastern history, and regional culture:
 * Aqlam Jadidah, a journal mainly for Arabic literature
 * The Cultural Journal, a quarterly published journal in Arabic, founded in 1983.
 * Dirasat Journal Series:
 * Agricultural Sciences
 * Human and Social Sciences
 * Administrative Sciences
 * Educational Sciences
 * Engineering Sciences
 * Shari'a and Law Sciences
 * Pure Sciences

Rankings
The University of Jordan has the highest admission scores for most majors in the country. According to the 2021 Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, it was the top ranked university in Jordan and the number 11 university in the Arab world.

In 2022, QS ranked the university in the 591 - 600 band in the world with 5 stars rating, 101 - 450 by subject rankings, tenth in the Arab world and 301 – 500 in graduate employability globally. In the same year, Times Higher Education ranked the university within the 801 - 1000 band globally, 179th for BRICS and Emerging Economies, 250 – 300 in Asian university rankings, and 22nd for Arab University Rankings 2021.

In 2022, the University of Jordan ranked in the 701 - 800 band in Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, and in 151 - 500 band for various subject rankings.

Bilateral agreements
The University of Jordan has hundreds of agreements mostly for student exchange programs, of which 16 agreements are with universities in the United States such as Vanderbilt University and Murray State University.

Affiliations

 * International Association of Universities
 * Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World
 * Mediterranean Universities Union
 * Association of Arab Universities

Students
The University of Jordan Student Union is the University's student body.

The regulations governing the Student Union have been subject to several revisions and major changes since its conception. The latest version of these regulations was written by a committee of both students (Hamdoon Khateeb, Malek Khalaileh, Khaled Gabba, Yasmeen AbuTaleb, Issam Khoury) and faculty members (Dr. Ali Mahafzah, Dr. Ali Badran, Dr. Ali Sawwa) and put into effect in 2008.

Alumni
Graduates from UJ have attained positions in many fields in many countries including government, science, business, literature, and military. Some notable alumni are:
 * Maha Ali, Minister of Industry, Trade and Supply of Jordan
 * Afroz Ahmad, Indian civil servant
 * Saif Atout, Founder of DigiZag
 * Sima Sami Bahous (born 1956), Jordanian Executive Director of UN Women
 * Eid Dahiyat, former minister of education of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
 * Jeffrey Feltman, United States Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs.
 * Rami Hamdallah, former prime Minister of Palestine
 * Wadah Khanfar, former director general of the Al Jazeera Media Network.
 * Malik R. Dahlan, Professor of International Law and Public Policy Queen Mary University of London, International Chair, Harvard Law School Association, President Institution Quraysh for Law & Policy
 * Zu'bi M.F. Al-Zu'bi, Director of Development at The University of Sydney, Australia and Fellow of the Higher Education Academy United Kingdom.
 * Ehab Al Shihabi, Jordanian-American executive director of international operations for Al Jazeera Media Network.
 * Saleh Ali Al-Kharabsheh, Jordanian Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources
 * Yousef Al-Abed, chemist, professor at Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
 * Zulaikha Abu Risha, writer and activist
 * Jalil Tarif, economist
 * Alaa Wardi, Saudi Arabian musician and artist
 * Hoshyar Zebari, minister of foreign affairs of Iraq.
 * Ahmad Ziadat, Jordanian Minister of Justice

title: University of Jordan


text: Portal:Ancient Egypt

title: Portal:Ancient Egypt


text:
Manselton

Manselton (Welsh: Trefansel) is a suburban area of Swansea, Wales falling within the Cwmbwrla ward. Manselton approximates to the area to the west of Llangyfelach Road just north of the railway line from Landore depot to west Wales.

Manselton consists mainly of suburban housing, although there is a large, open park area and a number of convenience stores, hairdressers, and beauty salons.

Despite a number of public houses being in close proximity to Manselton, none are actually within its boundary.

History
The Manselton Hotel was built in 1886 by Sir Richard Mansel as a private hotel. Sir Richard Mansel was head of the local Temperance Society and therefore no sale of alcohol was allowed on the Manselton Estate.

The nearby Racecourse was attracting crowds of up to 60,000 and some horse owners (mostly Irish) stayed at the Hotel. For this reason, Sir Richard Mansel moved Manselton Hotel outside of the Manselton Boundary into the neighbouring Brynhyfred to allow the sale of alcohol to the Irish guests.

The local temperance was outraged by this and rolled the barrels of ale down Manor Road directly opposite. Currently do date, there are no public houses within Manselton. However, there is a private members club on Major Street.

Local Education
In August 2012, the local primary School, Manselton Primary School closed due to building safety regulations. A new school was built within the nearby Cwmbwrla Park merging with Cwmbwrla Primary School to form a new Burlais Primary School. Manselton is the local catchment area for Pentrehafod Comprehensive School.

Listed Buildings
Grade II listed buildings in the area include:
 * Mount Calvary Baptist Chapel & Hall on Cecil Street
 * Manselton School & attached Block on Manor Road
 * St. Michael & All Angel's Church on Manor Road

Community Facilities
Manselton is home to numerous community facilities such as
 * Manselton Surgery (Elgin Street)
 * Local Pharmacy (Manselton Road)
 * Manselton Community Centre (Accessible via the lane behind pharmacy)

title: Manselton


text:
Data element definition

In metadata, a data element definition is a human readable phrase or sentence associated with a data element within a data dictionary that describes the meaning or semantics of a data element.

Data element definitions are critical for external users of any data system. Good definitions can dramatically ease the process of mapping one set of data into another set of data. This is a core feature of distributed computing and intelligent agent development.

There are several guidelines that should be followed when creating high-quality data element definitions.

Properties of clear definitions
A good definition is:
 * 1) Precise - The definition should use words that have a precise meaning. Try to avoid words that have multiple meanings or multiple word senses. The definition should use the shortest description. The definition should not use the term you are trying to define in the definition itself.  This is known as a circular definition.
 * 2) Distinct - The definition should differentiate a data element from other data elements.  This process is called disambiguation -  The definition should be free of embedded rationale, functional usage, legal metadata registration.

Definitions should not refer to terms or concepts that might be misinterpreted by others or that have different meanings based on the context of a situation. Definitions should not contain acronyms that are not clearly defined or linked to other precise definitions.

If one is creating a large number of data elements, all the definitions should be consistent with related concepts.

Critical Data Element – Not all data elements are of equal importance or value to an organization. A key metadata property of an element is categorizing the data as a Critical Data Element (CDE). This categorization provides focus for data governance and data quality. An organization often has various sub-categories of CDEs, based on use of the data. e.g.:
 * 1) Security Coverage – data elements that are categorized as personal health record, personal health information or PHI warrant particular attention for security and access
 * 2) Marketing Department Usage – The marketing department could have a particular set of CDEs identified for identifying Unique Customer or for Campaign Management.
 * 3) Finance Department Usage – The Finance department could have a different set of CDEs from Marketing. They are focused on data elements which provide measures and metrics for fiscal reporting.

Standards such as the ISO/IEC 11179 Metadata Registry specification give guidelines for creating precise data element definitions. Specifically chapter four of the ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry standard.

Using precise words
Common words such as play or run database documents over 57 different distinct meanings for the word "play" but only a single definition for the term dramatic play. Fewer definitions in a chosen word's dictionary entry is preferable. This minimizes misinterpretation related to a reader's context and background. The process of finding a good meaning of a word is called Word-sense disambiguation

Examples of definitions that could be improved
Here is the definition of "person" data element as defined in the www.w3c.org Friend of a Friend specification *:

Person: A person.

Although most people do have an intuitive understanding of what a person is, the definition has much room for improvement. The first problem is that the definition is circular. Note that this definition really does not help most readers and needs to be clarified.

Here is the definition of the "Person" Data Element in the Global Justice XML Data Model 3.0 *:

person: Describes inherent and frequently associated characteristics of a person.

Note that once again the definition is still circular. Person should not reference itself. The definition should use terms other than person to describe what a person is.

Here is a more precise but shorter definition of a person:

Person: An individual human being.

Note that it uses the word individual to state that this is an instance of a class of things called human being. Technically you might use "homo sapiens" in your definition, but more people are familiar with the term "human being" than "homo sapiens," so commonly used terms, if they are still precise, are always preferred.

Sometimes your system may have cultural norms and assumptions in the definitions. For example, if your "Person" data element tracked characters in a science fiction series that included aliens you may need a more general term other than human being.

Person: An individual of a sentient species.

title: Data element definition


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File:Seisdemayo.jpg

Cover of the Trey Anastasio album, Seis de Mayo.

title: File:Seisdemayo.jpg


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User talk:Nathaliek

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Psy guy (talk) 16:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Nathaliek


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Swain

Swain, Swains or Swain's may refer to:

Places

 * Swain Islands, Antarctica
 * Swain's Island (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada
 * Swains Island, an atoll in the Tokelau chain, American Samoa
 * Swain County, North Carolina, United States
 * Swains Lake, New Hampshire, United States

Other uses

 * Swain (surname)
 * Swain (horse), a European Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Swain School of Design, a former non-profit educational institution now part of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

title: Swain


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Robert Abercromby of Airthrey

General Sir Robert Abercromby, GCB (21 October 1740 – 3 November 1827) was a British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Bombay from 1790 to 1792. He also sat in the British House of Commons representing the constituency of Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire from 1798 to 1802. The youngest brother of Sir Ralph Abercromby, he fought in the American War of Independence before serving in India as part of the Bombay Army, where he eventually rose to the rank of Commander-in-Chief, India.

Military career
Abercromby served in the French and Indian War, and was promoted captain in 1761. On 30 Nov. 1775, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 37th Regiment of Foot. During the American Revolutionary War, he fought at the Battle of Long Island, the Battle of Brandywine, the Battle of Germantown, the Battle of Crooked Billet, the Battle of Monmouth and at the sieges of Charleston and Yorktown, where he commanded the left wing of the British forces.

After the war, he was made Colonel for life of the 75th (Highland) Regiment, a regiment newly raised to deter the French in India. Abercromby served in India from 1790 to 1797, where he was Governor of Bombay and Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army and then, from 1793, Commander-in-Chief, India.

In 1798 he purchased Airthrey Castle from the Haldane family and was thereafter entitled Abercromby of Aithrey.

He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1797, elected M.P. for the county of Clackmannan in the place of his brother Ralph in 1798, and was made governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1801—a post he held until his death—and a general in 1802. His increasing blindness - arising from an eye disease contracted before his return from India in 1797 - made it impossible for him ever again to take active service, and obliged him to resign his seat in parliament in 1802.

title: Robert Abercromby of Airthrey


text: Template:WikiProject Michigan

title: Template:WikiProject Michigan


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Darren Cahill

Darren Cahill (born 2 October 1965) is an Australian tennis coach and former professional tennis player. In addition, Cahill is a tennis analyst for the Grand Slam events on the US sports network ESPN and a coach with the Adidas Player Development Program and at ProTennisCoach.com.

Early life and education
Cahill is the son of Australian rules football player and coach John Cahill. After high school he attended the Australian Institute of Sport on a scholarship.

Player
Cahill turned professional in 1984. He won his first tour doubles title in 1985 at the Melbourne Outdoor tournament. In 1987, he won his first top-level singles title at New Haven.

Cahill's best singles performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1988 US Open, where he knocked out Lawson Duncan, Boris Becker, Marcelo Ingaramo (a walkover after Ingaramo withdrew), Martin Laurendeau, and Aaron Krickstein on the way to reaching the semifinals, where he lost to eventual champion Mats Wilander.

In 1989, Cahill finished runner-up in men's doubles at the Australian Open partnering fellow Aussie Mark Kratzmann. Also with Kratzmann, Cahill won the ATP Championships in Cincinnati.

Cahill was a member of the Australian team which reached the final of the Davis Cup in 1990. The team lost 3–2 to the United States in the final. Cahill compiled a 6–4 career Davis Cup record (4–0 in doubles and 2–4 in singles).

Cahill won his last tour singles title in 1991 at San Francisco. His last doubles title came in 1994 in Sydney.

In 1989, Cahill's reached his career peak doubles ranking of world No. 10 and his peak singles ranking of no. 22 in 1989. After chronic knee injuries and ten operations, he retired from the professional tour in 1995.

Coach
Since retiring from the tour, Cahill has been a successful tennis coach and guided Lleyton Hewitt to become the second youngest player ever ranked world No. 1. After Hewitt, Cahill coached Andre Agassi, who under Cahill became the oldest player ever to be ranked world no. 1 in May 2003. Cahill joined the Adidas Player Development Program after Agassi retired in 2006 and has worked with high-profile players, including Andy Murray, Ana Ivanovic, Fernando Verdasco, Daniela Hantuchová, Sorana Cîrstea, and Simona Halep. In 2017 and 2018, he coached Halep to No.1 on the WTA Tour and the 2018 French Open championship. After a year away, Cahill rejoined with Halep in 2020.

In addition to coaching individual players, Cahill was the Australian Davis Cup coach from 2007 until February 2009. He is also an Adidas talent scout and works with promising junior players worldwide. He is now a member of the Adidas Player Development Program. With Roger Rasheed, Brad Gilbert, and Paul Annacone, Cahill is a coach at ProTennisCoach.com, an open-access, professional coaching website. Cahill is also involved with PlaySight Interactive, a sports technology company behind the SmartCourt. Along with Paul Annacone, he heads up PlaySight's Coaching and Player Development team, helping the company to bring its technology to more tennis coaches and players across the world.

In January 2022, Cahill began coaching tennis player Amanda Anisimova as a trial coach. He joined Simone Vagnozzi as a coach for Jannik Sinner in July 2022. The pair received the Coach of the Year award at the 2023 ATP Awards.

In 2024, Cahill coached Sinner to win the Australian Open.

Media
Since 2007, Cahill is a tennis analyst for the global sports network ESPN for three of the four major tennis Grand Slams: the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. He also works for the Australian television network Channel 7 for the Hopman Cup and Australian Open.

Personal life
Cahill and his wife Victoria married in 2000. They have two children, Benjamin and Tahlia.

Cahill's nickname is Killer.

title: Darren Cahill


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Lighthouse tender

A lighthouse tender is a ship specifically designed to maintain, support, or tend to lighthouses or lightvessels, providing supplies, fuel, mail, and transportation. The work is often carried out by ships which also act as buoy tenders.

In the United States, these ships originally served as part of the Lighthouse Service and now are part of the Coast Guard. The first American tender of the Lighthouse Service was former revenue cutter USRC Rushnourder (1831), which was acquired in 1840. The first steam tender was the USS Shubrick (1865), completed in 1857 and put into service on the West Coast in 1858. The USCGC Fir (WLM-212) was the last active representative of the service, and is now a US National Historic Landmark.

title: Lighthouse tender


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User talk:IchBinRommel

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more Desert Foxes. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:IchBinRommel


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Seis De Mayo

Seis De Mayo is an entirely orchestral album by the guitarist and composer Trey Anastasio. It was released on April 6, 2004, by Elektra Records and seems to return to the "musical obscurism" that was evident in his first solo album, One Man's Trash. Seis De Mayo was recorded in between 2000 and 2003, and features many reincarnations of some of Anastasio's older musical compositions, now with classical arrangements, from a string quartet to a full 66-piece orchestra.

Track listing

 * 1) Andre The Giant – 3:42
 * 2) Prologue (Pebbles and Marbles) – 2:40
 * 3) The Inlaw Josie Wales – 3:47
 * 4) All Things Reconsidered – 3:01
 * 5) Coming To – 2:50
 * 6) Discern (intro) – 1:50
 * 7) Guyute (orchestral) – 11:46

title: Seis De Mayo


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Ben Shemen

Ben Shemen (בֶּן שֶׁמֶן, lit. very fruitful) is a moshav in central Israel. Located around four kilometres east of Lod, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Modi'in Regional Council. In it had a population of.

Etymology
The village's name is taken from Isaiah 5:1:

"Let me sing of my well-beloved, a song of my beloved touching his vineyard. My well-beloved had a vineyard in a very fruitful hill."

and also reflects the JNF's planting of olive trees in this area.

History
The moshav was founded in 1905 on the land of the former Arab estate of Bayt ‘Arīf. It was one of the first villages established on Jewish National Fund land. The first Jewish National Fund forest is also located in Ben Shemen. In 1910 Ben Shemen was the site of the Bezalel Artists' Colony (1910), a predecessor to the Ben Shemen youth village. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Ben Shemen had a population of 90 Jews. Which had increased in the 1931 census to 353 residents, in 30 houses. In 1923 it was split in two, with a group of trial farms eventually becoming a separate moshav, Kerem Ben Shemen.

The Ben Shemen Youth Village was established adjacent to the moshav in 1927 and is today a large agricultural boarding school. In 1945, the lands of Ben Shemen amounted to 2,176 dunams, of which 607 dunams were devoted to orchards, 947 dunams to field crops, one dunam for bananas, and 594 dunams were left uncultivated. According to Marom, "Citrus growing remained undeveloped in Ben Shemen, with the youth village specializing in orchards and field crops".

During World War II, Ben Shemen was the site of a British search for weapons. Similar searches were a common British response to Jewish opposition to the White Paper of 1939. In 1947 Ben Shemen had a population of 75. The village experienced extensive damage during the early days of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war and had to be reconstructed. Immigrants from Romania joined the moshav in 1952. Some houses were built by Bezalel Academy of Art and Design founder Boris Schatz.

Archaeology
During road-work near Ben Shemen in 1975, a burial cave containing three ossuaries was found. An Aramaic funerary inscription on one of them mentions "Levi son of Menashe" and is dated to the late Second Temple period, probably during the first century BCE or CE.

Additionally, a boulder that collapsed from the cave wall had a Greek funerary inscription written in red, which according to its style, was probably inscribed during the 2nd or 3rd centuries CE. Di Segni suggested that the appearance of the Hebrew name "Yo'ezer" on the inscription indicates that the area had not been completely cleared of Jews after the Jewish–Roman wars. Jews who did not participate in the revolt may have survived in the area, converting to Christianity and preserving the family name for generations to come. Others have argued that, despite its rarity, a Christian usage of an Old Testament name doesn't require additional explanation.

Notable residents

 * Benjamin Elazari Volcani
 * Aharon Yadlin
 * Shimon Peres

title: Ben Shemen


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Michigan

Good article nomination for General Motors EV1
Hello all, the General Motors EV1 page is up for a good article nomination if anybody would like to initiate the review. Best,  750h+ |   Talk  03:18, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Chaldean Mafia
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Chaldean Mafia that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. – robertsky (talk) 06:35, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

FAC for Blackrocks Brewery
You are invited to comment on the featured article candidacy for Blackrocks Brewery at this link. Ed [talk] [OMT] 05:29, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Madonna
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Madonna that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 11:05, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Michigan


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User talk:Superpills

Welcome
Hey there, . Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian and decide to stay! Here are a few good links for newcomers (or "oldcomers" for reference):

By the way, you should sign and date your comments on talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~. Three tildes (~~~) produces just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!

Great, just what we need around this place... more pills to take. :) Cheers. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 16:49, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hello Superpills. Thanks for your contributions to some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 15:28, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Superpills


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User:LambaJan

My name is the same as this acronym and this county's seat. I was born in the Golden Triangle but grew up by the Emerald Necklace of the Forest City (and I can cross the river). This (my birth) was the year that the Conch Republic seceded from the United States, and the day that Daniel Radcliffe was born, Domenico Scarlatti died and the 12th Street Riot began. My username sounds like LambaJan but translates as LambaJan and is shared by a character in The Moor's Last Sigh, a book that Salman Rushdie wrote after his seminal Haroun and the Sea of Stories.

Dizzy is my Jazz Embassador. Omid Djalili makes me laugh.

Links
- User:LambaJan/v1.1 - My awesome fansite - New pages:

title: User:LambaJan