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Parshvanatha

Parshvanatha (पार्श्वनाथः), or and Pārasanātha, was the 23rd of 24 Tirthankaras (supreme preacher of dharma) of Jainism. He gained the title of Kalīkālkalpataru (Kalpavriksha in this Kali Yuga).

Parshvanath is one of the earliest Tirthankara who is acknowledged as a historical figure. The Jain sources place him between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE whereas historians consider that he lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE.

Parshvanath was born 273 years before Mahavira. He was the spiritual successor of the 22nd Tirthankar Neminath. He is popularly seen as a propagator and reviver of Jainism. Parshvanatha is said to have attained moksha on Mount Sammeda (Madhuban, Jharkhand) popular as Parasnath hill in the Ganges basin, an important Jain pilgrimage site. His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head, and his worship often includes Dharanendra and Padmavati (Jainism's serpent Devtā and Devī).

Parshvanath was born in Benaras (Varanasi), India. Renouncing worldly life, he founded an ascetic community. Texts of the two major Jain sects (Digambaras and Śvētāmbaras) differ on the teachings of Parshvanath and Mahavir, and this is a foundation of the dispute between the two sects. The Digambaras believed that there was no difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.

According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahavir expanded Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on ahimsa (lit. 'non-violence') and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy). Parshvanatha did not require celibacy and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts, such as section 2.15 of the Ācārāṅga Sūtra, say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha (linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition).

Historicity
Parshvanatha is the earliest Jain tirthankara who is generally acknowledged as a historical figure. According to Paul Dundas, Jain texts such as section 31 of Isibhasiyam provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India. Historians such as Hermann Jacobi have accepted him as a historical figure because his Chaturyama Dharma (Four Vows) are mentioned in Buddhist texts. In the Manorathapurani, a Buddhist commentary on the Anguttara Nikaya, Vappa, the Buddha's uncle, was a follower of Nataputta.

Despite the accepted historicity, some historical claims such as the link between him and Mahavira, whether Mahavira renounced in the ascetic tradition of Parshvanatha, and other biographical details have led to different scholarly conclusions.

Parshvanath's biography with Jain texts says that he preceded Mahavira by 273 years and that he lived 100 years. Mahavira is dated to c. 599 in the Jain tradition, and Parshvanatha is dated to c. 872. According to Dundas, historians outside the Jain tradition date Mahavira as contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th century BCE and, based on the 273-year gap, date Parshvanatha to the 8th or 7th century BCE.

Doubts about Parshvanatha's historicity are also supported by the oldest Jain texts, which present Mahavira with sporadic mentions of ancient ascetics and teachers without specific names (such as sections 1.4.1 and 1.6.3 of the Acaranga Sutra). The earliest layer of Jain literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two jinas: the Adinatha (Rishabhanatha) and Mahavira. Stories of Parshvanatha and Neminatha appear in later Jain texts, with the Kalpa Sūtra the first known text. or depth, and the brief descriptions of the tirthankaras are largely modelled on Mahavira. The Kalpa Sūtra is the most ancient known Jain text with the 24 tirthankar, but it lists 20; three, including Parshvanatha, have brief descriptions compared with Mahavira. Early archaeological finds, such as the statues and reliefs near Mathura, lack iconography such as lions and serpents.

Two of the early bronze images of Parshvanatha can be found on Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya and Patna Museum dating back to the second century BCE to the first century CE. A first century BCE Ayagapata is in State Museum Lucknow containing the image of Parshvanatha. A seventh century CE statue was found in the Asthal Bohar village of Rohtak, Haryana.

Jain biography
Parshvanatha was the 23rd of 24 tirthankaras in Jain tradition.

Life before renunciation
He was born on the tenth day of the dark half of the Hindu month of Pausha to King Ashwasena and Queen Vamadevi of Varanasi. Parshvanatha belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty. Before his birth, Jain texts state that he ruled as the god Indra in the 13th heaven of Jain cosmology. While Parshvanatha was in his mother's womb, gods performed the garbha-kalyana (enlivened the fetus). His mother dreamt sixteen auspicious dreams, an indicator in Jain tradition that a tirthankar was about to be born. According to the Jain texts, the thrones of the Indras shook when he was born and the Indras came down to earth to celebrate his janma-kalyanaka (his auspicious birth).

Parshvanatha was born with blue-black skin. A strong, handsome boy, he played with the gods of water, hills and trees. At the age of eight, Parshvanatha began practising the twelve basic duties of the adult Jain householder. He lived as a prince and soldier in Varanasi. The temples in Bhelupur were built to commemorate place for three kalyanaka of Parshvanatha.

According to the Digambara school, Parshvanatha never married; Śvētāmbara texts say that he married Prabhavati, the daughter of Prasenajit (king of Kusasthala). Heinrich Zimmer translated a Jain text that sixteen-year-old Parshvanatha refused to marry when his father told him to do so; he began meditating instead because the "soul is its only friend".

Renunciation
At age 30, on the 11th day of the moon's waxing in the month of Pausha (December–January), Parshvanatha renounced the world to become a monk after seeing the image of Neminatha. He removed his clothes and hair and began fasting strictly. Parshvanatha meditated for 84 days before he attained omniscience under a dhaataki tree near Benares. His meditation period included asceticism and strict vows. Parshvanatha's practices included careful movement, measured speech, guarded desires, mental restraint and physical activity, essential in Jain tradition to renounce the ego. According to the Jain texts, lions and fawns played around him during his asceticism.

Ahichchhatra is believed to be the place where Parshvanatha attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). According to Vividha Tirtha Kalpa, Kamath in an attempt to obstruct Parshvanatha from achieving Kevala Jnana caused continuous rain. Parshvanatha was immersed in water up to his neck and to protect him the serpent god Dharanendra held a canopy of thousand hoods over his head and the goddess Padmavati coiled herself around his body. Ahichchhatra Jain temples are built to commemorate Parshvanatha attaining Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka. On the 14th day of the moon's waning cycle in the month of Chaitra (March–April), Parshvanatha attained omniscience. Heavenly beings built him a samavasarana (preaching hall), so he could share his knowledge with his followers.

After preaching for 70 years, Parshvanath attained moksha at Shikharji on Parasnath hill at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar. His moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jain tradition is celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at Parasnath tonk of the mountain, in northern Jharkhand, part of the Parasnath Range by offering Nirvana Laddu (Sugar balls) and reciting of Nirvana Kanda. Parshvanatha has been called  (beloved of the people) by Jains.

Previous lives
Jain mythology contains legends about Parshvanatha's human and animal rebirths and the maturing of his soul towards inner harmony like legends found in other Indian religions. His rebirths include:
 * Marubhuti – Vishwabhuti, King Aravinda's prime minister, had two sons; the elder one was Kamath and the younger one was Marubhuti (Parshvanatha). Kamath committed adultery with Marubhuti's wife. The king learned about the adultery, and asked Marubhuti how his brother should be punished; Marubhuti suggested forgiveness. Kamath went into a forest, became an ascetic, and acquired demonic powers to take revenge. Marubhuti went to the forest to invite his brother back home, but Kamath killed Marubhuti by crushing him with a stone. Marubhuti was one of Parshvanatha's earlier rebirths.
 * Vajraghosha (Thunder), an elephant – He was then reborn as an elephant because of the "violence of the death and distressing thoughts he harbored at the time of his previous death". Vajraghosha lived in the forests of Vindyachal. Kamath was reborn as a serpent.

King Aravinda, after the death of his minister's son, renounced his throne and led an ascetic life. When an angry Vajraghosha approached Aravinda, the ascetic saw that the elephant was the reborn Marubhuti. Aravinda asked the elephant to give up "sinful acts, remove his demerits from the past, realize that injuring other beings is the greatest sin, and begin practicing the vows". The elephant realized his error, became calm, and bowed at Aravinda's feet. When Vajraghosha went to a river one day to drink, the serpent Kamath bit him. He died peacefully this time, however, without distressing thoughts.
 * Sasiprabha – Vajraghosha was reborn as Sashiprabha (Lord of the Moon) in the twelfth heaven, surrounded by abundant pleasures. Sashiprabha, however, did not let the pleasures distract him and continued his ascetic life.
 * Agnivega – Sashiprabha died, and was reborn as Prince Agnivega ("strength of fire"). After he became king, he met a sage who told him about the impermanence of all things and the significance of a spiritual life. Agnivega realized the importance of religious pursuits, and his worldly life lost its charms. He renounced it to lead an ascetic life, joining the sage's monastic community. Agnivega meditated in the Himalayas, reducing his attachment to the outside world. He was bitten by a snake (the reborn Kamath), but the poison did not disturb his inner peace and he calmly accepted his death.

Agnivega was reborn as a god with a life of "twenty-two oceans of years", and the serpent went to the sixth hell. The soul of Marubhuti-Vajraghosa-Sasiprabha-Agnivega was reborn as Parshvanatha. He saved serpents from torture and death during that life; the serpent god Dharanendra and the goddess Padmavati protected him, and are part of Parshvanath's iconography.

Disciples
According to the Kalpa Sūtra (a Śvētāmbara text), Parshvanatha had 164,000 śrāvakas (male lay followers), 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers), 16,000 sādhus (monks) and 38,000 Sadhvis or aryikas (nuns). According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he had eight ganadharas (chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas. After his death, the Śvētāmbara believe that Śubhadatta became head of the monastic order and was succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and Keśī.

According to Digambara tradition (including the Avasyaka niryukti), Parshvanatha had 10 ganadhars and Svayambhu was their leader. Śvētāmbara texts such as the Samavayanga and Kalpa Sūtras cite Pushpakula as the chief aryika of his female followers, but the Digambara Tiloyapannati text identifies her as Suloka or Sulocana. Parshvanatha's nirgrantha (without bonds) monastic tradition was influential in ancient India, with Mahavira's parents part of it as lay householders who supported the ascetics.

Teachings
Texts of the two major Jain sects (Digambara and Śvētāmbara) have different views of Parshvanatha and Mahavira's teachings, which underlie disputes between the sects. Digambaras maintain that no difference exists between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira. According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahavira expanded the scope of Parshvanatha's first four restraints with his ideas on ahimsa (non-violence) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy) to the practice of asceticism. Parshvanatha did not require celibacy, and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments. Śvētāmbara texts such as section 2.15 of the Ācārāṅga Sūtra say that Mahavira's parents were followers of Parshvanatha, linking Mahavira to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jain mendicant tradition.

According to the Śvētāmbara tradition, Parshvanatha and the ascetic community he founded exercised a fourfold restraint; Mahavira stipulated five great vows for his ascetic initiation. This difference and its reason have often been discussed in Śvētāmbara texts.

The Uttardhyayana Sutra (a Śvētāmbara text) describes Keśin Dālbhya as a follower of Parshvanatha and Indrabhuti Gautama as a disciple of Mahavira and discusses which doctrine is true: the fourfold restraint or the five great vows. Gautama says that there are outward differences, and these differences are "because the moral and intellectual capabilities of the followers of the ford-makers have differed".

According to Wendy Doniger, Parshvanatha allowed monks to wear clothes; Mahavira recommended nude asceticism, a practice which has been a significant difference between the Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions.

According to the Śvētāmbara texts, Parshvanatha's four restraints were ahimsa, aparigraha (non-possession), asteya (non-stealing) and satya (non-lying). Ancient Buddhist texts (such as the Samaññaphala Sutta) which mention Jain ideas and Mahavira cite the four restraints, rather than the five vows of later Jain texts. This has led scholars such as Hermann Jacobi to say that when Mahavira and the Buddha met, the Buddhists knew only about the four restraints of the Parshvanatha tradition. Further scholarship suggests a more complex situation, because some of the earliest Jain literature (such as section 1.8.1 of the Ācārāṅga Sūtra) connects Mahavira with three restraints: non-violence, non-lying, and non-possession.

The "less than five vows" view of Śvētāmbara texts is not accepted by the Digambaras, a tradition whose canonical texts have been lost and who do not accept Śvētāmbara texts as canonical. Digambaras have a sizable literature, however, which explains their disagreement with Śvētāmbara interpretations. Prafulla Modi rejects the theory of differences between Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings. Champat Rai Jain writes that Śvētāmbara texts insist on celibacy for their monks (the fifth vow in Mahavira's teachings), and there must not have been a difference between the teachings of Parshvanatha and Mahavira.

Padmanabh Jaini writes that the Digambaras interpret "fourfold" as referring "not to four specific vows", but to "four modalities" (which were adapted by Mahavira into five vows). Western and some Indian scholarship "has been essentially Śvētāmbara scholarship", and has largely ignored Digambara literature related to the controversy about Parshvanatha's and Mahavira's teachings. Paul Dundas writes that medieval Jain literature, such as that by the 9th-century Silanka, suggests that the practices of "not using another's property without their explicit permission" and celibacy were interpreted as part of non-possession.

In literature

The Kalpa Sūtra contains biographies of the tirthankaras Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Uvasagharam Stotra is an ode to Parshvanatha which was written by Bhadrabahu. Jinasena's Mahapurāṇa includes "Ādi purāṇa" and Uttarapurana. It was completed by Jinasena's 8th-century disciple, Gunabhadra. "Ādi purāṇa" describes the lives of Rishabhanatha, Bahubali and Bharata. Parshvabhyudaya by Jinsena is a narration of the life of Parshvanatha. Bhayahara Stotra composed by Acharya Manatunga, 7th century, is an adoration of Parshvanatha. Sankhesvara Stotram is hymn to Parshvanatha compiled by Mahopadhyaya Yashovijaya. Shankheshwar Parshvanath Stavan, hymn dedicated to Shankheshwar Parshvanath, is one of the most performed Jain prayer.

Pasanaha-chairu is a hagiography of Parshvanatha composed by Shridhara in 1132 AD. Parshvanath bhavaantar is a kirtan (devotion song), compiled by Gangadas in 1690 AD, which narrates life of previous nine births. The medieval forty-four verse hymn Kalyanamandira stotra, composed by Digambar kumudachandra, is a praise to Parshvanatha is popular among both Digambar and Śvētāmbara. Parshvanatha charite is a poem composed by Shantikirt Muni in 1730 AD, this poem narrates the seven siddhis of Parshvanatha.

Guru Gobind Singh wrote a biography of Parshvanatha in the 17th-century Paranath Avtar, part of the Dasam Granth.

Iconography

Parshvanatha is a popular tirthankar who is worshiped (bhakti) with Rishabhanatha, Shantinatha, Neminatha and Mahavira. He is believed to have the power to remove obstacles and save devotees. In Shvetambara tradition, there are 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols these idols derive their name from a geographical region, such as Shankheshwar Parshvanath and Panchasara Parshvanath.

Parshvanatha is usually depicted in a lotus or kayotsarga posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella. Parshvanatha's snake emblem is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier. His iconography is usually accompanied by Dharnendra and Padmavati, Jainism's snake god and goddess.

Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Parshvanatha; it is also found above the icons of Suparshvanatha, the seventh of the 24 tirthankaras, but with a small difference. Suparshvanatha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Parshvanatha icons. Statues of both tirthankaras with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries. Earliest images of Parshvanatha having seven snakes over his head date back to first century BCE.

Archeological sites and medieval Parshvantha iconography found in temples and caves include scenes and yaksha. Digambara and Śvētāmbara iconography differs; Śvētāmbara art shows Parshvanatha with a serpent hood and a Ganesha-like yaksha, and Digambara art depicts him with serpent hood and Dhranendra. According to Umakant Premanand Shah, Hindu gods (such as Ganesha) as yaksha and Indra as serving Parshvanatha, assigned them to a subordinate position.

The Parsvanatha ayagapata, a circa 15 CE ayagapata excavated from Kankali Tila, is a tablet of homage dedicated to Parshvanatha. The table represents Parshvanatha in the center surrounded by a bunches of lotus. Parshvanatha is depicted in dhyāna mudrā with ankle crossed in lotus position seated on a pedestal with a seven-hooded sesha hood above his head and shrivatsa on the chest.

The Kahaum pillar, erected in 460 CE during the reign of Skandagupta, Gupta Empire, bears an inscription that is adoration to Arihant and features a carving of Parshvanatha.

Colossal statues

 * 1) The Navagraha Jain Temple has the tallest statue of Parshvanatha: 61 feet (18.6 m), on a 48-foot (14.6-m) pedestal. The statue, in the kayotsarga position, weighs about 185 tons.
 * 2) The Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments were built between 1398 and 1536. The largest cross-legged statue of Parshvanatha – 47 ft tall and 30 ft wide – is in one of the caves.
 * 3) An 11th-century Parshvanatha basadi in Shravanabelagola enshrines an 18 ft statue of Parshvanatha in a kayotsarga position.
 * 4) Parshvanatha basadi, Halebidu, built by Boppadeva in 1133 AD during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana, contains an 18 ft black granite kayotsarga statue of Parshvanatha.
 * 5) A 31 ft kayotsarga statue was installed in 2011 at the Vahelna Jain Temple.
 * 6) VMC has approved construction of 100 foot tall statue in Sama pond in Vadodara.

Temples

Parshvanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount Parasnath of Jharkhand, for example, which is believed to have been a place where 20 out of 24 Tirthankaras achieved nirvana, along with Parshvanatha. Shankheshwar Parshvanath in northern Gujarat, along with Mount Shatrunjaya is considered the holiest shrine among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka. The replicas of Parshvanath temples are popular among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka, for example, Godiji is located in Sindh has a replica in Mumbai. According to Jain belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol. Parshvanath is prayed to obtain various desires, especially tantric rites, is therefore also known as Chintamani (wish fulfilling gem) and a tantric diagram called 'Chintamani yantra' is also worship.

Important Parshvanatha temple complexes include: Shikharji (Sammet Sikhar) in Jharkhand, Mirpur Jain Temple, Kanakagiri Jain tirth, Panchasara Jain temple, Humcha Jain temples, Ahi Kshetra, Kallil Temple, Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Pateriaji, Nainagiri, Kundadri, Bijoliaji, Jirawala, Gajpanth, Andeshwar, Bada Gaon, Akkana Basadi, and Guru Basadi.

title: Parshvanatha


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title: Category:Oz (TV series)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Other foot

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 17:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Other foot
Original research. DS 17:19, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's about a card game. — Stevey7788 (talk) 17:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original resource, but perhaps Wikibooks or Wikisource would be a good home for this instead? - Thatdog 19:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is outside of the remit of Wikisource completely. Whilst Wikisource accepts original works, it specifically excludes original works that are made up by the contributors to the project themselves.  Moreover, whilst a book on how to play card games would roughly fit within the "instructional and educational texts" remit of Wikibooks, Wikibooks tends to draw the line at subjects and disciplines that actually exist.  See WP:FICT and Wikisource:Wikisource:Wikisource and Wikibooks for some guides to the division of labour amongst the projects.  The best place for this material is on the author's own web site, or as an article submitted to a games magazine. Uncle G 20:39:58, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uncle G, and it's just....well...a card game! -Splash 00:10, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uncle G. Alf 11:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. ESkog 00:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:207.201.211.242

title: User talk:207.201.211.242


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Arthur Henry Reginald Buller

Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, (19 August 1874 – 3 July 1944) was a British-Canadian mycologist. He is mainly known as a researcher of fungi, especially wheat rust.

Academic career
Born in Moseley, Birmingham, England, he was educated at Queen's College, Taunton. He then studied at Mason College, which later became part of the University of Birmingham, (B.Sc. in 1896), the University of Leipzig (Ph.D.), and the University of Munich. He was awarded a D.Sc. by the University of Birmingham. He worked briefly for the Naples Zoological Station. From 1901 to 1904, he was a lecturer in Botany at the University of Birmingham. He came to Canada in 1904, founded the Botany Department and was the first Professor of Botany and Geology at the University of Manitoba, and served as Head of the Botany Department until his retirement in 1936.

His book Essays on Wheat (Macmillan, 1919) deals with the early history of wheat-growing in Manitoba, wheat-growing in western Canada, the discovery and introduction of Marquis wheat, the origin of the wheat varieties Red Bobs and Kitchener, and Palestine's wild wheat. He wrote a 7-volume series Researches on Fungi published in 6 volumes from 1909 to 1934 with the 7th volume published posthumously in 1950.

Poetry
He also wrote limericks, some of which were published in Punch, including this one on Einstein's special theory of relativity:

""

Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) in 1909, and became its President in 1927. He was the President of the British Mycological Society in 1914. In 1929, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal. In 1937, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). He was a life member of the Mycological Society of America.

He was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Saskatchewan, University of Calcutta, University of Manitoba, and University of Pennsylvania. The Buller Building at the University of Manitoba, built in 1932, is named in his honour.

title: Arthur Henry Reginald Buller


text: User talk:85.65.163.90

title: User talk:85.65.163.90


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Www.lord-voldemort.tk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 17:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Www.lord-voldemort.tk, Lord-voldemort.tk (and the content by any other alternate names)
Appears to be advertising, clearly it is not in-line with WP:NPOV, perhaps that can be fixed, but also cannot find any indication of notability.. not even in the Alexa top 100,000 --Mysidia (talk) 17:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Correction, the site the article had linked as the page is ranking around 60,093 --Mysidia (talk) 17:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete certainly looks like advertising to me. How many million Harry Potter fansites out there? --Outlander 18:42, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising, vanity, fancruft. Martg76 23:47, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Alf 11:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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List of summer camps

This is a list of summer camps throughout the world by category. A summer camp is a supervised program for children or teenagers conducted during the summer months in some countries.

Traditional Camps

 * Adirondack Woodcraft Camps
 * Camp Agawam
 * Camp Androscoggin
 * Falling Creek Camp
 * Cheley Colorado Camps
 * Camp Fern
 * Camp Greylock
 * Camp Highlands
 * Camp Kabeyun
 * Camp Merrie-Woode
 * Camp Northway
 * Camp Pathfinder
 * Holiday Home Camp
 * Keewaydin

Christian Camps

 * Camp Gray (Catholic), Wisconsin
 * Camp Iawah (Christian), Godfrey, Ontario, Canada
 * Camp Ondessonk (Catholic), Illinois
 * Camp Unirondack (Unitarian Universalist), New York
 * Christian Service Brigade (Non-Denominational), New York
 * Especially for Youth (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), Utah
 * The Wilds, (Protestant), North Carolina

Sports Camps

 * IMG Academy
 * Kutsher's Sports Academy
 * Woodward Camp

Sleep-Away Camps

 * Big Lake Youth Camp
 * Brant Lake Camp
 * Camp Agawam, Raymond, Maine
 * Camp Beaverbrook
 * Camp Canadensis
 * Camp El Tesoro
 * Camp Highlands
 * Camp Horseshoe for Boys
 * Camp Ondessonk
 * Camp Scatico
 * Camp Wekeela
 * Farm & Wilderness
 * Forest Lake Camp
 * Incarnation Camp
 * Row New York

Camps International

 * Camps International (2002), an international volunteer travel operator headquartered in Ringwood, Hampshire UK and Dubai, UAE.

Camp Kesem

 * Camp Kesem throughout United States.

Camp Quest

 * Camp Quest (1996 in the US), an organization of 13 affiliated camps established in US, UK, Switzerland and Norway.

Boy Scout Camps (US)

There are hundreds of camps hosted by the Boy Scouts of America; some of these include:
 * Camp Babcock-Hovey, of the Seneca Waterways Council in the Finger Lakes Region of New York
 * Camp Brule', of the Five Rivers Council in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
 * Camp Onway, formerly of the Yankee Clipper Council in Raymond, New Hampshire
 * Camp Wanocksett, of the Nashua Valley Council in Dublin, New Hampshire
 * Firestone Scout Reservation, of the Los Angeles Area Council east of Diamond Bar, California
 * Forest Lawn Scout Reservation, of the Los Angeles Area Council near Lake Arrowhead, California
 * Goshen Scout Reservation, of the National Capital Area Council near Goshen, Virginia
 * Hawk Mountain Scout Reservation, of the Hawk Mountain Council north of Strausstown, Pennsylvania
 * LeFeber Northwoods Camps, of the Milwaukee County Council near Laona, Wisconsin
 * June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation, of the Connecticut Rivers Council in Ashford, Connecticut
 * Log Cabin Wilderness Camp, of the Los Angeles Area Council at Yosemite National Park
 * Ockanickon Scout Reservation, of the Bucks County Council in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
 * Owasippe Scout Reservation, of the Chicago Area Council in Twin Lake, Michigan
 * Rodney Scout Reservation, of the Del-Mar-Va Council in Cecil County, Maryland
 * Spanish Trail Scout Reservation, of the Gulf Coast Council in DeFuniak Springs, Florida
 * Ten Mile River Scout Reservation, of the Greater New York Councils near Narrowsburg, New York
 * Yawgoog Scout Reservation, of the Narragansett Council in Rockville, Rhode Island
 * Winnebago Scout Reservation, of the Patriots' Path Council in Rockaway, New Jersey

Boys Scouts Camps (Canada)
Scouts Canada operates about 200 Scout camps across Canada.

YMCA/YWCA Camps (Canada)

 * Big Cove YMCA Camp, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * YWCA Camp Davern, Maberly, Ontario, Canada
 * YMCA Wanakita, Haliburton, Ontario, Canada

YMCA/YWCA Camps (United States)

 * Camp Becket, YMCA summer camp for boys, Becket, Massachusetts
 * Camp Dudley, YMCA, Westport, New York
 * Camp Hazen YMCA, Chester, Connecticut
 * Phantom Lake YMCA Camp, Mukwonago, Wisconsin
 * YMCA Camp Arbutus Hayo-Went-Ha for Girls, Michigan
 * YMCA Camp Cory, Milo, New York
 * YMCA Camp Fitch on Lake Erie, Springfield Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania
 * YMCA Camp Hayo-Went-Ha for Boys, Michigan
 * YMCA Camp Jones Gulch, La Honda, California
 * YMCA Camp Orkila, Orcas Island, Washington state
 * YMCA Camp Seymour, Gig Harbor, Washington
 * YMCA Camp Tecumseh, Lafayette, Indiana
 * YWCA Camp Westwind, Oregon Coast

Camp Fire Camps

 * Camp Namanu, Sandy, Oregon
 * Camp Sealth, Vashon Island, Washington
 * Camp Wyandot, Hocking Hills, Ohio

Arts and Education Camps

 * Adventures of the Mind
 * Minnesota Institute for Talented Youth

Arts, Music, and Drama Camps

 * American Musical and Dramatic Academy (AMDA) High School Summer Conservatory
 * Appel Farm Arts Camp, New Jersey
 * Aspen Music Festival and School
 * Camp Belvoir Terrace for Girls, Massachusetts
 * Blue Lake Fine Arts Camp
 * Bowdoin International Music Festival
 * Buck's Rock Performing and Creative Arts Camp
 * CAMMAC, Harrington, Quebec, Canada
 * Cazadero Performing Arts Camp, California
 * French Woods Festival of the Performing Arts
 * Greenwood Music Camp, Massachusetts
 * Harand Camp of the Theatre Arts, Wisconsin
 * Interlochen Arts Camp, Interlochen, Michigan
 * International Music Camp, North Dakota
 * Lyceum Music Festival, American Fork, Utah
 * Meadowmount School of Music, Westport, New York
 * Midwest Young Artists Conservatory, Highwood, Illinois
 * New England Music Camp, Sidney, Maine
 * Ottawa Little Theatre Summer Drama Camps, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 * Ottawa Little Theatre Youth Workshops
 * Rocky Mountain Conservatory Theatre, Colorado (Denver), Florida and Illinois
 * School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
 * Sitka Fine Arts Camp, Sitka, Alaska
 * Stagedoor Manor, Loch Sheldrake, New York
 * Verbier Festival, Verbier, Switzerland
 * The Walden School
 * YouthWrite, Bragg Creek, Alberta

Math and Science Camps

 * Canada/USA Mathcamp, USA and Canada
 * Mathematical Olympiad Program, Nebraska

Space Camps

 * European Space Camp, Norway
 * Kennedy Space Center, Florida
 * Space Camp Catalonia, Spain
 * Space Camp Turkey, Turkey
 * United States Space Camp, Alabama

Computer Camps

 * Digital Media Academy, California headquarters and camps throughout the US, plus Canada
 * iD Tech Camps, California headquarters and nationwide camps (US)
 * National Computer Camps, Connecticut, Georgia and Ohio
 * Vision Tech Camps, California

Language Camps

 * Canoe Island French Camp, Canoe Island, Washington
 * Concordia Language Villages, Minnesota
 * Al-Wāḥa, Arabic village, Minnesota
 * Lac du Bois French villages, Minnesota
 * Sjölunden, Swedish village, Minnesota
 * Waldsee, German village, Minnesota

Camps focused on health, medical conditions, and special needs

 * Barton Center for Diabetes Education (including Clara Barton Camp), Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York
 * Camp Bloomfield, California
 * Camp Double H Ranch, New York
 * Camp Dragonfly Forest, Pennsylvania
 * Camp Wonder, California
 * Happiness is Camping, New Jersey
 * Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, Connecticut

Other Camps (Canada)

 * Camp Beaver Creek, Saskatchewan
 * Des Grèves Vacation Camp, Quebec
 * Camp et Auberge du Lac en Coeur, Quebec
 * Camp Manitou, Ontario
 * Camp Northway, Ontario
 * Camp Ouareau, girl's camp, Québec
 * Camp Pathfinder for Boys
 * Summer Science Day Camp, British Columbia
 * Camp Val Notre-Dame, Quebec
 * Camp White Pine, Ontario

Other camps (United States)

 * Camp Androscoggin for Boys, Maine
 * Camp Anokijig, Wisconsin
 * Camp Becket for Boys / Camp Chimney Corners for Girls, Massachusetts
 * Camp Belknap for Boys, New Hampshire
 * Camp Billings, Vermont
 * Camp Bucks Rock, Connecticut
 * Camp Calvin Crest, California
 * Camp Canadensis, Pennsylvania
 * Echo Hill Ranch, Texas
 * Camp Chewonki, Maine
 * Camp Firwood, Washington
 * Eden Village Camp, New York
 * Falling Creek Camp for Boys, North Carolina
 * Forest Lake Camp, New York
 * Geneva Glen Camp, Colorado
 * Camp Glacier View Ranch, Colorado
 * Camp Gray, Wisconsin
 * Camp Greylock, Massachusetts
 * Camp Greystone, North Carolina
 * Camp Highlands, Wisconsin
 * Camp Horseshoe for Boys, Wisconsin
 * Camp Joslin for Boys, Massachusetts
 * Camp Kabeyun for Boys, New Hampshire
 * Camp Keewaydin for Boys / Camp Songadeewin for Girls, Vermont
 * Encampment for Citizenship, New York
 * Camp Kutsher, Massachusetts
 * Camp Letts, Maryland
 * Camp Lohikan, Pennsylvania
 * Camp Lourdes, New York
 * Camp Mataponi for Girls, Maine
 * Camp Merrie-Woode, North Carolina
 * Camp Mo Ranch, Texas
 * Camp Mountain Meadow Ranch, California
 * Camp Onyahsa, New York
 * Camp Quest, Virginia
 * Camp Quest UK, United Kingdom
 * Raquette Lake Camps, New York
 * Camp Rising Sun, New York and Denmark
 * Camp Rockmont for Boys, North Carolina
 * Camp Seymour, Washington
 * Camp Timanous, Maine
 * Camp Unirondack, New York
 * Valley Mill Camp, Maryland
 * Camp Wawona, California
 * Camp Wekeela, Maine
 * Camp Winnarainbow, California
 * Woodward Camp, Pennsylvania

Former camps

 * Big Doe Camp, Canada
 * Camp Beaverbrook, California
 * Camp Diana-Dalmaqua, New York
 * Camp Ma-Ho-Ge, New York
 * Camp Naomi, Massachusetts and Maine
 * Camp Ranger, New York
 * Camps Mohican Reena, Massachusetts
 * Camp Watonka for Boys, Pennsylvania
 * Kutsher's Camp Anawana, New York

title: List of summer camps


text:
Canadian Gaelic

Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic (Gàidhlig Chanada, A' Ghàidhlig Chanadach or Gàidhlig Cheap Bhreatainn), often known in Canadian English simply as Gaelic, is a collective term for the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken in Atlantic Canada.

Scottish Gaels were settled in Nova Scotia from 1773, with the arrival of the ship Hector and continuing until the 1850s. Gaelic has been spoken since then in Nova Scotia on Cape Breton Island and on the northeastern mainland of the province. Scottish Gaelic is a member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages and the Canadian dialects have their origins in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. The parent language developed out of Middle Irish and is closely related to modern Irish. The Canadian branch is a close cousin of the Irish language in Newfoundland. At its peak in the mid-19th century, there were as many as 200,000 speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Newfoundland Irish together, making it the third-most-spoken European language in Canada after English and French.

In Atlantic Canada today, there are approximately 2,000 speakers, mainly in Nova Scotia. In terms of the total number of speakers in the 2011 census, there were 7,195 total speakers of "Gaelic languages" in Canada, with 1,365 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic. The 2016 Canadian census also reported that 240 residents of Nova Scotia and 15 on Prince Edward Island considered Scottish Gaelic to be their "mother tongue". The 2021 Canadian census reported 2,170 Scottish Gaelic speakers in Canada (including 425 as an L1), 635 of them living in Nova Scotia (including 65 native speakers).

While there have been many distinctive Canadian dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have been spoken in other Gàidhealtachd communities, particularly in Glengarry County, Ontario and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Atlantic Canada is the only area in North America where Scottish Gaelic continues to be spoken as a community language, especially in Cape Breton. Even there the use of the language is precarious and its survival is being fought for. Even so, the Canadian Gàidhealtachd communities in have contributed many great figures to the history of Scottish Gaelic literature, including Ailean a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill and John MacLean during the days of early settlement and Lewis MacKinnon, whose Canadian Gaelic poetry was awarded the Bardic Crown (Crùn na Bàrdachd) by An Comunn Gàidhealach at the 2011 Royal National Mòd at Stornoway, Isle of Lewis.

Distribution
The Gaelic cultural identity community is a part of Nova Scotia's diverse peoples and communities. Thousands of Nova Scotians attend Gaelic-related activities and events annually including: language workshops and immersions, milling frolics, square dances, fiddle and piping sessions, concerts and festivals. Up until about the turn of the 20th century, Gaelic was widely spoken on eastern Prince Edward Island (PEI). In the 2011 Canadian Census, 10 individuals in PEI cited that their mother tongue was a Gaelic language, with over 90 claiming to speak a Gaelic language.

Gaels, and their language and culture, have influenced the heritage of Glengarry County and other regions in present-day Ontario, where many Highland Scots settled commencing in the 18th century, and to a much lesser extent the provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador (especially the Codroy Valley), Manitoba and Alberta. Gaelic-speaking poets in communities across Canada have produced a large and significant branch of Scottish Gaelic literature comparable to that of Scotland itself.

Arrival of earliest Gaels
In 1621, King James VI of Scotland allowed privateer William Alexander to establish the first Scottish colony overseas. The group of Highlanders – all of whom were Gaelic-speaking – were settled at what is presently known as Port Royal, on the western shore of Nova Scotia.

Within a year the colony had failed. Subsequent attempts to relaunch it were cancelled when in 1631 the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye returned Nova Scotia to French rule.

Almost a half-century later, in 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company was given exclusive trading rights to all North American lands draining into Hudson Bay – about 3.9 million km2 (1.5 million sq mi – an area larger than India). Many of the traders who came in the later 18th and 19th centuries were Gaelic speakers from the Scottish Highlands who brought their language to the interior.

Those who intermarried with the local First Nations people passed on their language, with the effect that by the mid-18th century there existed a sizeable population of Métis traders with Scottish and aboriginal ancestry, and command of spoken Gaelic.

Gaels in 18th- and 19th-century settlements
Cape Breton remained the property of France until 1758 (although mainland Nova Scotia had belonged to Britain since 1713) when Fortress Louisbourg fell to the British, followed by the rest of New France in the ensuing Battle at the Plaines d'Abraham. As a result of the conflict Highland regiments who fought for the British secured a reputation for tenacity and combat prowess. In turn the countryside itself secured a reputation among the Highlanders for its size, beauty, and wealth of natural resources.

They would remember Canada when the earliest of the Highland Clearances by the increasingly Anglicized Scottish nobility began to evict Gaelic-speaking tenants en masse from their ancestral lands in order to replace them with private deer-stalking estates and herds of sheep.

The first ship loaded with Hebridean colonists arrived at Île-St.-Jean (Prince Edward Island) in 1770, with later ships following in 1772, and 1774. In September 1773 a ship named The Hector landed in Pictou, Nova Scotia, with 189 settlers who departed from Loch Broom. In 1784 the last barrier to Scottish settlement – a law restricting land-ownership on Cape Breton Island – was repealed, and soon both PEI and Nova Scotia were predominantly Gaelic-speaking. Between 1815 and 1870, it is estimated that more than 50,000 Gaelic settlers immigrated to Nova Scotia alone. Many of them left behind poetry and other works of Scottish Gaelic literature.

The poet Mìcheal Mór MacDhòmhnaill emigrated from South Uist to Cape Breton around 1775 and a poem describing his first winter there survives. Anna NicGillìosa emigrated from Morar to Glengarry County, Ontario in 1786 and a Gaelic poem in praise of her new home also survives. Lord Selkirk's settler Calum Bàn MacMhannain, alias Malcolm Buchanan, left behind the song-poem Òran an Imrich ("The Song of Emigration"), which describes his 1803 voyage from the Isle of Skye to Belfast, Prince Edward Island and his impressions of his new home as Eilean an Àigh ("The Island of Prosperity"). Ailean a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill (Allan The Ridge MacDonald) emigrated with his family from Ach nan Comhaichean, Glen Spean, Lochaber to Mabou, Nova Scotia in 1816 and composed many works of Gaelic poetry as a homesteader in Cape Breton and in Antigonish County. The most prolific emigre poet was John MacLean of Caolas, Tiree, the former Chief Bard to the 15th Chief of Clan MacLean of Coll, who emigrated with his family to Nova Scotia in 1819.

MacLean, whom Robert Dunbar once dubbed, "perhaps the most important of all the poets who emigrated during the main period of Gaelic overseas emigration", composed one of his most famous song-poems, Òran do dh' Aimearaga ("A Song to America"), which is also known as A Choille Ghruamach ("The Gloomy Forest"), after emigrating from Scotland to Canada. The poem has since been collected and recorded from seanchaithe in both Scotland and the New World.

According to Michael Newton, however, A' Choille Ghruamach, which is, "an expression of disappointment and regret", ended upon becoming, "so well established in the emigrant repertoire that it easily eclipses his later songs taking delight in the Gaelic communities in Nova Scotia and their prosperity."

In the Highlands and Islands, MacLean is commonly known as "The Poet to the Laird of Coll" (Bàrd Thighearna Chola) or as "John, son of Allan" (Iain mac Ailein). In Nova Scotia, he is known colloquially today as, "The Bard MacLean" (Am Bàrd MacGilleain) or as "The Barney's River Poet" (Bàrd Abhainn Bhàrnaidh), after MacLean's original family homestead in Pictou County, Nova Scotia.

With the end of the American War of Independence, immigrants newly arrived from Scotland were joined in Canada by so-called "United Empire Loyalist" refugees fleeing persecution and the seizure of their land claims by American Patriots. These settlers arrived on a mass scale at the arable lands of British North America, with large numbers settling in Glengarry County in present-day Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships of Quebec.

Following an 1814 visit from Scotland to the settlement in Glengarry County, Ontario, Dr. D. MacPherson wrote, "You might travel over the whole of the County and by far the greater part of Stormont, without hearing anything spoken except the good Gaelic. Every family, even of the lowest order, has a landed property of 200 acres... However poor the family (but indeed there are none that can be called so) they kill a bullock for the winter consumption; the farm or estate supplies them with abundance of butter, cheese, etc., etc. Their houses are small but comfortable, having a ground floor and garret, with regular chimney and glass windows. The appearance of the people is at all times respectable, but I was delighted at seeing them at church on a Sunday; the men clothed in good English cloth, and many of the women wore the Highland plaid."

Unlike in the Gaelic-speaking settlements along the Cape Fear River in North Carolina, there was no Gaelic printing press in Canada. For this reason, in 1819, Rev. Seumas MacGriogar, the first Gaelic-speaking Presbyterian minister appointed to Nova Scotia, had to publish his collection of Christian poetry in Glasgow.

Printing presses soon followed, though, and the first Gaelic-language books printed in Canada, all of which were Presbyterian religious books, were published at Pictou, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1832. The first Gaelic language books published in Toronto and Montreal, which were also Presbyterian religious books, appeared between 1835 and 1836. The first Catholic religious books published in the Gaelic-language were printed at Pictou in 1836.

Red River colony
In 1812, Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk obtained 300000 km2 to build a colony at the forks of the Red River, in what would become Manitoba. With the help of his employee and friend, Archibald McDonald, Selkirk sent over 70 Scottish settlers, many of whom spoke only Gaelic, and had them establish a small farming colony there. The settlement soon attracted local First Nations groups, resulting in an unprecedented interaction of Scottish (Lowland, Highland, and Orcadian), English, Cree, French, Ojibwe, Saulteaux, and Métis traditions all in close contact.

In the 1840s, Toronto Anglican priest John Black was sent to preach to the settlement, but "his lack of the Gaelic was at first a grievous disappointment" to parishioners. With continuing immigration the population of Scots colonists grew to more than 300, but by the 1860s the French–Métis outnumbered the Scots, and tensions between the two groups would prove a major factor in the ensuing Red River Rebellion.

The continuing association between the Selkirk colonists and surrounding First Nations groups evolved into a unique contact language. Used primarily by the Anglo– and Scots–Métis traders, the "Red River Dialect" or Bungi was a mixture of Gaelic and English with many terms borrowed from the local native languages. Whether the dialect was a trade pidgin or a fully developed mixed language is unknown. Today the Scots–Métis have largely been absorbed by the more dominant French–Métis culture, and the Bungi dialect is most likely extinct.

Status in the 19th- and early 20th-century
James Gillanders of Highfield Cottage near Dingwall, was the Factor for the estate of Major Charles Robertson of Kincardine and, as his employer was then serving with the British Army in Australia, Gillanders was the person most responsible for the mass evictions staged at Glencalvie, Ross-shire in 1845. A Gaelic-language poem denouncing Gillanders for the brutality of the evictions was later submitted anonymously to Pàdraig MacNeacail, the editor of the column in Canadian Gaelic in which the poem was later published in the Nova Scotia newspaper The Casket. The poem, which is believed to draw upon eyewitness accounts, is believed to be the only Gaelic-language source relating to the evictions in Glencalvie.

By 1850, Gaelic was the third most-common mother tongue in British North America after English and French (when excluding Indigenous languages), and is believed to have been spoken by more than 200,000 British North Americans at that time. A large population who spoke the related Irish immigrated to Scots Gaelic communities and to Irish settlements in Newfoundland.

In Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton and Glengarry there were large areas of Gaelic unilingualism, and communities of Gaelic-speakers had established themselves in northeastern Nova Scotia (around Pictou and Antigonish); in Glengarry, Stormont, Grey, and Bruce Counties in Ontario; in the Codroy Valley of Newfoundland; in Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Eastern Quebec.

In 1890, Thomas Robert McInnes, an independent Senator from British Columbia (born Lake Ainslie, Cape Breton Island) tabled a bill entitled "An Act to Provide for the Use of Gaelic in Official Proceedings." He cited the ten Scottish and eight Irish senators who spoke Gaelic, and 32 members of the House of Commons of Canada who spoke either Scottish Gaelic or Irish. The bill was defeated 42–7.

Despite the widespread disregard by government on Gaelic issues, records exist of at least one criminal trial conducted entirely in Gaelic. It was conducted "in the provincial judicial system sometime during the term (1881–1904) of Chief Justice James MacDonald of Bridgeville, Pictou County." This was only possible as all people involved happened to know the language, and thus "by common consent it was agreed to conduct the whole proceedings in the Gaelic language."

From the mid-19th century to the early 1930s, several Gaelic-language newspapers were published in Canada, although the greatest concentration of such papers was in Cape Breton. From 1840 to 1841, Cuairtear nan Coillte (lit. 'Woodland Walk') was published in Kingston, Ontario, and in 1851, Eòin Boidhdeach launched the monthly An Cuairtear Òg Gaelach (lit. 'The Gaelic Tourist') in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, which lasted a year before being replaced by the English-language Antigonish Casket, which initially occasional Gaelic-language material. On Cape Breton, several Gaelic-language newspapers were published in Sydney. The longest-lasting was Mac-Talla (lit. 'The Echo'), published by Jonathon G. MacKinnon from 1892 to 1904. Mac-Talla began as a weekly, but reduced its frequency to biweekly over time. Later, during the 1920s, several new Scottish Gaelic-language newspapers launched, including the Teachdaire nan Gàidheal (lit. 'The Messenger of the Gaels'), which included Gaelic-language lessons; the United Church-affiliated An Solus Iùil (lit. 'The Guiding Light'); and MacKinnon's later endeavor, Fear na Cèilidh (lit. 'The Entertainer').

In 1917, Rev. Murdoch Lamont (1865–1927), a Gaelic-speaking Presbyterian minister from Orwell, Queen's County, Prince Edward Island, published a small, vanity press booklet titled, An Cuimhneachain: Òrain Céilidh Gàidheal Cheap Breatuinn agus Eilean-an-Phrionnsa ("The Remembrance: Céilidh Songs of the Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island Gaels") in Quincy, Massachusetts. Due to Rev. Lamont's pamphlet, the most complete versions survive of the oral poetry composed in Gaelic upon Prince Edward Island.

Reasons for decline
Despite the long history of Gaels and their language and culture in Canada, the Gaelic speech population started to decline after 1850. This drop was a result of prejudice (both from outside, and from within the Gaelic community itself), aggressive dissuasion in school and government, and the perceived prestige of English.

Gaelic has faced widespread prejudice in Great Britain for generations, and those feelings were easily transposed to British North America.

The fact that Gaelic had not received official status in its homeland made it easier for Canadian legislators to disregard the concerns of domestic speakers. Legislators questioned why "privileges should be asked for Highland Scotchmen in [the Canadian Parliament] that are not asked for in their own country". Politicians who themselves spoke the language held opinions that would today be considered misinformed; Lunenburg Senator Henry Kaulback, in response to Thomas Robert McInnes's Gaelic bill, described the language as only "well suited to poetry and fairy tales". The belief that certain languages had inherent strengths and weaknesses was typical in the 19th century, but has been rejected by modern linguistics.

Around 1880, Am Bàrd Mac Dhiarmaid from The North Shore, wrote "An Té a Chaill a' Ghàidhlig" (lit. 'The Woman who Lost the Gaelic', also known in English as "The Yankee Girl"), a humorous song recounting the growing phenomenon of Gaels shunning their mother-tongue.

With the outbreak of World War II, the Canadian government attempted to prevent the use of Gaelic on public telecommunications systems. The government believed Gaelic was used by subversives affiliated with Ireland, a neutral country perceived to be tolerant of the Nazis. In Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton where the Gaelic language was strongest, it was actively discouraged in schools with corporal punishment. Children were beaten with the maide-crochaidh ('hanging stick') if caught speaking Gaelic.

Job opportunities for unilingual Gaels were few and restricted to the dwindling Gaelic-communities, compelling most into the mines or the fishery. Many saw English fluency as the key to success, and for the first time in Canadian history Gaelic-speaking parents were teaching their children to speak English en masse. The sudden stop of Gaelic language acquisition, caused by shame and prejudice, was the immediate cause of the drastic decline in Gaelic fluency in the 20th century.

According to Antigonish County Gaelic poet and politician Lewis MacKinnon, "We are just like the native peoples here, our culture is indigenous to this region. We too have suffered injustices, we too have been excluded, we too have been forgotten and ridiculed for something that is simply part of who and what we are. It's part of our human expression and that story needs to be told."

Ultimately the population dropped from a peak of 200,000 in 1850, to 80,000 in 1900, to 30,000 in 1930 and 500–1,000 today. There are no longer entire communities of Canadian Gaelic-speakers, although traces of the language and pockets of speakers are relatively commonplace on Cape Breton, and especially in traditional strongholds like Christmas Island, The North Shore, and Baddeck.

Contemporary language, culture, and arts initiatives
A. W. R. MacKenzie founded the Nova Scotia Gaelic College at St Ann's in 1939. St Francis Xavier University in Antigonish has a Celtic Studies department with Gaelic-speaking faculty members, and is the only such university department outside Scotland to offer four full years of Scottish Gaelic instruction.

Eòin Boidhdeach of Antigonish published the monthly Gaelic magazine An Cuairtear Òg Gaelach (lit. 'The Gaelic Tourist') around 1851. The world's longest-running Gaelic periodical, Mac-Talla (lit. 'The Echo'), was printed by Jonathon G. MacKinnon for 11 years between 1892 and 1904, in Sydney. However, MacKinnon's mockery of complaints over Mac-Talla's regular misprints and his tendency to financially guilt trip his subscribers, ultimately led local Gaelic poet Alasdair a' Ridse MacDhòmhnaill to lampoon Mac-Talla and its editor in two separate works of satirical poetry: Òran Càinidh do Mhac-Talla ('A Song of Revile to Mac-Talla ') and Aoir Mhic-Talla ('The Satire of Mac-Talla ').

Eòin and Seòras MacShuail, believed to be the only black speakers of Goidelic languages in Canada, were born in Cape Breton and in adulthood became friends with Rudyard Kipling, who in 1896 wrote Captains Courageous, which featured an isolated Gaelic-speaking African-Canadian cook from Cape Breton.

Many English-speaking writers and artists of Scottish-Canadian ancestry have featured Canadian Gaelic in their works, among them Alistair MacLeod (No Great Mischief), Ann-Marie MacDonald (Fall on Your Knees), and D.R. MacDonald (Cape Breton Road). Gaelic singer Mary Jane Lamond has released several albums in the language, including the 1997 hit Hòro Ghoid thu Nighean ('Jenny Dang the Weaver'). Cape Breton fiddling is a unique tradition of Gaelic and Acadian styles, known in fiddling circles worldwide.

Several Canadian schools use the "Gael" as a mascot, the most prominent being Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. The school cheer of Queen's University is "Oilthigh na Bànrighinn a' Bhànrighinn gu bràth!" ('The Queen's College and Queen forever!'), and is traditionally sung after scoring a touchdown in football matches. The university's team is nicknamed the Golden Gaels.

The Gaelic character of Nova Scotia has influenced that province's industry and traditions. Glen Breton Rare, produced in Cape Breton, is one of the very few single malt whiskies to be made outside Scotland.

Gaelic settlers in Nova Scotia adapted the popular Highland winter sport of shinty (camanachd, iomain), which was traditionally played by the Gaels upon St. Andrew's Day, Christmas Day, New Year's Day, Handsel Monday, and Candlemas, to the much colder Canadian winter climate by playing on frozen lakes while wearing ice skates. This led to the creation of the modern sport known as ice hockey.

According to Margie Beaton, who emigrated from Scotland to Nova Scotia to teach the Gaelic language there in 1976, "In teaching the language here I find that they already have the blas, the sound of the Gaelic even in their English. It's part of who they are, you can't just throw that away. It's in you."

While performing in 2000 at the annual Cèilidh at Christmas Island, Cape Breton, Barra native and legendary Gaelic singer Flora MacNeil spread her arms wide and cried, "You are my people!" The hundreds of Canadian-born Gaels in the audience immediately erupted into loud cheers.

According to Natasha Sumner, the current literary and cultural revival of the Gaelic language in Nova Scotia was largely instigated by Kenneth E. Nilsen (1941–2012), an American linguist with a specialty in Celtic languages. During his employment as Professor of Gaelic Studies at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nilsen was known for his contagious enthusiasm for both teaching and recording the distinctive Nova Scotia dialect of the Gaelic-language, its folklore, and its oral literature. Several important leaders in the recent Canadian Gaelic revival, including the poet Lewis MacKinnon (Lodaidh MacFhionghain), have credited Nilsen with sparking their interest in learning the Gaelic language and in actively fighting for its survival.

During his time as Professor of Gaelic Studies, Nilsen would take his students every year to visit the grave of the Tiree-born Bard Iain mac Ailein (John MacLean) (1787–1848) at Glenbard, Antigonish County, Nova Scotia. Following Nilsen's death in 2012, MacKinnon composed a Gaelic-language poetic lament for his former teacher, entitled Do Choinneach Nilsen, M'Oide.

In a 2010 interview Scottish-born Gaelic teacher Margie Beaton said that in Scotland, "The motto they have for Nova Scotia is Ach an cuan, which translates as 'but for the ocean', meaning 'but for the ocean we'd actually be together. There's only an ocean separating us. We're like another island off the coast of Scotland but we have an ocean separating us instead of a strait or a channel."

The first Gaelic language film to be made in North America, The Wake of Calum MacLeod (Faire Chaluim Mhic Leòid) is a six-minute short filmed in Cape Breton.

In a major innovation, the 2011 Royal National Mòd, held at Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis, crowned Lewis MacKinnon (Lodaidh MacFhionghain), a poet in Canadian Gaelic from Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, as the winning Bard. It was the first time in the 120-year history of the Mòd that a writer of Gaelic poetry from the Scottish diaspora had won the Bardic Crown (Crùn na Bàrdachd).

The Gaelic scholar Michael Newton made a half-hour documentary, Singing Against the Silence (2012), about the revival of Nova Scotia Gaelic in that language; he has also published an anthology of Canadian Gaelic literature, Seanchaidh na Coille (2015).

Lewis MacKinnon's 2017 Gaelic poetry collection Ràithean airson Sireadh ("Seasons for Seeking"), includes both his original poetry and his literary translations of the Persian poetry of Sufi mystic Rumi, all of which are themed around the seasons of the year.

Outlook and development
Efforts to address the decline specifically of Gaelic language in Nova Scotia began in the late 1980s. Two conferences on the status of Gaelic language and culture held on Cape Breton Island set the stage. Starting in the late 1990s, the Nova Scotia government began studying ways it might enhance Gaelic in the province.

In December 2006 the Office of Gaelic Affairs was established.

In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island.

Maxville Public School in Maxville, Glengarry, Ontario, Canada offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. The last "fluent" Gaelic-speaker in Ontario, descended from the original settlers of Glengarry County, died in 2001.

The province of British Columbia is host to the Comunn Gàidhlig Bhancoubhair (The Gaelic Society of Vancouver), the Vancouver Gaelic Choir, the Victoria Gaelic Choir, as well as the annual Gaelic festival Mòd Vancouver. The city of Vancouver's Scottish Cultural Centre also holds seasonal Scottish Gaelic evening classes.

Government
An economic impact study completed by the Nova Scotia government in 2002 estimates that the survival of Canadian Gaelic in the Province generates over C$23.5 million in tourism revenue every year, with nearly 380,000 people attending approximately 2,070 Gaelic events annually. This study inspired a subsequent report, the Gaelic Preservation Strategy, which polled the community's desire to preserve Gaelic while seeking consensus on adequate reparative measures.

These two documents are watersheds in the timeline of Canadian Gaelic, representing the first concrete steps taken by a provincial government to recognize the language's decline and engage local speakers in reversing this trend. The documents recommend community development, strengthening education, legislating road signs and publications, and building ties between the Gaelic community and other Nova Scotia "heritage language" communities Mi'kmaq, Acadian French and African Nova Scotian.

Increased ties were called for between Nova Scotia and Scotland, and the first such agreement, the Memorandum of Understanding, was signed in 2002.

Education
Today over a dozen public institutions offer Gaelic courses, (such as a Canadian History course in Gaelic at North Nova Education Centre, Nova Scotia) in addition to advanced programmes conducted at Cape Breton, St Francis Xavier, and Saint Mary's Universities.

The Nova Scotia Highland Village offers a bilingual interpretation site, presenting Gaelic and English interpretation for visitors and offering programmes for the local community members and the general public.

The Gaelic College in St. Anns offers Gaelic immersion weekends, weeks and summer programs.

Sponsored by local Gaelic organizations and societies, ongoing Gaelic language adult immersion classes involving hundreds of individuals are held in over a dozen communities in the province. These immersion programs focus on learning language through activity, props and repetition. Reading, writing and grammar are introduced after the student has had a minimum amount of exposure to hearing and speaking Gaelic through everyday contextualized activities. The grouping of immersion methodologies and exposure to Gaelic cultural expression in immersion settings is referred to in Nova Scotia as Gàidhlig aig Baile.

In 2021, Taigh Sgoile na Drochaide (lit. 'Bridge Schoolhouse') (fig. Mabou Schoolhouse) in Mabou, Cape Breton, opened as the first Gaelic-medium primary school in North America.

Linguistic features
The phonology of some Canadian Gaelic dialects have diverged in several ways from the standard Gaelic spoken in Scotland, while others have remained the same. According to Antigonish County poet Lewis MacKinnon, "The dialect of Gaelic that I speak... doesn't exist anymore in Scotland."

Gaelic terms unique to Canada exist, though research on the exact number is deficient. The language has also had a considerable effect on Cape Breton English.

Phonology

 * The most common Canadian Gaelic shibboleth, where broad is pronounced as  (as with Ł in Polish). This form was well known in Western Scotland where it was called the glug Eigeach ("Eigg cluck"), for its strong association with speakers from the Isle of Eigg.
 * When occurs after a rounded vowel, speakers tend to pronounce it as.
 * This form is limited mostly to the plural ending -annan, where the -nn- sequence is pronounced as.
 * When occurs after a rounded vowel, speakers tend to pronounce it as.
 * This form is limited mostly to the plural ending -annan, where the -nn- sequence is pronounced as.
 * This form is limited mostly to the plural ending -annan, where the -nn- sequence is pronounced as.

Vocabulary

 * lodan  noun  a velvet offering pouch for church.
 * mogan  noun  a term which refers to a heavy ankle sock sold with a rubberized sole that was worn in Cape Breton for decades ago. The term also refers to a pull-on leg warmer for use when wearing the kilt in cold climates.
 * pàirc-coillidh noun  a wooded clearing burnt for planting crops, literally "forest park".
 * dreag noun a will-o'-the-wisp.
 * sgeatadh verb a Gaelicisation of the English verb "to skate".
 * seant (pl. seantaichean) noun a Gaelicisation of the English noun "cent". The term dolair is used in Canada and the U.S. instead of the word not, which refers to a British pound. "Sgillinn" is used both in Canada and Scotland to refer to coins.
 * smuglair noun a Gaelicisation of the English word smuggler.
 * ponndadh verb a Gaelicisation of the English verb "to pound". That this may have been used in Cape Breton instead of bualadh is evidence of the influence of English.

 * trì sgillinn phrasal noun a nickel. (literally "three pence").
 * sia sgillinn phrasal noun a dime. (literally "six pence").
 * tastan phrasal noun twenty cents. (literally "a shilling").
 * dà thastan agus sia sgillinn phrasal noun fifty cents. (literally "two shillings and six pence").
 * còig tastan phrasal noun a dollar. (literally "five shillings").
 * stòr noun a Gaelicisation of the English noun "store". Although the word stòr does refer to a storage building as well as wealth, the Gaelic term "bùth" is sometimes used amongst Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia today.
 * taigh-obrach noun workhouse (penitentiary).
 * bangaid noun a feast.
 * Na Machraichean Mòra noun The Canadian Prairies.
 * buna-bhuachaille noun common loon.

 * poidhle noun collective noun, e.g. "poidhle airgid" ("a lot of money"), or "poidhle de dhaoine" ("a lot of people") A Gaelicisation of the English word "pile", possibly influenced by the Gaelic expression "tòrr" of similar usage and meaning.
 * triop or trup noun "trip" or "turn". Same usage and meaning as Gaelic turas. Also used in certain Gaelic dialects in Scotland..
 * a' wondradh verbal noun wondering.

Gaelic in Nova Scotia English

 * boomaler  noun  a boor, oaf, bungler.
 * sgudal  noun  garbage (sgudal). Also used in Gaelic in Scotland.
 * skiff  noun  a deep blanket of snow covering the ground. (from sguabach or sgiobhag).

List of Scottish Gaelic place names in Canada
Names on Cape Breton Island (Eilean Cheap Breatainn)
 * Glendale: Bràigh na h-Aibhneadh
 * Inverness: Baile Inbhir Nis or An Sithean
 * Chimney Corner: Cùil an t-Simileir
 * Long Point: An Rubha Fada
 * Judique: Siùdaig Mhór
 * Mabou: Màbu or An Drochaid
 * Southwest Margaree: Bràigh na h-Aibhne
 * Whycocomagh: Hogama
 * Ainslie Glen: Gleann nam Màgan
 * Craigmore: A' Chreag Mhór
 * Baddeck: Badaig
 * Iona: Sanndraigh
 * The North Shore: An Cladach a Tuath
 * St Ann's: Baile Anna
 * Englishtown: Baile nan Gall
 * Christmas Island: Eilean na Nollaig
 * Big Beach: An Tràigh Mhòr
 * Grand Mira: A' Mhira Mhòr
 * Big Pond: Am Pòn Mòr
 * Loch Lomond: Loch Laomainn
 * Marion Bridge: Drochaid Mhira
 * Sydney: Baile Shidni
 * Grand River: Abhainn Mhòr
 * Port Hastings: Còbh a' Phlàstair
 * Port Hawkesbury: Baile a' Chlamhain or An Gut
 * Neil's Harbour: Acarsaid Nèill

Names in mainland Nova Scotia (Tìr-mór na h-Albann Nuaidh)
 * Antigonish Am Baile Mòr
 * Arisaig Àrasaig
 * Broad Cove: An Caolas Leathann
 * Giant's Lake Loch an Fhamhair
 * Halifax Halafacs, or an t-Àrd-Bhaile
 * New Glasgow Am Baile Beag or Glaschu Nuadh or Glaschu Ùr
 * Pictou Baile Phiogto
 * Stellarton Meinnean na h-Albann
 * Westville Baile an Iar
 * Trenton Baile na Stàilinn

Elsewhere in Canada
 * Glengarry County, Ont. Siorrachd Gleanna Garadh
 * Bruce County, Ont. Siorramachd Bhruis
 * Nova Scotia Alba Nuadh or Alba Ùr
 * Sable Island (part of Nova Scotia) Eilean Gainmhich
 * Newfoundland Talamh an Èisg or Eilein a' Trosg
 * Prince Edward Island: Eilean Eòin or An t-Eilean Dearg; Eilean a' Phrionnsa
 * Lewes, Prince Edward Island An Tuirc
 * New Brunswick Bronsuic Ùr
 * Quebec Cuibèg
 * Calgary, Alberta Calgarraidh
 * Vancouver Bhancoubhair
 * Stornoway, Quebec Steòrnabhagh

title: Canadian Gaelic


text:
User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Lazarus log

 * August 18
 * 01:20, restored Jive.exe
 * Someone had deleted it with the bogus speedy reason: "Notability not stablished"
 * Was subsequently listed for deletion but it's coasting towards "keep".
 * August 17
 * 23:46, restored Savoir-faire
 * This was apparently an editor who disputed my "keep" call on that VfD. Meh.
 * 23:25, deleted "Talk:Pointless Waste of Time" (Second thoughts. Needs further discussion.)
 * 23:25, deleted Pointless Waste of Time (Second thoughts. Needs further discussion.)
 * 22:49, restored Pointless Waste of Time
 * 22:48, restored Talk:Pointless Waste of Time
 * This was a post-hoc call and no good reason for deletion was given by the person who speedied. I dithered but decided it was touch-and-go.
 * 22:35, restored 2018 world cup (4 revisions restored)
 * Geogre had deleted it during the VfD, claiming it had been deleted "out of process". As with Warren Benbow, restored only those edits I'd done. to placate geogre and enable the VfD to proceed.
 * 21:14, restored Warren Benbow (6 revisions restored)
 * 21:13, deleted Warren Benbow (To placate geogre I will delete and then selectively undelete only the parts I worked on.)
 * 21:03, restored Warren Benbow
 * 20:47, restored Warren Benbow
 * 20:46, restored Warren Benbow
 * 16:48, restored Warren Benbow
 * Geogre really didn't want Warren Benbow article to proceed with its VfD.
 * 16:33, restored Michael Fielding
 * Bad CSD7 speedy. Clearly states that he stars in The Mighty Boosh. Still not much to say about him so redirected to the article about the show.
 * 08:12, deleted Fat Sex (Hoax/attack page)
 * 08:08, restored Fat Sex
 * This was a bogus speedy but probably wasn't worth VfDing. A judgement call.
 * 08:03, restored Kenny Goss
 * 06:35, restored SEGA boards
 * 03:07, restored NAD (1 revisions restored)
 * 03:05, deleted NAD (Preparatory to history merge)
 * Completing a move that had been aborted several days earlier owing to poor wiki performance.
 * August 16
 * 23:11, restored Francesca Easthope
 * Bad speedy that deserved a proper VfD (longish article, many assertions of notability). Hoax.  Listed on VfD so people could actually read what they were voting on.
 * 23:02, restored Digg
 * The website has become notable, apparently.
 * 22:39, restored 2018 world cup
 * Bad speedy.
 * 20:48, restored Warren Benbow
 * Bad speedy, bogus A7.
 * August 15
 * 14:55, deleted Monique DeMoan (Moving Monique deMoan here (correct name))
 * 13:56, restored Votes for deletion/Monique deMoan
 * 13:53, restored Monique deMoan
 * 13:51, restored Monique deMoan/Temp
 * 13:51, deleted Monique deMoan (History merge from Monique deMoan/Temp)
 * 04:30, restored Fort Necessity National Battlefield
 * 00:53, restored Monique deMoan
 * August 14
 * 23:51, restored Monique deMoan
 * Even I don't know for sure what happened with the Monique DeMoan thing. Well I saved a good article, which is sailing through its VfD, dunno what the other guys thought they were doing.
 * 03:49, restored NAD - Audio equipment manufacturer
 * Incomplete due to unfavorable conditions. I completed this a few days later.
 * 03:48, restored Asbri
 * 03:45, restored Barnton, Edinburgh
 * Last time I looked, had been redirected to Edinburgh. Restored and wikified pending the editor's completion of the merge operation.
 * 03:43, restored "Talk:Camden School for Girls"
 * 03:20, restored "Berkeley High School (California)"
 * August 12
 * 22:47, restored "Jive.exe"
 * 22:35, restored "Benjamin Franklin High School, Seattle, Washington"
 * 21:08, restored "Laurel Mountain Elementary School"
 * 18:41, deleted "Standards of measure in the Near Eastern Bronze Age" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Standards of measure in the Near Eastern Bronze Age (unanimous delete))
 * 02:46, deleted "Space Ruckus" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Space Ruckus)
 * 01:47, restored "Tango.info"
 * 01:40, deleted "Tango.info" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Tango.info)
 * August 10
 * 11:34, deleted "Kool Korners Grocery" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Kool Korners Grocery)
 * August 9
 * 22:37, deleted "KDiff3" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/KDiff3)
 * 22:16, deleted "Mj morning show" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Mj morning show)
 * 16:49, deleted "Category:Herbology" (Created by petty vandal (odd but true) content before blanking was: 'Category:Herbology')
 * 03:07, restored "Pogles' Wood"
 * 00:45, deleted "Template:Tony1" (content was: 'Category: Tonytempcat2005-08-3' (and the only contributor was 'Tony Sidaway'))
 * August 8
 * 21:34, deleted "List of schools in Wadsworth, Illinois" (Link not needed (article is not a list))
 * 21:29, deleted "Millburn School, Wadsworth, Illinois" (Clone of another article)
 * 14:41, deleted "Ambroise Levesque" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Ambroise Levesque)
 * 14:39, deleted "Nintendo: Create Your Own Level!" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Nintendo: Create Your Own Level!)
 * 14:36, 8 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Double Gravity Ships" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Double_Gravity_Ships)
 * 14:34, 8 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "List of 89 ZIP codes" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/List_of_89_ZIP_codes)
 * 13:06, 8 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Category:Chaos Chambers" (Bad faith attempt to duplicate an article listed for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Chaos Chambers)
 * 13:04, 8 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Chaos Chambers" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Chaos_Chambers)
 * 10:20, restored "Talk:Religious persecution by Jews"
 * 10:04, restored "Talk:Historical persecution by Jews"
 * 10:03, restored "Historical persecution by Jews"
 * August 7
 * 22:25, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Educatethepoor" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Educatethepoor)
 * 22:23, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Lfyre" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Lfyre)
 * 22:16, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Wikipedia:Obscene image" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Obscene_image)
 * 22:13, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Big bad (forum)" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Big_bad_(forum))
 * 22:10, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Podchive" (See [[Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Podchive)
 * 21:33, restored "Tabcrawler"
 * 12:18, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Saginaw Lutheran High School" (content was: '#redirect Saginaw Valley Lutheran High School' (and the only contributor was 'Tony Sidaway'))
 * 09:56, restored "Portland High School, Portland, Maine"
 * 09:54, restored "Portland High School"
 * 09:54, 7 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Portland High School, Portland, Maine" (For merge (needed due to premature speedy))
 * August 6
 * 17:18, restored "Lee Barnard"
 * 17:05, restored "Blue Valley School District"
 * 16:25, 6 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Image:WKnight.jpg" (Willy on Wheels vandal page)
 * 01:35, restored "Chris Senn"
 * 01:24, restored "Raymond Dimech"
 * 01:16, restored "Phillip Sumner"
 * 01:06, restored "Anagoge"
 * August 5
 * 16:48, 5 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Probabilistic Graphical Models" (Inherently ue)
 * 16:32, 5 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Bluecat" (User test)
 * 13:06, 5 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User talk:Group" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Group)
 * 13:05, 5 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User:Group" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Group)
 * August 4
 * 15:15, 4 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Examples of dirty jokes" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Examples_of_dirty_jokes)
 * 11:56, 4 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User:Denim&Co." (Unsuitable use of user page)
 * 08:06, restored "Newt (disambiguation)"
 * 08:05, 4 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Newt (disambiguation)" (Prepare for move and merge (content was: 'Newt can refer to:*Newt, an animal*Newt Gingrich, an American politician.*Newt, a character in the 1986 [[...'))
 * August 3
 * 19:18, restored "Wikipedia:Savoir-faire"
 * 05:59, 3 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Minor Tekken character articles" (Frivolous renom)
 * 05:53, 3 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Minor Tekken character articles" (Frivolous renomination)
 * 04:38, restored "Molatar"
 * 04:13, restored "Wilcox group"
 * August 2
 * 13:48, 2 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Krisda Sirampuj" (A7 personal CV)
 * 13:30, restored "Josh Spiegel"
 * August 1
 * 07:27, 1 August 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Rana lechuza" (Hoax. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Rana lechuza)
 * July 31
 * 22:00, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Moral compass" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Moral compass)
 * 21:56, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Sally Brabyn" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Sally Brabyn)
 * 21:53, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Big Fase 100" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Big_Fase_100)
 * 07:23, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Clash in the Class" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Clash in the Class)
 * 07:21, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Steven Summers" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Steven_Summers)
 * 07:19, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Mary Waldron" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Mary_Waldron)
 * 07:16, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Scooby Doo Between the Lines" (See Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Scooby_Doo_Between_the_Lines)
 * 07:14, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Sarita vihar" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Sarita_vihar)
 * 05:40, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Maine College Republicans" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Maine College Republicans)
 * 05:36, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "California College Republicans" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/California College Republicans)
 * 05:06, 31 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Gauchos Pesados" (See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Gauchos Pesados)
 * 01:14, restored "Annalee Jefferies"
 * 00:57, restored "Desirae"
 * July 30
 * 22:48, restored "Ron Diaz" (1 revisions restored)
 * 14:35, restored "Calvary Christian High School"
 * 09:45, restored "Grafixology"
 * 09:38, restored "Seb cox"
 * 09:32, restored "Isaac Binkovitz"
 * 09:20, restored "Elend Style"
 * July 29
 * 06:27, 29 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "Larma" (content was: 'A word created by Brittany Housden when she was sixteen years old, this word could mean anything you want it to mean at any given time. She decided to...' (and the only contributor was '64.12.116.69'))
 * July 28
 * 21:23, restored "Bryan Waddle"
 * 21:12, restored "Pretty Noose"
 * 21:03, restored "Pretty Noose"
 * 20:27, restored "Thomas Garret"
 * 20:13, restored "Talk:Morphine nation"
 * 20:11, restored "Morphine nation"
 * 19:26, restored "Carmine Agnello, Jr."
 * 04:26, restored "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test scratchpad/Undeletion test"
 * July 27
 * 22:55, restored "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test scratchpad/Undeletion test" (1 revisions restored)
 * 22:54, 27 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test scratchpad/Undeletion test" (content was: 'This is the second version.' (and the only contributor was 'Tony Sidaway'))
 * 21:33, restored "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test"
 * 21:32, restored "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test" (1 revisions restored)
 * 21:32, 27 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Undeletion test" (content was: 'Second version.' (and the only contributor was 'Tony Sidaway'))
 * July 26
 * 21:39, restored "The 20 Cent Quest"
 * 09:02, 26 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "St. John's College High School" (Closing VfD. Delete this copyvio to make way for rewrite)
 * 07:04, restored "District Court of Hong Kong"
 * 06:02, restored "St Stephen's Girls' College" (1 revisions restored)
 * 05:50, restored "Template:Steven Spielberg's films"
 * 05:48, restored "Template:Alfred Hitchcock's films"
 * 05:46, restored "Template:Stanley Kubrick" (2 revisions restored)
 * 05:39, restored "The 20 Cent Quest" (1 revisions restored)
 * 05:14, restored "Omega alliance" (1 revisions restored)
 * 04:57, restored "As`ad AbuKhalil"
 * 04:15, restored "Rafael Carreras"
 * 04:04, restored "Pastor Tony Morley"
 * 03:54, 26 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Autobiography" (Obsolete sandbox page)
 * 01:17, restored "Hightower High School"
 * 01:06, restored "Lord Deramore's Primary School"
 * 00:53, restored "Musa (Robot)"
 * July 25
 * 01:50, restored "Carnivorous trees"
 * 01:31, restored "OpenKore"
 * 00:51, restored "Nowell Codex"
 * 00:45, restored "Dylan "Dylanger" Fogle"
 * 00:43, restored "Talk:Dylan "Dylanger" Fogle" (1 revisions restored)
 * 00:31, restored "Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality" (1 revisions restored)
 * 00:26, restored "Eye of fatima" (1 revisions restored)
 * July 24
 * 17:48, restored "Aargauischen Südbahn" (1 revisions restored)
 * 17:10, restored "Langer"
 * July 23
 * 16:26, restored "Talk:Albrecht Prinz von Croy"
 * 15:45, restored "Collins Hill High School"
 * 12:06, restored "Langer"
 * 04:48, restored "Nasal Sex"
 * July 22
 * 23:37, restored "Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha"
 * 23:22, restored "Langer"
 * 19:12, restored "Quantum Accelerator" (1 revisions restored)
 * 18:57, restored "Nasalis muscle" (1 revisions restored)
 * 18:07, restored "Active Shape Model"
 * 18:01, restored "Manugistics"
 * 17:54, restored "Langer"
 * 17:11, restored "Butt hook"
 * 16:53, restored "Hörzu"
 * 16:47, restored "Maeve (BLAME!)"
 * 16:43, restored "Ivy (BLAME!)"
 * 16:01, restored "Ernest Lluch" (1 revisions restored)
 * 05:16, 22 July 2005 Tony Sidaway deleted "7/21" (If anything this should be 21/7. content was: '#redirect 21 July 2005 London explosions')
 * 04:34, restored "Ian McCall" (3 revisions restored)
 * 04:15, restored "Celtic F.C" (1 revisions restored)
 * July 18
 * 10:09, restored "Buehler" (1 revisions restored)
 * 09:59, restored "Huajian Gao"

title: User:Tony Sidaway/Sandbox/Lazarus log


text:
Talk:List of summer camps

Simple list
I know this is a very simple list right now, but as with all Wikipedia lists, it can grow. Please add more! --Tmajor 17:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Camp WYOMOCO
I removed some propaganda about Camp WYOMOCO. Seemed out of place in relation to all the other items on the list. If you disagree with my edit, please discuss here. --Tim Morgan 18:29, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Girl Guide camps
I added a seperate section for Girl Guide Camps, because I wasn't sure if it should be with the scout camps or not.--Tezzy149 01:31, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Ontario camps
I added a bunch of camp from Ontario. I went to one for 10 years and we competed with other camps in intercamp sporting competitions. I dont really know if they are notable and I'm sure I could more than double that list if I did some research or just asking around, this is just off the top of my head. The populations of these camps range from a few hundred to a couple of thousand. Avenged Evanfold 04:00, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Merged sections
I merged the sleepaway camps sections together as there didn't really seem to be a need to separate them by region and there were so few anyways. I also plan to alphabetize them as well. Onceuponastar 19:18, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Incomplete?
I think the tag that requests this list be expanded can now be removed since the list is fairly long. It has been linked to various pages and with time, will be expanded even more! Postcard Cathy 22:28, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No offense intended, but this list is woefully incomplete. A list of Boy Scouts of America camps alone would probably number in the hundreds, if not thousands.  Ditto YM/WCA, and most of the other categories.  If the list ever approached, say, more than 50% completion, it would need to become a list of "types of summer camps", with each type being its own long list, perhaps even broken down by country or continent.  I found it strange that a BSA camp I was curious about is not mentioned anywhere, that is what led me to this list.  Anyway, keep up the good work! human 18:18, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * One of the reasons why the list is incomplete is because someone went through the list at some point in time and deleted all of the red links. Correct me if I'm wrong, but since this is a list, not a category, I believe it is OK to have red links. I will try to add the deleted material back in. --GentlemanGhost 16:48, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not sure Red link would agree with that, and there is no special dispensation there about lists. Only if one is certain that the object of the redlink is notable, and that can be shown from verifiable and reliable sources, should it be made. -- Avi 07:07, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Simple solution I think - unlink the red links, and if you care, keep an eye out for a file being created for them so they can be linked once they'd be "blue". A list doesn't have to be all links, does it? human 02:38, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * This is why people do not waste their time at Wikipedia, and it is very sad that this is true. I have a list of 572 secular camps, plus 300 faith-based camps.  But the censors refuse to let me add the list at the state levels, and adding it here would be a nightmare.  Just visit my User page and follow the link to my Public Domain webpage, which has a massive list of summer camps, day camps, campgrounds etc by state.  If you want to add items to the list here at Wiki, just search for 'Wikipedia' on my summer camps page, and copy whatever you like. Summer Vacation (talk) 20:33, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Scout camps
I am going to add a couple of "local" BSA camps, under a Council heading. I am also adding "USA" to the section heading. If enough are added, it should become its own article and supporting list I think, I also notice that a quick WP search turns up many, many articles about individual camps. A rich vein to mine if someone wants to add a bunch of blue links to the list! Huw Powell 03:29, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Camp Sagitawa
I added it. Is it okay?-- chaos_shadow 3:49, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure, why wouldn't it be? I think every camp that gets included and properly categorized makes this list one camp more complete.  Heck, someday I might take it upon myself to add a few hundred BSA scout camps. Huw Powell 22:40, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

YMCA Camp Piomingo
Why is it there is no article or even mention of Camp Piomingo on Wikipedia? It's an accredited YMCA camp that has won several awards for its outstanding programs. There's not even a red link to it in the Otter Creek Park article, and Camp Piomingo is in the middle of Otter Creek Park! I really think there should at least be a red link to Camp Piomingo, but I must admit, to write an article on Camp Piomingo would take a lot of time an effort just to describe all of it's programs and activities, and I'm just not the person to do that. I would like to see even a stub made for Camp Piomingo because it deserves that and so much more. And I think Wikipedia should at least acknowledge that much.Green Pirate 22:24, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Links
Why link to each camp, in this list? Per WP:NOT, as I read is, 'Wikipedia is not an Internet Directory'. I can see, listing the camp articles, and, linking to the camp's site, in the article... It just doesn't seem right, in this list. Anyhow, just thought I'd throw it out there, see what everyone else thinks.... I might clean this list up, in a bit, if I'm feeling Bold :) --SXT4$\color{Red} \oplus$ 01:09, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Good job! WP:SPAM and WP:EL also support keeping this list free of such links. --Ronz (talk) 02:17, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

List inclusion criteria
The list needs some inclusion criteria, per WP:LIST, to prevent it from growing uncontrollably and becoming impossible to maintain. Until we can come up with a better criteria, I suggest we only list camps that already have their own articles. --Ronz (talk) 02:18, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This list is getting out of hand. Montco (talk) 03:36, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Red links nixed for now. Montco (talk) 20:41, 6 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --Ronz (talk) 21:03, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Hum, I wonder if you guys understand how complex this issue is. Amusement parks and Waterparks are listed without Wiki articles, and with links to websites. Although this violates the standards, it is done anyway, which clearly demonstrates the 'fuzzy rules' of Wikipedia. But a more serious problem is that the Wiki censors demand that summer camp articles meet all of the criteria of a typical Wiki article, and when they fail to satisfy a Wiki administrator, they usually get deleted. This is why you do not have more Wikis for summer camps. The authors get fed up with rules that no longer meet the needs of the public. So, perhaps it would be a better public service to allow the list of summer camps to become a complete and comprehensive list, and to encourage people to write articles for each missing Wiki. Just a thought. Summer Vacation (talk) 13:28, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

No math/science camps section
I don't see anywhere to place camps like Research Science Institute and Mathcamp. Do they belong in this list? --Zarel (talk) 08:48, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Right now there's a bullet under "Arts, Drama, and Music Camps" that says "All Arts and Sciences camps." I'm honestly not really sure why that is...my opinion is that science camps needs it's own section...  Violine (talk) 20:07, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Listing camps by type.
The problem with splitting up the camps by type is that they often meet multiple criteria, like Christian Math Camps, or Jewish Sports Camps. This creates a lot of redundant listings.

Also note that some YMCA/YWCA are Christian camps, and most are not. You have to go to each website to see if the camp has Christian programming. Also note that out of 800 summer camps, only 300 are faith-based. So listing camps by religions does not really make much sense.

Another problem is summer schools that pretend to be camps, and do not offer the activities that you find at tradition camps, like sailing and horseback riding. They should be listed separately and clearly labeled as summer schools.

I have added a list at the top that is alpha sorted. I have not included camps that are not open to general enrollment, like scouting camps owned by a particular organization. Feel free to do with it what you like. Summer Vacation (talk) 13:06, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

There is a very short list for "health and medical" camps like a diabetes camp. And a very long "other camps" list which includes things like speech therapy and support for cancer patients. Shouldn't those be moved to the "health and medical" list? KevinBTheobald (talk) 08:37, 30 December 2018 (UTC)

Also, for the health/medical camps that don't explicitly mention the condition they focus on in their name, should the condition be added in parentheses to the list? KevinBTheobald (talk) 15:54, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of summer camps


text:
Ripon, Quebec

Ripon is a municipality in Papineau Regional County Municipality in the Outaouais region of western Quebec, Canada. It is located in the valley of the Petite-Nation River.

The town was named after Ripon in North Yorkshire, England.

title: Ripon, Quebec


text:
Pratapgarh, Rajasthan

Pratapgarh, is a town in Rajasthan, India. It is the district headquarters of Pratapgarh district the newest district of Rajasthan. Famous for its Thewa art, the city is surrounded by tribal villages. It is also famous for its edible jiralun and hing.

History
Maharana Kumbha ruled Chittorgarh in the 14th century. Due to a dispute with his younger brother Kshemkarn he expelled him from his territory. Kshemkarn's family was a refugee for some time and lived in the Aravali ranges near the south of Rajasthan. In 1514, his son Rajkumar Surajmal became the ruler of Devgarh, and this Raj later came to be known as Pratapgarh Raj. As the environment of Devgarh was not found to be suitable for the royal family, one of the descendants of Raja Surajmal, Rajkumar Pratapsingh built a new town near Devgarh in 1698 and named it Pratapgarh.

Geography
Pratapgarh District is a newly constituted district in Rajasthan state. it came into existence on 26 January 2008, as the 33rd district of Rajasthan. Pratapgarh is located at 24.03° N 74.78° E. It has an average elevation of 491 metres (1610 feet). It is said to be the second highest place in Rajasthan after Mount Abu.

Topography
The inner part of the city has many narrow streets and some of them are so narrow that it is hard for two bikes to cross each other. In the last decade, the outer part of the city has developed rapidly. The topography of the area is undulating because of the confluence of three different geological formations; Malwa Plateau, Vindhyachal Hills and the Aravali range.

Nearby cities include Chhoti Sadri 47 km, and Mandsaur 32 km.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Pratapgarh had a total population of 42,079, of which 21,499 were males and 20,580 were females. Population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 5,154. The total number of literates in Pratapgarh was 31,687, which constituted 75.3% of the population with male literacy of 80.5% and female literacy of 69.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Pratapgarh was 85.8%, of which male literacy rate was 92.2% and female literacy rate was 79.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 5,344 and 3,459 respectively. Pratapgarh had 8749 households as of 2011.

Villages

 * Kariyawad

title: Pratapgarh, Rajasthan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Sam

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Duncharris. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

A Sam
Hoax KeithD (talk) 17:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete patent nonsense. -- Etacar11   17:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, as above. -- BD2412 talk 17:59, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Added SD request to entry as nonsense. --GraemeL (talk) 18:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Sam