text: User talk:68.82.176.125

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.82.176.125


text: User talk:80.77.201.208

title: User talk:80.77.201.208


text:
User talk:Slaman

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Journalist Peek at my edits|How's my driving?
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Speedy deletion nomination of IBidBroker
A tag has been placed on IBidBroker, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag - if no such tag exists then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hangon tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Xtzou ( Talk ) 21:06, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slaman


text:
Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard

Resysop request (Isabelle Belato)
Had to take a break some months back due to lack of time and energy. Due to recent RL events, I should have more time on my hands and would appreciate if I had access to the sysop tools restored. Isabelle Belato 🏳🌈 03:14, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Should be good to go following the standard 24-hour hold. 28bytes (talk) 06:33, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. Welcome back. 28bytes (talk) 03:25, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Isabelle Belato 🏳🌈 12:06, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

Desysop request (Modussiccandi)
Hello, I want to give back the admin tools for the moment. I haven't been able to edit much over the last months and I feel I haven't been able to stay in touch with the community. Hoping to pick up the tools again when I have more time, Modussiccandi (talk) 20:15, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ thank you for your service. — xaosflux  Talk 20:19, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your service Modussiccandi, hope everything is going alright for you in real life.  The Night Watch     (talk)   22:13, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

JamesR
Hi all

It is with great sadness that I advise the passing of, a longtime Wikipedia colleague of mine.

He was until September an administrator, when he voluntarily requested the tools be removed at this noticeboard (diff).

James also operated two bots, and. Both are still active. I will leave to those who know more about such things on the best course of action regarding this.

My best wishes to James' family and friends at this difficult time.

Regards Daniel (talk) 07:52, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sad news. I've deactivated the bots as they have no operator now. Perhaps someone else will take over those tasks if needed. (More at WP:BOTN). — xaosflux  Talk 09:46, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * So sad to read. JamesR was very helpful to me when I had questions about his very useful bots. I know that he gave up the mop last year but I appreciate you announcing the news here, Daniel. Liz Read! Talk! 18:05, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Int admin (2) for Izno
Hello. Requesting interface admin back after my very-failed break (isn't that how it always works? :). Have more CSS work to do. Izno (talk) 20:07, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Welcome back. Support this (although I think re-Iadmin requests can be done instantly by the first crat who sees them). * Pppery * it has begun... 20:16, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, I guess I have to say that I still have 2FA set up. Izno (talk) 20:18, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. Primefac (talk) 20:36, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard


text: User:JarlaxleArtemis.

title: User:JarlaxleArtemis.


text:
User:Sum0/monobook.js

// Add a "Kate" link to your monobook "personal menu" list at the very // top of the page. //  //  Indicate where you would like "Kate" to appear: //   pt-userpage, pt-mytalk, pt-preferences, //   pt-watchlist, pt-mycontris, pt-logout // gsKateInsertBefore = 'pt-mycontris'; // leave blank to append after "logout" // function KateLink {  var user = document.getElementById( 'pt-userpage').firstChild.firstChild.data; var li = document.createElement( 'li' ); li.id = 'pt-kate'; var a = document.createElement( 'a' ); a.appendChild( document.createTextNode( 'Kate' ) ); // eh, the css makes the text lowercase a.href = 'http://kohl.wikimedia.org/~kate/cgi-bin/count_edits?dbname=enwiki&user=' + user; li.appendChild( a ); if ( ! gsKateInsertBefore ) // append to end (right) of list { document.getElementById( 'pt-logout' ).parentNode.appendChild( li ); }  else { var before = document.getElementById( gsKateInsertBefore ); before.appendChild( li, before ); } }   if ( window.addEventListener ) window.addEventListener( 'load', KateLink, false ); else if ( window.attachEvent     ) window.attachEvent   ( 'onload', KateLink );

title: User:Sum0/monobook.js


text:
Talk:SIGPLAN

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on SIGPLAN. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205012/http://www.sigplan.org/awards/achievement/main to http://www.sigplan.org/awards/achievement/main

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:12, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

Merge proposal: Onward! to here
Onward! is not notable, but is worth a mention here. Boleyn (talk) 16:01, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Support per nom toweli (talk) 19:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support, sounds like a good plan. Caleb Stanford (talk) 00:51, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SIGPLAN


text:
Category:Corcoracidae

 * Corcoracidae is a family of the suborder Passeri.

title: Category:Corcoracidae


text:
1931 in art

Events from the year 1931 in art.

Events

 * February 15 – Abstraction-Création group formed in Paris by Theo van Doesburg to promote non-figurative, non-surrealist art. Other founder members include Auguste Herbin, Jean Hélion and Georges Vantongerloo.
 * October 4 – Debut appearance of the Dick Tracy comic strip, created by cartoonist Chester Gould.
 * The Whitney Museum of American Art is founded by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney in its original building in Greenwich Village, New York City.
 * The Pierre Matisse Gallery opens in New York City.
 * Collector Kay Kimbell of Fort Worth, Texas, purchases his first painting, origin of the Kimbell Art Museum.
 * Henry Moore holds his first solo exhibition of sculptures, at The Leicester Galleries in London.

Works

 * Max Beckmann – Paris Society
 * Thomas Hart Benton – America Today
 * Heitor da Silva Costa and Paul Landowski – Christ the Redeemer (statue, Rio de Janeiro)
 * Salvador Dalí – The Persistence of Memory
 * Robert William Davidson – Eve (sculpture)
 * Charles Demuth – Chimney and Watertower
 * Antonio Donghi – Woman at the Café
 * Frida Kahlo – Frida and Diego Rivera
 * Helmut Kolle – Self-Portrait in White Tie
 * Tamara de Lempicka – Adam and Eve
 * René Magritte – The Voice of Space
 * Carl Milles – Flygarmonumentet (Stockholm)
 * Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen – The Herd Boy playing a Wooden Flute (monument to the sculptor's husband, the composer Carl Nielsen (d. 1931), at his birthplace, Nørre Lyndelse)
 * Georgia O'Keeffe – Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
 * Pablo Picasso – Figures by the Sea
 * Diego Rivera - The Rivals
 * Lorado Taft – The Crusader (sculpture)
 * Carel Willink – Late Visitors to Pompeii
 * Grant Wood
 * The Birthplace of Herbert Hoover
 * The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: John Longstaff – Sir John Sulman

Births

 * January 1 – Stephanie Scuris, artist and sculptor
 * January 10 – Massimo Vignelli, Italian designer (d. 2014)
 * January 18 – Jay Maisel, photographer
 * January 21 – Paul Deliège, Belgian comic strip artist and writer (d. 2005)
 * January 30 – Linda Nochlin, née Weinberg, American feminist art historian (d. 2017)
 * February 7 – Serge Danot, French animator (d. 1990)
 * February 9 – Robert Morris, American sculptor (d. 2018)
 * February 16 – Irina Dobrekova, Russian painter
 * February 17 – Fay Godwin, German-born English landscape photographer (d. 2005)
 * February 18 – Johnny Hart, American cartoonist (d. 2007)
 * February 21 – Derek Hyatt, English abstract landscape painter (d. 2015)
 * February 23 – Tom Wesselmann, American pop artist (d. 2004)
 * February 26
 * Radomir Stević Ras, Serbian painter and designer (d. 1982).
 * Jacques Rouxel, French animator (d. 2004)
 * March 4 – Gwilym Prichard, Welsh landscape painter (d. 2015)
 * March 13 – Michael Podro, English art historian (d. 2008)
 * March 25 – Jack Chambers, Canadian artist and filmmaker (d. 1978)
 * April 24 – Bridget Riley, English op art painter
 * April 25 – David Shepherd, English wildlife, railway and military painter and conservationist (d. 2017)
 * April 26 – Vera Nazina, Russian painter
 * April 29 – Frank Auerbach, German-born painter
 * May 10 – Olja Ivanjicki, Serbian painter (d. 2009)
 * June 7 – Malcolm Morley, English-American photographer and painter
 * July 8 – Leo Dee, American silverpoint artist (d. 2004)
 * July 15 – Brian Sewell, English art critic (d. 2015)
 * July 20 – Sheila Fell, English painter (d. 1979)
 * July 25 – Carlo Maria Mariani, Italian painter (d. 2021)
 * July 28 – Hans Schröder, German sculptor and painter (d. 2010)
 * August 15 – Rose Hilton, English painter (d. 2019)
 * August 20 – Bernd Becher, German photographer (d. 2007)
 * August 24 – Bartolomeu Cid dos Santos, Portuguese artist and professor (d. 2008)
 * September 24 – Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter (d. 2021)
 * October 9 – Stuart Devlin, Australian-born gold/silversmith (d. 2018)
 * date unknown
 * Barrie Cooke, British-born abstract expressionist painter (d. 2014)
 * Enno Hallek, Estonian-born Swedish artist

Deaths

 * January 7
 * Giuseppe Barison, Italian painter (b. 1853)
 * Joseph Bernard, French sculptor (b. 1866)
 * February 3 – Jefferson David Chalfant, American painter (b. 1856)
 * February 11 – Bela Čikoš Sesija, Croatian Symbolist painter (b. 1864)
 * March 7
 * Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter and architect, leader of De Stijl (b. 1883)
 * Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
 * March 12 – Frida Hansen, Norwegian textile artist (b. 1855)
 * March 14 – Alfred Grenander, Swedish-born architect (b. 1863)
 * March 24 – Derwent Lees, Australian landscape painter (b. 1885)
 * May 1 – Thomas Cooper Gotch, English painter (b. 1854)
 * May 31 – Willy Stöwer, German marine painter and illustrator (b. 1864)
 * July 11
 * Giovanni Boldini, Italian painter (b. 1842)
 * Jean-Louis Forain, French Impressionist painter (b. 1852)
 * September 14 – Tom Roberts, Australian painter (b. 1856)
 * September 20 – Max Littmann, German architect (b. 1862)
 * September 29 – Sir William Orpen, Irish portrait painter (b. 1878)
 * October 7
 * Charles Ricketts, English designer (b. 1866)
 * Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (b. 1850)
 * October 10 – Sir Bertram Mackennal, Australian-born sculptor (b. 1863)
 * November 17
 * Helmut Kolle, exiled German painter, endocarditis (b. 1899)
 * Edward Simmons, American Impressionist painter (b. 1852)
 * December 7 – Leslie Hunter, Scottish painter (b. 1877)
 * December 31 – Lancelot Speed, British illustrator (b. 1860)
 * date unknown
 * Todor Švrakić, Serbian painter (b. 1882)
 * William John Wainwright, English painter (b. 1855)

title: 1931 in art


text:
Maxim (philosophy)

A maxim is simply a moral rule or principle, which can be considered dependent on one's philosophy. A maxim is often pedagogical and motivates specific actions. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy defines it as: "Generally any simple and memorable rule or guide for living; for example, 'neither a borrower nor a lender be'. Tennyson speaks of 'a little hoard of maxims preaching down a daughter's heart (Locksley Hall), and maxims have generally been associated with a 'folksy' or 'copy-book' approach to morality."

Deontological ethics
In deontological ethics, mainly in Kantian ethics, maxims are understood as subjective principles of action. A maxim is thought to be part of an agent's thought process for every rational action, indicating in its standard form: (1) the action, or type of action; (2) the conditions under which it is to be done; and (3) the end or purpose to be achieved by the action, or the motive. The maxim of an action is often referred to as the agent's intention. In Kantian ethics, the categorical imperative provides a test on maxims for determining whether the actions they refer to are right, wrong, or permissible.

The categorical imperative is stated canonically as: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law."

In his Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant provided the following example of a maxim and of how to apply the test of the categorical imperative: "I have, for example, made it my maxim to increase my wealth by any safe means. Now I have a deposit in my hands, the owner of which has died and left no record of it. . . . I therefore apply the maxim to the present case and ask whether it could indeed take the form of a law, and consequently whether I could through my maxim at the same time give such a law as this: that everyone may deny a deposit which no one can prove has been made. I at once become aware that such a principle, as a law, would annihilate itself since it would bring it about that there would be no deposits at all."

Also, an action is said to have "moral worth" if the maxim upon which the agent acts cites the purpose of conforming to a moral requirement. That is, a person's action has moral worth when he does his duty purely for the sake of duty, or does the right thing for the right reason. Kant himself believed that it is impossible to know whether anyone's action has ever had moral worth. It might appear to someone that he has acted entirely "from duty", but this could always be an illusion of self-interest: of wanting to see oneself in the best, most noble light. This indicates that agents are not always the best judges of their own maxims or motives.

Personal knowledge
Michael Polanyi in his account of tacit knowledge stressed the importance of the maxim in focusing both explicit and implicit modes of understanding. "Maxims are rules, the correct application of which is part of the art they govern....Maxims can only function within a framework of personal (i.e., experiential) knowledge".

title: Maxim (philosophy)


text:
User:JarΙaxΙeArtemis

Created to prevent impersonation. Both Ι's are actually iotas.

title: User:JarΙaxΙeArtemis


text:
User talk:JarΙaxΙeArtemis

Created to prevent impersonation. Both Ι's are actually iotas.

title: User talk:JarΙaxΙeArtemis


text:
Antenna factor

In electromagnetics, the antenna factor (AF, units: m−1, reciprocal meter) is defined as the ratio of the electric field E (units: V/m or μV/m) to the voltage V (units: V or μV) induced across the terminals of an antenna:

 * $$AF = \frac{E}{V}$$

If all quantities are expressed logarithmically in decibels instead of SI units, the above equation becomes

AF_{\mathrm{dB/m}} = E_\mathrm{\mathrm{dBV/m}} - V_{\mathrm{dBV}} $$

The voltage measured at the output terminals of an antenna is not the actual field intensity due to actual antenna gain, aperture characteristics, and loading effects.

For a magnetic field, with units of A/m, the corresponding antenna factor is in units of A/(V⋅m). For the relationship between the electric and magnetic fields, see the impedance of free space.

For a 50 Ω load, knowing that PD Ae = Pr = V2/R and E2= $$\sqrt{\frac{\mu_0}{\varepsilon_0}}$$PD ~ 377PD (E and V noted here are the RMS values averaged over time), the antenna factor is developed as:

AF = \frac{\sqrt{377 P_D}}{\sqrt{50 P_D A_e}} = \frac{2.75}{\sqrt{A_e}} = \frac{9.73}{\lambda \sqrt{G} } $$

Where
 * Ae = (λ2G)/4π : the antenna effective aperture
 * PD is the power density in watts per unit area
 * Pr is the power delivered into the load resistance presented by the receiver (normally 50 ohms)
 * G: the antenna gain
 * $$\mu_0 $$ is the magnetic constant
 * $$\varepsilon_0 $$ is the electric constant

For antennas which are not defined by a physical area, such as monopoles and dipoles consisting of thin rod conductors, the effective length (units: meter) is used to measure the ratio between voltage and electric field.

title: Antenna factor


text:
CDC classification system for HIV infection

The CDC Classification System for HIV Infection is the medical classification system used by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to classify HIV disease and infection. The system is used to allow the government to handle epidemic statistics and define who receives US government assistance.

In adults and adolescents
This classification system is how the United States agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classifies HIV disease and infection. This is to allow the government to handle epidemic statistics and define who receives US government assistance. In 1993, the CDC added pulmonary tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer to the list of clinical conditions in the AIDS surveillance case definition published in 1987 and expanded the AIDS surveillance case definition to include all HIV-infected persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells/uL or a CD4+ percentage of less than 14. Considerable variation exists in the relative risk of death following different AIDS defining clinical conditions.

According to the US CDC definition, one has AIDS if he/she is infected with HIV and present with one of the following: OR
 * A CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/μl (or a CD4+ T-cell percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14%)
 * he/she has one of the following defining illnesses:
 * Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs
 * Candidiasis esophageal
 * Cervical cancer (invasive)
 * Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
 * Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
 * Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal for longer than 1 month
 * Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen or lymph nodes)
 * Encephalopathy (HIV-related)
 * Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (for more than 1 month); or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
 * Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
 * Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (for more than 1 month)
 * Kaposi's sarcoma
 * Lymphoma Burkitt's, immunoblastic or primary brain
 * Mycobacterium avium complex
 * Mycobacterium, other species, disseminated or extrapulmonary
 * Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
 * Pneumonia (recurrent)
 * Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
 * Salmonella sepsis (recurrent)
 * Toxoplasmosis of the brain
 * Tuberculosis
 * Wasting syndrome due to HIV

People who are not infected with HIV may also develop these conditions; this does not mean they have AIDS. However, when an individual presents laboratory evidence against HIV infection, a diagnosis of AIDS is ruled out unless the patient has:
 * undergone high-dose corticoid therapy or other immunosuppressive/cytotoxic therapy in the three months before the onset of the indicator disease
 * OR been diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, or any cancer of lymphoreticular or histiocytic tissue, or angioimmunoblastic lymphoadenopathy
 * OR a genetic immunodeficiency syndrome atypical of HIV infection, such as one involving hypogamma globulinemia

AND
 * the individual has had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
 * OR one of the above defining illnesses AND a CD4+ T-cell count below 200 cells/μl (or a CD4+ T-cell percentage of total lymphocytes of less than 14%).

In children
Due to the additional knowledge of the progression of HIV disease among children, a revised classification system for HIV infection in children was developed in 1994 that replaced the pediatric HIV classification system that was published in 1987. A child for the purposes of the CDC is an individual of less than 13 years of age. Standard anti-HIV IgG antibody tests cannot be used to reliably indicate a child's infection status before 18 months of age, so viral antigen tests are used.

In the new system, HIV-infected children are classified into mutually exclusive categories according to three parameters:

 * a) infection status

 * b) clinical status

 * c) immunologic status

This classification system reflects the stage of the child's disease, establishes mutually exclusive classification categories, and balances simplicity and medical accuracy in the classification process. This document also describes revised pediatric definitions for two acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining conditions.

When an infant is born to an HIV-infected mother, diagnosis of an HIV infection is complicated by the presence of maternal anti-HIV IgG antibody, which crosses the placenta to the fetus. Indeed, virtually all children born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV-antibody positive at birth, although only 15%-30% are actually infected.

Category N: Not symptomatic
Children who have no signs or symptoms considered to be the result of HIV infection or who have only one of the conditions listed in Category A.

Category A: Mildly symptomatic
Children with two or more of the conditions listed below but none of the conditions listed in Categories B and C.
 * Lymphadenopathy (>=0.5 cm at more than two sites; bilateral = one site)
 * Hepatomegaly
 * Splenomegaly
 * Dermatitis
 * Parotitis
 * Recurrent or persistent upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, or otitis media

Category B: Moderately symptomatic
Children who have symptomatic conditions other than those listed for Category A or C that are attributed to HIV infection. Examples of conditions in clinical Category B include but are not limited to:
 * Anemia (<8 g/dL), neutropenia (<1,000/mm3), or thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm3) persisting for at least 30 days
 * Bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, or sepsis (single episode)
 * Candidiasis, oropharyngeal (thrush), persisting for more than 2 months in children over 6 months of age
 * Cardiomyopathy
 * Cytomegalovirus infection, with onset before 1 month of age
 * Diarrhea, recurrent or chronic
 * Hepatitis
 * Herpes simplex virus (HSV) stomatitis, recurrent (more than two episodes within 1 year)
 * HSV bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis with onset before 1 month of age
 * Herpes zoster (shingles) involving at least two distinct episodes or more than one dermatome
 * Leiomyosarcoma
 * Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) or pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia complex
 * Nephropathy
 * Nocardiosis
 * Persistent fever (lasting more than 1 month)
 * Toxoplasmosis, onset before 1 month of age
 * Varicella, disseminated (complicated chickenpox)

Category C: Severely symptomatic

 * Serious bacterial infections, multiple or recurrent (i.e., any combination of at least two culture-confirmed infections within a 2-year period), of the following types: sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, bone or joint infection, or abscess of an internal organ or body cavity (excluding otitis media, superficial skin or mucosal abscesses, and indwelling catheter-related infections)
 * Candidiasis, esophageal or pulmonary (bronchi, trachea, lungs)
 * Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated (at site other than or in addition to lungs or cervical or hilar lymph nodes)
 * Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
 * Cryptosporidiosis or isosporiasis with diarrhea persisting more than 1 month
 * Cytomegalovirus disease with onset of symptoms at age over 1 month (at a site other than liver, spleen, or lymph nodes)
 * Encephalopathy (at least one of the following progressive findings present for at least 2 months in the absence of a concurrent illness other than HIV infection that could explain the findings): a) failure to attain or loss of developmental milestones or loss of intellectual ability, verified by standard developmental scale or neuropsychological tests; b) impaired brain growth or acquired microcephaly demonstrated by head circumference measurements or brain atrophy demonstrated by computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (serial imaging is required for children under 2 years of age); c) acquired symmetric motor deficit manifested by two or more of the following: paresis, pathologic reflexes, ataxia, or gait disturbance
 * Herpes simplex virus infection causing a mucocutaneous ulcer that persists for more than 1 month; or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis for any duration affecting a child over 1 month of age
 * Histoplasmosis, disseminated (at a site other than or in addition to lungs or cervical or hilar lymph nodes)
 * Kaposi's sarcoma
 * Lymphoma, primary, in brain
 * Lymphoma, small, noncleaved cell (Burkitt's), or immunoblastic or large cell lymphoma of B-cellor unknown immunologic phenotype
 * Mycobacterium tuberculosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
 * Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated (at a site other than or in addition to lungs, skin, or cervical or hilar lymph nodes)
 * Mycobacterium avium complex or Mycobacterium kansasii, disseminated (at site other than or in addition to lungs, skin, or cervical or hilar lymph nodes)
 * Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
 * Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
 * Salmonella (nontyphoid) sepsis, recurrent
 * Toxoplasmosis of the brain with onset at greater than 1 month of age
 * Wasting syndrome in the absence of a concurrent illness other than HIV infection that could explain the following findings: a) persistent weight loss more than 10% of baseline OR b) downward crossing of at least two of the following percentile lines on the weight-for-age chart (e.g., 95th, 75th, 50th, 25th, 5th) in a child at least 1 year of age OR c) less than the 5th percentile on weight-for-height chart on two consecutive measurements at least 30 days apart PLUS a) chronic diarrhea (i.e., at least two loose stools per day for more than 30 days) OR b) documented fever (for at least 30 days, intermittent or constant)


text:
Hura crepitans

Hura crepitans, the sandbox tree, also known as possumwood, monkey no-climb, assacu (from Tupi asaku) and jabillo, is an evergreen tree in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to tropical regions of North and South America including the Amazon rainforest. It is also present in parts of Tanzania, where it is considered an invasive species. Because its fruits explode when ripe, it has also received the colloquial nickname the dynamite tree.

Description
The sandbox tree can grow to 60 m, and its large ovate leaves grow to 2 ft wide. They are monoecious, with red, un-petaled flowers. Male flowers grow on long spikes, while female flowers grow alone in leaf axils. The trunk is covered in long, sharp spikes that secrete poisonous sap. The sandbox tree's fruits are large, pumpkin-shaped capsules, 3 - 5 cm long, 5 - 8 cm diameter, with 16 carpels arranged radially. Its seeds are flattened and about 2 cm diameter. The capsules explode when ripe, splitting into segments and launching seeds at 70 m/s. One source states that ripe capsules catapult their seeds as far as 100 m. Another source states that seeds are thrown as far as 45 m from a tree, averaging about 30 m. High-speed video analysis of its exploding fruit revealed that Hura crepitans seeds fly with backspin as opposed to topspin, which was previously assumed. Backspin helps seeds remain oriented to minimize their drag during flight.

Habitat
This tree prefers wet soil, and partial shade or partial to full sun. It is often cultivated for shade. Sandbox trees are tropical trees and prefer warmer, more humid environments.

Uses
Its wood is light enough to make indigenous canoes. Fishermen have been said to use the milky, caustic sap from this tree to poison fish. The Caribs made arrow poison from its sap. The wood is used for furniture under the name "hura". Before more modern forms of pens were invented, the trees' unripe seed capsules were sawn in half to make decorative pen sandboxes (also called pounce pots), hence the name 'sandbox tree'. It has been documented as a herbal remedy.

The seeds contain an oil that is toxic for consumption but can be made into biodiesel and soap; its starchy leftovers can be made into animal feed after cooking.

title: Hura crepitans


text: Template:Ship

title: Template:Ship


text:
Abscission

Abscission is the shedding of various parts of an organism, such as a plant dropping a leaf, fruit, flower, or seed. In zoology, abscission is the intentional shedding of a body part, such as the shedding of a claw, husk, or the autotomy of a tail to evade a predator. In mycology, it is the liberation of a fungal spore. In cell biology, abscission refers to the separation of two daughter cells at the completion of cytokinesis.

Function

A plant will abscise a part either to discard a member that is no longer necessary, such as a leaf during autumn, or a flower following fertilisation, or for the purposes of reproduction. Most deciduous plants drop their leaves by abscission before winter, whereas evergreen plants continuously abscise their leaves. Another form of abscission is fruit drop, when a plant abscises fruit while still immature in order to conserve resources needed to bring the remaining fruit to maturity. If a leaf is damaged, a plant may also abscise it to conserve water or photosynthetic efficiency, depending on the 'costs' to the plant as a whole. The abscission layer is a greenish-greyish color.

Abscission can also occur in premature leaves as a means of plant defense. Premature leaf abscission has been shown to occur in response to infestation by gall aphids. By abscising leaves that have been made host to aphid galls, plants have been shown to massively diminish the pest population, as 98% of aphids in abscised galls died. The abscission is selective, and the chance of dropping leaves increases as the number of galls increases. A leaf with three or more galls was four times more likely to abscise than a leaf with one, and 20 times as likely to be dropped as a leaf without any galls.

Process
Abscission occurs in a series of three events: 1) resorption, 2) protective layer formation, and 3) detachment. Steps 2 and 3 may occur in either order depending on the species.

Resorption
Resorption involves degrading chlorophyll to extract the majority of its nutrients. Nitrogen is found in chlorophyll and is often a limiting nutrient for plants, which need large quantities to form amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and certain plant hormones. Once nitrogen and other nutrients have been extracted from chlorophyll, the nutrients will travel to other tissues of the plant. Resorption is what causes leaves in the fall to change colors. Carotenoids in the leaves are slower to degrade than chlorophyll, so autumn leaves appear yellow and orange.

Protective layer formation
Cells under the abscission zone divide and form a layer of cork cells. Situated on both sides of the abscission zone are layers of parenchyma cells, which produce and inject suberin and lignin under the abscission zone into the new layer of cork cells. Suberin and lignin create a durable and waterproof layer for the plant once the organ is detached.

Detachment
This step can occur in a variety of ways depending on the species but always occurs at the abscission zone. Detachment can occur when layers of parenchyma cells secrete cell wall enzymes to self-digest the middle lamella, which holds the cell walls together at the abscission zone. This causes the cells of the abscission zone to break apart and the leaf or other plant part to fall off. Another way detachment occurs is through imbibition of water. The plant cells at the abscission zone will take in a large amount of water, swell, and eventually burst, making the organ fall off. Once detached, the protective layer of cork will be exposed.

Structural
In deciduous trees, an abscission zone, also called a separation zone, is formed at the base of the petiole. It is composed of a top layer that has cells with weak walls, and a bottom layer that expands in the autumn, breaking the weak walls of the cells in the top layer. This allows the leaf to be shed.

Lack of chlorophyll as a trigger
The reduction of chlorophyll production in leaves due to decreased sunlight in the autumn explains why some leaves turn yellow. However, the yellow color can attract aphids, so some trees turn the leaves red instead by injecting a bright pigment. The loss of chlorophyll may also contribute to the abscission process.

Chemical
A variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by plants during times of stress (biotic and abiotic), including UV light, cool temperatures, excessive light, pathogens, parasites, and high salinity. The presence and continuous production of these ROS causes disruption in the homeostasis of the cellular components, leading to metabolic dysfunction and expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes (WDEs).

Hormonal
While researchers originally believed abscisic acid to be the hormone that stimulates abscission (for which the hormone was named), it was later proven that it does not play a primary role. In fact, auxin, a plant hormone, and ethylene have been implicated as prominent regulators of abscission signaling. The two compounds work in a synergistic fashion: As the auxin levels decrease, the flux of auxin to the abscission zone is reduced. Exhaustion of auxin makes the abscission zone sensitive to ethylene. When the plant is then exposed to ethylene, gene expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes such as cellulase and polygalacturonase are activated. However, this is not to say that ethylene directly activates WDE gene expression, because the elements responsible for detecting ethylene have not been found in the gene's promoter region. Dwindling auxin levels have also been implicated in autumn-leaf color change.

In animals
See: Moulting, Autotomy, Claw (Mammals)

title: Abscission


text:
Talk:Maghull

"In 1952 Passenger services withdrawn from Sefton & Maghull station."

This is not a good sentence, but I don't know how to edit it, because I don't know what it means exactly. Was there a "Maghull & Sefton" station at one point? Lyso 20:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There was, it was on the 'Cheshire Lines' extension from Liverpool to Southport via Maghull. See - this line now forms part of the long distance path the Trans Pennine Trail.

Re: DJR_UK's recently reverted vandalism, unfortunately in this one case s/he is correct, Maghull does appear in "Crap Towns" vol. 2, although the criteria for selection and ranking of the listed towns were never made entirely clear in the book. Pete Fenelon, 2006-05-09

Jonathan Storey should be removed completely unless anyone can find evidence he actually played first-team football. Puffinbillyunst 17:51, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Request Protection - lots of junk edits from anon IP addresses to Famous Connections section. Pete Fenelon 01:32, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * by User:Nishkid64. Cbrown1023 02:53, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

It doesn't appear to be protected. I read that list - which is clearly fake, or non-notable people trying to look notable - and I feel genuinely sorry for Maghull. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.38.129.167 (talk) 14:20, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Famous connections slot
I am interested in cleaning this part up. I am not an expert so I may not clean it up to Wikipedia hierarchy standards but I hope I can help clean up the drivel that exists which links anyone that is anyone that's ever breathed in Maghull. A number of the links are red and some are multiple people aswell. I will start of with a minor clean up of the text. Dmcm2008 (talk) 21:30, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Weather
Climate Due to its position near the north-west coast of England, Maghull has a temperate maritime climate: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb.Its mean annual temperature of 10.2 °C (50 °F)[2] is similar to that experienced throughout the Mersey basin and slightly cooler than the English average. Average sunshine hours at 1394.6[3] are slightly above the average for the UK of 1339.7.[4] January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 4.7 °C[2] while July is the hottest at 16.7 °C.[2] Rainfall at 806.6 mm (31.76 in) is slightly lower than the England average of 838 mm and much lower than the UK average of 1,125.5 mm (44.29 in).[4] October is the wettest month with an average rainfall of 86 mm (3.39 in) and April is the most dry with 49.1 mm (1.93 in) of rain.[3] The nearest weather station of the Met Office is at Manchester Airport.

-

The closest weather station i'm sure is Crosby.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sweetie candykim (talk • contribs) 12:03, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Timeline
"978: St Tadger visited Maghull..." I suspect this is a joke. "Tadger" is slang for penis, not the name of a saint. Reference to "the Goblin of Sefton" adds to this suspicion; in Mordor possibly, but not in Maghull.

title: Talk:Maghull


text: File:Girls & Boys CD2.jpg

title: File:Girls & Boys CD2.jpg


text:
Talk:Microstrip

Inhomogeneity?
Really? No-one knows about heterogeneity? --203.94.174.142 (talk) 05:25, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Resistivity Relevance
I dont think conductor resistivity has that much effect of the propagation down a microstrip. Not as much as its inductance for instance. Does anyone want to discuss this statement?? Light current 20:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed - but the article only says that the line has "specific electrical properties". If it's talking about the loss per unit length (rather than the characteristic impedance), then this does depend on the resistivity. Perhaps stating that something 'has properties', without saying what they are, is a bit too vague?catslash 14:03, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Differential Traces
I appreciate very much having post the formula for microstrip. The PCB prototype shop where I work, now uses it in a tool that generates the layer-stack-up document that eventually goest to the manufacturing floor. If there is any interest we may furnish de VB6 source code version of the formula.

I request your advice for directions for where to find the formulas for Surface-Differential-Trace Impedance and Offset-Differential-Trace (internal)

Thanks again. --Legarcia.sp 17:29, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry: I don't fully understand; are the differential traces next to each other on the same surface of the substrate (co-planar strips)? and with a ground plane (coupled microstrips)? or are they facing each other on opposite surfaces of the substrate? And the Offset-Differential-Trace (internal); is it like this ? --catslash 15:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Bends
I disagree that a "large" portion of the signal would be reflected at a 90 degree bend.

"An abrupt 90° bend in a microstrip will cause a large portion of the signal on the strip to be reflected back towards it source, with only part of the signal transmitted on around the bend."

See the post here for an example of the effect of a bend:

http://circuitcalculator.com/wordpress/2007/04/06/effects-of-corners-in-pcb-traces/

 * OK - I will change it to "significant". I've posted my observations regarding the above link on that site. --catslash 18:12, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

I thought that the idea of reflections from 90 degree bends had been thoroughly debunked. Here is one of many references available on this...

http://www.pcbdesign007.com/pages/zone.cgi?a=55843

"In this presentation, an 8 mil wide 50 ohm microstrip is analyzed, with and without a 90-degree bend. Even at 25 GHz, the reflected signal is less than -0.25 dB, or less than 5% reflected back. This is a small, but easily simulated discontinuity."

I corrected a typo in the quote, -25 dB to the correct -0.25 dB which matches the 5% figure given.

If you say "significant", I would think this should be explained in more detail considering that it is clearly *not* significant in most situations. Gnuarm (talk) 19:35, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It's true that the reflection from a single unmitred bend can be small. For a device that is supposed to transmit (as opposed to reject) a signal, the common requirement is that the return (reflection) be -30dB or better (I haven't got a reference for this), i.e. not more than 1/1000 of the power is reflected back. A return of -25dB is 0.3% not 5% (the amplitude of the reflection is 5.6% of the incident wave). A return of -0.25dB would mean that 94% of the incident power is reflected back (the amplitude of the reflected wave is 97% that of the incident wave). I think these digital PCB people are less fussy than the rest of us; they don't care unless a 0 gets changed into a 1 or vice-versa. --catslash (talk) 13:36, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

The article already mentions sever cutting of the mitered corner. I agree that a mitered corner will corner theoretically gives better performance, but in practice given a certain process tolerance, it is usually worse. Maybe this could be added to the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.81.172.19 (talk) 19:48, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes that could be added to the article. However since mitres generally are used (see File:Antenne patch 2.4 GHz.JPG, File:Impanp.jpg, File:Stripline.jpg), a statement that they are not (or not always?) a good idea ought to cite a reliable source to back up the claim. --catslash (talk) 01:05, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Oops, while editing I had a line in there mentioning FR4 multilayer PCB's, I apparently removed this line. In eg the multilayers I use, typically stripline linewidths are only say 12 mil wide (stripline between two .4 mm layers, with a .4 mm microstrip on top and a .4 mm DC distribution on the bottom). Then with a descent miter it can get as low as 4 mil, giving an etching tolerance of say 2 mils the effects can become significant (Ofcourse the lossiness of FR4 helps hiding some of the problems). I have to look for some proper reference, I remember seeing some IEEE-MTT paper showing the effects of etching tolerance having some nice plots. Also just from memory I believe Harlan Howe mentions this in his book Stripline circuit design, I will verify both the book and the paper. I do agree that mitered bends are used a lot especially on thicker substrates, I also use them very often. (I used to design circuits up to 120 GHz, lately only in the low couple of GHz range). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.81.172.19 (talk) 01:23, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

PCB Technology
Fewer words is surely more, but I reckon that this edit loses the key point. The point is that a device can be made in microstrip using fabrication techniques which are cheaper and more widely available than those needed to make the same device in waveguide plumbing. Also, waveguide/microstrip technology is not the same thing as a length of waveguide/microstrip, but is rather all the things that can be achieved using waveguide/microstrip - filters, couplers, transformers etc. --catslash (talk) 20:49, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

Perhaps the article needs to explain more clearly why the possibility of fabrication using PCB techniques is important? --catslash (talk) 21:00, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

Not sure what the objection to the word technology is - how about techniques or methods? As in ...can be made using the same methods used to make PCBs or can be made using PCB fabrication methods --catslash (talk) 23:01, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that the word "technology" is meaningful here. The important point is the manufacturing platform being used, not that it is printed circuit per se.  One can mount a variety of things on pcb made in a variety of materials and technology.  That is not the same as actually making it in pcb technology. SpinningSpark 23:47, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

 * u|Wtshymanski regularly goes off on one. His current hobby horse is to delete the word 'technology' wherever it appears in Wikipedia. 85.255.232.0 (talk) 12:35, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
 * And thank you, too. I object to the routine use of the word "technology" to pad out our overlong and vague articles. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:59, 26 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Microstrip


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dwane

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 16:55, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Dwane
Dwane the graphiti artist from 1984 in Sweeden seems like patent vanity nonsense to me Cloveious 20:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless expanded to show notability. More than just a claim of being "one of the first graffiti artists." --  Etacar11   03:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * His real name seems to be Tommy Filipowicz and he appears to have become an established (mostly commercial) artist and art director. His website (with CV, exhibitions etc.) is here. Not sure if he is notable enough, though. The graffiti scene is obviously somewhat of an an underground thing, and his reputation in that world dates to before the breakthrough of the Internet, so it probably requires someone familiar with that to write a proper article. Uppland 14:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Im all in favor of moving the article, if the masses think its noteable to Tommy Filipowicz. I don't think Dwane is an appropriate title, and right now as the article stands it just seems silly with no indication of who he really is or refrences, and was waiting for a VFD. Grafiti Artists where I live are a dime a dozen, and a scourge more then anything. I looked through the website and anyone who creates advertising for the Red Cross or David Beckam seems worthy of a page.

 * Comment Many people claim to have been "one of the first graffiti artists". In some cases it might be true but it’s really hard to verify. Shortly after the genesis of 'Swedish graffiti' thousands of kids were out painting the walls. In Swedish hip hop I listed Dissey, who (together with Ziggy) is credited as being 'the first' to spraypaint walls with the colors & motifs that are characteristic of graffiti. These people were arrested on occasions and could consequently prove their claim to fame by showing their arrest sheets. They have also appeared in anthologies, newspaper articles, etc. I listed Mac One because he was a member of the somewhat successful group Treble n' Bass, and has talked about his graffiti days in interviews. Merley were well known within graffiti circles and to the police, he has also talked in interviews and has become infamous under his real name Liam Norberg; for movies and the biggest (?) heist in Swedish history. Later on, galleries for graffiti art were established. Some people were selling their (legal) art work, and hiding their identities became somewhat counterproductive. (decent article, in Swedish) I personally don't know that much about graffiti artists of Sweden. However, regarding Dwane, I think if he (Tommy Filipowicz) graduated elementary school in 1989 he seems a bit too young to have been seriously involved in the graffiti scene in 1983. --Tsaddik Dervish 15:06, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Forgot, I vote delete. --Tsaddik Dervish 06:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dwane


text:
User:Skosuri

My name is Sri Kosuri. See my page on OpenWetWare.

title: User:Skosuri


text:
User:Kenguest

Not a lot to mention here - I tend to work on Irish and SciFi/Fantasy articles when I'm not coding websites and PHP applications.

title: User:Kenguest


text:
Evaporative-pattern casting

Evaporative-pattern casting is a type of casting process that uses a pattern made from a material that will evaporate when the molten metal is poured into the molding cavity. The most common evaporative-pattern material used is polystyrene foam.

The two major evaporative-pattern casting processes are:
 * Lost-foam casting
 * Full-mold casting

The main difference is that lost-foam casting uses an unbonded sand and full-mold casting uses a bonded sand (or green sand). Because this difference is quite small there is much overlap in the terminology. Non-proprietary terms that have been used to describe these processes include: cavityless casting, evaporative foam casting, foam vaporization casting, lost pattern casting, the castral process, and expanded polystyrene molding. Proprietary terms included Styro-cast, Foam Cast, Replicast, Policast. and Lost Foam Sintered Shell (LFSS)

History
The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by Harold F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting. In his patent, a pattern was machined from a block of expanded polystyrene (EPS), and supported by bonded sand during pouring. This process is now known as the full mold process.

In 1964, M.C. Flemmings used unbonded sand for the process. The first North American foundry to use evaporative-pattern casting was the Robinson Foundry at Alexander City, Alabama. General Motors' first product using these processes was the 4.3 L, V-6 diesel cylinder head, which were made in 1981 at Massena, New York.

A study found in 1997 that evaporative-pattern casting processes accounted for approximately 140,000 tons of aluminium casting in the United States. The same survey forecast that evaporative-pattern casting processes would account for 29% of the aluminium, and 14% of the ferrous casting markets by 2010.

title: Evaporative-pattern casting


text:
Chri$ Ca$h

Christopher Jonathan Bauman Jr. (July 13, 1982 – August 18, 2005) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Chri$ Ca$h. Bauman wrestled in many independent promotions, but is known for his time in Combat Zone Wrestling, where he was a CZW World Tag Team Champion. On August 18, 2005, Bauman was killed in a motorcycle accident.

2001
Bauman began working for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) in 2001, after being trained at their training academy by Jon Dahmer. He made his debut, as "Chri$ Ca$h", at September Slam on September 8, 2001, in a three-way dance with GQ and Ian Knoxx, which Knoxx won. At They Said It Couldn't Be Done... Again on September 22, the three wrestlers were involved in a rematch, which Ca$h won. In another rematch a week later at Enough is Enough, GQ won. At And Justice For All in October, Ca$h teamed with GQ to defeat Knoxx and Chris Stylez in a tag team match. He began regularly teaming with GQ as "The New School", including an appearance at Cage of Death III when they competed in a three-way tag team match, which also included Knoxx and Stylez, and was won by VD (Jon Dahmer and Eddie Valentine).

2002
The start of 2002, however, saw Ca$h and GQ engage in a scripted rivalry, trading victories. Their third match at Out With Old In With The New in March went to a no contest, and afterwards, neither Ca$h nor GQ appeared for CZW for over four months. When they returned on July 13 at Deja Vu, it was as a team, defeating the teams of VD, Ian Knoxx and A.J. Styles, and Hurricane Kid and Towel Boy to earn a match for the CZW World Tag Team Championship later that night, which they lost to the defending champions, H8 Club. They continued teaming over the next few months, facing teams including Sonjay Dutt and Derek Frazier, The Backseat Boyz, and the Softcore Connection. On September 28 at  Sanctioned in Blood, Ca$h defeated Ruckus and Sonjay Dutt in a ladder match. This signalled Ca$h's first major foray into singles competition, taking on Ruckus, Dutt and Jody Fleisch in both singles and three-way matches. At the end of 2002, Ca$h won the CZW award for finishing move of the year.

2003
In 2003, Ca$h began challenging for the CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship, losing to Dutt in a number one contenders match in January. In Dutt's match for the championship against Ruckus, however, Ca$h was the special referee, and he attacked both wrestlers, before declaring the match a no contest. A match Ca$h then had with Ruckus then ended in a double disqualification, before he competed in the Best of the Best 3 tournament, where he was eliminated in the first round. On May 10, Ca$h unsuccessfully challenged Ruckus for the Junior Heavyweight Championship, before returning to his feud with GQ, that saw Ca$h lose a singles match to GQ, before eliminating him from a gauntlet match. On October 4 at Pain in the Rain 2, Ca$h attempted to help Nick Gage, who was being attacked by Nate Hatred and Trent Acid, but ended up being powerbombed over the ring ropes through a table to the floor. Ca$h then took a hiatus from CZW, returning at Cage of Death V in December, to face Joker in a ladder match, which he lost. The match, which was originally supposed to be a tag team match also involving Deranged and Azriael but was changed as Deranged and Azireal were not at the arena in time, was later described as "absolutely psychotic", and it was the match that began to get Ca$h mainstream attention.

2004-2005
In 2004 began with a loss for Ca$h in a four-way tables and ladders match at the Street Fight 2K4 show, which was won by Sabian, and in which Joker and Ruckus also participated. After the match, Sabian and Ruckus attacked Ca$h and Joker, setting up a tag team match for the next show. Ca$h and Joker lost the match after Joker turned on Ca$h and attacked him until Jimmy Jacobs and Dutt saved him. This resulted in a six-man tag team elimination tables match at Overdrive in March, which Ruckus, Joker and Sabian won after eliminating all the members of the other team, Ca$h, Jacobs and Dutt. Ca$h continued competing for CZW during the summer, alternately teaming with or facing GQ. He also competed in the Best of the Best IV tournament, but was eliminated in the first round. At Tournament of Death Ca$h competed in his first deathmatch, losing to JC Bailey. In September, Ca$h won a match allowing him to pick the members of a team for Cage of Death VI. This was followed by CZW owner John Zandig that Ca$h would be the captain of one of the team in the Cage of Death match, and Ca$h chose Bailey as his first team member. At the following show, Breaking Point: Let the Kaos Begin, Ca$h and Bailey won a CZW World Tag Team Championship match against The Blackout after winning a tag team gauntlet match. They originally won the match, but the decision was reversed once it was determined that Ca$h, who had made the pin, was not the legal man. At Cage of Death VI, Team Ca$h, consisting of Ca$h, Bailey, Nate Webb, and SeXXXy Eddy, defeated Team Blackout, which consisted of Ruckus, Sabian, Eddie Kingston, and Jack Evans, to win CZW World Tag Team Championship. The match contained a number of spots which were later described as "the psychotic daredevil spots for which Cash was known throughout his all-too-short career", including a spot where Ca$h performed his finishing move on Sabian off of the scaffolding surrounding the cage through four tables to land in the second row of the audience.

After a successful title defense against Excalibur and Super Dragon, Team Ca$h, consisting of Ca$h and Nate Webb, lost the championship to the H8 Club (Nick Gage and Justice Pain) at Only the Strong: Scarred for Life in February. This championship loss was his last match in CZW, as he had been scheduled to wrestle JC Bailey for the CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship in March, but was forced to pull out of the match after an automobile accident. He did not make his return to CZW before his death in August.

Death
On August 18, 2005, Bauman was killed as the result of a motorcycle accident near his home. He had been the passenger on a motorcycle driven by his cousin. A Ford Taurus turned in front of the motorcycle, causing it to strike the car on the driver's side of the vehicle. Bauman, who was only 23 years old, and his cousin both died at the scene; the driver of the car died en route to a nearby hospital.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Combat Zone Wrestling
 * CZW World Tag Team Championship (1 time)1 – with SeXXXy Eddy, Nate Webb and J. C. Bailey

1 Team Ca$h defended the championship under the Freebird Rule.

title: Chri$ Ca$h


text:
User:Sundevil4life

Sundevil4life

 * Interested in Arizona State University football
 * Completely overhauled articles on the Territorial Cup & the TV Show Vega$
 * Added stubs on Brain Donors & Edward M. Bernstein
 * Contributed to such articles as Bank One Ball Park, Insight Bowl, Southwestern University School of Law
 * Once attacked by nerds on here for stating a valid opinion that a guy was a dumbass

title: User:Sundevil4life


text:
Iron Man 2020

Iron Man 2020 (Arno Stark) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a superhero appearing as the counterpart of the superhero Iron Man in the (then) future year of 2020 set in the multiverse world of Earth-8410.

Publication history
Iron Man 2020 first appeared in the second issue of the Machine Man limited series (1984) and was created by Tom DeFalco and Herb Trimpe.

Fictional character biography
Arno is Tony Stark's future first cousin once removed, and the unscrupulous Morgan Stark's son. Arno inherited the company Stark Industries. Rather than use the armor for heroic deeds, he prefers to act as a hired mercenary or commit acts of corporate espionage to cripple his competitors for industrialist gain.

In his original appearance, the Iron Man of 2020 was employed by Sunset Bain (as an old woman) to destroy Machine Man who had been accidentally discovered and subsequently reactivated by the Midnight Wreckers, rebellious youths who scavenged discarded technology. Despite ostensibly superior power, Iron Man was defeated by the furious Machine Man who went on to claim "I'm a better man than you."

In another story, Arno's factory is infiltrated by Robert Saunders, a heavily scarred man who starts a countdown on a powerful bomb of Stark's design, threatening Stark's wife and son (trapped in the factory) and the surrounding city. The only way to deactivate the device is with a retinal scan of Saunders, but Saunders is killed and his body destroyed while trying to escape. To get the scan data, Stark travels back in time to the "present" (i.e. 1986, when the story was published ) to find Saunders as a child. He is soon mistaken for the "current" Iron Man (Tony Stark) and attacked by one of Tony's enemies, Blizzard (Gregor Shapanka). Arno, knowing his time in the 20th century is limited, kills Blizzard and continues his search for the young Saunders. This draws the attention of Spider-Man who also mistakes Arno for Tony and further mistakes Arno's attempts to get a retinal scan from Saunders as an attack on the boy. While protecting Saunders, Spider-Man evades various attempts by Arno to get hold of the boy, while Arno becomes increasingly desperate as his time in the 20th century nears its end. One of Arno's attacks seriously injures Saunders; the scars Arno inflicted would eventually lead Saunders's vengeance-minded future self to sabotage Arno's factory, thus Arno unwittingly creates the situation he traveled back in time to resolve and Spider-Man is sufficiently angered to directly attack the much more powerful Arno. Surprised by the assault and overwhelmed by Spider-Man's far greater speed, Arno's armor is significantly damaged. When he is pulled back to his own time, he finds himself standing in the center of a huge crater, having returned too late to prevent the bomb's detonation and the destruction of his family, factory and city.

A later appearance has Iron Man 2020 fight the time-traveling cyborg Death's Head.

Iron Man 2020 also had his own one-shot in June 1994, in which he faces off against an industrial rival who seeks to use him to destroy all his competitors all at once, sacrificing his own daughter in the process. At the end of the story, Arno and the girl Melodi get together, suggesting an evolution towards a more heroic role again. Meanwhile, the background character Howard is revealed (if only to the reader) to be the aged Tony himself who intends to guide his young cousin.

Arno (or an alternate version) has been seen imprisoned in the time cells of the Time Variance Authority, the holding facilities for the most "dangerous time-travel offenders".

In 2023, Arno makes helicarrier technology available for public use, to start with in the form of a helicruiser called the "Spirit of free enterprise". At the same time, he has supplied S.H.I.E.L.D. with a far more advanced replacement Hypercarrier. Unfortunately, his launching the airborne cruise ship has raised the ire of the aged sky pirate, Commodore Q. Arno has married Melodi at this point and "Howard" remains his retainer. He also employs a squad of fetal Extremis enhanciles who act as his personal armored combat squad.

A version of Arno's armor left in the present is stolen by the Sinister Six as part of Doctor Octopus's plans against the Avengers, using technology from the armor to devise a means of defeating the Iron Man of the present.

Arno is later rescued from a collapsing timeline by Kang the Conqueror who recruits him as part of a team of multiversal characters tasked with combating the Apocalypse Twins.

Powers and abilities
Iron Man 2020 wears a suit of highly sophisticated armor, similar in appearance to the classic Iron Man armor (circa Model 5), with the exception of the faceplate and shoulders. Beam weapons are fitted in the gauntlets of the suit, as well as the chest beam and shoulder epaulets. The user no longer requires a cybernetic link in the helmet to control the armor; the helmet can also be hidden via cloaking technology, which was presumably developed based on the Chameleon mode of the Silver Centurion armor. Iron Man 2020's systems are built for warfare, not super heroics like the original Iron Man. Iron Man 2020's repulsors (and an arsenal of other weapons) always fire at maximum power for the most lethal effects. Curiously, Iron Man 2020 also has the original Iron Man's 1970s-era rollerskates (updated to a "roller blade" style (see ASM Annual #20)) built into the boots of the suit.

Avengers Forever
A version of Iron Man 2020 appeared as one of the multidimensional "potential" Avengers in Avengers Forever.

Marvel Zombies
In the pages of Marvel Zombies 5, Arno Stark is a businessman in Earth-483 (a dimension heavily influenced by a "wild west" theme). He attempts to hire the heroic Hurricane to perform daring stunts for his shows. Instead, Arno is slain and transformed by a zombie. He proceeds to rampage through town, causing the deaths of most of the citizens including the Hurricane.

Paradise X
The Iron Man of 2020 appeared in the Paradise X mini-series alongside numerous Marvel heroes from different time-lines, such as Bloodstorm from the Mutant X reality, Deathlok, Spider-Girl and Wolverine (in the Days of Future Past form).

Possible Future
The Invincible Iron Man #500 has a flashforward to an apocalyptic future 41 years ahead where Howard Stark III, the son of Tony Stark and Pepper Potts, helps against the Mandarin who has conquered the world. Howard protects his daughter Ginny Stark while his aged father defeats the Mandarin, sacrificing themselves in the process. At the story's close, Howard is buried in a gravestone next to his parents.

Television
Iron Man 2020 makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode "New Year's Resolution". This version is Iron Man's son, Howard Stark's grandson, and an enemy of Kang the Conqueror in the future. When Kang attempts to eliminate his enemy's predecessors, Arno forcibly drags Kang back to their time.

Video games

 * Iron Man 2020 appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tom Kenny.
 * Iron Man 2020 appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 via the "Out of Time" DLC pack.

Collected editions

 * Iron Man 2020 (collects The Amazing Spider-Man Annual 20, Machine Man vol.2 #1-4, Death's Head #10, Iron Man 2020 #1, Astonishing Tales: Iron Man 2020 #1-6, What If? vol.2 #53; 304 pages, Marvel Comics, April 2013, )

title: Iron Man 2020


text:
Edwyn Bevan

Edwyn Robert Bevan OBE, FBA (15 February 1870 in London – 18 October 1943 in London ) was a versatile British philosopher and historian of the Hellenistic world.

Life
Edwyn Robert Bevan was the fourteenth of sixteen children of Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, a partner in Barclays Bank, and his second wife Emma Frances Shuttleworth, daughter of Philip Nicholas Shuttleworth, Bishop of Chichester. He was educated at Monkton Combe School and at New College, Oxford.

Bevan held an academic position at King's College London as Lecturer in Hellenistic History and Literature. The Arabist Anthony Ashley Bevan was his brother, the conspiracy theorist Nesta Helen Webster was his youngest sister and the artist Robert Polhill Bevan a cousin.

He married Mary Waldegrave, daughter of Granville Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock in 1896 and they had two daughters, Christina (born March 1897, died 1981) and Anne (born March 1898,died 1983).

Bevan's name is given in a list of staff at Wellington House, Britain's War Propaganda Bureau, in a report from February 1916. His role was "Reader & Reporter German papers"

Bevan was awarded an honorary doctorate from St. Andrews in 1922 and an honorary D.Litt. from Oxford in 1923. In 1942 he became a Fellow of the British Academy.

Autochromes of Christina
A series of early colour photographs Mervyn O'Gorman took in 1913 of Bevan's oldest daughter Christina Elizabeth Frances Bevan dressed in red were included in the Drawn by Light exhibition in 2015 by the National Science and Media Museum and gained press and social media attention.

Works

 * The House of Seleucus (1902) 2 volumes Volume I Volume II
 * The Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus, rendered into English verse 1902
 * Jerusalem under the High Priests: Five Lectures on the Period between Nehemiah and the New Testament (1904)
 * The Seven against Thebes of Aeschylus, rendered into English verse 1912
 * Indian Nationalism : An Independent Estimate (1913)
 * Stoics and Sceptics (1913)
 * Brothers all: The War and the Race Question (1914)
 * Peace with Empire: The Problem (1915)
 * German War Aims (1917)
 * The Method in the Madness: A fresh Consideration of the Case between Germany and Ourselves (1917)
 * Ancient Mesopotamia: The Land of The Two Rivers (1918)
 * German Social Democracy During the War(1918)
 * The German Empire of Central Africa as the Basis of a New German World Policy (1918) with Emil Zimmermann
 * Hellenism and Christianity (1921)
 * The Hellenistic Age (1923) with J. B. Bury, E. A. Barber, W. W. Tarn
 * The House of Ptolemy (1927)
 * The World of Greece and Rome (in Benn's Sixpenny Library) (1927)
 * Later Greek Religion (1927)
 * Sibyls and Seers: A Survey of Some Ancient Theories of Revelation and Inspiration (1928)
 * The Legacy of Israel (1928) editor with Charles Singer
 * Thoughts on Indian Discontents (1929)
 * Jerusalem under the high priests: five lectures on the period between Nehemiah and the New Testament (1930)
 * The hope of a world to come; underlying Judaism and Christianity (1930)
 * The Poems of Leonidas of Tarentum (1931)
 * Christianity (1932) Home University Library of Modern Knowledge
 * Our Debt to the Past (1932) with others
 * After Death (1934) with others
 * Symbolism and Belief (1938) Gifford Lectures
 * Holy Images: An Inquiry Into Idolatry and Image-Worship in Ancient Paganism and in Christianity (1940)
 * Christians in a World at War (1940)

title: Edwyn Bevan


text:
Patch test

A patch test is a diagnostic method used to determine which specific substances cause allergic inflammation of a patient's skin.

Patch testing helps identify which substances may be causing a delayed-type allergic reaction in a patient and may identify allergens not identified by blood testing or skin prick testing. It is intended to produce a local allergic reaction on a small area of the patient's back, where the diluted chemicals were planted.

The chemicals included in the patch test kit are the offenders in approximately 85–90 percent of contact allergic eczema and include chemicals present in metals (e.g., nickel), rubber, leather, formaldehyde, lanolin, fragrance, toiletries, hair dyes, medicine, pharmaceutical items, food, drink, preservative, and other additives.

Mechanism
A patch test relies on the principle of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.

The first step in becoming allergic is sensitization. When skin is exposed to an allergen, the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – also known as Langerhans cell or Dermal Dendritic Cell – phagocytize the substance, break it down to smaller components and present them on their surface bound major histocompatibility complex type two (MHC-II) molecules. The APC then travels to a lymph node, where it presents the displayed allergen to a CD4+ T-cell, or T-helper cell. The T-cell undergoes clonal expansion and some clones of the newly formed antigen specific sensitized T-cells travel back to the site of antigen exposure.

When the skin is again exposed to the antigen, the memory t-cells in the skin recognize the antigen and produce cytokines (chemical signals), which cause more T-cells to migrate from blood vessels. This starts a complex immune cascade leading to skin inflammation, itching, and the typical rash of contact dermatitis. In general, it takes 2–4 days for a response in patch testing to develop. The patch test is just induction of contact dermatitis in a small area.

Process
Application of the patch tests takes about half an hour, though many times the overall appointment time is longer as the provider will take an extensive history. Tiny quantities of 25 to ~150 materials (allergens) in individual square plastic or round aluminium chambers are applied to the upper back. They are kept in place with special hypoallergenic adhesive tape. The patches stay in place undisturbed for at least 48 hours. Vigorous exercise or stretching may disrupt the test. At the second appointment, usually, 48 hours later, the patches are removed. Sometimes additional patches are applied. The back is marked with an indelible black felt tip pen or another suitable marker to identify the test sites, and a preliminary reading is done. These marks must be visible at the third appointment, usually 24–48 hours later (72–96 hours after application). In some cases, reading at 7 days may be requested, especially if a special metal series is tested.

Patch Testing for cosmetic and skincare products can be broken down into a variety of different categories, including the following:

 * Human Repeat Insult Patch Testing (Sensitization and Primary Irritation)
 * 24, 48, 72 Hour Patch Testing
 * Cumulative Irritation Testing
 * Repeat Open Application Testing

Interpretation of results
The dermatologist or allergist will complete a record form at the second and third appointments (usually 48 and 72/96 hour readings). The result for each test site is recorded. One system used is as follows:

 * Negative (-)
 * Irritant reaction (IR)
 * Equivocal / uncertain (+/-)
 * Weak positive (+)
 * Strong positive (++)
 * Extreme reaction (+++)

Irritant reactions include miliaria (sweat rash), follicular pustules, and burn-like reactions. Uncertain reactions refer to a pink area under the test chamber. Weak positives are slightly elevated pink or red plaques, usually with mild vesiculation. Strong positives are 'papulovesicles' and extreme reactions have spreading redness, severe itching, and blisters or ulcers.

Relevance is determined by exposure to the positive allergen, and is rated as definite, probable, possible, past, or unknown. For an allergen to have definite relevance, the product the patient is exposed to must be tested and also be positive in addition to the test allergen. Probable would be used to describe a positive allergen ingredient which is in a product the patient uses (i.e., quaternium-15 listed in a moisturizing cream used on the sites of dermatitis). Interpretation of the results requires considerable experience and training. A positive patch test might not explain the present skin problem, since the test only indicates that the individual became allergic during encounters with that chemical at some point in their life. Relevance, therefore, has to be established by determining the causal relationship between the positive test and eczema. The confirmation of relevance will occur after the patient has avoided exposure to the chemical and after they have noticed that the improvement or clearance of their dermatitis is directly related to this avoidance. This outcome usually occurs within four to six weeks after stopping the exposure to the chemical.

If all patch tests are negative, the allergic reaction is probably not due to an allergic reaction to a contactant. It is possible, however, that the patient was not tested for other chemicals that can produce allergic reactions on rare occasions. If the suspicion is high in spite of negative patch testing, further investigation might be required.

Common allergens
The top allergens from 2005–06 were: nickel sulfate (19.0%), Myroxylon pereirae (Balsam of Peru, 11.9%), fragrance mix I (11.5%), quaternium-15 (10.3%), neomycin (10.0%), bacitracin (9.2%), formaldehyde (9.0%), cobalt chloride (8.4%), methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (5.8%), p-phenylenediamine (5.0%), potassium dichromate (4.8%), carba mix (3.9%), thiuram mix (3.9%), diazolidinyl urea (3.7%), and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (3.4%).

The most frequent allergen recorded in many research studies around the world is nickel. Nickel allergy is more prevalent in young women and is especially associated with ear piercing or any nickel-containing watch, belt, zipper, or jewelry. Other common allergens are surveyed in North America by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG).

Food allergy
Dermatologists may refer a patient with a suspected food allergy for patch testing. Foods identified by blood testing or skin prick testing may or may not overlap with foods identified by patch testing.

Certain food additives and flavorings can cause allergic reactions around and in the mouth, around the anus and vulva as food allergens pass out of the body, or cause a widespread rash on the skin. Allergens such as nickel, balsam of Peru, parabens, sodium benzoate, or cinnamaldehyde may worsen or cause skin rashes.

Foods that cause urticaria (hives) or anaphylaxis (such as peanuts) cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction whereby the part of the food molecule is directly recognized by cells close to the skin, called mast cells. Mast cells have antibodies on their surface called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These act as receptors, and if they recognize the allergen, they release their contents, causing an immediate allergic reaction. Type I reactions like anaphylaxis are immediate and do not take 2 to 4 days to appear.

In a study of patients with chronic hives who were patch tested, those who were found allergic and avoided all contact with their allergen, including dietary intake, stopped having hives. Those who started eating their allergen again had recurrence of their hives.

title: Patch test


text:
Talk:Diaphragm (birth control)

Untitled
Expanded with slightly more female point-of-view by long-term diaphragm user ChristinaG (UK) 24/8/05. Sorry if it's less encyclopedic, and doesn't mention anal sex once (sorry guys), but went for 'information' angle for couples who 'want to know'. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.92.168.169 (talk • contribs) 22:10, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Infobox for individual birth control method articles
Let's all work on reaching a consensus for a new infobox to be placed on each individual birth control method's article. I've created one to start with on the Wikipedia Proposed Infoboxes page, so go check it out and get involved in the process. MamaGeek (Talk/Contrib) 12:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

diagram
The diagram actually shows how a cervical cap is worn. Diaphragms cover much more of the vaginal wall, securing in the notch below the bladder and above the pubic bone (right hand side of the current diagram). Does anyone have ideas for where we could get a more accurate picture? Lyrl Talk Contribs 01:44, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

cystitus
this citation from merck manual gives explanation of cystitus which indicates it is a risk for everyone, esp. sexually active women, and correlates diaphragm + cystitus with spermicide, not diaphgragm itself. 1) are there any citations/studies which show diaphrahm alone is risk for cystitus? 2) are there any research studies comparing cystitus with general population vs. diaphragm users? (pref with controls for use with spremicide/not?) Would it maybe be more accurate to say something like diaphragm is contraindicated for women with crrent cystitus/recurrent cystitus rather than it is a risk of diaphragm use itself? Cindery 23:19, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec11/ch149/ch149c.html

diaphragm use in combination with other methods
I can't find any studies/statistics which refer to contraceptive efficacy rates for cervical barrier methods in combination with fertility awareness and/or withdrawal...? Combination of these must certainly increase efficacy,and is no doubt being used. Cindery 00:16, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * But equally one might ask of failure rates on the pill if combined with a condom used for STD protection. It would be tempting (but probably logically flawed) to consider the methods exclusive of each other's modes of action and so combine there sole-use effectiveness rates (so if condoms have 10% failure rate per year and pill 1% p.a., then combined might be expected to be 10% of 1% = 0.1% p.a.) - real life is unlikely to match such obvious assumption. However I always assumed that combination of barrier with Fertility Awareness techniques were often not independant - whole point of FA is that something different is done inside & outside of the fertile window. Either selective abstinance is practiced (in which case barrier method is I supposed an additional method on all occasions sexual intercourse practiced outside of fertile-window) or barrier methods are reserved only for the fertile window (and are not used ouside of this). I always assumed latter was the more common senario when the FA & barrier methods are conjoined methods rather than being independant of each other (i.e. there is no use of barrier methods outside of the fertile window). David Ruben Talk 01:14, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

agree--but "fertile window" can be so tricky for women with irreg. cycles to calculate (making paying attention to cervical mucus, taking basal body temp etc. more important than for women whose cycles are more reg.?) i think it's a good idea, actually, to mention when bc methods can be combined--that's a feature of some of them, that they are combinable in a synergistic way. i'm not sure it *does* occur to everyone that this can be done. if there's a different failure rate with diaphragm for people unaware of fertility awareness, mentioning it here could lead them to learn more about it/improve failure rate? Cindery 03:27, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Microbicide Research
Is this information misplaced on this article - it is about spermicides and as such is applicable to use in all forms of barrier contraceptives. Should it not be relocated under the Spermicides article ?David Ruben Talk 04:23, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

you're right that mention of it should be included on spermicides. Also,there is a microbicides page. but if you read the study, they explain that these microbicides have to be used with a diaphragm/that's what they are testing them with/they have to be attached to something that is a barrier to the cerix--hence direct relevance. maybe a sentence to clarify that? (i assumed it had obvious relevance.)Cindery 06:52, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

"Cervical Barriers

Since microbicides must be inserted into the vagina, an application method must be designed for each product. A microbicidal preparation can be prepared to use with a diaphragm or sponge that protects the cervix. Essentially, the applicator and microbicide would be one and the same, and would remain inside the vagina during sexual activity. The diaphragm or sponge would provide contraceptive properties, and the microbicidal coating on both sides of the barrier would help protect the woman from contracting a sexually-transmitted disease.

The presence of a diaphragm might be beneficial in other ways. Because the barrier prevents semen from entering the cervix, it would allow the microbicide and the semen to mix inside the vagina for a long time period, ensuring that the microbicide inactivates all pathogens. Additionally, the cervix is an entry point for STD pathogens. Closing that entry point might significantly inhibit the ability of the pathogen to infect a woman.17

Some researchers are now re-investigating whether cervical barriers by themselves protect against sexually-transmitted diseases. Because diaphragms are frequently used with nonoxynol-9, it is possible that the detrimental effects of nonoxynol-9 have masked the beneficial effects of the diaphragm blocking the cervical entry point." Cindery 06:58, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Image

In response to a message on my talk page about the current image vs. the previous image:

If you read the diaphragm article, you will see that the diaphragm rests against the pubic bone. That means the dome of the diaphragm covers all the surface next to the bladder, and the anterior rim rests against the urethra. Both images show how a cervical cap fits (covering only the cervix and not the vaginal wall); the top image might be better for cavity rim caps like Oves and Prentif that adhere directly to the cervix, the bottom image better for Vimule and FemCap which adhere to the vaginal walls immediately surrounding the cervix. Neither image shows how the diaphragm covers much of the vaginal wall, or how it can apply pressure to the urethra. The diaphragm image is badly made.

I intend to draw in a correctly placed diaphragm on a better image when I have time, but until then I believe the poorer-quality image is more accurate for the diaphragm article. Lyrl Talk Contribs 01:35, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

image
What does a diaphragm look like? Does it look like a condom? Is the spring like a steel coil you find in engines? I don't know, and this wikipedia page wont tell me, so I will have to look at the real worlds biggest encyclopedia to find out. JayKeaton 18:22, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Cervical Barrier Advancement Society is listed in External Links and has great images of cervical barriers, and also specifically of diaphragms. Lyrl Talk Contribs 01:11, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

"Pregnancy rate" rather than "failure rate"
Note discussion at Talk:Birth control re replacing occurrences of "failure rate" with "pregnancy rate". I would also like to see the same change on this page. Please make any comments there. --Coppertwig 04:02, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

External link to DiaphragmsAndCaps group
This article had an external link to the only cervical-barrier forum I am aware of, a Yahoo! group. It was removed in this edit.

This group has a physician adviser, so it's a little more formal than most message boards. Because cervical barriers are one of the least popular contraceptive options, there is very little interactive content about them on the internet - as I said before, this is the only site I am aware of. I believe it meets criteria 3 and 4 of What should be linked in WP:EL as it provides both physician-sourced information (accurate) that cannot be used in the article because it is not published (not verifiable), and also has personal reviews from a variety of women of the different cervical barriers available.

It does violate criteria #6 (requires registration) and #10 (discussion forum) of Links normally to be avoided in WP:EL. However, considering the lack of other available links, I believe this link add sufficient value to the article that it can be an exception to the normally to be avoided rule. What do others think? Lyrl Talk C 13:19, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Image accurate perhaps but misleading in some aspects
The image currently on the page seems (at least to me) to suggest some kind of flat panel rather than a domed ring. However, it is an image which helps show the difference between a diphragm and a cervical cap, it just doesn't show concavity. Perhaps we could add a picture of an actual diaphragm to illustrate that it is actually dome shaped? Oniamien (talk) 00:27, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * There are links to images in the "Types" section, but you are right it would be nice to have inline pictures. I had asked permission to use images from the Cervical Barrier Advancement Society several months ago, but at that time I had not read much about getting images to use on Wikipedia and wasn't able to work out the correct legal language.  I just sent off another email to CBAS with a more specific licensing request.  I'll update here when I receive a response. LyrlTalk C 01:04, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Diaphragm (contraceptive). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090114062634/http://www.cervicalbarriers.org/information/sponges.cfm to http://www.cervicalbarriers.org/information/sponges.cfm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.naturalgynae.com/nav6_fact19.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061004052132/http://cervicalbarriers.org:80/ to http://www.cervicalbarriers.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:26, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diaphragm (birth control)


text:
User:JarΙaxΙeΑrtemis

Created to prevent impersonation. The capital Α is actually an alpha, and both Ι's are actually iotas. If you haven't yet noticed, I have a lot of free time on my hands.

title: User:JarΙaxΙeΑrtemis