text:
Keyworth

Keyworth is a large village and civil parish of Nottinghamshire, England. It is located about 6 mi southeast of the centre of Nottingham. It sits on a small, broad hilltop about 200 feet above sea level which is set in the wider undulating boulder clay that characterises the area south of Nottingham.

The village logo is a local windmill which was demolished in the 1950s. The former site of the windmill was located on Selby Lane.

Keyworth is twinned with the French town of Feignies.

Demographics
A 2001 census which was conducted indicates that the civil parish had a population of 6,920, reducing to 6,733 at the 2011 census, with an increase at the 2021 census to 6,821. The population estimate is now sitting at 7,390 residents as of 2023, this is cited via Rushcliffe Borough Council.

The average age in Keyworth was found to be between 50 - 64 years, with 21.19% of people in this category from the 2021 Census.

History and development
Keyworth is first mentioned in writing in the Domesday Book dated 1086, though recent archaeological finds have discovered Roman artefacts in the parish outskirts suggesting human inhabitation of the area as far back as 800 AD. Keyworth originally developed as an agricultural community with the great majority of its inhabitants being farmers and field labourers. Later, frame-knitting gave rise to local employment and expansion in the 1880s.

Listed buildings in the village includes two grade II barns dating from the 17th century, one late 18th century house built in the Regency style, two early 19th century cottages on Main Street, and two grade II Former framework knitters' workshops.

In the early 20th century the Midland Railway came through Plumtree from Nottingham Midland station and along the north east of Keyworth, giving the village an accessible rail route throughout the railway network, though this luxury only lasted about 70 years. The station at Plumtree was open for passengers from 1880 to 1949.

Significant expansion took place throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s with Keyworth effectively becoming a commuter town for Nottingham. As of recent years there have been several new build housing developments being built around the outskirts of Keyworth, the population has now started to rise slightly in recent years.

A fuller account can be found at the website of the Keyworth & District History Society.

Education and schools
The South Wolds Academy & Sixth Form (formerly known as South Wolds Community School) is a Secondary School and Sixth Form with academy status located on Church Drive in Keyworth, Nottingham.

There are also three primary schools located in Keyworth (Crossdale Primary School, Keyworth Primary & Nursery School, Willow Brook Primary School).

Churches
The Church of St Mary Magdalene dates from the 14th and 15th centuries and is Grade I listed.

A Methodist church, Baptist church, Catholic church and a United Reformed church are also located in the village.

Recreation
The Keyworth Show takes place each summer, on the second Saturday of July which includes a horticultural show, fairground and various displays. This all takes place on the playing fields described below.

The Keyworth Turkey Trot is a half-marathon road race which the 1st Keyworth Scout Group has been holding annually since 1983, normally on the second Sunday in December. It attracts hundreds of runners. The race was not run in December 2020 due to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions at the time, however the race is back on and scheduled yearly again going forward.

There are several gyms located in Keyworth. Keyworth Leisure Centre on Church Drive which features a gym, a children's pool and an adults pool, located next to the site of the South Wolds Academy. The Key Health Club, a gym located on Bunny Lane. Aspire4Fitness, a gym located on Debdale Lane within a small Industrial Estate.

The Rectory playing field near the parish church is on the site of an ancient medieval ridge and furrow system. This sometimes made running a rather precarious business for the outfielders of Keyworth Cricket Club who played their home matches on this field until 2012 before moving to the Platt Lane playing fields. In the season 2006 Keyworth Cricket Club players created league records for the most runs in a season and the most centuries in a season. It was the most successful season in the history of the club, which dates back to 1814. An activity park aimed at older children was installed in 2016 on the field and a play park for younger children is across the road in front of Keyworth Primary School.

An additional set of playing fields, the home of Keyworth United Community Football Club and Keyworth Cricket Club, is located on Platt Lane.

There is a skate park located on Platt Lane which is made up of concrete ramps on a concrete base.

Stanton-on-the-Wolds Golf Club is situated about a mile from the village centre.

Local groups include scouting, amateur dramatics, bridge, choir, conservation, history, archery, photography, a Martial Arts club (Sanda / Sanshou / Wing Chun), a Karate club established in 1985 (South Notts Shotokan Karate Club SNSKC, a KUGB club) and also a Kickboxing club through KickboxUK which opened in 2013 (Professional Kickboxing Association – Keyworth).

The Keyworth and District Branch of the U3A was established in 2009 and rapidly enrolled over 200 members. By the middle of 2011 it had reached its self-imposed limit of 400 members. It formed more than twenty study and activity groups, such as Play-Reading, Architecture, Family History, French, German, Cycling, Walking, Painting, Book-Reading, Bobbin Lace, Singing for Fun, Ukulele Group, Humour, Wildlife and Bird-Watching.

The Keyworth Village Quiz is an annual quiz held in the Keyworth Village Hall between teams representing local organisations. The quiz, which began in 1976, runs for 7 or 8 weeks with teams competing in University Challenge style head-to-head matches.

Feargus The Musical, a musical based on the political life of Feargus O'Connor, an Irish Chartist leader, was first performed at the South Wolds Academy in November 2018. The musical was written by Keyworth resident Brian Lund and performed by a local cast including dancers from the Keyworth School of Theatre Dance. A second run with the same cast was held at the Nottingham Arts Theatre in November 2019.

Amenities
The primary healthcare service in Keyworth is a large NHS health centre.

Keyworth is home to the headquarters of the British Geological Survey, located since 1976 on the site of the former Mary Ward Teacher Training College on Nicker Hill in the North-Eastern quadrant of the village. The college opened in 1968 and was a Roman Catholic institution founded by the Loreto Sisters, also known as the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

The main shopping precincts are located in the Square, Main Street and the Parade. There is also a smaller set of shops on Nottingham Road. Keyworth's range of shops includes a post office, pharmacies, small supermarkets, convenience stores, a hardware store, hairdressers, newsagents, butchers, dry-cleaners and florists.

There are no large supermarkets located in Keyworth meaning that many residents travel to other local large supermarkets. There are two Co-op Food stores in the village; a small store in The Square and a bigger one opposite The Parade on Wolds Drive.

Keyworth has three public houses, the oldest being The Salutation located on Main Street, which was established in the late 17th century around 1675 when it was first recorded as a hostelry. The Salutation has recently undergone a £275k refurbishment. The other two being The Keyworth Tavern located on Wolds Drive, and the other being The Windmill (formerly The Pear Tree) located at the bottom of Nottingham Road which has recently been newly refurbished with an investment of £300k. The Keyworth community is served by a long established village magazine, The Keyworth News. This serves as a local resource for the village and hosts a monthly contribution from Keyworth Parish Council.

Transport
The bus company Trentbarton operates "The Keyworth" service from Keyworth to Nottingham via Plumtree, Tollerton, Edwalton and West Bridgford, daily, from early in the morning until around midnight (with additional late-night buses on Fridays and Saturdays).

Keyworth is approximately 8 miles to the closest railway station, Nottingham railway station; Keyworth once had its own station (now on the Old Dalby test track) but it was closed in the 1960s. The closest airport, East Midlands Airport is located 17 miles to the west of Keyworth.

Well-known residents and former residents
Keyworth was the home of Colette Aram who was murdered by Paul Stewart Hutchinson in 1983.

The former Labour MP, Ed Balls, grew up in Keyworth and attended Crossdale Drive Primary School.

Sam Oldham Olympic bronze medallist for Team GB, team gymnastics competitor in the London 2012 Olympic Games. Currently residing in Keyworth.

Professor Melanie Leng MBE, Chief Scientist at the British Geological Survey and Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemistry. Currently residing in Keyworth.

title: Keyworth


text: Talk:Veedersburg, Indiana

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Veedersburg, Indiana


text:
Talk:Wallace, Indiana

History
In my opinion, the History section could be improved: it currently contains a list of historic businesses. This is not permitted per Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a directory.- Gilliam (talk) 08:04, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wallace, Indiana


text:
User:VertigoXD

I'm a college student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. I'm a big fan of anime, and am the head of an anime convention in Nebraska.

The person who recommended Wikipedia to me was Swid.

Well, that's about it for now! Have fun browsing! :)

title: User:VertigoXD


text:
Generation of primes

In computational number theory, a variety of algorithms make it possible to generate prime numbers efficiently. These are used in various applications, for example hashing, public-key cryptography, and search of prime factors in large numbers.

For relatively small numbers, it is possible to just apply trial division to each successive odd number. Prime sieves are almost always faster. Prime sieving is the fastest known way to deterministically enumerate the primes. There are some known formulas that can calculate the next prime but there is no known way to express the next prime in terms of the previous primes. Also, there is no effective known general manipulation and/or extension of some mathematical expression (even such including later primes) that deterministically calculates the next prime.

Prime sieves
A prime sieve or prime number sieve is a fast type of algorithm for finding primes. There are many prime sieves. The simple sieve of Eratosthenes (250s BCE), the sieve of Sundaram (1934), the still faster but more complicated sieve of Atkin (2003), and various wheel sieves are most common.

A prime sieve works by creating a list of all integers up to a desired limit and progressively removing composite numbers (which it directly generates) until only primes are left. This is the most efficient way to obtain a large range of primes; however, to find individual primes, direct primality tests are more efficient. Furthermore, based on the sieve formalisms, some integer sequences are constructed which also could be used for generating primes in certain intervals.

Large primes
For the large primes used in cryptography, provable primes can be generated based on variants of Pocklington primality test, while probable primes can be generated with probabilistic primality tests such as the Baillie–PSW primality test or the Miller–Rabin primality test. Both the provable and probable primality tests rely on modular exponentiation. To further reduce the computational cost, the integers are first checked for any small prime divisors using either sieves similar to the sieve of Eratosthenes or trial division.

Integers of special forms, such as Mersenne primes or Fermat primes, can be efficiently tested for primality if the prime factorization of p − 1 or p + 1 is known.

Complexity
The sieve of Eratosthenes is generally considered the easiest sieve to implement, but it is not the fastest in the sense of the number of operations for a given range for large sieving ranges. In its usual standard implementation (which may include basic wheel factorization for small primes), it can find all the primes up to N in time $$O( N \log \log N ),$$ while basic implementations of the sieve of Atkin and wheel sieves run in linear time $$O(N)$$. Special versions of the Sieve of Eratosthenes using wheel sieve principles can have this same linear $$O(N)$$ time complexity. A special version of the Sieve of Atkin and some special versions of wheel sieves which may include sieving using the methods from the Sieve of Eratosthenes can run in sublinear time complexity of $$O(N / \log \log N)$$. Note that just because an algorithm has decreased asymptotic time complexity does not mean that a practical implementation runs faster than an algorithm with a greater asymptotic time complexity: If in order to achieve that lesser asymptotic complexity the individual operations have a constant factor of increased time complexity that may be many times greater than for the simpler algorithm, it may never be possible within practical sieving ranges for the advantage of the reduced number of operations for reasonably large ranges to make up for this extra cost in time per operation.

Some sieving algorithms, such as the Sieve of Eratosthenes with large amounts of wheel factorization, take much less time for smaller ranges than their asymptotic time complexity would indicate because they have large negative constant offsets in their complexity and thus don't reach that asymptotic complexity until far beyond practical ranges. For instance, the Sieve of Eratosthenes with a combination of wheel factorization and pre-culling using small primes up to 19 uses time of about a factor of two less than that predicted for the total range for a range of 1019, which total range takes hundreds of core-years to sieve for the best of sieve algorithms.

The simple naive "one large sieving array" sieves of any of these sieve types take memory space of about $$O(N)$$, which means that 1) they are very limited in the sieving ranges they can handle to the amount of RAM (memory) available and 2) that they are typically quite slow since memory access speed typically becomes the speed bottleneck more than computational speed once the array size grows beyond the size of the CPU caches. The normally implemented page segmented sieves of both Eratosthenes and Atkin take space $$O(N / \log N)$$ plus small sieve segment buffers which are normally sized to fit within the CPU cache; page segmented wheel sieves including special variations of the Sieve of Eratosthenes typically take much more space than this by a significant factor in order to store the required wheel representations; Pritchard's variation of the linear time complexity sieve of Eratosthenes/wheel sieve takes $$O(N^{1/2} \log \log N / \log N)$$ space. The better time complexity special version of the Sieve of Atkin takes space $$N^{1/2+o(1)}$$. Sorenson shows an improvement to the wheel sieve that takes even less space at $$O(N /((\log N)^{L} \log \log N))$$ for any $$L > 1$$. However, the following is a general observation: the more the amount of memory is reduced, the greater the constant factor increase in the cost in time per operation even though the asymptotic time complexity may remain the same, meaning that the memory-reduced versions may run many times slower than the non-memory-reduced versions by quite a large factor.

title: Generation of primes


text:
User talk:Martin82

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alf 22:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
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Images
The images you uploaded had .JPG (as opposed to .jpg) as their extensions, I've changed the page to match, are the images as you expected? Alf 22:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:JobShop1.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:JobShop1.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an arguement why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 20:15, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:JobShop2.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:JobShop2.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. YellowDot 00:41, 15 October 2006 (UTC) - YellowDot 00:41, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Martin82


text: File talk:Crown Hill Gate 064999pr.jpg

title: File talk:Crown Hill Gate 064999pr.jpg


text:
Talk:Brookville, Indiana

God's Country
"Brookville and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as "God's Country" (for obvious reasons) by those who live in or have visited the area."

I've visited Brookville and I'm not entirely sure why it's considered "God's Country." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.210.251.38 (talk) 16:42, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:Cedar Grove, Indiana

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title: Talk:Cedar Grove, Indiana


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Talk:Night of January 16th

Comment
This book is highly entertaining and I would love to see it as a play. A bit of information not already on here is that Night of January 16th was formerly titled as Penthouse Legend, it was changed when the published version was out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.209.84.192 (talk) 22:55, 22 August 2005

More details
We recently did this show at our community theater, so I will try to fill in what I can. Unfortunately, we only have one version of the script. We know there were at least two of them, with slightly differing witnesses. I'll fill in more later. -Fuzzy 15:47, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

The characterization of the attorneys...
...seems a little off. They weren't necessarily sympathetic to their causes. They were just doing a JOB. Attorneys don't normally choose their clients. Trial lawyers are actors. 68.223.95.118 (talk) 15:52, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * There is that. I think I wrote the original words for those bits, and it was with the intention that that was the tack they were taking in their "acting" as trial lawyers based on their scripted lines. As it is, the current phrasing does sound more like it's their base feelings rather than their dialogue. -Fuzzy (talk) 11:11, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Good article?
I've been doing a lot of work on the article recently trying to get it ready for a good article nomination. I don't think there are many watchers for this page, so I've solicited for input at Talk:Ayn Rand and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Theatre. If anyone is watching, or has come here because of my posts elsewhere, feel free to comment on whether you think the article is ready or could use further improvement. Thanks. --RL0919 (talk) 22:57, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

Feedback from Curly Turkey
I'm giving the article another copyedit. Feel free to undo any edits you disagree with.
 * Rand's husband, an actor—I assume he had a name?
 * Shoshana Milgram saw elements ... Ronald Merrill went further ...—who?
 * Merrill dismissed this explanation as a cover-up for the play's promotion of Nietzschean ideas that Rand later rejected.—what idea is that? Nietsche believed criminals were heroes or something?
 * Curly Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 10:38, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Undid one simply because it changed a direct quote; otherwise no problem. Regarding the bullets above:
 * Husband: Added the name, a little reluctantly because he was an actor named Frank O'Connor, but he isn't Frank O'Connor (actor), so using his name can draw bad links. Easy enough to revert, I suppose.
 * A bunch of ways to handle it that I can think of:
 * Leave a hidden comment that this Frank O'Connor isn't that Frank O'Connor (actor)
 * If there's any possibility of making a stub out of Rand's Frank, make one
 * Leave a footnote explaining they're not the same person. Curly Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 21:30, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Hidden comment was a good suggestion. If anyone doesn't like that, it could be made into a visible note. I don't believe he is notable enough for an article. --RL0919 (talk) 22:14, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Milgram and Merrill: Added brief descriptions.
 * Nietzsche: I'm not going to claim to be a Nietzsche expert (although I know one if it comes to that), but the basic idea is he thought there were different moralities for different kinds of people, so just because something is immoral in the code of everyday folks, doesn't mean it is immoral for everyone. I mention some of what Merrill attributed to Rand earlier in the paragraph. Should I move the two passages about Merrill's interpretation closer together? Or perhaps some other type of clarification is needed? I like the flow of it now, but I'm open to suggestions if it is confusing.
 * Well, it leaves this reader wondering what's being implied. If the sources don't delve into it, it's not a good idea to conduct your own research into it, though.
 * I put the passages about Merrill together; hopefully that makes it a bit more clear. --RL0919 (talk) 22:14, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Keep 'em coming until you're out. :-) --RL0919 (talk) 16:18, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I think I'm out. I supported last time, and I still think the article's above the threshold. Curly Turkey 🍁 ¡gobble! 21:30, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Great. Assuming those last two tweaks are acceptable, I will give it one last check-over for final details (image licenses, links, etc.), then start a nomination page. Will ping you for your input on that also, if you don't mind. --RL0919 (talk) 22:14, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

Character name spelling
Just noticed that the last name of a minor character, the gangster's wife that was added to the play against Rand's wishes, is spelled differently in various sources. So far I've found at least five variations: Renssalear, Rensallear, Rensselaer, Rensallaer, and Renssalaer. For the moment I've made it consistently Rensselaer, which is how it appears in Reeid's amateur playbook. The Broadway program (see here) gives Rensallear, which is also in the New York Times review. Is this worth an explanatory note? Or just pick one and cite a source for it? --RL0919 (talk) 21:20, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Church theatre group production
An IP editor is currently edit warring to include a paragraph about a church-based theatre group's production in 2017, along with several external links. The recommendations of WikiProject Theatre, found at WikiProject Theatre/Article Structure are quite clear: Only professional productions should be included in articles about plays. It's easy to see why, since an older play that is popular among community theatres and/or student groups could have hundreds or even thousands of productions over the decades. That is exactly the case with Night of January 16th. I'm starting this discussion to give the IP editor a chance to justify themselves if they want to try. --RL0919 (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Lack of definite article in the title
An IP editor has recently been edit warring to insert "The" at the beginning of the play's title throughout the article. The justification for this is that the poster used as the image in the infobox says "The Night of January 16th" at the top. The inconsistency in the advertising notwithstanding, the title of the play is well established as Night of January 16th. That is the title used on the published text of the play, including both the amateur version first published in 1936 (listed in the article's sources from a later printing as Reeid 1964) and the later "official" revision from Ayn Rand (listed in the sources as Rand 1971). She also uses that title in her letters, published in Letters of Ayn Rand. It also goes without "The" in most biographies of Rand. A few examples from ones cited in the article (see the "Works cited" section for full bibliographical details):
 * Baker 1987, p. 9: "Its name was changed again, this time to Night of January 16th"
 * Branden 1986, p. 121: "Ayn grudgingly agreed to change the title to Night of January 16th"
 * Burns 2009, p. 28: "When her play Night of January 16th was first produced"
 * Gladstein 1999, p. 34: "Night of January 16th is a courtroom drama"

Based on these sources, it should be clear what is the correct title of the play. Advertisements are generally not reliable sources and should not be used to determine what we call it. --RL0919 (talk) 00:06, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Night of January 16th


text:
Talk:Laurel, Indiana

Untitled
This was the derogatory comments posted that I removed from the site:

Perceptions of Laurel
Neighboring towns around Laurel often view the town as being full of "white trash", so the town of Laurel is the butt of many jokes in Southwestern Indiana.

There is no need for this material to be present in an encyclopedia type entry and thus it was removed to adhere to Wikipedia's policies and to fit into the realm of WikiProject Indiana. chris4682

Agree with Chris, I grew up in Laurel years ago and was subject to such comments. They usually came from the people in the towns a few miles up the road. After leaving and completing an education abroad and traveling all over the world I returned to the area and immediately noticed it was no different than the other towns in the area. The area is in bad economic decline and the future is bleak at best for Connersville, Laurel and Brookville. Also please note that Laurel is in Southeastern Indiana. Not Southwestern Indiana. Seems the writer was too busy looking down their nose to look at a map? Roger

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text: Talk:Mount Carmel, Indiana

title: Talk:Mount Carmel, Indiana


text: Talk:Oldenburg, Indiana

title: Talk:Oldenburg, Indiana


text:
Talk:Red Star (UK)

Untitled
Hmm, an interesting group w/ a cool magazine. But, what of their ideology. Electoralist or what? See, they signed a joint statement w/ anarchist groups (rightly) condemning the 7/7 bombings in london and terrorism in general. This was the first time I'd heard of them, and assumed that they were a nascent anarcho-communist faction. I read an earlier version of this article that mentioned a member of RP(UK) being a member of the Anarchist Federation at the same time. Does anyone have any info about this? -- james
 * Apparently one of their members now has joint membership with the AF. Whether this is of any signficance is unclear; clearly they do not come from an anarchist background. There's been some discussion on it on the Urban75 website. Warofdreams 09:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This article has switched to past tense -- is it all over for the Red Party?

[quote]the Red Party was a tiny revolutionary socialist organisation in Britain[/quote]....

the red party is no more? What on earth is the 'red star'?

title: Talk:Red Star (UK)


text:
Talk:Akron, Indiana

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title: Talk:Akron, Indiana


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Talk:Fulton, Indiana

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text: Talk:Kewanna, Indiana

title: Talk:Kewanna, Indiana


text:
Talk:Einstein Cross

gravitational lensing phenomenon
The article should be rewritten to discuss the concept called "Einstein cross" and then give the configuration of objects mentioned in the current version as an example of this concept.

An interesting point is that we must speak of configurations of objects (source, lensing mass, and observer) which are gravitational lens, rather than single objects which are gravititional lens.---CH (talk) 22:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * such an article would sit at Einstein cross without the capital C. 70.51.9.199 03:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Einstein cross redirects here. Gaia has just found 12 more Einstein crosses, in addition to the ~50 already known. It has become a generic term and the article should be updated or disambiguated.--94.217.168.202 (talk) 05:50, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * You're commenting on a 16 year old post, please start a new section at the bottom of the page if you want to start a new discussion. Polyamorph (talk) 15:59, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Removed "expand" request
I removed the "expand" request template because the details of the formation of the Einstein Cross are more appropriately included in the main article on gravitational lensing. HEL 02:00, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Merging with Gravitational Lens
I'm proposing merger because I don't think that there's enough information here to deserve it's own page. It would be much more suitable to be under the gravitational lens and mentioned as thus. Imasleepviking 20:35, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree; this article is about a gravitational lens, not the concept of Einstein crosses in general. If we merge this article into Gravitational Lens, then we would need to merge the other articles about individual gravitational lenses into it too, which wouldn't be a good idea. Mike Peel 10:59, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

why four "copies" instead of a ring?
I can see why a ring like phenomena like in the article on gravitational lensing should appear. But why a cross? What is this mechanism for this "quadrupolizing"? Some expert should explain that in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agge1000 (talk • contribs) 17:29, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree. I came to this article after seeing the image somewhere else looking for an explanation. I was amazed that the image wasn't either a ring or several deformed arc-like shapes. So it would be good if the article explained this. Why four copies, why those precise orientations, why the copies appear undeformed (circularly simmetrical)... --88.9.185.0 (talk) 12:38, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree again. After reading the article I immediately thought "well why isn't it a ring?" Then I tried to imagine what shape the lensing galaxy must have to exert such an irregular influence on the passing light paths. At that point I decided an expert is needed. So, can anyone improve the article by answering this question? 72.208.151.106 (talk) 22:48, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree again. Without a more rational explanation, the quad pattern appears to support Time Cube! AltiusBimm (talk) 10:33, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * agree again, came here for the same reason, still no explanation hm. 92.196.69.216 (talk) 21:33, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * 7 years later and still no explanation... maybe add some annotation regarding article like http://milesmathis.com/lens.html to get experts attention? 89.76.146.175 (talk) 23:59, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Take a look here - https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/14056/how-does-gravitational-lensing-account-for-einsteins-cross cannywizard (talk) 08:54, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

It is quadruply imaged...
Einstein's Cross consists of 5 images:
 * 4 gravitationally lensed images of the quasar
 * 1 galaxy core

Maybe this section could be expanded and written with more clarifying diction.

--Mr Accountable (talk) 13:28, 28 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Well then, what is the reason for this "quadropole image"? Any form of bending of light towards a central mass, no matter how large the bending, would create "Einstein rings", but what is the mechanism behind how things may get to be quadruopoly imaged? How has the scientists been able to decide that it is not four different quasars in the picture?Agge1000 (talk) 16:32, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Science is based upon proof, among many other things. The article fails to mention any proof that Einstein's Cross is in fact "a gravitationally lensed quasar" (this article, in fact, flatly goes against one of the core pillars of Wikipedia, namely, verifiability, perhaps due to having Einstein's name?). Where would all these assertions go if in a future it was demonstrated that Einstein's Cross was, after all, a group of five different objects instead of a warped, multiplied image of just one object? --AVM (talk) 03:48, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It all depends on mathematical calculations and spectroscopic analysis, and we certainly aren't going to confirm or disprove any hypothesis here on a Wikipedia article talk page (that would be WP:OR). AnonMoos (talk) 16:38, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * You're right; we won't solve it here; that's not the purpose of a talk page. But we can point out weaknesses in the article so that a knowledgeable person can update it with verifiable external information. Is there a reputable source that explains why this is a cross and not a ring? As you can see many commenters here are wondering the same thing. Has no scientist asked this question? Has no scientist answered it? Then perhaps the entire article is unfounded. 72.208.151.106 (talk) 14:56, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Dude, you really can't prove or disprove anything unless you have a grasp of the relevant mathematics, and no reputable scientist will seriously listen to you for more than 15 seconds if you don't. There could be a number of reasons for such "symmetry breaking"; it might be nice to have an explanation of it on the article, but whether or not such an explanation is included, hand-waving unmathematical speculations on Wikipedia talk pages do not invalidate publisehd scientific results... AnonMoos (talk) 21:45, 17 June 2012 (UTC)
 * "a number of explanations", name one? i assume the other commentators here (like me) have at least basic knowledge in general relativity (university course). so it's not totally stupid unfounded question to ask. i don't know what your point is! you don't know the answer, obviously. no wrong in that. but apart from that?92.196.69.216 (talk) 21:45, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

 * "no reputable scientist will seriously listen to you" -- I'm not asking a scientist to listen to me, I'm asking a knowledgeable person to update the article.

 * "There could be a number of reasons" -- great, let's hear some.

 * "it might be nice to have an explanation of it on the article" -- yep, that's what I'm asking for. 72.208.151.106 (talk) 13:16, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * anyway i've been searching google and there's a pretty detailed answer which i haven't worked through but the basic reasoning is that the mass distribution that functions as the lense has no spherical symmetry but propably is elliptic.

http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/14056/how-does-gravitational-lensing-account-for-einsteins-cross maybe someone wants to check it and put some sentences into the article with this reference. 92.196.69.216 (talk) 21:45, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

"forming a nearly perfect cross"?
Why is it called "nearly perfect"? In the image, it looks quite crooked. It seems that the description should be more along the lines of "roughly forming a cross shape".

24.22.107.119 (talk) 17:42, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

This needs to be renamed to the quaser
Einstein Cross is a prediction with multiple examples. Latest is here. Comments? --DHeyward (talk) 03:55, 8 March 2015 (UTC)
 * To be clear, "QSO 2237+0305" is the quasar commonly known as "The Einstein Cross". It is not the only Einstein cross, however.  The link above is another example recently in the news of an Einstein cross and is known as Supernova Refsdal.   The hatnote by  to gravitational lensing is adequate due to Common Name.  I also fixed the reference in SN Refsdal.  The motivation behind the RFC was that the press is calling the supernova an "Einstein's cross" and the supernova article was referring readers here, not "gravitational lensing." A search for "einstein cross" brings a reader to the quasar, not the phenomenon so people reading the newspaper don't get the difference.  --DHeyward (talk) 07:11, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The Einstein Cross is a particular instance of a general phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. The article about the phenomenon is called "Gravitational lens", and the article about the instance is called "Einstein Cross". I see no reason to rename anything. Maproom (talk) 09:06, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Maproom's rationale. To be honest, from the current wording of the RfC header, I'm not even able to parse what the OP is suggesting is the cause for a name change (nor what support the article supplied has upon that debate) but at present I don't see any kind of policy argument for renaming this article, which needs no disambiguation.  S n o w  I take all complaints in the form of epic rap battles 09:22, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose An "Einstein Cross" is a term for a general phenomena with multiple examples, however it is also the common name given to one particular astronomical object (Quasar Q2237+030). I just edited the Hatnote to make things more clear. It now reads: This article is about a specific multiple imaged quasar named "The Einstein Cross" . For the general concept of Einstein Crosses, see gravitational lens. Alsee (talk) 22:21, 18 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above comments. No renaming appropriate in the first place. I made a minor change to tidy the hatnote, but it already was substantially appropriate. JonRichfield (talk) 03:58, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose I was summoned by the bot. After reading the article and the entire talk page, I do not understand what the OP is suggesting as a name change or the rationale for doing so. "renamed to the quaser": What quasar? The quasar in the middle of the Einstein Cross? Isn't that its common name already, Einstein Cross, as it is a quadruple image? I oppose a name change per Alsee's comment above.--FeralOink (talk) 01:35, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment (summoned by the bot) This is a particular instance of a phenomenon described elsewhere. Given that this particular quasar is often called the "Einstein Cross" (but this name is not rigorously exclusive), would it be reasonable to make the title more specific, e.g. "Einstein Cross (QSO 2237+0305)"? -- Scray (talk) 04:02, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

Einstein Cross in first released James Webb image
Once this is confirmed by a better source, there is apparently an Einstein Cross in the first released James Webb image:

https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/vwv1et/comment/ifs92ii/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3 DanielTheManual (talk) 03:33, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:21, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 12EinsteinCrosses.jpg
 * EinsteinCrossesDiagram.jpg

title: Talk:Einstein Cross


text:
Kleptomania (album)

Kleptomania is the fourth and final album by English rock band Mansun, released posthumously in September 2004, following the band's split, as a triple album. The first CD features the material that was to form the basis of the band's next album, which was originally going to be self-titled, and the other 2 CDs feature EP tracks, outtakes and demos.

The band split up while recording songs for the album Kleptomania, leaving unfinished tracks that were never released. An extensive explanation of the break-up has never been made public although a press release by Paul Draper stated that the band had simply "grown apart".

EMI had originally not intended to release the material until an online petition, which gained over 4000 signatures, demonstrated that there was demand for it from fans. Draper was not in a positive frame of mind about Mansun at the time, but agreed to work on the material after EMI contacted him, on the basis that the material would be released as part of a boxset featuring other material.

Recording
Despite previewing several tracks from Kleptomania live on what was Mansun's final tour of 2002, Stove King's playing did not feature on any of the tracks which were included. Instead Dominic Chad and Paul Draper shared bass duties.

Kleptomania was recorded at several locations including St. Catherine's Court, a recording studio owned by Jane Seymour, where fellow Parlophone act Radiohead recorded their acclaimed album OK Computer, and at Rockfield Studios, which has been used by acts such as Queen and the Stone Roses. Paul Draper later stated that the band split in the middle of recording "Cry 2 My Face".

Paul Draper states in the sleeve notes that "Good Intentions Heal the Soul" was always intended to conclude the album. The song features one of the singer's most open lyrics throughout Mansun's career; Draper had attempted to write lyrics which were more direct.

Song information
The boxset includes a retrospect by Paul Draper in which he talks about each track included on the album.

Kleptomania contains a number of hidden tracks. The first disc contains an instrumental called "The Dog from Two Doors Down" (credited to "The Nurk Twins"). The third disc contains three: "Thief", different mix of an earlier EP B-side track; "Witness to an Opera" an instrumental version of a song from the band's second album Six; and "Stupid Open Space" a jazz-funk cover of Wide Open Space (credited to Mike Hunter).

The tracks for Disc 2 were selected by an online poll on the band's official website which allowed fans to choose any of the band's releases whether a non-album single or B-side singles. Paul Draper also chose to include "When the Wind Blows" and "Decisions, Decisions", which weren't in the top 20 tracks voted by fans.

"Slipping Away" was released as a download and 7" only single prior to the full release of Kleptomania. "Getting Your Way" was featured as the B-Side.

In recent interviews Paul Draper stated that if the band had stayed together and released the fourth album properly, they would have issued "Love Remains" as the lead-off single.

"Rock 'n' Roll Loser" was mentioned on fan site Mansunite, and was talked about on there as the possible first single from Little Kix. As mentioned in the sleeve notes of Kleptomania, the band soon lost interest in it and it was left in the vaults until its addition on disc three of Kleptomania.

"Shot by Both Sides" is not only a Magazine cover, but also one of the few Mansun songs sung by lead guitarist Dominic Chad.

"South of the Painted Hall" is an unreleased track was recorded in 2001 during the intended sessions for the fourth Mansun album. It was released in 2006 as a free download available to buyers of their compilation album, Legacy: Best Of.

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Paul Draper; Except where indicated.

Disc one

 * Note: Instrumental track between "Slipping Away" and "Keep Telling Myself" composed and performed by Dominic Chad, from The Parrot Sessions

Mansun

 * Paul Draper
 * Dominic Chad
 * Stove King
 * Andie Rathbone

 * Early band members
 * Carlton Hibbert (1995–1996)
 * Mark Swinnerton (1995–1996)
 * Julian Fenton (1996)

Technical

 * CD1 The 4th Album Sessions
 * Paul Draper – vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards
 * Dominic Chad – backing vocals, guitars, bass, keyboards
 * Andie Rathbone – drums, percussion
 * Richard Rainey and Paul Draper - producer
 * Cenzo Townshend - engineer (1-8, 11), mixing (1, 9, 10)
 * Barney Chase - engineer (9, 10)
 * Paul Draper - mixing (2-8, 11)
 * Mike Hunter - mixing (3-7, 11)
 * Chris Agnew - drum programming (10)
 * The Nurk Twins - performer (12)

 * CD2 Non-Album Singles, B-Sides and EP-Only tracks
 * Paul Draper - producer (1-7, 9, 11, 13-15), string arrangement (3)
 * Mike Hunter - assistant engineer (1, 4), engineer (2, 3, 7, 10, 15), mixing (2, 10, 15), recording (5, 6, 9, 12), co-producer (8), producer (10)
 * Mark 'Spike' Stent - mixing (1, 3, 9, 11, 14), strings recording (3), producer (9, 11, 14), recording (9, 14)
 * Ronnie Stone - engineer (1, 4, 7, 13), mixing (4)
 * Dominic Chad - harpsichord (3)
 * Stephen Hussey - string arrangement (3)
 * Ian Grimble - mixing (5, 6, 12)
 * Howard Devoto - producer (6)
 * Ian Caple - engineer (7)
 * Hugh Padgham - producer (8), mixing (8)
 * Anne Dudley - strings scoring (8)

 * CD3 Rarities, Demos and Unreleased Tracks
 * Paul Draper - producer (1-3, 6), mixing (1-3, 6), recording (7-9)
 * Hugh Padgham - producer (1)
 * Mike Hunter - engineer (1), mixing (1-4, 6), performer (14)
 * Richard Rainey - producer (2, 3, 6)
 * Cenzo Townshend - engineer (2)
 * Barney Chase - engineer (3, 6)
 * Cliff Norrell - producer (4, 5), engineer (4, 5), mixing (5)
 * Anita Kamath - BBC Radio 1 show producer (10)
 * Miti Akhiri - engineer (10)
 * Ian Grimble - mixing (11)

 * Compilation credits
 * Paul Draper - compilation, sleeve notes
 * Matt Davey - project co-ordination
 * Geoff Pesh and Doug Shearer - mastering (at Townhouse)
 * Mark Beaumont - foreword
 * Pennie Smith, Tom Sheehan, Neil Mersh, Ian Tilton, Ian Jennings, Yosuke Komatsu and Anton Corbijn - photography
 * Traffic - design

title: Kleptomania (album)


text: File:Littleanniefanny.jpg

title: File:Littleanniefanny.jpg


text:
Constitution of Iraq

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (دستور جمهورية العراق Kurdish: دەستووری عێراق) is the fundamental law of Iraq. The first constitution came into force in 1925. The current constitution was adopted on September 18, 2005 by the Transitional National Assembly of Iraq, and confirmed by constitutional referendum, held on October 15, 2005. It was published on December 28, 2005 in the Official Gazette of Iraq (No. 4012), in Arabic original, and thus came into force. An official translation into English for international use was produced in cooperation between Iraqi state authorities and the United Nations' Office for Constitutional Support. Since 2006, several proposals for adoption of various constitutional amendments were initiated. The Kurdish language is official at state level.

History
Iraq's first constitution, which established a constitutional monarchy, entered into force under the auspices of a British military occupation in 1925 and remained in effect until the 1958 revolution established a republic. Interim constitutions were adopted in 1958, 1964, 1968, and 1970, the last remaining in effect de jure until the Transitional Administrative Law was adopted in 2003 after the fall of Saddam Hussein. In 1990, a draft constitution was prepared but never promulgated due to the onset of the Gulf War.

The current constitution was approved by a referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. The constitution was drafted in 2005 by members of the Iraqi Constitution Drafting Committee to replace the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (the "TAL"). The TAL was drafted between December 2003 and March 2004 by the Iraqi Governing Council, an appointed body that was selected by the Coalition Provisional Authority after the Iraq War and Occupation of Iraq by the United States and Coalition forces.

Under a compromise brokered before the referendum, it was agreed that the first parliament elected pursuant to the new constitution would institute a Constitutional Review Committee with a view to determine whether the constitution should be amended. Any amendments agreed would have to be ratified by a referendum similar to the one that originally approved it. After this agreement was entered into, the Sunni-majority Iraqi Islamic Party agreed to back a Yes vote in the referendum that took place on October 15, 2005. The Constitutional Review Committee was constituted by the Iraqi parliament on 25 September 2006.

Electoral Commission officials said at a news conference that 78 percent of voters backed the charter and 21 percent opposed it. Of the 18 provinces, two recorded "No" votes greater than two thirds, one province short of a veto. A two-thirds rejection vote in three of the country's 18 provinces (of which three—Mosul, Anbar, and Salahaddin—are thought to include Sunni majorities) would have required the dissolution of the Assembly, fresh elections, and the recommencement of the entire drafting process. Turnout in the referendum was 63 percent, according to commission officials.

The drafting and adoption of the new Constitution was not without controversy, however, as sectarian tensions in Iraq figured heavily in the process. The chairman of the drafting committee, Humam Hamoudi, regularly made statements which were interpreted as meaning that there would be no compromises on Sunni demands. The deadline for the conclusion of drafting was extended on four occasions because of the lack of consensus on religious language. In the end, only three of the 15 Sunni members of the drafting committee attended the signing ceremony, and none of them signed it. Sunni leaders were split as to whether to support the constitution. Saleh al-Mutlaq, the chief Sunni negotiator, urged followers of his Hewar Front to vote against it, but the biggest Sunni block, the Iraqi Accord Front did support the document after receiving promises that it would be reviewed and amended, taking into account their views. A Constitution Amendment Committee has been set up in this regard, but the progress has been slow. Notably, the same figure who chaired the drafting committee, Humam Hamoudi, is chairing the amendment committee as well.

Drafting and adoption
The Transitional National Assembly of Iraq, which was elected in January 2005 pursuant to the Coalition Provisional Authority's Transitional Administrative Law, appointed a Constitutional Committee for the purpose of preparing a draft constitution by 15 August 2005. The Committee was initially made up of 55 members, all of whom were drawn from the Transitional National Assembly, but its membership was eventually expanded beyond the Assembly's numbers, in order to allow representatives from the Sunni Arab community to participate (given that the latter had boycotted the elections that gave rise to the Transitional National Assembly).

According to the Transitional Administrative Law, the Constitutional Committee was obliged to complete its work by 15 August 2005, and for the draft to be submitted to a referendum by 15 October 2005. However, by the beginning of August 2005, all parties were in agreement that a final agreement on some of the Constitution's most important elements, including federalism, was still far from complete. As a result, the Committee was effectively dissolved and replaced by an ad hoc body (referred to as the "Leadership Council"), which was composed of approximately 6 members and which continued to negotiate the constitution's final terms until three days before the referendum date.

The first draft of the proposed constitution was presented to the Transitional National Assembly on Sunday 28 August 2005. It described the state as a "democratic, federal, representative republic" (art. 1) (however, the division of powers is to be deferred until the first parliament convenes), and a "multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect country" (art. 3). The draft was approved, but political negotiations continued, in order to reach a compromise that would also ensure the support of Sunni groups, thus leading to consequent revisions and redrafting of several articles.

On 18 September 2005, the Transitional National Assembly of Iraq approved and adopted the final constitutional draft, that was then put to the public. The Constitution was finally adopted on 15 October 2005, in a national referendum. The Constitution was published on 28 December 2005, in the Official Gazette of Iraq (No. 4012), in Arabic original, and thus came into force.

Since there were several unofficial translations of previous drafts and proposals, that were created earlier, during the summer of 2005, an official translation of the Constitution, for international use (in English language) was produced, in cooperation between state authorities Iraq and the United Nations' Office for Constitutional Support.

Proposed changes
Under a compromise brokered before the referendum, it was agreed that the first parliament that was to be elected pursuant to the new constitution would institute a Constitutional Review Committee with a view to determine whether the constitution should be amended. Any amendments agreed would have to be ratified by a similar referendum to the one that originally approved it. After this agreement was entered into, the Sunni-majority Iraqi Islamic Party agreed to back a Yes vote in the referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. The Constitutional Review Committee was constituted by the Iraqi parliament on 25 September 2006.

Basic principles
The Constitution sets out a multitude of basic assertions (unfortunately because of last minute changes to the constitution, most of the footnote references below to specific articles in the constitution are inaccurate):

 * Iraq is an independent nation.
 * The system of government is a democratic, federal, representative, parliamentary republic.
 * Islam is the state religion and a basic foundation for the country's laws, and no law may contradict the established provisions of Islam.
 * No law that contradicts the principles of democracy may be established.
 * No law that contradicts the rights and basic freedoms may be established.
 * The Islamic identity of the majority of the Iraqi people and the full religious rights for all individuals and the freedom of creed and religious practices is guaranteed.
 * Iraq is part of the Islamic world and its Arab citizens are part of the Arab nation.
 * Iraq is a multiethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect country and Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages. Iraqis are guaranteed the right to educate their children in their mother tongues, such as Turkmen, Chaldean, and Assyrian, in government educational institutions, or any other language in private educational institutions, according to educational regulations.
 * The Turkomen, Chaldean, and Assyrian languages will be official in the areas where they are located. Any region or province can take a local language as an additional official language if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.
 * Entities or trends may not advocate, instigate, justify or propagate racism, terrorism, "takfir" (declaring someone an infidel), or sectarian cleansing. The "Saddamist Ba'ath Party", regardless of the name that it adopts, is specifically banned.
 * The country has a military and security services under the command of the civil authority, and will not interfere in politics, or be used in the transfer of authority. Militias are prohibited. Military officials may not hold office.
 * The constitution is the highest law of the land. No law may be passed that contradicts the constitution.

Rights and freedoms
The Constitution defines many rights and freedoms, and incorporates laws in many subject areas into the Constitution. It guarantees the rule of law, equality before the law, equal opportunity, privacy, inalienable nationality and dual nationality, judicial independence, the prohibition on criminal ex post facto laws, right to counsel, a public trial unless the court decides to make it a secret trial, a presumption of innocence, the right to participate in public affairs and the right to vote, to elect and to nominate, freedom from extradition, political asylum, "economic, social and cultural liberties", the right to work, the right to join trade unions, ownership of personal property, eminent domain powers, rights similar to the Four Freedoms (European Union), minimum wage, universal health care, free education, dignity, freedom from psychological and physical torture and inhumane treatment and the right to compensation, freedom from "compulsory service", limited freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly, the right to engage in sports, limited freedom of forming and of joining associations and political parties, requirement of warrants for wiretaps, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, conscience and belief.

The Federal Government
The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as numerous independent commissions.

Legislative branch
The legislative branch is composed of the Council of Representatives and the Federation Council.

Council of Representatives
The Council of Representatives is the main elected body of Iraq. The Constitution defines the "number of members at a ratio of one representative per 100,000 Iraqi persons representing the entire Iraqi people." The members are elected for terms of 4 years.

The council elects the President of Iraq; approves the appointment of the members of the Federal Court of Cassation, the Chief Public Prosecutor, and the President of Judicial Oversight Commission on proposal by the Higher Juridical Council; and approves the appointment of the Army Chief of Staff, his assistants and those of the rank of division commanders and above, and the director of the intelligence service, on proposal by the Cabinet.

Federation Council
The Federation Council is composed of representatives from the regions and the governorates that are not organized in a region. The council is regulated in law by the Council of Representatives.

Executive branch
The executive branch is composed of the President and the Council of Ministers.

President
The President of the Republic is the head of state and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution." The President is elected by the Council of Representatives by a two-thirds majority, and is limited to two four-year terms. The President ratifies treaties and laws passed by the Council of Representatives, issues pardons on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, and performs the "duty of the Higher Command of the armed forces for ceremonial and honorary purposes."

There also exists a Vice President which shall assume the office of the President in case of his absence or removal.

The Presidency Council is an entity currently operating under the auspices of the "transitional provisions" of the Constitution. According to the Constitution, the Presidency Council functions in the role of the President until one successive term after the Constitution is ratified and a government is seated.

Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers is composed of the Prime Minister and his cabinet. The President of Iraq names the nominee of the Council of Representatives bloc with the largest number to form the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the direct executive authority responsible for the general policy of the State and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, directs the Council of Ministers, and presides over its meetings and has the right to dismiss the Ministers on the consent of the Council of Representatives.

The cabinet is responsible for overseeing their respective ministries, proposing laws, preparing the budget, negotiating and signing international agreements and treaties, and appointing undersecretaries, ambassadors, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and his assistants, Division Commanders or higher, the Director of the National Intelligence Service, and heads of security institutions.

Judicial branch
The federal judiciary is composed of the Higher Judicial Council, the Supreme Court, the Court of Cassation, the Public Prosecution Department, the Judiciary Oversight Commission, and other federal courts that are regulated by law. One such court is the Central Criminal Court.

Higher Judicial Council
The Higher Judicial Council manages and supervises the affairs of the federal judiciary. It oversees the affairs of the various judicial committees, nominates the Chief Justice and members of the Court of Cassation, the Chief Public Prosecutor, and the Chief Justice of the Judiciary Oversight Commission, and drafts the budget of the judiciary.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court is an independent judicial body that interprets the constitution and determines the constitutionality of laws and regulations. It acts as a final court of appeals, settles disputes amongst or between the federal government and the regions and governorates, municipalities, and local administrations, and settles accusations directed against the President, the Prime Minister and the Ministers. It also ratifies the final results of the general elections for the Council of Representatives.

Central Criminal Court
The Central Criminal Court of Iraq is the main criminal court of Iraq. The CCCI is based on an inquisitorial system and consists of two chambers: an investigative court, and a criminal court.

Independent commissions and institutions
The Independent High Commission for Human Rights, the Independent Electoral High Commission, and the Commission on Public Integrity are independent commissions subject to monitoring by the Council of Representatives. The Central Bank of Iraq, the Board of Supreme Audit, the Communications and Media Commission, and the Endowment Commission are financially and administratively independent institutions. The Foundation of Martyrs is attached to the Council of Ministers. The Federal Public Service Council regulates the affairs of the federal public service, including appointment and promotion.

Powers of the Federal Government
The federal government has exclusive power over:

 * Foreign policy and negotiation
 * Fiscal and customs policy, currency, inter-regional and inter-governorate trade policy, monetary policy, and administering a central bank
 * Standards and weights, naturalization, the radio spectrum, and the mail
 * The national budget
 * Water policies
 * The Census
 * Welfare programs
 * Management of oil and gas, in cooperation with the governments of the producing regions and governorates

Powers shared with regional authorities:

 * regional customs
 * electrical power
 * environmental policy
 * public planning
 * health, and education

All powers not exclusively granted to the federal government are powers of the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region. Priority is given to regional law in case of conflict between other powers shared between the federal government and regional governments.

Regions
Chapter Five, Authorities of the Regions, describes the form of Iraq's federation. It begins by stating that the republic's federal system is made up of the capital, regions, decentralized provinces, and local administrations.

 * Part One: Regions

The country's future Regions are to be established from its current 18 governorates (or provinces). Any single province, or group of provinces, is entitled to request that it be recognized as a region, with such a request being made by either two-thirds of the members of the provincial councils in the provinces involved or by one-tenth of the registered voters in the province(s) in question.

 * Part Two: Provinces not organized into a Region

Provinces that are unwilling or unable to join a region still enjoy enough autonomy and resources to enable them to manage their own internal affairs according to the principle of administrative decentralization. With the two parties' approval, federal government responsibilities may be delegated to the provinces, or vice versa. These decentralized provinces are headed by Provincial Governors, elected by Provincial Councils. The administrative levels within a province are defined, in descending order, as districts, counties and villages.

 * Part Three: The Capital

Article 120 states that Baghdad is the Capital of the Republic, within the boundaries of Baghdad Governorate. The constitution makes no specific reference to the status of the capital and its surrounding governorate within the federal structure, stating merely that its status is to be regulated by law.

 * Part Four: Local Administrations

Consisting solely of Article 121, Part Four simply states that the constitution guarantees the administrative, political, cultural, and educational rights of the country's various ethnic groups (Turkmens, Assyrians, etc.), and that legislation will be adopted to regulate those rights.

title: Constitution of Iraq


text:
Talk:Fort Branch, Indiana

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text: Category:Mansun albums

title: Category:Mansun albums


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Talk:Francisco, Indiana

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Talk:Rough Guides

Copyvio
Most of the deleted material came verbatim from the Rough Guides website. What's left, preserved here: Tearlach 22:59, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Most of these early titles were written or edited by John Fisher, Jack Holland  and Martin Dunford, who along with Mark Ellingham were co-founders and owners of Rough Guide series.

In 1995 the owners of Rough Guides negotiated the sale of the series to Penguin Books, part of Pearson PLC.

Real Guide
The Rough Guide series is/was also published under the name 'Real Guide'. I once heard that that was a (temporary) name-change for the US (because 'Rough Guide' sounded too 'rough'). I can't find any info on it, though. DirkvdM 07:55, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

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Online publishing addition
I was the director of the World Beat channel at HotWired in 1995-1996, when Ellingham began publishing the full text of his books on the web. There were several other Rough Guides books referenced in the SF Gate article, but it was almost 30 years ago and I don't recall which other titles actually made it online, or what became of them. Jamesglave (talk) 16:24, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rough Guides


text:
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba is the presiding officer of the provincial legislature.


text:
Talk:Haubstadt, Indiana

Needs some work
Demographics are a jumble of numbers. Perhaps they should be reorganized into a more comprehensive graph or chart.

Train wreck was bad, but is that the only thing Haubstadt is known for? What about Sommerfest? Haub House? Youth leagues? Political structure? Historic sites? Famous people from Haubstadt?

This is a nice start to an article, but it needs a contributions from a lot more areas. Jstuck21677 (talk) 18:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Unfortunately Haubstadt, like Gibson County in general really isn't known for much and most of the famous people that originated here seldom recognize the county's existence, yet alone that they were raised here. Not even being a native of this area and at least recognizing that I am from Pensacola, Florida, even though I have never really seen the city myself, this is a real shame. Rhatsa26X (talk) 22:56, 13 August 2010 (CDT)

title: Talk:Haubstadt, Indiana


text: Talk:Hazleton, Indiana

title: Talk:Hazleton, Indiana


text: Talk:Mackey, Indiana

title: Talk:Mackey, Indiana


text:
Talk:Owensville, Indiana

Phantom writing
On December 7, 1939 in Owensville, Indiana huge letters stating “Remember Pearl Harbor” were painted on the sidewalk outside of a public elementary school by an unidentified hand. Of course no one knew what this meant until two years later to the exact day when The US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was attacked by the Japanese. -- http://www.thegalaxyexpress.com/phantom-writers Anyone ever heard this story before?? --RThompson82 (talk) 08:09, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Owensville, Indiana


text:
Talk:Patoka, Indiana

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text: Talk:Somerville, Indiana

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Remote control animal

Remote control animals are animals that are controlled remotely by humans. Some applications require electrodes to be implanted in the animal's nervous system connected to a receiver which is usually carried on the animal's back. The animals are controlled by the use of radio signals. The electrodes do not move the animal directly, as if controlling a robot; rather, they signal a direction or action desired by the human operator and then stimulate the animal's reward centres if the animal complies. These are sometimes called bio-robots or robo-animals. They can be considered to be cyborgs as they combine electronic devices with an organic life form and hence are sometimes also called cyborg-animals or cyborg-insects.

Because of the surgery required, and the moral and ethical issues involved, there has been criticism aimed at the use of remote control animals, especially regarding animal welfare and animal rights, especially when relatively intelligent complex animals are used. Non-invasive applications may include stimulation of the brain with ultrasound to control the animal. Some applications (used primarily for dogs) use vibrations or sound to control the movements of the animals.

Several species of animals have been successfully controlled remotely. These include moths, beetles, cockroaches,  rats, dogfish sharks, mice and pigeons.

Remote control animals can be directed and used as working animals for search and rescue operations, covert reconnaissance, data-gathering in hazardous areas, or various other uses.

Rats
Several studies have examined the remote control of rats using micro-electrodes implanted into their brains and rely on stimulating the reward centre of the rat. Three electrodes are implanted; two in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus which conveys facial sensory information from the left and right whiskers, and a third in the medial forebrain bundle which is involved in the reward process of the rat. This third electrode is used to give a rewarding electrical stimulus to the brain when the rat makes the correct move to the left or right. During training, the operator stimulates the left or right electrode of the rat making it "feel" a touch to the corresponding set of whiskers, as though it had come in contact with an obstacle. If the rat then makes the correct response, the operator rewards the rat by stimulating the third electrode.

In 2002, a team of scientists at the State University of New York remotely controlled rats from a laptop up to 500 m away. The rats could be instructed to turn left or right, climb trees and ladders, navigate piles of rubble, and jump from different heights. They could even be commanded into brightly lit areas, which rats usually avoid. It has been suggested that the rats could be used to carry cameras to people trapped in disaster zones.

In 2013, researchers reported the development of a radio-telemetry system to remotely control free-roaming rats with a range of 200 m. The backpack worn by the rat includes the mainboard and an FM transmitter-receiver, which can generate biphasic microcurrent pulses. All components in the system are commercially available and are fabricated from surface mount devices to reduce the size (25 x 15 x 2 mm) and weight (10 g with battery).

Ethics and welfare concerns
Concerns have been raised about the ethics of such studies. Even one of the pioneers in this area of study, Sanjiv Talwar, said "There's going to have to be a wide debate to see whether this is acceptable or not" and "There are some ethical issues here which I can't deny." Elsewhere he was quoted as saying "The idea sounds a little creepy." Some oppose the idea of placing living creatures under direct human command. "It's appalling, and yet another example of how the human species instrumentalises other species," says Gill Langley of the Dr Hadwen Trust based in Hertfordshire (UK), which funds alternatives to animal-based research. Gary Francione, an expert in animal welfare law at Rutgers University School of Law, says "The animal is no longer functioning as an animal," as the rat is operating under someone's control. And the issue goes beyond whether or not the stimulations are compelling or rewarding the rat to act. "There's got to be a level of discomfort in implanting these electrodes," he says, which may be difficult to justify. Talwar stated that the animal's "native intelligence" can stop it from performing some directives but with enough stimulation, this hesitation can sometimes be overcome, but occasionally cannot.

Non-invasive method
Researchers at Harvard University have created a brain-to-brain interface (BBI) between a human and a Sprague-Dawley rat. Simply by thinking the appropriate thought, the BBI allows the human to control the rat's tail. The human wears an EEG-based brain-to-computer interface (BCI), while the anesthetised rat is equipped with a focused ultrasound (FUS) computer-to-brain interface (CBI). FUS is a technology that allows the researchers to excite a specific region of neurons in the rat's brain using an ultrasound signal (350 kHz ultrasound frequency, tone burst duration of 0.5 ms, pulse repetition frequency of 1 kHz, given for 300 ms duration). The main advantage of FUS is that, unlike most brain-stimulation techniques, it is non-invasive. Whenever the human looks at a specific pattern (strobe light flicker) on a computer screen, the BCI communicates a command to the rat's CBI, which causes ultrasound to be beamed into the region of the rat's motor cortex responsible for tail movement. The researchers report that the human BCI has an accuracy of 94%, and that it generally takes around 1.5 s from the human looking at the screen to movement of the rat's tail.

Another system that non-invasively controls rats uses ultrasonic, epidermal and LED photic stimulators on the back. The system receives commands to deliver specified electrical stimulations to the hearing, pain and visual senses of the rat respectively. The three stimuli work in groups for the rat navigation.

Other researchers have dispensed with human remote control of rats and instead uses a General Regression Neural Network algorithm to analyse and model controlling of human operations.

Dogs
Dogs are often used in disaster relief, at crime scenes and on the battlefield, but it's not always easy for them to hear the commands of their handlers. A command module which contains a microprocessor, wireless radio, GPS receiver and an attitude and heading reference system (essentially a gyroscope) can be fitted to dogs. The command module delivers vibration or sound commands (delivered by the handler over the radio) to the dog to guide it in a certain direction or to perform certain actions. The overall success rate of the control system is 86.6%.

Mice
Researchers responsible for developing remote control of a pigeon using brain implants conducted a similar successful experiment on mice in 2005.

Invertebrates
In 1967, Franz Huber pioneered electrical stimulation to the brain of insects and showed that mushroom body stimulation elicits complex behaviours, including the inhibition of locomotion.

Cockroaches
The US-based company Backyard Brains released the "RoboRoach", a remote controlled cockroach kit that they refer to as "The world's first commercially available cyborg". The project started as a University of Michigan biomedical engineering student senior design project in 2010 and was launched as an available beta product on 25 February 2011. The RoboRoach was officially released into production via a TED talk at the TED Global conference, and via the crowdsourcing website Kickstarter in 2013, the kit allows students to use microstimulation to momentarily control the movements of a walking cockroach (left and right) using a bluetooth-enabled smartphone as the controller. The RoboRoach was the first kit available to the general public for the remote control of an animal and was funded by the United States' National Institute of Mental Health as a device to serve as a teaching aid to promote an interest in neuroscience. This funding was due to the similarities between the RoboRoach microstimulation, and the microstimulation used in the treatments of Parkinson's disease (Deep Brain Stimulation) and deafness (Cochlear implants) in humans. Several animal welfare organizations including the RSPCA and PETA have expressed concerns about the ethics and welfare of animals in this project.
 * RoboRoach

Another group at North Carolina State University has developed a remote control cockroach. Researchers at NCSU have programmed a path for cockroaches to follow while tracking their location with an Xbox Kinect. The system automatically adjusted the cockroach's movements to ensure it stayed on the prescribed path.
 * North Carolina State University

In 2022, researchers led by RIKEN scientists, reported the development of remote controlled cyborg cockroaches functional if moved (or moving) to sunlight for recharging. They could be used e.g. for purposes of inspecting hazardous areas or quickly finding humans underneath hard-to-access rubbles at disaster sites.
 * Robo-bug

Beetles
In 2009, remote control of the flight movements of the Cotinus texana and the much larger Mecynorrhina torquata beetles has been achieved during experiments funded by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The weight of the electronics and battery meant that only Mecynorrhina was strong enough to fly freely under radio control. A specific series of pulses sent to the optic lobes of the insect encouraged it to take flight. The average length of flights was just 45 seconds, although one lasted for more than 30 minutes. A single pulse caused the beetle to land again. Stimulation of basilar flight muscles allowed the controller to direct the insect left or right, although this was successful on only 75% of stimulations. After each maneuver, the beetles quickly righted themselves and continued flying parallel to the ground. In 2015, researchers was able to fine tune the beetle steering in flight by changing the pulse train applied on the wing-folding muscle. Recently, scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, have demonstrated graded turning and backward walking in a small darkling beetle (Zophobas morio), which is 2 cm to 2.5 cm long and weight only 1 g including the electronic backpack and battery. It has been suggested the beetles could be used for search and rescue mission, however, it has been noted that currently available batteries, solar cells and piezoelectrics that harvest energy from movement cannot provide enough power to run the electrodes and radio transmitters for very long.

Drosophila
Work using Drosophila has dispensed with stimulating electrodes and developed a 3-part remote control system that evokes action potentials in pre-specified Drosophila neurons using a laser beam. The central component of the remote control system is a Ligand-gated ion channel gated by ATP. When ATP is applied, uptake of external calcium is induced and action potentials generated. The remaining two parts of the remote control system include chemically caged ATP, which is injected into the central nervous system through the fly's simple eye, and laser light capable of uncaging the injected ATP. The giant fibre system in insects consists of a pair of large interneurons in the brain which can excite the insect flight and jump muscles. A 200 ms pulse of laser light elicited jumping, wing flapping, or other flight movements in 60%–80% of the flies. Although this frequency is lower than that observed with direct electrical stimulation of the giant fibre system, it is higher than that elicited by natural stimuli, such as a light-off stimulus.

Sharks
Spiny dogfish sharks have been remotely controlled by implanting electrodes deep in the shark's brain to a remote control device outside the tank. When an electric current is passed through the wire, it stimulates the shark's sense of smell and the animal turns, just as it would move toward blood in the ocean. Stronger electrical signals—mimicking stronger smells—cause the shark to turn more sharply. One study is funded by a $600,000 grant from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It has been suggested that such sharks could search hostile waters with sensors that detect explosives, or cameras that record intelligence photographs. Outside the military, similar sensors could detect oil spills or gather data on the behaviour of sharks in their natural habitat. Scientists working with remote control sharks admit they are not sure exactly which neurons they are stimulating, and therefore, they can't always control the shark's direction reliably. The sharks only respond after some training, and some sharks don't respond at all. The research has prompted protests from bloggers who allude to remote controlled humans or horror films featuring maniacal cyborg sharks on a feeding frenzy.

An alternative technique was to use small gadgets attached to the shark's noses that released squid juice on demand.

Turtles
South Korean researchers have remotely controlled the movements of a turtle using a completely non-invasive steering system. Red-eared terrapins (Trachemys scripta elegans) were made to follow a specific path by manipulating the turtles' natural obstacle avoidance behaviour. If these turtles detect something is blocking their path in one direction, they move to avoid it. The researchers attached a black half cylinder to the turtle. The "visor" was positioned around the turtle's rear end, but was pivoted around using a microcontroller and a servo motor to either the left or right to partially block the turtle's vision on one side. This made the turtle believe there was an obstacle it needed to avoid on that side and thereby encouraged the turtle to move in the other direction.

Geckos
Some animals have had parts of their bodies remotely controlled, rather than their entire bodies. Researchers in China stimulated the mesencephalon of geckos (G. gecko) via micro stainless steel electrodes and observed the gecko's responses during stimulation. Locomotion responses such as spinal bending and limb movements could be elicited in different depths of mesencephalon. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area elicited ipsilateral spinal bending while stimulation of the ventral tegmental area elicited contralateral spinal bending.

Pigeons
In 2007, researchers at east China's Shandong University of Science and Technology implanted micro electrodes in the brain of a pigeon so they could remotely control it to fly right or left, or up or down.

Uses and justification
Remote-controlled animals are considered to have several potential uses, replacing the need for humans in some dangerous situations. Their application is further widened if they are equipped with additional electronic devices. Small creatures fitted with cameras and other sensors have been proposed as being useful when searching for survivors after a building has collapsed, with cockroaches or rats being small and manoeuvrable enough to go under rubble.

There have been a number of suggested military uses of remote controlled animals, particularly in the area of surveillance. Remote-controlled dogfish sharks have been likened to the studies into the use of military dolphins. It has also been proposed that remote-controlled rats could be used for the clearing of land mines. Other suggested fields of application include pest control, the mapping of underground areas, and the study of animal behaviour.

Development of robots that are capable of performing the same actions as controlled animals is often technologically difficult and cost-prohibitive. Flight is very difficult to replicate while having an acceptable payload and flight duration. Harnessing insects and using their natural flying ability gives significant improvements in performance. The availability of "inexpensive, organic substitutes" therefore allows for the development of small, controllable robots that are otherwise currently unavailable.

Similar applications
Some animals are remotely controlled, but rather than being directed to move left or right, the animal is prevented from moving forward, or its behaviour is modified in other ways.

Shock collars

Shock collars deliver electrical shocks of varying intensity and duration to the neck or other area of a dog's body via a radio-controlled electronic device incorporated into a dog collar. Some collar models also include a tone or vibration setting, as an alternative to or in conjunction with the shock. Shock collars are now readily available and have been used in a range of applications, including behavioural modification, obedience training, and pet containment, as well as in military, police and service training. While similar systems are available for other animals, the most common are the collars designed for domestic dogs.

The use of shock collars is controversial and scientific evidence for their safety and efficacy is mixed. A few countries have enacted bans or controls on their use. Some animal welfare organizations warn against their use or actively support a ban on their use or sale. Some want restrictions placed on their sale. Some professional dog trainers and their organizations oppose their use and some support them. Support for their use or calls for bans from the general public is mixed.

Invisible fences
In 2007, it was reported that scientists at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation had developed a prototype "invisible fence" using the Global Positioning System (GPS) in a project nicknamed Bovines Without Borders. The system uses battery-powered collars that emit a sound to warn cattle when they are approaching a virtual boundary. If a cow wanders too near, the collar emits a warning noise. If it continues, the cow gets an electric shock of 250-milliwatts. The boundaries are drawn by GPS and exist only as a line on a computer. There are no wires or fixed transmitters at all. The cattle took less than an hour to learn to back off when they heard the warning noise. The scientists indicated that commercial units were up to 10 years away.

Another type of invisible fence uses a buried wire that sends radio signals to activate shock collars worn by animals that are "fenced" in. The system works with three signals. The first is visual (white plastic flags spaced at intervals around the perimeter in the fenced-in area), the second is audible (the collar emits a sound when the animal wearing it approaches buried cable), and finally there's an electric shock to indicate they have reached the fence.

Other invisible fences are wireless. Rather than using a buried wire, they emit a radio signal from a central unit, and activate when the animal travels beyond a certain radius from the unit.

title: Remote control animal