text:
Talk:Arial Unicode MS

Bugs
I'm not sure that the examples given in the "Bugs" section have been typed in correctly. I was under the impression that the double-character diacritics are supposed to appear after both characters, rather than between them. For example:

"Latin Small Letter K" + "Latin Small Letter P" + "Combining Double Inverted Breve" = kp͡

The above works fine for me on WinXP SP1, in Firefox 1.0.6, with Arial Unicode MS 1.00 (according to Windows Font Viewer).

The examples under "Bugs" are all of the form letter, mark, letter. If my understanding is correct, the font engine is doing exactly what it's supposed to -- render the diacritic over the preceding letter, and the space before that letter.

Signed,

R. M. Harman

Linguist and Software Engineer

iTAP Product Team, Motorola

(apologies for being a newbie at using discussion pages; I probably am not formatting things all that well)

 * hmm this needs to be checked with the unicode standard. Plugwash 22:02, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I just sent the following message to unicode.org through thier contact form:
 * whilst http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch02.pdf#G1708 doesn't mention double diacritics (e.g. U+035C) specificially it seems to imply that they should go after both characters.
 * however http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf seems to imply that they should be placed between the two characters they combine with.
 * which is correct?
 * -- Plugwash 23:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * which is correct?
 * -- Plugwash 23:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * and the reply i have just received was
 * Peter,
 * The information you are looking for is in Section 7.7 of the Unicode Standard version 4.0. You should also look at Section 3.11.
 * Regards,
 * Magda Danish
 * Sr. Administrative Director
 * The Unicode Consortium
 * 650-693-3921
 * magda@unicode.org
 * ok having just read section 7.7 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch07.pdf and use the toc) it is made totally unambiguous that combining double diacritics should be placed between the two characters they go over. I am therefore removing the comment from the article.
 * The Unicode Consortium
 * 650-693-3921
 * magda@unicode.org
 * ok having just read section 7.7 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch07.pdf and use the toc) it is made totally unambiguous that combining double diacritics should be placed between the two characters they go over. I am therefore removing the comment from the article.

RM Harman here again. I actually apparently got here at the same time as you, and was going to edit in that I agree with your position on this. I guess I had just been misled by years of doing things the way MS has been doing it. How would you feel about adding in a remark explaining that there's a way to achieve the desired effect -- it's just not standard-compliant? (MS, break standards? Never!)
 * Done, btw do consider getting an account. its pretty hard to build up a reputation as a good editor if the only way people have to identify you is an ip (which may even change all the time).Plugwash 23:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Why rounder glyphs than the original font?
Does anyone know why the glyphs that are in both Arial and Arial Unicode MS are different? Offhand I'd say the Arial Unicode MS glyphs look more Helvetica-like, which makes me wonder if Arial at one time looked much the same, but was made more distinct later. Any info appreciated.—mjb 00:32, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I decided to study the fonts more closely, and I determined that the "rounder glyphs" are actually the same; they're just stretched a bit, mainly horizontally, due to the different font metrics. Arial Unicode MS has different-sized bounding boxes, which the renderer in Windows apparently does not take into account (not that it should be expected to). I added this info to the article.—mjb 10:16, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Just FYI, Arial was originally derived from Helvetica, and was built into MS products presumably because it cost less to license. Auros 21:06, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Availability
The font doesn't appear to be available on the Wayback Machine any longer.

 * http://vietunicode.sourceforge.net/
 * (link removed)

I was able to download it at the link provided by the Gentoo wiki, which alludes to the fact that the executable moves around a lot, presumably due to cease and desist letters. John Vandenberg 00:38, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

This article states several times that Arial Unicode is licensed by Microsoft exclusively to Ascender. I do not believe this is the case now, though it may have been previously. On October 16, 2007, Apple announced on their website that the next version of their flagship operating system, Mac OS X v10.5 ("Leopard"), would be bundled with Arial Unicode. Interestingly, Leopard is also slated to ship with several other previously Microsoft-only fonts, including Microsoft Sans Serif, Tahoma, and Wingdings. Norville 20:15, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Support for Indian languages
Does Arial Unicode support Indian Languages? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mangalkumar (talk • contribs) 05:47, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly Devanagari and Bengali.. AnonMoos (talk) 02:49, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Modified ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥
The original font has primary symbols in the Macintosh Roman block: ∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ and other symbols which are in the Windows Glyph List, but sorted to Macintosh such as ≡ ⌂ ⌐ ⌠ ⌡

Compare this font:

∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥

Your font which was default into the font in Win XP:

∂ ∆ ∏ ∑ √ ∞ ∫ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥

222.233.99.69 (talk) 14:49, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't understand. What do you mean by "original" font? Are you saying there are differences in how older and newer versions of Arial Unicode MS behave on Mac OS? Are you referring to regular Arial?
 * Also, Mac OS Roman is a character encoding, not a Unicode block. Are you trying to say you get mis-mapped characters when you use Arial Unicode MS in a Mac OS Roman-encoded document? Provide a more specific example that we can reproduce. What software are you using, what OS, what versions of what fonts?
 * Except for the size & weight of "∫ ≈ ≠", your two examples are identical on my Windows XP system, as viewed in Firefox. Nothing seems amiss. —mjb (talk) 23:32, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Italics, bold and bold italics
There are no italics, bold and bold italics variants of this font, in contrast to Arial. Why? 85.3.12.222 (talk) 18:20, 22 March 2011 (UTC) Umh, I just checked on my Windows 8.1 machine, and Arial Unicode MS has plain, bold, italic, and bold italic. Only up to 24pt though. James Galloway (talk) 18:24, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Because this font is ginormous so its not worth the maintenance that would be required. Any serious font should work fine with synthetic bold/italics... internet-wise it's probably a bad idea to have variants of fonts being exchanged in general. Even for corporate sites that would like to look like print mags. -- 11:45, 27 January 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.54.192.53 (talk)
 * Those are synthetically generated from the base font. — Edokter  ( talk ) — 19:14, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

Reliable webfont?
For the last half decade at least I've been using this as a webfont, since it seems to be on every Windows based machine I've ever setup that I can remember and is the only decent huge Unicode fontset on Windows. Is this a bad assumption? I noticed it was not on the "XP Mode" Virtual PC you can download for Windows Vista/7 today when I upgraded to IE9 but still needed to be able to test sites under IE8. I assumed it came installed with IE or something. I assumed modern browsers need to be able to support Unicode out of the box.

EDITED: It seems like possibly it's just part of the MS Office sampler that comes pre-installed with Windows. But on all platforms? --67.54.192.53 (talk) 13:35, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

 * It is only installed with MS Office. So it is not a sure bet to rely on it. The de facto unicode font for Windows is 'Lucida Sans Unicode', so it is best to have both in your fontstack. BTW, I asume by 'using as a webfont' you mean just specifying the font in your CSS fontstack? I can't image serving it as a downloadable font. That would be a bad idea; first because Microsoft has not licenced it for use as a webfont, second because the font is a humongous 22 megabytes! — Edokter  ( talk ) — 12:06, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

 * It's less than 15MB compressed. Although it would be nice if there was a communal link, and if browsers would highlight the large font download. I am the same person above BTW, ~3yrs later. I had to replace a HDD on my workstation, and cloning wasn't in the cards, so after reinstalling Windows from scratch there was no Arial Unicode MS, so I was reminded of this problem again. I tried to set it up with @font-face back in 2011, but Firefox did not handle bold/italics correctly for local fonts on Windows then, so I filed a bug and put it off. But it's working now, either thanks to my effort, or maybe because I remember FF changing to Cairo or something like that a while back. Regardless, I don't think Microsoft needs to license it as a webfont, since browsers have always used the fonts on hand. Like if your publishing software comes with fonts, then they work if webpages use those fonts. Lucida Sans is unfit for websites (and supports half as many glyphs.) Without a Unicode font Windows really isn't a Unicode OS. So using font-face is a good way to bridge the gap. I don't think it is that expensive to license for a website, but I may be wrong. I don't think MS or the foundry would make a fuss of it. Not for a small fry anyway. You'd know the site has made it big time if someone cared enough to make a stink about a website using it. Plus p.r. wise it would be MS advertising that Windows is not able to deliver Unicode to its consumer install base--172.243.161.115 (talk) 06:17, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Using it in a font stack does not require a licence (we actually do that here, see Unicode), but if you intend to make it available as a download, then you will definitely need a licence, and Microsoft will send you a letter. Its size is still a problem for downloading anyway, even if compressed. You are correct that XP lacks extensive Unicode support out of the box. — Edokter  ( talk ) — 10:57, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * As does Windows Vista and 7. And probably 8 too. It's not a Unicode OS if it doesn't sport at least one Unicode font fit for published text. Realistically it should have at least one serif and one sans printable font. I don't think the license for MS belongs to Microsoft even though its called MS. If it did it would probably be part of the Windows package. The article says Apple has licensed the same font. In this case of this font, I'd be surprised if anyone batted an eyelash. As for the size of the font, you can't even get online without being forced to download hundreds of MBs anymore. 15MB is really not a problem. That's smaller than a lossless image can be.--172.243.161.115 (talk) 08:23, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Incorrect diacritics
What is the form for Ľľ, Şş and Ţţ? 121.164.146.86 (talk) 15:37, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Diacritic marks
The letters Ľ and ľ displays as an letter L with caron, the letters Ş and ş displays as Ș and ș (s with comma) and the letters Ţ and ţ displays as Ț and ț (T with comma). In your Ubuntu virtual machine, all characters will display correctly using the Windows Vista versions of all of the MS Core Fonts. 121.164.146.236 (talk) 05:59, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Extended glyph spacing in Word 2000
You are showing extended glyph spacing in Word 2000 under Windows 2000 Professional virtual machine. 121.164.146.236 (talk) 09:09, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

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Italics
What does this mean: "there is no oblique (italic) version"? As a layperson, I understand this to mean that I can't write in italics with Arial Unicode (unless I do some sort of weird trick maybe). But this is not the case. I just typed a word in a new MSW document with Arial Unicode. I then marked the word and hit Ctrl i. Wolia, the word went cursive. 211.225.33.104 (talk) 02:10, 25 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Most fonts come with separate italic (as wel as bold and bold/italic) versions. If these are missing, Windows will emulate bold or italics, which does not always look as good. Especially serif font have very distinct italic fonts: normal vs. italics . Note the different 'a's.  13:32, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Bugs #2
I am not sure why nobody reports the other bugs with this font: Code Page Guy (talk) 14:28, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Design: It should be a consistent typeface regarding the design. Being a sans-serif typeface, all the glyphs should be sans-serif (or at least monotone (same stroke width) in the scripts that don't have serifs). These scripts have contrast (variable stroke width): Armenian (this one with serifs), Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil (this one is even in italic!!!), Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tibetan. Ironically, this font has a better design for Arabic script than its predecessor, Arial. The Arabic glyphs in the Arial font are not monotone, they have contrast and they are not correctly aligned with the remainder scripts, if you put together Latin text with Arabic text in Arial, the Arabic characters will look shifted up. Arial Unicode MS doesn'have this problem.
 * Open Type Tables: Some Open Type Tables are incomplete. Arial Unicode MS doesn't handle all the conjuncts for Indian scripts and for Tibetan. It has no OTT for Lao script, the combining characters appear as spacing characters. The contextual forms for some Arabic characters don't work.
 * Up to date: Arial Unicode MS hasn't been updated since version 1.01. Therefore, several recent Unicode blocks are missing. I find particularly critical the missing of Thaana, Sinhala, Myanmar, Ethiopic and Khmer since these scripts are used in national/official languages of some countries.

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title: Talk:Arial Unicode MS


text:
William Beatty (surgeon)

Sir William Beatty (April 1773 – 25 March 1842) was an Irish surgeon who served in the Royal Navy. Born in Derry, Ireland, he joined as a surgeon's mate in 1791 at the age of 18. He is best known as the ship's surgeon aboard HMS Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar, at which he witnessed the death of Admiral Horatio Nelson, and for writing an account of that battle – Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson.

Early life and education
William Beatty was the eldest son of James Beatty, an officer in the Irish Revenue Service, and Anne Smyth. He was born in the Waterside district of Derry, the eldest of four sons and two daughters.

No records survive of his education, though he attended a local school, most likely Foyle College, before beginning his medical studies. He may have been apprenticed to his uncle George Smyth, a half-pay naval surgeon in nearby Buncrana, before studying at either the University of Glasgow or at "The United Hospitals of the Borough" - the joint medical school of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals in London. What is known is that on 5 May 1791, the 18-year-old Beatty was examined before the London Company of Surgeons, and found qualified for employment by the Navy.

Surgeon's mate
Beatty was appointed second surgeon's mate aboard the 64-gun third-rate ship HMS Dictator (1783), but was soon reassigned, moving to the 32-gun frigate HMS Iphigenia (1780) in September 1791. He was promoted to first surgeon's mate of the 32-gun frigate HMS Hermione (1782) on 1 February 1793, the same day that Revolutionary France declared war on Britain.

The ship sailed for the Caribbean, where on 5 December 1793, he was appointed acting surgeon of the schooner HMS Flying Fish (1793). On 25 June 1794, he was appointed acting surgeon of the 28-gun frigate HMS Alligator (1787) at Port-au-Prince, where he was immediately confronted with an epidemic of yellow fever in which 50 men, one-quarter of the crew, died. Alligator returned to England, where on 19 February 1795, Beatty was once again examined by the Company of Surgeons, and was judged qualified to serve as a ship's surgeon.

Ship's surgeon
Beatty was appointed to the 28-gun frigate HMS Pomona (1778) on 8 March 1795, but soon fell foul of his captain the Hon. Augustus Fitzroy. On 19 July, a discussion over the status of two men whom Beatty had placed on the sick list quickly became acrimonious, with Fitzroy accusing Beatty of incompetence and contempt, before ordering him to be arrested. Beatty's court martial was convened aboard HMS Malabar (1795) at the Nore on 4 August. After hearing the witnesses, which included the first and second lieutenants, a panel of 12 senior captains exonerated Beatty of all charges.

In September 1795, Beatty was posted to the 38-gun frigate HMS Amethyst (1793), but on 29 December, after barely three months, Amethyst was wrecked, having run aground near Guernsey in a heavy gale at night. The ship was forced to beach at Alderney. Beatty was more fortunate in his next posting, the 32-gun frigate HMS Alcmene (1794), which he joined on 26 March 1796. The ship saw action on the coast of Portugal and Spain, and in the Mediterranean, taking many prizes. On 17 October 1799, while cruising off Spain, Alcmene, along with the frigates HMS Ethalion (1797), HMS Naiad (1797), and HMS Triton (1796), fought and captured the Spanish frigates Thetis and Santa Brigida. The British were delighted to discover that the ships were loaded with gold bullion and other valuable cargoes, realizing prize money totalling £652,000. Beatty's share came to £2,468, equal to 40 times his annual pay.

Beatty left the Alcmene in March 1801, to serve aboard the 36-gun frigate HMS Resistance (1801) until January 1802, when the Peace of Amiens was signed, and the war between France and England came an end. Beatty became a half-pay surgeon, receiving 2s. 6d a day.

The peace was short-lived, however, and the Britain declared war in May 1803. In July, Beatty was warranted surgeon of the 74-gun ship of the line HMS Spencer (1800), which was deployed in the blockade of Brest throughout the stormy winter months, and into the next year. In June 1804, Spencer, while blockading the north-western Spanish port of Ferrol, struck rocks and was forced to return to Plymouth for repairs, after which she was sent to the Mediterranean, arriving in August 1804 to join Nelson's blockade of the French fleet at Toulon. In December 1804, Beatty was appointed surgeon of the flagship HMS Victory, succeeding fellow Ulsterman George Magrath, whom Nelson had appointed surgeon of the naval hospital at Gibraltar.

Battle of Trafalgar
On the day of the battle, 21 October 1805, Victory had 821 crewmen aboard, 62 of whom would be killed and 109 wounded. Beatty was personally called upon to undertake 11 amputations, mostly legs, actions that saved many lives. Only six wounded men subsequently died. However, when Nelson was himself wounded, Beatty did not administer treatment, claiming that he believed that the Admiral was beyond treatment.

The admiral had expressed the wish to be buried in his native soil, rather than simply being thrown in the sea like other mariners of the time. Beatty had to preserve the admiral's body for the voyage back to Britain, and decided to place it in a barrel of brandy. Beatty relates how gases from the corpse caused the barrel lid to open on 28 October 1805, alarming the posted marine guard. On arrival at Gibraltar, the barrel had to be topped up with spirits of wine because it had filled the cavities in the body. This incident may have led to the legend that British seamen had drunk the brandy surrounding the body. As Victory approached the Nore, Beatty performed an autopsy, removing the fatal musket ball (now in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle ) and later writing a report A Concise History of the Wound. Beatty then attended Nelson's state funeral in London. Victory was decommissioned in January 1806, and Beatty was posted as surgeon-in-charge of Sussex, the former HMS Union (1756) and now a hospital ship at Sheerness. There, he wrote his Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson, which was eventually published in early 1807.

Physician of the fleet
Beatty was appointed physician of the Channel Fleet on 25 September 1806, having received the necessary medical degree from the University of Aberdeen on 28 February 1806. His duties were shore-based and mostly administrative, though in 1807, number of other naval surgeons and he were active in promoting the new practice of vaccination against smallpox. Beatty served in this capacity until August 1815 and the end of the war.

Later career
Beatty returned to his medical studies in Edinburgh between 1815 and 1817, gaining a second medical degree from the University of St Andrews on 14 October 1817 and becoming a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London on 22 December 1817. He then served in civilian practice in Plymouth for the next five years. In April 1818 he was elected a member of the Linnean Society of London and was accepted as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

In September 1822, Beatty was appointed Physician at Greenwich Hospital, London, remaining there for the next 17 years, while also being appointed Physician Extraordinary to King George IV in Scotland, and in 1827 Physician Extraordinary to the Duke of Clarence, soon to become William IV, who presented him with a knighthood in 1831.

Beatty also became prominent figure in London's business and scientific community, becoming a director of the Clerical and Medical Insurance Company and of the London and Greenwich Railway, using his accumulated wealth to create a large collection of books and manuscripts.

Retirement and death
Beatty retired in July 1839, at the age of 66, and in recognition of his 41 years in service was awarded a pension of £200 per annum. He settled at 43 York Street, Paddington, London, and served as a member of the organising committee for the building of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square.

Beatty died in York Street on 25 March 1842 of acute bronchitis, unmarried. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery in an unmarked vault, at his own request. A memorial plaque identifying his grave was erected in the 1990s by the 1805 Club, a society dedicated to maintaining the memory of the men of Trafalgar.

Media
Beatty was portrayed by Francis Magee in the 2005 Channel 4 documentary Trafalgar: Battle Surgeon, which focused on his actions during that battle.

Beatty's instrument case can be seen at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Beatty (surgeon)


text:
Maple Mountains

The Maple Mountains, Javornik Mountains,  or Javorniks (Czech and Slovak: Javorníky) are a mountain range of the Slovak-Moravian Carpathians that forms part of the border between the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Its highest point is Veľký Javorník at 1071 m. The range stretches from the White Carpathians in the south to the Beskids in the north. The range divides the Bečva and Oder river systems from those of the Turiec and Váh along the European Watershed. Part of the range falls within the Slovak Kysuce Protected Landscape Area.

title: Maple Mountains


text: User talk:81.154.198.211

title: User talk:81.154.198.211


text:
User talk:Erannadur

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! D. J. Bracey (talk) 21:19, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Erannadur


text:
Talk:Universal rule

The context here is Yachting is it not? Can we have a somewhat less "universal" title? --Wetman 21:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, it's a Yachting term, i'm not a yachter so I don't know a ton about the topic, just enough to build this stub :) I just know that is is really called the "Universal Rule" (double caps), if there are some other Universal Rules though perhaps this should be turned into a disambig page, but I couldn't readily locate any other Universal Rules on Wikipedia --Fxer 21:46, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Overall or waterline length?
Is the Length factor the overall length or the waterline length? I'm guessing waterline but I don't know much about boats. Lisiate

 * I think this article is slightly inaccurate, definitely incomplete. Skene indicates this:
 * Universal Rule: $$\textbf{Rating}=\frac{0.182\cdot\textbf{L}\cdot\sqrt{SailArea}}\sqrt[3]{Displacement}$$
 * where
 * $$\textbf{L}=L.W.L.+.5(q.b.l.-\frac{100-\sqrt{L.W.L.}}{100}\cdot L.W.L.)$$  16:18, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * L.W.L. = Load Water line Length
 * q.b.l. = quarter-beam length
 * where for example the J-class yacht Rating must be equal to 76, where 76 ft ≤ L.W.L. < 88 ft and Displacement ≤ 166 tons
 * The NYT archives describes L as a practical model for the "sailing length", which is the waterline length when the boat is heeled in moderate winds. The article also offers the contemporary method for displacement measurement of boats, but you have to be knowledgeable about things like Simpson's rule, which I suspect must have been similar to the Cubical Contents Rule in use for the 1881 America's Cup.
 * Generally speaking, this was the situation as it stood after deliberation/proposal/vote in 1905. If nothing was changed for 1930 — 1937 America's Cup challenges, I suggest the article be permanently amended.
 * Nuttyrave (talk) 22:29, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * states that in 1908 the Universal Rule replaced the 5.5 factor in the divisor by 0.182 in the numerator. The article mentions other restrictions such as schooner/yawl handicaps when racing with sloops, as well as limitations on draught. As such, I have reverted the top formula to reflect the change. The article is still wrong and incomplete.Nuttyrave (talk) 12:33, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposal ChangesAmericascupfreak (talk) 16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
The Universal Rule (Universal Rule for Yachts) determined a yacht's eligibility to race in the America's Cup from 1914 to 1937 and for this the J-class was chosen. Boats built according to the rule reached their peak in the large J-class yachts. This Rating Rule is intended to calculate a rating for yachts, which can then be used to calculate its Time Correction Factor (T.C.F.) in order to have disparate yachts racing against each other. Before 1914, the Seawanhaka Rule was used for America's Cup racing, and after 1937 smaller boats were desirable, and so the International Rule gained popularity in the 12-Metre Class and smaller to the detriment of the M-class and smaller and became the standard. The 6, 8 and 12 Meter (Metre)16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC) Classes and from 1948 on the 5.5-Meter (Metre)16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC), were the most popular and the 12-Metre was used for the America's Cup until 1987, the last year the America's Cup was sailed in 12-meter yachts.

Yacht designer Nathanael Herreshoff devised the rule in 1902 "Herreshoff Rule" and accepted by the New York Yacht Club as the rule-making body for 1903. Herreshoff had designed winning America's Cup yachts which fully exploited the Seawanhaka rule, which was based only on a yacht's upright waterline length and sail area, to create narrow boats with long overhangs. This reached its peak with Reliance, the defender of the 1903 America's Cup, which was described as a "racing freak", suitable only for certain conditions. This prompted Herreshoff to propose a rule which also took into account the displacement of the boat.

Universal Rule formula
Mathematically, the Universal Rule formula as introduced in 1903 was: $$R=\frac {0.2 \cdot L \cdot \sqrt{S}} {\sqrt[3]{D}}$$

Variables:
 * L - Rated Boat length, definition tweaked from time to time year to year by the New York Yacht Club
 * S - Measured Sail area, up to 1923 to British Navy method, then amended for 3/4 mast-height jibstay and foresails, after the 1928 IYRU London Conference same as Metre-boats of the International Rule. See J-Class.
 * D - Dead-weight by weighing, no sails no provisions, converted by formula to the equivalent cubic feet of seawater.
 * R - Rating

The numerator contains a yacht's speed-giving elements, length and sail area, while the retarding quantity of displacement is in the denominator. Also the result will be dimensionally correct; R will be a linear unit of length (such as feet or meters). Sailing craft are thus rated when their $$R$$ rating falls within a certain range. J-Class boats, for example, are any single masted craft with an $$R$$ between 65 and 76 feet (adjusted upward from original to allow British yachts under the International Rule to compete.

The listing for single mast boats, namely classes I through S. Skene,1941, indicates this applicable to yachts from around 1930:16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Universal Rule: $$\textbf{Rating}=\frac{0.182\cdot\textbf{L}\cdot\sqrt{SailArea}}\sqrt[3]{Displacement}$$
 * where
 * $$\textbf{L}=L.W.L.+.5(q.b.l.-\frac{100-\sqrt{L.W.L.}}{100}\cdot L.W.L.)$$
 * L.W.L. = Length (on) Waterline, measured in measurement trim, in upright position
 * q.b.l. = quarter-beam length, measured at the quarter-beam position of the maximum beam (mainframe)on the inside of the hull to the inside of the hull skin
 * The Length factor in the 1903 Formula is the Measurement Length

The yachts were divided into Development Classes (Remove)16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Class I: Rating = 76– 88 feet16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Class J: Rating = 65 – 76 feet
 * Class K: Rating = 55 – 65 feet
 * Class L: Rating = 46 – 55 feet
 * Class M: Rating = 38 – 46 feet
 * Class N: Rating = 31 – 38 feet; as far as is known, none built
 * Class P: Rating = 25 – 31 feet
 * Class Q: Rating = 20 – 25 feet
 * Class R: Rating = 17– 20 feet
 * Class S: Rating = 0 – 17 feet
 * The Pond Racing Yacht Marble-head is related to the Universal Rule

There were multi-mast classes too, running Class A to Class H.

 * Footnotes:

Note The 1941 edition of Norman Skene's book (posthumously (1878-1932)) contained a brief description of the rule.16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC) (Remove: The 1941 edition of Norman Skene's book (posthumously (1878-1932))  is the most up to date outside the confidential notes of the Rules Commission notes of the New York Yacht Club. Skene was the designer of J-Class yacht "Yankee" (1930), America's Cup contender, eliminated in the last selection match, so had access to these rules.)16:05, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

 * "New York Yacht Club", website www.nyyc.org and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club
 * "The M-yacht", website
 * "J-Class Racing Association", J Class Yachts Association, website www.jclassyachts.com/news
 * "J Class - Sparkman & Stephens" www.sparkmanstephens.com/yachtdesign/sailyachts/jclass_designs.php
 * "America's Cup Book 1851-1983', John Rousmaniere
 * "The Herreshoff Marine Museum", website www.herreshoff.org/ and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herreshoff_Marine_Museum
 * "Twelve Meter Challenges for the America's Cup", Norris D. Hoyt, 1977
 * "The Guinness Book of Yachting Facts and Feats", Peter Johnson (editor), 1975
 * "Sensible Cruising designs",L. Frances Herreshoff, 1991 (contains lines of two J-class yachts)
 * "Mystic Seaport Museum" www.mysticseaport.org/ and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Seaport
 * Several articles by "Wooden Boat" magazine on S, R, Q, P, M and J Classes. WoodenBoat Magazine |www.woodenboat.com
 * "The Twelve Metre Yacht: Its Evolution and Design 1906-1987",Chris Freer
 * "The America's Cup: The History of Sailing's Greatest Competition in the Twentieth Century" by Dennis Conner (Author), Michael Levitt (Author), 1992
 * " Olin J. Stephens II. Lines: A half-century of Yacht Designs by Sparkman & Stephens, 1930-1980.", 2002, David R. Godine, ISBN 978-1-56792-195-3.
 * "Vim" a Twelve Meter Design by Sparkman and Stephens www.sparkmanstephens.com/yachtdesign/sailyachts/twelvemeter_designs...
 * "Aero-hydrodynamics of sailing", Czesław Antony Marchaj, ISBN 0-229-98652-8e: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czesław_Marchaj
 * "1928 IYRU London Conference"

title: Talk:Universal rule


text:
Hirschberg

Hirschberg may refer to:

Places

 * Hirschberg, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
 * Hirschberg, Thuringia, a town in the district of Saale-Orla-Kreis, Thuringia, Germany
 * Hirschberg an der Bergstraße, a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * Hirschberg, a former municipality in Switzerland, now incorporated into Oberegg District in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden
 * Hirschberg, a part of town of Warstein in the district of Soest, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Hirschberg (Bad Hirschberg), German name for Doksy, a town on the shores of lake Máchovo jezero
 * , Weilheim in Oberbayern, Bavaria, Germany
 * Hirschberger Großteich, German name for Lake Mácha, an artificial lake in the Liberec Region, Czech Republic
 * Hirschberg im Riesengebirge, the historic German name for Jelenia Góra, a city in Lower Silesia, south-western Poland

Mountains and hills

 * Hirschberg (Bavaria), a mountain in the Bavarian Fore-alps south of Lake Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany
 * Hirschberg, the highest hill in the Kaufunger Wald, central Germany

People with the surname Hirschberg

 * Dan Hirschberg, computer science professor at University of California
 * Eugenie Hirschberg-Pucher (1862–1937), Latvian poet and writer
 * Julia Hirschberg, American computer scientist
 * Julius Hirschberg (1843–1925), German ophthalmologist and medical historian
 * Max Hirschberg (1883–1964), German Jewish lawyer

Other uses

 * Hirschberg test, a medical screening test for an eye condition
 * Hirschberg's algorithm, a dynamic computer programming algorithm

title: Hirschberg


text:
Knights of Xentar

Knights of Xentar is an erotic role-playing video game published for MS-DOS compatible operating systems in North America by Megatech Software in 1995. It was originally published as Dragon Knight III (ドラゴンナイトIII) in Japan. It is part of the Dragon Knight series of games created by Japanese game developer ELF, who originally released the game for the NEC PC-9801 computer in 1991, followed by ports for the X68000 and PC Engine CD in 1992 and 1994. In addition to the regular version of the game, the PC port also has an "adult" version with more explicit nudity.

The game is a sequel of Dragon Knight and Dragon Knight II. Its gameplay system is different from that of previous installments of the Dragon Knight series, resembling this of the early Final Fantasy (even more in the PC version) series instead of first-person-view dungeon crawler, and enabling the player to explore the entire world of the game. Some of the characters were renamed in the English and German localized Knights of Xentar release, including the protagonist Takeru's name changed to Desmond.

Gameplay
The RPG system is completely different from that of the previous games in the Dragon Knight series. The player travels with a top-down view on the world map, visiting towns and dungeons (including Strawberry Fields and Phoenix from the first two games, Dragon Knight and Dragon Knight II respectively). The game's quest is nearly two times longer than the series' first episode.

The enemy encounters are random and the battles, depending on the version, are displayed either in a first-person perspective like in the previous games in the series (similar to these in Wizardry) or in a side-view style (like in many other Japanese RPGs from that era such as the early Final Fantasy entries). The battles are partially automated with the enemies and characters attacking each other in real-time. A battle can be paused at any time to cast a spell, use an item, or change attack style through a list of AI scripts. There are eight levels of attack strength, each with its advantages and disadvantages (for example, more powerful attack levels require more time).

The game features cartoonish cut scenes, many of which contain nude erotic images - the girls the main character encounters and helps will often feel grateful and award him with sexual favors. However, there are no explicit hardcore sex scenes in the game and the girls' genital areas are censored as in most eroge (the sound of a toilet flushing is played when the main character supposedly reaches his climax). Visiting a girl for a sexual encounter has the same effect as resting in an Inn for most traditional RPGs: HP and MP are restored. Crude erotic humour is combined with classical fairy takes; the hero for example saves Little Red Riding Hood from rape by the Wolf, and Snow White from rape by the seven dwarves.

Plot
The main character is a young wandering hero warrior named Desmond (タケル, Takeru). After liberating Strawberry Fields (now called Arcadia) from a demon's curse and saving the girls of city of Phoenix from an evil witch queen in his previous adventures, Desmond finds himself in a situation unworthy of his heroic status: robbers have taken all his possessions, including his legendary armor, his magic sword, and even his clothes. The first task for the unsuccessful hero is to get some money. Luckily, the mayor has an assignment for him, for which he is also willing to pay. Desmond accepts the assignment without knowing what it will lead to - traveling all over the world, fighting fearsome enemies, encountering beautiful women, and solving a mystery that will also reveal the secret of his own true identity.

In his journeys, Desmond is repeatedly attacked by demons. In the process, his companion Rolf (バーン, Bān) from Dragon Knight II and the sorceress Luna (ルナ) from Dragon Knight join him. He dreams of a woman who later turns out to be the goddess of light Althea (メシア, Meshia). She and the god of darkness Deimos (ディード, Dīdo) have made an agreement that they would decide the fate of the world through a duel between their respective children. Desmond is the son of Althea and his friend, the black knight Arstein (アルスティーン, Arusutīn) is the son of Deimos. Since Arstein does not want to kill his friend Desmond, he gets Desmond to kill him. Since Deimos does not stick to the agreement and attacks Althea, the group has to fight against him in the end.

After Deimos is destroyed, Desmond is offered an ascension to the council of gods, but decides to stay in the mortal world. He marries Luna, and Arcadia's ruler Princess Diana (ネイナ, Naina) builds them a great palace. Rolf marries Marie (from Dragon Knight II).

Release
Knights of Xentar was the second hentai RPG released by Megatech Software after Cobra Mission and remains the only Dragon Knight game to be ever released outside Japan. A CD-ROM "full talkie" version was also produced. The game has been originally released in Japan for different platforms between 1991 and 1994. A soundtrack CD was also released in 1992 and 1994.

Megatech could not use the title "Dragon Knight" in the West due to copyright reasons. In their version of the game, the names of the two main characters were changed: Baan as he was known in the Japanese version was changed to Rolf and Takeru, the main hero of the game, was changed to Desmond. The dialogue was also modified, having a major localization overhaul in the same manner that Working Designs approached in translating several JRPGs. For example, the North American release's dialogue included many American pop culture references and jokes, and several times broke the fourth wall with the Megatech script writers even joining in the heroes' conversation. Desmond's partners Rolf and Luna, and even some of the girls, Desmond meets make fun of him cruelly for his small penis and body odor problem (not existent in the Japanese version). Megatech released two versions of this game: NR-13 and NR-18 (USK 12 and USK 16 in Germany), and the NR-13 version can be upgraded to the NR-18 via a software patch. The NR-18 version is the uncensored version whereas the NR-13 is censored in that all the nude girls had their private parts covered up by hands or clothing and some of the crude, crass dialogue was edited as well.

Reception
The X68000 version of Knights of Xentar (Dragon Knight III) proved popular among the computer's userbase in Japan. Japanese magazine PC Engine Fan commeded the PC Engine CD conversion for the characters, music and controls. Joypad's Grégoire Hellot gave the PC Engine CD release a highly positive outlook.

title: Knights of Xentar


text:
Elizabeth Hoffman (professor)

Celia Elizabeth (Betsy) Hoffman (born November 12, 1946) was executive vice president and provost of Iowa State University from 2007 to 2012, where she remains as professor of economics. From 2000 to 2005, she was president of the University of Colorado System, where she is president emerita. She is also a senior distinguished fellow at the Searle Center on Law, Regulations, and Economic Growth at Northwestern University School of Law, and serves on numerous for-profit and non-profit Boards. She served on the National Science Board from 2002 to 2008. Her published research is in the areas of Experimental economics, Cliometrics, and Behavioral Economics.

Personal life
Hoffman was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Her maternal grandfather, Andre Kalpaschnikoff, had escaped the Russian Revolution. Her mother and aunt married brothers, and she spent her early years living in a large house in Wayne, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, with her grandmother, mother, father, aunt, uncle, sister, and their three double-cousins, before moving to suburban Berwyn, Pennsylvania. She is married to economist Brian R. Binger.

Academic career
Hoffman graduated from Conestoga High School in 1964. She received a B.A. in history from Smith College in 1968 and is a member of its board of trustees. She received an M.A. in history from the University of Pennsylvania in 1969, a Ph.D. in history from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972, and a Ph.D. in social science (economics) from the California Institute of Technology in 1979.

While finishing her Ph.D. at Penn, she taught history and economics at St. Olaf College, Carleton College, and Macalester College. Her first academic position after completing her Ph.D. in history was as assistant professor of history at the University of Florida. She was recruited for the first class of economics PhD students at the California Institute of Technology, and then became assistant professor of economics at Northwestern University, assistant and associate professor of economics at Purdue University, and professor of economics at the University of Wyoming and professor of economics and law at the University of Arizona.

She was a founding trustee of the Cliometric Society, which focuses on quantitative studies in history; the Economic Science Association, which focuses on using experimental techniques to study economic phenomena; and the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics.

Her academic papers have more than 7000 total citations.

Administrative career
In 1993, Hoffman became dean of the College of liberal arts and sciences at Iowa State University, where she was also professor of economics and psychology. In 1997, she became provost and vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

On September 1, 2000, Hoffman became the 20th president of the then four-campus University of Colorado system. She served in that role until 2005, when she resigned citing the distraction of multiple ongoing controversies. These included the university's alleged use of sex and alcohol to recruit football players, an alcohol-related student death at the Boulder campus, and the Ward Churchill essay controversy. When she received a demand from Governor Bill Owens to fire Ward Churchill, she refused on grounds of academic freedom. Her refusal drew her personally into the Churchill controversy, and she resigned soon afterward. She has since identified the dispute over Churchill as her reason for resigning.

title: Elizabeth Hoffman (professor)


text:
Seiichiro Kashio

Seiichiro Kashio (柏尾 誠一郎) was a tennis player from Japan, and with Ichiya Kumagae was one of the first Japanese Olympic medalists. He won the Canadian Open by defeating United States player Walter Wesbrook 3–6, 6–3, 6–1, 11–9.

Biography
A native of Osaka, Kashio graduated from Tokyo Higher Commercial School (now Hitotsubashi University), and was subsequently employed by the trading company Mitsui & Co. and stationed at that company’s New York City branch office. He competed in the 1918 US Open, finishing in the third round. He also participated in the 1919 US Open, finishing in the second round.

At the 1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp, Belgium, Kashio was defeated in the third round of the singles competition. However, paired with Ichiya Kumagae, he won the silver medal in the men's doubles event. In the doubles final, Kashio and Kumagae lost to Oswald Turnbull and Max Woosnam of Great Britain: 2–6, 7–5, 5–7, and 5–7.

Kashio was a member of the first Japan Davis Cup team, which finished as runner-up in the 1921 International Lawn Tennis Challenge. He subsequently partnered with Zenzo Shimizu in the 1923 Davis Cup, reaching the semi-finals. He appears to have retired from competition soon thereafter, and little is known of his subsequent career.

title: Seiichiro Kashio


text:
M. Frank Rudy

Marion Frank Rudy (24 January 1925 – 13 December 2009) was the aeronautical engineer who patented a cushioning system based on an inert gas encapsulated in polyurethane plastic. It was trademarked by Nike as the "Air" sole. He was a member of Case Western Reserve University's class of 1950, and a graduate of Fairview High School, in Fairview Park, Ohio. He was also a member of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity.

The 19 varsity athletic teams at his alma mater, Case Western Reserve Spartans, wear a special patch on their uniforms commemorating him and his invention. The emblem has Rudy's initials, MFR, with a 3D design of special texture and shine to resemble inflated air sole look, and has orbiting planets pay tribute to his career as an aerospace engineer.

Rudy died in his home in California on December 13, 2009. He was 84 years old.

title: M. Frank Rudy