text:
Talk:First class

Untitled
I've moved First class travel to its own page, and moved the disambiguation notice to here - I've included everything I could find. Not sure if there's an article on first class mail, though, or if there's somewhere it should be redirected to? sjorford (?!) 11:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:First class


text:
User:POY~enwiki

Start: August 25, 2005

User

 * → User page on German Wikipedia
 * → Table
 * → Logfile
 * → User Talk on German Wikipedia

--POY 20:23, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

de:Benutzer:POY fr:Utilisateur:POY

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:POY~enwiki


text:
Talk:Muzzleloading

Muzzle-loading already exists as a redirect to Muzzleloader and both pages predate this one, so to be consistent I've moved the contents of the article page to the existing Muzzleloader page. -- Graibeard 10:23, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muzzleloading


text: User:CatMoran

title: User:CatMoran


text:
Sergei Ivanovich Mosin

Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (Серге́й Ива́нович Мо́син, 14 April 1849 - February 8, 1902) was a Russian Major General, engineer, and the main contributor to the design of the 3-line rifle, Model 1891 (Russian: "трёхлинейная винтовка образца 1891 года"), colloquially known as Mosin–Nagant.

Early life
Mosin was born in Ramon, in the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire in 1849. He entered into a military academy at age 12 where he excelled as a young officer. In 1867, he entered the Alexandrovskoye Military High School in Moscow. Upon leaving Alexandrovskoye in 1870, he decided to go to the artillery branch and transferred to the Mikhailovskoye Artillery Academy. He graduated in 1875 and transferred to the Tula Arsenal where he became the head of the machining division.

Mosin–Nagant
It was at Tula where Mosin began his career as a weapons designer by first making improvements to the Berdan II and later collaborating with Nagant to design the Rifle of Three Lines of the Year 1891. Some details in Mosin's rifle were borrowed from Léon Nagant's design. One such detail is the attachment of the magazine spring to the magazine base plate. In Mosin's original design the spring was not attached to the base plate and, according to the commission, could be lost during cleaning. Another detail is the form of the clip that could hold five cartridges to be loaded simultaneously into the magazine. Another detail is the form of the "interrupter", a specially designed part within the receiver, which helps prevent double feeding. The initial rifle proposed by Mosin lacked an interrupter, leading to numerous failures to feed. This detail was introduced in the rifle borrowing from Nagant's rifle.

Mosin eventually rose to the rank of Major General and was appointed as the director of the Sestroretsk arsenal. He died on February 8, 1902, and was buried in Sestroretskoye Cemetery in St. Petersburg Sestroretsk.

title: Sergei Ivanovich Mosin


text:
User talk:POY~enwiki

Start: 25. August 2005

 * -> User Talk on German Wikipedia

--POY 10:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Ianblair23's RfA
G'day POY, I would like to thank you for supporting me on my RfA. It closed with the final tally of 57/0/0. I can only hope I can live up to the expectations that this wonderful community of ours demands from each of its administrators. If you ever need anything, please just let me know. Cheers! -- Ianblair23 (talk) 04:02, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called POY. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name POY~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:16, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:21, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:POY~enwiki


text:
Talk:Eastern European Time

WikiProject Time assessment rating comment
Want to help write or improve articles about Time? Join WikiProject Time or visit the Time Portal for a list of articles that need improving.

—Yamara ✉  09:05, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Israel
Wait a second! Where did Israel go? (unsigned comment by 84.110.33.46)

 * Israel uses the names "Israel Standard Time" and "Israel Daylight Time". -- Naive cynic 11:47, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The Western European Time article has the UK down, despite the names Greenwich Mean Time and British Summer Time being used in that country, so all countries that use EET should probably be included here, even if they use idiosyncratic terms. Terminal emulator 11:48, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Moscow never used EET in 90 - 91! As per 20-th I do not know. 83.167.112.237 (talk) 15:53, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

"Israel, since 1948"... isn't that kind of redundant? They didn't exist before 1948 so obviously it's since 1948 unless it says otherwise... 124.187.144.174 (talk) 21:29, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The geographic area did exist before, and that very slight redundancy should be allowed. This is not a legal text. The readers must not have to know he history of Israel. --BIL (talk) 19:48, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Kaliningrad to UTC+3 permanantly
Up to my understanding, Kaliningrad of Russia is no longer following UTC+2 since today, but has shifted to UTC+3, following the decision of Russia to abandon winter time. Please have a look and probably the redirect Kaliningrad Time has to be split – Peter CX &Talk 17:36, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

 * This is accurate, so far as I can tell.

 * I have changed everything in this article except the section Areas that do not use Eastern European Time (UTC+2) and the map of Europe. Off to create a Kaliningrad time stub now. Pfainuk talk 18:30, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
 * OK Kaliningrad Time is now an article. Pfainuk talk 18:36, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Section of this article dated
Now that Russia (which can never make up its mind on these things) has switched from year-round daylight saving time to year-round standard time, Moscow Time is UTC+3 rather than UTC+4 so a lengthy section of this article is out of date. Can someone with more knowledge of these things than me (the stability of time on an island makes these things very confusing to me) revise or even delete that section? RobinCarmody (talk) 02:49, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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"The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time during the winter only:" My question, what then do they use outside of winter ? And what is "winter", dec 21st to march 21st ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.83.30.164 (talk) 09:16, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastern European Time


text:
Nikolai Valuev

Nikolai Sergeyevich Valuev (, Никола́й Серге́евич Валу́ев; born 21 August 1973) is a Russian politician and former professional boxer. He competed in boxing from 1993 to 2009, and held the WBA heavyweight title twice between 2005 and 2009. Standing at a height of 2.13 m and a peak weight of 149 kg, Valuev is best known for being the tallest and heaviest world champion in boxing history.

Biography
Valuev was born on 21 August 1973, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). He is of mostly Russian descent, and had a Tatar grandfather. Although his own parents are short—both 1.67m (5'6") tall—his Tatar great-grandfather has been described as "of mountainous proportions" and "a warrior giant of Russian folklore." His own size and appearance are due to gigantism complicated by acromegaly.

Valuev is a Russian Orthodox Christian.

Valuev has written a book in Russian called My 12 Rounds, with the help of Russian sports journalist Konstantin Osipov. The book discusses his life in general and his boxing career in particular. For that book, Valuev received an award from the government of Saint Petersburg.

In January 2006, Valuev was accused of assaulting a security guard at the Spartak Ice Palace in Saint Petersburg. No criminal investigation was launched by local police.

Highlights
Russian National Championships (+91 kg), Saint Petersburg, Russia, May 1994: Goodwill Games (+91 kg), Saint Petersburg, July 1994:
 * 1/4: Lost to Alexei Lezin
 * 1/4: Lost to Alexei Lezin (Russia) on points, 8–+8ut.

First reign as WBA heavyweight champion
In 2005, Valuev squared off with WBA heavyweight champion John Ruiz, and won a twelve-round majority-decision, becoming both the tallest (7 ft or 2.13 m) and heaviest (323 lbs or 147 kg) champion in boxing history.

Valuev vs. Chagaev
The title defense was held on 14 April 2007. Chagaev defeated Valuev by a majority decision (117–111, 115–113 and 114–114).

Valuev changed trainers, from Manuel Gabrielian to Alexander Zimin, who coached the old Soviet Union amateur boxing team. On 29 September 2007, Valuev won against Jean-Francois Bergeron in Oldenburg, Germany, by a 12-round unanimous decision (118–111 on all three cards).

Valuev vs. Liakhovich
On 16 February 2008, in a title eliminator, Valuev defeated former titleholder Siarhei Liakhovich, winning every round at the Nuremberg Arena in Germany. The victory earned Valuev the right to face Chagaev for the WBA title again, the only man who had defeated him in his boxing career.

Valuev vs. Ruiz II
He was scheduled to face Chagaev for his WBA title on 5 July 2008, but Chagaev pulled out with an injury. Valuev instead fought John Ruiz for the vacant title on 30 August 2008 and the WBA decided to make Chagaev "Champion In Recess". Valuev defeated Ruiz by unanimous decision to regain the WBA heavyweight championship, with Valuev and Chagaev set to fight no later than 26 June 2009 to determine whom the WBA regarded as their champion. The scores were 114–113, 116–113, and 116–111. The result was initially declared a split decision win for Valuev with the 114–113 score by ringside judge Takeshi Shimakawa was announced in favor of Ruiz rather than for Valuev. One of the scorecards had the names of the fighters in opposite order, resulting in the confusion. The decision was once again unpopular with the live crowd, as some booed the outcome, much like in the first bout.

Valuev vs. Holyfield
Valuev's first title defense of his second reign as WBA Champion was against the 46-year-old, four-time heavyweight champion of the world, Evander Holyfield, on 20 December 2008. Before the match, Valuev weighed 310.8 pounds (141 kg), nearly 100 pounds heavier than Holyfield at 214.3 pounds (97 kg). After a rather uneventful match with no knockdowns and few punches thrown by either fighter, Valuev won a widely disputed majority decision. In response to the controversial result the WBA announced plans to investigate the decision.

Loss to Haye
In his second defense on 7 November 2009, billed as 'David vs. Goliath ', Valuev faced off against former unified and lineal cruiserweight champion David Haye (22-1, 21 KOs) at the Arena Nürnberger Versicherung in Nuremberg. Valuev lost by a majority decision (114–114, 116–112, 116–112).

Retirement from boxing and health problems
Valuev announced his retirement from boxing in a Russian newspaper three days after the loss to Haye on 10 November 2009.

In 2010, Valuev's doctor went on record saying that he is treating Valuev for "serious bone and joint problems". Valuev underwent two operations that required at least six months on the sidelines.

Valuev confirmed in 2013 that medical advice was one of the reasons he is not planning to make a comeback in boxing.

Television career
Valuev's first role in a film was a cameo appearance in the German film 7 Zwerge – Der Wald ist nicht genug in 2006. In 2008, Valuev played the main role in the film Stonehead by Philip Yankovskiy, playing an ex-boxer who lost his memory. The film took the main prize at the film festival "Window to Europe". After the success of Stonehead, it was announced Valuev was being filmed in two new films at the same time.

In August 2016, Valuev became a presenter on Good Night, Little Ones!, Russia's long-running TV program for small children. He replaced Dmitry Malikov as the host.

Political career
In December 2011 Russian parliamentary election, Valuev became a member of the State Duma through the United Russia Party. On 17 December 2012, Valuev supported the law in the Russian Parliament banning adoption of Russian orphans by citizens of the US.

Following the IOC's decision to suspend Russia from participating in the Olympics under its flag due to the Russian state-sponsored doping scandal, Valuev said that Russia should go to the Olympics and "tear everyone apart to spite these bastards who want to kill our sport."

In September 2022, Valuev revealed he had been drafted to serve in the Russian armed forces.

Involvement in other sports
In 2011, Valuev became the general manager of the Russia national bandy team, and is tasked with developing the sport in the country. He is also the Vice-President of the Russian Bandy Federation. Bandy is considered a national sport in Russia.

Nikolai Valuev Boxing School and Youth Sports Foundation
In 2009, Valuev, together with a group of coaches, created the Nikolay Valuev Boxing School, with offices in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Oblast. The school is divided into three types of age groups: pupils (school terms 3-5), students (terms 6-8), and adults. School pupils participate and compete in various boxing matches, including the "Valuev Cup" youth boxing tournament, which became a regular competition in Saint Petersburg.

Filmography

 * 2001: The town – issue #89
 * 2003: Playing without rules – cameo
 * 2006: 7 Zwerge – Der Wald ist nicht genug – cameo
 * 2008: Rock Head – Yegor Golovin "Rock Head"
 * 2009: Path – a prisoner nicknamed "The Beast"
 * 2009: Fight without rules – Nicholas Shafts
 * 2011: Antique Watches – cameo
 * 2013: Bigfoot Files – himself

title: Nikolai Valuev


text:
Franciszek Kleeberg

Franciszek Kleeberg (1 February 1888, in Tarnopol – 5 April 1941, near Dresden) was a Polish general. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before joining the Polish Legions in World War I and following the Polish Independence later the Polish Army. During the German Invasion of Poland he commanded Independent Operational Group Polesie (Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie"). He never lost a battle in the Invasion of Poland, although he was eventually forced to surrender after his forces ran out of ammunition. Imprisoned in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, he died in a hospital in Dresden on 5 April 1941 and was buried there.

Early life
General Franciszek Kleeberg was born on 1 February 1888 in Tarnopol (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, next Tarnopol in interwar Poland again, now Ternopil Ukraine). He was of German and Swedish ancestry on his paternal side. His father, an officer of the Austrian Dragoons, took part in the Polish uprising of 1863/64. After the fall of the uprising he returned home, and according to the family legend said: "Now the country, Poland, will need good soldiers. 'Franek' will be a soldier." After graduation from the military vocational school at Hranice (Mährisch Weißkirchen) in Moravia, Kleeberg continued studies at military academy in Mödling, Lower Austria. Promoted to the 2nd Lieutenant in artillery, he served in the capital Vienna, where he completed studies at the Academy of the General Staff (k.u.k. Kriegsschule).

War experience
He took part in the First World War, first in the Austro-Hungarian army, and after May 1915 as an officer in the Polish Legion. He commanded a regiment in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919-21. In 1925 he completed studies at a French military school in Paris and became the commander of the Supreme Military School in Warsaw. After Jozef Pilsudski's coup d'état, he was dismissed from that post in 1927 and sent to command an infantry division in Grodno.

World War II
At the time of the outbreak of World War II he was the commander of the IX Army Corps in Brzesc in the rear operational zone. Yet soon the situation changed in view of massive enemy air raids and rapid advance of its armoured and mechanized troops. On 11 September 1939 his corps were transformed into the Operation Group Polesie, but were lacking in heavy equipment, and by 14 September were already in combat with the most advanced German troops. General Kleeberg managed to organize a defence by withdrawing dispersed units from under the strike of the German forces, but found many of his units also attacked by the Red army. He also managed to gather remnants of the Polish forces destroyed in the east to Vistula and south-east to Narew into a new grouping, with which he tried to break through towards besieged Warsaw. After hearing of Warsaw's capitulation, he dug his troops in, resulting in the battle of Kock. On 5 October 1939 General Kleeberg decided to surrender, as his forces were out of ammunition and food.

Death
General Kleeberg was imprisoned in Oflag IV-B Koenigstein, where he lost his sight and became unable to walk. He died aged 53 in the camp hospital and was buried in Dresden. In 1969, his remains were exhumed, brought to Poland and re-buried in Kock among the fallen soldiers of the Operation Group Polesie.

Promotions

 * podporucznik (lieutenant) – August 1908
 * porucznik (first lieutenant) – May 1913
 * kapitan (captain) – November 1915
 * major (major) – August 1917
 * podpułkownik (lieutenant colonel) – December 1918
 * pułkownik (colonel) – April 1920
 * generał brygady (brigadier general) – January 1928
 * generał dywizji (major general) – January 1943 (post-mortem)

Military awards

 * Virtuti Militari, Commander's Cross, (previously awarded Knight's Cross, Golden Cross and Silver Cross)
 * Polonia Restituta, Grand Cross awarded posthumously on 4 October 2009; (previously awarded Commander's Cross and Officer's Cross)
 * Cross of Valour 4 times
 * Military Merit Medal (Signum Laudis) (Austria-Hungary)
 * Commander of the Légion d'honneur (France)
 * Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd Class (Germany)
 * Order of Lāčplēsis, 3rd Class (Latvia)
 * Gold Cross of Merit (1937)

title: Franciszek Kleeberg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alpha Phi Delta

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was: KEEP, as follows: the nomination was withdrawn, Alpha phi delta is now a redirect to Alpha Phi Delta, and the contents of the previously independent articles have been merged, albeit sloppily, and a cleanup tag added to the mess. Tomer TALK 06:44, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Alpha Phi Delta
Delete Article has a merge tag on it, with Alpha phi delta, but the information is already included in the latter. KeithD (talk) 10:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Then it should have just been a redirect - no need to clutter VfD with it. Speedy redirect please. Proto t c 10:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nomination withdrawn. Sorry, you're right again. My mind's all over the place. KeithD (talk) 10:32, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

For proper capitalization, Alpha phi delta should redirect to Alpha Phi Delta. Zoe 20:15, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I came across this from the merge category - I think this is actually the correct capitalization, unless there is something I don't understand about American fraternities. No, scratch that, there's virtually nothing about american fraternities that I understand. But, I think that Alpha phi delta should redirect to Alpha Phi Delta. The former has much more content - would it be easier to delete Alpha Phi Delta to allow a move of Alpha phi delta, or is a cut and paste move ok? Trollderella 17:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:List of television stations in Sweden

Untitled
Where would "Öppna Kanalen" fit in, here? The Swedish "Open Channel" network. http://www.oppnakanalen.se

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Swedish public television isn't funded through a license fee anymore.
Hello fellow wikipedians!

Swedish television is today funded by an annual tax, not a license fee 81.16.161.49 (talk) 18:58, 6 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Night of the Creeps

Night of the Creeps is a 1986 American science fiction horror comedy film written and directed by Fred Dekker in his feature directorial debut, starring Jason Lively, Jill Whitlow, and Tom Atkins. The film is an earnest attempt at a B movie and an homage to the genre. While the main plot of the film is related to zombies, the film also mixes in takes on slashers and alien invasion films. Night of the Creeps did not perform well at the box office, but it developed a cult following.

In the film, a college student and his best friend steal a cadaver from a cryogenics lab, as part of an initiation rite in a local fraternity. The "corpse" is an undead body from the late 1950s, and is under the control of an extraterrestrial organism. Soon, several other people are infected with these alien slugs.

Plot
In 1959, on board a spacecraft, two aliens race to keep an experiment from being released by a third member of the crew. The seemingly possessed third alien shoots the canister into space where it crashes to Earth. Nearby, a college man takes his date to a parking spot when they see a falling star and investigate. It lands in the path of an escaped criminally insane mental patient. As his date is attacked by the axe-wielding maniac, the boy finds the canister, from which a small slug-like thing jumps out and into his mouth.

Twenty-seven years later in 1986, Chris Romero pines over a love lost, supported by his disabled friend J.C. Hooper. During pledge week at Corman University, Chris spots a girl, Cynthia Cronenberg, and falls instantly in love. To get her attention, he decides to join a fraternity. Cynthia's boyfriend, who heads the Beta Epsilon fraternity, tasks them with stealing a cadaver from the university medical center and depositing it on the steps of a rival fraternity house. Chris and J.C. find a frozen corpse in a secret room, but when it grabs them, they flee. The thawed corpse then kills a medical student working at the lab.

Detective Ray Cameron, a haunted cop, is called in to the cryogenics lab break-in, where he discovers one of the bodies – the boy who discovered the alien experiment in 1959 – is now missing, set free by Chris and J.C. The corpse makes its way back to the sorority house where he picked up his date twenty-seven years ago. There, his head splits open and releases more of the slugs. Called to the scene, Cameron finds the body, interpreting the condition of the head as the result of an axe wound in the face.

The next day, the fraternity brothers confront Chris and J.C., who they believe to be responsible for the previous night's incident. They are then taken in for questioning by the police. Based on the testimony of a janitor who witnessed them running out of the university medical center, "screaming like banshees," they confess to breaking in but deny moving the corpse. That night, the dead medical student rises from his slab and runs into the janitor.

Cynthia attempts to convince Chris and J.C. that the attacks are zombie-related, but they are skeptical. When J.C. sees Cynthia leaning on Chris' shoulder, J.C. leaves the two alone and is attacked by the slugs that emerge from the possessed janitor. After Chris walks Cynthia back to the sorority house, he runs into Cameron, who has overheard their conversation. At his house, Cameron explains to Chris that the escaped lunatic's 1959 victim was his ex-girlfriend, and that he secretly hunted down and killed the axe-murderer in revenge. After Cameron reveals that he buried the body under what is now the sorority house, he gets a call that the same axe-wielding lunatic has killed the house mother. Cameron blows off the corpse's head with his shotgun, which releases more slugs.

The next night, while everyone prepares for a formal dance, Chris finds a recorded message that J.C. posthumously left for him. J.C. says that the slugs have incubated in his brain, but he has discovered that they are susceptible to heat. He confesses his love to Chris, and wishes him luck with Cynthia. Chris recruits Cameron, who was in the midst of a suicide attempt, and they retrieve a flamethrower from the police armory. They arrive at the sorority house just as Cynthia breaks up with Brad, who has become possessed. After killing him, the Beta fraternity brothers show up, despite having been killed in a bus crash. Cynthia and Chris team up to destroy the outside zombies while Cameron clears the house.

After they stop the horde, Chris spots more slugs racing toward the basement; Cynthia explains that a member of the sorority had received specimen brains for biology class. In the basement, they find an enormous pile of slugs and Cameron, tape across his mouth, prepping a can of gasoline. The detective begins counting down as he splashes gasoline and Chris counts down in sync with him as he and Cynthia race out of the house. As Cameron opens up the house's gas valve, several slugs leap to attack him. He flicks his lighter and the house goes up in a fiery explosion. Chris and Cynthia share a kiss as they watch the house burn.

Endings
The film has two endings, one of which was used for the film's theatrical release and the other is the ending originally intended by director Fred Dekker.

In the theatrical version, the dog who caused the bus accident returns and approaches Cynthia. As Cynthia bends down toward it, the dog opens its mouth and a slug jumps out toward her.

The original ending shows Chris and Cynthia standing in front of the burning sorority house, with the camera moving to the street where police cars race towards the burning building. The police cars race by the charred and 'zombified' Cameron who is shuffling down the street, still smoking a cigarette, when he suddenly stops and falls to the ground. His head then bursts open, with the slugs that incubated inside his brain scamper out and slither towards a nearby cemetery, suggesting the slugs have found new hosts to inhabit. Searchlights appear from the night sky, revealing the source to be the spaceship from the beginning of the film, with the aliens intending to retrieve their experiment.

Cast
The characters' names are homages to horror directors.

Production
Director Fred Dekker originally wanted to shoot the film in black and white. He included every B movie cliche he could think of and insisted on directing the script himself. Most of the main characters (Romero, Carpenter, Raimi, Landis, Hooper, Cronenberg, Cameron, Steve Miner, Wes Craven, Mario Bava) are named after horror movie makers. The script was written in a week.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album, featuring Barry DeVorzon's score for the film (except tracks 22-26), was issued in 2009 by La-La Land Records. Asterisked tracks include sound effects.

 * 1) Main Title (3:32)
 * 2) The Axe Man Cometh (1:15)
 * 3) I'm Your Bud (:37)
 * 4) Cylo Lab/It's Alive (2:42)
 * 5) Thrill Me's Dream (:53)
 * 6) Cindy's Scream (3:43)
 * 7) Done With An Axe (:33)
 * 8) Screaming Like Banshees (1:23)
 * 9) Zombie Cat/Zombie (:27)
 * 10) The Bathroom Stall (2:38)
 * 11) Will You Go With Me? (1:12)
 * 12) I Took My Twelve Gauge/Return Of The Axe Man (2:15)
 * 13) I Already Killed You (2:06)
 * 14) What's The Tux For?*(1:08)
 * 15) J.C.'s Last Note (3:10)
 * 16) Zombie Dog/Turned Over Bus/Zombies Break Out (1:40)
 * 17) March Of The Zombies (5:42)
 * 18) The Count Down*(3:12)
 * 19) End Credit Suite (4:18)

Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) The Bathroom Stall (no overlay) (2:38)
 * 2) The Count Down – not used in final film (3:39)
 * 3) Smoke Gets In Your Eyes - The Platters (2:40)
 * 4) The Stroll - The Diamonds (2:30)
 * 5) Nightmares - C-Spot Run (4:39)
 * 6) Solitude (arr. Barry DeVorzon) (4:08)
 * 7) An Interview with Barry DeVorzon (8:46)

Release
Night of the Creeps was released on August 22, 1986, in the United States. In the Philippines, the film was released on March 5, 1987, with free "protector" stickers handed out for early moviegoers to put on during the screening. The domestic gross was $591,366 across 70 theaters.

In Cincinnati, Ohio and other cities, the movie was released as Homecoming Night.

Home video
The film was released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1986 by HBO/Cannon Video. Some of these feature the theatrical ending only.

The DVD and Blu-ray was released on October 27, 2009, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and contain the original ending along with some special features. Scream Factory re-released it on Blu-ray on June 18, 2019 with extra special features.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 73% of 22 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.7/10. Nina Darnton wrote that the film, though derivative, "shows a fair ability to create suspense, build tension and achieve respectable performances." Nigel Floyd of Time Out London wrote that the direction and special effects are poor, but the film is still "enjoyable enough in a ramshackle sort of way." Michael Gingold of Fangoria rated it 3.5/4 stars and called it "one of the year's most surprisingly entertaining fright features, one that homaged practically every subgenre imaginable, yet kept a sure hand on its tone and never descended into spoofery." Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 5/5 stars and called it "a classic in every sense of the word." Christopher Monfette of IGN rated it 7/10 and wrote that the film "shows its age" but is scary, gory, and has plenty of quotable lines. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club rated it C+ and wrote, "Night Of The Creeps has all the ingredients of a top-notch cult movie, yet Dekker too often ends up recycling clichés rather than subverting or spoofing them." Scott Weinberg of Fearnet wrote that the film is not for everyone, but it is "horror nerd nirvana". Eric Profancik of DVD Verdict called it "a great flick that deserves its cult status".

Later director Fred Dekker said: “It’s an odd movie. Nobody ever sets out to make a cult movie, but there are movies a wide audience will immediately take to, and there’s NIGHT OF THE CREEPS which is a strange mish-mash of detective story, horror movie, romance, science fiction and comedy. But that’s what special about it. At the end of the day I’m pleased with it. I pulled it off.“

Unofficial sequel
Zombie Town was marketed in some regions as a sequel, being alternatively titled Night of the Creeps 2: Zombie Town in Germany.

title: Night of the Creeps


text:
Livio Agresti

Livio Agresti (1508–1580), also called Ritius or Ricciutello, was an Italian painter of the late Renaissance or Mannerist period, active both in his native city of Forlì and in Rome, where he died. He was one of the members of the "Forlì painting school".

Biography
Initially a pupil of Francesco Menzocchi, in 1535 he painted the frescoes of the Eucharist and the Prophets for the Chapel of the Sacrament in Forlì Cathedral, now in the local art gallery, the Pinacoteca Civica di Forlì. In 1539, he painted in the Church of Santa Maria dei Servi. In 1542, he travelled to Ravenna, where he painted the canvas of Bishops now kept in Ariani Cathedral. He joined the Roman Accademia di San Luca in 1534. In 1544, he painted the frescoes of allegorical figures in the Sala Paolina of the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome, under the supervision of Perin del Vaga. Agresti also helped decorate the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome.

In 1555–6, he decorated the Gonzaga Chapel in the Church of Santo Spirito in Sassia with biblical scenes, and returned in 1574 to decorate the Chapel of the Trinity with more scenes from the New Testament.

The most recently discovered work of Agresti came to light in June 2009 in Cesena Cathedral, an oil on copper in depicting the patron saint of the city, Saint John the Baptist, assigned to the old master by Alex Cavallucci.

The Church of St John Maddermarket in Norwich has a large oil canvas of The Last Supper which, although attributed to Agresti, has no verifiable provenance.

One of his pupils was Litardo Piccioli.

Works

 * Cesena: Cesena Cathedral
 * Rome: Church of Santo Spirito in Sassia
 * Rome: Church of Santa Caterina dei Funari
 * Rome: Oratorio del Gonfalone
 * Rome: Church of Santa Maria della Consolazione
 * Tivoli: Villa d'Este, where he had the direction of decoration at the noble floor.
 * Vatican: Sala Regia (Vatican)
 * Forlì: Pinacoteca (Museum)
 * Roncofreddo: Pieve di Santa Paola with two frescoes: Madonna and Child and Saint Catherine of Alexandria
 * Terni: Terni Cathedral
 * Amelia: Church of San Giovanni Decollato ("Saint John Beheaded") or dell'Ospedaletto ("of the Hospital")
 * Narni: Pinacoteca (museum)
 * Bergen, Norway: Bergen Art Museum ("Autumn Allegory")

title: Livio Agresti


text:
Christina Obergföll

Christina Obergföll (born 22 August 1981) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. She was World Champion in 2013. Her personal best throw of 70.20 m is the German record. It also ranks her fifth on the overall list.

Career
At the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, Obergföll won the silver medal with a European record (70.03m) by finishing second behind Osleidys Menéndez, who set a new world record at the same event.

Obergföll finished 4th at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg.

With 70.20m, she improved her own European record at the European Cup Super League meeting in Munich on 23 June 2007.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she won the silver medal, but lost the European record to Barbora Špotáková.

At the 2012 Olympics in London, she repeated her greatest success, when she won a silver medal.

At the 2013 World Championships in Athletics, which was held in Moscow, Russia, Obergföll got the gold with a mark of 69.05 meters, reaching the success that she was always fighting for. Also in 2013, she married Boris Henry.

Obergföll took 2014 off due to being pregnant, but returned for the 2015 World Championships, where she finished fourth. In 2016, she finished eight at the Olympic Games and retired thereafter.

title: Christina Obergföll


text:
Aracely Arámbula

Aracely Arámbula Jáquez (born March 6, 1975), known professionally as Aracely Arámbula, is a Mexican actress, model, singer, television personality and entrepreneur.

Early life
Aracely Arambula Jáquez was born in Chihuahua City, Mexico, on March 6, 1975. At age 13, while attending high school, she began her road to fame, participating in beauty pageants. In 1996, Aracely won for "El rostro de El Heraldo de México", which launched her career.

Acting career
She began performing small roles in the telenovelas Prisionera de amor (1994), Acapulco, cuerpo y alma (1995) y Canción de Amor (1996). During her third year of studies at the Centro de Educación Artística of Televisa, Aracely received the opportunity to act in the telenovela Cañaveral de Pasiones.

In 1997 Aracely played the younger version of Veronica Castro's character in Pueblo Chico, Infierno Grande. Then acted in telenovelas El alma no tiene color and Rencor apasionado, where she played her first antagonistic role. Aracely Arambula got her first starring role in the teen telenovela Soñadoras (1998) and then participated in Alma Rebelde (1999).

Her consecration as the protagonist came with Abrázame muy fuerte produced by Salvador Mejía, in 2000. Aracely continued its success with the latest telenovela of her first stint as television actress: Las vías del amor (2002), where she also sang the theme song. Besides music and television, Aracely entered the theater with productions such as Muchachos de Nueva York, Coqueluche, and Hermanos de Sangre.

In 2008, Aracely paused in her acting career, but she took her time fame as hostess of the program Todo Bebé. In 2009, Aracely Arambula returned to television sets to star in the umpteenth version of Corazón salvaje, where she had a double role. In 2010, Aracely Arambula debuted as the protagonist of the play Perfume de Gardênia which many considered the rival show of Aventurera.

In 2013, Aracely returned to telenovelas with La Patrona, produced by Telemundo and Argos, where she shares credits with Christian Bach and Jorge Luis Pila. In addition she sang two songs for the telenovela. Also, after the success obtained in La Patrona, Telemundo chose her as the lead in a melodrama based on the classic novel by Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, which was produced in 2014.

Music career
She began in music singing nursery rhymes as part of a tribute to Francisco Gabilondo Soler entitled Ellas Cantan Cri Cri. In 2001, Arambula was part of the Abrazame Muy Fuerte soundtrack.

In 2003, Aracely Arambula was nominated at the Billboard Latin Music Awards in the categories of Best Album, Best Duo and Best Regional Mexican Song with her production "Sólo Tuya" (2003); subsequently released the studio album Sexy, produced by Selena's brother, A. B. Quintanilla. Arámbula also writes songs and plays guitar.

Arambula has recorded two songs for La Patrona. These songs include "La patrona" (the theme song of the telenovela), and "Juntos tú y yo". Arambula is currently working on an upcoming studio album she plans to release in 2014. "We are working on the album and you will soon know the music, meanwhile, sounds in "La Patrona" two songs that I sing. Would be an unpublished and grupero, I like that style because I am north", said Arambula.

Personal life
Arambula has also dabbled as an entrepreneur, lending her image for a perfume and cosmetics company in Mexico. Her brother, Dr. Leonardo Arámbula, has also served as her longtime manager. They own a spa in Mexico City together.

From 2005 to 2009, Arambula dated Luis Miguel. They have two sons Miguel (born January 1, 2007) and Daniel (born December 18, 2008).

title: Aracely Arámbula


text:
Video quality

Video quality is a characteristic of a video passed through a video transmission or processing system that describes perceived video degradation (typically compared to the original video). Video processing systems may introduce some amount of distortion or artifacts in the video signal that negatively impact the user's perception of the system. For many stakeholders in video production and distribution, ensuring video quality is an important task.

Video quality evaluation is performed to describe the quality of a set of video sequences under study. Video quality can be evaluated objectively (by mathematical models) or subjectively (by asking users for their rating). Also, the quality of a system can be determined offline (i.e., in a laboratory setting for developing new codecs or services) or in-service (to monitor and ensure a certain level of quality).

From analog to digital video
Since the world's first video sequence was recorded and transmitted, many video processing systems have been designed. Such systems encode video streams and transmit them over various kinds of networks or channels. In the age of analog video systems, it was possible to evaluate the quality aspects of a video processing system by calculating the system's frequency response using test signals (for example, a collection of color bars and circles).

Digital video systems have almost fully replaced analog ones, and quality evaluation methods have changed. The performance of a digital video processing and transmission system can vary significantly and depends on many factors, including the characteristics of the input video signal (e.g., amount of motion or spatial details), the settings used for encoding and transmission, and the channel fidelity or network performance.

Objective video quality
Objective video quality models are mathematical models that approximate results from subjective quality assessment, in which human observers are asked to rate the quality of a video. In this context, the term model may refer to a simple statistical model in which several independent variables (e.g., the packet loss rate on a network and the video coding parameters) are fit against results obtained in a subjective quality evaluation test using regression techniques. A model may also be a more complicated algorithm implemented in software or hardware.

Terminology
The terms model and metric are often used interchangeably in the field to mean a descriptive statistic that provides an indicator of quality. The term “objective” refers to the fact that, in general, quality models are based on criteria that can be measured objectively, that is, free from human interpretation. They can be automatically evaluated by a computer program. Unlike a panel of human observers, an objective model should always deterministically output the same quality score for a given set of input parameters.

Objective quality models are sometimes also referred to as instrumental (quality) models, in order to emphasize their application as measurement instruments. Some authors suggest that the term “objective” is misleading, as it “implies that instrumental measurements bear objectivity, which they only do in cases where they can be generalized.”

Classification of objective video quality models
Objective models can be classified by the amount of information available about the original signal, the received signal, or whether there is a signal present at all:
 * Full Reference Methods (FR): FR models compute the quality difference by comparing the original video signal against the received video signal. Typically, every pixel from the source is compared against the corresponding pixel in the received video, with no knowledge about the encoding or transmission process in between. More elaborate algorithms may choose to combine the pixel-based estimation with other approaches, such as those described below. FR models are usually the most accurate, at the expense of higher computational effort. As they require the availability of the original video before transmission or coding, they cannot be used in all situations (e.g., where the quality is measured from a client device).
 * Reduced Reference Methods (RR): RR models extract some features of both videos and compare them to give a quality score. They are used when all the original video is not available or when it would be practically impossible to do so, e.g., in a transmission with a limited bandwidth. This makes them more efficient than FR models at the expense of lower accuracy.
 * No-Reference Methods (NR): NR models try to assess the quality of a distorted video without any reference to the original signal. Due to the absence of an original signal, they may be less accurate than FR or RR approaches but are more efficient to compute. The Video Quality Experts Group has a dedicated working group on developing no-reference metrics (called NORM).
 * Pixel-Based Methods (NR-P): Pixel-based models use a decoded representation of the signal and analyze the quality based on the pixel information. Some of these evaluate specific degradation types only, such as blurring or other coding artifacts.
 * Parametric/Bitstream Methods (NR-B): These models make use of features extracted from the transmission container and/or video bitstream, e.g., MPEG-TS packet headers, motion vectors, and quantization parameters. They do not have access to the original signal and require no decoding of the video, which makes them more efficient. In contrast to NR-P models, they have no access to the final decoded signal. In some cases, the prediction accuracy of bitstream-based metrics can reach one full reference without requiring a reference.
 * Hybrid Methods (Hybrid NR-P-B): Hybrid models combine parameters extracted from the bitstream with a decoded video signal. They are therefore a mix between the NR-P and NR-B models.

Use of picture quality models for video quality estimation
Some models that are used for video quality assessment (such as PSNR or SSIM) are simply image quality models, whose output is calculated for every frame of a video sequence. An overview of recent no-reference image quality models has also been given in a journal paper by Shahid et al.

The quality measure of every frame in a video (as determined by an image quality model) can then be recorded and pooled over time to assess the quality of an entire video sequence. While this method is easy to implement, it does not factor in certain kinds of degradations that develop over time, such as the moving artifacts caused by packet loss and its concealment. A video quality model that considers the temporal aspects of quality degradations, like VQM or the MOVIE Index, may be able to produce more accurate predictions of human-perceived quality.

Video quality artifacts
The estimation of visual artifacts is a well known technique for estimating overall video quality. The majority of these artifacts are compression artifacts caused by lossy compression. Some of the attributes typically estimated by pixel-based metrics include:

Spatial Temporal
 * Blurring — a result of loss of high spatial frequency image detail, usually at sharp edges.
 * Blocking — is caused by multiple algorithms because of the internal representation of an image with blocks size 8, 16, or 32. With specific parameters, they can average pixels inside a block making blocks distinct
 * Ringing, echoing or ghosting - takes the form of a “halo,” band, or “ghost” near sharp edges.
 * Color bleeding — occurs when the edges of one colour in the image unintentionally bleeds or overlaps into another colour
 * Staircase noise — is a special case of blocking along a diagonal or curved edge. Rather than rendering as smooth, it takes on the appearance of stair steps
 * Flickering — is usually frequent brightness or colour changes along the time dimension. It is often broken out as fine-grain flickering and coarse-grain flickering.
 * Mosquito noise — a variant of flickering, it’s typified as haziness and/or shimmering around high-frequency content (sharp transitions between foreground entities and the background or hard edges).
 * Floating — refers to illusory motion in certain regions while the surrounding areas remain static. Visually, these regions appear as if they were floating on top of the surrounding background
 * Jerkiness or judder — is the perceived uneven or wobbly motion due to frame sampling. It’s often caused by the conversion of 24 fps movies to a 30 or 60 fps video format.

Examples of video quality metrics
This section lists examples of video quality metrics.

Training and performance evaluation
Since objective video quality models are expected to predict results given by human observers, they are developed with the aid of subjective test results. During the development of an objective model, its parameters should be trained so as to achieve the best correlation between the objectively predicted values and the subjective scores, often available as mean opinion scores (MOS).

The most widely used subjective test materials are in the public domain and include still pictures, motion pictures, streaming video, high definition, 3-D (stereoscopic), and special-purpose picture quality-related datasets. These so-called databases are created by various research laboratories around the world. Some of them have become de facto standards, including several public-domain subjective picture quality databases created and maintained by the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE) as well the Tampere Image Database 2008. A collection of databases can be found in the QUALINET Databases repository. The Consumer Digital Video Library (CDVL) hosts freely available video test sequences for model development.

Some databases also provide pre-computed metric scores to allow others to benchmark new metrics against existing ones. Examples can be seen in the table below

In theory, a model can be trained on a set of data in such a way that it produces perfectly matching scores on that dataset. However, such a model will be over-trained and will therefore not perform well on new datasets. It is therefore advised to validate models against new data and use the resulting performance as a real indicator of the model's prediction accuracy.

To measure the performance of a model, some frequently used metrics are the linear correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and the root mean square error (RMSE). Other metrics are the kappa coefficient and the outliers ratio. ITU-T Rec. P.1401 gives an overview of statistical procedures to evaluate and compare objective models.

Uses and application of objective models
Objective video quality models can be used in various application areas. In video codec development, the performance of a codec is often evaluated in terms of PSNR or SSIM. For service providers, objective models can be used for monitoring a system. For example, an IPTV provider may choose to monitor their service quality by means of objective models, rather than asking users for their opinion, or waiting for customer complaints about bad video quality. Few of these standards have found commercial applications, including PEVQ and VQuad-HD. SSIM is also part of a commercially available video quality toolset (SSIMWAVE). VMAF is used by Netflix to tune their encoding and streaming algorithms, and to quality-control all streamed content. It is also being used by other technology companies like Bitmovin and has been integrated into software such as FFmpeg.

An objective model should only be used in the context that it was developed for. For example, a model that was developed using a particular video codec is not guaranteed to be accurate for another video codec. Similarly, a model trained on tests performed on a large TV screen should not be used for evaluating the quality of a video watched on a mobile phone.

Other approaches
When estimating quality of a video codec, all the mentioned objective methods may require repeating post-encoding tests in order to determine the encoding parameters that satisfy a required level of visual quality, making them time consuming, complex and impractical for implementation in real commercial applications. There is ongoing research into developing novel objective evaluation methods which enable prediction of the perceived quality level of the encoded video before the actual encoding is performed.

Subjective video quality
The main goal of many-objective video quality metrics is to automatically estimate the average user's (viewer's) opinion on the quality of a video processed by a system. Procedures for subjective video quality measurements are described in ITU-R recommendation BT.500 and ITU-T recommendation P.910. In such tests, video sequences are shown to a group of viewers. The viewers' opinion is recorded and averaged into the mean opinion score to evaluate the quality of each video sequence. However, the testing procedure may vary depending on what kind of system is tested.

title: Video quality


text:
Trym Torson

Kai Johnny Mosaker (born 1974), known professionally as Trym Torson or just Trym, is a Norwegian drummer, formerly with Zyklon. Torson started playing in the extreme metal band Enslaved and was later invited to play in black metal band Emperor. He co-founded Zyklon together with Emperor member Samoth. His style is heavily influenced by jazz, and he is known for his fast playing, often consisting of blast beats and double-bass drumming. He is also a tattoo artist.

In 2007, Torson lent his voice to an animated character from the Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse, in the episode "Dethfashion". He also played on Egyptian artist Nader Sadek's Faceless project, contributing drums on the song Faithless written by Steve Tucker. Torson recorded most of the drums on the Abigail Williams album In the Shadow of a Thousand Suns.

Trym is most recently dabbling in filmmaking as a producer and actor. He began production on a feature film in April 2012, with his longtime friend, Stacy Paul Rugely, an established filmmaker and musician himself.

Bands
Current and former bands
 * Emperor
 * Enslaved
 * Imperium
 * Satyricon – live session (2004)
 * Shadow Season
 * Paganize
 * Ceremony (US death metal band)
 * Zyklon
 * Abigail Williams

title: Trym Torson


text:
Pull up

Pull up may refer to:

 * Pull-up (exercise), an upper body exercise
 * Pull-up resistor, a technique in digital electronics
 * Pull up, a code refactoring technique used in object-oriented programming
 * Pull up, the process of changing a film from one frame rate to another - see telecine
 * Training pants, a form of diaper that is in one solid piece, in the same form as underwear, lacking taped sides
 * Pull-up jumper, a basketball move in which a player dribble drives, stops and shoots a jump shot
 * Pull up, to stop or slow a racehorse during or after a race or workout
 * "PULL UP", an audible warning given by the ground proximity warning systems of many fixed-wing aircraft

Music

 * Pull Up (album), a 2008 album by Johan
 * "Pull Up" (KSI song), 2019
 * "Pull Up" (Lil Mosey song), 2017
 * "Pull Up" (Wiz Khalifa song), 2016
 * "Pull Up", a song by Chris Brown from Heartbreak on a Full Moon, 2017
 * "Pull Up", a song by KSI from New Age, 2019
 * "Pull Up", a song by Lil Wayne from Free Weezy Album, 2015
 * "Pull Up", a song by Martin Jensen, 2018
 * "Pull Up", a song by Mr. Vegas, 2004
 * "Pull Up", a song by Rich Gang featuring Ralo Stylz, Jacquees and Birdman from Diary of the Streets 2, 2016
 * "Pull Up", a song by Toosii from Naujour, 2023
 * "Pull Up (WYA)", a song by DreamDoll, 2018

title: Pull up


text: File:London Voodoo poster.jpg

title: File:London Voodoo poster.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of people known as war heroes (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. JYolkowski // talk 21:49, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

List of people known as war heroes
This list is not and has no potential to become encyclopedic. The concept of a "war hero" is inherently POV and, more often than not, dependent on specific cultural context. As such, this page is liable to become the breeding ground for edit wars. The page, at present, lists a somewhat random collection of soldiers without any apparent rhyme or reason. The page has lasted for at least eighteen months without the development or use of inclusion criteria.

I would argue that this is so because there is no possibility of developing a satsifactory system that would be both neutral and useful. For most people heroism is not simply the effective discharging of one's duty. It implies something special, something particularly daring. Yet the phrase "war hero" seems to generally connote any effective military leader. On that grounds, this list might contain thousands upon thousands of generals and admirals, with endless debates over whether each one is "heroic" or "considered heroic." Therein lies the other problem. Someone who is heroic for one group of people is anathema to another. The British might still consider Lord Kitchener a war hero, but to many people of Afrikaner descent he's a war criminal. Which is he? Depends on who you talk to.

Brings me to my last point. This list, as it stands, is original research. It's a compilation based on subjective criteria and value judgements, which cannot be independently verified. We aren't here to judge who's a hero and who's not. Now, the link at the bottom to recipients of the Victoria Cross–that's useful. That's a list of people that the British consider heroic. This is a list of people that members of the Wikipedia community consider heroic. Mackensen (talk) 10:32, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - one man's terroist is another's war hero, and vice versa. I can foresee far too many hideous edit wars popping up over this, so just nip it in the bud.  Too PoV and trollbaity. Proto t c 11:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - I reworked the intro paragraph for NPOV and it seems ok now -- Ryan Norton T 11:39, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I was thinking it could work if you requried like 5 media sources for each entry.... but I do agree it might not be worth it on second thought -- Ryan Norton T 11:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - this list is a dead loss. It can never be sufficiently comprehensive as to be fair. I agree that it is not and can never be encyclopaedic. Any value it has is easily outweighted by the counterproductive controversy and likely offence that it will cause. Keeping it will only result in further argument over who should be known as 'edit war heroes'. Peeper 11:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, inherent POV. Radiant_ >|< 11:45, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Pperos. Meelar (talk) 14:04, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but maybe not in this form, I was surprised by the 'worst movies ever' page, and how good that article was, this seems to be the same issue. Trollderella 16:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Its would be good for biographical reasons, true that not all may view certain people as "heros". Agree with Trollderella maybe different form Tucats 16:47, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Let me suggest to the above two voters that what they really want is an article entitled "War hero," which currently redirects to this list. At war hero there could be a discussion of what a war hero is, without attempting to create a list. This way, someone can read the discussed criteria and decide for themselves, who they think is a war hero. Mackensen (talk) 19:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I disagree with the above two votes. This can never be comprehensive or even consistent and therefore is inherently unencyclopedic.  There is no standard for asserting someone is a war hero so who judges whom to include.  Most of the soldiers who have died in Iraq are being called 'heroes'.  Four Canadian soldiers who died in a friendly-fire accident in Afghanistan are referred to as heroes.  Slaughtered Belgian Peacekeepers in Rwanda are considered Belgian heroes.  None of these should really make this list - but whose call is that going to be?  I say this should be tossed as a flawed enterprise.  If it stays it should be renamed to List of people known as war heroes that we can think of with more to be added as they occur to us. Dottore So 16:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at least retitled to "people declared by the media to be war heros". Sdedeo 17:30, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is there any notable soldier that's not being called a war-hero in the media? It's too broad, it's too vague, it's too POV.--Prosfilaes 17:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This list will always be POV and controversial. Also a war hero is a subjective definition. Usually war heroes are defined by the winning side of a war/conflict while the "heroes" of the losing side are usually eliminated from history.--Joelito 18:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep just because it will be difficult to reach an impartial middle ground on this issue doesn't meen that we should ignore it. True, the line between hero and terrorist is similar to the line between rebel and revoltionary, like I said, difficult, not impossible... HoratioVitero 18:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that every one of this user's edits, save for one minor edit to Bible, is to VfD. Zoe 21:35, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Further note that if you had taken the tiem to look at my user page you would see that I prefer to include things rather than delete them, it would therefore make sense that I refrain from raping other peopel's entries with out significant motivation HoratioVitero 22:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There's also the problem of original research. As it stands, this "article" is completely and totally unsourced. Mackensen (talk) 19:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, inherently POV. Zoe 20:27, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inherently POV and potentially unmanagably large. Fernando Rizo T/C 21:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inherent POV. --TheMidnighters 22:07, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Every war's got two sides, and one side's hero is the other side's villain. Agree with the idea of a generic War hero article per Mackensen above. —Charles O'Rourke 23:39, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Per nom. Marskell 09:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Double Jeopardy

Double jeopardy is a type of procedural defence in legal terminology.

Double jeopardy may also refer to:

Film

 * Double Jeopardy (1955 film), starring Rod Cameron
 * Double Jeopardy (1992 film), a TV movie starring Rachel Ward and Bruce Boxleitner
 * Double Jeopardy (1996 film), a TV movie starring Joe Penny, Teri Garr, Brittany Murphy, Shawn Hatosy, Rutanya Alda, and Karyn Dwyer
 * Double Jeopardy (1999 film), starring Tommy Lee Jones and Ashley Judd

Television

 * Double Jeopardy!, the second round of the TV game show Jeopardy!
 * "Double Jeopardy" (Highlander), an episode of the TV series Highlander: The Series
 * "Double Jeopardy" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1
 * "Double Jeopardy" (Beast Wars), an episode of the Beast Wars series
 * "Double Jeopardy" (CSI: Miami), an episode of the CSI: Miami series
 * "Double Jeopardy", an episode in season 2 of the TV series The Good Wife
 * Double Jeopardy (Lois & Clark episode), season 3 episode of Lois & Clark
 * Double Jeopardy (Haven), season 3 episode of Haven
 * Double Jeopardy, season 1 episode of The Colbys
 * Double Jepoardy (Watch My Chops) Season 1 Episode 18 Of Watch My Chops

Literature

 * Double Jeopardy (Hardy Boys)
 * Double Jeopardy (Pratt novel), by Fletcher Pratt
 * Double Jeopardy (StarFist novel), by Dan Cragg and David Sherman
 * Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female (pamphlet), a 1969 pamphlet by Frances M. Beal

Music

 * Double Jeopardy (album), Akon album

In other uses

 * Double jeopardy (marketing), a statistical phenomenon in marketing
 * Double Jeopardy Clause, protections in the United States constitution
 * Double jeopardy or triple oppression, a theory about discrimination and oppression

title: Double Jeopardy


text:
User talk:DEng

Proposed deletion of AquaLogic

The article AquaLogic has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Can find no notable sources on this company, google search gets sources mainly for a company that makes water treatment stuff.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Iwilsonp (talk) 23:49, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DEng


text:
Eduard Schwyzer

Eduard Schwyzer (15 February 1874, Zürich – 3 May 1943, Berlin) was a Swiss Classical philologist and Indo-European linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Greek dialects.

He was a professor in Zürich 1912–1926, in Bonn from 1927 and in Berlin from 1932. 1898–1927 and 1934–1943 he also worked for the Schweizerisches Idiotikon, first as an editor, later reading all correction sheets.

Works

 * Grammatik der Pergamenischen Inschriften 1898
 * Dialectorum graecarum exempla epigraphica potiora 1923
 * Griechische Grammatik I 1939, II 1950
 * Kleine Schriften, 1983, ed. R. Schmitt

title: Eduard Schwyzer


text:
User:Hohohob

Who am I?
I am a student from and living in Sydney, Australia.

For a long time, I was just a user (like many others) to Wikipedia, and then the glamour and coolness of fixing typos and contributing faded away during the later years of high school. At some stage, I wanted to go to some of the Sydney meetups to meet other users/contributors and understand why they contribute.

I like to think of myself as a quiet contributor, fixing typos, and doing the simple things that improve Wikipedia. I have contributed to some items noted at WikiProject Sydney, notably railway station photos.

My Babel
In no particular order. And very outdated, but still fun to read

Other Userpages

 * My Commons User Page

title: User:Hohohob


text:
Talk:Georgy Flyorov

Untitled
Thanks for cleaning things up, Meelar. I don't have the flare for the typical Wiki-layout quite yet. --Kate 10:34, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Renaming
I believe that we should rename this article from Georgy Flyorov to Georgy Flerov. Honestly, I have basically never seen his name used as Flyorov. Any comments put below and also in my talk page. Thx. Duran 22:28, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I would have to agree. I mean, even the stamp that Russia issued in his honor spells the name as Flerov. 71.71.57.15 (talk) 17:27, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Flerov small.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:59, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

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Flyorov quotes for Russian Wikiquote
Some are here (there are some at the entrance to the JINR). Double sharp (talk) 05:06, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Footnote 4 Needs A Tweak
I'm sorry, I don't know quite how to fix footnote 4, ''Cochran TB et al. (1995) Making the Russian bomb from Stalin to Yeltsin Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Natural Resources Defense Council'' The "archived" version is correct but the first underlined docs.ndrc URL is a dead lead, so it needs to be un-underlined. David Lloyd-Jones (talk) 10:50, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
I'd be very surprised if this isn't referenced eventually inasmuch as it's the most profound incident in the real world of such. I haven't been able to find that characterization as of yet, so stay tuned. kencf0618 (talk) 13:59, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Georgy Flyorov


text:
User:Oncogene

An oncogene is a gene that can cause a cell to develop into a tumor cell, possibly resulting in cancer.

But Oncogene is also an online character with an affinity for Russian language, history, culture, and a bit of bacteriology & epidemiology on the side. Oncogene has been seen watching classic movies and listening to odd music from small countries.

title: User:Oncogene


text:
Rhys Wesser

Rhys Joseph Wesser (born 31 March 1979) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a. During his 14 seasons in the NRL, he played for the Penrith Panthers, with whom he won the 2003 NRL Premiership, and the South Sydney Rabbitohs. His 113 tries for the Penrith Panthers is a club record. Wesser was also a Queensland and Indigenous Dreamtime representative.

Background
Born in Rockhampton, Queensland, Wesser is of Aboriginal and South Sea Islander (Vanuatuan) descent. He played junior rugby league in his hometown with the Rockhampton Brothers.

At age 16, Wesser was selected for the Queensland under-17s representative side. Wesser finished his schooling at Emmaus College, Rockhampton, and also helped his School side take out the Mal Meninga Under 19s Cup, being the fourth fastest 19-year-old in the state, running times around 100 metres in 11 seconds.

Penrith Panthers
Debuting in 1998 Wesser moved from his hometown of Rockhampton to the foot of the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, to play for the Penrith Panthers but he found trouble in pushing for a first-grade spot with Peter Jorgensen holding that title.

Three years later Rhys was given the opportunity to play first grade with the departure of Jorgensen. Wesser scored ten tries in his debut season despite Penrith finishing last on the premiership table.

In 2002, he scored a Penrith club record of nineteen tries, including three hat-tricks, and was dubbed "Rhys-Lightning" and soon became a crowd favourite with his acceleration and line-breaking ability. The following season Wesser bettered his own record by scoring on 25 occasions, earning the title of the most prolific try-scoring fullback for a season in the history of Australian rugby league. The Panthers won their second premiership title, beat the Sydney Roosters in the 2003 NRL grand final in which Wesser played at fullback.

As 2003 NRL premiers, the Penrith travelled to England to face 2003 Super League champions, the Bradford Bulls in the 2004 World Club Challenge. Wesser played at in the Panthers' 22–4 loss. Wesser's try-scoring declined in 2004 with the addition of Amos Roberts to the squad but he still scored thirteen tries.

Wesser was selected to play for Queensland in the 2004 State of Origin series. Wesser made the Aboriginal selection in the exhibition game against the New Zealand Māori side as part of the official opening of the 2008 World Cup on 26 October.

In 2008, Wesser announced that he would be joining the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 2009 for a two-year deal. Wesser's 113 tries is the most scored by any Penrith player.

South Sydney Rabbitohs
In only the second round of the 2009 season, his first with Souths, Wesser injured his knee. He made his return to the field in the 2010 NRL season.

On 12 August 2011, Wesser announced that he would be retiring at the end of the season. He was unable to finish his final season of Rugby League due to another knee injury sustained late in the season.

title: Rhys Wesser


text:
Talk:Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Untitled
The Analytik Jena being the first commercially available, is there a source for that? Also, their company history says they were founded in 1990, is this a second company picking up where the first left off. If not, how could they be the first to offer a commercially available AAS? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.86.230.88 (talk) 04:42, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

No commercially available atomic absorption spectrometers use acetylene+oxygen flames. It is only possible to safely use this mixture when the gases are mixed at the point of combustion - as in a welding torch, and the mixture cannot be used to establish a stable, long pathlength flame that is needed. All AA flames use pre-mixed combusion gases, almost invariably air+acetylene (about 2300'C) or nitrous oxide+acetylene (around 3000'C). Steve Morton.

Wow this article downright blows compared to the De version. Anyone know german?--Deglr6328 01:17, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * To be fair, the German version is on "atomic spectroscopy," so it covers a wider range of topics. -Kholst

I worked for Analytik Jena USA from 2007-08 and trained for a few weeks on their equipment, and helped launch the ContrAA in N. America at PittCon and by lecturing in Mexico. They deserve credit for beating this old horse when most have given up in favor of ICP. The reason you see a lot of AJ stuff on this page is because they are pushing the technology forward. Jamball77 (talk) 04:05, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

I'll take a look at the German version. Jamball77 (talk) 04:06, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

ICP for AA? To the best of my knowledge ICP is used in emission spectroscopy / MS not absolution. Jasoninkid (talk) 16:50, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I've only ever seen/used ICP for Emmission, never absorbtion.. but it does actually exist. It's just rare. Zatnik (talk) 23:36, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Commercial Product Photos; Acceptable or Not Acceptable? WHY is it acceptable to show AnalytikJENA commercial equipment, but not show Tekran equipment for the CVAFS article?? INCONSISTENT EDITING MUCH?? WPostma. June 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.49.111.140 (talk) 15:45, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It has nothing to do with what the image depicts; the issue is whether the image is copyrighted or not, and whether its license allows Wikipedia to use it.—Tetracube (talk) 16:11, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

VG-AAS - somebody more literate than I am should put this in. It isn't even mentioned. Zatnik (talk) 23:36, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atomic absorption spectroscopy


text:
Talk:Loredana Groza

Rina
I have left a question at Reference desk/Entertainment. Do you have an answer? --Error (talk) 21:23, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Plagiarism and hidden note
The following hidden note has been placed in the article right after Lele, Lele song, reffering to it, by myself few seconds ago:

 * The song should be accused of plagiarism, all of the background beats are stolen from the 2003 song "BBC News (Laurent Wolf Club Mix)" by Kapture, disocgs link here: http://www.discogs.com/Kapture-BBC-News/master/137563 - nothing wrong with sampling full beats but at least the original composer should have been accredited

--TudorTulok (talk) 18:27, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Also on whosampled.com--TudorTulok (talk) 19:41, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Loredana Groza


text:
User talk:Mr Swine.

Mr Swine has not been blocked yet, absolutely miraculous - surely only a matter of time before he is nobbled - --Mr Swine 17:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * wikipedia is an attempt to create an enclopedia. It is not here for you to troll. If you don't change what you are doing the miraculous time will end.Geni 19:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What the fuck are you talkin bout on my page.--Muc Fíníneach 20:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You are a bit of a saddo wanker if you ask me dedicating yourself to that silly Fenian Swine. It's not like either of us even know him. Tunney 22:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree l r.--Muc Fíníneach 22:35, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you thick or just stupid, Jesus Christ how does anyone put up with a wanker like you. I bet you're some ten year old prick whose probably wanking off to me writing this and thinks I give half a shit. Go f**k yourself, you're not funny and not outrageous like you think you are. Tunney 23:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't worry Tunney he is a unionist,northsider.He is your classic scanger trying to act like a british chav.Cuntásoir agus shagas.--Muc Fíníneach 23:37, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The funniest thing is he's being ridiculed by you, his hero.heheheTunney

23:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought some of the administrators were sad till I saw this fucking stalker bastard.--

Muc Fíníneach 23:45, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh no,this user got a life time block. ; ).

HaHa. You're blocked, wanker. Tunney 00:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Preserved in honour of that fine individual known as: Mr McTunney and Mr McFíníneach

Image:Dev.jpg
Hello, Mr Swine.. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Dev.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Mr Swine.. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 00:23, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr Swine.


text:
Conflict: Middle East

Conflict: Middle East is a 1991 video game published by Strategic Simulations.

Gameplay
Conflict: Middle East is a game in which a brigade-level simulation is set in the Middle East, and each game turn takes half of a day.

Reception
Alan Emrich and Gary E. Smith reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Documented warfare has gone on in this region for over 4,000 years; Conflict: Middle East allows one to explore the more recent battles there and in some highly polished detail. It also offers insight into the great Israeli nightmare "what if" (another war). One can see the effects of that "no land to trade for peace" mentality at the peace conferences making today's headlines."

Amiga Action rated the game 74% and said "Without a doubt SSI are the kings of the strategy market. Barely a month goes by without them releasing something. By now many people will be familiar with their operating system and will be able to plough into Conflict: Middle East without any problems. SSI fans will enjoy this product but unfortunately this sort of thing has been seen so many times before."

Reviews

 * ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) - Sep, 1991
 * Amiga Power - Oct, 1991

title: Conflict: Middle East


text:
Perth Central Area Transit

The Perth Central Area Transit (Perth CAT) system, or simply CAT, consists of five bus routes in the centre of Perth and three bus routes in Joondalup. CAT services formerly operated in Fremantle, and similar services exist in Rockingham (the City Centre Transit System) and Midland (the Midland Gate Shuttle). Unlike all other Transperth services, most CAT routes are free.

Perth CAT
On 23 September 1996, MetroBus commenced operating two CAT routes: the Red CAT and the Blue CAT, replacing the City Clipper services that had operated since September 1973. The Yellow CAT was commenced in 2002 and the Green CAT route began on 30 June 2013. The Purple CAT commenced on 27 February 2022. These CAT services are operated by Transdev WA.

Initially Perth CAT buses stopped at every stop, but with the introduction of the Purple CAT service passengers are now required to hail incoming buses and press the bell if they wish to alight.

Blue CAT
The Blue CAT runs between Kings Park and Perth Busport in Northbridge via Elizabeth Quay Bus Station as bus route number 1

Red CAT
The Red CAT runs between West Perth and East Perth as bus route number 2. During peak times a shorter Red CAT travels between the Forrest Place stop opposite Perth railway station and the West Perth stop as bus route number 4 to meet high demand for travel between these. In addition, the West Perth Loop of the Red CAT travels from Perth Underground to Raine Square.

Yellow CAT
The Yellow CAT, introduced on 15 December 2002, runs between East Perth and West Perth as bus route number 3.

Green CAT
The Green CAT commenced on 1 July 2013, and runs between Leederville railway station and Elizabeth Quay Bus Station as bus route number 5. Intended to ease congestion in the central business district, the Green CAT does not run on weekends nor on public holidays.

Purple CAT
The Purple CAT commenced on 27 February 2022, and runs between the University of Western Australia and Elizabeth Quay Bus Station via the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre as bus route number 6.

Joondalup CAT
The Joondalup CAT started operating on 9 January 2006. It is currently operated by Swan Transit since 20 January 2020. It runs Monday to Friday around the Joondalup central business district as bus routes 10 (anticlockwise) and 11 (clockwise).

On Mondays to Thursdays, Joondalup CAT also runs around the Joondalup Campus of Edith Cowan University as route 13, but only on the university's operating days.

Fremantle CAT
A Fremantle CAT service operated in Fremantle between August 2000 and October 2023. Originating in 1997 as the Fremantle Clipper, it only operated on weekdays and public holidays with a 15 minute frequency. The original route alignment spanned between Beach Street and Parry Street on the north and south parts of the Fremantle CBD respectively. The contract to run the service was awarded to Path Transit, which was part of the Australian Transit Enterprises (now Keolis Downer) ownership, using their own (not PTA purchased) low-entry, Volgren CR221L-bodied, Dennis Dart SLF. It was then subsequently awarded to Southern Coast Transit (now Transdev WA).

The service was reintroduced in August 2000 as the incumbent Fremantle CAT and upgraded to run seven days a week with a frequency of 8 to 10 minutes, using short wheelbase Volgren CR225L-bodied Mercedes-Benz O405NH's sporting dedicated orange livery and fleet numbers 1178, 1179 and 1180.

The route alignment was amended at the same time and expanded to South Street, then further south to Douro Road in February 2002. The final extension to the Maritime Museum took place in December 2003. In May 2011, the original figure-8 alignment was split into 2 different colour-coded variations. Initially referred simply as the North Loop and South Loop during public consultation, it later became the Red CAT and Blue CAT respectively. October 2017 saw the Mercedes-Benz O405NHs withdrawn from the service and redeployed on regular Transperth routes until 2020; they were replaced with the Volgren CR228L-bodied Mercedes-Benz OC500LEs that were previously used on the Perth CATs. They sported fleet numbers 114 (ex-CAT8), 115 (ex-CAT9) and 116 (ex-CAT10) and also their own dedicated livery.

Following a funding reduction by the City of Fremantle as a result from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Red CAT service ceased operations on 15 August 2020. The Blue CAT frequency was also reduced to every 20 minute until October 2023, when the Fremantle CAT ceased operating after the City of Fremantle declined to continue co-funding the free service in May 2023. To compensate, the existing 532 bus route now operates more short trips along South Terrace, terminating at Hampton Rd after Culver St. The Blue CAT, and the Fremantle CAT as a whole, have been withdrawn.

Rockingham City Centre Transit System
The Rockingham City Centre Shuttle started operation on 23 December 2007. It is the only CAT service that charges a fare. It travels between Rockingham railway station and Rockingham Centre. It runs as bus route 555.

Midland Gate Shuttle
The Midland Gate Shuttle started operation on 5 July 2009. It runs as route 300 and does not operate on Sundays and Public holidays. It travels in an anti-clockwise circle from Midland station around Midland Gate Shopping Centre and then back to Midland station.

Fleet
Perth CAT

title: Perth Central Area Transit


text:
Saint Petersburg Gospels

The Saint Petersburg Gospels or Leningrad Gospels (housed in Saint Petersburg at the Imperial Public Library Cod. F. v. I. 8) is an illuminated manuscript of the gospels in Hiberno-Saxon style dating from around 800 AD.

This highly idiosyncratic work may have been produced in England south of the Humber. It is not to be confused with the Leningrad Codex of the Hebrew Bible.

title: Saint Petersburg Gospels


text:
Altingiaceae

Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, consisting of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail. They naturally occur in Central America, Mexico, eastern North America, the eastern Mediterranean, China, and tropical Asia. They are often cultivated as ornamentals and many produce valuable wood.

Classification
Altingiaceae now consists of the single genus Liquidambar with 15 known species. Previously, the genera Altingia and Semiliquidambar were also recognised, but these represent a rapid radiation and have been difficult to separate reliably. Semiliquidambar has recently been shown to be composed of hybrids of species of Altingia and Liquidambar. This result had been expected for some time. Altingia and Liquidambar are known to be paraphyletic and a revision of the family has been prepared. Many of the species are closely related, and distinctions between them are likely to be artificial.

History
The name "Altingiaceae" has a long and complex taxonomic history. Some attribute the name to John Lindley, who published it in 1846. Others say that the authority for the name is Paul F. Horaninov, who described the group in 1841. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the family Altingiaceae was not generally accepted. Most authors placed these genera in Hamamelidaceae and this treatment has been followed in some recent works as well. In the twenty-first century, however, molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that including Altingiaceae in Hamamelidaceae makes Hamamelidaceae paraphyletic. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognizes four families in the lineage including Altingiaceae. Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae are sister. This clade is sister to Hamamelidaceae and these three families are sister to Altingiaceae. The clade is sister to Paeoniaceae

The family is named for the genus Altingia, now a synonym of Liquidambar. This genus was named in honor of Willem Arnold Alting (1724–1800), the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies when Noronha visited Java.

Evolution
Altingiaceae have an extensive fossil record. For most of the Paleogene and Neogene, they were more widely distributed than they are today. The stem group Altingiaceae diverged from the clade [Hamamelidaceae + (Cercidiphyllaceae + Daphniphyllaceae)] in the Turonian stage of the Cretaceous Period, about 90 mya (million years ago). The crown group Altingiaceae is much more recent, originating in the Eocene, about 40 Mya.

title: Altingiaceae


text:
Section 51(xxix) of the Constitution of Australia

Section 51(xxix) of the Australian Constitution is a subsection of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution that gives the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia the right to legislate with respect to "external affairs".

In recent years, most attention has focused on the use of the power to pass legislation giving effect within Australia to its obligations under international treaties and conventions. In some cases, as with human rights or environmental protection, the activities regulated by treaty-implementing legislation have not been international in nature but rather located solely within Australia or even solely within a particular State.

In Australia, developments in international law have no direct effect for domestic purposes unless a deliberate law-making act by the proper law-making authority has "transformed" the international rule into a domestic rule.

Origins
According to Constitutional law academic Michael Coper, it is "not entirely clear what the founding fathers intended" by conferring upon the Commonwealth Parliament the right to legislate with respect to "external affairs". Section 51(xxix) was amended a number of times in the Constitutional Conventions that debated the draft Constitution in the 1890s. The draft Constitution adopted by the 1891 Sydney Convention allowed the Parliament to make laws with respect to "External affairs and Treaties". This wording carried through the 1897 Adelaide Convention but the New South Wales Legislative Council, when considering whether to ratify the draft, resolved to omit the words "and Treaties" on the basis that only the Imperial Parliament ought to enter treaties that bound Australia. The removal of the explicit reference to treaties was confirmed by the delegates to the 1897 Sydney Convention and the 1898 Melbourne Convention.

In 1901, Robert Garran and John Quick suggested that the external affairs power would "prove to be a great constitutional battle-ground." Some 86 years later, Coper remarked that their prediction "showed remarkable foresight".

Relations with other countries
The term "external affairs" was used in section 51(xxix) rather than "foreign affairs" to make it clear that relations with the United Kingdom and other parts of the British Empire were intended to be included. When the Australian Constitution was created in 1901, the United Kingdom and its possessions were not conceived of as "foreign" to Australia.

Chief Justice Latham said in R v Sharkey (1949) that "external affairs" was not confined to the "preservation of friendly relations with other Dominions", but extended to relations with "all countries outside Australia". Justice Brennan in Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) extended this to relations with other "international persons", especially the United Nations and its various specialised agencies.

The judges in Seas and Submerged Lands case (1975) differed as to whether the "external affairs" power entitled the Commonwealth to assert its sovereignty over Australia's territorial sea, though a majority held that it did. The underlying reason for this was that the idea of national rights with respect to the "continental shelf" had emerged since 1945 distinctly as a product of international relations and international law.

Matters external to Australia
According to Chief Justice Barwick in Seas and Submerged Lands Case, the external affairs power extends to anything "which in its nature is external to" Australia, or according to Justice Mason "to matters or things geographically situated outside Australia". These suggestions were reinforced in later cases, and finally assumed decisive importance in Polyukhovich v Commonwealth (War Crimes Act Case) (1991). In this case, all judges other than Justice Brennan held that s 51(xxix) contained a sufficient grant of power to support a law to identify and prosecute "war crimes" committed in Europe during World War II. Chief Justice Mason, and justices Deane, Dawson and McHugh held that this conclusion was sufficiently based on the fact that the geographical location in which the relevant acts were alleged to have been done was physically external to Australia.

Implementing treaties (international law)
To some extent, there has been debate over whether the ratification of an international treaty may justify the exercise of Commonwealth legislative power for the purpose of the implementation of that treaty. There is a marked difference between earlier and modern approaches to this issue. Initial approaches produced an unqualified view that Parliament could legislate to give effect to any obligation or even non-binding recommendation contained in an international treaty once ratified. It was later qualified by Stephen J that it was necessary that the treaty at the very least deals with an area of international concern. However, this test of 'international concern' was rejected by Mason J in Tasmanian Dam Case in 1983, which outlines the current approach to implementing treaties and was later confirmed by subsequent cases.

Cited texts

 * (1990) 16 University of Queensland Law Journal 123.
 * (1990) 16 University of Queensland Law Journal 123.