text:
Talk:Jaco Pastorius

Inventing Fretless Bass?
The section "Stage presence and bass techniques" has the line, "He played an electric bass from which he had removed the frets, essentially inventing the fretless bass." The Bass Guitar article pretty clearly states that there were fretless basses as early as 1961. So, Jaco didn't invent fretless basses.

I think the "inventing" part should be taken out, or possibly changed to "independently inventing," or calling it a multiple discovery.

If anyone else agrees, I'd be glad to make the edit. Arek~enwiki (talk) 14:32, 19 January 2018 (UTC) Vmavanti (talk) 20:49, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look.

The phrasing "profoundly developed and expanded the fretless electric bass tonal pallet" would probably be received with broad agreement by those knowledgable in the field. Jaco certainly had seen the many extant examples of fretless electric basses. Rainbow-five (talk) 20:01, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Probably. It's always tough to say with certainty who invented what. A cello is a fretless bass, right? The grow of bass guitar in jazz seems to correspond with the growth of jazz fusion and the "electrifying" of instruments that was widespread in the 1960s. Jaco Pastorius was in the right place at the right time. Vmavanti (talk) 21:59, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
 * In this case it really isn't that hard to say who 'invented' the fretless bass - the first player with any amount of profile to play the fretless bass was Bill Wyman - he really did remove the frets himself. This bass can be heard on many rolling stones hits. He did this in 1961. Ampeg released a commercial run of fretless scroll basses in the mid 1960s, and Fender had already released a fretless precision bass in 1970. So, Jaco was very very late to that party. There were enough jazz musicians already playing these instruments, that crediting this as a 'multiple discovery' makes no sense either. Dinobass (talk) 02:25, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

The article calls into question if he defretted his bass or acquired it that way. At least two living people are on record saying they witnessed him defretting it. They were bandmates with the CC Riders during Jaco's 10-month tour with the band, and said he did it in a hotel room on tour. There are numerous accounts; the most accessible public one is on the Jaco: The Early Years compilation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.120.234.141 (talk) 17:50, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Going back a bit: No, a cello is not a "fretless bass [guitar]". What are you talking about? Cellos are tuned differently, have a different range, are played with the instrument between the player's legs and usually with a bow. A cello sounds radically different and has a completely different musical and cultural history. You'd might as well call a peanut a fretless fish. (Yes, I picked this example completely randomly--just what nonsense popped into head, which is rather the point). A double bass, on the other hand, is like a fretless bass guitar (same tuning, range, and musical function in certain non-classical contexts) except that it isn't a guitar (it belongs to the violin family) and it isn't electric. TheScotch (talk) 18:50, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Family?
Jaco had a wife, Tracy(for whom “Portrait of Tracy” was named after) and several kids. I’m not sure how to properly add and source this info, but it should definitely be in the biography section. WesleyPacella (talk) 03:33, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: SSC199 Hon
— Assignment last updated by Ctysick (talk) 18:44, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

b.o.d. replicas
I have two tokai "jaco" basses, which first appeared in their catalogue in 1981, while JP was still alive. fender's tribute was long after he died. anyone care to speculate as to why this might have been? also, rob trujillo has had the thing "restored" & it is unrecognisable. :-(

duncanrmi (talk) 16:50, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jaco Pastorius


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The Wild Heart (album)

The Wild Heart is the second solo studio album by American singer and songwriter Stevie Nicks. Recording began in late 1982, shortly after the end of Fleetwood Mac's Mirage Tour. After the death of her best friend, Robin Anderson, and with new appreciation for her life and career, Nicks recorded the album in only a few months and was released on June 10, 1983, a year after Fleetwood Mac's Mirage album. It peaked at number five on the US Billboard 200 (for seven consecutive weeks) and achieved platinum status on September 12, 1983. The album has shipped 2 million copies in the US alone.

The album is notable for its array of prominent guest musicians. Tom Petty made a return to write "I Will Run to You", on which his bandmates from The Heartbreakers performed. Nicks' Fleetwood Mac bandmate, Mick Fleetwood, made an appearance on the track "Sable on Blonde". Toto's Steve Lukather contributed some of the guitar work on what would become the album's biggest hit single, "Stand Back", which also features an uncredited contribution from Prince, who played the synthesizer track. Nicks also worked with friend Sandy Stewart, who wrote the music for three tracks on the album and performed on several (Stewart would go on to write the 1987 Fleetwood Mac hit "Seven Wonders"). The album's final track, "Beauty and the Beast", features a full string section performing a score arranged and conducted by Paul Buckmaster. Nicks had recorded various other tracks prior to the album's release, including "Violet and Blue" which was featured on the movie soundtrack for Against All Odds, and later on Nicks' 3-disc retrospective box set Enchanted in 1998.

The Wild Heart was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1993, ten years after its release, denoting shipments in excess of two million copies in the United States. It spent a whole year on the Billboard 200 from June 1983 to June 1984. It has also been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments in excess of 60,000 in the United Kingdom. Three singles were released from the album: "Stand Back", which charted at number five; "If Anyone Falls", which charted at number 14; and "Nightbird", which charted at number 33. "Stand Back" and "If Anyone Falls" featured accompanying music videos that went into heavy rotation on MTV. "Nightbird", a track that Nicks has said was her favorite on the album, was performed live on Solid Gold and Saturday Night Live.

Track listing
 The Wild Heart: Deluxe Edition (Rhino, 2016)

Personnel

 * Stevie Nicks – lead and backing vocals
 * Sandy Stewart – synthesizers (1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9), keyboards (3), acoustic piano solo (5), lead vocals (5), additional backing vocals (5)
 * Roy Bittan – synthesizers (2), acoustic piano (4, 8, 9, 10)
 * Benmont Tench – organ (3, 4, 5), keyboards (7)
 * David Foster – acoustic piano (5)
 * David Bluefield – Oberheim OB-Xa programming (6), Oberheim DMX drum machine (6)
 * Prince – synthesizers (6, uncredited)
 * David Monday – guitars (1, 3)
 * Dean Parks – guitars (1)
 * Waddy Wachtel – guitars (2-6, 9)
 * Steve Lukather – guitars (6)
 * David Williams – guitars (6)
 * Mike Campbell – guitars (7)
 * Tom Petty – guitars (7), lead and backing vocals (7)
 * Don Felder – guitars (8)
 * Roger Tausz – bass (1)
 * Bob Glaub – bass (2, 4, 8)
 * Kenny Edwards – bass (5, 9)
 * Howie Epstein – bass (7)
 * John Beal – bass (10)
 * Brad Smith – drums (1, 3), percussion (3)
 * Russ Kunkel – drums (2, 4, 8), drum overdubs (6)
 * Marvin Caruso – drums (5, 6)
 * Chet McCracken – drum overdubs (5)
 * Stan Lynch – drums (7)
 * Mick Fleetwood – drums (9)
 * Bobbye Hall – percussion (2, 4, 6, 8)
 * Ian Wallace – percussion (6)
 * Phil Kenzie – saxophone (8)
 * Sharon Celani – backing vocals
 * Lori Perry-Nicks – backing vocals
 * Carolyn Brooks – backing vocals (2, 10)

String section on "Beauty and the Beast"
 * Paul Buckmaster – string arrangements and conductor
 * Kenneth Whitfield – string arrangements
 * Jon Abramowitz, Seymour Barab, Jesse Levy and Frederick Zlotkin – cello
 * Gene Bianco – harp
 * Julien Barber, Theodore Israel, Jesse Levine and Harry Zaratzian – viola
 * Harry Cykman, Peter Dimitriades, Regis Eandiorio, Lewis Eley, Max Ellen, Paul Gershman, Harry Glickman, Raymond Kunicki, Marvin Morgenstern, John Pintavalle, Matthew Raimondi, Herbert Sorkin, Ruth Waterman and Paul Winter – violin

Production

 * Jimmy Iovine – producer
 * Gordon Perry – producer (1, 3)
 * Tom Petty – producer (7)
 * Shelly Yakus – engineer, mixing (2, 4–10)
 * Lori Perry-Nicks – mixing (1, 3), handtinting
 * Greg Edwards – additional engineer, mixing (2, 4–10)
 * Tom "Gordo" Gondolf – additional engineer (1, 3)
 * Josh Abbey – assistant engineer
 * David Bianco – assistant engineer
 * Michael Brooks – assistant engineer
 * Bobby Cohen – assistant engineer
 * John Curcio – assistant engineer
 * Bill Freesh – assistant engineer
 * Pete Kudas – assistant engineer
 * John Smith – assistant engineer
 * Julian Stoll – assistant engineer
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Janet Weber – production coordinator
 * Rebecca Alvarez – personal assistant
 * Herbert W. Worthington – art direction, design, album cover concept, photography
 * Michael Curtis – layout design
 * Stevie Nicks – album cover concept, handtinting
 * Michael Manoogian – logo design
 * Robert Alfrod – photography assistant
 * Michael Marks – photography assistant
 * Front Line Management – management
 * Sulamith Wulfing – album cover inspiration
 * Herbert W. Worthington,

Studios
 * Recorded at Goodnight Dallas (Dallas, Texas); Record Plant and Studio 55 (Los Angeles, California); A&M Studios (Hollywood, California); Record Plant and The Hit Factory (New York City, New York).
 * Mixed at Rumbo Recorders (Los Angeles, California) and The Hit Factory.
 * Mastered at Precision Lacquer (Hollywood, California).

Tour
Nicks went on a national tour in support of The Wild Heart. After headlining the massive US Festival on May 30, 1983, in San Bernardino, California, the tour officially started in Knoxville, Tennessee, on June 21, 1983, and ended in Ames, Iowa, on November 20, 1983.

Setlist

 * "Gold Dust Woman"
 * "Outside the Rain"
 * "Dreams"
 * "Gold and Braid" (see notes below)
 * "I Need to Know"
 * "Sara"
 * "Angel" (see notes below)
 * "Enchanted" (see notes below)
 * "If Anyone Falls"
 * "Leather and Lace"
 * "Stand Back"
 * "Beauty and the Beast"
 * "Gypsy"
 * "How Still My Love"
 * "I Will Run to You" (see notes below)
 * "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
 * "Edge of Seventeen"
 * Encore
 * "Rhiannon"

 * Notes
 * "Enchanted" was performed only at the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on June 24, 1983.
 * "Angel" and "Gold and Braid" were performed only on the opening night at the US Festival.
 * "I Will Run to You" was performed at Radio City Music Hall in New York City with Tom Petty.

Dates

 * May 28 - Las Vegas, Nevada, Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts
 * May 30 – San Bernardino, California, Devore Park/US Festival II
 * June 21 – Knoxville, Tennessee, Civic Coliseum
 * June 23 – Norfolk, Virginia, The Scope
 * June 24 – East Rutherford, New Jersey, Meadowlands Arena
 * June 27 – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, The Spectrum
 * June 28 – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Civic Arena
 * July 2 – Buffalo, New York, War Memorial
 * July 3 – Hartford, Connecticut, Hartford Civic Center
 * July 6 – Worcester, Massachusetts, Centrum
 * July 7 – Landover, Maryland, Capitol Center
 * July 10 – Greensboro, North Carolina, Coliseum
 * July 11 – Atlanta, Georgia, The Omni
 * July 14 – Kansas City, Missouri, Kemper Arena
 * July 15 – Minneapolis, Minnesota, Met Center
 * July 17 – Chicago, Illinois Rosemont, Horizon
 * July 18 – Chicago, Illinois Rosemont, Horizon
 * July 19 – Toronto, Ontario, Canada CNE, Bandshell
 * July 21 – Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio Blossom, Music Center
 * July 22 – Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio Blossom, Music Center
 * July 23 – Detroit, Michigan, Joe Louis Arena
 * July 26 – St. Louis, Missouri, Checkerdome
 * July 27 – Indianapolis, Indiana, Market Square Arena
 * July 30 – Alpine Valley, Wisconsin, Music Theatre
 * July 31 – Cincinnati, Ohio, Riverfront Coliseum
 * August 31 – Austin, Texas, Frank Erwin Center
 * September 5 – Dallas, Texas, Reunion Arena
 * September 9 – Bristol, Rhode Island, Colt State Park
 * September 12 – New York, Radio City Music Hall
 * September 13 – New York, Radio City Music Hall
 * September 17 – Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Myriad
 * September 24 – Irvine, California, Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre
 * September 25 – Tempe, Arizona, Compton Terrace
 * October 2 – Los Angeles, California, Inglewood Forum
 * October 4 – Oakland, California, Oakland Coliseum
 * October 21 – Columbia, South Carolina, Carolina Coliseum
 * October 22 – Columbia, South Carolina, Carolina Coliseum
 * October 25 – Charleston, West Virginia, Charleston Civic Center
 * October 26 – Roanoke, Virginia, Roanoke Civic Center
 * October 29 – Tuscaloosa, Alabama, University of Alabama
 * October 30 – Jackson, Mississippi, Mississippi Coliseum
 * November 2 – Jacksonville, Florida, Memorial Coliseum
 * November 4 – Lakeland, Florida, Lakeland Civic Center
 * November 5 – Miami, Florida, Sportatorium
 * November 8 – Columbia, Missouri, University of Missouri
 * November 9 – Starkville, Mississippi, Mississippi State University
 * November 12 – Tulsa, Oklahoma, Assembly Center
 * November 13 – Little Rock, Arkansas, T.H. Barton Coliseum
 * November 16 – Madison, Wisconsin, Dane County Arena
 * November 19 – Iowa City, Iowa, University of Iowa
 * November 20 – Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University
 * November 23 – Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte Coliseum
 * November 24 – Columbia, South Carolina, Carolina Coliseum

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Wild Heart (album)


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User:UsagiM/WGKF

''(Continued from the main article about Genseiryu). This version is the version of WGKF of: 14 August 2005, 07:25''

World Genseiryu Karatedo Federation
Both Genseiryu Karate and Taido were created by Seiken Shukumine (1925-2001) and as the founder he was naturally also the head of his own styles. However, since 1962 he was mainly occupied with his new martial art Taido (a further development of Genseiryu) and could not be totally involved with Genseiryu anymore. Some believe that sensei Shukumine never took part in Genseiryu at all anymore, and it may have been his wish that all his pupils would switch to Taido, but there are also some people that believe that he in fact still gave some occasional lessons in Genseiryu and even took some examinations of high rank Genseiryu instructors. Proof (pictures) of one of these lessons can be found here:. In fact, Sensei Shukumine did hold a friendly relationship with some of the masters of Genseiryu, that is to say he appointed a head instructor for the Genseiryu Karatedo. The first one being sensei Yamada, later followed by sensei Saito. Today the head instructor of Genseiryu is sensei Yasunori Kanai. Since 2003 all the Genseiryu clubs in the world that honour sensei Shukumine by following his style and his book "Shin Karatedo Kyohan" have joined in a world-wide federation called the World Genseiryu Karatedo Federation (WGKF), of which the head instructor of Genseiryu, sensei Yasunori Kanai, became the president.

The World Genseiryu Karatedo Federation has its office in Ito, Japan, the place where sensei Shukumine lived for many years and where he is now buried. The head quarter (Honbu) of the Japanese branch of Genseiryu, Japan Genseiryu Karatedo is also situated in that office in Ito and Sensei Kanai is also the president of this Japanese branch. Japan Genseiryu Karatedo is a member of Nippon Karatedo Rengoukai, and since Nippon Karatedo Rengoukai is a member of the Japan Karatedo Federation (JKF), Japan Genseiryu Karatedo is that as well.

In 2003, many Genseiryu karate instructors from all over the world came to Oviedo, Spain for a meeting held by the World Genseiryu Karatedo Federation. At this meeting they all signed an agreement where they state a.o. that they will follow Sensei Shukumine's book "Shin Karate-do Kyohan" as a guideline to train the "original Genseiryu" (let's call this the "original Genseiryu", since this was the first Genseiryu and the only Genseiryu before sensei Tosa created Genseiryu Butokukai...) Especially the basic kata Ten-i, Chi-i and Jin-i no kata are considered by the original Genseiryu very important kata, because they prepare the karateka for the advanced kata Sansai and also because these kata are so characteristic and typical for Genseiryu Karate. Some Genseiryu instructors choose to train Heians (basic kata from Shotokan) as well, but they did not reject any of the kata in the book. So they still train Ten-Chi-Jin as it is sometimes abbreviated. It is free to mention and free to train kata from other styles in the original Genseiryu organization, but the original Genseiryu will never change things as mentioned in this book. In the book "Taido Gairon" (1988) sensei Shukumine wrote a note about his first book, saying that it was written for Genseiryu followers who wanted to continue with Genseiryu. So, according to WGKF, any school that rejects techniques or kata from this book (Shin Karatedo Kyohan) is not doing (the original) Genseiryu. Some masters of Genseiryu changed the style according to their ideas, like Genwakai and Butokukai. Therefore, these styles will be called Butokukai and Genwakai (which started from Genseiryu). But it cannot be called Genseiryu only. The agreement can be read here.

History of Genseiryu according to WGKF (additional to the article Genseiryu)
In 1962 Sensei Seiken Shukumine introduced a new martial art which he called Taido. It is a further development of Genseiryu and is not to be regarded as karate, but as a new martial art. From that point on, Sensei Shukumine was mainly involved with Taido and many of his pupils started to train Taido as well. However, Taido people have always kept a friendly relationship with Genseiryu people and sensei Shukumine was occasionally involved in Genseiryu Karate. For example he appointed a Head Instructor several times for the World Genseiryu Karatedo, he wrote books and occasionally gave lessons to high rank Genseiryu instructors.

In 1964 he published his book "Shin Karatedo Kyohan", which is the first book ever on Genseiryu Karate. In this book he describes the techniques, which are being used in Genseiryu Karate. In the book he also describes some of the kata that are trained in Genseiryu very thoroughly, together with pictures. The most important kata of Genseiryu are the basic kata Ten-I, Chi-I and Jin-i-no Kata and the kata Sansai and Tai-i. Sensei Shukumine pointed out the importance of these kata in an open letter he wrote not long before he died (letter in Japanese).

In the mid 1970s Sensei Shukumine wrote another book about Genseiryu Karate: "The Karate training by complete drawing", which is a much lesser known book. It contains over 200 pages, where he describes Genseiryu karate techniques but he also describes the differences between Karate and Judo, Karate and Aikido, Karate and Taido, etc.

The "other" Genseiryu style
In 1962 a student of Sensei Shukumine, Kunihiko Tosa, started his own dojo, which he named "Butokukai". He also created the organization Nippon Karate-do Genseiryu Butokukai. Along with some other students Tosa decided to continue with karate instead of joining Taido. He wanted to join the JKF and presumably to increase the chance of being accepted to this federation he changed his lesson curriculum. He implemented kata from Shotokan and Shito-Ryu. The most important difference of his curriculum was his choice of discarding the basic kata Ten-i, Chi-i and Jin-i no kata and to replace them by the basic kata of Shotokan (the so called Heians). Tosa also wrote a book (1984) and named it "Genseiryu Karate Kyohan 2". Tosa's book is used in dojo that train Genseiryu-Butokukai. Because Tosa named his style Genseiryu, there were suddenly two styles calling themselves "Genseiryu", and a problem arose. This problem seemed to be solved when, through legal intervention, he had to call his karate style Genseiryu-Butokukai. However, this is by Japanese law and outside Japan, he and some of his followers (not all) are still using the name Genseiryu. Other students of Sensei Shukumine, like Sensei Yamada and Sensei Kanai, continued with the curriculum that Sensei Shukumine was teaching. So they kept training the 'original' Genseiryu, as was first taught by Sensei Shukumine. Their guideline was and still is the first book of Sensei Shukumine "Shin Karatedo Kyohan". This can be read in this agreement. This agreement was signed and the federation of WGKF was created to ensure international conformity about the original Genseiryu.

There is also another organization that claims to train Genseiryu. Although WGKF has nothing against other karate styles, WGKF believes that this style is not training the 'original' Genseiryu because there are too many differences, as described above. Sensei Tosa, founder of Genseiryu-Butokukai, is the head of this organization, now called the Genseiryu Karatedo International Federation (GKIF) (Japanese name Nippon Karate-do Genseiryu Butokukai).

title: User:UsagiM/WGKF


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Camenca District

Camenca District (Raionul Camenca, ; Каменский район; Кам'янський район) is a district of Transnistria, a breakaway republic which is internationally recognized as part of Moldova. Its seat is the town of Camenca. The district contains this town and twelve communes (a total of 23 localities, including the small villages and hamlets):

Camenca is located along the river Dniester. It is the northernmost sub-district of Transnistria. According to the 2004 Transnistrian census, the population of the sub-district is 27,284 people, including 13,034 (47.77%) Moldovans, 11,610 (42.55%) Ukrainians, 1,880 (6.89%) Russians, 43 (0.16%) Gagauzians, 59 (0.22%) Bulgarians, 9 (0.03%) Romas, 10 (0.04%) Jews, 447 (1.64%) Poles, 85 (0.31%) Belarusians, 26 (0.10%) Germans, 16 (0.06%) Armenians, and 51 (0.19%) others.

The sub-district is home to the Dniester Sanatorium, the oldest health resort in Transnistria.

In 2001, election officials for the Transnistrian presidential election announced that sitting president Igor Smirnov received 103.6 percent of the vote in this region.

List of heads of the state administration of the Camenca District and the town of Camenca

 * Vladimir Karaush (? - 2012)
 * Pyotr Vasilyevich Mustya (25 January 2012 - 25 April 2014)
 * Natalya Viktorovna Isakova (25 April 2014 - - 4 June 2014)
 * Sergey Andreevich Sokirka (4 June 2014 - )

title: Camenca District


text:
Category:Östergötland

For the present-day Swedish county, see Östergötland County.

title: Category:Östergötland


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Zuiyo-maru carcass

The Zuiyo-maru carcass (ニューネッシー) was a corpse, caught by the Japanese fishing trawler Zuiyō Maru (瑞洋丸) off the coast of New Zealand in 1977. The carcass's peculiar appearance resulted in speculation that it might be the remains of a sea serpent or prehistoric plesiosaur.

Although several scientists insisted it was "not a fish, whale, or any other mammal", analysis of amino acids in the corpse's muscle tissue later indicated it was most likely the carcass of a basking shark. Decomposing basking shark carcasses lose most of the lower head area and the dorsal and caudal fins first, making them resemble a plesiosaur.

Discovery
On April 25, 1977, the Japanese trawler Zuiyō Maru, fishing east of Christchurch, New Zealand, caught a strange, unknown creature in the trawl. The crew was convinced it was an unidentified animal, but despite the potential biological significance of the curious discovery, the captain, Akira Tanaka, decided to dump the carcass into the ocean again so not to risk spoiling the fish caught. However, before that was done, some photos and sketches were taken of the creature, nicknamed "Nessie" by the crew, measurements were taken and some samples of skeleton, skin and fins were collected for further analysis by experts in Japan (later the shipping company ordered all its boats to try to relocate the dumped corpse, but without apparent success). The discovery resulted in immense commotion and a "plesiosaur-craze" in Japan.

Description
The foul-smelling, decomposing corpse reportedly weighed 1,800 kg and was about 10 m long. According to the crew, the creature had a 1.5-m-long neck, four large, reddish fins, and a tail about 2.0 m long. It seemed to lack a dorsal fin on inspection, but one was visible from photographs. No internal organs remained as the chest cavity and gut had opened from decay, but flesh and fat were somewhat intact.

Plesiosaur
Professor Tokio Shikama from Yokohama National University was convinced the remains were of a plesiosaur, a creature believed by scientists to be long extinct. Dr. Fujiro Yasuda from Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology agreed with Shikama, "the photographs show the remains of a prehistoric animal". Dr. Fujiro Yasuda summarizes his observations in newsreel from the time of the discovery. Yasuda and Taki, icthyologists, disputed that the cryptid could be a shark which would necessitate Michihiko Yano was mistaken when he claimed to observe two dorsal fins.

However, other scientists were more skeptical. According to Bengt Sjögren, Swedish paleontologist Hans-Christian Bjerring was soon interviewed by Swedish news agency Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, and said: "If it's true that the Japanese collected samples of fins and skin, it would be possible to conclude from a microscope what it is. If it would be shown to be a hitherto unknown animal from the sea, it is as big of a sensation as the discovery of the coelacanth in 1938… but there is reason to be suspicious of the claims of plesiosaurs, for example, as the marine environment and fauna changed drastically since the age of the plesiosaurs on earth."

Another Swedish scientist, Ove Persson, was also critical of the plesiosaur interpretation. He recalled other discoveries of similar dead marine creatures resembling plesiosaurs that on closer inspection revealed them to be just decomposed, unusually large sharks. He also added, "The discovery of the coelacanth was not as strange as if a plesiosaur would be discovered. The plesiosaur is much bigger and breathes with lungs. It seems incredible that it would manage to remain hidden."

Basking shark
A team of Japanese scientists, Tadayoshi Sasaki and Shigeru Kimura from the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Ikuo Obata from the National Museum of Nature and Science, and Toshio Ikuya from the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute at the University of Tokyo, concluded jointly that, while the identity of the carcass could not be determined with certainty, the carcass was most likely that of a basking shark or some species closely related.

On July 28, 1977, the Zuiyō Maru carcass was commented upon in the international science magazine New Scientist. A scientist from the Natural History Museum in London had the same opinion as Bjerring and Persson, that the remains were not from a plesiosaur. The decomposition pattern of a basking shark, whose spine and brain case is relatively highly calcified for a cartilaginous fish, can be expected to produce a similar shape to a plesiosaur; the first parts that fall off during decomposition are the lower jaw, the gill area, and the dorsal and caudal fins. Of the view that the carcass was explained as a plesiosaur, Sjögren concluded, "it was the infamous old 'Stronsay Beast' that once again haunted like on innumerable other occasions. The scholars in Japan went into the same easy trap as the Scottish naturalists did in the 19th century."

The identity as a basking shark was further supported by the proportions given by Michihiko Yano when he measured the carcass before it was put back to sea. His dimensions giving a much longer tail than neck, proportions of the hind and forward fins, and size of the "head" do not closely correspond to any known Plesiosaur or Pliosaur, but did perfectly match the expected body dimensions for a very large basking shark. Closer review of the photographs taken of the carcass also do show the presence of a dorsal fin, which was speculated to have been overlooked due to decomposition. The presence of cartilaginous fibers visible in the fin are only found in fish and are unknown in any tetrapod.

In popular culture
Despite multiple investigations concluding that the carcass pulled up by the Zuiyo-maru was probably the remains of a large shark, most appearances in popular fiction either neglect to state this fact and instead either leave the identity ambiguous, or ignore it in favor of declaring the remains that of a genuine plesiosaur.
 * The creature is referenced in the 1991 movie Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, but acknowledged as a plesiosaur in support for the idea that Godzilla could have been a dinosaur species which survived into modern times before being irradiated into the monster it became known as.
 * An unused opening for The Lost World: Jurassic Park was to feature a Japanese fishing boat accidentally hauling up the badly decomposed remains of a Parasaurolophus, revealing that genetically engineered dinosaurs continued to survive past the end of Jurassic Park. The scene was inspired by the Zuiyo-maru incident.
 * In the 1998 OVA movie Tekken: The Motion Picture, the decomposing corpse of a genetically engineered Deinonychus is caught in a fishing boat's net, alerting Interpol to genetic experiments occurring on a remote island. The imagery is done as a homage to the Zuiyo-maru incident.
 * The carcass is also mentioned in the credits of the 2014 movie Godzilla.
 * The plesiosaur argument is used as the basis of the television series Lost Tapes' episode "Monster of Monterey", in which a similar creature lives in the Monterey Canyon off the coast of California and is suggested as being responsible for a number of deaths.
 * In the 2005 movie documentary, Monsters of the Deep, moviemaker Bryan Bruce explores the myth and reality of the stories of huge sea creatures, including that of the Zuiyo-maru.

title: Zuiyo-maru carcass


text:
Neira

Neira may refer to:

People

 * Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira (1542–1595), Spanish navigator
 * César Neira Pérez (born 1979), Spanish cyclist
 * Hernán Neira (born 1960), Chilean writer and professor
 * Jairo Neira (born 1987), Chilean footballer
 * José Neira (born 1939), Colombian track and field athlete
 * Juan Neira (born 1989), Argentine footballer
 * Manuel Neira (born 1977), Chilean footballer
 * Miguel Ángel Neira (born 1952), Chilean footballer
 * Quique Neira (born 1973), Chilean singer

Places

 * Banda Neira, a settlement in the Banda Islands of Indonesia
 * Neira, Caldas, a town and municipality in Colombia
 * Neira Province, a province of the Boyacá Department in Colombia

Organizations

 * New England Interscholastic Rowing Association, runs a championship regatta for New England school rowing

title: Neira


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maulana Ibne Hasan Nonaharvi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 16:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Maulana Ibne Hasan Nonaharvi
Doesn't assert sufficient notability KeithD (talk) 21:07, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please read: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Deletion sorting/India =Nichalp   «Talk»=  13:41, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that Google isn't always a good indicator of notability, but the article in its current form doesn't assert any notability, it just says he was a religious scholar. If you know more, then by all means improve the article. KeithD (talk) 15:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I haven't heard of him, so I can't contribute and I'd prefer to abstain from voting. The main problem with this is that the article was written by an anon, and he has not revealed much about this person. But a google search on the term Sultan Madaris reveals that that it is a reputed seminary and they have produced many notable people. He could be one, but as you rightly said, anon hasn't mentioned anything out of the ordinary. He could have been as notable as Syed Kalbe Hussain, a cleric from the same city. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:33, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Not a single Google hit, with quotes. :( Is that name spelled right? If it isn't, then I will consider changing my vote. I feel pretty silly for thinking it wasn't in english earlier... --Phroziac (talk) 22:05, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed to Keep - "Maulana Ibne Hasan" gets some google hits, all in Urdu(?). I suspect he is notable, just not in the west. --Phroziac (talk) 18:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, at least until someone can research it a bit more fully - there looks like there may be good reasons why someone famous for reciting urdu might not get many google hits. Trollderella 00:31, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I tried a number of variations on the name, including correcting the spelling of ibn and cannot come up with a thing. Not many google hits, maybe.  None? Unlikely. Author needs to post sources. Dottore So 01:37, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep | Sultanul Madaris confirms his prominence in a field that is under-represented in Wiki and Google. May have been the author of Chaudaa Baseerat Afroze Majaalis Dlyons493 15:42, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Toffoli Gate

There is an article with the same name except for the capitalization of "Gate". This article should probably go away, the other one is much more thorough. --David Battle 21:07, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toffoli Gate


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Category:Xbox

The Xbox is a series of home video game consoles developed by Microsoft and managed by its Gaming division.

title: Category:Xbox


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User:LeonardoRob0t

LeonardoRob0t is an interwiki bot controlled by LeonardoG.

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title: User talk:LeonardoRob0t


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Mizar (band)

Mizar (Мизар ) is a Macedonian rock band from Skopje. They achieved a status of a cult band, especially in Macedonia and across the former Yugoslavian countries.

The group is notable for its first self-titled album, as it was the first popular music album in the former Yugoslavian countries in Macedonian. The album was a major success and it is listed among the top ten rock albums ever released in former Yugoslavian countries.

Mizar was formed in 1981 in the then Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Because of the band's avant-garde sound and image, its Christian leanings and support for Macedonian self-determination, they were viewed with certain degree of suspicion by the former authorities. Still, the group received great media attention including numerous appearances on the national television. The 2014 documentary Mizar: The Star of Hope details the band's origins.

Name
The band got its name after Mizar which is a guiding star for the orientation of travelers in the deserts. The name was given by Panta Džambazoski.

History
In their long history, Mizar has had 5 Revelations, all of them with different singers.

The First Revelation (Risto Vrtev)
Mizar were formed in 1981 in Skopje as an instrumental trio of Gorazd Čapovski on guitar, Valentin Zabjakin on bass and Panta Dzambazoski on drums. In late 1981, Zabjakin left the band and was replaced with Ilija Stojanovski. Risto Vrtev joined on vocals soon after. In 1982, the group recorded a demo tape for Radio Skopje. They then sent this tape to Jugoslovenski Rock Moment (also known as YURM), who wrote a short but glowing review of the tape. During 1983, the band then had to break up shortly after due to the members' mandatory army commitments.

The Second Revelation (Goran Tanevski)
In 1985, when the members of Mizar returned from the army, Čapovski attempted to form a band called Inola-X with Vrtev, but it didn't work out. Mizar then reformed with Goran Tanevski-Stapot in place of Vrtev and a new keyboardist, Slobodan Stojkov. They started to use elements of the traditional Macedonian folklore and Byzantine music blended with post-punk, darkwave and gothic rock. This phase of Mizar is known as Мизар - Второ Откровение (Mizar - The Second Revelation). Vrtev later founded Arhangel (Archangel) which was awarded as the best rock act in Macedonia during the 1990s. Arhangel inherited certain features of Mizar but with a more conventional rock approach which is why Arhangel was sometimes referred as the Rock Mizar. In 1986, the band filmed a music video for the song "Stoj".

In 1986, the band played the Druga Godba festival in Ljubljana, but altercations within the band caused Dzambazoski and Stojkov to leave the group. They were replaced by Vencislav Smakjoski and Goran Trajkovski respectively. This lineup played at Festival Omladina, with Vladimir Kaevski on keyboards, and contributed two live tracks to the festival's compilation. These tracks are the first appearance of Mizar on record. Trajkovski would later be replaced by Sašo Krstevski, while Stojkov was replaced by Katerina Veljanovska.

In 1986 they recorded a few demos and were a support act for Laibach and Disciplina Kičme on their Yugoslav tour. In 1987 they were awarded for their unique sound at the most significant rock music festival which was held in Subotica.

They released their first, self-titled album, in 1988 with the following line-up: The producer was Goran Lisica-Fox. Besides their own songs, the album also included a cover version of the notable Macedonian folk song Zajdi, Zajdi under the title "Златно сонце" (Golden Sun). One of the best-known songs from the album is "Девојка од Бронза" (Girl made of bronze).
 * Goran Tanevski (vocal)
 * Gorazd Čapovski (guitar)
 * Boris Georgiev (drums) (ex. Badmingtons)
 * Sašo Krstevski (bass)
 * Katerina Veljanovska (keyboards)

By 1989, the lineup had stabilised to the following:
 * Goran Tanevski - vocals
 * Gorazd Čapovski - guitar
 * Ilija Stojanovski - bass
 * Žarko Serafimovski - drums
 * Vladimir Kaevski - keyboards

This lineup's first appearance on record was the Demoskop 1 compilation in late 1990, where they contributed two tracks, "Veligden" and "Glas". Between October and December 1990, the band recorded their second album, Svjat Dreams, releasing it on 7 September 1991, the day before Macedonia split from Yugoslavia. The title of the record is inspired by the song Sweet Dreams by Eurythmics. On this album they covered the traditional song 1762 and a song written by Vrtev, the first singer of Mizar  titled "Дом" (Home).

After the release of the band's second album Tanevski left the group and was replaced by the vocalist Nora, but soon by the end of the 1991 the band split. Tanevski got involved in organising concerts, Kaevski restored his old band Kiborg, while Čapovski left for Australia. There he formed Kismet in 1993 which is considered a sort of continuation of Mizar's work because the musical style was similar. In 1999, Serafimovski and Tanevski reissued Mizar on CD under the title Svedožba, with bonus demo and live tracks, including a never-before-heard darker version of the song "Svjat Dreams" recorded in 1989 with Tanevski on all instruments and two unreleased live tracks, "Čifte Čamče" and "Samo eden mig". Also included were a live version of the Svjat Dreams album track "Veligden" and three tracks from Svjat Dreams 1762-1991. The live tracks were recorded at a concert at Kuršumli An in 1990. In 1999, Čapovski returned to Macedonia and contributed two tracks to a tribute album dedicated to Mizar, which was released in 2001. In 2002, Kismet released an album called "Dreaming". The band broke up in that year.

The Third Revelation (Goran Trajkoski)
In 2001 a tribute album named Tribute to Mizar was released. It was a collection of Mizar cover versions by some of the most notable groups in Macedonia incl. Majakovski, the black death metal band Syniac and others. Two years later the first two albums of Mizar were re-released on CD solely for the Macedonian market, but the record quickly spread across the countries of former Yugoslavia. Besides the albums, the CD also contained demos and live recordings.

Mizar was reunited in early 2003 with their former member Goran Trajkoski as a vocalist, with whom, first they released the single "Почесна Стрелба" (Gun Salute). That summer they played at the Exit festival in Novi Sad and in the alternative club Močvara in Zagreb. The entrance tickets included give-away records featuring the new single. The following year a new album titled Terrible Beauty (is born) came out. During 2005 Mizar toured ex-Yugoslavia, August 2005 Mizar toured Croatia together with Croatian gothic band from Zagreb - Phantasmagoria (Croatian band), with its leader Tomi Edvard Sega. That was Jadran Tour - Pula (Viva La Pola! festival), Zadar (Maya Pub), Split (O'Hara Club), Dubrovnik (Lazareti) and in the beginning of November they visited Serbia and Montenegro playing in Pančevo, Belgrade and Kragujevac.

After Trajkoski
During the summer of 2006 the former Mizar vocalist Goran Tanevski replaced Goran Trajkoski. In the beginning of November that year Mizar played in Belgrade and announced their new album featuring Tanevski as a vocalist. The album Pogled na cvetnata gradina was completed and released in 2007.

The Fourth Revelation (Harmosini)
In 2010, Tanevski left Mizar again and was replaced by the Byzantine choir Harmosini. The album Deteto i beloto more was released in 2010. The album contains a re-recording of "Hoden že" from Mizar's debut album.

In 2014, they were selected as the support band for Simple Minds' concert at the Kale hall in Skopje. Their new album, at the time entitled Šarena Krava (Coloured Cow), was announced at that concert. Šarena Krava returns the band to its punk rock roots, removing all traditional Macedonian instruments and patriotic lyrical themes. Harmosini has been replaced with Jana Burčeska, the second female singer in the history of Mizar since Nora Stojanovic's brief tenure with the band in 1991. One song intended for the album, "Nebo", was released on the Balkan Under the Radar vol. 2 compilation in 2014.

The Fifth Revelation (Viktorija Ivanovska)
On 26 June 2015, the documentary Mizar: The Star of Hope was released, featuring interviews with members of early Mizar lineups and discussing a hitherto-unknown period in the life of the band: its beginnings in 1981 until 1986. Before the documentary, it was believed Mizar formed in 1983.

To this day, Čapovski has remained the only constant member of Mizar since its formation in 1981.

On 12 December 2022, Mizar's sixth album, by then retitled Večna praznina (Eternal Emptiness), was released.

Musical style
Mizar's musical style is post-punk, darkwave and gothic rock. Besides influences such as Joy Division for instance, Mizar also uses elements of traditional Macedonian folklore and Byzantine music. Another main part of their music is Tanevski and Trajkoski's vocals, which are based on Christian church chants.

Current band members (2014)

 * Gorazd Čapovski (guitar)
 * Zoran Origjanski (drums)
 * Pece Kitanovski (bass guitar)
 * Jana Burčeska (vocal)
 * Vlatko Georgiev (keyboards)

Former band members

 * Valentin Zabjakin (bass) 1981-1982
 * Ilija Stojanovski (bass) 1982–1987, 1989-1991
 * Boris Georgiev (drums) 1988-1989
 * Žarko Serafimovski (drums) 1989-1991
 * Vladimir Kaevski (keyboards) 1987, 1989-1991
 * Slobodan Stojkov (keyboards) 1985-1987
 * Panta Džambazoski (drums) 1981-1986
 * Risto Vrtev (vocal) 1982-1985
 * Goran Trajkoski (bass) 1987 (vocal) 2003-2006
 * Vencislav Smakjoski (drums) 1986-1988
 * Sašo Krstevski (bass) 1988
 * Novogradska (Backing vocalist) (bass) 2003-2006
 * Harmosini (male Byzantine choir) 2009-2013
 * Goran Tanevski (vocal) 1985–1991, 2006-2009
 * Katerina Veljanovska (keyboards) 1987-1989
 * Eleonora Stojanovic (vocal) 1991

Albums

 * 1988 - Mizar
 * 1991 - Svjat Dreams (Light Dreams)
 * 2004 - Kobna Ubavina Terrible Beauty (is born)
 * 2007 - Pogled Kon Cvetnata Gradina (A View to the Flower Garden)
 * 2010 - Deteto i Beloto More (The Child and the White Sea )
 * 2022 - Večna Praznina (Eternal Emptiness)

Singles

 * 2003 - "Juda"
 * 2014 - "Nebo"
 * 2015 - "Kajmos"

title: Mizar (band)


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Outpost

Outpost or outposts may refer to:

Places

 * Outpost (military), a detachment of troops stationed at a distance from the main force or formation, usually at a station in a remote or sparsely populated location
 * Border outpost, an outpost maintained by a sovereign state on its border, usually one of a series placed at regular intervals, to watch over and safeguard its border with a neighboring state
 * Human outpost, an artificially-created, controlled human habitat located in an environment inhospitable for humans, such as the ocean floor, the Antarctic, in space, or on another planet
 * Outpost Estates, Los Angeles, California, a canyon neighborhood
 * Outpost Islands, Nunavut, Canada
 * Israeli outpost, a settlement built on land that was not legally purchased and was not given a building permit by the State of Israel

Entertainment

 * The Outpost, a 1909 play written by James Francis Jewell Archibald
 * Outpost (board game), from TimJim games
 * Outpost (chess), a strategic element in chess
 * Outpost Gallifrey, a Doctor Who fan website
 * The Outpost (Resnick novel), a 2001 science fiction novel by Mike Resnick
 * The Outpost (Prus novel), by Bolesław Prus
 * Outpost Records, a former Geffen Records imprint
 * The Outpost (TV series), a 2018 fantasy TV series
 * The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor, a book by Jake Tapper
 * "The Outpost" is Episode 23 of Freeform's 2018 drama show Siren

Music

 * Outpost (The Samples album), 1996
 * Outpost (Robert Rich and Ian Boddy album), 2002
 * Outpost (Freddie Hubbard album), 1981
 * Outpost (Buckethead album), 2014
 * The Outpost (opera), a 1900 short opera by Hamilton Clarke, played as a companion piece for The Pirates of Penzance

Films

 * Outpost (1944 film), 1944 animated film
 * Outpost (1959 film), an Australian television play
 * Outpost (2008 film), a 2008 horror film directed by Steve Barker
 * The Outpost (1995 film), a Hungarian film
 * The Outpost, another name for the 1995 film The Hills Have Eyes III
 * The Outpost (2020 film), a 2020 war drama film based on the book The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor by Jake Tapper, about the Battle of Kamdesh in the war in Afghanistan.

Video games

 * Outpost (1981 video game) for the Apple II
 * Outpost (1994 video game) published by Sierra On-Line
 * Outpost 2 (1997)
 * Outpost Kaloki X, a city-building video game for the Xbox 360

Other uses

 * Cyberian Outpost, an online vendor of discount computerware
 * Outpost Magazine, a Canadian adventure-travel publication
 * Lunar outpost (NASA), a planned, Moon-based inhabited facility
 * Outpost Firewall Pro, a software package
 * Outpost for Hope, a missing persons website
 * Outpost Harry, a remote Korean War military base
 * Outpost Island Mine, a gold mine in Canada
 * Outpost Snipe, a remote World War II military located Egypt
 * Outpost Societies, secret, early 20th century Istanbul societal organizations
 * Outposts of tyranny, a term used in 2005 to characterize some governments
 * Outpost.com, a name formerly used by Fry's Electronics
 * Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire, a 1985 travel book by Simon Winchester

title: Outpost


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Seal of Wyoming

The Great Seal of the State of Wyoming was adopted by the second legislature in 1893, and revised by the sixteenth legislature in 1921.

The two dates on the Great Seal, 1869 and 1890, commemorate the organization of the territorial government and Wyoming's admission to the Union. The draped figure in the center holds a staff from which flows a banner bearing the words, "Equal Rights." The banner symbolizes the political status women have enjoyed in Wyoming since the passage of the territorial suffrage amendment in 1869. The male figures typify the livestock and mining industries of the state. The number 44 on the five-pointed star signifies that Wyoming was the 44th state admitted to the Union. On top of the pillars rest lamps from which burn the Light of Knowledge. Scrolls encircling the two pillars bear the words, Oil, Mines, Livestock, and Grain, four of Wyoming's major industries.

The state seal is displayed in stained glass in the ceilings of both the Wyoming's House of Representatives Chamber and the Wyoming Senate Chamber in the state capital. The seal is also incorporated into the design of the flag of Wyoming, which prominently features the seal set against the silhouette of an American Bison.

title: Seal of Wyoming


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Category:Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia

Articles on the languages of the Federated States of Micronesia.


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Alpina

Alpina Burkard Bovensiepen GmbH & Co. KG is an automobile manufacturing company based in Buchloe, in the Ostallgäu district of Bavaria, Germany that develops and sells high-performance versions of BMW cars. Alpina works closely with BMW and their processes are integrated into BMW's production lines, and is recognized by the German Ministry of Transport as an automobile manufacturer, in contrast to other performance specialists, which are aftermarket tuners. The Alpina B7 is produced at the same assembly line in Dingolfing, Germany (BMW Plant Dingolfing), as BMW's own 7 Series. The B7's twin-turbo 4.4-litre V8 is assembled by hand at Alpina's facility in Buchloe, Germany, before being shipped to BMW for installation, and the assembled vehicle is then sent back to Alpina for finishing touches.

The firm was founded in 1965 by Burkard Bovensiepen (1936–2023), a member of the Bovensiepen family of industrialists. On 10 March 2022, BMW announced its intention to acquire Alpina. That same day, BMW wrote on its website that it had officially acquired the brand.

History

Alpina's roots can be traced back to 1962, when Burkard Bovensiepen developed a Weber dual carburetor for the BMW 1500. This carburetor was well received by the automotive press, as well as BMW's own sales boss Paul G. Hahnemann. In 1964, BMW certified the quality of this Alpina product by awarding BMW vehicles fitted with the Alpina system the full factory guarantee.

Alpina Burkard Bovensiepen KG was established on 1 January 1965 in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. The company had eight employees. Although Alpina started by producing typewriters, the original Alpina ceased to exist at the end of the 1960s in their attempt to move into the textile industry. In 1965, Burkard established a BMW tuning business, following his success with investments in the stock market. He started the tuning business in an outbuilding of the original Alpina typewriter factory. The company worked on carburetors and revised cylinder heads. By 1970, with seventy employees, the original facility changed locations from Kaufbeuren to Buchloe.

In its first years, Alpina established its core competency by tuning carburetors and crankshafts to extract more power from BMW engines, elements that eventually defined the company's logo, which came into being in 1967. Between 1968 and 1977, Alpina cars did very well in competition. The highlight was in 1970, when the team's cars won the European Touring Car Championship, the German Hillclimb Championship, rally and track racing championships, and the prestigious Spa 24 Hours.

Alpina officially withdrew from racing in 1988 because of capacity limitations and restrictions. Tied to this was the decision to begin production of a new set of BMW Alpina automobiles.

Brand distinctions
Since 1983, Alpina has been recognized by the German Federal Ministry of Transport as an automobile manufacturer, thus Alpina-built cars are branded and registered as Alpina instead of BMW, although an Alpina can be serviced at all BMW dealerships, and is fully covered if a warranty issue arises. Alpina automobiles are also sold at some BMW dealerships.

Distinctive features of Alpina vehicles are the fact that these models are literally "manu-factured", meaning "hand-made". The production process switches between fine tuning the engine, delivering it to the BMW plant, marrying engine and body there, and bringing it back to Alpina for interior upgrade with Alpina's specific components, again all in a hand-made process that allows only limited production numbers. Besides engine and interior, Alpina also optimizes the transmission and installs steering wheel-mounted button shifters (called Switch-Tronic) on most cars, with paddle shifters used on the B4 S Edition 99. This has historic reasons, since Alpina was the first to mount shifting buttons on the steering wheel. Distinguishing marks from the exterior are the 20-spoke alloy wheels with hidden valves under the center cap and the "Alpina Blue" or "Alpina Green" metallic exterior colours. Inside, "the finest materials are used to fabricate the exclusive feel". A typical blue and green pattern is often used on interior parts such as stitching on leather. A thin, pinstriped style outside body decor set in gold or silver is also a hallmark of older Alpina cars which is an option on new Alpina models. Another distinguishing mark is the Alpina wordmark at the bottom of the car's front, a design heralded from its racing cars. A metal plate inside also proves the heritage and the serial number of the car.

Compared to cars from BMW's in-house performance subsidiary, BMW M, Alpina's vehicles have more emphasis on Touring, higher torque, and have their own Alpina-style shiftable ZF automatic transmissions instead of manual or semi-automatic transmissions. For instance, regarding the high performance variants of the BMW E60 5 Series, the B5 offers a different take on performance and how to accomplish it. Unlike BMW M's own M5 which has a naturally aspirated, high-revving 5.0L V10, the Alpina B5 uses a supercharged 4.4L V8 which produces similar horsepower and greater torque at lower rpm.

Current lineup

 * Alpina D3 Bi-Turbo Saloon/Touring: based on the BMW F30/F31 3 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbocharged diesel engine, delivering 350 PS / 700 Nm
 * Alpina B3 S Bi-Turbo Saloon/Touring: based on the BMW F30/F31 3 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbocharged petrol engine, delivering 440 PS / 660 Nm
 * Alpina XD3: based on the BMW G01 X3 - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six diesel engine:
 * a quad-turbocharged version delivering 388 PS / 770 Nm (left-hand drive)
 * a bi-turbocharged version delivering 333 PS / 700 Nm (right-hand drive)
 * Alpina D4 Bi-Turbo Coupé/Convertible: based on the BMW F32/F33 4 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbo diesel engine, delivering 350 PS / 700 Nm
 * Alpina B4 S Bi-Turbo Coupé/Convertible: based on the BMW F32/F33 4 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbocharged engine, delivering 440 PS / 660 Nm
 * Alpina B4 S Bi-Turbo Edition 99 Coupé/Convertible: based on the BMW F32/F33 4 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbocharged engine, delivering 452 PS / 680 Nm
 * Alpina XD4: based on the BMW G02 X4 - featuring a 3.0-litre quad-turbocharged straight-six diesel engine delivering 388 PS 770 Nm (right-hand drive only)
 * Alpina D5 S Saloon/Touring: based on the BMW G30/G31 5 Series - featuring a 3.0-litre straight-six bi-turbocharged diesel engine :
 * delivering 388 PS / 800 Nm (left-hand drive)
 * delivering 326 PS / 700 Nm (right-hand drive)
 * Alpina B5 Saloon/Touring: based on the BMW G30/G31 5 Series - featuring a 4.4-litre V8 bi-turbocharged engine. 608 PS / 800 Nm
 * Alpina B6 Bi-Turbo Coupé/Convertible/Gran Coupé: based on the BMW F06/F12/F13 6 Series - featuring a 4.4 L V8 bi-turbo engine. 600 PS / 800 Nm
 * Alpina B8 Gran Coupe: based on the BMW G16 8 Series - featuring a 4.4 L V8 bi-turbo engine. 630 PS (457 kW; 620 hp) / 800 Nm
 * Alpina XB7: based on the BMW G07 X7 - featuring a 4.4 L V8 bi-turbo engine. 621 PS (457 kW; 612 hp) / 800 Nm

Alpina XD3
The Alpina XD3 made its debut at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show. The XD3 is fitted with an Alpina-modified version of BMW's B57 diesel inline-six engine. In the quad-turbo left-hand drive version, the engine outputs 388 PS and 770 Nm, giving a 0–100 km/h time of 4.6 seconds and a top speed of 266 km/h. In the bi-turbocharged right-hand drive version, the engine outputs 333 PS and 700 Nm, giving it a 0–100 km/h time of 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 254 km/h.

Alpina XD4
The Alpina XD4 debuted at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show. It is fitted with a modified version of the B57 diesel engine with four turbochargers, and outputs 285 kW and 568 Nm. The XD4 is the fastest accelerating diesel-powered production SUV, and can accelerate from 0–100 km/h in 4.6 seconds, with a top speed of 268 kph. It is available in left-hand drive markets only.

Alpina B3 Bi-Turbo
The F30 Alpina B3 Bi-Turbo was in production since March 2013. It is based on the BMW F30 335i with a bi-turbocharged 3.0 litre six cylinder. The 301 kW engine with 600 Nm of torque accelerates the B3 from 0–100 km/h in 4.0 seconds. The top speed is 305 km/h. The B3 Biturbo is available as a sedan or touring, both can be combined with xDrive four-wheel drive.

Alpina modified the exterior with front and rear spoilers and a quad-exit exhaust system.

In March 2017, Alpina revised the engine of the B3. It now produces 324 kW.

A new model based on the G20 3 Series replaced the F30 model, it uses the S58 3.0 litre bi-turbo inline six engine producing 340 kW and 700 Nm of torque, which is 150 Nm more than the BMW M3, and 50 Nm more than the BMW M3 Competition.

Alpina D3 Bi-Turbo
The Alpina D3 Bi-Turbo was presented at IAA 2013. It is based on the BMW F30. It is available as a Saloon or Touring version with a 3.0-litre straight-six, bi-turbocharged diesel engine with 257 kW of Power and 700 Nm of torque. The Touring is also available with all-wheel drive, based on BMW xDrive.

Alpina B4 Bi-Turbo
Launched in 2014, the B4 is based on the 435i. The N55 straight-six engine is modified by using twin-turbochargers, a sixty-one percent larger intercooler and a new crankshaft. The engine also utilises new pistons, all of these modifications allow the engine to generate 408 PS between 5,550 and 6,250 RPM and 443 lbft between 3,000 and 4,000 RPM.

Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo
The Alpina B5 was introduced at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show in all-wheel drive Saloon or Touring versions. The B5 features a 4.4-litre N63M30 V8 engine that generates a maximum power output of 447 kW and 800 Nm of torque. Based on the N63B44O2 V8, it has uprated pistons, new twin-scroll Garrett turbochargers and new spark plugs by NGK. The B5 can accelerate from 0-100 kph in 3.5 seconds with a top speed of 330 km/h for the Saloon, and 202 mph for the Touring, making it the fastest production estate car in production at that time.

Alpina D5 S
The Alpina D5 S debuted at the 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show in all-wheel drive only sedan and Touring variants. The D5 S uses a modified 3.0-liter B57D30 diesel inline-six engine. The engine has three turbochargers and produces 285 kW and 800 Nm of torque in left-hand drive markets, whereas it has two turbochargers and produces 240 kW and 700 Nm of torque in right-hand drive markets. The left-hand drive D5 S saloon has a top speed of 286 km/h and a 0–100 km/h acceleration time of 4.4 seconds. Alpina claims it is the fastest diesel-powered production car in the world. The right-hand drive, saloon-only version has a 0–100 km/h acceleration time of 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 275 km/h.

Alpina B6 Gran Coupé
The high performance Alpina B6 Gran Coupé xDrive was launched in 2014. This model is conceived by Alpina and based on the 650i. This model is sold by BMW only in the United States and in Canada (but Alpina also independently offers it in other countries). The Alpina B6 Gran Coupé 2015 model shares the 540 hp, 730 Nm 4.4-litre twin-turbo V8 of the Alpina B5 BiTurbo and B6 BiTurbo coupé which are not sold in North America. The 2016-2019 model produces 600 hp and 590 lbft of torque. Specification includes a more luxurious interior, 20-inch Alpina light-alloy wheels, aerodynamic elements and exclusive Alpina trims and paints. The Alpina B6 can go from 0–100 km/h in 3.9 (3.8 for the 2016-2019 model) seconds and has a top speed of 318 km/h. (324 km/h or 202 mph for the 2016-2019 model)

Alpina B7
The Alpina B7 is one of the two Alpina cars offered in the US and Canada, the other one being the Alpina B6. The B7 is produced at the same assembly line in Dingolfing, Germany, along with BMW's own 7 Series. It can be equipped identically to a normal M760li. However, an exclusive Alpina Green finish is available.

BMW permitted Alpina to produce a high-performance version of its flagship 7 Series, however they did not want it to be a high-revving, BMW M version (which would have been known as a "BMW M7" under the current nomenclature). It has also been suggested that there was no market for an M7 that would have featured the BMW M's trademark high-rev engine and twin-clutch automated manual transmission, and most customers who desired a performance option in the 7 Series would have gone for the V12-engined BMW 760Li.

Competitors include the Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG and Audi S8.

 * Alpina B7 xDrive

The Alpina B7 xDrive was announced by BMW North America on 8 February 2016 with sales starting in September 2016. With an electronically limited top speed of 310 km/h and a 0–100 km/h acceleration time of 3.7 seconds along with a sportier setup, it is the sportiest 7 Series but is sold by BMW only in the United States and Canada. The B7 is sold in other countries by Alpina as the B7 Bi-Turbo, with a delimited top speed of 330 km/h.

The Alpina B7 features a 447 kW 4.4 litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine delivering 800 Nm of torque and a more luxurious interior. It was unveiled at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show.

The face-lifted model, unveiled in February 2019, has a better power band which allows better performance, with a 0–100 km/h acceleration time of 3.6 seconds. The top speed of 330 km/h is now delimited worldwide.

Diesel-engine
Alpina XD3 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW F25 X3 - featuring a 3 L straight-six bi-turbo Diesel engine, delivering 350 PS and 700 Nm.

Alpina C1
The Alpina C1 was based on the E21 323i and was among their most popular early models, providing superior performance over the unmodified car. The C1 2.3 made 125 kW and 225 Nm of torque. 0–100 km/h is achieved in 7.8 seconds. Top speed was 213 km/h. The extra power is due to special Mahle pistons, and a special exhaust and ignition system. It also received dry-sump lubrication and a short-ratio five-speed gearbox. Only 35 C1 cars were built, making it one of the rarest Alpina models. As BMW released the 325i, Alpina responded with the C2 2.5, and later the 2.7 models, providing between 190-210 hp. The brakes and suspension were also upgraded.

The C1 2.5 and early C2 / 2.6* models used the M20B23 (2,3L) engine, but bore and stroke were increased to achieve a displacement of 2552 cm3. Alpina reworked the head which was ported and polished, installed harder valve springs and a hotter cam. The intake manifold was also reworked, and Alpina used a larger throttle body. It produced 136 kW, with 246 Nm of torque. Alpina claimed 0–100 km/h acceleration in 7.1 seconds. Top speed was 220 km/h. Production is unclear, with estimates ranging from 35 cars built to around 400 depending on the source.

Alpina C2
An interesting variant of the M20 engine was Alpina's C2. The first C2 combined the wider bore of the M20B25 with the slightly larger 76.8 mm crankshaft of an M20B23, to create a torquier engine of 2552 cc. This version put out 185 PS and 265 Nm, 74 units were built between 1985 and November 1986. After the C2 2.7 appeared in the spring of 1986, the 2.5 was slightly upgraded and gained 5 horsepower. However, to indicate its "little brother" position in the lineup, the name was changed to C1 2.5. When the September 1987 facelift model of the E30 was introduced, the 2.5 litre C1 was discontinued, although a few cars were finished into 1988. The larger yet 2.7 litre unit was introduced in February 1986 in uncatalyzed C2/1 form. This engine, sharing the dimensions of the M20B27, develops 210 PS at 5800 rpm and shows what the engine was really capable of. Originally installed in the E30-based Alpina C2 2.7, with available four-wheel drive, the catalyzed C2/2 appeared in the interim C2 2.7 Kat in March 1987. This was then renamed "B3 2.7" five months later, by which time the "C2" labelled cars were discontinued. The B3 2.7 continued to be available until June 1992, in all body variants and drivetrain configurations (excepting automatics) in which the E30 was offered. Around 1986, 67 "B6 2.7"-labelled C2-engined E30s were built for export to Japan, where the larger 3.0 L B6 3.5 had a hard time passing emissions regulations. Aside from the C2 drivetrain, the B6 2.7 is cosmetically identical to the B6 3.5.

Later C2 2.5 models (C2 /3 2.5) were based on the 325i. Alpina used the M20B25 engine with very few modifications compared to earlier models. Again the cylinder head was decked to increase compression ratio, and it was ported and polished. The ECU was also remapped. Max power is 140 kW, with 235 Nm of torque. 0–100 km/h was achieved in 7.2 seconds. Top speed is 220 km/h. Only 50 cars were built.

The C2 /1 2.7 used the 325e eta model engine block, crank and rods, but with custom flat head pistons provided by Mahle. Originally Alpina modified the "200" casting number cylinder head specific to the 325e with bigger intake valves, larger air intake ports, and redesigned the valve chamber for better flow. A more aggressive camshaft was used, with higher lift and duration, and harder valve springs were installed. Compression ratio was increased to 10.2:1. The C2/1 2.7 made 210 bhp with 267 Nm of torque and was the fastest E30 available at the time (227 km/h top speed). 108 cars were built.

Later C2 /2 2.7 (and early 1987 B3 2.7) used the M20B25 block with ETA (325e) crank and rods. The intake manifold was also redesigned for better flow. The head was decked to improve compression ratio (10.1:1 for models with the 731 head, 9.6:1 for later "885" head models with catalytic converter) and matched with custom pistons - flat Mahle pistons for engines equipped with the 731 head, and domed KS pistons for engines equipped with the 885 head. Larger throttle bodies were installed (the C2/2 version uses the same throttle body as the M20B25 325i). A total of 309 cars were built between 1986 and 1987. The C2/2 2.7 makes 204 bhp and 266 Nm of torque. Top speed is 224 km/h and 0–100 km/h is achieved in 7.5 seconds.

The B3 2.7 is similar to late C2/2 2.7 cars. It uses the M20B25 block with M20B27 crank and custom rods. The 885 head is exclusively used for the B3 model. The head is decked ~ 1 mm to improve CR to 9.6:1 and matched with custom domed KS or Mahle pistons. Intake and cylinder head are ported and polished. Custom ECU mapping is used. Engine management is Bosch Motronic 1.3. The B3 2.7 is equipped with a catalytic converter to conform to emission standard of the time. Performance numbers are similar to the later C2/2 2.7 cars. 254 cars were built from 1987 to 1992.

Alpina B6
The Alpina B6 2.8 is based on the 323i, but uses the same B6/2 engine used in the B6 E21. The car makes 210 bhp and 270 Nm of torque. Top speed is 230 km/h. 0–100 km/h is achieved in 7.2 seconds. 533 cars were made from 1983 to 1986.

The Alpina B6 3.5 is based on the 325i chassis, but uses the M30 "big six" 3430 cm3 engine, upgraded to 261 bhp and 346 Nm of torque. 0–100 km/h is achieved in 6.4 seconds. The engine uses custom Mahle pistons and rods. The cylinder head was ported and polished, and a hotter cam was used. Top speed is 250 km/h. Suspension and brakes were upgraded. Bigger ventilated disks and progressive springs were installed at the front. Only 210 cars were made from 1986 to 1990. The B6 3.5 was sold in Japan as the B6 2.7 and used the 2.7 L engine from the Alpina C2 as the larger 3.0 L engine was unable to pass emissions.

The Alpina B6 3.5 S uses the M3 chassis. The 3.5 S, like the 3.5, uses the B10/2 M30 "big six" which makes 261 bhp and 346 Nm of torque. Displacement is 3430 cm3. 0–100 km/h is achieved in 6.4 seconds. Top speed is 250 km/h. The gearbox used is the Getrag 260/6 sport, known as a dog-leg gearbox. Only 62 cars were made from 1987 to 1990.

The E30 BMW 333i was developed by Alpina for BMW South Africa. It was based on the 325i chassis and M30B32 engine, with numerous Alpina components common to the B6. Customers had to choose between power steering or air conditioning because of limited space in the engine bay.

Alpina B3 GT3
To celebrate Alpina's victory in the 2011 ADAC GT Masters with an Alpina B6 GT3, Alpina decided to produce a limited run of the Alpina B3 S Bi-Turbo, called the Alpina B3 GT3. The B3 GT3 features a new exhaust system developed in collaboration with Akrapovič which is 11 kg lighter than the standard exhaust and increases power to 300 kW and 398 lbft of torque. It features upgraded brakes with 380 mm discs, a Drexler limited slip differential and fully adjustable coilovers by KW at all four corners. The most noticeable changes were on the exterior: The B3 GT3 sports a carbon fibre rear wing, a special front splitter and 19" lightweight Alpina GT3 Classic wheels, painted in Himalaya Grey. The B3 GT3 was available in Black Sapphire metallic, Mineral White metallic, Alpina Blue metallic or with a full body vinyl wrap in the official GT3 design. The car could be ordered with an extra set of lightweight wheels (also 19" Alpina GT3 Classic, but equipped with Michelin Pilot Sport Cup+ tires) for use on the track.

Only 99 units were produced.

E12 B2
The Alpina B2 is based on the 1976 BMW 5 Series (E12) 528i. The car featured a bored-out 230 hp 3.0-liter straight-six fitted with three double barrel carburetors. Only eleven B2 were built before the introduction of the B7.

E12 B7 Turbo / B7 S Turbo
The Alpina B7 Turbo is based on the BMW 5 Series (E12) 528i like its predecessor the B2. From 1978 to 1982 it featured a B7 engine with 221 kW at 6,000 rpm and 462 Nm at 3,000 rpm. In 1981, Alpina introduced the B7 S Turbo with 243 kW at 5,800 rpm and 500 Nm at 3,000 rpm. Only sixty B7 S Turbos were produced.

E28 B9
The Alpina B9 was built in a small series from November 1981 to December 1985 on the basis of the BMW E28. About 500 examples were produced.

Changes
The B9 is based on the 528i, whose M30-2.8-litre BMW engine was replaced by a 3.45-litre. Alpina tuned engine. The motor is based on the 3.5-liter version of the M30, but has been extensively modified. Alpina replaced the cylinder head, pistons, camshaft and modified the Bosch Motronic ECU. The engine transmits its power to the rear wheels via a 5-speed gearbox, an automatic transmission was also available. The suspension of the E28 has been modified with Bilstein gas dampers, as standard the B9 was delivered with 16-inch wheels (see picture). Alpina also modified the interior with among other things, Recaro seats, a new shifter and a modified instrument cluster.

E28 B10
In 1985, Alpina launched the B10 3.5, based on the BMW 535i (E28).

The 3.5 liter six-cylinder engine from the B6 3.5 was fitted to replace the B9's 3.45 liter. The output was 192 kW. Only 77 examples of the B10 3.5 were produced.

B10 3.5
The B10 3.5 was the first Alpina based on the BMW E34, With production beginning in April 1988 at launch it was the only available B10. The 3.5-liter BMW M30 inline-six cylinder engine of the BMW 535i was reworked with Mahle pistons, a modified cylinder-head, and a new camshaft increasing power from 155 kW to 187 kW. In 1992 production was stopped after 572 cars were made.

B10 4.0
In 1993 the BMW M30 ended production forcing Alpina to discontinue the B10 3.5 and B10 BiTurbo. In April 1993 Alpina launched their replacement, the first B10 with an eight-cylinder engine. The BMW M60 engine of the BMW 540i was modified with higher-compression Mahle pistons and a modified air intake. Power was increased from 210 kW to 232 kW. 49 examples were built.

B10 3.0 Allrad
The B10 3.0 Allrad was based on the all-wheel drive BMW 525ix, launched in October 1993. The displacement of the six-cylinder single-VANOS and four-valve engine was increased from 2.5 liters to 3.0 liters and the performance was increased from 141 kW to 170 kW. 64 sedans and 70 tourings were produced.

B10 4.6
The B10 4.6 replaced the B10 biturbo from March 1994 onwards. The engine was a re-designed and enlarged V8 with a displacement of 4.6 liters, which was also used in the E36 Alpina B8 4.6 With 250 kW, the power was only just below the B10 Bi-Turbo. 27 saloon cars were produced, and 19 Tourings - all were left hand drive except one right hand drive Touring.

E34 B10 BiTurbo

The B10 BiTurbo is a high performance version of the BMW 5 Series E34. Beginning production in 1989, the B10 BiTurbo was based on the 535i and received several upgrades by Alpina, being the fastest production saloon in the world at the time of its introduction, as tested by Road & Track. Production ended in 1994 with 507 examples produced, almost as many as the B10 3.5.

E39 B10
The B10 was built as a sedan and touring based on the BMW E39 from January 1997 to May 2004.

In February 2000, Alpina introduced the Alpina D10 Biturbo, the first six-cylinder diesel model produced by Alpina. The engine, a 3.0 litre twin turbocharged unit with 182 kW and 500 Nm of torque, was based on the engine of the BMW 530d. It was at the time the most powerful diesel saloon in the world. High-pressure common-rail injection technology (the famous Bosch CP3 high-pressure pump) has revolutionized the diesel industry.

Engines
The third generation of the B10 was built with both six-cylinder and V8 engines.

The six-cylinder engines with 3.2 and 3.3 liters displacement were based on the 528i and the 530i. For the 3.3 liter engine the engine block was bored to increase displacement to 3298 cubic centimeters. The cylinder head was machined and a modified crankshaft was added, different pistons and camshafts were also used. A modified intake system enabled a higher rate of air flow, as well as a stainless steel exhaust system (Alpina-Bosal) with metal catalytic converters. The engine control unit was also completely revised, which increased the power to 206 kW.

The two V8 engines with 4.6 (B10 V8) and 4.8 liters (B10 V8S) come from the BMW 540i. Again, a larger displacement was achieved by boring the engine block, which, together with other modifications, increased the power to 250 kW, then to 255 kW for the 4.6 liter engine, and 276 kW through an increased stroke with the 4.8 liter engine.

Suspension
The original suspension from the BMW E39 has been reworked for the B10. Changes include modified springs and tuned shock absorbers from Sachs that help lower the car.

E60 B5
The BMW E60 and the 4.4-liter BMW N62 engine from the 545i serve as the basis for the Alpina B5, which uses the same H1 supercharged engine as the E65 B7. Compared to the E60, the B5 has larger brakes, a new suspension with Electronic Damper Control, a stainless steel silencing system with polished double tailpipes and the typical Alpina changes to the interior and exterior.

The B5 was made from February 2005 to September 2007 and the B5 S was made from September 2007 to May 2010.

Drivetrain
The N62B44's output is increased by means of a centrifugal supercharger. The supercharger is made by the company ASA, and is also called "Turbessor" because it is able to combine the advantages of turbocharger and supercharger. At low speeds, it spontaneously responds as a conventional displacement compressor, but it can also immediately provide the thrust of a turbo. It also reaches speeds of more than 100,000 revolutions per minute. As compared to the 545i performance has increased from 245 kW to 368 kW, torque was increased from 450 Nm to 700 Nm. The power is transmitted to the rear wheels by means of a six-speed automatic transmission (6HP 26). As usual with Alpina, this was refined and has "Switch-Tronic".

Note
In 2005, an Alpina B5 Touring was tested by Auto, Motor und Sport on the Nardò Ring. The B5 reached a top speed of 319 km/h.

Alpina B5 S
At the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show (IIA), Alpina presented the revised B5 S.

Engine
The motor's combustion process was optimized by changing the camshaft. This resulted in a significantly lower exhaust gas temperature, which is the basis for the performance increase. The power of the 4.4-liter V8 was thus increased by 22 kW to 390 kW. The torque increased by 25 Nm to 725 Nm. The B5 S takes the sprint to 100 km/h in 4.6 seconds; The top speed increases to 317 km/h.

Transmission
One innovation is the ZF six-speed Sport-Switch-Tronic transmission. The switching time was reduced by 50% compared to the predecessor. The reaction time is 1/10 s. In manual mode, the driving feeling is similar to the shift dynamics of a dual clutch transmission.

Chassis
A further feature is the EDC suspension tuning with the company Sachs Race Engineering.

F10 B5
Alpina produced two variants based on the BMW 5 Series (F10), the petrol-engined B5 and diesel-engined D5.

B5 Bi-Turbo
The B5 is based on the 550i and is powered by an Alpina-modified version of the BMW N63 twin-turbo V8 engine. The original B5, which was unveiled at the 2010 Goodwood Festival of Speed, produced 373 kW and 700 Nm. The transmission is an 8-speed automatic.

Alpina unveiled an updated B5 at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show. Power had been uprated to 397 kW and torque to 730 Nm. During 2015, Alpina sold the B5 Bi-Turbo Edition 50, which marked the company's 50th year in operation. The Edition 50 uses an upgraded engine which produces 441 kW and 800 Nm. The standard B5 received this same engine for the B5's last year of production, 2016.

D5 Bi-Turbo
The D5 Bi-Turbo is based on the 535d. It is powered by Alpina-modified version of the BMW N57 turbo straight-6 engine, which produces 257 kW and 700 Nm of torque.

G30 B5
The third generation B5 is based on the BMW 5 Series (G30), and is available in both saloon and wagon bodystyles.

E38 B12
Based on the BMW 750i and 750iL, Alpina released the B12 5.7 in 1995 and the B12 6.0 in 1999. In contrast to the cars they are based on, these models are not electronically limited to a top speed of 250 km/h, but are able to reach top speeds of more than 280 km/h and 291 km/h, respectively. According to Alpina the B12 5.7 was the world's first vehicle with an electrically heated metal catalyst as standard. The B12 5.7 has a 5.7 litre V12 and the B12 6.0 has a 6.0 litre V12.

E65 B7
For the E65 7 Series generation, the Alpina B7 was widely credited with being able to hold its own against top performing offerings from Mercedes (including AMG) such as the S600 and S63 AMG, Audi (particularly quattro's Audi S8), the Bentley Flying Spur, and Jaguar XJ Supercharged, while BMW's own top-of-the-line V12 760Li was considered uncompetitive.

The E65 B7 uses a supercharged version of the 4.4-litre V8 found in the BMW 745i as the 750i and its 4.8-litre engine were not around when development began. The 760Li's naturally aspirated 6.0-litre V12 was deemed too heavy to have a sporty offshoot. The 2011 Alpina B7, with its twin-turbo 4.4-litre V8 engine and 6-speed automatic transmission, is less expensive and yet faster than its F01 stablemate, the 2010 BMW 760Li powered by a twin-turbo 6.0-litre V12 mated to an 8-speed automatic transmission. The B7's engine, derived from the BMW N63 that is found in the standard BMW lineup, matches the BMW 750i in fuel economy despite increased performance, plus its lighter weight than the 760Li's V12 engine gives the B7 considerably better weight distribution and handling than the 760Li.

BMW of North America, LLC offered 800 Alpina B7s as limited edition models for 2007 and 2008, all of which quickly sold out.

F01/F02 B7
The F01 B7 will be offered again for the 2011 model year in the US, with approximately 500 vehicles (half of the annual production of the B7) with a choice of rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive and/or a standard or long wheelbase (the B7, B7 L (long wheelbase), B7 xDrive (all-wheel drive), and B7 L xDrive), otherwise all configurations have the same equipment. Roughly 80 models will be sold in Canada, all of the xDrive variety due to that country's winter weather.

The B7's twin-turbo 4.4-litre V8 is assembled by hand at Alpina's facility in Buchloe, Germany, before being shipped to BMW for installation, and the assembled vehicle is then sent back to Alpina for finishing touches. It is based upon BMW's twin-turbo V8 but produces considerable more torque and horsepower, albeit with some turbo lag due to the larger turbos, yet more measured throttle mapping makes the B7 smoother than a stock BMW 750i.

While BMW uses run-flat tires for its 7 Series, the B7 comes with non-reinforced tires with a tire repair kit for emergencies. By using conventional, softer-sidewalled tires, compared to the reinforced sidewalls of run-flats, Alpina engineers were able to stiffen the B7's suspension for better handling and still improve the ride quality over that of a stock BMW 750i.

For the 2013 model year, the Alpina B7 received similar updates to the rest of the 7 Series lineup, including an 8-speed automatic transmission, while its engine adds Valvetronic and now produces 540 hp and 538 lbft, which is good for a 0–100 km/h time of 4.3 seconds and a top speed of 300 km/h. Compared to BMW M's version of the 4.4L twin-turbo engine (such as found in the F10 M5), Alpina's engine has 20 hp less but more maximum torque which is also available at a lower rpm.

In a comparison of the 2013 BMW 7 series and the Alpina B7, Motor Trend stated the B7 handled better than the BMW 760iL, but not as well as the 750iL.

G12 B7
The all new 2019 B7 based on the G11/G12 BMW 7 Series and features a 4.4L V8 producing 608 hp and 590 lbft of torque. The B7 can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 3.6 seconds and reach a top speed of 205 mph.

B12 5.0
The B12 5.0 was built from 1990 to 1994 and is based on the BMW E31 850i. It is powered by an Alpina modified BMW M70 V12 (shared with the E32 B12 5.0) producing 257 kW and mated to an automatic transmission.

B12 5.7
The B12 5.7 was available from 1992 and is based on the 850CSi. It is powered by an increased displacement version of the BMW S70 V12 with a modified intake, crankshaft. camshafts and a stainless steel exhaust system as well as a six speed manual gearbox with an optional system called Shift-Tronic that automatically actuates the clutch when shifting and allows the vehicle to creep in traffic, 32 B12 5.7s were equipped with Shift-Tronic. it produced 306 kW. The carbon-fibre hood has cooling vents and a NACA duct.

B8 Gran Coupé
The Alpina B8 Gran Coupé was available in 2021 and is based on the BMW M850i and M8 Gran Coupé's respectively. Powered by an Alpina tuned version of BMW's S63 4.4L V8 Bi-Turbo, the B8 produces 630 PS and 800 Nm of torque. Alpina tuned suspension and handling provided drivers with a Comfort+ and Sport+ mode for ideal ride comfort and performance. The exterior sports Alpina Classic 21 inch wheels featuring 20 spokes per wheel, Alpina designed front and rear bumpers, and a choice of Alpina blue or green metallic paint. The interior features Alpina trim appointments, custom Alpina leather upholstery, and or BMW Individual trims and upholstery.

Alpina Roadster V8

With production of the BMW Z8 completed by November 2002, for 2003 the Z8 production was replaced by the Alpina Roadster V8. The Alpina was a departure from the hard-edged sporting focus of the original car, and elements of the new grand touring intent were evident throughout this final edition.

Instead of the original six-speed manual and 4.9 L (S62) engine featured in Z8's, the Alpina came only as an automatic, using a five-speed BMW Steptronic transmission mated to a 4.8 L Alpina-tuned V8 motor from the Alpina E39 B10 V8 S (Alpina F5). In order to complete the car's transition from sports car to Alpina, relaxed suspension tuning was used. The standard Z8's run-flat tires on 18 in wheels were discarded in favor of conventional tires with softer sidewalls, on 20 in wheels.

A new, softer grade of Nappa leather replaced the Z8's less supple specification, and special Alpina gauges were featured on the dash cluster. An Alpina steering wheel with three solid spokes replaced the original, which could not be retrofitted with shift paddles for the automatic. Gear selection was displayed in an Alpina-specific display mounted in front of the wheel.

Performance of the Alpina V8 differed from that of the standard car in that peak power was reduced to 381 PS while peak torque was raised to 520 Nm; this torque was available at significantly lower rpm than the original in order to enable more relaxed cruising. Curiously, the electronically limited top speed was officially raised to 260 km/h, rather than the 250 km/h that most cars are limited to.

Only 555 of these Alpinas were built, 450 of which were exported to the U.S. market and only eight to the UK. In the United States, this special edition of the Z8 was sold directly through BMW dealerships, marking a first for Alpina, whose cars had never been sold through retail channels in the U.S.

title: Alpina


text:
Talk:Murder of LaToyia Figueroa

Missing White Woman Syndrome
I am changing the "Missing pretty girl syndrome" section to "Missing White Woman Syndrome," as that is the phrase the relevant Wikipedia article uses. Also, the fact that that Figueroa got little media time combined with "missing pretty girl syndrome" would seem to imply that she was not pretty. Pretty is subjective, but we can all agree that she was not "white." The phrase "missing white woman syndrome" also returns 2-3 times more hits on Google than "missing pretty girl syndrome." I'm still not completely pleased with way the section sounds, but I'll let someone else clean that up. :-) DejahThoris 21:34, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

i live in an area where her story was covered, and she did not get national attention, but she she did get a lot of coverage in our local area. --Colorfulharp233 18:16, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

News update 10/13/06
Philadelphia Daily News, 10/13: Trial opens in slaying of LaToyia Figueroa

10/14: Witness describes dumping of pregnant woman's body --George100 14:48, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism?
I'm wondering why after making an edit on October 18, I was warned that it was vandalism. I simply removed redundant information on the Laci Peterson case: Peterson was mentioned in the previous section, and the details of that case aren't really relevant here. And the heading "Details of the case" doesn't accurately describe the information that follows, either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.26.131.177 (talk • contribs) 10:29, October 18, 2006
 * If you think a section of an article needs to be removed, it is best to state that in the talk page first. Also you did not give an explanation in the editing summary. --George100 09:19, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect title
All other articles of this type have the title "Murder of …." Figueroa is not a notable person herself, therefore the article needs to be moved to the correct title.--Shakehandsman (talk) 16:35, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Murder of LaToyia Figueroa


text:
Talk:Eloise (psychiatric hospital)

Untitled
Mirage5000: I would appreciate it if someone with a little more knowledge about Eloise (or more writing experience) would help me with this article. Thank you.

Historical marker
annebethmi How about a link and info from Michigan Markers]?
 * ✅ 7&6=thirteen (☎) 18:03, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Eloise (psychiatric hospital)


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Dubăsari District, Transnistria

Dubăsari District (Raionul Dubăsari, ; Дубоссарский район; Дубоссарський район), is an administrative subdivision of Transnistria, Moldova. It is located along the river Dniester, in the center of Transnsitria. Its seat is the city of Dubăsari. The district contains this city and 9 communes (a total of 21 localities, including small villages/hamlets):

In addition, the breakaway authorities control the village of Roghi of the Chişinău-controlled Molovata Nouă commune of Dubăsari District. According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, the population of the sub-district is 36,734, and that of the village Roghi is 715. The exact ethnic composition is available only for the sum: 18,763 (50.1%) Moldovans, 10,594 (28.29%) Ukrainians, 7,125 (19.03%) Russians, 92 (0.25%) Gagauzians, 134 (0.36%) Bulgarians, 46 (0.12%) Roma, 46 (0.12%) Jews, 53 (0.14%) Poles, 185 (0.50%) Belarusians, 63 (0.17%) Germans, 126 (0.34%) Armenians, and 205 (0.56%) others and non-declared. The population of the village of Roghi is almost entirely Moldovan (95.32%).

In 1990–1991, the city of Dubăsari and the surrounding area were occasionally the scene of incidents, which aimed to establish in Transnistria a government that would break away from Moldova. In the 1992 War of Transnistria the city and the surrounding area were a major scene of the fighting.

List of heads of the state administration of the Dubăsari District and the town of Dubăsari

 * Eduard Davidovich Kantselevich (~ 2013)
 * Fedor Grigoriyevich Kovalev (22 October 2013 – )

title: Dubăsari District, Transnistria


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Stoofoo

Nah, let's keep it.