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2300 Jackson Street

2300 Jackson Street is the sixteenth and final studio album by American group the Jacksons, and their final album for record label Epic, released in the United States on May 23, 1989. The album is named after the address of their childhood home.

With the exception of the title track, this is the group's first and only album produced without Michael and Marlon, both of whom left the group following the conclusion of their 1984 Victory Tour. The group's final album peaked at No. 59 on the US Billboard Top Pop Albums chart and at No. 14 on the US Top Black Albums chart, and would sell over 500, 000 copies worldwide.

Overview
In a Billboard story June 17, 1989, about the release of 2300 Jackson Street, Jackie Jackson was quoted saying, "After the Victory album, our backs were against the wall... At first no one at CBS paid us any attention..." When the label heard "Alright with Me" and "If You'd Only Believe", they flew promotion staff for a meeting at Tito's Los Angeles home studio in a show of support.

The management firm of Fitzgerald-Hartley heard the album and approached the group about management. They had not managed a black act since the Brothers Johnson. Comparing the Jacksons' without Michael to their former clients Rufus without Chaka Khan, they were quoted saying, "People quickly forget the group factor, which is what makes it all happen."

For the recording of the song "2300 Jackson Street", Michael recorded his vocals at the Encino house and Janet recorded her vocals at Marlon's home studio.

After the first week of release, the single "Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)" received playlist adds from 84% of black radio.

Critical reception
The album received praise from music critics.

Production

 * Production: Michael Omartian (tracks 1, 4, 11), L.A. Reid and Babyface (track 2), Jermaine Jackson (track 3), The Jacksons (tracks 5, 6, 8-11), Teddy Riley and Gene Griffin (tracks 5, 7), Attala Zane Giles (tracks 6, 8-10)
 * Arrangements: Michael Omartian (tracks 1, 4, 11), L.A. Reid and Babyface (track 2), Jermaine Jackson (track 3), The Jacksons (tracks 5, 6, 8-10), Teddy Riley (tracks 5, 7), Attala Zane Giles (tracks 6, 8-10)
 * Engineers: David Alhert (tracks 1, 3-6, 8-11), Jon Gass (track 2), Mark Richmond (track 4), Mike Couzzi (track 4), Dennis Mitchell (tracks 5, 7), Jeff Lorenzen (track 5), Larry Fergusson (track 5), Marlon Jackson (track 5), Susan Rogers (tracks 6, 9, 10), Robert Brown (track 6), Keith Cohen (track 10)
 * Assistant engineers: Pee Wee Jackson (tracks 1, 3-6, 8-11), Donnell Sullivan (track 2), Mike Spring (track 4), Jim Hanneman (track 7), Joe Schiff (track 8), Terry Christian (track 11)
 * Mixing: Keith Cohen (tracks 1, 3-6, 9), L.A. Reid and Babyface (track 2), Jackie Jackson (tracks 3, 8), Susan Rogers (tracks 3, 9, 10), Larry Fergusson (tracks 5, 8), Dennis Mitchell (track 7), Michael Omartian (track 11)

Musicians

 * Babyface – keyboards and guitar (2)
 * Ran Ballard – synthesizer programming (6, 9)
 * Eugene A. Booker, Jr. – keyboards (3, 8)
 * Alex Brown – backing vocals (4, 8, 10)
 * Austin Brown – backing vocals (5)
 * Stacee Brown – backing vocals (5)
 * Yashi Brown – backing vocals (5)
 * Erich Bulling – drum programming (1, 3, 8, 11), synthesizer programming (1, 3, 4, 8), effects (8), synthesizer (11)
 * Paulinho da Costa – percussion (3, 9, 10)
 * Lynn Davis – backing vocals (4, 10)
 * Nathan East – bass (9)
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet (9)
 * Attala Zane Giles – drum programming and bass synthesizer (6, 9), keyboards and synthesizer programming (9, 10)
 * Ray Grady – dialogue (1)
 * Gary Grant – trumpet (9)
 * Daniel Higgins – tenor saxophone (9)
 * Autumn Joi Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Brandi Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Brittny Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Jackie Jackson – lead vocals (5, 8, 10, 11), backing vocals (1, 2, 6, 7, 9–11), percussion (10), finger snaps (11)
 * Jaimy Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Janet Jackson – lead vocals (5)
 * Jeremy Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Jermaine Jackson – lead vocals (1–6, 8–11), backing vocals (1–4, 6–11), percussion (3), fingers snaps (11)
 * Jermaine Jackson, Jr. – backing vocals (5)
 * Jourdynn Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Marlon Jackson – lead vocals (5)
 * Marlon Jackson, Jr. – backing vocals (5)
 * Michael Jackson – lead vocals (5)
 * Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitar (1, 3–5, 8–11)
 * Randy Jackson – lead vocals (2, 5, 7), backing vocals (1, 2, 6, 7, 9–11)
 * Rebbie Jackson – lead vocals (5)
 * Siggy Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Taj Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Taryll Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * TJ Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Tito Jackson – lead vocals (1, 5), backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9–11), motorcycle effects (6)
 * Valencia Jackson – backing vocals (5)
 * Rhett Lawrence – Fairlight programming (5)
 * Julius W. Linsey – synthesizer (6)
 * Jeff Lorber – synthesizer, drum programming and synthesizer programming (6), overdub keyboards (8)
 * Jonathan Moffett – drums (8, 9)
 * Don Myrick – saxophone (5)
 * Michael Omartian – keyboards (1, 4), drum programming (4), piano (11), synthesizer programming (11), finger snaps (11)
 * Lee Oskar – harmonica (3)
 * Donald Parks – synthesizer programming (2)
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums and drum programming (10)
 * Bill Reichenbach Jr. – trombone (9)
 * L.A. Reid – drums and percussion (2)
 * Teddy Riley – instruments (5, 7)
 * Gene Thomason – motorcycle effects (6)
 * Larry Williams – saxophone (1, 4, 9), horn programming (8), horn arrangements (9)

title: 2300 Jackson Street


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Stretton, Queensland

Stretton is a southern suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the, Stretton had a population of 4,686 people.

Geography
Stretton is 17 km from the Brisbane Central Business District, and borders the suburbs of Calamvale, Sunnybank Hills, Karawatha, Kuraby, and Drewvale.

The northern part of Stretton includes several hills, but the land flattens out towards the south. The southern part has more vegetation, as it joins Karawatha Forest to the south-east and the Calamvale Creek wetlands on the south-west.

History
In the early 19th century, the area and many of today's suburbs around the Sunnybank area were part of a vast area known as Coopers Plains. In 1861, Governor Bowen declared a wide area that included Eight Mile Plains to Stretton as a Brisbane Agricultural Reserve. This agricultural reserve was originally used as a source of timber, but when it was found to be good farming land, settlers quickly turned it into farms that produced sought-after fruit, vegetables, and poultry.

A military map from 1922 shows only four houses in the area that is now Stretton.

Stretton was gazetted as a suburb of Brisbane in 1972, and was named after George Stretton, a settler, postmaster and hotelier at Browns Plains in the 1870s.

In 1989, there was controversy regarding the sale of land to Asian investors.

Stretton State College opened on 1 January 2006.

Demographics
In the, Stretton had a population of 4,067 people, 51.5% female and 48.5% male. The median age was 36 years, 1 year below the Australian median. 41.6% were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%. The next most common countries of birth were China 7.1%, Taiwan 7%, New Zealand 4.1%, Hong Kong 4% and India 3.1%. 41.4% of people spoke only English at home. The next most popular languages were 16.2% Mandarin, 11.3% Cantonese, 3.3% Vietnamese, 2.9% Hindi and 2.4% Korean. The weekly median household income in Stretton was $1,843, compared to the national median of $1,234. This difference is also reflected in real estate, with the median mortgage payment being $2,400 per month, compared to the national median of $1,800.

In the, Stretton had a population of 4,334.

In the, Stretton had a population of 4,686 people.

Education
Stretton State College is a government primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at 226 Illaweena Street (-27.6395°N, 153.0537°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 2,590 students with 196 teachers (180 full-time equivalent) and 101 non-teaching staff (71 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Facilities
Stretton is home to Hope Christian Assembly, a multicultural Pentecostal Church affiliated with Australian Christian Churches which holds services at Stretton State College.

In addition to small local shops, Calamvale Village on Kameruka Street and Sunnybank Hills Shopping Centre on Hellawell Road provide basic shopping. Westfield Garden City at Upper Mount Gravatt is a larger shopping centre nearby.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stretton, Queensland


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User:IJzeren Jan/DiLingo

DiLingo is a constructed language of humorous intent, created ostensibly by one "sUmUs cAcOOnUs, D.E.", true identity undetermined. Its limited vocabulary and syntax are constructed around a few rhyming morphemes and affixes.

For instance, the English verb "be" corresponds to the DiLingo morpheme "ing", which happens to rhyme with all the major subject pronouns: "I am" = "ing ing"; "you are" = "ying ing"; "he/she/it is" = "ting/sing/ring ing". Similarly, "do" = "ding". Basic verb tenses are achieved by changing the morpheme's vowel, but any pronoun subject must change its vowel to match. "She was" = "Sang ang"; "He will have done" = "Tung zung dung". The imperative is designated by the hyphenated prefix "cha-", leading to such gems as "Pay!" = "Cha-ching!"

title: User:IJzeren Jan/DiLingo


text:
Talk:Accafellas

Vote for Deletion
This article was merged with and redirected to Michigan State University as a result of a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 06:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Accafellas


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Soft handover

Soft handover or soft handoff refers to a feature used by the CDMA and W-CDMA standards, where a cell phone is simultaneously connected to two or more cells (or cell sectors) during a call. If the sectors are from the same physical cell site (a sectorised site), it is referred to as softer handoff. This technique is a form of mobile-assisted handover, for IS-95/CDMA2000 CDMA cell phones continuously make power measurements of a list of neighboring cell sites, and determine whether or not to request or end soft handover with the cell sectors on the list.

Due to the properties of the CDMA signaling scheme, it is possible for a CDMA phone to simultaneously receive signals from two or more radio base stations that are transmitting the same bit stream (using different transmission codes) on the different physical channels in the same frequency bandwidth. If the signal power from two or more radio base stations is nearly the same, the phone receiver can combine the received signals in such a way that the bit stream is decoded much more reliably than if only one base station were transmitting to the subscriber station. If any one of these signals fades significantly, there will be a relatively high probability of having adequate signal strength from one of the other radio base stations.

On the uplink (phone-to-cell-site), all the cell site sectors that are actively supporting a call in soft handover send the bit stream that they receive back to the Radio Network Controller (RNC), along with information about the quality of the received bits. The RNC examines the quality of all these bit streams and dynamically chooses the bit stream with the highest quality. Again, if the signal degrades rapidly, the chance is still good that a strong signal will be available at one of the other cell sectors that is supporting the call in soft handover.

Soft handover results in a diversity gain called soft handover gain.

title: Soft handover


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Richmond Palace

Richmond Palace was a Tudor royal residence on the River Thames in England which stood in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Situated in what was then rural Surrey, it lay upstream and on the opposite bank from the Palace of Westminster, which was located nine miles (14 km) to the north-east. It was erected in about 1501 by Henry VII of England, formerly known as the Earl of Richmond, in honour of which the manor of Sheen had recently been renamed "Richmond". Richmond Palace therefore replaced Shene Palace, the latter palace being itself built on the site of an earlier manor house which had been appropriated by Edward I in 1299 and which was subsequently used by his next three direct descendants before it fell into disrepair.

In 1500, a year before the construction of the new Richmond Palace began, the name of the town of Sheen, which had grown up around the royal manor, was changed to "Richmond" by command of Henry VII. However, both names, Sheen and Richmond, continue to be used, not without scope for confusion. Curiously, today's districts of East Sheen and North Sheen, now under the administrative control of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, were never in ancient times within the manor of Sheen, but were rather developed during the 19th and 20th centuries in parts of the adjoining manor and parish of Mortlake. Richmond remained part of the County of Surrey until the mid-1960s, when it was absorbed by the expansion of Greater London.

Richmond Palace was a favourite home of Queen Elizabeth I, who died there in 1603. It remained a residence of the kings and queens of England until the death of Charles I of England in 1649. Within months of his execution, the Palace was surveyed by order of the Parliament of England and was sold for £13,000. Over the following ten years it was largely demolished, the stones and timbers being re-used as building materials elsewhere. Only vestigial traces now survive, notably the Gate House. (51°27'41"N 0°18'33"W). The site of the former palace is the area between Richmond Green and the River Thames, and some local street names provide clues to existence of the former Palace, including Old Palace Lane and Old Palace Yard.

Norman
Henry I divided the manor of Shene from the royal manor of Kingston and granted it to a Norman knight. The manor-house of Sheen was established by at least 1125.

1299 to 1495
In 1299 Edward I took his whole court to the manor-house at Sheen, close by the river side. In 1305, he received at Sheen the Commissioners from Scotland to arrange the Scottish civil government.

The house returned to royal hands in the reign of Edward II and after his deposition it was held by his wife, Queen Isabella. When the boy-king Edward III came to the throne in 1327, he gave the manor to his mother Isabella. After her death he extended and embellished the manor house and turned it into the first Shene Palace. Edward III died at Shene on 21 June 1377. In 1368 Geoffrey Chaucer served as a yeoman at Sheen.

Richard II was the first English king to make Sheen his main residence in 1383. He took his bride Anne of Bohemia there. Twelve years later Richard was so distraught at the death of Anne at the age of 28, that he, according to Holinshed, "caused it [the manor] to be thrown down and defaced; whereas the former kings of this land, being wearied of the citie, used customarily thither to resort as to a place of pleasure, and serving highly to their recreation." For almost 20 years it lay in ruins until Henry V undertook rebuilding work in 1414. The first, pre-Tudor, version of the palace was known as Sheen Palace. It was positioned roughly at 51.46039°N, -0.31022°W, in what is now the garden of Trumpeters' House, between Richmond Green and the River. In 1414 Henry V also founded a Carthusian monastery there known as Sheen Priory, adjacent on the N. to the royal residence.

Henry VI continued the rebuilding in order that the palace might be worthy of the reception of his queen, Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV granted it to his queen Elizabeth Woodville for life.

Henry VII, builder of Richmond Palace
In 1492, a great tournament was held at the Palace by Henry VII. On 23 December 1497 a fire destroyed most of the wooden buildings. Henry rebuilt it and named the new palace "Richmond" Palace after his title of Earl of Richmond. The earldom was seated at Richmond Castle, Yorkshire, from which it took its name. In 1502, the new palace witnessed the betrothal of Princess Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, to King James IV of Scotland. From this line eventually came the House of Stuart. In 1509 Henry VII died at Richmond Palace.

The fire of 1497
At Christmastide in 1497, a great fire broke out in the king's private chambers, destroying a large portion of the palace. The Milanese ambassador, Raimondo Soncino, witnessed the blaze, and estimated the damage at 60,000 ducats, in modern money about $10 million or £7 million. The fire lasted three hours and tore through the rest of the palace, causing hundreds to flee in panic. Hammerbeam roofs of the Middle Ages were a structural necessity as much as they were pretty architecture, as they kept the heavy timbered roofs from caving in; they were the carpenter's equivalent of the stone vaulting found in Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages because, as in famous examples like Westminster Hall, they let the architect achieve higher heights with thinner walls, and evenly distributed the lateral weight. In as large a fire as described by Soncino the English oak beams of the great hall, a centrepiece of a royal Christmas, would have stood no chance of remaining upright and intact. They would have been engulfed in flames at a temperature of over 270 °C. Much of the tapestry work of earlier ages was burnt to cinders, and losses included crown jewels and much of the royal wardrobe, including a large amount of cloth of gold, at this time a luxury item only wearable by royalty; and in the case of Sheen Palace it was a feature of the bedding.

Accounts refer to Henry VII, his mother, Margaret Beaufort, and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, running for their lives, with the king barely making it out in time: one of the corridors nearly collapsed on top of him. As it was the time of the Christmas revels, also present during the disaster were all but one of the royal children, and all under the age of 10: Margaret, Mary, and a six-year-old Henry VIII, each of them described as being hurried out in the arms of their nursemaids. For Queen Elizabeth, this would have been a horrible blow: records show that as a child in the 1470s this was where she spent much of her childhood; the palace would also have had strong associations with her mother Elizabeth Woodville: Edward IV left Sheen to his wife in his will. Soncino reports all of the events outlined above, and also states in his accounts that the king "does not attach much importance to this loss. He purposes to build the chapel all in stone, and much finer than before."

The new Richmond Palace
Construction of the new palace began in 1498. Henry named his creation Richmond Palace, in honour of the title he had held before acceding to the throne which he had inherited from his father: Earl of Richmond. Though the palace did not survive the English Civil War, fragments of the edifice still remain along the bank of the Thames, as does Richmond Park, originally a royal hunting reserve that Henry Tudor and all members of the Tudors and early Stuarts used for their personal entertainment. Henry Tudor built a large and grand palace that became the centre of royal life for many years to come, a very important centre of the court of each Tudor monarch and also James I. Drawings and descriptions of the palace survive, as does the documentation of a 1970s excavation of the grounds; thus posterity has a fairly accurate idea of the contents and features of the building.

Richmond Palace was largely a building of brick and white stone in the latest styles of the times, with geometric octagonal towers, pepper-pot chimney caps, and ornate weather vanes made of brass. Though it retained the layout of Sheen Palace, it had new additions that would mark the Renaissance: for example, long galleries to display sculpture and portraiture. Henry VII also established a library and a richly appointed chapel. The windows were panelled, built to bring in more light than the tiny slit-like windows of a castle, built for defence. From its earliest it had inner courtyards designed for leisure, with several portions built for the royal family overlooking a large green. Richmond Palace covered 10 acres of land and was large and well appointed enough to have its own orchards and walled gardens. It is known that Henry Tudor decorated his home with many gifts he accepted from Italian bankers in Venice, and the evidence for this and the other accoutrements survives in a 17th-century inventory taken of the palace that is now held in the National Archives. The inventory also describes new tapestries he commissioned to replace the ones lost in the fire.

Henry VIII
Later the same year, Henry VIII celebrated Christmas to Twelfth Night at Richmond with the first of his six wives, Catherine of Aragon. The events were described in Edward Hall's Chronicle. During those celebrations, says Mrs. A. T. Thomson, in her Memoirs of the Court of Henry the Eighth:

On the night of the Epiphany (1510), a pageant was introduced into the hall at Richmond, representing a hill studded with gold and precious stones, and having on its summit a tree of gold, from which hung roses and pomegranates. From the declivity of the hill descended a lady richly attired, who, with the gentlemen, or, as they were then called, children of honour, danced a morris before the king. On another occasion, in the presence of the court, an artificial forest was drawn in by a lion and an antelope, the hides of which were richly embroidered with golden ornaments; the animals were harnessed with chains of gold, and on each sat a fair damsel in gay apparel. In the midst of the forest, which was thus introduced, appeared a gilded tower, at the end of which stood a youth, holding in his hands a garland of roses, as the prize of valour in a tournament which succeeded the pageant!"

Henry's son, Henry, Duke of Cornwall, was born there on New Year's Day, 1511, but died on 22 February. Some years later, the king received a present of Hampton Court from Wolsey, and in return the cardinal received permission to reside at the royal manor of Richmond, where he kept up so much state as to increase the growing ill-feeling against him. When he fell into disfavour he took up his residence at the Lodge in the 'great' park, and subsequently moved to the Priory.

George Cavendish, the biographer of Cardinal Wolsey, described carved and painted royal heraldic beasts in a garden at Richmond Palace. Wolsey said a dun cow (referring to the Earldom of Richmond) was also found in the heraldry of Thomas Boleyn and was a portent of the relationship of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII.

In 1533 Richmond became the principal residence of Henry's daughter Mary after she was evicted from her previous residence of Beaulieu. Mary stayed at the palace until December of that year when she was ordered to Hatfield House to wait on the newly born Princess Elizabeth.

In 1540 Henry gave the palace to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, as part of her annulment settlement.

Mary I
In 1554 Queen Mary I married Philip II of Spain. Forty-five years after her mother Catherine of Aragon had spent Christmas at Richmond Palace, they spent their honeymoon there (and at Hampton Court). Later that same year, her sister Elizabeth I was taken to Richmond as a prisoner on her way to Woodstock.

Elizabeth I
Once Elizabeth I became queen she spent much of her time at Richmond, as she enjoyed hunting stags in the "Newe Parke of Richmonde" (now the Old Deer Park). Elizabeth I died there on 24 March 1603.

James I
King James I preferred the Palace of Westminster to Richmond, but his eldest son Prince Henry was able to commission water-works for the garden designed by the French Huguenot, Salomon de Caus, and the Florentine Costantino de' Servi, shortly before his death in 1612. Before he became king, Charles I owned Richmond Palace and started to build his art collection whilst living there. Like Elizabeth I, Charles I enjoyed hunting stags, and in 1637 created a new area for this now known as Richmond Park, renaming Elizabeth's "Newe Parke" the "Old Deer Park". There continue to be red deer in Richmond Park today, possibly descendants of the original herd, free from hunting and relatively tame.

Charles I, the Commonwealth and demolition

Charles I gave the palace with the manor to Queen Henrietta Maria, probably in 1626, and it became the home of the royal children. Within months of the execution of the king in 1649, Richmond Palace was surveyed by order of Parliament to see what it could fetch in terms of raw materials, and was sold for £13,000. Over the next ten years it was largely demolished, the stones being re-used as building materials.

Restoration of the monarchy
Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, the Palace and manor were restored to Queen Henrietta Maria (d.1669), the mother of Charles II of England and widow of the beheaded King Charles I, who during the Civil War had lived in exile in France. It was then in a dismantled condition, having suffered much dilapidation during the inter-regnum. The ruined palace was never rebuilt.

Architecture and internal decoration
All the accounts which have come down to us describe the furniture and decorations of Richmond Palace as superb, exhibiting in tapestries the deeds of kings and heroes.

Survey of 1649
The survey taken in 1649 affords a minute description of the palace. The great hall was 100 ft in length, and 40 ft in breadth, having a screen at the lower end, over which was "fayr foot space in the higher end thereof, the pavement of square tile, well lighted and seated; at the north end having a turret, or clock-case, covered with lead, which is a special ornament to this building." The prince's lodgings are described as a "freestone building, three stories high, with fourteen turrets covered with lead," being "a very graceful ornament to the whole house, and perspicuous to the county round about." A round tower is mentioned, called the "Canted Tower," with a staircase of 124 steps. The chapel was 96 ft long and 40 ft broad, with cathedral-seats and pews. Adjoining the prince's garden was an open gallery, 200 ft long, over which was a close gallery of similar length. Here was also a royal library. Three pipes supplied the palace with water, one from the white conduit in the new park, another from the conduit in the town fields, and the third from a conduit near the alms-houses in Richmond.

Archaeology
During 1997 the site was investigated in the Channel 4 programme Time Team which was broadcast in January 1998.

Lavatory innovation
This palace was one of the first buildings in history to be equipped with a flushing lavatory, invented by Elizabeth I's godson, Sir John Harington. Henry VIII had earlier installed flushing latrines at Hampton Court.

Richmond Palace today
Structures of the former palace that have survived include the Wardrobe, the Trumpeters' House and the Gate House, all three of which are Grade I listed. The Gate House was built in 1501, and was let on a 65-year lease by the Crown Estate Commissioners in 1986. It has five bedrooms.

title: Richmond Palace


text:
David Sale

David Sale, born Ernest Swindells (Manchester, 1932 ) is an English-born author, television screenwriter, playwright, producer, director, actor and journalist. He emigrated to Australia in 1950, and has contributed to many TV drama series, and provided special material for Australian entertainers.

Early life
Born as Ernest Swindells in 1932 to an aircraft factory worker and his wife Lucy, (he even named the popular Number 96 character of Lucy Sutcliffe, played by Elisabeth Kirkby, after his mother) he grew up in Manchester during the years of World War II, before taking to professional writing under the pseudonym of David Sale.

Screenwriting
He is perhaps best known as creator, writer and script editor of the highly influential television soap opera Number 96. Before that, he was Executive Producer of the satirical weekly comedy The Mavis Bramston Show. Both of these series were highly rated in their day and still rank amongst the most famous and influential programs to have appeared on Australian television. He also wrote the scripts for short-lived serial The Group.

Author
His first two novels, written between TV assignments, were Come to Mother and The Love Bite. These were published in London in hardback in the 1970s and both were bought by Hollywood. Come to Mother was made into the television film Live Again, Die Again (1974).

Publications 1990s
Television interrupted this flow of books, but in the 1990s Sale resumed his career as an author with Twisted Echoes (1993) (Hodder Headline); Scorpion's Kiss (1995) (Pan Macmillan) and Hidden Agenda (1996) (Pan Macmillan). A later book is the memoir "Number 96, Mavis Bramston and Me" (Vivid Publishing)) plus an audio version read by the author (Bolinda audio).

Theatre
He later tackled musical theatre for the first time with his co-written (book and lyrics) version of Sumner Locke Elliott's novel Careful, He Might Hear You.

Books

 * Come to Mother (1971) (W. H. Allen Ltd) (ISBN 0-491-00317-X)
 * The Love Bite (1972) (W. H. Allen)
 * Chiller (1983, "based on The Love Bite") (Sphere) (ISBN 0-7221-7625-2)
 * Antidote (1991) (Bantam) (ISBN 1-86359-027-7)
 * Twisted Echoes (1993) (Hodder Headline) (ISBN 0-74724083-3)
 * Scorpion's Kiss (1995) (Pan Macmillan) (ISBN 0-33027497-X)
 * Hidden Agenda (1996) (Pan Macmillan) (ISBN 0-33035737-9)
 * Number 96, Mavis Bramston and me (2013) (Vivid Publishing) (ISBN 9781922204080) David Sale

title: David Sale


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User:IJzeren Jan/Aingeljã

Constructed language, also known as Angelian, created just for fun by Ángel Serrano since 1986, based on the main featured of the romance languages. The pronunciation of the name of this language is /ajNge"lja/ in the X-SAMPA representation.

Aingeljã is a new Romance language belonging to the western branch, Eastern-Iberian-Romance group. It is therefore very close to other languages such as Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan, although it contains important similarities with Galician-Portuguese, Occitan, French and Italian. There are some Germanic traces, especially from English and German. Its phonology is very close to that of the Catalan dialect spoken in Valencia (Spain), the so-called Valencian. Any person who is able to read texts written in Spanish, Catalan, Occitan or Italian, would not have any problems when reading something in Angelian.

In 2005 Aingeljã occupied rank 118 of most popular constructed languages, according to the web Langmaker.com.

Sample text in Aingeljã: Our Father
Nou Pare, qwe ets nou cell, qwe santificat eh vou nome, qwe vene a nos vou reixĩ. Qwe eh façata va voluntà, tant na terra com nou cell. Donat-nus hogge nou pã qwotiggãn e pardonat nas ofensas, com tantbain nos pardonèms qwĩns ofenden-nus. E nõ deixat-nus cadre na tentacjõn e lluwerat-nus dou Mau. Voul'eh ou reixĩ, voul'ou potre et a glorja, pur sempre. AMAIN.

title: User:IJzeren Jan/Aingeljã


text:
Talk:Sheridan Ure

Vote for Deletion
This article was redirected to Midge Ure as a result of a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 06:56, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheridan Ure


text: User talk:70.19.7.50

title: User talk:70.19.7.50


text:
Sagana Lodge

Sagana State Lodge is a Kenyan state lodge, located in Kiganjo town in Nyeri County, on the foothills of Mount Kenya. The lodge is used by the President when on official tours of the country.

Colonial history
Sagana Lodge was built in 1949–1950 as a royal residence. It was a wedding present in 1947 to the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh (later the Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II respectively) from the colony whilst they were in Kenya. The lodge was leased to the couple by the government of Kenya.

In 1952 the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh were staying at Sagana Lodge upon their return from Treetops Hotel. The beginning of the Mau Mau Rebellion had made Kenya less secure and Ian Henderson, of Kenya Police Force Special Branch, was appointed head of the security detail at Sagana Lodge. While staying at Sagana Lodge, Elizabeth received the news that her father King George VI had died and she had succeeded to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. This was a unique circumstance for such an event. She was the first British monarch since the accession of George I to be outside Great Britain at the moment of succession, and also the first in modern times not to know the exact time of her accession (because her father had died in his sleep at an unknown time).

Post-colonial history
The lease to Sagana Lodge was returned to Kenya in 1963.

In 1976, it, along with several other official residences of the President of Kenya, were declared protected zones. The lodge's most prominent use, in independent Kenya's history was when Mwai Kibaki, then the president of Kenya, and Raila Odinga, used the site as a retreat to come to agreement on Kenya's grand coalition government.

title: Sagana Lodge


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Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is a sporting complex and public park in Stratford, Hackney Wick, Leyton and Bow, in east London. It was purpose-built for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, situated adjacent to the Stratford City development. It contains the Olympic stadium, now known as the London Stadium, and the Olympic swimming pool together with the athletes' Olympic Village and several other Olympic sporting venues and the London Olympics Media Centre. The park is overlooked by the ArcelorMittal Orbit, an observation tower and Britain's largest piece of public art.

It was simply called The Olympic Park during the Games but was later renamed to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II (though it is not an official Royal Park of London). The park occupies an area straddling four east London boroughs; Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney and Waltham Forest. Part of the park reopened in July 2013, while a large majority of the rest (including the Aquatics Centre, Velopark and Orbit observation tower) reopened in April 2014.

Location
The site covers parts of Stratford, Bow, Leyton, and Hackney Wick in east London, overlooking the A12 road. The site was previously a mixture of greenfield and brownfield land, including parts of Hackney Marshes.

The Royal Mail gave the park and Stratford City the postcode E20, which had previously only appeared in the television soap opera EastEnders for the fictional suburb of Walford.

On 2 August 2011, it was announced the five neighbourhoods of housing and amenities (anti-clockwise from north-east) are:
 * Chobham Manor in the London Borough of Newham
 * East Wick in the London Borough of Hackney (by Hackney Wick)
 * Sweetwater in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
 * Pudding Mill in the London Borough of Newham
 * Marshgate Wharf in the London Borough of Newham

These names have relevant history in the area. All four of the East London boroughs covering the park as such have a neighbourhood except for Waltham Forest.

Design
The park was designed by the EDAW Consortium (including EDAW, Allies and Morrison and Buro Happold), working with Arup and WS Atkins. Detailed landscape architecture was by LDA Design in conjunction with Hargreaves Associates. LDA design contracted Wallace Whittle to carry out various aspects of the M+E Building services design. The NHBC carried out the Sustainability assessments. The park was illuminated with a lighting scheme designed by Speirs + Major.

London's Olympic and Paralympic bid proposed that there would be four indoor arenas in the park in addition to the main venues, but the revised master plan published in 2006 reduced this to three, with the volleyball events moved to the Earls Court Exhibition Centre. The fencing arena was also cancelled, with the fencing events taking place at ExCeL London. The remaining indoor arenas are the Basketball Arena and the Copper Box, in addition to the Water Polo Arena, the Aquatics Centre, and the Velopark. The final design of the park was approved by the Olympic Delivery Authority and its planning-decisions committee.

Legacy List charity
The Legacy List is the independent charity for Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, set up in 2011 to support the legacy of the Games. Their mission is to make creative connections between people and the Park by developing, commissioning and supporting high quality art, education and skill building initiatives, to engage, educate and inspire current and future generations.

Construction
During its construction over 80,000 workers were engaged on the project. The construction of the Olympic Park was managed by CLM Delivery Partner, comprising CH2M Hill ,Laing O'Rourke and Mace. CLM specifically managed the "white" space between the venue construction zones, including managing the internal road network. To enable the major phase of construction to begin, the 52 electricity pylons, up to 65 m high, that dominated the landscape in and around the park were removed and the power transferred through the new Lower Lea Valley Cable Tunnels constructed by Murphy. Also there was a roman village underground when they were digging it up Following site clearance, the soil across the Park site was cleaned down to a human health layer, by soil washing.

Constituent sections of the park

 * London Aquatics Centre
 * Copper Box Arena
 * Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre
 * Lee Valley VeloPark
 * London Stadium
 * ArcelorMittal Orbit
 * East Village, London
 * London Olympics Media Centre
 * International Quarter London
 * Northern Parklands

In addition, at the time of the Olympic and Paralympic games:
 * Eton Manor
 * Riverbank Arena
 * Water Polo Arena
 * Basketball Arena
 * Park Live

Post-Olympics
The park has been given over to a number of current and planned uses after the London 2012 Summer Olympics finished, such as:
 * A part of the East London Tech City technology hub.
 * One of the largest urban parks created in Western Europe for more than 150 years, designed to enrich and preserve the local environment, by restoring wetland habitats and planting native species of plants.
 * 3,600 apartments, the East Village, next to the Stratford City neighbourhood of Stratford, London.
 * The Manor Garden Allotments (reinstated after alternative use).
 * The ArcelorMittal Orbit, a steel tower which is the largest public work of art in the UK and a tourist attraction.
 * In 2012, it was announced that the UK's main Olympic Museum would be opened at the park in 2014 next to the ArcelorMittal Orbit. The plans were shelved in July 2013.
 * A new Head Office for Transport for London, after the closure of 55 Broadway.

East Bank
As of January 2021, several arts and creativity institutions are constructing outposts at the park as part of a £1.1billion development, including:
 * The Victoria and Albert Museum will open a new museum.
 * Sadler's Wells Ballet Company will open a new 550-seat theatre.
 * University College London opened its new UCL East campus within the park in 2023.
 * The BBC hopes to relocate its famous Maida Vale Studios.
 * University of the Arts London's London College of Fashion relocated to the park and opened its new campus in 2023.

International Quarter London
International Quarter London is a new commercial district in Stratford, East London, which hosted the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It will be a mixed-use development, with a total investment of in excess of £1.3 billion, and will be delivered by Lend Lease and London and Continental Railways in a 50/50 joint venture.

International Quarter London will include 4 million sq ft of commercial office space, 330 homes known as Glasshouse Gardens and a new hotel. The area is accessible via Stratford station.

Subsequent international sporting events
Although the sporting venues in the park were reduced in scale after the conclusion of London 2012, part of the legacy is to ensure the continued use of those facilities that are permanent, as local and community resources and for major international sporting events that make use of the world class facilities constructed for the Olympics and Paralympics:
 * The Stadium hosted the London Grand Prix athletics event starting in 2013.
 * The third stage of the 2014 Tour de France between Cambridge and The Mall in London passed through the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
 * In September 2014 the first Invictus Games was held in the park.
 * In 2010, a bid was submitted to use the Stadium as the venue for the 2015 World Athletics Championships. Due to the then uncertainty over the future use of the stadium, this bid was withdrawn, with instead a subsequent bid for the 2017 World Championships submitted instead. The success of this bid was announced on 13 November 2011.
 * The men's and women's 2015 European hockey championships took place at the revamped Lee Valley Hockey Centre.
 * London was announced as the only formal bidder for the 2017 World Paralympic Championships in October 2012.
 * In December 2012 the International Tennis Federation announced that the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre would host the NEC Wheelchair Tennis Masters between 2014 and 2016.
 * London successfully bid for the right to hold the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships and the 2016 European Aquatics Championships, which were held at the Velodrome and Aquatics Centre respectively.
 * Track cycling events of the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games were hosted at the Velodrome.

Resident sports clubs
In addition to the use of the venues for international events, some of them are intended for use on a regular basis by amateur and professional sports teams in various sports.

On 11 February 2011, West Ham United were selected as preferred bidders, ahead of Tottenham Hotspur, to take over the Olympic Stadium as a football venue after the end of the games. However, five days later Leyton Orient chairman Barry Hearn announced that he would be challenging the decision to allow West Ham to relocate to the stadium, as he believed that having West Ham playing within 1 mi of their Brisbane Road stadium could cost Orient support and even their existence. Incidentally, Hearn had expressed interest some years earlier in moving Orient to Olympic Park and reducing its capacity to 25,000 seats, while West Ham would cut the capacity to 60,000 if their relocation went ahead. Tottenham Hotspur also pursued legal action over the decision and eventually the deal with West Ham collapsed due to legal pressure on 11 October 2011. West Ham did go on to win the later tenancy bid and began using the stadium from the start of the 2016–17 football season as the main tenant.

The Copper Box was the only permanent indoor arena remaining after the end of London 2012. Built primarily for use in the handball and goalball competitions, it was converted to a multi-use venue that will include use for basketball. As a result of the owners of the Prestige Homes Arena in Milton Keynes terminating their lease, the London Lions basketball club, after a season at the National Sports Centre, Selhurst, relocated to the Copper Box for the 2013-14 BBL season.

The Lee Valley Hockey Centre was born from a revamp of the Olympic Legacy Hockey Facility. The facility is the current ground of Wapping Hockey Club. The centre includes 2 state-of-the-art hockey pitches and is operated by the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority.

Following the demolition of the original warm-up track after the end of the Olympics, a new six-lane facility, the London Marathon Community Track, was constructed on the south side of the Olympic Stadium, for use both as a community venue and as a new home for Newham and Essex Beagles Athletic Club following the 2017 World Championships. Football side Altis FC, members of the Amateur Football Combination, are based at the stadium.

Concerts
In January 2013, music concert promoter Live Nation won the right to stage shows at the stadium and in the surrounding park. The park hosted the music events in July 2013, but the stadium was not used. The former site of the Riverbank Arena was used to stage the Hard Rock Calling, Wireless and Electric Daisy Carnival festivals.

The stadium has since hosted various concerts, including Guns N' Roses, AC/DC and Robbie Williams.

In 2021, ABBA began construction of a purpose-built arena in the Olympic Park, called the ABBA Arena, for a motion-capture hologram concert residency which would take place from May 2022. The announcement of the arena's construction and purpose took place during a YouTube livestream to announce the release of their album Voyage.

Railway stations

 * Stratford station is the main station in the area. Estimates showed Stratford to be the busiest railway station in the United Kingdom for the year ended 31 March 2021. It is the terminus of the London Underground Jubilee line from Stanmore, Wembley, the West End of London and Canary Wharf. London Underground Central line also serves the station with services from Epping, Loughton, Woodford, Hainault, West Ruislip, Ealing Broadway, Shepherd's Bush and the West End. The Stratford branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) also terminates here with trains coming from Lewisham, Greenwich and Canary Wharf. The DLR Stratford International branch also runs through the station from Woolwich Arsenal, London City Airport, Beckton, ExCeL Centre at Custom House and Canning Town through to Stratford International. Stratford is also the terminus of the London Overground North London line with services from Richmond, Clapham Junction, Shepherd's Bush, Willesden Junction station, Hampstead Heath, Gospel Oak, Dalston Kingsland and Hackney Central. Abellio Greater Anglia operates frequent long-distance trains from this station to London Liverpool Street, Romford, Shenfield, Chelmsford, Colchester, Braintree, Bishop's Stortford, Ipswich, Southend, Clacton-on-Sea and Norwich. c2c also operates services to Tilbury, Basildon and Shoeburyness.
 * Stratford International is on the high speed High Speed 1 line to Kent. Southeastern operates high speed services to St Pancras International, Gravesend, Chatham, Sittingbourne, Faversham, Ashford, Folkestone, Dover, Canterbury, Ramsgate and Margate. The Docklands Light Railway also serves the station with trains coming from Woolwich Arsenal station, London City Airport, Beckton, ExCeL Centre at Custom House, Canning Town and Stratford.
 * Pudding Mill Lane DLR station is another DLR station just south of the park. It was rebuilt in 2014 after the Olympics; the previous station was so small that it was closed during the Olympics for safety reasons. DLR trains serve the station from Stratford, Lewisham, Greenwich and Canary Wharf.
 * Hackney Wick railway station is on the London Overground North London line with services from Stratford to Richmond and Clapham Junction via Shepherd's Bush.

Bus stations

 * Stratford City bus station has buses to Walthamstow, Chingford, Canning Town, Greenwich Peninsula, Lewisham, Clapton, Leytonstone and Shadwell with also route 388 serving it to London Bridge. National Express and Airport Bus Express operate 24-hour coach services to London Stansted Airport.
 * Stratford bus station has bus services to many parts of East London, including Barking, Canary Wharf, Ilford, Romford and Walthamstow, plus route 25 to the City of London.

title: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park


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User:Yalebert/Test List of members of the National Academy of Sciences

This list includes approximately 2,000 living members and 350 foreign associates of the United States National Academy of Sciences, each of whom is affiliated with one of 31 disciplinary sections. For each person, their name, primary institution, election year, and research/expertise are given. This list does not include deceased members.

Computer and Information Sciences
]]

Human Environmental Sciences
]]

Medical Physiology and Metabolism
]]

Reference

 * http://www.nasonline.org members elected as of 2004


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Shap

Shap is a village and civil parish located among fells and isolated dales in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England. The village is in the historic county of Westmorland. The parish had a population of 1,221 in 2001, increasing slightly to 1,264 at the 2011 Census.

Location
The village lies along the A6 road and the West Coast Main Line, and is near to the M6 motorway. It is situated 10 mi from Penrith and about 15 mi from Kendal.

Shap is on the route of the Coast to Coast Walk.

Etymology
Early (12th and 13th century) forms such as Hep and Yheppe point to an Old Norse rendering Hjáp of an Old English original Hēap = "heap", (of stones), probably referring to an ancient stone circle, cairn, or to the Shap Stone Avenue just to the west of the village.

History
Although Shap is geographically a small village, it is legally a market town with a charter dating from the 17th century. The parish was, between 1905 and 1935, administered by an urban district council. At one time, the granite works (which are situated about a mile outside the village) was in itself a separate community, with its own Co-op store. Shap polished pink granite can be found in many buildings in the UK, including outside St Paul's Cathedral in London.

Shap today
The village has three pubs, a small supermarket, a fish and chip shop, an antique book shop, a butcher's shop, a primary school, a newsagent's, a coffee shop, a ceramic art studio called Edge Ceramics, a fire station, an Anglican church and 3 B&B/ Hostels. There is also a small library, which is in the process of being relinquished from local council control and being adopted by the community as part of a budget cutting measure.

Major employers in the area are Hanson and Tata Steel.

Some of the scenes in the feature film Withnail and I were filmed around Shap. Sleddale Hall, the filming location for Uncle Monty's cottage Crow Crag, is located near Wet Sleddale Reservoir.

On 22 October 1999, a Hawk jet from RAF Leeming crashed into an empty barn in the village before disintegrating across the A6 and West Coast railway line, killing its two-man crew.

Attractions
Shap Summit is located on the motorway at and the railway at. Shap Fell used to be notorious for the difficult and dangerous stretch of A6 for drivers, and it includes a well-known section of the West Coast Main Line. It has a 1:75 gradient for trains heading north, and in the days of steam locomotives banking engines from Tebay were often used to assist trains. It has been popular with railway photographers and there have been many pictures published taken in the area, most notably at Scout Green which lies on the southern approach to the hill.

Shap Fell is known for Shap granite, a pink rock rich in orthoclase, quartz and biotite; Shap Pink Quarry  takes its name from this.

Shap Abbey is nearby in the secluded valley of the river Lowther. Now impressive ruins dating from 1199, the Abbey was one of the last abbeys to be dissolved by Henry VIII in 1540.

Shap Wells has a mineral spa located in the grounds of the Shap Wells hotel which was used in World War II as a prisoner of war camp.

In literature
A scene in Robert Neill's historical novel Crown and Mitre is laid in Shap. In 1659 the book's protagonist Hal Burnaby, a young Royalist, rides through the village on a clandestine mission connected with the restoration of King Charles II. Shap also appears in Anthony Trollope's novel Can You Forgive Her? as the nearest village to Vavasor Hall, the ancestral home of the heroine Alice Vavasor.

Governance
The civil parish of Shap (formerly Shap Urban Parish) includes the hamlet of Keld and parts of the granite works and limestone works, and has a population of 1,221, increasing to 1,264 at the 2011 Census. The parish shares a joint parish council and an electoral ward with Shap Rural. The total population of the electoral ward taken at the 2011 census was 1,394.

Shap is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and the Border. Neil Hudson was elected its Conservative Member of Parliament at the 2019 General Election, replacing Rory Stewart.

Prior to Brexit, for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP's for the North West England constituency.

For local government purposes the village is in Westmorland and Furness. Until 2023 it was in the Shap Ward of Eden District Council and the Eden Lakes Division of Cumbria County Council.

Transport
The Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (now part of the West Coast Main Line), opened on 17 December 1846, and runs along the eastern edge of the village. Shap railway station was closed in 1968, though there have been calls for its re-opening. Penrith is the closest railway station and is situated on the West Coast Main Line.

Dialect
Though the majority of the village's inhabitants speak standard English, some of the people of Shap and the surrounding area speak a variant of the Penrithian dialect, which is itself a variant of the Cumbrian dialect spoken around the Penrith and Eden district area. These dialectal varieties stem from Northern Middle English and in turn Northumbrian Old English.

Notable people

 * Sir Charles Richardson (1769-1850), Royal Navy officer was born in the village

title: Shap


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Gloucester House

Gloucester House or Gloucester Lodge is a former royal residence on the esplanade in the seaside resort of Weymouth on the south coast of England. It was the summer residence of Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1743–1805), fourth son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and brother of King George III. During his recovery from porphyria in 1789, George III spent some time convalescing there. The king occupied the right-hand part of the building, and had use of the garden, where the later, left wing stands. His doctors encouraged him to visit the resort to benefit from the sea air and salt water. The patronage of the king was important in drawing fashionable society to the south coast town.

Having been a hotel for most of the 20th century, the building then became a private residence, having been renamed Gloucester Lodge after conversion into flats. The lower ground floor contains a pub and restaurant that was known as the Cork and Bottle, but has now changed names and is called The Gloucester.

The building
Gloucester House is a Grade II* listed building, having been added to the register on 12 December 1953. The house was built in about 1780 and a major extension was added on the south side in 1850. A fire destroyed much of the interior and it was refurbished in 1927.

The whole building has a double mansard roof with a valley in the centre. The original building occupying the right side of the range was built as an eight-bay two storey house but now has three storeys, with two levels of attics and a basement. The centre four bays are slightly recessed and the main doorway is in bay 6, with a pedimented portico and flight of steps up from the pavement. There is a range of six recessed, sashed dormer windows at parapet level. The other two storeys also have sashed windows, those on the upper floor with twelve panes and those on the lower one six panes. The more modern range to the south was added in 1850 and has three storeys, attic and basement. The esplanade front has six dormer windows with segmented roofs, the floors underneath having sash windows with stone surrounds. There is a large projecting balcony at ground level. The verandah is supported by cast iron columns rising from the basement, the part of the building now occupied by the Cork and Bottle Public house.

title: Gloucester House


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Left-libertarianism

Left-libertarianism, also known as left-wing libertarianism, is a political philosophy and type of libertarianism that stresses both individual freedom and social equality. Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to political and social theory. Its classical usage refers to anti-authoritarian varieties of left-wing politics such as anarchism, especially social anarchism, communalism, and libertarian Marxism, collectively termed libertarian socialism. A portion of the left wing of the green movement, including adherents of Murray Bookchin's social ecology, are also generally considered left-libertarian.

In the United States, left-libertarianism represents the left wing of the libertarian movement, including the political positions associated with academic philosophers Hillel Steiner, Philippe Van Parijs, and Peter Vallentyne that combine self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources. Although libertarianism in the United States has become associated with classical liberalism and minarchism, with right-libertarianism being more known than left-libertarianism, political usage of the term until then was associated exclusively with anti-capitalism, libertarian socialism, and social anarchism; in most parts of the world, such an association still predominates.

Left-libertarians are skeptical of, or fully against, private ownership of natural resources, arguing, in contrast to right-libertarians, that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights, and they maintain that natural resources should be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively. Those left-libertarians who are more lenient towards private property support different property norms and theories, such as usufruct or under the condition that recompense is offered to the local or even global community, such as the Steiner–Vallentyne school. Other currents of thought identified with left-libertarianism include adherents of Henry George's land tax ideas and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's mutualism, as well as more recent forms of left-wing market anarchism (or market-oriented left-libertarianism).

Terminology
Libertarianism is a philosophy that advocates for freedom, whether political, economical or metaphysical. The political definition of the term "libertarian" (from the libertaire) was coined by the French anarchist communist Joseph Déjacque in 1857, whereafter libertarianism became synonymous with anarchism. The term was widely used by anarchists until the 1970s, when libertarianism first started to be associated with a radical free market philosophy, particularly in the United States.

The oldest, traditional, definition of "left-libertarianism" used it synonymously with social anarchism. Seeking to distinguish themselves from the new generation of free-market libertarians, social anarchists began referring to themselves as "left-libertarians", while the new adoptees of the term became known as "right-libertarians".

At the same time as social anarchists began using the term to distinguish themselves from free-market libertarians, some of the advocates of free market economics that were associated with the New Left, including Roy Childs and Samuel Konkin, also began referring to themselves as "left-libertarians" in order to highlight themselves as the left-wing of the new free-market libertarian movement. As anti-capitalist advocates of free-market economics, they used the term "left-libertarian" in order to distinguish themselves from the right-wing advocates of libertarian capitalism.

By the turn of the 21st century, some analytic philosophers had also adopted the label of "left-libertarianism". This contemporary model of left-libertarianism, associated mainly with Peter Vallentyne and Hillel Steiner, distinguishes itself from right-libertarianism in its advocacy of the social ownership and equitable distribution of natural resources, while also upholding the libertarian principle of self-ownership.

Philosophy
While all libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state, left-libertarianism encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.

Contemporary left-libertarians such as Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, Philippe Van Parijs, Michael Otsuka, and David Ellerman believe the appropriation of land must leave "enough and as good" for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property.

State
There are a number of different left-libertarian positions on the state, which can range from advocating for the complete abolition of the state, to advocating for a more decentralized and limited government with social ownership of the economy. According to Sheldon Richman of the Independent Institute, other left-libertarians "prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised."

Property rights
Left-libertarians generally uphold self-ownership and oppose strong private property rights, instead supporting the egalitarian distribution of natural resources. Other left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor mixing one's labor with natural resources is enough to generate full private property rights and maintain that natural resources ought to be held in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.

Political scientist Peter Mclaverty notes it has been argued that socialist values are incompatible with the concept of self-ownership when this concept is considered "the core feature of libertarianism" and socialism is defined as holding "that we are social beings, that society should be organised, and individuals should act, so as to promote the common good, that we should strive to achieve social equality and promote democracy, community and solidarity." However, political philosopher Nicholas Vrousalis has also argued that "property rights [...] do not pass judgment as to what rights individuals have to their own person [...] [and] to the external world" and that "the nineteenth-century egalitarian libertarians were not misguided in thinking that a thoroughly libertarian form of communism is possible at the level of principle."

Economics
Other left-libertarians make a libertarian reading of progressive and social-democratic economics to advocate a universal basic income. Building on Michael Otsuka's conception of "robust libertarian self-ownership", Karl Widerquist argues that a universal basic income must be large enough to maintain individual independence regardless of the market value of resources because people in contemporary society have been denied direct access to enough resources with which they could otherwise maintain their existence in the absence of interference by people who control access to resources.

Classical liberalism
Contemporary left-libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman, Michael Otsuka, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne, and Philippe Van Parijs root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self-ownership and appropriation. They hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others, a condition John Locke explicated in Two Treatises of Government. Most left-libertarians of this tradition support some form of economic rent redistribution on the grounds that each individual is entitled to an equal share of natural resources and argue for the desirability of state social welfare programs.

Individuals in this left-libertarian tradition include Henry George, Locke, Thomas Paine, William Ogilvie of Pittensear, Herbert Spencer, and more recently, Baruch Brody, Ellerman, James O. Grunebaum, Otsuka, Steiner, Vallentyne and Van Parijs, among others. Hippolyte de Colins, George, François Huet, William Ogilvie of Pittensear, Paine, and Léon Walras are left-libertarians also seen as being within the left-liberal tradition of socialism.

Philosophical anarchist William Godwin, classical economists such as David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus, Nassau William Senior, Robert Torrens, and the Mills, the early writings of Herbert Spencer, socialists such as Thomas Hodgskin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, social reformer Henry George and the Ricardian/Smithian socialists, among others, "provided the basis for the further development of the left libertarian perspective."

Green politics
Bookchin was one of the main influences behind the formation of the Alliance 90/The Greens, the first green party to win seats in state and national parliaments. Modern green parties attempt to apply these ideas to a more pragmatic system of democratic governance as opposed to contemporary individualist or socialist libertarianism. The green movement, especially its more left-wing factions, is often described by political scientists as left-libertarian.

Political scientists see European political parties such as Ecolo and Groen in Belgium, Alliance 90/The Greens in Germany, or the Green Progressive Accord and GroenLinks in the Netherlands as coming out of the New Left and emphasizing spontaneous self-organisation, participatory democracy, decentralization and voluntarism, being contrasted to the bureaucratic or statist approach. Similarly, political scientist Ariadne Vromen has described the Australian Greens as having a "clear left-libertarian ideological base."

Libertarian socialism
Libertarian socialism is a left-libertarian tendency within the socialist movement that rejects the state socialist notion of socialism as centralized state ownership and statist control of the economy.

Market-oriented left-libertarianism
American individualist anarchists are opposed to property that gives privilege and is exploitative. Certain American left-wing market anarchists who come from the left-Rothbardian school such as Roderick T. Long and Sheldon Richman, cite Murray Rothbard's homestead principle with approval to support worker cooperatives.

Also referred to as left-wing market anarchists, according to Sheldon Richman in The American Conservative, these proponents of this market-oriented left-libertarian approach strongly affirm the classical liberal ideas of self-ownership and free markets, while maintaining that, taken to their logical conclusions, these ideas support strongly anti-corporatist, anti-hierarchical, pro-labor positions in economics; anti-imperialism in foreign policy; and thoroughly liberal or radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender, sexuality and race. Members of this school typically urge the abolition of the state, arguing that vast disparities in wealth and social influence result from the use of force—especially state power—to steal and engross land and acquire and maintain special privileges. They judge that in a stateless society the kinds of privileges secured by the state will be absent and injustices perpetrated or tolerated by the state can be rectified, concluding that with state interference eliminated it will be possible to achieve "socialist ends by market means."

According to libertarian Sheldon Richman, left-libertarians "favor worker solidarity vis-à-vis bosses, support poor people's squatting on government or abandoned property, and prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised." Richman says left-libertarians see Walmart as a symbol of corporate favoritism, being "supported by highway subsidies and eminent domain", viewing "the fictive personhood of the limited-liability corporation with suspicion" and doubting that "Third World sweatshops would be the 'best alternative' in the absence of government manipulation." Richman also says left-libertarians also tend to "eschew electoral politics, having little confidence in strategies that work through the government [and] prefer to develop alternative institutions and methods of working around the state."

In the 21st century, left-libertarianism has come to encapsulate forms of free-market anti-capitalism, such as the mutualism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Benjamin Tucker.

Steiner–Vallentyne school
Contemporary left-libertarian scholars such as David Ellerman, Michael Otsuka, Hillel Steiner, Peter Vallentyne and Philippe Van Parijs root an economic egalitarianism in the classical liberal concepts of self-ownership and land appropriation, combined with geoist or physiocratic views regarding the ownership of land and natural resources (e.g. those of Henry George and John Locke).

Scholars representing this school of left-libertarianism often understand their position in contrast to right-libertarians, who maintain that there are no fair share constraints on use or appropriation that individuals have the power to appropriate unowned things by claiming them (usually by mixing their labor with them) and deny any other conditions or considerations are relevant and that there is no justification for the state to redistribute resources to the needy or to overcome market failures. A number of left-libertarians of this school argue for the desirability of some state social welfare programs. Left-libertarians of the Carson–Long left-libertarianism school typically endorse the labor-based property rights that Steiner–Vallentyne left-libertarians reject, but they hold that implementing such rights would have radical rather than conservative consequences.

Left-libertarians of the Steiner–Vallentyne type hold that it is illegitimate for anyone to claim private ownership of natural resources to the detriment of others. These left-libertarians support some form of income redistribution on the grounds of a claim by each individual to be entitled to an equal share of natural resources. Unappropriated natural resources are either unowned or owned in common and private appropriation is only legitimate if everyone can appropriate an equal amount or if private appropriation is taxed to compensate those who are excluded from natural resources.

title: Left-libertarianism


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Top Gun (soundtrack)

Top Gun is the soundtrack from the film of the same name, released in 1986 by Columbia Records.

The album reached number one in the US charts for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and autumn of 1986. It was the best selling soundtrack of 1986 and one of the best selling of all time. The song "Take My Breath Away" by Berlin went on to win both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. According to Allmusic, the album "remains a quintessential artifact of the mid-'80s", and the album's hits "still define the bombastic, melodramatic sound that dominated the pop charts of the era."

In 1999, the album was reissued as a "Special Expanded Edition" with additional songs, and in 2006, it was reissued again as Music From and Inspired by Top Gun: Deluxe Edition, containing additional songs not in the film. In March 2024, soundtrack specialist label La-La Land Records released a limited edition (5000 copies) double CD containing Harold Faltermeyer's entire original score with the second disc containing all the songs from the classic soundtrack, the additional songs featured in the film but not released until the Special Expanded Edition and, for the first time since its appearance on the B-side of "Take My Breath Away", "Radar Radio" by Giorgio Moroder and Joe Pizzulo, briefly heard in the film's final scene playing on a radio before Maverick and Charlie are reunited while "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" plays on the jukebox.

Other artists considered
Toto was originally intended to perform the track "Danger Zone", but legal conflicts between the film's producers and the band's lawyers prevented this. Bryan Adams was approached to perform it, but refused any involvement in the film, feeling that it glorified war and, as such, not wanting any of his work linked to it. (Adams also refused to allow his song "Only the Strong Survive" to be featured in the film.) REO Speedwagon was approached but declined, due to not being allowed to contribute any of their own compositions to the soundtrack. Corey Hart also declined, preferring to write and perform his own compositions. Eventually, the film's producers agreed that "Danger Zone" would be recorded and performed by Kenny Loggins.

Members of Toto also wrote and intended to perform a song called "Only You" that would have been used as the film's love theme instead of "Take My Breath Away", but legal conflicts prevented doing so. The Motels were originally considered to perform "Take My Breath Away", and a demo version exists on their 2001 compilation Anthologyland.

Judas Priest was also approached to allow their song "Reckless" in the film but declined when the proposed contract stipulated that the filmmakers have exclusive rights to the song, which would have necessitated the band omitting the song from their forthcoming album Turbo (1986). Former Judas Priest guitarist K.K. Downing later called their opting out of the film "a big mistake". The band offered the producers three other songs for the soundtrack, all of which were rejected.

ABC members Martin Fry and Mark White were invited to see the director's rough cut version of Top Gun in 1986. "They were looking to offer a few British bands soundtrack opportunities. Mark and I weren't impressed with the film and chose not to contribute any music to it."

Bobby Blotzer of Ratt proposed using the song "Reach for the Sky", an outtake from Ratt's 1984 album Out of the Cellar. Although the rest of the band seriously considered the idea, they declined under the belief that their long-time fans would not like the song and would accuse the group of selling out. Although the song title "Reach for the Sky" would become the title of the band's 1988 album, the track itself was never officially released.

The Cars' song "Stranger Eyes" (from their 1984 album Heartbeat City) was featured in an early teaser trailer for the film, though it was absent from the film's final cut.

Music from and Inspired by Top Gun: Deluxe Edition
In 2006, the "Special Expanded Edition" was repackaged in the UK with five additional songs "not included in the motion picture".

title: Top Gun (soundtrack)


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Johor-Riau

Johor-Riau may refer to:

Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang; a former Malay sultanate that partitioned into 2 following the Anglo Dutch Treaty in 1824:
 * Johor Sultanate, the Johor mainland and its dependencies in Pahang
 * Riau Sultanate, the Riau archipelago and its dependencies in Lingga

In linguistics, Johor-Riau is a dialect of the Malaysian and Indonesian languages. Both Standard Malay and Standard Indonesian are based on the Johor-Riau dialect of Malay.

title: Johor-Riau


text: User talk:69.210.51.71

title: User talk:69.210.51.71


text:
King's House, Winchester

The King's House in Winchester was a late 17th-century planned royal palace in the English county of Hampshire. Winchester had been the capital of Wessex and England in Anglo-Saxon times, but became a backwater after the Norman Conquest of England.

Built for King Charles II of England by Sir Christopher Wren from 1683 to 1685, the King's House stood on a site adjoining the castle it was to replace, and modelled after the Palace of Versailles, though on a somewhat smaller scale. It was to have sweeping views, walks and gardens descending to the cathedral. Although it was structurally completed,  the money to complete it ran out and the project was eventually abandoned after the death of Charles II in February 1685. Wren had cheerfully assured the King that the house would be complete in a year, to which Charles, who was feeling his age, made his famous reply that "a year is a great time in my life". The building was gutted by fire in 1894 and demolished.

Columns and parts of the decorative masonry were reused in the Peninsula Barracks building which replaced it in 1900, and which now include Winchester's Military Museums.

title: King's House, Winchester