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Talk:Birmingham/Archive 7

Disambiguation
We seem to have had yet another visit from Mr excisionoffundamentalredundancy (and before we get into the realms of paranoia once more, that's not me). G-Man, can we please leave the disambiguation link alone now? There is no support for changing it from anyone other than you. Birmingham, Alabama is significantly smaller than Birmingham UK, less important as a part of its own nation, and (obviously) postdates the city in the UK. Birmingham UK is clearly the right place for Birmingham to point to, even if the decision were made to rename this article (see the way Boston is organised, for example). I can't find any other example where the link at the top of an article to a disambiguation page specifically mentions one of the alternatives. --Brumburger 15:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Here's one. Mars. Morwen - Talk 15:47, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Touché! I should have specified articles about cities (and you'll no doubt find one of those now).  The point stands, though - it's not the usual thing to do, and there doesn't seem to be any real reason to do it here.  --Brumburger 16:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On the contrary the Birmingham AL link has been consistantly part of the article for nearly three years See here and in all that time, nobody (including Pigsonthewing) has objected to it. So why you have suddenly started making a fuss about it now I have no idea.

Moreover the important point here is what people will be looking for when they look up "Birmingham". And the fact is that a substantial proportion of the people looking up 'Birmingham' will be looking for Birmingham, Alabama, as this is easilly the second most well known place in the world called Birmingham, and is what Birmingham means to most Americans.

So if were going to have the article about Birmingham about the city in England (which I agree with by-the-way) then it is IMO only fair that we make it as easy as possible to find the link to B'ham Alabama, rather than directing people through an obscure disambiguation page. G-Man 20:38, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not obscure, there's a link to it at the top of the page, clearly labelled "other places called Birmingham". If people can't work out that Birmingham, Alabama will be one of those other places, there really is no hope for them.  The fact that something has been wrong for three years doesn't mean it shouldn't be put right now (like the population figures).  --Brumburger 21:03, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Which is completely missing the point, the point is there are two very important and well know places in the world called Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama is one of them. If you look at the other Birmingham's you'll see that they're all tiny and insignificant. But Birmingham, AL is the largest city in Alabama and one of the most important cities in the American south. It is also world famous for its association with the Civil Rights movement. A large proportion of the people looking up 'Birmingham' will be looking for Birmingham, AL. Surely therefore it deserves special treatment. Unless of course you believe that consistancy should be placed above common sense.

Regarding the population figures, the 2003 figures on the City Council website put the population at 992,100. G-Man 22:31, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't agree that it is "common sense" to put a specific link to Birmingham, Alabama at the top of the article, and nor it seems does anyone else. I'm aware of the city council website figures, and I trust the ONS more (the council will have got its figures from the Population Estimates Unit of the ONS in the first place, so if the two figures are different the council's are going to be wrong). --Brumburger 23:22, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I must say I agree with G-man on this, how remarkably arrogant and anglocentric of you to assume that Birmingham must mean the city in England. I dont believe your Boston analogy works here, as there are not two very famous cities called Boston, although there are two famous cities called Birmingham. I certainly agree with G-man's point that this is a special case. Gem 21:53, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I lived in Birmingham for five years, so I'm not exactly on some weird anti-Brum rampage.  But I've put an Alabama link back in at the top (again, after User:Pigsonthewing deleted it), and I think it makes a lot of sense to have it there. The other places called Birmingham is fine, but it does no harm whatsoever to have a direct link to Birmingham, Alabama.  The only reason I can see for not wanting it there is some kind of petty inferiority complex. Proto t c 5 July 2005 10:11 (UTC)

 * I don't see why there should be a link at the top of the page to Birmingham, Alabama when the link is already on the disambig page simply because the majority of Americans will be looking for Bir, Alabama. There are no other specific top page links on other major city pages there there are also cities in the USA with the same name (Cairo,Athens, Memphis). It really isn't a great inconvenience to click on the disambiguation link to find the link to the city in Alabama & we should try to ensure consistency with other pages of this type. I've reverted to the last version by User:Pigsonthewing AllanHainey 5 July 2005 10:39 (UTC)

 * Aha! You've proved my point.  Please click on that Memphis link.  Does it go directly to a page on Memphis, Egypt?  It does not.  Perhaps you should have looked at your examples before citing them.  Memphis goes to a disambiguation page.  If you wanted the Memphis in the US, you must go to Memphis, Tennessee.  If you wish to follow that  precedent and retain consistency, then technically Birmingham should be a disambiguation page.   As far as Cairo goes, not one of the Cairos in the US is a particularly large town, let alone a city.  Athens, Georgia, similarly, is not a particularly large city (pop about 100,000).   I think Birmingham is unusual, in that there are two major cities with the same name.  I don't think that situation exists anywhere else, and therefore I don't think it's unreasonable to have a direct link to Birmingham, AL on the top of the article.  There was a link to Birmingham, Alabama on the top of the Birmingham article for nearly three years.  By my count, opinion is fairly divided; perhaps there should be a consensus.  Reverted for now (but reworded, in a hope that you won't find this way so shockingly offensive to your sensibilities). Proto t c 5 July 2005 11:28 (UTC)

Describing others' views as some kind of petty inferiority complex is *PoV and contrary to Wikipedia's policies on Civility and Personal attacks. Andy Mabbett 5 July 2005 14:00 (UTC)

 * Please show where I directed that comment at an individual. But, if someone did take it as uncivil, I apologise.  Also, Andy, thanks for your edit on the main page, the Alabama link needed a further disambiguation, so it should now be fine (now says 'large city').  I didn't realise little places with 423 people counted as cities in America.  You learn something every day. Proto t c 5 July 2005 14:09 (UTC)

 * "others'" is plural. Andy Mabbett 5 July 2005 14:19 (UTC)

 * And? Proto t c 5 July 2005 14:22 (UTC)

 * A mention of this discussion was recently placed in the (much less active) discussion page for Birmingham, Alabama. I am a Birmingham, Alabama native and resident. In my opinion (supported, I think, by the WP Manual of Style), a single-sentence notice with a link to the disambiguation page at the top of the article is quite sufficient. Furthermore I do not support making the disambiguation page the main article. Birmingham is the most important use of the term by a wide margin. Dystopos 5 July 2005 14:23 (UTC)

I'm rather baffled by the example you've given. But I dont see anywhere where it says that a specific link should not be put on the main page. I dont see anywhere where this "convention" that we should not use specific links is written down or agreed upon by anyone. Either way, every convention should have sensible ecceptions, and this is clearly IMO one of those cases. G-Man 5 July 2005 19:14 (UTC)
 * The Style reference is admittedly indirect. I guess the point is that a very small dose of dab is enough of a distraction. Anything more than one short sentence is too much. How would this strike you:
 * For other uses of "Birmingham" see Birmingham, Alabama or Birmingham (disambiguation).
 * Dystopos 5 July 2005 23:13 (UTC)

Thats OK I can live with that. G-Man 6 July 2005 18:02 (UTC)

 * This discussion borders on the wikiridiculous. Having said that i like Dystopos's formulation. Leonig Mig 6 July 2005 10:24 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's a good compromise. Proto t c 7 July 2005 08:34 (UTC)

Led Zeppelin
This citing of sources is new to me but I am finding it quite entertaining at keeping info I have written.

Taken from Zeps first press release in 1968.

http://www.led-zeppelin.com/lzpress.html

"John Bonham comes from the industrial town of Birmingham. It is not the hub of British music, but in order to get his experience he played with as many groups as he could in the area and eventually joined one of the top local outfits, The Band of Joy. The Tim Rose jaunt brought John well deserved national acclaim and opened the door to the next chapter in his success story.

Married, and still living in Birmingham, John is, according to Jimmy Page, "The champion beer drinker in England'"

"Like John Bonham, Robert hails from Birmingham and was a member of the Band of Joy, now defunct. He also played on several occasions with Alexis Korner, who fathered the blues revival in England. It was singer Terry Reid, a friend of Jimmy Page's, who suggested Robert for Led Zeppelin, and there was no need to look further."

Now we know that both musicians were actually born in 1. west bromwich 2. Redditch.

West Brom sprawls into Brum or vice versa? and Redditch (as we know today) was populated as an overspill of Birmingham. Regardless both musicians evolved out of the Birmingham scene which at the time was less prominent in the media due to bands such as the infamous Beatles and various London based acts.

Also from here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A593101

"Jimmy Page had also received a tip from Terry Reid on a great, young blues singer from Birmingham. Page was impressed by the singer, Robert Plant, and his vocal range. He invited Plant over where they explored each other's music tastes by playing their favourite records."

Also from here: http://www.933thebone.com/Boneoffame/2004/zeppelin.htm

"Page met bassist John Paul Jones while the two worked on Donovan's "Hurdy Gurdy Man" in April of 1968, and the two discussed the potential of joining forces. That summer, Page traveled to Birmingham to see and potentially recruit a young singer named Robert Plant, who was fronting his own group, Band of Joy. The trio was now lacking only a drummer, and Plant recommended his Band of Joy bandmate John Bonham. In September of 1968, the four played their first rehearsals in London,..."

Also from here: http://www.cdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=98

"...the shorter, more muscular sounds of "What Is And What Never Should Be", which is alternately taut rock and electric folk, and the dizzying, tripped-up riff of "Dancing Days" that recalls Plant's pre-Zeppelin days in the dance halls of his hometown of Birmingham."

And that was from a quick search on the net, Led Zeppelin and Rob Plant/John Bonham should remain, the press often mistakingly suggest that Led Zeppelin are from Brum, in actual fact two of the most important musicians of the band learned their trade in brum and were born within a few miles of the city. Nick Boulevard 22:20, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * In my experience of living especially in the south. People are generally ignorant of geography and dont often understand the distinction between Birmingham and the Black Country, and often incorrectly describe the entire West Midlands conurbation area as simply "Birmingham". In rather the same way people ignorantly refer to the entire greater Manchester area as "Manchester". So I'm not sure your links prove anything other than ignorance of geography. Gem 21:59, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Metropolitan area
The page G-Man cited to support his preferred wording includes ''As in the rest of the world, metropolitan areas in Europe are much debated, and widely different figures are given for the same place by different sources. These figures should be seen as an interpretation, not as conclusive facts.; it also links to Metropolitan area, which says A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence, or of several neighboring cities or towns and adjoining areas, with one or more large cities serving as its hub or hubs.'' and does not support his narrow, central government, definition. Andy Mabbett 23:02, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So what definition would you like to use exactly. As I have pointed out already no other official definition exists other than the WM county, which is recognised as being the West Midlands metropolitan area and is used in government statistics as such.

 * In my version I pointed out that Birmingham was the economic centre of the WM region. G-Man 23:17, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't want to use a definition; nor do I wish to use any definition "exactly", since there appears to be no standard definition to use. Andy Mabbett 23:28, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well surely we should give prominance to the official definition, as there doesn't appear to be any other. Using the definition of metropolitan area above, It could be argued that much of the West Midlands region is effectively within the "zone of influence" of Birmingham. That's what I tried to point out. G-Man 23:36, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well surely we should give prominance to the official definition Yes - and the wording I reveted to (and have just clarified) does just that. Andy Mabbett 23:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Improvement
I have to say this article has improved quite a lot since I was last here. It is far better proportioned regarding the obese culture section. I had a go at getting the culture section to a sensible size and improving the proportions of the article some weeks ago. But was rather disheartened to find my changes had been largely reverted a few days later. I note that the current revision is similar to my version. Well done to all involved. Gem 21:30, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anonymous Threat
As webmaster of an independent Birmingham Website I have received an anonymous threat by Email from someone that is obviously policing this article. I do not respond to these childish anonymous threats so I will leave it up to the regular contributors to sort out who is sending threats! IP address of sender was 82.96.100.100 User:Vbrum
 * That address resolves to a German host (see also ); it is them you should complain to. What do you think anyone here can do for you, especially as you provide no details and no evidence? Andy Mabbett 28 June 2005 20:43 (UTC)

 * I am extremely sorry VBrum, I think the target is actually me, I have emailed you and I should point out the following which other users can use to make their own minds up about this: Andy or someone with his interests at heart ;) used this IP address to edit my work some time ago. Here is the IP address discussion User talk:82.96.100.100, the user was blocked for reverting and vandalism. Thanks Nick Boulevard 29 June 2005 17:21 (UTC)

The IP address resolves to @nonymouse.com, an ISP devoted to providing anonymous email forwarding, so it is as likley to be someone in England as it is someone in Germany. The use of such a masking facility suggests that the sender is a malicious coward and, having now read the email, I can confirm that the threats are without substance.—Theo (Talk) 30 June 2005 16:13 (UTC)

More deletion
Ok, Andy Mabbett...

Please, why have you just deleted my short inclusion of the popular music intro here when you will have seen that it exists already on the arts page (you edited the page not long aftre me) It was discussed there to avoid exactly this kind of behaviour, unfortunately you have also removed my inclusion of a new band and reference to Jimmy Page in his early years in a Brum band, I would like to stress that I have been out ALL evening and within five - ten minutes of me editing here you have jumped on what I have written and now its exits no longer? I am fed up with this and to be honest you are close to driving me away. Nick Boulevard 5 July 2005 23:23 (UTC)
 * For the reason stated in my edit summary. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it.. Andy Mabbett
 * Andy:That caution is not an instruction for you to delete and revert wholesale. Your persistent reversion of changes is discourteous and unconstructive.  You have been told this repeatedly by several editors. Please stop. —Theo  (Talk) 6 July 2005 11:03 (UTC)
 * I've just dealt wth a copy of the same comment, which you posted on my talk page. Andy Mabbett 6 July 2005 11:27 (UTC)
 * Several things: On your talk page you told me that I was wrong. I stand by every part of what I said but I cannot imagine that citing diffs will be enough to dissuade you from your stance.  Let me rephrase it to make it incontrovertible: I find many of your edits and their associated summaries discourteous and unconstructive. To take the most recent example: why is Three of the four members of Led Zeppelin played in Birmingham rock bands. "exagerated trivia" (as per your edit summary when you deleted it) while the subsequent sentence In the 1970s members of the Move and the Moody Blues formed the Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. is acceptable to you? I accept that it would be too detailed to mention Band of Joy in the main article, but are the Birmingham associations of Led Zep any more trivial than the others? —Theo  (Talk) 8 July 2005 08:56 (UTC)

 * To answer your last point first: yes. The Move and Idle Race were Birmingham based, with all or nearly all members from Birmingham. ELO played up their Birmingham connections, writing songs about the City. The bands referred to in connection with Led Zep may have had some members from Birmingham, but there is no evidence that they were Birmingham-centric. As to your personal feelings; I'm at a loss to explain their distance from reality. Andy Mabbett 8 July 2005 18:04 (UTC)

 * I do not wish to jump on you here Andy but we have had this discussion before about Nick Mason, how do any of us know that Robert Plant and John Bonham were specifically not Birmingham-centric? Robert Plant used to live in my old village and many of the locals refered to him as a Brummie from his accent which he seemed not to mind? Besides we are not basing the wikipedia article on Birmingham bands or musicians that are/were Birmingham-centric? I am sure that there are many musicians world wide that either love or loathe their home towns but that has no bearing whatsoever on where they come from, and one thing that you seem to have forgotten, If you were familiar with the lyrics of Robert Plant you would know of the many links in his songs to JR Tolkien, mordor etc, and as I recall you seemed to battle quite ferrociously over keeping Tolkien closely linked to Birmingham. See your own talk page. :) Nick Boulevard 8 July 2005 18:48 (UTC)

 * So please can we include what exists on the arts page re: Led Zeppelin, they were after all one of the most successful rock bands ever. Nick Boulevard 12:24, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birmingham/Archive 7


text:
Resistance during World War II

During World War II, resistance movements operated in German-occupied Europe by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda, hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as The Underground.

The resistance movements in World War II can be broken down into two primary politically polarized camps:
 * the internationalist and usually Communist Party-led anti-fascist resistance that existed in nearly every country in the world; and
 * the various nationalist groups in German- or Soviet-occupied countries, such as the Republic of Poland, that opposed both Nazi Germany and the Communists.

While historians and governments of some European countries have attempted to portray resistance to Nazi occupation as widespread among their populations, only a small minority of people participated in organized resistance, estimated at one to three percent of the population of countries in western Europe. In eastern Europe where Nazi rule was more oppressive, a larger percentage of people were in organized resistance movements, for example, an estimated 10-15 percent of the Polish population. Passive resistance by non-cooperation with the occupiers was much more common.

Summary of resistance movements by territory
Among the most notable resistance movements were:

Europe

 * the Albanian resistance
 * the Belgian Resistance
 * the Czech resistance
 * the Danish Resistance
 * the Dutch Resistance (especially the "LO" (national hiding organisation))
 * the French Resistance
 * the Greek Resistance
 * the Italian Resistenza (led mainly by the Italian CLN)
 * the Jewish Resistance in various German-occupied territories
 * the Norwegian Resistance
 * the Polish Resistance (including the Polish Home Army, that started the Warsaw Uprising on August 1, 1944, Leśni, and the greater Polish Underground State);
 * Soviet partisans
 * Yugoslav Partisans

And the politically persecuted opposition in Germany itself (there were 16 main resistance groups and at least 27 failed attempts to assassinate Hitler with many more planned).

Far East

 * the Chinese resistance
 * the Korean Resistance in the Japan Occupied Korea and the Chinese Zone

Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting or undermining the Axis invaders, and Nazi Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. Although Britain was not occupied during the war, the British made complex preparations for a British resistance movement. The main organisation was created by the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, aka MI6) and is now known as Section VII. In addition there was a short-term secret commando force called the Auxiliary Units. Various organizations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British Special Operations Executive and the American Office of Strategic Services (the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency). There were also resistance movements fighting against Allied invaders. In Italian East Africa, after the Italians were defeated during the East African Campaign, some Italian soldiers and settlers participated in a guerrilla war against the Allies from 1941 to 1943. Though the Werwolf Nazi German resistance movement never amounted to much, the German Volkssturm played an extensive role in the Battle of Berlin. The "Forest Brothers" of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania included many fighters who operated against the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States into the 1960s. During or after the war, similar anti-Soviet resistance rose up in places like Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Chechnya.

Organization
After the first shock following the Blitzkrieg, people slowly started organizing, both locally and on a larger scale, especially when Jews and other groups began to be deported and used as Arbeitseinsatz (forced labor for the Germans). Organization was dangerous, so most resistance actions was performed by individuals. The possibilities depended much on the terrain; where there were large tracts of uninhabited land, especially hills and forests, resistance could more easily organise undetected; this favoured in particular Soviet partisans in Eastern Europe. In the more densely populated countries such as the Netherlands, the Biesbosch wilderness was used. In northern Italy, both the Alps and the Apennines offered shelter to partisan brigades, though many groups operated directly inside the major cities.

There were many different types of groups, ranging in activity from humanitarian aid to armed resistance, and sometimes cooperated in varying degrees. Resistance usually arose spontaneously, but was encouraged and helped from London and Moscow.

Size
The six largest resistance movements in Europe were the Dutch, the French, the Italian (from 1943), the Polish, the Soviet, and the Yugoslav; overall their size can be seen as comparable, particularly in the years 1941–1944. Based on the percentage of the population actively fighting nazis, Yugoslavia was among top three countries in the EU, consisting of 400.000 fighters which was 2% of the population.

A number of sources note that the Polish Home Army was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. Norman Davies writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]." Gregor Dallas writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe." Mark Wyman writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe." However, the numbers of Soviet partisans were very similar to those of the Polish resistance, as were the numbers of Yugoslav Partisans. For the French Resistance, François Marcot ventured an estimate of 200,000 activists and a further 300,000 with substantial involvement in Resistance operations. For the Resistance in Italy, Giovanni di Capua estimates that, by August 1944, the number of partisans reached around 100,000, and it escalated to more than 250,000 with the final insurrection in April 1945.

Forms of resistance
Various forms of resistance were:
 * Non-violent
 * Sabotage – the Arbeitseinsatz ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly
 * Strikes and demonstrations
 * Based on existing organizations, such as the churches, students, communists and doctors (professional resistance)
 * Armed
 * raids on distribution offices to get food coupons or various documents such as Ausweise or on birth registry offices to get rid of information about Jews and others to whom the Nazis paid special attention
 * temporary liberation of areas, such as in Yugoslavia, Paris, and northern Italy, occasionally in cooperation with the Allied forces
 * uprisings such as in Warsaw in 1943 and 1944, and in extermination camps such as in Sobibor in 1943 and Auschwitz in 1944
 * continuing battle and guerrilla warfare, such as the partisans in the USSR and Yugoslavia and the Maquis in France
 * Espionage, including sending reports of military importance (e.g. troop movements, weather reports etc.)
 * Illegal press to counter Nazi propaganda
 * Anti-Nazi propaganda including movies for example anti-Nazi color film Calling Mr. Smith (1943) about current Nazi crimes in German-occupied Poland.
 * Covert listening to BBC broadcasts for news bulletins and coded messages
 * Political resistance to prepare for the reorganization after the war
 * Helping people to go into hiding (e.g., to escape the Arbeitseinsatz or deportation)—this was one of the main activities in the Netherlands, due to the large number of Jews and the high level of administration, which made it easy for the Germans to identify Jews.
 * Escape and evasion lines to help Allied military personnel caught behind Axis lines
 * Helping POWs with illegal supplies, breakouts, communication, etc.
 * Forgery of documents

1939–1940
On 15 September 1939, a member of the Czech resistance movement, Ctibor Novák, planted explosive devices in Berlin. His first bomb detonated in front of the Ministry of Aeronautics, and the second detonated in front of police headquarters. Both buildings were damaged and many Germans were injured.

On 28 October 1939 (the anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918) there were large demonstrations against Nazi occupation in Prague, with about 100,000 Czechs. Demonstrators crowded the streets in the city. German police had to disperse the demonstrators, and began shooting in the evening. The first victim was baker Václav Sedláček, who was shot dead. The second victim was student Jan Opletal, who was critically injured, and died on 11 November. Another 15 people were badly injured and hundreds of people sustained minor injuries. About 400 people were arrested.

In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first guerilla organization of the Second World War in Europe, the Detached Unit of the Polish Army, led by Major Henryk Dobrzański (Hubal), defeated a battalion of German infantry in a skirmish near the Polish village of Hucisko. A few days later in an ambush near the village of Szałasy it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. As time progressed, resistance forces grew in size and number. To counter this threat, the German authorities formed a special 1,000 man-strong anti-partisan unit of combined SS-Wehrmacht forces, including a Panzer group. Although Dobrzański's unit never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.

In 1940, Witold Pilecki, of the Polish resistance, presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's Auschwitz concentration camp, gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance. The Home Army approved this plan and provided him with a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940 he deliberately went out during a street roundup in Warsaw-łapanka, and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization Związek Organizacji Wojskowej (ZOW). From October 1940, ZOW sent the first reports about the camp and its genocide to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.

On the night of January 21–22, 1940, in the Soviet-occupied Podolian town of Czortków, the Czortków Uprising started. It was the first Polish uprising and the first anti-Soviet uprising of World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local Red Army barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there.

1940 was the year of establishing the Warsaw Ghetto and the infamous Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp by the German Nazis in occupied Poland. Among the many activities of Polish resistance and Polish people was helping endangered Jews. Polish citizens have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the Holocaust.

One of the events that helped the growth of the French Resistance was the targeting of the French Jews, Communists, Romani, homosexuals, Catholics, and others, forcing many into hiding. This in turn gave the French Resistance new people to incorporate into their political structures.

Around May 1940, a resistance group formed around the Austrian priest Heinrich Maier, who until 1944 very successfully passed on the plans and production locations for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and airplanes (Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet, etc.) to the Allies, so that they could target these important factories for destruction and on the other hand, for the after the war Central European states planned. Very early on they passed on information about the mass murder of the Jews to the Allies.

The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British World War II organisation. With Cabinet approval, it was officially formed by Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton on 22 July 1940, to develop a spirit of resistance in the occupied countries and to prepare a fifth column of resistance fighters to engage in open opposition to the occupiers when the United Kingdom was able to return to the continent. To aid in the transport of agents and the supply of the resistance fighters, a Royal Air Force Special Duty Service was developed. Whereas the SIS was primarily involved in espionage, the SOE and the resistance fighters were geared toward reconnaissance of German defenses and sabotage. In England the SOE was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret stay-behind resistance organisation which would have been activated in the event of a German invasion of Britain. The SOE operated in all countries or former countries occupied by or attacked by the Axis forces, except where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal allies (the Soviet Union and the United States).

The organisation was officially dissolved on 15 January 1946.

1941
In February 1941, the Dutch Communist Party organized a general strike in Amsterdam and surrounding cities, known as the February strike, in protest against anti-Jewish measures by the Nazi occupying force and violence by fascist street fighters against Jews. Several hundreds of thousands of people participated in the strike. The strike was put down by the Nazis and some participants were executed.

In April 1941, the Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation was established in the Province of Ljubljana. Its armed wing were the Slovene Partisans. It represented both the working class and the Slovene ethnicity.

From April 1941, Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Union for Armed Struggle started in Poland Operation N headed by Tadeusz Żenczykowski. Action was complex of sabotage, subversion and black-propaganda activities carried out by the Polish resistance against Nazi German occupation forces during World War II

Beginning in March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were being forwarded via the Polish resistance to the Polish government in exile and through it, to the British government in London and other Allied governments. These reports were the first information about the Holocaust and the principal source of intelligence on Auschwitz for the Western Allies.

In May 1941, the Resistance Team "Elevtheria" (Freedom) was established in Thessaloniki by politicians Paraskevas Barbas, Apostolos Tzanis, Ioannis Passalidis, Simos Kerasidis, Athanasios Fidas, Ioannis Evthimiadis and military officer Dimitrios Psarros. Its armed wing comprised two armed forces; Athanasios Diakos led by Christodoulos Moschos (captain "Petros"), operating in Kroussia; and Odysseas Androutsos led by Athanasios Genios (captain "Lassanis"), operating in Visaltia.

The first anti-soviet uprising during World War II began on June 22, 1941 (the start-date of Operation Barbarossa) in Lithuania. On the same day, the Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment was formed in Croatia, near the town of Sisak. It was the first armed partisan unit in Croatia.

Communist-initiated uprising against Axis started in German-occupied Serbia on July 7, 1941, and six days later in Montenegro. The Republic of Užice (Ужичка република) was a short-lived liberated Yugoslav territory, the first part of occupied Europe to be liberated. Organized as a military mini-state it existed throughout the autumn of 1941 in the western part of Serbia. The Republic was established by the Partisan resistance movement and its administrative center was in the town of Užice. The government was made of "people's councils" (odbors), and the Communists opened schools and published a newspaper, Borba (meaning "Struggle"). They even managed to run a postal system and around 145 km of railway and operated an ammunition factory from the vaults beneath the bank in Užice.

In July 1941 Mieczysław Słowikowski (using the codename "Rygor"—Polish for "Rigor") set up "Agency Africa," one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations. His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and Major Maksymilian Ciężki. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 Operation Torch landings in North Africa.

On 13 July 1941, in Italian-occupied Montenegro, Montenegrin separatist Sekula Drljević proclaimed an independent Kingdom of Montenegro as an Italian governorate, upon which a nationwide rebellion escalated raised by Partisans, Yugoslav Royal officers and various other armed personnel. It was the first organized armed uprising in then occupied Europe, and involved 32,000 people. Most of Montenegro was quickly liberated, except major cities where Italian forces were well fortified. On 12 August — after a major Italian offensive involving 5 divisions and 30,000 soldiers — the uprising collapsed as units were disintegrating; poor leadership occurred as well as collaboration. The final toll of July 13 uprising in Montenegro was 735 dead, 1120 wounded and 2070 captured Italians and 72 dead and 53 wounded Montenegrins.

In the Battle of Loznica, 31 August 1941, Chetniks attacked and freed the town of Loznica in German-occupied Serbia from the Germans. Several Germans were killed and wounded; 93 were captured.

On 11 October 1941, in Bulgarian-occupied Prilep, Macedonians attacked post of the Bulgarian occupation police, which was the start of Macedonian resistance against the fascists who occupied Macedonia: Germans, Italians, Bulgarians and Albanians. The resistance finished successfully in August–November 1944 when the independent Macedonian state was formed, which was later added to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.

At the time Hitler gave his anti-resistance Nacht und Nebel decree – the very day of the Attack on Pearl Harbor in the Pacific – the planning for Britain's Operation Anthropoid was underway, as a resistance move to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich, the Deputy Protector of Bohemia and Moravia and the chief of the Final Solution, by the Czech resistance in Prague. Over fifteen thousand Czechs were killed in reprisals, with the most infamous incidents being the complete destruction of the towns of Lidice and Ležáky.

1942
On February 16, 1942, the Greek Communist Party (KKE)-led National Liberation Front gave permission to a communist veteran, Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras (later known as Aris Velouchiotis) to examine the possibilities of an armed resistance movement, which led to the formation of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). ELAS initiated actions against the German and Italian forces of occupation in Greece on 7 June 1942. The ELAS grew to become the largest resistance movement against the fascists in Greece.

The Luxembourgish general strike of 1942 was a passive resistance movement organised within a short time period to protest against a directive that incorporated the Luxembourg youth into the Wehrmacht. A national general strike, originating mainly in Wiltz, paralysed the country and forced the occupying German authorities to respond violently by sentencing 21 strikers to death.

On 27 May 1942 Operation Anthropoid took place. Two armed Czechoslovak members of the army in exile (Jan Kubiš and Jozef Gabčík) attempted to assassinate the SS-obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich. Heydrich was not killed on the spot but died later at the hospital from his wounds. He is the highest ranked Nazi to have been assassinated during the war.

In September 1942, the Council to Aid Jews (Żegota) was founded by Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other Catholic activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota. The most known activist of Żegota was Irena Sendler head of the children's division who saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto, providing them false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the ghetto.

On the night of 7–8 October 1942, Operation Wieniec started. It targeted rail infrastructure near Warsaw. Similar operations aimed at disrupting German transport and communication in occupied Poland occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and Lublin.

On 25 November, Greek guerrillas with the help of twelve British saboteurs carried out a successful operation which disrupted the German ammunition transportation to the German Africa Corps under Rommel—the destruction of Gorgopotamos bridge (Operation Harling).

On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from Auschwitz concentration camp took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera, Kazimierz Piechowski, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape. The escapees were dressed as members of the SS-Totenkopfverbände, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen Rudolf Hoss automobile Steyr 220 with a smuggled report from Witold Pilecki about the Holocaust. The Germans never recaptured any of them.

The Zamość Uprising was an armed uprising of Armia Krajowa and Bataliony Chłopskie against the forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamość region (Zamość Lands, Zamojszczyzna) under the Nazi Generalplan Ost. Nazi Germans attempting to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamosc area (through forced removal, transfer to forced labor camps, or, in rare cases, mass murder) to get it ready for German colonization. It lasted from 1942 to 1944, and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed.

1943
"By the middle of 1943 partisan resistance to the Germans and their allies had grown from the dimensions of a mere nuisance to those of a major factor in the general situation. In many parts of occupied Europe Germany was suffering losses at the hands of partisans that he could ill afford. Nowhere were these losses heavier than in Yugoslavia."

In early January 1943, the 20,000 strong main operational group of the Yugoslav Partisans, stationed in western Bosnia, came under ferocious attack by over 150,000 German and Axis troops, supported by about 200 Luftwaffe aircraft in what became known as the Battle of the Neretva (the German codename was "Fall Weiss" or "Case White"). The Axis rallied eleven divisions, six German, three Italian, and two divisions of the Independent State of Croatia (supported by Ustaše formations) as well as a number of Chetnik brigades. The goal was to destroy the Partisan HQ and main field hospital (all Partisan wounded and prisoners faced certain execution), but this was thwarted by the diversion and retreat across the Neretva river, planned by the Partisan supreme command led by Marshal Josip Broz Tito. The main Partisan force escaped into Serbia.

On 19 April 1943, three members of the Belgian resistance movement were able to stop the Twentieth convoy, which was the 20th prisoner transport in Belgium organised by the Germans during World War II. The exceptional action by members of the Belgian resistance occurred to free Jewish and Romani ("Gypsy") civilians who were being transported by train from the Dossin army base located in Mechelen, Belgium to the concentration camp Auschwitz. The 20th train convoy transported 1,631 Jews (men, women and children). Some of the prisoners were able to escape and marked this particular kind of liberation action by the Belgian resistance movement as unique in the European history of the Holocaust.

One of the bravest and most significant displays of public defiance against the Nazis is the rescue of the Danish Jews in October 1943. Nearly all of the Danish Jews were saved from concentration camps by the Danish resistance. However, the action was largely due to the personal intervention of German diplomat Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, who both leaked news of the intended round up of the Jews to both the Danish opposition and Jewish groups and negotiated with the Swedes to ensure Danish Jews would be accepted in Sweden.

The Battle of Sutjeska from 15 May-16 June 1943 was a joint attack of the Axis forces that once again attempted to destroy the main Yugoslav Partisan force, near the Sutjeska river in southeastern Bosnia. The Axis rallied 127,000 troops for the offensive, including German, Italian, NDH, Bulgarian and Cossack units, as well as over 300 airplanes (under German operational command), against 18,000 soldiers of the primary Yugoslav Partisans operational group organised in 16 brigades. Facing almost exclusively German troops in the final encirclement, the Yugoslav Partisans finally succeeded in breaking out across the Sutjeska river through the lines of the German 118th Jäger Division, 104th Jäger Division and 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division in the northwestern direction, towards eastern Bosnia. Three brigades and the central hospital with over 2,000 wounded remained surrounded and, following Hitler's instructions, German commander-in-chief General Alexander Löhr ordered and carried out their annihilation, including the wounded and unarmed medical personnel. In addition, Partisan troops suffered from a severe lack of food and medical supplies, and many were struck down by typhoid. However, the failure of the offensive marked a turning point for Yugoslavia during World War II.

Operation Heads started—an action of serial assassinations of the Nazi personnel sentenced to death by the Underground court for crimes against Polish citizens in occupied Poland. The Resistance fighters of Polish Home Army's unit Agat killed Franz Bürkl during Operation Bürkl. Bürkl was a high-ranking Nazi German SS and secret police officer responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of Polish Jews and Polish resistance fighters and supporters.

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising by the Jews of the Warsaw Ghetto lasted from 19 April-16 May, and cost the Nazi forces 17 dead and 93 wounded by their own count, though some Jewish resistance figures claimed that German casualties were far higher.

On 30 September the German forces occupying the Italian city of Naples were forced out by the townsfolk and the Italian Resistance before the arrival of the first Allied forces in the city on 1 October. This popular uprising is known as the Four days of Naples.

On October 9, 1943, the Kinabalu guerillas launched the Jesselton Revolt against the Japanese occupation of British Borneo.

From November 1943, Operation Most III started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German V-2 rocket. In effect, some 50 kg of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to Brindisi by a Royal Air Force Douglas Dakota aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to London.

1944

On 1 February 1944, the Resistance fighters of the Polish Home Army's unit Agat executed Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in Warsaw in an action known as Operation Kutschera.

In the spring of 1944, a plan was laid out by the Allies to kidnap General Müller, whose harsh repressive measures had earned him the nickname "the Butcher of Crete". The operation was led by Major Patrick Leigh Fermor, together with Captain W. Stanley Moss, Greek SOE agents and Cretan resistance fighters. However, Müller left the island before the plan could be carried out. Undeterred, Fermor decided to abduct General Heinrich Kreipe instead.

On the night of 26 April, General Kreipe left his headquarters in Archanes and headed without escort to his well-guarded residence, "Villa Ariadni", approximately 25 km outside Heraklion. Major Fermor and Captain Moss, dressed as German military policemen, waited for him 1 km before his residence. They asked the driver to stop and asked for their papers. As soon as the car stopped, Fermor quickly opened Kreipe's door, rushed in and threatened him with his guns while Moss took the driver's seat. After driving some distance the British left the car, with suitable decoy material being planted that suggesting an escape off the island had been made by submarine, and with the General began a cross-country march. Hunted by German patrols, the group moved across the mountains to reach the southern side of the island, where a British Motor Launch (ML 842, commanded by Brian Coleman) was to pick them up. Eventually, on 14 May 1944, they were picked up (from Peristeres beach near Rhodakino) and transferred to Egypt.

In April–May 1944, the SS launched the daring airborne Raid on Drvar aimed at capturing Marshal Josip Broz Tito, the commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Partisans, as well as disrupting their leadership and command structure. The Partisan headquarters were in the hills near Drvar, Bosnia at the time. The representatives of the Allies, Britain's Randolph Churchill and Evelyn Waugh, were also present. Elite German SS parachute commando units fought their way to Tito's cave headquarters and exchanged heavy gunfire resulting in numerous casualties on both sides. Chetniks under Draža Mihailović also flocked to the firefight in their own attempt to capture Tito. By the time German forces had penetrated to the cave, however, Tito had already fled the scene. He had a train waiting for him that took him to the town of Jajce. It would appear that Tito and his staff were well prepared for emergencies. The commandos were only able to retrieve Tito's marshal's uniform, which was later displayed in Vienna. After fierce fighting in and around the villager's cemetery, the Germans were able to link up with mountain troops. By that time, Tito, his British guests and Partisan survivors were fêted aboard the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Blackmore (L43) and her captain Lt. Carson, RN.

An intricate series of resistance operations were launched in France prior to, and during, Operation Overlord. On June 5, 1944, the BBC broadcast a group of unusual sentences, which the Germans knew were code words—possibly for the invasion of Normandy. The BBC would regularly transmit hundreds of personal messages, of which only a few were really significant. A few days before D-Day, the commanding officers of the Resistance heard the first line of Verlaine's poem, "Chanson d'automne", "Les sanglots longs des violons de l'automne" (Long sobs of autumn violins) which meant that the "day" was imminent. When the second line "Blessent mon cœur d'une langueur monotone" (wound my heart with a monotonous langour) was heard, the Resistance knew that the invasion would take place within the next 48 hours. They then knew it was time to go about their respective pre-assigned missions. All over France resistance groups had been coordinated, and various groups throughout the country increased their sabotage. Communications were cut, trains derailed, roads, water towers and ammunition depots destroyed and German garrisons were attacked. Some relayed info about German defensive positions on the beaches of Normandy to American and British commanders by radio, just prior to 6 June. Victory did not come easily; in June and July, in the Vercors plateau a newly reinforced maquis group fought more than 10,000 German soldiers (no Waffen-SS) under General Karl Pflaum and was defeated, with 840 casualties (639 fighters and 201 civilians). Following the Tulle Murders, Major Otto Diekmann's Waffen-SS company wiped out the village of Oradour-sur-Glane on 10 June. The resistance also assisted the later Allied invasion in the south of France (Operation Dragoon). They started insurrections in cities such as Paris when allied forces came close.

Operation Halyard, which took place between August and December 1944, was an Allied airlift operation behind enemy lines during World War II conducted by Chetniks in occupied Yugoslavia. In July 1944, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) drew up plans to send a team to Chetniks led by General Draža Mihailović in the German-occupied Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia for the purpose of evacuating Allied airmen shot down over that area. This team, known as the Halyard team, was commanded by Lieutenant George Musulin, along with Master Sergeant Michael Rajacich, and Specialist Arthur Jibilian, the radio operator. The team was detailed to the United States Fifteenth Air Force and designated as the 1st Air Crew Rescue Unit. It was the largest rescue operation of American Airmen in history. According to historian Professor Jozo Tomasevich, a report submitted to the OSS showed that 417 Allied airmen who had been downed over occupied Yugoslavia were rescued by Mihailović's Chetniks, and airlifted out by the Fifteenth Air Force. According to Lt. Cmdr. Richard M. Kelly (OSS) grand total of 432 U.S. and 80 Allied personnel were airlifted during the Halyard Mission.

Operation Tempest launched in Poland in 1944 would lead to several major actions by Armia Krajowa, most notable of them being the Warsaw Uprising that took place in between August 1 and October 2, and failed due to the Soviet refusal, due to differences in ideology, to help; another one was Operation Ostra Brama: the Armia Krajowa or Home Army turned the weapons given to them by the Nazi Germans (in hope that they would fight the incoming Soviets) against the Nazi Germans—in the end the Home Army together with the Soviet troops took over the Greater Vilnius area to the dismay of the Lithuanians.

On 25 June 1944, the Battle of Osuchy started—one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II, essentially a continuation of the Zamosc Uprising. During Operation Most III, in 1944, the Polish Home Army or Armia Krajowa provided the British with the parts of the V-2 rocket.

Norwegian sabotages of the German nuclear program drew to a close after three years on 20 February 1944, with the saboteur bombing of the ferry SF Hydro. The ferry was to carry railway cars with heavy water drums from the Vemork hydroelectric plant, where they were produced, across Lake Tinn so they could be shipped to Germany. Its sinking effectively ended Nazi nuclear ambitions. The series of raids on the plant was later dubbed by the British SOE as the most successful act of sabotage in all of World War II, and was used as a basis for the US war movie The Heroes of Telemark.

As an initiation of their uprising, Slovakian rebels entered Banská Bystrica on the morning of 30 August 1944, the second day of the rebellion, and made it their headquarters. By 10 September, the insurgents gained control of large areas of central and eastern Slovakia. That included two captured airfields. As a result of the two-week-old insurgency, the Soviet Air Force was able to begin flying in equipment to Slovakian and Soviet partisans.

Resistance movements during World War II

 * Albanian resistance movement
 * National Liberation Movement
 * Balli Kombëtar (anti-Italian and later anti-communist and anti-Yugoslav resistance movements)
 * Legality Movement
 * Austrian resistance movement (e.g. O5)
 * Österreichische Freiheitsfront
 * Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna
 * Belarusian nationalist resistance movements:
 * Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s)
 * Belarusian People's Partisans, anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi
 * Belgian Resistance
 * Armée Belge Reconstituée (ABR)
 * Armée secrète (AS)
 * Comet Line
 * Comité de Défense des Juifs (CDJ, Jewish resistance)
 * Front de l'Indépendance (FI)
 * Groupe G
 * Kempische Legioen (KL)
 * Légion Belge
 * Milices Patriotiques (MP-PM)
 * Mouvement National Belge (MNB)
 * Mouvement National Royaliste (MNR-NKB)
 * Organisation Militaire Belge de Résistance (OMBR)
 * Partisans Armés (PA)
 * Service D
 * Witte Brigade
 * Borneo resistance movement
 * British resistance movements
 * SIS Section D and Section VII (planned Resistance organisations)
 * Auxiliary Units (planned hidden commando force to operate during military anti-invasion campaign)
 * Resistance to German occupation of the Channel Islands
 * Bulgarian resistance movements
 * Bulgarian resistance movement
 * Goryani (anti-communist resistance from 1944)
 * Burman resistance movements:
 * Burma Independence Army (anti-British)
 * Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
 * Chechen resistance movement (anti-Soviet)
 * Chinese resistance movements
 * Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country
 * Chinese People's National Salvation Army
 * Heilungkiang National Salvation Army
 * Jilin Self-Defence Army
 * Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army
 * Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
 * Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army
 * Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army
 * Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army
 * Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters
 * Hong Kong resistance movements
 * Gangjiu dadui (Hong Kong-Kowloon brigade)
 * East River Column (Dongjiang Guerrillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)
 * Islamic resistance movement against Japan
 * Muslim Detachment (回民義勇隊 Huimin Zhidui)
 * Muslim corps
 * Czech resistance movement
 * Jan Žižka partisan brigade
 * Danish resistance movement
 * BoPa (Communist "Civil Partisans")
 * 5 Kolonne
 * Dutch resistance movement
 * Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
 * The Stijkel Group, a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area.
 * Valkenburg resistance
 * Estonian resistance movement
 * Ethiopian resistance movement
 * Pro-German resistance movement in Finland
 * French resistance movement
 * Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (BCRA)
 * Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR)
 * Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP)
 * Free French Forces (FFL)
 * French Forces of the Interior (FFI)
 * Maquis
 * Pat O'Leary Line
 * German anti-Nazi resistance movements
 * Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group
 * Black Orchestra
 * Confessing Church
 * Edelweiss Pirates
 * Ehrenfeld Group
 * European Union
 * Kreisau Circle
 * National Committee for a Free Germany
 * Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany
 * Neu Beginnen
 * Red Orchestra
 * Robert Uhrig Group
 * Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
 * Solf Circle
 * Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna
 * White Rose
 * German pro-Nazi resistance in Allied-occupied areas
 * Volkssturm – a German resistance group and militia created by the NSDAP near the end of World War II
 * Werwolf – Nazi German resistance movement against the Allied occupation
 * Greek Resistance
 * List of Greek Resistance organizations
 * Cretan resistance
 * National Liberation Front (EAM) and the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), EAM's guerrilla forces
 * National Republican Greek League (EDES)
 * National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
 * Hungarian resistance movement, anti-fascist anti-Axis movement against the Horthy regime and the Government of National Unity
 * Indian resistance movements:
 * Quit India Movement
 * Azad Hind
 * Indian National Army, is an armed force who fought for India's Independence with Japan fighting against Allied forces (mainly against Britain) in Southeast Asia and along India's easternmost borderlands
 * Indonesian resistance movements
 * Italian resistance movement
 * Arditi del Popolo
 * Assisi Network
 * Brigate Fiamme Verdi
 * Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale
 * Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
 * DELASEM
 * Democrazia Cristiana
 * Four days of Naples
 * Giustizia e Libertà
 * Italian Civil War
 * Italian Co-Belligerent Army, Navy, and Air Force
 * Italian Communist Party (PCI)
 * Italian partisan republics
 * Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
 * Labour Democratic Party (PDL)
 * Movimento Comunista d'Italia
 * National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy
 * Partito d'Azione
 * Scintilla
 * Italian resistance against the Allies
 * Black Brigades
 * Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
 * Japanese anti-imperial resistance
 * Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan
 * Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
 * Japanese Communist Party
 * Japanese People's Emancipation League
 * Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance
 * League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops
 * Japanese pro-imperial resistance
 * Japanese holdout
 * Volunteer Fighting Corps
 * Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe (transnational)
 * Resistance movement in Auschwitz
 * Korean resistance movement
 * Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
 * Korean Liberation Army
 * Korean Volunteer Army
 * Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian anti-Soviet resistance movements ("Forest Brothers")
 * Latvian resistance movement
 * Libyan resistance movement
 * Lithuanian resistance during World War II
 * Lithuanian Activist Front
 * Lithuanian Liberty Army
 * Luxembourgish resistance during World War II
 * Malayan resistance movemment
 * Askar Melayu Setia (Loyal Malay Soldier/Army)
 * Wataniah
 * Pasukan Gerlia Kinabalu (Kinabalu Guerilla Force)
 * Force 136 Malay Warrior
 * Moldovan resistance during World War II
 * Norwegian resistance movement
 * Milorg
 * Nortraship
 * Norwegian Independent Company 1 (Kompani Linge)
 * Osvald Group
 * XU
 * Philippine resistance movement
 * Allied guerrillas (composed of unsurrendered USAFFE troops including Filipino civilians).
 * Moro Muslim resistance movement
 * Hukbalahap
 * Polish resistance movement
 * Polish Underground State, led by the Polish government in exile
 * Polish Armed Forces in the West
 * Armia Krajowa (Home Army—mainstream: Authoritarian/Western Democracy)
 * Gwardia Ludowa WRN (The People's Guard Freedom Equality Independence—mainstream Polish Socialist Party's underground, progressive, anti—Nazi and anti—Soviet)
 * Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (National Armed Forces – Anti-Nazi, Anti-Communist)
 * Cursed soldiers (Anti-Communist)
 * Leśni (various "forest People")
 * Bataliony Chłopskie (Peasant Battalions — mainstream, apolitical, stress on private property)
 * Polish Committee of National Liberation, supported by the USSR
 * Polish Workers' Party and Union of Polish Patriots
 * Armia Ludowa (People's Army)
 * Gwardia Ludowa (People's Guard)
 * Polish Armed Forces in the East
 * Jewish organizations
 * Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB, Jewish Fighting Organisation in Poland)
 * Żydowski Związek Walki (ŻZW, Jewish Fighting Union in Poland)
 * Romanian anti-fascist anti-Axis resistance and political opposition
 * Tudor Vladimirescu Division and Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division of the Red Army
 * The "Republic of Rossony" formed by a group of Soviet partisans, described as "neither for the Soviets nor the Germans"
 * The so-called "Russian Liberation Movement" attempted to create an independent (either allied with Germany or opposing both sides) Russian anti-Communist force by means of collaboration with the Nazis
 * Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia and the Russian Liberation Army within the Wehrmacht, formally released from German command in January 1945, switched sides in May 1945
 * GULAG Operation
 * Russian People's Liberation Army, pro-Nazi militia of the Lokot Autonomy, later absorbed as a part of the Waffen-SS, reformed as an anti-Soviet partisan movement after the war
 * Singaporean resistance movement
 * Dalforce
 * Force 136
 * Slovak resistance movement
 * Slovak National Uprising
 * Soviet partisan movement
 * Belarusian Soviet partisans
 * Estonian Soviet partisans
 * Latvian Soviet partisans
 * Moldovan Soviet partisans
 * Soviet partisans in Finland
 * Soviet partisans in Poland
 * Young Guard (Soviet resistance)
 * Thai resistance movement
 * Tigrayan resistance movement (anti-Ethiopian)
 * Ukrainian resistance movements:
 * Ukrainian Insurgent Army (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)
 * Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)
 * Ustaše – Croatian nationalist and fascist resistance movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia/Chetniks and Yugoslav communists
 * Crusaders – Croatian Ustaše guerrilla movement fighting against Yugoslav communist forces
 * Viet Minh (Vietnamese resistance organization that fought Vichy France and the Japanese, and later against the French attempt to re-occupy Vietnam)
 * Yugoslav resistance movement
 * Yugoslav Partisans (People's Liberation Army — pro-Soviet Yugoslav communist-led anti-fascist anti-Axis, and anti-Yugoslav royalist anti-Chetniks resistance movement)
 * Croatian Partisans
 * Macedonian Partisans
 * Serbian Partisans
 * Slovene Partisans
 * Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Homeland — Yugoslav royalist, anti-Axis, anti-Nazi German, anti-Croatian Ustaše, anti-Albanian and anti-Yugoslav Communist-led Partisans resistance movement)
 * Blue Guard – Slovenian Chetniks
 * TIGR (Slovene and Croat anti-Italian resistance movement, active between 1927 and 1941. Gradually absorbed into the Yugoslav Partisans throughout WWII.)

Notable individuals

 * Josip Broz Tito
 * Charles De Gaulle
 * Koča Popović
 * Sava Kovačević
 * Giorgio Amendola
 * Tuvia Bielski
 * Mordechaj Anielewicz
 * Dawid Apfelbaum
 * Yitzhak Arad
 * Walter Audisio
 * Georges Bidault
 * Alexander Bogen
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer
 * Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski
 * Petr Braiko
 * Pierre Brossolette
 * Masha Bruskina
 * Taras Bulba-Borovets
 * Alexander Chekalin
 * Danielle Casanova
 * Marek Edelman
 * Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves
 * D'Arcy Osborne, 12th Duke of Leeds
 * Paul Eluard
 * Oleksiy Fedorov
 * Manolis Glezos
 * Marianne Golz
 * Stefan Grot-Rowecki
 * Jens Christian Hauge
 * Aris Velouchiotis
 * Enver Hoxha
 * Khasan Israilov
 * Jan Karski
 * Stanisław Aronson
 * Vassili Kononov

 * Oleg Koshevoy
 * Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
 * Sydir Kovpak
 * Nikolai Kuznetsov
 * Albert Kwok
 * Hans Litten
 * Abbé Pierre
 * Martin Linge
 * Luigi Longo
 * Zivia Lubetkin
 * Juozas Lukša
 * Pavel Luspekayev
 * Max Manus
 * Pyotr Masherov
 * Ho Chi Minh
 * Kim Ku
 * Lee Bong-chang
 * Yun Bong-gil
 * Mustapha bin Harun
 * Ma Benzhai (zh:馬本齋)
 * Missak Manouchian
 * Jean Moulin
 * Omar Mukhtar
 * Otomars Oškalns
 * Ferruccio Parri
 * Alexander Pechersky
 * Motiejus Pečiulionis (lt)
 * Salipada Pendatun
 * Chin Peng
 * Sandro Pertini
 * Gumbay Piang
 * Witold Pilecki
 * Christian Pineau
 * Panteleimon Ponomarenko
 * Zinaida Portnova
 * Lepa Radić
 * Adolfas Ramanauskas
 * Semyon Rudniev
 * Alexander Saburov
 * Hannie Schaft
 * Pierre Schunck
 * Sophie Scholl
 * Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps
 * Roman Shukhevych
 * Henk Sneevliet
 * Arturs Sproģis
 * Ilya Starinov
 * Claus von Stauffenberg
 * Imants Sudmalis
 * Ramon Magsaysay
 * Gunnar Sønsteby
 * Luis Taruc
 * Palmiro Togliatti
 * Aris Velouchiotis
 * Pyotr Vershigora
 * Nancy Wake
 * Napoleon Zervas
 * Henri Giraud
 * Romain Gary
 * Simcha Zorin
 * Jonas Žemaitis
 * Kaji Wataru
 * Sanzo Nosaka
 * Gijs van Hall
 * Walraven van Hall
 * Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
 * Velimir Đurić
 * Yitzhak Zuckerman

Documentaries

 * Confusion was their business from the BBC series Secrets of World War II is a documentary about the SOE (Special Operations Executive) and its operations
 * The Real Heroes of Telemark is a book and documentary by survival expert Ray Mears about the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (Norwegian heavy water sabotage)
 * Making Choices: The Dutch Resistance during World War II (2005) This award-winning, hour-long documentary tells the stories of four participants in the Dutch Resistance and the miracles that saved them from certain death at the hands of the Nazis.

Dramatisations

 * 'Allo 'Allo! (1982–1992) a situation comedy about the French resistance movement (a parody of Secret Army)
 * L’Armée des ombres (1969) internal and external battles of the French resistance. Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville
 * Battle of Neretva (film) (1969) is a movie depicting events that took place during the Fourth anti-Partisan Offensive (Fall Weiss), also known as The Battle for the Wounded
 * Black Book (film) (2006) depicts double and triple crosses amongst the Dutch Resistance
 * Bonhoeffer (2004 premier at the Acacia Theatre) is a play about Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a pastor in the Confessing Church executed for his participation in the German resistance.
 * Boško Buha (1978) tells the tale of a boy who conned his way into partisan ranks aged 15 and became legendary for his talent of destroying enemy bunkers
 * Charlotte Gray (2001) – thought to be based on Nancy Wake
 * Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas (1943) - war film about Serbian chetniks leader Draza Mihailovic and his antinazi fight in Yugoslavia, made by Twentieth Century Fox.
 * Come and See (1985) is a Soviet made film about partisans in Belarus, as well as war crimes committed by the war's various factions.
 * Defiance (2008) tells the story of the Bielski partisans, a group of Jewish resistance fighters operating in Belorussia.
 * Flame & Citron (2008) is a movie based on two Danish resistance fighters who were in the Holger Danske (resistance group).
 * The Four Days of Naples (1962) is a movie based on the popular uprising against the German forces occupying the Italian city of Naples.
 * A Generation (1955) (Polish) two young men involved in resistance by GL
 * The Heroes of Telemark (1965) is very loosely based on the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (the later Real Heroes of Telemark is more accurate)
 * Het meisje met het rode haar (1982) (Dutch) is about Dutch resistance fighter Hannie Schaft
 * Kanał (1956) (Polish) first film ever to depict Warsaw Uprising
 * The Longest Day (1962) features scenes of the resistance operations during Operation Overlord
 * Massacre in Rome (1973) is based on a true story about Nazi retaliation after a resistance attack in Rome
 * My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner (2007) is a Canadian film about Justice Inspector Friedrich Kellner of Laubach who challenged the Nazis before and during the war
 * Resistance (2003): a film based on a 1995 book of the same title by Anita Shreve. The plot revolves around a downed American pilot who is sheltered by the Belgian resistance.
 * Secret Army (1977) a television series about the Belgian resistance movement, based on real events
 * Sea Of Blood (1971) a North Korean opera depicting Anti-Japanese resistance
 * Soldaat van Oranje (1977) (Dutch) is about some Dutch students who enter the resistance in cooperation with England
 * Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (2005) is about the last days in the life of Sophie Scholl
 * Stärker als die Nacht (1954) (East German) follows the story of a group of German Communist resistance fighters
 * The Battle of Sutjeska (1973) is a movie based on the events that took place during the Fifth anti-Partisan Offensive (Fall Schwartz)
 * Winter in Wartime (film), 2008 adaptation of Jan Terlouw's 1972 novel, about a Dutch youth whose favors for members of the Dutch Resistance during the last winter of World War II have a devastating impact on his family
 * The Resistance Banker Bankier van het verzet (film), is a 2018 Dutch World-War-II-period drama film directed by Joram Lürsen. The film is based on the life of banker Walraven van Hall, who financed the Dutch resistance during the Second World War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Resistance during World War II


text:
Talk:Birmingham/Archive 8

Comparison with Venice
Further to this deletion, although the oft repeated observation that Birmingham has more canals than Venice is "spurious" in the sense that the former is very much the larger, I think that the assertion is still sufficiently widely made to merit inclusion in the article. To my mind, the question is: where should it come? —Theo (Talk)
 * In the abscence of any International Comparisons section, then I think it fits best in the Transport section, where it currently is. Thryduulf 17:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The comparison is spurious, because the canals are not the same type of waterway in any regard. Andy Mabbett 21:10, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point (although the "in any regard" seems overstated)! The validity of the comparison is not really the issue here, however. This assertion is so widely made that I think that it merits a mention if only to debunk it. How would you phrase this? — Theo (Talk) 07:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How about "Birmingham has a large number of waterways, and is often described as having 'more canals than Venice'. This is technically correct - however, the city is far larger than Venice, which has the highest concentration of waterways in the world."  That seems kind of accurate. Proto t c 08:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The way it's currently worded, under Transport, if it must go in at all. Andy Mabbett 09:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That looks good to me; and, yes, I feel that it must go in. —Theo (Talk) 10:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Andy: I do not understand why you italicised "concentration" in this diff. And, how does this "dab canals"? I feel confused. —Theo (Talk) 14:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Italicisaton is a form of emphasis, but less so than emboldening. I understand "dab" to mean a small change. Andy Mabbett 17:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the explanation. I can see why I was confused. I read "dab" as a contraction of "disambiguation". No wonder it made no sense to me! —Theo  (Talk) 22:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've always assumed dab was a contraction of disambiguation as well, so you're not alone! Thryduulf 23:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Correct, in wikipedia, 'dab' is usually the shoirt form for disambiguation, usually with a link. (ie, changing a link that reads Sting to Sting (musician)) Proto t c 11:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * dab: n 1: a light touch or stroke. Andy Mabbett 12:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's the dictionary definition. Well done Andy. Proto t c 12:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

3RR
Andy, I don't know exactly how the 3 revert rule works, so I won't report it, but you must be teetering on the edge of it now, I make it at least 4 times you've reverted that canals sentence, possibly 5, in the last 24 hours. I hid it with a note asking to please explain what 'The type of waterway is very different' means if you have to have it in there. A link to waterway doesn't help. I still don't know what you mean when you say the canals are very different. A canal is a canal. Do you think you could manage to 'dab' it correctly, please, and better explain what you mean? Proto t c 11:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's much better. Well done Andy. Proto t c 11:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Andy (user:Pigsonthewing) did break the Three revert rule and he has been blocked for 24 hours. Thryduulf 13:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Punch Records
Can I just say that I recently created an article on Punch Records which is an excellent example of an urban workshop for street art at ground roots level which caters for people who would not otherwise get an oportunity to follow their chosen path of urban dance, art and music. I personally know several of the entertainers and they are definately unique in Brum, from dance to dj mixing, MC'ing and record producing, even the Council have picked up on what they offer. I couldn't help noticing that as soon as I had created the article user Andy Mabbett disputed the articles validity on wikipedia without even looking into what Punch is about. I filled in more detail and pointed out that Puch has remained in the eductaion section of Brum main page for months, I then went back to the main article and made live the link to Puch records. Needless to say that after I had pointed this out to Andy I notice that someone has now removed Puch Records from the education section, any clues anyone? Thanks Nick Boulevard 17:23, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Music Comparisons
Andy Mabbett is the only instigator in ensuring that the comparison to Liverpool and Manchester remains on the main popular music page. We have already seen an anonymous user add further Manchester related hype, as I predicted this is a target for vandalism, Manchester has had only one main music scene of any prominence named after it which resulted in bands such as The Stone Roses, Happy Mondays etc, Liverpool obviously had the Beatles and Birmingham had the Brum Beat which brought to light musicians like Robert Plant and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, Stevie Winwood of Traffic and Spencer Davis Group, The Move, Black Sabbath, Electric Light Orchestra and so on, why do we need any comparison to anywhere else? Does Leeds have a similar thing on their page? or Glasgow? and I also see that the Manchester article remains extremely hyped, would Andy Mabbett like to go and purify everything there? Birmingham has had many brilliant and successful bands and musicians just like Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol etc.. etc.. etc.. Nick Boulevard 14:25, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Er… I too support/have supported the inclusion of a reference to Liverpool's Merseybeat here because that is the immediate inspiration of the Brumbeat tag. The Leeds music section opens "Though not as prolific as its neighbours Manchester and Liverpool across the Pennines, or indeed Sheffield in South Yorkshire, Leeds has still produced some notable bands." The Glasgow article does not mention music in any detail. If you have a problem with the Manchester article, you should express that concern at Talk:Manchester. Our aim here is to achieve a neutral encyclopedic style that neither promotes nor denigrates the subject. —Theo (Talk) 16:40, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I recently wrote an article for virtual brum here on the city's music scene, I know it's hyped and someone here could probably do a better job etc, anyway I did some research and the city had a large rock scene well before beatlemania, the two cities were evolving equally with many bands and musicians being inspired by the US rock & roll scene, the fact that the Beatles stood out initially could be argued that they had the right marketing and backing which allowed them to later evolve into one of the most creative bands to date, thats just my opinion of course. When you look at it Brum has actually had many famous bands and musicians although during the past decade successful new brum bands have been thin on the ground, I can think only of Dodgy, Ocean Colour Scene, The streets and Jamelia.

 * This is what seemed to remain (roughly?) for some time - "As with Liverpool and Manchester Birmingham has produced many notable bands and musicians."

 * Or what about "Although the city is sometimes overlooked, Birmingham has produced many notable bands and musicians, as with Liverpool and Manchester."

 * It is simple straight to the point and IMO quite a fair statement. Nick Boulevard 13:58, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Led Zeppelin again
Led Zeppelin originally consisted of Robert Plant, John Bonham, Jimmy Page and Chris Dreja (later to be replaced by John Paul Jones).

Robert Plant and John Bonham started off their musical carreers in local Birmingham bands, like for instance The Band of Joy. They were recruited from the Birmingham scene by Page on the advice of Terry Reid, some reports suggest that the band first met in Walsall. Page had also played in a BrumBeat band (Carter-Lewis And The Southerners) shortly before forming Led Zeppelin. So the reason for including Led Zeppelin reference is quite clear, half of the band formed out of the Brum Beat scene, personally I think that deserves a mention especially when you consider how many people cite Led Zeppelin as one of the greatest rock bands to walk this earth to date. Nick Boulevard 14:25, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree that Led Zeppelin merit a mention. —Theo (Talk) 16:40, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * So do I. G-Man  18:17, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Me three. Proto t c 08:32, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm still waiting for some evidence (as opposed to hearsay, from cut&paste biographies or fan sites) that Led Zep had any noteworthy Birmingham roots. Andy Mabbett 10:57, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "noteworthy Birmingham roots"? Why is the membership of Band of Joy insufficient connection? —Theo  (Talk) 11:07, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See above. Andy Mabbett 11:20, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I did read your previous posts but I still do not understand what you mean by "noteworthy Birmingham roots". I do find it frustrating when you answer questions like this with a bald "see above".  Even if you are too busy to restate your earlier comments, it would be helpful if you could refer explicitly to a particular post.  —Theo  (Talk) 11:26, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * To reduce the effort required for your response: Do you contend that Band Of Joy were not based in Birmingham? —Theo (Talk) 11:36, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I suggest you read the preceeding discussion of this matter, on this very page. Andy Mabbett 14:34, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Andy: Before each of my posts on this subject I "read the preceeding discussion of this amtter, on this very page". I can find nothing pertinent in (where you made no comments). I then looked at where I found that you replied to Nick's request (at 5 July 2005 23:23 (UTC)) for an explanation of why you deleted his "inclusion of a new band and reference to Jimmy Page in his early years in a Brum band" with "For the reason stated in my edit summary. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it.." Your edit summary had read: "rv. too specifc for main page". When Nick put a less detailed mention of Led Zeppelin ("Robert Plant, John Bonham and Jimmy Page were all members of Birmingham Rock bands before forming Led Zeppelin.") on the page you deleted it with the summary: "rm detail; restore cpomparson - see talk and edit summaries passim ad nauseum". I find it hard to see how the sentence can have less detail without becoming meaningless. You described "Three of the four members of Led Zeppelin played in Birmingham rock bands." as "exagerated trivia". In the section above I asked you why "the Birmingham associations of Led Zep [are] any more trivial than [those of the Move, the Moody Blues, the Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard.] You replied that "The Move and Idle Race were Birmingham based, with all or nearly all members from Birmingham. ELO played up their Birmingham connections, writing songs about the City. The bands referred to in connection with Led Zep may have had some members from Birmingham, but there is no evidence that they were Birmingham-centric." We had already mentioned Band of Joy (which I understand to have been a Birmingham band); they are described as a Birmingham band in all the sources I can find about them. Nick then asked you "how do any of us know that Robert Plant and John Bonham were specifically not Birmingham-centric?" You did not reply. When Nick raised the issue again a month later you said "I'm still waiting for some evidence (as opposed to hearsay, from cut&paste biographies or fan sites) that Led Zep had any noteworthy Birmingham roots." You have said that you seek evidence that Led Zep's members were "Birmingham-centric"; Again, I will answer that they played in Birmingham-based bands. I see this as adequate Birmingham-centricity. Since you appear to favour terse responses I repeat my yes/no question: Do you dispute that Band of Joy were a Birmingham band? —Theo (Talk) 15:15, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You have said that you seek evidence that Led Zep's members were "Birmingham-centric": No, I have not. Andy Mabbett 09:08, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Andy please note the band members, this is taken from the official Brum Beat website.
 * Obstweed - Birmingham band.

 * Listen - Walsall band that was part of the Brum Beat scene.

 * Band of Joy - Birmingham band.

 * The Senators - Birmingham band.

 * Robert Plant Bio

 * John Bonham Bio.

 * Bonham featured on a Brum Beat compilation

 * All that I am suggesting is that Three of the members of Led Zeppelin performed in Brummie bands that were either formed in Brum or formed by Brummies, surely this must have had some impact on their musical styles (especially in Plant and Bonhams case) prior to their contributions to Zep. Nick Boulevard 16:17, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * this is taken from the official Brum Beat website: In what way is that "official" Andy Mabbett 09:08, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Andy. I've put the relevant, interesting and encyclopedic information concerning three of the four members of the biggest metal band in history originally playing in Birmingham bands back on the page, pursuant to the consensus forming above. Proto t c 09:16, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Punch Records again
I agree with Andy's removal of Punch Records from this article. I think it is not sufficiently important to the city as a whole. In my opinion it would be appropriate for inclusion in Arts in Birmingham and Education in Birmingham. ‐Theo (Talk) 11:26, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok that's fair enough. I shall include it in the arts section and education section, they also are heavily involved in urban theatre so I have included it there on the main page also, thanks. Nick Boulevard 13:40, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Removal of Led Zeppelin information
Andy, the discussion on the talk page above is in favour of retaining the fact that members of Led Zeppelin formerly played in 'Brum Beat' bands.

This fact is illustrated in a very straight forward manner:

 * Members of Led Zeppelin include Robert Plant and John Bonham.

 * Robert Plant and John Bonham played in Band of Joy.

 * Band of Joy were a Brum beat band.

 * Brum beat bands were bands that played beat music and were from Birmingham, which is colloquially known as Brum.

 * Therefore, Robert Plant and John Bonham played in Birmingham-based bands.

What part of the above line of logic do you not grasp, Andy? I will happily expand further upon it. Please explain yourself rather than say 'refer to above', as I can't see anything above. Neither could Theo. I would like to know if your reasoning for keeping this sentence out is for anything other than the fact that Nick Boulevard initially put it in. Proto t c 11:17, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Proto t c 11:17, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Please provide evidence that BoJ were a Birmingham band (and note that that's "band" singular); and that Page played in a "Brum Beat" band. Please also refreain from making personal attacks in your edit sumamries.Andy Mabbett 11:46, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Please respect the consensuses formed by your fellow editors. The evidence that BoJ were a Birmingham band has been provided above, by Nick Boulevard.  I'm sorry if you construe my describing this quibbling as inanity as a 'personal attack'. Proto t c 14:19, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The evidence that BoJ were a Birmingham band has been provided above: It has not. Andy Mabbett 14:37, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * They are described as a Birmingham band on the Brum Beat website. This is evidence.   Andy, I don't understand why you are refusing to accept this.   I haven't seen any other editor make this much fuss and demand you provide this amount of referencing and citation from the many facts you have provided the article. Proto t c 15:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you seek a print source: I recommend Hornby, Laurie. Brum Rocked On! (Solihull: TGM Limited, 2003) ISBN 0953695158 (OOP) —Theo (Talk) 15:35, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Does it actually offer any evidence for them being a Birmingham- based band, or simply refer to them playing in Birmingham? Andy Mabbett 15:59, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It does not explicitly state that they were a Birmingham-based band. It is a book about rock/pop music in 1960s Birmingham.  It describes Band of Joy playing in Birmingham. It does not mention them playing elsewhere, but that would be outside its scope.  So, although one can reasonably infer that the band was Birmingham-based, it is not explicit and I deduce that you seek an unequivocal statement. —Theo  (Talk) 17:19, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It does not explicitly state that they were a Birmingham-based band: Quite. Andy Mabbett 12:20, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Andy: I wish I could tell when/whether you are joking. I laughed aloud at this, thinking that you were just having a bit of fun.  On reflection, however, I realise that you may be serious.  I think that we have adequate evidence that BoJ were closely associated with Birmingham.  I would be interested to know what level of proof you require, but not sufficiently interested to pursue this any further. I would, however, like to know how much of your behaviour in this exchange is playful. —Theo  (Talk) 14:05, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Here is a great example of Robert Plant describing Birmingham as his home town:

 * "-During the last tour with Jimmy Page we played in exiting cities like Bucharest, Prague, Zagreb and Itanbul. But Bergen has, after what I am told, always been supportive to the good musical traditions. Besides, I have for a long time been a friend with the boys of Big Time Playboys, who come from my hometown Birmingham. They have been a lot to Bergen and have boasted of Ole Blues, says Plant on the telephone from Birmingham." taken from here

and:

 * "Reid recommended Plant, who in turn suggested John Bonham, drummer for his old Birmingham group, Band of Joy." taken from here

 * "His early influences included traditional blues artists such as Robert Johnson and Sonny Boy Williamson. As he became more involved in the Birmingham music scene he found many other sources of inspiration, such as jazz, soul and West Indian rhythms."

 * "Robert found a more settled home when he joined the Birmingham-based Band of Joy. The band went through several changes of personnel, but the best incarnation featured John Bonham on drums and Kevyn Gammond on guitar." taken from here

 * "After hearing of Pages' intention of starting a new band, vocalist Terry Reid suggested he hear Robert Plant. When Page got a chance to check Plant out, Jimmy not only ended up liking his voice, but also his stage presence. Plant, in turn, suggested they recruit John Bonham, the drummer of his old Birmingham group, Band of Joy." taken from [link to copyvio website removed]

 * Despite their relative youth, Gift were regulars on the Birmingham circuit, playing on bills with all the best-known Brummie bands of the time, such as The Move, Idle Race, Trapeze, and Robert Plant’s Band Of Joy. In the latter’s case, Plant would slip them 20 quid for the loan of their far superior P.A. system, something the impoverished band were unlikely to knock back! Birmingham was a hotbed of musical talent, as Eddie related: "There were so many great musicians around the area at that time. The nights that we weren’t gigging, we would always go somewhere to watch a band, and most bands knew each other. It was a really good friendly atmosphere, not competitive at all." Who the heck are Blackfoot sue?

Nick Boulevard 16:50, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Would anybody object to:

 * Robert Plant and John Bonham were regular performers in various Birmingham based bands during the Brum Beat era, they were later recruited for Led Zeppelin by Jimmy Page of The Yardbirds who, for a time, had been part of the line up of a Brummie band called Carter-Lewis And The Southerners.

 * We could maybe keep the more trivial fact about Jimmy Page on the arts section? Nick Boulevard 18:34, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would. Andy Mabbett 12:20, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe a bit too much detail, Nick. Would go well in the music of birmingham (or whatever that article is called). Proto t c 13:08, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well Andy you seem to be in a minority of one here. G-Man  19:44, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And yet he's still removing it. Restored. Proto t c 11:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And you, G-Man, appear to have a majority of, oh, let's see, three, and none of you can provide any evidence (as opposed to hearsay) to support your claims; and one of you has provided evidence refuting one of the claims. Wikipedia is not a democracy,. and a small majority does not outweigh teh need for objectivity. Andy Mabbett 11:42, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, Andy. Applying the same level of rigid scrutiny, please respond to my requests for evidence in the section below, or I will reluctantly - yet objectively - have to remove your unsubstantiated claims.  Additionally, while Wikipedia is indeed not a democracy, an 80% consensus to retain this one piddling sentence is persuasive.  I'm sure all editors here are trying to assume good faith on your part, but your attitude is not helping. Proto t c 12:11, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hold on there, Proto! While I find it funny when you parody Andy's extreme behaviour, I do not think it appropriate for any of us to start acting as he does.  Andy seems to be convinced of the righteousness of all his acts.  I do not think that any of us can tell when he is joking and I think that we should all assume that he is dead serious all the time (not because this is likely to be true but because it is the least damaging way to deal with someone who has difficulty with amiguity and tolerance). Extreme behaviour like deleting his unsourced additions may only confirm his view that his similar actions are legitimate and it may distress him.  Increasing the group's distress seems unconstructive to me. —Theo  (Talk) 17:03, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I tactfully withdraw my request for Andy's additions to be sourced. I think I'll stay away from the Birmingham page for a while, as I don't want to get into anything non-constructive.  Someone else can try and handle Andy. Proto t c 10:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Providing evidence
Hi Andy. I find it admirable that you require this amount of rigorous scrutiny of sources. With that in mind - please could you provide evidence, in the form of an official, recognised website and/or (preferably and) a print source for the following statements you have contributed to the article.

 * 1) Although its music scene is not as renowned as those of Liverpool or Manchester. Unsubstantiated.  Please provide citations.
 * 2) The city is at the centre of a large metropolitan area, defined by the government as the West Midlands county (with a population of nearly 2,600,000), but in practice including parts of the surrounding counties of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire. Is it?  Provide official citations, please.
 * 3) David Lodge. IS he associated with Birmingham?  Please substantiate this claim.
 * 4) Birmingham's is also notable for its canal system. Is it?  Please substantiate this claim.
 * 5) The type of waterway is also very different, with those in Venice being the short reinforced channels of the islands on which it is built.. Is this true? I'd like to see some verifiable sources before I believe it to be encyclopaedic.

There are plenty more I'd like to see you substantiate with fully verifiable and official sources, as opposed to hearsay, from cut&paste biographies or fan sites, but these will do for a start. Please provide substantial evidence for them all. Thanks Andy. Proto t c 16:14, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's unreasonable to ask a contributor to provide evidence for statements that are common knowledge or which can be verified with a basic Internet search. Items 1 and 4, at least, are common knowledge. A number of websites describe Birmingham as Britain's "canal city". Here is an encyclopedic one. For 3 simply Google "David Lodge" and "Birmingham". For 5 see Venice, though admittedly this description could be improved. Shantavira 18:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Er…Proto was making a rhetorical point about Andy's own intensive request for sources. (Hey, Proto, do you feel bad about causing some innocent bystander to waste their time? Very big grin, indeed!). —Theo (Talk) 19:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birmingham/Archive 8


text:
Be My Love

"Be My Love" is a popular song with lyrics by Sammy Cahn and music by Nicholas Brodszky. Published in 1950, it was written for Mario Lanza, who sang it with Kathryn Grayson in the 1950 movie The Toast of New Orleans. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1950 but lost to "Mona Lisa". He recorded it on June 27, 1950, with Ray Sinatra's orchestra.

Lanza's 1950 recording of the song (released by RCA Victor Red Seal Records as catalog number 10-1561) was his first million-seller, eventually selling over two million copies. It was on the Billboard charts for 34 weeks, going to number one. It was the theme song for Lanza's radio program, The Mario Lanza Show (1951–52). It eventually became so firmly linked to him that he wearied of it and resorted to spoofing it in private.

Other versions

 * Ray Anthony's rendition of "Be My Love" (Capitol F1352) also charted in 1951, peaking at No. 13.
 * Connie Francis recorded "Be My Love" in 1964 for her motion picture Looking For Love and for the subsequent soundtrack album.
 * Mel Carter released a version in 1967 which reached #23 in the Adult Contemporary category.
 * Tatsurō Yamashita recorded it for his 1993 album, Season's Greetings.
 * Cheryl Bentyne recorded it for her 2006 album, The Book of Love.
 * Jo Min-gyu of Forestella auditioned for the survival show Phantom Singer with "Be My Love" and later recorded a studio version as a B-side for his 2020 single album Shinsegae: New Age. This version was also included in his 2021 EP Shinsegae: Parana.

title: Be My Love


text:
User:Babeuf~enwiki

de:Benutzer:Babeuf fr:Utilisateur:Babeuf

title: User:Babeuf~enwiki