text:
Enemy at the Door

Enemy at the Door is a British television drama series made by London Weekend Television for ITV. The series was shown between 1978 and 1980 and dealt with the German occupation of Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands, during the Second World War. The programme generated a certain amount of criticism in Guernsey, particularly for being obviously filmed on Jersey despite being ostensibly set on Guernsey. The series also marked the television debut of Anthony Head as a member of the island resistance. The theme music was composed by Wilfred Josephs.

Plot
The islanders were chiefly represented by the respected local doctor, Philip Martel (Bernard Horsfall), who struggled to maintain the peace while the Germans were led by Major Dieter Richter (Alfred Burke), a peacetime academic who was inclined to be lenient on the Guernsey populace but whose approach was challenged by his more conventionally nasty SS counterpart Hauptsturmführer Klaus Reinicke (Simon Cadell). Rounding out the principal German characters were Major Freidel and Oberleutnant Kluge, a former policeman still more inclined to act as a policeman rather than a soldier.

Many episodes portrayed the balance of power and fragile harmony between the islanders and the German occupying forces, and how it was threatened by either resistance action or over-zealous clamping down by the Germans.

A precursor to his role as Bergerac in the detective series set on Jersey, John Nettles played a police detective ordered to work for the Germans and anguished by the conflict between his duty and collaborating with the enemy.

The series' narrative ended in 1943 with the Germans still occupying the island.

Cast

 * Alfred Burke as Major Richter
 * Bernard Horsfall as Dr. Philip Martel
 * Simon Cadell as Hauptsturmfuhrer Reinicke
 * John Malcolm as Oberleutnant Kluge
 * Simon Lack as Major Freidel
 * David Waller as Major General Müller
 * Richard Heffer as Peter Porteous
 * Helen Shingler as Helen Porteous
 * Antonia Pemberton as Olive Martel
 * Emily Richard as Clare Martel

Reception
The review on the Screenonline website by Sergio Angelini describes Enemy at the Door as featuring "stories and characters that explore the complex issues of alienation and wartime collaboration in a multi-faceted and surprisingly subtle fashion." However, "[W]hile striving for a sense of day-to-day reality, the series was shown well before the 9 o'clock watershed, consequently holding back from showing too much of the grim reality of the situation."

The series was re-broadcast in the UK by Talking Pictures TV from September 2020 and is scheduled to be rebroadcast on the same channel in May 2024.

title: Enemy at the Door


license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:C8screenshot.jpg


text:
Kirrawee, New South Wales

Kirrawee is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Kirrawee is located 25 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district in the Sutherland Shire. Kirrawee lies between Sutherland, to the west, and Gymea and Grays Point, to the east. Kirrawee's southern border is formed by The Royal National Park, while Kareela and Jannali form the northern border.

Kirrawee is split between commercial and residential areas. Approximately 50% of the area to the north of the train line is occupied by commercial and industrial properties, while almost all of the area south of the train line is residential. South Kirrawee, which extends from the train line in the north to the Royal National Park in the south, has many houses on quiet roads with beautiful bush outlooks. North Kirrawee is predominantly a commercial/industrial zone containing small to medium-sized factories housing local businesses. It is also home to a number of petrol stations, car dealerships and a fast food chain outlet. However, the most northerly and western sections of this part of Kirrawee are residential, with some parts also with bush outlooks.

History
The Sutherland Shire Council website suggests two possible origins for the name Kirrawee. The first possibility is that it derives from an Aboriginal word meaning 'lengthy'; the second is that it derives from a Dharawal word, "gi(a)rrawee(i)" (alternative spelling "garrawi"), which means 'place of white cockatoos' or 'sulphur-crested cockatoos'. The current signage erected by the Council uses 'place of white cockatoos' as the accepted meaning for the suburb name. The name was adopted in 1939 with the opening of the Sutherland-Cronulla railway line. A postal receiving office in the locality was known as 'Bladesville'. It operated from the home of Mrs Louisa Blade, was opened in 1909 and closed in 1915 when a letter delivery service commenced from the post office at Sutherland.

Kirrawee is part of the southern Sydney region inhabited by the Dharawal people at least 8,500 years prior to European settlement. Before being subdivided as Kirrawee, the area was part of Thomas Holt's Sutherland Estate and was accessed from Sutherland train station. In 1911 a tramway was opened, giving access to the area. At around the same time, the brickworks opened. In 1946, several blocks of land in Kirrawee went for several times their asking value - valued at £30, £60 and £64, they sold for £140, £195 and £160. As of 1949, the Department of Education had accepted a tender for a primary school to be built in Kirrawee. Some street names in Kirrawee commemorate colonial figures connected with the Rum Rebellion: Bligh Street and Putland Close were named after Governor William Bligh, and his daughter, Mary Putland, respectively; Johnston Avenue was named after George Bain Johnston, a First Fleet lieutenant who arrested Governor Bligh; Kemp Avenue was named after Anthony Fenn Kemp, a captain in charge of government stores who was also involved in Bligh's arrest. In February 1966 Kirrawee High School opened. In that same year, the Housing Commission built low-cost fibro homes in Kirrawee. In October 1968, bushfires went close to Kirrawee and residents prepared to evacuate, but the fire was brought under control.

There are three houses that are heritage-listed in Kirrawee, as well as the brick pit site.

Commercial area
 { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q6415998" } Kirrawee has a small shopping village on Oak Road, adjacent to the Kirrawee train station. It consists of a number of food outlets, newsagent, law firm, accountant, dentist, real estate agents and bike shop, among others. The train station and shopping village are located in the geographical centre of the suburb and are serviced by a 150 space carpark. A number of painted murals located around the shopping village and train station are an interesting feature in the suburb.

Approximately 50% of the area to the north of the train line is occupied by commercial and industrial properties, while almost all of the area south of the train line is residential. North Kirrawee is predominantly a commercial/industrial zone containing small to medium-sized factories housing local businesses. It is also home to a number of petrol stations, car dealerships and a fast food chain outlet.

Sylvanvale, a disability services provider, is headquartered in Kirrawee.

Rudi's Butchery, a German artisan butcher, opened in Kirrawee in 1983.

In the 1990s, shops specialising in hardware, furniture, bulky goods and electrical goods drew customers to the industrial area of Kirrawee. The Shark Island Brewery is located in the industrial area of Kirrawee, which opened in 2015.

There is also a small shopping area in Putland Close, behind Kirrawee High School. In 2012, an application to have a liquor store near Kirrawee High School was refused.

In 2016, McDonald's Kirrawee applied to redevelop its site to have a dual-lane drive-through.

A hotel, The Prince, opened diagonally opposite the Kirrawee brick pit in early 2017, aiming to target families as part of their clientele. The site previously had a service station and mechanical repair shop. The Prince was a finalist in the 2017 Australian Hotels Association's "Hotel of the Year City" award division.

In 2019, resident pressure persuaded local Councillors to purchase a proposed 2000 square metre development site next to the local shopping area on the south-east corner of the railway bridge on Oak Rd, allocating the site to parkland to prevent a controversial proposed 50-room boarding house to go ahead on the site.

Following the Council's decision, another development proposal was lodged for a large boarding house, this one proposed to accommodate up to 129 people in a five-story building adjoining the railway station car park.

Sydney Turpentine Ironbark Forest
Kirrawee contains several important remnants of Sydney Turpentine Ironbark Forest (STIF), a critically endangered ecological community. STIF is distinctly different from the surrounding plant communities that grow on sandstone soils, as it typically grows on clay soils derived from Wianamatta Shale.

Kirrawee's small patches of STIF vegetation are representative of the original forest between Sutherland and Wooloware, before residential development. Although this type of forest remains, for the most part, only as heavily fragmented patches or even isolated trees surviving amongst suburban dwellings, small remnants yet survive and can be seen growing around Kirrawee - in protected sites such as Flora Street Reserve, and Pollard Park on Kirrawee main street; and in long-undeveloped sites such as the old Kirrawee Brickpit and the Telstra depot (also a former brickpit). These latter sites are now subject to urban development plans.

It is estimated that only 0.5% of the original area of STIF remains in the Sydney region, with these small remnants now protected under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the Federal Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main threat to the ecological community is clearing for urban development, and the subsequent impacts from fragmentation.

Kirrawee's protected areas of STIF are used to collect seeds that can be planted as street trees or on private property to assist in sustaining the biodiversity of the area and protecting the unique flora that provides habitat for native fauna. Kirrawee's STIF reserves are largely maintained by the local council and Bushcare volunteers from the community. The Sutherland Shire Council and Bushcare volunteers maintain a Plant Nursery that sells native plants sourced from local species, and its website includes a native plant selector that encourages locals to purchase and protect species suited to the local ecosystem.

Kirrawee Brick Pit
Kirrawee's long-disused former brick pit is a 4.5ha site just north of the main shopping village, and its future has been the source of much debate by local residents, politicians, potential developers, and media in the locality.

Original development

Used for industrial purposes between 1912 and 1979, the land was owned by various brick manufacturers, including Sutherland Brick Co, Refractory Bricks, and Punchbowl Brick and Tile Co. The buildings on the site were demolished in 1968. Sydney Water Board acquired the land in 1974 for water-storage purposes, but instead it became an equipment storage facility.

Lagoon & wildlife habitat

Until recent development of the site, a deep pit covered approximately 50 - 60% of the total brick pit site and measured about 230 metres long by about 80 metres wide and was about 16 metres deep. The entire site was enclosed by a cyclone fence, preventing public access. Over many years, the pit had become half-filled with water, making a natural lagoon. The remainder of the site was covered with overgrown trees and plants and had become home to many diverse species of animals most notably bird life, which could be seen nesting and swimming on and around the water. The threatened Grey-headed Flying Fox has been observed drinking from the lake.

Re-development and controversy

This site has been the subject of much controversy over recent years.

When it was evident Sydney Water had no further use for the site, the State Government proposed to sell the site to developers for use as a mix of apartments, business units, and a small park. Kirrawee Chamber of Commerce and a residents' group instead proposed that the site be turned into a performing arts centre and large park.

In 2001, a 20-month program commenced to consult with the community about the future use of the site. This project was a joint initiative between the local council, the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (DIPNR), Sydney Water (the then-owner of the site), and the local community. The Local Environment Plan (LEP) produced a master plan for the Kirrawee shopping village and brick pit which involved rezoning the site to a mix of commercial, residential, and 20% open public space.

In April 2005, after the election of a new councillor, 45 amendments were passed with regards to the LEP. Barry Collier was critical of these amendments, which changed the zoning to make the Princes Highway frontage commercial and the remainder "special uses". It was specifically noted that "...educational establishments are a permissible use in both zones".

Sutherland Shire Council moved to change the plan, but NSW state government Planning Minister, Frank Sartor cemented the original proposal in a rewritten local environment plan.

It was estimated in 2006 that there were 42.7 million litres of water in the brick pit lake.

In July 2007, a development group called Kirrawee Centre Pty Ltd, with directors including architect, George Revay, and brothers Stanley and John Roth, purchased the site from Sydney Water for $22.5million. The State Government had previously said the buyer would have to develop it in accordance with a comprehensive master plan, which includes a mix of multi-storey apartments, business units and a one-hectare public park.

In May 2008 a new development application was proposed for the site including a shopping centre with 2 supermarkets and 63 apartments.

The development tick-tacked between council and the developer and eventually a far more commercially based development proposal was lodged with the Land and Environment Court of NSW and heard over February, April, June and July 2009, with a judgement made on 7 August 2009. In the case of Restifa Pty Ltd v Sutherland Shire Council & Ors [2009] NSWLEC 1267, the developer appealed against the Council's refusal of the development Master Plan for the site and of construction of Stage 1 for a mixed retail, commercial, residential development with a child care centre, basement car parking and open space recreation area. In the judgement, it was pointed out that, during the course of the hearing, there were many amendments and six sets of plans submitted. The retail component of the development was amended from the two supermarkets totalling about 7,000 square metres, with total retail 10,500 square metres, to a proposal of one 4,500 square metres supermarket and total retail of about 8,000 square metres. The development was ultimately rejected.

Most recent development proposals

In July 2010, Henroth Investments Pty Ltd, bypassed Sutherland Shire Council, lodging a new development application with the NSW Planning Department for a $220 million, nine-storey development, including nearly 500 residential units, over 13,500 square metres of retail space and 1,378 car spaces.

The local council at the time was "strongly opposed" to the project, and the developer took it to the Planning and Assessment Commission.

The Henroth application had 30 percent more units than the proposal refused by the Land and Environment Court in August 2009, which raised a number of concerns including the impact on retailers in Kirrawee and Sutherland, the design of the public open space, and the ecological impact. Local retailer Supabarn was one of many to protest strongly, particularly after the group spent $18 million to develop a supermarket site in nearby Sutherland.

In February 2011 the brick pit area was rezoned from public open space to being mixed use. On 28 August 2012 the re-development of Kirrawee Brick Pit was approved.

The Planning Assessment Commission in February 2015 approved the developer's concept plan modifications, allowing them to increase the number of apartments from 432 to 749. This was reported to be a blend of housing commission dwellings and general residential, but DeiCorp has stated that none of the 808 units of housing is planned to be affordable housing or public housing.

The developer of the South Village shopping centre at the brick pit site initially sought to include childcare facilities, but this was later scrapped due to concerns about pickup issues. It was suggested in local media that Sutherland Library may move its main branch to the South Village shopping centre, instead of having a "technology hub" at the site, but this idea was later scrapped. Roadworks have been completed on the Princes Highway, Oak Road and Flora Street to improve traffic flow to ameliorate the expected impact of the South Village shopping centre on traffic in Kirrawee. Over 1500 jobs were expected to be created by the South Village project, with hundreds of ongoing retail positions in the shopping centre. A 'technology-focused library and community hub' is planned to operate in the South Village complex, and will be considered in the Sutherland Shire Council's 2023-2024 budget if approved in April 2022.

Transport
Kirrawee railway station is on the Cronulla line which links Sydney's southern suburbs to the CBD. Kirrawee is approximately 40 minutes by train to the CBD. Kirrawee was one of the last remaining single platform stations in Sydney. Duplication of the train line from Sutherland to Cronulla commenced in May 2006 and was completed in 2010.

Parts of Kirrawee are earmarked to become part of an extension to the Princes Motorway.

In 1940, a bus service ran from Hurstville to Kirrawee via Yowie Bay. U-Go Mobility operates two routes via President Avenue, near Kirrawee railway station:
 * 976: Sutherland station to Grays Point
 * 993: Westfield Miranda to Engadine

In addition to these bus services, as of 2017, part of Kirrawee south of the Princes Highway was served by the on-demand Transdevlink ride service pilot. The service was revised in January 2019, when all of Kirrawee was included. It ceased 17 November 2019.

On the day of the 2016 census, 19.8% of employed people in Kirrawee used public transport to get to work and 64.1% travelled by car.

Schools
Education facilities within Kirrawee include Kirrawee High School and Kirrawee Public School, along with a number of pre-schools and childcare centres. Gymea Technology High School also lies on Kirrawee's outskirts.

Churches
St. Mary, St. Bakhomious and St. Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church, located in Bath Road, was consecrated in 1996. The Soul Revival (Anglican) church meets in Flora Street, Kirrawee. The President Avenue Community Church meets in Kirrawee. There is a Latter Day Saint Ward in Bath Road, an outpost of the larger LDS church at Mortdale.

Parks and sporting facilities
Helena Street has an off-leash dog park. Nearby, the Kirrawee Oval provides a floodlighted sporting facility. Kirrawee Oval is used by the St. Patrick's Sutherland Football Club.

Bowie Park, Betham Place Reserve, Nyrang Place Reserve, Flora Street Reserve, Tea Tree Street Reserve, and Biddy Giles Park provide playgrounds.

A lawn bowls club operates in Oak Road, named Club Kirrawee.

There is an indoor climbing centre in Waratah Street, Kirrawee.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 9,278 people in Kirrawee.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.2% of the population.
 * 77.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.7%, New Zealand 1.8% and China 1.5%.
 * 84.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 1.3% and Cantonese 1.3%.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 28.0%, No Religion 25.2% and Anglican 21.7%.

Politics
Kirrawee is part of the Sutherland Shire Government Area in Southern Sydney. For local government purposes, the Sutherland Shire is split into 5 wards, A through to E. These wards are reviewed every 4 years. Kirrawee is split between Wards D, B and C.

At state level, some of Kirrawee is located within the seat of Miranda, some of Kirrawee is located within the seat of Cronulla, and some of Kirrawee is located within the seat of Heathcote.

In Federal parliament, Kirrawee is in the electorate for the Division of Hughes as of the redistribution of February 2016. Prior to this, some of Kirrawee was within the Division of Cook.

title: Kirrawee, New South Wales


text:
StepTalk

StepTalk is the official GNUstep scripting language framework that represents separate scriptable servers or applications as a single object environment. It is meant to be independent of the programming language used. Its default language is Smalltalk running on an Objective-C runtime.

StepTalk was ported to Mac OS X.

Introduction
The goal of StepTalk is to provide an environment for gluing applications together and to provide a framework for communication between users and objects in the applications. Other major goals are:

 * Simple and quick extensions of applications or tools
 * Batch-processing of objects in applications or tools
 * Fast prototyping of applications or new application features; play and tune a concept in a reactive interpreted environment

The default scripting language in StepTalk is Smalltalk. This is because Smalltalk is a very simple language and is easy to learn. There are just a few basic principles that a user must know to be able to use the language, and it is similar to a natural language. Smalltalk uses a similar approach to that of Objective-C, the language used in GNUstep.

Platforms
StepTalk works on any platform on which GNUstep works. Ports to native macOS Cocoa framework are being developed by various contributors.

title: StepTalk


text:
User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Pes

The pes was a Roman foot of 296 mm. Its divisions were the digitus of 1/16 pes or 18.5 mm, the uncia of 1/12 pes or 24.67 mm and the palmus of 74 mm. The subdivisions of the pes, pous and bd are important because they tell you a lot about where the system is coming from. The system that underlies the English foot only makes sense if you follow the logic from Alpha to Omega and that applies to the pes as well.

Mesopotamian feet of 300 mm are divided into three hands of 100 mm and 15 digits Egyptian feet of 300 mm are divided into four palms of 75 mm and 16 digits Persian feet of 300 mm are divided into six ells of 50 mm and 18 digits Greek feet or pous can be divided into hands or palms and from 15-19 digits Roman feet or pes are divided into four palms of 74 mm and 16 digits Architecturally the Romans inherit their decimal proportions from the Greeks but their octal standards of measure from the Egyptians

The Greeks had derived their Pous from ancient Mesopotamian standards of measure which were essentially sexigesimal. The Egyptians had derived their bd or foot from the same source but converted the great cubit of 6 hands and 600 mm that the Mesopotamian system was based on from a sexigesimal system divided into 6 hands of 100 mm to a septenary system with a royal cubit of 525 mm divided into 7 palms of 75 mm. The Greek pous was thus three hands of 15 daktylos and 300 mm while the Egyptian foot was four palms of 75 mm or 300 mm.

The Greeks developed their original Doric orders of architecture c 700 BC complete with entasis and canons of proportion from Hatshepsets mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri shortly after the first Greek mercenaries had penetrated that far up the Nile. The earliest Greek pous were based on a Mesopotamian esse of 3 hands or 300 mm and easily converted to an the Egyptian bd or foot of four palms or 300 mm. proto-doric

"Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut The colonnade of the second terrace north wing. This temple is characterized by its 16-corner pillars called protodoric by Champolion. The 8-corner pillars and 16 corner pillars were seen at the Triple-aisled cult chamber in Beni Hasan (XII Dynasty). Those kind of pillars were made by cutting off from square pillars and the capitals were leaved as square."

In the Ptolomaic period The Greeks developed the Ionic orders as a more subtle cannon of proportion modifying a standard taken from Egyptian inscriptian grids using a foot of 300 mm to a Greek system based on column diameters, pi and phi using a pous of 296 mm. The Roman Pes was derived from the Ionic orders Pous by the Romans c 600 BC as the Romans began incorporating the Ionic Greek orders of architecture into their own Corinthian order.

As the illustration above makes clear the conversions between different standards were systematic and in general, integrally commensurate. An area of 3600 SF with a side of 60 feet is equivalent to an area of 2304 square remen with a side of 48 remen which is equal to an area of 2000 square cubits with a side of 44.72 cubits and so forth.

At a radius of 60 feet one degree of arc has a chord of about 1 foot and that seems to be the point at which the conversions between the different systems are most frequently resolved.

 * A Roman Pes has 16 fingers, 12 inches and 4 palms = 296 mm
 * An Attic Greek Pous has 15 fingers, and 3 hands = 304.8 mm
 * An English fote has 12" and 3 hands = 296 mm

Looked at in terms of practical application the difference in the standard length between Greek and Roman and English feet is less than the variations in any one category.

The measures divided in hands originate in Mesopotamia, the measures divided in palms originate in Egypt. Body measures are at some point resolved with the much longer measures of plowed and irrigated fields using the remen, elle, yard, pace and fathom.

Some of the multiples of the pes were the remen, passus, stadium, milliare and degree. Its immediate predecessor was an Ionic Greek Pous of 296 mm
 * Other related Greek feet included
 * An Ionian Greek Pous has 16 fingers, 12 inches and 4 palms = 296 mm
 * An Attic Greek Pous has 15 fingers and 3 hands = 308.4 mm
 * An Athenian Greek Pous has 15 fingers and 3 hands = 316 mm

Their immediate predecessors were an Egyptian bd which has 16 fingers, 3 hands, and four palms = 300 mm aMesopotamian ñušur which has 15 fingers and 3 hands = 300 mm

 * there were 5/4 pes to a remen of 15" = 381 mm
 * There were 5 pes to a passus or pace = 1.48 m
 * There were 625 pes to a stadium = 185 m
 * In England the stadium was the basis for the
 * English furlong
 * 1 English furlong = 625 fote
 * 8 English furlong = 1 English Myle

 * In 1670 Abbe Mouton suggested a primary length standard
 * equal to 1 minute of arc on a great circle of the earth.
 * For this basic length Mouton offered the name milliare.
 * This was to be subdivided by seven sub units with each one
 * to be 1/10 the length of the one preceeding or

 * Milliare = 1 minute of arc = 36524 English feet = 1.11 km
 * Centuria =.1 minute of arc = 3652.4 English feet = .111 km
 * Decuria = .01 minutes of arc = 365.24 English feet = 111.1 m
 * Virga = .001 minutes of arc = 36.524 English feet =11.1 m
 * Virgula = .0001 minutes of arc = 3.6524 English feet = 1.11 m
 * Decima = .00001 minute of arc = .36524 English feet = .111 m
 * Centesima = .000001 minute of arc .36524 = English feet = 113.25 mm
 * Millesima = .0000001 minute of arc .036524 = English feet = 11.325 mm

 * Abbe Mouton may or may not have known that
 * The Milos was based on a stadion equivalent to the Egyptian minute of march.
 * Sir Issac Newton who attempted to restablish the measures of the ancient world
 * from the math problems in Kings 1 may not have known that

 * But its certain that Jomard, one of the French savants accompanying Napoleon
 * to Egypt entrusted with the measurement of ancient architecture to attempt
 * to restablish the correct value of ancient measures by measurement
 * knew that because he cites the Greeks who knew that

 * "In 1798, Edme-Francois Jomard visited the Great Pyramid
 * as a young savant on Napoleon's expedition.
 * The French had the debris cleared away from
 * the two northern corners of the Pyramid and discovered the corner sockets
 * where the corner casing stones had apparently originally been placed.
 * These were ten by twelve foot mortises, perfectly level,
 * and perfectly level with each other, cut twenty inches into the limestone bedrock.

 * Although, there were still piles of rubble between them,
 * Jomard was able to measure the north side of the base to be 230.902 meters (757.5 feet).
 * For the height, he measured each step. They added up to a total of 144 meters (481 feet).
 * By means of trigonometry Jomard calculated a slope of 51* 19' 14", and
 * an apothem of 184.722 meters. Because the casing stones were missing,
 * these figures were both estimates, but the length of the apothem
 * looked virtually perfect in light of various ancient classical texts
 * which Jomard was familiar with."

 * Diodorus Siculus and Strabo both claimed that the apothem of the Great Pyramid
 * was one stadium long. The Olympic stadium was 600 Greek feet, and
 * was supposed to be related to the size of the earth.

 * Jomard found the stadium of Eratosthenes and Hipparchus to be 185.5 meters,
 * and thus within one meter of his figure for the apothem. He also found that
 * distances quoted by the ancients in stadia matched the distances found by
 * Napoleon's surveyors, if a stadium was taken to be 185 meters.

 * The ancient stadium was also reported to have been 1/600 of a degree.
 * When Jomard took the length of a degree at what he believed to be
 * the mean latitude of Egypt, 110,827.68 meters, and divided it by 600,
 * he arrived at a stadium of 184.712 meters, which was
 * within ten centimeters of his figure for the length of the apothem!

 * In addition, several Greek authors had reported that the perimeter
 * of the base was equal to half a minute of a degree.

 * This would mean that a degree of latitude divided by 480 should
 * equal the length of one side of the base.

 * Again Jomard used the length of a degree at his mean latitude of Egypt,
 * 110,827 meters, and dividing by 480 arrived at 230.8 meters,
 * again within 10 centimeters of his measured base.

title: User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Pes


text:
William C. Preston

William Campbell Preston (December 27, 1794 – May 22, 1860) was a senator from the United States and a member of the Nullifier, and later Whig Parties. He was also the cousin of William Ballard Preston, William Preston and Angelica Singleton Van Buren. He first married Maria Eliza Coalter in 1819, then Louisa Penelope Davis after Maria's death. Preston was a slaveowner and vocal opponent of abolitionism.

Early life
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was the son of Francis Preston, a well-to-do businessman, and Sarah Buchanan Campbell, daughter of Gen. William Campbell. During his childhood he was educated by private tutors, then enrolled in Washington University (later known as Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. He then transferred to and graduated from South Carolina College (later known as the University of South Carolina) in Columbia in 1812, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society.

Career
After traveling and studying around Europe, Preston studied law at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. He sailed back to the States in 1819 and was admitted to the bar of Virginia in 1820. He practiced law there for two years. He then moved to Columbia, South Carolina in 1822 and ran unsuccessfully for election to the Twenty-Second Congress. He was, however, elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives and served from 1828 to 1834. He was then elected in 1833 as a Nullifier to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy after the resignation of Stephen D. Miller. During his first year in the Senate, his oratorical gifts led the Whig leadership to give him a prominent role in the effort to censure Andrew Jackson, elevating Preston "far in advance of most of his colleagues, and side by side with Clay, Webster, Calhoun, and Clayton." Preston was then reelected as a Whig in 1837 and served until his resignation on November 29, 1842. During that time he served as the chairman for the Committee on the Library and the Committee on Military Affairs. Preston was the only Whig to serve as a senator from South Carolina. After his resignation, Preston returned to practicing law and served as president of South Carolina College from 1845 until 1851, when he resigned due to poor health. He died in Columbia, South Carolina. He was buried in the Trinity Episcopal Churchyard.

He is the namesake of Lake Preston, in South Dakota. Preston College at the University of South Carolina is named in his honor; in July 2021, the university's Presidential Commission on University History recommended renaming the college.

title: William C. Preston


text:
Kogarah Bay

Kogarah Bay is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 16 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. It is part of the St George area. Kogarah Bay is in the local government area of the Georges River Council.

Kogarah Bay takes its name from the small bay on the northern shore of the Georges River. The suburb is surrounded by the suburbs of Carss Park, Blakehurst, Carlton, Beverley Park and Sans Souci. A small group of shops is located on the intersection of Park Road and the Princes Highway.

History
Kogarah is from an aboriginal word meaning rushes or place of reeds. It had also been written as 'coggera' or 'cogerah' but the current spelling was settled when the railway line came through the area in the 1880s. Kogarah Bay and Beverley Park were originally part of the suburb of Kogarah.

Parks

 * Harold Frazer Reserve
 * Parkside Drive Reserve

Churches

 * Kogarah Bay Congregational Church

Population
According to the 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population, there were 2,022 people usually resident in Kogarah Bay. 66.4% of people were born in Australia. 50.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek 14.0%, Arabic 6.9% and Cantonese 5.2%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 25.7%, Eastern Orthodox 24.2%, No Religion 14.1% and Anglican 8.2%.

title: Kogarah Bay


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Banjo threeie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. Rob Church Talk 00:40, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Banjo threeie

 * Delete - personal essay, wikipedia is not a crystal ball. -Werdna648 08:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Policy DV8 2XL 12:14, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lame speculation, with little basis in fact. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Mille passus

Mille passus
A mille passus, meaning a thousand paces or milliare, is a division of a degree of the earth's great circle. It is also sometimes called a milion, milliare, myle or mile depending upon who is doing the measuring and when. The Roman milliare of 5000 pes and 5000 passus was itself derived from the Greek milos or milion of 4800 pous and from it was derived the English myle of c 49 BC—1593 AD.

Another characteristic of the mille passus is the milestone. On every road built by the Romans throughout Europe a milestone, was erected every mile to announce the distance to Rome. Many mile units based on or similar to this standard of measure that have been used historically have milestones or landmarks.

A degree may also be divided into stadia and both stadia and mille passus or mile may be divided into feet, remen, cubits, great cubits, nibw or ellen, paces, yards, fathoms, rods, cords, plethrons and chains according to what is being measured. A mille passus and its derivitives are typically divided into 8 stadions, stadiums, furlongs of 185 m.

Other classically related divisions and multiples of the Mille Passus include the schoenus parasang and milion. Miles and stadia have been intended to be unit divisions of a degree of the Earth's great circle circumference since they were first defined as standards of measure by the rope stretchers of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The most interesting thing about the Mille passus is that it is classically alleged to have been composed of 8 stadia such that the Mille Passus and its subdivisions of stadium, passus and pes were geo-commensurate with a degree of the Earths great circle.

http://www.vkrp.org/studies/historical/roman-forts/ Roman forts in Arabia]] There is a trading road through the mountains along the east coast of the Red Sea that runs from ancient Punt (Modern Yemen) where Frankincense and Myrrh had been procurred since the time of the Tale of the shipwrecked Sailor in return for Egyptian nub or gold. The Egyptians had traded along this route and established way stations about a days march apart which the Greeks mention in their Periplus of the Erythrian sea. In Roman times forts were built in the Arabah to protect the route. "Numerous watchtowers have also been identified along the Arabian frontier. The Romans reused existing Iron Age and Nabataean structures and built some new ones. They were built on top of hills and ridges where they could be seen from other towers or military posts. One of the best-known examples is Qasr Abu Rukba. Some speculate that these watchtowers could pass signals by means of smoke during the day and by means of torches at night." watchtowers

Egyptian rope stretchers laid out benchmarks as as an aid to restablishing the bounds of their fields after the annual flood or innundation. These were laid out along a baseline so that from any one the others could be measured out and reestablished. The baseline was laid out with merkhert and bey the Egyptian sighting instruments that preceeded the Greek Dioptra and Roman Groma. At intervals of an itrw or 1/10 degree an omphalos or geodetic marker was placed and perpendiculars were run using 3 - 4 - 5 triangles.

 * If the question is asked which was defined first, the Mille passus, stadia or degree and when did this occur, the earliest evidence is for stadia measure in Egypt before c 2600 BC. The Mille passus is derived from various Ptolomaic measures of the degree c 300 BC and later.

Egyptian surveyors

The degree mille passus

 * 1 Mille passus = 1/75 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
 * 1 stadia = 1/600 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
 * 1 passus = 1/75,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle
 * 1 pes = 1/375,000 Degree of the Earths Great Circle

75 Roman miles equals a degree Nile map legend 1775
 * 1 Roman degree = 75 milliare = 111 km
 * 7.5 milliare = 1 schoenus = 1 kapsu = 60 stadiums of 185 m
 * 60 stadiums = 60 furlongs = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

The degree of Aristotle
The degree of Aristotle

 * "In the second half of the eighteenth century A.D. a number of French scholars came to the conclusion that ancient linear units of measure were related to the length of the arc of meridian from the equator to the pole. They concluded that all Greek statements about the size of the earth provide the same datum, except that different stadia were employed. Several ancient authors used different figures and different stadia to say what Aristotle says in De Coelo (298B), namely, that the circumference is 400,000 stadia. The scholars of the French Enlightenment were hampered by the lack of modern exact data about the size of the earth. "

 * 1 Degree = 1/360 of 400,000 stadia = 1111.1 stadia = 111 km
 * 10 stadions = 1 km
 * 1 stadion = 100 m = 300 pous of 333.3 mm
 * 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

The degree of Posidonius
The Degree of Posidonius

 * Eratosthenes and Posidonius considered that several inhabited worlds must exist on the Earth's spherical surface, separated by uncrossable oceans and by a torrid, uninhabitable belt. Marinus took the liberty of extending the inhabited world to 225º longitude and reached latitude 24º S, leaving no room for other inhabited worlds. In the east, his world ended in a country called Thina or ‘Land of the Chinese'. Marinus seemed to believe that the Land of the Chinese might extend another 45º to the east of the capital (supposedly in the centre of the country), which would give us an inhabited world of 270º in longitude, starting from the Canaries Meridian zero. This arrangement leaves only 90º between these islands and the east coast of China, which is about halfway between Martin Behaim's geographical calculations and those of Christopher Columbus.

 * 1 Degree = 1/360 of 216,000 stadia
 * 1 Degree = 600 stadions = 111 km
 * 111 km divided into 600 stadions of 600 pous of 308.4 mm = 185 m

The degree of Marinus

 * "Marinus's only work of which we have direct reference is Diorosis tou geographikon pinokos, to which Ptolemy dedicates fifteen chapters. There were numerous editions, and his basic theories have their roots in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Posidonius in particular. The title of his work literally means ‘Corrections in the map of the world' or ‘Corrections in the map of the inhabited world', which goes to show that Marinus of Tyre wanted to improve and revise one or several works of earlier mapmakers. He appears to wish to amend Posidonius, and that he intended to do so, using Hipparchus's astronomical work and the accounts of several recent voyages.

 * Marinus made use of the measurement of the Earth made by Posidonius, who lived from 135 to 50 BC. While Strabo, who lived between 58 BC and 24 AD, kept Eratosthenes' measurements of 252 thousand stadia for the circumference of the Earth, that is 700 stadia per degree, Marino uses Posidonius's calculations of 180 thousand stadia, with a degree of 500 stadia (Antonio Ballesteros Beretta: Génesis del descubrimiento, vol 3, Barcelona, Salvat 1947). A stadium is an old Greek measurement of length, the equivalent of 600 old Greek feet (192.27m) or 125 paces, which was the exact distance separating the columns in the great amphitheatre of Olympia. The question is as to why Marinus and Posidonius himself adopted Posidonius's measurements instead of those of Eratosthenes. Posidonius's map, which was drawn around 60 BC, was passed on to us by Dionysius Perigetes in about 125 AD. On Posidonius's map the Earth forms a single continent and there is no trace of the Dragon's Tail.

 * The work of Marinus of Tyre, which Ptolemy had at his disposal, did not seem to include any actual map. There were only some general instructions on how to make a map of the world and tables of geographical coordinates."

 * "Marinus made use of the measurement of the Earth made by Posidonius, who lived from 135 to 50 BC. While Strabo, who lived between 58 BC and 24 AD, kept Eratosthenes' measurements of 252 thousand stadia for the circumference of the Earth, that is 700 stadia per degree, Marino uses Posidonius's calculations of 180 thousand stadia, with a degree of 500 stadia (Antonio Ballesteros Beretta:"

 * 1 degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
 * 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111 km
 * 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

The degree of Ptolemy
The degree of Ptolemy
 * "Ptolemy's other main work is his Geography. This too is a compilation, of what was known about the world's (Study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation) geography in the Roman empire at his time. He relied mainly on the work of an earlier geographer, Marinos of Tyre, and on gazetteers of the Roman and ancient Persian empire, but most of his sources beyond the perimeter of the Empire were unreliable."

 * "The first part of the Geography is a discussion of the data and of the methods he used. Like with the model of the solar system in the Almagest, Ptolemy put all this information into a grand scheme. He assigned coordinates to all the places and geographic features he knew, in a grid that spanned the globe. Latitude was measured from the equator, as it is today, but Ptolemy preferred to express it in the length of the longest day rather than degrees of arc (the length of the midsummer day increases from 12h to 24h as you go from the equator to the polar circle). He put the meridian of 0 longitude at the most western land he knew, the Canary Islands."

 * "Ptolemy also devised and provided instructions on how to create maps both of the whole inhabited world (oikoumenè) and of the Roman provinces. In the second part of the Geography he provided the necessary topographic lists, and captions for the maps. His oikoumenè spanned 180 degrees of longitude from the Canary islands in the Atlantic Ocean to China, and about 80 degrees of latitude from the Arctic to the East-indies and deep into Africa; Ptolemy was well aware that he knew about only a quarter of the globe."

 * "The maps in surviving manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography however, date only from about 1300, after the text was rediscovered by Maximus Planudes."

 * "Maps based on scientific principles had been made since the time of Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC, but Ptolemy invented improved projections. It is known that a world map based on the Geography was on display in Autun, France in late Roman times. In the 15th century Ptolemy's Geographia began to be printed with engraved maps; an edition printed at Ulm in 1482 was the first one printed north of the Alps. The maps look distorted as compared to modern maps, because Ptolemy's data were inaccurate."

 * "Eratosthenes found 276-194 BC used 700 stadia for a degree on the globe, in the Geographia Ptolemy uses 500 stadia."

 * "It is not certain if these geographers used the same stadion, but if we assume that they both stuck to the traditional Attic stadion of about 185 meters, then the older estimate is 1/6 too large, and Ptolemy's value is 1/6 too small."

 * "Because Ptolemy derived most of his topographic coordinates by converting measured distances to angles, his maps get distorted. So his values for the latitude were in error by up to 2 degrees. For longitude this was even worse, because there was no reliable method to determine geographic longitude; Ptolemy was well aware of this. It remained a problem in geography until the invention of chronometers at the end of the 18th century AD. It must be added that his original topographic list cannot be reconstructed: the long tables with numbers were transmitted to posterity through copies containing many scribal errors, and people have always been adding or improving the topographic data: this is a testimony of the persistent popularity of this influential work."

 * 1 degree = 1/360 of 180,000 stadia
 * 1 Ptolomaic Degree = 500 stadions = 111km
 * 111 km divided into 500 stadions of 600 remen of 14.7" = 222m

The Ptolomaic stadia is divided into remen instead of pous because in Egypt Remen had always been used for land surveys.

The degree of Erathosthenes
The degree of Eratosthenes

time as well as for Eratosthenes facing the task to draw a map of the "oikumene". His determination of the radius of the Earth resulted in 252000 stadia."
 * "For topographic/geographic purposes the size of the Earth is of utmost importance in modern

 * " If he has used a stadion definition of 1 stadion = 158,7m = 300 Egyptian royal cubits = 600 Gudea units (length of the yardstick at the statue of Gudea (2300 b c) in the Louvre/Paris), he has already observed the meridian arc length to 252000 ⋅ 0,1587 = 40000 km. How could Eratosthenes obtain in ancient times already such an accurate result?"

determine the size of the Earth; this ancient method to measure the meridian arc length between the latitude circles of two cities (e.g. Alexandria/Syene, Syene/Meroe) is based on a traversing technique, as will be shown."
 * "Ptolemaios describes in his "Geographike hyphegesis" a method used by the "elder" to

according to ancient information reconstructed instrument will be shown and explained; the accuracy of sun observations with such a kind of instrument is comparable with those of a modern sextant."
 * "Geographical latitudes could be measured using a "Skiotheron" (shadow seizer). An

presented. It is presently used for a rectification of the digitalised maps given in Ptolemy's "Geographike hyphegesis". The stadion definition Eratosthenes has used (1 meridian degree = 700 stadia) was applied also in northern and western Europe and in Asia east of the Tigris river; using it as a scale factor we got very good results for the rectification."
 * "A recovery of the two systems of ancient geographical stadia (Alexandrian and Greek) is

 * 1 Degree = 1/360 of 252,000 stadia
 * 1 Persian degree = 700 stadia = 111 km
 * 10 Egyptian schoeni = 20 Persian parasangs = 600 furlongs
 * 1 Persian stadia = 157 m = 3 Egyptian st3t

The Egyptian degree
The Egyptian degree

 * "Since Egypt lies north of the equator, shadow lengths are greatest there during the time of winter solstice, when the noon sun is at its most southern yearly position in the sky. The winter solstice therefore affords the most advantageous opportunity to make comparative shadow measurements. It was likely known by the time of the building of the Great Pyramid that on the day of the summer solstice, (i.e., when the sun was highest in the sky), the noon sun was directly overhead (casting no shadow) at a point along the Nile near what is now Aswan (called Syene by the Greeks). This concurrence was used by Eratosthenes (ca. 250 B.C.) in the first recorded attempt to measure the size of the Earth. From Syene, it would have been fairly straightforward to have determined that the sun's noon winter solstice position was very nearly 48 (2/15ths of a full rotation) lower in the sky than its noon summer solstice position. It could then have been logically inferred that Syene must lie 24 (1/15th of a full rotation) north of the mid-point of the sun's yearly north/south travel, and hence 24 north of the Earth's north/south mid-point (equator).30 By accurately measuring shadow lengths cast by tall objects of known height, one could then determine, through the use of trigonometry, one's angular separation from the Earth's mid-point. "

 * 1 Degree = 1/360 of 2,520,000 itrw
 * 1 Egyptian degree = 10 itrw = 700 stadia = 210,000 royal cubits
 * 1 itrw = 21,000 royal cubits = 70 stadia of 3 st3t
 * 3 st3t of 100 royal cubits = 157 m

 * 700 × 157 = 10.99 km
 * 1 itrw is 1 hours river journey
 * 1 atur is 1 hour of March
 * 1 Egyptian Minute of March is 350 royal cubits of 525 mm = 183 m

The degree of Herodotus

 * 1 Greek degree = 75 milions = 111 km
 * 7.5 milions = 1 schoenus = 1 kapsu = 60 stadions of 185 m
 * 60 stadions = 60 furlongs = 11.1 km = 1/10 degree

The stadium mille passus
A stadia is a division of a degree into a fraction of a mile.

 * The ordinary Mesopotamian sos or side at 6 iku and 180 meters was the basis for the Egyptian minute of march
 * the Egyptian minute of march at 183 m and 350 royal cubits was the basis for the stadion of the Greek Milos or milion
 * The stadion of the Greek Milos at 6 plethrons or 100 orguia and 600 Atic pous of 308.4 mm at 185 m was the basis for the stadium of the Roman milliare
 * The stadium of the Roman Milliare at 625 pes of 296 mm was also 185 m and at 1000 passus of 5 pes was the basis for the furlong of 625 fote of the English Myle

The league of the mille passus
A league is a division of a degree into a multiple of a mile.

 * 3 Milion or Milos of 4800 pous = 24 stadions = 14,400 pous
 * 1 league of a Milion = 4440 m
 * 3 Milliare of 5000 pes = 24 stadiums = 15,000 pes
 * 1 leauge of a Milliare = 4440 m
 * 3 Myles of 5000 fote = 24 furlongs = 15,000 fote = 9375 English cubits
 * 1 League of a Myle = 4440 m
 * 3 Miles of 5280 feet = 24 furlongs = 15,840 feet = 9900 English cubits
 * 1 Leauge of a Mile = 4828 m

title: User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Mille passus


text:
Yassıada

Yassıada (Turkish: Flat Island), officially renamed Democracy and Freedom Island (Turkish: Demokrasi ve Özgürlükler Adası) in 2013, is one of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, to the southeast of Istanbul. In Byzantine times, it was known as Plati (Πλάτη). It should not be confused with Yassi Ada, a different island in the Aegean Sea.

The island, which has an area of 45 acre, is officially a neighbourhood of Adalar (Turkish: Islands) district of Istanbul Province, Turkey.

History
The Byzantines first used Plati as a place to send prominent figures into exile. One such person was the Armenian Patriarch (Catholicos) Narses who was sent here before being imprisoned at Prinkipos in the 4th century AD. they were still using the island for political prisoners Into the 11th century and the remains of four underground prison cells from this period can still be seen.

The Byzantine Emperor Theofilos built the Platea Monastery on the island and Patriarch Ignatios, who was exiled to the island in 860, built a church on it; tunnels under the church were used as a dungeon.

Plati was captured by the Latin Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade in 1204.

In 1857, Yassıada was purchased by the British ambassador Henry Bulwer, brother of novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton, who built himself a mansion and a number of other structures here so that he could live undisturbed here. Bulwer even organised agricultural production here in the hope of being at least partially self-sufficient. However, he then sold Yassıada to the Khedive of Egypt Ismail Pasha who didn't construct any new buildings and completely neglected the island.

Yassıada Trials
With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the island became the property of the Turkish state, and in 1947 it was bought by the Turkish Navy which built several schools here. Between 1960 and 1961, the school buildings served as the venue for the trials of members of the former ruling Democrat Party, following the military coup of 1960. Several of the defendants were sentenced to death, and three of them - former Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and ministers Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan - were taken to İmralı Island (near the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara) where they were executed in 1961.

After the trials, Yassıada was returned to the Turkish Navy and lessons continued to take place in the naval school buildings until 1978.

In 1993, the island became the property of Istanbul University's department of Marine Life and Sea Products, which used it for lessons and research. However, the strong winds on the island made life difficult for the students and eventually the classes were moved elsewhere.

The island was renamed Democracy and Freedom Island in 2013 in memory of the 1960 military coup, the first in the history of the Turkish Republic, and to eradicate the negative associations attached to the name 'Yassıada' after the 1960 trials.

In 2015 work began on redeveloping the island for tourism. Officially reopened by President Erdoğan on 27 May 2020, it now features a 27 May Museum, a convention centre, a hotel and a mosque. Disgruntled ecologists have nicknamed it Betonada (Turkish: Concrete Island).

title: Yassıada


text:
User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Sos

Sos, Sar, Iku, Gan, Gur
The Sos is originally a field of about 10 acres distributed to men. The Sar is a garden plot distributed to females for their personal maintenance but not implying landholder status. The deposit of the innundation fertilizes the fields and is highly valued but occasionally adds to or subtracts from the metes and bounds of fields. The iku or the land itself generally gets combined into plots of three fields with one plowed, one left fallow and one in hay for the plow animal.

The Mesopotamian concept of sos is essentially feudal in that the estate in land is owned by the lugal and distributed in return for service. The land is not strictly speaking property though it can be sold or made part of an inheritance. Land tenure is at the whim of the community leader whether chief, lugal king or monarch. There is a link between holding the status of ruler and maintaining the control of the land by control of the water that irrigates the fields. Generally the bounds of land removed by flood are resurveyed and taxes are adjusted accordingly.

In order to be owned and treated as property which can be inherited or sold the fields have to be measured and given value. Land which is undeveloped can have the status of park chase or forest with each having different rights of access. Law code of Hammurabi

The size of parcels is important in that it affects taxes. The side of the ordinary iku is 60 ordinary kù or cubits of 500 mm equal to 30 m The side of the great iku is 60 great kù or cubits of 600 mm equal to 36 m The royal land automatically gets a bigger division

The length if the éše, or rope is 10 nindan rods = 20 reeds = 120 cubits = 60 m. The length if the éš[šè] or great rope is 10 great nindan rods 10 great nindan rods = 20 great reeds = 120 great cubits = 72 m.

The side of the ordinary sos is 6 iku of 30 m 360 ganu = 180 m squared The side of the great sos is 6 great iku of 36 m 360 great ganu = 198 m squared

 * The land is made property by dividing it up into measured portions and the king is assigned the right to distribute the land he controls or tends in return for service. When the king makes encroachments on the common man's rights to gather on the chase the common law protects the rights to the degree that the tenure benefits the community.

These laws are from the Law Code of Hammurabbi

 * "44 If any one take over a waste-lying field to make it arable, but is lazy, and does not make it arable, he shall plow the fallow field in the fourth year, harrow it and till it, and give it back to its owner, and for each ten gan (a measure of area) ten gur of grain shall be paid."

 * "If a man let in the water, and the water overflow the plantation of his neighbor, he shall pay ten gur of corn for every ten gan of land."

 * 1 gur = 1 square ninda times 1 kùš = 144 cubic kùš = 18 cubic meters, a cube of side 2.6 m
 * the penalty is roughly 50 bushels per acre or about half the years crop.
 * If any one hire oxen for a year, he shall pay four gur of corn for plow-oxen.
 * The rate of corn to wheat or barley might be 2.5:1

 * 1 bariga = 60 gur PI or UL in Old Sumerian period

 * If a shipbuilder build a boat of sixty gur for a man,
 * he shall pay him a fee of two shekels in money.

 * 1 bariga = 36 sìla in the Old Sumerian period
 * 1 bán-rig-a = 6 bán. 'the bán from picking, gleaning'

The chase is a privledged place protected without regard to ownership of the land, less than a forest but larger than a park reserved by common law to the king or lugal to hunt and the common man to gather. It differs from a park in that it is not enclosed yet it must have certain measured metes and bounds.

Gradually the lugal or king begins to replasce the community as the authority who decides the metes and bounds and what its tax rate is and improved land gets taxed at a higher rate than unimproved land.

Improved land of less than a park which has been cleared and plowed, given measured metes and bounds, enclosed, improved by irrigation, cultivation, and become property, generally is defined in multiples of discrete units of area ranging from the Sar or garden plot to the Sos or field.

The concept of a sacred field reserved to the king to thaumaturgically fertilize as the ideal of all fields is as ancient as agriculture. Its set apart by its larger than normal size, and yield. The Mesopotamian iku is a measured Sos or field of side 100 cubits called by the Egyptians the st3t and by the Greeks the aroura.

nj-swt
As etymological precedent to Egyptian nsw, we can see nsw is from the nisbe "nj-swt" and swt from sos by way of st3t. How far back into antiquity the association of the king with the swt plant goes can be seen on the earliest palettes of Narmer and the Scorpion king.

Narmer

3kr
Things of note include 3kr (acre) the god of the land itself shown as a personified field with Horus opening the ways to irrigation and the Narmer pose used to indicate control of the "enemy" who we can tell from his name is actually a personification of the royal irrigated field known as a st3t

Connections between Mesopotamia and Egypt can be observed in certain sets of glyphs on the early palettes. You can look at and observe as having the same utility in both cultures. The commonality extends to India, Syria, Anatolia and the Mediterranian world.

sa

 * Shaven heads or short tight caps used
 * to indicate a scribe, priest or competent administrator
 * The use of rosettes to indicate royalty
 * Intertwined lions or paired beasts
 * separated either by a tree or a king to indicate unity
 * Symbols of gods used to bind contracts and treaties and
 * to define territorial boundaries
 * The Narmer stance with upraised mace used
 * to indicate control of a people or a land.
 * There are many others.

If there were any significance to this small cluster of borrowed glyphs the test would be with architectural terms and units of weight and measure as might be expected if there were international trade in building materials, agricultural products and manufactured goods.

architectural terms related to the size of fields
A list of comparisons for architectural terms and measures in Sumerian, Akkadian, Elamite, Egyptian, Hittite, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, French, and Ural Altic while not exhaustive doesn't support much in the way of any direct contact or exchange between Mesopotamia and Egypt until about the pyramid age.

By the middle kingdom the exchanges are well known and documented with the Tale of Sinhue documenting a knowledge of places as far north as Lebanon and the Tale of the Shipwrecked sailor documenting a voyage to Punt.

The Epic of Gilgamesh also references long distance explorations by land and sea c 2800 BC

Whether Gilgamesh travels from Lebanon and the forest of Cedar to Egypt or leaves from Uruk with Uta-napishti's ferryman U-shanabi heading for Meluhha or India or both is unclear but it seems that the point of the story is that he travels widely.

Eventually Gilgamesh travels through the hours of the night or the portion of the earth considered the underworld or netherworld and arrives at the trees of the gods which are hung with precious stones of carnelian and lapis lazuli.

These probably originally came from Afganistan and Sri Lanka but appear to have made their way along the trade routes to Egypt fairly early.

References in the Epic of Gilgamesh include Tablet IIX his trip to the netherworld after the death of Enkidu. "to Mashu's twin mountains he came"

the innundation

 * Mashu = t3-mhw ? [Egypt's delta](the land of the inundation)
 * Mashu =Misr?.

British Egyptologist E.A.W. Budge was one of the first to remark that "The name Mizraim may have been given Egypt (by foreigners) in respect of its double wall."

Other possible Egyptian etymoligies for Mashu include

 * Mashu = mr:r*ut det love
 * T3-mri Egypt (the land of love or beloved)
 * Ma shu = Mshtyw? (the constellation of the great bear)

 * Bakhu: Mythical eastern mountain of the sunrise.
 * Manu: Mythical western mountain of the sunset.

"which daily guard the rising sun whose tops support the fabric of heaven whose base reaches down to the netherworld

There were scorpion men guarding its gate whose terror was dread, whose glance was death whose radiance was fearful overwhelming the mountain at sunrise and sunset they guarded the sun"

ra- mes- ses
The phrase "guarded the sun" reminds us of the Egyptian (ra mes ses) (sun - birth - guard, protect or oversee)

The scorpion men question Gilgamesh how he came to be there and then describe the land they guard as consisting of 12 double hours of the night.

The idea that distance might be measured in hours seems to originate with the Egyptians whose schoenus of 700 stadia of (3) 3ht of a st3t of 100 royal cubits eguals 21,000 royal cubits

Its interesting that in Book XI the ship Gilgamesh builds is designed as a cube The cube has faces with an area of 1 acre measured out with edges of 10 rods which is how the Egyptians defined their st3t (Greek aroura).

elsewhere we learn that 300 poles of 5 rods is equivalent to 120 double furlongs of 1200 feet so that each rod is 96 feet.

The distance of 1500 rods or 144000 feet is about 30 milliare or Roman miles and 240 minutes of march of 350 royal cubits.

the minute of march, itrw, atur and schoenus
The minute of march is an Egyptian unit.

There are a number of terms that you could argue were exchanged or borrowed but most likely the exchange went through intermediaries.

Some work pretty well, a few are a real stretch, and most don't work at all. there are also some grammatical similarities and differences as for example with reduplication and plurality.

Sumerian (singular and plural mar=FB stem; plural hamtu, which is sometimes reduplicated; cf., =FAa). n> Egyptian u generally without reduplication

Donald Redford in his "Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times" makes a very strong case for a Mesopotamian influence for Egypt's technology boom at the end of the Archaic period. He points out that the motif of smiting enemies, grasping lions and similar images found in the period are all attributable to Mesopotamia at the time, and that this even includes the white crown of Upper Egypt.

All those images can be found as far afield as India as well.

He further posits that it is likely that not only culture, but actual individuals, contributed to this technology boom, inferring that perhaps Mesopotamians came to the Nile valley and established themselves as chieftains over the indigenous populace. Samuel Noah Kramer has written about the Sumerian legends of trade with "Magan", which he identifies as Egypt, to further back up this assertion.

Gan and Gin
Makkan (Oman) Magan (Egypt) might have more of the sense of being bound, to a contract, to go, by boat, to bring forth, bear from the fields of the lands overseas perhaps to visit a distant trading partner located a month and a half's sail away and return with a cargo of grain than the sense of a particular place which would be written in Sumerian uru Magan ki.

 * "ma: to bind (Emesal dialect for =F1=E1l; =F1=E1)MA archaic frequency: 250
 * ma(3); =F1=E1: to go (Akk. alaaku)=F1iam=E1: boat MA2 archaic frequency 6
 * m=E0: (Emesal dialect for =F1=E1-e).
 * ma4: to leave, depart, go out (cf., mud6).
 * ma5: (cf., m=F9)."
 * gana, gan, kan: n., stand, rack, support; pestle, grinding stone circular
 * to raise high [GAN archaic frequency: 125; concatenation of 4 sign variants v.,to bring forth, bear.
 * g=E1na, g=E1n: tract of land, field parcel;
 * (flat) surface, plane; measure of surface;
 * shape, outline; cultivation (cf., iku) (cf., Orel & Stolbova #890,
 * gan- "field") [GAN2 archaic frequency: 209]

The question then becomes: could the word for king, "insi" in the admittedly much later Amarna letters, really be an Egyptianized form of the Sumerian ensi, which was only later "re-etymologized" to make it more Egyptian?

ensi

 * "ensi(3): dream interpreter (en, 'enigmatic background' + sig7,
 * 'to dwell; to complete' ?) ENSI archaic frequency: 8 =E9nsi(-k)
 * city ruler (Old Sumerian); city governor post-Sargonic
 * en, 'lord, manager', + si, 'plowland', + genitive; cf.,
 * n=EDsa=F1, 'governor') ENSI2 archaic frequency: 1"

Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0 by John A. Halloran

ny sw

 * ny sw (he belongs to)
 * nsw written [swtn]det (Egyptian king)
 * (garden pool) st3t (aroura) irrigated plowland
 * in both cases measured in fields of side 100 cubits

Interestingly the Egyptian cubit and the Mesopotamia cubit are both divided in a similar fashion with feet of the same length. The Mesopotamian cubit is divided sexigesimally into six hands of five fingers

The Egyptian cubit is divided septinarily into seven palms of 4 fingers. Egyptian rulers show a (mh) or foot with the mark occurring across the divisions of 15 and 16 fingers so that it can account for a division into both 3 hands and 4 palms.

The earliest inscriptions may be no more than a transliteration of "ensi"? According to Jacobsen, the ensi was originally "the leader of the seasonal organization of the townspeople for work on the fields irrigation, ploughing and sowing" but with time, they became something of governors who answered only to the king. If Sumerian culture is the source of the earliest kings (as Redford argues), they would properly be "ensi"s and not "en"s or "lugal"s.

Perhapd it has more to do with being the owner or manager of the irrigated fields than king. On the palettes of both Narmer and Scorpion the "king" is portrayed controlling the st3t and opening the mouth of the god 3kr to irrigate the acres of the land itself.

Mesopotamian references

 * John A. Halloran Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0

title: User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/Sos


text:
Keith Vaughan

John Keith Vaughan (23 August 1912 – 4 November 1977), was a British painter. His work is held in the collections of the Government Art Collection, National Galleries Scotland, National Portrait Gallery, Tate and Victoria and Albert Museum in the UK.

Early life
Born at Selsey in West Sussex, Vaughan attended Christ's Hospital school.

He worked in an advertising agency until World War II, when as an intending conscientious objector he joined the St. John Ambulance; in 1941 he was conscripted into the Non-Combatant Corps.

Art career
Vaughan was self-taught as an artist. His first exhibitions took place during the war. In 1942 he was stationed at Ashton Gifford near Codford in Wiltshire, and paintings from this time include The Wall at Ashton Gifford (Manchester Art Gallery).

During the war Vaughan formed friendships with the painters Graham Sutherland and John Minton, with whom after demobilisation in 1946 he shared premises. Through these contacts he formed part of the neo-romantic circle of the immediate post-war period. However, Vaughan rapidly developed an idiosyncratic style which moved him away from the Neo-Romantics. Concentrating on studies of male figures, his works became increasingly abstract.

Vaughan is also known for his journals, selections from which were published in 1966 and more extensively in 1989, after his death. A gay man troubled by his sexuality, he is known largely through those journals.

Educator
Vaughan worked as an art teacher at the Camberwell College of Arts, the Central School of Art and later at the Slade School.

Later life and death
He was diagnosed with cancer in 1975 and died by suicide in 1977 in London, recording his last moments in his diary as the drugs overdose took effect.

Art market
His auction record of £313,250 was set at Sotheby's, London, on 11 November 2009, for the oil on canvas Theseus and the Minotaur, previously in the collection of Richard Attenborough (who bought it in 1967).

Publications

 * Keith Vaughan. Journals & Drawings, 1966, published in London by Alan Ross, 219 pages.
 * Keith Vaughan: Journals 1939–1977, ed Alan Ross, 1989, published in London by John Murray, 217 pages, ISBN 0-7195-4732-6.
 * Keith Vaughan, His Life and Work, Malcolm Yorke, 1990, published in London by Constable, 288 pages, ISBN 0-09-469780-9 (Hardback)

Exhibitions

 * 1944
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches and Drawings, Alex Reid and Lefevre Gallery, London

 * 1946
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Alex Reid and Lefevre Gallery, London

 * 1948
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, George Dix Gallery, New York
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches and Monotypes, Alex Reid and Lefevre Gallery, London

 * 1950
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Instituto de Arte Moderno, Buenos Aires
 * Gouaches, Redfern Gallery, London

 * 1951
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Alex Reid and Lefevre Gallery, London

 * 1952
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Exhibition, Redfern Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan – Drawings for Rimbaud: Une Saison en Enfer, Hanover Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Durlacher Bros, New York

 * 1953
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Leicester Galleries, London

 * 1955
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches, Leicester Galleries, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Durlacher Bros, New York

 * 1956
 * Keith Vaughan: New Paintings, Leicester Galleries, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Show, Hatton Gallery, Newcastle

 * 1957
 * Keith Vaughan: Travelling Retrospective, (based on Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Show, Hatton Gallery, Newcastle), Arts Council
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Durlacher Bros, New York

 * 1958
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Leicester Galleries, London

 * 1959
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
 * Keith Vaughan, Leicester Galleries, London

 * 1960
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches and Drawings, Matthiesen Gallery, London

 * 1962
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Exhibition, Whitechapel Gallery, London

 * 1963
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings, Bienal de Sao Paulo

 * 1964
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches and Charcoals, Marlborough New London Gallery, London

 * 1965
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches, Bear Lane Gallery, Oxford
 * Keith Vaughan: Recent Gouaches, Marlborough Fine Art, London

 * 1966
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Durlacher Bros, New York

 * 1967
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Drawings, Tib Lane Gallery, Manchester

 * 1968
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches, Rex Evans Gallery, Los Angeles, CA
 * Keith Vaughan: New Paintings, Marlborough Fine Art, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches and Drawings 1942–46, Hamet Gallery, London

 * 1969
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective Exhibition, Mappin Gallery, Sheffield
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings, Tib Lane Gallery, Manchester

 * 1970
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches and Drawings, Bear Lane Gallery, Oxford
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches and Drawings, Hamet Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective, University of York, York

 * 1973
 * Keith Vaughan: New Paintings, Waddington Galleries, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings in Gouaches, Victor Waddington Gallery, London

 * 1976
 * Keith Vaughan: New Paintings and Gouaches, Waddington Galleries, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches and Drawings, Tib Lane Gallery, Manchester
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Gouaches and Drawings, Compass Gallery, Glasgow

 * 1977
 * Keith Vaughan: Memorial Exhibition, Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield

 * 1981
 * Keith Vaughan: Images of Man: Figurative Paintings: 1946–1960, Geffrye Museum, London and Birmingham City Museum and Art Gallery

 * 1985
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings and Paintings, New Grafton Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Early Drawings and Gouaches, Thomas Agnew & Sons, London

 * 1987
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Drawings, New Grafton Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches, Watercolours and Drawings 1936–76, Austin/Desmond Fine Art, Sunninghill
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings, Mercury Gallery, Edinburgh
 * Keith Vaughan: Works on Paper, Garry Anderson Gallery, Darlinghurst

 * 1989
 * Keith Vaughan, Austin/Desmond Fine Art, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches, Drawings, Notebook Sketches, Redfern Gallery, London

 * 1990
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective, Thomas Agnew & Sons, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Drawings, Gouaches, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 1991
 * Drawings of the Young Male, St Jude's, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 1994
 * Keith Vaughan: Works on Paper, Redfern Gallery, London

 * 1995
 * Keith Vaughan: Les Illuminations de Rimbaud, an Exhibition of 42 Drawings, Deka, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Drawings and Gouaches, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 1999
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches and Drawings, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 2000
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings, Gouaches, Drawings and Lithographs, Julian Lax, London

 * 2002
 * Keith Vaughan: Retrospective, Winter Fine Art and Antiques Fair, Olympia, London

 * 2004
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 2007
 * Keith Vaughan: Figure and Landscape, Victoria Art Gallery, Bath
 * Keith Vaughan: A Selection of Early Work from the Collection of Peter Adam, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath
 * Keith Vaughan: Paintings and Drawings, Osborne Samuel Gallery, London

 * 2009
 * Keith Vaughan: Drawings, Abbott and Holder, London

 * 2010
 * Drawings and Sketches for Paintings 1945–1960, Austin/Desmond Fine Art, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Four Decades of Drawing, Gallery 27, London

 * 2011
 * Keith Vaughan: Gouaches, Drawings and Prints, Osborne Samuel Gallery, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Works on Paper, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath

 * 2012
 * Keith Vaughan, Thomas Agnew & Sons, London
 * Keith Vaughan: Works on Paper from the Estate of Keith Vaughan, Anthony Hepworth Fine Art, Bath
 * Keith Vaughan: Romanticism to Abstraction, Pallant House Gallery, Chichester
 * Keith Vaughan, Osborne Samuel Gallery, London

Collections
Vaughan's work is held in the following permanent collections:
 * Government Art Collection, UK: 7 works (as of 19 April 2023)
 * National Galleries Scotland, UK: 5 works (as of 19 April 2023)
 * National Portrait Gallery, London: 1 work (as of 19 April 2023)
 * Tate, UK: 1 painting (as of 19 April 2023)
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 32 objects (as of 19 April 2023)

title: Keith Vaughan


text:
Kurnell, New South Wales

Kurnell is a suburb in Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 21.4 km south of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire along the east coast. Cronulla and Woolooware are the only adjacent suburbs. La Perouse is located opposite, on the northern headland of Botany Bay. The Cronulla sand dunes are on the south eastern headland of Botany Bay. The eastern side of the peninsula is part of Botany Bay National Park, and Towra Point Nature Reserve is located on the western side of the suburb.

History
Kurnell is the place where Lieutenant James Cook and his crew landed on 29 April 1770, making first contact with the Gweagal people, the original inhabitants of the area, whilst navigating his way up the East Coast of Australia on Endeavour.

Two Gweagal men challenged the landing and gestured with their spears. Cook's party attempted to communicate their desire for water, but the two men continued to oppose the landing and Cook fired a shot which wounded one of the Aboriginal warriors and forced them to flee.

Cook and his men stayed at Kurnell for a period of eight days. During their time there they collected botanical specimens and mapped the area. When Cook reported back to England he said that the land was suitable for agriculture and was lightly wooded.

Captain Arthur Phillip, arriving in H.M. Armed Tender Supply on 18 January 1788, before the First Fleet arrived, following Cook's advice. They began to clear land and dig wells, near modern-day La Perouse but a week later, Phillip decided to abandon the site and moved north to Sydney Cove at Port Jackson.

Cook's landing place is located on the north-eastern part of the national park, just near Silver Beach. Sutherland Point is named in honour of a crew member, Scotsman Forby Sutherland, who died of tuberculosis during their eight days here and was buried on the shore. Cape Solander is named after Swedish botanist Daniel Solander, a colleague of Joseph Banks. Inscription Point was named by the Australian Philosophical Society in 1822 when they secured a plaque to the cliff face to mark the point of the Endeavour's crew first landing.

Dampier Street, Tasman Street and Torres Street commemorate other navigators in Australia's history.

The first land grant of 700 acre was made in 1815, to Captain James Birnie, who established Alpha Farm. "Alpha" is the first letter in the Greek alphabet, and the name was thought appropriate for the first farm in the area. In 1821 John Connell Junior was also granted land here and used it for timber getting. His father purchased Alpha Farm from Birnie and by 1842 the Connell family's estate was over one thousand acres (4 km2) in size. In 1860, Alpha Farm was sold to Thomas Holt (1811–88), who owned most of the land that stretched from Sutherland to Cronulla. The area was known as Birniemere for a time and Holtmere was once a locality.

Before the 1920s, Kurnell was used by fishermen as schools of several varieties of fish inhabited the Botany Bay foreshore and the open sea. Fishermen built numerous huts and shacks which sheltered them for the weekend fishing. During the Great Depression, from the late 1920s, many severely affected low-income families took up residence there, in a shantytown.

2015 storm
On 16 December 2015 a supercell tracked along New South Wales coast producing a strong F2 tornado, high rainfall, hailstones and unusually strong winds. Kurnell was particularly hard hit at about 10:30 am with homes and businesses un-roofed, sewerage and electricity cut, two trucks tipped on their sides, and workers evacuated from Kurnell Refinery and the desalination plant, which was damaged. A "Wind gust of 213 km/h recorded in Kurnell at 10:33am," was "the fastest wind speed recorded in NSW history". Injuries to people were only minor. The damage to Kurnell was calculated to have cost insurers A$206 million. Elsewhere on the same day roof damage occurred at Westfield Bondi Junction and in South Nowra. Thousands of homes lost power in Bulli, Thirroul and Woonona north of Wollongong.

Name
It is possibly a corruption of a Dharug term "cunthal", "kundle" or "koondool", perhaps meaning "place of or where the wild carrot grows". Alternatively it is an Aboriginal corruption of the surname of John Connell, who was granted land in the area in 1821.

Heritage listings
Kurnell has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Cape Solander Drive: Kamay Botany Bay National Park

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 2,267 people in Kurnell. 83.1% of people were born in Australia and 90.6% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 27.5%, Anglican 27.3% and Catholic 26.9%.

Places of interest
The northern part of the peninsula is a historic site known as Captain Cooks Landing Place with a number of memorials located here:
 * Captain Cook Memorial Obelisk
 * Kamay Botany Bay Discovery Centre
 * Sir Joseph Banks Memorial
 * Solander Monument
 * Sutherland Monument
 * Marton Park (Home of the mighty Kurnell Stingrays) on Game Day

The Discovery Centre provides information and displays relics from the early days in Kurnell's history. Endeavour Heights is a recreation area in the Botany Bay National Park. The Kurnell Lookout provides brilliant views of Botany Bay and the northern headland of Botany Bay at La Perouse. Cape Solander is popular amongst whale watchers during the migration season.

Commercial areas

The small residential area with a population of 2,260 is located to the north with a small group of shops in the village of Kurnell. Sand mining on the peninsula has depleted the area of much of the sand that was originally there. It has been said that 40-metre deep pools now form in the dunes and are clearly visible in view from Google Earth. The remaining sand dune is used as a recreational off-road area for 4-wheel drives. The Cronulla sand dunes formed part of the location for the films Forty Thousand Horsemen, directed by Charles Chauvel in 1940 and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome.

Kurnell is dominated by an industrial area, which once included the Caltex Oil Refinery which is now closed. It now functions as an bulk fuels import terminal to supply imported fuel for Australian customers. Refined petrol is piped to the other side of Botany Bay in an underwater pipeline. The Kurnell Desalination Plant, opened in 2010, now provides much of the rest of Sydney with an alternative water supply. It has been criticised on environmental grounds (greenhouse gases and impact of large amounts of deoxygenated brine), and was shelved, but was resumed after the March 2007 NSW state elections. Continued widespread protest by residential, environmental, and community groups was declared to be irrelevant. Immediate work began on a pipeline under Botany Bay to carry desalinated water to northern suburbs and the size of the desalination plant was doubled. The water supply of Kurnell is supplemented with bore water. Total water stored in the Sydney catchment was at a low of 36.9% on 7 June 2007 but rainfall increased volume stored to 64% as of 7 February 2008, before reaching over 98% capacity in March 2012.

Transport
U-Go Mobility operates bus route 987 Kurnell to Cronulla via North Cronulla.

Wharves are being built at Kurnell and northward at La Perouse, for a ferry service between them.

Sport and recreation
Kurnell is home to the Stingrays JRLFC, one of the Shire's rugby league clubs. Green hills Skatepark is located in Kurnell on Captain Cook Drive. It consists of a small and large bowl and street sections. Triathlons are held in Kurnell annually. There are running tracks through Botany Bay National Park, as well as running along the beach and swimming in the netted area of Silver Beach. This location also offers fishing, sailing, scuba diving and windsurfing activities. There is a free shuttle bus service during whale watching season, departing from the parking area of the office of the National Park. Boat Harbour Beach is the location of a 4WD park. Access can be gained via Captain Cook Drive. People are permitted to drive on the beach with their 4WDs. An entry fee is required and one may drive along the beach for at least two kilometres.

title: Kurnell, New South Wales


text:
Kyeemagh

Kyeemagh is a suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 12 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district, on the western shore of Botany Bay. Kyeemagh is in the local government area of the Bayside Council and is part of the St George area.

History
Kyeemagh is an Aboriginal name meaning 'beautiful dawn'. Prior to European settlement it was part of the lands of the Cadigal people.

The name of the suburb was adopted from the name of the Polo Ground established in the area in 1929 (Sydney Morning Herald 4 July 1929 p15). To provide better access to the ground from the north a new bridge was constructed over the Cook's River (Sydney Morning Herald 28 June 1930 p20). The new polo ground was also used for playing cricket. In the 1920s, the area was known as North Brighton. A map of the area showing the existing streets was included in the Commonwealth Electoral Rolls of that period.

The area between the Cooks River and Georges River was originally known as Seven Mile Beach. It was changed to Lady Robinson's Beach in 1874 to honour Governor Sir Hercules Robinson's wife. Cook Park is named after Samuel Cook who advocated it as a public pleasure area. John Webb was given a 300 acre land grant in 1837 but did not settle on the land because it was too scrubby and arid for farming. In 1882, 309 acre were resumed for a sewage farm and another 311 acre were added later. The sewage farm was discontinued in 1916 when an ocean outfall was built and subdivision took place.

John Goode had property in West Botany Street, from which he built a private road to Seven Mile Beach, as Lady Robinsons Beach was known then. Goode Street was named in his honour, but this later became Bestic Street. Maps (Commonwealth Electoral Rolls, 1925, 1928) show a second street named in honour of John Goode, off Bestic Street.

Geography
Kyeemagh is a quiet, residential district located in a triangle of land with Lady Robinsons Beach to the east, Cooks River and Muddy Creek forming a northwest boundary and Bestic Street bordering the south. Maps in Commonwealth Electoral Rolls show no development in the area in 1909 (Lang/Rockdale) or 1915(Illawarra/Rockdale). Maps in the 1925 and 1928 Rolls (Barton/Rockdale) show a very dense, cramped settlement, Filby Estate, between Goode Street and the bay. Adair Street and Annie Street lie east from Goode Street. Other streets include Coy, Derby, Henry and William Streets. There appear to be numerous other lanes and walking tracks in the settlement. None have persisted. This settlement was replaced by a larger, more sparsely-populated suburb named Kyeemagh. The area was served by a bus route between the shopping centres of Rockdale and Brighton Le Sands.

Landmarks
Kyeemagh is located on the southern bank of the Cooks River and the eastern bank of Muddy Creek. Lady Robinson Beach and Cook Park run along the eastern border. A small group of shops is located in Bestic Street near General Holmes Drive. Other parks include Kyeemagh Reserve and Lance Stoddert Reserve.

The Brighton Le Sands Amateur Fisherman's Association and TS Sirius, an Australian Navy Cadet unit, is located in Bestic Street, beside Muddy Creek. C-side restaurant, part of the Cyprus-Hellene Club (formerly the site of Hashams take-away shop), is located in Cooks Park, on General Holmes Drive, close to the beach.

The Endeavour Bridge links Kyeemagh to Sydney Airport, Botany and Mascot. The entrance of the M5 Motorway is also located here which links to Arncliffe, Kingsgrove, Beverly Hills and west to Liverpool and Campbelltown. Kyeemagh Public School is located on Beehag and Jacobson Avenues.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 919 people usually resident in Kyeemagh. The most common reported ancestries were Greek 19.7%, Australian 14.0%, English 10.0%, Lebanese 6.2% and Italian 5.2%. 56.3% of people were born in Australia. 43.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Greek at 21.4%. The most common responses for religious affiliation were Eastern Orthodox 27.0%, Catholic 24.5% and No Religion 14.2%.

title: Kyeemagh


text:
Ken Meuleman

Kenneth Douglas Meuleman (5 September 1923 – 10 September 2004) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1946. His cricket career started in Victoria, but after moving to Perth, Western Australia, he established himself as an important member of the State Sheffield Shield team between 1945/46 and 1960/61. He captained the side for a number of seasons.

He also established a still operating sporting goods store in Perth called Meuleman's Cricket Centre as well as coaching and development of the sport including particularly the development of Justin Langer. Born to parents of German ancestry, his son Robert Meuleman and grandson Scott Meuleman have also played for Western Australia.

authors: ابوالحسن راجپوت

title: Ken Meuleman


text:
User:Sudhir.J

Well, I'm Sudhir, and I really like the idea of an editable resource... I make contributions wherever I can, especially in the Music and Guitar categories.

title: User:Sudhir.J


text:
Talk:Sharon Mae Disney

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:24, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Why redirecting?
If Diane Marie Disney has a page, why doesn't Sharon Mae Disney have a page? It it just that no one knows anything about her? Or that no one wants one? MagnoliaSouth (talk) 14:19, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

I need help you pipele iran and tank you for mermaid.
Tank you. 151.246.133.77 (talk) 06:59, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sharon Mae Disney


text:
David Graham (actor)

David Graham (born 11 July 1925) is an English actor. He is best known for voicing the Daleks in Doctor Who, Gordon Tracy, Brains, Aloysius Parker and Kyrano in Thunderbirds and Grandpa Pig in Peppa Pig.

Life and career
Graham was born in London on 11 July 1925. His sister had married a G.I. and had moved to the United States, and his uncle had run away there, and so he became an actor after leaving his Orthodox Jewish household. He trained in New York City, at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre with Sanford Meisner, following service in the Royal Air Force as a radar mechanic.

He returned to England and began his theatre career, his breakout role being as Givola in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, alongside Leonard Rossiter. A friend of his, actor Christopher Benjamin, recommended the role to him. He was then recommended by director Michael Blakemore to audition for Laurence Olivier's theatre company, eventually appearing alongside him in Saturday Sunday Monday, using an Italian accent.

While playing characters in TV series Private Investigator in 1958, Graham met writer and producer Gerry Anderson, who was planning his first puppet productions. Graham said that he could pull off accents well, which led to his first voiceover role in Four Feather Falls, as Grandpa Twink, who he based on Walter Brennan. He would subsequently voice Dr. Beaker, Zarin and Mitch the Monkey in Supercar, Mat Matic and Lieutenant Ninety in Fireball XL5 and various guest characters in Stingray. Graham would also play Johnny in Crossroads to Crime, a live-action film Anderson directed.

In 1963, he became the voice of the Daleks in Doctor Who, alongside Peter Hawkins, who devised the way they spoke. He believed Hawkins would always play superior and higher-pitched Daleks, while he voiced with a lower-pitch. He voiced the Daleks in all four of their major First Doctor era appearances, as well as two 1960s feature films: Dr. Who and the Daleks and Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., departing due to other commitments, although he and Hawkins would remain lifelong friends. Graham also voiced the Mechanoids and played the onscreen role of Charlie in The Gunfighters. He returned to his role as the voice of the Daleks in 2023, when he recorded new lines for that year's official colourised recut of the 1963 serial The Daleks for the show's 60th anniversary.

In 1965, Graham became the voices of Gordon Tracy, Brains, Aloysius Parker and Kyrano in Thunderbirds, as well as its film sequels: Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6. He did not believe Brains had a stutter, claiming that he was instead trying to find the words to explain his latest ideas excitedly. He based the voice of Parker off of a waiter at the King’s Arms pub in Cookham, and he and Ray Barrett shared many of the guest villains. Although he was not highly paid for production, the many repeats earned him a lot more, and Parker became Anderson’s favourite voice.

Between 1975 and 1977, Graham was part of the Radio Drama Company. In 1979, he played Professor Kerensky in the Doctor Who story City of Death. He, later, played the role of Big Brother in the "1984" television Super Bowl advert to introduce the Apple Macintosh computer. before reuniting with Hawkins and his wife, Rosemary Miller, to provide voices together in the English dub of German animated film Stowaways on the Ark. In 2004, Graham became the voice of Grandpa Pig in Peppa Pig, having known creator Mark Baker from when he was younger. The following year he played Albert Einstein in a Horizon docudrama, for which he was very proud that the BBC would select him to play the lead role.

In 2009, Graham began playing Edward Elgar in Stirring the Spirit, for which he thoroughly researched the composer, and would reprise the role many times over the next decade. From 2015 to 2020, he reprised his role as Parker in Thunderbirds Are Go, a reboot of the original series. Although Kayvan Novak took over as Brains, Graham had wanted to reprise that role as well. Most of his dialogue was recorded with Rosamund Pike, who played Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward.

In April 2021, Graham announced his retirement from his Thunderbirds characters. In December, actor George Layton, a longtime friend of Graham's, announced on Twitter that Graham had suffered a stroke six months earlier and was unable to leave his home in London. However, Layton stated that Graham was recovering by performing voice-overs of his characters, and he has since conducted interviews from his home.

title: David Graham (actor)


text: User talk:81.1.93.174

title: User talk:81.1.93.174


text: File:LaurieAnderson BigScience.JPG

title: File:LaurieAnderson BigScience.JPG


text:
Jernløse Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Jernløse municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in northeastern West Zealand County on the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 103 km2, and had a population of 5,943 (2005). Its last mayor was Annica Granstrøm representing Venstre, Denmark's Liberal Party. The site of the municipal council was the town of Nørre Jernløse. Regstrup is the biggest town in the municipal.

Jernløse municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with existing Holbæk, Svinninge, Tornved, and Tølløse municipalities to form a new Holbæk municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 583 km2 and a total population of 66,611 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland ("Region Zealand").

title: Jernløse Municipality