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Brother 2

Brother 2 (Брат 2) is a 2000 Russian crime film. The sequel to the 1997 film Brother, it was directed by Aleksei Balabanov and stars Sergei Bodrov Jr. The film is set in Moscow and Chicago.

The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with praise directed toward the acting, plot, and the setting. Particular attention was paid to the music of the film. Brother 2 is considered an integral part of Russian culture and had a strong influence on the development of Russian cinema.

Plot
The film opens in Moscow with Danila Bagrov (Sergei Bodrov Jr. being interviewed on television with two friends from the army, Ilya Setevoy (Kirill Pirogov) and Konstantin "Kostya" Gromov (Alexander Dyachenko. Ilya works for the State Historical Museum on Red Square while Kostya works in the security department of a bank.

After the interview, Kostya reveals that his twin brother, Dmitry, is an ice hockey player for the Chicago Blackhawks and is being blackmailed by American kingpin Richard Mennis (Gary Houston). Kostya tells Danila that Mennis has come to Moscow to meet with the head of the bank Kostya works for, Valentin Belkin (Sergei Makovetsky), to discuss a business proposal. Later, Danila meets up and begins an affair with a Russian pop singer Irina Saltykova, whom he met at the TV station. Meanwhile, Danila's brother Viktor, who has moved to live with their mother, makes his way to Moscow to meet Danila.

The next morning, Kostya approaches Belkin and pleads him to talk to Mennis about Dmitry. Belkin brings up Dmitry to Mennis, but the both decide that this is of little concern to them. Belkin instructs his assistants to deal with Konstantin. That evening, Danila stops by Kostya's apartment to discover him shot dead.

Danila and Ilya begin planning their revenge. On the black market, they purchase a CD with personal information about Belkin and buy World War II-era weapons and grenades from the black market. Meanwhile, Viktor has arrived in Moscow and manages to find Danila in the museum, where he agrees to join their plans and helps them steal a car.

Danila and Viktor make first contact with Belkin at an elite gymnasium where Belkin's son studies. Danila introduces himself as a new teacher and pulls Belkin aside to a private room for a discussion. At gunpoint, Danila questions him about Kostya's murder. Belkin claims that it was done under the pressure of Mennis and discloses that Mennis is involved in criminal operations including illegal pornography and extortion. After learning this, Danila spares Belkin.

The trio leaves the museum and Danila gives Ilya his remaining money to procure passports and tickets to Chicago. Belkin's thugs and his police contacts begin to search the city. Danila decides to lie low at Saltykova's apartment in the elite Kotelnicheskaya embankment building and brings Viktor with him. Meanwhile, Belkin's thugs discover the stolen car in the building's parking lot. The Bagrov brothers ambush the mobsters and then lead them into a closed alley, where they make quick work of the thugs with the Maxim gun they took from the museum. Learning of the bought tickets under Bagrov's name, Belkin alerts the Ukrainian mafia in Chicago.

To avoid capture, the brothers fly to America separately, and Viktor arrives in Chicago without any suspicion. Danila instead takes a flight to New York City where he arrives in Brighton Beach. There, he buys a cheap car to travel to Chicago by road, but it breaks down just outside Pennsylvania. Stranded, he hitches a ride to Chicago with trucker Ben Johnson. Upon their arrival in Chicago, Ben drives by prostitutes, one of whom, Marylin, turns out to be a Russian named Dasha.

Back in Moscow, Belkin is still determined to catch Danila, but a background check revealed that Viktor was on board the flight to Chicago. Paranoid, Belkin alerts the Ukrainian mafia in Chicago to find him. Meanwhile, Viktor arrives to the Ukrainian district in Chicago and quickly begins to spend his money. Danila attempts to meet up with Dmitry and Viktor, but is unable to make contact with both. Badly needing a translator, he decides to find Dasha and travels to the neighborhood where she works. Just before he can run away with her, he is savagely beaten by Dasha's pimp's henchmen. He gets revenge by tricking the same group into selling him weapons, which he steals. Afterwards, Dasha's pimp attempts to get even with her but is in turn killed by Danila, leaving Dasha no choice but to go with him.

Danila and Dasha finally meet up with Viktor. Danila finally begins to move in against Mennis and first hits his front, a local club, to discover that Mennis wasn't there. Viktor picked up a tail by the Ukrainian mafia, draws them away and kills their hitman, but not before learning of the mafia's operations and headquarters. The next morning, Danila reaches Mennis's office. Having killed the security, he finally confronts him. In Russian, he asks Mennis if strength really comes from money. Danila argies that Viktor believes this, but Danila instead says that strength is in truth. Danila demands all of the money taken from Dmitry to be returned.

Giving Dmitry his money, Danila sets off back home to Moscow. Diving through the Ukrainian neighbourhood he witnesses a police siege, where Viktor has barricaded himself inside a building. As he is dragged out handcuffed, Viktor shouts his intentions to stay in America. The film ends with Danila and Dasha taking off to Moscow. At the airport, Dasha is told that she will never be able to enter the United States again due to the expiry of her visa, to which she responds by showing the gate staff her middle finger.

Filming
The scenes in the United States were partially filmed in Chicago's Ukrainian Village.

Belkin's car is a black Austrian Steyr 220 convertible from 1938. The blue Cadillac Coupe de Ville that Danila buys in the film was purchased by the film crew in New York for $1,000. The truck that Ben drives is a classic Peterbilt 379. During filming, the heavy truck was driven by actor Ray Toler himself, who later recalled this as the hardest role in his life.

Before filming Danila's fight in the Chicago ghetto, Balabanov asked the two black actors to hit Bodrov harder so that everything would look natural. By accident, the actors broke two of Bodrov's ribs.

In November 2017, Colta.ru published a long interview with Svetlana Bodrova, the widow of Sergei. According to her, television journalist and former colleague of Bodrov, Alexander Lyubimov, almost disrupted work on the film. Initially, the scene in which Bagrov comes with Ilya and Kostya to the Ostankino television center and then gives an interview was supposed to be filmed in the studio of the Vzglyad program. According to the script, Lyubimov was supposed to appear in it as a presenter, playing himself. He promised to help the filmmakers organize filming, but then unexpectedly refused to participate in the project the day before and did not provide them with a studio. Ultimately, it was decided to film the scene in the studio of the V mire lyudey program of the TV-6 channel with Ivan Demidov starring as the presenter.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack consists of popular songs from contemporary Russian and Ukrainian rock artists, such as Splean, Bi-2, Zemfira, Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, Chicherina, Okean Elzy and Nautilus Pompilius. The pop-star Irina Saltykova being one of the important characters, there are some of her songs in the soundtrack. The latter is partly a reference to the soundtrack of the original Brother, which consists entirely of Nautilus Pompilius' songs. The soundtrack includes "Lafayette" performed by American band Sleeping For Sunrise.

 * 1) "Бай-Бай" (Bye-Bye) — Irina Saltykova (O. Molchanov, A. Slavorosov)
 * 2) "Полковник" (Colonel) — Bi-2 (Shura Bi-2, Lyova Bi-2)
 * 3) "Счастье" (Happiness) — Bi-2 (Shura Bi-2, Lyova Bi-2)
 * 4) "Солнечный друг" (Sunny Friend) — Irina Saltykova (O. Molchanov, A. Slavorosov)
 * 5) "Варвара" (Varvara) — Bi-2 (Shura Bi-2, Lyova Bi-2)
 * 6) "Огоньки" (Twinkles) — Irina Saltykova (P. Andreev)
 * 7) "Искала" (I Was Searching) — Zemfira (Zemfira Ramazanova)
 * 8) "Ту Лу Ла" (Tu Lu La) — Chicherina (Yulia Chicherina)
 * 9) "Гибралтар" (Gibraltar) — Vyacheslav Butusov (Vyacheslav Butusov, Dmitry Gunitsky)
 * 10) "Дорога" (The Road) — AuktsYon (Leonid Fyodorov, Dmitry Ozeretsky)
 * 11) "Кавачай" (Kavachay) — Okean Elzy (Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, Pavlo Hudimov)
 * 12) "Вечно молодой" (Forever Young) — Smyslovyie gallyutsinatsii (Sergey Bobunets, Oleg Genenfeld)
 * 13) "Коли тебе нема" (When You Are Out) — Okean Elzy (Svyatoslav Vakarchuk)
 * 14) "Розовые очки" (Pink Glasses) — Smyslovye gallyutsinatsii (Sergey Bobunets, Oleg Genenfeld)
 * 15) "Линия жизни" (Life Line) — Splean (Aleksandr Vasilyev)
 * 16) "Секрет" (The Secret) — Agata Kristi (Gleb Samoylov)
 * 17) "Никогда" (Never) — Vadim Samoylov (Vadim Samoylov)
 * 18) "Город" (The City) — Tantsy minus (Vyacheslav Petkun)
 * 19) "Катманду" (Kathmandu) — Krematoriy (Armen Grigoryan)
 * 20) "Иду" (I Am Going) — Tantsy minus (Vyacheslav Petkun)
 * 21) "Земля" (Earth) — Masha i medvedi (Denis Petukhov, Maria Makarova)
 * 22) "Lafayette" — Sleeping for Sunrise (Blake J. Zweig, James Konczyk, Jay Ranz)
 * 23) "Погляд" (The Sight) — La-Mansh (Dmytro Tsyperdiuk)
 * 24) "Прощальное письмо" (Farewell Letter) — Nautilus Pompilius and Children's Choir led by M. I. Slavkin (Vyacheslav Butusov, Dmitry Umetsky)
 * 25) "Стюардесса Жанна" (Jeanne The Stewardess) — The Metropol Restaurant Orchestra (Vladimir Presnyakov Jr., Ilya Reznik, Aleksandr Starobinets)

Critical response
'When sequels start appearing, that's a healthy sign ... Two major risks have left Brother. Natural environment has gone - the alleys of Saint Petersburg, the bazaar on the Sennaya Square - a spot-on depiction of the new times. Only the story was left - honest, straightforward and not new, just like our hero. «Immorality» that served as the main attraction in Brother, paradoxically combining the frankness of Komsomol with zombie-like killings, is also gone. What's left is spirituality: the Orthodox values, «The power is not in the money, but in the truth», violence - not because it's as easy as brushing teeth, but because there's injustice in the world - and thus one must fight ... A strong movie, not boring to watch. Aleksei Balabanov makes films the only way possible: like we are living in a healthy country that produces 150 movies yearly. And while it's not true, and there's a clean field around him, and he is taken almost for a savior who carries his cross alone, we should react to this film adequately: calmly, without hysterics, just like a normal cinema requires.'

'Our answer to James Bond and other "anti-Soviet Cinema",’ “Brother 2” was ‘ideological...playing ‘to the fears of its national audience...the first manifestation of Russia's new snobbery towards the US,’ the Itogi weekly's reviewer wrote. Its central character was ‘a) cute and b) clever ... war creates a special kind of childish killers ... The search for national identity ... only leads to unwarranted xenophobia.'

The film was criticised for being too Russo-centric and in extreme cases the elements of racism and nationalism. For example, the semi-criminal portrayal of the African American community, the deceiving Russian-American Jew (who sells a bad car) and the Ukrainian mafia. The latter criticism in particular often refers to the toilet scene when Viktor finishes off his opponents in cold blood remarking: "You bitches will answer to me for Sevastopol!" referring to the sensitive topic on the ownership of that city. Ukrainians are also called banderovets by Viktor (e.g. when he arrives at the airport), which does not appear in English subtitles. Albeit those scenes have clear humorous overtones.

Censorship
In 2015, the Ukrainian State Film Agency banned Brother 2 from being shown in the country because, according to agency experts, the film contains scenes "that are humiliating for Ukrainians on a national basis, as well as due to the incorrectness of showing this film during the aggression in the east of the country."

Possible sequel
After the release of Brother 2, Balabanov said in an interview that he refused to film a third film, believing that the story of Danila Bagrov had outlived its usefulness, and it was necessary to move in a new direction. Bodrov later took up directing and was not interested in reprising the role. However, he did not completely rule out the possibility.

Yet later on he hinted at a possible third part while answering a comment on the official Brother website which suggested to "send Danila to the Second Chechen War and kill him". Apparently in 2002 he released War where Bodrov played a supporting role of Captain Medvedev.

In 2001, Bodrov directed a criminal drama entitled Sisters which was compared by critics to Balabanov's dilogy. Bodrov himself appeared in an episodic role of a nameless New Russian — according to Bodrov himself, a cameo of his Bagrov character.

In 2014, Viktor Sukhorukov announced his desire to make Brother 3 and dedicate it to the memory of Balabanov and Bodrov. He said that he had long planned the sequel and was full of ideas for the new story which had been rejected by Balabanov during his lifetime, including Viktor being broken out of an American prison by Mexicans and returning to St. Petersburg in an oil trawler.

In 2019, it was reported in Russian media that musician and showman Stanislav Baretsky was planning to shoot Brother 3 with a completely new crew and cast, including ex-prisoners. This caused a negative reaction from fans, Bodrov's relatives, Viktor Sukhorukov, Irina Saltykova, and CTB producer Sergei Selyanov who stated that his company would never give film rights to Baretsky and that they might sue Baretsky at one point.

In 2021, Valery Pereverzev began filming Brother 3. Despite the name, it is not related with Balabanov's films. In June 2022, Pereverzev said that Baretsky's idea turned out to be a "dastardly fake" that got out of control, which confused many about who was making the film. In response, in November 2023, Baretsky criticized Pereverzev's film idea, saying that it was impossible to film the third part of the brother without the participation of Bodrov. At the same time, Baretsky noted that he further plans to film Zhmurki-2, and did not further mention his idea for Brother 3.

Legacy
The video game Cyberpunk 2077 contains direct references to the film; namely, Bagrov's monologue in Mennis's office.

Literature

 * Florian Weinhold (2013), Path of Blood: The Post-Soviet Gangster, His Mistress and Their Others in Aleksei Balabanov's Genre Films, Reaverlands Books: North Charleston, SC: pp. 66–90.
 * Susan Larsen (2003), "National Identity, Cultural Authority, and the Post-Soviet Blockbuster: Nikita Mikhalkov and Aleksei Balabanov." Slavic Review, vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 491–511.

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Category:Värmland

For the present-day Swedish county, see Värmland County.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Värmland


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Talk:Rod Carew

Judaism
The question left unaddressed here is whether Rod Carew needed to convert to Judaism. He may well have been born Jewish. Do not forget that most Latin American Jews, 1) are Sephardic, not Ashkenazic (i.e., they originally came from Spain and Portugal), and, 2) most Jews in Latin America were historically "Marranos" or Jews who hid the fact they were Jewish (often by publicly professing Christianity, taking communion, etc.) - and many Latin American Jews still do. So, just because he has not publicly said he is Jewish does not mean he is not Jewish - if anything, given his national origin, that would almost make it more likely that he was born Jewish than less likely; and if he was born Jewish, whether or not he actually "identifies" as Jewish, he would not need to convert. Apart from which, formal conversion ceremonies are not universally required in Judaism, which has no national or international governing body.

--- Your first point is rather a longshot (to say the least), especially in Carew's case, and I'm not aware of ANY corroborating evidence.

 * This article was cited in the Minneapolis Star Tribune(!) of 20 August 2005 in an article about Jewish sportspeople in Minnesota history. Specifically the passage:

 * Many sources have long claimed that he converted to Judaism when he married his wife and in this sense he is sometimes compared to Sammy Davis Jr. as a famous "Jewish convert of color"; however, this is incorrect. He has never undergone a formal conversion ceremony nor publicly identified himself as an adherent of Judaism, however, his children were raised Jewish and it is assumed that as such he partakes in some Jewish activities such as lighting Chanukah candles or organizing Passover seders with his family.

— Sesel wa  16:39, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * So basically, yet another article that doesn't quote Rod Carew, only this time the article says he's /not/ Jewish? How is this dispositive of anything what-so-ever?  As far as I'm concerned, the issue is still unresolved and the the article should be altered to reflect that status.  Geofferic (talk) 02:35, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Humm... I'm not terribly familiar with, or quite frankly personally interested in, the details which seem to be in dispute here. I just wanted to question the last couple of edits here, which added a citation needed tag. Is the fact that Saddleback Church is Baptist what is being questioned, or the fact that he attends the church? — V = I * R (talk to Ohms law) 17:19, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:56, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 06:15, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Rod Carew. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927191442/http://www.globalink.org/tobacco/trg/Chapter17/Chap17_SmokelessPage2.html to http://www.globalink.org/tobacco/trg/Chapter17/Chap17_SmokelessPage2.html

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:39, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

Jewish Section
This needs to be heavily re worked. There are references (cited in the article) that support the fact that he raised his kids in the Jewish faith, and that he himself was not Jewish, but the section is extraordinarily long for what it is.

It's important to highlight that a few things:
 * He is not Jewish but raised his kids in the Jewish faith
 * His wife Marilynn is Jewish but he himself is not
 * His daughter Michelle dies of Leukemia, finding a donor was hard due to her mothers Russian Jewish background
 * He faced death threats after marrying Marilynn.
 * Maybe include the Adam Sandler reference

That whole section can be shrunk to a small paragraph with four or five sentences. Or it can just be integrated within the article (which it already is). Sandy Koufax and Hank Greenberg, the two most famous Jewish baseball players don't have dedicated sections for their faith.

Hamma085 (talk) 16:58, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Greater significance between Rod Carew/Konrad
I just created a Wikipedia account because this story inspired me to do so. Rod Carew was the inspiration behind Konrad Reuland's drive to become a pro athelete after he heard Mr. Carew speak at his middle school. Mr. Carew was Mr. Reuland's childhood hero. I believe these details are significant because in essence, Mr. Reuland ended up helping save his childhood hero with his organ(s) donation. I can provide references for the aforementioned if needed. Please let me know your opinions for my request. I'll be making the same request on Konrad Reuland's page as well. Thanks! Mr. Filsoof (talk) 12:36, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rod Carew


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Sherman Howard

Sherman Howard (born June 11, 1949) is an American actor. He is best known for his performance as the zombie Bub in George A. Romero's Day of the Dead (1985) and Lex Luthor on Superboy (1990–92). He also voiced Derek Powers (a.k.a. Blight) in Batman Beyond (1999–2001).

Theatre
Howard began his career at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco in 1971. While a member of ACT's repertory company, he appeared in the roles of Glendenning in David Storey's The Contractor, The Archangel Gabriel in Nagle Jackson's The Mystery Cycle, James in Harold Pinter's The Collection, and Gratiano in The Merchant of Venice, along with roles in both Antony and Cleopatra and Caesar and Cleopatra. He appeared as Archie in Tom Stoppard's Jumpers in the premiere season of Chicago's Northlight Theatre Company.

While a member of the resident company at the Actors Theatre of Louisville for three seasons during the mid-70s, he played the role of Lucius in Jon Jory's Andronicus: A Space Musical, and had roles in The Runner Stumbles, The Front Page, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, and the European tour of Marsha Norman's Getting Out. His off-Broadway credits include Shel Silverstein's The Crate and The Lady or the Tiger Show as well as Sam Shepard's Geography of a Horse Dreamer at the Ensemble Studio Theatre, along with I'm Not Rappaport at the Roundabout Theatre Company. He appeared in Titus Andronicus and Tell Out My Soul at The Public Theater, and in Lillian Hellman's Another Part of the Forest at the Pecadillo Theatre. He most recently appeared in the title role of "Bauer" by Lauren Gunderson at 59 E 59th St in New York City.

His regional credits include Prospero in The Tempest, King Henry in The Lion in Winter, Spooner in No Man's Land, and Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard at the Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey (STNJ), where he has also appeared in the title roles of both Bertolt Brecht's Life of Galileo and Luigi Pirandello's Henry IV (Enrico IV). He also appeared as Scrooge in the STNJ's production of A Christmas Carol. He played the role of Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, opposite his wife, Donna Bullock, as Beatrice. He played the title roles in both Hamlet and Macbeth at the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival and the North Carolina Shakespeare Festival, respectively. He appeared in the title role of Sheridan at the La Jolla Playhouse. He appeared in The Price at the Pittsburgh Public Theater and in Nine Armenians at the Intiman Theater in Seattle. His Broadway credits include Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, All My Sons, Inherit the Wind, and Gore Vidal's The Best Man. He recently concluded a run at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego as The Player in Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and appeared in "The Second Mrs. Wilson" at George Street Playhouse under the direction of Gordon Edelstein.

Howard also has a passion for concert hall music. In their 2013/14 season, he performed with the Philadelphia Orchestra in Sergei Rachmaninoff's The Bells conducted by Vladimir Jurowski. He also appeared in the role of Prospero in the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra's presentation of Jean Sibelius' The Tempest Suite conducted by Jacque Lacombe. He has performed Richard Strauss's Enoch Arden with concert pianist David Kaplan at Bargemusic in Brooklyn and Metropolis Ensemble in Manhattan.

Personal life
Howard has been married to actress Donna Bullock since May 1988. They have one daughter, Hannah Sherman.

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Satisfaction theory of atonement

The satisfaction theory of atonement is a theory in Catholic theology which holds that Jesus Christ redeemed humanity through making satisfaction for humankind's disobedience through his own supererogatory obedience. The theory draws primarily from the works of Anselm of Canterbury, specifically his Cur Deus Homo ('Why Was God a Man?'). Since one of God's characteristics is justice, affronts to that justice must be atoned for. It is thus connected with the legal concept of balancing out an injustice.

Anselm regarded his satisfaction view of the atonement as a distinct improvement over the older ransom theory of atonement, which he saw as inadequate, due to its notion of a debt being owed to the devil. Anselm's theory was a precursor to the theology of later theologians like John Calvin, who taught the idea of Christ suffering the Father's just punishment as a vicarious substitute.

Early development of the theory
The classic Anselmian formulation of the satisfaction view should be distinguished from penal substitution. Both are forms of satisfaction theory in that they speak of how Christ's death was satisfactory, but penal substitution and Anselmian satisfaction offer different understandings of how Christ's death was satisfactory. Anselm speaks of human sin as defrauding God of the honour he is due. Christ's death, the ultimate act of obedience, brings God great honour. As it was beyond the call of duty for Christ, it is more honour than he was obliged to give. Christ's surplus can therefore repay our deficit. Hence Christ's death is substitutionary; he pays the honour to the Father instead of our paying. Penal substitution differs in that it sees Christ's death not as repaying God for lost honour but rather paying the penalty of death that had always been the moral consequence for sin (e.g., ; ). The key difference here is that for Anselm, satisfaction is an alternative to punishment, "it is necessary either that the honor taken away be repaid, or else that punishment follow." By Christ satisfying our debt of honor to God, we avoid punishment. In Calvinist penal substitution, it is the punishment which satisfies the demands of justice.

Another distinction must be made between penal substitution (Christ punished instead of us) and substitutionary atonement (Christ suffers for us). Both affirm the substitutionary and vicarious nature of the atonement, but penal substitution offers a specific explanation as to what the suffering is for: punishment.

Augustine teaches substitutionary atonement. However, the specific interpretation differed as to what this suffering for sinners meant. The early Church Fathers, including Athanasius and Augustine, taught that through Christ's suffering in humanity's place, he overcame and liberated us from death and the devil. Thus while the idea of substitutionary atonement is present in nearly all atonement theories, the specific idea of satisfaction and penal substitution are later developments in the Latin church.

Anselm links the atonement and the incarnation

Anselm of Canterbury first articulated the satisfaction view in his Cur Deus Homo?, as a modification to the ransom theory that was postulated at the time in the West. The then-current ransom theory of the atonement held that Jesus' death paid a ransom to Satan, allowing God to rescue those under Satan's bondage. For Anselm, this solution was inadequate. Why should the Son of God have to become a human to pay a ransom? Why should God owe anything at all to Satan?

Instead, Anselm suggested that we owe God a debt of honor: "This is the debt which man and angel owe to God, and no one who pays this debt commits sin; but every one who does not pay it sins. This is justice, or uprightness of will, which makes a being just or upright in heart, that is, in will; and this is the sole and complete debt of honor which we owe to God, and which God requires of us." Having failed to render to God this debt, it is not enough to restore the justice originally owed, but the offense to God's honor must be satisfied, too. "Moreover, so long as he does not restore what he has taken away, he remains in fault; and it will not suffice merely to restore what has been taken away, but, considering the contempt offered, he ought to restore more than he took away." This debt creates an imbalance in the moral universe; God cannot simply ignore it according to Anselm. The only way to satisfy the debt was for a being of infinite greatness, acting as a man on behalf of men, to repay the debt of justice owed to God and satisfy the injury to divine honor. In light of this view, the "ransom" that Jesus mentions in the Gospels would be a sacrifice and a debt paid only to God the Father.

Anselm did not speak directly to the later Calvinist concern for the scope of the satisfaction for sins, whether it was paid for all mankind universally or only for limited individuals, but indirectly his language suggests the former. Thomas Aquinas later specifically attributes a universal scope to this atonement theory in keeping with previous Catholic dogma, as do Lutherans at the time of the Reformation.

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas considers the atonement in the Summa Theologiae, developing the now-standard Catholic understanding of atonement. For Aquinas, the main obstacle to human salvation lies in sinful human nature, which damns human beings unless it is repaired or restored by the atonement. In his section on man, he considers whether punishment is good and appropriate. He concludes that:
 * 1) punishment is a morally good response to sin: it is a kind of medicine for sin, and aims at the restoration of friendship between the wrongdoer and the one wronged.
 * 2) "Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins".
 * 3) Atonement is possible by metaphysical union, "The head and members are as one mystic person; and therefore Christ's satisfaction belongs to all the faithful as being His members. Also, in so far as any two men are one in charity, the one can atone for the other as shall be shown later" The offender joins himself metaphysically, via baptism, to the one (Christ) undergoing punishment.

In his section on the Incarnation, Aquinas argues that Christ's death satisfies the penalty owed by sin, and that it was Christ's Passion specifically that was needed to pay the debt of man's sin. For Aquinas, the Passion of Jesus provided the merit needed to pay for sin: "Consequently Christ by His Passion merited salvation, not only for Himself, but likewise for all His members," and that the atonement consisted in Christ's giving to God more "than was required to compensate for the offense of the whole human race." So, Aquinas believes that the atonement is God's solution to two problems. Christ's passion and death, insofar as they serve to make satisfaction, are the solution to the problem of past sin; and, insofar as Christ merits grace by his passion and death, they are the solution to the problem of future sin. In this way, Aquinas articulated the formal beginning of the idea of a superabundance of merit, which became the basis for the Catholic concept of the treasury of merit. Aquinas also articulated the ideas of salvation that are now standard within the Catholic Church: that justifying grace is provided through the sacraments; that the condign merit of our actions is matched by Christ's merit from the treasury of merit; and that sins can be classified as mortal or venial.

This sounds like penal substitution, but Aquinas is careful to say that he does not mean this to be taken in legal terms:

What he means by "satisfactory punishment," as opposed to punishment that is "penal," is essentially the Catholic idea of penance. Aquinas refers to the practice saying, "A satisfactory punishment is imposed upon penitents" and defines this idea of "Satisfactory Punishment" (penance) as a compensation of self-inflicted pain in equal measure to the pleasure derived from the sin. "Punishment may equal the pleasure contained in a sin committed."

Aquinas sees penance as having two functions. First to pay a debt, and second "to serve as a remedy for the avoidance of sin". In this later case he says that "as a remedy against future sin, the satisfaction of one does not profit another, for the flesh of one man is not tamed by another's fast" and again "one man is not freed from guilt by another's contrition." According to Aquinas "Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins." The penance Christ did has its effect in paying the "debt of punishment" incurred by our sin.

This is a concept similar to Anselm's that humans owe a debt of honor to God, with a critical difference: While Anselm said we could never pay this because any good we could do was owed to God anyway, Aquinas says that in addition to our due of obedience we can make up for our debt through acts of penance "man owes God all that he is able to give him...over and above which he can offer something by way of satisfaction". Unlike Anselm, Aquinas claims that we can make satisfaction for our own sin, and that our problem is not our personal sin, but original sin. "Original sin...is an infection of human nature itself, so that, unlike actual sin, it could not be expiated by the satisfaction of a mere man." Thus Christ, as the "second Adam," does penance in our place – paying the debt of our original sin.

Calvin attributes atonement to individuals

John Calvin was one of the first systematic theologians of the Reformation. As such, he wanted to solve the problem of Christ's atonement in a way that he saw as just to the Scriptures and Church Fathers, rejecting the need for condign merit. His solution was that Christ's death on the cross paid not a general penalty for humanity's sins, but a specific penalty for the sins of individual people. That is, when Jesus died on the cross, his death paid the penalty at that time for the sins of all those who are saved (past, present, and future). One obviously necessary feature of this idea is that Christ's atonement is limited in its effect only to those whom God has chosen to be saved, since the debt for sins was paid at a particular point in time (at the crucifixion).

For Calvin, this also required drawing on Augustine's earlier theory of predestination. Additionally, in rejecting the idea of penance, Calvin shifted from Aquinas' idea that satisfaction was penance (which focused on satisfaction as a change in humanity), to the idea of satisfying God's wrath. This ideological shift places the focus on a change in God, who is propitiated through Christ's death. The Calvinist understanding of the atonement and satisfaction is penal substitution: Christ is a substitute taking our punishment and thus satisfying the demands of justice and appeasing God's wrath so that God can justly show grace.

John Stott has stressed that this must be understood not as the Son placating the Father, but rather in Trinitarian terms of the Godhead initiating and carrying out the atonement, motivated by a desire to save humanity. Thus the key distinction of penal substitution is the idea that restitution is made through punishment.

Hence, for Calvin, one is saved by becoming united to Christ through faith. At the point of becoming united with Christ through faith, one receives all the benefits of the atonement. However, because Christ paid for sins when he died, it is not possible for those for whom he died to fail to receive the benefits: the saved are predestined to believe.

Pro

 * "The Satisfaction of Christ" from Charles Hodge's Systematic Theology (part 3, chapter 7), describing the Calvinist and Lutheran view
 * "Theories of the Atonement" from Hodge's Systematic Theology (part 3, chapter 9), discussing other theories of the atonement from the Calvinist/Lutheran perspective
 * "Christ Our Penal Substitute" by R. L. Dabney
 * "The Atonement" by John Murray
 * "The Nature of the Atonement" by John Murray
 * "Pierced for Our Transgressions" Site dedicated to penal substitution
 * "Penal Substitution" by Greg Bahnsen (Calvinist view)
 * "The Judicial and Substitutionary Nature of Salvation" by Greg Bahnsen
 * "Alma and Anselm: Satisfaction Theory in the Book of Mormon" A detailed overview of Anselm's Satisfaction theory of Atonement with a comparison to Book of Mormon theology

Con

 * The Cross of Christ and God's Righteousness Article stating that God's righteousness is not an impersonal legal principle which must be fulfilled
 * The Cross of Christ and God's Righteousness Article stating that God's righteousness is not an impersonal legal principle which must be fulfilled

title: Satisfaction theory of atonement


text:
User:Sgtrutter

Hello im Simon Richardson welcome to my world. heres a brieft run down;

1. The Beggining

2. the present

3. the future

[edit] The Beggining this is still being edited dont touch!

title: User:Sgtrutter


text:
Larry Gomes Stadium

The Larry Gomes Stadium, located in Malabar, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago, is named for West Indies cricketer Larry Gomes. The stadium was constructed for the 2001 U-17 World Cup which was hosted by Trinidad and Tobago. It also hosted games from the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

title: Larry Gomes Stadium


text:
Tile Kolup

Tile Kolup (died 7 July 1285), also known as Dietrich Holzschuh, was an impostor who in 1284 began to pretend to be Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Kolup took advantage of persistent rumors that the emperor, who had died in 1250, was not really dead and was about to return to put in order the matters of the empire. When Kolup first claimed to be the emperor in 1284 in Cologne, he was laughed at, dunked in the sewer, and driven out of the city. He then found strong support in Neuss, and issued his own documents with a fake seal. He joined the enemies of King Rudolph of Habsburg who besieged the city unsuccessfully. In the summer of 1285 Tile Kolup went to Wetzlar where he held court; the origin of the necessary money remains unclear. He even issued privileges under royal seal and was visited by Italian supporters. Rudolph of Habsburg finally captured him in the same year in Wetzlar, where he had him burned at the stake as a heretic.

title: Tile Kolup


text: Category:Småland

title: Category:Småland


text:
Talk:Mark Allen (triathlete)

_ _ So what is being covered up about '94? 2nd? Failed to finish? Injured & couldn't compete? _ _ Year of marriage? (I inferred still married; is that so?) Nationality? --Jerzy•t 16:43, 2005 August 20 (UTC)

text is directly copied from markallenonline
http://www.markallenonline.com/maomallen.asp

Whoever simply cut/pasted from markallenonline is being intellectually lazy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.37.188 (talk) 18:16, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

subject to debate
"...No triathlete has gained the recognition or success that Mark Allen has...." is debatable. Some would argue Paula Newby-Fraser or Dave Scott. I'm just conversing here a bit...if one Googles "most successful triathlete" you get hits for Simon Lessing, Vanessa Fernandes, Emma Carney ...Googling "most famous triathlete" returns hits on Dave Scott...guess I'd petition for the qualifier "arguably" to be added. --Billymac00 (talk) 04:07, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

This page reads like marketing, not reference. Triathlete Mark Allen _should_ have a page, but it needs to be referential, not reverential. Please rewrite this article, or be prepared to have others do it for you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.213.217.230 (talk) 22:54, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

unreferenced/notability
I have replaced the "notability" tag with "unreferenced". There is no doubt about his notability - he is mentioned in plenty of books and articles. I could improve this article, but I have other priorities at the moment. I hope someone else will improve it, he deserves a quality article. --NSH001 (talk) 20:23, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Ironman results
surely he had other than 1st place finishes? table should include the rest ...--Billymac00 (talk) 03:26, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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title: Talk:Mark Allen (triathlete)


text:
Platinum hexafluoride

Platinum hexafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula PtF6, and is one of seventeen known binary hexafluorides. It is a dark-red volatile solid that forms a red gas. The compound is a unique example of platinum in the +6 oxidation state. With only four d-electrons, it is paramagnetic with a triplet ground state. PtF6 is a strong fluorinating agent and one of the strongest oxidants, capable of oxidising xenon and O2. PtF6 is octahedral in both the solid state and in the gaseous state. The Pt-F bond lengths are 185 picometers.

Synthesis
PtF6 was first prepared by reaction of fluorine with platinum metal. This route remains the method of choice.

 * Pt + 3 F2 → PtF6

PtF6 can also be prepared by disproportionation of the pentafluoride (PtF5), with the tetrafluoride (PtF4) as a byproduct. The required PtF5 can be obtained by fluorinating PtCl2:

 * 2 PtCl2 + 5 F2 → 2 PtF5 + 2 Cl2
 * 2 PtF5 → PtF6 + PtF4

Hexafluoroplatinates
Platinum hexafluoride can gain an electron to form the hexafluoroplatinate anion,. It is formed by reacting platinum hexafluoride with relatively uncationisable elements and compounds, for example with xenon to form "" (actually a mixture of, , and ), known as xenon hexafluoroplatinate. The discovery of this reaction in 1962 proved that noble gases form chemical compounds. Previous to the experiment with xenon, had been shown to react with oxygen to form [O2]+[PtF6]−, dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate.

General reading

 * Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

title: Platinum hexafluoride


text:
User talk:Fivemack

Welcome
Welcome!

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A tag has been placed on Bond insurance, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

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Unspecified source for Image:Pierpont_log_distribution.png
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Cubic Hermite spline
I have done some major edits to cubic Hermite spline, that ended up leaving your recent contribution on the $$\mathrm{CINT}_x$$ function sligthly out of context. Would you mind helping out on this issue? I am not quite sure yet how your function arises (though I have my guesses that I haven't had time to prove yet), that is crucial in order to put it into the correct context. Cheers. --Berland (talk) 20:38, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

CINT really lives under 'cubic interpolation' rather than 'cubic Hermite spline' - it's the obvious way of doing one-dimensional cubic interpolation if you have values on an even grid and don't care about derivatives. The right answer in a longer run, I think, is to have cubic interpolation be an article in its own right rather than a redirect, pull across CINT_x to that article, and then have a paragraph about why you really want to care about derivatives and a link to cubic Hermite spline. Feel free to do that now if you want, or I'll have a look later - it's 1:15am here and I'm not awake enough to move large chunks of article around Fivemack (talk) 01:12, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * What I wonder, is that your formula will occur from possibly the finite difference formula stated on that page, given a regular grid, and scaled to the unit interval. If that is the case, it belongs under cubic Hermite spline. Anyway, I don't think we should separate 'cubic interpolation' from 'cubic hermite spline', because of the uniqueness theorem on the unit interval. Your formula has to correspond to a specific choice of tangents. --Berland (talk) 06:48, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * PS: You may use the one or more 'colons' to indent your paragraphs to ease reading on talk pages. Cheers.

Proposed deletion of Paul Zimmermann
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Paul Zimmermann, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Don't tag the elder, I know, but this is so much easier. Sebastian scha. (talk) 01:17, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think maybe just adding some references to his publications might be enough. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:19, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Yaogan article
Hello, Fivemack. Just a brief note to let you know that I've wikified your article Yaogan and tagged it as in need of references. I sense that you have substantive material here that's worthy of inclusion in the encyclopedia, but without verifiable references it will probably become a candidate for deletion. I'm a bit pressed for time at the moment, else I'd hunt around for and add sources. Would you add what you can find to the article? Thanks & regards, Jim Ward (talk·stalk) 17:58, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the wikification. It's quite difficult to give references for anything beyond the existence of the satellites - is it really worth citing the very bland Xinhua news-agency announcements of the launches?  I doubt anyone who knows for sure the characteristics of Chinese recon satellites is contractually permitted to tell us, and I've not seen amateur images of Yaogan or indications that anything might be transmitting in a radar-like way; the orbits are essentially identical and are classic imaging-satellite orbits.  What do you suggest?  Should I see if Aviation Week has a better write-up? Fivemack (talk) 12:32, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the Xinhua pieces are pretty bland, though that adjective is rightfully ascribed to most sources I found dealing with the subject. Regardless, the Xinhua pieces are legitimate sources; I've used one.  Overall, I've cited several more sources, cleaned up the language a bit more, separated each satellite's NORAD ID from its International code in the table.  I've also removed the article tags, as I think it's now sufficiently referenced.  The article could still use more meat, but I think it's somewhere around or a bit beyond Start-Class.  See what you think.  Regards, Jim Ward (talk·stalk) 14:02, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks again, that's much better. I will put in more meat if I find any, but I imagine conclusive information about Chinese spy satellites is not going to be easy to find. Fivemack (talk) 15:03, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Make
I like your rewording here. --Doradus (talk) 17:00, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Jacques Vanneste

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I assume he's notable under academic notability criterion 2 for winning the Adams Prize (most prestigious UK maths prize) in 2010, but I don't know how to undelete the article in order to put that information in Fivemack (talk) 12:09, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Arctic shelf

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Swarts flourination
Good Evening,

Just looking over your new page, Swarts flourination, as part of the new page patrol. Antimony trifluoride seems to cover the same topic. I wonder if you should instead try to improve that page rather than have a seperate one. Nihola (talk) 05:33, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Good point; have set up the redirect and moved the content into SbF3 Fivemack (talk) 14:08, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

April 2011
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 * Goffin's 2014 astrometric reanalysis gives an even lower mass of 2.725 ± 0.12 kg and has 3.00 ± 0.1  kg for 511 Davida.

Nice catch
Hi Thomas, re: [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Bolivia&diff=609241369&oldid=609225037 your edit] to Geography of Bolivia, according to the WikiBlame tool (which is linked as "Revision history search" on the history page), that vandalism was introduced to the article in [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Bolivia&diff=prev&oldid=194647001 February 2008], so it had lasted in the article for over six years! Graham 87 02:29, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of NBASE-T
Hello Fivemack,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged NBASE-T for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly say why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can contest this deletion, but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions.  Rob van  vee  16:48, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

May 2015
Please do not remove maintenance templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to NBASE-T, without resolving the problem that the template refers to, or giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your removal of this template does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Thank you.  Rob van  vee  17:35, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Category:Västmanland

For the present-day Swedish county, see Västmanland County.

title: Category:Västmanland


text:
Talk:Sandnes

untitled
How can somebody claim that Sandnes is a city???? It has no cathedral, only a small population, it's not an old place and no university = town! Fredrik from Sandnes, 20.08.2005, 18:47

By that definition, neither would Bergen (no cathedral that I can remember). Anyway, I think it is a matter of population, not a matter of what is there. Oh and Sandnes is bigger than Drammen and Skien. --ArneHD 15:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If Bergen doesn't have a cathedral, Oslo doesn't have one either, and Trondheim is the only city in Norway. ;) There's no reason why a place can not be a city even if it doesn't have a cathedral - this is not Italy, where every tiny town has a cathedral! --Aqwis 12:56, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

The town of Sandnes doesn´t have a cathedral. This is true. But its inhabitants are a part of the most exciting and dynamic city region in Norway outside Oslo (the capital). I study architecture and most of my teachers advice us to apply for jobs in the Stavanger and Sandnes metropolitan area.

Right now I live in Bergen, and this city indeed have a cathedral. The cathedral even has a bomb shell in its facade! Greetings and welcome to Sandnes/Stavanger and Bergen, Harald Brynlund

3rd paragraph from end
I'd like to suggest that the following sentences be rewritten a bit, to make them closer to the usual English idiom. My version comes after them. Cunningpal 00:09, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

The town also holds a vibrant industry mainly in the Ganddal area in the south and the Lura and Forus area in the north towards the Stavanger boundary. It is a significant activity towards the oil exploration in the North Sea and also a large cluster of IT related companies.

The town also has a vibrant industrial region, mainly in the Ganddal area in the south and the Lura and Forus areas in the north towards the Stavanger boundary. There is significant oil exploration activity in the North Sea, and also a large cluster of Information Technology-related companies.
 * Be bold :) --Aqwis 12:57, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Almost, or actually a twin city?
If you start to walk from Tasta (the northernmost point of the Stavanger/Sandnes metro-area) towards the south, you may continue for 25 km without exiting the conurbation. I think that Stavanger/Sandnes absolutely should be called a Twin city, not 'almost a twin city'. Any comments or suggestions?--Simenhjort (talk) 15:16, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed the text to "form a conurbation". "Conurbation" is "technical" language for an urban area with two or more centres, Stavanger and Sandnes in this case. --Aqwis (talk – contributions) 16:00, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Wrong Location in Google Earth
The placemark currently shown in Google Earth is located at the wrong position. Correct coordinates should be:

5.7396 deg E / 58.8516 deg N
 * Nah, looks good to me, zoom in a bit and you'll see it placed correctly on the bus terminal. Bjelleklang -  talk 18:47, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

The locations in this article (map on main page) and in Google Earth are not the same.

Picture
I guess the picture of a concrete-and-glass bus station is nice enough, but international visitors to this article would probably be more interested in seeing the old part of the city in the background a little better; maybe the waterfront, if there is a port/harbour, or main civic buildings. Bus stations are....well, bus stations...Skookum1 (talk) 03:16, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

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Merging Proposal
Formal request has been received to merge: Sandnes (city) into Sandnes; dated: February 17, 2021. Proposer's Rationale: see above Discuss below. GenQuest "scribble" 11:32, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sandnes


text:
Reik

Reik is a Mexican pop rock band from Mexicali, Baja California, formed in 2003 by Jesús Alberto Navarro Rosas (lead vocals), Julio Ramírez Eguía (guitar, background vocals), and Gilberto Marín Espinoza (guitar). The group's first five albums have been classified as Latin pop, but the group has since transitioned to a more urban-influenced sound since 2015. Reik has won a Latin Billboard Music Award, four Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica awards, and a Latin Grammy.

Formed in 2003, the group released its self-titled debut album in 2005 which featured the singles "Yo Quisiera" and "Qué Vida La Mía". Reik's second studio album, Secuencia, was released on 21 November 2006, anchored by the lead single, "Invierno". On 30 September 2008, Reik released its third studio album Un Día Más, for which the band won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Album by a Duo or Group with Vocals in 2009. The band's following releases Peligro (2011) and Des/Amor (2015) featured a more electronic sound.

Feeling frustrated with the perceived stagnation of Latin pop after the release of Des/Amor, the band evolved its sound and began collaborating with reggaeton artists. The band has since released popular singles "Ya Me Enteré" with Nicky Jam, "Me Niego" with Ozuna, and "Amigos Con Derechos" with Maluma. These singles have charted on numerous Billboard charts and have renewed the band's popularity. The group also collaborated with Korean pop group Super Junior on the song "One More Time (Otra Vez)".

Jesús Alberto Navarro
Jesús Alberto Navarro Rosas is the vocalist. He was born on 9 July 1986, in the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. He started singing at the age of six when he joined a choir at his local church. Growing up his musical influences were very diverse. He was inspired by John Mayer, Justin Timberlake, Robbie Williams, Thalía, and Mónica Naranjo.

Julio Ramírez Eguía
Julio Ramírez Eguía is the guitarist. He was born on 21 December 1987, in the city of Mexicali. He has been playing the guitar since he was twelve years old. Growing up, he was influenced by Further Seems Forever. At nine years old, he was a black belt national champion in karate. When he was about fourteen or fifteen years old, he had his own soccer team and were champions as well.

Gilberto Marín Espinoza
Gilberto Bibi Marín Espinoza is the group's electric guitarist. He was born on 26 January 1983, in the city of Mexicali. He was the last one to join the band. In 2002, he enrolled in the Autonomous University of Baja California in Mexicali but dropped out to focus on his music career. He is married to Kalinda Kano and has two children Jazz and Emil.

2005–2015: Formation and early albums
In 2003, Abelardo Vázquez ended their then-nascent musical project, tentatively called "Reik". Vázquez invited Jesús Navarro and Julio Ramirez to record their first demos, which were released through the Mexican underground club scene. Two of the most successful demos — "Levemente" and "Ahora Sin Ti" — brought more widespread coverage across Mexico. In early 2004, Reik invited Gilberto to join the band. On 24 May 2005, Reik released their self-titled debut album, produced by Kiko Cibrián. The group's name actually means "rake" (as in raking the guitar's strings), but the band wanted their non-English speaking Mexican listeners to pronounce it correctly, hence, Reik. The first single "Yo Quisiera" got heavy rotation on Mexican pop radio stations and soon went to number one. Their second single "Qué Vida La Mía" also topped the Mexican charts as did their third single "Noviembre Sin Ti". Their fourth single, "Niña", failed to match the success of their previous singles, charting only at number 33.

Reik's debut album went gold in Mexico on 6 May 2005 after selling 50,000 copies. In June 2005, Reik traveled to the United States to promote their album and its first single. They had a promotional mini-tour that visited Miami, McAllen, San Antonio, Houston, Dallas, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and New York. The album was formally released in the United States in May of that same year. To date, the album has sold 40,000 copies in the United States alone. By May, the album was certified platinum in Mexico for selling 120,000 copies. Holi copies all over America to date. On 6 July 2007, Reik participated in the Alltel Wireless "Mi Círculo, Mi Música" (My Circle, My Music) concert in El Paso, Texas.

On 8 August 2013, Reik performed at the concert of MBLAQ at the Pepsi Center in Mexico City as guest performers and on 29 October, they performed at the 2013 Seoul International Music Fair in Seoul, South Korea.

2015–present: Transition to urban music and successful singles
While finishing its sixth studio album Des/Amor the band members began to feel frustrated with the state of Latin pop music and longed for a change. Espinoza recalled, “Traditional romantic pop was in a rut...We needed to renovate ourselves.” The group enlisted reggaeton singer Nicky Jam in 2016 for a remix of "Ya Me Enteré" from Des/Amor, which became the group's first platinum-certified single. The band initially struggled with the transition from pop to urban music, with Eguía noting, “We were used to doing verse, pre-chorus, chorus, repeat, bridge, chorus. In the urban world, they're like, ‘hell no!’ For them, it's introduction, chorus, the rap part, then second chorus.” In May 2018, Reik released the single "Me niego" with Puerto Rican reggaeton singer Ozuna. "Me niego" won best Latin Pop Song of the Year at the 2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards. The song's accompanying music video was filmed in Miami and was described by Marjua Estevez of Billboard as a "heart-racing, action-packed drama".

In November 2018, the band's collaboration with Colombian singer Maluma on the single "Amigos Con Derechos" became Reik's second number one song on the Billboard Latin Pop songs chart. "Amigos Con Derechos" discusses a couple that is in love but wants to remain "friends with benefits". The group continued collaborating with urban singers, with the band enjoying the "natural disposition that urban superstars have. They help each other in collaborations, and the union they have is admirable." In May 2019, the group renewed its contract with Sony Music Mexico. Reik made its first collaboration with a K-pop group in October 2019 when it collaborated with Korean pop group Super Junior on the song “One More Time (Otra Vez)”. The single debuted at number five on the Billboard Latin Pop Digital Song Sales chart. On 9 April 2020, the group performed a live virtual concert via YouTube while in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic with Navarro broadcasting from New York City, Ramírez from San Diego, and Marín from Playa del Carmen, Mexico.

Latin American Music Award
The Latin American Music Awards is an annual American music award that is presented by Telemundo to recognize outstanding achievement in the Latin music industry. Reik has received three nominations.

 * 2015 || Reik || Favorite Pop/Rock Duo or Group || Nominated
 * 2017 || Reik || Favorite Pop/Rock Duo or Group || Nominated
 * 2018 || "Me Niego" || Favorite Pop Song || Nominated
 * 2019 || "Amigos Con Derecho" || Favorite Pop Song || Nominated
 * }
 * 2018 || "Me Niego" || Favorite Pop Song || Nominated
 * 2019 || "Amigos Con Derecho" || Favorite Pop Song || Nominated
 * }
 * }

Latin Grammy Awards
A Latin Grammy Award is an accolade by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. Reik has received one award from five nominations.

 * 2005 || Reik || Best New Artist || Nominated
 * 2009 || Un Día Más || Best Pop Album by a Duo or Group with Vocals || Won
 * 2012 || Peligro || Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || "Creo en Ti" || Song of the Year || Nominated
 * 2016 || Des/Amor || Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album || Nominated
 * }
 * 2012 || "Creo en Ti" || Song of the Year || Nominated
 * 2016 || Des/Amor || Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album || Nominated
 * }
 * 2016 || Des/Amor || Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album || Nominated
 * }
 * }

LOS40 Music Awards
The Premios 40 Principales are awarded by the radio station Los 40 to recognize the best in Spanish and international music. Reik has received one award from three nominations.

 * 2012 || Reik || Premios 40 Principales for Best America Pop Act || Nominated
 * 2018 || "Me Niego" || LOS40 Global Show Award || Won
 * 2020 || "Enemigos" (with Aitana) || Best Spanish Video || Pending
 * }
 * 2020 || "Enemigos" (with Aitana) || Best Spanish Video || Pending
 * }
 * }

Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica
The MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica were awarded by Viacom International Media Networks The Americas to celebrate the top music videos of the year in Latin America and the world. Reik has received four awards from five nominations.

 * 2005 || Reik || Best Group or Duet || Won
 * 2005 || Reik || Best Pop Artist || Nominated
 * 2005 || Reik || Best Artist — North || Won
 * 2005 || Reik || Best New Artist — North || Won
 * 2009 || Reik || Best Pop Artist || Won
 * }
 * 2005 || Reik || Best New Artist — North || Won
 * 2009 || Reik || Best Pop Artist || Won
 * }
 * 2009 || Reik || Best Pop Artist || Won
 * }

MTV Europe Music Award
The MTV Europe Music Awards are awarded by Viacom International Media Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture. Reik has received two nominations.

 * 2013 || Reik || Best Latin America North Act || Nominated
 * 2018 || Reik || Best Latin America North Act || Nominated
 * }
 * 2018 || Reik || Best Latin America North Act || Nominated
 * }

MTV Millennial Awards
The MTV Millennial Awards is an annual Latin American music award presented by the cable channel MTV Latin America to honor the best of Latin music and the digital world of the millennial generation. Reik has received two nominations.

 * 2018 || Reik || Most Awesome Artist || Nominated
 * 2018 || "Me Niego" || Collaboration of the Year || Nominated
 * }
 * 2018 || "Me Niego" || Collaboration of the Year || Nominated
 * }

Premios Lo Nuestro
The Premios Lo Nuestro are awarded annually by television network Univision. Reik has received 24 nominations, and one of them.

 * 2006 || Reik || Best New Artist || Nominated
 * 2007 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2008 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2008 || Secuencia || Pop Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2009 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2010 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || Peligro || Pop Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || "Peligro" || Pop Song of the Year || Nominated
 * 2013 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2014 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2017 || Reik || Best Pop Group or Duo of the Year || Nominated
 * 2017 || Des/Amor || Pop Album of the Year || Nominated
 * 2017 || "Ya Me Enteré" || Pop Song of the Year || Nominated
 * rowspan="10" align="center" | 2020
 * rowspan="2" | "Themselves"
 * Artist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Pop/Rock Group or Duo of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Ahora
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="4" | Un Año
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Pop/Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Pop/Rock Collaboration of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Aleluya" – Reik and Manuel Turizo
 * Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | Amigos Con Derechos
 * Pop/Rock Collaboration of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Urban/Pop Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * rowspan="4" | Un Año
 * Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Pop/Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Pop/Rock Collaboration of the Year
 * Nominated
 * "Aleluya" – Reik and Manuel Turizo
 * Video of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2" | Amigos Con Derechos
 * Pop/Rock Collaboration of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Urban/Pop Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Pop/Rock Collaboration of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Urban/Pop Song of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

Premios Juventud
The Premios Juventud are awarded annually by television network Univision. Reik has received one nomination.

 * 2017 || "Qué Gano Olvidándote" || Best Song For Singing || Nominated
 * }
 * }

Premios Tu Mundo
The Premios Tu Mundo are awarded annually by television network Telemundo. Reik has received three nominations.

 * 2014 || Reik || Favorite Duo or Group || Nominated
 * 2016 || Reik || Favorite Pop Artist || Nominated
 * 2017 || Reik || Favorite Pop Artist by iHeartRadio || Nominated
 * }
 * 2017 || Reik || Favorite Pop Artist by iHeartRadio || Nominated
 * }
 * }

title: Reik


text:
Alula of Yejju

Alula of Yejju was the son of Ras Ali I of Yejju (son of Abba Seru Gwangul) and cousin of Ras Gugsa. He was the first husband of Menen Liben Amede and father of her son, Ras Ali II, while governor of Damot, Ethiopia.

title: Alula of Yejju


text:
Category:Anthochaera

Anthochaera is a genus of the family Meliphagidae.

title: Category:Anthochaera


text:
Category:Slackware

This category is for Linux distributions based on Slackware, features of Slackware, and related things.

title: Category:Slackware


text:
Mima

Mima may refer to:

Places

 * In Japan
 * Mima, Tokushima, city in western Tokushima prefecture
 * Mima District, Tokushima in Tokushima Prefecture
 * Mima, Ehime, town in the Kitauwa District, Ehime

 * In the United States
 * Mima, Kentucky, unincorporated community
 * Mima, Washington, unincorporated community

 * Elsewhere
 * Mima (Tanzanian ward), ward in Tanzania

Name

 * Mima Ito, (伊藤 美誠) (born 2000), Japanese table tennis player
 * Mima Jaušovec (born 1956), Slovenian tennis player
 * Mima Shimoda (下田 美馬), Japanese wrestler
 * Mima Soust, pseudonym of Uruguayan teacher and poet Alcira Soust Scaffo (1924–1997)
 * Hiroko Mima (美馬 寛子), Japanese fashion model
 * Manabu Mima (美馬 学), Japanese professional baseball pitcher
 * Ryoko Mima (美馬 怜子), Japanese model
 * Kunioki Mima (三間 圀興), Japanese plasma physicist

Other uses

 * Mima, a deified, semi-mystical machine in Harry Martinson's poem Aniara
 * Mima (film), a 1991 French film featuring Nino Manfredi
 * mima, the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art
 * Mima mounds, a geological or ecological formation on the Mima Prairie in Thurston County, Washington
 * Mima, a character from the dōjin game series Touhou Project
 * Mima Kirigoe, a character in the 1997 anime film Perfect Blue
 * MiMa, migration-manager, a tool for diagnosing binary incompatibilities for libraries generated with the Scala programming language

title: Mima


text:
Talk:Hermarchus

Images help needed
If someone knows how to do it, then please upload and link an image related to this article. I frankly dont understand how do to so yet. While I'm uncertain of their status regarding copyright issues, here are some possibilities: http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/VExhibition/images/3318.jpg (fragment of Hermarchus' Against Empedocles) http://www.epicurus.net/images/hermarchus.GIF (marble head of Hermarchus) http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/hermarchus.jpg (marble head of Hermarchus) http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Portraits/Hermarchos.jpg (marble head of Hermarchus)

- Aldux 16:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Hermarchus


text: User talk:216.138.217.130

title: User talk:216.138.217.130


text:
User talk:TMoose

Welcome
Good job on the Rugby edits!

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 16:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:LoftusVersfeldStadium.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:LoftusVersfeldStadium.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. cohesion ★ talk 04:21, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LoftusVersfeldStadium.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:LoftusVersfeldStadium.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. CLW 10:33, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:DocCraven.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:DocCraven.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 20:56, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:BlueBullsLogo.gif
This is an automated message from a robot. You have recently uploaded Image:BlueBullsLogo.gif. The file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:54, 12 September 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. If you believe you received this message in error, please notify the bot's owner. OsamaKBOT 19:54, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:TMoose