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A2 road (Northern Ireland)

The A2 is a major road in Northern Ireland, a considerable length of which is often referred to the Antrim Coast Road because much of it follows the scenic coastline of County Antrim; other parts of the road follow the coasts in Counties Down and Londonderry.

Mainly a single lane in each direction, the road follows most of the coastline of Northern Ireland. It is connected in several places to other major roads.

Route
The road begins in the city of Newry, County Down and heads south-east over the alignment of the former Newry, Warrenpoint and Rostrevor Railway through the fishing towns of Warrenpoint, Rostrevor and Kilkeel.

After Dundrum the road continues via Ardglass to Strangford, where it uses a ferry across Strangford Lough to reach Portaferry. From there it meets the Irish Sea coast of the Ards Peninsula at Cloughey, and follows it through Portavogie, Ballyhalbert, Millisle and Donaghadee to Bangor, County Down, from where it becomes a major dual carriageway leading to Belfast.

After its intersection with the M3, it continues through Belfast City Centre's complex one-way system via the Queen's Bridge and Queen Elizabeth Bridge, past the Custom House and on along Corporation Street, eventually joining York Road. Along this stretch and further out the Shore Road, the main route runs along the line of the M2 and M5, to a point where the M5 ends in Newtownabbey in the northern suburbs of Belfast.

After a suburban stretch through Jordanstown, Greenisland, Carrickfergus, Eden and Whitehead, the road enters open countryside on its way to Larne, where the most noteworthy section of the road, the Antrim Coast Road, begins.

After winding around the eastern coast from Larne to Cushendall the road continues along the north coast to Ballycastle before travelling along the Giant's Causeway Coast to Portrush and on through Coleraine where it crosses the River Bann using the Coleraine Bridge and then Derry, where it crosses the River Foyle using the Craigavon Bridge. From Derry, there are two separate routes to the border with the Republic of Ireland: one branch becomes the N13 which continues to Letterkenny in County Donegal; the other branch runs to Culmore, County Londonderry, meeting the border at Muff, County Donegal.

Narrow Water bridge
In June 2024, construction began on the Narrow Water bridge connecting the road to the R173 road in County Meath, under the Shared Island scheme.

Antrim Coast Road
The Antrim Coast Road is regarded as one of the great tourist routes of the world. This part of the road has seen a dramatic increase in traffic in recent years (in particular during warmer weather). It runs along the coast for about 25 mi, from the Black Arch near Larne to the Red Arch near Cushendall, passing through the villages of Ballygalley, Glenarm, Carnlough and Waterfoot. Motorists, cyclists and pedestrians should pay due care and attention as there are currently no cycle lanes and footpaths are infrequent.

Early in the 19th century, in the reign of William IV, the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland reported that the Glens of Antrim were "cut off from any reasonable communication by the badness of roads over mountains and slopes varying from 1 in 6 to 1 in 12". The Commissioners conceived a great project to build the Antrim Coast Road to give better access for the inhabitants, open up the Glens for trade, and give a form of unemployment relief.

The Antrim Coast Road was promoted by the Commissioners, but it was their civil engineer, William Bald, who had the vision of building the road along the foot of the cliffs. He did so between 1832 and 1842, supervised by the County Surveyors of the day – Thomas Woodhouse (1832–1836) and Charles Lanyon (1836–1842).

It was a great achievement for its day and made a great difference to the people of the Glens. Before the road was built they sailed across the North Channel to Scotland to trade their goods, because the short sea crossing was easier than travel by land to the nearest market town.

William Bald had the vision of building the road along the foot of the cliffs, some of them over 330 ft high. This was a novel idea, as previous plans had been to build the road some distance inland. But this would have meant steep gradients as the road traversed the valleys of the Glens as they ran down from the Antrim Plateau to the sea. Bald decided to blast the cliff face which then fell down onto the foreshore to form the base for the new road.

In his report to the Commissioners Bald stated: "'30,0000 cubic yards of rock have been hurled down on the shore almost entirely by blasting, which has been executed by care and judgement. This has been greatly assisted by the use of Beckford's Patent Safety fuse, an invention of the greatest certainty and economy which reduces, in a great degree, the chance of those accidents to which the operation of the miners has been particularly liable.'"

The Antrim Coast Road was completed in 1842 at a cost of £37,140 – some £12,000 over budget – much to the displeasure of the Commissioners. It then remained largely unchanged until the late 1960s. But there were frequent rockfalls because the geology of the Antrim Coast is Ulster White Limestone, greatly faulted and fissured, which bears a considerable overburden of basalt, also weathered and rotten near the surface.

In February 1967 there was a major fall of rock onto the road south of Glenarm, and in May 1967 there was another which completely blocked the road. At this point the cliffs are about 330 ft high so Antrim County Council decided to build a new road 100 ft on the seaward side of the old one. The Council did the work largely by direct labour and started to acquire the plant and equipment needed for the job. The council opened a quarry and began to build a new embankment, but on the night of 31 October 1968 there was a one in 70-year storm that washed away the part of the causeway that had not yet been protected by rock armour. The work resumed in 1969 and a reinforced concrete sea wall was built, again by direct labour. Altogether 97,000 tonnes of rock armour were placed and the scheme was completed in November 1970, over three years after the road was closed.

William Bald was a civil engineer who left a great legacy to the people of the Glens of Antrim, and created one of the finest tourist routes in the World. But despite extensive research no portrait of him can be found.

Bald has two memorials. The first is a small plaque on the road just north of Larne. A second memorial was erected in August 2008 in Burntisland by the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Burntisland Heritage Trust.

Ian Paisley, the long-standing Member of Parliament for North Antrim, called the road "one of the most beautiful in the whole of the United Kingdom".

Tourist attractions
Owing to its length and the fact that it follows the coast, the road passes a large number of Northern Ireland's tourist attractions. These include:

 * The Mourne Mountains.
 * Carrickfergus Castle, a Norman castle built in 1177.
 * The Glens of Antrim, a series of steep coastal valleys and hills with spectacular scenery.
 * Ballycastle, site of the 400-year-old Ould Lammas Fair.
 * Bushmills, site of the Old Bushmills Distillery which was founded in 1608.
 * Dunluce Castle, dating from the 13th century and battered by the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge, a rope bridge to the tiny Carrick Island.
 * Portrush, and the nearby Giant's Causeway.
 * Derry and its Walled City.

title: A2 road (Northern Ireland)


text:
Aboite Township, Allen County, Indiana

Aboite Township is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 35,765, up from 28,338 in 2000.

History
Aboite Township was named from the Aboite Creek, which is derived from the French word for "minnow".

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 33.35 sqmi, of which 33.33 sqmi (or 99.94%) is land and 0.03 sqmi (or 0.09%) is water.

Cities and towns

 * Fort Wayne (western portion)

Fort Wayne incorporated approximately 12 sqmi of Aboite territory effective January 1, 2006.

Unincorporated towns

 * Dunfee (partial) at 41.0856°N, -85.33636°W
 * Ellison at 41.02783°N, -85.25581°W
 * Ellisville at 41.0181°N, -85.28414°W
 * Timbercrest at 41.01727°N, -85.31497°W

Fort Wayne neighborhoods

 * Brierwood Hills at 41.05533°N, -85.23414°W
 * Covington Dells at 41.06949°N, -85.23303°W
 * Forest Ridge at 41.02199°N, -85.27331°W
 * Liberty Hills at 41.03338°N, -85.26636°W
 * Manor Woods at 41.02533°N, -85.26219°W
 * Parkway Hills at 41.02838°N, -85.26442°W
 * Rolling Hills at 41.02727°N, -85.26803°W
 * Westlakes at 41.04205°N, -85.26594°W
 * Westlawn at 41.08033°N, -85.22747°W

Adjacent townships

 * Lake Township (north)
 * Washington Township (northeast)
 * Wayne Township (east)
 * Lafayette Township (south)
 * Jackson Township, Huntington County (southwest)
 * Jefferson Township, Whitley County (west)
 * Union Township, Whitley County (northwest)

Cemeteries
The township contains these two cemeteries: Covington Memorial Gardens and Oak Grove.

Airports and landing strips

 * Dennis Airport

School districts

 * Metropolitan School District of Southwest Allen County

Political districts

 * Indiana's 3rd congressional district
 * State House District 82
 * State House District 83
 * State Senate District 16

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aboite Township, Allen County, Indiana


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Weirdo beardcore

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Joolz 17:38, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Weirdo beardcore
According to the article, a Village Voice columnist coined the term for an article. From Google searching, use hasn't spread. delete lots of issues | leave me a message 09:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, apparent neologism. --Angr/undefined 09:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn./rubbish! UniReb 12:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as arcane, pop-subculture reference.   paul klenk 12:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, anyone can make up a music genre. the wub  "?/!"  13:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. -- BD2412 talk 13:46, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I agree with reasons stated. Punkmorten 21:19, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Kritarchy

Kritarchy, also called kritocracy, was the system of rule by Biblical judges (שופטים, shoftim) in ancient Israel, started by Moses according to the Book of Exodus, before the establishment of a united monarchy under Saul.

Because the name is a compound of the Greek words κριτής, krites ("judge") and ἄρχω, árkhō ("to rule"), its colloquial use has expanded to cover rule by judges in the modern sense as well. To contrast such a rule by (modern) judges with the actual form of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, judge Albie Sachs coined the term dikastocracy for it, from δικαστής ("judge"), rejecting the coinage "juristocracy" for being an admixture of Latin and Greek. The word "jurocracy" has also been used by others.

Contrast to extant system
Sachs and others rejected the idea that the Constitutional Court of South Africa, on which he sat, was a dikastocracy; using the name to denote what they asserted the Court not to be. It was used in a 1996 Court opinion that rejected the "horizontal" application (between citizens as opposed to "vertical" application between citizens and the government) of the RSA constitution's Bill of Rights and warned that "horizontal" application would turn the republic into such a dikastocracy.

Others have similarly used this as an inverse definition to denote what they assert their form of government is not. Supreme Court of the United States justice Stanley Forman Reed, the last dissenter to be convinced in the decision on Brown v. Board of Education used kritarchy as the name for the judicial activism that he initially dissented from, asking his clerk (John Fassett) who argued with the direction to write a dissenting opinion whether he (Fassett) favoured a kritarchy. Fassett was unfamiliar with the word, and Reed told him to look it up. Fassett could not find it in several dictionaries, finally locating it in the Oxford English Dictionary.

The actual term that Reed used was "krytocracy" and he described it as a "government by judges."

According to van Notten
This form of rule (in the non-Biblical sense) is the case of Somalia, ruled by judges with the polycentric legal tradition of xeer. The definition employed by Michael van Notten (based upon one by Frank van Dun) is not, strictly, that of rule by judges, judges not being a formal political class but rather people selected at random to perform that task ad hoc; but rather is that of a legal and political system whose closest analogue in other societies is that of a system based entirely upon customary rather than statutory law. Ayittey referred to this as a "near-Kritarchy". Van Notten himself argues that with few exceptions, the system of government which he denotes a kritarchy is "harmonious with the concept of natural law" and "very close to what in philosophy might be called 'the natural order of human beings'".

Heterodox opinions
In the opinion of libertarian anthropologist Spencer McCallum, the kritarchy represents the governance of stateless societies, explaining that Somali tribal governments were made up of courts and part-time police.

Potential kritarchies
Many legal scholars and commentators have spoken of the potential for systems to move to a form of kritarchy, viewing such in a negative light. A specific example is the Constitution of the Philippines which allows for direct rule by the Supreme Court should the Executive commit a "grave abuse", which is not defined in law.

Historical examples
Ireland had a system of kritarchy from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE under the Brehon Law, the Brehons being the class of Druid Judges. A kritarchy system was also present in medieval Ireland until the 13th century.

The Icelandic Commonwealth between the 9th and 13th century has been labelled as a kritarchy by David D. Friedman and Einar Olgeirsson.

The Sardinian medieval kingdoms, also called the Judicates, from the 10th to 14th centuries.

Frisia, at the end of the Frisian freedom, in the 16th century had a system of kritarchy.

Islamic Courts Union from 1994 to 2006 in Somalia, following the legal system of xeer.

In popular culture

 * The fictional regime of Mega-city One, the focus of setting for the Judge Dredd franchise, can be described as a kritarchy.

title: Kritarchy


text:
ALCS transaction monitor

ALCS, which stands for Airline Control System, is an application server that provides industrial-strength, online transaction management for mission-critical applications.

ALCS is a transaction processing monitor for the IBM System/360, System/370, System/390, and IBM Z mainframes. It is a variant of TPF specially designed to provide all the benefits of TPF (very high speed, high volume, and high availability in transaction processing) but with the advantages such as easier integration into the data center offered by running on a standard IBM operating system platform.

Like TPF, it is primarily used in the airline, hotel, and banking industries.

Whereas TPF runs as a stand-alone OS, ALCS is designed to run as an application on top of MVS/OS/390/z/OS. However, the API it provides to applications is very similar to that on TPF, so applications written for TPF can run on ALCS with minimal modifications: typically fewer modifications than are required to move from one release of TPF to another. ALCS 2.3.1 runs on OS/390 2.10 and z/OS. ALCS 2.4.1 was released in June 2008.

Because it runs under standard IBM operating systems, it can easily leverage other developments or enhancements on those platforms. For example, to enable MQSeries for TPF required the porting, modification, and authoring of large volumes of code. To enable this on ALCS, only an interface to the MQ product on z/OS needed to be written. And any enhancements made to MQ Series on z/OS by the MQ team are available without any additional work on the part of the ALCS development team. This also applies to TCP/IP, Db2, VTAM, to a certain extent language support and even basic disk I/O.

title: ALCS transaction monitor


text:
User talk:Tardicus

Hello!

While here at Wikipedia I wouldnt mind collaborating on some surf related articles, so just drop me a line if you are interested.

-Tardicus 9/2/05 -2:44 AM Pacific

Shaun Tomson
I have merged the 8 edits of "Shaun Thomson" with the 7 edits of "Shaun Tomson" and the entire history now sits at the correct title. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. Also, the "wrong spelling" will be kept as a redirect, in case of accidental linking/searching, at least until we document a notable person whose name is spelled the other way. Happy editing. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( [ TALK ] )  15:16, Dec. 19, 2005

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Tardicus! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:50, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Shaun Tomson -

title: User talk:Tardicus


text:
Above Church

Above Church is a hamlet about 0.6 km northwest of Ipstones in the English county of Staffordshire. It is located at.

title: Above Church


text:
Talk:Cut Copy

Untitled

 * From what I know, Franz Ferdinand probably first heard of Cut Copy around 2004/2005 through a friend Nick McCarthy's. They checked Cut Copy out at some festival, liked what they heard, and that's how Cut Copy got to tour with them last year on their North American tour.

Shouldn't the article be entitled 'Cut/Copy', as per the website? 84.12.67.120 12:15, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cutcopyband.jpg
Image:Cutcopyband.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:42, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

New photo
Let's try for a new photo of Cut Copy...the one that's up there now is, what, a million years old? It's making the article stale. Also, it features only two out of the four members of the band. Time for a change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.134.64.199 (talk) 20:52, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

Discography
Just wondering if the band needs a separate Discography?

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174953/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2011 to http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2011

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External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Cut Copy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080722171207/http://undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=4417 to http://undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=4417

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title: Talk:Cut Copy


text:
Peach-Pit (manga artist duo)

Peach-Pit (ピーチ・ピット) is a female manga artist duo in Japan, made up of Banri Sendo (千道 万里) and Shibuko Ebara (えばら 渋子). Their group name derives from the diner hangout Peach-Pit from the TV show Beverly Hills, 90210. Although both have similar styles, with some artwork it is possible to identify which artist drew it. Both are known for their bishōjo styled works.

The two of them grew up together and went to the same elementary school and have been best friends ever since. Both started as dōjinshi manga artists, but not as Peach-Pit. Then they were scouted by Dengeki Comic Gao!. In 2008, one of their manga, Shugo Chara!, was awarded the Kodansha Manga Award for best children's manga. Shugo Chara was also turned later into an anime television series.

Critical reception
A review of Peach Pit's work states; "What sets Shugo Chara! above other manga aimed at a younger audience is the underlying message that the mangakas incorporated. In the manga, the main characters work hard to protect other children and never give up on their dreams." This is seen as an encouragement by the authors to "search out your potential, realize your dreams, and support the dreams of your friends is a powerful and positive topic. It can inspire people of any age, as shown in the story."

title: Peach-Pit (manga artist duo)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Julia set

Julia set

Public domain, user created image created by commons:User:Solkoll. I like the top one better, but both are equally pretty. The top one is in Julia set but the bottom one doesn't have an article attached to it. I'm nominating the top one, but I figured as an alternate, add the other one as well. The multi-colored one is a featured picture on Commons.

Raven4x4x 05:13, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 09:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support first. I don't like the banding or the garish colors on the second. —Cryptic (talk) 02:32, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -Don't think we need more than one FP fractal. Seen a few and you've seen em all IMHO. --Deglr6328 02:56, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. We can have a few, but I've seen more stunning ones before. Enochlau 13:16, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Aprose. The current FP fractals are better. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-09-4 17:16


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Robert A. Schuller

Robert Anthony Schuller (born October 7, 1954) is an American author, televangelist and pastor. He is the only son of Crystal Cathedral founders Robert H. Schuller and Arvella Schuller. He was formerly a minister on the Hour of Power weekly television program broadcast from the Crystal Cathedral in Orange County, California. He appeared on the program almost every week from 1976. He was installed as the senior pastor in January 2006 but, according to the Hour of Power website, he resigned as senior pastor on November 29, 2008. He continues his ministry with Robert Schuller Ministries.

Life and ministry
Schuller was born in Blue Island, Illinois and raised in Garden Grove, California until 3rd Grade, when his family moved to Santa Ana where he attended Santa Ana High School. He graduated in 1976 from Hope College in Holland, Michigan, with a bachelor's degree in ancient civilization. He was also employed at the Crystal Cathedral, leading worship services on Sunday evenings, developing a 24-hour prayer group and organizing small group fellowships and appearing on the Hour of Power reading scripture and occasionally preaching. In 1980, Schuller became an ordained minister in the Reformed Church in America, after receiving a Master of Divinity degree from Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. He received an honorary doctorate degree from National Hispanic University in San Jose, California in 1996. He received another honorary doctorate from the California Graduate School of Theology in 2008.

Schuller has four grown children, two granddaughters and two grandsons. He lives in Newport Beach, California. Schuller's first marriage ended in divorce in 1983 and he married his current wife, Donna, on November 10, 1984.

In 1981, Schuller founded Rancho Capistrano Community Church in San Juan Capistrano, California, where he served as senior pastor for over 20 years.

From 1995 to 2000, Schuller hosted a one-hour live coast-to-coast radio show. The program revolved around health and wellness and featured a number of guest stars, including Larry King, Robert Atkins, and Elizabeth Dole.

On October 25, 2008, his father announced that Schuller had been removed from the Hour of Power television program, citing "a lack of shared vision". In a prepared statement, founder Robert H. Schuller stated that "different ideas as to the direction and the vision for this ministry" with his son "made it necessary ... to part ways in the Hour of Power television ministry". It was subsequently announced on November 29, 2008, that Schuller had resigned from his position as senior pastor of the Crystal Cathedral.

Business
Chris Wyatt and Schuller founded Comstar Media Fund, LP in 2008 to develop interactive technologies and purchase media properties during the financial crisis. Within six months, the fund had purchased two nationally distributed cable television networks (American Life and FamilyNet) as well as FamilyNet Radio. Shortly thereafter, the company founded Youtoo Technologies, LLC to continue to invent and patent groundbreaking technologies. In 2011, Comstar Media Fund, LP was rebranded Youtoo Media Fund, LP and the company launched the world’s first interactive TV network, Youtoo TV. Since 2011, the fund has divested both cable networks and is focused on monetizing the patent portfolio and interactive technologies.

title: Robert A. Schuller


text:
Jernbanetorget station

Jernbanetorget is both a rapid transit station on the Oslo Metro and a tram stop of the Oslo Tramway. The metro station is in the Common Tunnel used by all lines under the city centre. It is located between Stortinget to the west and Grønland to the east. Until the construction of the station at Stortinget, Jernbanetorget was the end station for the eastern lines in downtown. Along with the Oslo Central Station, Oslo Bus Terminal and the tram and bus station above ground, Jernbanetorget is the largest transport hub in Norway.

All six of the subway lines (including the Ring Route - which is a part of Line 5) pass through the station, totaling 24 departures per hour during most of the day. The station is 0.5 km from Stortinget and submerged 5.2 m below sea level.

It is also the central hub of the tram network with five of the six lines using either the platform in front of Christiania Hotel or the one in front of the public transport information centre, Trafikanten. The sixth line, line 13, does not serve Jernbanetorget, but it stops nearby at Dronningens gate.

History
The tram stop opened as part of the Briskeby Line on 3 March 1894. It was originally operated by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei and ran from the Oslo East Station to Majorstuen. There were several other lines that originally terminated here including the Frogner Line and the Skillebekk Line. In 1924, the tram companies were merged to create Oslo Sporveier, which now operated the station. Afterwards, the square of Jernbanetorget, became a location to transfer between other tram lines. There was also a trolleybus route that operated and terminated here in the mid-20th century. Also during the 1950s, the square had a complicated track arrangement. When the original Gamleby Line's tracks were shifted to run through Schweigaards gate in 1960, the trams on the Ekeberg Line terminated here. In 1966, the metro station called Jernbanetorget was established. The metro station was originally the terminus of metro's eastbound lines until Stortinget was built in 1977.

title: Jernbanetorget station


text:
Above Rocks

Above Rocks is a town in the parish of Saint Catherine in Jamaica.

Above Rocks was populated in the early 19th century by (Roman Catholic) refugees from the Haitian revolution. St Mary's College, a Catholic secondary school, can be found in the town of Above Rocks.

title: Above Rocks


text: Category:Middlesbrough F.C. players

title: Category:Middlesbrough F.C. players


text:
Bobby Osborne

Bobby Van Osborne (December 7, 1931 – June 27, 2023) was an American bluegrass musician. He was the co-founder (with his brother Sonny) of the Osborne Brothers, a member of the Grand Ole Opry, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame. Osborne was a member of the United States Marine Corps, received a Purple Heart for his service, and was honorably discharged in 1953.

Osborne was an instructor of bluegrass music at the Kentucky School of Bluegrass and Traditional Music in Hyden, Kentucky, and his primary instrument was the mandolin.

Early life
Osborne was born in Thousandsticks in Leslie County, Kentucky. While growing up, he helped his father and grandfather at the older man's general store. At the same time he was attracted to the music of the Grand Ole Opry and eventually dropped out of high school to form a band with his brother, Sonny. He helped develop the vocal trio concept in bluegrass music by putting the melody in the tenor voice, instead of putting it in one of the lower voice registers.

Career
Bobby Osborne released many recordings since the 1950s. The Osborne Brothers recordings of "Rocky Top", and "Kentucky" were named official state songs of Tennessee and Kentucky, respectively. Osborne was drafted into the U.S. Marine Corps in 1951 and served in the Korean War. He was wounded in action and received the Purple Heart.

"Bobby knew nothing about bluegrass music. He was listening to the Grand Ole Opry one night on WSM radio. He liked the sound of that banjo, and found out later on it was Earl Scruggs playing a tune called 'Cumberland Gap.' From then on he became interested in that type of music." He appeared on many shows with Ernest Tubb, playing guitar and singing. Ernest Tubb suggested that Bobby play the mandolin to complement his high tenor voice. He took the advice and it remained one of his main instruments for the rest of his career.

Osborne's 2017 solo album ORIGINAL was his first album since Bluegrass & Beyond in 2009. The album was the product of Osborne's collaboration with Peter Rowan, which led him to another collaboration with Alison Brown. The album features many bluegrass/Americana musicians and artists including Vince Gill, Sam Bush, Jim Lauderdale, Sierra Hull, Claire Lynch, Del McCoury, Ronnie McCoury, Robbie McCoury, Stuart Duncan and Rob Ickes.

Osborne also wrote the song, "Windy City" in 1972, later recorded by Alison Krauss on her LP "Windy City." Krauss recorded the song with Suzanne and Sidney Cox and performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live.

Osborne continued to perform with his band, the Rocky Top X-Press, until his death in 2023.

Death
Osborne died at a hospital in Gallatin, Tennessee, on June 27, 2023, at the age of 91.

Honors and awards
Inducted to Grand Ole Opry (1964, as member of the Osborne Brothers) Between the death of Jesse McReynolds on June 23, 2023, and his own death on June 27, 2023, Osborne was the oldest standing Opry member.

Named Vocal Group of the Year by Country Music Association (1971 as member of the Osborne Brothers)

Inducted to International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame (1994, as member of the Osborne Brothers).

Inducted to International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame in 2009 as a member of The Lonesome Pine Fiddlers

Awarded the Bluegrass Star Award by the Bluegrass Heritage Foundation of Dallas, Texas on October 20, 2018. The award is bestowed upon bluegrass artists who do an exemplary job of advancing traditional bluegrass music while preserving its character and heritage.

Elected to Kentucky Music Hall of Fame (2002, as member of the Osborne Brothers)

Nominated for Best Bluegrass Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards (for solo album Original).

International Bluegrass Music Award (IBMA) for Recorded Event of the Year (2017, for "I've Gotta Get a Message to You")

2023 Inductee to the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame as a member of The Lonesome Pine Fiddlers

Recognized in the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum (Posthumously) with C.J. Lewandowski as a 2024 American Currents: State of the Music Exhibit, specifically the Unbroken Circle section of the Exhibit.

title: Bobby Osborne


text: User:Holmi~enwiki

title: User:Holmi~enwiki


text:
Fire Deuce

Fire Deuce is a band created as a side-project by Travis Stever, the lead guitarist of Coheed and Cambria. The band features members of other bands, such as Joey Eppard, Billy Riker, Chris Gartmann, and Joe Stote from the band 3, Claudio Sanchez from the band Coheed and Cambria, and Josh Eppard (rapper Weerd Science and drummer of Coheed and Cambria).

The 80's style metal group released their debut EP "Children Of The Deuce" on May 10, 2005, on CI Records. In an interview with Alternative Press in 2005, Travis Stever said that "three of the songs were fueled by Southern Comfort... and one by vodka".

A description on the official Fire Deuce website describes their style as:" elements of Coheed and Cambria's unique style alongside the hard-rock influence of bands such as AC/DC and Guns N' Roses, the raw energy of The Stooges, and the rocking punk riffage of Turbonegro, to create a brilliant, must-have record any Coheed and Cambria fan will love..." "...Fire Deuce, can easily be considered the new Spinal Tap, or, at the very least, The Darkness done right. All of these details combine to ensure that Fire Deuce stand to take their place as the masters of over-the-top, tongue-in-cheek, hard rock."

title: Fire Deuce


text:
User:Tardicus

Hello there!

title: User:Tardicus


text:
Windsor North School

Windsor North School is a primary school in Invercargill, New Zealand, previously known as Invercargill North School.

The school's history dates to 1878, and the school moved to its current site in the suburb of Windsor the following year. The original school buildings were destroyed by fire in 1889. The only surviving remnant of the original school building is the school bell, which hangs in the foyer of the current administration block. In 1999 a time capsule was planted and is being unearthed in 2025.

North School, as it was originally called, was for some time the largest primary school in Southland with a roll of over 700, but the opening of other schools in the district saw that roll drop to its current level.

title: Windsor North School


text:
User talk:Quangcuong

dfg dsfgsdfr  sdf

title: User talk:Quangcuong


text:
Henry Ogg Forbes

Henry Ogg Forbes (30 January 1851 – 27 October 1932) was a Scottish explorer, ornithologist, and botanist. He also described a new species of spider, Thomisus decipiens.

Biography
Forbes was the son of Rev Alexander Forbes M.A. (1821–1897), and his wife Mary née Ogg (1820–1862), and was born at Drumblade, Huntly, Aberdeenshire.

Henry was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, he then studied Medicine at the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edinburgh, An eye injury forced him to abandon his studies and he did not graduate. From 1875 he began collecting scientific samples: firstly in Portugal and from 1878 to 1884 he made extensive collections in the Dutch East Indies.

Forbes was active primarily in the Moluccas, Sumatra and New Guinea. His unusual tasks there also included tracking down the murderers of Captain J. C. Craig on Joannet Island in his temporary capacity as a government agent. In 1887 he was appointed meteorological observer at Port Moresby in New Guinea and used this opportunity to attempt further exploration of the island interior. The map he made from these explorations was deemed "unreliable" and he was not paid for his efforts. Disgruntled he decided to return to Britain. However he made a major stay in New Zealand before achieving this.

He was director of the Canterbury Museum in New Zealand between 1890 and 1893, and eventually moved to Liverpool, England, where he served as a consulting director of museums until his death.

Forbes coordinated and led the Liverpool and British Museums joint expedition to Socotra and Abd al Kuri in 1898–1899.

Henry Ogg Forbes dedicated his book A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago to the zoologist William Alexander Forbes, who died on an expedition to West Africa in 1883. They had been friends and classmate at the University of Edinburgh. Forbes is mentioned in A Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill Bryson.

He died in Selsey in Sussex on 27 October 1932.

Family
His older brother George Stuart Forbes (1849–1940) came to fame in the Indian Civil Service and was knighted for these services.

Henry married Annabella Keith in Batavia in 1882. Keith travelled extensively with her husband, assisting him with his collections and writing several books relating to their travels as well as contributing to scientific research, particularly on bird species.

Legacy
Henry Ogg Forbes is commemorated in the scientific names of three species of reptiles: Hemidactylus forbesii, Oligodon forbesi, and Sphenomorphus forbesi.

title: Henry Ogg Forbes


text:
User talk:Simplyme131

Even though I may seem like a very open person, I do not think people know anything about me. I tell everyone that I've stopped lying, but in fact, I've just gotten better. I can tell lies that can make people cry and no one realises that I'm not telling the truth. No one ever will. I am a story-spinner. I am a spider.

title: User talk:Simplyme131


text:
Talk:United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003

1
The band blamed technical issues for their performance. Others, less kind, blamed the singer starting to sing off key.


text: User:Philip J Kuntz

title: User:Philip J Kuntz


text:
Sodium bromate

Sodium bromate, the inorganic compound with the chemical formula of NaBrO3, is the sodium salt of bromic acid. It is a strong oxidant.

Uses
Sodium bromate is mainly used in continuous or batch dyeing processes involving sulfur or vat dyes and as a hair-permagent, chemical agent, or gold solvent in gold mines when used with sodium bromide.

Production
Sodium bromate can be produced from a solution of sodium carbonate and bromine using chlorine gas as the oxidising agent.
 * 6 Na2CO3 + Br2 + 5 Cl2 -> 2 NaBrO3 + 10 NaCl + 6 CO2

It may also be produced by the electrolytic oxidation of aqueous sodium bromide.

Human health issues
Bromate in drinking water is undesirable because it is a suspected human carcinogen. Its presence in Coca-Cola's Dasani bottled water forced a recall of that product in the UK.

title: Sodium bromate


text:
Yuriy Krymarenko

Yuriy Oleksandrovych Krymarenko (Юрій Олександрович Кримаренко; born August 11, 1983) is a Ukrainian high jumper. His personal best performance is 2.33 m.

Career
Krymarenko won a gold medal in the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, clearing the height of 2.32 m which was the lowest winning result for men's high jump since 1983. The favorites of the contest, most notably Swede Stefan Holm, failed to jump over more than 2.29 m. Krymarenko had started the 2005 season with a silver medal in the European Under 23 Championships in Erfurt, Germany, where he was beaten by the Czech Republic's Jaroslav Bába.

He finished 33rd in the 2008 Summer Olympics with a jump of 2.15 m.

title: Yuriy Krymarenko


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Scala Regia

Scala Regia ("Royal Staircase") is a term referring to a number of majestic entrance staircases in Italian palaces plus some European palaces, including:

 * The Scala Regia of the Vatican, a flight of steps designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1663–1666) to connect the Vatican Palace to St. Peter's Basilica.
 * Main staircase of Villa Farnese at Caprarola
 * Entrance to the Ducal Palace of Lucca
 * Entrance to House of Lords, Westminster, United Kingdom

Other staircase entrances include the Scala d'Oro in Venice.

title: Scala Regia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Booby chick.jpg

Booby chick
Taken in the Palmyra Atoll by the USCG. Very nice colors.
 * Wasn't previously listed. Re-added 14:00, 22 October 2005 (UTC). ed g2s  •  talk

 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 09:54, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Fluffy :) And a very nice picture as well. Raven4x4x 05:49, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. What a cute little birdy! —DO'Иeil 08:25, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice. Mstroeck 10:37, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ( + ) Support, it's stunning. Halibutt 11:01, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ( + ) Support Focus is a little out IMO (more focused on the branch end I think), but still a good shot. --Fir0002 12:11, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Rhobite 01:54, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Enochlau 07:39, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice to see some of our wonders. --  Thorpe  talk 10:56, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - sorry, but it's just a little off-focus - Adrian Pingstone 15:14, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - a good wikipic Brookie: A collector of little round things 19:02, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Hehe... you said booby. -- LV (Dark Mark)  20:42, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Raven4x4x 11:47, 5 November 2005 (UTC)


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Abram, Greater Manchester

Abram is a village and electoral ward in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England. It lies on flat land on the northeast bank of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 2 mi west of Leigh, 3 mi southeast of Wigan, and 14.5 mi west of Manchester. Abram is a dormitory village with a population of 9,855.

Historically part of Lancashire, Abram anciently formed a township and chapelry in the parish of Wigan and hundred of West Derby. Abram appears in an entry of an ancient survey of Lancashire in 1212 under the name "Edburgham".

The urbanisation and development of Abram largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Abram is at the centre of a coal district, and industrial scale coal mining was introduced to Abram around the middle of the 19th century with the opening of several collieries. In 1911, Abram was described as "distinctly unpicturesque ... trees are in the minority, and stunted and blackened with smoke", with "collieries, pit-banks, and railway lines" as well as "much pasture land". The Maypole Colliery Disaster in 1908 resulted in 75 deaths and profoundly changed the character of the village.

Abram's coal mining industry declined in the mid-20th century, but the village has continued to grow due to its position between Leigh, Manchester, Warrington and Wigan. To the south of the village lies Abram Flashes, a 39.6 ha area of shallow wetlands and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Abram has historic associations with traditional morris dancing.

History
The village name has been variously recorded as Edburgham in 1212 and Adburgham in 1246. In the 16th century it had evolved into Abraham, and by the 17th century the current name of Abram had become prevalent. It is suggested that Abram derives from Abraham, the surname of the medieval Lords of the Manor.

The manor was probably part of the larger manor of Newton until it was granted to "Warine son of Godfrey" by Henry II who reigned 1154–1189. The family adopted the name of the settlement, and remained Lords of the Manor until the 17th century. The family was ruined by the English Civil War, in which they supported the Royalists. When the last in male line of the Abraham family died in the 17th century, possession of the manor passed through many hands, and the title of Lord of the Manor was still around at the start of the 20th century although held no manorial rights.

Just after 17:00 on 18 August 1908 there was an explosion at the No 1, Cannell Mine of the Maypole Coal Pit. A total of 75 men and boys died in this mining accident. Because the explosion occurred deep underground, it was not until November 1909 that all the bodies were recovered. The inquest ruled that the explosion was caused by a combination of a buildup of coal dust and gas, and the use of explosives to bring down coal from the ceiling. The physical effects of the disaster on Abram are described as "profound"; the explosion made 44 women widows and killed the fathers of more than 120 children. At the time, Irish people were a large ethnic minority in Lancashire, making up between a quarter and a third of the populations of Leigh, St Helens, and Wigan. The Irish Catholic immigrants were seeking works on the Lancashire Coalfield, as demonstrated by the fact that 13 of the dead were Catholic migrants from Ireland. Many of the families affected by the disaster returned to Ireland shortly afterwards.

Governance
Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Abram anciently constituted a manor, held by ruling families who paid tax to the King. Abram during the Middle Ages formed a township in the ecclesiastical parish of Wigan, and hundred of West Derby.

Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, Abram formed part of the Wigan Poor Law Union, an inter-parish unit established to provide social security. Abram's first local authority was a Local board of health established in 1880; Abram Local Board of Health was a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation in the township. Following the Local Government Act 1894, the area of the Local Board became the Abram Urban District, a local government district within the administrative county of Lancashire. The urban district council had 12 members and was based out of the Abram Council Offices, which were designed by Heaton, Ralph and Heaton and completed in 1903.

In 1957 there were exchanges of very small areas with Ashton in Makerfield and Golborne Urban Districts. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Abram Urban District was abolished, and Abram has, since 1 April 1974, formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, a local government district of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester. Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council provides the local services.

In terms of parliamentary representation, Abram is part of the Makerfield constituency; the Member of Parliament is Josh Simons, a Labour politician.

Geography
At 53.50806°N, -2.58806°W (53.508°,-2.588°) and 173 mi northwest of central London, Abram lies on mostly flat ground, with slightly undulating land at its southern end. The larger towns of Wigan and Leigh lie to the northwest and east respectively. For purposes of the Office for National Statistics, Abram forms part of the Wigan Urban Area. Suburban localities in and around Abram include Bamfurlong, Bickershaw, Bryn Gates and Platt Bridge.

The land around Abram is generally flat and used for coal mining as well as arable farming. As a result, collieries were scattered across the landscape. The local geology consists of coal measures in the north and sandstone in the south; the soil is clayey and as a result, the area is susceptible to flooding.

To the south of the village lies Abram Flashes a 39.6 ha Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The site lies adjacent to the Leigh Branch Canal and is part of Wigan Flashes an area of wetland stretching for 10 km between Wigan and Leigh. The flashes are shallow bodies of water which originate from flooding due to subsidence caused by shallow-mining. Abram flashes was designated an SSSI in 1990 due to its biological interest which includes various habitats such as open water, swamp, tall herb fen and wet marshy grassland.

Demography
According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Abram had a population of 9,855. The 2001 population density was 14258 PD/sqmi, with a 100 to 99.7 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 30.3% were single (never married) and 43.2% married. Abram's 4,037 households included 27.2% one-person, 40.0% married couples living together, 9.5% were co-habiting couples, and 12.5% single parents with their children. Of those aged 16–74, 42.2% had no academic qualifications.

At the 2001 UK census, 84.7% of Abram's residents reported themselves as being Christian, 0.9% Muslim, 0.2% Buddhist and 0.1% Sikh. The census recorded 6.5% as having no religion, 0.1% had an alternative religion and 7.5% did not state their religion.

Landmarks

The parish church of St John in Abram was constructed in 1935–1937, and is one of the works by Austin and Paley. There are two listed buildings in the village, both of which are Grade II; they are Brookside farmhouse, dating from the early-18th century, and a mid-18th century detached house on Warrington Road.

Transport
Public transport in Abram is co-ordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester. A roads link Abram with other settlements, including the A573 road which bisects the town from north to south, and connects it to Wigan and Golborne. The M6 motorway runs to the southwest of the area, near Ashton in Makerfield, and is accessed via the A58 at junction 24 of the M6. Bickershaw and Abram railway station was a station on the now closed Wigan Central to Glazebrook line. It opened along with six other stations on 1 April 1884. It closed on 2 November 1964.

There are frequent buses running through Abram with services to a variety of destinations in Greater Manchester, including services to Wigan, Leigh and Manchester.

The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes Abram to the southwest.

Culture and community
The village has historic associations with traditional Morris dancing and is home to Abram Morris Dancers. A plot of land by Park Lane in the southwest of Abram is known as the Morris Dancers' ground, and is popularly supposed to be held by the Abram Morris Dancers on condition that a Morris dance be celebrated there once every 20 years. The Abram Circle is a dance native to Abram and is "renowned to morris dancers". The Abram Morris Dancers' logo appears on the boundary signs for the village.

Abram has one main primary school: St John's Church of England Primary School.

Notable people
John Elisha Grimshaw was an Abram-born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of the British and Commonwealth forces.

Jenny Meadows is a British athlete. She attended Abram C of E Primary School on Simpkin Street and still lives in Abram today. Her main event is the 800 m, where she was European Indoor Champion in 2011.

Mick Burke was a well-known mountaineer and rescuer who lived in Abram. He lost his life on Mount Everest in 1975 whilst working as a cameraman for the BBC.

title: Abram, Greater Manchester


text:
User:Tuxhead

Sysadmin, Linux Advocate and yet to get round to finishing my homepage.

title: User:Tuxhead


text:
Rye bread

Rye bread is a type of bread made with various proportions of flour from rye grain. It can be light or dark in color, depending on the type of flour used and the addition of coloring agents, and is typically denser than bread made from wheat flour. Compared to white bread, it is higher in fiber, darker in color, and stronger in flavor. The world's largest exporter of rye bread is Poland.

Rye bread was considered a staple through the Middle Ages. Many different types of rye grain have come from north-central, western, and eastern European countries such as Iceland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the Czech Republic, and it is also a speciality in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Around 500 AD, the Germanic tribe of Saxons settled in Britain and introduced rye, which was well-suited to its temperate climates.

Biochemistry
While rye and wheat are genetically similar enough to interbreed (resulting in hybrids known as triticale), their biochemistries differ enough that they affect the breadmaking process. The key issue is differing amylases, the enzyme which breaks starch down into sugar. While wheat amylases are generally not heat-stable and thus do not affect stronger wheat gluten that gives wheat bread its structure, rye amylase remains active at substantially higher temperatures. Since rye gluten (secalin) is not particularly strong, rye dough structure is based on complex polysaccharides, including rye starch and pentosans. As a result, amylases in rye flour can break down dough structure, inhibiting it from rising.

There are two common solutions: The traditional manner, developed where obtaining wheat was impractical because of marginal growing conditions or supply difficulties, uses dough acidification to impede the function of rye amylases. Lowering dough pH, however, compromises the use of relatively acid-intolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based "baker's yeast". Instead, the addition of naturally acidic Lactobacillus "sourdough" cultures lowers bread pH, facilitating the growth of an acid-tolerant yeast strain, and helping gelatinize starches in the dough matrix. The byproduct of this approach is lighter bread.

In areas where high-gluten hard wheat is readily available, the need for a complex polyculture of bacteria and yeast can often be reduced or removed by adding a large proportion of hard wheat flour to the rye flour. Its added gluten compensates for amylase activity on the starch in the dough, allowing the bread to retain its structure as it bakes. The "deli rye" tradition in the United States is based upon this mixing of grains. Use of high-gluten wheat flour also makes multigrain bread possible, like the "rye and Indian" bread of the American colonies, which combined rye and wheat with cornmeal in one loaf.

Rye bread contains phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers.

Types

Pure rye bread contains only rye flour, without any wheat. German-style pumpernickel, a dark, dense, and close-textured loaf, is made from crushed or ground whole rye grains, usually without wheat flour, baked for long periods at a low temperature in a covered tin. Rye and wheat flours are often used to produce a rye bread with a lighter texture, color, and flavor than pumpernickel. "Light" or "dark" rye flour can be used to make rye bread; the flour is classified according to the amount of bran left in the flour after milling. Caramel or molasses for coloring and caraway seeds are often added to rye bread. In the United States, bread labeled as "rye" nearly always contains caraway unless explicitly labeled as "unseeded." In Canada (especially Montreal), bread labeled as "rye" often has no seeds, whereas bread labeled as "kimmel" is usually rye with caraway seeds. Some unique rye bread recipes include ground spices such as fennel, coriander, aniseed, cardamom, or citrus peel. In addition to caramel and molasses, ingredients such as coffee, cocoa, or toasted bread crumbs are sometimes used for both color and flavor in very dark, bread-like pumpernickel.

Straight

A simple, all-rye bread can be made using a sourdough starter and rye meal; it will not rise as high as wheat bread but will be moister with a substantially longer shelf life. Such bread is often known as black bread (Schwarzbrot, чёрный хлеб) from their darker color than wheat bread (enhanced by long baking times, creating Maillard reactions in the crumb). The German Vollkornbrot (whole-grain bread) is something of an archetypical example, containing both rye meal and cracked whole rye grains (which are generally soaked overnight before incorporating into the dough). It is used both as a sandwich bread and as an appetizer substrate for such things as smoked fish and caviar. German-style pumpernickel has an even darker color derived from toasted, leftover bread and other agents. Due to the density of the bread, the yeast in the starter is used at least as much for the fermentation character in the bread itself as it is for leavening. Danish rugbrød (rye bread), another archetypical example, is typically made with sourdough, with either straight rye flour or mixed with whole and/or cracked rye kernels. Any bread containing wheat flour is not considered rugbrød, but white bread. A variety of seeds, such as pumpkin, poppy and caraway, may be added for taste. Rugbrød is a staple lunch food, typically eaten topped with cold or warm fish and meats, cheese, or any other cold cut.

As stated above, all-rye bread may have a very long shelf life, measured in months rather than days, and is popular as storage rations for long boat trips and outdoor expeditions. Such bread is sliced thinly because of its density, sometimes only a few millimeters thick, and is usually sold sliced in this manner.

All-rye bread from Scotland with treacle, currants and spices is sometimes called "New Year gingerbread".

Finland
Finnish rye bread or ruisleipä is a dark sourdough rye bread. The simplest form is made with rye flour, water, salt, and naturally occurring yeast. In 2017, it was voted as the national food of Finland and Finns celebrate ruisleivän päivä (rye bread day) on February 28.

Multigrain
It is fairly common to combine rye with other grains and seeds. In southern Germany and Switzerland, for example, it is not uncommon to find a variant of Vollkornbrot with sunflower seeds instead of the rye seeds, and some traditional recipes also substitute whole wheat grains for the rye grains. In the colonial era in North America, particularly in the United States, it became common to mix rye and cornmeal in what was known as "rye and Indian" or, if wheat flour was added, "thirded" bread; the resulting bread, though less dense than a whole-rye bread, was still heavier than the more expensive wheat-only breads that later became commonplace.

In medieval Europe, a mixed rye and wheat bread known as "maslin" (or variants of the name) was the bread of the better-off peasants for hundreds of years, in contrast to the white manchet bread eaten by the rich, and the horsebread eaten by the poorer peasants, which was made of cheaper grains including oats, barley and pulses.

Flatbreads
There are three different types of rye crispbread: yeast-fermented, sourdough-fermented, and crispbread. Most of the crispbread produced in Scandinavia is baked after three to four hours of fermentation. Sourdough crispbreads are used in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and India. The third type of crispbread is the so-called cold bread crispbread, essentially a type of hardtack (known in Sweden particularly as knäckebröd, in Norway as knekkebrød, in Finland as näkkileipä and in Estonia as näkileib), which is baked without the addition of any leavening. The dough gets the right texture from a foaming process, where air is incorporated into the cooled dough, which also leads to the sometimes almost white color of the finished bread, although not all types are light in color. Crispbread owes its long shelf life to its very low water content (5–7%).

One of the largest producers of rye flatbreads, and one of the most prominent in overseas markets, is the Swedish-founded company Wasabröd.

Quick breads
Rye flour is sometimes used in chemically leavened quick bread recipes as well, either batter-type or dough-type (similar to Irish soda bread). In such cases, it can be used in similar applications as whole wheat flour, since an egg matrix often provides the bread structure rather than the grain's gluten.

U.S.
Wheat-rye bread, including light rye (sissel), American pumpernickel, and the combination of the two as marbled rye, is closely associated with Jewish cuisine and Jewish-American cuisine, particularly the delicatessen. The bulk of the flour is white wheat flour (often a less-refined form known as first clear), with a substantial portion of rye mixed in for color and flavor. The dough is often leavened, in whole or in part, with sourdough, but sometimes uses a small addition of citric acid or vinegar to achieve the lowered pH needed to neutralize the rye amylases. The so-called Jewish rye is further seasoned with whole caraway fruits and glazed with an egg wash, and is traditionally associated with salted meats such as corned beef and pastrami.

High-gluten wheat flour can be used with rye flour to make a dough suitable for bagels. Jewish-style American rye bread is sometimes referred to as corn rye, possibly from the Yiddish korn ('grain'), or from the use of cornmeal as a coating and handling aid.

The Jewish-American variety has Eastern and Central European Jewish antecedents, including Russian Jewish style brown bread, Polish Jewish style rye bread and Latvian Jewish style rye bread.

Scandinavian Jewish
In Scandinavia, similar bread is made, due to the large Jewish community, some of which (in Swedish, called Vörtlimpa) also include sweeteners and/or citrus peel, as well as spices such as anise, fennel or cardamom, sometimes reserved for festive occasions.

Israel
In Israel, rye bread is popular due to the large population of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. It can be found in virtually every bakery and grocery store in Israel. It is commonly mass-produced and is very similar to the American mass-produced version, however, it is often very soft. Many bakeries in restaurants in places such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem are redefining rye bread and are baking their own versions that are sometimes a twist on the traditional Jewish rye bread, and sometimes harken back to the most traditional Ashkenazi style rye bread.

Canada
In Canada, there are several different types of Jewish rye bread available in the country. There are mass-produced, prepackaged brands such as Oroweat. In communities with significant Jewish populations such as Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver, authentic Ashkenazi Jewish style rye bread is available at many kosher and kosher-style bakeries, delis, restaurants, and kosher grocery stores.

There is also Winnipeg-style rye bread which does not actually contain much, if any, rye flour. Instead, this Jewish-influenced bread is made from cracked rye or coarse rye meal, added to wheat flour. Winnipeg-style rye bread does not contain caraway fruits.

Health benefits
Rye bread contains a large amount of fiber, a wide variety of bioactive compounds, and a small amount of fat. Compared to some breads such as white bread, rye bread has a lower glycemic index, which means it causes a slower increase in blood sugar than white bread after being eaten.

title: Rye bread


text:
Sheriff (band)

Sheriff was a Canadian rock band in the early and mid 1980s, best known for their 1982 song "When I'm with You" which became a Billboard No. 1 hit upon re-release in early 1989.

Biography
The band was formed in 1979 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and consisted of vocalist Freddy Curci, guitarist Steve DeMarchi, keyboardist/rhythm guitarist Arnold Lanni, bassist Wolf Hassel and drummer Ric Dowhan, later replaced by Rob Elliott. The band's only full-length release was a self-titled 1982 album, that featured a Canadian Top 40 hit, "You Remind Me" as well as their most famous song, "When I'm with You", which reached No. 8 in Canada and No. 61 in the United States in 1983. Five years later it was re-released and hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the U.S. The band split up in 1985, citing internal tensions. Lanni and Hassel went on to form Frozen Ghost and racked up several hits in Canada, the biggest of which was "Should I See," which reached No. 69 in the U.S.

Six years after "When I'm with You" had been a chart hit in Canada, Las Vegas DJ Jay Taylor began playing the song. KRXY DJ Gabe Baptiste also started playing "When I'm With You," and listener response was positive. As a result, Capitol Records re-released the song. It subsequently became No. 1 in the United States in February 1989. While Curci and DeMarchi made efforts to re-form Sheriff, a reunion was not to be. The lack of interest from other Sheriff bandmembers eventually led Curci and DeMarchi to team up with several former members of Heart to form Alias, who in the early 1990s had two popular singles, with "Waiting for Love" and their No. 2 success, "More Than Words Can Say."

Meanwhile, Lanni and Hassel continued to work with Frozen Ghost until they split up in 1993.

Later years
Curci and DeMarchi resurrected the Alias name in 2009 with new members, and they released their second album (which had been shelved seventeen years prior). They continue to tour with Alias.

Lanni has become a producer, having worked with Our Lady Peace, Finger Eleven, and Simple Plan, among others.

At an Alias concert on December 30, 2011, at Cosmo Music in Ontario, original Sheriff bassist, Wolf Hassel joined Curci and DeMarchi on stage for the first time in 26 years for a full set, which included a performance of "When I'm with You." This performance led to Hassel joining Alias on a permanent basis in 2014.

Studio albums

 * Sheriff (1982)
 * Sheriff Live (Promo Only) (1983)

title: Sheriff (band)


text:
Galileo University

Galileo University is a private university in Guatemala City. It was founded and authorized on October 31, 2000. Initially, it was the School of Computer Engineering (FISICC) of Universidad Francisco Marroquín. It stands out for its technological contribution in higher education in Guatemala.

History
The university was founded as a school of systems, IT (Information Technology) and computer science engineering at Universidad Francisco Marroquín. In 1977 the school created Santo Domingo foundation, which came to assist in the educational, technological, cultural, and artistic heritage of Guatemala. After 22 years, the foundation initiated procedures for the approval of a new university. It was authorized by the Superior Council of Private Education in October 31st, 2000 as a university. The name honors astronomer and mathematician Galileo Galilei.

Buildings
The university has three towers, each identified with the name of an astronomer. The first is called Galileo, the second Copernicus, and the third Kepler.

Schools
Galileo university has seven schools:
 * School of Systems, Information Technology and Computer Science Engineering (FISICC)
 * School of Science, Technology, and Industry (FACTI)
 * School of Education (FACED)
 * School of Communication Science (FACOM)
 * School of Sport Science and Technology (FACTEDE)
 * School of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy (FABIQ)
 * School of Construction Engineering (FICON)
 * School of Health Science (FACISA)

Vocational schools
It has seven vocational schools:
 * Art School (ESA)
 * School of Continuing Education (ESEC)
 * School of Diplomacy and International Relations (ESDRI)
 * Technical School (ESTEC)
 * School of Public Image (ESIP)
 * School and Professional Development (ESDAP)

Institutes
It has six institutes:
 * Open Learning Institute (IDEA)
 * Institute for Security Studies (IES)
 * Research Institute for Earth Science and Astronomy (IICT)
 * Energy Resources Institute (IRE)
 * Institute of Family Studies (ICF)
 * Von Neumann Institute (IVN)

Galileo Educational System
Galileo Educational System (GES) is an online education platform, which serves to support courses and as the real environment of online courses at Galileo University. Is adapted by the university on the platform dotLRN, which is supported by its presence in many prestigious universities such as MIT, the University of Heidelberg or the UNED of Spain, among others. The platform is active 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

Guarantee the import and export of course content, classroom materials, homework, tests, etc. And the administration of courses, qualifying and post notes, directly online. Students have the ability to respond tests, homework, projects, etc. Participate in discussion forums in courses, FAQs, view course materials, among others.

Administration

 * President, Dr. José Eduardo Suger Cofiño
 * Vice President, Dra. Mayra Roldán de Ramírez
 * Vice President Administrative, Lic. Jean Paul Suger
 * Secretary General, Lic. Jorge Francisco Retolaza MSc.

title: Galileo University


text:
Abriachan

Abriachan (Gaelic: Obar Itheachan), is a village in the Highland council area of Scotland. It is situated high above the western shore of Loch Ness, 15 km to the south-west of the city of Inverness. The village has a population of approximately 120. There are no schools in Abriachan, so children travel by bus into Inverness or to Dochgarroch or Tomnacross for their education.

At the bottom of the Abriachan hill, where the Kilianan stream meets Loch Ness, is Abriachan Garden Nursery, with a woodland walk and plant selling area.

GPost office
Abriachan post office opened on 25 July 1882, and for many years from the early 1960s was run by Katharine Stewart and her family. An account of life in the Highlands, and of its postal services, was published in 1997. The post office closed on 8 April 2008.

Abriachan Forest
Abriachan Forest is an upland area of conifer forest and open hillside, covering 536 hectares, It was owned by the Forestry Commission until 1998, when it was sold to Abriachan Forest Trust for £152,000. Abriachan Forest Trust is a community group formed to buy and manage the forest, and they are working to encourage recreational and educational use of the forest. They have developed a number of paths and mountain bike trails around the area, including the Great Glen Way long-distance path passing through.

Notable residents

 * John Somerville, accordion player with Croft No. Five and Box Club
 * Katharine Stewart, author of A Croft in the Hills
 * John Barr, international shinty player
 * Gregor Borland, Internationally acclaimed Scottish Fiddle player. Also part of folk trio [Other Roads].

title: Abriachan


text:
Promenade (dance move)

Promenade is a basic dance move in a number of dances such as English Country Dance, contra dance, and square dance. The name comes from the French word for "walk" and is a good basic description of the dance action.

Dance position and handholds
When executing the move, partners stand side-by-side in a promenade position, and act as a single unit. Customarily the man (or gent) stands to the left of the lady, his right hip touching or almost touching her left hip. Note that this promenade position is not the same as that promenade position defined in ballroom dances.

They might take any of a number of different promenade handholds. These are generally determined by the specific dance or local dance traditions. Some of these different handholds are:
 * Basic promenade or Skirt Skater's handhold: The lady extends her left hand horizontally, palm down, across the front of the gent, and he takes it in his left hand. The lady places her right hand at the right side of her waist or slightly behind her right hip, and the gent holds this hand loosely with his right hand. The lady might also use her right hand to hold on to a full skirt with petticoats, sway the skirt in time to the music as a flourish ("skirtwork"), or simply place her hand on her waist. In this case, the gent places his right hand on the small of her back.
 * Skater's handhold: Both hands are held in front of the partners at waist-level. The left hands are held in front of the gent's waist; the right hands are held in front of the lady's waist.  The gent's right arm crosses in front of the lady's left arm.
 * Varsouvienne handhold (also called Shadow, Horseshoe, Cape Position): The man holds the woman's left hand with his left hand in front of her left shoulder. The man crosses his right arm behind the woman and holds her right hand with his right hand in front of the woman's right shoulder. The man's arm is held just above the woman's shoulder.
 * Cuddle, (also called Wrap Position or Sweetheart's Wrap): The gent wraps his right arm around the lady's waist; she wraps her left arm around her front to hold his right hand.  She wraps her right arm over her left arm and across her front to hold his left hand.  Hands are at waist level.

The promenade in contra dance
In contra dancing, promenades are used to move a couple to the opposite side of the set. The gent may choose to spin the lady under his arm at the end as a flourish.

The promenade in modern western square dance
In square dancing, and in particular modern western square dance, when a promenade is called it is understood to be a "couples' promenade" involving all four couples. The couples assume a promenade position, each turn to the right as a unit, and walk counterclockwise around the ring. If not specified how far to walk, they walk to the gent's home position, and then each couples turn as a unit to face into the center of the set. If close to home (¼ of the way or less), couples promenade a complete tour of the ring.

The caller can also specifically say "promenade home" or "promenade all the way" (or other variations on the wording) with the same result.

The gent might twirl the lady under his arm at the end of the move as a flourish. If the partners are ¼ of the ring or less away from his home position, then they promenade a full circle around to get back to his home.

The caller may fractionalize the call by specifically requiring the dancers to promenade only ¼, ½, or ¾ of the way around the ring.

The caller may also designate a specific couple or specific couples to promenade.

The caller may also require the dancers to continue promenading without stopping at the home position, by calling something like "promenade – Don't stop or slow-down". This will be a lead-in to a new call, whereas a "promenade home" is considered the end of a square dance sequence in most cases.

Other calls in the promenade family of calls
There is one other call in the promenade family as defined by Callerlab, the largest international association of square dance callers.

 * Single promenade: Dancers individually turn to the right, and promenade single-file around the ring.  This type of promenade is also referred to as Indian-style.  In addition to all eight individuals promenading single-file, variations of this call include requiring only specific individuals to do the call (boys only, girls only, etc.), and designating whether the specific individuals should promenade inside the ring or outside the ring.

Variations on the promenade
The caller may require the dancers to travel clockwise around the ring by calling a wrong way promenade (as couples) or single wrong way promenade (as individuals).

A scatter promenade is a gimmick call where all the couples on the dance floor promenade randomly, until they are typically instructed to make either a group of four with another, usually closest, couple or a group of eight with three other nearby couples. This functions as a social mixer forcing dancers to form new squares.

A star promenade is an entirely different call but nevertheless part of the family. It consists of four dancers in the center of the set making a star configuration, with their centermost arms up like the spokes of a wheel, or the ribbons of a maypole. They walk forward counterclockwise. Their outermost arms are wrapped around a partner's waist who walks alongside of them.

title: Promenade (dance move)


text:
There for Me (La Bionda song)

"There for Me" is a song composed by Angelo La Bionda, Carmelo La Bionda and Charly Ricanek. It originally appeared on the eponymous album of Italian disco duo La Bionda, which was released in 1978. It was notably covered several times by artist Sarah Brightman. There is also a French cover from 1981, by the singer Dalida, called "Fini, La Comédie".

Sarah Brightman version
Sarah Brightman's cover of this song first appeared on her Timeless album, featuring José Cura, and was released in 1997. It was also released as a single, with "O mio babbino caro" as the B-side track. Often on her 2000/2001 La Luna tour, Brightman would perform this duet with Josh Groban, and this was included in the La Luna: Live in Concert DVD. Brightman and Cantonese entertainer Jacky Cheung sang "There For Me" in the city of Hong Kong on stage, at the Hong Kong Millennium Extravaganza.

While the duet with José Cura version of this song is bilingual, the other two versions are completely in English.

Hayley Westenra and Paul Potts version
Hayley Westenra and Britain's Got Talent winner Paul Potts recorded "There For Me" in Italian, as "Sei Con Me", for Potts' second album, Passione, released in 2009.

title: There for Me (La Bionda song)


text:
Talk:Sahara Hotnights

Request for article expansion
Why does this article suck? It provides nearly no information about the band. Discography, influences and similar bands would not go astray.

 * Great idea. Why don't you add what you know to the article? All the articles on this site were written the same way. -- Chuq 11:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I've done a big fat edit. Is it okay to take the cleanup tag off yet? Still might be a few things to be done, I'll just list them here as I think of them. DarthInsinuate 15:10, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Things to be done:

 * Release dates and chart positions for discography.
 * Create articles for albums.
 * Flesh out article a bit more with anything relevant.
 * Individual member biographies?

Eps
They got more eps/singles. Anyone got some info? --83.254.163.11 (talk) 22:54, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Ages
They chartered a band at ages 10-13??? Could someone double check that please? Looking at the information provided, Josephine Forsman, could not been older than 15 years of age when she made a bet on a horse--perhaps younger. Doesn't that seem a little strange?

That doesn't mean she put the bet on herself - it wouldn't be accepted - unless she looked 18 maybe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.30.155.138 (talk) 12:10, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Sahara Hotnights


text:
Shmoo plot

In electrical engineering, a shmoo plot is a graphical display of the response of a component or system varying over a range of conditions or inputs.

Origin
The origin of the shmoo plot is unclear. It is referenced in a 1966 IEEE paper. Another early reference is in manuals for IBM 2365 Processor Storage.

The invention of the shmoo plot is sometimes credited to VLSI Hall Of Fame inductee Robert Huston (1941–2006). But this is unlikely because Huston did not begin working as a test engineer until 1967.

Etymology

The plot takes its name from the Shmoo, a fictional species created by Al Capp in the cartoon Li'l Abner. These small, blob-like creatures have shapes similar to the "working" volumes that would be enclosed by shmoo plots drawn against three independent variables (such as voltage, temperature, and response speed).

Semiconductor chips do not usually exhibit "shmoo" shape plots. Historically, testing of magnetic core memory arrays produced the "shmoo" shape and the term continued into the semiconductor era.

Description
Shmoo plots are often used to represent the results of the testing of complex electronic systems such as computers or integrated circuits such as DRAMs, ASICs or microprocessors. The plot usually shows the range of conditions in which the device under test operates (in adherence with some remaining set of specifications).

For example, when testing semiconductor memory: voltages, temperature, and refresh rates can be varied over specified ranges and only certain combinations of these factors will allow the device to operate. Plotted on independent axes (voltage, temperature, refresh rates), the range of working values will enclose a three-dimensional, usually oddly-shaped volume. Other examples of conditions and inputs that can be varied include frequency, temperature, timing parameters, system- or component-specific variables, and even varying knobs tweakable during silicon chip fabrication producing parts of varying quality which are then used in the process.

Often one 'knob' or variable is plotted on one axis against another knob or variable on another axis, producing a two-dimensional graph. This allows the test engineer to visually observe the operating ranges of the device under test. This process of varying the conditions and inputs to the component or system may sometimes be referred to as 'shmooing' but more officially known as electrical testing or qualification. Automatic test equipment often contains software features that allow automated shmooing of a part.

Examples

Automated test equipment have traditionally generated a two-dimensional, ASCII form of the shmoo plot that uses an "X" to represent functional points and blank space for non-functional points. In modern times plots with two colors (e.g. red/green) or even multi colored plots in form of digital spread sheet documents and alike became also common, even if the traditional form is still in use. For testing efficiency sometimes only the border of interest (where a certain value changes its state) is backed up with data in the diagrams thus (often reasonably) assuming the areas outside those transition will stay at those state.

If sufficiently-wide ranges of the two independent variables were to be tested, a normal shmoo plot would show an operating envelope of some shape not unlike Al Capp's Shmoo, but in practice, this might damage the device under test, and finer-grained views are of much more interest, particularly focusing on published component margins (e.g., - 5% Vcc). When this is done, the operating envelope typically extends to the border of the plot in one or more directions.

One example of such “shmooing” is the procedure for optimising the two operating variables of the Read Only Storage (ROS) in the IBM S/360 Model 65 Central Processing Unit (CPU). While the CPU is running a diagnostic test program the ROS bias voltage and time delay are varied and the points where the ROS generates errors are manually plotted on a graphical shmoo plot (see illustration). To pass the test the shmoo plot must be large enough to contain a rectangle which represents the minimum permissible error-free range of bias voltage and time delay. The optimum ROS bias voltage and time delay will be indicated by a point at the centre of the rectangle.

Sometimes a shmoo plot has an unusual and surprising shape, and while it is difficult to determine the exact cause, it is sometimes due to some unusual defect (perhaps in only part of a circuit) coupled with otherwise normal operation. In other cases, it might be an artifact of the electrical testing setup or the test program used, in particular a race condition. As such, a shmoo plot can be a useful test setup verification tool.

A limitation of the technique is that the extended duration of testing of the device may cause additional internal device heating, resulting in a skewing of the data (later tested cells on the plot may perform worse than earlier ones). One way of avoiding this is to exercise the device thoroughly in a similar manner immediately before the actual shmoo test.

title: Shmoo plot


text:
User:TMoose

Ahoy. I am the Moose, the Moose is me. Leave your message after the beep.

title: User:TMoose


text:
Felix Bernstein (mathematician)

Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 – 3 December 1956), was a German Jewish mathematician known for proving in 1896 the Schröder–Bernstein theorem, a central result in set theory, and less well known for demonstrating in 1924 the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus  through statistical analysis.

Life
Felix Bernstein was born in Halle on 24 February 1878 to a Jewish family of academics. His father Julius held the Chair of Physiology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and was the Director of the Physiological Institute at the University of Halle.

While still in gymnasium in Halle, Bernstein heard the university seminar of Georg Cantor, who was a friend of Bernstein's father. From 1896 to 1900, Bernstein studied in Munich, Halle, Berlin and Göttingen. In the early Weimar Republic, Bernstein temporarily was Göttingen vice-chairman of the local chapter of German Democratic Party. In 1933, after Hitler's rise to power, Bernstein was removed from his chair, per §6 of the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, often used against politically unpopular persons. He received the message of his dismissal during a research/lecturing journey (started on Dec. 1st, 1932) to the United States, and he stayed there. He was a visiting professor of mathematics at Columbia University from 1933 to 1936 and a professor of biometry at New York University from 1936 to 1943. In 1942 he was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1948, Bernstein retired from teaching in the US, and returned to Europe. He mainly lived in Rome and Freiburg, occasionally visiting Göttingen, where he became professor emeritus. He died in Zürich on 3 December 1956.

Publications

 * (Dissertation, 1901); reprint Jan 2010, ISBN 1141370263
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94
 * — Corrections in Vol.29 (1920), p. 94

title: Felix Bernstein (mathematician)


text:
Abridge

Abridge is a village in Essex, England. It is on the River Roding, 16 mi southwest of the county town of Chelmsford. The village is in the district of Epping Forest and in the parliamentary constituency of Brentwood and Ongar. It is part of the civil parish of Lambourne and is served by Lambourne Parish Council.

It takes its name from the brick bridge over the River Roding, which is situated just to the north of the modern centre, on the road to Theydon Bois.

History
Abridge lies on the historically important stagecoach route between London and Chipping Ongar and has been an important crossing point of the River Roding for many centuries. The boundary of the Conservation Area includes the historic core of the village which is evident on the Chapman and Andre Map of 1777. Originally in the parish of Lambourne, Holy Trinity Church was built in 1836; before this, parishioners had to walk three miles to Lambourne Church by a footpath. A Wesleyan chapel was built in Abridge in 1833; it became Congregational in 1844. The hymn tune "Abridge" by Isaac Smith 1734–1805 was named after the village.

Listed buildings include the Blue Boar Inn (early 19th century), the group of medieval buildings that form the Roding Restaurant, the 18th-century house immediately northeast of the restaurant, Roding House (late medieval), River Cottage in Ongar Road, and the Maltsters Arms (18th century).

To the east of the village is Stapleford Aerodrome formerly RAF Stapleford Tawney of 11 Group east sector.

Geography
The village is in the south-west of the county, 16 mi from Chelmsford. It is closer to London, being 14 mi north-east of central London. It lies on the River Roding and is surrounded by a rural area. The nearest major settlements are Loughton 2.2 mi to the West, Chigwell 2.4 mi to the south-west and Theydon Bois 1.7 mi north of the village.

It lies within the M25, and its closest major road link is the M11 motorway at junction 5 (towards London only). The main road that links the village with the M11 and Essex and London is the A113. Its nearest rail link is Theydon Bois tube station, on the Central line (Travelcard Zone 6), 1.6 mi to the north of the village. The 541 bus links the village with Loughton, Theydon Bois and Epping. It extends to Harlow on Sundays. On Mon-Fri, the 575 service links the town with Epping and Romford, though these buses are very infrequent.

Sports
Abridge has a local cricket club and golf club.

Bus
Currently routes 418 and 575 serve the village. London Transport route 10 ran daily to London Bridge until 1964, with various extensions to Victoria station and Elephant and Castle.

Rail
The nearest railway stations are Loughton, Debden and Theydon Bois on the London Underground. Bus route 418 (Loughton to Epping) serves all of these stations daily.

Notable residents

 * Alan Curbishley, football club manager

title: Abridge


text:
User:Texasdaddee

I Am Civil War enthusiast. Have been for many years. Have read numerous books on the topic, including many written by Bruce Catton. Don't have any real writing or editing strategy except, when the mood strikes me, I pick a topic and share some of what I have learned.

Of Civil War battles, I am most interested in the most desperate contests. Lots of people know about Antietam and Gettysburg, but not many know about Hancock's May 12th assault at Spotsylvania Court House and the heroic Confederate response. What is it that could make men fight with kind of intensity? I don't know, but it captures my imagination.

The same goes for John Bell Hood's attack at Franklin TN in 1864. That late in the war, there were no misconceptions or romantic notions what the fighting was all about. Both sides knew it was about the bloody business of killing, and they were expert at it. That understood, it is still hard for me to believe that the fighting that erupted was so intense that 6 Confederate Generals (including Patrick Cleburne) were killed in less than 40 minutes.

title: User:Texasdaddee


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Panthera oncas

Jaguar

Found on Jaguar. I noticed this is a FP on the Commons as well.

Raven4x4x 05:13, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 13:00, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Enochlau 13:15, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The focus around the face is a bit soft but excusable --Fir0002 07:42, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - ugly background. - MPF 16:24, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, concur with MPF. Neutralitytalk 23:11, September 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I like the background. I know its not in one but the colors kind of make it look jungle-ish. Chuckos 20:27, 10 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - perfectly adequate illustration of its subject but lacks the qualities I associate with featured pictures. --bodnotbod 21:53, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not perfect cropping, colour, setting, focus, pose. There could easily be a better picture of a Pantha. --Rebroad 17:29, 15 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Héctor Icazuriaga

Héctor Icazuriaga (born 9 January 1955) is the former Secretary of Intelligence of Argentina who served from 2004 until 2014.

Icazuriaga was born in Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires Province to Basque Argentine parents (his Basque descent inspired his nickname, El vasco, though he is also known as Pancho and El Chango). He enrolled at the University of La Plata, and earned a juris doctor; he later married and had two children.

He relocated to Santa Cruz Province, where he was elected to the Provincial Legislature on the Justicialist Party ticket. Icazuriaga was elected Vice President of the Legislature by his peers, and upon Vice Governor Sergio Acevedo's election to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies in 1999, he was nominated as Governor Néstor Kirchner's running mate, taking office as Vice Governor on 10 December.

Kirchner's own election to the Presidency in April 2003 led to Icazuriaga's appointment as governor. Acevedo, who had been named President Kirchner's first Intelligence Secretariat Director, became a candidate for the post later that year, however, and upon the latter's election, Icazuriaga was named to replace him, effective 10 December 2004. He served President Néstor Kirchner, as well as his wife and successor, Cristina Kirchner, as Director of Intelligence, becoming among the longest-serving officeholders in the post's history. Icazuriaga enjoyed a relatively good working relationship with both Presidents Kirchner, though his deputy director, Francisco Larcher, is reportedly closer to the couple than the Director himself.

title: Héctor Icazuriaga


text:
Soła

The Soła is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula.

The Soła originates in the Western Beskids mountain range near the border with Slovakia. It is made up of the confluence of several small creeks at the village of Rajcza. It runs downhill northeastwards through Żywiec Basin to the towns of Żywiec and Kęty, forming the border between the Silesian and the Żywiec Beskids. After 89 km, the Soła empties into the Vistula River after passing through the town of Oświęcim.

The river flows within metres of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum informs that the human ashes and ground bones of those murdered there were often dumped into the river.

Soła flows through or near the following settlements: Rajcza, Milówka, Cisiec, Węgierska Górka, Cięcina, Radziechowy, Wieprz, Żywiec, Tresna, Czernichów, Międzybrodzie Żywieckie, Międzybrodzie Bialskie, Porąbka, Czaniec, Kobiernice, Kęty, Nowa Wieś, Hecznarowice, Bielany, Łęki, and Oświęcim.

title: Soła


text:
Right and left grand

Right and left grand, also known as grand right and left, is a square dance move in which all eight dancers in the set, moving in a circular fashion, execute a series of four alternating hand pull-bys (right pull by, left pull by, right pull by, left pull by). Men (or gents) travel counter-clockwise around the ring, and ladies travel clockwise. The result is that all dancers end up half way across the set facing the same person they started with.

It is perhaps one of the most well-known calls in square dancing along with the "promenade" or the "dosado".

It is called a Grand Chain in English dances and can be done in a square or a big circle, passing as many people as the caller specifies.

Description
Dancers should each be facing their partner at the start of the move. If they are not, they should adjust by turning 90 degrees or less to face them.

 * Each person extends and takes hold of right hand with the one they are facing (partner), and does a right-hand pull by (step forward with hands held, and release hand hold as passing right shoulder)
 * Each person advances to the next person in the ring, extends and takes hold of left hand with the one they are facing, and does a left-hand pull by (step forward with hands held, and release hand hold as passing left shoulder)
 * Each person advances to the next person in the ring (opposite), extends and takes hold of right hand with the one they are facing, and does a right-hand pull by (as described previously)
 * Each person advances to the next person in the ring, extends and takes hold of left hand with the one they are facing, and does a left-hand pull by (step forward with hands held, and release hand hold as passing left shoulder)

It takes about 10 counts to complete the move.

There are a number of styling flourishes which might accompany the basic moves.

Note:Partner may not be original partner but usually is.

The right and left grand family of calls
There are two other calls which comprise the right and left grand family as defined by Callerlab, the largest international association of square dance callers. They are:
 * Weave the ring: A right and left grand without touching hands.
 * Wrong way grand: Essentially the same as a right and left grand, but instead of facing the way one does in a right and left grand (towards partner), one faces in the opposite direction (towards corner). Thus men (or gents) move clockwise around the ring and women (ladies) move counter-clockwise around the ring.

title: Right and left grand


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Panthera tigris sumatran subspecies

Tiger

Found in the Commons as a FP, added to tiger.

Raven4x4x 05:13, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:05, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice, higher resolution perhaps. Not all FP's on commons need to have that status here as well. Phoenix2 16:11, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -Unsharp focus, too small. --Deglr6328 03:02, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -Looks like it is shot in a zoo. Posted unsigned by 195.1.50.73
 * Oppose. Ordinary. Enochlau 13:14, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Agree with Deglr6328 --Fir0002 07:41, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with 195.1.50.73, the zoo background spoils it - MPF 16:20, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Intensely boring. --bodnotbod 19:10, 14 September 2005 (UTC)