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Armageddon 2001

"Armageddon 2001" was a 1991 crossover event storyline published by DC Comics. It ran through a self-titled, two-issue limited series and most of the annuals DC published that year from May through October (Legion of Super-Heroes Annual #2 did not tie-in to the storyline). After the event, there were two limited series, Armageddon: The Alien Agenda #1-4 (which was a direct sequel) and Armageddon: Inferno #1-4 (which was only tangentially related).

Each participating annual explored potential possible futures for its main characters. The guiding hands behind the series were editor and writer Dennis O'Neil, writer Archie Goodwin and artist Dan Jurgens.

Monarch
Monarch was an oppressive tyrant from a bleak, dystopian Earth 50 years in the future. The people were unhappy with his rule, particularly a scientist named Matthew Ryder, an expert on temporal studies, who was convinced he could use his technology to travel back in time and prevent the maniacal ruler from ever coming to power. He learned that in the late 20th century one of Earth's superheroes had become evil. In the year 2001 this hero had killed all of his comrades, assumed the identity of Monarch, and began his rise to global domination. Because Monarch always appeared in a suit of full body armor his prior identity was unknown.

Chosen by Monarch to take part in a time-travel experiment, Ryder traveled back to 1991, the year in which the series was published, and 10 years before Monarch's massacre of Earth's heroes. Ryder was determined to find out who the Monarch really was and, if possible, kill him before he could rise to power. As he travelled through the rift, his body mutated into a form of living temporal energy, and upon arriving at his destination, he took the name Waverider.

Waverider
Waverider used the superhuman abilities he gained during his transformation to peer into several possible futures of different members of various superheroes in the DC Universe, seeing where they would be in the year 2001, when Monarch's rise to power began, but he was unable to pinpoint exactly who would become Monarch. After several attempts, he began to rethink his approach. However, Waverider accidentally came in physical contact with Captain Atom, unleashing a storm of temporal energy that opened a gate to the future through which Monarch emerged. Monarch, it seems, had been monitoring Waverider's every move in the past ever since he left the future and merely waited for the perfect time to travel back and stop him from erasing his existence.

Hawk and Dove
In Hawk and Dove Annual #2, Waverider looked into Hank Hall's future to see him fight and die at the hands of Monarch in 2001. The Dove's power interacts with Waverider's, allowing him to see a multitude of futures to the point Waverider comments "No matter the future they fought him but never became him"; Waverider finally touches both Hawk and Dove to see their daughter Unity alter Monarch's mind.

In Armageddon 2001 #2, in a subsequent battle with the Justice League, Monarch retreated, taking Dawn Granger, the current Dove, with him. Hank Hall (the Hawk), who was also a captive, watched as Monarch killed the Dove in front of his own eyes. Being created as two beings whose natures were supposed to be in balance, Hank became enraged when his partner's pacifist nature could no longer contain his warlike spirit. He beat Monarch to death, only to learn the horrible truth: he was the one who would be the Monarch of the future. Upon seeing Monarch's dead body and the device he was building to enslave humanity, he mused that Earth would need someone to keep the balance, so he put on Monarch's armor and continued building his machine.

Eventually, the Justice League found him, and Captain Atom, feeling guilty he let Monarch slip through the timestream in the first place, decided to fight him one-on-one. The battle caused Atom's energy and Monarch's suit to clash, creating a portal that sent both of them back in time to the Age of Dinosaurs.

The Alien Agenda
When hostile aliens encounter Monarch and Atom in the past (sometime between 230 and 65 million years ago), they attempted to enlist both (without either's knowledge) to assist them in creating a wormhole. The wormhole's creation would destroy the universe in which the primitive Earth existed, but would allow the aliens to freely travel.

The creation of the wormhole hinged on a sophisticated, bowling ball-shaped "trigger". Captain Atom next causes an explosion on the primitive Earth, which propels both him and the trigger forward in time to Emperor Nero (A.D. 54-68) era Rome. Monarch strikes a bargain to retrieve the trigger if the aliens agree to place him back in his own time. Monarch allows the aliens to place him in stasis with an alien companion and a device that will awaken them when it senses Captain Atom.

Once awake, Monarch follows Atom through Nero's Rome, the "Old West" (approx. late 1890s), and finally into World War II (estimated near 1945 - as they are testing atomic power). In the World War II era, they stumble onto an atomic test (which Atom is aware of, but Monarch is not) and Atom is blasted into the present, while Monarch's fate is left unknown.

Response and last-minute changes
At some point during the crossover it was revealed Captain Atom would be the hero who became Monarch. The conclusion of the Annual for Justice League Europe, the final crossover issue before the conclusion of the story, seemed to confirm this leak. Waverider had seen the futures of various Justice League Europe members but had not scanned Captain Atom, who was away at the time. The final panel of the issue showed Waverider about to touch Captain Atom, who had just returned, and a text box stated that the story would be concluded in the second issue of Armageddon 2001. In response to the leak, the originally-intended ending was changed at the last minute: Monarch was revealed to be, not Captain Atom, but rather the Hawk. The problem with this reveal, as many fans pointed out, is that Waverider had seen Hank Hall fight and die against Monarch and that the Dove had allowed him to see so many futures as to conclude "No matter the future they fought him but never became him", making Hank Hall and Dawn Granger the only two heroes Monarch could not be. They were the only characters shown in this situation, and thus any of the other major characters could have been Monarch without creating a continuity issue. This revelation was extremely unpopular among both fans and professionals, in part because of the continuity issue mentioned above and the disregard for the clues placed in previous issues. Additionally, it required Hawk to behave in ways that many felt to be out of character. This also made it impossible to continue using either Hawk or Dove as they had in the past and necessitated the cancellation of the Hawk & Dove series. Karl Kesel, the writer of Hawk & Dove, commented that "Hawk and Dove was always a love story. Then one day, Hawk went insane and murdered Dove".

A storyline in JSA later revealed that the ending of Armageddon 2001 had been faked by Mordru. He had created an illusion of the Dove being murdered by a future Hawk/Monarch in order to drive the current Hawk insane. He then took control of Hawk and used him to impregnate Dove so she would give birth to a child that would inherit all the powers of the Lords of Chaos and Order. Mordru cast a spell on Dove that kept her in a comatose state for years. She did give birth to a child, but before Mordru could possess the child's body, it was instead inhabited by a reincarnated Hector Hall who aged the body to adulthood and thus caused it to become the new Doctor Fate. Much later, while searching for his wife Lyta, Hector would discover Dove and bring her out of Mordru's spell, revealing the truth of these events. She would then discover that her sister had inherited Hawk's powers after the death of Hank Hall.

Annual tie-ins
In addition to the bookend issues, the storyline followed Waverider through multiple annuals:
 * Armageddon 2001 #1 leads to Superman Annual (vol. 2) #3 (by Jurgens and penciller Dusty Abell; Superman attempts to rid the world of nuclear weapons, but is instead killed by Batman at the government's behest (the plot was the inverse of Frank Miller's Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, and contains homages to that story). It leads to Batman Annual #15.
 * Batman Annual #15 - The time traveler, Waverider, shows Batman a possible future. In the near future of 2001, an aged Batman is found guilty of murder for the accidental death of the Penguin and sentenced to death. Anarky, an anarchist anti-villain, sympathizes with the fallen hero and breaks into the prison in an attempt to rescue Batman mere hours before the execution is to take place.  Believing himself guilty, Batman initially refuses to escape. However, when he discovers evidence that the accident was set up by a third party, he escapes to pursue the true murderer.
 * Justice League America Annual #5 - written by Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis; Guy Gardner starts his own cult, while Fire bankrupts the Blue Beetle. The story is humorous in tone, much like the JLA books at the time. It leads to Hawk and Dove Annual #2.
 * Hawk and Dove Annual #2 - written by Karl and Barbara Kesel; The daughter of the Hawk and the Dove takes on Monarch.
 * Hawkworld Annual #2 - written by John Ostrander; Hawkman and Hawkwoman come out of retirement to face a robot.
 * Flash Annual #4 - written by Mark Waid; Wally West has entered the Witness Protection Program, but becomes the Flash once again to rescue his super-powered son from his former Rogues Gallery.
 * L.E.G.I.O.N. '91 Annual #2 - by Alan Grant and penciller Mike McKone; Dox and Lady Quark take over the universe.
 * The New Titans Annual #7 - Nightwing leads the Team Titans on guerrilla raids against a fascist government. While most of the annuals had no real consequences for the ongoing series they were attached to, The New Titans Annual #1 tied in significantly to ongoing storylines. The future group of "Team Titans" depicted in the Annual had been present in the ongoing series for some time as seemingly antagonistic figures.
 * Action Comics Annual #3 - by writer Roger Stern and penciller Tom Grummett; Superman becomes President of the United States, after remembering moments of the previously probable future seen in Superman Annual (vol. 2) #3.
 * Detective Comics Annual #4 - Batman vs. Talia.
 * The Adventures of Superman Annual #3 - by writer Louise Simonson and penciller Bryan Hitch; Lois Lane dies while pregnant with Superman's child and a widowed Superman eventually romances Maxima. It leads to Justice League Europe Annual #2.
 * Justice League Europe Annual #2 - The JLE are lost in time. It leads to Armageddon 2001 #2.

Aftermath titles

 * Action Comics #670
 * Superman (vol. 2) #61

Sequel miniseries

 * Armageddon: The Alien Agenda #1-4
 * Armageddon: Inferno #1-4

Aftermath
After Armageddon 2001, Waverider continued to show up (next, in the cover of Action Comics #670, with Armageddon 2001's aftermath), mostly in the Superman titles (Superman (vol. 2) #61 depicts Superman and Waverider in the Metropolis disaster area, which is the same area seen in Action Comics #670, and follows Waverider and Superman almost immediately after Armageddon 2001), before playing an important role in 1994's Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event which was likewise controlled by Jurgens.

None of the alternate futures shown in Armageddon 2001 came true and most of their events had no impact on the DC Universe. One exception was The New Titans crossover which showed a group of super-powered teens fighting against a god-like dictator. These characters had already appeared in New Titans, having traveled back in time to prevent their future from happening.

In other media
The title "Armageddon" was given the five-part episode crossover during the eighth season of the Arrowverse series The Flash. It borrows the idea of a hero becoming a villain in the future, in the show's case Barry Allen, and a figure traveling back in time to prevent it, Despero filling the role occupied by Waverider in the original story.

title: Armageddon 2001


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/November

ar:بوابة:طيران/أحداث تاريخية/يوليو في الطيران

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/November


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/December

ar:بوابة:طيران/أحداث تاريخية/يوليو في الطيران

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/December


text:
Jo van den Broek

Johannes Hendrik ("Jo") van den Broek, (4 October 1898 - 6 September 1978) was a Dutch architect influential in the rebuilding of Rotterdam after World War II.

Van den Broek was born in Rotterdam. He joined with Johannes Brinkman in 1936, after the death of Brinkman's partner Leendert van der Vlugt. The firm's work during this time including a new terminal building for the Holland-America cruise line.

From 1948 onward, van den Broek worked with Jacob Bakema. After Brinkman's death, the architectural firm was known as Van den Broek and Bakema. They collaborated to design landmarks and neighborhoods in Rotterdam and around the Netherlands, and participated in the 1957 Interbau project in Berlin. Van den Broek died in The Hague, aged 79.

The firm still exists to this day and is now known as Broekbakema.

title: Jo van den Broek


text:
Point of Departure (Andrew Hill album)

Point of Departure is a studio album by American jazz pianist and composer Andrew Hill, recorded in 1964 and released in 1965 on the Blue Note label. It features Hill in a sextet with alto saxophonist Eric Dolphy, tenor saxophonist Joe Henderson, trumpeter Kenny Dorham, bassist Richard Davis and drummer Tony Williams.

Point of Departure was reissued on CD by Blue Note in 1988 and again in 1999 when recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder remastered the album, adding alternate takes of "New Monastery", "Flight 19", and "Dedication".

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek calls the album "a stellar date, essential for any representative jazz collection, and a record that, in the 21st century, still points the way to the future for jazz". The Penguin Guide to Jazz gives the album a four-star rating plus a special "crown" accolade, and includes it as part of a selected "Core Collection." "Dedication" was originally titled "Cadaver" and wants to "express a feeling of great loss". The sad aura of the piece was such that, after playing a section of said piece, Dorham teared up a bit.

Track listing
Tracks 6, 7, 8 not part of original album

Musicians

 * Kenny Dorham – trumpet
 * Eric Dolphy – alto saxophone (1, 2, 3), bass clarinet (3, 4, 5), flute (3)
 * Joe Henderson – tenor saxophone (all), flute (3)
 * Andrew Hill – piano
 * Richard Davis – double bass
 * Tony Williams – drums

Production

 * Alfred Lion – production
 * Rudy Van Gelder – recording engineering
 * Nat Hentoff – liner notes
 * Reid Miles – photography, design

title: Point of Departure (Andrew Hill album)


text: User talk:218.133.114.120

title: User talk:218.133.114.120


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netivot Hatorah Day School

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Homey 18:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Netivot Hatorah Day School
Non-notable day elementary school. Very few Google hits. Has little chance to ever be notable. Also per my reasoning at Schools. Delete. Gateman1997 01:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gateman. Johntex 02:09, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, schoolcruft. -Hmib 02:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not notable. Sunray 03:12, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Thornhill. This is a private religious elementary school. --Tony Sidaway Talk  05:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or merge. Non-notable school. --Carnildo 06:07, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * D. NN. Radiant_ >|< 08:46, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Thornhill, Ontario. Short stub about a school of local notability only. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I strongly disagree with the nominators general bias against elementary schools. Many are highly significant to a community, and are often a source of educational innovation.  A reader, wishing to learn about the education system in a place, will do much better to read a few good school articles, than read the inhrently  spotty and vague coverage of education done in typical town's article (if any coverage exists). However, I'm as opposed to mass stub creation, as I am to mass deletion.  Nothing in *this* article demonstrates current or future value.  --rob 09:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Rob, a reader wishing to learn about the education system in a place should use relevant sources. It is highly unlikely they would consult an encyclopedia. And that is what we're making here. --Lomedae 11:01, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The same arguement could be used to delete every article on every place.  In general, an encyclopedia is a starting point of research, not an ending point.  A traveler may read about a country they knew nothing about in an encyclopedia to get the basics, but they won't use it as an actual travel guide.  Same deal with schools.  They might research schools of a certain type in a certain region, but won't use an encyclopedia as a guide in their final school selection.  We're not travel guide, or a school guide; but we can still have places and schools.  You're comment about "relevant" sources could be used to delete literally every article in wikipedia because every one is *supposed* to be based on reliable verifiable external sources, which serious researches will look at directly.  --rob 14:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Let us agree to disagree cheerfully :-) --Lomedae 15:14, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete elementary schools are not notable as a rule. --Lomedae 10:59, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete after merging. Blank Verse  ∅  11:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Proto t c 12:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.--Scimitar parley 14:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Dunc|☺ 15:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please why should this be erased can someone explain thatYuckfoo 16:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Because its a totally non-notable religious elementary day school stub that has no chance to even be notable no matter how long it exists as the school has no notable alumni, has had no notable events take place in it and has almost no Google hits.Gateman1997 16:46, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important to the Jewish community in Thornhill. Kappa 16:52, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not even worth merging. --TimPope 17:02, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pilatus 18:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. Gamaliel 18:35, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Lsrge school for pupils up to age 14. Osomec 19:08, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Sdedeo 19:46, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per Kappa. Looks like we'll lose this one simply because it is religious and elementary. Eventually all schools will have a place . --Nicodemus75 22:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Now why do you have to draw religion into it? That has nothing to do with this procedure. The fact that it's a non-notable elementary school and that whe're trying to build a encyclopedia here does. --Lomedae 21:51, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per User:Soltak/Views Soltak | Talk 22:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all schools should be on here--Machtzu 23:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator --Kennyisinvisible 23:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing to see here, move along. CDThieme 00:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable - brenneman (t) (c)  01:03, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Kappa. —RaD Man (talk) 01:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Thornhill, Ontario. Mindmatrix 13:55, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Primary schools are rarely encyclopedically notable. This one is no exception.  Quale 17:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per previous arguments to do so. Hamster Sandwich 21:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this good faith addition of good content from a welcome Wikipedia editor. Schools are notable enough topics for articles until the great Wikipedia paper shortage strikes. Unfocused 18:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator as nonnotable. --Metropolitan90 06:40, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jonathunder 15:31, 2005 September 4 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:41, 2005 September 4 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text:
Talk:KPMG

23 January 2023 reversions
Hello Cassiopeia. Can you please elaborate on how my deletions are nonconstructive or how the content I removed deserves to be included? The article is currently a laundry list of lawsuits and controversies with no apparent curation. Wikipedia is not a newspaper clipping service; there is no effort to follow-up on the outcome of lawsuits, it seems as if the editors put in whatever they read in the news that day. The section should be cut down to contain only the most relevant of incidents. 2A01:4B00:9D42:6E00:D837:A6FF:E335:54F5 (talk) 23:44, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * First of all, any info added or removed from Wikipedia need to be supported by independent, reliable source for verification. Secondly, Wikipedia is edited by volunteers. You have removed sourced content and that was the reason you received the warning message . Any update on the lawsuits can be added to the body text as long as they are support by independent, reliable source(s) (such as rom the major newspapers) and the existing of the sourced content should remain in the article. Cassiopeia  talk  23:50, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello Cassiopeia. I am the above IP. Can you please elaborate on First of all, any info added or removed from Wikipedia need to be supported by independent, reliable source for verification? I did not add or remove any unverifiable information. So, how does this sentence relate to my deletions? On your second point: Contrary to what you seem to imply, it is perfectly fine to remove verifiable/sourced information, as verifiability does not guarantee inclusion. Regarding the substance of my deletions, I would like my original question to be answered: Why should these lawsuits and tiny fines be included in particular? An article should include the most important information about the subject, but currently it is very bloated. 2A01:4B00:9D42:6E00:91DE:84CC:CE66:DD33 (talk) 22:53, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * From your comments above, I believe you have edited Wikipedia before either in a username which you dont wish to disclosed or a formal banned editor or a COI (conflict of interest) editor of the page. Anyway, the first comment is to let you know the that if you happen have would like to add info to the content, you need to have independent, reliable source to do so for verification and the editor who makes that edit bares the burden to provide the source (in line citation). Secondly, not all sourced content should be included in an article but those that are relevant - example we dont add the content to a subject on they go to holiday in May 2012 or June 2012 or any other holiday or their parents like blue shirts or the subject love meatball, or fell down the on the playground or in basketball court which have not significant contribution to the life of the subject (unless the fall contributed to a significant of the subject professional career or they life in long run which effect them greatly of their career/life) even the sources are independent and reliable. A lawsuit do bare relevant to the subject in question. Cassiopeia   talk  01:17, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

New KPMG Scandal?
KPMG audited the wrong company? https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/feb/24/incredible-failure-kpmg-rejects-claims-it-assessed-the-wrong-company-before-423m-payment-to-paladin 50.4.132.185 (talk) 01:56, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Or this cheating scandal https://www.nysscpa.org/news/publications/the-trusted-professional/article/sec-probe-finds-kpmg-auditors-cheating-on-training-exams-061819 50.4.132.185 (talk) 02:58, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:KPMG


text:
User talk:Alexander elder

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 01:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
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Cisfinitum
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May 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Habeas corpus, did not appear to be constructive and has been automatically reverted by ClueBot. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you believe there has been a mistake and would like to report a false positive, please report it here and then remove this warning from your talk page. If your edit was not vandalism, please feel free to make your edit again after reporting it. The following is the log entry regarding this warning: Habeas corpus was changed by Alexander elder (u) (t) making a minor change adding "!!!" on 2009-05-29T05:22:09+00:00. Thank you. ClueBot (talk) 05:22, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alexander elder


text:
Talk:Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada

League with the third highest attendance
Is it MLS or the CFL? The article says both at different points. --Khajidha (talk) 12:14, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Maintenance request/cry for help
This article is severely lacking in cited sources, its attendance figures are outdated enough that updating them would challenge some of the points the article tries to make (especially about the CFL), and the article's thesis—that there's a significant, factual, well-known and well-defined definition of "major league" based on the specific traits it describes—appears to be WP:SYNTH of existing but uncited sources at best, and potentially whole-cloth WP:OR or opinions stated as fact.

The article- and section-level flags I've added, and many of the inline statements I've flagged, are new but there are inline, unaddressed citation needed flags dating back to 2014. The only league that's reliably sourced in the article is CFL, and most of that appears to be trying to justify its inclusion as a "major league" despite all but one of those sources being unconcerned with the definition.

At a higher level, much of how the article frames the leagues in question is arbitrary. Its scope excludes leagues in Mexico for no given reason, but mentions the leagues' work in Mexico in a contextual vacuum. It adequately defines the "Big Four" as the sources do, but defines "major league" with very specific criteria, and then includes CFL, which struggles to meet most of them. The article's definitions of "major" in a sports context, or "major league" outside of the context of baseball, are largely unsupported by the cited sources in favor of the term "Big Four", which includes only the NHL, NFL, NBA, and MLB.

It might be better for this article to be retitled and refocused. Since the cited sources support and align on the "Big Four" definition of NFL, MLB, NBA, and NHL, this article could focus entirely on those (as it mostly already does, in terms of WP:RS/WP:IS-supported citations). The sole opinion column cited in this article as supporting the inclusion of MLS and CFL as "major leagues" is an opinion-led source, which itself relies on Google search volume data to make its case, which due to WP:GOOGLELIMITS is difficult to support as the foundation of a definition of "major league" and thus the structure and inclusion in this article. (And the case isn't helped by how that same opinion piece supports listing Liga MX over either MLS or CFL as a "major" league.)

MLS, CFL, and other notable but smaller leagues than the Big Four could then be described separately, whether in their own article or ideally merged with the existing prominent women's sports leagues in the United States and Canada into a gender-neutral prominent sports leagues in the United States and Canada (or North America). By separating the well-defined, source-supported "Big Four" designation from other top-flight leagues, we could fix the structural problem forced on the matter by the relatively poorly defined "major league" designation—usage of which is only really supported in the context of differentiating Major and Minor League Baseball from each other—without slighting how any of the leagues involved are described or compared.

It also opens the possibility of including and comparing other leagues that are notably prominent within their sports in a similar fashion, like Major League Rugby, National Lacrosse League, Canadian Premier League, and if Mexico's included Liga MX, Liga MX Femenil, Mexican League, Mexican Pacific League, or Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional.

This would also help reduce systemic bias issues that arise from rightfully omitting women's leagues from the subject of the Big Four leagues but also wedging CFL into the major definition. If CFL is "major" only in a Canadian context, then it's in the wrong article; if CFL is "major" in a combined US/Canada context, then arguably the now-larger NWSL and WNBA, with higher team valuations, comparable player pay, and comparable revenue as of 2022, are too.

An article for prominent leagues not in the Big Four also helps address having separate-but-differently maintained articles on leagues that are each defined by gender, which makes creating meaningful and relevant factual comparisons between women's, men's, and co-ed leagues as organizations and businesses arbitrarily more difficult.

Much of the rest of the article appears to be WP:SYNTH of the component leagues' articles, or of well-cited (but also now outdated) metrics in order to reflect commonalities between the leagues. In the process, it adds unprovable or editorialized statements that aren't made in either the cited sources or on the leagues' main or related articles. That cleanup is a separate concern; most of that content could be removed, and much of the cited content that's not included on the league articles could be moved to them and summarized much more succinctly here. -Socccc (talk) 00:49, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Especially about removing CFL from the article. It isn't anymore relevant in the United States as the XFL is. Listen1st (talk) 18:34, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Simpler title/name
So after some more research I have found that suggesting the term Northern America is best as it only encompasses the United States and Canada. “Northern American major professional sports leagues” is what I had in mind. Banan14kab (talk) 21:04, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

 * In general usage, it's just called "North America", and the article used to be at that title. However, some people objected to that as Mexico isn't included, hence the move to "United States and Canada". I'm not sure that "Northern America" is recognizable enough to use in the title, and remember it also includes Greenland and Bermuda, which aren't in the scope of this article. Let's just keep it where it's at if we can't use "North America". BilCat (talk) 21:15, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

MLS has surpassed NHL and NBA in average attendance
MLS is clearly growing faster than the other two sports. It's average attendance is higher and with the new Apple TV deal it's TV money is higher than NHL. It's still drawn as a minor "Other Major League" sport. At minimum, it should be ahead of the NHL which is clearly niche. Mwrab (talk) 23:15, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * MLS has few games and cheaper tickets than the NHL and NBA, and the NHL's deal with ESPN and Turner are worth more. Any argument that the MLS is above the NHL is one's personal opinion and not factual. 67.208.58.12 (talk) 01:25, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * MLS has surpassed them in attendance because they play in outdoor stadiums with larger capacities; so this doesn't feel like a valid argument for determining popularity. Not to mention NHL/NBA play 82 games per season. MLS sits way behind the Big 4 in revenue as well. 2601:647:5900:5D0:D8B:6D55:C737:2D48 (talk) 06:15, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Revenue seems like a mildly arbitrary and vague line to what determines "major" versus "non-major," especially when I could be fairly sure if I search up reliable sources, I could find a sufficient outside sources referring to MLS as one of the "majors." That being said, do we have any actual definition as to what defines a "major" league versus a "minor" league, or is this just being decided by "some of them make more money?" - Navarre0107 (talk) 16:44, 15 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
Five Weeks in a Balloon

Five Weeks in a Balloon, or, A Journey of Discovery by Three Englishmen in Africa (Cinq semaines en ballon) is an adventure novel by Jules Verne, published in 1863. It is the first novel in which he perfected the "ingredients" of his later work, skillfully mixing a story line full of adventure and plot twists that keep the reader's interest through passages of technical, geographic, and historic description. The book gives readers a glimpse of the exploration of Africa, which was still not completely known to Europeans of the time, with explorers traveling all over the continent in search of its secrets.

Public interest in fanciful tales of African exploration was at its height, and the novel was an instant hit; it made Verne financially independent and led to long-term contracts with Pierre-Jules Hetzel's publishing house, which put out some sixty more books of his over the next four decades.

Plot summary
A scholar and explorer, Dr. Samuel Fergusson, accompanied by his manservant Joe and his friend professional hunter Richard "Dick" Kennedy, sets out to travel across the African continent — still not fully explored — with the help of a balloon filled with hydrogen. He has invented a mechanism that, by eliminating the need to release gas or throw ballast overboard to control his altitude, allows very long trips to be taken. This voyage is meant to link together the voyages of Sir Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke in East Africa with those of Heinrich Barth in the regions of the Sahara and Chad. The trip begins in Zanzibar on the east coast, and passes across Lake Victoria, Lake Chad, Agadez, Timbuktu, Djenné and Ségou to St Louis in modern-day Senegal on the west coast. The book describes the unknown interior of Africa near modern-day Central African Republic as a desert, when it is actually savanna.

A good deal of the initial exploration is focused on finding the source of the Nile, an event that occurs in chapter 18 (out of 43). The second leg is to link up the other explorers. There are numerous scenes of adventure, composed of either a conflict with natives or conflict with the environment. Some examples include:

 * Rescuing a missionary from a tribe that was preparing to sacrifice him.
 * Running out of water while stranded without a wind over the Sahara.
 * An attack on the balloon by bearded vultures, leading to dramatic developments as Joe leaps out of the balloon.
 * The actions taken to rescue Joe later.
 * Narrowly escaping the remnants of a militant army as the balloon dwindles to nothingness with the loss of hydrogen.
 * The shooting of a bluebuck, now known to be anachronistic since the species was already extinct.

In all these adventures, the protagonists overcome the challenges they face through continued perseverance more than anything else. The novel is filled with coincidental moments where trouble is avoided because wind catches up at just the right time, or the characters look in just the right direction. There are frequent references to a higher power watching out for them.

The balloon itself ultimately gives out before the end, but makes it far enough across to get the protagonists to friendly lands, and eventually back to England, therefore succeeding in the expedition. The story abruptly ends after the African trip, with only a brief synopsis of what follows.

Film adaptations

 * 1961 - Flight of the Lost Balloon United States, directed by Nathan Juran and starring Marshall Thompson. Due to pressure from Irwin Allen and 20th Century Fox all references to Jules Verne were dropped from the film.
 * 1962 - Five Weeks in a Balloon'', US, directed by Irwin Allen and starring Red Buttons, Fabian, Barbara Eden, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, Peter Lorre, Richard Haydn, Barbara Luna
 * 1975 - Viaje Fantástico en Globo, Mexico, directed by René Cardona Jr. and starring Hugo Stiglitz
 * 1977 - Five Weeks In A Balloon, Hanna-Barbera animated film directed by Chris Cuddington

title: Five Weeks in a Balloon


text:
Georgia State Route 138

State Route 138 (SR 138) is a 59.2 mi state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway is a west-to-east route that travels within portions of Fulton, Fayette, Clayton, Henry, Rockdale, Newton, and Walton counties that connects Fairburn and Monroe, while bypassing Atlanta.

Route description
SR 138 begins at an intersection with SR 92 (West Campbellton Street) in Fairburn, within Fulton County. In town, it heads southeast to US 29/SR 14 (Roosevelt Highway). It continues southeasterly to an interchange with Interstate 85 (I-85; James D. "Jim" McGee Memorial Highway) in Union City. Farther to the southeast is SR 279 (Old National Highway), just prior to reaching the tripoint that is the meeting point of Fulton, Fayette, and Clayton counties. It runs along the Fayette–Clayton county line for a short while. During that stretch, it intersects SR 314 (West Fayetteville Road). After entering Clayton County proper, it meets SR 85 in Riverdale. Northwest of Jonesboro is an intersection with SR 138 Spur (North Avenue), which is part of the former route of the SR 138 mainline through town. SR 138 now passes north of most of the town. Just to the northwest of SR 138 Spur is US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 54 (Tara Boulevard). At this intersection, SR 54 runs concurrent to the east for about 1 mi. On the northeastern edge of town, SR 54 splits off to the northeast on Jonesboro Road, and SR 138 curves to the southeast to meet is second intersection with SR 138 Spur (Stockbridge Road/Lake Spivey Parkway). Just before crossing into Henry County, SR 138 enters Stockbridge. In town, it has an interchange with I-75. The road re-enters Clayton County and slips out of the city limits for about 1 mi. It has an interchange with I-675 (Terrell Starr Parkway), during that stretch. After re-entering both Henry County and Stockbridge's city limits, the road meets US 23/SR 42 (North Henry Boulevard). The three routes head concurrent to the east, until just outside the city. After the concurrency ends, SR 138 heads northeast to an intersection with SR 155 (Snapfinger Road), just before entering Rockdale County. The road crosses over the South River and intersects SR 212 (Scott Highway). In Conyers, SR 138 meets SR 20 (McDonough Highway). The two routes run concurrently to the north and northeast through town, with an interchange with I-20/US 278/SR 12 (Purple Heart Highway), until SR 20 heads northwest on Sigman Road NE and SR 138 continues to the northeast in the northeastern part of town. The highway crosses over the Yellow River and cuts across the northernmost corner of Newton County, before entering Walton County. Shortly after the county line is Walnut Grove, where SR 81 (Leone Avenue) runs through. SR 138 continues to the northeast and enters Monroe. In town, is an intersection with SR 10 Business (West Spring Street). It then meets at an interchange with US 78/SR 10. It then finally meets its eastern terminus a fifth of a mile north of the previous interchange. The roadway continues northeast for a mile as Charlotte Rowell Boulevard to Georgia State Route 11 in Monroe.

All of SR 138 from I-85 to I-20 is part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

History
An old portion of SR 138 with a steel truss bridge crossing the Alcovy River in Walton County still exists on privately owned property.

Bannered route
State Route 138 Spur (SR 138 Spur) is a very short spur route, about 0.5 mi in length, in Jonesboro that connects the SR 138 mainline with US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 54 (Tara Boulevard). Until the early 1990s, it was part of SR 138 proper, which ran through downtown Jonesboro at the time. Around that time, a new bypass was built around the north side of the city. It initially received the designation SR 138 Spur; however, once the bypass was completed, the SR 138 and SR 138 Spur designations were swapped and the new SR 138 Spur truncated to Tara Boulevard on the west side of Jonesboro. Some street signs on the northern bypass, now the SR 138 mainline, still incorrectly refer to the road as "Spur 138".

title: Georgia State Route 138


text:
Danbury Branch

The Danbury Branch is a diesel branch of the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line in the U.S. state of Connecticut, running from downtown Norwalk north to Danbury. It opened in 1852 as the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad. Until the early 1970s, passenger service continued north from Danbury to Canaan, Connecticut, and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Metro-North took over operation of the line from Conrail in 1983, and the modern-day branch is mostly single-tracked.

History

The Danbury and Norwalk Railroad began operating its line from Norwalk north to Danbury on February 22, 1852. In July 1872 a branch from the mainline at Bethel northeast to Hawleyville opened. At Hawleyville, the branch connected to the Housatonic Railroad, continuing north into Massachusetts. Also at Hawleyville, connections with the Shepaug Railroad to Litchfield were possible.

Starting on May 1, 1874, that connection was supplemented by the New York, Housatonic and Northern Railroad, running from Danbury northeast to the Housatonic. In 1881 the New York and New England Railroad was completed, giving another connection at Danbury and at Hawleyville. A short branch from Branchville on the mainline west to Ridgefield opened July 1, 1870. In July 1882 an extension was built in Norwalk to docks at Wilson Point. The Housatonic Railroad leased the D&N on July 21, 1887; and soon after, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the Housatonic.

Long-distance passenger service operated on the line. The Berkshire ran on the line from Grand Central to Danbury, to Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Many railroad bridges along the Danbury Branch were damaged or destroyed in the 1955 Norwalk river flood. The NYNH&H merged into Penn Central in 1969. On January 1, 1971, the State of Connecticut leased the Danbury Branch from Penn Central. The last passenger train from Danbury north to Pittsfield, Massachusetts ran in April 1971, the day before Amtrak assumed passenger operations. From 1976 until 1983, freight and passenger service on the line was provided by the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) under a contract with Connecticut. In 1983 the newly formed Metro-North Commuter Railroad took over operation of passenger service along the line. Conrail continued to provide freight service on the line until 1993. The Providence and Worcester Railroad now provides freight service along the Danbury Branch.

Upon renovation of the Merritt 7 station, Metro-North ceased stops at Kent Road on January 16, 1994, and instead provided service via shuttle bus to Merritt 7 for local employers. By the time of its closing, fewer than 15 passengers used the station daily.

Electrification
The Danbury Line operated electric-powered trains beginning in 1925. The catenary system on the Danbury Line was removed in 1961 when diesel-powered locomotives resumed service on the line. Steel posts that once carried the overhead catenary system can still be seen along the line. , the Connecticut Department of Transportation was studying the feasibility of installing catenary wire on the Danbury Branch.

Railway museums
The Switchtower Museum in South Norwalk describes to visitors how railroad employees would switch the tracks for trains continuing on the Danbury branch line, then switch them back for trains travelling along the New Haven main line.

The Danbury Railway Museum is located in the former Union Station of the D&N and NY&NE in Danbury. It lies just north of the current Danbury Metro-North station. At the museum are examples of rolling stock retired from service as well as an indoor display of model trains.

Plans

There have been proposals to re-electrify the Danbury Branch, along with a plan to extend service north from Danbury to New Milford.

In connection with the planned redevelopment of the Gilbert & Bennett Wire Mill as a residential neighborhood, reopening a Georgetown station between the Cannondale and Branchville stations has been approved, though not yet scheduled or funded. The previous station was abandoned in the 1970s due to low ridership.

Over $60 million was allocated to the Danbury Branch, approximately half from the economic stimulus package of 2009, to improve current stations, build siding tracks, and install a new signal system. Connecticut Gov. M. Jodi Rell held a press conference with local politicians at the Cannondale station on July 28, 2009, to announce that construction was scheduled to start in late 2009 and finish in 2011. The new signal system finally began operation in 2013, but extensive work was still ongoing in 2014 because of unresolved problems with the drop gates at grade crossings.

In fall 2012, the focus of the plan was only on improving the corridor as far as Danbury, with no extension.

In May 2015, Governor Dannel Malloy's five-year plan for transportation improvements called "Let's Go CT" only mentioned one point for the Danbury Branch. This is a new small rail yard called the Danbury Line Dock Yard Improvements. This area in South Norwalk will include electrification of the southern end of the branch. This was to enable work to commence on the Walk Bridge. However, at the same time a 30-year plan was published that does envision electrification of the Danbury Branch, extending service to New Milford and electrifying that extension. Electrification of the portion to Danbury would cost $400 million; the extension to New Milford would cost $450 million, and the electrification of the extension would cost $540 million.

On February 1, 2017, the Connecticut State Bond Commission authorized $21 million in borrowing for upgrades at the Merritt 7 station as well as for the addition of a station on the New Haven Line. The Merritt 7 station would have a footbridge added, a raised platform, and an expanded shelter.

Plans to reopen the long-closed Wall Street station are under consideration in wake of new housing developments in Norwalk Center.

Stations
West of South Norwalk, the New Haven Line continues southwest to Grand Central Terminal and northeast to Union Station in New Haven.

All trains stop at all seven stations on the branch. The trip from Danbury to South Norwalk currently (2018) takes about 54 minutes. All peak trains and some off-peak run to Stamford on weekdays, and limited service runs to Grand Central Terminal as well. Limited through service from Danbury to Grand Central takes about 2 hours. Two weekday trains serve the intermediate stations (Rowayton, Darien, and Noroton Heights) in peak direction.

The following services that connect to the Danbury Branch are Amtrak, Metro-North Railroad, Norwalk Transit District, and HARTransit.

Rolling stock
Unlike the New Haven main line or the New Canaan Branch, the Danbury Branch is not electrified, and uses diesel locomotives in push-pull operation. Usually, the diesels push trains toward Grand Central Terminal, and pull toward Danbury. All of the passenger cars used are Shoreliner series cars, powered by GE P32AC-DM Genesis, Brookville BL20GH, or EMD GP40-3H locomotives.

In August 2023, CTDOT approved a contract with Alstom for 60 single-level passenger cars. The cars will replace the existing Shoreliner coach fleet on the Waterbury Branch and the Danbury Branch, as well as Mafersa coaches on the Hartford Line. Deliveries are expected to begin in 2026.

title: Danbury Branch


text:
Danbury and Norwalk Railroad

The Danbury and Norwalk Railroad, chartered in 1835 as the Fairfield County Railroad, was an independent American railroad that operated between the cities of Danbury and Norwalk, Connecticut from 1852 until its absorption by the Housatonic Railroad in 1886. The right of way established by the D&N continues in operation and is now the Danbury Branch of the New Haven Line of the Metro-North Railroad.

Fairfield County Railroad, 1835-1850
The Danbury and Norwalk Railroad was chartered May 1835 as the Fairfield County Railroad. The objective of the railroad was to build from Danbury to somewhere on Long Island Sound. The backers wanted to end Danbury's isolation. Professor Alexander C. Twining of Yale University was hired to conduct a survey. Several options were researched, and Professor Twining recommended the route following the Norwalk River. This route would come through Norwalk and South Norwalk, and terminate on the shores of the Long Island Sound at Belden's Point. It was longer than other options, but the total travel time to New York City was shorter, because less travel over water was needed.

The railroad was initially planned as a horsedrawn railroad, which would have been a significant improvement on the unpaved toll roads. A coach took a half day for the journey, but horse-drawn rail cars were estimated to make the Danbury to Norwalk trip in 3 hours. As financing the project was a problem, attention was paid to the area north of Danbury, along the Housatonic River. If these places would be connected, more options would come available to financing the railroad.

A survey was performed By Mr. E H. Broadhead. This route would connect Danbury by a 70-mile route with the Western Railroad at West Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Then in 1836 the Housatonic Railroad was chartered in Bridgeport. Danbury was offered a subscription to the new railroad for $100,000, but Danbury declined. The Housatonic Railroad started building its railroad, bypassing Danbury, and going north along the route that was surveyed for the Fairfield County Railroad.

1850-1852
On May 29, 1850 the charter of the Fairfield County Railroad was once again renewed, but the name was changed to the Danbury and Norwalk Railroad. On June 7, 1850 the company was organized with Eli T. Hoyt as president.

The surveyed route to Norwalk from Danbury was built, but not the extension to Belden's Neck. The railroad would connect to the New York & New Haven in South Norwalk.

In the fall of 1850, construction began, with Beard, Church and Company of Derby, Connecticut the general contractor as chosen in a bidding process. The work began even before all the land had been secured. In general, work proceeded from south to north. The route closely followed the Norwalk River in order to avoid grades (inclines). A grade of only one percent would have severely limited the size of trains that could be used. As a result of the proximity to the river, the Danbury line has had a history of occasional flooding. Major floods occurred in 1853, 1854 and, much later in 1955, all of which briefly closed the line. In the first few years, many of the bridges and fills along the line needed to be replaced.

Construction of the railroad was done by subcontractors. In Wilton, for instance, local entrepreneur Charles Cannon became a subcontractor. From March to December 1851 he employed between 51 and 86 Irishmen each month in constructing roadbeds and laying tracks. One working man, Timothy Sullivan, was paid 75 cents per day, working six days most weeks in March, for a total of $14.44. Of that, $10 was deducted for board. Elsewhere along the line, most of the laborers were Irish, but not all. They worked with hand tools and help from a small number of animals. No explosives were used to blast away rock ledges.

On February 25, 1852 the railroad opened to regular service. A simple schedule of two trains in each direction was run each day, one mixed and one passenger train. The initial dividend at the end of the first year was 5.25%.

The railroad allowed travelers from Danbury to get to New York City in the same amount of time it had taken a stage coach to get to South Norwalk. One stage driver in Danbury, Henry Banks, became D&N's first passenger conductor. According to L. Peter Cornwall, a historian who has written about the Danbury Line, "Well-liked and respected up and down the line, Mr. Banks was noted for his suave and courtly manner as well as his elaborate announcements during the train's progress from station to station.

1853-1872
An additional passenger round trip was added to the schedule. The railroad was making a good profit because the railroad did not have any competitors along its road. These resulted in slow speeds and high profits. In 1862 the Norwalk Horse Railway Company was formed with Edwin Lockwood as president. This company would connect South Norwalk with Norwalk. This would take revenue away from the railroad. The response of the D&N was to compete. To make its track suitable for horse-drawn carriages, boards were placed between tracks. In April 1862 operation between Norwalk (Wall Street) and South Norwalk started with small cars. The next year, nine steam or horse-drawn trains would run between these two stations. But by 1863 the horse railway was operational and was a major success. Higher frequencies, lower fares and more stops were pleasing the public. The D&N withdrew its service quickly thereafter.

In 1864 Edwin Lockwood, uncle of LeGrand Lockwood, became president of the D&N. The Lockwoods, natives of Norwalk, were major stockholders in the railroad. A line from Danbury to Brookfield was considered. It would have given the D&N an important connection. But another railroad was already organised to build along the right of way needed by the D&N. The New York, Housatonic & Northern was opened between Danbury and Brookfield in 1868. During construction there was a connection between the D&N and the NYH&N, but it was torn up after construction finished.

In 1869 construction of the branch from Branchville (formerly Ridgefield) to Ridgefield started. The 4 mile branch was very difficult to construct due to the steep climb needed to reach Ridgefield. On June 25, 1870 the first trains started running, and the official opening was held on July 1, 1870.

In Spring 1872 a branch between Bethel and Hawleyville was started. It allowed for connections with the Shepaug Valley Railroad, Housatonic Railroad, and eventually the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad once it was completed through Hawleyville. There were plans in which the D&N would be a link in a railroad connecting New York and Boston, but these died with LeGrand Lockwood, the nephew and financial backer of Edwin Lockwood, in 1872.

1872-1886
In 1873 the railroad was now running six locomotives, which all were running on coal. Three of them were new and three were converted from wood. On June 18, 1873, Roswell Pettibone Flower became president of the railroad. Even through the depression the railroad was kept into good shape and investments were being made. The railroad remained a very modern one. Plans for further extensions were put aside, and focus was on improving the lines already present. 56 Pound steel was replacing iron rails. The best iron rails were being used to relay yards and sidings. Also the branches were improved with the old iron rails. In 1879 all passenger cars were equipped with air brakes. In 1880 a tract of land in Redding was bought. It was already used for religious camps. The railroad promoted it as an ideal place for a day in the country. The summer resort attracted many passengers, most of whom were moved on regular trains. The schedule called for three passenger trains and a freight train in each direction on the mainline. Three trips were made on the Ridgefield Branch. The Hawleyville branch was operated by the Shepaug Valley Railroad.

An additional train started running between Bethel and Danbury, which provided service for the large number of commuters between these two towns, working in the factories near the Danbury yard.

In 1881, James W. Hyatt succeeded Roswell P. Flower as president. Just before the take over plans were started to build the final stretch from South Norwalk to Belden's Point. This would give the railroad a direct connection with New York City and other points along the Sound by means of ferries. Construction started quickly and on July 4, 1882, the pier was opened. The new pier was an enormous boost to traffic on the line. Trains were running 24 hours a day. Just after completion of the pier James W. Hyatt was succeeded by F. St. John Lockwood. The new pier made the D&N a very interesting railroad to take over. On October 1, 1886, the D&N would become the Danbury & Norwalk Division of the Housatonic Railroad, by means of a 99-year lease. This was eight years after the first proposal by the HRR.

1886 and later
The Housatonic Railroad relayed tracks between Hawleyville and Bethel with steel track. Housatonic trains were now routed towards Wilsons Point instead of Bridgeport. The D&N division was getting busier every year. Especially when the NY & NE started diverting its traffic towards Wilsons Point after it lost its original connection with New York City. The Housatonic Railroad leased the D&N starting July 21, 1887. Around 1891 the Long Island Rail Road and the New York and New England Railroad started running the Long Island and Eastern States Express which connected the LIRR's Oyster Bay Branch via ferry to the D&N at Belden's point and proceeded to Hawleyville for connections to the New York and New England Railroad with service to Boston.

On July 21, 1892 the Housatonic Railroad was taken over by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The D&N was subsequently leased to the NYNH&H. Later on there was an exchange in stocks, and the NYNH&H owned the D&N outright. The NYNH&H merged into Penn Central in 1969. On January 1, 1971, the State of Connecticut leased passenger and freight operations on the Danbury Branch to Penn Central.

The state contracted with the federally formed Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) to operate freight and passenger service on the line from 1976 until the cessation of Conrail passenger service in 1983. Conrail freight service on the line ended in 1993.

The Connecticut Department of Transportation now owns the former D&N line. Freight service is provided by the Providence and Worcester Railroad since 1993 also by a newly formed Housatonic Railroad. With the formation of Metro-North Railroad in 1983 the D&N became the Danbury Branch of that railroad's New Haven Line.

Main line

South to North * only if opened after rest of line in 1852.

Ridgefield Branch
The Ridgefield branch opened July 1, 1870 from Branchville on the main line and had one terminal station at Ridgefield as well as two flag stops along the way at Florida and Cooper. Trains generally consisted of two cars; one passenger car, plus a combination car for baggage, express and mail. Freight cars were added as needed. Ridgefield had a one-stall engine house and a turntable. Passenger service was abandoned on The Ridgefield Branch in 1925. Although the branch remained active until freight service was abandoned by the NYNH&H in 1964. The branch was later turned into the Ridgefield Rail Trail.

Hawleyville Branch
There was only one siding located along the branch. At Hawleyville there was an interchange with the New York and New England Railroad. The Hawleyville interchange was in addition to the one at Danbury. At Hawleyville connections could be made to the rest of the Housatonic (Bridgeport to the south, Massachusetts to the north) as well as the Shepaug Railroad (to Litchfield northeast). The Hawleyville Branch was abandoned by the NYNH&H in 1911 and was one of the first line abandonments of the railroad.

title: Danbury and Norwalk Railroad


text:
File:Hutcherson Oblique.jpg

Summary
Cover artwork for Bobby Hutcherson's Oblique LP.

title: File:Hutcherson Oblique.jpg


text:
Category:Rhodes

Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rhodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea.

title: Category:Rhodes


text: Talk:Ford Field

title: Talk:Ford Field


text:
Inductive set

 * Bourbaki also defines an inductive set to be a partially ordered set that satisfies the hypothesis of Zorn's lemma when nonempty.

In descriptive set theory, an inductive set of real numbers (or more generally, an inductive subset of a Polish space) is one that can be defined as the least fixed point of a monotone operation definable by a positive Σ1n formula, for some natural number n, together with a real parameter.

The inductive sets form a boldface pointclass; that is, they are closed under continuous preimages. In the Wadge hierarchy, they lie above the projective sets and below the sets in L(R). Assuming sufficient determinacy, the class of inductive sets has the scale property and thus the prewellordering property.

The term can have a number of different meanings:

 * Russell's definition, an inductive set is a nonempty partially ordered set in which every element has a successor. An example is the set of natural numbers N, where 0 is the first element, and the others are produced by adding 1 successively.
 * Roitman considers the same construction in a more concrete form: the elements are sets, the empty set $$\emptyset$$ among them, and the successor of every element $$y$$ is the set $$y\cup \{y\}$$. In particular, every inductive set contains the sequence $$\emptyset,\{\emptyset\},\{\emptyset,\{\emptyset\}\},\{\emptyset,\{\emptyset\},\{\emptyset,\{\emptyset\}\}\},\dots$$.
 * For many other authors (e.g., Bourbaki), an inductive set is a partially ordered set in which every totally ordered subset has an upper bound, i.e., it is a set fulfilling the assumption of Zorn's lemma.

title: Inductive set


text:
Talk:Inductive set

quick-and-dirty stub
OK, I've moved the original article to inductive set (axiom of infinity), and written an extremely quick and dirty stub for the descriptive-set-theory notion here. Not even all the facts should be considered completely checked. I'll try to clean it up later. --Trovatore 02:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inductive set


text:
It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown

It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown is the sixth prime-time animated television special based on the comic strip Peanuts, created by Charles M. Schulz. It was directed by Bill Melendez and originally aired on CBS on September 27, 1969.

It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown was the first Peanuts special not to receive any Emmy Award nominations.

Plot
School is out for the summer and Charlie, Linus, Schroeder, and Pig Pen are planning to spend it reading every comic book, watching television, playing baseball, and playing classical music. However, Lucy tells them that she signed them up for camp. The girls are eager to go, but the boys hate the idea. The boys shove each other to get on the bus, while the girls line up in order. At camp, Charlie is chosen as captain of the boys' camp. The boys and girls have a swim race, which the girls win easily. Then they have a softball game, which the boys lose with only one run. Other competitions are just as lopsided.

Charlie and Shermy, disillusioned by their continued defeat, see Snoopy arm-wrestling with the boys. They realize that the boys might get even with an arm wrestling game, with "The Masked Marvel" (Snoopy) as their champion. Snoopy goes into training, eating the camp's awful food, doing exercises, and drinking a nutritious and noxious concoction. In the contest, Snoopy goes up against Lucy. They both get sweaty and tired in the match, which ends when Snoopy kisses Lucy. He pins her hand; but she says that kissing her was a foul, and she is the winner.

Back at school, Charlie only comes up with 13 words on his essay that he and Linus are forced to write on the first day, having been caught playing hangman in class. Linus gets an A but Charlie gets a C−. Linus then says "Oh, well, it was a short summer, Charlie Brown", to which Charlie gloomily replies, "And it looks like it's going to be a long winter".

Cast

 * Peter Robbins as Charlie Brown
 * Pamelyn Ferdin as Lucy van Pelt
 * Glenn Gilger as Linus van Pelt
 * Hilary Momberger as Sally Brown
 * Ann Altieri as Frieda and Violet Gray
 * David Carey as Shermy
 * Christopher DeFaria as Peppermint Patty
 * Gai DeFaria as Pig-Pen
 * Sally Dryer as Sophie, Clara and Shirley
 * Matthew Liftin as Roy
 * Lisa DeFaria as Patty
 * John Daschback as Schroeder
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy

Credits

 * Created and Written by: Charles M. Schulz
 * Directed by: Bill Melendez
 * Produced by: Lee Mendelson, Bill Melendez
 * Graphic Blandishment: Ed Levitt, Bernard Gruver, Ellie Bonnard, Evert Brown, Don Lusk, Frank Smith, Bob Carlson, Spencer Peel, Ruth Kissane, Beverly Robbins, Rudy Zamora, Brad Case, Phil Roman, Alan Zaslove, Bill Littlejohn, Herman Cohen, Manuel Perez, Hank Smith, Jan Strejan, Sam Jaimes, Eleanor Warren, Faith Kovaleski, Manon Washburn, Gwenn Dotzler
 * Original Score Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi
 * Arranged and Conducted by: John Scott Trotter
 * Editing: Bob Gillis, Chuck McCann, Steve Melendez
 * Recording:
 * Voices: Radio Recorders, Sid Nicholas
 * Music: United Recorders, Arte Becker
 * Mix: Producers' Sound Service, Don Minkler, Bill Mumford
 * Camera: Jim Dixon, Nick Vasu, Wally Bulloch
 * In Cooperation with United Feature Syndicate, Inc.

Production notes
It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown was the first Peanuts special to not feature the majority of the original voice cast from the inaugural A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965), who had begun to age out of their roles; Ann Altieri, Sally Dryer and Peter Robbins (in his last appearance voicing Charlie Brown) did return, as did Melendez, who once again not only directed but voiced Snoopy and Woodstock. Among the notable additions to the cast was Pamelyn Ferdin, Robbins's co-star on Blondie, replacing Sally Dryer as Lucy, who instead voiced minor roles.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. The score was performed by the Vince Guaraldi Decet on September 11–12, 1969, at Western Recorders, featuring Monty Budwig (double bass), Herb Ellis (guitar), Jack Sperling (drums), Victor Feldman (percussion), Frank Rosolino (trombone), Conte Candoli (trumpet), Pete Candoli (trumpet), Peter Christlieb (woodwind) and William Hood (woodwind).

 * 1) "Charlie Brown Theme" (version 1, horn section) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 2) "Linus and Lucy" (flute and trio version)
 * 3) "It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown" (opening theme version)
 * "Oh, Good Grief" (version 1) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 1) "You're in Love, Charlie Brown"
 * 2) "Schroeder"
 * 3) "Bus Blues" ( John Scott Trotter )
 * 4) "Bus Blues" (reprise) ( John Scott Trotter )
 * 5) "It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown" (version 2)
 * 6) "Frieda (With the Naturally Curly Hair)" (big band version)
 * "Oh, Good Grief" (version 2) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 1) "Come and Get It" ( John Scott Trotter )
 * 2) "Mess Call" (aka "Hash") ( John Scott Trotter )
 * 3) "Bon Voyage"
 * 4) "Peppermint Patty"
 * 5) "Nova Bossa" ( John Scott Trotter )/"Love Will Come"/"Nova Bossa" ( John Scott Trotter )
 * 6) "Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit-Bag" ( Felix Powell, George Asaf )
 * 7) "There's a Long Long Trail A-Winding" ( Alonzo Elliot, Stoddard King )
 * 8) "Reveille" ( Traditional, arr. John Scott Trotter )
 * 9) "He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown"
 * 10) "Pebble Beach"
 * 11) "You're in Love, Charlie Brown"
 * 12) "He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (reprise)
 * 13) "The Masked Marvel" (long version)
 * 14) "Air Music" (aka "Surfin' Snoopy")
 * 15) "The Masked Marvel" (shorter version)
 * 16) "You're in Love, Charlie Brown" (reprise)
 * 17) "The Masked Marvel" (shortest version)
 * 18) "Linus and Lucy" (arm wrestling version)
 * "Oh, Good Grief" (version 3) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 1) "Charlie Brown Theme" (version 2) ( Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson )
 * 2) "It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown" (end credits version)

On July 5, 2024, a remastered album featuring the original recordings and several bonus tracks was released to commemorate the 55th anniversary of the special.

Home media
In 1985, Media Home Entertainment released the special on VHS and Betamax along with It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown. It was re-released by its kids subdivision Hi-Tops Video in 1989. Paramount Home Media Distribution released the special along with You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown as part of the Snoopy Double Feature: Volume 3 compilation on August 17, 1994. On July 7, 2009, it was released on DVD for the first time, in remastered form as part of the DVD box set, Peanuts 1960s Collection. On October 6, 2015, the special was released in the remastered deluxe edition of He's a Bully, Charlie Brown along with an episode from The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show as bonus specials.

title: It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown


text:
Talk:Peter Bent Brigham Hospital

Removed initial content, as it appears to be copyvio from An abstract of a paper David Henderson 02:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Heck, since there's a perfectly good page over at Brigham and Women's Hospital, i've just redirected there. David Henderson 02:10, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Bent Brigham Hospital


text:
Talk:General Pepper

Recent addition
''One piece of information that could support the dictator theory could be the Corneria emblem which features three red stars. A red star is the symbol of Communism and can be seen on the flags of other communist nations. Also considering that General Pepper's uniform is red could be some similarity of the Soviet Red army, combined with these symbols.''

Should this be removed? It is just speculation and I don't think that the symbols pertain to Communism. Thunderbrand 02:08, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Remove it unless it can be sourced. I just removed speculative text from the Krystal (Star Fox) article that was put there by the same anon. (And, as usual, the IP was taking a guess at her age.) Jaxl | talk 02:11, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

List of characters
Should this remain its own article, or should it be merged with List of characters in the Star Fox series? PlatformerMastah 19:04, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I dunno. Maybe, since there isn't a whole lot of info. on him. Thunderbrand 19:26, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Pepper


text:
User:Thanhhaiphongviet

westview

title: User:Thanhhaiphongviet


text:
Oblique (album)

Oblique is an album by vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, featuring performances by Herbie Hancock, Albert Stinson, and Joe Chambers. The album was recorded on July 21, 1967. Oblique was Hutcherson's second recording in a quartet setting, after Happenings, The personnel on Happenings are identical, save the replacement of Bob Cranshaw with Stinson, but did not get released by Blue Note until 1979 as a limited edition in Japan, followed by a regular issue in 1990.

Reception
AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey awarded four and a half stars to the album, saying: "All the performances are spirited enough to make the sophisticated music sound winning and accessible as well, which means that Oblique is one of the better entries in Hutcherson's Blue Note discography and one worth tracking down." The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that the quartet recording was "a likeable enough set, but [it] doesn't really add anything to the language of the first [Happenings]".

Track listing

 * 1) "'Til Then" (Hutcherson) - 4:44
 * 2) "My Joy" (Hutcherson) - 7:10
 * 3) "Theme from Blow Up" (Hancock) - 8:13
 * 4) "Subtle Neptune" (Hutcherson) - 8:33
 * 5) "Oblique" (Chambers) - 7:18
 * 6) "Bi-Sectional" (Chambers) - 5:04

Source:

Personnel
Musicians Source:
 * Bobby Hutcherson - vibes, drums
 * Herbie Hancock - piano
 * Albert Stinson - bass
 * Joe Chambers - drums, tympani, gong

Production
 * Alfred Lion – original session producer
 * Rudy Van Gelder – recording engineer
 * Michael Cuscuna – release producer
 * Katsuji Abe – original cover design, photography
 * Patrick Roques – reissue (2005) cover desighn
 * Francis Wolff – reissue (2005) cover photography

title: Oblique (album)


text:
File:Mm beanspill.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Minutemen's Bean-Spill EP. (c)1982 tHUNDERsPIELS Music.

title: File:Mm beanspill.jpg


text:
Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education (東京都教育委員会 Tōkyō-to Kyōiku Iinkai) is the board of education in Tokyo, Japan. The board directly manages most of the public high schools in all 23 special wards, the Western Tokyo, and all islands under Tokyo's jurisdiction.

In 2019, policies requiring students who do not naturally have black hair to dye it as such were struck down. In 2017, as stated by survey results, 57% of the state-operated schools in the metropolis required students who did not have hair naturally colored black to submit documents proving so. The Japanese Communist Party criticized measures requiring parents to prove hair color.

High schools

 * Aoi High School
 * Adachi High School
 * Adachi East High School
 * Adachi West High School
 * Adachi Shinden High School
 * Adachi Technical High School
 * Arakawa Commercial High School
 * Fuchie High School
 * Kohoku High School

High schools

 * Arakawa Technical High School
 * Takenodai High School

High schools

 * Kogei High School
 * Koishikawa High School
 * Koishikawa Secondary Education School
 * Mukogaoka High School
 * Takehaya High School

High schools

 * Kudan Secondary Education School
 * Hibiya High School
 * Hitotsubashi High School

High schools

 * Harumi Sogo High School

High schools

 * Edogawa High School
 * Kasai Technical High School
 * Kasai South High School
 * Koiwa High School
 * Komatsugawa High School
 * Momijigawa High School
 * Shinozaki High School

High schools

 * Itabashi High School
 * Itabashi Yutoku High School
 * Kitatoshima Technical High School
 * Kitazono High School
 * Ohyama High School
 * Takashima High School

High schools

 * Katsushika Commercial High School
 * Katsushika Sogo High School
 * Katsushikano High School
 * Honjo Technical High School
 * South Katsushika High School
 * Nousan High School

High schools

 * Asuka High School
 * Akabane Commercial High School
 * Kirigaoka High School

High schools

 * Daisan Commercial High School
 * Fukagawa High School
 * Higashi High School
 * High School of Science and Technology
 * Johtoh High School
 * Koto Commercial High School
 * Oedo High School
 * Sumida Technical High School

High schools

 * Geijutsu High School
 * International High School
 * Komaba High School
 * Meguro High School
 * Ohsyukan Secondary Education School
 * Tokyo Metropolitan University High School

High schools

 * Mita High School
 * Ota Sakuradai High School
 * Roppongi High School
 * Shiba Commercial High School

High schools

 * Fuji High School
 * Minorigaoka High School
 * Musashigaoka High School
 * Nakano Technical High School
 * Saginomiya High School
 * Yotsuya Commercial High School

High schools

 * Fourth Commercial High School
 * Hikarigaoka High School
 * Igusa High School
 * Nerima High School
 * Nerima Technical High School
 * Oizumi High School
 * Oizumi Sakura High School
 * Shakujii High School
 * Tagara High School

High schools

 * Den-en Chofu High School
 * Kamata High School
 * Mihara High School
 * Omori High School
 * Rokugoh Technical High School
 * Tsubasa Sogo High School
 * Yukigaya High School

High schools

 * Chitosegaoka High School
 * Engei High School
 * Fukasawa High School
 * Matsubara High School
 * Roka High School
 * Sakuramachi High School
 * Setagaya Izumi High School
 * Setagaya Sogo High School
 * Sogo Technical High School

High schools

 * Aoyama High School
 * First Commercial High School
 * Hiroo High School

High schools

 * Koyamadai High School
 * Osaki High School
 * Yashio High School

High schools

 * Shinjuku High School
 * Shinjuku Yamabuki High School
 * Toyama High School

High schools

 * Nishi High School
 * Nogei High School
 * Ogikubo High School
 * Suginami High School
 * Suginami Sogo High School
 * Suginami Technical High School
 * Toyotama High School

junior high schools

 * Ryogoku Junior High School

High schools

 * Honjo High School
 * Mukojima Commercial High School
 * Mukojima Technical High School
 * Nihonbashi High School
 * Ryogoku High School
 * Sumidagawa High School
 * Tachibana High School

junior high schools

 * Hakuo Junior High School

High schools

 * Asakusa High School
 * Hakuo High School
 * Kuramae Technical High School
 * Shinobugaoka High School
 * Ueno High School

High schools

 * Bunkyo High School
 * Chihaya High School
 * Toshima High School

High schools

 * Akirudai High School
 * Itsukaichi High School

High schools

 * Haijima High School
 * Showa High School

High schools

 * Chofu North High School
 * Chofu South High School
 * Jindai High School

High schools

 * Fuchu High School
 * Fuchu East High School
 * Fuchu West High School
 * Fuchu Technical High School
 * Nogyo High School

High schools

 * Fussa High School
 * Tama Technical High School

High schools

 * Fujimori High School
 * Hachioji East High School
 * Hachioji North High School
 * Hachioji Takushin High School
 * Hachioji Technical High School
 * Katakura High School
 * Matsugaya High School
 * Minamitama High School
 * Second Commercial High School
 * Shoyo High School

High schools

 * Hamura High School

High schools

 * Kurume High School
 * Kurume West High School
 * Higashikurume Sogo High School

High schools

 * Higashimurayama High School
 * Higashimurayama West High School

High schools

 * Higashiyamato High School
 * Higashiyamato South High School

High schools

 * Hino High School
 * Hinodai High School
 * Minamidaira High School

High schools

 * Wakaba Sogo High School

High schools

 * Kiyose High School

High schools

 * Kodaira High School
 * Kodaira South High School
 * Kodaira West High School

High schools

 * Koganei North High School
 * Koganei Technical High School

High schools

 * Kokubunji High School

High schools

 * Komae High School

High schools

 * Kunitachi High School
 * Fifth Commercial High School

High schools

 * Machida High School
 * Machida Technical High School
 * Naruse High School
 * Nozuta High School
 * Ogawa High School
 * Yamasaki High School

High schools

 * Mitaka High School

High schools

 * Josui High School
 * Mushashimurayama High School

junior high schools

 * Musashi Junior High School

High schools

 * Musashi High School
 * Musashino North High School

High schools

 * Hoya High School
 * Tanashi High School
 * Tanashi High School of Technology

High schools

 * Ome Sogo High School
 * Tama High School

High schools

 * Kitatama High School
 * Sunagawa High School
 * Tachikawa High School
 * Tachikawa International Secondary Education School

High schools

 * Nagayama High School

High schools

 * Mizuho Nōgei High School (Mizuho)

High schools

 * Hachijō High School

High schools

 * Kozu High School

High schools

 * Miyake High School

High schools

 * Niijima High School

High schools

 * Chichijima
 * Ogasawara High School

High schools

 * Oshima High School
 * Oshima Kaiyo-kokusai High School

23 special wards

 * Arakawa
 * Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engineering EN, JP
 * Shinagawa
 * Tokyo Metropolitan College of Technology
 * Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology

23 special wards

 * Bunkyō
 * Bunkyo School for the Blind
 * Katsushika
 * Katsushika School for the Blind
 * Setagaya
 * Kugayama School for the Blind

Western Tokyo (incorporated cities)

 * Hachiōji
 * Hachiōji School for the Blind

23 special wards

 * Central School for the Deaf (2 locations) - Shakuji Campus (石神井校舎) in Nerima and Otsuka Campus (大塚校舎) in Toshima


text:
John Bourne (artist)

John Bourne (born 1943) is a British artist and painter, living and working in Wales, and a member of the Stuckists art movement. He founded the Wrexham Stuckists group in 2001 and has been exhibited in the group's shows since then, including The Stuckists Punk Victorian. He has also taken part in Stuckist demonstrations against the Turner Prize. The subject matter for his paintings, which are done in a simplified style, comes from his memories.

Life and career
John Bourne was born in Staffordshire, England, and spent much of his childhood in Northern Ireland; his father was a Methodist minister in the Yorkshire Dales and passionate about Van Gogh: Bourne says that his earliest memory, aged three, was of his father copying a Van Gogh painting. 1964–68, Bourne gained a BSc in Physics at the University College of North Wales, followed 1968–71 by an MPhil (Research on Solid State Theory) at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and H. C. Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen.

He worked as a computer programmer, maths teacher and physics lecturer, until 1986, when "I did a Gauguin but not in the South Seas. I walked out. It was tremendous." He has been a full-time artist ever since then. In 1990, he won first prize in the Mostyn Open 1 competition. In 1991, he staged a solo show at Theatr Clwyd, Mold. He has said that the increasing dominance of conceptual art proved obstructive to his own progress as a painter, and this came to a head in November 2001, when his work was rejected from a local exhibition: he began to despair of getting exposure.

He recalled an article about the Stuckists painting group which had appeared in The Sunday Times and responded to them: "I liked the Stuckist Manifesto with its emphasis on painting and artistic integrity. It contained many new ideas and seemed to sum up my disquiet concerning the contemporary art world. Here was a radical, modern movement which championed painting. Some of the artists appeared a little rough and their work at times shocking, but this seemed an advantage if anything."

He immediately founded the Wrexham group of the Stuckists art movement, the first group in Wales, along with Elfyn Jones, Neil Robertson and Geraint Dodd. In 2002, he was included in The First Stuckist International and subsequent shows at the Stuckism International Gallery in London, as well as Stuck in Wednesbury at the Wednesbury Museum and Art Gallery. In 2003, founded the Welsh Stuckism International Centre at his home. From 2003, he took part in Stuckist demonstrations against the Turner Prize at Tate Britain.

In 2004, he was one of the fourteen "founder and featured" artists in The Stuckists Punk Victorian held at the Walker Art Gallery for the Liverpool Biennial. Bourne was a co-curator, doing work at the museum to arrange the show. Philip Key of the Liverpool Daily Post commented on the exhibition: "And they are not all lacking artistic skills. John Bourne of the Wrexham Stuckists—there are now groups all over the world—paints some well thought-out subdued portraits including the pleasing foursome in Tea at the Albert Dock."

Although Tate gallery director, Sir Nicholas Serota was dubbed the "least likely visitor" to the show, which included a wall of work satirising the Tate and Serota himself, such as Stuckist co-founder Charles Thomson's painting, Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision, he did visit, describing the work as "lively", and meeting Bourne and other artists (see photo). In 2005, Serota rejected the Stuckists' offer of a donation of 160 paintings from the Walker show, because "We do not feel that the work is of sufficient quality in terms of accomplishment, innovation or originality of thought to warrant preservation in perpetuity in the national collection". Six of Bourne's paintings were amongst the rejected work.

A direct consequence of the rejection was a Stuckist media campaign led by Thomson over the Tate's purchase of its trustee Chris Ofili's work, The Upper Room. This included a demonstration about the purchase outside the Turner Prize at Tate Britain in December 2005, where Bourne handed a protest leaflet to Serota —an event which Thomson considers to have precipitated Serota's angry defence of the purchase at the prize ceremony in the evening. In 2006 the Charity Commission censured the Tate and ruled that it had broken the law in making the purchase and similar trustee purchases during the previous 50 years. The Daily Telegraph called the verdict "one of the most serious indictments of the running of one of the nation's major cultural institutions in living memory."

Bourne curated a Wrexham Stuckists show at the Oswestry Heritage Centre, Shropshire, in 2005. He was one of the artists in the Triumph of Stuckism, a Stuckist painting exhibition which comprised part of Liverpool Biennial's 2006 programme at Liverpool John Moores University.

He lives with his wife in a red-brick terrace in rural Wales, and has two daughters living in London.

Art
Bourne is mostly self-taught. He works in acrylic, oil and ink to produce images, where visual detail is simplified in order to depict memories of both recent life and his Northern Ireland childhood. He said: I start with memories. You only remember what’s relevant. I make loads of sketches from imagination. I pin the sketches on the wall. I often look at a sketch for months or even years before I see a way to make it into a painting. It usually goes well at first but then I run into problems of composition. I have to make many changes. Sometimes it’s years later that I find a way to finish it. I’m trying to reveal something of a world beyond time and space. He describes the genesis of his painting Aeroplane as a fear of low-flying aircraft and the experience of seeing an aeroplane—which looked like a World War II Lancaster bomber—coming towards him over the treetops one day. While doing the painting he adjusted the angles in it obsessively "to get it just right".

title: John Bourne (artist)


text:
Talk:Richard Childress Racing

RCR crew members
Is it worth mentioning the 2 Richard Childress Racing crew members for Brian Scott's team getting arrested for assaulting Nelson Piquet, Jr. after the 2013 race, or should it go on Richard Childress Racing, or what?  Zappa  O  Mati   01:48, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160808140108/http://www.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/earnhardt-childress-technologies-now-entirely-owned-by-rcr-805533/ to http://www.motorsport.com/nascar-cup/news/earnhardt-childress-technologies-now-entirely-owned-by-rcr-805533/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141215112053/http://dining.savannahnow.com/don-coble/2007-02-28/sprint-nextel-sunoco-flex-their-muscles-nascar-series-sponsors to http://dining.savannahnow.com/don-coble/2007-02-28/sprint-nextel-sunoco-flex-their-muscles-nascar-series-sponsors

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Page size
This article has 501,551 bytes of markup; that's far too large. The page should be split into several parts. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:01, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree - It's not that there's a problem with the content itself, it's that this page is essentially trying to detail the history of multiple sports teams across three different leagues in a single article just because they all happen to be owned by the same bloke. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 06:06, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

I am late to this, but I absolutely agree. All of the major NASCAR organizations (I've noted that broadcasters are very careful to use this term when referring to whole operations since Spingate) should have their individual race team articles split into their own articles ala Hendrick's No. 24. Those that might fail notability, such as Penske's 4th entry, can remain at their respective parent article. GhostOfDanGurney (talk) 18:06, 2 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I have this watchlisted for some reason so I saw this. I also agree that this should be split, and I see that the split already occurred with the Cup Series content back in December. So, good work team! Problem solved :P United States Man (talk) 00:52, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:50, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Anthony-first-race.jpg

title: Talk:Richard Childress Racing