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Festival of German-Language Literature

The Festival of German-Language Literature (Tage der deutschsprachigen Literatur) is a literary event which takes place annually in Klagenfurt, Austria. During this major literary festival which lasts for several days a number of awards are given, the major one being the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize, first awarded in 1977 and one of the most important awards for literature in the German language.

History
In the mid seventies, the journalist and writer Humbert Fink and the chairman of the Austrian Radio and TV (ORF) studio in Carinthia at that time, Ernst Willner, decided to establish a literary competition based on an event held by Gruppe 47. They were able to enlist Marcel Reich-Ranicki amongst others onto the original jury. The result was the Festival of German-Language Literature, which has taken place annually since 1977 and is televised live by ORF.

The Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
The main prize of the Festival is given in memory of Ingeborg Bachmann (25 June 1926 – 17 October 1973), one of the most distinguished Austrian writers.

The prize winner is determined during a three-day reading event in which the invited candidates present their literary contributions, which have to be unpublished, to the nine-member professional jury and the public. Each presentation is about 25 minutes long and the original language of these contributions must be German. A moderator presents and guides the readings and the discussions of the jury and the writers have to convince both the jury and the public of the quality of their contributions.

In 2008, the jury was reduced to seven members, the competing writers from eighteen to fourteen. Since 2006, the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize has been endowed with 25,000 EUR.

Other prizes
Several other literature prizes are awarded during the Festival, in total usually three to five awards. Over the years, additional sponsored prizes have been awarded:
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize (EUR 12,500)
 * Jury Prize, aka Kelag-Prize (since 2000, EUR 10,000)
 * 3sat Prize (given by 3sat, EUR 7,500)
 * BKS Bank Audience Prize (since 2002, EUR 7,000)

 * Ernst Willner Prize (EUR 7,000)
 * Editor's special prize

Prize winners

 * 2024 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Tijan Sila: Der Tag, an dem meine Mutter verrückt wurde
 * 2023 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Valeria Gordeev: Er putzt

 * 2022 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Ana Marwan: Wechselkröte
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: Alexandru Bulucz: Einige Landesgrenzen weiter östlich, von hier aus gesehen
 * Kelag Prize: Juan S. Guse: Im Falle des Druckabfalls
 * 3sat Prize: Leon Engler: Liste der Dinge, die nicht so sind, wie sie sein sollten
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Elias Hirschl: Staublunge

 * 2021 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Nava Ebrahimi: Der Cousin
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: Dana Vowinckel: Gewässer im Ziplock
 * Kelag Prize: Necati Öziri: Morgen wache ich auf und dann beginnt das Leben
 * 3sat Prize: Timon Karl Kaleyta: Mein Freund am See
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Necati Öziri

 * 2020 Festival (virtual)
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Helga Schubert: Vom Aufstehen
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: Lisa Krusche: Für bestimmte Welten kämpfen und gegen andere
 * Kelag Prize: Egon Christian Leitner: Immer im Krieg
 * 3sat Prize: Laura Freudenthaler: Der heißeste Sommer
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Lydia Haider: Der große Gruß

 * 2019 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Birgit Birnbacher: Der Schrank
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: Leander Fischer: Nymphenverzeichnis Muster Nummer eins Goldkopf
 * Kelag Prize: Julia Jost: Unweit vom Schakaltal
 * 3sat Prize: Yannic Han Biao Federer: Kenn ich nicht
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Ronya Othmann: Vierundsiebzig

 * 2018 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Tanya Malyarchuk: Frösche im Meer
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: Bov Bjerg: SERPENTINEN
 * Kelag Prize: Özlem Özgül Dündar: und ich brenne
 * 3sat Prize: Anna Stern: Warten auf Ava
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Raphaela Edelbauer: Das Loch

 * 2017 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Ferdinand Schmalz: mein lieblingstier heißt winter
 * Deutschlandfunk Prize: John Wray: Madrigal
 * Kelag Prize: Eckhart Nickel: Hysteria
 * 3sat Prize: Gianna Molinari: Loses Mappe
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Karin Peschka: Wiener Kindl

 * 2016 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Sharon Dodua Otoo, Herr Gröttrup setzt sich hin
 * Kelag Prize:, Los Alamos ist winzig
 * 3sat Prize:, WALTER NOWAK BLEIBT LIEGEN
 * BKS Prize of the Audience: Stefanie Sargnagel, Penne vom Kika

 * 2015 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Nora Gomringer, Recherche
 * Kelag Prize:, Das Bein
 * 3sat Prize:, Das primäre Gefühl der Schuldlosigkeit
 * BKS Prize of the Audience:, Das Bein
 * 2014 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize:, Wir waren niemals hier
 * Kelag Prize:, Simeliberg
 * 3sat Prize: Senthuran Varatharajah, Vor der Zunahme der Zeichen
 * Ernst Willner Prize:, DOWN DOWN DOWN To The Queen Of Chinatown
 * Prize of the Audience:, Ujjayi
 * 2013 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Katja Petrowskaja, Vielleicht Esther
 * Kelag Prize: Verena Güntner, Es bringen
 * 3sat Prize: Benjamin Maack, „Wie man einen Käfer richtig fängt“ by Joachim Kaltenbach
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Heinz Helle, Wir sind schön
 * Prize of the Audience: Nadine Kegele, Scherben schlucken
 * 2012 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Olga Martynowa for Ich werde sagen: ‚Hi!‘
 * Kelag Prize: Matthias Nawrat for Unternehmer
 * 3sat Prize: Lisa Kränzler for Willste abhauen
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Inger-Maria Mahlke
 * Prize of the Audience: Cornelia Travnicek for Junge Hunde
 * 2011 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Maja Haderlap for Im Kessel
 * Kelag Prize: Steffen Popp for Spur einer Dorfgeschichte
 * 3sat Prize: Nina Bußmann for Große Ferien
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Leif Randt for Schimmernder Dunst über CobyCounty
 * Prize of the Audience: Thomas Klupp for 9to5 Hardcore
 * 2010 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Peter Wawerzinek for Rabenliebe
 * Kelag Prize: Dorothee Elmiger for Einladung an die Waghalsigen
 * 3sat Prize: Judith Zander for Dinge, die wir heute sagten
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Aleks Scholz for Google Earth
 * Prize of the Audience: Peter Wawerzinek for Rabenliebe
 * 2009 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Jens Petersen for Bis dass der Tod
 * Kelag Prize: Ralf Bönt for Der Fotoeffekt
 * 3sat Prize: Gregor Sander for Winterfisch
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Katharina Born for Fifty Fifty
 * Prize of the Audience: Karsten Krampitz for Heimgehen
 * 2008 Festival
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Tilman Rammstedt for Der Kaiser von China]
 * Telekom Austria Prize: Markus Orths: Das Zimmermädchen
 * 3sat Prize: Patrick Findeis for Kein schöner Land
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Clemens J. Setz for Die Waage
 * Prize of the Audience: Tilman Rammstedt for Der Kaiser von China
 * 2007
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Lutz Seiler for Turksib
 * Telekom Austria Prize: Thomas Stangl for Ohne Titel ohne Ende
 * 3sat Prize: PeterLicht for Die Geschichte meiner Einschätzung am Anfang des dritten Jahrtausends
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Jan Böttcher for Freundwärts
 * Prize of the Audience: PeterLicht for Die Geschichte meiner Einschätzung am Anfang des dritten Jahrtausends
 * 2006
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Kathrin Passig: Sie befinden sich hier
 * Telekom Austria Prize: Bodo Hell for Stadt Land Berg
 * 3sat Prize: Norbert Scheuer for Überm Rauschen
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Angelika Overath for Das Aquarium
 * Prize of the Audience: Kathrin Passig: Sie befinden sich hier
 * 2005
 * Ingeborg Bachmann Prize: Thomas Lang: Am Seil
 * Telekom Austria Prize: Julia Schoch for Der Ritt durch den Feind
 * 3sat Prize: Anne Weber for Auszug
 * Ernst Willner Prize: Natalie Balkow for Oben, wo nichts mehr ist
 * Prize of the Audience: Saša Stanišić for Was wir im Keller spielen …
 * 2004 Uwe Tellkamp: Der Schlaf in den Uhren
 * 2003 Inka Parei: Excerpts from the novel Was Dunkelheit war
 * 2002 Peter Glaser: Geschichte von Nichts
 * 2001 Michael Lentz: Muttersterben
 * 2000 Georg Klein: Excerpt from a long work of prose
 * 1999 Terézia Mora: Der Fall Ophelia
 * 1998 Sibylle Lewitscharoff: PONG.
 * 1997 Norbert Niemann: Wie man's nimmt
 * 1996 Jan Peter Bremer: Der Fürst sprich
 * Bertelsmann literature prize: Lydia Mischkulnig for Bande,
 * Carinthia Prize: Johannes Jansen (writer) for Dickicht Anpassung.
 * Ernst Wilner Prize: Felicitas Hoppe for Das Richtfest.
 * 3sat Stipendium: Heiko Michael Hartmann for MOI.
 * 1995 Franzobel: Die Krautflut
 * 1994 Reto Hänny: Guai
 * Carinthia Prize: Raoul Schrott: Ludwig Höhnel – Totenheft
 * 3sat Award: Doron Rabinovici: Mullemann
 * 1993 Kurt Drawert: "Haus ohne Menschen. Ein Zustand"
 * 1992 Alissa Walser: "Geschenkt"
 * 1991 Emine Sevgi Özdamar: "Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei"
 * 1990 Birgit Vanderbeke: "Das Muschelessen"
 * 1989 Wolfgang Hilbig: "Eine Übertragung"
 * 1988 Angela Krauß: "Der Dienst"
 * 1987 Uwe Saeger: "Ohne Behinderung, ohne falsche Bewegung"
 * 1986 Katja Lange-Müller: "Kaspar Mauser – Die Feigheit vorm Freund"
 * 1985 Hermann Burger: "Die Wasserfallfinsternis von Bad Gastein"
 * 1984 Erica Pedretti: "Das Modell und sein Maler"
 * Award: Thomas Strittmatter: "Der Schwarzwursthammer"
 * 1983 Friederike Roth: From "Das Buch des Lebens"
 * 1982 Jürg Amann: "Rondo"
 * Federation of Austrian Industry Prize: Einar Schleef: Wittenbergplatz
 * 1981 Urs Jaeggi: Ruth
 * 1980 Sten Nadolny: Kopenhagen 1801
 * 1979 Gert Hofmann: Die Fistelstimme
 * Award: : Apokalypso
 * 1978 Ulrich Plenzdorf: kein runter kein fern
 * 1977 Gert Jonke: Erster Entwurf zum Beginn einer sehr langen Erzählung

title: Festival of German-Language Literature


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Below the Root (video game)

Below the Root is an adventure game released in 1984 by Windham Classics, a division of Spinnaker Software. It is titled after Below the Root, the first of the Green Sky Trilogy of novels, written by Zilpha Keatley Snyder and published between 1975 and 1977. It is an early example of what later became known as the Metroidvania genre.

The player can assume the role of one of five characters with different abilities, a member of one of two races—the Kindar or the Erdling—and attempt to settle the existing differences between the two groups.

Development
The game was based on a series of books by Zilpha Keatley Snyder. Explaining how the game came about, she wrote:

 * "Like so many of my books, the trilogy's deepest root goes back to my early childhood when I played a game that involved crossing a grove of oak trees by climbing from tree to tree, because something incredibly dangerous lived "below the root." Years later when I was writing The Changeling I recalled the game, and in the course of embellishing it for that story, became intrigued with the idea of returning to the world of Green-sky for a longer stay. The return trip took three years and produced three more books. Initially published in 1975, 1976, and 1977, the trilogy was later reincarnated as a computer game (published by Spinnaker Software of Cambridge, MA).

 * The computer game transpired when I was contacted by a young computer programmer named Dale Disharoon. After Dale introduced me to the world of computer games, I wrote and charted, Dale programmed, and a young artist named Bill Groetzinger made marvelous graphics for a game that takes off from where the third book of the trilogy ends."

The original world of Green-sky first appeared in Snyder's novel The Changeling, which was a fantasy world conceived by two schoolgirls. As such, it featured princes and princesses, wicked queens and familiar fairytale situations. However, many of the details appeared in the later novels. Green-sky as the girls imagined it is a low-gravity planet whose residents live in "softly rocking" houses built in the branches of enormous trees and "glide like blowing leaves" between the branches; "nothing was ever killed under the green sky" and the people live on a wide variety of fruits and nuts; they have brightly colored monkeys and songbirds for pets. Their skin is pale green, and their hair is darker green, often blossoming naturally into flowers. Below the ground live creatures of unspeakable evil, which must not be allowed to penetrate into the upper world.

Premise
The Kindar of Green-sky was a utopian and strictly pacifistic society, ruled by leaders known as the Ol-zhaan, whom the average Kindar believed to be godlike. "Unjoyful" emotions like anger and sorrow were banned, and kept under strict control by a system of meditation, chant and ritual, accompanied by the use of narcotic berries (which some people, including little children, overuse). The people were vegetarians, although they did eat eggs, and kept brightly colored monkeys, songbirds and occasionally small tree bears as pets. The books establish them as descendants of European Caucasians, orphans who fled Earth due to war. Supporting this, many of the "alien" terms, such as "sima" for tree-monkey, "grund" for tree, and D'ol being a corrupted form of "Doctor," are clearly rooted in Latin, German, or French. Infants were born with paranormal powers, which should be retained into adulthood, but were disappearing earlier with each successive generation. The people lived in fear of the forest floor and the pash-shan, legendary monsters said to stalk below the roots of their magnificent tree-cities.

In the books, a novice Ol-zhaan named Raamo and his friend Neric (one of the game's playable characters) set out to discover if the monsters truly exist. What they found were the Erdlings, a dark-skinned race made up of exiled Kindar dissidents and their descendants. Where the Kindar lives their whole lives in the shade, the Erdlings seek places where the sun penetrates the caverns. They have been living in the caverns and subsisting on plants, mushrooms and the occasional unwary rabbit (lapan) or ground bird, plus fallen fruits from the Kindar orchards. They are superb craftsmen, metalworkers and jewelers; they have the fire, which is unknown in Green-sky, and transport people and supplies by railway, using steam propulsion. They have no taboos against anger, sadness or other "unjoyful" emotions, and (possibly as a result) appear to have retained much more of their psychic powers than have the Kindar.

Their discovery shakes the very foundation of Green-sky's social order. The Erdlings are released from their exile and the Ol-zhaan disbanded, but reconciling the two societies takes a long time. An unnamed society of disgruntled Ol-zhaan (called Salite in the game) and the Nekom, vengeance-seeking Erdlings, began patrolling the branch-paths and causing unrest. Furthermore, Raamo himself apparently perished, silencing a voice for tolerance and unity.

In the game's manual, you are told that the wise old woman (and former Ol-zhaan high priestess) D'ol Falla has a vision, in which she heard these words: "The Spirit fades, in Darkness lying. A quest proclaim - the Light is dying." Your character (one of five from the series) then begins the game looking for clues to the meaning of D'ol Falla's vision in hopes of restoring peace to both nations.

Gameplay
This game was highly ambitious and had many subtle and clever details woven into its universe. First of all were the social norms of Green-Sky. Theft and violence were alien concepts to most of the books' characters. Therefore, one could not (as is common with adventure games) simply walk into a room and pocket an unattended object. One had to find the owner of the object and ask permission, buy the object with money (called tokens) in a shop, or locate the object in a public area. In the books, the Kindar economy was a moneyless quasi-communism; it was the Erdlings who used tokens and were used to being able to buy whatever they could afford.

Particularly interesting was the extremely low level of violence in the game. The player could be hurt only by falling, coming into contact with snakes or tree spiders (invented for the game), or walking into walls. These incidents merely resulted in a jarring "bump" sound effect and an animation of the character crouching and rubbing their head, as if recovering from a nasty knock, rather than any gruesome or graphic injury. The worst that could happen would be your shuba tearing, so that you could no longer glide until you obtained a new one. Even the occasional adversary did not hurt one's character grievously, although one did slowly lose health points and game time, and might find oneself sent back to one's nid-place (house) with an ominous notice that "you were found unconscious."

Alternately, your character could be kidnapped and held prisoner by the racist factions of the Salite or Nekom in one of the two "prison houses" in the game. A player with no other way to escape these prisons (or who found themselves otherwise trapped) could "renew", which was essentially a process of slipping briefly into a sort of recuperative coma, which resulted, as with the loss of all health points, in a loss of game time and the character returning to their nid-place (again, assuring that the character could never actually die during the game).

In the Nekom "prison house," you could find a machete (called a "wand of Befal" after Axon Befal, the Erdling faction's leader ), but its primary use was to cut thick vegetation. If you killed people with this blade, there were serious, permanent penalties to your abilities. Taking lives would essentially make the game unwinnable, which is consistent with the themes expressed in the original story.

It was among the first games that offered a choice of multiple protagonists, as well as a choice of gender, age, race, and beginning level of psychic powers (referred to as "Spirit-skills"). Furthermore, people treated the characters differently based on their choice of avatar. A child character could be invited to play. Erdling characters could be given a chilly reception at some Kindar houses and vice versa. Consistent with the books, these people were portrayed as being opposed to any alliances between the two cultures, and thus had to be avoided whenever possible. Pensing to read thoughts and emotions when encountering a stranger provided clues to their attitudes and distinguished friend from foe. While the game's technology limited the extent of these features, they were certainly present.

Another interesting detail is that the vegetarian Kindar characters did not get much nutrition out of eating meat, and temporarily lost psychic abilities. Likewise, the narcotic Wissenberries were somewhat more health-damaging to Erdling characters. In the books, Kindar — even children — often used the berries in rituals and ceremony, as well as recreationally, and for relief of physical and emotional pain.

Most of the gameplay focused on the challenges of getting the character to move around the game world. Various objects in the game were used for this. Of primary importance was the shuba, a flying-squirrel-like garment which allows the character to glide diagonally instead of falling, and also prevented the character from being hurt by falls. Along the way, one learns a variety of "Spirit skills" or psychic abilities of progressive difficulty. The Spirit-skills, which included telepathy (called "pensing"), telekinesis (called "kiniporting") and the ability to make tree branches grow to create temporary bridges across impassible gaps ("grunspreking") are the key to making progress in the game world and achieving the ultimate goal. Communicating with animals as well as people through telepathy is vital to enhancing the character's Spirit-skills.

The graphics were exquisitely colored, highly advanced for the time. Users have described the deeply evocative and compelling qualities of the images as being one of the main reasons they kept playing. Snyder's husband Larry wrote a number of bell-like musical phrases very much in the style of the choral chant important to both cultures as described in the books. As in today's games, these pieces are heard when an important discovery is made or the player gains important skills or advances.

The game is a direct sequel to the books, and is meant by the author to be taken as canon. It originated in Snyder's realization that one of her final plot elements had been a huge mistake. She was being flooded with mail from adults and children, but could not see any way to change the ending now that the book was on the market. In addition, she had believed the event she described to be necessary to the ultimate resolution of the plot. Introduced to the concept of computer games, Snyder saw a way to redeem the situation while keeping and even advancing the original plot. The object of the game is to solve the mystery of what really happened.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Below the Root (video game)


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Canting keel

A canting keel is a form of sailing ballast, suspended from a rigid canting strut beneath the boat, which can be swung to windward of a boat under sail, in order to counteract the heeling force of the sail. The canting keel must be able to pivot to either port or starboard, depending on the current tack.

Purpose and history
The traditional yacht keel performs four functions:
 * the development of lateral water force to resist lateral aerodynamic force from sails and superstructure,
 * the physical housing of ballast load as low as possible,
 * roll-damping to resist energy inputs from waves and disturbed water, and
 * a contribution to directional stability.

The traditional fin keel, pointing straight down from the boat, provides no righting moment when the boat is level. The heeling force of the wind on the sails is therefore not counteracted until the boat has heeled over by a certain amount, moving the fixed keel to windward of the centerline. The purpose of the canting keel is to allow the boat to sail closer to level which generates maximum speed, by swinging the keel to windward and developing an adequate righting moment to keep the boat's angle of heel closer to level.

With the canting keel handling the ballast functions, lateral resistance and steering can be managed separately with a foil (or pair of foils, either on each side or fore and aft), such as daggerboards. This allows for much quicker maneuverability than traditional keelboats, with about half the weight usually required for ballast.

The first patent for a canting keel device was granted by Douglas Beardy on May 8, 1900.

The first yacht to have a canting keel was the "Fiery Cross" designed by Jim Young (New Zealand) in 1959. In this canting keel device, the lever was mounted inside the fin at an angle and at the top it was connected to a vertical shaft. When the shaft was twisted around its axis, a curved lever pressed against the inner walls of the fin and tilted it.

A version of the technology was invented and patented by CBF Technology in the 1990s. The canting keel's first use in an offshore race was the 1991 Mini Transat on number 29 Fouesnant la Foret and then in the Vendee Globe of 1996-7 which Pete Goss completed in a 50 ft, Adrian Thompson-designed yacht named Aqua Quorum. Development of the yacht and the events of the Race are described in detail in Pete's subsequent book Close to the Wind. Subsequent use in major competition was in September 2004, when five boats using the canting keel in the Maxi Yacht Rolex Cup placed ahead of the previously unbeaten world champion Alfa Romeo. Alfa Romeo II, designed by Reichel/Pugh features a canting keel and fore-and-aft twin foils (CBTF).

A variation of the canting keel is the 3d keel invented by François Lucas in 1998, which allows movement in three directions (side to side, forward and aft, and side to side).

Current use
Originally used in large maxi yachts such as the maxZ86, canting keels are now beginning to appear in smaller boats such as the Open 60, and the VO70 and Volvo Ocean 65 (Volvo Ocean 65) ocean racing classes, and the even smaller Schock 40 and Classe Mini. The Schock 40 owned by Tom Schock famously lost its keel and capsized, illustrating the fundamental problem with complicated keel design: without a keel, most boats cannot float upright.

The Volvo Open 70 class boats in the 2006 around-the-world Volvo Ocean Race are perhaps the most well known boats to use canting keels for ballast. While previous years' boats showed a few percent improvement in speed each race (the race is held every three years) the VO70 class are showing a 30% improvement in speed. The 6.5 ton ballast bulb, hanging over 16 ft below the water and capable of canting up to 40 degrees, produces a tremendous amount of righting moment (over 130,000 ft·lbf, or 176,000 N·m with the hull level), allowing the boat to reach speeds of over 30 knots.

Disadvantages
The current canting keel technology is far from perfect. At least three of the seven boats in the 2006 Volvo Ocean Race, one of the first major long term races allowing canting keels, had problems with the keels. One area in particular, the plates sealing the opening through which the keel passes, are prone to leaks. Unlike a centerboard or daggerboard trunk, the opening for a canting keel must allow significant lateral motion, which requires sliding seals.

The boat movistar had problems on Leg 4 of the Volvo Ocean Race, 200 miles off Cape Horn, during the night on 2 March 2006. It sprung a significant leak when the sliding plates that covered the keel opening fell off in the middle of the night. This was a problem that had occurred earlier. movistar's aft keel pivot broke loose and began flooding the boat. They made repairs in Ushuaia on the Beagle Channel. Later on, in Leg 7 the same problem occurred in the north Atlantic. This time the decision was made to abandon ship, and the crew transferred to ABN AMRO TWO. movistar continued to broadcast its position for several days, but an aerial search failed to find the vessel, and it was lost.

In the 2006/2007 Velux 5 Oceans Race (a single-handed, round the world race), the Open 60 yacht Hugo Boss, skippered by Alex Thomson, had to be abandoned in the Southern Ocean due to the snapping of the hydraulic rams that controlled the keel, which caused the catastrophic failure of the keel. When this failure caused the yacht to nearly capsize, the boat was abandoned; Thomson was rescued by fellow competitor Mike Golding. On 25 November 2006, the boat's Sat C transponder stopped transmitting. The abandoned hull was found washed up on the shores of Patagonia 9 years later.

In December 2016, Wild Oats XI has retired from the 72nd Sydney to Hobart yacht race, citing a broken hydraulic ram. Race spokesman Bruce Montgomery said Wild Oats XI was unable to move its keel after a hydraulic ram broke. "It's the gear that operates its canting keel, which is the keel that swings under the boat," he said.

America's Cup
There were rumors that the 2007 International America's Cup Class yacht Alinghi might have had a canting keel. This would have given Alinghi an advantage over its challenger for the 2007 America's Cup, unless the challenger, Emirates Team New Zealand, also had a swinging keel. The America's Cup Class Committee, chaired by Ken McAlpine, issued a ruling on 8 May 2007 which stated that canting keels and other movable appendages were specifically prohibited.

Alternative designs
In recent years, canting keel devices have been proposed in which the drive is not a lever, as it was before, but something else. One of these devices is a canting keel with a chain drive, which is able to tilt the fin 90 degrees or more. The author of this invention is Boris Kuchukov. The fin and ballast keel must be in the air when a yacht equipped with such a device is moving. In theory, this should increase the speed of the yacht.

title: Canting keel


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Talk:TNTmips

Untitled
This sounds like an advertisment. Dirt 05:21, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree; is none other than www.microimages.com, and has done essentially the same thing at TNTlite. Given the lack of significant information fromm any source besides the software's author, and the total lack of links to either page, I'm going to go ahead and list both of them at WP:AFD. --David Wahler  (talk)  20:35, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 00:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:TNTmips


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Lovestruck

Being lovestruck means having mental and physical symptoms associated with falling in love: "Love-struck ... means to be hit by love ... you are hit in your heart by the emotion of love".

While being lovestruck has historically been viewed as a short-lived mental illness brought on by the intense changes associated with romantic love, this view has been out of favor since the humoral model was abandoned, and since the advent of modern scientific psychiatry.

Metaphors
The concept is associated with a set of metaphors attempting to convey the speed and intensity of falling in love by describing it as a physical process of falling or being struck.

Alternately, falling in love is often described with reference to Cupid's arrow. Other sources, such as Tristram Shandy, describe the process by referring to it as the act of being shot with a gun: "I am in love with Mrs Wadman, quoth my uncle Toby – She has left a ball here –  added my uncle Toby –  pointing to his breast".

Psychoanalysis
The twentieth-century saw the concept of love-sickness reconceptualised by psychoanalysis. As early as 1915, Freud asked rhetorically, "Isn't what we mean by 'falling in love' a kind of sickness and craziness, an illusion, a blindness to what the loved person is really like?" Half a century later, in 1971, Hans Loewald took up the theme, comparing being in analysis "to the passions and conflicts stirred up anew in the state of being in love which, from the point of view of the ordinary order and emotional tenor and discipline of life, feels like an illness, with all its deliciousness and pain".

Symptoms
A 2005 article by Frank Tallis suggested that being utterly romantically lovestruck should be taken more seriously by professionals.

"For love-struck victims, the world appears altered. Replacing the flatness of ordinary experience is a fullness".

According to Tallis, some of the symptom clusters shared with being lovestruck include:
 * Euphoria, that is, abnormally elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, extravagant gift giving
 * Tearfulness
 * Loss of concentration and difficulty sleeping
 * Lack of appetite
 * Stress – high blood pressure, pain in chest and heart, acute insomnia; sometimes brought on by a "crush"
 * Obsessive–compulsive disorder – Preoccupation and hoarding valueless but superstitiously resonant items
 * Psychologically created physical symptoms, such as upset stomach, change in appetite, insomnia, dizziness, and confusion.

More substantively, the estimated serotonin levels of people falling in love were observed to drop to levels found in patients with OCD. Brain-scan investigations of individuals who professed to be "truly, madly, deeply" in love showed activity in several structures in common with the neuroanatomy of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), for example, the anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus.

Criticism
Some who would "disagree with Frank Tallis's fundamental thesis that love should be seen as a mental illness ... concur that at the extreme and under certain circumstances love sickness can drive a person to despair".

They would suggest however that "'disordered love' ... can be understood more clearly in terms of attachment theory".

Literary examples

 * The character of Romeo fits the archetype of a lovestruck youth that he has become the very model of Cupid himself.
 * In Possession, the hero's ex quotes Robert Graves to her new lover: "Oh Love, be fed by apples while you may", echoing the Song of Solomon: "comfort me with apples: for I am sick of love".

title: Lovestruck


text: User talk:70.27.76.188

title: User talk:70.27.76.188


text:
User talk:Kronus~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Incidentally, congrats on being bold and making your first edit a new article! One note: articles themselves should not contain signatures or other personal content. No big deal, just an FYI. Lomn | Talk 05:24:35, 2005-08-19 (UTC)
 * One additional note: Wikipedia policy is to minimize duplicated content, primarily because duplication forces editors to make the same changes in various places and version creep unavoidably occurs. In that spirit, I've changed SRTM to redirect automatically to Shuttle Radar Topography Mission.  Click SRTM and you'll see (Redirected from SRTM) just under the title.  Click that link and you can then check out the redirect syntax, which I'll also duplicate below:

 * 1) REDIRECT Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
 * Happy editing! Lomn | Talk 05:37:13, 2005-08-19 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kronus~enwiki


text: Category:Educational materials

title: Category:Educational materials


text:
Football NSW

Football NSW is the governing body for soccer in the Australian state of New South Wales, with the exception of the northern regions of NSW (the governing body for which is Northern New South Wales Football). Football NSW is a member of the national governing body, Football Australia. Football NSW's premier football competition is the National Premier Leagues NSW. The premier futsal competition is the Futsal Premier League. Prior to 1 April 2007, Football NSW was known as Soccer NSW.

History
The first soccer association was founded in New South Wales in 1882 as the "South British Football Soccer Association". It was succeeded in 1898 by the "New South Wales British Football Association" and eventually in 1921 by the "Australian Soccer Football Association". The first state league in New South Wales was formed in 1928 and by 1943 a new association was formed to oversee the game in New South Wales specifically, called "New South Wales Soccer Football Association". This was formed into a company in 1945.

By 1957 many clubs in New South Wales were left disgruntled by the way the game was run by the NSW Soccer Football Association due to numerous factors. Some migrant communities had created their own clubs when they were faced with closed doors by already established suburban clubs. After a meeting led by Hakoah president, Walter Sternberg in his Bellevue Hill home, a new association was born, called the "NSW Federation of Soccer Clubs". This federation effectively took control over the game from the former NSW Soccer Football Association.

The events of 1957 also led to a change in management nationally. With the Australian Soccer Football Association (ASFA) suspended by FIFA over player poaching disputes and the creation of Federations in other states, the Australian Soccer Federation (ASF) was created in 1961 to replace the old association. However, the ASF only gained control of operations from the ASFA after they sent a £5000 bond to FIFA in 1963.

In 1995, "Soccer Australia" replaced the "Australian Soccer Federation" and so the governing body of New South Wales became "Soccer NSW".

Soccer NSW remained in control of the game for a decade until another national change took place in 2005 when Soccer Australia changed its name to "Football Federation Australia". Soccer NSW however, did not officially change its name to "Football NSW" until 1 April 2007.

Headquarters
The headquarters of Football NSW are located at Valentine Sports Park, Glenwood. Valentine Sports Park is a multipurpose sporting complex which caters for various groups, as well as individuals. The complex consists of twin, triple and quad rooms accommodating up to 180 people, 5 playing fields, lecture rooms, indoor sports hall, 20 metre outdoor pool, sports medicine centre and a dining room open for breakfast, lunch and dinner. It also contains the offices of the Football NSW staff.

Football
The majority of Football NSW's time goes into the football competitions they oversee and run. Football NSW oversees the running of numerous representative youth, Men's & Women's association football leagues and cups, a number of which are non-amateur. They also oversee the countless club and amateur competitions run by the affiliated associations around the state. For a detailed rundown of the various leagues and systems run in New South Wales see Football (soccer) in New South Wales.

Futsal
Football NSW is also the governing body for Futsal is New South Wales. There are two representative leagues named the "Futsal Premier League" (Known as the SELECT Futsal Premier League for sponsorship reasons) and the "Futsal Premier League 2" (Known as the SELECT FPL2). Originally there was only one representative league with 16 teams. In the 06/07 season the competition was cut into 2 separate divisions of 8 teams each. In the 07/08 season the top 8 clubs in the club championship (aggregate points of all teams) from that season were put in the First Division while the last 8 were put in the second division. Now in 18/19 there is 8 premier league teams and 8 premier league 2 teams.

Football NSW Leagues clubs
Below are listed the Men's all member clubs of Football NSW for the National Premier Leagues competitions and Football NSW League One and Two for 2023.

League system
The men's soccer pyramid in New South Wales comprises 4 levels below the A-League Men, with promotion and relegation between the top 3 levels. It also includes the Sydney Amateur League, which is not officially a part of the league system. In total, there are 259 clubs/teams across 28 divisions in South Australia.

The women's soccer pyramid in New South Wales comprises 3 levels below the A-League Men, with promotion and relegation between the top 2 levels.

Associations and Branches
As one of two state governing body for football in New South Wales, Football NSW oversees all aspects of the sport within the southern part of the state. At a local level, Football NSW works with 15 regional-based constituent association members which oversee in all aspects of the sport within their respected region. Three Football NSW branches also exist in a similar capacity.

 * Metro Associations (Representative teams)
 * Bankstown District Amateur Football Association (Bankstown United)
 * Blacktown & District Soccer Football Association (Blacktown Spartans)
 * Canterbury District Soccer Football Association
 * Central Coast Football (Central Coast United)
 * Eastern Suburbs Football Association
 * Football South Coast (South Coast Flame FC)
 * Granville & District Soccer Football Association (Parramatta FC)
 * Hills Football
 * Macarthur District Soccer Football Association (Macarthur Rams)
 * Manly Warringah Football Association (Manly United)
 * Nepean Football Association (Nepean FC)
 * North West Sydney Football Ltd. (GHFA Spirit)
 * Northern Suburbs Football Association (Northern Tigers)
 * Southern Districts Soccer Football Association (SD Raiders)
 * St. George Football Association
 * Sutherland Shire Football Association
 * Sydney Amateur Football League

 * Regional Associations
 * Albury Wodonga Football Association
 * Bathurst District Football Association
 * Dubbo District Football Association
 * Eurobodalla Football Association
 * Far South Coast Football Association
 * Football Wagga Wagga
 * Griffith & District Football Association
 * Highlands Soccer Association
 * Lachlan Amateur Soccer Association Inc.
 * Lithgow District Football Association
 * Orange District Football Association
 * Shoalhaven District Football Association
 * South West Slopes Football Association
 * Southern Tablelands Football Association
 * Western Plains Amateur Soccer Association

 * Branches
 * Southern NSW Football
 * Football Riverina
 * Western NSW Football

Past League Winners
The sections below list previous league winners. League winners are listed as first place in the standings at the end of the regular section, not winners of the finals series (when held).

1957–1958
The first season of the newly formed Soccer NSW began with two divisions. Canterbury-Marrickville were the inaugural premiers of Division One.

1959–1962
After two seasons, a third division was added.

1963–1970
Division Three disbanded to form lower grade Amateur Leagues.

1971–1976
Amateur Leagues/Inter suburban leagues reformed to create another Division Three.

1977–1978
Another division was then added in 1977, creating four divisions.

1979–1982
The top four divisions were renamed for a few seasons.

1983–1988
State League reverted to Division One naming, while Division Three disbanded back to lower Inter Urban leagues, leaving three premier divisions.

1989–1991
Division Four was re-introduced.

1992–2000
Again the premier division was renamed, this time to the "Super League". Lower divisions were renamed accordingly from Division One.

2000–2012
2000 saw another shake-up of the league structures. The Super League was brought forward to become a summer competition and be aligned with the National Soccer League (NSL). It was called the "Premier League". Division One was then changed to the "Winter Super League", starting and finishing in 2001. Divisions Two and Three were renamed States League 1 and 2 respectively, and were also conducted over the winter of 2001. During the demise of the NSL and rise of the A-League, the Premier League reverted to playing over winter for the 2006 season. This meant there was approximately nine months break between competitions.

2013–2015
Another overhaul of the league structure occurred with the introduction of the nationwide National Premier Leagues. State Federations were required to name their premier leagues as such. For Football NSW, the meant the "Premier League" was to be called "National Premier Leagues NSW" instead. The "Super League" also had to follow suit, becoming the "National Premier Leagues NSW 2". State Leagues remained the same.

2016–2019
Another minor change occurred for the 2016 season, with State League 1 adopting the "NPL NSW 3 moniker", thus State League 2 was reverted to simply State League.

2020–2021
After a further review, there was another restructure which came into effect in the 2020 season, with the branding of an NPL4 competition.

2022
The 2022 season saw more changes as the NPL 2, NPL 3 and NPL 4 competitions were renamed to League One, League Two and League Three respectively.

2023–present
The 2023 season saw another change as the NSW League Three competition was disbanded in favour of three larger leagues.

title: Football NSW


text:
Sanitarium (video game)

Sanitarium is a psychological horror point-and-click adventure video game that was originally released for Microsoft Windows. It was developed by DreamForge Intertainment and published by ASC Games in 1998. It was a commercial success, with sales of around 300,000 units. In 2015, it was ported to iOS and Android devices.

Plot
After a car accident knocks him unconscious, a man awakens from a coma, his face fully bandaged, to find that he has been admitted to a dilapidated sanitarium and that he cannot remember who he is or where he came from, or how he came to be there. His fellow inmates seem to know him simply as "Max".

As he delves deeper into the asylum's corridors in search of answers, Max finds himself transported to various obscure and otherworldly locations: a small town inhabited only by malformed children and overseen by a malevolent alien entity known as "Mother", a demented circus surrounded by an endless ocean and terrorized by a squid-like individual, an alien hive overrun by cyborg insects, and an Aztec village devastated by the return of the god Quetzalcoatl. Between each episode, Max returns to the asylum grounds, blending real and unreal, each time closer to regaining his memory and unraveling the truth surrounding the mysterious Dr. Morgan, head of the asylum. He remembers the death of his younger sister Sarah years ago and the real reason behind his institutionalization. It is revealed that Max was working on a cure for a deadly disease, but his rival, Jacob Morgan, didn't like this. He sabotaged Max's car and caused him to have an accident. Max is in a coma, trapped in a dreamworld. He must wake up and expose Dr. Morgan's crimes.

Gameplay
The game uses an isometric perspective and a non-tiled 2D navigational system. Each world and setting carries a distinct atmosphere that presents either the real world, the imaginary world, or a mix of both of the main protagonist. In many cases, it is unclear to the player if the world the character is currently in is real or a product of Max's own imagination. This indistinction underlines much of the horror portrayed in the game.

The game is separated into different levels or "chapters" with each having a different style and atmosphere. The player must find clues, solve puzzles and interact with other characters to reach a final challenge where the player must reach the end of a path while avoiding obstacles. If the player fails to do so (by, for instance, getting killed) then the player is transported back to the beginning of the path without losing progress, thus a Game Over in this game is non-existent. When the player reaches the end of the path, a cinematic is played and the game proceeds to the next chapter.

Release
The game was published by ASC Games.

Reception
The PC and iOS versions received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Next Generation said that the former version was "still vastly different and thoroughly entertaining. If only more companies would take gaming into as different a direction, our jobs would be a lot more interesting."

The PC version was commercially successful. According to Mike Nicholson of DreamForge, the game sold roughly 300,000 units. Chris Kellner of DTP Entertainment, which handled the same PC version's German localization, reported its lifetime sales between 10,000 and 50,000 units in the region.

According to PC Accelerator, the PC version was a "critical success" that helped to raise DreamForge Intertainment's profile as a company.

Awards
The PC version won the "Best Adventure" award, tied with Grim Fandango, at Computer Gaming World's 1999 Premier Awards. The staff wrote that the game "came from out of nowhere to provide the creepiest, most compelling, and best-told story of the year, bar none". Computer Games Strategy Plus Best of 1998 Awards, the fifth annual PC Gamer Awards, GameSpots Best and Worst of 1998 Awards, IGNPC's Best of 1998 Awards and the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' (AIAS) 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards all nominated the same PC version as the best adventure game of 1998, but eventually lost these awards to Grim Fandango. The staff of PC Gamer remarked that the same PC version has beautiful graphics, interesting characters, and well-designed puzzles.

The game was also a nominee for GameSpot's "Best Story" and AIAS' "Outstanding Achievement in Character or Story Development", which were ultimately awarded to StarCraft and Pokémon Red and Blue, respectively.

Legacy
In 2013, a programmer from the Sanitarium development team announced a project on Kickstarter called Shades of Sanity that was touted as the spiritual successor to Sanitarium. The project failed to attain funding. In 2015, a Kickstarter-funded adventure game called Stasis was released by a South African independent studio The Brotherhood. It has been compared to Sanitarium.

On October 29, 2015, DotEmu released an iOS port of the game with touchscreen controls, dynamic hint system, achievements and automatic save system.

In 2011, Adventure Gamers named the PC version the 36th-best adventure game ever released.

On August 1, 2022, ScummVM added support for playing Sanitarium using the original Windows game files, enabling it to be played on the various platforms ScummVM itself supports.

title: Sanitarium (video game)


text:
User talk:Simon522~enwiki

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 05:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Simon522. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Simon522~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Simon522~enwiki


text: User talk:68.228.76.53

title: User talk:68.228.76.53


text:
American School of Kuwait

The American School of Kuwait (ASK) is a K-12 private school institution which also includes a pre-school (referred to as the Child Development Center). It is located in Hawalli, Kuwait.

History
In 1963, a group of American parents began the process of forming a new international school in Kuwait. This new school's first term began in September, 1964, in the Dasman Area of Sharq, Kuwait, and was known as the International School of Kuwait. In 1969, the ASK Campus separated into two campuses, with one in Salwa and one in Surra. The Salwa campus contained the Elementary school, while the Surra campus contained both the Middle and High Schools. The school received its initial US accreditation from the Middle States Association in 1971, and has been receiving it continuously since then.

The school was closed for the 1990 to 1991 school term, due to the events of the invasion of Kuwait. The school reopened in the fall of 1991.

Over the summer of 1994, both ASK campuses, the Surra and Salwa campuses, moved to a new campus located in the Hawalli area. This reunited the elementary, middle, and high school students in one campus for the start of the 1994 to 1995 school term. The school has been at this location ever since.

Administration
Mr. Michael Murphy is the current superintendent of the school. The principals of each of the schools are Ms. Monique Livsey (high school), Mrs. Kristi Fowler (middle school), and Mrs.Leah Kingston(elementary school).

Faculty
The school currently has 183 full-time faculty members, including 88 American nationals, 35 Canadian citizens, and 60 teachers representing 14 other nationalities.

Student body
The School (as of September, 2018) had approximately 2,101 students total. Approximately 20% of the students are US citizens, 54% are locals, and the remaining 26% represent 65 other nationalities. Pre-K and elementary have 1012 students, the middle school has 471 students, and the high school has 618 students; there are 144 seniors, 151 juniors, 160 sophomores, and 163 freshmen.

Campus and facilities
The school possesses one of the largest campuses in Kuwait. The campus now houses 145 classrooms, which include eight computer labs, four music rooms, four art rooms, ten science labs, two large library/media centers, two gymnasiums, a fitness center and weight room, an indoor 25-meter pool, a large multi-purpose auditorium, and three large outdoor play areas.

Curriculum
The curriculum is similar to that of US general academic and college preparatory schools. The school's testing programs include the SAT, PSAT, Plan, Explore, ACT and the MAPS. The language of instruction is English. French and Spanish are taught as foreign languages. Religious instruction is required for Muslims, as is Arabic for all students (students who hold passports from Arab countries take Arabic language courses through graduation, while holders of passports from non-Arab countries take Arabic-As-a-Second-Language courses until grade 11).

The elementary program, in which teachers are organized into grade-level teams, features specialists in science, art, computer studies, music, drama, physical education, Arabic, and Islamic Studies. The middle school, which includes sixth through eighth grades, utilizes interdisciplinary teams and a curriculum based on a block schedule. The high school, which currently offers seventeen AP courses, is constantly re-evaluating its programs to better serve the needs and interests of students.

The American School of Kuwait is also one of the first schools worldwide to offer the AP Capstone Diploma program.

title: American School of Kuwait


text:
Trophic egg

A trophic egg is an egg whose function is not reproduction but nutrition; in essence, the trophic egg serves as food for offspring hatched from viable eggs. In most species that produce them, a trophic egg is usually an unfertilised egg. The production of trophic eggs has been observed in a highly diverse range of species, including fish, amphibians, spiders and insects. The function is not limited to any particular level of parental care, but occurs in some sub-social species of insects, the spider A. ferox, and a few other species like the frogs Leptodactylus fallax and Oophaga, and the catfish Bagrus meridionalis.

Parents of some species deliver trophic eggs directly to their offspring, whereas some other species simply produce the trophic eggs after laying the viable eggs; they then leave the trophic eggs where the viable offspring are likely to find them.

The mackerel sharks present the most extreme example of proximity between reproductive eggs and trophic eggs; their viable offspring feed on trophic eggs in utero.

Despite the diversity of species and life strategies in which trophic eggs occur, all trophic egg functions are similarly derived from similar ancestral functions, which once amounted to the sacrifice of potential future offspring in order to provide food for the survival of rival (usually earlier) offspring. In more derived examples the trophic eggs are not viable, being neither fertilised, nor even fully formed in some cases, so they do not represent actually potential offspring, although they still represent parental investment corresponding to the amount of food it took to produce them.

Morphology
Trophic eggs are not always morphologically distinct from normal reproductive eggs; however if there is no physical distinction there tends to be some kind of specialised behaviour in the way that trophic eggs are delivered by the parents.

In some beetles, trophic eggs are paler in colour and softer in texture than reproductive eggs, with a smoother surface on the chorion. It has also been found that trophic eggs in ants have a less pronounced reticulate pattern on the chorion.

The morphological differences may arise due to the fact that mothers invest less energy in the production of trophic eggs than viable eggs.

Adaptive plasticity
The behaviour of trophic egg-laying species depends highly on their environment and can be modified via adaptive plasticity in response to environmental variation. The ratio of trophic to viable eggs is determined by the availability of resources, although the absolute number of trophic eggs does not always change. The production of fewer viable eggs ensures that each hatched nymph will have a larger provision of trophic eggs; and therefore give each individual an enhanced chance of survival when external resources are limited. Females can adaptively adjust the egg ratio in response to environmental drivers prior to oviposition.

Reproductive success
When resources are limited, the presence of trophic eggs greatly increases the maturation and survival rates of offspring. There are some species such as the subsocial burrower bug Canthophorus niveimarginatus (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) whose offspring cannot survive at all without the provision of trophic eggs. The nymphs starve to death because trophic eggs are the only thing they are able to feed on. However, when other suitable sources of food are plentiful, feeding on trophic eggs has little effect on brood success.

Sibling cannibalism, common in many spider species, is not affected by the proportion of trophic eggs, since viable eggs are oviposited and hatch synchronously, before trophic eggs are laid. In the spider Amaurobius ferox, trophic eggs are laid the day after spiderlings emerge from their egg sac. The mother's reproductive behaviour is modified by the behaviour of her offspring, and their presence inhibits the second generation of eggs from maturing; instead they are released as infertile trophic eggs. Converting the second generation into food for the first ultimately boosts the mother's reproductive success.

Evolutionary theory
There are no concrete explanations for the evolution of trophic eggs. The two main conflicting arguments are:
 * They are an evolved maternal phenotype
 * They are simply a failed generation of offspring, produced as a result of reproductive stochasticity.

If they have evolved (and are now distinct) from functionless by-products of failed reproduction, then trophic eggs should be more easily available and provide more nutrients to the offspring than their evolutionary predecessors. There seems to be clear evidence of this adaptation in many species. This can be seen in mothers making an effort to distribute trophic eggs to their offspring; or eggs which are specialised for the nutritional needs of the offspring. However, in many species, the two types of egg are indistinguishable. Various hypotheses could potentially be tested to determine whether trophic eggs are indeed an evolved phenotype.

It has been suggested that trophic egg-laying evolved as a consequence of limited egg size, since larger eggs with more nutrient supply would require the mother to have a larger body size. Thus, the production of more eggs, some of which are not intended to reach maturity. It is relatively simple for the mother to adjust the ratio of fertilised to non-fertilised eggs, in response to environmental conditions.

An alternative to trophic egg-laying is sibling cannibalism; however this requires the mother to regulate the synchrony of hatching times. However, in this case eggs which are not eaten would continue to develop. If it is difficult for the mother to achieve this synchrony, trophic eggs are a sensible alternative in ensuring that the offspring that hatches will be fed sufficiently.

Examples

 * Trophic egg-laying is found relatively commonly in sub-social insects, one of the most commonly studied being the bug Adomerus triguttulus (Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Nymphs are provisioned with nettle seeds, and the ratio of trophic eggs to viable ones is higher when seeds are less well-developed or in lower quantities, indicating that they are filling the deficit of the alternate food source.
 * Worker bees in many eusocial stingless bee species, Paratrigona subnuda, have ovarian development and can lay trophic eggs within the brood combs that are later eaten by the queen bee and her progeny, including workers and future queen larvae.
 * Many ant species produce trophic eggs, although in the case of Pachycondyla apicalis (Formicidae: Ponerinae) the trophic eggs are laid by workers and offered to the queen rather than to developing offspring. However this depends on transmission of pheromones from the queen, since workers lacking contact with the queen may instead start to lay reproductive eggs.
 * Some spider species lay a batch of trophic eggs the day after the viable offspring have emerged. This precise timing is based on close interactions between the mother and her offspring, including rotating and drumming behaviour by the mother, which stimulates the spiderlings to climb onto her body at the exact time of release of the trophic eggs. Consumption of trophic eggs can more than double the body weight of the spiderlings, greatly increasing their chances of survival.
 * Some species of frogs produce trophic eggs in the same location as their reproductive eggs. Species such as Oophaga (formerly included in Dendrobates) lay both types of eggs within water-filled tree holes, bromeliad reservoirs, and pitcher plants; where the trophic eggs provide nutrition for the emerging tadpoles. Another frog species, Leptodactylus fallax, shows extraordinarily high levels of parental care, with both parents remaining near the burrow, and females feeding each brood a total of 10,000–25,000 trophic eggs, their only source of nutrition.
 * Intrauterine cannibalism is common in the viviparous shark order Lamniformes (commonly known as mackerel sharks). This strategy is effective in applying the mother's available resources to production of the optimal number of offspring viable in the ecological niche of a large marine predator. Such cannibalism may take the form of oophagy (eating sibling eggs) or adelphophagy (literally, eating one's brother, but in context meaning the eating of one's siblings). In either form intrauterine cannibalism certainly minimises waste of nutrient resources, such as surplus eggs in the mother's reproductive system, and it prevents the development of excessive numbers of small offspring, rather than a small number of vigorously competitive young sharks. It has been speculated to ensure the survival of only the fittest offspring. However, that speculation has no substance, simply because there is no systematic genetic difference, and hence no systematic difference in genetic fitness, between embryos produced at various times and places in the mother's reproductive system. An embryo that in genetic terms is poorly fit, but nearly mature, would have no difficulty in eating a fit egg or much younger sibling embryo, no matter how genetically fit they might be.

title: Trophic egg


text:
Gathering of the Juggalos

The Gathering of the Juggalos (also known as The Gathering or GOTJ) is an annual music festival put on by Psychopathic Records, featuring performances by the entire label roster as well as numerous well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was founded by Jumpsteady, Insane Clown Posse (Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler), and their label in 2000. Described by Joseph Bruce as a "Juggalo Woodstock" (Juggalo being a nickname for fans of the Insane Clown Posse), the Gathering of the Juggalos spans five days and includes concerts, wrestling, games, contests, autograph sessions, karaoke, and seminars with artists. Over its first eleven events (2000–2010), the festival drew a total attendance upward of 100,000 fans.

Early years (2000–2002)
The Gathering of the Juggalos was created in 1999 when Rob Bruce organized an event for all Juggalos, a concept long talked about by Insane Clown Posse. The first Gathering took place in Novi, Michigan at the Novi Expo Center on July 21–22, 2000, with roughly 2,000 fans in attendance. The festival featured concert performances, autograph sessions, seminars, wrestling hosted by Juggalo Championship Wrestling, tattooing, a haunted house, video games, contests, an ICP memorabilia museum and more.

The lineup included performances by Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Psychopathic Rydas, Project Born, and Kottonmouth Kings. While performing on the final night, Insane Clown Posse asked the Juggalos to join them onstage, and about 300 fans rushed onto the stage. After performing for almost 30 more minutes, the concert was abruptly stopped by the venue's management.

The second Gathering of the Juggalos was held in Toledo, Ohio at the Seagate Center on July 13–15, 2001, with approximately 6,600 in attendance. Outside artists included The Suicide Machines, Marz, Three 6 Mafia, Vanilla Ice, and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Juggalo Championship wrestling hosted several matches, with the main event pitting Sabu against Vampiro for the JCW Heavyweight Championship.

Like the previous year, hundreds of fans charged the main stage during Insane Clown Posse's performance. However, this time the group was forced to flee the stage before it collapsed. The festival ended early before the duo could reveal their Sixth Joker's Card. The next day, local newspapers reported the rush as a "riot".

The third annual Gathering of the Juggalos was held in the Civic Center in Peoria, Illinois July 19–21, 2002, with over 8,000 in attendance. Esham, Ghoultown, Mack 10, Primer 55, and Bubba Sparxxx were among the guest performers. Bubba Sparxxx was booed offstage and has since left a mark on future Gatherings, as acts sharing similar fates have been said to receive the "Bubba Sparxxx award." Esham announced at the event that he had signed with Psychopathic Records. The Sixth Joker's Card was unveiled in two separate seminars, The Wraith: Shangri-La and Hell's Pit, given by ViolentJ. The second seminar, detailing Insane Clown Posse's entire rise to fame, was captured on video and released with The Wraith: Shangri-La on DVD.

A riot occurred after police tried to stop female attendees from showing their breasts. The police released tear gas and pepper balls into the surrounding crowd, causing mass confusion. Psychopathic Record employees Rob Bruce and Alex Abbiss negotiated with police, and the festival continued after airing out for 30 minutes.

Expansion and development (2003–2006)
In 2003, the Juggalo Gathering was held outdoors for the first time. The event took place at Nelson Ledges Quarry Park, known as "the Crystal Forest", near Garrettsville, Ohio in Nelson Township, July 17–20. It was also the first time the festival went on for 24hours every day. Guest performers included Bushwick Bill, Dope, and Killah Priest. In addition to the wrestling matches, Mad Man Pondo hosted Mad Man Pondo's Wrestling School. Though multiple police were called to watch over the event by Garrettsville residents, the Gathering went off without any problems.

The fifth annual Gathering of the Juggalos returned to Garrettsville July 15–18, with over 5,000 in attendance. Ol' Dirty Bastard, Kurupt, Tech N9ne, and Wolfpac were among those who performed. Kurupt got booed off the stage by the attendees and retaliated by throwing a microphone into the audience. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony also reunited for the first time in several months by making a surprise performance on opening night. Juggalo Championship Wrestling hosted matches every day, and featured several established wrestlers.

The Gathering of the Juggalos returned to Garrettsville for a third time in 2005 on July 21–24. Guest performers included 2 Live Crew, Powerman 5000, Manntis, and Mini Kiss. Charlie Murphy was also brought in as one of the stand-up comedians. The Gathering hosted the final round of the Underground Psychos contest, in which the winner, Axe Murder Boyz, was signed to Psychopathic Records. Juggalo Championship Wrestling held the event "JCW vs. TNA" which pitted JCW wrestlers against TNA wrestlers.

Quarry Park's owner, Evan Kelley, kicked the festival off his grounds later that year. He stated, "Psychopathic Records broke some of the rules set down for the 2005 event, including blasting music all night long." He also explained that "Drugs, alcohol, nudity, profanity, and trash also became serious problems."

The seventh annual Gathering of the Juggalos was set to take place in Brooklyn, Michigan, however, the board of Woodstock Township, Michigan denied the label the permits needed to hold the event. On April 18, Psychopathic Records announced that the Gathering would be held in Pataskala, Ohio at Frontier Ranch July 13–16, 2006. The festival featured over 100 bands. Those playing at the main and second stages included Drowning Pool, Digital Underground, Rehab, Too $hort, Intricate Unit, Bobaflex, and Vile.

Cave-In-Rock (2007–2013)
Cave-In-Rock, Illinois hosted the eighth Gathering of the Juggalos at Hogrock Campgrounds on August 9–12, 2007, with over 8,000 fans attending the four-day event. Like the previous year, over 100 bands were featured. Performances on the main and second stages included Ying Yang Twins, Necro, Haystak, Zug Izland, Prozak, Mushroomhead, and Insane Poetry. Comedians included Joey Gay. Bloodymania, the culmination of Juggalo Championship Wrestling's web show, SlamTV!, debuted at the event. Anybody Killa was also announced to have signed back with Psychopathic Records.

Cave-In-Rock also hosted the ninth Gathering of the Juggalos on August 7–10, 2008, which included guest performances by Afroman, Andrew W.K., Ice-T, and Bizarre. Both Bloodymania II and the debut of Oddball Wrestling was presented by Juggalo Championship Wrestling. The Gathering was filmed by Psychopathic Video for the documentary A Family Underground, which was released on May 12, 2009.

The tenth Gathering of the Juggalos August 6–9, had the largest attendance in Gathering history with over 20,000 people. Over 120 musical artists performed at the event, including Ice Cube, Gwar, Coolio, and Scarface. During their set, Insane Clown Posse debuted the songs "Juggalo Island" and "Bang! Pow! Boom!" from their then-upcoming album Bang! Pow! Boom! Juggalo Championship Wrestling hosted Bloodymania III, Oddball Wrestling, and Flashlight Wrestling. Stand-up comedians included Jimmie Walker and Pauly Shore. The trailer for Big Money Rustlas also premiered during the event, where it was screened twice.

In honor of the Western comedy film Big Money Rustlas being released at the event, the eleventh Gathering of the Juggalos featured a "Best in the West" West Coast hip hop theme. Guest performances include Naughty by Nature, Spice 1, Method Man & Redman, Above the Law, and Warren G. A "Ladies' Night", hosted by Sugar Slam, featured performances by Kisa, LilV, IllE.Gal, and Tila Tequila. Shaggy 2 Dope hosted "Shaggy's Old School Super Jam", featuring DJing by 2Dope and performances by Tone Lōc and Rob Base. Comedy was provided by Tom Green, Gallagher, and Ron Jeremy. Five wrestling shows were booked for the event; Bloodymania IV, two Flashlight Wrestling events, an event featuring the cast of Half Pint Brawlers, and Oddball Wrestling.

The twelfth annual Gathering of the Juggalos August 11–14, 2011, debuted the use of a celebrity host for each night's main stage with Dustin Diamond, Jumpsteady, Charlie Sheen, and Flavor Flav. Guest acts included artists Busta Rhymes, Mystikal, Juvenile, Lil Jon, George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, Saliva, Ice Cube, Xzibit, and Paris. All of the main stage performances, as well as the wrestling events Bloodymania 5 and Legends & Icons, were broadcast live on internet pay-per-view. It was also announced that Vanilla Ice had signed with Psychopathic Records.

The thirteenth annual gathering took place from August 8–12, 2012, at Cave-In-Rock and featured Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid, Psychopathic Rydas, Dark Lotus, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, ABK, comedian Ralphie May, DJ Clay, Mike E. Clark, and Cold 187 AKA Big Hutch. Some other guest artists and groups included Tech N9ne, The Pharcyde, Soulfly, Fear Factory, Cheech & Chong, Danny Brown, Slaine, ¡Mayday! & the Geto Boys. A volume of photographs by Daniel Cronin from the event has been published, showing predominantly the people attending the event, not the performers.

The fourteenth annual gathering took place from August 7–11, 2013, at Cave-In-Rock. This was the final time the event was held at Cave-In-Rock.

Legend Valley Ohio, Oklahoma City, Springville and Crystal Forest (2014–present)
In February 2014, it was announced that the Gathering would be moving from its home at Cave-in-Rock to a family Campground in Kaiser, Missouri. However, several local citizens vigorously protested the Gathering being held in this location and the event had to be moved once more. It was reported by Insane Clown Posse themselves that locals had started a petition to keep the Gathering out of their area and flooded the owners of the campground with angry phone calls. Finally, a self-professed Juggalo referred to as Steve (who had previously been to the Gathering himself) contacted Psychopathic Records and offered the 120-acre Legend Valley as a place to host the event. Legend Valley (located in Thornville, Ohio) was officially chosen as the Gathering's venue for 2014. In a statement by Psychopathic Records in the February 28, 2014 edition of the Hatchet Herald, it was said that "Mere hours after the news begin spreading that Kaiser, Missouri would not welcome the Juggalo Family, we began receiving phone calls and emails from interested land owners and promoters who wanted to help ensure that the Gathering of the Juggalos found a home. One of the calls we got was from a down-ass ninja named Steve who owns the Legend Valley. [...] Steve has actually been to the Gathering of the Juggalos before and is not buying into the media's portrayal of what the Gathering is because he has been there. He has expressed to us that he is super down to host the Gathering this year and has always found Juggalos to be cool ass people. He also believes in our fight alongside the ACLU to have Juggalos removed from the FBI gang list, which is still on the list as a "loosely organized hybrid gang" because their sorry ass case was thrown out of court in 2014. In other words, he has our backs and is the perfect ninja we needed to ensure an awesome, trouble-free Gathering this year."

Legend Valley, Ohio hosted the fifteenth annual Gathering of the Juggalos, which took place between July 23, 2014, and July 26, 2014. Advertised as "Shangri-La on Earth", this Gathering has over 70 artists scheduled to perform, including the entire Psychopathic Records roster and several notable guests such as Twiztid, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Cypress Hill, Cannibal Corpse, Kottonmouth Kings, Tech N9ne, Da Mafia 6ix, and other artists. Also scheduled to perform are several comedians, including (most notably) Gilbert Gottfried. Three special parties are planned for the gathering: Kuma's Psychopathic All-Star Party, DJClay's Horney Nuts and Big Butts Party, and the Frothy Murder Mix Foam Party. Alongside all these events will be dance competitions, several contests, and Juggalo Championship Wrestling events (including JCW's Road to Bloodymania and Bloodymania 8), plus carnival rides, the annual ICP seminar, auctions, and more. In addition, it was announced via the Insane Clown Posse's Twitter account that there was to be a new Dark Lotus album slated for the 2014 Gathering.

It was announced at the Insane Clown Posse seminar at Legend Valley that the Gathering of the Juggalos would be held in Colorado in 2017. On April 11, Faygoluvers.net announced that GOTJ18 would be held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Lost Lakes Amphitheater on July 26–29, 2017. GOTJ19 was scheduled to return to Legend Valley on July 18–21, 2018.

On January 31, 2019, during the Juggalo show, it was announced that the 20th annual GOTJ would take place in Springville, Indiana at Lawrence County Recreational Park from July 31 – August 3, 2019.

On January 6, 2020, ICP announced on social media that the 21st annual Gathering of the Juggalos would return to Garrettsville, Ohio at Nelson Ledges Quarry Park "Crystal Forest" for the first time in 15 years. The festival was scheduled to take place August 5–8, 2020. On April 22, 2020, however, the concert was canceled for the year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Gathering of the Juggalos returned in 2021 to Legend Valley, Ohio on August 19–August 21.

Legend Valley hosted the festival again in 2022, which took place on August 3–August 6.

Performers

Over the years, several hundred artists have performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos. Outside of the label's roster, regular performers include Project Born, Kottonmouth Kings, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Vanilla Ice, Zug Izland, Esham, Natas, Side Weighs, Tech N9ne, Wolfpac, 2 Live Crew, Rehab, Necro, Haystak, King Gordy, Brotha Lynch Hung, Prozak, Three 6 Mafia, Afroman, Bizarre, Big B, George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, Mack 10, Delusional, and Coolio.

Notable guest performances have included Bubba Sparxxx, Blind Insanity, Lil Wyte, Psychostick, Killah Priest, Bushwick Bill, Ol' Dirty Bastard, Kurupt, Powerman 5000, Digital Underground, Drowning Pool, Too $hort, Ying Yang Twins, Mushroomhead, Andrew W.K., Ice Cube, Gwar, Scarface, Naughty by Nature, Spice 1, Ralphie May, Method Man & Redman, Above the Law, Warren G, Cypress Hill, DJ Quik, Whitney Peyton, Tila Tequila, Tone Lōc, Rob Base, Busta Rhymes, Hopsin, Mystikal, Juvenile, Lil Jon, Saliva, Xzibit, Paris, Soulfly, Fear Factory, Static-X, P.O.D., One-Eyed Doll, Kittie, Green Jellÿ, MC Lars, Cheech & Chong, The Pharcyde, The Fat Boys, Millionaires, Kool Keith, Onyx, Danny Brown, Slaine, Master P, Raekwon, Swollen Members, DMIZE, Goest Ryder, Clownvis Presley, Jelly Roll, Morris Day & The Time, $uicideboy$, City Morgue, Ghostemane and Geto Boys.

Activities
In addition to musical concerts, the Gathering of the Juggalos features multiple activities. Throughout the site there are carnival rides, Midway Games, and helicopter rides. Other events include Juggalo Karaoke, an Open mic, comedy, ladies oil wrestling, a wet T-shirt contest, a Ms. Juggalette competition, and Hog Daddy's Hellfire. Autograph signings and seminars are held by Juggalo Championship Wrestling, Mike E. Clark, Axe Murder Boyz, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Anybody Killa, Boondox, Twiztid, and Insane Clown Posse.

Several late night parties also occur, including Ladies Night hosted by Sugar Slam, Mike E. Clark's Murder Mix Party, DJ Clay's Bubble Houseparty, Shaggy's Old School Super Jam, and Violent J's Michael Jackson Moonwalk BBQ Blowout Pajama Jam. Professional wrestling has been a prevalent feature of the event since its inception. Juggalo Championship Wrestling currently hosts JCW Try-Outs, Oddball Wrestling, Flashlight Wrestling, and Bloodymania at every Gathering event.

Popular media
Psychopathic Records’ infomercial for the 2009 Gathering of the Juggalos was parodied on the television sketch comedy Saturday Night Live. The sketch, titled "Kickspit Underground Rock Festival", aired on the December 5 edition of the show. Joseph Bruce stated that he was not offended by the parody, and that he thought that the sketch was "hilarious" and "a humongous compliment". The "Kickspit Underground Rock Festival" has since become a recurring series of sketches.

Performer Tila Tequila was hit with bottles at the 2010 event, which resulted in coverage by numerous media outlets. Tila claimed that she would sue Juggalo Gathering LLC, but never did. In 2011, the hit television show Workaholics aired an episode called "Straight Up Juggahos". The episode revolved around an Insane Clown Posse concert, which acted as a direct parody of the Gathering of the Juggalos. In June 2011, comedy troupe Upright Citizens Brigade received a cease and desist from Insane Clown Posse for titling one of their performances "The Gathering Of The Juggalos For A Mother Fucking Baby Funeral."

In 2013, the FilmDrunk Frotcast launched a successful Kickstarter campaign to create a documentary studying the Gathering from an outsider's perspective. The group consisted of photographer Ben Kaplan, comedian Matt Lieb, and film critics Vince Mancini and Laremy Legel. The film, titled Whoop Dreams, premiered in 2014 to decent reviews, and Mancini and Legel have written articles and essays about their experiences.

In 2018 the mobile game ICP: The Gathering was released for iOS and Google Play. The game lets players create their own Gathering of the Juggalos festival.

In 2023, Vice Media posted a YouTube video focusing on the Gathering in which a Vice reporter attends and takes part in the events.

title: Gathering of the Juggalos


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title: User talk:85.206.196.157


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Michael Field (politician)

Michael Walter Field (born 28 May 1948 in Latrobe, Tasmania), is a former Australian politician, holding office as the Premier of Tasmania between 1989 and 1992. Field is also a former chancellor of the University of Tasmania, holding that position from January 2013 to 30 June 2021. He was leader of the Tasmanian Branch of the Labor Party from 1988 until his retirement in 1996. Field is best known for operating in minority government with the support of the Independents, Tasmania's nascent Green party, with an agreement known as the Labor–Green Accord.

Biography
Field grew up on the north-west coast of Tasmania, attending Devonport High School. He graduated from the University of Tasmania in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts in history and political science. He was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Braddon in 1976 and was at various times a cabinet minister, premier and leader of the opposition.

At the 1989 state election, Labor suffered a one-seat swing. However, the incumbent Liberal government under Robin Gray lost two seats, and in the process lost its majority. The balance of power rested with the Greens who won five seats. Field then reached an agreement with Independent leader Bob Brown, giving Field enough support to form government by one seat.

Gray had initially intended to form a minority government. When the accord was signed on 29 May, Gray asked the Governor, Sir Phillip Bennett for new elections. However, Bennett refused, concluding that Gray no longer had enough support to govern and had therefore lost the right to seek a dissolution. The Greens had also privately assured Field that they would support a Labor minority government. This was tested on the floor of the house and a motion was passed that expressed no confidence in Gray and confidence in Field. Bennett then duly commissioned Field as premier.

Field's government presided over painful fiscal reforms that, while unpopular at the time, helped rehabilitate the state's finances in the long run. The Greens terminated the accord in 1990 but Field was able to survive a confidence vote in 1991. However, at the 1992 state election, Labor was severely punished not only for its fiscal belt-tightening, but for dealing with the Greens. Its popular vote plummeted to 28.9 percent, while the Liberals won a solid majority. Despite this severe defeat, Field was not blamed for the debacle and stayed on as leader.

Field stayed on through a federal intervention in the state Labor Party, and led Labor into the 1996 state election. Field promised that he would only govern in majority. He also promised that if the Liberals were reduced to a minority government, he would not bring it down in its first year. At the election, Labor took three seats. While this cost the Liberals their majority, it was short of what Labor needed to make Field premier once again. Although Labor and the Greens had enough seats between them to form government, Field kept his word and did not seek Green support to govern. This left a Liberal minority government supported by the Greens as the only realistic option. However, Groom had also promised only to govern in majority, and resigned as premier in favour of Tony Rundle, who reached a deal with the Greens.

Since retiring from politics in 1997, Field began working as a management and leadership consultant. In 2003, Field was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for his service to the Parliament of Tasmania. He received a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) from the University of Tasmania in 2000 for his service to the state and the university.

Field was chairman of the Tasmanian Innovations Advisory Board from its inception in 1999.

On 3 July 2012, Field was announced as the chancellor of the University of Tasmania, with effect from January 2013. He stepped down from the role on 30 June 2021.

Field and his wife, Jan, reside on the Tasman Peninsula, and they have three children: Emma Field, Claire Field and Tom Field.

Field's last election as ALP leader in 1996 saw the entrance to Parliament of popular union leader Jim Bacon, who was touted as a potential ALP leader. When Field retired in 1997, Bacon did not hesitate in succeeding him as leader, and Bacon became premier when he led the party back to power a year later in 1998.

title: Michael Field (politician)


text: User talk:69.203.106.64

title: User talk:69.203.106.64


text:
Polyhedron model

A polyhedron model is a physical construction of a polyhedron, constructed from cardboard, plastic board, wood board or other panel material, or, less commonly, solid material.

Since there are 75 uniform polyhedra, including the five regular convex polyhedra, five polyhedral compounds, four Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra, and thirteen Archimedean solids, constructing or collecting polyhedron models has become a common mathematical recreation. Polyhedron models are found in mathematics classrooms much as globes in geography classrooms.

Polyhedron models are notable as three-dimensional proof-of-concepts of geometric theories. Some polyhedra also make great centerpieces, tree toppers, Holiday decorations, or symbols. The Merkaba religious symbol, for example, is a stellated octahedron. Constructing large models offer challenges in engineering structural design.

Construction
Construction begins by choosing a size of the model, either the length of its edges or the height of the model. The size will dictate the material, the adhesive for edges, the construction time and the method of construction.

The second decision involves colours. A single-colour cardboard model is easiest to construct — and some models can be made by folding a pattern, called a net, from a single sheet of cardboard. Choosing colours requires geometric understanding of the polyhedron. One way is to colour each face differently. A second way is to colour all square faces the same, all pentagonal faces the same, and so forth. A third way is to colour opposite faces the same. Many polyhedra are also coloured such that no same-coloured faces touch each other along an edge or at a vertex.

 * For example, a 20-face icosahedron can use twenty colours, one colour, ten colours, or five colours, respectively.

An alternative way for polyhedral compound models is to use a different colour for each polyhedron component.

Net templates are then made. One way is to copy templates from a polyhedron-making book, such as Magnus Wenninger's Polyhedron Models, 1974 (ISBN 0-521-09859-9). A second way is drawing faces on paper or with computer-aided design software and then drawing on them the polyhedron's edges. The exposed nets of the faces are then traced or printed on template material. A third way is using the software named Stella to print nets.

A model, particularly a large one, may require another polyhedron as its inner structure or as a construction mold. A suitable inner structure prevents the model from collapsing from age or stress.

The net templates are then replicated onto the material, matching carefully the chosen colours. Cardboard nets are usually cut with tabs on each edge, so the next step for cardboard nets is to score each fold with a knife. Panelboard nets, on the other hand, require molds and cement adhesives.

Assembling multi-colour models is easier with a model of a simpler related polyhedron used as a colour guide. Complex models, such as stellations, can have hundreds of polygons in their nets.

Interactive computer models
Recent computer graphics technologies allow people to rotate 3D polyhedron models on a computer video screen in all three dimensions. Recent technologies even provide shadows and textures for a more realistic effect.

title: Polyhedron model


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Civil Service Strollers F.C.

Civil Service Strollers Football Club are a senior non-league football team from Edinburgh, Scotland currently playing in the. The Strollers play their home games at Christie Gillies Park. Their home strip colours are red, with white shorts and red socks.

The team is currently managed by Gary Jardine.

History
Founded in 1908 under the name Edinburgh Civil Service Football Club, their first ground was the Stenhouse Stadium, which later became a venue for greyhound racing, before moving to Pinkhill Stadium in the 1920s. They moved to the Edinburgh Area Civil Service Sports Association in Muirhouse in 1957, where they continue to play their home games, the ground is commonly known as Christie Gillies Park.

In 2000–01, the club entered into a partnership with Talloaks to develop youth football, with the Talloaks youth teams taking on the name 'CS Strollers'. At the start of the 2001–02 season, the partnership was extended to cover all other ages of organised football. 2001–02 saw the Strollers having, for the first time, a fully incorporated women's team.

Ahead of the 2016–17 season, they were elected to fill one of two vacancies in the Lowland Football League.

Their former management team was Alex Cunningham and Ricky Clapperton until Gary Jardine took over for the 2018–19 season.

Ground
Strollers play their home games at Christie Gillies Park, which is located just off Marine Drive in Muirhouse, Edinburgh. The ground has one small stand along the North side with the dugouts on the South side. The ground has a capacity of 1,596 with around 100 of that being seated. The pitch was once part of a large playing field but work was carried out in 2015 to provide cover for spectators and enclose the ground. Floodlights were added in 2019 to meet SFA licensing criteria.

Lowland League
† Season curtailed due to coronavirus pandemic.

Honours

 * East of Scotland Football League
 * Winners (3): 1925–26, 1926–27, 1972–73
 * Runners-up (4): 1927–28, 1980–81, 1988–89, 1989–90
 * East of Scotland Football League First Division
 * Winners: 1992–93
 * Runners-up (3): 1996–97, 2002–03, 2008–09
 * SFA South Region Challenge Cup
 * Winners: 2017–18
 * East of Scotland Qualifying Cup
 * Winners (4): 1921–22; 1929–30; 1979–80; 1988–89
 * King Cup
 * Winners (4): 1921–22; 1925–26; 1927–28; 1990–91
 * East of Scotland Consolation Cup: 1920–21
 * Scottish Amateur Cup: 1910–11; 1920–21
 * East of Scotland League Cup: 2000–01
 * East of Scotland Trophy: 2001–02

title: Civil Service Strollers F.C.


text: User talk:69.115.124.23

title: User talk:69.115.124.23