text:
Talk:Baseball card

baseball card condition
Someone please explain how baseball card condition is described e.g. the difference between mint and near mint, GEM, etc.. Are there any standards?

I found this... http://www.sportscardfun.com/baseball-card-grading-bgs.asp

Chris Murphy August 23, 2005 12:55 (PST)

My question has been answered here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_card#Condition_Descriptors

Chris Murphy February 5, 2007 2:23 (PST)

Leaf
I am interested in seeing more information on Leaf Candy Company's place in the history of baseball cards. I believe they were somewhat important in the 1940's-50's. ike9898 17:00, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

rewrite
The prospecting section could do with a more professional rewrite.

Foreign Cards
If you would like to add content on foreign cards, no arguments here. Please do so without refrencing commercial sites and by keeping the content relavent to the overall theme of the article. While there is a market for foreign cards [I own some], the market is very small. As such, they should not be used as the "standard example" of the modern industry. Thank you.Tecmobowl 22:52, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * First off, please look at WP:OWN and WP:NPOV, secondly the links I are sourced via non-commercial links  to card collecting clubs. A .com domain does not mean commercial site. TBTA 23:14, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

This is ridiculous, yes there is some room for content regarding the foreign production of baseball cards. However, 99.9% of all cards are produced in the US for US distribution. Therefor, it is not appropriate to plaster the page with international information. Again, a small section devoted to the foreign production of cards is fine. This however, is not acceptable, please consider submitting suggestions before an commencing with rewritting of the article sectionsTecmobowl 16:11, 11 September 2006 (UTC).

 * I am not plastering the page with international information, I am adding relevant content to the article and through that removing the regional bias in it because baseball cards are not just an American thing, something you would have never thought if you read the version of the article you keep reverting to. Please refrain from vandalizing the article! TBTA 23:43, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you would like to, please feel free to add a small section on foreign cards and you can then add your content. It would also be acceptable to add one image of an international card in that section.Tecmobowl 00:00, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Replacement Images
Please do not replace images simply to replace images. For the benefit of the article, it woud be best to make sure that cards depicted are easily identifiable to most card novices. Certainly, an image of a foreign card is appropriate for the foreign cards section.Tecmobowl 06:09, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I see no problem with the images. They all seem to be good as of the 16:08, 19 September 2006 revision. The image at the top of the page shows several modern types from all over the world. If this article was American baseball card I think I could see why you think that "foreign" cards would be inappropriate. Considering this is not the American Wikipeida, the foreign cards are needed and even better if they are used to illustrate the design of baseball cards. (also posted to Tecmobowl's talk page) Delgado in Color 16:15, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I cannot agree with you at all. I cannot identify a single one of those images.  Per my user page, this is the english version of the wiki site and the grammer needs to reflect that.  The rewrite is poorly written and there are a number of unsubstantiated facts.  Additionally, there are a number of valuable sections that have been removed (the list of type cards for example).  I will find better images and correct the mistakes as soon as i have a chance.Tecmobowl 16:56, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

More info about Latin American cards?
Can someone please add some more content about Latin American cards? I wrote all that I know about them and it would be nice to have some more content and maybe some pictures? Delgado in Color 16:09, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Continued Editing of Article
I have taken the liberty to add the USA-centric tag to the article, in the hopes of getting a wider global perspective, something TBTA was trying to do with his edit along with those who have followed him. When you use the term "foreign" it shows your bias, since there should be nothing "foreign" in any language's version of Wikipedia.
 * Good point, foreign has been dropped. Per the USA-centric tag, I don't believe you actually read what I contributed as opposed to what I edited.  TBTA's rewrite was heavily weighted toward card markets that are very very small when compared to the production levels of American cards.  I suggested that a section for international cards should be added.  I even took this a step further and developed a section where different markets could be appropriately discussed.

I feel that the the list of type cards is just an indiscriminate collection of information and has no point even being in the article. As for your mention of the 1948 Topps "Magic Photos" you just provide a checklist from a commercial site, which somewhat ironic given your history. This site does not give any context for the item and doesn't even say if it is even a baseball card. For all we know it could be some sort of temporary tattoo or some sort of gum product.

 * Type cards are a substantial part of the way people organize their collections and classify them.  It is the basis for organization most, if not all, pre-1950 cards from the Americas. Please note that Americas does not mean just the United States.  I believe it should stay and have even substantiated this further in the article.  I added an article reference on the Magic Photos, but if you were unsur of it, the  tag would have been appropriate.Tecmobowl 03:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

You state: Baseball cards are an international item. Yes, this is true and the aticle should reflect this.
 * agreed.Tecmobowl 03:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Then you state: ''However, anyone that collects them would agree that the market is predominately American (see 95% or more). Presenting information that would lead one to believe that is not the case is counter productive.'' Here you introduce your bias assuming that the article is written for baseball card collectors. The article should not be and if you want to write articles for baseball card collectiors may I suggest sportscardpedia.org, which is by for and of collectors and not an encylopedia for a general audience as Wikipedia is.
 * I disagree. That has nothing to do with my perspective or bias as you call it.  The fact remains that baseball cards are predominately produced, distributed and handled in the United States.  To write an article on baseball cards in which most of the displayed images are of no great significance to the industry not good.Tecmobowl 03:04, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

You then claim:  [The article has] an unfair bias toward cards not produced in Canada or the United States. How so? The majority of the article deals with American baseball cards. If anything that would reflect a bias towards cards produced in the United States.

 * I believe I have sufficently addressed this.

Finally, you act as if you own the article, which again, is in violation of the Ownership of articles policy. I suggest that you review that and the various policies I have mentioned above and take a Wikibreak of a few days to clear your head so we don't wind up having someone take this up on Requests for comments. TV Newser 21:35, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, I don't. Much of the edited in information was incorrect.  It was removed for that reason.   The edit I put in place was not an original work.  It was an encyclopedic article with Just get the information right and i won't say a thing.  I'll fix this misinformation and hopefully instead of you just overwriting it with other information you will add to and enhance the sections.  It is targeted towards people who have an interest in learning more about baseball cards.  Stop the anger and just make it better. I don't own the article and in fact most of the information that I used was already in the article or put there by TBTA.  There is an article on wikipedia called Cigarette card.  Much of the information in this revised version is a direct copy of that article.  That article is incorrect.  Just make it better guys.Tecmobowl 22:43, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

No you have a biased idea that the be all and end all of baseball cards is those of the United States, which again reflects the almost defalult bias of Wikipedia to be American centred. I spent a lot of time in the UK and my mother is a Mancunian, so I am ever aware of this bias. I am not angry at you, but I am pointing out a fundamental flaw of the article, it is not written in a global context and it is not written for someone who knows little to nothing about baseball cards.
 * First off, you should not be posting comments in the middle of someone else's comments. It disrupts the flow of who is saying what and may be thought of as vandalism.

 * Of the top of my head, here is what needs to be done

 * Have more people giving input on article content, perferably some non-Americans
 * Internationalize the article.
 * Split off the history of American baseball cards into a Baseball cards in the United States article and have a brief summary of it on the baseball card page
 * Return the representative type photo showing various examples. (done)
 * Make sure the article is written layman's terms.
 * TV Newser 22:30, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

RfC
I agree that it's appropriate to include information about any part of the world where baseball is a significant professional sport. NPOV would probably weight this pretty heavily toward the United States and Canada. Baseball has a long and prominent history as a professional sport in these countries, more so than elsewhere, and the best players from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Japan often come to the North American major leagues for better compensation. Although baseball is no longer the most popular sport in the United States, it was dominant there for a long time, and I don't think it ever overshadowed soccer (or to use the non-U.S. term, football) in Latin America. Does this seem like a fair compromise to all involved?  Durova  14:44, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Baseball is significant outside the US, but are baseball *cards* significant outside the US? Ken Arromdee 14:54, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Help pricing
I have a card that needs pricing and i cant find a beckett that has it. It is a 1993(card made in 1994) pacific Scott Bankhead red sox card. It is autographed and in good condition. any questions, ask me. -Tobi4242 00:27, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

1994 Strike
I deleted this comment: "As a result of the 1994 strike, anyone who crossed the picket lines and attempted to work as a replacement player is not permitted to be on a baseball card. As a result, there are many MLB players that do not have baseball cards from 1995 onward. Examples include Kevin Millar, Damian Miller and Cory Lidle." There was no citation, and I know that at least Damian Miller and Cory Lidle have baseball cards post 1995.

 * It was incorrect, although there's a reason for the misunderstanding. I believe the more accurate explanation is found in the Topps article. I don't think the issue especially needs to be covered here. --Michael Snow (talk) 04:59, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Photo ID?
Can somebody clarify? I know the cards are sold in (for instance) gum packs, but are they ID for the gum maker or for the printer? I'm thinking specifically of the Star Player cards (which I've heard of but never seen), & I have trouble imagining "Star Player" gum (which I've never seen, either). Thanx. Trekphiler (talk) 07:45, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Crackerjack comiskey.jpg
Image:Crackerjack comiskey.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:20, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Cut Autos
No info, can someone oblige? 69.91.82.182 (talk) 21:50, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Overproduction and fallen values
I'm surprised that there is no information in the article about the overproduction of baseball cards starting in the 1980's and how the market for most cards from the 1980's and 1990's have lost most of their value. The era of steroid use has also had an impact, but I remember that following some of the investment bubbles of the early 2000's, a lot of people turned to liquidate their childhood baseball card collections on eBay, only to find that the market was supersaturated. I'm sure these stories have been discussed in reliable sources somewhere, and I feel they should be mentioned in the article. Its omission seems like bias in favor of the industry. – Maky  « talk » 19:45, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Billy Ripken's card
How about a mention of Billy Ripken's 1989 card that accidentally showed an obscenity in the photo and the impact that had on the card's collector value?67.117.130.213 (talk) 23:31, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Personal promotion?
There seems to be a very large chunk of text under 'Card Collector' which reads to me like a personal promotion for a particular collector. (It's not very well written and completely uncited.) I'm being bold and deleting it. Someone wants to revert me, be my guest, just please cite the notability of the reference and share why it's important to the article as a whole. Laughing Vulcan 20:21, 24 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree - good catch. Ckruschke (talk) 16:05, 25 July 2016 (UTC)Ckruschke

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It'd give the listening audience something to look at.
HAs anyone ever seen a source that refers to the fact that player photos and statistics on the card would be very useful in the pre T.V. age. When most baseball was broadcast on the radio I can imagine how useful it'd be to have statistics and a face to go along with them sitting next to you. It'd give the listening audience something at which to look. Seems like it would help the card industry's development and be a major selling point for them. Yet, I have never seen anyone mention this. It seems true, but not as a source-able fact. Liberty5651 (talk) 00:11, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA23 - Sect 201 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by Leozgzzz (talk) 19:49, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Useful resource for collectors
While exploring around with interest in collectible industry I came across a few online resources point and thought they might get useful for some original content citations. A couple of those are as follows Sports Cards Checklists Checklist Insider Cardboard Connection Sports Cards Daily

Hope somebody find these links useful. Abhijeet in (talk) 20:58, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baseball card


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User:Michawiki~enwiki/Hłowna strona

Monday, dnja 29. Julya 2024

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User talk:209.43.33.202

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title: User talk:209.43.33.202


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Macroorchidism

Macroorchidism is a disorder found in males, specifically in children, where a subject has abnormally large testes. The condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is also the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The condition is also a rare sign of McCune–Albright syndrome. The opposite of macroorchidism is called microorchidism, which is the condition of abnormally small testes.

Macroorchidism is related to IGFS1 deficiency which causes an increase in the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There are other causes for macroorchidism such as hypothyroidism, local tumors, and aromatase deficiency. Macroorchidism can be diagnosed by measuring the testicular volume using a prader orchidometer. There is no cure for macroorchidism, however, medications are currently being tested and used to control the disorder to promote quality living.

Signs and symptoms
The most distinguishing physical symptom of macroorchidism in patients is the increased testicular size. To determine enlargement of the testes (i.e. macroorchidism), the testes must be greater than the 95th percentile of the confidence interval in males after puberty. The 95th percentile means that the child's testicular size exceeds 95% of children similar in age. This rules out males with early puberty. Another symptom of macroorchidism is if there is an increase in testicular volume that is at least twice the normal testicular volume for the age.

Macroorchidism is mostly found in prepubescent boys with fragile X syndrome. However, true macroorchidism does not start until the testicular size is greater than 4 mL, which can only occur later in the prepubertal period. Because macroorchidism is associated with fragile X syndrome patients, the signs in patients with FXS is similar in patients with macroorchidism. These signs include protruding ears, long face, bulging jaw and forehead, macrocephaly, mid-facial hypoplasia, and a high arched palate.

Even though FXS affects both males and females, the prevalence in males is approximately 1 in 4000 males.

Cause
The cause of macroorchidism is still unclear. However, there are studies that show a connection between macroorchidism and other disorders related to hormones that reveal their possible role with the abnormal enlargement of the testes. An excessive increase in the interstitial volume and the connective tissue of the testes can lead to macroorchidism.

There are other causes of macroorchidism such as long-standing primary hypothyroidism, adrenal tissue remains in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreting pituitary macroadenomas, local tumors, lymphomas, and aromatase deficiency.

Pathophysiology or mechanism
Macroorchidism result from an increased secretion of the follicle stimulating hormone. The follicle stimulating hormone is secreted without being affected by an increase in the secretion of the luteinizing hormone (LH) or a luteinizing hormone response to Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Macroorchidism is related to a genetic defect in the Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1 (IGSF1) gene. However, not all patients with a failing IGSF1 gene present with macroorchidism. In gonadotropes, there is activin A. Gonadotropes are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that control and regulate reproduction. These cells release the FSH and LH hormones and play an important role in puberty. Activin A is a dimeric glycoprotein that is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. Activin A is responsible for hormonal homeostasis, gonadal functions, muscle growth, immunity, inflammation, and bone remodeling. Activin A binds to activin receptors (ActRs) in the gonadotropes and stimulates the Smad2 or Smad3 pathway to increase follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHB). The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) then stimulates the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) of the sertoli cells, therefore producing inhibin B which brings into play a negative feedback over the pituitary FSHB expression. The IGSF1 gene inhibits the activin A pathway which decreases the rate of FSHB expression. IGSF1 gene deficiency leads to over-secretion of pituitary FSH causing an early and rapid increase in the testicular sertoli cell mass (i.e. macroorchidism) in children and adults with FSH-secreting pituitary adenomas.

Diagnosis
Macroorchidism is usually found in prepubertal boys with long-standing primary hypothyroidism, boys with Van Wyk Grumbach Syndrome (VWGS), and boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS).

When macroorchidism is considered, the testicular volume is measured using a prader orchidometer. The prader orchidometer is used to quickly and accurately measure the testicular volume to evaluate male growth and development. The prader orchidometer is the most widely used orchidometer since 1966 and is calculated using the formula: Length*Width*Height*0.71. The correct final value from the calculation is compared with an age percentile table that shows how much the child exceeds the percentage of children their age for testicular volume.

The testicular volume changes throughout a males life and is as follows:

 * Childhood: 1 - 3 ml
 * Early Adolescence (puberty begins, 10 to 13 years): 4 - 6 ml
 * Middle Adolescence (puberty changes continue, 14 to 17 years): 8 - 10 ml
 * Late Adolescence/young adulthood (18 to 21 years and beyond): 12 - 15 ml
 * Adulthood: 20 - 25 ml

People with macroorchidism have testicular volume larger than 4 ml before puberty.

Treatment or management
Treatment of macroorchidism depends on pathogenesis.

Surgical removal of the tumor is the most important and advised option for treating macroorchidism caused by non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. A non-functioning pituitary adenoma is a kind of benign tumor that does not secrete active hormones, and is from the pituitary gland.

Macroorchidism caused from congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is treated using glucocorticoid. Using glucocorticoid at the beginning of macroorchidism can help reduce the abnormal testicular size. Glucocorticoid treatment is a dosage treatment in which glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone are taken at various amounts and times of the day. Glucocorticoid treatment can help restore male fertility prohibited by macroorchidism. However, overusing glucocorticoid for long periods of time can lead to low semen quality.

Metformin is considered a long-term treatment of macroorchidism due to its relationship with FXS. Metformin lowers the excessive production of the proteins that cause abnormal testicular growth in people with FXS.

Prognosis
Macroorchidism becomes more clear after puberty. Testicular size starts to increase normally from 8 to 9 years of age in boys. However, in patients with macroorchidism, around this time is when the testicles become abnormally and noticeably enlarged. Also, because macroorchidism is usually associated with intellectual disability, the brainpower typically declines with age.

The life expectancy of patients with macroorchidism is normal. There is no cure for macroorchidism; however, there are medications tested in clinical trails identified to bring positive results.

Epidemiology
Macroorchidism only affects males. The prevalence of macroorchidism is approximately 1 in 4000 males. Macroorchidism is present in more than 80 - 90% of postpubertal males with fragile X syndrome.

Research direction
A research study was done in 2014 to learn if there is a relationship between macroorchidism and intellectual disability associated with decreased levels of Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene protein (FMRP), but in the pre-mutation or carrier state. FMRP is made from FMR1 gene, and is mainly in the brain and testis. They used the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the IQs of the macroorchidism patients with and without pre-mutation carriers. The results showed that there is a relationship between macroorchidism and intellectual disability in FMR1 pre-mutation carrier males. Further studies need to be done to determine if the correlation is due to higher or lower levels of FMR1 mRNA and FMRP respectively.

Another study done in 2018 researched the role of Immunoglobulin Superfamily 1 (IGSF1) serves in hypothyroidism and macroorchidism as a regulator of pituitary hormone secretion. A defect in the IGSF1 gene is one of the causes of macroorchidism. The results showed that IGSF1 is important for pituitary hormone regulation, and that there are two important mechanisms of macroorchidism related to IGSF1 deficiency.

title: Macroorchidism


text:
Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński

Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński (25 July 1869 – 18 April 1928) was a Polish composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher. His students included composer and pianist Jadwiga Sarnecka.

Orchestral works

 * Piano Concerto in e minor (1892-4)
 * Piano Concerto in c minor (1898)
 * Symphony in c minor

Stage works

 * "Protesilas i Laodamia" (1902, libretto by S. Wyspiański) (Tragedy)

Chamber music

 * Violin Sonata in G Major (1907),
 * Piano Trio in g minor (probably written 1892-4)
 * Dumka for Violin and Piano
 * Canon for Violin, Cello and Piano (1890)

Piano works

 * Trois Morceaux Caracteristiques Op. 5, for solo piano
 * Morceau fantastique (Phantasiestück)
 * Etude in D major, Op. 8
 * Nocturne in A major
 * Prelude in C major
 * Fugue in C-sharp minor
 * Variations sur un theme populaire polonais
 * Quasi mazurka sur le theme W.M.S.
 * Valse a la Chopin
 * La Fileuse de l'opera "Maria"
 * Canons (1890)

Recordings
Both piano concertos were recorded in the past on Olympia and on Muza, and in 2007 on Hyperion. The Violin Sonata in G major, the Dumka for Violin and Piano and the Piano Trio, Op. 2 were recorded by the Warsaw Trio and Piano Works were recorded by Matti Asikainen for the AP label.

title: Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński


text:
Kelly Field

Kelly Field (formerly Kelly Air Force Base) is a Joint-Use facility located in San Antonio, Texas. It was originally named after George E. M. Kelly, the first member of the U.S. military killed in the crash of an airplane he was piloting.

In 2001, pursuant to BRAC action, the former Kelly AFB runway and land west of the runway became "Kelly Field" and control of this reduced size installation was transferred to the adjacent Lackland Air Force Base, part of Joint Base San Antonio. The base is under the jurisdiction of the 802d Mission Support Group, Air Education and Training Command (AETC).

Kelly Field was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I, being established on 27 March 1917. It was used as a flying field; primary flying school; school for adjutants, supply officers, and engineers; mechanics school, and as an aviation general supply depot.

Kelly Air Force Base and its associated San Antonio Air Logistics Center of the Air Force Materiel Command (formerly Air Force Logistics Command) was closed as an independent installation and its assets realigned by the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission.

Current status
Kelly Field supports flight operations of two tenant commands, the Air Force Reserve Command's 433d Airlift Wing, operating the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy and the Texas Air National Guard's 149th Fighter Wing, operating the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon.

The remaining 1,873 acres (758 hectares) of land, including hangars and industrial facilities previously known as the San Antonio Air Logistics Center, is operated by the Greater Kelly Development Authority (a political subdivision of the State of Texas, now renamed the Port Authority of San Antonio) as the Port San Antonio business park. As of 2006, there are still some isolated USAF activities on Port San Antonio subordinate to Lackland, as well as a substantial tract of military family housing.

Several large warehouses on the grounds of Port San Antonio were cleared, cleaned, and equipped with large mobile air conditioning units to house evacuees from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita in September 2005.

History
Kelly Field is named in honor of 2nd Lieutenant George Edward Maurice Kelly. Lt. Kelly, who after a course of training at the Curtiss Aviation School, Rockwell Field, California, was ordered to Fort Sam Houston, near San Antonio. While attempting to land on 10 May 1911 in order to avoid running into a tent and thereby possibly injuring several others, Kelly died in a crash, falling into the ground.

Origins
In August 1913, U.S. Army Chief Signal Officer Brigadier General George P. Scriven testified before the U.S. House of Representatives concerning the establishment of a military aeronautical center in San Antonio, Texas. The center was to be built for the Aviation Section of the U.S. Army Signal Corps. General Scriven described San Antonio as “the most important strategic position of the South,” in response to the unrest resulting from the Mexican Revolution. In 1916, when Fort Sam Houston was the primary site of the Corps’ aerial equipment and personnel, The San Antonio Light predicted that the city would be “the most important military aviation center in the U.S.”

In November 1915, the newly created 1st Aero Squadron arrived at Fort Sam Houston after a cross-country flight from Fort Sill, Oklahoma. However, the squadron remained at the post only until March 1916, whereupon it left to join Brigadier General John J. Pershing’s Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa on the U.S.-Mexico border. Problems experienced by the 1st Aero Squadron on that expedition and the ongoing war in Europe persuaded Congress to improve and expand the nation's air arm.

It was quickly apparent that Fort Sam Houston had inadequate space for additional flying operations, especially with newer and more powerful aircraft. Major Benjamin Foulois, with the support of the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce, selected a site five miles southwest of the city for a new aviation airfield on 21 November 1916. Bordered by the Frio City Road on the northwest, the site was also adjacent to the Southern Pacific Railroad, providing easy access by road and rail. In addition, the new site was relatively flat, and thus suitable for flying operations. Initially, the site was called the South San Antonio Aviation Camp.

World War I
On 5 April 1917, four aircraft took off from Fort Sam Houston, flew across San Antonio and landed on the new airfield, which at the time was a cleared cotton field. Tents had been erected as hangars, however, a permanent presence at the airfield was not established until 7 May when 700 men arrived. A week later, the population had grown to 4,000. Construction of the facility was rapid, with the United States now at war and the mission of the new airfield was to train aviators to be sent to the Western Front in France. The ground was cleared and scores of buildings - hangars, barracks, mess halls, a street system, electrical and plumbing systems, warehouses, machine shops were all constructed during the summer.

By the end of June, it was clear that Foulois' original site, known unofficially as Kelly Field #1, was too small to train both new recruits and aviation cadets. A committee of the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce provided the necessary land and presented the proposition to the Aviation Production Board in Washington, D.C. in June 1917. A contract was signed in July 1917, comprising all of what was Kelly Field #2. Two additional tracts of land, planned to be Kelly Field #3 and #4 were released in the fall of 1917 at the suggestion of British and French aviators who were of the opinion that being so close together, would result in accidents and collisions.

Kelly soldiers organized approximately 250,000 men into "Aero Squadrons" during the hectic months of 1917 and 1918. Eventually, 326 squadrons were formed at Kelly during World War I, with all but twenty of these moving to other installations in the U.S. or overseas. The majority of Aero Squadrons were combat support squadrons. Kelly Field served as the first reception and classification center, testing thousands of recruits before assigning them to specific jobs and squadrons for training. The Air Service Mechanics School Enlisted Mechanics Training Department turned out an average of 2,000 mechanics and chauffeurs a month. Kelly also trained bakers and cooks, and the Aviation General Supply Depot moved to the field from its old location in downtown San Antonio.

Many of the American-trained World War I aviators learned to fly at Kelly field, with 1,459 pilots and 398 flying instructors graduating from the Kelly aviation schools during the course of the war. Flight training units assigned to Kelly Field:
 * 103d Aero Squadron, August 1917
 * 2d Aero Squadron, November 1917
 * Re-designated as Squadron "A", July–November 1918

 * 115th Aero Squadron (II), March 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "B", July–November 1918

 * 117th Aero Squadron (II), March 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "C", July–November 1918

 * 178th Aero Squadron, January 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "D", July–November 1918

 * 180th Aero Squadron, December 1917
 * Re-designated as Squadron "E", July–November 1918

 * 235th Aero Squadron (II), April 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "F",  July–November 1918

 * 243d Aero Squadron (II), April 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "G", July–November 1918

 * 244th Aero Squadron (II), April 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "H", July–November 1918

 * 245th Aero Squadron (II), April 1917
 * Re-designated as Squadron "I", March 1918

 * 110th Aero Squadron (Repair), August 1917
 * Re-designated: 804th Aero Squadron (Repair), February 1918
 * Re-designated as Squadron "K", July–November 1918

 * Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A-J), November 1918-November 1919

Once deployed to France, most of the Kelly Field graduates were sent to the AEF Third Air Instructional Center, Issoudun Aerodrome, France for advanced pursuit training. In addition to the flying school at Kelly Field, Selfridge Field, Michigan was also used for pilot training, and the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC), operated flying schools for American pilots in Toronto, Ontario and several fields at Camp Taliaferro, Texas.

The thousands of enlistees who came to Kelly devised numerous ways to entertain themselves during their infrequent time off. Among these organizations were a glee club, a minstrel show, and the "Famous Kelly Field Players," a club of professional vaudeville entertainers in uniform. Many clubs traveled around the South Texas area and gained fame for the morale-building shows.

Between the wars
At the end of the war, the Army Air Service, along with the rest of the Army, faced crucial reductions. Thousands of officers and enlisted men were released, leaving only 10,000 men to fly and repair the planes and engines left over from the war. Hundreds of small flying fields closed, forcing consolidation of supply and aviation repair depots. Kelly, however, was one of the few that remained open.

On 13 December 1919, the United States House of Representatives passed an appropriations bill for $9.6 million for the purchase of additional land at military camps “which are to be made part of the permanent military establishment.” Kelly Field No. 2 was allocated $349,600 of this amount.

In 1921, the aviation repair depot in Dallas moved to Kelly to join with the supply depot, forming the San Antonio Intermediate Air Depot.

Brooks Field became the center for primary training and Kelly for advanced training. Each phase of instruction lasted about six months initially, with advanced training later divided into three months each of basic and advanced instruction

The 10th School Group (later the Advanced Flying Training Wing and the Advanced Flying School) was formed at Kelly Field #2 in 1922. There, student pilots mastered the advanced skills of pursuit, bombardment, attack, and observation. Most of the Army aviators trained between the two World Wars attended this school. Charles Lindbergh, the first man to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic, graduated from the Advanced Flying School in 1925. Other graduates included former Air Force Chiefs of Staff Generals Thomas D. White, Curtis E. LeMay, John P. McConnell, Hoyt Vandenberg, and John Dale Ryan. Major General Claire Chennault of World War II "Flying Tiger" fame taught at the school.

In 1925, Kelly Field #1 was renamed Duncan Field in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Duncan. Formerly stationed at Kelly Field, Duncan died in an airplane accident at Bolling Field in Washington, D.C.. Kelly Field #2 became simply, Kelly Field. Both fields conducted their training, maintenance, command, and supply functions separately for the next 18 years.

Low pay and worn-out planes and equipment did not halt the small band of mechanics and fliers from proving their professional dedication. Army personnel pushed forward the frontiers of aeronautics in the 1920s. The aircraft used for Jimmy Doolittle's 1922 transcontinental flight received preflight servicing at Kelly #1. Kelly #2 was Doolittle's sole refueling stop during the flight itself. In 1926, Kelly was the starting point of the Pan American Goodwill Flight. Their air excursion was a 175-day adventure to "show the flag", with five planes and 10 pilots landing at 23 Central and South American countries. Captain Ira C. Eaker, Commander of the 8th Air Force during World War II and a Kelly graduate, was one of the pilots of that enterprise.

Much of the pioneering work of Major William Ocker and Captain Charles Crane in the field of instrument flying took place at Kelly. Their efforts resulted in the development of the first "blind flying" curriculum at the Advanced Flying School and won Crane the Mackay Trophy.

Public enthusiasm for "those daring young men in their flying machines" encouraged Army pilots to display their skill in an effort to gain public acceptance of the airplane as an ever-capable instrument for American's expanding society. Air circuses and balloon races were exciting events in the Roaring Twenties, and the pilots at Kelly were happy to provide the thrills and air spectacles the public loved. Kelly hosted the National Elimination Balloon Race in 1924 and welcomed thousands of San Antonians to see the lift-off, aerial demonstrations, and other exploits of "derring-do."

But perhaps no event matched the production of the Hollywood film Wings in 1926. Kelly hoped to make motion picture history by providing pilots, aircraft, extras, and technicians to assist in the filming of this World War I epic. Clara Bow (the famous "It Girl"), Buddy Rogers, and Richard Arlen starred in this silent movie classic which was filmed in and around San Antonio. A young newcomer, Gary Cooper, had a bit part in the film. Wings received the first Academy Award for "Best Production of the Year" for 1927–1928, the first (and until 2011, the only) silent film ever to win this honor.

In 1927 basic moved out of the advanced phase and combined with primary. At that point, primary-basic changed to eight months in length and advanced to four months. In June 1927 General Lahm suggested the construction of a single large field outside of the city to house all flying training. Congress funded the new field's construction but not the purchase of the land, so the city of San Antonio borrowed the $546,000 needed to purchase the site selected for what became Randolph Field. By the fall of 1931, construction was essentially completed, so the Air Corps Training Center at Duncan Field, adjacent to Kelly, and the primary schools at Brooks and March moved to the new installation, while advanced training remained at Kelly.

Suffering from a chronic lack of funds, the Air Corps' struggle for better aircraft continued until the 1938 crisis over Czechoslovakia. Adolf Hitler and the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force) demonstrated that air power had become an important factor in international relations. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the significance of the Luftwaffe's role and took the first steps toward United States rearmament.

In 1939, Congress authorized $300 million for the Air Corps. Hundreds of new planes, officers, and enlisted men made their way to Kelly. Besides money for new equipment and more personnel, funds became available for construction of sorely needed barracks, offices, classrooms, and warehouses. Many of the facilities built during this period remain in use today. The present Officer's Club (originally built for cadet housing) and the Air Logistics Center headquarters building (originally used for classrooms) were constructed to meet the increased demand for facilities during this period of expansion.

In the summer of 1942 Duncan Field and Kelly Field merged to form Kelly Field, due to the congested flying conditions caused by the four flying fields in close proximity (Duncan, Kelly, Brooks and Stinson) had reached dangerous levels.

Other facilities built during the construction boom included the unique Miniature Range building, then used for aerial observation training, and the "Palace", a huge complex of enlisted quarters, dining halls and offices. Originally called "Buckingham Palace", the building received its nickname because it was so much more "palatial" than the tents and crude wooden barracks the men had been living in.

World War II
After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the need for more pilots, bombardiers, and navigators resulted in the rapid expansion of the United States Army's air arm and the Advanced Flying School. Night flying was added to the school program and the amount of training time doubled. Between January 1939 and March 1943, over 6,800 men graduated from Kelly's Advanced Flying School and approximately 1,700 additional pilots graduated from various other courses in the Instructor's School. In order to house the rapidly growing pilot trainee population, a "tent city" sprang up as it had in World War I.

By the summer of 1942, congestion caused by the close proximity of four flying fields - Duncan, Kelly, Brooks, and Stinson - had become dangerous. Consequently, in March 1943, Kelly and Duncan were reunited under the name of Kelly Field. Kelly Field's primary functions became that of maintenance and supply. This was a major change in mission for Kelly as flying training moved elsewhere.

Kelly's World War II mission turned the base into a huge industrial complex. A new organization, the San Antonio Air Service Command, managed the increased supply and maintenance workload at would become the San Antonio Air Logistics Center in later years. Kelly workers overhauled, repaired, and modified aircraft, engines, and related equipment.

Post-war years
When World War II ended in August 1945, America demobilized as rapidly as it had after the First World War. Over 3,000 Kelly civilians resigned or retired within weeks of V-J Day. Nevertheless, more and more AT-6, P-51, and B-29 aircraft were delivered to Kelly for maintenance and storage. Disposal and aircraft storage programs took up more and more of Kelly's time and space. Kelly's maintenance workers stopped repairing very heavy bombers and began supporting the occupational forces in Europe and Japan with air transportation, communications, and weather systems. In 1946, the San Antonio Air Technical Services Command became the San Antonio Air Materiel Area (SAAMA).

In July 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act, which, among other things, created an independent United States Air Force. Over the next few years, the youngest of the armed services separated itself from the Army way of doing things. In January 1948, Kelly Field became Kelly Air Force Base.

Berlin airlift and Korean War
By June 1948, the Soviet Union, in a move to push the Allies out of Berlin, closed all water, rail, and highway links to the western part of the city. Forced to choose between abandoning West Berlin or supplying all goods by air, the western powers began around-the-clock airlift of vital supplies and material into the beleaguered city. The airlift, nicknamed "Operation Vittles", became the largest air cargo operation of all time. The prime workhorse of the Berlin Airlift was the C-54 Skymaster cargo aircraft, and Kelly was the only depot in the country repairing and overhauling replacement Pratt and Whitney R2000 engines used on the aircraft. By December 31, the Supply Division had shipped 1,317 R2000 engines worth $1.7 million for the airlift.

The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 found Kelly once again responding almost overnight. The Kelly maintenance line went into full-steam production to recondition Boeing B-29 Superfortresses that had been in storage for overseas service. Work continued into the night by use of special outdoor lighting. The aircraft production line earned the nickname of the "Great White Way" as the glow of lights reflected on the aluminum skin of the bombers and lit up the evening sky. When the fighting subsided in Korea in July 1953, Kelly workers had once again proven their commitment to meet whatever challenges faced them.

1950s
As the Air Force moved through its first decade of independence, its aircraft, engines, accessories, and support equipment became increasingly sophisticated and complex, requiring use of new technologies and innovative programs to meet the challenges of the future.

By 1951, the Convair B-36 Peacemaker intercontinental bomber began arriving in ever-increasing numbers at Kelly. With its powerful R4360 engines, the B-36 rapidly took the place of the B-29. The B-36 was radical in its design; its six pusher engines gave it a top speed of over 400 miles per hour, and it was the first American bomber capable of reaching any target on the globe.

R4360 engines also powered the Convair XC-99. Convair built this one-and-only transport in 1947 to use the technology of the B-36 more effectively. As the largest cargo plane to-date, the XC-99 set many world records between 1953 and 1955, before the Air Force decided it did not need large transport planes. The longest flight — 12,000 miles to Rhein-Main Air Base in West Germany — began on 13 August 1953. Carrying 61,000 pounds of vital cargo, it flew to West Germany via Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda and Lajes Field, Azores and returned a week later carrying another 62,000 pounds. Every place the XC-99 landed, newspaper, radio, and television reporters were there to convey to the public the excitement of the spectacular flight. Another record-breaking flight took place during May 1955. The XC-99 was put to the test in support of PROJECT DEWLINE. In conjunction with the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), the XC-99 airlifted 380,000 pounds of cargo to Keflavik Airport, Iceland from Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, a distance of 2,500 miles. The plane was airborne 210 hours and 41 minutes. Some trouble was experienced, but the 31 civilian technicians from the San Antonio depot successfully repaired the XC-99 at Dover AFB.

Jet engines had become extremely important to the Air Force by 1955. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet bomber was the first full weapons system bomber. Designed in 1945, the B-47 was powered by six General Electric J47 turbojet engines and featured swept-back wings and tail surfaces. Its mission was to deliver conventional or nuclear ordnance to enemy targets. On 30 November 1959, a B-47 bomber set a world endurance record, remaining airborne for three days, eight hours, and eight minutes, and covering a distance of 32,900 miles. After relegating the bomber to reconnaissance and training missions, the last Stratojets were taken out of the active United States Air Force inventory in 1966.

The Convair B-58 Hustler was yet another important addition to the Air Force inventory. As America's first supersonic bomber, it could range higher and faster than any other bomber aircraft in the world, flying at twice the speed of sound. Its four J79 engines produced over 41,000 pounds of thrust that could push the sleek bomber at more than 1,300 mph. The first B-58 arrived at Kelly on 15 March 1960 to be used for training maintenance personnel for the new overhaul workload. On May 26, 1958, SAAMA opened the B-58 Logistics Support Management Office. It became the forerunner of a major area organizational realignment whereby worldwide weapons management functions would be separated organizationally from the internal depot operations. Responsibilities outlined for the weapon system manager included budgeting, funding, computing requirements, and arranging for maintenance. Kelly repaired and overhauled B-52s for over 30 years. In the early 1960s, the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress was the major depot-level maintenance workload for SAAMA. Modifications to the B-52s performed at Kelly increased the load capability of each plane and increased the aircraft's range. In addition, the San Antonio shops camouflage-painted the B-52Gs for Southeast Asia Arc Light operations. This era in Kelly's history ended when the Air Force shifted the B-52 workload to Oklahoma City AMA at Tinker Air Force Base in the spring of 1993. The 36-year-old relationship between Kelly and the big bomber was the longest association between any Air Force weapons system and a single ALC to that point.

Americans have always looked to the future, but the future of Kelly's involvement in space have been a "now" responsibility for more than 25 years. In August 1962, SAAMA "loaned" the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) six aircraft - two F-102s, two TF102s and two T33s - so the astronauts at Houston's Manned Spacecraft Center could maintain their flying proficiency. Two years later, Directorate of Maintenance workers built three Apollo capsule trainers for NASA. And Kelly's Directorate of Aerospace Fuels supplied NASA with the required liquid propellants from the very beginning of the Space Administration's push into space.

Vietnam War
Kelly's workload remained relatively stable until the mid-1960s, when American efforts to prevent the fall of the South Vietnamese government led to direct American involvement. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964, all air materiel areas began supporting Southeast Asia on a 24-hour basis. For the next 11 years, Kelly employees were deeply involved in supplying parts and expertise for the conflict in Southeast Asia, working both within the United States and overseas. In May 1965, during the build-up of American forces in Vietnam, the Logistics Command started sending teams of supply personnel to the Pacific Air Forces. Kelly had a lot of volunteers. By 31 December 1965, SAAMA had sent 11 supply teams, totaling 89 personnel, on temporary duty to Southeast Asia to establish supply centers throughout the western Pacific, including South Vietnam.

Kelly also sent maintenance teams to Southeast Asia. The first team consisted of six jet engine mechanics that worked at Clark Air Base, Philippines on J57 engines for North American F-100 Super Sabres. Other Kelly workers served in South Vietnam on special Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter modification teams, helped reassemble newly shipped F-5A/C aircraft at Bien Hoa Air Base, and assisted in the creation of an engine repair facility at Bien Hoa. Some workers served on rapid area maintenance supply support or area transportation teams while others served as weapon system logistic officers. Those who remained in San Antonio also strove to meet the demands for materiel and aircraft maintenance.

On 1 July 1965, Kelly opened as an aerial port of embarkation to provide though-plane cargo service to Southeast Asia. Kelly Air Force Base personnel processed and routed vital war material earmarked for South Vietnam to the Southeast Asian Theater. By 1967, the pace of the United States build-up intensified. The Lockheed C-141A Starlifter cargo aircraft began to enter the Air Force inventory in sufficient numbers to replace the aging Douglas C-124 Globemaster II. With air terminal modernization and the increased use of C-141 aircraft, Military Airlift Command (MAC) aircrews seldom experienced any delays at Kelly's aerial port. On 1 November 1965, SAAMA assumed responsibility for the Air Force's entire watercraft program. This included all landing-type vessels, spares, engines, and combat ships. Other items included cargo tanks, special service vessels, barges, small craft, dredges, rigging, and marine hardware. Earlier that year, on 3 August, Kelly became responsible for assembly and shipment of the necessary airfield lighting equipment to establish four semi-fixed installations in Southeast Asia.

The early 1970s witnessed the establishment of the Vietnamization Program, also known as the Nixon Doctrine. This new policy was the key to planned reductions in the United States military forces in South Vietnam. As part of this effort, SAAMA personnel were deeply involved in the planning and construction of an engine facility at Bien Hoa Air Base. This assignment began in February 1971 when the Air Force Logistics Command gave the SAAMA the responsibility for developing complete plans and specifications for converting an existing building at Bien Hoa Air Base into an engine overhaul facility.

One month later, the San Antonio Air Materiel Area\ became involved with yet another project to provide logistics support. On 20 October 1972, SAAMA initiated PROJECT ENHANCE PLUS, to transfer A-37, Northrop F-5E Tiger II, and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft, engines, and support spares to the Republic of Vietnam to carry on the war after American withdrawal. Nearly every directorate at Kelly contributed to this effort.

The C-5A Galaxy, the Air Force's largest aircraft, entered the inventory in June 1970. San Antonio Air Materiel Area had both management and repair responsibility for the giant transport and its TF39 engine. Weighing about 350 tons, the aircraft can transport 98 percent of equipment issued to an Army division, including the 100,000 pound M-1 tank, self-propelled artillery equipment, missiles, and helicopters. On its initial visit to Kelly on 31 January 1970, prominent figures as well as public spectators greeted the C-5A.

A year before the United States ended its involvement in Southeast Asian hostilities; the military services began to prepare for the return of North Vietnam-held Prisoners of War. With the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973, "Operation Homecoming" was on. The prisoners were flown from North Vietnam to the Joint Homecoming Reception Center at Clark Air Base, Philippines. Once at Clark, the former POWs were given medical checkups, issued uniforms and personal items, and made those very important phone calls home. After a minimum time at Clark, the POWs flew to the United States to be reunited with their families and to receive complete medical and psychological evaluation and treatment. Lackland Air Force Base and Fort Sam Houston were designated as reception areas in San Antonio because each had hospital facilities to handle the needs of the returning prisoners of war. Kelly became the reception area. Flights bringing the former POWs to Kelly began on 15 February 1973. Although crowds were deliberately kept small, the occasion was full of joy. The 11 flights that arrived at Kelly carried 20 Air Force and 12 Army men. Kelly Air Force Base took great pride in welcoming home the brave men who had spent years in captivity.

Post-Vietnam era
In 1974, San Antonio Air Materiel Area changed its name to the San Antonio Air Logistics Center, but the dedication and support to the Air Force mission remained the same. The first F100 engine arrived at the SA-ALC on 9 August 1974. Primarily used as a trainer, this first engine was also used as a prototype repair engine to determine the adequacy of planning documents, technical data, tools and equipment. Management and maintenance of the F100 is complicated by the unique design of the engine. The engine is divided into five modules. Defective modules could be removed and replaced with spares to return the engine to service more rapidly. Another unique aspect of the F100 engine is the "on-condition" maintenance feature. This occurs if an inspection team determines that the rest of the modules are in good working order. Only the affected part would be overhauled and the rest of the engine would be left alone. In addition, time between overhauls is measured in terms of cycles, or throttling up and down action, rather than flight hours.

As good as the C-5A was, Lockheed and the Air Force began plans to incorporate reliability and maintainability factors into the large cargo plane, producing the C-5B during the early 1980s. The Galaxy "B" fleet added 7.5 million cargo tons per day to the United States military strategic airlift capability.

On 16 November 1973, the Directorate of Aerospace Fuels provided propellants support to the last of the Skylab space program launches. In March 1979, the Space Shuttle "Columbia" perched atop a Boeing 747 arrived at Kelly Air Force Base for the first time for a refueling stop on its way to Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This was Kelly's most dramatic and visible participation in support of the space program but not its last. NASA flights continued to land with parts and equipment for multiple Space Shuttle missions en route to Kennedy Space Center as late as June 2009. The San Antonio Air Logistics Center also managed the new Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, developed by McDonnell Douglas in the late 1980s. This advanced aircraft is a rugged, reliable, modern airlifter designed to meet requirements established jointly by the Army, Marines, and the Air Force. The C-17 provides the United States combat commanders with the increased mobility to get to the battle sooner and to win. Kelly's involvement in the C-17 program was further strengthened when Air Force Logistics Command named it the source of repair for the airframe. Logistics support responsibility for the aircraft was made virtually complete in March 1985 when AFLC gave SA-ALC management and repair responsibility for the C-17 engines, the Pratt & Whitney F117-PW-100 turbofans.

With the transfer of B-52 repair and overhaul to Oklahoma City in 1993, Kelly's workers shifted their attention to keeping the T-38 jet trainers of Air Education and Training Command ready to fly. This workload moved to Kelly in the spring of 1993.

Closure
During Operation Just Cause, Kelly served as a transit point for more than 8,200 troops deploying to Panama and as a reception site for some 250 incoming wounded service members. Later, the base moved more than 10,000 short tons of material and 4,700 passengers and deployed 17 million pounds of munitions to Southwest Asia for Operation Desert Storm. During the 1990s, it supported US operations in Kosovo.

In 1992, a major defense reorganization had shifted ownership of most of Kelly's warehouse space from the Air Force to the new Defense Logistics Agency. The following year, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission added Kelly and three other logistics centers to the list of installations marked for closure. Local officials convinced the commissioners to spare the base, but it was only a temporary stay.

Kelly Air Force Base was closed because the Base Realignment and Closure Commission round of 1995 decided the base's workload should be consolidated with that of other Air Force depots. Kelly was troublesome from a labor relations standpoint, and was seen as something of a "closed system" where active air force personnel became contractors and eventually union, government employees supervising their friends. At the same time McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento, California, was also closed. Instead of shifting all workloads, some were outsourced or privatized by the Clinton administration. Parts of the installation were shifted to Lackland Air Force Base, with a significant portion becoming Port San Antonio. Prior to the shutdown it was still a vital part of San Antonio, including but not limited to providing host to Air Force One's backup airplane in 1998. After closure labor disputes dropped by 50% across USAF maintenance centers.

The 37th Training Wing at Lackland AFB, Texas, assumed responsibility for the Kelly AFB flightline area and the area west of the runway on 1 April 2001, the area being designated Kelly Field Annex.

Port San Antonio (formerly known as KellyUSA) has now renamed the logistics center Port San Antonio in line with its business strategy of becoming the largest inland port in South Texas.

Facility names

 * Aviation Camp (a.k.a. Remount Station) at Fort Sam Houston, c. February 1917
 * Camp Kelly, 11 June 1917
 * Kelly Field, 30 July 1917
 * Kelly Air Force Base, 29 January 1948 – 30 September 2001.
 * Flightline and airfield area designated: Kelly Field Annex (becoming part of Lackland AFB)
 * Station area transferred to civilian control.

Major commands to which assigned

 * Aviation Section, Signal Corps, May 1917
 * Division of Military Aeronautics, 27 April 1918
 * Air Service, United States Army, 27 August 1918
 * United States Army Air Service, 1 July 1920
 * United States Army Air Corps, 2 July 1926
 * Air Corps Training Center, 1 September 1926
 * Re-designated: Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center, 8 July 1940

 * Gulf Coast Army Air Forces Training Center, 1 May 1942
 * Air Service Command, 11 March 1943
 * Army Air Forces Materiel and Services Command, 17 Jul 1944
 * Re-designated: Army Air Forces Technical Service Command 31 Aug 1944

 * Air Technical Service Command, 1 July 1945
 * Air Materiel Command, 9 March 1946
 * Air Force Logistics Command, 1 April 1961
 * Air Force Materiel Command, 1 June 1992 – 30 September 2001

Detached Installations

 * Kelly Field #1
 * South of Kelly Air Force Base, acquired 1917. Together with Kelly Field #2, designated Duncan Field on 13 March 1925. Combined with Kelly Field, 2 March 1943.

 * Kelly Field #2 (a.k.a. Pampa Air Force Auxiliary Field #2)
 * South of Kelly Air Force Base, acquired 1917. Combined with Kelly Field #1 and designated Duncan Field, 13 March 1925.

 * Kelly Field #3
 * 2 miles East of Castroville, Texas. Acquired early 1939, transferred to Hondo Army Air Field, Texas, 12 February 1943.

 * Kelly Field #4
 * 9 miles Northwest of Kelly AFB. Acquired 1 June 1939, transferred to Brooks Field, 12 February 1943.

 * Kelly Field #5
 * 6 Miles South-Southeast of San Antonio, Texas. Was Gosport Field, civilian airport, acquired early 1917, Re-designated: Brooks Field, 4 February 1918.

American Expeditionary Force combat squadrons

 * 9th Aero Squadron, 14 June-8 July 1917
 * 12th Aero Squadron, 2 June-18 July 1917
 * 13th Aero Squadron, 14 June-8 July 1917
 * 17th Aero Squadron, July-17 August 1917
 * 17th Aero Squadron (Provisional)
 * Re-designated: 22d Aero Squadron, 16 June-3 August 1917

 * 21st Aero Squadron (Provisional)
 * Re-designated: 27th Aero Squadron, 15 June-17 August 1917

 * 24th Aero Squadron, June-28 December 1917
 * 28th Aero Squadron, 22 June-25 August 1917
 * 41st Aero Squadron, 16 June-28 August 1917
 * 49th Aero Squadron, 6 August-28 December 1917

 * 50th Aero Squadron, 6 August-28 December 1917
 * 88th Aero Squadron, 18 August-7 October 1917
 * 91st Aero Squadron, 21 August-5 October 1917
 * 99th Aero Squadron, 21 August-2 November 1917
 * 100th Aero Squadron, August-17 October 1917
 * 103d Aero Squadron, 31 August-5 November 1917
 * 104th Aero Squadron, 25 August-4 November 1917
 * 138th Aero Squadron, September–October 1917
 * 139th Aero Squadron, September–October 1917
 * 147th Aero Squadron, November 1917
 * 148th Aero Squadron, 11–17 November 1917
 * 354th Aero Squadron, January–March 1918

Post World War I organizations

 * Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, September 1917-March 1920
 * Air Service Mechanics School, March 1920-January 1921
 * 1st Pursuit Group, 31 August 1919 – 30 June 1921
 * 1st Bombardment Wing, August 1919-26 June 1924
 * 1st Day Bombardment Group, 25 September 1919 – 26 June 1922
 * 8th Aero Squadron, 21 June-5 July 1917; 25 May-13 August 1919
 * Re-designated: 8th Attack Squadron, 2 June 1921-28 July 1926

 * 11th Aero (later 11th) Squadron, 26 June-12 August 1917; 8 November 1919 – 30 June 1922
 * 20th Aero (later 20th) Squadron, 26 June-29 July 1917; 24 September 1919 – 30 June 1922
 * 26th Attack Squadron, 15 September 1921 – 27 June 1924
 * 27th Aero (later 27th) Squadron, 31 August 1919 – 30 June 1922

 * 90th Aero Squadron, 20 August-5 October 1917; c May-29 November 1919
 * Re-designated: 90th Attack Squadron, 2 July 1921-1 July 1926

 * 94th Aero (later 94th) Squadron, 20 August-5 October 1917; 31 August 1919-1 June 1921
 * 95th Aero (later 95th) Squadron, 20 August-4 October 1917; 31 August 1919-1 June 1921
 * 96th Aero (later Bombardment) Squadron, 20 August-7 October 1917; 12 January 1920 – 30 June 1922
 * 147th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), 10–12 November 1917; 31 August 1919
 * Re-designated: 17th Squadron, 14 March-30 June 1921

 * 166th Aero Squadron
 * Re-designated: 49th Squadron, 18–24 December 1917; 26 September 1919-30 June 1922

 * 96th Bombardment Group, 12 January 1920 – 26 June 1922

After being established as a permanent military post, 30 September 1922

 * 10th School Group, 22 June 1922 – 1 July 1931
 * 24th School Wing, 1 August 1927 – 1 October 1931
 * 39th School (later Observation) Squadron, 1 August 1927 – 1 September 1936
 * Air Corps Advanced Flying School, 1 July 1931 – 22 August 1941
 * Air Corps Replacement Training Center, 22 August-1 November 1941
 * Air Corps Reception Station, 1 November 1941
 * Air Corps Classification Center, 1 April 1942
 * Merged to form: San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center (later Lackland AFB), 4 July 1942

United States Air Force organizations

 * 518th Air Transport Group
 * Re-designated: 1700th Air Transport Group, 6 June 1948-18 December 1957

 * Continental Division, Military Air Transport Service, 1 July 1948 – 25 June 1958
 * 62d Troop Carrier Group, 9 May-27 July 1950
 * 1708th Ferrying Wing, 16 July 1951 – 1 March 1958
 * United States Air Force Security Service, 1 August 1953-
 * Air Force Electronic Warfare Center, 8 August 1953-
 * USAF Cryptographical Depot, 1 January 1964 – 1 February 1980
 * USAF Communications Security Center, 1 July 1972 – 1 February 1980
 * USAF Cryptographical Support Center, 1 February 1980-

 * 433d Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 November 1960
 * Re-designated: 433d Airlift Wing on 1 February 1992-Present

 * 921st Troop Carrier Group, 17 January 1963
 * Re-designated as: 921st Tactical Airlift Group, 29 June 1971-1 November 1974

 * 922d Troop Carrier Group, 17 January 1963
 * Re-designated: 922d Tactical Airlift Group, 29 June 1971-30 June 1974

 * USAF Commissary Service, 1 January 1976 – 30 September 2001
 * 149th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 August 1961 (Texas ANG)
 * Re-designated: 149th Fighter Wing, 1 October 1995-Present

title: Kelly Field


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Mikhail Kheraskov

Mikhail Matveyevich Kheraskov (Михаи́л Матве́евич Хера́сков; 5 November 1733 – 9 October 1807) was a Russian poet and playwright. A leading figure of the Russian Enlightenment, Kheraskov was regarded as the most important Russian poet by Catherine the Great and her contemporaries.

Kheraskov's father was a Wallachian boyar who settled in Ukraine. Patronized by his Freemason friends, Mikhail furthered his education abroad and was appointed dean of the Moscow University in 1763 at the age of 30.

In 1771–1779, he wrote the Rossiad (Россиада, Rossiada), the first Russian epic in the tradition of Homer and Virgil, about Ivan the Terrible's taking of Kazan in 1552. The Rossiad's only rival for the title of the longest poem in the Russian language is Kheraskov's Vladimir Reborn (1785), concerned with the baptism of Kievan Rus.

Somewhat more popular is his oriental tale Bakhariana (1803). Kheraskov also wrote 20 plays but, like the rest of his writings, they have been largely neglected by posterity.

He spent much of his time in Grebnevo, his manorial estate near Moscow. Mikhail Timofeyevich Vysotsky (1791–1837, Russian guitarist-virtuoso and guitar composer) was a godson of Mikhail Kheraskov.

Early life
Mikhail Kheraskov was born in 1733 in the city of Pereiaslav. His father, Matei Herescu, was a stolnik (a minor Wallachian nobleman) and a descendant of Wallachian boyars. He was also the brother-in-law of General Toma Cantacuzino (1665-1720), a Wallachian cavalry commander who served under Peter the Great. Herescu and other members of the Wallachian and Moldavian nobility had moved to the Russian Empire and entered the service of Peter following the unsuccessful Pruth River Campaign, a Russian offensive which sought to expel the Ottoman Empire from Moldavia and establish Russian garrisons in Moldavian fortress towns. Matei Herescu changed his name to Matvei Andreevich Kheraskov and received an estate near Pereiaslav in Left-bank Ukraine (along with 5,000 serfs, by some accounts). He attained the rank of major in the newly formed Chevalier Guard Regiment and eventually became commandant of the Pereiaslav fortress. He was married to Anna Danilovna Druckie-Sokolinskie, and died in 1734, leaving Anna to raise their three children, of which Mikhail was the youngest. In November 1735, Anna married Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy, a seasoned officer who was then serving as the general-krigs-komissar in the Ukrainian fortress town Izium, where Mikhail spent his earliest years. Because of his ancestry and the connections his stepfather afforded him, Kheraskov enjoyed the privileges of the highest ranks of the Russian nobility.

In September 1740, Trubetskoy was appointed Prosecutor General of the Governing Senate and moved to St. Petersburg with his family. In September 1743, he reported to the Office of Heraldry that his biological children and stepchildren were able to "read and write Russian, and are being taught the French and German languages, geography, arithmetic and geometry." In December, Trubetskoy wrote to the Senate of his wish to place his ten-year-old stepson in the First Cadet Corps. The request was granted, and at Mikhail was enrolled on 30 December. Modeled on the "Knight academies" of West European states, Kheraskov received an excellent education in the humanities. In addition to active literary circles, theatrical performances were staged by students with the assistance of figures such as Alexander Sumarokov, who is credited with introducing classical theater to Russia. While some sources suggest that Kheraskov was already writing poetry during this period, other sources indicate that before the age of twenty he had not demonstrated any particular talents. In the Cadet Corps he studied the same subjects that he had studied at home, and judging by surviving documents, his academic performance was assessed as "mediocre." In 1749 he was promoted to corporal. Kheraskov completed his course of studies in 1751, and on 15 September he was commissioned as a podporuchik in the Ingrian Regiment.

Moscow University
Having served as an officer for about four years, Mikhail Kheraskov entered state service in 1755, and was enrolled in the Collegium of Commerce. However, in early 1756 he transferred to the recently founded Moscow University, where he was appointed collegiate assessor. In some way or another, he would remain affiliated with the university for the rest of his life.

As collegiate assessor, Kheraskov was tasked with the supervision (and surveillance) of university students. In 1756, Kheraskov took on additional responsibilities as head of the university library and director of the university theater. On 24 February 1757, he was admitted to the University Conference (analogous to the modern academic council), and became a trustee of the university printing house. In order to increase the number of publications, Kheraskov contacted the academician Gerhard Friedrich Müller, who in 1754 founded the periodical Monthly Essays, the first monthly popular science and literary journal in Russia. Kheraskov became a regular contributor to Monthly Essays, and he and Miller exchanged publications and frequently corresponded. As a form of encouragement, the curator and founder of Moscow University, Ivan Shuvalov, appointed Kheraskov to supervise the Moscow Synodal Printing Office.

Kheraskov's activities were extremely diverse: in 1759 he became a supervisor of the mineralogical cabinet, and in 1761 he was made head director over Russian actors in Moscow. He was also responsible for contracting Italian singers. Kheraskov not only directed, but also played a role in the successful debut of his tragedy, The Venetian Nun, reviews of which appeared even in German journals. In 1761 he was awarded the rank of Court Councillor. In June 1761 he served as acting director of the university because of a leave of absence by the appointed director, Ivan Ivanovich Melissino. Later that year, Kheraskov staged a heroic comedy in verse entitled The Infidel, in which he showcased his religious zeal. This production was the last for the university theater.

Kheraskov also organized and managed a number of publications that were published by the university printing house. This included Useful Entertainment (1760-1762), Free Time (1763), Harmless Exercises (1763), and Good Intentions (1764). Kheraskov's circle included a number of young writers (the majority poets) whose writings were featured in these and other university publications. Among them was Ippolit Fyodorovich Bogdanovich, whom Kheraskov enrolled in the university gymnasium invited to lodge with him. In 1762 he published Collection of the Best Works for the Dissemination of Knowledge and to the Work of Pleasure, or a Mixed Library of Various Physical, Economic, and Even Manufactured and Commercial Things. Professor Johann Gotfried Reichel edited Collection, whose material consisted of translations made by students, including those by the future Russian playwright Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin.

In 1760 Kheraskov married Elizabeth Vasilevna Nerovnaya, who also wrote poetry; their home became a recognized center for literature in Moscow.

Career in Moscow and St. Petersburg
In January 1762, Kheraskov composed an ode in honor of the newly crowned Emperor Peter III. Six months later, after the Palace Coup of July 1762, he composed one for Catherine the Great. For the rest of his life, on behalf of either himself or Moscow University, Kheraskov would compose poems almost annually dedicated to the empress. He also wrote poems dedicated to Catherine's favorites. A year earlier, in 1761, he published "On Humanity," which he dedicated to Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova. In 1762, he dedicated a collection entitled New Odes to her. At the end of 1762, Kheraskov was appointed to a committee to organize a celebration to mark the anniversary of Catherine's coronation. Along with Fyodor Volkov, a celebrated Russian actor, and Sumarokov, he prepared "Triumphant Minerva," a three-day pageant in the style of the Carnival of Venice that took place in the summer of 1763. Additionally, he wrote "Poems for the Great Masquerade" to mark the occasion.

On 13 June 1763 Mikhail was named Director of Moscow University and promoted to the civil rank of Collegiate Councillor. At that time, the situation at the university was growing tense as a result of a dispute between the curator and Kheraskov. As Reichel wrote to Miller in St. Petersburg:"The new director is at odds with the curator, with whom it appears the Chancellery holds the final word. Scholarship, it seems, is something insignificant."Over the years, the conflict between the curator (Vasily Adodurov), Kheraskov and the university professors reached a boiling point. In May 1765, Adodurov, while examining the affairs of the university gymnasium, questioned the competency and teaching ability of a German law professor named Philipp Dilthey. Dilthey was known for his heavy drinking, crude language, and frequent absences. Without consulting Kheraskov, Adodurov wrote to Catherine and arranged for his dismissal. Kheraskov insisted that as director, he was in charge of the hiring and dismissal of professors. Dilthey was reinstated a year later. Adding to the rift between Kheraskov and Adodurov were the latter's attempts to establish a new university framework, which called for greater censorship of professors and strict discipline of students.

Another problem the university faced was related to the language of instruction. Almost the entire faculty consisted of Germans who spoke Russian only with difficulty, if at all. Most lectures were delivered in German, French, and especially Latin, the mastery of which the German professors considered the "goal of the university and basis of all the Sciences." One of the Russian professors, Nikolay Popovsky, was even reprimanded in 1758 for delivering lectures in Russian. In May and June 1767, while traveling with Catherine and her court on the Volga River, Kheraskov appealed directly to Catherine, and in 1768, professors were permitted to speak Russian in the classroom. Catherine considered it especially important that jurisprudence should be taught in Russian.

Later in 1767, the Russian edition of the Encyclopédie was issued in three parts, for which Kheraskov had translated three articles, "Magic," "Narration," and "Nature." In 1768, Kheraskov introduced the preliminary censorship of public university speeches and lectures after the speeches of Ivan Andreyevich Tretyakov were deemed to contain "dubious and daring expressions." Tretyakov was a graduate of the University of Glasgow, where, along with fellow Moscow University professor Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky, he had studied directly under Adam Smith. His lectures and books were considered to be largely verbatim transcriptions of Smith's lectures, and thus disseminated ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment.

In February 1770 Kheraskov traveled to St. Petersburg and in that summer was named the vice president of the Collegium of Mining and promoted to the civil rank of State Councillor. Like in Moscow, his residence in the capital became popular among literary circles. From 1772–1773 he published the journal Evening, in which the majority of material was published anonymously. Kheraskov also joined the court circle of Grigory Orlov, and maintained friendly relations with him even after Orlov's disgrace. Struggling to balance his civil duties with his literary and theatrical activities, Kheraskov wrote a letter of resignation to Grigory Potemkin, but requested that he keep his salary in order to enter into "...a new kind of service to Her Majesty." However, the request was not granted, and in March 1775 Kheraskov resigned without pension at the rank of State Councillor. Soviet scholar Alexander Zapadov considered the resignation a disgrace; he suggests that the Empress denied his request because of his enthusiasm for Freemasonry. Kheraskov had been affiliated with Russian Freemasonry since 1773. In St. Petersburg, he belonged to the "Harpocrates" lodge. In 1776, he became the Orator of the Osiris lodge, and in 1781 became its honorary member. Kheraskov's return to Moscow in 1775 was connected with the unification of the lodges of Ivan Yelagin, a disgraced Russian historian and poet, and Johann Reichel, a German professor at Moscow University, with whom Kheraskov had quarreled when he was the university's director.

In St. Petersburg, the childless Kheraskovs sheltered Anna Karamysheva, and raised her as a daughter. At the age of 13, she married one of Kheraskov's subordinates. She later married the famous Masonic figure Alexander Labzin and became a noted memoirist.

After his resignation, Kheraskov actively participated in the Free Russian Assembly and the Free Economic Society, literary and economic societies that promoted advanced methods of farming and estate management modeled on the practices of foreign countries. He was also a member of the editorial board for Nikolay Novikov's philosophical journal Morning Light, the first of its kind.

In 1778 Kheraskov completed his epic poem Rossiad, which had taken him eight years to compose. Apparently, the "heroic poem" was brought to Catherine in manuscript form; the empress appreciated the political significance of the text and Kheraskov was brought back into favor. He received a large cash prize and in June 1778 was named curator of Moscow University.

Curator of Moscow University and Freemasonry
Upon his return to the university, Kheraskov immediately undertook several ambitious projects. In December 1778, he established a boarding school for young noblemen. The boarding school produced some of the most prominent Russian literary figures of the early nineteenth-century, such as Vasily Zhukovsky, Mikhail Lermontov, and Fyodor Tyutchev.

In 1779, Kheraskov leased the university printing house to Nikolay Novikov for a period of ten years, which allowed him to greatly increase his publishing activity. Specifically, Novikov published Rossiad and began to publish the first edition of Kheraskov's collected works. At the suggestion of Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, Kheraskov became a member of the recently created Russian Academy, and quotations from his works were included in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy. In 1786, Kheraskov was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, Second Class.

Kheraskov and his wife lived in Moscow at the estate of his half-brother, Nikolai Trubetskoy, or in a country estate Ochakovo, which they owned jointly. At that estate, the couple sometimes entertained the memoirist and agriculturalist Andrey Bolotov. There was an in-house theater in both of Kheraskov's estates, where he would stage his plays. He never abandoned his interest in Freemasonry, and along with the mystic and translator Alexei Kutuzov became one of the founders of the "Latona" chapter. In 1782 he was initiated into the theoretical degree of the Rosicrucian Society and for two years was a member of his local chapter.

Kheraskov's educational projects were connected with his Masonic activities. In 1779, Kheraskov hired Johann Georg Schwarz as the university's Professor of German. Schwarz was a member of Trubetskoy's Masonic lodge in Moscow. On the initiative of Schwarz and with the support of Kheraskov, an open Freemasons Pedagogical (1779) and Translation (1782) Seminary was founded. The latter was established at the expense of members of the so-called "Friendly Scientific Society," which included many prominent Masons. The works of novice members of the Friendly Scientific Society and other university students comprised a significant part of the works and translations published in the journals Moscow Monthly Edition (1781), Evening Dawn (1782), and The Resting Industrialist (1784).

In 1789, the start of the French Revolution soured Catherine's attitude toward Enlightenment philosophy. As a result, Kheraskov and other Masons were threatened with imperial disgrace. The Moscow commander-in-chief, Alexander Prozorovsky, informed the Empress that Kheraskov arranged secret Masonic rituals and gatherings at Ochakovo. Despite the seriousness of these charges and Catherine's intention to remove him from office, Kheraskov managed to remain as curator thanks to the intercession of the famous poet Gavrila Derzhavin and Platon Zubov, the last of Catherine's lovers. However, after Novikov was arrested in 1792 and his printing house was confiscated, a report written by Prozorovsky informed the Empress that Nikolai Trubetskoy and Kheraskov had destroyed incriminating papers and other materials at Ochakovo. In August 1792, when an imperial decree for Novikov and his accomplices was issued, Kheraskov's name was not mentioned. However, he was now in "unofficial" disgrace and could not attend to affairs at the university. Nevertheless, he still continued to compose his annual address to the Empress.

Final Years
Unlike his mother, Emperor Paul I was sympathetic to the Masons. As he had for the two previous rulers, Kheraskov addressed an ode to Paul upon the new emperor's coronation in 1796. Later that year, Kheraskov was made Privy Councillor and awarded 600 serfs. In February 1798 an imperial rescript recognized Kheraskov for his poetry. In March 1799 he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st class.

Kheraskov dedicated a new poem to the emperor entitled "Tsar, or the Savior of Novgorod," for which he was again recognized by imperial rescript. Following Paul's murder in 1801, Kheraskov was briefly dismissed as curator due to a misunderstanding, but he was restored to his position shortly thereafter by Alexander I. For the fourth time, Kheraskov wrote an ode celebrating a new sovereign's reign. In November 1802, the 70-year-old Kheraskov was dismissed from service with a pension "by request and due to old age."

The elderly poet spent the last years of his life in Moscow engaged in literary work. Up until his death he worked with the journals Herald of Europe, Patriot and Friend of Enlightenment. Kheraskov died on 27 September (9 October), 1807 in Moscow. He was buried at the Donskoy Monastery Cemetery. His tragedy Zareida and Rostislav was published posthumously under a pseudonym. It received an award by the Russian Academy for 500 rubles, which his widow left at the Academy's disposal.

Personality
No comprehensive library of Kheraskov was preserved. His documents personal letters, and correspondence with government officials and literary figures are spread across various Russian collections. Practically all of his contemporaries, both older and younger, commented on his "gentle" nature and noble character.

Kheraskov avoided social events, and even when in the country sought solitude. At Ochakovo, he especially enjoyed sitting in a limewood grove. He usually rose early in the morning and immediately engaged in reading or writing. He had a habit of walking around his office while working and spoke the written texts allowed to himself.

The Russian memoirist Yuri Nikitich Bartenev noted that Kheraskov was modest in dress and diet, and abstained from most luxuries. For example, he never wore boots made to order, but bought them at the market. He also did not enjoy card games, which were popular among the eighteenth century aristocracy. Bartenev describes a "sullenness" that Kheraskov was known for when there were newcomers to his literary circle, but around those he knew well he was admired for his eloquence, and "his jokes were always very amusing and reflected his ingenuity and wittiness."

title: Mikhail Kheraskov