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Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a type of muscular dystrophy, a group of heritable diseases that cause degeneration of muscle and progressive weakness. Per the name, FSHD tends to sequentially weaken the muscles of the face, those that position the scapula, and those overlying the humerus bone of the upper arm. These areas can be spared, and muscles of other areas usually are affected, especially those of the chest, abdomen, spine, and shin. Almost any skeletal muscle can be affected in advanced disease. Abnormally positioned, termed 'winged', scapulas are common, as is the inability to lift the foot, known as foot drop. The two sides of the body are often affected unequally. Weakness typically manifests at ages 15 – 30 years. FSHD can also cause hearing loss and blood vessel abnormalities at the back of the eye.

FSHD is caused by a genetic mutation leading to deregulation of the DUX4 gene. Normally, DUX4 is expressed (i.e., turned on) only in select human tissues, most notably in the very young embryo. In the remaining tissues, it is repressed (i.e., turned off). In FSHD, this repression fails in muscle tissue, allowing sporadic expression of DUX4 throughout life. Deletion of DNA in the region surrounding DUX4 is the causative mutation in 95% of cases, termed "D4Z4 contraction" and defining FSHD type 1 (FSHD1). FSHD caused by other mutations is FSHD type 2 (FSHD2). For disease to develop, also required is a 4qA allele, which is a common variation in the DNA next to DUX4. The chances of a D4Z4 contraction with a 4qA allele being passed on to a child is 50% (autosomal dominant); in 30% of cases, the mutation arose spontaneously. Mutations of FSHD cause inadequate DUX4 repression by unpacking the DNA around DUX4, making it accessible to be copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). The 4qA allele stabilizes this DUX4 mRNA, allowing it to be used for production of DUX4 protein. DUX4 protein is a modulator of hundreds of other genes, many of which are involved in muscle function. How this genetic modulation causes muscle damage remains unclear.

Signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests can suggest FSHD; genetic testing usually provides definitive diagnosis. FSHD can be presumptively diagnosed in an individual with signs/symptoms and an established family history. No intervention has proven effective for slowing progression of weakness. Screening allows for early detection and intervention for various disease complications. Symptoms can be addressed with physical therapy, bracing, and reconstructive surgery such as surgical fixation of the scapula to the thorax. FSHD affects up to 1 in 8,333 people, putting it in the three most common muscular dystrophies with myotonic dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Prognosis is variable. Many are not significantly limited in daily activity, whereas a wheel chair or scooter is required in 20% of cases. Life expectancy is not affected, although death can rarely be attributed to respiratory insufficiency due to FSHD.

FSHD was first distinguished as a disease in the 1870s and 1880s when French physicians Louis Théophile Joseph Landouzy and Joseph Jules Dejerine followed a family affected by it, thus the initial name Landouzy–Dejerine muscular dystrophy. Their work is predated by descriptions of probable individual FSHD cases. The significance of D4Z4 contraction on chromosome 4 was established in the 1990s. The DUX4 gene was discovered in 1999, found to be expressed and toxic in 2007, and in 2010 the genetic mechanism causing its expression was elucidated. In 2012, the gene most frequently mutated in FSHD2 was identified. In 2019, the first drug designed to counteract DUX4 expression entered clinical trials.

Signs and symptoms
Classically, weakness develops in the face, then the shoulder girdle, then the upper arm. These muscles can be spared and other muscles usually are affected. The order of muscle involvement can cause the appearance of weakness "descending" from the face to the legs. Distribution and degree of muscle weakness is extremely variable, even between identical twins. Musculoskeletal pain is very common, most often described in the neck, shoulders, lower back, and the back of the knee. Fatigue is also common. Muscle weakness usually becomes noticeable on one side of the body before the other, a hallmark of the disease. The right shoulder and arm muscles are more often affected than the left upper extremity muscles, independent of handedness. Otherwise, neither side of the body has been found to be at more risk. Classically, symptoms appear in those 15 – 30 years of age, although adult onset can also occur. Infantile-onset (also called early-onset), defined as onset of before age 10, occurs in 10% of affected individuals. FSHD1 with a very large D4Z4 deletion (EcoRI 10-11 kb) is more strongly associated with infantile onset and severe weakness. Absence or near absence of symptoms is not uncommon, approaching up to 30% of mutation-carrying individuals in select FSHD1 families. On average, FSHD2 presents 10 years later than FSHD1. Otherwise, FSHD1 and FSHD2 are indistinguishable on the basis of weakness. Disease progression is slow, and long static phases, in which no progression is apparent, is not uncommon. Less commonly, individual muscles rapidly deteriorate over several months. The symptom burden of FSHD is typically more severe than it is perceived to be by those without the disease.

Face
Weakness of the muscles of the face is the most distinguishing sign of FSHD. It is typically the earliest sign, although it is rarely the initial complaint. At least mild facial weakness can be found in 90% or more with FSHD. One of the most common deficits is inability to close the eyelids, which can result in sleeping with the eyelids open and dry eyes. The implicated muscle is the orbicularis oculi muscle. Another common deficit is inability to purse the lips, causing inability to pucker, whistle, or blow up a balloon. The implicated muscle is the orbicularis oris muscle. A third common deficit is inability raise the corners of the mouth, causing a "horizontal smile," which looks more like a grin. Responsible is the zygomaticus major muscle.

Weakness of facial muscles contributes to difficulty pronouncing words. Facial expressions can appear diminished, arrogant, grumpy, or fatigued. Muscles used for chewing and moving the eyes are not affected. Difficulty swallowing is not typical, although can occur in advanced cases, which is at least in part due to facial muscle weakness. FSHD is generally progressive, but it is not established whether facial weakness is progressive or stable throughout life.

Shoulder, chest, and arm
After the facial weakness, weakness usually develops in the muscles of the chest and those that span from scapula to thorax. Symptoms involving the shoulder, such as difficulty working with the arms overhead, are the initial complaint in 80% of cases. Predominantly, the serratus anterior and middle and lower trapezii muscles are affected; the upper trapezius is often spared. Trapezius weakness causes the scapulas to become downwardly rotated and protracted, resulting in winged scapulas, horizontal clavicles, and sloping shoulders; arm abduction is impaired. Serratus anterior weaknesss impairs arm flexion, and worsening of winging can be demonstrated when pushing against a wall. Muscles spanning from the scapula to the arm are generally spared, which include deltoid and the rotator cuff muscles. The deltoid can be affected later on, especially the upper portion.

Severe muscle wasting can make bones and spared shoulder muscles very visible, a characteristic example being the "poly-hill" sign elicited by arm elevation. The first "hill" or bump is the upper corner of scapula appearing to "herniate" up and over the rib cage. The second hill is the AC joint, seen between a wasted upper trapezius and wasted upper deltoid. The third hill is the lower deltoid, distinguishable between the wasted upper deltoid and wasted humeral muscles. Shoulder weakness and pain can in turn lead to shoulder instability, such as recurrent dislocation, subluxation, or downward translation of the humeral head.

Also affected is the chest, particularly the parts of the pectoralis major muscle that connect to the sternum and ribs. The part that connects to the clavicle is less often affected. This muscle wasting pattern can contribute to a prominent horizontal anterior axillary fold. Beyond this point the disease does not progress further in 30% of familial cases. After upper torso weakness, weakness can "descend" to the upper arms (biceps muscle and, particularly, the triceps muscle). The forearms are usually spared, resulting in an appearance some compare to the fictional character Popeye, although when the forearms are affected in advanced disease, the wrist extensors are more often affected.

Lower body and trunk
After the upper body, weakness can next appear in either the pelvis, or it "skips" the pelvis and involves the tibialis anterior (shin muscle), causing foot drop. One author considers the pelvic and thigh muscles to be the last group affected. Pelvic weakness can manifest as a Trendelenburg's sign. Weakness of the back of the thigh (hamstrings) is more common than weakness of the front of the thigh (quadriceps). In more severe cases, especially infantile FSHD, there can be anterior pelvic tilt, with associated hyperextension of the knees.

Weakness can also occur in the abdominal muscles and paraspinal muscles, which can manifest as a protuberant abdomen and lumbar hyperlordosis. Abdominal weakness can cause inability to do a sit-up or the inability to turn from one side to the other while lying on one's back. Of the rectus abdominis muscle, the lower portion is preferentially affected, manifesting as a positive Beevor's sign. In advanced cases, neck extensor weakness can cause the head to lean towards the chest, termed head drop.

Non-muscular
The most common non-musculoskeletal manifestation of FSHD is abnormalities in the small arteries (arterioles) in the retina. Tortuosity of the arterioles is seen in approximately 50% of those with FSHD. Less common arteriole abnormalities include telangiectasias and microaneurysms. These abnormalities of arterioles usually do not affect vision or health, although a severe form of it mimics Coat's disease, a condition found in about 1% of FSHD cases and more frequently associated with large 4q35 deletions. High-frequency sensorineural hearing loss can occur in those with large 4q35 deletions, but otherwise is no more common compared to the general population. Large 4q35 deletion can lead to various other rare manifestations.

Scoliosis can occur, thought to result from weakness of abdominal, hip extensor, and spinal muscles. Conversely, scoliosis can be viewed as a compensatory mechanism to weakness. Breathing can be affected, associated with kyphoscoliosis and wheelchair use; it is seen in one-third of wheelchair-using patients. However, ventilator support (nocturnal or diurnal) is needed in only 1% of cases. Although there are reports of increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias, general consensus is that the heart is not affected.

Genetics
The genetics of FSHD is complex. FSHD and the myotonic dystrophies have unique genetic mechanisms that differ substantially from the rest of genetic myopathies. The DUX4 gene is the focal point of FSHD genetics. Normally, full-length DUX4 protein (DUX4-fl) is expressed during early embryogenesis, in testicular tissue of adults, and in the thymus; in all other tissues it is repressed. In FSHD, within muscle tissue there is failure of DUX4 repression and continued production of DUX4-fl protein, which is toxic to muscles. The mechanism of failed DUX4 repression is hypomethylation of DUX4 and its surrounding DNA on the tip of chromosome 4 (4q35), allowing transcription of DUX4 into messenger RNA (mRNA). Several mutations can result in disease, upon which FSHD is sub-classified into FSHD type 1 (FSHD1) and FSHD type 2 (FSHD2). Disease can only result when a mutation is present in combination with select, commonly found variations of 4q35, termed haplotype polymorphisms, which are roughly dividable into the groups 4qA and 4qB. A 4qA haplotype polymorphism, often referred to as a 4qA allele, is necessary for disease, as it contains a polyadenylation sequence that allows DUX4 mRNA to resist degradation long enough to be translated into DUX4 protein.

DUX4 and the D4Z4 repeat array
DUX4 resides within the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat array, which is a DNA sequence composed of a variable number of tandemly repeated large DNA segments (ie, repeats). The D4Z4 repeat array is located at the tip of the large arm of chromosome 4, abbreviated as '4q35'. Each D4Z4 repeat is 3.3 kilobase pairs (kb) long and is the site of epigenetic regulation, containing both heterochromatin and euchromatin structures. In FSHD, the heterochromatin structure is lost, becoming euchromatin, which consists of less methylation of DNA, and altered methylation of histones. Histone methylation patterns differ slightly between FSHD1 and FSHD2.

The subtelomeric region of chromosome 10q contains a tandem repeat structure highly homologous (99% identical) to 4q35, containing "D4Z4-like" repeats with protein-coding regions identical to DUX4 (D10Z10 repeats and DUX4L10, respectively). Because 10q usually lacks a polyadenylation sequence, it is usually not implicated in disease. However, chromosomal rearrangements can occur between 4q and 10q repeat arrays, and involvement in disease is possible if a 4q D4Z4 repeat and polyadenylation signal are transferred onto 10q, or if rearrangement causes FSHD1.

D4Z4 repeat array types are subclassified into 4qA and 4qB alleles, with only 4qA alleles causing disease. 4qA alleles are defined by a specific sequence of DNA immediately downstream to the D4Z4 repeat array: a 260 base pair region named pLAM, followed by a 6,200 base pair beta satellite region. 4qA and 4qB alleles, together, are able to be subdivided into at least 17 types, based on the DNA upstream from the D4Z4 repeat array, the presence/absence of restriction enzyme sites within D4Z4, the size of the last D4Z4 repeat element, and the DNA present downstream to the D4Z4 repeat array. For example, the most common 4qA allele, 4A161, has 161 nucleotides in the region upstream from the D4Z4 repeat array, and can in turn be subdivided into 4A161S and 4A161L (short and long), which are characterized by a flanking D4Z4 repeat units of 300 nucleotides and 1,900 nucleotides, respectively.

DUX4 consists of three exons. Exons 1 and 2 are in each repeat; only exon 1 encodes for DUX4 protein. Exon 3 is in the pLAM region telomeric to the last partial repeat, and it can vary in length depending on the type of 4qA allele. A polyadenylation signal is within exon 3. Because exon 3 and its containing polyadenylation signal are not contained within each D4Z4 repeat, only the last D4Z4 repeat of a D4Z4 repeat array can encode a stable mRNA transcript for the production of DUX4 protein. These transcripts can be spliced several different ways to form mature RNA. One of these transcripts encode only a portion of DUX4 protein, termed DUX4-s (DUX4-short). DUX4-s is found in low amounts in a variety of healthy tissues, including healthy muscle; its function is not entirely clear. The remaining transcript versions encode the full length of DUX4 protein (DUX4-fl), differing only in the noncoding regions. Only certain versions of these DUX4-fl encoding mature RNAs are implicated in FSHD. Beyond just the DUX4 region, multiple RNA transcripts are produced from the D4Z4 repeat array, both sense and antisense, some of which might be degraded in areas to produce si-like small RNAs. Some transcripts that originate centromeric to the D4Z4 repeat array at the non-deleted element (NDE), termed D4Z4 regulatory element transcripts (DBE-T), could play a role in DUX4 derepression. One proposed mechanism is that DBE-T leads to the recruitment of the trithorax-group protein Ash1L, an increase in H3K36me2-methylation, and ultimately de-repression of 4q35 genes.

FSHD1
FSHD involving deletion of D4Z4 repeats (termed 'D4Z4 contraction') on 4q is classified as FSHD1, which accounts for 95% of FSHD cases. Typically, chromosome 4 includes between 11 and 150 D4Z4 repeats. In FSHD1, there are 1–10 D4Z4 repeats. The number of repeats is roughly inversely related to disease severity. Namely, those with 8 - 10 repeats tend to have the mildest presentations, sometimes with no symptoms; those with 4 - 7 repeats have moderate disease that is highly variable; and those with 1 - 3 repeats are more likely to have severe, atypical, and early-onset disease. Deletion of the entire D4Z4 repeat array does not result in FSHD because then there are no complete copies of DUX4 to be expressed, although other birth defects result. One contracted D4Z4 repeat array with an adjoining 4qA allele is sufficient to cause disease, so inheritance is autosomal dominant. De novo (new) mutations are implicated in 10 - 30% of cases, up to 40% of which exhibit somatic mosaicism. In an individual with mosaic FSHD, the severity of disease is correlated to the proportion of their cells carrying the mutation.

It has been proposed that FSHD1 undergoes anticipation, a phenomenon primarily associated with trinucleotide repeat disorders in which disease manifestation worsens with each subsequent generation. As of 2019, more detailed studies are needed to definitively show whether or not anticipation occurs. If anticipation does occur in FSHD, the mechanism is different than that of trinucleotide repeat disorders, since D4Z4 repeats are much larger than trinucleotide repeats, an underabundance of repeats (rather than overabundance) causes disease, and the repeat array size in FSHD is stable across generations.

FSHD2
FSHD with a D4Z4 array repeat size of 11 or greater is classified as FSHD2, which constitutes 5% of FSHD cases. A 4qA allele is still required, and its adjacent D4Z4 repeat array is typically borderline shortened, with less than 30 repeats. A deactivating mutation of one of several DNA methylation genes is required for FSHD2, which contributes to hypomethylation of a borderline shortened D4Z4 repeat array, at which the genetic mechanism converges with FSHD1. At least 85% of FSHD2 cases involve mutations in the gene SMCHD1 (structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1) on chromosome 18. Specific mutations of SMCHD1 are also associated with Bosma arhinia and microphtalmia syndrome. Another cause of FSHD2 is mutation in DNMT3B (DNA methyltransferase 3B). Mutations in DNMT3B can also cause ICF syndrome. As of 2020, early evidence indicates that a third cause of FSHD2 is mutation of the LRIF1 gene, which encodes the protein ligand-dependent nuclear receptor-interacting factor 1 (LRIF1). LRIF1 is known to interact with the SMCHD1 protein. As of 2019, it is presumed that mutation of additional, unidentified genes can cause FSHD2.

For FSHD2 associated with SMCHD1 or DNMT3B mutation, only one allele needs to be abnormal. These FSHD2-causative genes are not located next to the required D4Z4 array/4qA allele within the genome, and are thus inherited independently, resulting in a biallelic digenic inheritance pattern. For example, one parent without FSHD can pass on an SMCHD1 mutation, and the other parent, also without FSHD, can pass on a borderline-shortened D4Z4/4qA allele, bearing a child with FSHD2. For FSHD2 associated with LRIF1 mutation, both LRIF1 alleles need to be mutated, which theoretically yields an even more complex inheritance pattern, termed trialleic digenic.

Two ends of a disease spectrum
FSHD1 and FSHD2 have been traditionally viewed as separate entities with distinct genetic causes (albeit, the downstream genetic mechanisms merge). Alternatively, the genetic causes of FSHD1 and FSHD2 can be viewed as risk factors, each contributing to an FSHD disease spectrum. Not rarely, an affected individual seems to have contributions from both. For example, in those with FSHD2, although they have do not have a 4qA allele with D4Z4 repeat number less than 11, they still have one less than 30 (shorter than the upper limit seen in the general population), suggesting that a large number of D4Z4 repeats can prevent the effects of an SMCHD1 mutation. Further studies may be needed to determine the upper limit of D4Z4 repeats in FSHD2.

In those with FSHD1 and FSHD2, that is, having 10 or fewer repeats with an adjacent 4qA allele and an SMCHD1 mutation, the disease manifests more severely, illustrating that the effects of each mutation are additive. A combined FSHD1/FSHD2 presentation is most common in those with 9 - 10 repeats. A possible explanation is that a sizable portion of the general population has 9 - 10 repeats with difficult to detect or no disease, yet with the additive effect of an SMCHD1 mutation, symptoms are severe enough for a diagnosis to be made. The 9 - 10 repeat size can be considered as an overlap zone between FSHD1 and FSDH2.

Molecular
As of 2020, there seems to be a consensus that aberrant expression of DUX4 in muscle is the cause of FSHD. DUX4 is expressed in extremely small amounts, detectable in 1 out of every 1000 immature muscle cells (myoblast), which appears to increase after myoblast maturation, in part because the cells fuse as they mature, and a single nucleus expressing DUX4 can provide DUX4 protein to neighboring nuclei from fused cells.

It remains an area of active research how DUX4 protein causes muscle damage. DUX4 protein is a transcription factor that regulates many other genes. Some of these genes are involved in apoptosis, such as p53, p21, MYC, and β-catenin, and indeed it seems that DUX4 protein makes muscle cells more prone to apoptosis. Other DUX4 protein-regulated genes are involved in oxidative stress, and indeed it seems that DUX4 expression lowers muscle cell tolerance of oxidative stress. Variation in the ability of individual muscles to handle oxidative stress could partially explain the muscle involvement patterns of FSHD. DUX4 protein downregulates many genes involved in muscle development, including MyoD, myogenin, desmin, and PAX7, and indeed DUX4 expression has shown to reduce muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and fusion. DUX4 protein regulates a few genes that are involved in RNA quality control, and indeed DUX4 expression has been shown to cause accumulation of RNA with subsequent apoptosis. Estrogen seems to play a role in modifying DUX4 protein effects on muscle differentiation, which could explain why females are lesser affected than males, although it remains unproven.

The cellular hypoxia response has been reported in a single study to be the main driver of DUX4 protein-induced muscle cell death. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are upregulated by DUX4 protein, possibly causing pathologic signaling leading to cell death.

Another study found that DUX4 expression in muscle cells led to the recruitment and alteration of fibrous/fat progenitor cells, which helps explain why muscles become replaced by fat and fibrous tissue.

A single study implicated RIPK3 in DUX4-mediated cell death.

Muscle histology
Unlike other muscular dystrophies, early muscle biopsies show only mild degrees of fibrosis, muscle fiber hypertrophy, and displacement of nuclei from myofiber peripheries (central nucleation). More often found is inflammation. There can be endomysial inflammation, primarily composed of CD8+ T-cells, although these cells do not seem to directly cause muscle fiber death. Endomysial blood vessels can be surrounded by inflammation, which is relatively unique to FSHD, and this inflammation contains CD4+ T-cells. Inflammation is succeeded by deposition of fat (fatty infiltration), then fibrosis. Individual muscle fibers can appear whorled, moth-eaten, and, especially, lobulated.

Muscle involvement pattern
Why certain muscles are preferentially affected in FSHD remains unknown. There are multiple trends of involvement seen in FSHD, possibly hinting at underlying pathophysiology. Individual muscles can weaken while adjacent muscles remain strong. The right shoulder and arm muscles are more often affected than the left upper extremity muscles, a pattern also seen in Poland syndrome and hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy; this could reflect a genetic, developmental/anatomic, or functional-related mechanism. The deltoid is often spared, which is not seen in any other condition that affects the muscles around the scapula. Medical imaging (CT and MRI) have shown muscle involvement not readily apparent otherwise
 * A single MRI study shows the teres major muscle to be commonly affected.
 * The semimembranosus muscle, part of the hamstrings, is commonly affected,   deemed by one author to be "the most frequently and severely affected muscle."
 * Of the quadriceps muscles, the rectus femoris is preferentially affected
 * Of the gastrocnemius, the medial section is preferentially affected;
 * The iliopsoas, a hip flexor muscle, is very often spared.

Retinopathy
Tortuosity of the retinal arterioles, and less often microaneurysms and telangiectasia, are commonly found in FSHD. Abnormalities of the capillaries and venules are not observed. One theory for why the arterioles are selectively affected is that they contain smooth muscle. The degree of D4Z4 contraction correlates to the severity of tortuosity of arterioles. It has been hypothesized that retinopathy is due to DUX4-protein-induced modulation of the CXCR4–SDF1 axis, which has a role in endothelial tip cell morphology and vascular branching.

Diagnosis
FSHD can be presumptively diagnosed in many cases based on signs, symptoms, and/or non-genetic medical tests, especially if a first-degree relative has genetically confirmed FSHD. Genetic testing can provide definitive diagnosis. In the absence of an established family history of FSHD, diagnosis can be difficult due to the variability in how FSHD manifests.

Genetic testing
Genetic testing is the gold standard for FSHD diagnosis, as it is the most sensitive and specific test available. Commonly, FSHD1 is tested for first. A shortened D4Z4 array length (EcoRI length of 10 kb to 38 kb) with an adjacent 4qA allele supports FSHD1. If FSHD1 is not present, commonly FSHD2 is tested for next by assessing methylation at 4q35. Low methylation (less than 20%) in the context of a 4qA allele is sufficient for diagnosis. The specific mutation, usually one of various SMCHD1 mutations, can be identified with next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Assessing D4Z4 length
Measuring D4Z4 length is technically challenging due to the D4Z4 repeat array consisting of long, repetitive elements. For example, NGS is not useful for assessing D4Z4 length, because it breaks DNA into fragments before reading them, and it is unclear from which D4Z4 repeat each sequenced fragment came. In 2020, optical mapping became available for measuring D4Z4 array length, which is more precise and less labor-intensive than southern blot. Molecular combing is also available for assessing D4Z4 array length. These methods, which physical measure the size of the D4Z4 repeat array, require specially prepared high quality and high molecular weight genomic DNA (gDNA) from serum, increasing cost and reducing accessibility to testing.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was the first genetic test developed and is still used as of 2020, although it is being phased out by newer methods. It involves dicing the DNA with restriction enzymes and sorting the resulting restriction fragments by size using southern blot. The restriction enzymes EcoRI and BlnI are commonly used. EcoRI isolates the 4q and 10q repeat arrays, and BlnI dices the 10q sequence into small pieces, allowing 4q to be distinguished. The EcoRI restriction fragment is composed of three parts: 1) 5.7 kb proximal part, 2) the central, variable size D4Z4 repeat array, and 3) the distal part, usually 1.25 kb. The proximal portion has a sequence of DNA stainable by the probe p13E-11, which is commonly used to visualize the EcoRI fragment during southern blot. The name "p13E-11" reflects that it is a subclone of a DNA sequence designated as cosmid 13E during the human genome project. Considering that each D4Z4 repeat is 3.3 kb, and the EcoRI fragment contains about 5 kb of DNA that is not part of the D4Z4 repeat array, the number of D4Z4 units can be calculated.
 * D4Z4 repeats = (EcoRI length - 5) / 3.3

Sometimes 4q or 10q will have a combination of D4Z4 and D4Z4-like repeats due to DNA exchange between 4q and 10q, which can yield erroneous results, requiring more detailed workup. Sometimes D4Z4 repeat array deletions can include the p13E-11 binding site, warranting use of alternate probes.

Assessing methylation status
Methylation status of 4q35 is traditionally assessed after FSHD1 testing is negative. Methylation sensitive restriction enzyme (MSRE) digestion showing hypomethylation has long been considered diagnostic of FSHD2. Other methylation assays have been proposed or used in research settings, including methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing, but are not routinely used in clinical practice. Bisulfite sequencing, if validated, would be valuable due to it being able to use lower quality DNA sources, such as those found in saliva.

Auxiliary testing
Other tests can support the diagnosis of FSHD, although they are all less sensitive and less specific than genetic testing. Nonetheless, they can rule out similar-appearing conditions.
 * Creatine kinase (CK) blood level is often ordered when muscle damage is suspected. CK is an enzyme found in muscle, leaking into the blood when muscles become damaged. In FSHD, CK level is normal to mildly elevated, never exceeding five times the upper limit of normal.
 * Electromyogram (EMG) measures the electrical activity in the muscle. EMG can show nonspecific signs of muscle damage or irritability.
 * Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measures the how fast signals travel along a nerve. The nerve signals are measured with surface electrodes (similar to those used for an electrocardiogram) or needle electrodes. FSHD does not affect nerve conduction velocity; abnormal nerve conduction would point towards a neuropathy rather than myopathy.
 * Muscle biopsy is the surgical removal and examination of a small piece of muscle, usually from the arm or leg. Microscopy and a variety of biochemical tests are used for examination. Findings in FSHD are nonspecific, such as presence of white blood cells or variation in muscle fiber size. This test is rarely indicated.
 * Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive for detecting muscle damage, even in mild cases. T1-weighted MRI imaging can visualize fatty infiltration of muscles, and T2-weighted MRI imaging can visualize muscle edema. MRI can help differentiate FSHD from other muscle diseases on the basis of the pattern of muscles involved, directing genetic testing.
 * Ultrasound (US) can be used in the evaluation of muscles. US is effective at identifying fatty infiltration or scarring of muscles due to FSHD, manifesting as increased echogenicity (appearing brighter on ultrasound imaging). Advantages of US, compared to MRI or computed tomography, include low cost and no radiation exposure. However, US has poorer evaluation of deeper muscles, and ultrasonic findings tend to be more operator-dependent.
 * Computed tomography (CT) imaging is not routinely used for muscle imaging due to significant radiation exposure and inferior characterization of soft tissues (ie, parts of the body other than bone). However, muscle that is incidentally imaged by CT can appear atrophied and lower density, because fat is less dense than muscle. CT has limited ability to detect the inflammatory changes of muscle that MRI can detect.

Differential diagnosis
Included in the differential diagnosis of FSHD are limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (especially calpainopathy), scapuloperoneal myopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, Pompe disease, and polymyositis. Calpainopathy and scapuloperoneal myopathy, like FSHD, present with scapular winging. Features that suggest FSHD are facial weakness, asymmetric weakness, and lack of benefit from immunosuppression medications. Features the suggest an alternative diagnosis are contractures, respiratory insufficiency, weakness of muscles controlling eye movement, and weakness of the tongue or throat.

Management
No pharmacologic treatment has proven to significantly slow progression of weakness or meaningfully improve strength.

Screening and monitoring of complications
The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommends several medical tests to detect complications of FSHD. A dilated eye exam to look for retinal abnormalities is recommended in those newly diagnosed with FSHD; for those with large D4Z4 deletions, an evaluation by a retinal specialist is recommended yearly. A hearing test is recommended for individuals with early-onset FSHD prior to starting school, or for any other FSHD-affected individual with symptoms of hearing loss. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is recommended in those newly diagnosed to establish baseline pulmonary function, and recurrently for those with pulmonary insufficiency symptoms or risks. Routine screening for heart conditions, such as through an electrocardiogram (EKG) or echocardiogram (echo), is considered unnecessary in those without symptoms of heart disease.

Physical and occupational therapy
Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce chronic fatigue and decelerate fatty infiltration of muscle in FSHD. Physical activity in general might slow disease progression in the legs. The AAN recommends that people with FSHD engage in low-intensity aerobic exercise to promote energy levels, muscle health, and bone health. Moderate-intensity strength training appears to do no harm, although it has not been shown to be beneficial. Physical therapy can address specific symptoms; there is no standardized protocol for FSHD. Anecdotal reports suggest that appropriately applied kinesiology tape can reduce pain. Occupational therapy can be used for training in activities of daily living (ADLs) and to help adapt to new assistive devices. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce chronic fatigue in FSHD, and it also decelerates fatty infiltration of muscle when directed towards increasing daily activity.

Braces are often used to address muscle weakness. Scapular bracing can improve scapular positioning, which improves shoulder function, although it is often deemed as ineffective or impractical. Ankle-foot orthoses can improve walking, balance, and quality of life.

Pharmacologic management
No pharmaceuticals have definitively proven effective for altering the disease course. Although a few pharmaceuticals have shown improved muscle mass in limited respects, they did not improve quality of life, and the AAN recommends against their use for FSHD.

Reconstructive surgery
Scapular winging is amenable to surgical correction, namely operative scapular fixation. Scapular fixation is restriction and stabilization of the position of the scapula, putting it in closer apposition to the rib cage and reducing winging. Absolute restriction of scapular motion by fixation of the scapula to the ribs is most commonly reported. This procedure often involves inducing bony fusion, called arthrodesis, between the scapula and ribs. Names for this include scapulothoracic fusion, scapular fusion, and scapulodesis. This procedure increases arm active range of motion, improves arm function, decreases pain, and improves cosmetic appearance. Active range of motion of the arm increases most in the setting of severe scapular winging with an unaffected deltoid muscle; however, passive range of motion decreases. In other words, the patient gains the ability to slowly raise their arms to 90+ degrees, but they lose the ability to "throw" their arm up to a full 180 degrees. The AAN states that scapular fixation can be offered cautiously to select patients after balancing these benefits against the adverse consequences of surgery and prolonged immobilization.

Another form of operative scapular fixation is scapulopexy. "Scapulo-" refers to the scapula bone, and "-pexy" is derived from the Greek root "to bind." Some versions of scapulopexy accomplish essentially the same result as scapulothoracic fusion, but instead of inducing bony fusion, the scapula is secured to the ribs with only wire, tendon grafts, or other material. Some versions of scapulopexy do not completely restrict scapular motion, examples including tethering the scapula to the ribs, vertebrae, or other scapula. Scapulopexy is considered to be more conservative than scapulothoracic fusion, with reduced recovery time and less effect on breathing. However, they also seem more susceptible to long-term failure. Another form of scapular fixation, although not commonly done in FSHD, is tendon transfer, which involves surgically rearranging the attachments of muscles to bone. Examples include pectoralis major transfer and the Eden-Lange procedure.

Various other surgical reconstructions have been described. Upper eyelid gold implants have been used for those unable to close their eyes. Drooping lower lip has been addressed with plastic surgery. Ability to smile can theoretically be restored with a tendon transfer, with donors such as a portion of the temporalis muscle, although evidence is lacking in FSHD. Select cases of foot drop can be surgically corrected with tendon transfer, in which the tibialis posterior muscle is repurposed as a tibialis anterior muscle, a version of this being called the Bridle procedure. Severe scoliosis caused by FSHD can be corrected with spinal fusion; however, since scoliosis might be a compensatory change in response to muscle weakness, correction of spinal alignment can result in further impaired muscle function.

Prognosis
Genetics partially predicts prognosis. Those with large D4Z4 repeat deletions (with a remaining D4Z4 repeat array size of 10-20 kbp, or 1-4 repeats) are more likely to have severe and early disease, as well as non-muscular symptoms. Those who have the genetic mutations of both FSHD1 and FSHD2 are more likely to have severe disease. It has also been observed that D4Z4 shortening is less and disease manifestation is milder when a prominent family history is present, as opposed to a new mutation. In some large families, 30% of those with the mutation had no noticeable symptoms, and 30% of those with symptoms did not progress beyond facial and shoulder weakness. Women tend to develop symptoms later in life and have less severe disease courses.

Remaining variations in disease course are attributed to unknown environmental factors. A single study found that disease course is not worsened by tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption, common risk factors for other diseases.

Pregnancy
Pregnancy outcomes are overall good in mothers with FSHD; there is no difference in rate of preterm labor, rate of miscarriage, and infant outcomes. However, weakness can increase the need for assisted delivery.

A single review found that weakness worsens, without recovery, in 12% of mothers with FSHD during pregnancy, although this might be due to weight gain or deconditioning.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of FSHD ranges from 1 in 8,333 to 1 in 15,000. The Netherlands reports a prevalence of 1 in 8,333, after accounting for the undiagnosed. The prevalence in the United States is commonly quoted as 1 in 15,000.

After genetic testing became possible in 1992, average prevalence was found to be around 1 in 20,000, a large increase compared to before 1992. However, 1 in 20,000 is likely an underestimation, since many with FSHD have mild symptoms and are never diagnosed, or they are siblings of affected individuals and never seek definitive diagnosis.

Race and ethnicity have not been shown to affect FSHD incidence or severity.

Although the inheritance of FSHD shows no predilection for biological sex, the disease manifests less often in women, and even when it manifests in women, they on average are less severely affected than affected males. Estrogen has been suspected to be a protective factor that accounts for this discrepancy. One study found that estrogen reduced DUX4 activity. However, another study found no association between disease severity and lifetime estrogen exposure in females. The same study found that disease progression was not different through periods of hormonal changes, such as menarche, pregnancy, and menopause.

History
The first description of a person with FSHD in medical literature appears in an autopsy report by Jean Cruveilhier in 1852. In 1868, Duchenne published his seminal work on Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and as part of its differential was a description of FSHD. First in 1874, then with a more commonly cited publication in 1884, and again with pictures in 1885, the French physicians Louis Landouzy and Joseph Dejerine published details of the disease, recognizing it as a distinct clinical entity, and thus FSHD is sometimes referred to as Landouzy Dejerine disease. In their paper of 1886, Landouzy and Dejerine drew attention to the familial nature of the disorder and mentioned that four generations were affected in the kindred that they had investigated. Formal definition of FSHD's clinical features did not occur until 1952 when a large Utah family with FSHD was studied. Beginning about 1980 an increasing interest in FSHD led to increased understanding of the great variability in the disease and a growing understanding of the genetic and pathophysiological complexities. By the late 1990s, researchers were finally beginning to understand the regions of chromosome 4 associated with FSHD.

Since the publication of the unifying theory in 2010, researchers continued to refine their understanding of DUX4. With increasing confidence in this work, researchers proposed the first a consensus view in 2014 of the pathophysiology of the disease and potential approaches to therapeutic intervention based on that model.

Alternate and historical names for FSHD include the following:
 * facioscapulohumeral disease
 * faciohumeroscapular
 * Landouzy-Dejerine disease (or 'syndrome' or 'type of muscular dystrophy' )
 * Erb-Landouzy-Dejerine syndrome

Past pharmaceutical development
Early drug trials, before the pathogenesis involving DUX4 was discovered, were untargeted and largely unsuccessful. Compounds were trialed with goals of increasing muscle mass, decreasing inflammation, or addressing provisional theories of disease mechanism. The following drugs failed to show efficacy:
 * Prednisone, a steroid, based on its antiinflammatory properties and therapeutic effect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
 * Oral albuterol, a β2 agonist, on the basis of its anabolic properties. Although it improved muscle mass and certain measures of strength in those with FSHD, it did not improve global strength or function.  Interestingly, β2 agonists were later shown to reduce DUX4 expression.
 * Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, on the bases of anecdotal reports of benefit and the theory that calcium dysregulation played a part in muscle cell death.
 * MYO-029 (Stamulumab), an antibody that inhibits myostatin, was developed to promote muscle growth. Myostatin is a protein that inhibits the growth of muscle tissue.
 * ACE-083, a TGF-β inhibitor, was developed to promote muscle growth.

Media

 * In the Amazon Video series The Man in the High Castle, Obergruppenführer John Smith's son, Thomas, is diagnosed with Landouzy-Dejerine syndrome.
 * In the biography Stuart: A Life Backwards, the protagonist was affected by muscular dystrophy, presumably FSHD.
 * Good Bad Things, an independent film about an entrepreneur afflicted with FSHD and his journey of transformation, self-acceptance and discovery. The movie premiered at the 2024 Slamdance Film Festival
 * The Lost Voice, a short film featuring Tristram Ingham who lives with FSHD. Ingham used Apple's Personal Voice feature to recreate his voice and use it to read a children's book titled "The Lost Voice" for International Day of Persons with Disabilities in 2023.

Patient and research organizations

 * The FSHD Society (named "FSH Society" until 2019) was founded in 1991 on the East Coast by two individuals with FSHD, Daniel Perez and Stephen Jacobsen. The FSHD Society claims to have advocated for the standardization of the disease name facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and its abbreviation FSHD. The FSHD Society claims to have raised funding for seed grants for FSHD research and co-wrote the MD-CARE Act of 2001, which provided federal funding for all muscular dystrophies. The FSHD Society has grown into the world's largest grassroots organization advocating for patient education and scientific and medical research for FSHD.  One notable spokesperson for FSHD Society has been Max Adler, an actor on the TV series Glee.
 * Friends of FSH Research is a research-oriented nonprofit organization founded in 2004 by Terry and Rick Colella from Kirkland, Washington after their son was diagnosed with FSHD.
 * The FSHD Global Research Foundation was founded in 2007 by Bill Moss in Australia, a former Macquarie Bank executive affected by FSHD.  It is currently directed by Moss's daughter. It was named Australian charity of the year for 2017. It is the largest funder of FSHD medical research outside of the United States as of 2018.
 * FSHD EUROPE was founded in 2010. Spanning multiple countries in Europe, it has launched the European Trial Network.

Notable cases

 * Chip Wilson is a Canadian billionaire and founder of Lululemon. He has pledged 100 million Canadian dollars to research through the venture 'Solve FSHD'.
 * Chris Carrino is the radio voice of the Brooklyn Nets. He founded the 'Chris Carrino Foundation for FSHD', oriented towards research funding.
 * Madison Ferris is an American actress with FSHD who was the first wheelchair user to play a lead on Broadway.
 * Morgan Hoffmann is an American professional golfer. He started the Morgan Hoffmann Foundation, oriented towards research funding.
 * Arnold Gold (1925-2024) was a pediatric neurologist, founder of the Arnold P. Gold Foundation, and creator of white coat ceremonies. Gold focused on patient-centered care and humanism.

Pharmaceutical development
After achieving consensus on FSHD pathophysiology in 2014, researchers proposed four approaches for therapeutic intervention:
 * 1) enhance the epigenetic repression of the D4Z4
 * 2) target the DUX4 mRNA, including altering splicing or polyadenylation;
 * 3) block the activity of the DUX4 protein
 * 4) inhibit the DUX4-induced process, or processes, that leads to pathology.

Small molecule drugs

Most drugs used in medicine are "small molecule drugs," as opposed to biologic medical products that include proteins, vaccines, and nucleic acids. Small molecule drugs can typically be taken by ingestion, rather than injection. Gene therapy
 * Losmapimod, a selective inhibitor of p38α/β mitogen-activated protein kinases, was identified by Fulcrum Therapeutics as a potent suppressor of DUX4 in vitro. Results of a phase IIb clinical trial, revealed in June 2021, showed statistically significant slowing of muscle function deterioration. Further trials are pending.
 * Casein kinase 1 (CK1) inhibition has been identified by Facio Therapies, a Dutch pharmaceutical company, to repress DUX4 expression and is in preclinical development. Facio Therapies claims that CK1 inhibition leaves myotube fusion intact, unlike BET inhibitors, p38 MAPK inhibitors, and β2 agonists.

Gene therapy is the administration of nucleotides to treat disease. Multiple types of gene therapy are in the preclinical stage of development for the treatment of FSHD.
 * Antisense therapy utilizes antisense oligonucleotides that bind to DUX4 messenger RNA, inducing its degradation and preventing DUX4 protein production. Phosphorodiamidate morpholinos, an oligonucleotide modified to increase its stability, have been shown to selectively reduce DUX4 and its effects; however, these antisense nucleotides have poor ability to penetrate muscle.
 * MicroRNAs (miRNAs) directed against DUX4, delivered by viral vectors, have shown to reduce DUX4, protect against muscle pathology, and prevent loss of grip strength in mouse FSHD models. Arrowhead pharmaceuticals is developing an RNA interference therapeutic against DUX4, named ARO-DUX4, and intends to file for regulatory clearance in third quarter of 2021 to begin clinical trials.
 * Genome editing, the permanent alteration of genetic code, is being researched. One study tried to use CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout the polyadenylation signal in lab dish models, but was unable to show therapeutic results.

Potential drug targets
 * Inhibition of the hyaluronic acid (HA) pathway is a potential therapy. One study found that many DUX4-induced molecular pathologies are mediated by HA signaling, and inhibition of HA biosynthesis with 4-methylumbelliferone prevented these molecular pathologies.
 * P300 inhibition has shown to inhibit the deleterious effects of DUX4
 * BET inhibitors have been shown to reduce DUX4 expression.
 * Antioxidants could potentially reduce the effects of FSHD. One study found that vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine supplementation increased endurance and strength of the quadriceps, but had no significant benefit on walking performance. Further study is warranted.

Outcome measures
Ways of measuring the disease are important for studying disease progression and assessing the efficacy of drugs in clinical trials.
 * Reachable workspace uses the Kinect motion sensing system to compare range of reach before and after a therapeutic clinical trial.
 * Quality of life can be measured with questionnaires, such as the FSHD Health Index.
 * How the disease affects daily activities can measured with questionnaires, such as the FSHD‐Rasch‐built overall disability scale (FSHD-RODS) or FSHD composite outcome measure (FSHD-COM).
 * Electrical impedance myography is being studied as a way to measure muscle damage.
 * Muscle MRI is useful for assessment of all the muscles in the body. Muscles can be scored based on the degree of fat infiltration.

title: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy


text:
Talk:Music in professional wrestling

Glen Stride removed
There is no evidence for an alleged wrestler named "Glen Stride" as even existing, so for him to be the "most cited" wrestler to have an entrance song goes against Wikipedia's policy of showing sources and consensus. It's a shame that every webpage that talks about wrestler themes has copied and pasted that one line from this article, thus creating a loop. Feel free to put him back IF you can source it from an authority.Iamcyclops (talk) 14:50, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

Moving List
The list shouldnt be in this article. It takes up WAAAAYYYY too much space. 99.224.132.115 (talk) 15:44, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Other Companies?
Is there a specific reason why an article on professional wrestling lists only themes for ECW, WCW, WWE and TNA? There are other promotions worthy of note (ROH for example), as well as a number of bigger promotions in Japan, Mexico and other countries. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, so I'd love to know why information of an encyclopedic nature is not included. Cmdalgleish 11:16, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

- If you know of any, go ahead and add them. The majority of what's been added has been based on personal knowledge, likely be people who haven't had a lot of exposure to ROH and the likes. Nuttyskadork (talk) 20:30, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

In-House Themes?
I've just looked at the recent updates in the last few days and I've been wondering about the extent of including in-house themes on the list. I've tried to remove any ones that said "No Particular Artist" along with ones by Jim Johnston and Dale Oliver (composers for WWE and TNA respectively). But then again, I've also included a few themes that were WWE produced (and so are technically in-house) but gave credits to some of the vocalists involved in the song (e.g. Rob Conway's latest theme is sung by a guy called Phillip Namanworth). I don't think these guys are commercial artists but I decided to include them anyway. I just want to know what's your opinion on this. Should we include them or leave them out? -- Oakster 21:23, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave them out. It's of little or no use to include non-notable artists here. --Jtalledo (talk) 04:40, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

I was just wondering, who was it that wrote and performed the theme songs for the Ultimate Warrior and Bret "The Hitman" Hart when they wrestled in the WWE from the late 80s to mid-90s? They were both high-energy, instrumental rock tracks. The Warrior would run to the ring at top speed while his theme music played. It says on this page that most wrestlers' theme music is produced in-house and is considered stock-music, so you might think this information is inconsequential, but I really enjoyed listening to these two tracks and I'd like to know who was responsible for creating them.

That would be Jimmy Hart on both counts. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * By volume alone, themes by composers like Jim Johnston should be included, as he alone has produced over 500 plus for the wwe, including some popular hits, making himself a notable artist. --(talk) Backinblack spider 17:23, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I second this Nuttyskadork (talk) 20:30, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That's not quite correct. Jim Johnston did Warrior's theme. 69.23.151.9 (talk) 01:40, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Andre The Giant
Have only found one instance of this and would like to see if anyone has the song performer/title or otherwise knows the song.

I don't think Andre had a theme song. 76.110.82.251 02:23, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Randy Orton?
When has he used the killswitch engage theme song. Thats CM punks theme not Ortons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * As stated on the WWE Wreckless Intent page, Orton used "This Fire Burns" once, on the March 3 episode of Smackdown. --HBK|Talk 20:40, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Anyone know a particular reason he only used it the once? *Sam*
 * They've never said, far as I know, but if I had to guess it would be that Orton fans really like his standard entrance music and reacted very negatively to the change, even though This Fire Burns is a solid piece of entrance music. That's all good news for C.M. Punk, I guess, since he picked the song up for his own entrances on ECW. Dugwiki 15:23, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The original packaging for WWE Wreckless Intent still lists it as Orton's theme.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nuttyskadork (talk • contribs) 20:32, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Orton's Theme is Bold textBurn in My Light by Mercy Drive

He also used it at house shows. Cmdalgleish 10:23, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Mr. McMahon didn't like it because he didn't feel that it fit Orton's character so he changed it back. Orton said so in an interview a couple years back. Kfn8r (talk) 18:39, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Nitro Music?
Maybe someone could ad the names of the WCW Shows (Nitro, PPVs, Thunder) music to the list?
 * I'm unsure - but I think they were in-house compostions *Sam*

The song is called "Burn in my Light" by Mercy Drive

The theme to Nitro was Adrenaline V1.0 by Purity (As stated on WCW Mayhem: The Music). I think it's a production job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmdalgleish (talk • contribs) 12:21, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

What is the "Adrenaline Rush" song for TNA Impact?
Ok, this one is driving me crazy! I've tried searching for the actual song name and artist for the "Adrenaline Rush" theme song used in the end credits of TNA Impact, but I can't find any information at all on it. Note that the same song was also used a week or two ago by WWE on Smackdown for a video package for the tag champs Paul London and Brian Kendrick. So since both WWE and TNA use this song, it apparently is not an in-house production for either company but is instead an independent song licensed for both companies.

Anybody have any information on it? It would be a good song to add to this article, not to mention that I want to see about finding it for my own IPod. :) Thanks. Dugwiki 16:11, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * P.S. I already know that, despite the similar name, it is not the "Adrenaline" song by Gavin Rossdale used for Unforgiven 2002.  I have the Rossdale song on my IPod and TNA's "Adrenaline Rush" is a totally different song. Dugwiki 16:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

It's an independent licensed piece of work, like The Hardy Boyz'/Jeff Hardy music (but not the same, just mentioning a similar case). The same track was used in several vignettes in WWE DVDs and replaced "My Way" as the Wrestlemania X-7 theme song in the Wrestlemania Anthology series. --Raderick 12:42, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

It's called "Adrenaline Rush" (Bonus Track/performed by Marc Williams and Nick Hodges) available on the "3rd Degree Burns: The Music of TNA Wrestling Vol. I" CD. Backinblack_spider July 5 2007

Bold Current Theme
Does anyone think maybe we should bold the current theme of all the active superstars? KE

Yeah, i do Sha0000

AfD Survival
What shall be done with this article? I think the information from the lists should be moved to the appropriate articles, and when that is finished, remove the lists. -- Gray  Porpoise Your wish is my command! 00:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Why not create a List of professional wrestling themes article?--Geoff K. 19:27, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Can't add anything else?
I tried to add CM Punk and Edge's current themes but someone just keeps removing them. Edge's current theme is Metalingus by Alter Bridge and CM Punk's current theme is This Fire Burns by Killswitch Engage —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BBoy (talk • contribs) 18:19, 3 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Please see WP:V, WP:RS and WP:CITE. Any unsourced additions will be removed.  Thanks. One Night In Hackney 03:29, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

How are you supposed to source it? They use them on TV, what more would you need? I would think a page for wrestling theme songs would have wrestling fans on it. BBoy 03:20, 5 February 2007 (UTC)BBoyBBoy 03:20, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I refer you to my previous message, thanks. One Night In Hackney 03:30, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I refer you to the rules about vandalism for being a dumbass. If you don't know anything about wrestling, why the hell are you editing this page. The only sources provided are a fucking fan site anyways. Do you want me to go make one just to prove the point? Don't be an idiot. Nuttyskadork

Are you talking to me or him? I'm a huge wrestling fan, which is why I don't understand why they didn't let me edit it when obviously the people watching over this page aren't wrestling fans. BBoy 19:24, 18 February 2007 (UTC)BBoy

@One Night In Hackney Why the hell was Edges song changed back to his theme he hasn't had for around 3 years. His current theme is Metalingus by Alter Bridge. If you want a damn source, why don't you watch a WWE tv show then you might actually hear it. Please stop changing things back claiming they aren't sourced, go watch wrestling for once in your life. Heck, why don't you go to Adam Copeland's (edge's) page and change it there to like you are here. Same goes for the change i made to Christian for his current theme song in TNA which is an instrumental of "My Last Breath" by Evanescense. Why don't you let those who know what they are on about change it and let those who know about it change it back. Thankyou.

 * Sorry but I'm not interested in what you "know", as we don't write content from memory. Please see WP:V, WP:CITE and WP:RS. Thanks. One Night In Hackney 18:16, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Excuse me, but i am not the only one who 'knows' what edge's theme song is. It's played just about every week on a monday night on USA network in america, Fox8 in Australia on Wednesdays, and some other channels elsewhere at other times. Do i need sources to tell you what i just said there too?Afro dud 18:28, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I refer you to my previous message. Thanks. One Night In Hackney 18:31, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't care what your previous message(s) were. Your saying that those of us who WATCH wrestling week in week out and HEAR the music of each wrestler are incorrect. Seriously, go get a damn life. Myself, and others, are here trying to update a page with legitimate information, only for some guy who probably has never watched wrestling in his life to come along and delete it because it's 'unsourced'. Heck, look at the whole page here. There is one source at the bottom of the page. Why is everything else on this page then huh. Surprised you haven't deleted that yet. Why don't you do what i said before, go to edge's page and delete the reference to alter bridge there. Go to some other wrestlers page and delete what it says there theme music is there, because it's unsourced here. Damn your an idiot.Afro dud 18:36, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * If you had read my previous messages you would have understood that we don't write content based on what we watch or hear, we write content from sources. So as before, please see WP:V, WP:CITE, WP:RS, and also WP:NPA and WP:CIVIL for good measure.  Sadly I don't have the time to patrol the pages of hundreds of wrestlers to remove unsourced content, but as this page is seemingly a magnet for unsourced additions I will continue to monitor it and act accordingly. One Night In Hackney 18:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Ok, here we go. A the link to a video on youtube from WWE tv where you can hear edges theme music. Is this good enough for you or not? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y1Nn9C2EVc If this isn't enough to get it changed, then there is seriously an issue around here.

 * No. It's a copyright infringement and can't be linked to, so it's not a reliable source. One Night In Hackney 19:02, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

What about the wrestlers entrance themes and video's attached to their profiles on wwe.com. Can they be used seeing as it is the official website for most of these wrestlers?Afro dud 19:13, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I just checked the Edge entrance video, and it doesn't contain the name of the artist or song, so for Edge no sorry. One Night In Hackney 19:15, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Why don't you go to Alter Bridges site and listen to the song it's been claimed to be (you can, i've just been there myself. They have audio previews of tracks there) and put 2 and 2 together. Or is that too much work for you to listen to it. Here's the link if you don't want to go searching for it. http://www.alterbridgeband.net/musicaudio.htmlAfro dud 19:28, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, we don't "put 2 and 2 together", see WP:OR. Thanks. One Night In Hackney 19:34, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What about all the other unsourced items on the list? Where did these come from? TV. Not everything on Wikipedia is sourced, so stop keeping people from editing the list because they don't have information backing every thing. WP:CITE refers to citing information that can be challenged, but when the song is played every Friday on national TV, there isn't much to challenge. Stop being a moron. Thanks. Slayer425 04:36, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I refer you to WP:A which has now superseded WP:V - The burden of evidence lies with the editor wishing to add or retain the material. Thanks. One Night In Hackney 303 19:03, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Wow...seems to me like some people have a lot of free time and not much to do. All this aggressive removal of "non-cited information" hardly appears as constructive to me. It does not help the article in any way, it actually makes it less informative, and I fail to see what beneficial effect it might have on Wikipedia as a whole. Not to attack anyone in particular, but adopting such an anal-retentive, obsessive approach looks like the work of a Wiki-Troll, and doesn't accomplish anything else than vain posturing and "show of force". --Voievod 23:09, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

I feel the TNA themes from the official TNA website should be re-instated to this page. The only thing is, the TNA themes are instrumentals of other songs, created by TNA's music man Dale Oliver. Dale does have a page here on wikipedia, although it too remains unsourced. Perhaps the names on the TNA website can be used for now until a definite sources of what the instrumentals are based on is found. The link to the TNA page with the theme songs is here. http://www.tnawrestling.com/roster/index.html Afro dud 10:11, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Wow. You people asking for "sources" are fucking idiots. I am serious. There is no other word for this, and it's precisely what you are. There's no real argument for this point of you people being idiots, when you are clearly trying to tell people that WATCH wrestling and know these theme songs inside and out are somehow "incorrect" simply becuase you feel like flaunting your own overwhelming ignorance of the subject in a manner that suggests that you are somehow better than those that know things that you don't care to know. If you're ignorant on the subject, than by all means, please go the fuck away and devote your time to something that you DO know. Let the experts and those KNOWLEDGEABLE about the information write the goddamn wikipeida article. And if you're ignorant of the subject and want "sources" for things that you don't even know, please do us, yourselves, and the article a favor and, please, please, by all means get fucking lost.` The last thing this article needs is ignorant idiots flying in from god knows where, trying to tell other people that KNOW the information how to update an article that they clearly know jack shit about how to properly keep up to date. There's no room for you people here to act like your ignorance makes you better than people that actually know what they hell they are doing. Absoutely none. This is clearly a situation where the "Rules" don't matter. Ignorance makes this whole section look like a joke. If you don't know how to properly update this article, stay the fuck off of it, and go do something else that you know, somewhere else. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

cortez44.free.fr/themes/
This website has a list of all the entrance themes used in WWE and the PPV songs. Would this be useful for the article's external links? Don.-.J 20:49, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It would be a useful reference; the lack of sources is the biggest problem with the article at the present. McPhail 02:49, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Change Page?
I think this page should be changed so that wrestlers name are in sections of which companies they are in. So WWE has its on bit and TNA and so on. Anyone think its a good idea? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mr.K-Fan (talk • contribs) 22:43, 9 March 2007 (UTC).

I Sourced it!!!
Please tell me why my revisions were reverted, despite the fact that they were, in fact, sourced. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.208.245.229 (talk) 17:51, 5 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Wikipedia is not a reliable source. One Night In Hackney 303 17:54, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Not sure how to reference
In relation to the Wrestlemania 23 theme by default being removed, on the Wrestlemania page on WWE.com it has the song by Default below the Saliva song, so i think it should be under Wrestlemania 23, although, i'm not sure how to add the reference to the actual article as the help pages don't seem to make much sense to me. Any help is appreciated.Afro dud 15:54, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Add after the song, or if you want to be fancy . One Night In Hackney 303 15:57, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thankyou, much appreciated. Afro dud 16:02, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

BWO Theme
This is directed to One Night In Hackney.....Obviously you have no clue when it comes to this theme (Or many others for that matter).I cited the source too,Hell,if you go to the Blue Meanie's page he can even confirm this.The BWO used this theme through almost their entire run.I wont add it again,but,you should get your facts straight,you have no clue what you're talking about when it comes to Wrestling Themes.Chaos MCB 03:44, 8 May 2007 (UTC)Chaos

updating
this article needs some serious updating69.207.187.92 00:00, 11 June 2007 (UTC) yes It does. for example jeff's/team xtreme's theme is not 2xtreme. its called Loaded by zack tempest.

As far as updating, should we be splitting wrestler themes into Company categories as previously mentioned? There's more than enough diversity now. And, as far as Jeff Hardy's theme, I've only ever found it named "2xtreme" on any music pages I've encountered or referenced. Backinblack spider 16:17, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

http://www.extrememusic.com/ get trax, L, loaded-zack tempest.--Insaneingus 22:58, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

I tried that website... but apparently you have to be a member to access it. Is there no other reference in all the web other than this?Backinblack spider 18:38, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Glen Stride
Hi there. I searched everywhere but I couldn't find anything about it. So I'll ask it here... just who is Glen Stride? It's described in this article as the first wrestler with an entry music... but, does he even exist?--83.190.52.94 21:41, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a reliable source. I guess he is a real person and he probably did not have to do with any big wrstling companies, so he is most likely not to be found anywhere (for some reason). 76.110.82.251 02:22, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Doubts
Look I found this on the article:

Aaron Sortijas:Papi Chulo

This I think is a corruption of the article. Correct me if I am wrong. Also I think that a lot of tracks from the wrestler's theme songs are missing. I'll list them and you can confirm if this are evidently tracks of the wrestlers. The trakcs are: WWF The Music, Vol. 2 Track listing 1.	Stone Cold Steve Austin - "Hell Frozen Over" (2.56) 2.	Ahmed Johnson - "Pearl River Rip" (3.12) 3.	Marc Mero & Sable - "Wild Cat" (3.51) 4.	Bret Hart - "You Start the Fire" (3.10) 5.	Vader - "Mastodon" (3.10) 6.	Mankind - "Ode to Freud" (3.03) 7.	Dude Love - "Dude Love" (3.07) 8.	Faarooq - "Nation of Domination" (3.02) 9.	Rocky Maivia - "Destiny" (3.06) 10.	Sycho Sid - "Snap" (3.20) 11.	Ken Shamrock - "Dangerous" (3.17) 12.	Flash Funk - "Can't Get Enough" (3.26) 13.	Sunny - "I Know You Want Me" (3.27) WWF We Gotta Wrestle Track 3 (Ahmed Johnson - "Pearl River Rip") is Ahmed Johnsons second theme, somewhat different from his first, which was on Volume 2. •	Track 13 (Sunny - "I Know You Want Me") is what Sunny used as entrance music, not the version on Volume 2. •	Track 14 (Shawn Michaels - "Bad Attitude") is a totally new song, which was used for advertising in 1997. •	Jake "The Snake" Roberts - "Snake"(2.44) WWF The Music, Vol. 3 1.	The Undertaker - "Darker Side" – 3:35 2.	X-Pac - "Make Some Noise" – 3:11 3.	Dude Love - "Dude's Shack" – 3:08 4.	Kane - "Burned" – 3:12 5.	The Rock - "Do You Smell It" – 3:14 6.	Gangrel / The Brood - "Blood" – 3:43 7.	Ken Shamrock - "The Ultimate" – 2:58 8.	Sable - "Wildcat" – 2:55 9.	New Age Outlaws - "Oh You Didn't Know" – 2:59 WWF The Music, Vol. 4

"Danger At the Door" (D'Lo Brown) "Ass Man" (Billy Gunn) WWF The Music, Vol. 5 The Rock (featuring Slick Rick) - "Pie" (3.46) WWE Anthology Track listing The Federation Years 1.	"World Wrestling Federation Signature" 2.	"Walkabout" (The Bushwhackers) 3.	"Bad Boy" (Razor Ramon) 4.	"I'll Be Your Hero" (Lex Express) 5.	"Schizophrenic" (Mankind) 6.	"Sumo" (Yokozuna) 7.	"Enough Is Enough" (Owen Hart) 8.	"Power" (Nation of Domination) 9.	"The Dudester" (Dude Love) The Attitude Era 1.	"Brawl for All" (Brawl for All Theme) 2.	"Gold-Lust" (Goldust) 3.	"The Real Deal" (D'Lo Brown) 4.	"Deadly Game" (Survivor Series 1998 Theme) 5.	"Fist" (DX with Mike Tyson) 6.	"Oh, You Didn't Know?" (New Age Outlaws) 7.	"Real Man's Man" (William Regal) 8.	"I Don't Suck" (Kurt Angle) 9.	"No Chance in Hell" (Vince McMahon) 10.	"Oh Hell Yeah" (Steve Austin) 11.	"If You Smell..." (The Rock) 12.	"Bangin' It" (Scotty 2 Hotty) 13.	"Rabid" (Chris Benoit) 14.	"How Do You Like Me Now?" (Hardcore Holly) 15.	"Break Down the Walls" (Chris Jericho) [edit] Now! 1.	"WWE Signature" 2.	"Dead Man" (The Undertaker) 3.	"I'm Back" (Eric Bischoff) 4.	"Eyes of Righteousness" (Reverend D-Von) 5.	"Fight" (SummerSlam 2002 Theme) 6.	"You Look So Good to Me" (Billy and Chuck) WWF Full Metal Track listing 1.	The WWF Superstars & Slam Jam - "We're All Together Now" 2.	Diesel - "Diesel Blues" 3.	King Mabel - "The Lyin' King" 4.	1-2-3 Kid - "1-2-3" 5.	Goldust - "Goldust" 6.	The Smokin' Gunns - "Smokin'" 7.	Psycho Sid - "Psycho Dance" 8.	Bret Hart - "Hart Attack" 9.	Hakushi - "Angel" 10.	The Undertaker - "Graveyard Symphony" 11.	Jeff Jarrett† - "With My Baby Tonight" The Wrestling Album Track listing 1.	The Wrestlers - "Land of a Thousand Dances" 2.	Jimmy Hart - "Eat Your Heart Out, Rick Springfield" 3.	"Captain" Lou Albano and George "The Animal" Steele - "Captain Lou's History of Music/Captain Lou" 4.	"Rowdy" Roddy Piper - "For Everybody" 5.	"Mean" Gene Okerlund - "Tutti Frutti" 6.	Hillbilly Jim - "Don't Go Messin' with a Country Boy" 7.	Nikolai Volkoff - "Cara Mia"

The album's tracks are bridged with commentary from Vince McMahon, "Mean Gene" Okerlund, and Jesse "The Body" Ventura. •	"Captain Lou" is a cover of a song originally recorded by NRBQ; Albano had made an appearance on the original recording. •	Albano was credited with playing all of the instruments (kayfabe) on "Captain Lou's History of Music/Captain Lou". However, he is actually heard playing the main leitmotif from Grieg's "Morning" (from Peer Gynt Suite) on the "History of Music" portion of his track. (Albano had played some deliberately amateurish piano on an episode of Tuesday Night Titans a year earlier.) •	The "WWF All Stars" band credited with playing on "Hulk Hogan's Theme" are most of the same musicians that have recorded for Jim Steinman (the song's producer and composer) during the Bat out of Hell and Bad for Good sessions. •	As a possible nod to Steinam's involvement, Meat Loaf guest starred as a drummer in the "Land of 1,000 Dances" music video.[1] •	Hulk Hogan claimed, as part of a 1985 WWF Magazine article on The Wrestling Album, to have played bass guitar on "Hulk Hogan's Theme" (Hogan had played bass in several bands prior to becoming a professional wrestler), but he is not actually credited as doing so in the album's liner notes. •	In the same WWF Magazine article, The Iron Sheik is quoted as being genuinely upset with the fact that, because of the Ayatollah Khomeni's ban on music in Iran, no one in the Sheik's country of birth would be able to hear his contribution on "Land of 1,000 Dances". •	Disco singer Vicki Sue Robinson is a guest vocalist on "Grab Them Cakes". •	"Grab Them Cakes" made Junkyard Dog the only professional wrestler ever to appear on American Bandstand. •	Roddy Piper's contribution to the album, "For Everybody", was credited as being produced solely by Derringer (kayfabe), in order to conform to the ongoing angle in the WWF between Piper on one side and anyone directly associated with Cyndi Lauper (including Dave Wolff) on the other. In actuality, Wolff was present for Piper's session. •	Similarly, Cyndi Lauper's pseudonymous production credit as "Mona Flambé" may also be a Derringer/Wolff production with a kayfabe credit, although Lauper has produced most of her own albums under her own name. Lauper also appeared under the Mona Flambé guise on The Wrestling Album's cover, in the video for "Land of 1,000 Dances", and at the original Slammy Awards. •	"For Everybody"'s original title, as may have been apparent to many older listeners, is "Fuck Everybody"[2]. The title and some of the lyrics had to be changed for Piper's version since the album was being marketed to the WWF's younger audience. •	"Mean Gene" Okerlund had previously done an impromptu version of "Tutti Frutti" on Tuesday Night Titans with the show's house band, with Hulk Hogan sitting in on bass guitar. •	Jimmy Hart's "Eat Your Heart Out, Rick Springfield" can be heard on the WWE SmackDown! vs. RAW 2006 videogame as the track serves as his theme music. •	Despite being closely associated with Hulk Hogan for over twenty years, Real American was actually intended to be the theme song for the tag team of Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham, the US Express). •	The March 2007 issue of WWE Magazine contained a list of "101 Things Every WWE Fan Should Do Before He Dies" and #63 is "Identify every WWE superstar on the cover of The Wrestling Album, WWE's original record release from 1985." Piledriver - The Wrestling Album 2 Track listing 1.	Robbie Dupree & Strike Force - "Girls in Cars" 2.	Koko B. Ware - "Piledriver" 3.	The Honky Tonk Man - "Honky Tonk Man" 4.	Derringer - "Demolition" 5.	Slick - "Jive Soul Bro" 6.	Hillbilly Jim & Gertrude - "Waking Up Alone" 7.	Vince McMahon - "Stand Back" 8.	"Mean" Gene Okerlund & Derringer - "Rock 'N Roll Hoochie Koo" 9.	The WWF Superstars - "If You Only Knew" Miscellaneous •	Vince McMahon performed a live version of "Stand Back" at the 1987 Slammy Awards. Footage from this performance would be used in a 2001 episode of WWE Raw by Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit to poke fun at McMahon as well as a 2006 episode of Raw in which D-Generation X members Triple H and Shawn Michaels imitated Vince and Shane McMahon, respectively. WrestleMania: The Album Track listing1 1.	The WWF Superstars - "WrestleMania" (Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 2 2.	The WWF Superstars - "SummerSlam Jam" (Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 3.	"Hacksaw" Jim Duggan - "USA" (Dave Ford, Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 4.	The Nasty Boys - "Nasty Boy Stomp" (Dave Ford, Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 5.	Bret "The Hitman" Hart - "Never Been A Right Time To Say Goodbye" (Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 6.	The Undertaker - "The Man In Black" (Gary Miller, Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 7.	"Macho Man" Randy Savage - "Speaking From The Heart" (Asha Elfenbein, Tony King, Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 8.	Tatanka - "Tatanka Native American" (Gary Ford, Mike Stock, Pete Waterman) 9.	Mr. Perfect - "I'm Perfect" (Dave Ford) 3 10.	The Big Boss Man - "Hard Times" (Mike Stock, Paul Waterman) 3

plis do confirm if this are really tracks. I am not sure. Add what you consider proper..I took this, (as yo umay realise) from the list of track from the wwe CDs. Thank you 200.82.77.95 (talk) 15:06, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

PS
Sorry about the format!!! XD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.82.77.95 (talk) 15:07, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

World's Greatest Tag Team
Does anyone know what theme the World's Greatest Tag Team used?XMarxThaSpot (talk) 19:42, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

History with Stone Cold
Isn’t this the purpose of the whole article? to list these theme songs with reference in the main section of the article? I believe adding these to the history section is not necessary. Thoughts on the subject? Backinblack spider (talk) 17:11, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Sources & References
Should unsourced/unreferenced material be removed? It seems that more and more is getting added without reference, and no one is paying attention to the little warning on the editing page. Thoughts anyone? Backinblack spider (talk) 20:12, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 18:17, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "wwe5" :
 * Amazon.com: WWE: The Music, Vol. 5: Music: Various Artists
 * Amazon.com: WWE: The Music, Vol. 5: Music: Various Artists

List --> article
I've never seen a longer and more useless list (see WP:Listcruft). Anyone who wants to see what theme a wrestler uses can go to that individual article. An article about music in professional wrestling should contain information about how music has influenced wrestling, cross promotion, etc. A prime example is Rock 'n' Wrestling, which helped lead to the WWF's 1980s wrestling boom. Other relevant information might be the involvement of musicians in wrestling events (such as performers at WrestleManias, the Insane Clown Posse in WWF and WCW). Nikki ♥  311  21:53, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree. Without the list, this article is very much useless and unremarkable, not to mention very uncited. AndarielHalo (talk) 14:57, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Taking the list out is an incredibly stupid move. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.203.18.103 (talk) 09:59, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

There are some more opinions at WT:PW which seem to agree with me. That list can never be finished or complete. What about independent wrestlers or foreign wrestlers? The list just doesn't make sense. Plus, if I wanted to know somebody's entrance theme I'd go to that person's page before I came to this one. Nikki ♥  311  21:14, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * What about if you wanted to use the article to see if any professional wrestler had used a certain song as their theme music?

 * You know, just like how I was going to this afternoon, but I find that some bint has deleted it on the grounds that it's "cruft". Now the article barely serves a purpose. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.184.182.65 (talk) 01:59, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

can someone bring back the list as its EXTREMELY helpful in finding the song names of past/current superstars so please someone please bring back the list —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.214.162.209 (talk) 09:11, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Have the people who have been re-adding the list lately even read WP:LISTCRUFT? This list is a violation of the following: ''1. The list was created just for the sake of having such a list 3. The list is a violation of Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information 4. The content is unverifiable or the underlying concept is non-notable 6. The list is unlimited and/or unmaintainable, and 8. The list is unencyclopaedic, i.e. it would not be expected to be included in an encyclopaedia.'' This list can never be complete or referenced. If you want to know a particular person's music, go to their individual page. Nikki ♥  311  00:21, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You mean like how I tried to look up theme music that Mike Awesome used in ECW only to find absolutely nothing of use and having to revert back to a years-old version of this article?

 * What's the deal with your crusade against this list anyway? You got something against wrestling or music or somethin'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.183.247.208 (talk) 12:37, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

List
Could any body make a list please? The King Gemini (talk) 23:02, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * See above. Nope. Nikki  ♥  311   02:17, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

History needed?
This may require more effort to research than a Google search would turn up, but this article would benefit if it were to mention the role music played before Vince McMahon became a national promoter. Perception-wise, I think most folks would be hard pressed to think of much more than WCCW and specifically Kerry Von Erich when it comes to actual examples, though.

It seems interesting to me, and I would think sources could be found, that pro wrestling freely used copyrighted music when it was still primarily a local or regional thing, then largely stopped once the WWF started bringing attention to pro wrestling in general. In fact, in the old days, I can only remember Bill Watts having made any references to actually licensing music (in the end credits to Mid South Wrestling). RadioKAOS (talk) 23:08, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

New Japan
An earlier comment stated a belief that Andre didn't have entrance music. Andre had entrance music in Japan, which he used there for years. Even though the song is commonly known and associated with him to both his fans and to puroresu fans, I couldn't begin to tell you its title.

Which brings me to the reason I'm writing this. I've had some opportunity recently, thanks to YouTube, to check out a lot of early 1980s New Japan footage, including some stuff I hadn't seen in decades. Back then, New Japan was making rather extensive use of entrance music, at a time when most North American promotions either used none at all, or only used it on special occasions (as I refer to above, perhaps Mid-South, and later World Class, excepted). I'll get to the point: is it just me, or does it seem like every third piece of music I was hearing on these New Japan shows was by Maynard Ferguson? If so, who in their office was so infatuated with this guy? Not that there's anything wrong with Maynard Ferguson, mind you... RadioKAOS –  Talk to me, Billy  23:21, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Delete this list please.
This list is completely unmanageable. What is on here, around 250 maybe? Jim Johnston himself has near 2,500 different songs made for wrestlers. Maybe more as he constantly tweaks them. This -only- includes the WWE - and this article is not a list for just WWE Themes. Can you imagine how gigantic this thing gets when you venture out into other companies? Well over 10,000. So we've got a cool 1-2% of songs listed.

A lot of the songs listed here are very insignificant also. A song used for 2 weeks of video packages in 2001 for a WWF Desire video is not notable at all. Also: nobody is even trying to update the songs for big wrestling events. Those stopped being updated in 2008 it seems. If that's not important to list - why do we have the list at all?

Also: you would need to find an endless amount of sources for every song. It's just not manageable in any way. I request it be scrapped based on this fact as well as it just looks like a complete mess and will go on for eternity as more themes are added.

It's not a big loss either. All themes for notable wrestlers are on the wrestlers own Wikipedia page. It's not like we're getting rid of several years amount of work. We're getting rid of something that none of us are able to truly manage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.110.164 (talk) 06:48, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Music in professional wrestling


text:
Talk:Yusuf Salman Yusuf

Untitled
"In 1927, Yusuf met Piotr Vasili, an undercover emissary of the Comintern, who appears to have won him over to communism."

Won him over? What, there was a compitition? It sounds wrong, please change it. 212.99.225.66 (talk) 18:10, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Yusuf Salman Yusuf


text:
San Carlos, Cojedes

San Carlos is the capital of the Venezuelan state of Cojedes. This city is also the municipal seat of the Ezequiel Zamora Municipality and, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, the municipality has a population of 83,957.

History
Father Capuchino Fray Pedro de Berja founded the city of San Carlos de Austria on April 27, 1678.

Demographics
The San Carlos Municipality, according to the 2001 Venezuelan census, has a population of 83,957 (up from 62,140 in 1990). This amounts to 33.2% of Cojedes's population.

Government
San Carlos is the shire town of the San Carlos Municipality in Cojedes. The mayor of the San Carlos Municipality is Pablo Rodríguez. The last municipal election was held in April 2013.

Historical sites

 * La Blanquera, a historical colonial-baroque style house founded by a wealthy family of Conquistadores in the 18th-century
 * Catedral de San Carlos
 * Iglesia Santo Domingo
 * Iglesia San Juan Bautista

Squares and parks

 * Plaza Bolívar

title: San Carlos, Cojedes


text:
Talk:Overland Route (Australia)

Overland route to Australia? --Wetman 21:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've made it into a redirect to this article. — Wackymacs 21:44, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

This page is small. I suggest we merge it into Spice trade or something similar. --zandperl 21:03, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the name is a bit of a misnomer, as Australia is an "island" and cannot be reached over land, and so no overland route actually exists. Shadowmaster13 (talk) 11:22, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Overland Route (Australia)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gräsö

Gr%C3%A4s%C3%B6
Written in a non English language, if someone can translate it perhaps it could be saved? Cyclopia 21:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC) Whoops. I just discovered the Pages-needing-translation thing. Sorry. Cyclopia 21:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While Gräsö is an existing Swedish island, this seems to be a copy-and-paste text in Swedish (but lacking diacritics) that has no context whatsoever. It mentions a person "taking care of the traffic to the city" in the second half of the 19th century. Borders patent nonsense. / Alarm 22:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While it might be interesting information it doesn't belong in an encyclopedia and without its contetext it is just nosense. Jeltz talk  14:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree. Cyclopia 19:59, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedily deleted as patent nonsense. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:44, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gräsö


text:
Talk:Past Doctor Adventures

Did the PDAs really start with The Eight Doctors? Devil Goblins from Neptune was published the same month. I generally consider The Eight Doctors to be the first EDA (although I can see how an argument could be made for it belonging in both ranges). Just not sure whether it needs to be in this article, or if it complicates things (a newbie might think the article self-contradictory, since the text suggests 8Docs was the first, and the table says DGfN). —Josiah Rowe 21:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That para was copied from EDA, so you can change it if you want. Tim! (talk) 22:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Future of PDA range?
The latest DWM says that Atom Bomb Blues is the last PDA on the schedule for the time being, and adds that "the future of the [past Doctor] book series [is] distinctly uncertain". We should probably note this on the page — but does anyone know any more than that? Are the PDAs being cancelled for low sales, or so that the BBC can focus its branding on new series novels? (I suppose I could check the OG Forum, but if I do that's at least three hours of my day gone. :) ) —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 00:27, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

The PDAs aren't cancelled. At present no more have been announced and the BBC is considering whether to produce any more. Anyone who tells you any more than that is wrong: no decision has been made yet.

Snide Paul 15:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The PDAs "aren't cancelled" in the same sense that the television show wasn't cancelled in 1989. It's been over a year since the last PDA was announced. The BBC may one day decide to re-launch the PDAs, but not making a decision for over a year and not commissioning any new books for over a year seems like a cancellation to me. Bondegezou 14:44, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Following Bondegezou's lead, I've removed unnecessary disambiguations from several more novel names. My rule of thumb was that if the first two screens in a Google search brought up only the Doctor Who novels, then there probably aren't any other subjects with a better claim to the page. (For example, it turns out that there's a short story by Ben Bova called Amorality Tale, so I kept the disambiguation on that one.) —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 16:48, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, hell. That blew that theory.  I had intentionally put all those (Doctor Who)s in because I thought it would at least give consistency to their naming.  Such that if you were writing some other article and you needed to reference a novel you would know to always add (Doctor Who) afterwards, instead of having to come back to this list, check the edit screen, and see what the wikiname of the book was.CzechOut 17:20, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it would be easier if we did that, but unfortunately that's not what's recommended at Disambiguation, which says:
 * "Ask yourself: When a reader enters this term and pushes "Go", what article would they realistically be expecting to view as a result? When there is no risk of confusion, do not disambiguate nor add a link to a disambiguation page."
 * The object is to make it easier for readers, not editors — anyone should be able to type the novel's name in the search box and reach the page within two clicks at the most.

 * Incidentally, this means that for pages which do need the disambiguation, the disambiguation-free version should have some pointer to the Doctor Who page. So The Face of the Enemy should either have a disambiguation link to The Face of the Enemy (Doctor Who) at the top, or the Babylon 5 episode should be moved to The Face of the Enemy (Babylon 5) and The Face of the Enemy should become a disambiguation page.  (The latter is probably the best course, since there's also Face of the Enemy (TNG episode).)

 * Similarly, there are several other books called Dreams of Empire, but at the moment none of them have pages, so if we create a page for the Doctor Who novel it should be at Dreams of Empire (Doctor Who), and Dreams of Empire should probably be a redirect until someone makes a page for any of the other books with that title, at which point it can become a disambiguation page.

 * However, there's nothing else which has the name Zeta Major, so it's appropriate to have that article at Zeta Major. (Since redirects are cheap, we could also have a redirect at Zeta Major (Doctor Who) pointing towards Zeta Major.)

 * We've sort of had this discussion at the WikiProject, about the names of serials and episodes — see here. The conclusion we came to was that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds".  It's a bit more work for us, but I think it's the right way to do it.  Hope that makes sense. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 17:47, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Blurbs
I've started adding the cover blurbs of the books that I have got. I've done Verdigris, Millennium Shock and The Time Travellers, and will do Divided Loyalties, The Hollow Men and World Game --Jawr256 17:21, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry - but blurbs are copyright violations and I'm going to remove them. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 17:58, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I'll stop --Jawr256 07:12, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

288 (dummy page counts)
....That seems to be the most frequently seen number for me as I have been looking up the page number and other the details upon Amazon. This is not the actual case, is it? DrWho42 18:21, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I just updated all the page counts based on the actual physical books. Unfortunately, starting with Verdigris, BBC started adding About the Author sections, sometimes with page numbers and sometimes without, sometimes written by the author and sometimes not, sometimes before the author acknowledgements and sometimes after (the acknowledgements themselves sometimes with page numbers and sometimes without). For consistency, I put the last numbered page, to avoid any appearance of original research. For 19 books, there were subsequent unnumbered pages (usually About the Author). For 24 books, something like About the Author ended up included in the page count.NoJoy (talk) 04:04, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Including Covers to the List
I'm wondering if including the covers (shrunk down, of course) to the 'List of Past Doctor Adventures' would be a good idea. Something akin to what lists of episodes generally do, i.e. List of Futurama episodes, although I'm s'posing that one might as well include a brief synopsis therein. DrWho42 03:51, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

2012 Releases
What is the justification for including the 2012 releases on this page? Amazon lists the publisher of Shada to be Ace Hardcover, rather than BBC Books. The various series of books featuring past Doctors each have their own page (e.g. Virgin Missing Adventures, Past Doctor Adventures). Sounds like we need an official reference giving the name of this new series, and a corresponding page.NoJoy (talk) 02:12, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:The Devil Goblins from Neptune.PNG
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Merge request
I'd like to merge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_(novel)?venotify=saved with this article. I don't think it meets book notability guidelines. Thoughts? Daveman115 (talk) 19:57, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I think that's a good idea. I'm the one who added the notability tag, but I didn't merge it at the time because I thought someone else might be able to find sources (which has happened for a couple of other DW books). Merging is the best solution imo. OliveYouBean (talk) 03:05, 26 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose The other books have their own articles, so it doesn't make sense to strike one of them down. Great Mercian (talk) 20:43, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
 * You have to start somewhere... Daveman115 (talk) 01:44, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * actually, one can start with proposing them all at one (an omnibus proposal) if that is actually your intention. Klbrain (talk) 18:01, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 09:02, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Past Doctor Adventures