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Thoracentesis

Thoracentesis, also known as thoracocentesis , pleural tap, needle thoracostomy, or needle decompression (often used term), is an invasive medical procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. A cannula, or hollow needle, is carefully introduced into the thorax, generally after administration of local anesthesia. The procedure was first performed by Morrill Wyman in 1850 and then described by Henry Ingersoll Bowditch in 1852.

The recommended location varies depending upon the source. Some sources recommend the midaxillary line, in the eighth, ninth, or tenth intercostal space. Whenever possible, the procedure should be performed under ultrasound guidance, which has shown to reduce complications.

Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency that requires needle decompression before a chest tube is placed.

Indications
This procedure is indicated when unexplained fluid accumulates in the chest cavity outside the lung. In more than 90% of cases analysis of pleural fluid yields clinically useful information. If a large amount of fluid is present, then this procedure can also be used therapeutically to remove that fluid and improve patient comfort and lung function.

The most common causes of pleural effusions are cancer, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and recent surgery. In countries where tuberculosis is common, this is also a common cause of pleural effusions.

When cardiopulmonary status is compromised (i.e. when the fluid or air has its repercussions on the function of heart and lungs), due to air (significant pneumothorax), fluid (pleural fluid) or blood (hemothorax) outside the lung, then this procedure is usually replaced with tube thoracostomy, the placement of a large tube in the pleural space.

Contraindications
An uncooperative patient or a coagulation disorder that cannot be corrected are relative contraindications. Routine measurement of coagulation profiles is generally not indicated, however; when performed by an experienced operator "hemorrhagic complications are infrequent after ultrasound-guided thoracentesis, and attempting to correct an abnormal INR or platelet level before the procedure is unlikely to confer any benefit".

Relative contraindications include cases in which the site of insertion has known bullous emphysema, use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP, see mechanical ventilation) and only one functioning lung (due to diminished reserve). Traditional expert opinion suggests that the aspiration should not exceed 1 L to avoid the possible development of pulmonary edema, but this recommendation is uncertain as the volume removed does not correlate well with this complication.

Complications
Major complications are pneumothorax (3–30%), hemopneumothorax, hemorrhage, hypotension (low blood pressure due to a vasovagal response) and reexpansion pulmonary edema.

Minor complications include a dry tap (no fluid return), subcutaneous hematoma or seroma, anxiety, dyspnea and cough (after removing large volume of fluid).

The use of ultrasound for needle guidance can minimize the complication rate.

Follow-up imaging
While chest X-ray has traditionally been performed to assess for pneumothorax following the procedure, it may no longer be necessary to do so in asymptomatic, non-ventilated persons given the widespread use of ultrasound to guide this procedure.

Interpretation of pleural fluid analysis
Several diagnostic tools are available to determine the etiology of pleural fluid.

Transudate versus exudate
First the fluid is either transudate or exudate.

An exudate is defined as pleural fluid to serum total protein ratio of more than 0.5, pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio > 0.6, and absolute pleural fluid LDH > 200 IU or > $2/3$ of the normal.

An exudate is defined as pleural fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation. Its composition varies but generally includes water and the dissolved solutes of the main circulatory fluid such as blood. In the case of blood it will contain some or all plasma proteins, white blood cells, platelets and (in the case of local vascular damage) red blood cells.

Exudate
 * hemorrhage
 * Infection
 * Inflammation
 * Malignancy
 * Iatrogenic
 * Connective tissue disease
 * Endocrine disorders
 * Lymphatic disorders vs Constrictive pericarditis

Transudate
 * Congestive heart failure
 * Nephrotic syndrome
 * Hypoalbuminemia
 * Cirrhosis
 * Atelectasis
 * Trapped lung
 * Peritoneal dialysis
 * Superior vena cava obstruction

Amylase
A high amylase level (twice the serum level or the absolute value is greater than 160 Somogy units) in the pleural fluid is indicative of either acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocyst that has dissected or ruptured into the pleural space, cancer or esophageal rupture.

Glucose
Glucose is considered low if pleural fluid value is less than 50% of normal serum value. The differential diagnosis for this is:
 * rheumatoid effusion. The levels are characteristically low (<15 mg/dL).
 * lupus effusion
 * bacterial empyema
 * malignancy
 * tuberculosis
 * esophageal rupture (Boerhaave syndrome)

pH
Normal pleural fluid pH is approximately 7.60. A pleural fluid pH below 7.30 with normal arterial blood pH has the same differential diagnosis as low pleural fluid glucose.

Triglyceride and cholesterol
Chylothorax (fluid from lymph vessels leaking into the pleural cavity) may be identified by determining triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which are relatively high in lymph. A triglyceride level over 110 mg/dl and the presence of chylomicrons indicate a chylous effusion. The appearance is generally milky but can be serous.

The main cause for chylothorax is rupture of the thoracic duct, most frequently as a result of trauma or malignancy (such as lymphoma).

Cell count and differential
The number of white blood cells can give an indication of infection. The specific subtypes can also give clues as to the type on infection. The amount of red blood cells are an obvious sign of bleeding.

Cultures and stains
If the effusion is caused by infection, microbiological culture may yield the infectious organism responsible for the infection, sometimes before other cultures (e.g. blood cultures and sputum cultures) become positive. A Gram stain may give a rough indication of the causative organism. A Ziehl–Neelsen stain may identify tuberculosis or other mycobacterial diseases.

Cytology
Cytology is an important tool in identifying effusions due to malignancy. The most common causes for pleural fluid are lung cancer, metastasis from elsewhere and pleural mesothelioma. The latter often presents with an effusion. Normal cytology results do not reliably rule out malignancy, but make the diagnosis more unlikely.

title: Thoracentesis


text:
48 Hours (TV program)

48 Hours, also known as 48 Hours Mystery, is an American documentary news magazine television show broadcast on CBS. The show has been broadcast on the network since January 19, 1988 in the United States. The show airs Saturdays at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time, as part of the network's placeholder Crimetime Saturday block; as such, it is currently one of only two remaining first-run prime time shows (excluding sports) airing Saturday nights on the major U.S. broadcast television networks (along with Univision's Sabadazo). The show sometimes airs two-hour editions or two consecutive one-hour editions, depending on the subject involved or to serve as counterprogramming against other networks. Judy Tygard was named senior executive producer in January 2019, replacing Susan Zirinsky, who served as executive producer since 1996 until her early 2019 appointment as president of CBS News.

Reruns of 48 Hours are regularly broadcast on Investigation Discovery, the Oprah Winfrey Network and TLC as part of their daytime and/or weekend schedules, with varying titles based on the edition's subject matter (such as 48 Hours Hard Evidence, 48 Hours Investigates (a title that has also been used for the CBS broadcasts), 48 Hours on OWN or 48 Hours on ID).

Original format
The program was created by former CBS News president Howard Stringer. It drew its title, inspiration and original format from the CBS News documentary 48 Hours on Crack Street, which aired in September 1986, centering on the drug crisis plaguing a number of U.S. neighborhoods. Like the original documentary, the program originally focused on showing events occurring within a 48-hour time span; this format was eventually phased out by the early 1990s.

One of the contributors to that program, CBS News correspondent Harold Dow, had been a member of the 48 Hours on-air staff since its premiere. Dan Rather, at the time also serving as anchor of the CBS Evening News, was the primary host of 48 Hours for its first 14 years on the air. In 1997, CBS aired a special episode of 48 Hours titled Property of 48 Hours, which focused on some of the stories over the program's first nine years.

After low ratings on Saturday nights, the show was moved to Wednesday nights, replacing the comedies Lenny and Doctor Doctor, and it was soon to be moved to the 10:00 p.m. slot.

Current format
In the mid-2000s, the program transitioned into its current format, originally known as 48 Hours Mystery although it has since reverted to its original title, which mainly presents "true crime" documentaries. On nights except Sundays where live primetime breaking news coverage from CBS News occurs, the timeslot of that coverage is branded as a special edition of 48 Hours, but is not part of the Saturday program's yearly ratings average and has little to no involvement from dedicated members of the 48 Hours production and on-air staff.

In 2009, the program featured interviews with Jodi Arias concerning the murder of her former boyfriend, Travis Alexander. These recordings were later used in 2011 as evidence in court to convict Arias, the first time the program's interviews had ever been used in a death penalty trial.

On September 17, 2011, 48 Hours began broadcasting in high definition, making it the last prime time newsmagazine on U.S. broadcast television to convert to the format.

48 Hours Investigates/Mystery
The program was revamped in 2002, when Lesley Stahl took over hosting duties from Dan Rather, and its title was changed to 48 Hours Investigates. The title was changed again to 48 Hours Mystery in 2004, and with its single-topic format, it does not use a single host but is narrated by the reporter assigned to the story. The current format of the documentary primarily deals with real-life mysteries and crime stories, again with just one mystery per episode (such as the murder of Brian Stidham), owing to its heritage structure of featuring a single topic per episode.

The program is not confined to reporting mysteries; CBS often uses the 48 Hours title or timeslot to present mainly special reports on breaking news events only scheduled on the same day, such as a 2006 report on the fifth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks, coverage of the Virginia Tech massacre in April 2007 or coverage of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in December 2012. However, the relationship between these special programs and the rest of the program's editions are essentially limited to the program's title.

48 Hours: Live to Tell
48 Hours: Live to Tell uses a different format from the earlier versions of the program. This format does not utilize a narrator; instead the stories are recounted entirely by the victims and those who know the victims of crimes; some episodes also focus on other life-threatening situations, but are recounted in the same manner.

48 Hours: NCIS & NCIS: The Cases They Can't Forget
48 Hours: NCIS, also known as NCIS: The Cases They Can't Forget, utilizes a similar format to the standard, although it instead features real life cases from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Rocky Carroll, who plays NCIS director Leon Vance on NCIS, narrates these episodes, which aired on April 25, May 12, and May 23-June 13, 2017, all of which except for May 12 being on Tuesdays. As of 2018, it is in its second season.

On May 17, 2019, it was announced that the third season will premiere on May 29, 2019. For the third season, it was retitled NCIS: The Cases They Can't Forget.

International release
The series has also aired on various channels in Canada, most recently Global. Since June 2015, it has also aired in Australia on Network 10 (a sister network of CBS since 2017).

Awards and nominations
The program has received over 20 Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards (one in 2000 for the report "Heroes Under Fire" and one for the reports "Abortion Battle" and "On Runaway Street"), and an Ohio State Award.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 48 Hours (TV program)


text:
56th Street

56th Street may refer to:
 * 56th Street (Manhattan) in New York City
 * 56th Street in Tsawwassen, British Columbia, the only land connection between Point Roberts, Washington and the rest of North America

title: 56th Street


text: Talk:56th Street

title: Talk:56th Street


text:
User:GuriaRus~enwiki

ru:User:Guria

title: User:GuriaRus~enwiki


text:
Kayapo

The Kayapo (Portuguese: Caiapó ) people are the indigenous people in Brazil who inhabit a vast area spreading across the states of Pará and Mato Grosso, south of the Amazon River and along the Xingu River and its tributaries. This pattern has given rise to the nickname the Xingu tribe. They are one of the various subgroups of the great Mebêngôkre nation (people from the water’s source). The term "Kayapo" is used by neighbouring groups rather than the Kayapo themselves. They refer to outsiders as "Poanjos".

The type of sweet potato that forms an important part of the Kayapó diet is sometimes named "caiapo", after the tribe. It is cultivated under that name in Japan, and has been found to have health benefits.

Location
The Kayapo tribe lives alongside the Xingu River in the most east part of the Amazon Rainforest, in the Amazon basin, in several scattered villages ranging in population from one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil. Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland) and is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the entire world, covering 11,346,326 hectares of Neotropical forests and scrubland containing many endangered species. They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. The larger rivers feed into numerous pools and creeks, most of which lack official names.

In 2018, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people, which is an increase from 7,096 in 2003. Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin, Gorotire, Mekranoti and Metyktire. Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues.

Name
The term Kayapo, also spelled Caiapó or Kaiapó, came from neighboring peoples in the early 19th century and means "those who look like monkeys". This name is probably based on a Kayapó men's ritual involving monkey masks. The autonym for one village is Mebêngôkre, which means "the men from the water hole." Other names for them include Gorotire, Kararaô, Kuben-Kran-Krên, Kôkraimôrô, Mekrãgnoti, Metyktire, and Xikrin.

Culture
The Kayapo use intricate black body paint covering their entire bodies. They believe that their ancestors learned their social skills from insects, so they paint their bodies to mimic them and to better communicate with the Spirit that exists everywhere. The black body paint also allows them to blend into their surroundings when hunting in the forests. To help find their way through the forest, the Kayapo paint their legs with red pigment that rubs off on the surrounding terrain. The colors that a Kayapo wears is representative of their tribe's colors.

Older generations of Kayapo men wear disks in their lower lips, but the practice is less common among younger Kayapo men. The men adorn themselves with radiating feathers, representing the universe, in their hair. Kayapo men also can be seen with rope in their hair, to represent the rope which the first Kayapo used to arrive from the sky. Traditionally, Kayapo men cover their lower bodies with sheaths. Due to increased contact with outside cultures, contemporary Kayapo often wear Western-style clothing such as shorts. Kayapo chiefs wear a headdress made out of bright yellow feathers to represent the rays of the sun. The feathers used in their headdresses are from birds native to their area such as hyacinth macaw and crested oropendola. The birds found in the Amazon are naturally bright-colored; the Kayapo do not dye the feathers. Kayapo children wear cloth or beaded bands with colors representing their tribes. Typically these bands are tied below the waist or crisscrossed around the torso. When a child comes of age, they go through a naming ceremony in which they wear large yellow headdresses.

Kayapo women can be distinguished by the V shape shaved into their hair.

Language
The Kayapo speak the Kayapo language, which belongs to the Jê language family. They are split into many groups, resulting in different dialects of their language. The Kayapo value oratory highly, calling themselves those who speak beautifully (Kaben mei) when compared to other indigenous groups. Beauty is valued highly in the Kayapo culture. A beautiful name is seen as a sign of wealth. The tribe will move and re-construct their camp in order to find the materials required to undertake the naming ceremony eg. Sufficient food sources for celebration must be gathered and presented to the father of the newborn. During certain occasions, Kayapo men may speak as if someone is punching them in the stomach. The Kayapo possess varying knowledge of Portuguese, depending on the individual groups and their history of contact with outsiders.

Land control and environmental issues
The Kayapo have incorporated a great deal of traditional myth, ritual and cosmology into their practices honouring the importance of the earth's relationship with the people. Threats to the forest home of the Kayapo have been an area of extreme concern in the last 30 years, beginning with mining and logging enterprises which threatened to destroy the rainforest, and thus the Kayapo's way of life. In the village of Gorotire, the Kayapo made a deal with prospectors that mining could take place as long as they received a percentage of the mining proceeds and had their territory demarcated. The gold mining operation was initially seen as a positive development, which brought money into the local economy. With money filtering into the economy, better housing, improved education and a resulting level of health were achieved. However, the initial benefits of mining also resulted in high levels of pollution in the area which seeped into water ways and nearby river banks and decimated local fish populations with high quantities of mercury. In addition to striking environmental threats, social habits began to change with the introduction of outside influences in the area. Men began to spend more time in town drinking, and engaging in "conspicuous consumption and womanising." This increased interaction with outside groups elevated the levels of disease, which posed an imminent threat to the people because of their relative seclusion and limited access to medical care. In addition, the diminishing resource base caused conflicts between the Kayapo and neighbouring villages which often resulted in explosive and long standing disputes. The Kayapo people used forceful tactics to banish loggers and miners in some areas, as well as to establish themselves as an economic force. Developers ranging from gold miners to soy farmers and cattle ranchers were often killed.

In 1987, new land issues arose when the government proposed a series of hydroelectric dams to be built in the Xingu River area, namely the Belo Monte Dam. These dams were an imminent threat to the Kayapo with the potential to displace upwards of 20,000 people from their lands. Under the leadership of Paulinho Paiakan, the Altamira Gathering was orchestrated by the Kayapo, drawing media attention worldwide. This demonstration, staged at the planned site for the first dam in Altamira, Pará, lasted several days and brought much pressure upon both the World Bank and the Brazilian government. The Altamira gathering brought the Kayapo, as well as other Indigenous Brazilian Peoples and their supporters into a forum where discussion could be had about how to protect the environment and the native peoples. The Kayapo demanded information that was being withheld by the government relating to the negative consequences for their people who would be directly affected by the construction of the dam, as well as rural Brazilians in the Xingu River area, who they felt were not receiving adequate and fair information. The Kayapo continued to fight adversity and retaliated using traditional war oratory and dances, proving that they were not only capable of "effectively reintegrating their society, (but) also of adapting their organization and culture to manipulate the mass media that covered the demonstration". The Kayapo attended the meeting to protest the hydroelectric dam development whilst in traditional costume and wielding machetes. Perhaps "the most dramatic single image to emerge from this tumultuous gathering was that of Tuíra, a female indigenous leader, angrily waving a machete in the face of engineer José Antônio Muniz Lópes (later president of Eletronorte, the state power company in charge of the dam), which had worldwide repercussions and probably influenced further postponement of the project".

An important media element of the presentations was the appearance of the rock star Sting during the demonstration. Sting continued to support the Kayapo in their efforts to protect their land, and in 1989 he founded the Rainforest Foundation Fund. Three years later, the first privately funded demarcation of the Brazilian indigenous reserve was made possible by the RFF. In 2008, they were again threatened by secretive government plans to build a series of hydroelectric dams on their land. The Belo Monte Dam resurfaced, and would be built on the Xingu River, the homeland to many Kayapo people. The Construction plans continue to be fought by the Kayapo people. Government corruption continues to weaken the resistance efforts of the indigenous and opposition forces within the government. Kayapo leaders protesting the creation of the dam are constantly threatened, and some have been killed by developers and land prospectors. Because of the nature of the circumstances, these crimes are rarely punished.

The forest is the home of the Kayapo and they rely on its bounty for their food and medicinal needs. Rivers are essential to their way of life and gold mining in Brazil is polluting the rivers, while the proposed Belo Monte Dam project would use up vast amounts of resources essential to the survival and livelihood of the Kayapo and would severely impact fishing conditions. Between 18,000-25,000 (indirectly associated) jobs will be created by the construction of the dam. These numbers will have a vast and far reaching implication on population growth in the area which has the very real potential to put even more pressure on the fragile forest infrastructure and ever decreasing natural resource base, escalating concerns of flooding and deforestation in particular.

Botany and agriculture
The resource patterns of the Kayapo are non-destructive to the resource base but require a very large area of land. The Kayapo people use shifting cultivation, a type of farming where land is cultivated for a few years, after which the people move to a new area. New farmland is cleared and the old farm is allowed to lie fallow and replenish itself. The particular type of shifting agriculture employed most frequently by the Kayapo is the slash and burn technique. This process allows forested areas to be cut down and burned in order for cultivation of the lands to take place. These “new fields” “peak in production of principal domesticated crops in two or three years but continue to reproduce for many years; e.g., sweet potatoes for four to five years, yams and taro for five to six years, manioc for four to six years, and papaya for five or more years”. Old fields are important for their concentration of medicinal plants. With the spread of indigenous groups, trail-side plantings and “forest fields” were also used for cultivating crops. Trails systems were extensive in the area and were used for transporting and growing crops along their margins. The field system was done by utilizing either naturally occurring or man made clearings in the forest for crop cultivation which required little maintenance afterward. The Kayapo also cultivated “war gardens” which were hidden plots used as a resource in times of food scarcity.

The Kayapo use approximately 250 different food plants and 650 different medicinal plants that they find around their village.

They also have trade agreements with The Body Shop.

title: Kayapo


text:
User:Chelanpud

Chelan County Public Utility District

 * Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County
 * 327 N. Wenatchee Avenue
 * PO Box 1231
 * Wenatchee, WA 98807
 * (509) 663-8121
 * - Toll Free in WA State (888) 663-8121 -
 * Fax (509) 664-2870

title: User:Chelanpud


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Malarky

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Malarky
Slang term of UK (?) origin. Eddie.willers 04:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Already in Wiktionary, at the alternate (and more common) spelling malarkey. —Cryptic (talk) 04:45, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per above. Cnwb 04:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Cryptic.— Encephalon |  ζ   07:45:29, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wiktionary duplicate with tone problems. - Mgm|(talk) 11:22, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not a dictionary of slang. Incidentally, yes, the phrase is of UK origin. And the definition given is wrong. Rob Church Talk 19:21, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Malarky


text:
User talk:Stroker And Hoop

Please contribute usefully to the encyclopedia. Talk pages are for discussing how to improve the article, not making extraneous comments. Thanks. Meelar (talk) 04:34, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do not post to my talk page ever again. Thanks. --Stroker And Hoop 04:35, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.--24.165.233.150 05:08, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Look, JERK. YOU called me a "non contributing user" on the Hurricane Katrina entry AND you removed one of my links I submitted to the entry.  I am not "vandalising" anything.  If you want to report me, THEN DO IT.  But stay off of my talk page.  Loser. --Stroker And Hoop 05:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Please do not make personal attacks on other contributors. Wikipedia has a policy against personal attacks. Some users may remove personal attacks, and you may be banned from editing. Comment on content, not on the contributor. For further help, see Wikipedia:Dispute resolution. Thank you. -Loren 05:16, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Then tell this loser to stop removing my legitimate items and calling me a "non contributing user!" It's also MY talk page and I'll call him on it if I wish! --Stroker And Hoop 05:17, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This previous message was in regards to your edit summaries on Hurricane Katrina. If you disagree with another user on article content, please make use of the article talk pages to help reach a community consensus. Constant revert wars, name calling, and personal vendettas help no one. -Loren 05:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. You're right, it wasn't intended as an insult. The point is that Wikipedia isn't a linking site like DMOZ, and although I'm sure Stroker's intentions are good despite his hostile language, Wikipedia is better off without a bunch of users whos only contributions are more external links on a page with a dozen of them already. Stroker, I'm sorry if I offended you: I didn't even expect you to ever see my comment on the links... most people who drive-by and only add externals don't return. 24.165.233.150 05:30, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. 06:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stroker And Hoop


text:
User talk:BQAggie2004

Howdy!
I'm just a random Wikipedia user who got bored online one day, and ran across some articles regarding the war in Iraq that just didn't sound right to me. In these articles, Zarqawi was a 'gurrella' leader, IED's and random mortar fire are 'insurgent tactics,' and worse yet, the word 'terrorist' was never used once to describe anyone or any group. I have learned this word carries a negative connotation, so in order to prevent showing bias, it is not used. However, when someone can genuinely say and prove that an individual or group actively participates and encourages random attacks without regard to civilians, then I believe this label should and must apply. Otherwise, the attempt to stay neutral makes the article unintenionally biased in their favor. In order to prevent these articles from reading like excerpts from the "New York Times," the term 'terrorist' must be used where appropriate.

Terrorism is not an American word for insurgency. It is a global problem, striking innocent civilians in New York, London, Madrid, Tokyo, Oklahoma City, Iraq, and other places. It is a malicious act, intended as a way for a violent group to 'get their point across.' There is no excuse or justification for this, nor any politically correct way to translate it into a more sanitized term. To make this an objective account of current events, terrorism must be called for what it is.

If anyone out there wants to help with this, please send me other page names/ideas/links, or even start trying to edit other pages that you find. We may even be able to form a group that can work on this together. I am currently working on the article entitled 'Iraqi Insurgency.' Any help is greatly appreciated.

Please pray for our troops, and for the Iraqi people. BQAggie2004 06:51, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

A message from ebralph
My pleasure, if you found what I said helpful. Living in Germany has taught me that a lot of things that seem obvious to me require a lot of arguments which have been inspected from every angle to be accepted. Not that people are dumb or simple minded - the share is probably as equal here as there - but because the way people think is so totaly different. It teaches a lot of patience. :-) I can understand that you feel strongly about it, as do I. I hope we find a formula which is closer to the truth as possible. --Ebralph 04:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Rwbout1024x768.jpg
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Hope you're still around
Howdy fish! That's MISTER Henley to you. Got time to pull my boots?

I was a Zip in A-Batt when you were there and thought I'd drop you a line, if you haven't already left wikipedia. I thought you might be interested to learn that Texas A&M University and the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band are both now featured articles on Wikipedia!!! I also wanted to invite you to join the WikiProject Texas A&M group to improve A&M articlesand get the right info out there about our school. — BQZip01 — talk 21:52, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:BQAggie2004


text:
Barry O'Farrell

Barry Robert O'Farrell (born 24 May 1959) is an Australian former politician who was Australia's High Commissioner to India and non-resident Ambassador to Bhutan from February 2020 to 30 June 2023. O'Farrell was the 43rd Premier of New South Wales and Minister for Western Sydney from 2011 to 2014. He was the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party from 2007 to 2014, and was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1995 to 2015, representing Northcott until 1999 and representing Ku-ring-gai on the Upper North Shore of Sydney from 1999 to 2015. He was President and Independent Board Chair of Diabetes Australia, Chair of the Wests Tigers Rugby League Football Club and CEO of Racing Australia Ltd until taking up his role in India.

Born in Melbourne, his father's Army career saw O'Farrell and his family move around Australia, ending up in Darwin in the Northern Territory. In 1977 O'Farrell moved to Canberra to study at the Australian National University, where he gained a Bachelor of Arts. O'Farrell started his career as a graduate trainee in the Australian Public Service in Canberra. O'Farrell served as the State Director of the party in New South Wales from 1992 to 1995.

At the 1995 New South Wales election, O'Farrell was elected to the safe Liberal seat of Northcott in northern Sydney. Following the seat's abolition in the 1998 redistribution he secured selection for the equally safe seat of Ku-ring-gai in 1999 and held it until 2015. O'Farrell joined the Shadow Ministry in 1998 and served two periods as Deputy Leader (1999–2002 and 2003–2007). Following the Liberal-Nationals' defeat at the 2007 state election (their fourth in a row), O'Farrell challenged Peter Debnam for the Liberal leadership. Debnam withdrew from the contest on the day of the ballot and O'Farrell was elected unopposed as the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party and consequently as Leader of the Opposition. He became Premier in a landslide at the 2011 election, winning the largest majority government in New South Wales history.

On 16 April 2014, O'Farrell announced his intention to resign as party leader and NSW Premier as well as Minister for Western Sydney after misleading a New South Wales Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) investigation. ICAC subsequently found "that there was no intention on Mr O'Farrell's part to mislead". He formally resigned on 17 April as Liberal Party leader and on 24 November 2014, O'Farrell announced his intention not to stand for re-election at the 2015 NSW election.

Early life and background
The youngest of three children, Barry Robert O'Farrell was born to Kevin and Mae O'Farrell in the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, on 24 May 1959. He is descended from Irish immigrants who arrived in Victoria in the 1860s; and his paternal grandfather was an officer in the Victoria Police Force in Ballarat. The O'Farrells moved to Darwin during his adolescence and he finished his high school education at St John's College.

In 1977 O'Farrell began studying at the Australian National University in Canberra, residing at Ursula College. During his second year of study, he was elected President of the Ursula College Student Association. In 1980 he received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Australian history, politics and Aboriginal studies and has cited Professor Manning Clark and Don Baker as major influences for his continuing interest in Australian history.

After serving as a graduate trainee in the Department of Business and Consumer Affairs, in 1980 O'Farrell joined the Liberal Party and worked in the offices of two South Australian Senators, Tony Messner and Gordon Davidson.

When John Howard became Leader of the Opposition in 1985, his chief of staff, Gerard Henderson, hired O'Farrell as a Sydney-based adviser. In May 1988, O'Farrell was employed as Chief of Staff for Bruce Baird, a cabinet minister in the New South Wales government. Four years later, O'Farrell and Tony Abbott sought appointment as the State Director of the New South Wales Liberal Party. O'Farrell succeeded and he held this position until 1995.

Member of Parliament
In 1994, O'Farrell was preselected to replace former Transport Minister and Deputy Liberal Leader, Bruce Baird, in the safe Liberal seat of Northcott and won the seat on 25 March 1995 at the 1995 election with 60.05% of the primary vote, 68.63% after preferences against Andrew Leigh, the Labor candidate who was elected in 2010 as the federal Member for Fraser.

O'Farrell gave his maiden speech in Parliament on 19 September 1995.

On 14 December 1998, State Opposition Leader Kerry Chikarovski appointed O'Farrell Shadow Minister for Small Business and Information Technology. When his seat of Northcott was abolished in the 1998 redistribution, O'Farrell decided to contest the equally safe seat of Ku-ring-gai, which had been vacated by the sitting member, Stephen O'Doherty, who had moved to contest the seat of Hornsby following the redistribution. O'Farrell represented Northcott until its abolition on 26 March 1999. His transfer bid was successful at the 1999 election, gaining 56.3% of the primary vote and 70.03% after preferences. When Ron Phillips was defeated at the election, thereby vacating the Deputy Leadership, O'Farrell stood for the position and was elected on 31 March 1999, defeating Chris Hartcher by one vote. Chikarovski then appointed him on 19 April 1999 to the senior role of Shadow Minister for Transport, dropping Small Business.

At the 1999 republic referendum, O'Farrell voted against the proposal for Australia to become a republic with a president elected by the Parliament of Australia. In 2007, referring to his vote, O'Farrell stated "I'm not going to buy something that I don't believe is a better deal".

In a further Shadow Cabinet reshuffle on 4 January 2002, O'Farrell lost Information Technology and became Shadow Minister for Innovation. However, when John Brogden deposed Chikarovski as Leader on 28 March 2002, O'Farrell also lost the Deputy Leadership, eleven votes to nine, to Chris Hartcher. O'Farrell was sacked from the shadow ministry but, on 1 September 2002, after six months on the backbench O'Farrell was appointed by Brogden as Shadow Minister for Education and Training and Shadow Special Minister of State.

Following the 2003 state election, O'Farrell was re-elected as the Member for Ku-ring-gai with 71.60% of the two-party vote, O'Farrell successfully contested the deputy's position, replacing Hartcher. Brogden then appointed him on 8 April 2003 as Shadow Minister for Health, dropping his Education portfolio.

After Brogden resigned as leader on 29 August 2005, Peter Debnam became leader when O'Farrell pulled out of the leadership race on the morning of the 1 September party vote. Debnam then appointed him as Shadow Leader of the House, Shadow Minister for Transport and Shadow Minister for Waterways on 20 March 2006. In a November reshuffle, O'Farrell was shifted to the senior position of Shadow Treasurer.

Leader of the Opposition (2007–2011)

After the Liberals were defeated in the 2007 state election, O'Farrell announced his intention to challenge Debnam for party leadership. When it was apparent that Debnam did not have enough support to keep his post, he opted not to recontest, leaving O'Farrell to take the leadership unopposed. Jillian Skinner was elected Deputy Leader. He later appointed himself Shadow Minister for Western Sydney in the Shadow Ministry.

In June 2008, Newspoll reported that O'Farrell led Morris Iemma in the preferred premier stakes.

In 2008, O'Farrell led by-election campaigns in Lakemba, Ryde, and Cabramatta where the Coalition recorded the largest by-election swing against Labor in its history. The Liberals achieved a swing of 22.7% in Cabramatta and 13% in Lakemba. Ryde, once a safe Labor seat, was taken by Liberal Victor Dominello on a swing of 23.1%. On 2 September 2009, in the wake of the resignation of Labor's John Della Bosca following an affair, O'Farrell introduced a motion of no confidence on the Premier Nathan Rees and the NSW Government. O'Farrell was hoping to push an early election saying that "The job of changing New South Wales for the better needs to start today. The best thing that Nathan Rees could do is to allow the people to have their say through an early election". The motion was put to the house but defeated on party lines. Despite this, all independent members of the Legislative Assembly voted for the motion.

In June 2010, the Liberals' Stuart Ayres won the Penrith by-election with a swing of 25%–at the time, the biggest swing against a sitting government in NSW history. The by-election was caused by the resignation of Karyn Paluzzano after she admitted rorting her electoral mail allowance and lying about it to the ICAC. A jubilant O'Farrell stated, "What we've seen this evening is the Liberal Party win its first seat in Western Sydney in 20 years. It demonstrates once and for all that Labor does not have a lock on Western Sydney."

In August 2010, independent MP and lord mayor of Sydney Clover Moore introduced the Adoption Amendment (Same Sex Couples) Bill as a private member's bill, which, among other things, had the purpose of giving same-sex couples the right to adopt as a couple instead of as individuals. Both O'Farrell and Premier Kristina Keneally allowed a conscience vote on the bill. O'Farrell supported the reforms: "I support this measure today ... for the sake of children but also because I don't believe our society should exclude because of gender, sexuality, faith, background or some other factor, people who have a contribution they can make... That's not the free and confident society I seek." The bill was passed by the Legislative Assembly 46 votes to 44.

In late 2010, following the government announcement of the sale of NSW's electricity assets, O'Farrell called for a judicial inquiry into the matter. After rejecting a judicial inquiry, Premier Kristina Keneally shut down or "prorogued" Parliament early to try to stop a parliamentary inquiry announced by O'Farrell. O'Farrell maintained pressure on the issue over the Christmas/New Year period arguing the public had a right to know whether fair price had been achieved, why eight directors had resigned over the sale and what impact the sale would have on power bills. On 6 January, Keneally bowed to pressure and agreed to attend an inquiry she had earlier called "unconstitutional".

On the eve of the 2011 election, ABC radio reported that NSW Labor could be facing "the biggest loss in Australian political history", with the statewide swing predicted at between 16 and 18 points. Asked to define himself ideologically, O'Farrell told the ABC: "I describe myself as a classic Liberal. You know, ascribe to those Liberal principles but like Menzies believe that the role of government is to apply the principles, the plans, the policies to an issue that suit the times. So Menzies used to say that it must be great being an ideologue because it saves time thinking. Menzies wanted to deliver real change, wanted to deliver real solutions and that's where I put myself."

The Coalition were unbackable favourites to win the 2011 election; by the time the writs were dropped they had been ahead in opinion polling for almost three years. The final Newspoll saw a two-party-preferred figure of 64.1 percent for the Coalition and 35.9 percent for Labor. Opinion polls and commentators had almost universally written Labor off by the time the writs were dropped. Indeed, speculation centred on how large O'Farrell's majority would be, and whether Labor would hold onto enough seats to form a credible opposition. As a measure of how far Labor's stocks had fallen, the Coalition was threatening Labor in seats that the non-Labor side hadn't held in over a century, as well as seats where the Coalition had not been a serious threat since the Great Depression.

As expected, O'Farrell went on to lead the Coalition to a comprehensive victory on a swing of over 16%, the highest for a general election in Australia since World War II. The Coalition won several seats in Labor's traditional west Sydney heartland, many of which had previously been safe for Labor; two of them, Smithfield and Campbelltown, fell to the Liberals on 20 percent swings. The Liberal Party achieved an overall gain of 27 seats, while the National Party gained 5 seats, for a total of 69 seats–the largest majority government in NSW history. In his own seat of Ku-ring-gai, already considered an ultra-safe Liberal seat, O'Farrell achieved 72.7% of the primary vote, 87% after preferences, for an overall majority of 37%, making his own seat the safest in the state. The Liberals won a majority in their own right, with 51 seats—the first time the main non-Labor party in New South Wales had won an outright majority since adopting the Liberal label in 1945. Although O'Farrell did not require the support of the Nationals in order to govern, he opted to retain the Coalition.

Premier of New South Wales (2011–2014)
O'Farrell was sworn in as Premier by the Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir, on 28 March 2011. Although O'Farrell's victory was beyond doubt, counting was still underway in a few seats at the time. For this reason, O'Farrell had himself and NSW Nationals leader Andrew Stoner sworn in as an interim two-man government—a move similar to how Gough Whitlam took office after winning the 1972 federal election. The full ministry was sworn in on 3 April 2011 at a formal ceremony at Government House by the Lieutenant Governor, Justice James Spigelman. Upon taking office, O'Farrell reduced the size of the Premier's personal staff and moved the office from Governor Macquarie Tower back to the historic Premier's office within Parliament House.

Following the swearing in of cabinet, on 4 April O'Farrell announced a "100 Day Action Plan", outlining the agenda of his government for his first one hundred days in office. O'Farrell moved to rein in public expenditure by capping public service wage increases at 2.5% a year, with any additional increases to be justified by real productivity increases, and by abolishing the 'unattached list' for public servants. O'Farrell ensured the wages cap also applied to Members of Parliament and even secured agreement from the Governor, Her Excellency Professor Marie Bashir, for the limit to apply to her wage increases. The new Government also enshrined the independence of the public service by the establishing of an independent Public Service Commission, to implement structural reform, chaired by former federal department head Peter Shergold.

As part of his determination to rein in spending, O'Farrell proposed reducing the lifetime office, staff, car and driver entitlements of former Premiers. In response three former Premiers – Neville Wran, Nick Greiner and Bob Carr – obtained legal advice and threatened to take court action to maintain their emoluments. After negotiations, changes were effected that saw the bill to taxpayers reduced by $770,000 in 2012/13 from $1.6 million in 2011/12. O'Farrell then managed to increase the minimum term to five years; O'Farrell himself would not eligible for the full pension and neither will Gladys and many others.

In announcing the changes, O'Farrell said "We went to the election with a commitment to cut costs. It's only fair former premiers do their bit. Long-serving premiers in NSW have until now been given lifelong entitlements, but it's time that practice ended."

O'Farrell also fulfilled his election promise to repeal the controversial powers granted under part 3A of the Planning and Assessment Act that allowed the government to over-ride decisions by local councils about major developments. Another aspect was the creation of Infrastructure NSW, which is to decide upon which infrastructure projects take precedence, funding requirements and overall delivery. O'Farrell then appointed former Liberal Premier Nick Greiner as its Chairman.

On 13 May 2011, the O'Farrell Government moved to retrospectively change commercial contracts relating to the Solar Rebate Scheme that saw eligible households paid a gross feed-in tariff of 60 cents a kilowatt hour. This move followed revelations the scheme had blown out in cost from A$400 million to A$1.9 billion. Without compensation, the rebate tariff would have been reduced by 33% to 40 cents a kilowatt hour from 1 July 2011 through to the conclusion of the scheme in 2016. However, the Legislative Council made it clear that they would not agree to roll the bonus back and the government conceded. The scheme was closed to new customers 28 April 2011.

On 7 October 2011, O'Farrell announced that the Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir, would live in Government House, 15 years after Premier Bob Carr's decision to not have the governor live there, arguing "that's what it was built for".

In the lead up to the 2011 election, as part of his determination to reinvigorate the State's economy, O'Farrell committed to re-engaging NSW with Asia, especially China and India. In July 2011 he led a trade delegation to China, travelling to India in November of that year. As Premier O'Farrell visited each country annually, renewing NSW's sister-state relationship with China's Guangdong province and establishing one with the State of Maharastra in India. In 2013, during a meeting with then Gujarat Chief Minister, Narendra Modi, O'Farrell secured agreement for a second sister state relationship.

In 2014 he joined Australian Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, and other State Premiers on a trade mission to China. During 'Australia in China' week, O'Farrell visited Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai and Beijing participating in a State banquet hosted by China's President Xi Jinping in Beijing's Great Hall of the People.

During a visit to Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates in May 2012, O'Farrell was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Lebanese Maronite Order Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik. In receiving the honour, O'Farrell said: "This Honorary Doctorate from a renowned university honours the relationship between the people of NSW and the people of Lebanon, as much as it does any individual. It is therefore particularly humbling to receive it. I sincerely hope that my current visit to Lebanon conveys the high esteem in which the Government and people of NSW hold the Lebanese community, and reflects my desire to foster an even closer and more productive relationship, including in the field of education."

At the December 2012 Council of Australian Governments meeting, O'Farrell reached agreement with Prime Minister Gillard, for NSW to become the first state or territory to secure funding for the full rollout of the National Disability Insurance Scheme. When fully operational in 2018/19, the Federal Government will commit A$3.3 billion and the NSW Government A$3.1 billion to provide individualised care and support to an estimated 140,000 people with disabilities throughout New South Wales. At a joint media conference with Gillard, O'Farrell praised the efforts of his Minister for Ageing and Disabilities Andrew Constance in helping to finalise the deal.

On 19 April 2013, O'Farrell expressed support for legalising same-sex marriage, on the ground of individual freedom, after it had been legalised in New Zealand. O'Farrell also urged federal Opposition leader Tony Abbott to allow a conscience vote on same-sex marriage in the federal parliament.

On 23 April 2013, O'Farrell became the first state premier to sign up to the federal government's Gonski national education reforms, securing A$5 billion in additional funding for the State's schools.

In mid-March 2014, the O'Farrell state government's Community Services Minister, Pru Goward, announced the prospective sale of around 300 harbourfront public housing properties under the management of Government Property NSW. Goward explained that the proceeds generated from the sale, expected to be in the hundreds of millions, will be reinvested into the public housing system. Considered historic structures, the harbourfront properties are located at Millers Point, The Rocks and on Gloucester Street, and include the Sirius complex, a high-rise, 79-unit apartment complex near the Harbour Bridge that is an example of brutalist architecture.

Throughout his political career, O'Farrell was a strong supporter or multiculturalism and as Opposition Leader he sought to actively engage Sydney's ethnic communities. Commentators attributed this to his strong 2011 election victory with Professor Andrew Jakubowic stating: "...the massive margins once enjoyed by Labor in seats such as Lakemba, Auburn, Bankstown, Canterbury, Liverpool and Kogarah may never return, at least at a state level, because of Barry O’Farrell’s appeal to ethnic voters. He could lock in that vote for the Coalition for a long time if he continues to build on his reputation as a moderate".

As Premier, O'Farrell implemented the Multicultural Advantage Action Plan 2012–2015.

In 2014 O'Farrell took issue with the claim by Federal Attorney General, Senator George Brandis that people 'have a right to be a bigots' stating: "In commendably seeking to protect freedom of speech, we must not lower our defences against the evil of racial and religious intolerance. Bigotry should never be sanctioned, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Vilification on the grounds of race or religion is always wrong. There's no place for inciting hatred within our Australia society."

2014 ICAC investigation and subsequent resignation
In April 2014, O'Farrell appeared as a witness during an investigation by the NSW Independent Commission Against Corruption into alleged actions by Australian Water Holdings (AWH). At the inquiry, it was alleged that O'Farrell had received a A$3,000 bottle of Grange Hermitage wine from an AWH executive, which he had failed to declare. O'Farrell initially denied his receipt of the gift, but on the evening of 15 April, he was advised of a "thank you" note, to be presented to the ICAC, that he handwrote for AWH CEO Nick Di Girolamo. The note, presented as an ICAC exhibit, read: "Dear Nick & Jodie, We wanted to thank you for your kind note & the wonderful wine. 1959 was a very good year, even if it is getting even further away! Thanks for all your support. Kind regards."

On 16 April 2014, O'Farrell stated in a press conference that he had had "a massive memory fail" and he still could not explain a gift that he had "no recollection of". At a media conference he announced his intention to resign as the Premier of NSW. O'Farrell then re-appeared at ICAC, apologising for his error. The Counsel assisting the Commission reiterated there was no suggestion O'Farrell engaged in corrupt conduct. ICAC's report subsequently cleared him finding that it was satisfied, "that there was no intention on Mr O'Farrell's part to mislead".

Responding to subsequent media criticism, the counsel assisting, Geoffrey Watson SC, said that "at a personal level" he was sorry that his questions had unexpectedly resulted in O'Farrell's resignation.

On 23 April 2014 Treasurer Mike Baird was elected unopposed as Liberal Party leader and was subsequently sworn in as the 44th NSW Premier.

On 24 November 2014, O'Farrell announced his intention not to stand for re-election at the 2015 NSW election, and he retired from politics at that election.

Post-politics career
On 9 June 2015, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop appointed O'Farrell to be deputy chairman of the Australia–India Council, which aims to promote trade and investment ties between the two countries: "Mr O'Farrell's commitment to building deeper economic and community ties between Australia and India is well demonstrated. As Premier of New South Wales, he led annual trade missions to India. He also initiated the sister State relationship between New South Wales and Maharashtra in 2012." He began his term on the council on 1 August. In September 2015, the Federal Social Services Minister, Scott Morrison, announced that O'Farrell would also lead a Federal Government review into offshore gambling websites. In February 2016, the Minister for Sport, Stuart Ayres, announced O'Farrell's appointment to the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust.

In 2016, O'Farrell also joined the boards of the Royal Flying Doctor Service South Eastern Section and Obesity Australia In September 2016 NSW premier Mike Baird announced that O'Farrell had been appointed to the unpaid position of NSW's Special Envoy – India. O'Farrell left these three positions on 31 December 2018 to take on a new not-for-profit role with Diabetes Australia.

On 7 December 2016, the board of Racing Australia announced that O'Farrell had been appointed as the organisation's CEO. He commenced in the full-time position in early 2017. In January 2018, he became inaugural chair of the New South Wales Rugby League's Foundation Diabetes Australia announced his appointment as its independent president and board chair on 16 January 2019. On 12 March 2019, it was announced that O'Farrell had been appointed Chair of Wests Tigers, the NRL football club

High Commissioner to India
On 18 February 2020, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Marise Payne, announced O'Farrell's appointment as Australian High Commissioner to India and non-resident accredited ambassador to Bhutan. On 21 May 2020, O'Farrell presented his commission to the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, in India's first-ever virtual credentials ceremony. On 15 November 2020, O'Farrell sparked an outcry when he met Mohan Bhagwat, the leader of the far-right Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a paramilitary group which has been implicated in large-scale religious riots and other acts of extremist violence.

Despite COVID and lockdowns in Australia and India, O'Farrell oversaw a virtual 'leadership summit' held on 4 June 2020 between the Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. The summit elevated the Australia–India relationship to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, with eleven accompanying agreements ranging from maritime and defence security through to education and economic co-operation.

As high commissioner O'Farrell announced his intention to replace the "3 Cs" (cricket, commonwealth and curry) with the "4 Ds" (democracy, defence, diaspora and dosti) in seeking to characterise Australia India relations.

On 7 October 2022, O'Farrell presented his credentials as ambassador to the King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, at Tashichho Dzong in Thimphu.

In March 2023, Australia's serving ambassador in Berlin, Philip Green, was named Australia's next high commissioner to India.

Personal and community life
O'Farrell was first married in 1987. The union lasted for less than a year and he seeks to maintain the privacy of his former wife.

While working for Bruce Baird in Sydney, O'Farrell met Rosemary Cowan, Baird's personal assistant and the daughter of Bruce Cowan, a former Nationals state and federal politician. O'Farrell and Rosemary Cowan married in late 1992 and had two sons. Soon after becoming a Member of Parliament, he had been nicknamed "Fatty O'Barrel" by political opponents due to his weight. But in the period 2003–2005 O'Farrell is reported to have lost 40–50 kilograms.

As a Member of Parliament 1995–2005, O'Farrell was involved in various local organisations including Ku-ring-gai Amateur Swimming Club, the Ku-ring-gai Historical Society and was an honorary Member of the Rotary Club of Wahroonga. O'Farrell was vice patron of the Sir David Martin Foundation and patron of the RSPCA NSW Branch.

O'Farrell has walked the 110 km long Kokoda Track twice. The first time was in 2008 with his eldest son, and the second time was in 2014, with his youngest son and Seven News state political reporter Lee Jeloscek.

O'Farrell was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2020 Australia Day Honours for "distinguished service to the people and Parliament of New South Wales, particularly as Premier, and to the community."

O'Farrell is a supporter of NRL club the Wests Tigers, of which he was appointed chairman of in 2019.

title: Barry O'Farrell


text:
Talk:NASCAR Nation

Any experts on NASCAR are welcome to expand this article by contributing.

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Xavier Nady

Xavier Clifford Nady VI (born November 14, 1978) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. Nady played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Arizona Diamondbacks, Washington Nationals, San Francisco Giants, and the San Diego Padres.

Early life
Xavier Clifford Nady VI was born on November 14, 1978, in Salinas, California. Nady was named Northern California Player of the Year in his senior year of high school. The St. Louis Cardinals originally drafted Nady in the fourth round of the 1997 Major League Baseball draft (134th overall), but he did not sign professionally at that time.

College career
Nady instead attended University of California, Berkeley, where he set the all-time Pac-10 Conference record for career slugging percentage (.729) for the California Golden Bears baseball team. In 2021, Nady was inducted into the California Athletics Hall of Fame.

Draft and San Diego Padres (2000, 2003–2005)
Nady was drafted in the second round of the 2000 Major League Baseball draft by the San Diego Padres (49th overall). Nady signed a major league contract and became the 18th player to go directly to the major leagues without making his professional debut in the minor leagues since 1965.

Nady only appeared in one major league game before being sent to the minor leagues. He was named Padres Minor League Player of the Year in 2001, also collecting the California League MVP and Rookie of the Year awards that season. Nady underwent Tommy John surgery after the 2001 season and had limited playing time in 2002. In 2003, he again returned to the major league level for part of the season, earning NL Rookie of the Month honors in May. He ultimately spent most of his time in the minor leagues.

In late June 2005, Nady became the first Padre since Greg Vaughn (in 1998) to homer in four consecutive games.

New York Mets (2006)
The Padres traded him to the New York Mets for Mike Cameron on November 18, 2005. Nady underwent an emergency appendectomy early in the morning on May 30, 2006. As a result, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list, and returned to the lineup on June 18.

Pittsburgh Pirates (2006–2008)
On July 30, 2006, Mets set-up relief pitcher Duaner Sánchez was injured when the cab in which he was a passenger was broadsided. The Mets' pitching corps was already depleted with star pitcher Pedro Martínez on the disabled list. Desperate for pitching, the Mets were forced to give up Nady, their starting right fielder, to the Pirates in exchange for pitchers Óliver Pérez and Roberto Hernández.

In September 2007, Nady was hit in the head with a pitch and later diagnosed with a concussion. He was named NL Player of the Week for the week of April 6, 2008.

New York Yankees (2008–2009)
On July 26, 2008, the New York Yankees acquired Nady and pitcher Dámaso Marte from the Pittsburgh Pirates for José Tábata, Ross Ohlendorf, Daniel McCutchen, and Jeff Karstens.

Nady had a career-high six (6) RBIs as the Yankees came back to beat the Los Angeles Angels on August 3, 2008. Nady was named AL Player of the Week for his performance. He finished the 2008 season setting career-highs in home runs (25) and runs batted in (97), and had a .305 batting average.

On January 21, 2009, Nady signed a one-year contract worth $6.65 million with the Yankees, thus avoiding arbitration. On April 14, 2009, Nady suffered a right-elbow injury which ultimately required a second Tommy John surgery on July 8, despite an initial attempt to rehab the injury. The surgery ended his 2009 season. As a result, Nick Swisher took over in Nady's position for the remainder of the 2009 season. Nady spent the season (including the postseason) on the disabled list until the Yankees won the 2009 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. He filed for free agency following the conclusion of the 2009 season.

While Nady played only seven games for the Yankees in 2009, he did receive a World Series ring following the team's Series victory that season.

Chicago Cubs (2010)
On January 29, 2010, Nady signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs. On May 16, 2010, Nady hit a game-winning RBI single in the eighth inning against the Pirates, as the Cubs won 4–3. Nady finished the season with a .256 batting average, six home runs and 33 runs batted in. He became a free agent after the end of the season.

Arizona Diamondbacks (2011)
Nady signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks on December 15, 2010. He became a free agent after the end of the season.

Washington Nationals (2012)
Nady signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on March 18, 2012. He was called up by the Nationals on April 4. Following a trip to the disabled list midway through the season, Nady was designated for assignment on July 21, 2012 and released on July 29, 2012. Nationals outfielder Bryce Harper, a rookie during the 2012 season, later named Nady among the veteran teammates from whom he learned early on in his playing career.

San Francisco Giants (2012)
Nady was signed to a minor league contract by the San Francisco Giants on August 4, 2012, and assigned to their Triple-A affiliate in Fresno, California. He made his debut for the Giants on September 1, 2012, and hit a three-run double against the Cubs in his first at-bat. On September 30, Nady hit a game-tying ninth-inning home run against the San Diego Padres in a game that the Giants went on to win in extra innings. He was on the active roster during the 2012 World Series in which the team swept the Detroit Tigers in four games.

Kansas City Royals
On December 14, 2012, Nady signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. During Spring training, Nady struggled first with plantar fasciitis and then sustained a partial tear in his right heel. The Royals released him on March 25, 2013, and then re-signed him to a Minor League contract later the same week. He played with their Triple-A team in Omaha. Nady was released on June 29.

Colorado Rockies
Nady signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies on June 30, 2013.

Second stint with Padres (2014)
Nady signed a minor league deal with the San Diego Padres in January 2014. He was designated for assignment on May 5, 2014. On May 11, Nady refused his outright assignment and elected free agency.

Seattle Mariners
On May 27, 2014, Nady signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners. He exercised an opt-out clause in his contract on June 26, becoming a free agent.

Coaching career
On June 20, 2015, Nady began his tenure as the hitting coach for the Lake Elsinore Storm, the Single A affiliate of the San Diego Padres. He has since taken a job as a scout and recruiter for agent Scott Boras.

Personal life
Nady's wife, Meredith, had their first child, a son named Xavier VII, on July 15, 2008. His second son was born on September 8, 2011. The Nady family traces it's lineage back to France before moving to Iowa in the mid-19th century. The first Xavier Nady can be traced back to the 16th century French hamlet of Auxelles-Bas. His uncle is boxing referee Jay Nady. His cousin is football coach Jeff Nady.

After an intestinal illness prior to spring training in 2007, Nady was tested for Crohn's disease due to family history of the disease. The tests turned out negative and Nady was instead diagnosed with a minor infection of the small intestines.

title: Xavier Nady


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Q star

A Q-star, also known as a grey hole, is a hypothetical type of a compact, heavy neutron star with an exotic state of matter. Such a star can be smaller than the progenitor star's Schwarzschild radius and have a gravitational pull so strong that some light, but not all photons, can escape. The Q stands for a conserved particle number. A Q-star may be mistaken for a stellar black hole.

Types of Q-stars

 * Q-ball
 * B-ball, stable Q-balls with a large baryon number B. They may exist in neutron stars that have absorbed Q-ball(s).

title: Q star


text: User talk:70.181.123.194

title: User talk:70.181.123.194


text: User talk:130.88.170.3

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Talk:Adamo Ruggiero

Comments
He is Italian by his parents' side
 * Versus some other side? Zoe 04:41, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Personal Life
This section seems to have been written by a 13 year old girl. There are no verifiable sources for many of the 'interests' and especially not for the last cute-sy gay remark. Let's clean this up, shall we? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.76.84.15 (talk • contribs).
 * At any rate, I've just added a tag to the section. TS1 01:42, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I've cleaned it up by deleting the entire section - it was all gossip. Please add personal information if it is attributable to a reliable source. —Quarl (talk) 2007-02-26 09:22Z

hi i have to say tht wikipedia IS THE BEST WEBSITE FOR INFORMATION!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.95.142.183 (talk) 01:21, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Adamo Ruggiero


text: Talk:United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense


text:
Devil's Punch Bowl (disambiguation)

Devil's Punch Bowl may refer to:

Antarctica

 * Devils Punchbowl (Antarctica)

UK

 * Devil's Punch Bowl, a large natural amphitheatre in Surrey, England
 * Devil's Punchbowl or Devil's Cauldron, water eroded rock chambers directly below Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion, Wales
 * Wurt Pit and Devil's Punchbowl, in Somerset, England
 * The Devils Punchbowl, an alternative name for the Hole of Horcum, a fist shaped valley in the North York Moors

Ireland

 * Devil's Punchbowl (Kerry), a cirque on Mangerton Mountain in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland

California

 * Devil's Punchbowl (Angeles National Forest), an area of twisted sandstone formations along the San Andreas Fault in Los Angeles County
 * Devil's Punch Bowl, a large, collapsed sea cave in the Russian Gulch State Park in Mendocino County
 * Devils Punchbowl, a lake in the Siskiyou Wilderness in western Siskiyou County
 * Devil's Punchbowl (Plumas County, California), a lake southeast of Taylorsville
 * Devil's Punch Bowl, Inyo National Forest, a volcanic explosion crater that is part of the Mono-Inyo Craters chain

Colorado

 * Devil's Punchbowl, a particularly treacherous section of Schofield Pass.
 * Devil's Punchbowl, a recreational area near Independence Pass.

Mississippi

 * Devil's Punchbowl (Natchez, Mississippi), a concentration camp created to control freed slaves
 * Devil's Punch Bowl, Mississippi, a possible base of operations of bandit John Murrell

Nevada

 * Devil's Punchbowl or Diana's Punchbowl, a geothermal feature in the Monitor Valley of Nevada

Oregon

 * Devils Punch Bowl State Natural Area, large bowl naturally carved in a rock headland partially open to the Pacific Ocean on the Central Oregon Coast

Washington

 * Devils Punch Bowl, a popular swimming and diving area in Lake Crescent, Washington state

Canada

 * Devil's Punch Bowl (Hamilton, Ontario), a waterfall area in Canada

title: Devil's Punch Bowl (disambiguation)


text:
93rd Signal Brigade (United States)

The 93rd Signal Brigade is a unit of the United States Army which was active sporadically from 1941 to the present. Its mission has been to deploy, install, operate, and maintain a global tactical theater communications package, while supporting joint and combined operations. The 93rd Signal Brigade was deactivated on 23 April 2007, and replaced by the 35th Signal Brigade. The Brigade was reactivated at Fort Eustis, Va on 16 July 2008 to support the 7th Signal Command (Theater).

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia Description/Blazon
Centered upon a blue disc 2+3/4 in in diameter a white nine-pointed star, and centered thereon in a triangular form, three orange flashes.

Symbolism

The colors blue and white are a reference to the organization which is served by the unit. Orange and white are the colors traditionally associated with the US Army Signal Corps and the flashes refer to the signal communications mission of the organization. The outward points of the star connote signals transmitted and the inward points connote signals received. The nine points and three flashes allude to the unit's numerical designation.

Distinctive Unit Insignia Description/Blazon
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1/8 in in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure over a flash in bend Argent a torch (bronze metal) Proper, inflamed of the last, in sinister three mullets palewise Or. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed "LOYALTY, HARMONY, ACCURACY" in Red letters.

Background

The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 93d Signal Battalion on 20 February 1943. It was redesignated for the 93d Signal Brigade with symbolism revised to reflect correct lineal descent and color of stars on 29 October 1980.

Lineage
Constituted 3 November 1941 in the Regular Army as the 93d Signal Battalion Activated 15 May 1942 at Camp Crowder, Missouri Inactivated 3 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia Activated 24 February 1955 at Fort Huachuca, Arizona Inactivated (less Company D) 21 September 1972 in Germany (Company D concurrently inactivated at Fort Hood, Texas) Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 93d Signal Battalion, redesignated 16 March 1981 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 93d Signal Brigade, and activated in Germany Inactivated 15 December 1991 in Germany Activated 16 February 1998 at Fort Gordon, Georgia Inactivated 16 April 2007 at Fort Gordon, Georgia Activated 16 July 2007 at Fort Eustis, Virginia

Honors
Campaign Participation Credit
 * World War II: Northern France; Rhineland; Ardennes-Alsace; Central Europe
 * Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; Cease-Fire

Units
Units under the 93d Signal Brigade were:

 * 67th Signal Battalion (Reflagged under the 35th Signal Brigade)
 * Has three line companies with switch, data, radio, and cable functionality, a headquarters company, and a Tactical Installation and Networking (TIN) company.
 * 63rd Signal Battalion (Reflagged under the 35th Signal Brigade)
 * Currently deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom
 * 56th Signal Battalion (Reflagged under the 21st Signal Brigade)
 * Has three echelon-above-corps signal support companies: 235th Signal Company and the 252nd Signal Company (Full Signal Support)
 * 26th Signal Battalion – Heilbronn Germany
 * 51st Signal Battalion – Korwestheim-Ludwigsburg Germany
 * 34th Signal Battalion – Ludwigsburg – Heilbronn

History
On July 18, 1971, soldiers of the 93rd Signal Brigade were involved in racial unrest between African-American and white soldiers.
 * Darmstadt 53

title: 93rd Signal Brigade (United States)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martin Jernehed

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:07, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Martin Jernehed
Doesn't seem to be of particular note outside Scandinavia. He's just 17 - how noteworthy can a soccer player be at that age? Eddie.willers 04:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only gets 12 Google hits. Non-notable. Cnwb 04:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, he can be. But he's not. Del.— Encephalon |  ζ   07:46:27, 2005-08-29 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. I'm not sure how notable 3rd division football is Sweden, but the Swedish Wikipedia don't have an article on him either, and it's awfully vanity like. Note: He doesn't need to be noteworthy outside Scandinavia, as long as he's well-known in Sweden. - Mgm|(talk) 11:20, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The 3rd division is the fourth level down. See Swedish football league system. Uppland 15:26, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. That far down the list, you're nn. -Splash 18:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable. Amren (talk) 23:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, obviously. Fred-Chess 15:59, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, very not notable... -- Elisson • Talk 16:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity. Hall Monitor 22:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.