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Yaya Touré

Gnégnéri Yaya Touré (born 13 May 1983) is an Ivorian professional football coach and former player who played as a midfielder. He is currently an assistant coach for the Saudi Arabia national team.

Touré aspired to be a striker during his youth and has played centre-back, including for Barcelona in the 2009 UEFA Champions League final. However, he spent the majority of his career as a box-to-box midfielder for club and country, where he has been regarded as one of the world's best players in his position. One of the greatest African players of all time, Touré was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

Touré began his playing career at Ivorian club ASEC Mimosas, where he made his debut at age 18. His performances attracted attention from Europe. He had stints with Beveren, Metalurh Donetsk, Olympiacos and Monaco before moving to Barcelona in 2007. He played over 100 matches for the club and was part of the historic Barcelona team that won six trophies in a calendar year, in 2009. In 2010, Touré moved to Premier League club Manchester City, where he scored a number of key goals, most notably the only goals in the 2011 FA Cup semi-final and final. He also helped City earn their first league title in 44 years.

Touré earned 100 caps for the Ivory Coast from 2004 to 2015, representing the nation at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup tournaments. He also represented them in six Africa Cup of Nations in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2015, helping them finish runner-up in 2006 and 2012, while captaining them to victory in 2015. He is the younger brother of fellow former footballer Kolo Touré who was his teammate at Manchester City and the national team.

Early career
Touré was born in Bouaké. He joined the ASEC Mimosas youth academy in 1996 on the recommendation of his long-time mentor Patrick van Reijendam. A prominent figure in the ASEC academy was Jean-Marc Guillou. In 2001, Guillou invested heavily in a Belgian club, Beveren, with the aim of using the team to showcase Ivorian players in a European league. Touré moved to Beveren in 2001, one of many ASEC players to do so in this period. By 2003, he was one of 14 Ivorians in the Beveren squad.

In the summer of 2003, Touré had a trial with Arsenal. He started a pre-season friendly against Barnet on 19 July which finished a 0–0 draw. The BBC Sport website said that Touré "blotted his copy book by missing Arsenal's clearest chance of the game, heading a cross from Quincy Owusu-Abeyie wide." Wenger was still keen to sign the then 20-year-old but Touré had difficulties in receiving a work permit. Ultimately, Touré grew impatient and opted to sign for Ukrainian club Metalurh Donetsk in December 2003, where he spent one-and-a-half years.

Olympiacos and Monaco
Touré joined Olympiacos in 2005. He was described as "the new Patrick Vieira" by his older brother. Olympiacos won the double that season, and Touré was one of their key players. His performances in Greece were impressive and attracted interest from many clubs.

Touré signed for French Ligue 1 club Monaco in August 2006. However, he had a difficult relationship with the incumbent manager, László Bölöni, with Touré claiming Bölöni refused to play him in his preferred midfield position. Bölöni was soon sacked with Monaco languishing in the second-last position in the league table.

Laurent Banide replaced Bölöni and Touré subsequently became an influential player in the second half of the season, scoring five times to help haul the club out of relegation difficulties. He had established himself as a key midfielder, and with interest from around Europe he decided to join Barcelona in the summer of 2007.

Barcelona

Touré joined Spanish La Liga club Barcelona for €10 million (£6.7 million) and made his official debut for the club on 26 August 2007 during the 2007–08 La Liga season opener against Racing de Santander. He scored his first goal in a La Liga match against Athletic Bilbao on 2 September 2007, which Barcelona won 3–1. His first UEFA Champions League match for Barcelona was against Schalke 04 in the 2007–08 quarter-final, securing a 2–0 aggregate victory and a berth in the semi-final.

During the early stages of the 2008–09 season, newly appointed manager Pep Guardiola favoured Sergio Busquets in the defensive role of Barcelona's midfield trio. In the 2009 Champions League final, Touré played at centre-back due to injuries and suspensions of first-choice defenders, despite having only played there twice before for Barcelona. In late June 2010, Barcelona confirmed that Touré would be allowed to leave the club in the summer.

2010–11: Debut season and FA Cup
On 2 July 2010, Touré signed a five-year contract with Premier League club Manchester City for a fee of around £24 million. He made his Premier League debut on 14 August in a 0–0 away draw against Tottenham Hotspur. A week later, Touré impressed in the 3–0 home win over Liverpool, forming a part of a three-man midfield with Gareth Barry and Nigel de Jong. On 19 September, Touré scored his first City goal, against Wigan Athletic. The goal was scored in the 70th minute and Touré was assisted by Carlos Tevez, who also scored in that match. Touré had been seen to take up a more attacking position under Roberto Mancini and revelled in the position. In December, he scored a brilliant left-footed drive against West Ham United and soon scored a second, which was later credited as an own goal because the ball rebounded off the post onto goalkeeper Robert Green's back and bounced in.

In January 2011, Touré scored his third goal against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a delightful counter-attack move, with Touré making up 90 yards to latch onto the ball and fire it past the goalkeeper, with Manchester City eventually winning 4–3. Touré's fifth goal for City came on 25 February in a UEFA Europa League match against Aris. The goal was a deflected strike to make the score 3–0 to Manchester City. On 16 April 2011, Touré scored the only goal of the game in a Man of the Match performance against Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-final. Touré continued his Wembley success by scoring the only goal in his team's 1–0 win over Stoke City in the 2011 FA Cup final, ending Manchester City's 35-year wait for a major trophy, and writing himself into Manchester City folklore in the process.

2011–12: First Premier League title
The 2011–12 season began strongly as Manchester City led the table for the majority of the season, with Touré playing a vital part in midfield. On 21 December 2011, in a 3–0 home win over Stoke City, Touré set new Premier League records for most passes attempted (168) and most completed (157) in a single match. His efforts and performances were rewarded as he was crowned African Footballer of the Year for 2011, an impressive achievement for a midfielder, since the previous 12 awards have gone to African forwards.

As the 2011–12 came to a close, Manchester City lost ground to Manchester United in the Premier League title race. After a defeat by Arsenal on 8 April 2012, an eight-point deficit had been established between City and leaders United, with most writing off City's chances of winning the league with six matches remaining. However, City defeated West Bromwich Albion 4–0, Norwich City 6–1, and Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–0 with United slipping-up, meaning the deficit at the top was now only three points with only three matches to play. A victory at home to Manchester United would move City to top on goal difference. The match was keenly anticipated as one of the most important matches the Premier League's 20-year history. Manchester City won the match, thanks to Vincent Kompany headed goal just before half-time. Touré's performance throughout the match garnered many plaudits in the media, describing his performance as "dominant" and "magnificent".

Touré scored a brace on 6 May in City's 2–0 win over Newcastle United, moving three points above Manchester United with one match left to play in the Premier League season. Touré played the full first half before coming off due to injury as City defeated Queens Park Rangers 3–2 on the final day of the season, assisting Pablo Zabaleta's opening goal in the 39th minute, to secure the first league championship for City in 44 years.

2012–2014: Collective and individual success

Touré started the 2012–13 season with a goal in the FA Community Shield in the 3–2 win over Chelsea in Aston Villa's stadium Villa Park. This goal was followed up by scoring first for City in two games, against Liverpool at Anfield and against Queens Park Rangers at home. In City's opening UEFA Champions League match of the season, away to Real Madrid, Touré produced a stellar individual performance, assisting an Edin Džeko goal and continually worrying the hosts. However, despite his best efforts, City lost 3–2 to a late Cristiano Ronaldo goal. He also scored in the Manchester derby, making it 2–1 to Manchester United, but City eventually lost 3–2. On 20 December 2012, Touré was crowned the 2012 African Player of the Year award at a ceremony in Accra, Ghana. It is the second time he has won the award. On 24 February 2013, after returning from the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Touré scored the opening goal as City beat Chelsea 2–0 in the Premier League. On 4 April 2013, Touré signed a new contract with City, keeping him at the club until 2017.

Touré scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season with a free kick as City defeated Newcastle United 4–0 in their opening Premier League match. On 22 September 2013, he scored the second goal in a 4–1 derby win over Manchester United and was named man of the match. Under City manager Manuel Pellegrini, Touré was promoted to vice-captain. He regularly captained the team in the first half of the 2013–14 season in the absence of Vincent Kompany. On 2 December, Touré was named the 2013 BBC African Footballer of the Year.

On 4 December 2013, Touré scored twice for Manchester City in a 3–2 win at West Bromwich Albion. This took his tally of league goals to seven, his highest in a single Premier League season. On 2 March 2014, Touré scored the equalising goal for Manchester City in the 2014 League Cup final against Sunderland. The match ended in a 3–1 win for Manchester City. He scored the first hat-trick of his career on 22 March in a 5–0 home win over Fulham. Touré scored the third goal for Manchester City on 25 March in the Manchester Derby at Old Trafford, helping City to a 3–0 victory over their local rivals. On 18 April, Touré was named as one of the six players on the shortlist for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award before being named in the PFA Team of the Year.

On 7 May 2014, Touré scored his 20th Premier League goal of the season in a 4–0 win against Aston Villa, becoming only the second midfielder to score 20 goals in a Premier League season, after Frank Lampard. His performances helped City to a second Premier League title in three years. Touré completed more passes than any other player throughout the 2013–14 Premier League season, with 1,169 successful passes in total; he also made an average of 76.41 passes per game, and achieved an average passing accuracy of 90.76% throughout the course of the entire season.

2014–2018: Later seasons and departure
On 5 November 2014, in a home UEFA Champions League group fixture against CSKA Moscow, Touré scored City's equaliser in the eighth minute after Seydou Doumbia had taken under two minutes to put CSKA ahead. City were already 2–1 down and had Fernandinho sent off when Touré was dismissed for shoving Roman Eremenko. The result put City into last place in their group. On 1 March 2015, Touré started the Premier League match against Liverpool and his brother Kolo Touré came on as an 83rd-minute substitute, marking the first time the two brothers faced each other in a competitive match.

On 10 August 2015, Touré scored as Manchester City defeated West Bromwich Albion 3–0 at The Hawthorns in their opening fixture of the 2015–16 Premier League season. Although he played in the second leg of the Champions League play-off against Steaua București, Guardiola opted to omit Touré from City's Champions League squad. Touré's agent, Dimitri Seluk, subsequently stated that Guardiola humiliated Touré by omitting him for the first team. In response, Guardiola said Touré would not be included in the team until he receives an apology. A few weeks after a public apology to Guardiola on behalf of his agent, Touré made a surprising return to the first team on 16 November, starting against Crystal Palace in which he scored two goals to earn City a 2–1 away win.

It was announced on 4 May 2018 that Touré would leave Manchester City at the end of the 2017–18 season. His final appearance came in the 3–1 win over Brighton & Hove Albion.

Later career
Toure re-signed for Super League Greece club Olympiacos on 2 September 2018. His contract with Olympiacos was terminated in December 2018 by mutual agreement.

On 3 July 2019, Touré joined China League One club Qingdao Huanghai. He left the club on 1 January 2020.

International career

Touré was a regular member of the Ivory Coast national team from his debut in 2004 to the end of his international career after 2015. In 2014, he was named captain of the team following the retirement of Didier Drogba. Touré won his 100th international cap in his side's 0–0 draw with Cameroon on 19 November 2014.

Touré appeared in all three of Ivory Coast's matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. In the 2010 tournament, he again played in all three of his nation's games, scoring the opening goal in a 3–0 win over North Korea. Touré made his third and final World Cup tournament appearance during the 2014 competition, and captained the team in their opening match, a 2–1 defeat of Japan.

Touré represented the Ivory Coast at six Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2015; his side ended as runners-up in the 2006 and 2012 editions, and won the tournament in 2015. Touré was named in the CAF's team of the tournament in 2008, 2012 and 2015. On 4 February 2015, Touré scored the opening goal in the Ivory Coast's 3–1 semi-final victory over DR Congo to qualify the team for their third Africa Cup of Nations final in nine years. On 8 February, in the final held at the Estadio de Bata in Equatorial Guinea, Touré captained the Ivory Coast as they won a first AFCON title since 1992, defeating Ghana in a penalty shoot-out.

On 20 September 2016, Touré announced his retirement from international football. He returned to the national team set-up in March 2018, but would play no further games for the nation before his eventual retirement from professional football.

Style of play
Formerly a striker, Touré played primarily in the centre of the pitch as either a holding midfielder or as a box-to-box midfielder, often switching between offensive and defensive stances throughout matches in the latter role. Touré was a complete and versatile midfielder. He was also capable of playing as a centre-back or in the number 10 role. His key strengths were his passing range, vision and physical ability. He was gifted with good technique and ball control, although he also excelled defensively at breaking down opposing attacking plays and winning back possession through his powerful tackling ability. He was known for his pace, stamina and physical presence, which was often combined with runs from midfield, and he had been referred to as a "human train" and a "colossus" by various pundits. Touré was frequently pushed forward during the latter part of matches, most notably in the penultimate match of the 2011–12 season against Newcastle United where Touré scored two late goals to win the match, and put Manchester City at the top of the league. He was also capable of scoring goals due to his powerful striking ability from distance, and his heading ability, as well as his adeptness at scoring from free kicks and penalties. Jonathan Wilson, when writing for The Guardian in 2013, described Touré as a holding midfielder who can "make tackles," and who was "capable of regaining the ball," while also noting that he frequently functioned "as the more creative player alongside a destroyer." He also added that "he likes to make forward surges." As such, he labelled Touré as a "carrier" or "surger," namely "a player capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet."

Touré had in his repertoire an unusual method of striking the ball, referred to by Norwegian footballer Alexander Tettey as a "Yaya", and described by BBC Sport's Pat Nevin as a way of striking the ball with a far back area of the foot close to the heel, allowing the ball to move in a straight line which a goalkeeper can find hard to read.

Coaching career
On 10 February 2021, Touré joined Ukrainian Premier League club Olimpik Donetsk as assistant manager. He left the position after 4 months at the club.

On 14 June 2021, Touré was appointed as an assistant coach by Russian Premier League club Akhmat Grozny until June 2022. Touré left the club on 13 December 2021.

After a spell coaching part-time, Touré became an under-16 coach at Tottenham Hotspur's academy in August 2022. The following June, he moved to Belgian club Standard Liège as assistant manager.

On 3 November 2023, Touré was named as assistant coach of the Saudi Arabia national team, to join the staff of his former manager at Manchester City Roberto Mancini.

Personal life
Touré is the younger brother of Kolo Touré, who was his teammate at Manchester City and the Ivory Coast national team. Their younger brother Ibrahim Touré was also a footballer, who died on 19 June 2014 at the age of 28 after a short battle with cancer. Touré is Muslim.

In October 2013, Touré joined a campaign against elephant poaching, becoming a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme.

On 13 December 2016, Touré pleaded guilty to drink driving. He was arrested by police on 28 November after being pulled over and found to be more than twice over the legal driving limit. Touré said he had not "intentionally consumed alcohol", explaining to the court he had consumed diet cola from a jug at a party without realising there was brandy in it. He conceded that his drink tasted "odd" and that he felt tired after consuming it, but did not suspect he was drunk. Judge Gary Lucy said it was "inconceivable" that he was unaware that he was drinking alcohol. Touré was banned from driving for 18 months, and was fined £54,000 – at the time the largest fine for drink driving in British legal history.

Awards and nominations
Touré was nominated in the Personality of the Year category at the 2014 MTV Africa Music Awards. In July 2014, Touré was nominated for Prize in Entertainment at the 2014 The Future Africa Awards. In December 2015, Touré won the BBC African Footballer of the Year on a public vote for the second time, after leading the Ivory Coast to victory in the 2015 African Cup of Nations.

International

 * Ivory Coast score listed first, score column indicates score after each Touré goal

Honours

Olympiacos
 * Alpha Ethniki: 2005–06
 * Greek Football Cup: 2005–06

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Copa del Rey: 2008–09
 * Supercopa de España: 2009
 * UEFA Champions League: 2008–09
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2009
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2009

Manchester City
 * Premier League: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18
 * FA Cup: 2010–11; runner-up: 2012–13
 * Football League Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16
 * FA Community Shield: 2012

Qingdao Huanghai
 * China League One: 2019

Ivory Coast
 * Africa Cup of Nations: 2015; runner-up: 2006, 2012

Individual
 * Ivory Coast Player of the Year: 2009
 * African Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 * CAF Team of the Year: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
 * Premio Bulgarelli Number 8: 2013
 * ESM Team of the Year: 2013–14
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2011–12 Premier League, 2013–14 Premier League
 * BBC African Footballer of the Year: 2013, 2015
 * Manchester City Player of the Year: 2013–14
 * Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2015
 * IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
 * IFFHS All-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021
 * FWA Tribute Award: 2023

title: Yaya Touré


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Origamic architecture

Origamic architecture is a form of kirigami that involves the three-dimensional reproduction of architecture and monuments, on various scales, using cut-out and folded paper, usually thin paperboard. Visually, these creations are comparable to intricate 'pop-ups', indeed, some works are deliberately engineered to possess 'pop-up'-like properties. However, origamic architecture tends to be cut out of a single sheet of paper, whereas most pop-ups involve two or more. To create the three-dimensional image out of the two-dimensional surface requires skill akin to that of an architect.

Origin
The development of origamic architecture began with Professor Masahiro Chatani's (then a newly appointed professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology) experiments with designing original and unique greeting cards. Japanese culture encourages the giving and receiving of cards for various special occasions and holidays, particularly the Japanese New Year, and according to his own account, Professor Chatani personally felt that greeting cards were a significant form of connection and communication between people. He worried that in today's fast-paced modern world, the emotional connections called up and created by the exchange of greeting cards would become scarce.

In the early 1980s, Professor Chatani began to experiment with cutting and folding paper to make unique and interesting pop-up cards. He used the techniques of origami (Japanese paper folding) and kirigami (Japanese papercutting), as well as his experience in architectural design, to create intricate patterns that played with light and shadow. Many of his creations are made of stark white paper which emphasizes the shadowing effects of the cuts and folds. In the preface to one of his books, he called the shadows of the three-dimensional cutouts a "dreamy scene" that invited the viewer into a "fantasy world".

At first, Professor Chatani simply gave the cards to his friends and family. Over the next nearly thirty years, however, he published over fifty books on origamic architecture, many directed at children. He came to believe that origamic architecture could be a good way to teach architectural design and appreciation of architecture, as well as to inspire interest in mathematics, art, and design in young children.

Professor Chatani also spent a good deal of time travelling, even after his retirement, to exhibit his work. He frequently collaborated on books and exhibits with Keiko Nakazawa and Takaaki Kihara.

Masahiro Chatani
Masahiro Chatani was a Japanese architect (certified, first class) and professor considered to be the creator of origamic architecture. From its development until his death in 2008, he was widely acknowledged to be the world's foremost origamic architect.

Masahiro Chatani was born in Hiroshima, Japan in 1934. He grew up in Tokyo, and graduated from the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1956. He became an assistant professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1969 and an associated assistant professor at Washington University in 1977, and was promoted to full professorship at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1980. It was around this time that he created what is now known as "origamic architecture". He became a professor emeritus fifteen years later, and continued to lecture at a number of institutions, including the Japan Architectural College, Hosei University, and the Shizuoka University of Art and Architecture. After his retirement from active professorship, he continued to travel around the world, giving exhibits, demonstrations, and seminars on architectural design and origamic architecture.

Professor Chatani died on November 19, 2008, at the age of 74, from complications from laryngeal cancer.

Types of origamic architecture
There are several different styles of origamic architecture. In one style, a folded paper is cut in such a way that when the paper is opened to form a 90-degree angle, a three-dimensional image can be created, similar to most pop-up books. A second style requires attaching a cut-out form to a base sheet of paper with thread.

Takaaki Kihara frequently uses another technique in which the three-dimensional structure is "punched out" of the flat card. Designs created with this technique allow the viewer to see the empty cutouts, which can create interesting shadowing effects. Kihara also points out that this style of origamic architecture is easier to store than the other 180-degree form, as the cut-out three-dimensional forms can be re-flattened with ease.

Less commonly, some designs require opening the paper and folding it completely in the opposite direction, making a 360-degree angle.

Uses in Architectural Design
Origamic architecture has become a tool many architects use to visualize the 2D as 3D in order to expand and explore on a design idea. 3D origami objects can be used in the interior design, i.e. for decorating walls. There are ways of doing origamic architecture using CAD (Computer-Aided-Design). CAD uses laser cuts to speed the cutting process along allowing for precise forms to be made. AI design programs still are in development, architects have been searching for solutions to their design struggles.

EPFL architects Hani Buri and Yves Weinand, researched ways to mass produce "complex folded plate structures using origami architecture. Through different folding techniques like the Yoshimura pattern (an inverted diamond pattern), Miura Ori pattern (a repetition of reverse folds resulting in a diamond pattern), and the Diagonal pattern (series of parallelograms folded at a diagonal) - all were very successful due to their Origami diamond and herringbone patterns.  As a result Buri and Weinand were able to produce successful models and even a Chapel in Lausanne, Switzerland.

A study performed at the University of Pennsylvania in 2014, laid out the rules for folding and cutting a hexagonal lattice into a variety of three-dimensional shapes.

Leading practitioners
Although origamic architecture was developed and first gained popularity in Japan, it is today practiced in countries all over the world.

Some leading practitioners include Masahiro Chatani (Japan), Keiko Nakazawa (Japan), Takaaki Kihara (Japan), Ingrid Siliakus (Netherlands), María Victoria Garrido (Argentina), Giovanni Russo (Italy) and Marc Hagan-Guirey (UK).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Origamic architecture


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List of Indian flags

This is a list of flags used in India by various organizations.

Former rank flags (1950-1980)
The former IAF rank flags were modeled on those of the Royal Air Force, with different colours.

State and union territory flags
At present there are no officially recognised flags for individual states and union territories of India. No legal prohibitions to prevent states adopting distinctive flags exist in either the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 or the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. In a 1994 case before the Supreme Court of India, S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared that there is no prohibition in the Constitution of India for a state to have its own flag. However, a state flag should not dishonour the national flag. The Flag code of India also permits other flags to be flown with the Flag of India, but not on the same flag pole or in a superior position to the national flag.

Former official state flags
The state of Jammu and Kashmir had an officially recognised state flag between 1952 and 2019 under the special status granted to the state by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.

Proposed state flags
Flags have been proposed for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, but neither were officially adopted.

Banners of the states and union territories
When a distinctive banner is required to represent a state or union territory, the emblem of the state or union territory is usually displayed on a white field.

title: List of Indian flags


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Firefox (video game)

Firefox is a 1984 shoot 'em up arcade video game based on the 1982 Clint Eastwood movie of the same name. It was produced in 1984 as Atari, Inc.'s only LaserDisc video game. Like Atari's first-person Star Wars and Empire Strikes Back, Firefox came as both an upright and sit down cabinet with a yoke style controller.

Development

Firefox was primarily designed by Mike Hally and Dave Ralston, and programmed by Greg Rivera and Norm Avellar.

The cabinet featured stereo sound with an additional headphone port and volume control in the front. All Firefox cabinets shipped with a 19" Amplifone raster monitor, and utilized an Atari quad-POKEY. Firefox's power requirements necessitated the use of two Atari AR-II power supplies.

To collect the LaserDisc video, developers Mike Hally and Moe Shore sifted through 20 to 30 hours' worth of footage shot for the film. Most of the resulting footage was first-person shots filmed from helicopters flying over Greenland and Scandinavia.

Firefox shares a cabinet with I, Robot, although significantly fewer I, Robot machines were produced.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Firefox on their April 1, 1984 issue as being the third most-successful upright/cockpit arcade unit of the month. In the United States, it was the top-grossing laserdisc game on the Play Meter arcade charts in July 1984.

title: Firefox (video game)


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User:Tosibi

i am a girl of the age and i go to my own local highschool in the middle of nowhere, and i love the rain...grr...this is really weird to be writing about my self :)

title: User:Tosibi


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Shinji

Shinji (しんじ, シンジ) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Shinji Aoyama (真治), a Japanese film director
 * Shinji Aramaki (伸志), a Japanese anime director and mechanical designer
 * Shinji Hashimoto, a Japanese game producer
 * Shinji Harada, a Japanese pop music artist
 * Shinji Higuchi (真嗣), a Japanese storyboard artist
 * Shinji Hosoe (慎治), a Japanese composer
 * Shinji Hosokawa (伸二), a Japanese judoka
 * Shinji Inoue (信治), a Japanese politician
 * Shinji Ishihira, a Japanese director
 * Shinji Kagawa (真司), a Japanese football player
 * Shinji Kajio (真治), a Japanese author of science fiction and fantasy
 * Shinji Kawada (紳司), a Japanese voice actor
 * Shinji Kazama, a Japanese motorcyclist
 * Shinji Kobayashi (小林 伸二), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Shinji Maejima (信次), a Japanese Orientalist
 * Shinji Maki (伸二), a Japanese comedian
 * Shinji Mikami (真司), a Japanese video game designer
 * Shinji Mizui, a Japanese musician
 * Shinji Mizushima (新司), a Japanese manga artist
 * Shinji Miyadai (真司), a Japanese sociologist
 * Shinji Miyazaki, a Japanese composer/arranger
 * Shinji Mori (慎二), a Japanese baseball pitcher
 * Shinji Morisue (慎二), a Japanese gymnast and tarento
 * Shinji Nakae (真司), a Japanese voice actor
 * Shinji Nakano (信治), a Japanese racing driver
 * Shinji Ogura (小倉 新司), Japanese long jumper
 * Shinji Okazaki (慎司), a Japanese football player
 * Shinji Ono (伸二), a Japanese football player
 * Shinji Orito (伸治), a Japanese musical composer
 * Shinji Otsu (大津 真二), Japanese sailor
 * Shinji Shimoyama (下山 真二), Japanese baseball player
 * Shinji Sogō (十河 信二), creator of the Shinkansen high-speed rail system
 * Shinji Sōmai (相米 慎二), a Japanese film director
 * Shinji Takahashi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Shinji Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 信二), Japanese baseball player
 * Shinji Takahashi (religious leader) (高橋 信次), Japanese religious leader
 * Shinji Takahashi (sport shooter) (高橋 信司), Japanese sport shooter
 * Shinji Takahashi (volleyball) (髙橋 慎治), Japanese volleyball player
 * Shinji Takamatsu, anime director for Gin Tama
 * Shinji Takao (紳路), a Japanese professional Go player
 * Shinji Takeda (真治), a Japanese actor and saxophonist
 * Shinji Takehara (慎二), a Japanese professional boxer
 * Shinji Takahira (慎士), a Japanese sprinter
 * Shinji Tanimura (新司), a Japanese singer-songwriter
 * Shinji Tominari (冨成 慎司), Japanese footballer
 * Shinji Tsujio (真二), a Japanese football player
 * Shinji Turner-Yamamoto, a Japanese environmental artist
 * Shinji Udaka (伸次), a Japanese baseball player
 * Shinji Wada (慎二), a Japanese manga artist
 * Shinji Yamaguchi (山口 真司), Japanese footballer
 * Shinji Yamamoto (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Shinji Yamasaki (山崎 慎次), Japanese water polo player

Fictional characters

 * Shinji Ikari, of Neon Genesis Evangelion
 * Shinji Itou, a supporting character in the visual novel and anime Chaos;Child
 * Shinji, from Texhnolyze
 * Shinji, an antagonist of the manga Digimon Chronicle, partnered with Omnimon X
 * Shinji, Japanese name of Paul from Pokémon
 * Shinji Hirako, from Bleach
 * Shinji Ibu, a regular for the Fudomine Middle School tennis team in the Prince of Tennis manga and anime
 * Shinji Kamuro, from Mob Psycho 100
 * Shinji Kido, the title hero from Kamen Rider Ryuki
 * Shinji Kasai, the Ultimate Firefighter, from Danganronpa Another 2: Moon of Hope and Sun of Despair
 * Shinji Kubo, the protagonist of the Yukio Mishima novel The Sound of Waves
 * Shinji Mimura, from Battle Royale
 * Shinji Matō, from Fate/Stay Night
 * Shinji Nakagawa in Megazone 23
 * Shinji Tanaka, from Yakuza
 * Shinji Webber, from Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V
 * Shinji Inui, from Initial D
 * Shinji Watari, from Haikyuu!!
 * Shinji Koganei, from Kuroko's Basketball
 * Shinji Nishiya, from My Hero Academia
 * Shinji, from Kids Return

title: Shinji


text:
User talk:Victorz~enwiki

Welcome!

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Militarisation of Space
Before you get too far in, I'd like to point out that WP:ISNOT a publisher of original research, which is what the article lead-in appears to be. While the militarization of space is a potentially encyclopedic issue, an essay on RFID tags plus killer lasers likely is not. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 20:18:36, 2005-08-25 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Victorz~enwiki


text:
User talk:69JIVE~enwiki

'''

Tomaas Proitsis
'''

Since his birth in Greece Tomaas Proitsis was surrounded by music. Born in Goumenissa and grown up in the area of Thessaloniki, he became already in small age conscious that music and art can move people. Traditional Greek music, in addition, gypsy music, with the clarinet as the central instrument, were his first influences that shaped him in recent years much. Tomaas mother, a passionate Singer, his cousin 'Grigoris Bagiokas' a national known Bouzuki and Lyra player, and his brother 'Jorgos Proitsis' Guitarist and Composer, continue with him the musical tradition within the large family. Tomaas and his brother Jorgo moved to Germany when they were 7 years old. After some difficult years not speaking the language and leaving his friends back, he went to Bulgaria to visit his cousin 'Efigenia'. She gave him an accordion. Since that day Tomaas Proitsis has constantly developed his musical culture, with the result that he now is a very recognized musician. Proitsis had a couple of profound teachers on his way, but as the most important influence he calls 'Bruce Johnson' from New York. With him he studied American Jazz on the bass. Jazz is the teacher, Funk is the preacher (James Blood Ulmer) ... PEACE!

Links

tomaas.net Official Site of the Bassist Tomaas bassgroove.net

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:69JIVE~enwiki


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User talk:BonfireBuddhist

Welcome
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Ex-Christian
Greetings. I've been trying to assist you in getting your article up and running. You don't really need to use regular html format styles in Wikipedia. There are many little shortcuts for formating. Feel free to drop me a line on my talk page if you need any help. IrishGuy 22:30, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:BonfireBuddhist


text:
User talk:Phillipnpdp

Welcome
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title: User talk:Phillipnpdp


text:
Tourism in Laos

Tourism in Laos is governed by a ministry-level government agency, the Lao National Tourism Administration (LNTA).

Annual statistics
Notes:
 * 1.COVID-19 pandemic.
 * 2.SARS epidemic
 * 3.September 11 attacks

International visitor arrivals
∗ASEAN nation

title: Tourism in Laos


text:
Lenny Harris

Leonard Anthony Harris (born October 28, 1964) is an American former Major League Baseball utility infielder. Listed at 5' 10", 195 lb., Harris batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He is best known for holding the record for the most pinch hits in a Major League career, with 212.

Professional career
Harris was the Cincinnati Reds' fifth-round pick in the 1983 amateur draft. He made his major league debut with the Reds in 1988. He batted .372 in 16 games with Cincinnati in 1988. He played 61 games with the Reds in 1989; his batting average that year with the Reds was .223, and he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers along with Kal Daniels for Tim Leary and Mariano Duncan.

Harris played with the Dodgers through the 1993 season, playing in at least 107 games each season. 1993 was also the year when he started doing more pinch hitting. He never hit more than 3 home runs in any given year until 1996, but while with the Dodgers he did have several good seasons at the plate; he batted .304 in 1990 and .287 in 1991.

He became a free agent after the 1993 season, at which point he re-signed with Cincinnati, where he continued to play until he was traded to the New York Mets in 1998. Harris pitched once for the Reds, on June 1, 1998. It was the first time a Reds position player had been used as a pitcher in ten years.

In 1998, he batted .295 with the Reds in 57 games, but after joining the Mets, he batted only .232 and did not re-sign with the Mets the following year, instead opting to sign with the Colorado Rockies. He hit well (.297 in 158 at-bats) with Colorado, but was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for minor leaguer Belvani Martinez after 91 games there. He went 11-for-29 in 19 games with the Diamondbacks; he remained in Arizona for the first two months of the 2000 season, when he was traded back to the Mets for pitcher Bill Pulsipher. He finished the 2000 season with the Mets and also spent the 2001 season there. In 2001, he broke MLB's career pinch hits record, previously held by Manny Mota (150). Note, the 150-mark has also been surpassed by Mark Sweeney (175).

The 2002 season proved successful for Harris. He batted .305 in 122 games with the Milwaukee Brewers at the age of 37, showing that he would still be able to play for several more years. He started the 2003 season with the Chicago Cubs, with whom he played 75 games before being released and signing with the Florida Marlins. He was on the Marlins' championship team in the 2003 World Series. Although he batted just .193 in the 2003 campaign, he re-signed for one year with the Marlins in 2004. Although he had said that he would retire after the 2004 season, he re-signed for another year with the Marlins in 2005 and said that he would return for the 2006 season. However, the Marlins released him during spring training in 2006.

Coaching career
After his release, he became the infield coordinator for the Washington Nationals, and eventually, the hitting coach. He was fired by the Nationals on September 28,, after less than two seasons on the job.

On October 24, 2008, Harris became the Los Angeles Dodgers minor league hitting instructor at Camelback Ranch, the team's spring training facility. In 2011, he was the hitting coach for the Great Lakes Loons. After serving as a coach for the Gulf Coast League Marlins, he became the assistant hitting coach of the Miami Marlins and later became the third base coach of the Miami Marlins. He was let go by the Marlins after the 2016 season. For the 2017 season, Harris returned to the Reds as a coach for their Arizona league affiliate.

title: Lenny Harris


text:
Slider

Slider or Sliders may refer to:

Arts

 * K.K. Slider, a fictional character within the Animal Crossing franchise
 * The Slider, a 1972 album by T. Rex
 * Sliders (TV series), an American science fiction and fantasy television series
 * Slider, a recurring character in the animated television series Cyberchase

Sports

 * Slider (cricket), a type of delivery bowled by a wrist spin bowler
 * Slider (pitch), a breaking ball pitch in baseball
 * Slider, mascot for the Major League Baseball team Cleveland Indians/Guardians

Technology

 * Slider (BEAM), a robot that has a mode of locomotion by moving body parts smoothly along a surface
 * Slider (computing), a graphical control element with which a user may set a value by moving an indicator
 * Slider, a form factor of mobile phones
 * Slider, a type of potentiometer

Other uses

 * Lerista (also sliders), a diverse genus of skinks endemic to Australia
 * Slide (footwear) (also sliders), a type of light footwear that are characterized by having a loose heel
 * Slider (parachuting), a small rectangular piece of fabric with a grommet near each corner
 * Slider (sandwich), American term for a small sandwich
 * Slider, a crash damage protection accessory for motorcycles
 * Sliders, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Buckingham County, in the U.S. state of Virginia
 * SLIders, individuals who can allegedly induce the street light interference phenomenon
 * Trachemys, a genus of turtles belonging to the family Emydidae

title: Slider


text:
5.45×39mm

The 5.45×39mm cartridge is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge. It was introduced into service in 1974 by the Soviet Union for use with the new AK-74. The 5.45×39mm gradually supplemented and then largely replaced the 7.62×39mm cartridge in Soviet and Warsaw Pact service as the primary military service rifle cartridge.

History

The 5.45×39mm cartridge was developed in the early 1970s by a group of Soviet designers and engineers under the direction of M. Sabelnikov. Further group members were: L. I. Bulavsky, B. B. Semin, M. E. Fedorov, P. F. Sazonov, V. Volkov, V. A. Nikolaev, E. E. Zimin and P. S. Korolev. The 5.45×39mm couples a sensible case volume (1.75 ml) to bore area (23.99 mm2/0.2399 cm2) ratio with ample space for loading relatively long slender projectiles that can provide good aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance for the projectile diameter.

The 5.45×39mm is an example of an international tendency towards relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges. Cartridges like the 5.45×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO and Chinese 5.8×42mm allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to their larger and heavier predecessor cartridges, have favourable maximum point-blank range or "battle zero" characteristics and produce relatively low bolt thrust and free recoil impulse, favouring lightweight arms design and automatic fire accuracy.

The Soviet original military issue 7N6 cartridge variant introduced in 1974 is loaded with full metal jacket bullets that have a somewhat complex construction. The 3.43 g 25.55 mm long boat-tail projectile's jacket is clad in gilding metal. The unhardened 1.43 g steel (steel 10) rod penetrator core is covered by a thin lead inlay which does not fill the entire point end, leaving a hollow cavity inside the nose. The bullet is cut to length during the manufacturing process to give the correct weight. The 7N6 uses a boat-tail design to reduce drag and there is a small lead plug crimped in place in the base of the bullet. The lead plug, in combination with the air space at the point of the bullet, has the effect of moving the bullet's center of gravity to the rear; the hollow air space also makes the bullet's point prone to deformation when the bullet strikes anything solid, inducing yaw. The brown-lacquered steel case is Berdan primed. Its 39.37 mm length makes it slightly longer than the 7.62×39mm case which measures exactly 38.60 mm. The primer has a copper cup and is sealed with a heavy red lacquer. The propellant charge is a ball powder with similar burning characteristics to the WC844 powder used in 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The 7N6 cartridge weight is 10.75 g.

Tests indicate the free recoil energy delivered by the 5.45×39mm AK-74 assault rifle is 3.39 J, compared to 6.44 J delivered by the 5.56×45mm NATO in the M16 assault rifle and 7.19 J delivered by the 7.62×39mm in the AKM assault rifle.

Military 5.45×39mm ammunition was produced in the former Soviet Union, GDR and Yugoslavia, and is produced in Bulgaria, Poland and Romania. In the former Soviet Union this ammunition is produced in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine.

Use in Russo-Ukrainian War
During April 2024 of the Russo-Ukrainian War Ukrainian forces used predominately 5.45×39mm ammunition according to an American national Jonathan Poquette, a member of the Chosen Company, attached to the Ukrainian 59th Motorized Brigade. He cited a number of reasons, firstly an unorganised donation of rifles that fired NATO standard 5.56×45mm NATO. Some unit received these weapons, others did not. Secondly the lack of donation of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition recently along with other shortages of aid from the West. The third reason is the fact that Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. Meaning that weapons firing 5.45×39mm ammunition are more widely available. Further Russian forces use it as their standard ammunition. Saying that "if you go and you attack a Russian position and you need to resupply, the Russians are usually going to have 5.45×39mm."

Cartridge dimensions
The 5.45×39mm has 1.75 ml (27 grains ) cartridge case capacity.

5.45×39mm maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.

Americans would define the shoulder angle at $α/2$ ≈ 20.3°. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 255 mm (1 in 10 inches), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 5.40 mm, Ø grooves = 5.60 mm, land width = 2.60 mm and the primer type is either berdan or small rifle.

According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 5.45×39mm can handle up to 355.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 5.45×39mm chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2014) proof tested at 443.80 MPa PE piezo pressure.

Wounding effects
Early ballistics tests demonstrated a pronounced tumbling effect with high speed cameras. Some Western authorities believed this bullet was designed to tumble in flesh to increase wounding potential. At the time, it was believed that yawing and cavitation of projectiles were primarily responsible for tissue damage. The tumbling effect was caused by the hollow point of the bullet - as the bullet strikes a target, the core inside the bullet flies forward, shifting the center of gravity and causing the bullet to tumble. Martin Fackler conducted a study with an AK-74 assault rifle using live pigs and ballistic gelatin: "The result of our preset test indicate that the AK-74 bullet acts in the manner expected of a full-metal-cased military ammunition—it does not expand or fragment when striking soft tissues". Multiple x-rays done on human tissue support this assertion. The average frequency of fragmentation with 7N6 fired into extremities with injuries was 18%. This is compared to 57% with M193 5.56x45 in the same testing. Fragmentation of 5.45 mm bullets was observed predominantly in wounds of the lower extremities with fractures of long bones. Most organs and tissue were too flexible to be severely damaged by the temporary cavity effect caused by yaw and cavitation of a projectile. With the 5.45 mm bullet, tumbling produced a temporary cavity twice, at depths of 100 mm and 350 mm. This is similar to (but more rapid than) modern 7.62×39mm ammunition and to (non-fragmenting) 5.56 mm ammunition.

Military 5.45×39mm rounds offer better penetration over (fragmenting) military 5.56×45mm NATO rounds.

Terminal ballistics against body armor
According to the Russian Defense Ministry's third Central Research Institute, the Russian military should consider switching back to improved 7.62×39mm ammunition due to 5.45×39mm penetration insufficiency against body armor at longer ranges. However, the change is yet to happen due to the development of the 7N39 cartridge with great penetration capabilities.

Enhanced penetration cartridges
As body armor saw increasing use in militaries, the original 7N6 standard service cartridge bullet construction was changed several times to improve penetration. This resulted in the 7N6M, 7N10, 7N22, 7N24 and 7N39 variants.

The 7N6M (M—Russian: Модернизированный; Modernizirovanniy or "modernized") cartridge was introduced in 1987. In contrast to the original 7N6 unhardened steel rod penetrator the 7N6M rod penetrator is made of steel 65 and hardened to 60 HRC. The 7N6M 3.43 g boat-tail bullet can penetrate a 6 mm thick St3 steel plate at 300 m and 6Zh85T body armour at 80 m. 7N6(M) bullets have a red identification ring above the cartridge neck. The US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory measured a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of 0.168 and form factor (G7 i) of 0.929 for the 7N6(M) projectile, which indicates good aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance for the bullet diameter. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 290.00 MPa.

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives classified the 7N6 cartridge as "armor piercing handgun ammunition" on 7 April 2014, and, as such, it is illegal to import from Russia to the United States.

The 7N10 "improved penetration" cartridge was introduced in 1992. The 7N10 boat-tail bullet weighs 3.60 g and the weight of the lengthened sleeker steel (high-carbon steel U12A) penetrator made of steel 70 was increased to 1.80 g and the lead plug in front of it was discarded. The hollow cavity at the front of these projectiles was reduced significantly compared to previous 7N6(M) projectiles. In 1994 the 7N10 design was improved by filling the remaining hollow cavity in the projectiles front with lead and reducing the weight of the penetrator to 1.72 g resulting in a bullet weighing 3.62 g. Upon impacting a hard target, soft lead is pressed sideways by the steel penetrator, tearing the jacket. It has a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.351 and (G7 BC) of approximately 0.176. The 7N10 cartridge replaced the previous variants as standard Russian service round and can penetrate a 16 mm thick St3 steel plate at 100 m and 6Zh85T body armour at 200 m. 7N10 bullets have a violet/purple identification ring above the cartridge neck. The 7N10 and 7N6(M) cartridges have practically identical external ballistic characteristics, meaning they can share identical sighting lines and optics on firearms. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 300.00 MPa.

The 7N22 armour-piercing bullet, introduced in 1998, has a 1.75 g sharp-pointed steel penetrator made of steel U12A and retains the soft lead plug in the nose for jacket discarding. 7N22 boat-tail bullets weigh 3.69 g and can be identified by their red identification ring above the cartridge neck and a black tip. It has a ballistic coefficient (G7 BC) of approximately 0.180. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 290.00 MPa.

The 7N24 "super-armor-piercing" cartridge, introduced in 1999, has a stub cone nosed penetrator made of tungsten carbide (hard alloy VK8). The 7N24 round is loaded with a 4.15 g projectile containing a 1.8 g penetrator which is fired with a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s yielding 1464 J muzzle energy. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 300.00 MPa. 7N24 bullets have a black identification ring above the cartridge neck.

The 7N39 armor-piercing cartridge, introduced in 2013, has a penetrator made of a tungsten carbide (92%) and cobalt (8%) alloy. The round is loaded with a 4.1 g bullet containing a 1.9 g penetrator which is fired at a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s yielding 1481 J muzzle energy. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 300.00 MPa. 7N39 cartridges have a black identification ring above the cartridge neck.

Tracer cartridges
Besides that the tracer cartridges 7T3 and 7T3M were developed. The 7T3 production bullet length was 26.54 mm long and weighed 3.36 g. After 1976 a new lighter 3.2 g and shorter 25.32 mm long bullet was selected as a replacement for the original bullet. These bullets can be identified by their green marked tips. The tracer projectile has a shorter ogival profile and for 7T3 ammunition burns out to 800 m and for 7T3M ammunition ignites at 50 m burning out to 850 m. The rounds are loaded to produce a maximal pressure of 290.00 MPa.

Training and instruction cartridges

For training purposes the blank cartridges 7H3, 7H3M and 7Kh3 were developed. These rounds have a hollow white plastic imitation projectile. When these training rounds are used, the barrel of the gun is fitted at the muzzle with a blank fire adapter to produce a gas pressure build-up for cycling the gun, as well as a breakup aid for their plastic projectiles.

For instruction purposes the 7H4 training or dummy cartridge (which has longitudinal grooves) was developed.

Special purpose cartridges
For special purposes the 7U1 subsonic cartridge with a black and green painted meplat and CAP (cartridge for underwater) were developed.

The 7U1 subsonic cartridge weight is 11 g and is loaded with a 5.2 g projectile which is fired with a muzzle velocity of 303 m/s yielding 239 J muzzle energy. Accuracy of fire at 100 m (R50) is 35 mm

Basic specifications

 * R50 at 300 m means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at 300 m.
 * The twist rate used in the AK-74M assault rifle that has been adopted as the new service rifle of the Russian Federation in 1991 is 200 mm.

Civil use
The 5.45×39mm was developed by the Soviet Union for military use and it was not intended to create civilian weapons in this chambering. When 5.45×39mm ammunition finally became available for sale to civilians, several arms manufacturers started to offer semi-automatic AK-74 variants in the calibre for civilian use. Sometimes these weapons combine parts originating from Russia or Eastern European states and parts produced elsewhere. Only a few civilian 5.45×39mm weapons were developed and commercially offered. Non-AK-74 rifles and commercial offerings include the East German SSG 82 bolt action rifle and the Russian CRS-98 "Vepr-5, 45" semi-automatic carbine and Saiga semi-automatic rifle. In May 2008 the Smith & Wesson M&P15R was introduced. This was a standard AR-15 rifle chambered for the 5.45×39mm cartridge and was Smith & Wesson's first AR-variant rifle in a chambering other than 5.56×45mm NATO and is no longer in current (2012) production. The civilian version of the Tavor TAR-21 rifle produced for the US market includes an optional 5.45×39mm conversion kit.

Commercial 5.45×39mm ammunition
The US ammunition manufacturer Hornady produces commercial polymer-coated steel case 5.45×39mm ammunition loaded with 3.89 g polymer tipped V-MAX bullets with a stated ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.285. It is unknown if Hornady plans to continue manufacturing this caliber, as the last confirmed lot number was released in 2021. WOLF Performance Ammunition offers several Berdan primed commercial 5.45×39mm loads. The Russian ammunition manufacturer Barnaul Cartridge Plant also offers several Berdan primed commercial sporting and hunting 5.45×39mm cartridges. Barnaul states that their 5.45×39mm cartridges produce a maximal pressure of 294,2 MPa (41,054 psi) and have a bullet dispersion R100 of 25 mm at a range of 100 m, meaning every shot of a shot group will be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at 100 m. The American firearms corporation Century International Arms offers Ukrainian made 5.45×39mm cartridges with steel casings and bi-metal (copper/steel) jacketed bullets under the Red Army Standard Ammunition brand. The Russian manufacturer Tula Arms Plant states that its Tula Ammunition cartridges comply with the 5.45×39mm C.I.P. rulings producing a maximal pressure of 302.7 MPa (43,900 psi) and keeps their qualities under various climatic and weather conditions independent of the season and at a temperature range from -50 to 50 °C. Tula's 3.89 g full metal jacket bullet has a stated ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.329 and its 3.89 g hollow-point bullet has a stated ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.301.

As of August 20, 2021, ammunition manufactured in Russia was added to the sanctions found in the CBW Act of 1991, (in retaliation to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) barring the importation of the majority of the cartridges listed above, to the United States.

title: 5.45×39mm


text:
Drumquin

Drumquin is a village and townland (of 398 acres) in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It lies between Omagh and Castlederg, on the banks of the Drumquin River (Fairywater). It is situated in the civil parishes of both Longfield West and Longfield East. The main part of the village is located in Longfield East, in the townland of Drumnaforbe, whilst Longfield West is where its namesake townland Drumquin is located. Drumquin is in the historic barony of Omagh West.

History
It has a rich and varied historical legacy with a Neolithic stone circle, a Holy Well, and the Giant's Stone on Dooish Mountain. The works of the noted Irish writer Benedict Kiely contain many references to the Drumquin district, with which he had family connections on his mother's side. In 1802, the countryside around Drumquin was described as one continuous scene of dreary mountains. However, the traveler did point out that forty years before that a rich coalmine had been opened at Drumquin and a canal opened to transport the coal. Drum quin has been in existence since 1211.

Sir John Davies founded the village itself in 1617, and the same gentleman built Castle Curlews, later called Castle Kirlish, the remains of which can be seen in the town land of that name. His agent was a man called Bradley, one of whose family was responsible in later times for the building of the fine stone house, which is a feature of the village today. Castle Kirlish was joined to Castlederg Castle by a straight causeway, which was seven miles (11 km) long. Traces of this causeway could still be observed in 1837.

Drumquin was also a staging town in the 19th and early 20th century for coaches and travellers who were making their way to Derry from Omagh and vice versa. As a result of this the village flourished and hosted a hotel and several shops. Felix Kearney immortalised this area with songs such as "The Hills Above Drumquin" and others. On 26 August 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacked the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks in Drumquin. One RIC constable and one IRA volunteer were killed.

Geography
The geography of the area is a mixture of flat fertile lands that clings to the banks of the Fairywater and steep rolling hills. There are also forests to the southwest of the village. Lough Bradan is also located roughly 7 miles from the village. The land is also covered in numerous rivers and streams, and two rivers meet on the outskirts of the village to form the river Fairywater.

The village itself is dominated by Dooish Mountain which is the highest point in the area. Close to the village Sloughan Glen Waterfalls can be found; these rest in a deep ravine. Beyond the townland of Bradan lies miles of wet bogland that stretch to the border with County Fermanagh. In the area of the glen the land rises dramatically before falling again into the Fermanagh countryside. The area in general is also dotted with several quarries, the biggest of these lying 2 miles outside of the village itself.

Sport
Traditional Games

Drumquin Wolfe Tones is the local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club which has been in existence in its current form since 1968. Previous clubs have existed in various forms from the early 1930s. The club has experienced success in recent years at underage level, with teams at Under-14 level winning the double in 2018 and 2023 & teams at Minor level winning the double in 2018 and 2021. Underage teams (as low as Under-14 level) have won a combined 10 titles in the last 5 years.

Others

Drumquin United is a soccer club founded in 2007 by Sammy Dennison and Al Martin, after the administration of Drumquin Rovers which was run under the tutelage of Jason Thompson and Nuala Donnelly from 2000 until 2006. The U-13 team won the Grade 4 title in 2012.

19th century population
The population of the village decreased during the 19th century:

2011 Census
On Census day in 2011:
 * 71.3% were from a Catholic background and 26.6% were from a Protestant background.

Drumquin townland
The townland is situated in the historic barony of Omagh West and the civil parish of Longfield West and covers an area of 398 acres. The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:

The village of Drumquin is in both the townland of the same name, and in townland of Drumnaforbe in the civil parish of Longfield East. In 1891 the village was estimated to cover an area of 12 acres.

Twin towns
Llantrisant has a twinning arrangement with:
 * 🇫🇷 Pont-Remy, France, since 1999.

title: Drumquin


text:
Super Robin Hood

Super Robin Hood is a Robin Hood-themed platform game published in November 1986 by Codemasters.

The Oliver Twins developed the game for the Amstrad CPC when they were age 17; it was their first game published by Codemasters. Codemasters offered the brothers £10,000 for the game, because the company expected to sell 100,000 copies with royalties of 10p per unit sold. The twins worked on a single computer in a bedroom of their parents' house. Working in shifts, they coded for 18 to 23 hours per day; they took 30 minute breaks to allow the computer to cool. Sometimes, one brother coded on paper while the other used the computer.

The game was well-received by critics, and sold well. After Codemasters asked the brothers to produce another game, they developed Ghost Hunters, which was released in January 1987.

Codemasters reworked Super Robin Hood for the NES, although issues with Nintendo meant it was only released on the four-in-one NES cartridge Quattro Adventure. This reworked version was also released in 1993 for 8-bit and 16-bit home computers as Robin Hood: Legend Quest to avoid confusion with the original game.

title: Super Robin Hood


text:
Al-Musta'in II

Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud (أبو جعفر أحمد بن يوسف بن هود), known by the regnal name al-Musta'in Billah (المستعين بالله), was the fourth member of the Banu Hud family to rule the Taifa of Zaragoza. He ruled from 1085 to 1110. He was the son of Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud.

title: Al-Musta'in II


text:
User:69JIVE~enwiki

Tomaas Proitsis
Since his birth in Greece Tomaas Proitsis was surrounded by music. Born in Goumenissa and grown up in the area of Thessaloniki, he became already in small age conscious that music and art can move people. Traditional Greek music, in addition, gypsy music, with the clarinet as the central instrument, were his first influences that shaped him in recent years much. Tomaas mother, a passionate Singer, his cousin 'Grigoris Bagiokas' a national known Bouzuki and Lyra player, and his brother 'Jorgos Proitsis' Guitarist and Composer, continue with him the musical tradition within the large family. Tomaas and his brother Jorgo moved to Germany when they were 7 years old. After some difficult years not speaking the language and leaving his friends back, he went to Bulgaria to visit his cousin 'Efigenia'. She gave him an accordion. Since that day Tomaas Proitsis has constantly developed his musical culture, with the result that he now is a very recognized musician. Proitsis had a couple of profound teachers on his way, but as the most important influence he calls 'Bruce Johnson' from New York. With him he studied American Jazz on the bass. Jazz is the teacher, Funk is the preacher (James Blood Ulmer) ... PEACE!

Links

tomaas.net Official Site of the Bassist Tomaas Proitsis bassgroove.net

title: User:69JIVE~enwiki


text:
Talk:Kyrie

Untitled
Why where the various translations removed? Holy Resurrection in Tucson uses the Kyrie in several languages, and I suspect other English-language Orthodox churches do as well. 98.225.123.109 (talk) 02:07, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Anything about the Mr Mister song? JFW | T@lk  20:22, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See the disambig page - link is at top of page Reflex Reaction 20:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't there be some explicit mention that the Kyrie is the only part of the Ordinary of the Mass that is either in Greek or the vernacular rather than in Latin or the vernacular as are all the rest of the pieces? Even in traditions that have all the rest of the Mass in the vernacular, the Kyrie may still be in Greek. It is a nice connection to the very early church. JimCubb 00:55, 17 October 2006 (U

The Kyrie isn't only in the Oriental Orhtodox Church, it's also in many other churches. (I'm Anglican and we use it there.)Sealpiano 22:02, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

I edited the last section to remove editorial comments on various songs. Nathanmurray1 03:59, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

There is a good section here on the various Gregorian settings of the Kyrie. The US Conference of Catholic Bishops have stated Kyrie XVI is a minimum requirement for all congregations to learn. cf http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/SingToTheLord.pdf Would like to see this mentioned in Kyrie, and an entry for Kyrie XVI. Benitoite (talk) 20:38, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

pronunciations
An anonymous user has queried the pronunication in seven syllables, saying that ei in Attic Greek is a diphthong. However the Greek is not ει, which would be a diphthong, but εη, which as far as I know is never a diphthong. --rossb (talk) 08:42, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Just bumped onto this article.Writing this and commenting just for the record,cause I see no mention anywhere. Correct,it's not ει ,it's εη and that is not a diphthong.Perhaps if the more classic transliteration eleeson was somewhere included people wouldn't make such mistakes(besides knowing it per se).Oh, Attic Greek also is a bit irrelevant in so far as pronunciation is concerned.It's Koine Greek.Thanatos|talk 03:34, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * the example as "six syllables" needs to be redone, as it shows 7.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 15:40, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

IPA pronunciation
Use IPA for pronunciation please. The way it is currently done is unclear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Starprizm (talk • contribs) 10:42, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Discussion of interest
There is a discussion of interest at the disambig eleison about whether the word is Greek or Latin.—Ermenrich (talk) 12:49, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

Strange claim about Finnish
Under "Pronunciation", there is a claim that "in the Suomi language of Finland the phrase is rendered kuria eläissäin (punish/guide me while I'm living; id est, not after death)." First off, the "Suomi language" of Finland has an English name: it's "Finnish". Quite like the country of Finland in Finnish is "Suomi". Secondly, as a Finn and a musician, I've never come across this pun anywhere, and no source is cited. Googling "kuria eläissäin" in quotes yields only this same claim in the same exact wording. It's also unclear what the exact claim is -- that someone somewhere, at some point in history, used "kuria eläissäin"? Or that this is how it's commonly sung in mass (which is definitely not true)? 49.130.128.149 (talk) 02:57, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kyrie


text:
Talk:A Scots Quair

[Untitled]
Possibly a collection of Scottish poems used in Scottish schools around the 1950's, included 'Morte d'Arthur' by Tennyson.

What are you on about? PatGallacher 22:54, 2005 August 25 (UTC)

The template describes this trilogy as historical fiction. This is dubious. Although the first work, Sunset Song, contains a prologue which starts in the the 12th century, the main body starts within 30 years of the time it was written, and some of the action in the trilogy is even more recent, virtuall contemporary. PatGallacher 01:38, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Meaning of “Quair”
Is it worth mentioning in the article that “quair” is an old Scots word for a book, cognate with “quire” in English, as it is used in the sense of pages folded together to make a booklet or pamphlet, and combined to form a book? Jock123 (talk) 18:10, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Scots Quair


text:
Slider (parachuting)

A slider is a small rectangular piece of fabric with a grommet near each corner used to control the deployment of a "ram-air" parachute. Also called a "reefing device." A ram-air parachute has a tendency to open very rapidly. At high velocities, the opening shock from a rapid deployment can cause damage to the canopy or injury to the jumper. The slider was developed as a way of mitigating this. During deployment, the slider slides down from the canopy to the risers. Air resistance slows its descent. The slider holds the lines together, which slows the parachute inflation. The slider also deflects some of the rising air column away from the center of the canopy as it inflates. This also helps moderate the speed of opening. This invention solved the rapid deployment problem with ram-air designs. Sliders also reduce the chance of the lines twisting to cause a malfunction.

In BASE jumping a rapid canopy deployment is desirable. The slider may be constructed of mesh, packed so that the slider is at the base of the lines and does not inhibit the opening ("slider down") instead of up by the canopy, or removed completely. Slider down and slider off both allow the canopy to open with no resistance and are identical in performance.

In 1971, Domina Jalbert's ram air parachute was designed and tested at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Vandalia, Ohio. Theodore Hulsizer, civilian prototype parachute manufacturer for the United States Air Force and NASA (1947–1973), made the first working parafoil parachute. While testing his prototype in the wind tunnel at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, USA, Theodore realized its drag was stronger than any other parachute he had tested in his 25 years of experience. He believed others' attempts ripped to shreds, because of the drag. To slow the opening of the parafoil, Theodore ran the cords through rings he designed that were slid to the top while packing the parachute. As it opened, the rings had to slide down, slowing the opening. Theodore personally made the first full-size parafoil, which worked in its first drop.

title: Slider (parachuting)


text:
User talk:Manu181~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Thatdog 20:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Manu181~enwiki


text:
Juliusz Kossak

Juliusz Fortunat Kossak (Nowy Wiśnicz, 15 December 1824 – 3 February 1899, Kraków) was a Polish historical painter and master illustrator who specialized in battle scenes, military portraits and horses. He was the progenitor of an artistic family that spanned four generations, father of painter Wojciech Kossak and grandfather of painter Jerzy Kossak.

Life
Juliusz Kossak grew up in Lwów Poland. He obtained a degree in law at the Lwów University encouraged by his mother. At the same time he studied painting with Jan Maszkowski and Piotr Michałowski. Beginning in 1844 Kossak worked on commissions for the local aristocracy in Małopolska, Podolia and Wolyn. He married Zofia Gałczyńska in 1855 and together they left for Paris where they spent five years. His sons were born there, the twin brothers: Wojciech and Tadeusz (on New Year's Eve 1856–1857) and the younger Stefan in 1858. The family came to Warsaw in 1860 where Kossak obtained a position as the head illustrator and engraver for Tygodnik Illustrowany magazine. They moved to Munich for a year and in 1868 settled in Kraków blessed with five children already. Kossak bought a small estate there, known as Kossakówka, famed for artistic and literary salon frequented by Adam Asnyk, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Stanisław Witkiewicz, Józef Chełmoński and many others. Juliusz Kossak lived and worked there till the end of his life. In 1880 he was awarded the Cross of Order of Merit by Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary for his lifetime achievements as an artist.

Work
Kossak exhibited his work on Polish soil and abroad since 1854. His preferred medium was watercolour, both in smaller and larger formats. He was the precursor of a Polish school of battle-scene painting, with his main subject matter revolving around what was of great concern to Poles opposing the military occupation of their country. He was the author of over a dozen panoramic paintings depicting Polish cavalry in battle and on military actions against foreign invaders.

Kossak produced also a series of portraits in oil for Polish noble families including Fredro, Gniewosz, Tyszkiewicz, Lipski and Morstin clan. His rustic and pastoral scenes included horse fairs, country weddings, winter hunting excursions, mythological scenes and horse stables. He also produces a series of illustrations of Polish epic literature such as Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, novels of Henryk Sienkiewicz, works by Wincenty Pol, Jan Chryzostom Pasek and others. He designed various honorary medals for Kraków foundries.

title: Juliusz Kossak


text:
User:CPRice

I am Christopher Price, a lawyer at a litigation firm in Los Angeles.

In addition to my law degree, I received a Bachelor of Science in Political Science and a Minor in History from the University of Houston. I have articles related to the study of early Christianity on various websites. You can find any of these articles at my Virtual Office.

Articles I Watch

 * Acts of the Apostles
 * Earl Doherty
 * Jesus Myth
 * Josephus on Jesus
 * Historicity of Jesus
 * Massacre of the Innocents

title: User:CPRice


text:
INPADOC

INPADOC, which stands for International Patent Documentation, is a freely available international patent database. It is produced and maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO). INPADOC developed a patent families classification, which groups together patent applications (and issued patents) originating from the same priority document(s). It also provides data about the legal status (pending, issued, abandoned, expired) for patent documents in many countries and for large time periods. Although INPADOC is not comprehensive, it keeps expanding the breadth and the depth of its coverage.

Historic timeline
INPADOC was founded by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the government of Austria under an agreement on May 2, 1972. The original database was offered to users in microfiche format. Patent Family Service (PFS) grouping was introduced, where all the documents belonging to a specific patent family were identified, in 1973. Legal status information became available in 1978. INPADOC went on-line 1981.

In 1988 INPADOC officials claimed, that the database "covers more than 98 % of all patent documents published yearly worldwide and the total number of documents is more than 13 million." Luxembourg had the largest temporal coverage going back to 1945. The database provided bibliographic information from 55 patent issuing authorities (73 in 2023) and the legal status service from 12 as of 1990.

INPADOC was integrated into the European Patent Office (EPO) in 1991 with the Principal Directorate Patent Information of the EPO having been located in Vienna, Austria since. In 2003 the backlog of the legal status database was cleared up, and the physical storage of electronic records was established in The Hague.

Approximately 130,000 bibliographic records from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore and Brunei covering years between 1990 and 2003 were added in 1991, albeit their availability was initially limited to CD-ROM format only. Patent data from Brazil and 19 Spanish-language countries were added in 2004.

In 2005, the database provided bibliographic information from 73 patent issuing authorities and the legal status service from 44. Also in 2005, several commercial database developers (e.g. Anacubis, Minesoft, PatentInformatics and Questel-Orbit) offered access to enhanced INPADOC data and search functionality for a fee.

Source:

title: INPADOC