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Rishikas

The Rishikas (also Rshika and Ṛṣika) was an ancient Kingdom of Central Asia and South Asia, who are mentioned in Hindu and Sanskrit literary texts, including the Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Brhat-Samhita, the Markendeya Purana and Patanjali's Mahabhashya.

Some historians believe the Rishikas were a part of, or synonymous with, the Kambojas. However, the Mahabharata not only suggests a distinction, but also adds an internal division – sub-divisions within the Rishikas known as the Uttara ("northern") and the Parama ("supreme").

Classical literary texts state that the Rishikas were neighbors of the Parama Kambojas and the Lohas in Saka-dvipa ("Sakaland") (most likely Transoxiana).

According to traditional accounts, during the 2nd century BCE a subgroup of Rishikas migrated to southwestern India and settled there, crossing Afghanistan, Balochistan, Sindhu and Sovira.

Kamboja–Rishika connection
Sanskrit scholar Ishwa Mishra believes that the Rishikas were synonymous with the Parama Kambojas. V. S. Aggarwala also relates the Parama Kambojas of the Pamir Mountains to the Rishikas of the Mahabharata, located in Shakdvipa. According to B. N. Puri, the Kambojas were a branch of the Tukharas. Similarly, Moti Chandra sees a close ethnic connection between the Kambojas and the Yuezhi. And other scholars believe that the Kambojas were a branch of the Yuezhi.

The Sabhaparava of the Mahabharata describes the Lohas, Kambojas and Rishikas as neighboring tribes west of the Himalayas. The Adiparva of the Mahabharata compares the Kambojas and the Rishikas, describing them both as "despised" people. The Kambojan king Chandravarma is described as an incarnation of Daitya Chandra and the sage, Rishika ("from the Rishika tribe"), is described as an incarnation of Danva Arka.

In one version of the Mahabharata Chandravarma is a Rishikan, rather than a Kambojan, king. The Kambojas and Rishikas appear side-by-side in a verse. In the Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata, the Kambojas and Rishikas are described as one people (Kambojarishika).

A scholarly class of people is implied, according to some authorities, by the name "Rishika" in the Matsya and Vayu Puranas. The Kambojas, in the Dronaparava section of the Mahabharata, are also described as a scholarly people:

Other Evidences
Some scholars have proposed that the Rishikas are the Yuezhi of ancient Chinese sources, or the Asii cited by the ancient Greeks. J. C. Vidyalankar believes that the Rishikas are the Kushans in general (or perhaps only the dynasty founded by Kanishka).

The name "Asii" (or "Asioi" mentioned by Strabo, according to one view, alludes to their connections with horses (asva or assa). Based on the earlier information from Megasthenes' (350-290 BC) Indica, Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentions Osii (Orsi), Asoi, Aseni, Taxillae and Peucolaitae as Indian peoples living in the upper Indus valley south of the Hindu Kush. The Taxillae and Peucolaitae are Gandharans of the Indian traditions while the Asoi, Osii/Orsi and Aseni appear yet other variants of the Assaceni (Aspasioi) and Assacani (Assakenoi)—the Asvayana and Asvakayana of Pāṇini and Katyayana). The Aspasios and Assakenois were notable Kamboja groups engaged in horse culture.

Mahabharata and Ramayana
The Rishikas fought in the war described in the Mahabharata. The allied Lohan, Parama-Kamboja, northern and Parama Rishika tribes fought with the Pandava Arjuna during their Digvijay expedition against the tribes of Uttarapatha. The Kishikindha Kanda of the Ramayana also refers to northern Rishikas.

Matsya Purana
According to Matsya Purana the Rishikas were descendants of the Rishis, or inspired poets.

Rishikas in southwestern India
Verses in Karanaparava and Bhishmaparava of the Mahabharata refer to Rishikas in Dakshinapatha as a Janapada near Mahajanapada. The Kishikindha Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana refers to this second branch of the Rishikas, placing them in Dakshinapatha near the Vidarbhas. The Markandeya Purana also attests to the Rishikas of the Dakshinapatha.

Varāhamihira identifies Rishikas in Dakshinapatha in the Brhat Samhita. Brhat Samhita and Markendeya Purana identify Kamboja and Pahlava settlements in southwestern India.

Evidence from Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata associates the Rishikas with the Kambojas, Shakas and Pahlavas near the Anupa region (Anupadesha):

Shakanam Pahlavana.n cha Daradanam cha ye nripah Kamboja Rishika ye cha pashchim anupakash cha ye (5.5.15)

"The kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas, Daradas and the Kamboja Rishikas live in the west in Anupadesa, or the seacoast regions."

The Daradas in the verse above appear to be a copyist's mistake, since the Paradas, not the Daradas, are associated with the military confederation of the Sakas, Kambojas and Pahlavas (Pānca-ganah or "five hordes" of Kshatriyas in the Puranic texts, for instance).

title: Rishikas


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Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group

Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group (SMEG) is one of the largest media conglomerates in China. Founded on April 19, 1997, SMEG is a major media content provider in China that also manages other culture-related businesses such as performances, exhibitions, tourism and hotels.

Organization
The company comprises nine subsidiaries:
 * Shanghai Media Group (TV and radio stations in Shanghai)
 * Shanghai Film Group (film, animation, documentary productions in Shanghai)
 * Shanghai Oriental Pearl (Group) Co., Ltd.
 * SMEG Performing Arts Center
 * SMEG Special Events Office
 * SME Industry Co., Ltd.
 * SME Technology Development Co., Ltd.
 * STR International Holdings Co., Ltd.
 * Shanghai Film Archives

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group


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Tabriz rug

A Tabriz rug or carpet is a type in the general category of Persian carpets  from the city of Tabriz, the capital city of East Azerbaijan province in northwest of Iran. It is one of the oldest rug weaving centers and makes a huge diversity of types of carpets. The range starts at Bazaar quality of 24 raj (Number of knots per 7 cm of the widths of the rug) and on up to the incredibly fine 110 raj. Raj is the unit of knot density. It shows the rigidity of the rug which based on the number of strings used for the foundation of the rug. Strings materials are usually made of cotton or silk which is used for very fine rugs.

Tabriz has one of the most diverse displays of designs from medallion, Herati/Mahi, to figural, pictorial, and even 3-d shaped rugs.

The major producers in Tabriz today include: Alabaf of Tabriz, Galibafi Nassadji Tabriz, and Miri Brothers.

Tabriz has been a large and worldwide famous carpet making center in the Iran and the world. It played a significant role in development the rich traditions of the decorative and applied arts.

The art of Tabriz carpet was in its zenith in the 12th-16th centuries. About 200 Tabriz school masterpieces of the classical or "golden" period of the 14th century are characterized by a harmonic merge of the arts of miniature paintings and weaving, by a high level of craftsmanship demonstrated by artists and carpet weavers.

The Tabriz school can be divided into 2 subgroups: Tabriz and Ardabil.

Ardabil carpets
" Ardabil", "Sheikh Safi", "Sarabi", "Shah Abbasi" and "Mir".

Tabriz carpets
"Tabriz", "Heris", "Lachak-turanj", "Afshan", "Aghajly", "Dord Fasil", "Sardorud".

Tabriz
Different types of carpets were made here, including pile and flat-weave, with simple and complex composition. The carpet making art was passed on from generation to generation and was considered the most valued heirloom. The traditional topics for the Tabriz carpets are the ornamental patterns, with the following dominant background colors: cream, red or navy blue. The most typical for this school are rugs and carpets grouped under the common name "Lachak turanj". In the middle of the center field and in the corners of the carpet ("lachak")( triangle) there are "turanj"( Citron). The turanj in the center of the carpet is a symbol of the Moon, and the pattern formed by lozenges with the toothed leaves on the edges symbolizes the scales of the fish, which rise to the surface of the water at midnight to admire the Moon reflection. The origin of this composition dates back to the 9th-10th centuries. Often the topics for the Tabriz carpets are drawn from the works of the great Oriental poets. The carpets often depict the scenes of falconry or images of a ferocious lion. Well known are also Tabriz carpet-pictures with images of fragments of palaces and mosques, scenes of battles. Often, in creation of this or that ornamental pattern carpet weavers were inspired by the hand-painted covers of ancient books.

Heris
The name of these carpets is associated with the village of Heris or Herez to the North East of Tabriz. The stylistic decoration of the "Heris" carpets is rather unusual. The composition and common shapes of the details are created on the basis of the composition "lachak turanj", which is formed by the foliate curve-linear patterns. However, with time the patterns of this composition became dotted and created an independent carpet pattern. Normally, the carpet was woven from memory, without a sketch. There is not surprising because since the beginning of the 16th century till the present day the craftsmen in Heris have traditionally been making only this type of carpet, and they know perfectly well its design and pattern. The residents of Heris are also renowned for production of flat-weave rugs – palases and kilims.

Trees or Tree of Life
It is their composition that gave the name to these carpets rather than the place of production. In other parts of Iran, these carpets are widely known under the name of "Derakhti", in Afghanistan "Bagghi" and in Azerbaijan "Agajly". The composition of the center field the "Agajly" carpet consists largely of one or several trees and bushes, in rare cases – of a cluster of trees. The trees are of different appearance. In ancient times such compositions were based on some legendary events, love scenes, mythological and sometimes even religious and fanatical plots. The weeping willow was a symbol of love, the oak represented strength and courage, and the pomegranate personified abundance and luck. This type of design is used in Qum, Tabriz, Isfahan, Kashan

Subject carpets
While the carpets with abstract patterns obviously prevail, there were subject carpets as well. The most ancient of them is mentioned by Nizami, the outstanding Iranian poet of the 12th century, whose work served as an inexhaustible source of inspiration not only for numerous miniature painters but for the carpet art as well. One of the most ancient subject carpets was the Sasanid carpet called "Zimistan" (Winter), which was taken by the Arabs as a trophy after the devastation of the Sasanid empire. Contrary to its name, this carpet is said to depict spring landscapes. It was called "Winter" because it was laid in the palace during wintertime and its vivid patterns brightened the winter interior with the luxuriant colors of the gardens and fields in bloom. Perhaps Khosrov Parviz, the Sasanid King, reminisced about spring when looking at this carpet in winter. Seasons constitute the most favorite carpet subjects. Normally, they form the background for the famous Oriental buildings, including forts, palaces, mosques, temples – the Nature blossoms and withers but the stones remain intact... Khosrau, Farhad, Shirin, Bahrām Gōr, Iskander, Layla and Majnun – these characters created by Ferdosi, Nizami and Fizuli, as well as scenes from their poems are often depicted in the carpets, whose style reminds you of the miniatures by the painters of the celebrated Tabriz school flourishing at the time of the Safavids. The subject carpets were based on various topics, the most favorite being those of hunting and animals, literature plots and religious themes. One of the traditional subjects is the image of Omar Khayam with his sweetheart. By virtue of the specific language of the miniature painting the carpet composition conveys the spirit and essence of Khayam's poetry, and it does it with a great realistic force. The carpet bears the distichs and quatrains – verses and sections from the poems by Ferdosi, Saadi, Hafez, Sheikh Attar, with some sage maxims and adages about love. Samples of Tabriz carpet:

title: Tabriz rug


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Speedy in Oz

Speedy in Oz (1934) is the twenty-eighth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fourteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935).

This book features yet another island which floats in the sky: Umbrella Island, which flies by virtue of a huge umbrella with lifting and shielding powers. The king is not very good at steering the flying island; he bumps it into a giant's head. For compensation, Loxo, the great brute, demands the King's daughter Gureeda, whom he mistakes for a boy, as a servant to lace his huge boots. However, he grants the Umbrella Islanders three months to train the child to be a bootlacer.

Meanwhile, the boy Speedy (from The Yellow Knight of Oz) returns for another adventure. While inspecting a dinosaur skeleton, Speedy is blown by a geyser into the air. The skeleton comes magically to life and becomes Terrybubble, a live dinosaur skeleton. Terrybubble and Speedy land on Umbrella Island. Speedy develops a friendship with Princess Gureeda. He also becomes friendly with the island's resident wizard, Waddy. An unscrupulous minister, however, notices that Speedy and Gureeda look very much alike and could pass for fraternal twins. He hatches a plot to compensate the giant by handing Speedy over to him as a slave instead of Gureeda. Terrybubble learns of this plot, and he parachutes off the island with Speedy and Gureeda. All three are captured by Loxo, and it is up to the wizard Waddy to save them.

Aside from a brief consultation with Princess Ozma and her advisers at the conclusion, the book deals exclusively with characters of Thompson's creation.

Reception
The Billings Gazette said that the book offers "rollicking fun and quaking amazement for the under 12s," lauding it as a "book of glorified nonsense". The Boston Globe called it an "entrancing story".

Copyright status
Under current United States copyright laws, Speedy in Oz is scheduled to enter the public domain on January 1, 2030. All of Thompson's subsequent Oz books for Reilly had their copyrights expire prematurely, thus this will be the last copyright in the series to lapse.

title: Speedy in Oz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arlington Independant Media

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 23:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Arlington Independant Media
A smalltown media outfit (and a misspelled title as a bonus) Denni ☯ 03:07, 2005 August 19 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable Tonywalton | Talk 10:23, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN advertising. Alf 10:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Dottore So 14:11, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:202.147.176.70

title: User talk:202.147.176.70


text: User talk:68.85.103.115

title: User talk:68.85.103.115


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Al-Maadeed

Al Maadeed (المعاضيد) also spelled Al Maadid or Al Maadhid, is one of the primary tribes in Qatar.

In Qatar, the Al-Maadeed tribe includes these major families:
 * Al-Ali
 * Al-Badi
 * Al-Thani
 * Al-Assiri
 * Bin Abood
 * Al-Jattal
 * Al-Ibrahim
 * Al-Mehshadi
 * Al-Ghanim
 * Al-Farhood

The ruling family of Qatar are from the Al Maadeed tribe. Though they are mainly present in Qatar, there are Maadeed's in Kuwait as well as Saudi Arabia. The Al Maadeed's are descendants of the Bani Tamim. The Binali tribe was a tribal alliance with Al Maadeed tribe

The founder of Qatar Sheikh Mohammed Bin Thani was chosen from Al Maadeed tribe as the leader of modern Qatar. He was chosen because of his good personal characteristics and friendliness. Now, Al-Thani Almaadeed the descendants of Mohammed bin thani are chosen as leaders of Qatar.

J.G. Lorimer's book Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf states that, in 1908, there were 875 members of the Al Maadeed tribe in Qatar. They were mainly centered in Al Wakrah, Lusail and the capital Doha.

Ibrahim bin Jarallah bin Dekhnah Al Sharifi's book Al-Maadheed and Qatar: the history and pedigree and civilization pp 144–148 first edition 1999.

title: Al-Maadeed


text:
Talk:Twin-scaling

Not sure how to describe the process exactly as bulbs aren't really 'sterilized' before twin-scaling, or they wouldn't reproduce! Can anyone suggest a better way to express this?Infilms

title: Talk:Twin-scaling


text:
Talk:The Hyborian Age

What is the essay doing here in Wikipedia?
Isn't there another Media Wiki that this essay should be on? This article is not encyclopedic and may even infringe on copyrights as it is. --InformationalAnarchist 03:09, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On the subject of copyrights: The article tells us that the text was first published in 2003. This may have been a consequence of the 2002-12-31 cutoff in 17 USC § 303.  However, the public domain status of the text must be positively confirmed for something with so recent a publication date.  I have not yet found a copy of the text elsewhere than Wikipedia, which to me strongly indicates that it did not enter the public domain in 2003 and is still copyrighted.  If you have the book that the text came from, please check its copyright notices. Uncle G 01:39:12, 2005-08-22 (UTC)
 * http://www.robert-e-howard.org/AnotherThought4ws02.html credibly asserts that it's public domain. —Cryptic (talk) 05:51, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not a totally credible assertion, given that the list contradicts both this article and Hyborian Age. Both of the articles state that the essay was first published in 2003.  That list, however, states that it was first published in 1936, in several instalments.  Either one of the statements is false, or there are two different works here.  If one of the statements is false, it depends from which one.  (If the articles are correct, then the work is still copyrighted.)  If there are two different works here, then the list isn't telling us anything about the work that is actually the subject of this article at all.  The best source for confirmation would be the 2003 book that contains the essay.  The copyright notice in the second "Conan of Cimmeria" book (The Bloody Crown of Conan, whose copyright page is available on Amazon) states that it is "Copyright © 2003 Conan Properties International LLC". Note also that any Robert E. Howard work that falls under "lifetime plus 70 years" rule, which by 17 USC § 303 includes works created but not published before 1978-01-01 such as this one (presuming the articles and the book blurb to be right and the list to be either wrong or talking about something else), will still remain copyrighted until 2006.  Uncle G 21:46:23, 2005-08-22 (UTC)

 * Someone seems to be pushing the recent "pure" volumes as if they are the only versions. Note that the essay on the copyright mentions only part of the essay was originally published in the magazine appearance.  It appears twice in the listings of the 1960s books - possible the part previously printed and the remainder.  I recall reading a comic adaption of it in the 1970s.  Perhaps the 2003 printing is the first of the whole essay as originally written ?  -- Beardo 00:08, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
As it is, this is a fairly short article, so why not merge it with the main Hyborian Age article and have the history of the essay and the summary of the world within all in one location? Spartan198 (talk) 18:20, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Hyborian Age page confusion rectified
I ran this by an administrator months, if not over a year, ago, and never got a reply, but the pages for the universe and the essay were titled very confusingly, so I've taken it upon myself to act and moved the world to The Hyborian Age (fictional universe) and the essay to The Hyborian Age (essay) so as to alleviate this confusion. If I was out of line doing so, I apologize, but I felt it necessary to take the initiative on this issue myself. Spartan198 (talk) 22:49, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Hyborian Age


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Titter

Titter may refer to:

 * Harold Titter, New Zealand businessman and public administrator
 * Titter Khel, a village in Pakistan

title: Titter


text:
Tommy Fleming (musician)

Tommy Fleming (born 15 May 1971) is an Irish singer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s after he was asked to tour the US with Phil Coulter. He soon established himself as a solo artist and found his greatest success singing traditional Irish music, both old and contemporary. Fleming has toured extensively throughout Ireland, UK, United States, the Netherlands and Australia.

Biography
From an early age Fleming's natural singing talent was on show in local talent competitions and concerts. He sang in public for the first time in 1978 at a concert put on by Kilmactigue National School, which he attended. After finishing secondary school in 1990, he played the local scene with a couple of bands, but it was his meeting with composer Phil Coulter in Westport, County Mayo, that changed his career. Within a few short months of this meeting, he appeared at the Cork Opera House, and the National Concert Hall in Dublin. He then went on a tour of the United States, which included appearances at Carnegie Hall and the Boston Symphony Hall.

After his return to Ireland, he joined the group De Dannan. (Mary Black, Maura O'Connell, and Dolores Keane had been previous lead vocalists of this group.) He performed his first show with De Dannan in the Royal Concert Hall, Glasgow in January 1994. With De Dannan, Fleming's voice was brought to Australia, China, Hong Kong, and, once again, the United States.

Career
When Fleming was asked how he would describe his genre of music he confessed that it is not opera nor rock 'n' roll. He said that he is just "very traditional and likes a song with a good story". When he is touring, he is accompanied by David Hayes, who plays piano and keyboard. Hayes produces Fleming's albums and is the musical director of his shows. Fleming's first solo effort after leaving De Dannan, Different Side of Life, was released in 1996.

In 1998, Fleming released Restless Spirit. In early 1998 while on the promotional tour for this album he was almost killed in a car accident returning to his native County Sligo. He escaped from the burning car with a broken neck which put his career in jeopardy. He ended up wearing a cranial halo for three months. After this incident Fleming was told there was a chance he might not be able to walk again. The woman who rescued Fleming at the time was his wife Tina. Fleming said "She took over my management and helped steer me in the right direction".

Sand & Water and The Contender were the two albums that followed Restless Spirit. The Contender brought Fleming back to the roots of traditional Irish music. The continued successes of his albums throughout 2000 and 2001 would lead to his first tour of Japan.

On 12 December 2004, Fleming recorded a concert at Knock Shrine Basilica in Knock, County Mayo. This building has a capacity of 5,000 and had been host to Holy Mass celebrated by Pope John Paul II on his visit to Ireland in September 1979. Fleming's was the first concert of its kind to be held there. PBS began broadcasting the recording of the concert under the title Voice of Hope in the United States in August 2005. Voice of Hope was his first album to be released in North America.

In 2006, Fleming released his first studio album in three years, entitled A Life Like Mine. It included songs that Fleming had wanted to record for some time, including Jimmy MacCarthy's "Mystic Lipstick" and Phil Coulter's "Scorn Not His Simplicity". The album went straight to number 5 in the Album charts.

In 2007, Fleming recorded his new live show, A Journey Home, at Ireland's National Events Centre in Killarney to an audience of 2,000. Released on CD and DVD in 2008, it features 22 songs from Ireland's most celebrated and acclaimed writers and poets. A Journey Home includes classical Irish songs such as "The Cliffs of Dooneen", "Isle of Innisfree" (the theme of the film, The Quiet Man, written by Dick Farrelly), and "Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears".

Upon the release of A Journey Home, Fleming was asked in an interview what would be next for him. He stated that he's going to work on his next studio album, as well as writing an autobiography.

He participated in season 4 of Celebrity Bainisteoir in 2011, managing St Patrick's GAA Club Dromard, Sligo.

In November 2014, Fleming participated in the inaugural cruise of the Australian performing arts on the MS Radiance of the Seas along with, among others, Cheryl Barker, David Hobson, Colin Lane, Teddy Tahu Rhodes, Simon Tedeschi, Elaine Paige, Marina Prior, and Jonathon Welch.

Personal life
Tommy Fleming is currently living in Mayo with his wife, Tina. He met her at a funeral two days after a tour in the late 1990s. This was soon after the accident Fleming was involved in where he crashed his car and broke his neck. Fleming has described Tina as "a great woman very strong and a great organiser".

Solo albums

 * 1996 – Different Sides to Life
 * 1997 – Sand and Water
 * 1998 – Restless Spirit
 * 2000 – The Contender
 * 2003 – The Collection
 * 2005 – A Voice of Hope
 * 2006 – A Life Like Mine
 * 2007 – A Journey Home
 * 2009 – The Best Is Yet to Come
 * 2009 – Song for a Winter's Night
 * 2010 – Going Back
 * 2014 – The West's Awake
 * 2016 – Stories
 * 2018 – A Voice of Hope II
 * 2021 – All These Years

Charitable recordings

 * 2006 – A Very Special Christmas (single – with Moya Brennan)

title: Tommy Fleming (musician)


text:
House of Thani

The House of Thani (آل ثاني) is the ruling family of Qatar, with origins tracing back to the Northern Arab Banu Tamim tribe. Today Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and his mother  Moza bint Nassir lead the house.

History and structure
The Al Thanis can be traced back to Mudar bin Nizar. The tribe moved from Nejdi town of Ushaiger and settled at the Gebrin oasis in southern Najd (present-day Saudi Arabia) before they moved to Qatar. Around the 17th century, the tribe lived in Ushaiger, a settlement north-west of Riyadh. They settled in Qatar around the 1720s. Their first settlement in Qatar was in the southern town of Sikak, and from there they moved north-west to Zubarah and Al Ruwais. They settled in Doha in the 19th century under their leader Mohammed bin Thani. The group was named after the father of Mohammad, Thani bin Mohammad.

The family is made of four main factions: Bani Qassim, Bani Ahmed, Bani Jaber, and Bani Thamer. As of the early 1990s, the number of the family members was estimated to be about 20,000.

The leadership transitions in 1913, 1949, 1960, and 2013 were all abdications. These abdications were to a nephew in one incident and sons in the others.

The family and their relatives and associates own significant properties in the Mayfair district of London, with an estimated quarter of Mayfair's 279 acres including two of the area's best known luxury hotels, The Connaught and Claridge's. The area has acquired the nickname "Little Doha".

Rulers
List of Emirs:
 * Sheikh Thani bin Mohammad
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani, Emir of Qatar (1851–1878)
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1878–1913)
 * Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammed Al Thani, ruled Qatar between 1898 and 1905 (after his brother abdicated in favor of him) until he was killed in 1905
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1913–1914)
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1914–1949)
 * Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1949–1960)
 * Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1960–1972)
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995)
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
 * Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (2013–present)

Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani branch

 * Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (ca. 1825–1913), founder of modern Qatar
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani I (19th century, died when he was young)
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Jassim Al Thani (1851–1931)
 * Sheikh Thani bin Jassim Al Thani (1856–1943), Sheikh of Al Gharafa
 * Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani (1871–1930), Sheikh of Al Wakra
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (1880–1957), former Sheikh of Al Rayyan, Ruler of Qatar (1914–1940, 1948–1949)
 * Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century, died when he was young)
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani (1881–1971), Sheikh of Umm Salal Mohammed
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Muhammed bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century–1977)
 * Sheikh Faisal bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Nasir bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Nasir Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Nasir Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Nasir Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Nasir Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Nasir Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century–1970)
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Khalid bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Khalid Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Jassim Al Thani (1959)
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Najla bint Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikha Reem bint Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Salman Bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Salman Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Salman Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Salman Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saud Bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Saud Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Saud Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Saud Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Saud Al Thani
 * Sheikh Sultan bin Jassim Al Thani, married
 * Sheikh Faysal bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? bin Faysal Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hasan bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh ??? Hamid Mohammed
 * Sheikha Noor bint Jassim Al Thani, married
 * Sheikha Rowdha bint Jassim Al Thani, married to Abdullah bin Ahmad Bin Abdullah
 * Sheikha Amna bint Jassim Al Thani, married to Khalid bin Hamad bin Abdullah
 * Sheikha Al-Anoud bint Jassim Al Thani, married, with two sons and two daughters
 * Sheikha Tamather bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Fatma bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Muna bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Jawaher bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Sheikha bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Maha bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Moneera bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Khowla bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Leena bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Loolwa bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Mariam bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Noora bint Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ghanim bin Jassim Al Thani (1880s 2nd millennium)
 * Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani II (1893–1972), Sheikh of Umm Salal Ali
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani II (19th century, died young)
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani III (1897-ca.1980), Sheikh of Al Khiesa, settled in Rumeliah and Adba
 * Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Jassim Al Thani (1896–1985), Sheikh of Al Markhiya
 * Sheikh Salman bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century, died during/soon after his birth)
 * Sheikh Idris bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century, died during/soon after his birth)
 * Sheikh Mubarak bin Jassim Al Thani (19th century, died during/soon after his birth)
 * Sheikh Salman bin Jassim Al Thani II (1899–1984), Sheikh of Dukhan
 * Sheikh Nasser bin Jassim Al Thani (1900s–1978), Sheikh of Nasiriya
 * Sheikh Sultan bin Jassim Al Thani (1900s–1976), Sheikh of Umm Al Amad
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani (1900s–1995), Sheikh of Al Khor
 * Sheikh Khawar bin Ahmed Al Thani, Emir of Al Khor since 1996
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Khawar Al Thani
 * Sheikha ??? bint Khawar Al Thani
 * Sheikha ??? bint Khawar Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani (ca. 1825–1913), founder of Modern Qatar
 * Sheikh Muhammed bin Jassim Al Thani, de facto ruler
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Muhammed bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saoud bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Thamir bin Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ghanim bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mubarak bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Musa'id bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hassan bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mansoor bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Falih bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jabor bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ali bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saud bin Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Fatima bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Sarah bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Loulwa bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Hessa bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Sheikha bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikha Noura bint Mohammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, ruler
 * Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani, ruler
 * Sheikh Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, emir
 * Sheikh Abdelaziz bin Ahmed Al Thani (1945–2008), ex-crown prince (in exile)
 * Sheikh Muhammed bin Ali Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Thani (Sharjah)
 * Sheikh Saud bin Muhammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hassan bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Sultan bin Hassan bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Sultan bin Hassan Al Thani
 * Sheikh Sultan bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikha Sara bint Abdulrahman Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani, crown prince (died before his father)
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saud bin Ahmed Al Thani, (born 1969) former Qatari footballer
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdelaziz bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saud bin Abdelaziz bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Khalid Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Khalid Al Thani
 * Sheikh Suhaim bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani
 * Sheikha Jawaher bint Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, emir
 * Sheikh Abdelaziz bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Khalifah Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, emir until 25 June 2013
 * Sheikh Mishaal bin Hamad Al Thani, heir apparent (until 1996)
 * Sheikh Jasim bin Hamad Al Thani, heir apparent (until 2003)
 * Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, emir from 25 June 2013
 * Sheikh Joaan bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani, deputy emir
 * Sheikha Alanoud bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Thani bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Khalfa bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saud bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hassan bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mubarak bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Faleh bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Nasser bin Fahad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Thani bin Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Muhammed bin Thani Al Thani
 * Sheikh Thamir bin Muhammed bin Thani Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Thamir Al Thani

The Ahmed bin Muhammed Al Thani branch

 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Muhammed Al Thani, Governor of Doha
 * Sheikh Khalifa bin Ahmed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani
 * Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani, Prime Minister and Interior Minister of Qatar (2013-20)
 * Sheikh Saif bin Ahmed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Ahmed bin Saif Al Thani
 * Sheikh Saif bin Ahmed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Ahmed Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jamal bin Ahmed Al Thani

The Jaber bin Muhammed Al Thani branch

 * Sheikh Jaber bin Muhammed Al Thani (1878–1934)
 * Sheikh Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani
 * Sheikh Yousif bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Jabor bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani (1959), Foreign Minister of Qatar (1992-2013), Prime Minister of Qatar (2007-2013)
 * Sheikh Jabor bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Fahad bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Falah Bin Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikha Alanoud bint Hamad Al Thani
 * Sheikh Falah bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Mansoor bin Jassim Al Thani
 * Sheikh Nawaf bin Jassim Al Thani (jailed for six years)
 * Sheikh Muhammad bin Jabr Al Thani (1916–1983)
 * Sheikh Jaber bin Muhammad Al Thani

title: House of Thani


text:
Talk:Nuclear power phase-out/to do

 * Anti-nuclear organizations make the claim phase-outs were on the rise while pro-nuclear organizations claim nuclear energy was booming. IMO, this is one of the most important issues that the article has to deal with. A good place for this is the introduction. Some (few) statistics are at (World Nuclear Power Statistics 2004 - ). An illustrative graph could be a good idea.

 * The country section needs to be expanded. Especially the following countries (along with possible references):
 * Asia:

 * 1) China
 * 2) India ,
 * 3) Iran
 * 4) South Korea, Kazakhstan , Japan
 * 5) Pakistan, , (Section I History),(Compare also Khan Affair)
 * Europe:

 * 1) France
 * 2) Russia
 * 3) Great Britain
 * 4) Ukraine
 * 5) Norway, Denmark, Greece, Poland
 * 6) Czech Republic
 * 7) Romania
 * Americas

 * 1) US
 * 2) Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil
 * Africa

 * 1) South Africa, (Koeberg station)

 * The discussion section could be merged with nuclear energy and expanded, e.g. with An analysis of Bernard Cohen's figures.

 * A further argument for a phase-out could be workstations. The German Minister Jürgen Trittin claims more new jobs had been created by renewable energy than could have been by nuclear energy.

 * The references need to be put at the end.

 * A section at the end needs to discuss future perspectives for phase-outs/nuclear energy. (e.g.

 * Four Corners, a Australian Broadcasting Corporation series, had a programme on contrasting debates about nuclear energy in Sweden and Australia. "Who's Afraid of Nuclear Power?".

title: Talk:Nuclear power phase-out/to do


text:
Bauta

Bauta may refer to:
 * Bauta, Cuba, a city and municipality
 * The bauta mask, a mask traditionally worn for the Carnival of Venice
 * Bauta (stone), a large upright standing stone

title: Bauta


text:
Manuel Herrick

Manuel Herrick, nicknamed the "Okie Jesus Congressman" (September 20, 1876 – January 11, 1952) was a United States Representative from Oklahoma for one term, from March 4, 1921 to March 3, 1923.

Early life
Born Immanuel Herrick in Perry Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio on September 20, 1876, he moved with his parents, John Emanuel Herrick and Belinda Kale Herrick, to Greenwood County, Kansas in 1877. Herrick’s mother came to believe her son was Jesus Christ reincarnated, leading Herrick himself to believe this as well. Herrick was self-educated and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Later, he settled in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma Territory. In 1893, Herrick was deemed insane after attempting to rob a train and was sent to a mental institution. Afterwards, Herrick moved to Perry and became interested in agriculture and stock raising.

Congressional career
At the age of forty-two, Herrick was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh Congress. Herrick won the Republican nomination after the popular incumbent Republican congressman, Dick T. Morgan, died unexpectedly on the last day of filing, allowing Herrick to take the nomination unopposed. Herrick was elected in November 1920 based on the strength of Warren G. Harding's showing in his district. Herrick served from March 4, 1921 to March 3, 1923. He unsuccessfully ran for reelection in 1922, losing in the Republican primary. As a Congressman, Herrick was one of the more colorful members of that body. During his one-and-only term, Herrick scandalized his fellow legislators by soliciting marriage proposals from beauty queens, only to claim that he was gathering information for intended legislation banning beauty pageants. Herrick took a similar approach to his 1925 arrest for moonshining, claiming to be an undercover agent for the Internal Revenue Service. Herrick was also notable for his prowess as a barnstorming aviator, and for his Jesus reincarnation claims, leading him to be nicknamed the “Okie Jesus Congressman”. His mental health was often in question and his eccentricities and lack of knowledge of the governmental process overshadowed his diligence for constituents.

Later life and death
After leaving Congress, Herrick moved to California in 1933. He would settle in Plumas County, California in 1937 and ran unsuccessfully for Congress several times while in California. Herrick mysteriously disappeared during a Sierra blizzard on January 11, 1952, while on a trip to his mining claim eight miles northeast of Quincy, California. A month later, Herrick was found dead in a snowbank two miles from his cabin on February 29, 1952. His remains were cremated and the ashes interred in Quincy Cemetery in Quincy.

title: Manuel Herrick


text:
Printz v. United States

Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that certain interim provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Gun Control Act of 1968
The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), Pub. L 90-618 and subsequent amendments established a detailed Federal program governing the distribution of firearms. The GCA prohibited firearms ownership by certain broad categories of individuals thought to pose a threat to public safety: convicted felons, convicted misdemeanor domestic violence or stalking offenders, persons with an outstanding felony warrant, fugitives from justice, unlawful aliens, persons with court-mandated protective orders issued against them, persons who have been involuntarily committed to a mental health facility, adjudicated mentally ill by a court, and others.

Persons disqualified from firearms ownership for mental health reasons can apply to have this disability removed. States that do not maintain an application process to allow persons disqualified for mental health reasons to obtain relief from firearms prohibition face Justice Assistance Grant penalties. Section 105 of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 (NIAA), cited as Pub. L. 110–180, § 105, provides for restoration of firearm ownership rights in mental health cases. Under NIAA it is up to each U.S. state to come up with its own application process; thus the procedure to regain one's rights varies from state-to-state.

The Brady Act
On November 30, 1993, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub. L. 103–159, amending the 1968 Gun Control Act. This "Brady Bill" required the United States Attorney General to establish an electronic or phone-based background check to prevent firearms sales to persons already prohibited from owning firearms. This check, entitled the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), went into effect as required on November 30, 1998.

Interim provisions
The Act also immediately put in place certain interim provisions until that system became operative. Under the interim provisions, a firearms dealer who proposes to transfer a handgun must receive from the transferee a statement (the Brady Form), containing the transferee's name and address, and the date the proposed transfer is to take place, along with a sworn statement that the transferee is not among any of the classes of prohibited purchasers, verify the identity of the transferee by examining an identification document, and provide the "chief law enforcement officer" (CLEO) of the transferee's residence with notice of the contents (and a copy) of the Brady Form.

When a CLEO receives the required notice of a proposed transfer, they must "make a reasonable effort to ascertain within 5 business days whether receipt or possession would be in violation of the law, including research in whatever State and local recordkeeping systems are available and in a national system designated by the Attorney General."

The plaintiffs
Petitioners Sheriffs Jay Printz and Richard Mack, the Chief Law Enforcement Officers for Ravalli County, Montana, and Graham County, Arizona, represented by Stephen Halbrook and David T. Hardy respectively, filed separate actions challenging the constitutionality of the Brady Act's interim provisions. They objected to the use of congressional action to compel state officers to execute Federal law.

Lower court decisions
On May 16, 1994, United States District Judge Charles C. Lovell granted the Sheriff declaratory judgment, finding that the provision requiring CLEOs to perform background checks violated the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, but also concluding that provision was severable from the remainder of the Act, effectively leaving a voluntary background check system in place. On June 29, 1994, United States District Judge John Roll reached the same conclusion. Those judgments were reversed on September 8, 1995, by United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Judge William C. Canby Jr., joined by Judge Herbert Choy, over the dissent of Judge Ferdinand Francis Fernandez.

The Second Circuit also rejected a sheriff's challenge to the mandate, but the Fifth Circuit found that the mandate was unconstitutional, creating a circuit split.

Supreme Court
The Montana and Arizona Sheriffs' petition for a writ of certiorari was granted and one-hour of oral arguments were heard on December 3, 1996, where Hallbrook appeared for the sheriffs and Walter E. Dellinger III, the acting Solicitor General of the United States, appeared for the Government.

Opinion of the Court
On June 27, 1997, the last day of the term, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Justice Antonin Scalia, joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist alongside Justices Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and Clarence Thomas found that the Brady Act's attempted commandeering of the sheriffs to perform background checks violated the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In writing for the majority opinion of the Court, Justice Scalia stated that, although there is no constitutional text precisely responding to the challenge, an answer can be found “in historical understanding and practice, the structure of the Constitution, and in the jurisprudence of this Court.”

Historical understanding and practice
Founding era Acts of Congress imposing obligations on state judges are not evidence of federal power over state officials because, according to the Court, the Madisonian Compromise had agreed to leave the creation of lower federal courts optional. The Court rejected the Government's argument that Federalist No. 36, Federalist No. 45, and Federalist No. 27 anticipated that Congress would "make use" of state officials. Rather, the Court viewed “almost two centuries of apparent congressional avoidance of the practice” as strong evidence that Congressmen did not think they had the power to command state officials.

The structure of the Constitution
The Court explained that federalism in the United States is based upon "dual sovereignty", quoting Federalist No. 39's assurance that states retain "a residual and inviolable sovereignty". The Court stated that the Framers designed the Constitution to allow Federal regulation of international and interstate matters, not internal matters reserved to the State Legislatures.

The Court expressed a worry that Members of Congress might take credit for "solving" a problem with policies that impose all the financial and administrative burden, as well as the blame, on local officials. The Court quoted Federalist No. 51's argument that by giving voters control over dual sovereign governments "a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." The Court concluded that allowing the Federal government to draft the police officers of the 50 states into its service would increase its powers far beyond what the Constitution intends.

The Court identified an additional structural problem with commandeering the Sheriffs: it violated the constitutional separation of powers by robbing the President of the United States of his power to execute the laws; contradicting the "unitary executive theory". The Court explained
 * We have thus far discussed the effect that federal control of state officers would have upon the first element of the "double security" alluded to by Madison: the division of power between State and Federal Governments. It would also have an effect upon the second element: the separation and equilibration of powers between the three branches of the Federal Government itself. The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress; the President, it says, "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," Art. II, §3, personally and through officers whom he appoints (save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the "Courts of Law" or by "the Heads of Departments" who with other presidential appointees), Art. II, §2. The Brady Act effectively transfers this responsibility to thousands of CLEOs in the 50 States, who are left to implement the program without meaningful Presidential control (if indeed meaningful Presidential control is possible without the power to appoint and remove). The insistence of the Framers upon unity in the Federal Executive—to insure both vigor and accountability—is well known. See The Federalist No. 70 (A. Hamilton); 2 Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution 495 (M. Jensen ed. 1976) (statement of James Wilson); see also Calabresi & Prakash, The President's Power to Execute the Laws, 104 Yale L. J. 541 (1994). That unity would be shattered, and the power of the President would be subject to reduction, if Congress could act as effectively without the President as with him, by simply requiring state officers to execute its laws

Finally, the Court applied its past jurisprudence. The Government had argued that the anti-commandeering doctrine established in New York v. United States (1992), which held that Congress could not command state legislatures to either pass a law or take ownership of nuclear waste, did not apply to state officials. Rejecting the Government's argument, the Court held that the Tenth Amendment categorically forbids the Federal Government from commanding state officials directly. As such, the Brady Act's mandate on the Sheriffs to perform background checks was unconstitutional.

Justice O'Connor wrote a concurring opinion, alone, highlighting that the Court's holding left local Chief Law Enforcement Officers free to voluntarily comply with the federal mandate.

Justice Thomas also added a concurrence, alone, clarifying that, in his opinion, Congress's interstate Commerce Clause powers do not apply to purely intrastate firearms transfers. Thomas went on to urge the Court in a future case to consider whether the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution grants individuals a personal right to own firearms and to consider the “colorable argument” that federal gun laws would violate that right.

Dissents
Justice John Paul Stevens, joined by Justices David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer, respectfully dissented. Justice Stevens suggested the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, giving the Federal government the right to regulate handgun sales, can be coupled with the Necessary and Proper Clause, giving Congress the power to pass whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its previously enumerated power. The Tenth Amendment, Stevens explained, contains no additional limitations on federal power, serving merely to clarify that the Government has only those powers granted by the Constitution.

Stevens extolled the benefits of cooperative federalism. Federal direction of state officials in this manner is analogous to ordering the mass inoculation of children to forestall an epidemic, or directing state officials to respond to a terrorist threat. He was very concerned with the ability of the federal government to respond to a national emergency and did not believe that "there is anything in the 10th amendment 'in historical understanding and practice, in the structure of the Constitution, or in the jurisprudence of this Court,' that forbids the enlistment of state officers to make that response effective." Moreover, the text of the Constitution does not support the Majority's apparent proposition that "a local police officer can ignore a command contained in a statute enacted by Congress pursuant to an express delegation of power enumerated in Article I."

Justice Souter filed a dissenting opinion alone, emphasizing that he read Federalist No. 27 as providing ample evidence that the Framers' original intent was to require states to act as auxiliaries of the Federal government.

Justice Breyer filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Stevens, using international comparative law to observe that the federalism found in many foreign countries gives the central government some authority over sub-national jurisdictions.

Subsequent developments
The immediate effects of the ruling on the Brady Bill were negligible. The vast majority of local and state law enforcement officials supported the interim provisions and were happy to comply with the background checks. The issue ended with the completion of the federal background check database. However, Printz v. United States was an important ruling in support of States' rights and the New Federalism.

Professor Ann Althouse has suggested that Printz applies to the U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks because "state and local government autonomy can exert pressure on the federal government to moderate its efforts and take care not to offend constitutional rights."

In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Court adopted the suggestion from Justice Thomas's concurrence that the Constitution grants individuals a personal right to own firearms. The Heller decision lead to the Supreme Court Case New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022) that ruled that the ability to carry a pistol in public was a constitutional right guaranteed by the Second Amendment.

title: Printz v. United States


text:
Talk:Panera Bread

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 April 2019 and 1 September 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rosalesa474.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

new quote
anybody have any background to the quote on this page? i think its unnecessary and should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lumpy3 (talk • contribs) 02:58, 2 July 2007

"They are slightly more expensive than a typical fast-food eatery, however the food is also nicer"

 * This is POV, though I agree completely :-) --Ihope127 03:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * See the description for Fast casual restaurant, and I think you'll see that it seems to fit in that category. Dr. Cash 22:09, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

This entry is terrible.
Grammar is poor, and any informational content is smothered under the advertising hype for the product.

This is an encyclopedia, not a commercial. Fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.42.197.94 (talk • contribs) 19:51, 14 November 2005
 * not to mention the four orphan sentences at the end. didn't most wikipedians learn about paragraphs in fourth grade? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.169.62.96  (talk • contribs) 22:56, 1 January 2006

I cleaned up this article in several ways. Added the Company Infobox to the right, as well as rewrote the opening paragraph info (there was a lot of inaccurate information there, based on reading info from the Panera website). I also added a corporate history section (mostly paraphrased from the Panera website, but also added the charitable giving details and awards there as well). I removed the link to Atlanta Bread Company - I cannot find anything on ABC's website that says they had any connection to Panera, though the companies are similar in nature. Not even in the Management Bios does it mention Panera. I did add a link to the Fast casual restaurant page, as this seems to fit. Hopefully, the article is of higher standard now. Dr. Cash 22:08, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That section doesn't even make sense - that ABP got rid of everything but Panera, and renamed it Panera? I am rewriting that section (using the Panera Bread FAQ that we seemed to have copied over and in the attempt to not copy-violate, we scrambled it. Hopefully it'll be better. Janet13 02:24, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Contradiction? People keep inserting that those in St. Louis are called St. Louis Bread Co but their website says "the concept" was renamed Panera Bread - does that mean a company concept but no physical name change? Someone help! Janet13 06:01, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * In the St. Louis area, the stores are indeed called "The St. Louis Bread Company". Outside of the St. Louis area, they're called "Panera Bread."  I don't quite understand the logic of it either, but that's the way it is. Amnewsboy 15:24, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. :) Janet13 04:44, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * They are still known as "St. Louis Bread Company" in St. Louis only for two reasons. First, when the company initially expanded to other large cities with high regional loyalty, having the name of a rival city (i.e. sports, etc.) was less than helpful. So the company researched and developed the "Panera" label for expansion outside St. Louis. Second, they kept the St. Louis moniker inside the city because of the local affinity for the name. Guests were adament they keep it, as they considered it part of the community. From the outside looking in, it may seem confusing, but St. Louisans are completely familiar. Crazyfortheblue 08:43, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

I've removed the information on their charity and awards because they sound like advertising. The decor description was a little suspect as well so I also removed that. As it stands the article does not look to me like an advertisement so I removed the tag. Barrylb 06:31, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

In addition, the information about panini customizablity being low, while I have found it to be true in my experience, reeks of bias. Perhaps a section could be added on common customer complaints? Forteblast 23:23, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure what information was listed before edits, maybe it was advertising, but some sort of information about their charitable donations should be readded. It is one of the few companies out there that purposely creates leftovers for the purpose of donations (as well as being able to have product available all day). $12 million a year in bread donations (according to their website) is certainly worth mentioning and is something I would hope to find in a wiki article. There are plenty of positives that could be added, like their move to have all natural, antibiotic free meats, for instance. Negatives might include things like fat, carb, calorie, and sodium counts for much of their menu. I'd add it, but I'm pretty poor at this stuff. 208.104.164.38 02:36, 26 October 2007 (UTC)godot

franchises
Not all of the bakery-cafes are company owned. Alot of owned by regional franchises. I work for one of them in New England as a Shift Supervisor.--Azathar 16:34, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

There are 3 types of Panera Cafes: Corporate, Franchise, and Joint Venture. Joint Venture cafes become fully corporate after 5 years if I am correct. 208.104.164.38 02:34, 26 October 2007 (UTC)godot

Meaning
I suppose it is just casuality, but at least in Catalan panera is a recipient formed by a hoop and a bottom of interwoven ropes, used to have bread in it and to serve it in restaurants. --83.34.178.181 09:02, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Panera as a name is two Latin words put together- PAN=Bread ERA=Time PANERA literally has no meaning and that is why it was chosen but it could be viewed as Bread Time if you wanted to think of it that way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Morry32 (talk • contribs) 07:12, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

"Internet Access" section
Hello, the "Internet Access" section is completely sourced except the "Sports Illustrated" sentence. Granted, the second source isn't a very reliable one, but at least it's a source. Any opinion on the "Sports Illustrated" sentence? I unsuccessfully tried to remove it. ~a (user • talk • contribs) 01:57, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The need for a citation with that sentence is now noted. —Adavidb 19:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Does this section really add anything to the overall article? Does it belong in an encyclopedic entry? To me, it smacks of editorializing on the part of a dissatisfied customer. The internet filtering policy is neither uncommon nor generally controversial nor particularly relevant to the rest of the article. Chevalier3 01:40, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think the article would suffer without this section. Its first two sentences could probably be appended to the lead section, if kept. —Adavidb 12:02, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Internet filtering can be considered controversial especially when sites with mixed material are completely filtered out.  As long as the section is well sourced, I believe it should stay.  Which means, the Sports Illustrated sentence, which is not sourced, should go.  ~a (user • talk • contribs) 14:32, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Considering that the only source for the 'filtering' paragraph is a blog, and most blogs are not acceptable sources per Wikipedia policy, I don't believe it's well sourced. —Adavidb 20:52, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The questions of whether or not it is well sourced is a secondary issue, the primary concern is the relevance of this information to an encyclopedia article. If the section is irrelevant, it should be removed, well sourced or not.  I agree with both Chevalier3 and Adavidb that this section does, indeed smack of editorializing or even activism.  I also agree with Adavidb that content from a blog doesn't qualify as being "well sourced".  That having been said, it is worth mentioning that content-filtering is used and which software is employed, but that can be limited to one sentence, which will give the anti-content-blocking crusaders enough information to do the research and find out what that software blocks (at another site/article, of course, as that would be/is irrelevant here).--William Thweatt Talk | Contribs 18:15, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I simplified the Internet filtering statement to a single sentence in the article, and updated the source citation. —Adavidb 09:11, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Nice. Good work, Adavidb (man, your name is hard too type...makes me feel dyslexic!)--William Thweatt Talk | Contribs 14:25, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Menu section
I've removed the menu section as unencyclopedic. It was unsourced (though presumably a look n their website would provide most of the basics) but mainly it seems to be entirely inappropriate for an encyclopedia article unless there has been significant comment on it by significant third party sources. The content seemed to be more like marketing blurb for Panera than a neutral encyclopedia article. -- SiobhanHansa 21:17, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Removed again - without independent reliable sources indicating Panera's menu is anything extra ordinary this is POV and unencyclopedic. This article should not simply be repeating Panera's own marketing - it should be about substantive information about the chain. -- SiobhanHansa 22:47, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Company Name
Why do people continuously remove information about the different name of the bakery-cafes in St. Louis? I think its pretty significant that all the bakery-cafes in the original city (of which there are a lot) are known under a completely different moniker. I don't see a reason for removing this info, it does not detract from the article one bit and is an important fact to know (I would like to know if a bunch of McDonald's were actually called "Charlie's" or something). Can somebody figure out a way to add this bit of info so it's acceptable to all editors? -- Elmedico27 (talk) 14:46, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Corporate History
Hi, I work in the Marketing Department at Panera Bread and would like to suggest some edits for this page. Regarding the number of cafes, the company now operates or franchises 1,500 Panera Bread bakery-cafes in 40 states and 20 facilities that deliver fresh dough to the bakery-cafes every day. Panera Bread's co-CEOs are Ron Shaich and William Moreton. Patricia424 (talk) 16:10, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Community Outreach
Should there be a mention of Panera Bread's community outreach? Panera Bread created Operation Dough-Nation in 1992 to formalize its commitments to community involvement. The program now has four activities: Community Breadbox cash collection boxes, the Day-End Dough-Nation program, Panera/SCRIP Card fundraising and participation in community events.

The Day-End Dough-Nation program provides unsold bread and baked goods to local area hunger relief agencies and charities. In 2010, Panera Bread bakery-cafes donated a retail value of approximately $100 million worth of unsold bread and baked good to local organizations in need. Patricia424 (talk) 16:10, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Nutrition
Should there be info about nutrition since Panera was the first in its industry to voluntarily post calorie info at all company-owned cafes? Nutritional information is available on Panera Bread’s website for customers to view. The nutrition information provided is based on Panera Bread’s standardized recipes, representative values provided by suppliers, analysis using industry standard software, published resources, and/or testing conducted in accredited laboratories, and are expressed in values based on federal rounding and other applicable regulations.

Panera’s website also includes a nutrition calculator. Customers can browse the menu selection and add items to meals to see per-ingredient nutrition information. The percent daily values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Patricia424 (talk) 16:10, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Panera Cares
Is it worth mentioning how many people Panera Cares serves? Each site serves approximately 3,500 people every week. Patricia424 (talk) 16:10, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Lawsuits
Someone copied and pasted three paragraphs of content - and a number of links - from a River Front Times article about the same $5.75M settlement that was already discussed in the lawsuits section. I've removed the copy-pasted content and linked the Riverfront Times article as an additional reference for the settlement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.147.245.103 (talk) 20:51, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Unrealistic
Impossible to have net income of less than 150.000$, and Revenues less than 2.5 million$. Probably billions. The source is also inaccessible. Needs fixing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.198.207.19 (talk) 20:34, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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HQ address
The HQ address is at https://www.panerabread.com/en-us/company-information/terms-of-use.html

"Panera Bread Company Legal Department 3630 S. Geyer Road, Suite 100 St. Louis, MO 63127"

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NPOV
This reads like an ad. 124.171.161.114 (talk) 07:54, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Awards and recognitions
Should this section be kept? A magazine over a decade ago said they had clean bathrooms? Healthiest fast casual in 2009 according to one list maker? I've removed some obvious cruft already, and want to bring up further pruning before doing so Randy Peck (talk) 23:30, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

 * As you've noted, this section's content is out of date and/or not particularly notable; I think it can be removed. Perhaps the Zagat sentence can be moved to the History section. —ADavidB 02:00, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Has restored this spammy content. Can you explain why the article is better with it? You know the conversation is here, please engage in it. Randy Peck (talk) 23:12, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I restored it because consensus to remove hasn't been established. While I agree that, as is, it's spammy and would need to have a good chunk of non-notable content taken out, there are alternatives to removing it entirely such as rewriting with reliable sources and more notable awards. Hence why I believe consensus for removal should be found first, as to gauge whether other editors believe it to be salvageable or not. Kirbanzo  (talk - contribs) 23:23, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I considered expanding it, but ultimately, this style of restaurant doesn't get notable awards. The existing "cleanest fast food bathroom in 2009" award doesn't seem encyclopedic, it's not say, a Michelin star Randy Peck (talk) 01:07, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

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The Chosen
Thank you for supporting The Chosen program by advertising during this program. You have the courage to do so and I apricate! Marianne Boyd Arcadia, CA 2603:8000:F200:12C:48A6:DEAB:D704:501F (talk) 22:00, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

lemonade caffeine
The caffeine content of the lemonade was not changed. It previously was listed as content ice,current values are listed with ice 195.252.220.195 (talk) 05:10, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panera Bread


text:
Snow algae

Snow algae are a group of freshwater micro-algae that grow in the alpine and polar regions of the Earth. Snow algae have been found on every continent but are restricted to areas with temperatures between 0°C-10°C. Snow algae are pigmented by chlorophyll and carotenoids and can be a variety of colors depending on the individual species, life stage, and topography/geography. The pigmentation of snow algae reduces snow and ice albedo, which can stimulate the melting of perennial snow and ice and exacerbate the effects of climate change. Snow algae are primary producers that form the basis of communities on snow or ice sheets that include microbes, tardigrades, and rotifers. Snow algae have also been carried great distances by winds.

Pigmentation
Snow algae produce two main classes of pigment molecules: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Carotenoids further split into two groups known as primary and secondary carotenoids and typically help give the snow algae cells their visible colors. Primary carotenoids, such as the yellow xanthophyll, are typically used in low concentrations for photosynthesis while still offering some UV protection. Secondary carotenoids, such as the red astaxanthin, are used for UV protection by the cell and can be found in high or low concentrations depending on the strength of the UV light.

Different taxa of snow algae produce differing amounts of primary and secondary carotenoids, meaning the color of a snow algae bloom can give some indication of the composition of algae found there. The alga Chlamydomonas nivalis is a very abundant component of red blooms due to its high concentrations of astaxanthin and its derivatives. Many Chloromonas species are associated with green or orange-yellow snow due to the primary carotenoids they produce. Similar colors of snow can also vary in composition by region, showing large scale biogeographical trends in the snow algae distribution.

The algae's life stage may also play a large role in the color of the snow. Many blooms are higher in chlorophylls and primary carotenoids during early stages of the bloom, causing the snow to appear green or yellow. Later in the summer, the bloom may switch to orange or red due high production of astaxanthin during low nutrient periods and the snow algae’s more stable cyst stage that they use to over-winter.

Role in ecosystem
Snow algae undergo oxygenic photosynthesis and are primary producers on the snow. This allows other organisms to live on the snow along with the algae and feed on them to obtain energy. Tardigrades and rotifers have been shown to grow preferentially on green blooms but have been found on many different snow algae blooms across the globe.

Although the trophic webs of snow algae blooms are not generally complex, the microbial communities found in these blooms can play major roles in how nutrients are distributed in the environments they inhabit. These microbial and algal communities cycle globally significant amounts of carbon, nitrogen, iron, and sulfur.

Effects on snow albedo and climate change
The pigmentation of snow algae can significantly reduce snow albedo, stimulating the melting of ice and snow on ice sheets. Larger snow grains allow light to penetrate further into the snow layer which increases light absorbance by snow algae and further reduces the albedo of the snow. Snow algae drive greater changes in snow albedo later in the summer when algae are more abundant. The different abundances of pigments present in snow algae, including chlorophyll and carotenoids, lead to differences in light absorption and therefore albedo changes based on algal community composition. The presence of mineral and organic particle impurities on snow also reduces the albedo of snow, which can sometimes overshadow the effects of snow algal community dynamics on the albedo. Under warmer conditions snow algae experience more growth, which can further reduce the albedo of snow and ice sheets. This positive feedback loop, similar to the ice-albedo feedback, can exacerbate the melting of perennial snow and ice by climate change.

title: Snow algae


text:
The Wishing Horse of Oz

The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935) is the twenty-ninth book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fifteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The novel was followed by Captain Salt in Oz (1936). This entry marked the point at which Thompson had written more Oz books than Baum.

This Oz mystery starts in the small, poor kingdom of Skampavia, where King Skamperoo wishes for a horse using enchanted emerald necklaces. When Chalk, a talking Horse from Oz, falls from the sky, Skamperoo decides the emeralds must be from the Emerald City, and decides to conquer all of Oz. He magically causes all the residents of Oz to forget their rightful rulers and accept him as their emperor instead. Only Dorothy and Pigasus, the flying pig, are able to remember Princess Ozma, the true ruler of Oz, and together they set out to rescue her. The mystery in this story is how to make the necklaces grant wishes, which only the horse Chalk knows how to do.

This was the last Oz book to feature illustrations in color, and only the first edition and the International Wizard of Oz Club edition (1990) have them.

Reception
Samuel A. Kaufman in the Brooklyn Times Union gave the book a negative review, saying, "The magic charm of the original Oz is not there... There are too many characters, too many complications, too much machinery — and too much book. It is insufferably padded." A more generous reviewer in the Columbia Missourian wrote, "Children who like beautiful things, lovable and unusual fairy people and animals, and a really important mystery will like The Wishing Horse of Oz. I can't tell you enough nice things about it."

Copyright status
This book, along with Thompson's next four, did not get renewed for copyright, making them public domain and freely readable online.

title: The Wishing Horse of Oz


text:
Halifax Harbour

Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Halifax largely owes its existence to the harbour, being one of the largest and deepest ice-free natural harbours in the world. Before Confederation it was one of the most important commercial ports on the Atlantic seaboard. In 1917, it was the site of the world's largest man-made accidental explosion, when the SS Mont-Blanc blew up in the Halifax Explosion on December 6.

The harbour was formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise after glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin. The harbour also includes the Northwest Arm and The Narrows, a constricted passage to Bedford Basin

Halifax Harbour has been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. Health concerns in the 1990s caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches. The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was a CA$400 million project which attempted to remediate the area, with limited success.

Harbour description
The Mi'kmaq First Nation, long the occupants of this territory, called the harbour Kjipuktuk in their language. It was transliterated in English as "Chebucto". It runs in a northwest–southeast direction.

Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically located approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections.

The harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin; however, its original river bed has been charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service throughout the length of the harbour and beyond.

The harbour includes the following geographic areas:

 * Northwest Arm: Another drowned river valley now used largely by pleasure boats.
 * The Narrows: A constricted passage to Bedford Basin.
 * Bedford Basin: A sheltered bay and the largest part of the harbour.

Islands
The harbour is home to several small islands.

The harbour limit is formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the harbour limits is Georges Island, a glacial drumlin similar to its dryland counterpart at Citadel Hill. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford and Burnside.

In the Northwest Arm is a small peninsula known as Deadman's Island, named for being the burial location of War of 1812 prisoners of war. Just 200 m west of Deadman's Island is the equally small Melville Island, which is connected to the mainland by road. Melville Island forms the eastern boundary of Melville Cove and is also the location of the Armdale Yacht Club. An adjacent residential community named itself after the cove.

Although outside the defined harbour limits, Lawlor Island and Devils Island are also frequently included in descriptions of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding area.

Navigation
Halifax's official harbour limit for navigational purposes is delineated by a line running from Herring Cove on the west side of the main channel, to the northern end of McNabs Island, then from McNabs Island across the Eastern Passage to the actual community of Eastern Passage on the east side of the island. The harbour is marked by an extensive network of buoys and lighthouses, starting with Sambro Island Lighthouse at the harbour approaches, the oldest operating lighthouse in North America.

Deep draught vessels must use the main channel into the harbour, which runs on the west side of McNabs Island. The west entrance point marking the beginning of the inner approach using this channel is located near Chebucto Head, approximately 12 km south of the limit.

Shallow draught vessels (less than 2.5 m) may use the Eastern Passage, which runs on the east side of McNabs Island; however, continuous silting makes charted depths unreliable.

Large vessels have compulsory pilotage, with harbour pilots boarding at the pilot station off Chebucto Head. Vessels wishing to transit The Narrows between the outer harbour and Bedford Basin must travel one at a time; this rule was established after the disastrous Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917 when a collision between the French munitions ship SS Mont-Blanc and the Norwegian ship SS Imo destroyed part of Halifax and Dartmouth.

The Royal Canadian Navy maintains a large base housing Maritime Forces Atlantic along the western side of The Narrows, as well as an ammunition depot on the northeastern shore of Bedford Basin, CFAD Bedford. There are strict security regulations relating to vessels navigating near Navy facilities and anchorages.

There are two large suspension bridges crossing The Narrows:
 * the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, opened in 1955
 * the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, opened in 1970

Port facilities

After Confederation in 1867, boosters of Halifax expected federal help to make the city's natural harbour Canada's official winter port and a gateway for trade with Europe. Halifax's advantages included its location just off the Great Circle route made it the closest to Europe of any mainland North American port. But the new Intercolonial Railway (ICR) took an indirect, southerly route for military and political reasons, and the national government made little effort to promote Halifax as Canada's winter port. Ignoring appeals to nationalism and the ICR's own attempts to promote traffic to Halifax, most Canadian exporters sent their wares by train though Boston or Portland. Harbour promoters fought an uphill battle to finance the large-scale port facilities Halifax lacked, succeeding just before the First World War with the start of construction of the large docking facilities at Ocean Terminals in Halifax's South End. The war at last boosted Halifax's harbour into prominence on the North Atlantic.

The Halifax Port Authority is a federally appointed agency which administers and operates various port properties on the harbour. Previously run by the National Harbours Board, the HPA is now a locally run organization.

HPA facilities include:

 * South End Container Terminal - Piers 36-42 (currently operated by Halterm Limited, with several gantry and post-Panamax cranes)
 * Halifax Grain Elevator
 * Ocean Terminals - Piers 23-34
 * Piers 20 -22: Pier 20, Halifax Seaport Farmers Market, The Cruise Ship Pavilion and Pier 21 Museum
 * Richmond Terminals - Piers 9 and 9A
 * Richmond Offshore Terminals - Piers 9B-9D (multi-user supply base for offshore oil and gas exploration/production)
 * Fairview Cove Container Terminal - (currently operated by Cerescorp)
 * National Gypsum Wharf - (currently operated by National Gypsum to serve Wrights Cove gypsum terminal)
 * Woodside Atlantic Wharf - (vessel lay-up and repair, oil platform servicing)
 * Imperial Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Imperial Oil to serve Dartmouth refinery)
 * Ultramar Oil Wharves - (currently operated by Ultramar to serve the petroleum storage facility)
 * Eastern Passage Autoport - (currently operated by CN)

All HPA facilities are serviced by CN. It provides on-dock daily train service to Montreal, Toronto, Detroit and Chicago. The railway also operates the Halifax Intermodal Terminal (HIT) adjacent to the Richmond Terminals.

In addition to HPA facilities, the following users have port facilities:

 * The Halifax Shipyard, operated by Irving Shipbuilding, a medium-sized vessel construction and repair yard operates on the north end of the Halifax side of the harbour. The yard contains a graving dock and various shore-based operations.
 * Until 2003 a marine railway called the Dartmouth Marine Slips operated in Dartmouth Cove until replaced by high rise residential development.
 * MARLANT operates the HMC Dockyard, Dockyard Annex, CFAD Bedford, and York Redoubt through CFB Halifax. There are also military docking facilities located adjacent to the Shearwater Heliport.
 * Canadian Coast Guard operated CCG Base Dartmouth, housing part of the Atlantic and Arctic fleets as well as pollution response and navigation aids maintenance facilities, until it was closed by 2012. All operations and vessels were shifted to BIO further North in the Harbour.  The old base was transferred to the Provincial Government and is now operated as the COVE.
 * Bedford Institute of Oceanography maintains docking facilities for various government scientific vessels. Shannon Hill, above the BIO campus is also home to CCG's "Halifax Marine Communications and Traffic Services" which operates Halifax Coast Guard Radio and the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) centre ("Halifax Traffic"), providing continuous radar coverage of all harbour activity.
 * There are several marinas on the harbour:
 * Armdale Yacht Club (Northwest Arm)
 * Bedford Basin Yacht Club (Bedford)
 * Dartmouth Yacht Club (Wrights Cove)- Burnside
 * Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron (Northwest Arm)
 * Shearwater Yacht Club (Shearwater)
 * St. Mary's Boat Club (Northwest Arm)
 * Waegwoltic Club (Northwest Arm)
 * There are two automated Weather stations within the harbour
 * McNabs Island
 * Weather buoy Station 44258

Pollution

Halifax Harbour has long been polluted as a result of two centuries of direct raw sewage discharge into its waters. The harbour's deep water, tidal dispersal of surface wastes and a relatively small population of the city of Halifax resulted in the harbour's presenting few health concerns until the late 20th century when sewage build-up caused the shut-down of all harbour beaches.

The Harbour Solutions project, initiated in the year 2000, was the culmination of three decades of discussion and planning regarding how the urban area would solve the expensive problem of sewage treatment and disposal. The CA$400 million project was expected to be completed in late 2008 when the final of three new treatment plants was opened.

Testing of harbour waters in July 2008, with two of the three sewage treatment plants on-line, indicated that they are safe for swimming. Municipal public beaches at Black Rock Beach in Point Pleasant Park and at the Dingle Beach in Sir Sandford Fleming Park were officially re-opened on Saturday, August 2, 2008 (Natal Day weekend) after a 30-year closure due to sewage contamination in the water. Lifeguards are now providing supervision during regular hours through to Labour Day weekend. However repeated breakdowns in the new system have resulted in swimming bans being regularly re-imposed and periodic resumption of raw sewage discharge. From early 2009 on swimming was no longer allowed in the harbour because the plant flooded and stopped working. On the weekend of July 4, 2010 some beaches (like Black Rock Beach) reopened.

Shipwrecks

Halifax Harbour is noted for many shipwrecks both in the inner and outer harbour. A few ships were sunk at the edge of the harbour approaches during World War II by German U-boats but the vast majority were claimed by harbour accidents. Mapping of the harbour revealed about 45 shipwrecks in the harbour. Near the mouth of the harbour, over 50 magnetic anomalies have been discovered, most of which also represent shipwrecks with many others buried underneath the muddy sediments. All historic shipwrecks in Halifax Harbour are protected by Nova Scotia's Special Places Act which makes it illegal to remove artifacts without a permit. Noteworthy wrecks are listed chronologically (with sinking dates):

 * SS Havana, April 26, 1906: Rammed by the steamer Strathcona, at night while anchored.
 * Deliverance, June 15, 1917
 * SS Mont-Blanc blown up in the Halifax Explosion of December 6, 1917, the world's largest man-made accidental explosion. Fragments remain.
 * Good Hope, March 16, 1929
 * Kaaparen, June 14, 1942: Collision while forming a convoy.
 * Erg, July 6, 1943: shipyard tug sunk by collision in Bedford Basin, 19 lives lost.
 * Governor Cornwallis, December 22, 1944 by fire
 * HMCS Clayoquot, December 24, 1944
 * Barge in Bedford Basin as the result of the Bedford Magazine Explosion of July 18, 1945.
 * Athelviking, torpedoed by the German submarine GS U-1232 on January 14, 1945.
 * SS British Freedom, sunk the same day as Athelviking by U-1232.
 * Gertrude de Costa, March 18, 1950

title: Halifax Harbour