text:
Talk:List of most expensive photographs

Creation
My intention was to just get this page started with as much information as I could gather from the Internet and then to pass this on to someone more informed. Is there a place on the Internet that keeps track of this? I couldn't find any - just found mention of high auctions on several different websites. CDA 19:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Updates
Looking at this 2007 article on Artnet, they mention a Cindy Sherman photo selling for over US$2 million and a Hiroshi Sugimoto triptych selling for US$1.8 million. The top 10 list probably needs to be updated. Asianartfan 10:00, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

According to this It appears that Cindy Sherman's "untitled #153" sold for US$2,700,000. That would be in addition to Cindy Sherman's "untitled #92", sold for US$2,112,000, mentioned and referenced above. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brownox (talk • contribs) 05:19, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

All this information seems completely outdated. We're now at the end of 2015, and several prices have changed (pictures sold again for higher prices) and for example the most expensive one (On December 9, 2014) isn't even mentioned - which is normal due to the lack of updates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.38.53.77 (talk) 23:19, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

Top ten per artnet, 2003
I note with interest that artnet's 2003 list has two photos listed at a sale price of 607,500, yet neither is listed in this article, even though the price is higher than of some items that are listed. Assuming that artnet's listing is correct, and that this article has only existed since 2005, I am left to conclude that this article has never been accurate. Worse still, the artnet link has been in the article since 25 October 2005, shortly after its creation. Samsara (talk • contribs) 12:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

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Print not photo
This item was pulled from the list, because it is a print, not a photograph: – Paine Ellsworth  (  C LIMAX   )  06:45, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Richard Prince, "Untitled (Cowboy)" (c.2001–2002), $3,401,000, Sotheby's New York, November 14, 2007

Lik's Phantom
The claim that Peter Lik sold a print for a large pile is currently sourced to. . . Peter Lik.

I duckduckwent for this.

 * "Peter Lik: Who is the record-breaking photographer behind the $7.8m Phantom?", abc.net.au. Quote: Australian-born photographer Peter Lik has reportedly made history by selling his photograph, Phantom, for $7.8 million, setting a world record. / Phantom, a black-and-white depiction of a ghostlike figure, was taken in Arizona's Antelope Canyon and sold to a private collector, the photographer said. There's no indication of where this was reported (other than by Lik himself).
 * "Peter Lik’s 'Phantom' photograph breaks world record with $6.5 million sale", dpreview.com. Quote: The world's most expensive photograph has sold for $6.5 million to a private collector. However, we're not told where this information comes from, although it's hinted that the source was "Lik's representatives".

Any better source?

Without a solid source, this should be deleted as unverifiable at best. -- Hoary (talk) 09:14, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The ABC article is the one that led me to make these changes. It is also reported elsewhere, to wit:
 * Peter Lik’s ‘Phantom’ sells for $7.8 million — the most expensive photo ever, News.com.au
 * This Peter Lik photograph reportedly just went for a world record $7.85 million, Sydney Morning Herald
 * Would you pay $7.87 million for this photograph? Eerie snap of a canyon in Arizona sells for a world-record price, Daily Mail
 * Peter Lik Sells Most Expensive Photo Of All Time; Similar Images Available Online For Free, International Business Times
 * Legendary Photographer Peter Lik Shatters World Record With $6.5 Million Sale Of "Phantom", KOAM, quoting the buyer's lawyer confirming the sale
 * In the case of a private sale, what more reliable sources than multiple news reports could you expect? —sroc 💬 10:15, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The ABC article doesn't give a credible source.
 * Ditto for the news.com.au article, whose author isn't specified.
 * The SMH article (which incidentally seems to be recycled from the WashPo) is signed and does say that he sold it for this price, though it still doesn't mention any evidence for this.
 * The Daily Mail article is signed, and says he sold it for the price. But it doesn't give evidence, and anyway it's only the Daily Mail.
 * I've not heard of IBT. For what it's worth, the article is signed and says he sold it for this price. No evidence provided.
 * The koamtv.com page says "SOURCE LIK USA". Oh dear.
 * Is there any indication of evidence aside from Lik's company? If not, I think this should be ignored. If the sale was directly from Lik's company to somebody who prefers not to say anything about the matter, then yes it seems inherently unverifiable and thus better ignored. -- Hoary (talk) 10:35, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It is reported in multiple reliable sources, including several reputable, well-established news organisations. It is not our place to second-guess such sources or challenge them for their sources, much less to omit facts which are appropriately sourced.  If there are reliable sources which doubt the authenticity of those reports, then this can be noted in the article.mm —sroc 💬 10:57, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, as I noted, at least one of the article cites confirmation from the buyer. You haven't heard of the International Business Times?  —sroc 💬 11:00, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * No, I've never heard of the International Business Times. (I read that this is a website and not a dead-tree enterprise, so I don't think we need italicize.) Let's put aside the koamtv.com and Daily Mail pages. Well then:
 * "Peter Lik’s ‘Phantom’ sells for $7.8 million — the most expensive photo ever, News.com.au. No hint of any confirmation by the mysterious buyer.
 * This Peter Lik photograph reportedly just went for a world record $7.85 million, Sydney Morning Herald (but apparently from WashPo): The article says: "(The identity of the buyer wasn't disclosed, but his lawyer, Joshua Roth of Los Angeles, vouched for him in a press release.)" So this explicitly depends on the press release (the koamtv.com thing).
 * Peter Lik Sells Most Expensive Photo Of All Time; Similar Images Available Online For Free, International Business Times. No hint of any confirmation by the mysterious buyer.
 * "Peter Lik: Who is the record-breaking photographer behind the $7.8m Phantom?", abc.net.au. This says "Phantom's buyer has indicated via a lawyer that he prefers not to be publicly identified for security and privacy reasons" (my emphasis). Let's look for a moment at the koamtv.com page, which says: "The private buyer is represented by Joshua Roth of the Glaser Weil Fink Howard Avchen & Shapiro, LLP firm, 10250 Constellation Blvd., 19th Floor, Los Angeles, Calif. 90067, who indicated his client preferred not to be publicly identified for security and privacy reasons" (my emphasis). Would it be presumptuous to guess that ABC's source is koamtv.com (and thus Lik's company)?
 * "Peter Lik’s 'Phantom' photograph breaks world record with $6.5 million sale", dpreview.com. No hint of any confirmation by the mysterious buyer. We do read: "Skeptics have speculated that the sale is nothing more than a marketing tactic", linking to:
 * "The Most Expensive Photo in the World, or the Best Marketing Stunt?", Petapixel (from Photoshelter). This says: "the lack of transparency in the sale raises nothing but questions about the validity of the claim. It feels like a marketing stunt to get Lik’s name in the news, and a few more feet into the galleries."
 * "Buyer beware: Treat Peter Lik photo sale with scepticism", The Age. Quote: ". . . Equally extravagant is the purported $US6.5 million ($7.85m) price paid for Phantom, his photo of a shaft of light in the Arizona landscape. / Both claims should be treated with caution." Another: "But Lik's $US6.5 million price tag is so improbable as to require proof beyond mere assertion in a press release."
 * So the claim still looks eminently deleteworthy to me. -- Hoary (talk) 13:54, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The sale has been reported as fact by multiple reputable news outlets whose job is to fact check; it is not for us to second-guess them. Although Fairfax arts reporter Andrew Taylor has questioned the authenticity of the claim, his article 'We wouldn't lie about this': lawyer defends $8 million Peter Lik sale quotes attorneys acting for both the anonymous buyer ("We wouldn't lie about this... Quite frankly it would be insane to make this up") and the vendor ("The sale is real. We lawyers will not risk our licence by untruthful claims").  Now, you could cite the article to say that Taylor was skeptical of the sale or that quoted art critics question the artistic value of the work, but that does not disprove that the sale took place as reported; in fact, the quotes from the attorneys show that journalists have asked probing questions to verify the sale as best they can, despite the actual documentation of the sale being kept private.  If there was real reason to doubt the sale, all those reliable sources wouldn't be reporting it.  The purpose of WP:RS is to avoid frivolous, made up gossip passing into Wikipedia, not to provide a means for editors to take out material reported in reliable sources that they just don't believe.  —sroc 💬 15:49, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The sale has been reported as fact by multiple reputable news outlets whose job is to fact check: hardly. The sale has been reported as fact by a small number of reputable news outlets whose job, an optimist might suppose, is to fact check. But (as is standard for "reputable" news outlets) there is little sign that they did any fact checking. The story, or non-story, was then taken up by the ever excitable Jonathan Jones, who ... subjected the photo to his aesthetic judgement. And there's been reporting of the reporting of the sale, mixed with more or less of "there's something screwy about this". (Incidentally, the WashPo article is here.) Two law companies attest to the sale, but I don't think they've been asked about imaginable complexities (such as that the print was soon bought back, or that it came with a sweetener such as a free house). -- Hoary (talk) 00:22, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Denying facts reported in reliable sources because they don't sound right to you is original research. If you wanted to ask the law firms more probing questions, maybe you should be a journalist, but Wikipedia is not a newspaper for you to conduct your own investigations to subvert actual news sources.  By all means, include a footnote that the sale cannot be independently verified (oh, look, there already is one!) or referring to the controversy, but that's no reason to omit the sale entirely when so many reliable sources are reporting it.  —sroc 💬 05:26, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * One of your premisses is that "so many reliable sources are reporting" the sale. Not many seem to do so. I really don't want to go through the sources listed above yet again, but I'll go through the two cited in the article. Yes, the IBT article reports it as a fact. (It gives no evidence for this.) However, the ABC article starts "Australian-born photographer Peter Lik has reportedly made history by selling his photograph, Phantom, for $7.8 million, setting a world record" (my emphasis). (No mention of where these reports were found.) Is it "original research" to infer from the combination of "reportedly" and "The sale has not been independently verified" (lower down) that ABC is hedging, and that it's not so much reporting a sale as reporting the claim of a sale? -- Hoary (talk) 06:08, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * As far as we know, there is no other source for any of his claims than his own website(which advertises on the homepage "Peter Lik makes Art History"), All three photographs are deleworthy as they are the only unverified entries in this list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.18.7.118 (talk) 18:28, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * See all the other sources cited above, amongst others. —sroc 💬 05:26, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * A news agency which cites Lik's own press release is not a second source, It is reporting the claim made by Lik, nothing more, Has anyone found an actual second source for his claims yet? The general reaction is that no one takes his claim seriously and therefore it is deleworthy to keep the list clean and ad free. see for example:
 * Artist Jeff Frost Inches Past Recently Set World Record for Most Expensive Photograph Ever Sold
 * The Most Expensive Photo in the World, or the Best Marketing Stunt?
 * Is That $6.5 Million Photo Sale for Real? Probably Not!
 * Buyer beware: Treat Peter Lik photo sale with scepticism — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.232.124.60 (talk) 12:00, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

I'm reminded of another artwork For the Love of God sold by a self publicist Damien Hurst for £50,000,000. Again the buyer was anonymous. Eventually it was discovered that the buyer was a group of people including Mr. Hurst himself. So a lawyer could say that the sale really has gone ahead even if the buyer is Mr. Lik himself. 178.78.100.201 (talk) 02:05, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * User:Sroc Do you work for some kind of an Australian PR Agency? I noticed that you did the first edit that added all three Lik entries to the list and your page creation history shows that you have only created pages for barely known Australian artists, and now Peter Lik, an Australian self proclaimed "Fine Art Photographer". You're also actively present here defending the non-existent sources. One wonders if you're here for something more than fine tuning this amazing encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.232.124.60 (talk) 13:41, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Sroc's activity here goes back over seven years; recently, it has included such edits as this addition of commentary, which does nothing to help any individual person, whether or not Australian, artistic, or well known. And therefore no, Sroc probably does not work for an Australian PR agency. Right, now that's out of the way, can we please keep it classy? -- Hoary (talk) 14:51, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Hoary. For the record, I do not work in PR and represent no one; I'm only here to improve the encyclopedia.  As I noted previously, I came here from reading the report from ABC News; I took an interest, read the article on Peter Lik and improved it, added a link to List of most expensive photographs, then set about updating it accordingly (fixing up the formatting along the way).
 * Although the record-breaking sale may be hard to believe and some may treat it with skepticism, there are reliable sources and excluding the information would be damaging to the encyclopedia: depriving our readers of knowledge. I have no objections to including a footnote or brief discussion about the skepticism in the article, but I strongly object to the information being excluded altogether.  Once again, it is not our place to deny what has been reported in reliable sources.  —sroc 💬 16:33, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Dubious claim. . duffbeerforme (talk) 04:47, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Clearly Lik's Phantom and all the other propertied sales should be removed. Verification based on a statement you or your company make is circular logic and therefor untrustworthy. I'm new at this but I would think he should be put at the bottom of this list as a unverified private sales list or a srporate entry altogether. ps sorry I'm new to wiki and don't know how to sign this to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Camera-mind (talk • contribs) 20:01, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

If we can't get any verification of this sale other Peter Lik himself. His Prints will be removed from this list. "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable." This breaks Wikipedia's own rules. Coffeerob (talk) 02:54, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Verifiable Price
If there is no public sale of a photograph their is nothing that verifies the claim of any photograph being sold at that price Then it doesn't belong on this list no matter who the photographer is. Encyclopedic content must be verified, and so must the price a photograph goes for. Coffeerob (talk) 05:07, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * New threads at the foot of the page, please.

 * I tend to agree with you, but newspapers do seem to believe that such a sale took place. An interesting recent article is "Peter Lik’s Recipe for Success: Sell Prints. Print Money.": this suggests that the millions said to be spent on Lik's work would be better spent elsewhere, but it doesn't seem to question the assertions that millions are spent. -- Hoary (talk) 13:25, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Again no third party or public verification. All references lead back to the originator of the content in the case the Lawyer who claims to work for anonymous buyer claims the buyer is real and so is the print, Neither of which have ever materialized. So regardless of who you are or what your last name is we need verification of said amount before it can be listed. Other wise it just all leads back to the same source in this case Lik. My thread is not specifically targeted at Lik, But any unsubstantiated claim. Coffeerob (talk) 16:43, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

The article now says:

 * In December 2014, Peter Lik reportedly sold a photograph titled "Phantom" to an anonymous bidder for $6.5 million, making it potentially the highest price paid for a photograph.[22][23][24] Lik's claim has been greeted with much scepticism. Claims of the sale have never been proven and the mysterious buyer have [sic] never come forward.[25]

 * I believe that it's normal for buyers of what are marketed as works of art not to name themselves or be named.
 * How is the buyer "mysterious" other than in being unidentified? (Or what is "mysterious" for?)
 * The claim of "much scepticism" has one source, one that doesn't identify others who are sceptical. (You're sceptical. I'm sceptical. But we WP editors -- as long as we are editing WP -- are nobodies.)
 * Blake Andrews has humorously described a motive for this scepticism.

My own impression was that a reaction at least as common as scepticism was "Yes, it probably did happen. After all, there are plenty of rich suckers, and Lik knows how to play them." See this for example. -- Hoary (talk) 02:58, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Kevin Abosch Potato #345 (2010)
Once again If we can't get any verification of this sale other Kevin Abosch himself. His Prints will be removed from this list. "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable." This breaks Wikipedia's own rules.

Any photographer with any claim could say "I sold this photo of my dog / a rose / or this carrot" and make such claims? Would we add them to this list? I don't think so.

Like I stated on February of 2015:
 * Again no third party or public verification. All references lead back to the originator of the content ... So regardless of who you are or what your last name is we need verification of said amount before it can be listed. Other wise it just all leads back to the same source in this case Lik. My thread is not specifically targeted at Lik, But any unsubstantiated claim. Coffeerob (talk) 21:29, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Currently: "In 2015 Kevin Abosch reportedly sold a photograph called Potato #345 (2010) to an anonymous bidder for $1 million." Let's suppose that he indeed did. A mere million would put it out of the top 25 (or 26). I suggest complete removal from this (to me, rather strange) article. -- Hoary (talk) 02:10, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

missing entry
We had a call on de:Wikipedia:Telefonberatung for a missing photograph worth 3.265.000 US-Dollar. Please find article at Christies. Conny (talk) 18:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC).

Updating
I did my best to update the list of the 30 most expensive photographs ever sold. I decided to keep this number, because its extremely difficult to update a bigger one. Its still larger than the previous number of 27 photographs.Mistico Dois (talk) 23:44, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:37, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Le Violon d'Ingres (Ingres's Violin), 1924, Man Ray.png

Doge doesn't count because it's an NFT
They aren't purchasing the image, they're purchasing a token that "corresponds" to the image NerdKnight66 (talk) 06:07, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree, NFTs should not be counted as photographs whole-sale. 64.228.255.18 (talk) 19:00, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I also agree. I am removing it, when I have more time. It needs a work done to correct the entire list.Mistico Dois (talk) 04:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of most expensive photographs


text:
Gesualdo

Gesualdo may refer to:
 * Gesualdo, Campania, a town in Italy

Given name

 * Gesualdo Bufalino (1920–1996), Italian writer
 * Gesualdo Francesco Ferri (1728–1788), Italian painter
 * Gesualdo Lanza (1779–1859), Italian teacher of music who made his career in London
 * Gesualdo Piacenti (born 1954), Italian professional football player

Surname

 * Alfonso Gesualdo (1540–1603), Italian Cardinal
 * Ascanio Gesualdo (died 1638), Italian archbishop
 * Carlo Gesualdo (1566–1613), Italian late Renaissance composer
 * Gesualdo: Death for Five Voices, a film about the composer
 * Gesualdo, opera by Alfred Schnittke
 * Gesualdo, opera by Bo Holten
 * Eddy Gesualdo (born 1968), Canadian professional football player
 * Scipione Gesualdo (died 1608), Italian archbishop

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title: Gesualdo


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Clervaux

Clervaux (Clierf or locally Cliärref; Clerf) is a commune and town in northern Luxembourg, situated in the canton of the same name.

The town's arms, granted in 1896, show three blackbirds on a gold ground in the chief of a red shield, as a variation of the arms of the former Lords of Clervaux.

, the town of Clervaux, which lies in the southwest of the commune, has a population of 1,572.

History
The city was the site of heavy fighting during World War II, in the December 1944 Battle of Clervaux, part of the "Battle of the Bulge".

Sights
The Family of Man, a famous exhibit of photos collected by Edward Steichen, is on permanent display in Clervaux Castle.

The castle also includes the Battle of the Bulge Museum, with an extensive collection of American, German, and Luxembourgish artifacts from World War II, and an exhibition of models of the castles and palaces of Luxembourg. A U.S. Sherman tank that participated in the battle for Clervaux and a German 88 anti-aircraft/anti-tank artillery piece are on display in front of the castle.

The Abbey of St. Maurice and St. Maur is situated on the hills above the town of Clervaux. Notable associations include Halldór Laxness, 1902–1998, the Nobel Prize-winning Icelandic writer, who converted to Roman Catholicism while staying at the abbey. A Roman Catholic mission to Scandinavia has for many years maintained a base at the abbey.

The town is also home to a parish church, built between 1910 and 1912 in the Rheinisch-Romanesque style, and to an eighteenth-century chapel.

Notable people

 * Édouard Thilges (1817–1904), a Luxembourgish politician; the 7th Prime Minister of Luxembourg, serving from 1885 to 1888.
 * Émile Colling (1899–1981), a Luxembourgian medical doctor, politician and diplomat.
 * Camille Dimmer (1939–2023), a Luxembourgish footballer, played 19 games for Luxembourg
 * Marianne Majerus (born 1956), a leading specialist garden photographer

Transportation
Clervaux railway station serves the town and the surrounding area, with trains to Luxembourg City and Liège, Belgium.

Twin towns — sister cities
Clervaux is twinned with:
 * Horezu, Romania

Populated places
The commune consists of the following villages:

 * Clervaux Section:
 * Clervaux
 * Eselborn (Eeselbur)
 * Mecher (Mecher)
 * Reuler (Reiler)
 * Urspelt (Ischpelt)
 * Weicherdange (Wäicherdang)
 * Kaaspelterhof (Kaaspelt) (lieu-dit)
 * Kirelshof (Kirelshaff) (lieu-dit)
 * Wirtgensmühle (Wirtgensmillen) (lieu-dit)
 * Heinerscheid Section:
 * Fischbach (Fëschbech)
 * Grindhausen (Grandsen)
 * Heinerscheid (Hengescht)
 * Hupperdange (Hëpperdang)
 * Kalborn (Kaalber)
 * Lieler (Léiler)
 * Fossenhof (Fossenhaff) (lieu-dit)
 * Kaesfurt (Kéisfuert) (lieu-dit)
 * Kalborn-Moulin (Kaalber Millen) (lieu-dit)
 * Lausdorn* (Lausduer) (lieu-dit)
 * Tintesmühle (Tëntesmillen) (lieu-dit)
 * Munshausen Section:
 * Drauffelt (Draufelt)
 * Marnach (Maarnech)
 * Munshausen (Munzen)
 * Roder (Rueder)
 * Siebenaler (Siwwenaler)

Note:
 * - partially shared with the Commune of Wäisswampech

title: Clervaux


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title: Talk:Intersession


text:
Lusatian Mountains

The Lusatian Mountains (Lužické hory; Lausitzer Gebirge; Góry Łużyckie) are a mountain range of the Western Sudetes on the southeastern border of Germany with the Czech Republic. They are a continuation of the Ore Mountains range west of the Elbe valley. The mountains of the northern, German, part are called the Zittau Mountains.

Geography

The range is among the westernmost extensions of the Sudetes, which stretch along the border between the historic region of Silesia in the north, and Bohemia and Moravia in the south up to the Moravian Gate in the east, where they join the Carpathian Mountains. The northwestern foothills of the Lusatian Mountains are called the Lusatian Highlands; in the southwest the range borders on the České Středohoří mountains.

The range is largely made up of sandstone sedimentary rocks leaning on a Precambrian crystalline basement. The northern ridge is marked by the Lusatian Fault, a geological disturbance zone separating the Bohemian sandstones from the Lusatian granodiorite. During the Tertiary volcanic magma streams broke through the sandstone layer and solidified into basalt and phonolite. Several sandstone contact areas were also hardened to columns and distinct rock formations.

Mountains and hills

The highest peak is the Lausche (793 m). Other notable peaks include the Pěnkavčí vrch (792m), Jedlová (774m), Klíč (760m), Hochwald (750m) and Studenec (736m).
 * Lausche (Luž), 793 m
 * Pěnkavčí vrch (Finkenkoppe), 792 m
 * Jedlová (Tannenberg), 774 m
 * Klíč (Kleis), 760 m
 * Hochwald (Hvozd), 750 m
 * Studenec (Kaltenberg), 736 m
 * Stožec (Großer Schöber), 665 m
 * Jezevčí vrch (Limberg), 665 m
 * Malý Stožec (Kleiner Schöber) 659 m
 * Zlatý vrch (Goldberg), 657 m
 * Chřibský vrch (Himpelberg), 621 m
 * Jánské kameny (Johannisstein), 604 m
 * Střední vrch (Mittenberg), 593 m
 * Sokol (Falkenberg), 592 m
 * Töpfer, 582 m
 * Popova skála (Pfaffenstein), 565 m
 * Ortel (Ortelsberg), 554 m
 * Zámecký vrch (Schlossberg), 530 m
 * Oybin, 514 m
 * Kuhberg, 433 m

Protections
The Czech part of the Lusatian Mountains have been a nature reserve since 1976, covering an area of 264 km2. Administratively it is known as the Lusatian Mountains Protected Landscape Area (CHKO Lužické hory) and has the status of CHKO, a so-called Landscape park. The smaller German part of the mountains also became a nature protection in 2008, when the Zittau Mountain Nature Park was established, with the effect that the entire Lusatian Mountains is now under some form of nature protection.

title: Lusatian Mountains


text: User talk:65.31.248.2

title: User talk:65.31.248.2


text:
Compact (TV series)

Compact is a British television soap opera shown by BBC Television from January 1962 to July 1965, created by Hazel Adair and Peter Ling.

Production and release
The idea came to Hazel Adair when she submitted a commissioned feature article for Woman's Own. Adair and Ling devised the long-running soap Crossroads while Compact was still running.

In contrast to the kitchen sink realism of Coronation Street, Compact was a distinctly middle-class serial, set in the more "sophisticated" arena of magazine publishing. The show took viewers into the office, and aligned the professional lives of the characters with more personal storylines. The show was scheduled for broadcast on Tuesdays and Thursdays, thus avoiding a clash with ITV's Coronation Street on Mondays and Wednesdays.

After the BBC decided to produce the project, she formed a working partnership with Peter Ling. When Compact began, the editor was female, Joanne Minster (Jean Harvey); she was replaced after the first six months by Ian Harmon (Ronald Allen), the son of the magazine's owner. Compact featured the first regular Black character in a British soap opera, photographer Jeff Armandez (Horace James), who appeared in 26 episodes from August to October 1964. Adair managed to persuade the BBC to retain an unmarried mother in the series (also a first), according to her granddaughter.

In 1964 a regular omnibus edition was introduced, broadcast on Sundays. Morris Barry, actor and BBC director – he directed three Doctor Who stories in the 1960s – took over as producer and was given a brief to spice the series up in view of the criticism it had received from the national press. The BBC dropped the series in 1965. Adair believed the BBC was embarrassed by its high audience figures.

Only four out of 373 televised episodes exist in the BBC archive. (See Wiping.)

Reception
Despite being criticised by reviewers, Compact was a success.

Cast
Cast members included:
 * Frances Bennett
 * Robert Desmond
 * Vincent Ball
 * Beryl Cooke
 * Ronald Allen
 * Jackie Lane
 * Penelope Keith
 * Moray Watson
 * Naomi Chance
 * Jan Miller

When the series ended, several cast members appeared in similar programmes. Ronald Allen was a regular in the soap opera Crossroads between 1969 and 1985. Australian actor Vincent Ball also featured in Crossroads. Marcia Ashton, who played Lily, appeared in soap opera Brookside many years later. Carmen Silvera played Madame Edith Artois in the sitcom 'Allo 'Allo! from 1982 to 1992. One of the directors, David Giles, for whom Compact was his first television assignment, had an extensive career in the medium.

title: Compact (TV series)


text: Talk:Andrew mcmahon

title: Talk:Andrew mcmahon


text:
Professional Golfers Association

Professional Golfers Association may refer to:

 * Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)
 * Professional Golfers' Association of America

title: Professional Golfers Association


text:
User talk:Lokomotiv Plovdiv

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 19:34, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Power of the Daleks
It was an external link that would have been useless in a few days, as the Enlightenment discussions on OG only last a week. The encyclopedic value of linking to that kind of discussion thread is dubious. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 22:20, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

a photo request
Hi Roger, I wonder if you live far from the Plovdiv City Garden? I am looking for a Bulgarian wikipedian from Plovdiv to help me with Aleksandr Burago — I think it would be great to have a photo of his statue under a wikipedia-friendly license uploaded for inclusion into the article (and maybe also a view of the Cap. Burago street?) If you have some free time and a digital camera (or an analog one+scanner) and could help there, it would be really great! --BACbKA 09:55, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lokomotiv Plovdiv


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Penfield

Penfield may refer to:

Places

 * Penfield, Georgia
 * Penfield, Illinois
 * Penfield, New York
 * Penfield Township, Lorain County, Ohio
 * Penfield, Pennsylvania
 * Penfield, South Australia
 * Penfield Gardens, South Australia

Transportation

 * Penfield railway line, Adelaide, South Australia
 * Penfield 1 railway station
 * Penfield 2 railway station
 * Penfield 3 railway station
 * Penfield station (SEPTA), in Haverford Township, Pennsylvania

Other uses

 * Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal
 * Louis Penfield House, Ohio, built by Frank Lloyd Wright
 * Penfield Academy, Quebec
 * Penfield Central School District, New York
 * Penfield High School, New York
 * Penfield homunculus, a distorted representation of the human body
 * Penfield Library, State University of New York at Oswego
 * Penfield Reef, extending from Fairfield, Connecticut to the Long Island Sound
 * Penfield Reef Light, Connecticut
 * Penfield (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Penfield Outdoor Apparel, a Massachusetts clothing company
 * Prix Wilder-Penfield, an award for biomedicine research

title: Penfield


text: User talk:209.174.124.212

title: User talk:209.174.124.212


text: User talk:199.33.159.1

title: User talk:199.33.159.1


text:
Rio Audio

Rio was a line of digital audio players and related audio products. Its first release, the Rio PMP300 digital music player (also known colloquially as simply the "Diamond Rio"), released by Diamond Multimedia in 1998, was one of the earliest notable and commercially successful devices in its category. It also became known as the target of an early lawsuit regarding the legality of such devices. Following the PMP300, various music players were released under the Rio brand name by a number of companies until the brand was retired in 2005.

History
Rio was originally a brand of California based Diamond Multimedia. Rio Audio was best known for producing the Rio PMP300 model that was the impetus for a lawsuit in 1998 by the Recording Industry Association of America. That lawsuit eventually failed, leading the way for the portable digital music industry to take off.

Diamond Multimedia merged with S3 Graphics in 1999 - the resulting company was renamed SONICblue. Rio, Inc., a subsidiary of SONICblue, was formed in 2000. The company referred to itself as Rio Digital Audio - in later years this changed to simply Rio Audio. During this time, Rio's president was Jim Cady.

On March 21, 2003, SONICblue filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and then sold off its main product lines; Rio Audio was sold to Japanese firm D&M Holdings, which owned audio brands such as Denon, forming part of their Digital Networks North America subsidiary. Rio Audio was based in Santa Clara, California. Its president from that time until March 2004 was Jeffrey Hastings.

Like some other competitors in the digital audio player business, the Rio brand was unable to compete effectively against Apple's dominant iPod series of audio players. In August 2005, D&M Holdings announced the discontinuation of its production of audio players, after it had licensed its digital audio software technology to chipmaker SigmaTel the month before. The Rio brand and trademarks were retained by D&M Holdings.

Rio USA

 * Portable digital audio players

 * Portable CD players
 * RioVolt SP50
 * RioVolt SP60
 * RioVolt SP65
 * RioVolt SP90
 * RioVolt SP100
 * RioVolt SP150
 * RioVolt SP250
 * RioVolt SP350

 * Home audio players
 * Rio HT-2030
 * Rio Central (aka HSX-109)
 * Rio EX-1000
 * Rio Receiver

 * Car audio players
 * Rio Car (aka Empeg Car)

Rio Japan

 * Rio DR30 (OEM BeatSounds EVR150)
 * Rio SU10 (OEM A-MAX Technology PA30A)
 * Rio SU30 (OEM i-BEAD i-BEAD100)
 * Rio SU35 (OEM AVC Technology Si-100)
 * Rio SU40 (OEM i-BEAD i-BEAD200)
 * Rio SU70 (OEM M-CODY MX-100)
 * Rio Unite 130 (OEM M-CODY MX-250)
 * Rio SU15-KJ (OEM AVC Technology)
 * Rio Si-200C (OEM AVC Technology)
 * Rio Si-300C (OEM AVC Technology)
 * Rio LIVE air
 * Rio LIVE mini
 * Rio LIVE gear (OEM Foster)

Rio OEM models

 * Nike PSA Play 60
 * Nike PSA Play 120
 * ESA S11
 * Motorola M25
 * Motorola M500
 * Dell Digital Audio Receiver

title: Rio Audio


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Bacom

i dont know what you guys are talking about. this is obviously a real thing. it is just a very rare thing that nobody has research on probably. how do you know that the person who put this is in didnt actually go to africa and had this food. HUH?!?!?

how do you know that the guy who did this isn't just making it up? that could be a possiblility to...


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Krewe of Tucks

Krewe of Tucks is a New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe.

History and formation
Tucks began in 1969 as a group of Loyola University students applied for a parade permit. The club takes its name from Friar Tuck's, an Uptown New Orleans local gathering hole and pub, where two college students decided to create their own Carnival krewe after unsuccessfully trying to become white flambeaux carriers. The parade has grown from a small nighttime parade of pick-up trucks and boats pulled on trailers, into a procession of major proportions. In 1983 the parade became a daytime event and in 1986 the parade route finally stretched to downtown. Past Grand Marshals include a person sporting a Bart Simpson costume, film-maker Spike Lee and members of the New Orleans Saints. Past Kings include John Candy and Eugene Levy. Notable riders have included The Blues Brothers, WWF Wrestlers, MTV's: The Real World New Orleans Cast and Rob Dyrdek, from MTV's fantasy factory.

Membership
Krewe of Tucks admits both men and women stating the only requirement for membership is a desire to put on a magnificent show for the crowds. Even though the club has grown in size and stature with 1800+ riders, Tucks has not lost its sense of humor and maintains an "Animal House" reputation.

Parade
The Krewe of Tucks parades during New Orleans Mardi Gras, on the Saturday before Mardi Gras. The parade begins on Napoleon Avenue parading down St. Charles Avenue and ends on Canal Street where the post-parade blowout, the Tucks Extravaganza, kicks into high gear.

Parade themes
Krewe of Tucks parade themes are known for irreverence and satire. Floats, including the King's Throne, a giant toilet, as well as the Queen of Tucks, surrounded by her maids dressed in "French Maid" fashion.

• 2024 Tucks Faces the Music

• 2023 Tucks Can’t Drive 55

• 2022 Tucks Razes the Bar

• 2020 Tucks Hits the Sweet Spot

• 2019 Tucks Gets Sick

• 2018 50 Shades of Gold (50th Anniversary)

• 2017 Tucks Happens

• 2016 Tucks in the Hood

• 2015 Krewe of Tucks Saves the Day

• 2014 Livin’ the Sportin' Life

• 2013 Tucks Uncovers History

• 2012 Tucks Gets Culture

• 2011 iTucks: What's APPening

• 2010 Tucks Faces Reality

• 2009 Cone of Horrors - Tucks, The Mother of all Parades

• 2008 Tucks Tops Faughty and Still Naughty

• 2007 Tucks Knows What It Means To Miss New Orleans

• 2006 Tucks Characters, No Rhyme or Reason

• 2005 Tucks Premieres THE BIG EASY SINerama

• 2004 New Orleans Politics, A Mardi Gras Fairy Tale

• 2003 Tucks Smells Something Fishy In New Orleans

• 2002 Tucks Does The Wild Thing

• 2001 Toys For Tucks

• 2000 Tucks Official Book of Mardi Gras

• 1999 Tuck's New Orleans Style

• 1998 Tuck’s 30 ‘Note’torious Off-Key Years

• 1997 Tucks Rolls the House

• 1996 Lose-iana Down the Tube

• 1995 Little City Hall of Horrors

• 1994 It's A Tucks World After All (A Dizzy Animation)

• 1993 Tucks on a Silver Platter

• 1992 The World Is Our Playground

• 1991 Only in New Orleans

• 1990 No Pun Intended

• 1989 Ghost of a Chance

• 1988 Tucks Time Machine (Boats to Floats)

• 1987 Tucks On Vacation

• 1986 Mardi Gras' Biggest Party

• 1985 Louisiana Lifestyles and Legends

• 1984 Cajun Creatures With All That Jazz

• 1983 The Greatest Show on Earth

• 1982 Tucks in Reverse

• 1979 Tucks Goes to the Movies

• 1978 Tucks Discovers Winter Wonderland

• 1977 Tucks in Outer Space

• 1976 A Salute to the Zoo (The Zoo Revue)

• 1975 Bayou Boogie

• 1974 American Graffiti

• 1973 My Ding-A-Ling

• 1972 Phi Kappa Theta Presents the Krewe of Tucks

• 1971 Acid Rock!

• 1970 Rock Bottom (Top of Nothing, Bottom of Everything)

• 1969

Iconic floats

 * Ye Royal Out House
 * Ye Royal Bath is the only float in Mardi Gras with a giant functioning slide into a giant hot-tub
 * The Funky Tucks is a 3-Float tandem which boasts cages flocking each corner of the float with Cage Dancers inside.
 * The Tucksedeauxs is an art deco float designed as a giant champagne bottle pouring bubbles into a Krewe of Tucks goblet with dancing ladies.

Throws
Trinkets, collectables, masks, and beads tossed by hand from riders of the floats are called throws. Collectible throws include the Tucks emblem beads, stuffed animals, signature beads, light-up medallion beads, custom print go-cups, three different types of doubloons, stuffed toilet paper doll, toilet sunglasses, and hand decorated toilet bowl brushes.

Leading up to parade day Krewe of Tucks hosts several events, fundraisers, and community service projects throughout the city for members to attend. Most notably, the Tucks has partnered with Magnolia Community Services, an organization and school dedicated to helping special needs students work with Tucks in designing Signature Throw Items. In 2017, the students from Magnolia created over 10,000 hand decorated Plungers which went into the hands of all Mardi Gras Revilers on parade day.

Tucks Extravaganza
Tucks Extravaganza is a post-parade party inside the Marriott Grand Ball Room on Canal street that includes live music, food, drink, and dancing. It is open to the public by paid admission and attire is costumed (preferred) or casual.

Tucks Coronation
Tucks Coronation Ball is a Carnival ball to crown the new king and queen for the upcoming parade. The court is composed of maids from each float, who costume as French Maids. This ball has taken place at several downtown hotels over the years, such as the Marriott, Sheraton and Hyatt Regency, and includes live music, food, drink, and dancing. Some unique features of the Coronation Ball include Al ‘Carnival Time’ Johnson singing several of his hits with the live band and having a high school marching band leading the Coronation parade, which includes hand-pulled floats, around the ballroom.

Depictions in media
The Krewe of Tucks Parade was depicted in "Confused & Abused", the fifth episode of the MTV reality television series The Real World: New Orleans, which aired in 2010. In the episode, the cast rode a float in the Tucks Parade.

Other
In 2018 the Krewe of Tucks celebrated its 50th anniversary. Included in the celebration was the creation of 4 new floats as well as an animated TUCKS 50th anniversary signature float.

title: Krewe of Tucks


text:
Redange-sur-Attert

Redange or Redange-sur-Attert (Réiden ; Redingen) is a commune and town in northwestern Luxembourg, near the border with Belgium. It is situated in the eponymous canton of Redange. Redange is situated on the river Attert, a tributary of the Alzette.

, the town of Redange, which lies in the west of the commune, has a population of 1,563. Other towns within the commune include Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern, and Reichlange.

Notable people

 * Léopold Bian (1832-1899), Member of the Chamber of Deputies, Mayor of Redange, died in Redange
 * Émile Bian (1873-1918), Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1916-1918
 * brothers Pierre (1913–1963) & Mathias Clemens (1915—2001), professional road bicycle racers
 * Camille Kerger (born 1957), a Luxembourgish composer, opera singer and music teacher.
 * Jean-Claude Juncker (born 1954), a Luxembourgish politician, Prime minister of Luxembourg (1995-2013) and President of the European Commission (2014-2019)

title: Redange-sur-Attert


text:
Sheffield Declaration

The Sheffield Declaration, also known as the Sheffield Resolves, was a Colonial American petition against British policies and manifesto for individual rights, drawn up as a series of resolves approved by the Town of Sheffield, Massachusetts, on January 12, 1773 and printed in The Massachusetts Spy, Or, Thomas's Boston Journal on February 18, 1773. The meeting took place in the Colonel John Ashley House, a property listed in the National Register of Historic Places in Ashley Falls, a neighborhood of Sheffield, Massachusetts.

The resolves were debated and approved by a committee of eleven local citizens: Deacon Silas Kellogg, Col. John Ashley (committee moderator), Dr. Lemuel Bernard, Aaron Root, Major John Fellows,  Philip Callender, Capt. William Day, Deacon Ebenezer Smith,  Capt. Nathaniel Austin, Capt. Stephen Dewey, and Theodore Sedgwick, who wrote the text.

The Declaration's first resolution was that "Mankind in a state of nature are equal, free, and independent of each other, and have a right to the undisturbed enjoyment of their lives, their liberty and property," These words are echoed in the most famous line of Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence three years later: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."

title: Sheffield Declaration


text:
Talk:HIV Progression Rates

Doesn't actually seem to be a copyvio. The relevant paragraph from the suggested source is:

 * A significant percentage (10-15%) of HIV-infected individuals experience an unusually rapid progression to AIDS within two to three years of primary infection (Figure 1) (71, 87). As discussed above, it is unknown whether the presence and/or the severity of the acute viral syndrome and a higher peak of viremia are preferentially associated with the category of rapid progression of HIV disease. However, rapid progressors may experience a prolonged acute viral syndrome (see below); in addition, constitutional symptoms of variable severity may persist after transition to the chronic phase of infection. In fact, in rapid progressors the period of true clinical latency may be absent or very brief. Downregulation of the initial burst of viremia may not be very efficient in rapid progressors; even after the initial decrease, the levels of viremia may rise rapidly (see below). Inefficient control of the initial burst of viremia and rapid rise in viremia within the first or second year after primary infection reflect a poor control of HIV infection by the immune system. In this regard, a delay in the appearance of the primary immune response or a rapid disappearance of certain immune functions during the early stages of the chronic phase of infection may be detected in rapid progressors (see below).

It may still be copyvioed from somewhere else, of course. --Ngb?!? 19:41, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:HIV Progression Rates


text:
User:Bakedyeti

BakedYeti
That's my screen name

title: User:Bakedyeti


text:
Talk:Rocky Mountain oysters

Cows testicles?
Cows are female surely?
 * I removed "Or Cows" as the cattle page clearly states that "Cow" is an exchangeable term when there is ambiguity, e.g. look at that cow! Well, we are talking about Bovine testicles which specifically means Bulls. 68.102.171.147 (talk) 06:15, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, kind of. That said, it is quite common to refer to cattle as cows.  But when talking about only male cattle, then the word "cow" should not be used.  That said, the term "bull" refers to mature male cattle.  I know of nobody who usually waits until a calf matures before castrating it.  Since a primary reason for castrating is to make the meat less tough, why would one wait to castrate the animal until it gets tough? 65.68.190.213 (talk) 03:56, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

In Mexico
In Mexico, in culinary jargon, they are called "Criadillas", and not "Huevos de toro" which would be the slang version (in Mexican slang, testicles, even human, are referred to as "huevos")

Hangover cure?
Is it just me or did anyone else think this was a hangover cure involving raw egg yolk and lee and perrins?? ARTooD2 22:03, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've heard that too. Wasn't that in an episode of Cowboy Bebop? I wonder if it has been referenced elsewhere...

Prairie Oysters
No, it is not just you:

I raised my eyebrows at 'Prairie Oysters' being listed as these testicle dishes. Indeed, in the play 'Cabaret', very well-known, two glasses of 'Prairie Oysters' are whisked up on stage and consumed, and are described by one of the actors as "Just a raw egg whooshed around in some Worcester sauce".

I think 'Prairie Oysters' should be removed from this list unless justification is obtained.

 * What is this comment all about? I was surprised to find that the page wasn't titled 'Prarie Oysters'.  That is the only name I have ever heard them called.  Who ever speaks of a "Rocky Mountain" oyster?  I always assumed prarie oyster was the most dominant name of any variants.  Maybe they call them something different outside of Canada though...
 * ☭ Zippanova  06:01, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have never heard them called 'Prairie Oysters' either. Here in Oklahoma we either call them calf fries, hog fries or lamb fries (depends on what kind of testicle we're talking about here).  We also call them Mountain Oysters or Rocky Mountain Oysters.  T. White 09:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * A simple google search can confirm that it's a common enough name. 216.135.89.138 16:10, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I've never once heard the term "Prairie Oyster" used as a form of bull testicles. Every time I've heard the phrase, it's been an anti-hangover concoction. I've heard Rocky Mountain Oysters as testicles, but never Prairie Oysters. Just my two cents on the issue. -24.27.62.134 04:31, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I lived in Wyoming and Colorado, both places calling them "Rocky Mountain Oysters." For whatever reason, I did not see this food discussed when i lived in California. However I HAVE heard of "Prairie Oysters," one time, in some early Simpsons/Bart related book that was filled with all sorts of sillyness. 74.128.56.194 (talk) 23:26, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

I've never heard of Rocky Mountain Oysters, Prairie Oysters is the term here in Canada, heck there's even a band named after them. I was also surprised by the title of the page. To me cattle are associated with the prairies (ie flat land) so it's odd to me to hear Rocky Mountain - at least on this side of the 49th most animals there are wild. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.87.98.31 (talk) 21:46, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Illustration
They're not too common here in the UK. In fact I've never seen one (except in its uncooked, attached state). Is it possible for anyone to put an illustrative photograph on this article? --JamesTheNumberless 14:10, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

- Well if you want to vomit, a finger would be a better choice than seeing a photo of baked boar's balls. 83.20.100.114 19:05, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

The provided picture is very irrelevant as the article stated at the beginning "They are usually peeled, coated in flour, pepper and salt, sometimes pounded flat, then deep-fried." The picture is "Testicles prepared for satay in Jakarta" It is testicles of goats and served barbecued. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.158.40.82 (talk) 05:50, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

Worldwide
This article is SO wrong for countries outside the US.

It's totally not true to say that in all other countries testicles have different names, or that it's a matter of confusion to call Sheep's testicles "mountain oysters" - both lamb and goat testicles have been going by that name in New Zealand for decades (since before the second world war as far as I'm aware, so it's not that likely to have migrated from the US). The term pops up in a number of travel guides, both online and in print, and was recently used in the film Black Sheep.

Sweetmeats in Commonwealth countries is an old term for sweets (like, desserts/candy), sometimes confused with sweetbreads which refers to the pancreas. Sweetmeats has never referred to cooked testicles except by mistake AFAIK.

I believe that because of the demand for Rocky Mountain Oysers at tourist joint in the states, a number of other cattle producing countries ship them over, including New Zealand, Australia and Costa Rica. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.111.249.157 (talk) 01:08, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Wait wait...
Before we go any further, let me clarify that we do not eat testicles here in California. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vayne (talk • contribs) 06:43, 10 January 2008 (UTC) I am from California and can confirm this fact. They do not eat testicles in California. No! That's not true. I'm in Burbank, California and the closest supermarket to me does in fact carry testicles, also known as criadillas. Obviously somebody is eating them and the above comments are false.

Obviously you first two are lying. All they do in San Francisco is eat testicles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.38.118.110 (talk) 18:56, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

 * F***ing LOL! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.168.131.203 (talk) 02:18, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

used as barter
In my father's generation (first half of 20th century) the term 'mountain oysters' was used in northern Missouri even though there are no mountains there. If a man was hired for a half day or day to help at a family farm that was castrating a lot of swine that day, he might be offered the testicles as pay, instead of cash. Publius3 (talk) 11:26, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

it wasn't really 'nonsense' that Macrakis removed
Macrakis removed the following text, saying it was 'nonsense': "When you eat a Rocky Montain Oyster, you are eating part of an animal that is still alive. This is not true for any other popular North American food."

Although poorly worded -- and perhaps not accurate -- this is not nonsense. It can be understood to mean that when you eat one of these things, the animal from which it was cut is still itself alive.

Someone may wish to re-word this and restore it. To be strictly accurate, a reworded version would need to say that the animal from which testicles had been cut _might_ still be living at the time the testicles were cooked and eaten. (In fact, typically -- but not always -- the animal would still be living.) Perhaps more to the point editorially, no citation has been provided to establish factuality that this situation is unique. Apparently the writer could not think of any other example, but that alone does not establish uniqueness. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Publius3 (talk • contribs) 14:45, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

The text in question seemed to say that the part of the animal was still alive (as with oysters, say). That of course would be nonsense. I think what the writer intended was that "the part is removed without killing the animal" (not great wording either, but at least unambiguous). Which is true. I suppose someone could reword this passage to get rid of the "you" and make it unambiguous. --Macrakis (talk) 18:14, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

thoughts of a Westerner
That part about the animal's being alive is kinda interesting. . . hadn't thought of that. And is this dish really 'offal'? Given the definition, which includes entrails, which it ain't, and internal organs, which it ain't (quite, quite external!), maybe not. . . . Don't mind me. . . i'm from Colorado! And. . . i'm thinkin' the folks from New York might want to add another article about "Prairie Oysters" as referenced in "Cabaret," the hangover cure, egg in Worcestershire sauce. (Oh yum!) Betswiki(talk) 17:28, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Futurama reference
In the episode of Futurama entitled, The Problem With Poplars, Leela claims that the name Tasticles sounds too much like "those frozen Rocky Mountain oysters on a stick, testsicles." I don't really know if it's article-worthy (maybe a pop-culture reference) so I just thought I'd mention it here. JediRogue (talk) 08:27, 4 May 2008 (UTC)'

But what are they actually like to eat?
Taste, texture, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.115.238 (talk) 05:58, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Ever had a chicken nugget? --209.161.52.114 (talk) 13:20, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Nothing like a chicken nugget. I would say texture and taste is a bit like a cross between fried chicken gizzards, beef tongue, and beef liver. Best served with ketchup and grilled onions if available. Bull fries, rocky mountain oysters, prairie fries, bull nuts, bull cojones, are all good terms.Flight Risk (talk) 23:40, 15 April 2017 (UTC)

Prairie Oyster??
Why isn't this term more prominent, I've never heard them called RockyMountain oysters. Heck there's a band named after Prairie Oysters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.90.93.21 (talk) 22:14, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

This is the only term I've ever heard used here in Canada. There's even a band named after them. Never heard of the drink. I was wondering why prairie oysters wasn't listed as an alternative name in th lead.

Never have I heard a calf fry referred to as a prairie oyster. A prairie oyster is an egg, Worcestershire sauce, hot sauce, sometimes in a beer, that you drink for a hangover. It has nothing to do with nuts.
 * I agree. While someone, somewhere, might mistakenly call these prairie oysters, it is definitely undue weight to mention it in the lead sentence as a well-known alternative. The vast majority of reliable sources for the term "prairie oyster" refer to the drink; in fact, I actually can't find a single one that refers to bovine testicles. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 22:19, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The Oxford Companion to Food gives 'prairie oyster' as one of many euphemisms for testicles as food. The Oxford English Dictionary gives both the drink and the testicles as definitions of 'prairie oyster'. --Macrakis (talk) 22:57, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

In Canada this is exclusively the term used. Let's not let ourselves be completed overwhelmed by US English, other places use different terms and this is a global encyclopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.87.98.31 (talk) 21:51, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge
A proposal has been on this page since May 2008 to merge Animelles here. After 18 months with not the slightest bit of discussion, I have removed the tag without merging. They seem to be different (if similar) dishes and there's no harm in having separate articles (just as we do with jiaozi, mandu (dumpling), and buuz). The other article remains an unreferenced stub; if anyone wishes to improve upon it or reopen the merge proposal here, please feel free. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 22:29, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Since there was no discussion, I take it the proposal is unopposed. I have completed the merger of Rocky Mountain oysters, animelles, and lamb fries, and added reliable sources. I believe the appropriate name for this article is Testicles (food), as all the other names are really just euphemistic nicknames. --Macrakis (talk) 22:53, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is discussion - I just posted my point of view, above, after more than a year of nobody saying anything. As I said, if you disagree, feel free to re-tag the articles and start a new proposal. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 18:48, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Your 'discussion' above appeared to be neutral on the question of merging -- just removing the tag because there had been no discussion. I'm not sure I understand your objections to a unified treatment of testicles as food.  If it turns out that individual dishes are distinctive enough to merit articles, fine, they can be split off at the appropriate time.  But "Rocky Mountain oysters" and "animelles" are not dishes, just nicknames for an ingredient.  As WP is not a dictionary, we don't organize things by name, but by subject.
 * For that matter, should we also have separate articles on beef liver, calves liver, lamb liver, pork liver, chicken liver, etc.? (Fattened duck and goose liver are of course a special case...)
 * --Macrakis (talk) 21:04, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * We do organize things by name. If they're different dishes, yes, we can have separate articles. Have a look at the literally dozens of articles on sausage. Or different cuts of meat. Or kinds of cookies. Or on various steamed/fried dumplings, as I noted in my reason for not merging. Each has its own name, and its own article. "Testicles" is not a food term in the same way "chicken" or "liver" are. "Rocky Mountain Oysters" is a term, and it isn't the same thing as animelles. Animelles may include Rocky Mountain Oysters, but Rocky Mountain Oysters do not include animelles. If anything, this should be merged there because it's the more inclusive term. But this dish has plenty of sources to stand on its own.
 * WP:DICDEF doesn't really apply here. Those articles are stubs, not dictionary definitions. They are written to discuss the subject, not the word. See the "major differences" section of that guideline to see what I mean. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 02:27, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

(undent)

Not sure why you refer to WP:NAME -- it doesn't talk at all about organization, only about how to name an article once the organization is decided. There are of course dozens of kinds of sausage, but there is also a main article on sausage and not a separate one on saucisse (well, there is one about a dog named Saucisse), wurst, salsiccia, or bangers (which is just a British name for various varieties of sausage; but there is an article on bangers and mash, which is a dish). "Rocky Mountain oysters" are not a dish prepared with testicles, but a nickname for testicles. Similarly, "animelles" and "rognons blancs" are just French names for testicles, not the name of a specific dish. True, Rocky Mountain oysters are often breaded and deep-fried, but there are other ways to cook them. --Macrakis (talk) 17:17, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I refer to WP:NAME because articles are titled based on commonly used terms, not terms made up by Wikipedians (like "Testicles (food)"). Nobody says, "I'll have a plate of testicles, please." So that's not an acceptable title for the article. It doesn't matter that there's more than one recipe; "Rocky Mountain oysters" is a dish, not a nickname for testicles in general. Rocky Mountain oysters are not lamb fries, and lamb fries are not Rocky Mountain Oysters. There are many different ways to prepare a pork tenderloin, but the article is about the cut of meat. A pork tenderloin is not the same as a beef tenderloin. Regardless of the recipes that might be used, they are from different animals and are not the same thing. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 18:06, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not quite sure which ones of the following things you are saying:
 * "Rocky Mountain oyster" is the common name for bull testicles used as food, regardless of whether they are fried, fricasseed, or whatever.
 * "Rocky Mountain oyster" is the name of particular dish made of bull testicles (apparently breaded and deep-fried), excluding other dishes like fricassees.
 * Bull testicles deserve their own article, separate from a possible animal testicles as food article, because they have a common nickname, and animal testicles don't.
 * There is no reason to have a common article about animal testicles as food, the way we have Liver (food).
 * "Lamb fries" refers to ram testicles in general, not a particular dish of fried lamb testicles.
 * "Animelles" refers to lamb testicles in general (in English).
 * Could you please clarify so that we can argue about the right thing :-) ? Thanks, --Macrakis (talk) 19:37, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure. All of the above. Whichever you like. I'd kind of combine #1 and #2 into "Rocky Mountain oysters is the common name for bull testicles eaten as food, typically fried but with possible variant recipes" (which is basically what the article already says, and has said since the beginning) but it doesn't really matter. I'm not interested in this subject, but if even one of those statements you listed is true, it's enough not to merge the articles. Or at least to open a new discussion with some editors who do want to discuss it, rather than just merging them all unilaterally. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 20:21, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, well, I will work on a Testicle (food) article without merging. I suspect that we'll find that 90% of what is said in that article applies equally to bull and ram testicles, and maybe even rooster testicles (cf. the Oxford Companion to Food article on testicles), and we can reopen the relationship among the articles at that time. --Macrakis (talk) 15:43, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Take a look at testicle (food), which is a pretty well-sourced summary (with Animelles merged in). By the way, it would be nice to get some better sources in this article, which is sourced mostly from non-reliable sources such as random blogs. --Macrakis (talk) 21:53, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The Joy of Cooking gives 'mountain oyster' as one of the names for lamb testicles, so perhaps your claim above (that RMO=bull and not lamb) is a bit shaky. Joy is surely a rather mainstream American cooking reference (though a bit dated of course). Interestingly, this edition at least (unclear which one it is) doesn't mention bull testicles or the name ' Rocky mountain oysters' at all. --Macrakis (talk) 16:07, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * As you say, it doesn't mention Rocky Mountain oysters at all. So I don't see the relevance to this discussion. Are you suggesting that Lamb fries should be moved to "mountain oysters"? That seems unlikely to succeed if you're just basing it on a single source, but if that's what you have in mind you should suggest it there, not here. Kafziel Complaint Department: Please take a number 02:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not suggesting that lamb fries be moved to 'mountain oysters' based on the above. I'm suggesting that the terminology is much less settled than one might think.  (And "fry" refers to lots of kinds of offal.) Interesting, too, that "Rocky Mountain oyster" was much less common than "mountain oyster" until the 1970's. Even today, "mountain oysters" is more common than "Rocky Mountain oysters" (note that Google ngrams takes case into account, and that I've searched for case variants to exclude 'mountain oysters' being found as part of the longer expression 'Rocky Mountain oysters').  On the other hand, I haven't read those passages to see if there's more evidence about what exactly they're referring to. --Macrakis (talk) 05:40, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Rocky Mountain Oysters
Where i am from in Idaho, Utah, Colorado and the Wyoming area i was raised calling calf testicles "Rocky Mountain Oysters". When i was young we would castrate our bull calves and throw the testicles in five gallon buckets and then later peel and deep fry the testicles for a late lunch after castrating. They are a very fine meat that when breaded and deep fried are very tasty. As for the meat that makes up a testical, being still alive, that is a myth that i have never heard of. Meat that is detached from it's blood supply is surely going to die.166.230.216.103 (talk) 04:56, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Here in the Texas Panhandle, the term "Calf Fries" is used far more often than "Rocky Mountain Oysters". I know some people who really like calf fries with cream gravy and biscuits for breakfast. Also, before now I never heard anyone refer to lamb fries as Rocky Mountain Oysters in either Texas, Oklahoma, or New Mexico.  The term has always been used to refer to testicles from bull calves.  By the way, on the main page it refers to calf fries as being only from young calves.  In reality, it would be rare to castrate adult bulls -- I'm sure it happens on rare occasion but I've never seen it done.  We usually castrated ours at about 300 to 400 pounds and the testicles were calf fries. 2001:1890:1263:AFD:F81B:80A8:EDBD:853E (talk) 19:15, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

Suggested Page Addition.
I think it would serve us all quite well to add in a section stating, very simply, that over time and region these terms have meant very different things, and its an ongoing slang, not a fixed definition. There are a number of human-oriented wordsthat do this, but I cant figure out exactly how i should source for this. 74.128.56.194 (talk) 23:32, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rocky Mountain oysters


text:
San Francisco Mime Troupe

The San Francisco Mime Troupe is a theatre of political satire which performs free shows in various parks in the San Francisco Bay Area and around California. The troupe does not, however, perform silent mime, but each year creates an original musical comedy that combines aspects of commedia dell'arte, melodrama, and broad farce with topical political themes. The group was awarded the Regional Theatre Award at the 41st Tony Awards.

Origins
The group was founded in 1959 by R. G. Davis as a medium of expression of his divergent theatrical concepts. The group debuted on October 29, 1959, with Games—3 Sets, and two other plays. By 1961, the group transitioned to the commedia dell'arte format to more thoroughly comment on perceived political repression in the United States, the growing civil rights movement and military and covert intervention abroad.

In the mid-1960s the group started to rely less on the direct commedia dell'arte format and transitioned into having an objective of "teaching, directing towards change and to be an example of change". It also began integrating elements of jazz into its musical composition, eventually leading to the inclusion of a jazz band within the troupe. Their first outdoor performance was in May 1962 at Golden Gate Park. The group also gained notoriety for its numerous altercations with law enforcement, which resulted in performing at benefits to raise money for legal fees. In 1967, a benefit called "Appeal IV" featured the bands; the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver Messenger Service and Moby Grape.

They also traveled to Canada and played at Simon Fraser University in 1966 with A Minstrel Show or Civil Rights in a Cracker Barrel by Gary Davis and Saul Landau.

The music for Minstrel Show was composed and performed by Steve Reich, who worked with the troupe for at least two seasons. The troupe has always been known to employ the best composers and musicians in the area, who work intimately with the actors, writers, and whole theatrical operation. By the early 1970s, the troupe had earned a reputation for opposing capitalism, sexism, and war.

Post-Davis history
In the early 1970s Davis left the troupe when it re-formed as a collective, the members of which operate as the artistic director, at which time the troupe produced one of its most successful shows, The Independent Female (1970). In the 1980s, the group's productions retaliated against the Reagan administration.

As well as the park-based shows, the Mime Troupe also tours nationally and internationally, having performed throughout Europe, Asia, South and Central America. The group also facilitates community workshops. They are a nonprofit organization. The season traditionally starts on Fourth of July weekend and ends on Labor Day weekend.

Notable members include: Saul Landau, Nina Serrano, Steve Reich, John Connell, William T. Wiley, Wally Hedrick, Victoria Hochberg, John Broderick, Peter Coyote, Luis Valdez, Barry Shabaka Henley, Bruce Barthol, Joan Mankin, Emmett Grogan, Bill Graham, and Ed Holmes.

Posters for several of the 1970s productions were designed by Jane Norling, and are accessible online.

Awards
The Troupe has won three OBIEs, and in 1987, the troupe's Brechtian style of guerrilla theatre earned them a special Tony Award for Excellence in Regional Theater. Red State, the troupe's 2008 fable about a small Midwest town that, after years of being ignored, demands accountability for their tax dollars, was nominated for a San Francisco Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle Award for Best New Script, as was their 2009 production, Too Big to Fail, which detailed how credit and the philosophy of profit at all costs trap mesmerized citizens in a cycle of debt, while endlessly enriching the capitalists who cast the spell.

1950s & 1960s

 * 1959: Games—3 Sets
 * 1959: Mime And Word
 * 1960: 11th Hour Mime Show
 * 1961: Act without Words
 * 1961: Event I
 * 1961: Purgatory and Krapp's Last Tape
 * 1962: The Dowry
 * 1963: Ubu King
 * 1963: Event II
 * 1963: Film: Plastic Haircut
 * 1963: Ruzante's Maneuvers
 * 1963: The Root
 * 1964: Chorizos
 * 1964: Event III
 * 1964: Mimes and Movie
 * 1964: Tartuffe
 * 1965: The Exception and the Rule
 * 1965: Candelaio
 * 1965: Chronicles of Hell
 * * 1965: The Minstrel Show or Civil Rights in a Cracker Barrel
 * 1965: Jim Crow in a Cracker Barrel
 * 1966: The Miser
 * 1966: Film: Mirage And Centerman
 * 1966: Jack Off!
 * 1966: Olive Pits
 * 1966: Search & Seizure
 * 1966: What's That Ahead?
 * 1967: L'Amant Militaire
 * 1967: The Condemned
 * 1967: The Vaudeville Show
 * 1968: Gutter Puppets (Meter Maid)
 * 1968: Little Black Panther
 * 1968: Ruzzante or the Veteran Gorilla Marching Band is Formed
 * 1969: The Congress of Whitewashers or Turandot
 * 1969: The Third Estate

1970s

 * 1970: Ecoman
 * 1970: Los Siete
 * 1970: Seize the Time
 * 1970: Telephone Man or Ripping off Ma Bell
 * 1970: The Independent Female
 * 1971: Clown Show
 * 1971: The Dragon Lady's Revenge
 * 1972: American Dreamer
 * 1972: Frozen Wages
 * 1972: High Rises
 * 1973: The Mother
 * 1973: San Francisco Scandals of 1973
 * 1974: The Great Air Robbery
 * 1975: Frijoles or Beans To You
 * 1975: Power Play
 * 1976: False Promises/Nos Engañaron
 * 1977: Hotel Universe
 * 1978: Elektrobucks
 * 1979: We Can't Pay, We Won't Pay
 * 1979: Squash
 * 1979: T.V. Dinner

1980s

 * 1980: Fact Person
 * 1981: Americans or Last Tango in Huahuatenango
 * 1981: Factwino Meets the Moral Majority
 * 1981: Ghosts
 * 1982: Factwino vs. Armagoddonman
 * 1982: Hotel Universe
 * 1983: Secrets in the Sand
 * 1983: The Uprising At Fuente Ovejuna
 * 1984: Steeltown
 * 1985: Crossing Borders
 * 1985: Factwino: The Opera
 * 1986: Spain/36
 * 1986: The Mozamgola Caper
 * 1987: The Dragon Lady's Revenge
 * 1988: Ripped Van Winkle
 * 1989: Seeing Double

1990s

 * 1990: Rats
 * 1990: Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * 1991: Back to Normal
 * 1991: I Ain't Yo Uncle
 * 1992: Social Work
 * 1993: Offshore
 * 1994: Big Wind
 * 1994: Escape to Cyberia
 * 1994: Revenger Rat Meets the Merchant of Death
 * 1995: Coast City Confidential
 * 1996: Gotta Get A Life
 * 1996: Soul Suckers from Outer Space
 * 1996: 13 Days
 * 1997: Killing Time
 * 1997: Inside Out
 * 1997: The Independent Female
 * 1997: Teen City
 * 1998: The Artist Must Take Sides
 * 1998: Damaged Care
 * 1999: City For Sale
 * 1999: 40th Retrospective

2000s

 * 2000: Eating it
 * 2001: 1600 Transylvania Avenue
 * 2002: ''Mr. Smith Goes to Obscuristan"
 * 2003: Veronique of the Mounties
 * 2004: Showdown at Crawford Gulch
 * 2005: Doing Good
 * 2006: Godfellas
 * 2007: Making a Killing
 * 2008: Red State
 * 2009: Too Big to Fail

2010s

 * 2010: Posibilidad or Death of the Worker
 * 2011: 2012 - The Musical!
 * 2012: For the Greater Good, or The Last Election
 * 2013: Oil & Water
 * 2014: Ripple Effect
 * 2015: Freedomland
 * 2016: Schooled
 * 2017: Walls
 * 2018: Seeing Red
 * 2019: Treasure Island

2020s

 * 2020: Tales of the Resistance: Volume 1
 * 2021: Tales of the Resistance: Volume 2
 * 2022: Back to the Way Things Were
 * 2023: Breakdown
 * 2024: American Dreams

Albums

 * 1972: Fillmore – The Last Days
 * 1983: The Album
 * 1984: Steel Town

title: San Francisco Mime Troupe


text:
User talk:Gizeller

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 19:42, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Gizeller


text:
Cliff Jones (computer scientist)

Clifford "Cliff" B. Jones (born 1 June 1944) is a British computer scientist, specializing in research into formal methods. He undertook a late DPhil at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science) under Tony Hoare, awarded in 1981. Jones' thesis proposed an extension to Hoare logic for handling concurrent programs, rely/guarantee.

Prior to his DPhil, Jones worked for IBM, between the Hursley and Vienna Laboratories. In Vienna, Jones worked with Peter Lucas, Dines Bjørner and others on the Vienna Development Method (VDM), originally as a method for specifying the formal semantics of programming languages, and subsequently for specifying and verifying programs.

Cliff Jones was a professor at the Victoria University of Manchester in the 1980s and early 1990s, worked in industry at Harlequin for a period, and is now a Professor of Computing Science at Newcastle University. He has been editor-in-chief of the Formal Aspects of Computing journal.

As well as formal methods, Jones also has interests in interdisciplinary aspects of computer science and the history of computer science.

Books
Jones has authored and edited many books, including:

 * Understanding Programming Languages, Jones, C.B. Springer, Cham. Print ISBN 978-3-030-59256-1 / online ISBN 978-3-030-59257-8 (2020).
 * Reflections on the Work of C.A.R. Hoare, Roscoe, A.W., Jones, C.B. and Wood, K. (eds.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-84882-911-4 (2010).
 * VDM: Une methode rigoureuse pour le development du logiciel, Jones, C.B. Masson, Paris. ISBN 2-225-82812-1 (1993).
 * MURAL: A Formal Development Support System, Jones, C.B., Jones, K.D., Lindsay, P.A. and Moore, R. (eds.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-19651-X (1991).
 * Systematic Software Development using VDM (2nd Edition), Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-880733-7, 1990
 * Case Studies in Systematic Software Development, Jones, C.B. and Shaw, R.C.F. (eds.). Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-116088-5 (1989).
 * Essays in Computing Science, Hoare, C.A.R. and Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-284027-8 (1989).
 * Systematic Software Development using VDM, Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-880717-5 (1986).
 * Programming Languages and their Definition: Selected Papers of Hans Bekic (1936–1982), Jones, C.B. (editor). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 177, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-13378-X (1984).
 * Formal Specification and Software Development, Bjørner, D. and Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-329003-4 (1982).
 * Software Development: A Rigorous Approach, Jones, C.B. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-821884-6 (1980).
 * The Vienna Development Method: The Meta-Language, Bjørner, D. and Jones, C.B. (editors). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 61, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-08766-4 (1978).
 * The Vienna Development Method: The Meta-Language, Bjørner, D. and Jones, C.B. (editors). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 61, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-08766-4 (1978).

title: Cliff Jones (computer scientist)


text:
Execution Dock

Execution Dock was a site on the River Thames near the shoreline at Wapping, London, that was used for more than 400 years to execute pirates, smugglers and mutineers who had been sentenced to death by Admiralty courts. The "dock" consisted of a scaffold for hanging. Its last executions were in 1830.

History
The British Admiralty's legal jurisdiction was for all crimes committed at sea. The dock symbolised that jurisdiction by being located just beyond the low-tide mark in the river. Anybody who had committed crimes on the seas, either in home waters or abroad, would eventually be brought back to London and tried by the High Court of the Admiralty.

Capital punishment was applied to acts of mutiny that resulted in death, for murders on the High Seas, and specific violations of the Articles of War governing the behaviour of naval sailors, including sodomy. Those sentenced to death were usually brought to Execution Dock from Marshalsea Prison (although some were also transported from Newgate Prison). The condemned were paraded across London Bridge and past the Tower of London. The procession was led by the High Court Marshal (or his deputy) on horseback. He carried a silver oar that represented the authority of the Admiralty. Prisoners were transported in a cart to Wapping; with them was a chaplain who encouraged them to confess their sins. Just like the execution procession to Tyburn, condemned prisoners were allowed to drink a quart of ale at a public house on the way to the gallows. An execution at the dock usually meant that crowds lined the river's banks or chartered boats moored in the Thames to get a better view of the hanging. Executions were conducted by the hangmen who worked at either Tyburn or Newgate Prison.

With a particular cruelty reserved for those convicted of acts of piracy, hanging was done with a shortened rope. This meant a slow death from strangulation on the scaffold as the drop was insufficient to break the prisoner's neck. It was called the Marshal's dance because their limbs would often be seen to 'dance' from slow asphyxiation. Unlike hangings on land, such as at Tyburn, the bodies of pirates at Execution Dock were not immediately cut down following death. Customarily, these corpses were left hanging until at least three tides had washed over their heads. This practice stopped at the end of the 18th century. In the cases of the most notorious offenders, the Admiralty would order that their bodies be tarred and hung in chains at either Cuckold's Point or Blackwall Point, on the River Thames, as a warning to all seafarers of the fate awaiting those who turned to piracy.

An account from The Gentleman's Magazine, dated 4 February 1796, gives a vivid portrayal of a typical execution at London's Execution Dock. This morning, a little after ten o'clock, Colley, Cole, and Blanche, the three sailors convicted of the murder of Captain Little, were brought out of Newgate, and conveyed in solemn procession to Execution Dock, there to receive the punishment awarded by law. On the cart on which they rode was an elevated stage; on this were seated Colley, the principal instigator in the murder, in the middle, and his two wretched instruments, the Spaniard Blanche, and the Mulatto Cole, on each side of him; and behind, on another seat, two executioners.

Colley seemed in a state resembling that of a man stupidly intoxicated, and scarcely awake, and the two discovered little sensibility on this occasion, nor to the last moment of their existence, did they, as we hear, make any confession. They were turned off about a quarter before twelve in the midst of an immense crowd of spectators.

On the way to the place of execution, they were preceded by the Marshall of the Admiralty in his carriage, the Deputy Marshall, bearing the silver oar, and the two City Marshals on horseback, Sheriff's officers, etc. The whole cavalcade was conducted with great solemnity.

The infamous Captain Kidd, who had been convicted of piracy and murder, was taken from Newgate Prison and executed at the dock in 1701. During his execution, the rope broke and Kidd was hanged on the second attempt. His remains were gibbeted by the river Thames at Tilbury for three years.

George Davis and William Watts, convicted for piracy for the Cyprus mutiny, were the final hangings at the dock on 16 December 1830.

Execution Dock was also popular in literature. Proof of this is the classic tale Peter Pan, in which the infamous Captain Hook's crew was said about them, "A more villainous-looking lot never hung in a row on Execution dock."

Location
Some sources state there is a large "E" on the Thames side of the building at Swan Wharf, indicating the site of Execution Dock. Another source states it was approximately where the London Overground station now stands. Execution Dock lies at the foot of Brewhouse Lane, just south of Wapping High Street.

title: Execution Dock


text:
Girls & Boys (Prince song)

"Girls & Boys" is a 1986 song by American musician Prince and the Revolution, from his eighth studio album, Parade (1986), the soundtrack to the film Under the Cherry Moon. The song was released as a single in the UK, and as the B-side to "Anotherloverholenyohead" in the US.

Following the smash success of its predecessor "Kiss", "Girls & Boys" peaked at number 11 in the UK, but was not released as a single in America. Prince's former drummer, Bobby Z. later commented that the song may have helped the entire album and film achieve bigger success, saying "second singles sometimes weren't right... 'Kiss' was a complete smash and set the album up huge. In my opinion it should then have been 'Girls & Boys', not 'Mountains'". The music video for the single consisted of clips from the film and separately shot footage of the Revolution, including Prince's then-fiancee Susannah Melvoin.

"Girls & Boys" is a funk offering featuring both live drumming as well as the drum machine Linn LM-1. The keyboard hook is a peculiar duck-like sound. This is the first official Prince single to include the saxophone contributions of Eric Leeds. The lyrics speak of characters similar to Christopher and Mary from Under the Cherry Moon, although their actions are not seen in the film. The song includes a seduction spoken by Marie France in French, as well as an early attempt by Prince to deliver a short rap. Background vocals are Wendy & Lisa, Susannah Melvoin and Sheila E.

The B-side was the LP version of "Under the Cherry Moon". The 12-inch single also included the 1984 track "Erotic City", which originally backed "Let's Go Crazy". In addition, a special double 7-inch single was released containing "Girls & Boys", "She's Always in My Hair" (which originally backed "Paisley Park"), "Under the Cherry Moon", and "17 Days", which originally backed "When Doves Cry".

In March 2006, British actress Kristin Scott Thomas, one of the stars of Under the Cherry Moon, nominated "Girls and Boys" as one of her eight favourite Desert Island Discs.

"Girls and Boys" was covered by jazz/funk bassist Marcus Miller on his 2005 album Silver Rain, featuring singer Macy Gray.

Track listing

 * 7-inch vinyl / 7-inch vinyl picture disc
 * 1) "Girls & Boys" (edit) – 3:27
 * 2) "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57

 * 2× 7-inch vinyl
 * 1) "Girls & Boys" (edit) – 3:27
 * 2) "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57
 * 3) "She's Always in My Hair" – 3:27
 * 4) "17 Days" – 3:52

 * 12-inch vinyl
 * 1) "Girls & Boys" (LP version) – 5:30
 * 2) "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57
 * 3) "Erotic City (Make Love Not War Erotic City Come Alive)" – 7:24

Personnel
Credits from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, and Guitarcloud

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, Roland G-707 electric guitar, Roland GR-700, synthesizers, finger cymbals
 * Lisa Coleman – synthesizers, backing vocals
 * Wendy Melvoin – electric guitar, backing vocals
 * Dr. Fink – synthesizers
 * Brown Mark – bass guitar
 * Bobby Z. – Simmons SDS-V, Linn LM-1
 * Sheila E. – backing vocals
 * Eric Leeds – baritone saxophone
 * Atlanta Bliss – trumpet

 * Susannah Melvoin – backing vocals
 * Marie-France Drouin – vocals in French
 * Clare Fischer – orchestral arrangements

title: Girls & Boys (Prince song)