text:
Wingko

Wingko, wiwingka or bibika, which is sometimes called wingko babat, wiwingka or bibika (rev. De voeding in Nederlands-Indië 1904), is a traditional Indonesian pancake-like snack made from coconuts. This kue is usually associated with Javanese cuisine.

Wingko is a type of cake made mainly of coconut and other ingredients. Wingko is popular especially along the north coast of Java island. It is sold mostly by peddlers on trains, at bus or train stations, or in the producer's own shop. This might explain its popularity in Java to as a gift to families upon returning from traveling.

Wingko is typically a round, almost hard coconut cake that is typically served in warm, small pieces. Wingko is sold either in the form of a large, plate-sized cake or small, paper wrapped cakes.

The most famous wingko is made in Babat. As its full name, wingko babat, suggests, wingko actually originated in Babat, a small district in Lamongan regency in East Java, near the border with the regency of Bojonegoro. In Babat, which is only a small town, wingko plays a big role in its economy. There are many wingko factories in that city, employing many workers. The factories receive much coconut fruit from the neighbouring municipalities.

Today wingko is a famous food in both Babat with various brands and sizes of wingko for sale. Most wingko factories are still owned by Indonesian Chinese and some still use Chinese language names for their brands.

title: Wingko


text:
Talk:Sad but True

Untitled
"... it is notable for featuring guitars tuned to D rather than E." How is this notable? There are thousands and thousands of songs with detuned guitars, not to mention unorthodox tunings. - Quirk 09:14, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Generally, most of the Metallica song's before then were in standard tuning (EADGBe), though I am no expert. This statement may have some relevance, as Metallica came to introduce alternate tunings in much of their future works. Again, if I am wrong, I apologize. Cronos12390 14:26, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

"It is one of Metallica's first attempts at tuning down guitars, in this case, tuning down to D standard." Metallica used dropped-D tuning (DADGBE) on "The Thing That Should Not Be" on Master of Puppets. Jhaselden (talk) 14:41, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Number of Tracks
"Sad But True is one of 5 songs released off the cd Metallica (commonly referred to as the Black Album)..."

How is this so? Metallica has 12 songs on it, not 5. Cparker 18:03, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is one if the 5 songs released as a single from the album. -- Marcika 13:29, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Thrash Metal?
I dont think this song qualifies as thrash, its best defined as simply heavy metal.
 * You could argue that the song is post-thrash, but I suppose the current definition works as well, if not better.72.195.182.192 20:59, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed this is not a thrash metal song. Thrash Metal typically has a fast tempo and this song sits around 96 bpm Raistlinx17 (talk) 18:40, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * This is more groove metal than anything. Notice the heavy but slow, pounding riff, this sounds more like Pantera than Metallica.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.30.251.149 (talk) 18:55, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Sad But True is definitely a groove metal song, as is a lot of the album. I think that thrash metal and groove metal need to be added to the genre of Metalica(the album.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iron Wizard13 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Release date
Well, actually Sad but True was released 1991 and not 1992, wasn't it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.178.242.162 (talk) 15:02, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

08/02/93 was when it was released in the US as a single. The album itself was released in 1991 Raistlinx17 (talk) 18:32, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

James Hetfield plays bass?
Why the hell does it say James Hetfield plays bass on this song, i've removed it, since there's no source for it. --Chickenguy13 (talk) 10:20, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

lyrics
what is this song about, anyway? Please xplain —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.97.68.28 (talk) 23:56, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move
Sad but True → Sad But True – Had I been an Admin I would of just moved it. there's a redirect in the way of the move Sad But True. By all search accounts and the cover itself the page should be Sad But True. Surprised not to find discussion about this. Mlpearc ( powwow ) 15:18, 18 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose capitalizing coordinating conjunction, per MOS:CT and MOS:MUSIC. Deor (talk) 23:28, 18 September 2012 (UTC)

 * And I would have been wrong, thanks for pointing that out. :P  Mlpearc  ( powwow ) 03:53, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

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Other Cultural References
I believe this song was used as a wrestling intro, according to some brief internet searching Rey Mysterio Jr. Could we include this info similar to how pop culture references are mentioned for video games / movies? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.227.5.2 (talk) 16:08, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sad but True


text: Category:Geometridae

title: Category:Geometridae


text:
User talk:Rameshraj

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Image Tagging Image:Rameshraj.jpg
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title: User talk:Rameshraj


text:
Peter Hawkins

Peter John Hawkins (3 April 1924 – 8 July 2006) was a British actor. From the 1950s to 1980s, he was one of the most sought-after voice artists for television.

Early life
Peter John Hawkins was born on 3 April 1924 in Hargwyne Street in Brixton, south London, to Detective Inspector John Stephen and piano player Doris Matilda. According to his son Silas, his father's talent was derived from his mother's ability to mimic others. Hawkins made his first stage appearance as a member of the chorus in a musical. During his last year at school, he wrote, with three friends, a revue entitled The Five Bs, the name of their form. He worked at Pitman's from the ages of 16 to 18, writing similar shows at a youth club. Hawkins joined the Royal Navy, entertaining with impressions for which he wrote scripts, and survived when HMS Limbourne sank after being torpedoed escorting the cruiser Charybdis near Guernsey. He was rescued by Ronnie Hill, a theatre actor at the time, and while recovering, Hawkins took part in plays, which resulted in his being taken into Combined Operations' Entertainments productions of the Royal Naval Barracks' Scran Bag.

Career
Following his time with Scran Bag, Hawkins won a two-year place at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and in 1949, his television career began with an adaptation of J.B. Priestley's The Good Companions. He began his long association with children's television with the magazine programme Whirligig voicing several characters, including Mr. Turnip, Alexander Scrope, Petrio in Stranger from Space, Albert in Jeremy Make-Believe and the Can We Help You? segment. Hawkins joined the show after being asked by the producer of a children's serial he was playing the villain for.

In 1952, Hawkins became the voices of both Bill and Ben, the Flower Pot Men, for which he invented their Oddle-Poddle language. He made Bill's voice higher-pitched and Ben's lower-pitches to distinguish them, and praised the puppetry of Audrey Atterbury. The scripts would be written in English, and Peter would translate them into Oddle-Poddle, creating words similar to "Slogalog" (Slowcoach the Tortoise) and "Haddap" (Hello). He, Audrey and Gladys Whitred would keep in touch for at least thirty years afterwards.

In 1956, Hawkins married actress Rosemary Miller, who he met doing voices on Toytown. Hawkins was Ernest the Policeman, and reprised the role for the 1972 series. Hawkins would also meet Roy Skelton during Toytown, becoming a close friend. He would also be offered the role of a Doctor in Miller's star series Emergency Ward 10, although due to his many voice roles, he was unable to appear.

One of his best-known roles was all the voices in Captain Pugwash. Creator John Ryan praised him for his ability to perform many different voices, although he had to be hidden behind a monitor due to his facial expressions distracting the animators. Because of this, he could write down notes about incidental characters in the script and be reminded by them appearing onscreen.

Hawkins gained a reputation for pulling off difficult character voices, which led to him being cast as the Daleks in Doctor Who in 1963. After a trial session he settled on a monotone, which caused worry among executives that it would become monotonous. He got around this problem by rising in pitch when the Daleks got angry. Hawkins would voice the Daleks in every subsequent 1960s story they appeared in, as well as the two 1960s feature films, The Curse of the Daleks stage play and Out of the Unknown, and he and fellow Dalek voice David Graham would become lifelong friends, although star William Hartnell and guest star Kevin Stoney would also strike up a relationship. Despite his son Silas being a Doctor Who fan, he did not find it strange that it was his father voicing the Daleks, although the Daily Express framed it as if he boasted to his friends about it, which Hawkins hated.

In 1966, Hawkins voiced the Cybermen in the fourth and final part of the Doctor Who serial The Tenth Planet, originated by Roy Skelton. For the subsequent three Cyberman serials he used an electrolarynx, which he described as very uncomfortable. He considered the story and cast of his last Dalek story, The Evil of the Daleks, to be the best. Hawkins never returned afterwards, as he had enough of having to fund it himself. He was, however, going to be the voice of K9 before John Leeson, who Hawkins had worked with on the first year of Thames Television's Rainbow, won the role.

One of his most prominent live-action roles in the period was 1965's The Big Spender, for which he grew and curled his hair for three months. As well, throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s he appeared in many advertising magazine programmes. In 1969 he played an Albanian interpreter speaking English in The Power Game, which he considered his hardest role to play.

In 1972, Hawkins joined the ensemble of Dave Allen at Large, even writing various skits, and staying until 1978, as well as voicing Zippy in Rainbow. In the pilot, he also voiced Sunshine, Bramble and Pillar, but after many policy changes they were removed. He tried to rewrite gags, which proved hard for the target audience, and so left the series, despite being asked to stay. He was eventually replaced by Roy Skelton, who he recommended.

Throughout the 1980s, as well as providing voices in SuperTed, The Family-Ness and Jimbo and the Jet-Set, Hawkins reprised his roles of Bill and Ben for various shows, including Six Fifty-Five Special and Blue Peter. He claimed the reason for being able to remember such voices was that he believed that the right voice would appear if the right ideas were thought in a live-action role, and used the same thoughts to reprise the role. In 1988 he, his wife Rosemary Miller and David Graham did voices together for the English dub of the German animated film Stowaways on the Ark.

Due to Hawkins' role as Spotty Dog in The Woodentops, he was chosen by Nick Park to voice Gromit in his short film A Grand Day Out. He eventually decided to make Gromit a mute character to save on the effort required to animate his mouth, instead using his eyes and monobrow to communicate. None of Hawkins' original dialogue has been publicly released. Although Gromit snores and whimpers in A Grand Day Out, whether or not these were recorded by him is unconfirmed.

Silas believed his father had the most involvement with the Flower Pot Men, although he also enjoyed the diverse cast of Captain Pugwash, being very proud when it appeared in The Times as a crossword clue: "The captain is all for the dog having a bath". By comparison, when it was claimed Hilda Brabban created the Flower Pot Men, Hawkins immediately wrote a rebuttal. According to Silas, Hawkins gave thought to every role, yet never looked back at them.

Personal life
Hawkins was interested in jewellery, fossils, "serious" music and eating out. He supported Chelsea F.C.. He used his record collection to expand his vocal range, and also had a collection of Japanese sword guards and Impressionist works, including those of Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet, much to the delight of Gale Pedrick. In 1977, however, he sold his collection of sword guards at Sotheby's, with the highest-selling, by Seiyoken Hagiya Katsuhira and depicting the Three Sake Tasters, fetching £4,200, an auction record.

His wife, Rosemary Miller, whom he had married in 1956, also had an interest in collecting paintings. On 27 August 1959, they had a son named Silas, who was named in case he grew up to become an actor, which he did, going to follow his parents' careers and provide voiceovers on shows such as Summerton Mill. Despite his busy schedule, Hawkins spent lots of time with his son, reading bedtime stories as if he was recording, which Silas thought was overwhelming.

Hawkins considered his collection as "applause" for his busy yet anonymous voice work. He once hosted dinner with William Hartnell, although Hartnell drove in circles for hours looking for his house.

Health issues
Hawkins regularly smoked 20 Olivier in his prime, and, later, it would give him eczema. According to his son Silas, Hawkins' wife Rosemary would constantly dress his rashes. In 1992, Hawkins had an operation to remove a tumor in his brain, which left him unable to read and made him very drowsy.

Death
Hawkins died on 8 July 2006, aged 82, of pneumonia. The funeral was held at St. Matthews in Queensway, where Silas was baptised. A showing of "The Survivors", his first Doctor Who episode, was arranged, and Silas scattered his ashes at Fermain Bay, Guernsey, where HMS Limbourne sank.

title: Peter Hawkins


text:
Kell factor

The Kell factor, named after RCA engineer Raymond D. Kell, is a parameter used to limit the bandwidth of a sampled image signal to avoid the appearance of beat frequency patterns when displaying the image in a discrete display device, usually taken to be 0.7. The number was first measured in 1934 by Raymond D. Kell and his associates as 0.64 but has suffered several revisions given that it is based on image perception, hence subjective, and is not independent of the type of display. It was later revised to 0.85 but can go higher than 0.9, when fixed pixel scanning (e.g., CCD or CMOS) and fixed pixel displays (e.g., LCD or plasma) are used, or as low as 0.7 for electron gun scanning.

From a different perspective, the Kell factor defines the effective resolution of a discrete display device since the full resolution cannot be used without viewing experience degradation. The actual sampled resolution will depend on the spot size and intensity distribution. For electron gun scanning systems, the spot usually has a Gaussian intensity distribution. For CCDs, the distribution is somewhat rectangular, and is also affected by the sampling grid and inter-pixel spacing.

Kell factor is sometimes incorrectly stated to exist to account for the effects of interlacing. Interlacing itself does not affect Kell factor, but because interlaced video must be low-pass filtered (i.e., blurred) in the vertical dimension to avoid spatio-temporal aliasing (i.e., flickering effects), the Kell factor of interlaced video is said to be about 70% that of progressive video with the same scan line resolution.

The beat frequency problem
To understand how the distortion comes about, consider an ideal linear process from sampling to display. When a signal is sampled at a frequency that is at least double the Nyquist frequency, it can be fully reconstructed by low-pass filtering since the first repeat spectra does not overlap the original baseband spectra. In discrete displays the image signal is not low-pass filtered since the display takes discrete values as input, i.e. the signal displayed contains all the repeat spectra. The proximity of the highest frequency of the baseband signal to the lowest frequency of the first repeat spectra induces the beat frequency pattern. The pattern seen on screen can at times be similar to a Moiré pattern. The Kell factor is the reduction necessary in signal bandwidth such that no beat frequency is perceived by the viewer.

Examples

 * A 625-line analog (e.g., 50 Hz PAL) television picture is divided into 576 visible lines from top to bottom. Suppose a card featuring horizontal black and white stripes is placed in front of the camera. The effective vertical resolution of the TV system is equal to the largest number of stripes that can be within the picture height and appear as individual stripes. Since it is unlikely the stripes will line up perfectly with the lines on the camera's sensor, the number is slightly less than 576. Using a Kell factor of 0.7, the number can be determined to be 0.7×576 = 403.2 lines of resolution.
 * Kell factor can be used to determine the horizontal resolution that is required to match the vertical resolution attained by a given number of scan lines. For 576i at 50 Hz, given its 4:3 aspect ratio, the required horizontal resolution must be 4/3 times the effective vertical resolution, or (4/3)×0.7×576 = 537.6 pixels per line. Taken further, since 537.6 pixels is equal to a maximum of 268.8 cycles for an alternating pixel pattern, and given 576i 50 Hz has an active line period of 52 μs, its luminance signal requires a bandwidth of 268.8/52 = 5.17 MHz.
 * Kell factor applies equally to digital devices. Using a Kell factor of 0.9, a 1080p HDTV video system using a CCD camera and an LCD or plasma display will only have 1728×972 lines of resolution.

title: Kell factor


text:
Chris Morgan

Chris Morgan may refer to:

 * Chris Morgan (American football), American football player and coach
 * Chris Morgan (ecologist) British-born ecologist, conservationist, and TV host
 * Chris Morgan (footballer) (born 1977), English football player
 * Chris Morgan (journalist) (1952–2008), journalist working for The Sunday Times (UK)
 * Chris Morgan (politician), British politician
 * Chris Morgan (powerlifter) (born 1973), powerlifting champion
 * Chris Morgan (writer), film screenwriter and comic writer
 * Chris Morgan, former guitarist for the blues rock band, Canned Heat
 * Chris Morgan (rower) (born 1982), Australian Olympic rower in the Beijing 2008 Olympics
 * Christopher Morgan (politician) (1808–1877), U.S. representative
 * Christopher Morgan (bishop) (born 1947), current bishop of Colchester
 * Christopher Morgan (Royal Navy officer) (born 1939)
 * Chris Morgan, alias of wrestler Chris Kanyon

title: Chris Morgan


text:
Talk:Yahoo! Native

Proposed move
I moved "Overture Services, Inc." to Yahoo! Search Marketing, given that is its new name. I doubt anybody is typing in the exact phrase "Overture Services, Inc" anyhow, so I see little problem. I have fixed all the re-directs. --rob 22:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Is it not possible to have a page for Overture Services that still links to Yahoo! Search Marketing? Business School students researching Internet business models and so forth may often refer to Overture Services, since that is what public company once and analyst and research reports in 2000-2003 frequently refer to it.

 * I'm not sure that Overture Services, Inc has changed its name. The Overture products have simply been rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing products (or Yahoo! Search Marketing Solutions in some cases). Can anyone confirm or deny this. If Overture is still "Overture", then I think we need separate articles - one about the Yahoo! service, one about the company that provides those services for Yahoo! GDallimore 09:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. I wound up here from the Wikipedia "Overture" disambiguation page. I noticed AltaVista is published by Overture if that helps. -Susanlesch 12:55, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Update
This article should be updated to reflect the name change to Yahoo! Advertising Small Business Solutions and the associated changes to the service. Logan Talk Contributions 04:29, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Microsoft adCenter acquisition of Yahoo! Search Marketing
This article should be updated to reflect that Yahoo! Search Marketing was acquired by Microsoft adCenter (formerly MSN adCenter), which is the division of the Microsoft Network (MSN) responsible for MSN's advertising services. Microsoft adCenter provides pay per click advertisements. The merger of Yahoo and Microsoft's search advertising divisions was approved by the Department of Justice in February 2010.

Under the terms of the deal, Yahoo will be outsourcing its Internet search to Microsoft, which will provide the underlying technology and advertising. Implementation of the deal is expected to take place throughout 2010-2011.

October 25, 2010 was the final day that Yahoo delivered pay-per-click (PPC) search ads. Starting on October 26, 2010 PPC ads on Yahoo's search network were outsourced entirely by Microsoft adCenter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jtg2s (talk • contribs) 14:15, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Edit requested on 27 March 2017
Hi. I am trying to create a separate entry for GoTo.com. But when I type in GoTo.com now it redirects to Yahoo! Search Marketing. Yahoo! Search Marketing is actually no longer active. GoTo.com has just been launched as a search engine and we would like the ability to make a standalone Wikipedia entry with that company name. JM15 (talk) 04:27, 27 March 2017 (UTC)jm15

 * When you say "we would like to edit" - what do you mean? In any case, I would make the suggestion on the talk page rather than creating it again outright. CHRISSY MAD  ❯❯❯  ¯\_(ツ)_/¯  18:10, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Hmm. You could do what Chrissymad suggested and submit a suggestion on Talk:GoTo.com. Alternatively, you could also create a standalone draft at Draft:GoTo.com and submit it for review through the Articles for creation process by adding {{subst:submit}} at the top of the draft. Just note that you have a conflict of interest and that you would like to replace the redirect with an actual article. Altamel (talk) 04:02, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.com.com/2100-1023-876861.html
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Proposed merge of Panama (ad system) into Yahoo! Gemini
Unable to find any recent sources mentioning Panama – it feels the Panama system has been integrated into, or succeeded by, Gemini which seems to be the sole VM/Yahoo advertising system these days. — kashmīrī  TALK  11:34, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: following the movee of Yahoo! Gemini to Verizon Media Native, this now seems to be a proposal to merge Panama (ad system) (and, from April, Yahoo! Search) into Verizon Media Native. Klbrain (talk) 09:56, 13 September 2021 (UTC)
 * For Panama, ✅ Klbrain (talk) 11:05, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

LogMeIn rebranded to GoTo on February 2, 2022
Why does GoTo.com redirect to this page? GoTo (US company) should be the correct destination.

 * +1 on this. it seems that goto.com is not related to yahoo in any way now. Gnowxilef (talk) 02:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yahoo! Native


text:
Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby

Major General Hon. Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby (6 July 1783 – 11 January 1837) was an Anglo-Irish military officer.

Early life and education
Ponsonby was the second of three sons of Frederick Ponsonby, Viscount Dungannon (who succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Bessborough in 1793), and Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough. He was the brother of John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough, and William Ponsonby, 1st Baron de Mauley, and his sister was the "notorious" Lady Caroline Lamb, who married the Prime Minister Viscount Melbourne.

He was educated at Harrow.

Early career
Ponsonby joined the army as a cornet in January 1800, serving in the 10th Light Dragoons. He was promoted lieutenant in June 1800 and Captain on 20 August 1803. He exchanged to the 60th Regiment of Foot in April 1806 and served on the staff of the Duke of Bedford, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and briefly for his successor, the Duke of Richmond. Promoted major on 25 June 1807, he went into the 23rd Light Dragoons on 6 August 1809 and went with them to serve in the Peninsular War.

He fought well at Talavera. He was promoted lieutenant colonel on 15 March 1810, and served as assistant adjutant-general at Buçaco and Barrosa, directing a successful charge by a squadron of the 2nd Regiment of Hussars (KGL) against the French dragoons. He was given command of the 12th Light Dragoons on 11 June 1811.

After the fall of Badajoz, he distinguished himself in the battle of Villagarcia (or Llerena) on 11 April 1812, temporarily commanding Anson's brigade. Ordered by Sir Stapleton Cotton to detain a superior force of French cavalry under Charles Lallemand, he successfully delayed them until reinforcements could arrive to flank the French and pursue them into Llerena.

He led the 12th Light Dragoons to disperse some of the broken French infantry after the Battle of Salamanca, and was wounded while covering the withdrawal from Burgos. At Vitoria, his regiment was part of the force, under Sir Thomas Graham, that blocked the French retreat towards Bayonne. He took part in the Battle of the Pyrenees and the fighting that followed in the south of France. In Paris at the time of the abdication of Napoleon as Emperor of the French, he rode through the night to bring the news to Wellington, who famously, at an inn after defeating the French at the Battle of Toulouse, snapped his fingers and turned on his heel "in a triumphal pastiche of a flamenco dance."

Waterloo Campaign
During the Waterloo Campaign, the 12th Light Dragoons were attached to Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur's light cavalry brigade. At the Battle of Waterloo, the 12th and 16th Light Dragoons were told to charge down the slope, but no further, to support the withdrawal of the Union Brigade of heavy cavalry. But, like the Union Brigade (led by his second cousin, William Ponsonby), the light horse charged (as he later admitted) too far.

Ponsonby was wounded in both arms, and knocked off his horse by another sabre cut. A French lancer saw him move where he lay and stabbed him in the back with his lance, exclaiming "Tu n'es pas mort, coquin" (You're not dead, you rascal). A French skirmisher then robbed him but luckily for Ponsonby, a Major de Laussat of the French Imperial Guard Dragoons found him and treated him kindly, giving him some brandy and promising to send help should the French prove victorious. Later, another French skirmisher used Ponsonby as a shield as he talked with him and fired over his body. Toward the end of the battle, he was ridden over by Prussian cavalry. During the night after the battle, he was roughed up by a Prussian looking for plunder, and a mortally wounded soldier of the Royal Dragoons had crawled upon Ponsonby's legs and lay dying. At last, Ponsonby was discovered by a soldier of the 40th Foot, who stood guard over him for hours until a cart became available to transport him back to Brussels. Despite the quixotic nursing ideas of his sister, the notorious Lady Caroline Lamb, and despite being further bled of 120 impfloz over two days, he managed to survive against the odds from his seven major wounds.

Later career
Ponsonby went on half-pay on 26 August 1820, and was appointed "inspecting field officer" in the Ionian Islands on 20 January 1824. On 27 May 1825, he was promoted major-general, commanding the troops in the Ionian Islands. The next year, on 22 December 1826, he was appointed Governor of Malta, and remained there for eight and a half years. He met Baron de Laussat, his saviour at Waterloo, in 1827. During his Maltese tenure, he was made GCMG in 1828, and KCB and KCH in 1831. He left the governorship in May 1835 (but remained the de jure Governor until 30 September 1836), and was appointed colonel of the 86th Regiment of Foot on 4 December 1835. He was transferred to the colonelcy of the Royal Dragoons on 31 March 1836. During this period, he maintained a high degree of interest in the handling of cavalry, and corresponded with Wellington. He died suddenly at an inn, The Wellesley Arms at Murrell Green near Basingstoke, on 11January 1837 and was buried in the crypt of St Nicholas' Church, Hatherop, Gloucestershire.

In 1838, Ponsonby's Column was erected in Valletta in honour of the governor. It was destroyed by lightning in 1864.

Family
On 16 March 1825, Ponsonby married Lady Emily Charlotte Bathurst (died 1877), the youngest daughter of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst. They had three sons and three daughters:

 * Sir Henry Frederick Ponsonby (1825–1895), married Mary Elizabeth Bulteel on 30 April 1861
 * Alberta Victoria Ponsonby (6 May 1862 – 15 October 1945), married Major-General William Montgomery of Grey Abbey, son of Hugh Montgomery and Lady Charlotte Herbert
 * Magdalen Ponsonby (24 June 1864 – 1 July 1934)
 * John Ponsonby (25 March 1866 – 26 March 1952), married Mary Robley, daughter of Thomas Robley
 * Frederick Edward Grey Ponsonby (16 September 1867 – 20 October 1935), married Victoria Kennard, daughter of Edmund Hegan Kennard and Agnes Hegan, and had issue
 * Arthur Augustus William Harry Ponsonby (16 February 1871 – 24 March 1946), married Dorothea Parry, daughter of Sir Hubert Parry, 1st Baronet, and Lady Elizabeth Herbert, and had issue
 * Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Edward Valette (3 December 1827 – 16 June 1868), married Catina Dahl
 * Georgina Melita Maria Ponsonby (16 February 1829 – 18 February 1895), unmarried
 * Harriet Julia Frances Ponsonby (27 October 1830 – 30 June 1906)
 * Selina Barbara Wilhelmina Ponsonby (20 January 1835 – 22 July 1919), married William Windham Baring on 2 January 1862, without issue
 * Frederick John Ponsonby (21 March 1837 – 3 February 1894), took holy orders and died unmarried

title: Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby


text:
Talk:Wilhelm Röntgen

Röntgen or Roentgen, but never Rontgen
The poll conclusion above says that there is "some consensus" for Wilhelm Rontgen, but I don't see that anyone has favoured this spelling without an umlaut. In German the preferred spelling is Röntgen with an umlaut. The alternate spelling, often used in English, is Roentgen in which "oe" is considered equivalent to "ö". So either of these two would be acceptable, but NOT Rontgen. One must either retain the German umlaut, or else insert an e to replace the umlaut. Dirac66 (talk) 20:40, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * my bad. fixed above. --RegentsPark (talk) 20:41, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Any relation to the cabinetmakers?
There is nothing here about Röntgen's parentage or early life. Was he any relation to Abraham and David Roentgen, the cabinetmakers? Kostaki mou (talk) 15:28, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Nationality
If Mr Roentgen was born to a German father and a Dutch mother and lived in the Netherlands why is he not presented as a Dutch-German scientist? I really don't see why archaic nationality laws should play a role in how a contemporary encyclopedia defines the nationality of a person. Also, there is a difference between nationality and citizenship. It puzzles me why we decide to erase the national legacy of the female parent. 71.93.115.97 (talk) 03:50, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Compare 'Wilhelm Röntgen "German physicist"' to 'Wilhelm Röntgen "Dutch-German physicist"'. Other nationalities are not mentioned in the lead unless they are relevant to the subject's notability. Hrodvarsson (talk) 23:17, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

His wife
they married in 72 she did not die then but in 1919, the source is even correct the citation is wrong. 2003:F2:772A:5E44:B19F:4B12:8049:B8E6 (talk) 13:30, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

Discovery of x-ray 2409:408C:8DCF:62BD:0:0:EC48:D611 (talk) 03:06, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilhelm Röntgen


text: User talk:69.76.179.111

title: User talk:69.76.179.111


text: User talk:84.109.88.170

title: User talk:84.109.88.170


text: Talk:University of Calgary

title: Talk:University of Calgary


text: File:Elvis Costello - Get Happy!!.jpg

title: File:Elvis Costello - Get Happy!!.jpg


text:
Mildbraedia

Mildbraedia is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1909. The entire genus is native to Africa.

 * Species
 * 1) Mildbraedia carpinifolia – Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
 * 2) Mildbraedia klaineana – Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cabinda, Gabon
 * 3) Mildbraedia paniculata – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia

moved to Croton
 * formerly included
 * Mildbraedia balboana - Croton alienus

title: Mildbraedia


text:
Jaime Gil de Biedma

Jaime Gil de Biedma y Alba (13 November 1929 – 8 January 1990) was a Spanish post-Civil War poet.

He was born in Nava de la Asunción on 13 November 1929. He stopped writing poetry some ten years before his death. He insisted that the character he had invented, the poet Jaime Gil de Biedma, as opposed to the respectable bourgeois businessman of the same name, had nothing left to say and he refused to go on playing the role of a poet in literary society.

He died on 8 January 1990 of complications due to AIDS.

English influence
Among his readers, he is considered one of the most consummate Anglophiles in the field of contemporary peninsular literature. This Anglophilia was initiated when he first read T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets (translated in 1952).

He was also a considerable Francophile as befitted a young Spaniard of his elevated social class, bearing in mind that Spanish society had always been notoriously 'afrancesada' until well into the 20th century. This state of affairs begin to change under the influence of poets like Gil de Biedma and Luis Cernuda. His lifelong adherence to and assimilation of Anglo-American culture was consolidated by his studies in Oxford in 1953 where he read T. S. Eliot for the first time in English (along with W. H. Auden and Stephen Spender), thus beginning a lifelong fascination with the work of the Anglo-American poet. Moreover, the long periods spent in the largely Anglophone circles of Manila would also contribute to his Anglophile literary sensibility and on numerous occasions he would declare England to be his 'segunda patria', his second country, and would also say that he was 'in great measure, a product of the Anglo-Saxon literary tradition. Even though, also shows conscious relations with Spanish and French tradition.

Generation of '50
Poetically, Gil de Biedma belongs to the group of poets known as the "Generation of '50", a loose term referring to poets who come from the cultivated social realism in the wake of the Civil War. While earlier post-war poets focus strongly on social issues and lack attention to the poem itself, poets from Generation of '50 as Gil de Biedma, Ángel González, José Ángel Valente or Francisco Brines, while still concerned with democracy or class struggle, are aware about the literary character of their work. They all introduced in Spain, partly because of the late Cernuda's influence, what Langbaum called poetry of experience', the main poetic trend in Spain from the 1980s. In their writings from 1950 to 1970, at least, they all tried to rearrange intellectually immediate experience, by the means of a fictional-self.

Common topics
In his early poems, he displays a strong criticism of Spanish dictatorship, titling his first important publication Compañeros de viaje, after a Trotskyist expression for Communist sympathizers. Gil de Biedma was known for his hard-partying ways and his unrepentant social life, and addressed the schism between public and private personae in several famous poems, arguably the most well-known being 'Contra Jaime Gil de Biedma' ('Against Jaime Gil de Biedma') or 'Después de la muerte de Jaime Gil de Biedma' ('After the death of Jaime Gil de Biedma'). Along with Francisco Brines, he helped to reinvigorate homoerotic topics on poetry, probably inspired by the exiled Luis Cernuda.

Homosexuality
As a homosexual in a strongly conservative environment, Jaime Gil de Biedma was forced to lead a double life for most of his life, and he suffered discrimination and even blackmail at different times. He was rejected for membership of the then-illegal Spanish Communist Party, allegedly because Franco's dictatorship could use his sexuality to threaten him if he were discovered to be a communist. Living in Franco's Spain, being part of a conservative family and holding an important position in the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas, Gil de Biedma smartly played a two-faced game: in the eyes of his family and the general public, he was a discreet and respectable executive, while, in the company of close friends and peers, he was openly gay, quick-witted and with a sharp tongue. In many ways, his poetry was a reflection of this duality, for while it very directly address themes of love, sex and the routine of romance, the gender of the loved one is never disclosed.

Referring to Gil de Biedma's poetry as "gay poetry" is a gross misconception. Even at the end of his life, he was adamant about keeping the analysis of love in his poetry neutral: in the late 80s, a journalist contacted Gil de Biedma to let him know he was doing an analysis of his poetry from the point of view of gay literature. Learning this, Gil de Biedma was terribly distressed and went to great lengths to make sure the journalist didn't go through with his plans.

Personal life
Gil de Biedma's niece is the liberal conservative politician Esperanza Aguirre Gil de Biedma, former president of the Autonomous Community of Madrid and one of the main policy-makers in the Partido Popular, Spain's most important liberal-conservative party.

Critical studies of Biedma

 * Andreas Dorschel, 'Ich bin das Gedicht. Eine Entdeckung: Der Lyriker Jaime Gil de Biedma', in: Süddeutsche Zeitung Nr. 158 (12 July 2001), p. 16 (in German)
 * Carole Viñals, Jaime Gil de Biedma: une poésie violemment vivante, Paris: L'Harmattan 2009. ISBN 978-2-296-07626-6 (in French)

title: Jaime Gil de Biedma


text:
Cleitus the Black

Cleitus the Black (Κλεῖτος ὁ μέλας; c. 375 BC – 328 BC) was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. He saved Alexander's life at the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC and was killed by him in a drunken quarrel six years later. Cleitus was the son of Dropidas (who was the son of Critias) and brother of Alexander's nurse, Lanike. He would be given the epithet 'the Black' to distinguish him from Cleitus the White.

Military service
Cleitus was made a commander of the Greek Cavalry under Philip II, a position he would retain under Alexander the Great.

At the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC, when Alexander was being assailed by both Rhosaces and Spithridates, Cleitus severed Spithridates's arm before the Persian satrap could bring it down on Alexander, thus saving his life.

He would later be promoted to one of the two commanders of the companion cavalry following the trial and execution of Philotas.

Death
In 328 BC, Artabazos resigned his satrapy of Bactria, and Alexander gave it to Cleitus. On the eve of the day on which he was to set out to take possessions of his government, Alexander organized a banquet during a feast day for Dionysus in the satrapial palace at Maracanda (what is now the city of Samarkand). At this banquet a dispute arose between generals in Alexander's command and Alexander himself.

Most of the members were intoxicated from drinking wine, and Alexander announced a reorganization of commands. Specifically, Cleitus was given orders to take 16,000 of the defeated Greek mercenaries who formerly fought for the Persian king north to fight steppe nomads.

Cleitus knew that he would no longer be near the king and would be a forgotten man. Furious at the thought of commanding what he saw as second-rate soldiers and fighting nomads in the middle of nowhere, he spoke his mind. To make matters worse, when Alexander arrogantly boasted that his accomplishments were far greater than that of his father, Phillip II, Cleitus responded by saying that Alexander was not the legitimate king of the Macedonians, and that all of his achievements were due to his father. Alexander called for his guards, but they did not want to intervene in a quarrel between friends.

Alexander threw an apple at Cleitus' head and called for a dagger or spear, but the party near the two men removed the dagger, restrained Alexander, and hustled Cleitus out of the room. The Hypaspists had conveniently left the vicinity of Alexander. Alexander then called for his trumpeter to summon the army; the alarm was not sounded. Nevertheless, Cleitus managed to return to the room to utter more grievances against Alexander (it is possible that Cleitus had not even left the room). But sources agree that at this point Alexander retrieved a pike and threw it at Cleitus's chest, killing him.

In all of the four major known texts, it is shown that Alexander grieved for the death of Cleitus. It is said that after killing Cleitus, Alexander "propped the pike against the wall with the intention of falling upon it himself, thinking that it was not proper for him to live who had killed his friend when under the influence of wine".

The motives of Cleitus in this quarrel have been interpreted in various ways. Cleitus may have been angered at Alexander's increasing adoption of Persian customs. After the death of King Darius III, Alexander was legally King of the Persian Empire. Alexander was now employing eunuchs and was tolerant of such Persian customs as proskynesis, which was considered degrading by many in the Macedonian army.

Cultural references

 * Cleitus, as Clito, appears as a character in Handel's opera Alessandro.
 * The American poet John Berryman recounts the tale of "Kleitos" in his thirty-third "dream song."
 * Cleitus, played by Gary Stretch, is a supporting character in the film Alexander. His death scene in the film is consistent with the historical sources.
 * Cleitus' death is also described in Mary Butts' 1931 novel The Macedonian.
 * Cleitus' story is recalled in Henry V in comparing Sir John Falstaff and King Henry V to Cleitus and Alexander in Act IV Scene 7 Lines 33–50.
 * Seneca the Younger makes a reference to Cleitus' death in letter 83 of his book Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium.

title: Cleitus the Black


text:
Heraeus

Heraeus is a German technology group with a focus on precious and special metals, medical technology, quartz glass, sensors and specialty light sources as well as electronic components. Founded in Hanau in 1851, the company is one of the largest family-owned companies in Germany in terms of revenue. Heraeus employs 17,200 people in 40 countries and generated a total revenue of €29.1 billion in 2022. The headquarters and head office are in Hanau, Germany.

1660: Pharmacy as the origin of the group
The origins of the Heraeus family business go back to the 17th century. In October 1660, Isaac Heraeus (1636-1676) took over what was then the Faucque pharmacy in Hanau-Neustadt, east of Frankfurt. In 1668, he opened his own pharmacy on the market square in Hanau-Neustadt under the name "Zum weißen Einhorn", which later became the Einhorn Pharmacy. The Einhorn Pharmacy was run as a count's court pharmacy for a total of six generations until the middle of the 19th century.

1851 – 1888: Founding of the platinum smelter
Since the end of the 18th century, Hanau was a town of goldsmiths and platinum had been processed in the town for the production of jewelry. Goldsmiths had extreme difficulty processing platinum due to its toughness and high melting point of 1770 degrees Celsius. Until a melting process was discovered, platinum could only be processed by using complex forging processes using the white-hot metal. In 1851, at the age of 24, the pharmacist and chemist Wilhelm Carl Heraeus took over the Einhorn Pharmacy. Having studied chemistry and pharmacy, Heraeus understood the problems faced by goldsmiths. After a series of experiments, he first succeeded in melting platinum in large volumes and producing pure metal in 1856, using an oxyhydrogen blowpipe he developed himself. Although the process was already known, this had previously only succeeded in small quantities in the laboratory. With his gas blowpipe, Heraeus could produce enough oxyhydrogen and a large enough flame front to melt several kilograms of platinum-containing materials. This enabled Heraeus to found the W.C. Heraeus First German Platinum Smelters, supplying a variety of customers such as goldsmith workshops and jewelry factories internationally, as well as dental manufacturers, chemistry laboratories and other branches of industry. In 1857, W.C. Heraeus succeeded in producing around 30 kilograms of pure platinum; between 1875 and 1879, up to 400 kilograms were sold per year, and in 1888, over 900 kilograms.

1889 – 1926: Inventions and patents
In 1889, the two sons of the company founder, Wilhelm and Heinrich Heraeus, took over the management. Research and development was further pursued, and the physicist and chemist Richard Küch, a former school friend of the Heraeus brothers, joined the company in 1890. Küch's research resulted in the German Imperial Patent No. 63591 in 1891 for the gilding of platinum sheet, the first patent in the company's history. Küch then developed a process by which quartz glass could be obtained by melting rock crystal at around 2000 °C. The quartz glass produced by the company was almost entirely free of defects and was of outstanding purity. It is still used in medicine and is a highly sought-after material in manufacturing on account of its translucence and resistance to heat and acids. With the advent of ceramic colors, more platinum was needed for production processes, and Heraeus started supplying products to the electrochemical and plastics industries. As the company continued to expand, it needed new premises – so in 1896, the W.C. Heraeus Platinum Smelting Factory was established just outside Hanau, employing 40 people.

Further experimentation in the platinum smelters’ laboratories resulted in a variety of inventions and new production processes. These included the production of pharmaceutical iron compounds, chemically pure hydrofluoric acid, rubidium, and caesium. Most production at this time still involved platinum, which was used in more applications due to its chemical and physical properties. As it is also highly resistant to acids and heat, platinum was also used to make instruments such as scientific tools, crucibles, and vessels used in chemistry and physics. As early as the 19th century, platinum had already been used in locking pins to hold false teeth in place. Platinum was also used to make filaments in light bulbs and non-corrosive electrical contacts in telephones. With the development of the tanning lamp in 1904, Küch and Heraeus are regarded as the inventors of the UV high-pressure lamp and pioneers of body irradiation with artificial light sources for medical light therapy. In 1906, Küch developed the standardized resistance thermometer made of platinum, the principle of which is still used today in cars and ovens. In 1902, Charles Engelhard (1867-1950), brother-in-law of the two Heraeus brothers, became representative of the group in the USA and founded the Engelhard Corporation, a company for refining platinum, gold and silver. In 1909, Heraeus was transformed from a general partnership into W. C. Heraeus GmbH. Richard Küch became a co-partner and one of three managing directors.

One of the most significant technical innovations in metal processing is credited to Heraeus: the melting of metals under vacuum. Heraeus applied for a patent on this process on 12 January 1918 and was granted a German patent DE 345161. Heraeus was subsequently granted British patent GB 138648, Swiss patent CH 89145, and several French patents on the process. For a short time, Heraeus set up an independent division dedicated to this technology, Heraeus Vacuumschmelze, which registered 84 German patents in 10 years.

1927 – 1945: Further development and setbacks
Due to the First World War, hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic and the collapse of the precious metal market in Russia, prices for platinum were subject to extreme fluctuations. Heraeus therefore focused its research activities on recycling techniques, and at the same time tried to find suitable materials to replace the precious metals. At this time, Wilhelm Heinrich Heraeus and his cousin Reinhard Heraeus took over the management of the company in the third generation for almost 40 years from 1927. In this era, new physical findings were implemented by Heraeus – for example in the production of the first dental alloys. Despite the turbulent times, the business continued to grow. By 1939 it employed around 1,000 people, with annual sales of around.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, numerous workers were drafted into military service. The company employed 1,500 forced laborers from the Hanau civilian labor camp. Production shifted to electrical contacts with low densities of precious metals, catalysts, and rhodium reflectors for armament-related goods such as catalytic converters for anti-aircraft searchlights. During air raids in 1944 and 1945, the company's facilities in Hanau were almost completely destroyed. Heraeus had the company's role in the Third Reich investigated in an independent scientific study at the end of the 1990s and joined the fund of the German business Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future for the compensation of forced laborers.

1945 – 1983: Internationalization after reconstruction
During German reconstruction, the company turned its attention back to its established products and expanding new production facilities. The company re-established its network of contacts after the Second World War, allowing it to gain new customers in the American market for quartz glass for optical applications.

Beginning in 1958, the company founded its first sales subsidiaries in France and Italy, followed by full subsidiaries and international holdings as of 1972. The company subsequently set up new quartz glass factories in Japan and the United States, followed by manufacturing facilities in South Korea and the Philippines to produce contact wires (wire bonding) made of pure gold for use in semiconductor components. In 1970, Helmut Gruber, a physicist in the field of metallurgy, took over the management of the company, as well as the responsibility for the technology department across the group. He promoted activities in the field of quartz glass, precious metal chemistry and special metals as well as the establishment of subsidiaries abroad.

1983 – 2000: Founding of the holding company
From 1983 until 2000, Jürgen Heraeus, son of Reinhard Heraeus who was a member of the Board of Management since 1970, headed the company in the fourth generation. Under his management, the business grew into a global group of companies. For this, a far-reaching reorganization of the company took place, as well as new management structures introduced. Following the founding of Heraeus Holding GmbH in 1985, the company underwent a comprehensive decentralization in 1990. Under the umbrella of the management holding, the group's core activities of precious metals, dental materials, quartz glass, sensors and medical technology were reorganized into five decentralized, independent management divisions.

In 1991, a hydrogen tank exploded at the quartz glass site in Hanau, destroying large parts of the factory premises. In the same year, the company established a factory for the production of synthetic quartz glass for the manufacture of optical fibers in the chemical park in Bitterfeld-Wolfen (Saxony-Anhalt) after German reunification. Simultaneously, the company expanded internationally, especially in Asia. As the company grew, sales and operating profits reflected its standing as an international group.

Since 2001 – Growth and restructuring
At the beginning of 2000, Jürgen Heraeus took over as Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the family-owned company. For the first time, the management board did not include a family member.

To exploit synergies throughout the group, Heraeus refocused its activities on core business, leading to further restructuring. The Heraeus Med part of the company was sold in 2002, as were the group's shares in Kendro Laboratory Products. At the same time, Heraeus intensified its involvement in industrial precious metals by expanding its activities in the field of thin film materials.

A few years later, in 2009, the W.C. Heraeus business segment was split into the new Heraeus Precious Metals and Heraeus Materials Technology business units, marking the first major restructuring. In 2013, Heraeus Dental was sold to the Mitsui Group, a Japanese company. The same year, Jan Rinnert, Jürgen Heraeus' son-in-law, took over the company's management. He oversaw yet another major corporate restructuring in 2015. The existing structure of a holding company overseeing six business units was transformed into a holding company overseeing eleven so-called Global Business Units (GBUs). For this purpose, Heraeus Precious Metals and Heraeus Materials Technology, two of the six existing business units, were dissolved and reorganized into seven GBUs.

In October 2018, Heraeus extended its sales channels in Germany by opening the online platform Heraeus-Gold.de in co-operation with the precious metals trader Ophirum GmbH. The platform allows retail customers to buy Heraeus precious metal bars and a variety of popular coins.

In 2021, Heraeus acquired the US company Norwood Medical, a manufacturer of medical instruments, devices, and components with more than 1100 employees. The acquisition is considered one of the largest in the company's history. This was followed in 2022 by the acquisition of PET recycling company Perpetual Technologies, which was renamed Revalyu Resources at the same time. Also in 2022, Heraeus founded a joint venture with BASF, with equal shares, to recover precious metals from spent automotive catalysts. The new company, BASF Heraeus Metal Resource, produces recycled precious metals for high-tech industries in China.

In April 2023, Heraeus sold its platinum temperature sensor business (Heraeus Nexensos) to Yageo, an electronic components company. In June 2023, the business portfolio was restructured and the previous division into Global Business Units and Start-ups was replaced by the designation Operating Companies.

Specialty Products
Heraeus products are used in metal, electronics, chemistry, automotive, telecommunications or medicine. The group supplies products to manufacturing companies in the automotive industry, the aerospace sector, telecommunications, the chemical industry, medical technology and the steel industry.

A main business unit of the Heraeus Group is the production and processing of precious metals (e.g. platinum, gold, silver). The metals are processed, among other things, into wires or substrates for components in the automotive or electrical industries, or used in sensors that measure, for example, the sulfur content or temperature in the production of steel. Another component of the group is quartz glass used in processing for the semiconductor industry, as well as in special preforms for the production of glass fibers. Heraeus also produces special light sources in the UV and infrared range; both for industrial use, such as for hardening printing inks and plastics, and for disinfecting drinking water. In the medical sector, Heraeus produces components such as bone cement and coatings for implants, as well as High Potency API.

Corporate structure
Under the umbrella of Heraeus Holding, the Heraeus Group operates as an international conglomerate of more than 100 individual companies in 40 countries. The headquarters and head office are in Hanau, Hesse. The group's four fields of activity are as follows: Metals and Recycling, Healthcare, Semiconductor and Electronics as well as Industrials. The business activities are structured into 20 operating companies.

In 2022, the group generated revenues of €29.1 billion with 17,200 employees. The Heraeus Holding is wholly owned directly and indirectly by the founding family, with around 200 family shareholders. Jürgen Heraeus and his siblings hold 25 percent of the shares.

Operating companies of the Heraeus Group
Sources:

Metals and Recycling
 * Heraeus Precious Metals: trading, production and recycling of precious metals; manufacture of products for industry (e.g., catalysts for the production of plastics or hydrogen, coatings for PC hard disks, wires for microchips and pacemakers, etc.),
 * Heraeus Amloy: development and production of amorphous alloys and components,
 * Heraeus Remloy: production of neodymium iron boron materials,
 * Revalyu Resources: PET recycling company (majority shareholding).

Healthcare
 * Heraeus Medical: bone cement and coatings for medical implants in surgical orthopedics,
 * Heraeus Medevio (formerly Heraeus Medical Components): Components for the medical technology industry, e.g., pacemaker components and components for the treatment of vascular diseases,
 * Norwood Medical: development and production of instruments, tools, and components in medicine,
 * Mo-Sci: development and manufacturing of precision glass technology, e.g., glass microspheres, powders, ingots, and specialty glasses,
 * Engineered Tissue Solutions: development of medical wound care products composed of proprietary borate-based bioactive glass.

Semiconductor and Electronics
 * Heraeus Electronics: production of miniature electronic components and assembly materials for the electrical and automotive industries (e.g., bonding wires, thick-film pastes, and conductive polymers),
 * Heraeus Epurio: capacitors, displays, photoresists (photoresist), and conductive polymers for the semiconductor industry,
 * Heraeus Conamic: production of natural and synthetic quartz glass as well as ceramics and composites for the semiconductor and photonics industries,
 * Heraeus Comvance: production of synthetic quartz glass for telecommunications e.g., quartz glass tubes and cylinders, among other things, as a preform for the production of optical fibers or optical fibers,
 * Heraeus Printed Electronics: digital printing process for metallic conductive systems,
 * Heraeus High Performance Coatings: development of metal and ceramic coatings.

Industrials
 * Heraeus Electro-Nite: measurement technology such as (disposable) sensors and samplers specifically for molten metals, as well as hardware and software for systems engineering,
 * Heraeus Photovoltaics: metallization paste for the photovoltaic industry,
 * Heraeus Noblelight: specialty light sources in wavelength ranges from ultraviolet to infrared,
 * Heraeus Battery Technology: development of porous carbon to enhance performance of lithium-ion batteries,
 * Smart Steel Technologies: AI-based software products for the steel manufacturing process (minority shareholding).

title: Heraeus


text:
Hungry I

The Hungry I (stylized as hungry i) was a nightclub in San Francisco, California, originally located in the North Beach neighborhood. It played a major role in the history of stand-up comedy in the United States. It was launched by Eric "Big Daddy" Nord, who sold it to Enrico Banducci in 1951. The club moved to Ghirardelli Square in 1967 and operated mostly as a rock music venue until it closed in 1970.

The name of the nightclub was reused later as a strip club in San Francisco, from the late 1960s until 2019.

History
The Hungry I was founded in 1949 or 1950 as an 83-seat venue in the Sentinel Building's basement at the corner of Kearny and Columbus, by Eric Nord, who sold it to Banducci in 1951. After operating it as a venue for folk singers including Stan Wilson, Banducci began hiring comedians in 1953 with Mort Sahl, encouraging them to express themselves freely. Their success caused queues around the block, until Banducci moved the Hungry I to the nearby International Hotel (nicknamed "the I-Hotel") at 599 Jackson Street in 1954.

The Hungry I and Banducci were instrumental in the careers of Mort Sahl, who was the pioneer of a new style of stand-up comedy, comic Bill Cosby, comic Lenny Bruce, and minister Malcolm Boyd. The Kingston Trio recorded two noted albums at the Hungry I, including the first live performance of their version of "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". Tom Lehrer's final satirical album That Was the Year That Was (1965) was also recorded there, as well as The Limeliters' album Our Men in San Francisco (1963).

Jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi, folk singer Glenn Yarborough, the Gateway Singers, and comedians Godfrey Cambridge, Professor Irwin Corey and Joan Rivers were also given career boosts from their appearances at the Hungry I, as well as Dick Cavett and Woody Allen. The folk-rock group We Five were signed to A&M records after Herb Alpert saw them perform there.

John Phillips and his group The Journeymen were the house band in the early 1960s.

The young Barbra Streisand begged Banducci for a single night at his nightclub, insisting that she would soon be a huge star. Banducci agreed to sign the singer, who had never performed professionally but was soon starring in I Can Get It for You Wholesale on Broadway. The resulting concerts (March–April 1963) were well-attended, giving Streisand nationwide acclaim.

On 16 January 1967, Laura Nyro started her debut live performances at the Hungry I. Later in the same year, Ike & Tina Turner performed at the club and a photograph of Tina Turner by Baron Wolman was used for the cover of the second issue of Rolling Stone magazine.

The comedy and folk music scene wilted in the mid-1960s. On 12 October 1967 Banducci closed the club at its International Hotel location and moved to Ghirardelli Square; it was mainly a rock music venue, and closed in 1970. Banducci and many of the club's performers, including Mort Sahl, Jonathan Winters, Irwin Corey, Jackie Vernon, and many others, reunited in 1981 for a one-night performance, which also featured film of the late Lenny Bruce. The event was captured for the nationally televised documentary Hungry I Reunion, produced and directed by Thomas A. Cohen and featuring reminiscences by Bill Cosby, as well as by Maya Angelou, who had performed there early in her career as a singer.

Name
Artist Mark Adams said in a 1983 interview about his design of the interior of the club:

"In 1950, I was acting and designing sets for an amateur theatrical group. One of the men said he wanted to start a small club where actors could go after rehearsals and have coffee, pastry, a beer, et cetera, and sit around and talk—unwind from the work. He asked if I would design the interior, and also think of a name. I came up with hungry i—which referred to all the various hungers of the first person singular. The other man changed his name and personality as the club developed, and became Big Daddy Eric Nord of the Beat Generation. — Mark Adams, artist"

In another story, the lower-case "i" was meant to represent "intellectual". "I was going to call it the Hungry Intellectual, but I ran out of paint" for the sign, Nord would tell interviewers. In another story, the sign was not finished in time for the club's opening, and next-day reviews in the San Francisco papers cemented the name for all time. Banducci swore that it was Freudian and was short for "the hungry id".

Strip club

In the late 1960s, clubs along the Broadway strip began to transform into fully nude strip clubs run by a consortium of club owners. As the Hungry I was shutting down in its final location at Ghirardelli Square, Banducci sold the rights to its name and logo to this consortium. One of the clubs, Pierre's at 546 Broadway, was promptly renamed "Hungry I Club" and continued to operate as a strip club under various owners, until 2019.

Exhibition
An exhibition on the history of the Hungry I opened March 28, 2007 at the San Francisco Performing Arts Library, now the Museum of Performance & Design, and was on view through August 25, 2007. Alumni who performed at the Hungry I during its heyday—as well as club owner Enrico Banducci and his daughter—gathered for an opening celebration March 27. Among those reminiscing about their appearances at the club were Orson Bean, Shelley Berman, Father Malcolm Boyd, Travis Edmonson, Tom Lehrer, The Kingston Trio, Mort Sahl, Ronnie Schell, and Glenn Yarborough.

Radio
The San Francisco radio station KGO broadcast several talk shows live before an audience from the Hungry I in the 1950s and 60s, notably hosted by Les Crane and Ira Blue. Mort Sahl was KGO's overnight announcer in the 1950s.

title: Hungry I


text:
Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Loreto

The Territorial Prelature of Loreto (Praelatura Territorialis ab Alma Domo Lauretana) is a Latin Church territorial prelature of the Catholic Church which was elevated to this status on 24 June 1965. The Holy House of Loreto is located in it. The metropolitan see is the Archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo and the rite is Latin (or Roman). It covers 17 km2 with an address at: Piazza della Madonna 1, 60025 Loreto [Ancona], Italia. The total population is 11,537 of which 96.2% are Catholic. Serving Loreto are two secular priests, 48 religious priests for a total 50. There is approximately one priest for every 222 persons.

History
Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the "Holy House" of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy. Loreto is a small town a few miles south of Ancona and near the sea. Its most conspicuous building is the basilica. This dome-crowned edifice, which with its various annexes took more than a century to build and adorn under the direction of many famous artists, serves merely as the setting of a tiny cottage standing within the basilica itself. Though the rough walls of the little building have been raised in height and are cased externally in richly sculptured marble, the interior measures only 31 feet by 13. An altar stands at one end beneath a statue, blackened with age, of the Virgin Mother and her Divine Infant. As the inscription, Hic Verbum caro factum est, reminds us, this building is honoured by Christians as the veritable cottage at Nazareth in which the Holy Family lived, and the Word became incarnate.

Ordinaries

 * Gaetano Malchiodi (25 January 1935 – 26 January 1960 Retired)
 * Angelo Prinetto (18 October 1961 – 25 April 1965 Resigned)
 * Aurelio Sabattani (24 June 1965 – 30 September 1971 Appointed Secretary of the Apostolic Signatura)
 * Loris Francesco Capovilla (25 Sep 1971 – 10 December 1988 Resigned)
 * Pasquale Macchi (10 December 1988 – 7 October 1996 Retired)
 * Angelo Comastri (9 November 1996 – 5 February 2005 Appointed Coadjutor Archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica)
 * Gianni Danzi (22 February 2005 – 2 October 2007 Died)
 * Giovanni Tonucci (18 October 2007 – 20 May 2017)
 * Fabio Dal Cin (20 May 2017 – present)


text:
George Cathcart

Major-General Sir George Cathcart (12 May 1794 – 5 November 1854) was a British general and diplomat.

Military career
He was born in Renfrewshire, son of William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart. After receiving his education at Eton and in Edinburgh, he was commissioned into the Life Guards in 1810. In 1813 he went to Russia to serve as aide-de-camp to his father, who was ambassador and military commissioner. George Cathcart was present at the battles between the Russian and the French army in 1813 and he followed the Russian army through Europe, entering Paris in March 1814. When Napoleon returned in 1815, Cathcart served as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington and was present at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. After the war he was commissioned in the 7th Hussars, promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1826. He then joined the 57th Regiment in 1828, the 8th Hussars in 1830 and the 1st Dragoon Guards in 1838. Cathcart was promoted to colonel in 1841, and on 11 November 1851 was promoted to Major-General.

In 1852 to 1853, as Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, he granted the first constitution to the colony, ending the 8th Cape Frontier War and defeating the Basutos at the Battle of Berea. In July 1853 Cathcart was made KCB.

In 1853 he was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces, and he left the Cape in April 1854.

At the start of the Crimean War, he was appointed to command the 4th infantry division. The British government gave him a "dormant commission" which meant that if something were to happen to Lord Raglan, Cathcart would take command. At the Battle of the Alma in September 1854, his division saw no action and after the Battle of Balaclava, where his division was called into action, his dormant commission was revoked. He advised an infantry assault on Sevastopol, thinking it could be taken, but was turned down by Lord Raglan.

He took command of the 1st Brigade during the Battle of Inkerman, where there was great confusion, was told to "Support the Guards", and then led his men too far, and was shot through the heart while charging up a hill with a company of 50 men from the 20th Regiment of Foot on 5 November 1854.

He married his first and second cousin Lady Georgiana Greville, daughter of Louisa Cathcart and Robert Fulke Greville on 12 May 1824 and had a large family with her.

title: George Cathcart


text:
Category:Mountains of South America

The mountains of South America.

title: Category:Mountains of South America


text: User talk:130.244.202.210

title: User talk:130.244.202.210


text:
Prehistorik

Prehistorik is a platform game developed by Titus Interactive for the Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, MS-DOS, and Commodore CDTV. Titus Interactive also published it in 1991.

A sequel, Prehistorik 2, was released for MS-DOS and Amstrad CPC. The sequel was also ported to Nintendo systems and became a downloadable title for the Nintendo DSi in North America in February 2010. In 2013, Anuman Interactive launched a remake of the game, adapted for iOS and Android.

title: Prehistorik


text:
Ștefan Neaga

Ștefan Neaga (Степан Тимофеевич Няга; 7 December 1900 – 30 May 1951) was a Moldovan and Soviet composer. He was the son of the Moldovan "Lautar" folk musician Timofei Neaga.

Biography
From an early age he was a pianist in his father's orchestra. At the age of 18, he graduated with high distinction the School of Music in Chișinău in the class of piano of the prominent teacher and pianist from Odesa Iuliu Guz. By that time he met the Romanian virtuoso Grigoraș Dinicu who invited him in his ensemble as a concert pianist, accompagnateur and arranger. In 1920 he entered the class of piano at the National University of Music Bucharest. He did not finish his course in composition due to his concert tours as a virtuoso pianist whose repertoire included works of Bach, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt, Debussy, Ravel, R. Strauss, etc. In 1926 he entered again the Academy of Music, Theater and Fine arts in the class of composition of Dimitrie Cuclin. There he was absorbed by the enthusiasm of composing, and, after graduating the Academy (in 1931), he decided to go to Paris where he met again Grigoraș Dinicu. There he was advised to enter École Normale de Musique de Paris in the class of composition of Nadia Boulanger, piano - with Alfred Cortot, and conducting - with Charles Munch.

Awards

 * Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg Stalin Prize (1950)
 * SU Order of Lenin ribbon.svg Order of Lenin
 * Noribbon.svg Honored Worker of the Moldavian SSR

Legacy
The Chișinău College of Music (which has a monument in his honor) is named for him. In 1952, a street was named after him in the Sectorul Buiucani of the capital. His son Gheorghe was also a composer.

The following is a list of his more famous works:

 * Anthem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1945)
 * Stefan cel Mare (1945)
 * Bessarabians (1947)
 * Jubilee Cantata (1949)
 * The Song of Revival (1951)

In regards to the melody for the MSSR anthem, Neaga said that he wanted to represent with his work "the creativity and love of Great Stalin, the certainty of the victory of communism, and his desire to give all his forces in this unique case" and that he wanted to "create the symbol of these historic victories, in which the Moldovan people regained their freedom."

title: Ștefan Neaga


text:
File:Elvis Costello - Mighty Like a Rose.jpg

Summary
Cover to the Mighty Like a Rose album by Elvis Costello.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thwog

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:39, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Thwog
Non-notable joke religion (Thwog returns 9 hits on Google if you exclude it's own site, all false positives by my count.). I was tempted to list it on speedy, but I'm not sure it would fit any criterea, anyway to quote the creed of Thwong: "Creation Is An Accident of Thwog.", I think that pretty much sums up this article. Delete Sherool 09:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hardly a notable internet meme. Appears to be a platform to promote the religion. - Mgm|(talk) 10:41, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete not even worthy of BJAODN. --KillerChihuahua 14:16, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not-notable. --GraemeL (talk) 18:49, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article creation was clearly an accident of Thwog. Grutness...  wha?  01:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete many reasons, plus copyvio. --Apyule 03:11, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thwog


text:
Brasiliocroton

Brasiliocroton is a monotypic plant genus in the family Euphorbiaceae. The sole species is Brasiliocroton mamoninha. The plant was first described in 2005 from lowland forests in eastern and northeastern Brazil, whence its name.

title: Brasiliocroton


text:
Frank Williams (actor)

Frank John Williams (2 July 1931 – 26 June 2022) was an English actor, best known for playing the Reverend Timothy Farthing in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army (1969–1977).

Often cast as a member of the clergy, Williams appeared in similar roles in sitcoms including The Worker, Vanity Fair, Hi-de-Hi and You Rang, M'Lord? and film What's Up Nurse!. Williams reprised his role of the Reverend Mr. Farthing in the 2016 film adaptation of Dad's Army.

Early life
Williams was born in Edgware, Middlesex, on 2 July 1931, to William Williams, a Welsh nonconformist, and his wife Alice (née Myles). He was educated at a school which temporarily functioned in St Andrew's Church, Edgware, and two private schools before attending Ardingly College, West Sussex, and Hendon School (then Hendon County School). Williams was an only child and in 1956 bought a house one and a half miles away from his parents' house.

Career
Williams started his acting career in repertory theatre and worked with the Watford Palace Theatre, which was being run by Jimmy Perry, the creator of Dad's Army, some years later. Williams also met many of his future co-stars, including Michael Knowles, Colin Bean, Donald Hewlett and Mavis Pugh.

At the time, television was in its infancy and it was this sector of the industry that Williams wished to enter. He made several television appearances throughout the 1950s; during series one of The Army Game he made various small appearances and in 1957 was invited back as a regular character, the commanding officer Captain Pocket. Williams continued to play the role until the series ended in 1960. In total, he appeared in 116 episodes of The Army Game which were transmitted weekly.

His first film appearance was as an uncredited extra in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan in 1953, his first larger role came in 1956 with the film The Extra Day in which he played the role of Sid. Williams went on to appear in three films with Norman Wisdom including: The Square Peg (1958), The Bulldog Breed (1960) and A Stitch In Time (1963). He then appeared in films such as: Inn for Trouble (1960), Just for Fun (1963), Hide and Seek (1964), Headline Hunters (1968), One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing (1975), Jabberwocky (1977), What's Up Nurse! (1977), The Human Factor (1979) and Oh! Heavenly Dog (1980). He had a leading role in the BBC TV series Diary of a Young Man (1964), which was partly directed by Ken Loach, in addition to small parts in numerous TV series of the 1950s and 1960s.

His best-known role was in Dad's Army as the vicar. His first appearance on the show was in the episode "The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones", which was the first episode of series three. He had worked with producers David Croft before on Hugh and I, and Jimmy Perry at the Watford Palace Theatre. He thought he had come to make a one-off appearance and did not realise that he would become a regular fixture of the show. He would go on to appear in half of the 80 episodes and both feature films. In 2021, Williams said of his time working on Dad's Army that "it was the happiest period of my professional life." Coincidentally, while at Hendon County, Williams wrote in his memoir, he had played the lead in the school play of his final year, The Ghost Train, written nearly thirty years earlier by Arnold Ridley, who would also appear in Dad's Army.

Williams featured with Tessie O'Shea in the short-lived sitcom As Good Cooks Go (1970). He appeared in an episode of All Gas and Gaiters as one of the vicars choral in episodes broadcast in 1967 and 1971. At the height of his Dad's Army fame, he had a cameo role in Monty Python's Flying Circus (1972), and later appeared as a record producer in the Rutles movie All You Need Is Cash (1978). He appeared in the short-lived television sitcom High & Dry (1987) as a bank clerk, and he made a cameo appearance in 'Minder', playing a tobacconist. He had a recurring role in You Rang, M'Lord?, a later series written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. Williams played Lord Bishop Charles appearing in 14 out of a total of 26 episodes.

Williams was a guest on This Morning on Thursday 31 July 2008, talking about Dad's Army with fellow cast members Ian Lavender and Bill Pertwee. He also appeared on BBC1's Jonathan Ross Salutes Dad's Army show on Sunday 3 August 2008.

With other surviving members of the Dad's Army cast he walked in the 100th Birthday parade for Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, because Dad's Army was her favourite programme. He was the author of several plays, including The Playing Fields and Murder Weekend, some of which have been performed in the pro-amateur theatre. His autobiography, Vicar to Dad's Army: the Frank Williams story, was published in 2002.

In 1993, Williams co-founded with Bill Pertwee the Dad's Army Appreciation Society. He was the society's vice president until the death of Bill Pertwee in 2013 when Williams became the President, attending many society events until his death.

Williams reprised his role of the vicar for the 2016 reboot of Dad's Army. He recalled his time on set of the new film: "It meant four days work, which I thoroughly enjoyed. The film was pretty successful but received a mixed reaction from Dad's Army fans because seeing other people playing roles made famous by the likes of Arthur and John wasn't easy to accept."

Personal life
Williams lived in his hometown of Edgware, Greater London. A lifetime Christian, he was until 2000 a member of the House of Laity in the General Synod of the Church of England. He opposed the ordination of women and attacks on gay people.

Williams was the patron of Veneratio, a charity established to prevent the social isolation of the elderly.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Williams reported that "I share the house with my good friend Ronald Grainge, who I met on the Dad's Army stage show way back in 1975, so the two of us have been self-isolating and watching TV. We enjoy good dramas, and catch up with an old film occasionally." He then went on to say that the programmes which he enjoyed the most are "older comedies, but programmes like Would I Lie to You? are great fun. And chat programmes where comedy people get together."

In a 2017 Daily Telegraph interview, he answered a question on his best financial decision with "buying a house. ... Initially, I rented out the downstairs rooms and it produced some money but there were problems, like tenants not paying the rent. So, about ten years ago, my great friend Ronnie Grainge, who was in the Dad's Army stage show, moved in."

Death
Williams died on 26 June 2022, aged 90. A statement was released on Facebook saying "so sorry to say that our beloved friend, colleague and actor Frank Williams, passed away this morning."

title: Frank Williams (actor)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aparant

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:39, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Aparant
Vanity/linkspam for a non-notable group that gets one Google hit and no Alexa rank. Fernando Rizo T/C 09:39, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nominator. --GraemeL (talk) 11:06, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 17:32, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - self promo =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:58, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Deleted: +3/-0 =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:59, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aparant


text:
Category:Breslov Hasidism

 * Note: Breslov Hasidism regards Nachman of Breslov as its only rebbe.

title: Category:Breslov Hasidism


text:
The Army Game

The Army Game is a British television sitcom that aired on ITV from 19 June 1957 to 20 June 1961. It was the first ITV sitcom and was made by Granada, and created by Sid Colin. It follows the exploits of Hut 29, a dysfunctional group of soldiers and their National Service conscription into the British Army during the post war years.

The original cast consisted of William Hartnell, Michael Medwin, Geoffrey Sumner, Alfie Bass, Charles Hawtrey, Bernard Bresslaw and Norman Rossington. The cast would change over the years with actors such as Bill Fraser, Ted Lune, Frank Williams, Harry Fowler and Dick Emery appearing in subsequent series.

The popularity of the series inspired a film spin-off, I Only Arsked! (1958), and a top ten hit. It also produced the successful sitcom Bootsie and Snudge starring the popular characters played by Bass and Fraser.

Background
The creator, Sid Colin, was inspired by a 1956 film, Private's Progress, that starred Ian Carmichael, Richard Attenborough and Terry-Thomas. William Hartnell had a supporting role similar to that of Sergeant-Major Bullimore in The Army Game.

Writers included Sid Colin, Larry Stephens, Maurice Wiltshire, Lew Schwarz, John Jowett, John Antrobus, John Foley, Marty Feldman, Barry Took, David Climie, David Cumming, Derek Collyer, Brad Ashton, John Junkin, Talbot Rothwell, Sidney Nelson, Stan Mars, Bob Perkins and Alan MacKinnon. At least three episodes are uncredited.

Plot and characters
The show centres on a group of conscripts assigned to the Surplus Ordnance Department at Nether Hopping, Staffordshire. Billeted in Hut 29, the men are determined to work little and have fun.

Geoffrey Sumner played Major 'Piggy' Upshot-Bagley, the commanding officer, with William Hartnell as Company Sgt Major (CSM) Percy Bullimore, the bane of Hut 29's army life. Michael Medwin was the spiv-like Cpl Springer in charge of Hut 29, with the original conscripts consisting of Bernard Bresslaw's IQ deficient Pte Popplewell, Alfie Bass's Pte 'Excused Boots' Bisley, Charles Hawtrey's Pte 'Professor' Hatchett and Norman Rossington's Pte 'Cupcake' Cook.

Later series saw Frank Williams as Capt T. R. Pockett take over the running of the camp, with Bill Fraser's Sgt Claude Snudge replacing Bullimore; although Sumner and Hartnell would return for the final series. Other popular characters included Harry Fowler's Cpl 'Flogger' Hoskins (a replacement for Medwin's Springer) and Ted Lune's Pte Leonard Bone, a sort of northern England variation on Bresslaw's Popplewell.

Arguably the break-out character of the series was Bresslaw's Popplewell who would go on to be the lead of the film version, I Only Arsked! (1958), which used his catch-phrase as its title. On the back of the series Bresslaw became a star of the late fifties and would also use the Popplewell characteristics for other roles of the period, such as the 1959 films Too Many Crooks and The Ugly Duckling. After Bresslaw left, Bass and Fraser's Bootsie and Snudge would become the most popular characters, and would get their own spin-off series, Bootsie and Snudge, after The Army Game finished.

Series One (1957–58)

 * 1) "The Missing Pig" (19 June 1957)
 * 2) "The Misguided Missiles" (3 July 1957)
 * 3) "The Convicts Return" (17 July 1957)
 * 4) "Open Day" (31 July 1957)
 * 5) Episode 5 (14 August 1957)
 * 6) "The New Man" (28 August 1957)
 * 7) "The Mad Bull" (11 September 1957)
 * 8) "The Still" (25 September 1957)
 * 9) "The Volunteers" (9 October 1957)
 * 10) "The Civilian Clerk" (23 October 1957)
 * 11) "Security" (6 November 1957)
 * 12) "The Rise And Fall of Private Popplewell" (20 November 1957)
 * 13) "The Chit" (4 December 1957)
 * 14) "The Thing From Outer Space" (20 December 1957)
 * 15) "W.R.A.A.C.S." (27 December 1957)
 * 16) "Getting Shot of Upshot-Bagley" (3 January 1958)
 * 17) "The Quarrel" (10 January 1958)
 * 18) "Any Complaints" (17 January 1958)
 * 19) "To A Haggis" (24 January 1958)
 * 20) "The Marshall's Baton" (31 January 1958)
 * 21) "Brothers in Law" 8 (7 February 1958)
 * 22) "That's The Ticket" (14 February 1958)
 * 23) "The Kindest Man in Britain" (21 February 1958)
 * 24) "Brother Officers" (28 February 1958)
 * 25) "The Recruits" (7 March 1958)
 * 26) Episode 26 (14 March 1958)
 * 27) Episode 27 (21 March 1958)
 * 28) "Bring on the Dancing Girls" (28 March 1958)
 * 29) "The Quiz Kids" (4 April 1958)
 * 30) "Guinea Pigs" (11 April 1958)
 * 31) "The Investigator" (18 April 1958)
 * 32) "The NATO Visitor" (25 April 1958)
 * 33) "Money To Burn" (2 May 1958)
 * 34) "The Initiative Test" (9 May 1958)
 * 35) "A Piece of Cake" (16 May 1958)
 * 36) "Treasure Trove" (23 May 1958)
 * 37) "Derby Day" (30 May 1958)
 * 38) "Poetry Prize" (6 June 1958)
 * 39) "Insurance" (13 June 1958)

Series Two (1958–59)

 * 1) "The Special Investigator" (19 September 1958)
 * 2) "A Soldier's Farewell" (26 September 1958)
 * 3) "The Invisible Soldier" (3 October 1958)
 * 4) "The Garden Fete" (10 October 1958)
 * 5) "Fit as a Fiddle" (17 October 1958)
 * 6) "The Bogus Sergeant Major" (24 October 1958)
 * 7) "Happy Birthday Major Duckworth" (31 October 1958)
 * 8) "The Phantom Strikes Again" (7 November 1958)
 * 9) "The Flying Visitors" (14 November 1958)
 * 10) "Dodging the Draft" (21 November 1958)
 * 11) "Amateur Talent" (28 November 1958)
 * 12) "Dinner is Served" (5 December 1958)
 * 13) "X Marks the Spot" (12 December 1958)
 * 14) "The Happy Couple" (19 December 1958)
 * 15) "Ebeneezer Scrooge" (26 December 1958)
 * 16) "The Desperate Hours" (2 January 1959)
 * 17) "Officer Material" (9 January 1959)
 * 18) "Grand Hotel" (16 January 1959)
 * 19) "Bootsie's Butler" (23 January 1959)
 * 20) "The C.O.'s Aunt" (30 January 1959)
 * 21) Episode 21 (6 February 1959)
 * 22) "St Valentine's Day" (13 February 1959)
 * 23) "That's the Ticket" (20 February 1959)
 * 24) "The Folk Singers" (27 February 1959)
 * 25) "The Initiative Test" (6 March 1959)
 * 26) "Friday the Thirteenth" (13 March 1959)
 * 27) "The Old Car" (20 March 1959)
 * 28) "The Separation" (27 March 1959)
 * 29) "I Was Snudge's Double" (3 April 1959)
 * 30) "The Military Mission" (10 April 1959)
 * 31) "All Quiet on the Western Front" (17 April 1959)
 * 32) "The System" (24 April 1959)
 * 33) "The Eating Contest" (1 May 1959)
 * 34) "The Siege" (8 May 1959)
 * 35) "The Soldier's Chorus" (15 May 1959)
 * 36) "The Fiddler's Return" (22 May 1959)
 * 37) "Bang You're Dead" (29 May 1959)
 * 38) "The Trouble with Bootsie" (5 June 1959)
 * 39) "Strength Through Day" (12 June 1959)

Series Three (1959–60)

 * 1) "Snudge and Jimmy O'Goblin" (9 October 1959)
 * 2) "The Take-Over Bid" (16 October 1959)
 * 3) "Enter a Dark Stranger" (23 October 1959)
 * 4) "Snudge's Budgie" (30 October 1959)
 * 5) "Where There's Smoke" (30 October 1959)
 * 6) "The Camera Never Lies" (6 November 1959)
 * 7) "When the Poppies Bloom Again" (13 November 1959)
 * 8) "Miracle in Hut" 29 (20 November 1959)
 * 9) "Night Train to Itchwick" (27 November 1959)
 * 10) "Officers and Gentlemen" (27 November 1959)
 * 11) "Tiger Bisley" (4 December 1959)
 * 12) "The Bisley Court Martial" (11 December 1959)
 * 13) "The Long Walk" (18 December 1959)
 * 14) "Happy New Year" (1 January 1960)
 * 15) "The Invisible Man" (8 January 1960)
 * 16) "The Bowler Hatting of Pocket" (15 January 1960)
 * 17) "The Soft Life" (22 January 1960)
 * 18) "Son of Snudge" (29 January 1960)
 * 19) "A Rocket Called FRED" (5 February 1960)
 * 20) "Don't Send My Boy to Prison" (12 February 1960)
 * 21) "A Piece of Cake" (19 February 1960)
 * 22) "Never Volunteer" (26 February 1960)
 * 23) "A Marriage has been Arranged" (4 March 1960)
 * 24) "The Good Old Days" (11 March 1960)
 * 25) "A Question in the House" (18 March 1960)
 * 26) "The Claude Snudge Story" (25 March 1960)
 * 27) "April Fool" (1 April 1960)
 * 28) "Goodnight Ladies" (8 April 1960)
 * 29) "One of the Lads" (15 April 1960)
 * 30) "Holding the Baby" (22 April 1960)
 * 31) "Pen Pals Anonymous" (29 April 1960)
 * 32) "Are You Receiving Me" (6 May 1960)
 * 33) "The Efficiency Expert" (13 May 1960)
 * 34) "Bull by the Horn" (20 May 1960)
 * 35) "A Touch of the Other" (27 May 1960)
 * 36) "The Feud" (3 June 1960)
 * 37) "Out of this World" (10 June 1960)
 * 38) "Emergency Hut 29" (17 June 1960)

Series Four (1960–61)

 * 1) "The Return of the Pig" (27 September 1960)
 * 2) Episode 2 (4 October 1960)
 * 3) "The Do-Gooders" (11 October 1960)
 * 4) "The Marshal's Baton" (18 October 1960)
 * 5) "Insurance" (25 October 1960)
 * 6) "It's in the Book" (1 November 1960)
 * 7) "Waltzing Matilda" (8 November 1960)
 * 8) "The Kindest Man in Britain" (15 November 1960)
 * 9) "Say It With Flowers" (22 November 1960)
 * 10) "Music Hath Charms" (29 November 1960)
 * 11) "Suddenly This Write" (6 December 1960)
 * 12) "Quiz Kids" (13 December 1960)
 * 13) "The Artist" (20 December 1960)
 * 14) "Private Cinders" (27 December 1960)
 * 15) "Tunes of Glory" (3 January 1961)
 * 16) "Now It Can Be Told" (10 January 1961)
 * 17) "Keep It Out of the Draught" (17 January 1961)
 * 18) "Outward Bound" (24 January 1961)
 * 19) "All at Sea" (31 January 1961)
 * 20) "Decline And Fall" (7 February 1961)
 * 21) "My Funny Valentine" (14 February 1961)
 * 22) "Any Complaints?" (21 February 1961)
 * 23) Episode 23 (28 February 1961)
 * 24) "The Beast of Nether Hopping" (7 March 1961)
 * 25) "The Green Fingers" (14 March 1961)
 * 26) "Cold Cure" (21 March 1961)
 * 27) "The Man Who Never Was" (28 March 1961)
 * 28) "Poison Pen" (4 April 1961)
 * 29) "Into The Breach" (11 April 1961)
 * 30) Episode 30 (18 April 1961)
 * 31) "Vice Versa" (25 April 1961)
 * 32) "The Body in the Bath" (2 May 1961)
 * 33) Episode 33 (9 May 1961)
 * 34) "Fun And Adventure" (16 May 1961)
 * 35) "A Certain Thing" (23 May 1961)
 * 36) "Tea And Sympathy" (30 May 1961)
 * 37) "The D-Day Dodger" (6 June 1961)
 * 38) The Importance of Being Eric (13 June 1961)
 * 39) Episode 39 (20 June 1961)

Other media
A film based on the series, I Only Arsked!, appeared in 1958, made by Hammer Film Productions. The plot concentrated on Bernard Bresslaw's character and included Michael Medwin, Alfie Bass, Geoffrey Sumner, Charles Hawtrey and Norman Rossington playing their characters. "I Only Arsked" became Bresslaw's catchphrase.

A record was released sung by Michael Medwin, Bernard Bresslaw, Alfie Bass and Leslie Fyson. In June 1958, it reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. Bresslaw's song "Mad Passionate Love", sung in the style of Private Popplewell, also did well in the charts.

A paperback was produced, and Granada brought out a board game in 1959.

Alfie Bass and Bill Fraser's characters turned up in a spin-off, Bootsie and Snudge, between 1960 and 1963 and in 1974. Bootsie and Snudge also appeared in the 1964 sitcom Foreign Affairs.

A year after the series debuted saw the first Carry On film, the very similar Carry On Sergeant (1958), which also featured Hartnell, Hawtrey and Rossington.

Royal Variety Performance
In June 1959, Michael Medwin, Alfie Bass, Norman Rossington, Bill Fraser and Ted Lune performed a short The Army Game scene at the Royal Variety Performance in front of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. This was the last Royal Variety Performance not to be televised, although highlights were broadcast on BBC radio on 29 June 1959.

DVD releases
Of the 156 episodes made, 50 are thought to survive. On 6 June 2005, Network released the first 26 episodes from series 3 on DVD under the title The Army Game – Volume 1. On 14 August 2006, the remaining twenty-four episodes (including three surviving episodes from the first series) were released under the title The Army Game – Volume 2. An episode of Bootsie and Snudge was included. The Army Game Collection, containing every surviving episode, was released on 13 August 2008.

title: The Army Game