text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fordson High School

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS — KEEP. -Splash 01:54, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Fordson high school
I've generally given up on VfDing school articles, but this doesn't even contain enough to merge into a single sentence in a school district article. --fvw *  13:56, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then it must die. Delete.  Most school articles are vanity-based.  Four walls and a ceiling is not notable. Proto t c 14:05, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable school. Klonimus 23:43, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN, policy DV8 2XL 14:29, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What policy? Factitious 12:35, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not a school article, but an attack page against the school. Sjakkalle (Check!)  15:07, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral on the rewrite. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rewrite heavily, schools are always notable enough and articles about them can become a source of pride and spring their writers into the realm of very active wikipedians. Besides, there is no doubt that a short school article can become rich and robust (see Moanalua_High_School.  HoratioVitero 15:14, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SaltyPig 15:40, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Verify else Delete Agree that high schools are notable. Does this high school even exist??? Roodog2k 16:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's probably the one in Dearborn, Michigan. Unless, of course, it isn't. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If someone wants to write it again properly, they can. --Robert Brook 16:14, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing useful here that could serve as the start of an article. After deletion, list on User:GRider/Schoolwatch and in Requested Articles, because the only real content of this article is the fact that someone wishes we had an article about this school. After you remove POV and original research, nothing is left, not even the location of the school (presumably Dearborn, Michigan but who knows?) If HoratioVitero or anyone else wants to write an actual article on this school, allow re-creation without prejudice.Dpbsmith (talk) 16:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * agree, Dpbsmith. that's the crux of most article "creations" that end up here. they're sometimes treated as if some great service has been dealt through what is basically an extremely messy topic suggestion. related rant (NB: foul language). SaltyPig 16:45, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote now. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:00, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete nn school --TimPope 17:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Article completely rewritten by Silensor. Remarks above refer to the following earlier text: Dpbsmith (talk) 18:31, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Location Located on the vibrant street of Ford Road in the midst of a heavily saturated Arab and Muslim population, Fordson High School presents the epitome of immigration assimilation in America. Whether its G-Unit apparrel being worn in the newly constructed cafetria or a white Bentley with 22 inch chrome wheels, the stigma of modernization has truly spread across the students of this school. Thus, identity crisis has persisted due to lack of understanding of who they really are. Academics Fordson offers a dual semester program, with classes ranging from How to Cut a Knife with Purcell or Literatue/Philosophy with Misiakian (which offers nothing except nothing!)

 * Comment Remarks below appear refer to the article as rewritten by Silensor. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A typical high school article about a typical high school, which is to say utterly non-notable. Quale 18:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after the rewrite. The school building in itself is notable enough for an article. Quite impressive. --Tony Sidaway Talk  18:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep after the rewrite, per Tony Sidaway. Most primary schools aren't notable, but this one's building seems to be. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 19:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I also did some research on alumni.  Some sources say George Peppard was there, but I don't think that's reliable because most say he attended Dearborn High.  Chad Everett was there, though, as was one former Federal Congresscritter for Michigan, and District Judge Virginia A. Sobotka, and oh, that Chalabi fellow who was charged with spying at Guantanamo.  --Tony Sidaway Talk  19:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite KEEP after excellent work cleaning up by Silensor and Tony Sidaway.  Un  focused  20:22, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I already voted on this article but I would like to thank Tony Sidaway for rewriting this, now it is a respectable article and this just goes to show any one skepticle of a first draft that something good can come from a little effort. HoratioVitero 20:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Let's check the "proposed Wikipedia importance policy", "an article should not be deleted on the basis of notability if one of the following is true: 1. there is clear proof that a reasonable number of people (eg. more than 500 people worldwide) are or were concurrently interested in the subject."  What highschool doesn't have 500 people interested in it?  And almost every high school has had some notable history or notable students.  Keep keep keep.  --Quasipalm 20:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This standard would include every issue of every magazine and newspaper with any significant distribution, every city intersection, nearly every failed election candidate, and many bands that would fail WP:MUSIC. The proposed importance policy has a lot of problems. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 21:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, resonably notable. Worthy of an entry per my reasoning at Schools for Deletion.Gateman1997 20:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, especially after nice cleanup (thank you!). Beginning 21:32, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a school after all.--Nicodemus75 21:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is a school after all. Soltak | Talk 21:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - this vote is precisely why you deletionists are losing vote after vote after vote. Your criteria is simply ridiculous, and this childish delete vote comment demonstrates the problem. Many inclusionists believe that schools are inherently notable. While that is a debatable hypothesis, the obverse is simply not true. I can obviously hold that a school should be included because it is a school on the basis that schools are inherently notable, but it is ridiculously absurd to suggest that any given school should not be included on the basis of it being a school. Some schools are notable and encyclopaedic by even the most restrictive standards. Enjoy losing another VfD. --Nicodemus75 23:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My comment was sarcastic given that schools aren't inherently notable. Some schools are indeed noteworthy but to say that every school is notable simply by virtue of being a school is patently ridiculously. Take a look at User:Soltak/Views. You might also want to take a peek at WP:CIVIL, too. Soltak | Talk 23:48, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Both of you please be civil. Soltak sarcasm is not warranted. And Nicodemus75 please refain from personal attacks.Gateman1997 23:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Nobody is winning these VFDs. Besides the needless acrimony that this specific sort of exchange engenders, they're going down to no consensus, time and again. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 15:32, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * For about a year now, some of the school-inclusionists have been putting in some serious work bringing school articles up to reasonable standards of quality. That is very helpful and a Good Thing. Factionalizing the debate and repeating stale old assertions over and over again is not helpful. Making general remarks about how all schools in general should be handled is not helpful. VfD discussions are about particular articles, and explanations of votes should address the particular article under discussion. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:36, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is just a school, which does not automatically grant notability. - brenneman (t) (c)  00:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A good article now. The reason for nomination no longer applies. Bhoeble 01:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, obviously. Excellent rewrite by Silensor and Tony Sidaway.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, good work on the cleanup. --Apyule 05:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Great rewrite. --rob 20:11, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:N, WP:V, WP:RS. Most Sensible Comment award goes to Dpbsmith@16:36-- encephalon |  ζ   17:14:14, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * As goofy as this award is ;), I must echo the sentiment. This is not a black and white debate despite what both cabals hugging the extreme edges of the issue would have us believe.Gateman1997 18:39, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Could we have a little less of the c-word, please? I believe exaggerated reference to broad groups of voter alignment as "cabals" has done more to polarize the debate than anything else. --Tony Sidaway Talk  18:56, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This school is both a historical landmark and an important part of the Dearborn community.  Silensor 18:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Dunc|☺ 19:13, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notability established. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:55, 2005 September 2 (UTC)
 * Delete if having a tractor makes it somehow notable then does farmer giles get his own page? Dunc|☺ 00:07, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. CDThieme 00:32, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per importance. Kappa 01:31, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable school with some recognizable alumni. Amren (talk)  15:35, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Enough of this pointless, time-wasting, impositional deletionist nonsense! Keep. --Gene_poole 13:28, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable vanity entry that didn't even upper case the name. Jonathunder 15:29, 2005 September 4 (UTC)
 * Excellent article now, but that can't remedy the non-notability of the subject. I'm sticking with my original delete vote. --fvw *  22:02, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't delete excellent articles. Factitious 12:35, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete article says a whole lot of nothing. --Kennyisinvisible 00:57, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Nice rewrite on a verifiable and encyclopedic topic. No downside to keeping this article. Factitious 12:35, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and stop nominating schools until consensus is reached on them --Ryan Delaney talk 10:21, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Sorry. Nandesuka 03:32, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Template talk:Las Vegas Raiders roster

Javon Walker
Is he a free agent? his wikipedia article lists him as one, but he's still on the roster. RF23 (talk) 23:18, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * He's a Raider.► Chris Nelson Holla! 00:30, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Good, that's what i thought. I don't know why, but i've seen other sites report him to be a free agent. RF23 (talk) 01:49, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Another question
at what point is Marquis Cooper removed from the roster? Shouldn't he be moved to reserve with "Did Not report" once the season starts?RF23 (talk) 06:37, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes he should in theory be moved to did not report, but he should remain until it's confirmed he's dead.-- Giants27 ( c  |  s ) 19:53, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Sources/Edit Warring
Can we agree on whether the Raiders' official team website constitutes a reliable source as to who is actually employed by the team? Somebody keeps reverting edits, insisting that Pro Football Weekly is somehow more accurate than Raiders.com and NFL.com. Since both are official league organs and PFW is not, I humbly suggest they would be the sources to get information from. Raider Duck (talk) 04:32, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * You're confusing the matter. Pro Football Weekly is the only place on the internet that posts the official NFL transaction wire. NFL.com does not, so they're irrelevant in this discussion. As far as Raiders.com, keep in mind that is just their webmaster and/or PR department making those edits. PR departments routinely screw things up when players are waived/injured, as in McCluskey's case. Sometimes they report it on their own, unofficial team transaction wire (which is included in media materials, only perpetuating erroneous information) as being IR, or waived, or receiving an injury settlement, but none of those are accurate. Likewise, beat writers aren't a good source either, since they only go off what PR departments provide them. Furthermore, the NFLPA maintains a database of player contracts on their website (login required); McCluskey is still in the database, which would not be the case if he received an injury settlement. Again, I've been doing this a long time. This is far from the first time something like this has come up, and I've never been wrong.  Pats 1  T / C  04:36, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Never say never. Zoro   1234  04:38, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * (to Raider Duck) It's also important to note that teams can do whatever they want with their websites and PR materials; there's nothing saying they need to be accurate. The Patriots, for instance, routinely remove players from their website and PR materials before they officially receive injury settlements. In fact, with Bret Lockett this season, they announced him as being released (he was waived/injured), removed him from their roster entirely, even though he cleared waivers and immediately went to IR. About a week later he magically re-appeared on their roster and PR materials as being on IR, but was still listed on their website and PR transaction wire as released. So "official league organs" really aren't that, and people employed by the team (i.e. PR) often have motives other than accuracy when publishing these things.  Pats 1  T / C  04:45, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * (responding to Zoro's comment on my talk page) Highly unlikely. The circumstances aren't unique; nothing suggests that a mistake was made, to my trained eye.  Pats 1  T / C  04:57, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * This is too petty. It's a walk on fullback so who cares. I'm not going to waste any more time on it. Keep all the misinformation you want. Your trained brown eye knows best. Zoro   1234  05:02, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Las Vegas Raiders roster


text:
Nathan Alterman

Nathan Alterman (נתן אלתרמן; August 14, 1910 – March 28, 1970) was an Israeli poet, playwright, journalist, and translator. Though never holding any elected office, Alterman was highly influential in Socialist Zionist politics, both before and after the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948.

Biography
Nathan Alterman was born in Warsaw, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire). In 1925, when he was 15 years old, the family moved to Tel Aviv and he continued his studies at the Herzliya Hebrew High School.

When he was 19 years old, he travelled to Paris to study at the University of Paris (a.k.a. La Sorbonne), but a year later he decided to go to Nancy to study agronomy. Though maintaining close contacts with his family and friends in Tel Aviv and visiting them on vacations, Alterman spent three years in France and was highly influenced by his occasional meetings with French artists and writers. On his return to Tel Aviv in 1932, he started working at the Mikveh Yisrael agricultural school, but soon left it in favour of working as a journalist and poet.

In 1933, when Alterman was 33 years old, he joined the literary circle "Together" (יחדיו). Members of that literary group published the literary magazine "Columns" (טורים) and rebelled against the literary establishment of that time, identified with the poet Hayim Nahman Bialik and his followers.

On the 22nd of August, 1934, he married Rachel Marcus, an actress in "The Cameri Theatre" (התיאטרון הקאמרי) In January 1941 their only daughter was born: Tirtza Atar, who would grow up to become a poetess herself.

Alterman is credited with bringing the seeds of the marmande tomato to Israel, where it was the main species cultivated in the country until the 1960s.

Literary career
In 1933, when he was 23 years old, Alterman began to write songs for the vaudeville theatre "The Broom" (המטאטא)."

In 1934, he began to publish in the daily newspaper Davar a rhymed column named "Tel Aviv Sketches" (סקיצות תל אביביות). that addressed current affairs and during four months 26 of these rhymed columns were published.

In November 1934 he left Davar and began to publish in the daily newspaper Haaretz a similar column named "Moments" (רגעים) but this time the columns had a less lyrical and more satirical nature, and he continued to publish these columns for eight years during which he published a total of 297 columns.

Alterman's first published book of poetry was Kokhavim Bakhuts ("Stars Outside"), published in 1938. This volume, with its "neo-romantic themes, highly charged texture, and metrical virtuosity," as Israeli critic Benjamin Harshav puts it, established him as a major force in modern Hebrew literature.

His next major book was "The Joy of the Poor" (שִׂמְחת עניים ṡimḥàt aniyím, 1941). This is a kaleidoscopic phantasmagoria consisting of 31 interconnected poems, all from the viewpoint of the ghost of a dead man obsessed with the living woman he loves – a reversal of the Orpheus and Eurydice story. The dead man wants to protect his living love from war and poverty, but more than anything he wants to drag her into his world. His plans are continually frustrated. The light from a humble candle is enough to drive him back. The story reads like a supernatural thriller, but the rhyme and the meters are regular and elegant.

In 1942, when the first news about the Holocaust reached the Zionist Jewish community in British Mandate Palestine, Alterman wrote a poem, which can be described as a sarcastic paraphrase on the Jewish prayer, "Praised are You ... who has chosen us out of all the nations". In this poem Alterman says, "At our children's cry, shadowed by scaffolds, we heard not the world's furor. For you have chosen us out of all nations, you loved and favoured us. For you have chosen us of all nations, of Norwegians, Czechs and Britons. As they march toward scaffolds, Jewish children of reason, they know their blood shan't be reckoned among the rest, they just call to the mother 'turn away your face'." In 1943, Alterman wrote the maqama "The Swedish Tongue", in which he praised Sweden's willingness to welcome Jewish refugees from Denmark.

In 1943, he also wrote a poem that was critical of Pope Pius XII, a poem that is featured at the Yad Vashem museum.

In 1945–1947, Alterman's weekly column in the Labour Movement "Davar" newspaper denounced the British army's oppressive measures and praising the illegal immigrant boats landing Jewish holocaust survivors on the country's shores, in defiance of British policy. The most well-known of these is the 1945 "In Praise of an Italian Captain" (נאום תשובה לרב חובל איטלקי).

In the early stages of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War he wrote numerous patriotic poems, the most well-known of which is "The Silver Platter" (מגש הכסף magásh ha-késef). Having become a canonical text read on Israel's Remembrance Day, this poem was written in response to Chaim Weizmann's words in December 1947, after the adoption of the UN Partition Plan for Palestine, "No state is ever handed on a silver platter... The partition plan does not give the Jews but an opportunity". In his poem, Alterman describes a scene similar to the Biblical Revelation on Mount Sinai, where the Jewish People are waiting to receive the Jewish state, as the Israelite were waiting to receive the Torah. And yet, instead of Moses descending with the Tablets of Stone, the people see two unfamiliar youths, a boy and a girl, wounded and near dead with exhaustion. When asked, "Who are you?" they reply, "We are the silver platter on which the state of the Jews was handed to you".

He also wrote One from the GHL (GHL is a Hebrew acronym for overseas draft), which refers to the nearly 20,000 of Holocaust survivors and other Jewish refugees who immigrated to the newly created State of Israel and were immediately drafted into the Israel Defense Forces and sent to the front lines. They had no military training and some 300 died in battle shortly after their immigration to Israel. The poem was published in Davar on the last day of the war, in protest of the inhumane treatment of these soldiers. The poem contrasts the sacrifice of these soldiers with the pretension of the state to be a safe homeland for Jewish refugees.

Later the poem was set to music by Shem Tov Levy and first performed by Arik Einstein in his 1985 album Land Product. It is often sung during the Israeli Remembrance Day and in ceremonies marking the 1948 war of independence. Alterman translated Shakespeare, Molière, Racine, Gozzi, Molnar, Lully, Dostoevsky, Bernard Shaw, Ionesco, Courteline, Priestley, Barrie, Anouilh, de Beaumarchais, Jonson, Labiche, Ostrovsky into Hebrew and Yiddish. He wrote the lyrics of the famous Moshe Vilenski song Kalaniyot, sung by Shoshana Damari.

Some of Alterman's poems have been turned into popular songs, e.g., "A meeting with no end" (פגישה לאין קץ). An episode in Season 3 of the Israeli Netflix show Shtisel is named after one of his poems, "First Smile," which is read at a memorial service during the show. An English-language translation of "First Smile" by Robert Friend (from Found in Translation, Toby Press, 2006) is also included in the episode.

Political activism
During the 1950s, Alterman was opposed to the martial law imposed at the time on Israel's Arab citizens (until 1966), and was also strongly supportive of workers' struggle such as the 1952 sailors' strike which was suppressed by the Ben Gurion Government. After the Six-Day War, Alterman was one of the founders of the Movement for Greater Israel finding himself in alliance with right-wing activists whom he greatly opposed in earlier times of his career. He criticized David Ben-Gurion (who only held at the time the position of a Knesset member, but was still influential) for being too willing to give up the territories captured during the war in return for a peace agreement.

Awards and recognition
Alterman has been featured on Israel's NIS 200 bill since 2016.

 * In 1946, Alterman received the Tchernichovsky Prize for exemplary translation, for his translations of plays Phèdre by Jean Racine and Merry Wives of Windsor by Shakespeare.
 * In 1947, he received the Ruppin Prize for his book "Joy of the Poor".
 * In 1957, Alterman was awarded the Bialik Prize for literature.
 * In 1967, he again received the Tchernichovsky Prize, for translations of the plays of Moliere.
 * In 1968, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for literature.
 * In 2011, his portrait was chosen to be on Israel's currency.

Poetry

 * Stars Outside (כוכבים בחוץ). Yachdav Publishing, 1938; Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1945; Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1995
 * Joy of the Poor (שמחת עניים). Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1941
 * Plague Poems (שירי מכות מצרים). Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1944
 * The Seventh Column [vol. 1] (הטור השביעי : שירי העת והעתון). Am Oved Publishing, 1948; New editions: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2003; 2004
 * The Seventh Column [vol. 2]  (הטור השביעי : שירי העת והעתון, ספר שני). Davar, 1954
 * City of the Dove  (עיר היונה). Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1957
 *  Poems of Ten Brothers  (שיר עשרה אחים). Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1961
 * Summer Celebration (חגיגת קיץ). Machbarot Lesifrut, 1965
 * Pythagoras' Trial  (משפט פיתגורס). Machbarot Lesifrut, 1965
 * Moments (רגעים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1974
 * The Silver Platter: Selected Poems  (מגש הכסף : מבחר שירים). Ministry of Defense, 1974
 * The Front Stand (העמדה הקדמית : משירי העת והעתון). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, Mosad Alterman, 1980
 * From: Stars Outside, Joy of the Poor, Plague Poems, City of the Dove (מתוך ׳כוכבים בחוץ׳, ׳שמחת עניים׳, ׳שירי מכות מצרים׳, ׳עיר היונה). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1980
 * Poems 1931-1935 (שירים 1935-1931). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1984
 * In Praise of Frivolity  (שבחי קלות הדעת). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1997
 * Poems of Yore (שירים שמכבר). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1999
 * The Seventh Column : Israeli Art from the Benno Kalev's Collection (הטור השביעי : אמנות ישראלית מאוסף בנו כלב). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2000

Plays

 * Kinneret, Kinneret  (כנרת, כנרת). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1962
 * Ghosts' Inn  (פונדק הרוחות). Amikam, 1963
 * Esther the Queen (אסתר המלכה). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1966
 * Last Days of Ur  (ימי אור האחרונים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1990

Children-Picture Books

 * The Tenth Chick  (האפרוח העשירי). Machbarot Lesifrut Publishing, 1943; new editions - Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1973, 2005
 * The Singing Book of Friendship  (ספר התבה המזמרת). Machbarot Lesifrut, 1958
 * The Puzzle Book (ספר החידות). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1971
 * To Children (לילדים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1972
 * Og King of Bashan (עוג מלך הבשן). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1975, new edition 2011
 * Rhymes for children (חרוזים לילדים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, ;1976 new edition 2002
 * What a Wonder (איזה פלא). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1983
 * A Tale of a Small Chirik (מעשה בחיריק קטן). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2003
 * A Tale of a Final Pe (מעשה בפ"א סופית). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2000
 * It All Happened at Hannuka (זה היה בחנכה, או, נס גדול היה פה). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2001

Songs

 * Love Poems (שירי אהבה). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1998
 * Tel-Aviv Serenade (סרנדה תל-אביבית). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1999
 * You Should Ring Twice (צריך לצלצל פעמיים : שירי-זמר, שירי-ספר, פזמונים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, Israel Broadcasting Authority, 2002

Satire

 * The Final Mask (המסכה האחרונה). Maariv, 1968

Non-Fiction

 * Breaking the Circle (במעגל : מאמרים ורשימות, תרצ״ב־תשכ״ח). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1971
 * The Triangular Thread (החוט המשולש). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1971
 * The Alterman Notebooks [Vol A] (מחברות אלתרמן, כרך א׳). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House together with Katz Research Institute for Hebrew Literature, Tel-Aviv University, 1977
 * Little Tel Aviv (תל־אביב הקטנה). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1979
 * The Alterman Notebooks [Vol B] (מחברות אלתרמן, כרך ב׳). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House and Mosad Alterman, 1979
 * The Alterman Notebooks [Vol C] (מחברות אלתרמן, כרך ג׳). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House and Mosad Alterman, 1981
 * Between the Poet and the Statesman (בין המשורר למדינאי). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1981, ext. ed. Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, Mosad Alterman, 1986
 * The Alterman Notebooks [Vol D] (מחברות אלתרמן, כרך ד׳). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 1986
 * Both Roads (על שתי הדרכים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, Mosad Alterman, 1989
 * Essays and Articles (סער ופרץ : פרוזה ומאמרים). Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House, 2019

title: Nathan Alterman


text:
Talk:Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Comment
Staff 600 ? Is this fact true ?

August 2006
need to put some pictures, will do asap as i find some. Graphicalx 10:36, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Society details
The GIKI page should not contain details of societies. These should be detailed into their own links. For this reason I'm removing the LDS section

Fair use rationale for Image:GIKI Insigmia.png
Image:GIKI Insigmia.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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 * fair use rationale added Graphicalx 06:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Many pictures
Please ask Dr. Sohaib for the pictures he has taken. I think he will be happy to give his pictures away under creative common license. You just need to send an email to him. His picture page is click them to see otherwise they are not visible. and you can also find his email address from. wassalam --- A. L. M. 09:33, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem
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Expansion
With the only contribution being from society members the article seems to be overly dominated with that content though it is not irrelevant or unnecessary, the information on the topic itself lags behind the topic-related information! --lTopGunl (talk) 12:58, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

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text:
2001 Fed Cup

The 2001 Fed Cup was the 39th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women's tennis.

The World Group was held at the Parque Ferial Juan Carlos I in Madrid, Spain, from 7–11 November. It was reduced from thirteen to eight teams, divided into two pools, with the winners meeting in the finals. In the final, Belgium defeated Russia, giving Belgium their first title.

First round
Dates: 28–29 April

The winners of Zonal Competition from the last year (Argentina, Hungary, Japan) were randomly drawn against five teams from the 2000 World Group pools. The winners were guaranteed a spot in the World Group next year.

Second Rounds
Dates: 21–22 July

The winners of the first round played off against four other teams from the 2000 World Group pools, with the winners proceeding to the World Group. The losers of the first round played off against this year's zonal competition winners, with the winners remaining in World Group for next year, and the losers proceeding to Zonal Competition for next year.

Note: Germany, as the highest-ranked of the 2nd round losers in the ITF's Fed Cup rankings, replaced the defending champions United States in the World Group after the US withdrew citing security risks following the September 11 attacks.

World Group
All ties were played at the Parque Ferial Juan Carlos I, Madrid, Spain, on indoor clay courts.

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.

 * Pool A
 * Pool B
 * Pool B
 * Pool B
 * Pool B
 * Pool B

Americas Zone

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.
 * Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.

Group I
Venue: Montevideo, Uruguay (outdoor clay)

Dates: 23–28 April

 * Participating Teams

Group II
Venue: St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda (outdoor hard)

Dates: 15–19 May

 * Participating Teams

Asia/Oceania Zone

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.
 * Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.

Group I
Venue: Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei (outdoor hard)

Dates: 9–14 April

 * Participating Teams

 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania
 * Pacific Oceania

Group II
Venue: Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei (outdoor hard)

Dates: 9–14 April

 * Participating Teams

Europe/Africa Zone

 * Nations in bold advanced to the higher level of competition.
 * Nations in italics were relegated down to a lower level of competition.

Group I
Venue: Murcia, Spain (outdoor clay)

Dates: 24–28 April

 * Participating Teams

Group II
Venue: Belek, Antalya, Turkey (outdoor clay)

Dates: 14–17 May

 * Participating Teams

title: 2001 Fed Cup


text:
User talk:83.100.225.221

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Proposed deletion of Time (The Young Ones)

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title: User talk:83.100.225.221


text:
Croce di Oro

"Croce di Oro" ("Cross of Gold")" is a popular song, written by James "Kim" Gannon.

It was popularized by Patti Page in 1955.

The Page recording was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 70713. It first reached the Billboard charts on November 12, 1955. On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at number 17; on the Best Seller chart, at number 20; on the Juke Box chart, at number 16; and number 16 on the composite chart of the top 100 songs. Page later re-recorded the song and it was included in her album Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1965).

A United Kingdom version, recorded by Joan Regan, was also issued in the United States by London Records as catalog number 1605.

On Cash Box magazine's charts, the song (in all versions combined) reached a peak position of number 15.

title: Croce di Oro


text:
Copenhagen Central Station

Copenhagen Central Station (Københavns Hovedbanegård, ; abbreviated København H, colloquially usually referred to as Hovedbanegården or simply Hovedbanen ) is the main railway station in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the largest railway station in Denmark. With more than 100,000 travellers every day, it is the second busiest station in Denmark after Nørreport station. It is located in central Copenhagen, situated between the districts of Indre By and Vesterbro with entrances from Bernstorffsgade (opposite Tivoli Gardens), Banegårdspladsen, Reventlowsgade and access to platforms from Tietgensgade.

Copenhagen Central Station is the hub of the DSB railway network serving Denmark and international destinations. It offers International Train services to Sweden and Germany, InterCity and Express train services across Denmark, regular and frequent regional train services to and from Zealand and southern Sweden (also referred to as Øresund trains), commuter rail services of the Copenhagen S-train network across the Greater Copenhagen area, as well as lines M3 (City Circle Line) & M4 of the Copenhagen Metro network.

The first station in Copenhagen opened in 1847. The current station building opened in 1911 and is the work of architect Heinrich Wenck. The station has 7 platforms and 13 tracks. On the station concourse there are many small shops, restaurants, cafés, and fast food outlets.

Location
The central station is located in the centre of Copenhagen, on the south-eastern perimeter of the historic old town, between the city districts of Indre By and Vesterbro. The station complex is bounded by the streets Bernstorffsgade, Banegårdspladsen, Reventlowsgade and Tietgensgade, the latter of which crosses the station throat on Tietgensbroen (the Tietgen's Bridge). One of the main arteries of Copenhagen, Vesterbrogade, crosses the railway tracks a short distance to the north of the station.

The station is situated in a dense urban environment; To the east, it is immediately adjacent to the inner-city amusement park Tivoli Gardens. To the north, opposite the main portal on Banegårdspladsen, stands the Liberty Memorial in Vesterbrogade, erected in 1797 to commemorate the abolition of serfdom in Denmark. Banegårdspladsen is surrounded by the historic hotels Hotel Plaza, Hotel Astoria from 1935, and Hotel Royal from 1960, designed by Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen. To the west of the station starts Istedgade, which developed into an entertainment, and red light district after the station opened, but has undergone a partial gentrification process in later years.

The station building has entrances from Bernstorffsgade, Banegårdspladsen and Reventlowsgade, and the platforms have direct access via stairs from Tietgensbroen. The underground metro station can be accessed directly from the platforms by an underpass under the tracks but also has its own, separate entrance in Stampesgade outside the station complex.

First station

The first railway station in Copenhagen was constructed on behalf of Det Sjællandske Jernbaneselskab (the Zealand Railway Company) to serve as the eastern terminal station of the new Copenhagen–Roskilde railway line from Copenhagen to Roskilde, the first railway line in the Kingdom of Denmark. The station was ceremonially opened by King Christian VIII amid great festivities on 26 June 1847 along with the railway line, which was prolonged from Roskilde to the port city of Korsør by the Great Belt in 1856. For the opening the Danish composer Hans Christian Lumbye composed the still popular Copenhagen Steam Railway Galop, a musical composition which faithfully recreates the sounds of a train chugging out of a station and grinding to a halt at the next stop. The Danish author Hans Christian Andersen was also very enthusiastic about the first railway and wrote that driving a train was like flying.

The station was located at the site of Dronningens Enghave (the Queen's Meadow Garden), a former royal pleasure garden located just outside the Vesterport (Western Gate) city gate of Copenhagen. The first station was located approximately at the site of the current station, but the tracks were perpendicular to their current direction, as the railway line then left the city along the current streets Halmtorvet and Sønder Boulevard. The station building was constructed of wood as it was built outside the city's fortifications within the demarcation line, a no-build zone outside the ramparts where brick buildings were not allowed for military reasons. In case of war, the army should be able to burn buildings in the firing range outside the ramparts.

This railway station and the still existing Roskilde station (which is built in brick) are both linked to a largely unknown architect named L.F. Meyer (or Meier). But it has also been suggested that the railway station in Copenhagen should be attributed to the architect Harald Conrad Stilling, as there are strong similarities between the railway station and Stilling's roller coaster in the amusement park Tivoli Gardens. Both buildings are characterized by Italian rural architecture, and Stilling was one of the most well-versed architects of this Italian style, just as he had insight into wood construction from his assignments at Tivoli. For both station buildings, a motif with two towers without spires is a central part of the composition (the towers at Roskilde station were crowned by a balustrade until 1873, when they were covered by pyramid roofs).

The first station building was demolished in 1865.

Second station

In the 1860s, there were several plans to expand the railway network in Denmark, and in particular to connect a northbound line to North Zealand with the existing westbound line to Roskilde and the rest of Zealand. As a consequence, an expansion of the old station became necessary. A proposal to build a new station close to the old Nørreport (Northern Gate) city gate was abandoned due to opposition from the Rigsdag, Denmark's parliament. In the end, it was decided to replace the old station and build a new larger station near the location of the old one. The construction started in 1863 and the station opened on 14 October 1864. As planned, the new railway station was also to service the new northbound railway lines that opened the year before, the North Line to Hillerød and Elsinore and its branch line, the Klampenborg Line to Klampenborg.

The new railway station was located a little north of the location of the old one, on the other side of Vesterbrogade. The station building was located approximately where the Palads Cinema and Axelborg lie today, but it was part of a larger facility, as there was a freight station in the same area. Together with track areas, depots, and turntables, the station area filled virtually the entire area, which today lies between Axeltorv, Gyldenløvesgade and Vester Søgade. As traffic increased, several additional smaller station buildings gradually opened in the station area. A separate station called the Klampenborg station for the Klampenborg Line had opened already in 1863. In 1887, a significant expansion of the area took place as a new separate station called the Klampenborg station opened for the Klampenborg Line, and the name of the old Klampenborg station was changed to the North station. And in 1896 a separate station for trains to Holte on the North Line, the Holte station, was opened just to the north of the North station.

The station building was designed by the architect Johan Daniel Herholdt in the Rundbogenstil that now became popular in the architecture of the Germanic world. After the dismantling of fortifications of Copenhagen and the abandonment of the demarcation line in 1856, the building could be constructed in red brick. It consisted of two 25-span buildings connected by a wooden arch crowned by a large slate roof. Four tracks passed through the hall. The departure side was by the current Axeltorv, and on this side there were offices, luggage expedition and waiting rooms. The waiting rooms were divided into 1st, 2nd and 3rd class. Further on there was a royal waiting room and then toilets. As the volume of traffic increased, a special freight forwarding building was added.

In the long run, however, this second station also became too cramped, especially because it was a terminal station with only one track leading out of the city which had to cross the lakes of Copenhagen on a narrow dam along Gyldenløvesgade. On the other side of the lakes, the track split in two: to the west via Frederiksberg station to Roskilde and Frederikssund and to the north via Nørrebro station and Hellerup station to Hillerød, Helsingør and Klampenborg. The tracks are long gone, but large sections can still easily be seen in the street network. The large Nørrebro Park and the Superkilen public park in Nørrebro are located on the grounds of the former Nørrebro Station. Matters were made worse from the fact that the tracks had several level crossings on the way out of the city, which with the steadily increasing train traffic led to frequent blockages for the equally steadily increasing road traffic when the barriers were down.

The third and current railway station

By the end of the 19th century, it had become increasingly clear that the conditions at the second railway station had become too narrow and outdated. Already from the end of the 1870s, it was discussed how to solve these problems with Copenhagen's railway connections. After many years of discussions, the Rigsdag, Denmark's parliament finally decided in 1904 to build a brand new railway station, approximately at the location of the first station. The new station was to be a through station with the tracks of the westbound lines leading south from the new station out of the city along Ingerslevsgade via Valby station towards Roskilde and Frederikssund, and the tracks of the northbound lines leading north from the new station through a railway tunnel to Østerport station and continuing north from there via Hellerup station to Hillerød and Elsinore.

The new station was opened on 30 November 1911 by Crown Prince Christian, who stated: "It will probably stand as a monumental reminder of Danish architecture in the beginning of the 20th century. As I express the wish that our new station may make establish a more firm connection between the capital and the country and between Denmark and abroad, I declare Copenhagen Station open!." The following day, 1 December, the first train departed from the station.

Since the northbound tunnel (the Boulevard Line) was not opened until 1917, the new station was initially only served by trains on the westbound lines, and the old station continued to serve the trains on the northbound lines for a period. With the opening of the first double track of the Boulevard line on 1 December 1917, the direct connection with Østerport station was established. Now trains along the line from Copenhagen to Elsinore could continue directly to the new central station, just as trains along the Klampenborg Line were diverted via Østerport from the previous route from Hellerup via Nørrebro to the second station. However, it was not until the opening of the second double track of the Boulevard line on 1 October 1921, that trains on the Copenhagen to Hillerød line from Hillerød were diverted through the tunnel. The old station could thus finally be permanently closed.

The station was overhauled in 1980. Escalators and lifts were established to the platforms, and the station concourse, which was originally split into arrival, departure, and freight sections, was redone completely. The station was overhauled again from 2004 to 2008. This overhaul replaced the roof, lowered platforms 3 to 6 to international standards and lengthened them. The towers and the bridge over the platforms, upon which the main station building is placed, were reconditioned.

Architecture

The station was designed by Danish architect Heinrich Wenck, who was head architect of the Danish State Railways from 1894 to 1921. The creation of the station project proved to be difficult. In the years 1898–1902, Wenck prepared several proposals for a new multi-storey station building, which, however, were rejected by the Rigsdag for being unnecessarily lavish. In most of these proposals, Wenck proposed a combined station and administration building for the Danish State Railways, which was rejected.

The station is designed in National Romantic style, a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and which is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau. The prominent materials are brick, slate and granite, and a host of decorative details have been added. Inspired by Herholdt's railway station, Wenck also used a wooden arch construction both in the two departure and arrival halls and in the 6 arches over the platforms. It was probably just as much a stylistic choice, since Wenck rarely used cast iron. However, the entire railway station's foundation, basement and the platform that support the railway station site are made of reinforced concrete.

Wenck's building is a gesamtkunstwerk, where the architect has drawn all the details; right from the Bornholm tiles, benches, the large chandeliers, of which 12 pieces originally hung (2 are set up in the hall, 2 others are found at Østerport Station), the kiosks, wrought iron signs with neat writing, door handles and brass signs with DSB logo and stained glass windows with city coats of arms from Danish cities.

The Danish sculptor Jens Lund was responsible for the ten folkloristic figures of sandstone on the main facade representing persons in folk costumes from various parts of the country (1910): Amager, Fanø, Hedeboegnen, Læsø, Mols, Ringkøbing, Salling, Samsø, Skovshoved and southern Funen.

Layout

The station has 7 platforms and 13 tracks. The platforms begin under the main passenger hall (and at least the S-train section, two platforms with a total of four S-train tracks, of the station can be said to begin as an underground station). A hotel (Astoria) is built above the S-train tracks in the Northern end, but the remaining tracks are uncovered below street level. (Open areas between tunnel sections were necessary to have during the era of steam trains, while the S-trains always have been electrical). In the opposite (platform) end, all platforms are covered with the typical railway arched roof. This roof is shorter than the platforms, but all tracks remain below street level and can also be accessed from the street Tietgensgade.

In addition to the original 6 island-platforms and their 12 tracks, has one additional track constructed much later. The single spare track, called track 26, was initially built for trains to southern Sweden, while Malmö C still was a terminus. It has later been used for express trains to or from Sweden or to or from Norway. After the introduction of border controls and mandatory identity checks for travel to Sweden this track was fenced and used for X2000 and intercity trains to Sweden. The extra track 26 is located 200 m south of the main building and is reachable only by walking along the platform for track 4 and 5 or from a staircase from the Tietgensgade street. There is a plan to extend the length of this track and build another track on the other side of the same platform, called track 27, and improve walking access to them.

The station services the Copenhagen S-train network, but the S-train system in Copenhagen doesn't use any kind of hub at all. It is an urban transit which differs from most Metro systems mainly by being a type of railway. At the station are two platforms with four tracks (track 9–12) that are used by the S-trains only. All other trains usually use the other four platforms and eight tracks. Because Denmark uses right-hand traffic, the tracks 1–4 are mainly used for northbound traffic, and tracks 5–8 for southbound, but tracks 3–6 can also be used for trains that change direction at the station.

Facilities

The main concourse also functions as a marketplace where fresh fruit sellers, newsstands, a post office, ATMs, currency exchanges, hamburgers, coffee shops, restaurants and pubs can all be found. There is also a travel center for information, a police station, and windows for the in-person sale of tickets, along with access to toilets. Shower rooms are also available for a smaller fee.

Services
Copenhagen Central Station provides Copenhagen with Intercity and Express trains across Denmark, as well as services to several international destinations.

Direct international trains connect to Stockholm and Hamburg several times a day.

Intercity trains run half-hourly from Copenhagen during daytime and serve as a link between the major cities and towns in Denmark, including Odense, Aarhus, Aalborg, Esbjerg, Thisted and Sønderborg.

Regional trains (stops at major stations within the Greater Copenhagen area) connect the main parts of Zealand to the capital. The Øresundståg regional rail network depart to southern and western Sweden every 20 minutes (24/7 service between Lund Central Station and Østerport Station).

All S-train services except the F-line stop at the station.

From 29 September 2019 the Central station is also served by the Copenhagen Metro network's line M3 (in service 24/7), which is a circular line with 17 stations. The station is also served by the M4 line, linking the Nordhavn and Sydhavn districts and serve as an interchange between the Sydhavn extension and the M3.

Long-distance buses stop at Ingerslevsgade near track 12 just south of the Tietgensgade bridge.

All public transport within Greater Copenhagen are divided into close to 100 ticket fare zones. The Central station is located in fare zone 1, which together with zones 2 and 3 constitute Copenhagen municipality and the "enclave" of Frederiksberg municipality. As the cheapest single ticket always is valid in two zones, a single ticket bought at the station is valid within the entire city centre and its inner boroughs. A ticket to Copenhagen Airport Kastrup, however, demands the payment for three zones since it is located in zone 4. A special ticket fare system exists between the Copenhagen local traffic area and the most southern part of Sweden, Skåne county.

Future
The station needs more capacity following the opening of the Copenhagen–Ringsted Line on 31 May 2019. The Danish Ministry of Transport has started planning of an extension: proposals include a four-track terminal station on a bridge over the present tracks, or in a tunnel under them.

Number of travellers
According to the Østtællingen in 2008:

In film
Copenhagen Central Station is used as a location at 1:12:36 in the 1975 Olsen-banden film The Olsen Gang on the Track. Egon (Ove Sprogøe) hides a suitcase in the luggage storage at Copenhagen Central Station in The Olsen Gang Outta Sight (1977) and the lost luggage department is also used as a location later in the same film.

title: Copenhagen Central Station


text: File:Type 91 Japanese Hand grenade.jpg

title: File:Type 91 Japanese Hand grenade.jpg


text:
Bridgman effect

The Bridgman effect (named after P. W. Bridgman), also called the internal Peltier effect, is a phenomenon that occurs when an electric current passes through an anisotropic crystal – there is an absorption or liberation of heat because of the non-uniformity in current distribution.

The Bridgman effect is observable in geology. It describes stick-slip behavior of materials under very high pressure.

title: Bridgman effect


text:
User talk:Stavneg

Welcome! Welcome to Wikipedia, Stavneg! My name is Ryan, aka Acetic Acid. I noticed that you were new and haven't received any messages yet. I just wanted to see how you were doing. Wikipedia can be a little intimidating at first, since it uses different formatting than other sites that use HTML and CSS. In the long run, though, you'll find that the WikiSyntax is a lot easier and faster than those other ways. Here are a few links to get you started:

 * How to edit a page
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There are a lot of policies and guides to read, but I highly recommend reading over those first. If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. Please be sure to sign your name on Talk Pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, along with a link to your user page. This way, others know when you left a message and how to find you. It's easier than having to type out your name, right? :)

I hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. We can use all the help we can get! Have a nice day. Sincerely, Acetic  ' Acid  14:00, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. Yeah, most mistakes are corrected within five minutes of posting. It's easy to track that down, as well as vandalism, with the Recent Changes page, the Newpages page, and our Watchlists. Anything else you need help with, you know where to find me. Take care. Acetic  ' Acid  22:34, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

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Nomination of Knowledge acquisition (philosophy) for deletion
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Welcome back!
Hello and it is great to have an editor back after 14 years, and with a new article already too (sorry I did not realise how new the article on the Clonard Chess Piece was right away, or that you were editing (perhaps) for the first time in a while; all edits were intended helpfully). While the mission and basics have not changed, much detail has, so if any helping hand is needed, please do reach out, to editors like myself, at the Tea House or other fora, or to the Ireland project, for example. Enjoy, and looking forward to your further edits and contributions.SeoR (talk) 10:28, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stavneg


text:
Leicester City Centre

Leicester City Centre is Leicester's historical commercial, cultural and transport hub and is home to its central business district. Its inner core is roughly delineated by the A594, Leicester's inner ring road, although the various central campuses of the University of Leicester, De Monfort University and Leicester College are adjacent to the inner ring road and could be considered to be a continuation of the City centre. In a similar way, the Leicester Royal Infirmary precinct, the New Walk business district (Southfields), the Welford Road Stadium of Leicester Tigers' RUFC and the King Power Stadium of Leicester City to the south, and the Golden Mile to the north could also be deemed to be extensions to the central core.

The city centre incorporates most of Leicester's shopping, with the Highcross and the Haymarket Shopping Centre as well as the 'Old Town' around Leicester Cathedral, Leicester Market and the Magazine Gateway. Politically, the city centre is split between the Leicester City Council wards of Abbey and Castle. A£19 million regeneration project transformed Leicester's city centre. The work won three awards: The Urbis Urban Regeneration Award in 2007 for Gallowtree Gate, The BCSC Town Centre "Gold" Best in Britain award in June 2009 and the Transport Times Walking & Public Realm award in July 2009.

The old city

The historic city of Leicester was founded by the Romans as Ratae Corieltauvorum - after the Corieltauvi, the local tribe of Britons whose tribal lands these were - at the crossing of the River Soar by the Fosse Way, between the current path of the river and the modern Gallowtree Gate.

It is thought that the later medieval walls and gates were in approximately the same positions as the Roman ones, with the forum being where the modern inner ring road meets St Nicholas Circle. The Roman baths are nearby and are preserved at Jewry Wall. The east gate was at the eastern end of High Street (preserved in the street name Eastgates), the north gate was at the northern end of Highcross Street, the west gate was on the town side of West Bridge, and the south gate was in the modern Friar Lane area – the city walls ran along the current Millstone Lane, Horsefair Street, Gallowtree Gate, Church Gate, Sanvey Gate and Soar Lane, with the western wall possibly running along the river Soar (there is some doubt as to whether the western wall existed). The city centre was the High Cross, at the junction of the current High Street and Highcross Street (in mediaeval times, High Street ran between the north and south gates along the line of the current Highcross Street, while the current High Street was called Swinesmarket). Leicester Cathedral and the Guildhall occupy this old area of town.

Leicester Castle lay on the south-western corner of the walls, and the Newarke was a separate walled area nearby. The Newarke Gateway (now known as the Magazine) is the only medieval gateway remaining. A small section of the town wall can be seen in the churchyard of St Mary de Castro. The town's main gates were sold and demolished in the late 18th century, being an impediment to the flow of traffic (the city's hay market was outside the walls for this reason, the main market being situated within the south-east corner of the walls).

Modern developments

With increasing development, particularly in the 19th century, the focal point moved eastwards, with the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower roundabout seeing the five-way junction of the London to Manchester, Birmingham to Yarmouth and Fosse Way roads. This was influenced by the replacement of the A5199 road (now the A5199) by the A6), as the main route to London, because the Welford Road terminated in the tiny streets of the old town, and was therefore a hindrance for vehicles, while the London Road went past the East Gates of the city. Meanwhile, the civic centre moved southwards, with the Corporation of Leicester moving to a new town hall building in 1876 in the Market Street area, facing onto a new Town Hall Square, and just outside the walled town. Between these areas is the modern market, based to the south-west of the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower area, which features the permanent outdoor covered Leicester Market, alongside an indoor market building selling fish, dairy produce, meat, etc., and the old Cornmarket building. Much of this old area of town is now in various conservation areas.

Outside of the ringroad, but close by, are the main campus of De Montfort University, Leicester Royal Infirmary, the Leicester City Football Club's King Power Stadium, the Leicester Tigers' Welford Road stadium and the prison. Leicester railway station is just on the outer side of the ringroad, on the A6. The University of Leicester is further away to the south-east, linked by the pedestrian-only path New Walk. When this was laid out in 1785, on the route of an ancient footpath, it passed through open land, becoming the route to the then Leicester Racecourse which later became Victoria Park but it soon saw development of large private houses on both sides of it.

The area inside the ringroad has two large shopping malls – Highcross Leicester (first opened as The Shires on the northern side of High Street and opening in 1991 with a large extension opened on 4 September 2008), and the Haymarket Shopping Centre (opened in 1974, on the site of the old hay market), both facing onto the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower area.

Major chain stores can also be found on the pedestrianised Gallowtree Gate, running south-east from the clock tower, and which continues to the railway station as Granby Street. To the south of the Shires and west of Gallowtree Gate is an area known as The Lanes consisting mostly of small independent shops. This area's centrepiece is the St Martin's Square development (dating from the 1980s), and also features various smaller arcades, the Odeon Arcade, the Royal Arcade and the Malcolm Arcade. Further south than this is the market, and then the civic centre (as mentioned above), which also features the main lending and reference libraries, and a number of shops, both chain and independent.

The area around the junction of Humberstone Gate and the ring-road is the site of two strip malls – the larger of which is on the south-east side of the roundabout and called 'St George's Retail Park', the smaller being on the south-west side.

Transport
The main bus companies serving the city centre are Arriva Midlands, Centrebus, First Leicester, Stagecoach Midlands and Roberts Coaches. There are two main bus stations; St Margaret's Bus Station, is on Gravel Street to the north of the centre and the Haymarket Bus Station is on Charles Street. A number of bus services terminate at on-street stops within the city. Regional and national coaches depart from St Margaret's Bus Station which was opened on 3 May 1985 and had a major refurbishment completed in March 2007.. Haymarket bus station which lies next to and serves as a transport hub for Haymarket Shopping Centre was developed at a proposed cost of £2m in mid-1994, coinciding with a major refurbishment of the adjacent Haymarket Shopping Centre complex. It underwent a major upgrade and expansion starting September 2014. The upgraded station opened in May 2016.

In late 2019, work started on a link road that would improve access between the two bus stations and allow for more pedestrianisation around the clock tower area.

Leicester London Road is now the only railway station in the city centre, after the closure of Leicester Belgrave Road and Leicester Central in the 1960s.

There are more than 8,500 off-street car parking spaces available in four distinct parking zones around the city centre. These are complemented by some 1,500 park and ride spaces at hubs around the city.

Facilities
Leicester is home to a variety of theatres, such as the Y Theatre (at the YMCA), the Curve, the (currently mothballed) Haymarket Theatre, Little Theatre and Sue Townsend Theatre (formerly Phoenix Arts) and there is a small pub theatre called "The Theatre Upstairs" at The Western pub, 70 Western Road, Leicester. In the City centre there is the Phoenix Square Digital Arts Centre, Midland Street, Leicester (which has a regular programme of art-house and world cinema), a Cinema De Lux, part of Highcross Leicester, and an Odeon at Freemen's Common, some way to the south. The old Odeon building in Rutland Street was refurbished and opened in 2005 as the Leicester Athena, a conferencing and banqueting venue. The former ABC Cinema on Belgrave Gate has now been demolished and is currently being used as a car park, the site will be turned into a new shopping area with shops, casino, theatre and a new link road which will provide access to the new Highcross Leicester and St. Margaret's bus station.

Since the closure of St Margaret's baths, there is no municipal swimming pool in the city centre. Its replacement, the Braunstone Leisure Centre, is some miles away in Braunstone.

The area in the inside of the ring-road is nearly entirely built up, with only Nelson Mandela Park (at the extreme south, in Southfields), Museum Square (off New Walk) and Town Hall Square being considerable open spaces. Outside the ring road are Castle Gardens (by Leicester Castle), De Montfort Square (off New Walk), Victoria Park, Aylestone Meadows, Western Park and Abbey Park.

Musical venues in the city are somewhat limited since the closure in 1998 then the demolition of the Granby Halls in 2001– the largest two venues, De Montfort Hall (mentioned above) and University of Leicester's students union (now an O2 academy), are both in Southfields, some way from the city centre, whose main venues include the pub-sized The Musician, Firebug, and The Shed.

Several old Anglican churches are based in or around the city centre. St Martin's is now Leicester Cathedral. The other four historic parishes were St Margaret's, St Mary de Castro, All Saints', and St Nicholas'. The first Anglican Church to be built in the city after the medieval period was St George's – contrary to popular belief, this is not empty and disused but is in fact a Serbian Orthodox Church, used by the Serbian Orthodox people as a place of worship, regularly. There is a large Roman Catholic church and Priory named Holy Cross on New Walk/Wellington Street. The city centre is covered by an extensive system of CCTV cameras, supplemented by CCTV vans. Now that the main police station on Charles Street has closed, City Centre policing is based in a building off Belgrave Gate called Mansfield House.

Regeneration
Highcross Leicester opened on 4 September 2008 and has several flagship stores, including a John Lewis, a multiplex cinema, apartments, 2 public squares and al fresco dining and is the start of many regeneration projects in Leicester that have started to come to fruition.

To the east of Charles Street the city centre is dominated by disused factories and warehouses (which also have some presence in the other outer areas of the city centre). Conversion of these to residential accommodation is ongoing, particularly in the area east of Charles Street and around Humberstone Gate, which has been dubbed 'St George's' by the council, and was made a conservation area in 1989.

St George's South has been designated Leicester's new cultural quarter, and is already the site of the Leicester Creative Business Depot (built on the old Leicester City Bus depot and keeping the initials) and the Athena. The LCB Depot opened in July 2004, and by the time of its first birthday had let 37 of 55 units, with talk starting of finding an additional site.

Opposite the Athena, a new flagship £60 million Curve Theatre, Leicester, designed by Rafael Vinoly Architects, started construction in 2005, on a site that has been long-disused. The theatre opened on 11 November 2008. The centre is being funded by the various sources including the City Council, the Arts Council, the European Regional Development Fund and the East Midlands Development Agency.

Further to the south of St George's are plans to create a new business area, near the railway station, including re-use of the old police station, and renovation of the Leicester Mercury building.

St George's North has been proposed for a residential community by the Leicester Regeneration Company. Development has also started on waterfront properties, with a plan to re-use the Great Central station site.

Since the pedestrianisation of the High Street in Leicester city centre many of the independent retail shops have moved into this regenerated area. Some of Leicester's longest running independent shops can now be found in this area. However, the recent economic downturn and the opening of the Highcross Centre have led to a higher than expected number of closures and an increase in Charity outlets. There are current plans to develop a pedestrianised square, 'over-writing' a spend of almost £2m on parking in the square a few years ago.

Listed buildings
There are a few Grade I listed buildings.
 * Jewry Wall
 * Castle, Turret Gateway, Castle Hall, and St Mary de Castro
 * The Guildhall
 * The City Rooms on Hotel Street
 * The Newarke Magazine Gateway
 * St Margaret's Church
 * St Nicholas' Church

A few of these are also scheduled monuments. There are many Grade II listed buildings, including
 * The Turkey Cafe, Granby Street
 * the Charles Street police building
 * the Haymarket Memorial Clock Tower
 * St Martin's Cathedral (II star)
 * 31 Granby Street (HSBC bank)
 * All Saints Church, Leicester is Grade B.

Skyscrapers
During the 1960s and 1970s, many large concrete tower blocks were built in and around the city centre for residential and office purposes, like many other cities across the UK. Cardinal Telephone Exchange and St Georges Tower, at 84 metres and 82 metres high respectively, are the two tallest skyscrapers in the whole East Midlands region. Many housing association blocks, averaging 55 metres tall with 20 storeys, were also erected in various Council estates – four in Highfields, two in St Matthews and a further two in Rowlatts Hill.

However, in later years, most of Leicester's office towers became disused and abandoned, with the 58 metres tall Thames Tower never achieving more than 50% occupancy since it was completed. Simultaneously, the residential towers became negatively associated with crime and social deprivation. The four residential blocks in St Matthews and Rowlatts Hill were vacated and demolished by Leicester City Council in 2001.

Thames Tower and St Georges Tower were both refurbished and reclad in 2009 by private developers, for use as residential apartments and hotels. St Georges Tower was painted royal blue, turning it into a very distinctive local landmark, albeit one that attracted mass controversy due to its perceived ugliness and difference from the original architect's renders for the building's renovation.

The 55-metre-tall New Walk Centre has been occupied by the City Council since the 1970s, while the Cardinal Telephone Exchange is occupied by British Telecom. The International Hotel has been an un-maintained eyesore for many years, and requires demolition or serious maintenance work as it is having a real impact on the image and success of the adjacent 'Cultural Quarter'.

LE1 Postal district
The postal district LE1 is close to the area covered inside ring-road, but is somewhat larger. The only area inside the ring-road but not part of LE1 is the section of Humberstone Road inside the ring-road.

LE1 includes the St Matthew's estate, and extends as far north as the River Soar, thus including Abbey Park. Where the A50 crosses the Soar, the boundary runs south, including Great Central Street in LE1, but not the waterfront. It then broadly follows the path of the ring-road until it reaches Waterloo Way, where the border diverges substantially, to include the swathe of land between London Road, Victoria Park Road and Waterloo Way in the LE1 postcode, including the University of Leicester, the De Montfort Hall, Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I College, Regent College, the Welford Road cemetery, and Victoria Park. However, London Road station remains outside LE1.

The boundary then includes several streets west of the railway line but east of the ring-road as part of LE1, before meeting up with the roundabout again and then going inwards to exclude Humberstone Road from LE1 (as above).

Nearby places
To the west, the city centre borders the river, on the other side of this is the West End of Leicester. To the south-east it borders Highfields, to the east, St Matthew's, and to the north-east, Belgrave.

title: Leicester City Centre


text:
Armthorpe

Armthorpe is a large suburban village and civil parish in the City of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it had a population of 12,630, increasing to 14,457 at the 2011 Census.

Etymology
The settlement of Armthorpe was first recorded in 1086 as 'Ernulfestorp', showing the influence of the Vikings on the region. Its probable origination means outlying farmstead or hamlet (from the Old Scandinavian - thorp) of a man named Earnwulf or Arnulfr.

Early history
The remains of a Roman village and farm were found on Nutwell Lane and through the centuries Armthorpe was known for its rich farming activities. To some extent the rich crop farming heritage continues today and the area between Armthorpe and the M18 motorway is still dedicated to farming.

Armthorpe (Ernulfestorp) was recorded in the Domesday Book as being the property of the monks of Roche Abbey near Maltby, who had a grange there at which an official resided who managed this part of the estates of the establishment and who was sometimes a brother of the house: they had also an officer called their forester. The parish comprised 3810 acre and included the farm of Holm-Wood. The village at this time consisted mainly of scattered houses.

Coal mining
During the late 19th and for most of the 20th century Armthorpe became known for its Coal mining and a deep seam Colliery was sunk; the pit was named Markham Main. The mining increased the local population dramatically and whole new housing estates were constructed to house the mining workers. These housing estates were famous for their architectural layout. From the air you can see that the houses are formed into rings or crescents, similar examples can be seen in Rossington.

After the closure of the mine 1996 the area went through deep depression. The old colliery site is now a large housing estate, with a thriving community with parks and tracks for walking and cycling to the local wood.

Present day
Today, on average, Armthorpe remains one of the more affluent areas of Doncaster.

Places of worship
Armthorpe has three churches (the Methodist Church in Paxton Crescent closed in 2007):
 * St. Leonard and St. Mary's Church, Church Street, where parish registers record information from the following dates:
 * Baptisms: 1653-1944
 * Marriages: 1653-1939
 * Burials: 1654-1946
 * Our Lady Of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church, Mere Lane
 * Armthorpe New Life Church, Church Street (meets in the Community Centre)

Sport

 * Boxing - Universal Pro/Amateur Boxing Club is on Church Street
 * Football
 * Armthorpe Welfare Football Club are currently members of the Northern Counties East Football League Premier Division
 * Armthorpe Village Football Club are currently members of the Doncaster & District Sunday Alliance league
 * Armthorpe Welfare Junior Football Club, playing at Shaw Wood Academy, have teams in the Doncaster and District Junior Sunday League. There is a walking football section based at the Armthorpe Academy, and a Development Group for 3 to 6 year olds which takes place in the summer months. AWJFC is a FA Charter Standard Club
 * Armthorpe Rovers Junior Football Club have teams in age groups from Under 6's up to Under 17's
 * Motocross - Armthorpe Motocross and Quadbike Racing
 * Rugby - Doncaster Knights play at the Castle Park ground on Armthorpe Road, and currently part of the RFU Championship
 * Swimming - Armthorpe Kingfishers Swimming Club is based at the village Leisure Centre next to Armthorpe Academy
 * Dancing - Marilyn Baker School of Dance, Stephanie Phillips School of Dance, Cre8tive Dance Academy
 * Golf - Wheatley Golf Course, part of a private club, is on the outskirts of Armthorpe

Notable people

 * Kevin Keegan, footballer and manager, born in Armthorpe
 * Peter Swan, footballer, centre half for Sheffield Wednesday and England in the 1960s
 * Haydn Griffiths MBE, conductor Armthorpe Elmfield brass band, and first Honorary Freeman of Armthorpe in December 2010
 * Gary Cooper, professional wrestler, better known as his comedy character Catweazle who trained at the Armthorpe Wrestling Club
 * Mick McMichael, professional wrestler, often confused with the much more famous Mick McManus

Education
Pre-School Primary schools
 * Armthorpe Village Children's Centre provides advice and support for parents and carers.
 * Tranmoor
 * Southfield
 * Shaw Wood
 * Our Lady of Sorrows

Secondary schools
 * The Armthorpe Academy

title: Armthorpe