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Akbar Bugti

Nawab Akbar Shahbaz Khan Bugti (Balochi, Urdu: ; 12 July 1926 – 26 August 2006) was a Pakistani politician and the Tumandar (head) of the Bugti tribe of Baloch people who served as the Minister of State for Interior and Governor of Balochistan Province in Pakistan. He also became minister of state for defence in the cabinet of Feroz Khan Noon. Earlier, he had also served as the Minister of State for Interior.

He was involved in a struggle, at times armed, for greater autonomy for Balochistan. The government of Pakistan accused him of keeping a private militia and leading a guerrilla war against the state. On 26 August 2006 Bugti was killed when his hide-out cave, located in Kohlu, about 150 miles east of Quetta, collapsed.

Early life and family
Nawab Akbar Shahbaz Khan Bugti was born on 12 July 1926 in Dera Bugti (in present-day Balochistan). He was the son of the chief of his tribe, Nawab Mehrab Khan Bugti, and grandson of Sir Shahbaz Khan Bugti. He received his early education from Karachi Grammar School and later from Aitchison College after his father's death, later on he attended Oxford University. Being the son of the tribe's chief, he became the tumandar (chief) of his tribe after his father. Nawab Akbar Bugti had three wives and thirteen children (6 sons and 7 daughters) altogether.

From his first wife: Nawabzada Saleem Bugti, Talal Bugti, Rehan Bugti and Salal Bugti. None of them are alive today. Nawabzada Salal Bugti was murdered in a shootout in Quetta by the rival Bugti Kalpar sub clan in June 1996. From Nawab Akbar Bugti's second wife: Jamil Bugti. And from Nawab Akbar Bugti's third wife: Shahzwar Bugti. Jamil Bugti and Shahzwar Bugti are the surviving sons of Nawab Akbar Bugti.

Akbar Bugti had five daughters from his first wife: Durr-e-Shahwar (deceased), Nilofer, Nazli (deceased), Durdana and Zareen. And two from his second wife: Shahnaz Marri (wife of Nawab Khair Bux Marri's relative, Humayun Marri) and Farah Naz Bugti (wife of Bivragh Bugti, the son of Nawabzada Ahmad Nawaz Bugti who was the brother of Nawab Akbar Bugti), who are the sisters of Jamil Bugti.

The Bugti grandchildren consist of Nawab Mohammad Mir Aali Bugti (the current Nawab of Bugti Tribe), Shaheed Mohammad Mir Zong Bugti, Shaheed Mohammad Mir Taleh Bugti, Mohammad Mir Zamran Bugti Chairman of P.J.W.P and Mohammad Mir Kohmir Bugti Vice Chairman of P.J.W.P (sons of Late Nawabzada Saleem Akbar Khan Bugti), Mir Brahamdagh and his two sisters (son and daughters of Rehan Bugti), Mir Shahzain President of J.W.P, Mir Gohram and Mir Chakar (sons of Talal Bugti). And two grand daughters (daughters of Salal Akbar Bugti).

Insurgency in Balochistan
Akbar Bugti was never in the forefront of Baloch nationalism, when compared to other Baloch leaders like Khair Bux Marri or Ataullah Mengal. He remained primarily a Bugti, fighting for his own tribe, and in particular his sub tribe.

Increase of tensions in 2005
In 2005, Bugti presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the province's resources and a moratorium on the construction of military bases. It also included a near 50% share of all the money used in the development of the province. In the meantime, attacks against the Pakistan Army also increased in the area, including a 2005 attack on a helicopter, in which the head of Pakistan's Frontier Corps and his deputy were injured.

In March 2006, a crowded bus carrying a wedding party hit an anti-tank mine in Dera Bugti. The blast resulted in the death of 28 people, mostly women and children, and injured 7 others. Most of the victims belonged to Masoori Bugti tribe which had revolted against Akbar Bugti's rule. Akbar Bugti claimed responsibility for the attack on the bus. Abdul Samad Lasi, a district chief, said that militants under the command of Akbar Bugti had planted hundreds of mines on dirt roads in various parts of Dera Bugti. The aim of planting such mines was to target the security forces in the area. Furthermore, he added that the Pakistani security forces had neutralized many of these landmines planted in the area.

Death
On 26 August 2006, Akbar Bugti was killed after the collapse of the cave in which he was hiding.

Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) Director General, during a press conference, gave details regarding the death of Akbar Bugti. The Director General said that the soldiers were rushed to the nine-foot-wide mouth of the L-shape cave after one of the two guides hired to help locate Nawab Akbar Bugti in the Kohlu area had signaled that 'he was inside' the cave. The guides belonged to Bugti tribe. The Director General stated that the soldiers had gone into the cave "to negotiate with Akbar Bugti". The soldiers were ordered to apprehend Akbar Bugti, and not harm or kill him. Once the soldiers had entered the cave, a "blast of undetermined origin" took place. The blast brought down the cave, killing all occupants in the process. The Director General said that no fighting or use of explosives preceded the "mysterious" blast which resulted in its collapse. Moreover, Director General also said that around 100 million Rupees and $96,000 cash, two satellite phones, documents, eight AK-47 rifles and some rockets were found in the rubble of the cave.

Similarly, some analysts also believe that no official orders were given to kill Akbar Bugti. As Akbar Bugti was politically isolated because of the decision of Bugti tribesmen during a Jirga in Dera Bugti. The Jirga of Bugti tribesmen had declared an end to the Sardari (feudal) system and proclaimed that Akbar Bugti was no longer their leader. Hence, it was not logical to launch a direct military operation to kill the ailing old Akbar Bugti.

However, according to some news reports, the cave collapsed because of the crossfire between the soldiers and the militants. As a result, 21 soldiers and 60 militants along with Akbar Bugti were killed.

Later on, Pakistan military took media teams to the cave where Akbar Bugti was killed. Pakistan army engineers cleared the rubble of the cave to retrieve the bodies of Akbar Bugti and others who were killed inside the cave. On 31 August 2006, the body of Akbar Bugti was found crushed under a boulder. He was identified through the glasses and Rolex wristwatch which was used by Akbar Bugti. His glasses, walking stick and Rolex wristwatch was presented to the journalists.

Brahamdagh Bugti's claims
The Chairman of the Baloch Youth Council (London), Waja Mir Hazar Khan Baloch, said that Balach Marri was behind the murder of Akbar Bugti. Hazar Khan said that he heard this accusation from Brahamdagh Bugti and that Brahamdagh Bugti told him that the cave in which Akbar Bugti was hiding in, came down due to blast by remote control and Balach Marri was standing just outside the cave at that time. Balach Marri was the head of Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) at that time.

Aftermath
On 1 September 2006 Bugti was buried in Dera Bugti, with his coffin sealed, next to the graves of his son and brother. His family, who wanted a public funeral in Quetta, did not attend the burial. Some of family members of Akber Bugti and people from Bugti tribe think that the dead-body buried in Dera Bugti was not that of Akber Bugti.

On 26 September 2010 Abdul Qayyum Khan Jatoi, a senior Pakistan federal minister, criticized and accused the army of killing Baloch leader Nawab Akbar Bugti as well as the Pakistani politician, Benazir Bhutto. He later resigned when his political party summoned him and asked him to explain his comments.

Investigation and prosecution
On 11 July 2012, a Pakistani anti-terrorism court in Sibi, Balochistan, issued arrest warrants for the former military ruler, Pervez Musharraf and several other high-ranking officials who were accused of involvement in the killing of Akbar Bugti. The other officials included the former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, former Interior Minister Aftab Ahmad Sherpao, former Governor of Balochistan Owais Ahmed Ghani, former Chief Minister of Balochistan Jam Mohammad Yousaf, former Provincial Home Minister Shoaib Nosherwani, and former Deputy Commissioner Abdul Samad Lasi. All these were named suspects in the F.I.R. registered by police regarding the killing of Bugti in the military operation. Musharraf was formally arrested by a police team from Balochistan on 13 June 2013, however was later granted bail due to his poor health and ultimately due to non-provision of evidence.

title: Akbar Bugti


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Talk:Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 07:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jesuit High logo.png
Image:Jesuit High logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:58, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Took care of this on the image page. cfallin|(talk) 23:49, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed several "citation needed" tags

 * Choir winning Highest GPA Academic award in 2006: I was in the 2006 graduating class of Jesuit and I verify this fact first-hand (it was well-publicized at school award assemblies).

 * School going coeducational in 1993: I have had family members and family friends attend the school almost continuously from the early 1970s to the present; I know the history well and, again, can personally vouch for this.

 * Sports Illustrated #1 Ranking: the relevant SI article is linked at the bottom of this article; I believe the "citation needed" was never removed when the link was added.

cfallin|(talk) 09:23, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Please review our No original research policy. If you could locate published sources which verify this information, it would be preferred.  Thank you, Can't sleep, clown will eat me 09:25, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the clarification. I've added citations for the choir claim and the coeducational claim. However, I would argue that such a policy is counterproductive when an article is edited by one who, say, has regional or community-specific knowledge on a subject that is difficult to find online in mainstream sources (such as the graduate of a high school that prides its history and tradition). cfallin|(talk) 22:25, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Name
I know the address is Portland, but the school is physically within the city limits of Beaverton, so should we move this to the correct qualifier in the title? Aboutmovies (talk) 20:08, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * This is being discussed over here. --Esprqii (talk) 19:06, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Consensus of discussion, now archived at, what that the article name and infobox should say Beaverton since the school is physically within the Beaverton city limits, despite having a Portland mailing address. YBG (talk) 06:33, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Nevertheless, I think the infobox should say Portland as the way it is formattted it is clearly communicating the postal address. YBG (talk) 06:38, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

Notable Alumni
Should David Rinella, who won a national music competition, be mentioned even though he's still a student at Jesuit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.118.92 (talk) 02:50, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ribsden Holt

Ribsden Holt is a former royal residence at Windlesham, Surrey, England. It was the country home of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll who bequeathed it to Lady Patricia Ramsay.

History
The original house, set back behind a long drive, was built in the late 1870s for Henry Cadogan Rothery. Following his death in 1888. his widow Madelaine lived there until her death in October 1891. Richard Copley Christie, also an English lawyer, and his wife Mary Helen (daughter of Samuel Fletcher) bought the property the following year. After their deaths Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll bought the property in a sale by auction in 1911. She had this property demolished and replaced with a new built in 1913. She occupied the new property until 1936, when she moved permanently to her apartment at Kensington Palace where she died in December 1939. The property was then occupied by Lady Patricia Ramsay and her husband until her death in 1974. After her death, the house passed into private ownership.

title: Ribsden Holt


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Talk:Howard Buffett

Korean "Adventure". Communist Invasion of the Republic of Korea.

Where is the actual evidence that Howard Buffett believed that the Communist invasion of South Korea was actually a South Korean attack upon the North?

I do not accept the word of the late Murray Rothbard as evidence. Where is the evidence that Howard Buffett believed that the Republic of Korea (South Korea) started the "shooting war" - an odd belief indeed as the advance was north to south (not south to north).2A02:C7D:B5DA:7B00:9DC1:C7E8:6D44:ED06 (talk) 12:48, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
This entry needs disambiguation, as Warren and Susan Buffett have a son named Howard who is (now) better known than this Howard Buffett (Warren's dad). --Zippy 07:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Howard Graham Buffett has been created. Shawnc 12:34, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120119122137/http://campaign2012.washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/buffett-vs-buffett to http://campaign2012.washingtonexaminer.com/blogs/beltway-confidential/buffett-vs-buffett

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The late Murray Newton Rothbard not a reliable witness concerning what Howard Buffett may have believed about the Korean War.
Given the late Professor Rothbard's pushing of the Nazi line (from Harry Elmer Barnes) blaming the United States and Britain for World War II, and his pushing of the Soviet propaganda line about the Cold War and its origins, he is not a reliable witness concerning the alleged opinions of Howard Buffett in regards to the Korean War - especially as it was obvious that the attack had come from the Communist side. Professor Rothbard denied this - but it is very unlikely that Howard Buffett did.2A02:C7C:E085:8D00:C59F:5A3E:F3BA:8B7E (talk) 13:18, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Howard Buffett


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User:Liberlogos/Le coeur a ses raisons

Le coeur a ses raisons is the title of a Quebecois television comedy show, and that of its inspiration, a series of short sketches from the former talk show Le grand blond avec un show sournois (2000-2003). It is a heavily satirical parody of the American soap opera standard and its long list of cliches. It is shown on the TVA television network and stars Marc Labrèche and Anne Dorval.

title: User:Liberlogos/Le coeur a ses raisons


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User:POds/Mediterranean Cup

The Mediterranean Cup is an annual rugby league tournament held in Lebanon. It is contested by Lebanon, France, Serbia and Morocco.

The competition was first concieved as a qualifying tournament for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup, and in 1999 was contested by Lebanon, Morocco and Italy. As the 2000 World Cup was not financially sucessful the tournament was cancelled for a number of years,

The Mediterranean Cup was resurected in 2002as a one-off match between Lebanon and France. It was played at Tripoli International Stadium on November 2, 2002 in front of a crowd of 9,713. Lebanon defeated France 36-6. In 2003 and 2004, it was expanded to a four team tournament.

On 2 October 2005 it was announced that the 2005 tournament was cancelled. According to Lebanon Rugby League official Danny Kazandjian: "It is with a sense of profound disappointment that we have had to face harsh reality and cancel the Mediterranean Cup, just one day before our official launch press conference at the Searock Hotel in Raouche, West Beirut, and just nine days before Lebanon was due to take on Serbia in the Olympic Stadium, Tripoli. The Lebanese rugby league feels extremely let down by certain parties."

title: User:POds/Mediterranean Cup


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User:Liberlogos/Counter sovereigntism actions

thumb|Military cordon in support of police taking surrender of Liberation cell, December 3, 1970. The opponents of the Quebec nationalist and sovereigntist movement have used many actions to counter it. Some are more controversial than others.

Reference

 *
 *


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User talk:Premshree

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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pamri 07:22, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Electric Chutiya
Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines for new pages, so it will shortly be removed (if it hasn't been already). Please use the sandbox for any tests. For more information about creating articles, you may want to read Your first article. You may also want to read our introduction page to learn more about contributing. Cunard (talk) 01:09, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Premshree


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Chelsea Manor

Chelsea Manor House was once the demesne of the main manor of the medieval parish now roughly commensurate with the district of Chelsea, London. It was a residence acquired by Henry VIII of England in 1536, and was the site of two subsequent houses. Today, the area is covered by residential streets.

Owner-occupiers
In 1544, Chelsea was bestowed on Queen Catherine Parr as a lifetime grant, included in her jointure. She died in 1548 at Sudeley, and in her will she left everything to her fourth husband, Thomas Seymour.

It was home to Elizabeth I of England, as Princess, between 1536 and 1548, and then to Anne of Cleves, who died there in 1557. Other famous owners included James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Charles Cheyne, 1st Viscount Newhaven, Sir Hans Sloane, the Bishops of Winchester. Three houses in turn existed, the last of which was demolished in 1825 by Earl Cadogan and replaced with fashionable residential streets - the Cadogan family and its enterprises have kept ownership of some of these properties.

title: Chelsea Manor


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User:Liberlogos/Elvis Gratton series

Elvis Gratton is the title of a Quebec short film made in 1981 and the name of its protagonist. It is also the common name given to Elvis Gratton: Le king des kings, a combination of the three initial shorts, and also to the cult series of three full-length films it spawned. It was directed by Pierre Falardeau and scripted by himself and Julien Poulin, the actor portraying the namesake. It is an acerbic but amusing portrayal of Quebecois federalist, ultra-capitalist, grotesque right-wingers.

Short films

 * Elvis Gratton (1981)
 * Les vacances d'Elvis Gratton (1983)
 * Pas encore Elvis Gratton (1985)

Feature films

 * Elvis Gratton: Le king des kings (1985)
 * Elvis Gratton II: Miracle à Memphis (1999)
 * Elvis Gratton 3: Le retour d'Elvis Wong (2004)

title: User:Liberlogos/Elvis Gratton series


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User talk:Blahedo

Hi! Feel free to drop me a line...

Archives: through Jan 2007 | Feb 2007-May 2015

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of English versions of the Nicene Creed for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article English versions of the Nicene Creed is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. RJaguar3 | u | t 16:45, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Jesuit High logo.png
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Orphaned non-free image File:MUS logo.png
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Orphaned non-free image File:St Paul logo.png
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Proposed deletion of Daniel Sernine

The article Daniel Sernine has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

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Massteria listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Massteria. Since you had some involvement with the Massteria redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:15, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Daniel Sernine

Hello, Blahedo. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Daniel Sernine".

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Orphaned non-free image File:Christian Brothers College High School (logo).png
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Hello, Don! Found you at WikiProject Textile Arts
Hi Don, Blahedo, Professor Blaheta — let me know if you have a preference! I'm a random Wikipedian who recently came across WikiProject Textile Arts. I'm hoping others are interested in collaborating to create and improve some articles of interest. Would you be interested in sharing any ideas at the talk page? I see your interest is knitting (mine is sewing) and would be glad to have your voice there. Enby (talk) 21:52, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Taxonomy of schools for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Taxonomy of schools is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Blahedo


text: User:Liberlogos/Economy of Quebec infobox


text:
Jamhoori Wattan Party

The Jamhoori Wattan Party (جمہوری وطن پارٹی) is a political party in Balochistan, Pakistan.

The party has split into two factions, with the non-dominant one led by Baramdagh Bugti splitting off to form the Baloch Republican Party.

Electoral history
In legislative elections, held on 20 October 2002, the party won 0.3% of the popular vote and 1 out of 272 elected members.

In legislative elections, held on 25 July 2018, the party won 0.7% of the popular vote and 1 out of 272 elected members.

In legislative elections, held on 8 February 2024, the party failed to win any elected seats in the National Assembly.

title: Jamhoori Wattan Party


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User talk:Isalman

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. I have moved your CV to User:Isalman, since this is an encyclopedia, and not a resume-posting service. If you would like to contribute to articles, please do so. Zoe 07:25, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop recreating your autobiography. Zoe 07:36, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Isalman

A tag has been placed on User:Isalman, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Whpq (talk) 16:29, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isalman


text:
Gregory Horror Show

Gregory Horror Show (stylized as GREGORY HORROR SHOW) is a Japanese CGI anime television series created by Naomi Iwata and broadcast on select TV Asahi stations. The series revolves around the mysterious hotel named Gregory House, where lost souls often end up, run by an old mouse named Gregory. The series is noted for its unusual papercraft-themed art style and surreal tone.

Synopsis
The first series, "The Nightmare Begins", is a set of 25 stories about a businessman arriving at the hotel after taking a train home from work. He encounters the mysterious owner of the hotel, an old mouse known as Gregory, who suggests that he stay awhile in Room 205. With the help of various guests residing in the hotel, Gregory gradually erodes away his individuality, denouncing the first guest as nothing more than a small part of himself and confronting him on his workaholism. The man soon becomes drawn into a bizarre series of events taking place within Gregory House as he tries desperately to escape from this purgatory. Though he escapes back to his wife and son, he finds reality too boring, and returns voluntarily. It is heavily implied that he becomes an empty shell, Haniwa Salaryman.

The second series, "The Second Guest", is similarly set with 25 stories, except this time the main victim is a woman who has just taken a taxi home from her best friend's wedding ceremony. She has had to endure many failed relationships and careers. It is also implied that her old flame was once the first guest, but their relationship went disastrously wrong. Due to her insanity from the degrading events, she starts a fire, burning down the house - however, the Gregory family survive, and welcome her into their family.

The third series, "The Last Train", is set with 26 stories during a bizarre train ride that Gregory embarks upon. It differs from the previous two series in that there is no guest, nor is the hotel the central setting. Instead, Gregory himself is the protagonist, and the series takes place on the previously mentioned train as Gregory tries to escape from his own home and role as the innkeeper. However, unlike the previous two protagonists, he fails, and the train only takes him back to Gregory House.

The fourth series, "The Bloody Karte", is a set of 12 stories about Catherine working in a mysterious hospital.

Characters

 * Gregory (グレゴリー)
 * Voiced by: Chafurin (Japanese); Dave Pettitt (English)
 * Gregory is the Innkeeper of the hotel and also the narrator, a slightly creepy old anthropomorphic rat with an obsession for keeping guests at his hotel. He loves to mess with one's mind and has a habit of appearing out of nowhere. It's strongly implied that Gregory is a manifestation of the hidden dreams and desires that people suppress, and his hotel the same. Although how several different people can manifest the exact same apparition is unknown, and it's highly probable that Gregory is in fact a spirit of dreams and desires, instead of a single person's manifestation. Gregory's aims seem unclear in both the game and the series, but he seems to be subservient to his mother, who is thoroughly and unambiguously wicked, unlike Gregory, consuming wayward souls to remain young. Gregory himself is more morally ambiguous, since he never overtly harms the guest, though he never makes any attempt to prevent harm coming to them. This may be because everyone in the hotel is effectively immortal, however. While enigmatic, he is, if nothing else, polite and sincere. To the unseen guest of the first series, he always refers to him as "My friend" and, to female guest of the second series, as "My dear". One thing is clear though, Gregory is indestructible and inescapable. Even if the guest tries to flee the purgatory of his hotel, or attempt to destroy him, they'll still somehow return, and Gregory will still be there, keeping their room ready for them. In the third series, Gregory is more unambiguously sympathetic, trying to escape from his role as the keeper of Gregory House and enduring as many strange and bizarre events as either of the previous protagonists. Like them, he ultimately fails to escape, suggesting that even he is a prisoner in his strange world despite his ostensible mastery and ownership of it. In the game, a player can overhear him talking about how they would not be in any danger if they simply accepted the purgatory of Gregory House, but several times in both the series and the game, Gregory is seen to be an antagonistic force, putting his guests, and even himself, quite literally through hell.
 * In the exclusive Gregory Gallery Tour series, Gregory seems to have vast knowledge about the guests in the hotel, as he gives a tour to an unseen audience. He also seems to have the ability to impersonate each of their personalities and certain parts of their appearances. As is typical for a man his age, Gregory also has a secret, although it's not a secret among the other residents of the hotel - a liking for dirty magazines. He often reads them when he thinks he is alone; in the game, his secret place for reading the magazines is the storeroom.

 * James (ジェームス)
 * Voiced by: Erina Yamazaki (Japanese); Brett Bauer (English)
 * He is Gregory's grandson, a mischievous young mouse who loves to play pranks on anyone he can find. He drives Gregory to despair and distraction. In the videogame, he is the one who allowed the guests to steal bottled souls from Gregory's Mama. He hates being alone, so he hopes the wandering guest in the game will stay forever so that they can get into all kinds of trouble together.

 * Neko Zombie (ネコゾンビ)
 * Voiced by: Nao Nagasawa (Japanese); Onalea Gilbertson (English)
 * He is a zombie cat who once lived with a family that stayed in Gregory's Hotel. Once a glossy beautiful cat, he escaped from a normal world and ended up at the hotel where Gregory stitched up its eyes, mouth, and ears as act of revenge, possibly against cats in general due to their inter-species conflict. His room is nothing more than a prison cell, revealing the true nature of this strange place.
 * He is the character who seems the most supportive of the protagonist in both the game and the series, as he is constantly giving them hints on how to battle their inner demons. More than anything, Neko wants the guest to escape this hell-like place. He also attempts to kill Gregory and his mother during the Great Fire of Gregory House (during the series, this fire is caused by him). He ends up turning to ash, when Gregory House is burned down, however the attempt failed when Gregory's sister reincarnated the hotel along with the other guests being resurrected. Neko Zombie however is killed off and never to be seen again.
 * He is a manifestation of a broken heart, stitched together by anger and misery.

 * Catherine (キャサリン)
 * Voiced by: Ayana Inoue (Japanese, TV series), Minako Ichiki (Japanese, Bloody Karte); Elinor Holt (English)
 * She is a pink lizard nurse with a giant syringe. She has an obsessive desire to steal blood from guests, and searches for any excuse she can find to do so. One suck of her syringe appears to drain almost all of a person's blood. She easily falls in love with people with nice veins, but she is also shown to take blood for no reason other than personal pleasure, suggesting that it may be fetishistic in nature. She has had relationships with many characters throughout the house, although all of them have ended badly - usually for the other person.

 * Judgment Boy (審判小僧)
 * Voiced by: Naochika Hayashida (Japanese); Brendan Hunter (English)
 * A set of anthropomorphic scales balanced between love and money. He passes judgment on all of the troubled souls of the hotel, and can see through anyone's lies. His skills at determining the truth are slightly questionable.  When he's not judging others, he usually sings to himself about himself ("Do you know who I am? They call me Judgement Boy!").

 * Judgment Boy Gold (審判小僧ゴールド)
 * Voiced by: Naochika Hayashida (Japanese); Steve Olson (English)
 * He is a solid gold Judgment boy and the boss of all other judgment boys. In the game, he trains all the other judgment boys for the final judgment and is the last guest to visit the hotel. In Bloody Karte, it is revealed that he isn't really gold; he's just gold-plated.

 * Hell's Chef (地獄のシェフ)
 * Voiced by: Ryuzaburo Otomo (Japanese); Byron Close (English)
 * He is the chef of Gregory Hotel that looks very much like a dark-faced candle with glowing red eyes and a giant knife that is said to cleave elephant bones like butter. He often butchers/poisons the guests that don't eat or refuse his meals (even if they are just not hungry), and then serves them to other guests. He speaks with a dark, sinister, evil voice.
 * He is apparently very particular and passionate about his food preparation, and refuses to eat anyone's cooking but his own. He hates smokers/smoking because "They are the enemy of cuisine!" (he hates that it eventually numbs the taste buds). The candle on his head is almost always seen burning because it somewhat acts as his life spark - if it's blown out, he stops moving and his eyes stop glowing, and when it is re-lit, he continues as if nothing had happened.

 * Lost Doll (ロストドール)
 * Voiced by: Naoko Matsui (Japanese); Angie Beers (English)
 * She is a poor girl looking forever for her doll. At first, she looks harmless but when approached or picked up, she becomes violent and turns blue. She herself is in fact the doll she is looking for. She has a good friendship with Cactus Gunman. Her name may have once been 'Katie'. Her only friend was a doll which was her constant companion, but one day, her parents decided to dispose of the doll. The girl searched endlessly for her lost doll, until she happened upon the place known as Gregory House, where she became a permanent resident.

 * Mummy Papa (ミイラパパ)
 * Voiced by: Hitoshi Takagi (Japanese); Jonathan Love (English)
 * He is a father dog with bandaged body and his skull partly cloven by a saber which does not affect him at all apart from a headache. He is a proud hypochondriac with a loving son.

 * Mummy Dog (ミイラ坊や)
 * Voiced by: Natsumi Sakuma (Japanese); Sean Broadhurst (English)
 * He is Mummy Papa's son, a smaller dog in dungarees and bandages with his skull partly cloven by an axe. He is also a proud hypochondriac like his father. As he suffers from constant migraines, Mummy Dog is very empathetic to those who look or feel poorly, by getting them help. Unfortunately, that medical attention usually comes in the form of Catherine.

 * Cactus Gunman (カクタスガンマン)
 * Voiced by: Yoshiyuki Kono (Japanese); Roger Rhodes (English)
 * He is a cactus in bandit clothes and sombrero who loves to challenge guests into fights. He was once a leader of revolutionaries and is infamous for his terrible aim. He is also quite the macho man, playing tough while any real danger would easily scare him away.

 * Cactus Girl (カクタスガール)
 * Voiced by: Mikako Sato (Japanese); Carol-Anne Day (English)
 * She is Cactus Gunman's younger sister. She is fiercer than her brother and uses a lasso to steal other's clothes, confident of their lack of fashion sense.

 * Roulette Boy (ルーレット小僧)
 * Voiced by: Yoko Asada (Japanese); Mariette Sluyter (English)
 * He is a small red-faced child with a roulette wheel on his head. He loves to play games and challenges guests to test their luck, usually ending in terrible mishaps and accidents for the players. For this reason, Gregory absolutely hates Roulette Boy as he's always haplessly landing on unlucky squares.

 * Death (死神)
 * Voiced by: Masashi Hirose (Japanese); Mike Shepherd (English)
 * He is the God of Death who visits guests in their dreams with his scythe. He seems to be manic-depressive, considering the fact that in the anime he speaks darkly with a grim voice, while in the game he has a funky and cheery presence. He wears a Swedish flag on his head in reference to the Ingmar Bergman movie The Seventh Seal. Death personally intervenes with the first guest, enabling him to evade Gregory, but forewarns that he may never truly escape for reality is no paradise, but a dull monotonous cycle.

 * TV Fish (TVフィッシュ)
 * It is a skeletal floating fish able to swim in the air and through walls. It has a TV for a face and projects the memories of any guests nearby passively. However, because all guests at Gregory Hotel are uncertain of themselves, the TV shows distorted images. In the anime, there are multiple TV Fish, including one with a Gregory TV satellite.

 * Frog Fortune-Teller (カエル占い師)
 * Voiced by: Katsumi Suzuki (Japanese); Meredith Taylor-Parry (English)
 * She is a green frog residing in the hotel. . She appears before people from a white mist, telling people of their fortunes, never seen without her booth or crystal ball. All of her fortunes come true, but how long it takes before it does can very greatly.

 * Clock Master (クロックマスター)
 * Voiced by: Jin Yamanoi (Japanese); Jonathan Love (English)
 * He is a man with the face of a clock residing in the hotel. He has the ability to control time, although he has grown old and can't travel that far in time anymore. He usually drinks his problems away. He's a very civil and jolly fellow. However, if he catches anyone he even remotely suspects of picking on his child, My Son, he flies into a fit of time-warping rage.

 * My Son (マイサン)
 * Voiced by: Maiko Ito (Japanese); Mike Thiessen (English)
 * He is the son of Clock Master, who is currently learning the art of time control. He greatly admires his father.

 * Dead Body (干からびた死体)
 * Voiced by: (Japanese); Roger Rhodes (English)
 * He is a skeleton character that resides under the cemetery in front of Gregory Hotel. "Drinks his cares away" with wine until he can find a body to replace his own fragile form. He is weak to wind and water because his powdery bones can easily blow away or melt in the rain.

 * Angel Dog (エンジェルドッグ) / Devil Dog (デビルドッグ)
 * Voiced by: Rei Sakuma (Japanese); Chris Simms (English)
 * She is a canine with an angelic appearance that invites you to be near her. She has somewhat of a split personality, however, and frequently changes into the Devil Dog and invites you to hell. Gregory, being the embodiment of eternal Purgatory, has a negative relationship with her, as she is the manifestation of Heaven and Hell. She acts like a teenager, arguing with Gregory about how he is always cleaning when she wants to watch football.

Manga
A manga adaptation called Gregory Horror Show: Another World by Suzuki Sanami started in the November 1, 2007 issue of Weekly Morning magazine; it was then published as a graphic novel and released in Japan, on September 22, 2008.

It follows Tooru Takenozuka, a 22-year-old freeter who comes to the city to follow his dreams. Thanks to his status he is unable to find an apartment to live in until a seedy real estate agent introduces him to Gregory House. He ends up in Room 404 and endures the nightmarish surroundings and residents. Over the course of chapters, it is revealed that Takenozuka's very form and spirit, is in a state of constant flux. He is, in reality, Tooru is a 94-year-old man in the year 2078, though part of him could never accept the fact that he grew beyond his twenties without accomplishing anything extraordinary or wonderful with his life. All of his dreams and ambitions went unfulfilled.

As Gregory is a collector of the rare and unusual, he takes an instant liking to Takenozuka. The man battles between choosing his dreams and the reality that he has responsibilities as a father. Though he manages to escape Gregory, like all the protagonists, he eventually wanders back, becoming a permanent guest who refuses to abandon his dreams.

Soul Collector
The anime was adapted into a PlayStation 2 game by Capcom Production Studio 3 and published by Capcom on August 7, 2003 in Japan and December 15, 2003 in Europe. The general premise of the game involves the player (who can choose to be male or female) trying to escape from Gregory House, a deranged hotel run by the old mouse Gregory. The game involves having to steal bottled souls from twelve guests, and returning them to Death before going to sleep in Room 101.

In the game, Neko Zombie helps explain the gameplay and introduces the player to mental health. Mental health acts like a health gauge of the player's mental fortitude. The player must maintain a good level of mental health by sleeping, reading books, or using special "herb" items reminiscent of the Resident Evil game series. If the player's mental health completely runs out, then the character goes insane, and becomes a permanent guest at Gregory House.

While the bizarre cube-esque graphics (which were a staple of the 'anime') give the game an unusual look for a survival horror game, there is still an element of tension and unease because the player must creep around the hotel, avoiding detection by the various guests. If the player gets caught by one of them, then the guest will attack them by forcing them to watch some 'Horror Shows', a bizarre vision of violence set in a traditional Japanese theatre in which the guest will inflict severe harm upon you.

The game features a goldmine of Easter eggs and many backstory which either reference or expand upon certain events of the series. For example, in the 'Bloody Karte' arc, Catherine develops an attraction for Hell's Chef; in the game, the player can find a signed trading card of him in the psychotic nurse's treatment room. Also, if a player takes the time to follow the guests around the building at various points in the game, they will often divulge interesting tidbits about the hotel and each other. For example, if the player follows Gregory around early in the game, a huge amount of how Neko Zombie came to be the way he is can be learned.

Lost Qualia
Milky Cartoon and Unframe, Inc. launched a mobile game based on the show in October 2018 for Android and iOS, titled Gregory Horror Show: Lost Qualia. So far, the game is only available in the Japanese app store. An English version has yet to appear in the United States and Europe.

Gregory Horror Show: Lost Qualia is a Gacha-based RPG mobile game that combines the elements of dungeon crawling with a Gacha card system. Lost Qualia uses the original 3D cube-esque graphics and style that the series is known for.

The main storyline tells of the player showing up at Gregory House, where Gregory the manager himself meets the player and tells him about a previous guest known only as "that man". Gregory further explains that the guests delusional beliefs has gotten far too powerful, and that he is able to take over the hotel, turn it into a dungeon, and distort the surreal world around it. Gregory wants the player to help him and the other guests on a quest to take back Gregory House and defeat the man, who is mad with delusional power. The main quest also takes the player and company outside the hotel to the cactus sibling's homeland, (seen in volume 3) which is called Cactus Land. The quest also takes the player & co. to Roulette boy's casino.

Like the PS2 video game, The player has a hotel room that serves as the central hub when they finish the tutorial or start up the game. They are able to customize their room with items they get either in a quest or in the Gacha cards from the fortune teller, level up their characters, and manage their Gacha cards and deck to us in a quest. Occasionally and randomly, Gregory, Neko Zombie, Catherine, Hell's Chef, and other playable characters will drop by to visit the player in their room talking to them and offer their support in a quest where the player is able to optionally choose them and play as them in any level. If the player has a playable character unlocked from either in a quest or found in Gacha card pack they can engage in conversation with the other visiting characters in the player's room, usually giving their commentary on the player, the current situation, and chat among themselves based on relationships they have with the other characters, or different topics.

The game has the player, Gregory, or other playable characters going through a labyrinth, where they battle through hostile mages and souls that lurk in the dungeons and can appear from anywhere. Using melee attacks, throwable or ranged items, or using Gacha cards to regain health, buff their attacks or speed, special abilities, and using "horror show" Gacha cards to even the odds with one or many hostile souls surrounding them. The objective is for the player to survive and reach the goal to complete the level, sometimes having to climb stairs to the next floor to get there. Optionally, the player can set the game in autoplay (similar to an idle RPG) where the AI takes over for the player on certain parts of the game or just tapping the move button on-screen has the playable character temporarily moving through a corridor and resuming control back to the Player when they are in an area with more room. While reaching the goal is important, it also vital for the player to look for Kinko safes around the dungeon for items such as skull gems, soul energy, or gacha cards for the possibility of getting new customize hotel room items or unlocking a character to keep permanently and play as in a quest.

In addition to the main story quest, there are two types of quest offered in the game: event quests that can sometimes be holiday-based events, and special events that are added in the game during updates and have their own storylines. for example, the "Gregory Quest" events tell about the player, Gregory, Neko Zombie, and the other guests getting sucked up by TV fish and entering into a world based on fantasy RPG video games and became RPG characters based on character classes, each with their own quest in each Gregory Quest event. Depending on certain quest events and levels, both will automatically have the player play as specific characters as they have specific quests in the event storyline, or Ranked quests which are competitive survival quests where the player have to fight through hostile souls to reach the highest position of the leaderboard. Depending on the first, second, and third position when a ranking quest ends, the winning player earns a trophy to display in their hotel room.

Possible Revival
In 2016, Naomi Iwata's website announced that a new Gregory series was to be produced under the title of Gregory Horror Show: Mystery Holiday. Little is known about it other than a plot synopsis and some redesigns. The series would follow a young boy named Hiroshi, who wanders into Gregory House on a whim hoping it will grant his wishes but has to stop Gregory's evil plan to destroy the world. No release date was announced.

title: Gregory Horror Show


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Keddie Wye

The Keddie Wye is a railroad junction in the form of a wye on the Union Pacific Railroad in Plumas County, California, United States. Located at the town of Keddie, it joins the east-west Feather River Route and the "Inside Gateway"—formally, the BNSF Gateway Subdivision—which runs north to Bieber.

A notable feat of railroad engineering, it is the world's only wye with two legs on bridges that meet in a tunnel. The west and north legs of the wye are on bridges over Spanish Creek, and the southeast leg runs through a tunnel (Tunnel No. 32). Just to the northwest, where the two bridged legs join, is Tunnel No. 31.

The wye and the town are named for Arthur W. Keddie, who purchased the survey rights and the right to build a railroad through the Feather River Canyon from George Jay Gould, the son of Jay Gould.

History
The Western Pacific Railroad (now part of the Union Pacific) built the tracks along the Feather River in 1909 to complete a route from the San Francisco Bay Area to Salt Lake City, Utah, providing an alternate to the Southern Pacific's route over Donner Pass. Keddie was the site of the "last spike" ceremony held on November 1, 1909.

The Feather River route was preferred by some over the Donner Pass route through the Sierra Nevada because the high point of the former (the Chilcoot Tunnel under Beckwourth Pass) is at a lower elevation — about 5000 ft as opposed to 7000 ft — and most of the route is at a gentler grade than the line over Donner Pass.

Construction started on the branch running north to Bieber in 1930 and was completed in 1931, along with the north and southeast legs of the wye. This allowed the Western Pacific to diverge from its east-west route (along the west leg of the wye) and go north to an interchange with the Great Northern Railway (now BNSF Railway) and its traffic from the Pacific Northwest.

Railfanning
The Keddie Wye is a favorite railfan spot and is part of Plumas County's 7 Wonders of the Railroad World. Access to the site is described in the county travel guide.

title: Keddie Wye


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Albany (London)

The Albany, or correctly, Albany, is an apartment complex in Piccadilly, London. The three-storey mansion was built in the 1770s and divided into apartments in 1802.

Building
Albany was built in 1771–1776 by Sir William Chambers for the newly created 1st Viscount Melbourne who had bought the land and residence (Piccadilly House) it was to replace from Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland for £16,500. It was called Melbourne House and cost at least £50,000 to build. It is a three-storey mansion, seven bays (windows) wide, with a pair of service wings flanking a front courtyard.

In 1791 Lord Melbourne, who by then had built up considerable debts to fund his and his wife's extravagant lifestyle, downsized by exchanging Melbourne House for Dover House, Whitehall (now a government office) with the recently married Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, who required a larger property in order to “entertain in style”. The sale price was £23,571. In 1802 the Duke in turn gave up the house and it was converted by Henry Holland into 69 bachelor apartments (known as "sets"). This was achieved by subdividing the main block and its two service wings, and by adding two new parallel long buildings covering most of the garden, running as far as a new rear gate building on Burlington Gardens. Named The Ropewalk, Holland's new buildings of 1802–1803 flank a covered walkway supported on thin iron columns and with an upswept roof. The blocks are white painted render in a simpler Regency style than Chambers' work. Most sets are accessed off common staircases without doors, like Oxbridge colleges and the Inns of Court.

History
From the time of its conversion, Albany was a prestigious set of bachelor apartments. Residents have included the poet Lord Byron and the future Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, and numerous members of the aristocracy.

During the Second World War, one of the buildings received significant damage from a German bomb, but was reconstructed after the war to appear as an exact replica.

The Albany Trust is named after the building, as it held its inaugural meetings there in the late 1950s, at the home of its founding trustees Jacquetta Hawkes and J. B. Priestley.

Residents no longer have to be bachelors, although children under the age of 14 are not permitted to live there.

Ownership and governance
The apartments or "sets" are individually owned as flying freeholds, with the owners known as "Proprietors"; a set that came up for sale in 2007 had an advertised guide price of £2 million.

Around half the sets were owned by Peterhouse, a college of the University of Cambridge. These were acquired by William Stone (1857–1958) during the Second World War. Stone, nicknamed the "Squire of Piccadilly", was a former scholar of Peterhouse, a bachelor and a lifelong resident of Albany. He bequeathed 37 sets to the college, along with other endowments.

Albany is governed by a board of trustees on behalf of the Proprietors. The annual rent of a set can be as much as £50,000 and prospective tenants are vetted by a committee before being allowed to take up residence. Only recently have women been allowed to apply.

Name
The names "Albany" and "the Albany" have both been used. The rules adopted in 1804 laid down that "the Premises mentioned in the foregoing Articles shall be called Albany". Both names have been used in the 19th and 20th centuries. In a 1958 review of a book about the building, Peace in Piccadilly, The Times wrote, "Albany or the Albany? It has long been a snobbish test of intimate knowledge of the West End. If one was in use, a man could feel superior by using the other. When G. S. Street wrote The Ghosts of Piccadilly in 1907, he said that 'the Albany' was then 'universal', but that to the earliest tenants it was 'Albany'."

In fiction
An early use of the building in fiction was the novel, The Bachelor of the Albany (1847) by Marmion Wilard Savage. Still earlier is the hero of Benjamin Disraeli’s novel Sybil (1845), Charles Egremont, who lives there; he has a portrait by Cristofano Allori hung over his fireplace halfway through the book.

In Dorothy Sayers' (1926) novel, ''Clouds of Witness, Dennis Cathcart, whose death is central to the story, is said to "have a room in Albany."

Mr Fascination Fledgeby, a moneylender in Charles Dickens' novel, Our Mutual Friend (1865) is described as living there. Several scenes from the book take place in his apartment. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) by Oscar Wilde, Lord Fermor, the uncle of the character Lord Henry Wotton, resides in the Albany. In Oscar Wilde's play, The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), the character John (Jack) Worthing has a set at the Albany (number B.4), where he lives while staying in London under the assumed name of Ernest.

A. J. Raffles, the gentleman burglar created by E. W. Hornung who first appeared in "The Ides of March" (1898), lived at the Albany, as did the adventurer Lord John Roxton of Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World (1912), and Roger Sheringham, the amateur detective in the works of Anthony Berkeley Cox who first appeared in The Layton Court Mystery (1925). In G. K. Chesterton's Father Brown Stories, in "The Queer Feet" (1910), the character Mr. Audrey "[looks] like a mild, self-indulgent bachelor, with rooms in the Albany -- which he was".

In the comic short story "Uncle Fred Flits By" (1935) by P. G. Wodehouse, the young gentleman Pongo Twistleton resides in the Albany. In The Foundling (1948), a novel by Georgette Heyer, Captain Gideon Ware of the Life Guards rents a set of chambers at the Albany. In the film Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), Louis Mazzini takes a small set at Albany as he moves up the social ladder.

In the James Bond novel Moonraker by Ian Fleming (1955), Max Meyer, the bridge partner of Sir Hugo Drax, was said to live in Albany. Simon Raven's Alms for Oblivion novels (including 1974's Bring Forth the Body) feature Somerset Lloyd-James, a politician and resident of Albany.

In Graham Greene’s The Human Factor (1978), Dr. Percival resides at D.6. In the Major Harry Maxim novels by Gavin Lyall, George Harbinger, Harry's boss, who first appears in The Secret Servant (1980), has an apartment at Albany where he lives with his spouse, Annette. In Julian Fellowes' novel Belgravia (2016), Mr. John Bellasis resides in an apartment at Albany.

Tenants
The list below is based mainly on the much longer list in the Survey of London. Many tenants were in residence for only a short time, when they were quite young.

 * Antony Armstrong-Jones, later 1st Earl of Snowdon, photographer
 * Sir Squire Bancroft, actor.
 * George Basevi, architect.
 * Clifford Bax, poet and playwright.
 * Sybille Bedford, writer, lived in Aldous Huxley's servant's room.
 * Sir Thomas Beecham, conductor.
 * Isaiah Berlin, philosopher.
 * Philip Bobbitt, scholar.
 * Henry Brougham, later Lord Chancellor.
 * Edward Bulwer-Lytton, writer and politician.
 * Lord Byron, poet.
 * George Canning, politician.
 * George Cattermole, artist.
 * Bruce Chatwin, writer.
 * Alan Clark, historian and politician.
 * Sir Kenneth Clark, art historian.
 * Keith Coventry, artist.
 * Fleur Cowles, writer and editor.
 * Maurice Cowling, historian.
 * Edward de Bono, thinker.
 * Dame Edith Evans, actress.
 * William Ewart Gladstone, later Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
 * Norman Foster, architect
 * Andrew Grima, jewellery designer.
 * Bryan Guinness, poet.
 * Jacquetta Hawkes, archaeologist.
 * Edward Heath, later Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
 * Sir Frederick Henniker, traveller.
 * Georgette Heyer, writer.
 * Ashley Hicks, interior designer and architect.
 * David Nightingale Hicks, interior decorator and designer.
 * Bill Nighy, actor.
 * Henry Holland, architect.
 * Aldous Huxley, writer.
 * Sir Simon Jenkins, newspaper editor and author.
 * Edward Knoblock, playwright and author.
 * John Lane, publisher.
 * Lord Lee of Fareham, politician.
 * Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, historian and politician.
 * Lord John Manners, politician.
 * John Morgan, writer on etiquette.
 * Malcolm Muggeridge, journalist and broadcaster.
 * Sir Harold Nicolson, writer and politician.
 * John Hare Powel, agriculturalist and politician.
 * J.B. Priestley, writer.
 * Terence Rattigan, playwright.
 * Jacob Rees-Mogg, MP for North East Somerset.
 * John Richardson, art critic.
 * Baroness Pauline de Rothschild, socialite, writer, fashion designer.
 * Sir Roger Scruton, philosopher.
 * Sebastian Shaw, actor.
 * Michael Sherard, fashion designer.
 * Anthony Smith, broadcaster.
 * Sir Robert Smirke, architect.
 * Sir David Tang, businessman.
 * Sir Peter Tapsell, politician.
 * Terence Stamp, actor.
 * Lord Stanley, politician, later 15th Earl of Derby.
 * Martin Stevens, politician, MP for Fulham.
 * William Henry Fox Talbot, pioneer photographer.
 * Sir Bryan Thwaites, mathematician, educationalist, administrator.
 * Herbert Beerbohm Tree, actor-manager.

title: Albany (London)


text:
Stade Bollaert-Delelis

The Stade Bollaert-Delelis is the main football stadium in Lens, France, that was built in 1933. It is the home of RC Lens. The stadium's capacity is 38,223 – about 7,000 more than the city's population. The stadium was originally named after Félix Bollaert, a director of Compagnie des Mines de Lens who was anxious to promote the development of sports clubs in the city. Construction began in 1931, but Bollaert had died shortly before the stadium's inauguration. It was renamed Stade Bollaert-Delelis in 2012 after the death of André Delelis, the former mayor of the city who was politician who served as the Minister of Commerce under President François Mitterrand.

History
The stadium has hosted matches in the following major international tournaments:

 * 1984 European Championship
 * 1998 FIFA World Cup
 * 1999 Rugby World Cup
 * 2007 Rugby World Cup
 * 2016 European Championship

Architecture
The stadium is constructed in the English style with four separate stands dedicated respectively to:

 * Henri Trannin, native of Bully-les-Mines, Goalkeeper at the club for 18 years, sports director for Lens from 1952 to 1956, dying in July 1974; it was dedicated on 4 December 1976
 * Tony Marek, former player and coach, international in the 1950s (lower part) and Xercès Louis, former player, first French international player from the Antilles (upper part);
 * Élie Delacourt, former fans' group president;
 * Max Lepagnot, former president of the district of Artois.

Until 15 September 2018, all parts of the stadium contained seating. However, most supporters in the Marek, being a side stand, used to keep standing during the games as it is considered the kop and are considered as the most fervent supporters in the stadium, which makes the stadium different from most of the other stadiums, as the most fervent fans tend to usually sit behind the nets. Since 15 September 2018, the Marek contains a standing area again, as well as the lower parts of the Trannin and Delacourt stands since the start of the 2022–2023 season. The stadium's capacity is now 38,223.

1998 FIFA World Cup
The stadium was one of the venues of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and held the following matches:

UEFA Euro 2016
In May 2011, the stadium was designated to host the 2016 European Football Championship. To be renovated, the stadium was closed during the 2014–2015 season.

Other uses
The France national team has played eight matches at the stadium without defeat. Lille played two UEFA Champions League campaigns there when their own stadium was deemed inadequate, in (2001–02 and 2006–07). It hosted the Johnny Hallyday concert in 2009 and a Jehovah's Witnesses gathering in 2006, which created controversy. The stadium is the setting for a scene in the movie Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis, shot during a match between Lens and Nice in April 2007. The song "Les corons" is sung by the public at the end of halftime break.

In 2012 the Stadium held a rugby League match between France and Wales as part of an Autumn International Series match. 11,278 fans came to watch the game.

title: Stade Bollaert-Delelis


text: User talk:86.134.169.74

title: User talk:86.134.169.74


text:
Primitive Culture

Primitive Culture may refer to:

 * Urgesellschaft, a term for human culture prior to recorded history
 * Primitive Culture (book), by Edward Burnett Tylor

title: Primitive Culture


text:
User talk:Desnarialy

Don't blank or tamper with votes on Votes for deletion pages. That is considered vandalism. Zoe 07:30, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Desnarialy


text: User:Yodakii

title: User:Yodakii


text:
Air Line Pilots Association, International

The Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA) is the largest pilot union in the world, representing more than 77,000 pilots from 43 US and Canadian airlines. ALPA was founded on 27 July 1931 and is a member of the AFL-CIO and the Canadian Labour Congress. Known internationally as US-ALPA, ALPA is also a member of the IFALPA.

The association has been a staunch proponent of the "1,500-hour rule", which requires pilots for commercial airlines to log 1,500 hours of flying before they can obtain their license, which is vastly higher than the rules in other countries and has substantially increased the costs and time for prospective pilots to obtain certification.

History

ALPA was founded by David L. Behncke and 23 other key figures in Chicago, Illinois, on July 27, 1931. In the 1930s, flying was a perilous occupation; thus, from the time of its formation, one of ALPA’s main goals was to improve air safety.

In 1933, the decision by the National Labor Board to limit the flight time for pilots and co-pilots to 85 hours a month was the result of the union's first major lobbying campaign to make the skies safer. By the end of the 1930s, the association had persuaded numerous airlines to form air traffic control centers and had started the Airworthiness and Performance Committee, the first ALPA technical committee dedicated to improving flight safety.

In the 1940s, numerous ALPA pilots enlisted in the military to help the United States battle the Axis powers during World War II. In this decade, ALPA created additional air safety committees, and the newly established International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations (IFALPA) worked to improve flight safety around the world.

In 1951, ALPA created an internal air safety system, which developed into the world’s biggest independent, nongovernmental safety structure. During the 1950s, jet travel was introduced, marking a new period for the air industry. In this era, crew fatigue became a greater concern for pilots, with the union successfully persuading the Civil Aeronautics Board to stop airlines from scheduling impractical flights.

During the 1960s, jet transport of people and goods became commonplace, with ALPA addressing the new safety issues that came with this type of travel. In 1961, ALPA’s second president, Clarence N. Sayen, directly asked new US President John F. Kennedy to make hijacking a federal crime, which subsequently became the law of the land in September of that year. The Southern Airways strike of 1960-62, a conflict that ALPA winningly took on in a dispute over pilot wages, is the longest walkout in the union’s history. For years, ALPA had lobbied hard for the creation of an independent government agency that would investigate accidents, and in 1967, the National Transportation Safety Board was established to conduct such investigations.

In 1972, ALPA began an anti-skyjacking lobby offensive, among other efforts to fight air terrorism. Also in 1972, after decades of campaigning by ALPA, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) established an airport certification program, which required airport operators to prove they are following safety standards. In 1976, the union’s dedicated work resulted in NASA creating the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), a database of confidential incident reports.

During the 1980s, ALPA accomplished much in the way of safety. In 1981, among other achievements, the Association convinced the FAA that “fasten seatbelt” signs were needed, and in 1987, the FAA again heeded calls from the union, requiring the installation of a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) in every airplane. On March 4, 1989, ALPA pilots at Eastern Airlines went on strike in support of the International Association of Machinists. The pilots stood their ground for 285 days.

Following the 1994 crash of USAir Flight 427, in which all 132 people on board were killed, the National Transportation Safety Board ruled that pilot error was the cause. But ALPA fought that decision, and in the end, it was found that a malfunction in the rudder control system of the B-737 plane was likely the cause. Subsequently, a redesign of all B-737s—the most commonly flown commercial airplane—was ordered by the FAA. After another tragic 1994 crash, of American Eagle Flight 4184, a study of icing issues with the ATR 72 commenced, an inquiry ALPA was closely involved with. The outcomes were alterations in the design of the ATR 72 and improved pilot training. ALPA’s chief accomplishment of the 1990s was the 1995 enactment of the “One Level of Safety” program by the FAA, resulting in stricter safety rules for smaller airplanes. ALPA came up with the name for the program and lobbied hard for the measure.

In 1997, the Canadian Airline Pilots Association (CALPA) merged with ALPA, forming what would become known as ALPA Canada. As of 2024, ALPA Canada represents more than 10,600 pilots.

In 2000, after years of advocacy by the association, the FAA approved ALPA’s recommendations for Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO).

During the 2010s, ALPA successfully lobbied to make pointing lasers at pilots in the air a federal crime.

In 2020, amidst the COVID-19 outbreak, ALPA pressed the US government for favorable provisions in the CARES Act for the aviation industry.

ALPA has lobbied against attempts to rescind the "1,500-hour rule", which requires that pilots for commercial airlines must log 1,500 hours of flying before they can get their license. The 1,500-hour rule was implemented in 2013, raising the required flight training hours from 250 to 1,500. Critics of the rule say it is arbitrary and not based on scientific data, as well as raises the costs and time for prospective pilots to obtain certification. The rule has been attributed as a factor in explaining a shortage of pilots in the United States. Most countries, including the European Union, require 250 hours for pilot certification.

In July 2023, after four years of negotiations, a new labor deal was struck for United Airlines pilots, valued at $10 billion over the contract life. The pilots are expected to receive up to a 40% raise.

Leadership
ALPA's four international officers were elected by the union's Board of Directors on Oct. 19, 2022, and began their four-year terms on Jan. 1, 2023.

Jason Ambrosi, Delta Air Lines, is ALPA's twelfth president. He previously served as chair of the Delta pilots’ Master Executive Council. While employed by a charter airline, Ambrosi was a strong supporter of labor representation and helped create a culture of safety.

Wendy Morse, United Airlines, is ALPA's first vice president and national safety coordinator. At United, Morse served as Master Executive Council chair and held many other positions of leadership.

Tyler Hawkins Frontier Airlines, is ALPA's vice president–administration/secretary. At Frontier, Hawkins previously represented ALPA on the Master Executive Council, and was the chair of the Strategic Preparedness and Strike Committee.

Wes Clapper, JetBlue, is ALPA's vice president–finance/treasurer. Clapper previously served in several leadership roles at JetBlue, and recently was the Group A executive vice president for the union.

Former presidents
The following is a complete list of ALPA's former presidents since the Association's founding in 1931:
 * David L. Behncke (1931 – 1951)
 * Clarence N. Sayen (1951 – 1962)
 * Charles H. Ruby (1962 – 1970)
 * John J. O'Donnell (1971 – 1982)
 * Henry Duffy (1983 – 1990)
 * J. Randolph Babbitt (1991 – 1998)
 * Duane E. Woerth (1999 – 2006)
 * John Prater (2007 – 2010)
 * Lee Moak (2011 – 2014)
 * Tim Canoll (2015 – 2018)
 * Joe DePete (2019–2022)

Archives
The Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University is home to over 50 collections of archival material documenting the history of the Air Line Pilots Association. To access the collections' finding aids, search for ALPA-related content via ArchivesSpace@Wayne.

Member pilot groups
ALPA represents the following bargaining units:

 * Air Canada
 * Air Inuit
 * Air Transat
 * Air Transport International
 * Air Wisconsin Airlines
 * Alaska Airlines
 * Amerijet International
 * Bearskin Airlines
 * Breeze Airways
 * Calm Air
 * Canadian North
 * Cargojet
 * CommuteAir
 * Delta Air Lines
 * Endeavor Air
 * Envoy Air
 * FedEx Express
 * Flair Airlines
 * Frontier Airlines
 * Hawaiian Airlines
 * iAero Airways
 * Jazz
 * JetBlue Airways
 * Kalitta Air
 * Keewatin Air
 * Kelowna Flightcraft Ltd.
 * Mesa Air Group
 * Morningstar Air Express Inc.
 * PAL Airlines
 * Pascan Aviation
 * Perimeter Aviation
 * Piedmont Airlines
 * Pivot Airlines
 * PSA Airlines
 * Ravn Alaska
 * Spirit Airlines
 * Sun Country Airlines
 * United Airlines
 * Wasaya
 * Western Global
 * WestJet
 * WestJet Encore


text:
User talk:Sgaileach1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 07:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Sgaileach1


text:
User talk:Cbjazz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 07:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Cbjazz


text:
User talk:Wames

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 07:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Nieczuja
Thanks! Halibutt

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Wames


text:
Perpend stone

A perpend stone, perpend (parpen, parpend, perpin, and other spellings), through stone, bond stone, or tie stone is a stone that extends through an entire wall's width, from the outer to the inner wall. Such stones are especially used to lock two wall layers structurally together. Usually stone walls are built with two layers of stone, an inner and an outer layer, with the space between them sometimes filled with rubble.

The term perpend is also used to refer to a joint in brickwork also called a cross joint or, when extending through the entire wall, a transverse joint or perpend bond.

title: Perpend stone


text: User talk:24.166.144.178

title: User talk:24.166.144.178


text:
Talk:Duralast

Vote for Deletion
This article was merged with and redirected to Autozone as a result of a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 07:37, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Duralast


text:
Oatlands Palace

Oatlands Palace  is a former Tudor and Stuart royal palace which took the place of the former manor ( of the village of Oatlands near Weybridge, Surrey. Little remains of the original building, so excavations of the palace took place in 1964 to rediscover its extent.

The four-star Oatlands Park Hotel now occupies the site where the post-Commonwealth Oatlands mansion (Oatlands House) once stood. Within the core of the building are some surviving details for earlier stages of its existence. The former site of Oatlands Palace is down the hill towards the centre of Weybridge. This was once part of the lands of the same estate.

Tudors
Much of the foundation stone for the palace came from Chertsey Abbey, which was abandoned and fell into ruins after the Dissolution of the Monasteries during the Protestant Reformation in England.

Henry VIII came to Oatlands on a progress in September 1514 and hunted stags on Chertsey Meads. He acquired the house in 1538, and rebuilt it for Anne of Cleves.

The palace was built around three main adjoining quadrangular courtyards covering fourteen hectares and using an existing 15th-century moated manor house.

A bed made for Anne of Cleves was described in an inventory of Oatlands: Queen Anne's bed" had curtains of crimson cloth of gold and cloth of silver decorated with borders of purple velvet on the seams. It featured 108 embroidered badges of Anne and Henry and their crowned arms on the tester and ceeler.

Henry VIII married Catherine Howard in the palace on 28 July 1540. Henry's subsequent wife, Catherine Parr, spent time at the Palace as well. Records of her writings include a letter sent from Oatlands to her brother, William, Lord Parr, shortly after her marriage to the King in July 1543. Henry VIII was less mobile in his later years and a special ramp was built for him at Oatlands so he could mount his hunting horses.

Mary Tudor retreated to Oatlands after the end of her anticipated pregnancy. Her previous residence, Hampton Court Palace, had housed the nursery staff that was assembled for the birth of the child. The announcement of the move to Oatlands (which was considerably smaller than Hampton) ended any hope at court of a happy outcome to the Queen's pregnancy.

Elizabeth I employed her Sergeant Painter Leonard Fryer to decorate the long gallery with a woodgrain pattern in 1598. After priming the panelling with white lead paint, he painted imitation "flotherwoode", with gold and silver highlights on the mouldings, and arabesque patterns and paintwork of "markatree", perhaps resembling marquetry. Fryer used "sweet varnish" to finish his work, chosen for its scent.

Anne of Denmark and her children
Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth were in residence in August 1603. Prince Charles came from Dunfermline Palace to Oatlands in September 1604.

The palace belonged to James I's wife Anne of Denmark from 1610. She built a silkworm house and a vineyard, and employed Inigo Jones to design an ornamental gateway from the Privy Garden to the Park. Work on site was supervised by Robert Stickells and the Keeper John Trevor. The gardener John Bonnall planted "new and rare fruits, flowers, herbs, and trees".

Her art collection at Oatlands included portraits of her Danish nephews, her courtiers Jean Drummond, Mary Middlemore, and Tom Durie. Her own portrait was painted by Paul van Somer, showing her with her horse, held by an African servant, hunting dogs around her feet, and the new gateway and the palace in the background.

The queen's bed was "laced with parchment lace of gold and silver spaingled", and the bedchamber was lined with panels of satin laced with coloured silks. Furnishing included painted and gilt Italian style chairs, and other seating was upholstered in red velvet with her initials. Despite this luxury, Anne of Denmark was sometimes bored or melancholy, and wrote to King James that she was "weary of Oatlands, of my mares, of my deer, of my dogs, and of my vineyard".

The ambassador of Savoy, Antonio Scanese, Count of Scarnafes, arrived to visit Anne of Denmark at Oatlands on 3 October 1614. She provided a grand reception for the Venetian ambassador Piero Contarini at Oatlands on 30 August 1618. He was welcomed and entertained by her Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Leicester, while they waited for the arrival of several noblewomen, including Margaret Howard, Countess of Nottingham and the Countess of Arundel. The Queen had planned a hunt, but it was rained off. At the end of the dinner there were sweetmeats, then they stood and toasted Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Frederick V. For such occasions, the under-keeper Ralph Dison borrowed furnishings from other palaces.

Henrietta Maria and her children
Oatlands was one of the properties settled upon Henrietta Maria on her marriage to Charles I. She used it as a country retreat, installing part of her art collection on site, employing Ralph Grynder to make new furnishings and John Tradescant the elder to remake the gardens. In August 1637 it was rumoured she was sickening with consumption (tuberculosis, which was frequently fatal as penicillin was not yet discovered). At Oatlands she was drinking asses' (donkeys) milk as a remedy.

In 1646 Oatlands was a temporary home of the infant Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and later Duchess of Orleans, sister-in-law of Louis XIV. Her governess Lady Dalkeith smuggled her into France in the summer of 1646 during the English Civil War.

1649-1699
After the King was executed, the Commonwealth Government sold Oatlands and some other Royal residences to help pay Parliamentary debts. Robert Turbridge bought Oatlands Palace and its contents for about £4,000. He demolished it and sold the bricks to Sir Richard Weston of Sutton Place.

A single house – remote from the site of the palace itself and possibly originally functioning as a hunting lodge – survived the demolition. After the Restoration, during the 1660s, it was the residence of the pro-Commonwealth William Boteler. He had served as one of the ten major-generals during the Rule of the Major-Generals (1656) and was noted as being harsh on Roman Catholics, Quakers and Cavaliers.

The house was later occupied and extended by Sir Edward Herbert, the Lord Chief Justice. He forfeited it to the Crown when he followed James II into exile. It was awarded to his brother, Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, who was later the admiral in command of the English and Dutch Fleets at the Battle of Beachy Head.

1699-1819
Arthur left the house to Henry Clinton, 7th Earl of Lincoln, whose son Henry Clinton again enlarged it as well as laying out formal gardens. He abandoned it as his main residence when he inherited Clumber Park and sold Oatlands back to the Crown in 1788.

In 1790, Oatlands was leased from the Crown by the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, the second son of George III. His architect was Henry Holland. In November the following year Frederick and his brother the Prince of Wales hosted composer Joseph Haydn, who stayed for two days, played music for four hours each evening and recorded in his second London notebook: "The little castle, 18 miles from London, lies on a slope and commands the most glorious view. Among its many beauties is a most remarkable grotto which cost £25 000 sterling, and which was 11 years in the building. It is very large and contains many diversions, inter alia actual water that flows in from various sides, a beautiful English garden, various entrances and exits, besides a most charming bath."

The house burned down in 1794 but was quickly rebuilt in Strawberry Hill Gothic style.

1820-present
After the death of the Duke's estranged wife Frederica in 1820, the whole property was sold. It was bought by Edward Hughes Ball Hughes in 1824 (although it was not until after the Duke's death in 1827 that the sale was finally concluded) and again remodelled in 1830. Hughes had tried to dispose of the estate by public auction in 1829 but this part did not sell.

In 1832 he leased the mansion and adjoining parkland to Lord Francis Egerton for a seven-year period, and renewed the term in 1839. The arrival of the London and South Western Railway in 1838 made it possible for residents to commute daily to London. In 1846 the estate was broken up into lots for building development and sold at three public auctions in May, August and September of that year. Following a period of private ownership by James Watts Peppercorne, the house was adapted and operated as a hotel in 1856, known as the South Western (later Oatlands Park) Hotel.

From 1916 to 1918, during World War I, the British government used the hotel as a hospital for New Zealand troops injured in France. Subsequently, one of the main streets in Walton-on-Thames was renamed New Zealand Avenue in honour of those men.

title: Oatlands Palace