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Aunis

Aunis is a historical province of France, situated in the north-west of the department of Charente-Maritime. Its historic capital is La Rochelle, which took over from Castrum Allionis (Châtelaillon) the historic capital which gives its name to the province.

It was a fief of the Duchy of Aquitaine. It extended to Marais Poitevin in the north, Basse Saintonge (and Niortais) in the east, and Rochefortais in the south. Aunis had an influence approximately 20–25 km into the Isle of Ré (l'Île de Ré).

The province was officially recognised during the reign of Charles V of France in 1374: "In 1374, Charles V separated La Rochelle from Saintonge to set up a provincial government, comprising the jurisdictions of Rochefort, Marennes and, for a time, Benon. It was thus that Aunis legally became a separate province."

Aunis was the smallest province in France, in terms of area. Nowadays it is a part of the Charente-Maritime département together with Saintonge.

People from Aunis were called Aunisien (masculine) or Aunisienne (feminine). The English term is Aunisian.

Geography
Aunis is mostly a rolling chalk plain, whose navigable rivers have always been important modes of communication, and from which came economic development and the urbanisation of the region.

The region is coastal, with varied seafronts and offshore islands, from which maritime activities diversified. Nowadays tourism is of great importance.

Geographic framework
Aunis has two river borders, those of the Sèvre Niortaise in the north, and the Charente in the south. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean and two islands, the Île de Ré and the Île d'Aix. To the east it is bordered by the valley of the Mignon (the main left tributary of the Sèvre Niortaise), by the hills of Saintonge around Saint-Félix, and by the valleys of the Trézence and Boutonne.

Aunis is a chalk plain of the Jurassic period, characterised by gently rolling hills, where no valley is completely enclosed, and where the land has a regular descent towards the sea. The islands of Ré and Aix were made at the same time and from the same type of rock. The chalk table completes the triangular promontory which juts into the Atlantic, forming the northern extremity of the Aquitaine Basin.

Large freshwater and seawater marshes have formed in places that have been drained, hardly altering the general relief. The seawater marshes correspond to ancient marine gulfs, made from marine or fluvial sediments. Since the Middle Ages they have been continuously drained by people. In the north, the Marais Poitevin dries up, at the centre there are the valleys of the small river Curé and its main tributary the Virson and in the east the valley of the Mignon. In the south is the marshland of "Little Flanders" (la Petite Flandre), drained since the 17th century. Together these constitute an important reservoir of fresh water, essential for the agricultural and snail-farming activities of the north of the department.

Transport
The geography of the plain was always very unfavourable for communications. The region was almost an enclave, and for a long time on the margins of the French kingdom politically as well as geographically.

Huge efforts were made to break this geographical isolation. Without doubt the most spectacular was the coming of the railway in 1857, running from La Rochelle and Rochefort to Paris. This line has been repeatedly modernised (made double track, and electrified in 1993 for use by the TGV).

The regional railways connecting Nantes to Bordeaux also serve Aunis, passing through La Rochelle, Châtelaillon-Plage and Rochefort.

Roads have also been considerably modernised, notably the roads from La Rochelle to Rochefort, from La Rochelle to Niort, the A837 autoroute from Rochefort to Saintes, the viaduct over the Charente at Rochefort, the ring road around La Rochelle, and the bridge to the Île de Ré, all of which are now dual carriageways.

The modernisation of communication infrastructure had its heyday in the second half of the 19th century, at the end of the Second French Empire, and economic activity diversified.

Agricultural and maritime activities
The two principal agricultural resources are intensive arable farming (wheat, maize, oil seed) and livestock farming. Dairy cows have long been the mainstay, but more and more cows and bulls are raised for beef (principally in the marshy areas).

Vineyards were virtually abandoned after phylloxera wiped them out in 1876, although there are still some on the Île de Ré.

At sea, between the estuary of the Sèvre Niortaise and the north of La Rochelle, mussel farming (mytiliculture) has an important place, while Fouras and the Marais d'Yves Nature Reserve are the main centres for oyster farming. La Rochelle keeps its place as a fishing port thanks to its modern port of Chef-de-Baie, but even so fishing is in decline.

Reclamation of sea salt from the marshes of Aunis brought the region its riches in the Middle Ages, but this has now completely disappeared from the coast of mainland Aunis. However, it still takes place on the Île de Ré and notably on the nearby Île d'Ars, and has lately achieved a certain notability for its small-volume craft production and minimal postprocessing.

In the north-east of Aunis there is a huge forest of hardwood trees, the Forest of Benon, which has been protected because it is unique to the region. With an area of 3300 ha, it is the Aunisiens' "green belt".

Industrial diversification

 * La Rochelle Chamber of Commerce
 * Rochefort and Saintonge Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Aunis does not have the strong industrial tradition which is the trademark of regions of the North and of Lorraine, and it was only at the end of the 19th century that factories started to be developed. After World War II, industry in Aunis continued, was reinforced, diversified and brought up-to-date.

Three industrial hubs emerged in Aunis to bring together the industries of Charente-Maritime:
 * La Rochelle specialised in railway construction (Alstom) and naval construction (Chantiers navals Gamelin), motor parts (Delphi Corporation), food industries (Senoble), chemicals and pharmaceuticals (Rhodia) and pleasure boats (Dufour, Fontaine-Pajot). It is by far the largest hub of the department. It is also a large commercial port, the eighth largest in all France. In 2007 it was granted the status of port autonome ("self-governing port").
 * Rochefort and Tonnay-Charente developed port activities on the river Charente. The two towns have diverse industrial activities with aerospace (EADS, Simair), automotive industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical and plastics industries, pleasure boating, among them. The industrial area of Rochefort-Tonnay-Charente is the second hub of the department.
 * Surgères has become a hub for the food industry, augmented by metallurgical and plastic industries.

In addition there are two smaller, newer industrial areas: Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis and Marans, Charente-Maritime.

Tourism
Thanks to the sea, Aunis developed its tourist potential which, in the late 19th century, came to the fore with the trend for sea bathing. Bathing beaches such as Châtelaillon-Plage and Fouras gained notability, while the larger beaches such as those of the Île de Ré became national treasures from the 1960s. The Pertuis d'Antioche, which is effectively an inland sea, was popular for pleasure boating in the 1970s. La Rochelle, with its immense Port des Minimes, can hold 5,000 pleasure boats, and has become the largest pleasure boating port on the French Atlantic. Ars-en-Ré, La Flotte and Saint-Martin-de-Ré are also well-known pleasure ports, while the river ports of Marans on the Sèvre niortaise, and Rochefort, on the Charente, had disused port basins that have become home to pleasure boats, and can each take more than 200 craft.

The Île de Ré lives totally by tourism and can accommodate up to 250,000 tourists during the summer season. This "invasion" is even more pronounced on the Île d'Aix which accommodates up to 180,000 tourists each year, even though it does not have a car bridge.

Aunis has also developed its cultural and urban tourism with its two great historical towns of La Rochelle and Rochefort. The small towns of the interior are not without interest and have enhanced their heritage sites, like Surgères (Notre-Dame church, castle, renovated town centre) and Marans (port and river site), Tonnay-Charente (management of Charente quays). Aunis has made huge efforts to put in place green tourism and has developed, notably at Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis, quality tourist bases (lac de Frace, tourist complex of La Taillée).

Demography
In 2006 the region had 286,872 inhabitants, nearly half the total population of Charente-Maritime (47.9%).

In 2010, the northwest of the department had ten of the seventeen towns of over 5,000 inhabitants, and 31 of the department's 60 communes of over 2,000 inhabitants.

The region covers 1497.16 km2, 21.8% of the whole department.

The population density of the region is more than twice that of the departmental average: 192 PD/sqkm, compared to 87 PD/sqkm for Charente-Maritime as a whole. It is nearly thrice that of the Poitou-Charentes region at 67 PD/sqkm and is higher than the national average, which in 2006 was 113 PD/sqkm.

The ratio of urban to rural population is comparable to the national average, which is 3:4. This is considerably different from Charente-Maritime as a whole, where the ratio is nearer 3:5.

The region became considerably more urban after World War II, though the population is unevenly distributed. Above all, the Aunis coastal towns have expanded to provide the larger part of employment and leisure.

La Rochelle and Rochefort are the most populous urban areas not just in Aunis but in all Charente-Maritime. The two towns are becoming twin cities with many suburbs, connected by regular railway trains. This heavily built-up area is now home to over 200,000 inhabitants (201,509 inhabitants in 2006). This urban area is second in the region after the "Clain corridor", which runs between Poitiers and Châtellerault. Near the coast the towns have formed a dense urban web and the population density is particularly high: 288 PD/sqkm in the three cantons of Rochefort, 686 PD/sqkm in the canton of Aytré, 919 PD/sqkm in the combined cantons of La Rochelle. The La Rochelle-Rochefort twin city area alone includes nine towns of the seventeen with more than 5,000 inhabitants, and twenty communes with more than 2,000 inhabitants, of the sixty in Charente-Maritime in 2006.

The concentration of the population is even greater in the immediate neighbours of La Rochelle, where the canton of La Jarrie had a population density of 149 PD/sqkm in 2006.

Beyond the La Rochelle-Rochefort twin city area, the population density is lower, and is indeed lower than the departmental average, which was 87 PD/sqkm in 2006. The cantons of Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis, Surgères and Marans had respectively 70 PD/sqkm, 62 PD/sqkm and 62 PD/sqkm. Only the Canton of Courçon had a density of less than 50 PD/sqkm (46 PD/sqkm in 2006), even though its population surged between 1999 and 2006 by 28.4%. The Pays d'Aunis, an administrative region comprising four communes (Courçon, Pays Marandais, Plaine d'Aunis and Surgères), returned a census in 2006 of 61,058 inhabitants in an area of 939 km2, giving a density of 65 PD/sqkm. It is still a mostly rural region, but is rapidly becoming more built-up.

Urbanisation has been just as fast on the Île de Ré, especially in the east. In the Canton of Saint-Martin-de-Ré all the communes have over 2,000 inhabitants, and the population density is one of the highest of the entire department, at 299 PD/sqkm in 2006 compared to 87 PD/sqkm for the whole department and 242 PD/sqkm for the urban area of La Rochelle. In 2006 the population density of the Île de Ré was the highest of the entire French coast, being a record high of 207 PD/sqkm.

The principal towns of Aunis are:
 * La Rochelle with 77,196 inhabitants is by far the most populous town in the Charente-Maritime department. Including its suburbs its population is nearly 120,000, and in the Poitou-Charentes region it is second only to Poitiers.
 * Rochefort is the third town of Charente-Maritime, after La Rochelle and Saintes, but together with Tonnay-Charente it is the second largest urban area in the department with 37,095 inhabitants, making it equal fifth in the Poitou-Charentes region.
 * Surgères with 5,982 inhabitants, is the twelfth largest town in Charente-Maritime.
 * Marans, with 4,654 inhabitants, is the largest commune in the department by area, at 82.49 km2. It is nearly as large as the whole of the Île de Ré at 85.32 km2.
 * Fouras regenerated into a vibrant small seaside resort in the 1990s. The town now has about 4,000 inhabitants.
 * Aigrefeuille d'Aunis, with 3,523 inhabitants, leads the Communauté de communes Plaine d'Aunis which, with 20,987 inhabitants, is the most populated of the Pays d'Aunis.
 * On the Île de Ré, Saint-Martin-de-Ré and La Flotte make up a small urban area with 5,504 inhabitants, but Sainte-Marie-de-Ré is the most populous single commune, with 3,027 inhabitants.

Toponymy
The name of the province appears for the first time in history in 785 AD. Following the partition of Aquitaine into nine counties, as decreed by Charlemagne in 778, the name of Aunis, written as Pagus Alnensis, appeared in the last will and testament of Count Roger.

But the etymology of the name has been given many different interpretations and folk etymologies that are still used today. Even so, some people think "The most probable origin is that the town of Aulnay (Aulnay en Saintongeais), which was more important in the Middle Ages than it is today. Aulnay marked the frontier between Santones and Pictones. Little by little the province shrank until the frontier was situated a long way from Aulnay. It is the smallest province in France". This interpretation does not pass muster, because there is absolutely no connection between the original names of Aulnay which, in Latin, were written Odenaco (in 951) or Audeniaco (in 970), so that Aunis, with its older name as seen above, was written Pagus Alensis or instead Pagus Alienensis. Even now, there is no consensus among historians and etymologists.

Etymologists have proposed three possible interpretations which deserve consideration:
 * the name should be linked to the forest, because the aulne (Alder) was very common in mediaeval times; the province became the pays des aulnes ("Alder Region").
 * the etymology must be interpreted as being cognate with that of an ancient barbaric people. According to some historians, Aunis was populated by a tribe of Alani, who invaded Gaul in 406 AD. Delayant in his time described the idea that the Alani would have settled in Aunis: "Their attacks were at first aimed at looting rather than conquest. The Vandals had merely passed through. We must think of their stragglers. Some of them, turned back by the Visigoths, hid (so it is said) in this refuge between Sèvre and the Charente, and their name furnished one of numerous etymologies that have been given to the word Aunis."
 * the name of Aunis is related to the eventful history of the town of Châtelaillon in mediaeval times. The first capital of Aunis was in practice Châtelaillon (today Châtelaillon-Plage), designated by its Latin name Castrum Allionis heard as  château d'Aunis, Aunis castle. This last theory has found favour with a large number of historians.

History
In ancient times the region was a long way from civilisation. It was not until the Middle Ages that the province entered history, when La Rochelle sealed its fate and became its capital.

The "pays des aulnes" in antiquity
In Celtic and Gallo-Roman times, the northern part of Santonie, which became called "Aunis", was a long-neglected region far from civilisation, with no communications.

The old "Forest of Argenson" covered the entire region. For many centuries this huge forest made a near-impenetrable natural frontier stretching from the rivers Boutonne and Charente to the east, which kept it apart from the ancient province of the Pictones. This was the pays des aulnes (Alder Region), where the trees had established themselves on riverbanks and in the marshy valleys, but where beeches and oaks also made up a dark and mysterious forest, awe-inspiring and full of superstition.

Moreover, the deep sea gulfs (Gulf of Pictones, to the north, Gulf of Santones, to the south) made it a slender peninsula. Its seclusion lent its name as Pagus Santonum, now Saintonge. This geographic isolation made communications and trade very poor. One can see from a road map of Gallo-Roman times, Aunis is entirely absent. The old Roman road which ran from Mediolanum Santonum (now the town of Saintes) to Juliomagus (now the town of Angers) was routed entirely to the east of Aunis. The name of this Roman road remains in some modern place names as La Chaussée de Saint-Félix ("St Felix's Way") and La Chaussée de Marsais ("Marshland Way"): this is Route départmentale D.120, which runs from Saint-Jean-d'Angély until the department's border with Deux-Sèvres. This Roman road is found in the "Table de Peutinger", where again no Roman road goes into Aunis.

Finally, the valleys of the rivers Curé, Virson, Mignon, and Gères, which were much larger than today, cut deeply through the region's invading forest. But they had the inconvenience of being marshy and prone to floods that turned them into real marshes and bogs, making the region particularly difficult to reach.

All these natural phenomena combined, so that it has been said "this region [...], often flooded and marshy, has its riches, is easy to defend, but cannot become the fulcrum for an attack".

The coast was occupied by the Celts, even during the time of Pagus Santonum – they preferred to call the area Saintonge and themselves Santones – and then the Romans in the 1st century BC. Saintonge offered better living and working conditions than the northern area (Aunis) thanks to the large valleys of the river Charente and its two principal tributaries, the Seugne and the Boutonne. The huge Gironde Estuary of the Seudre allowed direct contact with the more advanced civilisation of the Roman Empire to the south, via the Garonne valley. Transport was largely on the waterways, even after the Romans had built their more advanced – and more expensive – roads.

Before the Roman conquest around the middle of the 1st century AD, the Celts had a stronghold over the northern shores of the Gulf of Santones. They had even colonised some of the islands in the gulf, which today are part of the Marais (marsh) de Rochefort. The Santones had worked laboriously to perfect a technique of saltwater extraction, and their ancient production sites were put right on the shoreline. These are sites à sel ("salt sites"). These small-scale production sites were particularly numerous in the north of the Gulf of Santones, equally along the coastline, in the deep estuaries, and all around the islands (notably the Île d'Albe).

The salt sites were quickly abandoned after the Roman conquest, because the new colonists brought with them a better-performing and more-productive technique for producing salt. Nevertheless, the Romans preferred to have their first salt marshes in the south, notably at Marennes, and on the banks of the river Seudre. Salt production, which before had been driven by profit, could be done faster around the Gironde, which became an important arterial river for the transport of goods to and from the southern provinces of the Roman Empire.

During the first three centuries of the Gallo-Roman period, the Romans were especially keen to colonise the area between the coastline of Aunis and the ancient sylve d'Argenson ("Forest of Argenson"), taking lands latterly in Santone hands. The new colonists, somewhat turning their backs to the sea, set up their villae – large farms of some dozens of acres, predating the towns themselves – at Ardillières, Le Thou, Ballon, and Thairé. All these sites left numerous archaeological finds: at Ballon, the remains of a Gallo-Roman villa have been found; at Ardillières, tombs with Gallo-Roman objects have been recovered; at Thou, a Gallo-Roman villa and some coins were discovered in the 19th century.

However, near the end of the 3rd century AD, the Pagus Santonum entered a new age of prosperity, and its northern part was just as prosperous, after it was integrated into Aquitaine. The Romans also had interests in the "Pays des Aulnes" and had started to clear the Forest of Argenson on its eastern border. During the 1st century AD they had built the Roman road connecting Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes) to Juliomagus (Angers) but it passed Aunis by, so clearings were opened into this vast forest, notably at Vouhé. Here remains of a Gallo-Roman villa have been restored, together with many fragmentary finds. At Saint-Georges-du-Bois, previously Argenton, the Romans built a small amphitheatre.

In the 4th century AD the Romans decided to clear the Forest of Argenson along the southern shores of the Gulf of Pictones, which had been occupied by Celts since ancient times. The present Forest of Benon is in this area, where the Romans also established villae, whose names still linger on, such as that of the Gallo-Roman site Breuil-Bertin in the commune of Saint-Ouen-d'Aunis., or the old Nobiliaco – nowadays the commune of Nuaillé-d'Aunis, or indeed that of Villa Liguriaco at Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis.

These attempts at deforestation and colonisation did succeed, albeit belatedly, but came to a halt with the invasions of the 5th century AD. So, the "barbarous" people sealed the fall of the western Roman Empire, with pillage and destruction from which Santonie did not escape. The province was then occupied by the Visigoths from the start of the 5th century AD, and then by the Franks, who took over after their victory in Vouillé in 507 AD.

The "pagus alnensis" in the Middle Ages
Aunis was once again neglected throughout the Middle Ages, "ignoring" the barbarians who had, after all, appropriated the great Roman roads during their invasions. From the time the Franks settled in the 6th century to the Carolingian dynasty in the 9th power in the province was unstable and autarchic.

It was under Carolingian rule that Saintonge truly entered recorded history.

Its name, Pagus Alnensis, appears for the first time in 785. It was under the control of the Counts of Poitou. Towards the end of the 10th century, after Carolingian power collapsed, Aunis separated from Saintonge and had its first capital, Châtelaillon.

In the 9th and 10th centuries the Counts of Poitou hastened to fortify the Aunis coast. They built the four-tower fortress at Châtelaillon as their stronghold to deal with the Viking threat. But repeated Norman incursions into the interior, reached by river and stream, caused great insecurity. So in the 9th century the Duke of Poitou built the fortified city of Surgères, also called the castrum of Benon, with "a tower that stood in the middle of a square, encircled by two paths and three moats".

At the end of the 11th century, the Counts of Poitou started to pay attention to the forsaken backwaters of the region, and made them a priority. Above all, they encouraged powerful abbeys to be founded after clearing the Forest of Argenson. Grâce-Dieu (God's Grace) Abbey was built in Benon, being the first Cistercian abbey to be founded in Aunis, and an active participant in the forest clearing movement. The clearings opened the way into the ancient forest to set up villages and farming (wheat, oats, barley) and to plant vines. The powerful monasteries, backed up by the lords, helped with the clearings of Aunis in the 11th century. But it is mostly during the 12th and 13th centuries that these earthworks were completed; much later that they became the "plain" of Aunis.

On the coast, the salt waters had become amenable and created Aunis's wealth, and by the end of the 11th century its prosperity was assured. Châtelaillon rapidly became the largest fortified city in Aunis and an important port for the transport of salt from Aunis, and wine from Saintonge.

After the demise of Châtelaillon in 1130, La Rochelle quickly rose to prominence and became the new capital of Aunis: "The demise of Châtelaillon dates to 1130, but it was only in 1144 that Alon family control was removed. A party assembled at Mauléon, the nearest island to Aunis, and they built the new town of La Rochelle there starting in 1151".

The province was thus controlled in 1130 by William X, Duke of Aquitaine, bringing the dowry of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Louis VII of France, then, after their divorce and her remarriage, to King Henry II of England. Aunis was returned to the French with Louis VIII of France in 1224, but was restored by the Treaty of Brittany in 1360 by John II of France. This yoke was shaken off in 1371, and the province restored to King Charles V of France.

Birth of the province
In 1374 the King officially separated Saintonge in 1374 and set up Aunis: "In 1374, Charles V separated La Rochelle from Saintonge to set up a provincial government, comprising the jurisdictions of Rochefort, Marennes and, for a time, Benon. It was thus that Aunis legally became a separate province."

The province was much larger in mediaeval times, and underwent numerous changes to its borders. It extended from the Marais Poitevin in the north, to the lower valley of the Charente in the south; to the west, it included the islands of Île de Ré and the Île d'Aix, at the mouth of the Charente. However, in the east the borders were often ill-defined and subject to change. It is likely that Aunis extended to the ports of Niort and also included the viguerie of Saint-Jean d'Angély. With the official establishment of the province in 1374, during the reign of Charles V of France, Aunis recovered Rochefort and Marennes, but its eastern boundaries were still vague.

During the Reformation
The Protestant Reformation, started in the time of Francis I of France, gave Aunis much greater power: it was the last stand of the resistance movement, which survived until La Rochelle fell in 1628.

End of the Ancien Régime
When the départements were established under the French Constitution of 1791, Aunis was a very small province both in area and population. Despite the resistance of its inhabitants and the energetic interventions of its leaders, in 1790 it was coalesced with the much larger region of Saintonge to form the Department of Charente-Maritime.

Quote
"L'aultre partie, cependent, tirera vers Onys, Sanctonge, Angomoys et Gascoigne, ensemble Perigot, Medoc et Elanes. Sans resistence prendront villes, chasteaux et forteresses."

"The other party, meanwhile, will head for Aunis, Saintonge, Angoumois and Gascony, together with Périgord, Médoc and Elanes. They will take towns, castles and fortresses without resistance."

Places of interest
In La Rochelle:
 * The Saint Nicolas Tower, The Chain Tower, Lantern Tower (La Rochelle, France).
 * La Rochelle Town Hall, in the Renaissance style.

In Surgères:
 * The Romanesque church of Notre-Dame.

In Rochefort:
 * The Royal Ropemakers.

Notable people

 * Amador de la Porte, Governor of the Saintonge and Aunis regions.

title: Aunis


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The Crimson White

The Crimson White, known colloquially as "The CW," is a student-run publication of the University of Alabama published twice a week under The Crimson White Media Group. Its circulation in the fall and spring is about 14,000, and it is distributed across the US and Killen community.

Organization
The Crimson White is part of UA's Office of Student Media (OSM), an auxiliary department overseen by the university's vice president for student affairs. The department also includes Alice Magazine, the Black Warrior Review and Marr's Field Journal literary magazines, The Southern Historian history journal, and 90.7 The Capstone, the student-run radio station. The OSM associate director for editorial advises the newspaper staff but has no control over or responsibility for The Crimson White's content.

The Crimson White's Editor-in-Chief is selected annually by the 11-member Media Planning Board (MPB), whose membership includes students, faculty, and media professionals. All staff positions and titles are dependent upon the current Editor-in-Chief and are traditionally decided in mid-April after the next year's editor has been selected. Depending on ad sales, the newspaper's general size varies between 12 and 16 pages, with some special editions reaching more than 30 pages.

The Crimson White is an affiliate of UWIRE, which distributes and promotes its content to their network.

History
The Crimson White began production in 1894 as "The Crimson-White" and derived its name from the team colors of UA athletics teams, crimson and white. The hyphen in the newspaper's name first disappeared from the masthead in the early 1960s and was gone for good by 1974. The paper originally was a weekly publication but added editions through the years until reaching a four-days-a-week printing schedule by the 1980s. The CW ceased printing four days a week on August 24, 2015, opting instead to print a twice-weekly newspaper with a more graphically focused newsmagazine style.

The Crimson White first known female editor was Barbara Hodge in 1942–43. At least 20 women have held the paper's top job since then. The newspaper's first black editor was Joseph Bryant, who served in 2000–01. Among CW editors who have gone on to greater fame are former U.S. Senator John Sparkman, Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial writer Ron Casey, and Chicago Tribune legal affairs reporter Jan Crawford Greenburg. Other famous former CW staffers include longtime New York Yankees broadcaster Mel Allen, Crazy in Alabama author Mark Childress, and New Journalism pioneer Gay Talese.

The newspaper has a tradition of confrontation with authority figures, including UA administrators, city and state officials, and the Machine, a select coalition of traditionally white fraternities and sororities designed to influence campus politics. The Crimson White named this society in 1928 and has covered its behavior since the late 1960s. In addition to campus news coverage, the newspaper regularly localizes national stories, and it often reports on government affairs and breaking news in Tuscaloosa and Alabama. The Crimson White's editorial board also frequently endorses candidates in Student Government Association elections and in city, state, and national elections.

The Crimson White and its staff members have won numerous accolades through the years, including Collegiate Crown Awards and Gold Circle Awards. The newspaper also is regularly one of the top winners at the annual Southeastern Journalism Conference.

The Crimson White was awarded the National Pacemaker Award in 1977, 2015 and 2019, the highest award in collegiate journalism which is often commonly referred to as "the Pulitzer Prize of collegiate journalism."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Crimson White


text:
Squamscott River

The Squamscott River is a 6 mi tidal river in southeastern New Hampshire, in the United States, fed by the Exeter River. The first 33 mi of freshwater river from Chester to downtown Exeter is known as the Exeter River, and the subsequent 9 mi of saltwater from downtown Exeter to the Great Bay tidal estuary is known as the Squamscott River.

The combined Exeter-Squamscott watershed is 81,726 acre and contains 68,245 people. It includes portions of Chester, Raymond, Fremont, Danville, Kingston, East Kingston, Sandown, Kensington, Brentwood, Exeter, Newfields, and Stratham.

Etymology
The Squamscott, also spelled Swampscott and Swamscott, gets its name from the Squamscott Indians, who called it Msquam-s-kook (or Msquamskek), translated as "at the salmon place" or "big water place". Plentiful game, the marshes and lush river-fed vegetation, and an abundance of fish supported the northeast Native American people who were present in the region for thousands of years until English settlers displaced them in the early 17th century. The Native American tribes of New Hampshire were most likely from the Abenaki nation, and independent of the Maine-based tribes. The name "Abenaki" and its derivatives originated from a Montagnais (Algonquin) word meaning "people of the dawn" or "easterners". In the eastern part of New Hampshire were the Pequaquaukes (or Pequakets), the Ossipees, the Minnecometts, the Piscataquas and the Squamscotts (Msquamskek).

Exeter River
The Exeter River originates from a group of freshwater spring-fed ponds in Chester, New Hampshire, and ends at the Great Dam of downtown Exeter. The river moves through wetlands in Fremont and Danville, some rapids in Brentwood, and through forest at Phillips Exeter Academy before ending at the dam. The dam in Exeter was removed in the summer of 2016, restoring the river's natural flow into the Squamscott River.

There are falls and small dams at several locations along the river.

The Exeter River drainage basin encompasses an area of 126 sqmi. The upper 33.3 mi of the river, from its headwaters to its confluence with Great Brook in Exeter, were designated into the NH Rivers Management and Protection Program in August 1995.

Squamscott River
The Squamscott begins at downtown Exeter and runs north between Newfields and Stratham to Great Bay, which is connected to the Piscataqua River, and eventually feeds into the Atlantic Ocean.

After rising at the Great Bridge (a Works Progress Administration project that carries what is now New Hampshire Route 27) in downtown Exeter, the river passes the Phillips Exeter Academy boathouse, then tends north alongside the Swasey Parkway, through the haymarshes, passing by the town's water purification plant and then under Route 101, a major east–west arterial road in New Hampshire. The river next passes under Route 108 at the boundary of Newfields and Stratham. The river then debouches into Great Bay, a broad and shallow tidal estuary, just south of the mouth of the Lamprey River, arriving at the bay from Newmarket.

The Squamscott River is 9 mi long, and transitions from freshwater to saltwater as it enters the Great Bay estuary.

Wildlife
The watershed is dominated by hardwood and transitional forests, which provide habitat for moose, black bear, and birds. The river also is habitat for Blanding's turtles, New England cottontail, and the blue spotted salamander. Fish species include brook trout, small and large mouth bass, yellow perch, and chain pickerel; there is also a spawning area for alewife and blueback herring.

Human use
The Phillips Exeter Academy sport rowing crew team holds its practices on the Squamscott River in Exeter.

As of 2023, there is an active sewer pipe replacement project for the sewers underneath Squamscott River. These sewers serve approximately 35% of the town including Jady Hill, Exeter Mill and sections of the commercial areas on Portsmouth Avenue, and were discovered by cleaners to be corroded from being over fifty years old. Water is being drawn into the pipe from a corrosion-caused leak, which may lead to the backup of sewage into people's homes.

title: Squamscott River


text:
User talk:Kaylov

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title: User talk:Kaylov


text:
Mark Tuinei

Mark Pulemau Tuinei (March 31, 1960 – May 6, 1999) was an American professional football player who was an offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors. Known as a "gentle giant", his career lasted for 15 years (1983–1997) and his ability to protect quarterback Troy Aikman and to run-block for running back Emmitt Smith helped them win Super Bowls in 1992, 1993, and 1995 and the NFC East Division in 1985 and 1992-96. He was also selected for the Pro Bowl in 1994 and 1995.

Early life
Tuinei was born in Oceanside, California, and raised in Nānākuli, Hawaii. He attended Punahou School in Honolulu. He was named the Hawaii Prep Lineman of the Year as a senior, won the state shot put championship and was an All-Star basketball player on the same team as Barack Obama.

College career
Tuinei played for two seasons at UCLA where he started at defensive tackle as a sophomore, finishing fifth on the team in tackles. The next year, he decided to drop out of the school before facing the possibility of being expelled after a fight incident.

As a junior, he transferred back home to the University of Hawaiʻi, but was suspended for the year, after being indicted on assault charges that led to spending three months in prison. He was nagged by injuries his senior year and played in only seven games, including 5 starts at defensive tackle.

In 2007, he was inducted into the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the Polynesian Hall of Fame.

Professional career
Although he was selected by the Boston Breakers in the 19th round (227th overall) of the 1983 USFL Draft, he opted to sign as an undrafted free agent with the Dallas Cowboys in 1983. He made the team as a backup defensive tackle.

Considered one of the strongest players on the team, in his first two years he played mostly on special teams and short yardage situations, while being a backup at both defensive end and defensive tackle.

In the 1985 preseason, the Cowboys offense needed help and like defensive tackles Blaine Nye and Pat Donovan before him, he was switched to play on the offensive line, backing up Tom Rafferty at center.

In 1986, he worked at all three offensive line positions until settling at offensive tackle. However injuries to Kevin Brooks and Don Smerek early in the season, forced him to split time between the defensive and offensive lines. In the fifth week against the Denver Broncos, he led the defensive line with six tackles while replacing an injured Randy White. In the next game, he was named the starting left tackle against the Washington Redskins and remained there for the rest of the season.

In 1987, he was progressing through his second season as the starting left tackle, when he sustained a left knee injury in the Thanksgiving game against the Minnesota Vikings, losing the last month on the injured reserve list. The next year he reinjured the same knee early in the season, but still saw action in 5 games before being put on injured reserve.

In 1989, he didn't miss a play in a game or a practice. In 1990, during a season that experienced a number of players being juggled around the offensive line, Tuinei remained a solid foundation at left tackle, by starting all 13 games he played, and missing 3 contests with a sprained right knee he suffered against the New York Jets.

In 1991, he suffered a groin injury that forced him to miss 4 games, returning to the starting lineup against the Houston Oilers, to help Emmitt Smith lead the NFL in rushing.

In 1992, he started the first 5 games, but injured his back lifting weights in the week leading up to the Kansas City Chiefs contest. He was forced to sit out the game, but was able to return against the Los Angeles Raiders, contributing to Smith earning his second consecutive NFL rushing championship.

In 1994, he suffered back spasms in the first quarter against the Washington Redskins, that required him to spend 2 nights in the hospital and miss the Arizona Cardinals game. He returned to the starting lineup against the Philadelphia Eagles. He helped the offensive line establish a new franchise record by allowing 20 sacks in a season, while being elected for his first Pro Bowl.

In 1995, he contributed to Smith winning his fourth rushing title, score an NFL record 25 rushing touchdowns and gain a club record 1,773 rushing yards. He received his second selection to the Pro Bowl, as part of a line that broke the team record by allowing just 18 sacks in a season.

The next year suffered a torn medial collateral ligament in his right knee in a preseason game against the New England Patriots, which eventually required offseason surgery. Despite the injury, he contributed to the offensive line leading the league in allowing the fewest sacks with 19. He missed playing time against the Atlanta Falcons after re-aggravating his injury in the first quarter. He only sat out the season finale against the Washington Redskins and returned for the playoffs. Knee problems ended his career after the 1997 season, when Larry Allen took over for him at left tackle.

"We just all loved the guy," said former Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach. "He was just a gentle giant. He was just one of those unsung players that goes out and does their job. He was one of those kind of players every team needs. He was a role model for the NFL." He suffered knee injuries most of his career, yet he would play a total of 195 games, more than any other Cowboys offensive player ever. He also helped to protect Hall of Fame quarterback Troy Aikman and pave the way for Hall of Fame running back Smith to become the National Football League all-time leading rusher.

Tuinei was a key member of the Cowboys offensive line, helping the team win Super Bowl XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX, along with the NFC East Division in 1985 and from 1992 to 1996. His role in some of the greatest offensive lines in NFL history was detailed in the 2013 NFL Network's film A Football Life: "the Great Wall of Dallas".

On April 14, 1998, he was released in a salary-cap move, finishing tied with Ed "Too Tall" Jones and Bill Bates for the most seasons in a Cowboy uniform—with 15. He is considered to be one of the greatest offensive tackles in Cowboys franchise history.

Death
In May 1999, Tuinei was found unconscious in his antique Ford car, and he was pronounced dead upon arrival at a hospital in the Dallas suburb of Plano. He had been planning to return to Punahou School to serve as the offensive line coach. The autopsy revealed that Tuinei died of a combination of heroin and a form of the drug ecstasy. His death was ruled an accidental overdose. Upon the release of the autopsy results, Plano police chief Bruce Glasscock was quoted alleging that it was Tuinei's first experience with heroin.

"What you had was a 39-year-old male, 6'5", in excess of 300 pounds, a healthy individual, took one shot of heroin and basically dropped dead as a result", Glasscock said during his press conference regarding Tuinei. Tuinei got the heroin from four people who belonged to a drug ring. The four men were charged, tried and convicted for conspiracy to distribute heroin and cocaine. Jesus Carbajal received a life sentence. Julian Solis Perez and Andres Milan were sentenced to eleven-year prison terms, and Favian Ramos received a twelve-year sentence.

Family and personal life
Mark's brother, Tom, was an All-WAC defensive tackle at the University of Hawaii, before playing for the Detroit Lions and the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos. Another brother, Van, played defensive end in the National Football League. A cousin, Dan Saleaumua, was an All-Pro nose tackle in the NFL. A nephew Lavasier, played wide receiver in the Canadian Football League. Another nephew, Tumua Tuinei III, played defensive back at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

In 1982, Mark Tuinei had a small role as a Samoan college student in the episode "Italian Ice" of the TV series Magnum, P.I.

At the time of his death, he was married to Pono Tuinei.

title: Mark Tuinei


text:
User talk:Kewldog

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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Meelar (talk) 14:27, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kewldog


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Henrik Nordström

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 18:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Henrik Nordström
Non-notable. Cheese Sandwich 14:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. While no editor's articles should automatically get a pass, this article was created by User:Angela, who must certainly understand the Wikipedia concept of notahility, so I would check closely before I decided Henrik Nordström was not notable. In addition, the term "Henrik Nordström" gets 133,000 Google hits. -- DS1953 19:40, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, my apologies to User:Angela, I'm new here & haven't gotten the review proces down very well yet... When I read this I thought "resume of a company VP", so I put it up for VfD vote - I didn't think to research the name further. --Cheese Sandwich
 *  Yikes - could I have picked a worse person's page for VfD??? --Cheese Sandwich 19:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, yes. Angela is a darling, and would not smite you even if asked. Denni ☯ 01:13, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * Then she is quite a remarkable individual, for I am eminently smiteable! Especially after this debacle of mine! --Cheese Sandwich 02:13, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, if anybody's interested, Henrik Nordström is 4 degrees from Kevin Bacon, per http://kohl.wikimedia.org/~kate/cgi-bin/six_degrees:
 * Henrik Nordström
 * 1973
 * July 8
 * Kevin Bacon
 * --Cheese Sandwich 02:32, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Yes, technically 133,000 google hits, but google actually only gives you 16 -- the rest are explained as duplicates,, presumably from duplicated documentation with his name on it? Sdedeo 22:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Strange indeed - there actually seem to be 133,000 indexed pages featuring his name in the mail archives of his Internet domain. Also, note that Henrik and Nordström are not uncommon Swedish names (the Swedish online phone directory lists 76 persons). This Swedish-American Henrik Nordström seems almost as notable as the developer. But both are borderline at best. I'll abstain for now. / Alarm 13:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Sleepyhead 20:42, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. With all respect, I don't see notability here. He is the CTO of a company he founded himself in 2001, and is a contributor to open source projects. Do not zap me with the flames of the wiki ancients, Angela! Sdedeo 21:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He is verifiable, and is worthy of a page IMO. --Apyule 04:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Sdedeo, notability not established. The fact that Angela created the article should have no bearing on the vote. Sjakkalle (Check!)  06:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. I don't really mind. I can't remember why I wrote it; perhaps it was linked from somewhere at the time, but now it's orphaned, which makes it more deletable. It's always been in the back of my mind as the least notable person I created an article on though, so it's probably no bad thing to get rid of it. As far am I'm aware, this is my first VfD'd article ever. :) Angela. 11:47, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because it is orphaned. Fred-Chess 13:33, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above Proto t c 09:38, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete We all need at least one red-linked title on our "Stuff I wrote" list. Denni ☯ 01:12, 2005 August 26 (UTC)

 * comment I would've voted 'keep' if a google search turned up any biographical info. As it is, I'm abstaining because I have no idea if 'MARA' is signifigant/notable.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, Trijų Tautų Respublika, Річ Посполита Трьох Народів) was a proposed European state in the 17th century that would have replaced the existing Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but it was never actually formed.

A way to establishment a Grand Duchy of Ruthenia was considered by the Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection, against Polish rule in the primarily-ethnically Ukrainian territories (see Khmelnytsky Uprising). Such a Ruthenian duchy, as proposed in the 1658 Treaty of Hadiach, would have been a full-fledged member of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which would thereby have become a tripartite Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth. In May 1659, the Polish Diet (Sejm) ratified the treaty with an amended text. The plan, as envisioned by Yuri Nemyrych, would have ennobled a portion of the Cossacks, which would then run the Grand Principality of Ruthenia (1658). Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky could not get enough Cossacks agree to keeping the Uniate Church, which the Catholic church refused to liquidate, but many Cossacks were strongly against the idea.

The plan meant an annulment of the Pereiaslav Agreement's arrangements and as such renewed hostilities between the Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia.

The idea of a Ruthenian Duchy within the Commonwealth was completely abandoned in 1659 after the second Agreement. The Canadian historian Paul Robert Magosci believes that happened because of the divisions among the Cossacks and because of the Russian invasion. However, those events were much earlier than the signing of the Treaty of Hadiach. The Russian historian Tairova-Yakovleva regards the resistance of Polish society and papal pressure as the reasons for the failure in ratification.

The idea of a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth revived during the January Uprising when a patriotic demonstration took place at Horodło in 1861. The so-called Second Union of Horodło was announced there by the szlachta of Congress Poland of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania of Volhynia and of Podolia. The New Commonwealth, based on the Second Union of Horodło, was to be based on the three nations, and its proposed coat of arms included the Polish eagle, the Lithuanian Pahonia, and the patron saint of Ruthenia, the Archangel Michael.

Treaty of Hadiach
The Treaty of Hadiach (ugoda hadziacka, гадяцький договір) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach between the representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack Hetmanate. Its main goal was to create an equal position of Poles, Lithuanians and Ruthenians through the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, a country of three nations.

This decision, however, divided the Ukrainian Cossacks into pro-Russian and pro-Polish parties and led to the Ruin (Ukrainian history).

The concept of reconciliation between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was based on the principle of the confederal system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth implemented at the Lublin Sejm in 1569.

According to the conditions proposed by the hetman Vyhovsky, Ukraine as an independent state called the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia was to join the confederation on equal terms with Poland and Lithuania. The territory of the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia consisted of the Kyiv, Bratslav and Chernihiv Voivodeships. The highest legislative power belonged to the national assembly of deputies, who were elected from all lands of the principality. Executive power was exercised by the hetman, who was elected for life and approved by the king. The selection of candidates for hetman was to be carried out jointly by all levels of Ukrainian society — the Cossacks, the nobility, and the clergy. The hetman headed the armed forces of Ukraine. In the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia, the state positions of chancellor, marshal, sub-treasury and the highest judicial tribunal were established.

All paperwork was to be conducted in the Ruthenian language. In Kyiv or in another city, it was supposed to create a mint for minting one's own coin.

The Ukrainian army was to consist of 30,000 Cossacks and 10,000 troops hired by the hetman. The troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were forbidden to stay on the territory of the principality. In the event of hostilities in Ukraine, the troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which were on its territory, came under the command of the hetman. The rights and privileges of Cossacks were guaranteed. At the request of the hetman, one hundred Cossacks from each regiment were to be admitted to the nobility every year.

Orthodox believers were equal in rights with Catholics. The Greek Catholic Church was preserved, but could not spread to new territories. The Orthodox Metropolitan of Kyiv and five Orthodox bishops were to be given the right to sit in the common senate of the Commonwealth.

The agreement provided for the consolidation of the academic status of the Kyiv–Mohyla Academy and equalization of its rights with the University of Kraków. On the territory of the principality, it was planned to establish another Orthodox academy and secondary educational institutions — collegiums, as well as to fund the required number of primary schools and printing houses.

Generally speaking, the treaty was unsuccessful. From the point of view of the politics of the Cossack Hetmanate, the terms of the treaty drafted by the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were a step back compared to the terms offered to the Cossacks by Moscow four years ago. Instead of a de facto independent state under the protection of a foreign ruler, the Cossack state, now called the Duchy of Ruthenia, became a component of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, integrated into its administrative and territorial system. Its territory was divided into three voivodeships. The hetman had no right to diplomatic relations with foreign rulers. The Ukrainian Cossack army was reduced from 60 to 30 thousand. The Cossacks lost the right to elect the hetman, which now passed to the foreman. Moreover, the granting of nobility to a limited circle of Cossack elders deprived the common Cossacks of their own elite. Such conditions were significantly inferior to the proposed and largely implemented conditions of the Treaty of Pereiaslav in 1654.

After the Russo–Polish War (1654–1667), Ukraine was divided into the Right Bank, which remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until its Second Partition in 1793, and the Left Bank, which, together with Kyiv on the Right Bank, became part of the Tsardom of Russia.


text:
Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau

Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau (9 October 1770 – 23 August 1845), also spelled Lepeletier or Lepelletier, was a French entomologist, and specialist in the Hymenoptera.

In 1833, he served as president of the Société entomologique de France.

Works

 * with Gaspard Auguste Brullé Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hyménoptères. Roret, Paris 1836–46 p.m.
 * Memoires sur le G. Gorytes Latr. Arpactus Jur. Paris 1832.
 * Monographia tenthredinetarum, synonimia extricata. Levrault, Paris 1823–25.
 * Mémoire sur quelques espéces nouvelles d’Insectes de la section des hyménoptères appelés les portetuyaux et sur les caractères de cette famille et des genres qui la composent. Paris 1806.
 * Défense de Félix Lepeletier. Vatar, Paris 1796/97.
 * with  Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville a treatise on Hemiptera to Guillaume-Antoine Olivier's Histoire naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes (Encyclopédie Méthodique)


text:
Buzău Pass

Buzău Pass (Pasul Buzău) is a mountain pass that follows the Buzău River and connects Brașov with Buzău over the Buzău Mountains, in the Eastern Carpathians in Romania.

Geography
The pass is traversed by National Road DN10, from Crasna, in Covasna County, to Gura Siriului, in Buzău County. The road follows the course of the Buzău River; Lake Siriu is an artificial dam lake on the river, located at the southern end of the pass.

History
The Buzău Pass was one of the passes used by invaders, such as Turks and Tatars, to attack Transylvania. This is why the nearby region, known as Țara Bârsei was settled by Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, who built fortifications, to be prepared against such an invasion. Nevertheless, many invasions were conducted through the Buzău Pass, including the Turkish attacks of 1421, 1432, 1438, and 1508, as well as the Tatar invasion of 1658. When Ottoman forces or other invaders would break through the pass, the village of Prejmer was the first place they encountered; the village was destroyed over 50 times between the 13th and 17th centuries, while the Prejmer fortified church was only rarely captured.

title: Buzău Pass


text:
Jeffery Donaldson

Jeffery William Donaldson is a Canadian poet and critic.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Donaldson was educated at Victoria College, University of Toronto. He teaches American literature, poetry, and creative writing and literary criticism in the English Department at McMaster University and lives in Hamilton’s Westdale Village.

Poetry

 * Once Out of Nature. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991. ISBN 0-7710-2844-X
 * Waterglass. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-7735-1900-9
 * Palilalia. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-7735-3383-4
 * Guesswork. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions.  2011.  ISBN 0-86492-621-9
 * Slack Action. Porcupine's Quill, 2013.
 * Fluke Print. Porcupine's Quill, 2018.
 * Granted: Poems of Metaphor. Porcupine’s Quill, 2022.

Prose

 * Echo Soundings: Essays on Poetry and Poetics. Palimpsest Press, 2014.

 * Missing Link: the Evolution of Metaphor and the Metaphor of Evolution. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2015.

 * Viaticum: from Notebooks. Porcupine’s Quill, 2019.
 * Momento: On Standing in Front of Art. Gordon Hill, Spring 2023.

Anthologies

 * Frye and the Word: Religious Contexts in the Writings of Northrop Frye. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. (with Alan Mendelson)

 * The Essential John Reibetanz. Porcupine’s Quill, 2017.

Critical Materials

 * Leckie, Ross: The Resources of Poetry. Review of Waterglass. Fiddlehead 201 (Fall 1999, Newfoundland Issue): 119–124.
 * Ormsby, Eric: Of Deathbeds and Ventriloquists: Questions of Empathy. Review of Once Out of Nature. Essays on Canadian Writing 55 (Spring 1995): 240–247.
 * Messenger, Cynthia: 'Confluence and Separation': The Poetry of Jeffery Donaldson. Review of Once Out of Nature. Essays on Canadian Writing 48 (Winter 1992-93): 111-115.
 * Perron, Marianne: Review of Palilalia.  Grasshopper Reads:  A Review of Contemporary Canadian Literature.  February 21, 2009.  Web: November 17, 2009.
 * Keith, W.J. "The Spiritual Secularized: A Reading of Jeffery Donaldson's 'Museum.'"  "Canadian Poetry" 65 (Fall/Winter 2009): 65-76.
 * Pollock, James: "The Magic of Jeffery Donaldson."  Canadian Notes and Queries 75 (Winter 08/09):  77-84.
 * Rule, Bernadette. Interview with Jeffery Donaldson.  "Art Waves."  Art Waves #118 (July 17, 2011).  https://archive.org/details/JefferyDonaldsonArtWaves118
 * Tregebov, Rhea: Letters in Canada 1991: Poetry. Review of Once Out of Nature. University of Toronto Quarterly 62.1 (Fall 1992): 74-76.
 * Sutherland, Fraser: Old, New, Borrowed, Blue. Review of Once Out of Nature. Canadian Literature 135 (Winter 1992): 177–179.

Recognition
Donaldson received the Hamilton Arts Council Award for non-fiction in 2021 for his prose Viaticum: From Notebooks, and was nominated for the Canadian Author’s Association Award for Poetry in 2008 for his poem collection ''Palilalia.  His poem collection Slack Action'' was also shortlisted for the Hamilton Arts Council Literary Award for Poetry.

title: Jeffery Donaldson


text: File:Joss Whedon's Fray 1.jpg

title: File:Joss Whedon's Fray 1.jpg


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User talk:Migdejong

user:migdejong/archive

Re: Zuidas
Thanks for the kind words. I found the article when I was going through the ICE links pointing them at the appropriate destination pages since ICE is now a disambiguation page. slambo 18:01, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

List of hooligan firms
Hi, I thought it best to leave you a message about the edits on the above article to explain why they have been removed. If you check on the article there are a number of messages stating that firms should only be added if a verifiable source is also provided, and that any firms added without a source would be removed. Unfortunately no sources were provided for any of the firms you listed and so they have had to be removed. Please note that if any of the groups you listed are Ultras then they should be listed on the Ultras article. Thanks and best wishes. ♦Tangerines♦ · Talk 17:06, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, this English wikipedia is getting worse on a daily basis. Migdejong 09:50, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA
I saw that you prodded the article as "Horrible language", which isn't really a valid reason to delete. Do you not think that it might have been better to tag it with something from Template messages/Cleanup? I knew the article was there as I had already made some edits to it. However, because the editor's first language is not English I didn't want to keep editing it at the same time as him. I felt that to do so would possibly discourage a valid editor if I was correcting his English all the time. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 00:29, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You are right. Thanks for your work. I was just a bit shocked to see my pictures in such a context. But, thanks! Migdejong 16:09, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

iPod
Yes, to the best of my knowledge, Wikipedia's software changed to allow the lowercase "i" in iPod from IPod. Hucz 21:56, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's the lowercase template that does the trick. Migdejong 01:01, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:G-14.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:G-14.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Qwghlm (talk) 01:25, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Prod and AFD
What you did is propose the article for deletion. That is a separate deletion process, somewhere between the regular deletion discussions and speedy deletion. I have added the correct templates to Vereniging Basisinkomen and Articles for deletion/Vereniging Basisinkomen. A ecis Brievenbus 13:53, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, Bedankt!

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Sweet 75.jpg)
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title: User talk:Migdejong


text:
Talk:Longitudinal studies

To an administrator: After I wrote this stub I discovered that a similar entry Longitudinal study exists on Wikipedia. Please delete this entry or merge it with the Longitudinal study entry. Thanx. Cruise 14:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Longitudinal studies


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/U-Turn (song)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep --Tony Sidaway Talk 18:03, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

U-Turn (song)
Musical singles are/should be unworthy for an encyclopedia entry. Cheese Sandwich 14:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep very new article that appears to form part of discography, some of the articles in the discography have been worked and are more than this stubbete. I say give it air to breathe. Admittedly not my kind of music so I don't know how much this has affected our culture, so if anyone wants to persuade me their sales are so abyssmal as to be total flops, I might change my mind. Alf 15:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The bar for articles on individual singles should be set very high. Sdedeo 16:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Top 10 single by one of the most popular artists of modern times. Article needs work but I can work on that. As for singles, we have articles on hundreds of them so why should this be an exception. We possibly need criteria for inclusion but that is a different story. Capitalistroadster 17:22, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we could push for single/album articles to be merged into artist articles... --Cheese Sandwich 19:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The articles would then be way too long. Punkmorten 20:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, charting single, from an extremely notable artist. Kappa 21:30, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand. Notable artist and top ten hit. --LeoTheLion 22:09, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless it is made into an article, rather than a sentence. A good rule of thumb is if you have nothing to say about something, don't write an article on it. -R. fiend 02:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. As promised, I have expanded the article. Capitalistroadster 09:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.65.159.159

title: User talk:84.65.159.159


text:
British Chess Magazine

British Chess Magazine is the world's oldest chess journal in continuous publication. First published in January 1881, it has appeared at monthly intervals ever since. It is frequently known in the chess world as BCM.

The founder and first general editor of the magazine was John Watkinson (1833–1923). He had previously edited the Huddersfield College Magazine, which was the British Chess Magazine's forerunner. From the beginning, the magazine was devoted to the coverage of chess worldwide, and not just in Great Britain.

BCM is an independent and privately owned magazine; it is not owned or run by the former British Chess Federation (now the English Chess Federation), with which its name was occasionally confused, apart from the period August 1981 – July 1992.

Apart from being given a new look, the reloaded January 2016 BCM, now in collaboration with Chess Informant, offers more content, more pages and more writers, among them some of the top UK chess grandmasters.

General editors

 * John Watkinson (1833–1923), founding editor 1881–87.
 * Robert Frederick Green (1856–1925), editor 1888–93.
 * Isaac McIntyre Brown (1858–1934), editor 1894–1920.
 * Richard Clewin Griffith (1872–1955), editor 1920–37, and some months in 1940.
 * Harry Golombek (1911–95), editor 1938–40, International Master.
 * Julius du Mont (1881–1956), editor 1940–49.
 * Brian Patrick Reilly (1901–91), editor 1949–81.
 * Bernard Cafferty (born 1934), editor 1981–91, FIDE Master.
 * Murray Chandler (born 1960), editor 1991–99, International Grandmaster.
 * John Saunders (born 1953), editor 1999 – August 2010.
 * Steve Giddins (born 1961), editor September 2010 – April 2011, FIDE Master.
 * James Pratt (born 1959), John Upham (born 1960) and Shaun Taulbut (born 1958), International Master, co-editors May 2011 – December 2015.
 * Jimmy Adams (born 1947) FIDE Master and Josip Asik (born 1969) FIDE Master, co-editors January 2016 – October 2016.
 * Milan Dinic (born 1986), editor November 2016 – present.

Columnists

 * DJ Morgan. Wrote the "Quotes and Queries" column from 1953 to 1978.
 * Kenneth Whyld. From 1978 until his death in 2003, Whyld wrote the "Quotes and Queries" column. There is an association in his memory.
 * Christopher Ravilious. From 2003 until Autumn of 2009 he wrote the "Quotes and Queries" column.
 * Lubos Kavalek. The US GM wrote the controversial "Kavalek File".
 * William Hartston. The English IM, Bill Hartston, was one-time games Editor at BCM.
 * Sam Collins. The Irish IM was one-time games Editor at BCM.
 * Phil Hughes. Until 2010, Hughes wrote the "Quotes and Queries" column. He is now a regular contributor specialising in Nimzowitsch.
 * William Ritson-Morry. Ritson wrote the "Posers in Play" column.
 * Peter C Griffiths. wrote the "Practical Chess Endings" column.
 * A. John Roycroft, wrote the "Studies" column.
 * Charles Michael Bent, from January 1975 until 1985 wrote the Studies column
 * John Beasley. For around twenty years concluding in 2010 Beasley wrote the "Endgame Studies" column.
 * Ian Rogers. The Australian GM was a very active on-the-spot reporter under Murray Chandler's and John Saunders' editorships. Cathy Rogers, his wife, was the magazine's principal photographer during that period.
 * Jonathan Speelman. The English GM wrote the technically advanced "Speelman on the Endgame" column.
 * Ian R Watson. From 2010 onwards, he has written the "Endgame Studies" column. He is also a reviewer of new books.
 * Christopher John Feather, wrote the "Problem World" column.
 * David Friedgood. From 1992 onwards, FIDE Master Friedgood writes the "Problem World" column, retiring in 2011.
 * Richard Nevil Coles, wrote the "One Hundred Years Ago" column, a gentle look at the Victorian game.
 * Samuel Gideon Franklin, from 2011. FIDE Master Sam Franklin writes the "Sam at the Back" column.
 * Kenneth Brian Harman. From 2011, wrote the "Correspondence Chess" column, retiring in the spring of 2012. He is a Correspondence IM.
 * Shaun M. Taulbut, aside from chairmanship, pens the "Test Your Chess" column. He is an accountant and International Master.
 * John E. Upham. Aside from his editorial/business duties, Upham writes the "Spot the Continuation" column. He is also camera and lens for the readership.
 * John S. Hilbert. In 2011, wrote the "Past Practices" column. Also a top US biographer.
 * Edward J Dearing. From summer 2011, International Master Dearing writes the 'Dearing's Discoveries' column, a feature about openings.
 * Alex McFarlane. From November 2011, International Arbiter McFarlane writes the "Ask the Arbiter" column. He has controlled at Candidates level.
 * Carl Gorka. From 2011, Gorka wrote the "Endgames for Learners" column. He is now a contributor from Australia.
 * Alan A. Smith. From January 2011 writes the Quotes & Queries column, where history meets chess trivia.
 * Alan Dommett. From 2011, Dommett writes the "Practical Play" column. He is an expert on the Blackmar-Diemer Gambit.
 * Andrew Martin. From September 2011, International Master Martin writes the "GAMES DEPARTMENT" column. He presents the BCM YouTube channel.
 * Nick Pert. From October 2011. International Grandmaster Pert writes the "Endgames for Experts" column.
 * Adam Raoof. From October 2011, wrote the "Brits Abroad" column.
 * Christopher Jones. From November 2011, Composition GM Jones writes the "Problems" column. He also reviews for the magazine.
 * Peter Arthur Williams. From Autumn 2011 writes the "Peter Principle" column on the BCM website. He is one of the UKs youngest chess writers.
 * Adam Hunt is an International Master, a professional coach from a chess-playing family. He reviews DVDs.
 * Tom Rendle is an International Master and coach. From 2012, 4NCL (plus other) reports have been regularly written by Rendle.
 * John Cox is a lawyer and International Master. From 2012, his detailed reviews have become a part of many issues.
 * Julian M Way is a FIDE Master and author of a booklet about the Queen's Gambit Declined. An occasional contributor to BCM, he writes about opening perils from which, he claims, he suffers.
 * David Wei Liang Howell. From June 2012, Grandmaster Howell writes the "Game of the Month" Column.
 * Andrew P Smith. From July 2012, FIDE Master Smith writes the "Offbeat Chess" column.
 * Gary Lane. From August 2012, International Master Lane writes the "Chess Questions Answered" column,
 * Chris Fordham-Hall. From May 2013, writes the new "All our Yesterdays" column,
 * Julian (Gyula) Meszaros. From July 2013, writes a series of articles entitled "Analogy on the Chessboard".
 * Theo Slade. From August 2013, Slade, BCM's youngest columnist at twelve years old, writes "The Shock of the New".
 * Yang-Fan Zhou. From September 2013, International Master Zhou is a guest columnist.
 * Carl Portman. From October 2013, starts a series of interviews named "In the Spotlight".
 * Dan Scoones. From May 2014, writes regular articles with the theme of "Forgotten Master".
 * Pete Tamburro. From June 2014, respected author Tamburro writes the "Openings for Amateurs" column.
 * FM A. Tyson Mordue. From November 2014, Tyson writes "Club Knight" on various topics.
 * Davide Nastasio. From February 2015, he became the regular reviewer of DVDs.
 * Noam Manella. From March 2015, writes the "Hacktive Chess" column.
 * Tamas Fodor. From April 2015, Hungarian Grandmaster Fodor created the "Fodor at the Front" column.
 * Mark A. Jordan. From June 2015, Jordan writes "Congress Diary".

Feature articles

 * Geoffrey Harber Diggle, Diggle wrote various articles.
 * Harry Golombek, Golombek wrote various articles.
 * Edward G Winter, Winter wrote various articles.
 * Nigel Short, Grandmaster Short writes analytic articles.
 * James Plaskett, Grandmaster Plaskett, living in Spain, writes irregular articles.

Regular items

 * Media News
 * Editorial
 * News from the British Isles
 * New Books and DVDs Reviewed
 * Correspondence Chess
 * Local (UK) News
 * Spot the Continuation
 * Test Your Chess with IM Shaun Taulbut
 * News from Abroad
 * Problem World
 * Studies

Associated publications

 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 1: The 24th U.S.S.R Championship, Clarke, Peter Hugh, 19??.

 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 3: 4th Candidates Tournament 1959, Golombek, Harold, 19??.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 4: Hastings 1960–1961 International Tournament, ?, 19??.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 5: Around the Chess World in 80 Years—Volume 1, Divinsky, Dr. Nathan Joseph, 19??.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 6: 1930 Scarborough International Tournament, Golombek, Harold, 1962.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 7: 31st U.S.S.R. Chess Championships, 1963, ?, 1963.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 8: Around the Chess World in 80 Years—Volume 2, Divinsky, Dr. Nathan Joseph, 1965.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 9: Bognor Regis International Congress 1965, Fishlock-Lomax, J. N., 1968.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 10: Mir Sultan Khan: All-India Champion 1928, British Champion 1929–1932–1933, Coles, Richard Nevil, 1968.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 11: Boris Spassky's Road to the Summit, Cozens, William Harold, 1968.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 12: The Ben-Oni Defence, Gelenczei, Emil, 1966.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 13: Flank Openings, Keene, Raymond Dennis, 06-05-1970. ISBN 978-0-900846-03-8.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 14: 5th World Correspondence Chess Championships, Berliner, Hans and Messere, Ken, 05-12-1971. ISBN 978-0-900846-05-2.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 15: Counter Gambits, Black to Play and Win, Harding, Timothy D., 01-12-1974. ISBN 978-0-900846-13-7.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 16: Tal Since 1960, Cozens, William Harold, 1974. ISBN 978-0-900846-18-2.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 17: Staunton, the English World Champion, Keene, Raymond Dennis and Coles, Richard Nevil, 01-12-1976. ISBN 978-0-900846-19-9.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 18: The Book of the Havana International Masters' Tournament 1913, Capablanca José Raúl, 1976.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 19: Mir Sultan Khan, Coles, Richard Nevil, 01-12-1977. ISBN 978-0-900846-25-0.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 20: London 1982, The Philips and Drew Kings Tournament, Keene, Raymond Dennis, 1979. ISBN 978-0-900846-38-0.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 21: London 1927: The "British Empire Club" International Tournament, Keene, Raymond Dennis, 04-10-1983. ISBN 978-0-900846-40-3.
 * B.C.M. Quarterly, number 22: The Lost Olympiad: Stockholm 1937, Cozens, William Harold, 01-09-1985. ISBN 978-0-900846-43-4.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 1: The Grand International Masters' Chess Tournament at St. Petersburg, 1914, ?, 196? (1914).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 2: London 1899 International Tournament, ?, 196? (1899).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 3: Der Internationale Kongress Paris 1878, ?, 196? (1878).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 4: London 1862, ?, 196? (1878).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 5: Leipzig 1877 Schachkongress, Schallopp, Emil, 196? (1877).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 6: The Game and Playe of the Chesse 1474, Caxton, William, 01-12-1968 (1474). ISBN 978-0-900846-00-7.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 7: Wien 1873 Der Erste Wiener Internationale Schachkongress 1873, Lehner and Schwede, 196? (1873).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 8: New York 1916 Rice Memorial Tournament, Sergeant, Philip Walsingham, 196? (1873).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 9: Karlsbad 1911, Vidmar, Dr. Milan, 1970 (1911).
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 10: Coburg 1904 Kongress, Scellenberg, Schlecter and Marco, 01-12-1972 (1904). ISBN 978-0-900846-06-9.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 11: The Games Played in the London International Chess Tournament 1883, Minchin, James Innes, 01-12-1973 (1883). ISBN 978-0-900846-08-3.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 12: A.V.R.O. 1938 Chess Tournament, ?, 01-12-1973 (1938). ISBN 978-0-900846-10-6.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 13: Deux Cents Parties D'Echecs, volume one, Alekhine, Alexander, 01-12-1973 (?). ISBN 978-0-900846-11-3.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 13: Deux Cents Parties D'Echecs, volume two, Alekhine, Alexander, 01-12-1979 (?). ISBN 978-0-900846-29-8.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 14: Die Schacholympiade Von Hamburg 1930, F. Chalupetzky and L. Tóth, 01-12-1973. ISBN 978-0-900846-12-0.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 15: Das Internationale Schachturnier Nurnberg 1896, Tarrasch, Dr. Siegbert and Chr. Schröder, 01-12-1974 (1896). ISBN 978-0-900846-15-1.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 16: Das Internationale Schachturnier Baden Baden 1925, Tarrasch, Dr. Siegbert, 01-12-1975 (1925). ISBN 978-0-900846-16-8.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 17: Das Champion-Turnier Zu Ostende 1907, Tarrasch, Dr. Siegbert, 1975 (1907). ISBN 0-900846-21-6.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 18: Das Internationale Schachturnier Karlsbad 1923, Kagan, Bernhard, 01-12-1977 (1923). ISBN 978-0-900846-26-7.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 19: Mährisch-Ostrau 1923 Internationales Schachmeister-Turnier, Kagan, Bernhard, 01-12-1978 (1923). ISBN 978-0-900846-27-4.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 20: World Chess Championship 1948, Golombek, Harold, 01-03-1982 (1949). ISBN 978-0-900846-35-9.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 21: Bad Kissingen 1928, Tartakover, Dr. Savielly Grigorievitch, 197? (1928). ISBN 978-0-900846-37-3.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints, number 22: 1923 – 1932 An Anthology, Cafferty, Bernard, 1986. ISBN 978-0-900846-45-8.
 * B.C.M. Classic Reprints: Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess, Golombek, Harold, 05-04-1995 (1947). ISBN 978-0-900846-50-2.
 * B.C.M Guide to the Openings in 178 Games, Young, Francis Joseph (aka "Hobart"), ??-??-1898.
 * Selection of Chess Problems by Philipp Klett, Klett, Philipp; Beasley, J. D. (Ed.), 01-12-1978. ISBN 978-0-900846-30-4.
 * Mattison's Chess Endgame Studies, Whitworth, T. G., 01-12-1987. ISBN 978-0-900846-47-2.
 * Mattison's Chess Endgame Studies, Whitworth, T. G., 01-12-1987. ISBN 978-0-900846-47-2.

title: British Chess Magazine


text:
Category:Liverpool F.C. managers

A category for managers of Liverpool F.C.

title: Category:Liverpool F.C. managers


text: User talk:81.93.68.16

title: User talk:81.93.68.16