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Talk:BNC connector

I am starting to doubt the origin story of the BNC
I am starting to doubt the common wisdom that Neill (Bell Labs) and Concelman (Amphenol) developed the BNC and named it after themselves.

Instead, it would seem that Salati invented it and named it after the N-type and the C-type (and not directly after Neill's and Concelman's names).

I suspect that someone saw the name "BNC" and made a mental leap and incorrectly assumed that Neill and Concelman must have developed it. And now we're all parroting the same.

Here is my evidence:

 * Dr. Octavio M. Salati of Hazeltine Corporation developed this connector in 1945 and the patent was issued in 1951: US patent 2,540,012, https://patents.google.com/patent/us2540012a/en
 * Carl Concelman was working at Danbury Knudsen (not Amphenol) in Danbury CT, USA at the time: https://brookfieldfire.com/home/bvfc-history/the-early-days/, (Brookfield is next to Danbury), http://familyhistorymachine.com/content/knud-knudsen-obituary. (Years later, in 1957, Amphenol bought Danbury Knudsen and renamed it Amphenol RF.)
 * I scanned the relevant years of the Bell Labs Record (https://worldradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm), from 1945 (when Salati developed the connector) to 1947 (when Neill retired from Bell Labs) and found no mention of Paul Neill or BNC

Do you have any insights into this? (Does it even matter?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavideAndrea (talk • contribs) 19:35, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

 * @DavideAndrea I'm not sure this makes any of it less murky, but I've just come across Octavio M. Salati while googling the patent (your link took me to a 404 page).
 * I don't think the suggestion in this article is that they named it, just that it was named after them at some point. But it seems we don't know what point that was, or who did the naming.
 * My feeling is that someone naming it after the N and C connectors would very likely intend an implied reference to Neill and Concelman as well, but of course I'm just guessing.
 * I must say I've wondered how two engineers at different companies would end up getting together to design a new connector. It does seem much more like something one person would do. Musiconeologist (talk) 01:28, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

SMA connector
What about the SMA connector, doesn't it deserve a page? For the TNC it is stated impednace and typical bandwidth range. isn't that practical also for the BNC? 50 and 75 ohms or does it exist even more varieties? In the link it says use up to 2.4GHz but I have seen specifications up to 4 GHz (http://www.amphenolrf.com/products/bnc.asp) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.225.79.64 (talk • contribs) 13:03, 22 August 2005

Merging pages
I would like to suggest merging the pages

 * RF connector
 * BNC connector
 * SMA connector
 * Belling-Lee connector
 * F connector
 * N connector
 * C connector
 * TNC connector

into just a single page, similar to the German page. The new page could be called radio-frequency connectors. There are a lot of commonalities between the many standardized plugs, and the minor differences and their historic relatinship are much easier to explain if they are all on a common page. I also believe, it is easier for reader to get an good overview if the material is not spread across numerous tiny stub articles, as it the case now. A single page would also help people who want to identify a connector. Most of these connectors are even defined in the same IEC and MIL standards. Opinions? Markus Kuhn 12:08, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. That German page isn't something to emulate, in fact it is a mess, basicaly a BNC page with a lot of stubs tacked on, about 23 of them all on one page. The RF connector page here does a better job of overview. The best response to stubs is not to merge them all into one megastub as in the German article but to add some content. Meggar 04:52, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I can see advantages in expanding the RF connector page to have a short description and perhaps a picture to help identification but there are many more connectors that can be included there so best to link to other pages for full details.  --jmb 08:49, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

For what it's worth...
I'd like to put forth that I don't consider the Amphenol page 100.0% unbiased and therefore authoritative; it *was*, after all, their engineer; of *course* they'd say that. Oddly, the naming is a matter of some dispute, and I think we need a bit more backup on this... especially since Broadcast Engineering is using it as a quiz question this month. --Baylink 17:00, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Video
I believe there was a convention in the BBC that 50 ohm BNC connectors were used on 75 ohm video circuits because the inner pin is more robust. I certainly only saw 75 ohm BNC connectors used on some older VHF receive antenna connection. There was also a two pin connector with an outer shell very much like a BNC, this was sometimes used for connecting balanced audio circuits. I don't know the name of the connector though, always referred to a "two pin BNC" even if not strictly accurate. --jmb 22:00, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Uses
"The BNC connector is used for professional video connections, both for analog and Serial Digital Interface signals, amateur radio antenna connections, aviation electronics (avionics) and on nearly every piece of electronic test equipment manufactured in the last 35 or so years."
 * This reads as if it was started referring only to video uses then other uses have been added. Perhaps a more general summary of uses of the BNC would be better.  Also the statement about electronic test equipment is not correct.  N connectors are more common on much RF test equipment.  --jmb 08:57, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've tidied the list up and reworded it slightly to make it more accurate (the test equipment statement having already been toned down). Musiconeologist (talk) 19:28, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Uses continued
CCTV equiptment uses BNC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.16.160.17 (talk) 21:43, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I haven't added this to the list since it seems to me to be covered by video signals in the first item.Musiconeologist (talk) 19:30, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

ambiguous picture
This article has a picture; the caption of that image reads "Picture to show the similarity between 50 Ω and 75 Ω BNC connectors". Ironically, the caption doesn't tell us which connectors in the picture are 75-ohm connectors, and which are 50-ohm connectors. Can anyone tell, and repair the caption? -- Mikeblas 00:22, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If you go back to the description currently in the entry for this picture, it claims that all of these are 50 ohm. A 75 ohm connector has a slightly fatter center pin and a different (or different thickness) center dielectric.  Also, the back of the connector must be different as RG58 (50 ohm) cable is significantly thinner than RG59 (75 ohm) cable. --ssd 05:57, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Given no remedy, and because of the comments on the page for the picture itself, I've removed that image from this article. -- Mikeblas (talk) 01:15, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Alternate image

Not an exemplary image. This connector probably conforms to the BNC standard, but with this super thin cable, it's not suitable for high frequencies, and might break easily. Robijn (talk) 11:40, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Types
75 ohm BNC connectors are primarily used for video and DS3 Telco central office applications is ambiguous. Which of the following is intended? I think it needs editing into one or other of these versions.
 * Video and DS3 Telco central office applications primarily use 75 ohm BNC connectors.
 * The primary use of 75 ohm BNC connectors is for video and DSC3 Telco central office applications.

Telco
Telco central office applications
 * Ambiguous because Telco has a number of meanings
 * Whole phrase needs clarifying
 * Once it's clear, it should be linked to whichever article is the relevant one.

BBC
The past-tense section about the BBC reads rather as though the BBC no longer exists, and could do with amending to say when the convention existed.

Musiconeologist (talk) 21:48, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Origin
The basis for the development of the BNC connector was largely the work of Octavio M. Salati
 * I don't know what this statement is intended to mean:
 * Neill and Conselman's work was based on Salati's patent, and his work preceded theirs?
 * Neill and Conselman invented the BNC connector and then Salati helped develop it?
 * Anybody know?

Musiconeologist (talk) 19:59, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

British usage
I marked this section as dubious because: Musiconeologist (talk) 19:11, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * currently it reads as though anything in the UK using a bayonet fitting would be described as having a BNC fitting. Clearly this is often not the case: for example I've never heard it used for bayonet-fitting lightbulbs.
 * Colloquial use of BNC fitting for other connectors doesn't necessarily mean it's accepted as correct British usage, so clarification is needed as to whether it is or not.

Electrical compatibility
I've kept the Canford Group reference for the statement about impedance mismatches, but I think a reference to a basic article about the theory of waveguides and tranmission lines, or to the relevant section of a textbook on that subject would be more appropriate---the effects are a matter of basic physics rather than a manufacturer's recommendations. Also the physics won't go out of date. Musiconeologist (talk) 19:18, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Mechanical compatibility; IEC 169-8
I haven't managed to track down the text of IEC 169-8 online, but the references I have found suggest that it was explicitly for 50 ohm connectors. Presumably this includes specifying that their impedance should be 50 ohms, in which case a 75 ohm connector can't comply. If that's so, then a wording like whose physical dimensions match those specified in IEC 169-8 is needed, together with a footnote explaining that a 75 ohm connector can't technically comply with the standard.

Ideally a source for the text of IEC 169-8 should be cited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Musiconeologist (talk • contribs) 19:47, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

It is a well known fact amongst radio technicians that the centre pin size of the 75 ohm and the 50 ohm types are minimally different. I cannot remember or find a source as to how this arose. The 50 ohm centre pin uses a larger form than the 75 ohm, as far as I'm aware. Using the wrong male connector will spread the centre contact in the female socket, however, when someone goes to use the correct plug, it will only make intermittent contact. Can someone back me up on this?, I need a credible source. Trumpy (talk) 03:56, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

86.201.68.118 (talk) 14:13, 6 April 2017 (UTC) I came onto Wiki to check dimensions as I am aware that 50 ohm and 75 ohm BNC are physically different. I have many times berated colleagues to keep them separate as the larger pin of the two will open up the smaller receptacle and ruin R.F performance for future coupling. It was a long time ago that I read the design details that specified the physical dimensions of coupling that defined the characteristic impedance.

I think that Canford's statement is mis-leading and only relates to their (mis-)use. "In over 15 years and many million BNC connectors we have no first hand experience of incompatibility between 50 ohm and 75 ohm types, other than extremely rare (and very obvious) manufacturing faults." 86.201.68.118 (talk) 14:13, 6 April 2017 (UTC) Radar-uk

It appears that the specification reference has been abbreviated from IEC 60169-8:1978 though I am unable to verify at http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:38:14556868041568::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_APEX_PAGE,FSP_PROJECT_ID:1447,20,1520 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.201.68.118 (talk) 14:26, 6 April 2017 (UTC) Following my earlier observations I can shed some light on the confusion. Whilst it is true that the mechanical and physical construction determines the Characteristic Resistance it would appear that many modern 50/75 ohm BNC (AMphenol/Rosenberger - 11_Chapter_BNC_TNC.pdf et al) have managed to bring modern techniques to standardize their components by using dielectric padding as the medium of change: when looking into a 50 ohm BNC connector compared to a 75 ohm connector there is an obvious difference in dielectric thickness that does not preclude mating parts. Previous warnings are still valid as other (and older) cables are NOT compatible and in any case reflects on the user who is intending to mis-match and possibly cause problems for those following.

Naval connector?
I thought BNC stood for British Naval Connector, and have found other references to this including the reputable FOLDOC http://foldoc.org/bnc. Perhaps this should be reflected in the article?
 * There's lots of rumors and folklore about connector names - you'll often see "Baby N connector" and similar names made up by authors. Even FOLDOC is not flawless when it comes to minutia such as this. No-one has ever produced a British naval standard that defines this connector. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:59, 7 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The article originally included a longish section listing a number of alternative names with their supposed etymologies---as I remember, this was eventually removed because of doubts about its relevance and its accuracy. It was more about how spurious names come into being than about the connector. Personally I think it would be a bad idea to bring it back, beyond maybe adding a sentence to the effect that confusion exists over the name and many spurious versions exist.Musiconeologist (talk) 01:16, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * To completely eliminate the mention of 'British Naval Connector' (in the discussion of etymology or otherwise) truly weakens the article.Opertinicy (talk) 05:22, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * It would be enlightening to have some sort of explanation of the origin of this etymology, rather than dismissing it as a backronym in a single sentence. --Ef80 (talk) 23:58, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * If it was a British name for this connector, surely it would be "Royal Navy Connector"? --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:09, 5 July 2022 (UTC)
 * If it was named by Brits I would say you are correct. If it was named for/after them by someone from another country, that is a different matter. (if that ever really was a name for it that is... Granted I remember being told to watch out for people calling them such in the earlier 00s when I was going to school for networking, repair and security stuff. Basically "if they say this, they mean that". So maybe it is worthy of mention?) Food for thought: Just because there is no actual standard from the UK that applies here does not invalidate the name per se. Ethernet was named after something literally proven to not exist (it became a standard later, but still, the name came first). 174.44.171.172 (talk) 21:11, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

BNC Origin?
I have worked on airborne radar for various British military aircraft, and the story that has filtered down by engineers from WW2 was that the BNC connector was 'invented' for the first centimetric radar the US ever had, the SCR-720, which was just a British A.I. mk. X set sent over to the States. To improve maintenance and reduce the time to change an aircraft's radar set, the USAF wanted a quick R.F. fit/release connector. Neill & Concelman (how is Concelman pronounced? Conkleman? Conselman?) originally came up with what is now the TNC (Threaded Neill Concelman) connector, arguing that it had a better frequency characteristic. However, they conceded that the bayonet means of fitment allowed for a quicker (dis)connection, so they came up with the BNC. However, they persisted with the TNC, and it is still available to this day.

Taff Hewitt (talk) 14:28, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

Baby Neil Constant
I found this patent dispute which gives quite a bit of info about the origin of BNC. It contradicts some of the details in the article. Below is Findings of Fact #13. Thoughts on including this? --mikeu talk 00:06, 24 April 2019 (UTC) "The accused devices UG 88/U and UG 89/U are based upon a prototype developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories and are part of a group generally known as the type BNC, which stand for Baby Neil Constant because they were originally designed as a small connector by Paul Neil of the Bell Telephone Laboratories and because they approached more closely a constant impedance device when used with 50 ohm cable at higher frequencies than the prior type BN connector. The differences are differences in degree and not basic differences in theory or design. The United States Government assigned the designations BNC, UG 88/U and UG 89/U to the Bell Laboratory connector in April, 1944, based on Bell Laboratory drawing ESL 662916, dated March 2, 1944 and the final Navy drawing of the connector is drawing RE 49F 246, dated December 2, 1944."

I'll update the text given that there have been no objections. I just noticed a typo in the court document where Neill is misspelled Neil. I'll add an sic to the quote in the reference. --mikeu talk 20:06, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The reference is unreliable given that it did not support the name as claimed. There is no requirement for a court document to be correct, only to support the plaintiff's or defendant's claims - and this one certainly wasn't correct. That is why it is unreliable. If we regarded every court document as reliable, Wikipedia would be filled with all sorts of whacky claims from the millions of patent disputes that clutter the American courts. The article BNC connector has reliable authoritative references for the correct name. 86.132.158.101 (talk) 18:46, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Multiple reversions are not allowed per WP:3RR. Also, please follow WP:AGF or provide evidence of sockpuppetry. Thank you for coming here to discuss. I'll refer you to cite court which I used in the footnote. It is such a common practice to cite court cases that we have a template for that. The findings of fact are quite clear that they are based on contemporaneous witness testimony. All three expansions of the acronym are discussed together. You have not provided an alternative reference to support your contention. I'm going to return to the article to the original state until we reach a wider consensus. --mikeu talk 19:11, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Also, the notice above was left in place for 6 months without objection before I made the change to the article. I would recommend that you follow similar caution when editing. --mikeu talk 19:14, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a brand new expansion of "BNC" that I've never seen before. Lawyers are not RF engineers or dictionary compilers. --Wtshymanski (talk) 04:46, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The problem with using court documents from civil disputes is that the disputants are under no obligation to tell the truth and are able to mislead the court if it helps their case. Unlike criminal cases, in civil disputes (and this includes patent disputes) there are no sanctions whatever for lying to the court beyond the judge taking it into account if it is proven before he passes judgement (nothing can happen afterwards). The subject document was most likely written by a lawyer, hardly an authority on R.F. connectors and definitely does not have the backing of a recognised authority on the subject. It fails WP:RS in the worst possible way.

 * I have never heard of ‘Baby Neill (or Neil) Constant’ for a BNC connector either and can find no reference to support it. Even Google returns nothing whatsoever, whereas there are thousands of hits for ‘Bayonet-Neill-Concelman’, though I did stop counting after the first ten pages. I suggest that you drop this. I think that you will find any attempt to hammer it into the article will be firmly resisted by many others.

 * The description would be inaccurate anyway, because the BNC is a 7 mm connector and thus a medium size connector. ‘Baby’ connectors would be the 3.5 mm size. Also the BNC is not a constant impedance connector. It is a lot closer than some others (and mostly adequate for the applications for which it is generally used) but has a long way to go compared with true constant impedance connectors. That is why it is the connector of choice for oscilloscopes even though the input impedance of the average oscilloscope is almost as far from 50 ohms as it is possible to get. 85.255.233.225 (talk) 13:56, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

I found this discussion yesterday afternoon after I had reverted the BNC connector name at Audio and video interfaces and connectors and decided to look into the matter further. I discovered that in early 1950 someone designed a miniature version of the N connector to produce a 3.5 millimetre version of the original. This was specified for use on a particular early 50's airborne radar system, which I believe to be one of the many H2S derivatives. There is no evidence in the documentation as to who designed it (person or company) so it may, or may not, have been Paul Neill. The connector was designated as a 'Baby N connector' or more often just 'Baby N'. From the photographs of the system, the female connector could easily be mistaken for a normal size N connector, but for scale which is difficult to judge in a photo with no other cues. The male connector was noticeably different but only in that the threaded part was hexagonal rather than knurled. It is clear that it was not a bayonet type connector. But for the presence of the extra screen and the size of the threaded parts, it is easy to visualise that this could have been the predecessor of the SMA connector which appeared about a decade later. There is no other coverage of the connector that I can find, so it seems to have had a very short availability (and it was probably obsoleted by the SMA which would have been considerably cheaper as it is much simpler in design).

I have since typing the above found a very few documents that talk about BNC connectors as 'baby N connector'. However, I also found an old 1955 document discussing various connector types and discussed (amongst others) about the baby N connector and the BNC connector as two distinctly different types noting that the baby N was a 3.5 millimetre format connector and that the BNC was a 7 millimetre format (which would fit as the full size N connector is 7 millimetre). All of these documents date from the 1950's. I can find no later dated documents that mention baby N connectors in either guise.

It would seem to me that in the 1950's that there was real confusion between the two connector names given the common initialism. The date of the patent litigation is 1958 so may well have been within the availability time frame of the baby N connector. The descriptions UG88/U and UG89/U do pertain to the BNC connector as we know it. Exactly who was confused over the expansion of BNC, we shall probably never know. Legal documents of this type pass through many hands, most of whom are not technical people so the opportunity for confusion of such matters is ever present. It is worth noting that the expansion of the initialism BNC is of no consequence to the patent dispute, so even if they had got it right, it still would not qualify as a reliable cite. -RFenergy (talk) 14:25, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

I propose this change to be reverted. As others have written before, this name is misleading, since the BNC is neither a baby, nor a constant impedance connector. According to Google and my personal experiences, most ham operators likely also know the BNC as "Bayonet Neill-Concelman", not as "Baby Neill Constant" (I, for one, have never heard of the latter). It seems it may have been confused with the baby N connector. However, as with the "British Naval Connector", this resolution could be added to BNC_connector. Bence98 (talk) 13:46, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
 * N connectors have screw threads. Surely a baby should resemble its parent? BNCs have no screw threads. --Wtshymanski (talk) 02:23, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * The Baby N connector did resemble the (parent) N connector. As I stated above, the only visible difference was that the threaded part of the male was knurled for the standard N and hexagonal for the baby N. This was the case for the illustrations that I have seen but it may not be universally true. The application that I have illustrations for would require individual connectors to be screwed and unscrewed with something resembling a tap spanner as they are quite densely packed. -RFenergy (talk)

 * Which change do you want reverted? The article was reverted to 'Bayonet Neill Concelman' on the 28 Nov and has not been touched since. Your post strongly suggests that you support the current version in which case you do not want a revert. -RFenergy (talk)

 * It seems you are correct. It might have been a cache mishap, that somehow caused me to see the older, incorrect version. Bence98 (talk) 19:28, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

"Baby Neill Constant" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Baby Neill Constant. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 05:45, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

"Similar connectors" section twice?
It seems there are two "Similar connectors" sections (2. and 7. section, presently), one stating that similar connectors exist, the other listing them. This causes not only redundancy, but anchoring mishaps (linking to BNC connector goes to the 2., BNC connector goes to the 7.). Is there a reason for it? If not, I propose them to be merged as such: the now 2. paragraph should be removed, its text placed at the top of the 7. paragraph, and BNC connector linking to this, merged section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bence98 (talk • contribs) 20:07, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Alright, merged them. Bence98 (talk) 23:06, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:BNC connector


text:
User talk:MaryBerry

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title: User talk:MaryBerry


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Richmal Mangnall

Richmal Mangnall (1769–1820) was an English schoolmistress and the writer of a famous schoolbook, Mangnall's Questions. This had been through 84 editions by 1857. She became the headmistress of Crofton Hall, a successful Yorkshire school, and remained so until her death.

Early life
Richmal was born in Manchester on 7 March 1769 and baptised on 31 March. She was one of the seven children of James Mangnall of Hollinhurst, Lancashire, and London, and Richmal, daughter of John Kay of Manchester to survive infancy. One brother, James, became a London solicitor, another died in the East Indies in 1801. Her parents died about 1781, when she was adopted by an uncle, also John Kay, a Manchester solicitor.

Questions and answers
Richmal Mangnall began to attend Mrs Wilson's successful school of about 70 pupils at Crofton Old Hall, a Georgian mansion near Wakefield, Yorkshire, built about 1750. There it was found possible for a teacher or senior pupil to teach big classes using a system of question and answer. Mangnall graduated from being a pupil to being a teacher in the school. The first edition of her Historical and Miscellaneous Questions for the Use of Young People (1798) was printed privately and anonymously for use there. It was taken up by the London publishing firm Longman, whose still anonymous 1800 edition was dedicated to John Kay.

The book became generally known as Mangnall's Questions and was "the stand-by of generations of governesses and other teachers". It had appeared in 84 editions by 1857. Its "level, plain, humane" judgments have been associated with the Age of Enlightenment, and became more open to criticism in the Victorian age, although the catechism type of textbook remained dominant. The British Constitution met with her approval, as did her country's abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, but Wellington was rebuked for vanity and egotism, and Rabelais for lacking "that delicacy without which genius may sparkle for a moment, but can never shine with pure, undiminished lustre."

Later life and death
Details of life at Crofton House school appear in an unpublished childhood diary of Elizabeth Firth (born 1797 at Thornton, near Bradford). It was her recommendation that persuaded Patrick Brontë to send his daughters Maria and Elizabeth there for a short period from September-December 1823, before finding it too expensive. A later account of English social history recalls it as "one of the best known girls' schools" and states, "Here the girls learnt some literature, which consisted of Scott's longer poems and The Vicar of Wakefield, read aloud by Miss Mangnall herself, geography, spelling, the catechism, and a little pencil drawing. For bad spelling the young ladies were invariably sent to bed."

Miss Mangnall took over at Crofton about 1808 and supported her two unmarried sisters, Eliza and Sarah, from her successful school and publishing earnings. She continued to head it until her death there on 1 May 1820 "after a severe illness, which was borne with the utmost Christian resignation." She was buried in Crofton churchyard near her "inestimable friend" Elizabeth Fayrer (1782-1816). Fayrer was another teacher at Crofton (also mentioned in the Firth Journals) and the two have been described as "kindred spirits" and referred to each other as "dearest friends". In Mangnall's will she requested "to be interred in the same grave with my friend Elizabeth Fayrer in Crofton Church Yard." Her headstone reads, "Sacred to the Memory / of / Richmal Mangnall / of Crofton Hall / who departed this life on / May day 1820 // Ah when shall spring / visit the mouldering Urn / of Virtue Knowledge / Friendship naught / remain save her / blest soul now fled / to Realms of Bliss."

In 2013 a British Blue Plaque was dedicated to Richmal Mangnall by the Wakefield Civic Society.

Publications

 * Historical and Miscellaneous Questions For the Use of Young People (1798)
 * Half an Hour's Lounge, or Poems (1805)
 * Compendium of Geography (1815)

Literary mentions
Mangnall's Questions appears in:
 * Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray (1847-8), satire, "a pair of pink cheeks and blue eyes' inferior to 'the gifts of genius, the accomplishments of the mind, the mastery of Mangnall's Questions, and a ladylike knowledge of botany and geology."
 * Tom Tiddler's Ground by Charles Dickens (1861), "''Indeed, whenever Miss Pupford gives a little lecture on the mythology of the misguided heathens (always carefully excluding Cupid from recognition), and tells how Minerva sprang, perfectly equipped, from the brain of Jupiter, she is half supposed to hint, "So I myself came into the world, completely up in Pinnock, Mangnall, Tables, and the use of the Globes."
 * Wives and Daughters by Elizabeth Gaskell (1866), "There was one of the heathen deities in Mangnall's Questions whose office it was to bring news." This references the chapter in Questions, "Alphabetical List of the Heathen Mythology, the Demigods, and Heroes of Greece and Rome", pp. 438 in the 1887 version.
 * Middlemarch by George Eliot (1871–1872)
 * Rose Turquand. A Novel. by Ellice Hopkins (1876), "From that moment, Rose's life was a hard one. Mademoiselle was possessed with but one idea – to make up for lost time, and work her up to the level of her other pupils. Pages of Mangnall's Questions were set her, which did not interest her; pages of dry geography, endless lists of names to which she attached no meaning; pages of grammar which she did not understand."
 * The Wouldbegoods by Edith Nesbit (1901), "No one but that kind of black, beady, tight lady would say 'little boys'. She is like Miss Murdstone in David Copperfield. I should like to tell her so; but she would not understand. I don't suppose she has ever read anything but Markham's History and Mangnall's Questions – improving books like that."
 * A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, by James Joyce (1916), satire, "some great person whose head was in the books of history... Those were the great men whose names were in Richmal Magnall's Questions. History was all about those men and what they did and that was what Peter Parley's Tales about Greece and Rome were all about."
 * Farewell Victoria by T. H. White (1933) "Augusta relished the position of consoler at a sick-bed, and read to her out of Mangnall's Queries." (sic)

title: Richmal Mangnall


text:
USS Aries (AK-51)

USS Aries (AK-51) (1918–1952) was a United States Navy cargo ship built as Lake Geneva under a United States Shipping Board (USSB) contract in 1918 at Duluth, Minnesota, by the McDougall Duluth Shipbuilding Company, to augment American logistics capability during World War I. The freighter was delivered to the Navy at Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on 21 September 1918 and was placed in commission the following day for service in the Naval Overseas Transportation Service. Aries was named for the constellation.

After fitting out, the freighter sailed for France late in October and arrived at St. Nazaire on 11 November, the day Germany signed the armistice ending the fighting of World War I. Lake Geneva was then assigned to European waters. Based at Cardiff, Wales, she carried coal from that port and from Belfast, Ireland, to French ports.

After continuing this duty through the spring of 1919, she sailed for Charleston, South Carolina, carrying some 1,500 tons of Army ordnance material. However, while en route to that port, she was diverted to Newport News, Virginia, where she arrived on 12 July.

Between the wars
After discharging her cargo, Lake Geneva was slated for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 17 July 1919 and then returned to the USSB, in whose hands she remained until the mid-1920s. She was then sold to the Bison Steam Ship Company, of Tonawanda, New York, and renamed John J. O'Hagan in honor of the manager of the firm which had purchased her. She operated out of Buffalo, New York carrying coal and iron ore on the Great Lakes.

World War II service
Shortly before the United States entered World War II, the Federal Government repurchased the ship. She was transferred from the Maritime Commission to the US Navy on 22 September 1941. Renamed Manomet on 15 October 1941 and designated AG-37, the freighter was prepared for naval service at East Boston, Massachusetts, by the General Ship and Engine Works. During this work, Manomet was renamed Aries on 7 January 1942 and simultaneously re-designated AK-51. She was delivered on 23 May 1942 to the Marine Lines of New York City, which operated her on a contract basis for the Naval Transportation Service until early July. Returned to Navy custody on 11 July 1942, Aries was placed in commission on 18 July 1942 at the Bethlehem Steel Company in Brooklyn, New York and Lieutenant Philip S. Deane, Jr., USNR, assumed temporary command for Commander Leif Sederholt, USNR, who reported a week later.

After taking on cargo, ammunition, and supplies, the cargo ship stood out to sea and joined a convoy bound for Iceland. She stopped at Halifax, Nova Scotia, for three days before resuming her voyage to Iceland. On 18 August, she reached Reykjavík and discharged equipment and supplies ashore. For the next 12 months, Aries operated in Icelandic waters under the orders of Commanding Officer, Naval Operating Base, Iceland, transporting US Army cargo between the Icelandic ports of Reykjavík, Akranes, Keflavík, Hvalfjörður, Budareyri, Seyðisfjörður, and Akureyri.

The ship left Iceland on 21 August 1943, on a course for the United States, and reached Boston, Massachusetts on 3 September. She then entered a shipyard for alterations and repairs. On 5 December, the vessel joined a southbound convoy and sailed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She left Cuba on 5 January 1944, proceeded to the Panama Canal Zone, and moored at Balboa for repairs to her main engine before setting a course for San Diego, California.

Upon reaching San Diego on 12 February, the vessel underwent more repairs to her main engine. Late in April, she entered the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, for replacement of the main engine. After a series of sea trials, the ship got underway on 6 September, bound for Pearl Harbor and arrived there on the 18th. She was drydocked briefly for the installation of a new propeller before sailing for the South Pacific on 6 October.

Aries reached Manus in the Admiralty Islands, on 28 October and commenced provisioning warships of the 3rd Fleet. After emptying her holds, the vessel took on more cargo and weighed anchor on 10 December. She made Ulithi five days later and began unloading operations. The ship had completed this task by 7 January 1945 and, a week later, sailed for Guam. She unloaded cargo there and was back at Ulithi on 25 January. The vessel remained at the atoll conducting intraharbor cargo operations until 25 April. She then began preparations for the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines.

On 20 May, the ship set a course for San Pedro Bay. She arrived there on the 24th and commenced discharging her cargo. In mid-June, the vessel began taking on various equipment and supplies for transit to Ulithi. She got underway on 2 July, arrived back at Ulithi on the 8th, and was assigned duty as a station ship, her role through the end of hostilities on 15 August.

After VJ Day
Aries left Ulithi on the 22nd and proceeded to Apra Harbor, Guam. There, she took on goods for shipment to Leyte. The vessel reached Philippine waters on 5 September and remained off Leyte engaged in cargo operations through early October. The vessel departed the area on the 7th and dropped anchor at Eniwetok 10 days later. After filling her cargo holds, she set a course for Japan, arrived in Tokyo Bay on 6 November, and began discharging her supplies in support of occupation forces ashore.

On 30 November, the cargo ship left Japanese waters and set a course for the United States. She paused en route at Midway on 11 December and finally reached San Francisco on the 24th. The ship then discharged all her cargo and ammunition in preparation for deactivation.

Final disposition
She later moved to Oakland, California, where she was decommissioned on 28 March 1946. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 17 April 1946. The vessel was transferred to the Maritime Commission on 1 July 1946. She was sold on 5 May 1947 to Captain A. S. Oko for operation as a bulk carrier. She was scrapped in 1952.

title: USS Aries (AK-51)


text:
Parvaneh Forouhar

Parvaneh Forouhar (, Eskandari (اسکندری); 20 March 1939 – 22 November 1998) was an Iranian dissident and activist who was murdered during the chain murders of Iran in November 1998.

Biography
Parvaneh Forouhar was Dariush Forouhar's wife. When they married, their witness in absentia was Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh and the clergyman marrying the couple was Ayatollah Zanjani. She became a member of the Party of the Iranian Nation when she was a university student, launching an anti-Shah campaign alongside her husband.

Both husband and wife were proponents of a democratic and independent Iran and supported the separation of state and religion. They felt that the Islamic Republic led to a concentration of power and made political reform difficult.

Threatened by governments figures, she had told human rights watchdogs based in New York: "We are living with the fear of being killed. Every night when we go to bed we thank God the Almighty for His blessing of living for another day."

Assassination
On November 22, 1998, while 59 years old and ill, Parvaneh was stabbed 25 times and killed on the second floor of her home. Her husband, Darius Forouhar, was also murdered in the incident.

According to Parvanah's daughter (Parastou), "At the time of her death my mother was wearing an overall over her sleeping gown which indicates that she was not waiting for anyone and because she was killed in front of the wardrobe where family documents were usually kept, she had most probably gone upstairs to fetch the deeds of the house to use it for release of my father on bail."

Context
The death of Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar and Dariush Forouhar was followed by the assassinations of Mohammad Mokhtari and Mohammad-Ja'far Pouyandeh, two well known Iranian writers assassinated a few days later. The Iranian Ministry of Intelligence later denied responsibility for these assassinations and claimed Ministry employees had acted on their own accord. As of 2014, the government still refuses to allow the families of the victims to hold any vigils or ceremonies for their loved ones.

Family
The couple is survived by a daughter, Parastou Forouhar and a son, Arash Forouhar.

title: Parvaneh Forouhar


text:
Yuzhno-Kurilsky District

Yuzhno-Kurilsky District (Ю́жно-Кури́льский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia; one of the seventeen in the oblast. Municipally, it is incorporated as Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug. It is located on the southern Kuril Islands southeast of the Island of Sakhalin, comprising the islands of Kunashir, Shikotan, and the Habomai. The area of the district is 1856.1 km2. Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Yuzhno-Kurilsk, located on Kunashir Island. Population: The population of Yuzhno-Kurilsk accounts for 61.4% of the district's total population.

Dispute with Japan
The district in its entirety, along with the nearby island of Iturup in the Kurilsky District, are claimed by Japan as part of the Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō.

title: Yuzhno-Kurilsky District


text:
Talk:West Side Line

Moving this article, maybe a bad idea?
It's unclear to me that renaming this article was a good idea. I think there are really two different articles here. High Line is (was?) about the abandoned rail structure and the movement to turn it into a recreational facility. It's an article which I expect will grow over the years as work in that area progresses. West Side Line is about the history (and current uses) of the line from a railroad/transportation/infrastructure point of view, and does an excellent job of that, I might add.

The problem is, I'm not sure that covering both those topics in a single article really does either one justice. It's like trying to merge Fort Washington and Bennet Park into a single article. Same piece of geography, overlapping history, but two entirely different articles. Would anybody object if I factored the lets-make-it-a-park stuff back out into High Line? Obviously, the two articles would cross-reference each other. --RoySmith 13:05, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the 2-article folks. Nobody discussing the elevated park/reuse project would ever call this anything other than the High Line.  Also keep in mind as this project develops, this article will grow many more legs, such as lists of venues associated with the high line, high line in culture (tv film lit...), and so on. EGregory 17:05, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Split, per above. jareha (comments) 22:18, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

dfjsjieowdkuideygrfyg874e9rgfyuhbjigfdsesghakjlkgacockckjcjklo;p
Somebody's cat helping them to edit? --RoySmith 13:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Split
I've gone ahead and performed the split discussed above. I tried to sort out which pieces belonged in which article, but undoubtedly I've not done a perfect job. Please feel free to correct as required. -- RoySmith (talk) 22:56, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Good job -- I meant to do this last year but it got lost in the shuffle. I have no idea why anybody thought the article should be moved in the first place. (Well, I do -- railroad geekery. But nobody but a railfan would think the terminology here makes sense.) --Dhartung | Talk 07:47, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I also added a "see also" on the High Line page, linking it back to West Side as I was interested in the West Side, but not being American or knowing anything about the politics behind it all (hence my reason for Wiking it in the first place) I almost didn't realise that there was a parent thread. --User:Melb Carnival

Dumb Engine
Is there a more precise description? I get the idea it's talking about a tram engine but if the vague description is also a bit inaccurate, it could be a steam dummy as often used on Long Island at the time. Jim.henderson (talk) 01:51, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Bradbury & Guild citation
CatskillArchive link deserves to be included, because it's much easier to read, although it's less reliably permanent. Vzeebjtf (talk) 02:04, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Citation needed on the wye's date / construction / usage?
I am unsure about this part of the article:

"A wye was constructed next to Track 2 (the westernmost track) to allow diesels to turn around. South of 49th Street, there is a crossover from Track 1 (the easternmost track) to Track 2, and another siding splits off Track 2 at 49th Street."

Because looking at old aerial photography from 1924 and 1951 (available at maps.nyc.gov) shows what looks to be the same wye - track configuration being the same (in terms of what remains, obviously), etc - this seems further supported by the (long since taken offline) track diagrams by Richard E. Green, and what few rear window views from Amtrak trains are available on YouTube.

Unless the wye had been rebuilt - which I wouldn't count as construction in the same sense of making something brand new that wasn't there before, but that's just my opinion.

I am aware of the fact that it isn't until north of Penn / the LIRR yard that the tracks re-align with the original West Side Line tracks, but this seems to happen BEFORE the location of the wye.

Travelsonic (talk) 05:45, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Side Line


text:
Talk:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr

Untitled
It's sounds a little funny to say that Sadr was "executed once again". People usually die just once.

John Baez 13:06, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi

his religious teachings at religious seminaries under al-Khoei and Muhsin al-Hakim at the age of 25 and began teaching.

Mohammed Baqir Al-Sadr He's n't Teaching by Muhsin al-Hakim. Never.

I'll delete it if no body responde

thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.109.124.253 (talk) 17:07, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

"Opinions" section
This isn't clearly sourced, and is written is an obscure way. I have therefore moved it here per WP:PRESERVE. L.R. Wormwood (talk) 18:04, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

==Opinions==

Muhammad Baqir Sadr has an especial attitude about the Quran and its relation to human life and reality. According to political theory of Baqir Sadr, there are foundations like oneness world view and being divinity of Existents on which the political theory established. He believed that The Quran must be relevant to present day and only in such a way that Quran could be related to reality. According to him, Tafsir begins with reality and ended with Quran. This approach has been followed by him in al-Madrasa al-Qur'aniyya, an in uncompleted text by him. His methodology, therefore, is to dialectic among reality and Quran. On the basis of the methodology, we must begin from the reality of life to the Quran and from the Quran back to the reality of life. He attempted to reach a universal Quranic theory and apply this theory in all dimensions, namely prophecy and economic, attempting to extend them in books like Iqtisadona (our economy) and al-Bank al-li Ribawi fi-Islam. He concerned himself with historical laws in Al Madrasat Al qura’anyyah, believing that the Quran as a spiritual energy could lead human beings on the basis of their talents and potentiality. The Quran was considered by him as a book of guidance, not discovery, in relation to historical laws. Also, the Quran could be considered both as guidance and change. He explains historical law on the basis of characteristics such as being scientific and consistent, and also these laws are historicized namely at the same time they are originate from God, they are historical contexts.

===Political thought=== He believes that there is a political theory in terms of thought of general succession if human being. According to unitary universal view, the universe is a collection of elements, forces and laws not as casual but rather as related and consistent elements which are of ultimate aims and harmonies. In that universe, there is a relation between god and universe such a way that god monitoring the whole universe. Also universe worships the god and there is a relation as worship between them.therefore human being as a particular element is dominated by the determinate and wisdom laws and human is not an existence without any aim and ultimate. Besides human being is of volition and freedom. According to Sadr, Innate characters make human beings able to determine his destiny.in other word human being could choose his destiny and fate himself. Sadr called this power of choosing as the leadership and succession of human being.according to Sadr, the relation between human and god determined as succession and leadership.in other words, human counted as the successor of god. therefore the relation between human and nature determined as trustee and safekeeper or Amin and Amanat

===Economic thought=== Sadr believes that the system of Islamic economy has a clear conflict with the system of capitalism. Progressing the technical phenomena and facilities of production, natural commenwealth is at a disposal of capitalists and determines peoples and private associations controlled the system of global economy. In contrary, the economical system of Islam doesn't permit to determinate people to have disposal the facilities and natural sources.

===Social philosophy=== His approach to social and historical subjects was philosophically religious.

Split section
I'm working on later life and execution section, which I suggest should be split into an article on the 1979-80 Shia uprising, led by Muhammad Baqir until his execution.GreyShark (dibra) 11:26, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅.GreyShark (dibra) 12:20, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:08, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr.jpg

title: Talk:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr


text:
Richard Wathen

Richard Llewelyn Wathen is a British painter born in 1971. He lives in Norfolk in England. Wathen graduated with a BA in Fine Art Painting from Winchester School of Art in 1995 and received an MA in Fine Art from the Chelsea School of Art in 1996.

Style
Richard Wathen's paintings are primarily portraits and his works have been compared to those of Thomas Gainsborough in their subject matter and composition, though with a "strangeness" or "uneasiness" about them, even something "eerie" or "grotesque." His works are often described as being initially familiar, with their similarity to historical portraiture in composition and technique, but upon further inspection revealing "disquieting details" which contribute to the sense of eerie strangeness.

Exhibitions
Wathen's works have been exhibited in numerous galleries in cities across Europe and the US including solo shows in London and New York City. In 2004, Wathen contributed to the art exhibition, 100 MOTHERS at The Oxford House in Bethnal Green, London.

title: Richard Wathen


text:
St Bees

St Bees is a coastal village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Copeland district of Cumbria, England, on the Irish Sea. Within the parish is St Bees Head which is the only Heritage Coast between Wales and Scotland and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Headland is also an RSPB bird reserve which is the only cliff-nesting seabird colony in north-west England. St Bees Lighthouse stands on the North Head which is the most westerly point of Northern England.

St Bees is a popular holiday destination due to the coastline and proximity to the Western Lake District. In the village there is St Bees Priory dating from 1120, and St Bees School founded in 1583. The Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk starts from St Bees and the National Trail, the England Coast Path, runs along the coast. It has a railway station served by the Cumbrian Coast Railway.

Early history
Evidence of Mesolithic and Bronze Age habitation has been found in St Bees, but nothing of the Roman occupation, even though St Bees Head would have been a prominent observation point. The name St Bees is a corruption of the Norse name for the village, which is given in the earliest charter of the Priory as "Kyrkeby becok", which can be translated as the "Church town of Bega", relating to the local Saint Bega. She was said to be an Irish princess who fled across the Irish Sea in the ninth century to St Bees to avoid an enforced marriage. Carved stones at the priory show that Irish-Norse Vikings settled here in the tenth century.

The Normans did not reach Cumberland until 1092, and when they took over the local lordships, William Meschin, Lord of Egremont, used the existing religious site to found a Benedictine priory for a prior and six monks sometime between 1120 and 1135. The priory was subordinate to the great Benedictine monastery of St Mary at York. The magnificent Norman doorway of the priory dates from just after this time; probably about 1150.

The priory had a great influence on the area. The monks worked the land, fished, and extended the priory buildings. The ecclesiastical parish of St Bees was large and stretched to Ennerdale, Loweswater, Wasdale and Eskdale. The coffin routes from these outlying areas to the mother church in St Bees can still be followed in places.

The priory was closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries on the orders of Henry VIII in 1539. The nave and transepts of the monastic church have continued in use as the parish church to the present day, but much of the extensive monastic buildings were plundered or fell into decay.

Remarkably, the small village of St Bees produced two of the archbishops of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I: Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Edwin Sandys; Archbishop of York.

In about 1519 Edmund Grindal was born in Cross Hill House, St Bees, which still exists, and is marked with a plaque. He was probably educated at the priory across the valley. A devout Protestant, he made his mark in the reign of Edward VI, but had to flee to Strasbourg when the Catholic Mary I ascended the throne. On Mary's death the country once again became Protestant, and Grindal became Bishop of London, Archbishop of York and then Archbishop of Canterbury. His undoing was opposing Queen Elizabeth I on liberal religious meetings and he was suspended. He died in 1583 still in disgrace, but, virtually on his death bed, he founded St Bees School. The primary school in the village was established in the 1870s.

Modern growth
The site of the priory is an area of firm ground higher than the peat beds that fill the valley, and due to the absence of level ground it is logical that the original settlement would grow up there. However the area was constricted, and as the village expanded it grew up on the opposite side of the valley. The oldest existing house dates from the early 16th century and the present Main Street was based on a string of farms and farmworkers' dwellings.

The 19th century saw the start of great changes. In 1816 St Bees Theological College was founded, and proved popular as it was first for the training of Church of England clergy outside Oxford and Cambridge. To house the college, the monastic chancel of the Priory was re-roofed and served as the main lecture room, and additional lecture rooms were built in the 1860s. At one time the college had 100 students, and over 2,600 clergy were trained before it closed in 1895.

St Bees School embarked on an era of rapid expansion starting with the construction of the quadrangle in 1846 using compensation from the rich mine-owning Lowther family. They had illegally obtained the lucrative mineral rights for Whitehaven from the School in 1742 at a derisory sum. This was the first step in St. Bees School's rise from a local institution to becoming one of the new "public schools" on the fashionable model of Dr Arnold's Rugby School. By 1916 numbers had reached 350, many new buildings had been erected, and the school had become known nationally. The school was forced to close in 2015 because of financial struggles but re-opened a couple of years later. The closure of the school made many teachers and members of the community to leave the village, such as Reverend Clifford Swartz, the former Vicar of the local Protestant church and chaplain of St Bees School.

Perhaps some of the greatest changes were after 1849 when the Furness Railway reached the village. St Bees attracted the professional classes which commuted to Whitehaven or Workington. This led to the building of many of the larger houses and Lonsdale Terrace. The railway brought tourists, and as early as 1851 the Lord Mayor of London stayed at the Seacote Hotel. This long history of attracting tourists for "bucket and spade" holidays has continued to this day.

The railway made possible the export of St Bees sandstone. Huge amounts of stone were quarried, much of it for building the boom town of Barrow-in-Furness. This industry died out in the 1970s, but has since been revived, and there are now two working quarries in the parish.

Agriculture was originally the mainstay of the village economy. Gradually, during the 19th century, service employment for the school and lodgings for the college gave additional income, and with the advent of commuters, the village's social mix was becoming more middle class. Tourism and quarries also provided employment, and many village men found work in the iron ore mines at Cleator. Thus the 19th century saw the change from a rural backwater based on agriculture, to the more diversified role of a dormitory village for professional and industrial worker alike, and its growth into a minor academic centre.

The start of the 20th century saw yet another decline in agriculture, and this has continued to today, when there are only a few farms left. Industrial decline also hit West Cumbria as a whole, particularly after the boom years of both world wars. However, following the Second World War, two major industries were established which have had a profound effect on the community. The former Marchon Chemical Company at Whitehaven, and UKAEA/BNFL at Sellafield both soaked up village labour released by the declining heavy iron and mining industries, and brought a large influx of the technical and scientific university-educated middle class into the village; rather like the first arrival of the professional classes a century earlier. There is now an extensive science park – Westlakes, on the northern fringe of the parish, at which the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority has its national headquarters.

The last two decades have seen a significant revival in tourism, boosted by the Coast to Coast walk and increasing recognition of the unique landscape of the St Bees Heritage Coast.

In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive postcode areas to live in England.

St Bees Man
In 1981 an archaeological excavation at the priory revealed a vault with a lead coffin containing an astonishingly well preserved body – now known as the St Bees Man. He has been identified as Anthony de Lucy, a knight, who died in 1368 in the Teutonic Crusades in Lithuania. Although the body was over six hundred years old, his nails, skin and stomach contents were found to be in near-perfect condition. After his death the vault was enlarged to take the body of his sister, Maud de Lucy, who died in 1398. Effigies of Maud and Anthony can be seen in an extensive history display which includes the shroud in which he was wrapped.

Governance
St Bees is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.

Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

Transport links
The village is served by St Bees railway station on the Cumbrian Coast Line, with trains from Barrow-in-Furness, Lancaster, Preston and Carlisle. As from May 20, 2018, there are 30 stopping passenger trains Monday to Saturday, and 16 trains a day on Sundays.

The village is on the B5345 from Whitehaven to Iron Bridge junction near Beckermet.

Sport and recreation
The village has a football team which competes in the Cumbria County league.

There are facilities for rugby, football and cricket at the Adams recreation ground adjacent to the Seacote beach. This playing field was created in memory of Baron Adams of Ennerdale. The sports facilities of St Bees School are also available, which include a sports hall, squash, tennis and fives courts, and an indoor swimming pool. Coast-based recreational activities at St Bees are: windsurfing, kite-surfing, rock climbing, bouldering, swimming, jet-skiing, water-skiing, canoeing and para-gliding. These are undertaken on St Bees Head and off the large sandy surf beach.

The circular walk to St Bees Head and Birkhams quarry featured in the May 2012 booklet of the best coastal walks in UK published by the Daily Telegraph newspaper; it being one of only two walks covered in the north west of England.

Wainwright Coast to Coast walk
St Bees is the start of the Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk, which was devised by Alfred Wainwright in 1973. It is an 192 mi unofficial and mostly unsignposted long-distance footpath in Northern England.

As planned by Alfred Wainwright, it passes through three contrasting National Parks: the Lake District National Park, the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the North York Moors National Park. Wainwright recommended that walkers dip their booted feet in the Irish Sea at St Bees and, at the end of the walk, in the North Sea at Robin Hood's Bay. At St Bees, the start is marked by the "Wainwright Wall" which explains the walk and its history. A new interpretation board and the steel banner were installed in summer 2013 by St Bees Parish Council and the Wainwright Society.

title: St Bees


text:
User talk:DJ-Studd

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 13:08, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Thredbo Landslide
Hi. You voted at the Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight for 1997 Thredbo landslide which has become the current collaboration. Please help to improve it in any way you can. --Scott Davis Talk 12:22, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DJ-Studd


text: File:Main Hoon Na poster.jpg

title: File:Main Hoon Na poster.jpg


text:
User:POds/User talk index

Help me keep track of who I'm talking to please User talk index. La la la...

title: User:POds/User talk index


text:
User talk:Hoopshank

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 13:11, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
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use the talk pages for comments
you might have noticed taht for every article their is a tab that says "discussion" or "talk". This are the places where you can put comments about the article. And if you honestly think a line in an article is rubbish, you can go ahead and delete that line. It will still be in the history of the article (accessed with the "history" or "page history" tab) so that otehrs may look at it and decide for themselfes if they agree with you that it was rubbish. 141.217.71.1 16:48, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of The 50 song challenge
A tag has been placed on The 50 song challenge, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia per CSD a7.

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the article and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the page's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. OSbornarf 20:54, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoopshank


text:
Cherubina de Gabriak

Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva (Елизаве́та Ива́новна Дми́триева; 31 March 1887 – 5 December 1928), more famously known by her literary pseudonym Cherubina de Gabriak (Черуби́на де Габриа́к), was a Russian poet.

Mysterious poet
In August 1909, the famous Russian artistic periodical Apollon received a letter with verses on a perfumed paper with black mourning edges, signed only by a single Russian letter Ch. The verses were filled with half-revelations about its author—supposedly a beautiful maiden with dark secrets. The same day a woman with a beautiful voice phoned the journal's publisher Sergei Makovsky and arranged for publication of the verses. Over the next few months, publications of the newfound poetic star were the major hit of the magazine, and many believed that they had found a major new talent in Russian poetry. The identity of the author was slowly revealed: her name was Baroness Cherubina de Gabriak, a Russian-speaking girl of French and Polish ancestry who lived in a very strict Roman Catholic aristocratic family, who severely limited the girl's contacts with the outside world because of an unspoken secret in her past. Almost all of Apollon’s male writers fell in love with her, most of all the great poet Nikolai Gumilyov. He wrote a series of passionate love letters to her and received quite passionate answers.

The mystery of the newfound genius was short-lived. In November it was discovered that the verses were written by a disabled schoolteacher, Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva, with the participation of a major Apollon contributor and editor, the poet Maximilian Voloshin.

Apparently Sergei Makovsky had rejected several of Dmitrieva's verses; and Voloshin, who knew his publisher quite well, invented the legend about Cherubina. There is still controversy about the correct attribution of Gabriak's corpus. Most contemporaries, including all of Apollon’s critics, were certain that all the verses and most of the letters were written by Voloshin himself; after all, they claimed, Cherubina was a first-rank poet and Dmitrieva was not. Both Elisaveta Dmitrieva and Maximilian Voloshin claimed that the verses were all Dmitrieva's, and that Voloshin only selected them and suggested themes and expressions. Modern researchers tend to support attribution of the verses to Dmitrieva, as they are quite similar to her later works.

Duel
Nikolai Gumilyov was outraged by the thought that his passionate romantic correspondence might in fact have been with a mocking Maximilian Voloshin. Even so, Dmitrieva claimed that she had written the letters to Gumilyov herself, had indeed been in love, but had known the romance would end the moment Gumilyov saw her.

Gumilyov allegedly talked in public about his romantic affair with Dmitrieva and he did it in rather rude expressions, and on 19 November 1909, at the studio of artist Ivan Bilibin, Voloshin slapped Gumilyov across the face, by the customs of the time made a duel inevitable. The duel took place on 22 November on the banks of the Chernaya River, which had been the site of the fatal duel between Alexander Pushkin and Georges d'Anthès. Voloshin's seconds were Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi and Count Shervashidze; Gumilyov's seconds were Mikhail Kuzmin and Eugene Znosko-Borovsky.

Antique flint smoothbore pistols without flies of the Pushkin era were chosen. Gumilyov shot first, but missed (or according to another version shot into the air). Voloshin's pistol misfired. He proposed to end the duel, but Gumilyov insisted that Voloshin has to shoot. Voloshin tried to shoot a second time - again a misfire. Gumilev insisted on Voloshin's third attempt, but the seconds refused and declared the duel over. Later, Voloshin confessed that he simply didn't know how to shoot. The seconds offered that they shake hands, but both refused. All contacts between them were broken off until a few months before Gumilyov's death in 1921, when he visited Voloshin. The next meeting and reconciliation took place only in Feodosia (in Crimea) - Gumilev denied at the meeting that he had said the words attributed to him about Dmitrieva in 1909, accused Dmitrieva herself of pure fiction.

Elisaveta Dmitrieva
The real author of Gabriak's poetry, Elisaveta Dmitrieva, was born on 31 March 1887. Between 1890 and 1903 she suffered from tuberculosis of the bones and was left lame and barely able to walk.

She studied old French and Spanish literature at Saint Petersburg State University, and published some verses both before and after her Gabriak period but without much success. In 1911 she married Vsevolod Nikolaievitch Wassilieff, an engineer and uncle of French admiral Alexandre Wassilieff and took his last name.

In the early 1920s, she worked with poet and translator Samuil Marshak on theatrical plays for children. Later she also published prose and translations.

Starting from 1921, she was searched and interrogated by the State Political Directorate along with other members of the Anthroposophic Society. Finally in 1927 she was exiled to Tashkent where she died in 1928 of liver cancer. Shortly before her death, she was visited in Tashkent by her friend a prominent Sinologist Julian Shchutsky and wrote, influenced by him, 21 poems attributed to Li Xiang Zi, a fictional Chinese poet exiled for his "belief in immortality of human spirit". The name of Li Xiang, invented by Shchutsky, means "a house under a pear tree", where Dmitrieva indeed lived in Tashkent.

Origin of the name
The name, Cherubina, was taken from the story A Secret Of Telegraph Hill by Bret Harte. The last name, Gabriak, was derived from Gabriakh, the name of a toy, a wooden imp, presented by Voloshin to Elisaveta Dmitrieva. Voloshin found the name Gabriakh in the book Demonomanie des Sorciers by Jean Bodin, where it belonged to an imp, protecting people from evil spirits.

title: Cherubina de Gabriak


text:
Paramount Networks EMEAA

Paramount Networks Europe, Middle East, Africa & Asia (EMEAA) is a division of Paramount International Networks which is fully owned by Paramount Global. The unit's headquarters are in Madrid, with additional offices in Berlin, Lisbon, Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Dubai, Johannesburg, Lagos, Budapest, Warsaw, Singapore, Stockholm, Tokyo, Beijing, Manila, Copenhagen, Prague, Helsinki, and Hong Kong. The company was originally founded under the name MTV Networks Europe in 1987.

In 2011, the division was renamed Viacom International Media Networks Europe. Also in 2011, Viacom created an Italian subdivision in order to purchase a 30% ownership stake in the Rainbow S.p.A. animation studio until it sold the stake in 2023.

It currently operates in 31 countries across Europe, Africa and the Middle East.

Paramount Networks Northern Europe
Paramount Networks Northern Europe (formerly ViacomCBS Networks Northern Europe and Viacom International Media Networks UK, Northern and Eastern Europe) is a regional division of Paramount Networks EMEAA which serves the Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, and CIS counties.

Its main headquarters are in Berlin, London and Warsaw, while its regional offices are located in Amsterdam and Stockholm.

Paramount Networks Northern Europe also operates content for MTV's global community (excluding the United States), as well as an array of MTV-branded channels including MTV Music (in Germany, UK & Europe), MTV Hits (in Germany, UK & Europe), MTV Base (in Germany, UK & Europe) and MTV Brand New (in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands).

In 2011, VIMN UK, Northern and Eastern Europe realigned its local production operations with music content being produced in Berlin, London, Warsaw, and Stockholm; kids and family programming in London, Berlin, and Warsaw; and comedy content in Berlin, Amsterdam, London, and Warsaw. Amsterdam acts as the technical play-out hub for the majority of Europe, with exception for channels in Germany, Poland and the UK.

Paramount Networks Southern Europe, Middle East, and Africa
Paramount Networks Southern Europe, Middle East, and Africa (formerly ViacomCBS Networks Southern Europe, Middle East, and Africa) is a regional division of Paramount Networks EMEAA. At the moment the unit's main headquarters are in Madrid, with additional offices in Lisbon, Paris, Milan, Dubai, Johannesburg & Lagos, Singapore, Tokyo, Beijing, Manila, Prague, and Hong Kong SAR. The selection of multimedia brands offered by this division varies depending on the country or region.

Paramount Networks Italia
In February 2011, Viacom set up Viacom International Media Networks Italia to purchase a 30% ownership stake of the Rainbow S.p.A. animation studio for 62 million euros (US$83 million). The purchase was called "the most significant transaction [in Italian entertainment]" of the year by the Fondazione Ente dello Spettacolo. Viacom originally sought to buy out the entire studio, but eventually decided to keep its founder Iginio Straffi at the helm and left him 70% of the studio. As a result of the purchase, Viacom's Nickelodeon networks broadcast Rainbow's shows worldwide. Viacom Italia has also coordinated co-productions between Nickelodeon's American studios and Rainbow, including Winx Club since 2010 and Club 57 in 2019.

MTV in EMEAA
On 1 August 1987, Viacom formed a joint venture with BT and Robert Maxwell, and created the first MTV channel in Europe. The channel was based in London. From 1997, MTV Networks Europe established its regionalisation strategy launching localised channels across many European countries/regions.

This is a list of regional MTV channels still operating in Europe, Middle East, Africa, in order of launch:
 * MTV Global (August 1987)
 * MTV Japan (December 1993)
 * MTV Taiwan (April 1995)
 * MTV Germany (March 1997)
 * MTV UK (July 1997)
 * MTV Italy (September 1997)
 * MTV Nordic (June 1998)
 * MTV France (June 2000)
 * MTV Poland (July 2000)
 * MTV Netherlands (September 2000)
 * MTV Spain (September 2000)
 * MTV Canada (September 1, 2000)
 * MTV Portugal (July 2003)
 * MTV Israel (October 2007)
 * MTV Live (September 2008)
 * MTV Switzerland (April 2009)

MTV branding
Upon its launch in Europe in the late 1980s, MTV Europe made use of MTV US's on-air identity. Overtime, MTV Europe gradually produced its own on-air identity throughout the 1990s. From 1997, MTV's regionalization throughout Europe brought about specialized on-air identity which reflected the tastes and influences from each region. As part of a global rebranding strategy, MTV Networks International decided to produce a new on-air identity that would air on all MTV channels around the world (except MTV US, MTV Canada, MTV Germany and MTV Brazil). On 1 July 2009 all 64 MTV channels globally began to share the same on-air branding. This branding made use of a standardised logo, idents and promos (except MTV US, MTV Canada, MTV Germany and MTV Brazil). The on-air branding initiative was called Pop X1000 reflecting the changing nature of popular culture with MTV at the heart of these rapid changes. The branding was designed by MTV's design department World Design Studio in Milan and Berlin with additional designs added by other global departments throughout the year. The branding was overseen by Universal Everything. This branding was adopted by MTV Networks Europe (in Germany), MTV Networks Asia, MTV Networks Africa and MTV Networks Latin America. As part of MTV's rebrand awareness campaign MTV teamed up with Spanish retailer ZARA in December 2009 to provide branded themed T-shirts and hoodies representing the "Pop X 1000%" campaign. On 8 November 2010 MTV launched its third phase of idents.

In 2010, MTV US & MTV Germany rebranded its entire network of channels producing a revised version of the traditional MTV logo. It was decided that MTV Networks International channels would adopt this logo at a later date. On 1 July 2011, MTV Networks Europe rebranded its network across Germany, Europe and globally. MTV replaced its old logo with the then-current MTV US logo. On 30 June 2011 MTV's localized websites throughout Europe began to use the new branding. As part of a new strategy, MTV Networks Europe became part of Viacom Media International Networks in the winter of 2011.

In the fall of 2013, Viacom International Media Networks announced it would relaunch its MTV channels globally with a new on-air identity. This came into effect on 1 October 2013.

On 25 June 2015, MTV International channels were rebranded with a new initiative to get more viewers involved with the channel. MTV launched MTVBump.com where viewers could upload short video clips which will air on MTV channels worldwide (excluding MTV US and MTV Canada). MTV also launched MTV Art Breaks where creative viewers can create special MTV idents. MTV would also launch MTV Creative, another initiative to coincide with MTV Bump. However, MTV's rebrand still saw falling ratings.

In early 2018, MTV Global began to roll out 'MTV Mood' identity on-air and online. The new look was first used by local MTV channels across Latin America. MTV Europe began using the new look at the end of 2017 along with MTV Germany, before rolling out across Europe in January/February 2018.

On 14 September 2021, MTV launched a new on-air identity; producing a "unified global brand with space for self-expression", for the first time MTV in the US & German shares the same on-air identity as MTV globally. MTV also introduced its first commissioned font, unique to the channel titled 'Gravity'.

Websites
Since January 2010, MTV Networks Europe has started to rebrand its localized websites featuring a standard website for each region. The website design is similar for each region but has information, news and entertainment specific to each region. MTV Germany, MTV Belgium, MTV Netherlands, MTV Switzerland, MTV Portugal, MTV Sweden and MTV Denmark were the first to receive the new look website layout and design.

A new design and layout were released in late 2017 before rolling out across MTV globally in 2018. A new global design was launched in October 2019. A new global design was introduced in February 2021, with some minor changes to coincide with MTV's global rebrand in September 2021.

Broadcasting Agreements
Paramount International Networks has utilized the broadcasting laws and regulation from both the Germany, United Kingdom and Poland to license and secure broadcasting agreements across Europe, whilst maintaining EU regulation. In the past, the majority of MTV's channels were regulated by authorities based in the Germany & UK (Ofcom) and Germany & Poland (The National Broadcasting Council). However, due to the UK's impending exit from the European Union the company has relocated many of its broadcasting licenses from the UK to regulators based in the Czech Republic (RRTV) and the Netherlands.

Following Brexit, all channels operating in the UK will remain under OFCOM, whilst all other channels operated by Paramount International Networks for the rest of Europe will be regulated from Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and/or the Netherlands. Channels for Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic and pan-European channels are regulated by RRTV in the Czech Republic. Channels for the Benelux region, the Nordic region, France, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Portugal are regulated by authorities in the Netherlands and the remaining channels will be regulated by authorities in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and/or under a local arrangement with a relevant regulator.

PIN local offices
PIN Europe, Middle East, and Africa have multiple offices across these regions including Berlin, London, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rome, Lisbon, Paris, Madrid, Warsaw, Prague, Johannesburg, Moscow, and Sydney.

PIN's European headquarters are at PIN Europe London HQ. The building at 17–29 Hawley Crescent, Camden Town, London NW1 8TT, UK, notably sports an exterior living wall. The wall spans over 300m² and hosts approximately 18,000 plants on two aspects: South and West. The wall provides a microenvironment for many species including the protected snail species Helix pomatia and occasional migratory birds.

Structural changes at Paramount Europe
Following a successful launch in the Baltic region MTV (see MTV Baltic) ceased trading in the region in 2009 due to the economic downturn across Europe and the wider world. On 4 November 2010 MTV Networks International offices in Berlin & Amsterdam confirmed that from 1 January 2011 that TMF in the Netherlands broadcasting hours would be reduced until 15:00 each day. From 4 April 2011 TMF was gradually replaced by Kindernet and where the channel was only available online from the former TMF.nl website. On 1 September 2011 TMF in the Netherlands ceased broadcasting. TMF Nederland was the original channel before launching local channels in Germany, Belgium, UK and Australia. These local channels have been replaced with different channels. TMF's digital channels in the Netherlands TMF Live and TMF NL also ceased broadcasting. TMF Flanders in Belgium currently broadcasts as the only TMF channel. On 16 September 2011 it was confirmed by Viacom International Media Networks its operations in the Nordic countries, Benelux region and Germany would operate under Viacom International Media Networks Northern Europe. VIMN Northern Europe operates from its central offices in Amsterdam, Stockholm and Berlin. Resulting in job losses at its offices from MTV Networks Benelux in Belgium and the Netherlands. The re-alignment will see all music programming come from its operations in Stockholm. Its Swedish offices operate local channels such as MTV and VH1 within VIMN Northern European's portfolio of music channels. All kids and family programming operates from Berlin these include localized versions of Nickelodeon, Nick Jr. Channel and Kindernet. Whilst all the localized Comedy Central channels will be operated from Amsterdam. VIMN North European's portfolio includes the following territories: Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. MTV's Berlin and Amsterdam offices will remain open and will act as the technical play-out hub for the channels. In December 2012, both Viacom International Media Networks and ProfMedia announced the closure of MTV Russia. Prof Media who purchased MTV Russia from VIMN in 2007, claimed the MTV brand is no-longer relevant in the territory and will be replaced by a more youth orientated general entertainment brand called 'Friday' on 1 June 2013. MTV Russia is one of the most widely distributed channels in the Russian Federation and was previously rated the most watched channel in the territory. Today, the channel has been relegated to the Top 20 channels in Russia. VIMN stated its commitment to the region stating its other MTV channels and brands such as VH1, Nickelodeon and the newly localized Comedy Central will continue to broadcast across Russia on cable and digital television providers. It has also been stated in some reports that MTV as a brand is in crisis in other Eastern European territories with falling ratings for MTV Poland and other local MTV channels in Central Eastern Europe. This is an ongoing trend for MTV globally. It was reported in the fall of 2012 that MTV US and its other channels had seen a fall in revenue and audience figures. There is competition from on-demand music websites, and MTV's transformation from music oriented television to youth oriented reality and scripted reality shows has failed to ignite the brand. On 31 May 2013 MTV Ukraine ceased broadcasting due to falling ratings. On 3 July 2013 Viacom International Media Networks launched a localized version of MTV Base in South Africa. MTV South-Africa is an opt-out feed of the same channel with selected unique programming targeting South Africa. On 5 July 2013 VIMN announced it has purchased 51% of MTV Italy the channel was previously a joint-venture largely owned by Telecom Italia Media and VIMN. The ownership conditions have changed which means VIMN holds a larger share of the channel. On 12 September 2013 VIMN Europe announced it has gained 100% ownership of MTV Italia and associated channels from Telecom Italia.
 * 2009:
 * 2010:
 * 2011:
 * 2012:
 * 2013

Following the merger of MTV Networks New Zealand and MTV Networks Australia operations into one network based in Sydney in 2010, MTV (Australia & New Zealand) and its sister brand Comedy Central (New Zealand only) were placed under VIMN's – Viacom International Media Networks UK, Ireland, Australia, Central Eastern Europe and International Content Distribution. On 11 October 2013, VIMN's Sydney operations announced it would downsize. From year end all broadcasting is to be relocated to VIMN in London. VIMN's Sydney advertising department and Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand will not be affected by this move. From January 2014, MTV Czech Republic & Slovakia will came under full ownership of VIMN Europe. Following a decision by the current operator CME to hand back the licence to VIMN. The channel was replaced by MTV Europe January 2014, with the possibility of the channel relaunching. Similarly, MTV Hungary ceased broadcasting on 31 December 2013. In early 2014, Czech TV regular (RRTV is the licence holder for MTV channels in Eastern Europe) issued MTV Hungary a new licence but this was handed back on 8 January 2014. On 1 August 2015 in Italy MTV Italia (DTT-free to air station) was sold to Sky Italia. In 2013 Viacom took full control of the channel after Telecom Italia Media sold its 51% share. At the same time Viacom launched on the platform of Sky, the new channel MTV Next. Viacom continues to broadcast in Italy through DTT the free-channel MTV Music (Italia) and remains active with Comedy Central, Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. through the platform of Sky Italia. MTV Classic Italia and MTV Hits Italia have been closed down on 1 August.
 * 2014

On 17 November 2015 the French versions of MTV Base, MTV Pulse and MTV Idol are closed and a French versions of MTV Hits and BET are launched. The European version of MTV Hits ceased broadcasting in France, Belgium and Switzerland and MTV Rocks ceased broadcasting in Switzerland and CanalSat. On Numericable, VH1 and VH1 Classic returns and MTV Dance is launched. On 10 January 2016 VIMN shutdown its Greek MTV channel due to a turndown in advertising and competition from MAD TV, the channel was replaced by MTV Europe. VIMN Europe confirmed its closure on 6 January 2016. This does not affect the Greek Nickelodeon service. In the fall of 2017, VIMN closed plans to close VIVA from German channels in Hungary, Poland, Ireland and the UK. VIMN Germany, Austria and Switzerland confirmed it would reduce the broadcasting hours of the German-speaking VIVA replacing it with an extended version of Comedy Central Germany. By the spring of 2018, VIMN Germany confirmed it would close VIVA in Germany, Austria and Switzerland in January 2019, replacing it with a 24-hour Comedy Central Germany. meanwhile in the UK Nickelodeon, Nick Jr Too and Nicktoons will go 24/7 on 1 January 2019 the same day as the closure of VIVA. MTV Romania shut down in late February 2019, replaced by MTV Europe.
 * 2016
 * 2017–present:

The current EMEAA division was formed when the re-merged ViacomCBS split off its UK channels and combined them with operations in Australia.

In 2021, MTV closed a number of channels across Europe and on March 31, 2022, MTV Classic and MTV Base closed in the UK. Meanwhile, MTV Hungary was closed in April 2022 and MTV Southeast Asia followed it in September 2022. On 7 January 2024 Paramount Networks closed VH1 Italy and on 31 March 2024 VH1 Denmark was closed.

Core brands
PIN has many key brands that are available across Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Some brands are specific to different territories.

Pan-European brands:
 * MTV (Germany)
 * MTV Music (Germany, Italy & Poland)
 * Club MTV
 * MTV Hits (Germany)
 * MTV 80s
 * MTV 90s
 * MTV 00s
 * MTV Base (Africa)
 * MTV Live
 * MTV International
 * Comedy Central
 * Comedy Central Extra
 * Nickelodeon
 * Nick Jr. Channel
 * Paramount Network
 * CBS Reality
 * Showtime

Specific to regions:
 * BET (in the Germany & UK as streaming service only; France and Africa [stand alone channel] and previously available in Austria, Italy, Switzerland & Ireland)
 * Nicktoons (Germany, EMEA, Ireland, UK)
 * MTV Brand New (Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland)
 * Channel 5 (UK)
 * Network 10 (Australia)
 * TeenNick (France, Luxembourg)
 * Super! (Italy, Switzerland)
 * Porto Canal (Portugal, Angola, Mozambique)
 * J-One (France, Belgium, Luxembourg)
 * Game One (France, Belgium, Luxembourg)
 * NickMusic (Germany, Benelux, Australia, New Zealand)
 * Colors TV (Indian sub-continent)
 * MTV Beats (India)
 * CBS Europa (Germany, Poland)
 * Ego (Israel)

title: Paramount Networks EMEAA


text:
Emerald Twilight

"Emerald Twilight" is a 1994 comic book story told in Green Lantern (vol. 3) #48–50, written by Ron Marz, drawn by Darryl Banks and published by DC Comics. The story introduced a new Green Lantern, Kyle Rayner, who gained a significant fan following.

"Emerald Twilight" was collected as a trade paperback collection in 1994 reprinting the entire three-issue story arc in one volume as Green Lantern: Emerald Twilight (ISBN 978-1-56389-164-9), with cover art by Tony Harris. It was later collected again in 2003 as the Green Lantern: Emerald Twilight/New Dawn TPB (ISBN 978-1-56389-999-7), reprinting Green Lantern (vol. 3) #48–50 and also #51–55, the early stories of Rayner becoming the new Green Lantern with new cover art by Alan Davis and Mark Farmer.

A second collection was released in the 2017 trade paperback Kyle Rayner, Green Lantern, Volume One including Green Lantern #0 and #56–57, R.E.B.E.L.S. '94 #1 and The New Titans #116–117.

Synopsis
In Green Lantern #46, as part of the "Reign of the Supermen!" storyline, the extraterrestrial villain Mongul teams up with a Cyborg Superman that had been passing himself off as the real Superman. They use a series of bombs to destroy Hal Jordan's home city of Coast City with the intention of using the area as one of four way-stations for a giant engine that would ultimately transform Earth into the massive spaceship Warworld. Hal Jordan returns to the city to find a massive fortress-engine standing in the ruins of his home and furiously attacks, hearing the voices of those killed crying out in his mind. The voices fall silent when Jordan defeats Mongul in battle. Hal also witnesses the return of Superman, who has defeated the Cyborg elsewhere in the city.

In issue #47, he teamed up with Green Arrow for a completely different mission, and at the end of the issue, his thoughts once again turn to Coast City.

Issue #48 began with Hal in the center of what used to be Coast City, clutching the remains of a doll—the only physical evidence of the seven million people who once lived there. In a moment of pure anguish, Hal uses his power ring to re-create Coast City, down to the people who had previously died, including his father. When his ring's energy runs out, one of the Guardians of the Universe contacts him via a holographic projection to tell him he is in violation of one of the principal rules of the Green Lantern Corps, which forbids Lanterns from using their rings for personal gain. Enraged at their apathy, Hal siphons off the energy from the projection and makes his way to the Guardians' planet Oa, with the intent of bleeding off all the energy from the Main Power Battery in order to permanently re-create Coast City.

Issue #49 saw him going up against various members of the Green Lantern Corps, each of whom fell against Hal, until he got to Oa. Hal steals the rings from each defeated colleague and leaves them for dead.

Issue #50 sees Hal battle the renegade former Green Lantern Sinestro on Oa, who had been previously imprisoned in the Main Battery, but released by the Guardians to stop Jordan. Jordan then proceeds to kill Sinestro, as well as his fellow Green Lantern Kilowog. The Guardians, having realized that their cause was lost, had given all their remaining energy to the Guardian named Ganthet, who became the sole Guardian after this energy transference resulted in the death of the rest of them. Hal takes all the energy in the Central Power Battery, and when he emerged from it, he has a new costume and takes the name Parallax.

Aftermath
Ganthet travels to Earth and finds an illustrator named Kyle Rayner (who had been briefly introduced at the end of issue #48 when he saw Hal fly off and mistook his green flight streak for a shooting star). Ganthet gives Kyle the last remaining power ring, thus making Kyle the last Green Lantern. As Parallax, Hal Jordan became a recurring villain in the DC Universe.

In "Emerald Fallout", which takes place in issues #18–21 of Guy Gardner: Warrior, Guy Gardner receives a vision of the events of "Emerald Twilight". Guy, along with Wonder Woman, Alan Scott, Arisia, Darkstar Ferrin Colos, the Martian Manhunter, Captain Atom and the Ray go to what was left of Oa. He challenges Hal and is defeated when Hal melts his yellow power ring.

The character played a central role during the Zero Hour storyline. Later Hal displays his final act of heroism, sacrificing his life to reignite the Sun at the conclusion of The Final Night storyline. Redeemed in the eyes of many of his fellow heroes, he received a hero's funeral. Not fit either for Heaven or Hell, Jordan's soul was destined for Purgatory, until he became the newest host for the spirit of God's vengeance known as the Spectre, at the end of the Day of Judgment limited series.

During the events of Green Lantern: Rebirth, Hal Jordan's murderous actions were revealed to be the result of being under the influence of the fear entity Parallax. Parallax chose Hal at the behest of Sinestro (who was puppeteering a hard-light duplicate of himself in the battery during their battle on Oa). Jordan is eventually resurrected and returns as a Green Lantern once more, as well as resuming his career as a Captain within the United States Air Force. His and the Guardians' return signify the rebirth of the Green Lantern Corps.

Behind the scenes
Originally "Emerald Twilight" was scripted by Gerard Jones and according to Previews Vol. III #8 (Aug 1993) and the November 1993 Comics Scoreboard, was to involve two sets of the extraterrestrial altruists known as the Guardians and Hal Jordan, a member of their intergalactic police force, the Green Lanterns, having to choose which set was real. DC Editorial did not think this idea was interesting enough to draw new readers so then-publisher Paul Levitz, along with senior group editors Mike Carlin, Dennis O'Neil, and Archie Goodwin, and Green Lantern editor Kevin Dooley plotted the "Emerald Twilight" story. It was given to Ron Marz to write.

In other media

 * "Emerald Twilight" was to be adapted into a video game for the Super NES by developer Ocean Software. The game would have allowed players to assume the role of Kyle Rayner and take on Hal Jordan. The game was cancelled.
 * Bat-Mite mentions Emerald Twilight on Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham.
 * The animated film Green Lantern: Beware My Power adapts parts of the "Emerald Twilight" saga.

title: Emerald Twilight