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Brigada

Brigada (Бригада), also known as Law of the Lawless, is a Russian 15-episode crime television miniseries that debuted in 2002. It became very popular in Russia and ex-Soviet countries as well as Eastern Europe, but received criticism for positive portrayal of criminals and aestheticization of violence. The miniseries follows the story of four best friends from 1989 to 2000, and follows their rise in the world of crime from a local gang of petty thugs to a true mafia, mainly concentrating on the leader of the group, Sasha Belov, played by Sergei Bezrukov. The fifteen-part miniseries were written by Igor Porublyov and Aleksei Sidorov and were directed by Aleksei Sidorov.

Plot
The film proceeds in chronological order, apart from the scene at the beginning of the first episode before the opening credits, which was taken from Winter 1997.

Summer 1989
The film begins in 1989 when Sergeant Alexander (Sasha) Belov, (nicknamed Bely, or white) has finished his national service in the Soviet Border Troops, and returns to his home in Moscow. He is greeted there by his three childhood friends, Kosmos Kholmogorov (or Kosmos (Kos)/Space), Viktor Pchyolkin (Pchyola/Bee), and Valery Filatov (Fil/Phil). His return, however, shows that perestroika has deeply transformed the Soviet Union life and both Kosmos and Pchyola have turned to criminal racket on Moscow's markets. They try to lure Sasha to join them, but Belov abruptly refuses and instead has ambitions to attain higher education in vulcanology.

Belov also learns that his former girlfriend, Yelena Yeliseyeva (Lena, Lenka) has become a prostitute. Enraged, Sasha ventures to the disco, and finds her there, but an attempted conversation is interrupted by Yelena's pimp, Mukha (Fly). Having earlier prepared for a likely fight, Belov strikes Mukha in the face with a brass knuckle resulting in fracture. Before Mukha's fellow gangsters have time to beat up Sasha, Kosmos, Fil and Pchyola arrive and rescue their friend.

What Bely did not know was that Mukha has strong ties in the Militsiya — his cousin Lieutenant Vladimir Kaverin (Volodya). After Mukha's recovery, Kaverin agrees to cover the revenge against Belov, which is likely to result in death. Belov instead comes to the gang's gathering and challenges Mukha to a 1-on-1 fight, which the latter loses. The fight also ends Belov's relationship with Lenka.

Unlike Pchyola and Kosmos, Fil instead is keen on pursuing a sporting career in boxing. His ambitions are lost when a doctor diagnoses him with early symptoms of Parkinson's disease and does not allow him to continue boxing, yet at the same time offers him to compete in an underground Mixed martial arts club. Fil makes his fighting début there and is supported by his three friends, but the audience includes Mukha, who decides to take his chance to avenge Belov by stabbing him, when a brawl breaks out among the supporters. The brawl is broken up by a man, who fires several shots in the air, causing the crowd to run off.

The next morning Mukha's body is found in the hangar where the fight took place and Kaverin bribes the investigator to consider Belov the prime suspect. Soon, the militsiya arrive at his apartment with a search warrant and plant a pistol in his clothes. Kosmos, who accidentally passes by, is asked to witness the discovery of the pistol. When requested to sign papers as a witness, Kosmos spots Sasha on the street approaching his apartment. Kosmos leaves hastily and throws him in a car and explains what has happened. Afterwards Kosmos hides Sasha in a dacha (vacation house) outside Moscow, and his friends make separate statements to the investigator. Simultaneously, Sasha's mother tries to recruit a lawyer and also seeks help from Kosmos's father, Yuri Rostislavovich, who is a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and thus has numerous contacts among the Soviet elite.

At the dacha, Sasha notices a beautiful neighbour, Olga Surikova, with whom he immediately falls in love. He follows her to her violin recital in Moscow and begins a courtship. The date ends abruptly when Olga, waiting for Sasha to return from repairing a broken heel on her shoe, notices a wanted poster on the train platform with his face and name.

Sasha's friends decide to lift his spirits, and with Fil's sport contacts "recruit" a group of four female swimmers, whom they drive to the Dacha for a party that ends with couples pairing off for sex. The music volume is so high that Olga's grandmother calls the local militsiya sheriff. Having arrived too late to break up the party, he, however, discerns Belov's face, and upon returning to his station recognizes him on the wanted poster and immediately calls the OMON (armed police squad) for an arrest. They arrive just after Fil and Kosmos drive off for more alcohol, and Pchyola and Sasha barely escape the gunfire-rattled dacha into the woods, where Sasha takes a bullet.

Realising that he is out of money, Kosmos arrives home and drunkenly confronts his father and Sasha's mother, promising that everything is all right with Sasha. Returning to the country, they find the sheriff taken hostage by Pchyola and Sasha and, warning him not to report the incident, drive off without killing him. In the meantime, Kosmos' father spends a whole night on the phone and finally announces that he has cleared Sasha's name. Unfortunately, it might be a year before he can return to Moscow. The 1989 story ends on top of Sparrow Hills as dawn breaks, with the four friends overlooking the panorama of Moscow. The blood-soaked Sasha swears to his friends that he will always remain loyal to them and to the Brigada.

Spring 1991
The film picks up in 1991 and the viewer learns that Sasha, after one and a half years of hiding in the Urals, decided that a criminal life would be natural after what has happened. Fil now works as a stuntman and the Brigada controls several auto-services and markets. Because, their income is insignificant and their prominence is low, Pchyola suggests to Sasha that they make their first big move by racketing the chairmen (and Pchyola's former neighbour) of the large trading company Kurs-Invest. The company owner, Artur, despite the obvious fear stricken into him by Belov's somewhat-humorous methods, abruptly refuses to accept his "offer", and leaves Belov's lawyer badly injured.

In revenge, Belov hijacks Artur's large shipping of several train cars full of aluminium from Tajikistan. After an unsuccessful attempt by Artur's own semi-criminal bodyguards to deal with Belov, the profile of the dispute catches the KGB's attention and agent Igor Vvedenskiy announces Belov's talent to his superiors and seeks permission to let the group develop further, under their control. At the same time, Artur contacts the militsiya and his case is taken up by, the now Captain, Kaverin who sees this as a perfect chance to settle the 1989 incident with Belov. In the meantime, Sasha marries Olga and, after a lavish reception, their first wedding night is to follow in their new apartment in the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building (a wedding gift by Pchyola, Fil and Kosmos). However, this almost ends in disaster when the hem of Olga's wedding gown gets tangled in a wire attached to the pin of a hand grenade, neatly set up right across the front door of their apartment. Sasha manages to grab the armed grenade and throw it into the stairwell after a neighbour's dog rushed to rip the wire and release the pin.

Afterwards, in Kosmos's father's apartment, Olga confesses to Sasha despite her knowing who he is and what he does, she still loves him. Knowing that such action could have been carried out only by a mole, Sasha stages his imminent departure to Yalta, which causes the mole to reveal himself. Afterwards he is driven out into the woods and killed. Belov openly states to his Brigada that anyone who tries something like that will share his fate.

Kaverin shows Artur the picture of the dead mole, and much to irritation of Artur for the failed attempt to remove Belov, Kaverin tries to convince him that this is a perfect evidence to legally crush the Brigada. Artur refuses, but at that instant the Brigada burst into the office. Artur and Kaverin just manage to hide in the toilet, and Kosmos and Bee nearly assault Artur's secretary Lyuda. After they leave, Kaverin takes drunk Artur's signature to write a statement by himself. Yet at this point Vvedensky's KGB move in, and Kaverin is promptly discharged from service.

Simultaneously the original Aluminium producer from Tajikistan calls for the Tajik mafia to move in against Belov for hijacking their deal, as Artur paid only half the fee. In an imminent gang duel Bely recognises the leader as his old army friend Farkhad Dzhurayev (Farik). The two instead choose to turn to the drug trade, where Belov's Aluminium trains would be used to smuggle heroin from Tajikistan. To celebrate the deal, both Belov's Brigada and Farik's godfathers go to a lavish restaurant, where they witness Olga performing. Vvedensky makes contact with Belov and under threat of prison announces that narcotics are to be only transited via Russia. In return for Belov's agreement, Artur is forced to give up his position and emigrate, and Belov fully takes over Kurs-Invest including its office and even Artur's secretary, Lyuda.

Olga, after her graduation from the Philharmonia does not begin her music career, but instead turns to her former course-mate Vitalik, and joins his band. Vitalik, not hiding his attraction to Olga, tries to blackmail her into leaving her husband, who openly disapproves of both Vilalik and her being part of the band, which he further makes visible by having the whole party leave the restaurant. Eventually Sasha witnesses how Vitalik verbally offends Olga and makes him suffer in a short fight, after which Olga happily walks off with Sasha. The 1991 part of the film finishes when Olga and Sasha pause their love-making when they become aware that the television is broadcasting the same Swan Lake on all channels, which a Russian viewer will know is the beginning of the 1991 August Coup which brought the end of the Soviet Union.

Autumn 1993
The 1993 story picks with Sasha returning from the United States, just as Olga is about to give birth to their son, Ivan. He arrives during the Constitutional coup. Simultaneously, Farik also arrives in Moscow, who is sent by his family elders to negotiate a deal to sell narcotics in Moscow, rather than following Belov's less profitable suggestion of transporting them to the West. As the two parties reach Sasha's office, the Russian OMON raid the premises, and all the Brigada are arrested and taken to the Butyrka isolator.

The large cell is filled with people swept up in raids, including Kaverin and two colleagues. Although the two parties do not approach each other, they describe what they know of their friends, and that Kaverin, after leaving the MVD, now works for a private security firm with criminal activities, headed by Bek.

Vvedenskiy, realising what has become of Belov, arranges for his release. As soon as Sasha walks out he learns that Olga has given birth. As the Brigada drive off to the hospital they see army trucks removing the dead from the White House.

Seeing his newborn son, the Brigada come back to the office, where Farik tells the problems he has to Beliy. Kosmos and Pchyola agree that selling drugs in Moscow would bring more revenue, but Sasha refuses. The discussion ends, and Farik walks out saying that he felt betrayed. Kosmos convinces Beliy to change his mind, but stating that he will not play any direct role in the deal.

What they do not know, is that the whole conversation is recorded by Kaverin via remote surveillance equipment. Immediately Kaverin forwards the tapes to Bek, who agrees to hijack the deal. Sasha fearing that the clients might trap Farik, offers Fil to come along to oversee the exchange. Farik, however, refuses, and Sasha's worst fear comes true. The deal is carried out with Farik handing over the narcotics on the Ferris Wheel of the VDNKh and his two Tajik friends receiving the money outside Moscow. After the exchange, both Tajik parties are murdered.

Sasha learns what has happened and personally takes the bodies to Farik's elders in Tajikistan. Belov explains, to his father that they have every right to consider him responsible, but he is here alone, and that their partnership is more important. After showing Farik's father the photo of the newborn Ivan, the former allows him to return to Moscow and find those responsible.

Kaverin, now sceptical of Bek approaches the Brigada. After playing them the tapes, he convinces them that he was gathering intelligence for Bek, and knew he would hijack the exchange. The action on New Year's Eve alternates between Sasha and Olga at a performance of Tchaikovsky's Waltz from Swan Lake and various locations in Moscow where Bek himself and his group are killed in retaliation for Farik's death. Belov, bored at the concert, receives news of the successful operation amid the final applause. This causes him stand up with the audience and applaud a Bravo.

The 1993 part of the film ends with Vvedenskiy reporting to the KGB on Kaverin. Seeing how the subject has successfully played out a double agent between Bek and Belov and that his personal score with the latter, Vvedenskiy proposes to support Kaverin as a counterbalance Belov's growing brigade.

Autumn 1994
As Belov's group gains more and more prominence, bigger games become played. Their contacts go beyond narcotics, and Kaverin sets Kosmos up with Luka, a renowned Thief in law. Luka offers to use Belov's drug channels to transfer arms to Chechnya for Kosmos. Belov, however, is not interested in the Arms Trade, and instead wants to legalise his activities, for which he befriends a Russian politician, Viktor Petrovich and passes on a set of papers for a "restoration fund" which grants him tax-free trade of alcohol and tobacco.

However, the KGB (now FSK) want the arms deal to progress, and have Luka's men attack Sasha when he is visiting with Olga and Ivan to his mother's flat. Belov's bodyguard Max is able to kill two and pursues the remaining assassin away. Max hurries Olga and Ivan to a safe-house outside Moscow, while Belov and Fil hide in an undisclosed flat in Moscow.

The shoot-out gains wide coverage on television, which Vvedenskiy watches from home. He instructs Kaverin to bring Kosmos to Luka, who tells Kosmos that in case of Belov's refusal, Luka will remove Belov altogether and Kosmos will take over. Despite this offer, Kosmos breaks the situation to Belov. Olga discovers that Ivan has a throat infection that needs an urgent operation. Driving to a local hospital, their escort gets caught at a GAI checkpoint and is apprehended. During Ivan's operation, Luka's men surround the small provincial hospital, with only Max to defend it.

While Fil unsuccessfully tries to gain aid from Viktor Petrovich, Luka phones Belov and states his ultimatum. Belov throws the phone down, and Luka tells Kaverin to finish him off. Kaverin hires a professional sniper and a gang duel is called on the Tushino airfield with the sniper on top of a building several kilometres away. However, Luka is killed instead of Sasha, and Pchyola and Fil finish off his bodyguards. Luka's men leave the hospital and Ivan's operation is completed.

Afterwards, Beliy meets with Vvedensky and Kaverin. Vvedenskiy tells him that Kaverin is taking over Luka's activities and Beliy must sell weapons to Chechnya if he does not want a repeat of what has happened. The 1994 story ends when Belov visits his mother's flat. Witnessing the earlier assassination attempt, she collapsed with a heart attack, and died. Belov talks to her spirit, asking her to forgive him.

Spring 1995
The First Chechen War has broken out, and there are daily radio reports of Russian casualties from guerilla attacks. Kosmos feels very personal about this, as it was initially his idea, but now the weapons they are selling are being used against the Russians. Pchyola takes over the financial side of the distribution. This causes an open conflict between them, causing Sasha to intervene. Having already been an addict of cocaine, Kosmos overdoses, and is injured in a car accident. Sasha visits him at his father's house, and Kosmos confesses that back in 1989, upon seeing Mukha creep up behind Bely with a knife, it was he who shot him. Sasha forgives him and decides to end the Chechen problem.

Belov continues his attempts in legalising the Brigada's activities and secures a deal with Viktor Petrovich for a set of alcohol and tobacco licenses. Breaking the news to Fil, they go to a casino to celebrate, where Sasha becomes very drunk, and they bump into famous film producer Gordon and his wife, actress Anyuta, whom Fil knows from his work as a stuntman.

Kaverin finalises a new shipment of arms to Chechnya and after agreeing on the route, goes to the same casino, where he crosses paths with Belov. They begin to argue on their mutual dislike of each other, and Kaverin confesses it was his influence that the search of his house in 1989 included a false extraction of a pistol. Bely breaks a bottle of champagne on Volodya's head. Upon leaving the casino, Bely sees Anyuta's look and comes back to her place beginning an affair. The next morning he discovers that Gordon is homosexual and their marriage is merely a convenience.

Kaverin heads off to Chechnya, and meets the insurgent militants. The delivery of arms is intercepted by Army spetsnaz commandos, who kill the militants and destroy the trucks. Back in Moscow the frantic Pchyola, waiting for the call to confirm the deal, is told that everything is destroyed. Sasha reaffirms him that despite the US$11 million they lost, it will be good for them nonetheless. Viktor Petrovich thanks Sasha for the information he has given him and reassures him that he has nothing to fear from the Vvedensky's side. Belov meets Vvedensky in front of his own home, and realizing that Vvedensky is shocked that Belov knows where he lives, Sasha tells him that they both have children and that all he wants is for them to co-exist. Vvedensky acknowledges that even he can be manipulated by Bely, and agrees with him that stopping the arms flow was the right thing to do.

The 1995 part of the film ends with a blood soaked Kaverin, who despite taking two sniper bullets, is limping next a burnt out village. A Russian Army BTR patrol pulls up and the soldiers rescue him.

Winter 1997
After the previous events, the Brigada begins to cool down. Fil has a very successful part as a stuntman in a new production by Gordon about Highlander. Sasha maintains the affair with Gordon's wife, Anyuta, who has the main role in the film. After a particularly good stunt Fila borrows a camcorder from Anyuta to show Ivan, who returns with Olga from America. He also takes head of mannequin with him. Fil drives Olga and Ivan home and then catches the rest of the Brigada in a night club. There Pchyola negotiates a new money laundering deal with the Caucasus mafia. Bely refuses to accept it, out of principle's of continuing the legal profile of the business. Pchyola, much to the dismay of Kosmos, decides to follow it through alone and travels to airport not with Brigada but with Caucasians.

Pchyola departs for the airport to catch his flight to Germany. As Fil drives Kosmos and Sasha back to their office, all three notice how their wristwatch arms accelerate and the radio begins to glitch. In a split second decision Sasha yells for everyone to jump out, and with Kosmos they roll out onto the snow-covered street. Fil however hesitates, and jumps only seconds before the large Mercedes explodes. This is the scene that was shown before the opening credits of the first episode.

Unconscious, he is rushed off to the hospital where he spends several hours under surgery with serious head injuries. Kosmos convinces Sasha that Pchyola is the only one who could have carried this out, as after their death he'll have everything and he didn't sit into their car. They send their head of security, Shmit, and his men (all former thugs) to find him. Pchyola himself, as soon as he learns of the attack, just as he arrives to the airport, catches the first taxi back to Moscow.

Night falls, and Fil is still under surgery, Olga meanwhile is learning to drive with Maks (now her and Ivan's personal bodyguard), on the Kutuzovsky Prospekt, where Pchyola catches up with her. He tells her on the phone not to tell Max about him and asks her to stop at the pharmacy and come in alone. There he tells her that the camcorder which Fil borrowed remained turned on, and that right now it is at Anyuta's house (Fil returned it to her after realizing that it was Gordon's camera). Max upon seeing Pchyola immediately calls Shmit, who arrives and brings him to the hospital.

Olga meanwhile comes to Anyuta's home and confronts her, forcing to abandon the affair with Sasha, and to return the camera. At the hospital Pchyola is met with Bely and Kosmos holding pistols, they are interrupted by a nurse asking for anyone with Type B negative blood for Fil. Sasha points to Pchyola who makes a transfusion to the still unconscious Fila, after the operation was finally completed.

Kosmos then tells Bely that he will not have the courage to kill Pchyola, to which Sasha replies that neither will he. Kos advises Sasha to have Shmit do it. To calm his nerves, Sasha asks Kosmos for cocaine, stating that, he spent many years selling it but never tried it, though after a second attempt he feels nothing. At this moment Olga and Maks burst in with the camcorder. Sasha shouts at Olga, but Maks intervenes and plays the tape, which shows how Gordon plants the bomb inside the head of mannequin that Fil brought with him. Kosmos remembers that Gordon has borrowed half a million from Fil, but lacked the means to pay it off. Realizing what has happened, Kosmos pleads to Pchyola for his mistake. The 1997 part of the film ends when Olga walks in on the drunken Kosmos, Sasha and Pchyola and tells them that Fil is in a coma.

Winter 1998
A year has passed and Fil is still in a coma. The doctors try to persuade his wife, Tamara to turn off his feeding tube, as there is little chance of recovery. Learning of this, Belov, though agreeing to transferring him to a private clinic, decides to avenge his friend. Gordon makes a successful and popular premiere of his new picture, and to celebrate he meets his homosexual date where they drive off to a gay club. Before they leave the car, the young lad passes his regards from Sasha Bely and strangles Gordon to death.

The murder of a famous film producer generates a massive media outrage about the mafia, and Olga takes Ivan and leaves Sasha. Belov comes to the same dacha where her grandmother still lives and almost forcefully assaults Olga. The militsiya arrive, where Sasha recognises the same militsiya sheriff from 1989. He turns himself in and back at the station they drink and dance, telling their life stories. The militsiya officer then demonstrates the old wanted poster of Belov, and sets out making him some photocopies. As he awaits, Belov's eyes grow in shock when he sees an election poster with Kaverin's face. Kaverin has survived Chechnya, and is running for the State Duma in the upcoming majoritarian election.

Shmit, Pchyola and Kosmos pay Gordon's assassin, but after he leaves the cafe, a SOBR unit arrests them, drives into the woods, where the three are forced to dig a grave for themselves under gunpoint. The SOBR gunmen open fire at the empty trees right above their heads, and walk off, leaving the three to find a way out. When the three dirty men arrive back at the office, Belov enquires into the event. Viktor Petrovich tells him that it was carried out by a militsiya commander, who after Gordon's death sends a warning that there were still law and order who could crush Bely and his Brigada should this happen again. Bely confronts the Commander, telling he did what was necessary for his friend. He gets a phone call from the hospital that there has been further complications with Fil. Before leaving the Commander, he takes a Russian Orthodox cross that the SOBR took from his friends.

The 1998 part ends when Sasha visits Fil and finds him surrounded by doctors. He kneels over Fil, and seeing that his eyes are open whispers: "brother". A tear flows out of Fil's eyes. After that Belov makes up his mind to run against Kaverin.

Winter 1999
Its December 1999, and the elections are scheduled for early spring 2000, and Kaverin and Belov try to outdo each other. Vvedensky decides to act once again, and pushes the two to closer confrontation. Kaverin plays on discrediting his opponent, and to smear Belov's image, a provocative poster "Brotherhood is fighting to the Power" with Belov holding a pistol is issued, and then the typography which printed them is set on fire. One day Belov and his family arrive home to their television set that is playing police surveillance reels from the early 1990s showing how the Brigada are involved in racket, after which Kaverin rings to Belov. A bug is found in Belov's office, but most of all, at a press conference Kaverin demonstrates Artur to the public, who tells of how Belov's criminal gang forced him out of Russia and took over his business in 1991. Kaverin's public biography is based on a real officer who died in Chechnya and was given him by Vvedensky. Vvedensky warns Volodya that if the public finds out what he did there, this would be used against him.

Bely's campaign focuses more on the social problems. He has his men deliver presents to the poor, and sponsors construction of Eastern Orthodox Churches to win support. He tries to re-unite with Olga, and after a dinner together, breaks with her into the same dacha where he hid in 1989. There he tells her of his thoughts, before the discussion turns to love-making.

As the elections near, the two candidates engage in a television debate, both ask piercing questions into their cloudy past. Kaverin decides to play a trump card, a cassette with more early 1990s recordings. However instead a scene from The Godfather is played, much to the amusement of the viewers. Belov then takes the initiative and states that the reel that was to be played was one of thousands there could be and admits to his past. He then states that this mess, in which he was forced to take the actions he did, was caused at the very top in the government and he was just a pawn that was swept into the new world. Furthermore, he appeals that what is important is that, at present, everybody wants to live in a better country, where the necessary actions of the past would remain there.

Soon the elections come, and despite Kaverin's early lead, Belov clips a narrow margin at the last moment and wins the vote. A celebration follows at Belov's office, Kosmos proposes to Lyuda, Artur's original secretary who has worked with them since 1991. Then a phone call follows that Sasha and Olga are on their way. Pchyola and Kosmos come out into the snow-covered courtyard to greet them, and see Sasha's red armoured SUV driven alone by Maks, who climbs out and stabs the two.

Bely who arrives later, is shocked at what happened. At dawn Belov also learns that Fil, who was still recovering in the hospital and his wife Tamara were also killed in the clinic. On the wall a sign "GORGE IT BEAST" (in Russian "ЖРИ ТВАРЬ") is written with blood. Maks is nowhere to be found. Meeting up with Vvedensky Sasha learns that Maksim Karelskiy, despite working for eight years for Belov, and several times rescuing both him, his family and Pchyola from Bely himself, was nonetheless a mole for Kaverin since 1991. Originally he crossed paths with the Chechen mafia and Kaverin paid his ransom, after which he used him to infiltrate the Brigada.

Vvedensky along with Viktor Petrovich, the whole underground criminal world, and even Yuri Rostislavovich (Kosmos's father), all ask that Belov should not seek revenge. Sasha says that he can't accept that, and first rattles Kaverin's apartment with an PKM as a message he will avenge. In the final stunt, he contacts his old friend who the viewer saw throughout the film, karate trainer and stuntman Alexander Inshakov. Originally they meet up back in 1989 when Sasha bought a mastiff, then again in 1991 they offered him to train his men, and he refused, Inshakov was Fil's close friend during their stunt work for Gordon, and shortly before Gordon's death asked him to have all of the film reels to make a tribute to stuntman Filatov.

Sasha then visits the morgue where already the four coffins are prepared for the funeral, and symbolically adds three pistols into the hands of his friends. The next day, Kosmos's original Lincoln Town Car is shown to Sasha. Bely sends Shmit to the cemetery and says he follow onwards and introduces his new head of security and saying he explain everything to him later. When Shmit arrives, the funeral service is about to begin. As Belov, Olga and Ivan drive onto a causeway, the car is hit by an M72 LAW and falls into the river. The funeral mass is announced that Belov is killed.

Winter/Spring 2000
Although announced in the opening credits, this part of the film was never announced. Belov's death allowed Maks and Kaverin to come out of hiding. Seeing a final end to his lifelong rival, he and Artur engage in a joint business venture, and are examining a construction site that is soon to open as a new shopping centre. Out of nowhere Bely appears and kills Maks, Artur, a few of their fellow thugs and finally Kaverin himself. Afterwards he explains to Inshakov how he staged his own death and how the car was empty when it exploded and went over into the river.

The film ends in spring when snow melted, Sasha once again visits Sparrow Hills, this time alone, and remembers how nine years ago he swore to always stand for his brothers. Repeating the words his same words, he adds that he swears he will never forget those who he called brothers, and with that cracks his watch on the railing. At the airport, Olga and Ivan, await Sasha to board the plane and leave Russia. While the final boarding is called, Olga gets a call from Sasha, who says he will not be joining them right now, because it's too dangerous for them, but will come in a couple of months. The tearful Olga walks into the airplane with Ivan. Sasha, standing on a causeway, watches the airplane depart. As he catches a taxi, the screen turns black and the final credits begin to roll.

Music
Reflective of Russians' affinity to music,- classical music and musical instruments are well represented in the series. Upright pianos are in the homes of Sasha's mother and Kosmos' father. Olga is a violinist and her rehearsing on a violin impresses Sasha to court her. Olga and Sasha attend a Bolshoi Theater performance of Swan Lake Waltz. This is a non-exhaustive list of music identified in the series:
 * Tchaikowski Swan Lake Waltz in Bolshoi Theater performance
 * Morning Mood by Peer Gynt (Grieg) during film review awards
 * Rock Solid Blues return in a vegetable truck after a near death experience
 * The Power (Snap! song) in a Doll's Bar accompaniment to exotic dancing
 * Anitra's Dance by Peer Gynt (Grieg) where Sasha snorting his first cocaine with Kosmos
 * Meant To Be by Squirrel Nut Zippers, performed by Olga and her band

Criticism
The main complaints about the film are that it romanticizes banditry and relations between members of the criminal community in general, showing too attractive (especially for the youth audience) images of criminals.

A striking example of this is the fate that befell Leonid Sidorov — the son of the Director of the series, who from the age of 8 was kept in a boarding school, because his parents were deprived of the rights to his education. As a difficult teenager, at the peak of the popularity of the "Brigade" in the mid-2000s, he put together a gang around him, whose members appearance and relationships with each other imitated the main characters of the series; for himself, Leonid chose the image of "Space". Initially engaged in petty extortion from peers, the criminal group reached serious crimes. In 2006, Leonid was convicted of car theft, and in 2008 that was followed by a second conviction — 13 years in prison for robbery, double murder and rape.

However, throughout the film, his wife and friends constantly decry "Sasha White" because he chose a criminal path. The end of the film is far from optimistic: three of the four friends are killed, and Alexander Belov "goes underground", regretting the chosen path, because of which he lost everything.

In 2018 Pavel Maykov, the performer of the role of "The Bee" called the "Brigade" a crime against Russia in which he participated, and explained that the harm of the series is that because of him, "the boys wanted to become bandits".

Cast
The actors who starred in the series became household names very soon after the series aired on television.

 * Sergei Bezrukov as Alexandr Belov (Belyy/White) – The leader of the Brigada. He is smart and very business oriented but has numerous vices, such as infidelity. He cares deeply for his three friends and when one of them is considered to be a traitor, he refuses to believe it.
 * Vladimir Vdovichenkov as Valeriy Filatov (Fil/Phil) – After Sasha he seems to be the most level-headed member of the group. He is a boxer early on and then becomes a stunt man. After a failed assassination attempt, he goes into a long coma for a year.
 * Dmitri Dyuzhev as Kosmos Kholmogorov (Kosmos/Space) – The comic relief of the group. He's also the flashiest one. Later in the series Sasha finds it hard to trust Kosmos but ultimately they remain good friends. He develops a serious cocaine problem.
 * Pavel Maykov as Viktor Pchyolkin (Pchyola/Bee) – The quiet soft-spoken member of the group. He is successful with women yet very confused sometimes. After what seemed like a treacherous act on his part, Sasha forgave him and ultimately discovered who the real perpetrator was.
 * Yekaterina Guseva as Olga Belova (née Surikova) – Sasha's wife and only love. Throughout the decade they have their share of domestic squabbles, some more serious than others, but by the end they solidify their love. She is a violinist and was raised by her grandmother.
 * Andrei Panin as the policeman Vladimir Kaverin – He is the perpetual villain throughout the series. He sort of comes and goes. In the beginning he is a corrupt cop who fails to nail Sasha. This drives him nearly mad and he decides to join up with Sasha's gang later on to wreak vengeance. He never got the chance as he was nearly killed in Chechnya and forced to stay with the military and lie low. He is a very slimy and snake-like character whose only drive is to kill Sasha Belov.

Minor roles

 * Sergei Aprelsky — Mukha / Fly (ep. 1–2, 10)
 * Mariya Aronova — Katya (ep. 5, 7-9, 15)
 * Vitali Bezrukov — The dog lover (ep. 2)
 * Aleksandr Belyavskiy — Viktor Petrovich (ep. 8-13, 11, 15)
 * Aleksandra Budanova — Anyuta (ep. 8-11)
 * Aleksandr Vysokovsky — Max (ep. 6, 8-9, 11-15)
 * Sergei Garmash — SOBR general (ep. 12)
 * Vyacheslav Grishechkin — A guy in Ryzhsky market (ep. 2-3)
 * Dmitri Gumenetsky — Shmidt (ep. 7-15)
 * Nikolai Yeremenko Jr. — Yuri Rostislavovich (Kosmos's father) (ep. 3-5, 10, 15)
 * Mikhail Zhigalov — Thief in law Luka (ep. 8-9)
 * stuntman Alexander Inshakov — himself (ep. 2-3, 6, 11-12, 15)
 * Denis Kiris — District militsiya officer (ep. 2, 5)
 * Aleksei Kravchenko — Vvedenskiy (ep. 4-9, 11, 13-14)
 * Leonid Kuravlyov — MVD general (ep. 5-6)
 * Farhad Mahmudov — Farhad Juraev (ep. 1, 6-8)
 * Pyotr Merkuryev — Professor (ep. 4)
 * Alla Mescheryakova — Pchyolkin's mother (ep. 11, 15)
 * Alexandra Nazarova — Olga's Granny (ep. 2-5, 7-8, 10, 13-15)
 * Viktor Pavlov — Pchyolkin's father (ep. 5, 11)
 * Natalya Panova — Lena, Belov's (ex-)girlfriend (ep. 1)
 * Darya Poverennova — Kosmos's stepmother (ep. 2-3)
 * Mariya Poroshina — Tamara, Filatov's wife (ep. 5, 8, 11-15)
 * Daniil Strakhov — Vitalik (ep. 6)
 * Valentina Telichkina — Belov's mother (ep. 1-3, 7-10)
 * Yan Tsapnik — Artur Lapshin, the businessman (ep. 4-6, 14-15)
 * Svetlana Chuikina — Lyuda, Artur's secretary (ep. 4-5, 8, 14-15)
 * Yana Shivkova — Vvedenskiy's wife (ep. 5, 7)
 * Yuriy Dumchev — Brity

Sequel
The author of the original book wrote a series of sequel novels which had Sasha start a new gang but it was met with lackluster reviews by critics, who said there was no chemistry between Sasha and the new gang like there was between him, Pchyola, Kosmos, and Fil. However, the book is still considered an interesting read for whoever enjoyed the first part.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brigada


text: Category:Leptopogon

title: Category:Leptopogon


text:
Six Feet Under, Vol. 2: Everything Ends

Six Feet Under, Vol. 2: Everything Ends is a soundtrack album to the HBO drama series Six Feet Under, released in 2005 on Astralwerks. This album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media in 2006, and was chosen as number 96 of Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005.

Track listing

 * 1) Nina Simone, "Feeling Good" (2:53)
 * 2) Jem, "Amazing Life" (4:02)
 * 3) Phoenix, "Everything Is Everything" (3:00) • Featured in "Coming and Going" where Claire and co. are discussing their upcoming art project.
 * 4) Coldplay, "A Rush of Blood to the Head" (5:50) • Plays at the end of "Perfect Circles"
 * 5) Sia, "Breathe Me" (4:31) • A much-extended version plays under the closing montage in "Everyone's Waiting"
 * 6) Radiohead, "Lucky" (4:17) • Featured in "Parallel Play"
 * 7) Irma Thomas, "Time Is on My Side" (2:50) • Plays at the start of "Perfect Circles"
 * 8) Bebel Gilberto, "Aganjú (The Latin Project Remix)" (4:07)
 * 9) Interpol, "Direction" (3:54) • Featured briefly in "Static" when Claire drives to the nature preserve to visit Nate's grave.
 * 10) Caesars, "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (4:14) • Featured in "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"
 * 11) Death Cab for Cutie, "Transatlanticism" (7:55) • Featured in "Terror Starts at Home"
 * 12) Arcade Fire, "Cold Wind" (3:24) • Featured in "Static"
 * 13) Imogen Heap, "I'm a Lonely Little Petunia (In an Onion Patch)" (0:59) • Featured in "The Dare"

title: Six Feet Under, Vol. 2: Everything Ends


text:
Mike Stoops

Michael Joseph Stoops (born December 13, 1961) is an American football coach and former player, who is the inside linebackers coach at the University of Kentucky. Stoops also served as the head football coach at the University of Arizona from 2003 until his firing during the 2011 season. He previously served as an assistant football coach at the University of Iowa, Kansas State University, and University of Oklahoma. He is the younger brother of Bob Stoops, the former head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football program, and the older brother of Mark Stoops, head coach of the Kentucky Wildcats football program. He returned to Oklahoma as the defensive coordinator in 2012. He served in the position until he was fired on October 7, 2018. After spending time at the University of Alabama as an analyst, he spent one season as the defensive coordinator of the Florida Atlantic Owls in 2021.

Early life and playing career
Stoops is one of six children born to Ron, Sr. and Evelyn "Dee Dee" Stoops in Youngstown, Ohio. He attended Cardinal Mooney High School in Youngstown, Ohio, where his father was an assistant football coach and defensive coordinator.

After high school Stoops attended the University of Iowa and played for the Hawkeyes (1982–1984) as a strong safety. He played on the same team with quarterback Chuck Long and was a two-time all-Big Ten Conference selection.

Stoops was signed as a free agent in May 1985 by the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), but was cut on August 27. In February 1986 he signed as a free agent with the Atlanta Falcons, but he missed the Falcons May 9–15 minicamp with a ruptured gall bladder from an auto accident and was later cut by Atlanta.

In the summer of 1987, Stoops became one of the original 80 Arena Football League (AFL) players when he suited up for the Pittsburgh Gladiators. Stoops was a key member of the Gladiators that season who went on to play in the inaugural ArenaBowl, losing to Denver, 45–16. He was named Second-team All-Arena in 1987.

Stoops took time off from his job as a graduate assistant at Iowa to play as a replacement player for a limited time in 1987 with the Chicago Bears during the NFL strike. Wearing #44, he played safety in three games with the Bears that year, suffering a concussion in an October 4 victory (35–3) against the Philadelphia Eagles. Other former Iowa players who were members of the National Football League Players Association had harsh words for Stoops. He responded, "I don't give a damn what they think. I wasn't trying to hurt anybody, and deep down, I think they know that. But if they feel that way, fine, don't ever talk to me again".

Returning to the Arena Football League, in the six-game AFL regular season, Stoops caught 22 passes, scored three touchdowns, made 15 tackles and recorded an interception, playing both wide receiver and defensive back positions.

Early coaching
Stoops held assistant coaching positions at the University of Iowa, Kansas State University and the University of Oklahoma. With his hiring by Arizona in November 2003, Stoops became the school's youngest coach at hiring at age 41, since Larry Smith. Upon taking over, he hired his brother, University of Miami defensive backs coach Mark Stoops, as defensive coordinator. Stoops then followed and hired Texas Tech co-offensive coordinator Sonny Dykes after the 2006 season. Dykes, named as winner of the All-American Football Foundation's Mike Campbell Top Assistant Award and later head coach at Louisiana Tech, California and SMU, has been cited as one of the country's brightest offensive minds and top ten college recruiters by Rivals.com.

Arizona
After going 6–6 in 2006, the Wildcats lost three of their first four games in 2007, including a 29–27 loss at home to New Mexico. In that game, Stoops gained a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty for his behavior on the sideline, which led to a New Mexico touchdown. Following a 2007, 21–20 home loss to Stanford, dropping the team to 2–6, local media began speculating as to whether Stoops would be fired. However, subsequent statements by the athletic director and the university's president indicated that Stoops would return for an additional season. At the beginning of the season, many believed this to be the year Stoops and the Wildcats would reach their first college bowl game in a decade; a winning season was considered a must in order for Stoops to remain as Wildcats head coach. Under the direction of Stoops, Arizona scored 70 points in the season opener against the Idaho Vandals, falling just four points short of a school record for points scored in a game. They went on to soundly defeat Toledo, UCLA, Washington, and California, but lost close games to New Mexico and Stanford. They went on to defeat Washington State on the road to secure bowl eligibility at six wins, but lost to Oregon on the road after mounting a dramatic second-half come-from-behind rally, and to Oregon State in Tucson on a last-second field goal. The Wildcats' final game of the regular season was a 31–10 victory on December 6 in Tucson against Arizona State in the annual Territorial Cup rivalry game. With that win and a final regular season record of 7–5, Arizona accepted a bid from to the Las Vegas Bowl to face BYU. It was the Wildcats' first bowl appearance since the 1998 Holiday Bowl. Stoops' reputation in Tucson was mixed; while the Wildcats had a winning record and appeared in and won their first bowl game in ten years, many fans were divided during the season on whether he should be retained as head coach, as they expected Stoops to guide the team to an eight, nine or even ten-win season given the talent level and the offensive and defensive systems employed by the Wildcats (and with the overall talent level in the Pac-10 conference perceived to be not as strong as usual in 2008). While Stoops brought the Wildcat football program to a level of respectability which was lost during the era of John Mackovic, some fans were disappointed the program was not at the elite level of Stoops' former program Oklahoma or of perennial Pac-10 football power USC. However, Stoops was given strong votes of confidence by UA (later UNLV) athletic director Jim Livengood, by university president Dr. Robert Shelton, and by several prominent Arizona football boosters.

On December 18, Stoops was rumored to be a candidate for the Iowa State head coaching job, which eventually went to Auburn assistant Paul Rhoads. On December 20, Arizona defeated BYU in the Las Vegas Bowl. On December 23, Stoops was given a contract extension through the 2013 season by Livengood.

"We're very pleased with the progress of Arizona football under Mike's direction," Livengood said. "His personal growth as a coach has been outstanding and we’re glad to continue moving forward with him as the steward for Arizona football."

Stoops said on the news of his extension, "I'm very excited about the extension...The administration always has shown a commitment to what we’re doing, and this bolsters that support...We’re working hard to build stability and the commitment from Jim and the university at this time will go a long way to solidify that effort. I’m happy to be here in Tucson for a long time as head coach of our Wildcats. This is where my family wants to be."

The Wildcats compiled an 8–4 (6–3) record in the 2009 regular season, which earned them a share of second place in the Pac-10 and a bid to the Holiday Bowl. Stoops was named a semifinalist for the George Munger Award, but was not named a finalist.

The Wildcats compiled a 7–5 (4–5) record in the 2010 regular season, which earned them a seventh-place finish in the Pac-10 and a bid to the Alamo Bowl. This bid was due, in part, to only four Pac-10 teams being bowl eligible after USC was sanctioned from bowl eligibility, and Arizona State was denied a bowl waiver from the NCAA, which it needed because two of ASU's wins came against FCS teams. Both USC and Arizona State finished higher than Arizona in the Pac-10 standings. Oregon and Stanford were selected for BCS bowls, and the Rose Bowl selected an at large team, TCU, to pair with the Big Ten champion, Wisconsin, leaving the second highest Pac-10 affiliated bowl game, the Alamo Bowl, to choose between Arizona and Washington.

The Wildcats started the 2011 season losing five of their six games, and their first four games in the newly expanded Pac-12 Conference. After a loss on the road to previously-winless Oregon State, Stoops was relieved of his duties on October 10, 2011, with the announcement made by athletic director Greg Byrne. Co-defensive coordinator Tim Kish was named as interim head coach. Stoops received a $1.4 million buyout from Arizona.

Return to Oklahoma
On January 11, 2012, Stoops returned to OU as co-defensive coordinator. He was to be teamed with Brent Venables, who shortly left to become the defensive coordinator at Clemson. Kish was soon after named as Oklahoma's linebackers coach. When his brother retired at the end of the 2016 season, Stoops was retained by his successor, Lincoln Riley.

In October 2018, Stoops was fired from his position as defensive coordinator shortly after losing to Texas (48–45).

Alabama
Nick Saban hired Stoops to be on his coaching staff as an analyst for the 2019 season. Mark Stoops, his brother, offered him a position as an assistant coach at Kentucky for the 2020 season. He declined the position and stayed at Alabama as an analyst. Alabama would go on to win the National Championship that season.

Florida Atlantic
On January 28, 2021, it was announced that Willie Taggart had hired Stoops to be the defensive coordinator for Florida Atlantic.

Kentucky
On January 7, 2022, Mark Stoops, his brother, hired him as linebackers coach at Kentucky.

title: Mike Stoops


text:
User:Gnomz007/Wednesday

 * We are shaped and fashioned by what we love. -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

title: User:Gnomz007/Wednesday


text:
File:ParanoidTime.jpg

Summary
Cover of Paranoid Time by The Minutemen. Cover art by Raymond Pettibon. (c)1980 SST Records

title: File:ParanoidTime.jpg


text:
Financial mismanagement

Financial mismanagement is management that, deliberately or not, is handled in a way that can be characterized as "wrong, bad, careless, inefficient or incompetent" and that will reflect negatively upon the financial standing of a business or individual. There are many ways of how financial mismanagement is carried out. For example, the wrong distribution of responsibility, to be remiss with payments, bills and taxes and neglecting responsibility, financial problems and economical standing can cause great financial mismanagement and further on devastate your economy. By looking to various cases where the financial management has gone wrong we will be able to comprehend the effect financial mismanagement can have and how crucial it is for an economy's success to carry out well working financial management.

History
Financial management has always been key to a successful business, and is crucial for an economy to function. There are not only companies and individuals that have economies that rely on financial management but also entire societies and countries.

Examples
Throughout the years there have been infinite companies, persons and also countries that have been declared bankrupt, caused by financial mismanagement. By taking a look at some of the world's largest economies we can find cases where the financial management has somehow gone wrong and will depict how severe the effect of financial mismanagement can actually lead out to be. There are numerous examples of where finances are not managed right and where companies, individuals and even countries are liquidated, and even more examples where there has been episodes of financial mismanagement but the situation was still able to be escaped.
 * Argentina, with its many natural resources, well-educated workforce and export-oriented agricultural sector, is today Latin America's third largest economy, but the Argentine economy has been through quite a few ups and downs. In 2001 this led to a severe recession and ever-increasing poverty. The country's increasing public debt was one of the reasons for the recession.
 * By the end of 2009 Greece experienced one of the most severe economical collapses in today's society. The crisis had severe results and for instance resulted in great public poverty. In Athens, 20 per cent of the shops were all of a sudden completely empty and in February 2012 it was reported that 20,000 Greeks, during the proceeding year had been made destitute. By years of unrestrained governmental spending, cheap lending and a failing try at implementing financial reforms Greece was left badly off when the global economical crisis struck and the country had loans they were completely unable to repay.
 * In 2008 the company Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, after being the fourth largest investment bank in the U.S. at the time. By lending severe amounts to fund the company's investing for example housing-related assets, made the financial services firm extremely exposed to the financial downturn and subprime crisis.
 * In 2021, the Federal Reserve issued six citations to Silicon Valley Bank for severe weaknesses in its risk management, particularly in handling cash reserves. Despite warnings, the bank did not address the issues, leading to a review in 2022 that revealed a flawed business model based on the assumption that higher interest rates would improve its financial position. In March 2023, the bank experienced a major run-and-fall scenario, causing widespread panic among customers and triggering government intervention. The primary issues were the lack of government-insured deposits and significant losses incurred from liquidating debt securities to meet customer withdrawals. These events raise questions about the roles of regulators in detecting and preventing disasters.

Consequences
The consequences of financial mismanagement can be severe, and can affect individuals, businesses, and governments alike.

Governments
Governments that mismanage their finances can experience a decline in their economic growth and may be unable to provide important public services. This can lead to unrest among the citizens, and can ultimately cause social and political instability. Additionally, governments that are unable to manage their finances properly may be forced to take drastic measures, such as increasing taxes or reducing spending, in order to balance their budget.

Individuals
Individuals who mismanage their finances can incur substantial debts and may be unable to meet their financial obligations. This can lead to legal action, such as debt collection or even bankruptcy. Additionally, individuals may experience difficulty in obtaining credit or loans in the future.

Businesses
Businesses that mismanage their finances may experience a decline in their sales, decreased profits, and a decrease in their ability to attract new customers or clients. Poor financial management can also cause a business to incur substantial debts, which can lead to legal action or bankruptcy.

Prevention
Financial mismanagement will always be a possible problem, for businesses, individuals and also entire countries.
 * To prevent personal financial mismanagement it is important to have financial education from an early age.
 * For a business to succeed in their finances it is crucial to employ people with the right qualifications and experiences and to continuously appraise the financial state within the business. See.
 * To enhance protection and potentially increase fundraising, it is crucial for businesses to implement appropriate financial processes and procedures. Trustees and senior management should lead the way by demonstrating the significance of robust financial protocols and providing guidance on change management.
 * To establish a structured financial system, existing protocols should be reviewed and evaluated. The process should involve multiple trustees to maintain policy adherence, ensuring that transactions are thoroughly viewed and approved
 * Continuous monitoring of financial processes is crucial, including policy adherence checks, bank reconciliation, monitoring financial performance against the budget, and establishing an internal audit committee or hiring an independent contractor to review accounts at the end of the financial year.
 * Regular policy reviews are crucial to assess efficacy, identify areas for improvement, and make necessary adjustments, especially as policies are subject to constant evolution due to rapid technological advancements.

title: Financial mismanagement


text:
St. Joseph's Institution, Singapore

St. Joseph's Institution (SJI) is an independent Catholic educational institution in Singapore. Founded in 1852 by the De La Salle Brothers, it is the first Catholic school and the third oldest school in the country.

SJI has been offering a dual-track education comprising the GCE Ordinary Level Programme (OP) and the Integrated Programme (IP) track since 2013. The IP track which leads to the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), which integrates the four-year secondary education with a two-year IBDP, where IP students can proceed onto the two-year IBDP without the need to complete the O-Level examinations at the end of their fourth year. The OP students will take their O-Level examinations at the end of their fourth year. Based on their O-Level examination results, they can apply to continue the IBDP at SJI, or pursue their studies at other junior colleges or polytechnics.

The school had its first IP intake at Secondary 1 and Secondary 3 in 2013 and 2014 respectively while the first IBDP intake was in 2013.

The school's current principal is Justin Arul Pierre, a former cluster superintendent in the schools division, who assumed principalship in January 2022.

The school's four fraternities, Fintan, Lawrence, Marcian and Michael, are named after Brother Fintan Blake, Brother Lawrence Robless, Brother Marcian James Cullen and Brother Michael Noctor respectively. The school's thirteen blocks, not counting the chapel or the brothers’ quarters, are named after Julian-Nicolas Rèche, Benildus Romançon, Cyril Bertrán, the school's founder Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, Evencio Uyarra, Florencio Martín, Gabriel Drolin, Jaime Hilario Barbal, former principal Kevin Byrne, the school's first principal Liefroy Bajon, Mutien-Marie Wiaux, the Notre Dame de La Star and Salomone Leclercq.

History
St Joseph's Institution (SJI), originally known as St. John's Institution, was founded in 1852 as the first missionary establishment of the De La Salle Brothers in the Far East. This endeavour was initiated by Rev Fr Jean-Marie Beurel MEP, who offered the opportunity to six Brothers from Europe to start the school using a former chapel as premises. Within a year, an attap hut had to be erected to accommodate all the students.

On 19 March 1855 (Feast of Saint Joseph), the cornerstone of a new school building was laid, and from that date, the school came to be known as St. Joseph's Institution. The new central classroom block was completed in 1865, though the further expansion of the facilities continued well into the 20th century. The school had 426 students in 1900. This grew to almost 1200 in 1914, and 1600 in 1922. With the student population expanding, a temporary branch school was opened, which eventually led to the building of a second school – Saint Patrick's School, Singapore – in 1933.

During World War II, prior to the fall of Singapore to the Japanese, the school was used as a Red Cross hospital and housed a unit of the Civil Defence Force, the A.R.F. (Air Raid Precautionary Group). On 16 February 1942, a bomb hit the school courtyard during the war, leaving a crater, but the main building remained unscathed.

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, the school was renamed to Bras Basah Road Boys' School. The Brothers were asked to 'resign' and the school and hostel were run along military lines. Three weeks after the Japanese surrender, the Brothers returned and St Joseph's was re-opened and normal lessons resumed.

In 1975, St Joseph's Institution's first-year pre-university classes and some of its teachers were transferred to the newly opened Catholic Junior College.

In 1988, St. Joseph's Institution shifted into a new campus at Malcolm Road situated just off the neighbourhood of Toa Payoh, beside the Tanglin Community Centre. The old campus, with its distinctive semi-circular wings, was gazetted by the Singapore National Heritage Board as a national monument. It now houses the Singapore Art Museum. Under the administration of Brother Paul Anthony Rogers, St Joseph's Institution saw its peak in growth. In 1995, a Performing Arts Centre (PAC) and a new wing to house Secondary One students were added.

In 2002, St. Joseph's Institution celebrated its 150th anniversary.

In 2006, St. Joseph's Institution, upon the urging of the Economic Development Board, began an international school. SJI International (St Joseph's Institution International) began classes in January 2007. The School started with just over 100 students but now boasts more than 1200 students across both its Elementary School and High School. This remarkable success is due to the dedication of the Old Boys and the faith of the parents. St Joseph's Institution International High School offers the IGCSE and the IB Diploma Programme (IBDP), similar to the Senior School of St Joseph's Institution, at Malcolm Road, today.

It was also the first year in which only pure sciences were offered to every candidate.

In 2008, the school was re-validated with the Singapore Quality Class Award, obtained, for the second time, the Best Practice Award (Teaching and Learning) and attained the Best Practice Award (Student All-Round Development) in the MOE External Validation exercise. The school received consecutive Sustained Achievement Awards in Academic Value-Added, Sports, Uniformed Groups and Fitness.

In 2009, St. Joseph's Institution was recognised by the Ministry of Education with a pinnacle award – The School of Excellence Award. The School Excellence Award (SEA) recognises schools for their excellence in both education processes and outcomes. It is the highest and most prestigious award in the Masterplan of Awards framework in MOE, Singapore.

In 2013, St. Joseph's Institution took in its first intake of Year 5 male and female students under the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), with an inaugural batch of 80 students admitted. That same year, St Joseph's Institution also had its first intake of secondary 1 male students into its Integrated Programme (IP) which will culminate with the IBDP when they are year 5. St Joseph's Institution also bolstered its academic staff and upgraded its facilities for the IBDP student block to provide the necessary infrastructure and support for the students to develop to their fullest potential.

At the end of 2013, St. Joseph's Institution moved to a holding campus at Bishan Street 14, while the main campus at Malcolm Road was undergoing renovations. On 20 July 2015, works to redevelop the school began, with a new target of moving back by March 2017.

On 9 January 2017, St. Joseph's Institution moved back to their main campus at 38 Malcolm Road, after two years of renovations. The renovated campus featured two new blocks exclusively for IBDP students (Blocks A and B).

On 22 July 2017, St. Joseph's Institution celebrated its 165th anniversary in Singapore.

In 2022, St. Joseph's Institution celebrated their 170th Anniversary in Singapore.

St. Joseph's Institution has been a Gold Value Added school for the GCE 'O' Level examinations.

Affiliated schools

 * Primary schools:
 * De La Salle School (DLSS)
 * St. Stephen's School (SSS)
 * St. Anthony's Primary School (SAPS)
 * Tertiary institution (non-Lasallian school):
 * Catholic Junior College (CJC)

The Lasallian Family

 * Primary schools:
 * De La Salle School (DLSS)
 * St. Joseph's Institution Junior (SJIJ), formerly St. Michael's School
 * St. Stephen's School (SSS)
 * St. Anthony's Primary School (SAPS)
 * Secondary school:
 * St. Patrick's School (SPS)
 * International school:
 * St. Joseph's Institution International (SJII)
 * Tertiary institution (non-Lasallian school):
 * Catholic Junior College (CJC)

Uniform
The school uniform is a simple, white collared shirt with the school badge on the pocket. The secondary school boys (Years 1 and 2) wear white shorts and white long pants are worn by the Year 3 and 4 boys. The IBDP boys in Years 5 and 6 wear a white shirt with a green inner collar and the school badge on the pocket with white long pants while the girls wear a white blouse with the school badge on the left hand side and a dark green skirt. The shirt is tucked into the pants

The school tie is worn on the first weekday of school from the start of the school day until 9.30am, and at all formal school functions. The top button is buttoned when the tie is worn.

School prefects and those authorised to wear the school's green blazer with the school's crest are permitted to wear simple, black, leather shoes when they are formally attired.

Co-Curricular Activities
SJI has 3 main group of Co-Curricular Activities, Sports, Uniformed Groups and Clubs & Societies. SJI's niches include Canoeing, Football and Table Tennis.

The St Joseph's Institution Military Band (SJIMB) clinched the Gold with Honours Award under the baton of Mr Tan Thiam Hee in the recent 2009 Singapore Youth Festival Central Judging, the highest achievable award in that competition. It was one of the top 10 bands in the competition to do so. In the 2011 Singapore Youth Festival Central Judging, the band managed to clinch the Silver award. The choice piece was the Seventh Night of July and the set piece was the Memories of Friendship.

In the 2011 Singapore Youth Festival Central Judging, the Vocal Ensemble managed to clinch the Gold With Honours award. This was the Vocal Ensemble's inaugural participation in the SYF competition. The choice pieces were Ubi Caritas and Kruhay, while the set piece was The Wind by Kelly Tang.

In the 2015 National School Games, the SJI ‘B’ division Football team managed to come in runner-up. The SJI cross country team also came in runner-up in the 'B' division and 3rd in the 'C' division, the best in its history.

In the 2018 Trinity College London exams, the SJI Guitar Ensemble has broken records and obtained high distinction of 92%, the highest in Singapore that year. After the achievement, the ensemble went on to claim distinction in SYF as well in 2019 April. Notable pieces played - Concerto grosso If You Love Me and Pastoral - Sky, Cloud, Wind.

In the 2021 Singapore Youth Festival Arts Presentation, SJIMB sent two groups to compete under special considerations posed by the ongoing COVID-19 Situation, and both teams achieved Distinction. The choice pieces were "Starlight Wink" and "The Phantom of the Dark Hollow."

In the 2022 National School Games, the SJI ‘C’ division Football team managed to come in overall Champions for South Zone. The best result in the school's history was when the SJI 'C' division Football team of 1983 won the South Zone and National Schools Championship under the management of Mr Francis Thomson.

Creativity, Activity and Service
The Creativity, Activity and Service (CAS) is part of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. CAS is to strengthen and extend students’ personal and interpersonal learning. The three strands are defined as follows:

• Creativity - exploring and extending ideas leading to an original or interpretive product or performance.

• Activity - physical exertion contributing to a healthy lifestyle.

• Service - collaborative and reciprocal engagement with the community in response to an authentic need.

Politics

 * Tony Tan, 7th President of Singapore
 * Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister, Coordinating Minister for National Security and Member of Parliament for Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC
 * Edwin Tong, Minister for Culture, Community and Youth, Second Minister for Law and Member of Parliament for Marine Parade GRC
 * Christopher De Souza, Deputy Speaker of the Parliament and Member of Parliament for Holland-Bukit Timah GRC
 * George Yeo, Former Minister for Foreign Affairs
 * Mah Bow Tan, Former Minister for National Development
 * Charles Chong, Former Member of Parliament
 * Matthias Yao, Former Member of Parliament
 * Ng Pock Too, Former Member of Parliament
 * Tan Chye Cheng, Member of the Legislative Council of Singapore (1948–1955)
 * Daniel Goh, Former Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP)

Governmental organisations

 * Gerard Ee, Chairman, Agency for Integrated Care and Chairman, Charity Council (Singapore)
 * Philip Yeo, Chairman, SPRING Singapore and former Chairman, A*STAR
 * Tan Chorh Chuan, Chief Health Scientist, Ministry of Health (MOH) and Executive Director, Office for Healthcare Transformation, Ministry of Health. Former President, National University of Singapore and former Director, Medical Services, Ministry of Health.

Business

 * Ee Peng Liang - Businessman and philanthropist
 * Khoo Teck Puat - late Singapore tycoon
 * Anthoni Salim - Head of Salim Group

Sports

 * Goh Tat Chuan - former national soccer player
 * Jacob Mahler - national soccer player
 * Rudy Mosbergen - former field hockey olympian and founder of Raffles Junior College
 * Tan Eng Yoon - former sprinting olympian

Arts and entertainment

 * Chong Fah Cheong - Cultural Medallion winner for visual arts (2014)
 * Dick Lee - musician; Cultural Medallion winner (2004)
 * Goh Sin Tub - A pioneer of Singapore literature and a teacher, civil servant, banker, builder, social worker and former chairman of the SJI Board of Governors
 * Jeremy Monteiro - jazz pianist; board member, National Arts Council; Cultural Medallion winner (2002)
 * Julian Hee - Mediacorp artiste
 * Jahan Loh - Contemporary artist
 * Anthony Then - dancer and choreographer

Legal

 * Chan Seng Onn - Judge of the High Court of Singapore (since July 2007), Former Solicitor-General of Singapore (2001-2007)
 * Davinder Singh, S.C. - Lawyer, Former MP, CEO of Drew & Napier
 * Steven Chong - Judge of Appeal

Education

 * Tan Cheng Han, S.C. - Former Dean and Head, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore
 * Tan Chorh Chuan - Chief Health Scientist, Ministry of Health (MOH) and executive director of the new Office for Healthcare Transformation (from Jan 2018); Former President, National University of Singapore (NUS)

Religious Organisation

 * Lawrence Khong - Senior Pastor of Faith Community Baptist Church

title: St. Joseph's Institution, Singapore


text:
User:Reward/Cat hygiene

In addition, cats may be toilet trained, a sanitary measure which eliminates the litterbox and its attending expense and odor. Training involves about two weeks of incremental moves, such as moving the litterbox until it's near the toilet. For a short time, an adapter, such as a bowl or small box, may be used, suspending the litter above the toilet bowl. When training is complete, the cat uses the toilet simply by jumping up and perching over the bowl.

The first photo is a bit harsh due to the flash photography. Here is a natural light version.

title: User:Reward/Cat hygiene


text:
Talk:Taika Reform

This page had unfortunately been moved to name in plural.
Wikipedia naming conventions direct to use singular nouns, basically. It is desirable that the person who kept moving this to plural, first tries to learn how this encyclopedia works. Arrigo 06:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Arrigo, please make an attempt to understand the nature of the subject matter. It is perfectly permissible to use plurals in the title of an article if the subject being discussed is plural. The Taika Reforms were not a single reform, but a set of doctrines and changes. Just like the United States, there are some things that are naturally plural, and make no sense when singularized. See Provinces of Japan, Black Ships, Lists of incumbents. LordAmeth 12:09, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

The google test shows around 4700 hits for singular "Taika Reform" and around 3500 hits for plural "Taika Reforms". When checking many of those with singular, i.e "Taika reform", several of them are legitimate, and clearly use the concept as singular. Therefore we must conclude that the general usage in English literature accepts singular. Moving accordingly. Arrigo 14:02, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Did you remember quotation marks in your search field? I got 782 for "Taika Reform" and 744 for "Taika Reforms," far from conclusive.  Seeing how it's a system of reforms that cover a number of different topics, "Taika Reforms" seems like a more natural article title. CES 18:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I favor "Taika reforms" for the article title. Fg2 20:32, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your comments. Particularly to those who confirmed that in English texts (and googled with quotation marks), the concept is at least sometimes used in singular. It is sufficient. The applicable naming convention Naming_conventions directs not to use plural in such cases: "Prefer singular nouns: Convention: In general only create page titles that are in the singular, unless that noun is always in a plural form in English (such as scissors or trousers). Rationale and specifics: See Naming conventions (plurals)". As far as I know, no government has confirmed these officially as "Taika Reforms", in plural, contrary to the official status of the wording United States. Accordingly, the article will stay here, in singular. Those who prefer plural, please work for changing the policy, not this individual page. Arrigo 07:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * While I see your point Arrigo, I believe that "Taika Reforms" would fit under the exception that reads: Articles on groups of specific things, rather than a class of things. I'd agree with you that an article on the general topic of reform(s) should be at "Reform," but this is an article on very specific reforms and a plural form seems appropriate. As further proof, upon further review, most of the "Taika Reform" hits were actually "Taika Reform Edicts" in the plural form.  It seems that either "Reforms" or "Reform Edicts" seems to be common usage on the web at least.  It would be helpful to know what English-language history texts call these reforms--they have a little more authority in my book than a google search in a specialized case like this. CES 12:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I had realized that some of the "Taika Reform" hits were actually "Taika Reform Edicts" in the plural form. However, as I wrote above, some of the hits were legitimate where the singular was used of the concept itself. And that is what suffices here, in my view. It means that the title is NOT always in plural, and therefore it can be in singular, and here should be in singular. The convention is what it is mostly because plural is always inherently more complicated, for searches and for links. All nuances (such as numerous edicts and plurality of reforms) are then explained in the article text. Please understand that the heading should not be expected to do so much as some want. It should be simple. And, there are a number of other things that are often in plural but here the article in singular. Europe had in 1500's a number of church reformations, but we however call it Reformation. No need to make Taika thing too complicated. Arrigo 13:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't consider possible usage as a trump to common usage (which indicates a plural form here). The period in Europe you refer to is the Reformation (singular) in common usage as well as Wiki-convention, so I'm not sure it's a good example.  Either way a redirect will be needed between Taika Reform and Taika Reforms, and if common usage, general concensus, and Wiki-convention all favor/indicate/allow Taika Reforms, I see no reason why it should not be so. CES 20:41, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Adoption of Chinese writing system
The article says "Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn seemingly everything from the writing system, ..." My question is: why only seemingly? Didn't they actually adopt the whole thing back then? chery 00:05, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Can we retitle to "Taika Reforms"?
I think that is the more common usage.--Sir Edgar 00:44, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I would love to. But after conceding in a lengthy and quite heated argument with another user (User:Arrigo) some months ago... Take a look at the debate above. I'm with Sir Edgar, in support of a move. Who's with us? LordAmeth 03:12, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't mean to start another naming discussion, but the majority of scholarly texts used in the field (Japanese history, which is my major), in English, Russian and German, use the singular form. Google Books, for example has 257 books with plural, and 453 books with singular. It is also historically regarded to be a single reform effort, albeit done in several steps. Tennotsukai 23:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would support a move to the plural form; it's the form I am most familiar with while reading about Japanese history. Also, the User:Arrigo, who debated above, does not appear to have been familiar with the subject material, is a suspected sock-puppet, and the account has been discontinued. As the account-user has been discredited, the motive for his opinions is thus suspect, and his views should not be given further consideration.Boneyard90 (talk) 16:29, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Kamatari
There is something in the Taika Reform article that I am curious about. The article lists the name of the friend of Naka no Oe as "Yun Hee no Kamatari." Yet the standard history books and the article on Naka no Oe in Wikipedia gives his name as "Nakatomi no Kamatari." Nakatomi no Kamatari was the founder of the Fujiwara clan. "Yun Hee" seems to be a Korean name, yet no history books, as far as I am aware, indicate that Nakatomi no Kamatari was of Korean descent. Can anyone explain this discrepancy? Rayswei (talk) 11:24, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Although I don't have a reference on hand, the idea that Kamatari had a Korean name is not completely implausible. The Imperial Court had been on friendly terms with Paekche, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was defeated in 660 AD. Even before, though especially after this date, Paekche nobles were entering Japan as teachers and advisors, and later as refugees. Although Korean descent seems plausible in the context fo the times, I hope a solid historical text can be referenced to settle the issue on such an important figure in Japanese history. Boneyard90 (talk) 16:43, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Taikwa with the 'w'
I feel strongly that i have seen 'The Taikwa Reforms' with a 'w' somewhere, that it was probably James Clavell doing so, but when i google that, the search leads nowhere. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.34.138.168 (talk) 07:24, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taika Reform


text:
Talk:Maria Anna Mozart

Pronunciation
Questions:

 * 1) On which syllable was Nannerl stressed, originally? Was it NANNerl, or nannERL?
 * 2) How do we know? Is there a published source that gives a ruling on this?

– Noetica 03:27, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if there is a published ruling on this, but every Austrian will confirm that a diminutive ending with "-erl" is a) always neuter and b) always stressed on the first syllable.--Suessmayr (talk) 20:40, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

The name is prouncounced on the frist syllable also "NANNerl". I hope, I can help you.

--AndreaMimi (talk) 17:28, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Ambiguity
The sentence "Although her brother rebelled from their father, to a degree, she remained primarily under his direction." is unfortunately ambiguous in that 'his' direction might be either that of the father or brother. It becomes clear contextually from the following sentences that 'he' is in fact the father, nonetheless stylistically this sentence could be improved upon by revision. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.68.173.137 (talk • contribs)

Removed link
When I tried to add the turkish lang ext. it said there was spam protection for the infonet.com.br link, so I removed it. Nerval 17:38, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

"Quarrel over Leopold's will"
There never was a quarrel between Mozart and his sister, because Leopold Mozart left no will. Solomon is unaware of this basic fact, just as he is unaware of the German literature pertaining to the division and auction of Leopold's estate. Because he has never seen the primary sources in the Berchtold zu Sonnenburg family archive in Brno, Solomon's speculations about a "quarrel" are entirely irrelevant.--Suessmayr (talk) 09:21, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 *
 * Hello, Suessmayr, please see my reply to 141.203.250.65 below. Opus33 (talk) 17:26, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Right. Solomon bases his unproven speculations on Walther Senn's article from 1962 and is obviously completely unaware of Angermüller's much later research based on the primary sources. And to make matters even worse, Solomon relates the florin of 1778 to the florin from 1803 and 1829 (mixing up Conventionsmünze with Vienneses Currency). It's the usual comedy of errors.--141.203.250.65 (talk) 14:32, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * If it only were this, but Solomon also still thinks that the Salzburger Lump is Mozart himself (Solomon, Mozart, p.411), while it has been known since 1997 that the scoundrel story actually refers to Mozart's friend Franz Jacob Freystaedtler.--193.170.112.226 (talk) 11:02, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello, 141.203.250.65, I would like to consult Senn (1962) and "Angermüller's much later research" but to do so it would help to have the normal sort of bibliographic information so I can search for them. (You probably already know this, but in the case of a journal this would be:  both first and last name of author, journal title, year, volume, and page numbers; and in the case of an article in an edited volume:  title, editor's name, publisher, place, and copyright date.)  If you could specify these for the works by Angermüller and Senn I would appreciate it very much.   Yours sincerely, Opus33 (talk) 17:26, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It is relatively easy to get this information on the website of the Bibliotheca Mozartiana at the "Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum", a simple procedure Maynard Solomon is obviously incapable of. For up-to-date research see Rudolph Angermüller, "Leopold Mozarts Verlassenschaft", in: Mitteilungen der ISM 41 (1993), vol. 3-4, (Salzburg, November 1993), pp. 1-32. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Suessmayr (talk • contribs) 20:49, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Suessmayr. I'll give this a try.  Opus33 (talk) 17:02, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Fixes to the article
The second portrait of Nannerl should simply say "Maria Anna Mozart as a child (1763) – portrait said to be by Lorenzoni." The part "For the counterpart portrait of Wolfgang, painted at the same time, see Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart." was completely out of scope so I removed it.

The last point in the literature section at the end of the article should say "In La sorella di Mozart, a novel by Rita Charbonnier,[17] Nannerl initially tells her life's story through a series of fictional letters to the Major Franz Armand d'Ippold, with whom she is in love." The additional "When they later break off their relationship, it has little or nothing to do with Nannerl's father, Leopold. In this book, Nannerl is portrayed as being supremely frustrated and debilitated by her father's refusal to acknowledge her ability to compose music. At the end of the book, Nannerl goes to Vienna on her brother's death, buys his remaining manuscripts from his widow, and apparently begins devoting her life to the promotion and study of Wolfgang's music, despite their previous estrangement." is unnecessary and superfluous so I reworked it removed parts of it.

ICE77 (talk) 00:36, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

"Marianne"?
From the article's third paragraph on, the subject is referred to as "Marianne". Shouldn't there at least be a parenthetical explanation of this transition? SomeAvailableName (talk) 07:10, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

"Mozart's unhappy visit to Salzburg in 1783"
This is mentioned twice in the text, but never explained; why did he visit, and why was he unhappy? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 13:57, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Even more mysteriously, the article doesn't actually say Mozart was unhappy; it says the visit itself was unhappy, which could be interpreted in various ways (considering that the visit could not literally be unhappy). Maybe Mozart himself was perfectly happy but managed to make others unhappy. TheScotch (talk) 18:10, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I took out the two "unhappy"s. You can find the original case for an unhappy visit in Otto Jahn's 1856 biography, tr. Pauline Townsend; (Google Books) but it seems based on rather little concrete evidence.

 * What Jahn says is: "the object of Mozart's visit, which lay nearest his heart, was the establishment of friendly relations between his wife and his father and sister; and this unfortunately in great measure failed."  (Mozart had reason in advance to worry:  Leopold had been strongly opposed to the marriage, and neither he nor Nannerl attended the wedding).  Opus33 (talk) 17:22, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

RfC: hatnote dispute
I feel that a redirect hatnote for "Nannerl" is necessary for Nannerl O. Keohane. However, Opus33 disagrees. Therefore, I am requesting a third opinion. Clarityfiend (talk) 00:19, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * That's her first name -- not her last name. If it were a last name, a hatnote would be useful. But a first name, however unusual, does seem like a stretch in calling for a hatnote. Just my opinion. Antandrus (talk) 00:33, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Per above, I don't think such a hatnote would be necessary - unless you can demonstrate there is a significant chance that somebody who looks for "Nannerl" would not expect to find this page. 69.165.196.103 (talk) 01:27, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I also don't think we probably need a hatnote. People don't usually search on just the first name. I mean, it's not like it could never happen ("Who was that professor gal, Nannerl something...?") and for those cases a hatnote is indispensable. But to balance that, everybody at this article has to read past the hatnote, and there's already a couple hatnotes and it's getting a little crowded, so if we're serving just a few people a year {and anyway entering "Nannerl" in our searchbox brings up a list with Keohane in it, and Googling "Nannerl professor" brings up Keohane as the first entry, so those people will get there eventually)... it's a net drag on the article. And yeah Nannerl is just Mozart's first name also, but she's a whole lot more famous and known by that name as more of a mononym really, so the overwhelming majority of searches are looking for this page, probably. Herostratus (talk) 04:47, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I would be surprised that anyone looking for the article about Nannerl O. Keohane would be so intellectually deficient as to (a) search simply for "Nannerl" and then (b) when confronted with a page about Mozart's sister not simply search again with a better string. So I agree that a hatnote is unwarranted. Syek88 (talk) 20:34, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
 * "Never underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools"... 69.165.196.103 (talk) 23:04, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

4th (or 5th) opinion: I'd not only be suprised, I'd be astonished. Per that linked advice, and with due consideration of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, I concur that the hat is unnecessary. 86.20.193.222 (talk) 17:10, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Completely unnecessary. Me-123567-Me (talk) 23:13, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

Meeting with Franz Xaver Mozart
"In 1821, Marianne enjoyed a visit from Wolfgang's son, Franz Xaver Mozart, whom she had never met during her brother's lifetime."

This may be literally true but it's a little misleading: since Franz was only a few months old when Wolfgang died it would hardly have been possible to "meet" him. Should the sentence simply say "...whom she had never met."? Paulwilliam2 (talk) 19:18, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Was she really inlove with the men or was she just doing it for her Dad?
^^^ RAZZZBABY (talk) 22:17, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Jane Glover's book 'Mozart's Women' certainly suggests that the latter was the main motivation, and this article touches on Maria Anna's wish to please her father, eg with what happened to her son. But as so often the answer is probably that we don't know - or it wasn't just one thing or the other.Ponsonby100 (talk) 10:07, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria Anna Mozart


text:
User talk:Samanwith

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! andy 18:54, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion of තොරතුරු සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ‍ය
A tag has been placed on තොරතුරු සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ‍ය requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Passportguy (talk) 13:05, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Re පරිගණක වැඩසටහන් -- this is the English Wikipedia. Please post here in English only. NawlinWiki (talk) 15:03, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samanwith


text:
The Essential Jacksons

The Essential Jacksons is the first compilation to cover The Jacksons' fourteen-year-long tenure at CBS/Epic Records. Released on March 9, 2004 by Epic, this compilation includes hits such as "Enjoy Yourself", "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "Can You Feel It", and "State of Shock".

title: The Essential Jacksons