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Message in a bottle

A message in a bottle (abbrev. MIB ) is a form of communication in which a message is sealed in a container (typically a bottle) and released into a conveyance medium (typically a body of water).

Messages in bottles have been used to send distress messages; in crowdsourced scientific studies of ocean currents; as memorial tributes; to send deceased loved ones' ashes on a final journey; to convey expedition reports; and to carry letters or reports from those believing themselves to be doomed. Invitations to prospective pen pals and letters to actual or imagined love interests have also been sent as messages in bottles.

The lore surrounding messages in bottles has often been of a romantic or poetic nature.

Use of the term "message in a bottle" has expanded to include metaphorical uses or uses beyond its traditional meaning as bottled messages released into oceans. The term has been applied to plaques on craft launched into outer space, interstellar radio messages, stationary time capsules, balloon mail, and containers storing medical information for use by emergency medical personnel.

With a growing awareness that bottles constitute waste that can harm the environment and marine life, environmentalists tend to favor biodegradable drift cards and wooden blocks.

History and uses
Bottled messages may date to about 310 B.C., in water current studies reputed to have been carried out by Greek philosopher Theophrastus. The Japanese medieval epic The Tale of the Heike records the story of an exiled poet who, in about 1177 A.D., launched wooden planks on which he had inscribed poems describing his plight. In the sixteenth century, Queen Elizabeth I reputedly created an official position of "Uncorker of Ocean Bottles", and—thinking some bottles might contain secrets from British spies or fleets—decreed that anyone else opening the bottles could face the death penalty. (However, it has been argued that this is a myth .) In the nineteenth century, literary works such as Edgar Allan Poe's 1833 "MS. Found in a Bottle" and Charles Dickens' 1860 "A Message from the Sea" inspired an enduring popular passion for sending bottled messages.

Scientific experiments involving drift objects—more generally called determinate drifters—provide information about currents and help researchers develop ocean circulation maps. For example, experiments conducted in the mid-1700s by Benjamin Franklin and others indicated the existence and approximate location of the Gulf Stream, with scientific confirmation following in the mid-1800s. Using a network of beachcomber informants, rear admiral Alexander Becher is believed to be the first (from 1808–1852) to study travel of so-called "bottle papers" around an ocean gyre (a large circulating current system). In the late 1800s, Albert I, Prince of Monaco determined that the Gulf Stream branched into the North Atlantic Drift and the Azores Current. In the 1890s, Scottish scientist T. Wemyss Fulton released floating bottles and wooden slips to chart North Sea surface currents for the first time. Releasing bottles designed to remain a short distance above the sea bed, British marine biologist George Parker Bidder III first proved in the early twentieth century that deep sea currents flowed from east to west in the North Sea and that bottom feeders prefer to move against the current.

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) used drift bottles from 1846 to 1966. More recently, technologies involving satellite tags, fixed current profilers and satellite communication have permitted more efficient analysis of ocean currents: at any given time, thousands of modern "drifters" transmit current position, temperature, velocity, etc., to satellites, thus avoiding conventional drift bottles' dependence on serendipitous finds and cooperation by conscientious citizens.

Drift bottle studies have provided a simple way to learn about non-tidal movement of waters containing eggs and larvae of commercially important fishes, for sharing among fisheries scientists and oceanographers. Such experiments simulate the travel of pollutants such as oil spills, study formation of ocean gyre "garbage patches", and suggest travel paths of invasive species. Persistent currents are detected to allow ships to ride favorable currents and avoid opposing currents. Projected travel paths of navigation hazards, such as naval mines, advise safer shipping routes. Even in inland waterways, drifters wirelessly deliver real-time data on water quality, GPS location, and water velocity, for early warning against flash floods, measuring pollution run-off, and monitoring algal blooms.

Outside science, people have launched bottled messages to find pen pals, "bottle preachers" have sent "sermon bottles", propaganda-bearing bottles have been directed at foreign shores, and survivors have sent poetic loving tributes to departed loved ones or sent their cremated remains (ashes) on a final journey.

It was estimated in 2009 that since the mid-1900s, six million bottled messages had been released, including 500,000 from oceanographers.

Bottle design and recovery rates
Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted. Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers.

An early-20th-century "bottom" (or seabed) drift bottle design by George Parker Bidder III involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current. A mushroom-shaped seabed drifter design has also been used. Seabed drifters are designed to be scooped up by a trawler or wash up on shore.

Water pressure pressing on the cork or other closure was thought to keep a bottle better sealed; some designs included a wooden stick to stop the cork from imploding. Vessels of less scientific designs have survived for extended periods, including a baby food bottle a ginger beer bottle, and a 7-Up bottle.

A low percentage of bottles—thought by some to be less than 3 percent—are actually recovered, so they are released in large numbers, sometimes in the thousands. Reported recovery rates for large-scale scientific studies vary based on the ocean of release, and range from 11 percent (Woods Hole, 156,276 bottles from 1948 to 1962, Atlantic), to 10 percent (Woods Hole, 165,566 bottles from 1960 to 1970, Atlantic), to 3.4 percent (Scripps Institution, 148,384 bottles from 1954 to 1971, Pacific). Oceanographic drift card recovery rates have ranged from 50 percent if released in densely populated areas (North Sea, Puget Sound) to 1 percent in uninhabited areas (Antarctica). Recovery rates decrease as bottles are released further from shore, with oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer developing a rule of thumb that bottles released more than 100 miles from shore have recovery rates below 10 percent, and "only a few percent" of those released more than 1,000 miles from shore are recovered. About 90 percent of marine debris washes up on less than 10 percent of the world's coastlines, favoring beaches perpendicular to the dominant ocean current. Objects with similar buoyancy characteristics tend to collect together.

A Scripps scientist said that marine organisms grow on the bottles, causing them to sink within eight to ten months unless washed ashore earlier. An unknown number are found but not reported.

Time and distance
Some drift bottles were not found for more than a century after being launched.

Floating objects may ride gyres (large circulating current systems) that are present in each ocean, and may be transferred from one ocean's gyre to another's. Further, objects may be sidetracked by wind, storms, countercurrents, and ocean current variation. Accordingly, drift bottles have traveled large distances, with drifts of 4,000 to 6,000 miles and more—sometimes traveling 100 miles per day—not uncommon. Bottles have traveled from the Beaufort Sea above northern Alaska and northwestern Canada to northern Europe; from Antarctica to Tasmania; from Mexico to the Philippines; from Canada's Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay to Irish, French, Scottish, and Norwegian beaches; from the Galapagos Islands to Australia; and from New Zealand to Spain (practically antipodes). Based on empirical data collected since 1901, a computer program called OSCURS (Ocean Surface Current Simulator) digitally simulates motion and timing of floating objects in and between ocean gyres.

Despite being launched substantial time periods before being found, some bottles have been found physically close to their original launch points, such as a message launched by two girls in 1915 and found in 2012 near Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S., and a ten-year-old girl's message launched into the Indian River Bay in Delaware, U.S. in 1971 and found in adjacent Delaware Seashore State Park in 2016.

Historical examples
Historical examples are listed in chronological order, based on year of recovery (when applicable):

Early examples

 * It is reputed that about 310 BC, Aristotle's protégé Greek philosopher Theophrastus used bottled messages to determine if the Mediterranean Sea was formed by the inflowing Atlantic Ocean.
 * When Christopher Columbus encountered a severe storm while returning from America, he is said to have written on parchment what he had found in the New World and requested it be forwarded to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, enclosed the parchment in a waxed cloth and placed it into a large wooden barrel to be cast into the sea. The communication was never found.
 * On April 15, 1841, the Wellington, W.C. Kendrick, Commander, bound "from Madras and Cape bound to London", launched a bottled message in the mid-Atlantic (at 13° N) "for the purpose of throwing some light on the ocean currents".
 * In 1847, from the brig Eagle laden with corn for the starving Irish in Waterford, Ireland, master Gregg dropped a bottled message with his location (42.40N, 54.10W) on March 27, requesting the find be sent to the Nautical Magazine (London) for publication to provide information on Atlantic currents. The bottle was retrieved on July 20 by Capt. Robert Oke on the revenue cutter Caledonia off the coast of Newfoundland (46.36N, 55.30W).
 * In February 1862, the Bashford Hall "sent afloat a message in a bottle describing her perilous state." However, she arrived safely at Falmouth, England on March 6, 1862.
 * After the January 11, 1866 sinking of the SS London in the Bay of Biscay, bottled messages—reported as "farewell messages from passengers... to friends and relatives in England"—were reportedly found in months following.
 * In 1875, ship's steward Van Hoydek and cabin boy Henry Trusillo of the British sailing ship Lennie released 24 bottled messages into the Bay of Biscay, telling of the murder by mutineers of their captain and officers. French authorities soon received the message, rescued Hoydek and Trusillo, and brought the mutineers to justice.
 * In 1876, on the remote Scottish island of St Kilda, freelance journalist John Sands and marooned Austrian sailors deployed two messages requesting the Austrian Consul rescue them with provisions. The messages, each enclosed in a cocoa tin attached to a sheep's bladder for flotation in an arrangement later called a "St. Kilda mail boat", were discovered in Orkney within nine days and in Ross-Shire after 22 days. Since that time, sending "St. Kilda mail" has become a recreational ritual for island visitors, the containers often riding the Gulf Stream to the British mainland, Shetland, Orkney and Scandinavia.

20th century

 * Message-bearing bottles from Titanic (1912) and Lusitania (1915) have been widely recounted as fact, but even before these bottles were found The Irish News stated in April 1912 that "very many" such stories turn out to be "cruel hoaxes".
 * In February 1916, when German Zeppelin L 19 experienced unfavorable weather, battle damage and multiple engine failure after attacking the British Midlands, its commander's last message to superiors and the crew's final letters to relatives were released into the North Sea to be found on a Swedish coast six months later. The written descriptions of how a British fishing trawler had refused to rescue the downed Zeppelin's crew—the trawler captain claiming he feared the German airmen would overpower his own unarmed crew—contributed to an enduring international controversy.
 * On December 23, 1927, Frances Wilson Grayson, niece of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was to attempt to be the first woman to make a transatlantic flight (non-solo). However, her Sikorsky amphibian plane disappeared en route from New York's Long Island to Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, and was never found. A bottled message was found in Salem Harbor, Massachusetts, in January 1929, the unauthenticated message reading, "1928, we are freezing. Gas leaked out. We are drifting off Grand Banks. Grayson."
 * In December 1928, a trapper working at the mouth of the Agawa River, Ontario, found a bottled note from Alice Bettridge, an assistant stewardess in her early twenties who initially survived the December 1927 sinking in a blizzard of the freighter Kamloops and, before she herself perished, wrote "I am the last one left alive, freezing and starving to death on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. I just want mom and dad to know my fate."
 * In 1929, a bottle that came to be known as the Flying Dutchman was released by a German marine science expedition with instructions for any finders to report the find but return the bottle to the sea. Found at several locations in succession, the Flying Dutchman traveled 16,000 miles from its release point in the southern Indian Ocean, to Cape Horn in South America, and back through the Indian Ocean to its last reported find in 1935 on the west coast of Australia.
 * On the night of March 28, 1941 in the last moments of the Battle of Cape Matapan, aboard the sinking cruiser Fiume, Italian sailor Francesco Chirico wrote a farewell message and threw it overboard in a bottle. Chirico's message, including a note, "Please give news to my dear mother that I die for the homeland...", was found in 1952 near Villasimius, Sardinia.
 * On January 7, 1943, a Schweppes lemonade bottle was found near Woolnorth in northwestern Tasmania, containing a penciled message thrown overboard on April 17, 1916, by Australian soldier John Oppy as his troop ship passed between Encounter Bay and Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Oppy himself survived to see the message returned.

 * On Christmas Day 1945, 21-year-old medical corpsman Frank Hayostek threw a message-laden aspirin bottle from his Liberty ship as it approached New York, the bottle being found eight months later near Dingle, County Kerry, by Irish milkmaid Breda O'Sullivan. Her mailed reply began a correspondence that inspired Hayostek to save money for airfare to visit O'Sullivan in 1952. Intense media attention for the "impossibly romantic story", including Time magazine stories, overshadowed their two-week visit, the two parting but corresponding until they married other people in 1958 and 1959. Media attention endured through the sixtieth anniversary of their meeting, 2–3 years after their deaths.
 * In 1955, a bottle from a 1903 German Antarctic expedition was found in New Zealand, about 3400 miles from its launch point between the Kerguelen Islands and Tasmania; however, hydrographers surmise it had drifted around the world many times.
 * In 1956, Swedish sailor Åke Viking sent a bottled message "To Someone Beautiful and Far Away" that reached a 17-year-old Sicilian girl named Paolina, sparking a correspondence that culminated in their marriage in 1958. The affair attracted so much attention that 4,000 people celebrated their wedding.
 * In 1959 Guinness Brewery launched 150,000 bottles into the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in a promotional campaign. It was reported that Inuit hunters on Coats Island, in Canada's Hudson Bay, found 80 of the bottles.
 * In 1969, a Canadian scientific expedition dropped a message bottle through a hole in the drift ice at the approximate North Pole. The bottle was found in 1972 in northeast Iceland.
 * In May 1976, National Geographic World magazine released 1,000 bottles—250 per week—from the cruise ship Song of Norway, with instructions in five languages to fill out and return cards, in order to help map ocean currents.
 * In 1978, a Russian researcher discovered a bottled message in the Franz Josef Land, north of mainland Russia, that was deposited by Karl Weyprecht, leader of the 1872–1874 Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition which sought a Northeast Passage.
 * A message that an American couple released from a cruise ship approaching Hawaii in 1979 was found off Songkhla Beach, Thailand by a former South Vietnamese soldier and his family as they fled that country's communist regime by boat. A correspondence relationship began in 1983, and the couple worked with U.S. Immigration to help the Vietnamese family obtain refugee status in 1985 and move to the U.S.
 * In 1991 a bottled message found on Vancouver Island, Canada, urged the release of Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng. Believed to have been released in 1980 near Quemoy Island, China, it is thought to be among Taiwan propaganda bottles launched toward mainland China.
 * In what was described as "perhaps the most famous message in a bottle love story", in March 1999 a green ginger beer bottle was dredged up by a fisherman off the Essex coast, the bottle containing an 84-year-old letter tossed into the English Channel on September 9, 1914, by British soldier Private Thomas Hughes days before he was killed in fighting in France. Hughes' letter, written for delivery to his wife who had died in 1979, was delivered instead to his then 86-year-old daughter in New Zealand by the fisherman himself, who with his own wife was flown to New Zealand at the expense of New Zealand Post.

21st century

 * A teardrop-shaped bottle was found in March 2002 on a beach in Kent, England, containing an unsigned letter from a French woman expressing her enduring grief over the death of her son at age 13. British author Karen Liebreich spent years of research, unsuccessfully trying to find the mother and eventually publishing a book called The Letter in the Bottle (2006). The book was published in French in 2009, sparking huge media coverage that alerted the mother for the first time that her letter had actually been discovered. Saying she initially felt violated by publication of her personal suffering, on condition of continued anonymity, she agreed to tell Liebreich the details of her son's 1981 death in a bicycle accident, her decades of suffering afterwards, and the story surrounding release of her letter from an English Channel ferry.
 * In May 2005, three days after eighty-eight migrants were abandoned by human smugglers on a disabled boat, the migrants tied an SOS-bearing bottle to a long line of a passing fishing vessel, whose captain alerted authorities to rescue the migrants.
 * On December 10, 2006, a bottom drift bottle, released on April 25, 1914, northeast of the Shetland Islands by the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, U.K., was recovered by a Shetland fisherman, after the bottle had spent over 92 years at sea.
 * In October 2011 in waters off Somalia, the crew of the pirated cargo ship Montecristo used a bottle with a flashing beacon to alert NATO ships that they had retreated to an armored room, permitting a military rescue operation to proceed with knowledge that the crew was not being held hostage.
 * In April 2012 a fisherman recovered a bottom drift bottle that had been released 98 years earlier, on June 10, 1914, one of 1,890 released by the Glasgow School of Navigation to test undercurrents in the seas around Scotland. The 2012 find occurred east of Shetland by the Copious, the same fishing vessel involved in the 2006 find.
 * In a 2013 promotional campaign, Norwegian soft drink company Solo released a 26-foot, 2.7-ton replica soda bottle outfitted with a customized camera, navigation lights, an automatic identification system, a radar reflector, and GPS tracking technology, all powered by solar panels. The craft drifted from Tenerife, Canary Islands, while broadcasting its location, but its electronics were stolen by pirates before its five-month trip terminated at Los Roques archipelago near Venezuela.
 * In April 2013, a kite-surfer near the mouth of Croatia's Neretva River recovered a bottle containing a message purporting to have been sent in 1985 from Nova Scotia to fulfill a promise by a "Jonathon" to write to one "Mary". The message received international media attention.
 * In March 2014, a fisherman on the Baltic Sea near Kiel recovered a drift bottle containing a Danish postcard dated May 17, 1913, and signed by a then-20-year-old baker's son named Richard Platz, who asked for it to be delivered to his Berlin address. Researchers located Platz's granddaughter, by then 62, and delivered the 101-year-old message to her, Platz himself having died in 1946.
 * An April 2015 find on the North Sea island of Amrum, Germany, of a 108-year-old bottle sent by the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom in Plymouth, was one of 1,020 released into the North Sea between 1904 and 1906 by former association president George Parker Bidder III.
 * In 2016, Cuban migrants who had fled Cuba in a homemade boat, launched a bottled SOS message complaining of their treatment while being detained for 42 days aboard a United States Coast Guard Cutter.
 * In late 2016, a barnacle-encrusted, kelp-tangled GoPro video camera was recovered, the camera's memory card preserving footage showing the prelude to the camera's being swept overboard four years earlier, and also recording its first two hours underwater off Fingal Bay, Australia.
 * In 2017, a small unmanned boat made by high school students and having solar panels, sensors and camera, drifted on an unexpected path from near Maine, to approach Spain and Portugal, then drift westward back into the Atlantic and northward to be discovered in Benbecula in the western isles of Scotland. The boat had a waterproof pod containing a chip that collected sensor data.
 * In July 2017, a Scottish widower seeking female companionship set 2,000 bottled messages adrift at various locations around the U.K., and though claiming he received responses from 50 women, ceased the practice in response to public complaints and an investigation by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.
 * In January 2018, a couple walking on a beach in Western Australia discovered a bottled message that had been launched on June 12, 1886, from the German barque Paula conducting drift bottle experiments for the German Naval Observatory.  The message's authenticity was corroborated through the ship captain's original Meteorological Journal, and, at 131 years' duration, eclipsed the previous corroborated record duration of 108 years.  The bottle's thick glass and its opening's narrow bore are thought to have protected the paper from the elements.
 * In the summer of 2018, a bottled typewritten message dated March 26, 1930, was discovered in the roof of the twelfth-century Goslar Cathedral in Goslar, Germany, signed by four roofers who bemoaned the economic state of that country. The bottle was discovered by a roofer who was the grandson of one of the signatories, who had been an 18-year-old roofing apprentice in 1930. Goslar's mayor replaced the bottle with a copy of the 1930 message, adding his own confidential message.
 * In May 2019, a Gatorade bottle with a four-page letter, written in Spanish, was found in Brown Bay, near Mount Gambier, South Australia. The letter had been sent from Caleta Córdoba, near Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina by a mother and two children as a loving tribute to their husband and father who had died of a stroke a year earlier.
 * In June 2019, three hikers trapped above a waterfall on California's Arroyo Seco tributary released a Nalgene bottled SOS message that was quickly discovered a quarter mile (0.4 km) downstream, allowing them to be rescued by helicopter the following morning.
 * In late 2019, a bottled message launched on August 1, 1994, by 12-year-old Ryan Mead was found near the mouth of the Taramakau River, New Zealand, the find occurring mere months after Mead died at age 37 in a freak accident inhaling fumes while laying carpet.

Long-duration events
Table listing long-duration (>25-year) events involving messages in bottles (scroll):

 * s denotes stationary messages (placed on land, not in a body of water).

Popular perceptions
Besides interest in citizen science drift-bottle experiments, message-in-a-bottle lore has often been of a romantic or poetic nature. Such messages have been romanticized in literature, from Edgar Allan Poe's 1833 story "MS. Found in a Bottle" through Nicholas Sparks' 1998 Message in a Bottle. Clint Buffington, subject of the 2019 documentary short film The Tides That Bind / A Message in a Bottle Story, surmised in an interview with The Guardian that sending a bottled message expresses a hope to find connection in a fear-filled world. In Newsweek Ryan Bort recounted various historical messages as being cries for help, or "final, poetic words of resignation left behind for (an) indifferent sea", or from "lonely, lovelorn souls, searching for serendipity", or a search for "affirmation ... that comes from somewhere other than yourself". Bort described sending a message in a bottle as a romantic act that has "such a delicious potential for magic" or as "surrendering a part of yourself to something larger", concluding that "every message in a bottle is a prayer".

Finding a bottled message has generally been viewed positively, the finder of a 98-year-old message referring to his find as winning the lottery. However, intense media attention over a personal relationship that resulted from one woman's find, is said to have caused her to remark that had she known what would happen, she would have left the bottle on the beach. Another woman said she initially felt shocked and violated by publication of the personal suffering she had expressed in a bottled letter that she never expected would be found or read.

Similar methods using other media
The term "message in a bottle" has been applied to techniques of communication that do not literally involve a bottle or a water-based method of conveyance, such as the Europa Clipper plaque (2024), the Pioneer plaque (1972, 1973), the Voyager Golden Record (1977), and even radio-borne messages (see Cosmic Call, Teen Age Message, A Message from Earth), all directed into space.

Balloon mail involves sending undirected messages through the air rather than into bodies of water. For example, during the Prussian siege of Paris in 1870, about 2.5 million letters were sent by hot air balloon, the only way Parisians' letters could reach the rest of France.

Stationary time capsules have been termed "messages in a bottle", such as a 1935 message in a lemonade bottle correctly portending difficult times, which was found in 2016 by masons restoring damaged Portland stone at Southampton Guildhall. A geologist left a bottled message in 1959 in a cairn on isolated Ward Hunt Island (Canada, 83°N latitude), allowing its finders in 2013 to determine that a nearby glacier had retreated over 200 feet in the intervening 54 years. More durable examples of time capsules are the Westinghouse Time Capsules of the 1939 and 1964 New York World's Fairs, intended to be opened 5,000 years after their creation.

Prisoners from the Auschwitz concentration camp concealed bottles containing sketches and writings that were found after World War II.

Certain emergency medical services urge patients to record information describing their medical conditions, medications and drug allergies, emergency contacts, as well as advance healthcare directives for when the patients are incapacitated or suffer from dementia or learning difficulties, and place the record as a special "message in a bottle" stored in (conventionally) a refrigerator, where paramedics can quickly locate it.

Environmental issues
Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action. Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.

Some agencies continue to use drift bottles into the 21st century, but with increased awareness that man-made floating items can harm marine life or constitute waste material, biodegradable drift cards and biodegradable wooden drifters with non-toxic ink are gaining favor.

title: Message in a bottle


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KNEW (AM)

KNEW (960 AM) is an American biz news radio station licensed to Oakland, California, and serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It is owned by iHeartMedia and most of the programming comes from Bloomberg Radio. KNEW also carries Oakland Athletics baseball games. The radio studios are located in the SoMa district of San Francisco.

KNEW transmits 5,000 watts using a three-tower array directional antenna at all times. The transmitter is located in Oakland at the eastern end of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. KNEW can also be heard on the HD Radio digital subchannel of 103.7 KOSF-HD2.

KFWM and KROW
On July 8, 1925, the station signed on as KFWM. It was owned originally by the Oakland Educational Society. The Oakland Post-Enquirer wanted a radio station to compete with the Oakland Tribune KLX. This station became KROW in June 1930, and used those call letters until 1959. It was a full-service station known for launching the career of comedian Phyllis Diller and for helping the career of "the world's greatest disc jockey" Don Sherwood, prior to his long career at KSFO.

In 1947, the station built a new transmitter on a 20-acre island leased from the Port of Oakland. The new transmitter was accompanied by an increase in power from 1,000 watts to 5,000 watts full-time.

KABL
This station is best known as the longtime home of KABL, the successor to KROW and one of the first beautiful music stations in the United States. It was owned by 1950s radio pioneer Gordon McLendon. According to longtime McLendon national program director, Don Keyes, in his book Gordon McLendon and Me, McLendon wanted to own a station in the San Francisco market, and 960 KROW seemed ideal because of its relatively low dial position and strong coverage of the San Francisco market.

Beautiful Music
McLendon had success with Top 40 stations and the original plan had been to launch a similar, youthful format on KROW. But after McLendon and his team visited the market and discovered there were already several Top 40 stations, they decided there wasn't room for another one. As a result, they looked to KIXL, a beautiful-music station in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, market that was enjoying a fair amount of success despite being daytime-only. They decided to launch a similar format on KROW using KIXL's formula of quarter-hour blocks of familiar musical selections (three instrumentals, arranged by tempo, and one vocal) as a template. The new call sign was to be KABL, as in San Francisco's legendary cable cars.

In early May 1959, KROW began "stunting" with a continuous loop of a song called "Gila Monster," the theme song from a horror film that Gordon McLendon had co-produced that year. Based on this stunt, it was assumed by the general public — and by the competition — that KROW was to become a Top 40 station along the lines of McLendon's KLIF in Dallas, WAKY in Louisville or KILT in Houston. But the station took everyone by surprise by debuting KABL as a beautiful music station. KABL quickly captured a more mature listening audience that disliked rock and roll. KABL soon became the number one radio station in San Francisco, and would remain at or near the top of the ratings for years afterward.

KABL's format
As KABL, the station combined a mixture of easy listening string and orchestra music with light classics and an occasional Latin cocktail hour tune. KABL was known for presenting poetic vignettes about San Francisco life, a harp interlude between songs, and a cable car bell to announce the news.

Licensed to Oakland, with a transmitter near the east end of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, KABL often skirted the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules on station identification and city of license. While KABL could have legally identified as "Oakland/San Francisco," it instead deliberately tried to identify with San Francisco rather than Oakland. It was notorious for using slogans such as "KABL Oakland, serving San Francisco on your San Francisco radio dial, in the air, everywhere over San Francisco". This raised the ire of FCC officials, resulting in a fine and an admonishment to all broadcasters that they were licensed to serve a particular community, not surrounding ones.

The final years
In 1997, the station switched to an adult standards format of traditional pop and big band music. At one point, presumably inspired by the "swing dancing/zoot suits" craze of the late 1990s, KABL added a nightly "swing/dance" show several hours in length, which played music by the retro swing groups of the period such as Brian Setzer's and the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, as well as standard material such as Glenn Miller's "In The Mood". This program didn't last very long.

KABL also carried the syndicated When Radio Was Old-Time Radio anthology series, tending to move its time slot around. In 2000, KABL briefly switched to a 1960s-1970s soft rock format, but went back to older music after complaints from their regular audience. In fact, later-years KABL tended to go back and forth on including greater amounts of more "modern" softer pop-rock material then not identified with "traditional" adult standards - Peter & Gordon and Dusty Springfield from the '60s, even Kenny Rogers and Air Supply from the turn of the '80s.

On September 28, 2004, 960 AM dropped the adult standards programming and the KABL call letters. The KABL call sign subsequently reemerged at then co-owned 92.1 FM in Walnut Creek, California. The station had a very limited signal beyond its immediate broadcast area, however, and in July 2005, switched to an adult contemporary music format.

KABL reborn on the Internet
KABL then began broadcasting as an internet radio station. This lasted until January 31, 2007, when Clear Channel Conmmunications discontinued KABL's streaming music.

On June 1, 2007, under license from Clear Channel, the Bay Area Radio Museum launched a streaming tribute to KABL on the Internet, which featured Beautiful Music, Easy Listening, Adult Standards, Big Bands, traditional pop and middle-of-the-road music, to represent the various musical styles presented during the station's forty years on the air. The URL that was used now directs to Clear Channel Corporation's iHeartRadio website.

Progressive talk as KQKE and KKGN
Replacing KABL on September 28, 2004, were new call letters KQKE and a progressive talk format, branded as "960 The Quake". The Quake's tag lines are "The Bay Area Home of Air America", "Talk Radio for the Rest of Us" and "Talk Radio from the Left". The station carried a mix of Dial Global programs, such as Ed Schultz, Stephanie Miller and Thom Hartmann, and other distributors. At one time it also carried programs from the now-defunct Air America network.

The station also aired some local weekend programming. One weekend show, Shake!, aired on Sunday nights and was targeted toward the Bay Area's gay and lesbian community. The show also aired on co-owned KLSD in San Diego until November 2007.

In 2006, KQKE introduced a local morning show featuring political satirist Will Durst and former San Francisco mayor Willie Brown. Keeping it Real with Will and Willie aired from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. Monday through Friday. The show was canceled, and aired its final regular broadcast on September 29, 2006. At that time, the program director indicated that "the pair will still do special broadcasts and appearances for the station."

John Scott was hired as AM operations manager for both KQKE and KNEW in 2007, and introduced new shows and elements into the programming mix. He would be the last local manager of the stations, with those duties now handled by Clear Channel corporate.

In 2009, the station introduced another weekend program, An Organic Conversation, airing Saturdays at 10am PST. Presented by Helge Hellberg, executive director of Marin Organic, and Mark Mulcahy, organic produce consultant, An Organic Conversation features ecology-based thinking and insight into the organic food and holistic health movement.

The Progressive News Hour with John Scott once aired weekdays from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m., leading into Keeping it Real with Will and Willie and was a rundown of local and national news, as well as weather and traffic reports. Shortly after Will and Willie disappeared, Stephanie Miller's morning show arrived to take the 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. slot on KQKE. The remodeled show The Progressive News then moved to 4-6PM, and its content was more focused on the Bay Area, including more interviews and news about Bay Area people and politics, with less repetition of national stories.

"AM 960 The Quake" was not related to KQAK, a San Francisco station that was on the air from 1982 to 1985 that also called itself "The Quake". However, Paul "Lobster" Wells holds the distinction of working for both "Quake" stations, as he served as producer and on-air contributor for KQKE's former morning show.

KKGN
On August 13, 2007, Clear Channel changed the KQKE call sign to KKGN, with a repositioning as "Green 960" and initially with programming focused on environmental issues.

KNEW
On January 3, 2012, Clear Channel management changed KKGN to KNEW and shifted to a wider-based talk format. The move was part of a broader restructuring of talk programming in Clear Channel's San Francisco cluster. While still predominantly progressive talk for most of the day, KNEW also carried the decidedly conservative Glenn Beck Program during morning drive as well as The Dave Ramsey Show in middays.

On January 2, 2014, Rush Limbaugh's daily syndicated program moved from KKSF to KNEW. At this point, KNEW dropped all progressive talk programs, as it flipped to conservative talk and rebranded as "The Patriot".

Affiliation with Bloomberg Radio
On September 29, 2014, KNEW dropped conservative talk for business talk programming provided by New York City-based Bloomberg Radio. Limbaugh, Beck, and Hannity's programs were moved to KSFO. On July 30, 2020, KNEW reached an agreement with the Oakland Athletics to broadcast their games for the remainder of the 2020 season, after having initially forgone a radio home in Oakland in favor of streaming only.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: KNEW (AM)


text:
Talk:Tonal (mythology)

Bad Link
The link to the reference Brinton, Daniel g, 1894, "Nagualism: A Study in Native-American Folklore and History" no longer works and should be corrected.

Cleanup
Presumably the article's clean up notice indicates the lack of Aztec and Mayan mythology information as on the Tonal disambiguation page and the Nagual article. Hyacinth 10:57, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, this article could use clean up. All of this: "Consider this way: If you think of the concept it's Tonal. Of course, there's the question: "If I can think of the Nagual, that doesn't make it a part of the Tonal?", but the answer is that Tonal/Nagual are a true pair and that you can't "think of" about the Nagual, you can only feel it’s effect. There's also the concept of a personal Tonal that starts with the birth and end in the death, and the "Tonal of the Times" that spans an entire age." reads like opinion.

I've read Castaneda's books and I don't recall reading this information. Maybe some sources for this info?--Cyberhero 15:25, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you saying the Tonal / Nagual explaination can only be dependent on Castanedas own description of his understanding (opinion) of don Juans teachings?
 * Hmmm how can we explain something that cannot really be explained in this reality? (the reality of the tonal) Just thinking out loud. :-)222.152.242.236 01:23, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

66.30.20.34 22:26, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

The Aztec calendar was called tonal pohualli according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalpohualli

66.30.20.34 22:26, 6 January 2007 (UTC)mike

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title: Talk:Tonal (mythology)


text:
Simon Webbe

Simon Solomon Webbe (born 30 March 1978) is a British singer and rapper. He is best known as a member of the boy band Blue, selling over 15 million records. Webbe released three solo studio albums in 2005, 2006 and 2017 and had five UK Top 40 singles.

History
Webbe was born on 30 March 1978. His parents are of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent.

2001–2005: Early career and Blue
The band released their debut single "All Rise" in May 2001 and it reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. Blue's second single was released in August with the chart-topping "Too Close", a cover version of Next's US number 1 hit produced by Ray Ruffin. Their second number one came in November with "If You Come Back" also produced by Ray Ruffin and co-written by Nicole Anderson aka Nicole Formescu, Lee Brennan, Ian Hope and Ray Ruffin off the album All Rise, which was released in time for Christmas and reached number one, eventually selling in excess of about 1.8 million albums sold in the UK. Blue reached number six in March 2002 with their fourth single, "Fly By II" – a remix of album track "Fly By", which also went to number 30 in Portugal.

Their second studio album One Love was released in 2002. The album entered at UK number 1, where it stayed for one week. Three singles were released from the album: "One Love" (UK number 3), "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" featuring Elton John (UK number 1), and "U Make Me Wanna" (UK number 4). The group also performed the song "Flexin'" at the 2003 MTV Asia Awards with the Philippines' singer Kyla.

Guilty (the album and the single [UK number 2]) was released in late 2003. The next singles were "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours" (sung with Stevie Wonder and Angie Stone) (UK number 11), "Breathe Easy" (UK number 4), and "Bubblin'" (UK number 9). The album Guilty sold more than one million copies in the UK.

The band decided to split after Elton John suggested that their popularity was decreasing and that they should concentrate on their solo careers. Best of Blue greatest hits compilation was released in 2004, which contained all-time hits including new tracks such as "Curtain Falls", "Get Down on It" and "Only Words I Know". The album was No.2 on charts in Portugal with a double platinum certification.

2005–2006: Sanctuary
Webbe launched his post-Blue career on 22 August 2005 with his first solo single "Lay Your Hands" which peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. His follow-up single "No Worries" reached No.4 in the UK, making him the only Blue member to have multiple Top 10 singles. After the release of two singles, Webbe released his debut solo album Sanctuary which debuted at number 28 on the UK Albums Chart. Despite its relatively low debut it eventually reached number 7 on the chart and has now gone double platinum. The third single from Sanctuary, "After All This Time" was released in February 2006, but it failed to do as well as his previous releases and peaked at number 16.

2006–2007: Grace and "Run"
On 30 October 2006, came the first single from Webbe's new album "Coming Around Again". When released it reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. His second album Grace was released on 13 November 2006, and peaked at number 11 in the UK Albums Chart. The second single "My Soul Pleads for You" was released on 19 February 2007, and reached 45 on the singles chart. On 21 May 2007, Webbe launched his first tour to support his second album Grace. The tour consisted of 18 dates through May and June, starting in Cambridge and culminating in London. In early June, it was announced that Webbe would be releasing the title track from his second studio album with the theme song from the upcoming film Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer. The single was a double A-side release of "Grace"/"Ride the Storm". It reached number 36 in the UK. In Europe, "Seventeen" was released instead of "Grace".

During his 2007 UK Tour, Webbe previewed some songs from his third studio album, including "Run", which he claimed had been announced as the first single. He also claimed that 'Run' could possibly be the title of the album. It is thought that the album was postponed from its 2009 release date due to the reunion of Blue, and that it will be released at some point in the future.

2008–2016: Blue reunion, Eurovision Song Contest and Television
Since entering the music industry Webbe has extended his range of business ventures. His two most notable companies are Love 4 Music and Love 4 PR, both of which he co-runs with Jade Reuben. He managed the group VS who supported Blue on their tour. They were also signed to Innocent Records, the same label as Blue, and released three singles, "Love You Like Mad" (#7), "Call U Sexy" (#11) and "Make It Hot" (#29), plus an album, All Kinds of Trouble. The band has since broken up and member Marvin Humes went on to be part of boyband JLS. He also managed North London rapper MR BLARNY who was the only other act (after VS) to sign to Webbe's LOVE 4 Music label. Later Webbe managed American/British girlband L.A.D.E., whose video for their unreleased single "Shake It Off" featured Webbe and Blue bandmate Duncan James. In return the girls appeared in Blue's single "Bubblin'" with MR BLARNY also featuring on the remixes. The British rapper is still recording music releasing "YOUR BEST TIME" in 2013 (featuring LOLA) while the current professional music status of the girls is unknown. Also in 2004, Webbe was voted Company magazine's 62nd Sexiest Man Alive and appeared as a striker on Sky 1's The Match.

In 2008, he participated in British reality television show, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in which he finished in fifth place. On 28 April 2009, Blue announced that they had reformed and will return to the stage with a new album coming soon. Webbe featured on Ras Kwame's Spit TV rapping with fellow Manchester hip-hop artists Lyrican and Hoodman.

From 31 May to 28 August 2010, Webbe played the role of Curtis Shank in Sister Act the musical at the London Palladium. During his run, Webbe starred alongside Sheila Hancock and Whoopi Goldberg.

Webbe was a guest on Big Brother 11 in August 2010, singing a new track to the housemates.

Blue represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany. The group finished 11th in the competition.

On 23 November 2011, it was announced that Webbe would be taking part in the Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special. Webbe was the first celebrity to compete (dancing the Cha Cha Cha to "Merry Christmas Everybody") – supported in the audience by fellow Blue bandmates Duncan James and Antony Costa. His celebrity partner was Katya Virshilas. The judges placed Webbe in joint third – with a score of 36 out of 40. The Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2011.

On 21 August 2014, Webbe was confirmed on ITV's Good Morning Britain as a contestant on the upcoming twelfth series of Strictly Come Dancing. He was partnered with professional dancer Kristina Rihanoff for the series and the pair were declared runners-up on 20 December.

In August 2015, he appeared in George Stiles and Anthony Drewe's family musical The 3 Little Pigs at the Palace Theatre, London. He played the Big Bad Wolf.

2017–present: Smile and Blue 20th Anniversary
On 28 July 2017, Webbe announced the release of his third studio album Smile due for release on 13 October 2017.

On 30 November 2021 the group confirmed they would be going on an arena tour to celebrate their 20th anniversary, it was also confirmed that Atomic Kitten would be supporting them on the tour. When interviewed on This Morning the group also confirmed that they were back in the studio recording, a new album is expected to follow along with the tour.

On 11 April 2022 the group announced that their sixth studio album Heart & Soul which would be released on 9 September 2022. On 20 May the group unveiled the track listing for the album on their social media accounts, following with first single "Haven't Found You Yet". On 29 June 2022, the group released the single "Dance with Me", a cover of the 2001 112 single.

Personal life
Webbe has a daughter, Alanah (born 1996), with ex-partner Nicola Jones, a shop assistant from Solihull. She is the inspiration for his 2007 single "Grace". He is a distant cousin of the Sugababes singer Keisha Buchanan. His brother Duane Bryan was a contestant on the 2012 series of The Apprentice. He is related to former Labour Party politician Claudia Webbe.

Studio albums

 * Sanctuary (2005)
 * Grace (2006)
 * Smile (2017)

title: Simon Webbe


text:
Hpa-an

Hpa-an (ဘားအံမြို့, ; ဍုံထ်ုအင်; ဖၣ်အၣ်ဝ့ၢ်ဖိ, also spelled Pa-an) is the capital and largest city of Kayin State (Karen State), Myanmar (Burma). The population of Hpa-an as of the 2014 census was 421,575. Most of the people in Hpa-an are of the Karen ethnic group.

Legend
Legend has it that Hpa-An was created by the dragon king and the frog king. King Mandu (မဏ္ဍုဖားမင်းကြီး), a giant frog lived the top of the Mount Hpan Pu. One day, while out searching for food, he saw a large magic ruby with an emerald club placed on the throne in the foot cave of Mount Hpan Pu, and the frog king thought the ruby was his food and swallowed it. He gained powers by swallowing the magic ruby and was able to resist his enemy, the dragon king. The place where the dragon king vomited the frog king is called Hpa-An (lit. 'vomit frog'). The impressive statues of these figures can be seen in the Shwe Yin Myaw Pagoda's compound.

Climate
Hpa-An has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). Temperatures are very warm throughout the year, although maximum temperatures are somewhat depressed in the monsoon season due to heavy cloud and rain. There is a winter dry season (November–April) and a summer wet season (May–October). Torrential rain falls from June to September, with over 1100 mm falling in July and August alone.

Transport
Air

Hpa-An was linked to Yangon, Mawlamyine and Hpapun by air but the airport ceased operations.

Buses

There are express buses from Hpa-An to Yangon, Mawlamyine, the border crossing at Myawaddy and other towns.

Population history

 * 1953: 4,100
 * 1983: 41,500
 * 2014: 421,525

Education

 * Computer University, Hpa-An
 * Hpa-An Education College
 * Hpa-An Nursing Training School
 * Hpa-An University
 * Technological University, Hpa-An

Religion
The majority of residents are Theravada Buddhists, followed by Baptist, Anglican and Roman Catholics.

Sights
Kayin State Cultural Museum is located in Hpa-An. Mount Zwegabin and Mount Taung Wine are attractive places for visitors, as well as Kyauk Ka Lat Pagoda in which the sacred hair relic of Buddha is enshrined. Hpa An is famous for many limestone caves, like
 * Bayin Nyi Naung Cave,
 * Yathae Byan Cave,
 * Kawgon Cave (or Kawgoon Cave),
 * Kaw-ka-thaung Cave and
 * Saddan Cave
 * Linno Cave

Such caves are well worth visiting because of their incredibly beautiful landscapes and ancient Buddha images and other cultural items in them which were once less known due to regional instability. The Shwe Yin Myaw Pagoda and Thit Hta Man Aung Pagoda are in the center of Hpa-an. Enjoying the beauty of Than Lwin River from the platform of the pagoda is an opportunity that should not be missed. Other interesting places are Kyone Htaw Waterfall which is 2 hours driving from Hpa-an, and the Saddan Cave (mentioned above) which is the biggest and longest cave in Kayin State. The beautiful Kan Thar Yar Lake and its bridge are the heart of Kayin State.

Health care

 * Hpa-An General Hospital
 * Taung Kalay Military Hospital

Football
Zwegabin United FC founded in 2010, is based in Hpa-An. The club is competing in Myanmar National League.

Trekking and hiking
Mount Zwegabin is around 8.5 km south of Hpa An. It is visited by tourists for its views and natural environment.

At Bayint Nyi cave (literally: "King's Younger Brother cave"), a climbing site developed with support from The Technical Climbing Club of Myanmar (TCCM) and a number of expats in Yangon who belong to Myanmar Rock Community (MRC), is an ongoing project having started in 2015. The club is now beginning to attract interest from local people which is helping fuel a growing interest in the sport of rock climbing around Myanmar.

title: Hpa-an


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Crabbe

Carl Abel - Alfred Ainger - David Allan (Scottish painter 1744-1796) - Joseph Arch - Baudry - George Beaumont - Robert Blair - Robert Bloomfield - Nicolas Boileau - W. L. Bowles - John Brettell - W. E. Broman - Stopford Brooke - Henry, Lord Brougham - Elizabeth Brownrigg - W. C. Bryant - Egerton Brydges - Richard Burn - Charles Burney - Joseph Butler - R. L. Chamberlain - Philarète Chasles - F. J. Child - J. S. Cotman - Prosper Crebillon - J. W. Croker - J. B. Crome - John Berney Crome - Patrick Cruttwell - Allan Cunningham - Albert Cuyp - R. H. Dana - Thomas Davison - Joseph Devey - R. W. Dixon - James Dodsley - Gerald Dow - Annette Droste - A. Druzhinin - J. S. Duncan - C. G. Étienne - Isabella Fenwick - John Foster - C. J. Fox - Galignani - John Galt - William Gifford - Henry Giles - James Graham - Robert Grant - George Griffiths - Ludwig Grüner - Lilian Hadakin - John Hatchard - J. O. Haydon - William Hayley - Alethea Hayter - M. Hobbema - P. Hodgart - John Home - Francis Horner - Howship - R. Huchon - F. J. Jacobsen - Francis Jeffrey - A. Kaiser - T. E. Kebbel - F. G. Klopstock - Vicesimus Knox - A. Kotzebue - W. K. Kyukhel'beker - James Lackington - Jean de La Fontaine - Edwin Landseer - Varley Lang - John Langhorne - Mary Leadbeater - G. Lehmann - C. R. Leslie - George Lillo - J. G. Lockhart - J. R. Lowell - James Mackintosh - B. de Mandeville - Gerald Massey - James Montgomery - Robert Montgomery - B. C. Nangle - J. H. Newman - John Nichols - Dudley North - A. van Ostade - O. W. B. Peabody - Ambrose Philips - A. Pichot - Peter Pindar - G. B. Piranesi - Robert Pollok - Richard Porson - H. Crabb Robinson - Samuel Rogers - Samuel Romilly - Thomas Rowlandson - C. A. Saint-Beuve - A. Sale - Frederick Sheldon - S. P. Shevyrev - K. Sijbrandi - Alexander Smith - James Smith - John Sterling - Dugald Stewart - James Stuart - T. N. Talfourd - Nahum Tate - David Teniers - C. H. Terrot - Charles Hughes Terrot - Edward, Lord Thurlow - R. C. Trench - H. T. Tuckerman - Henry Theodore Tuckerman - Martin Tupper - G. Vandevelde - J. Van Eyck - Gilbert White - Frank Whitehead - David Wilkie - G. E. Woodberry - George Edward Woodberry - Edward Young

title: User:Charles Matthews/Crabbe


text:
William Webster (theologian)

William Webster (December 1689 – 4 December 1758) was a British priest in the Church of England and a theological writer.

Life
Born at Cove, Suffolk in December 1689, was the son of Richard Webster (d. 1722), by his wife Jane, daughter of Anthony Sparrow; his father was a nonjuring clergyman, who later submitted and became vicar of Poslingford. Webster was educated at Beccles, and was admitted to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, on 2 March 1708. He graduated B.A. in 1712, M.A. in 1716, and D.D. in 1732.

Webster was ordained deacon on 24 June 1713 as curate of Depden in Suffolk, and priest on 26 February 1716 as curate of St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London. Leaving St. Dunstan's in 1731, he was appointed in August 1732 to the curacy of St Clement, Eastcheap, and in February 1733 was presented to the rectory of Depden.

In July 1740 he was instituted to the vicarages of Ware, Hertfordshire and Thundridge, which he retained till his death, resigning his rectory and curacy. In later life he fell into great poverty. He died unmarried at Ware on 4 December 1758.

Works
Webster was a voluminous writer. In 1723 he edited The Life of General Monk (London), from the manuscript of Thomas Skinner, contributing a preface in vindication of George Monck's character. A second edition appeared in 1724. In 1730 he translated ‘The New Testament, with Critical Remarks’ (London, 2 vols.), from the French of Richard Simon.

On 16 December 1732, under the pseudonym of ‘Richard Hooker of the Inner Temple,’ he began to edit a periodical entitled The Weekly Miscellany; not very successful, it was discontinued on 27 June 1741. From the number of religious essays it contained it became known as ‘Old Mother Hooker's Journal.’ It is known for the attacks made in its columns on William Warburton's Divine Legation of Moses. Webster's contributions to the controversy were republished probably in 1739, under the title of Remarks on the Divine Legation. They earned him a place in the Dunciad, Alexander Pope, in 1742, inserting a passage (bk. ii. l. 258) in which Webster was coupled with George Whitefield, who had also criticised Warburton.

In 1740, from materials furnished by a merchant, Webster published a pamphlet on the wool industry called Consequences of Trade to the Wealth and Strength of any Nation, by a Draper of London. It sold well and went into a fifth edition in 1741, the same year as Webster wrote a refutation of his own arguments, published under the pseudonym Andrew Freeport as The Draper Confuted.

Christopher Smart addressed to Webster his seventh ode, complimenting him on his ‘Casuistical Essay on Anger and Forgiveness’ (London, 1750). Other works were:

 * ‘The Clergy's Right of Maintenance vindicated from Scripture and Reason,’ London, 1726; 2nd edit. 1727.
 * ‘The Fitness of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Christ considered,’ London, 1731.
 * ‘The Credibility of the Resurrection of Christ,’ London, 1735.
 * A Complete History of Arianism from 306 to 1666. To which is added the History of Socinianism translated from the French of Louis Maimbourg and Bernard Lamy, London, 1735, 2 vols.
 * ‘Tracts, consisting of Sermons, Discourses, and Letters,’ London, 1745.
 * ‘A Vindication of his Majesty's Title to the Crown,’ London, 1747.
 * ‘A Treatise on Places and Preferments,’ London, 1757.
 * ‘A plain Narrative of Facts, or the Author's case fairly and candidly stated’ (London, 1758), asking for money.

title: William Webster (theologian)


text:
Tonawanda Band of Seneca

The Tonawanda Seneca Nation (previously known as the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians) is a federally recognized tribe in the State of New York. They have maintained the traditional form of government led by sachems (hereditary Seneca chiefs) selected by clan mothers. The Seneca are one of the original Five Nations (later six) of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy. Their people speak the Seneca language, an Iroquoian language.

The Tonawanda Seneca Nation is one of two federally recognized Seneca tribes in Western New York; the other is the Seneca Nation of Indians. The latter approved a republican constitution in 1848, electing a council and executive officials to govern their lands of the Allegany, Cattaraugus and Oil Springs reservations.

The Tonawanda Band opted out of participating in the republic (in part due to hostilities stemming from the Buffalo Creek sale), leading to the band's formation nine years later. In 1857, the Tonawanda Band signed a treaty with the United States and was recognized as a tribe independent of the Seneca Nation of New York. The new treaty with the US allowed the Tonawanda Band to buy back lands from the Ogden Land Company, which had been sold out without their permission in the Treaties of Buffalo Creek. The Tonawanda retrieved the horns of authority and other artifacts from the other Seneca tribes and re-established a continuation of the traditional Seneca government that existed prior to 1848. They have a matrilineal kinship system; hereditary chiefs are selected through the maternal line by clan mothers. The Tonawanda Band govern a 7,500-acre reservation near Akron, New York.

In addition, some Seneca relocated to Indian Territory in the early 19th century; their descendants now form part of the Seneca-Cayuga Nation in present-day Oklahoma. The Cayuga people are another of the six Iroquois nations. In the 21st century, the majority of Seneca people live in Western New York. A small number live in Canada at the Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation within Ontario; they are also descendants of the Keepers of the Western Door.

History

On 15 January 1838, the United States government entered into the Treaty of Buffalo Creek, with nine Indian nations of New York, including the Seneca. The treaty was part of the United States Indian Removal program, by which they forced Native American peoples from eastern states to move west of the Mississippi River to reservation lands in the less-desired and therefore less-settled Kansas Territory (now the state of Kansas and parts of Colorado). This govern removal also displaced the indigenous peoples of those areas. The US wanted the Seneca and other New York tribes to move there to free up desirable lands for the European-American colonists’ to take over and settle. Under the treaty, the US acknowledged that the Ogden Land Company was going to buy the four remaining Seneca reservations in New York, the proceeds funding the nation's removal to Kansas Territory.

The US modified the 1838 treaty with the Treaty with the Seneca of 1842. The new treaty reflected that the Ogden Land Company had purchased only two reservations, including the Tonawanda Reservation. The Seneca retained the Cattaraugus and Allegany reservations. At this time, the Seneca of the Tonawanda Reservation protested they had not been consulted on either treaty, nor had their chiefs signed either treaty. They refused to leave their reservation.

In 1848, the Seneca Indians of the Cattaraugus and Allegany reservations held a constitutional convention. They adopted a new form of constitution and government, including tribal popular election of chiefs. Traditionally, hereditary chiefs were selected by clan mothers and ruled for life (unless one displeased his clan mother.)

The Tonawanda Band did not want to make such changes, and thus seceded from the main Seneca nation in New York. They reorganized and re-established their traditional government with a council of chiefs representing each of their eight clans. In 1857, under the "Treaty with the Seneca, Tonawanda Band", the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians secured federal recognition as an independent Indian nation. With their share of proceeds from the earlier land sale, they bought back most of the Tonawanda Reservation.

Under their traditional government, hereditary chiefs typically served for life. They governed by a consensus of leaders of the clans, which formed the basis of the band. The Seneca and all the Iroquois peoples had a matrilineal kinship system, in which descent and property were passed through the maternal line. Children were considered born into the mother's clan and took their status from her people.

"'The Tonawanda Band consists of eight 'clans': the Snipe, the Heron, the Hawk, the Deer, the Wolf, the Beaver, the Bear, and the Turtle. Each clan appoints a clan mother, who in turn appoints an individual to serve as Chief [from hereditary maternal lines]. The clan mother retains the power to remove a Chief and, in consultation with members of the clan, provides recommendations to the Chief on matters of tribal government. The clan mothers cannot disregard the views of the clan, nor can the Chiefs disregard the recommendations of the clan mothers.'"

title: Tonawanda Band of Seneca


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Crick

Gabriel A. Almond - Neal Ascherson - Graccus Babeuf - Ernest Barker - Ronald Beiner - Phillips Bradley - Irene Coltman Brown - James Bryce - Lord Bryce - David Butler - Francis Celoria - James S. Coleman - Maurice Cowling - Bernard Crick - Edmund Curtis - Ralph Dahrendorf - David Easton - Fortescue - Carl Joachim Friedrich - Jannie Gagiano - Dante Germino - Hermann Giliomee - William A. Glazer - Brigitte Granzow - Horace Greeley - Christopher Hampton - H. L. A. Hart - F. A. Hayek - Derek Heater - Eric Hoffer - J. H. Huizinga - Cheddi Jagan - Sally Jenkinson - Bertrand de Jouvenal - K. S. Karol - Elie Kedourie - Eugon Kogon - William Kornhauser - Simon Kuznets - Harold Lasswell - Wilfrid Laurier - Norman Lewis - Roy C. Macrides - G. Marx - George Mason - Jimmie Maxton - Charles McIlwain - Robert McKenzie - Ralph Miliband - Kenneth Minogue - Kathleen Nott - Olesha - Padraig Pearse - K. R. Popper - Alex Porter - Colonel Rainborough - Gustav Ranis - Rauschning - Henry Reeve - Gerald Reitlinger - Erich Remarque - Ricardo - Melvin Richter - Clinton Rossiter - David Rousset - M. Rubel - W. G. Runciman - Victor Serge - James Shotwell - Algernon Sidney - Abbé Sieyès - C. H. Sisson - W. T. Stead - Jonathan Sumption - Harold Swayze - Peter Townsend - Jack Wilkes - John Wilkes

title: User:Charles Matthews/Crick


text:
Peter Pollock

Peter Maclean Pollock (born 30 June 1941) is a retired South African cricketer. He has played a continuing role in the South Africa cricket team as a player and selector. He was voted a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1966. He was primarily a fast bowler, but was also a useful late-order batsman.

Family and personal life
Pollock is of Scottish ancestry through his father Andrew Pollock, who was born in Edinburgh to a minister and moved to present-day South Africa. Peter's brother, Graeme Pollock, an acclaimed left hand batsman, was a regular player for the South African cricket team at the same time as Peter, and two of his nephews also played first-class cricket, both for Transvaal and Leicestershire amongst other sides. His son, Shaun Pollock, played 108 Tests and over 300 ODIs for South Africa, and is widely regarded as one of the finest all-rounders to ever play the game.

Peter attended Grey High School, a school famous for its sporting achievements, with his brother Graeme.

Career
On his debut, he took six wickets in the second innings against New Zealand in Durban in 1961. He was South Africa's leading bowler in the 1960s, playing every Test between 1962 and 1970.

Perhaps the highlight of his career came alongside that of his brother when they were both playing in a Test match at Trent Bridge in 1965. Peter took ten wickets in the match with innings figures of 5 for 53 and 5 for 34, while his brother Graeme, batting, made 125 and 59. South Africa won the match, and with it the three-Test series. Peter and Graeme were leading figures involved in the famous Walk-off at Newlands in 1971 as a protest against apartheid and political interference in cricket.

Post-retirement
Pollock was convenor of selectors for South Africa in the 1990s, immediately following their re-admittance into world cricket after the end of apartheid. He is often credited with establishing the work ethic and style of play (based on tight fast bowling) that led to the team rapidly rising to become one of the top two teams in the game. Later, he led calls for the famous fast bowler Allan Donald to retire from the game when that player became very injury-prone as he got on in years. Pollock is an Honorary Life Member of the MCC.

Outside cricket, Pollock was a journalist and company director and is now an international evangelist. He has written books on cricket and Christian belief.

Books

 * Bouncers and Boundaries (with Graeme Pollock) (1968)
 * The Thirty Tests (1978)
 * Clean Bowled (1985)
 * God's Fast Bowler (2001)
 * The Winning Factor (2004)
 * Into the Light  (2012)

title: Peter Pollock


text:
Patrick Gale

Patrick Evelyn Hugh Sadler Gale (born 31 January 1962) is a British novelist.

Early life and education
Gale was born in 1962 on the Isle of Wight, the youngest of four children. His father was the prison governor of HM Prison Camp Hill on the Isle of Wight, and he was brought up in and around prisons. In 1969 the family moved to Winchester, Hampshire and his father became Under-Secretary of State for Prisons. In his 2000 novel Rough Music, the lead character is the son of a prison governor.

In Winchester he was invited to join the Quiristers in the Winchester College Chapel Choir. Before he turned ten, one of his siblings suffered a nervous breakdown and his mother almost died in a car accident that left her brain-damaged. He was then educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford.

Career
His first two novels, The Aerodynamics of Pork and Ease, were published on the same day in 1985. In 2017 he made his screenwriting debut with Man in an Orange Shirt, a two part original drama which formed part of the BBC's Gay Britannia season. The show won the 2018 International Emmy for Best Miniseries.

His 2000 novel Rough Music is the most widely held of his books in libraries: in 2018 it was owned by 673 libraries, according to WorldCat.

Describing himself as the "last novelist in England", he has lived in Cornwall since 1988, a county described repeatedly in his novels. He is artistic director of the North Cornwall Book Festival, which he helped found. He is a patron of the Charles Causley Trust, the Penzance LitFest, and Literature Works.

Personal life
Gale lives on a farm near Land's End, with his husband, the sculptor-farmer Aidan Hicks. There they raise beef cattle and grow barley. He is a keen gardener and in April 2024 his garden at Land's End was featured on BBC's Gardeners' World.

Novels and short stories

 * The Aerodynamics of Pork (1985)
 * Ease (1985)
 * Kansas in August (1987)
 * Facing the Tank (1988)
 * Little Bits of Baby (1989)
 * The Cat Sanctuary (1990)
 * Caesar's Wife (1991) – novella contained in the collection Secret Lives, along with works by Tom Wakefield and Francis King
 * The Facts of Life (1996)
 * Dangerous Pleasures (1996) – short stories
 * Tree Surgery for Beginners (1999)
 * Rough Music (2000)
 * A Sweet Obscurity (2003)
 * Friendly Fire (2005)
 * Notes from an Exhibition (2007)
 * The Whole Day Through (2009)
 * Gentleman's Relish (2009) – short stories
 * A Perfectly Good Man (2012)
 * A Place Called Winter (2015)
 * Take Nothing With You (2018)
 * Mother’s Boy (2022)

title: Patrick Gale


text:
Satoru

Satoru (さとる, サトル) is a Japanese verb meaning "to know" or "understand". It is a common masculine Japanese given name. Satoru is the root of the Zen Buddhist word Satori (悟り).

Possible writings
Satoru can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:
 * 悟る, "be spiritually awakened" or "attain higher perception"
 * as a given name

The name can also be written in hiragana
 * 悟, "enlightenment"
 * 聡, "smart"
 * 智, "wisdom"
 * 知, "knowledge"
 * 了, "understanding"
 * 哲, "philosophy"
 * 聖, "virtuous"
 * 暁, "daybreak"

People with the name

 * Satoru Abe (born 1926), American painter and sculptor
 * Satoru Akahori (あかほり さとる), Japanese scriptwriter, novelist and manga author
 * Satoru Asako (浅子 覚) Japanese professional wrestler
 * Satoru Hayashi (林 慧), Japanese footballer
 * Satoru Higashi (東 悟), Japanese boxer
 * Satoru Ienishi (家西 悟), Japanese politician
 * Satoru Inoue (井上 悟), Japanese sprinter
 * Satoru Iwata (岩田 聡), fourth president and CEO of Nintendo
 * Satoru Kawahara (河原 智), Japanese table tennis player
 * Satoru Kobayashi (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Satoru Komiyama (小宮山 悟), Japanese professional baseball player
 * Satoru Kōsaki (神前 暁), Japanese music composer
 * Satoru Matsuhashi (松橋 暁), Japanese ski jumper
 * Satoru Misawa (三沢 悟), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Satoru Miyano (宮野 悟), Japanese bioinformatician
 * Satoru Miyoshi (三好 悟), Japanese rower
 * Satoru Mizushima (水島 総), Japanese film maker
 * Satoru Nakajima (中嶋 悟), Japanese racing driver
 * Satoru Nakano (中野 悟), Japanese swimmer
 * Satoru Noda (artist) (野田 サトル), Japanese manga artist
 * Satoru Noda (footballer) (野田 知), Japanese footballer
 * Satoru Nomura (野村 悟), Japanese Yakuza leader
 * Satoru Okada (岡田 智), general manager of Nintendo Research & Engineering
 * Satoru Otomo (大友 哲), a Japanese astronomer
 * Satoru Sakaguchi (阪口 悟), Japanese shogi player
 * Satoru Sasaki (佐々木 悟), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Satoru Sayama (佐山 聡), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Satoru Shibata (柴田 聡), president of Nintendo of Europe
 * Satoru Tanigawa (谷川 聡), Japanese hurdler
 * Satoru Terao (寺尾 悟), Japanese speed skater
 * Satoru Yamagishi (山岸 智), Japanese football player
 * Satoru Yamamoto (山本 悟), Grand Chamberlain of Japan
 * Satoru Yoshida (吉田 悟), Japanese footballer

Fictional characters

 * Satoru (サトル), a side character in the manga and anime series One Punch Man
 * Satoru Akefu (明負 悟), a major antagonist in the eighth part of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure series JoJolion
 * Satoru Akashi (明石 暁), the main hero of the tokusatsu series GoGo Sentai Boukenger
 * Satoru Arihara (在原 暁), the main character in the visual novel RIDDLE JOKER
 * Satoru Fujinuma (藤沼 悟), the main character in the manga, anime, and film Boku Dake ga Inai Machi
 * Satoru Furuya (降谷 暁), a character in the manga and anime series Ace of Diamond
 * Satoru Gojo (五条 悟), one of the protagonists in Jujutsu Kaisen
 * Satoru Hani (羽仁 悟), a character in the manga and anime series Shion no Ō
 * Satoru Ikaruga (悟), the main character in the manga series D-Live!!
 * Satoru Kamio (神尾 悟), a character in the manga and anime series Gingitsune
 * Satoru Kanzaki (悟), a character in the manga and anime series Area 88
 * Satoru Mikami (三上 悟), a character and Rimuru Tempest's previous self in That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime
 * Satoru Ohkura (大蔵 智), a character in the Japanese drama Atashinchi no Danshi
 * Satoru Toyama (兎山悟), a character in the anime series Wonderful PreCure!
 * Satoru Tsukada (悟る 塚田), a character in the web comics Randal's Friends

title: Satoru


text:
User:Mistvan

I'm not native English speaker. I live in Czech Republic and of course I was born there (in Moravská Třebová, which is a small town in historical part of Czech rep. called Moravia). I'm interested mainly in Buddhism and history.

Links
Edit Count

cs:Wikipedista:Mistvan de:Benutzer:Mistvan sk:Redaktor:Mistvan

title: User:Mistvan


text:
Portal:Trains/Did you know/September 2005

September 2005

 * ...that although Garratt steam locomotives were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, a few European countries, and the British Isles, Garratts were not used in North America, the latter favoring Mallet type articulated locomotives?

 * ...that the high speed Korea Train Express, which opened in March 2004, reduced travel time between Seoul and Busan from 260 minutes to 160 minutes, and a further improvement to 116 minutes is expected in 2010, when the route shifts to run fully on high-speed tracks?

 * ...that the Erie Railroad's L-1 class of steam locomotives, an 0-8-8-0 type, was the only type of articulated camelback locomotives ever built?

 * ...that in the 1960 and 1970, Ferrocarriles Argentinos, the national rail carrier of Argentina, operated on more than 45,000 km (28,000 miles) of track, making it the largest system in Latin America?
 * ...that Adelaide Railway Station, in Adelaide, South Australia, has nine platforms, all with broad gauge track?

 * ...that the Platform 9¾ sign at Kings Cross railway station occasionally causes congestion as tourists and Harry Potter fans stop to photograph it (and each other "pushing" the luggage trolley through the wall)?

 * ...that Eli H. Janney spent many of his lunches whittling his idea in a block of wood for a replacement to the railroads' link and pin couplers that were in wide use until the 1880?

 * ...that in a Fell mountain railway system, trains are propelled and braked by wheels pressed horizontally on to a raised centre rail by springs, as well as by the standard vertical running wheels?
 * ...that the EMD SD39 shares the same common frame design with the EMD SD38, EMD SD40 and EMD SD45?

 * ...that since the Mallard ' s record setting run in 1938, England's East Coast Main Line has become one of the fastest railway lines in the UK, with most of the line rated at 125 mph (200 km/h)?

 * ...that like the Transrapid and other magnetic levitation trains, Berlin's M-Bahn used a long stator linear motor for propulsion, but it did not, however, use magnetic levitation, it ran on wheels instead?

 * ...that the former New York and Erie Railroad's Dunkirk, New York, shops facilities served as the basis for Brooks Locomotive Works, which later became American Locomotive Company's ALCO-Brooks plant?

 * ...that on many rapid transit systems, station turnstiles are often designed to operate only after a payment has been made, usually by inserting a coin or token or by swiping an electronic card?

 * ...that the freight tunnels of the Chicago Tunnel Company under the streets of Chicago, Illinois, were originally built to carry telephone cables?

 * ...that a rail car mover is a vehicle capable of travelling on both roads and rail tracks, and is fitted with couplers for moving small numbers of railroad cars around in a rail siding or small yard?

 * ...that because head end power generated for electrical supply in passenger cars must be delivered at a relatively constant frequency, the prime mover in an EMD F40PH must turn at a constant high speed (as much as 900 rpm)?

 * ...that in the twelve minute long film The Great Train Robbery produced in 1903, scenes with the gun pointing at the audience and the train rushing towards the audience had audiences at the time screaming in fear, then laughing in relief.

 * ...that the Jervis wheel arrangement of steam locomotives is named in honor of John B. Jervis who first developed the type in the 1830 while working for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company?

 * ...that New Zealand's Kingston Flyer operates over a 14 km (8.7 miles) route that is a remnant of a route connecting to the Main South Railway at Gore, on which the original Kingston Flyer operated from 1878 until the mid 1950?

 * ...that Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit, the current name given to a metro system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, was originally named ICTS (an acronym for Intermediate Capacity Transit System), and is sometimes referred to generically as advanced light rapid transit?

 * ...that to ensure that railroad cars are accurately weighed for billing, scale test cars are used to calibrate a railroad's track scales?
 * ...that Bombardier's JetTrain uses the same LRC-derived tilting carriages as Amtrak's Acela Express, but instead of being powered by overhead electric wires, it uses a small gas turbine?

 * ...that a buffer stop or bumper (US) is a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a section of track?

 * ...that recently available LEGO train models include versions of BNSF Railway diesel locomotives and Santa Fe Railroad's Super Chief?

 * ...that the Pullman Company didn't negotiate a labor contract with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized in 1925 by A. Philip Randolph, until 1937?

 * ...that with a track gauge of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm), the Newfoundland Railway was at one time the longest narrow gauge railway in North America?

 * ...that the 2-4-4 wheel arrangement (Whyte notation) for steam locomotives was one of the more common configurations for Mason Bogie locomotives?

 * ...that Berner Oberland Bahn, in Switzerland, uses racks for steeper grades along its line and friction adhesion methods elsewhere?

 * ...that at the time the bridge was built in 1838, the two brick arches of the Maidenhead Railway Bridge across the River Thames in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England, were the widest and flattest in the world?


text:
Trans-Australian Railway

The Trans-Australian Railway, opened in 1917, runs from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, crossing the Nullarbor Plain in the process. As the only rail freight corridor between Western Australia and the eastern states, the line is economically and strategically important. The railway includes the world's longest section of completely straight track.

The inaugural passenger train service was known as the Great Western Express; later, it became the Trans-Australian. , two passenger services use the line, both of them experiential tourism services: the Indian Pacific for the entire length of the railway, and The Ghan between Port Augusta and Tarcoola, where it leaves the line to proceed north to Darwin.

History

In 1901, the six Australian colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia. At that time, Perth, the capital of Western Australia, was isolated from the remaining Australian states by thousands of miles of desert terrain and the only practicable method of transport was by sea. The voyage across the notoriously rough Great Australian Bight was time-consuming, inconvenient and often uncomfortable. One of the inducements held out to Western Australians to join the new federation was the promise of a federally funded railway line linking Western Australia with the rest of the continent.

In 1907, legislation was passed, allowing for the route to be surveyed. The survey, completed in 1909, endorsed a route from Port Augusta (the existing railhead at the head of Spencer Gulf in South Australia's wheatfields) via Tarcoola to the gold mining centre of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, a distance of 1063 miles. The line was to be built to the standard gauge of, even though the state railway systems at both ends were narrow gauge at the time. Its cost was estimated at £4,045,000.

Legislation authorising the construction was passed in December 1911 by the Fisher Commonwealth Government. Work commenced in September 1912 in Port Augusta.

Work proceeded eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta through the years of the First World War. Tracklaying proceeded briskly when materials were available. At its peak, up to 2+1/2 mi of track were laid each day, and 442 mi were completed in one calendar year – both Australian tracklaying records. By 1915, the two ends of the line were just over 600 mi apart with materials being delivered daily. Construction progressed steadily as the line was extended through mainly dry and desolate regions until the two halves of the line met at Ooldea on 17 October 1917.

Under the aegis of the federal department of transport, the Commonwealth Railways was established in 1917 to operate the line. Once passenger trains started to run, maintenance staff found that the high mineral salt content of bore water available along the route was playing havoc with steam locomotive boilers: repairs to boilers at one time accounted for an extraordinary 87 per cent of all locomotive maintenance. The problem was only arrested with the introduction of barium carbonate water treatment plants at watering points.

In 1937, the eastern end was extended 90 km south to Port Pirie. Soon afterwards, the South Australian Railways extended its broad-gauge line 47 km north to Port Pirie from Redhill. These two projects made redundant the indirect 290 km, narrow-gauge connection from Terowie via Peterborough and Quorn, resulting in a much shorter and more comfortable journey to Adelaide. These two projects eliminated one break of gauge in the journey across Australia, but they turned Port Pirie Junction yard into a complex three-gauge facility. Railway engineers, however, were able to construct the new yards with no more than minimal dual-gauge track and the complex signalling that would have been incurred.

The long-anticipated conversion of the entire line between Sydney and Perth to standard gauge occurred in 1970.

In 2004, the gap in standard gauge connections between the mainland state capitals was finally closed with a connection between Port Pirie and Adelaide, thence Melbourne, and by completion of the northern component of the Adelaide–Darwin railway line, which diverges from the Trans–Australian Railway at Tarcoola.

In 2008, the engineering heritage of the railway was recognised by the Engineering Heritage Recognition Program of Engineers Australia when markers were installed on the platform at the Port Augusta station in South Australia and the ticket office at Kalgoorlie station in Western Australia.

On 17 October 2017, centenary celebrations were held at Ooldea.

Named services
When the line was inaugurated, the passenger service was named as the Great Western Express. Later, the train became known as the Trans-Australian or, colloquially, "The Trans". After the Sydney–Perth route was converted to standard gauge in 1970, the railway was no longer flanked at both ends by narrow-gauge lines and an all-through service, called the Indian Pacific, was started. Although passengers no longer had to move to different carriages at change-of-gauge localities, Commonwealth Railways remained responsible for the service where it operated between Port Pirie and Kalgoorlie, with its crews and locomotives taking over at those stations. In 1975, Commonwealth Railways was absorbed into an enlarged federal government corporation, Australian National Railways Commission, branded as Australian National Railways and later as "Australian National", which continued to operate the Trans Australian. In 1993, Australian National took over operation of the entire coast-to-coast service following agreement with the governments of Western Australia and New South Wales.

In 1997, following the privatisation of Australian National, the Indian Pacific was sold to a company, Great Southern Rail (as of 2020 trading as "Journey Beyond"). , the Indian Pacific is a weekly, all-through, experiential tourism service.

From the start of construction until 1996, the Tea and Sugar supply train carried vital provisions to the work sites and localities, all of them isolated, along the route: a butcher and banking and postal services were among the facilities provided.

Terrain
The length of the line, as constructed, was 1051.73 mi, slightly less than the original survey.

Although there are several hundred curves and gradients on the line, the route includes the longest length of straight track in the world – 478.193 km. A Commonwealth Railways map marked the western end as 793 mi from Port Augusta, between Loongana and Nurina, and states: "The 'Long Straight' extends from this point for a distance of 297 miles and terminates at the 496 miles [sic] between Ooldea and Watson."

According to South Australian astronaut Andy Thomas, the line is identifiable from space because of its unnatural straightness: "It's a very fine line, it's like someone has drawn a very fine pencil line across the desert".

At no point along the route does the line cross a permanent fresh watercourse. Bores and reservoirs were established at intervals, but the water was often brackish and unsuitable for steam locomotive use, let alone human consumption, so water supplies had to be carried on the train. In the days of steam locomotion, about half the total load was water for the engine. In later years, condenser plants were built at several major stations.

Names of stopping places

Reflecting the line's ownership by the Commonwealth Government, eight of the localities were named (or renamed) after Australian Prime Ministers. Other prominent people's names were also allocated, as shown on the adjacent map.

Operations

Because of the inevitable problems of finding suitable water for steam locomotives in a desert, the original engineer, Henry Deane envisaged diesel locomotives for the line and made inquiries with potential manufacturers, although the technology was not well developed at the time. Unfortunately, a scandal involving the supply of sleepers led to Deane's resignation before the proposal had advanced.

Initially trains were hauled by G class locomotives and from 1938 by C class locomotives, both steam. From 1951, diesel-electric locomotives hauled passenger services, using the new GM class locomotives.

The railway originally had 400 m-long crossing loops (passing sidings) every 100 km or so. As traffic increased the number of crossing loops increased. To handle longer trains, crossing loops were lengthened so that in 2008 they were all at least 1800 m long and spaced about 30 km to 60 km apart.

Most crossing loops are unattended and train crew operate the turnouts as required. Crossing loops have self-restoring points, so that points are reset to the straight route when a train departs from a crossing loop. The loops are fitted with radio controls so that train crew can set the points as they approach. Locomotive cabs are fitted with an activated points system (ICAPS) to set the required route without having to stop the train.

Safeworking is by train orders, using verbal communication.

Disruptions
In the time of the operation of the railway, 'washaways' and 'flooding' in most cases rendered the railway inoperable at a range of locations. Washaways usually removed ballast, leaving rails suspended above the flooding areas.

In most cases the underlying ballast was removed, and required replacing. Significant events on the line were in 1921, 1930 1937 and 2022,. The 1930 flooding had two trains held up on sections of the line.

Select bibliography

 * Adam-Smith, Patsy (1974) The Desert Railway. Adelaide: Rigby ISBN 0-85179-675-3
 * Buckland, J.L. (1965) Canadian and American Locomotives in Wartime Service on the Trans-Australian Railway Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, September 1965.
 * Burke, David, (1991) Road Through the Wilderness: The Story of the Transcontinental Railway, the First Great Work of Australia's Federation. Kensington, N.S.W.: New South Wales University Press. ISBN 0-86840-140-4
 * Henshaw, C.H. (1964) Overland to Perth in 1928 Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, April 1964.
 * Spear, R. Clarke (1917) The Golden West: Trans-Australian Christmas number Perth, Western Australia "The Golden West, Vol. 13, December 1917."
 * Henshaw, C.H. (1964) Overland to Perth in 1928 Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, April 1964.
 * Spear, R. Clarke (1917) The Golden West: Trans-Australian Christmas number Perth, Western Australia "The Golden West, Vol. 13, December 1917."
 * Spear, R. Clarke (1917) The Golden West: Trans-Australian Christmas number Perth, Western Australia "The Golden West, Vol. 13, December 1917."
 * Spear, R. Clarke (1917) The Golden West: Trans-Australian Christmas number Perth, Western Australia "The Golden West, Vol. 13, December 1917."

title: Trans-Australian Railway


text: User talk:66.227.211.57

title: User talk:66.227.211.57


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Seán Keevey

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 01:02, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Seán Keevey
Was originally unformatted and signed by anon contributor. It was also tagged as speedy vanity, but I believe the Young Scientist Exhibition mention may be an attempt at assertion of notability. Still delete because I don't think entering or even winning that competition is notable enough in itself. - Mgm|(talk) 11:04, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity.--nixie 13:22, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete are we going to list everyone who wins a minor science prize? Vanity. I put up the original speed delete. CambridgeBayWeather 13:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved it to VFD, because claiming that win is obviously an assertion to notability and I didn't know how big the competition was. - Mgm|(talk) 10:14, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Maybe we'll see him again after a bit more work beyond his years. Alf 14:53, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A7 eligible surely. Dottore So 17:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Riverside Park

Riverside Park may refer to:

Inhabited places

 * Riverside Park, Alberta, Canada
 * Riverside Park, Ottawa, Canada
 * Riverside Park, California, United States

Canada

 * Riverside Park (Kamloops), British Columbia
 * Riverside Park (Guelph), Ontario
 * Riverside Park, Montreal, Quebec

United Kingdom

 * Riverside Park, Guildford, Surrey, England
 * Riverside Country Park, Kent, England
 * Riverside Park, Glenrothes, Fife, Scotland
 * Riverside Park, Southampton. Southampton, England

United States

 * Riverside Park (Jacksonville), Florida
 * Riverside Park, Vero Beach, Florida
 * Riverside Park (Indianapolis), Indiana
 * Riverside Park, Oswego, Kansas, a National Register of Historic Places listing in Labette County, Kansas
 * Riverside Park, Wichita, Kansas
 * Riverside Park (Baltimore), Maryland
 * Riverside Park, Cumberland, Maryland, current site of the oldest Headquarters of George Washington
 * Riverside Park, site of the Riverside Park Dance Pavilion in Merrick county, Nebraska
 * Riverside Park (Red Bank, New Jersey)
 * Riverside Park (Buffalo, New York)
 * Riverside Park (Manhattan), New York City, New York
 * Riverside State Park, Nine Mile Falls, Washington
 * Riverside Park (La Crosse), Wisconsin
 * Riverside Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Riverside Park (Pittsville, Wisconsin)

Amusement parks

 * Riverside Motorsports Park, a proposed motorsports-themed entertainment park in Merced County, California, US
 * Riverside Park (Massachusetts), former name of the amusement park Six Flags New England, US

Jamaica

 * Riverside Park, Clarendon, home ground of Sporting Central Academy F.C.

United Kingdom

 * Riverside Park, Jedburgh, Scotland, home ground of Jed-Forest RFC

United States

 * Riverside Park (Arizona), a baseball park in Phoenix
 * Riverside Park, Dawson Springs, Kentucky, a baseball park
 * Riverside Park (stadium), a former baseball park in Buffalo, New York
 * Riverside Park (Austin), a former baseball park in Texas
 * Riverside Park (Dallas), a former baseball park in Texas

title: Riverside Park