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Talk:Deir el-Bahari

Merger
Hi- I added a brief sentance about the November 1997 massacre that took place at the site. Having just recently returned from Egypt, this information is important and connects an ancient site to the events of the modern world.

Hi - I have merged this article with the Mentuhotep III mortuary temple (which was just an image anyway), so that are of the monuments can be brought together in one area. Markh 12:15, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Hatshepsut was a pharaoh in Egypt around 1473 BC-1458 from Luanda Alex hills high School

Changes
Hi, I'm kinda new round here. I'm study the language and history of ancient Egypt. I think there are too many sections and it breaks up the article. WIth your kind permission, I'll change it. James5555 04:23, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Images
Some of the images need a longer description. Location, years etc. could be added as basic information of interest. Aran|heru|nar 14:05, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

-Picture # 4 is not Hatshepsut's temple, hers has the two ramps, that is Mentuhotep II temple. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.65.222 (talk) 02:09, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Correcting to الدير البحري
We currently have "دير البحري" which is not only not the name, it's grammatically incorrect (an indefinite noun with a definite adjective). Someone might want to rephrase the part about it literally meaning "Northern Monastery" - as "baHri" is the adjective form of sea and so literally means towards the sea or downstream here. It is used like north(ern) in Egypt, but saying it literally means northern seems strange to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.117.246.172 (talk) 22:32, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

it iz an awesome place 2 b-mary edmonton —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.158.5.214 (talk) 22:16, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

MY NAME IS TUTTAMOSE. I AM NAMED AFTER THE GREAT KING HIMSELF AND I THINK THAT THE PEOPLE THAT WROTE THIS ARTICLE DID NOT INCLUDE ANYTHING ABOUT HIM. I AM FROM EGYPT, WHICH IS THE BEST COUNTRY EXSISTING CURRENTLY. IF YOU TEND TO DISAGREE WITH ME EMAIL ME AT SUBEEN40@HOTMAIL.COM AND WE WILL HAVE A POLITE DISCUSSION ABOUT IT. THANKS AND HAVE A NICE DAY!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.158.5.214 (talk) 22:21, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deir el-Bahari


text: Talk:Super League war

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Super League war


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User:Neonumbers/NZ Schol

The New Zealand Scholarship is New Zealand's national monetary scholarship award for secondary school leaving students, intended to be sat by top students in conjuntion with NCEA level 3. This name also refers to the examinations for the same award.

The New Zealand Scholarship is run by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority, and is intended to assess the same syllabi as the NCEA level 3 subjects at a higher level of thinking.

History
Scholarship is arguably the oldest qualification/award that has been in continuous existence in New Zealand. Top scholars are still awarded their Scholarships at an awards ceremony at the Government House (the Governor-General's residence), reminding of the original Governor's Scholarships.

Prior scholarship awards
Since the early 1870s there has been some national undergraduate scholarship for school-leavers. The Governor's Scholarships were awarded by the Governor of New Zealand for study at a constituent college of the University of New Zealand.

These scholarships were then merged into a system of Junior and Senior Scholarships awarded by the NZ University. Junior Scholarships were for by secondary school students while the Senior Scholarships were for students at the colleges of the NZ University. The Junior Scholarships were also called the Entrance Scholarships.

The dissolution of the NZ University in 1962 did not affect the award of Scholarships. After 1962 the awards were made by the Universities Entrance Board, which confirmed the use of the term Entrance Scholarship.

In 1989 the Government decided to scrap the separate Scholarships examinations and award Entrance Scholarships to the top 3-4% of bursars in the University Bursaries Examination. The Bursaries exam (a lower level exam) was renamed to University Bursary/Entrance Scholarships Examination, but Scholarships were still awarded as Entrance Scholarships.

In response to the scrap of the separate Scholarships examinations some Scholarship examiners set up their own examination board to assess Scholarship with a separate examination, and this board later became the New Zealand Educational Scholarships Trust. These separate Scholarships (and examinations) became known as the NZEST Scholarships.

In 1991 responsibility for the Entrance Scholarships was transferred to the New Zealand Qualifications Authority which was formed by a merger of the Universities Entrance Board with other Government educational bodies.

Introduction of NZ Scholarship
In 2003 the Government decided to award Scholarship by an external examination, reversing the decision made in 1989, and now calls the Scholarship the New Zealand Scholarship. The NZEST exams consequently ceased, and some NZEST examiners have returned to writing official Government Scholarship examinations. The NZEST now exists to award supplementary bursaries and scholarships for students studying at NZ universites.

The NZ Scholarship replaced the New Zealand University Entrance Scholarship and the examinations of the New Zealand Educational Scholarships Trust (NZEST), which were both awarded for the last time in 2003. The University Entrance Scholarships were also known as the University of New Zealand Junior Scholarships which were paired with the NZ University Senior Scholarships, which were awarded at the secondary and tertiary levels of education, respectively.

The NZ Scholarship was registered at level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework, one level higher than the school-leaver's qualification. It therefore became colloquially known as NCEA Level 4. It, like

Assessment
The Scholarship is awarded by standards based three hour external examination, mostly written. Each subject exists at a failing grade (No Scholarship) and two passing grades: Scholarship and Scholarship with Outstanding Performance.

The 2004 examination of the New Zealand Scholarship by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority was marred by controversy, including the mismatch of timetables (three exams in a day) and irregular pass rates (e.g. 0.9% pass rate for Biology 2004). The head of the Authority later resigned over this and allied issues.

Awards
The monetary awards are tenable at any New Zealand university. If a candidate is eligible for more than one prize, he is awarded the highest one, unless the award is for two single subject awards or for one top-of-subject and one single subject award. All awards are in New Zealand dollars. For awards higher than single subject awards, the candidate must maintain a B grade average in tertiary study to receive the second and third year awards.

The awards are decided only on candidates' best three subjects.

 * Premier Awards
 * $10,000 per year for three years
 * for the top five to ten candidates per year

 * Outstanding Scholar Awards
 * $5,000 per year for three years
 * for the top 40 to 60 candidates per year with at least two Outstanding Scholarships

 * Scholarship Award
 * $2,000 per year for three years
 * for any student who gets three scholarships

 * Top of Subject Scholar Award
 * $2,000 per year for three years
 * for the top student in a scholarship subject

 * Single Subject Award
 * $500 per subject, one-off award
 * for students who gain scholarships in one or two subjects

Additional Value
These New Zealand Scholarship papers have the equivalence of 24 credits - to get Level 4 72 credits at Level 4 are needed. However should a candidate not obtain a sufficient number of these credits they can still count towards their Level III qualification.

The University of Auckland has announced that it regards a scholarship subject pass (presumably at either Scholarship or Scholarship with Outstanding Performance) as obtaining 24 achievement with excellence (the best possible mark in the NCEA marking system) credits in the Level 3 subject equivalence.

However the University of Auckland will only count which results are best, whereby each subject only counts once only in their consideration.

For example should a student obtain 21 achievement with excellence credits and 3 achievement with merit credits in Level 3 Geography but obtain Scholarship with Outstanding Performance in Level 4 Geography the Level 4 result is 'better' and so is considered at the expense of Level 3 Geography.

title: User:Neonumbers/NZ Schol


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User:Nhbergboer

Hi, I'm Niek Bergboer from the Netherlands. So far, I have made small contributions in areas related to my hobbies.

title: User:Nhbergboer


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Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

"Angel" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan. The song first appeared on McLachlan's fourth studio album, Surfacing, in 1997 and was released as the album's fourth and final single in September 1998. The lyrics are about the death of musician Jonathan Melvoin (1961–1996) from a heroin overdose, as McLachlan explained on VH1 Storytellers. It is sometimes mistitled as "In the Arms of an Angel". or "Arms of the Angel".

"Angel" was McLachlan's second consecutive top-five hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number four. It also spent 12 weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, placing as the number-one song on that chart for 1999. In McLachlan's native Canada, it reached number seven on the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart and number three on the Adult Contemporary chart. Outside North America, the song has charted in several countries in the years following its release, including reaching number seven in Ireland in 2002 and number nine in Norway in 2008.

Despite the meaning and subject matter of this song, "Angel" is often played at funerals and memorial services due to the lyrics, "You're in the arms of the angel. May you find some comfort here".

Darryl McDaniels of the rap group, Run-DMC, credited Angel to saving his life when he was suicidal.

Background
"Angel" was one of the first songs written for Surfacing. Sarah McLachlan said that writing it was easy, "a real joyous occasion", and that "the bulk of it came in about three hours". It was inspired by articles that she read in Rolling Stone about musicians turning to heroin to cope with the pressures of the music industry and subsequently overdosing, most notably Jonathan Melvoin, a keyboardist for the Smashing Pumpkins, who died of an overdose in 1996. She said that she identified with the feelings that might lead someone to use heroin: "I've been in that place where you've messed up and you're so lost that you don't know who you are anymore, and you're miserable—and here's this escape route. I've never done heroin, but I've done plenty of other things to escape." She said that the song is about "trying not to take responsibility for other people's problems and trying to love yourself at the same time".

Composition
The song has a sparse arrangement, with only three instruments used: a piano played by McLachlan, a drum machine programmed by Pierre Marchand, and upright bass played by Jim Creeggan of Barenaked Ladies. It was recorded in the key of D-flat major. For live performances, it is transposed up one half-step to D major, the key it was originally written in, and played without the bass.

Chart performance
Released as a single on 28 September 1998, "Angel" peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 on 22 February 1999 (spending 19 weeks in the top 10), finishing as the 18th-most popular song of the year. It reached number one on three Billboard charts: the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, the Adult Top 40 chart, and the Top 40 Tracks chart. It spent 12 weeks at number one on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, finishing as the number-one song of the year on that chart. In McLachlan's native Canada, "Angel" peaked at number seven on the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart in February 1999, ending the year as Canada's 48th-most successful single. It also peaked at number three on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart.

In the years following its release, "Angel" has charted in a large number of countries. On 21 January 2002, British producers Rollo Armstrong and Mark Bates (as their joint venture Dusted) released a remix that peaked at number seven in Ireland and number 36 in the United Kingdom. In 2008, "Angel" charted in Norway and peaked at number nine for two weeks. The following year, it made a brief appearance on the New Zealand Singles Chart, debuting and peaking at number 36 in July. The song has charted in Austria and Switzerland on several occasions, peaking at number 17 in both counties, and it also reached number 57 in Germany in October 2012. The following month, it debuted and peaked at number 77 in France. During its original release, "Angel" peaked at number 99 on the Dutch Single Top 100, but it reached a new peak of number 31 in February 2014.

Live performances
On 8 April 2000, McLachlan performed "Angel" with Carlos Santana on guitar at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. The show was televised on Fox TV and released on the DVD Supernatural Live – An Evening with Carlos Santana and Friends. On 2 July 2005, McLachlan performed this song at Live 8 Philadelphia with Josh Groban, and continued in 2016 with Groban. She also performed the song during the "Concert for Linda," dedicating it to the memory of Linda McCartney. On 10 September 2011, McLachlan performed the song to close the ceremonies at the dedication of the Flight 93 Memorial in Stonycreek Township, commemorating the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 who fought the hijackers and brought down their airplane in the September 11 attacks. On 23 November 2008, Sarah McLachlan performed "Angel" at the American Music Awards with artist Pink. On 21 May 2019, McLachlan sang "Angel" on the sixteenth season of the US competition series The Voice as a duet with the eventual winner of the show, Maelyn Jarmon. On 21 April 2020, McLachlan and her daughter, India Sood, performed a duet, posted to Facebook, as a response to the killing spree in Nova Scotia.

Track listings
US CD and cassette single (1999)
 * 1) "Angel" – 4:30
 * 2) "Ice Cream" (live) – 3:33
 * 3) "I Will Not Forget You" (live) – 5:37

European CD single 1 (1999)
 * 1) "Angel" (radio mix) – 3:59
 * 2) "Ice Cream" (live) – 3:25

European CD single 2 (1999)
 * 1) "Angel" (radio mix) – 3:59
 * 2) "Angel" (album version) – 4:30
 * 3) "Ice Cream" (live) – 3:25
 * 4) "I Will Not Forget You" (live) – 5:37

UK 12-inch vinyl (2002)
 * A1. "Angel" (Dusted Remix) – 5:28
 * A2. "Silence" (Michael Woods Mix edit) – 7:11
 * B1. "Sweet Surrender" (DJ Tiësto Remix) – 7:04

UK CD single – Disc A (2002)
 * 1) "Angel" (radio edit) – 3:40
 * 2) "Silence" (Fade Sanctuary Mix edit) – 3:50
 * 3) "Sweet Surrender" (DJ Tiësto Remix) – 7:04

UK CD single – Disc AA (2002)
 * 1) "Angel" (Dusted Remix edit) – 3:42
 * 2) "Sweet Surrender" (Boilerhouse Boys Mix) – 3:56
 * 3) "Silence" (Michael Woods Mix) – 8:08

Personnel
Personnel are lifted from the Surfacing liner notes.
 * Sarah McLachlan – writing, vocals, piano
 * Pierre Marchand – drum machine
 * Jim Creeggan – upright bass

In popular culture
Since 2008, the song has become notable for being featured in television commercials with McLachlan for the ASPCA.

title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)


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St. Ivan Island

St. Ivan Island (остров св. Иван, ostrov Sveti Ivan) is the largest Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, with an area of 0.66 km2. It lies off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast near Sozopol, a town with rich history and a popular tourist place, and is separated by a strait several hundred metres long from the small neighbouring St. Peter Island. Standing at 33 m above sea level, it is also the highest of the Bulgarian sea islands. It lies 920 m from the Stolets peninsula, the location of Sozopol's Old Town.

History
Around the 7th-4th century BC, the island was populated by Thracians. After Sozopol (Apollonia) was conquered by the Romans in 72 BC, a lighthouse was built on the island. Next to the Thracian sanctuary, the locals built a temple of Apollo featuring a bronze statue by Calamis standing 13.2 m in height, making it easy to see from the city. A complex of buildings was constructed around the temple in the southeastern part of the island, including health stations, inns, etc.

After the conversion to Christianity, a monastical complex was built in the 5th-6th century on top of the ruins of the old Roman temple, including the Basilica of the Mother of God. Towards the 7th-9th century, the basilica was abandoned only to be reconstructed in the 10th century. The Monastery of John the Forerunner and the Baptist grew into an important centre of Christianity in the region; the buildings of the monastery and the church were reconstructed in 1262-1310. Archaeological research was carried out after 1985 for a couple of years, so today the remains of two churches, a royal residence, a library, part of the fortified wall with the gate and several monastic cells can be seen. The monastery was a stauropegic monastery of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and two former patriarchs may have been buried there after being sent into exile.

Sozopol was conquered by the Ottomans together with Constantinople, in 1453, and the monastery was completely destroyed, but later reconstructed in 1467-1471. In the 1620s it was a refuge for Cossack pirates raiding the western Black Sea coast. Archaeologists have even discovered the remains of a Cossack feast in the church. The Ottomans destroyed the remaining buildings on St. Ivan Island in July 1629 in order not to be used by the pirates. It also played a part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829, when it was used as a field hospital for Russian soldiers suffering from cholera and also had a Russian graveyard.

Until the mid-19th century, when a natural phenomenon most likely separated them, the small St. Peter Island to the east of St. Ivan was most likely adjoined to it. Two small islets or large rocks also existed to the east of St. Peter, known by the names of Milos and Gata; they were last described by Russian war correspondents in the 1820s.

There is also a lighthouse constructed by French engineers in 1884 and pointing to the Burgas Bay still standing on the island. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a project to build a large Balkantourist hotel on St. Ivan, but Todor Zhivkov's intervention prevented that.

In August 2010 the BBC reported that remains of John the Baptist had been found on the island. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the bones belonged to a man who had lived and died in the Middle East in the middle of the first century.

Nature
Apart from its historical significance, the island is also a protected area since 1993, with 72 species of birds nesting on the rocks and around the coast, 3 of which are endangered in the world and 15 in Europe. St. Ivan and the adjacent St. Peter Island host Bulgaria's largest colonies of Audouin's gull (Ichthyaetus audouinii) and Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans). St. Ivan Island is also inhabited by other rare species, such as Mediterranean monk seals. The rocks on the island are covered with black mussels.The island is the only place in Bulgaria where underground rabbits live.

title: St. Ivan Island


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Prom Night (1980 film)

Prom Night is a 1980 slasher film directed by Paul Lynch and written by William Gray. Jamie Lee Curtis and Leslie Nielsen star. The film's plot follows a group of high school seniors who are targeted at their prom by a masked killer, seeking vengeance for the accidental death of a young girl (six years earlier). The film features supporting performances from Casey Stevens, Eddie Benton, Mary Beth Rubens and Michael Tough.

Prom Night was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in late 1979 on a budget of $1.5 million. Distributed by Astral Films in Canada and AVCO Embassy Pictures in the United States, the film was released on July 18, 1980 in select cinemas and was an immediate financial success. The film's theatrical release platform was expanded to major USA cities such as Los Angeles in California and New York City in New York in August where the film was again met with high box-office receipts. At the time, the film was AVCO Embassy's most financially successful release, breaking weekend records in Los Angeles, Philadelphia and New England.

By the end of the film's theatrical run, Prom Night had grossed $15 million in the United States and was Canada's highest-earning horror film of 1980. Critical reaction to the film was varied, with some dismissing the film's depictions of violence against young women, while others alternately praised Prom Night for its more muted violent content. Prom Night received some critical accolades, garnering Genie Award nominations for editing and also for the leading performance of Jamie Lee Curtis. An alternative cut of the film was popularly aired on American and Canadian television networks in 1981.

In the intervening years, Prom Night has accrued a substantial cult following for the film's horror content and also for the film's soundtrack album (which was released by RCA Records in Japan in 1980). Some film scholars have cited Prom Night as one of the most influential slasher films of the period. Several companies released Prom Night on video and the film was also released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1998. A remastered Blu-ray edition of the film was released by Synapse Films in 2014.

Plot
In 1974, 11-year-olds Wendy Richards, Jude Cunningham, Kelly Lynch, and Nick McBride play hide-and-seek in an abandoned convent. When 10-year-old Robin Hammond tries to join them, the group starts teasing her, leading to a scared Robin accidentally falling to her death through a window. The children make a pact not to tell anyone what happened in fear of getting in trouble. The shadow of an unseen person who witnessed Robin's death appears.

Six years later in present day, Robin's elder sister, Kim, and fraternal twin brother, Alex, are preparing for the school prom. Kelly, Jude, and Wendy receive anonymous obscene phone calls, while Nick ignores his ringing phone.

Kim and Nick are now dating. Jude is asked to prom by goofy jokester Seymour "Slick" Crane. Kelly is going with Drew, her boyfriend. Wendy—Nick's ex-girlfriend—asks school bully Lou to the prom with the purpose of embarrassing Nick and Kim. Wendy, Jude and Kelly each find their yearbook photos stabbed with a piece of glass. Meanwhile, Kim and Alex's father, the school principal, learns that the sex offender blamed for Robin's death has escaped from a psychiatric facility. Lt. McBride, Nick's father, investigates.

A figure wearing a ski mask targets Kelly first, slitting her throat with a mirror shard. Jude and Slick have sex in his van outside school grounds. The masked killer kills Jude and causes Slick to drive off a cliff to his death. Staking out the prom, McBride is informed that the sex offender blamed for Robin's death has been caught.

Now wielding an ax, the killer chases Wendy and hacks her to death. Meanwhile, Kim and Nick prepare to be crowned prom king and queen, but Lou and his lackeys tie up Nick, and Lou takes his crown. Mistaking him for Nick, the killer decapitates him. Lou's severed head sends the prom-goers fleeing in horror.

Kim frees Nick and they are confronted by the killer. In the ensuing brawl, Kim strikes the killer's head with the ax. The killer runs outside and collapses before the police. It is revealed to be Alex, who explains to Kim that he witnessed their sister's death and Jude, Kelly, Wendy and Nick were responsible. He dies in Kim's arms.

Cast

 * Leslie Nielsen as Mr. Hammond
 * Jamie Lee Curtis as Kimberly "Kim" Hammond
 * Debbie Greenfield as young Kim
 * Casey Stevens as Nick McBride
 * Brock Simpson as young Nick
 * Eddie Benton as Wendy Richards
 * Leslie Scott as young Wendy
 * Michael Tough as Alex Hammond/Killer
 * Dean Bosacki as young Alex
 * Mary Beth Rubens as Kelly Lynch
 * Joyce Kite as young Kelly
 * Joy Thompson as Jude Cunningham
 * Karen Forbes as young Jude
 * Antoinette Bower as Mrs. Hammond
 * Robert A. Silverman as Mr. Sykes
 * Pita Oliver as Vicki
 * David Mucci as Lou Farmer
 * George Touliatos as Lt. McBride
 * Melanie Morse as Henri-Anne
 * David Bolt as Weller
 * Jeff Wincott as Drew Shinnick
 * David Gardner as Dr. Fairchild
 * Sheldon Rybowski as Seymour "Slick" Crane

Development
Director Paul Lynch developed Prom Night after a meeting with producer Irwin Yablans, who had previously produced Halloween (1978). Lynch had wanted to work on a horror film, and had initially pitched Don't Go See the Doctor, a film about a physician who murders his patients. Yablans instead suggested that Lynch utilize a holiday as a basis for the film, which resulted in Lynch deciding to build the premise around the event of the high school prom. Writer Robert Guza Jr., a University of Southern California film student of whom Lynch was an acquaintance, had written a story about a group of teenagers whose involvement in a tragic event as children came back to haunt them. Guza's story was then adapted and incorporated into the film as the central premise and motive for the film's villain.

While attending a Telefilm Canada event in Los Angeles, Lynch met producer Peter Simpson, to whom he pitched the idea. "I said, 'I'm working on this thing that is called Prom Night," Lynch recalled. "[Peter] said, 'Look, let's get together and talk.' This was on a Thursday. On Monday he read the treatment, came back and said, 'We'll make a deal to develop a script and do Prom Night.' And that's how Prom Night came about." The film was an international co-production between Canada and the United States, and was made under a tax shelter for American film productions shot in Canada.

Casting
In the documentary Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film (2006), Lynch stated he was having difficulty securing financing for the film until Jamie Lee Curtis signed onto the project; she received a salary of $30,000 for her appearance in the film. According to the producer of Prom Night, Eve Plumb (from television's The Brady Bunch) originally auditioned for the role of Kim Hammond, but was passed over after Jamie Lee Curtis' manager contacted Paul Lynch about her starring in the film. Lynch was enthusiastic about casting Curtis, as she had established herself in the horror genre portraying Laurie Strode in Halloween (1978). After auditioning for producer Simpson—which included a dance audition for the film's dance numbers—Curtis was officially cast in the role. Lynch recalled, "For whatever reason, Peter [Simpson] made her jump through hoops, but she wanted it, and she got it." According to Curtis, Prom Night was the first project in which she "made any money."

Leslie Nielsen, an established film and television actor, was cast as Kim Hammond's father; this role marks one of the last serious films for Nielsen, as he spent the remainder of his career performing in comedies. Lynch sought Nielsen for the role as he was one of Canada's "most-experienced actors." Opposite Nielsen, portraying his character's wife, is Antoinette Bower, whom Lynch had seen on numerous Canadian television programs. The majority of the film's supporting actors and actresses were stage performers and recent theater graduates from the University of Toronto. Michael Tough, a 17-year-old actor who was cast as Kim's younger brother, Alex, recalled that he and Curtis spent an afternoon together shopping to become familiar with each other and establish a sibling-like dynamic. Mary Beth Rubens, who appears as Kim's ill-fated friend, Kelly Lynch, had recently graduated from the Montreal Theatre School when she was cast in the role. Joy Thompson was cast as Jude Cunningham, another of Kim's friends stalked by the killer.

Filming

Prom Night was filmed over twenty-four days in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with principal photography beginning August 13, 1979, and completing September 13. The majority of the crew were recent graduates from film schools in Canada. Don Mills Collegiate Institute served as the main school location, while the Langstaff Jail Farm in Richmond Hill was used for the abandoned building featured prominently in the beginning of the film. Art director Reuben Freed had wanted to take advantage of Toronto's Victorian architecture, and felt that the Langstaff building had an appropriate Gothic appearance.

Because of the way the film is structured, the majority of the film's cast spent little time together collectively, as each appear in their own individual subplots leading up to (and during) the prom. The initial shoot took place in the school, as the crew had to complete before school was back in session in late August, while the remainder of the shoot was spent filming the sequences at the various characters' homes. The filming of the dance numbers, which were choreographed by Lynch's sister, were completed without the use of a Steadicam. Lynch stated that he was "amazed they turned out as well as they did", as the crew had little experience with filming such sequences.

Special effects
In terms of on-screen violence, Lynch had intentionally devised the film to have a minimal amount of gore, as he did not want it to be overtly gratuitous; however, the distributor, Avco Embassy Pictures, mandated that they include some graphic violence, resulting in the on-screen beheading of Lou Farmer in the finale. In order to make the sequence appear realistic, the special effects team decided to build a prop floor through which the actor, David Mucci, could place his head, creating the illusion of his severed head lying on the floor. For the filming of this sequence itself, a dummy head was crafted via prosthetics, and moulded around a prop skull.

Music
The Prom Night score and soundtrack was composed by Paul Zaza and Carl Zittrer, with additional writing by Bill Crutchfield and James Powell. Director Lynch sought Zittrer after hearing his compositions in Black Christmas (1974). The soundtrack of Prom Night includes several disco songs which are featured prominently in the film's prom scenes. Originally, the film was shot with the actors dancing to then-popular tracks by Gloria Gaynor, Donna Summer, France Joli Patrick Hernandez and Cheryl Lynn, but, according to Zaza, the publishing rights to the songs were far outside the film's budget. Under orders from producer Peter Simpson, Zaza wrote a series of original disco songs over a five-day period which closely copied the original tracks that were intended to be used in the film. This resulted in a copyright lawsuit for $10 million, which was eventually settled for $50,000.

An official release of the Prom Night soundtrack was issued in Japan in 1980, featuring both the musical score as well as the original disco songs featured in the film. Other "source" music was provided by Canadian band Highstreet.

Promotion
After production wrapped, Paramount Pictures expressed interest in distributing the movie. However, they only wanted to open it in 300 theaters whereas Avco Embassy purchased the film at the Cannes film market in May 1980 (instead, Paramount released another independent slasher film, Friday the 13th, which premiered two months before Prom Night as an "exact replica of [the trailer] for Carrie (1976)." The distributor issued a total of 250 prints of the film for theatrical distribution.

On July 25, 1980, it was reported that Avco Embassy Pictures was planning a promotional tour for the film, which would have Curtis appearing at openings for the film in various U.S. cities, such as New York City, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Cincinnati, Denver and Los Angeles. Additionally, 10,000 promotional "scream pillows" were to be distributed at screenings to help quiet the outbursts of theater patrons.

Box office
Given a limited release in the United States on July 18, 1980, Prom Night had financial success as a sleeper hit. During its opening week in select cities (including Chicago, Milwaukee, Louisville, and several cities in Texas), it grossed $1,189,636 at the U.S. box office, and was subsequently slated for a staggered platform release.

Its theatrical run expanded on August 15, 1980, to New York City and Los Angeles, and included select midnight screenings. During its opening week runs in New York City and Los Angeles, the film earned a combined $1.3 million, and marked Avco Embassy's highest-grossing Los Angeles opening to date, as well as breaking weekend records in Philadelphia and New England. The film continued to prove financially successful through Labor Day, earning $2.1 million over the holiday weekend. By October 1980, the film had grossed a sum of $12 million. The film premiered in Canada through Astral Films on September 12, 1980.

By the end of its theatrical run, Prom Night grossed a total of $14.8 million at the U.S. box office with approximately 5,500,460 admissions. It earned an additional $6 million in rentals during its home video release.

Contemporary
Upon release in 1980, Prom Night received mostly negative reviews from critics, with frequent comparisons to Halloween (1978) and Carrie (1976). Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune referred to the film as a "watered-down cross between Carrie and Halloween", though he noted it was "not as violent as one might expect, based on those frightening ads of a masked man holding a phallic knife... You would think that Prom Night was another one of those hideous attacks-on-promiscuous-women pictures. It's not. Gender makes no difference in this routine revenge film." The film's advertising campaign was criticized by Siskel and Roger Ebert in a September 18, 1980 episode of Sneak Previews, cited among a glut of other violent slasher films released the same year that thematized "Women in Danger." Siskel and Ebert used the episode to criticize the advertising campaigns for several films, including Don't Answer the Phone!, Hell Night and Prom Night: "[These] ads have been saturating television for the past two years," said Ebert, "and the summer and fall of 1980 are the worst yet."

Variety noted that the film "[borrows] shamelessly from Carrie and any number of gruesome exploitationers pic [from a story by Robert Gunza (sic) Jr.] manages to score a few horrific points amid a number of sagging moments." Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a middling review, writing: "Prom Night, the Canadian film that opened yesterday at the Loews State 2 and other theaters, is a comparatively genteel hybrid, part shock melodrama, like Halloween, and part mystery, though it's less a whodunit than a who's-doing-it." He also praised the film's restrained violence, writing that director Lynch "chooses to underplay the bloody spectacle. This isn't to say that there aren't some sticky moments, including one not especially convincing beheading, but that more often than not the camera cuts away, or the screen goes discreetly gray, before the audience is drenched in gore. This may or may not be the reason that the audience with which I saw the film yesterday booed at the end." Jack Mathews of the Detroit Free Press also drew comparisons to Halloween and Carrie, though deeming it "not as effective as either."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times deemed the film "an efficient rather than stylish Canadian-made horror picture that mercifully lets you complete its grislier moments in your imagination. Even so, its various jolts should be sufficient to satisfy scare-show fans." The Atlanta Constitution reviewed the film favorably, deeming it a "surprisingly good scare film. At least the murderer actually has a motive, for a change. If nothing else, it proves there's still a line between a respectable horror film and gross exploitation." The News-Press wrote: "If Carrie and Friday the 13th weren't enough for you, this will satisfy your appetite for youth, gore and chills." The Montreal Gazette's Bruce Bailey praised Curtis's performance but criticized the film's lengthy exposition, noting that "it takes rather long to get down to the business of delivering a few shocks."

Modern assessment
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Prom Night holds a 48% approval rating based on 23 critic reviews and an average rating of 4.60/10. The consensus reads: "Horror aficionados might have a ball with Prom Night, but a lack of mystery and inability to capitalize on the dance hall setting makes for a generic night of mayhem.” AllMovie's review of the film was generally negative, but wrote that it "utilizes a surprising amount of skill both behind and in front of the camera as it goes through its paces".

In a review published by Time Out, the film was called "a sincere Halloween rip-off which takes time out to milk Carrie, Saturday Night Fever, and all those B-feature 'lust and rivalry' high school sagas", but praised Jamie Lee Curtis's performance, writing: "Curtis is superb as Miss Naturally Popular and Prom Queen-to-be, isolated in empty high school corridors." TV Guide gave the film one out of four stars, writing: "Curtis disco-dancing and wonderful moments such as when the severed head of a victim rolls across the dance floor. Prom Night is better than most slasher movies, mainly because it's funnier."

Scholar Richard Nowell considers Prom Night one of the most influential slasher films of the 1980s.

Television broadcast
In late 1980, Canada's CTV Network paid a record $200,000 for three television airings of Prom Night. The film was also acquired for television broadcast in the United States on NBC, who purchased two prime time showings of the film for $3.25 million. In order to slightly lengthen the film after nudity was excised for television airings, an alternate cut of Prom Night was crafted by editor Michael MacLaverty. The television version of the film features some additional scenes that were excised from the original theatrical cut, as well as extended sequences that had been truncated. Among these were a scene in which Mr. and Mrs. Hammond meet with Dr. Fairchild, a psychologist evaluating Mrs. Hammond; three brief scenes featuring Adele, a temporary school secretary who is encountered by Mr. Hammond and Kim, respectively; a sequence in which Jude, Vicki and Kim pass notes during biology class; and Kim returning home and speaking briefly with her mother.

Seven months after its theatrical premiere, the television cut of Prom Night premiered on NBC, on February 22, 1981.

Home media
Prom Night has had an inconsistent release history on home video. It was originally released on in 1981 on LaserDisc and VHS and Betamax videocassettes by MCA Universal in North America, at the beginnings of home video popularity, licensed directly from then-production company SimCom, who had licensed theatrical distribution to Avco-Embassy. In 1988, it was re-released on VHS by Virgin Vision in tandem with the in-name-only sequel Hello Mary Lou; Prom Night II, which Virgin handled through a separate deal with that film's then-distributor The Samuel Goldwyn Company. In 1997, the film was re-released again, by Anchor Bay Entertainment, in both standard and "collector's" editions. It was then released on DVD by Anchor Bay on February 18, 1998 with a re-mastered widescreen transfer, and was one of the company's first DVD releases. By 2000, Anchor Bay's DVD release had gone out of print and became a rarity, with fans starting online petitions for a re-release. On September 9, 2014, the film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by Synapse Films, featuring a restored print from the original film negatives, as well as featuring a documentary as well as outtakes, original promotional material, and deleted scenes from the network television cut as bonus material.

Related works
Prom Night was followed by three sequels, each of which has little in common with the 1980 film, aside from all being set at Hamilton High School. In 2008, a reboot was released, which also bears little resemblance to the 1980 film.

title: Prom Night (1980 film)


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User talk:Alizzle

OMG! m.v. is soooooooooooooo gorgeously pudgy. ja?

title: User talk:Alizzle


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Hotham Valley Railway

The Hotham Valley Tourist Railway (commonly Hotham Valley Railway) is a tourist and heritage railway in the Peel region of Western Australia.

The railway operates over a 32 kilometre section of the original Pinjarra to Narrogin railway line, and has its origins in a small group of enthusiasts who met together in 1974 with the object of preserving both Western Australian steam locomotives and the railway line itself, from Pinjarra at least as far as Dwellingup. Dwellingup is now the primary centre of Hotham Valley's operations.

Today the railway operates both steam and diesel locomotive hauled trains on a variety of services and is staffed almost exclusively by volunteers.

It is one of only a handful of heritage railway organisations in Western Australia, and as of 2018 is the only heritage and/or tourist railway in the state regularly operating original gauge Western Australian Government Railways steam locomotives.

History
In 1974, four local residents of Pinjarra formed the Pinjarra Steam & Hills Railway Preservation Society that later became the Hotham Valley Tourist Railway with the aim of operating steam trains on the Pinjarra to Narrogin railway line.

Initially four former Western Australian Government Railways W class locomotives were purchased. The first three (W920, W903 and W945) were returned to service in the 1970s, followed by the fourth (W908) in 1988. A fifth W class was purchased in 2013 (W947). Eight former Albany Progress carriages were leased and ultimately purchased outright in 1979.

In March 1976, the former Pinjarra Locomotive Depot was leased, officially opening on 17 July 1977. On 12 September 1976 the first train operated, a special from Perth to Dwellingup hauled by W920.

Appeals
Hotham Valley Railway host a number of appeals, some of which are ongoing. The appeals relate generally to restoration projects but have included an appeal to replace the seats in AV426 - Hotham Valley's 1919 vintage dining carriage, used regularly on the Etmilyn Forest Diner restaurant train.

Two appeals run during 2012 were to enable the complete purchase of steam locomotive W947 from Rail Heritage WA with a view to restoring it to operational condition. Although Hotham Valley already owns four W class engines, W947 will considerably strengthen the steam locomotive fleet and provides added interest with a unique pattern sand-dome which ultimately served as a prototype for those later employed on the WAGR V class. Work on W947's boiler continues as funds and resources become available, with one future option of marrying the boiler with W903's or W920's frame.

Another long-running appeal (dating back to 1977) is for the restoration of G71 'Menzies. G71 was built as a sister engine of Hotham Valley Railway's G123, part of a batch of 22 built by Dübs & Co of Scotland in 1897. Unlike G123, G71 spent most of its service years away from the WAGR operating instead with various privately owned timber companies. Whilst it will be some years (if not decades) before G71 will be operational, it is important to ensure equipment like this is kept for future generations of members as the funds and resources may become available.

Overview
As of 2018, Hotham Valley railway owns and/or operates some twenty-two locomotives (eight steam and sixteen diesel), of which a total of seven are currently operational. In addition, the railway currently owns two ex-Western Australian Government Railways diesel railcars.

Steam locomotives
This is a list of steam locomotives currently owned by Hotham Valley Railway. Note: some items in this list are privately owned; or on long term lend and/or lease arrangements.

The In service date refers to original date of entry into the original owners' service.

Diesel locomotives
This is a list of diesel locomotives owned Hotham Valley Railway. Note: some items in this list are privately owned; or on long term lend and/or lease arrangements.

Visiting and past locomotives
In the past, some locomotives from other organisations have seen operation on Hotham Valley Railway services. Other locomotives have passed into different ownership after having first been owned/operated by Hotham Valley. Details of at least some of these locomotives are given in the following table:

Passenger stock
The HVR's passenger rolling stock fleet was drawn from a number of sources: in addition to original WAGR carriages, Hotham Valley Railway also operates carriages converted from WAGR goods wagons and original passenger carriages from the Tasmanian Government Railways and South African Railways.

Riverland carriages
In 1987, Hotham Valley Railway acquired 25 second hand large Corten steel carriages from the South African Railways. Hotham Valley was expanding its mainline operations considerably and the Westrail owned carriages then in use on Hotham Valley's rail tours were no longer appropriate due to their age and other limitations.

The new fleet were converted into various types (including first and second class cars with and without guards compartments, buffet and dining cars) from SAR sleeping cars and all had been originally constructed during the 1960s and 70s. All of the cars were converted and refurbished prior to their shipment to Western Australia.

In Hotham Valley service, the cars were painted in green and cream livery with mustard roofs, reminiscent of the original WAGR colour scheme applied between the late 1950s and the mid-1970s. The cars all received names of Western Australian rivers (with the exception of AHF311 which was named Bloemfontein for the city where the cars were converted) and were given class designations and numbers in keeping with Westrail practise. The classes, names and numbers are listed in the table below.

Until the introduction of 48 X-class diesel locomotives in 1954, the naming of WAGR vehicles was rare. Only two classes of WAGR steam locomotive were given names: the Pr class of 1938 was named after Western Australian rivers while the S class of 1943 was named after Western Australian hills. The Hotham Valley Riverland cars were also named for Western Australian rivers and thus shared many names with the Pr class engines, all of which had been withdrawn by 1971.

title: Hotham Valley Railway


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Talk:Joe Swanson

Merge Discussion
Ok, even if we disrguard the fact the every individual in the Griffin family has their own page(Peter Griffin, Lois Griffin, Megan Griffin, Chris Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, ), if Glen Quagmire, Mort Goldman, Loretta Brown, Cleveland Brown then so should Joe Swanson, and his article should definalty not be merged. But i can see the argument for it being expanded and cleaned up, make it into a stub.--B0sh 12:23, 20 August 2005 (UTC) ben was here
 * There's plenty to say about Joe Swanson, but there isn't much to say about Bonnie or Kevin. The writers have chosen not to take Bonnie's pregnancy to its natural conclusion. Kevin has some psychological issues with how much like his father he wants to be, but the writers haven't delved into this. Cromulent Kwyjibo 18:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * cheers for the support, Keep fighting the fight --B0sh 21:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Duh, separate articles with pointers eliminate all the duplicate data while still leaving plenty of space for Joe, Bonnie, and Kevin to do their freaky thing.

PLEASE don't put more than one kind of information into one article. Joe is enough by himself. Maybe a "miscellaneous" page for Bonnie, Kevin and the family dynamics? If the Swanson family doesn't have enough material for their own page, don't penalize Joe.

Financial Advisor
We should obviously take out the financial advisor.

A whole bucket of suggestions
Wasn't there an incident where Joe breaks his legs even more while falling off a lampost? I dimly remember the group laughing because, to them, it doesn't matter if paralyzed legs are broken even more.

And the reference to 'Da Boom'. Is it really relevant? Even in the loose continuity of 'Family Guy', this episode never ever actually happens, it's all a dream.

Furthermore, I think it's relevant that Joe will hunt down his friends if he thinks they committed crimes, he once chased the Griffins with an attack helicopter.

I'm wondering if it's noteable to point out Joe willingly participates in an attempt at a gay orgy. Lots42 12:04, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Disabillity section
First off, I removed the redunancy of telling us again and again Joe has a spinal injury. And I changed some of the obviousness; also it's pretty obvious the 'I got new legs from a paraplegic' thing was done for the humour and the status quo and not for the logic. Lots42 (talk) 12:54, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Family
Why don't his wife and kid(s) show up in the info box? It is relevant information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.226.221.176 (talk) 01:42, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks fine to me. / edg ☺ ☭ 01:58, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

And why was Kevin able to grow old, graduate high school, go to Iraq & die, but Meg & Chris are still in high school and Stewie still poops himself, and Bonnie was frigging pregnant when Kevin was still around? I don't think elephants stay pregnant as long as Bonnie did. And why can Susie walk & kick Stewie's butt already? *sigh* The timeline of this show is just all messed up and convenient for who it's convenient. 65.43.96.3 (talk) 19:11, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Of course, that's how most animated shows are.  C T J F 8 3 Talk 20:16, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:FGJoeWalking.jpg
The image Image:FGJoeWalking.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --01:42, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Creating a merge discussion. Please display your arguments here as to why it should or should not be merged. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 18:41, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Merge until reliable 3rd party sources can be found to justify an article. C T J F 8 3  18:53, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Bringing back Joe Swanson page
Joe Swanson is a notable main character in the series and his page should be restored. :) Yay Dad (talk) 05:32, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Swanson


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Pinjarra, Western Australia

Pinjarra is a town in the Peel region of Western Australia along the South Western Highway, 82 km from the state capital, Perth and 21 km south-east of the coastal city of Mandurah. Its local government area is the Shire of Murray. At the 2016 census, Pinjarra had a population of 4910.

Pinjarra is an area rich in history, and is the home town of a former State Premier - Sir Ross McLarty. It is near the site of the Pinjarra massacre, where between 14 and 80 Noongar people were killed by British colonists in 1834.

History
The name was often shown spelt "Pinjarrup" on early maps, while the accepted spelling for many years was "Pinjarrah". There are conflicting theories regarding the meaning of the name, and it is usually said to mean "place of a swamp", as a corruption of the Aboriginal word "beenjarrup". However, Pinjarra is more likely to have been named after the Pindjarup people who frequented the area.

Pinjarra is one of the earliest European settlements to occur in Western Australia; one of the first settlers in the area was Thomas Peel, who established a settlement at the mouth of the Murray River in 1830. In 1831, land was reserved for a townsite near a ford over the river. By 1834, word had spread about the rich loamy soils and pastures, bringing more Europeans to the area. In 1834, at the insistence of Thomas Peel, a group was organised and led by Governor James Stirling to do something about the Aboriginal people; this group attacked the village consisting of over 20 mia-mias just after dawn. They approached from both sides of the river, which forced the people into the river where they caught the victims, mostly women and children, in a crossfire. Many bodies were left to float downstream. Official reports referred to it as a battle, and it was only over 150 years later that it was recognised as one of many colonial massacres in Australia. Surveys were carried out in 1836 and land allocated to settlers in 1837.

By early 1898, the population of the town was 400, 300 males and 100 females.

A British child migration scheme run by Kingsley Fairbridge established a farm school in the area in the early 1900s. Hundreds of orphaned children were educated at Fairbridge Farm between 1913 and 1981. Fairbridge Chapel was built at Pinjarra, in 1924 to Herbert Baker's design.

The author Kenneth (Seaforth) McKenzie grew up in Pinjarra, and parts of his experiences as a child living near the Murray River are found in his first novel The Young Desire It.

In 1974, an alumina refinery was established by Alcoa Australia Ltd, causing a boost in the population of Pinjarra and nearby Mandurah. Pinjarra is also the site of the world's largest bauxite mine.

Facilities
Pinjarra contains Pinjarra Primary School, Pinjarra Senior High School, and St Joseph's Catholic Primary School.

Pinjarra is the operating base for the Hotham Valley Tourist Railway. Peel Zoo, known for its bird wildlife, is situated near Pinjarra.

Pinjarra contains one shopping centre, Pinjarra Junction, which opened in 2008.

Future and growth
Because of its close proximity to Mandurah and recent infrastructure and amenities investments, Pinjarra's population is likely to increase significantly through new subdivisions surrounding the original town-site. Armadale Railway Line also planning to extend till Byford in first phase and till Pinjarra in second phase.

Sport
Pinjarra is home to both Thoroughbred Horse Racing and Harness Racing at Pinjarra Park and Pinjarra Paceway, respectively, under the authority of Racing and Wagering Western Australia. The feature race events held at these venues are the Pinjarra Cups, held in April and March of each year at the respective venues. Pinjarra and the Peel Region is also one of the major centres for WA Racing, with a number of trainers and breeders established in the region.

Transport
Pinjarra station is located on the South Western Railway and served by Transwa's twice daily Australind service from Perth to Bunbury. In September 2012 a Transperth bus service was inaugurated between Murray Hospital in southern Pinjarra and Mandurah railway station, via Mandurah Forum on Pinjarra Road, and Pinjarra town centre.

Pinjarra is also on the South Western Highway between Armadale and Bunbury, something which has both helped and hindered the town. Traffic through the town during holiday seasons has been known to stretch for kilometres north or south. As a result, there have been calls for the construction of a road bypass of the town.

Bus

 * 600 Pinjarra to Mandurah Station – serves McKay Street, McLarty Road, George Street and Pinjarra Road
 * 605 Pinjarra to Mandurah Station – serves McKay Street, McLarty Road, George Street, Pinjarra Road, Sutton Street, Naturaliste Drive, Hamlet Pass, Sunset Circle and Country Road

Notable people

 * Harley Bennell - AFL footballer
 * John Butler - musician
 * Peter Dawson - cyclist
 * Sabrina Frederick - AFLW footballer
 * iOTA - entertainer
 * Kamdyn McIntosh - AFL footballer
 * Sir Ross McLarty - policition

title: Pinjarra, Western Australia


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Cosmas

Cosmas or Kosmas is a Greek name (Κοσμᾶς), from Ancient Greek Κοσμᾶς (Kosmâs), associated with the noun  κόσμος (kósmos), meaning "universe",  and the verb κοσμέω (to order, govern, adorn)  linked to  propriety. Alternate form: Κοσμίας; female form: Κοσμώ. It may refer to:

Saints

 * Saints Cosmas and Damian (3rd century AD), Christian martyrs and physicians
 * Cosmas the Monk, (7th century AD), a Sicilian monk and tutor
 * Cosmas of Maiuma (8th century AD), Syrian bishop and hymnographer
 * Cosmas of Aphrodisia (died 1160), Sicilian Bishop and Martyr
 * Cosmas of Aetolia (1714-1779), Greek orthodox priestmonk and missionary

Patriarchs

 * Patriarch Cosmas I of Constantinople (fl. 1075–1081), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
 * Patriarch Cosmas II of Constantinople (fl. 1146–1147), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
 * Patriarch Cosmas I of Alexandria (727-768), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Patriarch Cosmas II of Alexandria (fl. 1714–1736), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Patriarch Cosmas III of Alexandria (fl. 1737–1746), Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Pope Cosmas I of Alexandria (fl. 729–730), Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria (fl. 851–858), Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria (fl. 921–933), Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria

Other people

 * Cosmas the Priest (10th century?), Bulgarian writer
 * Cosmas of Prague (1045–1125), Bohemian priest, writer and historian
 * Christopher and Cosmas (fl. 1587–1592), Japanese explorers
 * Cosmas Damian Asam (1686-1739), German painter and architect
 * Cosmas Indicopleustes (fl. 6th century AD), Greek explorer
 * Cosmas of Naples (7th century AD), Duke of Naples
 * Cosmas Magaya (1953–2020), Zimbabwean mbira player
 * Cosmas Ndeti (born 1971), Kenyan marathon runner
 * Cosmas Zachos (born 1951), American physicist
 * George Cosmas Adyebo (1945-2000), former Prime Minister of Uganda
 * Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael Denis (1729-1800), Austrian poet, bibliographer and lepidopterist
 * Kosmas Chatzicharalabous, former president of the Greek football club AEK Athens F.C.
 * Kosmas Kiriakidis, former president of the Greek football club AEK Athens F.C.
 * Suzanne Kosmas (born 1944), American politician

Place names

 * Agios Kosmas Olympic Sailing Centre, a facility of the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens, Greece
 * Kosmas, Greece, a municipal unit in Arcadia, Greece
 * Kosmas o Aitolos, a municipal unit in Grevena regional unit, Greece

Church buildings

 * Basilica Santi Cosma e Damiano, a church in Rome, Italy
 * Church of Cosmas and Damian, a church in medieval Novgorod the Great
 * Church of Saint Cosmas and Damian, a church on Lastovo Island, Croatia
 * St Cosmas and St Damian Church, Keymer, a church in West Sussex, England

Other uses

 * Kosmas Air, a former Serbian cargo airline
 * Kosmas - Czechoslovak and Central European Journal, multidisciplinary bi-annual journal

title: Cosmas


text:
Talk:Edward Stratemeyer

discussion
FWDixon/Finnan is a spammer and plagiarist with more than 100 links from Wiki to his web site to sell books on Amazon. (preceding unsigned comment by 69.205.13.193 17:31, 20 August 2005 (UTC))

- *See discussion with anon about links in question here. ∞Who?¿? 19:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

See 1 for discussion about User FWDixon/Bob Finnan's link spamming and plagiarism.

More on the link spamming and commercial advertising. Example http://hardyboys.bobfinnan.com/hbpb.htm is just a list of titles that all have links to Amazon. All of the books summaries were copied from Amazon. Every HB Digest title, Casefiles title, Clues Brothers title, Supermysteries title, Ultra Thriller title and so on has a link to Amazon and all summaries were copied from Amazon. Does that tell anyone something?

Yep, tells us you're lying! Here's a link to Amazon's Ultra Thriller page (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671756613/ref=nosim) and not a summary to be seen. Ditto for everything else. BTW, thanks for all the links to my site, I'm sure it will increase readership! :) --FWDixon 14:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Oh Really? Lets try a few just on the Undercover Brothers.

Extreme Danger (#1) - 4/05

Finnan: Mission: To find the mastermind behind a possible attack at the Big Air Games. Amazon: Mission: To find the mastermind behind a possible attack at the Big Air Games.

Running On Fumes (#2) - 4/05

Finnan: Mission: Investigate and determine the power behind a possibly dangerous Utopian community with potential plans for criminal activity within the oil industry. Amazon: Mission: Investigate and determine the power behind a possibly dangerous Utopian community with potential plans for criminal activity within the oil industry.

Boardwalk Bust (#3) - 4/05

get rekt m8 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.209.23.11 (talk) 04:00, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

Finnan: Mission: Investigate and put a halt to the recent rash of jewelry store robberies. Potential danger on the ground and in the air.

Amazon: Mission: Investigate and put a halt to the recent rash of jewelry store robberies. Potential danger on the ground and in the air.

OH! You only plagiarized SOME of the summaries? Ultra Thrillers? You mean the summaries you have are not word for word from the back of the books? What summaries for any books in any of these series do you claim you wrote?

Your summary for this title as an example was excerpted from the first line of http://www.iblist.com/book.php?id=9910. 2010 Marks 100th anniversary of tghe Tom Swesift series bye the Stratemeyer Sydicate "Tom Swift and His Motocycle" Hope theres some sort of remebrance at that tume Thanks! THEEDSON1 (talk) 04:32, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

YES!There should be a Tom Swift Book remebrance
Yes, there should be a Tom Swift 100th anniversary remebrance  2010 for the first Tom Swift Book Tom Swift And His Motorcycle  1910. Mr. Starmeyers contribution to Childrens litature is great! !Thanks!(DatedforfilesAMMOrn,Fri.21,200921stcent.Dr.Edson Andre' Johnson D.D.ULC>"X",)SoCalKid (talk) 20:03, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Happy Birthday Father of Tom Swift etc
Happy Birthday Edward Startemeyere Father of Tom Swift Books etc. today oct.4th,2009 21stCent AM Morn Dr.Edson ASndre' Johnson D.D.ULC>Edsonbrasil (talk) 18:56, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Prolific Author
According to Omnibus II (published by Veritas Press in 2005, ISBN 978-1-932168-44-0), page 148, Edward Stratemeyer was "arguably among the most prolific and influential American authors. Indeed, he wrote and sold more than almost any other writer who has ever lived anywhere at any time - some 1300 novels selling in excess of 500 million copies." Ork Rule (talk) 15:39, 29 January 2010 (UTC) Should we put that on the page or not? Ork Rule (talk) 14:32, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

There is an important distinction between the books Stratemeyer wrote himself (160) and the books produced by the Stratemeyer Syndicate he founded in 1905 (~1300 or more). He, or the Syndicate, was the owner of these latter stories under the works for hire terms of the Copyright Law of 1909 and would be considered the "author" for purposes of determining who and when those properties could be published (literally the right to make copies).14:08, 13 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Keeline (talk • contribs)

Omnibus II as a primary source is a problem. This is the relevant page on Google Books (http://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA148). The footnote numbers are hard to read but the quotes attributed to Stratemeyer are numbers 3, 4, & 5. The endnotes for the chapter are buried on p. 158 (http://books.google.com/books?id=zClmDnl3b3EC&pg=PA158) and all point to a single source:

Dockery, Herman. The Era of Juvenile Fiction. New York: Laramie and Sons, 1956. 23.

Here's my problem. With more than 20 years researching this genre of books, I'm well aware of nearly all of the references out there. I've never heard of this and I can find no evidence that it exists. I've checked Google Books, WorldCat.org and Google.com. I have serious doubts that this source even exists.

Furthermore, the quotes attributed to Stratemeyer are not ones I've seen anywhere else. Someone needs to produce this Dockery reference book or bonafide Stratemeyer books or letters that include these quoted. I suspect that this part of Omnibus II is a fake. Until it can be proven, it has no business as a source for this entry. Keeline (talk) 03:46, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Career
This article uses poor sources. The Omnibus II (Veritas Press) is hardly an authoritative source on this topic. The Dinan book makes many errors with regard to Stratemeyer so should not be used as a source. If you look at Gilbert Patten's own autobiography you will see that Stratemeyer hired Patten! Patten did not hire Stratemeyer. Plus, this is hardly the highlight of his career.

What Stratemeyer did was not act as a "publisher" but more of what is now called a "book packager." Through his Stratemeyer Syndicate, which he established in 1905, he came up with series ideas, arranged with publishers to issue them, created outlines for stories, hired ghostwriters to complete the manuscripts. When the manuscripts were done, he paid the ghostwriters promptly and fairly well in the money of the period. He edited the stories as needed and submitted them to publishers such as Cupples & Leon, Grosset & Dunlap, and others.

Keeline (talk) 14:00, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Pen Names
Ok, this all started because I found a book online (ManyBooks) originally published in 1901 with the author listed as a Captain Ralph Bonehill. The book in question is "Boys of the For" and subtitled "Or a Young Captain's Pluck." In the preface the author states ""BOYS OF THE FORT" is a complete story in itself, but forms the fifth volume of a line of works issued under the general title of "Flag of Freedom Series."" The thing was that I was trying to find when this book is supposed to be set and tried looking up the author's name without much luck biography wise. However, when I tried Project Guttenberg it redirected to Edward Stratemeyer. And under Stratemeyer it lists not only Ralph Bonehill but also a Arthur M. Winfield. And beside the link for the book they list him as the author. Now what I'm wondering is was this a pen for Stratemeyer? -annonymous 10/14/2011 6:08 AM EST — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.64.14.252 (talk) 10:09, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Edward Stratemeyer had many stories published under his own name. Most of these were published by Lee & Shepard or Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. He also used two personal pseudonyms for many of his stories: "Captain Ralph Bonehill" and "Arthur M. Winfield". The Winfield name was used for the Rover Boys (1899-1926), Putnam Hall (1905-1911), and several single titles. Bonehill was used for hunting, sports and historical tales mostly.

As I noted last year, in all Edward wrote 160 stories published as books. He also wrote many more which were published as serials in magazines called "story papers" by collectors.

This has to be one of the most inaccurate and poorly-worded Wikipedia entries I have seen in quite a while. Keeline (talk) 00:05, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Poor page, considering...
I have to agree with Keeline (right above). Considering the importance of Edward's body of work - this page is a joke - which is why I added the stub class tag - because it is a big stubby.Paradise coyote (talk) 00:25, 19 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. Articles like this one make me appalled to be a part of this community. One of the most important figures in the history of literature has a page shorter than that of this guy (yes, I found him through one click of the random article feature). Hopefully, Tom Swift being on the front page will help bring attention to this article. Bzweebl (talk) 02:31, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

education?
there is no information during his childhood other than when and where he was born. We need more information, and I cant finish a project because of it.76.182.204.239 (talk) 03:30, 15 February 2013 (UTC)simon

Publishers
In publisher article Grosset & Dunlap, we say that company is known for its juvenile series "from its long partnership with the Stratemeyer Syndicate", no dates. In series article Rover Boys, we say that was Edward Stratemeyer's first juvenile series, published from 1899 to 1926 and maintained in print by Grosset & Dunlap, with G&D editions from the 1910s/20s best known, no information whether he started with G&D. Here we say Edward S established the S Syndicate in 1906. We give pre-1906 publication dates for the first 9 Rover Boys novels and give 1904 inauguration date for the Bobbsey Twins, no list of titles or explicit mention of publisher, only general attribution of the series to S Syndicate.

Who was Edward's first book publisher? Who were his other publishers to 1906? In what sense was the Stratemeyer Syndicate from 1906 a publisher or work in partnership with publishers? This biography and the articles on both early series should be revised.

--P64 (talk) 16:12, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Edward Stratemeyer


text:
Dwellingup, Western Australia

Dwellingup is a town in Western Australia located in a timber and fruitgrowing area in the Darling Range east-south-east of Pinjarra. At the 2011 census, Dwellingup had a population of 383.

Name
Townsite lots were surveyed at this place by surveyor W.F. Rudall in 1909 after the Lands Department became aware that the site was planned as the terminus of the "Pinjarra-Marrinup Railway". Names suggested for the place by Rudall were "Dwellingerup" or "Marrinup", after nearby brooks, or "McLarty" after a local MLA who had been very active concerning the railway (John or Edward McLarty). Surveyor General H.F. Johnston chose "Dwellingupp" after being misinformed regarding the spelling of Dwellingerup Brook. Ignoring a suggestion from the Under Secretary to amend the name to "Dwellingdown", the Minister for Lands approved the name as "Dwellingup" in December 1909. Eventually, the spelling "Dwellingupp" was chosen by order of the Under Secretary for Lands, and the townsite was gazetted as Dwellingupp in February 1910. The spelling was amended to Dwellingup in 1915. Dwellingup is an Aboriginal name said to mean "place of nearby water" or "on and by the whole place there is fog, dew and mist".

Bushfires
In one of Western Australia's worst bushfires, the fires of 1961, many small surrounding communities in the area were destroyed, including 132 houses in Dwellingup itself. There were no fatalities, but 800 people were left homeless. The town was rebuilt.

Dwellingup experienced serious bushfires again over the week starting on 3 February 2007. Sixteen houses were destroyed and thousands of hectares of private property and forest were burnt. There was no loss of life.

Bauxite mining
Dwellingup is near one of the largest bauxite mines in the world, at Huntly, which supplies ore to the Pinjarra and Kwinana aluminium refineries.

Facilities
Dwellingup is home to Nanga Bush Camp, a popular camp for senior primary schools and high schools. Some of the activities at Nanga Bush Camp include water rafting, night watching, swimming and bush walks.

Another major attraction in the area is the Hotham Valley Railway. A Dwellingup Forest Ranger Tour operates between May and October, and is steam hauled between Pinjarra and Dwellingup.

Dwellingup has a skate park and pump track. It also has the Munda Biddi Bike Trail and the Captain Fawcett 4WD Trail.

The Bibbulmun Track, a long-distance walk trail, passes through Dwellingup.

Climate
Dwellingup is one of the wettest inhabited places in Western Australia, with an average annual rainfall of over 1,200 mm. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).

title: Dwellingup, Western Australia


text:
Fishcam

Fishcam refers to a broadcast consisting of a video camera pointed at a fish tank.

Australia
Channel 31 Melbourne, Australia, had one of the more famous and long-lasting fishcams. The Fishcam itself was originally used as a replacement to the more common testcards, shown when the station had nothing else to air. Due to extreme popularity though, the FishCam became an actual scheduled show on the network. The station has also released several VHS tapes of the programme. The broadcast was accompanied by the music of unsigned Melbourne musicians.

Rumours have abounded amongst fans that Channel 31 has played repeats of this programme while it has continued to be labelled "live". From 4 March 2007 the broadcasting of FishCam on Channel 31 has ceased.

On 13 October 2014 FishCam returned at the new time of 9pm hosted by Luis from Lessons with Luis. It ran for 11 episodes, ending on 22 December 2014, when the fish tank was broken during the final episode.

Canada
When St. John's television station NTV first commenced 24-hour broadcasting in the early-1970s, one of its overnight programmes was a continuous shot of a fish tank.

Denmark
Between 1981 and 1985, the public Danish broadcaster Danmarks Radio (DR) aired a programme called pausefisk (pause fish) during long breaks between programming.

Germany
In 1992 when Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg launched, ORB Aquarium was among the original programmes, consisting of a 30-minute loop of Fish. Music was provided by Radio Brandenburg (now rbb radioeins). In September 1992, the show recurved 10,000 viewers and a 37.5% market share, the highest value in the history of ORB. That led to similar programmes such as Space Night, first shown on Bayerischer Rundfunk in 1994, which is currently shown on ARD-alpha & Germany's Most Beautiful Railways aired on ARD between 1995 & 2013. ORB Aquarium was discontinued in 2004.

Hong Kong
The ATV Network in Hong Kong also aired a Fishcam programme, in lieu of test card after the station signs off the air. The programme's name was Telefishion. It became an unexpected hit for the station, with the programme performing as well as, if not better than, the station's normal primetime programmes. The title of the show entered into popular vocabulary as one being incredibly bored.

Norway
The Norwegian public broadcaster NRK first aired a Fishcam-style programme called pausefiskene (pause-fishes) in black-and-white in 1965, converting to colour in the 1970s.

Turkey
Turkish broadcaster Digiturk broadcasts live fish tanks on their music channels under the name "Aquavision".

Turkmenistan
The state run youth channel Yaşlyk broadcasts a digital fish tank with the same piece of classical music playing on a loop after ending their daily transmissions until 6:55am.

Netscape
Netscape has a web feed of their fish tank, and for some time had an easter egg hidden in Netscape Communicator that would bring that page up when a user pressed CTRL + ALT + F.  The Netscape Fishcam was the 2nd live camera to start broadcasting on the Web. The Netscape Fishcam went offline in the Summer of 2007   and has been moved to a new site with a new tank housed in the offices of Zetta, Inc. by its original creator, Lou Montulli. The Fishcam easter egg was present in Mozilla Firefox until 15 February 2009 and remains in SeaMonkey.

Similar events

 * Yule Log, which broadcast on WPIX on Christmas night
 * Orchestra (unofficial name), which broadcast on TV11 Thailand during downtime

title: Fishcam


text:
Fallen Art

Fallen Art (Polish Sztuka spadania, lit. The Art of Falling) is a six-minute, animated short film written and directed by Tomasz Bagiński. It features Romanian band Fanfare Ciocărlia's song "Asfalt Tango." The film was produced and created by Platige Image, a VFX company. Fallen Art received the Jury Honors at the SIGGRAPH 2005 Computer Animation Festival, and in 2006, it received the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award.

Plot
Fallen Art presents the story of General AI, a self-proclaimed artist. His art, however, consists of a deranged method of stop motion photography, where the individual frames of the movie are created by photographs made by Dr. Johann Friedrich, depicting the bodies of dead soldiers, pushed down by Sergeant Al from a giant springboard onto a slab of concrete.

title: Fallen Art


text:
C31 Melbourne

C31 Melbourne is a free-to-air community television channel in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its name is derived from UHF 31, the frequency and channel number reserved for analogue broadcasts by metropolitan community television stations in Australia.

History
The station began broadcasting officially on 6 October 1994. The Australian Broadcasting Authority had granted Melbourne Community Television Consortium (MCTC) with a temporary open-narrowcast licence on 5 March 1993. The framework of community television in Australia can be traced back to 1992, when the Government asked the ABA to conduct a trial of community television using the vacant sixth television channel 31. On 30 July 2004, the Australian Broadcasting Authority granted the station a full-time community broadcasting licence.

C31 began broadcasting in digital during June 2010.

C31 is primarily funded through sponsorship, grants, sale of airtime and member donations. The station does not receive any regular Government funding. The annual revenue of C31 is approximately (AUD) $1.3 million per year. For comparison, the Nine Network, an Australian commercial station, has $907 million annual revenue. The station claims that "1.4 million Melburnians tune in each month" this figure is supplied by the ratings company OzTam. Individual programs can have ratings of up to 180,000 viewers.

The C31 website was completely remodelled in 2009, offering streaming of every program they broadcast (if the producer consents). C31 Melbourne was the only community television broadcast in Australia which offered this. A new website, ctvplus.org.au, was released in 2016 and offers livestreaming of both C31 Melbourne, C44 Adelaide, and catch up viewing of over 80 programs.

C31 announced to its digital service provider and officially began simulcasting from 2010 on logical channel number 44. C31 officially started broadcasting in Digital on 28 May 2010 with the official launch date on 11 June.

On 27 June 2010, the community TV programming was rebranded "C31" with new logo, identities, schedule and watermark.

On 1 March 2012, C31 ceased broadcasting its analogue signal, and became available only as logical digital channel 44.

In September 2014, Australian federal communications minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that licensing for community television stations would end in December 2015. In September 2015, Turnbull, then Prime Minister, announced an extension of the deadline to 31 December 2016.

C31, like other community television stations, started moving operations online, and began streaming its channel live from ctvplus.org.au, allowing access to viewers outside of its traditional broadcast area. In April 2016, C31 became the first community station to offer a mobile app that offers live streaming and video on demand catch-up television. A new, improved mobile app, CTV+. was released on 26 August 2022. An app for smart TVs is currently under development.

The deadline was further extended twice at the last minute by Minister for Communications Mitch Fifield, first to 30 June 2017, and later to 31 December 2017. Fifield made an additional extension to 30 June 2018 as part of the government's deal with the Nick Xenophon Team to garner support for large-scale media reforms in the Senate, while a further extension, announced on 1 June 2018, gave broadcasters an additional two years through 30 June 2020. In June 2020, they were given another 12-month extension. In June 2021, thanks to amendments tabled by South Australian Senator Rex Patrick, the station was given a three-year extension.

Transmission quality
Its signal is transmitted from Mount Dandenong and Como Centre, South Yarra, reaching much of the Greater Melbourne, Geelong and West Gippsland areas on free-to-air television.

C31 is available on digital via UHF 32 in Melbourne & Geelong and UHF 66 in South Yarra.

Prior to 1 March 2012, C31's signal was available in analog UHF at a lower power than Melbourne's other television stations (it was, for example, one quarter of SBS's output power). Nevertheless, viewers with good line-of-sight to the main transmitter on Mount Dandenong could receive a usable signal from as far away as Geelong, Castlemaine and Moe.

Programming
C31 broadcasts a vast array of locally produced content including news, sport, youth, arts, and entertainment programs. The station also features a substantial amount of local multicultural programming, celebrating Melbourne's ethnic diversity.

FishCam
Fishcam is arguably C31's best-known program. It was a pre-recorded broadcast of a fish tank located in the station's studios, set to music by independent artists. It used to be live, but the station got complaints from the Australian Communications & Media Authority when there was a dead fish floating on the top of the tank for several days. It was originally shown in place of a test pattern when the station had no programming available for broadcast. After it was discovered that Fishcam was reasonably popular, Fishcam became a scheduled show and was even listed in the TV guide. C31 has boasted that Fishcam is "very popular" and is so widely recognised in the Melbourne community that "many people know C31 as 'the fish station'."

The station has previously made VHS tapes of Fishcam available for purchase. After having its timeslot continually cut back over the years to make room for more traditional programming, Fishcam finally ceased broadcasting on 4 March 2007. On 13 October 2014 FishCam returned at the new time of 9pm hosted by Luis from Lessons with Luis. The return of FishCam coincides with the station's twentieth anniversary.

Other programs

 * The NEMBC Multicultural AFL Football Panel Show. A weekly Multicultural and diversity look at AFL Footy, hosted by Vanessa Gatica with Harbir Singh Kang and Gabriel d'Angelo, Exec Producer/ Director: Fiv Antoniou. Supported by the Australian Football League (AFL) and the Community Broadcast Foundation.
 * The NEMBC All About A-League Show -weekly Australian soccer program hosted by Gabriel D'Angelo with Bernd Merkel and Alex Anifantis. Directed by: Santina Cotela, Exec. Producer: Fiv Antoniou supported by the Community Broadcast Foundation (CBF)
 * Melbourne Musos – The Drum Show is a popular educational Drum Clinic show hosted by Chris Quinlan (f.dip.a) which specialises in all musical styles as applied to Drums and Percussion. With over 625 shows produced since 1995, Melbourne Musos – The Drum Show has been one of the longest continuously running shows on Australian Television with host Chris Quinlan receiving a nomination for Australian of the Year in 2013.
 * More Amore was a popular dating-game show, hosted by Jason Allen and Julia Zass and produced through RMITV
 * YouFishTV is a popular program hosted by Brendan Wing which highlights the fishing experiences of everyday Australians. The show features a soundtrack produced by the Australian outfit, BabyAtom.
 * Catch n Cook, with over 300 shows over 6 years, each week for 6 years rain hail or shine, Ron Smith, Antonio Curulli, Neil Morrison and Gina Corso, would take you on their fishing journeys presenting fishing adventures from different parts of Australia, and enjoying cooking their catch for audiences, in all culinary styles.
 * Dollars With Sense is a half-hour TV show which seeks to raise the financial literacy of the general community, with good, unbiased advice from the cream of the financial industry.
 * Morningshines is a sketch comedy program presented as a morning show for nights, hosted by Mike and Steve.
 * Fusion Latina is a magazine-style show that explores the passion of the Spanish and Latin American culture in Australia.
 * The Bazura Project is a movie show featuring film news, feature stories, interviews, and reviews. It is hosted by Shannon Marinko and Lee Zachariah.
 * The Gig Bag is a program about music and musical gear hosted by Sabrina Scheller and Chris Frangou.
 * A Green House Around the Corner is a show about Learn Local Centres adding sustainable practices to their facilities produced by Eastern Regional Access Television which was one of the founding groups of Channel 31 Melbourne in 1994.
 * AnimeLab On-air is a block of anime produced by Madman Entertainment which shows anime titles from its producer.
 * Anime Snacktime Hour is a block of anime produced by Madman Entertainment which shows anime titles from its producer.
 * Get Cereal TV is an hour-long breakfast show produced by SYN, airing weekday mornings from 7:30.
 * Barnaby Flowers is the collective of Melbourne writers, directors and producers behind the popular C31 shows, Barnaby Flowers Comeback Special & Barnaby Flowers Bumper Bonanza a live hour-long sketch show and "Barnaby Flowers A Time to Talk", a satirical mock interview show.
 * Chartbusting 80s one of C31's most popular and resource-intensive studio shows.
 * Boob Tube hosted by Jo Stanley and Jodie J Hill
 * Darren & Brose C31's very first live, nightly program.
 * Damon Dark is an indie science fiction program about a UFO hunter, created by Adrian Sherlock and presented by Eastern Regional Access Television (ERA TV) in 1999. It continues to this day as a web series on YouTube where the original 1999 content is also archived.
 * Eastern Newsbeat is a program that interviews local community groups in the outer east of Melbourne about community events with Producers Peter McArthur and Bill Page and Reporter Tricia Ziemer. It started with C31 in 1994 and has put to air over 1,127 programs in 23 years. Peter McArthur was one of the co-founders of C31 Melbourne as part of one of the original community groups "Eastern Regional Access Television Inc"
 * Gasolene is a program that showcases anything to do with petrochemical engines, auto repairs or metalworking.
 * Good Evening Melbourne/Extra Edition is a local weekly community based news / current affairs program. It features stories dedicated to the Greek community of Melbourne. Its current hosts are Sotiris Sotiropoulos (Sunday) and Platon Denezakis (Monday). The program is produced by GCTV since 1998.
 * Gridiron Victoria TV is a program that covers all the action of the Victorian American Football League, previously hosted by Eric Williams, Alison Deane & Daniel Ratanapintha.
 * The Inquiry is a news program with a youth-oriented comedic spin.
 * ''Kidz in the Kitchen is a television show produced by Eastern Regional Access Television that has currently finished its 8th season. Featuring chef Gabriel Gate, the kids learn to cook quick meals from fresh ingredients. Produced, directed and hosted by Tricia Ziemer.
 * Planet Nerd is a variety show for, and about, nerds and geeks. It is hosted by Dan Walmsley.
 * In Pit Lane is C31's weekly motor sports program that has run for 18 years.
 * Level 3, a video game review show with over 200 episodes
 * Live on Bowen, a live variety and talk show broadcast from the RMITV studios in Bowen Lane, hosted by Melbourne TV personality Aaron Mccarthy.
 * The Loft Live which was hosted by Rove McManus and later Kim Hope
 * Magic Dudes: As Seen on TV The made-for-television series show cases the sleight-of-hand magic of the performing duo, the Magic Dudes. The series was filmed in front of a live audience and was based on a pilot that first was shown on C31 Adelaide in 2004.
 * No Limits is a talk show about living with disability. It is a high-profile and popular show.  Its 'politically correct' content gives support to C31's raison d'etre.
 * Pinoy TV is a television program which is dedicated to Filipino-Australians living in Melbourne, Sydney and Darwin. It features cooking, news and cultural events. Pinoy TV is hosted by "Ate G" (Giselle Gonzales) and "DJ Gwapz".
 * Racing Fashion TV is a series hosted by Anna Mott which focuses on fashions on the field at various horse racing events and functions around Australia.
 * Scoop tv is a weekly Melbourne comedy/talk show covering topical and entertainment news. Website
 * Sightsee TV A travel show visiting small towns, primarily in Victoria.
 * Sketchmen a Sydney-based sketch comedy show.
 * Thai Ties a show covering events from the Thai-Melburnian community, teaching Thai cooking, Thai language and also the journey into host Daniel Ratanapintha's Thai heritage, when he visits Thailand.
 * The Shambles Sketch comedy show starring Sos, Valvo & Lynchy.
 * TheatreGames LIVE is a program where a number of actors compete against each other playing improvisation and theatre games.
 * Blurb  is a book review television program featuring Misha Adair and Natasha Ludowyk.
 * The Ugly Stick a sketch comedy program featuring the ugly stick comedy troupe.
 * 1700 a live daily music show produced by SYN, with sms interaction, video clips, music news and many segments
 * In Search of... a weekly documentary series
 * Paranormal Investigators Television series which looks into the paranormal as a group of people go out to often secluded locations in search of the paranormal
 * GolfZone TV Golf themed TV show, featuring golf instruction, golf rules, golf product reviews, course reviews and rule interpretation.
 * 4WD TV A weekly program focusing on Australian four-wheel-drive culture.
 * Russian Kaleidoscope is a weekly program for the Russian Community in Melbourne. The show includes local news, interviews and Russian documentaries. It is hosted by Dmitry Likane.
 * The Marngrook Footy Show is an indigenous AFL footy program on National Indigenous Television.
 * The GDFL Footy Show is local Aussie rules football show from the Geelong region featuring Dick Philpott, Richard 'Grubby' Cations, Alex Tigani and former Geelong mayor John Mitchell. The show enters its 16th season in 2016.
 * The Local Footy Show is local Aussie rules football show across Victoria.
 * The Struggle is a satirical news show produced by students at Monash University and MOJO News
 * The Wrap is a weekly live-to-air news entertainment program produced by SYN.
 * Local Knowledge is a weekly documentary series. It is hosted by Colette Werden
 * With Tim Ferguson – live satirical comedy show hosted by Tim Ferguson
 * Hound TV is a weekly program all about dogs
 * Underground Sounds is a weekly program all about metal music
 * Under Melbourne Tonight hosted by Stephen Hall
 * The Gorilla Position is a weekly program all about pro wrestling
 * The Rushed Behind is a weekly AFL commentary, analysis and variety panel show hosted by Nick D'Urbano, Brooke Varney, Chris Nice and Athos Siranos.
 * Top Drop TV A beer and wine travel guide. Produced by Nicholas Isaacs and presented by Chris Yeend, Jarrod Geer and Nicholas Isaacs
 * GCN Focus – A local news program which features positive local stories from the Geelong region. The program is hosted by Jack Nyhof and other various co-presenters.
 * The Shtick – Australia's Only Jewish TV Show with Henry Greener, since 2004, producing over 700 episodes over 67 seasons. Online YouTube Channel TheShtick TV and Video Archive from www.theshtick.tv

Personalities
Many comedians, performing artists and producers worked at C31 before moving to mainstream television, these people include Rove McManus, Amy Parks, Greg Tingle, Hamish and Andy's Hamish Blake and Andy Lee, Adam Richard, Peter Helliar, Merrick and Rosso's Merrick Watts and Tim Ross, Jo Stanley, Darren Chau, Corinne Grant, Jamie McDonald, Tom Ballard, Tommy Little, Dave Thornton, Jess Harris, Alex Tigani, Josh Schmidt and Kim Hope.

title: C31 Melbourne


text: User talk:Billiam

title: User talk:Billiam


text:
Merkle tree

In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data block, and every node that is not a leaf (called a branch, inner node, or inode) is labelled with the cryptographic hash of the labels of its child nodes. A hash tree allows efficient and secure verification of the contents of a large data structure. A hash tree is a generalization of a hash list and a hash chain.

Demonstrating that a leaf node is a part of a given binary hash tree requires computing a number of hashes proportional to the logarithm of the number of leaf nodes in the tree. Conversely, in a hash list, the number is proportional to the number of leaf nodes itself. A Merkle tree is therefore an efficient example of a cryptographic commitment scheme, in which the root of the tree is seen as a commitment and leaf nodes may be revealed and proven to be part of the original commitment.

The concept of a hash tree is named after Ralph Merkle, who patented it in 1979.

Uses
Hash trees can be used to verify any kind of data stored, handled and transferred in and between computers. They can help ensure that data blocks received from other peers in a peer-to-peer network are received undamaged and unaltered, and even to check that the other peers do not lie and send fake blocks.

Hash trees are used in: Suggestions have been made to use hash trees in trusted computing systems.
 * hash-based cryptography.
 * InterPlanetary File System (IPFS),
 * Btrfs and ZFS file systems (to counter data degradation );
 * Dat protocol;
 * Apache Wave protocol;
 * Git and Mercurial distributed revision control systems (although, strictly speaking, they use acyclic directed graphs, not trees);
 * the Tahoe-LAFS backup system;
 * Zeronet;
 * the Bitcoin and Ethereum peer-to-peer networks;
 * the Certificate Transparency framework;
 * the Nix package manager and descendants like GNU Guix;
 * number of NoSQL systems such as Apache Cassandra, Riak, and Dynamo.

The initial Bitcoin implementation of Merkle trees by Satoshi Nakamoto applies the compression step of the hash function to an excessive degree, which is mitigated by using Fast Merkle Trees.

Overview
A hash tree is a tree of hashes in which the leaves (i.e., leaf nodes, sometimes also called "leafs") are hashes of data blocks in, for instance, a file or set of files. Nodes farther up in the tree are the hashes of their respective children. For example, in the above picture hash 0 is the result of hashing the concatenation of hash 0-0 and hash 0-1. That is, hash 0 = hash( hash 0-0 + hash 0-1 ) where "+" denotes concatenation.

Most hash tree implementations are binary (two child nodes under each node) but they can just as well use many more child nodes under each node.

Usually, a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-2 is used for the hashing. If the hash tree only needs to protect against unintentional damage, unsecured checksums such as CRCs can be used.

In the top of a hash tree there is a top hash (or root hash or master hash). Before downloading a file on a P2P network, in most cases the top hash is acquired from a trusted source, for instance a friend or a web site that is known to have good recommendations of files to download. When the top hash is available, the hash tree can be received from any non-trusted source, like any peer in the P2P network. Then, the received hash tree is checked against the trusted top hash, and if the hash tree is damaged or fake, another hash tree from another source will be tried until the program finds one that matches the top hash.

The main difference from a hash list is that one branch of the hash tree can be downloaded at a time and the integrity of each branch can be checked immediately, even though the whole tree is not available yet. For example, in the picture, the integrity of data block L2 can be verified immediately if the tree already contains hash 0-0 and hash 1 by hashing the data block and iteratively combining the result with hash 0-0 and then hash 1 and finally comparing the result with the top hash. Similarly, the integrity of data block L3 can be verified if the tree already has hash 1-1 and hash 0. This can be an advantage since it is efficient to split files up in very small data blocks so that only small blocks have to be re-downloaded if they get damaged. If the hashed file is big, such a hash list or hash chain becomes fairly big. But if it is a tree, one small branch can be downloaded quickly, the integrity of the branch can be checked, and then the downloading of data blocks can start.

Second preimage attack
The Merkle hash root does not indicate the tree depth, enabling a second-preimage attack in which an attacker creates a document other than the original that has the same Merkle hash root. For the example above, an attacker can create a new document containing two data blocks, where the first is hash 0-0 + hash 0-1, and the second is hash 1-0 + hash 1-1.

One simple fix is defined in Certificate Transparency: when computing leaf node hashes, a 0x00 byte is prepended to the hash data, while 0x01 is prepended when computing internal node hashes. Limiting the hash tree size is a prerequisite of some formal security proofs, and helps in making some proofs tighter. Some implementations limit the tree depth using hash tree depth prefixes before hashes, so any extracted hash chain is defined to be valid only if the prefix decreases at each step and is still positive when the leaf is reached.

Tiger tree hash
The Tiger tree hash is a widely used form of hash tree. It uses a binary hash tree (two child nodes under each node), usually has a data block size of 1024 bytes and uses the Tiger hash.

Tiger tree hashes are used in Gnutella, Gnutella2, and Direct Connect P2P file sharing protocols and in file sharing applications such as Phex, BearShare, LimeWire, Shareaza, DC++ and gtk-gnutella.

title: Merkle tree


title: File:Agentx9cover.jpg