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Thomas Gates (governor)

Sir Thomas Gates (died 1622) was the governor of Jamestown in the English Colony of Virginia (now the Commonwealth of Virginia, part of the United States of America). His predecessor, George Percy, through inept leadership, was responsible for the lives lost during the period called the Starving Time. The English-born Gates arrived to find a few surviving starving colonists commanded by Percy, and assumed command. Gates ruled with deputy governor Sir Thomas Dale. Their controlled, strict methods helped the early colonies survive. Sir Thomas was knighted in 1596 by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex for gallantry at the Capture of Cadiz. His knighthood was later royally confirmed by Queen Elizabeth I.

Third Supply and Bermuda
Gates was appointed by the Virginia Company of London, which had established the Jamestown settlement under a Royal Charter for the colonisation of Virginia. He had sailed for Jamestown in 1609, aboard the Sea Venture, the new flagship of the Virginia Company. The Sea Venture was part of the Third Supply, a fleet of seven ships, towing two pinnaces, which was intended to deliver new settlers and desperately needed supplies.

At sea, the ships of the Third Supply were separated by a three-day storm now thought to have been a large hurricane. The Admiral of the Virginia Company, Sir George Somers, had taken the helm to fight the storm, and drove the ship onto rocks to prevent its foundering. The rocks proved to be the reef line to the east of the uninhabited archipelago. The other ships in the flotilla went on to Jamestown, not knowing the fate of the Sea Venture.

The 150 survivors spent the next ten months in Bermuda building two new ships on which to complete the journey to Jamestown. Two factions developed, however, due to a dispute between Gates and Somers over who was now the superior. As an appointed officer for Jamestown, Gates felt he was in authority, now that they were ashore. Somers felt that he retained authority until the settlers, including Gates, were landed at Jamestown. The two new ships, the Deliverance and the Patience were completed and sailed for Virginia in 1610. They left two men (a third would be left when the Patience returned from Jamestown) to maintain their claim of Bermuda for England. The Charter of the Virginia Company would officially be extended to include Bermuda in 1612.

Ever since, Bermuda has also been known officially as The Somers Isles. Sir Thomas Gates left his own name on a part of the colony, Gates' Bay, where the survivors of the Sea Venture landed. The oldest surviving fort in Bermuda, built between 1612 and 1615, is known as Gates' Fort. Many scholars believe Gates' accounts inspired William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Sir Thomas Gates had a cross erected before leaving Bermuda, on which was a copper tablet inscribed in Latin and English:

"In Memory of our deliverance both from the Storme and the Great leake wee have erected this cross to the honour of God. It is the Spoyle of an English Shippe of 300 tonnes called SEA VENTURE bound with seven others (from which the storme divided us) to Virginia or NOVA BRITANIA in America. In it were two Knights, Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Governor of the English Forces and Colonie there: and Sir George Somers, Knight Admiral of the Seas. Her Captain was Christopher Newport. Passengers and mariners she had beside (which all come to safety) one hundred and fiftie. Wee were forced to runne her ashore(by reason of her leake) under a point that bore South East from the Northerne Point of the Island which wee discovered first on the eighth and twentieth of July 1608."

Virginia colony
On reaching Jamestown, only 60 of the 500 settlers previously landed there were found alive through the winter of 1609–1610 which became known as the "Starving Time". The condition of the settlement was so poor that on June 7, 1610, Gates decided to abandon the floundering settlement and return to England. However, the timely arrival of another relief fleet under Lord De La Warr gave the colony a reprieve. Gates' actions as governor were recorded by his secretary William Strachey, and were later published as the book A True Reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir THOMAS GATES, Knight.

After Samuel Argall kidnapped Pocahontas in April 1613, Gates was fearful of reprisal from Chief Powhatan, and turned the Algonquian princess over to Dale in Henricus. She met John Rolfe during her captivity three months later. Reverend Alexander Whitaker converted Pocahontas to Christianity. She adopted the name "Rebecca".

Gates would go on to establish at least three new forts along the James River, as well as blockhouses, a wharf, and a governors house. Gates would also lead an armed force against the Powhatans, defeating them, and was governor when Sir Thomas Dale established the first permanent English colony outside of Jamestown, called Henricus. Gates' actions caused him to be considered a national hero upon his return to England, something the Virginia Company badly needed due to their previous dip in investors. Gates was outspoken in support of future expeditions to the New World, and warned his superiors that the colonies would fail without proper supplies. In November 1619, the Virginia Company's new treasurer, Sir Edwin Sandys, praised Gates' "Wisdom, industry, and valour, accompanied with exceeding paines and patience, in the midst of many difficulties."

Death
Gates died in the Netherlands in 1622. Sir Dudley Carleton was quoted, saying that Gates was "an ancient honest gentleman of this nation." Gates had five children at his death, Thomas, Anthony, Margaret, Mary, and Elizabeth.

Timeline
Thomas travels with an English naval fleet under the command of Sir Francis Drake destroys the town of Santiago, in the Cape Verde Islands off the west coast of Africa.
 * November 16–17, 1585

Thomas travels with an English naval fleet under the command of Sir Francis Drake sacks the port of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola.
 * January 1–3, 1586

Thomas travels with an English naval fleet under the command of Sir Francis Drake attacks Cartagena, on the Spanish Main, and his men go on to burn the Spanish settlement at Saint Augustine (in present-day Florida).
 * February 9, 1586

Thomas Gates edits and publishes A summarie and true discourse of Sir Francis Drakes West Indian voyage, an account of Drake's so-called American Armada, of which Gates is a veteran.
 * 1589

Thomas Gates accompanies Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, to Normandy, where the earl, commissioned a general for the occasion, lends his army in support of Henry IV, the Huguenot claimant to the French throne.
 * 1591

An English fleet under the command of Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex; Charles Howard, baron of Effingham and England's Lord High Admiral; and Sir Walter Raleigh sacks the Spanish port city of Cádiz.
 * June 1596

On behalf of Queen Elizabeth, Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, knights Thomas Gates for gallantry after the English sack of the Spanish port city of Cádiz.
 * June 1596

Sir Thomas Gates takes part in the Islands Voyage, in which an English fleet led by Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh attacks the Portuguese-held Azores. The raid is unsuccessful.
 * 1597

Sir Thomas Gates is admitted to Gray's Inn, one of London's Inns of Court.
 * March 14, 1598

Sir Thomas Gates enters public service at Plymouth, England.
 * 1599

King James I grants the Virginia Company a royal charter dividing the North American coast between two companies, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth, overseen by the "Counsell of Virginia," whose thirteen members are appointed by the king.
 * April 10, 1606

Sir Thomas Gates first meets Sir Thomas Dale in Oudewater, South Holland, where the two serve as infantry officers in the army of the States General of the Netherlands.
 * November 1606

The States General of the Netherlands grants Sir Thomas Gates's request for a year's leave of absence. Gates, who commands a company of foot soldiers in the Dutch army, is preparing for a trip to Virginia.
 * April 24, 1608

The Crown approves a second royal charter for the Virginia Company of London. It replaces the royal council with private corporate control, extends the colony's boundaries to the Pacific Ocean, and installs a governor, Sir Thomas West, twelfth baron De La Warr, to run operations in Virginia.
 * May 23, 1609

The Virginia Company of London issues the colony's new governor, Sir Thomas Gates, confidential "Instruccions orders and Constitucions by way of advise sett downe declared and propounded to Sir Thomas Gates knight Governour of Virginia … for the Direccion of the affaires of that Countrey."
 * May—June 1609

The largest fleet England has ever amassed in the West—nine ships, 600 passengers, and livestock and provisions to last a year—leaves England for Virginia. Led by the flagship Sea Venture, the fleet's mission is to save the failing colony. Sir Thomas Gates heads the expedition.
 * June 2, 1609

A tropical storm strikes the nine-ship English fleet bound for Virginia on a rescue mission. The flagship Sea Venture is separated from the other vessels and irreparably damaged by the storm.
 * July 24, 1609

Eight of nine English ships bound for Virginia arrive safely at Jamestown under the assumption that the flagship Sea Venture, carrying Captain Christopher Newport and Sir Thomas Gates, had been lost at sea. The news sends the colony into a political tailspin.
 * Late August 1609

Powhatan Indians lay siege to Jamestown, denying colonists access to outside food sources. The Starving Time begins, and by spring 160 colonists, or about 75 percent of Jamestown's population, will be dead from hunger and disease. This action begins the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609—1614).
 * November 1609

While the English colonists starve in Virginia, the shipwrecked crew and passengers of the Sea Venture make camp in Bermuda. They build two new boats, the Patience and Deliverance, from Bermuda cedar and the scavenged remains of the Sea Venture.
 * Winter 1609—1610

Assuming that Sir Thomas Gates is dead, the Virginia Company of London commissions Thomas West, twelfth baron De La Warr, governor and captain-general for life. He departs for America a few weeks later.
 * February 28, 1610

Sir Thomas Gates, with the Sea Venture castaways on the Bermuda islands, executes the gentleman Henry Paine, who had planned to escape the island with stolen stores.
 * March 1610

Having been stranded in the Bermuda islands for nearly a year, the party of Virginia colonists headed by Sir Thomas Gates arrives at Point Comfort in the Chesapeake Bay.
 * May 21, 1610

In Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates issues the first orders to govern the surviving inhabitants of Virginia. The orders will be added to and published in 1612 as For the Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, &c.
 * May 24, 1610

The party of Virginia colonists headed by Sir Thomas Gates, now aboard the Patience and Deliverance, arrives at Jamestown. They find only sixty survivors of a winter famine. Gates decides to abandon the colony for Newfoundland.
 * May 24, 1610

Sailing up the James River toward the Chesapeake Bay and then Newfoundland, Jamestown colonists encounter a ship bearing the new governor, Thomas West, baron De La Warr, and a year's worth of supplies. The colonists return to Jamestown that evening.
 * June 8, 1610

The Virginia colony's new governor, Sir Thomas West, twelfth baron De La Warr, arrives at Jamestown and hears a sermon delivered by Reverend Richard Buck.
 * June 10, 1610

Samuel Argall and Governor Thomas West, baron De La Warr, arrive in Virginia just in time to prevent Sir Thomas Gates and the sixty-five colonists who survived the "Starving Time" of 1609—1610 from abandoning the colony for Newfoundland.
 * June 10, 1610

In Jamestown, Governor Thomas West, baron De La Warr, confirms Gates's orders and issues additional orders of his own. The orders will be published in 1612 as For the Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, &c.
 * June 12, 1610

After the colonist Humphrey Blunt is taken by Indians and tortured to death near Point Comfort, Sir Thomas Gates attacks a nearby Kecoughtan town, killing twelve to fourteen and confiscating the cornfields.
 * July 9, 1610

William Strachey completes a revised version of a letter about the Sea Venture shipwreck and the condition of the Virginia colony. Addressed to an anonymous woman, it will be published posthumously by Samuel Purchas as A true repertory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight (1625).
 * July 15, 1610

Sir Thomas Gates leaves Jamestown for England, where he will use his story of the Sea Venture to advocate for the colony and spur further investment. Aboard ship with him are two Virginia Indians recently taken prisoner: the weroance, or chief, Sasenticum and his son Kainta.
 * July 20, 1610

In A True Declaration of the estate of the Colonie in Virginia, the Virginia Company of London, hurt by lack of investment, rebuts its critics and argues for continued colonization efforts. The report suggests that Virginia's survival has come through "the direct line of Gods providence."
 * November 1610

Sir Thomas Dale arrives at Jamestown. The colony's marshal, he assumes the title of acting governor in the absence of Lieutenant Governor Sir Thomas Gates and Governor Sir Thomas West, twelfth baron De La Warr.
 * May 19, 1611

Sir Thomas Dale leads a hundred armored soldiers against the Nansemond Indians at the mouth of the James River, burning their towns.
 * June 1611

Sir Thomas Dale issues military regulations under which his soldiers are to act while in Virginia, supplementing civil orders released in 1610. The combined orders are printed in London the next year with the title For the Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, &c.
 * June 22, 1611

Sir Thomas Gates returns to Virginia at the head of an expedition that includes three ships, 280 men, 20 women, 200 heads of cattle, 200 swine, and various other supplies and equipment.
 * August 1611

Sir Thomas Dale marches against Indians farther up the James River from Jamestown and establishes a settlement on a bluff that he calls the City of Henrico, or Henricus, in honor of his patron Prince Henry.
 * September 1611

Captain Christopher Newport leads a return trip to England that includes the daughters of Lieutenant Governor Sir Thomas Gates. Their mother had died on the transatlantic voyage earlier in the year.
 * December 1611

Samuel Argall uses his extensive knowledge of the Potomac River—northern Chesapeake area and its Indian population to kidnap Pocahontas while she is with the Patawomeck—an event that ultimately helps to bring the devastating First Anglo-Powhatan War to a conclusion in 1614.
 * April 1613

Lieutenant Governor Sir Thomas Gates returns to England, leaving Sir Thomas Dale in command of the colony.
 * March 1614

Sir Thomas Gates wins compensation from the States General of the Netherlands for the period he was in Virginia and absent from army duty.
 * 1618

In a speech before the Virginia Company of London's Quarter Court, the company's new treasurer, Sir Edwin Sandys, praises Sir Thomas Gates's "Wisdom, Industry, and Valour."
 * November 1619

Sir Thomas Gates joins other Virginia Company of London "hard-liners," or those who favor a military-style government, in protesting the appointment of Sir George Yeardley as Virginia's governor. They consider Yeardley's policies to be too lenient.
 * 1620

Sir Thomas Gates sells 60 shares of his Virginia Company of London stock, collectively worth 6,000 acres of land. At his death he will still own 50 shares.
 * March–June 1620

King James I appoints Sir Thomas Gates to the Council for New England, a project of the Virginia Company of Plymouth.
 * November 3, 1620

Sir Dudley Carleton writes a letter informing an English official of the death, in the Netherlands, of Sir Thomas Gates, describing him as "an ancient honest gentlemen of this nation."
 * September 7, 1622

Thomas Gates, the son of former Virginia governor Sir Thomas Gates, is given administration of his late father's estate.
 * June 13, 1623

title: Thomas Gates (governor)


text:
Talk:Linguine

Ingredients
Does linguine have different ingredients, then say perciatelli? (unsigned comment)

 * No, all dry pasta consists of wheat + water. Some kinds also have eggs and perhaps vegetables (spinach etc.) mostly for color. --Macrakis 19:08, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Linguine don't contain eggs, they are basically flat Spaghetti. 217.81.82.64 (talk) 18:10, 3 March 2019 (UTC) [Angelo]

Popular culture section
took was stated to have "his legs look like linguini."' This doesn't make any sense to me. What is a beatdown? What does it mean to take a beatdown? How can a beatdown be stated to have his legs look like something? Could someone render this into intelligible standard English? --Macrakis 19:08, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Unit of length
The linguine has been suggested as a standard of length  --jmb 00:46, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Length
 * The standard unit of length shall be the EU standard (Florentine) linguine (unboiled at sea level), defined as 1lg, representing 14cm, 0.02784 perches, 0.462 Japanese shyaku or 0.0007568 Ancient Greek stadium ptolemeys
 * For greater than 1lg, the following should be used:
 * * Double-decker bus = 65.85lg
 * * Brontosaurus = 15 double-decker buses laid bumper-to-bumper
 * * Length across known universe at shortest point = 136 trillion brontosauruses laid nose-to-tail

Wrong Spelling
I've tried to correct the spelling of this word but someone has accused me of vandalism. the LINGUINI spelling is wrong it isn't an anglicanization. Is simply a wrong spelling of a foreign word the only correct spelling of linguine is lyn-guh-iì-neh. Is just like a someone read in MERCEDES (the car brand) CED like "said" instead of "zed" as it should be read. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.25.195.188 (talk) 17:40, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You are correct. I will change the article to reflect this. --Tsk070 (talk) 15:02, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

I disagree. The spelling 'linguini' is extremely common in English, as attested in a variety of corpora and as acknowledged in many dictionaries (e.g. American Heritage). It is arbitrary to call this innovation a misspelling. It is too well-established.Svenonius (talk) 13:44, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Right, linguini is extremely common as well as extremely wrong. Most of the English speaking world twisted countless of Italian words, including lasagne, just to make another example. Dictionaries are wrong. Before they print them, somebody should find out what's the right spelling for anything. Look at the third row of this: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elenco_dei_tipi_di_pasta#Sezione_rettangolare_o_a_lente. The correct spelling is linguine.

 * ICE77 (talk) 01:32, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 12:06, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Why Bobby Flay?
Why is an American hack like Bobby Flay being quoted in this article? Correct me if I'm wrong, but Linguine is Italian, not American! Can't we find a better quotation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.158.54.102 (talk) 11:27, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * If you look at the "Reference" section of the article, you will see that there is an online source that points to an online article and Flay shows there. Next time you leave a comment, make sure you sign yourself like everybody does.
 * ICE77 (talk) 04:08, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Unsigned comments are allowed in Wikipedia.

Maybe merge with Bavette?
Or else, differentiate content?

Correct origins
The Italian version of this article says that linguine is originally from Genova and not Campania: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguine.The source for this article is to be found online but I assume that the Italians know better about pasta even if they don't provide a source so I still believe linguine comes from Genova (unless otherwise proven). Some U.S. chefs don't know what they are talking about. In fact, there is a great tendency in the U.S. to link lots of Italian things to either Campania and Sicilia (which make only 1/10 of of regions of Italy). Chef Flay should probably point out the source of his information: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/05/earlyshow/contributors/bobbyflay/main2065103.shtml

ICE77 (talk) 01:49, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * For heavens sake...its a noodle!Logjam42 (talk) 18:52, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Where is it from??? I've found sources saying Campania or Liguria. I changed it so it just says Italy as no sources agree. Flalf (talk) 16:40, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Online Communities
— Assignment last updated by Ksuong2001 (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Linguine


text:
Andrea Caracciolo

Andrea Caracciolo (born 18 September 1981) is an Italian football director and former player, currently chairman of Lumezzane.

A striker, Caracciolo was also a full Italy international, having made two senior appearances between 2004 and 2006.

Biography
Born in Milan to a Southern family and raised in Cesano Boscone, Caracciolo has a diploma in electrical engineering.

Caracciolo's family practiced football: his father, originally from Reggio Calabria, was a midfielder in various Lombard teams; his brother Vincenzo played in Varese, whereas his uncle Fortunato was awarded as the best player in an edition of the Viareggio Tournament.

He is nicknamed Airone (Italian for "heron") for his characteristic way of cheering.

He is married to Gloriana Falletta and has two twin children, Beatrice and Riccardo, born on 5 October 2011.

Early years
Caracciolo first football appearances were for Sancolombano of Italian Serie D (amateur league); later playing for Como and Pro Vercelli, both in professional leagues, before being signed by Brescia in June 2001, in co-ownership deal for lire 470 million (€242,735).

Brescia
Caracciolo made his Serie A debut on 6 January 2002, against Bologna. In June 2002, Brescia bought him outright.

During the 2002–03 Serie A season, he played for Perugia, before returning to Brescia, scoring 12 goals at the end of the 2003–04 season.

Palermo
After the relegation of Brescia, he was signed by Palermo on 1 July 2005, for €9 million., with €3 million being converted to the signing of Davide Possanzini. He soon became Luca Toni's replacement, who left for Fiorentina. In the 2005–06 season, Caracciolo played 35 games, scoring 9 goals. In the next season, Caracciolo has limited chance since the arrival of Amauri and David Di Michele. He scored only 5 goals in 27 matches, and made 17 starts.

Sampdoria
In June 2007, was sold to Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid, for €4.25 million. as their centre forward Emiliano Bonazzoli is recovering from injury, Francesco Flachi, Fabio Bazzani and Fabio Quagliarella all left the club. That month also saw Caracciolo replaced Quagliarella, Quagliarella replaced Vincenzo Iaquinta and Fabrizio Miccoli replaced Caracciolo. Moreover, Sampdoria and Palermo formed numbers of swap deal in 2006 summer transfer windows, made there was a net debt of about €2.2 million from Palermo to Sampdoria on 30 June 2007 (without counting Caracciolo; or exactly €3.5 million ca in July 2006 );, made the signing of Caracciolo again involved little cash.

He faced competition from Claudio Bellucci, Antonio Cassano and fit again Bonazzoli, which he made only 6 starts.

Return to Brescia
On 31 January 2008, Caracciolo agreed to return to Brescia in a permanent transfer, for €7.05 million, with Sampdoria received half of the transfer fee (€3.55 million) Yet, instead of receiving cash, Sampdoria signed Morris Donati and Mattia Mustacchio in co-ownership deal for €300,000 and €700,000 respectively and rested of the credit was used for signing Marius Stankevičius (€3M) in early July.

Genoa & Novara
In 2011–12 Serie A, Caracciolo had half his rights bought by Genoa for €1.5 million in another co-ownership deal, which the club was searching for a reliable centre forward for years; Genoa also failed to sign Antonio Floro Flores early in June and sell Sergio Floccari after the expire of loan. Caracciolo also re-joined former Como owner Enrico Preziosi, who signed former players of Genoa or Como in recent seasons, likes Abdoulay Konko (January 2011), Cesare Bovo (2011). However Caracciolo failed to meet the demand of the management team.

Novara
In January 2012, Genoa signed Italian internationals Alberto Gilardino and Rodrigo Palacio was recovered. It made Caracciolo no room in starting eleven. Caracciolo was loaned to Serie A struggler Novara (18th at that time), replacing the left of Riccardo Meggiorini. He scored his first goal on 12 February, marking the winner in a 1–0 shock exploit at Stadio San Siro against Inter.

In June 2012, Genoa sold back the 50% registration rights back to Brescia for €200,000.

Second return to Brescia
Caracciolo became a member of Brescia in 2012–13 Serie B. On 22 November 2014, he scored a hat-trick of penalties in a 3–3 home draw against Carpi, match valid for 15th week of 2014–15 Serie B.

Later years
In 2018, after his contract with Brescia ended, he signed for Serie C club FeralpiSalò.

On 28 July 2020, he signed a 2-year contract with Lumezzane.

International career
Caracciolo played for the Italy U-21 team, with whom he won a European U-21 Championship in 2004. He also earned a call-up to the 2002 squad.

Under manager Marcello Lippi, Caracciolo made his senior international debut for the Italy national team in a friendly match against Finland on 17 November 2004, held in Messina, coming on as a second-half substitute for Luca Toni; Italy won the match 1–0.

On 16 August 2006, he was recalled to the Azzurri squad by new coach Roberto Donadoni for a friendly game against Croatia held in Livorno, replacing Cristiano Lucarelli in the 65th minute of the 2–0 defeat.

Post-playing career
On 12 April 2022, during a press conference, Lumezzane confirmed Caracciolo's retirement from active football to accept an offer as the club's new director of football with immediate effect. On 6 July 2022, following the club's promotion to Serie D, the board of directors of Lumezzane appointed Caracciolo as the club's new chairman.

title: Andrea Caracciolo


text:
User talk:Kotoito

Hi Kotoito, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian! Andre ( talk ) 20:02, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Please let me know if continues to pass fictional material as fact, as I had previously warned him on this issue. I've warned him again, and I believe that another block may be necessary if he continues this pattern. Meanwhile, since I do not have sufficient knowledge of Japanese history to be able to tell, please do look those articles over and tag them with cleanup-fiction as necessary if you have the time to do it. Thanks. --Nlu (talk) 15:10, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. I will make an effort for survey his fictional parts in articles. And, he/she revealed in his note the sources were Samurai-Archives. I took a look through Samurai-Archives. This website is partly very well but partly fictional, because of, on the one hand using the good English historical survey, on the other hand using Japanese "fanzine" for Japanese History, for example "Rekishi-Gunzo" and "Rekishi-Tokuhon". And more, I seem Darin Fidika's articles and Samurai-Archives' articles are very similar, not same in verbatim ac literatim. I don't know rules of English Wikipedia very-well, but I seem it is naerly copyvio. Please let me know those articles seem to be copyvio or not. --Kotoito 11:22, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting - Rekishi Gunzo isn't "fiction", and is generally accepted as historically accurate, although the articles are written more for the general reader rather than the historian. They are about on the level of a Stephen Turnbull book or an "Osprey" military series book - the sort of thing that is generally reliable but should be backed up with another source. --Kuuzo 22:59, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If it's not verbatim, it's in my opinion not copyright violation. You cannot copyright an idea, and if you're not actually copying, it's not copyright violation, as a result.  Still, this user's inability to distinguish fact and fiction is troubling.  Please do let me know if his pattern of conduct continues.  --Nlu (talk) 17:10, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks I unterstood. I will point out one example, where is the historical soruce that Shima Sakon "also weilded his famous two-handed falchion" ? when I have sufficient time.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kotoito


text:
Talk:Shard (comics)

Fair use rationale for Image:X-factor147.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 07:25, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shard (comics)


text:
Twice-Told Tales

Twice-Told Tales is a short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The first volume was published in the spring of 1837 and the second in 1842. The stories had all been previously published in magazines and annuals, hence the name.

Publication
Hawthorne was encouraged by friend Horatio Bridge to collect these previously anonymous stories; Bridge offered $250 to cover the risk of the publication. Many had been published in The Token, edited by Samuel Griswold Goodrich. When the works became popular, Bridge revealed Hawthorne as the author in a review he published in the Boston Post.

The title Twice-Told Tales was based on a line from William Shakespeare's King John (Act 3, scene 4): "Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale, / Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man." The quote referenced may also be Hawthorne's way of acknowledging a belief that many of his stories were ironic retellings of familiar tropes. The title also alludes to the last four lines of Book XII of the Odyssey by Homer. In Alexander Pope's translation, Odysseus finishes telling the tale of his journeys to Queen Arête, King Alkinoös and the Phaiakian court:

"My following fates to thee, O king, are known,

And the bright partner of thy royal throne.

Enough: in misery can words avail?

And what so tedious as a twice-told tale?"

The book was published by the American Stationers' Company on March 6, 1837; its cover price was $1. Hawthorne had help in promoting the book from Elizabeth Peabody. She sent copies of the collection to William Wordsworth and to Horace Mann, hoping that Mann could get Hawthorne a job writing stories for schoolchildren. After publication, Hawthorne asked a friend to check with the local bookstore to see how it was selling. After noting the initial expenses for publishing had not been met, he complained: "Surely the book was puffed enough to meet with sale. What the devil's the matter?" By June, between 600 and 700 copies were sold but sales were halted by the Panic of 1837, and the publisher went out of business within a year.

On October 11, 1841, Hawthorne signed a contract with publisher James Munroe to issue a two-volume edition of Twice-Told Tales with 21 more works than the previous edition. 1,000 copies were published in December of that year with a cover price of $2.25; Hawthorne was paid 10 percent per copy. Hawthorne complained that he still struggled financially. Editor John L. O'Sullivan suggested Hawthorne buy back unsold copies of Twice-Told Tales so that they could be reissued through a different publisher. At the time of this suggestion, 1844, there were 600 unsold copies of the book. Hawthorne lamented "I wish Heaven would make me rich enough to buy the copies for the purpose of burning them."

After the success of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, Twice-Told Tales was reissued with the help of publisher James T. Fields. In a new preface, Hawthorne wrote that the stories "may be understood and felt by anybody, who will give himself the trouble to read it, and will take up the book in a proper mood."

Critical response
About a week after the publication of the book, Hawthorne sent a copy to the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, his classmate from Bowdoin College. Longfellow had given a speech at their commencement calling for notable contributions to American literature. By this time, Longfellow was working at Harvard University and becoming popular as a poet. Hawthorne wrote to him "We were not, it is true, so well acquainted at college, that I can plead an absolute right to inflict my 'twice-told' tediousness upon you; but I have often regretted that we were not better known." In his 14-page critique in the April issue of the North American Review, Longfellow praised the book as a work of genius. "To this little book", Longfellow wrote, "we would say, 'Live ever, sweet, sweet book.' It comes from the hand of a man of genius." For his review of the second edition, Longfellow noted that Hawthorne's writing "is characterized by a large proportion of feminine elements, depth and tenderness of feeling, exceeding purity of mind." He referred to the collection's "The Gentle Boy" as "on the whole, the finest thing he ever wrote". The two authors would eventually build a strong friendship.

Generally, reviews were positive. Park Benjamin, Sr. stated that the author was "a rose baptized in dew". For the Boston Quarterly Review, Orestes Brownson noted Hawthorne's writings as "a pure and living stream of manly thought and feeling, which characterizes always the true man, the Christian, the republican and the patriot." After reading Twice-Told Tales, Herman Melville wrote to Evert Augustus Duyckinck that the stories weren't meaty enough. "Their deeper meanings are worthy of a Brahmin. Still there is something lacking—a good deal lacking to the plump sphericity of the man. What is that?—He does'nt [sic] patronise the butcher—he needs roast-beef, done rare."

Edgar Allan Poe wrote a well-known, two-part review of the second edition of Twice-Told Tales, published in the April and May 1842 issues of Graham's Magazine. Poe particularly praised Hawthorne's originality as "remarkable". He nonetheless criticized Hawthorne's reliance on allegory and the didactic, something he called a "heresy" to American literature. He did, however, express praise at the use of short stories (Poe was a tale-writer himself) and said they "rivet the attention" of the reader. Poe admitted, "The style of Hawthorne is purity itself. His tone is singularly effective--wild, plaintive, thoughtful, and in full accordance with his themes." He concluded that, "we look upon him as one of the few men of indisputable genius to whom our country has as yet given birth."

The Grolier Club later named Twice-Told Tales the most influential book of 1837.

Contents

 * "The Gray Champion"
 * "Sunday at Home"
 * "The Wedding-Knell"
 * "The Minister's Black Veil"
 * "The May-Pole of Merry Mount"
 * "The Gentle Boy"
 * "Mr. Higginbotham's Catastrophe"
 * "Little Annie's Ramble"
 * "Wakefield"
 * "A Rill from the Town-Pump"
 * "The Great Carbuncle"
 * "The Prophetic Pictures"
 * "David Swan"
 * "Sights from a Steeple"
 * "The Hollow of the Three Hills"
 * "The Toll-Gatherer's Day"
 * "The Vision of the Fountain"
 * "Fancy's Show Box"
 * "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment"
 * "Legends of the Province-House"
 * I. "Howe's Masquerade"
 * II. "Edward Randolph's Portrait"
 * III. "Lady Eleanore's Mantle"
 * IV. "Old Esther Dudley"
 * "The Haunted Mind"
 * "The Village Uncle"
 * "The Ambitious Guest"
 * "The Sister Years"
 * "Snow-Flakes"
 * "The Seven Vagabonds"
 * "The White Old Maid"
 * "Peter Goldthwaite's Treasure"
 * "Chippings with a Chisel"
 * "The Shaker Bridal"
 * "Night Sketches"
 * "Endicott and the Red Cross"
 * "The Lily's Quest"
 * "Foot-prints on the Sea-shore"
 * "Edward Fane's Rosebud"
 * "The Threefold Destiny"

Adaptations
In 1963, United Artists released a horror trilogy film titled Twice-Told Tales, with content very loosely adapted from three Hawthorne stories. The three stories were: "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment", which actually was one of the "Twice-Told Tales"; the Hawthorne novel The House of the Seven Gables; and another short story, "Rappaccini's Daughter". The film is regarded as a classic of sorts in the field of low-budget Hollywood horror, with Vincent Price, Sebastian Cabot, and Beverly Garland performing. The 2016 film Wakefield is a modern adaptation of the story of the same name.

title: Twice-Told Tales


text:
User talk:Wakasrrr

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image Tagging Image:010.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:010.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --feydey 20:05, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wakasrrr


text:
Antarctica Suite

Antarctica Suite (1991) is a composition for orchestra and solo guitar by Australian composer Nigel Westlake, which he adapted as a stand-alone work from his score for the IMAX documentary film Antarctica. The suite was commissioned by ABC for their 60th birthday. It is divided into four movements:
 * Movement I: Last Place on Earth
 * Movement II: Wooden Ships
 * Movement III: Penguin Ballet
 * Movement IV: Ice Core/Finale

The Antarctica Suite was originally recorded by the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra with Tim Kain on guitar. The work was voted number 29 in the 2011 Classic 100 Twentieth Century (ABC), number 36 in the Classic 100 Swoon (ABC) in 2015, and 38 in Classic 100 Music For the Screen in 2022.

title: Antarctica Suite


text: User talk:68.55.251.243

title: User talk:68.55.251.243


text:
Senate of Barbados

The Senate of Barbados is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Barbados. The Senate is accorded legitimacy by Chapter V of the Constitution of Barbados. It is the smaller of the two chambers. The Senate was established in 1964 to replace a prior body known as the Legislative Council. Besides creating and reviewing Barbadian legislation, the Senate generally reviews approved legislation originating from the House of Assembly (Lower House). One main constraint on the Senate is that it cannot author monetary or budget-related bills. Most of the non-political appointees to the Senate have been selected by the President of Barbados, from civil society organisations, labour collectives and public associations in Barbados. Prior to Barbados becoming a republic on the 30 November 2021, these fuctions were performed by the Governor-General, who was the viceroy of the Monarchy of Barbados which has since been abolished.

According to the Constitution of Barbados, 7 are chosen at the President's sole discretion, 12 on the advice of the Prime Minister and 2 on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. In the absence of an opposition leader, the president appoints 2 extra senators bringing the total amount of independents to 9. The Senate sits for 20 to 25 days a year. The term of the Senate, and the House of Assembly, is five years; both chambers are dissolved before each election.

Composition
All 21 Barbadian Senators are formally appointed by the President, but this duty, as most of the President's duties, is carried out on the advice of other people. The President appoints 12 Senators on the advice of the Prime Minister and two on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. This means that the Prime Minister effectively gets to appoint 12 Senators and the Leader of the Opposition effectively gets to appoint 2. The remaining seven Senators are nominated by the President at their discretion (that is, the President is not bound by other political leaders' advice in these appointments) to represent various religious, social, economic, or other interests in Barbados. In the absence of an opposition leader in parliament (i.e. in the case of a landslide victory where one party takes all 30 seats in the House of Assembly, as occurred in 2018 and 2022) the president will then appoint the remaining two senators in the opposition's stead allowing for 9 independents instead.

Potential Senators must meet certain criteria before they can be nominated to the upper chamber. In order to be eligible for appointment, a person must be a Barbadian citizen of at least 21 years of age who has resided in the country for the past twelve months. A person is ineligible for appointment if they are in bankruptcy, have a mental illness, hold an allegiance to a foreign state, have a capital punishment sentence, have been in prison for a time exceeding six months, or have been convicted of a crime involving electoral fraud, treason, or other dishonourable acts. Furthermore, a Senator cannot also serve as a civil servant, a member of the armed forces or police, a judge, a public prosecutor, a controller, or a current sitting member of the House of Assembly. Senators serve for five years.

Powers
Both the Senate and the House of Assembly constitutionally share most of the same powers, however, much as in other Westminster System Parliaments, the lower house is dominant. All legislation can be introduced and amended in either house with the exception of money bills; money bills always originate in the House of Assembly, and the Senate is limited in the amendments it can make to them. If the budget is approved by the House of Assembly, but it is not approved un-amended by the Senate within one month, it can be directly submitted to the President. If regular legislation is approved by the House of Assembly twice in two consecutive sessions, but is not approved of by the Senate either time, it can also be submitted directly to the President.

Officers
When a session begins, the senate elects a president and a vice president, who may not be ministers or parliamentary secretaries. The president of the senate usually votes only to break a tie. The president of the senate serves as acting president if the president of Barbados is suspended from office due to pending impeachment proceedings.

title: Senate of Barbados


text:
Hari Varešanović

Hajrudin "Hari" Varešanović (Хајрудин "Хари" Варешановић; born 16 January 1961) is a Bosnian musician. Varešanović remains the vocal soloist, primary composer and lyricist for the musical group Hari Mata Hari.

Biography
Hajrudin Varešanović was born in 1961 in Sarajevo as the second child of Reufik, a mechanic, and Zlata, a cashier. He grew up in the Vratnik neighborhood of Sarajevo's old town. His grandfather, Mehaga Varešanović, was one of the more well-known singers of traditional Bosnian music called sevdalinka.

At the age of six, Hajrudin began to sing and learned to play the guitar. He performed at the local cultural center; at the age of ten he sang with the group "Omi", and later for the group "Sedam šuma". In Vratnik, Hari recorded his first song "Zašto da ne uzmem nju".

In 1979, Hari joined the group Zov with whom he recorded the hit song "Poletjela golubica sa Baščaršije." Next, Varešanović sang with the group "Ambasadori", with whom, it is said, that he matured into a professional artist. After his serving mandatory military service in the town of Niš, he appeared on the music scene by himself releasing the (1984) album Zlatne Kočije.

His professional career has lasted over a quarter of a century and he has performed at over 1,000 concerts. In 1999, Varešanović performed his song "Starac i More" in hope of representing Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Eurovision Song Contest 1999. However, after "Starac i More" had won it turned out the song had already been recorded, since Varešanović had sold the song to record label Unirecords in Finland, and Finnish artist Janne Hurme recorded that song in 1997 in name "Heart Blood" ("Sydänveri"). Hari Mata Hari was disqualified. The runner-up, Dino Merlin, was sent to the ESC instead.

In 1999, he recorded a duet with a famous fellow Bosnian singer, Hanka Paldum. The song, "Crni snijeg", was featured on her album Nek' je od srca and was covered later the same year by Serbian singer Ceca on her album Ceca 2000.

On 9 February 2006, the Bosnian television network PBSBiH announced that Hari Varešanović would represent Bosnia and Herzegovina with the song "Lejla" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006.

Varešanović performed a song with music written by Serbian composer Željko Joksimović and lyrics written by Bosnian writer Fahrudin Pecikoza and Serbian Dejan Ivanović. Hari Varešanović told the Bosnian newspaper Nezavisne Novine: "... The song is the best in the world. I have to admit that I have not heard a better one. I am impressed with it and Pecikoza's lyrics. We have made a song that comes out the spirit of our people and I am glad to be singing it..."

On 20 May 2006, Hari Varešanović and his group Hari Mata Hari reached third place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 held in Athens, Greece.

In 2011, Varešanović composed the music to and wrote the lyrics to Briši me, a song sung by Bosnian singer Lepa Brena for her sixteenth studio album Začarani krug. He also wrote the lyrics to her 2014 song Zaljubljeni veruju u sve.

Personal life
On 14 February 2010, Varešanović married girlfriend Jasminka Ištuk from Osijek, Croatia. They live in Sarajevo and Munich. It is the second marriage for both. Each have children from previous marriages.

Solo albums

 * 1984 – Zlatne kočije

with Hari Mata Hari

 * 1985 – Skini haljinu
 * 1985 – U tvojoj kosi
 * 1986 – Ne bi te odbranila ni cijela Jugoslavija
 * 1988 – Ja te volim najviše na svijetu
 * 1989 – Volio bi' da te ne volim
 * 1990 – Strah me da te volim
 * 1991 – Rođena si samo za mene
 * 1994 – Ostaj mi zbogom ljubavi
 * 1998 – Ja nemam snage da te ne volim
 * 2001 – Baš ti lijepo stoje suze
 * 2002 – Ružmarin
 * 2004 – Zakon jačega
 * 2009 – Sreća
 * 2016 – Ćilim

title: Hari Varešanović


text:
Cojedes State Anthem

The anthem for the Cojedes State, Venezuela, has lyrics by Mauricio Pérez Lazo. The music that accompanies it was composed by Miguel Ángel Granados. The anthem has only one stanza.

title: Cojedes State Anthem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brænne brus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP, and move to Brænne Mineralvatn. -Splash 01:35, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Brænne brus
nn vanity/advertising. Groeck 20:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless it's proven to be the Coca-Cola of Norway.   Paul Klenk 20:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. So all companies except Coca-Cola are non-notable? I've rewritten the article so that it no longer is advertising or vanity. I have not seen any guidelines for breweries, but I'm sure this company does produce goods for more than 5,000 people. Punkmorten 21:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The page must be moved to Brænne Mineralvatn, but I'll handle that as soon this article is kept :) Punkmorten 21:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It thought Wikipedia was supposed be an encyclopedia, not a complete business listing. Are there any guidelines for listing individual companies ? Groeck 22:57, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. "Articles about companies and products are fine if they are written in an objective and unbiased style" - see WP:NOT.  A corner bakery is not notable but a licensed bottler of an international brand is, in my opinon. -- DS1953 00:27, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should have WP:Companies guidelines established. For mine, notable companies include:
 * 1) companies listed on a national stock exchange such as NYSE or significant exchange such as NASDAQ;
 * 2) companies with 1,000 or more employees say;
 * 3) companies who have goods or service notable either on a national or international level
 * 4) companies which no longer exist but had national or international significance in its day ie East India company. Anyway, I vote to keep this. Capitalistroadster 01:17, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable Norwegian soft drink producer. Uppland 06:49, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemicals/Archive A-class articles

Archive of the WikiProject Chemicals/List of A-Class articles

Acetic acid
no sources cited. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC), and the Chembox needs completing. Wim van Dorst 11:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC).
 * Re-assessment: full chembox now, and a reference. Problems solved. Wim van Dorst 21:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Acetone
no sources cited. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * Re-assessment: still no sources, although improvement in chembox and text. Wim van Dorst 21:10, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Ammonia
I can't think of much else to write on this esoteric hydride of nitrogen, but I am sure you will provide me with inspiration if required! Physchim62 21:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A beautiful piece of work, A+ class! Thank you so much for all the hard work.  The old version of the page was an "OK" page- but the new version seems much sharper in style to me.  I presume that things like NaSCN are not acids in liq. ammonia, so I rephrased that section, otherwise it looks great!  I'd nominate it for FA, if it wasn't for HCl being so recent. Thanks PC. Walkerma 16:53, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the copyediting—that section now says what I meant it to! The old version relied heavily on the 1911 Britannica, with the plusses and minusses that that entails... As for nominating articles for FA, I agree that we should wait a little while, if only to show that they have stable content (the latest WikiFashion). In the case of ammonia, the red links should really be filled in first (things like metallic solution, solvated electron, spectrochemical series). On the basis of numbers of articles (2500/750k), we should have chemistry on the front page once every 9 months or so: as we are a reasonably active project, I think we should aim to send an article to WP:PR every six months or so (obviously no quotas, nor sending articles which obviously don't make the grade). Physchim62 21:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And here's indeed another good piece of work that cropped up in the vacation period. Compliments, PC! This decidedly is an A-Class now. Wim van Dorst 21:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC).
 * Regarding the FA comment, for variety I would like to see "something completely different", such as an organic natural product or something like that. It should be something of general interest - but please, not lysergic acid, cocaine, etc...!  I agree with the 6 month suggestion. Walkerma 22:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, although what I would really like to see is a chemistry FA which does not deal with a specific chemical (outside the scope of this prjoect, I know). Limonene seems to have potential on these criteria, as would menthol. I'll have a think about it, but it is further from my central area of expertise. Physchim62 16:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

1,3-Butadiene
no sources cited. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * Re-assessment: No changes yet. Wim van Dorst 21:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Carbon monoxide
no sources cited. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * re-assessment: no sources added, and the rest isn't up to the expected level either. Wim van Dorst 21:13, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

DNA
Can this have a chembox? Voted for deletion from wikiproject. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * I think that removing DNA and protein from the project is an good idea. Let's stick to individual "chemical entities". ~K 8 July 2005 16:31 (UTC)

Ethanol
no sources, bad figure. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * re-assessment: Whoaw, lots of changes, by dozens of people. Although it definitely cannot be called a stable wikipage yet, the requirements for Chem A-Class are now definitely met. Wim van Dorst 21:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Folic acid
Contains only bio-info. Not enough chem. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * My objection to Folic acid is that there are so many references that I wonder about its NPOV status. The references should be changed to Wikipedia:Footnote3 format to facilitate future editing (this is classic example of where FN3 format is useful, to avoid referencing errors in future updates).Physchim62 8 July 2005 10:02 (UTC)
 * Have now rechecked the article, it appears to be OK for NPOV. However, the reference numbering is already broken... Some material needs to be moved to Homocysteine, and some more "hard" biochem would be welcome (at present it is mostly medical info). Physchim62 17:05, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have now converted the referencing to FN3, the other comments still apply. Physchim62 17:50, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * re-assessment: very much a bio page. But then again, the whole value of folic acid is in it's biochemistry. Perhaps we should say that, similar to the Drugs wikipages, this page is as good as it ought to be with respect to hard chemistry, and give it the Chem A-Class (sort of benefit of the doubt). Wim van Dorst 21:34, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Formaldehyde
insufficient sources, whitespace, old style chembox. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * Handled whitespace, and updated chembox. Wim van Dorst 10:17, 17 July 2005 (UTC).
 * Re-assessment: text and chembox ok, but no references or sources. Wim van Dorst 21:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Hydrogen peroxide
problem with image, old style chembox, no hazards data. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * I updated the chembox, added hazards data to the table. But the article needs much more info in the sections. As it is, I still don't think it is A-Class. Wim van Dorst 20:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC).
 * I agree it needs a cleanup, but it hard to see other blatant omissions. A bit of biochem, perhaps? Physchim62 09:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is almost nothing on the chemistry besides its decomposition. And what of its uses in organic synthesis? Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides & sulfones? Epoxidation of electron-deficient C=C double bonds?  Use in the standard oxidative workup after hydroboration? Use as a stoichiometric oxidant in conjunction with OsO4 in making syn-diols?  All of these are familiar to organic chemists- 3 of these are in my introductory textbook, 2 will be on the exam I give next week! There should also be something about using it to make sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, and probably other bleaching materials used in commercial detergents, as well as organic peroxides. Walkerma 14:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Things missing is not biochemistry but real hard chemistry. Production methods, real uses (or does it only have consumer applications?). It isn't a bad article, I agree to a B-Class, but there is just too little chemical compound information in it to warrant Chem A-Class. Wim van Dorst 21:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC).
 * Yep, you're right. OK for a downgrade, although there is probably no harm done in leaving it here until the end of the summer to see if anyone feels like addressing these problems. Physchim62 10:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed, it stays here (and Chem A-Class) until the ultimatum date. That's the deal, as is pointed out in the opening paragraph. Hydrogen peroxide is an interesting chemical compound, so indeed someone may feel like to work on it. Wim van Dorst 17:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC).
 * I have done a major rewrite of this. Please can you look it over, and see if anything else is needed to make it A-class? PC, do you want to add anything on safety?  I'm probably not very objective on this, many years ago I stood & watched my former place of employment burn after a massive H2O2 explosion & fire. Perhaps that's why I took out most of the "How to make rocket fuel at home" section!  I got quite emotional rewriting this article... Walkerma 18:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What can I say, Martin? Well done is so repetitive, as I write that for all your major rewrites and new articles ;-). That only thing that remains to be improved (if you'd want that) is the image in the table. You wouldn't happen to have a picture of your former place of employment while undergoing this H2O2 reaction? Wim van Dorst 18:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC).
 * No probs with the article now. Should it include a short paragraph about "volumes" concentrations, or are these now completely obsolete? Physchim62 21:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Methanol
no sources. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * re-assessment: A good page indeed, but still no current day references (that 1661 reference is interesting though: it predates the USA by far ;-). Wim van Dorst 21:38, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Propionic acid
Minor isuues on article talk page. Physchim62 11:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Protein
can this have a chembox? Voted for deletion. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC)
 * Hijacked text from another paragraph: Can I propose that "Protein" be deleted from this project, as it is a general term like "aldehyde" or "carbohydrate". Walkerma 6 July 2005 21:27 (UTC)
 * I think that removing DNA and protein from the project is an good idea. Let's stick to individual "chemical entities". ~K 8 July 2005 16:31 (UTC)

Rhodium(III) chloride
Perhaps slightly short, and limited on various details, but nothing wrong with it that can't be solved with a big whopping full chemical infobox. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 20:23 (UTC). Needs some chemical properties/reactions I think. I may be able to do this, I have a book out at the moment on this topic, though I am travelling this weekend. Walkerma 8 July 2005 22:00 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the marvellous work Martin. I will pile into the Uses section on this one at the start of August, when I will have the references in front of me. After all, I did my PhD on rhodium and iridium complexes! Physchim62 11:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Sodium sulfate
Although a no-brainer for upgraded classification, I would formally here like to propose to make the sodium sulphate article a full A-Classer. Thanks, Martin, for the excellent work on it. Preliminarily, I already re-graded the worklist entries, as I'll be off for holidays, presently. Wim van Dorst 21:58, 31 July 2005 (UTC).

 * Wow. And I thought it was just a drying agent. Great work. Definitely A-Class. ~K 00:56, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent article, but do we really need the "Precautions" section? Physchim62 21:24, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * PC, you tend to be our toxicology person- if you're OK with it, I'm happy to lose the precautions section. I'll just make sure we have an MSDS linked via the table.  Is that OK? Walkerma 23:33, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I would quite like a "Precautions" section along the lines of "Sodium sulfate has been used as a laxative: ingestion may have laxative effects"... maybe not! ;) The MSDS should be linked from the "External links" section of either the main page or the supplementary data page (not from the table because of MSIE bug). Keep up the good work! Physchim62 00:16, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Testosterone
insufficient sources/references. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * Re-assessment: I don't know whether this wikipage complies with the requirements for the Drugs wikiproject, but IMHO it doesn't fulfill the references of a Chem A-Class, still. I'll accept the Drugs chembox, though. Wim van Dorst 21:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Toluene
meager info in the sections. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * It still isn't fat in the text, but as a short and concise article, it does have all the requirements now. Another benefit of the doubt, to be given Chem A-Class? Wim van Dorst 21:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Water
insufficient sources? Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 15:24 (UTC).
 * Needs some work doing on it, even if most of the basics are there. At present it reads as if the authors doesn't quite know what their talking about... I will see if I can get around to it once I have finished with Ammonia. Physchim62 23:08, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Re-assessment: PC, I see you haven't come around to getting your hands on Water yet, but given the excellent result on Ammonia, you're excused, of course. Current status is IMHO unchanged. Wim van Dorst 21:48, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Cadmium chloride
Needs a bit of editing, table update, but for the rest is seems to fulfill all A-Class requirements. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 20:09 (UTC). Henry kindly improved the crystal structure image. Walkerma 8 July 2005 22:02 (UTC)

Chloroform
Seems to be rather complete. Wim van Dorst July 8, 2005 20:38 (UTC). Needs some chemistry, I think, for example formation of dichlorocarbene. Walkerma 8 July 2005 22:02 (UTC)
 * There has been no significant improvement to the article since we downgraded it to B-Class. My objections still stand: this article needs carefully written Toxicology and Safety/Hazards sections before it can be considered complete, all the more so given the controversy over the chlorination of drinking water. Oh, and a bit more pure chemistry wouldn´t go amiss either! Physchim62 11:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Benzene
Needs to have the rest of the chembox filled in, but otherwise it's a really good article. ~K 22:29, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, this is close. I would also like to see a short section on reactions to help students learning organic chemistry, otherwise it's very close.Walkerma 00:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Chembox filled out now. Fully agree to A-Class. Wim van Dorst 10:01, 17 July 2005 (UTC).
 * Agree with Martin, a touch more organic chemistry would be useful—I didn't see any reference to electrophilic substitution for example! Hazards section could do with a peer review, as it is missing some important references. Still, we're pretty close here. Physchim62 10:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Indole
K has been very busy on this, and others have added pieces. Is it A-class yet? If not, what still needs to be done? I would say a short safety section, and possibly a short uses section- though indole itself doesn't have many real-world applications that I know of. A few pertinent comments here could help it graduate to A-class. Walkerma 05:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is getting into the right direction, I agree there. But I would like some information on Uses of the stuff and perhaps some (large scale) Production info? IMHO current status: B-Class. Wim van Dorst 20:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC).
 * I agree with Wim, it is still "B-class with potential". Just the sentence "Indole is no a base like aniline" would deny it A-class in my books: this sentence should be rewritten or removed. I will do a safety section for it, and I will see where I got to on uploading the biosynthesis of indole. If we can't find any use for indole itself, we need to rejig the article to point out its importance as the parent molecule (formally, if not synthetically) of many very useful compounds. Physchim62 08:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Preliminary classified as A-Class, with remarks
These articles have in the first assessment process of all articles on the worklist of the Chemicals Wikiproject been classified as A-Class. Later scrutiny have shown open issues still to be resolved before full compliance to A-Class classification. Unless these issues are dealt with, these articles are recommended to be re-graded to B-Class, by September 2005.
 * I have re-assessed all the still open items, with updated status. My proposal is to do this weekend the administration on the ones that have no problems anymore IMHO (at present unless contradicted soon: Acetic acid, Ethanol, Folic Acid, H2O2, Toluene) and the ones that have to be removed from the Worklist (DNA, Protein), and do the administration on the problematic ones next weekend. Wim van Dorst 21:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC).
 * 1,3-butadiene, acetone, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, testosterone, and water (molecule) have been demoted from A-Class to B-Class. The pertaining discussion has been archived (see above). Wim van Dorst 20:01, 2 September 2005 (UTC).

Phosphorus trichloride
While re-assessing the worklist, I found these two little gems. Compliments to most WP:Chem contribuants, as I see from their history lists that many people contributed. For me, A-Class material. The corresponding phosphorus pentachloride is just a redirect to the catch-all phosphorus chlorides and thus still needs a lot of work. (Or we may drop it from the worklist?). Wim van Dorst 14:41, 24 October 2005 (UTC).
 * not opposed, so they're A-Class now. Wim van Dorst 23:13, 2 November 2005 (UTC).

Phosphoryl chloride
While re-assessing the worklist, I found these two little gems. Compliments to Martin, as I see from its history lists that he contributed significantly. For me, A-Class material, as is commonly so from him. Wim van Dorst 14:41, 24 October 2005 (UTC).
 * not opposed, so they're A-Class now. Wim van Dorst 23:13, 2 November 2005 (UTC).

1,3-Butadiene
Well done article now. Good work of Shimmin. Wim van Dorst 20:15, 23 January 2006 (UTC).
 * Still a B class, IMHO, though what Shimmin has done is very nice work. I think it still needs firstly a structure/MO diagram.  I always teach this in Organic II, butadiene is the simplest example of a conjugated system.  Secondly, I think it should have some chemistry - again this is stuff covered in organic II, things like the addition of HBr at low and high temps giving different products (kinetic vs thermodynamic products) make the chem quite interesting. Walkerma 07:36, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No significant change since 12/1. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 17:30, 5 March 2006 (UTC).

A-Class now. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:13, 18 March 2006 (UTC).

Sodium hydroxide
Blimy, this is an improvement over the last assessment (Start). A big chunk of work by Martin, and a lot of tweaking by numerous others. Really A-Class now, I'd say. Wim van Dorst 21:21, 23 January 2006 (UTC).
 * Yes, at least it's not so embarrassing now! Still needs a bit of work and a little more content, IMHO, but a fresh pair of eyes is needed - I've looked at it too often!  I'd like to see worldwide industrial info (why does Kirk-Othmer only give US data?).  As with sulfuric acid, it needs PC to do the safety stuff.  I'd really love to get a picture of the Alkali pub in Jarrow, UK, built in 1876, if we can confirm that it is named after a nearby NaOH factory.  Any Geordies on this project? Just a quirky idea of mine... Walkerma 22:57, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The pub is a nice idea. An alternative is to put a picture of the Wadi Natrum oasis in: wasn't natriumhydroxide named after it? Wim van Dorst 23:04, 24 January 2006 (UTC).

A-Class now. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:19, 18 March 2006 (UTC).

Sulfuric acid
This one has been close to A-Class for quite some time. Is it there now? Wim van Dorst 21:36, 23 January 2006 (UTC).
 * This was last assessed as B-Class because of lack of refs. I have a little more to add from Kirk-Othmer; then I'd like to see it given the PC Hazards treatment before it gets to be A-Class.  Such an important compound needs to be a long and comprehensive article to meet the A-Class criteria - is there anything important still missing? Are there any other good refs we can use as sources? Walkerma 22:32, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * There are several serious references now. And I don't see anything obvious missing. Wim van Dorst 22:47, 23 January 2006 (UTC).

A-Class now. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:25, 18 March 2006 (UTC).

Ozone
While reassessing the worklist again, I noticed that now Ozone is becoming a fairly nice article. The Chemistry section could need some help, but all in all a good article at least. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 22:47, 20 June 2006 (UTC).
 * After having been GA-class for quite a while, it was demoted from GA back to B, at which level it still is since November. Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

Aspirin
Mainly pharmaceutical content - but this looks pretty good to me. Then again biochemistry isn't a strong point of mine. Do others agree this should be an A-Class? Walkerma 03:40, 1 February 2007 (UTC) You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Wim van Dorst (Talk)'' 21:29, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
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text: User talk:84.139.37.103

title: User talk:84.139.37.103


text:
The Next Step (People Under the Stairs album)

The Next Step is the debut studio album by People Under the Stairs, released on March 24, 1998. The duo was responsible for nearly every aspect of the album's production and initial release. Quick sales of the album and its sole single, "The Next Step II", also helped to get the group noticed by the label Om Records, with whom the group produced four other albums and found greater success.

Background
After spending several months recording material and performing their first few shows in 1998, Thes One and Double K used Thes One's student loan funds to independently press and release their first 12-inch single, "The Next Step II". Just weeks after the single was released, the shopkeeper of the now-defunct Mr. Bongo record shop purchased a large number of copies of it for his shop. When he played it on an ordinary day in the store, customers rushed the counter and it sold out within minutes.

Impressed by the quick sale, Mr. Bongo's shopkeeper called Chris Smith, owner of Om Records in San Francisco, and urged him to get in contact with People Under The Stairs. Initially, Smith contacted the group regarding a one-song deal for Om's compilation albums Deep Concentration and Mushroom Jazz, but upon hearing more material, Smith offered the group a full contract.

Recording
The album was self-recorded at Thes One's home on 2228 Cambridge Street in Los Angeles, California. Thes One and Double K used their personal recording equipment, including an E-mu SP-1200, an Akai MPC3000, and an 8-track ADAT digital tape recorder.

In 1996, when many of the songs were taking shape, Thes One and Double K were not actually planning on making a full-length hip hop album. They had just decided to make music for their own benefit. Eventually, as the amount of material they were creating grew (and at the urging of their friends), they changed their minds, had the album mastered, created their own artwork and self-released the album in the summer of 1998.

After being signed with Om, the label re-released The Next Step as the first album of a four-record deal. The self-released version of the CD came with a beedi in the spine, but this was omitted from the Om release.

Some of the outtakes from The Next Step were later released on the group's first compilation album, American Men Vol. 1.

Reception
After the release of the album in 1998, People Under The Stairs had a difficult time getting their record released, and many local DJs refused to play the album on their radio stations or during club events. One producer, DJ Vadim, even wrote a letter to Om Records to tell them they had made a mistake signing the band.

New York-based distribution company Phat Beats also refused to endorse the album because it did not sound "New York" enough. Despite initial difficulties, the group found friends in DJ Rob One and DJ Dusk, who helped them gain exposure in the Los Angeles area and planted the seeds of future success.

Reviews of the album were mixed. NME gave the album a positive review, saying that the group's strategy of personally funding and self-releasing the album "paid off" and that the lyrics are "pleasingly unpolished, intelligently raw". Allmusic praised the album as a "promising debut" and enjoyed "Death of a Salesman" but said that the album performed "within the boundaries of old".

The album had a much stronger showing overseas, which prompted People Under The Stairs to go on their first world tour following the release of the album.

Despite never being released as a single, "San Francisco Knights" quickly became a live favorite and a breakout cult classic for the group, and People Under The Stairs still perform it to this day. The song gave the group a little trouble when it was released, however; many casual fans believed that the group was from San Francisco, California. In reality, the song was written and recorded in 1996 to commemorate a fun visit to the city.

The track "The Next Step II" was later included in the 2003 video game Tony Hawk's Underground. The song samples the lyrics of "Movin' On Up", the opening theme of The Jeffersons.

Track listing
All songs written by Christopher "Thes One" Portugal and Michael "Double K" Turner, except where noted.


text:
PostNord Sverige

PostNord Sverige (formerly Posten AB) is the name of the Swedish postal service. In 2009 Posten merged with its Danish equivalent, Post Danmark A/S, forming PostNord AB, a holding company that is jointly owned by the Swedish (60%) and Danish (40%) governments. A rebranding to PostNord for both the mail and logistics divisions was performed in 2015.

History
Posten was established as Kungliga Postverket (The Royal Postal Agency) in 1636 by the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden Axel Oxenstierna, who was de facto regent until the young Queen Christina took the throne in 1644. It was operated as a government agency into the 1990s when it was transformed into a government-owned limited company.

One of the most visible changes to the postal service was the decision in 2000 to replace Posten's numerous post offices with a franchise net of postal service points, run by grocery shops and petrol stations. Postal Service Centres, run by Posten, are maintained for business clients only. In addition to regular mail, Posten is also the largest distributor in Sweden of advertising mail.

Mail and package delivery has in recent times become less reliable in Sweden, accredited to the large scale organisational changes and rationalisation in the last decade. Nevertheless, it is under increasing competition from private companies on the Swedish deregulated postal market. Their main competitor is the formerly private company CityMail, nationalised by Norway as of 2006.

On 24 June 2009, Posten AB merged with Post Danmark to form the new holding company PostNord AB, owned by the Swedish (60%) and Danish (40%) governments.

Transportation of the mail
All second-class mail in Sweden has been sent by rail since 2001.

Directors General of Postverket

 * 1850–1867 Otto Wilhelm Staël von Holstein (1802–1884)
 * 1867–1889 Wilhelm Roos (1824–1895)
 * 1889–1907 Edvard von Krusenstjerna (1841–1907)
 * 1896–1902 Frans Herman Schlytern (acting)
 * 1907–1907 Richard Ossbahr (1853–1936)
 * 1907–1925 Julius Juhlin (1861–1934)
 * 1925–1947 Anders Örne (1881–1956)
 * 1947–1965 Erik Swartling (1900–1985)
 * 1965–1973 Nils Hörjel (1917–2006)
 * 1973–1982 Ove Rainer (1925–1987)
 * 1982–1988 Bertil Zachrisson (1926–2023)
 * 1988–1994 Ulf Dahlsten (1946–)

Managing Directors of Posten AB

 * 1994–1998 Ulf Dahlsten (1946–)
 * 1999–2002 Lennart Grabe (1946–)
 * 2002–2003 Börje Österholm (1942–)
 * 2003–2008 Erik Olsson (1959–)
 * 2008– Lars G. Nordström (1943–)

title: PostNord Sverige


text:
Posten Bring

Posten Bring, formerly named Posten Norge (lit. 'The Mail, Norway'), is the name of the Norwegian postal service. The company, owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications had a monopoly until 2016 on distribution of letters weighing less than 50g throughout the country. There are 30 post offices in Norway, in addition to 1400 outlets in retail stores.

History
Posten was founded in January 1647 as Postvesenet ("the postal system") by general post master Henrik Morian. It was established as a private company, and King Christian IV gave his blessing to the founding of the company. Postvesenet was privately run until 1719, when the state took over. From that point on, national postal service was a state monopoly. Local city postal services remained private, but in 1888 a new postal law was introduced which expanded the monopoly to the entire country.

In 1933, Postvesenet was renamed Postverket. In 1996, Posten Norge BA was established as a state-owned company in which the Norwegian state had limited liability. In 2002 Posten changed its corporate structure to that of a stock company, to prepare the company for the expected deregulation of the Norwegian postal market. Posten Bring AS is still fully owned by the Norwegian state and the liberalization process has been postponed until 2011 by the government.

The postal service is divided into four divisions: Post, Logistics, Distribution Network and ErgoGroup AS. The latter specialized in electronic services and outsourcing. ErgoGroup merged with EDB to form Evry ASA, which Posten now jointly owns with the Norwegian multinational telecommunications company Telenor ASA.

Expansion
In 2002 Posten Bring acquired 57% of the shares of a private Swedish postal company, CityMail and acquired the remaining 43% in the first quarter of 2006. Norway Posten Bring also owns, or partly owns Nor-Cargo as well as Frigoscandia, Pan Nordic Logistics, Scanex B.V., Nettlast Hadeland, many of which have their own subsidiaries.

title: Posten Bring


text:
Talk:The Next Step (People Under the Stairs album)

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text:
Small outline integrated circuit

A small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) is a surface-mounted integrated circuit (IC) package which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent dual in-line package (DIP), with a typical thickness being 70% less. They are generally available in the same pin-outs as their counterpart DIP ICs. The convention for naming the package is SOIC or SO followed by the number of pins. For example, a 14-pin 4011 would be housed in an SOIC-14 or SO-14 package.

JEDEC and JEITA/EIAJ standards
Small outline actually refers to IC packaging standards from at least two different organizations:
 * JEDEC:
 * MS-012 PLASTIC DUAL SMALL OUTLINE GULL WING, 1.27 MM PITCH PACKAGE, 3.9 MM BODY WIDTH.
 * MS-013 VERY THICK PROFILE, PLASTIC SMALL OUTLINE FAMILY, 1.27 MM PITCH, 7.50 MM BODY WIDTH.
 * JEITA (previously EIAJ, which term some vendors still use):
 * Semiconductor Device Packages. (EIAJ Type II is 5.3 mm body width, and slightly thicker and longer than JEDEC MS-012.)

Note that because of this, SOIC is not specific enough of a term to describe parts which are interchangeable. Many electronic retailers will list parts in either package as SOIC whether they are referring to the JEDEC or JEITA/EIAJ standards. The wider JEITA/EIAJ packages are more common with higher pin count ICs, but there is no guarantee that an SOIC package with any number of pins will be either one or the other.

However, at least Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor consistently refer to JEDEC 3.9 and 7.5 mm width parts as "SOIC" and to EIAJ Type II 5.3 mm width parts as "SOP".

General package characteristics
The SOIC package is shorter and narrower than DIP, the side-to-side pitch being 6 mm for an SOIC-14 (from lead tip to lead tip), and the body width being 3.9 mm. These dimensions differ depending on the SOIC in question, and there are several variants. This package has "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 in (1.27 mm).

SOIC (JEDEC)
The picture below shows the general shape of a SOIC narrow package, with major dimensions. The values of these dimensions (in millimetres) for common SOICs is shown in the table.

SOP (JEITA/EIAJ)
These are sometimes called "wide SOIC", as opposed to the narrower JEDEC MS-012, but they in turn are narrower than the JEDEC MS-013, which may also be called "wide SOIC".

Next to the narrow SOIC package (commonly represented as SOx_N or SOICx_N, where x is the number of pins), there's also the wide (or sometimes called extended) version. This package is commonly represented as SOx_W or SOICx_W.

The difference is mainly related to the parameters WB and WL. As an example, the values WB and WL are given for an 8-pins wide (extended) SOIC package.

mini-SOIC
Another SOIC variant, available only for 8-pin and 10-pin ICs, is the mini-SOIC, also called micro-SOIC. This case is much smaller, with a pitch of only 0.5 mm. See the table for the 10-pin model.

An excellent overview of different semiconductor packages is provided by National Semiconductor.

Small-outline J-leaded package (SOJ)
Small-outline J-leaded package (SOJ) is a version of SOIC with J-type leads instead of gull-wing leads.

Smaller form factors
After SOIC came a family of smaller form factors with pin spacings less than 1.27 mm:
 * Thin small outline package (TSOP)
 * Thin-shrink small outline package (TSSOP)

Shrink small-outline package (SSOP)
Shrink small-outline package (SSOP) chips have "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides, and a lead spacing of 0.65mm (0.0256inches) or 0.635mm (0.025inches ). 0.5mm lead spacing is less common, but not rare.

The body size of a SOP was compressed and the lead pitch tightened to obtain a smaller version SOP. This yields an IC package with a significant reduction in the size compared to standard package. All IC assembly processes remain the same as with standard SOPs.

Applications for a SSOP enable end-products (pagers, portable audio/video, disc drives, radio, RF devices/components, telecom) to be reduced in size and mass. Semiconductor families such as operational amplifiers, drivers, optoelectronics, controllers, logic, analog, memory, comparators and more using BiCMOS, CMOS or other silicon / GaAs technologies are well addressed by the SSOP product family.

Thin small-outline package (TSOP)
A thin small-outline package (TSOP) is a rectangular, thin-bodied component. A Type I TSOP has legs protruding from the width portion of the package. A Type II TSOP has the legs protruding from the length portion of the package. The ICs on DRAM memory modules were usually TSOPs until they were replaced by ball grid array (BGA).

Thin-shrink small-outline package (TSSOP)
A thin-shrink small-outline package (TSSOP) is a rectangular, thin-body component. A TSSOP's leg count can range from 8 to 64. TSSOPs are particularly suited for gate drivers, controllers, wireless / RF, op-amps, logic, analog, ASICs, memory (EPROM, E2PROM), comparators and optoelectronics. Memory modules, disk drives, recordable optical disks, telephone handsets, speed dialers, video / audio and consumer electronics / appliances are suggested uses for TSSOP packaging.

Exposed pad
The exposed pad (EP) variant of small outline packages can increase heat dissipation by as much as 1.5 times over a standard TSSOP, thereby expanding the margin of operating parameters. Additionally, the exposed pad can be connected to ground, thereby reducing loop inductance for high-frequency applications. The exposed pad should be soldered directly to the PCB to realize the thermal and electrical benefits.

title: Small outline integrated circuit


text:
Plundering Time

The Plundering Time (1644–1646), also known as "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion", was a period of civil unrest and lawlessness in the English colony of the Province of Maryland.

Causes of rebellion
The causes of the rebellion included William Claiborne's disputed claim with the Calverts over Kent Island, Maryland, the bitter relations between the Catholic minority elite and the Protestant majority, and the political partisanship of the English Civil War.

The dark period marked a combination of the fall of the British King and religious intolerance, which led directly to the event.

Plundering Time
In 1638, the first provincial Maryland governor Leonard Calvert seized a trading post on Kent Island established by Captain William Claiborne.

In 1644, William Claiborne led an uprising of Protestants and retook Kent Island. Meanwhile, privateer Captain Richard Ingle, the co-commander of Claiborne, seized control of St. Mary's City, the capital of the Maryland colony. Catholic Governor Calvert escaped to the Virginia Colony.

The Protestant pirates began plundering the property of anyone who did not swear allegiance to the English Parliament, mainly Catholics.

End of rebellion
In 1647, the Rebellion was finally put down by Maryland Governor Lord Baltimore, who successfully led Maryland colonial forces against the Parliamentary privateers and regained control of the colony effectively ending the rebellion initiated by Claiborne and Ingle.

Succumbing to illness, Lord Baltimore died the following summer in 1648.

Aftermath
The Maryland colonial assembly issued the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 to mollify the two factions. A Parliamentary victory in England renewed old tensions leading to the Battle of the Severn, now present-day Annapolis in 1655.

title: Plundering Time


text:
Kerkis

Kerkis or Kerketeus (Greek, Modern: Κέρκης, Kérkis; ; Ancient: Κερκετεύς, Kerketeús) is a mountain, forming the bulk of the western part of the Greek island of Samos. Its highest peak, named Vigla (Βίγλα), is at 1,434 m (4,701 ft), making it the second-highest peak in the East Aegean (after Fengari on Samothrace). The mountain's name, in both ancient and modern forms, means roughly, "belonging to Circe".

The mountain has a whitish color due to being composed of marble, especially visible on several exposed cliffs. It is considered a sanctuary for numerous plants and animals, some of them endangered, and so is part of the European Union's Natura 2000 network of protected sites. There are also several small monasteries on its slopes, as well as a number of caves. Of these, the most notable is the Cave of Pythagoras on the eastern slope, in which Pythagoras is reputed to have hidden from the tyrant Polycrates prior to going into exile in Italy.

title: Kerkis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brandi Marie

Brandi Marie
Absolutely nn vanity Groeck 20:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, if verifiable. I've restored an older version with more info. Pburka 20:26, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * I stick with delete; I have a hard time finding any relevant google pages Groeck 20:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree. If the article were true, she would be notable, but at this point it's impossible to verify the content. Delete. Pburka 02:25, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No IMDb credits, Say Grace Please not listed; John Adams not due for release untile 2007.  Wait until 2007 and see whether she survived the cutting room and is still using the same name.  15-year-olds, you know....   Paul Klenk 20:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, none of this information is verifiable through imdb or a search engine. None of the productions she was supposedly in is verifiable except John Adams and Passions, and her name does not appear in their cast lists.  Zoe 22:15, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I get the same search results as Zoe. Denni ☯ 02:32, 2005 August 28 (UTC)


text:
HP BASIC

HP BASIC may refer to any of several different BASIC dialects, of distinct lineages, created at either Hewlett-Packard (HP) or Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

 * HP Time-Shared BASIC, created at HP in the 1960s; for HP 2100 series minicomputers
 * Rocky Mountain BASIC, created at HP, now transferred to Keysight; for HP 9000 and other platforms; often used with HP-IB instruments
 * VSI BASIC for OpenVMS, created at DEC, and previously known as HP BASIC for OpenVMS prior to the transfer to VSI; for the RSTS, VMS, PDP, VAX, Alpha, and Integrity platforms
 * BASIC (HP Series 80), created at HP in the 1980s; for the HP Series 80 desktop computers
 * BASIC (HP calculators), created at HP in the 1980s; for HP calculators
 * Prime Programming Language (PPL), created at HP in the 1990s; for the HP 38, 39, 40, and Prime algebraic/graphing calculators; once called "HP Basic"

title: HP BASIC


text:
File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb inscription.JPG

Information by the Antiquities Service of India at the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the founder of the Tughluq dynasty and the third city of Delhi called Tughluqabad

(c) GFDL David Haberlah (Homepage of David Haberlah, david@haberlah.com)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ