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Whatever (novel)

Whatever (Extension du domaine de la lutte, literally "extension of the domain of struggle") is the debut novel of French writer Michel Houellebecq. The plot concerns a depressed and isolated computer programmer who tries to convince a colleague to murder a young woman who rejected the colleague's sexual advances. A major theme is that the sexual revolution of the 1960s extended capitalism to the sexual market, creating an unattractive sexual underclass. It was adapted into the 1999 film Whatever, directed by and starring Philippe Harel.

Plot
The unnamed first-person narrator is a 30-year-old analyst-programmer working for a Paris-based computer software company. He is lonely, subject to depression and has not had sex since be broke up with his girlfriend two years earlier. He also writes "animal stories", extracts from which are included in the novel.

He has dinner with a friend from his student days who is now a priest. His friend tells him that that the media exaggerates the role of sex in society and that this has led to "vital exhaustion". His friend advises him to re-find God or go into psychoanalysis. Later, the narrator muses that human relationships have become "increasingly impossible" as information technology has reduced them to an exchange of information.

The narrator learns that his company has sold a software program to the Ministry of Agriculture and that he will be required to train the client's staff in the software. His primary contact at the ministry is Catherine Lechardoy, a woman of about the narrator's age whom he describes as "not very attractive". At a social function at the ministry he contemplates making a sexual advance to her. He has no desire for sex with her but "feels up to making the necessary gestures." He decides against it because he doesn't think she would have accepted.

The narrator travels to Rouen with a male colleague named Tisserand in order to conduct training for the ministry staff there. The narrator notes that Tisserand is "extremely ugly. So ugly that his appearance repels women and he never gets to sleep with them." Tisserand tries to become friendly with an attractive female student in a train to Rouen, two "cuties" at the ministry and several women in a restaurant and a café but with no success. That night, the narrator is struck by acute pericarditis and is hospitalised for two weeks.

After recovering in Paris, the narrator leaves for La Roche-sur-Yon to train the ministry staff there. Tisserand tells him that he is 28-years-old and still a virgin. Later, the narrator muses that just as economic liberalism produces extremes of wealth and poverty, a society based on sexual liberalism also produces extremes of sexual gratification and sexual impoverishment. Economic liberalism and sexual liberalism both represent "extensions of the domain of the struggle". He reflects on his former girlfriend Véronique whom he regrets having ever met. He reflects that psychoanalysis turned her into a woman with a complete lack of moral sense and that "he regrets not taking a knife to her ovaries".

The narrator buys a steak knife and convinces Tisserand to go with him to a disco on Christmas Eve. At the disco, Tisserand starts a conversation with an attractive young woman who the narrator thinks looks like Véronique. The woman, however, breaks off the conversation and starts dancing with "a black guy, or rather half black." The narrator tries to convince Tisserand to embark on a career of murder by killing the young woman, but Tisserand replies that he would rather murder the black man. The young woman and the man leave the disco and drive to a secluded beach on the man's motor scooter. The narrator and Tisserand follow the couple in the narrator's car. The couple go to the sand dunes to have sex, and Tisserand follows them, holding the steak knife the narrator has given him. Tisserand soon returns, stating, "I had no wish to kill them; blood changes nothing." That night, Tisserand dies in a car accident while driving back to Paris.

Back in Paris, the narrator has a depressive episode and calls a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist treats him for depression and the narrator takes sick leave from work. The narrator admits himself into a rest home where he observes the other patients and concludes that they are not at all deranged but merely lacking in love. After several months he leaves the clinic and takes a trip to Saint-Cigues-en-Montagne. He cycles into the Forest of Mazan where he feels "with impressive violence, the possibility of joy".

Themes
Carole Sweeney states that a major theme is the "disaggregating effects of post-Fordism on the intimate spaces of human affect" The novel is also a satire on late-twentieth century work culture and consumer society. According to Sweeney, "For the new middle management information class in Whatever society is the comfortable frictionless round of eating ready meals, paying bills on time, attending dutiful work farewell parties, buying beds and CDs..."

Morrey states that the novel may be considered a type of roman à thèse (thesis novel). The French title of the novel alludes to the Marxist theory of class struggle and the narrator's thesis is that the liberalisation of sexuality has led to the extension of struggle to the sexual domain. According to The Independent, Houellebecq's thesis is "that the sexual revolution of the Sixties created not communism but capitalism in the sexual market, that the unattractive underclass is exiled while the privileged initiates are drained by corruption, sloth, and excess." Adam Kirsch of The New York Times has called the character Tisserand a "proto-incel" and states that the novel predicted the modern incel movement.

Other themes of the novel include the link between "the 'economisation' of sexuality" and violence, depression, psychiatry and euthanasia. Morrey identifies a theme of "depressive lucidity" in the face of the struggle against the rules of modern society. The narrator does not believe in self-improvement and social progress. According to Morrey, "he too feels sorry for his fellow humans but there is nothing he can do...The consequence of Houellebecq’s (narrators’) depressive lucidity, in other words, is a chronic inability to act."

Style
Sweeney states that the novel is "part-essay, part-satire, arguably by most principles of literary convention, Whatever barely qualifies as a novel at all." The tone of the novel has been described as blank and compared to that of Camus' The Stranger. Morrey, however, states that Houellebecq's frequent use of "sudden exclamations, dark ironies, hyperbole and hysterical outbursts" distinguish the tone from Camus'. The novel frequently switches between literary and colloquial registers, which, according to Morrey, gives the novel a "troubling, unstable tone". Morrey states that the narrator's use of "alien, inappropriate remarks that seem to come out of nowhere" makes the reader unsure whether he should be taken seriously.

title: Whatever (novel)


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Quezaltepeque

Quezaltepeque may refer to:

 * El Salvador
 * Quezaltepeque, La Libertad
 * Quezaltepec (volcano)

 * Guatemala
 * Quezaltepeque, Chiquimula
 * Quezaltepeque (volcano)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quezaltepeque


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Volmer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 22:46, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Brian Volmer
nn vanity Groeck 21:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Paul Klenk 21:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I rewrote the article but still vote to delete.  It was not vanity but was essentially an attack.  The facts against Volmer are in the public record but there were other individuals listed as "cohorts" with no facts cited.  This does not appear to be a particularly notable SEC enforcement action.  -- DS1953 00:16, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone wants to write a real article about Mr. Volmer and he's actually notable. A biography can't be just about SEC action.  -- SCZenz 18:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Farm Road

Farm Road may refer to:

 * Farm to Market Road, in United States
 * A residential street running from Patterson Plank Road to the Hackensack River in Secaucus, New Jersey
 * Farm Road (Hong Kong) (農圃道), a street in Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong

title: Farm Road


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User talk:JSC ltd

WikiProject Guitarists
Welcome to the WikiProject Guitarists! Take the time to browse around all of the projects work pages and feel free to comment on anything you think might require attention(or repair) Cheers and take care! Anger22 (Talk 2 22) 21:10, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I posted this note on my talk page, but I wasn't sure you'd check there, so I'm posting here as well. I'm an outsider who is spending a few weeks this winter in Basin, just down the road from Boulder. Knowing that I'd be visiting, I checked the Wikipedia articles about this area before I made my trip. Now that I'm here, I've been able to take photos of Basin Grade School and the Jefferson County Courthouse and upload them to the Commons, and I might find some other suitable subjects here for encyclopedia photos. I've been able to find quite a bit of text information on-line, as you've seen, but I'd like to add more about the history of both towns. Can you recommend any specific books or other sources of information about Basin or Boulder? I'd be most grateful for any advice you might give. Finetooth (talk) 21:44, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Boulder and Basin
Hi and thanks for the return note about Boulder. The bit about Boulder being the territorial capital for one day is intriguing, and I'll see if I can track the story down in a source I can cite. It's surprising how much information is available. I spent much more time on the Basin, Montana, article than I did on Boulder, and it passed its Good Article review last week. The library in Boulder has quite a bit of information, but the historical society in Helena is probably the great gold mine for obscure facts. Good luck with all of your pursuits. Finetooth (talk) 21:07, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JSC ltd


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User talk:Kowalski66

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Func( t, c, @,) 02:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * And welcome to the strange world of Wikipedia vandalism. :) The anonymous individual who placed the previous message was impersonating another Wikipedian who is no longer with the project, sorry. Happy editing. Func( t, c, @,) 02:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Master!.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Master!.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. BRossow 02:53, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Manchester City page
Please do not edit the links on the Manchester City page. Manchester City is spelt "Manchester City" or technically "Manchester City Football Club (F.C.)" not "Manchester city". Please be careful on Wikipedia. Regards Stevo1000 (talk) 12:06, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

File:Joy Division.JPG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Joy Division.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Kevin Rutherford (talk) 15:38, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kowalski66


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FTPFS

FTPFS refers to file systems that support access to a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server through standard file system application programming interfaces (APIs).

The ftpfs command in Plan 9 was originated by Dennis Ritchie and was included in the first release of the system (1992). It arranged for a remote file system reachable via FTP to appear as part of the local file system.

In Linux systems, FTPFS was initially implemented as a Linux kernel module that allows the user to mount a FTP server onto the local filesystem, but it was never seen as the perfect way to do it. By 2003, it has been converted to use LUFS, and later to FUSE. Now it is called CurlFtpFS because it uses the universal libcurl for FTP transactions, and is becoming part of the major Linux distributions. There also exists LftpFS for smart mirroring of FTP sites.

In macOS, a read-only FTP file system is included that can be used either via the GUI (with ) or the command line (mount_ftp). The read-only limitation is noted in the man page for mount_ftp (on a macOS system, in Terminal.app, see "man mount_ftp"). However, the free application Macfusion includes a working implementation of FTPFS. Additionally, macOS Fuse is reported to enable this but the method to do so is undocumented (as of March 4, 2013) either via various obvious man page (e.g. sshfs) or in the macOS Fuse wiki.

For Windows XP, Windows 7 and other Windows operating systems, this functionality is partially provided by the "Network Places"/"Network Location" shell facility; a network place is a link to either an FTP server or a WebDAV server and can be accessed in Windows Explorer as just another network filesystem. This does not provide transparent access through the lowest-level Win32 file system APIs, however. Such functionality can be provided by third party programs such as WebDrive and FTPDrive.

title: FTPFS


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Irfan

In Islam, ‘Irfan (Arabic/Persian/Urdu: عرفان; İrfan), literally ‘knowledge, awareness, wisdom’, is gnosis. Islamic mysticism encompassess a range of theoretical and practical beliefs and practices.

Sunni mysticism
According to the founder of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, Abdul Qadir Gilani irfan is the acknowledgement of God's unity. This acceptance is achieved by studying under Islamic scholars who give insight on the internal meanings of Islamic rituals, such as the salah. Reflection upon the practice of Islam with the guidance of respected Islamic scholars is a form of "nearness to God".

Shi'ite mysticism
Ali al-Sistani defines true Irfan as the practice of reciting prescribed duas (prayers) taught by the Twelve Imams, praying the night prayer, and seeking God's pleasure through mustahabb (recommended) actions.

Among the best-known modern Shia proponents of irfan were Usuli theologians Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai, Ruhollah Khomeini, Mohammad-Taqi Bahjat Foumani, Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli, and Ali Tabatabaei.

title: Irfan


text: File:Keepright.jpg

title: File:Keepright.jpg


text:
Keep Right

Keep Right is the seventh solo studio album (and thirteenth overall) by American rapper and record producer KRS-One. It was released on July 13, 2004 via Grit Records bundled with a free DVD. Production was handled by Domingo, B. Creative, Daneja, Fatin "10" Horton, Soul Supreme, Gato, Commissioner Gordon, DJ Qbert, John Doe, Rich Nice, Statik Selektah and KRS-One himself. It features guest appearances from Minister Server, Afrika Bambaataa, L da Headtoucha, Akbar, An Ion, Illin' P, Joe, Mad Lion, Mix Master Mike and Supastition.

The album peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

title: Keep Right


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Thomas Jefferson Conant

Thomas Jefferson Conant (December 13, 1802 – April 30, 1891) was an American Biblical scholar.

Biography
Thomas Jefferson Conant was born in Brandon, Vermont on December 13, 1802. Graduating from Middlebury College in 1823, he became tutor in the Columbian University, Washington D.C. from 1825 to 1827, professor of Greek, Latin, and German at Waterville College (now Colby College) from 1827 to 1833, professor of Biblical Literature and criticism in Hamilton Theological Institute (New York) from 1835 to 1851, and professor of Hebrew and of Biblical exegesis in Rochester Theological Seminary from 1851 to 1857. From 1857 to 1875 he was employed by the American Bible Union on the revision of the New Testament (1871).

In the opinion of the author of his biography in the Encycloaedia Britannica, (11th ed.) Conant was the foremost Hebrew scholar of his time in America. He died in Brooklyn, New York, in 1891.

Works
Conant's treatise, The Meaning and Use of Baptizing Philologically and Historically Investigated (1860), an appendix to the revised version of the Gospel by Matthew, is a valuable summary of the evidence for Baptist doctrine.

Conant translated and edited Gesenius's Hebrew Grammar (1839; 1877)—and criticized a competing translation by Moses Stuart. He published revised versions with notes of Job (1856), Genesis (1868), Psalms (1871), Proverbs (1872), Isaiah i.xiii. 22 (1874), and ''Historical Books of the Old Testament, Joshua to II. Kings'' (1884).

Family
Conant married Hannah O'Brien Chaplin (1809–1865) in 1830, herself the author of The Earnest Man, a biography of Adoniram Judson (1855), and The History of the English Bible (1859); besides being her husband's assistant she was an able assistant in his Hebrew studies.

title: Thomas Jefferson Conant


text:
Mérida State Anthem

The anthem of Mérida State, Venezuela, was written by Antonio Febres Cordero. The music was added by Gil Antonio Gil. Like the anthems of Cojedes and Guárico, it has only one stanza.

Lyrics in Spanish
Chorus Con orgullo lancemos al viento la canción de la tierra natal de confín a confín que resuene de la Sierra la marcha triunfal.

I Del preciado laurel se corona como madre de sabios varones y figura su timbre guerrero esculpidos en sus patrios blasones; porque fue de las siete Provincias que ganaron la heráldica estrella y por eso muy alto en los Fastos cual sus níveas montañas descuellan.

title: Mérida State Anthem


text:
Talk:Chuck Schuldiner

Too many dead links
This article has contained dead links to citations for a very long time. We should try to retrieve the citations on the internet, I'm working on it with little success. --189.123.221.111 (talk) 19:37, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Frank Schuldiner's death
several people have attempted to change Frank S's cause of death to that of 'car accident' when in fact he was killed when a gun accidentally discharged.

4 July - the fact that Jane S has stated at emptywords.org that Frank died via an auto accident doe not actually make it true. Her grief is certainly understandable, having lost both sons, but historical revisionism has no place at Wikipedia. The fact remains that Frank was killed when a gun accidentally discharged while he was playing with a cousin. This led to turmoil within the two families since the reckless misadventure was never fully explained upon investigation. Perhaps this is why Jane has chosen to invent an alternate story. Therefore, out of respect, why don't we merely put that Frank died in 'an accident', with no specifics?

this bio on Chuck
This article states that Schuldiner began playing guitar at the age of 9, however in the book "Choosing Death" by Albert Mudrian, he is quoted saying "When I first started the band I'd only been playing guitar for six or seven months, I couldn't even play a lead". Schuldiner was 15 at the time that Mantas was formed. Can anyone clarify this? Answer: his mother has stated that Chuck had his first guitar following his brother Frank's accidental death, in hopes it would help his grieving. This doesn't mean that Chuck actually studied or played the guitar at that young age. The biography by Mudrian could certainly still be correct as Chuck might not have started seriously playing until he was a teenager. A Sniper

Someone needs to fill out more biography information. Jon Seitz 21:06, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

hey as it stands, seeing as who he was, this article is a joke but i'm gonna help make it better, IM me:AIM itzelial if you have any information i could use, like if you have old metal edge magazines or whatever, whatever is relevant and can be verified. problem is of course, his death was just before the internet age, all the of information isn't on the web, so this article needs a expert - chuck super fan - or at least somebody who can discuss this with me and others and work towards getting this article worthy of the man it represents. Mithotyn 01:42, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I completly agree. And whoever did the last edit should know that this is suppossed to be completly objective. It was nice and creative, and would fit well in an obituary. Feel free to restore it if you can make it objective (ex. millions of fans feel that . . .) I don't know too much about him, so we really need an expert. Freeflux

Long Island is not a town. Someone find the town and enter it ASAP. How disrespectful. It's like having someone from San Diego's entry read 'Southern California."69.204.225.103 (talk) 21:20, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe the exact place is unknown and this is the closest fit. I also agree that the exact place must be found (if the information is even out there). FireCrystal (talk) 00:11, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

I'm working on it. (2/28/2006) Johnson542
I have a lot of information on Chuck and I have special permission to use anything on his memorial site (emptywords.org) in order to complete his wikipedia biography. Feel free to email me about anything Chuck related.

Hi Matt,

You can take your information from EmptyWords as long as the source is mentioned we're okay with that.

Good luck Greetings ~yvonne~ www.emptywords.org

-Oorspronkelijk bericht- Van: Matt Johnson [mailto:johnson542@gmail.com] Verzonden: zaterdag 25 februari 2006 10:32 Aan: sitekeepers@emptywords.org Onderwerp: Chuck on Wikipedia

Hi, I was curious if I could use a picture on your site on Wikipedia.org. Just in case you were not aware, there is a page on Chuck at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schuldiner. An image of him was recently removed due to lack of source information, and I feel that this page is not complete without a photo. I would also like to know if you would rather that I use a different image than the one I have picked out (http://www.emptywords.org/LyricsITP1.jpg). I have just begun editing the page (all pages on Wikipedia are open for public editing) and I believe some of the information on the page was already taken from your site. I was curious to know if I could use information on Emptywords.org to help fans of metal in their research. Emptywords.org is already referenced at the bottom of the page. Thanks for your time, +Matt Johnson

-

Not verified
"Although Schuldiner never married or had children, he was engaged to a woman named Kim when he died. The couple's marriage may have been postponed by Schuldiner's cancer treatments." -- I never heard of this before. Can somebody please provide a source for this!!?? It was added by an anon!

The couple's marriage may have been postponed. Is this speculation perhaps? It was even worse before with "probably been postponed".

If nobody doesn't provide a source for this I'll remove it. Death2 13:41, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I will remove it, for there is no source - Jane Schuldiner has said that he DATED a woman named Kim, but there has been no mention of any engagement. 70.59.9.65 16:11, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Actually Chuck did say he had a fiance in a later interview, so I'm assuming that's Kim he was talking about.

One cannot assume anything without an actual source. The facts speak that Chuck at one time had a girlfriend named Kim (Robinson), and there is no evidence that they were ever 'engaged'.

Chuck confirms in an interview(question 4) that he was engaged. However, he doesnt specify whether or not it was Kim.

Jane, Chuck's mother, confirmed that Kim was Chuck's girlfriend, and she says Kim is more than a daughter for her even now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.230.40.110 (talk) 04:52, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

According to what I've read, Chuck was in a relationship with Kim when he died. So I would assume that if he was engaged with anyone it was her. But let's not speculate these things.

-

Just cleaned up the initial paragraphs a bit, rephrased some things but no content or implications have been changed. Ghostreveries 10:56, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

The intro about him...
"He was also an innovator and pioneer of the death metal genre itself. On a creative level, Death was one of the first bands to implement jazz structure in death metal." He was not an innovator or a pioneer of "the death metal genre itself". There are many death metal bands that predate Death, and death were more of a deathrash band really IMO. Death WAS NOT one of the first bands to implement jazz structure in death metal. God who the hell put that there? Death NEVER had a jazz-influenced style of death metal. If you are going to say The Sound of Perseverance did (to which you are wrong anyhow), I will tell you that Death's later stuff was PROGRESSIVE metal. Just because it is 'progressive' does not mean it was jazz-styled. If any idiot here thinks they know more about death metal than I; I suggest you take a peak at the [|the death metal page] before making a fool of yourself. I am now going to change/remove this, and please, Chuck-fanboys: don't just change it back again...I like Death, but you don't have to idolize Chuck and the band. Last night I removed something from the intro about Chuck being 'one of the greatest and most influential guitarists in metal history'. That is idiocy. Sure, I too think he was good, but there is no need to present such an OPINION (which I would say is not true) in an online ENCYCLOPAEDIA. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Isilioth (talk • contribs) 08:36, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Many of the earlier death metal bands had huge thrash influences, which is natural as death metal mostly evolved from thrash, except that especially in Europe many bands had a more hardcore punk background (Carcass, Bolt Thrower, Napalm Death, Entombed). Besides which death metal bands really predate Death/Mantas (ie. are founded earlier than 1983)? Death is defnitively one of the most influential death metal bands - that's undeniable. Spearhead 08:55, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I'll agree with you Isilioth that the jazz thing is silly - it should certainly state progressive. You'll note also that I did not re-insert the 'one of the greatest and most influential guitarists in metal history' as I agree it is ridiculous and totally OTT. However, that Schuldiner is considered an innovator of the genre (and his band's place within its history. with SBG as a template) is virtually unchallenged in any reliable printed or internet work on metal. Remember that a person does not have to be a 'Chuck-fanboy' to want to get information correctly. We're all well aware of Seven Churches, etc. but that doesn't downplay Schuldiner's immense importance in the scheme of things A Sniper 09:49, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure, he was an innovator of Death Metal (although Death were never as heavy as any of the other death metal bands to come in the next 3 years after their debut), but why does Chuck deserve more credit than any of the other death metal musicians? He contributed to death metal: but no more than any of the other guys in the early death metal years. If you go to a page on any other dm musician from that era, you won't find much about them being oh so innovative and contributed oh so much. This is due to there being so many "Chuck-fanboy"s. There are too many people who idolize him. I assume it was you, A Sniper, who now changed the intro to "On a creative level, Death was one of the first bands to implement more of a progressive style into death metal. ". That is not true either. Death didn't become progressive until the mid-late 90s (not sure on album release years), and which time they stopped being death metal. I am hence going to remove this. Please note that I do like Death, but i hate the way they are portrayed as being the be-all, end-all. Let's try to create an article that shows some the straight facts, and not something biased due to everyone loving Death so much. Chuck might have been an "innovator", but why do people have to give him special treatment over all the other death metal musicians... The Answer: Because he's dead. --Isilioth

Almost any reference on Schuldiner (music reference publications, metal writers, tape traders, etc.) consider him to have been an 'innovator' of the genre, dead or alive. This is merely fact. I agree with you that idolizing Schuldiner has no place on Wikipedia (hence why fawning gush about Schuldiner being the 'greatest guitarist' to ever live, etc., has been edited out), but neither has diminishing a person's accomplishments. A Sniper 21:12, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Ok. Someone (probably A Sniper, i assume it was you) has now changed a sentence to: "He played an important role in the early days of death metal with his band Death, which later inserted progressive metal elements into the band. ". Why the hell would you change it to that. Death was a deathrash (very 'thrashy' death metal) band to begin with. In the later years, they became a PROGRESSIVE METAL band. NOT a progressive death metal band. They were never both progressive and death at the same time. I am changing it back to how I had it, don't change it back please...Death wasnt a death metal band after Chuck "inserted progressive metal elements into the band." I also don't think it should say "Technical Death Metal" under Chuck's genres. The technicality he was known for was in his later (progressive metal) works. His early (death metal) works were simplistic (for metal standards at least). Hell, they only spent three weeks writing one of their early albums (Human i think?) I'm going to change technical death metal to progressive metal. Just because he at one stage made death metal, and at another made technical metal, does not mean that his death metal was technical. -- Isilioth

I'll agree Isilioth that what Death evolved into is more rightly described as 'progressive' than 'technical' (albeit Schuldiner's solos, even from SBG, were quite technically proficient and this was further enhanced album by album, and with the addition of other technical players such as Murphy and Masvidal), and your edit is a sound & logical one. However, claiming that Schuldiner et al somehow ceased to be death metal entirely, hence becoming progressive metal in total, could be challenged for NPOV. This is the reason that I would think the facts speak more strongly for claiming that from SBG in 1987 to the final Death release there was a progression and not an abandonment. By the way, Human was written for well over a year by Schuldiner in the aftermath of Butler and Andrews' termination in 1990. A Sniper 06:41, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Ah yes, but how many other death metal bands have had technically proficient solos? More than a handful, thats for sure. Trey Azagthoth IMO has done some of the best lead guitar work in death metal, but Morbid Angel is still classed just as "Death Metal". Technical Death is usually used for bands that implement styles such as jazz into death. Quote from the death metal: "Technical death metal is musically characterized by chaotic riffs, atypical rhythms, polished production, and rapidly changing time signatures." Anyway, I agree with what youve set it to now. By the way, sorry, it wasn't Human (lol), it was Individual Thought Patterns that they wrote in 3 weeks. Gene Hoglan (drummer at the time) said this in an interview with Metal Maniacs. Isilioth 01:54, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

We're agreed all around then - excellent! Pleasure to work it out with you in a logical, productive manner. All hail... A Sniper 01:04, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Cheers. Thanks for not being an arrogant, ignorant fanboy. :) Isilioth 10:25, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I fail to see how you can say that Death was never both progressive and death metal. They were definatley a huge influence to many death metal bands that came after them and are still a big influence on various other bands

Uhh...were saying that Death was a death metal band in their early days, in their later days they were progressive metal. What I was pointing out is that they were never progressive death metal...whoever you are. Please sign your comments. Isilioth 13:03, 2 April 2007 (UTC) Shut the fuck fuck up you stupid twat let chuck rest in peace, his music was immense and thats all that fucking matters. Spaktor, 15/7/08

Dream Theater??
"Later in his career Schuldiner cited progressive metal bands such as Watchtower, Dream Theater, and Queensryche frequently as influences. Chuck's mother claims that he enjoyed all forms of music except country and rap. He also apparently particularly enjoyed jazz and classical music in addition to metal and British alternative acts such as Lush."

This is not correct, http://www.emptywords.org/Pit06-99.htm. "I could sit here all day naming players that I grew up on that inspired me, but very few players in the '90s interest me at all. Take John Petrucci from DREAM THEATER. He is a great technical player but his playing doesn't give me that feeling in my gut that I feel when I hear Dave Murray play. " XXMurderSoulXx 08:52, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

religion should be cut down
If his father was Jewish and his mom was a convert to judaism, but he lived in a irreligious home, I think the religion part should be trimmed abit. It is about chuck, and since he said religion doesn't play a part in his music, I think it would be fitting that it doesn't play much of a part in this artical in his memory.--Equilibriummike (talk) 14:22, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that the facts should nevertheless be stated. Chuck's Mom Jane converted to Judaism, and Chuck was considered Jewish at birth. Chuck never denied this fact throughout his life and self-identified as "Jewish". I agree that no particular issue re: religion should be focused upon in the article, but the facts describe the man and should therefore remain. What idea did you have re: trimming? Cheers, A Sniper 12:55, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It just seems unnecessarily long and meaningless to his legacy, considering it didn't really play a big part in who he was, or what he did. Not saying it shouldn't be stated but I think others would agree that it's to much for this article. What idea for trimming? I don't know, I would maybe leave that to others who contributed to this article.--Equilibriummike (talk) 01:45, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

RE: Single-purpose account Jackmantas
I regret that the above user appears to be trolling articles I've contributed to and making blanking attempts, deletions, and whatever else. This appears to be based on malicious intent (for want of any other explanation) and not on verifiability, good faith or interest in the article topics. Cheers, A Sniper (talk) 21:02, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Lack of Neutrality and Conflict of interest.
I am questioning the neutrality of this article. Particularily the assertion that "Music Biographers" have referred to Mr. Schuldiner as "The Father of Death Metal" If "Music Biographers" (plural) have referred to him by this title then why is the editor who is adding this information only able to provide one (single) reference to back up this assertion? Also, the reference he is using is a very obscure website ("All Music"). Also, who has ever heard of this writer that is making this rather misguided claim? (Ed Rivadavia?) Bring in a writer like Malcolm Dome from Kerrang Magazine or somebody like that and then you will have an expert on this subject.

When you visit this website (All music.com) you will see a menu of different categories of music that you can click on and they are: Rock, Jazz, R&B,Rap,Country ,Blues, World, Electronica, Classical and More.

Click on "more" and you still don't see even Heavy Metal, much less Death Metal. You are going to try to tell me that this website is an authority on the subject of Death Metal? I'm having my doubts. Regardless, he hasn't produced more than one source, so the editor's assertion that multiple music biographers have referred to him as "The Father of Death Metal" has not been verified.

Now on to the subject of a conflict of interest. This editor, Username: A Sniper, was by his own admission, the manager for Mr. Schuldiner, so he would seem to have a vested interest in asserting this "Father of Death Metal" claim as a statement of fact. Thus, I assert we have a conflict of interest and to maintain the high standards of Wikipedia, this editor should step aside and allow a more neutral party to add or delete information from this article. That's all for now.--Jackmantas (talk) 00:56, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * if you'd bother to do some research, which is the reason Wikipedia exists, you'd find that Malcolm Dome wrote several articles on Chuck and Death - he wrote for Metal Forces. Speaking of Kerrang, Mr. Jackmantas, this is what they said about Chuck Schuldiner (KERRANG number 885 - Date of issue: Jan 5 2001) when he died: "Chuck Schuldiner was one of the most significant figures in the history of metal". Check the incredibly large cache of articles found at www.emptywords.org. Now, please stop trolling me and editing things out of spite. A Sniper (talk) 23:16, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Wtf, why is this even an issue? Jackmantas, do you have any idea what you are saying? First off, AMG (all music guide) is not obscure. It's used all over wikipedia. There are constant discussions about the site. It's used widely on wikipedia for its reviews. In fact, its one of the few sites allowed. You might want to use wikipedia a little more... And, yes, it does talk about metal and if you look up metal bands it even has a ton of rare and obscure bands in its vast archives (incl. black, death, thrash, etc.). Metal just happens to be under rock. As for Chuck Schuldiner being considered the "father of death metal," that is a widely known (if somewhat debated in the past) term for Schuldiner. I'm surprised you haven't heard of it. I'm also tired of your ripping on A Sniper.  No one cares anymore (the COI case was dismissed if you didn't catch that) about that shit. He's a fine editor who has contributed without problems for years until now when some people decided to bring this bullshit about COI up. And even then the case was dismissed. No one wants to hear about this anymore Jackmantas, it's old news and you're preaching to an audience that left a long time ago. Do something more contructive.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 01:53, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

I posted that comment that you are responding to along time ago. I just corrected my signature, so that is why that date is showing up as May 1. I don't know why you get so riled up over stuff that I write, but since you do I guess I'll respond. I mean, If what I write is so unimportant, why get so worked up about it? First of all, you seem to be highly protective of A Sniper. I really don't know why. He apparently has you hoodwinked into thinking that he is some kind of a nice guy or something. He is not. Take a look at his history. You will see how rude and condescending he has been time and time again, even to people who were extremely nice and helpful to him in the first place. I don't know why you want to carry the torch for a guy like that, but I can tell you with no uncertainty that he would throw you under the bus at the drop of a hat if it serves his purposes to do so. You may be loyal to him, but I can assure you he is not loyal to you. Yeah I saw that the COI was supposedly "resolved" not "dismissed" as you have termed it. Well I can tell you I am having a lot of trouble understanding that. I mean, if you have a guy that posts his own autobiography, and 95% of the sources are so called "interviews" where the subject of the autobiography is simply making claims about himself, how much more of a conflict of interest can there possibly be? I mean can you or anybody point out a situation that there would be more of a conflict of interest than that? If that is not a conflict of interest, then I don't know what is. Have a nice evening. --Jackmantas (talk) 02:31, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Obviously it wasn't much of a COI is it was "resolved." You say I'm protective of A Sniper and get all "riled up" over the stuff that you write about, yet you yourself were the one that was getting all "riled up" in the first place and would not stop insulting A Sniper. You make sweeping accusations on him like, "I can tell you with no uncertainty that he would throw you under the bus" as if you know him. Do you? I'm not even saying I do, but the way you talk it's as if you've known the guy for years. And even if he was a horrible editor (which is silly to even think about) what would that have to do with real life? Just because you threaten/stalk someone on the internet or whatever and say you're gonna kill them or harm them, doesn't mean you will. Internet personality is seperate from a person's real personality in most cases, especially where threats/insults are concerned. I've never seen A Sniper be "rude" or "condescending" to those that have helped him, though I see that you have, time and again, been rude to him. If it's an old post, though, sorry for getting "worked up," but I seriously hope you stop this bashing of a user (or any user) and just get on with something better. 165.196.83.30 (talk) 18:47, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Verification needed on views concerning drug abuse
I have placed "citation needed" flags after unverified statements concerning Mr. Schuldiner's alleged views on drug abuse. I think we need to be very accurate on these controversial subjects to protect Mr. Schuldiner's reputation. If no references can be found, these statements should be deleted. Discuss. --Jackmantas (talk) 03:30, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

I have deleted the comments concerningMr. Schuldiner's alleged views on drug abuse. As is stated above, I flagged them lastnight and a little later another editor came and immediately deleted them, something that I probably should have done in the first place. Very soon after that another editor came and put them back up without discussion, screaming loudly in his edit summary: "The man is DEAD!" So since that editor didn't bother to come here and discuss, I will assume his point is that totally unverified, potentially defamatory statements can be left on a person's biography as long as they are not among the living? I myself am trying to figure out what is wrong with leaving the remarks deleted until somebody produces solid verification. I attempted to search for verification myself and all I could find was other websites that had cut and pasted this wikipedia biography onto their own site which in my mind not only leaves these statements totally unverified but points to how much more defamatory the remarks have become. Jackmantas (talk) 20:32, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Since you're totally unfamiliar with Chuck Schuldiner and the band Death, and have diminished his importance in the context of modern music (on this very page), yet continue to troll on this site, it might seem logical that you'd think the small paragraph on drugs is 'defamatory' to Chuck. Editors familiar with Death know this is not the case. If you want to be useful, you could go to emptywords.org yourself and dig through the mountains of interviews, reviews, etc. to find the appropriate reference for what is already accepted as fact: Chuck was against hard drugs but an avid pot smoker. Or maybe you feel that the paragraph would only be of interest to 'fanboys'? The comment 'the man is DEAD' referred to a user who believed Chuck to still be alive, and his comment was re: biographies of living persons, and the user apologized for the edit made in error. A Sniper (talk) 20:43, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

So I've "diminished his importance in the context of modern music" huh? Wow, I must be pretty powerful. I feel like a real Metal God now! Seriously though, isn't that what you were trying to do when you sued him? Diminish his importance? Or just get some cash from him? Jackmantas (talk) 02:27, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * My Odin! That is completely unacceptable! If you want to use that sort of language then leave this site immediately. WP:CIVL. I have known that you had been uncivil in the past, but I had no idea to what level. Unbelievable. If you do this again be asuured that you will be reported and blocked.  Blizzard Beast  ''$ODIN' 02:27, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

you both say different things, but i have proof. this was found in the emptywords.org website. http://www.emptywords.org/SparkMagazine07-95.htm

take a look at number 14. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Actionsail (talk • contribs) 07:56, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Slaughter?
I have placed a citation needed flag after the statement claiming that Mr. Schuldiner was once a member of Slaughter. I would think Mr. Schuldiner, were he still with us, would resent being falsely accused of being a member of a band such as Slaughter which is pretty much universally recognized by true Headbangers as "Poser Metal." If this claim cannot be verified it should be deleted. Discuss. --Jackmantas (talk) 03:48, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not THAT Slaughter (featuring Mark Slaughter). Why don't you go and work on pages of which you have some competence or knowledge instead of trolling after me in areas where you don't appear to be adding anything constructive? You have now made a reference to Malcolm Dome without any idea that he wrote very positive things about Chuck from the beginning of the Death career. Now you don't know the difference between two bands from different genres and countries who happen to have the same name. Any expert editor in this field knows this. This trolling thing is going a bit too far, don't you think? Instead of obsessing on Greif and Schuldiner, go edit in places where you can make a genuine positive impact on Wikipedia. Fondly, A Sniper (talk) 04:48, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Well Oops, my bad. No reason to be rude about things, though. So you want to play hardball huh? No problem. Now that you mention it, I do remember that there were two Slaughters. That distinction needs to be made in the main article I think, because nobody remembers them anyway except total fanboys. I think I'll do that when I get done here. That Canadian Slaughter was EXTREMELY obscure, so I had totally forgotten about them. Not very good as I remember either. BTW, did you manage them too....lol. As far as the Malcolm Dome thing goes, If you knew so much about what he had said about Mr. Schuldiner, then why did you wait until I had said something to you about it to then google it? Huh? Come on admit it. You didn't know he had ever said anything about Chuck until I mentioned Malcolm Dome. Then you googled it and found some references and then tried to act like you had known it all along. You know it and I know it. I used to read magazines like Kerrang and Metal Forces religiously but that's when I was much younger. I didn't read anything around the time that Chuck passed away. Besides that, you know how they make a big deal out of people when they die. And you too. Since you managed him for a while, you are trying to make Death and Chuck Schuldiner out to be a bigger phenomenon than they really are. So you can make yourself out to be something bigger than you really are. Oh and of course your managerial relationship with him ended in a lawsuit. He fired you and then he was forced to rehire you by a lawsuit settlement! Now that's something to be proud of isn't it? I bet he hated you by the time he passed away. Oh and I'd might as well say it, I bet you were a contributing factor in his brain cancer. Sound unlikely? Well, there are a lot of people who think that Andy Kaufman developed lung cancer due in large part to his contentious relationship with SNL's Lorne Michaels. He had never smoked a day in his life! So you think about it. I bet you worried the poor guy to death. I can just imagine from the way you are on here how nasty you must be to deal with in real life. Oh and as far as you being some kind of a Metal expert, come on. You admit yourself on your autobiography that you have been photographed in metal magazines in "Morrisey" and "The Smiths" t-shirts....lol. No self-respecting metalhead would be caught dead in a shirt like that. Also, I wouldn't recommend you wear a shirt like that to next Death Metal show you MC....lol. What's next? A New Kids on the Block shirt?..lol Anyway, you are just a poser that has come on here and tried to act like some kind of Metal expert because you know a little bit about a few bands that you managed. You're not fooling me. Okay I think I'm done now. Anyway, sorry to the rest of the Wikipedia family for that outburst. I'm not normally like this. Actually I am very well mannered most of the time. I just thought it was time somebody gave Mr. Grief a taste of his own medicine. Love and Kisses, --Jackmantas (talk) 07:08, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * How can an editor respond to such attacks that have nothing to do with article edits? You have made unsubstantiated and bitter accusations, not to mention tarnishing Chuck Schuldiner's importance on his article's talk page. Unbelievable. Anyone who crawls through your edit history can see you've been trolling around as a single-purpose account making malicious edits for the sole purpose of ridicule. Your work on this page, and your comments above illustrate that you couldn't care less about the article or the subject of the article. A Sniper (talk) 07:36, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Human
Anyone want to discuss the significance of Death's Human in the death metal context, and its importance for Chuck personally in the context of the band? A Sniper (talk) 10:29, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

ITP and TSoP neglected
These sentences "Schuldiner played guitar in the project Voodoocult on the album Jesus Killing Machine in 1994. He folded Death after this to form a new band called Control Denied, and released The Fragile Art of Existence in 1999." are incorrect; what about Symbolic, ITP and TSoP? Those albums should also be mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.225.237.199 (talk) 07:00, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed - let's edit that right away. Best, A Sniper (talk) 14:29, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

David Grohl comment
"Chuck died for making the right decisions in life. That's just... that's just not fair."

There is no reference for this comment. I wonder if it can be located. It seems quite significant.

Cause of Cancer
Cancer is a bad deal. Supposedly we all carry dormant cancer cells. At some point they are activated, usually by some sort of outside influence, like smoking, or pollution. Not to detract from the article, but to clear up any sort of confusion as to the cause of death, this should be fleshed out a little, at least. We fans don't want to just wonder why he got cancer, or why anybody does. If you don't know or can't discover the true answer, then perhaps you could insert a sort of disclaimer as to the cause of the cancer being unknown. After all, doctors will tell you they don't really know crap, anyways. If that is the case, I'd appreciate knowing. If there is a definite or approximate cause of the cancer, I'd like to know that also.
 * Someone in the know or in the loop should do this, rather than me or someone else. I could say, "I bet the cause was smoking", or "Maybe it was prescription drugs."  The uncertainty is worse than the truth.
 * thanks ;>jamvaru (talk) 21:35, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * There was no 'cause', and as much as I understand fan frustration at not knowing more, the sad reality is that Chuck was diagnosed with Pontine glioma in May 1999, and two and a half years later he was dead. Chuck smoked a lot of pot, but as this kind of brain stem cancer is juvenile-onset, there is a possibility that the cancer preexisted the pot. Who knows. We'll never know. Chuck didn't smoke cigarettes, did no other drugs whatsoever, and as an accomplished cook he actually watched what he ate & was always fit. When his cancer took a turn for the worse after a period of relative status quo, he eventually got pneumonia, he was brought home to his Mom's on Citrus in Altamonte Springs, and he died within the hour of returning. That's it. A Sniper (talk) 05:46, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

In reality he died of AIDS. Thejewishprophet (talk) 01:25, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

The Book Section
Apologies for asking, but is this an actual book? As best as I can find it's appears to be a couple of dead links, a band wiki, and a Facebook page. Without proper references, ISBN etc., it looks a bit like some classically trained band wagoning. 203.38.100.131 (talk) 04:19, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

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Pronunciation /ʃu:l'dinə(r)/
pronunciation of the surname 186.11.20.106 (talk) 06:53, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chuck Schuldiner


text:
User:Gutza/sig

Gutza T T+

title: User:Gutza/sig


text:
User talk:Gutza/sig

Sig test --Gutza T T+ 21:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gutza/sig


text:
Unified Medical Language System

The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a compendium of many controlled vocabularies in the biomedical sciences (created 1986). It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensive thesaurus and ontology of biomedical concepts. UMLS further provides facilities for natural language processing. It is intended to be used mainly by developers of systems in medical informatics.

UMLS consists of Knowledge Sources (databases) and a set of software tools.

The UMLS was designed and is maintained by the US National Library of Medicine, is updated quarterly and may be used for free. The project was initiated in 1986 by Donald A.B. Lindberg, M.D., then Director of the Library of Medicine, and directed by Betsy Humphreys.

Purpose and applications
The number of biomedical resources available to researchers is enormous. Often this is a problem due to the large volume of documents retrieved when the medical literature is searched. The purpose of the UMLS is to enhance access to this literature by facilitating the development of computer systems that understand biomedical language. This is achieved by overcoming two significant barriers: "the variety of ways the same concepts are expressed in different machine-readable sources & by different people" and "the distribution of useful information among many disparate databases & systems".

Licensing
Users of the system are required to sign a "UMLS agreement" and file brief annual usage reports. Academic users may use the UMLS free of charge for research purposes. Commercial or production use requires copyright licenses for some of the incorporated source vocabularies.

Metathesaurus
The Metathesaurus forms the base of the UMLS and comprises over 1 million biomedical concepts and 5 million concept names, all of which stem from the over 100 incorporated controlled vocabularies and classification systems. Some examples of the incorporated controlled vocabularies are CPT, ICD-10, MeSH, SNOMED CT, DSM-IV, LOINC, WHO Adverse Drug Reaction Terminology, UK Clinical Terms, RxNorm, Gene Ontology, and OMIM (see full list).

The Metathesaurus is organized by concept, and each concept has specific attributes defining its meaning and is linked to the corresponding concept names in the various source vocabularies. Numerous relationships between the concepts are represented, for instance hierarchical ones such as "isa" for subclasses and "is part of" for subunits, and associative ones such as "is caused by" or "in the literature often occurs close to" (the latter being derived from Medline).

The scope of the Metathesaurus is determined by the scope of the source vocabularies. If different vocabularies use different names for the same concept, or if they use the same name for different concepts, then this will be faithfully represented in the Metathesaurus. All hierarchical information from the source vocabularies is retained in the Metathesaurus. Metathesaurus concepts can also link to resources outside of the database, for instance gene sequence databases.

Semantic network
Each concept in the Metathesaurus is assigned one or more semantic types (categories), which are linked with one another through semantic relationships. The semantic network is a catalog of these semantic types and relationships. This is a rather broad classification; there are 127 semantic types and 54 relationships in total.

The major semantic types are organisms, anatomical structures, biologic function, chemicals, events, physical objects, and concepts or ideas. The links among semantic types define the structure of the network and show important relationships between the groupings and concepts. The primary link between semantic types is the "isa" link, establishing a hierarchy of types. The network also has 5 major categories of non-hierarchical (or associative) relationships, which constitute the remaining 53 relationship types. These are "physically related to", "spatially related to", "temporally related to", "functionally related to" and "conceptually related to".

The information about a semantic type includes an identifier, definition, examples, hierarchical information about the encompassing semantic type(s), and associative relationships. Associative relationships within the Semantic Network are very weak. They capture at most some-some relationships, i.e. they capture the fact that some instance of the first type may be connected by the salient relationship to some instance of the second type. Phrased differently, they capture the fact that a corresponding relational assertion is meaningful (though it need not be true in all cases).

An example of an associative relationship is "may-cause", applied to the terms (smoking, lung cancer) would yield: smoking "may-cause" lung cancer.

SPECIALIST Lexicon
The SPECIALIST Lexicon contains information about common English vocabulary, biomedical terms, terms found in MEDLINE and terms found in the UMLS Metathesaurus. Each entry contains syntactic (how words are put together to create meaning), morphological (form and structure) and orthographic (spelling) information. A set of Java programs use the lexicon to work through the variations in biomedical texts by relating words by their parts of speech, which can be helpful in web searches or searches through an electronic medical record.

Entries may be one-word or multiple-word terms. Records contain four parts: base form (i.e. "run" for "running"); parts of speech (of which Specialist recognizes eleven); a unique identifier; and any available spelling variants. For example, a query for "anesthetic" would return the following:

{ base=anaesthetic spelling_variant=anesthetic entry=E0008769 cat=noun variants=reg } { base=anaesthetic spelling_variant=anesthetic entry=E0008770 cat=adj variants=inv position=attrib(3) }

The SPECIALIST lexicon is available in two formats. The "unit record" format can be seen above, and comprises slots and fillers. A slot is the element (i.e. "base=" or "spelling variant=") and the fillers are the values attributable to that slot for that entry. The "relational table" format is not yet normalized and contain a great deal of redundant data in the files.

Inconsistencies and other errors
Given the size and complexity of the UMLS and its permissive policy on integrating terms, errors are inevitable. Errors include ambiguity and redundancy, hierarchical relationship cycles (a concept is both an ancestor and descendant to another), missing ancestors (semantic types of parent and child concepts are unrelated), and semantic inversion (the child/parent relationship with the semantic types is not consistent with the concepts).

These errors are discovered and resolved by auditing the UMLS. Manual audits can be very time-consuming and costly. Researchers have attempted to address the issue through a number of ways. Automated tools can be used to search for these errors. For structural inconsistencies (such as loops), a trivial solution based on the order would work. However, the same wouldn't apply when the inconsistency is at the term or concept level (context-specific meaning of a term). This requires an informed search strategy to be used (knowledge representation).

Supporting software tools
In addition to the knowledge sources, the National Library of Medicine also provides supporting tools. MetamorphoSys - customizes the Metathesaurus for specific applications, for instance by excluding certain source vocabularies.

lvg - a program that uses the SPECIALIST lexicon to generate lexical variants of a given term and to support the parsing of natural language text.

MetaMap - online tool that, when given an arbitrary piece of text, finds and returns the relevant Metathesaurus concepts.

MetaMap Transfer (MMTx) - Java implementation of MetaMap (no longer supported).

Knowledge Source Server - web-based access to vocabularies (retired Fall 2010).

Third party software

 * UMLS-Similarity, an open source software package that implements many measures of semantic similarity and relatedness.
 * UMLS-Similarity web interface, a web interface to UMLS-Similarity

title: Unified Medical Language System


text:
Kelton Foundation

The Kelton Foundation, also known as the Richard Kelton Foundation, in Santa Monica, California, was founded in 1983 as a private charitable organization by real estate developer Richard Kelton, who died in 2019. Its main activities comprise "ethnographic, scientific and artistic investigations of humankind and the sea", and it holds a vast collection of artworks, known as the Kelton Foundation Collection, or Kelton Collection.

Kelton was particularly interested in maritime art of the Pacific region, China Trade art, ethnographic materials, and Aboriginal Australian art, and travelled and collected works until around 2007. He mounted his first exhibition in 1980 at the Pacific Asia Museum in Pasadena, believed to be the first Aboriginal Australian art exhibition in the United States. The foundation mounts exhibitions, lends its objects and art to other institutions, and provides assistance to scholars undertaking related research.

The Kelton Collection has held works by contemporary Indigenous Australian artists including Takariya Napaltjarri, Daisy Leura Nakamarra, Minnie Pwerle and Dhuwarrwarr Marika. Kelton had a particularly close affinity with Emily Kame Kngwarreye and Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri, but many many other artists are represented, from Arnhem Land, the Tiwi Islands, the eastern Kimberley region of Western Australia, and elsewhere.

The foundation also funds the Blue World Web Museum, a "virtual museum" focused on maritime art, whose goal is to mount exhibitions on subjects otherwise unavailable online; to educate; and to stimulate public interest in maritime museums.

In December 2020, Kelton's estate sold more than 250 works to Swiss collector Bruno Raschle for around US$10m. The Foundation continues its philanthropic connection to Australia, focusing on First Nations health and education projects.

title: Kelton Foundation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Broome, Cayuga, Chenango, Cortland, Herkimer, Oneida, Ontario, Otsego, Seneca, Tioga and Tompkins, New York

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename to 24th Congressional District of New York. --Canderson7 22:58, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Broome, Cayuga, Chenango, Cortland, Herkimer, Oneida, Ontario, Otsego, Seneca, Tioga and Tompkins, New York
Does not make sense as individual article Groeck 21:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.   Paul Klenk 21:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * comment - can someone from NY area please check out the links on New York Congressional Districts - this article, and 'Enter County, New York' (already deleted), both linked from there - something strange is going on. --Doc (?) 21:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to 24th Congressional District of New York assuming the article is correct. Kappa 22:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per Kappa. --WikiFan04Talk 18:30, 27 Aug 2005 (CDT)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The Times-Record (Alabama)

The Times-Record is a weekly newspaper based in Fayette, Alabama. It covers the news of Fayette County, Alabama.

title: The Times-Record (Alabama)


text:
User:Reinyday/CSS

Places to look:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/main.css
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css
 * MediaWiki:Monobook.css
 * MediaWiki:Common.css

class="boilerplate metadata" (used in Template:Expert)

class="messagebox cleanup" (used in Template:Wikify)

.messagebox { border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; width: 85%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; text-align: justify; } .messagebox.merge { border: 1px solid #cf9fff; background-color: #f5edf5; text-align: center; } .messagebox.cleanup { border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background-color: #efefff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; }

class="infobox" (used in old Template:Infobox Pope)

.infobox { border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: .2em; float: right; clear: right; }

class="toccolours" (used in ?)

.toccolours { border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%; }

class="Talk-Notice" (used in Template:Attention)

.Talk-Notice { border: 1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA; margin-bottom: 3px; width: 85%; border-spacing: 3px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }

title: User:Reinyday/CSS


text:
Caroline Eden

Caroline Eden (née Calvert; born c. 1737) was the daughter of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, and sister of Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore. She married Sir Robert Eden, the last colonial Governor of Maryland, and was the mother of Sir Frederick Eden, 2nd Baronet.

Early life
She was a daughter of Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, and wife Mary Janssen. She had an older brother, Frederick Calvert (1731–1771) who succeeded his father to become the 6th and final Baron Baltimore, and a sister, Louisa Calvert. The Barons Baltimore were lords proprietors of the Maryland Colony of British America, granting them semi-feudal control of the province, including the right to collect taxes, establish courts and appoint the governor.

American Revolution
On 26 April 1763 Caroline married Robert Eden. In 1769, Eden was appointed governor of Maryland; he would be the last colonial governor of the province.

Upon the death of her brother, Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore, the colony of Maryland passed to Frederick's illegitimate son, Henry Harford. Despite his illegitimacy, the people of Maryland initially supported Harford and welcomed him as their new Lord Proprietor, even naming Harford County, Maryland after him in 1773. However, Governor Robert Eden disputed Harford's inheritance, and in 1774 tried to claim a part of the estate on behalf of his wife Caroline.

Before the English courts could rule on the case, the American Revolution broke out. Caroline Eden would however lose her claim - Harford succeeded in winning his father's inheritance; the rents from the Calvert estates in Britain were awarded to Harford by Act of Parliament - the Estate Act of 1780. But in 1781 the new State of Maryland confiscated all of Henry Harford's estates and used their income to help finance the cash-strapped revolutionary government and its militia. After the war Harford made strenuous efforts to win compensation but without success.

Legacy
In 1773 Caroline County, Maryland, was named in her honor. The county was formed from land belonging to Dorchester County and Queen Anne's County.

title: Caroline Eden


text: User talk:209.215.160.105

title: User talk:209.215.160.105


text:
Eduard Sievers

Eduard Sievers (25 November 1850, Lippoldsberg – 30 March 1932, Leipzig) was a German philologist of the classical and Germanic languages. Sievers was one of the Junggrammatiker of the so-called "Leipzig School". He was one of the most influential historical linguists of the late nineteenth century. He is known for his recovery of the poetic traditions of Germanic languages such as Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon, as well as for his discovery of Sievers' law.

Biography
He was educated at Leipzig and Berlin, and became professor extraordinarius of Germanic and Romance philology at Jena in 1871, receiving a full professorship there five years later. In 1883 he went to Tübingen, and in 1887 to Halle, whence he was called in 1892 to Leipzig.

Sievers' analysis
Sievers' analysis was a system of five patterns which indicated how the poetic line (or, more specifically, the poetic half-line) was to be emphasized or not, e.g. stressed-unstressed-stressed-unstressed, unstressed-stressed-unstressed-stressed, etc. This seemingly elementary analysis was significant because of the difficulty experienced by previous scholars in identifying where the poetic line began and ended. Germanic poetry, in its written form, rarely indicated the line division.

Moreover, even though it was clear that some words were of greater importance than others and were thus supposed to be stressed, there were few limitations on the length of the unstressed sequences, which made the identification of the poetic line even more difficult. In Shakespearean verse, for example, a typical poetic line is:

 * it IS the EAST and JUliET’s the SUN

Here stressed and unstressed syllables follow one after the other. In Old Saxon, however, a line might read:

 * LIthi an thesaru LOGnu

In this example, five syllables occur between the stressed syllables LI- and LOG.

Sievers examined these issues in great detail, as well as the questions of relative stress and clashing stresses in poetry.

Sievers himself later abandoned this type of analysis in favor of Schallanalyse, or 'sound analysis,' a system which was understood by very few apart from Sievers and those close to him.

Reception
His analysis was widely, though not universally, accepted among philologists.

Sievers's work on the rhythms of Anglo-Saxon poetry influenced the poetry of Ezra Pound, in particular in poems such as his version of The Seafarer, an Old English poem giving a first-person account of a man alone on the sea.

Original

 * An Old English Grammar, translated and edited by Albert S. Cook (1885)
 * Der Heliand und die angelsächsische Genesis ("Heliand and the Anglo-Saxon version of Genesis, "1875)
 * Angelsächsische Grammatik ("Anglo-Saxon grammar," 3d ed. 1898)
 * Zum angelsächsischen Vokalismus ("Anglo-Saxon vowels," 1900)
 * Altgermanische Metrik, Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. Ergänzungsreihe. 2 (Halle: Niemeyer, 1893)
 * Metrische Studien, dealing with Hebrew metres ("Metrical studies," 1901–02)
 * Grundzüge der Phonetik, once a standard work on phonetics ("Foundations of phonetics," 5th ed. 1901)

Editor

 * Tatian (2d ed. 1892)
 * Heliand (1878)
 * Die althochdeutschen Glossen, with Elias von Steinmeyer ("Old high-German glosses," 4 vols., 1879–98)
 * Oxforder Benediktinerregel ("Oxford Benedictine regulations," 1887)

In 1891 he became an editor of Paul and Braune's Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur ("Contributions to the history of the German language and its literature"), and contributed sections on runes, Gothic language and literature, and Germanic metre to Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie ("Outline of Germanic philology," Strassburg, 1891 et seq.).

Select bibliography

 * Sievers Eduard. Rhythmisch-melodische Studien. Geneva-Lausanne: sdvig press, 2014.

title: Eduard Sievers


text:
File:Tughluqabad information.JPG

Information by the Antiquities Service of India at Tughluqabad, the third city of Delhi founded by Ghiyaht al-Din Tughluq

(c) GFDL David Haberlah (Homepage of David Haberlah, david@haberlah.com)

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:Tughluqabad information.JPG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xaria

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:55, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Xaria
An obscure, probably non-notable project. I can't find anything on Google about this outside of Wikipedia mirrors. CDC  (talk)  21:10, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Who is posting all this nonsense?  We need an orientation for these people.    Paul Klenk 21:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Groeck 21:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xaria


text:
Whatever (1999 film)

Whatever is a 1999 French drama film directed by Philippe Harel, starring Harel and José Garcia. The original French title is Extension du domaine de la lutte, which means "extension of the domain of struggle." It tells the story of a man whose misanthropy goes out of control due to a business trip together with a colleague. It is based on the novel Whatever by Michel Houellebecq.

The film was released on 13 October 1999 through Mars Distribution. It had 55,967 admissions in France.

Cast

 * Philippe Harel as Notre héros
 * José Garcia as Raphael Tisserand
 * Catherine Mouchet as La psy
 * Cécile Reigher as Catherine Lechardey
 * Marie-Charlotte Leclaire as H. La secrétaire de LA Brette
 * Philippe Agael as Buvet
 * Christophe Rossignon as Bernard

title: Whatever (1999 film)


text:
Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine

The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is a systematic, computer-processable collection of medical terms, in human and veterinary medicine, to provide codes, terms, synonyms and definitions which cover anatomy, diseases, findings, procedures, microorganisms, substances, etc. It allows a consistent way to index, store, retrieve, and aggregate medical data across specialties and sites of care. Although now international, SNOMED was started in the U.S. by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) in 1973 and revised into the 1990s. In 2002 CAP's SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT) was merged with, and expanded by, the National Health Service's Clinical Terms Version 3 (previously known as the Read codes) to produce SNOMED CT.

Versions of SNOMED released prior to 2001 were based on a multiaxial, hierarchical classification system. As in any such system, a disease may be located in a body organ (anatomy), which results in a code in a topography axis and may lead to morphological alterations represented by a morphology code.

In 2002 the first release of SNOMED CT adopted a completely different structure. A sub-type hierarchy, supported by defining relationships based on description logic, replaced the axes described in this article. Versions of SNOMED prior to SNOMED CT are planned to be formally deprecated from 2017. Therefore, readers interested in current information about SNOMED are directed to the article on SNOMED CT.

Purpose
SNOMED was designed as a comprehensive nomenclature of clinical medicine for the purpose of accurately storing and/or retrieving records of clinical care in human and veterinary medicine. The metaphor used by Roger A. Côté, the first editorial chair, was that SNOMED would become the periodic table of elements of medicine because of its definitional organization beyond the hierarchical design. Indeed, diseases and procedures were ordered hierarchically and are further referenced back to more elementary terms

History
SNOMED was originally conceived by Côté as an extension of the design of the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) applicable for all medicine. SNOP was originally designed by Arnold Pratt to describe pathological specimens according to their morphology and anatomy (topography). The ambitious development of SNOMED required many more axes (see multi-axial design, below). SNOMED was jointly proposed for development to the College of American Pathologists by Côté and Pratt. The former was appointed as editorial chair of the Committee on Nomenclature and Classification of Diseases of the CAP and developed the SNOMED from 1973 to 1997. In 1998, Kent Spackman was appointed to chair this committee and spearheaded the transformation of the multi-axis systems into a highly computable form (See SNOMED CT): a directed acyclic graph anchored in formal representation logic. In 2007, the newly formed International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) acquired all the Intellectual Property of SNOMED CT and all antecedent SNOMED versions.

Brief timeline:
 * 1965 SNOP
 * 1974 SNOMED
 * 1979 SNOMED II
 * 1993 SNOMED International 3.0
 * 1995 SNOMED Microglossary of Signs and Symptoms
 * 1993-98 SNOMED International versions 3.1-3.5
 * 2002 First release of SNOMED CT
 * 2007 All versions of SNOMED acquired by IHTSDO
 * 2017 All SNOMED versions except SNOMED CT have been formally deprecated by IHTSDO

Reference ontology
SNOMED was designed from its inception with complex concepts defined in terms of simpler ones. For example, a disease can be defined in terms of its abnormal anatomy, abnormal functions and morphology. In some cases, the etiology of the disease is known and can be attributed to an infectious agent, a physical trauma or a chemical or pharmaceutical agent.

Multi-axial design
The current concept uses eleven (11) axes that comprise terms organised in hierarchical trees. The axes and some examples are provided below:

T (Topography) – Anatomic terms

 * (T-28000) Lung
 * (T-32000) Heart
 * (T-51000) Mouth
 * (T-D2500) Hip
 * (T-D9600) Heel

M (Morphology) – Changes found in cells, tissues and organs

 * (M-40000) Inflammation
 * (M-44000) Granuloma
 * (M-54700) Infarcted
 * (M-54701) Microscopic infarct

''For the Morphology axis, SNOMED has agreed to collaborate and use the same harmonized codes shared with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Additional examples on topology are provided on that page.''

L (Living organisms) – Bacteria and viruses

 * (L-21801) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 * (L-25116) Streptococcus pneumoniae

C (Chemical) – Drugs

 * (C-C137A) Bufferin Analgesic Tablets
 * (C-C137B) Bufferin Analgesic Caplets

F (Function) – Signs and symptoms

 * (F-03003) Fever

J (Occupation) – Terms that describe the occupation

 * Kindergarten teacher (13420)
 * Computer programmer (08420)
 * Doctor (06105)
 * Professional Nurse (General) (07110)
 * Beautician (57040)

D (Diagnosis) – Diagnostic terms

 * (D-13510) Pneumococcal pneumonia
 * (D-14800) Tuberculosis
 * (D3-15000) Myocardial infarction

S (Social context) – Social conditions and important relationships in medicine

 * (S-10120) Mother

title: Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine


text:
Miranda State Anthem

The anthem of the Miranda State, Venezuela, has lyrics by Jacinto Áñez; and music composed by Germán Lira. It honors Francisco de Miranda and was adopted as the official anthem on December 22, 1909.

title: Miranda State Anthem


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Pan American World Airways/archive1

Pan American World Airways
This article, about a legendary American airline, has gone through peer review twice. I have attempted to address every concern that had been brought up. Is there anything else that is needed or is this article indeed worthy of FA? Pentawing 02:11, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe just a little more emphasis on the importance of the Lockerbie bombings. Did the airline's sales suffer? Have they been involved in the court process? I don't know, but I'm asking as this is probably the most famous terror attack on a plane besides the 9/11 attacks. Harro5 04:01, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I made a notation about Pan Am being a target of terrorists. As for the other questions, the article did implicitly say that the airline's sales suffered as fewer travel agents booked flights with Pan Am. I recall reading somewhere that there was a lawsuit, but I can't find any legitimate sources to back that up at the moment. Pentawing 06:18, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, now I found a source concerning the lawsuit and noted it. Is there anything more that is needed? Pentawing 07:06, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Looks good, accurate, and reads well. PRueda29 15:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Broomhill, Greenock

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted --cesarb 21:58, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Broomhill, Greenock
Text speaks for itself. Seems to be a not-notable bar in Greenock Groeck 21:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have nom'd for speedy as attack page. Sdedeo 21:15, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Paul Klenk 21:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete - now granted Greenock isn't top of my list of holiday destinations - but why is this horrible 'article' not gone? --Doc (?) 21:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
The Complaynt of Scotland

The Complaynt of Scotland is a Scottish book printed in 1549 as propaganda during the war of the Rough Wooing against the Kingdom of England, and is an important work of the Scots language.

Context and authorship
The book was part of the war of words between Scotland and England in the sixteenth century. English policy was directed towards Mary, Queen of Scots, marrying the son of Henry VIII of England, Edward, later Edward VI. English pamphlets were published promoting the idea of uniting the two countries, and the Scottish Complaynt was a response to these works. Another Scottish work, a dialogue similar in outlook, Ane Resonyng, by William Lamb from the same period was abandoned unpublished.

The Complaynt is anonymous, probably due to its dangerous political content, and has been variously ascribed to Robert Wedderburn, James Inglis and David Lyndsay, though the 1979 Scottish Text Society edition of the work supports the Wedderburn attribution, as does the National Library of Scotland It was once thought to have been among the first books printed in Scotland but it is now believed to have been published in Paris. The book owes much of its structure, and some of its content, to the French work Alain Chartier's Quadrilogue-invectif, a similar political work also attacking England.

Letter of Dedication
The Complaynt was dedicated to Mary of Guise, rather than the ruler of Scotland at the time, the Regent Arran. The letter of dedication to Mary of Guise compares her to virtuous and heroic women including Valeria daughter of Publius Valerius Poplicola, Cloelia, Lucretia, Penelope, Cornelia, Semiramis, Tomyris, and Penthesilea, Queen of the Amazons. The letter next references the Biblical stories of Esther and Haman and Judith and Holofernes. After mentioning the absence of Mary, Queen of Scots in France, the author relates the story of her ancestor Godfrey de Bouillon, one of the Nine Worthies.

Dame Scotia
The book itself, subtitled "wyth ane exortatione to the thre estaits to be vigilante in the deffens of their public weil", contains a miscellany of stories, classical legends, biblical tales, ballads and allegories emphasising Scotland's separateness and the rewards of virtue and courage. The unifying structure is the narration of Dame Scotia in the final twelve chapters. She hears the complaints of her three sons, the "Thrie Estaits" of Scottish society, and then offers her encouragement and rebuke to the clergy, nobility, and populace in turn.

Dame Scotia appears to the narrator in a dream. She was a lady of "ancient genealogy", her hair was the colour of fine gold but untidy, and her gold crown was "like to fall down from her head to the cold earth." She held the shield of the red lion rampant but the lion had several wounds. Her dress was made in three fashions according to her three sons, embroidered with the precious stones of the nobility which were engraved with weapons, embroidered with the texts and books of the Spirituality, and the livestock, crops, merchandise, and tools of craftsmen, merchants and farmers. However this ancient fabric was worn with many losses.

Merlin
The English works it was aimed against included the pagan prophecies of Merlin to back up their claim of a united Great Britain, whilst the Complaynt stuck to Christian ideals. In Chapter 10, the author declares the English, lending more credence to Merlin's prophecies than the Gospel, justify their wars upon Scotland under the basis of nebulous prophecy that the two nations shall be ruled under one king:

"'the prophesies of Merlyne, to the quhilk the Inglishmen giffis more confidens nor thai gif to the evangel, by cause that there ald prophane prophesis sais, that ingland and scotland sal be baitht undir ane prince, on this misteous prophesis, thai have intendit weyris contrar Scotland.'"

Monologue recreative
The Complaynt is an important source for information on Border ballads and it contains some of the first references to important ballads such as Tam Lin, Froggy would a-wooing go and The Ballad of Chevy Chase. The names of these songs and poems are recited in Chapter 6, called the Monologue Recreative. This dream-like sequence introduces the main 'Dame Scotia' narration. In the Monologue Recreative the author describes putting his pen down and walking into a beautiful summer day. He hears shepherds speaking of poetry and astronomy, then sees a Scottish warship and its crew and hears their calls.

This passage supplies a maritime vocabulary and an insight to seamanship of the period. The Complaynt is also a significant example of Middle Scots language, and the Oxford English Dictionary cites the Complaynt as the earliest surviving written example of numerous words, including: axis, barbarian, buffoon, cabinet, crackling, decadence, excrement, heroic, humid, imbecile, moo, parallel, robust, suffocation, superb, timid and water-lily.

title: The Complaynt of Scotland


text:
Gandasa

Gandasa is a Pakistani film in Punjabi language, released on 16 April 1991 by screenwriter Saleem Murad. The film was directed by Hasan Askari and produced by Jahangir Khan.

Cast

 * Sultan Rahi
 * Gori
 * Anwar Khan
 * Nida Mumtaz
 * Shahida Mini
 * Tanzeem Hassan
 * Asim Bukhari
 * Adeeb
 * Humayun Qureshi
 * Mehmood Aslam
 * Rashid Mehmood
 * Altaf Khan
 * Raseela

History
A 'Gandasa' is a Punjabi implement primarily used in cultivation and farming. It consists of a long stick of wood (roughly the height of its user) with a wide blade attached to one end. It resembles a very large axe, although it is used in a different manner.

The use of the gandasa as a weapon was made famous by the Lollywood film Maula Jatt (1979) and its sequels, in which the implement was portrayed as an excalibur-like weapon used in the Punjabi action films for fighting and killing other people.

Soundtrack
The music of Gandasa is composed by Wajahat Attre with lyrics by Ahmad Rahi.

title: Gandasa


text:
Type 97 grenade

The Type 97 hand grenade (九七式手榴弾) was the standard fragmentation hand grenade of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy SNLF during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

History and development
The Type 97 was developed from the earlier Type 91 grenade which could also be used as a fragmentation hand grenade, but was predominantly used as munitions for the Type 10, and Type 89 grenade launchers. For this reason, it had less explosive power and a relatively longer delay time than a dedicated manual hand grenade. To address these issues, the Army Technical Bureau developed a new design in 1937. The body was painted black and the top plate red signifying an explosive charge.

Design
The Type 97 had the same form as most fragmentation grenades of the period: a cylindrical "pineapple grooved" segmented body which dispersed sharp pieces of shrapnel when it exploded. However unlike "pin-pull" grenades of other armies, ignition of the time fuse was achieved by direct percussion of a striker. For safe storage the firing pin was retracted in the striker body. To use, the operator would first screw the firing pin down so that it protruded from the base of the striker. Then the safety pin would be removed by pulling the cord to which it was attached; the protective cap which covered the striker was removed. A sharp blow against a hard surface, such as a rock, rifle stock, boot heel, or combat helmet would overcome a creep spring and crush a thin brass cap, allowing the pin to hit the primer and initiate the delay sequence before throwing at the target. However, in comparison with Allied hand grenades of the period, the explosive force of the Type 97 was weaker and, due to lack of an automatic ignition mechanism, the grenade in practice was found to be unreliable and even dangerous to use because of its erratic fuse.

Physically, the Type 97 was almost indistinguishable from the Type 91, except that it had no attachment on the base for a propellant canister. Paper labels with ink-stamped fill dates warned of the shorter, 4-5 second, delay.

Combat record
The Type 97 hand grenade was issued as standard equipment to Japanese infantrymen in the Second Sino-Japanese War and throughout the various campaigns of World War II. Even after the war ended the Type 97 grenade was used by independence movements across Southeast Asia against their European colonizers.

title: Type 97 grenade