text:
Talk:Cardiac cycle

Topic
I have un-redirected from Heart. I believe this is a topic that warrants a distinct page. I will start by moving some content that was from Heart rate, that is more relevant here.
 * I agree that it warrants a distinct page. It would be nice to have a figure that shows pressure and flow like this the diagram here --> http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/redejectwig1.gif and shows the timing of the the mechanical and electrical events ( like here http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/4Reduced_Ejection.html ) as well as the clinical aspects --i.e. what causes S1, S2, S3, and S4.  Good that you've made a start on this. Nephron 01:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Physiological mechanism of systole
This portion of the text reads like it was simply lifted out of a text book making it of questionable benefit to a layman. There are simply too many unexplained jargon words and TLAs for it to be digested by one who has not previously studied the subject matter, which to me perhaps suggests the author did not fully understand it themselves.

Could someone please review this or offer their opinion?

 * I agree. The whole chapter should be reduced to an outline, two or three lines. As it stands it's text book stuff, not encyclopedic. (And it's hard to digest for one that have studied the matter too). --Ekko 05:40, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

i like flies buzzzz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.80.142 (talk) 17:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I also loved this article too. I want more —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.70.39.45 (talk) 22:38, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Cardiac Cycle
The article's introduction is absolutely appalling, I can't understand how something so poorly written (with inconsistent jargon and even grammar) could be granted a B rating. Could some good person with more expertise than me please please improve the introduction?163.1.62.136 (talk) 17:24, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

This article is useless. it does not give the reader vital information on what each systole does. And "lub-dub". Please. How encyclopaedic is that? Ed Rung (talk) 12:47, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

I loved reading the article. I will become a cardiologist some day

Diagram
I believe there is an error on the diagram. The aortic valve closes when the ventricular pressure drops below the aortic pressure. The intersection occurs before the label. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.91.227.169 (talk) 09:29, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

I found the same error. The ventricular pressure should not drop below the aortic pressure in mid-systole before the aortic valve is supposed to close. If this were to occur there would be back-flow mid-systole. I would correct the diagram myself, but don't know how. Jacob Harmon WVSOM Class of 2011 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.180.158.150 (talk) 19:28, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps surprisingly the above comments are not correct, although entirely logical. Direct measurements show that aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure for almost half of ejection (although it is a widely held misconception that aortic valve closure occurs when aortic pressure exceeds LV pressure - including in some textbooks). The best explanation for this observation was provided by Noble in terms of aortic blood momentum: . An illustrative example of left ventricular and aortic pressure can be seen in this reference. Ideally the Wiggers diagram on this page should be redrawn correctly Adh (talk) 18:35, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Systolic Array relevant ??
There is a reference in this article to Systolic Array which is a computer science term and completely unrelated. I think this should be erased. Feraudyh (talk) 14:38, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Rapidly moving, unlabeled, unexplained image, with no option to pause that was placed back in the lead
Hello and thanks for your interest in improving Wikipedia User:DrJanaOfficial. It seems we have a disagreement about what is an improvement. If you're characterizing my opinion as "terrible", that's not very nice, and it's just not going to help discussion go very far. I just don't happen to find your picture an improvement to the the article. Perhaps you could please see if there is a way to make these moving images still by default, with a play button, so that people can play them and pause them as they wish? You might ask at the WP:Teahouse. I still don't think that this image will help people learn about the cardiac cycle. A textbook-like image that actually shows and explains the relevant portions of the cycle (example), would be much more beneficial to the encyclopedia, in my opinion. That's a time consuming type of image to make, and I imagine that's why it hasn't been done already. Biosthmors (talk) pls notify me (i.e. {{U}}) while signing a reply, thx 23:47, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi, you've called my update as "terribly distracting" first which is not nice either. I am not sure you know how gifs work, you can't pause them. I don't understand why it is so terribly distracting to you to see a moving image on a browser. Anyhow since you are determined to remove the contributions I am making, I don't think its worth my time to argue with you, so its up to you if you think your opinion is the only one that matters. Have a nice day! DrJanaOfficial (talk) 01:06, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

 * You're free to ask for more opinions, or revert me in fact again. Though the more we undo each other's edits it's more like "edit warring", which goes against our rules. You could ask others what they think at WT:MED or the teahouse. But yes, I don't know how gifs work. And conflict and disagreement like this is one reason people don't stick around here. It's unfortunate you took offense to my personal opinion regarding your work. When I look at Wikipedia, I think it should be like a textbook (or an encyclopedia). When I sit down with a textbook to learn and concentrate, I don't have to deal with moving images on the page that compete for my attention. I think Wikipedia should be the same way to the extent that is possible. I will also from time to time remove spinning molecular models of chemical compounds using the same logic. Here are some examples of medical images from a prolific contributor to Wikipedia, if that helps you understand the styles we appreciate: User:Mikael Häggström/Gallery. I hope that explanation helps, DrJanaOfficial. You seem pissed in your past post, so I thought I'd try to be pleasant with this follow-up. Biosthmors (talk) pls notify me (i.e. {{U}}) while signing a reply, thx 02:33, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * So you're removing animated images on pages because you don't like them, with your reason being that they're not technically possible in a text book? By that logic you might as well start removing links as well. Personally I found the animation the most useful thing on this page. It's certainly the easiest thing to comprehend. Ensign R (talk) 06:28, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

I like the animated image a lot! Many years ago I served for several years as a TA for John R. Brobeck, teaching physiology at Penn. I learned a lot from him. I was excited to see in the animation that you can see the arteries bulge during systole. That observation could lead into a discussion of the role that arterial elasticity plays, and how the heart itself is served with blood. Just a suggestion. I have no time to pursue it myself. AJim (talk) 01:24, 31 July 2019 (UTC)

I like the animated heart with annotated pressures and EKG as well. It is very enlightening, in the context of a complicated subject. Assuming we're talking about File:Cardiac-Cycle-Animated.gif, I feel like it's one of the most useful items on this page. JMCorey (talk) 03:31, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

Replaced first four paragraphs of confusing text ...
(e.g., the old text was very 'phase'-ous: the term "phase" is mentioned 16 times, but with several different--and often obscure--usages); moved graphic of Wiggers diagram that was mis-captioned and was not mentioned in the text. Narrative and graphics are now readable/accessible to the lay reader; both graphics are used to illustrate the subject and now are captioned accurately. //// Also revised "Stages" section: tabular data now is presented with clear terminology (without the 'jargon-ous' abbreviations) and in the same sequential order of the cardiac cycle---all which are coordinated with the new graphics and language. Also> replaced existing 'dark matter' graphic with one whose details are visible, and added explanatory caption.//Jbeans (talk) 04:21, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi there, I have re-included the illustration "The Cardiac Cycle: Valve Positions, Blood Flow, and ECG" that had been deleted on 19. Feb 2018. User Jbeans had removed it, naming it "dark matter". I'm not a native speaker, but as far as I understand it, this refers to the black background of the drawing. I disagreee with this name, as the black background makes the drawing of the heart and the cardiac cycle very luminous when watched in full screen. As a medical doctor I think the drawing is scientifically accurate and concise, including ECG, anatomy labels, valve positions and heart contraction in a single panel. Besides I think this panel is even superior to the openstax contribution, which lacks anatomical labels, visual appeal, and doesn't show the movement of the valve plane during the cardiac cycle, which is functionally important. All in all, this is why I think this illustration should be included in the article. Kind regards, guido4 Guido4 (talk) 13:01, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

end of first paragraph contains irrelevant opinion. please edit.
end of first paragraph contains irrelevant opinion. please edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2620:10D:C090:200:0:0:2:1F47 (talk) 19:59, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Possibly non-functioning heart sounds link
I visited the site http://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/intro.html, as listed in external links, to listen to the heart sounds, and although it loads, I do not think it's working correctly. It hasn't been updated since 2000 and is talking about Netscape 4, Pentium II, MS FrontPage (discontinued), sound cards and such, so I get the strong impression that it probably doesn't work with modern browsers, or possibly at all. If anyone can verify with a second data point, perhaps we can replace it (or remove it, failing that). JMCorey (talk) 03:47, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

Hi
Helxhhddvd 2405:201:C007:5117:B180:B171:3E45:18C4 (talk) 01:28, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Aneena
Nothing 27.62.28.155 (talk) 18:53, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

Biology class 10th chapter 3
About heart 124.123.177.2 (talk) 17:17, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Heart
If you r a dog then i am a cat 102.115.62.138 (talk) 15:44, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cardiac cycle


text:
Fandorin

Fandorin (Фандорин) is a fictitious Russian surname in the novels of Boris Akunin, possibly created from French Fandorn. Series protagonists include:

 * Erast Fandorin (1856–1919/20)
 * Nicholas Fandorin (born 1960)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fandorin


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List of United Kingdom MPs: V

Following is a list of past and present Members of Parliament (MPs) of the United Kingdom whose surnames begin with V. The dates in parentheses are the periods for which they were MPs. This list is complete for MPs since 1919.

 * Ed Vaizey (2005–present)
 * William van Straubenzee (1959–1987)
 * William Fletcher-Vane, 1st Baron Inglewood (1945–1964)
 * Shailesh Vara (2005–present)
 * Eric Varley (1964–1984)
 * Frank Varley (1923–1929)
 * David Vaughan (1929–1931)
 * Gerard Folliott Vaughan (1970–1997)
 * Sir Robert Vaughan, 2nd Baronet (1792–1836)
 * Matthew Vaughan-Davies, 1st Baron Ystwyth (1895–1921)
 * John Vaughan-Morgan, Baron Reigate (1950–1970)
 * Kenyon Vaughan-Morgan
 * Keith Vaz (1987–present)
 * John Venn (1641–1650)
 * Wilfrid Vernon (1945–1951)
 * Samuel Viant (1923–1931), (1935–1959)
 * Douglas Vickers (1918–1922)
 * Joan Vickers, Baroness Vickers (1955–1974)
 * Peter Viggers (1974–2010)
 * Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1832–1840)
 * Charles Pelham Villiers (1835–1898)
 * Theresa Villiers (2005–present)
 * Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon (1899–1906)
 * Rudi Vis (1997–2010)
 * Henry Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea (1852–1893)
 * John Henry Vivian (1832–1855)
 * Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn (1950–1964)

title: List of United Kingdom MPs: V


text:
Cooking with Master Chefs: Hosted by Julia Child

Cooking with Master Chefs was a PBS television cooking show that featured Julia Child visiting 16 celebrated chefs in the United States. An episode that featured Lidia Bastianich was nominated for a 1994 Emmy Award. Other chefs she visited included Emeril Lagasse, Jacques Pépin, and Alice Waters. The show featured a companion book of the same name, published in 1993 (ISBN 0-679-74829-6). Reruns of the show currently air on WUCF-TV.


text: User talk:203.96.99.33

title: User talk:203.96.99.33


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User talk:Cwebb1977

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:24, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Christoph weber
This has been tagged for speedy deletion. It would be appropriate for your user page though. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:30, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cwebb1977


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of hosts of the Oscars ceremony

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 22:16, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

List of hosts of the Oscars ceremony
The information for this page was obtained from (and sourced to) answers.com, which in turn got it from another Wikipedia page, since answers.com uses Wikipedia as one of its sources. So this is duplicate (and incestuous, sort of) information :) Readparse 15:24, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with academy award. -- < drini | ∂drini > 16:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The list could be worthwhile, keep. Trollderella 16:47, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of Academy Awards ceremonies which appears to be the original source. - Mgm|(talk) 18:15, August 26, 2005 (UTC) Changed vote below. Mgm|(talk) 07:16, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. The information is all from List of Academy Awards ceremonies. -- DS1953 18:16, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Can this be speedied as pointless duplication then? Dottore So 19:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess you're right. List of Oscar hosts is a much more plausible name to redirect from. Delete as pointless duplication of other article. - Mgm|(talk) 07:16, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Nandesuka 22:44, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Duplication. *drew 01:01, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without hesitation This data already exists and the guy doesn't know not to put spaces at the front of sentences. Or he's copied it, which is far more likely. What's the point of copying an already existing Wikipedia article? --Heebiejeebieclub 18:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.129.39.184

title: User talk:69.129.39.184


text:
Midshipman fish

A midshipman fish is any species of toadfish belonging to the genus Porichthys (in family Batrachoididae). Historically, there have been two common names. Porichthys refers to the well developed pores on the fish, and this led to the common name "Porous Catfish". The other common name, "Midshipman" is based on the pattern of button-like luminous spots (photophores) which resemble the buttons on the uniforms of young naval officers known as midshipmen.

Midshipman fish are distinguished by their photophores and four lateral lines. Typical midshipman fishes, such as the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus), are nocturnal and bury themselves in sand or mud in the intertidal zone during the day, to float just above the seabed at night. Some species have venomous dorsal spines and are capable of inflicting serious injuries if handled.

Description
Male midshipman fish have two morphs: type I and type II. Type I and type II males have different reproductive strategies, and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics. Type I males are eight times larger in body mass, and have much larger vocal organs. Type II males’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type I males. Female and type II male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female's slightly larger size, and the type II male midshipman's large reproductive organs.

Extant species
There are currently 14 recognized extant species in this genus:
 * Porichthys analis C. L. Hubbs & L. P. Schultz, 1939 (Darkedge midshipman)
 * Porichthys bathoiketes C. R. Gilbert, 1968
 * Porichthys ephippiatus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 (Saddle midshipman)
 * Porichthys greenei C. H. Gilbert & Starks, 1904 (Greene's midshipman)
 * Porichthys kymosemeum C. R. Gilbert, 1968
 * Porichthys margaritatus (J. Richardson, 1844) (Daisy midshipman)
 * Porichthys mimeticus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 (Mimetic midshipman)
 * Porichthys myriaster C. L. Hubbs & L. P. Schultz, 1939 (Specklefin midshipman)
 * Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854 (Plainfin midshipman)
 * Porichthys oculellus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 (Smalleye midshipman)
 * Porichthys oculofrenum C. R. Gilbert, 1968
 * Porichthys pauciradiatus D. K. Caldwell & M. C. Caldwell, 1963
 * Porichthys plectrodon D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882 (Atlantic midshipman)
 * Porichthys porosissimus (G. Cuvier, 1829)

Fossil species

 * †Porichthys analis - Early Pliocene Onzole Formation, Ecuador
 * †Porichthys margaritatus - idem
 * †Porichthys pedemontanus Robba 1970 - Tortonian Italy

Reproduction and vocalization
Mating in midshipman fishes depends on auditory communication. Male midshipman fish produce several different vocalizations while females only make grunts in non-breeding situations.

title: Midshipman fish


text: Template:Governors of Alaska

title: Template:Governors of Alaska


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User:Sancassania

41 years, male, PhD in mathematical ecological modelling, German (booh) living in the UK since 9 years.

Main Article in the moment,

Steller's Sea Eagle, Common Red Soldier Beetle translated from German so feel free to correct. small contributions to others.

title: User:Sancassania


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Miroku

Miroku may refer to:

 * Japanese for "Maitreya Buddha": as prophesied by the Buddha before entering nirvana.
 * Miroku, the character in the anime and manga series InuYasha.
 * Miroku Corp., a gun manufacturer.
 * Miroku, a character in Naruto: Shippūden the Movie.
 * Miroku, a minor character in 07-Ghost.

title: Miroku


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Talk:Guy Cloutier

Untitled
Note for future reference; this is not the Guy Cloutier here. As they're both Canadians with an unusual name there may be some confusion; please be careful to confirm that any information you add is about the correct person. Shimgray 15:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Natasha St-Pier
Natasha St-Pier is born in 1981 - aggression was made in 70s. And don't forget that the name of the second victim must not be revealed.

Staatenloser 02:21, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Abuse
"having sex with a female under 8 who was not his wife"... I'm not very familiar with Candian Laws, but would it really make a difference if they had been married?

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Doug Logan

Douglas George Logan y Gonzales de Mendoza (born 1943) is an American sports executive.

He was the inaugural commissioner of Major League Soccer, and later served as the CEO of USA Track & Field.

Early life
Logan was born in New Jersey to an American father and Cuban mother.

He was studying civil engineering at Manhattan College when he was drafted into the military in 1964. He served with the 101st Airborne Division in Vietnam and was decorated with two Bronze Stars. He later studied at the University of Baltimore Law School, graduating in 1972.

Early career
From 1986 to 1993, Logan was a senior vice president of Ogden Entertainment Services. He later became president and chief executive officer of Mexican entertainment company OCESA. Under his management, the Mexico Aztecas of the Continental Basketball Association became the first American professional sports franchise based in Mexico. The Aztecas relocated to San Diego and became the Wildcards for the 1996 season before folding.

MLS Commissioner
In 1995, Logan was named the first commissioner of Major League Soccer, serving in that capacity through 1999. Sports Business Daily named Logan and the MLS staff Sports Industrialists of the Year for 1996. During Logan's last year at MLS, the league lost $34 million. MLS was reported to have lost $250 million in its first five years under Logan.

Later career
In 1999, Logan formed the sports consulting firm Empresario. In 2001, he was hired as a consultant in the creation of a professional National Rugby League, structuring the new league as a "single entity" system.

In 2008, Logan was appointed the CEO of USA Track & Field. In September 2010, the USATF Board announced it had fired Logan. Logan later filed a lawsuit for wrongful termination which was ultimately settled.

title: Doug Logan


text:
Talk:Bombardment of Algiers (1816)

Untitled
This article stops just when it's getting good.

 * Its been a busy summer, I plan to get back to it soon! Dabbler 16:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Very heavy casualties?
In a war were men are cheap, 16% killed or wounded is light casualties, even for a victor. Tourskin (talk) 04:53, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

title change>> British bombardment of Algiers
this is only a minor -yet british- bombardment of algiers, Don Antonio Barcelo did more important bombardments, like in 1784, with larger fleets (130 ships not 27...) and he reduced the algerian corsairs for a while. i suggest to change the title to be more specific. Olecrab (talk) 12:30, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What about the Dutch? -- Narson ~  Talk  • 14:44, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we could add the date to the title Bombardment of Algiers (1816). Dabbler (talk) 12:20, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

A medal was issued in Britain
A medal was issued in Britain, with the inscription, "Algiers bombarded, its fleet destroyed, and Christian slavery extinguished, August 27, 1816". See The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol.123. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.30.71.244 (talk) 14:30, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Bomb Vessel
I'm afraid the author has misunderstood the nature of a bomb vessel. It is not intended to moor alongside something and then explode. A 'Bomb' or 'Bomb Ketch' is a broad-beamed vessel with two mortars amidships. It throws exploding shells on a high trajectory. See Wiki entry on 'Bomb Ketch' for more. DGconcrete (talk) 10:05, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * This is certainly the case and the wording should be changed. Also the destruction to the town was said to be great, the upper floor of the US consulate was destroyed - as described by the consul himself, also the intense heat from the burning Algerine shipping caused fire to spread to the warehouses near the harbour. Urselius (talk) 20:35, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bombardment of Algiers (1816)


text:
Commodity Credit Corporation

The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is a wholly owned United States government corporation that was created in 1933 to "stabilize, support, and protect farm income and prices" (federally chartered by the CCC Charter Act of 1948 (P.L. 80-806)). The CCC is authorized to buy, sell, lend, make payments, and engage in other activities for the purpose of increasing production, stabilizing prices, assuring adequate supplies, and facilitating the efficient marketing of agricultural commodities.

The CCC is essentially a financing institution for the USDA's farm price and income support commodity programs, commodity export credit guarantees, and agricultural export subsidies. The programs funded through CCC are administered by employees of the Farm Service Agency, the Agricultural Marketing Service, and the Foreign Agricultural Service.

The CCC has the authority to borrow up to $30 billion from the US Treasury to carry out its obligations. Net losses from its operations subsequently are restored by the Congressional appropriations process. It issues payments in the form of commodity certificates.

History and charter
The CCC was incorporated on October 17, 1933, under a Delaware charter pursuant to Executive Order 6340 issued the previous day by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It had a capitalization of $3 million subscribed by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Governor of the Farm Credit Administration.

It was initially managed and operated in close affiliation with the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which funded its operations. On July 1, 1939, the CCC was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The Secretary of Agriculture was granted the authority to exercise all rights of ownership of the corporation by Executive Order 8219 of 1939.

It was reincorporated on July 1, 1948, as a federal corporation within USDA by the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act (62 Stat.1070; 15 U.S.C. 714).

During the 1948 presidential election campaign, Harry Truman criticized Republicans in the 80th Congress for supporting revisions to the CCC that were unpopular with farmers.

The CCC was created to stabilize, support and protect farm income and prices. The CCC is also the Federal government's primary financing arm for many domestic and international agricultural programs. The CCC helps maintain balanced and adequate supplies of agricultural commodities and aids in their orderly distribution.

The CCC helps America's agricultural producers through commodity and farm storage facility loans, purchases, and income support payments. The CCC also works to make available materials and facilities required in the production and marketing of agricultural commodities. In addition, the CCC provides incentives and payments to landowners to establish conservation practices on their land.

The CCC provides agricultural commodities to other Federal agencies and foreign governments. The CCC also donates commodities to domestic and international relief agencies as well as foreign countries. The CCC assists in the development of new domestic and foreign markets and marketing facilities for American agricultural commodities. The CCC operates numerous domestic programs such as income support, disaster, and conservation programs. It also extends direct credit and guarantees commodity sales to foreign countries throughout the world.

The CCC has its own disbursing authority and utilizes the Federal Reserve Bank system and United States Treasury to make payments. This disbursing authority allows the CCC to make payments quickly and to provide financial support to America's producers and farmers immediately. The CCC has multiple funding mechanisms. Most of the domestic programs are operated out of a revolving fund, in which the CCC has a permanent indefinite borrowing authority, as defined by Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-11, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget. Borrowing authority permits the corporation to incur obligations and authorizes it to borrow funds to liquidate the obligations. This fund also receives money from appropriated funding for costs incurred (i.e., realized losses), loan repayments, inventory sales, interest income, and fees. Additionally, the CCC receives direct appropriations for specific programs such as its Credit Reform programs, foreign grant and donation programs, and disaster relief.

The 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127) expanded the CCC mandate to include funding for several conservation programs (including the Conservation Reserve Program) and made conservation one of the purposes of the CCC.

More recently, in the wake of an international retaliation to what are casually known as the Trump tariffs, the CCC was heavily invoked again. That is, In July 2018, Trump's administration announced that it would use the CCC, to pay farmers up to $12 billion. This aid was increased to $28 billion in May 2019. The CCC attempts to offset losses in the American agricultural sector resulting from retaliatory tariffs from the European Union, China, and other states. It was estimated by the USDA that in 2019 these and other aid payments constituted one third of total American farm income.

Basic responsibilities
The CCC Charter Act, as amended, aids producers through loans, purchases, payments, and other operations, and makes available materials and facilities required in the production and marketing of agricultural commodities. The CCC Charter Act also authorizes the sale of agricultural commodities to other government agencies and to foreign governments and the donation of food to domestic, foreign, or international relief agencies. CCC also assists in the development of new domestic and foreign markets and marketing facilities for agricultural commodities.

The CCC funds many programs that fall under multiple agencies within the USDA. Each CCC funded program helps achieve parts of both the CCC mission and the strategic plan of the agency under which the program falls. The CCC mission and strategic goals are achieved through the successful implementation of the following key programs areas:

Income Support and Disaster Assistance
Income support and disaster assistance programs provide financial assistance to protect farmers and ranchers from fluctuations in market conditions and unexpected natural or man-made disasters. Assistance is provided through income support programs, disaster assistance programs, and the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP). FSA is responsible for administering income support and disaster assistance programs.

Conservation
Supported by the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (2008 Farm Bill), conservation programs offer farmers and ranchers a variety of financial and economic incentives to conserve natural resources on the nation's privately owned farmlands. These programs focus on reducing erosion, protecting streams and rivers, restoring and establishing fish and wildlife habitats, and improving air quality through several conservation incentive payments, technical assistance, and cost-share programs. FSA and NRCS administer the CCC conservation programs.

Commodity Operations and Food Aid
FSA personnel handle the procurement, acquisition, storage, disposition, and distribution of commodities, and the administration of the United States Warehouse Act (USWA). These programs help achieve domestic farm program price support objectives, produce a uniform regulatory system for storing agricultural products, and ensure the timely provision of food products for domestic and international food assistance programs and market development programs.

Foreign Market Development
Expanding markets for agricultural products is critical to the long-term health and prosperity of the U.S. agricultural sector. With 95% of the world's population living outside the United States, future growth in demand for food and agricultural products will occur primarily in overseas markets. The CCC funds used in the market development programs play a critical role in helping to open new markets and in facilitating U.S. competitiveness and by doing so, help to secure a more prosperous future for American agriculture. Support for economic development and trade capacity building reinforces these efforts by helping developing countries to become economically stable and improve their prospects to participate in and benefit from expanding global trade in agricultural products. FAS administers the CCC foreign market development programs.

Export Credit
The CCC export credit guarantee and direct loan programs, administered by FAS in conjunction with FSA, provide payment guarantees for third party commercial financing and direct financing of U.S. agricultural exports. These programs facilitate exports to buyers in countries where credit is necessary to maintain or increase U.S. sales but where financing may not be available without CCC credit facilities.

Organization
A board of directors manages the CCC and is subject to the general supervision and direction of the Secretary of Agriculture who is an ex officio director and chairperson of the Board. The Board consists of seven members in addition to the Secretary. The President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints the board members to office. The members of the Board and the Corporation officers are officials of USDA. The CCC officers, directly or through officials of designated USDA agencies, maintain liaison with numerous other governmental and private trade operations.

The CCC has no actual employees; it carries out the majority of its programs through the personnel and facilities of the Farm Service Agency (FSA), Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Most of the CCC programs are delivered through an extensive nationwide network of FSA field offices, including approximately 2,100 USDA Service Centers and 51 state offices (including Puerto Rico). This network enables the CCC to maintain a close relationship with customers, successfully addressing their needs and continually improving program delivery. The FSA implements CCC funded programs for income support, disaster assistance, conservation, and international food procurement.

Though FSA provides the staff for the CCC, several CCC funded programs fall under purview of the FAS or the NRCS. The FAS has primary responsibility for USDA international activities - market development, trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection and analysis of statistics and market information. It also administers the USDA export credit guarantee and food aid programs and helps increase income and food availability in developing nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth.

The NRCS provides leadership in a partnership effort to help American private landowners and managers conserve their soil, water, and other natural resources. It also provides financial assistance for many conservation activities. CCC reaches out to all segments of the agricultural community, including underserved and socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers to ensure that CCC programs and services are accessible to everyone.

title: Commodity Credit Corporation


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Randy Mamola

Randy Mamola (born November 10, 1959) is an American former professional motorcycle racer and television sports presenter. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing between and. A 13-time Premier Class race winner, Mamola was one of the most charismatic Grand Prix road racers of his generation, becoming a favourite because of his interaction with race fans both on and off the track as well as his aggressive and spirited riding style.

Over the span of his thirteen-year 500cc world championship road racing career, Mamola finished runner-up in the championship four times in, , and. Mamola's 13 wins and 54 podiums in the Premier Class makes him one of the most accomplished riders to not win the 500cc World Championship. He was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2018, Mamola was inducted into the MotoGP Legends Hall of Fame by FIM.

After his racing career, he became involved in philanthropy, helping to found the Riders for Health charity organization and more recently Two Wheels for Life. Mamola currently works as a television sports commentator.

Motorcycle racing career
Born in San Jose, California, Mamola grew up interested in a career as a musician, playing in a band at the age of 10. However, when he turned 12 his interests turned to motorcycle racing, idolizing fellow Northern Californian motorcycle racer, Kenny Roberts. He began competing in dirt track racing in Northern California and earned sponsorship from Yamaha when he was 14. Mamola then focused on road racing with coaching from former racer, Ron Grant. He gained his first international exposure in 1977 when Grant took him to compete in the New Zealand Marlboro Series where, Mamola made a positive impression.

In 1977, Mamola graduated from high school and began competing professionally in the AMA 250cc road racing championship, finishing as runner up to David Emde in the final standings. In his second year, he won the 1978 AMA 250cc road racing title and began drawing similarities to Kenny Roberts, earning the nickname, "Baby Kenny". His performance earned him a place on the American team for the 1979 Transatlantic Trophy match races. The Transatlantic Trophy match races pitted the best British riders against the top American road racers on 750cc motorcycles in a six-race series in England. As a 250cc rider, Mamola wasn't expected to be a challenger on larger 750cc motorcycles however, he surprised observers by finishing the series as the second highest points scorer behind fellow American Mike Baldwin and ahead of former world champion and top British scorer, Barry Sheene.

Mamola entered the 250cc Grand Prix road racing world championships competing on a Yamaha powered Bimota race bike but, after having a difference of opinion with his Italian sponsors, he switched to a Yamaha TZ-250 sponsored by Serge Zago. When Zago's 500cc rider, Mike Baldwin became injured, Mamola took over the team's Suzuki RG 500 at mid-season. Despite competing in only half of the 500cc races, he scored a second place at the Finnish Grand Prix then, led the French Grand Prix for five laps before being passed by Barry Sheene and finishing in second place just ahead of his boyhood idol, Kenny Roberts. He ended his rookie season ranked fourth in the 250cc class and eighth in the 500cc class.

His exceptional rookie season earned him a full sponsorship from the Suzuki factory racing team for the season, filling the position vacated by Barry Sheene who departed to race a privateer Yamaha. Mamola won his first 500cc Grand Prix race at the 1980 Belgian Grand Prix, making him the youngest Grand Prix premier class winner in history at the age of 20 years, 239 days, surpassing the previous record set in by Mike Hailwood (21 years, 75 days). His record would be broken in 1982 by Freddie Spencer (20 years, 196 days). He won again at the British Grand Prix and finished his second season in an impressive second place in the final standings behind Kenny Roberts. Mamola ended the 1980 season with a victory at the prestigious Mallory Park Race of the Year.

In he started the season strongly with two victories and two second-place finishes to take the lead in the championship but then, Marco Lucchinelli took command with four victories in the next five races to claim the world championship. Mamola finished in second place once again however, he was only 21-years-old and many observers felt that it was only a matter of time before he would win a world championship. Mamola's crew chief, Jeremy Burgess, who later became crew chief for seven-time World Champion, Valentino Rossi, expressed his belief that Mamola would have won the 1981 world championship if he had been able to use the Michelin tires employed by Lucchinelli rather than his Dunlop tires.

A miserable start to the season saw Mamola struggling to score points however, he recovered to score two second places and a victory in the last three races to finish sixth in the final championship standings. The season was dominated by Honda's Freddie Spencer and Yamaha's Kenny Roberts. While Spencer had the new Honda NS500 and Roberts had a new YZR500 with a V4 engine, Mamola soldiered on with the once dominant Suzuki RG 500. The RG 500 had begun to show its age as, Suzuki's pursuit of a lightweight and compact machine had led to a myriad of handling problems associated with the flexing of the thin aluminum frame tubing. Spencer and Roberts each won 6 of the season's 12 races as Mamola rode to a respectable third place in the championship standings.

Mamola lost his job when Suzuki withdrew from Grand Prix racing after the 1983 season however, when Spencer suffered an injury during the pre-season 1984 Trans-Atlantic Match Races, Honda contracted him to join their racing team.

He rode the Honda NS 500 to a second-place finish behind Eddie Lawson at the 1984 Spanish Grand Prix in his Honda debut. Mamola went on to win three of the last five races of the season, including a win at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone aboard the new, V4 Honda NSR500 which featured an upside down chassis with its fuel tank beneath the engine and its exhaust pipes routed over the top of the engine. The first-year NSR500 was maligned for its poor handling characteristics, which became apparent only after the fuel load decreased during races, upsetting the chassis weight distribution. Despite the late season surge, Mamola finished second in the championship behind Lawson. It marked the third time in his career that he was runner up in the 500cc world championship.

Mamola had a disappointing season in when Spencer and Lawson dominated however, he did manage to win one race at the Dutch TT. 1985 was also the year in which Mamola performed one of the most miraculous saves in motorcycle Grand Prix history at the San Marino Grand Prix. After his rear tire lost and then suddenly regained traction, Mamola was thrown forward over the handlebars. In an impressive display of strength and perseverance, Mamola firmly gripped the handlebars while both legs hung off the right side of the motorcycle. He held the motorcycle upright while it careened off the track before he was able to swing his left leg back onto the machine and regained control. Mamola joined the newly formed Kenny Roberts-Yamaha team in. Riding a YZR-500, he won the Belgian Grand Prix and scored six podium results to finish the season in third place behind Eddie Lawson and Wayne Gardner. At the French Grand Prix, Mamola was lying in second place on the final lap when he performed a stoppie just prior to crossing the finish line. Despite not losing a position, Mamola's act incensed Roberts, who viewed it as irresponsible at a time when motorcycle racing was entering an era of increased professionalism with high dollar sponsorship. Mamola began the season with a victory at the Japanese Grand Prix but then Gardner went on a streak, winning four of the next five races to take command of the championship. Despite scoring two more victories at the French and San Marino Grands Prix, as well as nine podium results, he ended the season in second place behind Gardner. Roberts decided to shake up his team for the 1988 season by replacing Mamola and Baldwin with younger riders, Wayne Rainey and Kevin Magee.

Mamola then joined Cagiva to help them develop their Cagiva C589 race bike. He stayed with the Italian team for three years, but lack of funds hampered the team's success. After sitting out the season, he returned in  for one last year on a privately supported Yamaha. He scored his final podium finish with a third place at the 1992 500cc Hungarian Grand Prix and finished the season ranked 10th in the world championship.

Mamola won a total of 13 Grands Prix and finished second in the championship four times: in, ,  and. During his Grand Prix career he rode for Yamaha, Suzuki, Honda and Cagiva.

Life after racing and charity work
After retiring from competition, Mamola remained involved in motorcycle racing by helping Yamaha develop their race bikes by working as a test rider. He later became a television commentator for motorcycle Grand Prix races as well as working as a columnist for several motorcycle magazines.

Mamola began his charity work while he was still racing in 1986 when, he became involved with the global charity program Save the Children. This experience led him to become a co-founder of Riders for Health, an organization that provides motorcycles, ambulances and other four-wheel vehicles used to deliver health care to remote locations in seven countries across Africa. The organization also provides training in vehicle maintenance to help insure the delivery of medical assistance. Mamola is the figurehead for the charity at motorsports events across the globe, helping raise money by soliciting donations from MotoGP racers of items such as helmets, gloves and other items to be auctioned off. His fund-raising activities also include providing passengers an opportunity to experience a fast lap of a race track aboard a special two-seater Ducati MotoGP bike.

Grand Prix career statistics
Points system from 1969 to 1987: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Randy Mamola