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San Felipe, Venezuela

San Felipe is the capital city of Yaracuy, Venezuela. San Felipe is located in the Central-Western Region, Venezuela. The city is an important urban, industrial, commercial and transportation center of Venezuela. San Felipe is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Felipe, Venezuela.

History
In 1693, Spanish settlement began in the area that is now San Felipe with the foundation of the town of Cerrito de Cocorote. Like all towns in the region at the time, Cerrito de Cocorote was under the jurisdiction of the city of Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto. In 1710, the town was destroyed on orders from the authorities of Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto. Despite this, the town was rebuilt within several years, causing the Captain General to again order its destruction. In 1721, the town's inhabitants returned to rebuild it after receiving the authority to do so. Despite this, the authorities of Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto set fire to the town, destroying it for the third time.

Despite the destruction of their town, the former inhabitants of Cerrito de Cocorote still wished to be independent of Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto. They received the support of Fray Marcelino de San Vicente, who helped them obtain a Royal Certificate from King Philip V of Spain to establish a town independent from Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto. On November 6, 1729, the same day the villagers had received the Royal Certificate, they began the reconstruction of their town in the Valle Hondo region, naming it San Felipe El Fuerte in homage to Philip V of Spain. The city expanded in subsequent years, until it was destroyed by the 1812 Caracas earthquake on March 26, 1812. After the earthquake, the town's remaining inhabitants again rebuilt it.

Geography
San Felipe is located in the foothills of Cerro Chimborazo, in Bolívar, Yaracuy. The city is located on a hill, with its avenues being on steep slopes, with its streets being less inclined. In the upper part of the city is the José Antonio Anzoátegui Mechanized Infantry Battalion and the Central Hospital Dr. Plácido Daniel Rodríguez Rivero, while in the lower part of it are the neighborhoods of San Antonio, San José, and Higuerón. The city is cooled by the Yurubí River, which flows downwards from a narrow valley located north of the city. The river subsequently joins the Yaracuy River, which flows to the Caribbean Basin. The city is near the Yurubí National Park, a forest of deciduous and semi-deciduous trees. A nearby lake is used as San Felipe's source of freshwater.

Climate
In San Felipe, a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) is dominant. The city records 550 mm of rain per year and its average temperature ranges 25 C.

Transport
The town is/was served by a station on the national railway network. Sub Teniente Nestor Arias Airport is 5 km south of the town.

Notable people

 * Rafael Caldera, former president of Venezuela.
 * Cecilia Mujica, heroine.
 * Marco Scutaro, former professional baseball player.
 * Luis Arráez, professional baseball player for the Miami Marlins.
 * Milagros Sequera, former professional female tennis player.
 * Rafael Dudamel, football manager.
 * Carlos Suárez Mendoza, footballer who plays as a midfielder for Deportes Melipilla.
 * Heber García, football player who plays as midfielder for Curicó Unido in Chilean Primera División.
 * Felipe Vázquez, professional baseball pitcher.
 * Goizeder Azúa, television host, model, journalist, and beauty queen who won Miss International 2003.
 * Gabriela de la Cruz, model, communicator and beauty queen.
 * Migleth Cuevas, professional model
 * Henri Falcón, politician.
 * Eduardo Lapi, politician.
 * Yolanda Tortolero, politician.

title: San Felipe, Venezuela


text: Template:NFK

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:NFK


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Creamfields

Creamfields is an electronic dance music festival series founded and organised by British club promoter Cream, with its UK edition taking place on August Bank Holiday weekend, with a number of international editions held across various territories worldwide.

First held in 1998 in Winchester, the festival moved to Cream's home city of Liverpool the following year, taking place on the old Liverpool airport, before moving to its current location on the Daresbury estate in Cheshire. The festival, having initially begun as a one-day event with 25,000 people in attendance, is now a four-day event with camping options hosting 70,000 per day. The festival is the UK's most prestigious electronic dance music festival.

In 2022, Creamfields celebrated its 25th anniversary by launching a second UK-based festival – Creamfields South. Creamfields South took place at Hylands Park, Chelmsford across the Platinum Jubilee weekend in June and is scheduled to return in 2023, with the original Daresbury festival being renamed Creamfields North.

History
Creamfields initially began in 1998 as a one-day annual event run by the Liverpool night club Cream. This first edition was held in Winchester, Hampshire and attracted 25,000 people. The following year Creamfields moved to Liverpool, Merseyside, with the festival being on the old Liverpool Airfield. The move put the festival closer to its parent night club and the new site was able to hold 50,000 people for the festival. In 2002, Cream was demolished, however the brand continued to run the festival. 2006 saw the festival move outside the city to its current location in Daresbury, Cheshire. The 10th anniversary of the festival saw it expanded to a two-day event with 50,000 people attending across the weekend. The festival saw its site expand over the next few years after its first sell out in 2009 of 60,000 across in weekend. In 2010, the site was expanded for extra tickets sales and growing demand for campers. In addition to this, the festival sold out 80,000 tickets and again in 2011 with 100,000.

In 2012 the festival ownership changed hands as Cream was bought out by Live Nation who are the current organisers of the event. The festival was also set to expand to a three-day event, however, on the final day the festival was abandoned due to heavy rain. The following year a £500,000 investment into the site was made to protect it against bad weather. The three-day event allowed an attendance of 150,000. 2014 saw the edition of a second primary stage, the North and South Stage; and in 2015, the festival was live streamed for the first time seeing 500,000 online attendees. 2016 saw the introduction of the Steel Yard stage which spawned a spinoff mini-festival with events held in Liverpool and London, it also saw the festival become a four-day event with site expansion in 2017 allowing for a maximum attendance of 280,000. In 2019, a £2,000,000 investment was made to improve security and safety as well as reducing environmental impact. The festival itself saw Creamfields host Swedish House Mafia in their Save the World Reunion Tour. The show was the supergroup's first UK show since 2012 and saw the group as the sole occupiers of the festival's iconic Arc Stage on the day of the event.

The 2020 edition of the festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a virtual festival taking its place. Following Boris Johnson's announcement on the 22 February regarding the road out of the UK's COVID-19 lockdown, Creamfields announced the 2021 edition would go ahead. Tickets for the event sold out in record time.

2022 saw the introduction of a second UK-based festival - Creamfields South was held at Hylands Park in Chelmsford, hosting headline acts such as David Guetta and Calvin Harris. Organisers added they expect the festival to continue and become 'a solid and regular fixture on the UK festival circuit', with Creamfields South confirmed to be returning for 2023.

Edition's summary
Nb: Artists shown in the table below were headliners for the event. For full line-ups see List of Creamfields line-ups.

Album
On 9 August 2004, British DJ Paul Oakenfold released his fifteenth DJ Mix album entitled Creamfields. The album was released in advance of the sixth edition of the festival in 2004 of which Oakenfold was due to perform. The album itself is third in a series of remix album with the other two being made by other DJs. In 2019, Oakenfold released a further DJ mix album to celebrate the festival's twentieth anniversary.

Creamfields: Steel Yard
The 2016 edition of Creamfields saw the debut of the Steel Yard stage at the main event in Daresbury, Cheshire. The stage is a 15,000 capacity super structure designed and built by Acorn Events. Steel Yard Liverpool made its debut in 2016 at the city's Clarence Graving Dock, and now occurs annually in late November or early December. Steel Yard London initially took place in late October at Victoria Park, London in 2017, before moving to Finsbury Park for 2018 and 2019 respectively, with a new date on the late-May bank holiday weekend. In 2018, Steel Yard Liverpool partnered with Tomorrowland and Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike to bring "Garden of Madness" to the UK for a special one-off event.

Creamfields International
In addition to the two main UK events, Creamfields also operates a number of international spin offs including:

 * Creamfields Abu Dhabi
 * Creamfields Australia (2010–2012; 2017)
 * Creamfields Brazil
 * Creamfields Buenos Aires (2001–2015)
 * Creamfields Czech Republic (2002)
 * Creamfields Chile (2004–2018; 2022-present)
 * Creamfields China (2018–present)
 * Creamfields Colombia
 * Creamfields Hong Kong (2017–present)
 * Creamfields Ibiza
 * Creamfields Ireland (2000–2002)
 * Creamfields Mallorca
 * Creamfields Malta
 * Creamfields Mexico
 * Creamfields Romania
 * Creamfields Paraguay
 * Creamfields Poland (2003 - Kołobrzeg ,2006-2008 - Wrocław)
 * Creamfields Portugal
 * Creamfields Peru
 * Creamfields Spain
 * Creamfields Taiwan (2017–present)
 * Creamfields Thailand (2022–present)
 * Creamfields Turkey
 * Creamfields Ukraine
 * Creamfields Vietnam

title: Creamfields


text:
La Guaira

La Guaira is the capital city of the Venezuelan state of the same name (formerly named Vargas) and the country's main port. It was founded in 1577 as an outlet for Caracas, 30 km to the southeast. The town and the port were badly damaged during the December 1999 floods and mudslides that affected much of the region.

The city hosts its own professional baseball team in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, the Tiburones de La Guaira. They have won eight national championships since their founding in 1962 and won the Caribbean Series in 2023-24

History
After the founding of Caracas by Spanish in 1567, toward the turn of the 16th century, the Port of La Guaira emerged on the coast and, since that time, has been the gateway to Caracas. This coastal city, almost without land to develop and bathed by the Caribbean Sea, became an important harbour during the 18th century. Attacked by buccaneers and by the English, Dutch, and French armadas, La Guaira was transformed into a fortified, walled city. During the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748), the first attack of the Royal Navy took place on La Guaira. In March 1743, in the Battle of La Guaira, the port was attacked without success by another English squadron of 19 ships under the command of Admiral Charles Knowles. The coastal batteries, led by Gabriel de Zuloaga, José de Iturriaga and Don Mateo Gual, counterattacked and managed to put the English to flight.

This period also saw the trading monopoly of the Royal Gipuzkoan Company of Caracas, which controlled the major ports of La Guaira and Puerto Cabello and was instrumental in the development of large-scale cocoa production along the valleys of the coast. The English frigate HMS Hermione (1782) was delivered to the Spanish authorities at La Guaira after her crew mutinied in 1797.

Another small naval battle was fought off La Guaira in 1812, between privateers of the United States and the United Kingdom. Now La Guaira is the second port by importance in Venezuela after Puerto Cabello.

In 1998, when La Guaira state (then named Vargas) was created from parts of the former Federal District of Caracas, it became the state capital city.

Geography
La Guaira Bank (El Placer de La Guaira) is an underwater ridge that is approximately 12 miles off the coast from the city of La Guaira. The bank is approximately 12 mi long from east to west and 4 mi wide from north to south, and it rises from 50 fathom in the surrounding area to 140 fathom. The area provides the structure to deep-sea animals, and other organisms such as gorgonians, sponges, and coral, that require ocean currents to bring their food to them. Westerly currents flow off the coast of Venezuela, and the bank acts as a barrier to the current, creating an upwelling of nutrients to the ocean surface from deep-water stockpiles. These nutrients fuel an explosion of planktonic plant and animal growth, and attract larger animals such as whales, porpoises, seabirds, and large pelagics such as tuna, sharks, wahoo, dolphin fish, and four different types of marlin. It is considered one of the top sport fishing destinations in the world due to the unusually high numbers of Atlantic blue marlin, white marlin, sailfish, and spearfish that congregate at different seasons, and are available year-round.

title: La Guaira


text:
Talk:Ohana

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Awaller911.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Verification
Unable to verify following as factual from this linked article:
 * Ohana is also the name of one of the biggest guilds in Maplestory. RJBurkhart 03:27, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

I think that the band article should be referred to with a disambiguation instead of also on this page. Kukini 02:05, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction?
How do these two statements in the article reconcile? (emphasis added)
 * Part of Hawaiian culture, ohana means family in an extended sense of the term, including blood-related, adoptive or intentional.
 * In current Hawaiian culture the term ohana is strictly used for blood relations. Non-familial groupings always instead use the word "hui".

The problem may come from the apparent strong disagreements in modern Hawaiian culture over the meanings and values of the word. See the Whitney article mentioned under References. An excerpt: Thnidu (talk) 06:27, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
 * In old Ka'u, 'ohana meant blood relations, only. But outside of that Big Island district, it came later to mean something else entirely. Silva remembers her own childhood in rural Windward O'ahu. "Anyone who lived close by was almost automatically Incorporated into family. Neighbors were auntie or uncle or cousin, even when there was no blood relation. It seemed like the mere fact of proximity was enough to create family."

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120216205439/http://honoluludpp.org:80/downloadpdf/zoning/lupdfaqs.pdf to http://honoluludpp.org/downloadpdf/zoning/lupdfaqs.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090220060022/http://honoluludpp.org:80/downloadpdf/construction/ohana.pdf to http://www.honoluludpp.org/downloadpdf/construction/ohana.pdf

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Requested move 21 March 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved.  Calidum   17:53, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Ohana → ʻOhana – In Hawaiʻian, the word starts with an ʻokina. For other articles (including ʻokina), we include the ʻokina in the article title. OwenBlacker (talk; please {{ping}} me in replies) 22:25, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It might be enough to mention the Hawaiian orthography in the introduction like is done on Hawaii, Lanai, and some others. I believe the anglicized spelling is more accessible, but I won't object to the move. – Þjarkur (talk) 22:54, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It doesn't matter how the word is spelled in Hawaiian. Per WP:UE we should use the English spelling, which is "ohana" in all the sources. Station1 (talk) 06:05, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose move. This word is unusual among Hawaiian words, as it's typically spelled without the ʻokina in English.  ONR  (talk)  15:26, 22 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Support, why not? per McDougall, and Lonely Planet (though in a name), etc. cannot see any reason why we wouldn't follow normal Hawaiian spelling for this term when we do the others. In ictu oculi (talk) 22:05, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ohana unit restrictions to family
Article states that Ohana units can only be rented to family, but cited sources disagree with that 50.39.226.186 (talk) 16:53, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ohana


text:
Talk:Creamfields (2004 album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Creamfields.jpg
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title: Talk:Creamfields (2004 album)


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Laufen, Germany

Laufen (Central Bavarian: Laffa an da Soizach) is a town in Berchtesgadener Land district in Bavaria at the Austria–Germany border.

History
It was first mentioned in a deed of 748. The rapids that gave the town the name (Laufen = rapid running waters) were also responsible for the town's wealth from the salt trade. Small boats that transported the extremely valuable cargo from the rapids north of Salzburg were reloaded at Laufen to larger boats by privilege of the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. When the independent principality was finally divided in 1816 between the Bavarian kingdom and the Habsburg Empire in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, the town was split into a Bavarian part carrying the name of Laufen and into an Austrian town (the former Laufen suburbs on the right hand side of the river) by the name of Oberndorf. With the building of railways by the middle of the 19th century the transport of salt on the river Salzach came to an end, taking away the former source of wealth. A number of floods devastated both towns by the end of the century. The flood of 1899 destroyed the old bridge. A new iron bridge was built in a safer place up the river and opened jointly by the King of Bavaria and the Austrian Emperor in 1903.

Laufen Castle is a square-shaped 15th-century castle that was built for the Archbishop of Salzburg. It overlooks the Salzach river. During World War II the castle was used first as a prisoner-of-war camp for officers, Oflag VII-C. Then In May 1942 the officers were transferred to another camp, and the castle was used as an internment camp Ilag VII housing some hundreds of men deported from the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey and some American civilians that had been caught in Europe by the declaration of war by Germany on the United States on 11 December 1941. (See Ilag.)

International relations
Laufen, Germany is twinned with:
 * Laufen, Switzerland

Notable residents

 * Hans Adam Weissenkircher (1646–1695), Austrian painter of the Baroque
 * Johann Michael Rottmayr (1654–1730), Salzburg Baroque painter and imperial court painter
 * Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen (1862–1953), General, founding father of the German mountain group and first commander of the German Alpine Corps

title: Laufen, Germany


text:
Brooke Satchwell

Brooke Kerith Satchwell is an Australian actress, model, and environmental spokesperson.

Early life
Satchwell lived in Teesdale, Victoria, for most of her life and has one sibling. She attended Toorak College.

Career
Satchwell started acting in 1994 when a casting agent suggested she model in a few television advertisements. She also appeared in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation musical Harriet. After she had completed work on an advertisement for Just Jeans, a make-up artist advised Satchwell to get an agent. A year later she successfully auditioned for the role of Anne Wilkinson in the daily television soap opera Neighbours, which she played until 2000. After leaving Neighbours, Satchwell appeared in Water Rats, White Collar Blue, and Tripping Over. She also appeared on The Panel and was later invited back as a panellist. Satchwell modelled for Pantene and was signed to act as their brand ambassador in 2004.

Satchwell got her first lead role on a film in 2008 in Subdivision which was released in cinemas on 20 August 2009. In 2012, Satchwell joined the cast of drama series Packed to the Rafters as Frankie, an electrician and employee of Dave Rafter. In 2013, she became a regular panellist on celebrity gossip, comedy show Dirty Laundry Live. That same year, Satchwell joined the cast of Wonderland as lawyer Grace Barnes. After three seasons, Wonderland was cancelled due to falling ratings. Satchwell has appeared in some episodes of children's television show Play School.

In 2014, Satchwell made a guest appearance on sketch comedy series Black Comedy, as Tiffany. She reprised the character in the second series in 2016. She also appeared in the Jack Irish series. 2018 saw Satchwell make guest appearances on Hughesy, We Have a Problem, and the SBS drama Dead Lucky. She also plays Ally, the girlfriend of hit-man Ray Shoesmith, in the black comedy-drama Mr Inbetween. Towards the end of the year, Satchwell replaced Jane Harber as team captain for the second season of comedy panel show Show Me the Movie!.

Satchwell plays park ranger Miranda Gibson, the estranged daughter of Laura Gibson (Sigrid Thornton), in the revival series of SeaChange. Satchwell admitted that she almost missed the casting call, as she was moving house. The actress flew between Sydney and Byron, Mullumbimby and Brunswick Heads to film SeaChange and the second season of Mr Inbetween.

In 2024, Satchwell appeared in Triple Oh!.

Other activities
Satchwell has promoted charity work as a fundraiser for the Starlight Children's Foundation Gift of a Lifetime, and in joining the fight against sand mining of Sydney's historic Kurnell sand dunes.

In 2009, Satchwell supported Power Shift, a climate-change conference for young people held in Sydney.

Personal life
Satchwell's five-year relationship with actor Matthew Newton ended in 2006. Newton was charged with four offences including common assault, intimidation and assault occasioning actual bodily harm against Satchwell. Three of the charges were withdrawn by prosecutors, Newton pleading guilty on the remaining charge of common assault.

On 26 November 2008, Satchwell was in a building which was attacked by terrorists in the Mumbai Terrorist Attacks. She hid in a cupboard until gunfire ceased.

Satchwell was engaged to film editor David Gross from 2012 until 2019. In 2015, she stated that long times separated by distance made it hard for them to ever set a date for the wedding.

title: Brooke Satchwell


text:
Trujillo, Trujillo

Trujillo is the capital city of Trujillo State in Venezuela. About 40,000 people live in this city, located in El Valle de Los Mukas.

History
Founded by one of the "Conquistadores de America", Diego García de Paredes (1506–1563), son of Diego García de Paredes (the father), (1466–1534), Spanish soldier and duellist, native of Trujillo in Extremadura, Spain.

In 1678, Trujillo was the farthest point in a daring raid on Spanish-held Venezuela, carried out by six pirate ships and 700 men led by the French buccaneer Michel de Grammont.

Simon Bolívar promulgated the Decree of War to the Death in the city on 15 June 1813.

Twin cities

 * Trujillo, La Libertad (Peru)
 * Trujillo (Honduras)
 * Trujillo, Cáceres (Spain)

title: Trujillo, Trujillo


text:
Alphons Diepenbrock

Alphonsus Johannes Maria Diepenbrock (2 September 1862 in Amsterdam – 5 April 1921) was a Dutch composer, essayist and classicist.

Life and work
Diepenbrock was not a musician by training. Brought up in a prosperous Catholic family, although he showed musical ability as a child, the expectation was that he would enter a university rather than a conservatory. And so he studied classics at the University of Amsterdam, gaining his doctorate cum laude in 1888 with a dissertation in Latin on the life of Seneca. The same year he became a teacher, a job which he held until 1894, and decided to devote himself to music. As a composer, he had been completely self-taught from an early age.

He created a musical idiom which, in a highly personal manner, combined 16th-century polyphony with Wagnerian chromaticism, to which in later years was added the impressionistic refinement that he encountered in Debussy's music.

His predominantly vocal output is distinguished by the high quality of the texts used. Apart from the Ancient Greek dramatists and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, he was inspired by, among others, Goethe, Novalis, Vondel, Brentano, Hölderlin, Heine, Nietzsche, Baudelaire and Verlaine.

As a conductor, he performed many contemporary works, including Gustav Mahler's Fourth Symphony (at the Concertgebouw) as well as works by Fauré and Debussy. Diepenbrock is one of the Dutch composers whose name is displayed on the first balcony of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw.

Throughout his life, Diepenbrock continued his interests in the wider cultural sphere, remaining a classics tutor and publishing works on literature, painting, politics, philosophy and religion. Indeed, during his lifetime his musical skills were often overlooked. Nonetheless, Diepenbrock was very much a respected figure within musical circles. He counted amongst his friends Mahler, Richard Strauss and Arnold Schoenberg.

Alphons Diepenbrock is related to Cardinal Melchior von Diepenbrock, who was his great uncle, as well as to a branch of the family that immigrated to America in 1879.

On 8 August 1895 in Rosmalen he married Lady Wilhelmina Elisabeth Cornelia Petronella de Jong van Beek en Donk.

Works and discography

 * Ave Maria, RC 23 (1880)
 * Christa Pfeiler (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * De klare dag, RC 4 (1881)
 * Christoph Prégardien (ten.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Avondzang, RC 13 “Het zuidewindje suist” (1885)
 * Christoph Prégardien, Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Meinacht, RC 14 “Ik zag in ’t grondloos blauw de sterren vonken” (1885)
 * Jard van Nes (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Maanlicht, RC 15 “O geur’ger heft zich ied’re bloeme” (1885)
 * Christoph Prégardien (ten.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Drei Ballades, op. 1 (1885)
 * 1. Entsagung
 * 2. Der Fischer
 * 3. Der Abend kommt gezogen
 * Christoph Pregardien, tenor, Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Avondzang (1885, 1903)
 * Lode (Louis) Devos, ten., Promenade Orchestra, Benedict Silberman, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Der Liebende schreibt (1887)
 * Roberta Alexander, sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Zwei Gesänge, op. 2 (1889)
 * Mignon
 * Der König in Thule (Goethe), song (orchestrated 1907)
 * Jard van Nes, mezzo sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Konig, Hans Christoph Begeman, Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * Es war ein alter König (Heine) (1890)
 * Robert Holl, bass bar., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Hans Christoph Begeman, Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * La chanson de l’hypertrophique, RC 32 “C’est d’un’ maladie de coeur”
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Missa in die festo (1891, orchestrated version 1913)
 * Deniz Yilmaz, ten., Leo van Doeselaar, organ, men of the Netherlands Radio Choir, Sigvards Klava, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * orchestrated version, Kyrie and Gloria, Elisabeth Lugt, sop., Martha van Kerkoff, alto, Tom Brand, tenor, Laurens Bogtman, bass, Netherlands Radio Choir, Toonkunst Choir Amsterdam, Apollo Choir Soest, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Bernard Haitink, cond. (1961), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Reyzangen uit Gysbrecht van Aemstel for choir and orchestra (1892–95)
 * Maja Roodveldt, sop., Sophie Hoofboom, mezzo, Frank Hameleers, tenor, Henk van Heijnsbergen, bass, Netherlands Radio Choir, Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra, Ed Spanjaard, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock and the Golden Age, Composers Voice Classics CV 121 (2004); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Hinüber wall’ ich (1894)
 * Roberta Alexander, sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Caelestis Urbs Jerusalem (1897)
 * Netherlands Chamber Choir, Uwe Gronostay, Requiem, NM Classics 92039 (1994)
 * Te Deum (1897)
 * Laudamus, Toonkunst Choir Amsterdam, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Eduard van Beinum, Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Chanson d'autumne (Verlaine) for chorus a capella (1898)
 * Netherlands Chamber Choir, Uwe Gronostay, cond., Vox Neerlandica II, NM Classics 92065 (1997), reissued as Et'Cetera KTC 1387 (2009), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Ik ben in eenzaamheid niet meer alleen (1898)
 * Lode (Louis) Devos, ten., Promenade Orchestra, Benedict Silberman, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Hymne für Geige und Orchester (Hymn for Violin and Orchestra) (1898), and Hymne voor orchest
 * Emmy Verhey, violin, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 1, Orchestral Works, Chandos 8821 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * Lied der Spinnerin (Brentano) (1898) (later arranged by the composer for strings and horn)
 * Roberta Alexander, sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Ecoutez la chanson bien douce, RC 40 (1898, 1907)
 * Renee Defraiteeur, sop., Netherlands Radio Orchestra (Omroeporkest), Maurits van den Berg, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Ik ben in eenzaamheid niet meer alleen, RC 41 (1898)
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Clair de lune, RC 43 Votre âme est un paysage choisi (1898, 1907)
 * Renee Defraiteeur, sop., Netherlands Radio Orchestra (Omroeporkest), Maurits van den Berg, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Wenige wissen das Geheimnis de Liebe (1898, 1902)
 * Christoph Hombert, ten., Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Hymne an die Nacht (Novalis) (1899) (regarded by Gustav Mahler as Diepenbrock's best)
 * Nr. 1, Gehoben ist der Stein (1915 revision), Arleen Auger, sop., Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly, cond. (1990), Alphons Diepenbrock, Donemus Composers' Voice Recordings CV 50 (1995); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Nr. 2, Muß immer der Morgen wiederkommen?, Linda Finnie, mezzo-sop., Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 2, Symphonic Songs, Chandos 8878 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Nr. 2, Nathalie Stutzmann, alto, Riccardo Chailly, cond., Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Anthology of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, vol. 6, 1990-2000, RCO Live 11004 (2011)
 * Hans Christoph Begeman, Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * Zij sluimert (1900, 1903)
 * Lode (Louis) Devos, ten., Promenade Orchestra, Benedict Silberman, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Kann ich im Busen heisse Wünsche tragen? (Karoline von Günderrode) (1902)
 * Jard van Nes, mezzo sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Vondels vaart naar Agrippine (1903)
 * Hymne aan Rembrandt, for soprano, female choir, and orchestra (1906)
 * Eva-Marie Westbroek, sop., Netherlands Radio Choir, Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra, Ed Spanjaard, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock and the Golden Age, Composers Voice Classics CV 121 (2004); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Im grossen Schweigen, five songs for baritone and orchestra (1906)
 * Robert Holl, bass, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 2, Symphonic Songs, Chandos 8878 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Hans Christoph Begeman, Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * Les chats (1906–07)
 * Bernard Kruysen, bar., Netherlands Radio Orchestra, Maurits van den Berg, Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Willem van Otterloo, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Robert Holl, bass bar., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Recueillement, Sois sage, ô ma Douleur, et tiens-toi plus tranquille I & II, RC 79 (1907)
 * Bernard Kruysen, bar., Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Willem van Otterloo, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Robert Holl (bass), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Auf dem See (Goethe) for chorus a capella (1908)
 * Netherlands Chamber Choir, Uwe Gronostay, cond., Vox Neerlandica II, NM Classics 92065 (1997), reissued as Et'Cetera KTC 1387 (2009), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Der Abend (Brentano) (1908)
 * Roberta Alexander, sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Liebesklage (1908)
 * Jard van Nes, mezzo sop., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Celebretät (1908)
 * Robert Holl, bass bar., Rudolph Jenson, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs I, NM Classics 92050 (1992), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Puisque l'aube grandit, RC 97 (1909, 1916)
 * Bernard Kruysen, bar., Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Willem van Otterloo, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Christa Pfeiler (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Mandoline, RC 99 “Les donneurs de sérénades” (1909)
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Claron McFadden (sop.), Leo van Doeselaar (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * En sourdine (Verlaine), RC 104 “Calmes dans le demi-jour”, song for mezzo and piano (1910)
 * Hans Christoph Begeman, Sinfonieorchester St. Gallen, Otto Tausk, Alphons Diepenbrock—Orchestral Songs, CPO 777 836-2 (2014)
 * Jard van Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Marsyas (1910)
 * Concert suite, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 1, Orchestral Works, Chandos 8821 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * La source enchantée, Concert Suite (1920), Antony Hermus, Bamberger Symphoniker, Alphons Diepenbrock, Symphonic Poems, CPO 777 927-2 (2016)
 * Die Nacht, three songs for alto and orchestra (1911)
 * Linda Finnie, mezzo-sop., Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 2, Symphonic Songs, Chandos 8878 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Janet Baker, sop., Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Bernard Haitink, cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Zij sluimert, RC 51 “Zij rust in ’t malsche mos en houdt gebogen” (1910)
 * Christoph Prégardien (ten.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Gijsbreght van Aemstel (1912)
 * Lydische Nacht(Lydian Night) (for spoken voice and orchestra) (Verhagen) (1913)
 * arranged as a symphonic poem by Eduard Reeser 1983, rev. 1992, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Hans Vonk cond. (1984), Anthology of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, vol. 5, 1980-1990, RCO Live 08005 (2009)
 * Berceuse, RC 112 “Le Seigneur a dit à son enfant” (1912)
 * Jard van Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Elly Ameling (sop.), Richte van der Meer (cello), Dalton Baldwin (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * L’invitation au voyage, RC 117 “Mon enfant, ma soeur” (1913)
 * Christa Pfeiler (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Simeon's Lofzang, RC 120 “Vergun, o God, op zijne bede” (1912, rev. 1914)
 * Robert Holl (bass), RJ, Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Avondschemer (for piano) (1915)
 * David Kuyken, piano, Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Incantation, RC 132 “Mets ta main dans ma main” (1916)
 * Christa Pfeiler (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 2, NM Classics 92051 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Zegeklanken (for carillon) (1916)
 * De Vogels (The Birds) (1917)
 * Overture, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 1, Orchestral Works, Chandos 8821 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Overture, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly cond. (1989), Alphons Diepenbrock, Donemus Composers' Voice Recordings CV 50 (1995)
 * Overture, Antony Hermus, Bamberger Symphoniker, Alphons Diepenbrock, Symphonic Poems, CPO 777 927-2 (2016)
 * Beiaard, RC 129 (1917)
 * Christa Pfeiler (mezz. sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Preghiera alla Madonna, RC 137 “Ricordatevi, o pietosissima vergine Maria” (1902, rev. 1917)
 * Christoph Prégardien (ten.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Come raggio di sol, RC 138 (1917)
 * Roberta Alexander (sop.), Rudolf Jansen (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Songs 3, NM Classics 92052 (1996), Alphons Diepenbrock—Complete Songs, Brilliant Classics 96103 (2021)
 * Claron McFadden (sop.), Leo van Doeselaar (piano), Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Elektra (1920)
 * Symphonic suite (1920), Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 1, Orchestral Works, Chandos 8821 (1990); Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Symphonic suite (arr. Eduard Reeser), Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly cond. (1993), Alphons Diepenbrock, Donemus Composers' Voice Recordings CV 50 (1995)
 * Symphonic Suite (1920), Antony Hermus, Bamberger Symphoniker, Alphons Diepenbrock, Symphonic Poems, CPO 777 927-2 (2016)
 * Hymne: Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe, three songs for voice and organ (or orchestra)
 * Christoph Homberger, tenor, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock, Vol. 2, Symphonic Songs, Chandos 8878 (1990); Brilliant Classics 93412 (2017)
 * Misc. works for Chamber Choir (1884-1912), Netherlands Chamber Choir, conducted by Hartmut Haenschen, Uwe Gronostay, Ed Spanjaard, Celso Antunes, Klaas Stok, Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)
 * Misc. songs
 * Songs for voice and orchestra, Annete de la Bije, Renee Defraiteeur, Lode Devos, Christoph Hombert, Bernard Kruysen, Netherlands Radio Orchestra, Maurits van den Berg, Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Willem van Otterloo, Promenade Orchestra, Benedict Silberman, Het Residentie Orkest den Haag (Hague Philharmonic), Hans Vonk cond., Alphons Diepenbrock—Anniversary Edition, Et'Cetera KTC 1435 (2012)

title: Alphons Diepenbrock


text:
Bitche

Bitche (English pronunciation:, ; German and Lorraine Franconian: Bitsch) is a commune in Moselle department, in the region of Grand Est in northeastern France. It is the Pays de Bitche's capital city, and the seat of the Canton of Bitche and the Pays de Bitche community of communes.

The town belongs to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park and is rated four-flowers in the towns and villages in bloom competition. The town's population at the 2013 census was 5,225. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bitchois and Bitchoises.

The town is known for Bitche Citadel originating from a castle built at the beginning of the 13th century. The fortress is noted for its resistance during the Franco-Prussian War. Its commander Louis-Casimir Teyssier held it for about eight months, with 3,000 men against about 20,000 Prussian and Bavarian soldiers, until the French government ordered him to surrender after the 1871 ceasefire. The town became part of Germany from that date until the end of the First World War, when it was given back to France. During the Second World War it was annexed by the Third German Reich (1940–1944).

Geography
Bitche is located near the German border on the small river Horn, at the foot of the northern slope of the Vosges between Haguenau and Sarreguemines.

History
The town of Bitche, which was formed from the villages of Rohr and Kaltenhausen in the 17th century, derives its name from the old stronghold (mentioned in 1172 as Bytis Castrum) standing on a rock some 250 ft above the town. This had long given its name to the countship of Bitsch, which was originally in the possession of the dukes of Lorraine. In 1297 it passed by marriage to Eberhard I of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, whose line became extinct in 1569. Afterwards the countship reverted to Lorraine, and passed with that duchy to France in 1766.

After 1766 the town rapidly increased in population. The citadel, which had been constructed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban on the site of the old castle after the town's capture by the French in 1624, had been destroyed when it was restored to Lorraine in 1698. It was restored and strengthened in 1740 into a fortress that proved impregnable up until the 20th century. An attack upon it by the Prussians in 1793 was repulsed.

During the Napoleonic Wars, 1804–1814, the citadel at Bitche became a major prisoner-of-war camp housing British and allied soldiers and sailors. It was also used in this context as a penal camp, housing repeated escapees and uncooperative prisoners.

In 1815 during Napoleon's Hundred Days, Brigadier-General Charles Creutzer was the commandant of the town's fortress. Bitche was besieged by General Friedrich Zollern's Fourth Infantry Division of the Austrian IV Corps, but Creutzer refused to surrender until the general armistice.

Although Bitche was hotly contested by the Germans after the Battle of Wörth during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, it held out until the war's end. A large part of the fortification is built into the red sandstone rock, and was rendered bomb-proof; a supply of water was secured to the garrison by a deep well in the interior. The commander of the town's fortress was Louis-Casimir Teyssier. After the war, it was given to the German Empire as part of Alsace–Lorraine. It was returned to France in 1918, after the First World War.

The town is near the Maginot Line, into which the citadel was integrated. Alsace-Lorraine returned to Germany after the Battle of France in the summer of 1940 and remained under German occupation. The training ground at Bitche was utilized by the German Army to form new divisions, for example the 65th Infantry Division in July 1942. The town was liberated in December 1944 by Allied troops but was relinquished in a withdrawal forced by the German counteroffensive. In March 1945 the U.S. 100th Infantry Division broke through the Maginot Line in the area and liberated the town for good, as part of Operation Undertone.

After 1945, Bitche became one of the busiest military camps where all parts of the French army manoeuvered. Infantry and cavalry also went to the town to experiment with new weapons during the Cold War. Special training took place against potential bacteriological attacks from the Eastern Bloc.

Until 1997, military service was compulsory in France. Millions of soldiers had a few days of training in Bitche.

On 19 March 2021 the official page of Bitche on Facebook was removed without explanation. After the incident was reported by media, Facebook restored the page and apologized to the town.

International relations
Bitche has been twinned with Lebach, Saarland, Germany, since 1979.

The town was mentioned in the BBC comedy panel game QI, in episode 9 of season 3 (or series C). Bill Bailey commented on the comical nature of seeing a sign "You are now leaving Bitche".

title: Bitche


text:
Annie Hayden

Annie Hayden was one of four members of the 1990s indie rock band Spent. She later embarked on a solo career, releasing "The Rub" in 2001 and "The Enemy of Love" in 2005, both on Merge Records.

The Rub (2001)

 * 1) "Start a Little Late" (2:49)
 * 2) "Slip is Showing" (3:12)
 * 3) "The Land of Nod" (1:39)
 * 4) "Alone" (2:25)
 * 5) "Wood and Glue" (3:51)
 * 6) "Albatross" (3:05)
 * 7) "Red Lines" (2:15)
 * 8) "Guitar Lesson" (2:02)
 * 9) "Sign of Your Love" (2:38)
 * 10) "Pistol and Glasses" (2:15)
 * 11) "Lovely to See" (7:51)
 * 12) "untitled"

The Enemy of Love (2005)

 * 1) "Cara Mia" (2:52)
 * 2) "Hip Hurray" (3:40)
 * 3) "Anytime" (1:14)
 * 4) "Your Carnival" (3:09)
 * 5) "Boos" (1:39)
 * 6) "Weather" (2:54)
 * 7) "Money Trouble" (2:49)
 * 8) "Gray" (2:01)
 * 9) "Swingin' Party" (3:36)
 * 10) "Piano" (1:14)
 * 11) "Wait For Returns" (3:37)
 * 12) "Starring in the Movies" (3:02)
 * 13) "Willie's Fortune" (4:12)

title: Annie Hayden


text:
Los Teques

Los Teques is the capital of the state of Miranda, and the municipality of Guaicaipuro in north-central Venezuela. The city is about 25 km southwest of Caracas, and 1169 m above mean sea level. It lies in the Cordillera de la Costa, on the banks of the Río San Pedro. According to the European Commission, Los Teques had a population of 159,532 in 2015. The city is part of the agglomeration known as Greater Caracas.

History

At the time of the Spanish conquest the region of Los Teques was known for its gold mines, and was the home of Guaicaipuro. Guaicaipuro led the indigenous resistance against the conquistadores until 1568, when he was killed in battle. By 1600, Los Teques was part of the conquered lands (encomienda) belonging first to Francisco Tostado de la Peña and Andrés González, and later by Diego de Miquilena. In 1684 Miquilena sold the "lands of Los Altos" to Doña Melchora Ana Tovar y Bañez, widow of Captain Juan de Ascanio y Guerra.

During the 18th century, the region became more populated, with settlers from the Canary Islands. In 1772, the Spanish inhabitants of San Pedro de Los Altos began to relocate to a new settlement, and on 21 October 1777 this was founded as Los Teques. The new town's name was derived from the Aractoeques Carabs, an indigenous tribe that once inhabited the area.

In 1781 Los Teques had 1,500 inhabitants; Alexander von Humboldt passed by in 1800, calling it "a miserable village", and by 1805 it had 2,800 inhabitants. At the end of 1810, the towns of San Pedro de los Altos and Carizal were legally separated from Los Teques.

In 1854, the Guaicaipuro canton was created, with Los Teques as the head of the canton. By this time, the area had many farms involved in coffee production. In 1891, the municipality was divided into two districts, Los Teques (population 2919) and San Juan. In October 1892, during the Legalist Revolution, Los Colorados, near Los Teques, was the scene of a major battle. Miranda state was created in March 1901; and Los Teques became state capital on February 13, 1927.

The Salesians founded San Jose High School in 1912 and Francisco de Miranda High School in 1940. In 1950, the National Guard Training School was established, and in 1965, Los Teques was elevated to a diocese, whose first bishop was Bishop Juan José Bernal. In 1970, the National Institute of Science and Technology for the Petroleum Industry (INTEVEP) was established on land near Quebrada de la Virgen, and in 1971 the University College of the Capital Region became operational. In October 1979, Ateneo de Los Teques was established.

Geography
The average temperature in Los Teques varies from 18 to 26 C.

Transportation
On November 3, 2006, President Hugo Chávez inaugurated the Los Teques Metro. This metro system is connected to the Caracas Metro system.

title: Los Teques


text:
Tucupita

Tucupita is the capital city of the Venezuelan state of Delta Amacuro.

Geography
Delta Amacuro consists almost entirely of the swampy Orinoco River delta. Tucupita is hot and humid, and lies well into the delta on the Caño Manamo river (one of the two major branches of the Orinoco river delta). It is approached by a road which runs along the top of a barrier constructed in the 1960s to create dry land. The project is considered by many to be a failure since little dry land was created and massive ecological disruption was caused by salt water penetration of the delta.

The delta is covered mostly by mangrove swamp but there is a huge range of other flora and fauna, making it one of the world's more ecologically diverse places. Significant amounts of oil have been discovered in the western parts of the delta and there is apprehension that exploitation of this oil will cause substantial ecological damage.

Climate
Tucupita has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am), bordering on a tropical savanna climate, with a short dry season from January to March.

Religion
Tucupita is the cathedral see of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Tucupita, with the Cathedral of the Divine Shepherdess.

Tourism
The main income of Tucupita comes from eco-tourism. The attractions are the birds, mammals and reptiles of the delta, and the villages of the local Indians, the Warao. Tourists can visit the remote parts of the delta and stay in the stilted houses of the Warao in the delta itself.

There are bus connections to Bolivar City and other towns in the north of Venezuela, but in the delta itself only travel by boat is possible.

title: Tucupita


text:
Vehicle and Operator Services Agency

Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) was an executive agency granted trading fund status in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Transport of the United Kingdom Government.

It was announced on 20 June 2013 that VOSA would merge with the Driving Standards Agency into a single agency in 2014. The name of the new agency was confirmed as the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) on 28 November 2013. VOSA was abolished on 31 March 2014, and its responsibilities passed to the DVSA on 1 April 2014.

History
The Agency was created from the merger of the Vehicle Inspectorate (VI) and the Traffic Area Network (TAN). The public are most aware of its activities through its regulation of the MOT vehicle inspection test in Great Britain. VOSA are generally better known by commercial vehicle operators as "The Ministry", a throwback to the days of the former Ministry of Transport (MOT). In Northern Ireland this role is performed by the Driver & Vehicle Agency.

In 2005 it had approximately 2,500 staff, 1,700 of which are based at its lorry testing garages across Great Britain.

Chief Executives

Maurice Newey had been appointed chief executive of the Vehicle Inspectorate in 1998 and became the first chief executive of VOSA in 2003.

Stephen Tetlow, joined VOSA as Chief Executive in December 2004 following the retirement of Newey.

Alastair Peoples took over from Tetlow as Chief Executive in 2008 until 2014 when VOSA and DSA merged to form DVSA

Enforcement charges
Its examiners have been granted the ability to issue fixed penalty tickets from 1 April 2009. These cover a range of offences including breaches of drivers hours legislation, overloaded vehicles and also mechanical defects. These tickets can be issued to both UK and foreign nationals.

In the first 3 months since the implementation of fixed penalties, the Agency has taken more than £500,000 in fines.

Intent

 * To improve road safety and the environment and safeguard fair competition by promoting and enforcing compliance with commercial operator licensing requirements;
 * Processing applications for licences to operate lorries and buses;
 * Registering bus services;
 * Operating and administering testing schemes for all vehicles, including the supervision of the MOT Testing Scheme;
 * Enforcing the law on vehicles to ensure that they comply with legal standards and regulations;
 * Enforcing drivers' hours and licensing requirements;
 * Providing training and advice for commercial operators; and
 * Investigating vehicle accidents, defects and recalls.

Customers
Its customers were the Road Haulage and Public Service Vehicle (PSV) industries, trade associations, vehicle manufacturers, MOT garages, and offenders and defendants.

Powers to stop vehicles
Under the Police Reform Act 2002, section 41 and Schedule 5, Chief Constables could grant powers (under a Community Safety Accreditation Scheme) to VOSA officers to stop vehicles, for checks on vehicle and driver compliance without the need for police support (later expanded to stop any vehicle, although mainly goods and passenger carrying vehicles). At that time, only police officers had the power to stop vehicles and therefore had to be present. The powers were piloted in 2003 and brought more widely into force in 2004.

Following a consultation in July 2010, the law was overhauled in 2011 to grant VOSA officers the power to stop vehicles without relying on police approval through Community Safety Accreditation Schemes as above. This also allowed VOSA officers to stop vehicles in Scotland, as well as in England and Wales as previously. The amendment, which was made by the Road Vehicles (Powers to Stop) Regulations 2011, allows "stopping officers" approved by the Department for Transport to stop vehicles for certain reasons.

To be appointed as a stopping officer, a person must:
 * be a suitable person to exercise the powers of a stopping officer,
 * be capable of effectively exercising their powers, and
 * have received adequate training for the exercise of their powers.

Officers must be in uniform to stop vehicles. Impersonating or obstructing stopping officers is an offence.

VOSA vehicles
VOSA employ a fleet of Ford Galaxy vehicles in black and yellow battenburg livery and clearly marked with "VOSA" on the rear. These are fitted with amber lightbars on the roof. This is a similar livery to that of the Highways Agency (HA) traffic officer service in England and the Welsh Assembly Government Traffic Officer Service in Wales.

title: Vehicle and Operator Services Agency


text:
Talk:Serena Williams

2021 French Open run not discussed
Serena Williams got to the 4th round of the 2021 French Open, defeating Camila-Begu, Bouzkova and Collins before losing to Rybakina. This is not mentioned in the article and should be included. Rishia513 (talk) 18:30, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Does anyone want to follow up on this? 2601:98A:4100:6C31:D0C8:66C9:6252:2F48 (talk) 21:59, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * No since the entire article is way too long. Fyunck(click) (talk) 23:01, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Template stating article too long
Need to shrink the article. Some suggestions:

1)Vastly condense the match controversies section. It's too long, too detailed.  Even players like Djokovic who has arguably more controversies than any other modern day player, doesn't have the same level of detail in his article.  Condense it down to a paragraph, 2 at most.

2)Completely remove the transition away from tennis section. IMO, It feels unnecessary.

Input, various suggestions/alternative solutions all welcome.

Thanks Koppite1 (talk) 17:32, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting... I would have said that Serena has more controversies than any modern player. But a lot of it is article length and balance. If all of her prose is cut in half then her controversy section would also be cut in half. Djokovic has also got a tag for super length. Things that have happened over the last decade of Wikipedia editing are: The professional sections of the best players have gone from one section, to a jr and early years and later years section, and now to yearly sections. And each year has bloated. This with the fact that most years also have their own article. From every tournament win, to every tournament, to every match. Every detail goes in because we can now find every detail. Look at careers of Chris Evert or Martina Navratilova and Rod Laver for examples of how compact things can be. Could those old article be expanded some.... sure... but not like we see today. There should be some middle ground between trivially large and not enough info for an encyclopedia. A few tennis players have more prose than any other bio on wikipedia. Far more than US Presidents or Albert Einstein. Serena has 112k of prose in 19k words. If you cut 30% from every paragraph it would still be at 79k (which is larger than Barak Obama), but much more readable. Fyunck(click) (talk) 19:34, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Fyunck(click) is right. The main issue is that the yearly sections are bloated (too long and too detailed), which is odd since most years have their own article. So, rather than targeting the controversies section and "the transition away from tennis" section, which do not even have their own article; we should instead be aiming to trim the yearly sections. And doing this will be okay because all of the more trivial information and minor details will still be in that season's article, which means that we are not going to lose nothing.
 * So yeah, my idea is rather simple. It basically comes down to just two steps: Transferring and Trimming.
 * First we transfer the careers of these four players (Serena and Big Three) into their respective sub-articles (junior and the seasons) and then we trim those yearly sections into a two or three paragraph summary of the season (similar to Pete Sampras for example).
 * I personally will seize hold of the transferring phase of the Big Three in 16-17 December. And Koppite1 could do the same with Serena. When this first step is complete we can begin with the trimming phase.
 * This approach will be far more effective in bringing down those Ks of prose and Ks of words, and it will preserve the sections that do not have their own article (controversies and ETC).
 * What do you guys think? Barr Theo (talk) 22:22, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Remember that not all yearly sections of these players are allowed a separate article. Only those that meet Tennis Project guidelines. And almost all the info is already in the yearly articles. We also have overkill in some articles. Look at Serena's coaching section. It's one sentence. Could it be a small paragraph.... sure it could. But look at Novak Djokovic's coaching section. It's crazy huge!!!! This could be shortened to one or two paragraphs. Wikipedia is not a novel. So while years could be trimmed to events won for many players, sections like coaching should be tiny. Fyunck(click) (talk) 00:04, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If you are confident that almost all the info is already in the yearly articles, then begin the trimming. But be sure! I don't want to lose a thing.
 * By the way, I have just created Novak Djokovic junior years, and as you can see, I stretched the hell out of it (22k bytes). Impressed? Well... You should know by now that I'm a specialist at expanding and stretching subjects down to every notable detail. I can't believe I am now trimming stuff. It is counterintuitive. But it is necessary. And everything we trim will be on sub-articles, so...
 * I will be waiting for your thoughts about my amazing work (Novak Djokovic junior years). Barr Theo (talk) 03:10, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll have to look later, but I am a minimalist. The smallest footprint to get the point across and then move on. Encyclopedias are highlights only, not books or magazines. Fyunck(click) (talk) 04:47, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I would definitely work on Federer and Williams first, since they are retired and won't be adding anything new. Then make sure Nadal and Djokovic conform accordingly. Fyunck(click) (talk) 19:30, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * All right then. I spent the last few hours working on Federer (I do not have the knowledge to work on Williams). But I must warn you that my goal is not 75k prose. SIZERULE refers to readable prose size, and by that metric if a page is under 15k words/100k prose, then it's acceptable. That will be my goal for the Big Three.
 * I know that you love Rod Laver and Ken Rosewall, and that they are only 5k words, but you can't equalize this because they lived in a pre-wiki world. Times have changed!! Wiki pages are getting bigger and bigger. I mean, look at 2023 Israel–Hamas war with 453k bytes, while World War II, which was much more significant, larger, and of historical importance, is only 252k bytes. Do you want to equalize that too?? Even if you wanted to, it is impossible. To even the field between pre-wiki articles and pro-wiki articles is simply not possible for a number of logistic reasons and beyond. I hope you understand. Barr Theo (talk) 05:46, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Encyclopedia-wise they are equals. Wiki pages do not need to be getting bigger and bigger... in fact it's bad! And no, I think WW2 should be 20x bigger. And I will then warn you that I will be working to get them smaller than 100k or prose. However, right this second it looks like Federer is at 83k prose. Not too bad. Fyunck(click) (talk) 07:19, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not know Federer's proze. I guided myself by the rule of Under 15k words. If that is 83K prose, so be it.
 * By the way, I did you add the "no splits" parameter? Barr Theo (talk) 22:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yep. Most of what needs trimming belongs nowhere else. Fyunck(click) (talk) 22:56, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * By the way, I did you add the "no splits" parameter? Barr Theo (talk) 22:05, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yep. Most of what needs trimming belongs nowhere else. Fyunck(click) (talk) 22:56, 18 December 2023 (UTC)

All time Record claim for winning slam titles without losing a set
Winning three different slams without losing a set is not a record. Note the wiki entry for Maureen Connelly which states “Also the only player in history to win a title without losing a set at all four major championships”. For the record they were WM, US and AU in 53 and FR in 54. If this is to be retained it should be recorded as an achievement and, if so, added to the list: Billie Jean King (US 71,72; WM 67; FR 72) and Margaret Court (US 69 [maybe 65 also]; AU 61-63, 66, 70, 73; WM 65). Antipodenz (talk) 03:35, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Good catch. Thanks. Fyunck(click) (talk) 07:12, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Serena's Venture
Apart from her notable accomplishments in tennis, Serena has extended her influence into the business realm through "Serena Ventures." This endeavor highlights her dedication to endorsing and investing in a variety of entrepreneurs. Serena's sharp business insight and her aspiration to uplift others underscore her leadership approach, which prioritizes collaboration, empowerment, and forward-looking perspectives. Zeinab Alamgard (talk) 14:25, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 March 2024
"Change greatest tennis player of all time" to "greatest female tennis player of all time" Luismendez2652 (talk) 17:47, 28 March 2024 (UTC)
 * No. There is already extensive sourcing for the claim without any qualification (see footnote A). ⇒  SWAT Jester   Shoot Blues, Tell VileRat! 18:50, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

To add to article
Shouldn't we add to this article the fact that the Williams family lived in Long Beach, California for three years before Richard Williams decided to move his family to Compton (in order to toughen up his daughters)? Source: https://slate.com/culture/2021/11/king-richard-movie-accuracy-will-smith-richard-williams.html 98.123.38.211 (talk) 01:37, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * That source looks very iffy. Are there other sources on mainstream media that support this? Fyunck(click) (talk) 03:57, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Serena Williams


text:
Nomansland, Wiltshire

Nomansland is a small village in Wiltshire, England, close to the county border with Hampshire. It is part of the parish of Landford and lies about 3.5 mi southeast of Redlynch and 10 mi southeast of the city of Salisbury. The village is within the boundaries of the New Forest National Park and is close to Pipers Wait, the highest point in the New Forest.

In the early 19th century the settlement was a hamlet, no more than a group of cottages on common land. At first part of Downton parish, by 1841 Nomansland had been excluded from the parish and was deemed an extra-parochial place, then in 1857 became a civil parish which was joined to Redlynch parish in 1934. More houses were built in the later 19th century and the 20th century. A community governance review effective 1 April 2017 transferred the eastern portion of Redlynch parish, including Nomansland, to Landford.

The local school is the New Forest Primary School which has two sites: for younger children at Landford and older children at Nomansland. The latter began as a National School of 1867 on Hamptworth common, then in the 20th century the village of Nomansland expanded to surround it.

A Primitive Methodist chapel was built in the mid-19th century and replaced by a new building on the green in 1901. This became Nomansland Methodist Chapel and was still in use in 2015.

The village has a pub, the Lamb Inn, and a French restaurant, Les Mirabelles. The village also has a Post Office and general store, Landford Stores, located on Forest Road, which is open 7 days a week.

title: Nomansland, Wiltshire