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Xionites

Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyōn) were a nomadic people in the Central Asian regions of Transoxiana and Bactria.

The Xionites appear to be synonymous with the Huna peoples of the South Asian regions of classical/medieval India, and possibly also the Huns of European late antiquity, who were in turn connected onomastically to the Xiongnu in Chinese history.

They were first described by the Roman historian, Ammianus Marcellinus, who was in Bactria during 356–357 CE; he described the Chionitæ as living with the Kushans. Ammianus indicates that the Xionites had previously lived in Transoxiana and, after entering Bactria, became vassals of the Kushans, were influenced culturally by them and had adopted the Bactrian language. They had attacked the Sassanid Empire, but later (led by a chief named Grumbates), served as mercenaries in the Persian Sassanian army.

Within the Xionites, there seem to have been two main subgroups, which were known in the Iranian languages by names such as Karmir Xyon and Spet Xyon. The prefixes karmir ("red") and speta ("white") likely refer to Central Asian traditions in which particular colours symbolised the cardinal points. The Karmir Xyon were known in European sources as the Kermichiones or "Red Huns", and some scholars have identified them with the Kidarites and/or Alchon. The Spet Xyon or "White Huns" appear to have been the known in South Asia by the cognate name Sveta-huna, and are often identified, controversially, with the Hephtalites.

Origins and culture

The original culture of the Xionites and their geographical urheimat are uncertain. They appear to have originally followed animist religious beliefs, which mixed later with varieties of Buddhism  and Shaivism. It is difficult to determine their ethnic composition.

Differences between the Xionites, the Huns who invaded Europe in the 4th century, and the Turks were emphasised by Carlile Aylmer Macartney (1944), who suggested that the name "Chyon", originally that of an unrelated people, was "transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound". The Chyon who appeared in the 4th century, in the steppes on the northeastern frontier of Persia were probably a branch of the Huns that appeared shortly afterwards in Europe. The Huns appear to have attacked and conquered the Alans, then living between the Urals and the Volga about 360 AD, and the first mention of the Chyon was in 356 AD.

At least some Turkic tribes were involved in the formation of the Xionites, despite their later character as an Eastern Iranian people, according to Richard Nelson Frye (1991): "Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites... spoke an Iranian language.... This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian-speaking nomads played any role; hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages".

The proposition that the Xionites probably originated as an Iranian tribe was put forward by Wolfgang Felix in Encyclopedia Iranica (1992).

In 2005, As-Shahbazi suggested that they were originally a Hunnish people who had mixed with Iranian tribes in Transoxiana and Bactria, where they adopted the Kushan-Bactrian language. Likewise, Peter B. Golden wrote that the Chionite confederation included earlier Iranian nomads as well as Proto-Mongolic and Turkic elements.

History
The defeat of the Xiongnu in 89 CE by Han dynasty forces at the Battle of Ikh Bayan and subsequent Han campaigns against them, led by Ban Chao may have been a factor in the ethnogenesis of the Xionites and their migration into Central Asia.

Xionite tribes reportedly organised themselves into four main hordes: "Black" or northern (beyond the Jaxartes), "Blue" or eastern (in Tianshan), "White" or western (possibly the Hephthalites), around Khiva, and the "Red" or southern (Kidarites and/or Alchon), south of the Oxus. Artefacts found from the area they inhabited dating from their period indicate their totem animal seems to have been the (rein)deer. The Xionites are best documented in southern Central Asia from the late 4th century AD until the mid-5th century AD.

Chionite rulers of Chach
Some Chionites are known to have ruled in Chach (modern Tashkent), at the foot of the Altai Range, between the middle of the 4th century CE to the 6th century CE. A special type of coinage has been attributed to them, where they appear in portraits as diademed kings, facing right, with a tamgha in the shape of an X, and a circular Sogdian legend. They also often appear with a crescent over the head. It has been suggested that the facial characteristics and the hairstyle of these Chionite rulers as they appear on their coinage, are similar to those appearing on the murals of Balalyk Tepe further south.

Kidarites
Sometime between 194 and 214, according to the Armenian historian Moses of Khorene (5th century), Hunni (probably the Kidarites) captured the city of Balkh (Armenian name: Kush). According to Armenian sources, Balkh became the capital of the Hunni.

At the end of the 4th century AD, the Kidarites were pushed into Gandhara, after a new wave of invaders from the north, the Alchon, entered Bactria.

Clashes with the Sasanians
Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the Xionites were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, "repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes" of the Xionites and the Euseni, a name often amended to Cuseni (meaning the Kushans).

Shapur made a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani in 358 CE.

Alchon
In 460, Khingila I reportedly united a Hephthalite ruling élite with elements of the Uar and Xionites as Alchon (or Alχon). when.

At the end of the 5th century the Alchon invaded North India where they were known as the Huna. In India the Alchon were not distinguished from their immediate Hephthalite predecessors, and both are known as Sveta-Hunas there. Perhaps complimenting this term, Procopius (527–565) wrote that they were white skinned, had an organized kingship, and that their life was not wild/nomadic and they lived in cities.

The Alchon were noted for their distinctive coins, minted in Bactria in the 5th and 6th centuries. The name Khigi, inscribed in Bactrian script on one of the coins, and Narendra on another, have led some scholars to believe that the Hephthalite kings Khingila and Narana were of the AlChoNo tribe. They imitated the earlier style of their Hephthalite predecessors, the Kidarite Hun successors to the Kushans. In particular the Alchon style imitates the coins of Kidarite Varhran I (syn. Kushan Varhran IV).

The earliest coins of the Alchon have several distinctive features: 1) the king's head is presented in an elongated form to reflect the Alchon practice of head binding; 2) The characteristic bull/lunar tamgha of the Alchon is represented on the obverse of the coins.

Hephthalites
The Hephthalites, or White Huns, were a nomadic tribe who conquered large parts of the eastern middle-east and may have originally been part of the Xionites.

Nezak

Although the power of the Huna in Bactria was shattered in the 560s by a combination of Sassanid and Turkic forces, the last Hephthalite king Narana/Narendra managed to maintain some kind of rule between 570 and 600 AD over the nspk, napki or Nezak tribes that remained.

Identity of the Karmir Xyon and White Xyon
Bailey argues that the Pahlavi name Xyon may be read as the Indian Huna owing to the similarity of sound. In the Avestan tradition (Yts. 9.30-31, 19.87) the Xiiaona were characterized as enemies of Vishtaspa, the patron of Zoroaster.

In the later Pahlavi tradition, the Karmir Xyon ("Red Xyon") and Spet Xyon ("White Xyon") are mentioned. The Red Xyon of the Pahlavi tradition (7th century) have been identified by Bailey as the Kermichiones or Ermechiones.

According to Bailey, the Hara Huna of Indian sources are to be identified with the Karmir Xyon of the Avesta. Similarly he identifies the Sveta Huna of Indian sources with the Spet Xyon of the Avesta. While the Hephthalite are not mentioned in Indian sources, they are sometimes also linked to the Spet Xyon (and therefore possibly to the Sveta Huna).

More controversially, the names Karmir Xyon and Spet Xyon are often rendered as "Red Huns" and "White Huns", reflecting speculation that the Xyon were linked to Huns recorded simultaneously in Europe.

title: Xionites


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Jonquil flowers

Jonquil Flowers
Spring is coming and the jonquils are out and looking great. This photo captures them quite well.
 * Support Self Nom. --Fir0002 08:36, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think this pic will get much support because only one of the five flowers is in focus. Sorry to be negative - Adrian Pingstone 13:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I still like it, even with the other flowers out ojyujkyuiukuijkujuukf foucs. Phoenix2 19:53, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Phoenix2 17:09, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's a very pleasant pic but is it Featured quality? - Adrian Pingstone 15:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have some similar photos: Image:Jonquil flowers05.jpg which has degrees of jonquils in focus - starting from the right to the left. Image:Jonquil flowers at f32.jpg Shot at low aperture, mainly for the aperture page as IMO I don't think it looks as good without the background blur --Fir0002 07:21, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

TomStar81 05:22, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally, with bokeh, isn't it that the subject is very much in focus, while the background is blurred? Here the subject would be all 5 flowers... sorry, oppose, a bit too much out of focus for me. Enochlau 05:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Very nice. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 03:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Red Huns

The names Red Huns, Karmir Xyon (in Iranian) and Kermichiones (in European languages) usually refer to:

 * Alchon Huns
 * Kidarites

title: Red Huns


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Fåvang Stave Church

Fåvang Stave Church (Fåvang stavkyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ringebu Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located just south of the village of Fåvang. It is the main church for the Fåvang parish which is part of the Sør-Gudbrandsdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in the year 1630 using plans drawn up by the architect Werner Olsen. The church seats about 170 people.

History
The first church in Fåvang was built as a wooden stave church in the late 13th century on the present site of the church (some records state that the church first was built on another site, but there is no conclusive evidence of this). This stave church was a wooden long church.

During the period 1627–1630, Fåvang church was just about completely rebuilt as well as enlarged. A nearby 11th-century stave church was recently torn down and the materials from that old church plus materials from the old Fåvang Stave Church were reused in the rebuilding of the Fåvang Stave Church. Consequently, the oldest materials of the present church can date back to about 1150–1250. According to tradition, the reconstruction was supervised by master-builder Werner Olsen (ca. 1600–1682), who was also responsible for reconstruction of Ringebu Stave Church and Lom Stave Church. During this period of rebuilding, the staves were removed and it was reconstructed as a timber-framed building with a cruciform floor plan.

The church has a number of historic furnishings. Among other things the church has votives from 1684 to 1694. The altar and pulpit are of Renaissance style, both dated to the 17th century. A painting of the Christ Child is from 1732.

The church has been through several reconstructions. In 1900–1901, the church received new exterior siding and the church porch were rebuilt and enlarged. At that time, the church was painted white. From 1949 to 1951, the church was again restored, this time under the direction of architect Jens Gram Dunker. The windows were replaced and many of the interior furnishings were changed. The church was re-consecrated on 9 September 1951. Because it has been so extensively modified over the centuries, it is often called a stave church, but it is not always counted among the true, historic Norwegian stave churches.

title: Fåvang Stave Church


text: User talk:81.178.224.89

title: User talk:81.178.224.89


text:
Ernst

Ernst is both a surname and a given name, the German, Dutch, and Scandinavian form of Ernest. Notable people with the name include:

Surname

 * Adolf Ernst (1832–1899) German botanist known by the author abbreviation "Ernst"
 * Anton Ernst (born 1975), South African film producer
 * Alice Henson Ernst (1880-1980), American writer and historian
 * Britta Ernst (born 1961), German politician
 * Cornelia Ernst, German politician
 * Edzard Ernst, German-British academic
 * Emil Ernst, astronomer
 * Ernie Ernst (1924/25–2013), American judge
 * Eugen Ernst (1864–1954), German politician
 * Fabian Ernst, German soccer player
 * Gustav Ernst, Austrian writer
 * Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, Moravian violinist and composer
 * Jim Ernst, Canadian politician
 * Jimmy Ernst, American painter, son of Max Ernst
 * Joni Ernst, American politician
 * K.S. Ernst, American visual poet
 * Karl Friedrich Paul Ernst, German writer (1866–1933)
 * Ken Ernst, American comics artist
 * Klaus Ernst, German politician
 * Konstantin Ernst, Russian media manager, producer and TV host
 * Max Ernst, (1891-1976), German artist and painter
 * Mensen Ernst (1795–1843), Norwegian road runner and ultramarathonist and one of the first sport professionals
 * Morris Ernst, American attorney
 * Ole Ernst (1940–2013), Danish actor
 * Oswald Herbert Ernst, American general and engineer
 * Paul Ernst (American writer), pulp novelist
 * Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021), Swiss chemist
 * Sipke Ernst (born 1979), Dutch chess grandmaster
 * Susan G. Ernst, American developmental biologist
 * Tony Ernst, Swedish journalist
 * W. G. Ernst, American geologist specializing in petrology and geochemistry
 * Walter Ernst, German lawyer and Nazi politician
 * Wolfgang Ernst, (1956), German lawyer and legal historian

Given name

 * Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld, regent of Lippe
 * Ernst Anders, German painter
 * Ernest August (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Ernst Balz, German sculptor
 * Ernst Stavro Blofeld, evil genius from the James Bond novels and films
 * Ernst Boepple (1887–1950), German Nazi official and SS officer executed for war crimes
 * Ernst Cassirer, German Jewish philosopher.
 * Ernst Chain, German-born British biochemist
 * Ernst Cohen, Dutch Jewish chemist known for his work on the allotropy of metals
 * Ernst Gebauer, German painter
 * Ernst Haeckel, German biologist and illustrator
 * Ernst Hammerschmidt (1928–1993), Austrian / German scholar of Ethiopia
 * Ernst Happel, Austrian football (soccer) manager
 * Ernst Reinhold von Hofmann, Russian geologist and mineralogist
 * Ernst Jaakson, Estonian diplomat
 * Ernst Jansz, Dutch musician and founding member of Doe Maar
 * Ernst Jünger (1895-1998), German writer
 * Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903-1946), Austrian-German Nazi SS police chief and war criminal, executed for war crimes
 * Ernst Keil (1816–1878), German publisher
 * Ernst af Klercker (1881–1955), Swedish general
 * Ernst Kummer, German mathematician
 * Ernst Laraque, Haitian judoka
 * Ernst Larsen, Norwegian athlete
 * Ernst Lauda (1859–1932), Austrian engineer
 * Ernst Lubitsch (1892–1947), German-born Jewish film director
 * Ernst Mach, physicist, coined the term "mach number"
 * Ernst Mayr, evolutionary biologist, influential in the philosophy of biology
 * Ernst Neizvestny, Russian sculptor
 * Ernst Öpik, Estonian astronomer
 * Ernst Heinrich Roth, (1877–1948), German luthier
 * Ernst Röhm, (1887-1934), German military officer and co-founder of the Nazi SA (Stormtroopers)
 * Ernst Rolf, Swedish artist
 * Ernst Ruska, a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986
 * Ernst "Fritz" Sauckel, known as Fritz Sauckel (1894-1946), German Nazi politician, executed for war crimes
 * Ernst Scholz (1874–1932), German lawyer and politician
 * Ernst Scholz (politician) (1913–1986), German diplomat and politician
 * Ernst Sieber (1927–2018), Swiss pastor, social worker, writer, politician and founder of the Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber relief organisation
 * Ernst Jansen Steur, Dutch notorious former neurologist convicted on over twenty counts of harm
 * Ernst Stromer, German palaeontologist
 * Ernst Troeltsch, German Protestant theologian
 * Ernst Udet, (1896-1941), German flying ace
 * Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, Austrian writer and traveller
 * Ernst van de Wetering, Dutch art historian considered to be the world's foremost expert on Rembrandt
 * Ernst vom Rath (1909-1938), Nazi German diplomat
 * Ernst von der Lancken (1841-1902), Swedish Army major general
 * Ernst Zacharias (1924–2020), German musician
 * Ernst Zermelo, set theorist
 * Ernst Ziegler (1894-1974), German actor
 * Ernst Zündel (1939-2017), German neo-Nazi and Holocaust denier

Pseudonym

 * Ernst, pseudonym used by Matthias Jakob Schleiden

title: Ernst


text:
Retail park

A retail park is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom and other European countries. They form a key aspect of European retail geographies, alongside indoor shopping centres, standalone stores like hypermarkets and more traditional high streets.

Cushman & Wakefield define a retail park as any shopping centre with mostly retail warehouse units, of a size 5000 sqm or larger.

Retail parks have a number of retailers in a single location, but as opposed to an indoor centre, there is no roof, and they are therefore not weatherproof.

History
Retail parks originate from out of town retail location containing big box retailers which are not suited to pedestrianised high streets, such as garden centres, home stores supermarkets.

More recently, many high street retailers have moved to retail parks, since retail parks offer cheaper rents and cheaper parking for customers. For example, in the UK, Marks and Spencer and Next have closed or downsized many high streets stores and moved them to retail parks.

Geography
Retail parks generally are located in highly accessible locations and are aimed at households owning a car, though there are often also bus services. They are an alternative to city centre shopping districts. Such developments have been encouraged by cheaper, more affordable land on the outskirts of towns and cities, and with loose planning controls in a number of Enterprise Zones, making planning and development very easy. There are over 1,500 retail parks across the UK.

Retail parks normally have large car parks (parking lots) and are not designed for people to browse, but instead for more direct shopping trips. This has meant retail parks have faced economic competition from Internet retail, since they have not historically offered the same experience factor as town centre retail. Vacancy rates in shopping centres in the UK are almost twice those of retail parks.

Town planning policies which favour retail park development pose a threat to high streets as customers are deterred from high street stores. However, most retail parks are the result of lack of planning rather than pro-car policies; car-centric urban planning such as retail parks are 'the unwitting result of a set of planning rules'.

Environment
Opponents of retail parks argue that retail parks 'do not make sense' because of the ongoing climate crisis. However, retail parks are likely to benefit from climate change. An article in Nature found that, due to anthropogenic climate change, catastrophic rain and floods will happen more frequently and with greater severity. During periods of heavy rain, retail parks in the UK see an increase in customer footfall.

Typical tenants
Typically, retail parks host a range of chain stores, including furniture, clothes or footwear superstores, electrical stores, carpet and others – and the anchor tenant is usually a supermarket. Owing to their out-of-town sites, abundance of free parking and proximity to major roads, retail parks are often easier to reach than central shopping areas, and as a result, town centres are less attractive to retailers.

Continental Europe
Retail parks have been growing in Continental Europe: according to Cushman & Wakefield, who defines a retail park as an open-air centre with more than 5,000 sq. m. of retail space, total retail space in retail parks in Europe was predicted to be around 40 million sq. m. at the end of 2017. The amount of floor space in retail parks increased by 836,000 square meters in 2015, and 1.3 million square metres in 2016. France accounted for 54% of the new retail space in Western Europe, followed by Britain at 17% and Italy at 10%. At 70,000 sq. m., the "Steel" retail park in Saint-Étienne, France was cited as the largest planned project at that time.

North America
In the U.S., "retail park" is neither the common nor industry term. A shopping centre that in Europe is considered a retail park might fall into one of several categories in North American industry terms:
 * Power centers: Even larger centers of 250000 to 600000 sqft are considered power centers, typically anchored by category-killer big box stores (e.g. Best Buy) incl. discount department stores (e.g. Target) and wholesale clubs (e.g. Costco). According to a 2003 book on retail property locations, the American power center technically does not exist anywhere in the United Kingdom, but "the nearest British equivalent to the power centre is the large retail park."
 * Community centers: Slightly larger centers 125000 to 400000 sqft with general merchandise or convenience- oriented offerings are termed as community centers or large neighborhood centers by the ICSC (International Council of Shopping Centers), who state that they typically have a "wider range of apparel and other soft goods offerings than neighborhood centers. The center is usually configured in a straight line as a strip, or may be laid out in an L or U shape, depending on the site and design."
 * Strip malls: Open-air centers under 30000 sqft are generally considered strip malls.

title: Retail park


text: Category:Defunct mining companies

title: Category:Defunct mining companies


text: Category:Cantons of Haut-Rhin

title: Category:Cantons of Haut-Rhin


text:
Toyota Tarago

The Toyota Tarago is the marketing name for several Toyota people mover vans sold in the Australian market from 1983 to 2019.

 * From February 1983 to 1990, the Tarago was a rebadged version of the Toyota TownAce/MasterAce Surf sold in Japan.
 * From September 1990 to late 2019, the Tarago had reflected the Toyota Previa model, with new models released in June 2000 and March 2006.

It is named after the Australian town of Tarago, New South Wales. It was replaced by the H300 Granvia.

title: Toyota Tarago


text:
High Court of Fiji

The High Court of Fiji is one of three courts that was established by Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji — the others being the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. The Constitution empowered Parliament to create other courts; these were to be subordinate to the High Court, which was authorized to oversee all proceedings of such courts. The High Court had unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other original jurisdiction as is conferred on it under the Constitution.

The High Court consists of the Chief Justice and at least ten (and no more than eighteen ) puisne judges. Parliament may also allow for junior judges, called Masters of the High Court, to sit on the High Court. Section 129 of the Constitution declares that "A judge who has sat in a trial of a matter that is the subject of appeal to a higher court must not sit in the appeal." As the membership of the High Court overlaps to a large extent with that of the Appeal Court and the Supreme Court, this clause is inserted to prevent a conflict of interest.

In 2007, following the military coup, six Australian and New Zealand judges resigned from the court. They were replaced by two Malaysian judges, "with more appointments from Asia expected to follow soon".

Until July 2007, under the High Court Act, foreign judges appointed to the High Court had to be nationals of one of the following countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Tonga, or the United Kingdom. In practice, appointees were almost exclusively nationals of Australia and New Zealand. In July 2007, President Ratu Josefa Iloilovatu Uluivuda issued the High Court Act (Amendment) Promulgation, which extended the list to "any country which is at the time of the appointment a member of the Commonwealth of nations". The Promulgation particularly highlighted Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and India as potential sources for the appointment of new judges. Hong Kong was specifically cited as an authorised source for judges despite not being a member of the Commonwealth. The Promulgation was approved by the Cabinet led by interim Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama.

title: High Court of Fiji


text:
Wait-a-minute tree

Wait-a-minute tree, wait-a-bit tree, or wait-a-bit plant are common names for a variety of prickly plants that catch onto passers-by. These names come from the fact that the stems or other parts of the plant have numerous hooked thorns that tend to hook onto passers-by; the hooked person must stop ("wait a minute") to remove the thorns carefully to avoid injury or shredded clothing.

These names can refer to:

 * Senegalia brevispica
 * Senegalia greggii
 * Some species of Asparagus
 * Caesalpinia decapetala
 * Mimosa aculeaticarpa

title: Wait-a-minute tree


text:
Biomedical technology

Biomedical technology is the application of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or biological systems, with an emphasis on human health and diseases.

Biomedical engineering and Biotechnology alike are often loosely called Biomedical Technology or Bioengineering. The Biomedical technology field is currently growing at a rapid pace. Biomedical news has often been reported on various platforms, including the MediUnite Journal; and required jobs for the industry expect to grow 23% by 2024, and with the pay averaging over $86,000.

Biomedical technology involves:

 * Biomedical science
 * Biomedical informatics
 * Biomedical research
 * Biomedical engineering
 * Bioengineering
 * Biotechnology

Biomedical technologies:

 * Cloning
 * Therapeutic cloning

title: Biomedical technology


text: User:Davidkinnen/MCC Sandbox

title: User:Davidkinnen/MCC Sandbox


text: Category:Haut-Rhin

title: Category:Haut-Rhin


text:
Mudhaffar Mosque

The Mudhaffar Mosque (جامع ومدرسة المظفر) is located in the center of the old part of the city of Taiz, Yemen. Built in the thirteenth century, the mosque is part of the oldest functioning public bath in Yemen. It is one of the two beautiful mosques in Yemen. It is one of the largest mosques of the old city and many of the residents attend the Friday prayers (Jumu'ah) there. The mosque was also home to a madrassa (Islamic school) that educated many Islamic scholars. Visitors from rural areas often traveled to use the mosque's baths, either for healing or as a ritual before a wedding.

title: Mudhaffar Mosque


text:
Ernő László

Ernő László (11 July 1897 – March 1973) was a Hungarian-born American dermatologist and cosmetics businessman who founded The Ernő László Institute.

Early life
László was born in the Kingdom of Hungary and raised in Budapest. He studied skin pathology and skin disease at the Royal Hungarian University of Medical Sciences in Budapest, and completed his clinical studies in Berlin, Germany, under Max Joseph.

In 1927, László opened his first institute in Budapest with his brother, William Laszlo, the dr. Med. László Institute for Scientific Cosmetology. He achieved fame when he created a special foundation cream for Princess Stéphanie of Belgium who lost her self-confidence due to an acute case of acne. His reputation was further solidified after he treated actress Frida Gombaszoegi's facial scars after being shot in the face by a man she rejected. Soon, women from all ranks of society wanted to see László for skin and make-up advice.

The Ernő László Institute
In 1939, at the onset of World War II, László moved to New York. On 3 November 1939, the New York Herald Tribune reported that the Ernő László Institute, specializing in beauty treatments and cosmetics, had leased a floor in a building on 677 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan. László's poor command of the English language threatened his institute, for despite the efforts of a language coach he could not pass the American Medical Association's accreditation examinations.

The Ernő László Institute was aimed at the rich, famous and powerful. One needed to be recommended to gain admittance. Among his clients were the Duchess of Windsor, Doris Duke, Marjorie Merriweather Post, Greta Garbo, Lillian Gish, Grace Kelly, Ava Gardner, Cecil Beaton, Katharine Hepburn, Paulette Goddard, Audrey Hepburn, Marilyn Monroe, and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.

In the early 1940s, Helena Rubinstein approached László and offered to buy his business, but he declined. In 1945, László became a United States citizen. In 1966, László entered the retail marketplace, with partner Chesebrough-Ponds, which later bought the Ernő László Institute.

Personal life
László married actress Irén Gombaszögi, whom he met while treating her sister, fellow actress Frida Gombaszögi. His wife died of leukemia in 1967. Three years later, in 1970, he married Sibille Schulz in a ceremony near Lugano, Switzerland.

Death and legacy
László died of heart failure in March 1973.

In 1995, the company László founded was bought by Mana Products from Elizabeth Arden. Mana Products' founder, Nikos Mouyiaris, had once worked for Ernő László as a chemist. The company was purchased in 2002 by Cradle Holdings Inc., a division of corporate finance group Fox Paine. In February 2011, the RBS Special Opportunities Fund, managed by RBS Equity Finance, backed Charles Denton in the acquisition of Ernő László.

title: Ernő László


text:
Qi (Li Maozhen's state)

Qi was a kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The kingdom, at its prime, covered parts of modern-day Gansu, Shaanxi, and Sichuan provinces, but eventually shrank to only the immediate area around its capital Fengxiang in Shaanxi. Its only ruler was Li Maozhen, who later submitted to Later Tang. (After Li Maozhen's death in 924, his son Li Congyan would continue to govern Fengxiang until 926, when he was removed by the Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu, although he would serve three later stints as governor of Fengxiang. )

title: Qi (Li Maozhen's state)


text:
User:PubLife/welcome

Welcome from PubLife

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes () to produce your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page.
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Again, welcome!

title: User:PubLife/welcome


text:
User:Birnkammer fabian/Wasserwacht

The Wasserwacht is a German lifeguard service. It is one of the five voluntary societies of the German Red Cross. The Wasserwacht is a non-profit organization based on volunteers.

Tasks
The man task is, of course, the prevention of drowning. But there are also some additional tasks:
 * Environmental protection
 * The spreading of the knowledge and abilities of swimming, rescue swimming and first aid in the population, in particular at the youth, in schools and federations
 * Teach and train the members in rescue swimming
 * Organization of competitions
 * Basic and advanced training in first aid
 * Education of young members
 * Cooperation with the German civil protection, especially in case of flood

Qualifications
In order to accomplish these tasks the Wasserwacht also educates interested people in qualified technical personnel:

Swimming (Schwimmen)
Its major task is the training from nonswimmers to floats (beginner swimming classes) and strengthening the swimming talents by regular swimming training. The teachers for swimming also educates members and non-members in swimming badges. They are according to official guidelines and go from the "Seepferdchen" (early float certificate) up to the German swimming badge in gold.

Resucue Swimming (Rettungsschwimmen)
This group is responsible for the education and training of lifeguards.

Boating (Motorboot)
With larger waters it is not enough to make only lifeguards available. Especially to oversee regattas and sail meetings rescue boats can often save lives easier and faster.

Rescue Diving (Rettungstauchen)
Rescue divers are needed for the salvage of goods, of vehicles and in addition of garbage. But unfortunately the salvage of corpses also belongs to the tasks of a rescue diver. The education usually takes 1-2 years. Each active rescue diver of the Wasserwacht has to undergo a dive-medical investigation annually.

History
The bavarian city Regensburg is considered as the place of birth of the water emergency service of the German Red Cross. There, in 1883 during a flood Red Cross aids were flood-rescue-used for the first time. In the following years so called "Sanitäts- und Wasserwehrkolonnen" (medical- and water-rescue stations) developed at the coast and at inland waters.

After the Second World War the Wasserwacht, as all federations, was forbidden by the allied military administration. But the Bavarian red cross, a regional organization of the German Red Cross, got already two months after the Third Reich broke down, in view of rising drowning numbers the order to resume its work in water rescue again. Further regional organizations followed the example of Bavaria and reinserted the water emergency service.

Schnelleinsatzgruppen
For the execution of the water emergency service the Wasserwacht makes so called Schnelleinsatzgruppen (expeditious operating groups) available. Each member of such a task force is equipped with a radio receiver. Record grups itself are usually equipped with special water rescue instruments.

See also:

 * DLRG
 * German Red Cross

External links:
Wasserwacht Category:Red Cross Category:German organisations Category:Swimming
 * http://www.wasserwacht-online.de

title: User:Birnkammer fabian/Wasserwacht


text:
John Sandford (novelist)

John Sandford, pseudonym of John Roswell Camp (born February 23, 1944), is an American New York Times best-selling author, novelist, former journalist, and recipient of the Pulitzer Prize.

Early life
Camp was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the son of Anne Agnes (Barron) and Roswell Sandford Camp. His mother's family was German and Lithuanian. He received a bachelor's degree in American history and literature and a master's in journalism, both from the University of Iowa.

From 1971 to 1978, Camp wrote for The Miami Herald. In 1978, he moved to Minneapolis and started writing for The Saint Paul Pioneer Press as a features reporter; in 1980 he became a daily columnist. That year, he was a Pulitzer finalist for a series of stories on Native American culture. In 1985, during the Midwest farm crisis, he wrote a series titled "Life on the Land: an American Farm Family," which followed a typical southwest Minnesota farm family through the course of a full year. For that work, he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing and the American Society of Newspaper Editors award for Non-Deadline Feature Writing. He worked part-time at the Pioneer Press in 1989 and left the following year.

Camp is an avid fiction reader himself. When asked in 2018, "What's your favorite book of all time?" by the New York Times, he responded, "An impossible question. If you put a gun to my head—say a .40-caliber Walther PPQ, or maybe a .45 ACP Colt Gold Cup—I'd say The Once and Future King by T. H. White." Both weapons he mentioned make appearances in many of his novels.

Camp is a personal friend and hunting companion of fellow Minnesota author Chuck Logan.

Fiction writer
In 1989, Camp wrote two novels that would each spawn a popular series. The Fool's Run (Kidd series) was published under his own name, but the publisher asked him to provide a pseudonym for Rules of Prey ("Prey" series), so it was published under the name John Sandford. After the "Prey" series proved to be more popular, with its charismatic protagonist Lucas Davenport, The Fool's Run and all of its sequels were published under John Sandford.

In 2007, Camp started a third series (also under the name John Sandford), featuring Virgil Flowers, who is a supporting character in some of the "Prey" novels, including Invisible Prey and Storm Prey.

A fourth series, featuring Letty Davenport, daughter of Lucas Davenport of the "Prey" series, was launched in 2022.

Prey series
Lucas Davenport is the protagonist of the "Prey" series. In the first three novels, he is a maverick detective with the Minneapolis Police Department. At the end of Eyes of Prey, he's forced to resign to avoid excessive force charges, partly due to his knowledge of the connection of a senior police officer to that case. He returns in Night Prey as a deputy chief (a political appointment), running his own intelligence unit. Beginning with Naked Prey, Davenport is an investigator for the Minnesota Department of Public Safety's Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA), acting occasionally as a special troubleshooter for the governor of Minnesota in politically sensitive cases. He serves in that capacity through Gathering Prey, at the end of which he quits working for the BCA, later becoming a United States Marshal.

The novel Mind Prey was sold for a TV movie, and Davenport was portrayed by Eriq LaSalle. Another of the novels, Certain Prey, was adapted into a movie in 2011 by USA Network, starring Mark Harmon as Davenport.

 * 1) Rules of Prey (1989) ISBN 0-399-13465-4
 * 2) Shadow Prey (1990) ISBN 0-399-13543-X
 * 3) Eyes of Prey (1991) ISBN 0-399-13629-0
 * 4) Silent Prey (1992) ISBN 0-399-13742-4
 * 5) Winter Prey (1993) ISBN 0-399-13815-3
 * 6) Night Prey (1994) ISBN 0-399-13914-1
 * 7) Mind Prey (1995) ISBN 0-399-14009-3
 * 8) Sudden Prey (1996) ISBN 0-399-14138-3
 * 9) Secret Prey (1998) ISBN 0-399-14382-3
 * 10) Certain Prey (1999) ISBN 0-399-14496-X
 * 11) Easy Prey (2000) ISBN 0-399-14613-X
 * 12) Chosen Prey (2001) ISBN 0-399-14728-4
 * 13) Mortal Prey (2002) ISBN 0-399-14863-9
 * 14) Naked Prey (2003) ISBN 0-399-15043-9
 * 15) Hidden Prey (2004) ISBN 0-399-15180-X
 * 16) Broken Prey (2005) ISBN 0-399-15272-5
 * 17) Invisible Prey (2007) ISBN 978-0-399-15421-8
 * 18) Phantom Prey (2008) ISBN 978-0-399-15500-0
 * 19) Wicked Prey (2009) ISBN 0-399-15567-8
 * 20) Storm Prey (2010) ISBN 0-399-15649-6
 * 21) Buried Prey (2011) ISBN 0-399-15738-7
 * 22) Stolen Prey (2012) ISBN 0-399-15768-9
 * 23) Silken Prey (2013) ISBN 0-399-15931-2
 * 24) Field of Prey (2014) ISBN 0-399-16238-0
 * 25) Gathering Prey (2015) ISBN 0-399-16879-6
 * 26) Extreme Prey (2016) ISBN 978-0-399-17605-0
 * 27) Golden Prey (2017) ISBN 0-399-18457-0
 * 28) Twisted Prey (2018) ISBN 0-73521735-1
 * 29) Neon Prey (2019) ISBN 978-0525536581
 * 30) Masked Prey (2020) ISBN 978-0525539520
 * 31) Ocean Prey (2021) ISBN 978-0593087022
 * 32) Righteous Prey (2022) ISBN 978-0593422472
 * 33) Judgment Prey (October 3, 2023) ISBN 978-0593542811
 * 34) Toxic Prey (April 9, 2024) ISBN 978-0593714492

Kidd series
Kidd also has a prominent role in Silken Prey and Extreme Prey.
 * 1) The Fool's Run (1989), by John Camp; reissued 1996 as by Sandford ISBN 0-8050-0990-6
 * 2) The Empress File (1991), by John Camp; reissued 1995 as by Sandford ISBN 0-8050-1545-0
 * 3) The Devil's Code (2000) ISBN 0-399-14650-4
 * 4) The Hanged Man's Song (2003) ISBN 0-399-15139-7

Virgil Flowers series
The protagonist of the series, Virgil Flowers, is described as tall, lean, late thirties, three times divorced, with long hair and often wearing t-shirts featuring rock bands. Virgil works at the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA). Prior to the BCA he was in the Army and the military police, then the police in Saint Paul. Lucas Davenport, main character of the Prey series of books, recruited him into the BCA. Virgil is an avid outdoorsman who loves fishing and is often towing his boat, even when on duty. He is also a writer for outdoor and hunting magazines as well as a photographer.

 * 1) Dark of the Moon (2007)
 * 2) Heat Lightning (2008)
 * 3) Rough Country (2009)
 * 4) Bad Blood (2010)
 * 5) Shock Wave (2011)
 * 6) Mad River (2012)
 * 7) Storm Front (2013)
 * 8) Deadline (2014)
 * 9) Escape Clause (2016)
 * 10) Deep Freeze (2017)
 * 11) Holy Ghost (2018)
 * 12) Bloody Genius (2019)

Virgil Flowers also has a prominent role in Ocean Prey, Righteous Prey and Judgment Prey.

Singular Menace series (with Michele Cook)

 * 1) Uncaged (2014) ISBN 0-385-75306-3
 * 2) Outrage (2015) ISBN 0-385-75309-8
 * 3) Rampage (2016) ISBN 0-385-75313-6

Letty Davenport series
Featuring Letty Davenport, daughter of Lucas Davenport of the "Prey" series
 * 1) The Investigator (2022) ISBN 978-0593328682
 * 2) Dark Angel (2023) ISBN 978-0593422410

Letty Davenport also has a prominent role in Toxic Prey.

Other fiction books

 * The Night Crew (1997) ISBN 0-399-14237-1
 * Dead Watch (2006) ISBN 0-399-15354-3
 * Saturn Run (with Ctein) science fiction (2015) ISBN 9780399176951; 0-399-17695-0

Short stories

 * "Lucy Had a List." Published in Murder in the Rough: Original Tales of Bad Shots, Terrible Lies, and Other Deadly Handicaps from Today's Great Writers (2006), a short story anthology by notable authors, the fourth title in the sports mystery series edited by Otto Penzler. ISBN 0-89296-017-5

Nonfiction books

 * The Eye and the Heart (1988) ISBN 0-8478-0888-2
 * Plastic Surgery (1989) ISBN 0-8050-0897-7
 * Murder in the Rough (2006)

Awards and nominations

 * 1986, Pulitzer Prize for Feature. Series of articles on Farming Family. Pioneer Press Dispatch

 * 1986 Distinguished Writing Award. American Society of Newspaper Editors.

 * 1980, Pulitzer Prize Nomination. Series of articles on Native Americans. St Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch

title: John Sandford (novelist)


text: User talk:86.133.109.240

title: User talk:86.133.109.240


text:
Queensway Base

Queensway Base is the headquarters that is home to the Special Operations Command (SOC), a front line department of the Singapore Police Force (SPF). It is situated directly across Queensway, and was formerly the Old Queenstown Police Station. Units such as Police Light Strike Force, Police KINS Training Camp, Police Tactical Unit, STAR (Special Tactics And Rescue) unit and some SOC units are located here.

title: Queensway Base


text: Category:Cantons of Bas-Rhin

title: Category:Cantons of Bas-Rhin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Junk Magazine

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Junk Magazine
Article is about a non-notable pornographic e-zine. Delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per nom. -- Ryan Norton T 10:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom. Alf 15:07, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.69.101.138 (talk • contribs) 18:08, 24 August 2005
 * Delete as per the nomination. Non-notable. Optichan 20:03, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nom --PhilipO 20:04, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

Delete because insignificant - is not pornographic

 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  16:29, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Marsden Park, New South Wales

Marsden Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Marsden Park is located 49 km north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the Blacktown local government area and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

The rapid development of Marsden Park beginning 2013 led to a large increase in the suburb's population. However, slow creation of adequate infrastructure and services such as shops, schools, roads, public transport and healthcare to match the increased houses and rising population, has led Marsden Park to be seen as a prime example of urban sprawl within the outskirts of Sydney.

The suburb name should not be confused with the park and surrounding housing estate with the same name Marsden Park, also known as 'Park Central' located in Campbelltown, in the Campbelltown local government area part of both the Macarthur region and South Western Sydney.

History
The suburbs takes its name from Samuel Marsden (1764–1838), a Church of England priest and landowner in the area.

The suburb boundaries of Schofields were changed in November 2020, resulting in the creation of new suburbs of Melonba and Angus in the west and north respectively.

Heritage listings
Marsden Park has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 1270 Richmond Road: Clydesdale

Schools

 * Marsden Park Public School, established in 1889.
 * Australian Christian College, Marsden Park campus.
 * St Luke's Catholic College (K-12), established in 2017.
 * Northbourne Public school, established in 2021.
 * Marsden Park Anglican College, established in 2024.

Places of worship

 * Baitul Huda Mosque is located on Hollinsworth Road.

Amenities
The suburb includes a caravan park, a golf driving range, a Hamrun Maltese Club and a chicken farm. The suburb is currently being developed with new residential and commercial areas. Sydney Business Park is a new commercial precinct in the suburb, adjacent to the Westlink M7 Motorway. The site includes an IKEA store and Costco warehouse with Costco Fuel Station, among many other businesses in the area.

title: Marsden Park, New South Wales


text: Category:Bas-Rhin

title: Category:Bas-Rhin


text:
Talk:Eight Days a Week (disambiguation)

Duplicate page
Duplicate page. Eight Days A Week already has more information. Anyone else agree we should delete this? ekedolphin 08:54, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've merged the histories into this one. Flowerparty ■ 17:42, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

This song has two pages: Eight Days A Week and Eight Days a Week, the last one with less content. I am linking to the Norwegian page to the first one. -Finn Bjørklid

Dab page
I would suggest two things: 1) the song is probably the primary target, so this page should be the song page and Eight Days a Week (disambiguation) should contain what is here now.

2) This page should be reverted back to the song article. If you don't agree with item 1, this still should be done and then moved to Eight Days a Week (song) so the history remains straight. (John User:Jwy talk) 20:22, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eight Days a Week (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Lakeside Shopping Centre

Amount of stores
I changed the number of stores, taking into account the recent closure of Morgan the number - excluding the retail parks - is only 219. This is due to a large number of vacant units although up to 15 will open within a month. (McDRye 22:55, 23 May 2007 (UTC))

Apple Inc.
Should the new apple store near woolworths be added? it hasnt opened yet but im quite sure its opening soon —Preceding unsigned comment added by Madboy2005 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Orange
This page links to Orange, a disambiguation page. Please link to the actual intended target. phones? bicycles? something else? Cnilep (talk) 19:32, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Westfield Derby which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:14, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071207224233/http://www.localnightsout.com/West_Thurrock/Vue_Cinema_-_Thurrock_961.asp to http://www.localnightsout.com/West_Thurrock/Vue_Cinema_-_Thurrock_961.asp

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title: Talk:Lakeside Shopping Centre


text:
User:Farazbaig

mushraf is a brielient president in this world and he is truth full man

title: User:Farazbaig


text:
John Bracewell

John Garry Bracewell (born 15 April 1958) is a former New Zealand cricketer who was most recently the coach of the Irish national team. He played 41 Test matches between 1980 and 1990, as well as 53 One Day Internationals. He was the second New Zealand cricketer to score 1000 runs and take 100 wickets in Test cricket.

He was the coach of the New Zealand cricket team between September 2003 and November 2008. His brother Brendon also played Test cricket, while his brothers Douglas and Mark played at first-class level. He was educated at Tauranga Boys' College and was in the 1st XI from 1973 to 1976. John Bracewell is the uncle of test representatives Doug Bracewell and Michael Bracewell.

Playing career
Bracewell scored 1,001 runs in Tests, and 512 in ODI matches, with late-order hard-hitting right hand batting, and took 102 Test and 33 ODI wickets with his right-arm off-breaks. He holds the record for the longest ODI career without scoring a half-century or taking a three-wicket haul. His Test career included one century – 110 against England on 7 August 1986. He scored four first-class centuries in all as part of the 4,354 first class runs during a career for Auckland and Otago. He took 522 first class wickets.

John Bracewell still has the record for the most catches taken by a substitute fielder in an ODI innings with 4 and also the only substitute fielder to take 4 catches in an ODI.

Coaching
Bracewell's approach to team selection has fallen under scrutiny during the 2006/2007 season. Despite levelling the home series with Sri Lanka two-all, New Zealand's top order batting has consistently displayed frailty, and this was most apparent after New Zealand compiled a dismal team total of 73 in one ODI during that series. Moreover, Bracewell has opted for a "rotation" policy within his squad for determining team selections, meaning the batting line-up has been shuffled consistently between successive ODIs. This has received criticism from local media who highlight that New Zealand Cricket is not currently afforded the luxury of a reserve pool of competitive international players, thus making the policy somewhat redundant.

Bracewell also controversially called Australian Fast-bowler Shaun Tait a 'chucker', and received a lot of criticism from the cricketing community. He also 'revealed' that Adam Gilchrist ducked out of the One-Day match in Hobart because of family issues, but shortly afterwards, Bracewell withdrew these comments and issued an official apology.

Bracewell was appointed head coach of the Ireland cricket team after the 2015 Cricket World Cup. He resigned in July 2017, having overseen the team at the 2016 ICC World Twenty20.

Honours
In 1990, Bracewell was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.

title: John Bracewell


text:
Ian Churchill

Ian Churchill (born 1969) is a British comic book artist, who has mostly worked in the American comic book industry.

Career
Churchill's early work included stints on Supergirl, Uncanny X-Men as well as the Deadpool: Sins of the Past limited series, in addition to a lengthy stay on Cable, the latter gaining him (along with writer Jeph Loeb) fan acclaim. Loeb and Churchill were to later team up to produce Coven and Lionheart for Awesome Comics.

He was the initial artist for the most recent spin-off of the Teen Titans comic series, Titans, (vol. 2) which features the New Teen Titans of the Marv Wolfman/George Pérez era.

In 2009 Churchill drew the "Code Red" story arc in Hulk, which introduced the Red She-Hulk. The title, inked by Mark Farmer, saw a change in his usual drawing style, the result of a shoulder injury which required surgery.

In December 2010, Churchill's creator-owned comic "Marineman" launched to critical acclaim, securing an Eisner nomination for best new series 2010. The collected trade paperback of volume 1, "Marineman: A Matter of Life and Depth", was published in 2011. Churchill begins work on volume 2 of Marineman in 2013. Marineman, which Churchill writes and pencils and does the final colours, is published through Image Comics.

On April 9, 2011, Churchill was one of 62 comics creators who appeared at the IGN stage at the Kapow! convention in London to set two Guinness World Records, the Fastest Production of a Comic Book, and Most Contributors to a Comic Book. With Guinness officials on hand to monitor their progress, writer Mark Millar began work at 9am scripting a 20-page black and white Superior comic book, with Churchill and the other artists appearing on stage throughout the day to work on the pencils, inks, and lettering, including Dave Gibbons, Frank Quitely, John Romita Jr., Jock, Doug Braithwaite, Olivier Coipel, Duncan Fegredo, Simon Furman, David Lafuente, John McCrea, Sean Phillips and Liam Sharp, who all drew a panel each, with regular Superior artist Leinil Yu creating the book's front cover. The book was completed in 11 hours, 19 minutes, and 38 seconds, and was published through Icon on November 23, 2011, with all royalties being donated to Yorkhill Children's Foundation.

In 2012 Churchill was the artist on The Ravagers series for DC and also mentored the wildly popular Image Comics title No Place Like Home. Volume 1 of Marineman was published in hardback format in French.

Beginning in 2014, Churchill is working with Jonathan Ross on a new title for Image Comics called The Revenge.

Awesome

 * Coven #1-6
 * Coven, vol. 2, #1-3
 * Coven Black & White
 * Coven: Fantom
 * Lionheart, miniseries, #1-2 (1999)
 * Supreme: The Return #5 (2000)

DC

 * Adventures of Superman #639 (2005)
 * Action Comics #826, 836 (among other artists) (2005–06); #977 (2017)
 * All-Flash #1 (among other artists) (2007)
 * DCU Holiday Special (Aquaman) #1 (2009)
 * Justice League, vol. 3, #24 (2017)
 * Justice League of America, vol. 2, #25 (among other artists) (2008)
 * The Ravagers #0-7 (2012)
 * Superman, vol. 2, #165 (among other artists), 176, 180, 216 (2001–05)
 * Superman/Batman #19 (full art); #26, 50 (among other artists) (2005–08)
 * Supergirl, vol. 5, #0-5, 7, 9, 10, 13-15 (2005–07)
 * Teen Titans, vol. 5, #12, 15, 17-20, 22, 24 (2015–16)
 * Titans East Special (2008)
 * Titans #1 (2008)
 * Wonder Woman, vol. 4, #43 (2015)

Image

 * Marineman #1-6 (2010-2011)
 * "Marineman: A Matter of Life and Depth" (2011)
 * No Place Like Home (variant cover only) #1 (2012)
 * "Revenge" #1-4 (2014)

Marvel

 * Avengers, vol. 2, #4-5, Annual 2001 (among other artists); #6-7 (full art) (1997)
 * Cable #3 (among other artists); #20, 22-23, 25, 27, 29-35, 37-39 (1993–97)
 * Captain America, vol. 2, #6 (along with Rob Liefeld) (1997)
 * Deadpool, miniseries, #1-4 (1994)
 * Excalibur #74 (1994)
 * Hulk, vol. 3, #14-17 (2009)
 * Uncanny X-Men #394-396, Annual #18 (1994-2001)
 * Wolverine #80, 156-157 (1994-2000)
 * X-Men, vol. 2, Annual #2 (1993)
 * X-Men: The Wedding Album (1994)
 * X-Men Chronicles #2 (1995)

title: Ian Churchill


text:
Talk:Commodore 64 (band)

This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commodore 64 (band)


text:
Talk:Balto Soundtrack

This is already covered in Balto (movie). If it isn't going to be expanded much, it should be deleted

Fair use rationale for Image:Balto1.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:59, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balto Soundtrack


text:
RFA Aldersdale

RFA Aldersdale (X34) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

She was originally one of six ships ordered by the British Tanker Co., which were purchased on the stocks by the Admiralty prior to the Second World War. Aldersdale was part of convoy PQ 17 in 1942, and was damaged by bombs from three Junkers aircraft on 5 July 1942 after Convoy PQ 17 had been ordered to scatter. Aldersdale was abandoned and the drifting wreck was torpedoed and sunk by the GS U-457 on 7 July 1942.

Career
Ordered by the British Tanker Company in 1936, Aldersdale was built by Cammell Laird and Co., Birkenhead and launched on 7 July 1937. She was taken over by the Admiralty on 17 September 1937 after completing her sea trials, and on 18 September 1937 sailed from Greenock bound for Abadan on the Persian Gulf on her maiden voyage. Returning to the UK in late 1937, she began to be fitted with defensive armament in January 1938, a process completed in November 1938 after returning from a voyage to Trinidad. After several more voyages between Abadan and the UK, she was in the Middle East at the outbreak of the Second World War. She passed through the Mediterranean in a convoy, and then sailed to Trinidad, and then to Freetown where she arrived in late October 1939. Returning to the UK, via Halifax, Nova Scotia, in December 1939, Aldersdale underwent repairs at Cardiff in January 1940.

Aldersdale sailed to Gibraltar in February 1940, and to Trinidad in March. On her return to British waters, she was sent to Scapa Flow, and then to the Faroe Islands in April. She sustained damage from the cruiser HMS Aurora (12) on her arrival on 24 April 1940, and returned to the UK via Iceland. She was taken in hand for repairs on the River Clyde on 25 July 1940, with work completed on 8 August 1940. She returned to Scapa Flow in September, going on to suffer a number of collision in the later part of the year; with the SS Circe Shell on 4 October 1940, SS Athelempress on 25 November 1940 and the Booth Line's SS Benedict on 22 December 1940. During this time, and into 1941 Aldersdale refuelled allied warships at Scapa Flow. On 19 April 1941 she and RFA Oligarch were allocated to Fleet Attendant Duties in Norwegian waters, with Aldersdale the initial support ship for Halcyon-class minesweepers based in the Kola Inlet as escorts for homeward-bound Arctic convoys. On 12 August 1941 Aldersdale was allocated to Operation Dervish, the first aid convoy to Northern Russia, arriving at Arkhangelsk on 31 August 1941. On 1 September 1941 she touched an uncharted shoal in Sardau Bay, Spitzbergen, before returning to the UK later that month.

Aldersdale returned to Reykjavík in Convoy UR 2, where on 25 December 1941 she suffered damage to her superstructure when she was fouled by the Norwegian tanker SS Svenor, which had broken adrift during a squall. On 15 March 1942 she suffered further damage, this time to her bows by ice. On 31 March 1942 she joined Convoy PQ 14 assembling at Reykjavík, departing for Murmansk on 8 April 1942. On 13 April 1942 the convoy ran into heavy ice and dense fog. Aldersdale was one of 11 ships damaged by ice and forced to return to Hvalfjordur. Aldersdale was under repair on the Clyde between 3 May and 4 June 1942. She then sailed to Iceland to join convoy PQ 17 to Arkhangelsk. On 30 June she took over refuelling duties from RFA Gray Ranger, which had returned to port for repairs after a growler had split her bow open.

Loss
On 4 July 1942 the Admiralty was concerned that heavy German fleet units were putting to sea to attack the convoy. Convoy PQ 17 was ordered to scatter and the ships to make their way independently to Soviet ports. This left the merchants vulnerable to air and submarine attack. On 5 July Aldersdale was bombed by three Junkers aircraft from astern in position 77°00N 22°00E in the Barents Sea. The first two bombers scored near misses that shook the ship, after which they machine gunned the decks and superstructure. The third bomber scored a hit that seemed to lift Aldersdale out of the water. Her engines were wrecked and she began to rapidly take on water. The minesweeper HMS Salamander (J86) attempted to take her in tow, but had to cast her off. Aldersdale's crew abandoned ship, all 54 being taken off by Salamander.

The drifting hulk was sighted by the U-boat U-457 two days later on 7 July. Between 11.40 and 13.00 the submarine shelled the hulk with her deck gun, firing 38 high explosive shells and 37 incendiary shells from her 88mm gun and 40 rounds from her 2cm Flak gun. U-457 then fired a torpedo into the abandoned Aldersdale. The wreck broke in two, both halves sinking within 20 minutes.

title: RFA Aldersdale


text:
Minchinbury, New South Wales

Minchinbury is a small suburb in western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Minchinbury is located 38 km west of the Sydney central business district, in Blacktown local government area and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Minchinbury is predominantly a residential area with a small commercial/retail area in the centre and industrial/commercial zones in the westernmost part.

History
Minchinbury takes its name from the property named by Captain William Minchin who was granted 1000 acre land in 1819 on his retirement by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. William Minchin was the Principal Superintendent of Police and Treasurer of the Police Fund in the colony. The Minchinbury property was largely undeveloped and primarily used to graze cattle by the Minchin family and various lessees. After the death of William in 1821, the property passed to his only daughter Maria Matilda. In 1838, Maria Matilda and her family were lost at sea, leaving no descendants of William Minchin alive today. Minchin's brother, George, who resided in Canada, inherited the property.

In 1859, George Minchin, appointed John Nodes Dickinson, an NSW Supreme Court official as trustee. In February the Minchin estate, totalling 1220 acres was sold to Dr Charles McKay, a practitioner from Kilrea in Ireland, for £2,100. McKay was already a landowner of 20,110 acres during the 1860s and one of the largest landowners in the area and it was under his ownership that the grape vines were first planted on the Minchinbury Estate.

During the 1860s, the McKay family established a vineyard on the site as well as cultivating silkworms. By 1879 the wines from Minchinbury received three awards at the Sydney Garden Palace Exhibition.

In 1881, Dr McKay listed his extensive properties in the Minchinbury area for sale, due to financial difficulties. The advertisement by Charles Moore & Co Auctioneers described the property as follows;

''“...600 acres in various sizes could be sold in sections if desirable. Minchinbury embraces 60 acres of enclosed land, and planted with about 50,000 vines in full bearing...A trap dike of blue metal runs through the Minchinbury from west to east which will be invaluable to parties contracting for blue metal for Sydney Streets. There is also a hill of trap tuff, the deposit from an extinct volcano.''

''This is hard and durable stone used for some years on a portion of the Great Western Road. A tramway could be inexpensively made from the quarries to Rooty Hill Station. Fine clay for brick making and good building sandstone can also be obtained. There are three wine cellars, two sixty feet by twenty, on sixty by thirty, capable of storing one hundred thousand gallons of wine and wells, tanks and lagoons with never failing water supply".''

Despite this publicity, the land did not sell until 1895 when Dr McKay was able to sell all of it to James Angus.

The vineyards continued to be cultivated and produced high-quality wines. The new owner, James Angus, continued to expand the wine production, and he also established a quarry, a piggery, dairy and olive trees on the land.

James Angus began to expand the winery and continued to until the sale of the property in 1913. Angus sold the vineyards and cellar complex to Penfolds Wines but retained a major portion of the estate for his family, He was killed when he was hit by a train at Rooty Hill station in 1916.

Minchinbury was the second vineyard bought by Penfolds in New South Wales, the first being Dalwood, near Branxton in the Hunter Valley. With properties in New South Wales and South Australia they were claimed to be the largest wine producer in the British Empire.

Minchinbury was Penfolds' first venture into sparkling wines and it became famous for its champagne. Penfolds stopped operations at the winery in 1978.

Many Streets name in Minchinbury derives from wine type, wineries, or wine regions such as Sherry, Pinot, and Barossa.

Landmarks
Along the southern side of the Great Western Highway there are several notable landmarks:
 * The previous entrance to Penfolds Winery remains in the form of the masonry work on either side of the gate, at the top of the hill between Willis Street and Beaconsfield Road.
 * A facsimile of the original CAC Avon Sabre jet aircraft (that had been installed at the entrance to the winery in 1955 with the accompanying sign "Don't Crash, Drink Penfolds") is mounted about 10 m off the ground, in a nearly vertical manner, at the intersection of the Great Western Highway and Minchin Drive (adjacent to Minchinbury Reserve). The original plane was placed there by Penfolds in the 1930s when they acquired it from Cliff Carpenter, who built it but only flew it once. It was originally crashed nose into the ground with the sign painted on the underside of the wings.
 * Minchinbury Wine Cellars (currently known as The Distillery Woodfire Restaurant) is the site of former Minchinbury Winery heritage estate dating back to 1860.
 * Minchinbury Reserve, a large park and garden that used primarily as sports facilities for local residents and non-local residents, and also a home ground of the Minchinbury Jets.

Commercial and Industrial Areas
Although Minchinbury is mainly a residential area, It also has several commercial area complexes.

Minchinbury is a home to Aldi Australia Head Office, Woolworths Sydney regional distribution centre, StarTrack depot, Salvation Army Head Office, National Storage, numerous automotive workshops, logistics company, manufacturer, and construction-related stores. Minchinbury is regarded as an institutional investment-grade location, well supported by major corporates including Aldi, Woolworths and StarTrack.

There are currently several commercial/retail centres in Minchinbury including:

 * Minchinbury Shopping Centre, located on the corner of Macfarlane Drive and Minchin Drive features IGA Supermarket and specialty shops
 * Minchinbury fruit market, located on Great Western Highway, also famous for its fresh fruit and vegetables is one of the largest fruit and vegetable retailing premises in Sydney.
 * Minchinbury Community Hospital, located on the corner of Great Western Highway and Rupertswood Rd.
 * Car City, located in Carlisle Ave, one of the largest Used Car Complex in the Southern Hemisphere.

Minchinbury also has Minchinbury Neighbourhood Centre, a community hall that can be used for numerous occasions.

Religion
In 2016, the largest religious group in Minchinbury is Western (Roman) Catholic, 35.3%, Anglican, 12.1%, no religion, 12%, Islam, 9.1%, Hinduism 3.5%, Buddhism 1.2%, and 4.4% did not answer the question on religion. There are several churches in Minchinbury and one Mosque including:

 * Iglesia Ni Cristo, located in Eskdale Street.
 * MCYAS (Muslim Cultural & Youth Association Sydney), located in Eddie Road.

Minchinbury also the home of Pinegrove Memorial Park and Lung Po Shan Chinese Memorial Gardens, a large burial and cremation memorial spaces in Sydney's Greater West.

Demographics
The 2017 Estimated Resident Population for Minchinbury is 5,821, with a population density of 1.29 person per km. The three largest ancestries in Minchinbury in 2016 were Australian, English and Filipino. 2,074 people who were living in Minchinbury in 2016 were born overseas, 10% arrived in Australia within 5 years prior to 2016, 37% of people spoke a language other than English at home and 2,857 people were employed, of which 67% worked full-time and 31% part-time.

Transport
The Great Western Highway runs along the northern border, while the M4 Motorway runs along the southern border. The Westlink M7 motorway runs along the eastern border. There is a regular bus service (Busways 729) to and from Mount Druitt and Blacktown.

Schools
Minchinbury Public School serves Kindergarten students through to Year 6.

Sporting clubs
Minchinbury features clubs for Pioneers Netball Club, Soccer, Cricket, Athletics and Rugby league (Minchinbury Jets JRLC).

Geology
Minchinbury is the type location of the Minchinbury Sandstone.

title: Minchinbury, New South Wales


text:
Talk:O. P. Nayyar

User:Rfc9000's edit was reverted because the content was copyvio from. - utcursch | talk 08:01, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Interesting Source
Those can be used to add/refine the content of the main page

 * Rediff.com - Stubborn note of OP Nayyar

-- Mayuresh 12:45, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 18:58, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:O. P. Nayyar


text:
User talk:Yakeen2000

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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I notice that you have uploaded an image of Superman, but with no copyright info; copyright law means that Wikipedia cannot just use any image. If you have a reason for believing that the use of this image is not a copyright infringement, would you kindly edit the image's text to explain why. If you don't do this then it will be listed as a possible copyright infringement for the community to decide on whether it should be deleted. --RobertG ♬ talk 08:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Zat001.jpg has been listed for deletion

 * --Romeo Bravo 20:21, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Smlana.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Smlana.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

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Image Tagging for Image:Man-bat005.gif
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If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion.

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title: User talk:Yakeen2000


text:
George Forrest (American politician)

George Frank Forrest (born ca. 1870, Oregon) was an Alaskan politician and the only mayor of Juneau, Alaska to have served non-consecutively three times:

 * 1901 to 1902
 * 1904 to 1905
 * 1907 to 1908

His son, George F. Forrest, Jr. (born on December 12, 1898), served in World War I.

title: George Forrest (American politician)


text: User talk:68.178.164.152

title: User talk:68.178.164.152


text:
User:Americanus/peak oil

Peak Oil
I'm just trying to see if this is how to make a new page.

Americanus 09:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Hubbert peak theory

title: User:Americanus/peak oil


text: File:Sardigna Natzione.png

title: File:Sardigna Natzione.png


text:
Talk:Caesar cut

"Wildly" Popular
pmj. This entry described the Caesar cut as being "Wildly popular among men from the early 1990s to the present"; however, the use of the subjective (and, some might say, overly enthusiastic) word "wildly" is questionable. Perhaps the statement should be narrow to the specific regions and social groups among whom the Caesar cut is in fact "wildly" popular, as User:FuriousFreddy attempted to do with his first edit. The cut is certainly not popular among Australian males, for example. pmj 09:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Resemblance
Anyone else think Caesar looks like Christopher Ecchleston? - NemFX (talk) 20:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Roman Fringe
I've always heard this referred to as the "Roman Fringe" and I've never hear Ceaser getting credit for it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DaronDierkes (talk • contribs) 06:23, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Pierre Trudeau
The Canadian Prime Minister favoured this haircut for years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.186.162 (talk) 15:40, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caesar cut


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zachary H. Dworken

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


text: File:Mofid University logo.jpg

title: File:Mofid University logo.jpg


text:
Mofid University

Mofid University was founded by Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili, the former head of Iran's Judiciary in 1989 as a private and non-profit institution. Departments such as Economics, Law, Philosophy, Political Science and English Language have also been established since 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 2006 respectively.

title: Mofid University


text:
Negation as failure

Negation as failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive $$\mathrm{not}~p$$ (i.e. that $$p$$ is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive $$p$$. Note that $$\mathrm{not} ~p$$ can be different from the statement $$\neg p$$ of the logical negation of $$p$$, depending on the completeness of the inference algorithm and thus also on the formal logic system.

Negation as failure has been an important feature of logic programming since the earliest days of both Planner and Prolog. In Prolog, it is usually implemented using Prolog's extralogical constructs.

More generally, this kind of negation is known as weak negation, in contrast with the strong (i.e. explicit, provable) negation.

Planner semantics
In Planner, negation as failure could be implemented as follows:

which says that if an exhaustive search to prove  fails, then assert. This states that proposition  shall be assumed as "not true" in any subsequent processing. However, Planner not being based on a logical model, a logical interpretation of the preceding remains obscure.

Prolog semantics
In pure Prolog, NAF literals of the form $$\mathrm{not}~p$$ can occur in the body of clauses and can be used to derive other NAF literals. For example, given only the four clauses

 * $$p \leftarrow q \land \mathrm{not}~r$$
 * $$q \leftarrow s$$
 * $$q \leftarrow t$$
 * $$t \leftarrow$$

NAF derives $$\mathrm{not}~s$$, $$\mathrm{not}~r$$ and $$p$$ as well as $$t$$ and $$q$$.

Completion semantics
The semantics of NAF remained an open issue until 1978, when Keith Clark showed that it is correct with respect to the completion of the logic program, where, loosely speaking, "only" and $$\leftarrow$$ are interpreted as "if and only if", written as "iff" or "$$\equiv$$".

For example, the completion of the four clauses above is

 * $$p \equiv q \land \mathrm{not}~r$$
 * $$q \equiv s \lor t$$
 * $$t \equiv \mathrm{true}$$
 * $$r \equiv \mathrm{false}$$
 * $$s \equiv \mathrm{false}$$

The NAF inference rule simulates reasoning explicitly with the completion, where both sides of the equivalence are negated and negation on the right-hand side is distributed down to atomic formulae. For example, to show $$\mathrm{not}~p$$, NAF simulates reasoning with the equivalences

 * $$\mathrm{not}~p \equiv \mathrm{not}~q \lor r$$
 * $$\mathrm{not}~q \equiv \mathrm{not}~s \land \mathrm{not}~t$$
 * $$\mathrm{not}~t \equiv \mathrm{false}$$
 * $$\mathrm{not}~r \equiv \mathrm{true}$$
 * $$\mathrm{not}~s \equiv \mathrm{true}$$

In the non-propositional case, the completion needs to be augmented with equality axioms, to formalize the assumption that individuals with distinct names are distinct. NAF simulates this by failure of unification. For example, given only the two clauses

 * $$p(a) \leftarrow$$
 * $$p(b) \leftarrow t$$

NAF derives $$\mathrm{not}~p(c)$$.

The completion of the program is

 * $$p(X) \equiv X=a \lor X=b$$

augmented with unique names axioms and domain closure axioms.

The completion semantics is closely related both to circumscription and to the closed world assumption.

Autoepistemic semantics
The completion semantics justifies interpreting the result $$\mathrm{not}~p$$ of a NAF inference as the classical negation $$\neg p$$ of $$p$$. However, in 1987, Michael Gelfond showed that it is also possible to interpret $$\mathrm{not}~p$$ literally as "$$p$$ can not be shown", "$$p$$ is not known" or "$$p$$ is not believed", as in autoepistemic logic. The autoepistemic interpretation was developed further by Gelfond and Lifschitz in 1988, and is the basis of answer set programming.

The autoepistemic semantics of a pure Prolog program P with NAF literals is obtained by "expanding" P with a set of ground (variable-free) NAF literals Δ that is stable in the sense that

In other words, a set of assumptions Δ about what can not be shown is stable if and only if Δ is the set of all sentences that truly can not be shown from the program P expanded by Δ. Here, because of the simple syntax of pure Prolog programs, "implied by" can be understood very simply as derivability using modus ponens and universal instantiation alone.

A program can have zero, one or more stable expansions. For example,

 * $$p \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~p$$

has no stable expansions.

 * $$p \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~q$$

has exactly one stable expansion $p is not implied by P ∪ Δ\}$

 * $$p \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~q$$
 * $$q \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~p$$

has exactly two stable expansions $Δ = \{not q\}$ and $Δ_{1} = \{not p\}$

The autoepistemic interpretation of NAF can be combined with classical negation, as in extended logic programming and answer set programming. Combining the two negations, it is possible to express, for example

 * $$\neg p \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~p$$		(the closed world assumption) and
 * $$p \leftarrow \mathrm{not}~\neg p$$	($$p$$ holds by default).

title: Negation as failure


text:
User:Romil

  Romil

Welcome to Romil' user page. I became a Wikipedian on 24 August, 2005.

I am currently working for Adobe Systems, India.

Aboute Me

 * Working with Adobe Systems since November 2004
 * Worked with Veritas Software, Pune for 2 years
 * Graduated from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2003
 * Finished B.Tech from MBM, Jodhpur in 2001

title: User:Romil