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USS Princeton (PG-13)

The third USS Princeton was a composite gunboat in the United States Navy.

Princeton was laid down in May 1896 by J. H. Dialogue and Son, Camden, New Jersey; launched on 3 June 1897; sponsored by Miss Margeretta Updike; and commissioned on 27 May 1898 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Spanish–American War, 1898–1899
After acceptance trials on 7–25 July 1898 off Delaware Bay, Princeton got underway for Key West where she joined the North Atlantic Fleet on 27 July at the beginning of the Spanish–American War. She was immediately sent (on 2 August) to patrol the area from the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula to Livingston, Guatemala. After completing this mission on 13 August, she returned to Key West and the Dry Tortugas and remained on this station until departing on 11 January 1899 for New York City.

Asiatic Fleet, 1899–1903
Princeton sailed for the Pacific in early 1899 She passed through the Straits of Gibraltar on 2 February and the Suez Canal from 13–17 February, joining the Asiatic Fleet on 16 April at Cavite, Philippines. Princeton cruised throughout the Philippines from 4–15 May with the gunboat USS Petrel (PG-2), distributing the proclamation of peace with Spain. Later, she carried Senator Albert J. Beveridge on a tour of the newly acquired Philippine Territory.

In late May, Princeton commenced blockading the Lingayen Gulf ports of St. Vincent and Musa and extended the blockade to the entire Gulf from 18–26 June. During the various local disturbances on Luzon, she landed troops at San Fabian on 2–7 November, transported cavalrymen from Vigan to Lingayen, conveyed dispatches, received surrendered arms and carried stores to the Marines at Subic Bay. She met the expedition led by Col. Luther Hare and Col. Robert Howze on 2 Jan. 1900 at Abulug, which rescued American prisoners, including Lt. Gillmore's men from the Siege of Baler. Princeton took formal possession of the Babuyan and the Batan Islands on 10–13 January 1900 and continued to patrol off Luzon on 10 February. Princeton was later station ship at Iloilo and Cebu from 5 March until 21 June.

At the time of the Boxer Rebellion, Princeton cruised in Chinese waters (26 June–29 November) between Hong Kong and Woosung where she received a draft of men from the auxiliary cruiser USS Buffalo (1892) on 9 August.

She returned on 4 December to operations in the Philippine–American War, principally in the Sulu Archipelago, and remained on duty there until 20 July 1902. Princeton was stationed at Cavite beginning 23 July and called at Uraga, Japan (9 October–18 December). She rescued the crew of the disabled schooner SV Otelia Pedersen (🇺🇸 United States) on 6 October off Formosa. While at Cavite, she participated in large-scale maneuvers off the Philippines (29 December–3 February 1903). Afterwards, Princeton acted as a survey ship (13 February–5 April) at Malabug Bay, Zamboanga and Dumanquilas Bay until she departed on 13 April for California. Princeton decommissioned on 12 June 1903 at Mare Island Navy Yard.

Pacific Squadron, 1905–1907
Princeton recommissioned on 12 May 1905 at Mare Island Navy Yard and was attached to the Pacific Squadron. She left on 4 June for duty as station ship at Panama City, where she remained until 24 October. On 2 December 1905, Princeton returned to Mare Island Navy Yard and began cruising off the Pacific coast from San Diego, California to Esquimalt, British Columbia. She escorted Rear Admiral C. J. Train's remains from Vancouver to Seattle (22–24 August), assisted the protected cruiser USS Boston (1884) (6–9 December) which was aground off Bellingham, Washington, and accompanied the armored cruiser USS California (ACR-6) on her sea trials off Washington from 10–22 September. On 7 November 1906 she was in a minor collision when struck by SV James Nesmith, under tow by the tugs SS Wyadda and SS Dolphin, receiving minor damage at Port Townsend, Washington. Princeton remained on station off the West coast until directed to rejoin the Pacific Squadron on 3 January 1907 at Magdalena Bay, Mexico.

Princeton proceeded to Corinto, Nicaragua, arriving 17 March for the purpose of protecting American interests there. She transported troops from Ampala, Honduras, to La Unión, (12 April) and brought General Bonilla back to Salina Cruz, Mexico (13 April). She returned to San Diego on 30 May and decommissioned on 3 July 1907 at Bremerton, Washington.

Nicaraguan Expedition, 1909–1911
Princeton recommissioned on 5 November 1909 at Bremerton and sailed on 28 November for Central America for duty with the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron. From 20 December until 21 March 1911 she showed the flag in this area, operating between San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, and La Unión, El Salvador. She returned to Puget Sound Navy Yard 20 June 1911 for repairs and alterations.

1911–1919
From late 1911 until 1915 she was used as a station ship at Tutuila, American Samoa. Returning to San Francisco on 18 September 1915, Princeton decommissioned and was laid up until 20 February 1917 when she proceeded to Puget Sound for repairs. She commissioned in ordinary there on 16 January 1918 for use as a training ship at Seattle from 9 May 1918 to 25 April 1919 when she decommissioned. Princeton was struck from the Navy List on 23 June 1919 and sold to Farrell, Kane and Stratton, Seattle, Washington, on 13 November 1919.

title: USS Princeton (PG-13)


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Talk:Quine-Duhem thesis

Merging this page with the Confirmation holism page is discussed at the latter page.Ivar Y 15:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Quine-Duhem thesis


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User talk:Noraad

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:44, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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title: User talk:Noraad


text:
Talk:Sister Ray (disambiguation)

Untitled
Just for the record, I am 66.220.107.229. I used to have a username, but I've forgotten it. Anyway, using "being" in the context in which it was used to "correct" my edit is, as I said, technically correct but very inelegant. I feel the entry is better with the semicolon and new clause. -- woodstein52, 2 July 2006 23:20

"jammed into shape"?
what exactly does this mean? Joeyramoney 23:59, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

taking liberty with the original authour's intent, I would guess that it means they 'jammed' i.e. musical improvisation with or without the purpose of producing a final song, the original tune until they had a structure and tone that they were satisfied with 206.248.134.141 19:45, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sister Ray (disambiguation)


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Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 12

October 12

 * 2012 – (12-15) The retired Space Shuttle Endeavour is towed 12 miles (19 km) through the streets of Los Angeles, California, from Los Angeles International Airport to the California Science Center for museum display. Numerous logistical problems along the route cause it to arrive 17 hours late.

 * 2011 – Introduction: Boeing 747-8 (747-8F) with Cargolux

 * 2010 – A Eurocopter AS350 helicopter crashed in Antarctica, killing four people.

 * 2010 – Transafrik International Flight 662, operated by Lockheed L-100 Hercules 5X-TUC crashed into a mountain 19 miles (31 km) east of Kabul International Airport, Afghanistan, killing all eight crew.

 * 2009 – An Irish Air Corps Pilatus PC-9M flying in poor weather conditions crashes at Crumlin East near Cornamona in County Galway, Republic of Ireland killing the flying instructor and cadet pilot.

 * 1997 – Singer-songwriter John Denver was killed when the Long-EZ aircraft he was piloting crashed just off the coast of California at Pacific Grove, shortly after taking off from the Monterey Peninsula Airport.

 * 1988 – A Bar Harbor Airlines ATR 42 misses Air Force One by less than 1,000 feet.

 * 1980 – Mesa Airlines commenced operations.

 * 1976 – First flight of the Sikorsky S-72.

 * 1976 – Indian Airlines Flight 171, a Sud Caravelle, crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Bombay Airport. All 95 passengers and crew were killed in the accident.

 * 1971 – A RAF F-4M Phantom FGR.2, XV479, 'J', of No. 54 Squadron, on a training mission crashes into a farm house near Holstebro, Denmark, due to engine failure on take-off, killing a woman and her child. Police and rescuers who rushed to the scene could do nothing to save them from the burning house. The crew of two parachutes to safety after problems with engine reheat.

 * 1967 – Cyprus Airways Flight 284, a De Havilland Comet, is destroyed by a bomb over the Mediterranean. All 66 passengers and crew perish in the crash.

 * 1966 – Lockheed C-130E-LM Hercules, 63-7886, c/n 3957, of the 516th Troop Carrier Wing, Dyess AFB, Texas, flies into ground at night approximately 30 kilometers north-northwest of Aspermont, Texas. It impacts in a brushy pasture on the 6666 Ranch, 75 miles NW of Abilene near U.S. 83. Only one of the crew of six survives, Carroll Brezee, a loadmaster, who is pulled from the wreckage by a passing truck driver. He was in critical condition. The fuselage and tail section lay near the center of a burned area about 50 X 200 yards, with parts scattered along a half mile stretch. Sheriff E.W. Hollar, of Guthrie, nine miles N of the crash site, said that persons first reaching the scene found two bodies. A ground party from Dyess AFB found the other three in a search through heavy mesquite brush. Authorities said that these were the first fatalities in the 516th Troop Carrier Wing since it was formed at Dyess in December 1958.

 * 1966 – Two North American F-100 Super Sabres of the USAF Thunderbirds demonstration team collide during practice for a show at Sheppard AFB, Texas, at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, Nevada, killing two of the three pilots. The jets were performing opposing half Cuban Eights when witnesses said that the two jets scraped each other at the top of a loop. The pilot of the F-100F, Capt. Robert H. Morgan, 32, of Pendleton, South Carolina, ejected but his chute did not have time to deploy and he died when he struck the ground still strapped to his seat, while team member, Maj. Frank E. Liethen, Jr., 36, Appleton, Wisconsin, riding in the second seat, died when the Super Sabre struck the desert floor. The fighter impact left a crater almost twelve feet deep. "Liethen, executive officer of the Thunderbirds, was riding with Morgan on an orientation flight. He had been with the group since last December, but ordinarily did not take part in formation flying. However, he had been scheduled to take over soon as commander and would have flown at the head of the group's diamond formation." Capt. Robert D. Beckel, 29, of Walla Walla, Washington, was able to land his F-100D at Nellis AFB, Nevada. "The Air Force said it was a 'tribute to his flying skill' that Beckel was able to land his plane, damaged in a wing. The red, white and blue jets cost a reported $650,000." Both Liethan and Morgan leave a widow and four children. "A Thunderbird spokesman said a show Saturday in Wichita Falls, Tex., would go on despite the crash - but maybe with five planes instead of six because there was no one trained to replace Morgan."

 * 1964 – Launched: Voskhod 1. This was the Soviet Union's first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits.

 * 1961 – The U.S. Navy’s first McDonnell-built F4H operational squadron, VF-74, is qualified for carrier duty.

 * 1960 – The first Hercules was delivered to the RCAF, they arrived in Trenton from Marietta, Georgia.
 * 1954 – A U.S. Navy Lockheed P2V Neptune undergoing test cycles by the Air Force Operational Test Center at Eglin AFB suffers a structural failure on landing at Auxiliary Field Number 8 which causes the starboard engine to break loose and burn in a Tuesday morning accident. The crew of two escape injury.

 * 1954 – USAF North American F-100A-1-NA Super Sabre, 52-5764, c/n 192-9, crashes at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 1100 hrs., killing North American test-pilot Lt. George Welch, a veteran of the Japanese Navy attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. During terminal velocity dive test from 45,000 feet (14,000 m), aircraft yaws to starboard, then begins roll. Airframe breaks up under 8 G strain, pilot falls clear, chute opens, but he sustains fatal injuries, dying shortly after reaching the ground.

 * 1944 – The first B-29 Superfortress lands on Saipan, beginning the Twentieth Air Force’s build-up of a strategic bombing capability in the Mariana Islands. For the first time, all of Japan proper is within range of United States Army Air Forces strategic bombers.

 * 1944 – (12–14) Task Force 38 conducts three days of heavy air strikes against Formosa, targeting Japanese airfields and shipping, flying 1,374 sorties on the first day, 974 on the second, and 246 on the third. U. S. aircraft destroy over 500 Japanese aircraft, sink 24 cargo ships and small craft, and destroy many Japanese military facilities. On the third day, strikes also are flown against northern Luzon. Counterattacking Japanese torpedo bombers cripple the heavy cruiser USS Canberra (CA-70) and light cruiser USS Houston (CL-81).

 * 1943 – The U. S. Army Air Forces’ Fifth Air Force conducts the largest Allied airstrike thus far in World War II in the Pacific, sending 349 aircraft to attack the Japanese airfields, shipping, and supply depots at Rabaul, New Britain, losing five aircraft. Allied airstrikes on Rabaul will continue for much of the rest of the war.

 * 1942 – Famed RCAF ace, Buzz Beurling, was shot down and wounded over Malta.

 * 1940 – Ilyushin TsKB-57, prototype of the Ilyushin Il-2.

 * 1936 – Nationalist aircraft sink the Republican submarine B-5 off the coast of Spain near Málaga.

 * 1924 – 12-15 – Transportation of the Zeppelin-Airship "LZ 126" (USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)) to USA under guidance of H. Eckener.

 * 1918 – The Imperial German Navy’s Naval Airship Division flies its last combat mission.

 * 1916 – Royal Naval Air Service ace Raymond Collishaw claims his first victory.

 * 1907 – Augustus Gaudron crosses the North Sea in a hot air balloon named Mammouth. He flies 1,160 km (721 miles) from The Crystal Palace, London to Lake Vänern, Sweden.


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User:DapperD

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title: User:DapperD


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Talk:Thanatopsis

I have replaced the previous article, which was some self-gratuitous advertisement for some unknown band, and replaced the article with a short paragraph about William Cullen Bryant's most famous work, "Thanatopsis." - JAA

 * I just read this poem, but I'd heard some of it before. I'm like 99% positive lines from it were sung at the beginning of the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episode Terminal. However I'm not sure how to prove that, or put it in the article, so I'll just leave that tidbit here.--T. Anthony 23:51, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually I might be able to. This is from a transcript of that episode.

"When thoughts lala lalalsfdnasifjipajefhnaskc heheeh !!! :) Of the last bitter hour come like a blight over thy spirit, and sad images Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall, And breathless darkness, and the narrow house, Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart; Go forth, under the open sky, and list To Nature's teachings, while from all around-- Earth and her waters, and the depths of air-- Comes a voice--Yet a few days, and thee The all-beholding sun shall see no more In all his course; nor yet in the cold ground, Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears."

Lines 9-20 of Thanatopsis.

"When thoughts  Of the last bitter hour come like a blight   Over thy spirit, and sad images Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall,   And breathless darkness, and the narrow house,   Make thee to shudder, and grow sick at heart;—   Go forth under the open sky, and list   To Nature's teachings, while from all around— Earth and her waters, and the depths of air—   Comes a still voice—Yet a few days, and thee   The all-beholding sun shall see no more   In all his course; nor yet in the cold ground,   Where thy pale form was laid, with many tears,"--T. Anthony 00:02, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Okay, someone keeps adding some obscure band in this main Thanatopsis page.

 * I didn't mention any band, but I did mention a modern anthology it can be found in and yes I did put back the mention of Space Ghost. I know some poetry types may loathe that, but I'm sorry it's the first place I heard lines from this poem and in 1998(when the ep ran) I had had a year of college literature classes so I wasn't some semi-literate slacker. In fact I own many poetry collections by Blake, Yeats, Vincent Millay, Coleridge, Li-Bai/Tu-Fu, Gwendylon Brooks, and some anthos of varied poets.--T. Anthony 12:07, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I took the band's name out again. I kept Space Ghost because it actually uses lines from the poem. I might mention the videogame link too.--T. Anthony 12:37, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

"Due to the unusual quality of the verse and Bryant's age when first published in 1890 by the North American Review, Richard Henry Dana, then associate editor at the Review, initially doubted its authenticity, saying to another editor, "No one, on this side of the Atlantic, is capable of writing such verses." Although the bulk of the poem was written at age 16, Bryant added the introductory and concluding lines 10 years later in 1821."-IberianWolf 22:32, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone should check these dates out.

Real source needed for Acacian's motto
I don't think "All Acacians" qualifies as a valid source. Even a page on their website that says that their motto comes from this poem would be fine. Jfmantis (talk) 06:26, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Background
Much of the "Background" section does not provide background for this particular poem. The link to the biographical article on Bryant should cover much of what is in the first paragraph. I recommend striking it entirely and allowing that second paragraph to stand on its own. --Midnightdreary (talk) 12:50, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thanatopsis


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User talk:RazorSA

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:45, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:RazorSA


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/November 13

November 13

 * 2011 – The Dubai-based airline Emirates orders 50 Boeing 777 airliners worth about US$18,000,000,000 – the largest order in terms of commercial value in Boeing's history – with an option to purchase 20 more 777s for another $8,000,000,000.

 * 2008 – An Antonov An-12 crashes after takeoff from Al Asad Air Base, killing all 7 crew members. Six members of the crew and one passenger died, three of them were Russians. The crew also consisted of a Belarusian, two Ukrainians and an Indian citizen.

 * 1993 – China Northern Airlines Flight 6901, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, crashes on approach to Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport, Xinjiang, China; killing 12 of the 102 on board; pilot error is blamed.

 * 1992 – The famous ‘golf balls’ at RAF Fylingdales were replaced in service by the three sided pyramid structure of the new AN/FPS-115 phased-array radar.

 * 1992 – First flight of the Progressive Aerodyne SeaRey

 * 1981 – Ben Abruzzo and crew make the first crossing of the Pacific Ocean by balloon, in the Double Eagle V

 * 1966 – All Nippon Airways Flight 533, a NAMC YS-11, plunges into Seto Inland Sea after an overrun at Matsuyama Airport, Shikoku, Japan, killing all 50 passengers and crew; this crash is the first loss of a YS-11.

 * 1958 – Seventh of 13 North American X-10s, GM-19313, c/n 7, on X-10 Drone BOMARC target mission 2, out of Cape Canaveral, Florida. The X-10 flies out over the ocean, then accelerates toward the Cape. However the Bomarc A fails to launch. Autoland is successful, but again the drag chute and landing barrier both fail, and the vehicle burns after overrunning the runway.

 * 1951 – A USAF Fairchild C-82A-FA Packet, 45-57801, c/n 10171, 'CQ-801', of the 11th Troop Carrier Squadron, 60th Troop Carrier Group, en route from Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany to Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport, France, goes off-course due to wind drift, compounded with having received weather briefings for 8,000 feet (2,400 m), but flew at 6,000 feet (1,800 m), hits the side of Mt. Dore in poor weather at ~1300 hrs., 20 miles (32 km) SW of Clermont-Ferrand, France. Six crew and 30 passengers all killed. It was transporting US Army postal workers to set up a military post office at Bordeaux, France. This remains the worst all-time C-82 accident in terms of human loss.

 * 1950 – The 1950 Tête de l'Obiou C-54 crash: A Curtiss Reid Flying Services-operated C-54 Skymaster crashes 30 mi (48 km) from Grenoble, France on the Tête de l'Obiou mountain; all 52 passengers and crew die.

 * 1944 – civil air services to London are restored, with the first flights carried out by Railway Air Services

 * 1943 – American preparatory bombing for the amphibious landings in the Gilbert Islands begins with a strike by 17 U. S. Army Air Forces B-24 Liberators against Japanese forces on Betio island at Tarawa Atoll. For the next week, B-24s raid Betio, Butaritari, or both every day, Mili four times, and Jaluit and Maloelap twice each, destroying several Japanese aircraft. Japanese aircraft strike Nanumea and Funafuti once each, destroying one B-24 and damaging two.

 * 1942 – A U. S. Navy OS2U Kingfisher floatplane rescues U. S. World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker and two other survivors of a ditched B-17D Flying Fortress from a life raft. They had been adrift in the Pacific for 22 days.

 * 1940 – Introduction: Handley Page Halifax with the Royal Air Force’s No. 35 Squadron

 * 1926 – Schneider Trophy race flown at Hampton Roads, USA. Won by Mario De Bernardi (Italy) in a Macchi M.39 at 396.698 km/h (246.5 mph).

 * 1916 – Sole prototype of the Zeppelin-Lindau (Dornier) V1, a single-seat, all-metal fighter with pod-type fuselage and pusher 160 hp Maybach Mb III engine, designed by Dipl-Ing Claudius Dornier, and built by the Abteilung 'Dornier' of the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin GmbH at Seemoos, near Friedrichshafen, attempts initial flight. After a series of ground hops in September by Bruno E. Schröter, this pilot refused to fly the prototype due to pronounced tail-heaviness. Oblt. Haller von Hallerstein, instead undertakes initial flight this date, but the V1 performs a loop immediately after take-off, crashing, killing pilot. No further development undertaken of the type.

 * 1915 – Flying a BE.2c, Royal Naval Air Service Flight Commander J. R. W. Smyth-Pigott makes a daring night bombing attack on a bridge of the Berlin-Constantinople railway over the Maritsa River at Kuleli Burgas in the Ottoman Empire from an altitude of 300 feet (91 meters). Although the bridge sruvives, he receives the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry.

 * 1907 – First flight of the Cornu helicopter

 * 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies the Santos-Dumont 14-bis a distance of 722 feet (220 m) in 21 seconds on the grounds of the Château de Bagatelle. With the event happening after over two years of successful Wright brothers flights in the United States, this is recorded as the first officially observed aeroplane flight in Europe and the distance Santos-Dumont flies is the first officially recognized airplane distance record.


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Pon de Replay

"Pon de Replay" is the official debut single by Barbadian singer Rihanna, from her debut studio album, Music of the Sun (2005). It was written and produced by Vada Nobles, Alisha "M'Jestie" Brooks, Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers. The song was released on May 24, 2005, as the lead single from the album. Prior to signing a six-album record deal with Def Jam Recordings, "Pon de Replay" was one of three songs which was recorded for her demo tape to be sent to record labels. It is a pop, dancehall and R&B song that features elements of reggae, and reggaeton. The lyrics revolve around Rihanna asking a DJ to turn the volume of her favorite songs up louder. The title means "play it again" in Bajan Creole.

"Pon de Replay" received positive reviews from music critics, who praised the song's composition and its choice as the singer's debut single. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number one in New Zealand and on the US Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. It also reached number two on both the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart, whilst achieving top-five positions in eight other countries including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, and Switzerland. It was certified three times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting shipments of over 3,000,000 copies. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Little X, and features Rihanna in a club with her friends, who ask the DJ to play their favorite song repeatedly.

Background
Prior to signing a record deal with Def Jam Recordings, Rihanna was discovered in her home country of Barbados by American record producer Evan Rogers, who made the necessary arrangements for her to fly to New York. There, she recorded a collection of demos for a demo tape to be sent to record labels. One of the demos recorded was that of "Pon de Replay", which was written and produced by Carl Sturken, Evan Rogers and Vada Nobles in 2004. The first to respond to the demo tape was Jay-Z, who had recently been appointed as president and CEO of Def Jam Recordings, where Rihanna auditioned for him and music executive L.A. Reid, in his office. Looking back on the audition and meeting Jay-Z, Rihanna explained during an interview how she felt before walking into the room, saying: "That's when I really got nervous ... I was like: 'Oh God, he's right there, I can't look, I can't look, I can't look!' I remember being extremely quiet. I was very shy. I was cold the entire time. I had butterflies. I'm sitting across from Jay-Z. Like, Jay-Zee. I was star-struck." During the audition, Rihanna performed Whitney Houston's cover of "For the Love of You", "Pon de Replay" and "The Last Time", the latter two of which would go on to be included on her debut album, Music of the Sun. Initially, Jay-Z was skeptical about signing Rihanna, because he felt "Pon de Replay" was too big for her, saying "when a song is that big, it's hard [for a new artist] to come back from. I don't sign songs, I sign artists". "Pon de Replay" was released via iTunes on July 26, 2005, through Def Jam Recordings.

Composition
"Pon de Replay" is a pop, dancehall and R&B song that infuses a reggae style. According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com, the song is written in the key of F-sharp minor and is set in common time with a moderated dance groove, with a metronome of 100 beats per minute. Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of F♯3 to the high note of C♯5. The title of the song is in Bajan Creole, a primarily spoken language used in Barbados, and means "play it again" in English. Lyrically, the song is about asking the DJ to play the protagonist's favorite song, as well as the fulfillment of dancing in a club. Doug Rule of Metro Weekly commented on the lyric "Hey Mr. DJ, won't you turn the music up?" and that it follows in the footsteps of recent songs which also incorporated "Hey Mr. DJ", including Madonna's "Music" and Jennifer Lopez's "Play".

In an interview with Kidzworld, Rihanna explained the lyrical content of the song, saying: "It's just language that we speak in Barbados. It's broken English. Pon is on, de means the, so it's just basically telling the DJ to put my song on the replay." Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic wrote about the song's composition and musical influences, "[Pon de Replay] is driven by booming dancehall-lite beats and a reggae vocal cadence (and title spelling), it's a simple dance-pop song at its core, with standard English-language singing as well as a can't-miss singalong hook." Barry Walters of Rolling Stone also commented on the song's composition and concurred with Birchmeier's opinions of the song, writing that the song is "a poppy piece of dancehall reggae with slapping, syncopated beats recalling big-band jazz".

Critical reception
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the song, and compared it to Beyoncé 2003 chart topper "Baby Boy", because of how both songs feature "a dancehall-pop mixture". Barry Walter of Rolling Stone called the song "sexy and savvy".

Chart performance
In the United States, "Pon de Replay" debuted at number 97 on June 11, 2005, and ascended into the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number nine in the issue dated July 16, 2005, and became the "Greatest Airplay Gainer" that week. In the issue dated July 30, 2005, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, being held off of the top spot by Mariah Carey's "We Belong Together", which spent a total of 14 non-consecutive weeks at number one. "Pon de Replay" spent a total of 12 weeks inside the top 10 of the Hot 100 and 23 weeks on the chart in total. The song also peaked at number one on the US Billboard Dance Club Songs and Digital Songs charts, number two on the US Mainstream Top 40 chart, and 24 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The song was also certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 19, 2012, denoting shipments of over 2,000,000 copies.

In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 37 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on August 15, 2005, and peaked at number one in its ninth week on the chart, after having been locked at number two for four weeks previous. The song spent a total of seven weeks inside the top five chart positions and 16 weeks on the chart in total. In Australia, "Pon de Replay" debuted at number 13 on the Australian Singles Chart on September 25, 2005, and peaked at number six in its ninth week on the chart. The song spent a total of 10 weeks in the top 10 chart positions and 22 weeks on the chart in total and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of over 70,000 copies.

Elsewhere, the song achieved moderate commercial success in Europe, peaking inside the top 10 of eight charts. In Switzerland, the song debuted at number eight on the Swiss Music Charts on September 11, 2005, and peaked at number three for three consecutive weeks. The song spent a total of 41 weeks on the chart. The song also debuted at number four on the Norwegian Singles Chart and peaked at number three in its fifth week; the song spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart. "Pon de Replay" also peaked inside the top five in Denmark, Austria and Sweden, peaking at numbers four, five and five, respectively. "Pon de Replay" also peaked inside the top 10 in Italy and Finland, peaking at numbers six and eight, respectively. However, the song was less successful in other territories, peaking at number 15 in The Netherlands and number 18 in France and Spain, respectively. In the United Kingdom, "Pon de Replay" debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart on September 3, 2005. The song stayed at the number two position for a further week, and stayed inside the top 10 for four weeks.

Music video
The music video for "Pon de Replay" was directed by Little X. The video was filmed in Toronto, Canada at now-defunct Republik Nightclub and is set in a nightclub and begins with Rihanna and two of her friends arriving at a nightclub where the atmosphere appears lackluster; due to the low volume of the music (referencing the song's lyrics), the people in the club seem bored and not dancing. Subsequently, Rihanna vows to make the DJ turn up the music, thus stepping up onto a platform, wearing a gold midriff top with baggy jeans, beginning to perform to the song, causing the DJ, played by Cipha Sounds, to turn the music up. With this, the people still bored now begin dancing to Rihanna's track, including Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall, who also makes a cameo appearance. Scenes of people dancing in the club are shown, with intercut shots being juxtaposed of Rihanna leaning against a wall with the word "Bar" in LED lights (which is actually part of a Parking sign outside of the window). She dons a pastel blue short dress, singing to the lyrics of the song. Rihanna can be seen belly-dancing on the stage, with neon green laserlights transmit above her. After Rihanna gets the crowd moving, she runs off of the platform onto a dance floor, where the crowd later join her. The video's last scenes show the people in the club all gathered on the middle of the dance floor, choreographing different dance moves. These include a line of people featuring Rihanna, and male dancers who make a bicycle from their bodies.

Live performances
"Pon De Replay" was the opening song on the set list of Rihanna's 2007–09 Good Girl Gone Bad Tour, her first world tour. The singer's performance in Manchester was released in the United Kingdom through iTunes, and is featured on the Good Girl Gone Bad Live DVD. Rihanna performed "Pon de Replay" complete with flags of Barbados and colorful carnival attire at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards pre-show in Miami on August 28, 2005. Rihanna has performed the song at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in November 2005.

Track listings and formats
Digital download
 * 1) "Pon de Replay" (radio edit) – 3:34

European CD single
 * 1) "Pon de Replay" (radio edit) – 3:34
 * 2) "Pon de Replay" (remix) (featuring Elephant Man) – 3:37

UK maxi CD single
 * 1) "Pon de Replay" (radio edit) – 3:34
 * 2) "Should I?" (featuring J-Status) – 3:06
 * 3) "Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) – 6:48
 * 4) "Pon de Replay" (U-MYX Remix Software)

Australian and European maxi CD single
 * 1) "Pon de Replay" (radio edit) – 3:34
 * 2) "Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) – 6:48
 * 3) "Pon de Replay" (instrumental) – 4:06
 * 4) "Pon de Replay" (music video) – 3:37

Digital download (Dance Remixes)
 * 1) "Pon de Replay" (Pon De Club Play) – 7:32
 * 2) "Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) – 6:47

title: Pon de Replay


text:
Virginia v. Black

Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 5–4, that any state statute banning cross burning on the basis that it constitutes prima facie evidence of intent to intimidate is a violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Such a provision, the Court argued, blurs the distinction between proscribable "threats of intimidation" and the Ku Klux Klan's protected "messages of shared ideology". In the case, three defendants were convicted in two separate cases of violating a Virginia statute against cross burning. However, cross-burning can be a criminal offense if the intent to intimidate is proven. It was argued by former Solicitor General of Virginia, William Hurd and Rodney A. Smolla.

Background
In cases such as Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire,, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, , R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) and others, the Supreme Court has addressed various areas of controversial speech. The Court has frequently sided with the speakers, but occasionally the Court has sided with the government and acknowledged its (limited) power to pass laws protecting citizens from specific types of harmful speech.

On May 2, 1998, Richard Elliot and Jonathan O'Mara attempted to light a cross on the property of Elliot's neighbor (who was black) in Virginia Beach, Virginia. On August 22, 1998, Barry Black held a Ku Klux Klan rally on private property and with the consent of the owner in Carroll County, Virginia. A neighbor and the county sheriff witnessed the event and heard attendees make many negative comments concerning black people. During the rally a cross was lit. Black was arrested and charged with violating a Virginia statute outlawing cross burnings. All defendants were found guilty. Black's and Elliot/O'Mara's cases were combined upon appeal and reached the U.S. Supreme Court during the Fall 2002 session.

Majority
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor delivered the opinion stating, "a state, consistent with the First Amendment, may ban cross burning carried out with the intent to intimidate." In so doing, the Court considered the speech to be constitutionally unprotected "true threats." Under that carve-out, "a State may choose to prohibit only those forms of intimidation that are most likely to inspire fear of bodily harm."

In Virginia v. Black the Court found that Virginia's statute against cross burning is unconstitutional with respect to the text in the statute that states "Any such burning of a cross shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate a person or group of persons." This text in particular was found to be unconstitutional as it violates the Fourteenth Amendment insofar as it provides the presumption, that the act of cross burning is evidence of the intent to intimidate. In Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979), the Court held when a jury is instructed in such a manner where; "the law presumes a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts, [the jury] may have interpreted the presumption as conclusive or as shifting the burden of persuasion, and because either interpretation would have violated the Fourteenth Amendment's requirement that the state prove every element of a criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt, the instruction given was unconstitutional." In essence, the Fourteenth Amendment prevents a jury instruction when that instruction includes: a presumption, that shifts the burden of persuasion with regards to an essential element of the crime away from the state and onto the defendant, in a criminal trial. Thus, the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by the text of the statute where the intent to intimidate was presumed from the action of cross burning.

However, the Court found the statute constitutional with regards to the language limiting cross burning with the intent to intimidate as a valid conduct restriction as the regulation was: within the constitutional power of the government, where the conduct regulation furthers an important government interest and such government interest is unrelated to the suppression of speech, and the incidental burden (secondary effect) on speech is no greater than necessary. By structuring the language of the statute to restrict conduct only with the intent to intimidate, the Virginia legislature satisfied all three prongs of the O'Brien test (see United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968)). The limitation of the conduct was within the constitutional power of the government based on the First Amendment exception known as the "true threats" doctrine. The conduct restriction furthered an important government interest that was unrelated to the suppression of speech, because, "cross burning done with the intent to intimidate has a long and pernicious history as a signal of impending violence." Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 123 S. Ct. 1536, 1539, 155 L. Ed. 2d 535 (2003). Finally, the secondary effect on speech was no greater than necessary as it restricted the conduct only when accompanied by the intent to intimidate.

It is important to distinguish the Virginia statute from a similar statute which was held facially unconstitutional in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minn., 505 U.S. 377, 112 S. Ct. 2538, 120 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1992), because it prohibited otherwise permitted speech solely on the basis of the subjects the speech addresses.

Dissents and concurrences
Justice Clarence Thomas argued that cross-burning itself should be a First Amendment exception, as others have argued regarding flag-burning (see Chief Justice William Rehnquist’s dissenting opinion in Texas v. Johnson), due to the historical association of cross-burning with terrorism. "[T]his statute," Thomas wrote, "prohibits only conduct, not expression. And, just as one cannot burn down someone's house to make a political point and then seek refuge in the First Amendment, those who hate cannot terrorize and intimidate to make their point."

Justice David Souter argued that cross-burning, even with the proven intent to intimidate, should not be a crime under the R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul precedent because of "the statute’s content-based distinction."

title: Virginia v. Black


text:
Talk:Frederick David Mocatta

Untitled
Frederick David Mocatta should be written as Frederic David Mocatta, viz. without the 'k'.
 * That is correct per Dictionary of National Biography--20.138.246.89 12:50, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederick David Mocatta


text:
Talk:X Article

Merge from Long telegram
This text wasn't easily substituted for what was already in here, so I include it here in case it's useful to anyone. Any expansion should probably discuss the LT section by section.

 * Lists the common views of prominent Soviet political figures.
 * Quotes and discusses Lenin's opinion on Capitalism.
 * Relates the Bolshevik Revolution to the Fall of the Roman Empire.
 * Blames Stalin for the decline of Lenin's Communist theories.
 * Charges that the Soviet leaders terrorize the citizens to keep the power in their own hands.
 * Blames Stalin for putting down any kind of opposition.
 * Warns that it would be hard for Americans to deal with the Soviets because of the ideology and other factors.
 * Suggests that the Soviet Union's influence on "free" Western institutions can be stopped through the creation of conflicts and problems at various locations.
 * Suggests that a power struggle within the party may change Soviet Russia from being a superpower to a much weaker country.
 * Concludes by arguing that the United States must do anything it can to destroy the Soviet Union, in an unknown amount of time.

--Dhartung | Talk 15:48, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

X-article vs. The long telegram
According to Wikipedia, it seems as if the "X-article" (orig. titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct") and "The Long Telegram" is infact the same submission. I don't agree with this, since "The Long Telegram" was sent to James Byrnes on the 22. Feb. 1946, while Kennan served as deputy head of the U.S. mission in Moscow. The "X-article" was indeed first published in july 1947 after Kennan had returned to the U.S. Moreover the latter was a whole lot shorter than the 16 pages Long Telegram. So, the quiestion is; why is the two documents presented as one on Wikipedia? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drweberdk (talk • contribs) 21:30, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The article could be more clear, but The Long Telegram can be seen as the rough draft of the X Article. They are very similar in content, although it was pretty heavily rewritten. The major points are the same, and the historical impact is very closely related. It does make some sense to handle them in the same article, although I didn't actually support the merger myself. --Dhartung | Talk 07:03, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps there should be 2 sections to the article-- one dealing with the long telegram, and one dealing with the x article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.170.117.218 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Ambiguity
Of the USSR, of the USA, or of each other? And perceived by Kennan, or by the Soviet government? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Townmouse (talk • contribs) 21:03, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Socialism and social democracy were perceived as enemies, not allies;
 * exonomic -- what exactly does this mean?  it is not defined in wikipedia, or in any dictionary I can find.  I'm guessing it means something like "extra-economic..." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.170.117.218 (talk • contribs) 22:24, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

NSC-68
From wikipedia's own article about NSC-68: "NSC-68 called for a massive buildup of and an increase in funding for the armed forces in an effort to contain the Soviets."

From this article: "The Long Telegram called for exonomic pressures against the USSR, whereas NSC-68 called for economic pressures."

I don't think the interpretation of NSC-68 as outlined in this wikipedia entry about the x article is entirely correct. NSC-68 called for much more than economic pressures, and is the document at the root of forgein policies that ultimitly led to the Vietnam War. In fact, I would argue that NSC-68 is primarily about direct military pressure on the Soviet Union and the uselessness of economic pressure not supported by military strength. The section on "Impact of the Long Telegram" should be reworked and expanded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.170.117.218 (talk • contribs) 22:26, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Watch this article
I recently removed the sentence, "Rebecca Dulemba conquered communism," from this article. I also found that formerly the sentence read "Rebecca Dulemba conquered communism with her righteous might. Bo and Eric helped. A little." Please if you're going to edit remove all the junk, thank you. --Philip B. 00:52, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Vandalism is a fact of life on Wikipedia. I (and probably other editors) have the article on my watchlist, but I still can't check it every day. Your assistance is appreciated and will continue to be. --Dhartung | Talk 05:21, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

References subsection

 * I added a References subsection, this article has sourced in the EL section, but need to be added as citations as well... Smee 23:48, 7 May 2007 (UTC).

Alert: new book on Kennan
(Reading Wiki articles on Kennan, very grateful to all of you for the Long Telegram transcript.) John Lukacs has a major new book just out from Yale University Press, George Kennan: a Study of Character. Since Kennan only recently passed away, at 101, there probably will be material and opinions nobody cared to publish during his lifetime. On July 6, 2007 Josef Joffe gave it a strong review in WSJ. Anyone interested in raising Kennan articles to professional standards will have to deal with it, and I hope one of us will. Profhum 05:36, 16 July 2007 (UTC)Profhum

Publication as the X Article
This section is not accurate. It needs to be rewritten to reflect the true origin of the X Article. It was actually a private report from Kennan to Forrestal in January 1947. Only after Kennan had spoken informally at the Council of Foreign Relations (January 47 also) did Hamilton Armstrong ask for something in writing and Kennan got approval (March 47) to provide the Forrestal report anonymously for Foreign Affairs (July 47 issue). It also was not a direct public treatment of the Long Telegram but it was clearly based on the same ideas that Kennan had expressed in the Long Telegram (I wouldn't have expected his own ideas to change). I'll try to tackle this in a couple of weeks if no one else does. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 02:53, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I made an effort to improve the article. I still think the Long Telegram needs its own article because it is not the X Article. There should be enough of a story behind the telegram to warrant a separate article and it would reduce confusion over the subject. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 18:45, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:X Article


text:
Oliver Perry Hay

Oliver Perry Hay (May 22, 1846 – November 2, 1930) was an American herpetologist, ichthyologist, and paleontologist.

Hay was born in Jefferson County, Indiana, to Robert and Margaret Hay. In 1870, Hay graduated with a bachelor of arts from Eureka College in Illinois. He taught at the college as a sciences professor from 1870 to 1873. He married Mary E. Howsmon of Eureka, Illinois, in 1870. He was a professor at Oskaloosa College in Iowa from 1874 to 1876. He was a student at Yale University from 1876 to 1877. Seventeen years after earning his bachelors, he earned his PhD from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. From 1877 to 1879, he taught at Abingdon College just before it was incorporated into his alma mater, Eureka College. His longest professorship was at Butler University from 1879 to 1892. From 1894 to 1895, he worked at the Field Museum of Natural History as assistant curator of zoology, where despite his specialty in ichthyology, he worked in all nonornithological fields of zoology. In 1912, Hay was appointed as a research associate at the Carnegie Institution for Science, and was given office space at the United States National Museum. There, he did much work with the USNM's collections in vertebrate paleontology. He published extensively on fossil turtles and Pleistocene mammals. The catalogs that he constructed were a great aid in recording existing knowledge and became standard references. His papers from 1911 to 1930 are stored at the Smithsonian Institution.

Oliver and Mary had four children together. Their son, William Perry Hay, was also a zoologist.

Works
Below is a partial list of Hay's work.

title: Oliver Perry Hay


text:
All Maps Welcome

All Maps Welcome is the third studio album from British singer-songwriter Tom McRae.

Track listing
All tracks written by Tom McRae.

 * 1) "For the Restless" – 4:06
 * 2) "Hummingbird Song" – 4:45
 * 3) "The Girl Who Falls Downstairs" – 5:03
 * 4) "How the West Was Won" – 6:16
 * 5) "Packing for the Crash" – 3:49
 * 6) "It Ain't You" – 4:07
 * 7) "Strangest Land" – 3:27
 * 8) "My Vampire Heart" – 3:13
 * 9) "Silent Boulevard" – 5:04
 * 10) "Still Lost" – 3:48
 * 11) "Border Song" – 4:50

title: All Maps Welcome


text:
And Soon the Darkness (1970 film)

And Soon the Darkness is a 1970 British thriller film directed by Robert Fuest and starring Pamela Franklin, Michele Dotrice and Sandor Elès. The plot follows two British nurses on a cycling holiday in rural France; during their trip, one of them vanishes, and the other struggles to search for her in a rural community.

It was the first movie made under Bryan Forbes at EMI Elstree to be released (Hoffman had been produced first but was released later).

Plot
Jane and Cathy are two young nurses from Nottingham who are taking a cycling holiday through rural France. While having lunch at a busy restaurant, Cathy notices a handsome man drinking alone at an adjacent table. Shortly after the women depart, the man also leaves the cafe on a Lambretta scooter. On a country road surrounded by farmland, the women are passed by the man on his scooter. Several minutes later, the women pass by him as he rests by a cemetery.

As the women pass through a small village, they encounter the man again. Cathy, who has grown tired of cycling, decides she wants to sunbathe, and stops at a wooded area along the road. Jane agrees to rest momentarily, but the two women get into an argument over the trip itinerary, and Jane decides to continue on alone. Jane soon arrives at a rural roadside cafe, where the proprietor, Madame Lassal, warns her that the area is dangerous and that she should not be travelling alone. Meanwhile, Cathy, still sunbathing, becomes unnerved and senses she is being watched. Upon trying to leave, she finds that someone has destroyed the wheel of her bicycle. Moments later, she is confronted by an unseen assailant.

Feeling guilty over leaving Cathy behind, Jane returns to the spot where she was sunbathing. She finds no sign of Cathy, apart from her camera lying in the grass. Moments later, the man the women saw earlier at the restaurant stops along the road on his scooter. He introduces himself as Paul, and Jane explains to him that she is looking for Cathy. Paul offers Jane a ride back to the village, where she believes Cathy may have gone. While questioning locals in town, Jane learns of an unsolved rape and murder of a young woman that occurred in the town three years before, described by an English Schoolmistress as 'quite a scandal". Meanwhile, Paul rides into the woods on his scooter to search for Cathy.

As the schoolmistress is about to drive off, Jane persuades her to drive her part-way to meet the gendarme and report Cathy's disappearance. En route, the schoolmistress tells Jane the unsolved murder occurred in the same wooded area from which Cathy vanished. Unable to locate the gendarme, Jane returns to the roadside cafe and asks Madam Lassal for help, but she again urges Jane to leave the area. Jane again encounters Paul, who reveals he worked for the Surete and privately researched the case of the murdered woman. The two get into an argument when Jane discovers Paul has taken the film from Cathy's camera as evidence. Convinced he has hurt Cathy, Jane parts ways with him.

Running through the town on foot, Jane finally locates the residence of the gendarme, and explains what has occurred. The gendarme goes to investigate the scene, leaving Jane alone at his residence. Paul arrives at the house, but Jane refuses to open the door. When he breaks into the gendarme's home, Jane flees into the woods, where she stumbles upon an abandoned trailer park. While hiding in a camper, Jane finds Cathy's corpse. Paul manages to corner Jane in the woods, but she beats him in the face with a rock. At the edge of the abandoned trailer park, Jane finds the gendarme. Thankful to find the man she thinks will help her, she embraces him, but the gendarme begins to fondle her sexually. He then violently sexually assaults her, revealing himself to be the perpetrator. Jane attempts to fend him off, and is rescued by an injured Paul, who hits the gendarme with a large branch.

Cast

 * Pamela Franklin as Jane
 * Michele Dotrice as Cathy
 * Sandor Elès as Paul
 * John Nettleton as Gendarme
 * Clare Kelly as Schoolmistress
 * Hana Maria Pravda as Madame Lassal
 * John Franklyn as Old Man
 * Claude Bertrand as Lassal
 * Jean Carmet as Reiner
 * André Maranne as Radio DJ (Uncredited)

Background
The film was made by the same production team as The Avengers television series. The screenplay was written by Brian Clemens and Terry Nation, both of whom had contributed to The Avengers, as had producer Albert Fennell. Clements says they "needed a change" after The Avengers and decided to make a thriller film. Clemens said "after deciding to do a thriller we made things difficult for ourselves by insisting that all the action take place in broad daylight... It's very easy to frighten people in the dark because darkness itself is frightening but we thought it would be nice to frighten people in daylight." Clemens reportedly wrote the script in two days.

Clemens took the project to Bryan Forbes who had just been appointed head of production at EMI Films. Forbes liked the project and agreed to finance. It would be the first film made greenlit by Forbes. (The second was The Man Who Haunted Himself with Hoffman being the third.)

Filming
It was shot entirely in France. Filming started on 18 August 1969 and finished by October.

Box office
The film did moderately well at the box-office on both sides of the Atlantic, but was not a big success. It got Forbes' regime at EMI off to a bad start.

Critical reception
The Guardian said "I will be charitable and say nothing."

In 1971, The New York Times reviewer stated: "Until the disappearance and for a while afterward everything goes very well toward building tension with understated effects. But eventually, by mere repetition, the understated effects begin to look like poverty of the imagination. Then terror becomes a function of gratuitous camera technique, and danger the product of dishonest characterization." Halliwell's Film Guide comments: "Slow, overstretched, often risible suspender ... long on red herrings and short on humour, but with some pretension to style." Time Out described it as an "[u]nappealing women-in-peril thriller" which is "[p]redictable, implausible, and not a little nasty." In contrast, the film was listed seventh in the Cinefantastique's list of the top ten sci-fi/horror films of the 1970s. Frederick S. Clarke, the magazine's editor, called it "a lady-in-distress picture that for suspense tops anything of its kind."

Clemens was involved in producing and storyboarding the film, and said it inspired him to try directing. He later commented, "My business partner (Albert Fennell) said 'You should have directed it' and suddenly I thought 'Yeah, perhaps I should have done'. I knew I could have directed it better." He wrote what became See No Evil for Forbes at EMI; after Forbes left the company the film was made at Columbia. Clemens eventually turned director with Captain Kronos, Vampire Hunter.

Home media
The film was released as a DVD in the US with an audio commentary by Fuest and Clemens, and released in the UK as a region 2 DVD at the end of January 2008.

Remake
An American remake of the film was released in 2010.

title: And Soon the Darkness (1970 film)


text:
British nationality law and Hong Kong

British nationality law as it pertains to Hong Kong has changed over time since it became a British colony in 1842. Hongkongers were given various nationality statuses, such as British subjects, Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, British Dependent Territories Citizen and British Nationals (Overseas).

Early colonial era
English common law has the rationale of natural-born citizenship, following the principle of jus soli, in the theory that people born within the dominion of The Crown, which included self-governing dominions and Crown colonies, would have a "natural allegiance" to the Crown as a "debt of gratitude" to the Crown for protecting them through infancy. As the dominion of the British Empire expanded, British subjects included not only persons within the United Kingdom but also those throughout the rest of the British Empire.

By this definition, anyone born in Hong Kong after it became a British colony in 1842 was a British subject. The Naturalisation of Aliens Act 1847 expanded what had been covered in the Naturalisation Act 1844, which applied only to people within the United Kingdom, to all its dominions and colonies. The Act made provisions for naturalisation as well as allowing for acquisition of British subject status by marriage between a foreign woman and a man with British subject status.

British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914
The British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 (now renamed as "Status of Aliens Act 1914") came into force on 1 January 1915, codifying for the first time the law relating to British nationality. No major change was introduced but it set into law how people associated with Hong Kong – as part of "His Majesty's dominions" – would acquire British subject status.

British Nationality Act 1948
The Commonwealth of Nations' heads of government decided in 1948 to embark on a major change in the law of nationality throughout the Commonwealth. It was decided at the conference that the United Kingdom and the self-governing dominions would each adopt separate national citizenship, but retain the common imperial status of British subject. The British Nationality Act 1948 provided for a new status of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC), consisting of British subjects who had a close relationship (either through birth or descent) with the United Kingdom and its remaining colonies. The Act also provided that British subjects could be known by the alternative title Commonwealth citizen.

The Act came into force on 1 January 1949 and stipulated that anyone born in "United Kingdom or a colony" on or after that date was a CUKC. Those who were British subjects on 31 December 1948 were entitled to acquire CUKC status by declaration. The deadline for this was originally 31 December 1949, but the deadline was extended to 31 December 1962 by the British Nationality Act 1958.

British Nationality Acts were passed in 1958, 1964 and 1965, which mainly fine-tuned special provisions about CUKC status acquisition.

Commonwealth Immigrants Acts
Until 1962, all Commonwealth citizens could enter and stay in the United Kingdom without any restriction. Anticipating immigration waves from former and current colonies in Africa and Asia with the decolonisation of the 1960s, the United Kingdom passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 to tighten immigration control for Commonwealth nationals into the United Kingdom, and the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 modified the wording of the 1962 act to apply to certain colonial CUKCs.

The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 made a number of changes to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, beginning with amending the definition of to whom the Act applied. By comparison:

Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962:

"PART I

CONTROL OF IMMIGRATION

1.-(1) The provisions of this Part of this Act shall have effect for controlling the immigration into the United Kingdom of Commonwealth citizens to whom this section applies.

 * (2) This section applies to any Commonwealth citizen not being-
 * (a) a person born in the United Kingdom :
 * (b) a person who holds a United Kingdom passport and is a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, or who holds such a passport issued in the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland ; or (c) a person included in the passport of another person who is excepted under paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this subsection.

(3) In this section "passport" means a current passport ; and "United Kingdom passport" means a passport issued to the holder by the Government of the United Kingdom, not being a passport so issued on behalf of the Government of any part of the Commonwealth outside the United Kingdom.

(4) This Part of this Act applies to British protected persons and citizens of the Republic of Ireland as it applies to Commonwealth citizens, and references therein to Commonwealth citizens, and to Commonwealth citizens to whom this section applies, shall be construed accordingly."

Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968:

"1. In section 1 of the principal Act (application of Part I), in subsection (2)(b) after the words "citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies" there shall be inserted the words "and fulfills the condition specified in subsection (2A) of this section", and after subsection (2) there shall be inserted the following subsection:-

 * "(2A) The condition referred to in subsection (2)(b) of this section, in relation to a person, is that he, or at least one of his parents or grandparents,-

 * (a) was born in the United Kingdom, or
 * (b) is or was a person naturalised in the United Kingdom, or
 * (c) became a citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies by virtue of being adopted in the United Kingdom, or
 * (d) became such a citizen by being registered under Part II of the British Nationality Act 1948 or under the British Nationality Act 1964, either in the United kingdom or in a country which, on the date on which he was so registered, was one of the countries mentioned in section 1(3) of the said Act of 1948 as it had effect on that date"."

As such, CUKCs connected with Hong Kong were subject to immigration control after 1968.

Finally, under the Immigration Act 1971, the concept of patriality or right of abode was created. CUKCs and other Commonwealth citizens had the right of abode in the UK only if they, their husband (if female), their parents or their grandparents were connected with the United Kingdom. This placed the UK in the rare position of denying some of its nationals entry into their country of nationality. However, the concept of patriality was only a temporary solution to halt a sudden wave of migration. The British government later reformed the law, resulting in the British Nationality Act 1981.

These acts shaped an increasingly restrictive immigration policy into the UK for Hong Kong residents even before the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984.

British Nationality Act 1981 and British Dependent Territories Citizenship
The British Nationality Act 1981 created new categories of British nationality and renamed British colonial territories. After implementation, all British Crown colonies became British Dependent Territories. The Act abolished the status of CUKC, and replaced it with three new categories of nationality on 1 January 1983:
 * British Citizen (for residents of the UK and the Crown dependencies)
 * British Dependent Territories Citizen (BDTC) (for the Crown colonies), and
 * British Overseas Citizen (BOC) (a class of non-inheritable nationality for those who are unable to become a British Citizen, a BDTC or a national of another country)

The law stated that those who have CUKC status by connection with Hong Kong and those born in Hong Kong on or after 1983 to a parent settled in Hong Kong are BDTCs. The law also stated that British Citizens or BDTCs by descent could not automatically pass on British nationality to a child born outside the United Kingdom or the dependent territories concerned unless a parent acquired citizenship otherwise than by descent.

After the Sino-British Joint Declaration
Negotiation concerning the future of Hong Kong started in the late 1970s between Britain and China. With the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration on 19 December 1984, the future of Hong Kong was set, with China to assume sovereignty of the entire territory of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997.

At that time, there were some 3.5 million residents of Hong Kong with BDTC status by virtue of their connection with Hong Kong. Another 2 million were believed to have been eligible to apply to become BDTCs. After the handover, they would have lost this status and became solely Chinese nationals. At the time, Hong Kong was the largest of the remaining British dependent territories with over 5 million inhabitants.

Creation of the British National (Overseas) status
The Hong Kong Act 1985 created an additional category of British nationality known as British National (Overseas) or BN(O). This new category was available only to Hong Kong BDTCs, and any Hong Kong BDTC who wished to do so would be able to acquire the status of BN(O). The status was non-transferable and available only by application, and the deadline to apply was 30 June 1997.

British Overseas Citizen status for those who are 'otherwise stateless'
Any Hong Kong BDTCs who failed to register as a BN(O) by 1 July 1997 and would thereby be rendered stateless (generally because they were a non-ethnic Chinese and therefore could not automatically acquire Chinese nationality), automatically became a British Overseas Citizen under the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986.

British Nationality Selection Scheme
After the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, many people in Hong Kong began to fear for their future post-1997. Emigration was rampant and a brain-drain was beginning to affect the economy of Hong Kong. To stem the drain, people urged the British government to grant full British citizenship to all Hong Kong BDTCs – but this request was never accepted. However, the British did agree to creating the British Nationality Selection Scheme, which granted to a select 50,000 people and their families the ability to obtain full British citizenship without having to fulfil the ordinary requirements, under the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1990. Under the Act, the Home Secretary was required to register any person recommended by the Governor of Hong Kong (as well as the applicant's spouse and minor children) as a British Citizen. Any person who was registered under the act automatically ceased to be a BDTC upon registration as a British Citizen. No person could be registered under the act after 30 June 1997.

Hong Kong (War Wives and Widows) Act 1996
Women who had received assurance from the Secretary of State that they would be eligible for settlement in the United Kingdom on the basis of their husband's war service in the defence of Hong Kong may be registered as British Citizens if they were resident in Hong Kong and had not remarried. There is no requirement for the woman to hold (or have held) any form of British nationality. Women registered as British Citizens under this act acquire British citizenship "otherwise than by descent" and thus also their children would be British Citizens.

British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997
Another special group of solely Hong Kong British nationals were the non-Chinese ethnic minorities of Hong Kong. They are primarily immigrants or children of immigrants from Nepal, India and Pakistan. After the handover to China, they would not be accepted as inherently being citizens of the People's Republic. They would be left effectively stateless – they would have British nationality and permanent residency and right of abode in Hong Kong, but no right of abode in the UK, nor a right to claim Chinese nationality.

The ethnic minorities petitioned to be granted full British citizenship, and were backed by several politicians Jack Straw, then the Shadow Home Secretary said in a letter to the then Home Secretary Michael Howard dated 30 January 1997 that "common sense and common humanity demand that we give these people full British citizenship. The limbo in which they will find themselves in July arises directly from the agreements which Britain made with China". He further stated that a claim that BN(O) status amounted to British nationality "as pure sophistry". The subsequently enacted British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997 gives them an entitlement to acquire full British citizenship by making an application to register for that status after 1 July 1997.

Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
In light of the passing of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, which made provision to substitute the wording of "British Dependent Territories" with "British Overseas Territories" in the British Nationality Act 1981 among other new provisions, further clarification was made even though this act did not even apply to Hong Kong. Section 14 of the subsequent Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 stated specifically that a person may not be registered as a British Overseas Territories Citizen (BOTC) by virtue of a connection with Hong Kong.

Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009
A small group of Hong Kong ethnic minorities had not been eligible for acquiring British citizenship under the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997 because they were not ordinarily resident in Hong Kong before 4 February 1997 or they were under 18 / 21 years of age, had dual nationality through their parents on or after 4 February 1997, but had lost it upon turning 18/21. These BN(O)s lost their second nationality due to changes in the nationality laws of certain countries and had, therefore, become de facto stateless. They could register to become British citizens under section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 as amended by Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 to "remedy the limbo status of probably the last remaining group of solely British nationals who have no other nationality or citizenship, who have not recently and deliberately given up another nationality or citizenship". To be eligible for registration, they must demonstrate that they had not lost, through action or inaction, any other nationality on and after 19 March 2009. Registration under s4B confers British citizenship by descent.

Chinese view on nationality of Hong Kong residents
The Chinese government stated in its memorandum of the Sino-British Joint Declaration on December 19, 1984 that under the Chinese nationality law, "all Hong Kong Chinese compatriots, whether they are holders of the 'British Dependent Territories Citizens' Passport' or not, are Chinese nationals". In 1990, when the Gulf War started, the Chinese embassy provided a proof of Chinese citizenship to a Hong Kong Chinese businessman in Kuwait holding a BDTC passport and helped him evacuate.

Chinese nationality law has applied in Hong Kong since the handover on 1 July 1997. Hong Kong BDTC status ceased to exist and cannot be regained. An interpretation for implementing Chinese nationality law for Hong Kong was presented at the Nineteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on 15 May 1996, a year prior to the Hong Kong handover and came into effect on 1 July 1997. The explanations concerning the implementation of the nationality of Hong Kong citizens is that Hong Kong citizens of Chinese descent are Chinese nationals whether or not they have acquired other foreign citizenship(s). Where such Chinese nationals resident in Hong Kong undergo a change of citizenship (e.g. in accordance with Article 9 of the Nationality Law, which provides that a person who becomes settled in a foreign country and acquires foreign citizenship loses his or her Chinese citizenship - Hong Kong is not recognised as foreign territory, before or after 1 July 1997), this must be declared to immigration authorities to be recognised under Chinese nationality law.

British nationality acquired in Hong Kong – including BN(O) and under the British Nationality Selection Scheme – are specifically not recognised as a change of nationality because they did not occur after the person became settled in a foreign country. Therefore, a Hong Kong resident who had acquired non-Chinese citizenship would still be recognised as a Chinese citizen after 1 July 1997 (effectively becoming a dual national), but if that person declares the change of nationality to immigration authorities, they would effectively cease to be a Chinese national.

This is reflected in the position the Hong Kong Immigration Department has on Hong Kong permanent residents of Chinese nationality who were Hong Kong permanent residents immediately before 1 July 1997 and hold non-Chinese nationality or citizenship. Those who were permanent residents before the Handover continue to enjoy right of abode in Hong Kong whether they have remained overseas for long time or hold foreign nationality. They however, will not enjoy foreign consular protection in Hong Kong as long as they do not declare a change of nationality to the Immigration Department.

British citizenship for non-ethnic Chinese which were wrongfully denied
In February 2006, in response to representations made by Lord Avebury and Tameem Ebrahim, British authorities announced that six hundred British citizenship applications of ethnic minority children of Indian descent from Hong Kong were wrongly refused. The applications dated from the period July 1997 onwards. Where the applicant in such cases confirms that he or she still wishes to receive British citizenship the decision will be reconsidered on request.

British Overseas Citizen status/citizenship for certain ethnic Indians (new Indian law)
Recent changes to India's Citizenship Act, 1955 (see Indian nationality law) provide that Indian citizenship by descent can no longer be acquired automatically at the time of birth. This amendment will also allow some children of Indian origin born in Hong Kong after 3 December 2004 who have a BN(O) or BOC parent to automatically acquire BOC status at birth under the provisions for reducing statelessness in articles 6(2) and 6(3) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order, 1986. If they have acquired no other nationality after birth, they will be entitled to register for full British citizenship.

Reinterpretation of Nepali nationality law
Recent clarification of Nepali nationality law has meant a number of persons born in Hong Kong who failed to renounce their British nationality before the age of 21 and were previously thought to be citizens of Nepal are in fact solely British. The British Government has recently accepted that certain Nepalese passport holders born in Hong Kong before 30 June 1976 are BOCs, and can register for British citizenship if they wish to do so.

British citizenship for British Nationals (Overseas) who are otherwise stateless
The passage of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 provides a path for British Nationals (Overseas) who had no other citizenship before 19 March 2009 to apply for British citizenship under s. 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981. To qualify, they must demonstrate that they had not lost or renounced any other nationalities, through action or inaction, on or after 19 March 2009.

Future of the British National (Overseas) status
Lord Goldsmith discussed the BN(O) issue in his citizenship review in 2008. He regarded the BN(O) status as "anomalous" in the history of British nationality law, but saw no alternative to preserving this status.

However, Goldsmith stated in February 2020: “I want to make it clear: I never intended my report on citizenship to be a statement on any opinion by me that there would be a breach of the arrangements with China if the UK were to offer greater rights,” he said. “I do not see why the UK government would be in breach of any obligation undertaken in the joint declaration were it to resolve to extend full right of abode to BN(O) passport holders while continuing to honour their side of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.”

Hong Kong BN(O) Visa
British Nationals (Overseas) do not have the right of abode anywhere including the UK. From 31 January 2021, BN(O) citizens can apply for limited leave to remain to work or study in the UK for up to 5 years, and become eligible for settled status after 5 years of qualifying residence. BN(O) citizens with settled status can register as British citizens after an additional 12 months.

The settlement scheme was launched after the imposition of the controversial national security law on Hong Kong by the Chinese Central government. The UK considers the enactment of the National Security Law a clear violation of the one country, two systems principle guaranteed in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international binding treaty signed in 1984.

Government documents

 * Lord Goldsmith QC Citizenship Review Citizenship: Our Common Bond
 * British citizenship information for persons from Hong Kong of Indian origin
 * British citizenship information for persons from Hong Kong of Nepalese origin
 * Home Office letter to Lord Avebury, confirming that more than 600 applications for British citizenship from Hong Kong were wrongly refused
 * British government statement confirming which persons born in Hong Kong before 1949 acquired British nationality
 * British government statement confirming which persons born in Hong Kong between 1949 and 1982 acquired British nationality
 * British government statement confirming which persons born in Hong Kong between 1983 and 1997 acquired British nationality
 * SUPPORTING BRITISH NATIONALS ABROAD: A GUIDE TO CONSULAR ASSISTANCE
 * Reciprocity Schedule (United Kingdom), United States
 * Reciprocity Schedule (Hong Kong), United States
 * BN(O) passport TV advertisement in 1994

Legislation

 * British Nationality Acts: 1981, 1965, 1964, 1958, 1948, 1772, 1730
 * Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986
 * Provisions for reducing statelessness in Article 6 of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986

Newspapers/Commentaries

 * The Transition of Hong Kong People's Nationality after World War II by Michiko Ai
 * Nationality of the Chief Executive of the SAR, Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong
 * 數字話當年 450萬人持特區護照, Apple Daily
 * BNO逐漸走進香港歷史, Wen Wei Po
 * BNO護照≠英籍, Mingpao
 * SUBMISSION TO LORD GOLDSMITH FOR THE CITIZENSHIP REVIEW: THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BRITISH NATIONALITY, Immigration Law Practitioners' Association

title: British nationality law and Hong Kong


text:
User talk:Seattlefan68

Welcome!

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March 2007
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Proposed deletion of Isaiah Campbell

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I’ll move the info to the Seattle Mariners Minor League players page Seattlefan68 (talk) 06:22, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Seattlefan68