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Wolverton railway works

Wolverton railway works, known locally as Wolverton Works or just The Works, was established in Wolverton, Buckinghamshire, by the London and Birmingham Railway Company in 1838 at the midpoint of the 112 mi route from London to Birmingham. The line was developed by Robert Stephenson following the great success of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway line.

The Victorian era new towns of Wolverton and New Bradwell were built to house the workers and service the works. The older towns of Stony Stratford and Newport Pagnell grew substantially too, being joined to it by the Wolverton and Stony Stratford Tramway and the Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line (a branch line), respectively. The trams were also hauled by steam locomotives: the tram cars were certainly the largest ever in the UK and possibly the world. In modern times, Wolverton railway works remains notable as the home of the British Royal Train but otherwise is very much reduced from its heyday.

, the facility is much reduced: a full-scale train maintenance, repairs and refurbishment works is operated at the western end of the site, the central area is derelict but slated for redevelopment, the eastern end is a Tesco store with canal-side housing development at the extreme eastern end.

Foundation
The 1833 Act of Parliament approving the London and Birmingham Railway included a clause that specified that a railway works be built around the mid-point, as it was considered scientifically unsafe at the time for railway locomotives to move more than 50 mi without further inspection. After surveying all possible sites, Wolverton was chosen due to its co-location alongside the wharfing facilities of the Grand Union Canal, thereby also enabling the railway company to gain an easy agreement to build a viaduct over the canal company's land at this point.

The actual site was selected in October 1836 by Edward Bury, an engineer and locomotive manufacturer of Liverpool, who had been appointed in May 1836 as contractor for working the company's trains. Under this arrangement, the company would provide locomotives to Bury's specification while he would maintain them in good repair and convey passengers and goods at a rate per person, per ton and per mile, at a speed not exceeding 22.5 mph. Seven manufacturers, including Bury's firm, supplied the original stock of engines. Because of the unforeseen demand for increased speed, this contract for working the line was annulled in July 1839; thereafter Bury was employed as the manager of the locomotive department on a salary, with a profits bonus.

Locomotive works
At first, the works was used for the maintenance and repair of locomotives purchased from outside firms. Two locomotives were built there in 1845 and 1846, and another in 1848, but following enlargement of the buildings and increased facilities, they were turned out in quantity. In total, 166 locomotives were built at Wolverton. These included three varieties of the 2-2-2 LNWR Bloomer Class, 86 of the Wolverton Express Goods 0-6-0 and four varieties of 0-4-2.

In 1846, the London and Birmingham became part of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR); Bury resigned in 1847 and was succeeded by James E. McConnell as locomotive superintendent of the LNWR Southern Division. An innovative engineer who during his tenure experimented with hollow axles, rubber springs, brakes working on the rails, and elaborate boilers and fireboxes, but perhaps his greatest claim to fame is the 2-2-2 Bloomer type of 1851, which was closely based on a Bury design. A total of seventy-four were built in three classes between 1851 and 1862, similar in design and layout but different in dimensions. In 1861 the cost-conscious Richard Moon was appointed Chairman of the LNWR, and became very critical of McConnell; after the Board passed a motion of censure on him, McConnell was obliged to resign in March 1862.

In 1862, Moon drove through a policy that Crewe would become the sole locomotive manufacturing centre for the LNWR, and so the last of the 166 Wolverton-built locomotives left the works in September 1863.

Carriage works
Having retained its maintenance role, in 1865 Wolverton was designated as the LNWR Carriage Works, eventually becoming the largest carriage works in the UK. Initially Wolverton produced numbers of 27 ft six-wheel carriages on a rigid wheelbase. In 1873, a sleeper service was introduced to Glasgow, and in 1875 to Liverpool and Holyhead. The carriages for these were again three-axle, limited it is said, to 32 ft by the traverser in the Euston carriage sheds. This remained the pattern for many years, though some used Webb's patent "radial truck".

The 1880s saw the introduction of first-class twin-car sets with an interconnecting gangway. The 1881 sleeping cars for the Irish Mail were of this form, and in 1889 some of the first-class twins were adapted to become the LNWR's first dining cars. In 1883, 44 ft sleeping cars were introduced on the Glasgow service, but even though bogies had come into use on other railways, the LNWR preferred to simply add an extra radial truck.

This configuration remained in use until 1893, when Charles Park built a rake of corridor coaches for the expresses to Edinburgh with six-wheeled bogies. This was first and third class only, although second class remained for many other services until 1911. In 1892, the non-automatic brake finally disappeared and in 1896 Stone's patent electric train lighting was introduced, along with communication cords.

20th century
In 1901, Wolverton was the first railway works to use electricity for lighting and driving machinery throughout. All coaches for principal services now included corridor connections and were mounted on bogies instead of radial trucks.

During World War I, the works altered carriages to be used as ambulance trains both within the UK and overseas. Part of the works was also turned over for use by the Ministry of Munitions. In 1923 when the LNWR merged into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), wagon building was introduced. From 1926, the works was supplied with electricity from Northampton Power Station.

At the outbreak of World War II, as a major manufacturing facility, the works was camouflaged, with the exterior walls still showing signs of green paint. No Luftwaffe bombs landed on Wolverton, although nearby New Bradwell suffered the destruction of some housing and the loss of five lives due to aerial bombing. The works itself ceased all railway-associated work, instead using its vast engineering and wood working to produce Horsa gliders for the D-Day airborne assault. It also repaired Whitley bombers, Hawker Typhoon wings and converted some seven hundred commercial motor vans into armoured vehicles.

It continued its carriage and work construction work after the war, including making large numbers of the all-new British Railways Mark 1 carriage, until the intervention of Richard Beeching. In 1962, the works was downgraded to a repair facility, with the last new vehicle being completed in 1963. By 1964, the workforce had dropped from 4,000 to 2,000, but the works had picked up new work through the repair and maintenance of the British Rail Class 304 electric multiple units. Although no new general service carriages were built, twenty four vehicles were built in 1977 for the Royal Mail, and twenty one diesel multiple units for the Northern Ireland Railways. In February 1986, British Rail Engineering Limited split into two new groups, with Wolverton becoming part of the new BR Maintenance Group, which again reduced staff to 850.

Royal train
Wolverton has a long history associated with providing carriages for the British Royal Train. The works produced Queen Victoria's 1869 saloon, comprising two six-wheelers joined by the first bellows gangway in Europe; the carriage is now part of the collection of the National Railway Museum, York. Further Royal coaches were built in 1903 for King Edward VII, and in 1961 for Queen Elizabeth II.

The most recent Royal train was fitted out at Wolverton in 1977. It comprises eight prototype British Rail Mark 3 coaches built in 1972 for the High Speed Train, refurbished with two Royal Saloons. The Royal Train is operated and maintained by DB Schenker and stored within the remaining Knorr Bremse service depot. Ownership and management of the Royal Train Service is with Network Rail.

21st century
The carriage maintenance works consolidated its operations in the western end of the site. In July 2013, the then operators, Railcare, entered administration, with immediate redundancy for many of the 225 workforce. In August 2013, Knorr-Bremse purchased Railcare, including the sites in Glasgow and Wolverton. The company operated as KnorrBremse RailServices (UK) Limited, until 9 November 2018, when the business was bought by Mutares. Wolverton Works is now operated by Gemini Rail Services UK Limited (a division of Mutares), although the site is owned by the St. Modwen Properties plc, a property development group. Although much of the original works site has been redeveloped and further redevelopment is planned for most of the remainder, the western end remains in use for railway carriage maintenance and this use continues.

The eastern end of the original works site has become a canal-side housing development, most as "new build" and some as repurposed historic buildings. The central area is now a Tesco supermarket, a community centre and a Lidl supermarket. The Tesco frontage has been built to resemble the original buildings; the community centre occupies the former bath house and a charity bookshop occupies the former LNWR firestation. Other artefacts of its cultural heritage are held at Milton Keynes Museum.

The site of the former marshalling yards beside the West Coast Main Line is used as an entrepot for white goods, but this is purely a road distribution centre and there are no rail links to the warehouses, although the access line to the rail works is close by.

Listed structures
The original bridge, Bridge no. 171C, across the Grand Union canal was built in 1834-5 (chief engineer, Robert Stephenson) and is a grade II* listed building. The bridge is composed of numerous cast iron girders, many made by the Butterley Company Iron works. It is a rare survival since most similar bridges were removed at the end of the Victorian era. The more imposing Wolverton Viaduct to the north of the old station yard is one of the most impressive viaducts on the line, and was built in 1838 across the River Ouse valley. There were many problems encountered during construction, especially landslips on the adjacent embankment. They can still be seen just south of the viaduct and were portrayed by John Cooke Bourne in his description of the railway published just after it had opened.

title: Wolverton railway works


text:
Ulidiidae

The Ulidiidae (formerly Otitidae) or picture-winged flies are a large and diverse cosmopolitan family of flies (Diptera), and as in related families, most species are herbivorous or detritivorous. They are often known as picture-winged flies, along with members of other families in the superfamily Tephritoidea that have patterns of bands or spots on the wings. Some species share with the Tephritidae an unusual elongated posteroapical projection of the anal cell in the wing, but can be differentiated by the smoothly curving subcostal vein. Two species, Tetanops myopaeformis and Euxesta stigmatias, are agricultural pests.

Systematics
The Ulidiidae are divided into two subfamilies.

Subfamily Otitinae

 * Tribe Cephaliini Schiner, 1864
 * Acrostictella Hendel, 1914
 * Cephalia Meigen, 1826
 * Delphinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 * Myiomyrmica Steyskal, 1961
 * Myrmecothea Hendel, 1910
 * Proteseia Korneyev & Hernandes, 1998
 * Pterotaenia Rondani, 1868
 * Tritoxa Loew, 1873

 * Tribe Myennidini Kameneva & Korneyev, 2006
 * Acatochaeta Enderlein, 1921
 * Arborotites Barraclough, 2000
 * Callopistromyia Hendel, 1907
 * Dyscrasis Aldrich, 1932
 * Myennis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 * Namibotites Barraclough, 2000
 * Neodyscrasis Kameneva & Korneyev, 2006
 * Oedopa Loew, 1868
 * Paroedopa Coquillett, 1900
 * Pseudodyscrasis Hernández-Ortiz, 1988
 * Pseudotephritina Malloch, 1931
 * Pseudotephritis Johnson, 1902
 * Stictoedopa Brèthes, 1926
 * Stictomyia Bigot, 1885
 * Ulidiotites Steyskal, 1961

 * Tribe Otitini Aldrich, 1932
 * Ceroxys Macquart, 1835
 * Dorycera Meigen, 1830
 * Herina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 * Hiatus Cresson, 1906
 * Melieria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 * Otites Latreille, 1804
 * Tetanops Fallén, 1820
 * Ulidiopsis Hennig, 1941

 * Otitinae incertae sedis
 * Curranops Harriot, 1942
 * Diacrita Gerstäcker, 1860
 * Haigia Steyskal, 1961
 * Idana Loew, 1873
 * Psaeropterella Hendel, 1914
 * Pseudomelieria Brèthes, 1921
 * Tetropismenus Loew, 1876
 * Tujunga Steyskal, 1961

Subfamily Ulidiinae

 * Tribe Lipsanini Enderlin, 1838
 * Acrosticta Loew, 1868
 * Acrostictomyia Blanchard, 1938
 * Aspistomella Hendel, 1909
 * Axiologina Hendel, 1909
 * Cenchrometopa Hendel, 1909
 * Chaetopsis Loew, 1868
 * Euacaina Steyskal, 1963
 * Eumecosomyia Hendel, 1909
 * Eumetopiella Hendel, 1907
 * Euphara Loew, 1868
 * Euxesta Loew, 1868
 * Heterodoxa J. R. Malloch, 1832
 * Hypoecta Loew, 1868
 * Lipsana Enderlein, 1938
 * Neoeuxesta Malloch, 1930
 * Notogramma Loew, 1868
 * Paraphyola Hendel, 1909
 * Pareuxesta Coquillett, 1901
 * Perissoneura J. R. Malloch, 1832
 * Polyteloptera Hendel, 1909
 * Pseudeuxesta Hendel, 1910
 * Siopa Hendel, 1909
 * Steneretma
 * Stenomyia Loew, 1868
 * Texasa
 * Ulivellia Speiser, 1929
 * Vladolinia Kameneva, 2005
 * Zacompsia Coquillett, 1901

 * Tribe Pterocallini Loew, 1868
 * Aciuroides Hendel, 1914
 * Apterocerina Hendel, 1909
 * Chondrometopum Hendel, 1909
 * Coscinum Hendel, 1909
 * Cymatozus Enderlein, 1912
 * Cyrtomostoma Hendel, 1909
 * Dasymetopa Loew, 1868
 * Elapata Hendel, 1909
 * Goniaeola Hendel, 1909
 * Lathrostigma Enderlein
 * Megalaemyia Hendel, 1909
 * Micropterocerus Hendel, 1914
 * Neomyennis Hendel, 1914
 * Ophthalmoptera Hendel, 1909
 * Paragoniaeola?
 * Paragorgopis Giglio-Tos, 1893
 * Parophthalmoptera?
 * Perissoza?
 * Plagiocephalus Wiedemann, 1830
 * Pterocalla Rondani, 1848
 * Pterocerina Hendel, 1909
 * Rhyparella Hendel, 1909
 * Sympaectria Hendel, 1909
 * Terpnomyennis Kameneva, 2004
 * Terpnomyia Hendel, 1909
 * Tetrapleura Schiner, 1868
 * Xanthacrona Wulp, 1899

 * Tribe Seiopterini Kameneva and Korneyev, 1994
 * Homalocephala Zetterstedt, 1838
 * Syn.: Psairoptera
 * Pseudoseioptera Stackelberg 1955
 * Seioptera Kirby, 1817
 * Syn.: Ortalis Fallén, 1810

 * Tribe Ulidiini Macquart, 1835
 * Physiphora Fallén, 1810
 * Timia Wiedemann, 1824
 * Ulidia Meigen, 1826

Others

 * Anacampta
 * Blainvillia
 * Califortalis
 * Carlottaemyia
 * Eupterocerina
 * Euxestina
 * Heramyia
 * Hypochra
 * Idanophana
 * Macheirocera
 * Meckelia
 * Megaloprepemyia
 * Metopocampta
 * Myrmecomyia
 * Ophryoterpnomyia
 * Ortalis
 * Paragorgopsis
 * Phaeosoma
 * Platyeuxesta
 * Prionella
 * Rhadinomyia
 * Schnusimyia
 * Systata
 * Tephronota
 * Terelliosoma
 * Vespomima

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ulidiidae


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Bulnesia sarmientoi

Bulnesia sarmientoi (recently reclassified as Gonopterodendron sarmientoi) is a tree that inhabits a part of the Gran Chaco area in South America, around the Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay border. Its wood is often traded as "Paraguay lignum vitae", since it has properties and uses similar to the "true" lignum vitae trees of genus Guaiacum, which are close relatives. Another trade name is "vera" or "verawood", which may also refer to the even more closely related B. arborea. Another common but rather ambiguous name is palo santo (Spanish: "holy stick"), which it shares with the species Bursera graveolens.

Bulnesia sarmientoi heartwood is brown, black, and green (varying in color from light olive green to chocolate brown), with streaks. The sapwood is mostly thin and light yellow. The basic specific gravity of this wood is between 0.92 and 1.1 g/cm3.

Conservation
Bulnesia sarmientoi was listed as endangered in the 2018 publication of the IUCN Red List, due to the deforestation of Gran Chaco and a strong global demand for its wood, extracts, and essential oils since 2001. IUCN estimates indicate that over three generations the global population will decline by around 50%. Previously, it was listed as lower risk/conservation dependent in the 1998 publication of the IUCN Red List.

It has been listed in Appendix II of CITES since 2010.

Uses
Palo santo is employed for engraving work and for the making of durable wooden posts. From its wood, also, a type of oil known as oil of guaiac (or guayacol) is produced, to be used as an ingredient for soaps and perfumes. Its resin can be obtained by means of organic solvents, and is employed to make varnishes and dark paints.

Palo santo wood has also been used in indigenous medicine in South America. In northwest Argentina, the Criollo people burned the wood of Aura palo santo together with the leaves of Ruta chalepensis. The resulting smoke was blown into the ears of patients with otitis.

Palo santo is appreciated for the skin-healing properties of its essence and also because it provides good charcoal and a high-quality timber. It ignites easily despite being so dense, and produces a fragrant smoke. Natives of the Chaco region employ the bark to treat stomach problems. Small pieces of the wood are also used as a form of natural incense in spiritual rituals.

American beer micro brewer Dogfish Head regularly produces a beer called "Palo Santo Marron" that is aged in tanks made of palo santo wood.

title: Bulnesia sarmientoi


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Zanthus, Western Australia

Zanthus is a remote and uninhabited outpost on the Trans-Australian Railway approximately 210 km east of the regional city of Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia.

Transport

A depot existed at Zanthus prior to 1915 when the east to west section of the Trans Australian Railway was still not completed. Trains were arriving daily at the station in 1915 mostly carrying materials to the railhead from Kalgoorlie.

Passengers were stranded at Zanthus in 1948 when a train was delayed resulting from floodwaters causing washaways along the tracks between Zanthus and Kalgoorlie. Several passengers completed the journey to Kalgoorlie via a Goldfield Airways airplane while over 50 men worked to fix the two big washaways.

A derailment of a train occurred in 1953 when five coaches of the transcontinental eastbound express left the tracks near the town tearing up a section of the line. Repair crews worked through the night and built a deviation by the following day.

In 1975, large amounts of rain had inundated inland Western Australia from the remnants of Cyclone Trixie. A large washaway close to Zanthus had resulted in the closure of the line. A new bridge was constructed as part of the repairs in just two weeks.

Zanthus has a crossing loop on the line. On 8 August 1999, the Indian Pacific passenger train collided with a stationary steel train in the area.

The locality also has notoriety due to its position in place name lists of Western Australia.

title: Zanthus, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Mihrab/Archive 1

Untitled
The whole Usage of Al-Mihrab in The Qur'an section seems like one persons interpretation. How generally accepted is this section by Muslims in general. Also, could someone knowledgable in Islamic theology go through and edit it? It makes very little sense to a non-Muslim. Ashmoo 04:51, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Mihrab is a Persian word
We have more words in which the suffix âb are found: sardâb, garmâbe. âb(e) means structures having concave ceiling and not water. Sardâb must be free from any trace of water or it's useless. It's older form is âv(e) that we have in the name of these cities: âvaj, sâve (se+âve).

I don't think it puts Islam in danger if we accept that it has a word from Mithraism. So let's stop coining a different etymology for this word. Seems we have forgotten that namâz is also a Zoroastrian term.

i agree

--- Excuse me but it does have roots in Arabic even if it seems similar to a Persian word. The word has been used by Arabs a long time before Islam and it means "the location of the head of the house - the best location in the house" (more or less, I'm not so good at translation). I really don't understand why you would look for the meanings of Arabic words in Persian dictionaries and from Persian books when you have many Arabic sources to look up, I'm not denying that Arabic does have Persian loan words but I can assure you if it is a loan word that would be mentioned in the dictionary and Miharab is not one of them.

Even if it was a loan word, it would then be more likely to be a loan word from Aramic since they have it, and they have used it also; they are closer to Arabs (always have been living in the same areas) and the use is much more similar (the altar in the church).

Besides, why would the Arabic version turn the ligh h letter (هـ) to (ح)? That is not logical and does not really make any sense to me because Arabs use both letters and pronnounce them differently, while Persians, up to my understanding, do not distinguish between them (I've heard Persians say "Hussain" as an example, so no, they can not pronnounce it). It looks to me more like the Persian mihrab is a loanword from Arabic.

P.s. namaz was never an Arabic name, Arabs don't use it and don't know it and it is not listed in their dictionaries. It is not an Islamic word at all since it is not mentioned in Islamic sources; it is quite understandable why Persians use it - since it means prayer or "salat" in their language so I don't see the analogy.

--Maha Odeh 04:51, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Arabic etymology
Let's say محراب is Arabic and from ح-ر-ب. Then when it goes to scale مفعال it makes tool name. So it will mean warfare or something like this and not battlefield. For it we can have محرب from scale مفعل

I don't know why some people try to fabricate an etymology for a word that has been used long before in pre-Islamic Persia for the same structure. Even if they mangage to fabricate successfully they can't hide truth from people who research. 82.132.104.130

That is not exactly how it works:

a. the scale "mif3aal" is not only for tool names (ism aala), which can be on this scale, but can also be on 6 other scales which are "mif3al", "mif3ala", "fa3ila", "fa33aala", "fa3ool" and "fa33aal". It just so happens that this scale can be used for tools, but not ONLY for tool naming.

b. the word "mizwaaj" as an example, which means "a man or woman that keep re-marring" and the word "mi3aad" which means "a date or an appointment or a set date" are also on the same scale and they are both not tools.

c. The meaning changes through use, it would have originally been used as something related to war, then changed slightly through time until it has nothing to do with the meaning of the original root; ex. Mashrabiyya is derived from the root sheen-raa-baa which means "to drink", however a mashrabiyya is a type of window and has nothing to do with drinking - it had at a certian point in time but then it changed.

People who reasearch have to see both sides of the story, i.e., they have to check Arabic sources - especially when looking for an Arabic word. As a matter of fact, a few scholars (Islamic scholars, not linguists, at least up to my knowledge) do say that it may be a loan word; however, they seem to believe it is Syrianic (a dialect of Aramaic) not Persian. You know, not everything Arabic has Persian roots even if you like to think so.

--Maha Odeh 05:20, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

-- Fullstop 21:11, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Before my edit of today, the etymology section said mihrab "was used in pre-Islamic Persia to designate the niches in the Mithraistic houses of worship. Mihr in Persian means Mithra and mihrab means Mithraeum."
 * That is absolute rot. Even if the mihrab of Islam has a Persian language origin (despite my edit of today, I seriously doubt it), it cannot possibly refer to "Mithraistic" houses of worship. The Romans were never in Iran as an occupying force, and no Mithraea were ever built there. The (hidden) implication that the Mysteries of Mithras is an Iranian religion suggests the person who proposed it can't read.
 * Nonetheless, there is a pre-Islamic (i.e. Zoroastrian) technical term with "mihr" in it, so, given the rather vociferous opinion (expressed here on talk) that mihrab is a Persian language word, I chose to "correct" it (and provide a proper context for mihrab being Persian) rather than delete it entirely.
 * I must make clear however that I doubt mihrab has a Persian language root. I even doubt that it is thought to be that Iran. In all Iranian mosques the mihrab is in the western wall of a building and not in the eastern wall. In contrast, Mithra is associated with the east (sunrise).
 * In my opinion, the putative etymology should be deleted altogether. If the etymology is not exactly known, it shouldn't be stated to be "believed to be" anything.
 * ps: What does the Encyclopedia of Islam say on the subject?
 * pps: The Encyclopedia Britannica says mihrabs first appeared during the reign of the Ummayad caliph al-Walid I (705–715)

Mihrab in the Qur'an. Unpublished synthesis
The author synthesizes parts of Quran and parts of the Bible to synthesize a claim both of which do make.

 * removed the whole section. As Ashmoo already observed on 04:51, 28 July 2006 the section didn't make any sense at all. -- Fullstop 18:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Various OR issues
First of all, the h in mihrab is this letter Heth (letter) not this He (letter). Although in modern Hebrew it has two pronunciations, the two are two separate letters in Arabic so the Heth (حاء) is clear and distinguished. It is NEVER confused with He (هاء) neither in pronunciation or writing.

Arabic sources mention as follows:

 * Ibn Manthour (Persian, by the way) in his Dictionary "The Tongue of the Arabs" mentions Miharb under h r b and says: The Mihrab is the foremost location of the house and the most honorable location in it. p.s., Ibn Manthour likes to stress on Persian loanwords in Arabic even when everyone else is positive that it's pure Arabic - for mihrab he seems sure it's Arabic.

 * Al Murtadha in his dictionary "Taj Al Aroos" says that Mihrab is the sacred room, exalted location and the foremost and most honorable location in the house. It is mostly like a room but it is also the most honorable location of the masjid.

 * Al fairouzabadi (again, Persian) in "Al Qamoos Al Muheet" says: the Mihrab is the private room, the foremost part of the house and most honorable location in it, the Imam's area in the masjid, the kings locations where he sits at a distance from people. The Mihrabs of Bani Israel are the private and sacred rooms in which they sit.

 * Butrus Al Bustani in "Muheet Al Muheet" says the same as fairouzabadi but adds to it: since the Mihrab is the the foremost and most honorable location of the room, that is why the mihrab in the masjid was called so.

The above are all Arabic dictionaries; I chose the classical ones that were written several centuries ago. You may also lookup the newer ones if you want. All of them you will find it under the root h-r-b.

As for other books, this is what is written:

 * Ali ibn al-Athir mentioned in his book (The Lions...etc.) that the Mihrab in Arabic is the exalted and honorable location.

 * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his book Fath al-Bari page 458 mentions the follows:
 * 1) Abu Hanifa (also Persian) said that: Mihrab is the most honorable location of kings, the location of the king's thrown.
 * 2) Abu Ubaida said that: Mihrab is the master of locations, the front and the most honorable.
 * Taha Al Wali is his book "Mosques in Islam" page 213 talks about the etymology; in addition to Arabic sources he mentions the following:
 * 1) Croswell said: This word has been found in ancient Arab poetry, but it did not have a religious meaning then, it had a secular one.
 * 2) Theodor Nöldeke stated that it meant the thrown room for the king or the prince.
 * 3) Rhodokonakis, the Austrian Orientalist states that the origin of the word mihrab is location of the thrown as in Qasr Umeera (small ancient palace in Jordan).
 * 4) Pedersen in his entry of Mihrab in the Islamic Encyclopedia states the same as the above.

This is what I found about Etymology. --Maha Odeh 06:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

In relation to history, the sources I have state the following:
 * 1) First Mihrab in Islam is the Prophet's private room. He used it for prayer and called it his mihrab.  This room was open to the mosque so the Prophet would enter the mosque directly through his room.
 * 2) During the reign of Uthman (third Calif), many people started to move into Madina from different places, whenever they entre the mosqe they do not know the location of the Qibla (direction of Mecca) so Uthman ordered that a sign be made on the wall to help people to know where it is. However, it was merely as sign and the wall remained flat.
 * 3) During the reign of Al Waleed ibn Abdul Malik, Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz was the wali of Madina, during that time he renovated the Prophet's mosque and added a neich to distinguish the Qibla wall, the neich was where Uthman's sign was put.

I have six sources for the above (although a couple mention another version in addition to this one, slightly different). However, they are all in Arabic. I'm sure English sources can be found if one looks for them.

--Maha Odeh 06:41, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Maha for your the work you put into digging up that material. I have incorporated your material into a rewrite of what was evidently mostly made up by someone. It would however be great if you could insert <ref></ref> citations at the appropriate points in the article. -- Fullstop 17:58, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

One might also add here that The Holy Qur'an also explains itself regarding the word محراب in 34:13, when speaking about the jinn working for prophet Sulaiman and some of the work that they did, the jinn built "elevated places" or مريبح (not totally sure on the proper spelling of the plural). Just thought that it would be a proper sidenote.

title: Talk:Mihrab/Archive 1


text:
KIOI

KIOI (101.3 FM, "Star 101.3") is a hot AC-formatted radio station licensed to San Francisco, California and owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The radio studios and offices are in the SoMa district of San Francisco.

KIOI has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 125,000 watts. It is considered a "superpower station" due to this unusually high wattage that is grandfathered into KIOI's license. It is one of two stations in San Francisco broadcasting with more than 100,000 watts, the other being KQED-FM, with 110,000 watts. KIOI's transmitter is on Radio Road in Daly City, amid the towers for other San Francisco-area FM and TV stations. It also has booster stations on 101.3 MHz in Walnut Creek and Pleasanton.

KPEN
KIOI was first licensed in 1957 as KPEN, licensed to the San Francisco Peninsula community of Atherton, California by James Gabbert, a Stanford University engineering major; fellow student Gary M. Gielow; and realtor John S. Wickett, doing business as Peninsula FM. The station was assigned to 101.3 MHz, a frequency which had been vacated two years earlier with the deletion of the Oakland Tribune newspaper's KLX-FM, which had begun broadcasting May 3, 1948, simulcasting sister station KLX's programming 17 of the 18 hours it was on daily. KLX-FM was deleted on October 10, 1955.

KPEN debuted on October 27, 1957, with 1,500 watts from a transmitter located on Kings Mountain in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Unusual for the era, KPEN was not affiliated with any stations on the AM band, which meant it had to have 100% original programming. The station put an emphasis on high audio quality, in contrast to other FM stations that did not take advantage of FM broadcasting capabilities. During the day, KPEN played mostly orchestral pop music, switched to a lighter blend of background "dinner music" in the early evening, then classical music after 8. Eventually Gabbert and Gielow hosted an evening program called Excursions in Sound, which showcased high fidelity recordings and took advantage of the high quality broadcast signal.

Two years after KPEN's successful debut, the transmitter was moved to San Bruno Mountain and power increased to 35,000 watts. Then, on August 14, 1964, power was further increased to 125,000 watts, making it the most powerful signal west of the Mississippi River (it was grandfathered in at that power level by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which capped stations in that part of the country at 50,000 watts).

KPEN became the first station west of the Mississippi to broadcast in multiplex stereo, officially beginning August 10, 1961, after a series of field tests. KPEN's technological achievements were recognized by the Electronic Industry Association, the FCC, and President John F. Kennedy. "Excursions in Sound" was renamed "Excursions in Stereo"; hosted by James Gabbert, the show focused on recordings that made good use of stereo. Gabbert also had a Sunday afternoon show Anything Goes that played music, sound effects, and almost anything that dramatically demonstrated the stereo effect.

In the 1960s, the station moved studios from Atherton to San Francisco, first in a SoMa location, then to Nob Hill in a luxurious penthouse atop 1001 California Street at the corner of Mason Street. With this move, the "PEN" in KPEN changed from representing "PENinsula" to representing "PENthouse".

By the mid-1960s, KPEN played primarily orchestral and light vocal performances of pop songs and standards, in competition with similar FM station KFOG (owned by Kaiser Broadcasting).

K-101
On December 1, 1968, KPEN changed its callsign to KIOI ("K-101"), considered an innovative matching of call letters to a dial position. Eventually, the station added pop and rock music to its MOR playlist, to compete with upstart freeform rock stations KMPX and KSAN. Gabbert aggressively began promoting the station via outdoor advertising, which was a first for the market. "K-101" is likely the first station in the country to develop what is now called the adult contemporary format. Even though KIOI's programming was mainly focused on music, it also featured many popular on-air personalities over the years including Don Kelly, Bill Keffury, Hoyt Smith and Jeff Serr.

By 1970, K-101 advertised itself as being at 101 on the FM dial and had the address of 1001 California Street, with zip code 94101.

During the 1970s, Gabbert developed another lasting technological achievement as KIOI became the first station in the country to develop circular polarization, which was a key element to FM reception in automobiles, which used to be difficult. Gabbert also experimented with quadraphonic sound (in association with RKO General's KFMS-FM). By the mid-1970s, Gabbert purchased KSAY, changing its call sign to KIQI. Originally programmed as an oldies station, by the end of the decade, it was flipped to a Spanish language format.

In September 1980, Gabbert sold KIOI to Charter Company for $12.5 million, then the highest price paid for an FM station. He then purchased KEMO-TV (Channel 20) in San Francisco, changing the callsign to KTZO ("TV 20"). Gabbert later returned to local radio when he purchased KHIT-FM, KOFY (1050 AM) and KDIA (1310 AM). KIOI was profitable, however, various management tweaked the format to compete with market leader KOIT at various times, leaning softer-AC, or would lean towards Hot AC, which they retained throughout the 80s. On February 8, 1996, sister station WYNY in New York simulcast KIOI for a day as part of a week-long stunt of simulcasting sister stations nationwide before flipping formats to rhythmic adult contemporary as WKTU.

Star 101.3
During the late 1990s, KIOI was flanked by soft AC KOIT and the emerging CHR KZQZ, and suffered in the ratings. The re-emergence of the CHR format by core artists such as Backstreet Boys, NSync, Britney Spears, and Christina Aguilera forced KIOI to a Hot AC format and re-branded itself as "The New K-101". The station remained competitive; however, the station clearly suffered an identity crisis as the ratings did not improve with the Hot AC approach. On November 16, 2000, the station rebranded itself as "Star 101.3" and debuted an exclusive "all-80s hits" format that had been successful in other markets, especially in San Jose on sister station KCNL, as well as Portland and Seattle. The first song on "Star" was "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds. "Star" was programmed by KCNL Program Director Gary Schoenwetter, who brought San Francisco legend and former KITS-FM jock Steve Masters for Afternoon Drive. In 2001, KIOI was the flagship station for Martha Quinn's Rewind, a program hosted by former MTV veejay Martha Quinn and carried on at least four other Clear Channel stations in the United States. Though the station performed well for a while with its 1980s format, management decided to take the station back to the Hot AC format and abandoned the 1980s format (which was picked up 14 years later by sister station KOSF) by January 2002, while letting go Schoenwetter, Masters, and other on-air talent.

Throughout the changes, local morning host Don Bleu has remained consistent and more importantly, a ratings success through various co-hosts Renee Brinkley (1998–2002), Uzette Salazar (2002–2006), April Sommers (2006–2010) and Trish Jentz (2010–present). Bleu is a Minnesota native, who was also well known at KYUU in San Francisco and KDWB in Minneapolis. Popular show segments during Bleu's morning show included Bleuper calls (prank calls to unsuspecting listeners), The Daily Dish (entertainment gossip), and the Bleu Room, an in-studio lounge session that featured acts including Dido, Natasha Bedingfield, Matchbox Twenty and others performing acoustic versions of their hits.

Since June 30, 2008, afternoon drive has been hosted by the nationally syndicated On-Air with Ryan Seacrest program with cut-aways to local traffic by Dina Lawrence. Also in the line-up is the Hot Adult Contemporary version of American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest, which airs on Sunday mornings.

In January 2012, Bleu moved over to mornings at sister station KOSF. In June, Frosty Stillwell, formerly of KLSX in Los Angeles, and Sandy Stec, formerly of KEZR in San Jose, were announced as KIOI's new morning hosts. (Frosty would later leave the station and be replaced by Marcus D. Najera, formerly of KLLC.)

HD Programming
On January 19, 2006, Star 101.3 began broadcasting on an HD Radio digital channel. It originally had an All '80s music format, reflecting the time when the station aired 1980s hits upon rebranding itself as Star 101.3 from K-101. The music featured the best songs from the 1980s from The Police, Prince, Michael Jackson, Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, and more.

The format was later replaced with a Dance hits format, carrying iHeartRadio's "Pride Radio" service, targeting the LGBTQ community.

title: KIOI


text:
Fjordenes Tidende

Fjordenes Tidende is a Norwegian newspaper published two times a week in Måløy in Vestland county.

History and profile
Fjordenes Tidende started on 5 April 1910 as the Liberal Left Party organ in the region Nordfjord. Måløy, where it was based, had become a mercantile hub. In 1931 the Conservative Party took over, before it was sold to Sunnmørsposten in 1994. The paper is published by a company owned by Polaris Media.

Fjordenes Tidende is published three days a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and the circulation was 4 518 copies in 2014.

title: Fjordenes Tidende


text:
Ōu Mountains

The Ōu Mountains (奥羽山脈) are a mountain range in the Tōhoku region of Honshū, Japan. The range is the longest range in Japan and stretches 500 km south from the Natsudomari Peninsula of Aomori Prefecture to the Nasu volcanoes at the northern boundary of the Kantō region. Though long, the range is only about 35 km wide. The highest point in the range is Mount Iwate, 2038 m.

The range includes several widely known mountains: Hakkōda Mountains, Mount Iwate, Mount Zaō, Mount Azuma, Mount Yakeishi, and Mount Adatara.

Naming
These mountains previously formed the boundary between historical provinces of Mutsu (陸奥国) and Dewa (出羽国). The kanji for the name of the mountain range was created from one kanji of the two provinces, 奥 and 羽, respectively.

Geology
The Ōu Mountains began to form in the Pliocene. They sit over the middle of the inner arc of the Northeastern Japan Arc. This is the result of the Pacific Plate subducting under the Okhotsk Plate. A chain of Quaternary volcanoes along the range forms the volcanic front.

title: Ōu Mountains


text:
Crewe Works

Crewe Works is a British railway engineering facility located in the town of Crewe, Cheshire. The works, which was originally opened by the Grand Junction Railway in March 1843, employed around 7,000 to 8,000 workers at its peak. In the 1980s much of the engineering works were closed. Most of the site has been redeveloped, but the remaining parts are owned and operated by Alstom.

During the late 19th century, the London and North Western Railway used Crewe Works to produce many famous locomotives such as the Webb Jumbo class and the compounds, the Whale Experiment and Precursor classes, and the Bowen-Cooke Claughtons. In particular, Whale's 1912 superheated G1 Class developed from a locomotive introduced by Webb in 1892, lasted, in many cases until 1964, near the end of steam in 1968.

After grouping, the works were taken over by London, Midland and Scottish Railway which was the successor to the LNWR. It was during this period that the works reached its zenith in size and output. Creating notable steam engines such as Sir William Stanier's locomotives as well as the 'Jubilee' and Class 5 4-6-0s, the 'Princess Royal' and the 'Princess Coronation' 4-6-2s.

The works continued to produce engines under British Railways such as the Britannia 4-6-2s and the Franco-Crosti boilered Class 9 freight locomotives. In the 1980s, a large part of the works was sold for redevelopment. Due to the scale of the works, it had its own internal narrow gauge tramway, the Crewe Works Railway, which was used from 1862 until 1932.

Grand Junction Railway
The directors of the Grand Junction Railway determined to construct a works on a 3 acre site at Crewe in 1840 with the first locomotive, No. 32Tamerlane completed in October 1843. By 1846, the demand for space was such that wagon building was moved, first to Edge Hill and Manchester, then to a new works at Earlestown. By 1848, the works employed over 1,000 producing one locomotive a week.

London and North Western Railway
In 1845, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was merged with the Grand Junction. These, in turn, merged in 1846, with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to form the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). All four had their own workshops but, in time, locomotive building was concentrated at Crewe.

In 1857, John Ramsbottom became Locomotive Superintendent. He had previously invented the first reliable safety valve and the scoop for picking up water from troughs between the tracks. He went on to improve the precision and interchangeability of tools and components.

In 1862, locomotive work was transferred from Wolverton. Wolverton became the carriage works, while wagon building was concentrated at Earlestown.

In 1853, Crewe had begun to make its own wrought iron and roll its own rails, and in 1864 installed a Bessemer converter for manufacturing steel. In 1868 it became the first place to use open-hearth furnaces on an industrial scale. It also built its own brickworks. Later the works was fitted with two electric arc furnaces.

Production increased steadily and, with the sale to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway of ten 2-4-0 and eighty six 0-6-0 locomotives, privately owned manufacturers took out an injunction in 1876 to restrain the railway from producing anything but its own needs. This remained in force until British Rail Engineering Limited was established in 1969.

By 1920 Crewe Works had grown into a poorly laid-out establishment with nine separate erecting shops, four of which could only handle smaller locomotives, and the LNWR sanctioned plans for a new large erecting shop which placed on hold until revised and implemented later by the LMS.

London, Midland and Scottish Railway
When the LNWR became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923, its passenger locomotives were eclipsed by those of the former Midland Railway, which offered light, fast and frequent services. As traffic density increased, there was a need for longer trains and more powerful locomotives to haul them. In 1932, William Stanier became Chief Mechanical Engineer and set out to rationalise production. Since Crewe had experience with heavier locomotives and had its own steel making facilities, he chose it as his main production location.

There followed the Princesses and Duchesses, along with the Jubilees and the "Black Fives". Crewe produced all the new boilers for the LMS, and all heavy drop stampings and forgings. It also produced most of the heavy steel components for the track and other structures. The 1935 documentary No. 6207; A Study in Steel about the construction of an LMS Princess Royal Class engine was filmed at the works.

During World War II, Crewe produced over 150 Covenanter tanks for the army.

British Railways
After British Railways (BR) was formed in 1948, Robert Riddles introduced the BR standard classes, and Crewe built Britannia and Clan mixed traffic engines and some of the Class 9F freight locomotives. The last steam locomotive built at Crewe, Class 9F number 92250, was completed in December 1958. Crewe Works built 7,331 steam locomotives.

Diesel production commenced, with D5030 the first main line example completed in 1959. The final diesel locomotives built at Crewe Works were the Class 56 with the last completed in 1984, while the final class of electric locomotives were the Class 91 with the last completed in 1991.

Modern ownership
Crewe Works became a part of British Rail Engineering Limited when the former BR Workshops were set up as a separate business in 1969 and was privatised in 1989. In the mid-1980s, much of the Crewe Works site was cleared and sold for major redevelopment. Around this time, British Rail Engineering Limited was sold to ASEA Brown-Boveri, which merged with Daimler Benz in 1996 to form Adtranz. Adtranz was itself taken over by Bombardier in 2001. Via the sale of Bombardier Transportation to Alstom in January 2021 the plant became part of Alstom UK & Ireland.

At its height, Crewe Works employed between 7,000 and 8,000 people; in 2005 fewer than 1,000 remained on site, with a further 270 redundancies announced in November of that year and more cutbacks or even closure possible. Current work is largely focused on general maintenance and the inspection of seriously damaged stock. Much of the site once occupied by the works has been sold off and is now occupied by a supermarket, leisure park and a large new health centre. In 2019 another part of Crewe Works was demolished for a new housing estate.

In December 2021 the contract for delivery of HS2 rolling stock was awarded to a partnership between Hitachi Rail and Alstom. Alstom's share in manufacturing of the 54 trains will take place at Derby Litchurch Lane Works and Crewe Works. All the bogies, which house the wheelsets, will be both assembled and maintained at Alstom's Crewe facility. Manufacturing is expected to start in 2025.

title: Crewe Works


text:
Talk:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor

Finger trouble? Citation?
The following two entries are mutually inconsistent, and I don't think that the associated ref is correctly stated: On 11 October 1944, Luftwaffe Fw 200C-4 (radio code F8+ES, Work Number 0163) of 8./KG 40 crashed at Kvanntoneset, Norway due to tail separation while flying over Lavanger fjord, killing all 51 on board.

On 21 April 1945, a Deutsche Lufthansa Fw 200KB-1 (D-ASHH, Hessen) crashed near Piesenkofen, Germany, killing all 21 on board. This crash is the deadliest accident involving the Fw 200.

In particular, is the 51 figure correct?JonRichfield (talk) 16:26, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems to be, I found it in 2 different, reasonably accurate places. - NiD.29 (talk) 07:31, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:00, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-043-02, Focke-Wulf Fw 200 C Condor.jpg

Cruise altitude
Something is wrong here: "To fly long distances economically, the Fw 200 was designed to cruise at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) - as high as possible without a pressurized cabin. Existing airliners were designed to cruise at altitudes below 1,500 m (5,000 ft)." 10,000 ft was not "high altitude," even in the 1930s (even First World War biplanes routinely went to 20,000 ft or higher); it's just the limit for passenger comfort in an unpressurized plane. 10,000 ft was well within the capabilities of a DC-2 or DC-3 as well. If the DC-2 and DC-3 had always cruised below 5,000 ft, they wouldn't even have been able to overfly the Appalachians in the eastern US, much less any serious terrain. David (talk)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:08, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * PP-CBJ.jpg

title: Talk:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor


text:
KPOO

KPOO (89.5 FM) is a community radio station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Poor People's Radio. It broadcasts from a building in the Fillmore district.

Poor People's Radio was conceived of and named by a radio engineer, Meyer Gottesman. Meyer determined that the frequency was available and applied for a construction permit from the FCC. Upon the application, Meyer advertised for community involvement in the Berkeley Barb newspaper. After three community meetings, the concept had "legs" as shown by a turn out of over 100 community activists at a church at the corner of Oak and Baker Streets in San Francisco. It is one of the many stations operated by community broadcasters Lorenzo Milam and Jeremy Lansman. The station broadcasts meetings of various local governing bodies as well as different and varied music shows.

Programming
KPOO features music and talk radio from local community activists. The music originally featured was jazz, blues and R&B from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.

The Fillmore’s KPOO was an early adopter, launching an all-rap show in 1979. By the mid-80s with the help of young DJ, Marcus Clemmons, KPOO became the center of hip-hop in the Bay Area and beyond. Marcus, who was active from the early 80s into early 90s, helped to create a bridge in rap from the underground to the mainstream by building relationships with the likes of radio programmer Joe Rudolph, Compton rapper Eazy-E and Russell Simmons to name a few.

In the summer of 1982, KPOO started playing rap music on Sunday afternoons from 3pm-7pm with DJ LeBaron Lord King.

Acts like Run-DMC, Public Enemy, Tupac, Paris, as well as Eric B and Rakim all made an appearance at the station or on the air waves.

KPOO now broadcasts local public commentaries and talk programs with community and national Black leaders discussing what's going on in the Black community locally and nationally. The focus on the community continues with commentaries on a variety of talk and music programs. Some of the featured music programming includes salsa, jazz, blues, rap/hip hop, Latin, gospel and reggae, as well as an American Indian talk/music program, and local and national musicians host weekly music programs.

KPOO Special Guest
Throughout the years KPOO has given many artist their breaks including:

 * Public Enemy
 * Bob Marley
 * Run-DMC
 * Too $hort
 * MC Hammer
 * E-40
 * Eric B and Rakim
 * Mac-P
 * Marcus Orelias

Funding
The radio station seeks funding from the government, grants, and hosts fundraisers.<ref

title: KPOO


text:
Talk:Corgi Toys

If it isn't merged at least cross-reference
People don't seem to want these pages merged. That's OK, but at least cross-reference, so that if people read the "early years" they should know that there is another set of pages with far more details of these "real" corgis.

External links modified
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Conflict of interest?
Hi wikipedians, just reviewed the whole article, as part of some changes I made, and apart of noting a significant number of "IP users" edits can't find justification for the "Conflict of Interest" tag from Jan'18. So unless someone clearly explain what this perceived conflict is, I'll remove that tag. Regards, DPdH (talk) 00:06, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * You didn't, so I just did. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 10:22, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Kojak blue Buick Regal police car becomes blue Police Buick Century to Superman blue Metropolis Police car
The diecast mold changed television shows and movies quickly... 1976, 1977, and 1978... originally, in the Kojak series it was a Buick Century and Corgi called it a Buick Regal... either the brown car or the blue car... then Corgi packaged the Buick Century... which they were the same cars with a few badges or light differences. Superman gets the Buick and there were no Buicks in the movie... only Plymouth Gran Fury... It was like Corgi was using "this car for that and call it a day." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 03:55, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corgi Toys


text:
Talk:Pinoy Big Brother

Untitled
I have to remind you that Wikipedia is a free-information online encyclopedia, not a BBS (see what Wikipedia is not). So please, don't make the Pinoy Big Brother article look like an advertisment; you don't even have to include the show times. Just the bare facts will do and important info will do. And if you will include more images, make sure that they have permission from the source and is relevant to the topic, not as a cosmetic addition.

Also, please confirm your sources and info first, before you post them.

 * I have listed all the contestant files for merging. If there are going to be photographs and biographies about the Pinoy Big Brother contestants, then I suggest that we follow standard Wikipedia practice: id est, we should not have single articles for Big Brother housemates until they do something more notable than appear on a television show. IINAG, 23:15, August 14 2005

 * I agree with you, the contestants should be merged here. I already removed one of the images in this article. What do you think that we need to rephrase or remove in the article so that it won't look like an advertisement? --Jojit fb 00:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I already merged it, all the names of the contestants redirect here. --Jojit fb 01:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You have to remind Kevin nico about this because he is the one who unknowingly "violated" the standards and just made articles and added images for cosmetic reasons. In fact, he started the "ad job" in the first place. I had to fix it! As for your question, Jojit fb, so far, none that I can see, except I have to change "Date that voted out the house" to "Date of eviction" becuse it sounded like the house was evicted.- Nanami Kamimura 09:28, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with the change. BTW, Orange and Lemons is the correct spelling of that Pinoy rock band see this link. Although, I heard that they got their name from Oranges and Lemons nursery rhyme. --Jojit fb 10:33, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, we all have talk pages, right? So can you contact him using Kevin nico's talk page? - Nanami Kamimura 00:14, August 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Nanami, I already contacted Kevin regarding his (or her?) writing style. --Jojit fb 01:55, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

We all know that every show has to be criticized, so I've added some criticisms about the show. But these are from the Inquirer alone. Do the Philippine Star and the Manila Bulletin have articles criticizing the show, too?Nanami Kamimura 03:20, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Some background music tracks used in the show are also based from this song... This line is vague. Please clarify what your are trying to address. 05:01, 24 September 2005 (UTC)~

Housemates Own Article/Page
Micah 06:52, September 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I took the liberty to create Rico Barrera his own article since he's already evicted in Pinoy Big Brother. In case he became a future actor, in which ABS-CBN promises to, at this moment I suggest Rico Barrera should not be merged with the article Pinoy Big Brother anymore.

Hope it is ok now to create individual housemates pages?Micah 17:21, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It depends on how much info you gather about their lives before and after their stay in the house.- 上村七美 23:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Posting Links
As a reminder, please don't change the names in the list and add links to the links list if it leads to a forum; post a link only if you think it has enough content to be a link.Nanami Kamimura 10:53, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

About the section "Legality of the show: License and Plagiarism"
Can somebody explain why does somebody have to post that section? Is it reported? Is it known to all of us? Is it relevant to the topic? Or does one have to post this as a militant stand? For now, I decided to hide the section as it may or may not be important, but however posted the section forgot the issue of neutrality here in Wikipedia. - 上村七美 09:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Season 2

 * Please state your source below regarding to the information about Pinoy Big Brother Season 2 Mishee 15:38, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

The articles are a mess
And the categories too. THe contestants are categorized both on Category:Pinoy Big Brother and Category:Pinoy Big Brother Contestants. We should have a consensus on this. Howard the Duck 16:58, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Can anyone make an article for the four winners? By that I mean an article that discusses the winners of each season and edition. LordBelly06 (talk) 15:09, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Not needed, we already have separate articles for the winners so making a list is redundant, especially there are only 4. -- Howard  the   Duck  15:57, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, Bea's article is badly written (more like a fan article). Can anyone re-edit it to make it NPOV? - 上村七美 (Nanami-chan) | talkback | contribs 01:32, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

I also noticed that PBB2 and PBBCE2 have the "article too long" tag. Can anyone split the articles into sub articles? I don't know how that is done. basically, everything is already written. Someone who knows how to make a new article can do it quickly, I guess. LordBelly06 (talk) 15:46, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Voluntary Exit = Walked; Forced Eviction = ?
We all know that because of the concensus, "Walked" is the term used for "voluntary exit." Recently, in the seventh edition of the British version, Big Brother there gave one housemate something that is the equivalent to the "forced eviction"; the term used is "ejected." Can we use "ejected" in the PBB articles? - 上村七美 | talk 12:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. I know that a great majority of BBs all over use identitical rules, except for a chosen few (like the USA). --Howard t he Du c k 07:10, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Pinoy Big Brother Table
Hi! Why'd you delete the Pinoy Big Brother table? While words may be better than pictures (which is true in Western setting), there are numerous researches that demonstrate that Filipinos read more if presented with pictures and summarized collective entities (such as the table). And furthermore, the table is patterned after the Big Brother (TV series) table, cuz' there will be more seasons to watch out, so information is more presented easily on such a medium. Honestly, I see nothing wrong about having the table in the article. -- User:Matthewprc

 * To you, there's nothing wrong. But to Howard, it is different. You have to understand that Filipinos are not the only users in the English Wikipedia. So don't just stress what is right for you. You should talk to him and have a compromise. For now, your edits will be reverted until that issue is resolved. In fact, you have the wrong info. - 上村七美 | talk 11:41, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm willing to have a table form if it made into an infobox, but not as extensive as those seen in the season article. You can see Big Brother (UK) for an example. --Howard t he Du c k 07:09, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

On the infobox: Can anyone edit the houseguests' portion for PBBCE2? It's redundant to see the phrase "as houseguest" after Ethel Booba's name as the five names there are already written under Houseguests.LordBelly06 (talk) 15:51, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Language
What language is the show broadcast in? If it isn't already mentioned in the article then it should be. FireSpike 20:36, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PBBT ABSCBN.jpg
Image:PBBT ABSCBN.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Pbb celebrity edition.JPG
Image:Pbb celebrity edition.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:54, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pinoy Big Brother.JPG
Image:Pinoy Big Brother.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:08, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

HTML comments
Instead of warning other editors in a HTML comment, it might be better to explain the reason in the article itself. If other editors are having a wrong idea, other readers might also have the same wrong idea, and thus an explanation would improve the article. --cesarb 23:56, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Pinoy Big Brother Teen Edition Articles
Hello everyone. Teen edition will have a second edition soon. Who will be making the MAIN Teen Edition article and the teen edition 2 article? LordBelly06 (talk) 15:21, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll be doing that, but the split will come sometime later, possibly this month. We're not rushing here since it won't come until March or any date that comes up. - 上村七美 (Nanami-chan) | talkback | contribs 10:49, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see. All right. Should the proper name of the Celebrity Edition on the sidebar have the year (2007-2008)? It is currently written with the (2007).LordBelly06 (talk) 14:30, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It think it's proper since that edition ended on January 8 of this year rather than December 22 of last year as originally planned. You can change the sidebar then. - 上村七美 (Nanami-chan) | talkback | contribs 14:52, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Pinoy Big Brother House Floor Plans
Can anyone make the PBB House floor plans for each season? I just browsed through some famous BB articles worldwide, and it seems that some BB articles here in Wikipedia have made those floor plans for their respective BB Houses.LordBelly06 (talk) 06:27, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * So far, even if I know the scale, we don't have any blueprints for the House, even in Season 1. I can make one, but I'm sure it will not be drawn to scale. We have to be precise. - 上村七美 (Nanami-chan) | talkback | contribs 14:06, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, I understand. Well, some of the drawings made for the other BB's are not as precise. I can't make one since I really don't know how. Anyways, I just thought of it. LordBelly06 (talk) 08:42, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Pinoy Big Brother Teen Edition Plus: The Big Reunion
Where should this section be added? In this main article or in the PBBTEP Article?LordBelly06 (talk) 13:26, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I was about to do that. But I'll be doing something first. I'll get to it in a while. - 上村七美 (Nanami-chan) | talkback | contribs 13:40, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

hello po im Sucemay Ann Asano,23 years old,dito po ako sa Japan at interesado po akong sumali sa pinoy big brother season 3..gusto ko po sanang malaman kung kailan ang audition,para po makauwi po ako,,sana po ay makasali —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sucemay Ann (talk • contribs) 16:16, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

2009
Lets update this to include the 2009 seasons --Cooly123 (talk) 20:16, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Viewing figures
--Cooly123 19:05, 20 September 2009 (UTC)Can someone find information about the rating for any of the shows? It would be a great addition, like most other big brothers. Any reports on Celebrity Ediition 3 airing in 2010?

Controversies section
i have recently edited this section and for some reason, someone changed it back to the old format. i believe that my edtiting was much cleaner because i categorized it according to series and i updated the list because it hasn't been updated since season 2 (2007). if you find some things that shouldn't be included, just edit/delete some parts but keep the format i did. or instance, the "vote manipulation", it doesn't state to what season it happened. it only stated the date and housemates. --Nicojamesbalde —Preceding undated comment added 10:50, 18 May 2010 (UTC).

Celebrity Edition 3?
Any news about a celebrity 3?--Cooly123 00:21, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Renaming page title from "Lucky 7" to "Lucky Season 7"
We beg you to please change the title of the page article from "Lucky 7" to "Lucky Season 7" as it was advertised many times on television that a "season"is added to the title. And for the links that is connected to the "Lucky 7" page, please make the necessary edits. Thank you. Dalerivera3 (talk) 14:26, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 April 23
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2019 April 23.   Alucard 16  ❯❯❯ chat?    21:25, 23 April 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Pinoy Big Brother Update
The article is just a simple list which can be mentioned in the "merged-to" suggested article. The short segment show is in fact mentioned in the said article. A R E N Z O Y 1 6 A • t a l k • 18:46, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support I have no objections with merging this list into the section as proposed.   Alucard 16  ❯❯❯ chat?    22:02, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Support   Sub |HMU 03:58, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 08:28, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

Merging of the Season Categories Regular and Special
With the title of the newest season being unveiled, its most likely safe to assume that production treats the regular and special season as one continuous line. EdrianJustine (talk) 14:33, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinoy Big Brother


text:
William Webster

William Webster may refer to:

Sportsmen

 * William Webster (baseball) (1896–?), American Negro leagues baseball player
 * William Webster (cricketer, born 1876) (1876–1948), Scottish cricketer
 * William Webster (cricketer, born 1880) (1880–1931), English cricketer
 * William Webster (cricketer, born 1910) (1910–1986), English cricketer, footballer, stockbroker and administrator
 * Billy Webster (1909–?), English soccer player
 * Bill Webster (American football) (1903–1981), American football player

Law and politics

 * William L. Webster (born 1953), former Missouri state representative and attorney general
 * William Webster (Australian politician) (1860–1936), Australian politician
 * William Maule McDowell Webster (1885–1958), Australian trade unionist and NSW Labor Party president
 * William H. Webster (born 1924), American judge, FBI director and CIA director
 * William Bennett Webster (1798–1861), doctor, amateur geologist and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 * William Gourlay Webster (1884–1965), civil engineer, surveyor and politician in Ontario, Canada

Others

 * William Webster (theologian) (1689–1758), British clergyman
 * W. D. Webster (William Downing Webster, 1868–1913), British dealer in ethnographic art
 * William Webster (engineer), American engineer, recipient of the John Fritz Medal
 * William Webster (builder) (1819–1888), English builder
 * William Webster (chemical engineer) (1855–1910), son of English builder, scientist involved in development of x-rays
 * William Webster (dean of Aberdeen and Orkney) (died 1896)
 * William G. Webster (born 1951), United States Army officer
 * William Henry Webster (1850–1931), priest and malacologist in New Zealand
 * Bill Webster, a fictional character from the British soap opera Coronation Street

title: William Webster


text:
Pacaraima Mountains

The Pacaraima or Pakaraima Mountains (Serra de Pacaraima, Sierra de Pacaraima) are a mountain range primarily in southwestern Guyana, and into northern Brazil and eastern Venezuela.

Geography
The range extends from west to east for over 800 km. Its highest peak is Mount Roraima at 2810 m above sea level, a tepui surrounded by cliffs 300 m high.

It is geologically part of the Guayana Shield and biogeographically part of the Guayana Highlands.The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the Amazon Basin to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the east–west direction, where they extend 800 km to form a border marker between Brazil and southeastern Venezuela and between Brazil and west central Guyana.

Geology
The Pacaraimas are a sandstone plateau underlain by a horizonal precambrian marine strata that arose in post-cretaceous time. Erosion of the sandstone (the Roraima Supergroup ) results in dramatic escarpments, the individual remnants of which are called tepuis. Mount Roraima, Mount Ayanganna and Mount Wokomung are some of the more well-known examples.

Numerous rivers originate in these mountains and on their way down they plunge spectacularly to form some picturesque waterfalls. A beautiful example of this is the Kaieteur Falls in Guyana. The headwaters of the Mazaruni River and Ireng River are sourced in the Pacaraimas.

Ecology
The Pacaraimas are mostly forested, with occasional savannas especially at the base of Roraima and on the Brazilian side of the range. The savannas are made up of grasses and the occasional Curatella americana trees below 6500 ft. These areas are prone to fire, either man-made for agriculture or cattle ranching or during times of drought.

Difficulty in breaching the steep slopes has made data collection a challenge, however the relative isolation of these flat-topped mountains produces an array of endemic flora with a "great potential for high species diversity". The Rapateaceae family is one of the most commonly represented of flowering plants amid the tepui plateaus.

Conservation
Logging and mining interests pose a threat to the biodiversity of the Pacaraimas.

The 116748 ha Monte Roraima National Park protects part of the range in Roraima, Brazil.

Settlement
The mountains are a traditional home to Patamona and Macushi people.

The Macushi village of Tipuru is considered the oldest village in the South Pakaraima Mountains. It has the oldest church and school in the region.

Landmarks are of special significance to indigenous people, and are intertwined with oral histories and culture. According to Macushi cosmology, mountains and other landforms were created by mythical creator brothers when they cut down Wayaka, the "tree of life". These brothers transformed people, animals, and other things into rock formations, thus giving them special mythological origins.

title: Pacaraima Mountains


text:
Hamburger Hochbahn

Hamburger Hochbahn AG (HHA), founded in 1911, operates the underground system and large parts of the bus system in Hamburg, Germany. Its name comes from the initial name given to the Hamburg metro system, Hochbahn (German: elevated railway).

History
The HHA was founded by Siemens & Halske and AEG as a consortium on 27 May 1911. The first chairman was Albert Ballin.

From 1919 until 1978, the HHA operated a large tram network, and from 5 December 1921 the HHA also operated the first motor buses in Hamburg. After the acquisition of the Straßen-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (SEG) in 1919 and the Hamburg-Altonaer-Centralbahngesellschaft AG in 1923, the HHA had a rolling stock of 865 power cars and 930 trailers by 1928. The length of tracks was 217.33 km. In 1970 the length of the lines were only 82.7 km, in 1978 they were 89.5 km with 80 stations.

In 1965, HHA was one of the founding members of the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV).

Operations
HHA operates about 111 bus routes and four underground lines. In spite of the "U" for "underground", large portions, especially outside the inner city, run on the surface. Some parts of the underground, notably along the banks of River Elbe in the city centre, are elevated (hence the name "Hochbahn", "elevated railway").

Subsidiaries
BeNEX GmbH is the holding company for public transport corporations outside of Hamburg. BeNex owns railway and bus companies. In August 2007, the UK listed investment firm International Public Partnerships Limited (then known as Babcock & Brown Public Partnerships) acquired 49% of BeNEX.

Through BeNEX the Hamburger Hochbahn owns 25.1% of the Metronom Eisenbahngesellschaft, a company operating commuter trains in northern Germany. Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft, with Neumünster - Bad Segeberg - Bad Oldesloe railway in Schleswig-Holstein, is owned in joint venture with the AKN railway. Among others there are also the East German Railway plc (Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn; 50% ownership) and the Cantus Verkehrsgesellschaft, both joint ventures with other corporations.

title: Hamburger Hochbahn


text:
Talk:Pasties

Health risks
Recently, studies have shown that pasties can prevent certain health risks.

What risks are those? Flapdragon 10:55, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

My guess is that he meant 'present' certain health risks - but what am I doing on this page anyway?

Jigsawpuzzleman 21:30, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Images
We're all aware that (rude, thus far) user:davidshankbone is very proud of his photos; he's got his name plastered all over them. As per Conflict of interest, ''Wikipedia is not a forum for advertising, nor a vanity press. We earn the trust of our peers, and the public, by placing the interests of the encyclopedia first. Any editor who gives priority to outside interests may be subject to a conflict of interest.'' Placing your photo first above an existing photo, and your rude edit summaries, show open conflict of interest. I'm not getting into an edit war with you, but your edits have now become a matter of record should there be further unpleasantries with you. I made no personal attacks in my edit summary following you, you would do well not to be rude in yours. Chris 02:12, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * My contributions stand on their own, and you can check out my user page to see. Yes, I'm proud of my photos.  Regardless, there was a vanity photo with an advertising-oriented caption that is found on three articles.  I removed the photo from one article, and you told me not to remove a photo (see WP:OWN) from a page, as if it is permanent.  There was no personal attack (that policy is too often thrown around just when someone doesn't like what was said).  I told you to follow your own advice, which you didn't.  And my WP name is no more vanity than it is for you to sign your edits.  It's not COI.  You can bring it up with any number of admins and they'll tell you you're wrong.  --David Shankbone 02:28, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I dispute that the subject of the first photo is in fact a "girl" as the caption alledges. I suggest that it be relabeled as a "person with burlesque pasties." Thank you. Pygmypony 18:56, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As per WP:OWN, the burlesque photo was not my own, and I had left the original caption as it was on the photo itself, that was not an advert, it was sourcing. My stance that your edits were a personal attack still stands, based on the wording of your edit summaries. I never said your WP name is vanity, just your spamming of your own photos over pre-existing ones. Along those lines, must both photos in this article be garish or ugly, as they are now, where the topic itself sprouted from a modicum of style? Chris 20:08, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Chris, it's your personal opinion that those photos are garish/ugly. One photo is of burlesque pasties in action, the other shows more than enough examples of women wearing pasties, and in no less or more flattering a light than the stripper with pasties.  WP:OWN doesn't come into play here at all with my edits, although with your hurt tone and alleged victimization from one brusque edit summary you certainly seem to need to review it yourself.  Perhaps if your wiki-stress level is this high that you haven't gotten over it by now, you should take a wiki-break.  --David Shankbone 20:22, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Headlights
Is that person being serious? No way that is actually a term used in polite conversation.

 * Politeness or otherwise is not so pertinent but it is doubtful if it is notable. I don't think the article would suffer from losing the part in brackets. Mutt Lunker (talk) 21:18, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Pasties in the lower body
I was searching wikipedia for this information, yet there seems to be no information about that. I'm editing the article, but my knowledge is very superficial, if someone can collaborate more that would be great. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trylks (talk • contribs) 17:05, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

No. This just doesn't belong here and is misdirection. By this logic a gem glued in the navel or on the center of the forehead would also be a pastie. There are costume terms for clothing with glues onto the pubic area but the term pasty is not among them. This additional copy should be deleted. 67.189.206.198 (talk) 07:34, 21 February 2010 (UTC)judson rosebush

 * That's a different thing, this has censoring purposes and is thus a pastie. --95.16.19.22 (talk) 04:45, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Nipple Tassel
Is there a way to get searches for 'Nipple Tassel' to redirect to this page? I tried to create a page separately with that title but it duplicated too much of this page's content. However I am aware that a lot of people are not aware of 'pastie' as the alternative term so may not find this page, which is why some kind of like or redirect would be useful --Linguistliz (talk) 16:13, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
 * agree, and done IdreamofJeanie (talk) 17:01, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

I don't think
Adhesive bra you redirect to this article. Wrong description.I'm incontinent and wear Tena Slip Maxi (talk) 18:48, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

How to pronounce
Could someone clarify how this is pronounced - to rhyme with 'tasty', or 'nasty'? Thx. 91.85.181.71 (talk) 18:38, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Pasty (the food made of filled pastry) rhymes with "nasty"; these "pasties" rhyme with "tasty" because there were stuck on with paste.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 16:10, 24 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I was about to ask the same question, three years later - worth putting a prono guide at the start of the article? By the way, I think there's some kind of paste/pasting involved in making the pies - not to detract from your answer.--80.229.219.62 (talk) 22:50, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

Merkin/maebari/no string bikini
These are different things. The Merkin emulates some kind of pubic hair, from very realistic to very "artistic". The maebari is rectangular. The "no string bikini" is a triangle that does not emulate pubic hair. Hence three different things. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.100.59.194 (talk) 16:23, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pasties