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Ashcroft, British Columbia

Ashcroft is a village municipality that straddles the Thompson River in the Thompson Country region of south central British Columbia, Canada. East of BC Highway 1 and on BC Highway 97C, the locality is by road about 45 km north of Spences Bridge and 11 km south of Cache Creek.

Pioneers
Established by brothers Clement Francis Cornwall and Henry Pennant Cornwall in 1862, the earliest mention of the name Ashcroft farm was 1863. That year, the brothers opened a roadhouse. The property lay on the Cariboo Road about 3 km due west of the river. The earliest newspaper mention of the name Ashcroft as a locality was 1865. In partnership with E.William Brink, John Christopher Barnes established a ranch in 1868 on the east shore of the river.

The post office at the Ashcroft farm opened before 1872 but closed in 1899. Jerome Harper built a gristmill in 1877 on the west shore at the mouth of the Bonaparte River. John Craig had a ranch on that side of the Thompson. Harper, Barnes, Brink, and Craig built a wagon road from the mill to the Cariboo Road. When Brink died in 1879, his heirs received the eastern part of the partnership property and the Barnes family gained the western part. In the early 1880s, the Brink son-in-law Oliver Evans managed the family property. Evans and John Barnes built the small Thompson River Hotel at the ferry landing. In 1884, Barnes moved the hotel to opposite the train station and surveyed the townsite on his ranch.

Ferries and road bridges
In the late 1860s, Barnes installed a ferry. In 1883, the government took over ferry operations, which continued until 1885.

The construction of a bridge across the Thompson and a road connection to the Cariboo road took place during 1884 to 1886. The 661 ft structure comprised six spans.

When the 1894 flood took out the bridge, a rowboat was used until a proper cable ferry was installed. In 1895, a new bridge was completed.

During the replacement of the bridge in 1906, three of the five construction workers on a scow drowned when it capsized. In 1907, the crossing opened. That year, Ike Decker, acting deputy in the absence of the constable, was killed just downstream in a gunfight with two outlaws passing in a boat.

In 1916–17, the washed-out bridge was replaced. In 1918, a larger ferry replaced the smaller one, assumedly when the bridge was out.

In 1929, the bridge was almost lost to fire.

In 1932, a 780 ft concrete and steel bridge was completed. The badly rotted former bridge was dynamited. Herded cattle were usually hesitant to cross the new bridge.

In 1969–70, the bridge sidewalk was widened.

In 1991, the present bridge opened.

Canadian Pacific
In summer 1884, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) built a log bunkhouse and station at the new townsite. The structure was the standard-design (Bohi's Type 5) single-storey station building with gable roof and dormers (identical to Keefers). In early December, the eastward advance of the CP rail head from Port Moody passed through the townsite. Initially called St. Cloud by the railway (after St. Cloud, the access point to the Red River Trails on the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad), the name did not last. The post office, which opened in 1886, was named Ashcroft Station. However, the settlement was equally known as Barnes.

In 1885, a locomotive, tender, and two cars derailed on striking a slide. The next year, a locomotive, tender, and baggage car went over an embankment 4 mi southwest, scalding the engineer. In 1887, two locomotives collided head on 3 mi southwest, causing minor damage and injuries.

In 1891, train wheels fatally severed both legs of an intoxicated individual near Spatsum. In 1894, when a work train struck a boulder and derailed, the conductor was killed and others badly injured. During 1896, the station was among the busiest in the province, issuing 16,090 passenger tickets. In 1899, the station was replaced with the standard-design Plan H-I-20-6 (Bohi's Type 1) split level station building. That year, an eastbound freight train fatally struck a man.

In 1900, a freight train severed an arm and leg of an intoxicated individual sleeping on the track. In 1901, a CP detective and four constables were arrested for threatening at gunpoint several underpaid strikers at Black Canyon, a few miles southwest. That year, a work train ran over a section hand at Basque, inflicting fatal injuries, and a senior merely bruised a knee on falling from a moving passenger train. In 1904, a section hand received a lethal skull fracture in an accident involving a handcar and freight train about 6 mi east.

In 1906, work began on enlarging and concrete lining the Black Canyon tunnel. The next year, a prisoner in custody made a fatal leap from a moving train. In 1908, five empty freight cars derailed from track weakened by washouts, and a freighthopper slipped from the brake beam of a freight car, dangled by his belt, and his remains scattered for several miles.

In 1910, when a flatcar being pushed by a work train crashed into a westbound freight train, three died. The next year, 12 cars of a passenger train derailed 3 mi southwest. In 1913, a freight conductor was crushed to death between cars while switching, three cars of a freight train derailed, and a train mortally dismembered an intoxicated individual sleeping on the track.

In 1921, a watchman was killed by a westbound freight train while removing his speeder from the track southwest of Ashcroft. In 1925, when a conductor leapt from a moving locomotive, he died from injuries beneath the train.

In 1932, when a 30-car freight train derailed at Spatsum, one person died. Months later, a man who fell from a moving boxcar was fatally dismembered. In 1933, the locomotive of a westbound passenger train derailed on striking a rockslide to the southwest.

In 1945, while making a milk delivery in the railyard, a man died instantly on being struck by an eastbound freight train. The next year, a freighthopper fell to his death from a freight train about 1 mi east. In 1948, a train started moving while a woman was climbing over a flatcar, fatally severing her leg. Months later, when the lumber moved on a loaded freight car, one freighthopper fell and sustained a terminal skull fracture. In 1949, a man was decapitated on being struck by a train. Weeks later, 31 cars of a freight train derailed.

In 1950, a woman struck by a locomotive sustained a lethal skull fracture. Months later, a locomotive fatally severed a man's legs. In 1951, a freighthopper falling from a moving freight car died from a skull fracture. Individuals sustained a similar injury when struck by a locomotive in 1952 and 1956 respectively. In 1959, the westbound royal train carrying the Queen and Prince Philip made a 10-minute stop.

In 1960, the station was replaced. The next year, a man struck by a locomotive sustained a fatal skull fracture and severed limbs.

In 1972, 20 cars of an eastbound freight train derailed and fire destroyed four cars. In 1978, a passenger who fell from an eastbound passenger train was discovered alive the next day by a westbound one. Later that year, an intoxicated operator on a speeder died in a head on collision with a locomotive.

In 1982, a report that the wheels on two grain cars had jumped the track to the west identified a gradual earth movement, which required a nine-day scramble to stabilize the ground, while trains were temporarily diverted over the Canadian National Railway (CN) track. In 1986, 10 cars of a westbound freight train derailed 1 mi northeast of Basque. In 1987, the station was replaced, and the former building demolished the following year.

In 1997, 28 loaded cars of a westbound coal train derailed about 2 km southwest. That year, the Ashcroft Terminal opened northeast of the community.

In 2004, two cars of an eastbound freight train derailed about 1.5 mi northeast of Basque.

In 2017, 29 loaded cars of a westbound coal train derailed about 7 km southwest.

The present mobile station building dates from about 2020. The CP Ashcroft passing track is 8645 ft.

. From April 1966, the next stop westward was North Bend and eastward was Kamloops.

Canadian National

In February 1912, the 800 ft Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) tunnel at Black Canyon was virtually completed. That July, a murder occurred in the CNoR construction camp opposite Ashcroft. In October 1913, the two bridges across the Thompson to the northeast were completed. In spring 1914, the 245 ft Black Canyon bridge to the southwest across the Thompson was completed. In January 1915, the westward advance of the CNoR rail head from Kamloops passed through the Ashcroft area before reaching the site of the last spike about 3 mi southwest of Basque.

In 1920, when an eastbound CN passenger train struck a rockslide near McAbee, the locomotive and baggage and express cars derailed. The fireman died and another employee was badly injured. McAbee is named for Marcus Lafayette McAbee. In 1922, a passenger train derailed northeast of Ashcroft. In 1923, a CN watchman on duty was shot to death about 6 mi southwest. The likely perpetrator committed suicide a week later. The same week, a section hand fell to his death over a high bluff. In 1924, a locomotive inflicted a lethal skull fracture upon a man who staggered onto the track. Weeks later, when a westbound way freight crashed into a rockslide 4 mi southwest, the engineer died after the locomotive and four cars derailed.

In 1930, when a freight train emergency braked on encountering a rockslide, a brakeman sustained a fatal skull fracture on being thrown against the caboose door. In 1932, a transient trapped on one of the rail bridges lay beside the track on encountering an approaching train, but raised his head prematurely, received a fatal blow, and plunged into the river. The next year, a locomotive derailed on striking a rockslide 5 mi southwest.

In 1942, a falling rock killed a linesman. In 1944, when a worker fell between the cars of a work train near Spatsum, the caboose wheels passed over both his feet and a hand. He died in hospital. In 1947, the locomotive and baggage car of a westbound passenger train derailed on striking a slide 3 mi east.

In 1960, when a rockslide sent the lead locomotive of a freight train into the river 5 mi southwest, two crew members drowned and one escaped. A month later, seven freight cars derailed 10 mi east. In May 1962, 21 grain cars of a freight train derailed 1 mi east. That July, five cars of a freight train derailed 5 mi southwest. That August, an armed robbery of the depot occurred. That November, when a westbound freight train struck a rockslide 3 mi southwest, three diesel locomotives and two cars derailed.

In 1964, two diesel locomotives and 17 cars of a freight train derailed to the southwest. In 1965, three diesel locomotives and baggage car of a westbound passenger train derailed. In 1968, when a westbound freight train struck a mudslide about 10 mi east, the lead locomotive plunged into the river, the following two locomotives and about 12 cars were derailed, and more than 400 ft of track was destroyed.

In 1973, 29 cars of a coal train derailed and struck the superstructure of one of the bridges, sending seven of the cars into the river. Months later, 12 cars of a coal train derailed on sun-buckled tracks. In 1975, 11 cars of an eastbound freight train derailed. In 1978, when a westbound coal train hit a slide, the two lead locomotives plunged into the river and eight cars derailed.

In 1989, 12 freight cars derailed about 9 mi away. Months later, one man died and one was seriously injured when an eastbound freight train struck an ATV about 8 mi southwest.

In 1992, 23 cars of a coal train derailed 7 km east. In 1996, a landslide derailed a locomotive and six empty coal cars.

In 2000, train wheels inflicted fatal injuries upon a young man 6 km southwest.

In 2007, three locomotives and three freight cars of a westbound train derailed near McAbee.

The CN Ashcroft passing track, which was 3420 ft in 1916, has since been extended to 7016 ft.

. The twice weekly Kamloops–Boston Bar way-freight, introduced in 1932, is largely omitted from the Official Guide timetables. . From April 1960, the next stop westward was Spences Bridge and eastward was Tranquille. . From October 1963, the next stop westward was Boston Bar. . From April 1964, the next stop westward was Lytton. . From October 1971, the next stop eastward was Kamloops.

VIA
The Ashcroft flag stop, identified only by a pole in the ground, serves Via Rail's The Canadian.

Earlier community
Thos. G. Kirkspatrick was the inaugural postmaster 1886–1888. In 1886, BC Express (BCX) relocated its headquarters to Ashcroft, and the place became Mile 0 on the Cariboo Road, where passengers and freight switched from trains to stagecoaches or freight wagons for a northward journey. In 1887, the Cargile Hotel was dismantled at Hat Creek, reassembled at Ashcroft, blown down by the wind, restored, destroyed by fire, and rebuilt. In 1889, the cemetery was established. By that time, hotels and four Chinese businesses existed. Opened that year, the town hall was renamed the opera house in the later 1890s.

In 1890, the gristmill closed. From the 1890s, Ashcroft potatoes were renowned throughout Canada for decades. Churches built were the Anglican in 1891, Presbyterian in 1892, and Methodist in 1897. In 1892, the Cargile Hotel again burned down and was rebuilt. Launched as The BC Mining Journal in 1895, the newspaper was renamed the Ashcroft Journal in 1899. The customs office operated 1897–1929. In 1898, a consortium installed electricity and water supply systems. That year, a firehall and a Bank of British North America branch opened. During that decade, the annual Ashcroft Grand Ball and the Ashcroft Teamsters Ball were renowned, and the large agricultural fair at least equalled the Kamloops one. By 1899, the population exceeded 600. The village had eight Chinese businesses, three churches, a bank, a county court, hydroelectricity, and a water supply system.

In 1901, the telegraph line from Ashcroft to the Yukon was completed. By 1905, three hotels, nine stores, and government buildings at Ashcroft served the transportation hub, ranches, and mines.

In 1910, a Northern Crown Bank branch opened. In 1913, the Lady Minto, the first hospital, opened. In 1914, when BCX lost the mail contract, stage services ceased, but two steamboats remained in operation. The completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTP) in 1914, which connected Prince George and the coast, further reduced the BCX traffic at Ashcroft, leading to a sharp decline in business and the local population. In 1916, a fire which started on the second floor of the Ashcroft Hotel destroyed five blocks, including Chinatown, three hotels (Ashcroft, Grand Central, Cargile), and several businesses. The Ashcroft Hotel was rebuilt. In 1918, the branch of the Northern Crown Bank became a Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of British North America became a Bank of Montreal.

In 1920, the BCX office closed but the building (Railway/6th) was later used as a courthouse. By that time, the opera house was primarily used as a picture theatre. Over the following decades, agriculture and a local cannery sustained the local economy. In 1923, the Royal Bank closed. The Ashcroft Cannery produced a variety of tomato products 1925–1957. Chinese gardeners dominated the tomato industry in Ashcroft to the point that there were no Euro-Canadian growers in the area in 1926.

In the early 1930s, Greyhound began a Nelson–Ashcroft service. The hospital building was extended in 1938 and 1956. Greyhound acquired in 1943 the I.T. (Interior Transportation) stage route stretching to the north Cariboo. The next year, the Brown triplets were born.

The Village of Ashcroft was incorporated in 1952. The Roman Catholic church was erected in 1956. The predecessor to BC Hydro acquired the Ashcroft electricity supply system in 1953. The next year, the completion of the transmission line from Lillooet connected Ashcroft to the electricity grid.

Opened in 1961, the Sands Hotel burned down in 1986. Copper mining, which supported the economy from 1962, later consolidated into the Highland Valley Copper mine. That year, the municipal boundaries extended. A CIBC branch operated 1969–1985.

In 1970, the Princeton-Merritt District Credit Union opened a branch. Replacing the former 29-bed facility, a 41-bed acute care hospital opened in 1972 in North Ashcroft. Fire destroyed the original part of the vacant Lady Minto building in 1981. In 1974, three guests died when the Ashcroft Hotel burned to the ground. Opened in 1975, the arena burned down the following year. In 1977, a suspected arson destroyed a downtown block. In 1979, the movie theatre closed, but during 2005–2008 a live music and dinner theatre operated in the building.

In July 1983, the Ashcroft centennial weekend took place. The new courthouse completed that year burned down in 1995. Prior to the opening of the Cache Creek Airport in 1984, various landing strips had existed in the Ashcroft area for decades. The completion of the Coquihalla Highway in 1986 diverted vehicle traffic away from BC Highway 1. In 1987, the municipal building was erected on the Lady Minto site. The 1956 wing now houses some social services.

Education
On rehabilitating the former CP construction bunkhouse, the first school was established in 1886. After the teacher left in 1887, the building was abandoned and burned down in the 1916. The second school, built in 1889–90, was later enlarged to a two-room facility. Around 1900, the old school was demolished and a two-storey building was erected containing two classrooms. In 1916, a third classroom was added. The building was later used as a community hall. In 1922, the four-room Lady Byng School (grades 1–12) was built at the south end of town.

In 1945, the superior school added a senior high grade to become the Senior High-Elementary School. The implementation of the 1945 Cameron Report created School District 30 Ashcroft.

In 1950, the four-classroom Ashcroft High School opened. Rooms were later added. In 1956, the district rename was School District 30 South Cariboo. The school at the south end became known as Coppervale Elementary. The school closed in 1988 and the site sold for redevelopment in 1994.

During 1983–1985, the school principal sexually abused seven minors to which he later pleaded guilty. He was designated a dangerous offender and received an indeterminate prison sentence in 1986, but obtained work release in 1998 and full parole in 2003.

In December 1962, the two-room Ashcroft Elementary (grades 6–7) opened in North Ashcroft. In 1965, four more classrooms and an activity room were added. Expanded in 1969 (grades K–7), the school closed in 2015.

In 1973, the new Ashcroft Secondary School opened in north Ashcroft. A female teacher, who sexually exploited two students during 1987–1989, received a one-year prison sentence. In 1996, School Districts 29 and 30 amalgamated to form School District 74 Gold Trail. In 2015, the high school was reconfigured as the Desert Sands Community School (grades K–12).

In 1993, the University College of the Cariboo (UCC) established a branch within the high school.

Notable people

 * Eric Brewer, (1979– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Jean-Jacques Caux, aka Cataline, (c.1830–1922), pack train operator, resident.
 * Ralph Chetwynd, (1890–1957), businessman and politician, resident.

 * Stuart Alexander Henderson, (1863–1945), politician and lawyer, resident.
 * Kenneth Durward Houghton, (1925–2005), superior court judge, resident.
 * Mervyn Huston, (1912–2001), pharmacologist, resident.
 * Alexander Lucas, (1852–1942), politician, resident.
 * William Garland McQuarrie, (1876–1943), politician, resident.
 * Denis Murphy, (1870–1947), politician and superior court judge, resident.
 * James Murphy, (1872–1921), lawyer and politician, resident.
 * William Cameron Murphy, (1905–1961), lawyer and military officer, resident.
 * Frank Oberle Jr., (1957– ), politician, place of birth.
 * Don Paquette, (1939–2017), football player, place of death.
 * Casey Pierro-Zabotel, (1988– ), ice hockey player, place of birth.
 * Barbara Roden, (1963– ), publisher and politician, resident.
 * Charles Augustus Semlin, (1836–1927), politician, resident.
 * T. David Somerville, (1915–2011), religious leader, place of birth.
 * Jackie Tegart, (1956– ), politician, resident.
 * Stephen Tingley, (1839–1915), capitalist, resident.
 * John Owen Wilson, (1898–1985), superior court judge, resident.

Later community
In 2000, the Thompson Valley Savings Credit Union acquired the Bank of Montreal branch operations in Ashcroft and Merritt. That year, Heritage Place Park opened. In 2001, a fire raged through a block of downtown historic wooden buildings. In 2004, Ashcroft municipal boundaries expanded to include the Ashcroft Ranch. Since coming in 2007, Marina Papais has been creating the stained-glass artworks displayed throughout the village. In 2008, BC Transit commenced a Clinton–Cache Creek–Ashcroft service. That year, ongoing First Nations opposition compelled the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) to abandon plans to succeed the Cache Creek landfill by creating a new facility on the Ashcroft Ranch site, which was acquired in 2000.

Twinned in 1994 with a sister town of Bifuka, Hokkaido, delegations visited each town in 2013 and 2014 respectively. When the former Ashcroft Elementary School was vacated in 2015, the HUB repurposed the building as a community centre. In 2016, the post office, which was built in 1980, received an interior remodelling. In 2017, the Elephant Hill wildfire burned on the east side of the river from about 2 mi southwest of the highway bridge to over 100 km northeast. In May 2018, Greyhound axed the Cache Creek–Hope route. That month, the Ash-Creek TV Society discontinued its TV service to focus on its radio station CFMA at 105.9 FM.

In 2021, the Legacy Park Campground upgraded all sites to 30 amp service with sewer drops and added four new tenting sites. In 2022, a new urgent and primary care centre opened at the hospital.

Emergency services include a volunteer fire department and RCMP detachment. Ashcroft is also a retirement community. The current passenger transit provider is BC Transit, which offers a request service.

Maps

 * Mining District of the Cariboo. 1887.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ashcroft had a population of 1,670 living in 793 of its 876 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,558. With a land area of 50.86 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religious groups in Ashcroft included:
 * Irreligion (1,000 persons or 61.9%)
 * Christianity (590 persons or 36.5%)

Climate
Ashcroft has a dry semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). Ashcroft is frequently one of the hottest places in BC in the summer and has the second highest temperature ever recorded in Canada. It also has short, moderate winters with light snowfall. Parts of Ashcroft along the Thompson River gorge are sufficiently arid to be classified as a pocket desert; this microclimate forms the only true desert in Canada.

Television and film
Projects that have been filmed in the area include
 * Gold Trails and Ghost Towns, Season 3, Episode 9 (1988).
 * Sky High (1989 Disney film).
 * Cadence (1990).
 * Bird on a Wire (1990).
 * The X-Files (1993 TV series).
 * Double Cross (1994).
 * Zacharia Farted (1998).
 * Eyes of a Cowboy (1998 TV mini-series).
 * The Pick-up (1999 short film).
 * By Dawn's Early Light (2001 TV movie).
 * Lola (2001).
 * Flower & Garnet (2002).
 * Traffic (2004 mini-series).
 * The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005).
 * An Unfinished Life.
 * Miss Texas (2005 TV movie).
 * Partition (2007).
 * Afghan Knights (2007).
 * Centigrade (2007 short film).
 * Shooter (2007).
 * Joyride 2: Dead Ahead (2008).
 * The Andromeda Strain (2008 mini-series).
 * 2012 (2009).
 * Alien Trespass (2009).
 * Rain Down (2010).
 * Thirst (2010).
 * The A-Team (2010).
 * Flicka 2 (2010).
 * Afghan Luke (2011).
 * King David (2012 TV mini-series).
 * The Walk (2013 short film).
 * The X-Files (2016 TV Series), Episode: "My Struggle".
 * Monster Trucks (2016).
 * Tomato Red (2017).
 * Juggernaut (2017).
 * A Dog's Way Home (2019).
 * Red Snow (2019).
 * The Twilight Zone (2020).
 * The Stand (2020).

 * Bullet Proof  (a.k.a. Death Pursuit) (2022).

. Filmed nearby

title: Ashcroft, British Columbia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Confusionism

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. I'll not make the redirect however as I'm not really persuaded of the case for it. Someone else can if they want to. -Splash 22:52, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Confusionism
Some kind of weird nonsense. Ryan Delaney talk 07:25, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * WTF!!! errr... I mean, delete. Sasquatch   讲  看  08:02, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete seems like a mix of nn vanity, promotion, and hoax. --TM (talk) 08:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Confucianism. Proto t c 09:23, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with all the above (especially Sasquatch :)); I vote to have the contents of this page blanked, and the page redirected to Confucianism, with whose spelling it is often, um, confused.— Encephalon |  ζ   09:32:52, 2005-09-02 (UTC)
 * Keep What's wrong with pages about new philosphies/religions/whatevers. whould you try and delete articles about scientology or buddhism?
 * On second thoughts, perhaps we should delete the scientology articles as well. 212.101.64.4 09:38, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem it's not really a religion... it's a blogigion.... or something... let's just say it confusionism confuses me (though I suspect that is one of their goals). There is also, of course, the question of notability in this case. Sasquatch   讲  看  02:23, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - It sounds gibberish, swaying me to believe that its original research and/or nn. UniReb 12:22, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a heretical copyvio against Discordianism! Hail Eris! the wub  "?/!"  13:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete almost a Speedy but not quite. Definitely a delete though. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:19, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing more than a bunch of external links. I will vote delete.--Scimitar parley 15:24, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsense. "aspire to become the official religion" of what?  Zoe 19:24, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probable hoax. Maybe even speedy since it looks like a test page. Punkmorten 21:18, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, tired pun, likely hoax. Fire Star 03:36, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Confucianism, per Proto Alf melmac 13:57, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments only, no vote - this article has nothing to do with Confucianism, and any redirection will be misleading and a great injustice to Confucius. --Bhadani 17:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Bhadani. I agree with you that they're obviously not the same (I'm sure everyone who voted agrees too). However, the idea behind the redirect vote is that the spellings are often confused, and people looking for Confucianism will often type in Confusionism. A redirect will send them to the correct article. Creating redirects for common misspellings is apparently done fairly often on WP. However, it is likely this page will be deleted outright.Best wishes— encephalon |  ζ   17:49:33, 2005-09-03 (UTC)
 * Hi, I understand and readily agree with you and all others, for the redirection, if done. That would be fine in the light of existing practice and your clarification. Thanks.--Bhadani 07:11, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect. -Sean Curtin 22:40, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Northern deep-brown dart

The northern deep-brown dart (Aporophyla lueneburgensis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Christian Friedrich Freyer in 1848 and it is found in northern and western Europe.

As the common name suggests, this species usually has very dark brown to purplish grey forewings, although paler grey forms exist. There is always a much darker central band, almost black in the darker forms. All the lines and stigmata are very neatly marked and edged with paler. By contrast, the hindwings are much paler, often almost pure white in the male but usually with darker venation. The wingspan is 36–41 mm. It is a decidedly smaller and neater insect than Aporophyla lutulenta. It flies at night in August and September and is attracted to light and sugar as well as various flowers.

The larva usually feeds on heather but has been recorded on other low plants such as bird's-foot trefoil. This species overwinters as a small larva.

Taxonomy
Aporophyla lueneburgensis may be a subspecies of Aporophyla lutulenta.

 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Northern deep-brown dart


text:
Talk:Running Wild (band)

Untitled
link to album Victory goes to different artist

Running Wild are not the only Pirate Metal band; Calgary-based Verbal Deception are also a pirate metal band.

Death Metal
Just if somebody wants to know Running Wild (band) was on a split cd with Helloween and Hellhammer caled Death Metal. So if you want you can put it on their discography and link it to the album page. Thats it, by! Death2 15:16, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

)

Untitled
Getting reliable source of this band will be difficult. Although the band is in business for 41 years they have still no homepage. "Rock'n" Rolf Kasparek is known for love in privacy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.60.124.74 (talk) 15:16, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Running Wild (band)


text:
Diez, Germany

Diez an der Lahn is a town in Germany's Rhein-Lahn district in Rhineland-Palatinate, on the borders of Hesse. Diez is the administrative seat of the municipality of Diez.

Sitting on the confluence of the Lahn and Aar rivers, the town and the area have been inhabited by humans since the Stone Age. The old town is dominated by an eleventh century castle, now a youth hostel and museum. It is the ancestral home of the House of Nassau-Dietz, which in 1815 became the Dutch royal family.

Geographical Location
The center of Diez is located four miles southwest of Limburg an der Lahn and 31 miles east of Koblenz. Diez, in Rheinland-Pfalz, and the adjoining city of Limburg, in the state of Hessen, are so close that in modern times they have increasingly merged into a single urban area, although they remain historically and politically distinct. The low rolling hills around Diez form part of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. The Lahn Valley serves as the boundary between the highlands north of the Westerwald with the forest of Taunus rising to the south. This valley, the Diezer gate, begins in the Limburg Lahn basin and rises towards Fachingen in the Lower Lahntal.

Geology
The soils in the region Diez mainly belong to the brown or Luvisols. Diez itself is in a low area and traditionally has less snow than the surrounding uplands.

Prehistory
The first evidence of human settlement in the Diez area dates from the Stone Age (v. 20000-12000 BC), as demonstrated by discoveries in the caves of Wildweiberlei (between Diez and Altendiez). Other prehistoric evidence includes burial mounds and pottery finds of Latène which would seem to indicate primitive cultures present during the Celtic period. The fertility of the Diez valley and its location at the confluence of the Lahn and the Aar clearly made it a natural place for primitive peoples to settle.

Medieval times

The name "Diez" itself seems to be a corruption of the Frankish Theodissa, which evolved to Diedisse, which mutated over time to Dietz and finally to today's spelling of Diez. The settlement was known as Theodissa by the year 790 A.D. according to the charter of Charlemagne where it is listed as property of the Abbey of Prüm. Other early mentions In the post-Carolingian period include a reference to one Diez in the area of Niederlahngau, ruled by the Conradines.

In 1073 that the Count of Die(t)z was mentioned for the first time in a deed of sale for goods in Bodenheim. Early references show that Heinrich II of Diez (1145–1189) accompanied Frederick Barbarossa on his Italian campaign where he was involved in diplomatic negotiations. His son Henry III was part of the regency council and circle of tutors of for Henry VII, which seems to indicate an atmosphere of growing influence for the town. The Graf Gerhard IV (1276–1308) founded in 1289 a collegiate church at the foot of the castle hill. The founding community came from the Abbey of Salz. The monastery was named Saint Mary's after the patron saint of the church. The town continued to prosper. By 1329, Ludwig of Bavaria bestowed the right of municipal law to Diez, and at that time the town was fortified with a wall with five entry gates.

The dynasty of the Counts of Diez ended in 1386 with Gerhard VII. His daughter Jutta of Diez had married Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen in 1384 and inherited the county. Their only daughter, Jutta, married Godfrey VII, Lord of Eppstein-Münzenberg and inherited half of the county while the other half came to Adolf's brothers John II ʻwith the Helmetʼ, John III ʻthe Youngerʼ and Engelbert I of Nassau. The latter's descendants, the counts of Nassau-Siegen, acquired further parts of the Eppstein share in 1530, parts that had come down to the Counts of Katzenelnbogen and, after they died out in 1479, to Landgraf Heinrich III of Hesse. From 1564 on, Diez Castle was solely owned by Nassau-Siegen.

The modern era
William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (1487–1559), called the rich, owned the counties of Nassau-Dillenburg, Nassau-Siegen, Nassau-Diez and Vianden. His eldest son William the Silent inherited the principality of Orange in Southern France from his cousin René of Chalon, as well as from his father the vast properties of the House of Nassau-Dillenburg in the Netherlands, which Engelbert I of Nassau had received by marriage in 1403. William the Silent originally served the Habsburgs as governor of the Spanish Netherlands, but later defected and became the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War and in 1581 resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces of which he became the stadtholder. He was the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau.

The early House of Orange-Nassau extinguished in the male line with William III of England (d. 1702), while the later House of Orange-Nassau (and the present Dutch royal family) descend in the male line from William I's younger brother John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, and subsequently from the latter's fifth son, Count Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz. The Nassau-Dietz branch is also known as the "Friesian branch" because its ruling counts served as stadtholders in Friesland and Groningen at the same time.

In 1702, the Nassau-Dietz branch followed the House of Orange that had become extinct. The counts of Nassau-Dietz not only descended from William I., the Silent's, brother, but in female line also from himself, as William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, had married Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau, the fifth daughter of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange in 1652. She had Schloss Oranienstein built from 1672 as her new residence at Diez.

Their grandson Johan Willem Friso (1687–1711) became Stadholder in Friesland and Groningen, and in 1702 became the heir of William III of England and thus the founder of the younger House of Orange-Nassau and of the Dutch royal family. However, he had to split the Dutch properties with the King of Prussia who also descended from William I. Johan Willem Friso's son, William IV, Prince of Orange, inherited a number of Nassau territories besides his paternal Nassau-Dietz, namely Nassau-Hadamar in 1711, Nassau-Siegen in 1734, and Nassau-Dillenburg in 1739. In 1732, Frederick William I of Prussia left him his Dutch properties, including Huis ten Bosch palace and Het Loo Palace. William IV became stadtholder of the Netherlands in 1747 and reunited all of the Dutch and German possessions of his family (except for Nassau-Weilburg) in his hand, styling himself Prince of Orange and Nassau.

The county of Nassau-Diez, like other Nassau territories, was occupied by Napoleonic France in 1795 and in 1806 was annexed by the Duchy of Nassau (ruled by the branch of Nassau-Weilburg) on 16–17 September 1796 as a consequence of the 2nd Coalition war between Austrians and French in the area between Diez and Limburg. By the end of the 18th century the entire west bank of the Rhine went to France and in 1803 a new Principality of Orange was formed from other territories, however only to be divided between the Duchy of Nassau and the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1806. William I of the Netherlands recovered his former counties in 1813, but gave Nassau-Diez, Nassau-Hadamar und Nassau-Dillenburg to Prussia, in exchange with Luxembourg, two years later. Prussia kept only Nassau-Siegen and soon ceded the other counties to the Duchy of Nassau which was however annexed by Prussia, including Diez, after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, for Nassau's support of Austria.

As a result of the Prussian Administrative Reforms of 1867 the Lahn district was created with the county seat of Diez. It Initially belonged to the lower Lahn Limburg circle. The episcopal city became, however, in 1886 the seat of the newly established district of Limburg. In the course of municipal reform in 1969 Loreley circle the lower Lahn (located in St. Goarshausen) Rhein-Lahn-Kreis merged with the spa town of Bad Ems, which became the country seat. Diez was no longer even a regional administrative capital.

In World War II, 16 young Luxembourgers were executed in 1944 The execution is remembered in a memorial park with a memorial stone for the victims of Nazi tyranny.

A catastrophic flood which crested on 7 February 1984 led to millions of euros in losses in Diez.

Roman Catholic Church
The city of Diez, the Roman Catholic parish of the Sacred Heart in Diez and is associated with her to the Pastoral Area Diez, which in turn the district in the diocese of Limburg is incorporated.

Evangelical Church (EKHN)
On the Protestant side, the main town of Diez collegiate church community and the district of the parish of St. Freiendiez James, each of the dean's office of the provost Diez South Nassau in the Evangelical Church in Hessen and Nassau (ECHN), belong.

Judaism
Almost nothing remains of the Jewish presence in Diez despite the nearly-seven-hundred year span of continuous Jewish survival in this town, a history virtually obliterated during the Holocaust. The Jewish population of Diez in the Middle Ages can be traced back to around 1286 and 1303. Already, by 1337 and then again in 1348–49, the Jewish population suffered pogroms, giving early evidence of antisemitism in Diez. Nonetheless, a small Jewish population persisted throughout the centuries, although the maximum number of Jewish residents was likely reached in 1895, when 130 Jews resided in the city. Diez was also the seat of the district rabbinate at the end of the 18th century, then the seat of the Rabbi of Nassau-Orange. From 1860, it would be the Jewish community in Diez Rabbinatsbezirk Ems.

Diez hosted a German-Israelite children's home until its closure in 1935. A plaque on the Schlossberg (Castle Hill above the stairs) remembers the expulsion and deportation of Jewish children and their caregiver (s) on 20 August 1935.

Diez's synagogue was desecrated in the November 1938 pogroms, when the interior was destroyed. The building was demolished after the war, in 1951. The Nazis also destroyed Diez's Jewish cemetery (built early 17th century). On this site now sits the tax office. A more recent Jewish Cemetery from the late 19th century survives and continues to overlook Diez from a hill above the town, all that remains of the Jewish history there.

City council
Seats in the local council:
 * FWG = Freie Wählergruppe Diez-Freiendiez e. V.
 * BfD = Bürger für Diez e. V.

Sister City
Twinned with Diez is the Saxon spa town of Bad Düben.

Structures
The dominant feature of the townscape is the high medieval Castle of Diez. The oldest parts of the structure date from the eleventh century. The castle was abandoned as a residence from the mid-1700s, and from 1743 to 1784, the count's castle was used as a Nassau office building. Subsequently, it served as a prison until 1927. During World War II, Diez Castle was commandeered by the German Army to interrogate "prisoners of special interest" captured on the western front, one prisoner being Gertrude Legendre, the female Office of Strategic Services clerk/translator captured in 1944. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the castle was the site of the largest processing center of Lahn marble. Since June 2006 it has served as a youth hostel and, since 2007, also contains a museum.

Underneath is the medieval castle of the Count's Collegiate Church, built by Count Gerhard in 1289. It was dedicated to Mary, seat of a Monastery. Inside there are several tombs of nobles and the Nassau Diez, among which stands out the intricately crafted tomb of Princess Amalie of Nassau-Diez. Another striking piece is the Roman grave stone. It is older than the church and its origin is unknown.

The city wall, as well as remains of one of the city gates from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have also partially survived.

At the northern edge of Diez is the baroque Schloss Oranienstein, the 1684 Princess Albertine Agnes (1634–1696) Ruins of the Benedictine ''Monastery Dierstein remain below. Princess Albertine Agnes' niece Henriette Amalie of Nassau-Diez, born a Princess of Anhalt-Dessau designed the castle in 1696 as a baroque castle. In 1705 the building was completed.

Museums
The Museum of Nassau-Orange in Oranienstein castle offers guided tours of the baroque castle rooms for periodic and shows the covers of Diez, of the noble family of Orange, the present Dutch royal house.

The Regional Museum in the Castle of Diez  Diez – aspects of the permanent exhibition: Pre-and Early History, History of the Count's castle, town history Diez (from the Middle Ages to the present), Prince gallery.

The grove
The "grove", known as "the Hain" is Diez's urban forest. The forty hectare site was originally part of the park of Schloss Oranienstein. William V (1748–1806) gave the area to the citizens of the city of Diez. Today, the Hain serves as a recreation area with playgrounds, zipline recreation areas, jogging trails, tennis, and mini golf courses.

Music and concerts

 * Orange Steiner concerts
 * Concerts in local Eberhard
 * Sacred music
 * Choirs, choral music
 * Music Clubs
 * Kalkwerkfestival

Visual arts

 * Workshops in the cultural memory
 * Studios in the Wilhelm von Nassau-Park
 * Malkreis in house Eberhard
 * Exhibitions in local Eberhard

Performing arts

 * So-theater club in the cultural memory
 * Theodissabühne
 * Theater in Limekiln

Cultural centers and venues

 * Home Eberhard (exhibitions, concerts, readings, festivals and celebrations)
 * Cultural memory theater, studios and music practice rooms
 * Limekiln (Kalkwerk) with rehearsal rooms, theater group (s), held annually Kalkwerkfestival
 * Castle Rock Garden (live music, workshops, readings, parties and celebrations)

Festivals, entertainment, traditions

 * Carnival
 * Fair
 * Festivals (Old Town Festival, Spring Fair, Martin Market, Grove Festival, Castle bivouac in Oranienstein)

Other facilities

 * City Library (Theodor-Osmer House,  Wilhelmstr. 48, opened 19 May 2008)
 * Municipal Archives in the house Eberhard

Economy and infrastructure
Diez Bundeswehr site (see above) and has several small industries. Of significance was the limestone and marble industry, but most of the quarries were closed in the seventies.

Authorities, institutions, bodies

 * District Court
 * Federal Employment Agency
 * Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rhein-Lahn (ARGE) – Job Centre
 * Land Registry
 * Tax Office
 * Community association management
 * Prison
 * Motor vehicle – Admissions
 * TÜV Rheinland Testing Diez
 * State Office real estate and construction management (LBB), Freedom Diez
 * National Road and Transport Rheinland-Pfalz, streets and office Diez
 * Water and Shipping Authority Koblenz, Branch Diez

Downtown Alliance Diez (BID)
Following the example of the North American concept of "Business Improvement District"s Diez in 2006 combined force to revive and redevelop the town's urban core. This process is on-going.

Orange Table
The initiative group "Orange Table", by Diezer citizens, is a non-industrial concentration to develop the environment of the city and region Diez. This work will take place in six existing working groups that choose to work within their subject area priorities and projects and process.

Traffic

The Federal Highway 3 to the exit 41 Diez and highways 54 and 417 are the main arteries serving Diez.

Diez is on the line between Koblenz-Gießen (the Lahntal railway) on the Deutsche Bahn network and is served by both Vectus Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH and Deutsche Bahn. The Upper Westerwald Railway and the Lower Westerwald Railway run through Diez-Ost station on the city limits to provide a connection between Limburg rail and the Westerwald. The closed Aar Valley Railway ran towards Wiesbaden and is expected to be reactivated to Zollhaus (south of Hahnstätten) in 2015.

Numerous bus routes in the Rhein-Mosel (VRM) Diez provide public transport links with the surrounding area.

The town is a stop on the German-Dutch holiday road the Orange Route, the Lahn Holiday Route and the Rhine Legends Route.

Kindergartens and nurseries

 * Catholic kindergarten, Schlesienstrasse
 * Protestant kindergarten and day care, Castle Hill
 * Protestant Children day care center, cemetery road
 * Protestant kindergarten, Bert-Brecht-Str.
 * Waldorf Kindergarten, Wilhelm von Nassau-Park

Schools

 * Karl-von-Ibell Elementary School
 * Pestallozzi-school, primary school, district Freiendiez
 * Secondary Plus Diez
 * Sophie-Hedwig High School
 * Nicolaus August Otto school (vocational school)
 * Waldorf School Diez, comprehensive school and open all-day school
 * OPTONIA, School of Optometry and Ophthalmic Optics

Educational institutions and adult education

 * Adult Education and National Education Association e. e.V.

Youth Center and Youth Services

 * Albert-Schweitzer-family work Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland e. V., Schaumburg St., weekly and group of children Diez
 * Youth Centre, Wilhelm von Nassau-Park

Hospital and Clinic

 * Hospital of the German Red Cross
 * Clinic for Psycho-Traumatology
 * Clinic for mother, father and child

Rescue and emergency services

 * Volunteer Fire Diez-Freiendiez
 * German Red Cross Ambulance – Diez
 * German Red Cross local branch – Diez
 * DLRG – Diez / Altendiez
 * Malteser Rhein-Lahn

Sport and Recreation

 * Indoor "Oranienbad Diez-Limburg"
 * Eissporthalle Diez, On Indoor
 * Mini Golf Course in the grove
 * Lahn-Lama Tours in and around Diez

Notable residents

 * (1576–1649), lawyer, professor and statesman
 * Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1592–1642): wife of Count Ernst Casimir Diezer
 * Adrian Diel (1756–1839) physician
 * (1809–1906), forester in the Rhine province, known as the "father of the Eifel forest
 * Julius Oppenheimer (1825–1889), revolutionary years of the 1848
 * (1827–1905), architect, Royal and rail operating supervisor
 * Fritz von Unruh (1885–1970)
 * (1877–1965), German writer
 * Johannes Petschull (1901–2001), music publisher
 * (1928–2012), mayor from 1974
 * Hans Jürgen Rose (b. 1941), television presenter and director ORB
 * (1944), German diplomat
 * Fritz Korbach (b. 1945), German football coach
 * Christa Prets (1947), Austrian politician, member of the EU Parliament
 * Roman Weidenfeller (b. 1980), German football player
 * Michael Stahl (born 1987), German football player
 * (born 1978) German football referee
 * (born 1981), German handball player

title: Diez, Germany


text:
Darjeeling tea

Darjeeling tea is a tea made from ''Camellia sinensis var. sinensis'' that is grown and processed in Darjeeling district or Kalimpong district in West Bengal, India. Since 2004, the term Darjeeling tea has been a registered geographical indication referring to products produced on certain estates within Darjeeling and Kalimpong. The tea leaves are processed as black tea, though some estates have expanded their product offerings to include leaves suitable for making green, white, and oolong teas.

The tea leaves are harvested by plucking the plant's top two leaves and the bud, from March to November, a time span that is divided into four flushes. The first flush consists of the first few leaves grown after the plant's winter dormancy and produce a light floral tea with a slight astringency; this flush is also suitable for producing a white tea. Second flush leaves are harvested after the plant has been attacked by a leafhopper and the camellia tortrix so that the leaves create a tea with a distinctive muscatel aroma. The warm and wet weather of monsoon flush rapidly produces leaves that are less flavorful and are often used for blending. The autumn flush produces teas similar to, but more muted than, the second flush.

Tea plants were first planted in the Darjeeling region in the mid-1800s. At the time, the British were seeking an alternative supply of tea apart from China and attempted growing the plant in several candidate areas in India. Both the newly discovered assamica variety and the sinensis variety were planted, but the sloped drainage, cool winters, and cloud cover favoured ''var. sinensis''. The British established numerous tea plantations, with the majority of workers being Gorkhas and Lepchas from Nepal and Sikkim. After independence, the estates were all subsequently sold to businesses in India and regulated under the laws of India. The Soviet Union replaced the British as the primary consumers of tea from Darjeeling. As Darjeeling tea gained a reputation for its distinctiveness and quality, it was marketed more to Western Europe, with many estates acquiring organic, biodynamic, and Fairtrade certifications and the Tea Board of India pursuing authentication and international promotion of Darjeeling teas.

History
Camellia sinensis was first planted in the Darjeeling area in 1841 by Archibald Campbell who was working for the East India Company in this jungle-covered, sparsely-populated area to develop a hill station for use by the British stationed in Kolkota. At the time, the British were seeking a source of tea outside of China and had both recently discovered a second variety of the plant growing in the wilderness of Assam and smuggled seeds and plantings out of China. The Chinese variety (sinensis) was planted in Saharanpur Botanical Gardens and propagated in other Himalayan gardens where Campbell had acquired seeds from Kumaun via Nathaniel Wallich. While the original plantings succeeded, Campbell moved to Lebong where he and several other residents planted a new batch, in 1846, of both varieties (sinensis and assamica). A year after planting the first three Company experimental tea gardens in 1852, at Tukvar, Steinthal and Alubari, they reported having 2,000 tea plants and Robert Fortune was sent to provide an expert opinion on the "suitableness of the climate and soil of the Hills for the cultivation and manufacture of Tea". While both varieties grew, the sinensis variety was flourishing, as it was found assamica preferred warmer and wetter growing conditions while sinensis had been selectively cultivated for higher elevations. The first commercial tea gardens were established in 1856 and by 1866 there were 39 tea gardens in Darjeeling, including the Makaibari Tea Estate which had established the region's first processing factory for withering and oxidation, necessary for the product to survive the months long journey down to Kolkata and over to Britain. Success of assamica at the nearby Dooars-Terai tea gardens led to infrastructure investments that would be extend up the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, allowing more machinery and supplies to reach the tea gardens. Darjeeling's population had grown from less than a 100 in the 1830s to 95,000 people with 100 tea gardens in 1885, predominantly Indian Gorkha and Lepcha migrants from Nepal and Sikkim, as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the use of steamships and the Suez Canal reduced shipping times.

After the British nationalized the East India Company, it only ever leased the lands to tea garden owners on a 30-year basis and maintained the practice of permitting only 40% to be used for tea crops, with 40% being left natural and 20% for housing and facilities. Following Indian independence in 1947, practices shifted as the British began to sell their stakes in the gardens to Indians and the 1953 Tea Act put the tea industry under the regulatory jurisdiction of the Tea Board of India. With more area being opened for tea crops at the expense of natural area and the introduction of pesticides and fertilizers, yields increased from 7.8 to 10 million kilograms between 1950 and 1960, though this came at the cost of increased soil instability. Despite a limited exemption for the tea industry the 1973 Foreign Exchange Regulations Act the new foreign ownership limitations resulted in Indian nationals becoming majority owners of the Darjeeling tea industry. As the Soviet Union replaced the United Kingdom as India's largest tea customers, Darjeeling gardens were supplemented with assamica plantings to accommodate their preference for that variety.

Production methods again shifted in the 1990s as Western Europe and Japan replaced the collapsed Soviet Union as Darjeeling's principal customers and new garden managers were bringing the principles of biodynamic agriculture to their practices. In 1988, Makaibari became the first tea estate in India to attain organic certification, followed by Tumsong, and the first to gain biodynamic certification, in 1993, followed by Ambootia. Darjeeling could not compete with other tea regions in terms of quantity or price (due to its geographic limitations, remoteness, slower plant growth, inability to mechanize, among other factors) or so it focused on quality. While the certifications provided an indication of a superior product, its practices also helped the gardens cope with erosion, slope instability and soil depletion that had become prevalent with pesticide and artificial fertilizer applications on the rainy hillsides. Yields had reached 14 million kilograms in 1994 but, with organic practices over much of the tea gardens, yields fell to an average of 9 million kilograms in the late-2010s. In pursuit of differentiating Darjeeling tea, the Darjeeling Planter's Association had been established in 1983, to promote the product in other countries. According to estimate by Tea Board of India, 7010000 kg of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.005% of total 1343060000 kg produced in India.

Logo and trade mark

In 1983 a logo was created, currently property of the Tea Board of India, consisting of the side profile of a woman holding two leaves and a bud. It is registered as a certification trade mark in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia and Taiwan, as a collective trade mark in the EU and registered internationally in the Madrid system. In 2000, the Tea Board created new licensing requirements for Darjeeling tea exporters, including product authentication and a prohibition on blending, which allowed them to issue certificates of origin. In 2004, Darjeeling tea became India's first product to receive legal geographical indication protection under the World Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement and in 2011 it was given Protected Geographical Indication status in the European Union.

Terroir
Environmental factors combined with a history of organized cultivation and processing has created a terroir unique to Darjeeling tea. It has been marketed as the "Champagne of teas" and been subject to undisclosed blending with other teas or purposeful mis-labelling. Relative to other teas, Darjeeling tea is most similar to Nepali tea.

Geography and climate
Darjeeling tea is grown in the Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts, an area bound by Nepal to the west, Bhutan to the east and Sikkim to the north. The Tea Board of India defines "Darjeeling Tea" as having "been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in the hilly areas of Sadar Subdivision, only hilly areas of Kalimpong District..., and Kurseong subdivision...of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal, India." The tea gardens are located on the hillsides of the Eastern Himalaya, between 600 and 2,000 metres in elevation. That physical geography of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, between the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal, results in the land experiencing cool air with dry winter months from November to February followed by monsoon weather in the summer months between July and September. The subtropical and wet temperate forest cover that developed under these conditions left slightly acidic loamy soils with high organic materials. Being on steep slopes, the soil is well-drained and deep enough for long root systems, necessary for anchoring soil on slopes. Being on the sides of the hills, at high elevations where cool dry air interacts with warm moist air, there can be persistent fog or cloud cover during the growing months. These are ideal conditions for the Camellia sinensis sinensis plant which flourishes with well-drained, slightly acidic soils, with periods of dormancy, and limited direct sunlight.

Cultivation
The Camellia sinensis seeds originally planted came from China but new plantings come predominantly from saplings taken from a few cultivars, such as Bannockburn 157, Phoobsering 312 and Ambari Vegetative 2, which have been specifically adapted for Darjeeling. The climate creates four distinct periods of cultivation, each of which has unique characteristics. The plants are plucked by hand every five to ten days, most typically of their top two leaves and a bud, however, based on growing conditions and desired product just the bud or the bud and top leaf may sometimes be plucked.

The first pluckings in Spring, generally March into May, are referred to as the first flush. These first leaves following the winter dormancy are the most tender leaves the plant will produce and result in a tea that has a gentle, very light colour and aroma, and a mild astringency (or briskness). The second flush is harvested in May and June, after the Empoasca and Homona coffearia have attacked the plant, releasing compounds that create a distinctive full-bodied muscatel flavour in the tea. The attacks by the leafhopper and moth release defensive chemicals from the plant and naturally begins oxidation process within the leaves. These first two flushes are the most sought after by tea connoisseurs.

The plant rapidly grows during the monsoon flush from July to September with larger and less flavourful leaves. The persistent rain also results in less complete withering and oxidization during the processing stage. Some estates create green or white teas from these as they demand less withering and no oxidation, however, when completed as black tea this flush is often sold below the cost of production for use in blending and domestic consumption. After the rainy season, the final leaves grown before the plant's winter dormancy are referred to as the autumnal flush. They are harvested in October–November and provides a herbaceous and soft muscatel flavour but with a fuller body and darker colour than previous flushes, and is compared favorably with Nepali teas.

Processing
With few exceptions, Darjeeling produces black teas. Each tea estate operates their own equipment so that processing can begin the same day as plucking. The leaves are first brought indoors where they are air blown overnight to dry them sufficiently so that their cells can be ruptured, initiating oxidation, when rolled without breaking the leaf. Darjeeling teas, especially the first flush, tend to be withered longer than other black teas; a hard wither can reduce a leaf's water content by more than half, affecting polyphenol oxidase activity and leaving a more green appearance. Some tea estates will produce a batch of Darjeeling oolong tea by limiting the amount of oxidation. After rolling, the leaves are left to oxidize on trays before being fired to reduce the moisture level down to approximately 2% and sealing the ruptures which will be reopened with consumer's hot water. The sorting of the dried product according to tea leaf grading is completed and shipped to Kolkata for auctioning, though many estates sell privately under contracts.

Preparation, flavour and aroma
With the exception of the first flush, orthodox (i.e. not crush, tear, curl) Darjeeling teas are generally prepared in the same manner as other black teas. Tea connoisseurs recommend a water temperature ranging between 90 C to 95 C in a single infusion of 3 to 4 minutes, whereas first flushes, like other early spring teas such as Jin Jun Mei tea, use water of slightly lower temperature at 85 to 90 °C and an infusion time of 2 to 3 minutes. For every 150 milliliters ($2/3$ cup) of water used, 2 to 3 grams (one tablespoon) of loose leaf tea is added. As Darjeeling teas are low in malt and bitter characteristics and are appreciated for delicate floral and fruit aromas, milk and sweeteners are typically not added. Their high tannin content allows them to be paired well with carbohydrate-rich foods, such as baked goods and pasta.

Darjeeling teas are best known for the muscatel flavour, described as a "musky spiciness", "a unique muscat-like fruitiness in aroma and flavour", that develops in the second flush and is present to a lesser degree in the subsequent autumnal flush. While general tea flavours are created by thearubigins and theaflavins, chemical analysis on Darjeeling teas show their unique muscatel flavour is the result of 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol and 2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octa-diene-2,6-diol, with other aromatic compounds coming from linalool, benzyl alcohol, cis-3-hexenol, α-farnesene, benzyl nitrile, indole, nerolidol and ocimene. Otherwise, Darjeeling teas are described as possessing a flowery fragrance and fruity (grapes, plums, apricots, peaches, pineapple, guava, or citrus fruits), flowery and woody aroma notes, and a little more astringency than their Chinese counterparts.

Organization
The Tea Board of India recognizes 87 tea estates (also called "tea gardens") as producers of Darjeeling tea. Cumulatively, they cover 17,500 hectares of land. Apart from these estates, a relatively small amount of tea is produced in farm cooperatives but they lack processing and quality control infrastructure. Some of the notable tea estates include:

 * Arya
 * Avongrove
 * Badamtam
 * Balasun
 * Castleton
 * Glenburn
 * Gopaldhara
 * Happy Valley
 * Jungpana
 * Lopchu
 * Makaibari
 * Margaret's Hope
 * North Tukvar
 * Okayti
 * Peshok
 * Phoobsering
 * Phuguri
 * Pussimbing
 * Puttabong
 * Rangli Rangliot
 * Teesta Valley
 * Thurbo
 * Mission Hill

The Government of West Bengal owns the land on which the estates are located and administer 30 to 90 year leases under the West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act to companies operating the estates. The West Bengal government is also involved in providing regulatory supervision of numerous aspects of estate operations, including land use and labour agreements. The Darjeeling Tea Association (affiliated with the Indian Tea Association) is the trade association that represents the tea estates and exporters in business and labour affairs. They jointly negotiate together with the various unions and the government so that workers across numerous tea estates receive the same compensation.

Labour relations are complex as, in addition to the seasonal influx of temporary workers, the permanent workers can be permanent residents of the estates where, pursuant to the Plantations Labour Act, housing, education, health and other services are provided by the estate, in addition to a base salary. Because the provision of these services are required by law, fair trade organizations, such as the Fairtrade International, allow their fair trade premiums be paid to plantation owners, rather than the workers, on condition that the owners can only use the premium to offset some of the costs of providing these services. Studies of this arrangement have suggested that this has negatively effected the livelihoods of labourers, as owners have more than correspondingly reduced their contributions to the required services. This also complicates wage negotiations as marginal increases are feared to come at the expense of a loss of social services. However, the low wages contribute to a high rate of absenteeism of workers seeking higher paying work elsewhere. The tea estate workers have historically relied on workers coming from Nepal as a source of inexpensive labour. Consequently, Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Kurseong and their tea estates are populated predominantly by Indian Gorkha people. They have developed a unified ethnic identity and advocated for independence from West Bengal. Occasionally, actions of the Gorkhaland movement have disrupted operations of the Darjeeling tea estates, such as the 2017 bandh.

title: Darjeeling tea


text:
Walhachin

Walhachin is an unincorporated community in the Thompson Country region of south central British Columbia, Canada. The place is on a south shore bench of the Thompson River between Brassey and Jimmie creeks. The locality, off BC Highway 1, is by road about 77 km northeast of Spences Bridge, 28 km east of Cache Creek, and 66 km west of Kamloops.

Topography
At the end of the Last Glacial Period (LGP), a lake covered the valley. At the mouths of Deadman and Brassey creeks, large sand and gravel deltas formed. The Bonaparte River, which then drained eastward, deposited silt on the valley floor. The lowering lake reduced the deltas, revealed the terraces, and allowed the Thompson to carve a channel to flow westward. Later erosion in the drainage basins of the Brassey and Upper Ranch creeks overlaid these sand and gravel areas with fertile deposits.

The 5000 acre area is about 1.5 mi wide stretching 7 mi along the river. The plateaus set the north–south limits. A First Nations reserve to the east and then unavailable land to the west set the longitudinal limits.

Earlier settlements
In 1858, the arrival of placer miners transformed the river edges and prompted the displacement of First Nations in the vicinity. Evidence of former indigenous winter quarters is visible along the terraces. In 1868, the Skeetchestn Band reserve on Deadman Creek was surveyed.

Experiencing the vegetation associated with semi-arid conditions of Western North America, the land was most suited to cattle ranching. In 1865, John Wilson pre-empted property to the west on the north shore for winter grazing. He expanded his herd to thousands of cattle, unlike the pre-emptors, who had preceded him. On the south shore central parts, J.B. Greaves abandoned his herd in 1867, returned in the spring, and settled. Adjacent to his east, he also gained title to the Tingley property in 1872. He greatly expanded his holdings eastward in 1879.

On the south shore opposite Wilson, Charles Pennie pre-empted in 1870, acquiring and leasing more property over the following years. By 1876, he remained the only permanent settler west of Greaves. Overgrazing transformed the natural bunchgrass to sagebrush and cactus. Possessing water rights on Brassey Creek and storage at Twin Lakes, Pennie developed a 2 acre apple orchard, having potential far exceeding the general area. After Charles died in 1900, his widow was open to selling the ranch. By this time, 40 acre of hay was also under irrigation.

Canadian Pacific
In December 1884, the eastward advance of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) rail head from Port Moody passed through the locality.

Erected in 1884, the standard-design (Bohi's Type 5) single-storey station building with gable roof and dormers (identical to Keefers) was sold in 1965.

In 1901, a locomotive under tow and four freight cars toppled over an embankment. In 1908, a westbound freight train struck and killed a man near Semlin, which is named for Charles Augustus Semlin. That year, CP installed a wye. The station was at the highest point on the line west of Craigellachie. Consequently, 60-car freight trains were split into 30-car units for separate hauling up the steep grade from North Bend. In 1909, the body of a man who likely fell from a freight train was discovered to the west.

In 1910, a freighthopper died in an unspecified accident. In 1911, all the passenger cars of a train derailed on returning to the main line at Semlin, and CP built an engine house and plastered the station. On being evicted from a freight train that year, several freighthoppers hurled rocks at the train drawing a response in kind from the crew. The offenders were later arrested. In 1914, a freighthopper suffered a crushed arm and foot on being run over either when boarding or departing a CP train. Months later, an escaping jewels thief attempted to board a passing CP train but instead sustained scalp wounds and fell dazed beside the track.

In 1920, a CP train struck a man riding a horse along the track, causing severe injuries. In 1921, one defendant received three years and the other two and a half years for breaking into a CP baggage car near Walhachin. In 1927, the charge from a lightening bolt travelling along the wire to the headphones of the CP telegraph operator briefly knocked him unconscious.

In 1932, an eastbound train carrying a CP superintendent ran into a rockslide. That year, transients completely burned five boxcars at Semlin. In 1936, a fire burned the CP water tower, three telegraph poles, and some ties. The tank infrastructure was rebuilt.

In 1948, automatic block signalling (ABS) was installed.

In 1955, the partial derailment of an eastbound CP passenger train caused no injuries.

In 1976, 28 westbound CP wheat cars derailed at Semlin, with four falling about 200 ft into the Thompson.

In 1985, protests lodged after CP removed a private crossing over four tracks was resolved by a relocated crossing over a single track.

In 1998, the derailment of five rail cars of a CP freight train about 1 km east damaged approximately 500 m of track.

In 2010, a cultivator struck by a train at a crossing was destroyed.

The CP Walhachin passing track is 9460 ft.

Canadian National
In 1912 and 1913, a construction worker fell from the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) bridge and drowned.

In December 1914, the westward advance of the CNoR rail head from Kamloops reached Walhachin. The track follows the valley floor at a much lower elevation than the hamlet proper.

In 1915, a worker fell to his death from the CNoR bridge.

The Canadian National Railway (CN) passing track at Walhachin on the predominantly single-track subdivision was 3448 ft in 1916, progressively extending to the current 6455 ft.

In 1922, no injuries occurred when a passenger train hit a landslide, derailing the locomotive.

In 1947, five died and a crew member was scalded, when a CN freight train derailed at Anglesey.

In 1952, a freighthopper died as a result of falling from a CN freight train.

In 1973, the CN train station (1914) burned to the ground.

. The twice weekly Kamloops–Boston Bar way-freight, introduced in 1932, is omitted from the Official Guide timetables.

Creating the orchard subdivision
Few small BC communities have had as much written about them as Walhachin.

On the advice of C.E. Barnes, the British Columbia Development Association (BCDA) in 1908 purchased the Pennie Ranch (including the Upper Ranch) and an additional 930 acre formerly owned by J.B. Greaves. The $229,400 total price included buildings and livestock, the latter being on sold to free the land for orchard development.

The BCDA immediately formed two subsidiaries, the Dry Belt Settlement Utilities (DBSU) for the townsite and the BC Horticultural Estates for the agriculture. In summer 1908, 150 town lots were surveyed, 25 acre planted with grass, and work began on developing irrigation systems from the creeks.

In 1909, construction commenced on a hotel, general store, bunkhouse, and three residences. By that fall, the London promotional campaign was underway. The elaborate brochures were directed toward the upper class, and most purchases were made sight unseen. An additional incentive was that immigrants could bring in their opulent possessions duty free.

The townsite was at the Upper Ranch. Reginald Pole was the inaugural postmaster 1909–1910.

Name origin
Although CP spelled the station name as Pennys from the 1880s, the Pennie Ranch settlement was generally called Pennies or sometimes Penniestown or Penniston.

The BCDA renamed its townsite of Sunnymede as Walhassen in February 1909, claiming this anglicization of a First Nations word meant "abundance of the earth". The spelling soon changed to Walhachin. An accurate translation as "land of round rocks", which better described the terraces capped with large concentrations of cobble gravel, never appeared in promotional materials.

Unlike other interior communities, Walhachin functioned as an elite English implant during its boom years, earning the unofficial name of Little England or Canada's Camelot, a second Eden in the desert.

Expansion and climax prior to World War I
Years of optimism in BC, accompanied by inaccurate and/or biased promotional material, triggered immigration, which was key to Walhachin's growth. Such literature claimed that fruit farming in the valley was highly profitable and an ideal pursuit for the upper class, while glossing over the isolation and harsh environment.

The British population totalled 6 in 1909, 79 in 1910, and 150 in 1914. In 1910, the general store opened, the townsite main square was laid out, 13 residences built, and the irrigation aqueduct was completed. The settlers lived at the townsite rather than at their orchard lots and fields, which were some distance away on both sides of river. That April, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier officially opened the hotel. The BCDA purchased an additional 3265 acre on the north shore from the Dominion Government for a dollar an acre. The Snohoosh Water Light and Power Co. was established mainly to supply water for this land.

In 1911, 12 residences were built and the Walhachin Chronicle published three editions. In 1912, The Walhachin Times printed a single edition. That year, a large town hall was erected. Two restaurants, a bakery, barber, butcher, dairy, livery stable, ladies store, two insurance offices, and three laundries, also existed. In May 1913, the government school opened. An unofficial school had operated since March 1911.

Decline and abandonment
Promoters buying cheap land, making minimal improvements, and selling to new settlers, often did not end well for the latter. Additionally in this instance, the unpaid debenture holders forced the BCDA into bankruptcy in 1912. These lenders eventually received nine pence on the pound sterling (less than four cents on the dollar), making Walhachin also an investment failure for both stockholders and lenders.

When the Marquess of Anglesey began buying Walhachin land in 1913, the evidence suggested another bad investment. That year, he laid out the Anglesey townsite on the north shore. He introduced a degree of relaxation to the rigid class structure at Walhachin by changing the rules to permit public entry to the hotel. However, use of the swimming pool at his Anglesey residence remained restricted to the aristocracy.

One account claims about 2000 ST of potatoes were produced in 1911, whereas another states that only small volumes of vegetables were shipped out prior to 1917. That year, 15 acres of trees produced the first commercial apples. During World War I the infrastructure experienced neglect. In 1918, the Marquess gained a controlling interest in the venture.

In spring 1919, the men began returning from the war. As a remembrance, the community hall was renamed the Soldiers Memorial Hall. The provincial government and the attitude toward the English settlers had changed. Finding better prospects elsewhere, these owners advertised their properties for sale. Premier John Oliver refused the Marquess' offer of his holdings for soldier resettlement. That year, all fruit shipments ceased, because the orchards and infrastructure had badly deteriorated.

In 1920, the hotel was demolished. By 1921, with no improvements and falling fruit prices, most settlers left and the Marquess lost interest.

The DBSU entered bankruptcy in July 1922, the water system was abandoned, and by yearend, all the English gentry were gone. The CN railway point being the notable local survivor of the Anglesey family name, the Marquess returned permanently to England but revisited his ranch at least once.

After 1923, Chinese gardeners leased 12 acre as orchard and also grew vegetables on the limited arable ground irrigated by the Twin Lakes Reservoir.

Irrigation obstacles
The irrigation system was the dominant factor for failure. On the south shore, the creeks supplied water via 2 km of wooden flume, 1.6 km of ditch, 1.2 km of wooden pipe, and 0.8 km of steel pipe. On the north shore, a similar combination stretched over 34 km. An underwater pipe crossing the river to supplement the south shore irrigation was washed out two months after installation during the 1911 spring run off. The replacement was hung from a suspension bridge. When the pipe diameter was increased in 1914, not only did the weight cause sag and leakage, but also prohibited use during high water. The total length of irrigation works was 102 km, which included the connecting lines to the orchards.

Opinions differ as to the quality of workmanship in building the sections of the main flume. One view regards the work as more than adequate. A contrary perspective of the whole conduit infrastructure suggests a temporariness in design to save costs, with the intention of replacement once the orchards produced income streams. From the beginning, the system proved unreliable. A 1918 summer rainstorm damaged ditches and flumes. Not repaired until the next year, a season of fruit and vegetables was lost. In general, ditches lost water to seepage and eroded. Flume supports sank as ground settled or were undermined by leakage in those places. Beavers blocked the 42 km of creeks and the torrent from dismantling their dams damaged aqueducts.

To recover the original capital cost of the water system (estimated at $100,000 to $300,000) and ongoing maintenance made the water supply uneconomical. A 1944 study to examine the feasibility of growing alfalfa determined that water costs would make such a project unprofitable. A 1945 study to examine the feasibility of settling returned World War II soldiers reached a similar conclusion. Only a small acreage supplied by the Twin Lakes Reservoir was viable.

In the 1910s, the pumping of water up a 1100 ft elevation from the river below was financially impractical. After three decades of neglect, isolated apple trees in various spots did survive. Technology advances in the 1950s offered inexpensive water for crops, where soil conditions were favourable.

Climate
The valley is one of driest parts of Canada, experiencing only light rainfall and snowfall. The frost-free period in the valley bottom is two to three times longer than at the higher elevations. The northern side is less prone to frosts but more to drought. The varying landforms create micro-climatic differences around Walhachin.

The first government experimental farm was opened in the Thompson Valley in 1934. In the absence of prior research, adapting to suit the environment required trial and error by earlier settlers. Whereas the long warm season was promoted to potential settlers, the three and half months of cold season was the real challenge. Although frosts may cost only one season for vegetable crops, the cost for fruit trees, which take five years before an appreciable harvest, was far more serious. The excessive summer temperatures caused high evaporation of scarce water resources and the sun scald of fruit. In 1917, such losses were accompanied by an outbreak of codling moth disease.

Unlike the Okanagan, where the lake moderates temperatures, Walhachin is susceptible to serious frosts, which in 1912 destroyed 50 acre of peaches, indicating that the vicinity was suitable for apple crops only. Also tried but rejected were tobacco, cherries, pears, plums, and apricots.

Soil quality
Conducted in 1953, the first soil study on the various terrace levels determined 222 acre too rocky for any agriculture, 72 acre low yielding and expensive to irrigate, and 159 acre suitable for vegetables.

A 1962 comprehensive soil study concluded the general area was only suitable for grazing livestock. Of the greater land mass, only 4 per cent (about 200 acre) was suitable for vegetables and 90 per cent could grow alfalfa (subject to economical irrigation). Such an environment could not have provided a viable base for the 1910s settlement.

Calibre of settlers
The retirees from the military or public service had no knowledge of farming. Most of the young men would not have chosen to come to Walhachin. Many either possibly faced or actually experienced expulsion from school, the military, or high society, because of moral shortcomings, legal problems, or gross incompetence. Their families effectively banished them from England by sending them to manage a newly acquired overseas property. These rejects lacked a motivation to succeed, a desire to work, and useful employment skills. The elderly came to enjoy the drier climate in their retirement years.

Most settlers lived for leisure rather than to comprehend horticulture. Agricultural advice from anyone was seldom invited. The place operated like an exclusive club, ensuring minimal contact with the lower classes. Many of the affluent departed over the winter for warmer places. Unfortunately, the financial return from orchards was never going to produce the upper-class standard of living most expected. No doubt, the lower class immigrants were largely hard workers as were some of the gentry.

World War I
A questionable claim is that Walhachin had the largest per capita enlistment of men in World War I of any community in Canada. In August 1914, the Walhachin Squadron of the 31st British Columbia Horse, which comprised all the young men except one, left for training. Beyond patriotism, World War I provided the disenchanted an opportunity to escape from the isolation, where suitable marriage prospects were slender and the overall Walhachin enterprise was indicating failure. Though 40 men left immediately to serve, a considerable number of older and married men remained at least until 1916 and continued to manage the orchards, until many of the married enlisted. When the war depleted the general labour supply, Chinese and First Nations became the primary workers. The war also dried up essential funding from England, which reduced payrolls and caused the neglect of infrastructure. The increased wartime demand did provide a lucrative market for fruit crops generally.

Produce pricing
Being on both the CP and CN main lines was advantageous for distribution. During 1919 and 1920, apple prices remained high, but the dramatic increase of apple crops in BC alone led to falling prices in international markets from 1921 onward. Within this gradual decline were extreme annual fluctuations. Also, US orchardists could produce comparable fruit at significantly lower cost. Even if the Walhachin orchards had survived, they could not have been profitable in the long term.

Ferries and bridge across the Thompson

A ferry installed at the townsite in 1908 ran until 1910. That year, a ferry installed at the former Pennie Ranch site to serve the Barnes estate on the north side ran until 1912. Close to the latter in 1911, the Algoma Steel Bridge Co erected two 200 ft through Howe truss sections, which were 14 ft wide, and supported by abutments and a central pier. The bridge opened the following year.

The wooden deck of the single-lane steel bridge was replaced in 1977–78 and 2015.

Intermediate community
Although a ghost of past glory, Walhachin was never a true ghost town. While the British left, the place never died, because many of the workers remained and the railways maintained a presence.

In the late 1920s, student numbers were sufficient to warrant two teachers at the school, but the population fell during the Great Depression. At that time, the government established a relief camp on the north shore several miles away.

The estate was largely vacant until 1940, when cattleman Harry Ferguson leased 5000 acre of bottom land, which he used for winter grazing. The orchards and sagebrush were cleared and grass planted. Prior to his death in 1947, the Marquess sold the property to Ferguson for a mere $40,000, which has continued in use for cattle ranching.

In 1954, BC Hydro transmission lines introduced electricity to the area. That year, the elementary school closed, since a school bus taking high school students to Ashcroft could also carry elementary students.

In the 1960s, the hall renovations included halving the stage width and converting the actors' dressing rooms into washrooms. Remaining in the hall for almost 50 years, the Weber piano, once played by Ignacy Jan Paderewski, was donated in 1961 to the University of British Columbia School of Music.

The Walhachin Quarry is south of the hamlet and the CP main line. In 1973, blasting for road gravel blew out windows in the community hall and shattered glass at residences. After a period of inactivity, operations resumed in 1984. The quarry primarily produces railway ballast.

The general store operated at least until the mid-1980s, when the Thompson River Estates subdivision was created to the northeast on the opposite shore.

Later community
When the Walhachin postmaster retired in October 2004, the post office closed permanently.

In 2008, centennial celebrations were held over a weekend.

In 2011, the museum opened in the hall.

The annual Walhaschindig has been held since 2016.

In 2018, Walhachin unveiled a new cenotaph behind the hall, which commemorates the more than 100 men who took part in World War I.

The water supply system, which serves about 35 customers, was largely constructed in 1979 and upgraded in 2002 and 2012.

The population totals about 40 permanent residents. Including the hall, 14 original buildings still stand, the former store and schoolhouse converted to private residences.

To west is Juniper Beach Provincial Park and east is Walhachin Oxbows Provincial Park.

Notable people

 * Ralph Chetwynd (1890–1957), businessman and politician, resident.
 * Arthur Chetwynd (1913–2004), documentary producer, place of birth.
 * Gordon Flowerdew (1885–1918), Victoria Cross recipient, resident.
 * Maurice Henry Nelson Hood (1881-1915), naval officer, resident.
 * Rowland Hood, 3rd Viscount Bridport (1911–1969), naval officer and politician, place of birth.

Filming location
Scenes from the following were shot in the Walhachin area:

 * Firewall (2006).
 * Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008).

Maps

 * Map of district.
 * Map of pre-emptions.
 * Map of townsite.
 * Map of agriculture.

title: Walhachin


text:
Talk:Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)

Copyright
This article was copied word for word from http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/mozart_piano_con21.html without attribution. The original page indicates the text is copyrighted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.160.168.223 (talk) 07:29, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Expansion of this article
Egemont and I are currently expanding this article under User:Pianoplonkers/Sandbox 3 and will upload it as soon as we have finished doing this. Thanks--Pianoplonkers (talk) 16:45, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

✅--Pianoplonkers (talk) 17:58, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. --Voceditenore (talk) 19:27, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Possible other copyright problems
I also have a strong suspicion that virtually the entire Structure section (added in a single edit in 2006 ) may also have been copied from somewhere, possibly a book. Note that all sites on the internet currently displaying the text have copied from Wikipedia. Voceditenore (talk) 19:42, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Song Sung Blue
Not a mention?! At this point I think far more people know this song than some obscure Swedish movie.

I'm going to add it in. Someone else source it, please -- kinda beyond me! 209.172.25.74 (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Incidentally, the movie was quite noticed, won some major international awards and did well at the box office - in short, it was anything but "obscure" in its day. Few movie nicknames of that kind survive a long time - for instance, recordings of Gustav Mahler's 5th Symphony are not billed as "the theme from Death in Venice" these days, though they sometimes were in the 1970s when the impact of the film was fresh. 83.254.151.33 (talk) 15:26, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

The 21st Piano Concerto and Vivaldi's Spring
How is nobody talking about the fact that several violin sections of Mozart's 21st Piano Concerto are practically taken straight out of Vivaldi's La Primavera, composed some 60 years earlier? The parts are too many and too similar to be a coincidence. You might even say that Vivaldi runs through almost the entire concerto, to some extent. Just listen to them! 90.224.226.244 (talk) 20:39, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Never heard this one before. Do you have a side-by-side comparison?  Or two videos with pairs of time-markers?  Both pieces use relatively simple melodies -- are these more complex than simple scales or arpeggios?  DavidRF (talk) 16:55, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

"Cultural references" needs some care
The second movement is referred to in inconsistent ways. And the second movement's references are listed before the first movement's, which seems counter-intuitive. Be good to just make that section a bit more professional. 2601:600:A480:D8E0:95AB:7F1E:F2A7:46BA (talk) 20:14, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's referred to as the "second movement" and "andante movement" alternatively to avoid repetition. The 2nd movement is mentioned first because it's the most well-known part. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:09, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)


text:
File:DaftPunk Aerodynamic.jpg

Summary
Front cover of the single "Aerodynamic" by Daft Punk.

title: File:DaftPunk Aerodynamic.jpg


text:
Richmal Oates-Whitehead

Richmal Marie Oates-Whitehead (February 1970 – August 2005) was an employee of the British Medical Association. After the 7 July 2005 London bombings, she claimed to have tended to the attack victims as a doctor, though she did not have any medical qualifications. She was found dead shortly after coming to the attention of the press. Initially, it was suspected that she might have committed suicide, but it emerged later that she died of natural causes.

Early life
Oates-Whitehead was born and brought up in Gisborne, New Zealand. She had epilepsy in her childhood. She displayed interest in becoming a physician or entering the medical profession right from her school days. Her school friends described her as a caring person.

While she did not become a physician, she trained as a radiation therapist for a year in 1991, working on a study on prevention of blood coagulation. This included an internship at Auckland. She moved to London in 2001, and prior to her last employment with British Medical Association (BMA) as an editor of Clinical Evidence (an online journal of the British Medical Journal), she was with the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health in the role of clinical effectiveness coordinator. Immediately prior to her employment at the BMA she worked as a medical writer for Euro RSCG Medical Education; throughout her brief employment at this company she posed as a doctor.

London bombings
Oates-Whitehead came to attention in the aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings at Tavistock Square. She claimed to have been asked to help out by some firemen and that she did not hesitate for a moment.

She was widely hailed as a "heroine", after her accounts of treating the seriously injured were carried out by the press, especially in New Zealand. Subsequently, The New Zealand Herald, among others, researched her background and found that she was not a doctor, but an editor of a BMA publication, a job that did not require medical qualifications. The media's suspicion was triggered by an account by Oates-Whitehead of how she heard a controlled explosion of another bomb by the police while she was busy tending to the victims. Scotland Yard's denial of such an explosion and the absence of her name on either of the UK or the New Zealand Medical Council registers of doctors strengthened the suspicions. Nor could the University of Auckland confirm that she was a graduate of the institution. Oates-Whitehead contested the newspaper's contention and threatened to sue it for defamation, but resigned from her post on health grounds when BMA announced an inquiry into her antecedents. The controlled explosion that Oates-Whitehead heard was later reported by others.

According to the Richmond and Twickenham Times newspaper, there had been a controlled explosion of a suspect package on the bus: 'Sergeant Graham Cross and his unit of five were trying to set up a cordon around the King's Cross bombing when the number 30 bus was blown up in Tavistock Square. "We were only 100 metres away," Mr Cross said. Team member PC Ashley Walker was looking at the bus as it exploded before his eyes. As they ran closer, they saw "people's body parts and lumps of flesh", PC Walker remembers. One man's legs were trapped under a bench, while another mangled victim hanged with his head over the edge of the bombed top deck. Then they spotted a microwave box near a window. Another bomb? They thought it was. "But we had no choice, really," Mr Graham says. "We had to go get people off the bus." A bomb disposal unit later blew up the package in a controlled explosion.' Testimony given at the Coroner's Inquest confirms the controlled explosion of the microwave oven:

Transcript:

Q. In relation to secondary devices, you were aware, I think, during your time at the scene, in relation to secondary devices, of the attendance of a Metropolitan Police explosives unit, explosives officer. Is that right?

A. That's correct.

Q. I think, to use the phrase that you did in your recent statement in which you went over your actions on the day itself, you noted that the box that you considered may have contained a secondary device—which would be the microwave oven, as it transpired to be — was neutralised by the explosives officer. There was a controlled explosion at one stage carried out by explosives officers that day. Was that subsequent—put it another way, was that something that occurred or that didn't occur while you were there?

A. Sorry?

Q. The question is probably poorly phrased. Were you aware of a controlled explosion?

A. Yes.

Q. -- or simply the attendance of explosives officers?

A. I heard the controlled explosion, yes.

Q. Right. I don't suppose you can provide a time for that, can you, or can you?

A. After 30 minutes. That's my guess, I can't know.

Q. All right. That's all I want to ask about that.

Death
Following apprehensions from her family members, the police entered her flat in West London on 17 August and found her dead body. Initially it was believed that she might have committed suicide due to the possible media witch hunt and loss of her job. However, post-mortem reports suggested that she died of a pulmonary embolism. The Coroner's office ruled out an inquest as the death was due to natural causes.

Alleged personality disorder
Newspaper reports indicate that Oates-Whitehead seemed to have a personality disorder. She always carried a stethoscope in her handbag despite not being a doctor; described herself as an epidemiologist or a professor in her correspondence and told others that she travelled to Iraq and Indonesia to provide medical assistance to the war victims and the tsunami victims respectively. Her claims also included having cancer, being stalked, having a mini heart attack, references to a retired professor as partner and giving birth to premature twins who died within a day. A common thread of appeal for either admiration or sympathy seems to have run through her stories.

title: Richmal Oates-Whitehead