text: Category:Education in Portugal

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title: Category:Education in Portugal


text:
Pallasite

The pallasites are a class of stony–iron meteorite. They are relatively rare, and can be distinguished by the presence of large olivine crystal inclusions in the ferro-nickel matrix.

These crystals represent mantle and core material from differentiated planetesimals, which were destroyed by violent collisions during the early formation of the Solar System.

Structure and composition
It consists of centimetre-sized olivine crystals of peridot quality in an iron-nickel matrix. Coarser metal areas develop Widmanstätten patterns upon etching. Minor constituents are schreibersite, troilite, chromite, pyroxenes, and phosphates (whitlockite, stanfieldite, farringtonite, and merrillite).

Classification and subgroups
Using the oxygen isotopic composition, meteoric iron composition and silicate composition pallasites are divided into 4 subgroups:
 * Main group pallasites (PMG): Almost all pallasites
 * Eagle Station group (PES): 5 specimens known. They are related to IIF irons.
 * Pyroxene Pallasite grouplet (PPX): Counts only Vermillion and Yamato 8451. They take their name from the high orthopyroxene content (about 5%). Metal matrix shows a fine octahedrite Widmanstätten pattern.
 * Pallasite ungrouped (P-ung): Specimens that don't fit into any groups or grouplets

Origin
Pallasites were once thought to originate at the core-mantle boundary of differentiated asteroids that were subsequently shattered through impacts. An alternative recent hypothesis is that they are impact-generated mixtures of core and mantle materials. This hypothesis is supported by isotopic analysis indicating admixture of material from multiple planetesimals.

History
A common error is to associate their name with the asteroid 2 Pallas but their actual name is after the German naturalist Peter Pallas (1741–1811), who studied in 1772 a specimen found earlier near Krasnoyarsk in the mountains of Siberia that had a mass of 680 kg. The Krasnoyarsk mass described by Pallas in 1776 was one of the examples used by E.F.F. Chladni in the 1790s to demonstrate the reality of meteorite falls on the Earth, which most scientists at his time considered as fairytales. This rock mass was dissimilar to all rocks or ores found in this area (and the large piece could not have been accidentally transported to the find site), but its content of native metal was similar to other finds known from completely different areas.

Pallasite falls
Pallasites are a rare type of meteorite. Only 61 are known to date, including 10 from Antarctica, with four being observed falls. The following four falls are in chronological order:
 * Mineo, Sicily, Italy. A luminous meteor was observed and an object seen to fall with a loud roar in May 1826. Only 46 g are preserved in collections.
 * Zaisho, Japan. 330 g were found on February 1, 1898, after the appearance of a fireball.
 * Marjalahti, Karelia, Russia. After the appearance of a bright meteor and detonations, a large mass was seen to fall and 45 kg were recovered in June 1902. At this date the fall site belonged to Finland, and the main mass of Marjalahti is now at the Geological Museum of the University of Helsinki.
 * Omolon, Magadan Region, Russia. A reindeer-breeder observed the fall on May 16, 1981, and found the 250 kg meteorite two years later. The fall was confirmed by a meteorological station that had observed a fireball on the same date.

Notable pallasite finds
Although pallasites are a rare meteorite type, enough pallasite material is found in museums and meteorite collections and is available for research. This is due to several large finds, some of which yielded more than a metric ton. The following are the largest finds:
 * Brenham, Kansas, United States. In 1890 the find of about 20 masses with a total weight of 1000 kg around the shallow Haviland Crater were reported. More masses were found later, including one of 454 kg from a depth of 5 ft, the total amounting to about 4.3 t. A piece of 487 kg is in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. In 2005, Steve Arnold of Arkansas, USA, and Phil Mani of Texas, USA, unearthed a large mass of 650 kg and in 2006 several new large masses  Don Stimpson and Sheila Knepper have found approximately 8,000 lbs. of the Brenham meteorite on their farm property.
 * Huckitta, Northern Territory, Australia. A mass of 1400 kg was found in 1937 on a cattle station north-east of Alice Springs. Earlier, in 1924, a transported piece of about 1 kg had been found on Burt Plain north of Alice Springs.
 * Fukang, Xinjiang Province, China. A mass of 1003 kg was recovered in 2000.
 * Imilac, Atacama Desert, Chile; known since 1822. Numerous masses up to 200 kg were found, the total weight is about 920 kg.
 * Brahin, Gomel Region, Belarus, known since 1810. Many masses were found strewn in a field, with a total weight of about 820 kg. An additional mass of 227 kg was found at a depth of 10 ft in 2002.
 * Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. A large mass of 755 kg was found embedded in soil before 1951.
 * Pallasovka, Pallasovka, Russia. A single mass of 198 kg was found near Pallasovka, Russia in 1990.  Coincidentally, both the town of Pallasovka and pallasite meteorites were named after the naturalist, Peter Pallas.
 * Krasnojarsk, Yeniseisk, Russia. A mass of about 700 kg was detected in 1749 about 145 mi south of Krasnojarsk.  It was seen by P. S. Pallas in 1772 and transported to Krasnojarsk (see above). The main mass of 515 kg is now in Moscow at the Academy of Sciences.  Pallasites are named after Peter Pallas for his study of this meteorite.
 * Seymchan, discovered near the town by the same name, in far eastern Russia in 1967. This main group Pallasite has some areas free of olivine crystals, and may have formed near the junction of the core and the mantle of an asteroid. Multiple masses in excess of 1 tonne have been recovered.

title: Pallasite


text:
User talk:Waynejkruse10

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 10:20, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Waynejkruse10


text: User talk:38.117.131.2

title: User talk:38.117.131.2


text:
List of New York Americans players

This is a list of players who have played at least one game for the New York Americans (1925–1941) and Brooklyn Americans (1941–42) of the National Hockey League (NHL). This list does not include players for the Quebec Bulldogs (1919–20) and Hamilton Tigers (1920–1925).

Key

 * Hockey Hall of Famer

''The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.''

title: List of New York Americans players


text:
Palmira, Valle del Cauca

Palmira is a city and municipality in southwestern Colombia in the Valle del Cauca Department, located about 17 mi east from Cali, the department's capital and main city in the South of Colombia. Palmira is the second largest city in the Valle del Cauca, behind Cali.

Geography

Palmira is located in southwestern Colombia, lying in the Cauca River valley. 3°31’48” north altitude and 76°81’13” longitude west of Greenwich. The city covers an area of 448 sqmi. The city lies at an elevation of 1000 m above sea level.

Climate
Palmira has a relatively dry tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with two dry seasons: from June to August and December to February. Annual rainfall averages only about 900 mm at the airport, but up to 1700 mm in higher parts of the municipality.

Industry
Important agricultural products are sugar cane, coffee, rice, corn, and tobacco. Palmira is known as the agricultural capital of Colombia, its main source of income is agriculture and specially the sugarcane cultivation. Palmira is home to the most important sugar mills in the country like : Manuelita Sugar Mill, Providencia Sugar Mill, Del Cauca Sugar Mill and more. The illegal burning of waste cane is the main source of air pollution in the city.

In 2005, Palmira opened its first large and post modern shopping mall Centro Comercial Llanogrande Plaza, popularly called "La Catorce", after the department store 'La 14' located in the mall. In 2021 ‘La 14’ liquidated and all locations closed, including the store in Llanogrande. The indoor/outdoor shopping center has become very popular among Palmireños since its opening as there were until recently no other large shopping malls in the city. Nevertheless, Palmiranos can still do their basic shopping in La Marden or any of its other stores located all throughout the city, specially in El Centro. Before the mall was built, Palmireños had to travel to Cali to many of its shopping centers such as La Catorce, De Calima, and Chipichape. Llanogrande has many restaurants, several outdoor bars, an indoor cinema, casino, and a small amusement park. It is located on the city's southwest side. In 2014, a second commercial shopping center called “Unicentro Palmira” was opened on the north west side of the city.

Transportation
Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport, which serves Cali, is located in Palmira. The citizens' most common method of transportation is the motorcycle. There are many of these in the city and many operators ignore traffic laws so that cars on the street have to drive slow and carefully in order to avoid hitting them. In fact, the large numbers of motorcycles has become a new business since the past 5 years. Since there are a lot of motorcycles, their owners have started to offer transporting people from one place to other as if they were taxis. This caused a lot of friction between taxis and "mototaxis", as many people call them, because it has reduced the demand of people willing to pay for the cost of a taxi. Another method of transportation that is very common, but mostly used as attractive complement to the colonial architecture, are the white carriages which tourists can pay for to have a tour of the city. The city recently began municipal bus service under the name TUPAL that utilize natural gas powered buses.

Education
Palmira is also famous for having many colleges, this has led it to been called "The University City". The following universities are located in Palmira.

 * University of Valle (univalle). The university is the principal higher education institution in the South West of Colombia. It has the third highest number of students in Colombia. The University has 4 campuses, with one of them located in Palmira. The University of Valle has 30,000 students, of which 25,000 are undergraduate and 5,000 are postgraduate students. The campus at the city of Palmira is located in La Carbonera sector between the Carrera 31 and the La Carbonera Avenue, on 5 ha of land donated by the sugar mill company Manuelita S.A.. The project was completed in three stages, the first phase started on June 15, 2007, and was inaugurated on June 11, 2009, correspond to a three-story building with a surface area of 5.2 ha, with a cost of $6 billion COP. The new building counts with a library, five laboratories for chemistry, biology, electronics, physics, and food analysis; an auditorium for 150 spectators, and 27 class rooms with Internet access. The second and third planned phases for the first stage are the construction of a similar building and an auditorium for 1,500 spectators.
 * National University of Colombia (Sede Palmira). The University is a public, national, coeducational, research university located primarily in Bogota, Medellin, Palmira and Manizales. Established in 1867 by an act of Congress, the University is the largest higher education institution in Colombia with more than 44,000 students, with the largest number of graduated professionals and a total of 430 academic programmes available for tuition. It is also one of the few universities that employs post=doctorate fellows in the country. The National University is widely known as the best Colombian University, and one of the best universities in Latin America, for its high degree of education and research achievement.

Private Universities

 * Pontifical Bolivarian University
 * Universidad Antonio Nariño
 * University of Santiago de Cali  (USC)
 * Corporación Universitaria Remington
 * Fundación Universitaria San Martín

Sports
Four professional football teams have represented the city in the Categoría Primera B, Colombia's second tier football league: Expreso Palmira and Palmira F.C. played in the competition for three years each, and Univalle and Deportes Palmira represented the city in one season each. Currently Orsomarso and Internacional F.C. de Palmira represent the city. There is also a futsal team, which is called Club de Palmira Fut-Salón. Success wise, women's football has contributed the most. Amateur local team Generaciones Palmiranas is one of the best teams in the country and regularly sends its players to form part of the women's national squad. Orsomarso has also fielded a women's team that has competed in the professional league.

Stadiums
Estadio Francisco Rivera Escobar is a stadium located in the centre of Palmira, built in the 1950s. In 2015 the stadium was renovated, with new stadium lights and a running track around the football pitch. This has allowed the city to host athletic events. The stadium has been used by América de Cali as an alternate home stadium when Estadio Pascual Guerrero has been unavailable, the last time of which was in 2011. It is now used by Orsomarso and Internacional F.C. de Palmira to host their home matches.

Estadio Deportivo Cali is a football stadium built on the outskirts of Palmira, situated on the main highway that links Palmira with Cali. It is the official stadium of Deportivo Cali who play in the first division Categoría Primera A. Deportivo Cali are one of the most successful teams in Colombia, having won ten league championships. The stadium was inaugurated in February 2010, and is one of the largest stadiums in Colombia as well as the first stadium owned by a professional football club in the country.

Notable people

 * Esmeralda Arboleda Cadavid, a Colombian politician who became the first female Senator in Colombian history.
 * Mireya Arboleda, a Colombian classical pianist and Esmeralda's sister.
 * Claudia Palacios, a Colombian journalist and newscaster, lived in Palmira until she was 15 years old. She now works for CNN en Español in Atlanta, Georgia and resides there with her son Pablo.
 * Santiago Eder, 19th century industrial pioneer and founder of Manuelita sugar mill.
 * Elizabeth Eder de Zobel de Ayala wife of Filipino billionaire Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala Miranda whose cousin is Inigo Zobel de Ayala Urquijo, owner of Sotogrande in Andalucia, Spain and grandson of Juan Urquijo, former owner of Banco Urquijo
 * Hélmer Herrera, Colombian drug trafficker. High-ranking member of the Cali Cartel

title: Palmira, Valle del Cauca


text:
Palta people

The Palta were an indigenous people of Ecuador. They once spoke the unclassified and scarcely attested Palta language.

title: Palta people


text:
User:Orangeaurochs

I live in Sandy, Bedfordshire and work in London.

I work as a cataloguer in a large university library.

My homepage is at https://www.aurochs.org/.

title: User:Orangeaurochs


text:
Pamlico

The Pamlico (also Pampticough, Pomouik, Pomeiok) were Native Americans of North Carolina. They spoke an Algonquian language also known as Pamlico or Carolina Algonquian.

Geography

The Pamlico people lived on the Pamlico River in North Carolina. Named after them were Pamlico Sound, the largest sound in North Carolina, and Pamlico County. They are one of the most southerly Algonquian tribes on the Atlantic seaboard and the most southerly ones for which scholars collected a vocabulary.

History
The Raleigh colonists referred to the Pamlico in 1585-86 by the name Pomoui.

17th century history
In 1696, smallpox, called "A great Mortality", devastated the Pamlico and neighboring Algonquian communities and reduced their populations. In 1701 the explorer John Lawson noted their Algonquian language and vocabulary (Lawson, 1860). By 1710 the Pamlico people were so limited that they lived in a single small village with only 15 "fighting men."

By 1709 the total North Carolina Algonquian population was down to some 600 from at least several thousand at the time of English encounter. The Tuscarora War, 1711–1713, claimed more fatalities among the Algonquian allies than of the Tuscarora. In the late stages, the Tuscarora turned on some of their allies. They likely incorporated some of the Pamlico as slaves. By the end of the century, only a handful of Algonquians remained.

With the decrease in numbers came the loss of tribal lands. Thus, the Weapemeoc people sold their lands on Albemarle Sound in 1660 and 1662 and started to move to the interior. By 1697 they complained against the encroachments of white settlers in their new location. The English assigned a reservation on Bennetts Creek to the Chawanokes (Chowan) before 1700; they reduced its sized from 12 to 6 sqmi by 1707; the Chowanoke sold off land in 1713. After the Tuscarora War, the Machapunga also were assigned to a reservation. Other groups on the Pamlico Sound joined either the Machapunga or the Tuscarora.

With growing white presence in eastern Carolina, more products of European origin were introduced to the natives. Guns were regularly used instead of bows and arrows during the eighteenth century. Iron hatchets had likewise replaced wooden clubs. English clothes were also widely used by the natives. The Roanoke chief had an English-style house built in 1654.

Other practices persisted through the nineteenth century, including the women making baskets of rushes and silk grass. They decorated them with woven-in life motifs.

18th century history
During the seventeenth century, the Chawanoke were in frequent and partly hostile contact with their Virginia Algonquian neighbors. Their traditional hostilities with the Iroquoian Tuscarora continued during that tribe's war with the whites, when they were actively engaged in expeditions against the hostiles. The Machapungas and other tribes of Pamlico Sound, however, changed their alliances: before 1700 they were still at war with the Tuscarora and Coree, but in 1711 they sided with them against the English colonists. The Hatteras, Weapemeoc (Paspatank or Pasquotank, Poteskeet, Perquimans and Yeopim) peoples were at that time the most acculturated groups; they remained on the side of the English.

Except for the Tuscarora War, there was little open fighting between the Algonquian and English colonists. They had suffered more from epidemics of infectious diseases. Due to small numbers, trade was of little importance.

Sale of strong liquors to the natives was probably the greatest problem created by white traders around 1700. Alcohol was banned from native towns in 1703, but the prohibition was never strictly enforced. Little was done for native education, even though native languages were being replaced by English during the eighteenth century.

A small number of natives were baptized as Christians by Anglican ministers throughout the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Tribe members starting adopting English names (sometimes as second names to be used occasionally) shortly after 1700. Native medicine men earned money by treating white settlers as well as their own people. Some settlers in North Carolina bought natives as slaves, and others transported them to northern markets. The extent of native servitude and slavery is not accurately known.

Culture
The Pamlico created distinctive dugout canoes, and traveled extensively. Pamlico artifacts have been found as far away as the North Atlantic.

They ate corn, fish, and other agricultural vegetables and fruits. Besides hunting and agriculture, the coastal groups still relied much on fishing and shellfish gathering, drying the products for preservation on reed hurdles over an open fire or in the sun. Sturgeon was not used as a food by the natives along the coast. Cattle raising is documented for the Paspatanks around 1700 (Lawson 1709). The Tuscarora War disturbed the economic balance of many of the Algonquian groups: the fields of the Machapunga and their allies were destroyed by English colonists. The Hatteras were prevented from planting by their enemies, and in 1714-1715 needed supplies from the colonial authorities to survive.

Political organization with hereditary chiefdoms was still functioning around 1700. Chiefs' corpses were buried in the temples as before. Commoners could purchase the right of burial in the temple precinct with enough money. Shell beads (wampum) served as money, for example, to compensate victims of crimes.

Ceremonies
Marriage restrictions that prohibited marrying first cousins made it difficult to find mates within rapidly shrinking communities. Resulting marriages into other tribes certainly strengthened intertribal bonds.

The huskenaw rite appears to have been used as an initiation for both boys and girls. It was held around Christmas and lasted for five or six weeks, during which the adolescents were separated in a special building outside the village. There were some colonial reports that two of 50 families among the Machapungas practiced male circumcision, but this was not typical of the Native Americans.

title: Pamlico


text:
Rhayader Town F.C.

Rhayader Town Football Club (Clwb Pêl-droed Tref Rhaeadr Gwy) are a Welsh football team. The club dates from around 1884 and their ground is called Y Weirglodd, which accommodates 435 seated spectators. The club plays in the Central Wales Football League Southern Division, which is at tier four of the Welsh football pyramid.

History
The club was first recorded as existing in 1883 with the Montgomeryshire Express recording Rhayader Football Club losing 3–2 at Llanidloes. They first entered the Mid Wales League in 1921, winning their first title in 1925 before dropping out of the league in 1927. The club returned the following season but once again disappeared in 1930 and remained absent until 1936 when they were founder members of the newly organised Central Wales League. After World War Two the club returned to the Central Wales League, before they withdrew in 1951. The club joined the Mid Wales League South in 1962 before returning to the Mid Wales League in 1965 where they played among the lower placed teams for the next 20 years. In 1988 they finished in fifth-placed finish, their highest in the league since rejoining in the 1960s, only to end second from the bottom of the table in the following two seasons.

In 1992 the club joined the new North Wales premier league, the Cymru Alliance. The finished sixth 1996 before being crowned champions in 1997 to become Radnorshire's first ever representatives in the League of Wales. The club spent five years in the top flight of Welsh football, the League of Wales, with a best finish of 12th, before being relegated in 2002. During this period, the club signed the Brazilian player Jose Ricardo Rodrigues Ferreira (known as "Junior").

Rhayader Town folded in July 2006 and resigned from the Spar Mid Wales League.

A new Rhayader club formed in 2007 and played in the Mid Wales South League for the 2007–08 season. Playing again in Mid Wales League in 2008–09 after gaining promotion from Mid Wales South Division 1, the team managed to finish an impressive sixth in the league with 55 points on the board. The 2009–10 season saw the side promoted into the Cymru Alliance and only one step away from the top flight.

The 2009–10 season also saw the rebirth of a reserve squad. The first team were promoted to the Cymru Alliance that season but lasted just the 2010–11 season before being relegated. They bounced back however and in 2012–13 they took their place back in the Cymru Alliance.

The club was relegated from the Cymru Alliance in 2015 and in 2017 gained promotion back to the league. However, citing the difficulties of obtaining enough players to travel distances to matches, the club resigned from the league in July 2017 before the 2017–18 season commenced.

Honours

 * Cymru Alliance – Champions: 1996–97
 * Mid Wales League – Champions: 1924–25, 2011–12, 2016–17
 * Mid Wales South League – Champions: 2007–08, 2010–11 (reserves), 2012–13 (reserves), 2013–14 (reserves), 2015–16 (reserves), 2017–18 (reserves)
 * Mid Wales League – Runners-up: 2009–10
 * Mid Wales South League Cup – Winners: 2007–08, 2016–17
 * Central Wales Cup – Winners: 1996–97
 * Central Wales Cup – Finalists: 2016–17
 * Radnorshire Cup – Winners: 1966–67, 1976–77, 2001–02, 2008–09, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
 * Radnorshire Cup – Finalists: 1963–64, 1981–82, 1987–88, 1994–95, 2015–16

title: Rhayader Town F.C.


text:
Hemagglutinin esterase

Hemagglutinin esterase (HEs) is a glycoprotein that certain enveloped viruses possess and use as an invading mechanism. HEs helps in the attachment and destruction of certain sialic acid receptors that are found on the host cell surface. Viruses that possess HEs include influenza C virus, toroviruses, and coronaviruses of the subgenus Embecovirus (which does not include SARS-like coronaviruses). HEs is a dimer transmembrane protein consisting of two monomers, each monomer is made of three domains. The three domains are: membrane fusion, esterase, and receptor binding domains.

The different HEs enzyme activities include: receptor binding activity, receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity, and membrane fusion activity. The receptor binding activity involve the attachment of HEs to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) of glycolipids and glycoproteins and in turn serve as viral receptor. Receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity allows virus particles to escape the infected cell by removing an acetyl group from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac residues. Membrane fusion activity helps in incorporation viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm by enhancing the attachment between the viral envelope and host cell membrane.

In certain influenza viruses, the cell surface consists of both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins that encompass enzymatic activities, whereas hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) proteins have been found to be the primary single spike protein that combines all of the enzymatic activities listed above. HEF proteins have been tested to be high-temperature and low-pH resistant and are the primary source of virulence in viruses. Influenza C have been shown to have unique HEF structure proteins that enhance its ability to infect the host cell compared to influenza A and B.

The folding of different domains in the hemagglutinin-esterase protein is important for intracellular transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The presence of oligosaccharide chains in the E, F, and R domains of the HE enzyme also influence intracellular transport. Acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase has shown to play an essential role in virus particle assembly replication. The exact process of enzyme catalytic cleavage has not yet been detailed out. However, proteolytic cleavage must occur before hemagglutinin-esterase membrane fusion activity. HEF proteins have a unique spikes hexagonal arrangement. This feature is unique to influenza C virus particles. The arrangement is a covering outside of the particle.

Structure
Certain studies revealed that coronavirus and toroviruses HE was originated from HEF glycoprotein that is found in influenza C viruses which resulted from alteration of hemagglutinin esterase from a trimer into a dimer glycoprotein. During this process, the receptor destroying enzyme acetyl esterase domain stayed unchanged. However, the HE receptor binding domain has been altered in which that the ligand is bound in opposite orientation than before. Both coronavirus and toroviruses HE monomers are made up of the same three domains: central esterase/hydrolase domain, receptor binding lectin domain, and membrane proximal domain which is small. The two monomers of HE dimer in both CoV and ToV involve the same two contact regions (CR 1 and 2). CR 1 contain the receptor binding domain and contact region 2 that contain membrane proximal domain. Yet, ToV HE contacts region 2 contain additional esterase domain. As a result, the CR 2 surface is larger in ToV HEs than in CoV HEs. However, close to the carboxylic terminal membrane anchor, there are number of disulfide bridges between Cys385 of coronavirus HE that in turn keep the HE dimers connected to each other.

In CoV HE, the two R domain beta sheets are connected to each other forming a continuous intermolecular beta sheet across the dimer interface. On the other hand, in ToV they are oriented at angles. As a result, the beta sheet of receptor binding domain in ToV is more twisted, the contact region 1 is smaller, and the R domains position are shifted along the Beta strands compared to CoV.

Crystalline structure
"Initial studies using electron microscopy showed that the HEF spike forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head".

Later studies were able to examine and show a higher resolution structure (4.5 Å) of the hemagglutinin esterase fusion trimer using X-ray crystallography of the bromelain-cleaved ectodomain. Both hemagglutinin and hemagglutinin esterase fusion protein are similar in terms of structure and the folding of individual segments. yet, only 12% amino acid are identical between HA and HEF. One significant difference between HE and HEF is the presence of an additional bulge in HEF globular domain (bottom part of the domain) which contains the esterase region. The receptor-binding region in both HA and HEF is found in the upper part of the domain and contain only HEF1 residues. The stalk is made of three 60 Å long α- helices that contain: all sequences of HEF2 sequence, and certain HEF1 residues which are N-terminal residues (1–40), and C-terminal residues (367–432).

The crystalline structure shows that the way that HEF binds to 9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac is the same as the way HA binds to Neu5Ac. The binding parts include an α-helix, a loop and an extended strand. There are hydrogen bonds between the amino acids (Tyr127, Thr170, Gly172, Tyr227 and Arg292) and the hydroxyl-groups of the ligand, and other residues form the structural support of the receptor binding site. A unique hydrophobic pocket is present in the HEF binding site that in turn accommodates the acetyl methyl group.

Receptor binding activity
Glycolipids and glycoproteins contain N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) that serve as viral receptor in which HEF binds to. HEF can bind to its receptor whether or not 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac is attached by an α-2,3 or α-2,6 linkage to the next galactosyl residue. However, host specificity can be affected by terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and the glycosidic linkage of Neu5Ac. Influenza C virus can recognize 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac on the surface of different cells due to its unique receptor specificity.

Receptor hydrolysis (esterase) activity
The receptor hydrolase activity of HEF aids in the release of virus particles from an infected cell using esterase enzyme that cleaves acetyl from the C9 position of terminal 9-O-Ac-Neu5Ac. The esterase activity of HEF which is part of serine hydrolase class includes a nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group (OH) of a serine amino acid, with the help of two other amino acids (histidine and aspartic acid), on the carbonyl group of the substrate. Basic histidine enhances the reactivity of serine by polarizing and deprotonating its hydroxyl group. Along with that, aspartic acid polarizes histidine.

X-ray crystallography of the crystalline structure of HEF showed that serine 57, aspartic acid 352 and histidine 355 are the important amino acids for the esterase activity. Also, early studies showed that mutation in Ser57 and His355 residues can completely stop the esterase activity of HEF.

Membrane fusion activity
The membrane fusion activity between, the viral envelope and endocytic vesicles of host cell, is important to help the virus inject their genome into the cytoplasm of the cell. In order to activate membrane fusion, Cleaving the precursor proteins HEF0 and HA0 into the subunits into the subunits HEF1 and HEF2, then exposing these proteins to acidic pH must be done prior.

Acidic pH causes protonation of specific amino acids that initiate certain rearrangement of the proteins. The protonated amino acid is found to be histidine while its pKa matches the pH of endosome. Studies showed that there is about 0.7 difference in the pH value that trigger the membrane fusion activity from strain to strain of both influenza A and C.

Conformational change in HEF structure that occur at low pH results in the separation of fusion peptide from its location at the lower part of the stalk and exposing the outer surface of the molecule, so it can be inserted into the endosomal membrane. Another conformational change occur which cause the bending of the ectodomain to push the fusion peptide toward the transmembrane region. As a result of that, the virus and endosomal membranes get closer, exchanging lipids with hemifusion. Then, opening of a fusion pore and eventually complete merger of both lipid bilayers.

Folding and intracellular transport
The folding of the hemagglutinin esterase protein and the way that the domains of the protein assembles contribute the transport of membrane and secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Researchers found that trimerization occurs at a point before exiting the ER. The monomers of the HE protein are folded before assembling is possible. Before the hemagglutinin esterase can report to the Golgi, it must be extensively folded and assembled.

The structure of hemagglutinin-esterase contributes to the intracellular transport. The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein of influenza C virus is composed of three domains: a stem domain active in membrane fusion (F), an acetylesterase domain (E), and a receptor-binding domain (R). The protein contains eight N-linked glycosylation sites, four (positions 26, 395, 552, and 603) in the F domain, three (positions 61, 131, and 144) in the E domain, and one (position 189) in the R domain. Oligosaccharide chains in the domains influence intracellular transport. A study showed that it was evident that glycosylation at the two sites in the F domain (positions 26 and 603), in addition to that in the E domain (position 144), is required for the HE molecule to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and that mutant HEs lacking one of these three sites failed to undergo the trimer assembly. Oligosaccharides are needed to maintain esterase activity in the F and R domains. If any of the domains lack an oligosaccharide chain, cell surface expression will be affected. It was found that HE monomer have acetylesterase activity because they possessed full-enzyme activity despite lack of an oligosaccharide chain. Oligosaccharide chains are important for intracellular transport, but not for fusion activity. Thus, oligosaccharide chains do not really promote membrane fusion.

S-acylation and RAFT-localization
Acylation of the hemagglutinin-esterase enzyme is necessary for virus replication of influenza C virus. It was found that recombinant virus lacking the acylation site of HEF could be rescued, but viral titers were reduced by one log relative to wild type Flu C. The resulting virus particles have a regular protein composition and no changes in their morphology were obvious by electron microscopy, but their hemolytic activity is reduced indicating a defect in membrane fusion. This is in comparison to several HA protein subtypes that showed similar results.

The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co- and post-translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. The HEF protein of influenza C virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. Whereas HA of influenza A and B virus are associated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, HEF is thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane.

Proteolytic cleavage
The binding and cleavage properties of the influenza C virions hemagglutinin-esterase (CHE) protein for 9-O-acetyl groups on sialic acids have been used in various assays using whole virions.

Proteolytic cleavage must occur before any membrane fusion activity of HE because it enables the protein to become activated by low pH. HEF proteins from all influenza C virus strains contain a monobasic cleavage site and are in this respect similar to HAs from human, porcine, equine and low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. Polybasic cleavage sites that are present in HA of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses and processed by the ubiquitous protease furin are not found in any HEF protein. Consequently, replication of influenza C virus is limited to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract. Unlike other influenza viruses, influenza C virus does not spread to other tissues. Multiple replication cycles of influenza C virus in tissue culture are enabled by addition of trypsin, whereas embryonated eggs produce infectious virus with cleaved HEF.

The enzyme catalyzing proteolytic cleavage of HEF has not been identified so far, but since both HA and HEF can be cleaved by trypsin at similar concentrations in vitro(5~20 μg/mL) it seems likely that they are also activated by the same enzymes inside cells. It is very common that HA is compared to HEF in many contexts.

Regular arrangement of HE spikes in virus particles
The only spike of influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin‐esterase‐fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor hydrolysis and membrane fusion activities. Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S‐acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single cysteine located at the cytosol‐facing end of the transmembrane region. This HE protein however, has spikes in its structural organization as well.

HEF trimers on the surfaces of both spherical and filamentous particles are arranged in a reticular structure that has been described to consist mainly of hexagons. This feature is unique to influenza C virus particles. Even when HEF is removed from the membrane, the polymeric reticular structure that it originally had can still be seen. These results indicate that the hexagonal arrangement is an intrinsic feature of HEF and does not require other viral proteins such as M1 and that its formation likely involves lateral interaction between the ectodomains of HEF. The formation of the spike arrangement in virus particles acts like a coat around the virus particle by creating and covering it. This is similar to the hydrophobic effect in lipid bilayer membranes where nonpolar molecules and in the interior.

Location of N-glycosylation sites
HEF N-glycosylation sites are located in figure 1. One sequon is located in HEF2 and six in HEF1. There are three in the globular head and 2 in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. The site at position 589 is not glycosylated because it is too close to the membrane-spanning region and cannot be accessed by the oligosaccharide transferase. Glycosylation is crucial for proper folding because it protects it from proteolytic degradation from the host cell and is important for the presentation of antigenic epitopes.

In influenza C
The primary structure of HEF in influenza C contains 641 amino acids. It is a typical type 1 transmembrane protein with a short N-terminal, cleavable signal peptide, a long ectodomain, a transmembrane region and a very short cytoplasmic tail. HEF is composed of two subunits, HEF1 consisting of the N-terminal and HEF2 consisting of the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. Electron microscopy analyzing the crystal structure of HEF showed that the spike of HEF forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a membrane-near stalk and a globular head. HEF contains only asparagine-linked carbohydrates which indicates that O-glycosylation does not occur. The location of the individual glycosylation sites in the crystal structure are located on seven of the eight highly conserved N-glycosylation sequons; one is located in the subunit, HEF2 and the other six are located on the subunit HEF1. Three sites are in the globular head and two are in the hinge region that connects the stalk with the head. There is a site at position 589 on the crystallized structure that is not glycosylated and this may be due close location to the membrane-spanning regions and cannot be accessed by oligosaccharide transferase. The positions of HA in influenza A are quite similar to influenza C by the majority of its carbohydrate positions being located in the larger subunit.

Location of intramolecular disulfide bonds
In HEF1, 12/15 cysteine residues form 6 intrachain disulfide linkages that stabilizes the globular head domain. There are two cysteine residues, Cys373 and Cys399 that do not form disulfide linkages in the mature protein. They are located at the hinge that connects the globular head with the stalk region. The rest of the cysteine residues form interchain disulfide bonds with HEF in the ectodomain area, near the bottom of the trimer. These disulfide bonds in HEF2 allows the subunit to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.

In influenza viruses
In influenza C, there are 15 cysteine residues in subunit HEF1, 12 of the residues form six intrachain disulfide links that stabilize the globular head domain. Two of the cysteine residues are not required for proper folding and function of HEF and/or they do not form a disulfide linkage in the mature protein located at the connection hinge. The remaining cysteine rescues forms an interchain disulfide bond with the only cysteine residue in the ectodomain of subunit HEF2. This residue is located at the bottom of the trimer. In comparison, influenza A, has similar disulfide bond distributions with one bond connecting HA1 with HA2, the majority are intrachain bonds. The rare occurrence of disulfide bonds in HEF2 and HA2 subunits allows these subunits to perform large conformational changes that catalyze membrane fusion.

Co- and post-translation modification
During translocation of HEF into the lumen of the ER, the N-terminal signal peptide is cleaved, and carbohydrates are attached. Disulfide bond linkages are formed and remodeled. These modifications affect the folding and trimerization of the molecule. These processes are prerequisites for exiting cargo form the ER. Later on, a fatty acid chain is attached to the cysteine located on the end of the transmembrane region and HEF is cleaved into 2 subunits, this process is essential for virus replication.

In influenza viruses
In comparison, influenza A, B, and C have different spike proteins, the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. The HEF surface glycoprotein of influenza C consists of three activities, receptor-binding, receptor-inactivating, and fusion activity. Receptor-binding mediates the attachment of the virus to N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid on the cell surface, receptor-inactivating releases the 9-O-acetyl group from N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid and the fusion activity depends on the post-translational proteolytic cleavage of HEF into two subunits as well as exposure to an acidic environment. In low pH conditions, a conformational change of HEF occurs. In influenza A, the rearrangement of hydrophobic sequences at the N-terminus of subunit HEF2 becomes exposed and induces the fusion of the viral envelope with the membrane of the target cell. Another way that fuses the viral envelope to the host cell is with endocytic vesicles. HEF does not cleave the terminal silica acid residue from carbohydrates but removes the acetyl group from the position C9 of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. This is required to release fresh budded virus particles from infected cells, which otherwise would be trapped in the plasma membrane if the receptor is still present

Influenza C is distinguishable from influenza A and B by its structural components. There are three amino acids that comprises the cytoplasmic portion of HEF, arginine-threonine-lysine, whereas in influenza A and B consists of ten hemagglutinin amino acids. A post-translational modification of HEF is the acylation with fatty acids. The fatty acid, stearic acid, was detected to be the prevailing fatty acid attached to HEF, whereas the fatty acid palmitic acid was found in all other membrane proteins. Due to the frequent reassortment of strains, it's monosubtypic and stable. This leads to a new strain that aids the virus in adapting better to its host.

title: Hemagglutinin esterase


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Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington

Brigadier Toby Austin Richard William Low, 1st Baron Aldington, Baron Low, (25 May 1914 – 7 December 2000), known as Austin Richard William Low until he added "Toby" as a forename by deed poll on 10 July 1957, was a British Conservative Party politician and businessman. He was however best known for his role in Operation Keelhaul, the forced repatriation of Russian, Ukrainian and other prisoners of war who'd collaborated with the Nazis to the Soviet Union where many of them were executed or sent to labor camps. After he was accused of war crimes in the late 1980s, he successfully sued his accusers for libel.

Life
He was the son of Colonel Stuart Low, the Chairman of Grindlays Bank, who was killed in the sinking of MV Henry Stanley in 1942, and Lucy Atkin, daughter of the Lord Atkin. He was educated at Winchester College (where he later became Warden, i.e. chairman of the governing body), and at New College, Oxford where he studied law. He qualified as a barrister in 1939.

He joined the Rangers (King's Royal Rifle Corps), a famous London Territorial Infantry Regiment, in 1934 and served in World War II in Greece, Crete, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Italy and Austria, becoming the youngest brigadier in the British Army in 1944, when he became Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of V Corps, commanded first by Lieutenant-General Charles Allfrey and then by Lieutenant-General Charles Keightley. He was appointed to the Distinguished Service Order in 1941, made a Commander of the Legion of Merit (US) and awarded the Croix de Guerre.

Low stood for Parliament as a Conservative in the 1945 general election, and won the seat of Blackpool North. He served as Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Supply 1951–54 and Minister of State at the Board of Trade from 1954, becoming a Privy Counsellor.

In 1957, he was knighted and became chair of the Select committee on nationalised industry. In 1959, he became deputy Conservative Party chairman. In 1962 he was created Baron Aldington, of Bispham in the County Borough of Blackpool, and increased his business interests, serving as the chairman of several companies. He had been a director of the Grindlay family banking company, Grindlays Bank, in 1946, following his father and grandfather.

In 1964, Lord Aldington became Chairman of the bank as well as of GEC. In 1971, he joined the BBC general advisory council, and became chairman of Sun-Alliance and the Port of London Authority. In 1972, he became co-chairman, with Jack Jones, of the joint special committee on the ports industry. He became chairman of Westland in 1977.

Lord Aldington was considered a One Nation Conservative and supported British involvement in the European Union. He continued political activities in the House of Lords, including as chairman of the Lords' select committee on overseas trade. He was also a Deputy Lieutenant for Kent.

In 1999, when hereditary peers were excluded from the House of Lords by the House of Lords Act 1999, as a hereditary peer of first creation he was granted a life peerage as Baron Low, of Bispham in the County of Lancashire, so that he could remain.

Family
Aldington married Felicité Ann Araminta MacMichael (died 2012), a daughter of Sir Harold MacMichael, on 10 April 1947. They had a son, Charles Low, 2nd Baron Aldington, and two daughters, Jane, Lady Roberts (Curator of the Print Room at Windsor Castle and Royal Librarian; married Sir Hugh Roberts), and Lucy Ann Anthea (married Alasdair Laing).

Lady Aldington was Patron of the Jacob Sheep Society.

Libel case
In 1989 Lord Aldington initiated and won a record £1.5 million (plus £500,000 costs) in a libel case against Nikolai Tolstoy and Nigel Watts, who had accused him of war crimes in Austria during his involvement in the Repatriation of Cossacks at Lienz, part of Operation Keelhaul at the end of the Second World War. Tolstoy had written several books (Victims of Yalta in 1977, Stalin's Secret War in 1981, The Minister and the Massacres in 1986) about the alleged complicity of British politicians and officers with Stalin's forces in the murder of White Russian exiles from Soviet Rule, Cossacks, Croatian paramilitaries and collaborationist fugitives from Tito, as well as 11,000 Slovenian anti-communist fighters.

Nigel Watts, who was in a business dispute with Sun Alliance, one of Lord Aldington's former companies, used this information to further his own cause, printing 10,000 leaflets about Aldington's role in the matter and circulating them to politicians and other figures. Tolstoy avoided paying the damages by declaring himself bankrupt, although shortly after Aldington's death he paid £57,000 in costs to Aldington's estate.

In July 1995, the European Court of Human Rights decided unanimously that the British Government had violated Tolstoy's rights in respect of Article 10 of the Convention on Human Rights, describing the damages as "excessive and not necessary in a democratic society".

This decision referred only to the amount of the damages awarded against him and did not overturn the judgement in the libel action. The Times commented:

"In its judgment yesterday in the case of Count Nikolai Tolstoy, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Britain in important respects, finding that the award of £1.5 million levelled against the Count by a jury in 1989 amounted to a violation of his freedom of expression. Parliament will find the implications of this decision difficult to ignore."

Subsequently, allegations were made that Aldington had been materially assisted by friends at the Ministry of Defence, who had suppressed crucial documentation, but Tolstoy and Watts were refused Leave to Appeal on the basis of those findings. Nigel Watts was jailed for 18 months in April 1995, after repeating the libel that Aldington was a war criminal in a pamphlet. The sentence was reduced to nine months on appeal. In June 1995, Watts was released from prison after issuing a public apology to Aldington.

In 1996 the Court of Appeal upheld an order Aldington had obtained that made the lawyers acting for Tolstoy pro bono parties to the case, and thereby jointly liable with Tolstoy for any costs or damages awarded to Aldington. This order was combined with a requirement that Tolstoy underwrite the cost of Aldington's defence to obtain leave to appeal.

title: Toby Low, 1st Baron Aldington


text:
Talk:Antonio Cassano

Untitled
I find that this article has a very negative tone towards Cassano. For example, "cassanata" and "he is known for his short temper as much as his ability on the pitch" is a highly subjective statement and should be removed. Also, "He never really claimed a spot in the starting XI and was behind Zlatan Ibrahimović, Alexandre Pato and Robinho in the Milan pecking order" is not really true either and is a highly subjective statement. that needs to be removed. I will file a complain if these changes are not removed. Also, I would like to be granted a write access to this article. If not, I will also look into the issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chpkim (talk • contribs) 07:02, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

I've re-written this, as I found it had been copied and pasted wholesale from another site (a fan site for the player). I'll delist it from the cleanup list shortly. C i d 11:26, Aug 18, 2005

I recently put a picture of cassano and now its gone.

Cassanate As long as I know, the term "Cassanate" was invented by manager Fabio Capello during his years in A.S. Roma, while he had to deal with Cassano's wild beahivour. here's a Link (In Italian) to an article which states so: http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Roma/Primo_Piano/2006/01_Gennaio/03/cassanate.shtml

Why is there a picture of Francesco Totti here?

Can we use the picture on the italian version? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22justin (talk • contribs) 23:45, 4 April 2008 (UTC)
 * No, it's not a free image, and fair use is usually not admitted here in cases like these, where a free alternative can be reasonably found. --Angelo (talk) 16:19, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed or you would like to help spread this message contact us on this page. Thanks, ---J.S (t|c) 05:53, 8 November 2006 (UTC) Could anybody say to the Italian section that Cassano is a player of AC Milan, and that he does not play in sampdoria anymore? Thank you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.38.158.4 (talk) 23:26, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

Assist statistics
I have reliable statistics for his assists dating back to his first season at Bari. I'll add them to the table unless there are any objections. Renoog (talk) 15:14, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Assist statistics aren't reliable at all, they are completely unsourced - and even if they were, they would not have been any official at all, since neither Italian Football Federation nor Lega Calcio counts them. The issue was already discussed earlier in the past on WP:FOOTY (you can search on the talk archives yourself to have an idea), always with the same (negative) outcome, so I am reverting your edits. --Angelo (talk) 18:21, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * OK that's fair enough. One other thing, Cassano's been credited with 1 goal in 2 European games this season. As far as I'm aware Sampdoria are not involved in any competitive European competition. He's also been credited with 1 goal in Coppa Italia but he definitely has 2 (both scored against Lecce, this is backed up by various sports sites). That makes his total 5 in 19 games by my reckoning. I have no idea where the current figures have come from. Renoog (talk) 18:39, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 219.90.154.132, 23 March 2011
this what it should say not
 * years6  = 2011–     | clubs6   = Milan | caps6 = 2 | goals6 = 1

not | years6 = 2011– | clubs6 = Milan | caps6 = 12 | goals6 = 2

Antonio Cassano has only played 2 match against Bari & Palremo, he only scored 1 goal and it was against Bari in a 1-1 Draw.

219.90.154.132 (talk) 12:37, 23 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this site begs to differ — nbcsports.msnbc.com. — Bility (talk) 16:46, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Vjm10, 3 April 2011
Cassano's column for AC milan is incomplete. Grant me permission for editing this column. I guarantee my account will be verifiable from reliable sourses.

Vjm10 (talk) 08:32, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please only use this template "when followed by a specific description of the request, that is, specify what text should be removed and a verbatim copy of the text that should replace it. "Please change X" is not acceptable and will be rejected; the request must be of the form "please change X to Y". If you have a specific request with reliable sources, please post it in this discussion and reactivate the template. Thanks. -- gtdp (T)/(C) 10:36, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Edit Request
COME ON!!! "CASSANO BECAME THE SECOND ITALIAN PLAYER EVER SIGNED FOR REAL MADRID" - WHAT IS THAT ABOUT?!! FABIO CANNAVARO ALSO PLAYED THERE!!!

The table showing number of caps and goals for Italy is at odds with the wording in the main body of the article. I suspect the former to be correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.10.102.252 (talk) 12:43, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Edit Request; 01 May 2012
"AC Milan announced and confirmed on 2 November 2011, that Antonio Cassano suffered ischemic-based cerebral damage, though it should be temporary.[27] Cassano underwent minor heart surgery soon after[28], he returned to action in the Serie A on April 25th, 2012, even scoring on his return to the side in a fixture against Genoa."

Cassano returned to Serie A action as a substitute against Fiorentina on April 7th 2012, and scored against Siena (not Genoa) on April 29th.

Source; http://www.soccerway.com/players/antonio-cassano/3006/

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.179.104 (talk) 17:55, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: www.insideworldsoccer.com/2013/03/antonio-cassano-names-son-lionel-to-honour-messi.html. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 16:04, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Edit Request
The link that says he's an atheist is a parody. it even says so in the article. Cassano is a catholic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.144.34.28 (talk) 13:57, 29 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It's concerning that something as sensitive as a living person's religion can have been "sourced" to an article from The Spoof, marked "The story above is a satire or parody. It is entirely fictitious.", can have been in here for six months unchallenged. Thank you very much for doing so. cheers, Struway2 (talk) 07:44, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 12 April 2023
Nicknamed Il Gioiello di Bari Vecchia ("the jewel of Old Bari"), and Fantantonio ("fanciful Antonio") 110.23.58.127 (talk) 09:27, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 11:14, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

Inter instead of Internazionale
The name of one of the soccer teams he played in is misleading, the commonly used name is Inter or eventually Inter Milan, not Internazionale. Phaberest (talk) 21:57, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antonio Cassano


text:
John Verge

John Verge (1782–1861) was an English architect, builder, pioneer settler in the Colony of New South Wales, who migrated to Australia and pursued his career there. Verge was one of the earliest and the most important architect of the Greek Revival in Australia. He also brought more comprehensive range of Regency style than any contemporary architects. His design indicates the increasing of sophistication compared to previous architect's design.

Life and career
John Verge was born in Christchurch, Hampshire. Many generations of the Verge family had been bricklayers and stonemasons. Verge married to Catherine Bowles at the age of twenty-two and went to London. From 1804 to 1828, he worked in London in the building trade, becoming a man of means. Verge's marriage eventually failed and, in 1828, he migrated to Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, with his son George Philip, intending to take up a land grant. The first land grant in 1829, he took up land on the Williams River, south of Dungog, New South Wales, called Lyndhurst Vale. The second land grant in 1838, he took up land on the Macleay River named Austral Eden. Having insufficient capital to pursue pastoralism, Verge returned to the building industry between 1830 and 1837, fortuitously at a time when the colonial economy was prospering and designers and builders were in high demand. Between 1830 and 1834 was his maximum architectural activities. He was patronised by many of prominent businessmen and colonists. After 1837, his architectural work was decreasing and restricted. Retiring from architectural practice, he settled at Austral Eden, a pastoral property by the Macleay River in northern New South Wales. In 1858, Verge married Mary, 50-year-old daughter of John Alford at Austral Eden. Verge died on 9 July 1861 at the age of 79 in Austral Eden. He was buried as an Anglican in St. Thomas's burial ground in Port Macquarie.

In the 1830s, Verge produced a number of fine houses in Sydney's eastern suburbs, notably several of the 'Villas of Woolloomooloo Hill', the spine of elegant villas largely built by the senior civil servants of the colony on a series of land grants that stretched from Darlinghurst Hill to Potts Point. These villas included Rockwall, built for surveyor John Busby, Tusculum for merchant Alexander Brodie Spark for whom Verge also designed Tempe House, and Goderich Lodge, for Thomas Macquoid. Others including Barham and Rose Bank have been attributed to his hand. Further east he built Rose Bay Lodge for James Holt. To the west of the town he built Lyndhurst, for Dr James Bowman, and Toxteth Park for George Allen, in Glebe. Verge is also credited with Elizabeth Bay House, built at adjacent Elizabeth Bay for Alexander Macleay, the Colonial Secretary. It is theorised that Verge largely worked on a plan provided by Macleay, as his business ledger does not denote amounts that would reflect a full commission. John Bibb, an accomplished draftsman employed by Verge, also worked on the project and James Hume from Scotland supervised the building. The relative contributions of Verge, Bibb and Hume are unknown. The house's beautiful oval saloon, with its geometric stair and domed lantern, is likely the most celebrated interior in early Australian architecture.

Verge's work was not confined to Sydney. Bedervale homestead, near Braidwood, built in 1842, was designed by Verge. Aberglasslyn, built for George Hobler near Maitland, NSW, has been attributed to Verge. Like Elizabeth Bay House it never received its intended colonnade, the victim of the crippling colonial depression of the 1840s. Wyoming Cottage, built between 1832 and 1843, is located in the suburb of that name north of Gosford. The house he built for himself at Austral Eden was unfortunately destroyed by flood in 1864, three years after Verge's death, and no known sketches survive. Most of his papers were also lost in the flood.

Verge's best known work is Camden Park House, built south west of Sydney for John Macarthur, the wool pioneer and successful colonial businessman. As Macarthur was debilitated towards the end of his life with mental illness his son William seemed to have administered much of the building, and is named in Verge's ledger rather than his father. This has caused confusion with some architectural historians as to the actual client.

From 1947 to 1954 G. Nesta Griffiths, who had stayed at many Australian country houses, wrote several books about the houses of New South Wales and their heritage. She is creditted with reviving interest in the works of John Verge.

Camden Park, Menangle (1835)
Camden Park House is completed on 1835, a year after John Macarthur, the client's death. This house is still occupied by the Macarthur family and become one of the great mansions of Australia. The style of this house is Palladian style with central two-storey block, one-storey wings and extensions at each side. The façade is giving a colonial elegancy sense of looking, where there are white stucco walls, stone porch and window trimming that results a visual excellency of feeling. This colonial house's floor level is very near to ground level, which gives an air of intimacy, and also the overhanging roof has a secret gutter that avoids the ugly-looking gutter which usually put it in the front façade of the wall.

Denham Court, Ingleburn (1832)
Denham Court which is located in the local government areas of the City of Campbelltown and City of Liverpool placed on south west of the Sydney Central Business District. Originally, this building was a single-storey house but around 1832 to 1833, Captain Richard Brooks as an architect was enlarging this house by adding two-storey wings with two flanking bow-fronted one storey room. This court is regency influenced with trim lines, stucco walls, and the simple shallowly recessed panels projecting porch. Denham Court's room is 14 feet high with a geometrical stair along the west wall of the house and also there is a large living hall that extending across the width of the house between the bows fronted. The floor in this house is paved with flagstones diagonally with 18 inches square each. Moreover, in the west of this court, there is a Denham Court chapel, which is a mimic of the church at Denham in England. Those churches were designed by John Verge as well with the style of it is Gothic, where mostly this style is taking over the style of every church.

Elizabeth Bay House (1835–1838)
Elizabeth Bay House, which is a historic home, is located in the suburb of Elizabeth Bay in Sydney, New South Wales, and Australia. It is built between 1835 and 1839. It was known as 'the finest house in the colony' as well as a home in the Regency style, originally surrounded by a 54-acre garden, but now situated within a densely populated inner city suburb. It shows Verge at his best and worst as a designer. The main elevation is a simple Regency front, whilst the sides, less ambitious but perhaps more pleasing, have large curved bays, running through the two floors. The general impression given by the design is of quietness and good taste, the severely stuccoed walls being relieved only by the somewhat stiff mouldings run in the plaster work and the elaboration of the entrance. The rear of the house is unstudied and lacks the neatness of the other elevations. The interior has some splendid rooms, the stair hall being one of the finest and perhaps the best, of such things in Australian Colonial architecture. Elliptical on plan, the stair and its upper landings sweep completely round the curved walls. The French windows on the northern front give beautiful light and superb views to main apartment. Verge seems to tire and falter when trying to coordinated all the parts into a whole.

Rockwall House, Potts Point (1831–1837)
Rockwall House, which is still well-known, is located at Rockwall Crescent that is the well-preserved Regency house that Verge designed for John Bushby. It is quite close to Tusculum. The Rockwall House shows Verge in his most restrained and pleasing mood, although the columned porch seems to overpower the flanking verandas in scale.

St Scholastica's College (1831–1900)
St Scholastica's College, which used to be Toxteth Park George Allen Estate, is located in Avenue Road, Glebe, built in 1831. Toxteth Park was built for George Allen (1800–77). It was a rectangular two-story block with single-story wings, s a stone-flagged veranda on two sides, with the kitchen and servants' quarters behind. The style of St Scholastica's College is original structure Old Colonial Georgian (still visible), Second story and tower Victorian Italianate added in the 1870s. Handsome Inter-War Romanesque chapel added in the twenties. It is made of brick. Moreover, it was originally House, then convent and Education.

Partial list of works
The following buildings designed either in part or in full by Verge are listed on various national, state and local government heritage registers:

title: John Verge


text:
Peoria Sports Complex

The Peoria Sports Complex is a baseball complex located in the Peoria suburb of Phoenix, Arizona, USA, near Peoria's main shopping district on Bell Road. It consists of the main baseball stadium (Peoria Stadium) and 12 practice fields. It is one of six facilities to host Arizona Fall League games. The capacity of Peoria Stadium is approximately 12,000.

During spring training, it is the home stadium of both the San Diego Padres and the Seattle Mariners, who play in the spring training Cactus League. Both teams are leased to hold spring training there until 2034.

The complex has been a site of the Vans Warped Tour every summer since 2002.

It is also hosts a number of other events, including youth baseball tournaments and city events, and is available as a potential wedding venue for couples.

title: Peoria Sports Complex


text:
Dennis O'Rourke

Dennis O'Rourke (14 August 1945 – 15 June 2013) was an Australian cinematographer and documentary filmmaker.

Early life and education
Dennis O'Rourke was born on 14 August 1945 in Brisbane. For most of his childhood, Dennis O'Rourke lived in a small country town, where his parents ran a failing business, until he was sent to a Catholic boarding school for his secondary education.

In the late 1960s, after two years of fruitless university studies, he went travelling in outback Australia, the Pacific Islands and South East Asia. During this period he worked as a farm hand, salesman, cowboy, a roughneck on oil rigs, and as a maritime seaman. He also taught himself photography and dreamt of becoming a photojournalist. Wanting to make documentary films, he moved to Sydney, where the Australian Broadcasting Corporation employed him as an assistant gardener. He later became a cinematographer for that organisation.

Career
From 1974 until 1979 he lived in Papua New Guinea, which was in the process of decolonisation. He worked for the newly independent government, teaching documentary filmmaking skills to Papua New Guineans. His first film, Yumi Yet - Independence for Papua New Guinea, was completed in 1976.

O'Rourke's film Half Life: A Parable for the Nuclear Age was screened at a Leicester Square cinema in London in 1986.

Controversy sometimes surrounded O'Rourke's interactions with, and depiction of, the individuals who were subjects of his documentaries, such as The Good Woman of Bangkok (released in 1991), which concerned a sex worker in Thailand and Cunnamulla (2000), which was made up mostly of monologues by residents of the Queensland town of the same name, discussing everyday life.

In 2007, O'Rourke was awarded damages by the Australian Capital Territory Supreme Court for defamation. The action followed the reporting of comments accusing O'Rourke of unscrupulous conduct during the filming of Cunnamulla. The awards were made against an Aboriginal rights activist and Nationwide News Pty Ltd (a subsidiary of News Corporation), as the parent company of the Sydney Daily Telegraph and The Australian''.

Later life and death
O'Rourke died of cancer on 15 June 2013. Immediately before his death, he had been producing and directing an uncompleted and unreleased feature-length documentary titled I Love a Sunburnt Country... – on the subject of Australian identity, as seen through the "poetic imagination" of "ordinary people".

He was the father of five children.

Recognition
O'Rourke was awarded an Australian Centenary Medal "for services to Australian society and Australian film production".

In 2005, he received the Don Dunstan Award at the Adelaide Film Festival, for his contribution to the Australian film industry.

Other awards and honours included:

 * Eastman Kodak Award for Cinematography
 * Australian Film Institute's Byron Kennedy Award
 * Director's Prize for Extraordinary Achievement, Sundance Film Festival
 * Grand Prix at the Visions du réel film festival in Nyon, Switzerland
 * Jury Prize for Best Film at the Berlin Film Festival
 * Grand Premio at the Festival dei Popoli in Florence, Italy
 * Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Documentary
 * Australian Film Institute Best Director Award (now AACTA), for Cunnamulla

Retrospectives of O'Rourke's work have been held at the Amsterdam International Documentary Film Festival, the Berlin Film Festival, the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London in London, the Pacific Film Archive in San Francisco; and in many other cities.

Filmography
Films made by O'Rourke's production company include:

 * Yumi Yet – Independence for Papua New Guinea (1976)
 * Ileksen – Politics in Papua New Guinea (1978)
 * Yap ... How Did you Know We’d Like TV (1980)
 * The Shark Callers of Kontu (1982)
 * Couldn't Be Fairer (1984)

 * Half Life: A Parable for the Nuclear Age (1985)
 * Cannibal Tours (1988)
 * The Good Woman of Bangkok (1991)
 * Cunnamulla (2000)
 * Land Mines -- A Love Story (2004)

title: Dennis O'Rourke


text:
Bernie Nolan

Bernadette Therese Nolan (17 October 1960 – 4 July 2013) was an Irish actress, singer and television personality, formerly lead vocalist of the girl group the Nolans. She was the second youngest of sisters Anne, Denise, Maureen, Linda and Coleen. From the age of two, Bernie was brought up in Blackpool, Lancashire, England.

The Nolans began in 1974 and went on to have seven UK Top 20 hits, including "I'm in the Mood for Dancing" (1979), "Gotta Pull Myself Together" (1980) and "Attention to Me" (1981). They won the 1981 Tokyo Music Festival with "Sexy Music". Bernie left the group in 1995 to become an actress. On television, she had roles in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside from 2000 to 2002 and the ITV police drama The Bill from 2002 to 2005, while her numerous roles in stage musicals included Mrs. Johnstone in Blood Brothers (1998–2000), Hannah Owens in Flashdance: The Musical (2008–2009) and Mama Morton in Chicago (2012). She was also a member of the Nolans line-up that reformed for a successful tour of the UK and Ireland in 2009. Bernie died from breast cancer in July 2013.

Early life and career
Nolan was born in Dublin in 1960, the seventh of eight children born to Tommy and Maureen Nolan. The Nolan family moved from Dublin to Blackpool in 1962 and began performing as the Singing Nolans.

In 1974, the sisters formed the Nolan Sisters, later shortened to the Nolans, and made their TV debut that year on Cliff Richard's show, It's Cliff Richard. In 1975, they supported Frank Sinatra on his European tour. In 1979, they released their biggest hit "I'm in the Mood for Dancing", which reached number three in the UK and was the first of seven top twenty hits. The others, with Bernie Nolan usually singing lead vocals, were "Don't Make Waves", (1980) "Gotta Pull Myself Together" (1980), "Who's Gonna Rock You" (1980), "Attention to Me" (1981), "Chemistry" (1981) and "Don't Love Me Too Hard" (1982). The Nolans sold millions of recordings worldwide, particularly in Japan where they sold over nine million albums and won the 1981 Tokyo Music Festival with the song "Sexy Music". Bernie also composed songs during this time, when she wrote two tracks for their 1982 album Portrait. In 1991, the group won the Planning award (企画賞) of the 33rd Japan Record Awards for Cover version of Japanese pops.

Acting
Bernie Nolan first acted as a cast member on the BBC Saturday morning children's show On the Waterfront. Critics positively reviewed her gift for comedy. The Nolan sisters and their music were a running gag on the show, and Bernie was joined by her sisters for a musical performance during at least one episode. Bernie left the group in 1995 to concentrate on her own acting career, which began with her 1993 performance in the stage play, The Devil Rides Out. She played Mrs. Johnstone in Willy Russell's Blood Brothers in the UK tour for over two years. She was the first of four Nolan sisters to have played the role, being followed by Denise, Linda and then Maureen. For this, the sisters earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the most siblings to play the same role at different times in a professional production.

In 2000, Bernie Nolan joined the cast of Channel 4's soap opera Brookside as Diane Murray after being noticed by Paul Marquess whilst starring in Blood Brothers. She left Brookside in 2002 when her character was killed off. She then went on to play Sheelagh Murphy in ITV's police drama series The Bill, which she starred in until 2005.

In 2006, Nolan took part in Channel 4's series The Games. Her stint on the game was to raise money for charity, including Alzheimer's and children's charities. In 2007, she starred in the play Mum's the Word, playing the character 'Robin' which she reprised in the 2008 tour (alongside her sister, Maureen who played Jill) and once again in 2010. During the summer season of 2007, Bernie appeared at the Blackpool North Pier Theatre in her own production, Soap Queens (And Kings!)''. ''

In 2008, Nolan appeared in the UK touring production of Flashdance the Musical for over a year, playing Hannah Owens. In January and February 2010, she participated in the ITV celebrity reality television programme Popstar to Operastar, reaching the final, where she lost to Darius Campbell. In 2012, she appeared as Mama Morton, in the UK tour of the musical Chicago.

Return to singing
Nolan released the single "Macushla" in 2004 with the proceeds going to charity. It peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart in March 2004. Regarding this release, Lorraine Kelly wrote: "I wouldn't have expected anything else from one of the hardest working women in showbiz". In 2005 she released her debut solo album All By Myself. The album consists mainly of power ballads, including the song "Better Place", written by Nolan's husband in memory of their daughter, Kate, who was stillborn in 1998. In 2009, four of the Nolan sisters, Bernie, Coleen, Linda and Maureen, reformed for a successful 23 date tour of the UK and Ireland. To coincide with the tour, they released an album, I'm in the Mood Again, which reached No.22 in the UK Album Charts.

Personal life
Bernie Nolan married drummer Steve Doneathy in 1996, in Lancashire. The couple lived in St Anne's on Sea, Lancashire, and then in Weybridge, Surrey. In 1998 she gave birth to their daughter Kate, who was stillborn, and another daughter, Erin, in 1999. Bernie had previously been in a relationship with Bradley Walsh.

Illness and death
On 23 April 2010, it was announced that Nolan was suffering from breast cancer. In October 2010, she stated that she was cancer-free after having undergone chemotherapy and a mastectomy, and was taking herceptin. In February 2012, she announced that she was no longer taking cancer treatment drugs, and was completely free of cancer. At the end of October 2012, Nolan announced that the cancer had returned and had metastasised to her brain, lungs, liver and bones. Anne and Linda Nolan suffered from the disease in 2000 and 2006, respectively; both recovered.

Bernie Nolan died in her sleep, at her home in Surrey, on 4 July 2013, aged 52. Nolan's funeral service was held on 17 July 2013 at the Grand Theatre, Blackpool and she was later cremated at Carleton Crematorium. Her ashes were then buried alongside those of her stillborn daughter.

title: Bernie Nolan


text:
Guldengroschen

The Guldengroschen or Guldiner was a large silver coin originally minted in Tirol in 1486, but which was introduced into the Duchy of Saxony in 1500.

The name "Guldengroschen" came from the fact that it has an equivalent denomination value in silver relative to that of the goldgulden (60 kreuzer). In the latter years of the 1470s and early years of the 1480s Sigismund of Austria issued decrees that reformed the poor state of his region's coinage by improving the silver fineness back to a level not seen in centuries (.937 pure) and created denominations larger than the ubiquitous, but fairly low valued Groschen of 4 to 6 Kreuzer that were in use.

In 1484, small numbers of "half guldengroschens" valued at 30 kreuzer were issued. This was a revolutionary leap in denomination from the smaller pieces, and surpassed even the large testones of Italy which were the highest weight coins in use. Finally, in 1486 the full sized guldengroschen of 60 kreuzers was put into circulation and it was soon nicknamed "Guldiner". For a long time thereafter such coins were also called "unciales" because their actual silver weight was very nearly one ounce. As large quantities of silver became available other states began issuing guldiners of their own. Bern, in modern-day Switzerland was one of the earliest to follow the County of Tyrol by issuing its guldiners in 1493. In 1500, Saxony's mint at Annaberg took minting of guldiners to new heights and the economies of central Europe welcomed these large new coins.

The original Tyrolean guldiner was designed so that eight coins minted would weigh in pure silver at one Tyrolean Mark. This was fine for the Tyrol, but much of Europe was accustomed to measuring by the more widely used Cologne mark. The penultimate development of the guldiner occurred in 1518 when the Joachimsthal mint in Jagiellon-controlled Bohemia slightly altered the weight of the coin from 31.93 g down to 29.23 g. This made it possible to mint nine guldiners to have the silver weight equivalent of one Cologne Mark, rather than the eight in Tirol. This new coin was known as the Joachimsthaler (Joachimsthal guldiner), but like the guldengroschen being contracted to guldiner, the Joachimsthaler became known simply as the thaler. This new coin was an instant success and was the great grandfather of many other similar weight coins like the daalder, dollar, tolar, tallero, etc.

The 1524 Reichsmünzordnung defined a standard Guldengroschen for the Holy Roman Empire, at $1/undefined$th Cologne Mark of silver, 15/16 fine - hence, 27.405 g fine silver. It was valued at 60 kreuzer in 1524 and 72 kreuzer after 1555. This imperial Guldengroschen ended in 1566 with the issuance of the Reichsthaler, which contained less silver (25.984 g), but was also valued at 72 kreuzer.

Guldengroschen represented in other coins
Guldengroschen itself, has been the main motive for many collectors coins and medals. One of the most recent is the Austrian 700 Years City of Hall in Tyrol commemorative coin, minted on January 29, 2003. The reverse side of the coin shows the Guldiner silver coin. However, the design is negative, representing a coin die, as a reference to Hall’s history as a significant centre for minting coins.

Literature

 * Miller, Manfred (2020). Münzverwaltungslehre at academia.edu. Retrieved 30 May 2022.

title: Guldengroschen