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Richard Hotham

Sir Richard Hotham (5 October 1722 – 13 March 1799) was an East India merchant, property developer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1784. He is especially noted for his development of the Sussex village of Bognor into a seaside resort. He was also sometimes called Hotham the Hatter, to mark his original trade.

Early life
Hotham was born the youngest of five children in York in October 1722, but otherwise very little is known about his childhood. Having moved to London to become a hatter's apprentice, in 1743, at the age of 21 he married Frances Atkinson, the daughter of his employer, in the chapel of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea.

By 1746 he was trading as a hatter in his own right from premises in Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, a few years later moving to new premises in The Strand.

Hotham's wife Frances died in 1760, and the next year, at the age of 39 he remarried, to Barbara Huddart. At this time he became involved with the East India Company, later working up to having a number of ships under his control – records at the British Library show him as 'Principal Managing Owner' of a number of vessels including the East Indiaman York. He received his knighthood on 2 April 1769 at the relatively young age of 46.

Rise in society
Using the money he had made in this venture, Hotham began his long association with property development, first buying land and buildings in Merton, South London, including a house for himself known as Merton Grove. This has since been demolished and replaced by Victorian terraced houses including Balfour and Cecil Roads opposite South Wimbledon tube station. The house name was for many years remembered by the name of the Morden Road pub The Grove Hotel, which has in more recent years been acquired by Tesco as a Tesco Metro Supermarket.

During his time in Merton, Hotham was appointed a Magistrate, and in 1770 the High Sheriff of Surrey but suffered a further setback in 1777 when Barbara died, leaving him a widower for the second time at age 55.

Hotham began to be involved in politics, and at the 1780 general election he played a major part in  the campaign to elect Admiral Keppel at Surrey. Hotham himself contested Southwark, and was returned as Member of Parliament for Surrey at the top of the poll. He did not stand at the 1784 general election but stood at the by-election at Southwark two months later in June 1784. He lost the contest very narrowly. In Parliament he voted with the opposition until the fall of the North government and made two speeches. In 1784 he was a member of the St. Alban's Tavern group who tried to bring Fox and Pitt together.

Association with Bognor
Hotham found the climate of the south coast did him the world of good, and decided that he would like to have a house of his own there and accordingly bought a plot of land containing a farmhouse, near the sea. He then set about rebuilding the farmhouse as a comfortable villa which he named Bognor Lodge (this has since been demolished).

Following his own experience of the curative nature of the sea air, and the current trend for the gentry to resort to the seaside, his property developing side kicked in, and with an eye to gaining some of the fame and wealth of places like Brighton and Weymouth he set about buying land in the area until eventually he had around 1600 acre in his ownership. Then the building started.

He built a number of large terraces of houses around the tiny hamlet, with the express aim of attracting the more well-heeled visitor to his new resort, the ultimate prize being to attract the King away from his favoured resort at Weymouth, or the Prince of Wales from Brighton.

Ultimately, this was to be unrealised, although minor members of the Royal Family were attracted to stay in the grand new Dome House, built overlooking Richard's new house and grounds known as Bersted Lodge. Complete with private chapel and clock tower, this house still stands, now known as Hotham Park House. The chapel has gone but the clock tower remains.

Sir Richard Hotham died at Bognor in March 1799 and was buried at the parish church of St. Mary Magdalene at South Bersted, where to this day there is an annual wreath laying ceremony at his grave.

Legacy
Following his death the estate was broken up and in the intervening years many of his fine buildings have vanished, although some gems remain, including Hotham Park House, now a private residence in the middle of Hotham Park. The grounds of Aldwick Manor are now a public park known as Hotham Park, and although the name Hothampton did not long survive the man himself, the resort he founded, now known as Bognor Regis, has continued to attract visitors to the present day.

title: Richard Hotham


text:
St. Michael's Institution

Saint Michael's Institution (Institusi Saint Michael; abbreviated SMI) a school in Ipoh, Kinta District, Perak, Malaysia. It is situated on Jalan SP Seenivasagam, formerly Clayton Road. Within the same compound are two primary schools, St Michael's I and II.

St Michael's Institution is part of the La Sallian worldwide community of schools.

List Of Brother Directors And Principals
St. Michael's Institution is part of the Lasallian Educational Institutions. SMI's two alumni associations (the Old Michaelians' Association and the Klang Valley SMI Alumni Association) belong to the Malaysian Federation of Lasallian Associations (MFOLSA), the umbrella organisation for all Lasallian alumni associations in Malaysia.

Brother Directors and Principals
 * 1912 - 1920 : PJ Mor Singh
 * 1920 - 1921 : Brother Paul Gallagher
 * 1921 - 1924 : Brother V Augustus
 * 1925 - 1929 : Brother Sigolin Henry
 * 1926 : Brother V Joseph
 * 1930 - 1935 : Brother Dositheus
 * 1936 - 1938 : Brother Finan Ryan
 * 1938 : Brother Marcian Cullen
 * 1938 - 1948 : Brother Patrick O Donovan
 * 1948 - 1955 : Brother Denis Hyland
 * 1955 - 1960 : Brother Pius Kelly
 * 1961 - 1971 : Brother Ultan Paul Rosario
 * 1972 - 1975 : Brother Vincent J Corkery
 * 1975 - 1985 : Brother Ultan Paul Rosario
 * 1986 - 1988 : Brother Vincent J Corkery
 * 1989 - 1991 : Chong Suan Ee
 * 1992 - 1994 : K. Balasubramaniam
 * 1995 - 1998 : Teh Chor Aun
 * 1999 - 2005 : Louis Rozario Doss
 * 2006 - 2011 : Phoon Chong Chee
 * 2011 - 2015 : Loh Wei Seng
 * 2015 – 2017 : Chan Nyook Ying
 * 2017 - 2018: Gunalan Tony
 * 2018 - 2022 : Sit Wai Yin
 * 2022–Present : Phoon Kean Loon

Notable alumni

 * Lee Loy Seng, founder of KLK Bhd
 * Michael Chang Min Tat, Federal Court judge and Commissioner of Law Revision and Law Reform
 * Lim Keng Yaik, former president of the Gerakan Party and Minister of Energy, Water and Communications
 * Paul Leong Khee Seong, former Minister of Primary Industries and former Deputy President of the Gerakan Party
 * Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah, former Second Minister of Finance of Malaysia
 * John Thivy, 1st President of Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
 * Leong Yew Koh, first Governor (Yang di-Pertua Negeri) of Malacca
 * Lee Lam Thye, former politician and national activist
 * Gregory Yong Sooi Ngean, Catholic Archbishop Emeritus of Singapore
 * Yeoh Ghim Seng, former speaker of the Parliament of Singapore, former vice-president of Singapore and acting president of Singapore
 * Tan Yee Khan, All England badminton doubles champion 1965 and 1966
 * Koo Kien Keat, Badminton Doubles World Championship Silver Medallist 2010
 * Peter Pek, first publisher of Superbrands Malaysia, host of reality television series The Firm, and host of Brand Malaysia with Peter Pek''
 * Yeoh Eng-kiong, Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food of Hong Kong
 * Patrick Teoh, DJ and actor in Malaysia and Singapore
 * Ismail Omar, 9th and former inspector general of Royal Malaysian Police

Trivia

 * Bernard Chauly's Goodbye Boys is about eight scouts from the 02 Kinta Troop of St. Michael's who set out on a hundred-kilometer expedition. The school is seen in scenes throughout the movie. The movie is based on Chauly's similar experience as a scout during his days at St. Michael's.
 * Vincent Corkery was conferred the Darjah Dato' Paduka Mahkota Perak (DPMP) by the Sultan of Perak in 2010 in recognition of his contributions to education and SMI.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Michael's Institution


text: Category:Haligonians

title: Category:Haligonians


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Music of Nigeria/archive2

Music of Nigeria
Aside from the lack of pictures and sounds, which I am attempting to fix, does anyone have any suggestions? I recently added a bunch of inline citations and changed some things around in accordance with past comments. Here's the old discussions. Tuf-Kat 07:29, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Overall an excellent article, at least in my oponion, that covers the topic in depth. However I did trip over the assertion that "Nigeria has also produced some of the most popular music in the world". I think that an assertion this broad needs to be backed up with specific examples in a section on Nigerian music that has achieved world-wide popularity. Similarly with the statement that "the country's musical output has achieved great international acclaim". Thanks. :) — RJH 14:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The first claimed weakened, and the second sourced. Obvious exceptions, like Fela Kuti, notwithstanding, Nigerian music is primarily a domestic affair. Tuf-Kat 07:15, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks good, thanks. About the only other element the page could use is a few more illustrations, either of notable artists or local instruments. — RJH
 * Great article. One thing that could imporve the flow would be taking out some of the section headings and getting rid of the main links. --nixie 09:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed a couple of the main article links, and got rid of two section headings. Is this better? Tuf-Kat 16:22, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I gave it a read. Here's what struck me:

 * 1) First, the article is overlong (42 KB). I wonder if it might be a good idea to summarize the "Folk music" section based on region rather than ethnic group. In a country with over 400, as the article claims, it seems odd to only focus on three here.
 * 42 kb isn't all that long, and three groups focused on are by far the three largest in the country (I've amended the article to explicitly say that).

 * 1) The intro says Nigeria has "dozens or hundreds of tribes". Which is it?
 * Fixed.

 * 1) Lots of passive voice.
 * 2) What about modern Christian praise music? I've never been to Nigeria, but I lived in Cameroon, and the Anglophone portion of that country takes its cultural cue from its western neighbor. Nigerian singer Agatha Moses is like Elvis in Anglophone Cameroon. The mainstream radio is saturated with Nigerian praise music, so you're as likely to hear a Nigerian cover of an American Christian contemporary tune as you are to hear Danfo Drivers (an extremely popular Nigerian reggae group). Again, I haven't been to Nigeria, but I suspect things are similar in the south of the country.
 * Some googling gave me enough info for a paragraph, though some web pages (like this) seem to imply that gospel is extremely popular in Cameroon, and that much of it is Nigerian. I'm not sure it's quite as important in Nigeria itself.

 * 1) Piracy. How do these artists make any money? What's the business model like? I know that in Cameroon, I only found one store that sold actual, non-pirated CDs, and these were priced ten times as high as the pirated ones sold at thousands of street kiosques and off of teenage boys' heads. This is probably a topic for Music of Africa, but a mention of how piracy affects the Nigerian music industry would be good.
 * I added a mention in the bit about the music industry in the lead, but I agree a more detailed examination belongs at music of Africa.

 * 1) A couple of places mention what I think are states in Nigeria, but the wikilinks go to disambig pages. The two I caught were Adamawa and Borno.
 * Fixed, I think

 * 1) "The most extreme northern region uses essentially monodic music . . . ." What's "monodic" mean? If it's not a typo, a quick definition would be good.
 * It means having only one melodic line (see monody). Fixed.

 * 1) The article currently mixes American and British English. I'd say go with British, considering Nigeria's colonial history. (This would affect "marginalized" and "theater", but probably a few other words, too.)
 * Fixed, may have missed some.

 * 1) The Hausa boorii cult is described as featuring "trance music". You might want to specify what you mean -- Trance music is a genre of techno music, and I don't think that is the intended meaning here.
 * Fixed.

 * 1) The section on "Classical music" is awfully short. Could this be merged somewhere else so it doesn't stick out so much? Similarly, the phrase "African Western classical composers" is awkward. Perhaps "African composers in the Western classical style"? I keep getting tripped up thinking "West Africa".
 * Changed to one of the most famous African composers of the Western classical tradition, paragraph moved to lead

 * 1) The quote under "Palmwine and the invention of juju" seems out of place, as no sources are quoted directly in the rest of the article.
 * Fixed.

 * 1) What's an "MBE"? Perhaps spell out the acronym or define it.
 * Fixed

 * 1) Watch where were is linking. It's not an article about Muslim songs.
 * Fixed.

 * 1) Likewise, check all the links to be sure that they're going where they're supposed to. Juju is linked a lot, and it should go to jùjú music.
 * Fixed.

Good article. Hope you do Music of Cameroon next. BrianSmithson 14:19, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My next African one was going to be music of Kenya or music of South Africa, because they should be relatively easy to research. I hope to spend some time on Cameroon soon though.  Thanks for your comments! Tuf-Kat 17:11, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

I've spent considerable time going through it and editing on the clause level. Based on the inconsistencies in the first part, I regularised the spelling to BrEng; I realise now that I should have asked the author whether he prefers Br or US spelling. It's a fabulously rich topic, and the article, although too long, is mostly well written. It could do with some trimming down to the daughter articles. It's rather densely linked, which makes it harder to read, so I delinked the simple years, decades and centuries, since these are of little use to the reader. I've reduced spacing between the sentences to one space, to avoid the 'rivers of white' problem. I hope that this becomes a featured article. Tony 04:32, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * British English is right (or more precisely, Nigerian English, which is the same as I understand it). Your edits look great.  Thanks.  I hope I can get it featured soon too, but I don't think it will unless I can find some freely-licensed pictures.  I've been sending e-mails out to a bunch of webpages, but so far haven't gotten permission from anyone. Tuf-Kat 08:03, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Pictures are essential; I wonder whether you might trawl through releated articles and ask some of the contributors for help; and there must be some ethnomusicologists who either possess photos or can point you towards those who do. Tony 08:21, 3 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Eusthenopteron

Eusthenopteron (from εὖ, 'good', σθένος , 'strength', and πτερόν 'wing' or 'fin') is a genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian (often called "lobe-finned") fish known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period, about 385 million years ago. It has attained an iconic status from its close relationship to tetrapods. Early depictions of animals of this genus show them emerging onto land, but paleontologists now widely agree that eusthenopteron species were strictly aquatic animals.

The genus was first described by J. F. Whiteaves in 1881, as part of a large collection of fishes from Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Some 2,000 Eusthenopteron specimens have been collected from Miguasha, one of which was the object of intensely detailed study and several papers by paleoichthyologist Erik Jarvik between the 1940s and the 1990s.

Description
Eusthenopteron is a medium- to large-sized tristichopterid. The species E. foordi is estimated to have exceeded 1.5 m in length, while the species E. jenkinsi probably reached 2.1 m.

The earliest known fossilized evidence of bone marrow has been found in Eusthenopteron, which may be the origin of bone marrow in tetrapods. Eusthenopteron shares many unique features among fishes but in common with the earliest-known tetrapods. It shares a similar pattern of skull roofing bones with stem tetrapoda forms such as Ichthyostega and Acanthostega. Eusthenopteron, like other tetrapodomorph fishes, had internal nostrils (or a choana), one of the defining traits of tetrapodomorphs, including tetrapods. It also had labyrinthodont teeth, characterized by infolded enamel, which characterizes all of the earliest known tetrapods as well.

Unlike the early tetrapods, Eusthenopteron did not have larval gills.

Classification
Like other fish-like sarcopterygians, Eusthenopteron possessed a two-part cranium, which hinged at mid-length along an intracranial joint. Eusthenopteron's notoriety comes from the pattern of its fin endoskeleton, which bears a distinct humerus, ulna, and radius in the fore-fin and femur, tibia, and fibula in the pelvic fin. These appendicular long bones had epiphyseal growth plates that allowed substantial longitudinal growth through endochondral ossification, as in tetrapod long bones. These six appendicular bones also occur in tetrapods and are a synapomorphy of a large clade of sarcopterygians, possibly Tetrapodomorpha (the humerus and femur are present in all sarcopterygians). Similarly, its elasmoid scales lack superficial odontodes composed of dentine and enamel; this loss appears to be a synapomorphy with more crownward tetrapodomorphs.

Eusthenopteron differs significantly from some later Carboniferous tetrapods in the apparent absence of a recognized larval stage and a definitive metamorphosis. In even the smallest known specimen of Eusthenopteron foordi, with a length of 29 mm, the lepidotrichia cover all of the fins, which does not happen until after metamorphosis in genera like Polydon (the American paddlefish). This might indicate that Eusthenopteron developed directly, with the hatchling already attaining the adult's general body form (Cote et al., 2002).
 * Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows;
 * Tiktaalik with limb-like fins that could take it onto land;
 * Early tetrapods in weed-filled swamps, such as:
 * Acanthostega which had feet with eight digits,
 * Ichthyostega with limbs.

title: Eusthenopteron


text:
User:Sjoplin

More about me: Spencer Joplin

title: User:Sjoplin


text:
Slice (drink)

Slice was a line of fruit-flavored soft drinks originally manufactured by PepsiCo and introduced in 1984 (to replace the Teem brand) but discontinued by PepsiCo in North America in the late 2000s. Slice was reintroduced in the United States and Canada as a brand of Organic food by "New Slice Ventures LLC", which acquired the trademark rights in those countries.

Slice was also reintroduced in India by PepsiCo in 2008 as a mango-flavored fruit drink where it is currently advertised as Tropicana Slice.

History
The original Lemon Lime Slice was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for Teem, and a competitor to Sprite and 7 Up. Its distinguishing characteristic at the time was that it contained 10% fruit juice. A diet version was introduced in 1985. The line was expanded in 1986 with Mandarin Orange, Apple, and Cherry Cola flavors, including diet versions of each. Advertisements during this era featured the slogan "We got the juice".

Slice was a big success upon release, inspiring other juice-infused drinks based on already existing juice brands, such as Coca-Cola's Minute Maid orange soda and Cadbury Schweppes's Sunkist. By May 1987, Slice held 3.2 percent of the soft drink market. One year later, it had fallen to 2.1 percent and was below 2 percent in June 1988. By 1988, the juice content had been reduced (packaging now said "with fruit juices" instead of "10% fruit juices"), the slogan was changed to "Either you got it or you don't", and the Apple and Cherry Cola flavors had been discontinued.

By 1990, the packaging had been redesigned, and the juice content dropped entirely. The line of flavors was also expanded again, this time with flavors more similar to competitors like Crush, including Strawberry, Pineapple, Fruit Punch, and Grape. Slice advertising in the early 1990s featured Fido Dido, a character associated with US competitor 7 Up in international markets where PepsiCo has the rights to the latter brand. Lemon Lime Slice used the slogan "Clearly the One" during this era.

The first two can and bottle designs featured a solid color related to the flavor of the drink. These were replaced in 1994 with black cans that featured colorful bursts related to the flavor of the drink, along with slicker graphics. More new flavors were made available during this era, including Dr Slice, a competitor to Dr Pepper. In 1997, the cans became blue with color-coordinated swirls. The Mandarin Orange flavor was reformulated around this time as an "Orange Citrus" flavor with the new slogan, "It's orange, only twisted." It would subsequently be reformulated again as just Orange Slice.

In the summer of 2000, lemon-lime Slice was replaced in most markets by Sierra Mist, which became a national brand in 2003. The rest of the Slice line was replaced in most markets by Tropicana Twister Soda in the summer of 2005.

In early 2006, Pepsi resurrected the Slice name for a new line of diet soda called Slice ONE. Marketed exclusively at Walmart stores, Slice ONE was available in orange, grape and berry flavors, all sweetened with Splenda.

As of 2009, Slice (orange, diet orange, grape, strawberry and peach flavors) was available solely from Wal-Mart Stores.

Slice was launched in India in 1993 as a mango flavored drink and quickly went on to become a leading player in the category. In India, 'Slice Mango' is promoted by Bollywood actress Katrina Kaif. Slice mango is also available in Pakistan.

Slice was discontinued by PepsiCo at an unknown date in the United States between the late 2000s to early or mid 2010s, no longer being on PepsiCo's "Product Locator" website.

It appears to have been replaced in the PepsiCo product line with Starry, the successor to Sierra Mist, as of January 2023.

New Slice
By 2018, New Slice Ventures LLC had acquired the Slice trademark portfolio in the United States and Canada, and was working with Revolution Brands, Dormitus Brands and Spiral Sun Ventures, to re-launch a lower-sugar, lower-calorie beverage sweetened only with USDA-certified organic fruit juice.

In December 2018, New Slice Ventures announced that its new Slice-branded products had become available for wholesale pre-order in four flavors: Raspberry & Grapefruit, Blackberry, Mango & Pineapple and Apple & Cranberry. In late 2022, New Slice Ventures re-branded the product in a "retro-style," and released four new flavors: Orange, Lemon-Lime, Cherry and Berry. The product is available in a variety of retail stores, as well as on the brand's website.

Flavors
Originally, the drink contained 10% fruit juice; the juice content was reduced by 1988 and eliminated by 1990.

 * Apple Slice (1986–1988)
 * Diet Apple Slice
 * Cherry Cola Slice (1986–1988, discontinued following the introduction of Wild Cherry Pepsi)
 * Diet Cherry Cola Slice
 * Cherry-Lime Slice
 * Dr Slice (Dr Pepper-flavored drink, 1990s)
 * Punch Slice (1990s)
 * Grape Slice (1990s)
 * Lemon-lime Slice (original flavor) (1984–2000; replaced Teem in the United States, discontinued with introduction of Sierra Mist)
 * Diet Lemon-Lime Slice
 * Mandarin Orange Slice (1986–1997)
 * Diet Mandarin Orange Slice
 * Orange Slice (1997, replaced Mandarin Orange in regular and diet)
 * Orange Citrus Slice (late 1990s, replaced Orange in regular and diet, caffeine was also added)
 * Mango Slice (India and Pakistan)
 * Passionfruit Slice (1990s)
 * Peach Slice (1990s)
 * Pineapple Slice (1990s)
 * Lemonade Slice (1990s)
 * Red Slice (1990s)
 * Strawberry Slice (1990s)

In 2022, New Slice Ventures listed four new flavors of natural soda as available on its website:

 * Orange Slice
 * Lemon Lime Slice
 * Cherry Slice
 * Berry Slice

title: Slice (drink)


text:
Bob Moog Foundation

The Bob Moog Memorial Foundation was created after the death of Dr. Robert Moog in 2005, and officially launched in August 2006. His family established the foundation to honor the legacy of Moog "through its mission of igniting creativity at the intersection of music, history, science, and innovation." The foundation is an independent, donor-driven 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with no formal affiliations with Moog Music, Inc. The foundation is located in Asheville, North Carolina, where Moog spent the last 25 years of his life.

The Bob Moog Foundation's projects include Dr. Bob's SoundSchool, which teaches the science of sound through the magic of music, the Bob Moog Foundation Archives, an effort to preserve and protect Dr. Moog's extensive and historic archive and a museum named the "Moogseum," an innovative educational, historic, and cultural facility located in Asheville, North Carolina. The Waves of Inspiration exhibit, a selection of pictures, documents and items from Bob Moog's archives, took place in August 2009 at the Museum of Making Music. A Minimoogseum was installed at the Orange Peel in 2010 following a ribbon cutting ceremony by the Beastie Boys. The Moogseum was officially opened on August 15, 2019, with a multi-day ceremony in Asheville, North Carolina, including presentations by sonic pioneers Herb Deutsch and Larry Fast, and interviews and performances by Patrick Moraz and Lisa Bella Donna.

Moog, an electrical engineer and American pioneer of electronic musical instruments like the Theremin and the Moog Synthesizer, left an indelible mark on the music industry. His instruments have been included in recordings by Wendy Carlos, Keith Emerson, The Beatles, The Beach Boys, Stevie Wonder, Yes and a host of others.

Board of directors

 * Executive Director: Michelle Moog-Koussa
 * President: David Mash
 * Treasurer: Terrence VanArkel
 * Vice President and Secretary: Daniel Liston Keller
 * Jerry Kovarsky
 * Marc Willis
 * Henry Panion, III
 * Marcus Ryle
 * Sally Sparks
 * Yvonne Spicer
 * Michael Whalen
 * Chris Halaby

title: Bob Moog Foundation


text:
User talk:Vanished user sfoi943923kjd94/Archive

This page is for the archiving of comments, conversations, and disputes on User talk:Krishva in which the most recent responses are over a month old.

They are listed in the order of date that the discussion ended.

VFD signature
Hello, I noticed your vote of the VFD for David Gonterman. Please sign your votes using ~ to make sure that they are counted. Thanks! -- Bobdoe (Talk) 03:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NPOV tag
I'd removed the NPOV tag for Furry because the disputed sections are already marked SectionNPOV. Having both seemed redundant. Do you disagree? Zetawoof 16:36, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * My problem is actually that there are a lot of areas of the article that are POV. Marking every single one of them seemed inappropriate, hence the placement of the NPOV over the whole article.  More appropriately the section NPOVs should be removed--the objectivity of the whole article is questionable at best. --Krishva 04:18, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

DeMontfort University and Richter Hall
Why are you trying to delete them? The Class Menagerie is not at all obscure in the furry fandom, and these locations feature in that plus two other comics, i.s.o. and The Suburban Jungle. They also have nothing to do with De Montfort University, and the names are completely coincidental. If anything, Richter Hall can be merged with DeMontfort University, but DeMontfort University itself should not be deleted. - Gilgamesh 13:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * They should be merged with the article for The Class Menagerie--they are places in this comic, and they have nothing to do with anything else. The comic does not need more than one article devoted to it, as it's not that widely known to begin with.  Please keep in mind that Wikipedia is not for things that are notable in the furry fandom, it's for things that are notable to the public at large.  Therefore, the fictional setting for a few web comics that only furries read really does not require an article on this site.
 * This is my rationale for the deletion of these articles. -- Krishva 03:53, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Please
Don't leave comments in my talk page, because I do not read anything you say, and have no interest in your opinions. You get to vandalize furry fandom as much as you want, now kindly leave me and the rest of the wiki alone. Almafeta 12:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This is the comment Krishva left on the talk page of Almafeta (history), which is deleted by the latter either without reading, or without any inclination to make amends towards an amiable relationship between both users:

 * After sleeping on it, I have had time to cool down, and I realized I said some things more harshly than I should have (and some things I should have not said at all). I realize I've flown off my handle a bit and offended you, and I'm sorry for that. I did not mean to put you off editing furry fandom and the other furry-related pages--after all, it's a topic of interest to you, so you should have input.

 * I guess my motivation was that I'm feeling offended myself from being repeatedly accused of vandalism (by you and one other user particularly) on the furry articles. I've been finding it pretty hard to hold your edits in good faith when you specifically say in the edit summary that you reverted it in order to remove my input, which you even called a "crusade." I understand that you don't care for my opinion, but this is a collaborative encyclopedia and we'll both be better off if we are able to work together. That's why I am apologizing--we should not be holding petty differences of opinion against each other.

 * Even if neither of us edits another furry article, we may run into each other on other articles, and I'd prefer not to have to go through this kind of dispute again. Truce? --Krishva 03:08, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * --Grumpyhan 07:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:AMPH zoobileezoo.jpg has been listed for deletion
— Ringbang 20:58, 17 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
File:Dgmn cover.jpg

Summary
Cover of Guano Apes' album "Don't Give Me Names"

title: File:Dgmn cover.jpg


text:
User talk:CrunkGurl88

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Usrnme h8er 09:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. --Alan Au 07:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Michele Raven VFD
Please do not make bad faith VFDs such as Votes_for_deletion/Log/2005_August_23. Please have a valid reason for filing one. Being a "man-stealing hoodrat" is not a valid reason to delete an article. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 14:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CrunkGurl88


text:
Talk:Isotopes of fluorine

External links modified
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F-18 decay modes in the big List
The infobox in top (and the element main infobox) says F-18 decays by β+ and by electron capture (ε). However, the #List_of_isotopes on this page does not mention that 2nd decay mode. I'd expect the list to be ultimately complete. Is the list incomplete, or is my understanding incomplete? (and, my original quest shortcut: does that ε decay mode have its own spin value? Or is the spin value for the isotope once?) -DePiep (talk) 16:02, 8 June 2017 (UTC)
 * (apparently I missed this question): Whenever beta-plus decay is possible, electron capture is also possible, so it is not normally listed separately in sources. Spin values are for each isotope/isomer. Double sharp (talk) 03:24, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Fluorine-13?
Is there data yet 24.115.255.37 (talk) 17:47, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, there's no more recent data that I'm aware of; the half-life is still unknown. ComplexRational (talk) 23:09, 26 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Do we consider https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html to be reliable? That lists Fluorine 13 with a half-life of 450*10^-24 seconds, or 450 yoctoseconds, which would make it the most unstable fluorine isotope by about 50 yoctoseconds. InkTide (talk) 17:58, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isotopes of fluorine


text: Talk:Chris Pirillo

title: Talk:Chris Pirillo


text:
Aino (mythology)

Aino is a figure in the Finnish national epic Kalevala.

Description
It relates that she was the beautiful sister of Joukahainen. Her brother, having lost a singing contest to the storied Väinämöinen, promised Aino's "hands and feet" in marriage if Väinämöinen would save him from drowning in the swamp into which Joukahainen had been thrown. Aino's mother was pleased at the idea of marrying her daughter to such a famous and well-born person, but Aino did not want to marry such an old man. Rather than submit to this fate, Aino drowned herself (or was transformed into a nixie). However, she returned to taunt the grieving Väinämöinen as a perch.

The name Aino, meaning "the only one", was invented by Elias Lönnrot who composed the Kalevala. In the original poems she was mentioned as "the only daughter" or "the only sister" (aino tyttönen, aino sisko).

National romanticism
During the national romantic period at the end of the 19th century the mythological name Aino was adopted as a Christian name by Fennoman activists. Among the first to be named so were Aino Järnefelt (Aino Sibelius), born 1871 and Aino Krohn (the later Aino Kallas), born 1878.

According to the Finnish Population Register Centre, over 60,000 women have been given the name. It was especially popular in the early 20th century, and the most common first name for women in the 1920s. It has returned to favor in the 21st century; it was the most popular name for girls in Finland in 2006 and 2007.

title: Aino (mythology)


text:
User talk:Anoopsehgal

Please do not replace Wikipedia pages or sections with blank content. It is considered vandalism. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Jtkiefer T - 07:37, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anoopsehgal


text: Category talk:Military of France

title: Category talk:Military of France


text:
Thickening agent

A thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties. Edible thickeners are commonly used to thicken sauces, soups, and puddings without altering their taste; thickeners are also used in paints, inks, explosives, and cosmetics.

Thickeners may also improve the suspension of other ingredients or emulsions which increases the stability of the product. Thickening agents are often regulated as food additives and as cosmetics and personal hygiene product ingredients. Some thickening agents are gelling agents (gellants), forming a gel, dissolving in the liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. Others act as mechanical thixotropic additives with discrete particles adhering or interlocking to resist strain.

Thickening agents can also be used when a medical condition such as dysphagia causes difficulty in swallowing. Thickened liquids play a vital role in reducing risk of aspiration for dysphagia patients.

Many other food ingredients are used as thickeners, usually in the final stages of preparation of specific foods. These thickeners have a flavor and are not markedly stable, thus are not suitable for general use. However, they are very convenient and effective, and hence are widely used.

Different thickeners may be more or less suitable in a given application, due to differences in taste, clarity, and their responses to chemical and physical conditions. For example, for acidic foods, arrowroot is a better choice than cornstarch, which loses thickening potency in acidic mixtures. At (acidic) pH levels below 4.5, guar gum has sharply reduced aqueous solubility, thus also reducing its thickening capability. If the food is to be frozen, tapioca or arrowroot are preferable over cornstarch, which becomes spongy when frozen.

Types
Food thickeners frequently are based on either polysaccharides (starches, vegetable gums, and pectin), or proteins.

Starches
This category includes starches as arrowroot, cornstarch, katakuri starch, potato starch, sago, wheat flour, almond flour, tapioca and their starch derivatives.

A flavorless powdered starch used for this purpose is a fecula (from the Latin faecula, diminutive of faex, "dregs").

Other polymers
Other sugar polymers include vegetable gums such as pectin from Citrus peel, guar gum from the guar bean, and locust bean gum from the carob bean.

Agar, alginin and carrageenan are polysaccharides extracted from algae, xanthan gum is a polysaccharide secreted by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, and carboxymethyl cellulose is a synthetic gum derived from cellulose. Proteins used as food thickeners include collagen, egg whites, and gelatin. Other thickening agents act on the proteins already present in a food; for example sodium pyrophosphate, which acts on casein in milk during the preparation of instant pudding.

Gelling agents
Gelling agents are food additives used to thicken and stabilize various foods, like jellies, desserts and candies. The agents provide the foods with texture through formation of a gel. Some stabilizers and thickening agents are gelling agents.

Typical gelling agents are based on polysaccharides such as natural gums, starches, pectins and agar-agar or proteins such as gelatin.

Examples are:
 * Alginic acid (E400), sodium alginate (E401), potassium alginate (E402), ammonium alginate (E403), calcium alginate (E404) - polysaccharides from brown algae
 * Agar (E406, a polysaccharide obtained from red algae)
 * Carrageenan (E407, a polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds)
 * Locust bean gum (E410, a natural gum polysaccharide from the seeds of the carob tree)
 * Pectin (E440, a polysaccharide obtained from apple or citrus-fruit)
 * Gelatin (E441, made by partial hydrolysis of animal collagen)

Commercial jellies used in East Asian cuisines include the glucomannan polysaccharide gum used to make "lychee cups" from the konjac plants, and aiyu or ice jelly from the Ficus pumila climbing fig plant.

Agar-agar produces a very clear gel with light residual taste. Gelatin sheets disperse easily with no residual taste, but powdered form may have some taste. Kappa carragreenan may include potassium chloride to improve the gelling process and produces a clear product with very little aftertaste. Iota carrageenan contains sodium chloride which improves gel formation. Sodium alginate produces a medium viscosity gel but may have some aftertaste. High-methoxy pectin is one of the most widely used gelling agents in food processing. It reacts with some sugars and acids and sometimes includes minerals to improve gelling process. Low-methoxy pectin reacts with calcium, and is used for the preparation of low sugar jams.

Flours
Functional flours are produced from specific cereal variety (wheat, maize, rice or other) conjugated to specific heat treatment able to increase stability, consistency and general functionalities. These functional flours are resistant to industrial stresses such as acidic pH, sterilisation, freeze conditions, and can help food industries to formulate with natural ingredients. For the final consumer, these ingredients are more accepted because they are shown as "flour" in the ingredient list.

Flour is often used for thickening gravies, gumbos, and stews. The most basic type of thickening agent, flour blended with water to make a paste, is called whitewash. It must be cooked in thoroughly to avoid the taste of uncooked flour. Roux, a mixture of flour and fat (usually butter) cooked into a paste, is used for gravies, sauces and stews. Cereal grains (oatmeal, couscous, farina, etc.) are used to thicken soups. Yogurt is popular in Eastern Europe and Middle East for thickening soups. Soups can also be thickened by adding grated starchy vegetables before cooking, though these will add their own flavour. Tomato puree also adds thickness as well as flavour. Egg yolks are a traditional sauce thickener in professional cooking; they have rich flavor and offer a velvety smooth texture but achieve the desired thickening effect only in a narrow temperature range. Overheating easily ruins such a sauce, which can make egg yolk difficult to use as a thickener for amateur cooks. Other thickeners used by cooks are nuts (including rehan) or glaces made of meat or fish.

In cooking
Many thickening agents require extra care in cooking. Some starches lose their thickening quality when cooked for too long or at too high a temperature; on the other hand, cooking starches too short or not hot enough might lead to an unpleasant starchy taste or cause water to seep out of the finished product after cooling. Also, higher viscosity causes foods to burn more easily during cooking. As an alternative to adding more thickener, recipes may call for reduction of the food's water content by lengthy simmering. When cooking, it is generally better to add thickener cautiously; if over-thickened, more water may be added but loss of flavour and texture may result.

Food thickening can be important for people facing medical issues with chewing or swallowing, as foods with a thicker consistency can reduce the chances of choking, or of inhalation of liquids or food particles, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia.

Mechanical and thixotropic agents
Fumed silica and similar products form stiff microscopic chains or fibers which interlock or agglomerate into a mass, holding the associated liquid by surface tension, but which can separate or slide when sufficient force is applied. This causes the thixotropic or shear-thinning property (also frequently exhibited by gels), where the viscosity is non-Newtonian and becomes lower as the shearing force or time increases; their usefulness is primarily that the resulting increase in viscosity is large compared to the quantity of silica added. Fumed silica is generally accepted as safe as a food additive and is frequently used in cosmetics. Additives such as precipitated silica, fine talc, or chalk also meet the definition of thickening agent in that they increase viscosity and body while not affecting the target property of a mixture.

Cosmetics
Thickening agents used in cosmetics or personal hygiene products include viscous liquids such as polyethylene glycol, synthetic polymers such as carbomer (a trade name for polyacrylic acid) and vegetable gums. Some thickening agents may also function as stabilizers when they are used to maintain the stability of an emulsion. Some emollients, such as petroleum jelly and various waxes may also function as thickening agents in an emulsion.

Paint and printing thickeners
One of the main use of thickeners is in the paint and printing industries, which depend heavily on rheology modifiers, to prevent pigments settling to the bottom of the can, yielding inconsistent results. Water based formulas would be nearly impossible with the exception of India ink and the few other water-soluble pigments, but these would have very little coverage and at best would stain wood slightly. All modern paints and inks will have some pigment added at the factory for opacity and to control the specularity of the finish, from matte to high gloss, dependent on thickener used, but more so on the size of the particles added as opacity modifier. Particle sizes of 1 μm and below will be the limit of high gloss, probably confined to luxury automotive coatings, and about 100 μm particulates will make a bumpy surface on the microscopic scale, which scatters light and makes the surface appear matte.

Rheology modifiers in common use:
 * Polyurethanes, acrylic polymers, latex, styrene/butadiene,
 * PVA - polyvinyl alcohol, not polyvinylacetate which is used in adhesives such as wood glue. PVA monomers are dispersed in the paint or ink liquid at an early stage in the mix, as it does not affect rheology unless the pH is low. Boric acid is usually used to initiate polymerization after the pigment is added (the pigment "grind" stage) and dispersed, the mixture is thickened while stirring to maintain homogeneous consistency. Often this stage is problematic since air is entrained by all but the lowest shear impellers, which are inadequate for this purpose, instead antifoam additives are used to control air bubbles, which continue to be a benefit during paint application. Air entrainment during mixing is not unique to PVA—in fact hardly a formula for paint exists that doesn't at least require some care in mixing.
 * Clays - attapulgite which also disperses suspensions, bentonite (both flocculating and non-flocculating), and other montmorillonite clays. Usually clays, when dry, exist as a very fine powder, facilitating dispersion and compatibility with other ingredients. Clays generally make matte surfaces, in spite of their fine particulate nature. Not only paints and inks, but other industries such as pharmaceutical, construction, and cosmetics, especially hair styling aids and facial detoxifying masks increasingly favor bentonite and attapulgite clays over other rheology modifiers, dispersion aids, opacifying fillers, antifoam, and numerous niche uses which exploit the numerous inherent qualities which have drawn artisans to this material. Clays are sustainably sourced and do not involve any egregious environmental damage, which were among the cheapest bulk materials until recently, when the pricing went up steadily, following the upsurge in its use pattern.
 * Cellulosics - CMC, HMC, HPMC, and others, are chemically substituted cellulose macromolecules. The hydroxyl groups are substituted by other functional groups, such as methyl or propyl. The amount of substitution and molecular weight determine viscosity of the solution, assuming concentration stays the same; adding more also increases viscosity.
 * Sulfonates - Sodium or calcium salts, good water retention, versatile, and highly efficient.
 * Gums - guar, xanthan, cellulose, locust bean, and acacia are the main ones.
 * Saccharides - carrageenan, pullulan, konjac, and alginate, sometimes called hydrocolloids, these thickeners are extremely versatile and specific in function—each has a series of grades or types which behave differently, for example kappa carrageenan will form strong gels (potassium activated) but iota carrageenan will not form gels and only thickens.
 * Proteins - Casein, collagen, and sometimes albumin.
 * Modified castor oil - much like cellulose, castor oil has hydroxyl groups, unlike other oils which at most have double bonds, which castor oil also has, but most substitutions occur at the hydroxyl moieties, allowing exotic derivatives with myriad properties. The most recent advances in rheology modifiers have been in this category. The BASF corporation has a new line based on castor oil derivatives, for example.
 * Organosilicones - Silicone resins, dimethicones, and modified silicones simplify formulation somewhat, a borrowing from cosmetics.

All of the above rheology modifiers are used in the 0.2% to 2.0% range

Petrochemistry
In petrochemistry, gelling agents, also called solidifiers, are chemicals capable of reacting with oil spills and forming rubber-like solids. The gelled coagulated oil then can be removed from the water surface by skimming, suction devices, or nets. Calm or only moderately rough sea is required.

Flame fuel thickening compounds
Various materials are used to convert liquid explosives to a gel form. Nitrocellulose and other nitro esters are often used. Other possibilities include nitrated guar gum.

Many fuels used in incendiary devices require thickening for increased performance. Aluminium salts of fatty acids are frequently used. Some formulations (e.g. Napalm-B) use polymeric thickeners. Thickened pyrophoric agent, a pyrophoric replacement of napalm, is a triethylaluminium thickened with polyisobutylene.

Fuel thickeners are mostly composed of the same thickeners as polar liquids (water), due to the fact that they are "bipolar", that is, they have a polar and an apolar group. The only change is in the orientation of these groups. In the non-polar medium reverse micelle formation occurs.

Because the hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon type intermolecular interactions are the weakest, the reverse micelle is much more unstable than the normal micelle. The main gelled fuel precursors are commonly derived from weak acids and strong or weak bases.

 * Calcium acetate
 * Soap
 * Poly(methyl methacrylate)
 * Polystyrene
 * Paraffin wax
 * Silicon dioxide (some grades)
 * Natural rubber
 * Sulfur (polysulfides)
 * Polybutadiene
 * Asphalt
 * Bentonite clay
 * Colloidal metal
 * Metallic soaps
 * Cellulose derivatives
 * Carbomer
 * Alginate

title: Thickening agent


text:
Gervais Rufyikiri

Gervais Rufyikiri (born 12 April 1965) is a Burundian politician who was Second Vice President of Burundi from 2010 to 2015.

Born in Gitega Province, Rufyikiri holds a doctorate (PhD) in Biological, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Sciences from the Belgian university Université Catholique de Louvain. An ethnic Hutu, he is a member of the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), became President of Senate of Burundi on 17 August 2005 until 2010, when he became the Second Vice-President.

As a member of President Pierre Nkurunziza's ruling party, the CNDD-FDD, Rufyikiri expressed his opposition to Nkurunziza's controversial bid for a third term in 2015. As a result, he was effectively marginalized, although he initially remained in his post as Second Vice-President. On 25 June 2015, Rufyikiri left the country and went into exile in Belgium, declaring that Nkurunziza's candidacy was unconstitutional and that, by running, Nkurunziza was putting his own interests ahead of the nation's interests. He said that Nkurunziza was "deaf" to ignore all the voices calling on him not to run. The government welcomed Rufyikiri's departure and alleged that he was involved in the failed May 2015 coup attempt.

title: Gervais Rufyikiri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paula P-Orridge

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Paula P-Orridge
New Age woo woo vanity page. Calton | Talk 07:40, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Keep new user here, saw this and had to vote. Shes a member of Throbbing Gristle which is one of the most influential and controversial bands of all time that has had a huge influence on punk, industrial and electronic music. Not too mention she is a member of Psychic TV which is rather notable for the fact that Ian Curtis of Joy Division was to be in it, all the other members have their own pages as well. Also, I dont see what exactly is New Age-y about it except the fact that she released an ambient record but not all ambient records are necessarily new age-y, hers in particular is rather dark. -ShadowStaller 08:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, btw, I want to say that I think the page should be edited because it seems to be written from one persons POV which should be changed but overall the page should be kept not deleted -ShadowStaller 08:10, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It definitely is in need of a POV check. Please be bold and render the article more neutral! Uncle G 11:49:33, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Keep. Member of a notable band. Cnwb 08:31, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete. For a member of "one of the most influential and controversial bands of all time", she sure is unheard-of. --Agamemnon2 09:55, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Following WP:MUSIC as a guideline, she satisfies #2: (she has gone on an international tour and tours of the UK with both Psychic TV and Throbbing Gristle and perfomed at All Tomorrow's Parties) #3: (Was a part of at least 20 albums with Throbbing Gristle and more with Pyschic TV, not too mention 17 live albums with Psychic TV) #4: (TG and Psychic TV have been featured in countless media esp. in Britain such as NME and Rolling Stone #5: (Ian Curtis of Joy Division was an original member of Psychic TV but he committed suicide before their first album) #6: (Throbbing Gristle pretty much invented or were one of the originators of Industrial music along with Cabaret Voltaire and had a massive influence on Post-Punk and electronica especially with the use of samples). She is also rather notable for her alleged connection to Satanic Ritual Abuse in England and the eventual clearing of any claims against her. Throbbing Gristle (the main reason shes listed as its a pretty influential band and all the members have their own pages) has 131,000 hits on Google, considering theyre not very famous thats quite a bit. -ShadowStaller 10:20, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And please be bold and add some citations of news coverage of the controversy that you mention to the article and flesh out its Discography section. See Kim Wilde and Charlotte Church (to pick two female artists at random) for pointers. Uncle G 11:49:33, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Throbbing Gristle. No need for her own page. Proto t c 10:08, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Although Throbbing Gristle is the band shes most notable for, she deserves her own page for her work in Psychic TV not too mention the fact that she has released her own solo albums -ShadowStaller 10:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A huge thank you to for providing a welcome relief from the arguments that we usually get from new users.  That's well-reasoned, based upon our guidelines, detailed, and persuasive. Keep. Uncle G 11:49:33, 2005-08-23 (UTC)
 * I concur. Keep. Nandesuka 12:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per ShadowStaller. Thatdog 19:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Thanks to ShadowStaller and welcome to Wikipedia. Capitalistroadster 19:53, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep JZ 20:34, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trollderella 21:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep per ShadowStaller. "New Age woo woo" indeed! Tonywalton | Talk 21:06, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep She's notable for solo work in addition to Throbbing Gristle Jessamyn 03:00, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable musician, but the article needs work. 23skidoo 05:24, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but move. She was a partner in Psychic TV, involved in Throbbing Gristle, married to a major figure in experimental music, and has released her own material. The article needs to be fleshed out, however and should probably moved to Alaura O'Dell as that appears to be the name she has lived under outside of her marriage to Genesis P-Orridge and is working under.  I believe some effort on both their part has gone into removing the name "Paula P-Orridge" from all re-releases. Glowimperial 17:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Derek Francis

Derek Francis (7 November 1923 – 27 March 1984) was an English comedy and character actor.

Biography
Francis was a regular in the Carry On film players, appearing in six of the films in the 1960s and 1970s. He appeared in The Tomb of Ligeia (1964), the last film in Roger Corman's Edgar Allan Poe series. He also took roles in several BBC adaptations of Charles Dickens novels. His last role was in the 1984 version of A Christmas Carol.

Other roles included parts in television series of the period such as Rising Damp, Bless Me, Father, Thriller, The Professionals, The Sweeney, Sherlock Holmes, The New Avengers, Danger Man, Jason King, Up Pompeii!, Wild, Wild Women, Coronation Street, and Z-Cars. He also appeared as the Emperor Nero, a comic turn in the early Doctor Who story entitled The Romans opposite William Hartnell. Possibly his most prominent role was as Father Bernard, the Master of Novices in Oh Brother!.

Among his stage roles was the title character in Cymbeline for the Old Vic in 1957.

Francis died of a heart attack in Wimbledon, London, at the age of 60.

Selected filmography

 * The Criminal (1960) as The Priest
 * No Love for Johnnie (1961) as Frank
 * Two Living, One Dead (1961) as Broms
 * Never Back Losers (1961) as R.R. Harris
 * The Inspector (1962) – Detective Inspector
 * Captain Clegg (1962) as Squire Anthony Cobtree
 * Backfire! (1962 film) as Arthur Tilsley
 * Master Spy (1963) as Police Inspector (uncredited)
 * Bitter Harvest (1963) as Mr. Jones
 * The Hi-Jackers (1963) as Jack Carter
 * Farewell Performance (1963) as Superintendent Raven
 * Smokescreen (1964) as Dexter's Doctor (uncredited)
 * This Is My Street (1964) as Fingus
 * The Verdict (1964) as Superintendent Brett
 * Ring of Spies (1964) as Chief Supt. Croft
 * Master Spy (1964) as Police Inspector (uncredited)
 * The Comedy Man (1964) as Merryweather
 * The Tomb of Ligeia (1964) as Lord Trevanion
 * Doctor Who (1965) as Emperor Nero
 * The Little Ones (1965) as Paddy
 * Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966) as Innkeeper
 * Press for Time (1966) as Ernest Corcoran (alderman)
 * The Forsyte Saga (1967) as Elderson
 * Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) as Puddleby
 * Carry On Doctor (1967) as Sir Edmund Burke
 * What's Good for the Goose (1969) as Harrington
 * Carry On Camping (1969) as a Farmer
 * Crossplot (1969) as Sir Charles Moberley
 * Carry On Loving (1970) as The Bishop
 * Scrooge (1970) as Charity Gentleman
 * Man of Violence (1971) as Sam Bryant
 * Say Hello to Yesterday (1971) as Park Keeper
 * The Statue (1971) as Sanders
 * Carry On Henry (1971) as The Farmer
 * Carry On Matron (1972) as Arthur
 * Carry On Abroad (1972) as Brother Martin
 * To the Devil a Daughter (1976) as Bishop
 * Dickens of London (1976) as Stage Manager
 * Jabberwocky (1977) as Bishop
 * The Wicked Lady (1983) as Lord Kingsclere
 * Pope John Paul II (1984) as Bishop Lec
 * A Christmas Carol (1984) as Pemberton (final film role)

title: Derek Francis


text:
Panzerbüchse 39

The Panzerbüchse 39, abbreviated PzB 39, (German: "tank hunting rifle model 39") was a German anti-tank rifle used in World War II. It was an improvement of the Panzerbüchse 38 (PzB 38) rifle.

PzB 38
German anti-tank rifles originated back in 1917 with the Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr, the world's first anti-tank rifle, using a special 13.2 mm (0.52 in) cartridge. It was created in response to the appearance of the first British tanks on the Western Front. That single shot manually operated rifle enjoyed moderate success; approximately 15,800 rifles were built.

German development resumed in the late 1930s. In an effort to provide infantry with a man-portable lightweight anti-tank rifle, Dipl.-Ing. (certified engineer) B. Brauer at Gustloff Werke in Suhl designed the Panzerbüchse 38 (PzB 38). It was a manually loaded single-shot weapon with a recoiling barrel, using a special 7.92 mm (0.311 in) cartridge. When fired, the barrel recoiled about 9 cm, which opened the breech and ejected the spent cartridge casing. The breech block was then arrested in the rear position, remaining opened for the gunner to manually insert a new cartridge. The gunner then released the cocked breech with a lever at the grip. The breech and barrel would then move forward again and the trigger was cocked in preparation to fire. This rather complicated mechanism was reportedly prone to jamming as the system got dirty in field use.

Although manufactured with pressed steel parts that were spot-welded, because of the complicated vertical breech block mechanism it was difficult to manufacture and only a small number of 1,408 PzB 38 rifles were built in 1939 and 1940 at the Gustloff Werke plant; 62 of these weapons were used by German troops in the invasion of Poland in 1939.

The rifle was 161.5 cm long - 129.5 cm folded for transport - and weighed 15.9 kg. It used a specifically designed cartridge with a standard caliber of 7.9 mm, but a very large 94 mm long case (nominal 7.92×94mm). also known as the "7.92 x 94 Patronen".

PzB 39
The next development, onto which production was immediately switched, was the Panzerbüchse 39 (PzB 39), an improvement made by Gustloff on their PzB 38. It also used a vertical breech block mechanism and the same cartridge as the PzB 38. It retained the barrel of the PzB 38 and had an only slightly increased overall length of 162.0 cm; weight was reduced to 12.6 kg. Performance was basically the same as that of the PzB 38. To increase the practical rate of fire, two cases each containing 10 rounds could be attached to the sides of the weapon near the breech - these were not magazines feeding the weapon, but merely put the cartridges closer to hand for the gunner. 568 PzB 39 were used by the German army in the invasion of Poland; two years later, at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, 25,298 PzB 39 were in use by German troops. Total production from March 1940 to November 1941, when production ceased, was 39,232 rifles. The PzB 39 remained in use until 1944, by which time it had become hopelessly inadequate against all but the lightest armored vehicles.

Variants

Starting in 1942, remaining PzB 39 rifles were rebuilt with a shortened barrel (590 mm) and an affixed Schiessbecher ("firing cup") attachment threaded to the barrel and used to launch standard rifle grenades. The cup was the standard type used with the ubiquitous Kar 98k infantry rifle and the ammunition was also interchangeable; there were three types of grenades: an anti-personnel grenade, a light anti-tank grenade and a large-diameter anti-tank grenade. The grenades were propelled by a special cartridge with a wood bullet. The rifle was also outfitted with a special sighting arrangement for firing up to 150 m and the wooden forend was removed. These converted rifles received the designation Granatbüchse Modell 39 (GrB 39) and remained in use until the end of the war.

title: Panzerbüchse 39


text:
Carding (disambiguation)

Carding a mechanical process that aligns cotton, wool or other fibers in the manufacture of textiles.

Carding may also refer to:

 * Carding (fraud), a range of credit card fraud activities
 * Carding (police policy), an intelligence gathering policy of certain Canadian police departments
 * Carding brush, used when rust bluing steel
 * Carding Mill Valley, a small valley near Church Stretton, England
 * Hole carding, advantage technique in the game of casino 21
 * Carding, the use of signals in contract bridge
 * Carding, in North America, requesting a customer to show an identity document as proof of age
 * The Canadian Athlete Assistance Program, also called "the carding program", a program where elite athletes in Canada receive funding from the government

title: Carding (disambiguation)


text:
Motive power depot

A motive power depot (MPD) or locomotive depot, or traction maintenance depot (TMD), is where locomotives are usually housed, repaired and maintained. They were originally known as "running sheds", "engine sheds" or just "sheds". Facilities are provided for refuelling and the replenishing of water, lubricating oil and grease and, for steam engines, the disposal of ash. There are often workshops for day-to-day repairs and maintenance, but locomotive building and major overhauls are usually carried out at locomotive works. (Note: In American English, the term depot is used to refer to passenger stations or goods (freight) facilities, not to vehicle maintenance facilities.)

German practice
The equivalent of such depots in German-speaking countries is the Bahnbetriebswerk or Bw, which has similar functions, with major repairs and overhauls being carried out at Ausbesserungswerke. The number of those was reduced drastically following the changeover from steam to diesel and electric traction, and most modern Bw in Germany are specialised depots, often responsible for a single locomotive class.

Engine sheds in the steam era
Engine sheds could be found in many towns and cities, as well as in rural locations. They were built by the railway companies to accommodate the locomotives that provided their local train services. Each engine shed would have an allocation of locomotives that would reflect the duties carried out by that depot. Most depots had a mixture of passenger, freight and shunting locomotives, but some, such as Mexborough, had predominantly freight locomotives, reflecting the industrial nature of that area in South Yorkshire. Others, such as Kings Cross engine shed in London, predominantly provided locomotives for passenger workings.

Nearly all depots at that time had a number of shunting locomotives. Normally 0-4-0T or 0-6-0T tank engines, they would be allocated to shunting duties in goods yards, carriage sidings, goods depots and docks.

Many large rail connected industrial sites also had engine sheds, primarily using shunting locomotives.

Design
Each railway company had its own architectural design of engine shed, but there were three basic designs of shed:
 * Roundhouse – where the tracks would radiate from a turntable;
 * Straight – a number of tracks that would be accessible from either end;
 * Dead End – a number of sidings accessible from one end only.

The turntables for straight and dead end sheds were generally outside. Those in roundhouses could be inside, such as those at York in the UK, or outside, such as that at the East Broad Top Railroad & Coal Company in Rockhill, Pennsylvania, USA.

Activity
There were six primary activities that took place at sheds.

Ash removal
When a steam engine arrived on shed, it would drop its fire and the ash that had built up would be removed. Disposal of the ash was a filthy job and carried out at quiet times, although some bigger depots had facilities for disposing of ash more efficiently. Study of photographs from the steam era show it was not uncommon for piles of ash to be scattered around the depot site.

Boiler washout
After completing their last duty and arriving on shed, locomotives would have a regular boiler washout to remove scale, improve efficiency and protect safety.

Coaling
Locomotives generally ran on coal. Initially this job was done by hand and many depots had significant coal stacks on site. These would be neatly constructed with the outer walls constructed of dry blocks much in the style of a dry stone wall with smaller pieces behind these. As technology advanced and the bigger sheds got busier, this process became mechanised and huge coaling towers above the neighbourhoods indicated where the engine shed was. The sheds were not clean places to work. The large east London depot of Stratford had an engineman's dormitory and its occupants would “wake up with a layer of coal dust covering them and the bed”.

Watering
Another key requirement of the steam engine is a supply of water which is carried in the tenders or tanks of the engines. In Australia, water was also carried in water gins (a water tank mounted on a wagon) due to longer distances covered and scarcer water resources. In depots where the limescale content of water was high (known in some areas as ‘Hard Water), water softening plants were introduced. At Norwich engine shed in the UK, the sludge was discharged into a tank and emptied every three years or so with the sludge being dumped into the sea at Lowestoft.

Turning
Tender locomotives required turning so they were facing the right way before their next duty. In the early days, these were typically around 45 feet long. As the technology improved and engines got bigger, then the turntables got longer. In order to turn a locomotive the engine had to be balanced quite precisely on the turntable and it could then be literally pushed around.

Some turntables could be powered by fixing the vacuum brake of the engine to the turntable and using that to turn the engine.

Later turntables were electrically operated. Many diesel locomotives in the UK have a cab at each end removing the need for the turntables. However, in Australia and America, there are a number of single ended locomotives and turntables are still in use.

Repairs
Engine sheds would carry out basic maintenance and the bigger sheds would carry out more complex repairs. Locomotives that required further repair were sent to the company's locomotive works. Withdrawn locomotives could often be found at some depots before their final trips to the scrapyard.

Sub-shed
In the UK, the general practice is that one shed would have a number of smaller sub-sheds where there were fewer facilities. When engines allocated to sub-sheds required repairs, they were often exchanged for a similar engine or perhaps just visiting the main depot on a Sunday when traffic levels were considerably lower.

In terms of locomotive allocation, it seems to have been the practice that for some railways locomotives were all allocated to the main shed but in others each shed had its specific allocation of locomotives.

A list of the British sub-sheds can be found here.

Staff
The drivers and fireman were the visible face of the engine shed and, as such, certain sheds had reputations for clean locomotives thanks to the dedication of those men. Many companies allocated a specific main line locomotive to a crew and they would usually take a personal interest in the cleanliness of their engine; some companies offered a prize to the crew of the best kept engine.

Many drivers would spend their own time on improving their knowledge and sharing best practice with younger drivers. The footplate staff (as drivers and fireman were known) were unionised from the 19th century and in the UK were generally in the ASLEF whilst other shed staff tended to be in the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (later National Union of Railwaymen).

Many engine shed workers put up with very poor conditions for many years. In the 1950s and 1960s, the rise of manufacturing industry saw many staff leaving the railway for better working conditions (and pay) and many railways started to modernise as a result.

Engine sheds in the modern era
The maintenance of the new diesel locomotives in filthy steam sheds soon proved difficult and, although some old sheds survived, many new diesel depots were built on new sites or on the sites of the old steam sheds. The major problem was the disposal of oil, which initially was left lying around causing pollution and safety issues. The new depots were equipped to deal with diesel fuel and the ability to access the underside, as well as upper body work, was improved.

The tasks were not that much different in that diesel locomotives were fuelled rather than coaled, although they did require water as early diesels were equipped with steam generators for train heating purposes.

Since the privatisation of British Rail, some depots are now operated by the train builders who maintain the trains under contract with train operators.

Stabling and fuelling points
Around railway networks, there are locations just used for the coaling/fuelling of locomotives and the stabling of stock, either overnight or between duties. These are generally not regarded as engine sheds.

title: Motive power depot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Monir Georgi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 00:49, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Monir Georgi
A 25-year-old "internationally renowned Vocational Education Expert" who has, nevertheless, managed to mostly escape the notice of Google (8 unique hits, mostly Wikipedia and mirrors). Delete. Calton | Talk 07:46, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Being part of several groups and societies isn't really an achievement like the article says. But Egyptian/Mexican heritage makes me think google might not be the best way to search. What do non-mirrors report? - Mgm|(talk) 12:21, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * An obituary archive from a local paper, nanny rates at Christmas, coptic Christianity, and a kickboxing club reference that 404s. --GraemeL (talk) 12:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per nominator. Unable to verify the claims to notability. --GraemeL (talk) 12:22, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Delete. This appears to be a feeble attempt at self-promotion. (edit 12:25, 23 August 2005 by User:62.49.6.17)
 * Delete as per nom.Alf 13:07, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   04:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Australian Fellowship of Evangelical Students

The Australian Fellowship of Evangelical Students (AFES) is an evangelical Christian parachurch organisation that aims to encourage university students to believe in and follow Jesus Christ. It is affiliated with, and in 1947 was a founding member of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students.

History
The young English evangelist, Howard Guinness, toured Australia in 1930 to encourage university students in evangelism. He helped form campus student groups starting in Sydney, then Melbourne, Brisbane and Hobart, including Sydney University Evangelical Union (SUEU) and Melbourne University Christian Union (MUCU - originally the Melbourne University Evangelical Union), which celebrated their 75th anniversaries in 2005. Guinness returned in 1933-1934 and founded groups in Perth and Adelaide.

These groups, led by the SUEU and the MUCU, joined together to form a network in 1936 as the Australian Intervarsity Fellowship or IVF, which later changed its name to the AFES in 1973. It had over 2000 members by 1959 and today has groups in over 50 campuses across the country in every state and territory, and employs over 100 staffworkers who look after the students on their various campuses.

In 2005, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the first student groups in Australia, AFES ran a "Year of Tertiary Evangelism" involving coordinated events on university campuses throughout the country and the printing of 40000 copies of Mark's Gospel to be freely distributed throughout the year. The theme of the year was "For Christ's Sake", a phrase normally used in swearing, though used here to promote the Christian message itself. Besides the events on specific university campuses, the AFES ran various evangelistic rallies with many Christian groups from different universities attending.

Muriel Porter suggests that AFES is the "predominant student Christian organization across Australian universities," since the demise of the Student Christian Movement and the decline of diocesan-funded university chaplaincies.

Activities
AFES groups run a variety of activities, such as regular public Bible talks, smaller Bible studies, prayer groups, mid-year conferences and evangelistic outreach events. These activities are organised and run by both staff and students.

Each year in December, the AFES runs a National Training Event (NTE). This consists of a four- to five-day training conference, followed by several days of mission. The most recent NTE conference was hosted at Exhibition Park in Canberra (EPIC), and was attended by up to 1400 students from around Australia. The mission aspect of the NTE takes place in conjunction with churches around Australia.

As an Australian movement, AFES is noted for using Biblical theology in the way its students approach the Bible. In groups, students have been encouraged to let the Bible "speak for itself, whether or not we knew what to do with it in the end." This has been compared to approaches encouraged by the Swiss theologian Karl Barth who encouraged a kind of re-discovery of Scriptures, what he called the "strange new world of the Bible."

Staff
The national director of AFES is Richard Chin. He was preceded by Kerry Nagel.

Staff are employed through AFES for the particular university campuses. Each staff member must raise his or her own financial support, which is sent to AFES by supporters and paid out to staff as a salary. (Many supporters of AFES staff are former AFES students who are now in paid employment.)

Staff usually are Staffworkers and Trainees, who usually work for a two-year "traineeship". After completing the traineeship, they may move to theological education and a more senior position.

Publications
AFES publishes a biannual magazine called Salt.

Criticism
Melbourne based journalist Muriel Porter has argued that AFES is an "outreach of Sydney Diocese in all but name" and "a Trojan horse for Sydney Anglican teaching around the country" though she admits that she is "obviously not able to report on Sydney objectively and even-handedly." Porter suggests that AFES is also spreading "Sydney-style opposition to women in church leadership" in the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and the Churches of Christ. She notes that students converted by AFES are bringing their "newly-acquired conservative stance into parish life."


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Don't Give Me Names

Don't Give Me Names is the second studio album by the German band Guano Apes, released in 2000. It includes the hit single "Big in Japan" (a cover of the Alphaville song), which peaked at #9 on the German charts and remains one of Guano Apes' most popular songs.

The album was certified gold in Germany and in Switzerland.

Background
After the success of their debut album Proud Like a God, the members of Guano Apes felt pressed to come up with a new album that could hold its own against its predecessor, and spent a lot of time on writing and demoing new songs. According to Dennis Poschwatta in the 2005 documentary Planet of the Apes, the band was determined "not to let anybody trick [them]. The album had to be awesome. It had to be out of sight.”

Recording for Don’t Give Me Names began in October 1999 and was done at three different studios: Horus Studio in Hannover, Vox Klangstudio in Bendestorf, and Galaxy Studios in Mol, Belgium. Wanting to achieve maximum result, the band tried to handle as much tasks as possible themselves, with the working process soon becoming chaotic, costly and time-consuming. Henning Rümenapp related how, eventually, producers Fabio Trentini and Wolfgang Stach were instrumental in “[getting] us all into the groove, bringing four oddballs together and focusing our ideas.”

A number of songs featured on Don't Give Me Names, including “Innocent Greed”, “I Want It” and “Dödel Up”, had already been performed live by the band by the time they were recorded, with a few of them dating back to the period before the release of Proud Like a God. "Big in Japan", the first single, was initially recorded for a compilation album called Pop 2000, released to celebrate 50 years of German pop and rock music. The band originally intended to include “Don't You Turn Your Back on Me” (released as a standalone single in March 1999) on the album as well, but eventually decided against it due to the song's low chart ratings and overall fan feedback.

Four tracks from Don’t Give Me Names were released as singles: “Big in Japan”, ”No Speech", "Living in a Lie" and "Dödel Up".

Track listing

 * European and Japanese editions contain "Big in Japan" music video

Personnel

 * Sandra Nasić – vocals
 * Henning Rümenapp – guitars
 * Stefan Ude – bass
 * Dennis Poschwatta – drums, vocals

Additional musicians

 * Marc Steylaerts - violin
 * Veronique Gilis - violin
 * Marc Tooten - viola
 * Hans Vandaele - cello
 * Alberto Manzanedo Alvarez - flamenco guitar, palmas (on "Mine All Mine")
 * Michael Wolpers - percussion
 * Dra Diarra - percussion (on "Dodel Up")
 * Dirk Riegner - samples, programming
 * Christian Wolff - string arrangements
 * Markus Stollenwerk - string conductor

Other staff

 * Gert Jacobs – Engineer, Mixing, Mixing Assistant
 * Bob Ludwig – Mastering
 * Clemens Matznick – Engineer
 * Friedel Muders – Artwork, Mastering, Design Coordinator
 * Ronald Prent – Mixing
 * Dirk Riegner – Programming, Sampling
 * Dirk Schelpmeier – Photography
 * Wolfgang Stach – Producer, Engineer
 * Fabio Trentini – Producer

title: Don't Give Me Names


text:
User:Red Slash/Bush (band)/to do

Memorize the basics

Make strange faces

Tread slowly

Gravitate spacewards

Find a home for the head

Make play faces

Not let it through:

 * The darkness

 * And, the sense of being born to lose

Take the help

Take a slice

Memorize the basics, the basics, the basics

title: User:Red Slash/Bush (band)/to do


text:
2005 ICC Super Series

The ICC Super Series 2005 was a cricket series held in Australia during October 2005, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was played between Australia (the world's top-ranked side at the time) and a World XI team of players selected from other countries. The series consisted of three One Day Internationals and one Test match. Australia won all four matches.

The matches attracted small crowds and were not competitive, in part because the ICC World XI had only one warm-up game to gel as a team. The Super Series concept had been controversial from its first proposal. The ICC's intention was to showcase the world's best players and provide a close contest with Australia, who had dominated international cricket for several years. However, many fans and experts dismissed the Super Series as a gimmick, comparing it unfavourably with the 2005 Ashes Series. The ICC had intended to hold a Super Series every four years, but the concept was not repeated.

Background
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Australian cricket side had become completely dominant in world cricket, and had a reputation of being unbeatable. In this climate, the concept of gathering the world's best players into one team to challenge them was born, and the ICC Super Series was developed.

Fixtures

 * Warm-up match: Junction Oval, Melbourne, VIC
 * Winkel_triple_projection_SW.jpg ICC World XI vs. Victoria – 2 October
 * One Day Internationals: Telstra Dome, Melbourne, VIC
 * Game 1 – 5 October
 * Game 2 – 7 October
 * Game 3 – 9 October
 * Super Test: Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney, NSW
 * 14 to 19 October

Team Selectors - Australia
The Australian squads were announced on 20 September, and the axe fell on the lacklustre performers on the team during the recent Ashes series. Damien Martyn was dropped from the Test side in favour of Brad Hodge but retained his one-day spot. Stuart MacGill and Shane Watson, who toured England but did not play in any of the Ashes Tests, were included in the lineup. Jason Gillespie and Michael Kasprowicz were not included in the Test squad or the ODI squad, while James Hopes received a surprise call-up for the ODI side following his 146 in a first-class game for Australia A on their tour of Pakistan in September 2005.

Team Selectors - ICC World XI
The World XI selectors named a shortlist, from which the 11 Test players were named. The selection panel comprised:

 * Sunil Gavaskar of India (chairman)
 * Mike Atherton of England
 * Sir Richard Hadlee of New Zealand
 * Sir Clive Lloyd of the West Indies
 * Jonty Rhodes of South Africa
 * Aravinda de Silva of Sri Lanka

The shortlist they named was: Andrew Flintoff (England), Steve Harmison (England), Michael Vaughan (England), Rahul Dravid (India), Virender Sehwag (India), Sachin Tendulkar (India), Anil Kumble (India), Brendon McCullum (New Zealand), Daniel Vettori (New Zealand), Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan), Inzamam-ul-Haq (Pakistan), Younis Khan (Pakistan), Mark Boucher (South Africa), Jacques Kallis (South Africa), Makhaya Ntini (South Africa), Shaun Pollock (South Africa), Graeme Smith (South Africa), Muttiah Muralitharan (Sri Lanka), Brian Lara (West Indies), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies)

The ICC World squads were announced on 23 August 2005, with additions on 23 September due to injuries to two players. Of the players in the final squads, five were from South Africa, three each were from England and Pakistan, two each were from India, Sri Lanka and West Indies, and one was from New Zealand. Zimbabwe and Bangladesh were unrepresented.

After first being reduced to 13, who travelled to Australia, the final 11 players to take the field were selected by the Chairman of Selectors, Sunil Gavaskar in consultation with the appointed team director, the coach and captain of the team, who will be appointed by the selection panel. The colour of the ICC World XI's uniform was predominantly blue and black. The coach of the team was India's former coach John Wright.

Squads for the Six Day Test Match
Statistics are correct as of 19 October 2005, after the only Test match played to date by the World XI

Status of the matches
The International Cricket Council declared that the matches would count as official One Day Internationals and Test matches. Some previous matches, such as the series between England and the Rest of the World in 1970, were initially regarded as Test matches, perhaps in the interests of attracting a sponsor, but later stripped of Test status by the ICC. At first it was unclear whether the Super Series matches would be recognised as official internationals, but following the decision to recognise the World Cricket Tsunami Appeal match as an official ODI, the ICC decided to award official status to the Super Series matches too. Apart from fixtures in which Caribbean islands and territories of the former British empire compete together as the West Indies, this was the first official Test match not between two countries. This decision proved controversial among players and writers alike.

Cricket historians have generally opposed the decision because of inconsistency in that the 1970 Rest of the World series in England is not accorded Test status, although those matches were advertised as Test matches at the time. Officially, however, Test status seems unlikely to be withdrawn from the 2005 Super Test in part because of the effect on noted cricket records; for instance without the wickets taken in this match, Muttiah Muralitharan would fall slightly short of 800 career test wickets. Statisticians such as Bill Frindall have said that they will not recognise the ruling and will exclude the matches from their records. Although it has been said that this "raises the possibility of two competing sets of cricket statistics being in circulation", that has always been a reality because there has never been a standard for match status and statisticians have always used their own match lists.

Many current and former Test cricketers also joined in the debate. For example, former Australian captain Allan Border said: "I firmly believe that this status should be restricted to matches between national sides. Test cricket is an institution that has been built up over a period of 128 years, and it should not be tampered with". (Although arguably this overlooks the anomaly related to the West Indies, as well as the fact that Australia and South Africa both competed in what are now deemed test matches in the nineteenth century prior to formal political unification.) Conversely, Tony Greig, who played for the Rest of the World against Australia in 1971–1972, said "My understanding of the status of first-class and Test cricket is related to the standard of the players. These are all Test cricketers... [The 1971–72 matches] were played like Tests and were deadly serious. "

The matches themselves were characterised by poor crowds (half empty grounds) and lacklustre performances by the World XI. Former England batsman Geoffrey Boycott described the series as a "bunfight" and said that there was "nothing that resembled cricket" in it. The authoritative publication The Wisden Cricketer summed up the Test match as follows: " [it] was a terrible game of cricket. It had a small crowd, little meaning and was forgotten quickly." The World XI players seemed to be there more for fun than anything else. Andrew Flintoff came up with some refreshingly honest statements amidst all the bullish officials: "I've got the Super Series in two weeks' time. I can't think of anything worse," he said, adding on arrival; "I'm only here for the food."

Captain Graeme Smith admitted to frustration in the aftermath of the series, saying he found it hard to deal with the fact that there weren't any repercussions to 'losing so badly'

Warm-up: Victoria v ICC World XI (2 October)
In a practice match preceding the first One Day International, a fifty over game was arranged against a strong Victorian side. The game was thirteen-a-side, but with only eleven players allowed to bat and eleven to field. Andrew Flintoff was allowed to rest, with the other World XI players all playing. By agreement the World XI batted first, but they fared badly as they collapsed from 63 for no loss to 131 for 6, with Shane Harwood taking 4 for 37. Rahul Dravid's knock of 66 off 80 balls and Shaun Pollock's cameo of 54 not out off only 38 balls rescued the innings, which finished on a competitive 281 for 8. Victoria came close in reply, with Brad Hodge top-scoring with 92 before succumbing to Muttiah Muralitharan.

Scorecard

First ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (5 October)
Australia won the toss and captain Ricky Ponting elected to bat first. They got off to a good start, with Gilchrist and Katich putting on 80 runs in only 14 overs before Gilchrist was bowled by Kallis. Katich and Ponting put on 48 in the next eight overs, and at 1 for 128 after 22.1 overs, Australia looked to be heading for a big score. But after that wickets fell regularly, with the spinners Muralitharan and Vettori working their way steadily through the middle order to restrict Australia to 8 for 255 at the end of their 50 overs.

The ICC World XI never looked like challenging this total. They lost five of their top six batsmen – Sehwag, Kallis, Lara, Dravid and Pietersen – for single figures, to collapse to 5 for 82 inside 22 overs. Only Sangakkara's innings gave any hope, but when he was out for 64 to leave the ICC World XI on 6 for 101, needing 7 runs an over off the last 22 overs, the game was over. Australia eventually wrapped up the ICC World XI's innings for 162 to record a comprehensive 93-run victory.

Scorecard

Second ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (7 October)
Australia won the toss and captain Ricky Ponting elected to bat first. They got off to a good start, with Gilchrist and Katich quickly putting on 110 runs before Katich was bowled by a doosra from Muralitharan. Gilchrist and Ponting put on 63, with Gilchrist reaching his century off 73 balls, before missing a straight Sehwag delivery. Martyn and Ponting consolidated in a 103-run stand, working singles around. On 276, Ponting failed to beat Flintoff to the stumps at the other end and Martyn was bowled next ball, giving the World XI a sniff. However, Andrew Symonds and Michael Clarke pushed the Australian total comfortably past 300, with 4 for 328 at the end of their 50 overs. Every bowler was taken to, except for Muralitharan, who finished with 1 for 43 off 10 overs.

The ICC World XI initially looked like challenging this total. Chris Gayle blasted a 48-ball half-century as the World XI reached 125 off only 16.1 overs. From then on however, they consistently lost wickets, due to insipid running between the wickets and a few soft dismissals, with Lara again hitting Nathan Bracken straight to Symonds at cover. The ICC World XI ended up being dismissed for 273, handing another victory to Australia.

Scorecard

Third ODI: Australia v ICC World XI (9 October)
Scorecard

Future
The original aim was that the Super Series would be played every four years. However, immediately after the completion of the first Test match, Malcolm Speed, the ICC Chief Executive, removed it from the regular ICC schedule, noting that it may be played in the future when there is a clear world champion.

title: 2005 ICC Super Series


text:
File:Yeshua7.jpg

Yeshua (?) in Hebrew letters.

title: File:Yeshua7.jpg