text:
Talk:Dzongkha

Bambu — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.34.66.63 (talk) 14:38, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

"dialect" of Tibetan
I believe we mislead our readers when we describe Dzongkha as a dialect of Tibetan. That would suggest that native speakers of these languages could understand each other which is not true. What is true is that both languages trace back to a common root, Classical Tibetan, which has died out as a spoken language but is still used in religious contexts (much as Latin is no longer anyone's mother tongue but is a common root of the various Romance languages and is preserved as the international scholarly language of Roman Catholicism). I've changed the article to make the actual relationship of Tibetan and Dzongkha clearer. technopilgrim 19:44, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's as clear cut as that. Although the spoken language is obviously quite different from the varieties of Tibetan as spoken in Tibet, the written language can be pretty much identical in a literary register, or quite different in a more informal one.  The problem with Tibetan is whether to refer to its sub-varieties as dialects or languages.  A similar problem exists within Chinese, wherein the dialects are even more different from each other than they are in Tibetan, more akin to the difference between English and German than Spanish and Italian, but they're still generally referred to as dialects rather than languages. BovineBeast 15:10, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I generally agree.(although)I think that the concept of a "Tibetan language" as a modern spoken language is inherently misleading or confused. Tibetan is a classical literary language that has become several distinct local varieties, including Dzongkha. Quite like Latin, as you say. In the case of Tibetan, it seems that some varieties are arbitrarily defined as "dialects of modern spoken Tibetan" (Khams, Amdo, Ü-Tsang, and sometimes the smallish Tibetanoid enclaves of Nepal) while others are arbitrarily defined as separate languages, although none of them are really mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, this is the way they are usually described, so I've attempted to clarify that here and there. - Nat Krause(Talk!) 21:21, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Spanish and Italian are almost mutually intelligible, especially in the written language. Most Portuguese can understand Spanish, although not the other way round. 81.155.100.190 14:36, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Dzongkha is a Bodic language as are the several varieties of modern spoken "Tibetan" including Central Tibetan, Khams, and Amdo speech. All of these spoken Bodic languages are prety much mutually incomprehensible in their pure form. There are also several other seperate Bodic languages spoken in Bhutan including  Bumthap, Kheng, Kurtop, Nyenkha, Chali and Dzala. Dzongkha is unique amongst all these in having a formal written form - although this was fairly recently developed. Formerlly Clasical Tibetan (known in Bhutan as Choke) was used as the written and liturgical language. Modern Dzongkha differs from Classical Tibetan as much as modern French does from Classical Latin.  Chris Fynn (talk) 09:21, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

please add this
http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002619.html
 * why didn't you add it? this is wikipedia you know.--84.188.165.36 14:28, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Chinese claim on Bhutan?
Does China really have a territorial claim on Bhutan? That's news to me. Rhesusman 20:04, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You can find a nice summary of Sino-Bhutanese border tensions here:. The relationship deteriorated considerably in November 2005 when China sent troops as far as 20 km inside Bhutan where they built roads and several bridges in the districts of Haa, Paro, Bumthang, and Wangdue Phodrang.  Reacting to complaints from Thimphu, the Chinese government said the road building was merely a part of the "economic development program for western China".  technopilgrim 00:23, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This article seems to imply that China claims the entire country as part of itself, which to me is different from border tensions and general disrespect for Bhutanese territorial sovereignty. The "economic development program for western China" statement sounds rather ambiguous - it China could be claiming no more than that the roads built through Bhutanese territory somehow are intended to aid economic development in areas it already controls, but it also could imply that China claims Bhutan as a whole as part of its territory.  I'm not saying that you're wrong, but this is a rather dramatic claim.  Shouldn't it be on the main Bhutan page (if it's not there already - I don't recall seeing it) where it will get more attention?  I'm not sure the page about the Dzongkha language is the best place for this statement.  Rhesusman 01:30, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Reflecting on what you've said, I agree. Can you rework it?  I hit it with a 10 pound sledge hammer, maybe you can give it a good solid tap instead. Ideally, the reader should come away with some context to understand how Beijing's request to eliminate Dzongkha from Microsoft products fits into the larger picture of Sino-Bhutanese relations.   technopilgrim 02:33, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll see if I can get around to it, I've had a busy week. Rhesusman 17:25, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure about China claiming parts of Bhutan, but just watched Jam-Jam's language videos, and the phonology and vocabulary are so similar to the Chinese languages. The Bhutanese people can easily pass off as Chinese. 2A00:23C5:C13C:9F01:EDA0:4E30:257D:8A41 (talk) 01:05, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

number of speakers?
Why is the number of speakers given as only ~1/4 of the population of Bhutan? Potatoswatter 18:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's how many speak it. Like most countries Bhutan has a wide variety of languages spoken in it. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=BT -- Al™ 00:46, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Many more speak the language. While perhaps 30% of the population have Dzongkha as their mother tongue, almost everyone in Bhutan speaks Dzongkha. It is the National Language and lingua-franca of the country; the language of administration and the language of instruction in schools - so everyone learns it. I think the Ethnolouge figure is just an estimate of the number of people who have Dzongkha as their first language or mother tongue. Chris Fynn (talk) 17:23, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Chris Fynn is right: "Population gives the number of people in the country for whom this language is a first language, plus the total number of L1 speakers if it is used in multiple countries." (Language Information) So according to the Ethnologue entry, about 1/4 of the population of Bhutan speaks Dzongkha as a first language. Presumably that's why the sidebar says "native speakers." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Huttarl (talk • contribs) 13:51, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

_-more than half of bhutanse speaks nepali — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6010:1803:3293:6CD5:D3E4:C56E:B56C (talk) 00:39, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Define Nepali. 2A00:23C5:C13C:9F01:EDA0:4E30:257D:8A41 (talk) 02:11, 23 June 2022 (UTC)

Bhutan Scout Tshogpa
Can someone help render Bhutan Scout Tshogpa, and also "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Dzongkha script? Thanks! Chris 02:49, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Dzongkha language template
If you are a native speaker of Dzongkha then you can help translate this template into your own language: Edit

--Amazonien (talk) 20:55, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Not sure why you would want to translate this user box into Dzongkha on English Wikipedia - if it was translated into Dzongkha 99.9% of users couldn't read what the box said - and if they didn't have a Tibetan script font installed they would see garbage. Chris Fynn (talk) 17:57, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Traditionally, language userboxen are in the language they're referring to. See for example, or  which are total gibberish to me. But non-speakers can find out what the box means by consulting the abbreviation in the picture area, which links to the language page. --Gimme danger (talk) 18:28, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh well. Frankly I don't see the point of displaying info-boxes in other languages - especially with text written in non-Latin scripts - on English Wikipedia. Such info boxes are not informative to the majority of users. Why should readers have to click on a link in an info-box to find out what it says? Chris Fynn (talk) 06:21, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

The map shows seven districts in which dzongka is spoken. The text says eight. Also the map should state that the dzongka districts are highlighted in yellow. PeterT2 — Preceding unsigned comment added by PeterT2 (talk • contribs) 16:02, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

== A dictionary of the Bhotanta or Boutan language, printed from a manuscript copy made by the late Rev. Frederic Christian Gotthelf Schroeter, edited by J. Marshman: To which is prefixed a grammar of the Bhotanta language By Friedrich Christian G. Schroeter ==

A dictionary of the Bhotanta or Boutan language, printed from a manuscript copy made by the late Rev. Frederic Christian Gotthelf Schroeter, edited by J. Marshman: To which is prefixed a grammar of the Bhotanta language By Friedrich Christian G. Schroeter, John Clark Marshman

http://books.google.com/books?id=z58CAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Friedrich+Christian+G.+Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HDUeU9-KFZLI0gH58oDICw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

A dictionary of the Bhotanta, or Boutan language By Frederic Christian Gotthelf Schrœter

http://books.google.com/books?id=khQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Frederic+Christian+Gotthelf+Schrœter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RTUeU7irFILr0gGEjYDIBg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

A Dictionary of the Bhotanta, Or Boutan Language By Friedrich Christian Gotthelf Schroeter, William Carey

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtxGAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Friedrich+Christian+Gotthelf+Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TjUeU5PwIeXE0gGtmoHoAQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

A Grammar of the Bhotanta, Or, Boutan Language By Friedrich Christian Gotthelf Schroeter

http://books.google.com/books?id=pBugaEfBgs4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Friedrich+Christian+Gotthelf+Schroeter%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TjUeU5PwIeXE0gGtmoHoAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false

A DICTIONARY OF THE BHOTANTA LANGUAGE (1826)

https://archive.org/details/adictionarybhot00schogoog

A Grammar of the Bhotanta, Or, Boutan Language By Friedrich Christian Gotthelf Schroeter

http://books.google.com/books?id=pBugaEfBgs4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 19:45, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Incorrect phonology
Someone appears to have recently added a phonology section to this article, which seems to have been lifted from an article about Tibetan and is all completely wrong in respect of Dzongkha. A reliable description of Dzongkha phonology can be found in George van Driem's book 'Dzongkha' (1998). Unlike Standard Tibetan, Dzongkha contrasts voiced as well as aspirated consonants, and the use of breathy voice after unvoiced consonants. The whole table as it stands is worthless and should be removed. 62.64.241.151 (talk) 21:40, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

--- Yep. I was just looking at the van Driem's 1992 grammar, and it is completely incorrect for what is specified in the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.239.228.4 (talk) 17:02, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

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Add grammar section?
This language article is lacking a grammar section, which may be sourced from material such as van Driem's The Grammar of Dzongkha. How should the grammar section be written (i.e. incrementally or all at once)? The structure would be similar to the Tibetan language article and the Japanese grammar articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ForestAlpaca (talk • contribs) 03:35, 27 May 2019 (UTC)
 * There's no "should". If you're willing then please do, whether incrementally or all at once. See WP:BOLD. Nardog (talk) 15:17, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Adap dialect
This article doesn't say if the Adap dialect is simply another term for standard Dzongkha. There are 3 dialects with ISO 639-3 codes: Laya and Lunana (which have pages, and are not standard forms), and Adap (whose page is a redirect to this one). Can someone please clarify? --Numberguy6 (talk) 23:00, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Dzong 'fortress'
Dzongkha literally means 'language of the fortress' and dzong means 'fortress'. The Dzongkha term for 'palace' is 'phodrang'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pemongdi (talk • contribs) 02:42, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

Phoneme Inventory
The Phoneme inventory in the thesis "A Grammar of Dzongkha (dzo): Phonology, Words, and Simple Clauses" (2018 Watters, Stephen A) seems highly aberrant compared to the one here but is more recent than the current source cited for the current phoneme inventory. This phoneme inventory also explains multiple phonemes that seem to appear elsewhere in the language (at least according to this wikipedia page) such as both the /d/ and /z/ in Dzongkha Comment by user ChromeBones — Preceding undated comment added 02:29, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The tone determines the voice of the consonants, so if you don't consider that to be phonemic, the inventory doubles. Nardog (talk) 12:50, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

IPA notation
I'm not sure if the pronunciation is correct. The first consonant should be voiced alveolar affricate /dz/, which can be heard here from a native speaker. Wiktionary also has that notation. Ranching (talk) 12:13, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Nardog (talk) 05:30, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Another reference, just in case. Ranching (talk) 07:51, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dzongkha


text:
Giovanni Amendola

Giovanni Amendola (15 April 1882 – 7 April 1926) was an Italian journalist, professor, and politician. He is noted as an opponent of Italian fascism.

Early life and education
Amendola was born in Naples on 15 April 1882. He moved to Rome, where he obtained the middle school diploma. At fifteen he joined the socialist youth. The following year he was an apprentice to the newspaper of the Italian Radical Party "La Capitale." He graduated with a degree in philosophy, he collaborated with such publications as Leonardo of Giovanni Papini and La Voce of Giuseppe Prezzolini. After that, he obtained the chair of theoretical philosophy at the University of Pisa. Between 1912 and 1914 Amendola was the editor of the Bologna-based daily Il Resto del Carlino. He worked for Corriere della Sera from 1914 to 1920.

Political career
Attracted by politics, he was elected three times to the Italian Chamber of Deputies for Salerno. In the 1910s, Amendola supported the Italian liberal movement, but he was completely against the ideology of Giovanni Giolitti. During World War I, he adopted a position of democratic irredentism and, at the end of the war, was nominated minister by Prime Minister Francesco Saverio Nitti.

His critical positions while confronting the right-wing extremism cost him a series of attacks by hired Fascist hitmen. In 1924 Amendola refused to adhere to the "Listone Mussolini", and attempted to become Prime Minister, at the head of a liberal coalition which ran in the elections. He was defeated, but continued the democratic battle by writing columns for the Il Mondo, a new daily newspaper which he founded together with other intellectuals in 1922.

During the height of the Matteotti Crisis, Amendola published the Rossi Testimony in one of his newspapers, on 27 December 1924. The document directly implicated Prime Minister Mussolini in the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, the leader of the Socialist PSU party, on the 10 June 1924. In the same document, Amendola also declared that Mussolini was behind the reign of terror which led up to the April 6th, 1924 general elections.

Resented by Mussolini for his prominent activism, Amendola was, together with the Unitary Socialist Party deputy Giacomo Matteotti and the popular priest Don Giovanni Minzoni, one of the régime's earliest victims, as he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs in July, 1925.

Amendola formulated the notion of totalitarianism as total political power which is exercised by the state in 1923, describing Italian Fascism as a system which was fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships. The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile, Italy's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism. He used the term totalitario to refer to the structure and goals of the new state which was to provide the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals."

Death
Amendola died on 7 April 1926 at Cannes, France, in agony from violence inflicted when he was beaten by 15 Blackshirts with clubs.

Personal life
Amendola married Eva Kuhn in 1906, and they remained together until Amendola's death in 1926. Together, they had four children: Giorgio Amendola (1907–1980), who became an important communist writer and politician, Adelaide (1910–1980), Antonio (1916–1953), and Pietro (1918–2007), who also became a journalist and politician.

In popular culture
In the Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), Amendola is played by Damiano Damiani.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giovanni Amendola


text:
Willys Overland Crossley

Willys Overland Crossley was a company jointly owned by Crossley Motors and Willys-Overland. They had factories in Stockport, England; Berlin, Germany; and Antwerp, Belgium. The company was formed in 1919 and continued until 1934. They manufactured cars, buses and trucks.

In 1919, Crossley Motors and John North Willys on behalf of Willys-Overland agreed to set up a British operation to import, manufacture and sell a high volume of cars based on the Overland 4 model. Crossley Motors provided the Heaton Chapel, Stockport aircraft factory they had recently bought from the government after the end of World War I. This factory was large enough to include a covered test track. Production started in 1920 with the assembly of kits bought in from the Willys-Overland Canadian plant. WOC's first design contribution was to offer British bodies to fit the Model 4's chassis. The Willys-Knight sleeve-valve-engined car was also offered.

In 1925, a version of the Willys-Overland Model 91 called the Overland 13.9 was produced using a Morris engine. This was joined later in the year by the six-cylinder Model 93. Sales did not reach expectations, and the company reported a large loss for the year. The company structure meant that responsibility for this loss fell on Crossley Motors, which had to sell the AVRO aircraft company to keep going.

For 1926, the Whippet car was introduced, but like its forerunners, this car did not suit the British and European markets, and sales still failed to meet target. The company experimented with their own design of small car known as the X car. Prototypes were well received, but production was vetoed by John North Willys.

The company also produced commercial vehicles. First models were built on Model 4 chassis but in 1924 Heaton Chapel designed their own 1 ton model using mainly Overland parts. This was replaced in 1926 by an upgraded 30cwt version. In 1926, a new range using Lycoming engines was announced and they were launched under the Manchester name. Initial models were rated at 25 and 35 long cwt but were soon joined by a 2 LT model. WOC also assembled Willys C101 trucks, sold as Willys-Commercial, but they quickly gained a reputation for poor engine reliability.

In 1928, the Berlin factory opened, under the ownership of Willys-Overland Crossley GmbH, to assemble Whippets, followed in 1930 by a plant in Antwerp. The Great Depression caused both factories to close in 1930, although the Berlin factory re-opened quickly to become an assembly plant for the Austin 7.

John North Willys sold his shares in the company in 1929 and resigned from the board. Car production was stopped in 1929 following continuing losses and the firm concentrated on its profitable commercial vehicles. In 1931, the car business of AJS was purchased, but it was too late to turn the company into profitability and, in 1932, Crossley Motors dissolved the partnership with Willys-Overland, which went into voluntary liquidation in 1933. Production limped on for another two years, with the final production coming in 1934. The factory was sold to the Fairey Aviation Company.

title: Willys Overland Crossley


text:
File:Pedro Flores.JPG

Image Pedro Flores (composer) from http://www.zonai.com/promociones/biografias/0301/flores.asp

Rationale for use:
1. The subject is no longer alive, he died in 1979, therefore the image in question is not replaceable 2. Image is late 1950's. 3. Will be used only in subjects Bio. 4. Image is low resolution

title: File:Pedro Flores.JPG


text: File:The new america cover.jpg

title: File:The new america cover.jpg


text:
Talk:CBS Sports

[Untitled]
What about sports on CBS radio? Even if separate division, needs clarification. --Jerzy•t 19:46, 2005 August 29 (UTC)

Images
Does anyone have pictures of earlier CBS Sports logos, in addition to the one used since the early-'80s?

WAVY 10 18:05, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Font in logo

 * What is the name of the font in the logo? WizardDuck 20:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Just went to MyFonts.com, tested it by using the version with the yellow background, and the one that matched most closely was one called Osiris. WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 20:53, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CBS Sports Logo copy.png
Image:CBS Sports Logo copy.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:CBS Sports Logo 1990.png
Image:CBS Sports Logo 1990.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:59, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

"We Need To Talk"
Beginning Sept 30th "We Need To Talk" will be premiering on CBS Sports. . -- A new Wikipedia article, We Need To Talk (CBS Sports) will be justified. --- 19:28, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

NBA
I don't know who keeps trying to claim CBS has held NBA rights since 2010 (and copying the list of college basketball analysts claiming them as their NBA analysts as well), but it's simply not true; there's no sources to prove it and a few sources from that time that firmly disprove it. Whoever is doing this, please stop. Anyone who is patrolling this page, keep an eye out for this. J. Myrle Fuller (talk) 13:51, 22 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:CBS Sports


text:
User:Bigly bigly

Hello,This is one of the students of another university and glad to be a new member of this university Website.

title: User:Bigly bigly


text: User talk:71.14.2.34

title: User talk:71.14.2.34


text:
Opaque pointer

In computer programming, an opaque pointer is a special case of an opaque data type, a data type declared to be a pointer to a record or data structure of some unspecified type.

Opaque pointers are present in several programming languages including Ada, C, C++, D and Modula-2.

If the language is strongly typed, programs and procedures that have no other information about an opaque pointer type T can still declare variables, arrays, and record fields of type T, assign values of that type, and compare those values for equality. However, they will not be able to de-reference such a pointer, and can only change the object's content by calling some procedure that has the missing information.

Opaque pointers are a way to hide the implementation details of an interface from ordinary clients, so that the implementation may be changed without the need to recompile the modules using it. This benefits the programmer as well since a simple interface can be created, and most details can be hidden in another file. This is important for providing binary code compatibility through different versions of a shared library, for example.

This technique is described in Design Patterns as the Bridge pattern. It is sometimes referred to as "handle classes", the "Pimpl idiom" (for "pointer to implementation idiom"), "Compiler firewall idiom", "d-pointer" or "Cheshire Cat", especially among the C++ community.

Ada
The type  is an opaque pointer to the real implementation, that is not defined in the specification. Note that the type is not only private (to forbid the clients from accessing the type directly, and only through the operations), but also limited (to avoid the copy of the data structure, and thus preventing dangling references). These types are sometimes called "Taft types"—named after Tucker Taft, the main designer of Ada 95—because they were introduced in the so-called Taft Amendment to Ada 83.

C
This example demonstrates a way to achieve the information hiding (encapsulation) aspect of object-oriented programming using the C language. If someone wanted to change the definition of, it would be unnecessary to recompile any other modules in the program that use the   header file unless the API was also changed. Note that it may be desirable for the functions to check that the passed pointer is not, but such checks have been omitted above for brevity.

C++
The d-pointer pattern is one of the implementations of the. It is commonly used in C++ classes due to its advantages (noted below). A d-pointer is a private data member of the class that points to an instance of a structure. This method allows class declarations to omit private data members, except for the d-pointer itself. As a result, One side benefit is that compilations are faster because the header file changes less often. Note, possible disadvantage of d-pointer pattern is indirect member access through pointer (e.g., pointer to object in dynamic storage), which is sometimes slower than access to a plain, non-pointer member. The d-pointer is heavily used in the Qt and KDE libraries.
 * more of the class implementation is hidden
 * adding new data members to the private structure does not affect binary compatibility
 * the header file containing the class declaration only needs to include those files needed for the class interface, rather than for its implementation.

title: Opaque pointer


text:
User:Curps/Sandbox6

Déjà vu Déjà vu

Déjà vu Déjà vu

Déjà vu Déjà vu

Déjà vu

This — and that — and the other.

This — and that — and the other.

This — and that — and the other.

This — and that — and the other.

This — and that — and the other.

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he:אני מאמין (פיוט)

Anker_J%F8rgensen

title: User:Curps/Sandbox6


text:
Power Plant Live!

Power Plant Live! is a collection of bars, restaurants and other businesses in the Inner Harbor section of downtown Baltimore, Maryland. It was developed by The Cordish Companies and opened in phases during 2001, 2002, and 2003. The entertainment complex gets its name from the nearby "Power Plant" (Pratt Street Power Plant) building, three blocks south on municipal Pier 4 on East Pratt Street facing the Inner Harbor, which was also later re-developed by Cordish.

The complex is located along Market Place and is served by the Baltimore Metro Subway's Shot Tower/Market Place station.

History
The "Power Plant" is a mixed-use project re-developed in the late 1990s in a former coal-burning power generating station, originally built in 1900-05 for the old United Railways and Electric Company which operated the recently unified public transportation system of streetcars, trolleys, and some cable cars (in the early years), at the beginning of the 20th century up to its re-organization in 1935 as the Baltimore Transit Company (taken over by the state Mass Transit Administration of the Maryland Department of Transportation in 1968). The President of the U. R. & E. Company at the time was John Mifflin Hood, (1843-1906), who was also recently longtime president of the Western Maryland Railway, 1874 to 1901 and developed its large Port Covington railroad/port terminal on the south side of the city, along the Middle Branch (formerly Ferry Branch) of the Patapsco River in Baltimore Harbor on the South Baltimore peninsula to Whetstone Point. The industrial / transport facilities were recently razed in the 1990s and replaced by a commercial re-development of "big box" stores and the printing plant of the major local daily newspaper, the "Baltimore Sun"

Port Covington is east of South Hanover Street (Maryland Route 2) and the old 1917 Hanover Street Bridge and faces onto Winan's Cove. Earlier it was the site of Fort Covington, an artillery redoubt of brick and earthen berms built in 1813 during the War of 1812 and came under bombardment attack along with neighboring Camp Look-Out (modern Leone-Riverside Park), Battery Babcock along the shoreline and famous Fort McHenry on Whetstone Point by the British Royal Navy in the Battle of Baltimore, September 12-13-14, 1814.

Competition for tourism dollars was fierce in the mid-1980s after the opening of "Harborplace", which opened in 1980. These new attractions, joined with the recently constructed (1971) of a new exhibition structure for the ancient cultural institution Maryland Academy of Sciences (from 1797) in its Maryland Science Center  and the historic ship USS Constellation (1854 Sloop of War)

This was also the historic site of the original Centre Market at East Baltimore Street (formerly "Long Street" when the town was laid out in 1730, and later known as "Market Street", recognizing the important place that it led to in the east), south to Water Street (former original shoreline of the harbor "Basin" in colonial times) and east of South Frederick Street (alley) to the adjacent Jones Falls stream. It was also traditionally known as the "Marsh Market" because of being on the site of the old Thomas "Harrison's Marsh" on the western banks of the Jones Falls during the colonial era 18th and early 19th centuries which separated old Baltimore Town from the neighboring village of Jones' Town to the northeast across the Falls - spanned by a vital link in early 18th century local commerce and growth, a wooden bridge which was built which resulted in the naming of "Bridge Street" (later to be renamed North Gay Street, after a local family) and led to the merger of the two villages by 1745. Here in 1763, the first public market house for both merged towns was constructed and became the most important center for commerce resulting in its original name of "Centre Market".

It wasn't until two decades later, after the American Revolution ended, that additional market houses throughout the expanding city were constructed including today's world-famous "Lexington Market" (old Western Precincts Market) along West Lexington Street between Eutaw, Paca and Greene Streets in 1782 and the "Broadway Market" (old Eastern Precincts Market) at the foot of Broadway - formerly known there too as Market Street (between Fleet [previously Canton Avenue] and Thames Streets) above the waterfront of the Fells Point neighborhood. During the 19th century, additional market houses under sponsorship of the municipal government were constructed in all quarters of the growing city such as "Hanover Market", "Belair Market", "Richmond Market", "Lafayette Market" (now "The Avenue Market"), "Hollins Market", "Northeast Market", "Cross Street Market", "North Avenue Market" and others which dominated local trade, especially retail, but the most important, largest and center of the trade (including wholesale) was here at "Centre Market" on Market Place along the Jones Falls west bank.

Here also was the old second building of the famous Maryland Institute (then a college founded 1826, of various curriculums including mechanical arts besides today's art and design for which it is now world-famous), which was built on brick arches above a second market house with two large clock towers at each end in 1851, and held an additional large assembly hall/auditorium and classrooms on the second floor. This was one of the largest and notable buildings in America at that time, and was the site of several pre-Civil War national political party conventions (when Baltimore preceded Chicago as the common compromise city for presidential nominations, where both candidates Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce were nominated to be President. Another famous President, Abraham Lincoln gave his "Liberty Speech" (also known as the "Baltimore Address") on April 18, 1864, at the "Sanitary Fair" event, one of several held throughout the Civil War-torn nation, to raise money for the support and assistance of wounded soldiers, widows and orphans and other domestic needs by the United States Sanitary Commission, (a precursor to the later American Red Cross). Although he passed through Baltimore numerous times, it was the only occasion that the 16th President spoke in the city. He noted the calmer differences in the southern-oriented city, especially then three years after the secessionist tumult resulting in the disastrous Pratt Street Riots of April 19, 1861 which had solidified Baltimore's reputation and nickname as "Mobtown." It was also the only time that he spoke alive in the city although having traveled through several times in his earlier brief congressional career and presidential administration. The Maryland Institute and the second markethouse below was unfortunately destroyed and lost near the end of the Great Baltimore Fire of February 7–8, 1904, on the eastern edge of the blaze along with the rest of the downtown Baltimore business district in the Nation's third largest conflagration ever to hit an American city (Chicago's Great Fire of 1871 was first, followed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire).

During the general mass re-construction of the city's "Burnt District" in the next few years, three new three-story elaborate brick market buildings adjacent to each other on the east side of the square, running east and west were built by 1907, under the supervision of the Centre Market Commission under chairman, General Felix Agnus, (the dominating owner/publisher of the city's largest and oldest newspaper, the "Baltimore American" dating from 1773, reorganized 1799). Newly constructed on the north side was the "Produce Market" for fruits and vegetables, in the middle was the "Fish Market" and to the south end was the "Retail/Wholesale Market" for various sundry dry items. A new plaza was also constructed that year (1907), featuring a beautiful marble and stone fountain specifically designated by a noted animal-loving philanthropist, General A. E. Booth, for the laboring horses of the busy and crowded commercial district who toiled under heavy weights, reins, blinders, stirrups and heavily loaded cargo wagons, at the end of their ancient era and the beginning of motorized trucks and lorries and their smells of gasoline and diesel fuel odors.

By 1984, the traffic concerns and space problems caused the local wholesale fish merchants and those in the other markets to consider moving their delivery and transport centers to a new auto and truck oriented complex built between Baltimore and Washington in Jessup, Maryland along the connecting Interstate (95 and 295) and U.S. Route 1 highways. Despite the best efforts of then Mayor William Donald Schaefer and others of his administration and tourism leaders, who had a wonderful vision of an eastern version of San Francisco's famous "Fisherman's Wharf" and the nearby Monterey, California's "Fish Cannery" complex, plus Washington, D.C.'s "Fish Market" which was centered on moored barges along the side channel of the Potomac River at Maine Avenue just south of the National Mall and a continuing center of popularity by the national capital's Washingtonians. Hoping to build something uniquely similar here with the old historic elaborate brick buildings, their Jones Falls-side water access and with the burgeoning "Inner Harbor", several blocks south. Mayor Schaefer even took a tour of an interesting development along the twisting stream, San Antonio River, that wound through the urban center of that iconic Texas city and saw the canal boats, canoes, paddle boats, with restaurants, music clubs and strolling tourists along the peaceful route that has since become world-famous attracting tourist visitors from the whole nation, so he attempted to create that vision he called "Fallswalk", for the route along the lower Jones Falls contained within its old late 19th-century stone retaining walls and its connecting grid of streets and alleys such as The Fallsway (built over the subterranean diversion tunnels for the Falls in 1912-1914) and the web of tangled narrow colonial-era alley streets of Front, President, Concord, Harrison, Frederick and Gay Streets running north to south between the east/west Fayette, Baltimore, Lombard and Pratt Streets. This concept was in the days before additional commercial and residential development had moved east and south across the Falls and began butting up against the tightly packed alley-streets with small brick and a few wooden rowhouses and restaurants of "Old Town" (renamed of colonial Jones Town), "Little Italy" (in the renamed southern portion of old colonial "Jones Town") and the future "Harbor East" of high-rise hotels, office and apartment skyscrapers developed in the 1990s, followed by "Harbor Point" to the southeast on the small heavily polluted soil of the peninsula jutting into the Inner Harbor, formerly the site of a large ugly Allied-Signal chrome manufacturing/refining works since the Issac and Jesse Tyson and Brian Philpot beginnings in the 1840s.

Here leading further north above East Baltimore Street to the streets where the original Falls were covered over by the newly constructed "Fallsway" and the sometimes flood-prone stream was diverted underground into three great concrete water tunnels during a flood-control public works project in 1912-13-14. Further north at Pennsylvania Station, used by various railway lines, the Falls emerges again at Mount Royal Avenue in a somewhat natural setting with small trees and shrubs surrounding its course with occasional concrete culverts continuing north out of the city, past the old stone / brick mills, raceways, culverts and dams of valley villages of Hampden and Woodberry, Mount Washington to the old Lake Roland public water reservoir of 1860 and its dam and further north to the Pennsylvania state line.

In the early 1980s in the Pratt Street Power Plant, Six Flags (corporation, owner/operator of amusement/theme parks from Texas) developed a Victorian-era indoor theme park, featuring an imaginary turn-of-the-century explorer/scientist/raconteur named "Phineas Flagg" (modeled after famous author Jules Verne's literary world traveler character in the science fiction/adventure novel "Around The World in Eighty Days", published 1873). Later in the decade, Six Flags expanded their downtown/Inner Harbor interests three blocks north to construct "The Brokerage" complex in the middle of the north end of Market Place bordering East Baltimore Street, on the eastern edge of downtown. This was adjacent to the Jones Falls west bank, and the new Shot Tower/Market Place station for the new "Metro" (subway). Across the Falls further east, was the new re-routing of the President Street Boulevard (running from the southern terminus of the Jones Falls Expressway ([Interstate 83] to the southeast waterfront in the new hotel/commercial and apartments/condos towers development of "Harbor East" and the future "Harbor Point."

But in the mid-1980s, the wholesale merchants could not be persuaded to stay and so moved out on the trucks to the Anne Arundel and Howard Counties' border line. Eventually the two northern and southern wholesale markets, despite their distinctive industrial but elaborate brick and trim stone architecture were razed, leaving the central structure - Fish Market a lone survivor. It was used briefly as a background scene during several segments about a license-revocation hearing before the newly established state Home Improvement Commission in locally raised, famous Hollywood producer, Barry Levinson's movie "Tin Men" (starring Richard Dreyfuss, Danny DeVito, and Barbara Hershey about Baltimore's nostalgic, but amusing aluminum-siding salesmen of the early 1960s) in 1987.

After Mayor Schaefer had moved on in that year to become Governor of Maryland, a new re-development proposal for the Centre Market Place was considered by expansion from the recent "Power Plant" amusement and retail complex on Pratt Street's old Pier 4 and the Inner Harbor. "The Brokerage" building was constructed on a north-south axis above the historic site of the old Maryland Institute/Centre Market for restaurants, bars, night clubs and a concert hall with some retail stores in the old remaining historic 1905–07 commercial buildings still remaining along the west side of Market Place and the north side of intersecting Water Street. Across the square with the still-flowing former horse fountain on the east side was constructed the Port Discovery children's museum in the old Wholesale Fish Market building, which was given a long-term lease by the City Council and government agencies (opened 1998). Although three blocks further north, the newly renamed "Power Plant Live!" now includes a new array of restaurants, bars, comedy clubs, dance clubs, dueling pianos, and other concepts as well as the popular concert hall venue Rams Head Live! (which was an expansion of the famously popular establishment "Rams Head Tavern" from downtown Annapolis). By 2013, the entertainment, commercial, and tourist aspects of the area still seem to be thriving and popular. To the south of the "Port Discovery" museum was constructed a large "Harbor Park" structure with a parking garage on its upper floors and several convenience stores/eatery shops on the ground floor with a multi-screen movie theater, the first to be opened in downtown Baltimore since the former New Theatre in Charles Center's Charles Plaza (at North Charles and West Saratoga Streets) in the 1960s, which lasted until the late 2000s, when it was replaced by a newer "landmark" Cinema theatre further south on President Street Boulevard by the Katyrn Forest Massacre Memorial traffic circle/water fountain.

From 1978, on the west side of Market Place and continuing south across a bridge over East Lombard Street, stands the two-building "Harbor Campus" complex of the former Community College of Baltimore's (later renamed the Baltimore City Community College). The two red-glazed brick structures with unusual sloping walls facing Lombard Street were named for Dr. Harry Bard (first president of the new junior college) and Dr. William Lockwood. Dr. Bard, a legendary local educational leader, had a vision of a downtown campus to direct his vision of an "urban mission" for years to supplement the college's older, more traditional campus from the 1950s in northwest Baltimore on Liberty Heights Avenue. He was a firm supporter of former mayors Thomas L.J. D'Alesandro, Jr. and Theodore R. McKeldin with their visions of a future downtown Baltimore with the original "Charles Center" project in the late 1950s/early 1960s and the subsequent "Inner Harbor" revitalization beginning in the late 1960s. But by the 2000s, the financial pressures on the later state-operated academically troubled junior college and the economic pressure of increasing commercial/residential development in the Inner Harbor/Harbor East areas, led to the sale of the southern Lockwood Building to be razed after only two decades, and to be replaced by a newer development (renamed "Lockwood Place") between East Pratt and Lombard Streets, facing the waterfront and the "Power Plant" development with additional upper-level parking garages, offices, apartments/condos, and ground-floor restaurants and night clubs along East Pratt Street. The remaining "Bard Building" is now shuttered and awaits some re-direction from the BCCC Board of Trustees and administration after three decades as to its downtown mission and opportunities of having a two-campus institution.

title: Power Plant Live!


text:
Bioplastic

Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly from natural biopolymers including polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, chitosan, and alginate) and proteins (e.g., soy protein, gluten, and gelatin), while others are chemically synthesised from sugar derivatives (e.g., lactic acid) and lipids (oils and fats) from either plants or animals, or biologically generated by fermentation of sugars or lipids. In contrast, common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics (also called petro-based polymers) are derived from petroleum or natural gas.

One advantage of bioplastics is their independence from fossil fuel as a raw material, which is a finite and globally unevenly distributed resource linked to petroleum politics and environmental impacts. Life cycle analysis studies show that some bioplastics can be made with a lower carbon footprint than their fossil counterparts, for example when biomass is used as raw material and also for energy production. However, other bioplastics' processes are less efficient and result in a higher carbon footprint than fossil plastics.

The distinction between non-fossil-based (bio)plastic and fossil-based plastic is of limited relevance since materials such as petroleum are themselves merely fossilized biomass. As such, whether any kind of plastic is degradable or non-degradable (durable) depends on its molecular structure, not on whether or not the biomass constituting the raw material is fossilized. Both durable bioplastics, such as Bio-PET or biopolyethylene (bio-based analogues of fossil-based polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene), and degradable bioplastics, such as polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, or polyhydroxyalkanoates, exist. Bioplastics must be recycled similar to fossil-based plastics to avoid plastic pollution; "drop-in" bioplastics (such as biopolyethylene) fit into existing recycling streams. On the other hand, recycling biodegradable bioplastics in the current recycling streams poses additional challenges, as it may raise the cost of sorting and decrease the yield and the quality of the recyclate. However, biodegradation is not the only acceptable end-of-life disposal pathway for biodegradable bioplastics, and mechanical and chemical recycling are often the preferred choice from the environmental point of view.

Biodegradability may offer an end-of-life pathway in certain applications, such as agricultural mulch, but the concept of biodegradation is not as straightforward as many believe. Susceptibility to biodegradation is highly dependent on the chemical backbone structure of the polymer, and different bioplastics have different structures, thus it cannot be assumed that bioplastic in the environment will readily disintegrate. Conversely, biodegradable plastics can also be synthesized from fossil fuels.

As of 2018, bioplastics represented approximately 2% of the global plastics output (>380 million tons). With continued research on bioplastics, investment in bioplastic companies and rising scrutiny on fossil-based plastics, bioplastics are becoming more dominant in some markets, while the output of fossil plastics also steadily increases.

IUPAC definition
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry define biobased polymer as:

"Biobased polymer derived from the biomass or issued from monomers derived from the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finished products, can be shaped by flow.
 * Note 1: Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived from fossil resources.
 * Note 2: Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derived from the biomass is environmentally friendly.
 * Note 3: The use of the term 'bioplastic' is discouraged. Use the expression 'biobased polymer'.
 * Note 4: A biobased polymer similar to a petrobased one does not imply any superiority with respect to the environment unless the comparison of respective life cycle assessments is favourable."

Proposed applications
Few commercial applications exist for bioplastics. Cost and performance remain problematic. Typical is the example of Italy, where biodegradable plastic bags are compulsory for shoppers since 2011 with the introduction of a specific law. Beyond structural materials, electroactive bioplastics are being developed that promise to carry electric current.

Bioplastics are used for disposable items, such as packaging, crockery, cutlery, pots, bowls, and straws.

Biopolymers are available as coatings for paper rather than the more common petrochemical coatings.

Bioplastics called drop-in bioplastics are chemically identical to their fossil-fuel counterparts but made from renewable resources. Examples include bio-PE, bio-PET, bio-propylene, bio-PP, and biobased nylons. Drop-in bioplastics are easy to implement technically, as existing infrastructure can be used. A dedicated bio-based pathway allows to produce products that cannot be obtained through traditional chemical reactions and can create products which have unique and superior properties, compared to fossil-based alternatives.

Starch-based plastics
Thermoplastic starch represents the most widely used bioplastic, constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics market. Simple starch bioplastic film can be made at home by gelatinizing starch and solution casting. Pure starch is able to absorb humidity, and is thus a suitable material for the production of drug capsules by the pharmaceutical sector. However, pure starch-based bioplastic is brittle. Plasticizer such as glycerol, glycol, and sorbitol can also be added so that the starch can also be processed thermo-plastically. The characteristics of the resulting bioplastic (also called "thermoplastic starch") can be tailored to specific needs by adjusting the amounts of these additives. Conventional polymer processing techniques can be used to process starch into bioplastic, such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding and solution casting. The properties of starch bioplastic is largely influenced by amylose/amylopectin ratio. Generally, high-amylose starch results in superior mechanical properties. However, high-amylose starch has less processability because of its higher gelatinization temperature and higher melt viscosity.

Starch-based bioplastics are often blended with biodegradable polyesters to produce starch/polylactic acid, starch/polycaprolactone or starch/Ecoflex (polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate produced by BASF ) blends. These blends are used for industrial applications and are also compostable. Other producers, such as Roquette, have developed other starch/polyolefin blends. These blends are not biodegradable, but have a lower carbon footprint than petroleum-based plastics used for the same applications.

Starch is cheap, abundant, and renewable.

Starch-based films (mostly used for packaging purposes) are made mainly from starch blended with thermoplastic polyesters to form biodegradable and compostable products. These films are seen specifically in consumer goods packaging of magazine wrappings and bubble films. In food packaging, these films are seen as bakery or fruit and vegetable bags. Composting bags with this films are used in selective collecting of organic waste. Further, starch-based films can be used as a paper.

Starch-based nanocomposites have been widely studied, showing improved mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, and gas barrier properties.

Cellulose-based plastics

Cellulose bioplastics are mainly the cellulose esters (including cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose) and their derivatives, including celluloid.

Cellulose can become thermoplastic when extensively modified. An example of this is cellulose acetate, which is expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging. However, cellulosic fibers added to starches can improve mechanical properties, permeability to gas, and water resistance due to being less hydrophilic than starch.

A group at Shanghai University was able to construct a novel green plastic based on cellulose through a method called hot pressing.

Protein-based plastics
Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable polymers.

Additionally, soy protein is being considered as another source of bioplastic. Soy proteins have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic.

There are difficulties with using soy protein-based plastics due to their water sensitivity and relatively high cost. Therefore, producing blends of soy protein with some already-available biodegradable polyesters improves the water sensitivity and cost.

Some aliphatic polyesters
The aliphatic biopolyesters are mainly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) like the poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH).

Polylactic acid (PLA)

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced from maize or dextrose. Superficially, it is similar to conventional petrochemical-based mass plastics like PS. It is derived from plants, and it biodegrades under industrial composting conditions. Unfortunately, it exhibits inferior impact strength, thermal robustness, and barrier properties (blocking air transport across the membrane) compared to non-biodegradable plastics. PLA and PLA blends generally come in the form of granulates. PLA is used on a limited scale for the production of films, fibers, plastic containers, cups, and bottles. PLA is also the most common type of plastic filament used for home fused deposition modeling in 3D printers.

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
The biopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyester produced by certain bacteria processing glucose, corn starch or wastewater. Its characteristics are similar to those of the petroplastic polypropylene (PP). PHB production is increasing. The South American sugar industry, for example, has decided to expand PHB production to an industrial scale. PHB is distinguished primarily by its physical characteristics. It can be processed into a transparent film with a melting point higher than 130 degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. PHA is more ductile and less elastic than other plastics, and it is also biodegradable. These plastics are being widely used in the medical industry.

Polyamide 11
PA 11 is a biopolymer derived from natural oil. It is also known under the tradename Rilsan B, commercialized by Arkema. PA 11 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. Its properties are similar to those of PA 12, although emissions of greenhouse gases and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production. Its thermal resistance is also superior to that of PA 12. It is used in high-performance applications like automotive fuel lines, pneumatic airbrake tubing, electrical cable antitermite sheathing, flexible oil and gas pipes, control fluid umbilicals, sports shoes, electronic device components, and catheters.

A similar plastic is Polyamide 410 (PA 410), derived 70% from castor oil, under the trade name EcoPaXX, commercialized by DSM. PA 410 is a high-performance polyamide that combines the benefits of a high melting point (approx. 250 °C), low moisture absorption and excellent resistance to various chemical substances.

Bio-derived polyethylene
The basic building block (monomer) of polyethylene is ethylene. Ethylene is chemically similar to, and can be derived from ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstocks such as sugar cane or corn. Bio-derived polyethylene is chemically and physically identical to traditional polyethylene – it does not biodegrade but can be recycled. The Brazilian chemicals group Braskem claims that using its method of producing polyethylene from sugar cane ethanol captures (removes from the environment) 2.15 tonnes of per tonne of Green Polyethylene produced.

Genetically modified feedstocks
With GM corn being a common feedstock, it is unsurprising that some bioplastics are made from this.

Under the bioplastics manufacturing technologies there is the "plant factory" model, which uses genetically modified crops or genetically modified bacteria to optimise efficiency.

Polyhydroxyurethanes
The condensation of polyamines and cyclic carbonates produces polyhydroxyurethanes. Unlike traditional cross-linked polyurethanes, cross-linked polyhydroxyurethanes are in principle amenable to recycling and reprocessing through dynamic transcarbamoylation reactions.

Lipid derived polymers
A number bioplastic classes have been synthesized from plant and animal derived fats and oils. Polyurethanes, polyesters, epoxy resins and a number of other types of polymers have been developed with comparable properties to crude oil based materials. The recent development of olefin metathesis has opened a wide variety of feedstocks to economical conversion into biomonomers and polymers. With the growing production of traditional vegetable oils as well as low cost microalgae derived oils, there is huge potential for growth in this area.

Environmental impact

Materials such as starch, cellulose, wood, sugar and biomass are used as a substitute for fossil fuel resources to produce bioplastics; this makes the production of bioplastics a more sustainable activity compared to conventional plastic production. The environmental impact of bioplastics is often debated, as there are many different metrics for "greenness" (e.g., water use, energy use, deforestation, biodegradation, etc.). Hence bioplastic environmental impacts are categorized into nonrenewable energy use, climate change, eutrophication and acidification. Bioplastic production significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions and decreases non-renewable energy consumption. Firms worldwide would also be able to increase the environmental sustainability of their products by using bioplastics

Although bioplastics save more nonrenewable energy than conventional plastics and emit less greenhouse gasses compared to conventional plastics, bioplastics also have negative environmental impacts such as eutrophication and acidification. Bioplastics induce higher eutrophication potentials than conventional plastics. Biomass production during industrial farming practices causes nitrate and phosphate to filtrate into water bodies; this causes eutrophication, the process in which a body of water gains excessive richness of nutrients. Eutrophication is a threat to water resources around the world since it causes harmful algal blooms that create oxygen dead zones, killing aquatic animals. Bioplastics also increase acidification. The high increase in eutrophication and acidification caused by bioplastics is also caused by using chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of renewable raw materials to produce bioplastics.

Other environmental impacts of bioplastics include exerting lower human and terrestrial ecotoxicity and carcinogenic potentials compared to conventional plastics. However, bioplastics exert higher aquatic ecotoxicity than conventional materials. Bioplastics and other bio-based materials increase stratospheric ozone depletion compared to conventional plastics; this is a result of nitrous oxide emissions during fertilizer application during industrial farming for biomass production. Artificial fertilizers increase nitrous oxide emissions especially when the crop does not need all the nitrogen. Minor environmental impacts of bioplastics include toxicity through using pesticides on the crops used to make bioplastics. Bioplastics also cause carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting vehicles. Other minor environmental impacts include high water consumption for biomass cultivation, soil erosion, soil carbon losses and loss of biodiversity, and they are mainly are a result of land use associated with bioplastics. Land use for bioplastics production leads to lost carbon sequestration and increases the carbon costs while diverting land from its existing uses

Although bioplastics are extremely advantageous because they reduce non-renewable consumption and GHG emissions, they also negatively affect the environment through land and water consumption, using pesticide and fertilizer, eutrophication and acidification; hence one's preference for either bioplastics or conventional plastics depends on what one considers the most important environmental impact.

Another issue with bioplastics, is that some bioplastics are made from the edible parts of crops. This makes the bioplastics compete with food production because the crops that produce bioplastics can also be used to feed people. These bioplastics are called "1st generation feedstock bioplastics". 2nd generation feedstock bioplastics use non-food crops (cellulosic feedstock) or waste materials from 1st generation feedstock (e.g. waste vegetable oil). Third generation feedstock bioplastics use algae as the feedstock.

Biodegradation of Bioplastics

Biodegradation of any plastic is a process that happens at solid/liquid interface whereby the enzymes in the liquid phase depolymerize the solid phase. Certain types of bioplastics as well as conventional plastics containing additives are able to biodegrade. Bioplastics are able to biodegrade in different environments hence they are more acceptable than conventional plastics. Biodegradability of bioplastics occurs under various environmental conditions including soil, aquatic environments and compost. Both the structure and composition of biopolymer or bio-composite have an effect on the biodegradation process, hence changing the composition and structure might increase biodegradability. Soil and compost as environment conditions are more efficient in biodegradation due to their high microbial diversity. Composting not only biodegrades bioplastics efficiently but it also significantly reduces the emission of greenhouse gases. Biodegradability of bioplastics in compost environments can be upgraded by adding more soluble sugar and increasing temperature. Soil environments on the other hand have high diversity of microorganisms making it easier for biodegradation of bioplastics to occur. However, bioplastics in soil environments need higher temperatures and a longer time to biodegrade. Some bioplastics biodegrade more efficiently in water bodies and marine systems; however, this causes danger to marine ecosystems and freshwater. Hence it is accurate to conclude that biodegradation of bioplastics in water bodies which leads to the death of aquatic organisms and unhealthy water can be noted as one of the negative environmental impacts of bioplastics.

Bioplastics for construction materials
The concept of bioplastics dates back to the early 20th century. However, significant advancements occurred in the 1980s and 1990s when researchers began developing biodegradable plastics from natural sources. The construction industry started to take notice of bioplastics' potential in the late 2000s, driven by the global push for greener building practices.

In recent years, bioplastics have seen considerable advancements in terms of durability, cost-effectiveness, and performance. Innovations in biopolymer blends and composites have made bioplastics more suitable for construction applications, ranging from insulation to structural components.

Applications in Construction

 * Insulation: Bioplastics can be used to create effective and eco-friendly insulation materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are commonly used for this purpose due to their thermal properties and biodegradability.

 * Flooring: Bioplastic composites, such as those made from PLA and natural fibers, offer durable and sustainable alternatives to traditional flooring materials. They are particularly valued for their low carbon footprint and recyclability.

 * Panels and Cladding: Bioplastic panels, made from blends of natural fibers and biopolymers, provide an eco-friendly option for wall cladding and partitioning. These materials are lightweight, durable, and can be designed to mimic traditional materials like wood or stone.

 * Formwork: Bioplastics are increasingly used in formwork for concrete casting. They offer advantages in terms of reusability, weight reduction, and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional materials.

 * Reinforcement: Bioplastic composites reinforced with natural fibers or other materials can be used in structural applications, offering a sustainable alternative to steel or fiberglass.

Benefits of Bioplastics in Construction Environmental Impact

 * Reduced Carbon Footprint: Bioplastics are derived from renewable sources, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of construction materials.

 * Biodegradability: Many bioplastics are biodegradable, which helps to reduce waste and environmental pollution at the end of their lifecycle.

 * Energy Efficiency: The production of bioplastics generally requires less energy compared to conventional plastics, further reducing their environmental impact.

Economic Benefits

 * Resource Efficiency: Using bioplastics can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to more efficient use of natural resources.

 * Market Growth: The bioplastics market is expanding, driven by increasing demand for sustainable construction materials. This growth presents new economic opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers.

Challenges and Limitations

 * Cost: Bioplastics are often more expensive to produce than traditional plastics, which can be a barrier to widespread adoption in the cost-sensitive construction industry. However, ongoing research and technological advancements are expected to reduce costs over time.

 * Performance :While bioplastics have made significant strides, some types still lag behind traditional materials in terms of strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors like UV exposure and moisture.

 * Limited Applications : Currently, bioplastics are suitable for a limited range of applications within construction. Expanding their use to more demanding structural roles will require further development and testing.

Future Prospects
The future of bioplastics in construction looks promising, with continued research and innovation likely to expand their applications and improve their performance. As the construction industry increasingly embraces sustainability, bioplastics are poised to play a critical role in the development of eco-friendly building materials.

Bioplastics offer a sustainable and versatile alternative to traditional construction materials, with significant environmental and economic benefits. While challenges remain, particularly in terms of cost and performance, the ongoing advancements in bioplastic technology hold the potential to transform the construction industry and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Industry and markets

While plastics based on organic materials were manufactured by chemical companies throughout the 20th century, the first company solely focused on bioplastics—Marlborough Biopolymers—was founded in 1983. However, Marlborough and other ventures that followed failed to find commercial success, with the first such company to secure long-term financial success being the Italian company Novamont, founded in 1989.

Bioplastics remain less than one percent of all plastics manufactured worldwide. Most bioplastics do not yet save more carbon emissions than are required to manufacture them. It is estimated that replacing 250 million tons of the plastic manufactured each year with bio-based plastics would require 100 million hectares of land, or 7 percent of the arable land on Earth. And when bioplastics reach the end of their life cycle, those designed to be compostable and marketed as biodegradable are often sent to landfills due to the lack of proper composting facilities or waste sorting, where they then release methane as they break down anaerobically.

COPA (Committee of Agricultural Organisation in the European Union) and COGEGA (General Committee for the Agricultural Cooperation in the European Union) have made an assessment of the potential of bioplastics in different sectors of the European economy:

History and development of bioplastics

 * 1855: First (inferior) version of linoleum produced
 * 1862: At the Great London Exhibition, Alexander Parkes displays Parkesine, the first thermoplastic. Parkesine is made from nitrocellulose and had very good properties, but exhibits extreme flammability. (White 1998)
 * 1897: Still produced today, Galalith is a milk-based bioplastic that was created by German chemists in 1897. Galalith is primarily found in buttons. (Thielen 2014)
 * 1907: Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, which received the National Historic Chemical Landmark for its non-conductivity and heat-resistant properties. It is used in radio and telephone casings, kitchenware, firearms and many more products. (Pathak, Sneha, Mathew 2014)
 * 1912: Brandenberger invents Cellophane out of wood, cotton, or hemp cellulose. (Thielen 2014)
 * 1920s: Wallace Carothers finds Polylactic Acid (PLA) plastic. PLA is incredibly expensive to produce and is not mass-produced until 1989. (Whiteclouds 2018)
 * 1925: Polyhydroxybutyrate was isolated and characterised by French microbiologist Maurice Lemoigne
 * 1926: Maurice Lemoigne invents polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) which is the first bioplastic made from bacteria. (Thielen 2014)
 * 1930s: The first bioplastic car was made from soy beans by Henry Ford. (Thielen 2014)
 * 1940-1945: During World War II, an increase in plastic production is seen as it is used in many wartime materials. Due to government funding and oversight the United States production of plastics (in general, not just bioplastics) tripled during 1940-1945 (Rogers 2005). The 1942 U.S. government short film The Tree in a Test Tube illustrates the major role bioplastics played in the World War II victory effort and the American economy of the time.
 * 1950s: Amylomaize (>50% amylose content corn) was successfully bred and commercial bioplastics applications started to be explored. (Liu, Moult, Long, 2009) A decline in bioplastic development is seen due to the cheap oil prices, however the development of synthetic plastics continues.
 * 1970s: The environmental movement spurred more development in bioplastics. (Rogers 2005)
 * 1983: The first bioplastics company, Marlborough Biopolymers, is started which uses a bacteria-based bioplastic called . (Feder 1985)
 * 1989: The further development of PLA is made by Dr. Patrick R. Gruber when he figures out how to create PLA from corn. (Whiteclouds 2018). The leading bioplastic company is created called Novamount. Novamount uses matter-bi, a bioplastic, in multiple different applications. (Novamount 2018)
 * Late 1990s: The development of TP starch and BIOPLAST from research and production of the company BIOTEC lead to the BIOFLEX film. BIOFLEX film can be classified as blown film extrusion, flat film extrusion, and injection moulding lines. These three classifications have applications as follows: Blown films - sacks, bags, trash bags, mulch foils, hygiene products, diaper films, air bubble films, protective clothing, gloves, double rib bags, labels, barrier ribbons; Flat films - trays, flower pots, freezer products and packaging, cups, pharmaceutical packaging; Injection moulding - disposable cutlery, cans, containers, performed pieces, CD trays, cemetery articles, golf tees, toys, writing materials. (Lorcks 1998)
 * 1992: It is reported in Science that PHB can be produced by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (Poirier, Dennis, Klomparens, Nawrath, Somerville 1992)
 * 2001: Metabolix inc. purchases Monsanto's biopol business (originally Zeneca) which uses plants to produce bioplastics. (Barber and Fisher 2001)
 * 2001: Nick Tucker uses elephant grass as a bioplastic base to make plastic car parts. (Tucker 2001)
 * 2005: Cargill and Dow Chemicals is rebranded as NatureWorks and becomes the leading PLA producer. (Pennisi 2016)
 * 2007: Metabolix inc. market tests its first 100% biodegradable plastic called Mirel, made from corn sugar fermentation and genetically engineered bacteria. (Digregorio 2009)
 * 2012: A bioplastic is developed from seaweed proving to be one of the most environmentally friendly bioplastics based on research published in the journal of pharmacy research. (Rajendran, Puppala, Sneha, Angeeleena, Rajam 2012)
 * 2013: A patent is put on bioplastic derived from blood and a crosslinking agent like sugars, proteins, etc. (iridoid derivatives, diimidates, diones, carbodiimides, acrylamides, dimethylsuberimidates, aldehydes, Factor XIII, dihomo bifunctional NHS esters, carbonyldiimide, glyoxyls, proanthocyanidin, reuterin). This invention can be applied by using the bioplastic as tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, and being used in stem cell delivery. (Campbell, Burgess, Weiss, Smith 2013)
 * 2014: It is found in a study published in 2014 that bioplastics can be made from blending vegetable waste (parsley and spinach stems, the husks from cocoa, the hulls of rice, etc.) with TFA solutions of pure cellulose creates a bioplastic. (Bayer, Guzman-Puyol, Heredia-Guerrero, Ceseracciu, Pignatelli, Ruffilli, Cingolani, and Athanassiou 2014)
 * 2016: An experiment finds that a car bumper that passes regulation can be made from nano-cellulose based bioplastic biomaterials using banana peels. (Hossain, Ibrahim, Aleissa 2016)
 * 2017: A new proposal for bioplastics made from Lignocellulosics resources (dry plant matter). (Brodin, Malin, Vallejos, Opedal, Area, Chinga-Carrasco 2017)
 * 2018: Many developments occur including Ikea starting industrial production of bioplastics furniture (Barret 2018), Project Effective focusing on replacing nylon with bio-nylon (Barret 2018), and the first packaging made from fruit (Barret 2018).
 * 2019: Five different types of Chitin nanomaterials were extracted and synthesized by the 'Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology' to verify strong personality and antibacterial effects. When buried underground, 100% biodegradation was possible within six months.

* This is not a comprehensive list. These inventions show the versatility of bioplastics and important breakthroughs. New applications and bioplastics inventions continue to occur.

Industrial compostability – EN 13432, ASTM D6400
The EN 13432 industrial standard must be met in order to claim that a plastic product is compostable in the European marketplace. In summary, it requires multiple tests and sets pass/fail criteria, including disintegration (physical and visual break down) of the finished item within 12 weeks, biodegradation (conversion of organic carbon into ) of polymeric ingredients within 180 days, plant toxicity and heavy metals. The ASTM 6400 standard is the regulatory framework for the United States and has similar requirements.

Many starch-based plastics, PLA-based plastics and certain aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester compounds, such as succinates and adipates, have obtained these certificates. Additive-based bioplastics sold as photodegradable or Oxo Biodegradable do not comply with these standards in their current form.

Compostability – ASTM D6002
The ASTM D 6002 method for determining the compostability of a plastic defined the word compostable as follows: "that which is capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site such that the material is not visually distinguishable and breaks down into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with known compostable materials."

This definition drew much criticism because, contrary to the way the word is traditionally defined, it completely divorces the process of "composting" from the necessity of it leading to humus/compost as the end product. The only criterion this standard does describe is that a compostable plastic must look to be going away as fast as something else one has already established to be compostable under the traditional definition.

Withdrawal of ASTM D 6002
In January 2011, the ASTM withdrew standard ASTM D 6002, which had provided plastic manufacturers with the legal credibility to label a plastic as compostable. Its description is as follows: "This guide covered suggested criteria, procedures, and a general approach to establish the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics."

The ASTM has yet to replace this standard.

Biobased – ASTM D6866
The ASTM D6866 method has been developed to certify the biologically derived content of bioplastics. Cosmic rays colliding with the atmosphere mean that some of the carbon is the radioactive isotope carbon-14. CO2 from the atmosphere is used by plants in photosynthesis, so new plant material will contain both carbon-14 and carbon-12. Under the right conditions, and over geological timescales, the remains of living organisms can be transformed into fossil fuels. After ~100,000 years all the carbon-14 present in the original organic material will have undergone radioactive decay leaving only carbon-12. A product made from biomass will have a relatively high level of carbon-14, while a product made from petrochemicals will have no carbon-14. The percentage of renewable carbon in a material (solid or liquid) can be measured with an accelerator mass spectrometer.

There is an important difference between biodegradability and biobased content. A bioplastic such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) can be 100% biobased (i.e. contain 100% renewable carbon), yet be non-biodegradable. These bioplastics such as HDPE nonetheless play an important role in greenhouse gas abatement, particularly when they are combusted for energy production. The biobased component of these bioplastics is considered carbon-neutral since their origin is from biomass.

Anaerobic biodegradability – ASTM D5511-02 and ASTM D5526
The ASTM D5511-12 and ASTM D5526-12 are testing methods that comply with international standards such as the ISO DIS 15985 for the biodegradability of plastic.

title: Bioplastic


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Talk:Post-surrealism

Could we get a cite on the "manifesto" Post-surrealism? And perhaps it should be moved to the bottom, as it's not the commonest usage. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Post-surrealism


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Charlie Higgins

Charlie Higgins (February 26, 1878 - November 25, 1967) was an American old time fiddle player from Galax, Virginia. Higgins said that he was influenced by other old-time fiddlers including Emmett Lundy and Fiddlin' Arthur Smith. His style of playing was said to be very innovative and creative. Higgins played regularly with Wade Ward, Dale Poe and other old-time musicians in the Galax area. Recordings of Charlie Higgins are few, and limited to field recordings made between 1959 and 1961 by folklorists Alan Lomax, Peter Hoover and John Cohen. At the time of these recordings Higgins was over eighty years of age, and apparently was not recorded during his prime. However, he was still good enough at age 82 to win first place at the 1960 Galax Old Fiddler's Convention. Higgins died in 1967 and is buried with his wife Mallie at the Coal Creek Community Church in Galax, Virginia.

title: Charlie Higgins


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Titan Rain

Titan Rain was a series of coordinated attacks on computer systems in the United States since 2003; they were known to have been ongoing for at least three years. The attacks originated in Guangdong, China. The activity is believed to be associated with a state-sponsored advanced persistent threat. It was given the designation Titan Rain by the federal government of the United States.

Titan Rain hackers gained access to many United States defense contractor computer networks, which were targeted for their sensitive information, including those at Lockheed Martin, Sandia National Laboratories, Redstone Arsenal, and NASA.

Attackers
The attacks are reported to be the result of actions by People's Liberation Army Unit 61398. These hackers attacked both the US government (Defense Intelligence Agency) and the UK government (Ministry of Defence). In 2006, an "organised Chinese hacking group" shut down a part of the UK House of Commons computer system. The Chinese government has denied responsibility.

Consequences
The U.S. government has blamed the Chinese government for the 2004 attacks. Alan Paller, SANS Institute research director, stated that the attacks came from individuals with "intense discipline" and that "no other organization could do this if they were not a military". Such sophistication has pointed toward the People's Liberation Army as the attackers.

Titan Rain reportedly attacked multiple organizations, such as NASA and the FBI. Although no classified information was reported stolen, the hackers were able to steal unclassified information (e.g., information from a home computer) that could reveal strengths and weaknesses of the United States.

Titan Rain has also caused distrust between other countries (such as the United Kingdom and Russia) and China. The United Kingdom has stated officially that Chinese hackers attacked its governmental offices. Titan Rain has caused the rest of the world to be more cautious of attacks not just from China but from other countries as well.

title: Titan Rain


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Mohsen Sazegara

Mohsen Sazegara (born 5 January 1955) is an Iranian journalist and pro-democracy political activist. He was the founder of IRGC (Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps) after the revolution in 1979. He held several offices in the Government of Mir-Hossein Mousavi. He applied to become a candidate for President of Iran in the 2001 election but was declined.

His reformist policies clashed with the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, eventually resulting in his arrest in early 2003. Following his release in August 2003, he moved to the United Kingdom for medical attention. He currently resides in the United States.

Early career
In the late-1970s, Sazegara was an undergraduate student at both Sharif University of Technology in Iran and the Illinois Institute of Technology, during which time he was a leader of the student movement against the Shah. During the 1979 revolution, he returned to Iran and served as a founder of the Revolutionary Guard Corps and the managing director of the National Radio of Iran (1979–1981). In the 1980s, Sazegara served as political deputy in the prime minister's office, deputy minister of heavy industries, chairman of the Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran, and vice minister of planning and budget.

Sazegara became disillusioned with the Islamic Republic government. Following the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988 and the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989, he turned down further government posts, saying that his refusal was in order to continue his study of history.

Studies and reform
Sazegara earned his master's degree in history at Shahid Beheshti University in Iran, and went on to complete his doctoral thesis on religious intellectuals and the Islamic revolution at the University of London 1996. After the 1997 election of reformist President Mohammad Khatami, Sazegara published several reformist newspapers including Jameah, Tus, and Golestan-e-Iran, all of which were closed by the hard-line regime.

Believing that reform would be impossible with the current Iranian Constitution, he launched a campaign to hold a referendum on the constitution. His drive to amend the constitution gained strong support among many students. In 2001, Dr. Sazegara became a presidential candidate; however, his candidacy was refused by the Guardian Council, reportedly because his opinions were "not congruent with the wishes of the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader."

Arrest
On Tuesday, February 18, 2003, Sazegara was arrested by the Ministry of Intelligence, and held for five days, during which he protested by hunger strike. His arrest was protested by the journalism associations the World Association of Newspapers and the World Editors Forum, which together represent over 18,000 publications in 100 countries. Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience and called for his immediate release.

Later that same year, he was arrested again on June 15, this time with his eldest son Vahid Sazegara, on the order of Tehran's Public Prosecutor Saeed Mortazavi. Vahid Sazegara was released July 9, but Mohsen Sazegara went on to spend 114 days in custody and 79 days on a hunger strike, during which he lost almost 50 pounds of his body weight. This was especially troubling, since Sazegara suffers from severe heart problems, having had two heart operations within the previous few years. After his release from Evin Prison, he left Iran to seek medical attention in the United Kingdom.

Continued activism
In the United Kingdom he called for a referendum and launched an Internet petition, on which he gained the signatures of over 35,000 people. His continued calls for reform in Iran have led the regime to sentence him in absentia to seven years in prison, without clear charges.

In March 2005, he left the UK to attend to a job opportunity in the United States at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy as a visiting scholar. Following a six-month term, he left the Washington Institute for Near East Policy for Yale University's Center for International and Area Studies. By the end of the educational year he left Yale University to work at Harvard University as a researcher on Iran. As of February 2010, Sazegara has been "preaching" a "message of nonviolent action on a nightly basis," through videos calling on Iranian dissidents to avoid fragmentation and unite behind former presidential candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi.

As of 2010, he was a visiting fellow at the George W. Bush Institute at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.

Sazegara is a devout Muslim, and advocates for a separation of religion and state in Iran.

title: Mohsen Sazegara


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Ernie Vandeweghe

Ernest Maurice Vandeweghe Jr. (September 12, 1928 – November 8, 2014) was an American professional basketball player. He was best known for playing for the New York Knicks of the NBA and for the athletic successes of his family. He and his wife Colleen Kay Hutchins (Miss America for 1952) were the parents of former NBA All-Star Kiki VanDeWeghe and Olympic swimmer Tauna Vandeweghe, and grandparents of tennis professional Coco Vandeweghe.

Born in Montreal, Vandeweghe moved to Long Island as a teenager and played football, basketball and baseball for Oceanside High School where he was also a member of the Omega Gamma Delta fraternity. A 6'3" guard, Vandeweghe played collegiately for the Colgate University Raiders, where he was an All-American. He was drafted by the Knicks in the 1949 BAA Draft, and played in the NBA for six seasons.

After retiring from the NBA in 1956, Vandeweghe served as a physician for the Air Force while stationed overseas in Germany. Besides Kiki, he had three other children who were successful athletes: daughter Tauna won a U.S. national swimming championship in the backstroke (and competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics), son Bruk medalled in beach volleyball in the 1994 Goodwill Games, and daughter Heather was captain of the U.S. national women's polo team and followed in her father's footsteps through medical school to become a physician.

Vandeweghe served as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, and served on the Olympic Sports Commission under President Gerald Ford, where he assisted with the development of two key pieces of sports legislation – Title IX and the 1976 Amateur Athletic Act. He was also a senior vice president with Focus Partners LLC, a New York–based financial services firm, and a consultant with the United States Golf and Fitness Association. He occasionally provided commentary for several sports publications. Vandeweghe died at the age of 86 on November 8, 2014.

NBA
Source

title: Ernie Vandeweghe


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nettara

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Joolz 00:34, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Nettara
Not properly nominated originally Henrygb 01:09, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

This article is a hoax. (original faulty nomination unsigned 19:50, 29 August 2005 User:137.124.9.20)

I came across something like the 3 August version which looked dubious. provided a few links. The current very different version simply say this is a hoax, and if true then it is not notable, even as a hoax, and shold be Deleted. --Henrygb 01:09, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The current rewrite is nice, NPOV, and informative, but the hoax is minor, so it really should be a delete. Geogre 11:16, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per Geogre. / Peter Isotalo 13:12, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nettara