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Tetraphobia

Tetraphobia is the practice of avoiding instances of the digit. It is a superstition most common in East Asian nations and is associated with death.

Rationale
The Chinese word for "four" (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds quite similar to the word for "death" (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2), in many varieties of Chinese. Similarly, the Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean and Sino-Vietnamese words for "four", shi (し, Japanese) and sa (사, Korean), sound similar or identical to "death" in each language (see Korean numerals, Japanese numerals, Vietnamese numerals). Tetraphobia is known to occur in Korea and Japan since the two words sound identical, but not at all in Vietnam because they carry different tones (in the case of the word for "four", whether it is the Sino-Vietnamese reading tứ or the more common non-Sino-Vietnamese reading tư, neither sounds like the word for "death" which is tử) and Vietnamese does not use Sino-Vietnamese numerals as often in the first place.

Tetraphobia far surpasses triskaidekaphobia (Western superstitions around the number 13). It even permeates the business world in these regions of Asia.

In Mainland China
Chinese is a tonal language with a comparatively small inventory of permitted syllables, resulting in an exceptionally large number of homophone words. Many of the numbers are homophones or near-homophones of other words and have therefore acquired superstitious meanings.

The Chinese avoid phone numbers and addresses with fours because the pronunciation in "four" and "death" differ only in tone, especially when a combination with another number sounds similar to undesirable expressions. Example: “94” could be interpreted as being dead for a long time.

The tetraphobia is not apparent for the military and government institutions of the People's Republic of China. Chinese Communist Party and People's Liberation Army make free use of the number 4 in many military designations for equipment, with examples including the Dongfeng-4 ICBM, Type 094 submarine, and Type 054A frigate. Chinese government policies also usually contain the number 4 for expression. By contrast, the navies of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and of South Korea refrain from using the number 4 when assigning pennant numbers to their ships.

While in Mandarin-speaking regions in China, 14 and 74 are considered unluckier than the individual 4, because 14 (十四, pinyin: shí sì) sounds like "is dead" (是死, pinyin: shì sǐ) and because in some forms of the language, 1 is pronounced (yao) which sounds like (yào 要), which means will be, when combined, it sounds like will be dead. 74 (七十四, pinyin: qī shí sì or colloquially 七四, pinyin: qī sǐ) sounds like "actually dead" (其实死, pinyin: qī shí sǐ) or "will die in anger" (气死, pinyin: qì sǐ).

When Beijing lost its bid to stage the 2000 Olympic Games, it was speculated that the reason China did not pursue a bid for the following 2004 Games was the unpopularity of the number 4 in China. Instead, the city waited another four years, and would eventually host the 2008 Olympic Games, the number eight being a lucky number in Chinese culture.

In recent years China has also avoided using the number 4 in aircraft registrations. An example is China Southern Airlines, with their A330s. One A330 is registered as B-8363, while the next is B-8365 and following B-8366. After B-8366 there is B-1062, B-1063 then B-1065, to avoid using the number 4 as in B-8364 and 1064. However, this policy only applies for aircraft that end with 4, so one will see B-8426 but not B-8264.

In Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vista Paradiso and The Arch skip all the floors from 40 to 49, which is the entire 40s. Immediately above the 39th floor is the 50th floor, leading many who are not aware of tetraphobia to believe that some floors are missing. Tetraphobia is not the main reason, but rather as an excuse to have apartments with 'higher' floors, thus increasing the price, because higher floors in Hong Kong apartments are usually more expensive (see 39 Conduit Road). For Cantonese speakers, 14 and 24 are considered unluckier than the individual 4, because 14 sounds like "will certainly die" (實死, ), and 24  sounds like "easy to die" (易死, ).

Due to the blending of East Asian and Western cultures, it is possible in some buildings that both the thirteenth floor and the fourteenth floor are skipped, causing the twelfth floor to precede the fifteenth floor, along with all the other 4s. Thus, a building whose top floor is numbered 100 could have just eighty floors.

In Japan
In Japan, the number 4 is avoided in some apartments and hospitals. The number 49 is also considered unlucky, as its pronunciation is similar to the Japanese term shiku, meaning 'to suffer and die'.

In Taiwan
In Taiwan, not using house numbers ending in 4 without also skipping numbers on the opposite side of the road often results in the numbers on two sides of a street getting more and more out of sync as one advances.

In Malaysia
In Malaysia, especially in regions or neighbourhoods where ethnic Chinese are significant in population, the floor number 4 or house address with number 4 is occasionally skipped. The practice is more prevalent in private condominiums, especially those built by ethnic Chinese-owned companies. The fourth floor may be either omitted completely or substituted with "3A".

In Singapore
Singaporean public transport operator SBS Transit has omitted the number plates for some of its buses whose numbers end with "4" due to this, so if a bus is registered as SBS***3*, SBS***4* will be omitted and the next bus to be registered will be SBS***5*. Note that this only applies to certain buses and not others and that the final asterisk is the checksum letter and not a number. For example, if the bus is registered as SBS8603J, SBS8604G will be omitted and the next bus to be registered will be SBS8605D.

Singaporean public transport operator SMRT has omitted the "4" as the first digit of the serial number of the train cars as well as the SMRT Buses NightRider services.

In Indonesia
In Indonesia since the 2000s, an increasing number of skyscrapers skip floors ending with, or containing implicit references to, the number 4 (as well as the 13th floor), especially in those funded by Chinese Indonesians. For example, in Plaza Semanggi (owned by Lippo Group, which was founded by Chinese Indonesian Mochtar Riady), 4th floor is replaced by 3A. In The Energy Tower and most high-rises developed by Agung Sedayu Propertindo, 39th floor is followed by 50th floor. Some buildings, mostly owned by non-Chinese, have a 4th floor. Examples are government buildings, the Sarinah department store, and most buildings developed by Indonesian state-owned enterprises.

In Vietnam
In Vietnam, the Sino-Vietnamese words for "four" (tứ or tư) are used more in formal contexts or in reference to the days of the week like referring to "Wednesday" (thứ tư). When spoken, its sound is differentiated clearly from the word for "death" (tử). Tử is also used in formal contexts and proper nouns, tư and tử have to be used in compounds like bất tử (immortal) or Tứ Xuyên (Sichuan). The word bốn is often used much more in the place of tư to refer to the number 4. Tetraphobia does not occur in Vietnam as the Sino-Vietnamese words for four and death aren’t as commonly used or associated with death in place of the native word for death “chết”. Its native Vietnamese equivalents, bốn (four) and chết (death), are the words mainly used for death and four.

In South Korea
In South Korea, tetraphobia is less extreme. The number 4 sounds like the hanja for "death" (사) (although Korean has no tones), so the floor number 4 or room number 4 is almost always skipped in hospitals, funeral halls, and similar public buildings. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes labelled "F" (for "Four") instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers containing multiple occurrences of the number 4 (such as 404) are likely to be avoided to an extent that the value of the property is adversely affected. The national railroad, Korail, left out the locomotive number 4444 when numbering a locomotive class from 4401 upwards.

Outside Asia
Efforts to accommodate tetraphobia-related sensitivities have been seen in Canada, which has a significant population of Chinese descent. Richmond Hill, Ontario banned the number four on new houses in June 2013. Property developers in Vancouver omitted the number from new buildings until October 2015, when the city banned non-sequential numbering schemes.

In the Aria Hotel in Las Vegas, among others, numbers 40-49 are skipped for the same reasons they may be omitted in China.

In some Italian regions (e.g. Tuscany) four means coffin and thus it is feared.

Nokia
The software platform Symbian, used by Finnish telecommunications firm Nokia in their Series 60 platform, avoids releases beginning with 4, as it did when it was EPOC and owned by Psion (there was no Psion Series 4, and there was no 4th edition of S60). This was done "as a polite gesture to Asian customers". Similarly, Nokia did not release any products under the 4xxx series, although some of Nokia's other products do contain the number 4, such as the Series 40 platform, and the Nokia 3410. However, as of the Mobile World Congress 2019 event, the company had announced the Nokia 4.2.

SaskTel
When area code 306 was nearing exhaustion in 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission originally proposed that the new area code be 474. However, representatives from SaskTel requested that the new area code be 639 instead, to avoid the negative connotations of 4 in Asian cultures. 639 was subsequently approved as the new area code.

OnePlus
The Chinese smartphone manufacturer OnePlus chose to name its smartphone model after the 3 and 3T the 5, avoiding the number 4.

Research
The British Medical Journal reported in a study that looked at mortality statistics in the United States over a 25-year period. They found that on the fourth day of the month, Asian people were thirteen percent more likely to die of heart failure. In California, Asians were twenty-seven percent more likely to die of a heart attack on that day. The purpose of the study was to see if psychological stress caused by belief in this superstition could indeed trigger deadly heart attacks and other fatal incidents.

In popular culture

 * Guido Mista, a supporting character and core ally from the Golden Wind arc of the anime and manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, suffers from tetraphobia. He demonstrates his fear and aversion of the number four itself through - among other things - complaining or becoming agitated when having to choose something from a group of four, and panicking when he finds himself with exactly four spare bullets for his revolver. Mista commands a Stand called Sex Pistols, six spirit-like entities, referring to each one as "#1" through "#7", omitting "#4". #5, who has a nervous disposition unlike the others, is frequently picked on by #3, due to it being the 4th member sequentially. Ironically, #5's more timid nature and its hesitance to enter dangerous situations means that it has regularly survived when its comrades were destroyed by enemy stands, thus preventing Mista from dying multiple times throughout the story.
 * In the Japanese anime and manga series The Promised Neverland, one character uses the number 4 to reference the death of a certain character.
 * In Blade Runner the noodle shop chef tells Rick Deckard, who is asking for four servings of sushi, that two will be enough for him.
 * In Artemis Fowl: The Atlantis Complex the titular character, Artemis Fowl II, suffers from tetraphobia as a symptom of Atlantis Complex.

title: Tetraphobia


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Missa cantata

Missa cantata (Latin for "sung Mass") is a form of Tridentine Mass defined officially in 1960 as a sung Mass celebrated without sacred ministers, i.e., deacon and subdeacon.

Pre-1960 name
Documents of the Holy See such as the Decree of the Congregation of Sacred Rites of 14 March 1906 spoke of Missa cantata sine Ministris (Sung/Chanted Mass without the Ministers). The 19th-century Ceremonial for the Use of the Catholic Churches in the United States of America (commonly called the "Baltimore Ceremonial" because published by request of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore of 1884) used the name: High Mass without Deacon or Sub-Deacon

Classification
The Baltimore Ceremonial thus classified the Missa cantata as a High Mass. The early 20th-century Catholic Encyclopedia said, on the contrary, that a Missa cantata "is really a low Mass, since the essence of high Mass is not the music but the deacon and subdeacon. Only in churches which have no ordained person except one priest, and in which high Mass is thus impossible, is it allowed to celebrate the Mass (on Sundays and feasts) with most of the adornment borrowed from high Mass, with singing and (generally) with incense."

In 1960, Pope John XXIII's Code of Rubrics distinguished the Missa cantata both from a high Mass and from low Mass. Under the number 271, it defined the forms of Mass as follows: "Masses are of two kinds: sung Masses (in cantu) and low Masses (Missa lecta).

A Mass is called a sung Mass, when the celebrant actually sings those parts which the rubrics require to be sung; otherwise it is called a low Mass.

Moreover, a sung Mass, when celebrated with the assistance of sacred ministers, is called a solemn or High Mass (Missa solemnis); when celebrated without sacred ministers, it is called a Missa cantata."

Ceremonial
The Missa cantata came into use during the 18th century and was intended for use in non-Catholic countries where the services of a deacon or a subdeacon (or clergy to fill these parts in the ceremony of the Mass) were not easily had. It was intended to be used in place of Solemn Mass on Sundays and major feast days.

The use of incense at a Missa cantata was at first forbidden, but became general: "The Sacred Congregation of Rites has on several occasions (9 June 1884; 7 December 1888) forbidden the use of incense at a Missa Cantata; nevertheless, exceptions have been made for several dioceses, and the custom of using it is now generally tolerated." General permission was finally granted in the 1960 Code of Rubrics, which stated: "The incensations that are obligatory in Solemn Mass are permitted in every Missa Cantata".

The parts sung by the priest are to be sung in Gregorian chant. More elaborate musical settings of the choir's parts may also be used.

Current situation
The rigid distinction between a sung Mass and a low Mass in the Roman Rite was abandoned in the 1969 revision of the Roman Missal. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal even states: "It is very appropriate that the priest sing those parts of the Eucharistic Prayer for which musical notation is provided." Under the heading "The Importance of Singing", it says: "Great importance should therefore be attached to the use of singing in the celebration of the Mass, with due consideration for the culture of the people and abilities of each liturgical assembly. Although it is not always necessary (e.g., in weekday Masses) to sing all the texts that are of themselves meant to be sung, every care should be taken that singing by the ministers and the people is not absent in celebrations that occur on Sundays and on holy days of obligation."

Media

 * Videos of a Missa cantata with accompanying liturgical text
 * Video of a Missa Cantata offered on the Last Sunday after Pentecost at the Roman Catholic parish of St. Nicholas of Chardonnet in Paris, France (alternate host)
 * Video of a Votive Mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary offered as a Missa cantata at the Roman Catholic Priory of St. Pius X in Warsaw, Poland (alternate host)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Missa cantata


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Lost Fan Blog

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

The Lost Fan Blog
Blog ad Wyss 01:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although this is a blog about a popular TV show, it is not an/the official blog and hasn't made it off blogspot.com yet so is nn. -Splash 01:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; nn | Celcius 02:43, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteHamster Sandwich 02:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slipple

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:23, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Slipple
Delete faintly amusing neologism (collects about 200 Googles, but few if any are relevant). No redirect since we don't retain redirects for invented words. -Splash 01:48, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hamster Sandwich 02:51, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Toilet humor | Celcius 02:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How do you use your nipples in the toilet? (But, yes, delete.) — mendel ☎ 18:31, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nominator. --GraemeL (talk) 16:19, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, although this contains an interesting example. -- llywrch 01:35, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slipple


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Talk:Clearview

Would love it if you could post a sample font or photo of Clearview. Thanks!

title: Talk:Clearview


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User:Fleung

Talk page - Useful stuff - Timeline - To-do - Disclaimers and licenses

Wikia - Wikicities - Ourmedia  {|
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I have been a Wikipedian since 2003, but only actve in 2005. I live in Hong Kong, and working on I.T. consultancy services, especially focus on security, integration of heterogenous system, networking and I.T. audit.

I mostly contribute to the English Wikipedia, Chinese Wikipedia. As of August 2005, I had made only 20 edits. Great thanks to wiki giving me chance to practice my technical writing. For year 2007, I am now writing blog, Here is my blogs: [My lifestyle and the feeling] [My comments and collection on I.T. news, security and advisory]
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title: User:Fleung


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Dori of Yejju

Dori of Yejju (died 1831) was a Ras of Begemder and Inderase (regent) of the Emperor of Ethiopia. He was the brother of his predecessor Marye of Yejju.

Reign
After their brother Yimam's death Marye quickly seized the office of Ras, despite the armed resistance of Dori.

With his brother Dori led the Yejju forces in the Battle of Debre Abbay on 14 February 1831; his brother was killed in the savage battle, and as a result Dori had his followers ravage Tigray.

While he was with his followers pillaging the countryside outside of Axum, Ras Dori became ill. According to Samuel Gobat, not trusting his subordinates the Ras put half of them in chains, then returned to Debre Tabor where he died towards the end of May. His only significant act while Inderase was to depose Emperor Gigar on 18 June, and replace him with Iyasus IV.

title: Dori of Yejju


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Child Abuse in Government Schools

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Child Abuse in Government Schools
Delete, patently original research. This isn't a hoax, it's [ http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=36326 here] but it shouldn't be here. -Splash 01:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete this mistitled POV rant. Gazpacho 01:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hamster Sandwich 02:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Splash. JDoorjam 05:26, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for incoherent ranting. --Agamemnon2 11:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "libertarian" conspiracy theory. — Sesel wa  22:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. OR and hopelessly POV. Mmmbeer 00:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Masiakasaurus

Masiakasaurus is a genus of small predatory noasaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. In Malagasy, masiaka means "vicious"; thus, the genus name means "vicious lizard". The type species, Masiakasaurus knopfleri, was named after the musician Mark Knopfler, whose music inspired the expedition crew. It was named in 2001 by Scott D. Sampson, Matthew Carrano, and Catherine A. Forster. Unlike most theropods, the front teeth of M. knopfleri projected forward instead of straight down. This unique dentition suggests that they had a specialized diet, perhaps including fish and other small prey. Other bones of the skeleton indicate that Masiakasaurus were bipedal, with much shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs. M. knopfleri was a small theropod, reaching 1.8 - 2.1 m long and weighing 20 kg.

Masiakasaurus lived from 72.1 to 66 million years ago, along with animals such as Majungasaurus, Rapetosaurus, and Rahonavis. Masiakasaurus was a member of the group Noasauridae, small predatory ceratosaurs found primarily in South America.

History
Remains of Masiakasaurus have been found in the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation in northwestern Madagascar and were first described in the journal Nature in 2001. Fragmentary bones comprising around 40% of the skeleton were collected near the village of Berivotra. Several parts of the skull, including the distinctive teeth, were found. The humerus (upper arm bone), pubis, hindlimbs, and several vertebrae were also collected.

In 2011, additional specimens of Masiakasaurus were described. The braincase, premaxilla, facial bones, ribcage, portions of the hands and pectoral girdle (coracoid), and much of the cervical and dorsal vertebral column were described for the first time. The discovery of this new material clarified many aspects of noasaurid anatomy and made the genus among the best known dinosaurs. The new finds did however not allow for a detailed study of its evolutionary relationships among ceratosaurs. With the new material, around 65% of the skeleton is currently known.

Skull
The most distinctive characteristic of Masiakasaurus is the forward-projecting, or procumbent, front teeth. The teeth are heterodont, meaning that they have different shapes along the jaw. The first four dentary teeth of the lower jaw project forward, with the first tooth angled only 10° above the horizontal. These teeth are long and spoon-shaped with hooked edges. They have carinae, or sharp edges, that are weakly serrated. Serrations are more evident along the rear edge the posterior teeth in the back of the jaw, which are also recurved and laterally compressed (flattened from the side), resembling the less unusual teeth of other carnivorous dinosaurs. The margin of the dentary curves downward so that the alveoli (tooth sockets) of the front teeth are directed forward. In fact, the alveolus of the first tooth is actually situated lower than the bottom edge of the rest of the lower jaw. The lower part of the rear edge of the dentary has a long prong, known as a ventral process. This differs from the situation in abelisaurids, which have a much shorter ventral process. On the other hand, the upper part of the rear edge of the dentary is very similar to that of abelisaurids such as Majungasaurus and Carnotaurus. This part of the bone possesses an array of four small structures, three of which line a socket which connects to the surangular bone at the back of the lower jaw. Although the surangular bone is not preserved, several other bones of the lower jaw are, including a triangular angular bone, a gently curving prearticular bone, and a damaged yet notably concave articular bone. The angular and prearticular formed the lower edge of a large and rounded in the lower jaw (known as a mandibular fenestra) while the articular bone formed the lower part of the jaw joint. A long and tapering hyoid (tongue bone) has also been preserved. The front teeth of the upper jaw are also procumbent, and the margin of the premaxilla curves slightly upward to direct them outward. Unlike the skulls of abelisaurids, which are very deep, the skull of Masiakasaurus is long and low. The lacrimal and postorbital bones around the eye are textured with bumpy projections. Not including the highly modified jaws and teeth, the skull of Masiakasaurus possesses many general ceratosaurian characteristics. Overall, its morphology is intermediate between abelisaurids and more basal ceratosaurs.

Vertebrae
The neck is relatively narrow in comparison to abelisaurids and bear stout neck ribs. While many theropods have s-shaped necks, the ribs would make the neck rather stiff in Masiakasaurus, and the back of the neck is positioned almost horizontally, giving it only a slighter curve. Like those of other abelisauroids, the vertebrae are heavily pneumaticized, or hollowed, and have relatively short neural spines. Pneumaticity is limited to the neck and foremost back vertebrae, however. Pneumatic cavities are also present in the braincase.

Forelimbs
As in other ceratosaurs, the shoulder blade (scapula) and shoulder girdle fuse into a single bone, the scapulocoracoid. This bone is very large and broad, even compared to the condition in other ceratosaurs. The scapula portion (above the glenoid, or arm socket) tapers towards the back while the coracoid portion (below the glenoid) is expanded into a curved blade-like structure. While abelisaurids have arms that are extremely reduced in size, Masiakasaurus and other noasaurids had longer forelimbs. The humerus is slender and known bones of the hand are relatively short. The related genus Noasaurus has a large and curved raptorial ungual (claw) which was originally interpreted as a sickle-like foot claw as in dromaeosaurids such as Velociraptor. More recently, this has been re-evaluated as a claw of the hand. The penultimate phalanx, the finger bone that immediately precedes the raptorial ungual in Noasaurus, is also known in Masiakasaurus and has a similar appearance. The enlarged ungual, however, is unknown in Masiakasaurus. It is assumed that members of this genus had four fingers, with the middle two fingers being the longest as in other ceratosaurians.

Classification
In its initial 2001 description, Masiakasaurus was classified as a basal abelisauroid related to Laevisuchus and Noasaurus, two poorly known genera named in 1933 and 1980, respectively. In the following year, Carrano et al. (2002) placed Masiakasaurus along with Laevisuchus and Noasaurus in the family Noasauridae. They conducted a phylogenetic analysis of abelisauroids using characteristics from Masiakasaurus. Below is a cladogram from an updated version of their analysis showing the phylogenetic placement of Masiakasaurus.

Paleobiology
Carrano et al. (2002) distinguished two forms of Masiakasaurus, a robust form and a gracile form. The robust morph includes specimens with thicker bones and more pronounced projections for the attachment of ligaments and muscles. The gracile form includes specimens that are more slender and have less pronounced muscle attachments. It also has unfused tibiae, unlike the fused tibiae of the robust form. These two varieties may be an indication of sexual dimorphism in Masiakasaurus, but they may also represent two distinct populations.

One specimen of Masiakasaurus, a right scapulocoracoid, bears holes that may be puncture marks from predation or scavenging. Majungasaurus, a large abelisaurid from the Maevarano Formation, may have preyed upon Masiakasaurus. The holes may also have been the result of an infection.

Diet
The procument front teeth of Masiakasaurus were likely an adaptation for grasping small prey. They would have been unsuitable for tearing larger food apart. In the front of the jaws, carinae are restricted to the base of the teeth and would not have been used to tear prey. The back teeth, however, share the same general characteristics as those of most other theropods, suggesting that they served a similar function in Masiakasaurus such as cutting and slicing.

Several feeding behaviors have been proposed for Masiakasaurus on the basis of its unusual dentition. Because the front teeth would have been well suited for grasping, Masiakasaurus may have consumed small vertebrates, invertebrates, and possibly even fruits.

Growth
In 2013, Lee and O'Connor observed that Masiakasaurus would be a good subject for an analysis of theropod growth, considering that there is an abundance of fossil material to examine from a broad range of ontogenetic stages. The study showed that Masiakasaurus grew determinately, and reached full maturity at a small body size. Competing theories that Masiakasaurus specimens represent the juvenile form of a larger-bodied theropod were not supported by the data. Masiakasaurus took 8 to 10 years to grow the size of a large dog. This indicates a rate of growth that is 40% slower than that of comparably sized non-avian theropods, a finding that is supported by the unusual prominence of parallel-fibered bone which is known to be associated with relatively slow growth. However, individuals in this genus grew 40% faster than crocodylians. Lee and O'Connor noted that the evolution of slow growth gave this dinosaur the advantage of minimizing the nutritional investment allocated toward structural growth while living in a semiarid and seasonally stressful environment.

title: Masiakasaurus


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Facts of Reproduction

Lynch mob model
I say that the vfd process is more akin to lynch mob than a debate or a constitutional law process:
 * The goal is to preserve global harmony at any cost
 * The target is aniallated
 * It is silly to call it a debate, it is merely a vote: a consesus is formed with little pro/con discussion
 * Whomever shows up gets a vote (there is no scoping of the polling pool)
 * Attacks on the author (Like JPotter's) (as opposed to discussion of the article) go unchecked
 * Discussion after the fact gets shoved to a backwater
 * No true negotions, mentoring, or remedial actions are possible
 * It happens quickly and be started by a single user

Note also that unlike lynch mob, where the family is usually allowed cut down and bury the victim, you guys prefer to leave him hanging there forever as a warning to others. An effective innovation: I admire your ingenuity to improve upon the orignal process. 165.247.212.93 01:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Acarroll

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Thatdog 01:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Acarroll


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Gugsa of Yejju

Gugsa of Yejju (died 23 May 1825) was a Ras of Begemder (circa 1798 until his death), and Inderase (regent) of the Emperor of Ethiopia. According to Nathaniel Pearce, he took the Christian name of Wolde Mikael. He was the son of Mersu Barentu and Kefey, the sister of Ras Aligaz. Both Bahru Zewde and Paul B. Henze consider his reign as Ras and Enderase as the peak of the Yejju Dynasty during the Zemene Mesafint.

In order to strength his relationships with the most powerful Christian rulers on the western side of the Takkaze, Gugsa married one of his daughters to Dejazmach Maru of Dembiya, and his other Daughter, Hirut, to Dejazmach Haile Maryam of Seimien.

When Gugsa became Ras of Begemder, as mentioned in the contemporary Royal Chronicle and later in Gabra Sellase's chronicle of Menelik's reign, he made his capital at a place called Lebo, a mountainous district some 60 kilometers south-east of Gondar. Upon becoming Regent, Ras Gugsa reasserted the central power of the Empire (although keeping the Emperor as a figurehead) by dispossessing the nobility of the parts of Ethiopia he controlled, primarily Begemder. He accomplished this by proclaiming in 1800 in the name of the Emperor the legal title of land tenure would be converted from freeholds to state property, held at the will of the Emperor. At first the peasantry welcomed this egalitarian measure, believing that they would benefit from the loss of their masters. However, as Ras Gugsa proceeded in dispossessing the great families each year under one pretext or another, the peasants lost their last defenders. "The dispossessed nobles," writes Pankhurst, "meanwhile, almost all became soldiers of fortune. They were so rapacious that sometimes whole villages abandoned their lands and emigrated to neighboring territories, many of the peasantry enrolling in the army, as they preferred the perils and independence of a military life to the servitude of the field."

In 1803, Ras Gugsa entered into the ongoing doctrinal disputes that divided the Ethiopian Church by joining the Ichege Wolde Yona in expelling the advocates of the Qebat from Begemder. About the same time, the Ras exploited the helplessness of the ecclesiastical structure on the death of Abuna Yosab III by plundering the episcopal properties 12 September of that year.

Ras Gugsa had a non-violent death and was buried at the church of Iyasus in Debre Tabor.

title: Gugsa of Yejju


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scars (song)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:27, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Scars (song)
Contains lyrics only, nothing beyond them to indicate why it might be encyclopedic Rx StrangeLove 01:54, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Retarded | Celcius 02:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hamster Sandwich 02:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Charles O'Rourke 03:42, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move and redirect to Scars (single) I've rewritten the article to make it encyclopedic. I would move it right now, but I'm not exactly sure how moving an article on VFD affects the VFD page. Cyclone49 04:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Move and redirect as per Cyclone49. The rewrite is actually a (short) encyclopedia article, not just lyrics. Boojum 04:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have added further to the article including the meaning of the song. Move and redirect might be appropriate if we deem that the song is notable enough. In its favour as an article, it did make some charts in the US and Papa Roach is a reasonably well-known band. On the other hand, there is a case for a merge with the Getting Away with Murder. This is that it certainly wasn't a major hit nor has it won any notable awards such as a Grammy etc. Nor is it a landmark record such as the first rock and roll record believed to be the version of "That's All Right" recorded by Elvis. Perhaps we ought to have guidelines for what is a notable song. Capitalistroadster 05:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, charting single. Thanks Capitalistroadster. Kappa 06:24, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after rewrite, nice job! Thanks. Rx StrangeLove 18:45, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep charting songs are encyclopaedic, we have hundreds of them if not thousands. --Kiand 20:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten. No need to move as it is titled correctly per WikiProject Songs. Flowerparty  talk 00:27, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as above. --Agamemnon2 11:06, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, now valuable. Punkmorten 13:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Alf 15:45, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep CanadianCaesar 08:07, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it is encyclopdic Yuckfoo 18:05, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Cyclone's edits and additions. Popular hit song right now that is worthy of an article. -- Riffsyphon1024 03:40, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


title: Template:Award2


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Kenneth Whyte

Kenneth Whyte (born August 12, 1960) is a Canadian journalist, publisher and author based in Toronto. He was formerly the Senior Vice-President of Public Policy for Rogers Communications and chair of the Donner Canadian Foundation.

Early life and career
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Whyte grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. He began his career in journalism as reporter at the Sherwood Park News and joined Alberta Report as a reporter in 1984, serving as executive editor of the magazine starting in 1986. In 1994, Whyte was appointed editor of Saturday Night, a monthly magazine. In 1998, he was named editor-in-chief of the National Post, a new conservative national newspaper. In 2003, Whyte and several other executives were dismissed from the National Post as part of a restructuring by new ownership. He became a visiting scholar at McGill University where he was co-founder of the McGill Observatory in Media and Public Policy, and a trustee of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada.

Rogers
In 2005, Whyte joined Maclean's at the start of its 100th year of publication. Whyte was named the Canadian Journalism Foundation’s newsperson of the year in 2008. Maclean's was noted during his tenure for its controversial, tabloid covers, including an exposé of political corruption in Quebec that was unanimously denounced by Canada's House of Commons, and an excerpt of Mark Steyn's America Alone, which touched off several failed actions against the magazines in provincial and federal human rights commissions.

In 2009, while still editing and publishing Maclean’s, Whyte also took over the publisher's title at Chatelaine magazine, traditionally Canada's largest women's title. During his first year at the magazine, its circulation dropped below its main competitor Canadian Living for the first time in its history. Whyte hired Jane Francisco as editor and the two of them engineered a turnaround over the next four years.

In 2011, Whyte became president of Rogers Publishing Limited, which owned fifty-five magazines, including Chatelaine, Today's Parent, Canadian Business, Moneysense, and ''Hello! Canada''. At the end of 2013, Rogers entered into a partnership with Hearst, Time Inc., Meredith, and Condé Nast to create Next Issue Media (now Texture). Whyte left Rogers to become the founding president of Next Issue Canada and a director of Next Issue globally.

Published Books
In 2008, Whyte's non-fiction book, The Uncrowned King: The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst was published in Canada, and the following year in the U.S. It was a finalist for the 2009 National Business Book Award, the British Columbia National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction, the Charles Taylor Prize, and the Los Angeles Times Book Award for biography. It was also a Washington Post book of the year. His second book, a biography of Herbert Hoover, was published by Random House/Knopf in 2017. It was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award in 2017. In 2021, Knopf published The Sack of Detroit: General Motors and the End of American Enterprise, which is an account of the rise and subsequent decline of General Motors and the automotive industry. In this book, Whyte attributes the industry decline to what he believes was an excessively regulated business environment that developed following Ralph Nader's activism for the promotion of automobile safety.

Sutherland House Books
In 2018, Whyte announced he was forming Sutherland House Books, a non-fiction publishing house that began releasing books in 2019. Authors who have published works under Sutherland House Books include author and journalist Jon Kay, psychologist and academic Michael Ungar, author and historian Conrad Black, cultural critic Sam Forster, and the "urban fixer" Joe Berridge. Others include, Jennifer Hosten, Alex Johnston, Trilby Kent, Judith Kalman, Ira Wells, Eric Reguly, Allen Abel among others.

In 2022, Sutherland House announced the launch of Sutherland Quarterly a series of current affairs books by leading writers that are sold in bookstores and also can be purchased by annual subscription.

Other Involvements
In 2016-2017, Whyte was appointed to the Canadian government's expert advisory panel on cultural policy. A governor of the Donner Canadian Foundation for more than twenty years, Whyte succeeded Allan Gotlieb as chairman of the foundation in 2016. He is also a director of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. He has served as a senior fellow of Massey College at the University of Toronto, an adviser to the Cundill Prize Foundation, and a governor of the Aurea Foundation. He is a senior fellow at the C.D. Howe Institute, a life-time honorary alumnus of McGill University, and a former board member of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. In the spring of 2017, Whyte, in response to Hal Niedzviecki's editorial in Write magazine, initiated the "appropriation prize" in support of authors writing from points of view other than their own. The "prize" was controversial in the Indigenous literature community.

title: Kenneth Whyte


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Awty International School

The Awty International School is a private school located in Spring Branch, western Houston, Texas, United States. Founded in 1956, Awty allows its students to receive the International Baccalaureate or the French Baccalauréat, and is fully accredited by the French Ministry of Education, making it an overseas school for French national students in the Houston area. It has age three to 12th grade students. Awty is the largest international school in the United States and the largest private day school in Houston. It is part of the Agency for French Education Abroad (AEFE) network of schools for French national students abroad.

History
Awty opened at 3736 Westheimer Road on September 10, 1956. Originally a pre-school, it was founded by Kathleen "Kay" Awty. The school initially had 27 students at the kindergarten and prekindergarten levels.

The school moved to 1615 Garretson Street in 1960. By 1970, It served grades preschool through sixth. By that same year there were 250 students enrolled. The upper school division opened in 1975, and in 1976 four female students graduated from the high school, forming the first graduating class. In 1979, Awty merged with the French School of Houston and began offering a bilingual program. That year, the school moved to its current campus.

In 1984 the school received its current name, the Awty International School. A preschool facility opened in 1990. Kay Awty died in 1996.

On the school's 50th anniversary in 2006, a $5 million athletic complex including a 1,400-seat stadium, 85 parking spaces, and tennis courts were constructed.

Affiliations and accreditation
Awty is affiliated with the Mission Laïque Française. Agencies accrediting Awty include the International Baccalaureate (IB), the Independent Schools Association of the Southwest (ISAS), the Ministry of National Education of France, and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the Netherlands.

Awty is also affiliated with Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger (AEFE), the Council of International Schools (CIS), the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), the Association for the Advancement of International Education (AAIE), the Southwest Preparatory Conference (SPC), Houston Junior Preparatory Conference (HJPC), Houston Area Independent Schools (HAIS), and Texas International Baccalaureate Schools (TIBS).

Curriculum
The school offers the IB Diploma, the French Baccalauréat diploma, and a general high school diploma. As of 2021, Awty is the only school in Greater Houston offering both tracks to the International Baccalaureate and French Baccalauréat diplomas, and the only school in Texas requiring all seniors to take the final exams in one of these two programs. The AEFE accredits Awty.

Preparing students for the global lives they are sure to lead, all students are immersed in the study of a second language. The form of immersion varies depending on the grade level. Students in PK3 through Kindergarten are immersed in either English/French or English/Spanish. In 1st grade through 5th grade, language immersion is with core subjects taught in the primary language of either English, French, or Spanish and specials such as art, gym, and library are taught in the second language, as well as the daily hour-long second language class. Students in 6th grade through 12th grade attend a daily intensive second language class, and have extensive third language options. Languages in addition to English, French, and Spanish often include Arabic, German, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, and Russian. On any given year, Awty typically offers ten different language options.

Campus
The main campus, with 26 acre of land, is in Spring Branch in western Houston. It is in proximity to the intersection of the 610 Loop and Interstate 10, and is northwest of it. The campus buildings together have 120 classrooms.

A three-story, 65000 sqft, 33-classroom facility, called the Levant Foundation Building, is located near the school's entrance. Opened in 2012, the building includes administrative offices, a dining hall, two art rooms, and a digital photography room. This facility replaced the preceding temporary buildings. The Levant Foundation Building and a five-story parking garage were the first phase of a four-phase, $50 million building program of facilities designed by Bailey Architects. The second phase of the project was completed in 2014 with the opening of an elementary building, which includes a computer lab, a media room, an infirmary, two art rooms, and a teacher's lounge and workroom.

Awty historically relied on the use of temporary buildings, and elementary school classes were originally located in the school's original building, "Big Blue." Demolition of "Big Blue" was completed in August, 2014 to make way for the new Student Campus Center.

In 2017, a second 5-acre Early Learning Campus was added nearby for students in PK3/PS, PK4/MS, Kinder/GS, and 1st grade/CP featuring 26 classrooms, dedicated indoor spaces for art, music, dining, after-school program, and technology, as well as a full gym. Outdoors, the facility features two playgrounds, learning gardens, and three decks for class activities.

The former campus on Garrettson Street was west of the 610 Loop, in what is now the Uptown Houston district. It was in proximity to River Oaks and Tanglewood.

Student body
As of 2021, the school's enrollment was over 1,717 students. This makes it the largest international school in the United States and the largest private school in Houston. As of that year the students originated from the United States, France, and 48 other countries. 54% are U.S. citizens, 12% are U.S. citizens with multiple citizenship, and 34% are from one or more of 50 other countries. Over 60% are bilingual.

Transportation
the school provides bus services for students to and from the Dairy Ashford area, Greater Katy, the Lakes on Eldridge/Lakes on Eldridge North/Twin Lakes area, Memorial, Shadowbriar, Sugar Land, and the Town and Country Mall area in Spring Branch.

Athletics
In 2019-2020, The Awty International School joined the Southwest Preparatory Conference (SPC) and Houston Junior Preparatory Conference (HJPC).

The athletic campus, Awty Field, is located at 1255 North Post Oak, adjacent to the main campus. Its opening ceremony was held on April 22, 2008. The athletic compound includes a stadium with 1,400 seats, four tennis courts, a press box, a polyethylene soccer pitch, 80 parking spaces, locker rooms, a storage facility, offices of coaches, and a concessions stand. In addition it has a running track that circles around the other facilities. The track is 400 m long and has eight lanes. It has wide turns and a Beynon 1000 urethane surface. Stuart Holden, a midfielder for the Houston Dynamo and an alumnus of the school, attended the 2008 opening ceremony.

Prior to the opening of the athletic compound, each athletic team practiced off campus. Home tennis matched were played at the tennis courts of other schools in the 5A district of the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools. Practice for the tennis team was held at the Memorial Park Tennis Center at Memorial Park. The track team historically practiced at several stadiums of TAPPS 5A schools; in 2008 the team was practicing at the St. John's School. The soccer teams played only "away" games (games held at other schools or stadiums) before the opening of the new compound, and practiced on a soccer field on the Awty premises. Annette Baird of the Houston Chronicle describes the former soccer field as "an undersized bumpy pitch".

Currently, students competing in swimming at Awty practice at Dad's Club.

Awty Athletics Team Championships

Notable alumni

 * Cristina Alexander (Class of 2010) - sports anchor for SportsCenter (ESPNDeportes) in Mexico City
 * Ted Cruz (attended middle school) - United States Senator
 * Stuart Holden (Class of 2003) - midfielder for the Houston Dynamo and Bolton Wanderers
 * Clint Smith (Class of 2006) - writer, poet, and activist

Notable faculty

 * J. Fred Duckett - coach and history teacher
 * Ryan Harlan - NCAA National Champion in the Decathlon

title: Awty International School


text:
User:Harej/sandbox

s a n d b o x since 2005

= Notes =
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Missing articles

 * Find a Grave famous people/M/Mas
 * Two separate requests under the same title. The title is a blue link, but the linked article is a living person and neither of the requested subjects

Citation watchlist script
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States&diff=prev&oldid=1203024750

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=compare&fromrev=1203018841&torev=1203024750&format=json This diff adds a new sentence to the article and also adds a new link to a source.

In this one diff these two sources are cited:
 * https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/dennis-mcguire-ohio-execution-untested-method-lawsuit
 * https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-delays-executions-until-2017-over-lack-of-lethal-drugs/

Given a watchlist:

 * 1) Isolate each revision id and previous id from each line in the watchlist
 * 2) Check every five seconds if there is a revision id / previous id pair that hasn't been checked yet.

Given a pair (or batch of them):
 * 1) Use the "action=compare" endpoint.
 * 2) Screen out URLs with a regular expression (joke about now having an additional problem to solve for)
 * 3) Isolate domain names from URLs
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 * 5) If there's a hit, add an indicator next to the diff. (Red Triangle "!" for warn-list, yellow circle "?" for caution-list)

The problems I have with this approach:

 * Each user is doing the lookups and computations themselves, rather than going through a centralized service that does it for them

In the future when we have a centralized service doing this work, because we are doing something more complicated than screens against RSP,

The user script:
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What about this "service"? If I set up WRDB as an ongoing, self-updated service, then all this service would need to do is check the revision ID in WRDB. At the moment, however, WRDB only supports a one-time build, and domain information is not directly stored in the database. However, this will help with support for non-URL references in the future.

Citation Watchlist testing
https://dailymail.co.uk

https://avensonline.org

title: User:Harej/sandbox


text:
1930 in British television

This is a list of British television related events in 1930.

Births

 * 28 January – Roy Clarke, comedy writer
 * 29 January – John Junkin, comedy actor and screenwriter (died 2006)
 * 9 May – Joan Sims, actress (died 2001)
 * 1 June – Edward Woodward, actor (died 2009)
 * 4 June – Bill Treacher, actor (died 2022)
 * 17 July – Ray Galton, comedy writer (died 2018)
 * 25 August – Sean Connery, Scottish-born screen actor (died 2020)
 * 28 August – Windsor Davies, comedy actor (died 2019)
 * 24 September – Angelo Muscat, Maltese-born character actor (died 1977)
 * 19 October – Mavis Nicholson, Welsh presenter (died 2022)
 * 28 October – Philip Saville, director (died 2016)
 * 7 November – Peter Woods, journalist and newsreader (died 1995)
 * 4 December – Ronnie Corbett, Scottish-born comedy performer (died 2016)
 * 8 December – Stan Richards, actor (Emmerdale) (died 2005)

title: 1930 in British television


text:
Robert Hichens (sailor)

Robert Hichens (16 September 1882 – 23 September 1940) was a British sailor who was part of the deck crew on board the RMS Titanic when it sank on its maiden voyage on 15 April 1912. He was one of seven quartermasters on board the vessel and was at the ship's wheel when the Titanic struck the iceberg. He was in charge of Lifeboat #6, where he refused to return to rescue people from the water due to fear of the boat being sucked into the ocean with the huge suction created by Titanic, or swamped by other floating passengers. According to several accounts of those on the boat, including Margaret Brown, who argued with him throughout the early morning, Lifeboat 6 did not return to save other passengers from the waters. In 1906, he married Florence Mortimore in Devon, England; when he registered for duty aboard the Titanic, his listed address was in Southampton, where he lived with his wife and two children.

Titanic
Hichens gained notoriety after the disaster because of his conduct in Lifeboat No. 6, of which he was in command. Passengers accused him of refusing to go back to rescue people from the water after the ship sank, that he called the people in the water "stiffs," and that he constantly criticised those at the oars while he was manning the rudder. Hichens was later to testify at the United States Senate inquiry that he had never used the words "stiffs" and that he had other words to describe bodies. He would also testify to have been given direct orders by second mate Charles Lightoller and Captain Edward Smith to row to where a light could be seen (a steamer they thought) on the port bow, drop off the passengers and return. Later, it was alleged that he complained that the lifeboat was going to drift for days before any rescue came. At least two Lifeboat No. 6 passengers publicly accused Hichens of being drunk: Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen and Mrs Lucian Philip Smith.

When the RMS Carpathia came to rescue Titanic's survivors, he said that the ship was not there to rescue them, but to pick up the bodies of the dead. By this time, the other people in the lifeboat had lost patience with Hichens. Although Hichens protested, Denver millionaire Margaret "Molly" Brown told the others to start rowing to keep warm. After a last attempt by Hichens to keep control of the lifeboat, Brown threatened to throw him overboard. These events would later end up being depicted in the Broadway musical and film, The Unsinkable Molly Brown. During the US inquiry into the disaster, Hichens denied the accounts by the passengers and crew in Lifeboat No. 6. He had been initially concerned about the suction from the Titanic and later by the fact that being a mile away from the wreck, with no compass and in complete darkness, they had no way of returning to the stricken vessel.

Later life
Hichens served with the Army Service Corps during World War One; by 1919 he was third officer on a small ship named Magpie. Then Hichens moved to Devon sometime in the 1920s where he purchased a motorboat from a man named Harry Henley and operated a boat charter. In 1931, his wife and children left him and moved to Southampton. Over the next two years, Hichens traveled the country looking for work, and it is believed that he took to heavy drinking. In 1933, Hichens was jailed for attempting to murder Henley and was released in 1937.

Death
On 23 September 1940, at age 58, Hichens died of heart failure aboard the ship English Trader, while it was moored off the coast of Aberdeen, Scotland. His body was buried in Section 10, Lair 244 of Trinity Cemetery, in Aberdeen.

Depicted in fiction
Hichens' conduct was featured in the 1997 blockbuster, Titanic, in which he was played by Paul Brightwell. He was depicted as a tall thin man with a cockney accent, when in fact he was 5' 6", had a stocky build and spoke with a pronounced Cornish accent. He was also depicted saying "if you don't shut that hole in your face" to Molly Brown, but in fact those words were spoken by a steward in lifeboat 8. Unused footage from Titanic that featured Brightwell as Hitchens was also used in Cameron's documentary film Ghosts of the Abyss wherein he was portrayed refusing an order to return to the sinking Titanic, stating "It's our lives now, not theirs".

Hichens' conduct was also depicted in the 1996 miniseries Titanic, in which he was played by Martin Evans. Hichens is shown telling the survivors in his lifeboat to "pipe down" when they get excited about spotting a flare from a ship on the horizon. He strongly protests when Molly Brown starts encouraging the other women to row towards the light, and she threatens to throw Hichens overboard. This depiction is more accurate than in the 1997 blockbuster.

Hichens was portrayed by Arthur Gross who was uncredited in the 1958 film A Night to Remember, which also portrays his conflict with Molly Brown in a more accurate manner.

Hichens' negative attitude was further depicted in Diane Hoh's 1998 romance novel Titanic: The Long Night, which recounts his conduct as well as that of Molly Brown, from the viewpoint of Elizabeth Farr, a fictional lifeboat passenger. Molly Brown urged lifeboat passengers to start rowing to keep warm, and Hichens protested, declaring that he was commanding the lifeboat, and he made a move to stop her. "I will throw you overboard if you interfere," she told him in this account.

In September 2010, Hichens' name was brought back into the limelight by Louise Patten, granddaughter of the most senior officer to have survived the Titanic disaster, second officer Charles Lightoller. In press interviews leading up to the publication of her latest novel, Good as Gold (into which she has worked the story of the catastrophe), Patten reports that a "straightforward" steering error by Hichens, brought about by his misunderstanding of a tiller order, caused the Titanic to hit an iceberg in 1912. Patten's allegation that Hichens caused the disaster by turning the ship's wheel the wrong way is not supported by testimony at both the British and US enquiries, which established that the second watch officer, Sixth Officer James Moody, was stationed behind Hichens, supervising his actions, and he had confirmed to First Officer William Murdoch that the order had been carried out correctly.

The claim was also disputed by Hichens' great-granddaughter on Channel 4 News. Sally Nilsson explained that Hichens was a well-trained Quartermaster with years of experience steering large vessels. He had been responsible on his watch for steering the Titanic for four days before the collision and would not have made such a glaring error. As to the steering orders, in 1912 they were as follows: There was only one way of giving steering orders. The order was always given with reference to the tiller. To go to port the Officer ordered starboard. The Quartermaster turned the wheel to port, tiller went to starboard and the ship turned to port. This was a hangover from the old days when ships were steered with tillers, steering oars etc. The change in steering orders did not occur until the 1930s. Sally Nilsson's biography on the life of Robert Hichens was published in 2011.

Hichens also appears in the play Iceberg – Right Ahead! by Chris Burgess which debuted on 22 March 2012 at Upstairs at the Gatehouse. In this production, he was played by Liam Mulvey.

title: Robert Hichens (sailor)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HCASC

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

HCASC
nn fan club ad Wyss 01:56, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Painfully nn | Celcius 02:45, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hamster Sandwich 02:58, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Christy747 03:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HCASC


text:
Altar cloth

An altar cloth is used in the Christian liturgy to cover the altar. It serves as a sign of reverence as well as a decoration and a protection of the altar and the sacred vessels. In the orthodox churches it is covered by the antimension, which also contains the relics of saints.

Since the 2nd century the altar cloth has been seen as a symbol for the shroud of Jesus Christ; therefore it should be made of white linen. Another interpretation used two cloths and compared them with the body and soul of Christ.

Western Churches

Special cloths (not necessarily made of linen) cover the altar in many Christian churches during services and celebrations, and are often left on the altar when it is not in use. In the early 20th century the Catholic Church considered only linen or hemp to be acceptable as material for altar cloths, although in earlier centuries silk or cloth of gold or silver were used. The Anglican Communion had similar rules in that period.

At that time, the Roman Rite required the use of three altar cloths, to which a cere cloth, not classified as an altar cloth, was generally added. This was a piece of heavy linen treated with wax (cera, from which "cere" is derived, is the Latin word for "wax") to protect the altar linens from the dampness of a stone altar, and also to prevent the altar from being stained by any wine that may be spilled. It was exactly the same size as the mensa (the flat rectangular upper surface of the altar).

Above this were placed two linen cloths. Like the cere cloth, they were made of heavy linen exactly the same size as the mensa of the altar. They acted as a cushion and, with the cere cloth, prevented the altar from being dented by heavy vases or communion vessels placed on top. Instead of two cloths, a single long cloth folded so that each half covered the whole mensa was acceptable.

The topmost cloth was the fair linen, a long white linen cloth laid over the two linen cloths. It had the same depth as the mensa of the altar, but was longer, generally hanging over the edges to within a few inches of the floor or, according to some authorities, it should hang 18 inches over the ends of the mensa. On an altar without antependium and consisting of the mensa resting on columns or made after the fashion of a tomb the topmost linen did not have to overhang the edges at the sides. It could be trimmed with lace on the ends and could be ornamented with figures of chalices, hosts and the like. Five small crosses might be embroidered on the fair linen - one to fall at each corner of the mensa, and one in the middle of the front edge. These symbolised the five wounds of Jesus. The fair linen should be left on the altar at all times. When removed for replacement, it should be rolled, not folded. It symbolized the shroud in which Jesus was wrapped for burial.

 * A vesperal cloth, or coverlet, of the same heavy linen as the cere cloth and the linen cloths, and of the same length and width as the fair linen, was left on the altar whenever it was not in use. It simply protected the altar from dust and debris.

The present rules of the Roman Rite are much less detailed, stating only: "Out of reverence for the celebration of the memorial of the Lord and for the banquet in which the Body and Blood of the Lord are offered, there should be, on an altar where this is celebrated, at least one cloth, white in colour, whose shape, size, and decoration are in keeping with the altar's structure."

Chalice cloths
There are also special linens which pertain to the Eucharist:

 * The purificator (purificatorium or more anciently emunctorium) is a white linen cloth which is used to wipe the chalice after each communicant partakes. It is also used to wipe the chalice and paten during the ablutions which follow Communion.
 * The pall (palla) is a stiffened square card covered with white linen, usually embroidered with a cross, or some other appropriate symbol. The purpose of the pall is to keep dust and insects from falling into the Eucharistic elements.
 * The corporal is a large square white cloth upon which the chalice and paten are placed when the Eucharist is celebrated. It may be edged with fine lace, and a cross may be embroidered on it near the front edge, where the Tridentine Mass prescribed that the host be placed. Embroidery in the centre was not used, lest the chalice become unstable.
 * The manuterge (also called lavabo towel) is used by the priest to dry his hands after washing them (see lavabo).
 * The chalice veil: "It is a praiseworthy practice for the chalice to be covered with a veil, which may be either of the colour of the day or white."
 * In the Tridentine Mass, the rubrics for Low Mass laid down that the priest was to begin by carrying with him from the sacristy to the altar the chalice, upon which was placed the purificator, paten and pall, all of these covered with a chalice veil and surmounted by a burse (known in Old English as a "corporas-case") containing the corporal. The burse was a folder made of two square pieces of stiff card or wood laid one on top of the other and bound together along one edge to form a hinge. The two pieces were attached with cloth along the two sides adjacent to the hinge, leaving the fourth side open to receive the corporal. At the end of Mass, the priest carried all these back to the sacristy, arranged after the same fashion. The present General Instruction of the Roman Missal does not envisage the use of a burse.

Frontals
In the Roman Rite all of the linen cloths are white, including their decoration. and the Anglican churches generally follow the same usage. Other more decorative cloths sometimes used to decorate the front and back of the altar are:

 * The frontal, or Antependium, is the same size as the front of the altar. It is often richly decorated, made of tapestry, silk or damask. Some frontals are matchless works of art, exhibiting the finest materials and embroidery possible. Other churches opt for a plain frontal. One characteristic is shared by all frontals: they are coloured green, red, purple, blue, black, white, gold or of unbleached muslin, and are changed according to the colour of the Church year. Purple for Advent and the first three weekdays of for Holy Week; white or gold for Christmas, Easter and some Holy Days; green for Ordinary Time (after Epiphany and Pentecost); violet or purple or unbleached muslin for Lent; red for Pentecost and feasts of martyrs ed saints. In some Anglican parishes there is a special crimson set for Holy Week. In this way the altar has various different frontals hung upon it on different days throughout the year. The frontal may be fixed to either the cere cloth or the linen cloth to hold it in place, which cloth must be fastened to the rear edge of the altar.
 * The frontlet is similar to the frontal, that is the exact width of the altar, but only ten to twelve inches deep. It hangs over the frontal, and is generally of the same colour and material. It sometimes has a short text embroidered upon it in large letters, such as "Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus". Again, the frontlet is rotated according to the colour of the church year. Like the frontal the frontlet is fastened to either the cere cloth or the linen cloth. Or, alternatively, it may be fastened to a wooden frame or strip that can be hooked in place at the front of the altar.

Variants
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, altar-cloths were commonly used prior to the 4th century. Pope Boniface III is reputed to have passed a decree in the 7th century making the use of altar cloths mandatory. The use of three cloths most likely began in the 9th century and was obligatory for Roman Rite churches at the time of the Catholic Encyclopedia.

Previously, all Christian Churches used altar cloths. However, today some use no cloths on the altar or only the fair linen. Several variants of the above cloths and linens are also in use. Some Churches use a frontlet and no frontal, especially where the altar is richly decorated and a frontal would hide it. Where only a frontlet is used, in many cases the frontlet is permanently attached to the linen cloth, and so the linen cloth must be replaced with the frontlet. Many Churches dispense with the cere cloth and the coverlet.

Many churches of the Anglican Communion follow the tradition of the Roman Rite in preparing the altar for the Eucharist. There are varying practices in the Episcopal Church; some do not use the elaborate altar dressing previously laid down for the Roman Rite and instead usually use only a white fair linen cloth to cover the top of the altar. According to a glossary found on an Episcopal parish's website, the altar cloth they use "... covers the top of the altar and hangs down the sides almost to the floor." Lutherans also use a single fair linen on their altar, though many use the coloured frontlet or frontal as well. An exception being the Church of Sweden, which generally continues to use the threefold dressing of the altar, albeit does not perscribe it as necessary.

Likewise, the text The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Church specifies that "The Lord's Table should have upon it a fair linen cloth."

Eastern Churches

In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, the altar is referred to as the Holy Table or Throne (Church Slavonic: Prestol). Although there are variations, normally it will be completely covered on all four sides with three clothes.

 * The katasarka from Greek, or strachítsa, from Slavonic (related to the word for a shirt), is the first cloth to cover the Holy Table. It is a plain linen cover which is bound to the altar with cords at the time of its consecration, and is never removed. This linen covering symbolizes the winding sheet in which the body of Christ was wrapped when he was laid in the tomb. Since the altar is never seen uncovered thereafter, these tend to be constructed more with sturdiness than aesthetics in mind.
 * The Indítion is placed above this first cover and is an ornamented cover, often in a brocade of a color that may change with the liturgical season. This outer covering usually comes all the way to the floor and represents the glory of God's Throne. When the Indítion is laid out flat it forms a Greek cross, with the center covering the top of the Holy Table, and the "arms" of the cross covering the four sides.
 * A third covering is made of the same material as the Indítion, but is smaller and square, covering the top of the Holy Table and coming down only a few inches on all four sides, something like the Western frontlet.

The Antimension (Church Slavonic: Antimens) is similar to the Western corporal, though it serves a function similar to an altar stone, as well as a Celebret. It is a piece of silk or linen which usually has an icon of the Deposition from the Cross depicted on it, and relics of a martyr sewn into it. It also contains the Signature of the reigning Bishop of the church, as well as the date of consecration of the antimension and the place for which it was consecrated. Unlike the Western corporal, the Antimension is not removed from the Holy Table after the Eucharist is over, but is kept in the center of the Holy Table, covered by the Gospel Book.

The Antimension is often wrapped in a slightly larger silk cloth, called the Eiliton to protect it, though pre-Nikonian Slavic practice is to place the antimension between the katasarka and the indition, where it is kept unfolded. The Eiliton is most-often red, and can be highly decorated with embroidery.

The Eastern chalice veil is called the Aër and is quite a bit larger than the chalice veil used in the West. In addition to the Aër, there are two other smaller veils. These are often cross-shaped like the Indítia and one is used to cover the chalice, and one is used to cover the diskos (paten).

There are usually one or two communion cloths (houselling cloths) kept on the Holy Table. These are made of cotton or some similar material that can be easily washed and are often dyed red. They are used like the Western purificator to wipe the lips of the communicants and to dry the chalice and other sacred vessels after the ablutions.

A dust cover is frequently used, either to cover only the Gospel Book or the entire top of the Holy Table. This cover is not, strictly speaking, a liturgical object, but is purely utilitarian. Because it will rest upon the Holy Table, it is usually made of a fair material, but not normally as rich as the indition.

Towels are used to dry the hands after lavabo, though their design and use are not as fixed as formerly in the West. When a bishop washes his hands, a larger and more ornate towel is used to dry his hands.

Judaism
According to the Bible the Jews were using altar cloths at the time of the Exodus, "...And the table and his furniture, and the pure candlestick with all his furniture, and the altar of incense ... and the altar of burnt offering with all his furniture, and the laver and his foot, and the cloths of service..."

The Jews traditionally used colour, "And of the blue, and purple, and scarlet, they made cloths of service..." which were to be used by the priests inside the tabernacle. Since all of the other items made from fabric for use in the tabernacle were made from fine linen it is reasonable to assume that the cloths of service were also made from linen. Unfortunately, Exodus does not give the dimensions of the cloths, nor does it indicate how or when the cloths were to be used.

The practice of using altar cloths disappeared when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70. The focus of worship turned towards the synagogue and the need for an altar disappeared. There is a table where the Torah scrolls are laid for reading, called a bimah, and another lower table called an amud, that is, a lectern. The lectern is covered with an embroidered cloth covering the area on which the Torah scroll will rest during the parashah (lection—see Torah reading). The Torah ark in the synagogue is covered with a cloth called the parokhet to recall the veil which covered the entrance to the Holy of Holies.

title: Altar cloth


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Bintulu Division

Bintulu Division is one of the twelve administrative divisions of Sarawak, Malaysia. It has a total area of 12,166.2 square kilometres, and is the third largest division after Kapit Division and Miri Division. Bintulu Division consists of two districts which is Bintulu and Tatau, together with a sub-district under Bintulu, which is Sebauh. Three major towns in Bintulu are Bintulu (which is the capital of both Bintulu District and Bintulu Division), Tatau and Sebauh.

Demography
The population of Bintulu Division (year 2000 census) was 179,600. This makes Bintulu as one of the most loosely populated division in Sarawak with only 14 people per kilometre. Despite being the most thinly populated, Bintulu Division has the fourth biggest town in Sarawak, which is Bintulu town. Most of the Bintulu division's population is concentrated in this town.

Ethnic makeup
Bintulu is traditionally a home to Iban, Chinese, Melanau, Malay, Orang Ulu and Kedayan people. Most Ibans are scattered throughout rural areas of Bintulu, namely in Tatau and Sebauh. Whilst, Melanau people (or Melanau Bintulu/Vaie people) are concentrated at the town areas in Bintulu and rural communal areas, namely at Bintulu town, Tatau town, Kuala Tatau, Sebauh, Pandan and Labang. Many Malay people are not originally from Bintulu, however, intermarriage with locals especially Melanau people has made Malay as one of the major ethnics in Bintulu. Chinese people are more concentrated at town areas, such as at Bintulu, Sebauh and Tatau town, while some resides at Sangan and Kuala Tatau. Orang Ulu people, such as Kenyah, Kayan, Tatau, Penan and Punan are more scattered throughout Bintulu division compared to Iban people. Most of them still live deep in the rural areas like Kakus and Jelalong. Kedayan people, although small in number, can be spotted at Nyalau areas (100 km from Bintulu) just at the border with Miri Division.

There is a large influx of foreign worker population due to the strength of the petroleum industry. It was estimated more than 20% of Bintulu population are foreign workers and expatriates.

Economy
The economy is largely based on the petroleum and natural gas industries. Bintulu has an estimated 85% of Sarawak’s known natural gas reserves, or some 42.3 Tcuft. In addition to export as liquified natural gas, on-shore facilities produce fertiliser, and formaldehyde resins. Bintulu also has about half of Sarawak's crude oil reserves of 500 Moilbbl, with production wells located some 40 kilometers offshore.

Bintulu has around 27% of Sarawak’s tropical rainforest, and the timber industry remains a strong component of the Division's economy. Bintulu Division has a total designated area of 1,071,031 hectares for logging purposes. The Division is the main producer of wood species from peat swamp forests such as Ramin, Alan, and Jongkong. Bintulu Division produces an average of 4.7 million m3 of logs per year. Agriculture is relatively minor although growing steadily, with oil palm, rattan and pepper the main products. Deposits of coal have been discovered, but are yet unexploited.

Transportation
Although Bintulu is well connected to other parts of Sarawak with good networks of road, river transports still play the vital role in Bintulu. People of Bintulu Division can opt for rural shuttle bus service to Tatau, Sebauh, Nyalau, even as far as Sungai Asap in Kapit Division. The only shuttle bus operating for both town and rural services is Jepak Holding.

As for people who wish to travel to upriver areas which are inaccessible by road such as Jelalong, Ng. Tau, Pandan, Labang, Kuala Serupai, Kuala Baggiau, Sungai Anap and Bukit Balai, they have to use available ferry and boat services. River transport charges remain high in Bintulu Division due to the long distance of the upriver areas.

There are some rural areas which are accessible by timber tracks and palm estate roads such as Labang, Tubau and Kakus. Availability of transports to these areas are limited through bookings at Bintulu town, using private vans or four-wheel drive vehicles.

Infrastructure
Bintulu Division has good networks of road. Pan-Borneo Highway is a trunk road linking Bintulu to the rest of divisions in Sarawak. Bintulu Division is expected to expand rapidly due to Similajau being part of Sarawak Corridor of Renewal Energy regional development and ongoing gas pipeline project from Sabah to Tanjung Kidurong.

Education
Bintulu Division has a moderate number of public schools. Most secondary schools are located at Bintulu district. There is only one secondary school for Tatau District. As for primary schools, most of them are scattered throughout Bintulu. Some of them are located deep in the Bintulu Division's interior to cater for rural students. There is one secondary school run privately which is SM Kai Dee, a Chinese education-based school.

Bintulu Division is home to a public university branch which is Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and various government education institutions such as GIATMARA, IKM and ADTEC. There is also a private education institution which is Kolej Sendaya. Bintulu is a place surrounding by the oil and gas industry. The major economy of this city is related to the energy company. The institution offering the oil and gas industry is Institut Kemahiran MARA Bintulu. IKM Bintulu is a government institution that caters for human capital development in the oil and gas industry. The institution can customise according to the industry skill set requirement.

Healthcare
Bintulu Division has one government hospital which is Bintulu Hospital and one government policlinic at Bintulu town. There are also private-owned hospital such as Columbia-Asia Hospital at Tanjung Kidurong and Bintulu Medical Centre at Bintulu town. As for Tatau and Sebauh sub-district, both have their own health clinic. Smaller government health clinics do exist at Ng. Tau and Tubau.

Security
Bintulu Division has two police district offices, namely at Bintulu and Tatau. There are also police stations and police bits located at strategic locations, as well as rural areas. Despite being the third largest division, Bintulu Division so far has no district military bases. Only small military camps do exist just to make presence.

Government services
Other government offices have set up their branches in both Bintulu and Tatau district (some at Sebauh sub-district and other smaller communal areas) such as Royal Customs, Fire and Rescue Department, Education Department, etc.

title: Bintulu Division


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A2G

A2G is an EP by American hip hop duo Blackalicious. It was originally released on Quannum Projects in 1999. It peaked at number 21 on the UK Independent Albums Chart.

The EP contains the tongue-twisting song "Alphabet Aerobics", which actor Daniel Radcliffe recited on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in 2014.

Critical reception
Stanton Swihart of AllMusic gave the EP 4 stars out of 5, with particular praise for "Alphabet Aerobics". He additionally wrote that Gift of Gab "barely outshines Chief Xcel, who, par for course with the entire Quannum Projects crew, loads the music with clever samples and newfangled beats (especially on the funk-laced 'Clockwork') to keep things ever-inventive."

title: A2G