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84 Lumber

84 Lumber is an operated American building materials supply company. Founded in 1956 by Joseph Hardy, it derives its name from the unincorporated village of Eighty Four, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place 20 mi south of Pittsburgh, where its headquarters are located. In 1992, Joe Hardy's daughter, Maggie Hardy, took over as president of the company. Within her first year as president, the company reached $1 billion in revenue for the first time in history.

As of June 2020, 84 Lumber owns and operates over 250 stores in 30 states throughout the country; the company has more than 5,600 employees and generates in excess of $3.9 billion in annual revenue. Today, it is the largest privately held supplier of building materials to the construction industry.

The company operates components plants, door shops, installation centers and wood products shops. In 2020, it expanded to kitchen and bath design services with the opening of more than 30 design studios within its existing stores. The company's stores carry a variety of materials including siding, decking, windows and trim, roofing and trusses.

History
Located 20 mi south of Pittsburgh, 84 Lumber established its roots in Eighty Four, Pennsylvania, a rural community that has endured as a farmland community. 84 Lumber flourished with the funds and determination of Ed Ryan and Jack Kunkle, Joe Hardy and his two brothers Norman and Bob Hardy. Together, these men collected $84,000 for land and buildings to grow their business. As the business expanded, Hardy and his brothers became sole owners of the company.

84 Lumber established a cash and carry system; customers paid by cash or check, if merchandise was unable to be “carried” out, an additional charge was implemented to have the item personally delivered.

Throughout the 1960s, 84 Lumber continued to expand locations. This was accomplished largely by keeping overhead low and adopting a 'no frills' warehouse-style approach to most of its stores (many of which were unheated, even in cold-climate locations), as most of its clients were commercial customers not overly concerned with aesthetics. By 1981, 84 Lumber had expanded to 339 stores, 283 of which had opened within the previous 10 years, generating revenues of $478 million.

In 1984, the company undertook an expansion plan to open at least 30 new stores. Along with grand openings, stores were remodeled and renovated from no-frills lumber yards to new and improved building materials stores. In 1987, as the improvement plan generated success, the business opened its strict policy of cash-and-carry to options of using credit.

After 34 years of running the company, Joe Hardy appointed his daughter Maggie Hardy president and owner in 1992. Joe Hardy passed 40 percent of the company stock to Maggie that year as well, and added another 40 percent the following year. With a new leader, 84 Lumber continued to expand and reached $1 billion in sales for the first time in 1993 and opened its 400th store in 1997 in Ephrata, Pennsylvania.

In 1999, 84 Lumber opened its first “84 Plus” retail store in Graysville, Tennessee. The store, designed by Maggie Hardy Knox, carried about 12,000 products and was meant to increase the company's profits by selling products at a higher profit margin.

On December 7, 2002, the company exceeded $2 billion in annual sales for the first time in history. In 2004, the company opened another 18 new stores, most of which are located in metropolitan areas that had once been unprofitable.

84 Lumber suffered great losses in sales when the housing market crashed in 2009. On the brink of bankruptcy, Hardy Knox used her own personal finances and closed stores to stave off bankruptcy. Knox's efforts ultimately proved to be successful.

In 2013, 84 Lumber increased sales 27 percent over the prior year, generating $2.1 billion in revenue. Since then, the company has continued to expand and open new stores and manufacturing facilities year after year.

In 2016, 84 Lumber announced a major expansion plan on the west coast. In 2019, the company opened its largest store to-date in Chesterfield (Richmond), Virginia.

In 2017, 84 Lumber broadcast its first-ever Super Bowl ad, "The Journey", during Super Bowl LI. The advertisement chronicled the visibly arduous journey of a mother and daughter migrating from Mexico to the United States, to be then blocked by a border wall. The ad was controversial even before its premiere; prior to the game, Super Bowl LI's broadcaster Fox rejected a version of the ad that contained the border wall scene, as they felt the imagery was too politically sensitive (newly inaugurated U.S. President Donald Trump promised the construction of a wall along the entire Mexico–United States border).

Awards
In 1991, 84 Lumber topped ProSales magazine's “Dealer 100” list. Since then, it has made the influential trade magazine's list every year, reaching the fourth ranking in 2019 and 2020. 84 Lumber was named as one of Forbes’ Best Midsize Employers in America 2016 and Forbes’ Largest Private Companies in America 2016. In 2018, it was recognized as one of America's Largest Private Companies by Forbes and was named a Top Workplace in the Greater Pittsburgh region by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. In 2019, it was named one of Forbes Magazine's “Best Larger Employers” and was named to INC. Magazine's “INC. 5,000” list in 2019 and 2020.

Philanthropy
The Boy Scouts, Justin Jennings Foundation, Habitat for Humanity, Musicians' Village, Red Cross, and United Way are among the organizations and individuals 84 Lumber has supported over the years.

In 2019, 84 Lumber gave a total of $1.39 million in charitable donations. The same year, the company launched a national partnership with the Fisher House Foundation to show its continued support for military veterans and their families. In May 2019, the company provided $25,000 to Friends of the Pittsburgh Fisher House, and an additional $500,000 donation for the Fisher House Foundation to continue to build new houses, similar to the one underway in New Orleans.

The company continues to support local and national nonprofit organizations, including making a half million dollar donation to the Pittsburgh Community Food Bank in 2020 to help its community during the coronavirus pandemic.

Veteran Support
The company is a major partner of the Fisher House Foundation, which provides temporary housing for friends and family of those being cared for at a nearby VA hospital. As of June 2020, 84 Lumber has donated more than $1.1 million to the Foundation. The company actively recruits veterans for employment, with more than 10 percent of all employees having a military background.

title: 84 Lumber


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Wahaha Joint Venture Company

The Wahaha Joint Venture Company was a food and beverage joint venture company established between the Hangzhou Wahaha Group, the largest beverage producer in China, and Danone, one of the world's largest food conglomerates.

The companies became partners in 1996 in a business model Forbes magazine hailed as a "showcase" joint venture.

As the businesses expanded and became more complex, Danone made several attempts to buy out Wahaha, but was rebuffed. Danone and Wahaha's general manager Zong Qinghou signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy a majority stake in the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claiming the offer was underpriced. It is alleged that he wanted to squeeze a higher price out of Danone.

In a trademark dispute, Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on 9 May 2007. Danone took further legal action by filing a suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd on 4 June 2007, companies controlled by Zong's wife and daughter.

On 21 December 2007, Danone and the Chinese partner agreed to suspend their legal battle and resume negotiations. In 2009, Danone Group exited the joint venture by selling their 51% stake to Wahaha Group for an estimated $500 million.

Background
Founded in 1987, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. Limited was originally a sales company owned by the government of Hangzhou's Shangcheng District. From its creation, Zong Qinghou has led and grown the business, exercising control over the day-to-day operations. In 1995, Peregrine Investments Holdings introduced Zong to Danone, and discussions about joint ventures began. A joint venture agreement was signed on 28 March 1996. Major parts of the drinks business were injected into the joint venture, and Zong became its chairman whilst remaining the managing director of the holding and operating companies. In the melée of the company's transformation from a state-owned enterprise to a private company, Zong became an important minority shareholder.

Joint venture holding structure
The foreign partners took 51%, while the Chinese partners held 49% (of which WHH holds 39% and employees own 10%).

Foreign partners' holding structure
Groupe Danone and Peregrine together invested US$70 million in return for the stake in five joint venture WHH companies. The holding was held through a Singapore registered entity called Jinjia Investments Co (金加投资公司), the board of which consisted of two Danone representatives, and Francis Leung Pak-to (梁伯韬) from Peregrine.

In April 1998, just before the news of Peregrine's collapse broke, Leung was replaced on the board by a third representative from Danone. Although a transfer of shares in the WHH companies would have required State approval under the rules in force at the time for protecting state assets, the shares in Jinjia were not covered. When Peregrine collapsed, and transferred its Jinjia shares, Groupe Danone became majority owner. Zong has alleged that this transfer of ownership was a bad-faith takeover by stealth.

Scope of joint venture
On 28 March 1996, five joint venture companies were formed:
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Baili Foods 杭州娃哈哈百立食品有限公司
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Health Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈保健食品有限公司
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈食品有限公司
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Beverages Co 杭州娃哈哈饮料有限公司
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Quick Frozen Foods 杭州娃哈哈速冻食品有限公司

The business had grown into 39 joint venture entities by 2007, and the total injected capital amounts to US$131 million.

In 2006, the turnover of the joint ventures contributed €100 million to the top line of Danone, and in excess of 5% of Danone's total net profit.

Non-joint venture companies
When the joint venture agreement was inked, five other WHH companies remained outside the scope of the joint venture.

At the end of 2006, total non-joint venture companies reportedly had equity of ¥5.6 billion and profits of ¥1.04 billion. In December, Zong had agreed to sell these to Danone for ¥4 billion.

The Hangzhou Wahaha Guangsheng Investment Co. (杭州娃哈哈广盛投资有限公司) ("GUANGSHENG") established in 2003 with registered capital of ¥50 million, is a key non-JV entity. Its shares were held by Zong and the union in a ratio of 60:40. Its capital was later increased to ¥80 million. The following companies were its subsidiaries or associates, with holdings ranging from 39 to 60 percent :
 * Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. 杭州娃哈哈童装有限公司, est. 2002
 * Changsha Wahaha Beverages Co. 长沙娃哈哈饮料有限公司
 * Harbin Shuangcheng Wahaha Foods Co. 哈尔滨双城娃哈哈食品有限公司
 * Jian Wahaha Beverages Co. 吉安娃哈哈饮料公司

The shares of Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. (杭州娃哈哈童装有限公司) founded in 2002, were initially held by Guangsheng, but were transferred out in August 2003, in an "interesting series of share transfers". It is now 65% owned by Zong, 10% by his wife, and 25% by Platinum Net Ltd.

The Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales Co. (杭州娃哈哈食品饮料营销有限公司) "WHHFBSC", registered on 19 December 2006, is an external company allegedly now the centre of a parallel distribution network. 10% of its share capital is held by Zong's wife, Shi Youzhen, and 90% by Zong's personal vehicle Ever Maple Trading Ltd., registered in the British Virgin Islands. Its legal representative is Zong's daughter Zong Fuli.

Zong set up non-jv owned factories, such as the Hangzhou Xiushan Shunfa Packaging Co. (杭州萧山顺发食品包装公司), to manufacture or pack products identical to WHH. Danone further alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.

Trademarks
The Wahaha trademark was assigned to the main joint venture vehicle on 29 February 1996, and a joint venture agreement was eventually signed on 28 March 1996. Danone insist that the joint venture agreement with valid and exclusive rights of production, distribution and sales of products under the Wahaha brand, for which Danone paid Hangzhou Wahaha Group the sum of RMB 100 million, including 50 million from the joint venture vehicle. Local government approval was obtained. However, WHH maintains that rules in force stipulate that trademark transfer agreements must be approved by the National Trademark Bureau, while local government powers are limited to a veto. The transfer was denied by the National Trademark Bureau according for the rule safeguarding national assets. Although the regulations over the transfer of trademarks was apparently lifted in October 2001, the parties signed an additional contract in October 2005 covering the use of the trademark covering company names and products.

Day to day management control
Danone agreed to terms of joint venture which did not give it much involvement, allowing the day-to-day running of the company rested in the hands of Zong, while he continued in his autocratic ways. Zong has even boasted about the managers sent by Danone whom he had sent packing.

Danone gave Mr. Zong room to move since "he operates in a very entrepreneurial way, making a lot of decisions on his own." Up until just before the conflict became public, Zong was allowed to pursue his own commercial strategy through external ventures where Danone had no wish to be. However, Danone felt that it was time to claw back a stake in the external ventures.

Beginning of public row
Danone had made several attempts to buy out Zong, but was rebuffed. Danone and Zong signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy out the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claims he could not carry his co-investors, according to The Wall Street Journal. Zong claims the offer was rejected as it was underpriced, and wanted to squeeze more out of Danone.

On 3 April 2007, the war of words started with an article on Xinhua's website entitled "Wahaha victim of low-ball buyout by Danone" which stated that the board had rejected Danone's attempt at a "hostile takeover" of Wahaha for ¥4 billion. The article was written by a Xinhua journalist to whom Zong had given an "internal reference" document in the hopes of influencing political leaders on the fate of Wahaha.

On 10 April, Danone issued a statement implying that Zong was in breach of his agreement with Danone by having entered into joint ventures with other partners with rights to use the brand. Zong had been accused of selling identical products using the Wahaha brand outside of the joint ventures, and Danone demanded a 51% stake in these. Danone sent a warning letter to Zong, in his capacity as the chairman of the Wahaha joint ventures, giving 30 days for WHH to stop illegally selling products under Wahaha trademark without proper authorization.

Zong said that Emmanuel Faber had personally authorised the setting up of the units outside the scope of the joint ventures. Danone concedes that in around 2003, it allowed Zong to become a minority partner in businesses that made Wahaha products outside their joint-venture structure, apparently because local governments often preferred to have Zong personally as a partner. By 2005, Danone realized Zong controlled as many as 20 external businesses making drinks, and claims these represented approximately 25% of Wahaha products. Danone estimates that Zong had established in excess of 80 unauthorised companies using the WHH brandname between 2001 and 2006.

Zong set up externally owned factories to produce products identical to WHH, and Danone alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.

Danone, which had apparently been relying on the WHH distribution network to sell Danone brand products, also found itself being the victim of mis-channelling. Since the dispute has erupted, distributors and employees have come out in support of Zong, calling for a boycott of Danone products.

Legal moves
While Danone has been seeking justice against HWG and Chairman Zong in the international arena, Wahaha has embroiled Danone in multiple attacks at a local subsidiary-level. Political leaders from both countries have called for an amicable solution to the dispute.

Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on 9 May. On 4 June, Danone filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd, as well as Zong's wife and daughter who run the two companies. Ever Maple Trading Ltd is the controlling shareholder of Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage, which is the parent company of Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales for damages of US$100 million. Zong resigned as chairman of the joint ventures on 5 June 2007.

However, WHH challenges whether the joint-ventures have title to the WHH brand. Application for arbitration of the dispute with Danone over the trademark had been made to the Hangzhou Arbitration Committee, and was accepted on 17 June.

In August 2007, Hangzhou Wahaha Foods Co, the leading joint venture company, sued the State Trademark Bureau over what it claims was "improper administrative behavior" in 1996 and 1997. However, the case was withdrawn because it fell outside the statute of limitations.

Danone filed claims against 10 companies believed linked to Wahaha in Samoa and the British Virgin Islands. The High Court of the British Virgin Islands placed eight companies registered there into receivership and froze their assets on 9 November. It was reported on 22 November that the assets of two Samoan registered entities were frozen and put into receivership under the order of the Supreme Court of Samoa; Danone won arbitration in Stockholm.

On 10 November, the Hangzhou Arbitration Committee ruled on the technicality that Danone had failed to appeal against its decision not to approve the transfer within the allotted time. The Wahaha labor union, citing fears of some 300 job-losses, also joined the legal fight against Danone. The union accused Danone of holding shares in companies that compete against the two big companies' 39 joint ventures.

On 21 December, under political pressure from the respective governments, Danone and the Chinese partner agreed to suspend their legal battle and resume negotiations.

Cultural issues
Whilst the surrender of 51% to two foreign partners may have appeared not to interfere with control of the company, Zong resented the takeover of Wahaha by stealth. This is manifested in Zong's nationalistic defense against Danone. Zong occasionally used expressions like "unequal treaties", which are a throwback to the colonial era. However, the Chinese press points out that Zong employs offshore tax havens, and that his daughter is a resident in the United States.

The restrictions contained in contracts and regulations considerably cramped the entrepreneurial style of Zong, who complained of limits the control structure placed on him. "Most of the decisions had to be approved by Danone board members at board meetings once every quarter. How you want me to run the business under such conditions?" The greater maturity in the company has made Zong feel he needs his foreign partner less.

Marketing strategy/investment issues
The differing marketing choices of the groups contributed to the conflict. Zong is resentful that Danone was happy just to sit back and collect money, and wanted to stop him from investing: "Whenever we wanted to expand the business, they said no. They refused to invest more. But they let us spend the money and then when the ventures made money they wanted in," he says.

Outside the joint venture structure were "a batch of companies which served the old impoverished areas of the west, and in the Three Gorges area. Danone had no desire to be there, but they turned out profitable".

Future Cola was another example: Zong decided to proceed with the launch of a cola in 1998, against the express wishes of Danone. It was tolerated because Qin Peng defended the contribution it made to the joint venture's profits.

Conflicts of interest
Zong now controls a significant number of companies which make and sell products competing with the joint venture in its markets. Amongst others, Zong controls Hangzhou Xiushan Shunfa Packaging Co. which makes WHH branded products, and WHHFBSC, which is a parallel distribution company.

Interpreting a clause in the JV agreement that the foreign partner must endeavour not to act in detriment to the interests of the JV, Zong is upset that Danone acquired sizeable stakes in many of its competitors, namely China Huiyuan Juice Group, Shenzhen Health Food, Bright Dairy & Food., and a 49% joint venture with Mengniu.

WHH principally objects to Danone's role as owner since 2001 of its largest competitor, Guangdong Robust Group (乐百氏(广东)饮用水有限公司), which is a 92% owned subsidiary, and Shanghai Aquarius Drinking Water Ltd (上海正广和饮用水有限责任公司), in which it holds 50%. Zong protested to Danone in the year following Danone's acquisition of Robust, when Wahaha allegedly lost 80 million yuan (US$10.5 million).

In July 2007, Shenyang Industrial Development Co. (沈阳陵东实业发展总公司), who holds a 5% stake in Shenyang Wahaha Drinks Co, filed in the local courts against Danone nominated director since 1996, Qin Peng (秦鹏), for being a director of some twenty competing entities without board approval.

The final straw
A Commerce Department official who was asked for comment said he believed the dispute was not inherently commercial nor contractual, but was more to do with "fault".

An article published in Caijing in May 2007 hinted that there may have been impropriety: Profits were siphoned off into factories and other external ventures in breach of the joint venture agreement; shareholdings were shuffled around to the detriment of other shareholders.

Although Danone may have offered to buy out the external ventures for the quoted ¥4 billion, this payment was considered an olive-branch to end the irregularities. In failing to obtain a follow-through, and in the light of a media assault by Zong, Danone had run out of options for an amicable solution to the dispute.

The dispute took on a personal dimension when Danone filed in Los Angeles against his wife and 25-year-old daughter, who represented interests which owned the external ventures. Zong accused Danone of trying to destroy his family.

In 2009, Danone Group exited the joint venture by selling their 51% stake in Wahaha Group to Wahaha Group for an estimated $500 million.

Timeline

 * 28 March 1996, joint venture agreement signed
 * 1998, Peregrine collapsed, Groupe DANONE becomes majority owner.
 * December 2006, Danone and Zong allegedly signed a deal allowing Danone to buy out the companies "external" to the JV operations
 * January 2007 Zong denounces deal
 * 9 April 2007 Danone sent a warning letter to the chairman of the Wahaha joint ventures, giving 30 days for WHH to stop illegally selling products under Wahaha trademark without proper authorization
 * 11 April Zong accuses Danone of "hostile takeover" of Wahaha
 * 9 May, Danone filed a suit in Stockholm.
 * 4 June, Danone filed suit in Los Angeles against several parties connected to Zong for damages of US$100 million.
 * 5 June, Zong resigned as chairman of the joint ventures
 * 17 June, Hangzhou Arbitration Committee accepts application for arbitration
 * 22 June Chinese partners on joint venture board refuse to endorse appointment of Emmanuel Faber as chairman to replace Zong
 * 12 July, lawyers representing Danone hold press conference accusing Zong of using forgery to set up offshore companies
 * 9 November, the High Court of the British Virgin Islands placed Golden Dynasty Enterprise Ltd, Gold Factory Developments Ltd, Platinum Net Ltd, Sunworld Enterprises Ltd, Great Base International Ltd, Bountiful Gold Trading Ltd, Ever Maple Trading Ltd and Wintell Enterprises Ltd. into receivership and froze their assets
 * 14 November (or 21?), Mega Source Investments Ltd and Honour Bright Investments Ltd, were frozen and put into receivership by the Supreme Court of Samoa

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wahaha Joint Venture Company


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Anders Örbom

Anders Örbom (9 May 1675 – 25 May 1740) was a captain in the Swedish Army who was at the Surrender at Perevolochna and taken to Siberia as a prisoner of war for 13 years.

Biography
Örbom was born in Örebro, Sweden on 9 May 1675 to a man named Brask, who was a district court judge in Örebro. The record of his birth has not been found in Örebro, he may have been born without a family name, only a patronym, and was assigned a family name when he became a soldier. He joined the regiment of Närke in 1691, where Örebro is located. In this regiment, Örbom was already a common soldier's name, and his predecessor on his first military position was also called Örbom.

He took part in the campaign at Humlebäck on Zealand, a Danish island where Copenhagen is located, in 1700. On 7 July 1701 he left camp, and on 9 July 1701 he crossed the Düna River in Riga in Ukraine. There they conquered the Saxony troops and took about 700 prisoners. He fought in the Battle of Klissow on 7 July 1702, and the Battle of Pułtusk on 21 April 1703. He participated in the Battle of Reusch-Lemberg in 1704, and the Battle of Fraustadt on 3 February 1706, and was promoted to lieutenant with Jämtland Ranger Regiment. He participated, on 4 July 1708, in the Battle of Holowczyn. He was wounded with a bullet to the face. The bullet remained lodged in his skull the remainder of his life. He also participated in the Battle of Lakowitz.

Capture
He was captured on the Dnieper River in Ukraine on 1 July 1709, and was taken to Siberia as a prisoner-of-war along with other officers during the Surrender at Perevolochna. All the soldiers were executed, and the officers were imprisoned in Siberia. He married Anna Elisabeth Von Rohr (1701–1744) on 5 September 1719 in Solikamsk, Siberia, Russia. Anna's father was Joakim von Rohr, Lieutenant Colonel and Commander of Dalarö fortress, the military fortress east of Stockholm, on the Baltic. Her mother was Katarina Charlotta Klingenberg. Together Anders and Elisabeth had their first child in Siberia:
 * Anders Örbom II (1720–1783), who was a captain in the Swedish Army, married Christina Ruuth (1727–1781).

Return from Siberia
Anders returned home to Sweden in 1721 or 1722 after 13 years of imprisonment. He was promoted to cavalry captain with Jämtland's cavalry company, and in 1727 became squadron chief. He lived in Brunflo and later Rödön. He had the following additional children:
 * Carl Joachim Örbom (1722–1810) a captain of the Swedish Army who married Beata Dorothea von Saltza (1721–1764)
 * Erik Johan Örbom (1723–1802) a major in the Jämtland Regiment who married Helena Ruuth (1729–1802). One son assumed the name Ruuth instead of Örbom and still has descendants with that name.
 * Anna Catharina Örbom (1725-1784) married 1st to Nils Oldenberg, 2nd to Karl Bange, 1717-1784
 * Gustaf Örbom I (1728–1730)
 * Charlotta Örbom (1730-1755)
 * Gustaf Örbom II (1732–1807) a captain in the Swedish Army who married Sophia Lovisa Winnberg (1744–1807)
 * Christopher Örbom (1735–1828) a captain in the Swedish Army who married Eva Maria Strandqvist (1776-1863)
 * Sara Elisabeth Örbom (1736-1814) married Karl Henrik Lemberg (1745-1809)
 * Petrus Örbom (1738-?) a lieutenant in the Swedish Army

Death
Captain Anders Örbom died on 25 May 1740 and was buried in Rödön, Sweden on 5 June 1740.

Timeline

 * 1675 Birth in Örebro, Sweden
 * 1691 Joins military at age 16
 * 1706 Promoted to lieutenant in Jämtland Ranger Regiment at age 31
 * 1709 Taken to Siberia as a prisoner-of-war during the Battle of Poltava at age 34
 * 1740 Died in Rödön

title: Anders Örbom


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File:The Gilded Palace of Sin.jpg

Cover of The Gilded Palace of Sin, 1969 debut album of The Flying Burrito Brothers

title: File:The Gilded Palace of Sin.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Militarisation of Space

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Militarisation of space. -Splash 02:15, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Militarisation of Space
This page exists as the introduction to what looks to be a POV original research / crystal ball article. I really don't see anything NPOV arising out of this that wouldn't be better suited to an existing article like spy satellites. Delete. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 20:44:00, 2005-08-28 (UTC)
 * Delete crystal ball. --TheMidnighters 20:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Kappa. --TheMidnighters 21:21, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all content but save as a stub -- the milit. of space is a real thing, and not the same as (but related to) spy satellites. Paul Klenk 21:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Militarisation of space Kappa 21:13, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Except -- what is it? AFAIK, there is no militari(z)ation of space apart from spy satellites.  Isn't space a weapons-free zone per some treaty or other? I don't disagree with a redirect in principle save that I don't see any content to redirect to.

— Lomn | Talk / RfC 23:55:41, 2005-08-28 (UTC)
 * Lomn, militarisation of space is about how nations are becoming more and more interested in space weaponry and space defense mechanisms. It was the Collaboration of the Week last week, so it is actually notable.   ral  315  17:51, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect per Kappa. Sdedeo 21:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, no merge. Andrew pmk | Talk 21:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Kappa. Penelope D 21:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, no merge.  ral  315  17:51, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Kappa. Militarization of space is very real. Cmadler 14:39, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Mercy Graves (TV version).jpg

title: File:Mercy Graves (TV version).jpg


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FoxyTunes

FoxyTunes was a browser extension allowing control of media players from the web browser window. The company that developed FoxyTunes was bought by Yahoo! in 2008, and FoxyTunes was closed in 2013.

History
In 2004 computer science graduate student Alex Sirota was making Foxytunes available for free and accepting donations. The company behind Foxytunes was founded in 2005 by Vitaly and Alex Sirota with private investors and subsequently acquired by Yahoo! on February 4, 2008, for what was understood to be over US$30000000, Yahoo! retaining the Foxytunes branding. On June 28, 2013, Yahoo! announced FoxyTunes's closure, scheduled for July 1, 2013. At its peak FoxyTunes was available in over 30 languages.

Software
Foxytunes was controlled by a toolbar interface which was installed on the web browser.

Supported web browsers and other applications included Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, SeaMonkey, Mozilla Application Suite, Flock and Mozilla Thunderbird. The extension supported the normal media player functions and displayed currently playing track information. In 2007 the FoxyTunes Planet rich media front page was launched. Additionally, the extension allowed searching various Web sites to get images, lyrics, videos, biographies etc. related to the music being played.

The presentation of the toolbar interface could be altered by a skin extension. This allowed a user to select from alternative presentations of the toolbar which had alternative characteristics of colors, layout, size and collapsed state.

Supported players
FoxyTunes supported more than 30 desktop and web-based media players on a diverse variety of platforms.

 * Microsoft Windows:
 * Apollo media player
 * The Core Media Player
 * dBpoweramp Audio Player:
 * foobar2000
 * iTunes
 * JetAudio
 * JRiver Media Center
 * Last.fm
 * MediaMonkey
 * Media Player Classic
 * musikCube
 * Musicmatch Jukebox
 * Spotify
 * Songbird
 * Sonique
 * Quintessential Player
 * Pandora
 * RealPlayer
 * UltraPlayer
 * VLC media player
 * Winamp
 * Windows Media Player
 * Yahoo! Music Jukebox / Yahoo! Music Engine
 * Zinf

 * Linux systems:
 * XMMS
 * Beep Media Player
 * Noatun
 * JuK
 * Amarok
 * Music Player Daemon
 * Rhythmbox

 * Mac OS X:
 * iTunes

 * Online services
 * Yahoo! News
 * Yahoo! Music
 * Twitter with TwittyTunes

Reception
FoxyTunes Version 1.0 was reviewed in 2004 by ExtremeTech, in 2005 by Ynet, by Tony Hoffman in "The Best Free Software (2007)" in PCMag and Preston Gralla in PCWorld. It was Claudine Beaumont's favourite in her 2008 article "Firefox 3: Top ten extensions" in The Telegraph. Haaretz reported in 2008 that it had been downloaded by 8 million users. It was reviewed in 2009 by download.com and Softpedia. In 2010 in How-To Geek. In 2011 by Chris Wiles at TechAdvisor /Macworld, and Ghacks.

title: FoxyTunes


text:
John Henry McConnell

John Henry McConnell (August 18, 1862 in Granton, Canada West – March 26, 1944 in Hamiota, Manitoba ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1914 to 1922, as a member of the Liberal Party.

The son of John McConnell and Catherine Delaney, McConnell was educated at common school in St. Mary's, Ontario. He first worked on a farm and then came to Manitoba in 1882. He acquired a Dominion Lands Act homestead in the Hamiota area which he later sold to purchase property in Winnipeg. After eight years in the wood business, McConnell entered the lumber business at Hamiota. He worked as an implement agent, auctioneer, undertaker and real estate agent. In 1887, he married Minnie Ann Brown. During his political career, McConnell lived in Hamiota. In religion, he was a Presbyterian.

He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 provincial election, in the riding of Saskatchewan. He lost to Conservative candidate William Ferguson by fifteen votes. He ran again in the 1914 election, and defeated Ferguson by 398 votes in the renamed Hamiota constituency. The election was won by Rodmond Roblin's Conservatives, and McConnell sat in the legislature as a member of the opposition.

The Roblin administration was forced to resign amid a serious corruption scandal in 1915. Another general election was held in August 1915, which the Liberals won with a landslide majority. McConnell was easily re-elected, and served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Tobias Norris's government.

The Liberals were reduced to a minority government in the 1920 provincial election, amid the rise of organized farmer and labour groups. McConnell was personally re-elected in Hamiota, defeating Ferguson by 347 votes. He ran again in the 1922 election, but lost to Thomas Wolstenholme of the United Farmers of Manitoba by 403 votes.

He died in Hamiota at the age of 81.

title: John Henry McConnell


text:
Albert K. Cohen

Albert Kircidel Cohen (June 15, 1918 – November 25, 2014) was a prominent American criminologist. He is known for his Subcultural Theory of delinquent urban gangs, including his influential book Delinquent Boys: Culture of the Gang. He has served as Vice President of the American Society of Criminology from 1984–1985 and in 1993 he received the society's Edwin H. Sutherland award.

Work
Albert Cohen was a student of Talcott Parsons and wrote a Ph.D. under his inspiration. Parsons and Cohen continued to correspond also after Cohen left Harvard. In his 1955 work, Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang, Cohen wrote about delinquent gangs and suggested in his theoretical discussion how such gangs attempted to "replace" society's common norms and values with their own sub-cultures. He proposed two basic ideologies, the first of which is called status frustration.

Status frustration is directed mainly to the young people of lower classes. There is no parallel between their own social realities and the rest of society's promoted goals. They become frustrated at the disadvantages and inequalities that they face, and this leads to Cohen's second principle; reaction formation.

Reaction formation is the reaction from status frustration, and the young men of the lower classes find themselves replacing their society's norms and values with alternative ones. I.e. instead of working hard being the common goal for respect, it may become a delinquent act like who commits the most vandalism to gain the respect. This provides the group with a sense of values and status which they cannot receive from the larger society. It is a process which allows the members of the groups to adapt to their own exclusion from society. Unlike Merton's strain theory, Cohen holds the view that the reaction to status frustration is a collective response rather than an individual one.

This theory accounts for the increasing rates of non-utilitarian crime (vandalism, loitering and joyriding) in western societies. Although actions such as these do not provide monetary gain to the perpetrator, they come to hold value to members of the sub-culture. As such, becoming accessible means of achieving status and prestige among the individual's peer group.

Personal history
Albert Cohen graduated from Harvard University with honors in sociology in 1948.

title: Albert K. Cohen


text:
Casasola, Italy

Casasola is a village in Friuli-Venezia Giulia in northeast Italy. It is a località of the comune of Frisanco, in the province of Pordenone.

Geography
Casasola has only 40 inhabitants, compared to 450 at its peak in the 1850s. It lies in the Val Colvera.

History
Casasola was founded in 1480 by Luca and Marco di Rosa (hence the root name Rosa which continues to be the family name of most of the families from Casasola) from the town of Maniago, approximately 8 km away. Luca was Marco's uncle and their purpose for moving (with their families) to the area at the base of Monte Raut was likely to make charcoal. They eventually built one large house with stone walls for their families and this house led to the naming of the village of Casasola, which means one house.

No other houses were built for over 50 years and the first small church, in honour of St. Oswald, was built in 1580. By this date, the different Rosa families were being distinguished with surnames stemming from their location in the village or other characteristics. For example, the Rosa-Tezza came from a family of weavers (tezza). The Rosa-Bernardins named all their first born Bernardo. The Rosa-Del-Vecchio had an exceptionally old grandfather.

There are numerous stories about happenings in the Val Colvera that are the same or similar to many other villages and regions. One interesting example is the Inquisition trials in 1648–50 claiming the existence of witches from the village of Poffabro who would perform their rituals in the "Plan di Malgustat" behind the peak of Monte Raut. Three local women were actually tried and sent to jail in Venice but fortunately were later found to be innocent.

The current Church of San Oswaldo was begun in 1650 and expanded in 1730 and again a century later. The Campanile was started in 1772 and completed in 1779. By the 18th century most of the able men would travel to the Istria region to work as lumberjacks, attesting to the lack of paid work close to home and insufficient local resources to provide for the growing population.

Casasola, while a small mountain village of little consequence,(except for its inhabitants) was affected by the flow of history as with all other villages and towns in Friuli. The French Revolution and Napoleon led to the end of the Venetian rule in the area and to battles in the region with the Habsburg Empire. The campaign for Italian unification during the 1850s and 1860s as well as the events of World War II divided families on both sides of the conflict but they eventually continued to live together once the main events were over. Much of the Italian campaign during World War I was fought in Friuli and the Austrian and German forces overran the region in 1917.

The village changed dramatically after earthquakes devastated the Friuli region in May 1976. Many of the older homes were demolished and the remaining homes were modernized. The dwindling population also led to the closing of the school in the 1960s with the children being first sent to the school in Frisanco and then all the children from the Comune being sent to school in Maniago. Another landmark, the "bottega", (bar and small grocery store) was closed with the passing of Sante Rosa-del-Vecchio(b. 1926) in 2006.

It has always been a village of emigrants with many former "Cjasasolins" living in the US, Canada, South America, France, Switzerland etc.

title: Casasola, Italy


text:
File:Sainttrophimesaints.jpg

Saints from facade of St. Trophime photographed by Jeremy J. Shapiro.

title: File:Sainttrophimesaints.jpg


text:
Rocklin High School

Rocklin High School is a public high school in Rocklin, California a northeastern suburb located near Sacramento, California. It is one of three high schools in Rocklin Unified School District.

Instrumental music
As of 2018, the following music courses are offered and taught by Tom Douglass
 * Concert Band
 * Symphonic Band
 * Wind Ensemble
 * String Orchestra
 * Guitar Lab
 * Piano Lab
 * Jazz Band
 * AP Music Theory

Both Band and Orchestra have gone on trips to Hawaii and Southern California and performed at various Jazz Festivals and Band Festivals and have won countless awards.

Choir

 * Concert Choir (Non-Auditioned SSAA Ensemble open to any Female student at RHS)
 * Advanced Women's Ensemble (Auditioned Ensemble open to any female student at RHS)
 * Chamber Choir (Auditioned SATB Choral Ensemble)
 * Men's Chorale (Non-Auditioned Ensemble open to any RHS male singer) Returning to RHS 2014/15 School Year
 * Thunder Choir (Combined Choirs performing at concerts and festivals)

RHS Directors of a Vocal and Choral Activities Participation in the two advanced choirs, Advanced Women's Ensemble and Chamber Choir, is by audition only. RHS choirs perform in various school and community events, and have achieved both gold and silver levels at Heritage Music Festivals. In 2004 RHS Gone Choir was one of seven choirs chosen from around the nation to perform as the National Youth Choir at Carnegie Hall in New York City under the direction of renowned choral conductor Paul Salamunovich. In addition, RHS Honor Choir was one of the two top choirs chosen to perform on its own. In 2010, RHS Chamber Choir took home gold recognition and placed third overall at Heritage Music Festivals. The Advanced Women's Ensemble also received gold recognition and placed first in their category. The choirs at RHS have also had opportunities to perform in Hawaii, San Francisco, Los Angeles, as well as performing with the Vancouver Philharmonic Orchestra in Vancouver, Canada in 2002.
 * David Dick (1993–1997)
 * Ken Harned (1997–1998)
 * Maryann Spiess (1998–2000)
 * Shawn Spiess (2000–2004)
 * Meredith Hawkins (2004–2013)
 * Shawn Spiess (2013–Present)

Theatre
Rocklin High School offers four theatre classes: Theatre I is an introductory theatre course. Theatre II/III is an intermediate, two-year course with a curriculum that alternates every other year. Theatre IV is the advanced theatre class. Technical theatre focuses on the "behind-the-scenes" aspect of theatre, including set building. Traditionally, three theatrical productions are performed each year: the Fall Play, the Winter Musical, and the Spring Comedy. The Theatre IV class participates in the Lenaea Festival at California State University, Sacramento. Cindy Toepke has taught the classes since the school first opened.

Dance
Four levels of Dance classes are offered, and a course in partner (ballroom) dancing. There is a performing Dance Team (previously called "Rhythm in Blue").

Other achievements
Rocklin High has an award-winning engineering program. Students used to compete annually in the SkillsUSA competitions, and have earned gold medals at the Regional, State, and National levels.

The 2005–2006 Rocklin High Yearbook placed first in the 2006 NSPA Nashville Convention Best-In-Show for the 325+ page category.

It 2007, Rocklin's theatre four class won eight separate awards at the Lenaea Festival held at California State University, Sacramento.

Administration
Rocklin High School has had five principals since it was established in 1993:
 * Phil Spears 1993–2000
 * Debra Hawkins 2000–2005
 * Michael Garrison 2005–2011
 * David Bills 2011–2015
 * Davis Stewart 2015-

David Bills stepped down as principal, and was replaced by an interim principal in January 2015. Davis Stewart took over as principal in the 2015–2016 school year.

Notable alumni

 * Alexandra Tyler - Miss April 2015 Playboy Playmate
 * Chase Baker- NFL player
 * Logan Webb - MLB pitcher for the San Francisco Giants
 * Nick Mears- MLB Pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates

title: Rocklin High School


title: User:G5Power


text:
User talk:Idavid1com

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

PS. It's good to sign your comments on talk pages, but be sure to not include your signature in articles. Friday (talk) 20:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Idavid1com


text:
Talk:Gallium arsenide

GaMnAs
The article says that GaMnAs is an "important magnetic semicnductor". Whilst I appreciated dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) such as GaMnAs and GaMnSb are potentially quite useful technologically, I don't know of any device where they are currently being used, for the simple reason that the Curie temperatures of DMS materials are well below room temperature, with some below liquid nitrogen. I have therefore, removed this sentence until someone with more information on GaMnAs can write something more substantial. --Lateralis (talk) 08:50, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Growth Processes?
This article states that it is difficult to grow GaAs via Czochralksi techniques, and that Bridgeman is used instead.... This is certainly not true for semi-insulating GaAs, which is most definitely grown by Czochralski methods! And since semi-insulating GaAs is basically really really pure GaAs, I would imagine that normal GaAs can be grown by this technique as well. Of course, since its mechanical properties are poorer, wafers of smaller diameters than, for example Si, could be grown, but I am sure it is still a viable technique. Anybody know anything else about this issue so we can put some more information on the page? Mike 18:41, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Electronic properties
It would be nice if this site contained the electronic properties of GaAs. For example it would be usefull to have the electron and nuclei's g-factors (lande factor) for this material. These are usefull qualities when considering qunatum dot's.  JaM'S

I once toasted an array of near UV LEDs by having a voltage much to high connected to it. It smelled funny - could this smell have been gallium arsenide? Thanks, --Abdull 20:47, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

yea prob was, get high off that shit  --unknown

What you smelled was probably a combination of arsine and metal vapor from the contacts. Arsine smells faintly like garlic and leaves a metallic taste in your mouth. And most people who know what it smells like are dead. -- 128.111.74.89 (talk) 00:17, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

The band gap at 300K is possibly wrong. This paper: gives a different value of 1.424 eV at 297K (page R146, right side) and a value of 1.423 eV @300 K if you calculate it from the given formula (page R155, right side, upper paragraph). The reference given on the main article page however is rather cryptic and dubious in my eyes. --unknown physicist 192.53.103.119 (talk) 11:41, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

RE: Standard Cheminfo table and Electronic Properties
When I updated the table I left this there - does anyone think it should be in its own section in the article or left there?
 * Ryan Jones 21:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it looks good there. The only interest people really have in GaAs is due to its electronic properties, so I think it deserves a place in the table. Thanks for updating the table, it looks good! Walkerma 07:10, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Oxidation number
Um, isn't GaAs gallium(III) arsenide? I don't think gallium forms any stable compounds in the +2 oxidation state. —Keenan Pepper 14:21, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course it is gallium(III) arsenide, but more simply known as plain old gallium arsenide. There is no stable substance gallium(II) arsenide. Jaraalbe 21:40, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Someone knows GaAs dielectric constant? Would be useful.
 * 192.167.204.12 08:08, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That varies, the static dielectric constant is 12.85, whereas the high frequency dielectric constant is 10.88. Look it up in . --unknown physicist 192.53.103.119 (talk) 12:16, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Price
Whats the price of Galium Arsnide? I'm interested in comparing it with silicon. Fresheneesz 23:42, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Production
Could we have a paragraph on how gallium arsenide is produced?

Work Function
Can anyone post the work function of GaAs under normal conditions? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.84.45.160 (talk) 15:19, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Pic
With all due respect, the pic is nonsensical. It shows a device of some kind, on a substrate of some kind. Nothing much to do with GaAs. Maybe a color picture of a boule, a chunk of crystal, or a wafer would be nice. Someone who has access non-copy right protected pic? There are countless pics on countless sites out there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.130.66.196 (talk) 22:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Silicon or GaAs advantages?
The last line in the Si advantages (which is currently "Unlike silicon cells, GaAs cells are relatively insensitive to heat. On the other hand, GaAs has an absorptivity so high it requires a cell only a few micrometers thick to absorb sunlight (crystalline silicon requires a layer 100 micrometers or more thick)") is very confusing. It sounds like it's talking about the advantages of GaAs, not Si. It should be moved, removed, or at least it should be made clear that this is about GaAs advantages, and why. AngusCA (talk) 20:11, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Tweaked. Materialscientist (talk) 04:59, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It still needs a bit of help. It seems to be talking about GaAs in a photoelectric cell. Is that it? The problem is that the explanation of the advantage (if that's what it is) needs to be closer to the bottom-line. AngusCA (talk) 17:48, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Absorptivity? It seems there is some ccnfusion here. Again maybe too much photovoltaic-centric. Firstly, higher absorptivity results in thinner material requirement, not the other way around. 0.1 mm vs a few microns? It is also a matter of what wavelength. Where Si absorbs, GaAs is transparent! Wrong comparison. I will get back to this later. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.229.112.98 (talk) 23:28, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

What to say about about GaAs advantages in POET
Hello, I have recently been researching a company using GaAs as their primary materiel for a unique process they call POET (Planar Opto Electronic Technology). I have created a Wiki for their company with the purpose of creating a fact based page listing their patents, its benefits over CMOS, how it could be a solution to the bottle neck of Moore's law, how it could save outdated Semiconductor Fabs that are going to become outdated and so on. they have worked with NASA, the US Air force, The NAVY and have a partnership with BEA systems so this is likely some thing we are going to see enter into the world of electronics in the near future. Their lead scientist Dr. Geoff Taylor was recently invited to present the Process at the Empire Club of Canada a forum of fairly prestigious renown. Any ways. Would any of you object to me entering a brief description of its benefits over Silicon in this section of the GaAs Wiki? POET Wiki Thank you for your consideration. MJB 02:39, 1 September 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JordanBaldwin (talk • contribs)
 * I came across Poetic Process Could Extend the End of Moore’s Law. May 2014 but do we have sources saying what transistor types and logic will be used, or what advantages it will have over other GaAs chips ? - Rod57 (talk) 07:31, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Use in spintronics
Hi guys. I found some new information on what people are doing with GaAs and am wondering if the Gurus around here would like to add it to this section of the Article? GaAs Forms Basis Of Tunable Spintronics Link MJB an imagination of little renown 23:11, 1 September 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JordanBaldwin (talk • contribs)
 * no guru available, so I've added ===Spin-charge converters=== at the end of ==Other applications==. - Rod57 (talk) 07:23, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

First computer
The earliest GaAs computer that I'm aware of is the 4-bit prototype that the engineers working on Reagan's Star Wars project made. I think this is worth mentioning (or the real first one, if that wasn't it) because the article gives the impression that Cray did it first.

Otherwise this is a very good article. Unlike a lot of others at this level of esotericism, which are a lot of shop talk, this one respects WP:PCR well. AngusCA (talk) 20:25, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Would it be possible to provide reference for the earliest GaAs computer? Or better say, just amend the article, with reference(s). Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 04:59, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * If you're talking to me: no. Like I said, the Star Wars prototype is the earliest one I'm aware of. I don't know what the absolute earliest one is, I just know that the Star Wars prototype pre-dates whatever Cray came up w/in the 90s. AngusCA (talk) 17:51, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * might be the thing to look in.--Stone (talk) 18:02, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I've updated this bit in the article. Thanks to AngusCA and Stone. Materialscientist (talk) 01:51, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Relative abundancy
Si is highly abundant in the Earth's crust

But what is the abundance of Ga and As? Are these rare? Or just less common than Si? Maury Markowitz (talk) 14:41, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

 * refer to the article Abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Plantsurfer (talk) 08:42, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

GaAs color
As for gallium arsenide's color, I was working with a GaAs wafer last week, (measuring carrier lifetimes), and I noticed it had a very slight purplish color. Not like an eggplant; very slight but noticable, like tantalum if you have ever seen it. I thought it would be good to add what the material looks like compared with silicon or gallium nitride. 71.139.160.159 (talk) 06:43, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Unclear sentence and carcinogenic properties
This is a good article. I like the comparison of Si and GaAs in particular.

1. "With the changing of the band gap (0.4 nm/K) an algorithm calculates the temperature (all 250 ms)".

I find this sentence unclear. What's the meaning of "all 250 ms"?

2. "California lists gallium arsenide as a carcinogen, and it is considered a known carcinogen in animals. However, there is no evidence for a primary carcinogenic effect of GaAs."

What's the point of classifying GaAs as carcinogen if there is no evidence? I assume there is no scientific proof.

ICE77 (talk) 15:54, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

Too much on Silicon advantages
Inappropriate in an article on GaAs. Should recast as GaAs weaknesses v Si ? Could merge the two sections and discuss GaAs and Si (and others) by property/characteristic ? - Rod57 (talk) 07:08, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Oxidative state Gallium
In the main article it states that Gallium has a 3+ oxidative in this compound. I am pretty sure this wrong. If you look at the crystal structure you can see that each gallium and arsenic atom have 4 bonds (can also not be explained by pure covalent bonds). This cannot be explained by 3+ oxidative state nor can it explain it semi-conductor capabilities. If more people agree, I will remove that line. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bonnom (talk • contribs) 09:16, 11 September 2018 (UTC)
 * The gallium has a formal charge of -1. Arsenic is more elctronegative than gallium, so each of the four covalent bonds counts as the gallium completely donating an electron to the arsenic (because all bonds that are not between two atoms of the same element are counted as completely ionic when calculating oxidation states), so that is a +4 oxidation state by itself. However, one must subtract the -1 formal charge, which results in a +3 oxidation state. Care to differ or discuss with me? The Nth User 01:56, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

SMILES
The SMILES in the infobox does not represent the structure at all. I have been trying to create a better SMILES, but my attempts have not been rendering properly. (Removing the 3s from that example makes it render properly.) Can someone help me? Care to differ or discuss with me? The Nth User 01:38, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I attempted to incorporated my SMILES crystal structure for diamond for gallium arsenide. It did not go well. Please help if you can. Care to differ or discuss with me? The Nth User 02:07, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * tried to add my best guess for the SMILES, the depiction at CDK depict https://www.simolecule.com/cdkdepict/depict.html looks reasonable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SMILESmaster (talk • contribs) 11:12, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Section on Use in Transistors.
I deleted the second sentence since it was meaningless. But I would argue that the entire section be deleted, rewritten and re-referenced, since its reference is weak - an investment article, not a technical one. ExpatSalopian (talk) 02:03, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gallium arsenide


text: User talk:212.31.117.131

title: User talk:212.31.117.131


text:
George Szekeres

George Szekeres AM FAA (29 May 1911 – 28 August 2005) was a Hungarian–Australian mathematician.

Early years
Szekeres was born in Budapest, Hungary, as Szekeres György and received his degree in chemistry at the Technical University of Budapest. He worked six years in Budapest as an analytical chemist. He married Esther Klein in 1937. Being Jewish, the family had to escape from the Nazi persecution so Szekeres took a job in Shanghai, China. There they lived through World War II, the Japanese occupation and the beginnings of the Communist revolution.

Career
In 1948, he was offered a position at the University of Adelaide, Australia, that he gladly accepted. After all the troubles he had had, he began flourishing as a mathematician. In 1963, the family moved to Sydney, where Szekeres took a position at the University of New South Wales, and taught there until his retirement in 1975. He also devised problems for secondary school mathematical olympiads run by the university where he taught, and for a yearly undergraduate competition run by the Sydney University Mathematics Society.

Szekeres worked closely with many prominent mathematicians throughout his life, including Paul Erdős, his wife Esther, Pál Turán, Béla Bollobás, Ronald Graham, Alf van der Poorten, Miklós Laczkovich, and John Coates.

Honours

 * In 1968 he was the winner of the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal of the Australian Academy of Science.
 * In May 2001, a festschrift was held in honour of his ninetieth birthday at the University of New South Wales.
 * In January 2001 he was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal "for service to Australian society and science in pure mathematics".
 * In 2001, the Australian Mathematical Society created the George Szekeres Medal in his honour.
 * In June 2002, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) 'for service to mathematics and science, particularly as a contributor to education and research, to the support and development of the University of New South Wales Mathematics Competition and the Australian Mathematical Olympiad Team.'

Personal life
The so-called Happy Ending problem is an example of how mathematics pervaded George's life. During 1933, George and several other students met frequently in Budapest to discuss mathematics. At one of these meetings, Esther Klein proposed the following problem:
 * Given five points in the plane in general position, prove that four of them form a convex quadrilateral.

After allowing George, Paul Erdős, and the other students to scratch their heads for some time, Esther explained her proof. Subsequently, George and Paul wrote a paper (1935) that generalises this result; it is regarded as one of the foundational works in the field of combinatorial geometry. Erdős dubbed the original problem the "Happy Ending" problem because it resulted in George and Esther's marriage in 1937.

George and Esther died within an hour of each other on 28 August 2005 in Adelaide, South Australia.

title: George Szekeres


text: Category:Dutch songs

title: Category:Dutch songs


text:
Yarmouk University

Yarmouk University (جامعة اليرموك), also abbreviated YU, is a comprehensive public and state supported university located near the city centre of Irbid in northern Jordan. Since its establishment in 1976, it has been at the forefront of Jordanian and Middle Eastern universities. The University consists of 15 faculties offering 52 bachelor's degrees, 64 master's degrees, and 18 PhD Programs in different disciplines. The university also hosts 12 research and career centers.

As the Academic Year 2016/2017, the university had 1,004 faculty members and 1,597 staff with 34,651 students in all academic programs (31,282 Undergraduate, 2,807 Postgraduate and 562 Doctoral). In addition, there were around 5,000 international students from 50 different nations.

History
YU was established in 1976, and contains 15 faculties. Each year YU grants over 4000 Bachelor and Master Degrees. The university started with few number of faculty members; now it hosts 1,004 faculty, of which 260 are full professors, 239 associate professors, 278 assistant professors, and 227 lecturers.

Presidents

 * Prof. Islam Masad

Campus
YU campus is located near the city center of Irbid, the second largest city in Jordan. The campus consists of independent buildings for each faculty and administration unit.

Academics
There are fifteen faculties in the Yarmouk University that offer doctoral, graduate and undergraduate degrees, the medium of lectures, exams, and tuition depends in the faculty, scientific faculties use mainly English while other faculties use mainly Arabic, while Arabic is the main communication language in the university.

Scientific colleges
Faculty of Science: Hijjawi Faculty of Engineering Technology: Faculty of IT and Computer science: Faculty of Medicine
 * Yarmouk Univ. Library.JPGmatics
 * Physics
 * Chemistry
 * Biological Sciences
 * Statistics
 * Earth and Environment
 * Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Electronic Engineering
 * Power Engineering
 * Telecommunications Engineering
 * Architectural Engineering
 * Industrial Engineering
 * Computer Sciences
 * Computer Information Systems
 * Management Information Systems
 * Software Engineering
 * Network Security and Systems

Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences

Colleges of arts and humanity sciences

 * Faculty of Arts:
 * Arabic Language and Literature
 * English Language and Literature
 * Modern Languages
 * Semitic and Eastern Languages
 * Translation
 * History
 * Sociology and Social Work
 * Political Sciences
 * Geography
 * Faculty of Education:
 * Curriculum and Instruction
 * Administration and Foundations
 * Counseling and Ed. Psychology
 * Elementary Education
 * Faculty of Fine arts:
 * Fine Arts
 * Drama
 * Design
 * Music
 * Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences:
 * Economics
 * Accounting
 * Marketing
 * Finance and Banking
 * Public Administration
 * Business Administration
 * Faculty of Shari'a and Islamic Studies:
 * Fiqh
 * Usul Addin
 * Islamic studies
 * Islamic Economics&Banking
 * Faculty of Law:
 * Private law
 * Public law
 * Faculty of Physical Education:
 * Physical Education
 * Sport Science
 * Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology:
 * Archaeology
 * Anthropology
 * Epigraphy
 * 'Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management:'
 * Tourism
 * Conservation and Management of Cultural Resources
 * Faculty of Mass Communication:
 * Public Relations and Advertising
 * Journalism
 * Radio & Television

Deanships & Centers

 * Deanship of Student Affairs
 * Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies
 * The Language Center
 * Computer & Information Center
 * Faculty Development Center (FDC)
 * Queen Rania Center
 * Refugees & Displaced Persons & Migration Center
 * Center of Theoretical and Applied Physics Center
 * Speech and Hearing Center
 * The Jordanian Design Center (JDC)
 * Academic Entrepreneurship Center of Excellence
 * UNESCO Chair for Desert Studies and Desertification Control
 * Marine Science Station Center (MSS)

Yarmouk University Press
The university publishes journals that are internationally peer-reviewed journals, they are published in cooperation with the Jordanian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and other annual and semiannual periodicals:

 * Jordan Journal of Chemistry (LCCN 2006308967)
 * Jordan Journal physics
 * Jordan Journal of Mathematics and Statistics
 * Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature
 * Jordan Journal of Arts
 * Jordan Journal of Educational Sciences ()

Periodicals published by the university that include dissertations and masters thesis works:
 * 1) Abhath Al-Yarmouk (AYBSE).
 * 2) Abhath Al-Yarmouk (AYHSS).

Media
Yarmouk University has an FM radio station that broadcasts 24/7 at the frequency 105.7 FM. The station Yarmouk FM broadcasts news, music, political, social, and academic programs, and weather forecast. Yarmouk University has a newspaper that published periodically. The newspaper Sahafat Al-Yarmouk publish in the following topics:
 * news
 * music
 * political
 * social
 * academic programs

Notable alumni

 * Shireen Abu Akleh, journalist
 * Reham Al-Farra, diplomat and journalist murdered in suicide bombing
 * Emad Hajjaj, cartoonist.
 * Osama Hamdan, Palestinian senior representative of Hamas
 * Ahmad Hanandeh, Jordanian Minister of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship
 * Hanadi Jaradat, Palestinian suicide bomber
 * Yousef Shamali, Jordanian Minister of Industry, Trade and Supply
 * Nasser Shraideh, Jordanian Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs and Minister of State for Public Sector Modernisation

title: Yarmouk University


text:
Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has not always used ranks or insignia. In common with the practice of the Red Army at the time of its founding in 1927, neither were used until 1955 when a system of ranks was established. As a result of the Cultural Revolution, ranks were abolished in May 1965 (this led to a similar reform in Albania in the midst of the Albanian Cultural and Ideological Revolution). After the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, reforms in the PLA began to be made to professionalize the armed forces once more. The 1984 Military Service Law provided for the resumption of rank, but disagreements on what ranks were to be used and who would receive them caused the revival of rank to be delayed until 1988. The following ranks and their respective insignia shown are those used by the People's Liberation Army Ground Force.

PLAGF officers
The current system of officer ranks and insignia, a revision of the ranks and insignia established in 1955, began usage in 1988. The 1955 to 1965 marshal officer ranks of yuánshuài (5-star Marshal) and dà yuánshuài (6-star grand marshal) were not revived. The general officer ranks (jiang) were revised by the addition of semi-circular wreath at the bottom of the insignia and by a change in the name of the highest general officer rank from da jiang (4-star General) to yi ji shang jiang (4-star first class colonel general). This highest rank in the new system was never held and was abolished in 1994. The field officer (Xiao) and company officer (Wei) ranks were the same in title and insignia except that highest company-level officer rank of Da Wei in the 1955 to 1965 system was not included in the revived ranks. The final difference between the two systems is that in 1955 to 1965 there existed a warrant officer rank, Zhun Wei, which was not incorporated in the revived rank system, while new system had a rank for officer cadets, Xue Yuan. Despite being the rank below Shao Wei in both systems, the insignia have no similarities.

Officer rank names are usually not translated literally, but rather to a corresponding rank system. This can lead to different translations being used depending on the system chosen for the correspondences. The 1955–1965 system, with its greater number of officer ranks, is usually translated using the Soviet rank system of that era, while the modern officer ranks are usually given a NATO rank correspondence. For example, the non-literal translation used for the rank of Shang Jiang (literally "senior general") depends on whether one is comparing it to Soviet or Russian ranks (colonel general) or to British or U.S. ranks (general).

PLAGF other ranks personnel
The current system of other ranks and insignia dates from 2022.

Unlike NATO countries, new recruits of the People's Liberation Army have no military ranks before the boot camp is completed, and they will be awarded the rank of Private/Seaman Apprentice/Airman (All collectively called "Private" or "Lie Bing" in the Chinese language) after they have graduated from the boot camp. According to Article 16 of Chapter 3 of the "Regulations on the Service of Active Soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army", "The lowest enlisted rank is Private".

On February 27, 2022, the National People's Congress approved a new regulation which changes the previous Master sergeant fourth class(Chinese: 四级军士长) to Staff sergeant first class(Chinese: 一级上士).

Other military branches
The ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force generally has the same names, position and ranks as the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, and their insignia correspond except Air Force ranks are on a light blue background instead of green.

Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy also have corresponding insignia with a black background, but are only worn with the dress white uniforms, as only sleeve insignia are used in the dress blue uniform for officers, with other ranks retaining the shoulder board insignia.

1955–65 rank system
The PLA adopted ranks in 1955. The insignia used by officers from 1955 to 1965 by the PLA Ground Force were modelled on those used by the Soviet Army at the time and similar to the earlier Imperial Japanese Army on collar insignia, with the primary differences being the existence of an additional field officer rank, and the insignia of the highest general officer rank being four stars unlike the one large star used by the Soviet Armed Forces starting in 1963. The NCO insignia of that period showed Japanese influence with the use of stars on the collars with the specialty badge on the side. While general duties officers wore the shoulder board pattern shown below (gold and red), technical service officers sported white and red shoulder boards with their rank insignia. Ranks were abolished during the Cultural Revolution.

Timeline of change

 * Officer ranks

 * Other ranks


text: Category:Arab musicians

title: Category:Arab musicians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/EMC Stunt Team

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 15:22, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

EMC Stunt Team
Delete some form of nn vanity or cruft. Article does not assert notability, nor do 2 unique google hits: one from their site and a myspace. TheMidnighters 20:50, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 *  Delete.  Fact? Faction? Fantoid?  Hard to say.  Clearly not suitable for WP.   Paul Klenk 20:57, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:81.174.205.233

title: User talk:81.174.205.233


text:
Cyril Tawney

Cyril Tawney (12 October 1930 – 21 April 2005) was an English singer-songwriter and a proponent of the traditional songs of the Southwest of England (The West Country), as well as traditional and modern maritime songs.

Biography and notable works
Tawney was born in Gosport, Hampshire, England. Perhaps because of the family tradition of maritime service, Tawney joined the Royal Navy at the age of sixteen, serving for thirteen years, several of which were spent in submarines. During this period he developed his lifelong interest in English traditional music.

While still in the Navy in 1957, he performed on an Alan Lomax radio show broadcast on Christmas Day, Sing Christmas and the Turn of the Year. He appeared on television on the following Easter Sunday. It went well and soon he had a weekly television spot and a networked show, Watch Aboard. Encouraged by these successes, Tawney left the Navy early in 1959 to become a full-time professional musician and broadcaster. He earned his living in this way for 44 years, making him Britain's longest-standing professional folksinger.

Tawney continued to work in broadcasting and had a weekly radio show, Folkspin. Meanwhile, he researched the traditional songs of southwest England and 20th Century Royal Navy songs. In the early 1960s, he established his first folk club in Plymouth, where he met his wife Rosemary. He founded the West of England Folk Centre, and was instrumental in setting up folk clubs in other places in the region. He is often referred to as the founding father of the West Country folk revival.

His song "The Oggie Man" written in 1959, appeared on the album A Cold Wind Blows on the Elektra ’66 label. It reappeared in 1971 on the Decca Record Company Ltd album, The World of Folk. The song tells the story of the demise of the 'Oggie Man' from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, at a time when old-fashioned "fast food" was being replaced by the more modern purveyors of hot dogs (and all) (the "big boys" of the song). The Oggie Man had until that time offered his oggies (pasties) to sailors returning from sea, or from shore leave, from a box at the Albert Gate of the dock. It has been suggested that the sale of oggies here dated back to the 1700s.

The first verse of "Oggie Man" runs:

And the rain's softly falling and the Oggie man's no more. ''I can't hear him calling like I used to before I came through the gateway and I heard the sergeant say "The big boys are a coming, see their stands across the way" And the rains softly falling and the Oggie man's no more...

In addition to presenting traditional material, Tawney composed a number of his own songs, the majority being written when he was in the Royal Navy and relating to that period – for example, "Chicken on a Raft", which follows the call and response style of sea shanties. The song makes reference to an unpopular dish served in the Royal Navy, consisting of fried egg on fried bread and called "chicken on a raft." The chorus is as follows:

Chicken on a raft on a Monday morning, Oh, what a terrible sight to see, The Dabtoes forrard and the dustmen aft, Sittin' there a'pickin' at a chicken on a raft!

The song was recorded by The Young Tradition, on their 1967 EP also titled Chicken on a Raft. One of Tawney's other most popular original songs is "The Grey Funnel Line," also written about the Royal Navy. 'The Grey Funnel Line' was a nickname among Navy sailors for the Royal Navy, as if it were the same as any other shipping line. He wrote the song while serving abord the HMS Indefatigable, and reworked a verse from the American traditional song "Dink's Song" into the second verse of his song. "The Grey Funnel Line" has achieved enduring popularity, being covered by artists such as Lou Killen, The Clancy Brothers, Maddy Prior, June Tabor, The Longest Johns, Tom Lewis, and Jon Boden. It was even recorded by Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt and released on their album The Complete Trio Collection.

Tawney's song, "Sally Free And Easy", written in the late 1950s, was covered by numerous folk artists, including Carolyn Hester, Dorris Henderson and John Renbourn, Davey Graham, Pentangle, The Corries, Marianne Faithfull, Alan Stivell and Bob Dylan. The song is about an affair Tawney had with a girl who cheated on him. "'... and when he was out in Gibraltar during the war, he was in the submarine service and he had rather an unfortunate affair with a girl, who two-timed him and her name was Sally and he wrote a song about it called 'Sally Free and Easy'. – Roy Williamson, introducing the song on the album 'The Corries in Concert'"

Beginning in 1972, Tawney studied English and History at Lancaster University. After he graduated, he admitted to a master's degree from the Leeds University Institute of Dialect and Folklife Studies. In 1987, Tawney's book Grey Funnel Lines: Traditional Song and Verse of the Royal Navy 1900 to 1970, was published by Routledge.

Death and legacy
Tawney's last public performance was at Easter 2004, at the Lancaster Maritime Festival. He died of a bacterial infection at Exeter in 2005, after a long illness. Fellow English folk singer and maritime musician Tom Lewis wrote a tribute song to Tawney, titled "Cyril Said it All Before," honoring Tawney's significant influence on the traditional folk world.

Discography

 * The Outlandish Knight, 1969
 * Children's Songs from Devon and Cornwall, 1970
 * A Mayflower Garland, 1970
 * Down Among the Barley Straw, 1971 (first released 1976)
 * In Port (with The Yetties), 1972
 * I Will Give My Love, 1973
 * In the Naval Spirit, 1987 (MC)
 * Round the Buoy, 1989 (MC)
 * Sally Free and Easy, 1990 (MC)
 * Sailor's Delight, 1990 (MC)
 * Down the Hatch, 1994
 * Man Of Honour, 1997
 * Navy Cuts, 2001 (Compilation)
 * Live at Holsteins: Chicago 1981, 2007
 * The Song Goes On, 2014 (Compilation)

Songs
Songs written by Cyril Tawney include:
 * "Cheering the Queen"
 * "Chicken on a Raft"
 * "Five-foot Flirt"
 * "Grey Funnel Line"
 * "The Ballad of Sammy's Bar"
 * "Sally Free and Easy"
 * "Stanley the Rat"
 * "The Lean and Unwashed Tiffy"
 * "The Suit of Grey"
 * "The Oggie Man"
 * "On a Monday Morning"

title: Cyril Tawney


text: Category:Romanian songs

title: Category:Romanian songs


text:
Huaura Province

Huaura is one of nine provinces of the Department of Lima on the Pacific coast of Peru. It has a population of about 180,000 inhabitants. Is the most important province of the Region Lima-Provinces. It is bordered by the province of Barranca and the Ancash Region in the north, the provinces of Cajatambo and Oyón and the Pasco Region in the east, the province of Huaral in the south and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Huacho is the capital of the province as well as the Region Lima.

Geography
Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:

• Anta Chuku

• Anta Ñawin

• Chunta

• Churinqucha

• Chururu

• Chururuyuq

• Ch'ura

• Inka Pukyu

• Mankha Ukru

• Mataqucha

• Muruqucha

• Pachan Wallqa

• Pari Chuku

• Puka Parya

• Puka Tampu

• Phiri Uya

• Qawi

• Wamanripa

• Waqra Punta

• Wathiyaqucha

• Yana Uqhu

• Yuraq Allpa

• Yuraq Punta

Political division
The 4891.92 km2 is divided into twelve districts:
 * Huacho (seat)
 * Ambar
 * Caleta
 * Checras
 * Hualmay
 * Huaura
 * Leoncio Prado
 * Paccho
 * Santa Leonor
 * Santa María
 * Sayán
 * Vegueta

Villages

 * Acain

title: Huaura Province


text:
Talk:Owen Roe O'Neill

O'Neill, not Uí Néill
This article re-directs O'Neill to Uí Néill, which gives the false impression that they are the same term refering to the same people. Which is'nt so. Fergananim 20:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC) Not descendent from?

Image
The image looks more like a nineteenth-century engraving, not 17th. Could we have the source please, as the quality is outstandingly high for the C17th.86.42.207.57 (talk) 22:08, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Death
Is it known what type of disease Owen Roe O'Neill died of? I read an online source, which I don't know how credible is, that he died of pneumonia. JTBA75 (talk) 09:42, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Hi JTBA75

My old History and Irish teacher, in the 1960's was adamant Eoghan Ruadh died from Gout. As an Irish O'Neill myself I have always had a great interest in this part of Irish history and that particular teacher was a fountain of knowledge, but I suppose nobody can know for sure at this stage Xyzspaniel (talk) 23:34, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

talk Thanks for the update. JTBA75 (talk) 11:40, 2 June 2013

Name
Why is he called Owen Roe O'Neill in the article, when his actual name while he lived would have been in the Irish form - Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill - Owen Roe is a modern day Anglicization! I say the Irish version should take precedence in this case.Xyzspaniel (talk) 23:24, 18 November 2015 (UTC)the opinion of a modern day Irish Eoghan Seosamh Ó Néill

I agree Iamdmonah (talk) 10:48, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

Looks like modern politics is intruding
"Fleeing the revenge of the Scottish soldiers convinced by propaganda alleging atrocities against Protestants in the rebellion of 1641 – allegations that have now been proved untrue.[3] To O'Neill the devastation of Ulster made it look, "not only like a desert, but like hell, if hell could exist on earth". O'Neill stopped the killings of Protestant civilians," Er so the Guardian article is untrue then ?

Ulster Army vs Laggan Army
I have noticed several links from the text 'Ulster Army' which are linked to the page 'Laggan Army' This is incorrect. There is currently no wikipedia page for the Irish Ulster army it would bring more clarity if someone made the page and added links to it on this page.

Eoghan Ruadh Ó Néill was commander of the Ulster Army of the Irish Catholic Confederacy, not the Laggan Army.

The Laggan Army was a Protestant Planter militia set up to defend Protestants and fight the Confederates.

The Ulster Army was a Catholic, Irish Confederate army. This is the army O Neill commanded, not the Laggan Army. Iamdmonah (talk) 23:36, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Owen Roe O'Neill


text:
Microemulsion

Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. The aqueous phase may contain salt(s) and/or other ingredients, and the "oil" may actually be a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons. In contrast to ordinary emulsions, microemulsions form upon simple mixing of the components and do not require the high shear conditions generally used in the formation of ordinary emulsions. The three basic types of microemulsions are direct (oil dispersed in water, o/w), reversed (water dispersed in oil, w/o) and bicontinuous.

In ternary systems such as microemulsions, where two immiscible phases (water and ‘oil’) are present with a surfactant, the surfactant molecules may form a monolayer at the interface between the oil and water, with the hydrophobic tails of the surfactant molecules dissolved in the oil phase and the hydrophilic head groups in the aqueous phase.

Uses
Microemulsions have many commercially important uses:

 * Water-in-oil microemulsions for some dry cleaning processes
 * Floor polishers and cleaners
 * Personal care products
 * Pesticide formulations
 * Cutting oils
 * Drugs

Much of the work done on these systems have been motivated by their possible use to mobilize petroleum trapped in porous sandstone for enhanced oil recovery. A fundamental reason for the uses of these systems is that a microemulsion phase sometimes has an ultralow interfacial tension with a separate oil or aqueous phase, which may release or mobilize them from solid phases even in conditions of slow flow or low pressure gradients.

Microemulsions also have industrial applications, one of them being the synthesis of polymers. Microemulsion polymerization is a complex heterogeneous process where transport of monomers, free radicals and other species (such as chain transfer agent, co-surfactant and inhibitors) between the aqueous and organic phases, takes place. Compared with other heterogeneous polymerization processes (suspension or emulsion) microemulsion polymerization is a more complicated system. Polymerization rate is controlled by monomer partitioning between the phases, particle nucleation, and adsorption and desorption of radicals. Particle stability is affected by the amount and type of surfactant and pH of dispersing medium. It is also used in the process of creating nanoparticles.

The kinetics of microemulsion polymerization has much in common with emulsion polymerization kinetics, the most characteristic feature of which is the compartmentalization, where the radicals growing inside the particles are separated from each other, thus suppressing termination to a high extent and, as a consequence, providing high rates of polymerization.

Theory
Various theories concerning microemulsion formation, stability and phase behavior have been proposed over the years. For example, one explanation for their thermodynamic stability is that the oil/water dispersion is stabilized by the surfactant present and their formation involves the elastic properties of the surfactant film at the oil/water interface, which involves as parameters, the curvature and the rigidity of the film. These parameters may have an assumed or measured pressure and/or temperature dependence (and/or the salinity of the aqueous phase), which may be used to infer the region of stability of the microemulsion, or to delineate the region where three coexisting phases occur, for example. Calculations of the interfacial tension of the microemulsion with a coexisting oil or aqueous phase are also often of special focus and may sometimes be used to guide their formulation.

History and terminology
The term microemulsion was first used by T. P. Hoar and J. H. Shulman, professors of chemistry at Cambridge University, in 1943. Alternative names for these systems are often used, such as transparent emulsion, swollen micelle, micellar solution, and solubilized oil. More confusingly still, the term microemulsion can refer to the single isotropic phase that is a mixture of oil, water and surfactant, or to one that is in equilibrium with coexisting predominantly oil and/or aqueous phases, or even to other non-isotropic phases. As in the binary systems (water/surfactant or oil/surfactant), self-assembled structures of different types can be formed, ranging, for example, from (inverted) spherical and cylindrical micelles to lamellar phases and bicontinuous microemulsions, which may coexist with predominantly oil or aqueous phases.

Phase diagrams
Microemulsion domains are usually characterized by constructing ternary-phase diagrams. Three components are the basic requirement to form a microemulsion: two immiscible liquids and a surfactant. The majority of microemulsions use oil and water as immiscible liquid pairs. If a cosurfactant is used, it may sometimes be represented at a fixed ratio to surfactant as a single component, and treated as a single "pseudo-component". The relative amounts of these three components can be represented in a ternary phase diagram. Gibbs phase diagrams can be used to show the influence of changes in the volume fractions of the different phases on the phase behavior of the system.

The three components composing the system are each found at an apex of the triangle, where their corresponding volume fraction is 100%. Moving away from that corner reduces the volume fraction of that specific component and increases the volume fraction of one or both of the two other components. Each point within the triangle represents a possible composition of a mixture of the three components or pseudo-components, which may consist (ideally, according to the Gibbs' phase rule) of one, two or three phases. These points combine to form regions with boundaries between them, which represent the "phase behavior" of the system at constant temperature and pressure.

The Gibbs phase diagram, however, is an empirical visual observation of the state of the system and may, or may not express the true number of phases within a given composition. Apparently clear single phase formulations can still consist of multiple iso-tropic phases (e.g. the apparently clear heptane/AOT/water microemulsions consist multiple phases). Since these systems can be in equilibrium with other phases, many systems, especially those with high volume fractions of both the two imiscible phases, can be easily destabilised by anything that changes this equilibrium e.g. high or low temperature or addition of surface tension modifying agents.

However, examples of relatively stable microemulsions can be found. It is believed that the mechanism for removing acid build up in car engine oils involves low water phase volume, water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions. Theoretically, transport of the aqueous acid droplets through the engine oil to microdispersed calcium carbonate particles in the oil should be most efficient when the aqueous droplets are small enough to transport a single hydrogen ion (the smaller the droplets, the greater the number of acid water droplets, the faster the neutralisation). Such microemulsions are probably very stable across a reasonably wide range of elevated temperatures.

title: Microemulsion


text:
Talk:Robert Marcelonis

Untitled
Anyone who has other information please feel free to add. I am not clear on when exactly he was in LA. I did not mention Saints and Sinners as I was not sure excatly when it was completed. If anyone has a good picture of Marcelonis please feel free to add it.

Finding More Info on Bob
Jvoris (talk) 11:35, 24 April 2021 (UTC) I would like to find out more info about Bob's two plays, Fables and Copernicus. I attended both. As a coworker in Programming, we were both employees of Software Plus of East Rutherford, NJ in 1983-1986. He told me of working the comedy clubs with Pee Wee Herman and Elvira (but I don't know if Elvira was doing her trampy-vamp act at the time).

title: Talk:Robert Marcelonis


text:
Krystal Fernandez

Krystal Fernandez (born November 11, 1971) is an American sports journalist. She joined Fox Sports Radio in March 2004 as the morning update anchor and also serves as a sports/feature reporter for KTTV/Fox 11 TV in Los Angeles. She was released from Fox Sports Radio on January 20, 2009.

On May 5, 2009, Dan LeBatard reported on his show on 790 the Ticket (WAXY-AM) that Krystal will join Jorge Sedano as the new host of 790's morning show in Miami, FL. Fernandez left this show at the end of September 2009 to be closer to her Los Angeles roots and boyfriend, former Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher, Darren Dreifort.

Prior to joining Fox, she was a sports reporter and anchor for a number of radio stations in Southern California. Fernandez is the sideline reporter for the Gender Bowl. She is the youngest of six kids, and has four brothers and one sister. Fernandez resides in the Greater Los Angeles area.

In September 2010, Krystal Fernandez married her boyfriend and former Los Angeles Dodger Pitcher Darren Dreifort.

title: Krystal Fernandez


text:
Djedptahiufankh

Djedptahiufankh (c. 969 – c. 935 BCE) served as Second Prophet of Amun and Third Prophet of Amun during the reign of Shoshenq I of the 22nd Dynasty.

Family and career
Djedptahiufankh is only known from his burial and mummy. He held the title of District Governor as well as "King's Son of Ramesses" and "King's Son of the Lord of the Two Lands". The latter may suggest that he was related to the royal family of possibly the 21st Dynasty or 22nd Dynasty. It has been conjectured that Djedptahiufankh was the husband of Nesitanebetashru (A) (who was a daughter of Pinedjem II and Neskhons). This theory is based purely on the fact that Djedptahiufankh was buried next to Nesitanebetashru in DB320.

Death and burial
He died around the middle of Shoshenq I's reign according to inscriptions found written on the bandages of his mummy and coffin. He was buried in Deir El-Bahari Tomb 320 or DB320, which actually served as the family tomb of the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun Pinedjem I. DB320 was discovered in the 19th century and quickly became famous for containing a cache of many of the most significant New Kingdom royal mummies including the mortal remains of Amenhotep I, the Great Ramesses II, Ramesses III, Ramesses IX, and Thutmose I, Thutmose II and Thutmose III.

Three separate mummy bandages dating to Years 5, 10 and 11 of Shoshenq I were found on Djedptahiufankh's body. Djedptahiufankh's burial was found intact and undisturbed, and his mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero in 1886. Amulets were found within the wrappings on the body, with ones in the form of snakes and lotus at the throat and a heart scarab on the chest. Grafton Elliott Smith removed the remainder of the wrappings in 1906 and discovered a group of various stone amulets on the left arm including those in the shape a heart, eyes, a uraeus, and djed-pillars. A bronze embalming plate was placed over the incision used to remove the organs. Bundles containing the mummified organs were placed inside the body cavity; a small amulet depicting the baboon-headed god Hapi was included with the intestines. Thin gold rings were found on most of the fingers, which Smith suggested were used to hold gold finger stalls in place.

title: Djedptahiufankh


text:
Minervina

Minervina was either the first wife or a concubine of Constantine I, and the mother of his eldest son Crispus.

Life
Constantine served as a hostage in the court of Eastern Roman Emperor Diocletian in Nicomedia, thus securing the loyalty of his father Constantius Chlorus, Caesar of the Western Roman Empire.

When Constantine wanted to strengthen his bonds with the other Tetrarchs, in 307 AD he married Fausta, the daughter of the emperor Maximian. This marriage has caused modern historians to question his relationship to Minervina and Crispus. If Minervina were his legitimate wife, Constantine would have needed to secure a divorce before marrying Fausta according to canon 8 of the First Council of Nicaea, which would have required an official written order signed by himself, but no such order is mentioned by contemporary sources. This has led many historians to conclude that the relationship between Constantine and Minervina was informal and to assume her to have been an unofficial lover. However, Minervina might have already been dead by 307. A widowed Constantine would need no divorce.

Literary sources refer to Minervina as a concubine, but a panegyric stated that Constantine was married around the year 290. Barnes, Woods and the PLRE view the panegyric as proof that she was married to Constantine, while Pohlsander considers the possibility of the panegyrist not being entirely truthful.

Neither the true nature of the relationship between Constantine and Minervina nor the reason Crispus came under the protection of his father will probably ever be known. The offspring of an illegitimate affair could have caused dynastical problems and would likely be dismissed, but Crispus was raised by his father in Gaul. This can be seen as evidence of a loving and public relationship between Constantine and Minervina, which gave him a reason to protect her son.

The story of Minervina is quite similar to that of Constantine's mother Helena. Constantine's father later had to divorce her for political reasons, specifically, to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, the daughter of Maximian, in order to secure his alliance with his new father-in-law. Constantine, in turn may have had to put aside Minervina in order to secure an alliance with the same man. Constantius did not dismiss Constantine as his son, and perhaps Constantine chose to follow his father's example.

Whatever the reason, Constantine kept Crispus at his side. Constantine even entrusted his education to Lactantius, among the most important Christian teachers of that time, who probably started teaching Crispus before 317. Crispus was sentenced to death by Constantine's order in 326.

title: Minervina


text: User talk:128.82.253.69

title: User talk:128.82.253.69