text:
The Statesmen Quartet

The Statesmen Quartet (also known as Hovie Lister and The Statesmen Quartet) were an American southern gospel quartet founded in 1948 by Baptist Minister Hovie Lister. Along with the Blackwood Brothers, the Statesmen Quartet were considered the most successful and influential gospel quartet of the 1950s and 1960s and had a wide influence on artists during that time from the gospel, country, pop, and rock and roll genre. Along with hits spanning many decades, The Statesmen Quartet had many notable successes including being the first Gospel group to receive endorsement deals. Additionally, they made television commercials, appeared on numerous radio and TV shows, and were signed to RCA Victor before launching their own record label, Skylite Records, with The Blackwood Brothers.

Formation (1948)
The Statesmen Quartet was founded in 1948 in Atlanta, Georgia, by Hovie Lister, a Baptist minister and convention-style piano player. Lister constructed the quartet as a hand-picked group of the best singing voices in order to secure a prime time-slot on the new WCON radio station. The initial line-up included Bobby Strickland singing tenor, Mosie Lister singing lead, Bervin Kendrick singing baritone, and Gordon Hill singing bass. The group's name was lifted from the title of a newsletter published by Herman Talmadge, Governor of Georgia, with Talmadge's permission. The quartet made their debut on WCON in Atlanta in October, 1948.

Broadcasting & recording (1948-1952)
After having several radio programs in the Atlanta, Georgia, area, The Statesmen "became the first Southern gospel quartet to have a nationally syndicated TV program, Singing Time in Dixie, sponsored by Nabisco." The group recorded 36 songs for Capitol Records from 1949 to 1953. They switched to RCA Victor in 1954, recording more than 30 albums during their years with that company. In 1968, they began recording for Skylite. Though most fans were inclined to support the group in terms of religious inspiration and/or entertainment, a 1964 profile of the group in Billboard magazine noted, "The Statesmen ... are known as a complex organization to the music industry." In addition to the broadcasting and recording activities already mentioned, the article cited ownership of four gospel music publishing companies that "print and distribute song books and sheet music."

Pinnacle years (1953-1957)
In 1952, The Statesmen Quartet entered into a business partnership with The Blackwood Brothers Quartet. The "Stateswood" team would dominate Southern Gospel music for the next two decades. Lister's vision of the premiere lineup came to fruition by adding Jake Hess on lead in 1948, James "Big Chief" Wetherington as bass in 1949, Doy Ott as baritone in 1951, and finally with Denver Crumpler as tenor in 1953, with Lister on piano and master of ceremonies. During the next years, The Statesmen Quartet achieved fame as one of the premiere groups of both Southern gospel and quartet music. With this lineup, The Statesmen began recording for RCA Victor and began starring in the Nabisco Hour national TV show as mentioned above. Popular songs of this period include "Get Away Jordan" and "Happy Rhythm". As early as 1950, The Statesmen used the phrase "Rockin' and rollin'" in a song, and Hovie Lister's frantic boogie-woogie piano, piano bench acrobatics, and hair shaken down in his eyes would have great influence on early rock and roll artists, particularly on Jerry Lee Lewis, who was a fan of gospel music and the Statesmen. On July 4, 1955, the Blackwood/Statesmen team traveled to Texas for an engagement that would feature several secular artists on the same program. Among them was Elvis Presley. Elvis was planning to sing his rock hits, but refrained out of respect of his gospel idols. The Statesmen exerted a powerful influence on young Elvis, who idolized and imitated Jake Hess' vocal styling and Wetherington's movements and gyrations on stage. In an interview with songwriter Bill Gaither, Hess remembered seeing young Elvis coming to Statesmen shows in Tupelo when Presley was only nine or ten. Hess said that the serious young Elvis would ask him, "How do you make a record?" or "How many suits you got?" On the Gaither Homecoming video "Oh My Glory", Hess recalls Presley attending Statesmen concerts and being invited up onstage to sing lead in his place on a couple of handpicked numbers. Phillip Goff, in The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America, provided a description of how The Statesmen began one live appearance. "Greeted by thunderous applause, the announcer approaches the microphone: "You're listening to the original Wally Fowler All Night Singing, November the sixth, right here in Nashville, Tennessee, nineteen hundred fifty-nine. This is the eleventh anniversary and the greatest crowd that's ever assembled for any program in the Ryman Auditorium is here tonight for the all night sing." Goff's description related but one aspect of The Statesmen's showmanship. Francis Edward Abernathy wrote about lasting changes that the group introduced to the world of gospel quartets: The Statesmen Quartet added flourishes which entertained new audiences—exuberant singing, arm waving, hand clapping, and electrifying performances. This was alien behavior for traditional convention quartets. But the new behavior attracted interest. The Statesmen became so popular that subsequent gospel quartets imitated their style.

Rosie Rozell era (1958-1973)
In 1957, Crumpler died after seeking medical attention for what was at the time diagnosed as a heart condition, but was revealed to be diabetic shock. Former tenor Cat Freeman came back briefly, but was replaced in 1958 by former Oklahoma police officer Roland "Rosie" Rozell. The Rozell-Hess-Ott-Wetherington lineup recorded such classics as "Faith Unlocks The Door" and Rozell's signature songs "Oh What A Savior" and "There's Room at the Cross," both songs becoming gospel music mainstays for decades after. In 1963, Hess left The Statesmen to form his own quartet, Jake Hess and The Imperials. Lister recruited Jack Toney to replace Hess. Before long, Toney's powerful voice helped The Statesmen to press on and continue with their success. Another setback occurred when Wetherington died suddenly of early heart disease on October 3, 1973, while attending the National Quartet Convention in Nashville. It was around this time that the group was losing stability on its own and more changes to the line-up were inevitable.

Later years (1974-2001)
Later incarnations of The Statesmen would include tenors Sherrill "Shaun" Nielson, Willie Wynn, and Johnny Cook; lead singers Roy McNeil and Jim Hill; baritones Chris Hess, Biney English and Rick Fair; and bass singers Ray Burdett, Tommy Thompson, Bob Caldwell and Doug Young. Over the years, Jake Hess, Jack Toney, Doy Ott and Rosie Rozell would rejoin The Statesmen at various times, most notably a couple years after Wetherington's death when Lister brought back Rozell, Hess, and Ott as "The Statesmen" sans bass. A comical pairing of this classic Statesmen "trio" with longtime Blackwood Brothers/Stamps Quartet bass singer J.D. Sumner at the 1977 National Quartet Convention in Nashville was the birth of the Masters V, which would include Rosie Rozell, Jake Hess, and Hovie Lister in its lineup. The Statesmen would continue to travel with rotating lineups through 1981, and began to tour again from 1992 to 2001, until Lister's health failed.

Doy Ott was the first of the original group that had survived Crumpler and Wetherington to die, having suffered a cerebral hemorrhage in 1982 that left him comatose, although he did not die until four years later. Rozell died on February 28, 1995, at the age of 66; Lister died on December 27, 2001, at the age of 75 due to complications of lymphoma, and Hess succumbed to a long battle with heart disease on January 4, 2004, at the age of 76.

Legacy and cultural impact
The Statesmen influenced both gospel and non-gospel artists alike. Elvis Presley was a fan of the group growing up and wanted to emulate them in his career and got the chance to perform with them. Jerry Lee Lewis also had a strong admiration for the group, but most notably Lister and his piano playing. "The Killer", as Lewis was called, credited Lister and the Statesman for developing his own style in performance. Carl Perkins and Larry Gatlin also cited themselves as fans of the group, while Tammy Wynette said on numerous occasions that Tenor Denver Crumpler was her "favorite singer, ever." The group's appeal to early rock and roll fans also pre-dated the "rock around the clock" era and also had an influence on early Contemporary Christian Music.

In his book They Heard Georgia Singing, former Georgia Governor and Senator Zell Miller said that Lister and his group "more than anyone else, put style and flair into gospel music. ... Hovie was first of all a minister, and he ministered with his music," said Sen. Miller. "But he used to say religion did not need to have a long face, and he made religion upbeat." Lister defended his musical style that was considered "worldly" by many churches by retorting "If it takes shaking my hair down, beating a piano like Liberace or Piano Red to keep these young people out of beer joints or the rear seats of automobiles, I'll do it. The devil's got his kind of entertainment. We've got ours."

The group was elected into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1998 and the Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame the previous year in 1997. The group permanently folded and retired in 2002.

Pianist

 * Hovie Lister (1948–2001, owner)
 * Boyce Hawkins (1951) (filled in for Hovie Lister)
 * Doy Ott (1951) (filled in for Hovie Lister)

Tenor

 * Bobby Strickland (1948–1951)
 * Earl Terry (1951)
 * Claris Freeman (1951–1953, 1957–1958) (died March 21, 1989; aged 67)
 * Denver Crumpler (1953–1957) (died March 21, 1957; aged 44)
 * Rosie Rozell (1958–1969, 1973, 1978, 1977–1981) (died February 28, 1995; aged 66)
 * Shaun Neilsen (1969–1973, 1975)
 * Willie Wynn (1973–1974)
 * Wayne Hilton (1974–1975)
 * Johnny Cook (1992–1993) (died May 14, 2000; aged 51)
 * Tank Tackett (1993)
 * Steve Warren (1994)
 * Gene Miller (1994)
 * Wallace Nelms (1994–2001)

Lead

 * Mosie Lister (1948) (died February 12, 2015; aged 93)
 * Jake Hess (1948–1963, 1975, 1977–1979, 1988, 1992–1993) (died January 4, 2004; aged 76)
 * Gary McSpadden (1960) (filled in for Jake Hess) (died April 15, 2020; aged 77)
 * Les Roberson (1953) (also filled in for Jake Hess)
 * Jack Toney (1963–1966, 1967–1968, 1979, 1994–2001) (died April 15, 2004; aged 70)
 * Roy McNeal (1966–1967)
 * Jim Hill (1968–1971)
 * Gary Timbs (1971–1973)
 * Elmer Cole (1973–1974)
 * David Will (1975)
 * Buddy Burton (1979–1981, 1993–1994)
 * Wayne Little (1993)

Baritone

 * Bervin Kendrick (1948–1951)
 * Troy Posey (1951)
 * Doy Ott (1951–1978) (died November 6, 1986; aged 67)
 * Chris Hess (1978–1979)
 * Ed Hill (1979–1980) (died July 13, 2020)
 * Richard Coletrane (1981)
 * Buddy Burton (1988, 1993)
 * Biney English (1992–1993)
 * Scooter Simmons (1993)
 * Jerry Candler (1993–1994)
 * Mike Loprinzi (1994–1998)
 * Rick Fair (1998–2001)

Bass

 * Gordon Hill (1948)
 * A.D. Soward (1949)
 * Jim Wetherington (1949–1973) (died October 3, 1973; aged 50)
 * Ray Burdett (1973–1975)
 * Rex Nelon (1977;part time)
 * Tommy Thompson (1979–1980, 1988)
 * J. D. Sumner (1981) (died November 16, 1998; aged 73)
 * Larry Strickland (1988)
 * Bob Caldwell (1992–1993)
 * Hovie Walker (1993)
 * Stacy Bragg (1993)
 * Nic Val (1987–1988, 1991, 1993)
 * Roy Pauley (1993)
 * Doug Young (1994–2001)

Discography

 * 1957: The Statesmen Quartet with Hovie Lister
 * 1958: The Statesmen Quartet Sings with Hovie Lister
 * 1958: The Bible Told Me So (RCA)
 * 1959: Hymns
 * 1959: I'll Meet You By the River (RCA)
 * 1959: Get Away Jordan
 * 1960: Mansion Over the Hilltop (RCA)
 * 1960: On Stage (RCA)
 * 1960: Something To Shout About
 * 1960: Encores
 * 1960: Peace, O Lord
 * 1960: Statesmen Blackwood Favorites
 * 1961: Out West (RCA)
 * 1961: Through the States (RCA)
 * 1962: Stop, Look & Listen for the Lord
 * 1962: Camp-Meeting Hymns (RCA)
 * 1962: Singing Time in Dixie (Skylight)
 * 1963: The Mystery of His Way (RCA)
 * 1963: Message in the Sky (RCA Camden)
 * 1963: A Gospel Concert
 * 1964: Hovie Lister Sings with His Famous Statesmen Qt. (RCA)
 * 1964: Hovie Lister Spotlights Doy Ott (RCA)
 * 1964: Songs Of Faith (RCA Camden)
 * 1965: The Best Of The Statesmen Quartet (RCA)
 * 1964: Doris Akers & The Statesmen Sing for You
 * 1965: The Sensational Statesmen Quartet (RCA)
 * 1965: Sings the Golden Gospel Songs (RCA)
 * 1965: All Day Sing & Dinner on the Ground
 * 1966: The Happy Sound (RCA)
 * 1966: Sings the Gospel Gems
 * 1967: In Gospel Country (RCA)
 * 1967: My God is Real (RCA Camden)
 * 1967: Showers of Blessing (RCA)
 * 1968: Sing Brother Sing (RCA)
 * 1968: Hits of the Decade
 * 1968: Happy Land
 * 1968: The Best of the Statesmen Volume 2 (RCA)
 * 1968: God Loves American People (Skylite)
 * 1968: Standing on the Promises
 * 1969: Taller Than Trees (RCA Camden)
 * 1969: Thanks to Calvary (Skylite)
 * 1969: New Sounds Today (Skylite)
 * 1970: No Greater Love (RCA Camden)
 * 1970: Featuring… (Skylite)
 * 1970: The Common Man(Skylite)
 * 1971: Put Your Hand in the Hand (Skylite)
 * 1972: ''Keep On Smiling' '(Skylite)
 * 1972: Hits of the Decade
 * 1972: Hits of the Decade Vol. 2 (Chime, Artistic)
 * 1972: They That Sow (Skylite)
 * 1973: I Believe in Jesus
 * 1973: In Memory Of "Big Chief" Jim Wetherington & Denver "Crump" Crumpler (Lord, I Want to Go to Heaven) (CAM)
 * 1973: Time to Remember
 * 1974: Ain't That What It's All About
 * 1974: Precious Memories
 * 1974: Feature Doy Ott
 * 1977: The Legendary Statesmen Return
 * 1977: Gospel Songs Elvis Loved
 * 1977: Get Away Jordan
 * 1978: His Love Put a Song in My Heart
 * 1978: Oh What a Savior (Skylite)
 * 1979: Gospel Gems (Skylite)
 * 1979: Hovie Lister & The Sensational Statesmen
 * 1980: He is Here (Skylite)
 * 1981: Sweet Beulah Land
 * 1992: I Surrender All
 * 1992: The Bible Told Me So
 * 1992: Get Away Jordan
 * 1992: Jubilee’s A Coming
 * 1992: Revival
 * 1992: O What a Savior
 * 1993: O My Lord What a Time
 * 1996: Saints Don't You Know
 * 1997: Hovie Lister & The Statesmen
 * 1998: Still Sensational
 * 1999: You Can't Shake the Rock
 * 2000: Even So Come
 * Unknown Year Precious Old Book (Temple)
 * Unknown Year Faith Unlocks the Door (Temple)
 * Unknown Year How Great Thou Art (Skylite)

title: The Statesmen Quartet


text:
Galloping Goose Regional Trail

The Galloping Goose Regional Trail is a 55 km rail trail between Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, and the ghost town of Leechtown, north of Sooke, where it meets the old Sooke Flowline. Maintained by the Capital Regional District (CRD), the trail forms part of the Trans-Canada Trail, and intersects the Lochside Regional Trail. The section from Harbour Road in Esquimalt to the Veterans Memorial Parkway in Langford is also part of the Vancouver Island Trail.

The trail is a popular route both for commuting and recreation, including within urban areas of Victoria (Vic West and Burnside-Gorge). It is frequented by people walking, running, cycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and (in places) riding horses. It connects up with many other trails and parks in the area.

The trail was created in 1987 on the former right-of-way of the Canadian National Railway, and runs through the communities of Sooke, Metchosin, Colwood, Langford, View Royal, Saanich, and Victoria as well as the unincorporated community of East Sooke.

The trail surface is paved between the west terminus (Johnson Street Bridge) to Wale Road in Colwood, approximately 13 km, or one quarter of its total length. It connects to a multi-use path across the bridge and bike lanes along Pandora Avenue.

In 1996 two important connecting links were opened: the rebuilt Selkirk Trestle (across the Selkirk Water). and the Switch Bridge over the Trans-Canada Highway.

The trail was named after the local gas-powered passenger car (No. 15813) that ran on the line from 1922 to 1931. However, the name is disputed by the Sooke Region Museum and longtime Sooke residents who say that the term Galloping Goose was not used for the old rail line; it was applied by CRD marketing staff to the trail.

Although maps show Leechtown as being the end of the trail, this area has been restricted since 2007, as part of the Greater Victoria water supply. In 2010, a warning sign and locked gate were erected before the end of the trail. Leechtown itself is not accessible.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Galloping Goose Regional Trail


text:
Talk:Giovanni Bottesini

Comments
It says in the article that Bottesini's bass is now owned by a private collector in Japan. Is there any independent verification for this? As of last spring (May 2009) Franco Petracchi (noted Italian soloist, composer and editor) claimed he had it in his possession. My Italian is questionable and frankly, so is his English, so it is possible he meant to say he was merely using it, but I think clarification is necessary in this regard. He did confirm that it had been converted back to a four-string configuration and is very powerful above an open 'D', although somewhat weak below that - this is consistent with the information that is now widespread. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.171.226.168 (talk) 06:24, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

where was Giovanni Bottesini born

 * According to my understanding, Bottesini was born on Dec 22, 1821 in Crema, Italy. Crema is located in the Lombardy region of Italy. --Bottesini 15:37, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that he switched not because only the bassoon and double bass slots were available, but because scholarships were available for those instruments. Bottesini 20:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Someone is suggesting we merge Juan Bottesini into this article? Why would we do that if it isn't the same person? Bsbaixo 12:26, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

"Juan Bottesini" is simply a spanish version of the italian name Giovanni Bottesini. According to Paul Brun's "A new history of the double bass" (ISBN 2-9514461-0-1) the great double bass virtuoso and maestro worked as music director for the Teatro Santa Ana in Mexico in 1853-1854. Also, in Jorge Velasco's book "La música por dentro" (Mexico, UNAM) is mentioned that not only he premiered the work but also that he took the freedom to "retouch" some details. If you are familiar with Giovanni (or Juan or whatsoever) Bottesini's music, it might be of interest to you to have a second listen to Mexico's national anthem. Perhaps you will find something of interest in the orchestration. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.60.169.19 (talk) 23:01, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * About the confusion with "Juan" Bottesini, see my post on that article's talk page. As I did in my German version of the article (de:Giovanni Bottesini), I'd like to put up a big caveat lector sign when it comes to all the info given on bottesini.com. The guy is obviously an expert on all things Bottesini, but also a first-class prankster with a rather outlandish sense of humor. Meaning that the site offers a lot of great resources and a heap of rubbish, too (albeit top-level nonsense). It's a lot of fun for bass players, but I strongly recommend to back up any piece of information taken from there with a second, independent source. --Rainer Lewalter 08:54, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

As far as I know everything at gbottesini.com is correct. I still need to do a lot of bibliographical work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bsbaixo (talk • contribs) 13:31, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, most of the stuff on gbottesini.com is quite okay. I already did a lot of biographical research, and I have no problem with the fact that certain incongruities remain, simply because of imprecisions in the sources. Notice, however, that that is not the site I was talking about. bottesini.com (without the initial "g") is the place with all the weird conspiracy theories, the deliberate disinformation and the fake legends. Like I said, it's very funny nevertheless. --Rainer Lewalter 13:57, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

8o) Did you find everything you need? I am the gbottesini.com caretaker. If you need anything else let me know! Bsbaixo 13:11, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, like it says in various places on gbottesini.com, there's a lot of speculation and insecurities surrounding the man and his life. I didn't want to go too deep into minute and maybe inconsequential details, but outline Bottesini's life, put his career into the overall context of his times, provide a general idea of his musical achievements and also, to a certain extent, give the reader an idea of the legendary aspects. My main references were the books by Planyavsky and Warnecke, which you also used, plus one book by the Milanese musicologist, Inzaghi. Some details were taken from more general musical reference books; as to the Arditi bio, I'm not at all sure about its value. About the Testore bass, I consulted a luthier residing here in Berlin who was lucky enough to have been given the opportunity to analyze and scrutinize the instrument as such under every relevant aspect. There's a link to his publication in the German article. If you happen to read German, maybe you can look through the article and comment on that version? Thx, --Rainer Lewalter 16:58, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I whacked the notes section because it referenced a web page with dubious information. At the end of that page it refers to the current owner of the testore instrument as Gary Automoblie which I can't find on the internet or anywhere else, comments? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bsbaixo (talk • contribs) 23:11, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that bit is most certainly one of those bassists' inside jokes I was referring to. My conjecture is that the guy who put together that page assumes everybody, or at least every bass player, is in the know about Gary Karr and his famous instrument, now known as the Karr-Koussevitzky bass. --Rainer Lewalter 23:31, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree. It is actually funny, but I felt that this site serves different purposes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bsbaixo (talk • contribs) 13:40, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As a matter of fact, I can't escape the impression that the site serves many different purposes ;-) Although (fortunately, I'm inclined to think) it's quite an "old" place by internet criteria and many subpages are not very accessible unless you really want to find the spoof biography, a lot of fake information has found its way out into the world. Small wonder, musicians and listeners alike do love the legend business... For example, it seems to become accepted wisdom that Karr actually owned the Testore at some point in his career. But I haven't found any source that really would confirm that claim. --Rainer Lewalter 10:41, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Rainer (and anyone else reading this article), hi, sorry for writing you here but I didn't have any other way to contact you. I have added discussion forums to my site. You are invited to participate. http://gbottesini.com/forum —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.80.80.50 (talk) 12:36, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

About Juan Bottesini, I agree we should merge the articles. According to this site http://www.grito-independencia-mexico.com/historia-himno-nacional-mexicano.php (in Spanish) Santa Anna, made a contest to choose the Mexican national anthem, the contest was won by Bottesini on the music, but it was not well received by the people, so they chose the music of the actual national anthem, Bottesini conducted the premiere of the national anthem, and I read he made some arrangements, the original key signature of the anthem is F major, Bottesini changed it to C major so it could be sung. Gabrielsz87 08:24, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't see how the quintettobottesini link is relevant to this article. Can anyone give me a reason not to delete it? It is about the group not the composer. I suggest they make a quintettobottesini page for themselves.Bsbaixo (talk) 12:50, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * As a matter of fact, the same IP did the same edit in the German article, which I deleted immediately. A little later, the same IP (a member, agent or ardent fan, one is inclined to suspect, since the person seems to know that site pretty well) came up with a more valuable link to an audio sample from a performance of the Elegia, which I thought was okay. That link is still in the German article, if you feel like using it here as well. --Rainer Lewalter (talk) 16:32, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Public Musicology
— Assignment last updated by Lizziew17 (talk) 19:30, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giovanni Bottesini


text:
User talk:80.181.107.29

Antonio Prigiobbo
Please don't create articles which consist of nothing but external links. Under Wikipedia policy, they will be immediately deleted. Zoe 08:51, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.181.107.29


text:
William Loftus (archaeologist)

William Kennett Loftus (13 November 1820, in Linton, Kent – 27 November 1858, at sea) was a British geologist, naturalist, explorer and archaeological excavator. He discovered the ancient Sumerian city of Uruk in 1849.

Biography
Loftus was brought up in Rye, East Sussex, and went to school at Newcastle Royal Grammar School. In Cambridge, where from 1840 he studied geology, he was a student at Caius College. In 1845 he married Charlotte Thulbourne. From 1849 he served as geologist and naturalist with the British government's Turco-Persian Boundary Commission, under Colonel Fenwick Williams (Royal Artillery). The work of the mission gave Loftus and his friend Henry Adrian Churchill the chance to visit ancient sites and, in 1850, to excavate for a month at Uruk (Warka) and Larsa (Senkereh), discovering the Ziggurat of Ur.

Briefly, in February to April 1851, Loftus was released from the work of the commission to excavate at Susa on behalf of the British Museum, but was in June replaced by Hormuzd Rassam, together with whom Loftus subsequently explored the sites and collaborated on a report on the work at Susa. He is credited with the discovery of the Apadana, later excavated by the French amateur archaeologist Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy.

Engaged in 1853 by the newly founded Assyrian Excavation Fund to conduct excavations in Warka, Loftus worked at the site from January to April 1854, uncovering the famous coloured clay cone wall and some tablets written in cuneiform script. In October of the same year he transferred to Nineveh, and also worked at Nimrud, where in February 1855 he found the so-called "Burnt Palace" of the Assyrian king Assurnasirpal II and a hoard of exquisite ivories. In 1854 he briefly excavated at Tell Sifr.

In September 1856 Loftus was engaged as assistant geologist to the Geological Survey of India, but in India he suffered declining health and died at sea on the voyage back to Britain, aged 38.

Works

 * Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana in 1849-52 (1857)
 * Reports of the Assyrian Excavation Fund I and II, published in R.D. Barnett, Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.) (1976)

title: William Loftus (archaeologist)


text:
Talk:Mad About You

Quotes
does anyone else think that the "quotes" section is rather too large, with quite a few one-person quotes completely out of context? It seems like someone has just watched the film and written down what they found amusing. Jameshfisher 08:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Unless someone can rework it significantly, I'll erase it: as it is, it's nothing more than a few occasions the editor thought were funny, and lets face it, humour can only really be objectively discussed as far as content goes, and not as to how funny it inherently is, meaning, these quotes are purely subjective content. If they actually said something about the show itself or characters, it'd be justifiable, but as it is, I don't reckon it's worth keeping. In fact, I think I'll get rid of it now, or trim it down, or... something. Zzzzz

the least you need to know
Can anyone explain the juvenile "least you need to know" sections? Are those appropriate for an encyclopedia? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.35.148.201 (talk • contribs) 04:19, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I agree. They're gone now. Boofox 15:49, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Mad About You
Does anyone know why Mad About You is not coming out on DVD as all the other sitcoms are? The are digging out long gone shows but Mad About You has only season one and two available on DVD unless you find a complete season set. Can someone answer me this?

Sailorsaunt 14:40, 12 September 2006 (UTC)Sailorsaunt

Season 3 is scheduled for release -> http://tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=6613 Tazzy531 21:19, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Any word on when more DVD sets will be released? Seasons 4 and on? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Superguy9000 (talk • contribs) 13:51, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

There's no official word yet, BUT for the first time Amazon has a sign-up process for fans to be notified when all 4 remaining seasons are released. I think that is promising! If you are a fan, let's encourage them. Please follow this link and show your support, agree to be notified when remaining seasons are to be released. [] http://www.amazon.com/b/ref=sv_d_0?ie=UTF8&node=13404611 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smnolmadau (talk • contribs) 19:37, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Gordon Hunt
The Gordon Hunt link needs to be disambiguated, as it's going to the wrong person. I don't know the schemes used here well enough to pick an appropriate name for the article, though. "Gordon Hunt (director)" vs "Gordon Hunt (musician)"? --68.252.46.226 17:17, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Stations around the world
The "Syndication" and "Mad About You outside the U.S." sections should be merged. In particular, is it really necessary to list every single station around the world? Reads like trivia to me. Xiner (talk, email) 01:39, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Taking silence as acquiescence, I've deleted the following from the article. Xiner (talk, email) 17:26, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Mad About You is shown regularly in the United Kingdom by either Living TV (From August 2006), ABC1 or Paramount Comedy 1.In Latin America, the show is still running on Sony Entertainment Television at daytime slots.

Sony Pictures sold the rights to produce a Chilean local version of the show. Called Loco por ti, it has aired on TVN.

All episodes of Mad About You have been dubbed into German, where the series is called Verrückt nach dir. The German episodes were first broadcast by the Austrian TV station ORF starting in January 1996, but ORF cancelled the series about one year later, showing only the first two seasons. All seven seasons were broadcast in German by the German station RTL between September 1997 and March 1999.

In France, "Dingue de Toi" was shown on TF1.

In most of Latin America Mad About You has daily reruns on the restricted television channel Sony Entertainment Television.

In Italy, "Innamorati pazzi" was shown on Italia 1 without major success, since the show was mainly broadcast late at night.

In Czech Republic, "Jsem do tebe blázen" was shown on CT1.

In Croatia, "Lud za tobom" was shown on RTL Televizija.

In Slovenia, "Noro zaljubljena" was shown on Kanal A.

In Catalonia (Spain), "Boig per tu" was shown on TV3.

In Portugal Mad About You ("Doido Por Ti") was first broadcast by TVI starting in early 1996. At first it was allotted a prime time slot, later it was shown at any time between 1 A.M. and 4 A.M. It is currently being rerun on cable channel SIC Mulher.

In Denmark "Vild med dig" is shown regularly on TV2.

In Serbia, "Ludo zaljubljeni" was shown on B92.

In Brazil, "Louco por Você" was shown on Rede Globo.

In New Zealand, Mad About You is shown twice on weekdays on cable channel Sky1.

The guest stars list
Is it really necessary? It may have been important at first, but by the end of the series, when its quality had tumbled, there were quite a number of guest stars, but I'm not sure they're all proud of it. Xiner (talk, email) 17:14, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I found it quite interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Superguy9000 (talk • contribs)
 * Well, I found it interesting too (Al Gore?), but like Gore, I don't remember it anymore, unlike the guests from the earlier seasons. This isn't my encyclopedia, though. Xiner (talk, email) 15:36, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It's cruft, along with the lengthy blurbs attached to each character and the extensive list of "recurring cast". A cast list exists to identify key actors with roles, not to foam at the mouth about minutiae or to include everyone who ever appeared on camera for more than a second. It's dominating the article and it should be chopped to the bone. If no one else has done so by the end of September, I will. Canonblack (talk) 21:19, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

Trivia
Under trivia it states that Ira is the only character to call Jamie by the nic name of James. However, paul alos ( from time to time) will refer to her as such. 142.59.73.32 05:30, 19 June 2007 (UTC)MrCynic142.59.73.32 05:30, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Looking for help writing an article about the spin-offs and crossovers of this series
I am writing an article about all of the series which are in the same shared reality as this one through spin-offs and crossovers. I could use a little help expanding the article since it is currently extremely dense and a bit jumbled with some sentence structures being extremely repetitive. I would like to be able to put this article into article space soon. Any and all help in writing the article would be appreciated, even a comment or two on the talk page would help. Please give it a read through, also please do not comment here since I do not have all of the series on my watch list. - LA @ 17:05, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Murray the dog
"Murray is the Buchmans' dog and a fan favorite because the dog the show settled on late in the first season followed instructions very well." I have no idea what this means. Joyous! | Talk 02:10, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * You're right, it should be phrased "Murray is the Buchmans' dog and a fan favorite, because the dog the show's crew settled on late into the first season followed instructions very well." --86.87.28.191 (talk) 17:30, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Why is the Murray section bigger than the Paul and Jamie sections? phreakydancin (talk) 03:05, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

I edited out the completely erroneous claim that Murray is a Rottweiler. He is a collie mix, and looks nothing like a Rottweiler. The ridiculous assertion that this dog is a Rottweiler throws the rest of the article's claims about him into question. I'll try to straighten it out. rowley (talk) 03:46, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

Jamie or James?
Jamie was sometimes referred to as James, especially by Paul's cousin, Ira. Was this - 'James' - her real name or only a name Ira used as a nickname? Dgen (talk) 11:42, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Regardless, for all practical purposes her name is Jamie since that's what she is called all the time with the exception you noted above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.135.211.246 (talk) 23:26, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Jamie's Birthday
The main article lists Jamie's birthday as February 19, 1963 (source?); but at least two other different dates were given in the series:
 * S03E23 and S03E24 ("Up in Smoke") shows screenshots of her birthday as November 11, 1963 (pic 1, pic 2)
 * S04E12 ("Dream Weaver") Jamie had a dream that Paul cheated on her with his boss, taking place on February 12th. She then yells "On my birthday!"

Sheppa28 (talk) 01:20, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mad About You


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/400 Club

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to Shamrock Rovers. Will do. -Splash 02:03, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

400_Club
This information should be in the Shamrock Rovers article, not on its own page. Meiers Twins 08:55, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEPWell known through out Ireland.--Play Brian Moore 14:01, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Reinstate comment deleted by Fenian Swine : (The entry above is from Fenian Swine who appears to be the original author. --12.42.48.204 16:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)) --12.42.48.204 06:24, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

*Delete The Shamrock Rovers article already references this club. Merge with main article. --Cactus.man 15:09, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Point taken, thanks for the advice Pburka. The Shamrock Rovers article already references this club. Merge with main article. --Cactus.man 16:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, or Merge and redirect. (Note that Delete and Merge is invalid unless the closing admin also merges the history, which I understand is a complicated procedure.) Pburka 15:43, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Shamrock Rovers. --12.42.48.204 16:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Leyland railway station

Leyland railway station serves the town of Leyland in Lancashire, England. It was formerly "Golden Hill", the name of the street and area in which the station is based, but was renamed Leyland soon after opening. The original station was built in 1838, with two platforms.

Station
The station is located on the West Coast Main Line just south of Preston, and is the approximate halfway point between Glasgow and London, some 198 miles in either direction, with a placard on Leyland Trucks' Spurrier works stating this fact.

The station is currently a four-platform hub, with a part-time ticket office (staffed 06:45-17:45 Mondays to Saturdays and 08:15-15:45 Sundays). In 2011 new digital display screens were installed as well as an automated ticket machine and a new ticket office was built in 2014; A new pedestrian footbridge with lifts was built in 2016 bringing step-free access to all four platforms and an automated PA system was installed in 2018.

Former franchise holder First North Western ran Euston services from Blackpool which called at Leyland in the late 1990s but these were soon discontinued. Leyland station is now very much a commuter station from and to Preston, with links to Chorley, Wigan, Liverpool (after years of no "Southbound" services towards Wigan a 'local' service was resumed in 1988) and Manchester, with no long distance main line services calling at the station.

The station at Farington, Farington railway station was closed before the Beeching Plan of the 1960s and no direct trains run to Lostock Hall.

Six-carriage (coupled 3-car) units run on most services to/from Manchester and some services to/from Liverpool. The platforms are currently too short to open all doors at Leyland, and only the front four carriages will open. Works are currently taking place as of November 2023 to extend the platforms to allow all doors to open.

Services
The station is served exclusively by Northern Trains trains from Liverpool Lime Street and Manchester Airport to Blackpool North.

As of December 2022, there are 2 express trains per hour southbound to Manchester Airport via Chorley and Manchester Piccadilly, and 1 train per hour semi-fast to Liverpool Lime Street. All trains northbound terminate at Blackpool North. On Sundays, 1 train per hour runs on both routes. The Sunday service to Liverpool Lime Street becomes a stopping service and calls at most intermediate stations between Blackpool North and Liverpool Lime Street.

title: Leyland railway station


text: User talk:88.110.144.94

title: User talk:88.110.144.94


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Gerald Bales

Gerald Albert Bales, (May 12, 1919 – July 4, 2002) was a Canadian organist and composer.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Bales studied at the Toronto Conservatory of Music from 1936 to 1940 where he was a pupil of Herbert A. Fricker (conducting), Albert Procter (piano and organ), Leo Smith (music theory), and Healey Willan (music theory). In 1937 he gave his first professional organ concert at the Eaton Auditorium in Toronto, a performance which included some of his own compositions. As a soloist he had a major triumph in 1948 when he performed his Fantasy for piano and orchestra with the Chicago Philharmonic Orchestra.

From 1937 to 1941, he was an organist and choirmaster at St Anne's Anglican Church in Toronto. He went on to hold many different church posts in Toronto, Calgary, and Minneapolis up through 1971. From 1971 to 1984, he taught organ, choral conducting and orchestration at the University of Ottawa. He has composed over 120 works for piano, organ, voice, orchestra and chamber orchestra.

He was a Fellow and former president, from 1980 to 1982, of the Royal Canadian College of Organists. In 1996, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.

title: Gerald Bales


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Lochside Regional Trail

The Lochside Regional Trail is a 29 km trail that runs from the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal to Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The trail is a popular route both for commuting and recreation. It is frequented by people walking, running, cycling, skateboarding and riding horses.

The trail was created in 2001 and connects to the longer Galloping Goose Regional Trail. The two trails connect at the Switch Bridge in Saanich.

History
At one time the trail originally began as a railway route built by the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway (by 1918 Canadian National). Starting from Victoria it went up the peninsula to Patricia Bay where the Coast Guard ships dock is. It followed what was the lochside trail then crossed the Victoria and Sidney Railway at Bazan. Heading west it would cross the British Columbia Electric Railway to get to the bay.

title: Lochside Regional Trail


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History of cricket in South Africa from 1918–19 to 1945

This article describes the history of South African cricket from the aftermath of the First World War in 1919 to the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Domestic cricket from 1919 to 1945
Domestic first-class matches focused on the Currie Cup competition which, although it was the national championship, was not always contested because of travel constraints and other reasons. The Currie Cup was not held in seasons when there was a Test tour of South Africa, though it was held in 1931–32 when the South African Test side traveled to Australia and New Zealand.

Until 1926 all cricket in South Africa was played on matting pitches. The first Currie Cup match to be played on a turf pitch was held at the Kingsmead ground in Durban in December 1926, between Natal and Border. The first Test matches on turf pitches were held during the English tour of 1930–31. By the end of the 1930s, all first-class matches in South Africa were played on turf pitches.

Currie Cup winners from 1919–20 to 1944–45

 * 1) Not contested: 1919–20, 1922–23, 1924–25, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1935–36, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1941–42, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1944–45.
 * 2) 1920–21: Western Province
 * 3) 1921–22: undecided
 * 4) 1923–24: Transvaal
 * 5) 1925–26: Transvaal
 * 6) 1926–27: Transvaal
 * 7) 1929–30: Transvaal
 * 8) 1931–32: Western Province
 * 9) 1933–34: Natal
 * 10) 1934–35: Transvaal
 * 11) 1936–37: Natal
 * 12) 1937–38: Natal and Transvaal (shared)

Second World War
From the outset of the war, South Africa was actively involved as a member of the Allies. The war brought austerity and cricket was considered by many to be frivolous in such circumstances. Only one first-class game was played in South Africa during the wartime seasons.

This match took place during the 1942 New Year period at Newlands in Cape Town between Western Province and Transvaal. It ended in a draw. Western Province batted first and scored 237 in 79.1 overs. In reply, James Pickerill's 71 was the top score, and Reginald Lofthouse's 4–63 was the best return as Transvaal made 251 for 8 declared. Sidney Kiel top-scored in the match with 128 not out as Western Province declared on 236 for 8. This didn't quite leave enough time for a result and Transvaal had made 166–6 when stumps were drawn.

Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) 1919–20

 * Western Province v AIF – AIF won by 2 wickets
 * Transvaal v AIF – match drawn
 * Natal v AIF – AIF won by 310 runs
 * Natal v AIF – AIF won by an innings and 42 runs
 * Transvaal v AIF – AIF won by an innings and 14 runs
 * South Africa v AIF – AIF won by 8 wickets
 * South Africa v AIF – AIF won by an innings and 129 runs
 * Western Province v AIF – match drawn

The AIF team had players of the caliber of Jack Gregory, Herbie Collins, Bert Oldfield, and Nip Pellew.

Australia 1921–22

 * 1st Test at Lord's, Durban – match drawn
 * 2nd Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 3rd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – Australia won by 10 wickets

England 1922–23

 * 1st Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – South Africa won by 168 runs
 * 2nd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – England won by 1 wicket
 * 3rd Test at Kingsmead, Durban – match drawn
 * 4th Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 5th Test at Kingsmead, Durban – England won by 109 runs

England 1924–25
A team captained by Lionel Tennyson and including 12 past or future England Test players toured South Africa between November 1924 and February 1925.

England 1927–28

 * 1st Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – England won by 10 wickets
 * 2nd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – England won by 87 runs
 * 3rd Test at Kingsmead, Durban – match drawn
 * 4th Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – South Africa won by 4 wickets
 * 5th Test at Kingsmead, Durban – South Africa won by 8 wickets

England 1930–31

 * 1st Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – South Africa won by 28 runs
 * 2nd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – match drawn
 * 3rd Test at Kingsmead, Durban – match drawn
 * 4th Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 5th Test at Kingsmead, Durban – match drawn

Australia 1935–36

 * 1st Test at Kingsmead, Durban – Australia won by 9 wickets
 * 2nd Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 3rd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – Australia won by an innings and 78 runs
 * 4th Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – Australia won by an innings and 184 runs
 * 5th Test at Kingsmead, Durban – Australia won by an innings and 6 runs

England 1938–39

 * 1st Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 2nd Test at Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town – match drawn
 * 3rd Test at Kingsmead, Durban – England won by an innings and 13 runs
 * 4th Test at Old Wanderers, Johannesburg – match drawn
 * 5th Test at Kingsmead, Durban – match drawn


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Adamawa Emirate

The Adamawa Emirate (Fula: Lamorde Adamaawa,, 𞤤𞤢𞤥𞤮𞤪𞤣𞤫 𞤢𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤢; إمارة آدماوة; Adamaua; Adamaoua) is a traditional state located in Fombina, an area which now roughly corresponds to areas of Adamawa State and Taraba state in Nigeria, and previously also in the three northern regions of Cameroon (Far North, North, and Adamawa), including minor Parts of Chad and the Central African Republic.

Modibo Adama was a commander of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, the man who began the Fulani jihad in 1809. The capital was moved several times until it settled in Yola, Nigeria on the banks of the Benue River in Nigeria around 1841. At the time of Adama's death his realm encompassed parts of modern Nigeria and much of north Cameroon. Much like the other emirates in the Sokoto Caliphate, Adamawa enjoyed considerable autonomy but it had to pay a tribute to the Sultan in Sokoto.

Toponym
The name Adamawa derives from the name of the founder of the emirate, Adama bii Ardo Hassan. The suffix -wa is appended in the Hausa language to signify the collective identity of 'people of' that place, so, Adamawa means "the people of Adama".

Fombina means 'southlands' indicating the area south of Bornu and Sokoto. It was the earliest name for the emirate with 'Adamawa' only coming to use much later. The earliest recorded use of 'Adamawa' was in Denham's and Clapperton's 1826 journal Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa.

The Palace and Emirate Council today are called ‘Fombina Palace’ and ‘Fombina Emirate Council’ respectively. The present Lamido Adamawa, Lamido Muhammadu Barkindo, "strongly prefers" to be addressed as 'Lamido Fombina' with 'Adamawa' in bracket.

Geography
The nineteenth century Adamawa emirate lay south of Lake Chad, and east of Hausaland, within latitudes 6° and 11° North, and longitudes 10° and 14° East. The external limits are hard to fix in exact terms, because it is difficult to distinguish between people who the Fulani subjected to their rule, and those whom they simply raided for slaves, without establishing any form of administrative links. According to some estimates, by the late 19th century, slaves constituted about 50% of the population of the Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate, where they were referred to as jeyaɓe (singular jeyado). Based on the region subjected to Fulani rule, the emirate stretched from areas south of the Adamawa plateau near Tibati, in the South, to the Diamare, in the north, from the slopes of the Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara Highlands in the west, to Baya, Laka, Mundang and Musgum country in the east. Early British administrators reporting from Yola, put the surface area of Adamawa at between 35,000 and 40,000 square miles or between 90,650 and 103,600 square kilometers. As a result of European treaties in 1893 and 1894, parts of the Emirate can today be found in Chad, the Central African Republic, Nigeria and Cameroon, which retained about three-quarter of the total area of the emirate.

The altitude of much of the country lies at around 2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level. The Adamawa plateau itself however, called the Leydi Hossere by the Fulbe, rises to a general elevation of 4,000 ft (1,200 m), and forms the watershed, from which streams of water drain into the Benue river system, as well as into the inland basin of Lake Chad. Great altitudes of between 5,000 and 7,000 ft or between 1,525 and 2,150 meters above sea level are found, towards the western border region of the emirate with other regions of Nigeria and Cameroon, these are sections of the Cameroon-Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara highland range which have record heights of about 13,350 ft (4,070 m) above sea level near the coast and steadily decreases northwards, to just around 4,000 ft (1,200 m) near Yola, the emirate's capital city. North of Yola, these range of highlands is continued by the Mandara Mountains at over 6,000 ft (1,800 m), before finally tapering out around Balma, into the lake chad basin. The southern regions of the emirate is characterized by thin forest of broad leaved savannah woodland or orchard vegetation type. The country becomes more and more of open grasslands towards the north. The vegetation was a strong inducement to Fulani settlement in Adamawa, and during the jihad, it offered no serious obstacle to the extension of military power based on cavalry.

Pre-jihad
The earliest reference of Fulbe around the area of the Adamawa region was in the Kanem-Bornu empire when they came as envoys of the emperor of Mali during the 13th-century. A century later, more Fulbe migrated to Hausaland especially to Kano during the reign of Yakubu. These Fulani settlers brought many books on Islamic thought and Law from Mali. Some others continued further east to Bornu and settled there. There was a steady flow of Fulbe immigrants to this region and by the 16th-century there were considerable number of them in Hausaland, Bornu, Bagirmi and among the Jukun in Kwararafa.

Fulbe Under Bornu
The Fulbe became known for their learning and understanding of Islam. The Bornu king, Mai Dunama ibn Hajj Ali (1476–1503), gave official recognition to their contribution to the Muslim community in Bornu. He conferred upon an Ardo (Fulani chief) and removed the requirement for him and all the Fulbe he led to pay taxes. All the subsequent Mais (or kings) of Bornu honoured this arrangement throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. It was not unusual to find the Bornu kings going to war on other groups to protect the Fulbe from raids during this period. This Fulbe, in turn, continued teaching and joining the army to fight for Bornu. At the turn of the 18th-century however, perhaps due to their political ambition, Fulani people lost the support of the Bornu aristocracy. Mai Hamdan ibn Dunama failed to honour the tax agreement and the Fulbe were openly harassed in the kingdom. Due to this and other factors like famine and the general decline of the Kanem-Bornu empire, many Fulbe decided to find new homes elsewhere which led to many to migrate to Hausaland and the Adamawa region.

Migrations into Adamawa
The early Fulbe settlers in the Adamawa region were not driven by religious zeal or intention to conquer or dominate. Because these early Fulbe were not warlike, the migrations into this region, like earlier in the other regions, were peaceful. As a French colonial administrator, M. Masson puts it:"Since the fifteenth century, they had introduced themselves into the country in the most harmless manner, soliciting permission from the natives of the soil to graze and water their flock. Attracted by the rich pastures, several of the heads of the families settled in these territories as customers of the local populations."They generally avoided conflicts and built relationships with the local populations sometimes through inter-marriages. Trade also helped improve these relationships as the local communities provided supplies like honey, fish and grain and in turn the Fulani provided milk, meat, butter and hide. It was tasked on the Ardo to facilitate building of relationships with the local populations. Herder-farmer conflicts inevitably occurred, but these cases were typically resolved on an individual level between the farmers and herders involved. The Ardo would usually cooperate with local authorities to handle such cases, if necessary.

In some communities, particularly the Bata, the Fulbe settlers were required to adhere to jus primae noctis. In order to live in peace in these areas, some Fulani groups agreed to this arrangement. Many of the families however, evaded the custom by paying a bull or two to the chief as a substitute. In most cases, when certain conditions or practices were enforced on the Fulbe, they left the area to find a more suitable place (like in Bornu) but in this case, in the Benue regions, the conditions were too favourable for permanent settlements.

The rich Fulani families did not worry having to pay to avoid the jus primae noctis but the problem came from how the payments were collected. The chief would send his collectors to the father of the girl or the head of the family when he thinks he would not get enough from the Ardo. He would then proceed to select the required number of cattle usually picking out the best cattle. At around 1803, this practice caused a conflict. One Ardo Njobbo of the Ba'an (a Fulani clan), refused to make the payment or surrender his daughter to a local prince. The prince then proceeded to pick out a cattle from the Ardo's herd. Njobbo then ordered his men to kill the prince which led to a violent conflict between local Fulbe and Bata groups. This fight is said to have led to the death of Modibbo Adama's father, Modibbo Hassana.

Adama's Jihad and establishment of Fombina
The jihad in the region later called Adamawa was an offshoot of Uthman dan Fodio's jihad in Hausaland. Uthman's jihad started in February 1804 with the hijra from Degel to Gudu and later declaration of jihad against Yunfa, Sarkin Gobir. Despite the jihad battles ongoing in the north and west of Adamawa by Buba Yero and Uthman's other flag-bearers particularly in Uba, Bazza and Kanem-Bornu, the Fulbe of Adamawa were not interested until five years later in 1809.

Justifications for Jihad
News about the jihad eventually reached Adamawa through the activities of Buba Yero of Gombe. Some Muslim Ardo'en held a meeting in Gurin to reach a decision on how to approach the situation. Unlike Uthman in Gobir, the Adamawa jihad was not found on self-defence. The Muslims of the Adamawa region were not prohibited from practicing Islam. They did not engage in any major conflicts with the local populations. The region was highly diverse ethnically, linguistically, and religiously. Even the Adamawa Fulani Muslims were not highly knowledgeable about the religion, and even today, the Mbororo are not Muslims. Out of the four instances in which Uthman stated that jihad could be carried out against a people to establish a new government, only two applied to the Muslims of Adamawa:"(xii) And that to make war upon the heathen king who will not say 'There is no God but Allah' is obligatory by assent, and that to take the government from him is obligatory by assent; (xiii) And that to make war upon the heathen king who does not say 'There is no God but Allah' on account of the custom of his town (bi-sabab 'urfi'l-baladi), and who makes no profession of Islam, is (also obligatory by assent; and that to take the government from him is obligatory by assent;"They reached an agreement to send a delegation to Uthman in Sokoto to get advice on their situation and get legitimacy if he decides they were eligible to launch the jihad. They appointed Modibbo Adama, a learned teacher who was familiar with Sokoto, as the leader of the delegation.The delegation reached the Shehu after months of travel and presented him with their message. After reviewing the situation, Uthman instructed them to launch the jihad in Fombina ('southlands of Sokoto and Bornu'). Furthermore, he chose Adama as the leader, appointing him Lamido Fombina. The reason for Uthman's decision to pick Adama, according to a manuscript dated March 1809 in Yola, was: "...since you tell me that some of the fulani leaders did not come with you, but they sent you to come and receive the flag of the jihad from me and take it back to them. I instruct you to tell them that it is you to whom I have given this jihad flag, and tell them that who ever obeys you obeys me, and whoever swears fealty to you, it is exactly as if he had sworn fealty to me."Another version states:"When you return tell them this is what Shaihu gave you. Say also that I accept their greetings. Bid them place their hands in yours; whoever gives his hand to you, joins hands with me. Tell them I greet them. Make flags for them like this that I have given you, give them the flags, with the orders I have laid upon you. You are the envoy; whatsoever they desire let them tell it you, then do you come and tell me."

Reactions to Uthman's directive
Modibbo Adama bin Hassana was the son of an Ardo named Modibbo Hassana. Early in his life he left his relatives and clan in Adamawa to attain knowledge. His pursuit led him to Bornu where he studied under a renowned Mallam (Islamic teacher) called Kiari. He was there for many years learning and teaching Islam. After his study in Bornu, Adama returned to his people in Adamawa who were now settled in Gurin, a new settlement they established a few years back. During his time in Bornu, it is theorised that Adama heard about the jihad in Sokoto and most likely came back to inform his people back in Adamawa. Adama stayed in Gurin for some time, teaching the Fulbe Muslims in the community, until the meeting regarding the jihad took place. The reactions to Uthman's decision to pick Adama as the leader shocked the Fulbe of Adamawa especially the Ardo'en who felt that he was not worthy of such an appointment. Adama had very humble beginnings. His father was an ordinary Mallam. Adama lacked wealth and prestige. He was no warrior owing to his lean and tall stature. His only qualification was his knowledge of Islam and ability to explain concepts clearly. He was a fairly popular teacher in his community with even receiving a license to teach (Ijazas) from his Mallam, Kiari of Kukawa. Adama was also described as "an honest man, God fearing and unambitious for possessions". These qualities likely influenced the Ardo'en to choose him as the leader of the delegation that was sent to Sokoto. They probably thought that a man with such humble origins would not be chosen to lead the jihad. However, to Uthman, these qualities made him the ideal leader for such a cause. These qualities also made Adama trustworthy in Uthman's eyes, which was an important quality to him as he expected reports from Adama regarding the jihad and affairs of his new emirate.

On Adama's arrival to Gurin, he was eagerly welcomed with many people waiting to receive Uthman's message and directive. As he relayed the message and informed them on his appointment as 'Lamido of Fombina', his audience started reacting differently with even one Ardo Gamawa loudly proclaiming "This is too much. A wife called Adama, a son called Adamu; And is my chief to be Adamu too? But you have forestalled us". Despite the initial mixed reactions to this news, most of the Fulbe Muslims, and later other Muslims, of Adamawa eventually rallied behind Modibbo Adama, who preferred to be referred to as Modibbo Adama rather than Lamido Adama.

Beginning of the Jihad
The cavalry of the Muslims were highly effective against their adversaries. There is no record of horses being used in the Adamawa region by non-Fulanis before the jihad. Unlike in Mandara and Bornu where they could be found in large numbers, horses were very scarce in Adamawa and were sometimes used for sports and ceremonies. Donkeys, on the other hand, were widely used as beasts of burden. They were cheaper and plentiful which led to their popularity. It was through their experience riding Donkeys that Fulbe from less affluent families could ride horses so effectively. Horses, weapons and armour were provided from Hausaland to the jihadists in Adamawa. They also provided military training and support. Despite their few numbers, the Adamawa Muslims were able to be successful in their jihad mostly because of the decentralised organistaion of the non-Muslims in the region. Non-Muslim ethnic groups were dispersed and lacked the unity the Muslims jihadists had. The organised non-Muslim ethnic groups like the Mandara proved to be tough adversaries for the jihadists with their war with Mandara proving to be the most difficult.

Modibbo Adama's first priority was to strengthen this unity. He appealed to the Fulbe Ardo'en to drop differences and inter-clan conflicts and to unite as Muslims. Adama preached to non-Muslim leaders and their people to convert to Islam and join the new Muslim confederation where there would not be discrimination based on race or ethnic background. Many non-Muslims converted to Islam and joined the jihad cause because of Adama's pleading. The Batta of Zummo, Malabu and Holna in particular, embraced Islam and joined the Muslim force at Gurin. By 1810–1811, a considerable number of recent converts and refugees from Bornu, many of whom were Fulbe and Shuwa Arabs, were part of the jihad Army in Adamawa. Uthman dan Fodio ordered Adama not to engage in war with the Batta and Verre:"I enjoin you not to conquer the pagans of the Batta end Verre or enslave their children. Because even if they oppress you, you are forbidden to retaliate in force and recover by force what they seized from you. But if God grants you victory over then you must let them live their own lives and not disperse them completely, and if they ask for peace you should agree."Many Fulbe lived among the Batta people. The Batta had large numbers and were well organised socially and politically. They were seen as a formidable force. They were experienced and fierce fighters who were also effective in archery with their utilisation of poison arrows. The Batta were separated into many groups and clans but the Fulbe Muslims feared that they would unite under one force to fight them. This can lead to a long war introducing constant instability in the emirate.

The Verre had fewer numbers than the Batta. They were not as organised and generally avoided wars. They have been forced to flee from their original settlements by Batta and Jukun forces. They resettled in the Verre hills in 18th century. The Verre welcomed Fulani pastoralists, particularly from the Ba'en clan, after they were also forced to flee by the Batta. These two groups regularly came together to defend against raids from the Batta. It was in the interest of the Fulbe to maintain this relationship during the jihad. The Verre also had a large supply of iron and were valuable smiths who skillfully made arrow heads, knives, hoes, and spears.

War against the Kingdom of Mandara
The Mandara kingdom, along with the Bornu empire, was one of the most significant and well-organized states in the region. It held considerable power and influence, with its capital at Dulo, and controlled extensive territories. The Mandara kingdom had a history of conflicts with Bornu, and these clashes played a crucial role in shaping their relationship. Notably, Mandara was the sole Muslim state located south of Bornu, and it embraced Islam in the early 18th century, during the reign of Mai Bukar al-Hajj. Adama's jihad against Mandara held immense importance in the overall jihad efforts, and this conflict later became a central feature in Adama's campaigns north of the Benue River.

Dulo campaign
In the latter part of 1810, Adama assembled a sizable army and embarked on a campaign towards Mandara due to ongoing reports of Mandara's hostility towards the Fulani. Travelling through the Tiel River valley, Adama's forces arrived at Guidder. With the assistance of the local Fulbe population, Adama launched an attack against Guidder's chief, Mulli Mali, after he refused to submit and was subsequently killed. Guidder was conquered by Adama's forces. They continued their northward advance, converting numerous villages along the way. However, some villages that resisted surrender sought refuge in difficult-to-reach areas, inaccessible to cavalry. Adama established his camp at Petté, a few miles south of Dulo, the capital of Mandara. From there, he sent a letter to the Mai of Mandara, Bukar Djiama, asserting that Shehu Usman appointed him as Lamido and that Mandara fell under his jurisdiction, requiring the Mai to pay homage. In response, Bukar acknowledged Adama's authority over the Fulani and sent him presents, including a female slave. However, he adamantly refused to compromise his own sovereignty over Mandara. Afterwards, Adama swiftly moved his forces to Pata, an open field that provided an advantageous setting for his cavalry. The Mandara army attempted to attack Adama's force but was unsuccessful and forced to retreat. Adama pursued them to Dulo, the capital of Mandara, which fell with little resistance. However, Mai Bukar retreated further east to Mora, a location with better defenses against cavalry. Dulo suffered extensive devastation at the hands of Adama's army. Adama then faced challenges in establishing a stable government in the city as most of its able-bodied inhabitants had either perished in battle or fled with Bukar. It became clear that Adama would need to remain in Mandara for an extended period to establish any form of governance. Complicating matters, the behavior of his men made this task difficult as their focus shifted solely to acquiring war spoils, neglecting the defense of the town. Subsequently, the Mandara warriors returned to Dulo, swiftly recaptured it, and pursued the Fulbe forces well beyond the borders of the kingdom.

The deteriorating relationship between Mandara and the Fulani worsened when Mai Bukar initiated raids on Fulani camps within his territory, capturing many Fulani Muslims as slaves. Concurrently, the Fulani settlements in Maroua, Mindif, Guider, and Bogo were solidifying their control over the Diamare region and the Mundang people. Prior to Adama's jihad, Bukar frequently utilized these settlements for slave raids. The increasing influence of the Fulani in the area significantly impacted Bukar's economic and political power. In response to the slave raids, the Fulani constructed defensive outposts fortified with massive barricades, effectively defending against both Mandara and Bornu raiders. Consequently, an alliance formed between Bornu and Mandara against the Fulbe.

Battle of Mosfei
In 1823, a treaty of alliance was signed between Bornu and Mandara. Additionally, Mai Bukar offered his daughter in marriage to the Mai of Bornu, Ibrahim Ahmed. Together, they successfully launched a joint expedition into Musgum, located southwest of Mandara. By the end of 1823, tensions between Mandara and the Fulani reached their peak. The Bornu court received a delegation of well-armed Arabs, presenting an opportunity for another expedition. Bukar proposed targeting two Fulani strongholds: Mosfei and Zuay near Modzgo. The attack was launched after careful planning by Bukar. However, the Fulani forces had entrenched themselves behind high palisade barriers and unleashed a barrage of poisoned arrows on the allied Bornu and Mandara forces. The Fulani defense proved too formidable, forcing the allied forces to retreat. This battle was witnessed by the explorer Dixon Denham, and his firsthand account can be found in Clapperton's journal, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa.

Following the battle at Mosfei, the Fulani and Mandara entered a period of ongoing conflicts. To strengthen his position, Mai Bukar was compelled to fortify Mora and establish it as his administrative capital. Meanwhile, Dulo became the royal capital, serving as a symbolic center of power akin to Windsor or Versailles, where the Mai resided for parts of the year. Even today, when the Mais of Mandara ascend to the throne, they visit Dulo to don the leopard skin and other symbols associated with Gayae, the legendary founder of the kingdom. During this time, the Fulani gained control over the eastern part of Mandara. Settlements such as Mubi, Moda, Madagali, Michika, Guidder, and others firmly came under Adama's domain, with each having its own lamido.

Fall
By 1901, the emirates of Bida, Ilorin, Agaye, Lapai and Kontagora had fallen to the British through the Royal Niger Company. The aristocracy of Adamawa were held intense debates on whether to resist the British or submit when they eventually invade the emirate as the military might of the Royal Niger Company was much greater. The party who preferred to resist eventually won the debate. This party was led by the Lamido, Zubairu bin Adama. The other party included the Hamman Joda (the Qadi), Bobbo Ahmadu (the Lamido's younger brother) and Yerima Iyabeno (the Lamido's nephew). Lamido Zubairu's insistence on resistance was influenced by his hatred for the Europeans who divided and plan to further divide his emirate. By 1901, the Germans had already taken his sub-emirate Tibati and had been making moves towards taking the sub-emirates of Ngoundere and Bamnyo. His strong respect for the Sokoto Caliphate and its ideals also influenced his decision to resist. In a letter to Sultan Abdurrahman announcing the fall of Yola to the British, Lamido Zubairu pledged:"I will not be two-faced, on your side and on the side of the Christians too. My allegiance is to you, to God and the Prophet, and after you to the Imam Mahdi. There is no surrender to the unbeliever even after the fall of the strongholds."

Invasion of Yola
The British deployed 22 European officers and NCOs and 365 mercenaries, 275-mm guns and 4 Maxim guns, led by Colonel T.N.L. Morland for the occupation of Yola on 2 September 1901. They travelled using steamboats on the lake Njuwa and were anchored near a baobob tree locally called Bokki Hampeto. Colonel Morland sent a Shuwa Arab resident of Yola to send a letter to the Lamido containing their terms. The messenger came back three minutes later with the message that Lamido Zubayru refused to receive the letter. Upon receiving this message, Morland moved his troops closer to the town and then sent his messenger once again to the Lamido with threat that if his letter is refused again he would take steps to compel him to open it. Before the return of his messager, people riding on horses came out of the town to block the British. The messenger returned once again failing to deliver the letter to Lamido Zubairu as he was sent back and was told by the Lamido to warn Morland to retreat. More horsemen streamed out of the town to confront Morland and his forces. Morland calculated that it would be to their advantage to allow the people of Yola to attack first in the open. He felt it was much better than fighting in the narrow streets of Yola. He waited for the first attack from 10am to 1pm "after much shouting and exhorting from their mallams". Despite the battle starting, Morland ordered his men to "reserve our fire till the leaders were within 200 yards" before he have the order for the maxim guns to be fired. After this attack, Morland's forces went on the offensive. They advanced through the town till they reached the Lamido's palace and Friday mosque which were heavily defended. Morland himself was wounded by an arrow. After this battle, the casualties Morland's forces suffered were 2 men killed and 37 wounded while the Yola forces suffered 50 men killed and 150 wounded.

Aftermath
The morning after, the British forces blew up the palace's visitors chambers and other "important looking buildings" in the town of Yola. Morland also heard rumors that Lamido Zubayru, who escaped with his life, fled to Gurin, forty miles east of Yola. Acting Commisoner Wallace with Colonel Morland, by steamboat, quickly travelled to Gurin in pursuit of the Lamido. With them were 8 European officers and NCOs, 150 mercenaries and 2 maxim guns. After journeying on the river Benue, river Faro and river Heso for 26 hours, they arrived in Gurin only to be told that Emir was never there. They turned back towards Yola without any encounter. They later got information that Zubaryu was in Ribadu, fourteen miles behind them. Wallace turned back to Yola to appoint a new "Lamido" while Morland and his forces marched towards Ribadu only to find out Lamido Zubayru was had also not been there. Morland spent the night in Ribadu. On the morning of September 7, Colonel Morland shelled the town of Ribadu before returning to Yola. Boboa Ahmadu was later installed as Lamido Adamawa by the British colonial administrators.

Sub-emirates of Fombina
Adamawa was a large and linguistically heterogenous emirate with over 42 sub-emirates a few of which were fairly autonomous. Some of its major sub-emirates include: Cheboa, Tibati, Ngaoundéré, Bamnyo, Malabu, Rai-Buba, Song, Zummo, Gola, Holma Pakorgel, Marwa, Bogo, Kobotshi, Laro, Belel, Daware, Mayo-Farang, Sorau, Madagali, Gider, Michika, Moda, Mubi, Uba, Mindif, Binder, Ribadu, Ribemi, Kalfu, Be, Demsa, Vokna Tola, Agorma, Pette, Wuro Mayo-Najarendi, Mbere and Balala.

Conflict between sub-emirates or lamidates (ruled by a Lamido) was frequent, and the Emir in Yola often had to mediate between them or lead military intervention when necessary. Lamidos were elected by a local council but subject to approval from Yola. The nature and strength of the bonds between Yola and the Sokoto Caliphate, and between Yola and the lamidates, could vary widely depending on the context and interests of each party but was generally loose.

Administrative structure
As part of the Sokoto Caliphate, Adamawa drew heavily from Sokoto's administrative principles, particularly from the writings and teachings of the three reformist leaders, Usman, Abdullahi, and Bello. Sokoto's administrative structure was rooted in Maliki law and Qadriyya teachings.

During Adama's reign, the administrative structure in Adamawa was mostly informal. However, it was during the reign of Lauwal that significant formalization took place. Lauwal introduced various titles, such as Galadima, Waziri, Alkali, Agia, and Sarkin Yaki, which formed the Lamido's council. The chief councillor was often between the Galadima and Waziri, usually depending who was older or more experienced. Each title holder led large state departments, contributing to the governance and organization of the emirate. None of these positions were hereditary. This formalization aligned Adamawa's administrative framework more closely with the administrative thought of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Galadima
The holder of this title in Adamawa held the role of overseeing the internal administration of the emirate and managing relations between Yola and its numerous districts. This title holder played a significant part in the appointment of officials to fill vacant positions. The Galadima received reports from both the Fulani and non-Fulani magaji'en (district heads) of Yola. Additionally, he was responsible for ensuring discipline and adherence to the Pulaaku code of conduct throughout the emirate's capital. Sambo Holma, a close confidant of Adama, is believed to have been the first Galadima.

 * 1) Buba Mbamoi: soon after the office was established, Modibbo Adama appointed Mbamoi as Galadima. At the time, the post was the highest position in government.
 * 2) Fariku (1853–1901): after the death of Mbamoi, Lamido Lawal appointed the eldest son of Modibbo Alkasum as his replacement. Alkasum was a former servant of Adama and a brother-in-law to Lawal.
 * 3) Adamu Goni (1901–1920): Alkasum's third son was made Galadima during the reign of Muhammad Abba.
 * 4) Dahiru b. Isa: the fourth Galadima was Dahiru, a grandson of Modibbo Raji, an influential Islamic scholar who immigrated to Adamawa from Gwandu during the reign of Lawal.   He, along with his cousin Muhammadu Girei (later appointed Sardauna and District Head of Michika and Maiha) and Mallu Hamman (later appointed as Waziri), were the first from Adamawa to be Western-educated after attending Hanns Vischer's school in Kano in 1911.  He was Adamawa's first Native Treasurer before his appointment as Galadima.
 * 5) Aminu : Dahiru was succeeded by his cousin who doubled as the District Head of Yola.
 * 6) Usman Muqaddas: Aminu was succeeded by his brother.
 * 7) Bello Ahmed: Usman was succeeded by his brother.
 * 8) Murtala Aminu  (1986–2011):  Bello was succeeded by a son of Aminu, who was a barrister and solicitor. Prior to his appointment, he served as the Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice for the Gongola State government from 1976 to 1979. He was a member of the five-man Legal Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, contributing to the drafting of the 1979 Constitution that established the Second Republic. Additionally, he was part of the 46-member 1988 Constitutional Review Committee and later a member of the Constituent Assembly that developed the 1993 Constitution, which brought about the Third Republic. He also held positions as the chairman of Jama'atu Nasril Islam in Adamawa State and the national legal adviser of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs. On December 20, 2011, he resigned as Galadima following a disagreement with Lamido Barkindo.  He died in December 2020.
 * 9) Aliyu Usman Raji (2012–2014): after the resignation Murtala, Barkindo appointed Aliyu who was a retired Grand Khadi.
 * 10) Mustapha Aminu (2014–present): after the death of Aliyu, he was succeeded by Mustapha Aminu.

Waziri (Chief Vizier)
This position was inspired by the Vizier position of the Abbasid Caliphate. The position in Sokoto held considerable power and was second only to the Caliph. The Waziri, in Adamawa, was closely associated with the emirate's foreign affairs and its foreign visitors. Modibbo Abdullahi, a scholar from Wadai, acted as the first Waziri despite not officially assuming the title. The position was officially created by Lamido Sanda in 1873 shortly after his ascension. There have been seven holders of this position:

 * 1) Aliyu (1877–1891): Aliyu was the son of Modibbo Alkasum, a chief counsellor of Modibbo Adama.
 * 2) Abdulkadir Pate (1891–1924): After the death of Aliyu during the reign of Lamido Zubeiru, his younger brother Pate assumed the position. He held this position during the first two decades of British Colonisation of the emirate and served under three Lambe.
 * 3) Hamman (1924–1957): After the death of Pate, he was succeeded by Hamman. He was the father of Mahmud Waziri, who represented the Adamawa district of the Old Gongola State in the Senate during the Nigerian Second Republic.
 * 4) Muhammadu Ribadu (1957–1965): Lamido Aliyu Musdafa appointed Ribadu as Waziri in 1957. Unlike his predecessors, Ribadu was a prominent politician nationwide. During his appointment, he was already a Federal Minister and vice-president of the Northern People's Congress, the dominant party in the Northern Region. Hence, Madakin Adamawa, Bello Malabu, acted in his stead.
 * 5) Muhammad Babba Lawan (1968–2000): Ribadu died in Lagos as the Federal Minister of Defence. To replace him as Waziri, Lamido Musdafa appointed Babba Lawan, his cousin. He was maternal great-grandson of Lamido Zubairu and a paternal great-grandson of the first and second Waziri, Aliyu and Pate respectively.
 * 6) Muhammad Abba Muhammad (2010–2017): The position of Waziri remained vacant for a decade until Lamido Muhammad Barkindo appointed Muhammad. He was a grandson of the third Galadiman Adamawa, Adamu Goni, and was married to Fadimatu Batulu, the eldest daughter of Lamido Musdafa. He served in the Emirate Council for over half a century and died at the age of 91.
 * 7) Atiku Abubakar (2017–present): Abubakar was the former Vice-president of Nigeria (1999–2007) and Turakin Adamawa (1982–2017). He was appointed the Wazirin Adamawa by the current Lamido in 2017.

Alkalin Alkalai (Chief Judge)
The responsibility of enforcing the Sharia (Islamic law) was the task of the Alkali (from the Arabic Qadi). Aided by the muftis and modibbe (learned men) of the emirate, he took charge of the courts and is the only councillor who operated independent of the Lamido. He was, however, appointed by the Lamido. Holders of this position before British Colonisation:

 * 1) Hamman Gurin (1809–1831): Modibbo Hamman Gurin, Ardo of the Ba'en, was appointed the only Qadi of Fombina by Modibbo Adama. His appointment was the only one formally made by Adama before the capital was eventually changed from Gurin in 1831.
 * 2) Tongude (1831–1847): After Adama moved away from Gurin, the position became vacant as Hamman remained in Gurin, now as Adama's Khalifa. He was shortly replaced by Modibbo Tongude, a migrant scholar. He held this position until his retirement after Adama's death.
 * 3) Hassan (1847–1855): Tongude was replaced by Modibbo Hassan, a migrant scholar from Massina. Hassan followed Adama back to Fombina after one of Adama's visits to Sokoto. He was one of Adama's advisers during his reign. In this position, he was said to have been "exceptionally honest"; he was said to have tried and sentenced Lamido Lawal after a compalaint from a poor man. He held the position until his death in 1855.
 * 4) Muhammadu 'Bilkijo' (1855–1872): Modibbo Hassan was replaced by another immigrant scholar, Muhammadu, nicknamed 'Bilkijo'. He was appointed by Lamido Lawal and held the position until Sanda's reign.
 * 5) Abdullahi (1872–): Modibbo Abdullahi was a learned scholar, who was educated in Sokoto. During Lawal's reign, he served as the waziri. Later, as Alkalin Alkalai under Lamido Sanda, he spearheaded extensive judicial reforms in Fombina. Yola now having a lively scholastic community, there was a sufficient number of qualified modibbe to serve as Alkalai across the emirate. Fombina was divided into four zones and each were assigned a leading Yola scholar to act as an appeal judge. The sub-emirates were then assigned local Alkali'en who passed judgements that could be appealed to the higher courts, with the Yola court holding the highest authority.
 * 6) Hamman Joda (–1908): Modibbo Hamman Joda was appointed Alkalin Alkalai during the reign of Lamido Zubeiru. He was born and raised in Chikari in the district of Rai. At the age of 17, he travelled to Ngaoundéré in search of knowledge. He later relocated to Girei to study under Modibbo Raji and eventually pursued education in Cairo, working until he could afford to study at Al-Azhar University, specializing in Law. Following his studies and pilgrimage to Mecca, he returned to Yola around 1886. Shortly after his return, he was appointed as the Alkali of Yola, and a year later, was appointed Alkalin Alkalai. He was said to have been impartial and honest. In one of his most notable cases, he sentenced a nephew of Lamido Zubeiru to death for highway robbery, a ruling which Zubeiru acceded to. On another occasion, Hamman Joda summoned Lamido Zubeiru to court in response to a complaint regarding his failure to settle debts, ultimately finding Zubeiru guilty. After the emirate fell to the British, he continued in the position until his death on 10 February 1908.  He is remembered as "the most renowned Islamic judge in the history of Adamawa Emirate".

Ajiya (State Treasurer)
The collection of taxes such as zakat and jizya was the responsibility of the Agia. As the State Treasurer, he was responsible for overseeing the state's treasury and handling various sources of revenue, such as tributes, income from the Lamido's farms, and other funds. The Agia also had the authority to disburse payments on behalf of the Lamido when necessary.

Sarkin Yaki (Supreme Commander of the Army)
The holder of this title was the Supreme Commander of the Army. This individual commanded all military forces within the emirate. Additionally, the Sarkin Yaki was in charge of procuring military equipment, such as weapons and armor, for the army. Gathering intelligence on the military capabilities of both Muslim and non-Muslim groups in the region was also part of the Sarkin Yaki's responsibilities. Adamawa did not maintain a standing army. Instead, its military force was composed of volunteers. Military training was considered an integral part of general training for manhood.

Lamibe Fombina
The title Lamido Fombina or Lamido Adamawa were used for the rulers of the emirate. Lamido Fombina was the title Usman dan Fodio conferred on Modibbo Adama, the emirate's founder. The title means 'ruler of the southlands', southlands here refers to the regions south of Bornu. The word 'Lamido' means ruler in Fulfulde. It comes from the verbal root lama, meaning 'to rule', and lamu, meaning 'sovereignty'. Below is a table showing all the holders of the title till date.

title: Adamawa Emirate


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Working People's Vanguard Party

Working People's Vanguard Party (WPVP) was a small, Maoist political party in Guyana. It was formed in 1969 through a split in the People's Progressive Party (PPP) in the 1960s. The party was led by Brindley Benn and Victor Downer. Initially the party advocated a violent overthrow of the People's National Congress government, but later shifted to the right and entered into an alliance with pro-capitalist groups.

Council of Landless People
In 1973, the WPVP supported the Council of Landless People who had attempted to retake ancestral lands that were being encroached upon by the state and the sugar industry. Two thousand people had occupied 200 acres of land. The police evicted them and burned their shacks, triggering a large protest movement. This campaign, backed by a coalition that included the People's Progressive Party, later won a partial victory when the Sugar Producer's Association returned some of the land to the original residents.

Alliances
WPVP took part in the formation of the Working People's Alliance in 1974. In 1976, withdrew from the Working People's Alliance in 1977. In 1980 WPVP joined forces with the "rightist" Liberator Party led by Ganraj Kumar and the People's Democratic Movement to form the Vanguard for Liberation and Democracy.

People's Temple exposés
On 25 December 1977, a WPVP newspaper called The Beacon and edited by Brindley Benn published an exposé of the People's Temple group which had established a compound called Jonestown in Guyana. The article repeated allegations by disaffected former members of the People's Temple which had been published in an American magazine called New West. A few days later, public relations people working for People's Temple founder Jim Jones visited Benn and insisted that he retract his criticism, saying "they were surprised by an attack coming from a comrade in socialism." Benn refused, and wrote another story published on 22 January 1978 in another WPVP publication The Hammer, demanding that the police commissioner investigate the People's Temple. "Vanguard Publications believes that all is not above board with the People's Temple, although Rev. Jones appeared photographed with the Prime Minister. Vanguard is determined to secure every information, local and foreign, on the sect." On 17 November 1978, security staff of the People's Temple murdered American Congressman Leo Ryan on the airstrip at Port Kaituma. The following day, Jim Jones and his followers committed mass suicide. In all, 918 people died at Jonestown.

title: Working People's Vanguard Party


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Iced tea spoon

An iced tea spoon, also called a soda spoon or a latte spoon, is a thin spoon with a long handle. It is used primarily in the United States for stirring sugar or other sweeteners into iced tea, which is traditionally served in a tall glass.

Originally known as a parfait spoon, it is also commonly used for eating ice cream, especially floats and sundaes. As these desserts are usually served in tall glasses, regular teaspoons or dessert spoons become inconvenient choices due to their limited reach.

title: Iced tea spoon