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Monetization

Monetization (also spelled monetisation in the UK) is, broadly speaking, the process of converting something into money. The term has a broad range of uses. In banking, the term refers to the process of converting or establishing something into legal tender. While it usually refers to the coining of currency or the printing of banknotes by central banks, it may also take the form of a promissory currency. The term "monetization" may also be used informally to refer to exchanging possessions for cash or cash equivalents, including selling a security interest, charging fees for something that used to be free, or attempting to make money on goods or services that were previously unprofitable or had been considered to have the potential to earn profits. And data monetization refers to a spectrum of ways information assets can be converted into economic value.

Another meaning of "monetization" denotes the process by which the U.S. Treasury accounts for the face value of outstanding coinage. This procedure can extend even to one-of-a-kind situations such as when the Treasury Department sold an extremely rare 1933 Double Eagle. The coin's nominal value of $20 was added to the final sale price, reflecting the fact that the coin was considered to have been issued into circulation as a result of the transaction. In some industry sectors such as high technology and marketing, monetization is a buzzword for adapting non-revenue-generating assets to generate revenue.

Promissory currency
Such commodities as gold, diamonds, and emeralds have generally been regarded by human populations as having an intrinsic value within that population based on their rarity or quality and thus provide a premium not associated with fiat currency unless that currency is "promissory". That is, the currency promises to deliver a given amount of a recognized commodity of a universally (globally) agreed-to rarity and value, providing the currency with the foundation of legitimacy or value. Though rarely the case with paper currency, even intrinsically relatively worthless items or commodities can be made into money, so long as they are challenging to make or acquire.

Debt monetization
Debt monetization is the financing of government spending by the central bank. If a nation's expenditure exceeds its revenues, it incurs a government deficit which can be financed either:
 * by the government treasury, by way of
 * money it already holds (e.g. income or liquidations from a sovereign wealth fund); or
 * issuing new bonds; or
 * by the central bank, through money it creates de novo

In the latter case, the central bank may purchase government bonds by conducting an open market purchase, i.e. by increasing the monetary base through the money creation process. If government bonds that have come due are held by the central bank, the central bank will return any funds paid to it back to the treasury. Thus, the treasury may "borrow" money without needing to repay it. This process of financing government spending is called "monetizing the debt".

In most high-income countries the government assigns exclusive power to issue its national currency to a central bank, but central banks may be forbidden by law from purchasing debt directly from the government. For example, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (article 123) forbids EU central banks' direct purchase of debt of EU public bodies such as national governments.

Revenue from business operations
Web sites and mobile apps that generate revenue are often monetized via online advertisements, subscription fees, or (in the case of apps) in-app purchases. In the music industry, monetization is achieved by placing ads before, after, or in the middle of content on a platform that supports this or posting the music on on-demand apps like Spotify and Apple Music. On-demand content sites like Spotify and Apple Music pay the artist a percentage of the monthly subscription fees they receive from their users. To put release music on streaming apps like Spotify and Apple Music, an artist has to reach out to a distributor like TuneCore or Distrokid. They are the one who do make the music available on streaming sites. This is usually done for a percentage of the revenue generation. For each public viewing, the advertising revenue is shared with the artist or others who hold rights to the video content. A previously free product may have premium options added thus becoming freemium.

Businesses monetize their value propositions to generate the resources necessary for continued operation through a business model or revenue model. Failure to monetize websites due to an inadequate revenue model was a problem that caused many businesses to fold during the dot-com bust.

Equally, David Sands, CTO for Citibank Equity Research, affirmed that failure to achieve monetization of the Research Analysts' models as the reason the de-bundling of Equity Research has never taken hold.

On the other hand, aggressive monetization refers to how a firm or business is overemphasizing the process of making money at the cost of the user's well-being. The over-emphasis generate equal resistance from the users due to perceived unfairness and psychological reactance.

Monetization of non-monetary benefits
Monetization is also used to refer to the process of converting some benefit received in non-monetary form (such as milk) into a monetary payment. The term is used in social welfare reform when converting in-kind payments (such as food stamps or other free benefits) into some "equivalent" cash payment. From the point of view of economics and efficiency, it is usually considered better to give someone a monetary equivalent of some benefit than the benefit (say, a liter of milk) in kind.

 * Inefficiency: in the latter situation people who may not need milk cannot get something of equivalent value (without subsequently trading or selling the milk).
 * Black market growth: people who need something other than milk may sell it. In many circumstances, this action may be illegal and considered fraudulent. For example, Moscow pensioners (see below for details) often give their personal cards that allow free usage of local transport to relatives who use public transport more frequently.
 * Changes on the market: supply of milk to the market is reduced by the amount distributed to the privileged group, so the price and availability of milk may change.
 * Corruption: firms that should give this benefit have an advantage as they have guaranteed consumers and the quality of the goods supplied is controlled only administratively, not by market competition. So, bribes to the body that choose such firms and/or maintain control can take place.

Russian social welfare monetization of 2005
In 2005, Russia transformed most of its in-kind benefits into monetary compensation.

Before this reform there was a large system of preferences: free/reduced price of travels on local transport, free supply of drugs, free health resort treatment, etc. for diverse categories of society: military personnel, the disabled, and separately, persons disabled due to World War II, Chernobyl liquidators, inhabitants of Leningrad during the siege, former political prisoners, and for all pensioners (that is, women 55+, men 60+). This system was a legacy of the Soviet Union, but it was heavily extended by populist laws passed by central and regional authorities during the 1990s. By the law 122-ФЗ of 22 August 2004, this system was converted into cash payments by various means:
 * abolition of preference, compensated by raising of wage (e.g. free use of local transport for military personnel) or pension (e.g. different preferences for Chernobyl liquidators)
 * for the three most important preferences (free local transport, 50%-price suburban rail transport, free supply of drugs): a choice between the preference and some extra money.

The main causes of friction in the reform were the following:
 * technical and bureaucratic problems (e.g. for usage of the 50% discount for suburban rail transport, a person would need to present a paper from the local State Pension Fund office stating that he/she doesn't choose monetary compensation);
 * separation of all preference-recipients into federal and regional according to the body authorizing the preference. The largest group – pensioners – was regional, and this caused most of the problems:
 * In poor regions, financial pressure caused the local government to abolish these preferences with little or no compensation to the former recipients.
 * Even if the preferences were retained, they would apply only to pensioners of the region in question. Thus, pensioners from the Moscow Oblast (administrative region), for example, could not freely use the metro and buses in Moscow proper, because these are two different local governments. Later, most of these problems would be solved by a series of bi-lateral agreements between neighboring regions.

A wave of protests emerged in various parts of Russia in the beginning of 2005 as this law started to take effect. The government responded with measures that eventually addressed the most pressing of the protesters' concerns (raising of compensations, normalization of bureaucratic mechanisms, etc.).

The long-term effects of the monetization reform varied for different groups. Some people received compensation in excess of the services they had previously received (e.g. in rural areas without any local transport, the free transport benefit was of little value), while others found the compensation to be insufficient to cover the cost of the benefits they had previously depended on. Transport companies and railroads have benefitted from monetization as they now collect higher revenue from the use their services by pensioners who had previously ridden at the government's expense. (In some regions, more than half of the passengers formerly did not pay for municipal transport, but the government did not compensate the transport companies for the full fare of these passengers.) Effects on the medical system are controversial. Doctors and nurses have to fill out many forms in order to receive compensation from the government for services provided to pensioners, thus reducing the time that they have to provide medical services.

United States agricultural policy
In United States agricultural policy, "monetization" is a P.L. 480 provision (section 203) first included in the Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99–198) that allows private voluntary organizations and cooperatives to sell a percentage of donated P.L. 480 commodities in the recipient country or in countries in the same region. Under section 203, private voluntary organizations or cooperatives are permitted to sell (i.e., monetize) for local currencies or dollars an amount of commodities equal to not less than 15% of the total amount of commodities distributed in any fiscal year in a country. The currency generated by these sales can then be used: to finance internal transportation, storage, or distribution of commodities; to implement development projects; or to invest and with the interest earned used to finance distribution costs or projects.

title: Monetization


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User talk:Doug Gilmour

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 01:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Doug Gilmour


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Bayan II

Bayan II was an Avar khagan between 602 and 617.

title: Bayan II


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Hutton Cranswick

Hutton Cranswick is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 mi south from Driffield town centre, and on the A164 road.

The civil parish is formed by the village of Hutton Cranswick and the hamlets of Rotsea and Sunderlandwick. According to the 2011 UK Census, Hutton Cranswick parish had a population of 2,065, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 2,015.

History
Hutton Cranswick is listed in the Domesday Book.

Within the village is the remnant of a 13th-century monastic moat beside Sheepman Lane, marking the site of a former Cistercian Grange belonging to Meaux Abbey near Beverley.

Less than 1 mi north-west of Hutton are the remnants of Howe Hill Bronze Age round barrow. The 75 ft diameter mound was excavated in 1892. Flint articles were found, and evidence of previous disturbance of the site, including burnt bones and a food vessel indicating a burial site. The mound later might have been used as a moot hill local meeting place. At the same site, to the north-west of Old Sunderlandwick Lane, is earthwork evidence of the deserted medieval village of Sunderlandwick—a settlement mentioned in the Domesday survey—with enclosures, hollow ways, ridges and furrows, and ditches.

In 1823 Hutton Cranswick was a civil parish in the Wapentake of Harthill. The parish church was under the patronage of Lord Hotham. There existed a Methodist chapel and a Sunday school. Population at the time was 917. Occupations included 19 farmers, two blacksmiths, two wheelwrights, two joiners, three shoemakers, four shopkeepers, three tailors, a rope maker, a butcher, a corn miller, and the landlords of The Pack Horse and the Decoy Inn public houses. Two carriers operated between the village and Hull, Beverley, and Driffield once a week.

The village railway station opened in 1846, as part of the Scarborough Branch Railway.

Under 1 mile south-west of Cranswick is the site of the Second World War military airfield RAF Hutton Cranswick, operational between 1942 and 1946. Aerial photographs show indications of landing strips and hangars.

The village's history is detailed in the locally authored A Tale of Two Villages, Hutton and Cranswick, a book written in 1980 and updated in 2000.

Culture and community
Originally comprising two villages, Hutton to the north, and Cranswick to the south, the expansion of the villages has merged them together to form a single village, Hutton Cranswick. However, the individual parts of the village are still often referred to by their separate names and both maintain their individual character.

Hutton Cranswick is a regular competitor in the yearly "Village in Bloom" competition. The Hutton Cranswick newsletter, The Bulletin, contains local information. The village held bonfire nights but these ceased because of lack of funding.

The church, dedicated to Saint Peter, was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1966 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England. The village school is Hutton Cranswick Community Primary School.

Cranswick local shops include one currently run by SPAR, a farm shop run by a local farming family, and a butchers. There is a public house, a garden centre, a hairdresser, a fish and chip shop and garages selling both cars and petrol. At the south-west of the village is an industrial estate with businesses including Cranswick Mill.

The large village green contains a pond, play-park area and mature trees. "Swinekeld Pit" (pronounced "Swinkle"), with a small stream, lies at the bottom of Southgate in Cranswick.

The village has a small railway station, served by Northern services on the Yorkshire Coast Line.

Blue Keld water spring and bottling plant is in the parish, 2 mi south-east of Hutton Cranswick village.

Sport
The village has its own sports area with football pitches, AstroTurf football and tennis courts, grass and hard tennis courts, and a social hall on Rotsea Lane. It also had a football club, Hutton Cranswick United, whose first team played in the Central Midlands League. However, in December 2011 the club ceased to exist. The only surviving football team in the village are Hutton Cranswick SRA, who play in Division Four of the East Riding County League. Hutton Cranswick United Under-14s were featured in the Sky Sports magazine after they lost 24–0 to Bridlington where every player in the 12-man Bridlington squad scored. The Association also has an Archery Club (Archers of East Riding), and a cricket club. The hall is used for children's soft play, youngsters' dance classes and a youth club. The village green was used to hold cricket matches that are now played east of the village on a field adjacent to the road Meggisons Turnpike.

title: Hutton Cranswick


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Tim Pigott-Smith

Timothy Peter Pigott-Smith, (13 May 1946 – 7 April 2017) was an English film and television actor and author. He was best known for his leading role as Ronald Merrick in the television drama series The Jewel in the Crown, for which he won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor in 1985. Other noted TV roles included roles in The Chief, Midsomer Murders, The Vice, The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, King Charles III and two Doctor Who stories (The Claws of Axos (1971) and The Masque of Mandragora (1976)). Pigott-Smith appeared in many notable films, including Clash of the Titans (1981), Gangs of New York (2002), Johnny English (2003), Alexander (2004), V for Vendetta (2005), Quantum of Solace (2008), Red 2 (2013) and Jupiter Ascending (2015).

Early life
Pigott-Smith was born in Rugby, Warwickshire, the son of Margaret Muriel (née Goodman) and Harry Thomas Pigott-Smith, who was a journalist. He was educated at Wyggeston Boys' School, Leicester, King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon and Bristol University. He trained as an actor at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

Film and television
After a long career in smaller roles, Pigott-Smith's appearance as Arthur Llewellyn Davies in the BBC's mini-series The Lost Boys led to his gaining his big break with the leading role of Ronald Merrick in the 1984 television serial The Jewel in the Crown. Other appearances include the title role in the crime drama series The Chief (1990–93), a recurring role in ITV drama The Vice as Ken Stott's nemesis Vickers, and Bloody Sunday. He appeared in two adaptations of Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South; in the 1975 version he played Frederick Hale, and in 2004 he played Frederick's father Richard. In 1995, he starred in a serial of the series Ghosts.

Pigott-Smith appeared twice in Doctor Who: in the stories The Claws of Axos (1971) and The Masque of Mandragora (1976).

Pigott-Smith was a regular narrator of documentary television series. He narrated The Team: A Season with McLaren, a six-episode BBC series about the 1993 season with McLaren Racing. He also narrated the Battlefield series, which examines pivotal battles of the Second World War from an operations point of view. Later, he narrated a series on the British Royal Family, entitled Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work. The series followed Queen Elizabeth II for more than a year, including the 2007 state visit to the United States.

From 2011 to 2014, he portrayed Commissioner Mayne in the ITV drama series The Suspicions of Mr Whicher, written by Helen Edmundson.

Pigott-Smith appeared in Lewis in 2015 as a taxidermist in the episode "One For Sorrow". He also appeared on the ITV series, Downton Abbey in the third series' (third season) fifth episode as obstetrician/gynaecologist Sir Philip Tapsell, who was present at the death of Lady Sybil Crawley Branson (Jessica Brown Findlay) from eclampsia after giving birth to her daughter.

His film career included the 2004 film Alexander, The Four Feathers, Clash of the Titans, Gangs of New York, Johnny English, The Remains of the Day and V for Vendetta. He also appeared as Major General Robert Ford in director Paul Greengrass's Bloody Sunday (2002), and as the Foreign Secretary in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace (2008). In February 2010 Pigott-Smith played Alan Keen in the television film On Expenses. He also had a cameo appearance as Sniggs in the BBC production of Evelyn Waugh's Decline and Fall in 2017. His final film role was that of Sir Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary, in Victoria & Abdul (2017).

Stage and radio
Pigott-Smith worked in the theatre in Shakespearean and Greek roles, including Posthumus in John Barton's 1974 production of Cymbeline for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In early stage roles he was credited as "Tim Smith".

In 2011 he took the title role in King Lear at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds.

Contemporary works included Enron, playing Ken Lay, for the Chichester Festival Theatre, and then London, in 2009 and Tobias in A Delicate Balance at the Almeida Theatre, London in 2011. He returned to the Almeida in 2014 as a post-accession Charles, Prince of Wales in King Charles III, for which he received a nomination for the Olivier Award for Best Actor, and his first Tony Award nomination for its production on Broadway in 2015. He also appeared as Charles in the 2017 film adaptation of the play.

Pigott-Smith was also a radio actor, appearing in many productions on BBC Radio 4.

Writing
During the making of The Jewel in the Crown, Pigott-Smith wrote a diary on his impressions of India. This was published together with an anthology of poetry and prose under the title Out of India.

Pigott-Smith wrote two children's books in the series The Baker Street Mysteries, featuring the exploits of Sherlock Holmes' Baker Street Irregulars – The Dragon Tattoo (2008) and Shadow of Evil (2009). He played Holmes in a BBC Radio adaptation of The Valley of Fear.

Death
Pigott-Smith died from a heart attack in Northampton on 7 April 2017, aged 70, where he had been preparing to appear in a touring production of Death of a Salesman that was set to begin three days later. His wife Pamela Miles was also originally scheduled to appear in the play but had withdrawn after breaking a bone and needing surgery. He is buried on the east side of Highgate Cemetery.

Awards and honours
Pigott-Smith won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in 1985, for his role in The Jewel in the Crown. In 2014–15, he was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award and the Tony Award for his lead role in the play King Charles III. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to drama.

title: Tim Pigott-Smith


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Robin of Locksley (film)

Robin of Locksley is a 1996 television movie directed by Michael Kennedy. It stars Devon Sawa, Joshua Jackson and Sarah Chalke.

Plot
Robin McAllister (Devon Sawa) and his family win the lottery and they end up moving from Kansas City to Seattle where Robin attends Locksley Academy, a wealthy private school. While there Robin comes up with a plan to help one of his friends who was hurt and needs money for an operation by robbing from John Prince Sr., the head of a very wealthy corporation. Robin becomes friends with a couple of misfits at school named Will Scarlett (Billy O'Sullivan) and Little John (Tyler Labine) and also falls for a girl named Marian (Sarah Chalke) who helps train the horses that Robin's family has. While helping out his friends Robin becomes an enemy of John Prince Jr. (Joshua Jackson), the big shot rich kid at school and his friends Warner and Gibson who are also the sons of rich parents. Then Robin goes to join the archery team but is not allowed to because of John Prince Jr. so he starts his own team and his 2 friends join and learn from Robin. McAllister has to outsmart FBI agent Walter Nottingham and help take down the richest kids in the school during the rest of the movie.

Cast

 * Devon Sawa as Robin McAllister
 * Sarah Chalke as Marion Fitzwater
 * Joshua Jackson as John Prince, Jr.

Reception
Robin of Locksley was nominated for two awards. One Directors Guild of America Award for "Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Programs" and one Leo Awards for "Best Overall Sound – Feature Film" for William Butler.

title: Robin of Locksley (film)


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1890 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1890 Atlantic hurricane season was among the least active Atlantic hurricane seasons on record. The first tropical cyclone of the season was initially observed on May 27 and the last storm, Hurricane Four, dissipated over Central America on November 1. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. The first storm moved slowly north-northwestward, bringing heavy rains and extensive flooding to Cuba, which caused at least three fatalities and at least $1 million (1890 USD) in damage. It dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico on May 29. Tropical cyclogenesis went dormant for nearly two and a half months, until another system was observed near the Windward Islands on August 18. It traversed the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, grazing the Yucatan Peninsula and making landfall in Louisiana before dissipating on August 28. Impact from the storm was minimal.

Of the season's four tropical cyclones, two reached hurricane status. One of these two strengthened into a major hurricane, which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The strongest cyclone of the season, the third hurricane, peaked at Category 3 strength, with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). Rough seas produced by this storm sunk a ship in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles, drowning 10 people. The final tropical cyclone was first observed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 31. Peaking as a strong Category 1 hurricane, it headed westward and made landfall in Nicaragua, before being last noted over Central America on November 1. The storm produced only minor damage in Nicaragua. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of this season resulted in at least $1 million in damage and 14 confirmed fatalities.

Tropical Storm One
According to HURDAT – North Atlantic hurricane database – a tropical depression developed on May 27, while located about 65 mi south of Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. The depression moved north-northwestward and did not strengthen before making landfall near Pinar del Río, Cuba, early the following day. It crossed Cuba without weakening and emerged into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on May 28. Later that day, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. The cyclone continued to strengthen and peaked with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on May 29. It was last noted about 125 miles (200 km) west-northwest of Dry Tortugas, Florida at around 1800 UTC.

The storm brought heavy rains to Cuba, with 13.58 in observed in Havana in a 36-hour period. Flooding and mudslides caused extensive damage to several cities, including Calabazar, Chorrera, Havana, Puentes Grandes, San Antonio de los Baños, and Rincon. Several people had to be rescued. Nearly all telegraphic and railroad services were interrupted by flooding. With damage estimates in the millions of dollars, the event was described as "the most disastrous rains that had ever visited Cuba." At least 4 fatalities were confirmed after a ship capsized, while a "good number" of other persons drowned.

Tropical Storm Two
After no activity for over two months, the barque Aspatogan encountered "very heavy weather" associated with a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 18. The system moved west-northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and strengthened slowly. Early on August 24, the storm attained its maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), while situated about 80 mi south-southwest of Grand Cayman. Re-curving northwestward, it brushed the Yucatan Peninsula on August 25, shortly before entering the Gulf of Mexico. The storm again re-curved northward while located in the central Gulf of Mexico. At 1600 UTC, it made landfall near Dulac, Louisiana with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system quickly weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over northern Mississippi on August 28.

Hurricane Three
The steamship Haytian encountered a storm equivalent in intensity to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, while located about 470 mi east-northeast of Dominica on August 26. The cyclone headed northwestward and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane early on the following day, becoming the only major hurricane of the season. Later on August 27, the storm attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 120 mph (195 km/h). The ship Portuense recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 965 mbar at 0700 UTC on August 28. However, the ship sunk in the rough seas later that day while situated about 250 mi northeast of Anegada, British Virgin Islands, drowning ten people, including the ship's captain and nine crew members.

After peak intensity, the storm began to weaken and fell to Category 2 strength on August 29. Later that day, the hurricane began re-curving northward and then accelerated northeastward on August 30. Although the storm passed well offshore the East Coast of the United States, rough seas caused "great damage" at beaches in New Jersey. While approaching Newfoundland on September 1, the system weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. Late on September 1, it weakened to a tropical storm, shortly before becoming extratropical about 465 miles (750 km) east-northeast of St. Lunaire-Griquet, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Hurricane Four
The steamship Gussie first encountered a hurricane with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) early on October 31, while located about 95 mi northeast of Providencia Island, Colombia. The cyclone tracked westward and maintained its intensity as a strong Category 1 hurricane. Late on October 31, it made landfall in Nicaragua just south of Cabo Gracias a Dios. At 0000 UTC on November 1, the system weakened to a tropical storm. Six hours later, it was last noted over the Olancho Department of Honduras. Impact from this system in Central America is unknown. Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the removal of this storm from HURDAT, uncovering "No evidence in land-based reports or from ships".

title: 1890 Atlantic hurricane season


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Aesthetic (From First to Last EP)

Aesthetic is the debut EP by American rock band From First to Last, released in 2003. It was the band's first release before their debut album, Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Body Count. Early pressings contain the band's original name, First Too Last, but later pressings have the name changed when the band added the "From" to the beginning of their name.

Personnel

 * From First to Last
 * Phillip Reardon – lead vocals, unclean vocals, keyboards
 * Matt Good – vocals, lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Travis Richter – vocals, rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Joey Antillion – bass guitar
 * Derek Bloom – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Maria Haycraft – vocals on "For the Taking" and "Regrets and Romance".

 * Additional personnel
 * Lee Dyess – engineering, production, mixing
 * Adam Krause – photography
 * Burn It Down Media – artwork, layout

title: Aesthetic (From First to Last EP)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Gamem8ker

This is part of a viral marketing campaign, no need to delete it.


text:
ESTRACK

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) network consists of a number of ground-based space-tracking stations belonging to the European Space Agency (ESA), and operated by the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. The stations support various ESA spacecraft and facilitate communications between ground operators and scientific probes such as XMM-Newton, Mars Express, BepiColombo, Gaia. Similar networks are run by the USA, China, Russia, Japan, and India.

Composition
The Core ESTRACK network is composed of seven ESA-owned ground stations and the ESTRACK Control Centre in the ESOC. Four of the stations are used for tracking satellites and launchers near Earth and three are used for tracking deep-space probes. Service contracts with commercially operated ground stations and cooperation agreements with international partners allows the network to track satellites that aren't in view of the ESA owned ground stations.

Core Ground Stations

 * Kourou Station (French Guiana)
 * Kiruna Station (Sweden)
 * Redu Station (Belgium)
 * Santa Maria Island Station (Azores, Portugal)

Deep Space Antennas

 * Cebreros Station (Spain)
 * New Norcia Station (Australia)
 * Malargüe Station (Argentina)

Augmented Network
Source:
 * South Point
 * Santiago
 * Troll
 * Svalbard
 * Dongara

Cooperative Network
Source:
 * Poker Flat
 * Goldstone
 * Weilheim
 * Esrange
 * Hartebeesthoek
 * Malindi Space Centre (Kenya)
 * Kerguelen
 * Usuda
 * Masuda
 * Canberra

Former stations

 * Perth Station (Australia)
 * Maspalomas Station (Gran Canaria, Spain)
 * Villafranca Station (Spain)

Antennas
Each ESTRACK station is different, supporting multiple missions, some sharing one or more of the same missions. The ESTRACK core network consists of:

 * Three 35-metre diameter deep space antennas (New Norcia, Cebreros and Malargüe).
 * Three 15-metre antennas (Kourou, Kiruna, Redu)
 * One 13-metre antenna (Kiruna)
 * One 5.5-metre antenna (Santa-Maria)
 * One 4.5-meter antenna (New-Norcia 2)
 * One 2-meter antenna (Malindi, Kenya)
 * Six GPS-TDAF antennas

The antennas are remotely operated from the ESTRACK Network Operations Centre (NOC) located at ESOC. The ESTRACK core network is completed by antenna belonging to cooperative agencies and antennas belonging to commercial partners.

On 1 January 2013, the 35-metre station Marlargüe became the newest station to join the ESTRACK Deep Space Network.

The station in Santa-Maria can be used to track Ariane launches and it is also capable of tracking Vega and Soyuz launchers operated from ESA's Spaceport at Kourou, French Guiana.

The antenna in Malindi (Malindi Space Centre (Kenya) ) can be used for Launch and Early Orbit Phases.

The small antenna in New-Norcia can be used for Launch and Early Orbit Phases and for tracking rain, Vega and Soyuz launchers operated from ESA's Spaceport at Kourou, French Guiana.

title: ESTRACK


text:
User talk:IndigoSea

Welcome
Welcome!

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title: User talk:IndigoSea


text:
Italian Gambit

The Italian Gambit is a chess opening that begins with the moves:

 * 1. e4 e5
 * 2. Nf3 Nc6
 * 3. Bc4 Bc5
 * 4. d4

It is often played as an alternative to the quiet and closed lines of the Giuoco Piano or Giuoco Pianissimo openings. Black can:
 * take with the pawn (4...exd4), a transposition to the Scotch Gambit;
 * take with the knight (4...Nxd4), which is considered weak since it allows 5.Nxe5, attacking f7 with the bishop and knight; or
 * take with the bishop (4...Bxd4), which is considered best.

4...Bxd4
After 4...Bxd4 5.Nxd4 Nxd4:
 * 6.0-0, favoured by George Koltanowski, transposes to the related gambit line 4.0-0 Nf6 5.d4 following 6...Nf6, when 7.f4 and 7.Bg5 are the main possibilities for White; however, 6...d6 is an independent alternative for Black.
 * 6.Be3, dubbed the Miami Variation by Jude Acers and George Laven, is a way for White to deviate that probably suffices for dynamic.
 * 6.f4 is considered dubious due to 6...d6.

title: Italian Gambit


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Megamix

A megamix is a remix containing multiple songs in rapid succession. It often features various artists. There may be only one verse or even just a brief chorus of each song used, sometimes in addition to samples of the same or other songs. It is common to use different samples to maintain and sometimes even ridicule the original. To unify the songs together smoothly, a single backing beat may be added as background throughout the megamix, although this is not a must. This backing beat is kept basic so as to simplify mixing and to not compete with the music. These mixes are usually several minutes long at minimum, going up to a half-hour or an hour, or even more sometimes.

According to author Eduardo Navas, megamixes are constructed with the same principles as medleys, but in differ in that while medleys typically utilise single bands to play the excerpted compositions, megamixes use DJ producers to sample recognisable sections of songs and then sequence them "to create what is essentially an extended collage: an electronic medley consisting of samples from pre-existing sources." The purposes of the megamix, he argues, is "to present a musical collage riding on a uniting groove to create a type of pastiche that allows the listener to recall a whole time period and not necessarily one single artist or composition."

Ultimix is known for "flashback medleys" producing at least one or two every year based on popular songs of the year. Each is about 15 minutes long, usually with at least that many songs if not more.

"Album megamixes" feature all tracks from a particular album edited and compiled into one continuous medley. The "artist megamix" is also popular, including songs spanning a musician's career, with prolific artists such as Michael Jackson having more than one, usually from different remixers. Duran Duran created a megamix single ("Burning the Ground") from their own hits for the 1989 greatest hits album Decade. Subsequently, artists such as Madonna, Britney Spears, and Janet Jackson have also released megamixes as singles in order to promote their greatest hits albums or in the latter's case, studio album. Many megamixes are bootlegs.

Origins and influence
The roots of the megamix come from the practice of sampling in disco and hip-hop music. Navas cites hip-hop artist Grandmaster Flash's "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" (1981), particularly the manner in which the track cuts and switches between different songs, as an influence on megamixes "that were produced in the music studio from actual samples", naming the 1984 electro funk track "Tommy Boy Megamix", containing samples of the most popular songs on hip-hop label Tommy Boy Records, as an example.

James Masterton, writing in 1997, commented that megamixes are popular with DJs in Continental Europe. Megamixes were particularly popular in Europe over the summer of 1988, with a Boney M version becoming a massive hit. An exception to the popularity was the United Kingdom until the turn of the 1990s, when megamixes by Technotronic, Black Box and Snap! became popular, leading to further megamix hits from Gloria Estefan and Boney M. As of 1997, Masterton believed the fad had passed in the UK."

Navas writes that in the 1990s, the megamix aesthetic appeared "in the forms of bastard pop and bootleg culture often linked to culture jamming", and names Negativland as one of the era's better-known practitioners. He added: "The music mashups of today [2012] follow the principle of the '80s megamix."

Musical acts that have official megamixes

 * 49ers
 * Ace of Base
 * Alexander O'Neal
 * Anastacia
 * Aqua
 * Avicii
 * Ayumi Hamasaki
 * Bananarama
 * Basshunter
 * The Beatles
 * Black Box
 * Bobby Brown
 * Bomb the Bass
 * Boney M
 * Booty Luv
 * Britney Spears
 * Caramell
 * Christina Aguilera
 * Corona
 * Daft Punk
 * Death Grips
 * Debbie Gibson (one in 1988, Atlantic DM 86556, track 4)
 * Depeche Mode
 * DJ Bobo
 * Duran Duran
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Erasure
 * E-Rotic
 * E-Type
 * Five
 * Fun Fun
 * Girls Aloud
 * Gloria Estefan – "Megamix"
 * Gloria Gaynor
 * Grace Jones
 * Grandmaster Melle Mel
 * Heaven 17
 * High School Musical on Stage!
 * Hudson Mohawke
 * Insane Clown Posse
 * Janet Jackson
 * Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
 * Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers
 * Justin Timberlake has released one in Japan
 * Katy Perry of the six singles from her Teenage Dream album
 * Kim Wilde
 * La Bouche
 * Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes
 * Luv'
 * Madness
 * Madonna
 * Masterboy
 * Michael Jackson
 * Modern Talking – "Space Mix '98"
 * Paula Abdul
 * Pet Shop Boys, notably Disco 2
 * Pussycat Dolls, for all their singles tracks on their first album PCD
 * Roxette
 * Samantha Fox
 * Sammi Cheng
 * Sandy Marton on his 2005 compilation People From Ibiza - The Very Best Of (Deluxe Edition)
 * Salt-N-Pepa on their 1992 album, Rapped in Remixes: The Greatest Hits Remixed
 * Sash
 * Scooter
 * Shakira
 * Six
 * Skyhooks – "Hooked on Hooks"
 * Snap! – "Mega Mix"
 * Spice Girls
 * Status Quo
 * Steps – "Platinum Megamix"
 * Tiësto
 * 2 Unlimited
 * Technotronic – "Megamix"
 * Tenacious D
 * Tina Turner
 * TLC
 * Ultrabeat
 * The Village People

title: Megamix


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Zak Penn

Zak Penn (born March 23, 1968) is an American screenwriter. Penn wrote and directed Incident at Loch Ness and The Grand, wrote the script for The Incredible Hulk, co-wrote the scripts for X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, and the story for The Avengers. With Michael Karnow, Penn is the co-creator of the TV series Alphas on the Syfy network.

Early life
Penn was born in New York. He is the son of New York businessman and lawyer Arthur Penn, who led the acquisition of the Capital Markets Assurance Corporation from Citicorp.

Zak Penn graduated from Wesleyan University in 1990. His screenplay for PCU was based on his experiences at the Eclectic Society house.

Career
Films that Penn has been involved in writing include Last Action Hero, X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, and Elektra. Penn wrote early drafts of Hulk, The Incredible Hulk, The Avengers and Free Guy.

Penn is also a jury member for the digital studio Filmaka, a platform for undiscovered filmmakers to show their work to industry professionals.

In July 2012, Avatar Press released the first issue of Penn's first comic book, Hero Worship. The six-issue series is co-written with Star Wars: The Clone Wars screenwriter Scott Murphy and drawn by Michael DiPascale. It centers on Zenith, an indestructible hero who has fans following every disaster, trying to catch a glimpse of the ultimate celebrity and risking their own lives in the process. One fan becomes so obsessed that it leads to the development of his own powers.

He directed the documentary film Atari: Game Over.

title: Zak Penn


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Zabergan

Zabergan (Ζαβεργάν) was the chieftain of the Kutrigurs, a Turkic nomadic tribe of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, after Sinnion. His name is Iranian, meaning full moon. Either under pressure from incoming Avars, or in revolt against the Byzantine Empire, in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen Danube. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as Thermopylae, while two others the Thracian Chersonesus and the periphery of Constantinople. In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen, but Belisarius defeated him at the Battle of Melantias and he was forced to withdraw.

The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors, and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube. However, once again Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the Utigur chieftain Sandilch to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both. Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of Michael the Syrian the remnant of those Bulgars were granted Dacia in the time of Maurice (r. 582-602). It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.

Honours
Zabergan Peak in Antarctica is named after Zabergan.

title: Zabergan


text:
File:ThePunchLine.jpg

Summary
Front cover of The Punch Line by The Minutemen. Front cover painting by D. Boon. (c)1981 SST Records.

title: File:ThePunchLine.jpg


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Huaynamota

Huaynamota Indians are a subdivision of the Cora Indians on an east branch of the Río Grande de Santiago, Jalisco, Mexico.

title: Huaynamota


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User talk:Sere~enwiki

Willkommen!
Willkommen zu Wikipedia. Danke für Ihre Beiträge. Ich hoffe, daß Sie den Platz mögen und entscheide zu bleiben. Sind hier einige gute Verbindungen für Neulinge:
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wenn Sie zur kompletten Liste der Wikipedia Unterlagen bereit sind, dort ist auch Wikipedia:Topical Index. Ich hoffe, daß Sie ein, Wikipedian hier zu redigieren genießen und zu sein! Übrigens, seien Sie bitte sicher, Ihren Namen auf Gespräch und Stimmeseiten mit dem vier tildes <~> (Ihr Namens- und das Tagesdatum zu produzieren oder das drei tildes für gerade Ihren Namen zu unterzeichnen. Wenn Sie irgendwelche Fragen haben, sehen Sie die Hilfe Seiten, fügen Sie eine Frage der Dorfpumpe hinzu oder fragen Sie mich auf meiner Gespräch Seite. Wieder Willkommen!  Karmafist 17:49, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Grosslobming map.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Grosslobming map.png. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 15:24, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Grosslobming coatofarms.gif, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 15:19, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sere. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sere~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:55, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sere~enwiki


text:
Nassy

Nassy may refer to:

 * David Cohen Nassy, a colonizer who started Jewish colonies in the Caribbean
 * Josef Nassy, an artist of Jewish descent
 * a Pokémon character, see List of Pokémon (102–151)

title: Nassy


text:
1892 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1892 Atlantic hurricane season included the last tropical cyclone on record to pass through the Cabo Verde Islands at hurricane intensity until 2015. A total of nine tropical storms developed, five of which strengthened into a hurricane, though none of them became a major hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Three tropical storms made landfall on the United States.

Neither meteorologists José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Diaz in 1996 nor the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project added or removed any storms during their reanalysis of the season, though the latter upgraded the eighth storm to a hurricane. A reanalysis study by climate researcher Michael Chenoweth, published in 2014, concluded that 11 cyclones formed in the Atlantic in 1892. Chenoweth proposed the removal of the ninth system from the official hurricane database (HURDAT) and the addition to three storms. However, the changes suggested in Chenoweth's study have yet to be included in HURDAT.

On June 9, the first storm of the season developed over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Striking Cuba and Florida, the cyclone dropped heavy precipitation in both regions. Flooding in the former rendered approximately $1.5 million (1892 USD) in damage and at least 16 deaths. Two other systems struck the United States in 1892, though neither caused much impact. In October, a hurricane passed near Tobago and moved across Venezuela, Colombia, Honduras, British Honduras, and Mexico, leaving damage in several regions and 17 fatalities, 16 of which occurred when a schooner capsized near Cabo Gracias a Dios. The ninth and final system was last noted on October 29. Collectively, the storms of the 1892 season inflicted at least 33 deaths and more than $1.5 million in damage.

Tropical Storm One
The first tropical storm developed about 45 mi (70 km) south of Isla de la Juventud on June 9. Initially moving northwestward, the storm made landfall later that day on the south coast of Pinar del Río Province in Cuba. The storm recurved northward and entered the Gulf of Mexico early the following morning, where it intensified and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Around that time, it turned to the northeast and made landfall at 23:00 UTC on June 10 in northern Monroe County, Florida, at the same intensity. The cyclone crossed Florida and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near modern-day Deerfield Beach early the following day. Thereafter, the system headed out to sea for a few days, before re-approaching the Southeastern United States. Late on June 16, it was last noted about 80 mi south-southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina.

In Cuba, moderately gusty winds and torrential rainfall were reported from Santa Clara to Pinar del Río, with the worst impact conditions being experienced in Matanzas. There, the San Juan and Yumurí rivers overflowed, causing water to rise 10 ft above most houses. Civil guards and troops assisted rescue work and evacuation of residents. Furniture in 325 houses were swept away by the floodwaters. About 450 head of cattle drowned. Additionally, 600,000 bags of sugar stored in warehouses were lost. The storm left at least 16 deaths and approximately $1.5 million in damage. The storm also brought winds and rains to Florida. In just a few hours, Hypoluxo recorded 3.6 in, while Titusville measured 12.95 in over a period lasting six days. In Jupiter, multiple trees were downed and severe damage was inflicted on crops.

Hurricane Two
On August 15, the steamship Francia encountered a tropical storm east of the northernmost Lesser Antilles. The storm initially moved westward but curved northwestward by the following day, causing it to remain north of the islands, although Saint Thomas and Tortola reported thunderstorms and heavy rains. A north-northwestward motion of the storm commenced by August 18, while the cyclone reached hurricane status on the next day. During this time, the steamship Duart Castle encountered the system; rough seas caused severe damage to the ship and shifted around its cargo, injuring six people. The storm passed west of Bermuda between August 19 and August 20. Winds remained just below tropical storm-force winds on the island; a church, many trees, and lime and orange crops suffered extensive damage, however. The system then curved northeastward, continuing in that direction until becoming extratropical near Sable Island on August 21. The extratropical storm hit Newfoundland, and completely lost its identity on August 24.

Hurricane Three
The official track for this storm begins well southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands on September 3, one day before being encountered by a ship. Initially trekking west-northwestward, the system is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane on September 5. Strengthening further, the cyclone reached Category 2 intensity on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale on September 7, likely peaking with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). The storm moved in a large, mostly parabolic path across the Atlantic, turning north-northwestward on September 9, north-northeastward on September 11, and then northeastward on September 13. It is estimated that the cyclone weakened back to tropical storm intensity on September 14, a day before turning east-southeastward while well north of the Azores. The storm was last noted near the Galicia region of Spain on September 17.

Tropical Storm Four
The track for this storm begins over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on September 8, when The New York Times declared that "a general disturbance appears developing", with decreasing atmospheric pressures. Initially moving northwestward, the storm turned northeastward on September 10 and intensified to its estimated peak sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Early on September 12, the system made landfall near Golden Meadow, Louisiana, and then accelerated north-northeastward. The storm weakened inland and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 13 over Kentucky. Thereafter, the extratropical remnants of the storm crossed Ohio and eastern Canada, emerging into the Labrador Sea on September 16. By the following day, the extratropical cyclone dissipated near southern Greenland.

The New York Times noted that nearly all weather stations across the Gulf Coast of the United States reported rainfall in association with this storm. Pensacola, Florida, observed wind gusts up to 54 mph, while the extratropical remnants of the storm produced an identical measurement in Cleveland, Ohio.

Hurricane Five
Observations indicate the presence of a tropical storm on September 12 about 140 mi west-northwest of Dakar, Senegal. The storm moved west-northwestward through the Capo Verde Islands without making landfall and intensified into a hurricane on the following day roughly halfway between São Nicolau and Santiago. While crossing through the archipelago, storm surge and abnormally high tides caused several vessels to flounder. On land, the hurricane destroyed many dwellings, severely damaged plantations, and killed "a quantity of cattle", according to The Times. Aside from this system, Hurricane Fred in 2015 became the only other cyclone to pass through the Capo Verde Islands as a hurricane.

After entering the open Atlantic, the cyclone strengthened and likely peaked with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) on September 14, equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane. The storm may have remained at this intensity for nearly a week, falling back to Category 1 hurricane status on September 20 as it began turning northwestward. By September 22, the hurricane curved northeastward, several hours before falling to tropical storm intensity. The cyclone then weakened to a tropical depression late on September 23 and was last noted about 575 mi west-southwest of Flores Island in the Azores.

Tropical Storm Six
The sixth tropical storm of the season was a very short-lived storm that was first recorded northwest of Ciudad del Carmen on September 25. The storm travelled northwest across the Bay of Campeche before making landfall near the Mexico-Texas border, dissipating inland on September 27. In the state of Veracruz, the cyclone demolished over 60 homes in Tuxtepec and many others in rural areas outside the city. The storm also inflicted extensive damage to many trees and local banana plantations. Additionally, Orizaba reported significant losses to banana, corn, rice, and tobacco crops.

Hurricane Seven
Observations suggest the presence of a tropical storm about 290 mi east of Tobago on October 5. The storm moved generally westward and intensified into a hurricane as it passed just south of the island late the following day. Remaining over the far southern Caribbean, the hurricane passed near the ABC islands and then struck Paraguaná in Venezuela as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) on October 8. After briefly re-emerging into the Caribbean, the cyclone made landfall on the Guajira Peninsula several hours later. Thereafter, the system moved in a more west-northwesterly direction and then struck near Cabo Gracias a Dios on the Nicaragua–Honduras border on October 11. The storm weakened to a Category 1 hurricane while crossing Honduras, but re-strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on October 12 after re-emerging into the Caribbean. Around 18:00 UTC that day, the hurricane made landfall just south of Belize City, British Honduras. Rapidly weakening to a tropical storm, the system soon re-strengthened into a hurricane after emerging into the Bay of Campeche about 24 hours later. The storm re-intensified into a Category 2 hurricane, but weakened to a Category 1 prior to making landfall south of Tampico, Tamaulipas, late on October 15. High terrain over eastern Mexico caused the system to dissipate early the next day.

Heavy rainfall and strong winds lashed Trinidad on October 6 and October 7. Several interior streams overflowed, causing a suspension of railroad service and leaving roads impassable. Port of Spain experienced a disruption of water services, while one death occurred in the city. Offshore, five lighters sank. The hurricane impacted Venezuela in the immediate aftermath of the Legalist Revolution, with the ousted former president hiding on Curaçao, which reported rough seas. La Guaira reportedly experienced its worst storm in 40 years due to landslides, destroying many homes. A railroad was also destroyed, while the city also lost communications with Caracas. Approximately 800 men worked to remove dirt and other debris left by the landslide along the railroad tracks. In Honduras, the storm caused significant damage to crops and banana plantations and demolished a number of residences. Several vessels capsized or went ashore, including the schooner Stranger offshore Cabo Gracias a Dios, causing 16 deaths. Some other ships sank at the Bay Islands, while many dwellings were destroyed on Roatán. In Mexico, several ships went missing offshore Veracruz, where the storm also demolished many buildings.

Hurricane Eight
Ships encountered this cyclone between the Bahamas and Bermuda starting on October 13, with the official track beginning about 240 mi northeast of San Salvador Island. Several hours later, the storm intensified into a hurricane while moving northeastward. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) on October 14. While the system passed southeast of Bermuda on the following day, wind gusts reached 73 mph at Gibbs Hill Lighthouse. A tornado touched down on the eastern side of St. George's Island. On October 16, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm and gradually lost tropical characteristics, becoming extratropical late on the next day about 665 mi south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The extratropical remnants generally continued northeastward until merging with another storm on October 20.

Tropical Storm Nine
While weather reports first noted a low-pressure area over the central Gulf of Mexico on October 22, the official track for this storm begins one day earlier. The storm intensified slightly while moving northeastward, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) on October 22. Around 19:00 UTC on October 24, the cyclone made landfall just north of Bradenton, Florida, at the same intensity. The system then tracked east-northeastward and emerged into the Atlantic earlier on the following day near Melbourne. On October 26, the storm resumed a northeastward motion until being last noted approximately 340 mi southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, early on October 29.

The cyclone produced wind gusts of 50 mph (85 km/h) in New Orleans, Louisiana, and 45 mph in Pensacola, Florida. Heavy rains also fell along portions of the South Atlantic coast. Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth considered this storm extratropical and instead attributed strong winds to pressure gradients.

Season effects
This is a table of all of the known storms that have formed in the 1892 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, landfall, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1892 USD.

title: 1892 Atlantic hurricane season


text: Category:American Wrestling Association championships


text:
Talk:Judas of Galilee

Untitled
this article needs some work, for example:
 * "According to the Jewish historian, Josephus, in his Antiquities, Judas the Galilean was drowned in a lake in this fashion. Another source says, Josephus does not relate the death of Judas, although he does report (Antiquities 20.5.2 102) that Judas' sons James and Simon were executed by procurator Alexander in about 46 CE, several years after R. Gamaliel's statement."

Does this mean Gamaliel is the source for the drowning story and Antiquities is the source for the execution story? A reference for Gamaliel would be nice.

 * No, it's just a mix up. Gamaliel is reported in Acts of the Apostles as briefly mentioning him. Almost all detailed information comes from Josephus, who says nothing about him drowning in a lake. I can find no evidence that Judas was killed in this way. Paul B 10:15, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Judas of Galilee and Judas Thomas connection
For some interesting material on the links between this historical figure and the Gnostic figure of St. Thomas, Jesus' twin from the Gnostic Gospels, see the discussion in the Wikipedia reference to Tiberius Iulius Abdes Pantera. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doksomedon (talk • contribs) 14:24, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Reference for Barnett re wrong placing of Theudas
A careful reading of Barnett will reveal that while he agrees that Gamaliel's identification of Theudas is problematic, his argument doesn't suggest that Luke is necessarily in factual error at this particular point. Reading the article as written suggests that Barnett does, however, argue for this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.173.167.247 (talk) 07:49, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Could you maybe quote the passage in Barnett you are referring to? --Lindert (talk) 08:30, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Barnett says nothing to suggest that the reference to Judas in Acts 5:57 is historically problematic. The historical problem with this verse has always been with the identification of Theudas, not Judas as suggested by the sentence to which the Barnett reference was attached. Furthermore, Barnett's argument is not that Luke has made a chronological error, but that his Gamaliel is talking about some earlier Theudas rather than Josephus' Theudas. Barnett first argues that Luke would most likely not have made such an error when discussing an "infamous contemporary" of his own time. Then Barnett argues for the plausibility that Luke is referring to someone else as follows:
 * "Theudas" was a contraction of "Theodotus," the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Jonathan" ("given by God"). Apart from the son of Saul, a more recent Jonathan was the Maccabean warrior king (161-43 B.C.). Many Jewish boys were given the names of Maccabean heroes. Greek versions of "Jonathon" appear in inscriptions as "Theudion," a contraction of Theodotian, which was a variant of Theodotus. Josephus and Luke coincidentally may have using the name "Theudas" to refer to different men whose original name was Jonathan. (Barnett, pp. 199-200)

Thus, Barnett is in no way a supporting source for a claim that Acts 5:37's statement about Judas is an error. Without any other supporting references, such claim should not be included in the article. --Jstovell (talk) 03:25, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Zadok the Pharisee
Does Zadok the Pharisee relate to the Pharisees or the Zadokites (Sadducees)? Robert Eisenman shows that Zadokites (Sadducees) were divided between rich and poor groups. ZDK in fact also was the name given to those considered "Righteous" (including James the broth of Jesus), translated Biblically as "Justus" ot Just.John D. Croft (talk) 10:07, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Zadok the Pharisee was, as his nickname suggests, associated with the Pharisees. He does not have any connection with the Sadducees other than that he happens to have a related name. Just as someone named Jacob was not necessarily a Jacobite, a Zadok need not be Zadokite. According to Josephus, Zadok the Pharisee and Judus of Galilee were the founders of the "fourth philosophic sect" among the Jews, the first three being the Pharisees, Sadducees and the Essenes. The views of this "fourth sect", commonly called the Zealots, were identical to that of the Pharisees, apart from their "inviolable attachment to liberty", which induced them to rebellion against the Roman oppressors. The only extant ancient source for this is Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, book 18. - Lindert (talk) 14:04, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * On the basis of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Robert Eisenman shows that things were a lot more fluid than Josephus portrayed. Remember, Josephus was trying to ingratiate himself with his Roman masters.  The Sadducees seem to have been divided between the Richer "priests" who allied themselves with Herodians and Roman interests (as tax wealthy farmers), and the poorer Sadducees, who supported the "fourth movement", as did many Pharisees and Essenes, who were linked to the Ebionim (the meek, the poor). John D. Croft (talk) 16:06, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Historicity
I added a short paragraph concerning the reliability of Josephus's description here. There is much to be said on the historical reliability of aspects of Josephus's works in general - something that seems to be reflected on the talk page here, for example, but not on the main Josephus article or elsewhere. I might write about it if I find the time. 2001:14BA:8300:0:0:0:0:8B14 (talk) 15:14, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

To add: While Haaland only suggests that the fourth sect is Josephus's construction, McLaren goes further and considers both Judas and his revolt to be unhistorical. McLaren's position is quite radical and doesn't take into account the fact that the author of Luke-Acts knows Judas too - although whether Luke used Josephus as a source remains a matter of debate. 2001:14BA:8300:0:0:0:0:8B14 (talk) 15:25, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judas of Galilee


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Up for grabs

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Up for grabs

 * Delete substub, dicdef. --Revolución (talk) 01:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. Hamster Sandwich 02:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Wiktionary already has it.  CanadianCaesar 02:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this. A redirect to competition (or something similar) might be sensible. Flowerparty  talk 03:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --Apyule 05:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above --Agamemnon2 10:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above --kvidell 00:40, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of My Hero episodes

My Hero is a British television sitcom, created by Paul Mendelson, and produced by Big Bear Films for BBC One. The series, set in Northolt, west London, stars Ardal O'Hanlon as George Sunday, also known as "Thermoman", a dim-witted Ultronian superhero, and Emily Joyce as his human wife, Janet.

It initially gained consistent viewing figures for the BBC until the final series when O'Hanlon departed the role and ratings began to rapidly decline following the appointment of replacement James Dreyfus, ultimately leading to the series' cancellation.

Series 6 (2006)
Series six was the first and only series to feature James Dreyfus in the lead role, taking over from the outgoing Ardal O'Hanlon. Due to declining ratings, and the poor public reception to Dreyfus, the series was axed, leading to the final two episodes being broadcast on Sunday lunchtimes, rather than the prime-time slot on Friday evenings.

title: List of My Hero episodes


text:
User talk:Sithxphantom

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title: User talk:Sithxphantom


text:
USAAS

USAAS may refer to:

 * United States Army Air Service
 * United States Army Ambulance Service
 * USA Artistic Swimming

title: USAAS


text: User talk:161.247.7.52

title: User talk:161.247.7.52


text:
Sinnion

Sinnion (undetermined origin, perhaps Iranian ) was the chieftain of the Kutrigurs, a Turkic nomadic tribe of the Pontic–Caspian steppe.

Sinnion was a veteran of the Vandalic War. Noted for their strength and bravery, Sinnion and Balas led a group of 600 auxiliaries (all mounted archers), at the Battle of Ad Decimum (September 13, 533).

After the Utigurs led by Sandilch had attacked the Kutrigurs, Sinnion succeeded Chinialon as leader of the Kutrigurs between 551 and 558. Having suffered great losses, the Kutrigurs made a peace treaty with Byzantine Empire, and 2000 Kutrigurs with their wives and children were led by Sinnion into the Empire's service and were settled in Thrace. The shelter provided to the Kutrigurs was not well received by Sandilch.

Sinnion was succeeded by Zabergan.

title: Sinnion


text: User talk:71.242.52.133

title: User talk:71.242.52.133


text:
Mona Vale

Mona Vale may refer to:

 * Mona Vale, New South Wales, a suburb in northern Sydney
 * Mona Vale Hospital, a district hospital located in Mona Vale
 * Mona Vale Road, part of Metroad 3 in Sydney
 * Mona Vale, Christchurch, a public park in Christchurch, New Zealand
 * Mona Vale, Tasmania, a country estate in Tasmania.

title: Mona Vale


text:
Talk:Monica (automobile)

Untitled
What is the relationship with Panther Westwinds?Hektor 02:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Monica car.jpg
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David Coward
MY UNCLE DESIGNED THE MONICA (DAVID COWARD) AND I FIRST SAW THE CAR IN 1974 AT THE LONDON MOTOR SHOW. I have in front of me the original sales brochure and fast car mag of 1974 detailing the introduction of the car. Sadly david coward (my uncle) has passed but it will be good to tell my cousins and aunt that there is still the odd car around and perhaps a fan base. pleas come back to me
 * Could you upload some free images or add some information about this vehicle ?Hektor 22:47, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

monica sighting
how many of these cars are still running? I took a picture of what I thought was an interesting-looking car as we came off the rotterdam>hull ferry on the morning of 16/11/2015, & it's taken me until now to get a positive identification. I wish I'd had chance to speak to the driver.

for some reason I can't post pics here, but if you're interested in seeing two iphone snaps of a car I can find no other pictures of on the internet, leave a note here.

duncanrmi (talk) 04:01, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

What is the first book listed doing there?
Why is the "Monica - edited by Emory Christer ISBN 978-6-134977-82-1" book allowed to be there? All the information I can find on that book is that it's a book that's written using Wikipedia as a source, seems redundant for it to be listed under the "Reading" epigraph Coscorrodrift (talk) 16:36, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monica (automobile)


text: Category:National Wrestling Alliance championships


text:
User talk:Nargrakhan

Nomination of High School Drama! for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article High School Drama! is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of CCG Systems for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article CCG Systems is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Nargrakhan


text:
User talk:Sevadar

Sevadar
I left a message on Sant Thakar Singh's talk page. Can you check it out and reply to it, please? It was primarily directed at you since you're the primary contributor. Stiles 16:53, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi Sevadar! I've noticed you've been making a lot of contributions in the area of Sant Mat etc; thanks! May I suggest that you use the preview function of the editing window more often? This allows you to see what your changes will look like before saving them to memory, and using the preview button makes the page history of each article more user-friendly as there are less individual edits per person. Thanks for contributing! --Kwekubo 00:50, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Thank-you for the tip! I am new to the wikipedia so I do not have all the etiquette down quite yet. Thanks again. 22:18, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Autobiography
Your edits had me laughing. Yes, Wikipedia is rife with autobiography, and in every single case that I know of (which is many) it has caused problems. "Autobiography" is a term which can also apply to edits by adherents of subjects, beliefs, and views. For example, is calling a particular leader or guru "The Master" truly encyclopedic and NPOV? It seems to imply that there is only one. Just a thought. I hope we can work together to write the best possible articles on many topics. Cheers, -Willmcw 09:40, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I am glad someone "got it." The main problem is how to do NPOV on hardened cases where intentional spin is being applied. I don't know how to loosen that up. I do know that asking someone to apply a neutral point of view to their own life is probably impossible. That is why English has a first and third person. If we could speak about ourselves objectively, we would not need both. Thanks for your help on the article. Regards, 23:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC) Sevadar

A "Spirituality" portal
Hi, Sevadar,

Some editors have been discussing the possibility of creating a “Spirituality” portal. What do you think of the idea? — RichardRDFtalk 14:45, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Hi Richard, I don't know much about portals, must be some kind of advanced wikipedia concept. Sounds good. I was unaware of the good work being done in the Spirituality article, I will have to look more closely. Thank-you for clueing me in. 00:05, 7 November 2005 (UTC)Sevadar

 * I'm sure you'll catch on very quickly. I look forward to your participation in the Spirituality WikiProject and reading your contributions to the Spirituality portal. :-)   — RichardRDFtalk 00:35, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Spirituality
Template:Spirituality has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. — RichardRDFtalk 17:49, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Quality needed
Hi Sevadar, I have been reading the St Thakar Singh article, nice work, a lot obviously went into the article, just a few concerns: the article was B-rated, while I wouldn't have had a problem with that grade in high school, it is unacceptable to me as an initiate. The main things I noticed about the article was that the tone was pretty "devotional", which IMHO would be a little off-putting to non-initiates. Another thing, it is written:

"He has also made something of a name for himself as an antiguru debunker; on the same page there is a video clip of Lane being interviewed about Gurus by a local television station. So Professor Lane has good reasons to maintain a bias and propagate inaccurate information. His students/followers regularly vandalize this article. For more on his salacious views on gurus...."

Ok, so Lane is very anti-guru, and doesn't have anything nice to say about Sant Thakar Singh... so what? This passage seems pretty "salacious" to me... why are you trying to cast dirt on this person's reputation? His viewpoint deserves respect... even if it is harmful/inaccurate.

I would like to tidy up the Thakar Singh article, hope we can cooperate on it. We can make this article of "utmost quality" like it deserves to be.

Peaceupnorth 07:52, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Sant-thakar-singh.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Initiating Representative

The article Initiating Representative has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not a notable concept. Every religion has evangelists and missionaries. This is not a specific enough search term to be worth redirecting."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 05:51, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sevadar


text:
Mr. Lee (rapper)

Mr. Lee (born Leroy Haggard Jr. in 1968), sometimes credited as Lee Haggard or Mr. Lee & Kompany, is an American hip-house rapper, producer and DJ from Chicago, Illinois. He is known in the Chicago house music scene as one of the pioneers who brought hip hop to the genre, which would later be coined as hip house.

Mr. Lee charted three times on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart with "Get Busy" (#2, 1989), "Pump That Body" (#1, 1990) and "Get Off" (#32, 1992). His tracks "Pump Up London" (#64, 1988) and "Get Busy" (#41, 1989) featured in the UK Singles Chart. Mr. Lee released two albums, Get Busy in 1990 and I Wanna Rock Right Now in 1992.

Albums

 * Get Busy (1990)
 * I Wanna Rock Right Now (1992)

title: Mr. Lee (rapper)


text:
User talk:Sabi Hellson

Sabi Hellson is the name of an original character by Rebecca Sears.

She was created in 2002 with stories written in 2003 and illustrations in mid-2003.

She is also extremly hott, and married

title: User talk:Sabi Hellson


text: Category:All Japan Pro Wrestling championships


text: User talk:71.116.35.106

title: User talk:71.116.35.106


text: Category:United States Wrestling Association championships