text:
Yip Pui Yin

Yip Pui Yin (born 6 August 1987) is a badminton player from Hong Kong.

Career
Yip played at the 2005 World Badminton Championships in Anaheim. In the women's singles event she reached the third round after beating Laura Molina of Spain and Kanako Yonekura (11th seed) in round one and round two respectively. In the third round she was beaten by the 1st seed and reigning world champion Zhang Ning of China.

She won the silver medal in the 2006 Asian Games after losing to fellow Hong Kong player Wang Chen in the final. In 2007, she played at the World Championships and was defeated in the third round by Zhu Lin, of China, 9–21, 21–16, 14–21. Yip made her first appearance at the 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2009, she won the gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games when her opponent Zhou Mi retired halfway through the deciding set. She won 15–21, 21–13, 17–10.

At the 2012 London Olympics, Yip won against eighth seed Sung Ji-hyun, of South Korea, in the group stage. Then Yip went through to the final eight of the women's singles in badminton after she beat France's 16th seed Pi Hongyan by two games to one, winning 13–21, 21–13, 21–16. Yip faced China's Li Xuerui, who beat her two games to one. Her performance equalled the best performance by a Hong Kong shuttler at the Olympic Games.

Asian Games
Women's singles

Asian Championships
Women's singles

East Asian Games
Women's singles

Asian Junior Championships
Girls' singles

Girls' doubles

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.

Women's singles
 * BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 * BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament

Record against selected opponents
Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 17 December 2021.

title: Yip Pui Yin


text:
Houses of Laymen

The Houses of Laymen are deliberative assemblies of the laity of the Church of England, one for the province of Canterbury, and the other for the province of York. Canterbury's assembly was formed in 1886, and that of York shortly afterwards.

They are merely consultative bodies, and the primary intention of their foundation was to associate the laity in the deliberations of convocation. They have no legal status. The members are elected by the various diocesan conferences, which are in turn elected by the laity of their respective parishes or rural deaneries.

Ten members are appointed for the diocese of London, six for each of the dioceses of Winchester, Rochester, Lichfield and Worcester; and four for each of the remaining dioceses.

The president of each house has the discretionary power of appointing additional laymen, not exceeding ten in number.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Houses of Laymen


title: Template:Hiero/5Fold


text:
Arthur Gary Bishop

Arthur Gary Bishop (September 29, 1952 – June 10, 1988) was an American convicted sex offender and serial killer. In 1983, as a result of a routine police investigation, he confessed to the murders of five young boys between 1979 and 1983.

Early life
Arthur Gary Bishop was born in Hinckley, Utah, the eldest of six brothers. Bishop was raised as a devout Latter-day Saint, and was an Eagle Scout and an honor student. When he was 19, Bishop served as a missionary in the Philippines.

Bishop was arrested for embezzlement in February 1978 and given a five-year suspended sentence, but he skipped his parole and fled to Salt Lake City, living under the alias "Roger Downs." In 1979, he was excommunicated from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

While in Salt Lake City, he joined the Big Brothers program, where he was a "big brother" to a 10-year-old boy for nearly a year. Bishop was forced out of the program, before his first murder, after directors discovered he was molesting other children.

Victims

 * Alonzo Daniels, age 4, October 14, 1979
 * Claude Kimley Peterson, age 11, November 8, 1980
 * Danny Davis, age 4, October 20, 1981
 * Troy Ward, age 6, June 22, 1983
 * Graeme Cunningham, age 13, July 14, 1983

Murders
Bishop killed his first victim, a four-year-old named Alonzo Daniels, on October 14, 1979. He lured the boy from the courtyard of his apartment complex to his own apartment with the promise of free candy. After attempting to sexually assault Daniels, Bishop took him to the bathroom, hit him on the head with a hammer, and drowned him in the bathtub. He fondled the boy's dead body and mutilated his genitals. He put Daniels into a box and carried him out, walking past the boy's mother, who was frantically calling her son's name. He then buried the body in Cedar Valley. Bishop relived the experience in the following months by buying and killing puppies, stating, "It was so stimulating. A puppy whines just like Alonzo did. I would get frustrated at the whining. I would hit them with hammers or drown them or strangle them."

Bishop molested a young boy, "John," in exchange for money and expensive toys. On November 8, 1980, "John" introduced Bishop to 11-year-old Kim Petersen at a roller-skating rink. Bishop told "John" he (Bishop) wanted photographs of Petersen, and "John" agreed to contact Petersen on the pretext of buying a pair of roller skates that Petersen was trying to sell. When Bishop and "John" called Petersen, Bishop took the phone and asked Peterson to meet Bishop and "John" at a pool parlor. Bishop asked Petersen if he (Peterson) wanted to go out to Cedar Valley and hunt rabbits. Peterson said yes, and after convincing him to take photos in the car, they got out and started walking. Bishop, walking behind Petersen, shot Peterson in the back with a .38 caliber revolver. Petersen began crying and Bishop shot him twice more in the head. Bishop molested Peterson's corpse, mutilated him in a fit of anger, and buried him, close to the body of Alonzo Daniels. Law enforcement authorities routinely questioned Bishop, but Bishop was not considered a suspect in Petersen's disappearance. Witnesses described the man Petersen had talked with at the roller-skating rink as white, aged 25–35, around 200 pounds, and with dark hair.

On October 20, 1981, Bishop lured 4-year-old Danny Davis from a supermarket to his home half a block away. After playing with toys at Bishop's house, Davis became bored and started to cry. Concerned about the noise, Bishop put his hand over the boy's nose and mouth and suffocated him. Some other boys were coming over to Bishop's house, so he put the body in a couple of garbage bags and placed it in the corner of the kitchen. The next morning, after breakfast, Bishop took the body to Cedar Valley. Davis is the only child that Bishop did not molest. Several shoppers recalled a smiling man standing near the child but could only give vague descriptions of his appearance. Police launched one of the biggest searches in Salt Lake County history: teams of searchers scoured neighborhoods, divers dredged ponds and lakes, shoppers at the supermarket where Davis vanished agreed to undergo hypnosis to dislodge greater details of the abductor, fliers were printed offering a $20,000 reward, and the FBI were contacted, but were unable to find any trace of the boy.

After murdering Danny Davis, Bishop vowed to never do it again. However, almost two years later, on June 22, 1983, Bishop abducted 6-year-old Troy Ward while he was waiting on the corner near his home for his mother to return from the store with ice cream and cake; it was his sixth birthday. Bishop, now using the alias Roger Downs, took Ward to his bungalow and asked if he wanted to play a game. Ward said yes, and Bishop handcuffed him, tied him between two pillars in his basement, and pulled his pants down. When Ward began to cry, Bishop hit him with a rubber mallet until he was silent. Bishop put Ward's body in a trash bag and tossed it into a stream in Big Cottonwood Canyon, thinking it would be easier than burying another body in the desert.

One month later, on July 14, 1983, 13-year-old Graeme Cunningham was set to go on a trip to California with a friend and his father: "John" and Roger Downs (Arthur Bishop). After Bishop picked up Cunningham, he tricked him into going back to his home to pick up some marijuana to sell for cash. Bishop asked if Cunningham would pose for some photos, to which he agreed, in exchange for a skateboard. Bishop was afraid Cunningham would tell, so he hit him in the head twice with a hammer. He took Cunningham to the bathroom, filled the tub, and drowned him. He disposed of the body the same way he did Ward's. Two days later, "John" and Bishop went to California.

Local police looked into their past reports and found that Bishop (Roger Downs) lived in the vicinity of four of the abductions and knew the fifth child's parents. Police brought him in for questioning on the pretext of his assisting officers with their inquiries into Graeme Cunningham's disappearance. Feeling the pressure of the interrogation, Bishop told detectives he wanted to show them something at his house. When they arrived, they found more than 300 photos of young boys, some placed in a white wedding album, and 125 pictures of naked boys cut out from magazines. Police were able to identify and interview 21 boys he photographed and molested, but Bishop said that their estimate was low and to "double or triple" that amount. Back at the station, police managed to obtain Downs's real name and eventually got him to confess to all five murders. The confession lasted less than an hour, after which Bishop led the police to Cedar Valley.

Trial and execution
Bishop was brought to trial on February 27, 1984. During his trial, Bishop claimed that an addiction to child pornography molded his violent sexual fantasies and eventually drove him to act them out. The trial lasted three weeks; on March 19, 1984, Bishop was found guilty of five counts of first degree murder, five counts of aggravated kidnapping, and one count of sexually abusing a minor, and sentenced to death. Upon receiving his sentence, Bishop apologized to his victims' families and requested to be executed by lethal injection.

After his conviction, he wrote a letter in which he explained the motivation for his crimes: "I am a homosexual pedophile convicted of murder, and pornography was a determining factor in my downfall. Somehow I became sexually attracted to young boys and I would fantasize about them naked. Certain bookstores offered sex education, photographic, or art books which occasionally contained pictures of nude boys. I purchased such books and used them to enhance my masturbatory fantasies... Finding and procuring sexually arousing materials became an obsession. For me, seeing pornography was lighting a fuse on a stick of dynamite. I became stimulated and had to gratify my urges or explode. All boys became mere sexual objects. My conscience was desensitized and my sexual appetite entirely controlled my actions."

Bishop was executed by lethal injection at Utah State Prison in Point of the Mountain on June 10, 1988. He declined a last meal. Before his execution, he again expressed remorse for his crimes:

"I want to offer again my most profound and heartfelt apologies to my victims' families. I am truly sorry. I have tried my best to empathize with their grief and devastation and I hope they come to know of my concerns and prayers for them."

title: Arthur Gary Bishop


text:
Jim Smith (animator)

James Carl Jobb (born October 8, 1954), known professionally as Jim Smith, is an American animator and musician. He worked on Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures with his long-time working partner John Kricfalusi. Smith later briefly worked on Tiny Toon Adventures, and then along with Kricfalusi, Bob Camp and Lynne Naylor he founded Spümcø, where he co-created The Ren & Stimpy Show (from which he departed in 1992 alongside Kricfalusi) in 1991 and The Ripping Friends in 2001. He is also the one playing the guitar for the Ren & Stimpy theme in the intro. His performance name is Jelly-Röel.

title: Jim Smith (animator)


text:
User:Laef1

student, designer, new media artist, musician, drummer, nomad. to be continued....

title: User:Laef1


text:
Louie Weaver

Louie Adrian Weaver III (born July 13, 1951) is a drummer most famous for being a long-time member of Christian rock band Petra. Weaver is also a member of the church of the Nazarene. He was dismissed from the band in 2003; he is currently working on several projects. In 2010, Weaver reunited with former members of Petra (Greg X. Volz, Bob Hartman, John Lawry and Mark Kelly) to form Classic Petra.

Starting in 2017, Weaver played in the CPR Band and recorded an album with them.

Biography
Weaver was born in Nashville, Tennessee, where he attended high school at Glencliff High School. He was part of a school jazz band playing at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium. In 1969 he graduated and continued to study in Trevecca Nazarene College. There he obtained a B.A. in percussion.

After graduating he went on to work with several artists. He was a session player for Randy Matthews and Fireworks, also touring with Matthews and Crossfire. He also played with Parable, Good Grief, and Chuck McCleod's Band.

In 1981 he joined Petra becoming a staple of the band with his trademark drumming and style. After 22 years, he was fired in 2003 amidst some controversy. Both Petra and Weaver have since dismissed the incident and little has been discussed of the issue since. He was replaced by Paul Simmons. In 2005, he collaborated with Project Damage Control with John Schlitt on vocals. Weaver performed briefly with a band called Viktor with other well-known veteran musicians.

Weaver played with Classic Petra from 2010 to 2012, which was a re-united version of the band featuring some of the members from the 80's: Bob Hartman, Greg X. Volz, John Lawry and Mark Kelly. This instance of the band recorded Back to the Rock in 2010, which was Weaver's first studio album with the Classic Petra lineup since Beat the System in 1984.

Weaver was voted "Favorite Drummer" by CCM Magazine's readers choice for five years in a row (1989-93.) Weaver endorses Paiste Cymbals, Vater Sticks, DW Drums, and Remo drumheads.

Personal life
Weaver is married to his wife Penny. Weaver is a fan of Mickey Mouse, using his imagery on his clothes, drums, etc. He even named his daughter after the famous mouse.

title: Louie Weaver


text:
Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the first section under the heading "General" in the Charter, and like other sections within the "General" sphere, it aids in the interpretation of rights elsewhere in the Charter. While section 25 is also the Charter section that deals most directly with Aboriginal peoples in Canada, it does not create or constitutionalize rights for them.

The Charter is a part of the larger Constitution Act, 1982. Aboriginal rights, including treaty rights, receive more direct constitutional protection under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.

Text
Under the heading "General," the section reads:

25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada including
 * (a) any rights or freedoms that have been recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
 * (b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.

Purpose
In other words, the Charter must be enforced in a way that does not diminish Aboriginal rights. As the Court of Appeal for Ontario held in R. v. Agawa (1988), the section "confers no new rights," but instead "shields" old ones.

This is a stronger recognition for non-Charter rights than section 26's requirement that the Charter cannot be interpreted to deny that non-Charter rights exist, as section 25 specifically states that Aboriginal rights will not only continue to exist but also cannot be derogated by the Charter itself. The distinction came about during the negotiations of the Charter. Section 25's content did not appear in the first version of the Charter, in October 1980, but the original version of what later became section 26 did say that the existence of Aboriginal rights could not be denied. This sparked dramatic protests among Aboriginals, who viewed the proposed constitutional amendments as an insufficient protection of their rights. This persisted until some of their leaders, the National Indian Brotherhood, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, and the Native Council of Canada (now the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples), were appeased by the addition of sections 25 and 35 to the Constitution Act, 1982.

The rights to which section 25 refers explicitly include those in the Royal Proclamation of 1763. They may also include those created by ordinary legislation, like the Indian Act, and constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has speculated that without this section, section 15 (the equality provision) would have possibly threatened these rights, since they are particular to a race. Nevertheless, in the Supreme Court case Corbiere v. Canada (1999), it was found that not all legislative distinctions relating to Aboriginals are protected by section 25, and section 15 was accordingly used to extend voting rights in Aboriginal reserves to Aboriginals who did not live in those reserves. As Hogg observes, what particular rights section 25 protects was in the meantime left uncertain.

Section 35 of the Constitution Act, which falls outside the Charter, does constitutionalize some aboriginal rights. As Hogg notes, this makes section 25 altogether less important than section 35, but Corbiere leaves open the possibility that rights not constitutionalized by section 35 can have some protection under section 25.

Aboriginal self-government
The question of how the Charter applies to Aboriginals and Aboriginal government has involved section 25. On the one hand, it has been argued that Aboriginal governments are not bound by the Charter. If section 35 includes a right to self-government, and section 25 ensures Aboriginal rights are not limited by the Charter, then section 25 would also guarantee that self-government is not limited by the Charter. On the other hand, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples once argued that while section 25 guarantees the existence of self-government itself, the powers of such Aboriginal governments will be limited to respect the Charter rights of individual Aboriginals.

Some bands receive a measure of autonomy under the Indian Act, and the consequent powers of the councils would be protected by section 25. Meanwhile, section 32, which bounds the federal and provincial governments to the Charter, may not include the band councils if their authority derives not only from the Indian Act but also tradition.

Amendments to section 25
In 1983, with the passing of the Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1983, section 25 was amended to expand the protection provided for rights associated with land claims. Whereas the original wording made reference to rights acquired "by way of land claim settlement," the current version refers to rights that "now exist by way of land claims agreements or may be so acquired." While ordinarily, section 25 could have been amended with the standard 7/50 amending formula, this change was also carried out with agreement of aboriginal leaders. At the same time, the Constitution Act, 1982 was amended to add section 35.1. This new section suggests that, before section 25 is amended in the future, consultation with aboriginal leaders will again be requested by the prime minister.

Case law
Scholar Celeste Hutchinson remarks in an article that little has been done with section 25 by the courts. However, she points to the British Columbia Court of Appeal case R. v. Kapp as one that discusses section 25's application. She argues Kapp failed to resolve the issue of whether section 25 is only applied when the Charter is violated, or if applies earlier, when a Charter challenge is raised. Nevertheless, Hutchinson did feel Kapp provided some significant discussion of section 25. In Kapp, Justice Kirkpatrick endorsed the view that section 25 is first considered when a Charter challenge is raised, and made a three-step test asking (1) is the right in question a treaty, Aboriginal or other right related to Aboriginals? (2) if it falls in the "other" category, does it relate to a part of Aboriginal life? (3) would the remedy possibly given by the Charter limit Aboriginal rights?


text:
Talk:George Zweig

Stub
It says he's a particle physicist, he's categorized as an American physicist...why is it wrong to make it a physicist stub? -- Etacar11   01:13, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If I add the stub tags for both physicist and biologist, would that be agreeable? -- Etacar11   01:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

4 aces (Zweig) or 3 quarks (Gell-Mann)
The article implies Zweig thought there were 4 quarks. Wasn't Zweig incorrect? Isn't this why Gell-Mann got the Nobel and Zweig didn't? --Michael C. Price talk 06:22, 16 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not. Today, we know of 6 "flavors" of quarks. In 1964, at least three were needed for the model to work in accounting for the known hadrons at that time, but Zweig, unlike Gell-Mann, postulated a fourth one, subsequently identifiable with the charmed quark, discovered in the 1970s. The systematics of the respective models introduced by Gell-Mann and Zweig, nevertheless, were sound, and workable with either 3 or 4 quarks.  Gell-Mann was never rewarded with his Nobel prize for introducing quarks, a fact not mentioned in the citation of that prize ("for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"), but, inevitably, featured in the social and publicity introductions associated with the prize. In fact, that prize recognized what is now known as "flavor SU(3)", now understood to be underlain by 3 quark flavors, and nothing else (i.e., it has no conceptual basis beyond them).
 * But, if anything, Zweig's bold extension to more quarks was conceptually salutary, since it clearly contrasted the number of quark flavors to the "triality" of baryon wavefunctions (and the underlying "color SU(3)") and afforded a less confusing path to the final correct picture.
 * In fact, Zweig quipped in his (2010) "Memories" reference cited that, had he known of the tau lepton (and thus of the six flavors of quarks favored in this picture and known to date) he would have instead called them "dice"! Cuzkatzimhut (talk) 01:54, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

List
If a list of prizes, such as the Nobel, never awarded to Zweig, is included in the article, the self-same article will get very long. Zweig's physics should be mentioned, not silly prizes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.178.34.152 (talk) 13:12, 15 September 2009 (UTC) Gribbin's ipse dixit is quoted, but he is not very reliable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.178.34.152 (talk) 13:17, 15 September 2009 (UTC) Note that 86.178.34.152 uses endless I.P.s.
 * I should agree that the discussion of the missing Nobel prize is not out of place here. The point is that conceiving quarks is one of the major breakthroughs in particle physics, and failure to recognize it with a Nobel prize is quite a scandal in the minds of a sizeable fraction of the physics community. Whether the explanation provided were optimal or adequate, or not, the fact of the missing Nobel must be addressed. Cuzkatzimhut (talk) 01:00, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Conclusion: Noble prizes have become a joke. Personally I do not take them seriously any more. It is like a Dancing with the stars of the academics. Forget the Nobles, they are ignoble. I think Lev Okun should have got one too if the system had been rational. And I agree to keep the material being discussed here. I am not really dead (talk) 10:26, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Add Reference to EP Interview
I am wondering if in the Reference List one should add a link to George Zweig's interview: https://ep-news.web.cern.ch/content/interview-george-zweig I couldn't fint how to do it.

title: Talk:George Zweig


text:
Patricia Cutts

Patricia Cutts (20 July 1926 – 6 September 1974) was an English film and television actress. She was the first person to portray the character of Blanche Hunt in ITV soap opera Coronation Street, appearing in two episodes.

Biography
Born in London, she was the daughter of the writer-director Graham Cutts. Her first roles were supporting parts in British films. These ranged from small roles to more substantial ones (such as playing the love interest in Those People Next Door in 1953). She moved to the US in 1958, where she appeared in American movies and television shows. From 1958, she appeared in Alfred Hitchcock Presents and Perry Mason, where she played defendant Sylvia Oxman in the 1959 episode, "The Case of the Dangerous Dowager" and Ann Eldridge in the 1966 episode, "The Case of the Bogus Buccaneers". She continued to work consistently in film and television on both sides of the Atlantic throughout the 1950s, including a small appearance in North by Northwest.

In 1959 she appeared on Groucho Marx's quiz show You Bet Your Life with football coach Jack Curtice as her co-contestant. She was a regular panellist on the DuMont quiz Down You Go and starred alongside Vincent Price in The Tingler. In 1958, she appeared in the film Merry Andrew, starring Danny Kaye. The following year, she had a good role as the second female lead in the war movie Battle of the Coral Sea (1959). In the 1960s, she made guest appearances on such television shows as The Lucy Show, Car 54, Where Are You?, Adventures in Paradise and Playhouse 90.

After several quiet years she returned to the UK and was in the 1972 British television series Spyder's Web before accepting the role of Blanche Hunt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street in 1974. It would have been her most high-profile regular role to date but after appearing in only two episodes, Cutts was found dead at her flat in Chelsea, London, aged 48. An inquest into her death produced a verdict of suicide by barbiturate poisoning.

Selected filmography

 * Flying with Prudence (1946) – Prudence
 * Just William's Luck (1948) – Gloria's Secretary
 * I Was a Male War Bride (1949) – Girl in Doorway (uncredited)
 * Madness of the Heart (1949) – Girl at bookstall
 * The Adventures of PC 49 "Investigating the Case of the Guardian Angel" (1949) – Joan Carr
 * Your Witness (1950) – Alex Summerfield, Roger's Sister in Law
 * The Long Dark Hall (1951) – Rose Mallory
 * Those People Next Door (1953) – Anne Twigg
 * The Happiness of Three Women (1954) – Irene Jennings
 * The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955) – Bubbles
 * 1957 TV series (1957) – Perry Mason
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 25: "Flight to the East") – Barbara Denim
 * Merry Andrew (1958) – Letitia Fairchild
 * North by Northwest (1959) – Hospital Patient (uncredited)
 * The Tingler (1959) – Isabel Stevens Chapin
 * Battle of the Coral Sea (1959) – Lieutenant Peg Whitcomb
 * The Case of the Dangerous Dowager (1959) – Sylvia Oxman
 * Yancy Derringer (1959) – Lady Charity, Ep. 20, "Hell and High Water"
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 32: "Body in the Barn") - Samantha Wilkins
 * The Case of the Bogus Buccaneer (1966) – Ann Eldridge
 * Private Road (1971) – Erica Talbot

title: Patricia Cutts


text: Talk:In Bed with Medinner (series 4)

title: Talk:In Bed with Medinner (series 4)


text:
Seonjo of Joseon

Seonjo (6 December 1552 – 6 March 1608), personal name Yi Yeon, was the 14th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was known for promoting Confucianism and attempting reforms at the beginning of his reign. However, he later gained infamy from the political discord and his incompetent leadership during the Japanese invasions of Korea.

Early life
King Seonjo was born Yi Yeon in 1552 in Hanseong (today, Seoul), capital of Korea, as the third son of Prince Deokheung, himself son of King Jungjong and Royal Noble Consort Chang of the Ansan Ahn clan. On his mother's side, Yi Yeon was also a great-great-great-grandson of Princess Jeongui, the daughter of Queen Soheon and King Sejong. Princess Jeongui's granddaughter, Lady Ahn of the Juksan Ahn clan, married Jeong Sang-jo, his great-grandfather and son of Jeong In-ji through his second wife, Lady Yi of the Gyeongju Yi clan. As well as Jeong Sang-jo being the younger half-brother of Jo Gwang-jo.

He was given the title of Prince Haseong, and was eventually adopted by Queen Insun. When King Myeongjong died young without an heir, Prince Haseong was the next in the line of succession. Then, by decision of the royal court, he was crowned king in 1567 at the age of 16. His father had the status of Grand Internal Prince (대원군, Daewongun, 'Great Prince of the Court).

Beginning of reign (1567–1575)
King Seonjo focused on the improvement of the lives of the common people, as well as rebuilding the nation after the political corruption during the chaotic reign of Yeonsangun and King Jungjong. He encouraged Sarim scholars, who had been persecuted by entrenched aristocrats in four different purges between 1498 and 1545 during reign of Yeonsangun and Jungjong. Seonjo continued the political reforms of King Myeongjong, and put many famous Confucian scholars, including Yi Hwang, Yi I, Jeong Cheol, and Yu Seong-ryong, in office.

Seonjo also reformed the civil service examination system, particularly the civil official qualification exam. The previous exam was mainly concerned with literature, not with politics or history. The king himself ordered the system to be reformed by increasing the importance of these other subjects. He also restored the reputations of executed scholars such as Jo Gwang-jo, who died in Third Literati Purge of 1519, and denounced the accomplishments of corrupt aristocrats, notably Nam Gon, who instigated the purge under Jungjong and contributed greatly to the corruption of the era. These acts earned the king the respect of the general populace, and the country enjoyed a brief era of peace.

Political division and East-West feud (1575–1592)
Among the scholars King Seonjo called to the government were Sim Ui-gyeom and Kim Hyowon. Sim was a relative of the queen and heavily conservative. Kim was the leading figure of the new generation of officials and called for liberal reforms. The scholars who supported King Seonjo began to split into two factions, headed by Sim and Kim. Members of the two factions even lived in the same neighborhood; Sim's faction lived on west side of the city while Kim's followers gathered on the east side. Consequently, the two factions began to be called the Western Faction and the Easterners ; this two-faction based political system lasted 200 years and later helped bring about the collapse of the Joseon dynasty.

At first the Westerners earned the favor of the king, since Sim was related to the queen and also had larger support from wealthy nobles. However, their attitudes on reformation and Sim's indecisiveness helped the Easterners take power, and the Westerners fell out of favor. Reforms were accelerated during the first period of influence of the Easterners, but then many Easterners began to urge others to slow down the reforms. The Easterners were once again divided into the Northern and the Southern Faction. Yu Seong-ryong led the Southern faction while the Northerners divided even further after arguments over many issues; the greater Northern faction came to become extremely liberal in the scope of their reform goals, while the “lesser” Northern faction was less reformist but still more open to reform than the Southerners.

The political divisions caused the nation to be weakened, since the size of the military was also one of the issues on the reform agenda. Yi I, a neutral conservative, urged the king to increase the size of the army to prepare against future invasions from the Jurchens and Japanese. However, both factions rejected Yi's suggestions, and the size of the army was decreased further since many believed the peaceful period would last. The Jurchens and Japanese used this opportunity to expand their influence in East Asia, resulting in the Seven-Year War, and the foundation of the Qing dynasty in China, both of which would lead to devastation on the Korean Peninsula. King Seonjo faced many difficulties dealing with both new threats, sending many skilled military commanders to the northern front, while contending with Japanese leaders Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu in the south. However, after Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan, the Japanese soon proved themselves to be the greater threat; and many Koreans began to fear that their country would be taken over by the Japanese. Many officials concerned with the defense of the kingdom urged the king to send delegates to Hideyoshi, their major purpose being to find out whether Hideyoshi was preparing for invasion or not. However, the two government factions could not even agree on this issue of national importance; so a compromise was made and one delegate from each faction was sent to Hideyoshi. When they returned to Korea, their reports only caused more controversy and confusion. Hwang Yun-gil, of the Westerners faction, reported that Hideyoshi was raising huge numbers of troops, but Kim Seong-il, of the Easterners faction, told the king that he thought these large forces were not for the war against Korea, since he was trying to complete his reforms quickly to prevent lawlessness and quash the bandits now roaming the countryside. Since the Easterners had the bigger voice in government at the time, Hwang's reports were ignored and Seonjo decided not to prepare for war, even though the attitude of Hideyoshi in his letter to Seonjo clearly showed his interest in the conquest of Asia. The factional infighting of the Joseon court, combined with the 1589 rebellion of Jeong Yeo-rip that led to the purge of more than 1,000 scholars affiliated with the Eastern faction, led to Joseon's unpreparedness against the imminent Japanese invasions.

Six-Year War (1592–1598)
In 1591, after the delegates had returned from Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent his own delegates to visit King Seonjo, and asked permission to pass through the Korean Peninsula to invade China, in effect declaring war against the Joseon kingdom. The king was surprised; after refusing the Japanese request he sent a letter to Beijing to alert the Chinese that the Japanese were actually preparing for full-scale war against the Korean-Chinese alliance. He also ordered the construction of many forts in the coastal regions and sent generals Sin Rip and Yi Il to the southern coast to prepare for war. While the Koreans were busy making their preparations, the Japanese manufactured muskets for many of their soldiers, mobilized warriors from across the entire country.

On April 13, 1592, about 700 Japanese ships under Konishi Yukinaga invaded Korea. Konishi easily burned Fort Busan and Fort Donglae, killed commanders Jeong Bal and Song Sang-hyeon and marched northward. On the next day even more troops under Katō Kiyomasa and Kuroda Nagamasa landed, also marching toward Hanyang. A huge Japanese fleet under Todo Takatora and Kuki Yoshitaka supported them from the sea. General Yi Il faced Katō Kiyomasa at the Battle of Sangju, which was won by Japanese. Then Yi Il met General Sin Rip, but their combined forces were also defeated at the Battle of Chungju by Konishi Yukinaga. Then Seonjo appointed General Kim Myeong-won as Commander-in-Chief and Field Marshal, and ordered him to defend the capital. Then the king moved to Pyongyang, since the Japanese began to seize the capital. He later moved even further north to the border city of Uiju just before the fall of Pyongyang. While the king was absent from the capital, many people who had lost hope in the government plundered the palace and burned many public buildings. This resulted in even more damage than that perpetrated by the Japanese after they had captured the city. During Seonjo's stay at Uiju, he wrote the Joseon government's first public document written solely in Hangul, rather than Hanja. Historians believe that the king deliberately chose Hangeul to ensure commoners could understand the message and to prevent the Japanese from understanding it.

Although the army continued to lose men and battles, the navy successfully cut the Japanese supply line from the sea; Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the Japanese fleet several times and did much damage to the supply ships. With the navy blocking supplies, Chinese forces arrived and began to push the Japanese southward, eventually retaking Pyongyang. Konishi Yukinaga successfully blocked a Chinese advance at Battle of Byeokjegwan, and again tried to push the Koreans northward, but the crucial blow came at the Battle of Hangju, where General Gwon Yul defeated the Japanese with a much smaller force. The Japanese then decided to enter into peace negotiations, while both sides continued fighting. A month before he returned to Hanyang, Seonjo wrote an edict in Hangeul where anyone that either captured Japanese forces in battle, reported on invading troop movements, or rescued Korean prisoners would receive the title of government official regardless of class. During these negotiations Koreans retook Seoul, but the palaces had all been burnt to the ground, so Seonjo repaired one of the old royal family's houses and renamed it Deoksugung, making it one of the official palaces.

The peace negotiations between the Chinese and Japanese ended unsuccessfully, due to a lack of understanding between the two sides and misrepresentation of the Koreans. The Japanese again invaded Korea in 1597; but this time all three nations were ready for war, and the Japanese were not able to advance as easily as in 1592. The Japanese tried to take Hanyang from both land and sea routes. At first the plan seemed to work well when Todo Takatora defeated Admiral Won Gyun at the Battle of Chilchonryang, but it was eventually thwarted when the Korean navy under Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated the Japanese fleet under Todo Takatora in the Battle of Myeongnyang with only 13 ships. Combined with the sudden death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the battle effectively ended the war, with the Japanese completely withdrawing from Korea in 1598. The Battle of Noryang marked the end of the war, with the last Japanese units under Konishi Yukinaga leaving Korea.

Later days (1598–1608)
Despite all the efforts put in by Seonjo during the war, such as establishing army training facilities and reforming taxation laws – people were awarded with increase of social class, exemption of labor or crimes in return for payment of tax in rice – the war left a devastated land and starving people. After the war, his wish of reconstructing the nation was impeded by the political turmoil caused by quarrelling political factions and famine. King Seonjo lost hope in governing the nation, and let his Crown Prince Gwanghaegun rule in his place. However, when the queen gave birth to a son (Gwanghaegun was the second son of Lady Kim, the king's concubine), the succession also became a matter of contention. King Seonjo died in 1608, while political division and outside threats still darkened the skies over Korea.

Family
Consort(s) and their respective issue
 * Biological father: Grand Internal Prince Deokheung (2 April 1530 – 14 June 1559)
 * Grandfather: King Jungjong of Joseon (16 April 1488 – 29 November 1544)
 * Grandmother: Royal Noble Consort Chang of the Ansan Ahn clan (2 September 1499 – 7 November 1549)
 * Adoptive father: King Myeongjong of Joseon (3 July 1532 – 2 August 1567)
 * Biological mother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Hadong of the Hadong Jeong clan (23 September 1522 – 24 June 1567)
 * Grandfather: Jeong Se-ho, Internal Prince Hadong (1486–1563)
 * Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Gwangju Yi clan (1473 – ?)
 * Adoptive mother: Queen Insun of the Cheongsong Shim clan (7 June 1532 – 12 February 1575)

 * Queen Uiin of the Bannam Park clan (15 May 1555 – 26 July 1600)

 * Queen Inmok of the Yeonan Kim clan (5 December 1584 – 3 August 1632)
 * Princess Jeongmyeong (정명공주; 27 June 1603 – 8 September 1685), eleventh daughter
 * Thirteenth daughter (1604–1604)
 * Yi Ui, Grand Prince Yeongchang (12 April 1606 – 19 March 1614), thirteenth son
 * Royal Noble Consort Gong of the Gimhae Kim clan (16 November 1553 – 13 June 1577)
 * Yi Jin, Prince Imhae (20 September 1572 – 3 June 1609), first son
 * Crown Prince Yi Hon (4 June 1575 – 7 August 1641), second son
 * Royal Noble Consort In of the Suwon Kim clan (1555–1613)
 * Yi Seong, Prince Uian (1577 – 24 February 1588), third son
 * Yi Ho, Prince Shinseong (6 January 1579 – 8 December 1592), fourth son
 * Yi Bu, Prince Jeongwon (2 August 1580 – 29 December 1619), fifth son
 * Princess Jeongsin (1583–1653), first daughter
 * Princess Jeongsuk (1587 – 6 November 1627), second daughter
 * Yi Gwang, Prince Uichang (1589–1645), eighth son
 * Princess Jeongan (1590–1660), fifth daughter
 * Princess Jeonghwi (1593 – 15 July 1653), sixth daughter
 * Royal Noble Consort Sun of the Gimhae Kim clan (1565 – 1647)
 * Yi Bu, Prince Sunhwa (10 October 1580 – 18 March 1607), sixth son
 * Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (1567–1626)
 * Yi Gong, Prince Inseong (29 October 1588 – 20 May 1628), seventh son
 * Princess Jeongin (1590 – 10 January 1656), fourth daughter
 * Princess Jeongseon (1 April 1594 – 1 August 1674), seventh daughter
 * Princess Jeonggeun (1598 – 11 July 1613), tenth daughter
 * Yi Yeong, Prince Inheung (1604–1651), twelfth son
 * Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Namyang Hong clan (1563–1638)
 * Princess Jeongjeong (1595–1666), eighth daughter
 * Yi Ju, Prince Gyeongchang (23 September 1596 – 16 January 1654), ninth son
 * Royal Noble Consort On of the Cheongju Han clan (2 November 1581 – 10 December 1664)
 * Yi Je, Prince Heungan (1598–1624), tenth son
 * Yi Reuk, Prince Gyeongpyeong (June 1600 – 28 November 1673), eleventh son
 * Princess Jeonghwa (1604–1667), fourteenth daughter
 * Yi Gye, Prince Yeongseon (21 January 1607 – 24 October 1649), fourteenth son
 * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Yeonil Jeong clan (1557–1579)
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Dongnae Jeong clan (1564–1580)
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Kim clan
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Han clan
 * Deposed Royal Consort So-won of the Yun clan (? – 1632)
 * Court Lady Kim (? – 1623)
 * Court Lady Park
 * Unknown
 * Fifteenth son (? – 1603)
 * Ninth daughter (1596–1601)
 * Twelfth daughter (? – 1603)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Sung-ok in the 1995 KBS2 TV series West Palace.
 * Portrayed by Park Chan-hwan in the 1999–2000 MBC TV series Hur Jun.
 * Portrayed by Im Dong-jin in the 2003 SBS The King's Woman.
 * Portrayed by Choi Cheol-ho in the 2004–2005 KBS1 TV series Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin.
 * Portrayed by Kim Chang-wan in the 2010 film Blades of Blood.
 * Portrayed by Jeon No-min in the 2013 MBC TV series Hur Jun, The Original Story.
 * Portrayed by Jeong Bo-seok in the 2013 MBC TV series Goddess of Fire.
 * Portrayed by Lee Sung-jae in the 2014 KBS2 TV series The King's Face.
 * Portrayed by Kim Tae-woo in the 2015 KBS1 TV series The Jingbirok: A Memoir of Imjin War.
 * Portrayed by Park Yeong-gyu in the 2015 MBC TV series Splendid Politics.
 * Portrayed by Lee Ji-hoon in the 2016 JTBC TV series Mirror of the Witch.
 * Portrayed by Kim Hyun-bin in the 2016 MBC TV series Flowers of the Prison.
 * Portrayed by Jang Hyuk in the 2019 tvN TV Series The Crowned Clown.

title: Seonjo of Joseon


text:
Talk:Hamitic hypothesis

I have nominated this for speedy deletion as the title is effectively a duplicate of the existing well established article on Hamitic, an article which already recognises that this is a historic theory, now regarded as invalid, which has created all sorts of problems. The content is not invalid but I have copied it into the other article, with some very minor tweaking. PatGallacher 01:15, 2005 August 22 (UTC)
 * Based on your explanation, it looks more like a redirect is more appropriate. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hamitic hypothesis


text:
Doris Allen (politician)

Doris Jean Allen (May 26, 1936 – September 22, 1999) was an American politician from California. Allen served in the California Assembly from 1982 to 1995, representing part of Orange County, and as speaker of that body from June 5 to September 14, 1995, before being recalled from office. Allen was the first woman to be elected to that office.

Early life and education
Allen was born in Kansas City, Missouri and raised in Cypress, California.

Career
Before entering politics, Allen owned a successful household lighting store. An amateur actress, she played the title role in the musical Mame in productions by the Westminster Community Theater and Sebastian's West in the early-1970s.

California State Assembly
On November 2, 1982, Allen won the election and became a member of California State Assembly for the 71st district. Allen unseated Chester B. Wray with 51.6% of the votes.

Based in Huntington Beach, She compiled a relatively conservative record with special attention to environmental protection for her coastal district. Republicans gained a one-vote majority in the House in 1995, threatening longtime Democratic Speaker Willie Brown's 15-year tenure. At first, Brown persuaded moderate Republican turned Independent Paul Horcher to keep him in power.

Recall
Meanwhile, Allen was running in a special election for the California State Senate. However, GOP party leaders endorsed fellow assemblyman Ross Johnson, who had moved into the district to run. Allen lost the election. When Horcher was recalled from office and replaced by a more loyal Republican, Speaker Brown convinced a still-angry Allen to vote with Democrats and become speaker herself. However, Brown continued to lead the legislative body as head of the Democratic Caucus.

Allen's defection outraged her Republican colleagues, led by Curt Pringle, as well as her Republican constituents, who in November 1995 recalled her from office. Before her removal, Allen resigned as speaker and was succeeded by Brian Setencich. However, when Brown resigned his seat in the State Assembly to be sworn in as mayor of San Francisco, Setencich lost that vote, restoring the Republicans' majority electing Pringle as Speaker in January 1996. Setencich himself was defeated for reelection in that June's GOP primary.

Following her recall, Allen eventually moved away from California, though she did make a final bid for her old seat in 1998.

Personal life
On September 22, 1999, Allen died from cancer in Colorado Springs. Allen was 63 years old.

title: Doris Allen (politician)


text:
Laura Molina (badminton)

Laura Molina Fernández (born 13 September 1988) is a Spanish badminton player.

She played at the 2005 World Badminton Championships in Anaheim. In the women's singles event she retired in her first round match. She trailed Yip Pui Yin of Hong Kong 1–11, 0-7 when she decided to end the match. In the mixed doubles event (partnering Carlos Longo) she also lost in the first round.

BWF International Challenge/Series
Mixed doubles
 * BWF International Challenge tournament
 * BWF International Series tournament
 * BWF Future Series tournament

title: Laura Molina (badminton)


text: Talk:Greatest Hits (Volume One)

title: Talk:Greatest Hits (Volume One)


text:
Michael Donohoe

Michael Donohoe (February 22, 1864 –January 17, 1958) of Philadelphia was a U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania from 1911 to 1915. He was an Irish Catholic Democrat.

Biography
Michael Donohoe was born in Killeshandra, County Cavan, Ireland. He attended a private classical school, and taught as principal of a national school from January 1885 until October 1886. He immigrated to the United States and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 8, 1886. He worked as a real-estate broker, and engaged in banking and in the manufacture of glassware.

Donohoe was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-second and Sixty-third Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1914. He was a candidate for mayor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1931. He also served as director of Northwestern General Hospital from 1893 to 1943, and as a trustee of Temple University. He was the real-estate assessor for the city of Philadelphia from April 15, 1919, to March 31, 1946, when he retired. He died in Philadelphia in 1958 and was interred in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.

title: Michael Donohoe


text: User talk:70.189.72.147

title: User talk:70.189.72.147


text:
Fairfax County Water Authority

Fairfax County Water Authority (FCWA or more recently Fairfax Water for short) is the main water company in the Northern Virginia region of the United States, and one of the four major water providers in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area (the other three being Virginia American Water, the Washington Aqueduct and the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission). Fairfax Water serves most of the populated areas of Fairfax County, and also serves neighboring communities of Alexandria, Prince William County, Virginia and Loudoun County, Virginia through an interconnection with Virginia American Water, which purchases water through wholesale agreements. It serves drinking water to 1.5 million people.

FCWA does not provide sanitary sewer service; this is left to the individual jurisdictions it serves.

History
FCWA traces its history back to the 1950s. At the time, Fairfax County was a mostly rural county that was quickly becoming suburban, and was served by a number of small, privately owned water companies and private wells. This posed a problem in the first half of the decade, as hot summers and increased demand often caused the wells to run dry. The Alexandria Water Company, which served Alexandria, Virginia and its immediate suburbs, had opened a treatment plant on the Occoquan River near Occoquan, Virginia in 1954, but even that wasn't enough, and both the county government and the city of Alexandria were looking for a solution to the problem together.

Fairfax became interested in buying the Annandale Water Company, a medium-sized utility in the heart of Fairfax that, by 1955, served about 3000 homes at the time and had severe problems with water supply. Alexandria was interested in buying Alexandria Water (a privately owned system controlled by American Water Works Company) and its Virginia Water subsidiary, citing its own water supply problems. By the end of the summer, Fairfax was ready to buy the Annandale system when they were blocked from doing so by a lawsuit from a group of subscribers, who were upset that the move may increase their water rates.

FCWA has since expanded its filtration capacity several times, with the introduction of new plants at Lorton and Occoquan in the 1960s, and a new plant near Herndon, Virginia in 1982, the Corbalis plant, celebrating 40 years of operation in 2022. The Griffith plant in Lorton, Virginia opened in 2006. Fairfax Water and Vulcan Materials have entered an agreement to construct a reservoir in Lorton, a phased project expected to be completed by 2085.

title: Fairfax County Water Authority


text:
Agardite

Agardite is a mineral group consisting of agardite-(Y), agardite-(Ce), agardite-(Nd), and agardite-(La). They comprise a group of minerals that are hydrous hydrated arsenates of rare-earth elements (REE) and copper, with the general chemical formula (REE,Ca)Cu6(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O. Yttrium, cerium, neodymium, lanthanum, as well as trace to minor amounts of other REEs, are present in their structure. Agardite-(Y) is probably the most often found representative. They form needle-like yellow-green (variably hued) crystals in the hexagonal crystal system. Agardite minerals are a member of the mixite structure group, which has the general chemical formula Cu2+6A(TO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, where A is a REE, Al, Ca, Pb, or Bi, and T is P or As. In addition to the four agardite minerals, the other members of the mixite mineral group are calciopetersite, goudeyite, mixite, petersite-(Ce), petersite-(Y),  plumboagardite, and zálesíite.

Agardite-(Y) from the Bou Skour mine in Djebel Sarhro, Morocco was the first of the agardite-group minerals to be characterized. It was described by Dietrich in 1969 and was named after Jules Agard, a French geologist at the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France. Agardite-group minerals have subsequently been found in Germany, Czech Republic, Greece, Italy, Japan, Namibia, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

title: Agardite


text:
User:Called Jim

Note:

A series of sockpuppets have been editing the same set of pages (usually Victoria of the United Kingdom, Pope Pius XII, Jim Duffy (author) and Dublin statues and their nicknames, Lamest edit wars and George III of the United Kingdom) identical ways to include almost identical information, all of it POV, or in deliberately changing dates on UK articles to US dating as part of his game, with in this case he using the name he insists is my real name as his user nick (and which he made a point of calling me in messages left by his various identities.

All were pages I had edited. Skyring had a history of Wikistalking me, for which the ArbComm imposed a one year ban. Within hours of contributing to a debate on Wikistalking this latest campaign started, with some aspects of the campaign (abusive edit summaries on occasion, undoing changes I had made, etc, exactly what Skyring did. He had threatened to use sockpuppets to continue to wage campaigns against me if banned. FearÉIREANN\(caint) 00:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Called Jim


text:
User:Homoneutralis

"Like an unchecked cancer, hate corrodes the personality and eats away its vital unity. Hate destroys a man's sense of values and his objectivity. It causes him to describe the beautiful as ugly and the ugly as beautiful, and to confuse the true with the false and the false with the true."

-Martin Luther King Jr.

title: User:Homoneutralis


text:
User:Astor Lam

I am Astor Lam. This is not the user page for astorknlam, nor should it have been at any point. If you have any questions, please ask on my talk page. Thanks!

title: User:Astor Lam


text:
Longbow

A longbow is a type of tall bow that makes a fairly long draw possible. A longbow is not significantly recurved. Its limbs are relatively narrow and are circular or D-shaped in cross section. Flatbows can be just as long, but in cross-section, a flatbow has limbs that are approximately rectangular.

Longbows for hunting and warfare have been made from many different woods in many cultures; in Europe they date from the Paleolithic era and, since the Bronze Age, were made mainly from yew, or from wych elm if yew was unavailable. The historical longbow was a self bow made of a single piece of wood, but modern longbows may also be made from modern materials or by gluing different timbers together.

Prehistory
A longbow was found in 1991 in the Ötztal Alps with a natural mummy known as Ötzi. His bow was made from yew and was 1.82 m long; the body has been dated to around 3300 BC. A slightly shorter bow comes from the Scottish parish of Tweedsmuir in a peat bog known as Rotten Bottom. The bow, made from yew, has been given a calibrated radiocarbon date of 4040 BC to 3640 BC. Another bow made from yew, found within some peat in Somerset, England has been dated to 2700–2600 BC. Forty longbows, which date from the 4th century AD, have been discovered in a peat bog at Nydam in Denmark.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages the English and Welsh were famous for their very powerful longbows, used en masse to great effect against the French in the Hundred Years' War, with notable success at the battles of Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356), and Agincourt (1415). During the reign of Edward III of England, laws were passed allowing fletchers and bowyers to be impressed into the army and enjoining them to practice archery. The dominance of the longbow on the battlefield continued until the French began to use cannon to break the formations of English archers at the Battle of Formigny (1450) and the Battle of Castillon (1453). Their use continued in the Wars of the Roses. They survived as a weapon of war in England well beyond the introduction of effective firearms. The Battle of Flodden (1513) was "a landmark in the history of archery, as the last battle on English soil to be fought with the longbow as the principal weapon..."

Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
In 1588, the militia was called out in anticipation of an invasion by the Spanish Armada and it included many archers in its ranks; the Kent militia for instance, had 1,662 archers out of 12,654 men mustered.

The Battle of Tippermuir (1644), in Scotland, may have been the last battle in the British Isles to involve the longbow in significant numbers. It has also been claimed that longbows may have been used as late as 1654 at the Battle of Tullich in northeast Scotland.

Early literature
The earliest known book on European longbow archery is the anonymous L'Art D'Archerie, produced in France in the late 15th or early 16th century. The first book in English about longbow archery was Toxophilus by Roger Ascham, first published in London in 1545 and dedicated to King Henry VIII.

Modern recreational and hunting use
Although firearms supplanted bows in warfare, wooden or fibreglass laminated longbows continue to be used by traditional archers and some tribal societies for recreation and hunting. A longbow has practical advantages compared with a modern recurve or compound bow; it is usually lighter, quicker to prepare for shooting, and shoots more quietly. However, other things being equal, the modern bow will shoot a faster arrow more accurately than the longbow.

Organisations that run archery competitions have set out formal definitions for various classes of bow; many definitions of the longbow would exclude some medieval examples, materials, and techniques of use. Some archery clubs in the United States classify longbows simply as bows with strings that do not come in contact with their limbs. According to the British Longbow Society, the English longbow is made so that its thickness is at least $5/8$ (62.5%) of its width, as in Victorian longbows, and is widest at the grip. A similar, more inclusive, definition was created by the International Longbow Archers Association (ILAA) which defined the bow as fitting within a rectangular template of the proportions 1:0.625.

Design and construction

Because the longbow can be made from a single piece of wood, it can be crafted relatively easily and quickly. Amateur bowyers today can make a longbow in about ten to twenty hours.

One of the simpler longbow designs is known as the self bow, by definition made from a single piece of wood. Traditional English longbows are self bows made from yew wood. The bowstave is cut from the radius of the tree so that sapwood (on the outside of the tree) becomes the back and forms about one third of the total thickness; the remaining two-thirds or so is heartwood (50/50 is about the maximum sapwood/heartwood ratio generally used). Yew sapwood is good only in tension, while the heartwood is good in compression. However, compromises must be made when making a yew longbow, as it is difficult to find perfect unblemished yew. The demand for yew bowstaves was such that by the late 16th century mature yew trees were almost extinct in northern Europe. In other desirable woods such as Osage orange and mulberry the sapwood is almost useless and is normally removed entirely.

Longbows, because of their narrow limbs and rounded cross-section (which does not spread out stress within the wood as evenly as a flatbow’s rectangular cross section), need to be less powerful, longer or of more elastic wood than an equivalent flatbow. In Europe the last approach was used, with yew being the wood of choice, because of its high compressive strength, light weight, and elasticity. Yew is the best widespread European timber that will make good self longbows, (other woods such as elm can make longbows but require heat-treating of the belly and a wider belly/narrower back, while still falling into the definition of a longbow) and has been the main wood used in European bows since Neolithic times. More common and cheaper hard woods, including elm, oak, hickory, ash, hazel and maple, are good for flatbows. A narrow longbow with high draw-weight can be made from these woods, but it is likely to take a permanent bend (known as "set" or "following the string") and would probably be outshot by an equivalent made of yew.

Wooden laminated longbows can be made by gluing together two or more different pieces of wood. Usually this is done to take advantage of the inherent properties of different woods: some woods can better withstand compression while others are better at withstanding tension. Examples include hickory and lemonwood, or bamboo and yew longbows: hickory or bamboo is used on the back of the bow (the part facing away from the archer when shooting) and so is in tension, while the belly (the part facing the archer when shooting) is made of lemonwood or yew and undergoes compression (see bending for a further explanation of stresses in a bending beam). Traditionally made Japanese yumi are also laminated longbows, made from strips of wood: the core of the bow is bamboo, the back and belly are bamboo or hardwood, and hardwood strips are laminated to the bow's sides to prevent twisting. Any wooden bow must have gentle treatment and be protected from excessive damp or dryness. Wooden bows may shoot as well as fiberglass, but they are more easily dented or broken by abuse. Bows made of modern materials can be left strung for longer than wood bows, which may take a large amount of set if not unstrung immediately after use.

Legacy
The longbow and its historical significance, arising from its adoption by the Welsh fighting alongside the English during the Hundred Years' War, have created a lasting legacy for the longbow, which has given its name to modern military equipment, including:

 * The AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire, an air-to-ground missile; and
 * The Dakota Longbow T-76, a sniper rifle.

title: Longbow


text:
Talk:Longbow

Not English
The Longbow wasn't English it was Welsh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.205.108.8 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 4 December 2005

 * Sign your comments. If you are trying to build an argument to support a change in the article, cite your sources.  Every reference, scholarly text, history, etc., that I have seen uses either designation almost interchangeably.  It was invented by the Welsh, but adopted and made famous by the English. Canonblack 21:35, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, as the article now says, longbows have been widespread in europe since at least Mesolithic times. Yes, the widespread use of the English longbow was inspired by the Welsh.Richard Keatinge 11:50, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

"V" sign
Regarding this, removed from the article:

 * To this day, holding up two fingers in the shape of a V (Churchill's victory sign, inverted) is used as an insulting gesture derived from Agincourt where a reward was offered for the knuckles and fingers of Welsh archers.

It has all the hallmarks of legend. Someone needs to provide an authoritative source, either confirm or debunk it. -- Stbalbach 18:33, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See this within Wikipedia.

 * Ok great. Ive updated this article, the V sign article and the Two-fingers salute with this myth. The myth is also already in The finger. Any others we can propagate this meme to? -- Stbalbach 00:51, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Yumi

 * Yumi are recurved bows, and have the unique characteristic of being off-center. That is, the lower arm of the bow is shorter and heavier than the upper arm.:

Should be edited. Every single bow is like this, with a longer top limb and stiffer bottom limb, then tillered to match. The only thing particularly noteworthy about the yumi is the degree of the asymmetry; a yumi has a bottom limb half or so the length of the upper limb, while a longbow only has a few inches of difference.

 * I believe the Yumi is asymmetrical not for horse archery but for a smoother shot. I can't find the website where I read this, but from what I remember, when a bow is fired, there's a tendency for it to vibrate about two nodes 1/3 of the way from either end. The handgrip of a Yumi is placed at one of these nodes so the bow doesn't jerk harshly in the hand when the arrow is fired. AThousandYoung 03:10, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

English famous
Perhaps we should state, that not the English, but the Welsh were famous for their longbow skills during the Middle Ages. But the English are famous for their historic longbow skills now.

 * Some Englishmen WERE famous for their bowmanship. The Cheshire guard, and particularly the Maccesfield contingent, for example. Archers from Macclesfield were paid more than the Welsh archers from Gwent and Crickhowell during Edward I's campaign of 1277. The "English" armies that used the longbow so effectively were made up of both Welsh and English archers. I have not seen any conclusive proof that it was the Welsh who "invented" the longbow. Long bows have been found in Britain dating from the Neolithic period. Undoubtably the Welsh were using bows against Edward I, and Wales supplied a significant number of longbowmen during the hundred years war, but the proof that they alone created the famous longbow is missing. Swahilli 19:25, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a ridiculous suggestion anyway. Of course the English were famous for it in the Middle Ages, the Hundred Years War saw to that.
 * I think the original point means the English weren't famous for it in the 11th and early 12th century, before its general adoption by the English. But its a weird thing to say. And as you say, the idea that the Welsh invented it is quite flimsy, and comes entirely from the idea that the English were impressed by Welsh archery during their campaign in Wales. They WERE, but it doesn't follow that deciding to focus on archery themselves means they copied the Welsh bow, which was in any case, smaller than the longbow the English used. It MAY have influenced its creation, but there is no actual proof. Alooulla (talk) 13:05, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

Merge with [Longbow]?
The English longbow is not particularly distinguished from any other European longbow, nor indeed from the African, American, Asian varieties as far as I know. Shouldn't this article simply be merged into [Longbow] and deleted, just leaving a redirection? Richard Keatinge

- ok, other users have made clear that they don't think this a good idea. I'll drop it.

Does anyone have a Web reference for the British Long Bow Society's definition of a longbow? -Richard Keatinge 12:16, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Longbowman a more modern term
There is a long misconception the bow was called a 'Longbow' in the height of the Middle Ages. It was not until possibly around the 16th C. the term arose. The term mostly used since the 13th C. would have been called the 'War Bow'.

BTW, there really was no such thing as a longbowman; that is a modern term.

70.37.49.19 22:11, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting, thanks. This article nor English longbow mention this. Do you have a source for more information? -- Stbalbach 15:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Actually the first recorded use of the word "longbow" is in the mid-fifteenth century by the Paston family. Margaret Paston asks her husband to buy crossbows for the defence of one of their manors as the ceilings were too low for the use of longbows. Schurchill 17:27, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

The image in this article
The image here is the same one as appears in the English Longbow article. There, it is correctly identified as a flatbow. This image is clearly NOT a longbow, according to the definition in the article, but is a flatbow. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.39.158.1 (talk • contribs).

 * Agreed. Thanks, moved image to flatbow. We still have no good image of a longbow, medieval or modern. -- Stbalbach 15:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Range?
What is the maximum range of a longbow? 195.47.223.5 15:33, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The historical English longbow is estimated have shot at about 165 to 228 m (180 to 249 yds), while modern longbows are effective up to 180 m (200 yds). Hope this is what you were looking for. By the way, the discussion page is for the article, not the subject matter. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 15:39, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Is the section on the design correct?
It states, "Yew sapwood is good only in tension, while the heartwood is good in compression.".

However in looking at photos of English Longbows, this seems to be backwards. The photos show that the side nearest the archer is curved like the outside of a tree limb and would this be the sapwood, which would then be under compression. The flat side is away from the archer, and would thus be the heartwood, and would be under tension?

So perhaps it should read, "Yew sapwood is good only in compression, while the heartwood is good in tension."? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.247.12.6 (talk) 03:30, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know what photos you're looking at but the article is correct as it stands. The cross-section of a yew longbow is worked down; the back, away from the archer, is a natural growth ring, but it looks fairly flat because it's usually from a tree a lot wider than the bow. The sides and belly are worked down as the bowyer likes, traditionally to the rounded profile that you've noticed. Hope this helps. Richard Keatinge (talk) 20:10, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Poor article
Just read the page, sadly it seems to be a mish-mash of facts, opinion and history. The sections are too large and there contents jumbled, there is no discussion on the bows development. It also seems to be too anglo centric even though large bows were used extensively by many cultures.

Neither does the article make clear what constitutes a "longbow" as opposed to a "large bow".

In conclusion, this needs work!

 * If you have any good sources on development do share them. I don't know of any. As for a longbow as opposed to a long bow, there are various definitions, to which we refer. The rounded cross-section is the usual point of distinction, but it only really matters to the heirs of the Georgian era archery revival and a few dedicated re-enactors. The English/Welsh/European longbow is rather better-documented than most, mainly thanks to that Georgian archery revival, but we do mention such bows from other cultures, and the Yumi has its own article. As for the general organization, no doubt it can be improved, feel free to edit it! Richard Keatinge (talk) 10:45, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Wrong conversion of force units.
Throughout the article your conversions from pounds to kilos are consistent but incorrect. One hundred (100) pounds is pretty close to forty five (45) kilos. Your conversions are out by almost exactly a factor of ten (10). Old_Wombat (talk) 08:43, 15 April 2011 (UTC)
 * They are correct, it's newtons, not kilogrammes :-) Richard Keatinge (talk) 10:45, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Oh Richard, you and I could have a wonderful flame war here. You are of course correct, but being correct here is entirely useless and I absolutely do not mean that in a derogatory fashion. To pick one example, you have "220 newtons (50 pounds)" which as you say is correct. But not beyond reproach. A "newton" is a unit of force, and a "pound" is a unit of weight, so strictly speaking that is an inconsistent conversion. I propose that for the purpose of convenience and certainly of common usage, you should go with pounds/kilograms. Old_Wombat (talk) 11:58, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * :-) Pounds (force) is used in most of the English-speaking world for draw weight, and it's normally described simply as pounds. We therefore follow common usage. I don't think anyone uses any description of kgf for this purpose, though I am ready to be corrected. But those of us of a scientific disposition might want to use newtons. Consistency is wonderful but is suitable only for the least creative of minds! Personally, though I quiver beneath the moral force of your reproach and feel the full force of your argument, I'd keep it as it is. Up to you really. Richard Keatinge (talk) 15:28, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

I were to pick up a bow that claimed a "100 pound" draw I would, rightly or wrongly, convert that to "45 kg" rather than "440 Newtons". And with the greatest respect to you and your "scientific disposition" I would suggest that most people who would want to visit this page would do the same; and there is your "common usage".

But Richard, I have neither the knowledge, skill, time nor desire to impose my opinions on this page. You clearly do, and in all sincerity I compliment you on all of those things. I am merely a drive-by shooter who's had his say and is now ready to move on. Old_Wombat (talk) 08:25, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

bad link to English longbow article section
This page (under Legacy) mentions "historical significance", which is a link to the "Use" section of the "English longbow" page. However, it seems there is no longer a "Use" section on the English longbow page. --Teraya (talk) 05:06, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

India
Longbow first was used in India, Indians used bamboo made longbows.

http://www.ancientmilitary.com/ancient-india-military.htm

In section of War with Alexanadar.Ovsek (talk) 17:50, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

Design and construction
There are a couple of problems in the Design and construction section. It says "a competent man with a sharp hatchet or knife could make a useable "survival" bow quite quickly, even a serviceable string and an arrow or two, whereas many a modern archer might die in search of a pro shop." This silly snipe at modern archers is unencyclopedic and needs to be rephrased or removed.

Then the next sentence says "Bows made of modern materials can be left strung for longer than wood bows and would take a large amount of set if not unstrung immediately after use if they are poorly designed and made or of inferior or green wood, but a decent wooden bow can be carried braced for a whole day of hunting and will come to no harm from what should only be regarded as normal use." I can't make sense of this. It says modern bows can be left strung longer than wood bows, then immediately contradicts itself by saying that modern bows should be unstrung immediately after use. I'm guessing that it really means to say that wood bows should be unstrung after use, but is worded poorly. It would make more sense (although would still be awkward and rambling) if the first "and" were changed to "which", but I don't know if that was really the intention.

Neither of these statements is cited. Since I know little about longbows, I don't want to change anything, but someone knowledgable should fix these. CodeTalker (talk) 00:07, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

 * At this diffI have removed most of the recent additions. As CodeTalker points out, they were unreferenced, ill-formatted, difficult to read, and added minimal further encyclopedic information. Not the the present version is perfect, but it's a lot better and should be easy to improve upon. Richard Keatinge (talk) 08:15, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

No full image of a longbow.
There isn't a full image of a longbow on the page any more. I think the previous long standing image (right) was removed because it's upside-down. If I graphically flip it (mirror) or rotate it the correct way up, would it be suitable for the page? Would the numbered arrows be correct, where should they be if not, or is it better without them? ( Hohum  @ ) 15:48, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

Laws encouraging archery and banning football and golf
The article states: "During the reign of Edward III of England, laws were passed allowing fletchers and bowyers to be impressed into the army, also forbidding men and boys to play football or golf and enjoining them to practice archery instead."

Edward III died in 1327. History of golf says that the first mention of golf in Scotland was in an ordnance of James II in 1457, over 100 years later, and there is no talk in that article of golf in England before then (previously it was a Dutch game). It looks like two kings in two different countries at two different times are being confused. It would help if the specific laws (Acts of Parliament for example, if that's what they were) could be cited. It wouldn't surprise me to learn that Edward III had in fact banned football in favour of archery, but golf seems to be an anachronism. Hairy Dude (talk) 01:15, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Longbow. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070209021550/http://www.nfas.net/nfas_styles.asp?style=LB to http://www.nfas.net/nfas_styles.asp?style=LB
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191949/http://www.ifaa-archery.org/pages/longbow.htm to http://www.ifaa-archery.org/pages/longbow.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071118111923/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/History/staff/strickland.htm to http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/History/staff/strickland.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:47, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

History
Last recorded use of a longbow:

The article on Lt. Col. Jack Churchill, gives his own confession that he intended to use his longbow, but was unable due to the bow had been broken in an accident earlier.

Nevertheless he seems have been the last soldier to carry a longbow into action.

Ciao

Pentaclebreaker (talk) 08:27, 27 July 2018 (UTC)

Article improvement
I have done a little bit of tidying of the article to improve structure. It remains, however, stubbornly Europe focussed. As wikipedia already has an entire article covering this focus at English longbow, this article needs to do more on use outside of Europe e.g. Japan, the Americas. It is also short of references and inline citations. Monstrelet (talk) 11:20, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Longbow


text: Category:Pensacola, Florida

title: Category:Pensacola, Florida


text:
Sab Shimono

Saburo Shimono (下野 三郎), commonly known as Sab Shimono, is an American actor of Japanese descent. He began his career on stage on Broadway and in regional theaters, starring in musicals like Mame, Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen, and Pacific Overtures. He has appeared in dozens of movies and television shows in character roles, including Midway, Gung Ho, Presumed Innocent, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, The Shadow, Jackie Chan Adventures, Samurai Jack, and Southland Tales.

Early life and education
Shimono was born and raised in Sacramento, California, to restaurant owners Edith Mary (née Otani) and Masauchi Shimono.

During World War II, following the signing of Executive Order 9066, Shimono and his family were interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center and the Granada War Relocation Center. Shimono later played a character who had a similar experience in a 2023 TV episode.

He attended Sacramento High School and graduated from University of California, Berkeley.

Career
Shimono has appeared on Broadway and in regional theaters including San Francisco's American Conservatory Theater and Berkeley Repertory Theatre. He was cast as Ito opposite Angela Lansbury's Auntie Mame in Jerry Herman's Broadway musical hit Mame in 1966. This was followed by Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen (1970), The Chickencoop Chinaman (1972), and the role of Manjiro in Stephen Sondheim & Harold Prince's Pacific Overtures (1976) – he would go on to play Lord Abe in the 2004 Broadway revival. He was in the short lived 1978 musical Barbary Coast, and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play for his leading performance in Philip Kan Gotanda's The Wash. In 2010, he appeared in the world premiere of No-No Boy by Ken Narasaki based on the novel by John Okada. He is closely affiliated with the East West Players and South Coast Repertory companies, most recently starring in a run of Julia Cho's Aubergine.

His film roles include Lt. Tomonaga in Midway, Saito in the 1986 comedy Gung Ho, Hiroshi Kawamura in the 1990 drama Come See the Paradise, the coroner "Painless" Kumagai in 1990's Presumed Innocent, Dr. Max Shinoda in 1993's Suture, Lord Norinaga in 1993's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and in Old Dogs, alongside John Travolta and Robin Williams, as Japanese billionaire Yoshiro Nishamura. He played Dr. Tam in the 1994 film The Shadow. He can also be seen in Asian American independent films Americanese (2006), The Sensei (2008) and Life Tastes Good (1999). Shimono performed the voice of Subotai in the 1982 film Conan the Barbarian, dubbing actor Gerry Lopez.

On television, he starred on the 2008 ABC family miniseries Samurai Girl. Shimono provided the voices of antique-shop owner/Chi Wizard Uncle Chan on the television series Jackie Chan Adventures, the elderly version of the Emperor (Jack's father) on Samurai Jack, Airbending Master Monk Gyatso and Master Yu on the popular series Avatar: The Last Airbender, Mister Sparkle ("In Marge We Trust") and Master Sushi Chef ("One Fish, Two Fish, Blowfish, Blue Fish") on The Simpsons and Mr. Murakami on 2012's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series. He also appeared in Royal Pains, season 3 episode "But There's a Catch", as Jono the gardener. In 2007, he appeared in the episode "Don't Worry, Speed Racer" on Two and a Half Men. In 1991 he had a role in the television pilot Plymouth, which at the time was considered to be one of the most expensive such movies ever made. He also appeared in two episodes of the television show M*A*S*H.

Personal life
Shimono is gay and has been in a relationship with writer Steve Alden Nelson since 2001. The couple registered their domestic partnership in April 2005 and married in San Diego on June 23, 2008.

title: Sab Shimono


text:
Angst (disambiguation)

Angst is an intense feeling of internal emotional strife.

Angst may also refer to:

Films

 * Angst (1928 film), a British-German film
 * Fear (1954 film), a Roberto Rossellini film based on the Zweig novella, known as Angst or Fear in English
 * Angst (1976 film), a Norwegian film
 * Angst (1983 film), an Austrian film
 * Angst (2000 film), an Australian film
 * Angst (2003 film), a German film

Music

 * Angst (band), an American punk rock band
 * Angst (KMFDM album), 1993 album by KMFDM
 * Angst (Lacrimosa album), 1991 album by Lacrimosa
 * Angst, självdestruktivitetens emissarie, a 2002 album by Shining
 * Angst (soundtrack), a 1984 Klaus Schulze album and soundtrack of 1983 film
 * "Angst" (Loredana song), 2020
 * "Angst" (Rammstein song), 2022

In print

 * Fear (Zweig novella), a 1925 Austrian novella with the original title Angst
 * Angst (novel), by Oleg Postnov

Other uses

 * Angst (surname), a list of people

title: Angst (disambiguation)


text:
User:Frankiez90

Hey...

I can't believe it.. Do my eyes deceive me..

I'm left-handed,an Aries. I like The Who, The Doors, and The Kinks.

And I'm too tired to do this now.

title: User:Frankiez90


text:
Rachel Hindley

Rachel Louise Hindley (born 30 December 1981) is a New Zealand badminton player. She won the women's singles gold at the Oceania Championships in 2006 and also women's doubles gold in 2008. She competed at the Melbourne Commonwealth Games in the women's singles, doubles, and team event; and reaching the quarter-finals in the singles event.

Oceania Championships
Women's singles

Women's doubles

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels: Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.

Women's singles

Women's doubles
 * BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 * BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament

BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles

Women's doubles
 * BWF International Challenge tournament
 * BWF International Series tournament
 * BWF Future Series tournament

title: Rachel Hindley


text:
AVM

AVM may refer to:

Medicine and biology

 * Acute viral meningitis, inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, caused by a viral infection
 * Arteriovenous malformation, a congenital disorder of the veins and arteries that make up the vascular system
 * Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, an abnormal connection of the veins and arteries in the brain
 * Autophagic vacuolar myopathy, multiple rare genetic disorders with common histological and pathological features on muscle biopsy
 * Avian vacuolar myelinopathy, a fatal neurological disease that affects various waterbirds and raptors

Other

 * ActionScript Virtual Machine, a component of Adobe Flash Player
 * Adaptive Vehicle Make, a United States military project to design and manufacture defense systems and vehicles
 * Adarsha Vidya Mandir, a school in Lalitpur, Nepal
 * Air Vice-Marshal, a rank in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth air forces
 * Associação Visão de Macau or Vision Macau, a political party in Macao
 * Astronomy Visualization Metadata, a standard for tagging digital astronomical images with astronomical information
 * Attribute value matrix, a compact notation in linguistics for listing attribute-value pairs describing a lexical entity
 * Automated Valuation Model, a mathematical model for analysis of residential property
 * Automatic vehicle monitoring, one of the applications of vehicle tracking systems
 * AVM GmbH, a German manufacturer of broadband modems and consumer networking devices
 * AVM Productions, a film production house in Tamil Nadu, India
 * A. V. Meiyappan, Indian filmmaker, founder of AVM Productions
 * AVM Runestone, an archaeological forgery found in 2001 near Kensington, Minnesota
 * MetroCity AVM, a modern shopping mall in Istanbul, Turkey
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Guided missile ship (AVM)

title: AVM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aleksander Malnič

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:14, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Aleksander Malnic
non-notable biography CH (talk) 18:23, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * delete (or else expand biography to explain or at least describe a major result or other mathematical achievement). Malnic has no preprints listed on arXiv and I've never see any papers by him, although I am a mathematician who occasionally reads papers in this field and has studied two standard books. In contrast, I moved Tutte's biography into Category:Algebraic graph theory, his name wasn't mentioned.  If Tutte isn't notable in this field, who the heck is? ---CH  (talk) 18:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I should clarify something--- of course I agree that just because I don't recognize Malnic's name on the basis of my somewhat limited (but nontrivial) reading in this area is not grounds for non-notability. I mentioned that precisely to indicate what I know or don't know, but I didn't express myself very clearly.  Again, what I am really trying to say to whoever wrote these three articles is: please either tell me something interesting this person did in mathematics, or in some other walk of life, or else let us delete it.---CH  (talk) 19:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me clarify something else--- I agree with Paul August and DS1953 that of course Wikipedia growth will be haphazard and therefore it will frequently happen that some towering figure in field F has no biography while lesser figures already have theirs. Of course, the solution then is to write the missing biography!  But again, I think a good biography should not leave the average reader with serious doubt about whether or not the subject of the biography is suitable for inclusion in the Wikipedia.---CH  (talk) 23:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak delete. Now, just because you occasionally read papers in the field and did not see his name is no standard for no-notability. :) This author has 22 papers listed at MathSciNet, but that is I guess typical of a lot of professors. Overall, I would think that there are many much more worthy mathematicians which don't have a page on Wikipedia yet, so I would vote to delete this one. Oleg Alexandrov 18:02, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I would like to point out that the lack of "much more worthy mathematicians" is not a very strong argument. Nowhere does it say we should (or will) write about the most important people first! ;-) Paul August ☎ 19:51, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, let me put it that way: there are much more worhty mathematicians (like my PhD advisor let us say) who have more papers than this guy but who still don't deserve an article on Wikipedia. :) Oleg Alexandrov 01:10, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok that argument makes sense. Paul August ☎ 03:43, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Paul, are you abstaining or did you forget to vote? ---CH (talk) 23:30, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes I guess I am abstaining. I agree this guy (probably) isn't very notable, but I am reluctant to delete based on a lack of notability. For some background on this see: Notability, Importance, and Wikipedia talk:Fame and importance. If I were writing for a paper encyclopedia I would have a different view but of course, Wikipedia is not paper. While some are worried (not unreasonably) about the possibility of Slovene "boosterism", I'm also worried about the possibility of first world parochialism. If you forced me to vote I'd probably have to vote keep. Paul August ☎ 03:43, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, Paul, just to clarify: my concern is not really with possible Slavic boosterism (no-one has exactly come forward to explain the origin of the List of Slovenian mathematicians, but comments from a few users seem to support my guess that some math person active in the Slovenian wiki decided to tranlate a list there into English and port it to this one, without really thinking through the implications), but with making the math pages less useful as an encyclopedia. The discussions you pointed me at leave me unimpressed; I simply don't think they are relevant to the special needs of the math students (at all levels) whom these pages exist to serve (in my opinion).  Wikipedia is not paper?  The point is, Wikipedia can be better than paper (as an encylopedia), in fact, it could be so good (as an encyclopedia), that it's worth trying to make it as good as it can be!---CH  (talk) 08:54, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see how the existence of one article, makes any other article less useful. Paul August ☎ 13:31, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I agree with Oleg that not recognizing his name (from having studied a couple books) is not a real compelling reason.  But the fact that no accomplishment of note is listed and there are indications that this is a result of Slovenian boosterism suggests to me that deletion is appropriate.  --C S 18:44, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He has published some results with Marusic (see Votes_for_deletion/Dragan_Marušič) which indicate some notability. --C S 03:38, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless some indication of notability is given. The only accomplisment listed in the article is a PhD. Well, everybody can do that. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 19:20, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. There is no indication that he passes the "average professor" test, although I also agree with Paul August that we don't delete someone just because more notable people have not had articles written on them yet.  If someone can show me that there is something notable about him, I am happy change my vote to 'keep' even if there are many more worthy mathmeticians awaiting their own articles. -- DS1953 23:00, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete No assertion of notability. Dottore So 18:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bursera graveolens

Bursera graveolens, known in Spanish as palo santo ("holy stick"), is a wild tree native from the Yucatán Peninsula to Peru and Venezuela.

Bursera graveolens is found in the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, and on the Galápagos Islands. The tree belongs to the same family (Burseraceae) as frankincense and myrrh. It is widely used in ritual purification and as folk medicine for stomach ache, as a sudorific, and as liniment for rheumatism. Aged heartwood is rich in terpenes such as limonene and α-terpineol.

Conservation
In 2006, the government of Peru listed Bursera graveolens as "In Critical Danger" (En Peligro Critico (CR)) under Decree 043-2006-AG, banning the cutting of live trees and allowing only for the collection of naturally fallen or dead trees. However, in 2014, it was removed from the SERFOR (National Forest and Wildlife Service) list of protected species.

Illegal logging is a regular occurrence in northwestern Peru due to high demand. In 2010, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stated Bursera graveolens' conservation status as "stable".

In Ecuador there are reforestation programs for the palo santo tree. To reforest, the transplant method is used, which consists of determining an area of the forest that has overpopulation of the same species to extract the trees that are very close to each other and transfer them to an area of the forest where there are no trees so that they can continue their natural development. In this way, the space that remains when the trees are extracted will be used by other native species of the dry forest.

Ethnobotanical uses
The use of palo santo from B. graveolens is traditional in South America, especially in Peru and Ecuador. According to the local customs, it is used against "mala energía" (bad energy; "Palo santo para limpiar tu casa de la mala energia, palo santo para la buena suerte" or "Palo santo to cleanse your house of bad energy, palo santo for good luck"), which may sometimes refer to clinical disease. Its use reportedly dates back to the Inca era. Palo santo is common today as a type of incense, which gives off an aroma reminiscent of baked apples or burnt sugar.

Palo santo oil was used during the time of the Incas for its reputed spiritual purifying properties. Today, palo santo oil may be applied to the body (such as at the base of the skull or on the spine) to increase relaxation, similar to aromatherapy.

Palo santo may be burned, similar to incense, by lighting shavings of palo santo wood. In Peru, a shaman, or medicine man, reportedly lights palo santo sticks and the rising smoke will enter the "energy field" of ritual participants to "clear misfortune, negative thoughtprints, and 'evil spirits'". Peruvians harvest fallen branches and twigs of the B. graveolens tree, a practice that is regulated by the government of Peru, so trees are not cut for wood harvesting. The charcoal of palo santo sticks can also be used for ritual smudging. Yoga studios and witchcraft practitioners utilize the substance.

Drinks
Palo santo wood has been used in the ageing of some beers, either as barrels, or simply as wood chips; stronger, darker beers being the preferred style for the wood to complement. Examples include Dogfish Head's Marron Brown Ale from the US, Stu Mostow's Palo Santo and Coconut Baltic Porter from Poland, Pohjala's Baltic Porter Day 2022 from Estonia, Drunken Bros' Misfit Pumkins and Laugar Brewery's Braskadi, both from the Basque Country.

Palo santo wood has also been used in brew barrels for whiskey. In Ecuador, they drink palo santo tea.

title: Bursera graveolens


text:
John Quinn (New York politician)

John Quinn (Seán Ó Cuinn) (August 9, 1839 – February 23, 1903) was an American businessman and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1889 to 1891.

Life
Quinn was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, immigrated to the United States in 1866, and settled in Manhattan, New York City. He engaged in the real estate and building business. He was president of the West Side Electric Light & Power Company and was one of the founders and a director of the Homestead Bank of New York.

Political career
Quinn was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 17th D.) in 1883; and was a member of the board of aldermen in 1885–1887. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1884 and 1888.

Congress
Quinn was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-first Congress (March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891).

Death
Quinn died in New York City on February 23, 1903, at the age of 63, he is interred in Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, New York.

title: John Quinn (New York politician)


text:
Hawken

The surname Hawken comes from the Nordic given name Haakon, the name of seven Norwegian kings. The given name evolved to Hakon, and variations include: Håkon, Haakon, Horken, Hörken, Hawkin, Hawkins, and Hawken. Hawken is a possible variation of the English language surname "Hawkins".

It is also used as a first name, mostly amongst direct Norwegian lineages.

People with the name Hawken include:

 * Dominic Hawken (born 1967), keyboard player and session musician
 * Jacob and Samuel Hawken (1786–1849) and (1792–1884), American gunsmiths
 * John Hawken (born 1940), English keyboard player
 * Les Hawken (born 1949), former Australian rules footballer
 * Nicholas Hawken (1836–1908), English-born Australian politician
 * Paul Hawken (born 1946) American environmentalist, entrepreneur, author, and activist
 * Roger Hawken (1878–1947), Australian engineer
 * Spencer Hawken (born 1973), British director, writer, producer and film critic

Given name

 * Walter Hawken Tregellas (1831–1894), British writer

title: Hawken