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Front Row Motorsports

Front Row Motorsports (FRM) is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. The team began running part-time in 2004 as Means-Jenkins Motorsports under a partnership with Jimmy Means and restaurant entrepreneur Bob Jenkins, with Jenkins becoming the full team owner in 2005. In the Cup Series, FRM currently fields two Ford Mustang Dark Horse teams full-time: The No. 34 for Michael McDowell and the No. 38 for Todd Gilliland as well as the No. 36 part-time for Kaz Grala. In the Truck Series, they field the No. 38 Ford F-Series for Layne Riggs.

Front Row Motorsports has become known as one of the more prominent small-budget teams in the Cup Series, operating with around 60 employees on a fraction of the budget of larger teams, and with equipment often coming second-hand from other Ford teams the team has a technical alliance with such as RFK Racing (from 2016 to 2023) and Team Penske (from 2024 onward). The team has struggled on most intermediate tracks, however since 2011, the team has become noted for its performance at superspeedways and to a lesser extent short tracks, which rely less on aerodynamic performance. This reputation has grown since the signing of noted restrictor-plate racer David Ragan in 2013, who won the team's first race at Talladega the following year with the help of another skilled plate racer and teammate David Gilliland. FRM has also won with Chris Buescher at the rain-shortened 2016 Pennsylvania 400 at Pocono Raceway and Michael McDowell at the 2021 Daytona 500. McDowell dominated and won the 2023 Verizon 200 at the Brickyard in a breakthrough moment for the team, the first time Front Row led the most laps in a race.

The team has received equipment from RFK Racing since 2010 and began a technical alliance with Roush in 2016. The team also began receiving technical support from Ford starting in 2016, after receiving limited data from Ford since 2010. In 2024, FRM switched its technical alliance from RFK Racing to Team Penske.

The team was awarded the assets of BK Racing on August 21, 2018, after former owner Ron Devine and a trustee from Union First Bank put the team up for bidding. After purchasing the assets, they ran a No. 23 car for the rest of the season, driven primarily by J. J. Yeley from NY Racing. After the 2018 season ended, this team became the No. 36 team in 2019.

Bob Jenkins
Robert "Bob" Jenkins, the full owner of the team since 2005, resides in Dandridge, Tennessee, and is known for his involvement with in the Yum! Brands family of restaurants. He is not to be confused with the motorsports announcer of the same name. Jenkins currently owns around 150 franchises, including many Taco Bell, Long John Silver's, and A&W locations. Jenkins also owns Morristown Driver's Services (MDS), a full-service, Logistics Provider, specializing in all phases of transportation management. His family is also the owner of Jenkin's Insurance in Dandridge.

Jenkins began his NASCAR career as a sponsor for a then-Busch Series (now Xfinity Series) entry driven by Brad Teague and fielded by longtime owner Jimmy Means. Jenkins began fielding Cup Series entries in 2004 with Means, taking full ownership of the team in 2005.

The Yum! Brands, most notably Taco Bell and Long John Silver's, as well as MDS often appear on the Front Row cars when the team does not have an outside sponsor, with funds coming from Jenkins himself.

The team shop is currently in Mooresville, North Carolina in the shop that used to house MDM Motorsports and Ranier Racing.

Car No. 34 history
The No. 34 car made its debut on March 14, 2004, at Atlanta Motor Speedway with Todd Bodine driving the car as the No. 98 Lucas Oil Ford. At the time, the team was owned by Chris Edwards and was known as "Mach 1 Racing". Bodine finished 41st after dropping out within sixteen laps. Bodine drove in eight races with the team that year, along with his brother Geoffrey, Larry Gunselman, Randy LaJoie, Chad Chaffin, and Derrike Cope filling out the driving duties that year, driving a total of 29 races.
 * Mach 1 Racing (2004–2005)

In 2005 the team changed numbers to No. 34 and planned to run full-time, but due to sponsorship limitations and lackluster performance by LaJoie, the team only ran a limited schedule. Although it attempted many races, two drivers (Ted Christopher and P. J. Jones) each qualified for a race with the team that year. In the fall of 2005, the team website announced that the team was up for sale, but that was quickly rescinded. Later that year, Front Row Motorsports moved into their shop to operate the No. 34 in addition to their current team.

The combined team began running at the 2006 Daytona 500. Randy LaJoie attempted but failed to qualify for the first two races. The team ran the No. 64 at Daytona but switched back to No. 34 for the second race at California Speedway. Lajoie and teammate Chaffin swapped rides the next week in Las Vegas and Chaffin would drive for the next eight races. Chaffin would then return to FRM's other car after Kevin Lepage's departure for BAM Racing, one week after FRM purchased the owner points from Peak Fitness Racing and renumbered the No. 92 to No. 61. Chad Blount would then take over the No. 34 car for two races, however, he was unable to get into the field and was released. Carl Long, Greg Sacks, Mike Skinner would attempt the next three races with Skinner making the 3M Performance 400 and finishing 37th on the lead lap. Johnny Miller returned to FRM to run the road course at Infineon. After Blount's release, Long, Sacks, Chaffin, Brian Simo, Kertus Davis, Skinner, and Joey McCarthy attempted races for the team, with Long qualifying at Bristol. Lepage drove the car for the rest of the season and made Martinsville.
 * Multiple drivers (2006–2008)

The car attempted full-time status in 2007 with Lepage, but after missing the first four races, the team decided to go part-time with Andretti and Chaffin. Lepage swapped places with Andretti and Chaffin at the No. 37 so that Lepage could continue full-time. Chaffin later left the team in early 2007. They tried to make another attempt to run the No. 34 at Texas Motor Speedway with myAutoloan.com as the sponsor, but they failed to qualify for the race.

The 2008 season began with the No. 34 planning to run a full season. The team made the Daytona 500 with Andretti behind the wheel and Makoto's Ginger Dressing brand as the associate sponsor, and manufacturer's support from Chevrolet. Andretti left the team to race in the Indianapolis 500 with Roth Racing and eventually decided to continue in the series. Tony Raines qualified for his first race of the season in the No. 34 Chevrolet Impala SS at Dover but finished 40th after transmission failure. The No. 34 Chevy ran part-time after that, with Chad Chaffin attempting the final races for the team in 2008.

In 2009, John Andretti drove the car full-time, and the team entered into a partnership with Earnhardt Ganassi Racing. The No. 34 team received owner's points from EGR's defunct No. 15 team, becoming locked in for the first five races of the season. For the Daytona 500, Window World joined as the primary sponsor, and the car was fielded as a fourth EGR entry, with EGR crew chief Steve Lane and several EGR crewmembers tending to the car. The team finished 19th in the race. Window World ended up joining the team for the first five races of the season, and additional races later in the year. The team ran EGR engines at the Daytona 500 and the spring Atlanta race, using Pro Motors Engines otherwise. Steven Lane served as the full-time crew chief and some of the EGR crew became permanent employees. Beyond Window World's involvement, the team ran mostly unsponsored; team owner Bob Jenkins began using the space on the No. 34 Chevrolet Impala SS to advertise his Taco Bell restaurants while seeking a new primary sponsor. Andretti missed two races while he ran the Indianapolis 500, and teammate Tony Raines took his place for those events. Raines quickly earned the team's best solo effort finish to that point with a 25th place at Darlington. With John back at the wheel, the team finished 16th at the Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, along with numerous other top-30 finishes throughout the year. At Michigan, race sponsor Carfax jumped aboard the No. 34 Chevrolet as the primary sponsor. The team remained in the top-35 for the entire season which guaranteed the team starts the first five races of 2010.
 * John Andretti (2009)

For 2010, Travis Kvapil was the primary driver of the No. 34 Long John Silver's car, with the team switching to Ford and Roush/Yates providing engines and support for the team. Steve Lane returned to the Long John Silver's team with Kvapil. John Andretti drove the No. 34 in the Budweiser Shootout and the 2010 Daytona 500 with Window World as the primary sponsor, with Kvapil driving the No. 37 Extenze Ford in place of rookie teammate Kevin Conway. Kvapil and the No. 34 team's best finish of 2010 was an 18th at Talladega in the spring and finished 33rd in owners points after Kvapil, Andretti (both with the LJS crew), Kevin Conway, and Tony Raines (both with the Extenze / A&W Crew) ran races with the number.
 * Travis Kvapil (2010)

In 2011, David Gilliland returned to Front Row Motorsports running the No. 34 Taco Bell Ford for the full season. He would go on to finish third in the 2011 Daytona 500, ninth in the 2011 Aaron's 499, and 12th in the 2011 Toyota/Save Mart 350. The third-place finish at Daytona was the beginning of FRM's noted success on restrictor-plate tracks.
 * David Gilliland (2011)

For 2012, former Roush Fenway Racing driver David Ragan drove the car full-time. Ragan helped the team improve slightly, with a best finish of 4th at Talladega in October. He recorded two top-10 finishes throughout the season, both at Talladega.
 * David Ragan (2012–2015)

Ragan got the team its first win at Talladega Superspeedway in the 2013 Aaron's 499 on a last-lap pass. Along with David Gilliland's help, the team was able to finish one-two. The win was also the first for a car using No. 34 since Wendell Scott in 1964. The No. 34 team improved more in 2013 earning sixteen top-25 finishes including the win, a sixth-place finish at the fall Talladega race, and a 12th-place finish at the night race at Bristol. However, three consecutive engine failures near the end of the season dropped Ragan to 28th in points. Ragan returned as the driver for 2014, with sponsors CSX and Farm Rich (which sponsored the team's win at Talladega) stepping up their commitments. The team struggled to adapt to the new no ride-height rule for the 2014 season and wasn't helped by the struggles of all the Roush-Yates engines teams all year long. Ragan was outside the top-30 in points near the end of the season. However, the No. 34 car got a boost at the October Martinsville race, when it finally scored its first top 10 of the season. In the race, Ragan drove a tribute baby blue paint scheme dedicated to the late Wendell Scott, the last driver before Ragan to win using the number 34.

Ragan returned to the team in 2015. With KFC sponsoring, Ragan came back from a lap down in his Duel race to qualify for the Daytona 500 (his points had been moved to the No. 35 car), where he later finished 17th. After the 500, Ragan temporarily left the team to drive for Joe Gibbs Racing in place of an injured Kyle Busch. Ragan was originally scheduled to return to the No. 34 upon Busch's return to the series, but in April, circumstances led to him to instead leave for Michael Waltrip Racing to replace an ailing Brian Vickers for the rest of the season.

Meanwhile, Joe Nemechek took over the No. 34 at Atlanta, the first of an eight-race sponsorship from CSX. Brett Moffitt took over the No. 34 at Las Vegas and Phoenix, with Chris Buescher driving the car for the next four races along with Talladega and Reed Sorenson driving at Richmond. In May 2015, Moffitt, competing for Rookie of the Year honors, was named the driver for the remainder of the season, though Justin Marks took over at Sonoma, Buescher drove the car at Watkins Glen, and Josh Wise ran the fall Talladega race. Despite not running the full season, Moffitt earned Cup Series Rookie of the Year honors.
 * Brett Moffitt (2015)

On December 10, 2015, it was announced that reigning Xfinity Series champion Chris Buescher would drive the No. 34 for the 2016 season, as part of FRM's new alliance with Roush Fenway Racing. Bob Osborne replaced Derrick Finley as crew chief for the No. 34. Finley then became Front Row's technical director. It was later announced that longtime FRM sponsor Love's Travel Stops would be moving to the No. 34 in 2016 (after sponsoring the No. 38 since 2013). CSX also returned to the team for eight races. Buescher, in one of the biggest upsets in recent NASCAR history, won a fog-shortened Pennsylvania 400 at Pocono, after taking the lead in the final 15 laps. It was Buescher's first win in the Cup Series and the team's second Cup Series victory. Buescher, with the win, became the first driver since Joey Logano in 2009 to win a race as a Cup Series Rookie of the Year candidate (In 2011, Trevor Bayne won a race during his part-time rookie season but was not running for the Cup Series Rookie of the Year award). Buescher later moved up to 29th in points following Richmond, locking him into the Chase. It was the first-ever Chase berth for a Front Row Motorsports entry. Buescher began the Chase in the 13th position in points, but three sub-par finishes cost him a chance to move on to the 2nd round. He finished 16th in points, a career-best for the team. Buescher later departed for JTG Daugherty Racing following the season's conclusion.
 * Chris Buescher (2016)

It was announced on December 16, 2016, that Landon Cassill would shift over from the #38 car to replace Buescher. His best finish in the 2017 season was 16th at the Daytona 500. After only one year of having Cassill in the car, it was announced on October 10, 2017, that he would not be returning to the car or Front Row Motorsports.
 * Landon Cassill (2017)

Michael McDowell was later announced as Cassill's replacement for 2018. During the season, he only scored one top-10 finish at the Daytona 500 and ended up 26th in the standings. McDowell started the 2019 season with a fifth-place finish at the Daytona 500, later scoring another top-five at the fall Talladega race.
 * Michael McDowell (2018–2024)

On December 12, 2019, FRM announced that McDowell will return to the No. 34 for the 2020 season. He scored four top-10s and finished the season 23rd in the standings, a new career best.

McDowell began the 2021 season by winning the 2021 Daytona 500; it was his first NASCAR Cup Series win, in his 358th Cup race. He was a 100-1 underdog. He would go on to finish inside the top 10 in the first three races of the season.

McDowell started the 2022 season with a seventh-place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. He scored seven top-10 finishes during the regular season. On July 26, crew chief Blake Harris was suspended for four races and fined US$100,000 for an L2 Penalty during post-race inspection after the 2022 M&M's Fan Appreciation 400 at Pocono. The penalty came under Sections 14.1 C, D and Q and 14.5 A and B in the NASCAR Rule Book, both of which pertain to the body and overall vehicle assembly rules surrounding modification of a single-source supplied part. In addition, the No. 34 team was docked 100 driver and owner points and 10 playoff points.

McDowell began the 2023 season with a 28th-place finish at the 2023 Daytona 500. He dominated the Indianapolis road race, landing him in the playoffs and earning him his second career win. McDowell was eliminated at the conclusion of the Round of 16.

On May 8, 2024, McDowell announced he would leave FRM at the end of the 2024 season and he had signed a multi-year contract with Spire Motorsports to drive the No. 71 Chevrolet starting in 2025.

Car No. 35 history
In 2011, Front Row Motorsports took over the No. 55 team & equipment from Michael Waltrip Racing to field a research & development car. It debuted at New Hampshire Motor Speedway with Jeff Green starting and parking. J. J. Yeley and Travis Kvapil split time between the 38 and 55 cars for the remainder of the year.
 * No. 55 (2011)

In 2012, Michael Waltrip Racing reclaimed the No. 55 for its new entry for Mark Martin and Michael Waltrip; in response, Front Row Motorsports changed to the No. 26. For Daytona, the car was sponsored by presidential candidate Rick Santorum, and driven by Tony Raines. Raines qualified for the race after being one of the three fastest "go or go home" drivers during the first day of qualifying. He finished 19th but ran as high as second. Rookie of the Year candidate Josh Wise took over the car starting at Phoenix and ran the majority of the season as a start-and-park operation. The only full race for the team besides Daytona was at Sonoma Raceway where Wise finished 30th. Despite running the majority of the season, Wise lost the ROTY honors to a late entrant Stephen Leicht.
 * Josh Wise (2012–2013)

Starting in 2013, the car number was changed to No. 35, and the team attempted the full schedule with Wise. Due to a lack of sponsorship, the team planned to run 20-30 full races, while starting and parking in the remaining events. Wise picked up sponsorship from Blockbuster Video and Cajun Industries for the Daytona 500, where Wise finished 40th after a crash. Michael McDowell stepped into the car at Watkins Glen International with sponsor Dockside Logistics. A skilled road course racer, McDowell qualified 12th but finished 38th after suspension issues. On November 26, 2013, Wise announced that he would be leaving the team, moving to Phil Parsons Racing.

In 2014, the No. 35 ran with various drivers. Eric McClure attempted the 2014 Daytona 500 with longtime sponsors Hefty and Reynolds Wrap but failed to qualify. Blake Koch attempted the next two races, finishing 37th at Phoenix. David Reutimann was placed in the car for six races starting at Bristol, making the field at Auto Club, Texas and Richmond. McClure then returned for the Aaron's 499, where he once again failed to qualify. The No. 35 did not make another attempt for the rest of 2014.
 * Multiple drivers (2014)

After several rumors that No. 34 driver David Ragan would be replaced with BK Racing driver Cole Whitt, in January 2015, it was announced that Whitt would move to the No. 35 team, bringing sponsors Speed Stick GEAR (10 races) and Rinnai. Crew chief Randy Cox would also move from BK Racing to head the team. The owner's points for the No. 34 and No. 35 were switched, allowing Whitt a better chance of making races. Whitt successfully qualified for the Daytona 500 and finished 22nd in the race. After an up and down season, Whitt and the No. 35 finished 31st in both driver and owner points at the season's end. In 2016, Whitt moved to Premium Motorsports to drive the No. 98.
 * Cole Whitt (2015)

David Gilliland, who had been ousted from the No. 38 after Landon Cassill took over the ride, attempted the Daytona 500, but failed to qualify. Gilliland did make the field however for the next restrictor-plate race at Talladega. He started 39th and finished 17th. On July 2, 2016, David Gilliland qualified the #35 car for the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona International Speedway and finished 19th on the lead lap during the race. He then failed to make the fall Talladega race.
 * David Gilliland (2016)

Car No. 36 history
In August 2018, Front Row Motorsports was awarded the assets of BK Racing after making the highest bid at $2.8 million. They were awarded the No. 23 charter and most of the team's equipment. The team continued to use the No. 23 on the cars for the rest of the season with Joey Gase as the driver. Israeli driver Alon Day drove the car at Richmond. The fall race at Talladega was the first time the team fielded the No. 23 as a Ford Fusion, with J. J. Yeley (who previously driven for the same team in rest of 2011 season) driving it. The team had been running as a Toyota Camry up until then.
 * J. J. Yeley (2018)

On November 27, 2018, FRM announced that the team will be renumbered to 36, with Matt Tifft as the driver for the 2019 season and competing for 2019 Rookie of the Year honors. Tifft selected 36 as his racing number to honor his mentor Ken Schrader, who raced with that number in the Winston Cup Series from 2000 to 2002.
 * Matt Tifft (2019)

Before the Atlanta race, car chief Brandon Lee was ejected from the track after the No. 36 failed pre-qualifying inspection multiple times. On July 23, 2019, Front Row Motorsports announced that crew chief Mike Kelly of the No. 36 will switch to the No. 38 while Seth Barbour will transfer from the No. 38 to the No. 36 Ford for the remainder of the season. Prior to the Martinsville race, Tifft was rushed to the hospital while Matt Crafton took over the No. 36 for the race weekend. On October 29, Tifft revealed that he blacked out and suffered a seizure in the team's hauler. Because of this, he missed the rest of the season while John Hunter Nemechek took over the No. 36 for the final three races. Tifft formally parted ways with FRM before the end of the season to recover from his medical issues.

On December 12, 2019, FRM announced that the No. 36 team will shut down for the 2020 season, reverting to a two-car operation. The charter was leased to Rick Ware Racing, which used it for the No. 53 team until it was sold to Spire Motorsports at the end of the 2021 season. However, David Ragan ran the car as a No. 36 at the 2020 Daytona 500, finishing fourth.

On January 6, 2021, it was announced that the 36 would return for the 2021 Daytona 500 with Ragan behind the wheel. During the race, Ragan would be collected in a crash resulting in a 37th position.
 * David Ragan (2021)

On February 7, 2023, FRM announced Zane Smith would drive the No. 36 entry for the Daytona 500, as well as the No. 38 entry for 6 races replacing Todd Gilliland in those races. Subsequent to the announcement, Gilliland was announced to drive the No. 36 at the spring Talladega race (one of the races where Smith is scheduled to drive the No. 38) in order to maintain his eligibility for the NASCAR playoffs, with five of the six races for Rick Ware Racing instead. Riley Herbst would drive the No. 36 car at the 2023 Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona. He started in sixth but fell to the back at the end of the first stage before getting caught up in the big one at the end of the second stage; he would be classified in 38th position. However, Herbst would finish ninth at the 2023 YellaWood 500 later that year after qualifying in sixth, down from a potential fourth after a final lap crash.
 * Zane Smith, Todd Gilliland & Riley Herbst (2023)

On January 23, 2024, it was announced Kaz Grala would attempt to qualify for the 2024 Daytona 500 in the No. 36.
 * Kaz Grala (2024)

Front Row Motorsports purchased a third Cup Series charter in May 2024 from Stewart–Haas Racing for US$20-25 million, expanding to a three full-time entries in 2025. On July 10, FRM signed Noah Gragson to a multi-year deal. The team number has not yet been disclosed.
 * TBA (2025)

Car No. 37 history
In April 2006, Front Row Motorsports purchased the owner points of Peak Fitness Racing. The team originally hired Peak's driver Kevin Lepage to drive however, after just one race, Lepage left Front Row Motorsports, heading to BAM Racing. Chad Chaffin took over the No. 61 car after Lepage's departure. Brian Simo drove the No. 61 car for the road course at Infineon. At the second road course of the season at Watkins Glen, Front Row Motorsports lease out the No. 61 owner points to No Fear Racing and entered the No. 92 with Johnny Miller, but he failed to qualify. After Watkins Glen, the team ran as No. 61 for the remainder of the season. Chaffin ran most of the rest of the races with Stanton Barrett driving the car at Dover and Lepage made the race at Atlanta.
 * No. 61 (2006)

The team partnered with No. 37 of R&J Racing in 2007, however, the deal fell through early in the season, although Front Row retained the team's owner's points and car number. Bill Elliott attempted Daytona for the team and John Andretti and Chad Chaffin planned to race the car full-time. After race 4, Front Row Motorsports announced the No. 34 would run full-time, and that Andretti and Chaffin would swap positions with Lepage so that Lepage could continue full-time. Lepage failed to qualify twenty-five times and left before the end of the season. The 37 attempted the 2008 Daytona 500 with Eric McClure and sponsor Hefty, but the team failed to qualify.
 * No. 37 (2007–2009)

The team returned to the track for the 2009 Daytona 500 with Tony Raines driving, inheriting the points from the No. 34 from the year before as a result of the merger with EGR, but did not qualify. The team has attempted other races since then, making the race at Richmond, and finished the race in 41st only after running 74 laps. They were awarded no points for the race because of being a late entry. The team also made Dover, however a flat tire early in the race ended the team's run and they finished 42nd. Kevin Hamlin attempted to make his Sprint Cup debut in the No. 37 at Kansas, however, did not qualify for the race. Travis Kvapil DNQ'd at Lowes Motor Speedway. The No. 37 was mostly a start and park entry in 2009, although the team ran the full race at Daytona with Tony Raines when they picked up sponsorship from Gander Mountain, and also Homestead with Travis Kvapil when Miccosukee Indian Gaming & Resort sponsored the team after David Stremme failed to qualify in the Phoenix Racing entry. Scott Eggleston crew-chiefed the car for the majority of 2009, with Buddy Sisco acting as chief during the Coke Zero 400 and Peter Sospenzo joining the team during the second half of the season. Road course ringer Tony Ave drove the #37 Long John Silver's car at Watkins Glen, placing 43rd after blowing an engine on lap 8.

For the 2010 season, the No. 37 became a full-time Ford team and rookie Kevin Conway was scheduled to drive the No. 37, with his longtime sponsor Extenze coming on board, with Peter Sospenzo as Crew Chief. The team started in the Top 35 after acquiring owner's points from former Doug Yates cars. Kvapil drove the No. 37 in the 2010 Daytona 500, as NASCAR did not give Conway approval to compete at Daytona due to a lack of superspeedway experience. Conway was unable to keep the car in the top-35 in points, so he, his sponsor, and crew (which is referred to as the Extenze/ A&W crew) would jump to whatever number was highest in points at the time to ensure he and his sponsor would qualify. Conway would eventually be released from FRM, ExtenZe removed from the car, he and his sponsor sued for lack of payment and was replaced with a rotation of NASCAR veterans Tony Raines and Dave Blaney. A&W All American Food would be displayed on the car in ExtenZe's absence, another Jenkins franchise. Peter Sospenzo & his crew remained with the A&W car until Atlanta in September, when Sospenzo and his crew moved over to the Taco Bell car of David Gilliland. Randy Seals and the former Taco Bell crew moved over to the A&W team. The No. 37 car would wind up 33rd in owners points, with Conway having a best finish of 14th at Daytona (one of only 4 finishes better than 30th for him), Blaney having a best finish of 24th at Atlanta, and Raines with a best finish of 28th at Bristol (he was running top-20 at Martinsville before a flat tire ended his day). Gilliland also ran the number occasionally with his Taco Bell crew.
 * Kevin Conway (2010)

For 2011, Robert Richardson Jr. returned to drive the Daytona 500 in the No. 37 with his father's company, North Texas Pipe, sponsoring the ride. Driver Tony Raines spotted him during the race. After Daytona, FRM struck a deal with Larry Gunselman's Max Q Motorsports to manage the No. 37 for the remainder of the year. Gunselman later purchased all assets of the team and FRM is no longer involved in the No. 37.
 * Max Q Motorsports (2011)

Car No. 38 history
Front Row Motorsports added a third team in 2010, with David Gilliland as the primary driver and Robert Richardson, Jr. sharing the ride for at least 3 races throughout the year. Randy Seals comes from Richard Petty Motorsports as crew chief. Richardson ran the 2010 Daytona 500 with sponsorship from Mahindra Tractors, with Gilliland displaying Taco Bell for the other races. The team allied with Doug Yates in February 2010 and earned Top 35 exemptions for the first five races of 2010 from a former Yates Racing entry. Gilliland and his Randy Seals lead Taco Bell crew swapped between the No. 38 and No. 37 throughout the season. Kevin Conway and Dave Blaney ran races under No. 38 with the ExtenZe/A&W crew and Kvapil ran races with the No. 38 and his LJS's crew. At Pocono in August, with Kvapil and his then crew chief Steven Lane in the No. 38, it was determined the car had an illegal valve stem in one of the tires, resulting in a 150-point deduction for the No. 38 car, the suspension & fining of crew chief Steven Lane, suspension of car chief Richard Bourgeois and tire specialist Michael Harrold. Steven Lane was released from the team soon thereafter and replaced by Brian Burns on the LJS's team. The team never regained top-35 status, missing races and finishing 36th in points. Gilliland and his Taco Bell crew had a best finish of 19th twice, at Martinsville and Sonoma.
 * David Gilliland (2010)

For 2011, Travis Kvapil returned to FRM to drive the No. 38 Long John Silver's Ford, however, Kvapil opted to run for the Camping World Truck Series championship. The No. 38 was locked into the field following Daytona, as Penske Racing's/Rusty Wallace Racing's No. 77 did not run past Daytona and in turn, gave up its locked-in spot to the No. 38. Bill Henderson joined FRM as crew chief of the No. 38 following a stint at Prism Motorsports in 2010, however parted ways with the team following the race at Las Vegas. Jay Guy joined as crew chief at California.
 * Travis Kvapil (2011)

Kvapil missed two races due to Truck Series obligations, and after the debut of the No. 55 car and the signing of J. J. Yeley, the two drivers split time in both the No. 38 and No. 55 cars for the duration of the season.

For 2012, David Gilliland returned to the No. 38, after driving the team's No. 34 in 2011. The team had also signed ModSpace / United Rentals to a multi-race primary sponsorship of the No. 38 beginning at Texas in April. Pat Tryson was the No. 38's crew chief. The team has also signed Maximum Human Performance to a multi-race sponsorship beginning with the Daytona 500. FRM would have a variety of other sponsors throughout the season. Gilliland would end up 28th in points.
 * David Gilliland (2012–2015)

In 2013, David Gilliland continued driving the No. 38 full-time for FRM. In the 2013 Aaron's 499, Gilliland pushed teammate Ragan to the checked flag, producing a 1-2 finish for Front Row. Gilliland went on to record two top-10s on the season and finish 26th in points.

In 2014, Gilliland returned to the No. 38. Love's Travel Stops stepped up their sponsorship of the team to 12 races. The team started the season slowly and struggled, especially at the intermediate tracks. The No. 38 team would rebound and Gilliland won the pole at the summer Daytona race, the first pole for FRM.

Gilliland returned to the No. 38 for 2015, with Love's Travel Stops further stepping up their sponsorship to 18 races. Gilliland began the season by finishing 11th in the Daytona 500. The No. 38 also picked up sponsorship from Farm Rich during Talladega (a sponsor of FRM's No. 34 car). After an up and down season, Gilliland was released from the team after six years.

In 2016, FRM announced an alliance with Roush-Fenway Racing. On January 20, 2016, it was announced that FRM signed Landon Cassill full-time driving the No. 38 Ford, bringing his sponsor Snap Fitness for a few races as well as Florida Lottery. Cassill ended the season finishing 29th in points.
 * Landon Cassill (2016)

On December 16, 2016, it was announced that Cassill would shift to the newly open No. 34 car and that David Ragan would rejoin FRM to drive the No. 38. Prior to the 2017 Daytona 500, Ragan acquired sponsorship from Camping World and Jacob Companies. Ragan ended 2017 with three Top 10s and a 30th-place points finish.
 * David Ragan (2017–2019)

Ragan improved vastly in 2018. While he only scored one top 10 finish, at Talladega Superspeedway in the spring, he posted 16 top 20s, including four in the last five races of the season, and finished a team-best 25th in the final points standings.

Ragan returned to the team in 2019. On July 23, 2019, Front Row Motorsports announced that crew chief Mike Kelly of the No. 36 will switch to the No. 38 while Seth Barbour will transfer from the No. 38 to the No. 36 Ford for the remainder of the season. Ragan retired from full-time competition at the end of the 2019 season.

On December 12, 2019, FRM announced that John Hunter Nemechek will replace Ragan as the driver of the No. 38 Ford for the 2020 season and will compete for the 2020 NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. In addition, Barbour will return as the team's crew chief. Nemechek was the highest-finishing rookie at the Daytona 500, coming home 14th and scoring three top-10s, including two 8th-place finishes at both Talladega races. However, inconsistency plagued the team and he ended the season 27th in points.
 * John Hunter Nemechek (2020)

On November 16, 2020, Nemechek parted ways with FRM.

On January 6, 2021, it was announced that Anthony Alfredo would replace John Hunter Nemechek as the driver of the No. 38 Ford for the 2021 season and will compete for NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. He finished 30th in the final standings with just one top-ten finish. On November 9, Alfredo parted ways with FRM.
 * Anthony Alfredo (2021)

On November 30, 2021, it was announced that FRM truck series driver Todd Gilliland would replace Alfredo as the driver of the No. 38 Ford for the 2022 season and will compete for Rookie of the Year honors. On March 1, 2022, Barbour was suspended for four races due to a tire and wheel loss during the 2022 WISE Power 400 at Auto Club Speedway.
 * Todd Gilliland (2022–present)

On February 7, 2023, FRM announced that Zane Smith would run five races in the No. 38 Ford in addition to qualifying for the Daytona 500 in the No. 36.

Car No. 92 history
This car debuted in the 2004 Chevy Rock and Roll 400 with driver Brad Teague driving the Broadway Motors Ford. The car would fail to qualify, running 49th out of 51 cars that set a time.
 * No. 92 (2004–2006)

FRM fielded the No. 92 Chevy for multiple drivers in 2005. It debuted at the 2005 Daytona 500 with Stanton Barrett driving, but it did not qualify. After missing the next three races, the team finally got into a race at the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway, where Barrett finished 41st after suffering oil pressure problems. After the spring Dover race, Tony Raines drove the car at the Chevy American Revolution 400 at Richmond International Raceway, finishing 35th. Then Hermie Sadler and Eric McClure began sharing the ride, although McClure did not qualify for a race in the car. Johnny Miller ran the car at Watkins Glen, finishing 29th. Another driver, Chad Chaffin, also took over driving duties, failing to qualify in his initial attempt at Martinsville Speedway, and then qualifying 43rd the next week at Atlanta Motor Speedway before surrendering the car to Bobby Hamilton Jr. Late in the year, the team formed an equipment-sharing partnership with Mach 1 Racing, and that eventually turned into the team moving into Mach 1's shop and hiring their old crew.

Chad Chaffin began the 2006 season with the No. 92 team, however, after two races he was moved to the No. 34 team. Chad Blount would then take over the car until Talladega where FRM decided the team shut down the No. 92 operation. The team just made one of the nine races it attempted and cited lack of performance as a reason for the team's shut down.

Nationwide Series
In 2008, Front Row Motorsports focused their efforts on the Nationwide Series, with Eric McClure driving the No. 24 Hefty Chevrolet, with a best finish of 15th at Talladega Superspeedway. McClure ran the full season, except for the road courses where Brian Simo ran the No. 24 car.
 * Eric McClure (2008)

The team also attempted to buy out the fledgling Specialty Racing team, for a time fielding the No. 61 Cone Solvents Chevrolet with driver Kevin Lepage. However, after the July race at Daytona, Specialty Racing hired Brandon Whitt to drive the No. 61, and returned to Ford, disregarding the supposed buyout, leading Front Row Motorsports and Kevin Lepage to file a lawsuit against the team. McClure, meanwhile, finished the year 21st in points. McClure left the team at the end of the 2008 season, bringing sponsor Hefty and the No. 24 to Team Rensi Motorsports.

In 2009, Front Row Motorsports ran the No. 34 Chevrolet Impala SS with veteran Tony Raines returning to the series full-time. Scott Eggleston crew-chiefed the car, who has been with FRM since 2007. The entry was mostly unsponsored, with Jenkins advertising his Long John Silver's franchises on the car. Raines and his team were able to drive to 4th at the Aaron's 312 at Talladega Superspeedway, FRM's first-ever top-ten or top-five in either series, in addition to a fifteenth-place finish at Las Vegas and Richmond. Later in the season, he had a sixth-place finish in the rain at the NAPA Auto Parts 200, and a strong 10th-place finish at Lowes Motor Speedway, finishing the year 12th in drivers points.
 * Tony Raines (2009–2010)

It was announced that Front Row Motorsports would lease their Nationwide team, running Chevrolets, to TriStar Motorsports in 2010 after FRM's announcement to become a factory-backed Ford team. The partnership ended with TriStar Motorsports purchasing all remaining assets of FRM's Nationwide team. FRM is no longer involved in the Nationwide Series.

Truck No. 34 history
During the 2023 season, FRM fielded the No. 34 Ford with Brett Moffitt at Talladega, which he drove to victory lane.

Truck No. 38 history
On January 13, 2020, FRM announced they would attempt the full 2020 NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series season with Todd Gilliland driving the No. 38 Ford.
 * Todd Gilliland (2020–2021)

Gilliland returned to the No. 38 in 2021. Todd Gilliland won his second career Truck series at Circuit of the Americas, his first win for FRM.

On November 30, 2021, it was announced that Zane Smith would drive the No. 38 truck for 2022 season, replacing Gilliland, who moved to the NASCAR Cup Series. Smith began the 2022 season by winning at Daytona. He finished in second place at Las Vegas, but was disqualified after a post-race inspection found a lug nut violation. Following the 2022 CRC Brakleen 150 at Pocono Raceway, Smith clinched the regular season championship. On November 4, Smith claimed his first Truck Series championship after winning at Phoenix. It was also FRM's first championship in any NASCAR division.
 * Zane Smith (2022–2023)

Smith began the 2023 season by winning at Daytona for the second year in a row. He also won at the Circuit of the Americas and scored eight top-five finishes during the regular season. During the playoffs, Smith made it to the Round of 8. He finished second at Homestead, but was disqualified and eliminated after post-race inspection discovered unapproved windshield supports. Smith announced in September he would not be returning to the team in 2024, after signing a deal with Trackhouse Racing to drive for Spire Motorsports in Cup.

On December 14, 2023, Layne Riggs was announced as the full-time driver of the No. 38 Truck, with Dylan Cappello being promoted to crew chief. Riggs started the 2024 season with a 33rd place DNF at Daytona. A week later, he finished 24th at Atlanta, but was disqualified after a post-race inspection revealed improperly installed windshield fasteners.
 * Layne Riggs (2024–present)

title: Front Row Motorsports


text:
User talk:PhilVaz

Hello this is PhilVaz.

I am an Internet Catholic apologist with a web page here http://www.BiblicalCatholic.com/

I also dabble in video games here http://www.VazGames.com

PhilVaz

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:PhilVaz


text:
Lindsay Frost

Lindsay Frost (born June 4, 1962 ) is an American former actress.

Early life
Frost was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and grew up elsewhere in Minnesota. She is the daughter of actor Warren Frost.

Career
On television, Frost played the role of Betsy Stewart Andropoulos on the daytime soap opera As the World Turns from 1984 to 1988. She also played Dr. Jessie Lane in the drama Birdland, Sergeant Helen Sullivan in the crime drama High Incident, Fay Pernovick in the drama Nightmare Cafe, and Claire Stark in the crime drama Shark.She appeared on Crossing Jordan in the recurring role of Maggie from 2001 to 2006. She also guest starred in a number of series including Lost, Boston Legal, Shark, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, and Frasier.

Frost also appeared in the cult films Dead Heat (1988) as Randi James, and in The Ring (2002) as Ruth Embry.

On Broadway, Frost appeared in M. Butterfly (1988).

Personal life
Frost is married to video game producer Rick Giolito. She has two sons, Lucas Giolito, a Major League Baseball pitcher, and Casey Giolito, an actor.

title: Lindsay Frost


text:
Please, Please, Please

"Please, Please, Please" is a rhythm and blues song performed by James Brown and the Famous Flames. Written by Brown and Johnny Terry and released as a single on Federal Records in 1956, it reached No. 6 on the R&B charts. The group's debut recording and first chart hit, it has come to be recognized as their signature song.

Background
In 1952, James Brown was released from a youth detention center in Toccoa, Georgia after Bobby Byrd and his family sponsored him. Brown's warden agreed to the release on the condition that Brown not return to Augusta. After his release, Brown briefly pursued a career in sports before starting his musical career as a gospel vocalist with the group the Ever-Ready Gospel Singers. When a member of Bobby Byrd's vocal group, the Avons, died in 1954, Byrd asked Brown to join his group. A year later, after performing as the Five Royals, they became the Flames, playing all over Georgia and South Carolina.

According to Etta James, Brown and his group came up with the idea for their first song, because Brown "used to carry around an old tattered napkin with him, because Little Richard had written the words, 'please, please, please' on it and James was determined to make a song out of it".

Reception
"Please, Please, Please" was released on February 26, 1956. Though it sold slowly at first, the record reached the top ten of the R&B charts by late summer, eventually peaking at No. 6, selling between one and three million copies.

In 2001, the 1956 version by James Brown and the Famous Flames on Federal Records was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

In 2011, "Please, Please, Please" was ranked No. 143 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Live performances
The initial performances of the song were subpar though the group itself was received well. It took a number of years until the Flames developed a routine for the performance. Starting in 1959, Brown would perform the song to the point of feigned exhaustion, when he would drop to his knees and collapse on the stage. Meanwhile, a fellow Flame (sometimes Bobby Byrd and at other times Bobby Bennett) would drop either a blanket or big towel around Brown's back and help him offstage. Before completely exiting, Brown would rip the towel off and return to his microphone, adding to the excitement of his audience.

Influenced by Little Richard and professional wrestler Gorgeous George, who both wore capes, Brown began wearing capes in his act.

Personnel

 * James Brown – lead vocal

with the Flames:
 * Bobby Byrd – background vocals
 * Johnny Terry – background vocals
 * Sylvester Keels – background vocals
 * Nash Knox – background vocals
 * Nafloyd Scott – guitar

plus:
 * Wilbert "Lee Diamond" Smith – tenor saxophone
 * Ray Felder – tenor saxophone
 * Lucas "Fats" Gonder – piano
 * Clarence Mack – bass
 * Edison Gore – drums

Filmed performances

 * Brown and the Famous Flames performed "Please, Please, Please" as part of their set in The T.A.M.I. Show in 1964.
 * In the movie Blues Brothers 2000 Brown performs the song after the closing credits.
 * In Barry Levinson's Liberty Heights, an actor in the role of Brown performs the song in a theater along Baltimore's Pennsylvania Avenue.
 * a live version of the song appears in the film The Commitments
 * Brown and the Famous Flames also sang and performed "Please Please Please" on a 1964 telecast of Dick Clark's Where the Action Is on ABC.

Other versions and recordings
In 1964, during a contract dispute between Brown and King Records head Syd Nathan, the label reissued the original 1956 performance of "Please, Please, Please" with overdubbed crowd noise in an attempt to pass it off as a live recording. The reissue reached No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Brown also re-recorded the song several times later in his career. On his 1972 album Get on the Good Foot, he did an upbeat long version, which lasted over twelve minutes. 1974's Hell included a salsa version of the song that featured Brown speaking in Spanish. For Brown's 1976 album Hot, he recorded a more solemn, ballad rendition, which featured male background vocalists in the quiet storm style of Barry White's music.

Ike & Tina Turner released a live version of "Please, Please, Please" as single on Kent Records, which was included on their 1964 album Ike & Tina Turner Revue Live. They also performed the song on The Big T.N.T Show in 1965. After their resurgence on the charts, Kent reissued the single in 1970. It reached No. 45 on Record World's R&B chart.

In February 1967, Swedish band the Maniacs, featuring a young Tommy Körberg, recorded the song as a single. Released as a single in March of that year, backed by Paul Ferris "Visions", it became the group's breakthrough hit, reaching No. 5 on Tio i Topp and No. 12 on sales chart Kvällstoppen that year.

The song has been covered by all sorts of performers. The Residents have covered the song, and The Who on My Generation (1965) and several others.

title: Please, Please, Please


text:
Airlines (video game)

Airlines is a construction and management simulation game created by Interactivision for MS-DOS and published by Take-Two Interactive in 1994. The object of the game is to successfully set up an airline by buying aircraft, planning routes, setting ticket prices and dealing with events such as hostage and oil crises. The game has 4 airlines, a minimum of one of which is human controlled. The game begins with the year set as 1970 and as time progresses more aircraft models become available, corresponding with their first flights in reality. The aircraft in the game used real aircraft names, illustrations and model specifications.

Legacy
In October 2002, Interactivison released Airlines 2 with 110 aircraft types, 250 airports with 15 possible regions to start with, and more than 300 routes.

title: Airlines (video game)


text:
Lower Brittany

Lower Brittany (Breizh-Izel; Basse-Bretagne) denotes the parts of Brittany west of Ploërmel, where the Breton language has been traditionally spoken, and where the culture associated with this language is most prolific. The name is in distinction to Upper Brittany, the eastern part of Brittany, which is of a predominantly Romance culture.

Naming
The words "upper" and "lower" in the names of Upper and Lower Brittany refer to the relative positions of the capital. In the case of Brittany, Nantes and Rennes have both been the capital of the ancient province called Brittany. Other French regions are also divided into Lower (Bas or Basse) and Upper (Haut or Haute) parts - for example Lower Normandy, Basse-Lorraine, and Bas-Poitou. However, the French word "bas" is often understood as carrying negative connotations, implying "inferior in status". The Breton name of Lower Brittany, "Breizh Izel", is used in many Breton songs sung in French of the 19th and 20th centuries, perhaps because the Breton word "Izel" has no such negative connotations.

Line between Upper and Lower Brittany
Having been based on linguistic areas, the dividing line corresponds very roughly to administrative borders. It had already been established by the 14th century and has changed only slightly since, hand in hand with the pushing back of the Breton language.

In 1588, the historian Bertrand d'Argentré defined the border as running from the outskirts of Binic southwards down to Guérande, leaving the communes of Loudéac, Josselin, and Malestroit in Upper Brittany. In 1886, Paul Sébillot moved the frontier deeper into what had been Breton speaking territory, the line then running from Plouha to Batz-sur-Mer. Maps in the 17th century favour the latter.

title: Lower Brittany


text:
User talk:Rickho

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

The recent article Erick Wong has been marked for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy. Eric Wong {Internet Movie Database entry for Eric Wong) has no entry as yet, you may have meant him.

Since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, there are many types of articles that are simply viewed as not appropriate for Wikipedia. Before spending more time on articles, you may want to review What Wikipedia is not.

Of course, there is nothing wrong with learning to edit by writing articles on you or your friends, but you should do it in the Wikipedia sandbox or on your own user page.

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

title: User talk:Rickho


text:
Nello Cristianini

Nello Cristianini (born 1968) is a professor of Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Bath.

Education
Cristianini holds a degree in physics from the University of Trieste, a Master in computational intelligence from the University of London and a PhD from the University of Bristol. Previously he has been a professor of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bristol, an associate professor at the University of California, Davis, and held visiting positions at other universities.

Research
His research contributions encompass the fields of machine learning, artificial intelligence and bioinformatics. Particularly, his work has focused on statistical analysis of learning algorithms, to its application to support vector machines, kernel methods and other algorithms. Cristianini is the co-author of two widely known books in machine learning, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis and a book in bioinformatics, "Introduction to Computational Genomics".

Recent research has focused on the philosophical challenges posed by modern artificial intelligence, big-data analysis of newspapers content, the analysis of social media content. Previous research had focused on statistical pattern analysis; machine learning and artificial intelligence; machine translation; bioinformatics.

As a practitioner of data-driven AI and Machine Learning, Cristianini frequently gives public talks about the need for a deeper ethical understanding of the effects of modern data-science on society. His book "The Shortcut" is devoted to the philosophical foundations of Artificial Intelligence and its potential risks for individuals and society.

Awards and honours
Cristianini is a recipient of the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award and of a European Research Council Advanced Grant. In June 2014, Cristianini was included in a list of the "most influential scientists of the decade" compiled by Thomson Reuters (listing the top one per cent of scientists who are "the world’s leading scientific minds" and whose publications are among the most influential in their fields). In December 2016 he was included in the list of Top100 most influential researchers in Machine Learning by AMiner. In 2017, Cristianini was the keynote speaker at the Annual STOA Lecture at the European Parliament. From 2020 to 2024 he was a member of the International Advisory Board of STOA (Panel for the Future of Science and Technology of the European Parliament).

Books

 * 2000: An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-based Learning Methods, Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor
 * 2004: Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis, Nello Cristianini and John Shawe-Taylor
 * 2006: Intro Computational Genomics, Matthew William Hahn and Nello Cristianini
 * 2014: The Last Summer: Story of Lucy Christalnigg and the End of a World, Nello Cristianini
 * 2023: The Shortcut: Why Intelligent Machines Do Not Think Like Us, Nello Cristianini

title: Nello Cristianini


text:
Talk:Robert Knight (principal)

This page was previously nominated for deletion. For the result, see Votes for deletion/Robert Knight (principal). JYolkowski // talk 22:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Knight (principal)


text:
Bernarr Macfadden

Bernarr Macfadden (born Bernard Adolphus McFadden, August 16, 1868 – October 12, 1955) was an American proponent of physical culture, a combination of bodybuilding with nutritional and health theories. He founded the long-running magazine publishing company Macfadden Publications.

Early life
Born in Mill Spring, Missouri, Macfadden changed his first and last names to give them a greater appearance of strength. He thought "Bernarr" sounded like the roar of a lion, and that "Macfadden" was a more masculine spelling of his last name.

As a young child, Macfadden was weak and sickly. After being orphaned by the time he was 11, he was placed with a farmer and began working on the farm. The hard work and wholesome food on the farm turned him into a strong and fit boy. When he was 13, however, he moved to St. Louis and took a desk job. Quickly his health reverted again and by 16 he described himself as a "physical wreck". He started exercising again with dumbbells, walking up to six miles a day with a lead weight in his clothes, and he became a vegetarian. He quickly regained his previous health.

Publishing and writings
In 1899, Macfadden founded Physical Culture (1899–1951+?),  an American magazine on bodybuilding, health, and fitness, and was editor up to the August 1912 issue.

In May 1919, readers letters to Physical Culture magazine which told their personal stories resulted in a new magazine, True Story, later, True Detective, True Story, True Romances.

Aided by long-time Supervising Editor Fulton Oursler, Macfadden eventually grew a publishing empire, including Liberty, Dream World, Ghost Stories, the once-familiar movie magazine Photoplay, and the tabloid newspaper, The New York Evening Graphic. Macfadden's magazines included SPORT, a preeminent sports magazine prior to Time Inc.'s Sports Illustrated.

Ghost Stories was a nod in the direction of the rapidly growing field of pulp magazines, though it was a large-size magazine that preserved Macfadden's confessional style for most of its stories. In 1928, Macfadden made more overt moves into the pulps with, for example, Red Blooded Stories (1928–29), Flying Stories (1928–29), and Tales of Danger and Daring (1929). These were all unsuccessful. In 1929, Macfadden underwrote Harold Hersey's pulp chain, the Good Story Magazine Company. Macfadden titles like Ghost Stories and Flying Stories continued as Good Story publications. Other intended Macfadden pulps, like Thrills of the Jungle (1929) and Love and War Stories (1930), originated as Good Story magazines. In 1931, Macfadden purchased the assets of the Mackinnon-Fly magazine publishers, which gave him the pioneering sci-fi pulp Amazing Stories, and several other titles; they were published under the Teck Publications imprint. This apparently made Good Story expendable and financial support was withdrawn almost immediately. The Teck titles lasted under Macfadden control until being sold in the late '30s, after which Macfadden was absent from the pulp field.

Macfadden also contributed to many articles and books including The Virile Powers of Superb Manhood (1900), MacFadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture (1911–1912), Fasting for Health (1923), and The Milk Diet (1923).

Health advocacy

Macfadden popularized the practice of fasting that previously had been associated with illnesses such as anorexia nervosa. He felt strongly that fasting was one of the surest ways to physical health. Many of his subjects would fast for a week to rejuvenate their body. He claimed that through fasting "a person could exercise unqualified control over virtually all types of disease while revealing a degree of strength and stamina such as would put others to shame". He saw fasting as an instrument with which to prove a man's superiority over other men.

Macfadden had photographs of himself taken before and after fasts to demonstrate their positive effects on the body. For example, one photograph showed Macfadden lifting a 100-pound dumbbell over his head immediately after a seven-day fast. Macfadden acknowledged the difficulties of fasting and did not support it as an ascetic practice, but rather because he believed its ultimate benefits outweighed its costs.

He was particularly opposed to the consumption of white bread, which he called the "staff of death".

Macfadden established many "healthatoriums" in the eastern and midwestern states. These institutions offered educational programs, such as "The Physical Culture Training School". Although he gained his reputation for physical culture and fitness, he gained much notoriety for his views on sexual behavior. He viewed intercourse as a healthy activity and not solely a procreative one; this was a different attitude than most physicians had at the time. He also attempted to found a "Physical Culture City" in Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, which folded after a few years and became the vacation-cabin neighborhood, and, later, suburban development of Outcalt.

Nicknamed "Body Love Macfadden" by Time – a moniker he detested – he was branded a "kook" and a charlatan by many, arrested on obscenity charges, and denounced by the medical establishment. Throughout his life, he campaigned tirelessly against "pill-pushers", processed foods, and prudery.

Macfadden made an unsuccessful attempt to found a religion, "cosmotarianism", based on physical culture. He claimed that his regimen would enable him to reach the age of 150.

Other enterprises
At the peak of his career, Macfadden owned several hotels and a major building in Dansville, New York. He also opened a restaurant in New York City in 1902 called Physical Culture, which was one of the city's first vegetarian venues. Physical Culture vegetarian restaurants were established in other cities such as Philadelphia and Chicago. By 1911, there were twenty such restaurants. Macfadden was a proponent of raw foodism and a follower of Sylvester Graham's philosophies.

His Macfadden Foundation established two boarding schools for young boys and girls in Westchester County, New York: the Macfadden School in Briarcliff Manor (Scarborough), originally for ages 4 – 12, and the Tarrytown School in Tarrytown. On March 7, 1943, the advertisement in The New York Times Magazine for the Tarrytown School read: "To Meet the Needs of a Nation at War". The boys at the Tarrytown School wore uniforms and were subject to military-type discipline and corporal punishment. The Macfadden School operated from 1936 to 1950,  and the Tarrytown School operated from 1943 to 1954.

The Macfadden Foundation also operated Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee. The foundation began in 1931 when he gave $50 million to it.

Personal life
Macfadden was married four times and had eight children. His son Jack appeared on Groucho Marx's show You Bet Your Life (December 31, 1953) and talked about his father, who was then 84 years old.

He met his third wife, Mary Williamson Macfadden, in England when she won a contest "for the most perfect specimen of England womanhood," sponsored by Macfadden; she was a champion British swimmer. The couple had eight children: Helen, Byrne, Byrnece, Beulah, Beverly, Brewster, Berwyn, and Braunda. Bernarr and Mary separated in 1932, and they divorced in 1946.

Macfadden had ambitions for political office. He sought election as Mayor of New York City, US Senator from Florida, and even US president.

Two of Macfadden's children died for lack of medical care, as Macfadden viewed all doctors as quacks. When one of his daughters died of a heart condition, he remarked, "It's better she's gone; she only would have disgraced me."

Death and legacy
Macfadden died in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Upon his death, Edward Longstreet Bodin became the president of the Bernarr Macfadden Foundation.

Critical reception
Macfadden has drawn criticism for suggesting in his books that readers not consult any professional physician. Macfadden supported unorthodox ideas that are widely derided as quackery, such as grape therapy supposedly healing cancer.

Morris Fishbein wrote that "In his campaign, Bernarr Macfadden aligned himself with the border-line cultists that oppose scientific medicine and devote themselves to the promotion of some single conception of disease causation, prevention, and treatment."

Some of Macfadden's publications also drew criticism for their erotic and sexual content. He was targeted by the Society for the Suppression of Vice for producing "pornographic" posters to promote one of his Physical Culture Exhibitions.

Macfadden's legacy after his death has largely been tarnished by details of his private life. James Whorton, PhD, notes that the glamorous and eccentric character of Macfadden's life has led to a predilection for "the amusing tale or shocking incident" in describing it. Whorton argued that this distracts from Macfadden's real beliefs and significance, causing research to be directed "to the outer person, to actions rather than motives."

Partial bibliography
Macfadden wrote over 100 books. This is a partial list of titles:

title: Bernarr Macfadden


text:
Inferior vena cava syndrome

Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) is a very rare constellation of symptoms resulting from either an obstruction, or stenosis of the inferior vena cava. It can be caused by physical invasion or compression by a pathological process or by thrombosis within the vein itself. It can also occur during pregnancy. Pregnancy leads to high venous pressure in the lower limbs, decreased blood return to the heart, decreased cardiac output due to obstruction of the inferior vena cava, sudden rise in venous pressure which can lead to placental separation, and a decrease in kidney function. All of these issues can arise from lying in the supine position during late pregnancy which can cause compression of the inferior vena cava by the uterus. Symptoms of late pregnancy inferior vena cava syndrome consist of intense pain in the right hand side, muscle twitching, hypotension, and fluid retention.

Signs and symptoms
IVCS presents with a wide variety of signs and symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose clinically.
 * Edema of the lower extremities (peripheral edema), caused by an increase in the venous blood pressure.
 * Tachycardia. This is caused by the decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, and leads to increased frequency.
 * In pregnant women, signs of fetal hypoxia and distress may be seen in the cardiotocography. This is caused by decreased perfusion of the uterus, resulting in hypoxemia of the fetus.
 * Supine hypotensive syndrome

Causes
the causes for this condition are the following:
 * Obstruction by deep vein thrombosis or tumors (most commonly renal cell carcinoma)
 * Compression through external pressure by neighbouring structures or tumors, either by significantly compressing the vein or by promoting thrombosis by causing turbulence by disturbing the blood flow. This is quite common during the third trimester of pregnancy when the uterus compresses the vein in the right side position.
 * Iatrogenic causes may be suspected in patients with a medical history of liver transplantion, vascular catheters, dialysis and other invasive procedures in the vicinity
 * Budd-Chiari syndrome

Diagnosis
The diagnosis can be made clinically by observing the patient when in the right sided position where you can see multiple dilated veins over abdomen due to collaterals. Ultrasound with Doppler flow measurement may be used to assess the IVC and circulatory system.

Treatment
Treatment will vary depending on the cause of the vena cava compression or interruption. Often, treatment includes positional changes, avoidance of supine positioning, especially on the right side. In pregnancy, definitive management of the IVCS is to deliver the baby. In other conditions, medical or surgical treatment to remove or relieve the offending structure will relieve symptoms.

Frequency
Epidemiological data is elusive owing to the wide variety of clinical presentation. In the U.S., incidence is estimated to be at 5–10 cases per 100,000 per year. Minor compression of the inferior vena cava during pregnancy is a relatively common occurrence. It is seen most commonly when women lie on their back or right side. 90% of women lying in the supine position during pregnancy experience some form of inferior vena cava syndrome; however, not all of the women display symptoms.

title: Inferior vena cava syndrome


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Golf at the Summer Olympics

Golf is officially recognized as first featuring in the Summer Olympic Games programme in 1900 and 1904, although the 1900 events were not regarded as being part of the games at the time. A golf tournament was to have been held in 1908, but it was cancelled less than two days before it was scheduled to start. Two golf tournaments were also to have been held in 1920, but were cancelled due to a lack of entries.

At the IOC session in Copenhagen in October 2009, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to reinstate the sport for the 2016 Summer Olympics. The International Golf Federation is the governing body for golf at the Olympic Games. Qualification is based primarily upon the Official World Golf Ranking (men) and Women's World Golf Rankings, with the top 15 of each gender automatically qualifying (with a limit of four per country), and then the highest ranked players from countries that had not yet already qualified two players.

Medal table
Sources:

Events

 * 1900
 * Men's individual
 * Women's individual
 * 1904
 * Men's individual
 * Men's team

A men's individual tournament was planned for the 1908 London Games, but a dispute amongst representatives of England and Scotland over the format led to British golfers boycotting, leaving 1904 gold medallist George Lyon of Canada as the only remaining entrant. He was entitled to claim the gold medal but declined.
 * 1908

Two golf tournaments were planned at the 1920 Antwerp Games, but were cancelled due to a lack of entries.
 * 1920

 * 2016
 * Men's individual
 * Women's individual
 * 2020
 * Men's individual
 * Women's individual

Since its reintroduction, Olympic golf competitions have consisted of men's and women's individual stroke play. There has been calls for the IGF and the IOC to consider adding a match play tournament, a team tournament, and/or to open up the Olympic tournament to more golfers, possibly by using a different qualifying system than the World Golf Ranking.

Participating nations
22 golfers competed in 1900. The 1904 tournament featured 77 golfers. Albert Lambert was the only golfer who competed both times; a total of 98 different golfers competed throughout the brief history of Olympic golf before it was brought back in 2016.

title: Golf at the Summer Olympics


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The Illusionist (2006 film)

The Illusionist is a 2006 American romantic mystery film written and directed by Neil Burger, and starring Edward Norton, Paul Giamatti and Jessica Biel. Based loosely on Steven Millhauser's short story "Eisenheim the Illusionist", it tells the story of Eisenheim, a magician in turn-of-the-century Vienna, who reunites with his childhood love, a woman far above his social standing. It also depicts a fictionalized version of the Mayerling incident.

It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opened the 2006 Seattle International Film Festival; it was distributed in limited release to theaters on August 18, 2006, and expanded nationwide on September 1. It was a critical and commercial success.

Plot
In 1889 Vienna, Austria-Hungary, a magician named Eisenheim is arrested by Chief Inspector Walter Uhl of the Vienna Police during a magic show involving necromancy. Later, Uhl explains the story of Eisenheim's life to Crown Prince Leopold.

Eisenheim was born Eduard Abramovich, the son of a carpenter, and became interested in magic. He fell in love with Sophie, the Duchess von Teschen, but they were forbidden to see each other as Eduard was a peasant. They kept meeting secretly but were caught and separated by force. Eisenheim studied magic by travelling the world, and 15 years later, returned to Vienna to perform. During one performance, he encounters the adult Sophie and learns that she is expected to marry the Crown Prince Leopold, who, it is rumored, is brutal towards women and even murdered one. Leopold invites Eisenheim to give a private performance at the palace. During the performance, Eisenheim humiliates the prince in front of the royal guests; in response, he is banned from performing again in Vienna. When Sophie comes to offer him help, they make love. Eisenheim asks her to flee with him, but she is afraid they will be caught and executed. She reveals that the Crown Prince is planning a coup d'état against his elderly father, the Emperor Franz Joseph I.

At the Mayerling hunting lodge, Sophie tries to end her engagement with Leopold. Her body is discovered the next morning in the Vienna Woods, an unknown man blamed. This throws Eisenheim into depression. He buys a theatre and begins a new series of shows focusing on the summoning of dead spirits. Leopold secretly attends one, during which Eisenheim summons the spirit of Sophie, who says that someone in the theater is her murderer. Leopold, unnerved, orders Uhl to arrest Eisenheim for fraud, but Eisenheim avoids jail by confessing to the public that his show is an illusion.

Eisenheim is threatened that if he summons Sophie in his next performance, he will be imprisoned. Uhl attends the performance, and in spite of the warnings, Eisenheim summons Sophie again. Uhl storms the stage with his officers, but to the shock of the audience, Eisenheim himself is revealed to be a spirit when Uhl's hand passes through him.

Uhl reveals to Leopold that he has found evidence—a jewel from Leopold's sword and Sophie's locket—which could implicate Leopold in Sophie's murder. Uhl reveals that he knew about Leopold's plan all along but choosing to support it since he thought Leopold was a better emperor and he could get a promotion to Chief of Police by supporting the Crown Prince. However, Sophie's death made him realize the Crown Prince is unfit to rule so he changed his mind and informed the Emperor and the Austro-Hungarian General Staff of Leopold's conspiracy to seize the throne. As officers of the imperial guard of the Austro-Hungarian Army arrive, Leopold shoots himself in the head. Uhl leaves and places Sophie's locket in his pocket. He is now no longer Chief Inspector of Police.

As a boy approaches him, he is jostled by a bearded man in a long coat. The boy gives him a package containing Eisenheim's notebook about the Orange Tree trick, which Uhl had been unable to figure out. He shouts to the boy asking who gave him the notebook, and the boy replies "Herr Eisenheim." He realizes the person who jostled him stole the locket. He chases the man, but he boards a train and escapes. Uhl realizes the jostling and the notebook are a message from the illusionist, and he begins to rethink recent events. He concludes that Sophie and Eisenheim staged her death so that she could be free of Leopold, with her ghostly apparitions being nothing more than illusions. Uhl laughs delightedly at the brilliance of their plan. Far away, Sophie and Eisenheim start a new life together in a cabin at a beautiful mountain. Eisenheim places Sophie's locket in her palm.

Cast

 * Edward Norton as Eisenheim the Illusionist / Eduard Abramovich
 * Aaron Johnson as Young Eduard Abramovich
 * Paul Giamatti as Chief Inspector Walter Uhl
 * Jessica Biel as Duchess Sophie von Teschen
 * Eleanor Tomlinson as Young Sophie von Teschen
 * Rufus Sewell as Crown Prince Leopold, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
 * Eddie Marsan as Josef Fischer, Eisenheim's manager
 * Jake Wood as Jurka
 * Tom Fisher as Willgut

Production
The script was based loosely on "Eisenheim the Illusionist", a short story by Steven Millhauser from his 1990 collection The Barnum Museum. Together with The Prestige and Scoop, The Illusionist was one of three films in 2006 to explore the world of stage magicians.

Magic consultancy and technical advice during the production was supplied by James Freedman, Ricky Jay, Michael Weber and Scott Penrose. Director Neil Burger wrote, "Starting in pre-production, James (Freedman) became a major collaborator; brainstorming, designing and refining everything from small sleight of hand tricks to major narrative set pieces. He worked with Edward Norton preparing him for his stage performances and acted as a hand double in various scenes. His contribution was enormous." Aaron Johnson, who plays the teenage Eduard in the beginning of the film, also learned how to do the ball trick seen in those scenes.

The original story, on which the movie is based, does not include the artifice of the protagonist framing the crown prince for murder.

Although the film is set in Austria, it was filmed mostly in the Czech Republic. The city of Vienna is represented in the film by Tábor and Prague, while the scenes set in Eisenheim's childhood village were shot in Český Krumlov. The Crown Prince's castle is actually the historical fortress of Konopiště (near Benešov), formerly the home of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. The front gates of Leopold's Vienna palace (the Hofburg) were actually the front gates of Prague Castle. All other shots were at Barrandov Studios in Prague.

Reception
As of June 29, 2008 the film had earned worldwide box office receipts of $87,892,388, including $39,868,642 in the United States, exceeding its reported $16.5 million budget. In the first five months after it was released on DVD in January 2007, it earned $35.99 million in rental revenue.

The Illusionist received mostly positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval score of 74% based on 194 reviews, with an average rating of 6.94/10. The consensus reads, "The Illusionist is an engrossing, well-crafted story of mystery, magic and intrigue that is certain to enchant, if not hypnotize, audiences." On Metacritic, it has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Jonathan Rosenbaum's review in The Chicago Reader praised Paul Giamatti's performance of "a character who feels sympathy for the magician but owes allegiance to Leopold and is therefore divided and compromised ... Giamatti's performance is subtle, expressive, and richly nuanced." Stephen Holden, in his review for The New York Times, praised Edward Norton's role, which, according to him, "perfectly fits his disturbing inscrutability". Variety wrote that Jessica Biel "is entirely stunning enough to fight to the death over". Roger Ebert rated 3.5/4 and wrote that, "The movie sets up a fascinating parable about art, religion and politics, and the misty boundaries between them".

Director of Photography Dick Pope earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, losing at the 79th Academy Awards to Guillermo Navarro, cinematographer for Pan's Labyrinth.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for the film was composed by Philip Glass and was released on 15 August 2006.

Track listing

 * "The Illusionist" – 2:24
 * "Do You Know Me" – 2:48
 * "Chance Encounter" – 3:23
 * "The Locket" – 2:54
 * "The Orange Tree" – 1:47
 * "The Mirror" – 1:27
 * "Wish I Would See You Again" – 1:26
 * "The Sword" – 0:36
 * "Meeting in the Carriage" – 1:09
 * "Sophie" – 2:50
 * "The Secret Plot" – 2:53
 * "Sophie's Ride to the Castle" – 2:05
 * "The Accident" – 1:30
 * "The New Theater" – 1:39
 * "Frankel Appears" – 3:26
 * "A Shout from the Crowd" – 2:02
 * "Eisenheim Disappears" – 2:07
 * "The Search" – 3:00
 * "The Missing Gem" – 3:03
 * "The Chase" – 4:11
 * "Life in the Mountains" – 4:31

Adaptations
On October 14, 2014, it was announced that The CW was developing a TV series based on the film.

In June 2020, a Japanese musical adaptation starring Haruma Miura, Naoto Kaiho, and Reika Manaki was announced and set to run from December 2020 to January 2021; however, following Miura's death in July 2020, the project was put on hold.

title: The Illusionist (2006 film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Naomi Almeida

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). We have 10 votes to delete (Quale voted twice, accidentally I'm sure), 5 to keep. That's borderline. What swings this over to the "no consensus" result is the fact that the last delete vote was given without any reason. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:31, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Naomi Almeida
A very sad story, but that does not make it notable nor worth keeping. Groeck 23:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The contributor might want to look at some alternatives to wikipedia if they want this information to be preserved. Kappa 23:04, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete Under either C.7 or because the original text includes "Edit or delete at your discretion." While I understand the desire not to let someone fade away into memory, WP is not the place for memorials.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:09, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the article establishes notability: "she was in all Canadian news sites at the time of her murder". Kappa 23:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep does not meet deletion criteria. Trollderella 00:02, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no more notable than any other solved child murder. "In all Canadian news sites" doesn't hold much value when the author then says "...but I could only find one."  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 00:13:23, 2005-08-30 (UTC)
 * Weak keep . An internet search eventually leads to articles from the Toronto Star (see ) and National Post (see ), though I can't access them. There is also a soccer field named in her honour in London, Ontario. Mindmatrix 01:18, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. After some contemplation, I've decided to switch my vote. Mindmatrix 20:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Trollderella's ideosyncratic keep criteria are not those of Wikipedia.  Zoe 08:01, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established by article. Gamaliel 08:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. How does Wikipedia is NOT a memorial not count as deletion criteria, Trollderella? Proto t c 11:44, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is NOT a memorial does not imply that all articles about dead people must be deleted. Kappa 16:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, with regrets. It's a sad reflection on modern society that this has become a common enough occurence not to be notable.--Scimitar parley 16:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable. Gateman1997 17:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand the references section of this article. Hall Monitor 22:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Edit, there is a page at cbc.ca that may be a good link for this story, but it is presently unaccessible due to the cbc strike
 * Delete. Most horrific crimes are not notable in themselves, and do not confer encyclopedic notability on their unfortunate victims. Quale 16:28, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please because kappa is right and wikipedia is not paper either Yuckfoo 17:23, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm concerned, a person who's only notable as a crime victim should have an article only if they have significant name recognition on their own. That is, if a meaningful number of people could hear their name, without any explanation or context given, and know that a crime victim is being discussed. Kristen French, Leslie Mahaffy and Cecilia Zhang have this type of name recognition, but Naomi Almeida has virtually no name recognition outside the immediate London, Ontario area. The likelihood of somebody typing "Naomi Almeida" in the search box is vanishingly low, since virtually nobody is ever going to hear the name outside of a context that already explains who she is. So, to me, that's a delete, sad though the story may be. Bearcat 19:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a memorial. Quale 19:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 19:29, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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William Nosworthy

Sir William Nosworthy (18 October 1867 – 26 September 1946) was a New Zealand politician. He briefly served as Minister of Finance and then Minister of External Affairs in the Reform Government.

Early life
Nosworthy was born on 18 October 1867 at the Christchurch suburb of St Albans. He was educated at private schools including Christchurch Boys' High School. He was then a farmer at Amuri and Gisborne. In 1895 he returned to Canterbury and farmed with his brother at Waitohi Downs. In 1900 they purchased Whakara, part of the Anama station. In 1917 he purchased the Mesopotamia Station initially owned by the novelist Samuel Butler.

He married Lilian Kate Wright, daughter of Edward George Wright. They had no children.

Political career
Nosworthy stood in the electorate in the. The Second Ballot Act was in force and on election night, he was in third place behind David Jones. Nosworthy encouraged his supporters to vote for Jones in the second ballot. After a recount, the situation was reversed (Nosworthy was 30 votes ahead) and Jones advertised for his supporters to vote for Nosworthy, and indeed, Nosworthy was successful in the second ballot. In 1912 he became the junior government whip.

He was first appointed to Cabinet in 1919, being appointed Minister of Agriculture (1919–1925) and then Minister of Immigration (1920–1925) by Prime Minister William Massey. When Massey died in 1925, Nosworthy gained the more important role of Minister of Finance in the interim government of Francis Bell.

Nosworthy contested the leadership ballot to succeed Massey, but was defeated by Gordon Coates. He continued to serve as Minister of Finance until the following year, when he was given the Minister of External Affairs portfolio instead (1926–1928). He held this position until 1928. There was rumours that Coates wished to drop Nosworthy from cabinet in his post- reshuffle. Newspapers thought he along with several others would be dropped and the Governor-General, Sir Charles Fergusson, also disliked Nosworthy thinking him 'boring'. However as Coates had entered cabinet at the same time as Nosworthy and in recognition that he had stood for the leadership, Coates thought it would be too bad of a look to dump him as a minister. As Minister of External Affairs he was in charge of Samoa where disaffection among locals with the Mau movement. He opposed the movement demand for self governance and determination, supporting the Administrator of Western Samoa, George Spafford Richardson, to deal with increasing civil unrest.

Nosworthy retired from parliament at the 1928 election, serving through six terms of Parliament.

He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1929 New Year Honours, and was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935.

Later life and death
He died at his home on 26 September 1946 in Ashburton, aged 78. He was survived by his wife.

title: William Nosworthy


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User:PhilVaz

Hello this is PhilVaz.

title: User:PhilVaz


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Colin H. Campbell

Colin H. Campbell (25 December 1859 – October 24, 1914) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Conservative from 1899 to 1914, and was a cabinet minister in the governments of Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin.

Campbell was a barrister, and ran a practice in Winnipeg. He first ran for the Manitoba legislature in the 1892 provincial election, and lost to Liberal Peter McIntyre by 280 votes in Winnipeg North.

He sought election to the House of Commons of Canada in November 1893, as a candidate of the Conservative Party of Canada. Campbell stood in by-election for the riding of Winnipeg, after Hugh John Macdonald's resignation from the house. He lost to Liberal candidate Joseph Martin.

Campbell was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 election, defeating Liberal incumbent Stewart Mulvey by 188 votes in the constituency of Morris. The Conservatives won the election, and Campbell was named as a minister without portfolio in Macdonald's government on January 10, 1900. He was promoted to Attorney General on October 9 of the same year.

In this period of Canadian history, newly appointed ministers were required to resign their legislative seats to seek a new mandate from their electors. These by-elections were usually mere formalities, and many ministers were returned without opposition. Campbell faced a challenge from Liberal Matthew Laurie, and defeated him by 278 votes on October 29, 1900. This by-election occurred on the same day that Roblin replaced Macdonald as premier. The new premier kept Campbell as his attorney general, and also appointed him as municipal commissioner from October 29 to December 20, 1900.

Campbell was re-elected in the elections of 1903, 1907 and 1910, retaining his seat in 1907 by a single vote. He was named minister of education and municipal commissioner on October 11, 1911. He was later appointed minister of public works. After Robert Rogers left the provincial legislature for federal politics, Campbell was seen as the second most important minister in Roblin's government.

Campbell was stricken by a severe illness on February 15, 1913, the same day that the provincial legislature was scheduled to open. He traveled to Kingston, Jamaica to recover, but was afflicted with paralysis almost immediately after arriving. He resigned his ministry on November 3, 1913, and did not stand in the 1914 election.

After unsuccessfully seeking medical care in the United States of America, Europe and Egypt, Campbell returned to Manitoba in summer 1914. He died shortly thereafter, at age 54.

title: Colin H. Campbell


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James H. Hughes

James Hurd Hughes (January 14, 1867 – August 29, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware.

Early life and family
Hughes was born in Kent County, Delaware, near Felton, the son of Rebecca (Hurd) and Ebenezer Hughes. He attended the Collegiate Institute in Dover, taught school for a few years, studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1890. Along with his law practice, he was engaged in agricultural pursuits and banking.

Political career
Hughes served as the Delaware Secretary of State from 1897 until 1901. He ran for governor of Delaware in 1916 but was defeated by Republican John G. Townsend Jr., a businessman from Selbyville, Delaware. Twenty years later, in 1936, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Daniel O. Hastings. During this term, he served with the Democratic majority in the 75th, 76th, and 77th congresses.

Hughes lost his bid for a second term in 1942, losing the Democratic Party nomination to E. Ennalls Berl. In all, he served from January 3, 1937, until January 2, 1943, during the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. After completing his term in the Senate, he returned to the practice of law. All the while, from 1905 until his death, he was a director of the Farmers' Bank of Delaware.

Death and legacy
Hughes was married to Caroline Taylor. Their great-granddaughter is actress Perrey Reeves.

Hughes died at Lewes and is buried in the Lakeside Methodist Episcopal Cemetery at Dover.

His home, Wheel of Fortune, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Senators are popularly elected and take office January 3 for a six-year term.

Images

 * Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

title: James H. Hughes


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Talk:Tony Luck

Untitled
This page was previously nominated for deletion. For the result, see Votes for deletion/Tony Luck. JYolkowski // talk 23:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Luck