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Huang Zu

Huang Zu (died 208) was Chinese military general and politician during the late Eastern Han dynasty. . He served as the Administrator of Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). He is best known for killing the warlord Sun Jian in an ambush during the Battle of Xiangyang (191) and resisting an invasion by the warlord Sun Quan (Sun Jian's son) at the Battle of Xiakou (203). He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Jiangxia in 208 against Sun Quan's forces.

Background
There are plenty of historical records concerning Huang Zu, but they are scattered over different texts while Huang Zu never had a biography in any official record. Since Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) is known for being the cradle of the Huang family, Huang Zu, as the commandery's Administrator, probably came from an influential family based there. After Liu Biao arrived in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to assume his governorship of the region, he sought to form alliances with the local elites, particularly the Huang family who had been defending Jiangxia Commandery in eastern Jing Province from aggression by a neighbouring warlord, Yuan Shu. In return, Liu Biao provided financial aid to Huang Zu in peacetime and military support for his naval forces during wartime. Under such arrangements, even though Huang Zu was nominally a subordinate of Liu Biao, he maintained much autonomy over Jiangxia Commandery.

Battle of Xiangyang
In 191, war broke out between the warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, who were half-brothers. Yuan Shao formed an alliance with Liu Biao while Yuan Shu gained support from Sun Jian to attack Liu Biao's territories in Jing Province.

Liu Biao assigned Huang Zu to defend Fancheng (樊城; in present-day Xiangyang, Hubei) and Dengzhou (鄧州; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) from Sun Jian's attacks. However, Huang Zu lost to Sun Jian in battle and realised that he could not defeat the enemy on flat and open terrain, so he retreated to Xiangyang Commandery, the capital of Jing Province, and holed up behind the city walls. One night, Huang Zu led a group of soldiers to launch a sneak attack on Sun Jian's camp but failed to catch the enemy by surprise. Nevertheless, Sun Jian died after being hit by a stray arrow while pursuing Huang Zu into a forest.

In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Biao's subordinates Kuai Liang and Lü Gong (呂公) set up the ambush that killed Sun Jian. Huang Zu is captured by Sun Jian's eldest son, Sun Ce, but is later released in exchange for Sun Jian's dead body. Historically, however, Sun Ce never captured Huang Zu, who was given full credit in historical records for defeating and killing Sun Jian.

Resisting Sun Ce's expansion
Following Sun Jian's death, Liu Biao no longer saw Yuan Shu as a threat in the east, so he focused on consolidating his control over Jing Province while leaving Huang Zu in charge of Jiangxia Commandery. In the meantime, throughout the 190s, Sun Jian's eldest son, Sun Ce, conquered the territories in the Jiangdong region of Yang Province adjacent to Jing Province. In 199, when Sun Ce was seizing control of Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui) from Liu Xun, Liu Biao instigated Huang Zu to attack Sun Ce at Shaxian (沙羨; west of present-day Wuhan, Hubei).

Sun Ce brought along his cousins Sun Ben and Sun Fu and other subordinates and henchmen such as Zhou Yu and Taishi Ci, and led an army to resist Huang Zu. Huang Zu, on the other hand, gathered his clansmen, his son Huang She (黃射) and Liu Biao's nephew Liu Pan (劉磐), and led his troops to engage Sun Ce's forces. Sun Ce defeated Huang Zu in the battle and killed thousands of enemies, forcing Huang Zu to retreat back to Jiangxia Commandery. During the counterattack, Sun Ce managed to expand his territorial boundaries slightly into the outskirts of Jiangxia Commandery.

In 200 CE, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian, sent Mi Heng, a talented but obnoxious scholar, as a guest to Liu Biao. Although Mi Heng and Liu Biao got along well initially, Mi Heng started to insult and belittle Liu Biao after some time. Unable to put up with Mi Heng's obnoxious behaviour, Liu Biao then sent him to Huang Zu. Huang Zu could not tolerate Mi Heng and had him executed.

Battle of Xiakou
In the year 200, after Sun Ce was assassinated, his younger brother Sun Quan succeeded him and became the warlord of the Jiangdong territories. In 203, Sun Quan launched an invasion of Xiakou (夏口; within present-day Wuhan, Hubei) and appointed Ling Cao to lead the vanguard force. Upon arriving at Xiakou, Ling Cao led his men on a charge and managed to break through Huang Zu's defences and throw the enemy fleet into confusion with the sudden attack. However, he was killed in the midst of battle by a stray arrow fired by Gan Ning, one of Huang Zu's subordinates. Huang Zu was thus able to retreat safely back to Jiangxia Commandery.

After the battle, Su Fei (蘇飛), one of Huang Zu's subordinates, recommended Gan Ning for promotion. However, Huang Zu not only did not feel grateful towards Gan Ning, but also attempted to entice Gan Ning's followers to abandon their leader and join him. Some of them agreed. Gan Ning was so unhappy with Huang Zu that he eventually left him (with help from Su Fei) and defected to Sun Quan's side.

In the years after the Battle of Xiakou, Sun Quan continued to engage Huang Zu in incessant battles from time to time, but none of these battles were conclusive or of a large scale, as Sun Quan was also busy putting down rebellions in the Jiangdong territories.

Downfall
In the spring of 208, Gan Ning suggested to Sun Quan to prepare for a full assault on Jiangxia Commandery and he pointed out that Huang Zu was old and feeble and had not replenished his arsenal in a while. Sun Quan heeded Gan Ning's advice and ordered Ling Cao's son Ling Tong to lead the vanguard and Lü Meng to be the naval commandant. In response to Sun Quan's invasion, Huang Zu assigned Zhang Shuo (張碩) to lead the vanguard and Chen Jiu (陳就) to command the navy. Unlike the previous battle, Huang Zu did not put himself at the frontline and instead remained behind the walls of Jiangxia Commandery while his subordinates led his troops into battle.

Before the battle started, Zhang Shuo led his men out on a large vessel to scout the riverbank. He encountered Ling Tong, who was also checking out the area with only tens of soldiers on a light vessel. They engaged in combat and Ling Tong slew Zhang Shuo and captured the rest of his men.

Upon learning of Zhang Shuo's death, Huang Zu immediately ordered Chen Jiu to block the entrance of the Mian River by scuttling two of his largest mengchongs at the chokepoint. In addition, Huang Zu deployed archers on top of the cliff overlooking the Mian River and ordered them to throw boulders and fire arrows at approaching enemy vessels. Sun Quan sent his largest vessels to destroy the mengchongs but to no avail. After some lengthy fighting, Sun Quan realised that Huang Zu's arsenal was not as rusty as he thought, and saw that he had already suffered heavy losses on his side.

Sun Quan then ordered Ling Tong and Dong Xi, along with 100 "commandos", to wear two layers of armour each and charge towards the enemy in the face of boulders and arrows raining down on them. After a tough fight, Ling Tong and Dong Xi managed to break the thick rope connecting the mengchongs and allow Sun Quan's navy to pass through. Lü Meng killed Chen Jiu on board his warship while Ling Tong breached the walls of Jiangxia Commandery. Huang Zu attempted to flee after his defeat but met his ends at the hands of Feng Ze (馮則), a soldier in Sun Quan's army.

title: Huang Zu


text:
Talk:Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Forth

Untitled
Is he better known as the Earl of Forth or the Earl of Brentford? Mackensen (talk) 22:27, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Good question. In the First English Civil War which uses text from 1911 he is known as "Forth" until he was granted "Brentford".
 * So I guess he and his contemporaries would have considered the Earl of Brentford a promotion. However I am aware of the old Scottish jest that every Scot who crosses the boarder increases the average IQ of both countries ;) --Philip Baird Shearer 17:06, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Ancestry
The Swedish Wikipedia states: "Föräldrar (parents) William Ruthven och (and) Katherine Stewart" 213.222.190.111 (talk) 12:45, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Patrick Ruthven, 1st Earl of Forth


text:
Richard A. Weinberg

Richard A. Weinberg is an American developmental psychologist.

Weinberg was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1943. He received his undergraduate education at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. For most of his career, Weinberg has taught at the University of Minnesota after earning his Ph.D there in 1968. He is known for his Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study with Sandra Scarr. This study concluded that "rather than the home environment having a cumulative impact across development, its influence wanes from early childhood to adolescence."

Weinberg has served on the board of directors of the American Psychological Association and the American Psychological Society. With Richard M. Lerner and Celia Fisher, he was a founding editor of Applied Developmental Science.

Publications

 * Boehm AE, Weinberg RA. The Classroom Observer: Developing Observation Skills in Early Childhood Settings. Teachers College Press; 3rd edition (1996). ISBN 0-8077-3570-1
 * Lamb ME et al. (eds). Applied Developmental Science: Special Issue : The Effects of Quality Care on Child Development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2000). ISBN 0-8058-9752-6
 * Child Psychology in Retrospect and Prospect: In Celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the Institute of Child Development (Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2002). ISBN 0-8058-3971-2
 * Zeldin S et al. (eds). Applied Developmental Science: Promoting Adolescent Development in Community Contexr : Challenges to Scholars, Nonprofit Managers, and Higher Education (Applied Developmental Science). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (2000). ISBN 0-8058-9750-X

title: Richard A. Weinberg


text: User talk:68.56.254.133

title: User talk:68.56.254.133


text:
Giles Farnaby

Giles Farnaby (c. 1563 – November 1640) was an English composer and virginalist whose music spans the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque period.

Life
Giles Farnaby was born about 1563, perhaps in Truro, Cornwall or near London. His father, Thomas, was a Cittizen and Joyner of London, and Giles may have been related to Thomas Farnaby (c. 1575–1647), the famous schoolmaster of Kent, whose father was a carpenter. But it was his cousin Nicholas Farnaby (c. 1560–1630), who may have turned him to music. Nicholas was a virginal maker, at this time a generic word that included the entire family of plucked keyboard instruments: the harpsichord, virginal, muselar and doubtless the clavichord, and it is for these instruments that Farnaby's compositions are best known. Like his father however, Giles trained as a joiner or cabinet-maker, starting his apprenticeship in about 1583, and gave this trade as his occupation for most of his life.

He married Katherine Roane on 28 May 1587, and first lived in the parish of St. Helen's Bishopsgate, in London. The couple had a daughter, Philadelphia, baptised on 8 August 1591, when the Farnabys moved to the neighbouring parish of St Peter's, Westcheap, and later a son, Richard Farnaby (1594–1623). After Philadelphia's premature death, prior to 1602, the Farnabys had three more children: a son Joy (1599), a daughter, also baptised Philadelphia (1602), and a last son, Edward (1604).

In spite of his social background, hardly suited at this time to a university education, he graduated from Christ Church, Oxford on 7 July 1592, receiving a Bachelor's degree in music. This was the very same day that John Bull, his eminent fellow composer to be, obtained his degree: Bull evidently knew Farnaby, and influenced his musical style considerably.

In 1602 the family moved to Aisthorpe in Lincolnshire, where they remained until at least 1610. Farnaby obtained a position in the household of Sir Nicholas Saunderson of Fillingham, as music teacher to his children. By 1614 the Farnabys had returned to London, registered at Grub Street, Cripplegate in 1634, where Giles died in 1640 and was buried on 25 November.

Works
Farnaby is considered one of the great English virginalists, together with William Byrd, John Bull, Orlando Gibbons, Peter Philips and Thomas Tomkins among others. Unlike them however, he is the only one not to have been a professional musician.

His best known works are included in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, which contains 51 of his 52 surviving pieces. Notable among them are 11 fantasias, a wonderful and technically demanding set of variations called Woody-Cock, and short but charming descriptive pieces such as Giles Farnabys Dreame, His Rest, Farnabyes Conceit and His Humour. There are also four pieces by his son, Richard. His entire keyboard works and a biography are available in a modern edition.

In addition to his keyboard compositions, Farnaby also composed madrigals, canzonets and psalms.

Adaptations

 * Five improvisations on Farnaby's virginal pieces were written by Edmund Rubbra (1901—1986).
 * Two songs by Giles Farnaby appear in a jazz format on a UK CBS record album (63512) from 1969 by The London Jazz Four (aka LJ IV): "The Old Spagnoletta" and "Bony Sweet Robin". A reissue of this LP on UK label harkit Records HRKCD 8385 is due to be published in September 2011
 * "Giles Farnaby Suite: Selected from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book for Symphonic Band and freely transcribed by Gordon Jacob" was published in 1970 by Boosey & Hawkes, Inc. It is an arrangement of 11 of Giles Farnaby's compositions: 1. Fantasia 2. The Old Spagnoletta 3. Giles Farnaby's Dreame 4. Farnaby's Conceit 5. His Rest 6. His Humour 7. Tell Mee, Daphne 8. Rosasolis 9. A Toye 10. Loth to Depart 11. Tower Hill
 * In 1973 an LP called Giles Farnaby's Dream Band was released on Argo Records UK. The band consisted of a one-off collaboration between three respected British early music ensembles: St. George's Canzona, Trevor Crozier's Broken Consort and the choral group The Druids. Backing them were three jazz musicians: Jeff Clyne (bass guitar), Dave MacRae (electric piano) and Trevor Tomkins (drums).
 * A song entitled Giles Farnaby's Dream, based on Giles Farnaby's Dreame by Farnaby, appears on the 1976 album Music From The Penguin Cafe by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra.

title: Giles Farnaby


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Fort St. Angelo

Fort St. Angelo (Forti Sant'Anġlu or Fortizza Sant'Anġlu) is a bastioned fort in Birgu, Malta, located at the centre of the Grand Harbour. It was originally built in the medieval period as a castle called the Castrum Maris (Castle by the Sea; Castello al Mare). It was rebuilt by the Order of Saint John as a bastioned fort called Fort Saint Angelo between the 1530s and the 1560s, and it is best known for its role as the Order's headquarters during the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. A major reconstruction to designs of Carlos de Grunenbergh took place in the 1690s, giving the fort its current appearance.

The fort was garrisoned by the British from 1800 to 1979, at times being classified as a stone frigate known as HMS Egmont or later HMS St Angelo. The fort suffered considerable damage during World War II, but it was later restored. In 1998, the upper part of the fort was handed to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Fort St. Angelo has been on Malta's tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1998, as part of the Knights' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta.

Pre-history to antiquity
The site was occupied since pre-history and a prominent place of worship in antiquity with the building of the temple of Astarte.

The date of its original construction is unknown. However, the prehistoric and classical remains on site, are indicative of a fortified place and a habitable zone. Large ashlar blocks and an Egyptian pink granite column at the top part of the fort still exists inside the chapel. The site was probably later developed by the Arabs c. 870 AD, but nothing is concrete. Al-Himyarī mentions that the Arabs dismantled a حصن (ḥiṣn, 'fortress'), but there is no actual reference if this 'fortress' was in Birgu. A rock-cut church close to the area had already existed since Orthodox Christianity in Malta around 600 A.D. and was rebuilt with wood in around 800 A.D.

Middle Ages
Its probable start as a fortification is the high/late medieval period. In fact, in 1220 Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II started to appoint his own Castellani for Malta who needed a place to live and secure the interests of the crown. The remains of a tower that may date back to the 12th century can be traced among the more recent works. The first mention of Castrum Maris ("Castle by the sea") is to be found in documents from the 1240s when Paulinus of Malta was the lord of the island and later when Giliberto Abate made a census of the islands. Another reference to the castle is that from the short Angevin rule (1266–83) where documents list it again as Castrum Maris and list a garrison of 150 men together with several weapons. It seems also that by 1274, the castle already had two chapels which are still there today. A detailed inventory of weapons and supplies in the castle exists from the same year. From 1283 the Maltese islands were under Aragonese rule (although the castle remained for some time in Angevin rule while the rest of Malta was already in Aragonese hands) and the fortification was mainly used by Castellani (like the de Nava family) who were there to safeguard the interests of the Aragonese crown. In fact the Castellans did not have any jurisdiction outside the ditch of the fort.

By 1445 a Mariam confraternity, one of the eldest in Maltese history, had its convent located at the site. A middle-ages window was discovered during renovations. It is documented that this had been walled up soon after the arrival of the knights.

Knights' period
When the Order of Saint John arrived in Malta in 1530, they chose to settle in Birgu, when it was observed the site of Fort St Angelo was partially abandoned and in ruins. After renovation it became the seat of the Grand Master, which included the refurbishing of the Castellan's House and the Chapel of St Anne. The Knights made this their primary fortification and substantially reinforced and remodelled it, including the cutting of the dry ditch to make it a moat and the D'Homedes Bastion built by 1536. By 1547, a large cavalier designed by Antonio Ferramolino was built behind the D'Homedes Bastion, and De Guirial Battery was built at the tip of the fort by sea level to protect the entrance to Dockyard Creek. These works transformed the fort into a gunpowder fortification. Fort St Angelo withstood the Turks during the Great Siege of Malta, during which it succeeded in repulsing a sea attack by the Turks on Senglea on 15 August 1565. In the aftermath of that siege, the Knights built the fortified city of Valletta on Mount Sciberras on the opposite side of the Grand Harbour, and the administrative centre for the knights moved there.

In 1644, Giovanni de’ Medici proposed that a new fort be constructed on Orsi Point (the site where Fort Ricasoli was later built), and the name and garrison of Fort St. Angelo be transferred to the new fort. He drew up plans for the proposed fort, but they were never implemented.

In the 1690s the fort again underwent major repairs. Today's layout of the fort is attributed to these works which were designed by Carlos de Grunenbergh, who also paid for the construction of four gun batteries on the side of the fort facing the entrance to Grand Harbour. As a result, one can still see his coat of arms above the main gate of the fort. When the French arrived in 1798, the fort had become a powerful fortification housing some 80 guns, 48 of which pointed towards the entrance of the port. During the short two-year period of French occupation, the Fort served as the headquarters of the French Army.

British period
With the coming of the British to Malta the fort retained its importance as a military installation, first in use by the Army as a Wireless Station. In fact, in 1800, two battalions of the 35th Regiment were resident in the fort. However, at the start of the 20th century, the fort was taken over by the Navy and it was commissioned as a stone frigate, originally in 1912 as HMS Egmont, when it became a base for the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and in 1933 renamed as HMS St Angelo. The British did not make any major modifications to the fort, although they converted No. 2 Battery into a casemated battery for three nine-inch RML guns in the 1860s, and built a cinema and a water distillation plant in the early 20th century.

During World War II, the fort again withstood the siege with an armament of 3 Bofors guns (manned by the Royal Marines and later by the Royal Malta Artillery). In total, the fort suffered 69 direct hits between 1940 and 1943. When the Royal Navy left Malta in 1979 the Fort was handed to the Maltese government and since then parts of the fort fell into a state of disrepair, mostly after a failed project to transform it into a hotel during the 1980s.

Recent history

On 5 December 1998, a treaty was signed between Malta and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta granting the upper part of Fort St Angelo, including the Grand Master's House and the Chapel of St Anne, to the Order with limited extraterritoriality.

This treaty was ratified on 1 November 2001. The agreement has a duration of 99 years but the document allows the Maltese Government terminate it at any time after 50 years. In terms of the agreement, the flag of Malta is to be flown together with the flag of the Order in a prominent position over Saint Angelo. No asylum may be granted by the Order and generally the Maltese courts have full jurisdiction and Maltese law shall apply. A number of immunities and privileges are mentioned in the second bilateral treaty.

Other parts of the fort are leased to the Cottonera Waterfront Group, a private consortium. On 5 March 2012, it was confirmed that the European Regional Development Fund allocated €13.4 million for the restoration, conservation and re-use of the site, allowing for the Fort to be opened as a major visitor attraction highlighting its history and roles through the ages as well as to cater for educational programs, cultural events and live historical experiences. The restoration was managed by Heritage Malta. and completed in September 2015. It frequently participates in hosting events of national importance including the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015 and the 2017 Maltese EU presidency.

Layout

Upon the arrival of the Order in 1530, the Castrum Maris consisted of a shell keep containing various buildings, including the Castellan's house and the Chapel of St. Mary (later rededicated to St. Anne), and an outer ward. The castle also included a chapel dedicated to St. Angelo, which was later rededicated to the Nativity of Our Lady.

By the time of the Great Siege of Malta of 1565, the fort still retained most of its medieval features, but a number of modifications had been made by the Order, including:
 * D'Homedes Bastion – built during the reign of Juan de Homedes y Coscon. It was heavily altered since the 16th century, especially when it was converted into a gunpowder magazine. Part of the bastion was destroyed in World War II, but the damage was repaired in the 1990s.
 * Ferramolino's Cavalier – a high cavalier near D'Homedes Bastion, built between 1542 and 1547. Its roof had eight embrasures, and several magazines and a beacon were also located on the cavalier.
 * De Guiral Battery – a small sea-level battery on the western side of the fort at the waterline. It was named after the Chevalier Francesco de Guiral, its commander during the Great Siege. The battery was altered in the 17th and 18th centuries, again by the British.

Most of the present configuration of the fort dates back to reconstruction in the 1690s. Among the features added by Grunenbergh were four batteries facing the entrance to the Grand Harbour. No. 1, No. 2 and No. 4 Batteries were heavily altered by the British, while No. 3 Battery retains more of its original features.

Other buildings and art

 * Treasures of the Knights

title: Fort St. Angelo


text: User talk:81.131.76.96

title: User talk:81.131.76.96


text:
Eurico Miranda

Eurico Ângelo de Oliveira Miranda (7 June 1944 – 12 March 2019) was a Brazilian politician and sporting director. He was president of Vasco da Gama from 2014 until 17 January 2018. He was previously president of Vasco da Gama between 2001 and 2008, having also previously worked in Vasco da Gama administration. He succeeded Antônio Soares Calçada in December 2000, and was reelected in December 2003 and December 2006. He was replaced by Roberto Dinamite in June 2008, however he returns to the presidency of Vasco da Gama in December 2014. He was also a federal deputy and known by his political approach characterised by Euriquism.

Vasco da Gama
He was a football advisor to the President of Vasco da Gama in 1980, and ran for club President in 1982, against Agarthyno Gomes and Antônio Soares Calçada, being defeated by the latter. He ran for President again in 1985 against Antônio Soares Calçada, being defeated again.

Eurico Miranda was the vice-president of Vasco da Gama football division between 1986 and 2000.

Controversy
In 1999, during a match between Vasco and Paraná Clube, he invaded the field, after three Vasco players were sent off by the referee, and prevented the match from being resumed. In 2000, he was accused by the Federal High Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal) of bearing responsibility for the São Januário collapse of a steel barrier, during the final match of the 2000 Campeonato Brasileiro final. Vasco da Gama won this match after defeating São Caetano.

Football Investigation Parliamentary Committee
In 2001, Eurico Miranda was the target of a series of press accusations, regarding several irregularities during his administration as vice-president, and later as president of Vasco. In that year, the Brazilian Congress convened its first investigative committee for football(a procedure known by the Portuguese acronym CPI), to investigate irregularities in the administration of Brazilian football, and Eurico Miranda was one of the people accused in the CPI's final report. A lawsuit was taken against him, but his abrogation was not approved. As Miranda was not re-elected deputy in 2002, he lost his parliamentary immunity and had several lawsuits filed against him.

Politics
He was the Progressive Party's federal deputy of Rio de Janeiro State between 1995 and 2002, being elected in the 1994 and 1998 elections. In 2002 and 2006, he was again Progressive Party's federal deputy candidate, but was not elected.

In 1990, he was the Liberal Party's federal deputy candidate, but was not elected.

Euriquismo
Euriquismo ("Euriquism") is a Brazilian politico-cultural phenomenon consisting of three dimensions: the principles of the philosophy of Eurico, the methodology of its application and the separated groups, although associated with CR Vasco da Gama not necessarily part of it, operating with him. It is necessary to took this three separated dimensions under a whole to fully understand the phenomenon.

title: Eurico Miranda


text:
Talk:Chalmette, Louisiana

Ruin
I have added EPA photographs to show the widespread ruin by the flooding and the oil spill in Chalmette, Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. -Wikid77 03:19, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Beyond Katrina
To avoid the appearance of a news-based article, I moved other paragraphs above the "Hurricane Katrina" section to balance the 250-year history of Chalmette against the few years of Katrina impact. Also, other non-hurricane photos were added. More could be written. However, on balance, there are also detailed hurricane photos in the "Hurricane Katrina" section. The neutral approach is to focus, as well, on other aspects of Chalmette, without ignoring the widespread devastation of the oil-spill impact, deep flood, and houses pushed off foundations. -Wikid77 18:06, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chalmette, Louisiana


text:
Talk:Tingelstad Old Church

Untitled
What is the correct use of references? Any pointer to an similar article? Agtfjott 22:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tingelstad Old Church


text:
File:Coilhorserotorvator.jpg

Coil: Horse Rotorvator

Fair use rationale for the article Horse Rotorvator
The use of this non-free image in the article Horse Rotorvator is fair because: ''Note that this does not claim fair use in articles other than Horse Rotorvator. If you wish to use this image in another article, please add a new fair use rationale below.''
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title: File:Coilhorserotorvator.jpg


text:
Marie

Marie may refer to the following.

Given name

 * Marie (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
 * List of people named Marie
 * Marie (Japanese given name)

Surname

 * Jean Gabriel-Marie, French composer
 * Jean Gabriel Marie (1907–1970), his son, French romantic composer

Film, television and stage

 * Marie (1980 TV series), an American television show
 * Marie (1985 film), an American biography of Marie Ragghianti
 * Marie (2020 film), a documentary short about homebirths
 * Marie (talk show), hosted by Marie Osmond
 * Marie (TV pilot), a 1979 American pilot with Marie Osmond
 * Marie, a 2009 ballet by Stanton Welch

Literature

 * Marie (novel), by H. Rider Haggard, 1912

Music

 * Marie, a 2008 EP by the Romance of Young Tigers
 * "Marie" (Cat Mother and the All Night Newsboys song), 1969
 * "Marie" (Johnny Hallyday song), 2002
 * "Marie" (Sleepy Hallow song), 2022
 * "Marie", a 1929 song written by Irving Berlin that was a hit for Tommy Dorsey, Rudy Vallée, Nat Shilkret, Franklyn Bauer, The Four Tunes, and The Bachelors
 * "Marie", a 1988 song by The Cockroaches, the flip-side of "Hey What Now!"
 * "Marie", a song by Townes Van Zandt, popularized by Willie Nelson

Places

 * Marie, Alpes-Maritimes, France
 * Marie, Arkansas, U.S.
 * Marie, West Virginia, U.S.
 * Lake Marie, in Oregon, U.S.

Ships

 * SS Marie, the name of several steamships
 * USS Marie, the name of several United States Navy ship

Other uses

 * Marie, Queen of Rodrigues, a statue of the Virgin Mary in Port Mathurin
 * Marie biscuit, a type of sweet biscuit
 * Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE), a spacecraft instrument

title: Marie


text:
Gaël Monfils

Gaël Sébastien Monfils (born 1 September 1986) is a French professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 6 in singles by the ATP, which he achieved in November 2016. His career highlights include reaching two major semifinals at the 2008 French Open and 2016 US Open, and three ATP Masters 1000 finals – two at the Paris Masters in 2009 and 2010, and the other at the 2016 Monte-Carlo Masters. Monfils was named the ATP Newcomer of the Year in 2005. He has won twelve ATP Tour singles titles and has been runner-up twenty-two times. He has reached at least one ATP Tour singles final every year since 2005 for 19 consecutive seasons, and is one of five players in the Open Era to do so for 19 or more seasons. He is also eighth among active players with over 550 career match wins.

Early life
Gaël Sébastien Monfils was born on 1 September 1986 in Paris, where he was raised. His father Rufin Monfils is from Guadeloupe and is a former pro football player and France Telecom employee. His mother, Sylvette Cartesse, is from Martinique and worked as a nurse.

Junior career (2002–2004)
Monfils played his first junior match in January 2002 at the age of 15 at a grade 4 tournament in Sweden. Through this junior career, he compiled a singles win–loss record of 83–22, reaching the No. 1 junior combined world ranking in February 2004. Over the course of the same year, he won the boys' singles titles at the Australian Open, the French Open and Wimbledon. He was also crowned International Tennis Federation youth world champion. His win streak at junior grand slams ended at the US Open with a third round loss to Viktor Troicki.

2002
In 2002, Monfils finished runner-up at the Dutch Junior Open and won the German Junior Open. He ended the year ranked as the No. 4 junior in the world and also represented France in the Junior Davis Cup.

2003
Monfils got off to a positive start in 2003 and earned his first career ATP point at the France Futures No. 13 by reaching the second round. He also reached the second round at the France Futures No. 14, Egypt Futures No. 2 and the Spain Futures No. 28. In that year, he played a total of nine Futures events. This included a showing in the doubles final at the Spain Futures No. 27. In junior events, he was a semifinalist at Orange Bowl (losing to Marcos Baghdatis) and USTA International Winter Championships (losing to Sebastian Rieschick). He reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open juniors tournament (losing to Florin Mergea) and won the doubles title at the Victorian Junior Championships (with Josselin Ouanna). He was No. 21 in junior rankings at the end of the year.

2004
In 2004, the French teenager finished as the world's No. 1 junior, winning the first three of four junior Grand Slam events (Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon). He improved his ATP Entry Ranking by over 700 positions. In October, he made his ATP debut as a wildcard entrant at the Moselle Open in Metz and, after winning his first ATP match against Xavier Malisse, reached the quarterfinals in which he lost to countryman Richard Gasquet. He qualified for the 2004 Paris Masters and reached the second round, beating former Top 10 player Thomas Enqvist before falling to world No. 3 Lleyton Hewitt. He won junior titles at the Australian Open, French Open (defeating Alex Kuznetsov) and Wimbledon. He did not drop a set in Australia and lost one set each at the French Open and Wimbledon. He reached the third round at the US Open (losing to Viktor Troicki). He also won the LTA International Junior Championship in Roehampton (defeating Andy Murray). He was the runner-up at the Australian Hardcourt Junior Championships (losing to Mischa Zverev) and was 31–2 in junior events. In April, he reached his first career Futures final at the Italy Futures No. 4. A week later, he won his first Futures title at the Great Britain Futures No. 1 (defeating Alex Bogdanović). He reached the quarterfinals of the Grenoble Challenger. He went 14–6 in Futures and 3–5 in Challengers in 2004.

In doubles, Monfils reached the final the at France Futures No. 7 (with Ouanna). He reached the semifinals at the Australian Open and the quarterfinals at the French Open (with Ouanna).

Junior Grand Slam results – Singles:

Australian Open: W (2004)

French Open: W (2004)

Wimbledon: W (2004)

US Open: 3R (2004)

Junior Grand Slam results – Doubles:

Australian Open: SF (2004)

French Open: QF (2004)

Wimbledon: A (-)

US Open: A (-)

2004: ATP debut and quarterfinal
Monfils officially turned pro in 2004 at the age of 17. He solely played ITF Futures events from early 2003 to mid 2004 winning two titles.

Monfils made his ATP debut at the 2004 Open de Moselle after receiving a wildcard into the main draw where he defeated 2nd seed Xavier Malisse in the first round for his first ever ATP win. He followed this up with another victory over Olivier Patience in the second round to reach the quarterfinals where he lost to fellow wildcard and junior and eventual finalist Richard Gasquet in straight sets. Three weeks later, he qualified for the 2004 Paris Masters, his first Masters 1000 tournament. There, he defeated fellow qualifier and former world number 4 Thomas Enqvist in the first round before losing in the second round to 2nd seed and world number 3 Lleyton Hewitt in straight sets.

Monfils ended 2004 with a year-end ranking of 239. A remarkable jump from his ranking of 925 at the start of the year.

2005: First ATP title
After having turned pro the previous year, the young Frenchman then made one of the biggest moves in the top 50 from the previous season, climbing 200 ranking spots and capturing his first ATP title, whilst also reaching two additional finals. In the first six months, he won Challenger titles in Besançon and Tunis, defeating Christophe Rochus and Fabrice Santoro respectively. He would then reach the fourth round at the Miami Masters during this time (losing to Dominik Hrbatý), as well as the third round of Wimbledon, where he lost to Mario Ančić. Monfils compiled a 10–14 record in ATP level play and 12–1 in Challengers through July.

In the last three months, he went 15–8, highlighted by his first ATP clay title at the Idea Prokom Open in Sopot, defeating Florian Mayer in the final. Monfils then struggled with a 2–5 mark before reaching the final in two of the last three indoor tournaments of the season, both in his native country in Metz (losing to Ivan Ljubičić) and Lyon (losing to Andy Roddick). He went 11–4 in tie-breaks and 1–2 vs. Top 10 opponents, defeating world No. 10 Gastón Gaudio in his first match of the season in Doha. Monfils compiled records of 12–10 on hard courts, 6–7 on clay, 5–2 on carpet and 2–3 on grass. He finished the year as the No. 3 Frenchman, behind only world No. 16 Richard Gasquet and world No. 26 Sébastien Grosjean.

2006: Breaking Top 25
In his first tournament of 2006, Doha, he reached the final, but lost in two sets to world No. 1 Roger Federer. In a surprising event in Las Vegas, there was a paddle tennis tournament held by the Tennis Channel. Monfils was given a wildcard into the doubles event, but became more interested and inquired about getting a singles wildcard into the main draw. However, he received an entry into the qualifying singles (which he won). Monfils competed in the main draw of this paddle tennis tournament and surprised everyone when he ousted world No. 1 paddle tennis player Scott Freedman and eventually went on to win the whole tournament.

In May, Monfils reached the semifinals of the Rome Masters, before losing to eventual champion Rafael Nadal in straight sets. En route to the semifinals, Monfils defeated former world No. 1 Andy Roddick. He then entered the Hamburg Masters event, where he lost in straight sets to fellow teenager Andy Murray in the first round. After that, he faced Murray once more, this time in the first round of the French Open. After a tough five–set battle, Monfils emerged victorious. Monfils then proceeded to play Belgian Dick Norman in the second round. Once again, the match went to five sets, and Monfils got the better of his opponent. He then faced his toughest opponent yet, American James Blake. Blake was the favourite for the win, as the eighth seed, while Monfils was seeded 25th. However, Monfils defeated Blake in another five-set match. He described this run as a marathon. Blake said of Monfils that 'he was the fastest man on the tour'. The fourth round was Monfils' last, as he lost to Novak Djokovic in straight sets.

As a result of his progress at the French Open, Monfils moved up five positions to reach a then career high of No. 23. This also made him the No. 1 player in France, two positions ahead of Sébastien Grosjean. Monfils then entered the Stella Artois Championships, where he won his first-round match against Jürgen Melzer. He then played the American Bobby Reynolds and won in straight sets. His third-round encounter with Ivan Ljubičić was the third time he faced the world No. 4. Monfils triumphed in straight sets. His quarterfinal draw was with James Blake, whom he had met earlier at the French Open. This time Blake succeeded. After having lost a set, Monfils retired as a result of a back injury. This injury effectively ruled him out of the Nottingham Open the following week.

At Wimbledon, Monfils suffered a surprising first-round exit when defeated by Igor Kunitsyn. Monfils won the first set, but ended up losing the next three.

2007: 50 career singles wins
At the 2007 Australian Open, Monfils lost to his compatriot Richard Gasquet in the third round in four sets. Monfils had a good run in Poertschach as a warm-up for the French Open, but lost in the final against Juan Mónaco of Argentina in straight sets. He lost in the third round of the French Open to David Nalbandian in a four-set match. At Wimbledon, Monfils reached the third round without dropping a set, where he lost to Nikolay Davydenko, the sixth seed, in straight sets. In July, Monfils made it to the semifinals of the 2007 Legg Mason Tennis Classic, before losing to American John Isner in three tiebreaks. Monfils withdrew from the 2007 US Open with a hamstring injury. He also was forced to withdraw from the 2008 Australian Open due to the same injury.

2008: French Open semifinals
At the 2008 French Open, Monfils reached a semifinals berth for the first time at any Grand Slam, becoming the first Frenchman to reach the semifinals since 2001. Monfils was defeated by top seed Roger Federer in four sets. A shoulder injury forced Monfils to withdraw from Wimbledon shortly before he was due to play his first-round match. Monfils was selected by France to play at the Olympics in Beijing, where he lost to third seed Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. At the 2008 US Open, Monfils lost in the fourth round to Mardy Fish in straight sets, after having previously defeated former world No. 3 David Nalbandian, also in straight sets. At the Thailand Open, Monfils reached the semifinals, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in two sets. Monfils lost in the final of the BA-CA Tennis Trophy in straight sets to Philipp Petzschner in the final.

2009: Top 10, second ATP title and first Masters final
Monfils played his first tournament at the Qatar Open and caused a two-set upset in the quarterfinals against Rafael Nadal. Monfils lost to finalist Andy Roddick in three sets, after being up a break in the first set and losing it. At the 2009 Australian Open, Monfils lost to fellow Frenchman Gilles Simon in the fourth round, retiring due to a wrist injury. At the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, Monfils lost in the final to Nicolás Almagro. Monfils competed at the 2009 Monte Carlo Masters, losing in the first round to Janko Tipsarević in straight sets.

His recent knee injury, caused by Osgood-Schlatter disease, resulted in his withdrawal from both the Rome Masters and the Madrid Masters. However, he competed at the French Open and easily won his first-round match against Bobby Reynolds. He then completed another straight-set victory in the second round by overcoming Victor Crivoi. In the third round, Monfils beat Jürgen Melzer in four sets. Against Melzer, Monfils made one of the most spectacular plays of the tournament, hitting a diving shot back to Melzer, sliding to save another point of Melzer and then putting the point away. He then played a much-anticipated fourth-round match against Andy Roddick, who made 28 unforced errors en route to losing to Monfils in straight sets. Monfils then lost, as in the previous year, to Roger Federer, this time in the quarterfinals.

Monfils withdrew from Wimbledon due to a wrist injury. Monfils returned to competition at the Canadian Masters. In his first-round match, he defeated Marat Safin. He then lost to qualifier Juan Carlos Ferrero in his second match, ending his Masters tournament campaign. At the 2009 US Open, he lost to world No. 3 Rafael Nadal in the fourth round in four sets. However, Monfils would bounce back from that defeat by winning the Open de Moselle. As the No. 1 seed, he ended up facing Philipp Kohlschreiber in the final and won in two sets. Despite suffering from jetlag, Monfils also made the quarterfinals at the Malaysian Open, held in Kuala Lumpur, where he was beaten in straight sets by Nikolay Davydenko.

At the Japan Open, Monfils reached the semifinal stage, losing to eventual champion Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. His next tournament was the Shanghai Masters, losing against Ivan Ljubičić in the third round. He lost the first set and then was forced to retire with a back injury. At the 2009 Paris Masters, Monfils made his first Masters final, where was defeated by Novak Djokovic.

2010: Third ATP title
Monfils began his season at the Brisbane International, where he was seeded third. He lost to defending champion, Czech Radek Štěpánek in the semifinals. He withdrew from the Medibank International in Sydney, Australia, citing a shoulder injury. At the 2010 Australian Open, Monfils lost in the round of 32 to John Isner in four sets. Monfils was the first seed at the SA Tennis Open, where he lost in the semifinals to Feliciano López. He then played in the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam, where he fell in the quarterfinals to the eventual runner-up, Russian Mikhail Youzhny in three sets. Monfils also fell in the quarterfinals at the 2010 Open 13 in Marseille, France, as the third seed to Julien Benneteau in straight sets.

At the Indian Wells Masters, seeded twelfth, after receiving a bye in the first round, Monfils lost to Simon Greul in three sets. Monfils withdrew from three consecutive Masters 1000 events – the Sony Ericsson Open, the 2010 Monte Carlo Masters and the 2010 Rome Masters. He was set to return at the Estoril Open and receive a wildcard, but withdrew due to a stomach injury. He finally made his return at the 2010 Madrid Masters and reached the quarterfinals without losing a set, where he lost to third seed Rafael Nadal. He then played at the Open de Nice Côte d'Azur in Nice, France, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Potito Starace. His next tournament was the 2010 French Open, where he had reached the quarterfinals the year before. He was up two sets and a break, before being upset by Fabio Fognini in a match over two days.

Starting his grass-court season, Monfils lost in the second round at the Aegon Championships to Rainer Schüttler in three sets. Playing at Wimbledon for the first time since 2007, he won his first match in straight sets against Leonardo Mayer, and his second round match in four sets against Karol Beck. He eventually lost to grass-court specialist and former Wimbledon champion Lleyton Hewitt in straight sets. At the 2010 MercedesCup, he reached his first final of the year by beating Daniel Gimeno-Traver in three sets. He was forced to retire in the final against Albert Montañés.

At the 2010 US Open, he lost to Novak Djokovic in three sets in windy conditions. It was his first quarterfinals at a major besides the French Open. He is also the first Frenchman to make the US Open quarterfinals since Arnaud Clément in 2000. Monfils was runner-up at the Rakuten Japan Open, losing to Rafael Nadal in two sets. At the Open Sud de France, Monfils won his third tournament, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in three sets. Monfils was seeded twelfth at the 2010 Paris Masters and successfully reached the final for the second consecutive year, this time also scoring three Top 10 wins (Fernando Verdasco in third round, Andy Murray in the quarterfinals and Roger Federer in the semifinals) en route to doing so. In the final, he was defeated by Robin Söderling.

2011: 200 career singles wins
Monfils started 2011 at the AAMI Kooyong Classic where, in the final, he lost to Australian and former world No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt. Following the 2011 Australian Open, Monfils next played in San Jose. He was able to reach the semifinals, before he had to withdraw with a left wrist injury that had been affecting him since January.

At the 2011 French Open, Monfils defeated seventh seed David Ferrer in five sets to reach the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, he lost to Roger Federer in straight sets. Monfils entered Wimbledon as the ninth seed. He defeated Matthias Bachinger and Grega Žemlja before falling in the third round to Łukasz Kubot of Poland in four sets.

At the Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, D.C., he reached the finals with victories over Ryan Sweeting, Dmitry Tursunov, Janko Tipsarević and John Isner. In the final, he lost in straight sets to Radek Štěpánek. He reached the quarterfinals of both the 2011 Canadian Masters and the Cincinnati Masters, where he lost to Novak Djokovic. In July, he reached his career-high ranking of world No. 7. At the 2011 US Open, he lost in the second round to Juan Carlos Ferrero after a hard-fought match five set match. Monfils then won his fourth ATP career title in October at the Stockholm Open by beating Jarkko Nieminen in the final. It was Nieminen's 11th ATP-level career final and Monfils' 15th.

2012: Setbacks and injuries
Monfils began 2012 reaching the final of the Qatar Open. On his way to the final, he beat Rui Machado, Benjamin Becker, Viktor Troicki and Rafael Nadal. In the final, Monfils faced Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, who had received a walkover after Roger Federer withdrew from the tournament due to a back problem. Monfils proceeded to lose the final in straight sets. At the 2012 Australian Open, Monfils progressed to the third round before bowing out to Mikhail Kukushkin in five sets. Monfils was suffering from a back injury he received in the previous round. In his next tournament, Montpellier, Monfils reached the final, losing to Tomáš Berdych in three sets. This brought his finals record to just 4 titles out of 17 finals.

He reached the third round of the 2012 Madrid Masters, again losing to Berdych. He did not play on tour after Nice from May to September due to a knee injury. The comeback came in September in Metz, where he reached the quarterfinals, but lost to Andreas Seppi in three sets. After 2 more tournaments, Monfils withdrew from the 2012 Japan Open in October, citing pain in his right knee and ended his season early.

2013: Return to Top 40
Monfils attempted another comeback with the beginning of the 2013 season in Doha, where he was able to reach the quarterfinals. He reached the semifinals in Auckland, being eliminated by David Ferrer. He made it to the third round of the 2013 Australian Open, but was defeated there by compatriot Gilles Simon.

He then played in Montpellier, where he was defeated in the second round by Richard Gasquet. He received a wildcard into Rotterdam, but was defeated in the first round by Juan Martín del Potro. He received a wildcard for the 2013 French Open after a good clay season with a win at the Bordeaux Challenger and a final at the Nice ATP tournament, he upset Berdych in the first round of the French Open, who was seeded fifth. He continued his quest by defeating Ernests Gulbis in round two. In the third round he faced Tommy Robredo. Monfils won the first two sets, but lost the last three. During the match, Monfils had four match points, but could not win any of them. Monfils reached the final in Winston-Salem, but bowed out to Austria's Jürgen Melzer in the second set due to an unspecified injury, securing the championship for Melzer. Just three days later on 27 August, Monfils defeated 105th-ranked Adrian Ungur of Romania in the first round of the US Open but lost to John Isner in the second round.

At the 2013 Shanghai Masters in October, Monfils upset fifth seed Roger Federer in the third round before losing to world No. 2, defending and eventual champion Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals.

2014: 300 career singles wins
Monfils reached his third final in Doha and lost to Rafael Nadal in three sets. He was once again beaten by Nadal in the third round of the 2014 Australian Open.

Monfils bounced back by winning Montpellier, defeating Richard Gasquet. He hurt his wrist in a match against Grigor Dimitrov and did not play again until the 2014 French Open, where he made it to the quarterfinals before losing to Andy Murray.

At the 2014 US Open, Monfils reached the quarterfinals for a second time and just narrowly missed reaching his second Grand Slam semifinal when he lost to Roger Federer in five sets, despite leading by two sets to love and holding two match points against his serve in the fourth set.

In the Davis Cup final held in Lille, Monfils won the second match against Roger Federer in straight sets. France however, went on to become the tournament runners-up, losing to Switzerland 3–1.

2015: Return to Top 15
Monfils played his first tournament at the 2015 Australian Open. He defeated Lucas Pouille in 5 sets in the first round before being ousted against Jerzy Janowicz in another five setter.

He reached the final of the Open 13 in Marseille, that of which saw him lose to Gilles Simon.

For his season debut on clay at the 2015 Monte Carlo Masters, he successively beat Andrey Kuznetsov, Roger Federer and Grigor Dimitrov but lost to Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals.

At the 2015 French Open, he defeated Édouard Roger-Vasselin in the first round and Diego Schwartzman in the second round in five sets but his best performance remains the third round match against Pablo Cuevas. As Cuevas led two sets to one and was serving at 4–1 in the fourth set, he faced a different Monfils, galvanized by the crowd, who came back and won in five sets. Monfils then lost in the round of 16 to Roger Federer in four sets.

The grass season started well for Monfils as he reached the semifinals of the Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, losing only to Rafael Nadal. Unfortunately, he injured himself in the quarterfinals of Halle and could not finish his match against Andreas Seppi. He was however, able to participate at Wimbledon, defeating Pablo Carreño Busta and Adrian Mannarino before again losing to Gilles Simon in the third round in five sets.

Due to injuries, his performance in America over the next few months was poor and ultimately saw him retire in the middle of his first-round match of the 2015 US Open against Illya Marchenko. He also announced the end of his collaboration with his coach Jan de Witt, who was later replaced by Mikael Tillström.

His last tournament of the year was the Paris Masters. After leading by one set and 4–0 he was knocked out in the first round by compatriot Benoît Paire. He said after the match he got disturbed when the crowd started to whistle at his opponent. In his own words, Monfils defined 2015 as a "year of regrets" where he "regressed, wasted a year because of certain choices".

2016: US Open semifinals, first ATP 500 title, World No. 6
Monfils started the 2016 season by entering the 2016 Australian Open where he was seeded twenty-third, Monfils took advantage of a draw which opened up in his section to reach the singles quarterfinals of the Australian Open for the first time. There, he lost to the thirteenth seed Milos Raonic in four sets. His good form continued going into the Rotterdam Open, where he reached his first final of 2016, defeating Ernests Gulbis, Borna Ćorić, Alexander Zverev and Philipp Kohlschreiber en route before losing to Martin Kližan in three sets.

In March, Monfils reached the quarterfinals of two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments – Indian Wells and Miami, losing to Raonic and Kei Nishikori respectively. Monfils then reached a third career ATP World Tour Masters 1000 final and second final of 2016 in Monte Carlo, that of which saw him defeat countryman and world No. 9 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals en route, before ultimately losing in the final to the eight-time Monte Carlo Masters champion Rafael Nadal in three sets. Monfils then looked to again replicate this form at the next two clay-court ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments – the 2016 Madrid Masters and the 2016 Rome Masters. He caught a viral infection during his stay in Madrid and, as a result, ended up losing in the second round to Pablo Cuevas. This viral infection ultimately saw Monfils withdraw from the 2016 French Open as well. Prior to that however, he lost in the first round of the 2016 Rome Masters to Thomaz Bellucci.

Still feeling sick, Monfils would not play again until Wimbledon. In an attempt to recover, he lost his first-round match with compatriot Jérémy Chardy in five sets. Monfils earned his first ever ATP World Tour 500 Series singles title in July, in the second week after Wimbledon, defeating Croatian Ivo Karlović in the final in three sets on the hard courts of the Citi Open in Washington, D.C., after fighting from a set and a break down with Karlović serving for the championship in the second set, and moments later, saving a championship point in the tiebreak. The win was Monfils' first ATP World Tour singles title in over two years, although he had previously reached at least one final every year since 2005. All of his previous ATP World Tour singles titles came under the ATP World Tour 250 Series category, despite the fact that he had already reached at least 3 finals each across all categories, except Grand Slams and Tour Finals.

The following week, Monfils reached the semifinals of the 2016 Canadian Masters after dispatching 2016 Wimbledon singles finalist Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals, to set up a match against world No. 1 Novak Djokovic, to whom he lost in straight sets, ending his career-best win streak of 9 consecutive matches.

In the second week of August, since Richard Gasquet withdrew from the 2016 Olympics tennis tournament because of an injury to his back, Monfils would pair up with Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the men's doubles draw. In the men's singles draw of the same tournament, Monfils reached the quarterfinals and lost to eventual bronze medalist Kei Nishikori, despite having 3 match point chances in the deciding set.

In late August, Monfils entered the 2016 US Open seeded tenth and reached the semifinals without dropping a set, defeating prominent past and present players on the tour Gilles Müller, Jan Šátral, Nicolás Almagro, Marcos Baghdatis and Lucas Pouille en route. He eventually lost a controversial match to Djokovic in four sets. The controversy came due to Monfils soft balling many shots and appearing that he was not giving the match his all. As a result, Monfils was jeered by the crowd and criticized by John McEnroe, who claimed that he was "unprofessional".

In the first week of October, Monfils entered and was seeded second at the 2016 Japan Open, another ATP World Tour 500 Series tournament, where he also reached the semifinals without dropping a set, after again beating Ivo Karlović in the quarterfinals to set up a tie against eventual champion Nick Kyrgios, whom he lost to in two very competitive and entertaining sets. Monfils then entered the Shanghai Masters seeded sixth and received a bye into the second round, where he defeated Kevin Anderson in straight sets. In the third round, he then faced David Goffin. Despite winning the first set and leading by a double break in the second set serving at 4–1, he lost the next 5 games and was forced to play a decider, where he lost 2–6. However, the run guaranteed him to match his career-high ranking of No. 7 once again.

The following week Monfils entered the 2016 Stockholm Open, where he was seeded first. After receiving a first-round bye, he was upset by Gastão Elias in straight sets. The loss resulted in his ranking dropping down one spot, back to No. 8.

Despite missing the penultimate week of the 2016 season, Monfils became the sixth person to qualify for the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals. This year marked his debut at the season-ending event. After falling to Raonic 6–3, 6–4 and losing a 3-set match to Dominic Thiem, Monfils withdrew from the tournament with an injury. Goffin was brought in to replace Monfils for one match.

2017: 400 career singles wins
For the whole of 2017, Monfils only managed to progress beyond the round of 16 of the singles main draw in just three ATP World Tour tournaments – the 2017 Open 13 (losing in the quarterfinals to Richard Gasquet), the 2017 Dubai Tennis Championships (losing in the quarterfinals to Fernando Verdasco) and the 2017 Aegon International Eastbourne (losing in the final to Novak Djokovic). In his second round match against No. 5 seed Kei Nishikori at the 2017 Canadian Masters, Monfils saved four match points in the final set tie-break to advance to the third round; he lost his third round match against No. 12 seed Roberto Bautista Agut in three tight sets, losing the last two on tie-breaks. His victory against Nishikori at the Canadian Masters marked the first time in seven years that Monfils had come from a set down to defeat a Top 10 opponent and it was just the third time in his career (3–62) that he had done so. Monfils saw his year-end position in the ATP singles rankings slip to world No. 46 as he struggled with his fitness in 2017. He was forced to withdraw from six tournaments because of various ailments and concluded his season after losing in the third round of the 2017 US Open, citing a right knee injury.

2018: Wimbledon fourth round
Monfils won his seventh ATP World Tour singles title at the 2018 Qatar Open. He had lost his previous three Qatar Open singles finals. Appearing in the 2018 edition of the tournament as an unseeded wildcard, he advanced to final via walkover after top seed Dominic Thiem had to withdraw from their match in the semifinals because of illness. In the final, he defeated Andrey Rublev 6–2, 6–3 in 61 minutes. In his next tournament, the 2018 Australian Open, Monfils lost to the No. 14 seed Novak Djokovic in four sets in the second round. Monfils then made the semifinals of the 2018 Argentina Open, upsetting seventh seed Pablo Cuevas in the first round before being handily defeated by Dominic Thiem in the semifinals. Continuing his South American swing, Monfils played two stunning matches during the 2018 Rio Open. In round one, Monfils completed a significant comeback to beat Horacio Zeballos, saving one match point in the process with a booming forehand. In round two, the Frenchman pulled off an even bigger stunner, defeating top seed and world No. 3 Marin Čilić in a match that stretched over two days due to inclement weather. The match was halted at 6–3, 6–6(7–7) in Monfils' favor, a stoppage that surprised many. Monfils lost to Diego Schwartzman, the eventual champion, in the quarterfinals. Later in the year, Monfils finally made the fourth round of Wimbledon for the first time in his career, losing to Kevin Anderson.

2019: Eighth ATP title, third US Open quarterfinal & top 10 return
At the 2019 Australian Open, Monfils fell in the second round to Taylor Fritz. Monfils won the eighth ATP Tour singles title of his career at the Rotterdam Open, defeating Stan Wawrinka in a three-set final.

At the Madrid Open, the fifteenth seeded Monfils failed to convert two match points when he was leading 6–5 in the third and final set of his third round match against the No. 4 seed Roger Federer; Monfils eventually lost the match 0–6, 6–4, 6–7(3–7). At the French Open, Monfils lost in the fourth round to Dominic Thiem.

At Wimbledon he retired in the first round against countryman Ugo Humbert.

One of the highlights of his year was when he reached the quarterfinals of the US Open as the 13th seed after battling past Denis Shapovalov in the third round and dispatching Pablo Andújar only losing a maximum of 2 games in each set. He lost in a five set battle to the 24th seed Matteo Berrettini.

Monfils finished the year in the top 10 at World No. 10 since February 2017.

2020: Ninth & Tenth titles, loss of form during COVID season
At the 2020 Australian Open, Monfils lost in the fourth round to Dominic Thiem. Monfils won the ninth ATP Tour singles title of his career at the Open Sud de France, defeating Vasek Pospisil in straight sets 7–5, 6–3. Monfils won his second title of the year at the Rotterdam Open, successfully defending his title by defeating Félix Auger-Aliassime in the final. This marked the first time Monfils has won two ATP Tour titles in a season.

At the French Open, Monfils lost in the first round to Alexander Bublik.

2021: Continued struggles, Olympics, 500 career wins
Monfils lost in the first round of the 2021 Australian Open to Emil Ruusuvuori in five sets. He picked up his first win in over a year in Lyon, beating lucky loser Thiago Seyboth Wild in straight sets. In Belgrade's second tournament, Monfils lost to qualifier Roberto Carballés Baena in a third set tiebreak.

At the French Open, Monfils defeated Albert Ramos-Viñolas in four sets, after saving a set point in the second set tie-break. In the second round he lost to Mikael Ymer. Following the clay season, Monfils quickly turned to the grass. At the 2021 Halle Open, Monfils continued to struggle as he lost in the opening round to Lloyd Harris. Following this, Monfils quickly turned to the next event of the 2021 Eastbourne International. He lost in the opening round again, this time to qualifier Max Purcell.

At the 2021 Canada Masters 1000, Monfils made his first quarterfinal appearance of the year after defeating John Millman and Frances Tiafoe. He lost to John Isner in straight sets. In the next Masters at the 2021 Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, he defeated Alex De Minaur to reach the last 16, and the 500th win in his career on the ATP tour marking an important milestone. Monfils became the 11th active player to reach 500 singles match wins.

Monfils made his first semifinal of the year at the 2021 Moselle Open. As the third seed, he defeated lucky loser Philipp Kohlschreiber in the second round to reach his second tour-level quarterfinal of the season and 8th seed Nikoloz Basilashvili to make the semifinals. He lost in the semifinals to second seed Pablo Carreño Busta in straight sets. One week later at the 2021 Sofia Open, seeded second, he made his first ATP final in 18 months where he lost to top seed and defending champion Jannik Sinner in straight sets. He continued his good form, reaching the round of 16 in Indian Wells, Vienna and at home in Paris, where he registered the fastest forehand ever at 190 km/h.

2022: Tenth Major quarterfinal, injuries, out of top 50
As the top seed, Monfils won his eleventh title at the first Adelaide International tournament without dropping a set, beating Juan Manuel Cerúndolo, 6th seed Tommy Paul, Thanasi Kokkinakis and 2nd seed Karen Khachanov. Monfils pulled out of the second tournament with a neck injury against lucky loser Thiago Monteiro after being a break down in the third set.

At the Australian Open, Monfils defeated Federico Coria, Alexander Bublik, 16th seed Cristian Garín and Miomir Kecmanović (all in straight sets) to reach his first quarterfinal at the Australian Open since 2016, and first quarterfinal at any Major since the 2019 US Open. There, he lost to Matteo Berrettini in five sets.

After skipping the start of the clay season, Monfils played his first clay tournament of the year at the 2022 Mutua Madrid Open. Following his Madrid Masters exit, Monfils underwent a heel surgery as he missed the 2022 French Open and the entire grass season. After being out for three months, Monfils returned to action at the Montreal Masters. In his first tournament back following a lengthy absence, Monfils sustained a foot injury in his match against Jack Draper. He ended his season on 31 October 2022.

2023: French record for hard-court wins, Laver Cup debut, twelfth title, back to top 100
Monfils came back from a four months hiatus at the 2023 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells using a protected ranking. He lost to Jordan Thompson in straight sets in the first round. In the next Masters 1000 2023 Miami Open also using a protected ranking, he retired in the first round against compatriot Ugo Humbert. At the 2023 French Open he won his first round match coming from 0–4 down deficit in the fifth set over Sebastian Baez to win his first match since his return and at a Major since the Australian Open in January of 2022.

He reached the quarterfinals at the Canadian Open defeating Christopher Eubanks, fourth seed Stefanos Tsitsipas and lucky loser Aleksandar Vukic. He lost to seventh seed and eventual champion Jannik Sinner. He made his debut at the 2023 Laver Cup, participating in team Europe using protected ranking.

At the 2023 Stockholm Open he defeated Marton Fucsovics and recorded his 356th hard court win over qualifier Filip Misolic, the most of any French player, breaking the record set by Richard Gasquet. In the quarterfinals he defeated compatriot and second seed Adrian Mannarino and in the semifinals Laslo Djere to reach a final for the 19th successive season. He won the title over qualifier and first time ATP finalist Pavel Kotov becoming the oldest champion in the history of the tournament and the 11th player to win the trophy twice, with a 12-year gap between titles being the biggest in history. As a result he climbed 50 spots in the top 90. He was also the lowest ranked player to ever win this event, and just the fourth above the age of 37 to win an ATP title since 1990, joining Roger Federer, Ivo Karlovic and Feliciano Lopez.

2024: 550th career win, back to top 40
He reached his first semifinal of the season as a wildcard, at the Qatar Open in Doha, defeating Botic van de Zandschulp, Zhizhen Zhang and compatriot and third seed Ugo Humbert becoming the oldest semifinalist at the tournament at 37 years old. As a result, he returned to the top 55 in the rankings. He lost to 18 year old Czech player Jakub Mensik.

At the Masters 1000 2024 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, he defeated Max Purcell, eight seed Hubert Hurkacz and 28th seed Cameron Norrie to reach the fourth round. As a result he moved back to the top 50 in the rankings. At the next Masters, the 2024 Miami Open he reached the third round again defeating 33rd seed Jordan Thompson. It was his 550th win of his career, becoming only the second Frenchman in the Open Era to reach that milestone behind Richard Gasquet (with 600 wins) and the eighth active man. It was also his 20th Masters 1000 win after turning 35 years old joining Federer, Karlovic and Isner in sharing the feat (since 1990).

Following a round of 16 showing at the 2024 Estoril Open he returned to the top 40 in the rankings on 8 April 2024.

He recorded his 122 Major win at the 2024 French Open, the most of any French player at the Grand Slam level, with a win over Thiago Seyboth Wild.

Playing style
Monfils is usually described as a baseliner who uses placement and consistency to beat his opponents. He is well known for his athleticism and his court coverage, regularly using slides to retrieve balls, even on hard courts. His ability to go from defense to offense quickly can take his opponents by surprise. Monfils occasionally demonstrates that he is capable of generating tremendous pace on his groundstrokes off both wings, especially his forehand that can reach 199 km/h. He has garnered a reputation for showmanship and high-risk shotmaking throughout his career.

Monfils uses a semi-western grip forehand and a combination of continental/semi-western on his backhand. He possesses a strong, accurate serve capable of reaching 230 km/h, although his main focus is on consistency and placement, sometimes at the expense of power.

Monfils was coached by countryman and former ATP pro Thierry Champion (since September 2004) but they parted company in September 2006. Nevertheless, his fitness trainer is still Rémi Barbarin. He announced a partnership with a new coach, Tarik Benhabiles, in May 2007. However, for the 2008 season, Monfils hired Roger Rasheed as his coach. In 2011, Monfils parted ways with Rasheed and announced that his fitness coach, Patrick Chamagne would take the reins as his new full-time coach. That lasted until 2013. , Monfils shares coach Jan De Witt with fellow countryman Gilles Simon. On 15 November 2012, Monfils split with his coach.

Equipment and apparel
Monfils was sponsored by Nike for clothes and shoes but changed to K-Swiss in 2010. In 2013 he switched to ASICS for clothes and shoes. He was sponsored by Head for racquets but changed to Prince in 2009 and Wilson in 2012. At the start of the 2022 season, Monfils switched his apparel and racquet sponsors to the French brand Decathlon's tennis line, Artengo. He is now using their TR960 Control Tour racquet.

Personal life
Monfils is nicknamed "La Monf", or occasionally "Sliderman" due to his unusual sliding technique, especially on clay surfaces. He has a younger brother, Daryl, who plays tennis. Gaël and Daryl played doubles together in the 2012 Open Sud de France, losing in the first round.

Monfils was considered an athletic prodigy at school and won the French under-13 and under-14 100m championships. It was only his love for tennis that stopped him going on to compete at a higher level. His coach is on record as saying that Monfils could have made the Olympic 100m final, such was his talent.

Monfils appeared in the music video for "Hello" by Martin Solveig and Dragonette.

Monfils is married to WTA tennis player Elina Svitolina. They publicly announced their relationship in 2019, announced their engagement on 3 April 2021, and were married on 16 July. On 15 May 2022, Svitolina and Monfils announced they were expecting their first child together, a girl. On October 15, they welcomed their daughter, Skaï Monfils, and announced it in their social accounts.

Grand Slam performance timeline
Current after the 2024 French Open.

title: Gaël Monfils


text:
Talk:Modal realism

I put a little more information in here, but the topic is far from complete. For one thing it lacks some treatment to the objections to this worldview. I hope to find and distill some of them in the near future DV8 2XL 22:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Could you put in a section responding to the objection to King's argument made by Dodger below? I realize it is against Wikipedia guidelines to include original research, but the argument seems to have such an obvious flaw I feel it is irresponsible to leave it as is without addressing Dodger's objection. How does King respond to this issue, as he must surely have noticed it? I do not have access to King's work. k0hlrabi

 * I quite agree with k0hlrabi, and largely with Dodger, except for his suggestion that the King argument (as set forth on the main page at least) rises to the level of Russell's paradox. Russell's paradox made sense because one of the claims of the type of set theory Russell was criticizing was that it was acceptable to define sets in the abstract manner in which Russell did.  The King argument (again, as set forth on the main page) does not make sense in the same way because it depends on a premise that does not follow from possible worlds theory.  Specifically, the argument assumes that the falsity of modal realism constitutes a "way a possible world could be."  But modal realism is a statement about *all* possible worlds, not about only one possible world.  Even if one were to concede that the falsity of modal realism is a "possible" statement, it is one about the universe of possible worlds, not about a particular world.  Possible worlds theory never held that all "possible" statements about the universe of possible worlds are instantiated in a possible world.

 * If, moreover, the hypothesis about the possibility of the falsity of modal realism were reduced to a statement about a single world, it would simply be a statement that "this [possible] world is not real." But to say that such a statement is possible is to hypothesize that modal realism is false, not just that it is possibly false.  On this reading, therefore, King's has merely succeeded in reasoning from not P to not P.  Which reminds me of a joke....  Mds001 01:20, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You're both rather new to the Wiki, I see so please take this as friendly advice. One: place new comments at the bottom of the page - it helps others folowing the thead. Two: 'I realize it is against Wikipedia guidelines to include original research' is an error - it's against Wikipedia policy to include original research. Three: this is an work-of-record, not a platform for debate - submitions must be Neutral POV WP:NPOV not All POV's. --DV8 2XL 02:35, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

On causal isolation
I am new to this talk section, so please mail me at henry.story@bblfish.net if I make a mistake. In his collected papers, David Lewis defines causality as a relation between events such that

e1 causes e2 if and only if    if e1 had not happened then e2 would not have happened

which due to his analysis of counterfactuals comes to

e1 causes e2 if and only if   in the closest possible worlds in which e1 does not happen, e2 does not either

In this sense possible worlds in David Lewis' sense are not really causally isolated, since causality is a relation between possible worlds. In other words saying that something causes something else is to make a statement of the relation between possible worlds.

Now it is true that doing something in this world does not cause it to happen in another world. But that is just because that statement does not make sense.--Bblfish 13:32, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Insert possible reference to Heinlein's "The NUmber of the Beast" as a literary treatment of this view? 203.167.75.51 07:22, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

See pantheistic solipsism 1Z 16:34, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Criticizing modal realism
I added this section but forgot to mention it in comments

 * Nice clean-up, Velho, and thanks (was going to get around to it, saved me the trouble) and yes I didn't see that POV issue thanks for catching it.

I wrote this a bit ago, but feel it was too hard to decipher... I'm rephrasing:

"It is possible that modal realism is wrong, and that another theory, offering the same benefits but entailing the existence of only one world (this one), is correct. Translated into the terms of possible world theory:

There is at least one possible world at which modal realism is wrong, and at which another theory, offering the same benefits but entailing the existence of only one world (itself), is correct. "

This involves accepting the conjecture that there is, in fact, one possible world at which model realism is wrong as fact.

It seems to me that the argument here is based on a premise that the observer has to take at face value, and may be due to a misinterpretation on the part of the arguers against.

Nothing prevents modal realism to be 100% correct in that all possible universes exist. The argument supplied only proves that it's not possible (in any universe) that all *conceivable* universes exist.

In other words, the supposed paradox vanishes instantly when one simply replies 'there is NOT one possible world in which modal realism is wrong. Modal realism is correct in ALL worlds, as it applies not to any individual world but to a metagroup of all possible universes. To this extent, the presumed paradox is in error, effectively being a form of Russell's paradox. The rules that apply to and define the proper class of all possible universes are not the same ones that apply to the individual universes within. The only rule that applies to the universes themselves is that they are, in fact, possible, which, in the scope of the multiverse itself, one which is not in that multiverse (which contains a number of universes) is not possible.

 * I hate to put a damper on what is an interesting take on this subject, but you should supply supporting references to these statments as there is a prohibition on orignal research at Wikipedia. DV8 2XL 23:44, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

I can't see how something so obvious could be termed 'research.'

Dodger 03:51, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Inability to comprehend is not a virtue. To put it simply, arguments and claims (including a claim that some argument or claim is obvious) that originate from editors are not proper Wikipedia content.

The arguments against modal realism also failed to cite sources (except Lewis himself, and merely to state the original statement the argument against is working towards), and were therefore apparently also original research.

 * tu quoque argument ... and no, no such thing is apparent. Missing citations are not the same as original research.

I've removed it in accordance with that exact same rule. If the restriction disallows the obvious flaw in the criticism of modal realism presented, than the restriction also disallows the uncited criticism itself.

 * Sounds like spite. And given how badly your logic sucks, you should not be editing anything related to it.

The section WAS cited: if you look at the references you will see, David Armstrong, A Combinatorial Theory of Possibility (1989; Cambridge University Press. That which you petulantly removed was paraphrased from that source.DV8 2XL 00:48, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

I restored the section and added detailed references and sources. DV8 2XL 03:40, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

I didn't remove anything petulantly. I would appreciate your remaining within the Wikipedia guidelines on civility by not deliberately using inflammatory and uneccesary adjectives.

 * Of course you did.

Further, I'm stating here that the section was not properly cited previously. The David Armstrong citation was given as a source for ONE of the possible results of the argument being correct, not as a source for the argument itself.

Dodger 14:25, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I rest my case. DV8 2XL 16:00, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I beg your pardon? Dodger 09:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I thought that was just a figure of speech. Case closed.

I had a chance encounter with David Lewis at Wesleyan University. I was in his office to ask about a course in the phil dept. I had the distinct impression he did not want me in there, so I left. I wanted to ask him if he was familiar with a book written in Feb. 1971 and published in 1972 (Seth Speaks by Jane Roberts) that goes into detail about probable worlds, or possible worlds. Was his idea one of those things that seems to pop up simultaneously with others similar to it or was he aware of the Jane Roberts book? ( is this a good place to ask?)

Re;Peter King- If Lewis says " absolutely every way that a world could possibly be is a way that some world is." Could he be refering to the quantum possibilities? If there are possible worlds, it would not make sense if it/they had the restriction you posit. Maybe the process that created possible worlds could not create or form King's impossible world. (look in the index of 'Seth Speaks" by Jane Roberts,1972, 'probable worlds' for an interesting read ) Yes, I do believe. My phil prof at Uconn, Paul Bloomfield, was stunned to hear that admission.

 * Lewis' possible worlds aren't the branching worlds of quantum physics, largely because such worlds are causally related, and Lewis's worlds aren't. Nor are they the parallel worlds of science fiction. I didn't get the reference to impossible worlds; there are philosophers who argue for something like impossible worlds (Graham Priest is the main culprit), but it's not clear to me that it makes any sense. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:49, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the section "Criticizing modal realism", since it was based almost solely on a minority unpublished view. It was also poorly written, with much unexplained detail and unhelpfully technical language, without links to assist readers. I intend to write something to replace it, reflecting main published objections to Lewis's theory. Noetica 02:44, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

I added a POV tag to the "Criticism" section. It's not reasonable to lift a summary of counterarguments to Lewis theory fully from Lewis own book, no matter what previous author of this section may think. According to the biographical page on Lewis, a very small minority of contemporary philosophers accept Lewis theory of modal realism. If that description is accurate then it can not be impossible to find a better source for other perspectives on Lewis work than Lewis himself.

RandySpears

Criticisms
I removed the statement "and thus far has resisted all attempts at definitive refutation" -- that is, and I think will be for a long long time -- a matter of opinion. Moreover, I agree that we need criticisms *other than* those enumerated (and then refuted) by Lewis himself. I'm thinking off the top of my head of Stalnaker and Kripke, but I'm sure there are others that are worth citing here; I'll see what I can find and add them in. In that case the current section with Lewis' arguments should be shortened to give due weight. BrideOfKripkenstein (talk) 20:27, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Multiverses
Under "The term *possible world*" it says "To note, however, though the concept does sound similar to modern notions of a multiverse, in reality these two concepts are quite distinct – a multiverse would constitute (or be part of) a single possible world." Doesn't this really depend on whether dufferent parts of such a multiverse can causally affect one another? The difference between the Copenhagen and Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, is that Copenhagen is essentially the same as Many Worlds except that it asserts that only the part of the multiverse that can directly affect the observer is "real". Modal Realism would unite the two interpretations into one. Similarly, these String Theory notions that universal constants could take on many different values don't imply that there is any way to communicate information between universes. The only motivation for saying they arevall "real" rather than merely "possible" is solve the perceived issue of "fine-tuning", whereby most "possible" universes supposedly could not possibly support anything like intelligent life, or even atoms. Thus, couldn't these multiverse theories constitute subsets or sub-continua of the set of all possible worlds, rather than single ones? Also, the entire section I refer to contains no citations, like much of the article. DubleH (talk) 22:05, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. The claim in the article about the relation between the concepts of possible world and multiverse is not obvious. Unless a source can be found, I suggest that we remove the sentence: "To note, however, though the concept does sound similar to modern notions of a multiverse, in reality these two concepts are quite distinct – a multiverse would constitute (or be part of) a single possible world." If there is a source, it might be a good idea to explain how the term multiverse is defined to show how they are different. Phlsph7 (talk) 05:23, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modal realism


text:
User:Jess Cully

I'm a 50 year old single man from Gosport, Hampshire. I'm a devotee of the shipping forecast, support Gosport Borough F.C. and love women's football, a wide variety of music, the Eurovision Song Contest (Kathy Leander is a dear friend of mine), TV and film comedy, reality TV and Robot Wars.

title: User:Jess Cully


text:
User talk:Mrfun

Welcome from Redwolf24
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title: User talk:Mrfun


text:
User talk:Kekszakallu

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 22:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

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You're edits on Avraam Benaroya are inappropriate and are considered vandalism. If you continue to vandalize that page you will be blocked for 24 hours. freestylefrappe 00:10, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

By whom are they considered so? Why do you accuse me of vandalism, can i know? Before being frapped?

You not only have the habit of deleting texts and sources without taking the pain to explain why, but you also threaten me in an explicitly authoritarian language with the arbitrary imposition of censorship. Without ever presenting the least argument. Except for naked violence. Thought police, prosecutor, judge and executioner at the same time? Is this your idea of fairness? Looks more like the Third Reich to me.

Actually, i consider   y o u r   interventions, your unacceptable deletion of contents and sources from an article whose subject matter you obviously are unfamiliar with, to be a clear cut case of vandalism.

As i see in Wikipedia,

Vandalism is any addition, deletion, or change to content made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of the encyclopedia. The most common type of vandalism is the replacement of existing text with obscenities, namecalling, or other wholly irrelevant content. Any good-faith effort to improve the encyclopedia, even if misguided or ill-considered, is not vandalism. Apparent bad-faith edits that do not make their bad-faith nature inarguably explicit are not considered vandalism at Wikipedia.

Can you, by any stretch of the imagination, characterize my interventions as vandalism? Why? Explain yourself.

And before playing the gun toting sheriff, please learn proper english ("You're edits on Avraam Benaroya").

Enthralled,

Kekszakallu 00:53, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kekszakallu


text:
User talk:SWmud

Welcome from Redwolf24
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

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Redwolf24 (Talk) 22:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SWmud


text:
User talk:N'SyncRockMyWorld

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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 * User:Redwolf24/Bootcamp My own personal summarized Bootcamp.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 22:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

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Do you also like Fonzie? N (t/c) 22:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Z Scout -please read this
I was given permission to use sock puppets as long as I didnt use them to vote and PURPOSELY mislead for such reason. See Fonzie Fans talk page.

Here- Ill post the quote for you:

''Hi, Fonzie Fan. Sorry for eavesdropping. It is OK for a user to have more than one account, although it does tend to be discourged. The important thing is that your multiple accounts are never used for deception, such as voting in a poll, etc. Please see Wikipedia:Sock puppet for more details. :) Func( t, c, e, ) 19:38, 14 August 2005 (UTC)''

title: User talk:N'SyncRockMyWorld


text:
User talk:Xanupox

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Redwolf24 (Talk) 22:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

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Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines for new pages, so it will shortly be removed (if it hasn't been already). Please use the sandbox for any tests. For more information about creating articles, you may want to read Your first article. You may also want to read our introduction page to learn more about contributing. Thank you. See WP:NEO and WP:NFT. NawlinWiki (talk) 14:49, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Whether or not it's "real", Wikipedia is not a dictionary and is especially not a place for neologisms that you made up. And it's not a good idea to insult people that you're making requests of ("does this apply to you?").  NawlinWiki (talk) 15:06, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xanupox