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Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni

Bartolomeo Colleoni was an Italian Giussano-class cruiser light cruiser, that served in the Regia Marina (Royal Navy) during World War II. She was named after Bartolomeo Colleoni, an Italian military leader of the 15th century.

She was sunk at the Battle of Cape Spada early in the war.

Design
In the aftermath of World War I, the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) received a group of light cruisers from the defeated German and Austro-Hungarian fleets. At the time, the Italian naval command was satisfied with these vessels as a supplement to their existing scout cruisers in the immediate postwar era. After the French Navy began building twelve large destroyers of the Chacal-class destroyer and Guépard-class destroyeres, the Italian command responded by ordering the four Giussano-class cruisers. The Giussanos were intended to overpower the new French destroyers with superior armament and very high speed, at the expense of most armor protection.

Bartolomeo Colleoni was 169.3 m long overall, with a beam of 15.5 m and a draft of 5.3 m. She displaced 5170 LT at standard displacement and up to 6844 LT at full load. The ship had a long forecastle deck that extended for the first third of the hull, before stepping down to the main deck that continued for the rest of the ship's length. Her hull was very lightly built to save weight. Her superstructure consisted of a large conning tower forward that incorporated a tripod mast and a smaller, secondary tower aft. She was fitted with an aircraft catapult on her forecastle, and could carry two reconnaissance aircraft; she initially carried CANT 25 seaplanes, but these were later replaced with IMAM Ro.43. She had a crew of 520 officers and enlisted men.

Her power plant consisted of two Belluzzo geared steam turbines powered by six oil-fired Yarrow boilers, which were ducted into two widely spaced funnels. The propulsion system was arranged on the unit system of machinery, which divided the engines and boilers into two separate pairs. Her engines were rated at 95000 shp and produced a top speed of 36.5 kn. During her sea trials, she reached a top speed of 39.9 kn from 119177 ihp, though in service she could only maintain a speed of 30 kn at sea.

Bartolomeo Colleoni was armed with a main battery of eight 152 mm Mod 26 53-caliber guns in four gun turrets. The turrets were arranged in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a battery of six 100 mm 47-cal. guns in twin mounts, eight 37 mm /54 guns in twin mounts, and eight 13.2 mm guns in twin mounts. Her armament was rounded out by four 533 mm torpedo tubes in two twin launchers on the main deck amidships.

The ship's armor belt was 24 mm thick, extending only for the length of the hull that contained the propulsion machinery spaces and the ammunition magazines. The belt was closed on either end by 20 mm transverse bulkheads and was capped by an armor deck of the same thickness. Inboard of the belt, an 18 mm thick inner bulkhead was intended to catch shell fragments that penetrated the main belt. The main battery turrets received 23 mm of protection, and her conning tower received 25 to 40 mm of armor plate.

Service history

Bartolomeo Colleoni was built by the Gio. Ansaldo & C. shipyard in Genoa, Italy. She was laid down on 21 June 1928, and was named after the Condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni. Her completed hull was launched on 21 December 1930. She was completed on 10 February 1932, and upon entering service, she was assigned to the II Naval Squadron, which was based at La Spezia. After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, the fascist Italian government began aiding to their fellow fascists in the Nationalist faction under Francisco Franco. Bartolomeo Colleoni departed Italy on 5 September and arrived in Barcelona on 3 October, where she protected Italian nationals in the area. Over the course of January and February 1937, she escorted four convoys carrying soldiers and supplies to support Franco's forces. During this period, she also patrolled off ports controlled by the Republican faction to block supply shipments going to Franco's opponents.

After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Italy and other European powers began to strengthen their forces in East Asia. In November 1938, Bartolomeo Colleoni was dispatched to relieve the light cruiser ITALIAN CRUISER Raimondo Montecuccoli. Bartolomeo Colleoni arrived in Shanghai on 23 December; the port there was under Japanese occupation. The ship cruised in Chinese waters for nearly a year, until October 1939, when she was recalled home in response to the start of World War II in September. She left behind the sloop ITALIAN SLOOP Lepanto to protect Italian interests in China Bartolomeo Colleoni arrived in Italy on 28 October.

World War II
On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France, entering World War II on the side of Germany. At that time, Bartolomeo Colleoni was assigned to II Division of II Squadron, along with her sister ship ITALIAN CRUISER Giovanni delle Bande Nere. The two ships were moved to Palermo, Sicily, and on the evening of 10 June, they sortied to lay mines in the Strait of Sicily. On 22 June, the two cruisers departed to search for French ships that were reportedly west of Sardinia, but they returned to port two days later, having failed to locate any French vessels. By the end of the month, France had signed the Armistice of Villa Incisa, ending their participation in the war. As a result, Bartolomeo Colleoni and Giovanni delle Bande Nere were moved to Augusta in eastern Sicily. On 2–3 July, the ships carried another sweep that failed to locate any British ships, and the next day they covered a convoy from Tripoli in Italian Libya to Italy.

On 7 July, Bartolomeo Colleoni and Giovanni delle Bande Nere sortied as part of the escort for a large convoy sailing to Benghazi in Libya. The convoy consisted of five freighters and a passenger liner that were carrying some 2,200 men, 72 tanks, 237 other vehicles, and a large amount of supplies and fuel; these were intended to fortify the planned invasion of Egypt. II Division, along with the 10th Destroyer Squadron (which consisted of ITALIAN DESTROYER Maestrale, ITALIAN DESTROYER Libeccio, ITALIAN DESTROYER Grecale, and ITALIAN DESTROYER Scirocco) and the torpedo boats ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pegaso, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Orione, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Orsa, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Procione, ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Abba, and ITALIAN TORPEDO BOAT Pilo, formed the convoy's close escort. Significant elements of the Italian fleet were at sea as part of the convoy, which the British attempted to intercept. In the ensuing Battle of Calabria on 9 July, the ships of II Division were assigned to make sure the convoy arrived in port undamaged. The convoy arrived in Benghazi the next day, but Bartolomeo Colleoni and Giovanni delle Bande Nere soon moved to Tripoli to avoid attacks from British aircraft based in Egypt. The Italian naval command considered sending the two cruisers to bombard British positions on the coast at Sollum, but decided against it; instead, they were to be sent to Portolago in the Dodecanese. From there, they were to attack British convoys in the Aegean Sea.

Battle of Cape Spada

Bartolomeo Colleoni and Giovanni delle Bande Nere left Tripoli on the evening of 17 July and sailed to the north of Crete, bound for the Aegean. On the 19th, the four British destroyers HMS Hyperion (H97), HMS Ilex (D61), HMS Hero (H99), and HMS Hasty (H24) were sent on an anti-submarine patrol in the area, while the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney (D48) and the British destroyer HMS Havock (H43) searched the Gulf of Athens. At around 06:00 on 19 July, the Italians spotted the four British destroyers off Cape Spada of western Crete, which were some 17000 m away; Sydney and Havock were around 60 nmi to the north. The British ships immediately signaled Sydney and turned to flee at high speed. The Italian commander, Rear Admiral Ferdinando Casardi aboard Giovanni delle Bande Nere, ordered his ships to pursue the retreating British ships, believing them to be part of the escort for a convoy he hoped to attack. At 06:27, the Italian cruisers opened fire on the destroyers, but the faster destroyers were able to pull out of range without having been hit. At around this time, a Greek freighter passed between the formations but quickly withdrew from the area.

Casardi pursued the British blindly, deciding not to launch any of his reconnaissance aircraft (both because of the sea state and not wanting to slow down to launch them), and he was also not supported by any land based aircraft in the area. As a result, they had no way to know that Sydney was in the area, and when she arrived on the scene at around 07:30 and opened fire, it took the Italians completely by surprise. The Australian cruiser had opened fire from a range of about 12000 m while in the middle of a fog bank; almost immediately, she hit Giovanni delle Bande Nere near her aft funnel. The Italian cruisers quickly returned fire, but had difficulty locating the target in the fog, as they only had Sydney's muzzle flashes to aim at. They also rolled badly in the heavy seas, which further hampered their gun laying. Captain Collins of Sydney detached Havock to join the other destroyers, Collins ordered to make a torpedo attack on the cruisers. Casardi responded by turning his ships south and then southwest to move to less restricted waters further from Crete. As the Italians withdrew, Sydney alternated fire between the two cruisers, depending on which was more visible, but she focused her fire on Bartolomeo Colleoni, as she was generally closer.

At 08:24, Sydney struck Bartolomeo Colleoni with a salvo of 152 mm shells; one of the rounds jammed her rudder in the neutral position. The ship was now unable to steer, but she remained on the course she had been steaming. Shortly thereafter, another salvo from Sydney hit the ship amidships, causing extensive damage and starting several fires. One shell struck her conning tower and killed much of the bridge crew. The ship lost speed, which allowed the British destroyers to come into range. Further hits disabled two of the boilers and destroyed the main steam condenser, which was used to feed water back into the boilers. Without water to boil, the engines quickly shut down, leaving Bartolomeo Colleoni dead in the water. The ammunition hoists for her main battery guns were also disabled. Her 100 mm guns kept firing, as they could be operated manually. Within six minutes of the first hit, the ship had been effectively neutralized and Captain Umberto Novaro issued the order to abandon ship.

At about that time, Ilex and Havock closed to launch torpedoes at the stricken cruiser, though their initial attacks missed. Hyperion joined the two destroyers, which had launched a further round of torpedoes, one of which hit Bartolomeo Colleoni. The torpedo, from Ilex, struck forward and blew off the first 30 m of her bow. Casardi circled back at 08:50 to attempt to come to her aid, but quickly determined that the situation was hopeless, so he turned back to the west and fled at high speed. Hyperion then launched a torpedo that struck amidships. The second hit caused serious flooding, and Bartolomeo Colleoni quickly capsized and sank. Sydney, Hero, and Hasty continued the pursuit of Giovanni delle Bande Nere, but Ilex, Havock, and Hyperion approached the area that survivors from Bartolomeo Colleoni were floating. They picked up 525 men, of whom eight died of their wounds and were buried at sea. The British had to suspend rescue efforts when Italian bombers appeared and attacked the ships. A further fifty men attempted to swim to the coast of Crete, but only seven survived to be picked up by a Greek fishing boat. Four more men, including captain Novaro, died aboard hospital ship Maine at Alexandria, Egypt. These men were buried there, and the captains of Sydney and the destroyers served as the pallbearers. In total, 121 out of a crew of 643 were killed in the sinking.

In their assessment of the battle, the naval historians Jack Greene and Alessandro Massignani note that Casardi had been too cautious in the initial stage of the battle, and that if he had closed to attack the destroyers, he might have defeated them. Instead, he chose to fire at long range to keep his cruisers far enough away that the destroyers would not be able to return fire. They also point out that Italian gunnery was less accurate than their British counterparts, which compounded Casardi's decision to fight at long range. Lastly, they suggested that the Italians might have had a better outcome if they had sent a stronger force, instead of just the two light cruisers. The naval historian Vincent O'Hara pointed out that the Italian cruisers fired some 500 shells between the two of them, scoring one hit on Sydney, while the latter vessel had fired around 1,300 shells alone and scored five hits, noting that the better British shooting was the result of a much higher volume of fire.

title: Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni


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Category talk:Spanish literature

Is this category for literature of Spain the country or literature in Spanish?--Jondel 02:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category talk:Spanish literature


text: User talk:192.103.152.43

title: User talk:192.103.152.43


text:
WLNO

WLNO (1060 AM) – branded WLNO 1060 AM – is a commercial urban gospel radio station licensed to serve New Orleans, Louisiana. Owned by Eternity Media Group LLC, the station serves the New Orleans metropolitan area. The WLNO transmitter site in located in Belle Chasse.

History
WLNO traces its roots back to January 6, 1924, when WABZ, a 50 W AM station licensed to Coliseum Place Baptist Church in New Orleans first went on air. The station changed its frequency, and call letters several times, becoming WBBX in 1933 and WBNO in 1934, before the license was acquired by former Louisiana Governor James A. Noe, who renamed the station WNOE in 1941. WNOE was the market's first Top 40 outlet during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. When it began broadcasting around the clock on February 14, 1955, it stunted by playing the record "Shtiggy Boom" by The Nuggets nonstop for 58 hours and 45 minutes. Some of the most famous disc jockeys on the 1960s WNOE included Gary Owens, Greg Mason, C. C. Courtney and Frank Jolley (with his alter-ego - Count Down).

WNOE, which shifted to in 1950 to operate at its daytime 50,000 watts of power, was a favorite at the Gulf Coast beaches in Mississippi, Alabama, and even as far east as Pensacola Beach, Florida. With its big daytime signal, WNOE was even sometimes receivable in areas like Tampa if you were near the Gulf of Mexico. WNOE abandoned its Top 40 format gradually in the early 1970s and evolved into one of the few Album Rock stations on AM dial in the U.S. In a sense, rival WTIX had the market to itself during that time, though some FM stations flirted with formats musically close to Top 40. However, with the slogan Real Rock (a slam at WTIX, who without competition, had softened its top 40 sound considerably) WNOE returned to AOR leaning top 40 format in 1973, and competed vigorously with WTIX into the early 1980s. By 1977, WNOE was a pop leaning AOR station somewhat softer than its FM sister station.

On January 27, 1981, WNOE flipped to an adult contemporary-leaning Country music format, using crossover artists such as Kenny Rogers, Anne Murray, John Denver, Linda Rondstadt, Olivia Newton-John and Willie Nelson. WNOE-FM, its sister station, had gone to a pure country format, also leaving album rock the previous August. WNOE moved away from an AC lean by 1985 but remained country. The station began to play more classic country and also play some southern sounding pop hits mixed in by 1990. WNOE stayed with this Country oldies format until March 1, 1995, when it was sold to Communicom Co. of Louisiana, L.P., who flipped it to its current format. Communicom Company of Louisiana, L.P. is a subsidiary of Denver-based Communicom Company, which also owns KXEG and KXXT in Phoenix, Arizona, and WDRJ in Detroit, Michigan.

On June 2, 2014, the station went dark. Effective January 9, 2015, WLNO's license was assigned to the WLNO Trust, due to the bankruptcy of Communicom. Effective December 16, 2015, WLNO was sold to Donald Pugh, Sr.'s Eternity Media Group LLC for $1,000 plus a $94,000 payment for access to station property. Pugh returned the station to the air, with an urban gospel format, with segments of the day sold to local preachers.

title: WLNO


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It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown

'It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown! ' is the 12th prime-time animated TV special based on the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. In the United States, it debuted on CBS on April 9, 1974 at 8 PM.

It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Children's Special at the 27th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1975. It was one of two Peanuts specials nominated that year, along with Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown, but they both lost to Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus (another Bill Melendez production).

Synopsis
While most of the Peanuts gang is busy getting ready for Easter, Linus futilely tries to convince them that it is all a waste of time, and that the "Easter Beagle" will take care of everything. Only Charlie Brown's sister, Sally, believes him, although she remains skeptical after their Great Pumpkin misadventure on Halloween.

Peppermint Patty and Marcie attempt to color Easter eggs, but as it is Marcie's first time, she does not know how. Their first attempt fails as Marcie fries all the eggs on a griddle (making fried eggs). The second attempt fails when she tries cooking more eggs on a waffle iron (for 4 of the eggs), then in a toaster (for 1 of them, which is unsuccessful because the egg cannot fit in one of the toaster's slots), and roasting the remaining 8 (the same egg she tried toasting, and the remaining 7) in the oven. In the third and final attempt, Peppermint Patty spends the last of her allowance on a third carton of eggs. After she spends the last of her money with it, she explains to Marcie that the eggs are supposed to be boiled. Marcie boils them as told, but she again does it incorrectly (instead of keeping the shell on, she cracks the eggs out of the shells into a pot of water). Outraged, Peppermint Patty screams to Marcie that she made egg drop soup. At the end, Peppermint Patty has spent her whole allowance, is out of money, and cannot buy any more eggs. So Peppermint Patty and Marcie end up with no colored eggs and can't make any more attempts.

Woodstock wakes up shivering in his nest after a cold spring rain. He goes to Snoopy for help, who buys him a birdhouse. At first Woodstock hates it, but soon makes it over into a swinging bachelor pad, complete with television, contemporary artwork, a sunken bed, modern furniture, and a quadrophonic stereo system. Curious to see more of the inside, Snoopy gets his nose stuck in the entry hole and accidentally shatters the birdhouse, and so he buys Woodstock another one.

Much to Schroeder's chagrin and annoyance, Lucy believes that Easter is the "gift-getting season", so she decides to have her own private Easter egg hunt, painting and then hiding the eggs herself to find them on Easter morning (using a paper pad and pencil to write down their locations). But unknown to her, Snoopy follows close behind and snatches up each one. Easter morning arrives, and so does the Easter Beagle, tossing eggs to everyone including Woodstock in his new birdhouse, to Lucy (whose hand Snoopy furtively shakes), and even Peppermint Patty and Marcie. But by the time he gets to Charlie Brown, Snoopy has run out of eggs.

When everyone (minus Charlie Brown) has received an Easter egg from the "Easter beagle" (Snoopy), Marcie then asks Peppermint Patty what they should do with their eggs now that they have them. Peppermint Patty suggests putting salt on them and eating them, which Marcie then does without removing the shell, commenting that it “tastes terrible”. After the Easter Beagle's visit, Sally becomes a true believer. As for Lucy, she realizes that the Easter Beagle gave her one of her own eggs, thus, is still fuming 2 months later. Linus suggests that she goes and talks about it with Snoopy, so she visits Snoopy's doghouse to pick a fight. However, Snoopy takes the fight out of her with a disarming kiss on the cheek, at which Lucy swoons in excitement for next Easter.

Voice cast

 * Todd Barbee as Charlie Brown
 * Melanie Kohn as Lucy van Pelt
 * Stephen Shea as Linus van Pelt
 * Todd Barbee as Schroeder
 * Linda Ercoli as Peppermint Patty
 * Lynn Mortensen as Sally Brown
 * Jimmy Ahrens as Marcie
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy/Woodstock

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for  was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. The score was recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Quartet on February 12, 20, 26, and March 14, 1974, at Wally Heider Studios, featuring Guaraldi (piano, electric piano, electric harpsichord, electric guitar), Seward McCain (electric bass), Tom Harrell (trumpet) and Eliot Zigmund (drums).

The song "Snoopy and Woodstock" featured is an uptempo reworking of "Mystery Theme," the primary theme of It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown (1974) which was broadcast two months prior to .

 * 1) "Peppermint Patty"
 * 2) "Easter Theme"
 * 3) "Piano Sonata No. 3 in C Major, Opus 2: I. Allegro con brio" (Ludwig van Beethoven)
 * 4) "Snoopy and Woodstock" (aka Cue 4; version 1)
 * 5) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge section; version 1)
 * 6) "Woodstock's Dream" (version 1)
 * 7) "Background No. 1" (gumball interlude)
 * 8) "Easter Theme" (first reprise, bunny-wunnie dance)
 * 9) "Woodstock's Dream" (version 2)
 * 10) "Snoopy and Woodstock" (version 2)
 * 11) "Background No. 2 (pumpkin patch interlude)
 * 12) "Kitchen Music" (version 1)
 * 13) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge section; version 2)
 * 14) "Woodstock's Pad"
 * 15) "Woodstock's Dream" (interior mall vamp; version 3)
 * 16) "Minuet in G Major, BWV Anh. 116" (Music Box dance) (Johann Sebastian Bach)
 * 17) "Woodstock's Dream" (alternate interior vamp; version 4)
 * 18) "Kitchen Music" (version 2, aka Cue 19, Take 1)
 * 19) "Linus and Lucy" (version 1)
 * 20) "Linus and Lucy" (version 2)
 * 21) "Symphony No. 7 in A Major, Opus. 92: II. Allegretto" (Ludwig van Beethoven)
 * 22) "Symphony No. 7 in A Major, Opus. 92: I. Poco sostenuto – Vivace" (Ludwig van Beethoven)
 * 23) "Background No. 3"
 * 24) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge section; version 3)
 * 25) "Easter Theme" (second reprise, end credits)

No official soundtrack for It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown  has been released. However, in the mid-2000s, recording session master tapes for seven 1970s-era Peanuts television specials scored by Guaraldi were discovered by his son, David Guaraldi. This resulted in the release of "Snoopy and Woodstock" (aka Cue 4; version 1) and "Kitchen Music" (version 2, aka Cue 19, Take 1) being released on the compilation album, Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials, Volume 2 (2008). In addition, a live version of "Woodstock's Pad" (mistitled "Then Came You") was also released in 2008 on Live on the Air from a Vince Guaraldi Trio concert originally recorded on February 6, 1974.

Voice talent
It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown was the last special for Todd Barbee; He would be replaced by Duncan Watson.

Television
CBS aired It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown annually during each Easter season from 1974 to 2000.

ABC ran the special annually from 2001 up to April 11, 2006. In 2007, the network, without any explanation, did not air the program, but it returned on March 18, 2008, as filler programming against American Idol. The TV special was watched by 6.32 million viewers, in fourth place behind Idol, NCIS and The Biggest Loser, and fifth place if Spanish-language Univision is counted. ABC refrained from airing the special in 2011 or 2012, but it aired on Easter Sunday 2013 along with Charlie Brown's All-Stars (1966), watched by 2.56 million people, tied for fourth place behind the end of the NCAA Championship Basketball Game between Duke and Louisville and a rerun of The Voice. The special aired again with Charlie Brown's All-Stars on Easter Sunday in 2014. To date this is the last broadcast airing of the special.

Apple TV+ has held exclusive rights to the special along with all other Peanuts productions since 2021. It was not included among the specials that Apple TV+ must provide for free in short windows surrounding their holidays (or to PBS for free over-the-air airings) and thus it will only be available to subscribers.

Home media
It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown was released to DVD twice, first on March 4, 2003 by Paramount Home Entertainment and again on February 19, 2008 on a Remastered Deluxe Edition DVD from Warner Home Video. It was also released in the UK by Firefly Entertainment in 2004, with Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown.

Earlier home media releases of It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown have, in the past, been available in 1982 on the CED format, on VHS in 1986 and 1988 from Media Home Entertainment and subsidiary Hi-Tops Video, respectively and by Paramount Home Video on March 9, 1994 in a slipcover package and on October 1, 1996 in clamshell packaging.

title: It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown


text: User talk:195.137.15.67

title: User talk:195.137.15.67


text:
Talk:Disperse

Untitled
This article has already been nominated for deletion and the result of the debate was keep. Although i have not kept up with wikipedia policy over the past year or two, isn't it forbidden for an article to be nominated for deletion multiple times?

Continued: I've rewritten the entire article to more accurately detail the lifespan of the band. I feel it adequately establishes the bands notoriety- they opened for acts which at the time were nationally famous and gained an amount of "homebrew" notoriety themselves. As said in the previous article (but not specified) they played across the midwestern united states, across several states. I am attempting to track down internet archives of newspaper articles pertaining to the band, as well as other media that can be used as reference sources. For the aforementioned reasons, I'm going to go ahead and take down the notability tag that has been added to the article.

Last of all, I've fixed a few "edits" made to the article by a bot (for one thing, the bot changed "music" to "musicals" and amended several dates to 100 years prior or ten years later.)69.133.96.66 (talk) 10:52, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Disperse. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050622075205/http://www.seidata.com:80/~rsanders/ to http://www.seidata.com/~rsanders/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:39, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disperse


text:
Jointer

A jointer or in some configurations, a jointer-planer (also known in the UK and Australia as a planer or surface planer, and sometimes also as a buzzer or flat top) is a woodworking machine used to produce a flat surface along a board's length. As a jointer, the machine operates on the narrow edge of boards, preparing them for use as butt joint or gluing into panels. A planer-jointer setup has the width that enables smoothing ('surface planing') and leveling the faces (widths) of boards small enough to fit the tables.

Name
The jointer derives its name from its primary function of producing flat edges on boards prior to joining them edge-to-edge to produce wider boards. The use of this term probably arises from the name of a type of hand plane, the jointer plane, which is also used primarily for this purpose.

"Planer" is the normal term in the UK and Australia for what is called a "jointer" in North America, where the former term refers exclusively to a thickness planer.

Design
Fundamentally, a jointer's table arrangement is designed with two levels like a narrower thickness planer so that it consists of two long, narrow parallel tables in a row with a cutter head recessed between them, but with a side guide. This cutter head is typically driven by an electric induction motor. (Older machines were driven by belts from line shafts.) A moveable fence is normally set perpendicular to the tables, though some models may allow settings (adjustments) to various angles.

These tables are referred to as the infeed and outfeed, the table from which the work piece is fed into the machine and the height reference table on which the work piece is floated over lightly as leaves the machine's cutting head. The cutting blades are adjusted to match the height and pitch of (& made square to) the outfeed table. The work piece to be planed flat is placed on the infeed table and passed over the cutter head to the outfeed table, with care taken to maintain a constant feed speed and downward pressure.

The cutter head contains two or more knives which are honed to a very sharp edge. The knives are arranged radially in the cylindrical cutter head such that their cutting edges protrude from the cutter head so that they will come into contact with the board being cut as the cutter head spins. The cutter head's axis of rotation is parallel to the table surfaces and perpendicular to the feed direction. The knives cut into the board in the direction opposite to the feed.

Some, more expensive, jointer models contain a spiral, or helical, cutting head. This configuration has many individually mounted, self-indexing knives that can be rotated to a new edge when necessary. Other, older, models have cutter heads that are not cylindrical but instead square. This leaves a significantly larger open region below the level of the blade edges and creates a larger hazard as hands, etc., can be pulled in further and cut more deeply.

The infeed and outfeed tables can be raised or lowered independently of each other and in relation to the cutter head although the outfeed table is normally set so that it is level with the knives when at the top dead centre of the rotation of the cutter head. The infeed table is adjusted so that it is lower than the outfeed table and this gives the depth of cut.

Jointers for home workshops usually have a 4–6 inch (100–150mm) width of cut. Larger machines, often 8–16 inches (200–400mm), are used in industrial settings.

Operation
In operation, the board to be jointed is held with its face against the fence and the edge to be jointed resting on the infeed table. The board is fed across the cutter head and onto the outfeed table. The knives in the revolving cutter head remove an amount of material and the relationship of the two tables and the fence keeps the board oriented in such a way that the result is an edge which is flat along its length and perpendicular to the board's face.

A jointer may also be used to flatten the face of a board, in which case the sole focus is to produce a flat surface on the face of the board and the fence is not used. This procedure is often performed prior to edge jointing so that the board has a flat reference face for subsequent operations.

To straighten a piece of bowed timber, the guard is temporarily swung out of the way. The machine is switched on and the timber is slowly lowered to the machine table, with the concave side down. A few cuts are made out of the red section "A". The timber is turned end for end and the same procedure is done to the section "B". This is repeated as required with the operator sighting along the length of the timber from time to time to check on straightness of the timber. When the timber is almost straight, the guard is replaced and the last cut is made in the normal way.

Twisted material is treated in a similar way. The operator lays the timber on the bed of the machine and rocks it slowly from side to side to estimate the amount of twist. If there is, say, 20mm of twist in the board, he holds the board level and takes 10mm off one end, then repeats it for the other end.

Jointers are also used for making rebates (also known as rabbets in North America) in finished timber. The fence is set to the width of the rebate and the infeed table is set to the depth. A jointer that is used for rebating has the outside ends of its blades also sharpened and set with a small clearance from the cutter head.

A jointer cannot be used to create a board of even thickness along its length. For this task, after jointing one face, a thickness planer is used.

Thickness planers and jointers are often combined into one machine, with the work piece passing underneath the same rotating blade for thicknessing, but in the opposite direction. In the US this is called a planer–thicknesser or over-and-under.

title: Jointer


text:
List of Polish-language films

Polish language films include:

Alphabetical by Polish title

 * Austeria
 * Bilans kwartalny
 * Człowiek na torze
 * Człowiek z Marmuru
 * Człowiek z Żelaza
 * Dekalog
 * Dług
 * Eroica
 * Faraon
 * Golem
 * Jak być kochaną
 * Kanał
 * Kingsajz
 * Klincz
 * Lotna
 * Miś
 * Nóż w wodzie
 * Ogniem i Mieczem

 * Ostatni dzień lata
 * Pan Wołodyjowski
 * Pasażerka
 * Pianista
 * Pociąg
 * Pokolenie
 * Popiół i Diament
 * Potop
 * Pożegnania
 * Pręgi
 * Przez dotyk
 * Quo Vadis
 * Rejs
 * Rękopis znaleziony w Saragossie
 * Sanatorium Pod Klepsydrą
 * Seksmisja
 * Trzy Kolory: Bialy
 * Zemsta
 * Ziemia Obiecana, two films

Alphabetical by title of English release

 * Ashes and Diamonds
 * Austeria
 * Blind Chance
 * By Touch
 * Camera Buff
 * Colonel Wolodyjowski
 * The Cruise
 * The Debt
 * Dekalog
 *  The Deluge
 * The Double Life of Véronique
 * Farewells
 * A Generation
 * Heroism
 * The Hour-Glass Sanatorium
 * How to Be Loved
 * Kanal
 * Knife in the Water
 * Korczak

 * The Last Day of Summer
 * Lotna
 * Man of Iron
 * Man of Marble
 * Man on the Tracks
 * Night Train
 * No End
 * The Passenger
 * Pharaoh
 * The Pianist
 * The Promised Land
 * The Revenge
 * The Saragossa Manuscript
 * Sexmission
 * A Short Film About Killing
 * A Short Film About Love
 * Teddy Bear
 * Three Colors: White
 * A Woman's Decision

title: List of Polish-language films


text:
User talk:Cantnot

Don't know if you ever noticed, but I made you a user page. Just figured I'd leave you a note so you'd see it when you log in. Wildyoda 02:50, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

WNCN-TV
Will you please stop placing the outdated NBC17 logo on it page. You can go to their website and you'll see that the logo you keep placing on the page is not used now. That logo has not been used since mid 2004. 5 Sept 2004 12:55 (UTC) Leonard23

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The Columbia Stations
Hi, thanks for making the articles of the networks here in Columbia, SC! I may need to find the old logo of UPN 47 and bring it to this site. King Shadeed 18:20, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

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Alanis Morissette's seventh studio album -> Flavors of Entanglement
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Cantnot


text: User talk:71.113.16.169

title: User talk:71.113.16.169


text:
User:Ducat

Ducat's User Page

(move along, nothing to see here)

title: User:Ducat


text:
Knightsville, Rhode Island

Knightsville is an urban neighborhood in the city of Cranston, Rhode Island.

History
Knightsville is named after local inn keeper and U.S. Congressman Nehemiah Knight (1746–1808). The Knights were descendants of early English immigrants who were some of the earliest settlers in the area. Early town meetings in the 18th century were held in Caleb Arnold's tavern, Nehemiah Knight's tavern (currently on the site of present city building), and the old Knightsville Meetinghouse. In 1843 Amasa Sprague, a textile entrepreneur, was beaten to death near what is now St. Ann Cemetery. His alleged murderer, John Gordon, was the last person executed in Rhode Island. By the turn of the 20th century, the city was home to various thriving businesses and industries, attracting large numbers of European immigrants. Many residents are now Italian-American, with many able to trace their lineage to Itri, a small Italian village approximately halfway between Rome and Naples.

Cultural attractions
The historic Knightsville Meetinghouse, built in 1807, was located within the village but demolished in December 2015. The neighborhood also features church celebrations including the Feast of Saint Mary, under the title of Maria Santissima della Civita (or la Madonna della Civita), a week-long celebration featuring a carnival, fireworks, and a religious procession. It is held every July and attracts thousands of visitors. The actual feast day is July 21, and is celebrated the closest weekend to that date. Knightsville is home to several churches, including St. Mary's, St. Ann's, and Knightsville-Franklin Congregational Church. The neighborhood also has a public library, The Knightsville Branch. Knightsville is also the home of PFC Anthony J. Sivo, who was killed in action in Vietnam in 1968. Anthony J. Sivo Park was built in his honor on November 11, 1991.

title: Knightsville, Rhode Island


text:
Czech Crown

Czech Crown/crown can refer to:
 * the currency of the Czech Republic, see Czech koruna
 * loosely to:
 * Lands of the Bohemian Crown
 * the crown of St. Wenceslas, see Crown of Saint Wenceslas

title: Czech Crown


text:
You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown

You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown is the 14th prime-time animated television special based on the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. It originally aired on the CBS network on October 28, 1975. In this special, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, and Peppermint Patty participate in a motocross race.

This was the final Peanuts special scored by John Scott Trotter, and penultimate with music by Vince Guaraldi.

Plot
Snoopy and Woodstock partake in a tennis match while Linus and Sally are unable to play because of the courts being occupied. Sally tries to intimidate those playing by stating "her boyfriend" was going to clobber them, causing Linus to flee. After failing to beat Woodstock, Snoopy destroys his racket in frustration.

Peppermint Patty arrives on a small motorcycle and alerts the kids about an upcoming motocross race, and suggests that Charlie Brown and Snoopy enter. Linus volunteers to be the pit crew and the two pool their limited financial resources to purchase a shabby old bike. Snoopy enters the race under the pseudonym of The Masked Marvel and Marcie is on hand as the announcer. Charlie Brown and Snoopy crash within minutes of the start of the race at the first turn, and an ambulance shuttles them off for immediate medical care.

In the confusion, Snoopy is admitted to a regular hospital while Charlie Brown ends up at the vet. After regaining consciousness, Charlie Brown escapes from the vet and retrieves Snoopy from the hospital. Upon return, Linus informs Charlie Brown that motocross rules dictate that you must be fitted with a helmet, but Charlie Brown's old helmet was lost in the crash. So Linus proceeds to outfit Charlie Brown with a hollowed-out pumpkin he found in the pumpkin patch as a helmet (while Sally points out not mentioning the Great Pumpkin) and Charlie Brown, demoralized with such ridiculous headgear, returns to the race to follow the helmet requirement rule.

As the race continues, every other competitor falls victim to various mishaps (particularly assorted mud-traps) leaving Charlie Brown as the only contender left to cross the finish line (his battered bike proves to have amazing durability, despite its poor speed). Then he discovers that those who sanctioned the race could not obtain the intended grand prize of Pro Bowl tickets. As a consolation prize, Charlie Brown is given: a kiss from Loretta, the unspeakably-plain "Motocross Queen"; and a certificate for five free haircuts, which is a white elephant for him since (1) his dad is a barber and (2) Charlie has very little hair to be cut. Linus consoles Charlie Brown by telling him that the fact that he won against overwhelming odds is more important than receiving a prize, which Charlie Brown finds most uplifting for his spirits.

In the final scene, a confident Charlie Brown is ready to pitch another baseball game, saying to the team that in spite of his 980 straight defeats, has come to understand what winning is, and is certain that he will win this game. Instead, a line drive plows past him, causing his clothes to go flying in all directions, bringing him back to his failure life all over again.

Voice cast

 * Duncan Watson as Charlie Brown
 * Peter Robbins – Charlie Brown's screaming voice (archived)
 * Liam Martin as Linus van Pelt
 * Gail Davis as Sally Brown
 * Melanie Kohn as Lucy van Pelt and Loretta
 * Stuart Brotman as Peppermint Patty
 * Jimmy Ahrens as Marcie
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy/Woodstock

Credits

 * Written and Created by: Charles M. Schulz
 * A Lee Mendelson-Bill Melendez Production
 * Directed by: Phil Roman
 * Produced by: Bill Melendez
 * Executive Producer: Lee Mendelson
 * Music Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi
 * Music Supervised by: John Scott Trotter
 * Designed by: Bernard Gruver, Evert Brown, Dean Spille
 * Animation by: Sam Jaimes, Don Lusk, Bill Littlejohn, Bob Carlson
 * Assisted by: Al Pabian, Larry Leichliter, Joe Roman, Patricia Joy, Larry Huber, Jeff Hall
 * Painting Supervisor: Joanne Lansing
 * Painted by: Eve Fletcher, Marie White, Chandra Poweris, Sheri Barstad, Brigitte Strother, Pat Capozzi, Adele Lenart, Valerie Pabian, Robyn Roberts
 * Editing: Chuck McCann, Roger Donley
 * Production Manager: Carole Barnes
 * Recording: Coast Recorders, Radio Recorders
 * Dubbing: Producers' Sound Service · Don Minkler
 * Camera: Dickson/Vasu, Tony Rivetti
 * Production Assistant: Sandy Claxton
 * In cooperation with United Feature Syndicate, Inc. and Charles M. Schulz Creative Associates

Voice talent
You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown was Duncan Watson's second time voicing Charlie Brown — his first was the previous special, Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown, and he would return for the 1976 special Happy Anniversary, Charlie Brown and the feature film, Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown in 1977.

Music score
 was the last Peanuts television special to air during Vince Guaraldi's lifetime. Guaraldi died of a sudden heart attack on February 6, 1976, several hours after he had finished recording music cues for the television special It's Arbor Day, Charlie Brown. That special aired posthumously on March 16, 1976.  was also the last Peanuts special conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter, who died on October 29, 1975 — one day after the special was broadcast. Trotter had worked in conjunction with Guaraldi on every Peanuts television special starting with It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown (1966).

The music score for  was something of a departure from Guaraldi's other scores as the music fused his jazz style with the funk, disco and pop music of the 1970s that was popular at the time coupled with the use of the Minimoog and ARP String Ensemble synthesizers.

All music cues were composed by Guaraldi and recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Trio on September 12 and 24, 1975, at Wally Heider Studios, featuring Seward McCain (electric bass) and Mark Rosengarden (drums).

The program's theme song, "Motocross" is performed in nine different variations. As the variations are difficult to distinguish, scene descriptions in which they appear are added to help differentiate.

 * 1) "Motocross" (version 1; cold open)
 * 2) "Peppermint Patty" (Linus and Sally tennis)
 * 3) "Centercourt" (version 1)
 * 4) "Fanfare"
 * 5) "Bass Blues"
 * 6) "Linus and Lucy" (bridge section) (football)
 * 7) "Motocross" (version 2; Charlie Brown and Linus purchase motorbike)
 * 8) "Motocross" (version 3; Marcie interviews contestants, Charlie Brown and Snoopy wipe out; aka Cue 9)
 * 9) "Great Pumpkin Waltz"
 * 10) "Motocross" (version 4; Charlie Brown and Snoopy re-enter competition)
 * 11) "Lemonade Break"
 * 12) "Motocross" (version 5; three contestants left)
 * 13) "Motocross" (version 6; Snoopy converts tennis ball launcher into motorbike)
 * 14) "Lunch Theme"
 * 15) "Motocross" (version 7; final lap)
 * 16) "Centercourt" (version 2; Charlie Brown's new beginning)
 * 17) "Motocross" (version 8; end credits)

No official soundtrack for  was released. However, recording session master tapes for seven 1970s-era Peanuts television specials scored by Guaraldi were discovered by his son, David Guaraldi, in the mid-2000s. The songs "Motocross" (version 3; aka "Cue 9") and "Centercourt" were released on the compilation album, Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials (2007). A live version of "Centercourt" (retitled "") appeared on the compilation album Oaxaca in 2004.

Awards
You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown won Schulz his third Emmy Award for Outstanding Children Special. He previously earned the award for A Charlie Brown Christmas and A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving.

title: You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown


text:
DDR3 SDRAM

Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR3 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface, and has been in use since 2007. It is the higher-speed successor to DDR and DDR2 and predecessor to DDR4 synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) chips. DDR3 SDRAM is neither forward nor backward compatible with any earlier type of random-access memory (RAM) because of different signaling voltages, timings, and other factors.

DDR3 is a DRAM interface specification. The actual DRAM arrays that store the data are similar to earlier types, with similar performance. The primary benefit of DDR3 SDRAM over its immediate predecessor DDR2 SDRAM, is its ability to transfer data at twice the rate (eight times the speed of its internal memory arrays), enabling higher bandwidth or peak data rates.

The DDR3 standard permits DRAM chip capacities of up to 8 gigabits (Gbit), and up to four ranks of 64 bits each for a total maximum of 16 gigabytes (GB) per DDR3 DIMM. Because of a hardware limitation not fixed until Ivy Bridge-E in 2013, most older Intel CPUs only support up to 4-Gbit chips for 8 GB DIMMs (Intel's Core 2 DDR3 chipsets only support up to 2 Gbit). All AMD CPUs correctly support the full specification for 16 GB DDR3 DIMMs. Intel, also supports 16 GB DIMMs, from Broadwell (also named as "AMD Only memory, because using 11-bit adressing).

History
In February 2005, Samsung introduced the first prototype DDR3 memory chip. Samsung played a major role in the development and standardisation of DDR3. In May 2005, Desi Rhoden, chairman of the JEDEC committee, stated that DDR3 had been under development for "about 3 years".

DDR3 was officially launched in 2007, but sales were not expected to overtake DDR2 until the end of 2009 or possibly early 2010, according to Intel strategist Carlos Weissenberg, speaking during the early part of their roll-out in August 2008. (The same timescale for market penetration had been stated by market intelligence company DRAMeXchange over a year earlier in April 2007, and by Desi Rhoden in 2005. ) The primary driving force behind the increased usage of DDR3 has been new Core i7 processors from Intel and Phenom II processors from AMD, both of which have internal memory controllers: the former requires DDR3, the latter recommends it. IDC stated in January 2009 that DDR3 sales would account for 29% of the total DRAM units sold in 2009, rising to 72% by 2011.

Successor
In September 2012, JEDEC released the final specification of DDR4. The primary benefits of DDR4 compared to DDR3 include a higher standardized range of clock frequencies and data transfer rates and significantly lower voltage.

Overview
Compared to DDR2 memory, DDR3 memory uses less power. Some manufacturers further propose using "dual-gate" transistors to reduce leakage of current.

According to JEDEC, 1.575 volts should be considered the absolute maximum when memory stability is the foremost consideration, such as in servers or other mission-critical devices. In addition, JEDEC states that memory modules must withstand up to 1.80 volts before incurring permanent damage, although they are not required to function correctly at that level.

Another benefit is its prefetch buffer, which is 8-burst-deep. In contrast, the prefetch buffer of DDR2 is 4-burst-deep, and the prefetch buffer of DDR is 2-burst-deep. This advantage is an enabling technology in DDR3's transfer speed.

DDR3 modules can transfer data at a rate of 800–2133 MT/s using both rising and falling edges of a 400–1066 MHz I/O clock. This is twice DDR2's data transfer rates (400–1066 MT/s using a 200–533 MHz I/O clock) and four times the rate of DDR (200–400 MT/s using a 100–200 MHz I/O clock). High-performance graphics was an initial driver of such bandwidth requirements, where high bandwidth data transfer between framebuffers is required.

Because the hertz is a measure of cycles per second, and no signal cycles more often than every other transfer, describing the transfer rate in units of MHz is technically incorrect, although very common. It is also misleading because various memory timings are given in units of clock cycles, which are half the speed of data transfers.

DDR3 does use the same electric signaling standard as DDR and DDR2, Stub Series Terminated Logic, albeit at different timings and voltages. Specifically, DDR3 uses SSTL_15.

In February 2005, Samsung demonstrated the first DDR3 memory prototype, with a capacity of 512Mb and a bandwidth of 1.066Gbps. Products in the form of motherboards appeared on the market in June 2007 based on Intel's P35 "Bearlake" chipset with DIMMs at bandwidths up to DDR3-1600 (PC3-12800). The Intel Core i7, released in November 2008, connects directly to memory rather than via a chipset. The Core i7, i5 & i3 CPUs initially supported only DDR3. AMD's socket AM3 Phenom II X4 processors, released in February 2009, were their first to support DDR3 (while still supporting DDR2 for backwards compatibility).

Dual-inline memory modules
DDR3 dual-inline memory modules (DIMMs) have 240 pins and are electrically incompatible with DDR2. A key notch—located differently in DDR2 and DDR3 DIMMs—prevents accidentally interchanging them. Not only are they keyed differently, but DDR2 has rounded notches on the side and the DDR3 modules have square notches on the side. DDR3 SO-DIMMs have 204 pins.

For the Skylake microarchitecture, Intel has also designed a SO-DIMM package named UniDIMM, which can use either DDR3 or DDR4 chips. The CPU's integrated memory controller can then work with either. The purpose of UniDIMMs is to handle the transition from DDR3 to DDR4, where pricing and availability may make it desirable to switch RAM type. UniDIMMs have the same dimensions and number of pins as regular DDR4 SO-DIMMs, but the notch is placed differently to avoid accidentally using in an incompatible DDR4 SO-DIMM socket.

Latencies
DDR3 latencies are numerically higher because the I/O bus clock cycles by which they are measured are shorter; the actual time interval is similar to DDR2 latencies, around 10 ns. There is some improvement because DDR3 generally uses more recent manufacturing processes, but this is not directly caused by the change to DDR3.

CAS latency (ns) = 1000 × CL (cycles) ÷ clock frequency (MHz) = 2000 × CL (cycles) ÷ transfer rate (MT/s)

While the typical latencies for a JEDEC DDR2-800 device were 5-5-5-15 (12.5 ns), some standard latencies for JEDEC DDR3 devices include 7-7-7-20 for DDR3-1066 (13.125 ns) and 8-8-8-24 for DDR3-1333 (12 ns).

As with earlier memory generations, faster DDR3 memory became available after the release of the initial versions. DDR3-2000 memory with 9-9-9-28 latency (9 ns) was available in time to coincide with the Intel Core i7 release in late 2008, while later developments made DDR3-2400 widely available (with CL 9–12 cycles = 7.5–10 ns), and speeds up to DDR3-3200 available (with CL 13 cycles = 8.125 ns).

Power consumption
Power consumption of individual SDRAM chips (or, by extension, DIMMs) varies based on many factors, including speed, type of usage, voltage, etc. Dell's Power Advisor calculates that 4 GB ECC DDR1333 RDIMMs use about 4 W each. By contrast, a more modern mainstream desktop-oriented part 8 GB, DDR3/1600 DIMM, is rated at 2.58 W, despite being significantly faster.

Modules
* optional

DDR3-xxx denotes data transfer rate, and describes DDR chips, whereas PC3-xxxx denotes theoretical bandwidth (with the last two digits truncated), and is used to describe assembled DIMMs. Bandwidth is calculated by taking transfers per second and multiplying by eight. This is because DDR3 memory modules transfer data on a bus that is 64 data bits wide, and since a byte comprises 8 bits, this equates to 8 bytes of data per transfer.

With two transfers per cycle of a quadrupled clock signal, a 64-bit wide DDR3 module may achieve a transfer rate of up to 64 times the memory clock speed. With data being transferred 64 bits at a time per memory module, DDR3 SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 4 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for data rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits in a byte). Thus with a memory clock frequency of 100 MHz, DDR3 SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 6400 MB/s.

The data rate (in MT/s) is twice the I/O bus clock (in MHz) due to the double data rate of DDR memory. As explained above, the bandwidth in MB/s is the data rate multiplied by eight.

CL – CAS Latency clock cycles, between sending a column address to the memory and the beginning of the data in response

tRCD – Clock cycles between row activate and reads/writes

tRP – Clock cycles between row precharge and activate

Fractional frequencies are normally rounded down, but rounding up to 667 is common because of the exact number being 666$RCD$ and rounding to the nearest whole number. Some manufacturers also round to a certain precision or round up instead. For example, PC3-10666 memory could be listed as PC3-10600 or PC3-10700.

Note: All items listed above are specified by JEDEC as JESD79-3F. All RAM data rates in-between or above these listed specifications are not standardized by JEDEC—often they are simply manufacturer optimizations using higher-tolerance or overvolted chips. Of these non-standard specifications, the highest speeds would reach up to DDR3-3200.

Alternative naming: DDR3 modules are often incorrectly labeled with the prefix PC (instead of PC3), for marketing reasons, followed by the data-rate. Under this convention PC3-10600 is listed as PC1333.

Serial presence detect
DDR3 memory utilizes serial presence detect. Serial presence detect (SPD) is a standardized way to automatically access information about a computer memory module, using a serial interface. It is typically used during the power-on self-test for automatic configuration of memory modules.

Release 4
Release 4 of the DDR3 Serial Presence Detect (SPD) document (SPD4_01_02_11) adds support for Load Reduction DIMMs and also for 16b-SO-DIMMs and 32b-SO-DIMMs.

JEDEC Solid State Technology Association announced the publication of Release 4 of the DDR3 Serial Presence Detect (SPD) document on September 1, 2011.

XMP extension
Intel Corporation officially introduced the eXtreme Memory Profile (XMP) Specification on March 23, 2007, to enable enthusiast performance extensions to the traditional JEDEC SPD specifications for DDR3 SDRAM.

Variants
In addition to bandwidth designations (e.g. DDR3-800D), and capacity variants, modules can be one of the following:
 * 1) ECC memory, which has an extra data byte lane used for correcting minor errors and detecting major errors for better reliability. Modules with ECC are identified by an additional ECC or E in their designation. For example: "PC3-6400 ECC", or PC3-8500E.
 * 2) Registered or buffered memory, which improves signal integrity (and hence potentially clock rates and physical slot capacity) by electrically buffering the signals with a register, at a cost of an extra clock of increased latency. Those modules are identified by an additional R in their designation, for example PC3-6400R.
 * 3) Non-registered (a.k.a. "unbuffered") RAM may  be identified by an additional U in the designation.
 * 4) Fully buffered modules, which are designated by F or FB and do not have the same notch position as other classes. Fully buffered modules cannot be used with motherboards that are made for registered modules, and the different notch position physically prevents their insertion.
 * 5) Load reduced modules, which are designated by LR and are similar to registered/buffered memory, in a way that LRDIMM modules buffer both control and data lines while retaining the parallel nature of all signals. As such, LRDIMM memory provides large overall maximum memory capacities, while addressing some of the performance and power consumption issues of FB memory induced by the required conversion between serial and parallel signal forms.

Both FBDIMM (fully buffered) and LRDIMM (load reduced) memory types are designed primarily to control the amount of electric current flowing to and from the memory chips at any given time. They are not compatible with registered/buffered memory, and motherboards that require them usually will not accept any other kind of memory.

DDR3L and DDR3U extensions
The DDR3L (DDR3 Low Voltage) standard is an addendum to the JESD79-3 DDR3 Memory Device Standard specifying low voltage devices. The DDR3L standard is 1.35 V and has the label PC3L for its modules. Examples include DDR3L‐800 (PC3L-6400), DDR3L‐1066 (PC3L-8500), DDR3L‐1333 (PC3L-10600), and DDR3L‐1600 (PC3L-12800). Memory specified to DDR3L and DDR3U specifications is compatible with the original DDR3 standard, and can run at either the lower voltage or at 1.50 V. However, devices that require DDR3L explicitly, which operate at 1.35 V, such as systems using mobile versions of fourth-generation Intel Core processors, are not compatible with 1.50 V DDR3 memory. DDR3L is different from and incompatible with the LPDDR3 mobile memory standard.

The DDR3U (DDR3 Ultra Low Voltage) standard is 1.25 V and has the label PC3U for its modules.

JEDEC Solid State Technology Association announced the publication of JEDEC DDR3L on July 26, 2010 and the DDR3U in October 2011.

Components

 * Introduction of asynchronous RESET pin
 * Support of system-level flight-time compensation
 * On-DIMM mirror-friendly DRAM pinout
 * Introduction of CWL (CAS write latency) per clock bin
 * On-die I/O calibration engine
 * READ and WRITE calibration
 * Dynamic ODT (On-Die-Termination) feature allows different termination values for Reads and Writes

Modules

 * Fly-by command/address/control bus with on-DIMM termination
 * High-precision calibration resistors
 * Are not backwards compatible—DDR3 modules do not fit into DDR2 sockets; forcing them can damage the DIMM and/or the motherboard

Technological advantages over DDR2

 * Higher bandwidth performance, up to 2133 MT/s standardized
 * Slightly improved latencies, as measured in nanoseconds
 * Higher performance at low power (longer battery life in laptops)
 * Enhanced low-power features

title: DDR3 SDRAM


text:
User talk:Ducat

Talk talk

(nothing here either)

title: User talk:Ducat


text:
IBM 7302

The IBM 7302 Core Storage unit was designed in 1957–1958 for the IBM 7030 (Stretch). The IBM 7030 could use from one to sixteen IBM 7302s (typically six); either individually or in interleaved groups of two or four. The IBM 7090 also used one IBM 7302. The IBM 7094 used one IBM 7302A. The IBM 7094 II used one IBM 7302, but it was a new model unique to the IBM 7094 II. The IBM 7080 also used one decimal model IBM 7302 with a different core stack than used in the binary models.

The core memory in the IBM 7302 was heated/cooled to stabilize its operating characteristics. Early units immersed the core stack in heated/cooled oil. Later units, called the IBM 7302A, blew heated/cooled air through the core stack. The use of smaller cores in the IBM 7302A allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 2.0μs for the IBM 7094. The use of even smaller cores in the IBM 7302 Model 3 allowed the cycle time to be reduced to 1.4μs for the IBM 7094 II.

Binary models

 * 16,384 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time (IBM 7302A 2.0μs cycle time)
 * The IBM 7030 used this as 16,384 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).
 * The IBM 7090 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words.
 * The IBM 7094 used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Instructions were fetched in 72-bit word pairs, reducing effective instruction fetch time to 1.0μs.
 * 8,192 – 72-bit words w/ 2.18μs cycle time
 * The IBM 7030 used this as 8,192 – 64-bit words and an 8-bit ECC. Interleaving of units could reduce effective cycle time to 1.09μs (two unit groups) or 0.545μs (four unit groups).
 * 32,768 – 36-bit words w/ 1.4μs cycle time and Even/Odd word overlapped access.
 * The IBM 7094 II used this as 32,768 – 36-bit words. Because the Even 36-bit word and Odd 36-bit word were independent in this model their accesses could overlap, which could reduce effective cycle time to 0.7μs.

Decimal models

 * 160,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time
 * The IBM 7080 used this as 160,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.
 * 80,000 – 7-bit characters w/ 2.18μs cycle time
 * The IBM 7080 used this as 80,000 – 7-bit characters; CBA8421.

title: IBM 7302