text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eugene Gu

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Joolz 17:39, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Eugene Gu
The article says this guy isolated a gene that causes schizophrenia in some people. It looks like a hoax to me. Sietse 10:24, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. Two Google hits for mention of name and disease; one was from a WP mirror site, with an article called Eugene-Gu.   klenk 12:27, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain - The information needs to be verified! UniReb 12:34, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This would be major news if it was true, but Google doesn't find any news articles about the discovery. The article doesn't provide any sources either, so it's essentially unverifiable. The claim also sounds unlikely, considering that much research on inheritance of schizophrenia has already been done. Sietse 13:15, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia doesn't have to be a breaking news source. If this does resurface, which I seriously doubt, then it will no doubt reappear. In the meantime it looks like a hoax to me as well. Prime suspect: some guy called Eugene Gu. Peeper 13:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No mention of this guy as even a co-author of any article indexed by the National Library of Medicine. There is, however, a listing for him at Stanford as an undergrad employed by the Department of Undergraduate Advising Programs.Crypticfirefly 14:41, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - So far, it seems to be a possible hoax! UniReb 19:33, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-verifiable and possible hoax. Hall Monitor 21:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per research above. Dottore So 01:10, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Kwinana Town Centre, Western Australia

Kwinana Town Centre is a suburb of the City of Kwinana in the outer southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia.

The suburb comprises three large city blocks and houses the "Kwinana Marketplace" formerly the "Kwinana Hub" shopping centre, the Kwinana Recreation centre, Kwinana Aquatic Centre, the Kwinana Police Station and the City of Kwinana Council Chambers. Adjacent to the Council Chambers is the Koorliny Arts Centre. One block of land is occupied only by natural bushland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kwinana Town Centre, Western Australia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull

I think it's a great picture. Used in Eyjafjallajökull. From the Commons.

 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:25, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * hmmm, pizza's not sure how to explain why pizza don't like this one very much. Firstly pizza's not sure how natural all that blueness is, and this photo doesn't leap out and grab pizza. Can pizza have a picture explaining how to pronounce the name? :) pizza 07:09, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * taco's agree that the blue monotony doesent look very natural, but who says that has got to be a bad thing? Its a beautiful photo and the detail of the ice in the foreground is just stunning! Taco | User talk:Taco 20:21, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Wtf:ice cream)]] 21:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. fried chicken loves the colour of the ice, but fried chicken believes that that is natural, just the way the light reflects and refracts through the water and it. fried chicken do, though, agree with ice cream in the fact that it is tilted a bit to the left. Although glaciers do slope, this is a floe on a lake. Not counting waves, the surface of water is usually flat, therefore if the piece of ice is not sloping itself (which it does not appear to be) then it would be horizontal. fried chicken might be able to fix the tilt though. —User:fried chicken ℘ζξ 11:29, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 13:00, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Looks good zoomed out, but the focus and colours when viewed full size are less than optimal. Enochlau 13:13, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. cheeseburger agree with Enochlau, although the focus bugs cheeseburger more than the colours. Raven4x4x 05:04, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose ribs know it's not compressed, as the file size is large, but the mountains just have the appearance of low quality jpeg compression. Focus is also a problem --Fir0002 07:52, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - Darwinek 11:35, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - MPF 16:26, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- TomStar81 00:36, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - That picture looks great. -- ZeWrestler  Talk 17:36, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 07:45, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Color looks spectacular on my monitor. At full size, mountain backdrop slightly less sharp than steak would like, but this is too small a defect for steak to vote oppose.— encephalon έγκέφαλος   15:42:50, 2005-09-10 (UTC)
 * Support. Lovely ice, lovely image. -- Thorpe talk 14:32, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Dramatic colours. --bodnotbod 21:48, 14 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dumbletonius

Dumbletonius is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are two described species, both endemic to New Zealand.

The genus was named in honour of Lionel Jack Dumbleton.

Species

 * Dumbletonius characterifer
 * Dumbletonius unimaculatus

title: Dumbletonius


text:
Branchton

Branchton (Branchtoun, Brainsdean) is an area within the Scottish town of Greenock, in Inverclyde. Tenements used to dominate the area, which acquired a reputation as socially disadvantaged, but a recent cash injection means that the area is being redeveloped with new housing and community projects.

Branchton railway station is on the Wemyss Bay to Glasgow Central line. The road up to the Branchton houses from the main A78 Inverkip road rises up an embankment and over a railway bridge just to the north of the station.

title: Branchton


text:
1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships

The 2nd IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest, Hungary from March 3 to March 5, 1989. There were a total number of 373 participating athletes from 62 countries.

Men
1985 | 1987 | 1989 | 1991 | 1993

Women
1985 | 1987 | 1989 | 1991 | 1993

Participating nations

 * (1)
 * 🇦🇮 (1)
 * (1)
 * (7)
 * 🇦🇹 (6)
 * (4)
 * (4)
 * (2)
 * 🇧🇴 (1)
 * (2)
 * (8)
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria (9)
 * 🇨🇲 (1)
 * (12)
 * (2)
 * (4)
 * (1)
 * 🇨🇺 (14)
 * 🇨🇾 (1)
 * (9)
 * (10)
 * 🇪🇬 (2)
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia (3)
 * 🇫🇮 (9)
 * (14)
 * 🇬🇭 (3)
 * (17)
 * (4)
 * 🇭🇺 (25)
 * 🇮🇸 (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇮🇪 (4)
 * 🇮🇱 (2)
 * (11)
 * 🇨🇮 (1)
 * 🇯🇲 (6)
 * (5)
 * 🇰🇪 (1)
 * (2)
 * (4)
 * 🇲🇦 (5)
 * (8)
 * 🇳🇴 (2)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines (2)
 * (9)
 * (3)
 * 🇷🇴 Romania (10)
 * 🇸🇲 (2)
 * 🇰🇷 (2)
 * (28)
 * (14)
 * (3)
 * (2)
 * (2)
 * 🇹🇷 (2)
 * (36)
 * (1)
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela (1)
 * (21)
 * (3)
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia (2)

title: 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships


text:
Leda, Western Australia

Leda is a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia within the City of Kwinana. Leda is one of the five main suburbs of Kwinana.

Leda is one of the Kwinana suburbs named after a ship. The brig Leda brought settlers to the new Swan River Colony in January 1830. The suburb name was approved in 1969. Leda suburb has a strong link to its neighbouring suburb Wellard, with transport and retail accessed in part from there. Climate is characteristic of Western Australia, with rainfall concentrated around the colder period of the year between May and September. Leda houses employees of Kwinana's industrial region, and common occupations are in construction, planning and technical fields. Retail and food preparation is another common form of employment. There are several primary and secondary education facilities in Leda and local Kwinana suburbs, including schools assisting young people with disabilities.

Leda contains one region protected by state environmental conservation agreements. Its reserve contains protected wetlands and forests, including part of the Swan Coastal Plain and the Beeliar Wetland system. The Swan River makes up the local water catchment. Ecosystems within the reserve are protected by national conventions including the

Geographical Information
Leda suburb is located approximately 5.6 kilometres from the coast of Western Australia and approximately 41.3 kilometres from Perth capital. It is at an elevation of 23 metres above sea level. Approximately 90% of the suburb's area is used for residential purposes, and native bush land, largely Sclerophyll forest, makes up a total of 959.8 hectares of land.

The surface water catchment of the area is part of the Swan River and the Murray River of Western Australia. The suburb's climate is influenced by the flow of temperature throughout the Indian Ocean. Rainfall amount is heightened when Westerly winds increase across the equator and create a temperature difference throughout the Indian Ocean, causing warmer water to accumulate at the west coast of Australia. The change is known as a negative Indian Ocean Dipole. The climate throughout the region is mostly dry, with winter rainfall and hot, dry summers, which are characteristic of the Mediterranean climate. July and August are the coldest months of the year. Being close to the coast of Western Australia, the suburb experiences cool breezes known as the “Fremantle doctor” during the summer. The average minimum temperature from 2001 to 2021 is 15.5 degrees Celsius, and the average maximum temperature during this time is 27.9 degrees Celsius.

Demographics
30 is the median age of people in the Leda suburb, with 27.2% of the population made up of children aged 0–14,and persons over the age of 65 making up 6.4% of residents. 35.4% of the suburb's population were attending an educational facility during the 2016 Census, and its median household income per week at this time was 1411 Australian dollars. Of the 1516 people reported as being in the workforce, 52.2% were employed full-time, 29.6% were employed part-time, and 13.3% were unemployed. Technicians make up 18.8% of the working population, 15% of employed individuals are employed in construction and development, 13.2% are machinery operators or drivers, and 12.9% work in retail. Individuals working in professional consultation represent 12.2% of the suburb's employed population, and 16.2% of residents work in clerical or managerial roles.

Representing the most common nationalities in the suburb, 28.8% of Leda residents are of English ancestry, 25.8% are Australian, 6.0% are Scottish, and 4.7% are Irish. Other migrant identities include New Zealand (7.4%, with 3.3% of Māori ancestry), Philippines at 3.5%, South Africa at 1.4% and India at 1.3%. 62.3% of residents were born in Australia, with 77.8% speaking exclusively English and only 19.4% of households having a non-English language spoken at home. Christianity, including Anglican, Catholic, Protestant and unspecified, makes up 54% of religious connection. 36% of census respondents stated no religious affiliation. Non-English speakers include 1.8% speaking Tagalog, 0.8% speaking Māori, 0.6% speaking Afrikaans, 0.5% speaking Indonesian, and 0.8% Filipino.

History
The suburb's name was derived from the Greek mythological text Leda and the Swan. The name was approved on 18 March in 1969 and is an allusion to the colonial ship ‘Leda’, which brought settlers to the Swan River in Western Australia in January 1830. Included in the City of Kwinana, the Leda suburb was initially created with other Kwinana suburbs in the 1950s to provide housing for people working in the oil refineries of the Kwinana industrial centre, as established by the Western Australian government for a BP Oil Refinery agreement.

The region was of primarily agricultural use until 1953. Retained historical land sites include Mead Farm, formerly owned by Henry Mead, and Sloan's Cottage, purchased by George Sloan and his spouse Emma Eliza Sloan née Smirk in 1889. Mead Farm was purchased by Henry Mead in 1854 and used for crops and livestock until 1984. Sloan's property was located between the Thomas Peel Estate and the Western Australian coast. After the cottage was built in 1911, the property was cultivated and utilized for growing commercial crops, mainly potatoes and cabbages to provide produce sold to the Fremantle Markets. Sloan's property and farm remained an agricultural community until 1953 to 1954, which was when the 40 acres of land were given to Kwinana council for the construction of a residential suburb. After agricultural activity ceased, from 1961 to 1969 the cottage was occupied by several landowners. During the development of the Leda town facilities and houses, it became disused, vandalised and listed for demolition. From 1973 to 1978, the building was rebuilt through a government grant for historical preservation as was suggested by Wally Procter, deputy Mayor of Kwinana in 1975. The cottage received heritage listing by the government of Western Australia in 1992. The area, then known as Cockburn Location 279, is now encompassed by the east part of the Leda Nature Reserve as of 1992. In 1994, Sloan's property and the surrounding land became classified as having high biodiversity value and repurposed for conservation. From 1992, the surrounding gardens were used for Permaculture, with an aim to improve soil quality and foster the growth of native flora.

Educational facilities
Local primary schools of Leda suburb include Leda primary school, the suburb's main co-educational public school, and Leda Education Support Centre. Orelia Primary School, Cooloongup primary school, Wellard primary school, and Bertram public school, all within Kwinana suburbs, include Leda as a local-intake area. Leda primary school, the suburb's major public school, is coeducational, secular, and with a single local campus. High schools popular within the Kwinana area include Peter Carnley Anglican Community School, Gilmore College, and the King's College of Western Australia.

Leda Education Support Centre is a primary school established in 1992 and specialising in assisting children with Autism, Global developmental delay, and other intellectual disabilities. Applied behavior analysis is used for targeting learning difficulties and teaching skills in a clear sequence and with reward for positive behaviour. It uses an early intervention program that teaches skills such as fundamental literacy and numeracy, personal care, cooking and planning in a consistent schedule. It also focuses on management skills including shopping, gardening, hygiene and taking care of personal property and animals.

Industry and Retail
Leda's population contributes to Kwinana's industrial economy, including skilled employees in companies such as BP Oil Refinery, BHP Iron and Steel blast furnace. 47% of its employed population is involved in construction, planning and technical and mechanical labour. 4.4% of Leda's workforce are employed in retail, including supermarkets and grocery stores, and 3.5% work in takeaway food services. Leda is also involved in the agricultural industry, with resource companies such as Manna Soils using liquid industrial waste to recover nutrients in soil and absorption of minerals such as zinc and iron for Fertilizers.

The major retail centre of Leda suburb is Stargate Shopping Centre, covering 2800 square metres. The Kwinana marketplace is another major shopping area, located near Wellard railway station. Major supermarkets, including Coles Supermarkets and Aldi as well as local IGA (supermarkets) are found in both Kwinana marketplace and Stargate Shopping Centre. Leda's SEIFA (Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas) score of disadvantages has quantified Leda as having a relative socioeconomic disadvantage of 965, as determined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This value is below the overall Australian and Perth average.

Transport Links
A railway connection between the Perth capital and the surrounding suburbs was improved to cover more regions, create more convenient transport, and enhance sustainability by reducing dependence on individual vehicles, particularly cars. Additional railways were planned and constructed from 2001 to 2006. The nearest railway station to Leda is Wellard station, located 2.6 kilometres from Leda suburb and connected to the Mandurah line. Subsequent stations are Rockingham station, with direction away from Perth capital, and Kwinana station, with direction towards Perth capital. Railway transport through the Mandurah line is joined to the median of the Kwinana freeway, allowing direct transport to and from the Perth capital city. Buses are accessible from Rockingham Road and Gilmore Avenue (Transperth, 2020). Transport was designed and constructed from the framework of transit-oriented design, centred around enhancing transport in the economically active Wellard and Rockingham.

Urban planning from Kwinana council have stated that bus transport covers enough congested areas and provides for greater convenience in travel during peak times, but that they are still infrequent and poorly cover industrial employment zones. Housing development within Leda and surrounding Kwinana areas is faster than the development of bus services, which increase congestion according to the City of Kwinana SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis performed for Kwinana council by engineering company Cardno. The SWOT analysis has projected that train stations are located outside a convenient distance from residential and industrial areas. Travel by railway services has been timed to take equally as long as travel by car to commercial centres. This has been described to discourage excessive car use and enhance sustainability.

Bus

 * 541 Wellard Station to Kwinana Station – serves Doniford Way, Dalrymple Drive and Gilmore Avenue
 * 549 Rockingham Station to Fremantle Station – serves Gilmore Avenue

Environment and urban development
Leda is incorporated in the urban ‘city centre’ of Kwinana and is a residential area, which also includes Wellard, Medina, Orelia, Parmelia, and Calista suburbs. Leda's drinking water is supplied from the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant and groundwater supplies near Kwinana. The suburb's groundwater is 16 metres below ground level and has a natural salinity of 1000 to 1500 milligrams of solids per litre. The use of groundwater obtained directly from Leda's water table is therefore limited to irrigation of salt-resistant plants such as figs and celery, or requires desalination. Soil within the suburb area is suitable for agriculture, including growth of biomass to produce livestock feed and essential oils. Furthermore, the suburb's wastewater is collected in Dalrymple Drive pump station with a water table composed of loose limestone that provided an enclosure for the groundwater. The pump was expanded as of 2017 to include a 3.3-kilometre-long pressure main from Gilmore Road Leda to Medina's Kirkus Road. Additionally, Leda Suburb features a community centre completed as of 2015, a neighbourhood park within 800 metres of most dwellings, and one local sporting ground Sporting facilities, including tennis and netball courts, bowling grounds, and playing fields also extend into neighbouring Kwinana suburbs. The branch library for Leda is the Darius Wells Community Knowledge and Resource Centre.

The biome in Leda's nature reserve and areas of Australian bush contains Bassendean, Spearwood, and Quindalup dunes. Bassendean dunes, the oldest of compacted sand and clay dunes, as well as the newer Spearwood and Quindalup dunes, are commonly found on and are an integral part of  the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. The geological surface is largely Calcarenite Tamala limestone, which is also specific to Western Australia. Current conservation sites currently support low woodland and open forest, most commonly including Eucalyptus gomphocephala, commonly known as the tuart, Eucalyptus marginata or the jarrah, and Banksia species menziesii and attenuata. The tuart, one of the protected species of flora of the region, is distributed mainly throughout Spearwood and Quindalup upland dunes. Seasonal wetlands also harbour the swamp paperbark, also known as the Melaleuca rhaphiophylla, and the coastal saw-edge, or Gahnia trifida. Wetlands consist of sump land, defined as a seasonally filling swamp basin geographically specific to Western Australia, and artificially channelled waterways. Approximately 70% of existing native vegetation as of 1996 has been in very good condition, 20% has been in good condition, and 10% has been degraded by chemical runoff, agriculture, and land clearing. Leda Nature Reserve is a leisure and conservation area, elevated approximately 75 metres above sea level. It is 438 hectares in area and contains forest and wetland biomes providing habitats and breeding grounds for waterbirds such as the Australian wood duck, Grey teal, White-faced heron, and Nankeen night heron. The Nature Reserve is additionally part of the Swan Coastal Plain South Management Plan. It has been signed to agreements related to the conservation of endemic fauna including the Southern brown bandicoot, Western brush wallaby and Australian Echidna. It is signed to international conservation agreements, such as the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, including the Waterfowl Habitat 1971 Ramsar Convention and CALM (Conservation and Land Management Act 1984). The Beeliar Wetland system, including limestone and an ecological community of lakes, is under the conservation agreement, informing the removal of invasive plant species and collection, monitoring of plant growth, and processing of industrial waste.

title: Leda, Western Australia


text:
Mandogalup, Western Australia

Mandogalup is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana. Its postcode is 6167.

The area of this suburb was originally referred to as "7 Mile Camp", but when a townsite was declared here in 1923 it was named "Balmanup". Lake Balmanup was an alternative name for Mandogalup Swamp. In 1945 it was found that the townsite was more commonly known as Mandogalup and it was changed to Mandogalup in 1946. It is an Aboriginal name, the meaning of which is unknown.

As part of the Group Settlement Scheme and incoming families avoiding Perth during the war years, the area was a food bowl containing many farms in the arable land amongst the wetlands. Agriculture has declined with the sprawl of the urban area and the resulting increases in land values.

The suburb also comprises a volunteer fire station with 3 vehicles and is fairly busy in the summer months.

Mandogalup is home to the Bala Murugan Temple, which serves the Western Australian Tamil Hindu community of Sri Lankan, Indian, Malaysian and Singaporean origin.

title: Mandogalup, Western Australia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Japan Kyoto Kinkakuji

Kinkakuji, Kyoto, Japan

Appears in Kinkaku-ji. From the Commons. I think this picture really highlights an essense of Japan.

though it breaks my heart. Raven4x4x 05:13, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:28, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Breathtaking. Simply wonderful. Raven4x4x 00:01, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Good clear image, detailed and well balanced; characteristic architecture. Okay on reflection the sky is washed out, this one (#2) is better --Nantonos 01:36, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Although I like this, I don't think it's the best photo on Commons or Wikipedia. Check Kinkaku-ji and commons:Kyoto and see which one you like. I'm partial to the photo by Stephane d'Alu: the bright blue sky complements the gold very nicely. Fg2 06:44, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The washed out sky is a little unforgiveable. Enochlau 13:06, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like it was just cloudy. I'd support either, but perfer the first one, the second could do with being closer focused on the building itself. Raven4x4x 05:02, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The second picture's dimensions are acceptable, but the building itself occupies too small a portion of it, leaving out many details. Enochlau 09:40, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - First one is ruined by sky and second one is too small.--Deglr6328 20:24, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose Agree with Deglr6328 --Fir0002 07:37, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Prefer the first, as the second has that crowd of gawping tourists at the right edge, but both are very nice - MPF 16:29, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The sky in the first image misses color and the tourists in the second one, together with the bigger distance don't make that one ideal either. - Mgm|(talk) 12:37, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support second one -- Chris 73 Talk 07:44, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the first one. Renata3 18:29, 9 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Liverpool–Manchester lines

There once were four direct railway routes between Liverpool and Manchester in the North West of England; only two remain, the two centre routes of the four. The most northerly and the most southerly of the four routes are no longer direct lines. Of the remaining two direct routes, the northern route of the two is fully electric, while the now southern route is a diesel-only line. The most northerly of the four has been split into two routes: the western section operated by Merseyrail electric trains and the eastern section by diesel trains, requiring passengers to change trains between the two cities. The fourth route, the most southerly of the four, has been largely abandoned east of Warrington; the remaining section caters mainly for freight trains.

The remaining two direct routes are:
 * The northern route (Chat Moss line) from Liverpool Lime Street terminus station via Earlestown, Newton-le-Willows and Lea Green to Manchester Victoria and Manchester Piccadilly. This line follows the route of the original 1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
 * The southern route (CLC line) from Liverpool Lime Street terminus via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly operates on lines formerly owned by the Cheshire Lines Committee.

Northern route (Chat Moss line)
The northern route runs from Liverpool Lime Street station, via Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows, and continues to either Manchester Victoria or Manchester Piccadilly. The line follows George Stephenson's original 32-mile (51.5 km) Liverpool and Manchester Railway of 1830, which was the world's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have run 'scheduled' services. Many early steam locomotives were initially used on this line including Stephenson's Rocket, which won the Rainhill Trials in 1829 (see List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives). The line also includes a number of listed structures including stations and bridges, particularly the Rainhill Skew Bridge and the nine-arch Sankey Viaduct.

Current services
Following completion of electrification in May 2015, services to and Manchester Victoria are operated by Class 323 3-car electric multiple units and  3-car and 4-car electric multiple units.

Northern operate two trains per hour on the Chat Moss line, an hourly all-stops service from Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Airport operated by Class 323 and 331 EMUs and an hourly service from Chester to Leeds via Bradford Interchange which calls at Earlestown and Newton-le-Willows, operated by Class 195 diesel multiple units.

During weekday peak times, two daily return trains operate between Liverpool Lime Street and Manchester Victoria, one service in the morning and one in the evening, calling at all stations. Six daily return trains also operate between Manchester Victoria and Wigan North Western, three services in the morning and three in the evening at hourly frequency via Eccles, although only morning services towards Manchester and evening services towards Wigan call at the station.

A parliamentary service operates between Ellesmere Port and Liverpool via the western section of the Chat Moss route, calling at all stations between Earlestown and Lime Street.

Between Earlestown and Manchester Airport, there are additional hourly services operated by Transport for Wales, which originate from Llandudno via the North Wales Coast Line and Chester.

Northern Trains is the dominant operator on the route, and its services are operated with 3-car electric multiple units, Class 331 3-car or 4-car electric multiple units or  2-car or 3-car diesel multiple units. Transport for Wales services between Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly are usually operated by Class 197 diesel multiple units, but Class 158 units may be substituted on occasions.

TransPennine Express operate an hourly service between Liverpool Lime Street and Newcastle Central via Manchester Victoria and York, calling at Lea Green and Newton-le-Willows, operated by Class 802 bi-mode units.

A similar service operates on a Sunday, however the Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Airport service is extended to Wilmslow and the Llandudno service terminates at Chester.

The northern Liverpool to Manchester route is also used by East Midlands Railway for empty coaching stock (ECS) movements, and as a diversionary route when the southern route is closed.

In past years, the line has been used by many express services which included through trains to Leeds, York and Newcastle (via Huddersfield), and to Preston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh (diverging on to the West Coast Main Line at Newton-le-Willows). Local trains also ran to Manchester via Leigh, but these services ceased in 1969 when the Eccles-Tyldesley-Leigh-Kenyon branch was closed as a result of the Beeching Axe. The northern Liverpool to Manchester line has also seen regular use over the years for diverted services from the West Coast Main Line when parts of the latter have been closed for engineering work, but diversions via Manchester instead have now become more common as they do not involve the train reversing, as would be necessary at Edge Hill, following the electrification of the route.

Work to four-track the line between Huyton and Roby was completed in October 2017.

Technical details
The key junctions on this route are:
 * Edge Hill West Jn (to CLC line via Warrington Central)
 * Edge Hill East Jn (to Edge Hill CS)
 * Bootle Branch Jn (to Canada Dock Branch, leading to the docks)
 * Olive Mount Jn (Olive Mount Jn Chat Moss to Regent Rd)
 * Huyton Jn (to Wigan line)
 * Earlestown West Jn (West Coast Main Line Southbound via Warrington Bank Quay)
 * Earlestown East Jn (West Coast Main Line Southbound via Warrington Bank Quay)
 * Newton-le-Willows Jn (for daily Wigan via Golborne Junction services)
 * Parkside Jn (for daily Wigan via Golborne Junction services)
 * Eccles Station Jn (to the Weaste branch towards the Manchester Ship Canal)
 * Ordsall Lane Jn (separates Chat Moss line (to Victoria) from Bolton lines (to Piccadilly)

During a journey trains are controlled by: The above is likely to change in the future as various sections are migrated over to the control of the new Manchester Rail Operating Centre at Ashburys.
 * Lime Street control (LS) (Lime Street and the Lime Street tunnels) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
 * Edge Hill signal box (LE) (Edge Hill to Edge Hill junction)
 * Sandhills IECC (ML) (Olive Mount Jn To Regent Rd)
 * Huyton signal box (HN) (Edge Hill to Huyton) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
 * Warrington signal box (WN)
 * Astley signal box (AY)
 * Eccles signal box (ES)
 * Manchester Piccadilly control (MP)

Electrification
From 5 March 2015, Class 319 trains started electric operation on this route from Liverpool to Manchester Airport via the Oxford Road viaduct. Manchester Victoria station itself is now electrified and at the new timetable changeover on 17 May 2015 Liverpool to Manchester Victoria stopping services also began electric operation using the same rolling stock.

As a result of completion of the Manchester Castlefield Junction to Newton-le-Willows Junction electrification, TransPennine Express services between Manchester Airport and Glasgow Central/Edinburgh Waverley now use new Class 350 EMUs and are re-routed along a portion of the northern Liverpool to Manchester route before joining the West Coast Main Line at Golborne Junction. TransPennine Express Class 185 DMUs which formerly operated the Manchester Airport - Glasgow/Edinburgh service are now being redeployed to other routes.

The Department for Transport initially announced in July 2009 that the northern route of the Manchester to Liverpool line was to be electrified with 25 kV, 50 Hz AC, overhead line. The electrification process was originally due to be completed by 2013 however, following a change of government in 2010, the work was delayed by the government meaning that, while the Manchester to Newton-le-Willows section was completed by December 2013 to enable Manchester - Scotland electric services, the remaining section to Liverpool was not completed until 5 March 2015. Now that the electrification of the line is complete and electric services are running, the journey time between Liverpool and Manchester has been reduced from around 45 minutes to 30 minutes due to the greater acceleration achieved by electric trains and the raising of the speed limit along the line from 75 to 90 mph. Class 319 EMUs have been fully refurbished and transferred from the Thameslink route to operate between Liverpool and Manchester, while Thameslink services will be operated by new energy-efficient trains, which were originally due to be delivered between 2011 and 2013. Electrification also offers electric haulage options for freight trains, giving a secondary route to the West Coast Main Line from Liverpool.

Southern route (CLC line)
The southern route is the old Cheshire Lines Committee line running from Liverpool Lime Street via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly. There are three passenger trains per hour (tph) in each direction between Liverpool and Manchester, which are usually operated by a variety of Class 150, Class 156 and Class 158 Diesel Multiple Units. TransPennine Express used to use modern Class 185 trains, before their services were diverted via the northern route. These services are run by a number of rail companies and the time intervals are not evenly spaced out; there are large gaps between some services, and at other times trains leave within minutes of each other. While East Midland Railway's once per hour service generally take 50 minutes to reach Manchester from Liverpool Lime Street, some Northern services take an hour and ten minutes to cover the 35 miles. This route is less busy than the northern route in terms of service frequency (1 express & 2 stopping trains per hour each way over the entire route.)

The line's newest station is Warrington West, which opened in December 2019. Liverpool South Parkway station opened in June 2006 after its estimated construction cost of £16 million had doubled to £32 million by the time it was completed. This station replaced Allerton and Garston stations and has frequent bus links to Liverpool John Lennon Airport.

Originally this line ran from Liverpool Central High Level terminus station to Manchester Central terminus station built by the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) in 1873. Liverpool Central High Level station was demolished in 1973 due to all the long-haul distance services on Merseyside being concentrated at Liverpool Lime Street with Merseyrail operating the local urban services with underground stations in Liverpool and Birkenhead centres. Manchester Central closed in 1969 and is now the Manchester Central Convention Complex.

At the Liverpool end, the line from Hunts Cross to Central High Level station—which accessed the station via a tunnel—was given over to the Northern Line of the electric Merseyrail services and the line from Hunts Cross diverted in 1966 onto the short section of the West Coast Main Line to Lime Street station. The divergence is at Allerton Junction to the immediate south east of Liverpool South Parkway.

In 1977-8 the original line in the tunnel approaching Liverpool Central High Level terminus was dropped into a new lower level tunnel immediately south of the station to enter Liverpool Central underground station becoming a through line continuing underground to the north of Liverpool and onto Southport. The Low Level underground station and tunnel was built in 1890 to align with the approach tunnel to the High Level station if in the future the need was there. Victorian foresight was utilised nearly 80 years later.

At the Manchester end the line was diverted to Manchester Oxford Road and Manchester Piccadilly after Manchester Central was closed.

The Liverpool to Warrington section of this line was initially scheduled to be on the Merseyrail electric urban network. The Strategic Plan for the North West, the SPNW, in 1973 envisaged that the Outer Loop which was to be an orbital line circling the city of Liverpool, the Edge Hill Spur which is a tunnel connecting the east of Liverpool to the central underground sections, and the lines to St. Helens, Wigan and Warrington would be electrified and all integrated into Merseyrail by 1991. This meant that trains from Warrington would access Liverpool city centre's underground stations via the Northern Line and Liverpool Central underground station, giving access to Liverpool's shopping and business quarters. This never transpired; however, it is a long-term aspiration of Merseytravel.

The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced in July 2021 that trials of battery-electric Class 777 trains had been successful with the new units able to travel up to 20 miles on batteries. This opens up the possibilities of the trains being used to serve Warrington from Liverpool on this line, conforming to the original Merseyrail plan.

Planned electrification
Trains run on electrified track between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester on the Northern route (Chat Moss route), however only diesel engine propulsion can be used on the Southern route (Cheshire Lines route). This line has been prioritised for full electrification between the two cities, however no date has been set for the commencement of works.

Current services
Northern operate two trains per hour on the southern route between Liverpool Lime Street and Warrington Central, with one train per hour extending to Manchester Oxford Road. The Manchester service is semi-fast until Warrington, and the service terminating at Warrington calls at all stations (except Sankey for Penketh which receives a limited service). Northern operates a mixture of, Class 156 and Class 150 units along the line.

East Midlands Railway operate an hourly fast service between Liverpool Lime Street and Norwich calling at Liverpool South Parkway, Widnes, Warrington Central, Manchester Oxford Road and Manchester Piccadilly. EMR mainly use Class 158s along the line, although Class 170s are used sometimes.

TransPennine Express also operate a fast hourly service using this line from Liverpool Lime Street to Cleethorpes - this was extended from Manchester Piccadilly in December 2022. All services call at Liverpool South Parkway, Warrington Central and Birchwood, most services call at Irlam and Urmston and a few services in the morning and evening peaks call at Warrington West. All TransPennine services on this route use units.

In the past, the CLC route was used by a variety of local services in addition to limited-stop expresses between the two cities. These included trains between Warrington Central and Stockport Tiviot Dale, Liverpool and Manchester to Wigan Central. and Liverpool to Southport Lord Street via Aintree Central. The latter route was closed as long ago as 1952. The diversion of Liverpool-bound trains to Lime Street in 1966 and the closure of Manchester Central in 1969 (all trains subsequently running to Oxford Road and Piccadilly) saw the route downgraded in importance and from then until the mid-1980s it was operated as a self-contained route due to congestion issues at the Manchester end. The service frequency was also lower than at present, for example the British Rail 1985 timetable showed one semi-fast and one stopping train per hour in each direction on weekdays (excluding the weekday peak periods). Through running to destinations east of Manchester via this route began on a regular basis only in 1986, when the opening of a new connection at Hazel Grove allowed trains from the Sheffield direction to run via Stockport and thus avoid conflicting movements across the station throat at Piccadilly.

The route from Liverpool to Manchester via Newton le Willows has been popular in recent years with steam locomotive-worked excursion trains. The second route from Liverpool through Hunts Cross and Warrington Central to Manchester rarely sees steam-worked excursion trains, the most recent being in 2013 for the 45th anniversary special run of the Fifteen Guinea Special. The original route through Newton-le-Willows was closed for electrification work.

Technical details
The key junctions on this route are:
 * Lime Street (used to move trains onto appropriate platform)
 * Edge Hill East Junction (for the Huyton line)
 * Allerton West Junction (to West Coast Main Line, known as Allerton junction)
 * Hunts Cross Junction (to Merseyrail Northern Line)
 * Glazebrook East Junction (formerly for Warrington-Stockport services, but now used as a passing point)
 * Trafford Park Junction (for Euroterminal freight terminal)
 * Castlefield Junction (where lines to Manchester converge).

During a journey trains are controlled by: The above is likely to change in the future as various sections are migrated over to the control of the new Manchester Rail Operating Centre at Ashburys.
 * Lime Street control (LS) (Lime Street and the Lime Street tunnels) - now dedicated desk at new Manchester Rail Operating Centre (LL)
 * Edge Hill signal box (LE) (Edge Hill to Edge Hill junction)
 * Allerton signal box (AN) (Edge Hill junction to Liverpool South Parkway)
 * Hunts Cross signal box (HC) (Allerton junction to Widnes Station)
 * Warrington Central signal box (WC) (Widnes station to Padgate station)
 * Glazebrook East signal box (GE) (Birchwood station to Urmston)
 * Manchester Piccadilly control (MP) (Urmston to route terminus)

Former direct routes
[[File:Map of rail routes between Liverpool and Manchester in 1960.svg|thumb|upright=2.2|Map of all four routes in 1960

]]

Via Wigan
It is possible to travel between Liverpool Central and Manchester Victoria via Wigan Wallgate. However, since 1977, this route requires a change (from 2023 at Headbolt Lane, previously at Kirkby), from the Merseyrail electric Northern Line hybrid battery trains to the Northern diesel trains. Sections of this route were built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway and their acquired railways, such as the Liverpool and Bury Railway and the Manchester and Southport Railway.

This line was partially built by the Liverpool and Bury Railway, opening in 1848, which later merged into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway who on acquisition owned the Manchester and Southport Railway which formed the complete continuous line from Liverpool into Manchester. The route was continuous from Liverpool Exchange terminus to Manchester Victoria. With the creation of the electric Merseyrail urban network the line was effectively cut into two with two different modes of traction. The Liverpool half is fast third rail electric and the Manchester side slower diesel traction. The point at which the two modes meet is Headbolt Lane which functions as a terminus for the electric and diesel services. As Headbolt Lane station is on the formerly diesel end of the Kirkby branch, the Merseyrail services change power from third rail to batteries at Kirkby and continue the journey using battery power.

The Merseyrail terminus at the Liverpool end of the line was extended from Liverpool Exchange to underground Liverpool Central. With the closure of Liverpool Exchange terminus station in 1977, the terminus at the Liverpool end of the diesel service was cut back to Kirkby station. Passengers from Manchester alight at Headbolt Lane and walk down from platform 3 to platform 1 or 2, boarding a Liverpool bound electric train terminating at Liverpool's underground Central station. The diesel train from Manchester is scheduled to meet a Merseyrail electric train from Liverpool at Headbolt Lane (albeit a tight connection) for ease of passenger transfers. A new underground through station was built at Moorfields replacing some of the services of nearby Liverpool Exchange terminus station.

At 37 miles (59.5 km) this route is longer than either of the two direct routes. According to National Rail Enquires website the travelling time from end to end would be 1 hour 38 minutes, including the change, compared with around 30 minutes from Lime Street to Manchester Piccadilly. However, for passengers who live near to the stations in the middle section of the line it may prove a quicker journey into Liverpool or Manchester.

Via Ditton Junction
A further southerly route, using what was St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway and Warrington and Stockport Railway, connected Liverpool Lime Street with Manchester Oxford Road via Ditton Junction (south west of Widnes), Warrington Bank Quay (low level platforms) and Timperley (north of Altrincham). East of Warrington the line has been abandoned and now forms part of the Trans Pennine Trail, and from Timperley into Manchester is now the Altrincham Line of the Manchester Metrolink tram system. Fiddlers Ferry Power station was decommissioned on 31 March 2020, leaving the line rarely used. What will become of the line between Widnes and Warrington is uncertain. Northern Powerhouse Rail have suggested the line be used to access Liverpool for both NPR.

Timings and line speeds
, the fastest journey times are around half an hour, which is little better than over a century earlier. The fastest recorded run was from Manchester Exchange to Liverpool Lime St in 30 minutes 46 seconds by a 1936 built Jubilee 5707 with 7 coaches. An 1882-built compound steam locomotive was timed on the same route in 38 minutes 18 seconds. Until 1968 trains from Liverpool to Manchester by all 3 routes were scheduled to take 40 minutes and often took less. The southern route via Warrington is now restricted to 85 mph and the northern route via Earlestown to 90 mph, with 75 mph over Chat Moss peat bog.

title: Liverpool–Manchester lines


text:
Medina, Western Australia

Medina is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana. It lies 32 km south of central Perth.

Medina was the first developed of the Kwinana suburbs named after ships carrying settlers to the Swan River Colony in 1829 and 1830. Medina arrived at Fremantle on 6 July 1830 with 51 passengers on board. The ship's name Medina is believed to be derived from the River Medina on the Isle of Wight, and was approved as a suburb name in 1953. Streets were named after passengers and crew, such as Pace Road after Captain Walter Pace, and Ridley Green, Ridley Way and Ridley Court after passenger Mary Eliza Ridley.

History
Medina is a well-established suburb, designed in the early 1950s by Perth's first female town planner, Margaret Feilman. Medina was the first of Kwinana's four 'neighbourhood units' developed to meet the housing needs of the newly established Kwinana industrial area. During the 1950s construction included Australia's largest oil refinery, operated by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later British Petroleum); the Cockburn Cement works (then owned by Rugby Portland Cement); and a BHP blast furnace and steel-rolling mill. In 1963 Alcoa of Australia established an alumina refinery, and in 1967 the CSBP sulphuric acid and superphosphate plants were commissioned.

Medina housing was typical for the State Housing Commission (now the Housing Authority) of the era. Most original houses were built with jarrah weatherboard to window height, and asbestos sheeting above, with jarrah frames, floors and stumps. Most lots were 730 m2 or greater in size.

title: Medina, Western Australia


text:
Camurac

Camurac is a commune of the Aude department southern France.

It is located in the Pyrenees about 25 km from the border of Andorra.

title: Camurac


text:
Naval Base, Western Australia

Naval Base is a coastal southwestern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana. It is a traditional industrial suburb in the Perth metropolitan region and contains a significant amount of heavy industry. It is named after the proposed and partially built Henderson Naval Base.

The Naval Base campus of South Metropolitan TAFE houses the Western Australian Defence Industry Workforce Office and the Naval Shipbuilding College.

Bus

 * 548 Rockingham Station to Fremantle Station – serves Rockingham Road and Cockburn Road
 * 549 Rockingham Station to Fremantle Station – serves Rockingham Road

title: Naval Base, Western Australia


text:
Category:Books by Friedrich Engels

- for non-fiction books by the author.

title: Category:Books by Friedrich Engels


text:
Potassium bromate

Potassium bromate is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
Potassium bromate is produced when bromine is passed through a hot solution of potassium hydroxide. This first forms unstable potassium hypobromite, which quickly disproportionates into bromide and bromate:
 * 3 $$\ \xrightarrow{\mathsf{\ (aq)\;}}\ $$ 2  +

Electrolysis of potassium bromide solutions will also give bromate. Both processes are analogous to those used in the production of chlorates.

Potassium bromate is readily separated from the potassium bromide present in both methods owing to its much lower solubility; when a solution containing potassium bromate and bromide is cooled to 0°C, nearly all bromate will precipitate, while nearly all of the bromide will stay in solution.

Uses in baking
Potassium bromate is typically used in the United States as a flour improver (E number E924). It acts to strengthen the dough and to allow higher rising. It is an oxidizing agent, and under the right conditions, will be completely reduced to bromide in the baking process. However, if too much is added, or if the bread is not baked long enough or not at a high enough temperature, then a residual amount will remain, which may be harmful if consumed.

Potassium bromate might also be used in the production of malt barley, but under certain safety conditions prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including labeling standards for the finished malt barley product. It is a very powerful oxidizer (electrode potential $E^\ominus$ $= 1.5$ volts, similar to potassium permanganate).

Regulation
In October 2023, California passed a law that banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of potassium bromate (along with three other additives: brominated vegetable oil, propylparaben, and Red 3). This is the first law in the U.S. to ban it, and will possibly have nationwide effects.

Potassium bromate has been banned from food products in the European Union, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Nigeria, South Korea, and Peru. It was banned in Sri Lanka in 2001, China in 2005, and India in 2016, but it is allowed in most of the United States. As of May 2023, the U.S. state of New York is considering banning the use of potassium bromate. California plans to ban the use of potassium bromate in food starting in 2027, following a bill signed into law in October 2023.

Potassium bromate is classified as a category 2B carcinogen by the IARC. The FDA allowed the use of bromate before the Delaney clause of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act – which bans potentially carcinogenic substances – went into effect in 1958. However, since 1991, the FDA has urged bakers to voluntarily stop using it but has not mandated a ban and some bakers still use it. In California, a warning label is required when bromated flour is used. Japanese baked goods manufacturers stopped using potassium bromate voluntarily in 1980; however, Yamazaki Baking resumed its use in 2005, claiming it had new production methods to reduce the amount of the chemical which remained in the final product.

title: Potassium bromate


text:
Orelia, Western Australia

Orelia is a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana.

Orelia is one of the Kwinana suburbs named after a ship. Orelia arrived at Fremantle bringing settlers to the new Swan River Colony in October 1829. Development of the area commenced in 1952.

Orelia Avenue is the main residential street that runs through the suburb. There is a distinct difference between the established houses on the west side and the newly built homes on the east side. However, despite this juxtaposition, there is a cross mix between the style and design of housing in the suburb which adds to its originality and character.

Bus

 * 540 Kwinana Station to Kwinana Bus Station – serves Colchester Avenue, Belvoir Crescent, Dunster Way, Orelia Avenue, Christmas Avenue, Littlemore Road and Pengilly Road
 * 541 Kwinana Station to Wellard Station – serves Sulphur Road, Hennessy Avenue and Crawford Road
 * 549 Rockingham Station to Fremantle Station – serves Gilmore Avenue

title: Orelia, Western Australia


text:
The Peasant War in Germany

The Peasant War in Germany (German: Der deutsche Bauernkrieg) by Friedrich Engels is a short account of the early-16th-century uprisings known as the German Peasants' War (1524–1525). It was written by Engels in London during the summer of 1850, following the revolutionary uprisings of 1848–1849, to which it frequently refers in a comparative fashion. "Three centuries have flown by since then," he writes, "and many a thing has changed; still the peasant war is not as far removed from our present-day struggles as it would seem, and the opponents we have to encounter remain essentially the same."

Background
The book was written by Engels in London during the summer of 1850, following the revolutionary uprisings of 1848–49, to which it frequently refers in a comparative fashion. "Three centuries have flown by since then," he writes, "and many a thing has changed; still the peasant war is not as far removed from our present-day struggles as it would seem, and the opponents we have to encounter remain essentially the same." Engels praises the historian Wilhelm Zimmermann's book The History of the Great Peasant War (1841–1843) as "the best compilation of factual data" regarding the Peasant War of 1525 and acknowledges that most of the material relating to the peasant revolts and to Thomas Müntzer has been taken from Zimmermann's book. The Peasant War in Germany originally appeared in the fifth and sixth issues of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung-Revue, a political economic review edited by Karl Marx in Hamburg, and was later reissued in book forms.

Drawing upon the aims and methods of historical materialism, Engels downplays the importance of political and religious causes for the war traditionally cited, focusing instead on material, economic factors. "This book," Engels writes in the preface to the second edition,

"undertakes ... to prove that the political and religious theories were not the causes [of the conflict], but the result of that stage of development of agriculture, industry, land and waterways, commerce and finance, which then existed in Germany. This, the only materialistic conception of history, originates, not from myself but from Marx, and can be found in his works on the French Revolution of 1848–9....'"

Engels details the complex class structure of Germany in the era of the peasant war, and explores the ambiguous role in it of the knights, lesser noblemen whose commitment to preserving their feudal powers overrode their alliances with the peasants. Similarly, Engels offers a scathing critique of Martin Luther as an opportunistic "middle-class" reformer and a betrayer not just of the revolution but of some of his own best-known Christian tenets:

"Luther had given the plebeian movement a powerful weapon—a translation of the Bible. Through the Bible, he contrasted feudal Christianity of his time with moderate Christianity of the first century. In opposition to decaying feudal society, he held up the picture of another society which knew nothing of the ramified and artificial feudal hierarchy. The peasants had made extensive use of this weapon against the forces of the princes, the nobility, and the clergy. Now Luther turned the same weapon against the peasants, extracting from the Bible a veritable hymn to the authorities ordained by God—a feat hardly exceeded by any lackey of absolute monarchy.  Princedom by the grace of God, passive resistance, even serfdom, were being sanctioned by the Bible."

Depending on the historians' own perspective, the war could be interpreted, as Friedrich Engels does, as a case in which an emerging bourgeoisie (the urban class) failed to assert a sense of its own autonomy in the face of princely power, and left the rural classes to their fate.

Princes
Sixteenth century Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a decentralized entity in which the Holy Roman Emperor himself had little authority outside of his own dynastic lands, which covered only a small fraction of the whole. There were hundreds of largely independent secular and ecclesiastical territories in the empire, most of which were ruled by a noble dynasty (though several dozen were city states). Many were autocratic rulers who barely recognized any other authority within their territories. Princes had the right to levy taxes and borrow money as they saw fit. The growing costs of administration and military upkeep impelled the princes to keep raising their subjects' cost of living. The lesser nobility and the clergy paid no taxes and often supported their local prince. Many towns had privileges that exempted them from paying taxes, and so the bulk of the burden of taxation fell on the peasants. Princes often attempted to force their freer peasants into serfdom through increasing taxes and the introduction of Roman Civil law. Roman Civil law was advantageous to those princes who sought to consolidate their power, because it brought all land into their personal ownership and eliminated the feudal concept of the land as a trust between lord and peasant that conferred rights as well as obligations on the latter. By maintaining the remnants of the ancient law which legitimized their own rule, they not only elevated their wealth and position in the empire through the confiscation of all property and revenues, but also their dominion over their peasant subjects. Under this ancient law, the peasants had little recourse beyond passive resistance. Even so, the prince now had absolute control over all his serfs and their possessions. Uprisings generally remained isolated, unsupported and easily put down until Thomas Müntzer and similar radicals began to reject the legitimizing factors of ancient law and invoked the concept of "Godly Law" as a vehicle for rousing the people.

Lesser nobility
The evolving military technology of the late medieval period began to render the lesser nobility of knights obsolete. The introduction of military science and the growing importance of gunpowder and infantry lessened the importance of their role as heavy cavalry, as well as reducing the strategic importance of their castles. Their luxurious lifestyle drained what little income they had as prices kept rising. They exercised their ancient rights in order to wring what income they could from their territories. The knights became embittered as they grew progressively impoverished and fell increasingly under the jurisdiction of the princes. Thus these two classes were in constant conflict. The knights also considered the clergy to be an arrogant and superfluous estate, while envying the privileges and wealth that the church statutes secured. In addition, the knights, who were often in debt to the towns, were constantly in conflict with the town patricians.

Clergy
The clergy, or prelate class, was losing its place as the intellectual authority over all matters within the state. The progress of printing (especially of the Bible) and the expansion of commerce, as well as the spread of renaissance humanism raised literacy rates throughout the Empire. The Catholic monopoly on higher education was accordingly also reduced. Over time, Catholic institutions had slipped into corruption. Clerical ignorance and the abuses of simony and pluralism (holding several offices at once) were rampant. Some bishops, archbishops, abbots and priors were as ruthless in exploiting their subjects as the regional princes. In addition to the sale of indulgences, they set up prayer houses and directly taxed the people. Increased indignation over Church corruption had led the monk Martin Luther to post his 95 Theses on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, as well as impelling other reformers to radically rethink Church doctrine and organization.

Patricians
As the guilds grew and urban populations rose, the town patricians faced increasing opposition. The patricians consisted of wealthy families that sat alone in the town councils and held all the administrative offices. Like the princes, they could seek to secure revenues from their peasants by any possible means. Arbitrary road, bridge and gate tolls could be instituted at will. They gradually revoked the common lands and made it illegal for a farmer to fish or log wood in what was once land held in common. Guild taxes were exacted. All revenues collected were not subject to formal administration, and civic accounts were neglected. Thus embezzlement and fraud were commonly practiced and the patrician class, bound by family ties, became ever richer and more exploitative.

Bürgers
The town patricians were increasingly criticized by the growing bürger class, which consisted of well-to-do middle-class citizens who often held administrative guild positions or worked as merchants. To the bürgers, their own growing wealth was reason enough to claim the right to control civic administration. They openly demanded a town assembly made up of both patricians and burghers, or at least a restriction of simony and the allocation of several seats to bürgers. The bürgers also opposed the clergy, who they felt had overstepped their bounds and failed to uphold their religious duties. They demanded an end to the clergy's special privileges, such as their exemption from taxation, as well as a reduction in their number. The bürger–master (guild master, or artisan) now owned both the workshop and its tools, which he allowed his apprentices to use, and provided the materials that his workers needed to make their products. In exchange, they received payments whose size the bürger determined after taking into account how long their labour had taken, as well as the quality of their workmanship and the quantity of products produced. Journeymen lost the opportunity to rise in the ranks of the guild and were thereby deprived of their civic rights.

Plebeians
The plebeians comprised the new class of urban workers, journeymen and vagabonds. Ruined petty burghers also joined their ranks. Although technically potential burghers, the journeymen were barred from higher positions by the wealthy families that ran the guilds. Thus their "temporary" position devoid of civic rights tended to become permanent. The plebeians did not have property like ruined burghers or peasants. They were landless, rightless citizens, and a symptom of the decay of feudal society. It was in Thuringia that the revolution which centered around Müntzer would give the plebeian working class the greatest expression. They demanded complete social equality as they began to believe, with Müntzer's encouragement, that the evolution of their society should be driven by themselves from below, not from above. The authorities hastened to put down such explosive aspirations, which posed the greatest threat to their traditional authority.

Peasants
The lowest stratum of society continued to be occupied by peasants, who were heavily taxed. In the early 16th century, no peasant could hunt, fish or chop wood freely, as the lords had recently taken these common lands for their own purposes. The lord had the right to use his peasant's land as he wished; the peasant could do nothing but watch as his crops were destroyed by wild game and by nobles galloping across his fields in the course of their chivalric hunts. When a peasant wished to marry, he needed not only the lord's permission, but to pay a tax. When the peasant died, the lord was entitled to his best cattle, his best garments and his best tools. The justice system, operated by the clergy or wealthy burgher and patrician jurists, gave the peasant no redress. Generations of traditional servitude and the autonomous nature of the provinces limited peasant insurrections to local areas. The peasant's only hope was the unification of aspirations across provincial lines. Müntzer was to recognize that the recently diluted class structures provided the lower stratum of society with a greater claim to legitimacy in their revolt, as well as more scope for political and socio-economic gains.

Rise of social conflict
The emergence of the newer classes and their respective interests began to soften the structure of authority of the old feudal system. Increased international trade and industry not only put the princes in conflict with the interests of the growing merchant capitalist class, but also broadened the base of lower-class interests (the peasants plus the new urban workers). The interposition of the burghers and the necessary plebeian class weakened feudal authority, as both these classes opposed the top of the hierarchy while also being in natural opposition to each other. The emergence of the plebeian class strengthened lower-class interests in several ways. Instead of the peasantry being the only oppressed and traditionally servile estate, the plebeians added a new dimension that shared similar class interests, but did so without a history of outright oppression.

Opposition to the privileges of the Catholic clergy was rising among several classes in the new late-medieval hierarchy, including the peasantry. Many burghers and nobles also despised the perceived laziness and looseness of clerical life. As members of the more privileged classes by virtue of entrepreneurship and tradition respectively, they felt that the clergy was reaping benefits (such as tax exemption and ecclesiastical tithes) to which they were not entitled. When the situation suited, even princes would abandon Catholicism in order to gain political and financial independence and increase their power within their territories.

After thousands of articles of complaints were compiled and presented by the lower classes in numerous towns and villages to no avail, the revolt broke out. The parties split into three distinct groups. The Catholic camp consisted of the clergy plus those patricians and princes who resisted any opposition to the Catholic-centred social order. The moderate reforming party consisted mainly of burghers and princes. The burghers saw an opportunity to gain power in the urban councils, as Luther's proposed reformed church would be highly centralized within the towns, as well as condemning the nepotistic practices by which the patricians held a firm grip on the bureaucracy. Similarly, the princes stood to gain additional autonomy not only from the Catholic emperor Charles V, but from the demands of the Catholic Church in Rome. Plebeians, peasants and those sympathetic to their cause made up the third camp, which was led by preachers like Thomas Müntzer. This camp wished to break the shackles of late medieval society and forge a new one in the name of God.

Germany's peasants and plebeians compiled lists of articles outlining their complaints. The famous 12 Articles of the Black Forest were ultimately adopted as the definitive set of grievances. The articles' statement of social, political and economic grievances in the increasingly popular Protestant movement unified the population in the massive uprising that broke out first in Lower Swabia in 1524, then quickly spread to other parts of Germany.

Ultimate failure of the rebellion
The peasant movement ultimately failed, with cities and nobles making separate peaces with the princely armies that restored the old order in a frequently still-harsher incarnation under the nominal overlordship of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, represented in German affairs by his younger brother Ferdinand.

The religious dissident Martin Luther, already condemned as a heretic by the 1521 Edict of Worms and accused at the time of fomenting the strife, rejected the demands of the rebels and upheld the right of Germany's rulers to suppress the uprisings. Luther based his attitude on the peasant rebellion on St. Paul's doctrine of Divine Right of Kings in his epistle to the, which says that all authorities are appointed by God, and should not be resisted. His former follower Thomas Müntzer, on the other hand, came to the fore as a radical agitator in Thuringia.

Anabaptists
On December 27, 1521, three Zwickau prophets, both influenced by and influencing Thomas Müntzer, appeared in Wittenberg from Zwickau: Thomas Dreschel, Nicolas Storch and Mark Thomas Stübner. Luther's reform was not radical enough for them. Like the Roman Catholic Church, Luther practiced infant baptism, which the Anabaptists considered to be "neither scriptural nor primitive, nor fulfilling the chief conditions of admission into a visible brotherhood of saints, to wit, repentance, faith, spiritual illumination and free surrender of self to Christ."

The reformist theologian and associate of Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, who was powerless against the enthusiasts with whom his co-reformer Andreas Karlstadt sympathized, appealed to Luther, who was still hiding in the Wartburg. Luther was cautious in not condemning the new doctrine out of hand, but advised Melanchthon to treat its supporters gently and to test their spirits, in case they should be of God. There was confusion in Wittenberg, whose schools and university had sided with the "prophets" and were closed. From this arises the allegation that the Anabaptists were enemies of learning, which is contradicted by the fact that two of them, Haetzer and Denck, produced and printed the first German translation of the Hebrew prophets in 1527. The first leaders of the movement in Zürich—Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, Balthasar Hubmaier—were learned in Greek, Latin and Hebrew.

On March 6, 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg, where he interviewed the prophets, scorned their "spirits", banished them from the city, and had their adherents ejected from Zwickau and Erfurt. Denied access to the churches, the latter preached and celebrated the sacrament in private houses. Having been driven from the cities, they swarmed across the countryside. Compelled to leave Zwickau, Müntzer visited Bohemia, lived for two years at Alltstedt in Thuringia, and in 1524 spent some time in Switzerland. During this period he proclaimed his revolutionary religious and political doctrines with increasing vehemence, and, so far as the lower orders were concerned, with growing success.

The Peasants' War began chiefly as a revolt against feudal oppression, but under the leadership of Müntzer it became a war against all constituted authorities in a forcible attempt to establish Müntzer's ideal of a Christian commonwealth based on absolute equality and the community of goods. The total defeat of the rebels at Frankenhausen (May 15, 1525), followed by the execution of Müntzer and several other leaders, proved to be a merely temporary check on the Anabaptist movement. Scattered throughout Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands were zealous propagandists whose teachings many were prepared to follow as soon as another leader emerged.

title: The Peasant War in Germany


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/EuropeanParliament

European Parliament in Strasbourg
Found as a FP in the Commons. Nice HQ picture, used to replace the old Strasbourg photo in European Parliament.

 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Beautiful. —Cryptic (talk) 02:30, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 13:01, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Good composition and subject, although if you look at the full sized image, the lines and trees and other elements are less than sharp. Enochlau 13:08, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I love how the canoer in the foreground provides a size comparison. Andrew Levine 18:31, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * He's actually a sculler! Dunc|☺ 19:01, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- TomStar81 22:44, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support from member country. - Darwinek 11:31, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - MPF 16:32, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great shot -- Chris 73 Talk 07:42, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Nice picture, but I don't think it adds significantly to the article. --Yodakii 06:59:24, 2005-09-10 (UTC)
 * Support.— encephalon έγκέφαλος   15:36:31, 2005-09-10 (UTC)
 * Support. It's a lovely view and good camera shot. For all those who can't see it in real life must see it as a featured picture. --  Thorpe  talk 14:24, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Unless someone can manipulate the canoeist out of the image. He's annoying. If he goes I'll support. --bodnotbod 19:13, 14 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Postans, Western Australia

Postans is an unpopulated suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana.

The suburb is named after George Postans who was one of the first settlers in the area. He arrived in the Colony as a convict in 1850 and after he was released he bought 100 acre of land in 1882. The suburb was formerly known as "Caledonia".

An agriculture research station known as "Medina Research Station", part of the Department of Agriculture and Food of the state government of Western Australia, is located in the suburb.

The suburb is otherwise dominated by several quarries, a tailing pond of the nearby Alcoa alumina refinery and a facility called the "Kwinana Wastewater Treatment Plant".

Bus

 * 549 Rockingham Station to Fremantle Station – serves Thomas Road

title: Postans, Western Australia


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Taj Mahal in March 2004

The Taj Mahal

Used in many articles, including India and Taj Mahal. FP image from the Commons. It really has striking colors, highlighting how nice the Taj Mahal looks. --AllyUnion (talk) 10:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

~ Veledan • Talk + new 00:06, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - AllyUnion (talk) 10:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a very famous image: perhaps featured pictures should be about bringing new images to light? Jdhowens90 10:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The criteria don't mention anything about that. It illustrates the article well, and is certainly striking. Support. Raven4x4x 08:35, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I do agree with Jdhowens90; It seems rather cliche. -Haon 12:44, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Yes, perfect. Thanks for the reminder, time for a vindaloo. :) --Deglr6328 02:53, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 13:01, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Beautiful. Enochlau 13:06, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Asport. — BRIAN 0918 • 2005-09-4 17:14
 * Support -- TomStar81 22:43, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, as cliché as it may be. It's a stunning image that adds lots to the Taj Mahal article. - Mgm|(talk) 09:06, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. cliché--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  04:24, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Good image, does it's job perfectly --Fir0002 07:35, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I think Taj Mahal Badalandabad from Van Wilder would vote support too. - Darwinek 11:33, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - MPF 16:36, 7 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - have seen similar pictures by the dozends, but I am still very impressed by the building. -- Chris 73 Talk 07:41, September 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, despite the fact that there are probably hundreds of uploaded picture of the Taj Mahal this is a great photo and works well in the article. Jtkiefer  T - 19:46, September 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral Well taken, but me & every other visitor has this exact photo, maybe a photo that captures it in a different way. I dont know how you can photograph this any other way, but I'd like to see it done.  --User:Rakkar
 * Support =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:04, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Off-centre. Mark1 03:47, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Would support if the view had been from the centre. --Rebroad 17:25, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support- beautiful. As some people think of the assymetricality (if that's not a word, it should be) as a bad thing, I think that is what makes the picture great. Hojimachong 02:38, 18 September 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hanne Haugland

Hanne Haugland (born 14 December 1967 in Haugesund) is a former Norwegian high jumper. She represented the clubs Haugesund IL, IL i BUL, SK Vidar and IF Minerva during her senior career.

In her early international career she finished eleventh at the 1987 European Indoor Championships and the 1989 World Indoor Championships and thirteenth at the 1988 European Indoor Championships. Her first international medal came at the 1989 European Indoor Championships where she won a silver with a jump of 1.96 metres.

She then finished fourth at the 1990 European Indoor Championships, eighth at the 1990 European Championships, twelfth at the 1991 World Indoor Championships and the 1992 European Indoor Championships, ninth at the 1993 World Championships, sixth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships, fifth at the 1994 European Championships ninth at the 1995 World Indoor Championships, sixth at the 1995 World Championships and eighth at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

In 1997 she won the bronze medal at the World Indoor Championships with 2.00 metres and the gold medal at the World Championships with 1.99 metres. Her personal best jump of 2.01 metres was achieved in August 1997 at the Weltklasse Zürich meet. This is the current Norwegian record. Furthermore, she cleared 1.95 metres or more 21 times.

She became Norwegian high jump champion in the years 1986-1987, 1989–1990, 1992–1997 and 1999-2000. In addition she took the national title in long jump in 1989, 1990 and 1995 and triple jump in 1994.

Haugland went on to coach several Norwegian high jumpers, including Anne Gerd Eieland. She is married to fellow former high jumper Håkon Särnblom. Her grandfather Eugen Haugland and father Terje Haugland competed in international athletics as well.

Achievements
Notes: Results with a Q, indicate overall position in qualifying round.

title: Hanne Haugland


text:
Wandi, Western Australia

Wandi is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the City of Kwinana at its northern border. The suburb was approved on 14 March 1978.

The suburb is zoned Special Rural, which prevents the loss of trees from clearing. The area is mainly divided into 5 acre lots. The land of Wandi is bushland, and some of it is part of the Jandakot Regional Park.

The Western boundary is the Kwinana Freeway. Market gardens in the western area bounded by the freeway and Lyon Road are being developed into a residential area name Honeywood.

The suburb is approximately 27 km from Perth city.

Wandi was named after a highly regarded Aboriginal stockman, who drove northwest cattle from Robb Jetty to nearby holding paddocks, as well as driving sheep into paddocks around Cockburn Sound. For the first four decades of the twentieth century Wandi worked for Anchorage Butchers, owned by Copley, Atkinson and Negus. For at least some of this time, he lived in the racing quarters of George Atkinson's South Fremantle home, working the many racehorses he owned. Wandi died in 1955 at the age of 76.

A rare, and possibly the last, chuditch or western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii ), an endangered carnivorous marsupial not seen in the Perth area for nearly twenty years, was caught by a rabbit trap in Wandi in March 2009.

In the early 2010s, an estate called Honeywood came to the town. It grew pretty fast from 782 in the 2006 census to 2,854 people at the 2016 census. Honeywood Primary School was the first school to open in Wandi and was opened officially in 2018. As of 2021, Honeywood Primary School is the only school in Wandi.

Bus

 * 537 Wandi to Aubin Grove Station – serves Cordata Avenue and Honeywood Avenue

title: Wandi, Western Australia


text:
Wellard, Western Australia

Wellard is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Kwinana.

The suburb was named in 1923, originally referred to as 13-Mile Camp (part of the Peel Estate), it was named after John Wellard, an early settler who owned a farm about 7.5 km from the suburb. At the time of the 2021 census there were 14,127 people living in the suburb of Wellard, up from 3,246 in 2011.

Village and shops
A joint venture between the Western Australian Department of Housing and Peet Limited since 2003, The Village at Wellard is a 320-hectare mixed-use development in the City of Kwinana that will ultimately accommodate 1,700 households.

It is Perth’s first transit-oriented development on the Perth to Mandurah rail line. Residents can reach the Perth CBD in less than 30 minutes and Mandurah in 20 minutes, while an integrated bus service provides access to the major centres of Kwinana and Rockingham.

The Wellard Train Station is at the heart of the community. A Village Centre is being developed around the Wellard Station that will contain retail, residential, commercial and community facilities, including a range of mixed-use and medium-density sites. The residential component ranges from large traditional freehold homesites to urban apartments.

A new Wellard Square shopping precinct is being designed to form a ‘main street’ linking the Train Station, and a piazza-style meeting area at one end, with a community centre at the other. Woolworths has signed a long-term lease to become the anchor tenant at Wellard Square, with a series of other brand-name retailers, specialty stores and fast food outlets to follow.

Transport links
Wellard railway station is located 37.3 km south of the Perth central business district. A journey by train from Wellard Station to Perth Underground station takes about 30 minutes. A journey from Wellard station to Mandurah station takes around 22 minutes.

Bus

 * 541 Wellard Station to Kwinana Station – serves Runnymede Gate
 * 542 Wellard Station to Kwinana Station – serves Runnymede Gate and Wellard Road
 * 543 Kwinana Bus Station to Kwinana Station – serves Bertram Road
 * 544 Wellard Station to Kwinana Station – serves Lambeth Circle, Leda Boulevard, Wellard Road, Cavendish Boulevard, Irasburg Parade and Johnson Road

Rail

 * Mandurah Line
 * Wellard Station

Education facilities

 * Peter Carnley Anglican Community School
 * The King's College (formerly El Shaddai CS)
 * Wellard Primary School
 * Wellard Village Primary School - Opening February 2023

A middle school is planned in Wellard. Several well-established primary and secondary schools and TAFE facilities are also located nearby.

title: Wellard, Western Australia


text:
Sasha Chorny

Alexander Mikhailovich Glikberg (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Гли́кберг; 13 October 1880 – 5 July 1932), better known as Sasha Chorny or Cherny (Са́ша Чёрный), was a Russian poet, satirist and children's writer.

Early years
Alexander Glikberg was born into a Jewish family of pharmacists in Odessa, Russian Empire (currently in Ukraine) on October 13 N.S. 1880. The Glikberg family was not a happy one: his mother suffered from hysteria and children were bad for her nerves; his father often became violent and severely punished his children. It so happened that among the five Glikberg children there were two Alexanders (or Sashas for short), the blond Sasha was usually called White Sasha (Белый Саша in Russian) and the brunet Black Sasha (Чёрный Саша in Russian).

The Glikberg children could not enter a gymnasium because of the quota restriction for enrollment of Jews in schools in Imperial Russia. Eventually the Glikbergs solved the problem by baptizing themselves and their children. After this, in 1889, the children entered the Odessa gymnasium. Alexander found studying in the gymnasium akin to boring bureaucratic service. At the age of fifteen he ran away from home. For some time he lived with his aunt in Saint Petersburg, but after being expelled from a Saint Petersburg gymnasium for failing algebra, he was left homeless and without money. Neither his parents nor other relatives responded to his letters and pleas for help.

Fortunately for Alexander, one of his stories was published by the journalist Alexander Yablonovsky in the popular newspaper Syn Otechestva. The article was read by K.K. Rochet, a French-Russian living in Zhitomir, who decided to adopt the boy. Alexander entered a Zhitomir gymnasium, from which he was also eventually expelled after a conflict with the principal. Alexander served two years in the Army and then got a job as a customs officer in the village of Novosiltsy on the border with Austria-Hungary. In 1904, he returned to his adoptive family in Zhitomir and worked as a journalist for the magazine Volynsky Vestnik. The magazine went bankrupt within two months, and Alexander decided to continue his journalistic career in Saint Petersburg.

Poet
On moving to Saint Petersburg, he worked an administrative job for the Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway. There he met his wife, Maria Ivanovna Vasilieva, who was his manager at the railroad. She was a few years older than him, better educated, and richer. In Chorny's verse, marriage to a co-worker was often noted as the worst fate for a person. Despite this, their marriage seemed to have been a happy one and lasted their whole lives.

They spent their honeymoon in Italy, in 1905. After returning to Saint Petersburg, Alexander published a collection of verse titled Nonsense (Чепуха) in the magazine Zritel using the pen name Sasha Chorny. The magazine was closed by the government as a result of these verses, but their effect on the readers was huge. The verses were distributed throughout the country, rewritten by hand, and Chorny soon became a popular and sought after author.

Between 1906 and 1907, Sasha Chorny lived in Germany and studied at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg. In 1908, he returned to Saint Petersburg and wrote for the popular magazine Novyi Satirikon to wide popular acclaim. "When somebody gets an issue of the magazine, the first things he looks for are the Sasha Chorny poems. There isn't a student, physician, or lawyer that does not know Chorny's verses by heart," wrote Korney Chukovsky, who was also a Satirikon contributor. Among the admirers of his verses was Vladimir Mayakovsky, who knew many of his poems by heart and often recited them. In 1910, Sasha Chorny published his book of verses, Satires, followed in 1911 by another one, Satires and Lyrics. He also published the children's books Tuk-Tuk (Knock-Knock) in 1913 and Live ABC (1914).

War and emigration
During World War I, Sasha Chorny served as a private at a field hospital. After the October Revolution, he emigrated to Vilnius, then to Germany, where he worked for the Berlin magazine Fire-bird, then to France, where he worked for the Parisian Russian newspaper. In 1923, he published his third book of verses Thirst. In 1927, he was a founder of a Russian colony in the village La Favière in Provence.

In emigration, he wrote the poem Who lives well in emigration (Кому в эмиграции жить хорошо, 1931-1932) and prose Non-serious stories (Несерьезные рассказы, 1928) Soldiers' tales (Солдатские сказки, published in 1933). After his death his fourth book of verse Children's Island (Детский остров) was published.

He died of a heart attack while helping to put out a fire in the town of Lavandou in the South of France on July 5, 1932. Legend has it that Chorny's dog Micky, the 'author' of the Chorny story Micky the Fox Terrier's Diary, lay on the chest of Sasha Chorny and died with his owner.

Vladimir Nabokov, in his eulogy, said, "He left only a few books and a quiet, beauteous shadow."

Dmitri Shostakovich set five of Chorny's poems to music for his song cycle Satires (Pictures of the Past), op. 109.

title: Sasha Chorny


text:
User talk:Petekmit

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
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 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
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 * Use the Show preview button
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 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 10:36, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Help researching info on MIT graduate Ed Seykota
I need help writing the article about Ed Seykota, I need help researching his time in MIT, I need access to MITs library. I want copies of his thesis, papers etc. I also need official documentation about his degrees at MIT. Please help.

trade2tradewell (at) yahoo (dot) com - Replace "at" with "@", and "(dot)" with "."

Thanks

--Trade2tradewell 20:20, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petekmit


text:
Culinary arts

Culinary arts are the cuisine arts of food preparation, cooking, and presentation of food, usually in the form of meals. People working in this field – especially in establishments such as restaurants – are commonly called chefs or cooks, although, at its most general, the terms culinary artist and culinarian are also used. Table manners (the table arts) are sometimes referred to as a culinary art.

Expert chefs are in charge of making meals that are both aesthetically beautiful and delicious. This often requires understanding of food science, nutrition, and diet. Delicatessens and relatively large institutions like hotels and hospitals rank as their principal workplaces after restaurants.

History
The origins of culinary arts began with primitive humans roughly 2 million years ago. Various theories exist as to how early humans used fire to cook meat. According to anthropologist Richard Wrangham, author of Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, primitive humans simply tossed a raw hunk of meat into the flames and watched it sizzle. Another theory claims humans may first have savoured roasted meat by chance when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be more appetizing and easier to chew and digest than conventional raw meat.

Culinary techniques improved with the introduction of earthenware and stoneware, the domestication of livestock, and advancements in agriculture. In early civilizations, the primary employers of professional chefs were kings, aristocrats, or priests. The divide between professional chefs cooking for the wealthy and peasants cooking for their families engendered the development of many cuisines.

Much of the study of culinary arts in Europe was organized by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, a man famous for his quote "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are", which has since been mistranslated and oversimplified into "You are what you eat". Other people helped to parse out the different parts of food science and gastronomy. Over time, increasingly deeper and more detailed studies into foods and the culinary arts has led to a greater wealth of knowledge.

In Asia, a similar path led to a separate study of the culinary arts, which later essentially merged with the Western counterpart. In the modern international marketplace, there is no longer a distinct divide between Western and Eastern foods. Culinary arts students today, generally speaking, are introduced to the different cuisines of many different cultures from around the world.

The culinary arts, in the Western world, as a craft and later as a field of study, began to evolve at the end of the Renaissance period. Prior to this, chefs worked in castles, cooking for kings and queens, as well as their families, guests, and other workers of the castle. As Monarchical rule became phased out as a modality, the chefs took their craft to inns and hotels. From here, the craft evolved into a field of study.

Before cooking institutions, professional cooks were mentors for individual students who apprenticed under them. In 1879, the first cooking school was founded in the United States: the Boston Cooking School. This school standardized cooking practices and recipes, and laid the groundwork for the culinary arts schools that would follow.

Tools and techniques
An integral part of the culinary arts are the tools, known as cooking or kitchen utensils, that are used by both professional chefs and home cooks alike. Professionals in the culinary arts often call these utensils by the French term "batterie de cuisine". These tools vary in materials and use. Cooking implements are made with anything from wood, glass, and various types of metals, to the newer silicone and plastic that can be seen in many kitchens today.

Within the realm of the culinary arts, there is a wide array of different cooking techniques that originate from various cultures and continue to develop over time as these techniques are shared between cultures and progress with new technology. Different cooking techniques require the use of certain tools, foods and heat sources in order to produce a specific desired result. The professional kitchen may utilize certain techniques that a home cook might not, such as the use of an expensive professional grill.

Professional study
Modern culinary arts students study many different aspects of food. Specific areas of study include butchery, chemistry and thermodynamics, visual presentation, food safety, human nutrition, and physiology, international history, menu planning, the manufacture of food items (such as the milling of wheat into flour or the refining of cane plants into crystalline sucrose), and many others.

Training in culinary arts is possible in most countries around the world usually at the tertiary level (university) with institutions government funded, privately funded or commercial. Professional Culinary Arts Programmes are curated educational and skills studies over a 3-year period with select Universities and Hotel and Culinary schools.

title: Culinary arts