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Deoghar district

Deoghar district (pronounced, Devo ka ghar) is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state in eastern India. Deoghar, the central city of the district, is also its administrative headquarters. This district is known for the Baidyanath Jyotirlinga shrine and is a part of the Santhal Pargana division. Deoghar is a Hindi word meaning abode (‘ghar’) of the Gods and Goddesses (‘dev’). Deoghar is also known as “Baidyanath Dham,” and “Baba Dham,”.

History
The district was formed on 1 June 1981 by separating it from the former Santhal Pargana district.

Geography
The Deoghar district is located in western portion of Santhal Parganas. It shares its boundary with Banka and Jamui districts in the north, Dumka district in the east, Jamtara district in the south, and Giridih district in the west. The district extends from 24.0.03' N to 23.0.38' N and from 86.0.28' E to 87.0.04' E; it has an area of 2481 km2. It had a population of 1,491,879 people according to the 2011 Census of India.

The district contains several clusters of rocky hills covered by forest with a series of long ridges with intervening depressions. Most of the rolling highlands are cultivated by highland crops. The average elevation of the district is 247 m above mean sea level. There are some hill ranges like Phuljari (750 m), Teror (670 m), and Degaria (575 m). The general slope of the district descends to the southeast. Geologically, the district is mainly covered by Chhota Nagpur granite gneiss of Archean age with patches of alluvium, sandstone, and shale of Gondwana formations. Important rivers flowing in the district include the Ajay and the Paltro. These rivers gather a large number of tributaries that form the landscape full of Tanrs and Dons.

Cities and villages
Madhupur, Chitra, Sarsa Kushmaha, Majhiyana, Tharidulampur, Jamua, Charakmara, Palojori, Devipur, Sarwan, Sarath, Karon, Mohanpur, Rohni, Babangaua, Ghorlash, Jasidih, Koridih, Raihdih, Gidhaiya, Kalyanpur, Jitjori, Bhojpur, Sirsa, Mahapur, Bandajori, Manigarhi, Balidih, Sonaraithari, Dondiya, Sadhariya, Nawadih, Sabaijore, Goremara

Climate
The district experiences hot summers which usually last from March to May. Heavy monsoon rains occur from June to September. Winters are cool, dry and generally last from October to February. The average annual rainfall is 1239 mm, mean summer maximum temperature is 43 °C, and the mean winter minimum temperature is 8 °C.

It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Politics

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Subdivisions and Blocks
The district is composed of two subdivisions: Deoghar and Madhupur.

The district comprises ten blocks: Deoghar, Karon, Madhupur, Mohanpur, Palojori, Sarath, Devipur, Margomunda, Sarwan, and Sonaraithari.

There are 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district: Madhupur, Sarath, and Deoghar. Madhupur and Deoghar are part of the Godda Lok Sabha constituency, while Sarath is part of Dumka Lok Sabha constituency.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Deoghar district has a population of 1,492,073 (roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii), which ranks it the 337th most populated district in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 602 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 28.02%. Deoghar has a sex ratio of 921 females to 1000 males and a literacy rate of 64.85%. 17.32% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.74% and 12.13% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 65.39% of the population in the district spoke Khortha, 13.92% Hindi, 9.83% Santali, 6.71% Urdu, and 2.19% Bengali as their first language.

Culture
Deoghar city is usually referred to as the cultural capital of Jharkhand. The official languages of the city of Deoghar are Hindi, Khortha, Bengali and Bhojpuri while other native languages like Angika and Santhali are also spoken.

Tourist attractions
The holy city is home to the various prominent tourists attraction such as :

 * 1) Baidyanath Dham Temple: Baidyanath Jyotirlinga temple, also commonly referred to as the Baidyanath Dham, is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga in India and is considered to be the most sacred abodes of Shiva.The temple is located in Deoghar in the Santhal Parganas division of the state of Jharkhand in India. This large temple complex comprises the main temple of Baba Baidyanath, where the Jyotirlinga is installed, along with twenty-one other temples.  This temple is also one of fifty one Shaktipeeth of Goddess Durga where It is believed that the heart of Sati fell at Baidyanath Dham when Vishnu used the Sudarshana Chakra, to cut Sati's corpse in order to stop Shiva's destruction. Here the deity is worshiped in form of Jaya Durga. The temple is mentioned in several ancient scriptures and continues to be mentioned even in modern-day history books. The story of the origin of this Jyotirlinga goes back to the Treta Yuga, in the era of Rama. According to popular Hindu beliefs, Ravana The King of Lanka Once felt that his capital would be incomplete and under the constant threat of enemies unless Shiva decides to stay there forever. So, he went to the Himalayas to impress the deity and started offering his heads one after another. When he was about to cut off his tenth head, Shiva descended on Earth impressed by his devotee. He then cured the wounded Ravana and granted him a boon. Ravana requested Shiva to allow him to take the Shivalinga back to Lanka with him to which the deity agreed but on one condition. Shiva warned Ravana that he cannot keep the Shivalinga on the ground until he reaches Lanka and if he does so it will get fixed to the ground and he will never be able to uproot it. Ravana agreed to the condition and began his journey. All the other God and Goddess were not happy with the decision because they knew, if Shiva went to Lanka with Ravana, then he would become invincible and his evil deeds would threaten the world. They met Vishnu and asked him to stop Ravana, the demon king from taking the Shivalinga to Lanka. Vishnu asked Varuna, the Ocean God to enter the stomach of Ravana at the time he performs Aachamanam during the Sandhya Vandana, the evening prayer. Aachamanam is a process of purifying by sipping drops of water while reciting the 21 names of Vishnu. When Ravana reached Deoghar, it was almost evening so he decided to perform his evening prayers. As asked, Varuna entered his stomach during the Aachamanam and Ravana felt an urgent need to release himself. He gave the Shivalinga to a milkman and asked him to take care of the lingam until he comes back. To utter surprise, the more Ravana released himself, the more he felt the urge. He took a long time to come back and the impatient milkman kept the shiva linga on the ground and went away. When Ravana finally returned he saw that the Shivalinga was fixed on the ground. He tried a lot to uproot it but failed miserably. Ravana damaged the Shivalinga in the process. He understood that the milkman was Vishnu who pranked him and left the place in anger. Later, God and Goddess came down from heaven and established the Shivalinga. Every monsoon (in the month of Shravan) millions of devotees undertake a rigorous 100 km pilgrimage on foot from Ajgaibinath, Sultanganj to offer holy water and prayers to Baba Baidyanath. The pilgrimage is deemed complete with homage paid at Basukinath which is almost 43 km from Deoghar.
 * 2) Tapovan Caves and Hills: This series of caves and hills is located 10 km from Deoghar and has a temple of Shiva called Taponath Mahadeva. In one of the caves a Shiva lingam is installed, and it is said that Sage Valmiki came here for penance.
 * 3) Naulakha Mandir: The Naulakha temple stands 146 ft high. It is very similar to the temple of Ramakrishna Mission in Belur Math and it is dedicated to Radha-Krishna. Since its construction cost ₹9 lakh, it is also known as Naulakha temple.
 * 4) Basukinath Temple: Basukinath is a place of worship for Hindus and is located in the Dumka district of Jharkhand on the Deoghar-Dumka state highway. Pilgrims visit the temple each year from all of India to worship the presiding deity Shiva. The crowd at the temple drastically increases in the month of Shravan. It is widely believed that the Basukinath Temple is the court of Baba Bhole Nath. The temples of Shiva and Parvati are located in front of each other in the Basukinath Temple. The gates to both of these temples open in the evening, and it is believed that Shiva and Parvati meet each other at this time. Devotees are asked to move away from the front gates of the temple. Other small temples that are dedicated to different Gods and Goddesses can also be found inside the compound.
 * 5) Satsang Ashram - It's the holy place where Sri Sri Thakur Anukuchandra had spent his life. Many devotees come everyday here to have darsan of Thakur Parivar . This is the epicenter of the Satsang Revolution and also the chief centre of this movement. In the Ashram many devotees live permanently as natives.
 * 6) Trikut Hill - Trikut Hill is a trendy picnic spot and a pilgrimage site located 21 km from the main city. This Hills contains three peaks, and the highest mountain  peak goes up to an elevation of 2470 feet from sea level and about 1500 feet wide ground. However, the single hill conglomeration of 3 peaks that stand together in the form of a trident and hence contributing to the name of the hill, Trikutachal. This three peaks are named after Hindu Gods, Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh among which two peaks are only open for tourists. The foothills of the Trikut hill are encircled by the Mayurakshi River which flows majorly through the state of West Bengal, just adjacent to Jharkhand, before eventually emptying out into the Hooghly River and joining the Ganges. The origin of the Mayurakshi River, the substance of many popular literary epithets and texts in Bengali culture and tradition has its source of origin in the Trikut Pahad or Trikut Hill in English. The Trikut Pahad is also a significant location for its natural elevation for solar power projects as well as a very ambitious ropeway project that it can be accessed by which provides a panoramic view of the scenery and landscape around.  The Trikut Pahad itself also provides for great view and is an ideal spot for photographic exploits. It serves as major touristic destination where people come every year to picnic and to indulge in fun activities such as Trekking, Ropeway and Wildlife Adventures It is covered by clouds in the rainy seasons and gives rise to many rivulets and streamlets that form from its slopes and continue as waterfalls before emptying into Tapovan, the spot for the famous Tapovan Mahadev temple, the revered shrine of the Hindu deity Shiva.
 * 7) Rikhiyapith - Rikhiapeeth is where Swami Satyananda lived the life of a Paramahansa Yogi, for twenty years performing long and arduous yogic sadhanas before taking Samadhi here in 2009. In keeping with the yogic and spiritual legacy he left behind, the sprawling ashram has evolved into a vibrant epicentre where serious yoga lovers and sincere spiritual seekers from all walks of life, flock to experience the peace, harmony and true joy of living a Yogic lifestyle.
 * 8) Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar

Shravani Mela
The importance of Baba Baidyanath Dham increases during the month of Shrawan. During this period, many devotees crowd gathered here for worship to Baba Baidyanath. Most of the tourists and devotees first visit Sultanganj, which is 108 km from Deoghar

In Sultanganj, the Ganges flows to the north. Devotees collect water from the river in their kanwars and walk 109 km up to Baba Baidyanath temple at Babadham, reciting Bol Bam on the way. On reaching Babadham, the kanwarias first take a dip in the Shivaganga to purify themselves and then enter the Baba Baidyanath temple, where the Ganges water is offered to the Jyotirlingam. This pilgrimage continues during the whole of Shravan for 30 days, from July–August. This is the longest religious fair in the world. The sight on the way from Sultanganj to Babadham is of a 109 km long human chain of saffron-clad pilgrims. It is estimated that during Shravan around 5.0 to 5.5 million pilgrims visit Baba Baidyanath Dham.

Education
Deoghar College in Deoghar city was founded in 1951. It is one of the constituent colleges of Sido Kanhu Murmu University at Dumka.

Other colleges include AS College and RD Bajla Mahila College.

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar is a residential school founded in 1922 and is known for its quality education in the secondary and higher secondary section. The school is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE), New Delhi and it is managed by Rama Krishna Mission, Belur, in Kolkata. It has a residential secondary and senior secondary school, a well-equipped charitable medical unit with modern diagnostic facilities, a centre for academic coachings to school-going children for their overall growth and career building.

Birla Institute of Technology, Deoghar is an educational institute offering undergraduate courses located in Deoghar, Jharkhand, India since 2007. It is an extension center of BIT, Mesra, Ranchi from 2007 It admits students through the JEE (Mains) entrance examination and counseling. Recently a new school Takshashila Vidyapith, Deoghar, has also been built with the latest facilities in the year 2010. There are two branches of the G.D. D.A.V. Public School: the G.D D.A.V. Public School Bhandarkola in the city suburbs, and G.D. D.A.V. Public School Castair's Town in the town center, near Tower Chowk.

A branch of All India Institute of Medical Science opened in 2019 at the extension in Deoghar district. It has been inducting MBBS students through NEET exams since 2019. It admitted 50 students in the first batch and increased it to 62 in the year 2021.

Healthcare

 * All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar is a medical school established by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna (PMSSY), with the aim to provide better medical facilities and health care treatments. As of now 40-room outpatient department was inaugurated by the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Mansukh Mandaviya, on 24 August 2021, including a night shelter facility for the patients and attendants. Online registration facilities were launched on 3 September 2021. The 750- beds inpatient department(IPD) and operation theatre will soon be opened for public. The inauguration is set to done by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
 * District Hospital, Deoghar offer treatment and surgeries. Blood bank facility is also provided for needy donor.

title: Deoghar district


text: User talk:210.50.68.44

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:210.50.68.44


text:
ABS-CBN

ABS-CBN (an initialism of its two predecessors' names, Alto Broadcasting System and Chronicle Broadcasting Network) was a Philippine commercial broadcast network that served as the flagship property of the ABS-CBN Corporation, a company under Lopez Holdings Corporation owned by the López family. The network was headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City, with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio, Naga, Bacolod, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, and Bulacan, where ABS-CBN's production and post-production facility in Horizon IT Park is located. ABS-CBN is colloquially referred to as the Kapamilya Network; its brand was originally introduced in 1999 and was officially introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary, and was used until it was forced by the National Telecommunications Commission to cease and desist from free-to-air broadcasting due to the lack of congressional franchise. ABS-CBN is the largest media company in the Philippines and was the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia.

ABS-CBN was the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia. It has also been the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the 2015 fiscal year.

Since the shutdown, the former network has rebranded itself as a mass content company and produced television programs, films and other entertainment content through partnerships with independent production companies and broadcasters, including former rival TV broadcasters A2Z, TV5, GMA Network, BEAM TV and the startup All TV which took over its formerly used frequency. The network's social media accounts are mainly managed by ABS-CBN Digital Media, which have an estimated less than 100 million followers across multiple social media websites. The network's entertainment YouTube channel is the most-subscribed and most-viewed channel in Southeast Asia, with over 45 million subscribers and over 50 billion views (as of September 2023).

History
Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC) was founded on July 11, 1946. It was established by James Lindenberg, one of the founding fathers of Philippine television and an American electronics engineer who went into radio equipment assembly and radio broadcasting. In 1949, James Lindenberg shifted Bolinao to radio broadcasting with DZBC and planned the introduction of television to the Philippines in 1953.

In 1951, Lindenberg partnered with Antonio Quirino, brother of then-Philippine president Elpidio Quirino, to try television broadcasting. In 1952, BEC was renamed Alto Broadcasting System or ABS (with Alto Sales Corporation as its corporate name). Alto was a contraction of Quirino's and his wife's first names, Tony and Aleli. Despite little money and resources, ABS was able to put up its TV tower by July 1953 and imported around 300 television sets. The initial test broadcasts began in September of the same year. The first full-blown broadcast was on October 23, 1953, at a party in Quirino's home. The first program to air was a garden party at the Quirino residence in Sitio Alto, San Juan. After the premiere telecast, the station followed a daily four-hour schedule from 6:00 to 10:00 PM.

ABS-CBN's first television broadcast was on October 23, 1953, as Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) on DZAQ-TV, three months after the first broadcast of Japan's NHK General TV and Nippon Television. It is the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color, the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service, and the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in HD.

The flagship television station of ABS-CBN was DWWX-TV (ABS-CBN TV-2 Manila). As such, the network was informally referred to as "Channel 2" or "dos" (Spanish for two) even if the network was seen in other channel numbers elsewhere in the country. The network operated across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controlled 80 television stations. Its programs are also available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel (TFC). From 2011 to 2020, the network had on test broadcast for digital terrestrial television using the Japanese standard ISDB-T in select areas in the Philippines. On October 3, 2015, ABS-CBN started to broadcast in high-definition quality through its affiliate direct-to-home cable and satellite television providers.

As of May 5, 2020, all terrestrial broadcast operations have halted completely as per a cease-and desist order from the National Telecommunications Commission. All frequencies formerly assigned to ABS-CBN have since been reassigned to other networks, meaning if ABS-CBN's former stations were to start broadcasting again, they would have to do so on completely different frequencies.

Branding
The ABS-CBN logo features three main elements: the vertical line rooted in a horizontal origin, the three extending circles, and the text ABS-CBN.

ABS-CBN's logo also has a horizontal version, usually used to save space as the main vertical logo usually takes up more space. The design of the horizontal version of the logo contains the ABS-CBN text, split into two parts, "ABS" and "CBN", without the dash connecting them, and ABS-CBN's iconic symbol squeezed in between them.

The first logo to have a horizontal version going by this design was the logo launched in 1986. From September 14, 1986 up until the final sign-off of main ABS-CBN terrestrial network in May 5, 2020, the elements of the horizontal logo, text, and symbol were evenly sized. Since 2004 starting with the logo of ABS-CBN Store from 2004 to 2014, the horizontal logo is slightly larger than the Alto Broadcasting System (ABS) and Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN) names.

ABS-CBN Studios
ABS-CBN Studios (also known as ABS-CBN Entertainment or simply ABS-CBN) is a Philippine television production and distribution company and the network's entertainment division that was founded in 1962, the same year when the network's first drama series, Mga Bayani sa Kalawakan premiered.

Originally used for its YouTube account that distributes archived entertainment content and simply used the "ABS-CBN" name and logo as program distributor until 2021, the division begin to identify itself as ABS-CBN Entertainment in January 2021 when it started to distribute its programs to broadcast companies like TV5 Network and A2Z. On December 13, 2023, during the ABS-CBN's Christmas special, it was announced that the entertainment division would adapt the ABS-CBN Studios as primary name, with the names ABS-CBN Entertainment and ABS-CBN as program distributor are now used secondarily and alternatively. Laurenti Dyogi (who also heads the network's talent agency Star Magic) is the head of the division. The rebranding and OBB was first used in January 2024 starting with Project: Zoomers and officially with Linlang: The Teleserye Version, then later on April 6, the new simplified OBB, same as ABS-CBN Entertainment was currently used since It's Showtime.

As of 2024, there are currently five production units of ABS-CBN Studios in operation, with GMO Entertainment Unit went defunct on March 22, 2019 and was replaced by RCD Narratives.

ABS-CBN News
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs, known on-air as ABS-CBN News (formerly known as ABS-CBN News and Public Affairs), is the news and current affairs division. The division is the country's largest international news gathering and broadcast organization, maintaining several foreign news bureaus and offices through ABS-CBN's Global division.

ABS-CBN Regional
ABS-CBN Regional (formerly ABS-CBN Regional Network Group) was a regional network division of ABS-CBN. It was responsible for simultaneously airing most of the shows seen on ABS-CBN's flagship station in the provinces, with all stations (including Cebu, Bacolod and Davao) reopening in 1988 after suspension due to martial law enacted in September 1972. Manila's flagship station reopened after the People Power Revolution in September 1986. ABS-CBN Regional had several stations in each region outside Mega Manila to ensure nationwide coverage.

The local stations also produced their own newscasts which air prior to TV Patrol and another local programming which air on Sundays. The launch of the local game show Kapamilya Winner Ka! (now renamed as Kapamilya, Mas Winner Ka!) in the Visayas and Mindanao, Bagong Morning Kapamilya in North Luzon (Baguio and Dagupan), the 17th local TV Patrol in Southern Tagalog (Region IV-A), and the 18th local TV Patrol in Palawan (IV-B; the network had an affiliate station) provided more relevance to regional audiences.

On April 15, 2011, Regional launched Choose Philippines, a new website promoting tourism in the Philippines by sharing photos and stories of the most extravagant places, culture and arts.

ABS-CBN Regional ceased its operations on August 28, 2020, after almost 32 years following the denial of its legislative franchise on July 10. Currently, some of ABS-CBN Regional's TV frequencies are acquired by now-affiliates Advanced Media Broadcasting System and ZOE Broadcasting Network for its networks All TV and A2Z respectively (with ABS-CBN's transmitter equipment for its former frequencies now being leased to the aforementioned).

Competition
In 1992, AGB Nielsen Philippines was founded. In 2007, TNS Philippines started to offer media research through Kantar Media Philippines (formerly Kantar/TNS). In 2008, AGB Nielsen Philippines released the list of all-time highest rating shows in the Philippines, with 7 of the top 10 highest rating shows all from ABS-CBN with the shows like The Battle: Pacquiao vs. Morales, Rosalinda, Esperanza, Meteor Garden, Pangako Sa 'Yo, Miss Universe 1994, and María Mercedes.

Controversies and scandals
Throughout the years, ABS-CBN has been involved in several controversies and scandals involving its talents, employees, and programs.

2004 copyright infringement with GMA
On July 22, 2004, during the arrival of Angelo de la Cruz (a truck driver who was held hostage and threatened with beheading in Iraq abducted by armed rebels west of Baghdad while trucking fuel from Saudi Arabia) at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, live breaking news coverage was aired on GMA Network and other television stations in the Philippines. GMA Network used audio-video coverage from Reuters, which the network was subscribed to. During the broadcast, a live feed from Reuters was simultaneously aired with its own live broadcast. During the first five seconds of the live feed, GMA Network noticed that the live feed from Reuters was also airing from its main competitor ABS-CBN. The live video was restricted only to ABS-CBN and Reuters did not inform GMA Network that the video coverage was only intended for ABS-CBN. The local Court of Appeals declined the case filed by ABS-CBN Corporation against GMA Network Inc. for allegations of illegal duplication of its live video footage. In a ruling, the local fourth division of the appellate court set aside the resolution of the local Justice Department, which approved the filing of the violation of Republic Act 8293 (or the Intellectual Property Code) against GMA Network. It ruled out that the act of GMA Network airing the live video coverage was focused on good faith since there was no intent to instigate damage to ABS-CBN. The local court also said GMA Network acted in good faith when it immediately stopped using the live video feed from Reuters upon learning ABS-CBN was also covering the event and its following exertion to authenticate the ABS-CBN Corporation restriction arrangement with the news service, Reuters. The court also stressed that apart from the lack of intent of GMA Network to affect the video from ABS-CBN, the action did not contravene Sections 212.4 and 185.1 of Republic Act 8293 since it was a short excerpt.

Wowowee scandals and incidents
Two major incidents involving ABS-CBN have involved the network's variety show Wowowee. The first incident was a demand for tickets to a one-year anniversary episode of the show at the PhilSports Arena in 2006 caused a deadly crowd crush killing 76 people. Over a year later in August 2007, the show became entrenched in another scandal involving the possibility of a new game on the show being rigged as evident by a "mechanical glitch" which occurred during an episode, which grew greater after Eat Bulaga! host Joey de Leon and Wowowee host Willie Revillame started exchanging attacks on-air against each other during their respective and competing shows. The incident later led to a probe by the Department of Trade and Industry led by senator Mar Roxas (which was jokingly suggested by Joey during a speech he made on Eat Bulaga! in reference to the Hello Garci scandal, dubbing it "Hello Pappy").

AGB Nielsen TV ratings scandal
In late 2007, ABS-CBN and GMA Network accused AGB Nielsen Philippines of tampering with the ratings during their 2007 ratings surveys.

ABS-CBN vs. Willing Willie copyright case
ABS-CBN demanded ₱127 million from their former reality show star, Willie Revillame, citing copyright infringement due to stark similarities in Revillame's show, Willing Willie on TV5, and ABS-CBN's Wowowee. ABS-CBN listed five acts of plagiarism allegedly committed by Willing Willie in their complaint as follows: A 25-page ruling dated May 22, 2015, dismissed the case against Revillame. After the Quezon City RTC demanded a ₱400 million bond from Revillame to answer any further damage the network might sustain, the fee was waived.
 * 1) Willing Willie's opening song and dance number was similar to that of Wowowee's
 * 2) "BIGA-Ten" and "Big Time Ka", both segments from the shows involved, bear similar names
 * 3) "Willie of Fortune" and "Willtime Bigtime" are segments from both shows which resemble each other. ABS-CBN claimed that Willtime Bigtime resembled its show as it also showcases contestants relaying their personal stories before proceeding to play a singing/trivia game.
 * 4) April "Congratulations" Gustilo was one of several backup dancers from Wowowee who also appear in Willing Willie.
 * 5) Other striking similarities ABS-CBN claimed are found in Willing Willie's set design, stage, studio viewers' seats lay-out, lighting angles and camera angles.

2020 franchise renewal controversy
Since April 2017, ABS-CBN was attacked by former president Rodrigo Duterte, as the network refused to air his 2016 presidential campaign ads in favor of a smear ad paid for by-then vice presidential candidate Antonio Trillanes. However, according to the country's Commission on Elections spokesperson James Jimenez, the controversial ad was within election law, under "Partisan Political Activity". Duterte publicly stated that he would oppose the 25-year franchise renewal of ABS-CBN, and former Laguna governor E.R. Ejercito supported his plan. Opposition lawmakers as well as labor groups objected to Duterte's stance on ABS-CBN, as the franchise's non-renewal would compromise the employees of the network; stating that the blocking of the franchise renewal had no merit. Opposition groups also claimed that the non-renewal of the franchise violates press freedom.

Under Philippine law, broadcasting networks require a congressional franchise (Republic Act) to operate television and radio stations for 25 years; the absence of one will lead to the suspension of its operations. ABS-CBN's legislative franchise, which was approved by the virtue of Republic Act No. 7966 (granted last March 30, 1995), was scheduled to expire on May 4, 2020, because the franchise will become effective fifteen days after its publication on the Official Gazette on April 19, 1995. At least 12 lawmakers have filed their own versions for a new franchise of the network. House Speaker Alan Peter Cayetano assured that Congress will tackle the franchise with fairness.

On February 24, 2020, the CEO of the network apologized to Duterte for not airing his political advertisements during his 2016 polls, which Duterte accepted, and Congress made its decision to investigate their franchise renewal.

During a Senate hearing on the same day, public services panel chair Grace Poe stated they were to investigate ABS-CBN's compliance with the terms and conditions of its franchise. The Senate concluded that there was no breach of laws or franchise terms.

On May 5, 2020, the National Telecommunications Commission issued a cease and desist order to stop the network's broadcast, including its radio stations DZMM and MOR, following the expiration of its broadcast franchise the day before. The cease and desist order covers 42 television stations operated by ABS-CBN across the country, including Channel 2, 10 digital broadcast channels, 18 FM stations, and 5 AM stations.

The network subsequently signed off following TV Patrol. Along with the order, NTC wanted to recall ABS-CBN's assigned frequencies. ABS-CBN explained that it would not be in public interest to have the frequencies recalled, as this would hinder their ability to immediately restart broadcasts in the event a new franchise was granted. Additionally, there were fresh measures in the Congress to grant provisional franchise, which later rolled into a series of hearings to grant a fresh 25-year franchise. NTC was told to refrain from carrying out the recall by the Congress. On July 10, 2020, members of the House of Representatives, voted 70–11 to deny ABS-CBN's renewal franchise application, citing several issues on the network's prior 25-year franchise. According to a survey released by the Social Weather Stations following the rejection of the network's franchise renewal, 75% of Filipinos want the network back.

title: ABS-CBN


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Valhallaorden

Walhalla-orden was a secret society founded in the early part of 1783 in the Sveaborg (today, in Finnish: Suomenlinna) fortress outside Helsinki, Finland by Johan Anders Jägerhorn along with Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm. It is thought to have been instrumental in setting in motion forces that eventually caused Finnish independence.

Origins
Valhallaorden began as an offshoot of an obscure Swedish quasi-masonic secret society called La Constance, created to bolster loyalty to the Swedish Constitution of 1772. However, the Swedish counterpart withered quickly, while the Valhalla society took root in the Sveaborg fortress. In addition to the originating lodge in Sweden, they had a lodge known as The Cabin of the Holy Axel based in Turku.

Historical context
Walhalla-orden was not unique to its period in Sveaborg; quite the contrary, besides a masonic lodge and Walhalla-orden, there were a number of similar societies including a British-inspired secret society of kirvesmiehet called Saint Charles' Cabin and another unconnected society called Brothers of February the Seventeenth. On the frivolous side, there was also a secret society called the Hypotenuse Society, which was primarily oriented around marathon drinking. Every shot of punch was registered as a working in the meeting minutes.

Name
The Walhalla-orden originally was preceded by a lodge taking the name of an early ancestor of Jägerhorn, namely Rutger Ingesson, who according to legends inspired by the Song of Roland was a crusader knight in the troops of Erik the Holy. In fact there was a brief time during which St. Erik's lodge was the Finnish locus of activities.

Symbology
The Walhalla-orden drew its symbology from Gothic revivalist notions of ancient Scandinavian roots, and the lodges for instance were called by a more archaic Scandinavian name. Even though the initiation ceremonies centered on a five-part play expressing the history of the creation of the Swedish nation in allegorical fashion, the symbolic organizational structure was entirely Finnish without reference to Swedish counties or emblems.

Development
The society began on a strict loyalist foundation and stayed nominally in support of the constitution, but after a short time its membership became primarily composed of officers stationed there who had a grievance with Gustav III. The members were bound by oath to keep their conversations frank and confidential, and took that obligation seriously. Therefore, it is almost certain that many seditious matters were broached, in one form or another. This assumption is supported by the fact that nearly all of the people implicated in the Anjala conspiracy, including its leadership, were members of it.

Activities
Though only few fragments of encrypted correspondence remain, and the archives were burned to protect the members later implicated in what the crown considered to be nefarious plots, such as the Anjala conspiracy, it is thought that the meetings of the Walhalla-orden may have been the first discussions in which Finnish independence was proposed as a serious idea. Indeed, in the society, people floated the idea of Finland becoming a protectorate of Russia.

title: Valhallaorden


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Airport Line (SEPTA)

The Airport Line (formerly the R1 Airport) is a route of the SEPTA Regional Rail commuter rail system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which officially runs between Philadelphia International Airport through Center City to Temple University station. In practice, however, only a few trains originate or terminate at Temple University; most are through routed with lines to the north after leaving the Center City Commuter Connection. Half of weekday trains are through routed with the Warminster Line, with the other half of weekday trains through routed with the Fox Chase Line. All weekend and holiday trains are through routed with the Warminster Line and terminate either in Warminster or Glenside.

The line between Center City and the airport runs seven days a week from 5:00 am to midnight with trains every 30 minutes on weekdays and every hour on weekends and holidays. The trip length from Suburban Station to the airport is 19 to 24 minutes. The line is fully grade-separated in the normal service, but one public grade crossing between Temple University and Glenside is present at Rices Mill Road in Glenside.

Route
While geographically on the former Pennsylvania Railroad side of the Regional Rail System, the route consists of new construction, a reconstructed industrial branch of the former Pennsylvania Railroad, and a shared Conrail (formerly Reading Company) freight branch. The Airport Line opened on April 28, 1985, as SEPTA R1, providing service from Center City to Philadelphia International Airport. By its twentieth anniversary in 2005, the line had carried over 20 million passengers to and from the airport. The line splits from Amtrak's Northeast Corridor north of Darby and passes over it via a flying junction. West of the airport, the line breaks from the old right-of-way and a new bridge carries it over I-95 and into the airport terminals between the baggage claim (arrivals) and the check-in counters (departures).

The line stops at four stations which are directly connected to each airport terminal by escalators and elevators which rise one level to the walkways between the arrival and departure areas. All airport stations feature high-level platforms to make it easier to board and alight from the train with luggage. Some stations can be accessed directly from the arrivals concourse by crossing Commercial Vehicles Road. The line ends between Terminals E and F at their combined station.

, most weekday Airport Line trains are through routed with the Warminster Line and the Fox Chase Line and alternate between terminating in Warminster and Fox Chase respectively. Most weekend trains are through routed with the Warminster Line and alternate between terminating in Glenside and Warminster.

Stations
The Airport Line makes the following station stops, after leaving the Center City Commuter Connection.

History
The line south of the Northeast Corridor was originally part of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad main line, opened on January 17, 1838. The connection between the NEC and the original PW&B is made however by the later 60th Street Branch. A new alignment of the PW&B (now the NEC) opened November 18, 1872, and on July 1, 1873, the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, later the Reading Company, leased the old line for 999 years. Connection was made over the PRR's Junction Railroad and later the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad. However, as a condition of the sale, no passenger service was provided. The line passed into Conrail in 1976 and SEPTA in 1983, with passenger service to the Philadelphia International Airport beginning on April 28, 1985.

Infill stations were planned from the beginning of service, two of which were on the Airport Line proper: one at 70th Street, the other one at 84th Street. The latter station was opened in 1997 as Eastwick, while 70th Street was never built, and has since disappeared from maps. Additionally, University City station (proposed as "Civic Center", now Penn Medicine station) opened in April 1995 to serve all R1, R2 and R3 trains passing it. All these stations appeared on 1984 SEPTA informational maps, the first ones to show the Center City Commuter Connection and the Airport Line.

SEPTA activated positive train control on the Airport Line on October 10, 2016.

Ridership
Between FY 2013–FY 2019 yearly ridership on the Airport Line peaked at 2,457,743 during FY 2015, but fell to 1,518,250 by FY 2019. Ridership collapsed during the COVID-19 pandemic, but improved to 1,229,023 by FY 2022.

title: Airport Line (SEPTA)


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Technical advisor

In film production, a technical advisor is someone who advises the director on the convincing portrayal of a subject. The advisor's expertise adds realism both to the acting and to the setting of a movie.

Nipo T. Strongheart was a noted technical advisor on several movies dealing with Native Americans.

title: Technical advisor


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Dhanbad district

Dhanbad district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Dhanbad is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of Jharkhand (out of 24), after Ranchi. It also has the lowest sex ratio in Jharkhand, at 908.

Dhanbad is also known as the coal capital of India, due to extensive coal mining industry that dominates the district.

History
Dhanbad district was constituted in 1956 by carving out the old Dhanbad subdivision Chas and Chandankiyari police stations of the Sadar subdivision of the erstwhile Manbhum district. Dhanbad is Police district since 1928. The re-organisation of the districts in the State of Bihar which took place after 1971 did not affect the district of Dhanbad. Dhanbad Municipality is the chief town and the headquarters of the district. In the year 1991, Bokaro District was constituted by carving out Chas Sub-division of Dhanbad district and Bermo Subdivision of Giridih District.

The early history of the greater part of the Chotanagpur Plateau is shrouded in mystery and that of Dhanbad district is particularly so. Details of even later periods are difficult to trace as the present district formed but a small and insignificant part of Manbhum. In the Settlement Report for Manbhum (1928) it has been stated that no rock inscriptions, copper plates or old coins were discovered and not a single document of copper plate or palm leaf was found in course of the Survey and Settlement operations. The oldest authentic documents produced were all on paper and barely even a hundred years old.

In view of these circumstances the District Gazetteer for Dhanbad (1964) merely reproduces the chapter on history in the Settlement Report of 1928 which pertains to the entire district of Manbhum. It was a small village of the erstwhile district of Manbhum which had its headquarters in Purulia (now in West Bengal). Manbhum in turn, derived its name from Raja Man Singh, who was gifted this territory by Emperor Akbar, following his victory in a certain battle. The district being extremely vast and far-flung soon got divided into Birbhum, Manbhum and Singhbhum, for administrative purposes.

However, on 24 October 1956 Dhanbad was declared a District on the Recommendation of the State Reconstitution Commission vide notification 1911. Its geographical length, extending from north to south, was 43 miles and breadth 47 miles, stretching across east to west. In 1991 a part of Dhanbad was sliced away from Bokaro district, diminishing thereby its total area to 2995 km2.

Earlier, the district was split into two sub – divisions – Dhanbad Sadar and Baghmara. The former incorporated 6 blocks, while the latter had four and together they enclosed 30 Nagar Palikas, 228 Panchayats and 1654 villages. The then vastness of the district called for two police headquarters, based at Bokaro and Dhanbad respectively. Meanwhile, the district as its stands today, has only one sub-division called the Dhanbad Sadar. There are presently, 8 blocks here viz. Jharia, Baghmara, Dhanbad, Nirsa, Govindpur, Baliapur, Tundi, and Topchanchi. The blocks in turn have 181 panchayats and 1348 villages. As per the 1991 Census, the total population of the districts stands at 19,49,526 of which the number of males have been recorded as 10,71,913 along with 8,77,613 females. There are 100850 acre of hillocks and 56454 acre of forests. It is about 500–1000 feet above Sea level. Its soil is, by and large lateritic in nature.

The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Geography
The district is bounded on the west by Giridih and Bokaro on the north by Giridih and Dumka and on the east and south by Purulia district of West Bengal. It is situated in the state of Jharkhand and lies between 23°37'3" N and 24°4' N latitude and between 86°6'30" E and 86°50' E longitude.

Natural divisions
The district can be divided into three broad natural divisions, namely, (I) the north and north western portions consisting of the hilly region, (ii) the uplands containing coal mines and most of the industries and (iii) the remaining uplands and plains lying to the south of the Damodar river consisting of cultivable flat lands. The north and north western division is separated for the entire length by the Grand trunk road.

In the western middle part of the district are the Dhangi hills, situated in the strip falling between the Grand trunk road in the north and the Grand chord line of the Eastern Railway. In the south, these hills extend from Pradhankhanta to Govindpur, reaching a maximum altitude of 1,256 feet at Dhangi. Further north, a branch of the Parasnath hill runs through Topchanchi and Tundi, the highest point of 1,500 feet being reached at Lalki. The southern part of the district is largely undulating land. The general slope is from west to east, the direction followed by the two major rivers, Damodar and Barakar.

Rivers
The Damodar is the most important river of the Chotanagpur plateau. It rises in Palamu and flows eastward between the plateaus of Ranchi and Hazaribag. It is joined by the Bokaro, the Konar and the Barakar rivers. The Damodar enters Dhanbad district at its confluence with the Jamunia, a stream which marks the western boundary of Dhanbad with Hazaribagh District. Further east, the Damodar is joined by the Katri River which rises in the foothills below Parasnath and traverses through the Coal-field Area. The Damodar flows for about 77 km through the district being joined by the Barakar at its eastern border near Chirkunda. The Panchet dam extending to roughly 6 km is built on river Damodar. The hydel station there generates 40,000 kW.

The Barakar, which forms the northern boundary of the district, traverses about 77 km in the district. It flows in south westerly direction up to Durgapur and then south till it joins the Damodar near Chirkuda. The Maithon dam is located on this river about 13 km off its confluence with the Damodar. Attached to it is the Maithan Power Station with a generating capacity of 60,000 kW. Among other small rivers in the district are Gobai, the Irji, the Khudia besides the river Katri.

Climatic conditions
The climate of the district is characterised by general dryness. It is very pleasant during the cold weather from November to February. Thereafter the climate becomes warm. It remains hot until the monsoon breaks towards the middle of June. With the setting in of rains, the temperature falls and humidity rises; July to October are the rainy months. July and August are the wettest months. The average rainfall during July is 287 mm and that in August 445 mm. The average annual rainfall in the district is approximately 1300 mm.

Economy
Dhanbad has one of the oldest and largest markets in the region and is also a centre of large scale industries. It is known for its coal mines and industrial establishments; the city is surrounded by about 112 coal mines [24] with a total production of 27.5 million tonnes and an annual income of 7,000 million rupees through coal business. There are a number of coal washeries there. As of 8 September 2009 it is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

See Economy of Dhanbad. DH

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Dhanbad district has a population of 2,684,487, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 148th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1316 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.91%. Dhanbad has a sex ratio of 908 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74.52%. 58.13% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.29% and 8.68% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 26.80% of the population in the district spoke Hindi, 25.20% Khortha, 17.95% Bengali, 8.47% Urdu, 7.24% Santali, 5.19% Magahi, 4.46% Bhojpuri and 1.44% Kurmali a first language.

Community Development Blocks in Dhanbad
There are 10 Community Development Blocks in Dhanbad.

Dhanbad (community development block) Baliapur (community development block) Baghmara (community development block) Nirsa (community development block)     Tundi (community development block)      Purbi Tundi (community development block) Gobindpur block                                                    Kaliasole (community development block)     Topchanchi

oliticsP

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title: Dhanbad district


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Striga

Striga, commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophulariaceae. Some species are serious pathogens of cereal crops, with the greatest effects being in savanna agriculture in Africa. It also causes considerable crop losses in other regions, including other tropical and subtropical crops in its native range and in the Americas. The generic name derives from Latin strī̆ga, "witch".

Witchweeds are characterized by bright-green stems and leaves and small, brightly colored and attractive flowers. They are obligate hemiparasites of roots and require a living host for germination and initial development, though they can then survive on their own.

The number of species is uncertain, but may exceed 40 by some counts.

Hosts and symptoms
Although most species of Striga are not pathogens that affect agriculture, some species have devastating effects upon crops, particularly those planted by subsistence farmers. Crops most commonly affected are maize, sorghum, rice and sugarcane. Three species cause the most damage: Striga asiatica, S. gesnerioides, and S. hermonthica.

Witchweed parasitizes maize, millet, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, legumes, and a range of weedy grasses. It is capable of significantly reducing yields, in some cases wiping out the entire crop.

Host plant symptoms, such as stunting, wilting, and chlorosis, are similar to those seen from severe drought damage, nutrient deficiency, and vascular disease.

Lifecycle

Each plant is capable of producing between 90,000 and 500,000 seeds, which may remain viable in the soil for over 10 years. Most seeds produced are not viable. An annual plant, witchweed overwinters in the seed stage. Its seeds germinate in the presence of host root exudate, and develop haustoria which penetrate host root cells. Host root exudate contain strigolactones, signaling molecules that promote Striga seed germination. A bell-like swelling forms where the parasitic roots attach to the roots of the host. The pathogen develops underground, where it may spend the next four to seven weeks before emergence, when it rapidly flowers and produces seeds. Witchweed seeds spread readily via wind and water, and in soil via animal vectors. The chief means of dispersal, however, is through human activity, by means of machinery, tools, and clothing.

Haustoria development
Once germination is stimulated, the Striga seed sends out an initial root to probe the soil for the host root. The initial root secretes an oxidizing enzyme that digests the host root surface, releasing quinones. If the quinone product is at the appropriate concentrations, a haustorium will develop from the initial root. The haustorium grows toward the host root until it makes contact with the root surface, establishing parasitic contact in relatively short order. Within 12 hours of initial haustorium growth, the haustorium recognizes the host root and begins rapid cell division and elongation. The haustorium forms a wedge shape and uses mechanical force and chemical digestion to penetrate the host root, pushing the host cells out of the way. Within 48–72 hours, the haustorium has penetrated the host root cortex. Finger-like structures on the haustorium, called oscula (from Latin osculum, "little mouth") penetrate the host xylem through pits in the membrane. The oscula then swell to secure their position within the xylem membrane. Striga sieve tubes develop along with the oscula. Shortly after the host xylem is penetrated, Striga sieve tubes develop and approach the host phloem within eight cells. This eight cell layer allows for nonspecific nutrient transport from the host to the Striga seedling. Within 24 hours after tapping the host xylem and phloem, the Striga cotyledons emerge from the seed.

Environment
Temperatures ranging from 30 to 35 C in a moist environment are ideal for germination. Witchweed will not develop in temperatures below 20 C. Agricultural soils with a light texture and low nitrogen levels tend to favor development. Still, witchweed has demonstrated a wide tolerance for soil types if soil temperatures are favorably high. Seeds have been shown to survive in frozen soil of temperatures as low as -15 C, attesting to their aptitude as overwintering structures.

Soil temperature, air temperature, photoperiod, soil type, and soil nutrient and moisture levels do not greatly deter the development of witchweed. These findings, while limited to the Carolinas in the United States, seem to suggest that the pathogen could successfully infect the massive corn crops of the American Midwest.

Management
Management of witchweed is difficult because the majority of its life cycle takes place below ground. If it is not detected before emergence, it is too late to reduce crop losses. To prevent witchweed from spreading it is necessary to plant uncontaminated seeds and to clean soil and plant debris off of machinery, shoes, clothing, and tools before entering fields. If populations are low, hand weeding before seeds are produced is an option.

Striga in the United States has been controlled through the use of several management strategies, including quarantines imposed on affected areas, control of movement of farm equipment between infected and uninfected areas, herbicide application, and imposed "suicidal germination". For the latter, in fields not yet planted in crops, seeds present in the soil are induced to germinate by injecting Ethylene gas, which mimics the natural physiological response tied to host recognition. Because no host roots are available, the seedlings die. Unfortunately, each mature Striga plant can produce tens of thousands of tiny seeds, which may remain dormant in the soil for many years. Thus, such treatments do not remove all seeds from the soil. Moreover, this method is expensive and not generally available to farmers in developing nations of Africa and Asia.

Another method called trap cropping involves planting a species in an infested field that will induce the Striga seeds to germinate but will not support attachment of the parasite. This method has been used in sorghum plantations by planting Celosia argentea between the sorghum rows. Cotton, sunflower and linseed are also effective trap crops. Planting silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum), as is done in push-pull intercropping, inhibits Striga seed germination and has worked effectively intercropped with maize.

Increasing nitrogen levels in the soil, growing Striga-tolerant varieties, trap-cropping, and planting susceptible crops harvested before witchweed seed is produced, are proven tactics. Coating maize seeds with fungi or a herbicide also appears to be a promising approach. An example is TAN222, the "Striga-resistant" maize variety which is coated with the systemic herbicide imazapyr, to which it is resistant. Any witchweed seeds sprouting when this maize is in the seedling stage are poisoned when their haustoria embed in the seedling's roots.

Several sorghum varieties have high levels of resistance in local conditions, including 'N-13', 'Framida', and 'Serena'. 'Buruma', 'Shibe', 'Okoa' and 'Serere 17' millet cultivars are considered to be resistant in Tanzania. Some maize varieties show partial resistance to witchweed, including 'Katumani' in Kenya. In a number of rice cultivars, including some cultivars of NERICA (New Rice for Africa), effective pre- and post- attachment resistance mechanisms have been identified. 'StrigAway'™ herbicide-resistant, herbicide impregnated maize has been shown to reduce the seed bank by 30% in two seasons.

Importance
Maize, sorghum, and sugarcane crops affected by witchweed in the United States have an estimated value well over $20 billion. Furthermore, witchweed is capable of wiping out an entire crop. In fact, it is so prolific that in 1957 Congress allocated money in an attempt to eradicate witchweed. Because of Striga, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture established a research station and control methods. Through infestation mapping, quarantine, and control activities such as contaminated seed destruction, the acreage parasitized by witchweed has been reduced 99% since its discovery in the United States. APHIS has even offered cash rewards those who identify and report the weed, and encourages landowners to check their own acreage.

Parasitizing important economic plants, witchweed is one of the most destructive pathogens in Africa. In fact, witchweed affects 40% of Africa's arable savanna region, resulting in up to $13 billion lost every year. Striga affects 40 million hectares (98,842,153 acres) of crops in sub-Saharan Africa alone. The witchweed infestation is so bad in parts of Africa, some farmers must relocate every few years. The majority of crops in Africa are grown by subsistence farmers who cannot afford expensive witchweed controls, who therefore suffer much as a result of this pathogen.

Common crop parasites

 * Striga asiatica has a very wide geographic distribution, from Africa through southern and eastern Asia to Australia. Since the 1950s, it is also known from the United States. This introduction, likely a result of human activity, resulted in an infestation of corn (maize) across many counties in North and South Carolina. The United States Department of Agriculture and state agencies imposed a quarantine on this area to control its spread - a process that was apparently successful.
 * Striga gesnerioides, cowpea witchweed, as its name implies, is a parasite of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), which is not a grass, but a member of the legume family (Fabaceae or Leguminosae). This species was also accidentally introduced into Florida in the United States, where it was found parasitizing Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo, another legume).
 * Striga hermonthica (purple witchweed) is also a parasite that affects grasses, particularly sorghum and pearl millet in sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal to Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania, Angola, Namibia).

Species list
The following are listed as "Accepted" on The Plant List.
 * Striga aequinoctialis West Africa
 * Striga angolensis Angola
 * Striga angustifolia East Africa, Asia, Indonesia
 * Striga asiatica (Asiatic witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, Burma, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia (introduced?), USA (introduced)
 * Striga aspera Africa
 * Striga baumannii
 * Striga bilabiata Africa
 * Striga brachycalyx Africa.
 * Striga dalzielii West Africa
 * Striga densiflora
 * Striga elegans Angola, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe
 * Striga forbesii Africa, Madagascar
 * Striga fulgens
 * Striga gesnerioides (cowpea witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, USA (introduced)
 * Striga hermonthica Senegal to Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania, Angola, Namibia
 * Striga hirsuta Madagascar
 * Striga junodii South Africa, Mozambique
 * Striga klingii West Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Togo
 * Striga latericea East Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia
 * Striga linearifolia
 * Striga macrantha West Africa, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Togo
 * Striga masuria
 * Striga passargei West and Central Africa, Arabian peninsula
 * Striga primuloides Ivory Coast, Nigeria
 * Striga pubiflora Somalia
 * Striga strigosa

title: Striga


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Giridih district

Giridih district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Giridih is the administrative headquarters of this district. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Jharkhand (out of 24), after Ranchi and Dhanbad.

History
Giridh district was a part of Kharagdiha estate till late 18th century. During the British Raj Giridih became a part of Jungle Terry. After Kol Uprising in 1831, the parganas of Ramgarh, Kharagdiha, Kendi and Kunda became parts of the South-West Frontier Agency and were formed into a division named Hazaribag as the administrative headquarters. The Kharagdiha Rajas were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were Koderma, Gadi Palganj, Ledo Gadi, Gande Gadi, Ghoranji Gadi and Gadi Sirsia. Giridih district was created on 6 December 1972 by carving some parts of Hazaribagh district. In 1999 part of it became Bokaro district.

It is currently a part of the Red Corridor. The 15,000-capacity football and cricket stadium named Giridih Stadium is the largest sports venue by capacity in the region. It is located in the town of Mahthadih.

Geography
The district, covering an area of around 4854 km², is bounded on the north by Jamui district and Nawada district of Bihar state, on the east by the districts of Deoghar and Jamtara, on the south by Dhanbad and Bokaro, and on the west by Hazaribagh and Koderma districts.

Giridih has an average elevation of 289 metres (948 feet). Śrī Sammeta Shikharji also known as the Parasnath Hills,it is one of the holiest place of Jainism, located in Giridih is the highest mountain peak in Jharkhand. It is a conical granite peak located 4,477 feet (1,382 metres) above the sea level.

Gawan and Tisari blocks of the district have several mica mines, and coal is found abundantly at several places throughout the district.

Parasnath Hills are located in the district. There are two major rivers, namely, the Barakar River and the Sakri River. Barakar River passes through Birni and Pirtand blocks. Sakari river drains the areas of Deori and Gawan blocks. There are several smaller rivers, including Usri, with a major tourist attraction - Usri Falls.

Blocks
Giridih district comprises the following 13 blocks:

• Bagodar

• Bengabad

• Birni

• Deori

• Dhanwar

• Dumri

• Gandey

• Gawan

• Giridih

• Jamua

• Pirtand

• Sariya

• Tisri

Subdivisions
Following are the four subdivision of the district:

 * 1) Giridih subdivision
 * 2) Bagodar-Sariya subdivision
 * 3) Khorimahua subdivision
 * 4) Dumri subdivision

Economy
In 2006 the Indian government named Giridh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

The DDP of Giridih District is ₹1,97,771(2003-04) and Income Per Capita is ₹9921(2003-04).

Divisions
There are six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) constituencies in this district. Dhanwar, Bagodar, Jamua and Gandey assembly constituencies are part of Kodarma constituency. Giridih and Dumri assembly constituencies are part of Giridih constituency.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Giridih district has a population of 2,445,474 roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 182nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 497 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.33%. Giridih has a sex ratio of 943 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 63.14%. 8.51% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 13.31% and 9.74% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 68.71% of the population in the district spoke Khortha, 13.55% Hindi, 8.99% Santali and 7.47% Urdu as their first language.

Khortha, a blend of Magahi and Hindi with little connection to Bengali, is the main language spoken in Giridih district. The tribal people speak Santhali.

Flora and fauna
The district has rich forest resources and have several jungles of sal trees and bamboos, and a variety of other indigenous trees. Among other common trees are bamboo, semal, Mahua, palash, kusum, kend, Asian pear and bhelwa. Parasnath hills have a number of plants having medicinal use. Leopards, bears, jackals, wild pigs, and hares are the wild animals found in certain parts of the district which have thick forests.

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Tourism
• Jharkhand Dham

• Harihar Dham

• Khandoli Dam

• Usri Falls

• Sai Mandir

• Langta Baba Samadhi Sthal

• Surya Mandir, Jagarnathdih, Mirjaganj

• Rajdah dham Suriya

• Panchkero dam Gorhand

title: Giridih district


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Ehrenfest

Ehrenfest is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933), Austrian physicist and mathematician
 * Ehrenfest equations
 * Ehrenfest model
 * Ehrenfest paradox
 * Ehrenfest theorem
 * 32796 Ehrenfest
 * Tatjana Ehrenfest-Afanassjewa (1876-1964), Ukrainian-Russian mathematician, wife of Paul
 * Tanja van Aardenne-Ehrenfest (1905–1984), Austrian Dutch mathematician, daughter of Paul

title: Ehrenfest


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Koderma district

Koderma district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India, and Koderma is the administrative headquarters of this district.

Koderma district was created on 10 April 1994, after being carved out of the original Hazaribagh district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Geography
Koderma is bordered by Nawada district of Bihar on the north, the Gaya district of Bihar on the west, the Giridih district of Jharkhand on the east, and the Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand on the south.

Koderma is surrounded by forests. The main rivers of the district are Barakar, Barsoi and Sakri. Dhawajadhari Pahar is a hill dedicated to lord Shiva, where at Mahashivratri many devotees assemble to worship the god. Chanchal dham (hill) which is located 12 km from Nawadih railway station and 30 km from Koderma junction railway station, is dedicated to Maa Chanchalni. Many devotees gather here for the festivals of durga pooja, ramnavmi, akhari pooja, etc to worship Chanchalni Maa to fulfill their desires.

Koderma district is richly endowed with natural resources. Quartz, feldspar, asbestos, blue stone, white stone and moon stone are the minerals found here. At one time, Koderma was considered as the mica capital of India.

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The Vidhan Sabha constituency of this district are Kodarma, Barkatha and Barhi, which are part of Koderma and Hazaribag Lok Sabha constituency respectively.

Blocks (Mandals)
Koderma district consists of six Blocks. The following are the list of the Blocks in Koderma district:

• Koderma Block

• Jainagar Block

• Chandwara Block

• Markachho Block

• Domchanch Block

• Satgawan Block

Economy
In 2006 the Indian government named Koderma one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Education
There are several schools and degree colleges in Koderma, notable institutions include:
 * Capital University, Jharkhand, established by Jharkhand Govt in 2018, in Chitragupta Nagar, Koderma, Jharkhand
 * Jharkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya
 * Kailash Roy Saraswati Vidya Mandir, Jhumri Telaiya (Vidya Bharti Foundation)
 * Sainik School, Tilaiya (boys-only residential school, established on 16 September 1963)
 * Saraswati Shishu Mandir (established 1984), run by the Bal Bharti Samiti of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

Transport
The district has three major towns - Domchanch, Jhumri Telaiya, Koderma. Koderma, Jhumri Telaiya are located along National Highway 31, which connects Ranchi and Patna. Koderma Railway station is on the Grand Chord railway line, which connects Kolkata and Delhi.

Hospitals

 * Sadar hospital, Koderma
 * Jay Prakash Hospital, Chitragupt Nagar, Jhumri Telaiya, Koderma
 * Hope hospital, Jhumri Telaiya, Koderma
 * Gayatri Hospital, Jhumri telaiya, Koderma
 * Holy Family Hospital, Koderma

Divisions
The district comprises six blocks: Koderma, Jainagar, Markacho, Satgawan, Chandwara and Domchanch.

Villages

 * Gumo

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Koderma district has a population of 716,259, roughly equal to the nation of Bhutan or the US state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 500th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 282 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 32.59%. Kodarma has a sex ratio of 949 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 66.84%. 19.72% of the population lives in urban areas. Schedule Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.22% and 0.96% of the population respectively.

84.49% are Hindus while 14.94% are Muslim.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 49.66% of the population in the district spoke Khortha, 43.47% Hindi, 4.69% Urdu and 0.52% Santali as their first language.

title: Koderma district


text: User talk:71.134.192.100

title: User talk:71.134.192.100


text:
Thomas Herrion

Thomas Lovell Herrion (December 15, 1981 – August 20, 2005) was an American football offensive guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers. He also was a member of the Hamburg Sea Devils in NFL Europe. He played college football at the University of Utah.

Early years
Herrion attended Polytechnic High School. He was a four-year starter at left tackle.

He competed in the discus throw and shot put, as a sophomore and junior. He played center on the basketball team as a sophomore.

College career
Herrion enrolled at Kilgore College, to play under head coach Jimmy Rieves at the junior college level. As a freshman, he contributed to the Red River Bowl victory and the 2000 conference championship.

As a sophomore, he was part of a team that finished undefeated with a 12-0 record and a No. 4 national JUCO ranking, while receiving first-team All-Southwest Junior College Football Conference and honorable-mention JUCO All-America honors.

As a junior, he transferred to the University of Utah. He appeared in 10 games at right tackle, starting the final 3 contests.

As a senior, he played under new head coach Urban Meyer. He started all 12 games at left guard and received honorable-mention All-Mountain West Conference honors, while blocking for future San Francisco 49ers teammate and number one overall draft pick quarterback Alex Smith. He contributed to the team's Mountain West Conference championship and Liberty Bowl win. He finished his college career after appearing in a total of 22 games.

Professional career
Herrion was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2004 NFL Draft on May 20. On September 5, 2004, he was waived and later signed to the practice squad on September 14. On September 30, 2004, he was released from the practice squad.

On December 9, 2004, he was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to the practice squad.

On January 5, 2005, he signed a reserve/futures contract with the 49ers. In February 2005, he was allocated to the Hamburg Sea Devils of NFL Europe, where he started 10 games at left tackle and received an invitation to attend the 49ers training camp.

Death
Shortly after an exhibition game against the Denver Broncos on August 20, 2005, Herrion collapsed in the locker room and was transported to St. Anthony’s Central Hospital in Denver where he was pronounced dead. The cause of death was later determined to be ischaemic heart disease, or (according to a subsequent examination of the autopsy report) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

He was considered to be the NFL's fourth football-related death after Detroit Lions wide receiver Chuck Hughes died of a heart attack in a 1971 game against the Chicago Bears, St. Louis Cardinals tight end J.V. Cain had a fatal heart attack during training camp in 1979 and Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer died of heatstroke during training camp in 2001.

On September 2, 2005, the 49ers established the Thomas Herrion Memorial Award, which will be given to the player who best exemplifies his spirit.

In 2006, the Kilgore College TRIO Learning Center was dedicated to Herrion's memory and renamed as the "Thomas L. Herrion TRIO Learning Center." In 2018, he was inducted into the Kilgore College Athletics Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Herrion was a musician who played the drums in his church band. On the front page of the San Francisco Chronicle, former 49er coach Mike Nolan commended Herrion for being "musical".

title: Thomas Herrion


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Chatra district

Chatra district is district one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India. The district was formed after separation from Hazaribagh district in 1991. Chatra is the administrative headquarters of this district. The district covers an area of 3718 km2.

Ancient period
In ancient period, the area covered by the present district and adjoining areas were ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.

Medieval period
During Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign, the territory which comprises the present district came in contact with the Delhi sultanate. Later, it became a part of the Bihar Subah of the Mughal empire. Daud Khan, the Mughal Subahdar of Bihar, during the reign of Aurangzeb occupied Kothi near Pokhri Fort on 5 May 1660, without much opposition, and then he moved towards the fort of Kunda which had a very strong fortification as it was situated on a hilltop. This fort was finally occupied by him and was completely destroyed on the 2 June 1660. Later, Kunda Fort was under the possession of the Raja of Ramgarh. In 1734, Aliwardi Khan advanced towards Kunda after defeating the rebel Zamindars of Tikari (Gaya). He mounted an attack on Chatra Fort and demolished it.

British rule
The British East India Company came in contact with this region for the first time in 1769. Raja Rammohan Roy, worked as a serestadar at Chatra from 1805–06 and stayed both at Chatra and Ramgarh while in office.

The most important battle fought between the insurgents and the British in Chotanagpur during the rebellion of 1857 was the "Battle of Chatra". This decisive battle was fought on 2 October 1857, near Phansi Talab. It lasted for an hour in which the mutineers were completely defeated. 56 European soldiers and officers were killed whereas 150 revolutionaries were killed and 77 were buried in a pit. Subedar Mangal Pandey and Nadir Ali Khan were sentenced and hanged to death on the 4 October 1857 on this very spot. The European and Sikh soldiers were buried in a well along with their arms and ammunitions. An inscriptive plaque which is still extant states: "'56 men of Her Majesty's 53rd Regiment of foot and a party of Sikhs were killed at Chatra on October 2nd 1857 in action against mutineers of the Ramgarh Battalion. Lieutenant J. C. C. Daunt of the 70th Bengal Native Infantry and sergeant D. Dynon of the 53rd regiment were awarded Victoria Cross for conspicuous gallantry in the battle, in which the mutineers were completely defeated and lost all their four guns and ammunitions." At the same time, another inscription on the bank of the Phansi Talab immortalises the two revolutionary subedars, namely, Mangal Pandey and Nadir Ali Khan.

Independence movement
The independence movement in this district gathered momentum in 1921. One of the most significant events of the Quit India Movement in 1942, was the escape of Jai Prakash Narayan along with six other from The Hazaribagh Central Jail on 9 November 1942 (the night of festival of Diwali). Jai Prakash Narayan came to Tatra (a village in this district )where he was at the home of panchkodi dubey, and then proceeded towards Sherghati en route to Varanasi. The notable participants in the independence movement from this district include Chotanagpur Kesri, Babu Ram Narayan Singh, and Babu Shaligram Singh.

Post-independence
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Administration
The territory covered by the present district was earlier known as Chatra sub-division of Hazaribagh district.

Blocks/Mandals
Chatra district consists of 10 Blocks. The following are the list of the Blocks in Chatra district:

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Chatra district has a population of 1,042,886, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 434rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 280 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.98%. Chatra has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 60.18%. 6.04% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 32.65% and 4.37% of the population respectively.

Hindus make up 86.6% of the population while Muslims make up 11.19%. Christianity makes up 0.63%, while other religions make up 1.58% of the population.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 39.71% of the population in the district spoke Khortha, 39.21% Hindi, 12.47% Magahi, 5.47% Urdu and 1.72% Kurukh as their first language.

Economy
In 2006, the Indian government named Chatra one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Politics

 * }

Chatra has two assembly constituencies: Chatra and Simaria. Both are part of Chatra Lok Sabha Constituency

The MP from Chatra is Sunil Kumar Singh from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

The MLA for Chatra is Shatya nand Bhogta (RJD), while the MLA of Simaria is Ganesh Ganjhu (BJP).

Tourism
The district of Chatra, gateway of Jharkhand has a number of picnic spots and fountains, waterfalls and flora and fauna. Some of the tourist spots of Chatra include: Besides these there are a number of waterfalls in Chatra.
 * Bhadrakali temple:- It is at Itkhori, 35 km on the East of Chatra and 16 km west of Chauparan connected with Grand Trunk Road. Along with the temple situated on the bank of river Mahanad (Mahane) surrounded by hill and forest, there is a water reservoir.
 * Kunda Cave:- The ruins of old Kunda palace are still found at a distance of about three-four miles from the present Kunda Village. The place might have been created either towards the end of 17th or beginning of the 18th century AD.
 * Tamasin:- Word tamasin is a sandhi of 'tam+asin' which means 'darkness prevails '. This area has mixed forest having high trees making the area dark even in the daylight. Tamasin has a waterfall.

Maa Kauleswary Temple: - Maa Kauleswary Mandir is situated near Hunterganj block in Kedli kalan village. It is approx 10 km from Hunterganj and the temple is situated on the hill which has 650 feet height. A Budha temple is also situated on Kuleswary hill and every year thousands of visitor are coming to visit the temples and natural environment of this area also.

title: Chatra district


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Eric Stuart

Eric Stuart is an American voice actor and musician who worked for 4Kids Entertainment, NYAV Post, and Central Park Media.

Early life
Stuart was born in Brooklyn, New York to a modern dancer mother and a criminal attorney father.

Voice acting career
He provides voices for English dubs of anime, cartoons, and video games. Some of his most prominent roles include Brock and James in Pokémon from seasons 1–8, Seto Kaiba in Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Gourry Gabriev in Slayers.

Music career
As a stage performer, he and his band, Eric Stuart Band, have toured with Peter Frampton (1999, 2000), Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band (1997), Lynyrd Skynyrd (1997), and has opened for Jethro Tull (1997), Julian Cope (1995), Hall & Oates (1997, 1998) and Chicago (1995, 1997, 1998) as well.

Frampton produced his album Blue, Dressed in Black.

Discography

 * Curiosity (1996)
 * Picture Perfect World (1997)
 * Eric Stuart (1998)
 * Blue, Dressed in Black (2000)
 * BombShellShocked (2003)
 * In The County Of Kings (2007)
 * Empty Frame of Reference (2009)
 * Falls on Me (2011)
 * Lipstick and Barbed Wire (2013)
 * My Kind of Danger (2018)

title: Eric Stuart


text: User talk:24.13.131.101

title: User talk:24.13.131.101


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I Think of You

I Think of You is the 20th long-play album by Perry Como, released by RCA Records.

A review from The Gramophone said of this album, "Mr. Como takes a vocal look at songs which have been hits in recent months for other artists ... In fact, he makes every song his own with an effortless facility possessed by very few artists, and the LP is an undiluted pleasure from beginning to end." This album continues the formula of the previous LP release by including a majority selection of soft pop/rock from the charts of 1970-1971 by artists such as Simon and Garfunkel, Glen Campbell, The Carpenters, Bread, Lobo, and Ocean.

Side one

 * 1) "Me and You and a Dog Named Boo" (Words and music by Kent LaVoie)
 * 2) "If" (Words and music by David Gates)
 * 3) "Yesterday I Heard the Rain" (Music by Canache Armando Manzanero, lyrics by Gene Lees)
 * 4) "Dream Baby (How Long Must I Dream)" (Words and music by Cindy Walker)
 * 5) "Where Do I Begin" (Music by Francis Lai, lyrics by Carl Sigman)
 * 6) "I Think of You" (Music by Francis Lai, lyrics by Rod McKuen)

Side two

 * 1) "Someone Who Cares" (Words and music by Alex Harvey)
 * 2) "For All We Know" (Music by Fred Karlin, lyrics by Arthur James and Robb Wilson)
 * 3) "Put Your Hand In The Hand" (Words and music by Gene MacLellan)
 * 4) "My Days of Loving You" (Words and music by Eddie Snyder and Richard Ahlert)
 * 5) "Bridge over Troubled Water" (Words and music by Paul Simon)

title: I Think of You


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Lola (1981 film)

Lola is a 1981 West German drama film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, the third in his BRD Trilogy, preceded by The Marriage of Maria Braun (1978) and Veronika Voss (1982). It is a loose adaptation of Heinrich Mann's Professor Unrat (1905), which had previously been adapted for Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930).

Plot
In 1957, in the town of Coburg, as in most of West Germany, reconstruction is the watchword, and Coburg's élite all benefit: the mayor, the police chief, the bank president, the newspaper editor and above all, Schuckert, a property developer who owns the brothel the other men frequent. His favourite employee is its singer, Lola.

This cosy arrangement is threatened by the arrival of the high-minded and cultured von Bohm, a refugee from East Prussia, as the new building commissioner. Divorced, he hires a woman with a young granddaughter as his housekeeper and devotes himself to his new job. One day, while he is out at work, his housekeeper shows her daughter his house. It is Lola, who decides she wants to know this interesting man and soon attracts his attention under her real name, Marie-Luise. Unaware of her night job or that Schuckert is her daughter's father, von Bohm proposes to her, but she warns him off. When he is finally taken to the brothel, he discovers the truth about her.

In the meantime von Bohm has been collecting evidence of Coburg's widespread corruption, including building permits masterminded by Schuckert, and decides to put a stop to it, but nobody is interested. Unable to change the system, and still in love with Lola, he marries her with Schuckert's blessing. As a wedding gift, Schuckert gives the pair the deed to the brothel and, while von Bohm is taking a walk after the church ceremony, takes the bride to bed.

title: Lola (1981 film)


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Think of You (Usher song)

"Think of You" is a song by American musician Usher. It was co-written by Usher alongside LaFace Records labelmate Donell Jones and Bad Boy singer Faith Evans for his self-titled debut album (1994). The song samples a groove from the instrumental track "Tidal Wave" (1975) by American jazz musician Ronnie Laws, also featuring vocals from rapper Biz Markie's "Just Rhymin' With Biz" (1987). Lyrically, "Think of You" finds the protagonist going through a breakup and dealing with conflicting feelings about his ex.

The song was released as the album's second single in November 1994 and emergd as Usher highest-charting song up to then: It became his first top ten hit on the US Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, reaching number eight, while also peaking at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100, and at number 70 on the UK Singles Chart. The song's accompanying music video, directed Hype Williams, features a young Taral Hicks and depicts Usher dancing and performing against an industrial backdrop.

Background
"Think of You" was written by Usher along with labelmates Donell Jones and Faith Evans. Production was overseen by Chucky Thompson and Sean "Puffy" Combs. The song contains a sample from the 1975 instrumental "Tidal Wave" by American jazz musician Ronnie Laws. It further samples the vocals "yes, yes y'all [...] to the beat y'all" from rapper Biz Markie's 1987 Big Daddy Kane collaboration "Just Rhymin' With Biz." Markie is credited as a special guest on the track.

Thompson later commented on the creation of the song: "I did a record for Usher called "Think of You" and [Evans] came in and wrote, Donell Jones wrote. I actually made that record before I met Puff as well. When I sent it up there, I had no idea what was gonna happen to it. He just had writer sessions or whatever, next thing I know they pressed play and here comes "Think of You"." In 2023, Usher further remarked that "Can U Get Wit It" was "cool. But "Think of You" was "okay, I’ve got enough to hook. I got enough skin in the game to stay. They can’t get rid of me yet." You know what I’m saying?"

Music video
A music video for "Think of You" was directed by Hype Williams. It features a young Taral Hicks that Usher is singing to.

Track listing
All tracks written by Usher Raymond, Donell Jones, and Faith Evans.

Notes
 * $undefined$ denotes remix producer(s)
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer(s)

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of Usher.

 * "Prince Charles" Alexander – mixing, recording
 * Sean "Puffy" Combs – mixing, producer
 * Faith Evans – background vocals, lyrics

 * Donell Jones – lyrics
 * Usher Raymond – lyrics, vocals
 * Chucky Thompson – music, producer

title: Think of You (Usher song)


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Ronche, Sacile

Ronche is a hamlet of about 70 people in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north east Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Sacile, in the province of Pordenone.

Geography
It is located about 15 km east of the provincial capital of Pordenone.

The population

Economy
The area is home to a number of United States nationals who work at the nearby Aviano Air Base. Brick-making started in Ronche in the fourteenth century and continued until 1957. Today the main economic activity is farming. The piano company of Fazioli is based in the area.

Events
The Sagra delle brombolete, a festival dedicated to a variety of small yellow plum, is held on the third Sunday of July.

title: Ronche, Sacile


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Ludwig Loewe

Ludwig Loewe (27 November 1837 – 11 September 1886) was a German merchant, manufacturer, philanthropist and a member of the Reichstag. Loewe's companies became involved in the production of armaments, employing famous designers and creating notable guns.

Manufacturing
Loewe was born as Louis Levy in Heiligenstadt, Kingdom of Prussia into a Jewish family. He set up Ludwig Loewe Commanditgesellschaft auf Aktien für Fabrikation von Nähmaschinen A.G. in 1869 to produce sewing machines. In 1872 an agreement was reached with the German army to produce rifles for them. For this he set up a separate armaments company Ludwig Loewe & Company (also known as Loewe & Company).

Armaments
Loewe's armaments company was famous in that it held a controlling interest in Waffenfabrik Mauser and so was able to reap financial success from the C96 pistol when Loewe's own Borchardt semi-automatic pistol, designed by employee Hugo Borchardt, was not selling well.

Ludwig Loewe & Company also employed Georg Luger, the inventor of the Luger pistol (as well as the associated gun cartridges).

After Loewe's death
After Loewe died in Berlin his younger brother Isidor Loewe took over the running of the company. The name of the main company was eventually changed to Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen Ludwig Loewe & Co. A.G.. This 'Loewe Group' of companies had three main products: electricity, machinery, and armaments.

In 1896, Ludwig Loewe & Cie obtained a majority interest in the Karlsruhe-based Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik. In the same year, it was decided to merge the ammunition production of Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik with Loewe's firearms branch in Berlin, creating a new company of which Loewe remained the owner: Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM).

Ludwig Loewe and DWM
Ludwig Loewe and his younger brother Isidor founded the world's largest machine tool and weapons empire in the years previous to the outbreak of WWI Loewe's company, DWM owned or was associated with, among others, the Hungarian Weapons and Machine Manufacturing Co.in Budapest, in Belgium, the Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre (FN) in Herstal and Pieper in Lüttich, and the British Vickers Sons & Maxim Ltd. where the third Loewe brother Sigmund (1854-1904) was Managing Director. Loewe obtained a share majority in Mauser/Oberndorf in 1887 and the metal cartridge manufacturer Maschinenfabrik Lorenz in Karlsruhe was added in 1889. Eventually, DWM encompassed the total German weapons production with the exclusion of Krupp and Thyssen with over 11,000 employees.

Growth of the company and German industrialization
In 1896 Loewes consolidated their weapons manufacturing interests in the newly founded holding company, Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) in Berlin. Their father had been a cantor and religious teacher with the Jewish community in the small Thuringian town of Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld). After a commercial apprenticeship, Ludwig came to Berlin in 1858. He started as a wool merchant, dealing on commission. He then changed to repairing and dealing in machinery. In 1869, this led to the foundation of the Ludwig Loewe & Co.KG (Limited Joint Stock Partnership) with Ludwig Loewe as sole partner. The Company was established in the Berlin District of Neukölln to produce household sewing machines. Realizing that he could not compete with more precisely made and cheaper machines imported from U.S.A., he travelled to the US with his brother Isidor in 1870, leaving his company in the hands of his chief engineer Eduard Barthelmes.

On his return, he started production of a new model, based on Barthelmes design, but manufactured on American precision machinery. The import of American machine tools led to the development and manufacture of lathes, grinders and milling machines and other machine tools.

Together with Barthelmes, whose career had begun in the traditional Suhl weapons factories, Loewe began mass production of light weapons on his own precision, high volume machines. After the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870, Loewe was able to increase the capital of his company by contracting to manufacture Mauser 71 rifle parts for the Royal Prussian Arsenal in Spandau.

In 1896/98, due to further expansion, the company moved to new premises in the district of Moabit and the present day neo-gothic, model factory complex was built in 1907–1917 with the help of American engineers. Loewe's intention was to create optimal working conditions necessary for high precision mass production. Loewe also provided modern housing, health and educational facilities for his employees.

With the French introduction of smokeless nitro-cellulose gunpowder, Bismarck ordered the development of a rifle with a smaller calibre for the new nitro ammunition to be issued to the armed forces of all the German States. The first batch 88 rifle3 was to be manufactured by Loewe, as no other manufacturer was equipped with the necessary precision machine tooling. In 1889, Loewe was commissioned to manufacture 300 000 of the new rifles and deliver complete sets of production machinery to the state arsenals in Danzig, Spandau, Erfurt and Amberg.

Both the new 88 rifle and German nitro-cellulose gunpowder turned out to be deficient and unreliable, leading to a large number of fatal accidents. This resulted in the "Jewish Carbine Affair" (Judenkarabiner Affäre). Hermann Ahlwardt, an extreme nationalist, published an anti-Semitic pamphlet accusing Loewe of a Jewish conspiracy against the German Armed Forces. The pamphlet was suppressed with the help of Bismarck and the case was resolved in court where Alwart was convicted of slander.

Ludwig Loewe's politics
Even though antisemitism, xenophobia and anti-Catholicism were widespread throughout Prussia, Frederic the Great (1712-1786) had established a measure of tolerance based on the principle of the utility of the individual for the aims of the Prussian state ("Religions must be tolerated and regulation must be limited to ensure that no harm is inflicted on others." The King's marginal note on the "Immediate Report of the Clerical Department for Catholic Schools and Proselytizing").

Loewe's friends and acquaintances included the socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle and the right wing politician and Bismarck's friend Walther Rathenau who, as Director for Raw Materials was responsible for organizing the war economy during WWI. Loewe was politically active as a member of the Berlin City Council. In 1877 he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives for the Progressive Party. In 1878 he became a member of the Reichstag. Loewe's special interest was in education and DWM was instrumental in founding the Berlin Technical University.

After Ludwig's death in 1886, his brother Isidor was the sole Director of the Company. His experience in banking and finance was central to the rapid expansion of the Company, diversifying into electrical engineering and motor transport.

Post WWI: The Quandt Group
The German defeat in WWI and the implementation of Allied restrictions on the production of military weapons left DWM with few alternatives. Small scale production of household goods. In 1922, DWM was re-named Berlin-Karlsruher Industrie Werke and all production in the Moabit factory was terminated and ownership of the company passed to the Quandt Group.

When Ludwig Loewe & Cie. merged with the Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen in 1929, its ownership of DWM was transferred to a group of investors working with Günther Quandt (the 'Quandt Gruppe' or 'Quandt Group').

In 1938 members of the Loewe family were expelled from the boards as part of a plan to minimize Jewish influence on German businesses, the so-called aryanization.

The Gesellschaft für Elektrische Unternehmungen merged with AEG in 1942, the remainder of Loewe was named Loewe Werkzeugmaschienen AG of which AEG was owner.

In 1946 the Loewe workshops took their old name "Ludw. Loewe & Co. AG". With some 400 workers they produced screwdrivers, ovens, gravecrosses and ploughs.

The company joined forces with a group of other industrial companies in 1967 under the group name DIAG (Deutsche Industrieanlagen GmbH), today part of MAN Ferrostaal Industrieanlagen GmbH.

Loewe and his faith
Loewe suffered antisemitism, which also affected his family. A number of family members died in Nazi concentration camps, but some managed to escape to USA. His estate was later claimed by the Nazi government in the 1930s, and a claim was made against this action later on by his descendants. A single claimant was awarded 162,500 Swiss francs restitution by the Claims Resolution Tribunal.

Further references

 * Details of merging to form DWM
 * Italian page on DWM
 * German newspaper link to claims on estate

title: Ludwig Loewe


text:
Talk:Pear Garden

Please help to expand this page if you know more about this opera troupe and please do not screw up this page or move it like what Willy willy willy willy... Mushroom, Mushroom did.08:49, 11 September 2005 (UTC)Smartsmith

Location
Was it in Chang'an? Badagnani 13:00, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It should have been. Seeing as the Tang Dynasty and the Weiyang Palace were in Chang'an at the time. User:Working for Him

Actresses
Were females admitted into Chinese theater in general at this time? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.136.26.26 (talk) 03:10, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pear Garden