text:
Yên Bái province

Yên Bái is a province located in Northwest Vietnam. It shares borders with six provinces which are Hà Giang province, Lào Cai province, Lai Châu province, Sơn La province, Phú Thọ province, and Tuyên Quang province. The province covers an area of about 6892.67 km2 and as of 2022 it had a population of 847,250 people.

Yên Bái's history is important under the French colony, particularly the subsequent "Yên Bái mutiny", an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army on 10 February 1930 in collaboration with civilian supporters who were members of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDD, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party).

Forestry and farming are the main economic stays of the province. Thác Bà Lake is a natural asset of the country along with its Thác Bà Hydroelectric Plant. Dong Cuong Festival is an important festival of the province.

Demographics
According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Yên Bái province as on 2019 was 821,030 with a density of 119 persons per km2 over a total land area of 6887.46 km2 of the province. The male population during this period was 412,977 while the female population was 408,053.

There are many ethnic groups in Yên Bái province. The Kinh people, who form the majority population of the country, settled here a long time ago and in union with the local minority tribes established themselves in the region and developed cultivation practices. The Kinh people's ancestry is traced to the Hải Dương Pham Ba Luc for nine generations till date and a monument erected in 1937 in Doc village in Hong Commune is highly revered as an ancestral home.

There are 4 ethnic Yao (Dao) branches in Yên Bái province (Nguyễn 2013:12).
 * Dao Đỏ [Red Yao] (Dao Đại Bản, Dao Sừng)
 * Dao Quần Chẹt [Tight-trouser Yao] (Dao Nga Hoàng, Dao Sơn Đầu)
 * Dao Quần Trắng [White-trouser Yao]
 * Dao Làn Tuyển [Indigo Yao] (Dao Tuyển)

History
The area was occupied in ancient times, given the favourable communications along the Hong and Chay Rivers. Several archaeological digs in the province have unearthed ancient temples and other sites. Stone tools have been excavated in Mù Cang Chải District.

Vietnam had gradually become a French colony between 1859 and 1883. Initially, military resistance to French rule came through the Cần Vương movement led by Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, which sought to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi at the head of an independent nation. However, with the death of Phùng in 1895, military opposition effectively ended. The only other notable incidents after this came in 1917 was the Thái Nguyên rebellion. The lack of militant activity changed in the late 1920s with the formation of the VNQDĐ, or Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The VNQDĐ attempted clandestine activities to undermine French rule, which resulted in French scrutiny of their activities. This led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam. It was only on 10 February 1931 that VNQDĐ could, in collaboration with civilian supporters, launch the Yên Bái mutiny, an uprising of Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army. Thus, Yên Bái was the first of the battles during the First Indochina War. Yên Bái and Thái Nguyên were key military posts of the Việt Minh, which were supplied with arms from China to fight the French during this War.

On 9 February 1930 part of the 4th Regiment of Tonkinese Rifles stationed at Yên Bái mutinied against their French officers but were suppressed by loyal troops from the same unit. The attack was the largest disturbance against the colonisation of Vietnam since the Cần Vương monarchist movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial regime and establish independence. The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party) had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny on their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. This incident led to widespread disturbances against French rule across northeastern Vietnam during 1930–31.

In the "Yen Bai Uprising of 1930" against the French colonial rule, many French army officers were killed. To putdown the uprising, the French resorted to aerial bombardment and even napalm bombs were used. The rebellion was put down ruthlessly by the French within a day; many Vietnamese soldiers and 12 VNQDĐ leaders were executed. Following this repressive action by the French, there were frequent anti-colonialist strikes and riots throughout the country, which were all put down ruthlessly. This resulted in breaking the backbone of the VNQDD and the Communist Party in North Vietnam for a considerable period.

The French maintained control of their colonies until World War II, when the Japanese war in the Pacific triggered the invasion of French Indochina in 1941.

In 1961, a large bronze cylindrical jar was discovered with carved images of males and females in copulation. In 1964 an 80,000-year-old skeleton was unearthed in Hum Cave in Lục Yên District. In 1996, another bronze jar was discovered along with the 2000-year-old remains of a 6-year-old girl on Choi Mountain in the commune of Hợp Minh, Trấn Yên District.

Geography and climate
Yên Bái covers an area of 6899.5 km2, and the Red River passes through the province. Yên Bái is a mountain province, characterised by rugged mountainous scenery and green rice paddy fields in the valleys. The Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range runs through the province. The Red (or Thao) River and Chay River flow the province. Their origin is in Yunnan, China. The valley created by these two river systems in the Yên Bái province is fertile, though an uneven territory; Muong Lo plain is the rice bowl of the province. The topography is steep, rising from east to west and from south to north. The average elevation is about 600 m above sea level and can be divided into two regions: low-lying regions on the left bank of the Red River basin and the high right bank of the Red River and in the plateau between the Red River and Đà River there are many mountains. Besides the two main rivers, the Red and the Đà, the province has about 200 canals, small streams and large lakes and swamps. Thác Bà Lake is situated in the province, an artificial lake which has an area of 23400 ha and 1,331 islands and hills. It has a capacity of 3 to 3.9 billion cubic meters of water and its original intention was to run the Thác Bà hydroelectric plant, one of the first large hydropower projects in Vietnam. The water in the lake is blue and clear, and reflects the surrounding green forests. The thousands of hills and islands have many caves, including Hum, Cau Cuoi and Bach Xa. A Thác Bà Temple is located in the lake area. Thác Bà Lake has changed the climatic pattern in the western districts of the province, to a moderate condition from its hot and dry status. The main biomes of the province are rainforest, subtropical and temperate mountainous zones. It experiences a tropical monsoon season. The 20293 ha conservation area Mu Cang Chai Species / Habitat Conservation Area (MCC SHCA) was established in 2004 to protect the endangered mountain wildlife in Cang Chai district on the border of Lào Cai province.

The mean temperature in the province at elevations above 1500m is about 20 C and drops to 0 C with frost and snow in some parts. December–January are winter months when the climate is dry. Frequent drizzle is experienced during late winter months; this type of rain has earned Yên Bái the epithet "drizzle centre of the country". April to December are summer months and the rainy period. The mean temperature is stable for the district as a whole and is in the range of 18 C to 28 C.

Archaeological findings
Many archaeological findings have been unearthed in the provinces in places, which date human settlement between hoary 8000 years to the recent 2000 years; these have been preserved in the Archaeological Museum in Yên Bái City. The archaeological antiquaries found are; a large cylindrical jar in Dao Thinh Commune depicting scene of human cohabitation, a skeleton of an ancient Viet and another bronze jar containing the remnants of a six-year-old girl in Hum Cave in Luc Yen.

Administrative divisions
Yên Bái is subdivided into 9 district-level sub-divisions and 173 commune-level sub-divisions:

Economy
The total area of the province is 689900 ha, out of which the agricultural area is 78600 ha, forest land forms major part of 453600 ha, homestead land accounts for 4000 ha and land used for special purposes is 30200 ha. The per capita production of cereals in 2008 was 289 kg.

Yên Bái is home to 281 cooperatives, which are considered an effective way of generating employment to thousands of workers. These cooperatives are engaged in fields such as agricultural services, industrial services, construction, commerce, transportation, People's Credit Funds and health care. Cooperatives services include the production of black tea (manufacturing and processing), farm and forestry, fertilizers, transportation, electric supply in rural areas, and so forth. A survey of the economic situation in Yên Bái carried out in 2006 indicated that living standards had increased substantially. For the period 1990 to 2004, Gross domestic product (GDP) tripled with an average increase of 7.5% per year. Poverty index decreased from 58% in 1993 to 16% in 2006 (as per General Statistics Office, 2006). However, underemployment, unstable income, inadequate childcare, limited access to health, child labour, social issues related to old people and social evils, gender inequality needed to addressed.

Farming
Farming, in particular, has been adopted as an important means for the acceleration of socio-economic development in rural areas. A reorganization of farming economy is planned through the establishment of centralized commodities production zones to enhance rural income, value of the land and levels of farming household income through agricultural extension services. In terms of agricultural products, main crops in the province include tea, cinnamon, glutinous rice, grapefruit, orange, taro and fish. About 700 farms are reportedly engaged in growing trees for pulp production, tea, cinnamon trees, breeding poultry, cattle and pigs.

In the mountainous northern region, non-timber forest products in an area of 5000000 ha are planned under a reforestation program, which includes about 40000 ha under cinnamon; 15000 ha have been developed.

The Centre for Agricultural and Forestry Extension offices of the Yên Bái province takes care of agricultural and forestry extension work in more than 1,000 villages in 180 communes and precincts in the province. For this purpose a strong agricultural extension system from the provincial to grassroots levels has been established. The dissemination work carried out by the Extension Offices have involved: knowledge transfer of technological advances; shifting in the structure of plants, animals and crops; intensive farming of hybrid rice strains; changing one-crop rice fields to two-crop ones; cultivation on sloping soil; raising high-quality chickens and so forth.
 * Farming extension services

25 key agricultural extension programmes have been developed to meet different growing periods in different terrains namely low lying and mountainous land. Further, more than 50 planting and husbandry models have been adopted envisaging new farming methods, centred on developing food, industrial plants and stock breeding for trading. Intensive farming of winter maize on two-rice-crop fields, intensive farming of hybrid rice strains in mountainous district of Mu Cang Chai, planting high-quality rice, sugar cane, coffee strains, raising chickens, planting forests have also been adopted by the farmers

Mining
In all, 33 ores and minerals are currently mined in the numerous quarries in Lục Yên District, out of which 23 are valid minerals, including gemstones. Among these ores and minerals are: apatite, biotite, calcite, chlorite group, chondrodite, corundum, danburite, elbaite, fluor-cannilloite, graphite, humite, lepidolite, varieties of microcline such as amazonite, muscovite, olivine, orthoclase, paragonite, pargasite, phlogopite, pyrite, quartz and smoky quartz, rossmanite, rutile, schorl, spinel, titanite and tourmaline; gemstones such as rubies, spinel, and tourmaline. Lục Yên is particularly famous for its rubies.

Water resources
The Chay River, the second largest tributary of the Lo River, which in turn joins the Mekong River, rises from the Tay Con Linh mountain range (in Vietnam) at a height of 2419 m. After flowing towards the west, it flows further southeast in the middle and lower reaches, at which point it joins the Lô River at Đoan Hùng. The basin is delimited by high mountain ranges—in the north by ranges of 1500 m to 2000 m in height, on the west by the Con Voi mountain range and on the east and south east by the Tay Con Linh range. The width of the river is wide in its upper reaches and "tapers to an elongated shape in the middle and lower reaches". The basin has an area of 6500 km$2$ (1620 km$2$ in China) with 60% area below an elevation of 400 m (average elevation of the basin is 858 m). The annual rainfall in the basin varies from 1,500 mm to 3,000 mm with rains concentrated (75–85%) during May to October.

Water from the Chay River that flows through the Yên Bái district has been tapped for hydropower generation, irrigation water supply in the downstream area, aquaculture and river navigation.

Thác Bà Hydropower Plant
The Thác Bà Hydropower Plant is a major hydropower project located within the province on the Chay River, built between 1964 and 1971 with assistance from the Soviet Union. Construction began on August 19, 1964. Despite frequent air strikes by the United States Air Force during this period, the first unit of the power plant was commissioned on October 5, 1971; the second unit followed on August 1972, and the third unit on May 19, 1972. The power plant currently has a capacity of 120 MW, and has an energy generating potential of 400 million kWh/year. The project as built has a dam 48 m high and 657 m long, creating a gross storage capacity of 2.49 cubic kilometres with a live storage of 2.16 cubic kilometres on the Chay River draining a catchment of 6430 km$2$ at the dam site. The reservoir is 60 km with a water spread of 235 km$2$ at the Full Reservoir Level of +58 m. The project has been designed for a maximum flood discharge of 3,650 m$3$/s. The other ruling levels of the project are: dead storage level in the reservoir +46.0m and maximum flood level of +59.65 for a thousand-year flood.

Every year, the Yên Bái Provincial People's Committee arrange the Thác Bà Discovery Festival, supported by Lào Cai, Phú Thọ and Yên Bái provinces. It is held in the vicinity of the Thác Bà Hydroelectric Power Plant. Participants in the festival typically visit the lake and take part in a boat race that is held there. A village festival showcasing ethnic minorities, a trade fair, a costume show, sports and traditional art competitions are also held.

The water resource development of the province is thus centred on artificial Thác Bà Lake, which was created for hydropower development. The lake has an area of 23400 ha and has 1,331 islands. The hill catchment has a varied ecology; an interesting feature in the catchment with its beautiful landscape is thousands of hills and islands which have caves like the Hum, Cau Cuoi and Bach Xa. There is also a temple on the banks of lake known as Thác Bà Temple. The site that the lake now lies in was the historic scene in 1285 AD during the Thu Vat Battle that took place under the command of Trần Nhật Duật against Mongolian invaders. Thác Bà Lake is now an ecological tourist centre with entertainment, mountain climbing and hiking facilities. The Mong Son Grotto, which housed the Yên Bái Party Committee during the anti-American resistance is located at the centre of this lake.
 * Thác Bà Lake

Transport
The Yên Bái city is an important transport hub of Northern Vietnam.

Yên Bái lies on the railway that runs northwest from the capital and largest city in the north of the country, Hanoi, to the border town of Lào Cai and into Yunnan in China. The railway also passes through the towns of Mau A and Co Phuc. The railway has been a major freight corridor between China and Vietnam since its construction, and runs approximately along the Red River. National Route 70 is the highway that goes from Lào Cai southeast into Yên Bái province, through Yên Bình just north of the town of Yên Bái, and joins up with National Road 2—which leads to Hanoi—at Đoan Hùng.
 * Railways

Running parallel to and a few kilometres to the southwest of National Road 70 is National Road 32, which goes from Hanoi northwest to the town of Yên Bái through Sơn Tây, Lâm Thao and Phú Thọ province. National Road 37 connects the town of Yên Bái to Nong Truong Tran Phu to the south. The latter town is also serviced by National Road 32, which takes a northwesterly direction through Nghĩa Lộ, Nong Truong Lien Son into the mountainous northwest of the province and into neighbouring Lào Cai province. The province lies about 183 km away on the 340 km Lào Cai to Ha Noi road.
 * Roads

Yên Bái Airbase is located about 5 km north of downtown Yên Bái. It is currently used as a training facility for fighter pilots serving in the Vietnam People's Air Force.
 * Air

Culture and festivals
Dong Cuong and Dai Cai are two temples in the province. Dai Cai Temple has been built amidst a large lush green is approached from riverside roads. Excavations by Archaeologist have found relics of Son Vi culture in the Dong Cuong Temple area.

Festivals
Many festivals are celebrated in the province, as decided by an Organising Board. Some of the important festivals are:

Dong Cuong Temple Festival is held in the Dong Cuong commune, Van Yen district, where the temple is located. The festival rites performed present an array of events starting with an invitation to the living and the dead, royal offerings, a procession of the palanquins of the Tutelary God and Holy Mother. The festival features traditional cultural and sport activities such as xoe dance, con throwing, en playing and traditional opera singing. The Muong Lo Cultural Week held in the month of October in Nghia Lo town marks the anniversary of the liberation of Nghia Lo. Festivities lasting one week include sports competitions, Tây Bắc (North West) Fair and a food and drink competition.
 * Dong Cuong temple festival
 * Muong Lo cultural week

The Suoi Giang Panpines Festival held in June in Suoi Giang commune, Van Chan district, features dances, visit to Suoi Giang tea tree followed by a tea ceremony of the Mong ethnic minority people. Visits to traditional cultural villages and to Tap Plang Waterfall are also part of the programme.
 * Suoi Giang panpines festival

The Grapefruit flower festival is held in September at Kha Linh communal house, Dai Minh commune, Yên Bình District, featuring the Kha Linh Communal House, grapefruit flower offerings, community tours to the Ngoi Tu cultural village and traditional sports.
 * Grapefruit flower festival

The Nam Cuong Temple Festival is held sometime in March in Nam Cường commune, Yên Bái city, when pigeons are released by the villagers seeking peace; boat race in Nam Cuong lake and a tug-of-war competition are also part of the festival.
 * Nam Cuong Temple Festival

Prosperity to the local the Hmong people centred on an ancient tea tree in Suot Giang in this province. The tree gradually helped them to raise their standard of living. To commemorate this tree, the Hmong ethnic cultural festival is held to glorify the value of this tree. During the festival, a ritual is done at the ancient tree by the head of the village as a symbolic representation of the history and culture of the land. Khen dancing, Pao throwing and the tug of war and other cultural events are also held, as part of this festival.
 * Mong ethnic cultural festival

Other places of interest to visit are the Mu Cang Chai species and bio-landscape reserve, the western region of white Bauhilia flower and the Giang Spring.

title: Yên Bái province


text:
Herman Friele

Herman Friele (born 21 August 1943) is a Norwegian businessman and politician for the Conservative Party. He has been chairman of the coffee manufacturer Friele since 1981, as the seventh generation Friele in charge of the company. He was the highly popular mayor of Bergen from 2003 to 2007.

Before the 2003 election, a survey found that 64% of the inhabitants of Bergen wanted him to become the mayor after the election. When Friele announced that he would not be running for mayor in the 2007 election, a survey showed that 60% of the inhabitants of Bergen wanted him to continue in the job.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Herman Friele


text:
Dianalund Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Dianalund Municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in West Zealand County on the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in east Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 67 km2, and had a total population of 7,406 (2005). Its last mayor was Per Hovmand, a member of the Conservative People's Party (Det Konservative Folkeparti) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Dianalund.

Dianalund Municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Sorø and Stenlille municipalities to form the new Sorø Municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 317 km² and a total population of 28,336 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland ("Region Zealand").

title: Dianalund Municipality


text:
Bắc Giang

Bắc Giang is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Bắc Giang Province. Its name, deriving from that of the Province Sino-Vietnamese, means "north of the river." The location is very convenient for transportation: it is 50 km north of Hanoi, in the middle position on major transportation routes (roads, international railway) connecting Hanoi with the Lạng Sơn City and Đồng Đăng international border gate; Bắc Giang is located in an important transportation hub. The Thương River runs through the town's southern part heading for Haiphong.

Although the name of Bắc Giang (北江 "North River") Province is very old, established in its first form in 1466, there was historically no town of that name. The town was created out the old Láng Thượng District after independence. The Suối Mỡ thermal springs area is 37 km from the town centre. Bắc Giang Peace Park was a sister city project with Madison, Wisconsin, United States.

Economic situation
Bắc Giang City is a center of the nitrogen - chemical industry, textile industry, also the distribution center, transit of goods from China, as well as the place for local products being exported to China. The city has some small- and medium-sized industrial zones associated with large industrial zones such as Quang Châu, Đình Trám, Vân Trung and Song Khê - Nội Hoàng. The emblem of the BG industry is the Hà Bắc fertilizer factory, the first fertilizer plant in Vietnam.

In 2013, Bắc Giang City maintained high and stable economic growth reaching 17.3%, with the GDP per capita reaching $3000. The economic structure has shifted positively: trade and services 45.2%; industry, handicraft - construction 51.3%; agriculture - fishery 3.5%. The city has developed diverse industries such as agricultural and forestry processing, mechanical, chemical, textile, electronic and construction materials. Bắc Giang City is well known as one of the distribution centers for the transit of goods imported from China to Vietnam and vice versa. The service network has been developed strongly with large-scale supermarkets such as Big C Bắc Giang, Co.opmart supermarket, Bắc Giang Supermarket, Imexco Supermarket, Mediamart, Văn Chiến appliances and electrics store.

Administrative subdivisions
The city is subdivided to 16 commune-level subdivisions, including the wards of: Đa Mai, Dĩnh Kế, Hoàng Văn Thụ, Lê Lợi, Mỹ Độ, Ngô Quyền, Thọ Xương, Trần Nguyên Hãn, Trần Phú, Xương Giang and the rural communes of: Dĩnh Trì, Đồng Sơn, Song Khê, Song Mai, Tân Mỹ and Tân Tiến.

title: Bắc Giang


text:
World Futures Studies Federation

The World Futures Studies Federation is a global non-governmental organization that was founded in 1973 to promote the development of futures studies as an academic discipline. Its current president is Dr. Erik F. Øverland, Norway.

History
The Federation was chartered at the 1973 meeting of the International Futures Research Conference.

Past organization president Eleonora Barbieri Masini said in 2005: "The vision of the Federation is just as valid today as it was when the Federation started. It can still perform the role of a modest bridge between people who are concerned with building a humane world."

Relationship with UNESCO
UNESCO financed the participation of nationals of developing countries in the events organized by the WFSF until the end of the 1990s. Subsequently, UNESCO supported the organization of Introductory Courses in Futures Studies in the Asia Pacific Region, e.g. Fiji Islands in 1993; the Philippines in 1994. This was followed by funding for futures studies courses held in Budapest in 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005.

Partnerships
The World Futures Studies Federation has partnerships with institutions like Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University (PMU) in Saudi Arabia, University of Hawaii, Turku School of Economics and RMIT University Global Cities Research Institute, Melbourne as well as other international groups like Club of Rome. The WFSF also is a partner to the European Journal of Futures Research, EJFS.

title: World Futures Studies Federation


text: User talk:81.76.68.40

title: User talk:81.76.68.40


text:
Talk:Expo 2000

Expo
If I recall correctly, the train line from the main train station to the HH airport was built to be completed for Expo;  I think a train stop was also added for the Expo.

 * You are right. It was still being finished when I went to the Expo. ProhibitOnions 12:15, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Who wrote this article? someone from Toronto?

 * I didn't even know there was a 2000 World's fair! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.161.79.37 (talk) 20:24, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EXPO 2000 Hannover Logo.gif
Image:EXPO 2000 Hannover Logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 02:56, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EXPO 2000 Hannover Logo.gif
Image:EXPO 2000 Hannover Logo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:03, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Themed pavilions
Umm - what's Chile? (The first listed theme - is it a mis-positioned national pavilion, or a typo for Child - or something else?) Icarusgeek (talk) 08:17, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This was all messed up. Corrected what I could. Zero Thrust (talk) 15:43, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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number of visitors
First the article says "less than 1/2 of 40 mio", but later it states "25.1 mio", which would be more. The German Wikipedia article says 18 mio, so "less than 1/2" would be fitting here. Anyone has the answer, which number is correct? Lofote (talk) 21:46, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Settlement?
"The western slope of Kronsberg emerged in the late 1990s in conjunction with the EXPO 2000, established an environmental point of settlement at the Hannover Expo." What does this mean?81.88.147.2 (talk) 15:52, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Expo 2000


text:
Talk:World Futures Studies Federation

This page can hold discussions on how WFSF members can contribute to wikipedia. Ligtvoet 11:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean you are a member? -- Svest 19:02, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Almost all of the people joining in the Futures Raid are members. Some of them are also members of the World Future Society, and the Association of Professional Futurists.  Oh, and the European Futures Conference Lucerne.  Hmm. Probably need to add all those pages in, too.  wendyif 23:29, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This is really serious, lol ;) -- Svest 02:11, 1 November 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * You betcha! :-) wendyif 08:36, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

link to forum
hello, I removed the link to forum as there isn't an article currently for that usage of the term - and I believe that an article covering that usage would merely be a dictionary definition. If you disagree, please feel free to revert the edit/create a new article. Politepunk 17:00, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Note wrt the Speedy deletion request
The article has changed quite a bit in its 5-year history but what remains the same throughout is that it is a copyvio of various subpages of http://www.wfsf.org. I checked it back to the year 2005, I did not find any version that does not appear verbatim on this copyrighted page.

It also seems this article has a history of COI violations. --Pgallert (talk) 13:20, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:World Futures Studies Federation


text:
Talk:Guqin

Acknowledgements
The former main contributor and editor of this article (Charlie Huang, 2005-2008) would like to thank the following people for their help in this article:

 * Badagnani for copy-editing
 * Wang Fei for help and permission to use information/images of the this and its sister articles, and corrections
 * John Thompson for suggestions of improvement and copy-editing
 * Cheng Yu for her support
 * Julian Joseph for corrections of mistakes and errors
 * Christopher Evans for suggestions
 * Marnix Wells for suggesting a correction of POV
 * Jim Binkley for his valuable information on qin construction
 * Stephen Dydo for suggesting additions
 * The qin community as a whole for their support

=Resources= Below are some former links and information that has since been removed from the article. They are reproduced here for reference as they are very useful and important to further qin study. Please do not remove any of them.

Bibilography
I'm moving most of the reading list here for archive:

 * Zhou, Ningyun (1915, 2008). Qinshu Cunmu 【琴書存目】.
 * Li, Xiangting (1992). Tangdai Guqin Yanzou Meixue ji Yinyue Sixiang Yanjiu 【唐代古琴演奏美學及音樂思想研究】. Taipei.
 * Li, Xiangting (2004). Guqin Shiyong Jiaocheng 【古琴实用教程】. Shanghai: Shanghai Music Press. ISBN 7-80667-439-X
 * Wu, Na (2004). Guqin Chuji Jiaocheng 【古琴初级教程】. Beijing: Tongxin Press. ISBN 7-80593-835-0/J‧105
 * Huang, Datong (ed.) (2005). Chiba Guqin Kao 【尺八古琴考】. Shanghai: Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press. ISBN 7-80692-168-0/J‧161
 * Yao, Bingyan and Huang, Shuzhi (2005). Tangdai Chen Zhuo Lun Guqin Zhifa: Yao Bingyan Qinxue Zhu Shu zhi Yi 【唐代陳拙論古琴指法‧姚丙炎琴學著述之一】. Beijing: Shu zhi Zhai Wenhua Co. Ltd. ISBN 988-98739-1-5.
 * Part of the Qinxue Congkan 【琴學叢刊】 ("collection of printings on qin study").

 * Yi, Cunguo (2005). Taiyin Xisheng 【太音希聲】. Guizhou: Zhejiang University Press. ISBN 7-308-04261-8/J‧093
 * Wu, Zhao (2005). Jueshi Qingyin 【绝世清音】; inc. 1 CD. Suzhou: Ancient Inn of Wu Press. ISBN 7-80574-908-6/G‧259
 * Miao, Jianhua (2006). Guqin Meixue Sixiang Yanjiu 【古琴美学思想研究】. Shanghai: Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press. ISBN 7-80692-224-5
 * Part of the Series of Doctor Dissertations in Music 【音乐博士学位论文系列】.

 * Xian, Zhi (2006). Qi-xian Midao: Jingdian Guqin Gushi 【七弦味味道‧经典古琴故事】. Beijing: China Three Gorges Press. ISBN 7-80223-171-X
 * Xu, Junyue and Xiaoying (2006). Zhepai Guqin Yishu 【浙派古琴艺朮】. Shanghai: Shanghai Arts and Literature Press. ISBN 7-5321-3030-4

 * Liang, David Ming-Yueh (1972). The Chinese Ch'in Its History and Music. Chinese National Music Association / San Francisco Conservatory of Music
 * Hsu, Wen-Ying (1978). The Ku'Chin. California: Wen Ying Studio, Pasadena

German books on qin:
 * Manfred Dahmer: “Qin - die klassische chinesische Griffbrettzither". With Audio-CD. Uelzen: ML-Verlag

Music books:

 * Sachs, Curth (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. New York: Norton & Co.
 * Lai, T. C. & Mok, Robert (1985). Jade Flute - the Story of Chinese Music. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-3961-8
 * Liang, David Ming-Yue (1985). Music of the Billion. New York: Heinrichshofen. ISBN 3-7959-0474-9
 * Herbet, Trevor (2001). Music in Words: A Guide to Researching and Writing about Music. London: The Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music. ISBN 1-86096-236-X

 * Wang, Yunwu (1969). Wang Yunwu Da Cidian 【王雲五大辭典】. Hong Kong: Guanghua Book Department.
 * No author (1976, 1982). (Putonghua : Yueyin) Zhonghua Xin Zidian 【（普通話‧粵音）中華新字典】. Hong Kong: Chinese Book Department, Hong Kong Section. ISBN 962-231-001-X
 * Addiss, Stephen (1987). Tall Mountains and Flowing Waters. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1039-2
 * Yang, Xin; Barnhart, Richard M.; Nie, Chongzheng; Cahill, James; Lang, Shaojun and Wu, Hung (1997). Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting. New Haven & London, Beijing: Yale University Press and Foreign Language Press. ISBN 0-300-09447-7
 * Liang, Jianmin (ed.) et al. (2000). Gu Hanyu Dacidian 【古汉语大词典】. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Press. ISBN 7-5326-0571-X

—Preceding unsigned comment added by CharlieHuang (talk • contribs) 11:19, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

News articles/blog entries

 * China Today: A Classic Through Eternity December 2002
 * China: Experts Urged to Preserve Guqin Zither 31st December 2002
 * China: Ancient Guqin saved 3rd April 2003
 * BBC News: Saving the world's 'endangered instruments' 5th August 2003
 * BBC News: Changing China leaves guqin behind 7th August 2003
 * Legends of China Festival: Guqin Culture and Guqin Masters of Hong Kong 16th October - 28th November 2003
 * Guangdong News: Guqin auctioned for 8.91 m yuan 28th November 2003
 * China: Bejing Guqin Lovers Gather Soon 2nd December 2003
 * China Daily: Ancient instrument to be revived on stage 22nd October 2003
 * Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government: Hchoes of Antiquity: an Exhibition on the Chinese Guqin 10th March 2004
 * Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macao S.A.R. Government: Guqin Recital in Macao Museum 27th April 2004

--Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 10:30, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Additional:

 * University of Toronto Guqin Association 多倫多大學古琴社 Toronto based qin society, providing a network for promoting and connecting qin players in the Greater Toronto Area. Restructured into the University of Toronto Chinese Cultural Aesthetics Society 多倫多大學中華藝術社 since August 2007
 * Anhui Mei'an Qin Society 安徽梅庵琴社 The Mei'an Qin Society's website has some information about the society and various qin information /

 * Stephen Dydo's Site Has pictures of Stephen's qin construction as well as information of his other past-times besides qin

 * 'Qin' notation web generator Detailed and very interesting site on qin notation and a program to enter it

Other specialist Qin sites
 * Chinese Instruments Has a long section on the qin, mostly pictures and descriptions of qins throughout the ages and its history
 * Wang Fei's Webpage A site about Wang Fei and her projects, with links to other interconnected sites

Sites with music samples and/or videos
 * Listen to Guqin Music various qin music from Sinohits
 * Listen to Qin Music page from John Thompson site
 * Qin mp3s halfway down the page, from Jim Binkley's site
 * Listen Room from the NAGA site for various music a videos of many players
 * BBC WOMAD 2005 for the guqin and pipa concert of Zeng Chengwei and Cheng Yu

News articles/blog entries

 * News Guangdong: Guqin: The First of China's Four Ancient Arts 24th May 2005
 * Weekend Standard: The sound of old music 6–7th August 2005
 * Shanghaiist: Tea and Ancient Strings: Shanghai's guqin shop 18th August 2005
 * Peking University News: Promoting Guqin Lyrical Music around the World - An Interview with Guqinist Qiao Shan 14th October 2005
 * China Culture Org: The Art of Guqin Music 8th December 2005
 * China: Guqin-Piano Concert Celebrates Best of Both Worlds 19th December 2005
 * Hong Kong Wenweipo: Jiuxiao Huanpei About the famous auctioned qin several years ago; 6th January 2006
 * Xinhua News: Nation designates Cultural Heritage Day 9th February 2006
 * China Daily Shanghai Star: Delicate draughts of tradition 15th June 2006
 * Oakland Tribune: Fans and players of the guqin to gather to display their pluck 17th July 2006
 * Danwei: The guqin and earth’s greatest hits by Peter Micic 13th October 2006
 * Information on music articles and news blog: The Guqin – A Chinese Musical Instrument That Helped Defeat An Army 4th January 2007
 * Macau Art Net: Guqin Echoes to be heard at the Macau Museum 5th January 2007
 * Sina: Traditional Chinese music to make ground-breaking tour in Europe, Africa 7th January 2007

--Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 11:26, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Addendum 2010
This batch was deleted so I have transfered them onto here for reference:

Qin societies: General Qin websites: Sites dealing with qin notation and tablature:
 * North American Guqin Association 北美琴社 Wang Fei's US based qin society, with a link to a store that sells good quality qins, CDs and books as well as other Chinese instruments, updates often and a library of qin music samples and other useful material
 * [4704 London Youlan Qin Society 倫敦幽蘭琴社/伦敦幽兰琴社] Cheng Yu's UK based qin society with information about each yaji and regular updates on upcoming events
 * New York Qin Society 紐約琴社 New York based qin society, with information of their previous yaji, now updated with new material /
 * Friends of Guqin : Amics del Guqin 古琴之友
 * John Thompsons on the Guqin Silk String Zither A host of information on the qin and silk strings for qins in English, including extensive study of Shenqi Mipu and analysis of playing style, plus useful section on qin sources
 * Christopher Evan's Chinese Guqin Site Christopher Evans' site explaining Chinese music theory, notation and technique, with note position diagrams, is down pending a major re-write.
 * Julian Joseph's Guqin Site A site mainly about Julian's dapu of the Shiyixian Guan Qinpu [Qin Tablature of the House of Eleven-strings] plus several unabridged lists of commercial qin recordings
 * Yugu Zhai Qinpu Jim Binkley's translation of the qin construction manual with links to other sources. Includes a qin FAQ section and pictures of his 'blue qin' made by himself
 * UNESCO Proclamation of guqin as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
 * Chinese Guqin 中国古琴(Chinese)
 * The Qin on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art *The Qin on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Silk on Wood A Feature Radio Documentary by Robert Iolini about the Silk String Qin and Madame Tsar Teh-yun. The website includes online video performances by the Deyin Qin Society of Hong Kong. An Australian Broadcasting Corporation production.
 * Qinqu Jicheng The near complete out-of-print PDF version of the Qinqu Jicheng download (vol. 10 missing)
 * Chinese Guqin and Notation Judy (Pei-You) Chang's very detailed and well illustrated site explaining fingering techniques, including sections on structure, forms and various information *Chinese Guqin and Notation Judy (Pei-You) Chang's very detailed and well illustrated site explaining fingering techniques, including sections on structure, forms and various information
 * Jieshi Diao Youlan Manuscript View the original Tang Jieshi Diao Youlan manuscript kept at the National Museum in Japan here ////

--Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 09:28, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

=Discussion=

Please add new points of discussion and questions about the article at the bottom of the page.

Too long tag
OK, I added the too long tag because the article is one of the longer ones on all of Wikipedia, and should be split into sub-articles. It's 3 or 4 times the suggested length. I'm going to add it back in; if you think there's a good reason to remove it, please explain why here. Also, please assume good faith; I was not adding the tags wantonly without a desire to engage on talk page. -Patstuart(talk)(contribs) 06:51, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I think the article has reached its zenith and won't grow much longer anymore. I'm reluctant to reduce it as I don't want to lose important information. --Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 16:06, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm cutting, moving and reorganising the entire article to cut the size down. Don't mess with stuff like the references, etc or you'll throw me off. Only correct spelling/grammar/etc. --Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 01:11, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is the link to the version before cutting up for propriety: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guqin&oldid=98892099 --Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 19:30, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed the toolong tag. I have reduced the article to almost half the length. Any more and it may degrade in quality. If anyone wants to comment on the result of my reworking of the article then please say so here. --Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 21:34, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Articles in other languages
OK, I've created two articles in Classical Chinese and Cantonese. So far, someone has expanded the Classical Chinese one to a good degree. I'll mess around with that if i feel like it (since my Classical Chinese is rather novice level). I'll probably expand the Cantonese one since I am Cantonese myself. I'm relectant to do anything with the Mandarin one as it will require a major rewrite to get it to any standard near the English one (it mostly consists of lists of books and a general introduction). I won't bother with the other languages that I don't know; any new articles in new languages will be linked to each other and the Commons article so they all connect to each other. --Charlie Huang 【正矗昊】 16:08, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Guqin project template
I've removed it form all guqin articles as I've decided to hang my wiki brush. I feel it is more or less complete. I will leave the article in the capable hands of Mr. Bagagnani and all those concerned. I will, of course, monitor the article and stop vandalism, etc. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 16:03, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Renovation of article
Right, I have personally been receiving a lot of stick recently from the qin community about referencing and copyrighting in the article and have frankly had enough of it. I will now do the dubious process of hacking the article and removing anything I deem to be vaguely 'not publicly known' or 'not my own' etc. Please do not revert and if you want to put certain information back in, you should discuss it here first.

For sake of reference, the original version is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guqin&oldid=137294814

--Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 17:28, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The naysayers are not always correct, you know. There is always criticism for criticism's sake. What are they objecting to? Badagnani 19:07, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * They think I have been using certain 'information' they deem as copyrighted (i.e. their's) without asking permission or properly referencing them! They come from those 'at the top' (alledgely, because complaints seem to be through a third party instead of directly at me which they say they do but these 'complaints' never seem to materialise into my inbox. And none of the alledged seem to point me to where the problem is, leaving me to guess at what and where on earth the problem is...). Seriously, I'm too tired (literally) of the intrigues involved and have hung my brush up for the qin articles (except to correct errors/vandalism). The 'choice' they seem to be giving me is to completely re-write the article, fill up the article with their names with 'courtesy of this and that' to the point of shamelessness, or remove all/most of the info which 'seem' (not 'they deem' as they haven't told me which bits are their's) to be 'their's'. In other words, I'm screwed either way. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 23:23, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As wikipedia is based on published information, there shouldn't be sources such as personal communications in the articles anyway, as long as the sources of the information are shown, with footnotes for specific points if required, and the article does not quote word for word, I can't really see what's the problem. You don't have to provide a source for every single piece of information individually, a list of references together with footnotes at the end of the article will be OK. After all this is standard academic practice, just follow academic convention, you do not need any "courtesy of this and that" in the main body of the article. LDHan 00:46, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe part of the reason out of 1.4 billion people, only a couple of thousand at most know how to play this instrument is due to this possessiveness of information. This sort of behavior regarding esoteric subjects can be found in cultures all over the world. Badagnani 01:11, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * If they do not want to share this information (properly credited of course) then they should not publish it. LDHan 01:18, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

You see the dilemma I'm in. Believe you me, I have had indirect 'threats' of being 'excommunicated' from the so-called 'qin community'! It's all a bit silly as far as I see it. Of course, if any of you wants to see the e-mails of said complaints, then I can e-mail them to you. Then you'll see what I'm up against. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 18:13, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Pop culture list
If anyone can retrieve the list of qin in pop culture then please do and insert it into the main article. The guys that deleted the pop culture article didn't transfer the list back onto the main article wasting all that effort! --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 10:26, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Nevernmind, I have found an archived version and stuck it back in. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 17:28, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I've moved it to here for archive:

 * In the 1967 Louis Cha novel The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, the guqin was featured prominently in the story, as the hero of the novel Linghu Chong inherits a manuscript Xiao Ao Jiang Hu (which happens to also be the title of the novel) from Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang which was a masterpiece that features a duet between the guqin and the xiao (a Chinese flute).
 * In the 1987 Hong Kong fantasy horror film, A Chinese Ghost Story, the ghost, Nie, plays a qin and she breaks a string (a common metaphor for a troubled heart or being surprised) when the man Ning steps into the pavillion.
 * In the 1996 historical drama The Emperor's Shadow, Gao Jianli, a famous qin maker and performer uses his music to gain favour with the Emperor's daughter.
 * In the Hong Kong fantasy serial adaptation of Fengshen Bang, the character Bi Gan plays a (historically inaccurate) qin. Another character (the Queen of the last Shang emperor Di Xin) actually grabs it and smashes it on a table. Qins are also used in scenes in a teaching academy.
 * In the Hong Kong animated series adaptation of The Return of the Condor Heroes, the character Xiaolongnü plays a qin when Yang Guo first sees her. She also plays the qin again in the second season.
 * In the 2002 Zhang Yimou film Hero, Xu Kuanghua plays an ancient version of the qin in the courtyard scene in which Hero and Long Sky play go. He in fact mimes it to the music composed which is actually played by Liu Li, formerly a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. It is suggested that Xu made the qin himself.
 * In the 2004 film Kung Fu Hustle, the main weapon of the Killers', a couple with the title of Greatest Assassins in Circulation, was a pseudo guqin- guzheng hybrid instrument (body structure of a qin, bridges and sound of a zheng). It has the unique ability to form swords, fists, and even undead warriors once certain notes are played.

--Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 11:12, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

IPA
added tone to the IPA. Of course, the diacritics don't match Pinyin. kwami (talk) 09:28, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Lessen the amount of Chinese
On reading the article, I'm struck by the large amount of Chinese (and some Japanese and Korean) characters that pop up everywhere. I'm not talking about the spellings for guqin, or for other terms specificially related to the instruments, but about the Chinese names for all of the people, works, and other miscellaneous words. Effort should be given to trim any excess Chinese out of the article, as it clutters the article for the average English reader. Basically, any Asian characters that follow a blue link are unneeded, as anyone who wishes to know the spelling in the original language can find it its main article. Characters after red links and normal text generally are ok to stay until a stub can be created. On that note, perhaps someone with the know-how could create stubs for the "famous gin pieces" to establish their notability. I'm going to go ahead and start removing some of these unneeded characters.--SeizureDog (talk) 19:46, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I've kept most of the important ones in there. the reason for the Chinese is because it will aid in correct and easier research in future. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 13:44, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Issue of non-Roman transliterations that clutter the text
This has come up at MOS talk, and I'm using the lead of this article as an extreme example of such cluttering. The solution that I'm proposing is the sequestering of the transliterations in a Glossary at the bottom of the article. The concern, BTW, is not with the infobox or the references. Tony  (talk)  08:49, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Demotion of article
Well, it was expected since I resigned from making major contributions to it a few months back after the hoo-hars. Unfortunately, none of my colleagues are willing to take the helm or have experience in Wiki to do the nessary work to it so I'm afraid it will go into decline unless I receive a full mandate from my peers to assume editorship of it. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 13:50, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. What do you think of the idea of footnotes to replace the inline bracketed Chinese text in the lead? Or a dedicated glossary towards the bottom? Tony   (talk)  14:46, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I've found that other Chinese articles still use Chinese in brackets. But I suppose that is acceptable (not that it will do much in terms of bringing it back up to quality). --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 08:27, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

New videos
OK, since I have improved my playing and have recorded numerous videos I have decided to replace the two or three videos with better ones. Take note. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 14:50, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, forget it as I have completely forgotten how to convert the files into whatever format and I can't be arsed to learn how to again. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 15:30, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Merge: Scale of harmonics
Scale of harmonics should be merged to Guqin because "Scale of harmonics" is about a scale of the "Guqin", lacks references, and this scale is covered in "Guqin". Hyacinth (talk) 06:08, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Not exactly. The Guqin covers most positions indeed, but it also excludes some (the 1/7 is not in for instance, but the 1/8 is however. You can see this if you look closely to the three dots. The most left one is further away from the the second one. So that's not a 1/7 but a 1/8. The scale also appears on the Dan Bao, the Russian triangled bass and other non-western musical instruments. All with exclusions of certain 'unhandy' tones not fitting well in the musical tradition of that region, whatever the reasons therefore may be. The scale of harmonics is the fundamental scale. The Guqin is most closely related to it, others are a bit more distanced. Partch is working all the time with the scale of harmonics on his diamonds, just like many other microtonal reasearchers. 83.87.74.107 (talk) 18:16, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Book published on this article
I have recently been informed about the publication of this book by my colleague Julian Joseph. It is basically an edited (albeit, badly) copy of this Wiki article thrown into book form. From what I've heard, it is shabbily done. One wonders why one will get this book as all of the information is available here for free! Regardless, I am planning on writing my own book based on this article and the sister articles but totally re-written and edited to a professional standard with full citations as well as new information/sections and, crucially, peer reviewed by my qin colleagues. This will set things right. Personally, one of the reasons why I do not edit the article anymore is because of things like this happening. --Charlie Huang 【遯卋山人】 18:00, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Guqin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060725171951/http://www.chinainfotravel.com:80/Guqin_Master_Xu_Kuanghua_1104.htm to http://www.chinainfotravel.com/Guqin_Master_Xu_Kuanghua_1104.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:26, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Clique?
Surely 派 is translated as "school", especially when referring to a specific musical tradition or style. "Clique" also has a negative connotation indicating exclusivity, which I'm not sure is intended here. The whole section is problematic, and might be original research. Given that there is already a section on Historical schools, and there is a separate article on Qin schools, it may be better to delete the whole thing unless someone else is prepared to rewrite and source the section. Hzh (talk) 12:27, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guqin


text:
User talk:Super2b10

Images nominated for deletion
Hi, I've nominated the images Image:IMG 1605.jpg and Image:Thong.jpg, posted by you, for deletion. They are not used anywhere, their sources are not stated and they don't seem to be appropriate for any encyclopedia articles. If you don't wish them to be deleted, please go to WP:IFD. –Mysid ( talk ) 11:09, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Super2b10


text: User talk:155.136.80.26

title: User talk:155.136.80.26


text:
Bắc Ninh

Bắc Ninh is a city in the northern part of Vietnam and is the capital of Bắc Ninh province. The city is the cultural, administrative and commercial center of the province. The city area is 82.60 square km, with a population of 247,702 in 2019. In January 2006, the town (thị xã) of Bắc Ninh was upgraded to city (thành phố).

History
In March 1884, Bắc Ninh was the site of a decisive campaign in the wars between France and assorted Black Flag Army forces, and the town fell to the French. Thereafter under French protectorate, the town was confirmed as the center of all political, economic, cultural offices of colonial administration in the province. The land of the Bắc Ninh Citadel, within Yên, Niem and Do Villages, was occupied by French troops. At this time Bắc Ninh became known in Europe for its lacquer work and mother-of-pearl inlaid black-wood screens, cabinets, trays, and boxes. Bắc Ninh Railway Station opened after 1904. An ambush of French troops by the Việt Minh occurred at Bắc Ninh while the 1946 Fontainebleau Conference was ongoing.

The city's name means "northern serenity".

Buildings
The city is home to the Banking Academy of Vietnam, Bắc Ninh campus (Học viện Ngân hàng), the Kinh Bắc International School, and the Military Academy of Politics main campus (Học viện Chính trị Quân sự), and Bắc Ninh Railway Station. There is a shrine to Bà Chúa Kho.

Administrative subdivisions
The city is administratively divided into 19 units, including 19 urban wards (phường) - Đáp Cầu, Hạp Lĩnh, Khắc Niệm, Phong Khê, Khúc Xuyên, Thị Cầu, Vũ Ninh, Suối Hoa, Tiền An, Ninh Xá, Vân Dương, Vạn An, Vệ An, Kinh Bắc, Đại Phúc, Võ Cường, Hoà Long, Kim Chân and Nam Sơn.

Notable people

 * Mai Duong Kieu was born here in 1987. She acts in German films and TV.
 * Tôn Đức Lượng (1925–2023), painter

title: Bắc Ninh


text:
Lakewood, New York

Lakewood is a village in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 2,993 at the 2020 census. The village is in the northern part of the town of Busti.

Geography
Lakewood is located at 42.10083°N, -79.32194°W (42.100929, -79.321919), at the south end of Chautauqua Lake. New York State Route 394 passes through the village as Fairmount Avenue, leading east 5 mi to the center of Jamestown and northwest 6 mi to Interstate 86 where it crosses Chautauqua Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 5.1 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,258 people, 1,474 households, and 909 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,656.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,731 housing units at an average density of 880.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.51% White, 0.71% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.

There were 1,474 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $40,364, and the median income for a family was $51,615. Males had a median income of $40,794 versus $26,829 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,566. About 3.5% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.

Local government
The village police force covers all of Lakewood and is contracted to cover the entire town of Busti as well. The police department often is sent to outlying areas due to little police coverage by the county sheriff's department.

The Village of Lakewood Fire Department, led by elected Fire Chief Kurt Hallberg, provides fire/EMS protection. The fire department covers the village and is contracted to cover parts of the town of Busti and a small part of North Harmony. The Lakewood Fire Department is one of the busiest departments in the entire county.

Other municipal operations in the village include the Department of Public Works who are responsible for garbage pick-up, snow plowing, and mowing parks, as well as public water and some other services.

The ZIP code for Lakewood is 14750.

Notable person

 * Dayton Moore, General Manager of the Kansas City Royals

Factories

 * Cummins - located on Baker St Ext.
 * Matco Tools - located on Chautauqua Ave.
 * Southern Tier Brewing Company - located on Stoneman Circle
 * Premier Metalworks (formerly Lexington Diecast)- located on Winchester Rd.
 * Chautauqua Metal Finishing - located on Gleason Rd.
 * Classic Brass - located in Stoneman Industrial Park.
 * Ulrich Corporation - located on Fourth Ave

Shopping
In recent years Lakewood's retail district has been growing. This retail district runs along Route 394 (Fairmount Avenue). Route 394 runs through Lakewood, parallel to Chautauqua Lake. The retail district is on the eastern side of Lakewood which is closer to Jamestown. The retail district serves much of the southern half of Chautauqua County; most of the Jamestown area's big-box stores are located in the retail district, which sprawls eastward into the space between Jamestown and Lakewood. The retail district of Lakewood also holds a mall, the Chautauqua Mall. There is another smaller section of Lakewood which is known as the Village Center and Historical District. This area also includes many small businesses and a clock tower.

Dissolution attempt
A proposal for dissolution of the village of Lakewood into the town of Busti was placed before the voters of the village on August 25, 2010. The proposal was defeated, with 849 votes opposed compared to 353 in favor.

title: Lakewood, New York


text:
WFSF

WFSF may refer to:

 * WFSF-LD, a low-power television station (channel 10) licensed to serve Key West, Florida, United States
 * World Futures Studies Federation

title: WFSF


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Svein Ludvigsen

Svein Harald Ludvigsen (born 18 July 1946) is a Norwegian former politician for the Conservative Party and a convicted sex offender. He served as a member of parliament (1989–2001), deputy leader of the Conservative Party (1990–1991), minister of fisheries (2001–2005), and county governor of Troms (2006–2014). In 2019 he was convicted of sexually abusing three young men, and sentenced to five years imprisonment; his conviction and sentence became final in January 2020.

Political career
Ludvigsen was born in Hillesøy Municipality, the son of a fishing boat captain. Before entering politics Ludvigsen worked as a businessman and local banker. On the local level, Ludvigsen was a member of the executive committee of Tromsø Municipality council in the periods from 1971–1975, 1979–1983, and 1987–1989. He has chaired the municipal and county party chapters, and from 1990 to 1991 he was deputy leader of the Conservative Party nationwide.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms county in 1989, and was re-elected on two occasions. From 2001 to 2005, when the second Bondevik cabinet held office, Ludvigsen was Minister of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. In 2001, he was appointed County Governor of Troms, but because of his job as cabinet minister he assumed the office on 17 January 2006.

Conviction for sexual abuse
On the 4 July 2019, he was convicted of abusing his position to gain sexual favours from three vulnerable male persons and sentenced to five years imprisonment.

title: Svein Ludvigsen


text:
Ansgar Gabrielsen

Ansgar Gabrielsen (born 21 May 1955 in Mandal) is a Norwegian consultant and former politician for the Conservative Party.

Early life and local politics
He was born in Mandal as a son of Terje Gabrielsen and Astrid Olsen. He is an insurance agent by education and worked in this profession before entering politics. He is also a trained officer in the Norwegian Defence Force. He was a member of Lindesnes municipal council from 1983 to 1993, the last six years as mayor. His father Terje Gabrielsen has also been mayor of Lindesnes, from 1975 to 1979. Ansgar Gabrielsen also chaired his county party chapter from 1989 to 1990, and was a member of the Conservative Party central board during the same period.

National politics
He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Vest-Agder in 1993, and was re-elected on the two following occasions in 1997 and 2001. In 2001 Gabrielsen was appointed Minister of Trade and Industry as a part of Bondevik's Second Cabinet. Following the cabinet reshuffle in 2004 he became Minister of Health and Care Services. While Gabrielsen was a cabinet member his seat in parliament was taken by Peter Skovholt Gitmark. Bondevik's Second Cabinet fell following the 2005 election.

While Minister of Trade and Industry, Gabrielsen was first criticized for his suggestion about a law that requires 40% of the board members in Norwegian companies to be female. The law was passed with the blessing of the socialist parties, but his own party opposed it.

Post-political career
Gabrielsen moved from Lindesnes when being elected in 1993, and resided at Østerås. He also kept his residential address in Spangereid, his constituent district. Towards the end of his cabinet tenure, he was reported as residing in a yacht at Aker Brygge in Oslo. In 2007 he stood for municipal re-election in Lindesnes, and won a seat. However, as it surfaced that he had recently bought an apartment in Oslo, he had to relinquish the seat.

Gabrielsen started his own consultant company in 2006. In 2007 he became chairman of the Special Olympics and the Norwegian Council for Mental Health.

In 2007, Tor Øystein Vaaland, former leader of the Norwegian Council for Mental Health, published the book Brev til en minister (Letters to a Minister) based on private letters Gabrielsen received while he served as Minister of Health, with a focus on letters from people with psychiatric problems or drug addiction. The book was published in 205,000 copies and distributed to Norwegian healthcare workers.

Gabrielsen was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 2005. Gabrielsen is married and has four children.

In 2014 was elected as chairman of the board at CSAM Health.

title: Ansgar Gabrielsen


text:
Børge Brende

Børge Brende (born 25 September 1965) is a Norwegian politician and diplomat, and has been the president of the World Economic Forum since 2017. A member of the Conservative Party, he previously was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2017, Minister of the Environment from 2001 to 2004 and Minister of Trade and Industry from 2004 to 2005. He was also a member of the Norwegian Parliament from Sør-Trøndelag between 1997 and 2009.

Career
Brende was chairman of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development from 2003 to 2004 as Norway's Environment Minister. In 2006, he was one of the candidates shortlisted to succeed Klaus Töpfer as executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), alongside Achim Steiner of Germany and Rajendra K. Pachauri of India; the post eventually went to Steiner.

In January 2008, Brende joined the World Economic Forum as managing director, particularly in charge of relations with governments and civil society. In 2009, Brende joined the Norwegian Red Cross as Secretary General. He re-joined the World Economic Forum in 2011 as managing director with responsibility for policy initiatives and engagement of the Forum's non-business constituents. From 2009 to 2011 Brende was Secretary General of Red Cross Norway.

He has been the chairman of Mesta, Norway's largest contracting group in the area of road and highway maintenance. He was also a member of the board of Statoil (Equinor). Brende started in 2005 as international vice-chairman of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, an advisory board to the State Council. Brende was the deputy leader of the Conservative Party from 1994 to 1998.

As Foreign Minister of Norway, Brende normalised the relationship with China. Together with the Foreign Minister of Cuba he was the "guarantor" of the Colombian peace process. As the Norwegian Minister of Trade and Industry, Brende improved the framework conditions for trade and industry, and for innovation and development. By the end of his term in office, funding for innovation had increased by 30%. As a minister of the Environment he was in charge of an increase of the national park area of Norway of more than 50%. As Secretary General of Norwegian Red Cross Brende was leading some of the largest relief operations in the society's history; in Haiti and Pakistan.

Minister of Foreign Affairs (2013–2017)
In October 2014, Brende – in his capacity as Chairman of the Ad-Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC) – co-hosted the Cairo Conference on Palestine, an international donor conference on reconstructing the Gaza Strip, which garnered $5.4 billion in pledges.

In 2015, Brende negotiated an interim agreement between Norway and the other coastal states in the Arctic – Canada, Denmark (on behalf of its territory of Greenland), Russia and the United States – on prohibiting commercial fishing in the increasingly ice-free international waters of the Arctic.

In January 2016, Brende was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-level Advisory Group for Every Woman Every Child.

World Economic Forum
On 15 September 2017, it was announced that Brende will be the president of the World Economic Forum from mid-October 2017.

International organizations

 * Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2016–2017)
 * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013–2017)
 * World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013–2017)

Corporate boards

 * Statoil, Member of the Board (2012–2013)
 * Mesta, Chairman of the Board (2009–2011)

Non-profit organizations

 * Bilderberg Group, Member of the Steering Committee
 * Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA), Member of the Strategic Committee
 * P4G – Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)
 * World Economic Forum (WEF), Member of the Europe Policy Group (since 2017)
 * Norwegian Defence University College, Deputy Chairman of the Advisory Board (2010–2011)

Recognition

 * 2004 – Order of the Phoenix
 * 2005 – Order of St. Olav
 * 2005 – Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * 2018 – Order of San Carlos

Personal life
Brende is married and has two sons.

title: Børge Brende


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Morten Andreas Meyer

Morten Andreas Meyer (born 20 October 1959 in Sarpsborg) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

In 2001, when the second cabinet Bondevik held office, Meyer was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. He held this post until 2003, but became Minister of Labour and Administration in a March 2004 cabinet reshuffle. In June 2004 the job was renamed Minister of Modernisation. He lost the job when the second cabinet Bondevik fell in 2005.

On the local level Meyer was a member of Hamar municipal council from 1979 to 1983, and served as deputy mayor from 1999 to 2001. He chaired the municipal party chapter from 1997 to 1999, and was deputy leader of the county party chapter from 2000 to 2002. From 1982 to 1984 he was on the executive board of the Young Conservatives.

Meyer does not have higher education, but has a long career in the private sector, lately in corporations such as Storebrand Bank, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers. In 2006 he was hired as director of the Business Consulting Services division in IBM Norway.

Meyer is married and has two daughters.

title: Morten Andreas Meyer


text: User talk:Lakshanap

title: User talk:Lakshanap


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Thorhild Widvey

Thorhild Widvey (born 9 January 1956 ) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party who served as Minister of Culture from 2013 to 2015, and Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 2004 to 2005.

Local politics
On the local level Widvey was a member of Karmøy municipal council from 1979 to 1989, the last six years in the executive committee.

Parliament
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Rogaland in 1989, and was re-elected on one occasion. She had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1985–1989.

Bondevik cabinet
From 2002 to 2003, during the second cabinet Bondevik, Widvey was appointed State Secretary of the Ministry of Fisheries. From 2003 to 2004 she held the same position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2004 she was appointed Norwegian Minister of Petroleum and Energy, an office she left, along with the rest of the second cabinet Bondevik, after their 2005 election defeat.

Personal life
She was born in Avaldsnes in Karmøy, Rogaland. A physical therapist by education, she was deputy leader of the Norwegian Sporting Association of People with Disabilities 1985–1987. Widvey lives in Oslo, is married and has two children.

Her husband is businessman Osvald Bjelland.

title: Thorhild Widvey


text:
Infusion pump

An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory system. It is generally used intravenously, although subcutaneous, arterial and epidural infusions are occasionally used.

Infusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. For example, they can administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.

Because they can also produce quite high but controlled pressures, they can inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously (beneath the skin), or epidurally (just within the surface of the central nervous system – a very popular local spinal anesthesia for childbirth).

Types of infusion
The user interface of pumps usually requests details on the type of infusion from the technician or nurse that sets them up: To get the entire dose of antibiotics into the patient, the "volume to be infused" or VTBI must be programmed for at least 30 CCs more than is in the medication bag; failure to do so can potentially result in up to half of the antibiotic being left in the IV tubing.
 * Continuous infusion usually consists of small pulses of infusion, usually between 500 nanoliters and 10 milliliters, depending on the pump's design, with the rate of these pulses depending on the programmed infusion speed.
 * Intermittent infusion has a "high" infusion rate, alternating with a low programmable infusion rate to keep the cannula open. The timings are programmable.  This mode is often used to administer antibiotics, or other drugs that can irritate a blood vessel.
 * Patient-controlled is infusion on-demand, usually with a preprogrammed ceiling to avoid intoxication. The rate is controlled by a pressure pad or button that can be activated by the patient. It is the method of choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), in which repeated small doses of opioid analgesics are delivered, with the device coded to stop administration before a dose that may cause hazardous respiratory depression is reached.
 * Total parenteral nutrition usually requires an infusion curve similar to normal mealtimes.

Some pumps offer modes in which the amounts can be scaled or controlled based on the time of day. This allows for circadian cycles which may be required for certain types of medication.

Types of pump
There are two basic classes of pumps. Large volume pumps can pump fluid replacement such as saline solution, medications such as antibiotics or nutrient solutions large enough to feed a patient. Small-volume pumps infuse hormones, such as insulin, or other medicines, such as opiates.

Within these classes, some pumps are designed to be portable, others are designed to be used in a hospital, and there are special systems for charity and battlefield use.

Large-volume pumps usually use some form of peristaltic pump. Classically, they use computer-controlled rollers compressing a silicone-rubber tube through which the medicine flows. Another common form is a set of fingers that press on the tube in sequence.

Small-volume pumps usually use a computer-controlled motor turning a screw that pushes the plunger on a syringe.

The classic medical improvisation for an infusion pump is to place a blood pressure cuff around a bag of fluid. The battlefield equivalent is to place the bag under the patient. The pressure on the bag sets the infusion pressure. The pressure can actually be read-out at the cuff's indicator. The problem is that the flow varies dramatically with the cuff's pressure (or patient's weight), and the needed pressure varies with the administration route, potentially causing risk when attempted by an individual not trained in this method.

Places that must provide the least-expensive care often use pressurized infusion systems. One common system has a purpose-designed plastic "pressure bottle" pressurized with a large disposable plastic syringe. A combined flow restrictor, air filter and drip chamber helps a nurse set the flow. The parts are reusable, mass-produced sterile plastic, and can be produced by the same machines that make plastic soft-drink bottles and caps. A pressure bottle, restrictor and chamber requires more nursing attention than electronically controlled pumps. In the areas where these are used, nurses are often volunteers, or very inexpensive.

The restrictor and high pressure helps control the flow better than the improvised schemes because the high pressure through the small restrictor orifice reduces the variation of flow caused by patients' blood pressures.

An air filter is an essential safety device in a pressure infusor, to keep air out of the patients' veins. Small bubbles could cause harm in arteries, but in the veins they pass through the heart and leave in the patients' lungs. The air filter is just a membrane that passes gas but not fluid or pathogens. When a large air bubble reaches it, it bleeds off.

Some of the smallest infusion pumps use osmotic power. Basically, a bag of salt solution absorbs water through a membrane, swelling its volume. The bag presses medicine out. The rate is precisely controlled by the salt concentrations and pump volume. Osmotic pumps are usually recharged with a syringe.

Spring-powered clockwork infusion pumps have been developed, and are sometimes still used in veterinary work and for ambulatory small-volume pumps. They generally have one spring to power the infusion, and another for the alarm bell when the infusion completes.

Battlefields often have a need to perfuse large amounts of fluid quickly, with dramatically changing blood pressures and patient condition. Specialized infusion pumps have been designed for this purpose, although they have not been deployed.

Many infusion pumps are controlled by a small embedded system. They are carefully designed so that no single cause of failure can harm the patient. For example, most have batteries in case the wall-socket power fails. Additional hazards are uncontrolled flow causing an overdose, uncontrolled lack of flow, causing an underdose, reverse flow, which can siphon blood from a patient, and air in the line, which can cause an air embolism.

Elastomeric pumps, also known as balloon pumps or ball pumps, rely on the gradual contraction of an internal elastomeric reservoir to deliver medication at a pre-determined flow rate over several hours or days. These pumps do not require electricity and offer simplicity and portability, making them suitable for administering various medications, including antibiotics, in situations where continuous, low-rate infusion is required. These features make them useful for infusions in outpatient settings, such as outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT). However, due to their limited features and programmability, they are not suitable for all medications or flow rates.

Safety features available on some pumps
The range of safety features varies widely with the age and make of the pump. A state of the art pump might have had the following safety features:
 * Certified to have no single point of failure. That is, no single cause of failure should cause the pump to silently fail to operate correctly.  It should at least stop pumping and make at least an audible error indication.  This is a minimum requirement on all human-rated infusion pumps of whatever age.  It is not required for veterinary infusion pumps.
 * Batteries, so the pump can operate if the power fails or is unplugged.
 * Anti-free-flow devices prevent blood from draining from the patient, or infusate from freely entering the patient, when the infusion pump is being set up.
 * A "down pressure" sensor will detect when the patient's vein is blocked, or the line to the patient is kinked. This may be configurable for high (subcutaneous and epidural) or low (venous) applications.
 * An "air-in-line" detector. A typical detector will use an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver to detect when air is being pumped.  Some pumps actually measure the volume, and may even have configurable volumes, from 0.1 to 2 ml of air.  None of these amounts can cause harm, but sometimes the air can interfere with the infusion of a low-dose medicine.
 * An "up pressure" sensor can detect when the bag or syringe is empty, or even if the bag or syringe is being squeezed.
 * A drug library with customizable programmable limits for individual drugs that helps to avoid medication errors.
 * Mechanisms to avoid uncontrolled flow of drugs in large volume pumps (often in combination with a giving st based free flow clamp) and increasingly also in syringe pumps (piston-brake)
 * Many pumps include an internal electronic log of the last several thousand therapy events. These are usually tagged with the time and date from the pump's clock. Usually, erasing the log is a feature protected by a security code, specifically to detect staff abuse of the pump or patient.
 * Many makes of infusion pump can be configured to display only a small subset of features while they are operating, in order to prevent tampering by patients, untrained staff and visitors.

By 2019 intravenous smart pumps were being introduced. They could include wireless connectivity, drug libraries, profiles of care areas, and soft and hard limits.

Safety issues
Infusion pumps have been a source of multiple patient safety concerns, and problems with such pumps have been linked to more than 56,000 adverse event reports from 2005 to 2009, including at least 500 deaths. As a result, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has launched a comprehensive initiative to improve their safety, called the Infusion Pump Improvement Initiative. The initiative proposed stricter regulation of infusion pumps. It cited software defects, user interface issues, and mechanical or electrical failures as the main causes of adverse events.

title: Infusion pump


text:
Caerphilly railway works

Caerphilly railway works in Caerphilly (Caerffili) in the county of Glamorgan was the only main railway works in Wales.

It was built for the Rhymney Railway in 1899 and taken over by the Great Western Railway at amalgamation in 1923.

Much of its initial work was in refurbishing older locomotives with new boilers and covered cabs. In 1906, C.H. Riches who had been at Gorton locomotive works became Locomotive Superintendent and appointed J.H. Sellars as Works Foreman. Their policy was to modernise and standardise the locomotive stock, and Riches designed a standard boiler and cylinders for all the railway's tank engines.

He also designed a new class of 0-6-2 tank engine to be built by Robert Stephenson and Company who had provided six of their own design in 1903. In 1919 Sellars became the Works Manager. Until 1922 the works only repaired its own locomotives, but they began to be sent from the Barry Railway and in 1924 the first Swindon-built locomotive arrived. The works was enlarged with a new erecting shop in 1926.

The works also maintained a variety of wagons and passenger vehicles, building new mineral wagons and a few carriages, with a new workshop in 1901. However a new wagon works was built at Cardiff and, with work finishing its main work of converting Westinghouse air brakes to GWR vacuum brakes, the carriage and wagon works was phased out. However, in 1939 new workshops were built for carriage repairs only.

Until 1952 only tank engines had been repaired, but the efficiency of the works was such that they were asked to handle the smaller two-cylinder tender engines. They were so successful that larger engines were sent, the first being the 4-6-0 Number 5955 Garth Hall.

Around 1958 Swindon was committed to diesel locomotives and Caerphilly was sent Castle class and BR Standard locomotives.

With the withdrawal of steam on British Railways, the works closed in 1963 and the site converted into an industrial estate.

title: Caerphilly railway works


text:
Lars Forssell

Lars Hans Carl Abraham Forssell (14 January 1928 – 26 July 2007) was a Swedish writer and member of the Swedish Academy. Forssell was a versatile writer who worked within many genres, including poetry, drama and songwriting. He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981

Early life
Lars Forssell was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1928. He attended a local elementary school called Kungsholms Folkskola, which, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was the world's largest elementary school - the school had a capacity of 3,800 pupils, but since not all of them attended school every day, they were taught in shifts and according to the City Museum of Stockholm, the total number of enrolled pupils was over 6,000.

He studied in the United States during the 1940s, returned to Sweden to study for a degree at the University of Uppsala in 1952.

Career
While in attending the University of Uppsala, he became a cultural reporter for various Swedish newspapers and journals (Utsikt, Bonniers Litterära Magasin, Poesi, Dagens Nyheter and Expressen). At the same time, he became established as a lyricist for cabaret shows and his own reviews (including Två åsnor (A Pair of Donkeys) which was staged in Gothenburg in 1957). In 1966 he was a member of the jury at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival. During the late 1960s he was among the contributors of a satirical magazine, Puss, in Stockholm.

His collections of poetry won him membership of the Swedish Academy in 1971, while his song lyrics brought him widespread public recognition. During the 1970s he worked tirelessly as a poet and as a song-contest lyricist, including writing for the 1973 Swedish Eurovision Song Contest entry selection round (Melodifestivalen) and for performer Lill-Babs in 1980.

He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981, the Pilot Prize in 1992, the Litteris et Artibus award in 1993, the Cornelis Vreeswijk scholarship in 1997 and the Swedish Academy's Nordic Prize in 1998. His works include anthologies of poetry, books of song lyrics, children's books, plays, operatic librettos and translations.

Personal life
He was married in 1951 to Kerstin Hane, and was the father of Jonas and Malte Forssell. Forssell died in Stockholm in 2007.

title: Lars Forssell


text:
Cà Mau

Cà Mau is a city in southern Vietnam. It is the capital of Cà Mau Province, a province in the Mekong Delta region, in the southernmost part of Vietnam's inland territory (mainland). The city is characterised by its system of transport canals, and most goods are transported there by boats and barges.

The population is approximately 226,372 as of 2019. Cà Mau is accessible by road (360 km south-west of Ho Chi Minh City) via National Route 1 or by air (Cà Mau Airport). The city is administratively subdivided into eight urban phường (ward) and seven rural xã (commune).

Economy
Cà Mau is Vietnam's biggest exporter of shrimp and prawns. In 2005, Cà Mau province alone exported about $500 million of shrimp and prawns. A large petroleum project under construction, the Cà Mau Gas-Power-Fertilizer Complex, is valued at $1.4 billion. It includes:
 * 2 thermal power plants with a total capacity of 1500 MW (equipment provided by the German company Siemens)
 * A fertilizer plant with production capacity at 800,000 metric tonnes of urea/year, and
 * A gas pipeline 18 inches in diameter to extend 298 km offshore and with 27 km onshore piping in gas from the PM3 gas field shared with Malaysia. Two billion cubic metres of gas are piped to feed these plants per year.

The project opened in December 2008.

Tourism
Cà Mau has several attractions that draw domestic and international tourists. These include several wild bird parks, the southernmost point in Vietnam (called Mũi Cà Mau), and a number of pagodas. Near Cà Mau is the U Minh area with its famous mangrove forest and swamp cuisine: fish hot pots, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Khmer cuisines. Cà Mau also has several 1- to 3-star hotel restaurants.

History
During the 1st millennium, the region of the present Cà Mau province was part of the Kingdom of Funan (Vietnamese: Phù Nam), which included Laos, Cambodia, parts of eastern Thailand, and southern Vietnam (Vietnamese: Nam Bộ). This region was later conquered by the kingdom of Chenla (Vietnamese: Chân Lạp) and the Khmer Empire. In 1757, the land belonging to Cà Mau province (ទឹកខ្មៅ, "the black land") was ceded by the Khmer king to the Nguyễn lord of Đàng Trong (central Vietnam) with an early settlement of Vietnamese people. During French rule, Cà Mau was only a small town. During the Republic of Vietnam, the area nearby Cà Mau was a stronghold (Vietnamese: Chiến khu cách mạng) for the Việt Cộng, a Hanoi-backed guerrilla group fighting the United States Army and the South Vietnamese government during the Vietnam War. After 1975, Cà Mau was made the administrative seat and the governmental center of Minh Hải Province, which included Cà Mau and Bạc Liêu Province. In 1995, Cà Mau province broke off from Minh Hải Province with Cà Mau as its capital. In 1999, the prime minister by a decree recognised Cà Mau as a borough (Vietnamese: Thị xã) – Cà Mau Borough (3rd class urban area as per Vietnamese law). In 2010, the Prime Minister further upgraded City of Cà Mau to a 2nd class urban area.

Transportation
Cà Mau is served by Cà Mau Airport.

Demographics
The majority of its residents is ethnic Vietnamese, in addition to 300 Khmer Krom households and 400 Hoa households.

Climate
Cà Mau has a tropical monsoon climate with a lengthy wet season and a relatively brief dry season. The wet season lasts from April to December, and the greatest rainfall occurs in August with 366 mm. The dry season lasts from January to March, the driest month being February with an average of 12 mm. Temperatures are high year round, but rise noticeably before the arrival of the monsoons in April.

People from Ca Mau

 * Nguyễn Tấn Dũng - Prime Minister of Vietnam from 2006 to 2016.

title: Cà Mau