text:
Talk:Malvinas (disambiguation)

"Argentina frigate the Heroin was": This sounds like the author is Spanish. In Spanish and Portuguese, heroina means both heroine and heroin. Anthony Appleyard 07:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

I removed the bit about Argentina's claim, SqueakBox 01:00, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

It was a mistake. It is needed to understand why there are several places named that way. I'll revert. Ejrrjs | What? 05:50, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Are you claiming these places were named after the Malvinas? In that case please source your claim. It looks like they just share the same name. We ned a positive source saying these places have been named the Malvinas after the Falkland Islands and in order to strengthen Argentinian sovereignty claims, SqueakBox 15:32, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it *might* be a random coincidence...in a country where it is mandatory to teach at elementary school that Las Malvinas son Argentinas. Anyway, hope this will settle the issue. Ejrrjs | What? 20:08, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Okay that covers the county but if you want Malvinas Argentinas, Córdoba in that subsection I will want a source for that too, SqueakBox 22:53, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

What we *do* need is a reference to the alleged pebbles near Ibiza. User:Ejrrjs says What? 21:56, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * And here we have it. User:Ejrrjs says What? 16:25, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Partido de Malvinas Argentinas, Buenos Aires Province
Finalmente se adoptó el de Malvinas Argentinas, por sugerencia del gobernador Eduardo Duhalde y en virtud del emotivo significado que este nombre tiene en el sentimiento de nuestro país. (Eventually, [the name] Malvinas Argentinas was taken, by suggestion of governor Eduardo Duhalde and because of the emotional meaning that this name has in our country feeling).
 * Here there is a zipped pdf: a book (in Spanish) edited by the municipal government titled Malvinas Argentinas. Un partido que está haciendo historia (roughly A county that is creating history). On page 302 there is a map of the Falklands captioned Las Islas Malvinas inspiraron el nombre de nuestro distrito (The Malvinas Islands inspired the name of our district). The text discusses several failed proposals regarding the name of the (new) district. Afterwards, it says:

Mind you, in Spanish it is lousy too. Now I'll fix the text User:Ejrrjs says What? 16:20, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation of different names?
I believe that only items named "Malvinas" should be dealt with in this disambiguation article. Apart of the relevant Islands themselves, the other name that needs disambiguation here would be the Rosario International Airport Islas Malvinas I reckon.

Items with other names (such as "Malvinas Argentinas", "March of the Malvinas" or "Malvinas 2032") should not be included, indeed no ambiguity arises among different names.

Apparently there exist several different items named "Malvinas Argentinas", so that name would probably need a disambiguation article of its own. I am not so experienced in Wikipedia rules and standards regarding disambiguation; mine is just one possible opinion based on common sense. Apcbg 22:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Partial matches and new DAB
I agree, the following are partial matches, or not mentioned in the article

 * Malvinas, a chain of tiny islands and rocks near Ibiza in the Mediterranean (needs adding to the article per ref above first (or a better ref)
 * Malvinas Islands peso
 * Polideportivo Islas Malvinas, a stadium in the city of Mar del Plata

New DAB Malvinas Argentinas (disambiguation): Four items moved. Widefox ; talk 10:41, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malvinas (disambiguation)


text:
Maximilian, Prince of Hornes

Maximilian Emanuel, 3rd Prince of Hornes, Count of Baucignies and of Solre-le-Château (31 August 1695, Brussels – 12 January 1763, Brussels), was a nobleman and Grand Huntsman of Brabant. His father was Philippe Emanuel, 2nd Prince of Hornes, and his mother was Princess Marie Anne Antoinette of Ligne.

He was made a Knight of the Austrian Golden Fleece in 1749. The Principality of Hornes was surrounded by the Bishopric of Liège.

Career at court

 * Grandee of Spain, 1st Class.
 * Grand Huntsman of Brabant (1750–1763).
 * Grand Esquier of the Empress.
 * Grand Master of the Imperial Household (1745–1763).

Marriages and issue
He first married Lady Marie Thérèse Charlotte Bruce (1697–1736), daughter of Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of Ailesbury, an English nobleman who lived in exile in Brussels for much of his life, and his second wife Charlotte d'Argenteau, comtesse d'Esneux.

Their children were:

1) Marie-Thérèse-Josepha de Hornes (19 October 1725 – 19 June 1783): married Prince Philip Joseph of Salm-Kyrburg. They had 10 children:
 * Marie Maximiliane Louise (1744–1790), married Jean Bretagne Charles de La Trémoille, Duc de Thouars
 * Frederick III (1745–1794), later prince of Salm-Kyrburg, executed in the French Revolution
 * Auguste Frederica (1747–1822), married Duke Anne Emmanuel de Croÿ
 * Charles Augustus (1750)
 * Marie Louise (1753)
 * Louis Joseph Ferdinand (1753–1774)
 * Elisabeth Claudine (1756–1757)
 * Amalie Zephyrine (1760–1841), married Anton Aloys, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
 * Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen x Marie Antoinette Murat
 * Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern
 * Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen x Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
 * Albert I, King of the Belgians
 * Charles Albert Henry (1761)
 * Maurice Gustav Adolf (1761–1813), married Countess Christiane von Wartenberg

2) Elisabeth-Philippine-Claude de Hornes (1733–1826): married Prince Gustav Adolf of Stolberg-Gedern. They had four daughters:
 * Louise Maximiliane (1752–1824), married Charles Edward Stuart "The Young Pretender"
 * Caroline Auguste (1755–1828), married firstly Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Liria and Jérica and secondly Domingo Duque de Castelfranco
 * Franziska Claudia (1756–1836), married Nicolas Antoine Conte d'Arberg de Valengin
 * Therese Gustavine (1757–1837), nun in Mons

Following his first wife's death, he was married to Princess Henriette Thérèse Norbertine of Salm-Kyrburg (1711–1751) and then, after her death, to Princess Marie Albertine de Gavre (1735–1797), daughter of Charles I Alexandre, 1st Prince de Gavre.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maximilian, Prince of Hornes


text: Category:"Weird Al" Yankovic albums

title: Category:"Weird Al" Yankovic albums


text: File:Lyn class torpedoboats.jpg

title: File:Lyn class torpedoboats.jpg


text:
User:Gattster

Gattster has been a wikipedia contributer since 2005. Interests include science, programming and politics.

Contributions have been made to Talk:Dictator, Plan Balboa, as well as many others.

title: User:Gattster


text:
Switchblade II

Switchblade II is a 1991 side-scrolling action-platform run and gun video game originally developed and published by Gremlin Graphics in Europe for the Amiga home computers. It is the sequel to the original Switchblade, which was solely created by Simon Phipps at Core Design and released earlier in 1989 across multiple platforms. Despite being primarily developed in the UK, its graphics had a distinctly Japanese style similar to anime or manga.

Taking place several centuries after the events of the first game, the story follows a descendant of the original protagonist named Hiro, as he embarks on a journey to defeat Havok, the original main antagonist who has returned from his previous defeat in order to bring chaos upon the land of Cyberworld and its inhabitants after the Blade Knights ceased to exist. Its gameplay consists of run and gun action mixed with platforming and exploration elements, with a main single-button configuration. Originally released for the Amiga microcomputers, Switchblade II was later ported to the Atari ST in May 1991 and the Atari Lynx handheld in 1992, with the latter being published by Atari Corporation in North America and Europe.

Upon its original release on the Amiga, Switchblade II garnered very positive reception from critics who praised multiple aspects of the title such as the visuals, sound effects and gameplay. The Atari ST version also received positive reception from reviewers for its graphics and gameplay, while the Lynx version was met with a more mixed reception. Despite the positive reviews, programmer George Allan was criticized for the lack of enemies and as a result of this, Allan wanted to make a significantly faster title, which would eventually become the popular Zool.

Gameplay
Switchblade II is a side-scrolling action-platform game with run and gun elements similar to the original Switchblade where the player takes control of Hiro through six stages of varying thematic set in the land of Thraxx at Cyberworld infested with mechanoid, metal-clad enemies where the main objective is to fully destroy the returning Havok once and for all. All of the actions in the game are performed differently depending on the version, with one button and a joystick in the home computer versions, while the d-pad and two buttons are used in the Lynx port. The progression structure between levels is also different between each version, with the Amiga and Atari ST versions transitioning seamlessly, while the Lynx port is broken into several sections instead. Spread across the levels are portals that lead into a shop where items and weapons can be bought including a knife, homing missiles, laser beam, flamethrower and shurikens, in addition to ammunition for each of them. These items are bought with orbs left by enemies after destroying them. In some stages, levels are interconnected with a network of subterranean bases, where unexplored areas of the screen are obscured from view until the player's character enters them as with the first game.

Plot
The plot summary of Switchblade II varies between each version. In the original Amiga and Atari ST versions, the game is set several centuries after the last of the Blade Knights, Hiro, defeated the evil Havok and saved the land of Cyberworld from his influence. Under the leadership of Hiro, peace returned with the resurfacing of the knights acting as protectors, who enjoyed both respect and devotion from the inhabitants but their outlook on the knights changed negatively as time progressed, as they were starting to regard them as foolish and needless policemen who wasted valuable resources, before their number decreased and eventually disappeared once again. After this event, darkness returned and brought chaos to the land that signalized the return of Havok, who was not fully destroyed by the original Hiro and waited for the Blade Knights' second demise for his comeback to take over Cyberworld and its people, who were deciding between submitting to the leadership of Havok or die before doing so. Taetomi, the eldest person during the dispute, considered the Blade Knights' second demise as a massive mistake from their part and the many elements they took for granted also vanished as well, however he also mentioned the existence of a descendant from the former Blade Knights leader's lineage named Hiro, who has been taught with the way of the knights and knows the full risk in attempting to defeat Havok again without the now-decimated Switchblade with nothing but the knights' ancient weapons.

In the Atari Lynx version, it is implied that the original Hiro from the first game is the main protagonist, as he was granted immortality after defeating Havok 200 years ago, who survived the confrontation and vowed to return one day, with Hiro preparing himself once again in defeating him completely.

Development
Switchblade II first began its development process on the Amiga in August 1990 and it was solely written by programmer George Allan over the course of six to eight months, who previously worked on Venus The Flytrap alongside artist Paul Gregory at Gremlin Graphics. Both Allan and Gregory had free rein on the project and were influenced by various arcade games such as Midnight Resistance, Shinobi and Strider, as well as the first Switchblade in order to give the project a "home console" feel. In a February 1991 issue of The One, Allan said that "the idea behind the new game was to give it more of a coin-op feel, so the gameplay is a lot faster".

Allan said that they planned on using the system's EHB Mode early in development for backgrounds and sprites, while the project as a whole bears resemblance to Japanese-developed titles from the era due to Gregory's fascination with the art style. The game runs at 50 frames per second and its maps were created as 16x16 pixel tiles. Several gameplay elements and ideas, however, were scrapped due to memory and time constrains. Original Switchblade author Simon Phipps had no direct involvement in the development of the game, although Allan has claimed to have briefly met with Phipps in a 2012 interview with the website Amiga Lore.

Release
Swtichblade II was first released on the Amiga on Europe in 1991 and while it was the lead format for the second Switchblade game, it was not widely ported to the other platforms unlike the first. The game was later ported to the Atari ST in May 1991 by the same team with Alex Davies assisting in the porting process at Core Design, featuring less colors than the original version. It was also ported to the Atari Lynx by Optimus Software and released on North America and Europe by Atari Corporation in 1992, although the former are not credited as such in-game and this version was first showcased to the attendees at SCES '92 before being published late on the same year.

A conversion for the Famicom was being developed by Kemco and planned for a 1993 release, but was never released for unknown reasons. Between 2016 and 2017, former programmer Christian Harvey recounted about the development process of the conversion for the system at Unseen64, stating that the port was completed under a whole year and based upon the original Amiga version. Harvey also said that the reason for its cancellation was due to an internal conflict with Gremlin.

Reception
Switchblade II received mostly positive reception since its release on the Amiga.

The One gave the Amiga version of Switchblade II an overall score of 90%, comparing it to Strider from Capcom. The One notes Switchblade II as an improvement over its predecessor, expressing that "the main sprites are larger, the levels are bigger" and praising the addition of new weapons. Competition against Switchblade II at the time of the release include the similarly critically acclaimed Gods and the less-so Turrican II, and The One expresses that Switchblade II stands out from similar titles due to its "individual merits".

Legacy
Although Switchblade II received mostly positive reception in all platforms, one of the main criticisms directed towards George Allan was its slow pacing and the lack of enemies in the playfield and as such, Allan pursued in creating a significantly faster title than his previous work, which would eventually lead to the conception of the original Zool.

title: Switchblade II


text:
George Alexander (Australian cricketer)

George Alexander (22 April 1851 – 6 November 1930) was an Australian cricketer and team manager. He played for Victoria and for Australia. Alexander's place of birth is variously given as Britwell Salome, Oxfordshire, England or Fitzroy, Victoria; the latter appearing in Alexander's obituary in the 1931 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

Cricket career
Alexander was a forceful bat and a fast roundarm bowler, who also acted as the manager of the Australian teams that toured England under Billy Murdoch in 1880 and 1884. He also managed the England tour of 1882–83 under Ivo Bligh that went to Australia to retrieve The Ashes.

In 1880, in addition to his management duties, Alexander was one of the leading bowlers of the team that visited other colonies as well as England. On the tour as a whole, he took 109 wickets at an average of nine runs each. He played in the first Test match on English soil at The Oval, took two wickets and with Murdoch added 52 runs for the ninth wicket, which helped avoid an innings defeat. He played a second Test match four years later at the Adelaide Oval, but did not take a wicket.

Later years and death
According to the Preston Leader, Alexander was a keen lawn bowls player as captain of Northcote Bowling Club. In 1922, he had an unexpected reunion with a fellow member of Murdoch's touring team of 1884 in W. H. Cooper. The Victorian Bowling Association final was held at Alphington where Alexander was helping out. The pair had not seen each other for nearly 40 years, but were suddenly reunited when Cooper arrived as the scorer for Middle Park.

The Preston Leader (and Melbourne newspapers) noted the death in a private hospital in Richmond on November 6, 1930 at 78 years of age of George Alexander, describing him as "a resident of Northcote for over 60 years" and living at 'Terracedale', 3 McLachlan Street at the time of his demise. Outside of cricket, he had been co-proprietor of the Preston Abattoirs and before that, as a contractor, he was involved in construction of the cable tramway system along St Kilda Road. Alexander was interred in the Melbourne General Cemetery; Jack Blackham and W. H. Cooper were amongst the pallbearers.

title: George Alexander (Australian cricketer)


text:
George Bonnor

George John Bonnor (25 February 1855 – 27 June 1912) was an Australian cricketer, known for his big hitting, who played Test cricket between 1880 and 1888.

Career
Bonnor was born in Bathurst, New South Wales, and made his international debut in the first match played in England in 1880. Being very tall for the 19th century at 6 foot 6 inches he was also exceedingly strong and made the most of it with some powerful hitting, however at times his cavalier attitude led to some periods of poor scores as well.

Two anecdotes testify to his enormous strength. First, during the Oval Test match of 1880 between England and Australia, he was out caught for two to a ball he had hit so high that by the time GF Grace had snaffled him, waiting directly underneath it on the boundary, he and his partner had almost completed their third run. "My heart stopped beating as I went on waiting [for the ball to come]," said Grace later.

On the next tour, in 1882, Bonnor made a £100 wager with a disbelieving fellow passenger on the SS Assam that he could, with his throw after stepping off the ship, send a cricket ball 100 yards: he won the wager by throwing the ball 119 yards and seven inches, done without a run up. WG Grace credits Bonnor with another throw of 130 yards, but legend has it that Grace himself threw even further in their one-on-one competition.

Measured hits of his in practice included ones at Melbourne of 160 and 149 yards, and one of 147 at Mitcham Common in May 1880, which was carefully measured by the famed bowler James Southerton. Bonnor also reached 160 yards in actual play when, at Longsight in 1880, the Australians played the local XVIII and he sent Grace's cousin, W.R. Gilbert, a long way.

In 1884, George Bonnor became the first player in Test cricket as well as international cricket history, to be dismissed hit wicket.

Bonnor died of a heart attack, aged 57, in Orange, New South Wales, and is buried at the cemetery there.

title: George Bonnor


text:
Mail-11

Mail-11 was the native email transport protocol used by Digital Equipment Corporation's VMS operating system, and supported by several other DEC operating systems such as Ultrix.

It normally used the DECnet networking system as opposed to TCP/IP.

Similar to Internet SMTP based mail, Mail-11 mail had To: Cc: and Subj: headers and date-stamped each message.

Mail-11 was one of the most widely used email systems of the 1980s, and was still in fairly wide use until as late as the mid-1990s. Messages from Mail-11 systems were frequently gatewayed out to SMTP, Usenet, and Bitnet systems, and thus are sometimes encountered browsing archives of those systems dating from when Mail-11 was in common use.

Several very large DECnet networks with Mail-11 service existed, most notably ENET, which was DEC's worldwide internal network. Another big user was HEPnet, a network for the high-energy physics research community that linked many universities and research labs.

Mail-11 used two colons rather than an at sign (@) to separate user and hostname, and hostname came first.

Some example headers
A message to user HARKAWIK on a machine or cluster of machines called THEWAL.
 * To: THEWAL::HARKAWIK

Note that under VMS, usernames were not case-sensitive and were usually shown in uppercase, but under Ultrix, usernames were case-sensitive, and most sites followed the unix convention of using lower case usernames. Names of machines on a DECnet network were not case-sensitive. Thus, the header above implies that the mail is going to a VMS system, but the one following implies the user is on a Unix system.

A message to user tabak on node DS5353. Probably an Ultrix system.
 * To: DS5353::tabak

 * From:  GUESS::YERAZUNIS    "it's.. it's DIP !" 21-SEP-1989 10:28:38.87
 * To:    DECWRL::"decvax!peregrine!dmi"
 * CC:    YERAZUNIS

This message was sent to the gateway at DEC's Western Research Labs, one of DEC's main Internet gateways. From there, it was expected to travel via uucp, from host decvax to host peregrine to user dmi.

Since the timestamp is present, this must be a copy of a message that has already been sent, but since the From address is still in Mail-11 form, the text above must be copied from the local CC of the message rather than from the version that went through the gateway.

Unlike SMTP mail, mail readers did not support automatic signatures; many users developed the habit of changing their personal name setting to be some interesting or amusing quotation.

The message is to be gatewayed to another network, in this case to the Internet SMTP protocol, and then delivered to the user president at the domain whitehouse.gov
 * To: IN%"president@whitehouse.gov"

The message has to go through two machines. First, it is given to the node HEPNET, which then passes the machine to the node TUHEP, where it is then delivered to the user SLIWA.
 * To: HEPNET::TUHEP::SLIWA

Mail from user MCMAHON on a machine or cluster named TGV, that was passed out of an Internet SMTP gateway by yoyodyne.com. This is one form the header might take from the recipient's viewpoint.
 * From: "TGV::MCMAHON"@yoyodyne.com

title: Mail-11


text:
Tom Groube

Thomas Underwood Groube (2 September 1857 – 5 August 1927) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test in 1880. He was the first New Zealand-born Test cricketer.

Life and career
Groube's father was Horatio Groube, a Congregational minister who was among the first white settlers in New Plymouth, where Tom was born. The family left New Zealand in the early 1860s as a result of the Second Taranaki War and settled in Melbourne. Tom's paternal grandfather was a rear-admiral in the Royal Navy.

Five feet eleven inches tall and slimly built, Tom Groube was a successful batsman in Melbourne club cricket in the late 1870s and early 1880s. Between 1878 and 1885 he scored 2350 runs for the East Melbourne club at an average of 44. He played four matches of first-class cricket for Victoria between 1879 and 1881 but with little success. In 1878-79 he averaged 155.33 for East Melbourne, which helped him earn a place in the Australian team to England in 1880. He was a late replacement for Charles Bannerman, who had to withdraw from the selected touring team owing to illness.

Groube's highest first-class score was 61 against Yorkshire in 1880, which was the only time he reached 20 in first-class cricket. He played in the Test at The Oval in 1880, the first-ever Test match in England, but was not successful. He later toured New Zealand with the Australian team in 1880-81, his highest score there being 42 against Canterbury.

In later years Groube wrote about cricket and Australian rules football in Victoria for the Weekly Times and The Herald under the pen-names "Old Cricketer" and "Rover". He conducted the choir at the Congregational church in Hawthorn, Melbourne, for about 40 years. He was survived by his wife and their three sons.

title: Tom Groube


text:
HNoMS Lyn (1882)

HNoMS Lyn - or just Lyn in Norwegian - was the lead ship of a class of 27 torpedo boats built between 1892 and 1912. The name means Lightning. By modern standards, she was extremely lightly armed with just one 'quick fire' 37 mm cannon and a single, fixed torpedo tube, but in her time she did pack a punch. Later boats of her class carried heavier armament. Lyn was later renamed Od, before she and most of her class were scrapped in 1920, long after they were obsolete.

Small, nimble and fast craft for their time, the class provided much of the backbone for the Royal Norwegian Navy in the time leading up to Norwegian independence in 1905, and also during World War I. The class was often referred to as cigars due to their shape as seen on the photos. These qualities made them excellent torpedo boats - small size and low freeboard - but also made them very uncomfortable boats to crew, with cramped quarters and not very seaworthy.

Over the 30 years the class was built, the size increased steadily, as well as the armament. The last boats in the class had a displacement almost twice that of Lyn, and two fixed torpedo tubes instead of just one. The class was in the later years of their service referred to as "2nd class" torpedo boats, to differentiate them from the larger "1st class" torpedo boats, which had one or two moveable torpedo launchers on deck.

title: HNoMS Lyn (1882)


text:
William Moule

William Henry Moule (31 January 1858 – 24 August 1939) was an Australian lawyer, politician and cricketer.

Cricket career
Moule was a moderate batsman, useful bowler and excellent fieldsman. His cricket career was short, and though he played a few times for Victoria, most of his first-class appearances were on the 1880 tour of England with the Australian team under Billy Murdoch.

He played in the one Test match of the tour, a hastily arranged match at The Oval which was the first Test in England. Moule's success to that point had been modest – no innings of note and only one wicket – and he played only because Fred Spofforth was injured. In the Test he batted at No 11 and was the sixth bowler tried. With three wickets for 23 runs he was the most successful bowler in England's first innings and his 34 in Australia's second innings helped in a last-wicket partnership of 88 with his captain that avoided an innings defeat.

He was the last surviving player on either side from the 1880 Test.

Legal and political career
Moule resided in Melbourne at Clarence House (now known as the old Mansion nightclub) in 1876 whilst being educated at Melbourne Grammar School and took a law degree at Melbourne University, being called to the bar in 1879 and going into practice the following year. He rose to become a county court judge specialising in insolvency cases, retiring in April 1935, at which point he was the longest-serving member of the bench.

Moule had a short but sensational career as a politician. Standing on a free trade platform in the Victoria state election of 1894, he beat the sitting member, the long-time minister and future premier of Victoria, Sir Thomas Bent. Bent was accused of various forms of corruption, and there had been some difficulty finding a candidate who would stand against him. As a member of the legislature until 1900, Moule chaired royal commissions on law reform and on factory and shop law.

Personal life
Moule married Jessie Osborne in Melbourne in January 1885. One of their sons, Humphrey Osborne Moule, was killed in the First World War at Lone Pine, one of the main actions of the ill-fated Gallipoli campaign.

Moule died in August 1939 at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, a daughter and a son.

title: William Moule


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zambian Boys

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 21:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Zambian Boys
Looks like band vanity. Gets 123 Google hits, all of which are probably unrelated ('Zambian boys'). The article's creator has also been spamming other articles with links to this one, such as Bisexuality. - ulayiti (talk)  08:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The band is very popular in Zambia and some surrounding countries. --213.138.128.13 08:11, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

PS. The singer of the Zambian black metal band "Zambian boys" is a bisexual. --213.138.128.13 08:11, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to make it clear then, this is the author. - ulayiti (talk)  08:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I doubt anything within Zambia has a big internet presence so I'm not really surprised this is hard to check. Why not simply ask for evidence that the band clears WP:MUSIC. If the anon can't provide it, we can still delete it later. - Mgm|(talk) 11:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, 'music in zambia' (without quotes) gets over two million Google hits, so you'd expect at least a few of them to mention something about this band if it's 'very popular'. I strongly suspect it's a hoax, since it doesn't get any Google hits (except that there's apparently a 'Zambian Boys Choir' in Missouri), it's been written by an anon user who specialises in hoaxes (see Medieval black metal and Jorma Himokas, for example), and the names of the purported band members are suspiciously close to Finnish words (eg 'Oiva Pera' means 'nice ass'). - ulayiti (talk)  12:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. If we can't verify it, we can't keep it.--Scimitar parley 14:57, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * vote changed to delete after evidence presented by Ulayiti. Trollderella 21:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Hoax article by notorious troll. Sdedeo 16:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless verified. Another poster I might be inclined to give the benefit of the doubt to, since it might be hard to google and yet a valid article, but an anonymous poster who has a block log and a change to Finnish language of "The Finnish language sounds damn stupid." hasn't earned that trust.--Prosfilaes 17:47, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. No evidence that any such band exists, created by a user with a long history of trolling and creation of hoax articles.  I have to question the motives of anybody who would vote keep on this article.  Zoe 20:23, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax by a troll. --TheMidnighters 21:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete probable hoax. -- Etacar11   00:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete I'm with Zoe: this is not a probable hoax, this is a certain hoax per the research of Ulayiti and should removed forthwith. Dottore So 17:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, I'm just being cowardly. ;) -- Etacar11   17:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Big Bad Brucie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:34, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Big Bad Brucie
Delete. Hoax, fake, untrue, nonsense. Nothing in Google on this. (The "BBB" patch is actually the logo of the Better Business Bureau.) MCB 08:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as a hoax, but when did the better business bureau get a team of military snipers? Brighterorange 10:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. — J I P | Talk 11:00, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have welcomed the new user and pointed them here. Alf 11:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Bruce Forsyth :) (or delete) the wub  "?/!"  15:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   00:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedyable as patent nonsense. Bearcat 05:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joey Palmer

George Eugene Palmer (22 February 1859 – 22 August 1910) also known as Eugene Palmer and Joey Palmer, was an Australian cricketer who played in 17 Test matches between 1880 and 1886.

After returning from the 1886 tour to England he damaged his knee and never played Test cricket again but came to play first class cricket in Australia until the end of 1896/97.

Palmer was also a leading Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).

Family
He married Lucinda Ann Blackham, daughter of Frederic Keane Blackham and Lucinda Ann (née McCarthy), in 1888. His brother-in-law was his Test teammate Jack Blackham.

title: Joey Palmer


text: User talk:70.112.37.224

title: User talk:70.112.37.224


text:
Narrowcasting

Narrowcasting is the dissemination of information to a specialised audience, rather than to the broader public-at-large; it is the opposite of broadcasting. It may refer to advertising or programming via radio, podcast, newspaper, television, or the Internet. The term "multicast" is sometimes used interchangeably, although strictly speaking this refers to the technology used, and narrowcasting to the business model. Narrowcasting is sometimes aimed at paid subscribers, such as in the case of cable television.

History and terminology
The evolution of narrowcasting came from broadcasting. In the early 20th century, Charles Herrold designated radio transmissions meant for a single receiver, distinguished from broadcasting, meant for a general audience. Merriam-Webster reports the first known use of the word in 1932. Broadcasting was revived in the context of subscription radio programs in the late 1940s, after which the term narrowcasting entered the common lexicon due to computer scientist and public broadcasting advocate J. C. R. Licklider, who in a 1967 report envisioned "...a multiplicity of television networks aimed at serving the needs of smaller, specialized audiences. 'Here,' stated Licklider, 'I should like to coin the term 'narrowcasting,' using it to emphasize the rejection or dissolution of the constraints imposed by commitment to a monolithic mass-appeal, broadcast approach.'"

The term "multicast" is sometimes used interchangeably, although strictly speaking this refers to the technology used, and narrowcasting to the business model. Narrowcasting is sometimes aimed at paid subscribers, such as in the case of cable television.

In television
In the beginning of the 1990s, when American television was still mainly ruled by three major networks (ABC, CBS and NBC), it was believed that the greatest achievement was to promote and create content that would be directed towards a huge mass of people, avoiding completely those projects that might appeal to only a reduced audience. That was mainly due to the fact that specially in the earlier days of television, there was not much more competition. Nevertheless, this changed once independent stations, more cable channels, and the success of videocassettes started increasing and rising, which gave the audiences the possibility of having more options. Thus, this previous mass-oriented point of view started to change towards one that was, obviously, narrower.

It was the arrival of cable television that allowed a much larger number of producers and programmers to aim at smaller audiences, such as MTV, which started off as the channel for those who loved music.

Narrowcasting has made its place in, for example, the way television networks schedule shows; while one night they might choose to stream shows directed at teenagers, a different night they might want to focus on another specific kind of audience, such as those interested in documentaries. In this way, they target what could be seen as a narrow audience, but collect their attention altogether as a mass audience on one night.

Advertising
Related to niche marketing or target marketing, narrowcasting involves aiming media messages at specific segments of the public defined by values, preferences, demographic attributes, or subscription. Narrowcasting is based on the postmodern idea that mass audiences do not exist.

Marketing experts are often interested in narrowcast media as a commercial advertising tool, since access to such content implies exposure to a specific and clearly defined prospective consumer audience. The theory being that, by identifying particular demographics viewing such programs, advertisers can better target their markets. Pre-recorded television programs are often broadcast to captive audiences in taxi cabs, buses, elevators, and queues. For instance, the Cabvision network in London's black cabs shows limited pre-recorded television programs interspersed with targeted advertising to cab passengers. Point of sale advertising is a form of narrowcasting.

Interactive narrowcasting allows users to interact with products or services via touch screens or other technology, thus allowing them to interact with them before purchasing them.

Political uses
Narrowcasting has become increasingly used to target audiences with a particular political leaning, such as political satire by the entertainment industry. It has been often pointed out that Donald Trump used narrowcasting as well as broadcasting to good effect.

Other uses
The term narrowcasting can also apply to the spread of information to an audience (private or public) which is by nature geographically limited—a group such as office employees, military troops, or conference attendees—and requires a localised dissemination of information from a shared source. Hotels, hospitals, museums, and offices, use narrowcasting to display relevant information to their visitors and staff.

Internet
Both broadcasting and a narrowcasting models are found on the Internet. Sites based on the latter require the user to register an account and log in before viewing content. Narrowcasting may also employ various types of push technologies, which send information directly to subscribers; electronic mailing lists, where emails are sent to subscribers, are an example of these.

Narrowcasting is also sometimes applied to podcasting, since the audience for a podcast is often specific and sharply defined.

Positive
This evolution towards narrowcasting was discussed in 1993 by Hamid Naficy, who focused on this change specifically in Los Angeles, and how such a content directed towards a narrowed audience affected social culture. For example, with the rise of Middle Eastern television programs, more content that did not have the pressure to have a mass audience appeal to watch it was able to be produced and promoted. This made it easier for minorities to feel better represented in television.

Negative
Narrowcasting by definition focuses on specific groups of people, which may promote division or even conflict among groups. Political, social, or other ideologies promoted by narrowcasting have the potential to cause harm to society.

There is also the danger of people living in a filter bubble, where the audience is not exposed to different viewpoints, opinions or ideologies, leading to thinking that their opinion is the correct one. The resulting narrow-mindedness can lead to conflict.

In the arts
The 2022 Australian sci-fi thriller Monolith, in which the sole on-screen actor is a podcaster, provides commentary on narrowcasting. Ari Mattes of Notre Dame University wrote in an article in The Conversation: "Monolith is one of the first Australian films to critically navigate the ramifications of narrowcasting technology... the strange solitude of interpersonal communication in the global information economy underpins the whole thing".

title: Narrowcasting


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Medieval black metal

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Medieval black metal
More band vanity from the user who brought us Zambian Boys. - ulayiti (talk)  08:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this nonsense. --DrTorstenHenning 09:42, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Medieval black metal is the most famous Portuguese (or possibly Finnish) black metal band. --213.138.128.13 11:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Given that Portugal does not even remotely resemble Finland (and isn't anywhere near there either), delete as nonsensical. Radiant_ >|< 11:46, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merda do touro. --Scimitar parley 15:02, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. I like the idea of Luso-Finnish (or it is Finno-Luso) metal, though. Dottore So 16:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. --Prosfilaes 17:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a black metal band that started in the late sixties? Laughable hoax. -- Etacar11   00:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jim Slight

James Slight (20 October 1855 – 9 December 1930) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1880.

Slight played first-class cricket as a batsman for Victoria from 1874 to 1888, but was never able to replicate at state level his heavy scoring for South Melbourne, where his score of 279 in 1882–83 is still the club record. He toured England in 1880 with the Australian team and played in the first Test to be held in England, but his tour was marred by illness.

Slight was also a leading Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) as well as a field umpire, who, in 1879, umpired the first ever interstate Australian rules match.

title: Jim Slight


text: Template:Crewed ISS flights

title: Template:Crewed ISS flights


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jorma Himokas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Jorma Himokas
More band vanity from the user who brought us Zambian Boys. - ulayiti (talk)  08:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as bandity/hoax (0 googles). Brighterorange 10:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete; band questionably notable, the lead singer even less. As well as one piece in a collection of articles that are probably completely nonsense.--Prosfilaes 18:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   00:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax - Tεx  τ  urε  21:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Rschen7754 23:06, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Balurghat

Balurghat (pron:bʌlʊəˈgɑ:t) is a city and a municipality in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the district headquarter of the Dakshin Dinajpur district. It is one of the major cities connected through National Highway 512. In this town there are museum, parks, super speciality hospital, govt. offices, district court, schools, colleges, a university, police station, railway station, hotels, restaurants, cinema halls, temples, mosques, churches, etc. There is the Atreyee river which flows through this town. It is a place/town to live peacefully. It is a place to visit in the month of October to November when one can enjoy ritualistic and religious festivals. From the inner area of Balurghat one can go Hilli, a rural area, where one can see India-Bangladesh border.

Location
Balurghat is at 25.22°N, 88.77°W. It has an average elevation of 25 metres (82 feet). The town covers 10.76 km2 of area.

River Atreyee runs across the city, dividing it into disproportionate halves. The heart of the city, with important administrative, cultural and entertainment hubs, is on the eastern bank of the river. India-Bangladesh border is approximately 3 km from the town.

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

Police stations
Balurghat police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over Balurghat municipal area and Balurghat CD Block.

Balurghat Women police station has jurisdiction over Balurghat subdivision.

Subdivision and CD block HQ
Balurghat subdivision has its headquarters at Balurghat.

The headquarters of Balurghat CD block is at Balurghat.

Demographics
In the 2011 census, Balurghat municipality had a population of 153279, of which 76730 were males and 76549 were females. The Balurghat urban agglomeration had a population of 164,593, out of which 82,466 were males and 82,127 were females. The 0–6 years population was 10,349. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 91.66 per cent.

India census, Balurghat municipality had a population of 151,416, of which 75,794 were males and 75,622 were females. Balurghat has an average literacy rate of 84.8%, with 87% of the males and 82.5% of females literate. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years is 10,677. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have a population of 15,204 and 3,008 respectively. Balurghat had 37507 households in 2011.

98.7% of the population are Hindus, with small percentages (below 1%) of Muslims and Sikhs.

Economics
Balurghat is a distribution centre in northern West Bengal. The main goods traded include rice, jute, sugar cane, fisheries and oilseeds.

Transport
Balurghat Railway Station is the terminus station of the Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line Trains connecting Balurghat to Kolkata directly include Gour Express, Tebhaga Express and Howrah-Balurghat Express. Train services also connect Balurghat to Siliguri in the north through Balurghat-Siliguri Intercity Express. Balurghat is also connected to Malda through Balurghat-Malda Court Passenger Train. Besides, Balurghat - Nabadwip Dham Express connects Nabadwip with Balurghat.

Indian National Highway 512 passes through Balurghat (from Gazole To Hili).

At Balurghat, there is a Government (NBSTC) bus and Public bus stand. Many buses (both NBSTC & Private) runs from Balurghat to Kolkata, Siliguri, Coochbehar, Kalna, Durgapur, Malda, Raiganj etc. Balurghat Airport is situated at the entrance of the town, at Mahinagar. A Kolkata-Malda-Balurghat-Coochbehar flight service has been planned for this airport. Previously, there was a Kolkata-Malda-Balurghat helicopter service for some years.

Schools

 * The Green View English Academy
 * Atreyee D. A. V. Public School
 * Balurghat Girls' High School
 * Balurghat High School
 * Balurghat Khadimpur High School
 * Balurghat Techno India Group Public School
 * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Dakshin Dinajpur
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya, Balurghat
 * Balurghat Lalit Mohan Adarsha Uchcha Vidyalaya

Colleges

 * Balurghat College
 * Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya
 * Balurghat Law College
 * Jamini Majumdar Memorial College
 * Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Majhian Campus)

Universities

 * Dakshin Dinajpur University

Festivals
Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Chhath Puja, Rath Yatra, Biswakarma Puja, Ganesh Chaturthi and Saraswati puja are widely celebrated at Balurghat. Bolla Kali Puja is celebrated at Bolla, approximately 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Balurghat, in November each year.

Sports
Balurghat is also home to district's 1st ever stadium to host the top tier national level cricket match like a Ranji Trophy Match. Balurghat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium used for sports like cricket and football. An indoor sports complex in Balurghat is also in under construction.

Healthcare

 * Balurghat General Hospital (District Hospital) has 600 beds
 * Balurghat Police Hospital has 50 beds
 * Balurghat Poura Hospital and Matri Sadan has 32 beds
 * Balurghat Super Specialty Hospital

Notable People

 * Abhijit Mondal, Footballer.

title: Balurghat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Konstaapeli Himokas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:35, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Konstaapeli Himokas
More band vanity from the user who brought us Zambian Boys. - ulayiti (talk)  08:17, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as bandity/hoax (0 googles) Brighterorange 11:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as the album of a band that is questionably notable on its own, and probably complete nonsense.--Prosfilaes 18:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. -- Etacar11   00:26, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hoax - Tεx  τ  urε  21:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity --Rschen7754 23:13, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Joshua.morgan

--Celestianpower hab 09:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

OptusNet
Why do you want me to delete it? I see no reason to. Its verifiable information. --Celestianpower hab 09:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Lists of categories and templates
Where can I find a list of templates and categories for use on Wikipedia. I am new to editing pages, etc. on wikipedia (i have been however a long time user of wikipedia for school assignments, etc.).

thanks,

Joshua (by email)

 * Please lodge messages at my talk page rather than sending email because its more convenient for me and it'll be answered quicker.
 * Try Special:Categories for categories and Navigational templates or Templates for templates. Hope that helps! --Celestianpower hab 21:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Zamzar
An editor has nominated Zamzar, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not"). Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. Jayden54Bot 14:06, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Re:Graphs
I wrote my own program to do it. However, I would probably use Mathematica to generate all my graphs now, because from version 6, it has new graphics options that I like. enochlau (talk) 19:01, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Wikiseek
An editor has nominated Wikiseek, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:59, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joshua.morgan


text:
Bruise Brothers

Bruise Brothers may refer to:

 * Bruise Brothers (San Antonio Spurs), a group of six big men who played for the San Antonio Spurs in the early 1980s
 * Bruise Brothers (San Diego Chargers), a group of American football defensive lineman that played in the 1970s and 1980s
 * The Bruise Brothers (professional wrestling), American professional wrestling tag team with Porkchop Cash and Dream Machine from the early 1980s
 * The Bruise Brothers or The Harris Brothers, American professional wrestlers in the late 1980s
 * Bruise Brothers, a strip from the British comic Buster

title: Bruise Brothers


text:
World Championship of Online Poker

The World Championship of Online Poker (WCOOP) is an online poker tournament series sponsored by PokerStars. It is played on the PokerStars website in September.

Established in 2002, WCOOP is PokerStars' attempt to establish the online equivalent of the World Series of Poker. The WCOOP tournament series is the largest of its kind on the Internet.

The fifteen WCOOP events in 2005 generated $12,783,900 in prize money, making it not only the biggest ever online poker event, but the third biggest poker series (live or online) in all of 2005.

Keeping with the tradition of the World Series of Poker, the WCOOP is a series of tournaments in which players compete in a variety of different poker games, each with different buy-in and prize levels. The games featured are Limit, Pot Limit and No Limit Texas Hold'em, Seven Card Stud and Seven Card Stud Hi/Lo, Razz, Pot Limit Omaha High and Limit Omaha Hi/Lo, and H.O.R.S.E. In 2007, 5 Card Draw and 2-7 Triple draw were added. 2-7 Single Draw and mixed limit games were added in 2008, and Badugi was added in 2009. The main event is No Limit Hold'em.

In addition to the cash prize, the winner of each WCOOP event received a personally engraved 14 karat gold bracelet from PokerStars up until 2015. Since then, PokerStars has discontinued awarding bracelets to save costs.

2002 events
The 2002 World Championship of Online Poker consisted of nine events with over $730,000 in combined prizes. The events, buy-ins, and winners are listed below.

2003 events
The 2003 World Championship of Online Poker consisted of 11 events with a total prize pool of over $2.7 million. The events, buy-ins, and winners are listed below.

2004 events
The 2004 World Championship of Online Poker consisted of 12 events with a total prize pool of over $6 Million. The events, buy-ins, and winners are listed below.

2005 events
The 2005 World Championship of Online Poker consisted of 15 events with a total prize pool of over $12 Million. The events, buy-ins, and winners are listed below.

2006 events
The 2006 World Championship of Online Poker consisted of 18 events. The schedule including buy in for each event is listed below. 2006 WCOOP Total Prize Pool was $18,674,300

1spawng becomes first player to win 2 WCOOP Bracelets. ²kwob20 becomes first player to win 2 WCOOP bracelets in one year ³The original first prize was to be $1,157,737.50, but the final six players in the tournament struck a deal to more evenly divide the prize money.

2007 events
The 2007 World Championship of Online Poker consists of 23 events. The schedule including buy in for each event is listed below. 2007 WCOOP Total Prize Pool was $24,218,600

The event was marred by controversy when the original winner of the main event, TheV0id was disqualified for using multiple accounts in the tournament following an investigation by PokerStars.

1Original winner, Mark 'TheV0id' Teltscher, disqualified.

2008 events
There were 33 events played in the September 2008 WCOOP. Each day of the 2008 WCOOP featured two events.

1This event uses the same blind structure on the previous event (No Limit Hold'em) 2 the player known as "liberace" who was the runner-up of the $5,200 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event, won more than the winner due to an earlier chop while five handed of $1,375,249

2009 events
There were 45 events in the 2009 WCOOP, including Badugi, big antes No Limit Hold'em, and some new formats. A total of 43,973 unique players in 140 countries participated, making a total prize pool of $51,652,800. 1Holds the record for the largest WCOOP field ever. 2This event uses the 9x awards structure.

2010 events
There were 62 events in the 2010 WCOOP. * next to the first place prize denotes a deal was made at the final table, original first place prizes are hidden and can be seen in edit mode ** This event was originally scheduled on one day before the date listed above and listed at event 39, but the order was changed so that events 40 and 41 were run before this one. 1g0lfa (Ryan D'Angelo) becomes first player to win 3 WCOOP Bracelets. 2Largest amount of money won in online poker history, 2010 Main Event (Tyson "POTTERPOKER" Marks)

2011 events
There were 62 events in the 2011 WCOOP. This was the first WCOOP series since Black Friday 2011, A legal action by the U.S. Government that forbids people living in the United States from playing poker for real money on the site due to banking regulations, as a result there are many current or former US citizens playing online from other countries the following list reflects as always the nations where the winners were logged-in at the time of the event.

2012 events
There were 65 events in the 2012 WCOOP. The following list reflects, as always, the nations where the winners were logged-in at the time of the event.

2013 events
There were 66 events in the 2013 WCOOP.

2014 events
There were 66 events in the 2014 WCOOP.

2015 events
There were 70 events in the 2015 WCOOP.

2016 events
There were 82 events in the 2016 WCOOP.

2017 events
There were 82 "High" events in the 2017 WCOOP, and PokerStars also introduced a "Low" buy-in WCOOP series, with the same events, to run concurrently.

HIGH

LOW

† includes bounties

2018 events
There were 186 events in the 2018 WCOOP.

2019 events
There were 219 tournaments during WCOOP 2019 including a tie-in with UFC, which awarded winners tickets to a UFC bout in New York.

†including bounties
 * denotes deal

WCOOP multiple event winners
Up to Season 17 (2018)

WCOOP bracelet winners by country
Below is a breakdown of the login countries of all bracelet winners in the history of the WCOOP:

 * 1) 🇺🇸 USA - 103
 * 2) 🇨🇦 Canada - 80
 * 3) 🇷🇺 Russia - 60
 * 4)  United Kingdom - 50
 * 5) 🇲🇽 Mexico - 35
 * 6) 🇸🇪 Sweden - 31
 * 7) 🇳🇴 Norway - 24
 * 8) 🇩🇪 Germany - 24
 * 9)  Netherlands - 23
 * 10) 🇫🇮 Finland - 17
 * 11) 🇦🇺 Australia - 17
 * 12) 🇵🇱 Poland - 15
 * 13)  Denmark - 14
 * 14) 🇦🇹 Austria - 12
 * 15) 🇧🇷 Brazil - 12
 * 16) 🇭🇺 Hungary - 11
 * 17) 🇧🇪 Belgium - 8
 * 18) 🇺🇦 Ukraine - 7
 * 19) 🇫🇷 France - 7
 * 20) 🇦🇷 Argentina - 7
 * 21) 🇧🇬 Bulgaria - 6
 * 22)  Romania - 6
 * 23) 🇨🇷 Costa Rica - 5
 * 24)  Ireland - 5
 * 25) 🇨🇿 Czech Republic - 5
 * 26)  Greece - 4
 * 27) 🇨🇾 Cyprus - 4
 * 28) 🇲🇹 Malta - 3
 * 29)  Taiwan - 3
 * 30)  South Africa - 3
 * 31)  Philippines - 1
 * 32)  Slovenia - 1
 * 33) 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan - 1
 * 34)  Bosnia and Herzegovina - 1
 * 35)  Uruguay - 1
 * 36)  Chile - 1
 * 37)  Croatia - 1
 * 38) 🇦🇲 Armenia - 1

WCOOP Challenge winners by country

 * 1) 🇦🇹 Austria - 2
 * 2) 🇧🇷 Brazil - 2
 * 3) 🇨🇦 Canada - 2
 * 4) 🇫🇮 Finland - 2
 * 5) 🇮🇱 Israel - 2
 * 6) 🇲🇽 Mexico - 2
 * 7)  United Kingdom - 2
 * 8) 🇦🇺 Australia - 1
 * 9) 🇨🇿 Czech Republic - 1
 * 10)  Denmark - 1
 * 11) 🇪🇪 Estonia - 1
 * 12) 🇩🇪 Germany - 1
 * 13) 🇳🇱 Netherlands - 1
 * 14) 🇳🇴 Norway - 1
 * 15) 🇵🇪 Peru - 1
 * 16) 🇵🇱 Poland - 1
 * 17)  Romania - 1
 * 18)  Singapore - 1
 * 19) 🇸🇪 Sweden - 1

title: World Championship of Online Poker


text:
William Cooper (cricketer)

William Henry Cooper (11 September 1849 – 5 April 1939) was an English-born Australian cricketer who played in two Test matches, one in each of the 1881–82 and 1884–85 seasons. He took six wickets on debut in the second innings against England in Melbourne in January 1882.

Life and career
Born in Kent, Cooper migrated to Australia with his family when he was eight years old. He did not start playing competitive cricket until the age of 27, when his doctor suggested he take more exercise.

A leg-spin bowler, at the age of 29 Cooper made his first-class debut for Victoria, taking 5 for 79 and 2 for 46 in the two-wicket victory over the English cricket team in 1878–79. A year later he took 7 for 37 against New South Wales.

Cooper returned to England as part of Billy Murdoch's 1884 tour, but severely damaged his spinning finger playing deck hockey on the voyage to England. He was able to play only a few matches on the tour, and never fully recovered from the injury.

In the 1880s Cooper also served as a Victorian state selector and as a vice-president of the Victorian Cricket Association. He took up bowls and was eight times champion of his club, South Melbourne, and once Victorian champion of champions. He formed a bowls foursome with his three sons that was successful for some years. One of his sons died in France in World War I. His daughter was ladies' champion at South Melbourne.

Cooper died after a short illness in a hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Malvern in April 1939, aged 89. At the time he was Australia's oldest living Test cricketer. His great-grandson, Paul Sheahan, also played Test cricket for Australia.

title: William Cooper (cricketer)


text:
Talk:Heart of a Dog

Untitled
It might be nice to note that "preobrazhenie" is something like "transformation" in Slavic languages (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Russian-english/%25D0%25BF/%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5.html). It's common to have names with meanings in Russian literature, and that gives another dimension to works.

On the other hand, while the choice of this name is undoubtedly intentional, we shouldn't give the impression that it is a made-up name which doesn't occur in the real world - e.g. Yevgeny Preobrazhensky. Invisible Capybara 22:48, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

"Preobrazhenie" also means "Transfiguration" (of Jesus). "Preobrazhenski" is one of common family names for people, whos origin was from priest's family. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.248.114.225 (talk) 08:32, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Novels
This has been tagged as part of the Novels WikiProject. I would just ask if this a long enough prose peice to be considered a Novel or Novella. Some of the article text seems to imply that it should perhaps be considered a short story, which puts it beyond the purview of our project. :: Kevinalewis  :  (Talk Page) / (Desk)  10:06, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Morale
An important part of the novel is a conflict betveen a primitive and an intellectual. It was very important in Russia of 1920-es, as at that period many people without any cosiderable education and with great ambitions gained power and took their "revenge" on intelligentsia. As Bulgakov felt himself to be part of intellectual elite and never accepted the Revolution (openly preferring it to "the Great Evolution"), this conflict was very important for him. 193.111.251.242 13:39, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Translation
I've removed the reference to "literal" translation of the name as "dog's heart", as it seems absolutely incorrect to me. Though it might seem a little paradoxical to some, "heart of a dog" (note the indefinite article) is a proper translation of "собачье сердце" and "dog's heart" would be properly and literally translated to russian as "сердце собаки". Feel free to correct me if you insist. 64.131.250.74 02:19, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

I changed the rendering of "sharik" from "little ball" to "Spot," as that is the equivalent cliche. Littrans (talk) 02:31, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Science ´fiction´
An MDR programme at ARTE TV showed that inter-spiecies transplantations were done in the USSR between 1917 and 1930. Bulgakov could take this for the novel. As such it is less a parody or fiction than i expected!

`Menschenlabor Sowjetunion´ (Deutschland, 2009, 52mn) MDR Regie: Boris Rabin

Now on Youtube.

8.12.2009 still repeated on ARTE —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.144.194.122 (talk) 13:41, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Heart of a Dog


text:
Edwin Evans (cricketer)

Edwin "Ted" Evans (26 March 1849 – 2 July 1921) was an Australian cricketer who played in six Test matches between 1881 and 1886.

Born in Emu Plains, New South Wales, and educated at Newington College in Sydney from 1865 to 1866, Evans was an off spinner with an ability to consistently land the ball wherever he wanted to. He was successful for New South Wales in first-class cricket from 1875 to 1887. He toured England and New Zealand with the Australian team in 1886. His best first-class bowling figures were 7 for 16 when New South Wales dismissed Victoria for 34 in December 1875.

In 1900, Tom Horan as "Felix" wrote in The Australasian: "Alfred Shaw used always refer to Ted Evans as the 'most genuine cricketer' he'd ever met...Lord Harris's comment in 1878 was that he had never played against a finer bowler than Evans. As a fieldsman he was magnificent, and in batting he proved a hard nut to crack, his defence being admirable." Evans was noted as having "a beautiful delivery, quick rise from the pitch, and in the words of Lord Harris 'an accuracy worthy of Alfred Shaw'". However, when called up for the national team his accuracy deserted him, and he failed to make a serious impact.

After a career as a farmer, kangaroo shooter, and inspector of free selections, Evans died in Walgett, New South Wales, in 1921, aged 72. He was married twice, and had 16 children.

title: Edwin Evans (cricketer)


text:
Sodium dithiophosphate

Sodium dithiophosphate is the salt with the formula Na3PS2O2. It is usually supplied as the hydrated solid or as an aqueous solution together with other thiophosphates such as sodium monothiophosphate and sodium trithiophosphate. It is a colorless compound, but commercial samples can appear dark owing to the presence of impurities. It is used to facilitate the isolation of molybdenum from its ores.

Preparation
The compound has been prepared in a multistep process starting with the base hydrolysis of phosphorus pentasulfide:
 * P2S5 +  6 NaOH   →   2 Na3PO2S2  +  H2S  +  2 H2O

The salt is isolated as the hydrate Na3PO2S2.(H2O)11. It is prone to hydrolysis, especially when it is heated as an aqueous solutions:
 * Na3PO2S2 +  2 H2O   →   Na3PO3S  +  H2S

Its structure has been examined by X-ray crystallography.

Applications
This salt is used as a flotation agent in the purification of molybdenite (MoS2) from other components of the ores, where it is usually known as "Nokes reagent" (after Charles M. Nokes, who patented it in 1948 ). The salt is generated by the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with sodium hydroxide, often using impure reagents to obtain a mixture of the desired salt and related thiophosphates and oxidized species. Molybdenite particles, which are normally hydrophobic, become hydrophilic in the presence of this salt. In this context, the Nokes reagent is called a "depressant," because it suppresses the flotation tendency of the solids other than molybdenite.

title: Sodium dithiophosphate


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Johnston

Central place theory - Land-use theory - Industrial location theory - Urban social area - Spatial interaction theory - Structuration - R. F. Abler - J. S. Adams - J. A. Agnew - Alonso - L. Althusser - D. Amadeo - S. Andreski - J. Appleton - J. C. Archer - R. Ardrey - B. T. Asheim - A. J. Ayer - M. B. Ballabon - B. Barnes - K. Bassett - Z. Bauman - K. S. Beavon - R. J. Bennett - B. J. Berry - Brian Berry - R. Bhaskar - Roy Bhaskar - M. Billinge - J. M. Blaut - James M. Blaut - B. W. Blouet - M. A. Boden - R. Bordessa - T. Bottomore - R. B. Braithwaite - M. M. Breitbart - A. Brewer - H. C. Brookfield - R. H. Brown - Ralph Brown - T. E. Bunting - W. Bunge - A. D. Burnett - I. Burton - R. A. Butlin - A. Buttimer - T. Carlstein - R. A. Caro - M. Castells - G. P. Chapman - M. Chisholm - R. J. Chorley - W. Christaller - Walter Christaller - Andrew Clark - G. L. Clark - P. Claval - A. D. Cliff - Andy Cliff - R. G. Collingwood - K. R. Cox - R. A. Cybriwsky - M. J. Dear - P. Dicken - R. M. Downs - G. S. Dunbar - J. S. Duncan - S. S. Duncan - M. F. Dunford - M. E. Eliot Hurst - J. N. Entrikin - A. C. Ewing - J. Eyles - M. Faber - A. Flew - Antony Flew - T. W. Freeman

G
H. Garfinkel - Harold Garfinkel - E. Gibson - A. Giddens - Anthony Giddens - C. J. Glacken - Clarence J. Glacken - M. Godelier - R. G. Golledge - Reginald G. Golledge - P. R. Gould - D. Gregory - M. Grene - D. B. Grigg - L. Guelke

H
J. Habermas - T. Hagerstrand - P. Haggett - P. Hall - O. Hanfling - C. Harris - R. T. Harrison - R. A. Hart - R. Hartshorne - D. Harvey - David Harvey - A. M. Hay - R. M. Haynes - R. L. Heathcote - R. L. Heilbroner - D. Held - B. Hindess - E. J. Hobsbawm - S. Holland - E. M. Hoover - Edgar Hoover - W. G. Hoskins - R. Huggett - P. J. Hugill - P. Jackson - P. E. James - R. J. Johnston - D. Jones - W. Kaufmann - R. Keat - D. E. Keeble - L. J. King - W. Kirk - L. Kolakowski - Leszek Kolakowski - V. Kraft - T. S. Kuhn - E. Kurzweil - A. R. Lacey - J. Larrain - R. Lee - H. Lefebvre - S. Leonard - G. M. Lewis - J. Lewis - P. W. Lewis - D. Ley - D. N. Livingstone - P. E. Lloyd - A. Losch - August Losch - D. Lowenthal - K. Lynch - Kevin Lynch - J. Lyons - J. V. Lyons - J. J. McCarthy - G. F. McCleary - H. J. Mackinder - J. Macquarie - B. Magee - Martensson - G. J. Martin - K. Marx - D. Massey - R. A. Meegan - B. Melville - D. C. Mercer - M. W. Mikesell - G. T. Moore - D. Morris - Robert Moses - R. Muir - M. J. Mulkay - Muth - E. Nell - J. D. Nystuen - J. Oeppen - F. A. Olafson - G. Olsson - S. Openshaw - J. K. Ord - W. Outhwaite - William Outhwaite - D. N. Parkes - J. Passmore - J. R. Peet - E. C. Penning-Rowsell

P
J. Piaget - Jean Piaget - D. C. D. Pocock - J. A. Pooler - K. R. Popper - J. M. Powell - A. R. Pred - H. C. Prince - M. Quaini - E. Reclus - Elisee Reclus - E. Relph - D. Ricardo - R. Rieser - C. Rose - I. Rossi - W. Rostow - G. D. Rowles - R. G. Rudner

S
R. D. Sack - M. S. Samuels - M. Santos - C. O. Sauer - Carl Sauer - P. Saunders - D. Sayer - R. A. Sayer - J. A. Scheibling - Schumm - A. Schutz - Alfred Schutz - A. J. Scott - D. Seamon - J. Sensat - W. H. Shaw - J. R. Short - J. Silk - D. Slater - B. Smart - D. M. Smith - N. Smith - S. J. Smith - E. W. Soja - H. Spiegelberg - D. Stea - D. R. Stoddart - M. Storper - Strahler - P. J. Taylor - D. Thomas - N. J. Thrift - D. W. G. Timms - T. R. Tocalis - Y.-F. Tuan - J. R. Urry - J. H. von Thunen - R. A. Walker - I. Wallace - I. Wallerstein - A. Weber - Alfred Weber - M. Weber - E. Widess - P. Williams - A. G. Wilson - Wingo - K. H. Wolff - S. W. Wooldridge - J. K. Wright - N. Wrigley - [[

title: User:Charles Matthews/Johnston


text:
Hydrodynamic focusing

In microbiology, hydrodynamic focusing is a technique used to provide more accurate results when using flow cytometers or Coulter counters for determining the size of bacteria or cells.

Measuring particles
Cells are counted as they are forced to pass through a small channel (often referred to as a flow cell), causing disruptions in a laser light beam or electricity flow. These disruptions are analyzed by the instruments. It is difficult to create tunnels narrow enough for this purpose using ordinary manufacturing processes, as the diameter must be in the magnitude of micrometers, and the length of the tunnel should exceed several millimeters. The standard channel size used in most production flow cytometers is 250 by 250 micrometers.

Focusing with a fluid
Hydrodynamic focusing solves this problem by building up the walls of the tunnel from fluid, using the effects of fluid dynamics. A wide (hundreds of micrometers in diameter) tube made of glass or plastic is used, through which a "wall" of fluid called the sheath flow is pumped. The sample is injected into the middle of the sheath flow. If the two fluids differ enough in their velocity or density, they do not mix: they form a two-layer stable flow.

title: Hydrodynamic focusing


text:
Australian English phonology

Australian English (AuE) is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. Australian English is notable for vowel length contrasts which are absent from most English dialects.

The Australian English vowels, , and  are noticeably closer (pronounced with a higher tongue position) than their contemporary Received Pronunciation equivalents. However, a recent short-front vowel chain shift has resulted in younger generations having lower positions than this for the former three vowels.

Vowels

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels. There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction.

There are two families of phonemic transcriptions of Australian English: revised ones, which attempt to more accurately represent the phonetic sounds of Australian English; and the Mitchell-Delbridge system, which is minimally distinct from Jones' original transcription of RP. This page uses a revised transcription based on Durie and Hajek (1994) and Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) but also shows the Mitchell-Delbridge equivalents as this system is commonly used for example in the Macquarie Dictionary and much literature, even recent.

 * As with General American, the weak vowel merger is nearly complete in Australian English: unstressed is merged with  (schwa) except before a following velar. New Zealand English takes it a step further and merges all instances of  with  (even in stressed syllables), which is why the New Zealand pronunciation of the dish name fish and chips as  sounds like 'fush and chups' to Australians. In Australian English,  is restricted to unstressed syllables, as in most dialects.
 * The trap-bath split is a regional variable in Australia, with the vowel  being more common in South Australia than elsewhere. This is due to the fact that that state was settled later than the rest of Australia, when the lengthened pronunciation was already a feature of London speech. Research done by  shows that the word graph is pronounced with the  vowel  by 86% speakers from Adelaide, whereas 100% speakers from Hobart use the  vowel in this word: . There are words in which the  vowel is much less common; for instance, Crystal reports that both the word grasp and the verb to contrast are most commonly pronounced with the  vowel:, . This also affects the pronunciation of some placenames; Castlemaine is locally , but speakers from outside of Victoria often pronounce that name  by analogy to the noun castle in their local accent.

Monophthongs

 * The target for is closer to cardinal  than in other dialects. The aforementioned phrase fish and chips as pronounced by an Australian ( in narrow transcription) can sound a lot like feesh and cheeps to speakers of New Zealand English and other dialects, whereas words such as bit and sit may sound like beat and seat, respectively.
 * The sound is usually pronounced as a diphthong (or disyllabically, like ) only in open syllables. In closed syllables, it is distinguished from  primarily by length  and from  by the significant onset in the latter.
 * tends to be higher than the corresponding vowel in General American or RP. The typical realization is close-mid, although for some speakers it may be even closer (according to John Wells, this pronunciation can occur only in Broad varieties). A recent change is the lowering of  to the  region.
 * For some Victorian speakers, has merged with  in pre-lateral environments, and thus the words celery and salary are homophonous as . See salary-celery merger.
 * The sound is traditionally transcribed and analysed the same as the short, but minimal pairs exist in at least some Australians' speech. It is found in the adjectives bad, mad, glad and sad, before the  sound (for example, hag, rag, bag) and also in content words before  and  in the same syllable (for example, ham, tan, plant). In South Australia, plant is usually pronounced with the vowel sound , as in rather and father. In some speakers, especially those with the broad accent,  and  will be shifted toward  and , respectively.
 * There is æ-tensing before a nasal consonant. The nasal sounds create changes in preceding vowels because air can flow into the nose during the vowel. Nasal consonants can also affect the articulation of a vowel. Thus, for many speakers, the vowel in words like jam, man, dam and hand is shifted towards . This is also present in General American and Cockney English. Length has become the main difference between words like 'ban' and 'Ben', with 'ban' pronounced  and 'Ben' pronounced.
 * is pronounced as open front by many younger speakers.
 * As with New Zealand English, the / vowel in words like park, calm and farm  is central (in the past even front) in terms of tongue position and non-rhotic. This is the same vowel sound used by speakers of the Boston accent of North Eastern New England in the United States. Thus the phrase park the car is said identically by a New Zealander, Australian or Bostonian. This vowel is only distinguished from the  vowel by length, thus: park  versus puck.
 * The phoneme is pronounced at least as high as , and has a lowered F3 that might indicate that it is rounded . The ⟨ɜ⟩ glyph is used — rather than ⟨ɘ⟩ or ⟨ɵ⟩ — as most revisions of the phonemic orthography for Australian English predate the 1993 modifications to the International Phonetic Alphabet. At the time, ⟨ɜ⟩ was suitable for any mid central vowel, rounded or unrounded.
 * The schwa is a highly variable sound. For this reason, it is not shown on the vowel charts to the right. The word-final schwa in comma and letter is often lowered to  so that it strongly resembles the  vowel : . As the latter is a checked vowel (meaning that it cannot occur in a final stressed position) and the lowering of  is not categorical (meaning that those words can be also pronounced  and, whereas strut is never pronounced ), this sound is considered to belong to the  phoneme. The word-initial schwa (as in enduring ) is typically mid : . In the word-internal position (as in bottom ),  is raised to : , as in American English roses . Thus, the difference between the  of paddock and the  of panic lies in the backness of the vowels, rather than their height: . In the rest of the article, those allophones of  are all transcribed with the broad symbol ⟨ə⟩:  etc.  is also broadly transcribed with ⟨ɪ⟩: , which does not capture its closeness.

Diphthongs

 * The vowel has an onset, except before laterals. The onset is often lowered to , so that beat is  for some speakers.
 * As in American English and modern RP, the final vowel in words like happy and city is pronounced as (happee, citee), not as  (happy-tensing).
 * In some parts of Australia, a fully backed allophone of, transcribed , is common before . As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers. The usual allophone is further forward in New South Wales than Victoria. It is moving further forwards, however, in both regions at a similar rate.
 * The second elements of and  on the one hand and  on the other are somewhat different. The first two approach the  vowel, whereas the ending point of  is more similar to the  vowel , which is why it tends to be written with ⟨ɑe⟩ in modern sources. John Wells writes this phoneme , with the same ending point as  and  (which he writes with ⟨ʌɪ⟩ and ⟨ɔɪ⟩). However, the second element of  is not nearly as different from that of the other fronting-closing diphthongs as the ending point of  is from that of , which is the reason why ⟨ɑɪ⟩ is used in this article.
 * The first element of may be raised and rounded in broad accents.
 * The first element of is significantly lower  than in many other dialects of English.
 * There is significant allophonic variation in, including a backed allophone before a word-final or preconsonantal . The first part of this allophone is in the same position as , but  differs from it in that it possesses an additional closing glide, which also makes it longer than.
 * is shifted to among some speakers. This realisation has its roots in South Australia but is becoming more common among younger speakers across the country.
 * The phoneme is rare and almost extinct. Most speakers consistently use  or  (before ) instead. Many cases of RP  are pronounced instead with the  phoneme in Australian English. "pour" and "poor", "more" and "moor" and "shore" and "sure" are homophones, but "tore" and "tour" remain distinct.

Examples of vowels

 * One needs to be very careful of the symbol, which represents different vowels: the vowel in the Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) system (transcribed  in the other system), but the  vowel in the Mitchell-Delbridge system (transcribed  in the other system).
 * The fourth column is the OED transcription, taken from the OED website.

It differs somewhat from the ad hoc Wikipedia transcription used in this article. In a few instances the OED example word differs from the others given in this table; these are appended at the end of the second column following a semicolon.

Consonants
Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. A table containing the consonant phonemes is given below.

 * Non-rhoticity
 * Australian English is non-rhotic; in other words, the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. So the words butter, here  and park  will not contain the  sound.

 * Linking and intrusive
 * The sound can occur when a word that has a final $⟨r⟩$ in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. For example, in car alarm the sound  can occur in car because here it comes before another word beginning with a vowel. The words far, far more and farm do not contain an  but far out will contain the linking  sound because the next word starts with a vowel sound.
 * An intrusive may be inserted before a vowel in words that do not have $⟨r⟩$ in the spelling. For example, drawing will sound like draw-ring, saw it will sound like sore it, the tuner is and the tuna is will both be . This  occurs between,  and  and the following vowel regardless of the historical presence or absence of . Between ,  and  (and  whenever it stems from the earlier ) and the following vowel, the -ful pronunciation is the historical one.
 * Flapping
 * Intervocalic (and for some speakers ) undergo voicing and flapping to the alveolar tap  after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels (as in butter, party) and syllabic  or  (bottle, button ), as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel (what else , whatever ). For those speakers where  also undergoes the change, there will be homophony, for example, metal and medal or petal and pedal will sound the same ( and , respectively). In formal speech  is retained.  in the cluster  can elide. As a result, in quick speech, words like winner and winter can become homophonous (as ). This is a quality that Australian English shares most notably with North American English.

 * T-glottalisation
 * Some speakers use a glottal stop as an allophone of  in final position, for example trait, habit; or in medial position, such as a  followed by a syllabic  is often realized as a glottal stop, for example button or fatten. Alveolar pronunciations nevertheless predominate.

 * Pronunciation of
 * The alveolar lateral approximant is velarised  in pre-pausal and preconsonantal positions and often also in morpheme-final positions before a vowel. There have been some suggestions that onset  is also velarised, although that needs to be further researched. Some speakers vocalise preconsonantal, syllable-final and syllabic instances of  to a close back vowel similar to, so that milk can be pronounced  and noodle . This is more common in South Australia than elsewhere.

 * Yod-dropping and coalescence
 * Standard Australian English usually coalesces and  into  and  respectively. Because of this palatalisation, dune is pronounced as, exactly like June, and the first syllable of Tuesday  is pronounced like choose . That said, there is stylistic and social variation in this feature.  and  in the clusters  and  are similarly affricated.
 * Word initial and  have merged with  and  respectively. Other cases of  and  are often pronounced respectively  and, as in assume  and resume  (ashume and rezhume).
 * Similarly, has merged with  word initially. Remaining cases of  are often pronounced simply as  in colloquial speech.
 * and other common sequences of consonant plus, are retained.
 * For some speakers, (or "sh") may be uttered instead of /s/ before the stressed /tj/ sound in words like student, history, eschew, street and Australia – As a result, in quick speech, eschew will sound like esh-chew. According to author Wayne P. Lawrence, "this phonemic change seems to be neither dialectal nor regional", as it can also be found among some American, Canadian, British and New Zealand English speakers as well.

Other features

 * Between voiced sounds, the glottal fricative may be realised as voiced, so that e.g. behind may be pronounced as either  or.
 * The sequence is realised as a voiceless palatal fricative, so that e.g. huge is pronounced.
 * The word foyer is usually pronounced, as in NZ and American English, rather than as in British English.
 * The word data is commonly pronounced, with being the second most common, and  being very rare.
 * The trans- prefix is pronounced, even in South Australia, where the trap–bath split is significantly more advanced than in other states.
 * In English, upward inflexion (a rise in the pitch of the voice at the end of an utterance) typically signals a question. Some Australian English speakers commonly use a form of upward inflexion in their speech that is not associated with asking questions. Some speakers use upward inflexion as a way of including their conversational partner in the dialogue. This is also common in Californian English.

Relationship to other varieties
Australian English pronunciation is most similar to that of New Zealand English; many people from other parts of the world often cannot distinguish them but there are differences. New Zealand English has centralised and the other short front vowels are higher. New Zealand English more strongly maintains the diphthongal quality of the NEAR and SQUARE vowels and they can be merged as something around. New Zealand English does not have the bad-lad split, but like Victoria has merged with  in pre-lateral environments.

Both New Zealand English and Australian English are also similar to South African English, so they have even been grouped together under the common label "southern hemisphere Englishes". Like the other two varieties in that group, Australian English pronunciation bears some similarities to dialects from the South-East of Britain;  Thus, it is non-rhotic and has the trap-bath split although, as indicated above, this split was not completed in Australia as it was in England, so many words that have the  vowel in Southeastern England retain the  vowel in Australia.

Historically, the Australian English speaking manuals endorsed the lengthening of before unvoiced fricatives however this has since been reversed. Australian English lacks some innovations in Cockney since the settling of Australia, such as the use of a glottal stop in many places where a would be found, th-fronting, and h-dropping. Flapping, which Australian English shares with New Zealand English and North American English, is also found in Cockney, where it occurs as a common alternative to the glottal stop in the intervocalic position. The word butter as pronounced by an Australian or New Zealander can be homophonous with the Cockney pronunciation (which could also be  instead).

AusTalk
AusTalk is a database of Australian speech from all regions of the country. Initially, 1000 adult voices were planned to be recorded in the period between June 2011 and June 2016. By the end of it, voices of 861 speakers with ages ranging from 18 to 83 were recorded into the database, each lasting approximately an hour. The database is expected to be expanded in future, to include children's voices and more variations. As well as providing a resource for cultural studies, the database is expected to help improve speech-based technology, such as speech recognition systems and hearing aids.

The AusTalk database was collected as part of the Big Australian Speech Corpus (Big ASC) project, a collaboration between Australian universities and the speech technology experts.

title: Australian English phonology


text:
Kadetten

The Kadetten Verband is a Swiss youth organization. Kadetten is German for "cadets"; from the 19th (in some places the 18th) to the early-20th century, various local clubs, called Kadettenkorps, used to prepare high-school students for military service in the Swiss militia. The modern youth organization has branched out into many things including sports (such as the national league handball club Kadetten Schaffhausen), trekking (Boy Scouts-style branch), marching bands (Kadettenmusik), and traffic regulation ("Verkehrskadetten").

title: Kadetten


text:
Sammy Jones

Samuel Percy Jones (1 August 1861 – 14 July 1951) was an Australian cricketer who played 12 Tests between 1882 and 1888.

A solid right-handed batsman and a handy medium pace bowler, Jones excelled for New South Wales and later for Queensland and Auckland. He toured England with the Australians in 1882, 1886, 1888 and 1890, and New Zealand with Australians in 1886–87 and the Queensland team in 1896–97. On the 1886 tour he scored 1497 first-class runs at 24.95, and two centuries, including his career-best of 151 against the Gentlemen at The Oval. Testament to his batting skill, his first-class career lasted over 30 years.

Despite some solid Test knocks for Australia, he is remembered more for a couple of legends of the early days of Test cricket than for anything he did on the field. He was involved, for example, in an incident with W. G. Grace in the 1882 Test Match, when he was run-out after having, under the assumption that the ball was dead, left his crease to pat down the pitch. Jones's highest Test score was 87, achieved during the time that helped make this score a legend in Australian cricket superstition connected with bad luck.

He moved to New Zealand in 1904 and first coached the Grafton District Cricket Club, and then worked for the Auckland Cricket Association. He played his last first-class match for Auckland in December 1908 at the age of 47.

Jones worked as a clerk and cricket coach at Auckland Grammar School from 1904 until he retired in 1935.

title: Sammy Jones


text:
User:AllahSubhanaWaTaala

I do not need to say much as my name obviously implies who am I. AllahSubhanaWaTaala 08:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:AllahSubhanaWaTaala


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Tiles

M. P. Crosland - Herbert Feigl - P. K. Feyerabend - Hartry Field - Ludwik Fleck - A. A. Fraenkel - Stephen Gaukroger - Mary Hesse - Larry Laudan - Dominique Lecourt - J. L. Mackie - Ernest Nagel - W. H. Newton-Smith - G. Peano - J. D. Sneed - Mary Tiles - Bas C. van Fraassen

title: User:Charles Matthews/Tiles


text:
User talk:Alic3sw0nd3rland

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!
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Please remember to cite your sources and not to post nonsense like "Kylesaur" on Wikipedia. - Mgm|(talk) 08:30, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alic3sw0nd3rland


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PNML

PNML may refer to:
 * PetName Markup Language, XML proposal for using Petname systems
 * Petri Net Markup Language

title: PNML


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Talk:NateOn

Screenshot at http://nateonweb.nate.com/help/img/guide_download_main_nateon2.gif. Kokiri 08:31, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:NateOn