text:
People's Artist of Russia

People's Artist of the Russian Federation (Народный артист Российской Федерации, Narodnyy artist Rossiyskoy Federatsii), also sometimes translated as National Artist of the Russian Federation, is an honorary and the highest title awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation, all outstanding in the performing arts, whose merits are exceptional in the sphere of the development of the performing arts (theatre, music, dance, circus, cinema, etc.).

It succeeded both the all-Soviet Union "People's Artist of the USSR" award (Народный артист СССР), and more directly the local republic's "People's Artist of the RSFSR" award (Народный артист РСФСР), after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Now, the status of the People's Artist of the Russian Federation has risen above that of the earlier RSFSR award.

There are presently two levels to this award:
 * The lower Honored Artist of Russia (Заслуженный артист Zasluzhenniy artist) also translates as "Meritorious Artist". This was equivalent to the earlier «Заслуженный артист РСФСР», which became «Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации».
 * The higher People's Artist of Russia (Народный артист России, Narodny artist) is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation for outstanding achievements in the field of theater, music, circus, vaudeville and film art.

Receiving the lower Honored... (Заслуженный, Zasluzhenniy artist) award makes the recipient eligible to receive the higher People's... (Народный, Narodny) award at a later time. For example, the light entertainment singer Sergei Georgievich Zakharov was awarded Honored Artist of the RSFSR (Заслуженный артист РСФСР) in 1988, then People's Artist of Russia (Народный артист России) in 1996.

Categories awarded
The awards may be issued to people working in the following fields:

 * Teacher
 * Artist
 * Agronomist
 * Architect
 * Chemist
 * Miner
 * Veterinarian
 * Military Pilot
 * Military Expert
 * Military Navigator
 * Doctor
 * Geologist
 * Scientist
 * Land surveyor
 * Husbandry
 * Inventor
 * Designer
 * Forester
 * Test Pilot
 * Mechanic
 * Metallurgist
 * Meteorologist
 * Border Guard
 * Community services worker
 * Foreign Service Employee
 * Health Worker
 * Cultural Worker
 * Forestry Worker
 * Oil & Gas Industry Worker
 * Employee of the Food Industry
 * Employee of the Aerospace Industry

Other professionals are open to attaining the title as well as those listed.

1992
February 21, 1992 April 6, 1992 May 8, 1992 June 10,1992 June 23, 1992 June 24,1992 June 25,1992 August 25,1992 August 26,1992 August 27,1992 August 31,1992 September 21,1992 September 28,1992 October 13,1992 November 20,1992 December 8,1992 December 31,1992
 * Ivan Krasko (b.1930)— actor
 * Boris Diev (1924–2008) — composer
 * Lyudmila Fedotova (1939–2004), actress and singer
 * Vladimir Bylkov (1938–2004) — theater director
 * Gennady Frolov (1937–2019) — actor
 * Tamara Krasnyuk-Yablokova (1939–2008) — actress
 * Tatyana Samoylova (1934–2014) – actress
 * Tamara Nosova (1927–2007) — actress
 * Harry Grodberg (1929–2016) — organist
 * Yaroslav Baryshev (1942–2013) — actor
 * Pavel Rudakov (1915–1993), concertina player
 * Gelena Velikanova (1923–2008) — singer
 * Izabella Yurieva (1899–2000) — singer
 * Tatyana Vasilyeva (b.1947) — actress
 * Vera Alentova (b.1942) — actress
 * Vadim Abdrashitov (1945–2023) — film director
 * Anatoly Solodilin (1937—2006) — theater actor
 * Svetlana Bragarnik (1944–2023) — theater & films actress
 * Fasil Akhmetov (1935–1998) — Tatar composer
 * Vyacheslav Mochalov (1938–2010) — choirmaster
 * Irina Nekrasova (b.1938) — Gypsy actress
 * Yuri Lyubimov (1917–2014) — actor
 * Viktor Smirnov (1945–2017) — actor
 * Albina Zotova (b.1939) — circus performer, equestrian, illusionist
 * Gennady Bortnikov (1939–2007) — actor
 * Margarita Kypriyanova (1924–2005) — theater actress
 * Liya Radina (1921–2000) — theater actress
 * Vladimir Chermyaninov(1929–2009) — theater actress
 * Raisa Ibragimova (1951–2012) — tamer
 * Grant Ibragimov (b.1951) — tamer
 * Rustam Kaseev (1929–1997) — tamer
 * Nikolay Pavlenko (b.1943) — tamer
 * Vladimir Petrunin (b.1948) — ballet dancer
 * Konstantin Raikin (b.1950) — actor
 * Zhanna Polovtseva — soloist of the choir
 * Pavel Lebeshev (1940–2003) —cinematographer
 * Aleksandr Knyazhevskiy (1936–1996) — cinematographer
 * Nikolay Ivanov (1943–2020) – actor

1993
January 15,1993 February 2,1993 February 20,1993 March 2,1993 March 18,1993 April 23,1993 May 7,1993 May 13,1993 May 22,1993 June 1,1993 June 16,1993 Jule 3,1993 Jule 14,1993 Jule 27,1993  August 20,1993 October 26,1993 October 28,1993 November 23,1993 November 30,1993 December 16,1993 December 18,1993 December 20,1993
 * Vadim Zhukov (1934–2021) — director of the puppet theater
 * Aleksandr Lomonosov (b.1939) — opera singer
 * Orzeta Bekuzarova (1934–2007) — Ossetian theater actress
 * Yuri Gorobets (1932–2022) — actor
 * Leonarda Brushtain (1935–1999) — violinist
 * Mikhail Kopelman (b.1947) — violinist
 * Lyalya Bobrova (1939–2021) — Gypsy actress
 * Gennady Piskunov (1939–2020) — opera singer
 * Olga Volkova (b.1939) — actress
 * Tahir Mateulin (1935–2005) — actor
 * Pyotr Fomenko (1932–2012) — director
 * Yevgeny Steblov (b.1945) — actor
 * Emilia Tsallagova (b.1947) — opera singer (soprano)
 * Leonid Heifets (1934–2022) — theater director
 * Leonid Psenichnyi (b.1944) — soloist of the song and dance ensemble
 * Anatoly Lubimov (b.1941) — oboist
 * Ludmila Kravtsova (1947–2010) — theater actress
 * Valentina Zavorotnyk (b.1943) — theater actress
 * Irina Zhurina (b.1946) – opera singer
 * Boris Khimichev (1933–2014) – actor
 * Valentina Tokarskaya (1906–1996) — actress
 * Ivan Stepanov (b.1945) — opera singer
 * Semyon Okoshnikov (1944–2019) — opera singer
 * Georgy Garanian (1934–2010) — musician
 * Pavel Slobodkin (1945–2017) — composer
 * Viktor Ivanov (b.1941) — military conductor, colonel
 * Mirian Dgangisherashvili (1943–2018) — theater director
 * Vladimir Kydryashov (1939–2006) — opera singer
 * Vladimir Tonha (b.1941) — violinist
 * Raisa Dement (b.1941) — Gypsy actress
 * Lev Dodin (b.1944) — theatre director
 * Mikhail Matveev (1937–2000) — actor
 * Yuri Evtushenko (b.1943) — guslar
 * Ruzhena Sikora (1916–2006) — singer
 * Iosif Mataev (1940–2018) — choreographer
 * Vasiliy Shtefutsa (b.1936) — singer
 * Andrey Abramenkov (1935–2023) — fiddler
 * Sergei Solovyov (1944–2021) — director
 * Gugren Tonunst (1922–1997) — actor
 * Olga Ostroumova (b.1947) — actress
 * Gleb Lapiado (1926–2007) — jockey
 * Galina Petrinskaya (1935–2000) — aerialist
 * Evgeny Knyazev (b.1942) — theater actor
 * Valentina Morozova (b.1953) — ballet dancer
 * Leonid Nikolaev (1940–2009) — conductor
 * Tatyana Sterling (b.1942) — opera singer
 * Vitaliy Tihonov (b.1938) — acrobat
 * Tatyana Bochtaryova (b.1953) — soloist of the Cossack choir

1994
January 6,1994 January 11,1994 February 9,1994 February 12,1994 March 1,1994 March 14,1994 March 21,1994 April 11,1994 May 6,1994 May 26,1994 June 3,1994 June 28,1994 Jule 6,1994 August 29,1994 September 12,1994 December 1,1994 December 29,1994
 * Pavel Ovsyannikov (b.1951) —military conductor
 * Oleg Baglukov (b.1940) — theater actor
 * Vladimir Knestikov (1950–1999) — theater actor
 * Aleksander Sklyarov (1949–2023) — accordion player
 * Andrey Kozhevnikov (1933–2011) — conductor
 * Igor Voronov (b.1953) — soloist of the male vocal quartet
 * Valeriy Volhovskiy (1938–2003) — director of the puppet theater
 * Yulia Abakumovskaya (b.1942) — opera singer
 * Semyon Aranovich (1934–1996) — director of photography
 * Aleksey German (1938–2013) —director of photography
 * Ernst Romanov (1936–2024) — actor
 * Valentin Feigin (1934–1995) — cellist
 * Vladimir Matveev (1939–2017) — actor
 * Boris Kiselyov (1943–2016) —theater actor
 * Valentina Iltsaranova (1939–2010) — Kalmyk singer
 * Georgy Butuhanov (b.1932) — theater actor
 * Valeriy Ivchenko (1939–2024) — actor
 * Nina Usatova (b.1951) — actress
 * Temur Chkheidze (1943–2022) — theater director
 * Nikolai Yeremenko Jr. (1949–2001) — actor
 * Andrey Martynov (b.1945) — actor
 * Valery Nosik (1940–1995) — actor
 * Irina Muravyova (b.1949) — actress
 * Eduard Bernadskiy (1942–2014) — circus performer
 * Aleksandr Popov (b.1940) — circus performer
 * Maria Bulova (b.1956) — ballet dancer
 * Tatyana Erastova (b.1947) — opera singer
 * Eduard Markin (b.1941) — choirmaster
 * Mikhail Sales (b.1946) — theater director & actor
 * Yuriy Novohizhin (b.1942) — Theater actor
 * Ivan Permyakov (b.1944) — soloist of the folk choir
 * Vera Chaika (b.1947) — opera singer
 * Albert Tarakanov (b.1938) — pianist
 * Nikolay Kuchev (1927–2002) — actor
 * Elena Mishina (b.1941) — actress of the puppet theater
 * Vladimir Lubyshkin (b.1946) — soloist of the folk choir
 * Gennadi Yukhtin (1932–2022) — actor
 * Georgy Natanson (1921–2017) — director
 * Yevgeni Gerasimov (b.1951) — actor
 * Pavel Kogan (b.1952) — conductor
 * Anatoly Sobolev (1939–2012) — conductor
 * Raisa Goncharova (b.1954) — soloist of Cossaks choir
 * Anatoly Lizvinskiy (1947–2008) — soloist of Cossaks choir
 * Boris Shcherbakov (b.1949) — actor
 * Anatoly Ivanov (1941–2009) — theater director
 * Alexander Galkovsky (1945–2016) — violist
 * Aleksander Korchagin (1945–2022) — violist
 * Sergey Pishugin (b.1941) — violist
 * Andrey Shishlov (1945–2016) — violist
 * Olga Antonova (b.1937)
 * Igor Gavrish (b.1945) — violist
 * Natalia Gerasimova (b.1950) — soloist of choir
 * Leonid Nevedomsky (1939–2018) — actor
 * Anatoly Pustokhin (b.1938) — actor
 * Lidiya Yatsunuch (b.1950) — opera singer
 * Natalya Tenyakova (b.1944) — actress
 * Sergey Baikov — opera singer
 * Aleksander Vetrov (b.1961) — ballet dancer
 * Alla Vasilyeva (1933–2018) — violist
 * Albert Filozov (1937–2016) — actor
 * Boris Novikov (1925–1997) — actor
 * Mikhail Ivanov (1929–1995) — circus performer
 * Oleksandr Bondurianskyi (b.1945) — pianist
 * Vladimir Ivanov (b.1948) — violist
 * Mikhail Utkin (b.1952) — violist
 * Aleksei Zharkov (1948–2016) — actor
 * Kapitolina Lazarenko (1925–2007)
 * Valentina Baranova (b.1951) — opera singer
 * Iya Bobrakova (1927–2012) — theater actress
 * Vladislav Verestnikov (b.1947) — opera singer
 * Vadim Derbenyov (1934—2016) — director
 * Tatyana Klanidchkina (b.1956) — ballet dancer
 * Faina Kostina (b.1939) — actress of puppets theater
 * Ivan Krivoruchko (b.1940) — actor
 * Yevgeny Krylatov (1934–2019) — composer
 * Aleksander Kuimov (1958–2021) — ballet dancer
 * Asiyat Kumratova (b.1940) — soloist of choir
 * Nadezhda Kuular (b.1947) — singer
 * Friedrich Lips (b.1948) — accordionist
 * Rimma Markova (1925–2015) — actress
 * Emilia Moskvitina (b.1939) —harpist
 * Viktor Pliner (1915–1999) — circus performer
 * Igor Shibanov (1944–2019) — actor
 * Stepan Denisov (b.1941) — tiger and bear trainer
 * Elvina Podchernikova-Elvorti (1928–2014) — circus performer
 * Liya Akhedzhakova (b.1938) — actress
 * Yevgeny Bilyauar (b.1947) — circus performer
 * Anatoly Vasilyev (b.1946) — actor
 * Adam Visitaev (b.1948) — circus performer
 * Edison Denisov (1929–1996) — composer
 * Yuriy Loevskiy (b.1939) — violist

 * Viktor Pavlov (1940–2006) — actor
 * Lyubov Polishchuk (1949–2006) — actress

 * Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov (1939–2012) — actor, director
 * Mikhail Rozhkov (1918–2018) — balalaika player
 * Aleksey Sarach (b.1943) — circus performer

1995
January 27,1995 March 17,1995
 * Yuri Avsharov (1937–2010) — actor
 * Boris Arzhanov (1942–2021) — actor
 * Zinire Atnabaeva (1934–2013) — theater actress
 * Irina Bochkova (1938–2020) — violist
 * Vladimir Bychkov (1928–2024) — ballet dancer
 * Boris Vetrov (b.1943) — Theater actress
 * Vladimir Vlasenko (b.1932) — singer and bassoonist
 * Rustem Gabdullin (b.1944) — contrabass player
 * Pyotr Karpov (1947–2020) — the operetta artist
 * Vyacheslav Kruglov (b.1945) — performer on domra and mandolin
 * Roman Ledenev (1930–2019) — composer
 * Galina Midzyaeva (b.1941) — theater actress
 * Natalya Pankova (b.1951) — pianist
 * Vladimir Rubin (1924–2019) — composer
 * Nikolay Simachev (1927–1996) — ballet dancer
 * Leonid Solovyov (1940–2010) — theater actor
 * Larisa Cycheva (b.1954) — ballet dancer
 * Nina Terentieva (b.1946) — opera singer
 * Ekaterina Shavrina (b.1942) — folk-singer
 * Anatoly Bazhalkin (b.1949) — Lieutenant Colonel
 * Nina Ananiashvili (b.1963) —ballet dancer
 * Grigoriy Getsov (1918–2000) — theater actor
 * Galina Zaitseva (b.1947) — opera singer
 * Aleksandr Mezentsev (1951–2005) — actor
 * Nikolai Prokopovich (1925–2005) — actor
 * Nina Sharova-Zaspanova (1918–2006) — actress
 * Mikhail Yanko (b.1950) — actor
 * Yevgeniya Glushenko – actress
 * Dmitri Hvorostovsky – singer
 * Igor Kostolevsky – actor
 * Savva Kulish – director
 * Gennady Pasko – painter
 * Yevgeniya Simonova – actress
 * Vladimir Verbitsky – conductor

1996

 * Svetlana Bezrodnaya – violinist
 * Alexander Burdonsky – theater director
 * Nikolai Burlyayev – actor
 * Vyacheslav Dobrynin – composer, singer
 * Valery Fokin – theatre director
 * Valery Gergiev – conductor
 * Nadezhda Gracheva – ballet dancer
 * Igor Krutoy – composer
 * Valery Leontiev – singer
 * Tamara Miansarova – singer
 * Yuriy Norshteyn – director
 * Valery Polyansky – conductor
 * Natalya Seleznyova – actress
 * Nikolay Serebryakov – director
 * Mikhail Svetin – actor
 * Margarita Terekhova – actress
 * Sergei Zakharov – singer

1997

 * Yuri Antonov – musician
 * Victor Balashov – radio host
 * Valery Lantratov- ballet dancer
 * Alexander Lenkov – actor
 * Alexander Malinin – musician
 * Vladimir Matorin – singer
 * Klara Novikova – actress
 * Kirill Tikhonov – conductor

1998

 * Olga Barnet – actress
 * Vitali Konyayev – actor
 * Fuat Mansurov – conductor
 * Sergey Migitsko – actor
 * Yuri Nikolaev – TV and radio host, actor
 * Maria Pakhomenko – singer
 * Boris Plotnikov – actor
 * Gennadi Poloka – actor, director
 * Nina Ruslanova – actress
 * Sergei Skripka – conductor
 * Larisa Udovichenko – actress
 * Emmanuil Vitorgan – actor
 * Sergei Makovetsky – actor

1999

 * Alla Bayanova – singer
 * Andrei Chistyakov – conductor
 * Valentin Dikul – circus performer
 * Vladimir Ilyin – actor
 * Alexander Gradsky – musician
 * David Goloschekin – musician
 * Nadezhda Kadysheva – singer
 * Mikhail Kononov – actor
 * Aristarkh Livanov – actor
 * Lyudmila Polyakova – actress
 * Andrey Makarevich – musician
 * Tatyana Piletskaya – actress
 * Joseph Raihelgauz – theatre director
 * Alexey Rybnikov – composer
 * Alexey Sheynin – actor
 * Nikolai Sorokin – actor
 * Eduard Artemyev - composer

2000

 * Ivan Bortnik – actor
 * Tatyana Dogileva – actress
 * Taisia Kornilova — circus performer
 * Evgeny Brazhnik – conductor
 * Aleksandr Misharin (screenwriter)
 * Dmitry Nazarov – actor
 * Emilyano Ochagaviya – actor
 * Yuri Sarantsev – actor
 * Alla Surikova – director
 * Svetlana Morgunova – dictor

2001

 * Lev Borisov – actor
 * Zakhar Bron – violinist
 * Boris Bystrov – actor
 * Lydia Davydova – singer
 * Sergei Filin – ballet dancer
 * Oleg Gazmanov – singer
 * Boris Khmelnitsky – actor
 * Georgi Movsesyan – composer
 * Ilya Oleynikov – actor
 * Yuriy Stoyanov – actor
 * Slava Polunin – circus performer, actor
 * Alexander Rosenbaum – musician
 * Vladimir Steklov – actor
 * Nikolay Tsiskaridze – ballet dancer
 * Alexandra Zakharova – actress

2002

 * Olga Borodina – singer
 * Gennady Gladkov – composer
 * Boris Klyuyev – actor
 * Tatyana Kravchenko – actress
 * Vladimir Ponkin – conductor
 * Stahan Rakhimov – singer
 * Nikolay Rastorguyev – singer
 * Karen Shakhnazarov – filmmaker
 * Elena Yakovleva – actress
 * Leonid Yakubovich – actor
 * Alla Yoshpe – singer
 * Ludmila Senchina – singer

2003

 * Kama Ginkas – theatre director
 * Igor Kashintsev – actor
 * Andrey Kovalchuk – sculptor
 * Oleg Menshikov – actor
 * Leonid Nechayev – director
 * Viktor Rakov – actor
 * Ilya Reznik – poet
 * Andrei Smirnov – actor, director
 * Zinovy Vysokovsky – actor
 * Aleksandr Zatsepin – composer
 * Mikhail Tanich – poet

2004

 * Oleg Anofriyev – actor, musician
 * Igor Yuryevich Ivanov – actor
 * Zinaida Ignatyeva – pianist
 * Tamara Gverdtsiteli – singer
 * Yevgeny Mironov – actor
 * Alexander Mitta – director
 * Alexander Morozov – composer
 * Vladimir Nazarov – musician
 * Andrey Smolyakov – actor
 * Alexander Sokurov – director
 * Maurice Yaklashkin – conductor
 * Valeriya Zaklunna – actress

2005

 * Sergei Artsibashev – director
 * Yuriy Nazarov – actor
 * Sergei Roldugin – cellist
 * Boris Romanov – actor
 * Raisa Ryazanova – actress
 * Valentin Smirnitsky – actor
 * Svetlana Smirnova – actress
 * Valentin Yudashkin – fashion designer
 * Era Ziganshina – actress

2006

 * Svyatoslav Belza – critic
 * Yuri Bosco – artist
 * Aleksandr Galibin – actor
 * Sergei Garmash – actor
 * Vitaly Logvinovsky – actor
 * Ulyana Lopatkina – ballet dancer
 * Alexander Pyatkov – actor
 * Angelina Vovk – actress
 * Slava Zaitsev – fashion designer
 * Marina Zudina – actress

2007

 * Irina Alfyorova – actress
 * Aleksandr Domogarov – actor
 * Margarita Fyodorova – pianist
 * Vladimir Galouzine – singer
 * Aleksei Guskov – actor
 * Dmitry Kharatyan – actor
 * Irina Rozanova – actress
 * Diana Vishneva – ballet dancer
 * Konstantin Lopushansky – director

2008

 * Sergey Bezrukov – actor
 * Yuri Chernov – actor
 * Philipp Kirkorov – singer
 * Yulia Makhalina – ballet dancer
 * Anna Netrebko – singer
 * Svetlana Zakharova – prima-ballerina

2009

 * Maria Alexandrova – ballet dancer
 * Nikolay Baskov – singer
 * Alexey Buldakov – actor
 * Oleg Mityaev – musician
 * Anatoly Mukasei – cinematographer
 * Valentina Telichkina – actress
 * Roman Viktyuk – actor, director

2010

 * Irina Allegrova – singer
 * Vladimir Khotinenko – actor, director
 * Dmitry Malikov – musician
 * Vladimir Mashkov – actor
 * Aleksei Serebryakov – actor
 * Vyacheslav Spesivtsev – actor
 * Alexander Buinov – singer

2011

 * Igor Butman – saxophonist
 * Fyodor Dobronravov – actor
 * Vera Glagoleva – actress and film director
 * Andrei Khrzhanovsky – film director
 * Denis Matsuev – pianist
 * Lev Matyushin - sculptor
 * Boris Nevzorov – actor, director
 * Irma Nioradze – ballet dancer

2012

 * Dmitry Gudanov – ballet dancer
 * Konstantin Khabensky – actor
 * Chulpan Khamatova – actress
 * Bedros Kirkorov – singer
 * Hibla Gerzmava – opera singer
 * Mariya Aronova – actress

2013

 * Nikolai Chindyajkin – actor
 * Nikolai Lugansky – pianist
 * Natalya Gvozdikova – actress
 * Lev Prygunov – actor
 * Igor Sklyar – actor
 * Aleksandr Trofimov – actor
 * Valeriya – singer

2014

 * Valery Khalilov – conductor, composer

2015

 * Arkady Arkanov – actor (posthumous)
 * Kseniya Rappoport – actress

2016

 * Vladimir Nosik – actor
 * Yuliya Rutberg – actress
 * Alexander Sladkovsky – conductor
 * Igor Vernik – actor

2017

 * Olga Pogodina – actress

2018

 * Viktoria Tereshkina – ballet dancer
 * Nikolai Lebedev - actor
 * Yekaterina Shipulina - principal dancer

2019

 * Mikhail Porechenkov - actor
 * Angelina Vovk - presenter
 * Igor Nikolayev - composer, singer

2020

 * Anna Kovalchuk - actress
 * Felix Korobov - conductor
 * Aleksei Kravchenko - actor
 * Maria Mironova - actress

2021

 * Andrey Ilyin - actor
 * Galina Tyunina - actress
 * Anita Tsoy - singer
 * Natalia Vdovina - actress

2022

 * Vladislav Vetrov - actor
 * Elena Sanayeva - actress
 * Alexander Kniazev - cellist, organist
 * Vadim Repin - violinist
 * Diana Gurtskaya - singer
 * Stas Mikhaylov - singer
 * Grigory Leps - singer
 * Igor Matvienko - composer, producer

title: People's Artist of Russia


text:
Lombard banking

Lombard banking refers to the business of Italian moneylenders generally referred to as "Lombards", even though many originated from Northern and Central Italian regions other than Lombardy. The term was often used in a derogatory sense, as Lombard banking was associated with the sin of usury.

History
Lombard lenders became active throughout Western Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, emigrating from major merchant centers in Tuscany such as Florence, Lucca and Siena, and in Northern Italy such as Milan or Genoa but also from smaller cities such as Asti in Piedmont. They often displaced the French Cahorsins, even though there is much confusion in documentary sources between the two communities. In some regional contexts, the two words "Lombard" and "Cahorsin" were used interchangeably until the latter gradually fell into disuse from the 14th century.

A Catholic prohibition on profit from money without working made most forms of lending sinful. Pope Leo I forbade usury by canon law. Even so, it was not per se forbidden to take collateral on loans. Pawn shops thus could operate on the basis of a contract that fixes in advance the "fine" for not respecting the nominal term of the "interest free" loan, or alternatively, may structure a repurchase agreement by the borrower, where the interest is implicit in the repurchase price. Similar conventions exist in modern Islamic banking. Various ways around the prohibition were devised, so that the lowly pawnshop contractors could bundle their risk and investment for larger undertakings. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam generally ban usury, but allow usury towards those outside their faith. Thus Christians could lend to Jews and vice versa. The necessity of credit for functioning European economies was such that the Church's ban on usury was routinely undermined, "Despite the ban on usury, no medieval European government - municipal, territorial, or national - was able to function without borrowing...But such loans were usually for short terms, often at punitive rates of interest".

The prominent position of the Lombards in Christian finance eroded with the Protestant Reformation. In the 18th century many bankers and shipping agents in England were Quakers. The term "Lombard" for pawnshop (or pawnshop owner) remained in use well into the late 18th century.

Legacy

In modern central banking practice, Lombard credit refers to central bank lending against marketable securities, such as government bonds. Modern repurchase agreements are also forms of Lombard lending: one bank sells marketable securities to another (at a discount), with an agreement to repurchase the securities (typically at par) in a fixed period of time. Although the legal documentation of the transaction is that of a sale and subsequent repurchase, the substance of the transaction is a secured loan (and under most accounting standards, will be treated as a loan).

Modern financial firm names that refer to Lombard banking include Lombard North Central and TS Lombard in the UK as well as Lombard Bank in Malta.

Numerous European cities still have a street named Lombard Street after the Lombard bankers who once resided there, as do several American port cities. These include rue des Lombards in Paris; Lombard Street, London; Lombard Street (San Francisco); Lombard Street (Baltimore); and similarly named streets in other cities including Aachen, Amiens, Antwerp, Bergen op Zoom, Boston, Châlons-en-Champagne, Compiègne, Dublin, Évreux, New Orleans, Nîmes, Philadelphia, Portland, Oregon, Portsmouth, and Toronto.

In Dutch, the name for a pawn shop is still lommerd. In Ukrainian, Polish and Russian, a pawn shop is similarly called lombard.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lombard banking


text:
2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships

The 8th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon, Portugal from March 9 to March 11, 2001. It was the first time the Championships had been held in Portugal. There were a total number of 511 participating athletes from 136 countries.

Men
1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003 | 2004

Women
1997 | 1999 | 2001 | 2003 | 2004

Participating nations

 * 🇦🇱 (1)
 * (3)
 * 🇦🇩 (1)
 * 🇦🇮 (1)
 * 🇦🇬 (1)
 * 🇦🇲 (1)
 * (1)
 * (8)
 * 🇦🇹 (5)
 * 🇦🇿 (1)
 * (4)
 * (1)
 * 🇧🇭 (1)
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus (8)
 * (7)
 * 🇧🇴 (1)
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title: 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships


text:
Talk:Arak (drink)

Untitled
Are absinth and arak anyway related? 211.30.108.59 04:29, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

The Dayak also have a liquor named arak. Is there a relationship between the two? It would be rather a coincidence if the names had separate origins. But it is unlikely that this arak is made of grapes. DirkvdM 10:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * See the arrack article for further information. Arabs had distillation and dissemenated it through trade, hence the name rather stuck for any distilled beverage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:36, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Arak and Islam
Aren't these nations predominately islamic? Doesn't islam forbit the consumption of alcohol? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.253.36.46 (talk) 11:09, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are absolutely correct. Hence, many are "Good Catholics" and go to religious service and shirk where it is a human thing to do. Welcome to the REAL world, where OBSERVANCE is variable in matters of religion. Or politics. Or even weather preference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:38, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * The region had 1000 years of Ottoman rule, and the Ottomans were generally more relaxed and tolerant on religious matters. Not to mention the region was formerly more ethnically and religiously diverse. Ottomans drank and smoked, and there are even depictions of Mohammed in Ottoman art. In a way, Islam is going through the equivalent of a Reformation right now - let's not forget early Protestants were very extreme, even violent, fundamentalists.Gymnophoria (talk) 22:34, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Sweet or sweat?
The article says arak comes from '"Arabic araq عرق" meaning sweat. Is that accurate? Moriori 09:00, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid so. Delicious, no? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:41, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Remind me never to try it. ):- Moriori 21:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that the name arak is the same as sweat, the same word may have two meanings, one of them could be sweat.. not sure though, trying it shouldn't depend on the name :-P Charbelgereige 23:20, 25 March 2006 (UTC) (Charbel)

My friend, a native-born Lebanese by the name of Ferris Fawaz, tells me that the meaning "sweat" is quite natural since during distillation, the equipment forms condensate in the form of droplets--it sweats. So it doesn't refer to human sweat, but to the condensate.Darylchris (talk) 00:46, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, Arak is a same word, but has two meanings. The drink and the sweat. We sometimes joke about that in Lebanon. Cheers

All the more for me... --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I think I've ironed out the kinks in the language of the entry, and accordingly I have removed the 'clean-up' template. If anyone thinks it needs more work, by all means, have at.

 * Is it still necessary to keep the 'clean-up' tag? I'm considering removing it, any one disagree? Charbelgereige 12:27, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

It is mentionned in the Preparation section that alcohol is called 'spirtou' in arabic. It is actually called 'sbirtou'. The letter P does not exist in the Arabic alphabet.

Read this discussion after (re)inserting 'meaning sweat'. The article states, "The word comes from Arabic ˤaraq" and the edit relies on this statement. The edit adds insight since 'to sweat' is a metaphoric reference to the distillation process. Ideally, an editor with strong knowledge of Lebanese culture or language should confirm that arak actually derives from the noun 'sweat' (or vice versa). (The informed post above by Darylchris advises only that the word currently has two meanings and does not refer the history of the word.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pololei (talk • contribs) 09:19, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, real simple, you'll sweat when drinking a volume of it, over 100 proof. It's also INTENSE. It's also, TYPICALLY, sweet. It's also a GREAT anise extract for cooking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:39, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Syria/Lebanon
There seems to be a bit ot contoversy about where this drink actually came from, Zahle or Syria or Both.... Can anyone in the know correct these bits (or just remove them) --Dean Earley 10:03, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

It came from Lebanon.--N-G-50 (talk) 15:58, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * References? Let me guess, you're Lebanese. If you don't have credible references, don't make up things. The simple fact is that it's the main traditional alcoholic beverage in both countries and it's been so for a very long time. Trying to go deeper than this fact makes it a silly political debate. Cheers to all Lebanese and Syrian Wikipedians :) 72.188.156.220 (talk) 01:36, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

AND MAYBE FROM GEORGIA? In Georgia we have the same drink called 'ARAKI' made the same way as it is described here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.139.169.9 (talk) 08:04, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

legal?
Since it's made iin Arab countries...and they are Islamic countries...don't you see the connection? Islam forbides any consumption of alcohol and yet it is produced in countries which claim to implement Sharia Law. It is Legal or illegal? LOTRrules (talk) 18:36, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

It is perfectly legal. Most poeple who make/drink it are christians anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.194.215.137 (talk) 05:08, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

That is a very ignorant question.Alcohol is leagal in most arab countries just because they have a majority of muslims does not mean that alcohol is illeagal.Besides there are many christians in these arab countries and even muslims drink it my aunt and father do too.They love it.--N-G-50 (talk) 15:56, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Not all arab countries implement Sharia Law and alcohol is legal there in most arab countries. traditionally it is prepared by Christians but there is no rule about that. --Histolo2 (talk) 20:50, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd hazard that if Christians didn't make it, :gasp: Jews would. Don't buy into the hysteria of Sharia law and Islam. People are people, regardless of WHERE in the world you meet them. My best drinking buddy when I was deployed was a rather devout, otherwise, Saudi man. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:42, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I've heard some Muslims allow alcoholic beverages that are made from anything which is neither grape nor grain. You would have to check that, though. . Like the people above said, Sharia isn't enforced in all Arab/majority Muslim countries. People are people.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.104.164.29 (talk) 05:39, 6 March 2017 (UTC)

Recent reverts by Zlerman and George Al-Shami
You have twice reverted my edit of this article without explanation. You have made reference to WP:LEAD and WP:MOS.

I re-read WP:LEAD and found my edit to be in full compliance with it.

If you have specific points to make concerning WP:MOS, please state them here, and I will address them. But I am not going to respond to vague references to unspecified deviations from MOS. Wahrmund (talk) 19:12, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I apologize in advance for the length of my reply to Wahrmund's comment, but I did not want to be accused again of "vagueness". First I should note that the onus of explanation and justification is on the editor who makes bold changes in an established version, such as Wahrmund made on 29 December 2008, not on the editors who subsequently revert the unexplained changes. Having said that, I will give some examples of what I consider to be inconsistent with Wikipedia style and practice in Wahrmund’s version. I will start with purely technical issues, and leave the substantive question of what arak is until later.

 * 1) There is a Wikipedia article for Raki. Therefore raki should not be used as an alternative name to arak (bolded in parentheses immediately after arak), but wiki-linked (like ouzo) later in the lead.
 * 2) Alternative names (such as the Arabic araq, including Arabic script and pronunciation) should immediately follow (in bold face) the main name, and not appear on a separate line later.
 * 3) References to sources are usually not given in the first sentence of the lead: they belong in the body of the text or, in exceptional cases, may appear in subsequent sentences of the lead.
 * 4) Quotations should be given in the text, not in the lead.
 * 5) The lead is a compact one or two paragraph summary/introduction to the whole article. It should not be laid out as a sequence of one-line sentences.
 * 6) According to the main article Ouzo, this is a Greek drink, not a Turkish/Greek drink. Dictionary definitions generally seem to agree with this view (including the problematic Oxford dictionary). Raki is the equivalent drink in Turkey (despite what Oxford dictionary says: consult other dictionaries).
 * 7) It is always helpful to the reader to give homonyms: that is why we mention arrack (despite the total confusion that reigns in all dictionaries on the subject of arak/arrack), and that is why we should mention the Armenian ‘’aragh’’ (instead of throwing it out).
 * 8) As I am writing this, it suddenly occurs to me that absinthe is not mentioned in the article in connection with aniseed. This should probably be rectified, although Pastis and Absinthe appear under “See also” and in the “Alcoholic beverages” template at the bottom of the article.

 * Now to the substantive definition of arak. The Wikipedia article defines arak as “a clear, colourless, unsweetened aniseed-flavoured distilled alcoholic drink, produced and consumed in the Eastern Mediterranean countries, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, and Jordan.” In my view, this sharp and precise definition is the main achievement of Wikipedia, given the hopelessly garbled definitions in all dictionaries (and even in Britannica), where for some reason arak is always confused with arrack. Now, Wahrmund disagrees with this definition and quotes Walton, Stuart; Miller, Norma (2002). An Encyclopedia of Spirits & Liqueurs and How to Cook with Them. New York: Hermes House (p. 15) in support of the alternative view (he also adds Eastern Europe to the geographical origins of arak). Now, this is an alternative view, not necessarily a universally accepted view. Instead of making such a bold substantive change in the original article arak, Wahrmund should have raised the issue for discussion on the talk page. In parallel, this alternative view could have been worked into the main article as a separate section, quotation and all. This would have only enriched the existing text, without throwing overboard the earlier contributions of other editors. --Zlerman (talk) 02:53, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Most of the technical points cited above by Zlerman are of no great consequence and cold easily be accommodated. I note Zlerman's repeated use of "should," "should not," and "usually" without providing any support from WP:MOS, which he cited in his edit summaries.  It is clear that he should have simply re-edited the article instead of undertaking a mass revert.

 * Now to the definition of arak. Zlerman states that "Wahrmund disagrees with this definition and quotes Walton, . . . ." I have not disagreed, I have merely cited pertinent, authoritative references in an article which had not had even a single one.

 * Please read WP:NOTLEX, the gist of which is that editors are not allowed to invent new meanings of words and then insert these in Wikipedia. But Zlerman states that the dictionary definitions are "hopelessly garbled" (including Britannica) and dismisses NOAD2 as "problematic."

 * Local usage of a word, whether in the Middle East or any other region, does not trump the definitions in the major English-language dictionaries, which are relied upon by a world-wide readership.

 * If Zlerman wishes to adduce conflicting definitions of arak, he should do so -- a new section could be added with definitions and usage.

 * I will re-edit this article at a later date. Wahrmund (talk) 22:56, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I would like to call everybody's attention to the fact that standard print dictionaries (at the least the five that I have consulted) do not define arak at all: they all define arrack, without distinguishing between the Levantine grape-based spirit (arak in Wikipedia) and the Southeast Asian spirit distilled from other ingredients (arrack in Wikipedia). The same applies to Britannica, where only arrack is found, again without distinguishing between the two varieties or even mentioning arak. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary lists arak, but only to say that this is "var. of ARRACK" (1993, vol. I, p. 106). So it seems to me we have two options: (a) let Wikipedia innovate by keeping the article arak for the Levantine grape-based spirit (in parallel with arrack for the Southeast Asian spirit); or (b) follow the usage of the standard dictionaries, focus on arrack, and transform arak into a simple redirect to arrack (much less desirable in my view). Keeping arak as the main article and inserting definitions other than Levantine grape-based spirit seems unacceptable to me. Perhaps this should be discussed by the community before we take further action. --Zlerman (talk) 02:49, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The article distinguishes between arak and arrack, so that is not a problem for Wikipedia. It remains to clearly distinguish between arak and raki if the two articles are to kept separate (not merged).  Obviously, there is a widespread belief (at least outside the Middle East) that the two spirits are same thing.

 * A redirect from arak to arrack would not be a good idea. Wahrmund (talk) 20:46, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Merging 'Arak' with 'Arrack'
These both speak about virtually the same beverage with arab/persian origins. It would be best to try to incorporate the points in the latter (referring specifically to South Asian 'Arrack' with this one. My two cents. 90.219.104.1 (talk) 00:16, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Merge is out of the question. Totally different beverages with different ingredients, different tastes, different colors, and different origins. Please read the respective articles carefully. --Zlerman (talk) 03:14, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Name
Its an arabic name, so that should be the only translation. Other languages are not relevant. --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 14:03, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Also this reliable BBC source say its an Arabic drink:, so therefor we cant say that its a "traditional drink" in a non-Arab country. --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 14:24, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

As an American Jew I feel compelled to point out that Arak is a very common drink among Jews during passover as it is one of the few varieties of alcoholic beverage that can regularly be found hechshered as Kosher for Passover. I will attempt to find some reputable sources, but a pass through any Kosher liquor section can confirm at least that much. Bigbald (talk) 01:11, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I've also been quite a few nations that are NOT native Arabic speakers who drink the same arak, but have very little else in common with Arabic culture, foods, drinks or much else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:45, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Source
This source is about the Government of Palestine, not Israel. --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 09:19, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Too much arrack in lede
The lede currently includes this partial-paragraph:

Arak is also a liquor (generally >100 proof) found throughout Indonesia that is distilled from tuak, a sweet wine made from the coconut palm flower, or from brem, which is a wine made from black glutinous rice and coconut milk. Although Indonesian arak may be found bottled commercially, more commonly it is sold in warungs and other local shops filled within plastic bags sealed with a rubber band at the top. At the time of writing (2011) the price for a ~1 liter bag is ~20,000 rupiah, just around 2 USD.[3]

Given that we have a hat saying "not to be confused with arrack, this seems to be just taking it right back into confusion. I submit that we just say somthing like "a similar term, arrack applies to a variety of East Asian liquors made from coconut palm, or rice." Objections? MatthewVanitas (talk) 16:22, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * JUST enough Arrack in the lede, to dispurse confusion of the literate reader. We cannot do much for either the semi-illiterate or the inexperienced in the vast numbers of similar sounding beverages, save to point them at the Arrack article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.121.53 (talk) 05:47, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with Matthew. It's quite clear from the pressence of the hatnote, and the other three mentions in the text, that the similarly named Indonesian drink is covered at the arrack article. This article is specifically about the anise-flavored, grape-based distilled liquor common in the eastern Mediterranean and southwest Asia. Not to mention the utterly unencyclopedic nature of quoting a price. I have removed it. And the IP is acting in an extremely uncivil and insulting manner by questioning the literacy of anyone who can clearly see that the addition made the issue more, not less, confusing. Plus he can't spell disperse. oknazevad (talk) 05:59, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Palestine vs. Israel labeling
In the history of this article, there seems to be some back and forth between labeling things as "Palestine" vs. "Israel". I have reverted the last several submissions because they (a) removed "Israel" from a list of countries without providing a reason, and (b) replaced "Israel" with "Occupied Palestine" in another location where the reference clearly cited Israel. However, I know that in the past these revisions have gone the other way, as per the "Source" discussion on this page. I think we need to be vigilant in checking these revisions and making sure that changes are not inflammatory or incorrect in either direction. Metromoxie (talk) 22:45, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Controversy part
I'm going to remove the part where they talk about a case of methanol poisoning because the source was actually talking about an Asian Arrack (or Arrak as has been discussed before) from Bali, it has nothing to do with Middle-Eastern Arak. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RamiTounsi (talk • contribs) 22:52, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Replace Kewar image with a better one
The current image is a bit blurry and hard to see.mI happen to have three bottles of Kewar 53, which is a stronger arak that also has black text so it should be easier to see. I can also give it a better background. Anyone object? Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie | Say Shalom! 25 Shevat 5775 18:36, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

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Concentration
The "industrial" or "moonshine" origin has nothing to do with concentration. A two-stage distillation of ethanol solution, when performed in a simple still, allows concentration of alcohol up to about 60%. A distillation column allows the achievement of alcohol-water azeotrope of about 95%. It applies both in a home and industrial process. Morycm (talk) 02:42, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arak (drink)


text:
User talk:Easter Monkey

Welcome
I see nobody have welcomed you yet. Well, WELCOME to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. You are doing great so I won't give you a bunch of links to get you started. I will just say: thank you and stick around. We need every had we can get ;) Renata3 13:18, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

About-Picard law
Thanks a lot for your copyediting!

As quite some parts of the original article have been moved to Status of religious freedom in France that article could probably also profit from your English. Irmgard 13:37, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem, happy to help. I'll take a look.  --Easter Monkey 15:21, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I edited Status of religious freedom in France while you were also editing, which led to a conflict. I think I restored your modifications. Sorry for the inconvenience. David.Monniaux 07:37, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Onion
Hey, it looks like somebody already redirected it to the main Onion article, which IMO is probably the best thing. It just didn't seem like it was definitely a speedy to me, and outright deletion under such circumstances is sometimes condemned by other editors as "unilateralism". I agree there was too much content for it all to be merged, but the nice thing is, with a redirect, as much or as little as desired can be merged. It's possible someone else would have decided to delete it, but I generally prefer other options in cases that may be considered questionable. Friday (talk) 13:43, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Paul Ray Smith
The Bronze Star was awarded to him posthumously by his commanders and they nominated him for the Medal of Honor. The Medal of Honor nomination has to go through a much more complicated process. The action has to be reviewed by the President and Congress. The Bronze Star can be awarded by a consensus of his division's high command. At least that's how I understand it. -- Hurricane Eric - my dropsonde - archive 13:53, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Khmer Rouge
Regarding the peanut gallery on Khmer Rouge, the only one I take with any seriousness is Adam Carr, who is a longtime user, and would have been an admin long ago if he wanted to be. That's not to say everything he does is correct, he has been criticized by ArbCom for certain things he tends to do.

Anyhow, I actually have more sources for the Lon Nol thing on the CPK page. As you can see, I had already posted the source on the page, but no one bothered to look (you're new to the page, they saw it before and didn't care). I repost it but they take it out anyway. They don't care, in fact, several of the peanut gallery on that page are sock puppets, and haven't tried that hard to hide that fact. No matter what proof and whatnot I post it's never good enough. They don't care how much research I do, how many sources are cited and whatnot, "they" (they in quotes due to the sock puppets) simply want to revert.

I actually have several sources for the coup, but since things are as they are, I only tend to put up stuff that is iron-clad, and Samuel Thornton is a pretty iron-clad source. Believe him or not, he is someone to be listened to. I didn't say what he said was true, I just mentioned what he said, which is of course relevant, but "they" removed it.

But back to my point, I have several sources. As I said, due to the circumstances, I only put up iron-clad stuff, if I put up what I have now it would be torn to shreds. Not that I should have to, there's no reason for Samuel Thornton to not be mentioned. In fact, if I recall correctly, I believe Adam Carr does not have a big problem with saying the US was involved with the coup.

Allusions to US involvement in the coup are made by the "official" scholars of the CPK such as Chandler and Kiernan. I believe Carr is who put them in the article, but I am not sure about that, I do know that I didn't cite them, someone else put it in. But if I recall correctly, one of them was kind of vague about it. And there are other sources about it. The problem is I have to do research for it. Which would be on top of the dozens of hours of research down the drain I've done on this. I have to do days of research and then fight weeks to months to get a milquetoast sentence in, while in the meantime a ridiculous POV paragraph, or picture with a graph of deaths (I'm accused of being an "apologist for the Khmer Rouge", but not mentioned is that the graph is an apologist for the US carpet bombing of Cambodia, as it assumes almost no one was killed by that) or whatnot. Plus I am very busy in real life. Anyhow, I will probably fight over the sentence and Thornton for a while (who is iron-clad), but I do have other sources alluding to US involvement in the coup, which I will bring forward in the coming weeks. Ruy Lopez 04:09, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I will be waiting with eager anticipation for your new sources! Not really. I'm not a peanut by the way, I'm more of an almond. (Bjorn Tipling 08:46, 7 December 2005 (UTC))
 * If I was announcing I had more sources, I would do it on the KR page. Samuel Thorton is an ideal source, so it's pointless going with the lesser sources I have currently.  I already have a source, Samuel Thornton. Anything else I am reading is none of your business, you sock puppet. Ruy Lopez 21:26, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Apparently, Lopez believes everybody who disagrees with him is a sockpuppet. CJK 22:04, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Funny how you haven't been here more than six months. Bjorn made his second edit two months ago.
 * On the other hand, I have been editing since March 2004. Adam Carr, wjo I do not think is a sock puppet nor uses them, has been around since 2003. Ruy Lopez 03:08, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I can guarantee you that I'm not a sock puppet. I mean I'm using my real name for starts in my signature. It's true that I only recently started editing, but that's really just trivia. I'm no gimmick. (Bjorn Tipling 03:23, 8 December 2005 (UTC))

''Funny how you haven't been here more than six months. Bjorn made his second edit two months ago.'' And that proves... nothing. CJK 20:43, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Hello, I've been lurking here on Wikipedia for a long time now. I've made some annonymous minor edits to many pages, suggested some changes and new articles and a few months ago decided that, for as much time as I spend here, I should take the plunge and create an account. So although, I may appear as a "newbie", I would like to, with Easter Monkey's indulgence (this is HIS talk page), weigh in on Ruy Lopez and the Khmer Rouge article. First of all, like Easter Monkey, I am intimate with the Culture and People of Cambodia, both in Cambodia and those in exile in Boston, MA and here where I now live in California. In addition, I have done much study on South East Asia and the VietNam War in general and the politics of Cambodia in particular.

I feel I must preface this by saying that Ruy Lopez and people like him almost make me long for the "good-ole-days" of the McCarthy Hearings. While I personally believe Ruy's claim that the US played a part (albeit minor) in overthrowing Sihanouk has some merit, that is still no justification for his blatant POV pro-Khmer Rouge, Anti-American ranting and raving. My wife's brother was killed by the Khmer Rouge for not working hard enough, her mother was seperated from her children and sent by the Khmer Rouge to work in a rock quarry, breaking massive rocks sun-up to sun-down with a small hammer and nothing to eat but one small rationed bowl of watery rice. My best friend's father was killed because he wasn't pure Khmer, his grandfather was Cham. Monks, village chiefs, and educated professionals were tortured and killed in full view of the public, with children given front-row seats to the spectacle. I could go on and on with first-hand accounts but this isn't the place.

It's widely known that the French-installed Sihanouk spent all his time on wine, womem and his own movie production company and had little personal interest in suppressing the communist insurgency led by the French/Algerian educated Saloth Sar (Pol Pot), Khieu Samphan, Ieng Sary and others. Although there are no legitimate sources to prove it, most scholars and practically every Cambodian believe that while the coup was largely concieved by Lon Nol and his supporters, the US helped indirectly by advising and providing intelligence because they recognized he would be better for Cambodia and a better ally against the communists. While all of this MAY be true, it is UNDISPUTED FACT that the Khmer Rouge leaders were evil personified, comparable to Hitler, Stalin, Mousilinni and the like. The possible US involvement in the coup in no way excuses these paranoid megalomaniacs bent on domination and power who wrapped their ambitions in a Utopian Philosophy to brainwash their disillusioned followers. Ruy you are a sad, sad man whose POV is dangerous to the world and to the America I will leave to my children and I will fight people like you whenever and wherever I find them. That's my POV. WilliamThweatt 03:16, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry about the experiences of your family (if you're not lying - who knows, it's the Internet), but whatever they be while you have a right to an opinion, please remember that Ruy Lopez has his rights too. You're being far too dramatic, Ruy Lopez is not a 'danger.' I would say attitudes that would like to curtail the free speech of people are more dangerous than advocates of other perspectives. Yes, I believe that your attitude is far more harmful to American than that of Ruy's. I appreciate Ruy's presence, as it has led me to think more about things I wouldn't have otherwise, and it has let me to seek information. I was surprised to find out about America's bombing of Cambodia, of which I had known very little of before (Although I knew of Dresden and other Japanese cities). I disagree with some aspects of what Ruy wants to achieve (and the means he uses to achieve his goals), I'm glad he's around. You're entitled to your opinion, but please remember to keep it out of the articles. (Bjorn Tipling 15:41, 31 December 2005 (UTC))

 * I think that this is the most important thing of all: no matter what emotions might underly people's motivations for editing an article, one must not be blinded by them when looking for what actually happened. History is notoriously hard to right, exactly because of the emotions involved, but by keeping a level-head, not introducing original research, citing sources, etc. we can get close...I certainly won't dispute that it was unmitigated evil that led the KR to kill, I've been to Toul Sleng, Choeung Ek, believe  me, if you want to see what people will do at their worst, spend some time at Toul Sleng.  The Nazis had a program, they were evil, but they were a focused evil.  What the KR did was unfocused, random, pure evil, if there were harsher adjectives in our language I would use them.  BUT, no matter what you, I, or whoever else thinks, my emotions and yours don't belong anywhere near the wikipedia article documenting the facts.  As far as U.S. involvement in a coup, I believe that the U.S. probably did have a hand in it.  But we need to have the sources saying as much before we can move forward on Ruy's disputed sections.  He says that Thornton is good enough, I think that he is, to a certain point...in that he attested to involvement (according to Hersh, a pulitzer prize winning journalist) by the U.S. on some level, maybe not handing out bullets, but during planning stages etc.  No big deal, I think that if it's true it belongs in the article.  What Thornton doesn't say though is what I just mentioned, that the U.S. was the main motivator, i.e. U.S. green berets or whoever were driving Lon Nol's trucks.  In any case, let the debate continue....--Easter Monkey 11:11, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Easter Monkey's comments. It's a detail now, probably not even important insofar as Cambodia is concerned today, if there was US involvement in the coup against Sihanouk or not. Although it's arguable whether or not the coup could have succeeded without outside assistance, given Sihanouk's well-documented political track record against the Japanese, the French, China, North Vietnam as well as the US up to the time of his ouster. I'm the "Samuel R. Thornton" Seymour Hersh refers to in "The Price of Power." If you have a copy of "The Price of Power" and are interested in this detail, please read the section "Cambodia: The Coup" starting on page 175 of the hardback.

 * Purely for background, in discussing my recollection of the incidents Hersh describes while he was writing his book, he and I both agreed up front that my own unsupported recollection was insufficient by itself to make the assertion of US involvement and that he would need to find additional corroboration to support even a suggestion that this was the case. I assume he found sufficient corroboration since he includes some of my comments in "The Price of Power." I also note he left some additional details out that would have supported the case even more strongly, quite rightly, in my opinion, because he presumably could not confirm them through other sources. For example, one detail he had to omit was the initial briefing just before Christmas of 1968 for then President-elect Nixon in his suite at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York given by Admiral Elmo Zumwalt (COMNAVFORV), his N2, then-Captain Earl Rectanus, and the person who devised the original plan, an ostensibly ex-CIA employee attached to COMNAVFORV as a contract intelligence analyst for the Department of the Navy. Mr. Hersh's point, I believe -- and my point at the time -- was that the early involvement of Nixon and his national security team offered additional insight into the internal workings of the Nixon administration. -- Samuel R. Thornton 19:31, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Translations
Thanks very much for translating German articles! Punkmorten 22:32, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, if you don't mind, here's a load of prominent names I copied from 80's championships: de:Jürgen Hingsen de:Siegfried Wentz de:Werner Schildhauer de:Hansjörg Kunze de:Detlef Michel de:Boris Henry de:Udo Beyer de:Ines Müller de:Helga Radtke de:Ronald Weigel de:Torsten Voss de:Christine Wachtel de:Cornelia Oschkenat de:Kirsten Emmelmann de:Petra Felke de:Martina Hellmann de:Kathrin Neimke de:Diana Gansky de:Steffi Nerius de:Claudia Losch and also de:Tamara Press and de:Tamara Bykowa (must be Tamara Bykova).

Of course you don't have to do this, but you did ask for it :) Thank you and happy editing, Punkmorten 21:25, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi. I saw the new articles you posted on the Portal Germany and just wanted to stop by to let you know of a couple of things that you're probably not aware of. One is the  template.  If you put it at the bottom of your articles just above the enwikis readers will know this is a translation.  The other thing I'd like to ask you is to add all your translations to the bottom of the proofreading section on the German-English translation requests page.  This is where we keep track of all translations done and where others can go to pick them for proofreading.  And finally, I'm not sure whether you did or not, but to be on the safe side, please make sure you add the interwikis to all pages (i.e., the German page you translated and all pages linked by interwikis to them).  Thanks for helping with the project.  Happy wiki-ing.  --Mmounties ( Talk )  [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] 15:01, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi. I saw that you removed the reference to the fact that Sanssouci was translated from the German article.  There actually is a difference between that reference and the interwiki because not all articles that exist in both the English and

the German Wikipedias are based on translations of each other. Therefore, when we translate an article we should always note that (a) it was a translation and (b) where it was translated from. This has the result of people not needing to check facts again, because they were already checked in the source wiki. I've put the "translation" note back into the article for that reason. --Mmounties ( Talk )  14:04, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your explanation. I had checked before but didn't see it at the very end.  Our guideline (Wikipedia talk:German-English translation requests) still prefers it under the "References" section because the German article is indeed a reference for the English one.  But I agree on your removing the direct link from the reference.  That tends to be a matter of personal preference anyway.  Some people do, some don't. --Mmounties ( Talk )  [[Image:pawprint.png|20px]] 18:59, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Hi again! Thanks for doing all the translations!

If you want to translate more, there are always Stephan Freigang, Karen Forkel, Lutz Dombrowski, Evelin Jahl, Siegfried Stark, Uwe Hohn, Sabine Busch, Ilona Slupianek, Melanie Paschke, Heinz Weis, Hildegard Falck, Heide Rosendahl, Sabine John, Ellen Fiedler, Gloria Siebert, Kerstin Behrendt, Beate Anders, Peter Frenkel, Dieter Lindner, Hans-Georg Reimann, Roland Wieser, Hartwig Gauder, Bernd Kannenberg, Gerd Wessig and also Jüri Tarmak, Ernesto Canto and Daniel Bautista. But if you want I can post the translation request elsewhere :) Regards, Punkmorten 05:12, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Loung Ung
Your edits of "Loung Ung" are not acceptable to me. If you care to argue, I will gladly take the argument to arbitration. --RogerK 01:56, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * A better footing is certainly desirable, but whatever common ground might have existed between us has been lost. In my view, your adamant stance in reverting my contributions without comment to me, your self-assumed status as censor of what may or may not be included in this article, your skewed view of NPOV, and your indifference to the feelings of Wikipedians who contribute in good faith, has left me with no desire to pursue collaboration with you. In terms of NPOV, unless the violation of the policy is blatant, such a determination as to what is or is not POV should be reached by a consensus in a peer review, not by you. I defended my views in my comments to the re-introductions of my edits, and informed you on your talk page; had I not done so, I would not have heard from you.
 * There is no footing. --RogerK 05:14, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for correcting the spelling, it was a mistake. As I said I wrote it rather quickly, just to get something up. I didn't purposefully use the UK English. It's ironic because I've been trying to keep up with User:Hintha's constant attempts to change all the spellings in the Cambodia article (and others as well) to British English.--WilliamThweatt 18:41, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Sanssouci FAC
Hi, you've been interested in Sanssouci in the past. The page has now been much altered, and the FAC page is again back in business. Perhaps you would now like to review the page. This is not meant to be a soliciting spam, I'm just contacting those few who have already shown an interest, as I'm just concerned that people may not realise, the FAC is back and running. Thanks. Giano | talk 16:55, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

thanks
Thanks for fixing my userpage. :-) Agathoclea 12:51, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Adelle Davis
Hi EM :). I've put this article up for peer review, and would very much like your opinion; I enjoy working with you. Thanks in advance, my friend --RogerK 04:06, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Loung Ung
Placed it in peer review. I know you have something worthwhile to say. Would appreciate it. --RogerK 06:24, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Arabic article for deletion
As you speak Arabic, I'd like to ask if you could comment on this deletion request for an Arabic article - nobody knows what it is about. Kusma (討論) 01:54, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you! As the classic reward for good work on the Wiki is more work, I will now remember your Arabic skills and ask you again if we get an Arabic article at pages needing translation and don't know what to do with it - I usually prefer to settle these matters without an AFD. Happy editing, Kusma (討論) 13:22, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Re: Civil War, Lincoln, and American History
Hi Easter! I, too, am very interested in these subjects. Thanks for your kind reply. Let me try to make some sensible explanation of myself.

Hmm. Reading over this I can see that I've rambled on for a good deal more than I should. I always overwrite this late at night; my apologies. All the best, Kasreyn 08:38, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I’ll take the U.S., warts and all. I'm with you on that one, at least for the time being.  Yet I do feel there were some changes in the way people perceived America after the Civil War.  One particular change which has been slowly developing over a long period of time is the growth in power of the Executive branch over the Legislative.  Lincoln was one of the first and it's gotten worse since.  The original intent, as far as I can tell, was that the President be a sort of "national manager", making sure everything the legislature decided on was running smoothly.  Today, the White House, which is a massive bureaucracy that did not exist in the early days, formulates and disseminates policy to the rank and file of its members of Congress.  The President still cannot technically write laws, but there's little doubt they're being written, partially or more, by members of the Executive branch.  Greater and greater Presidential excesses are being allowed, and I'm not singling Bush out for this.  The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.  The act of Congress giving the President the ability to engage in - what do they euphemize it as?  a police action? - for a limited time without a formal declaration of war.  I don't have much more than a gut feeling about this, though.  All I know is that I deeply distrust the increasing power of the Executive and the associated risks of cults of personality, etc.
 * As to the South, I feel that if they had been allowed to secede, the resultant economic hardship would have either brought them back, or would have created a system something like America and Mexico today: one rich nation and its poor hanger-on.  Slavery de jure was economically infeasible and was on its way out.  A crackdown was not required to end it.  I don't care how many people rant and call me names for saying it, either.  The Civil War was not needed to "free" anyone.  The Emancipation Proclamation "freed" only those slaves within territories where Lincoln knew quite well he could exert no power (the states still in rebellion).  As is always the case, the reality followed the pompous claims at a humble distance.  In my opinion, slavery in America did not end until 1964.  The previous century was merely a time in which most Americans cooperatively fantasized that the blacks were not really de facto slaves.
 * Regarding "till death do us part", I have to disagree. For a social compact, such as a nation, to mean anything, it must be voluntary.  For it to be voluntary, people must have the right to leave it.  For people to have a meaningful right to leave it, they must not be constrained by unjust limits on what property they can take with them.  Land is property.  Therefore enough people, deciding of their own free will to leave a nation, should be allowed to take with them the land they jointly own.  And frankly, if someone does not want to be part of the same nation as me any more, I don't want them to stay.  I want all my fellow citizens to be here by choice because there is no other way I can trust them to observe the laws of the land.  I especially don't want to force them to stay.  Over a century of sulky resentment and lawbreaking was the result in the South.  Therefore it is in my best interest that a secessionist be allowed to secede.  In my opinion, the Civil War was the first truly and unequivocally anti-democratic act performed by the United States.  Its great success has only served to encourage further anti-democratic acts.
 * Well, when I say "whitewashed", I was referring to "popular history". By this I mean the hideously inaccurate pablum fed to those trapped in the grim prisons known as "high schools" in this land.  Perhaps it is different today; hopefully so!  If you went to a school where you were taught valid, multifaceted history with a fair and even-handed take on important historical figures, then all I can say is you were luckier than I.  At the pathetic excuse for an institution of learning which I attended, practically nothing I was taught in "history" class was devoid of bias so thick it could have been slathered on with a trowel.  Negative facts about the United States' various actions were glossed over or not covered.  My private reading in history at that age was already advanced enough that I was aware my textbooks were not telling the truth about my country.  There can be no legitimate reason for this.  I suppose the writers kid themselves that they are protecting young minds from unpleasant details.  The truth is that generation after generation are growing up without historical perspective.

By the way,
I enjoyed your "words to live by". I'm very fond of collecting quotes myself. I have been putting a few of my favorites online at my user page: tell me what you think. :) Kasreyn 22:09, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Futureal
Another page in Arabic, could you have a look? You might want to check this version instead of the current one. Please comment at WP:PNT. Thank you, Kusma (討論) 02:39, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

vonegut template
hey, I've made a few changes to the vonnegut template (template:vonnegut), as well as a few comments on its talk page. I see that you've been a frequent editor (perhaps creator) of the the page, so I thought I'd notify you. JianLi 18:34, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

WW2
How could I be offended with you? Quite the opposite. I think you make a lot of sense. I never get offended with anyone. As far as I am concerned, people can say whatever they like. As my wife says "you can do anything, as long as it doesn't frighten the animals". I sometimes have heavy debates with people, as they sometimes have to unlearn what they were taught at school. I had to learn the hard way at university. I was told not to give my opinions in essays, but to say what happened without the commentary of why I think it happened, ie, without editorial bias. As they say, the facts usually speak for themselves. Wallie 19:08, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Hi. Would you also be able to support us on the wording of the introduction. The vote is tied 3/3 at the moment, and the other side has already reverted back. Have a look at the discussion page on the WW2 article and you will see what I mean. Thank you. Wallie 20:50, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Easter Monkey


text:
Talk:List of national parks of Sweden

Names
Many of these links redirect from "X National Park" to "X". I'd like a consensus on preferred article titles.

--Fred-Chess 10:05, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have now moved articles from X National Park to X, to make them all equal, and also to make them work with the template-box. Fred-Chess 14:17, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

Translate/adapt from German article
It looks like the German article on Swedish national parks is better and has more information than this one, or even the Swedish one! Could someone with better German than I perhaps copy/translate from there? --CodeGeneratR (talk) 06:02, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Clickable maps
The location of Garphyttan National Park is incorrectly shown in the clickable map. Looked through the tutorials on how to edit clickable maps but I can't find the source of the map where I can edit the coordinates of Garphyttan. Sudhir Swarnkar (talk) 14:12, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on List of national parks of Sweden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165208/https://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Dalby-Soderskog-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Dalby-Soderskog-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110825100907/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Farnebofjarden-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Farnebofjarden-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326164643/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Skuleskogen-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Skuleskogen-National-Park/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:15, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 20 external links on List of national parks of Sweden. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110307142117/http://naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Nature-conservation-and-wildlife/Nature-conservation-and-species-protection/National-parks-and-other-ways-to-protect-nature/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Nature-conservation-and-wildlife/Nature-conservation-and-species-protection/National-parks-and-other-ways-to-protect-nature/
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/69NELrGcH?url=http://www.naturvardsverket.se/sv/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/sv/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130113202619/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/Forslag-till-nya-nationalparker/Fakta-om-nationalparker/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/Forslag-till-nya-nationalparker/Fakta-om-nationalparker/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115708/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Angso-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Angso-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165158/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Bjornlandet-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Bjornlandet-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165203/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Bla-Jungfrun-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Bla-Jungfrun-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165214/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Djuro-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Djuro-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115713/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Garphyttan-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Garphyttan-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326164628/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Hamra-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Hamra-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115724/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Norra-Kvill-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Norra-Kvill-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115533/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Padjelanta-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Padjelanta-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115538/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Pieljekaise-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Pieljekaise-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115544/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Sanfjallet-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Sanfjallet-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115734/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Soderasen-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Soderasen-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115739/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Stora-Sjofallet-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Stora-Sjofallet-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115608/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Store-Mosse-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Store-Mosse-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165245/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Tofsingdalen-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Tofsingdalen-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110326165014/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Tyresta-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Tyresta-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121224173601/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Vadvetjakka-National-Park/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/In-English/Start/Enjoying-nature/National-parks-and-other-places-worth-visiting/National-Parks-in-Sweden/Vadvetjakka-National-Park/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130113233618/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/Forslag-till-nya-nationalparker/Ny-nationalparksplan/ to http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Start/Naturvard/Skydd-av-natur/Nationalparker/Forslag-till-nya-nationalparker/Ny-nationalparksplan/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:15, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of national parks of Sweden


text: User talk:Quack98

title: User talk:Quack98