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User talk:Janric~enwiki

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title: User talk:Janric~enwiki


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Pekalongan

Pekalongan (ꦦꦼꦏꦭꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀) is a city of Central Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the seat of Pekalongan Regency on the northern coast of the province, but is now an independent municipality within the province. It covers a land area of 45.25 km2 and had a population of 281,434 at the 2010 Census and 307,150 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 317,524 (comprising 160,369 males and 157,155 females). The city is Central Java's most important port, and is known for its batik. Since December 2014, Pekalongan has been a member of UNESCO's World's Creative Cities Network, the first Southeast Asian city to be added to the list.

The Dutch name of the city is ' Pacalongan '.

History
The coastal area around Pekalongan was part of the ancient Holing (Kalingga) kingdom. The 7th century Sojomerto inscription, discovered in neighboring Batang Regency, Central Java, is linked with Kalingga as well as the ancestor of the Sailendras. The exact location of the Kalingga capital is unclear. It has been suggested that it was somewhere between Pekalongan and Jepara; however it is most likely that it was located in Pekalongan, rather than Jepara, since there is similarity of names between Kalingga and Pekalongan. The name probably slightly shifted over centuries, from Kalingga, Kaling, Kalong, and later added with pe- -an circumfix forming "Pekalongan".

The history of Pekalongan dates back to the early 12th century. A book written in 1178 by a Song dynasty official already had a record of Pekalongan, then known to Chinese merchants as "Pukalong". It was then a seaport of Java (then known as Dvapa). The king of Java lived at Pukalong - he knotted his hair at the back of his head, while his people had short hair and wrapped their body with colorfully woven cloth. A Chinese merchant ship set sail from Canton during November, and with the aid of fair winds sailed nonstop day and night, arriving at Pukalong after about one month. The people made wine from coconuts, and produced delicious red and white cane sugar. The kingdom made coins out of bronze and copper, with 60 copper coins exchanged for one tael of gold. Local produce included pepper, clove, sandalwood, eaglewood and white round cardamom.

Pekalongan became a part of the empire of the Sultanate of Mataram through treaties and marriage alliances by the early 17th century. The area was on the geographic periphery of the empire, which was based in interior central Java. However, it was a wealthy area, and by the end of the 17th century, the substantial money and produce it sent to the center made it a key part of Mataram's realm. The area went into economic decline during the 18th century, and the Dutch East India Company began to gain substantial influence over the area's political and economic life. The Dutch built a fort in the city in 1753; this fort still stands.

From the 1830s, the Pekalongan area became a major producer of sugar. Sugarcane had been grown in the area since the early 12th century, as recorded in Chinese history books, but production expanded substantially during the mid-19th century due to Dutch efforts. Initially, production was boosted through compulsory corvée labor. The Dutch colonial government took advantage of longstanding Javanese expectations that the peasantry contribute a part of their labor to the state. Between the 1860s and the 1890s, this system was phased out, and workers were paid directly. The colonial sugar industry collapsed during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but sugar remains a key export of the area in independent Indonesia.

On October 8, 1945, an anti "Swapraja"/anti feudalism movement called Three Regions Movement/"Gerakan Tiga Daerah" was established in Tegal, Pekalongan, and Brebes. The goal of this movement was to replace the blue blood regents (related to the kings from Jogyakarta and Surakarta) with ordinary people. According to the leaders of this movement, the old regents had cooperated with Japanese during World War II and sent people to Japanese slave labor camps.

The main leader of this movement was Sarjiyo, who became the new regent of Pekalongan. Other leaders of this movement were Kutil, K. Mijaya, and Ir. Sakirman. Ir Sakirman was the local leader of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).

The old regents were arrested, stripped naked, and dragged into the prisons. Other government officials and police officers were kidnapped and massacred at Talang bridge. This movement also started a racial riot against ethnic Chinese in Brebes.

The government of Republic of Indonesia in Jogyakarta disagrees with this movement and declared it was illegal. On November 4, 1945, the movement attacked Indonesian army HQ and the regent's office in Pekalongan. The rebels were defeated by Indonesian army in a fierce battle on December 21, 1945. Most leaders of this movement were arrested and thrown into the prisons. This rebellion is known as the Three Regions Affair.

Geography
Pekalongan city extends between 6º50’42"–6º55’44" South latitude and 109º37’55"–109º42’19" East longitude. The farthest distance from north to south is ± 9 km, and west to east is ± 7 km. The administrative borders of Pekalongan city are:

Climate
Pekalongan has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May.

Administrative districts
Pekalongan city is divided into four districts, listed below with their areas and their populations as of 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and their post codes.

Note: (a) except the kelurahan of Tirto, which has a post code of 51151.

Transportation
Pekalongan is a road and rail crossing point between Jakarta and Surabaya. Pekalongan is connected to the Trans-Java Expressway by the Pemalang-Batang Toll Road. All passenger trains from west or east stop at Pekalongan train station.

Tourism Places
Pekalongan has many tourism places, such as:
 * Batik Museum
 * Kauman Batik Tourism Village
 * Pesindon Batik Tourism Village
 * Medono ATBM (Non Automatic Weaving Machine) Tourism Village
 * Landungsari Canting Tourism Village
 * Pasir Kencana Beach
 * Slamaran Indah Beach
 * Pekalongan Mangrove Park
 * Heroes Monument
 * Jetayu Culture Area

Business
The city is known for its batik. The dyed fabric is produced both by hand in small-scale businesses, and is printed in larger factories. A mainstay of the economy, the industry collapsed during Indonesia's economic crisis in 1998, but it has partially recovered since. Pekalongan has many business and industries, such as :
 * Traditional (wood) and Modern (fiberglass) Shipyard
 * Small-scale batik industries
 * Small-scale snack industries
 * Fishing Port
 * Fish canning factory
 * Shopping mall
 * Luxury Hotels

Prominent inhabitants

 * George Junus Aditjondro, (1946-2016), sociologist
 * Beb Bakhuys, (1909-1982), Dutch football player and manager
 * Maria Dermoût (1888-1962), Indo novelist
 * Hartono Rekso Dharsono, (1925-1996), first Secretary General of ASEAN
 * Abdul Rahman Saleh, (1941-), former Attorney General of Indonesia
 * Hoegeng Iman Santoso, (1921-2004), (former Chief of the Indonesian National Police)
 * Thio Tjin Boen, (1885-1940), novelist
 * Joe Hin Tjio, (1919-2001), scientist
 * Muhammad Ridho Djazulie, (1992-..), Indonesian professional footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pekalongan


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User:Daniel Luechtefeld

Native of St. Louis, Missouri. Resident of metro Seattle. Alumnus of the United States Army, baccalaureate of University of Washington, graduate student with University of Denver.

I have edited contributions on the city of Reading, Pennsylvania, the Washington Huskies, Anglicanism, and most infamously, the now-deleted etymology of the phrase "Coug it".

God has blessed me with: Rocket From the Crypt, the Book of Common Prayer, Imo's Pizza, Korean cinema, Tacoma, Washington, the 1964 Ford Galaxie 500, street photography, the St. Louis Cardinals, my  Malamutes, and the love of my beautiful wife, who really digs it when I write her haiku.

title: User:Daniel Luechtefeld


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brett buerck

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was: KEEP but MOVE to Brett Buerck. Consider it done! Tomer TALK 07:53, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Brett buerck
Non-notable Congressional staffer. If we had an article on every Congressional staffer, there would be about 5000 of them, if not more. Zoe 22:17, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep important for his role in a scandal about redistricting, if nothing else. Trollderella 22:32, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that Trollderella has let us know that his boss was a state representative, he's even less notable. Zoe 22:33, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Zoe, had you read the article before listing it for deletion, you would have noticed that in its original form it did mention that he was aide to a state representative. I'm not sure why that makes him worthy of your contempt. His role in redistricting scandals, without doubt an important topic, makes this an important article to keep. Trollderella 22:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Of course, we should move it to Brett Buerck. ;) Trollderella 22:38, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable as source of scandal. Sdedeo 22:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Astonishingly, I actually concur with Trollderella. The redistricting scandal makes him more important than simply a staffer. Dottore So 23:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the scandal makes him notoriously notable. feydey 01:04, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to Brett Buerck. Sam Vimes 22:42, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep due to the scandal. *drew 02:05, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If he hadn't been involved in the scandal, I would have voted delete, but this scandal (does it already have an article?) makes him notable enough for Wikipedia. Aecis 08:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Radian (band)

Radian is an Austrian experimental music group.

Their music touches on instrumental rock, post-rock, jazz and electronica, and is notable for imitating some of the more demanding musical structures of intelligent dance music.

The trio was formed in 1996, in Vienna.

Members

 * 1996-2011

Martin Brandlmayr: drums, vibraphone, editing and arrangement

Stefan Nemeth: synthesizer, guitars

John Norman: bass

 * 2011-

Martin Brandlmayr: drums, vibraphone, electronics, editing and arrangement

Martin Siewert: guitar, electronics

John Norman: bass

Discography

 * Radian EP (1998) - Rhiz
 * tg11 (2000) - Mego / Rhiz
 * rec.extern (2002) - Thrill Jockey (recorded by John McEntire)
 * Juxtaposition (2004) - Thrill Jockey
 * Chimeric (2009) - Thrill Jockey
 * Radian Verses Howe Gelb (2014) - Radian Releases (collaboration with Howe Gelb)
 * On Dark Silent Off (2016) - Thrill Jockey
 * Distorted Rooms (2023) - Thrill Jockey

title: Radian (band)


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Downers Grove South High School

Downers Grove South High School, or DGS, and locally referred to as "South", is a public four-year high school located at the corner of Dunham Road and 63rd Street in Downers Grove, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. Its principal is Arwen Lyp. It is part of Community High School District 99, which also includes Downers Grove North High School. The South campus draws students from Downers Grove (south of 55th St.), the majority of Woodridge, half of Darien (west of Cass Ave.), and small sections of Bolingbrook and Westmont.

History
The school opened its doors in 1964 and the student population at Downers Grove High School was split in two, half going to the original structure now named Downers Grove North, and half going to the new building. It has since undergone significant renovations to bring it up to date, including a $49.5 million voter referendum for the district in 2001. In the summer of 2008 the school embarked on a parking space expansion on campus, which had been plagued by delays. Despite several causes for postponement, parking lot adjustments were prepared in time to effectively start the 2008–09 school year. On Friday, June 22, 2011 at around 8:30 pm, South High School received extensive damage to its outdoor sports areas during a two-minute EF1 tornado: fences around the tennis courts were flattened, portable toilets and rows of bleachers were flipped upside-down as well as some fallen branches across the school's football/soccer field.

In March 2018, the community surrounding the school voted to approve the Master Facility Plan (MFP), which laid out plans to completely overhaul both South and neighboring North high school into modern learning facilities. Construction started at the end of the 2018–2019 school year, and was completed at the start of the 2021–2022 school year.

As of the 2022–2023 school year, the school changed principals from Edward Swartz to former Hinsdale South principal Arwen Lyp. This school year also saw the introduction of a new schedule, referred to as a "Block Schedule". While far from the first implementation of this style, due to concerns from staff, students, and parents alike, the school board decided on a roughly half-and-half approach to its implementation. This was designed as both a trial run of this schedule type, and as a use for the various common spaces located around the school that were built during the MFP.

Academics
In 2008, Downers Grove South had an average composite ACT score of 22.0, 0.5 points above the state average. DGS graduated 96.7% of its senior class. Downers Grove South has not made Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) on the Prairie State Achievement Examination, which with the ACT, are the assessment tools used to fulfill mandates of the federal No Child Left Behind Act. While the school as a whole did make AYP, two of the six student subgroups failed to meet expectations in reading.

Demographics
In the 2022-2023 school year, there were 2,637 students enrolled at the school. In the same year, 56% of students were non-Hispanic white, 22% were Hispanic or Latino, 11% were black or African-American, 7% were Asian, and 3% were multiracial. The school has a student to teacher ratio of 14.6, and 17% of students are eligible for free or reduced price lunches.

Athletics
South competes in the West Suburban Conference. The school is also a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA), which governs most sports and competitive activities in the state of Illinois. The school teams are stylized as the Mustangs.

The school sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in: basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, fishing, track & field, Ultimate frisbee, and volleyball. Young men may compete in baseball, football, Co-ed Varsity Cheerleading, and wrestling, while young women may also compete in badminton, bowling, cheerleading, and softball. The DGS Fillies (Varsity) and Pintos (JV) dance and pom teams perform at half time of men's home football and basketball games and compete at the Team Dance Illinois State Competition every year.

The following teams have won in their respective IHSA sponsored state tournament or meet:

 * Dance Team: State Champions (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008)
 * Co-Ed Cheerleading: State Champions (2003–04), National Champions (2004–05)
 * Football: 8A State Champions (2001–02)
 * Soccer (boys): State Champions (2004–05)
 * Softball: State Champions (1992–93)
 * Volleyball (girls): State Champions (1996–97, 1999–2000, 2002–03)
 * Volleyball (boys): State Champions (2012–13)

Activities
Downers Grove South has won several state championship for its extracurricular activities in its history, including three in performance in the round, two in chess, and three from the Fillies Pom and Dance Team. Its speech team has won 18 IHSA state championships, more than any other school. In 1997 it became the only team to win the speech state championship four years in a row, and in 2009 the only school to win that same title 6 years in a row. The radio station, WDGC – 88.3FM, is run by students during school hours, usually chosen as an elective. Their Marching Band won the 2019 University of Illinois Marching Band Championship.

Notable alumni

 * Greg Corner, bass guitarist for Kill Hannah and Co-Host and musical director for JBTV.
 * Nick Burdi, professional baseball player
 * Zack Burdi, professional baseball player for the Chicago White Sox
 * Bryan Mullins, basketball coach for the Southern Illinois Salukis
 * Scott Daly, NFL player
 * Sonny Mallhi, actor
 * Mary T. McDowell, CEO, Mitel; former CEO, Polycom
 * Lauren Frost, actress best known as Ruby Mendel in the Disney Channel Original Series Even Stevens and Disney Channel Original Movie The Even Stevens Movie
 * Tori Franklin, Olympic triple jumper
 * Bob Bryar, drummer for the American rock band My Chemical Romance

title: Downers Grove South High School


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The Great Deflation

The Great Deflation or the Great Sag refers to the period from 1870 until 1890 in which the world prices of goods, materials and labor decreased, although at a low rate of less than 2% annually. This was one of the few sustained periods of deflationary growth in the history of the United States.

Many businesses suffered, such as warehousing, especially in the London area, due to improvements in transportation, like efficient steam shipping and the opening of the Suez Canal, and also because of the international telegraph network. Displaced workers found new employment in the expanding economy as real incomes grew.

By contrast to the mild deflation of the so-called Great Deflation, the deflation of the 1930s Great Depression was so severe that deflation today is associated with depressions, although economic data suggest this correlation was an outlier.

Productivity caused deflation
The Great Deflation occurred at the beginning of the period sometimes called the Second Industrial Revolution. It was characterized by dramatic increases in productivity made possible by the transition from agriculture to industrialization in the leading economies. The new leading industries were Bessemer and open hearth steel, railroads, the machinery industry, efficient steam shipping and animal powered agricultural mechanization. The prices of most basic commodities and mass-produced goods fell almost continuously; however, nominal wages remained steady, resulting in a pronounced and prolonged rise in real wages, disposable income and savings – essentially giving birth to the middle class. Goods produced by craftsmen, as opposed to in factories, did not decrease in price.

Deflation with increasing gold supply
The Great Deflation occurred despite an increase in the world's gold supply, which William Stanley Jevons predicted would result in inflation.

title: The Great Deflation


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Scarlett Chorvat

Scarlett Chorvat (born August 25, 1972 in Bratislava, Slovakia) is a Slovak American actress. She moved to the U.S. at the age of five.

Chorvat started playing tennis semi-professionally at the age of 15, but moved on to become a model, and finally an actress. Scarlett attended and graduated from Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Michigan. She is best known as a model, counting numerous covers of magazines, advertising and TV commercials.

title: Scarlett Chorvat


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Erik Wells

Erik Patrick Wells (born February 5, 1967) is an American politician and former television news anchor. Wells was born and raised in California, but moved to West Virginia in the early 1990s to further his career in journalism. Wells was a popular co-anchor in the state's capital, Charleston, while on a morning show called Good Morning, West Virginia with his wife Natalie Tennant on WCHS TV.

After leaving television news, Wells and his wife decided to pursue political careers. Wells was the Democratic nominee for West Virginia's Second Congressional District. Wells campaigned aggressively against incumbent Shelley Moore Capito, claiming that she was hypocritical in only agreeing to one debate when, in the 2000 Congressional Campaign, she had urged her opponent to debate in every county in the Congressional district. Despite a stronger than expected showing by Wells, Capito maintained her seat.

In 2006, Wells was elected to the West Virginia Senate, representing the 8th district. He defeated Dave Higgins in the Democratic Primary and Charleston lawyer and former WVU football letterman Mark Plants in the general election. Wells was defeated for re-election in 2014.

Wells is married to Natalie Tennant, former Secretary of State of West Virginia. Erik and Natalie reside in Charleston and have one daughter, Delaney.

title: Erik Wells


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Synthetic setae

Synthetic setae emulate the setae found on the toes of a gecko and scientific research in this area is driven towards the development of dry adhesives. Geckos have no difficulty mastering vertical walls and are apparently capable of adhering themselves to just about any surface. The five-toed feet of a gecko are covered with elastic hairs called setae and the ends of these hairs are split into nanoscale structures called spatulae (because of their resemblance to actual spatulas). The sheer abundance and proximity to the surface of these spatulae make it sufficient for van der Waals forces alone to provide the required adhesive strength. Following the discovery of the gecko's adhesion mechanism in 2002, which is based on van der Waals forces, biomimetic adhesives have become the topic of a major research effort. These developments are poised to yield families of novel adhesive materials with superior properties which are likely to find uses in industries ranging from defense and nanotechnology to healthcare and sport.

Basic principles
Geckos are renowned for their exceptional ability to stick and run on any vertical and inverted surface (excluding Teflon ). However gecko toes are not sticky in the usual way like chemical adhesives. Instead, they can detach from the surface quickly and remain quite clean around everyday contaminants even without grooming.

Extraordinary adhesion
The two front feet of a tokay gecko can withstand 20.1 N of force parallel to the surface with 227 mm2 of pad area, a force as much as 40 times the gecko's weight. Scientists have been investigating the secret of this extraordinary adhesion ever since the 19th century, and at least seven possible mechanisms for gecko adhesion have been discussed over the past 175 years. There have been hypotheses of glue, friction, suction, electrostatics, micro-interlocking and intermolecular forces. Sticky secretions were ruled out first early in the study of gecko adhesion since geckos lack glandular tissue on their toes. The friction hypothesis was also dismissed quickly because the friction force only acts in shear which cannot explain the adhesive capabilities of geckos on inverted surfaces. The hypothesis that the toe pads act as suction cups was dispelled in 1934 by experiments carried out in a vacuum in which the gecko's toes remained stuck. Similarly, the electrostatic hypothesis was refuted by an experiment showing that geckos could still adhere even when the build-up of electrostatic charge was impossible (such as on a metal surface in air ionized by a stream of x-rays). The mechanism of microinterlocking which suggested that the curved tips of setae could act as microscale hooks was also challenged by the fact that geckos generate large adhesive forces even on molecularly smooth surfaces.

The possibilities finally narrowed down to intermolecular forces, and the development of electron microscopy in the 1950s, which revealed the micro-structure of the setae on the gecko's foot, provided further proof to support this hypothesis. The problem was finally solved in 2000 by a research team led by biologists Kellar Autumn of Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon, and Robert Full at the University of California at Berkeley. They showed that the underside of a gecko toe typically bears a series of ridges, which are covered with uniform ranks of setae, and each seta further divides into hundreds of split ends and flat tips called spatulas (see figure on the right). A single seta of the tokay gecko is roughly 110 micrometers long and 4.2 micrometers wide. Each of a seta's branches ends in a thin, triangular spatula connected at its apex. The end is about 0.2 micrometers long and 0.2 micrometers wide. The adhesion between gecko's foot and the surfaces is exactly the result of the Van der Waals force between each seta and the surface molecules. A single seta can generate up to 200 μN of force. There are about 14,400 setae per square millimeter on the foot of a tokay gecko, which leads to a total number of about 3,268,800 setae on a tokay gecko's two front feet. From the equation for intermolecular potential:
 * $$\Phi (R,D)=-\frac{\rho_1\rho_2\pi^2\alpha R}{6 D}$$

where $$\rho_1$$ and $$\rho_2$$ are the number of contacts of the two surfaces, R is the radius of each contact and D is the distance between the two surfaces.

We find that the intermolecular force, or the van der Waals force in this case between two surfaces is greatly dominated by the number of contacts. This is exactly the reason why the gecko's feet can generate extraordinary adhesion force to different kinds of surfaces. The combined effect of millions of spatulae provides an adhesive force many times greater than the gecko needs to hang from a ceiling by one foot.

Lift-off mechanism
The surprisingly large forces generated by the gecko's toes raised the question of how geckos manage to lift their feet so quickly – in just 15 milliseconds – with no measurable detachment forces. Kellar Autumn and his research group found out the  'Lift-off mechanism'  of the gecko's feet. Their discovery revealed that gecko adhesive actually works in a 'programmable' way that by increasing the angle between the setal shaft and the substrate to 30 degrees, no matter how big the perpendicular adhesive force is, geckos 'turn off' the stickiness since the increased stress at the trailing edge of the seta causes the bonds between seta and the substrate to break. The seta then returns to an unloaded default state. On the other hand, by applying preload and dragging along the surface, the geckos turn on the modulate stickiness. This 'Lift-off' mechanism can be shown in the figure on the right.

Self-cleaning ability
Unlike conventional adhesives, gecko adhesive becomes cleaner with repeated use, and thus stays quite clean around everyday contaminants such as sand, dust, leaf litter and pollen. In addition, unlike some plants and insects that have the ability of self-cleaning by droplets, geckos are not known to groom their feet in order to retain their adhesive properties – all they need is only a few steps to recover their ability to cling to vertical surfaces.

Kellar Autumn and his research group have conducted experiments to test and demonstrate this ability of the gecko. They also use the contact mechanical model to suggest that self-cleaning occurs by an energetic disequilibrium between the adhesive forces attracting a dirt particle to the substrate and those attracting the same particle to one or more spatulae. In other words, the Van der Waals interaction energy for the particle-wall system requires a sufficiently great number of particle-spatula systems to counterbalance; however, relatively few spatulae can actually attach to a single particle, therefore the contaminant particles tend to attach to the substrate surface rather than the gecko's toe due to this disequilibrium. Figure on the right shows the model of interaction between N spatulas, a dirt particle and a planar wall.

It is important to know that this property of self-cleaning appears intrinsic to the setal nano-structure and therefore should be replicable in synthetic adhesive materials. In fact, Kellar Autumn's group observed how self-cleaning still occurred in arrays of setae when isolated from the geckos used.

Development and approaches
The discoveries about gecko's feet led to the idea that these structures and mechanisms might be exploited in a new family of adhesives, and research groups from around the world are now investigating this concept. And thanks to the development of nano science and technology, people are now able to create biomimetic adhesive inspired by gecko's setae using nanostructures. Indeed, interest and new discoveries in gecko-type adhesives are booming, as illustrated by the growing number of papers published on this topic. however, synthetic setae are still at a very early stage.

Effective design
Effective design of geckolike adhesives will require deep understanding of the principles underlying the properties observed in the natural system. These properties, principles, and related parameters of the gecko adhesive system are shown in the following table. This table also gives us an insight into how scientists translate those good properties of gecko's setae (as shown in the first column) into the parameters they can actually control and design (as shown in the third column).

* JKR refers to the Johnson, Kendall, Roberts model of adhesion

In summary, the key parameters in the design of synthetic gecko adhesive include:

 * Pattern and periodicity of the synthetic setae
 * Hierarchical structure
 * Length, diameter, angle and stiffness of the shafts
 * Size, shape and stiffness of the spatulas (end of the satae)
 * Flexibility of the substrate

There is a growing list of benchmark properties that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic setae, and the adhesion coefficient, which is defined as:

$$\mu^'=F_\text{adhesion}/F_\text{preload}$$

where $$F_\text{preload}$$ is the applied preload force, and $$F_\text{adhesion}$$ is the generated adhesion force. The adhesion coefficient of real gecko setae is typically 8~16.

Materials
In the first developments of synthetic setae, polymers like polyimide, polypropylene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are frequently used since they are flexible and easily fabricated. Later, as nanotechnology rapidly developed, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are preferred by most research groups and used in most recent projects. CNTs have much larger possible length-to-diameter ratio than polymers, and they exhibit both extraordinary strength and flexibility, as well as good electrical properties. It is these novel properties that make synthetic setae more effective.

Fabrication techniques
A number of MEMS/NEMS fabrication techniques are applied to the fabrication of synthetic setae, which include photolithography/electron beam lithography, plasma etching, deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and micro-molding, etc.

Examples
In this section, several typical examples will be given to show the design and fabrication process of synthetic setae. We can also gain an insight into the development of this biomimetic technology over the past few years from these examples.

Gecko tape

This example is one of the first developments of synthetic setae, which arose from a collaboration between the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology, and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology in Russia. Work started in 2001 and 2 years later results were published in Nature Materials.

The group prepared flexible fibers of polyimide as the synthetic setae structures on the surface of a 5 μm thick film of the same material using electron beam lithography and dry etching in an oxygen plasma. The fibres were 2 μm long, with a diameter of around 500 nm and a periodicity of 1.6 μm, and covered an area of roughly 1 cm2 (see figure on the left). Initially, the team used a silicon wafer as a substrate but found that the tape's adhesive power increased by almost 1,000 times if they used a soft bonding substrate such as Scotch tape – This is because the flexible substrate yields a much higher ratio of the number of setae in contact with the surface over the total number of setae.

The result of this "gecko tape" was tested by attaching a sample to the hand of a 15 cm high plastic Spider-Man figure weighing 40 g, which enabled it to stick to a glass ceiling, as is shown in the figure. The tape, which had a contact area of around 0.5 cm2 with the glass, was able to carry a load of more than 100 g. However, the adhesion coefficient was only 0.06, which is low compared with real geckos (8~16).

Synthetic gecko foot hair
As nanoscience and nanotechnology develop, more projects involve the application of nanotechnology, notably the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In 2005, researchers from the University of Akron and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, both in the US, created synthetic setae structures by depositing multiwalled CNTs by chemical vapour deposition onto quartz and silicon substrates

The nanotubes were typically 10–20 nm in diameter and around 65 μm long. The group then encapsulated the vertically aligned nanotubes in PMMA polymer before exposing the top 25 μm of the tubes by etching away some of the polymer. The nanotubes tended to form entangled bundles about 50 nm in diameter because of the solvent drying process used after etching. (As is shown in the figure on the right).

The results were tested with a scanning probe microscope, and it showed that the minimum force per unit area as 1.6±0.5×10−2 nN/nm2, which is far larger than the figure the team estimated for the typical adhesive force of a gecko's setae, which was 10−4 nN/nm2. Later experiments with the same structures on Scotch tape revealed that this material could support a shear stress of 36 N/cm2, nearly four times higher than a gecko foot. This was the first time synthetic setae exhibited better properties than those of natural gecko foot. Moreover, this new material can adhere to a wider variety of materials, including glass and Teflon.

This new material has some problems, though. When pulled parallel to a surface, the tape releases, not because the CNTs lose adhesion from the surface but because they break, and the tape cannot be reused in this case. Moreover, unlike gecko's setae, this material only works for small area (approx. 1 cm2). The researchers are currently working on a number of ways to strengthen the nanotubes and are also aiming to make the tape reusable thousands of times, rather than the dozens of times it can now be used.

Geckel

While most developments concern dry adhesion, a group of researchers studied how derivatives of naturally occurring adhesive compounds from mollusks could be combined with gecko-type structures to yield adhesives that operate in both dry and wet conditions.

The resulting adhesive, named 'geckel', was described to be an array of gecko-mimetic, 400 nm wide silicone pillars, fabricated by electron-beam lithography and coated with a mussel-mimetic polymer, a synthetic form of the amino acid that occurs naturally in mussels (left). .

Unlike true gecko glue, the material depends on van der Waals forces for its adhesive properties and on the chemical interaction of the surface with the hydroxyl groups in the mussel protein. The material improves wet adhesion 15-fold compared with uncoated pillar arrays. The so-called "geckel" tape adheres through 1,000 contact and release cycles, sticking strongly in both wet and dry environments.

So far, the material has been tested on silicon nitride, titanium oxide and gold, all of which are used in the electronics industry. However, for it to be used in bandages and medical tape, a key potential application, it must be able to adhere to human skin. The researchers tested other mussel-inspired synthetic proteins that have similar chemical groups and found that they adhere to living tissue.

Geckel is an adhesive that can attach to both wet and dry surfaces. Its strength "comes from coating fibrous silicone, similar in structure to a gecko's foot, with a polymer that mimics the 'glue' used by mussels."

The team drew inspiration from geckos, who can support hundreds of times their own body weight. Geckos rely on billions of hair-like structures, known as setae to adhere. Researchers combined this ability with the sticking power of mussels. Tests showed that "the material could be stuck and unstuck more than 1,000 times, even when used under water", retaining 85 percent of their adhesive strength.

Phillip Messersmith, lead researcher on the team that developed the product, believes that the adhesive could have many medical applications, for example tapes that could replace sutures to close a wound and a water resistant adhesive for bandages and drug-delivery patches.

Commercial production
Automated, high-volume fabrication techniques will be necessary for these adhesives to be produced commercially and were being investigated by several research groups. A group led by Metin Sitti from Carnegie Mellon University studied a range of different techniques which include deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), which has been used successfully to fabricate mushroom-shaped polymer fibre arrays, micro-moulding processes, direct self-assembly and photolithography.

In 2006, researchers at BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre at Bristol, UK, announced that they had produced samples of "synthetic gecko" – arrays of mushroom-shaped hairs of polyimide – by photolithography, with diameters up to 100 μm. These were shown to stick to almost any surface, including those covered in dirt, and a pull-off of 3,000 kg/m^2 was measured. More recently, the company has used the same technique to create patterned silicon moulds to produce the material and has replaced the polyimide with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This latest material exhibited a strength of 220 kPa. Photo-lithography has the benefit of being widely used, well understood and scalable up to very large areas cheaply and easily, which is not the case with some of the other methods used to fabricate prototype materials.

In 2019, researchers from Akron Ascent Innovations, LLC, a company spun-out from University of Akron technology, announced the commercial availability of "ShearGrip" brand dry adhesives. Rather than relying on photolithography or other micro-fabrication strategies, the researchers employed electrospinning to produce small diameter fibers based on the principle of contact splitting exploited by geckos. The product has reported shear strength greater than 80 pounds per square inch, with clean removal and reusability on many surfaces, and the ability to laminate the material to various face stocks in one or two sided constructions. The approach is claimed to be more scalable than other strategies to produce synthetic setae and has been used to produce products for consumer markets under the brand name Pinless.

Applications
There have been a wide range of applications of synthetic setae, also known as "gecko tape," ranging from nanotechnology and military uses to health care and sport.

Nano tape

"Nano tape" (also called "gecko tape") is often sold commercially as double-sided adhesive tape. It can be used to hang lightweight items such as pictures and decorative items on smooth walls without punching holes in the wall. The carbon nanotube arrays leave no residue after removal and can stay sticky in extreme temperatures.

Robotics
No machine yet exists that can maneuver in the "scansorial" regime – that is, perform nimbly in general vertical terrain environments without loss of competence in level ground operation. Two major research challenges face the development of scansorial robotics: First, they seek to understand, characterize and implement the dynamics of climbing (wall reaction forces, limb trajectories, surface interactions, etc.); and second, they must design, fabricate and deploy adhesive patch technologies that yield appropriate adhesion and friction properties to facilitate necessary surface interactions.

As progress continues in legged robotics, research has begun to focus on developing robust climbers. Various robots have been developed that climb flat vertical surfaces using suction, magnets, and arrays of small spines, to attach their feet to the surface.

RiSE platform
The RiSE platform was developed in Biomimetics and Dexterous Manipulation Laboratory, Stanford University. It has twelve degrees of freedom (DOF), with six identical two DOF mechanisms spaced equally in pairs along the length of the body. Two actuators on each hip drive a four bar mechanism, which is converted to foot motion along a prescribed trajectory, and positions the plane of the four bar mechanism angularly with respect to the platform. For the RiSE robot to succeed in climbing in both natural and man-made environments it has proven necessary to use multiple adhesion mechanisms. The RiSE robot does not, but will use dry adhesion in combination with spines.

More recently, robots have been developed that utilize synthetic adhesive materials for climbing smooth surfaces such as glass.

These crawler and climbing robots can be used in the military context to examine the surfaces of aircraft for defects and are starting to replace manual inspection methods. Today's crawlers use vacuum pumps and heavy-duty suction pads which could be replaced by this material.

Stickybot
Researchers at Stanford University have also created a robot called Stickybot which uses synthetic setae in order to scale even extremely smooth vertical surfaces just as a gecko would.

Stickybot is an embodiment of the hypotheses about the requirements for mobility on vertical surfaces using dry adhesion. The main point is that we need controllable adhesion. The essential ingredients are:
 * hierarchical compliance for conforming at centimeter, millimeter and micrometer scales,
 * anisotropic dry adhesive materials and structures so that we can control adhesion by controlling shear,
 * distributed active force control that works with compliance and anisotropy to achieve stability.

Geckobot
Another similar example is "Geckobot" developed in Carnegie Mellon University, which has climbed at angles of up to 60°.

Joint replacement
Adhesives based on synthetic setae have been proposed as a means of picking up, moving and aligning delicate parts such as ultra-miniature circuits, nano-fibres and nanoparticles, microsensors and micro-motors. In the macro-scale environment, they could be applied directly to the surface of a product and replace joints based on screws, rivets, conventional glues and interlocking tabs in manufactured goods. In this way, both assembly and disassembly processes would be simplified. It would also be beneficial to replace conventional adhesive with synthetic gecko adhesive in vacuum environment (e.g. in space) since the liquid ingredient in conventional adhesive would easily evaporate and causes the connection to fail.

title: Synthetic setae


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OutFront Minnesota

OutFront Minnesota is an LGBT rights organization in the state of Minnesota in the United States, founded in 1987. The organization is community-based and uses memberships and other fundraising to support its activities, as well as receiving support from foundations and corporations.

OutFront Minnesota is a member of United ENDA, a national campaign to ensure transgender persons are included in national employment nondiscrimination legislation. The organization works in coalition with approximately 30 state and national partners in the GLBT and progressive movements.

OutFront Minnesota's staff is overseen by a board of directors, and works with hundreds of volunteers each year. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. In early 2008, OutFront Minnesota experienced the departure of its founding executive director, Ann DeGroot. Monica Meyer served as the executive director until 2021.

Mission
OutFront Minnesota's Mission Statement is "to build power within Minnesota’s 2SLGBTQIA+ communities and address inequities through intersectional organizing, advocacy, education, and direct support services."

Programs
OutFront Minnesota provides several programs to support the LGBTQIA2S+ and allied community including Anti-Violence, Community Organizing, Legal, Education and Training, and Public Policy, which includes lobbying the state legislature.

Anti-Violence Program
The goal of the Anti-Violence Programs (AVP) is to end violence LGBTQIA2S+ community in the state of Minnesota. The AVP uses an inter-sectional lens to honor and understand survivor's experiences. The organization hopes to create a safe environment for all individuals but specifically focuses on issues relative to sexual orientation or gender performance. The AVP work to increase anti-violence education within the LGBTQIA2S+ community. Additionally, the AVP gives survivors the capabilities to file and report instances of violence.

Lobby Day & Youth Summit
OutFront sponsors a lobby day in the state capitol in St. Paul, at which constituents from across Minnesota gather at the Minnesota State Capitol to meet with their representatives.

OutFront also tries to empower youth to get involved in their community by hosting a Youth Summit. The Youth Summit is organized and run by adolescent activists. Students gave lectures about the LGBTQIA2S+ community and activism examples of past lecture topics were: Mental Health, LGBTQ Movement beyond Marriage, Intersections of Identity, Black Lives Matter, etc.

Minnesota GSA Network
In 2015, OutFront Minnesota launched their "Minnesota School Pride GSA Network", a statewide GSA program created to connect queer youth within the state of Minnesota.

Needs Assessments
OutFront Minnesota has participated in the creation of needs assessments for segments of the LGBTQIA+ community with other LGBTQIA+ advocacy organizations. The 2001 Bisexual Social and Community Needs Assessment was published by OutFront Minnesota, the Bisexual Organizing Project (BOP), and the University of Minnesota. The Bisexual Community Needs Assessment 2012 was published by BOP partnering with OutFront Minnesota, the PFund Foundation, and the Gender and Sexuality Student Services Office (GSSSO) at the Metropolitan State University. OutFront Minnesota also assisted the PFund Foundation with the 2012 Twin Cities LGBT Aging Needs and Assessment Survey Report.

Marriage
OutFront Minnesota, with the support of Senator Allan Spear and Representative Karen Clark, led the effort to amend the state's Human Rights Act to include sexual orientation and gender identity, a change which was achieved in 1993.

OutFront Minnesota also led a successful three-year campaign to defeat an anti-equality constitutional amendment to bar Minnesota's same-sex couples from marrying. On May 14, 2013, there was a 37–30 bipartisan vote to allow same-sex couples to marry. Executive Director Monica Meyer stated on the matter, "We want to thank House Speaker Thissen, Senate Majority Leader Bakk and all of the legislators who voted yes – and, of course, Governor Dayton who has been so supportive of LGBT equality. We also want to thank each and every person who dedicated their time and energy to make this happen."

OutFront Minnesota worked with individuals to use personal stories to lobby the Minnesota legislature, helping Minnesota become the twelfth state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Safe Schools
Before the Safe School Act was signed into law 2014, Minnesota had relatively weak anti-bullying policies. The "Safe and Supportive school Act" was passed on April 4, 2014, with a 36–31 vote after hours of debate in the Minnesota Senate.

OutFront Minnesota lobbied the state of Minnesota legislature for education reform. Anti-bullying legislation became a larger issue within the state of Minnesota, as a result of a string of bullying incidents within Anoka County. The bullying incidents became so severe within the county that the United States Judicial department became involved. The Safe and Support School Act protected from; religious, racial, gender identity, and sexual orientation discrimination.

The act does not mandate private or home school to follow the law. After hours of debate the Safe and Supportive Act was passed. A compromise that occurred that the law no longer required school to report and collect date about these bullying cases. Additionally under the compromise, school districts did not have train volunteers. Much of the opposition toward the legislation came from the Minnesota Republican Party. This contention spurred from the cost of the law, and inclusion of sexual orientation. The estimated cost of the Safe and Support Schools Act was to around $19 billion.

Transgender Rights
The American Civil Liberties Union represented OutFront Minnesota and Evan Thomas in a case deciding whether Medical Assistance (MA), Minnesota's Medicaid program, covers gender affirmation surgeries for transgender individuals. A judge in the U.S. District Court in Minnesota ruled in their favor on November 14, 2016, that MA covers gender affirmation surgeries in the state of Minnesota.

OutFront Minnesota was also a part of passing the Trans Refuge bill into law in 2023.

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Peter Willey

Peter Willey (born 6 December 1949) is a former English cricketer, who played as a right-handed batsman and right-arm offbreak bowler. In and out of the England team, he interrupted his international career for three years by taking part in the first of the England players' South African rebel tours in 1982. After his playing career ended, he became a Test umpire.

Playing career
As his career developed, Willey became a leading exponent of the "open stance" style of batting, where the batsman looks squarely at the bowler, rather than the traditional "side-on" style, looking past his own shoulder at the bowler.

Willey made his debut for Northamptonshire aged 16 in 1966, moving to Leicestershire later in his career. He helped Northamptonshire win the Gillette Cup in 1976, and Leicestershire to win the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1985, in both cases winning the man of the match award.

He was called up by England and given a Test debut against the West Indies in 1976. Known for his intimidating and moody image, and his ability to score runs off fast bowlers, he was frequently picked against the formidable West Indian pace attack, only to be dropped again for games against more gentle opposition. In all, 15 of his 26 Tests and 13 of his 26 one-day internationals came against the West Indies, all but two of the remaining Tests coming against Australia. He scored two hundreds against the West Indies, although his overall Test batting average ended at under 27.

His first test hundred came in extraordinary fashion when, in partnership with Bob Willis he saved a test match at the Oval in 1980 which had appeared lost with an unbroken last-wicket partnership of 117. His second Test century, and his highest Test score, 102 not out, came in Antigua that winter. Partly because so many of his Test matches came against the West Indies, who never lost a Test to England in his era, it was his nineteenth Test before he finished on the winning side, in the famous victory at Headingley in 1981 against Australia. In 1985 he was restored to the Test team after joining the rebel tour of 1982, and participated in another tour of the West Indies that winter, playing his final Test in 1986.

While his off-spin was less successful in Test cricket, by the time his playing career ended in 1992 he had compiled over 1,000 wickets in first-class cricket and List A cricket combined, to go with over 35,000 runs, including match figures of 12/138 for T.N. Pearce's XI against the touring New Zealanders in 1978.

Umpiring career
Upon his retirement from playing cricket, Willey became an umpire, becoming responsible for international Test Matches in 1996. However, he declined an offer to join the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires in 2001 when it was established, citing family reasons. Willey continued to umpire Test matches in England until 2015, when he turned 65. ECB policy requires all umpires to retire when they reach this age, in order to allow younger umpires to gain employment. Willey and fellow Northamptonshire team-mate and umpire George Sharp challenged this decision at an employment tribunal, alleging age discrimination on the part of the ECB, but lost their case.

Personal life
Willey is married, and has two children, including David Willey who plays for Northamptonshire County Cricket Club and the England cricket team, and two grandchildren.

Anecdotes
According to an urban myth, it was during a Test match between the West Indies and England, when Michael Holding was about to bowl to Willey, that the radio commentator Brian Johnston said: "The bowler's Holding, the batsman's Willey". While Wisden stated that there is no record of Johnston or anyone else actually saying this, Johnston's co-commentator, Henry Blofeld, recalled the incident as having taken place at The Oval in 1976. The story is sometimes told the other way around, with Willey bowling to Holding: however, Willey did not bowl to Holding in that particular match.

In 1979, Willey caught Dennis Lillee off the bowling of Graham Dilley, resulting in a scorecard entry of: "Lillee, c. Willey, b. Dilley".

title: Peter Willey


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Miguel A. Catalán

Miguel Antonio Catalán y Sañudo (1894–1957) was a Spanish spectroscopist.

Biography
Miguel Antonio Catalán y Sañudo was born in Zaragoza, he obtained his degree in chemistry from the University of Zaragoza and received his doctorate in Madrid in 1917 for his thesis about spectrochemistry. In 1920, he began work as a researcher at Imperial College London. Examining the spectrum of the arc of manganese, he determined that the optical spectra of complex atoms consisted of groups of lines –which he called "multipletes"- between which existed certain characteristic regularities. Catalán demonstrated that study of the multipletes led to further understanding of the states of energy of atomic electrons.

On the invitation of Arnold Sommerfeld, he worked at the University of Munich, and on the creation by the Rockefeller Foundation of the Institute of Physics and Chemistry (Madrid), in 1930 he was named head of the Spectroscopy Section. He was invited numerous times to work in the laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, D.C.), Princeton University, and MIT.

He published more than 70 scientific articles in specialized journals. In 1926, he received a prize from the Real Academia de Ciencias (Spain) and in 1930, the international Pelfort prize.

He married Jimena Menéndez-Pidal, the daughter of Royal Spanish Academy director Ramón Menéndez Pidal and María Goyri. Because of the military coup by General Francisco Franco in July 1936, he and his father in law were the subject of numerous misdemeanours.

From 1950 onwards, he served as director of the Departamento de Espectros del Instituto de Óptica de Madrid (C.S.I.C.). In 1952, he served as advisor to the Joint Commission for Spectroscopy, the head body for this field. In 1954, he became a member of the Real Academia de Ciencias (Madrid).

Catalán died in Madrid.

The lunar crater Catalán is named after him.

Based on certain conjectures of Miguel Catalan about rotational dynamics, his disciple and biographer Gabriel Barceló, years later, developed the Theory of Dynamic Interactions.

The Government of the Comunidad de Madrid (Autonomous Region of Madrid) awards the Miguel Catalán Investigation Award in Science since 2005, to honor Catalán's memory. The award recognizes outstanding life accomplishments in research and science. The award winners each receive a medal, a citation and 42,000 Euros. Winners of this award are: José Elguero Bertolini (2005, chemist), Antonio Hernando Grande (2006, physicist), Amable Liñán Martínez (2007, aeronautical engineer), José Luis García Fierro (2008, chemist) and Miguel Francisco Sánchez Madrid (2009, biologist). Since 2008, a Miguel Catalán Investigation Award in Science for researchers under forty years is also given. The awards winners also receive a medal, a citation and 21,000 Euros. 50,000 Euros are also given to their institutions to fund their future work. Winners are: Oscar Fernández Carpetillo (2008, oncologist) and Luis Raúl Sánchez Fernández (2009, physicist).

title: Miguel A. Catalán


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title: Talk:Looking for Lucky


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1926 Pulitzer Prize

The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1926.

Journalism awards

 * Public Service:
 * Columbus Enquirer Sun, for the service which it rendered in its brave and energetic fight against the Ku Klux Klan; against the enactment of a law barring the teaching of evolution; against dishonest and incompetent public officials and for justice to the Negro and against lynching.
 * Reporting:
 * William Burke Miller of Louisville Courier-Journal, for his work in connection with the story of the trapping in Sand Cave, Kentucky, of Floyd Collins.
 * Editorial Writing:
 * Edward M. Kingsbury of The New York Times, for "The House of a Hundred Sorrows".
 * Editorial Cartooning:
 * D. R. Fitzpatrick of St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "The Laws of Moses and the Laws of Today".

Letters and Drama Awards

 * Novel:
 * Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (Harcourt (publisher)) (declined)
 * Drama:
 * Craig's Wife by George Kelly (Little, Brown and Company)
 * History:
 * A History of the United States, Vol. VI: The War for Southern Independence (1849–1865) by Edward Channing (Macmillan Publishers)
 * Biography or Autobiography:
 * The Life of Sir William Osler by Harvey Cushing (Oxford University Press)
 * Poetry:
 * What's O'Clock by Amy Lowell (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)

title: 1926 Pulitzer Prize


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Kevin Sullivan (producer)

Kevin Roderick Sullivan (born c. 1955) is a Canadian writer, director and producer of film and television programs. He is best known for detailed period movies such as the Anne of Green Gables series of films, his movie adaptation of Timothy Findley's novel The Piano Man's Daughter, feature films and TV-movies such as Under the Piano, Butterbox Babies, Sleeping Dogs Lie and the CBS mini-series Seasons of Love, as well as long-running television series such as Road to Avonlea and Wind at My Back.

Early life
Sullivan began his film-making career at the early age of 24. His father, Glenn A. Sullivan, was a successful attorney and his uncle, Senator Joseph A. Sullivan, was a prominent doctor with a seat in the Canadian senate from 1957 to 1985. Kevin Sullivan did not follow in either of their footsteps. His first foray into film-making was with a half-hour Hans Christian Andersen Christmas special, titled The Fir Tree (1979), of which he edited and also had a small acting role. From there Sullivan wrote, produced and directed Krieghoff (1979), a widely acclaimed docu-drama in French and English on the life of the prominent German artist and illustrator of 19th century Quebec.

Sullivan graduated from the University of Toronto in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science in biology. That year, he founded Sullivan Films (later Sullivan Entertainment) with Trudy Grant (to whom he is now married) and they created a successful international production and distribution company that has been operating for over thirty years.

Career
In 1980 Sullivan wrote, produced, and directed Megan Carey (1980), a film about a young Irish immigrant indentured on a farm in 19th century Canada. His first feature film was The Wild Pony (1982), which he co-wrote, co-produced and directed, it became a turning point for Sullivan, having been the first feature-length movie to be made exclusively for pay-TV in Canada.

In 1984 he purchased the rights to Anne of Green Gables, completing the screenplay for the four-hour miniseries in 1985 with co-writer Joe Wiesenfeld. Anne of Green Gables and its sequel were the highest rated dramatic productions to air in Canadian TV history. Cinematic feature versions played in theatres in Japan for five years straight. Anne of Green Gables has been studied in US film schools as a model of TV Drama with a wide appeal to a wide variety of viewers. Part of Anne of Green Gables' immense attraction was its rich look, featuring painstakingly recreated sets and detailed costumes that imbued it with a magical reality. That look, or a variation on its theme, has become the hallmark of every Sullivan production since.

The success of Anne of Green Gables, starring Megan Follows, Richard Farnsworth and Colleen Dewhurst led to three sequels: Anne of Green Gables – The Sequel (1987 aka Anne of Avonlea – US release) starring Follows, Dewhurst and Wendy Hiller, Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (1998) and most recently Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2009), starring Barbara Hershey and Shirley MacLaine. Sullivan penned all three sequel screenplays as well as the novel for Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning. An educational, animated series Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series produced for PBS Kids and Road to Avonlea produced for CBC and Disney, were each successful spin offs from the Anne of Green Gables franchise.

Set in early 1900s Prince Edward Island, Road to Avonlea was the most popular and most lucrative drama series in Canadian TV history. Co-produced with a strong influence by Disney, Road to Avonlea was filmed on a 300-acre farm and in Sullivan's studio and back-lot in Toronto. In recent years, Road to Avonlea fans from around the world have organized Avonlea Conventions (Avcon) in Toronto to meet with stars of the show, tour filming locations and celebrate their love of the show.

With Wind at My Back, the 67 episode depression-era series produced as a follow-up to Road to Avonlea, Sullivan created an entire 1930s town on his company's 1.5 acre studio backlot, one of the largest in Canada, located at Sullivan Entertainment's 60,000 square foot studio and sound-stages in Toronto, which the company continues to operate. He has accumulated thousands of items of period costumes, sets and props ranging from the 1860s to the 1960s.

Inspired by a lifelong interest in Baroque Architecture and the beauty of Mozart's hometown of Salzburg, in 2006 (the "Mozart-Jahre") Sullivan decided to create a contemporary, English-language feature film of the composer's classic opera The Magic Flute, entitled Magic Flute Diaries. The film was a full-scale CGI production created like a variation of Sin City and 300 with elaborate studio green-screen production design. Special choreography sequences and backdrops were shot on location in palaces, monasteries and gardens in Austria and Germany.

Sullivan produced a companion documentary to Magic Flute Diaries titled Mozart Decoded, which takes a historical look at Mozart's involvement with the Freemasons and his genius as a composer. Sullivan productions have reportedly been viewed in more than 140 countries.

Sullivan Entertainment's 1999 efforts to transition to a publicly traded company triggered a dispute with Lucy Maud Montgomery's heirs. Its prospectus informed potential investors that its shows based on Montgomery's work had been profitable, generating $35.7 million CAD in 1997 alone. However Montgomery's heirs had been told two shows based on works Sullivan believed it had acquired dramatic rights to, had failed to turn a profit, so they sued. Sullivan counter-sued, for damage to his reputation, successfully providing evidence that the heirs of Montgomery had no reversionary copyright claims to the dramatic rights to the original novel they had sold him. The matter was eventually settled between the parties. Sullivan is a licensee of the Anne of Green Gables trademarks.

Sullivan is currently writing and producing an adaptation of Timothy Findley's Famous Last Words about the plot to kidnap the Duke and Duchess of Windsor in Lisbon in 1936, known as Operation Willi. He is also developing a film adaptation of "The Ballad of Blind Tom", based on the book by Deirdre O'Connell about the life of musical prodigy Blind Tom Wiggins.

Books
As a writer and art-enthusiast, Sullivan is the author of Beyond Green Gables, a behind-the-scenes look at the production design and inspiration for his films. Sullivan's Publishing Division, Davenport Press, has released over 50 books. These titles are available as hard books and ebooks. They include novels Anne of Green Gables ~ A New Beginning, a children's book series based on Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series, and an assortment of specialty coffee table books.

Other endeavors
Sullivan Entertainment owns and operates a four-acre studio/backlot facility in Toronto which holds and rents an assortment of props, set pieces and costumes that were used in Sullivan productions.

Sullivan is also an art collector. This interest compelled him to produce the documentary Out of the Shadows. Narrated by Donald Sutherland, the documentary shows how new types of x-rays and digital imaging are allowing scientists to see beneath layers of paint to reveal and authenticate paintings by masters such as Rembrandt, Goya, Caravaggio and Van Gogh. Out of the Shadows closely follows the scientific journey of a group of material physicists and art historians during the attribution of Rembrandt's painting Old Man with a Beard at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron in Long Island, New York. The film premiered at The Metropolitan Museum in New York in June 2012.

Awards and recognition
Having produced over 500 hours of movies and television in his thirty-year career he has also won hundreds of international awards, including three Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award for outstanding contribution to television, Gemini, Cable-Ace & Prix Jeunesse Awards.

List of awards

 * George Foster Peabody Award
 * 3 Emmy Awards
 * 6 Emmy Award Nominations
 * 5 Gemini Awards
 * 8 Gemini Award Nominations
 * 3 CableACE Awards
 * 2 CableACE Nominations
 * Prix Jeunesse
 * TV Guide Parent's Choice Award
 * American TV Critics Award
 * 3 Golden Apple Awards from the National Educational Media Competition
 * 1 Ollie Award
 * European Jury Prize at the Umbriafiction TV Festival
 * Gold World Medal – New York Film Festival
 * Golden Gate Award
 * Gold Medal – New York International Film and Television Festival
 * ACT Award
 * Best Children's Production – Television Movie Awards

Director

 * Out of the Shadows (film, 2010)
 * Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (film, 2008)
 * Mozart Decoded (film, 2008)
 * Magic Flute Diaries (film, 2008)
 * Anne, Journey to Green Gables (animated film, 2005)
 * The Piano Man's Daughter (film, 2003)
 * Lantern Hill (film, 1990)
 * Looking for Miracles (film, 1989)
 * Anne of Avonlea (film 1987)
 * Anne of Green Gables (film, 1985)
 * The Wild Pony (film, 1982)
 * Krieghoff (film, 1981)
 * The Fir Tree (film 1980)

Executive producer

 * Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (film, 2008)
 * Mozart Decoded (film, 2008)
 * Magic Flute Diaries  (film, 2008)
 * Anne, Journey to Green Gables (animated film, 2005)
 * The Piano Man's Daughter (film, 2003)
 * Wind at My Back Christmas (film, 2001)
 * P.R. (film, 2001)
 * P.R. (Television Series, 2001)
 * Super Rupert (Television Series, 2001)
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (Television Series, 2000)
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (film, 2000)
 * Seasons of Love (film, 1999)
 * Sleeping Dogs Lie (film, 1998)
 * Happy Christmas Miss King (film, 1998)
 * Promise the Moon (film, 1997)
 * Wind at My Back (Television Series, 1996–2000)
 * Under the Piano (film, 1995)
 * Butterbox Babies (film, 1995)
 * By Way of the Stars (film, 1992)
 * Lantern Hill (film, 1990)
 * Looking for Miracles (film, 1990)
 * Road to Avonlea (Television Series, 1989–1996)
 * Anne of Avonlea (film, 1987)
 * Anne of Green Gables (film, 1985)
 * The Wild Pony (film, 1982)

Screenwriter

 * Out of the Shadows (film, 2010)
 * Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (film, 2008)
 * Mozart Decoded (film, 2008)
 * Magic Flute Diaries (film, 2008)
 * Anne, Journey to Green Gables (film, 2005)
 * The Piano Man's Daughter (film, 2003)
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (film, 2000)
 * Promise the Moon (film, 1997)
 * Wind at My Back (Television series 1996–2000)
 * Road to Avonlea (Television series 1989 -1996)
 * Lantern Hill (film, 1990)
 * Looking for Miracles (film, 1989)
 * Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (film, 1987)
 * Anne of Green Gables (film, 1985)
 * The Wild Pony (film, 1982)

Kevin Sullivan's Anne Series

 * 1) Anne of Green Gables – 1985
 * 2) Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel – 1987
 * 3) Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story – 2000
 * 4) Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning – 2008

title: Kevin Sullivan (producer)


text:
Telephone and Data Systems

Telephone and Data Systems, Inc. is a Chicago-based telecommunications service company providing wireless products and services; cable and wireline broadband, TV and voice services; and hosted and managed services to approximately 6 million customers nationwide through its business units TDS Telecom and U.S. Cellular (nyse: USM) and OneNeck IT Solutions.

The company began as a rural phone company in Wisconsin in 1969. In 1983 it founded U.S. Cellular as a subsidiary. In 2001, it acquired Straus Printing Company and combined it with a previously acquired printing company, Suttle Press, to form Suttle-Straus as another subsidiary.

LeRoy T. Carlson, the founder of TDS, died in May 2016 at the age of 100.

title: Telephone and Data Systems


text: Category:Mafia meetings

title: Category:Mafia meetings


text:
Longvek

Longvek or Lavek (លង្វែក, or ល្វែក, ; lit. 'Intersection or Crossroads') was a city in Cambodia. It was the second capital city during the Cambodia's Post-Angkor period which began after the Angkor era. The city was known to early European traders as "Cambodia". The city used to serve as a center of the country's military. It was

a gathering point for people of knowledge including scholars and martial artists.

Longvek was chosen by King Ang Chan I after the sacking of Angkor by the Siamese as a new capital because of its more readily defensible terrain. As a result, there was a time when Cambodia was often referred to as Longvek by foreign travellers. It was considered one of the greatest cities in Cambodia. After Ang Chan I defeated Sdach Korn he moved the capital city from Chaktomuk to Longvek in 1529. This new city was the capital of the Kingdom of Cambodia from 1529 to 1594 until the fall of Longvek.  { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ {     "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "coordinates": [ 27.011924283224175,         16.850849481605735        ],        "type": "Point" }   },    {      "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "coordinates": [ [           [              104.74430054552732,              11.86308136190776            ],            [              104.74446206160832,              11.861737794507292            ],            [              104.7451529915088,              11.861808046561308            ],            [              104.74554780859529,              11.857285533670932            ],            [              104.74491969050337,              11.857153808871132            ],            [              104.74508120658118,              11.855679741376917            ],            [              104.74570035155716,              11.855758776690692            ],            [              104.74611311487416,              11.851281641065697            ],            [              104.74537731939535,              11.851176258913341            ],            [              104.74555678170822,              11.849771159658715            ],            [              104.74980305618175,              11.850211348995956            ],            [              104.74946485903251,              11.851878112078651            ],            [              104.76432360001644,              11.854551185895616            ],            [              104.76851127188564,              11.859452362757864            ],            [              104.7681482920404,              11.870553134346707            ],            [              104.76421589585931,              11.878906388763681            ],            [              104.76286352881056,              11.880286556275564            ],            [              104.76240912919405,              11.881159418394773            ],            [              104.76161813726821,              11.880797098609136            ],            [              104.7619042407307,              11.880039519318927            ],            [              104.75516276195407,              11.879078398248396            ],            [              104.75482742703917,              11.879917011340495            ],            [              104.753635125122,              11.879588858699364            ],            [              104.75367238455686,              11.878640859958779            ],            [              104.74997921766112,              11.87662348167514            ],            [              104.74960938640362,              11.877293407308201            ],            [              104.74824809262543,              11.876777487714392            ],            [              104.74845268012962,              11.876176863672072            ],            [              104.7432331248865,              11.875160878305266            ],            [              104.74344852011245,              11.874331832419784            ],            [              104.74295795213328,              11.874238160120782            ],            [              104.74309754464764,              11.873613677311795            ],            [              104.74363996127437,              11.873691737741652            ],            [              104.74431909500731,              11.868610952379015            ],            [              104.74375419987922,              11.868536693142346            ],            [              104.74383008131315,              11.867926116424584            ],            [              104.74439497643976,              11.867959710008407            ],            [              104.74497673410963,              11.863231820266108            ],            [              104.74430054552732,              11.86308136190776            ]          ]        ],        "type": "Polygon" }   }  ] }

History
During the 14th and 15th centuries, Cambodia was in a state of eclipse. Following the almost total destruction of Angkor, Longvek was chosen as the new capital of the now minor state of Cambodia. Longvek was located halfway between Phnom Penh and the southern end of the Tonlé Sap and it was chosen by King Outey Reachea III (1516–1566) as his official capital.

Longvek became the nation's capital in the 16th century after the civil war between King Ang Chan I and Sdach Korn. After Ang Chan's I victory, he became the new king of Cambodia.

Spanish and Portuguese adventurers and missionaries, like Blas Ruiz de Hernán González from Ciudad Real, first visited the kingdom during this period. Blas became a friend of King Satha of Longvek, who was well-disposed towards foreigners, and while in the kingdom got to know Portuguese adventurer Diogo Beloso from Amarante. The Iberians referred to Chaktomuk as "Churdumuco" and to Srei Santhor as "Sistor". Not long thereafter Longvek was invaded by the Siamese ruler of Ayutthaya.

King Naresuan of Siam conquered Longvek in 1593. This conquest marked a downturn in the kingdom's fortunes. In the historical period that followed Cambodia became a pawn in a power struggle between its two increasingly powerful neighbours, Siam and Vietnam.

title: Longvek


text:
Arie van Lent

Arie van Lent (born 31 August 1970) is a Dutch former professional footballer, who played as a forward. He was most recently the manager of SpVgg Unterhaching.

Playing career
At the age of 12, van Lent played for the youth team of Sparta 57 Opheusden. In his youth, he dreamed of being with Ajax Amsterdam or PSV Eindhoven.

He spent much professional career as a journeyman in Germany, mostly on the bench of Werder Bremen or featuring for second-division sides and below. In 1997, he famously scored four goals in Werder Bremen's 3–2 home win in the Bundesliga against 1. FC Köln, one of which was an own goal.

Later, he became a regular in the Bundesliga with Borussia Mönchengladbach. In 2004, van Lent joined the then-second division side Eintracht Frankfurt and became their vice captain and leading scorer (16 goals) in their promotion campaign. During the 2005–06 season, van Lent lost his starting place to Ioannis Amanatidis.

He last played for Rot-Weiss Essen, where he had a contract until 30 June 2008. However, the contract was cancelled in December 2006.

Coaching career
In summer 2007, he was named as the new head coach of 1. FC Kleve and worked here until March 2009. From July 2010 to June 2011 he was the head coach of Rot Weiss Ahlen. On 10 May 2011, it was confirmed he will be the new head coach of Kickers Offenbach in the 2011–12 season. On 1 October 2013, van Lent became a coach of the A-youth (U-19) of Borussia Mönchengladbach.

On 18 August 2020, he was appointed as the head coach of SpVgg Unterhaching. Following the 2020–21 season that resulted in a relegation for the club, he left Unterhaching by mutual consent.

Personal life
Arie van Lent has Dutch and the German citizenship. He is married, is a father of a daughter and lived in Korschenbroich, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

title: Arie van Lent


text:
Tuamgraney

Tuamgraney (archaically spelled Tomgraney, Tomgrenei; ) is a village in eastern County Clare in the west of Ireland and a civil parish by the same name. Situated a kilometre from the River Graney which flows into Lough Derg, it is an ancient settlement, noted for St Cronán's Church, said to be the oldest church in constant use in Ireland

Location
The parish is in the barony of Tulla Upper and contains the villages of Scarriff and Tomgraney. It is 7.5 by and covers 14181 acre. The parish is rugged, with heights ranging from 1126 to 122 ft above sea level. It contains the Scariff river from its headstreams through Lough O'Grady to its mouth in Scarriff bay, Lough Derg. The village of Tuamgraney lies in such close proximity to the town of Scarriff that today the two are often considered to be one single settlement. There is a holy well dedicated to St. Cronán in the Currakyle townland. The nearby castle of Tuamgraney is still in a good state of preservation.

History
According to legend, "Tuamgraney, or Tuam Greine, refers to both the mound of the sun and the tomb of Grian (Irish: 'Sun'). It is part of the ancient territory of Ui Dhanghaile, which incorporated neighbouring Scariff (Maynoe), Tuamgraney, Inis Cealtra (Holy Island) and Clonrush. Its geographic location by Lough Derg combined with its rich visual heritage makes Tuamgraney a most attractive location on the Lough Derg Way. Grian’s mound just outside the village marks the site of the first recorded suicide in Irish history. She ‘of the bright cheeks’ was a princess in pre-Christian Ireland, the daughter of a king who lived in the Sliabh Aughty mountains of East Clare. She was famous for her beauty but was of unnatural origin, ‘begotten by a human being on a sunbeam.’ Oh what imagination those ancients had! When told this she became depressed and drowned herself in a lake since called Lough Graney. Her body floated down the Graney River and was found near Lough Derg at a place known as Derrygraney – the wood of Grian. She was buried under a mound and the place became known as Tuamgraney or Tuam Greine, the tomb of Grian. Pillar stones today stand sentinel beside her mound. The Memorial Park honours those who fell during the Irish War of Independence. Dr Edward MacLysaght, Ireland's foremost family historian, is also commemorated there."

Tuamgraney parish was founded by a saint named Cronán or Chronain, possibly the same Crónán Abbot and bishop who founded Roscrea. The place is mentioned in the annals from as early as 735 AD. There was a round tower, which was repaired by Brian Boru, and the castles of Tuamgraney and Scarriff. In 1560 both castles belonged to Edmond O'Grady.

In 1633 Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, bought ten quarters of land north of the Graney River, including the castle and ironworks of Scarriff. These lands were combined with the old Moynoe parish to form the Scariff parish. Today the village of Scarriff is in the Roman Catholic parish of Scariff and Moynoe, part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe. The southern part of Tuamgraney parish was combined with the medieval parish of Kilnoe early in the 18th century to form the parish of Bodyke. The Roman Catholic parish of Bodyke encompasses Bodyke, Kilnoe and Tuamgraney, also in the Killaloe Diocese.

The Ó Cillín family were coarbs of Tuamgraney.

The novelist Edna O'Brien was born in Tuamgraney in 1930. Noted genealogist Edward MacLysaght is buried at St. Cronan's Church.

Annalistic references
See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)

 * AI749 Kl. Death of Conchellach, abbot of Tuaim Gréine.
 * AI934.1 Kl. Repose of Rebachán son of Mothla, abbot of Tuaim Gréine and king of Dál Cais.
 * AI1003.8 Repose of Donngal son of Beoán, abbot of Tuaim Gréine.
 * AI1020.2 Muiredach Ua hAililléin, lector of Tuaim Gréine, rested in Christ.
 * AI1024.8 Niall Ua Cellaig, lector of Tuaim Gréine, rested in Christ.
 * AI1026.7 Conall Ua Cillíne, coarb of Crónán of Tuaim Gréine, fell asleep.

title: Tuamgraney


text:
Talk:Titans Tower

Untitled
How do they balance it?
 * According to George Pérez: "There is a building in New York that is similar to the Titans Tower. It may not look it, but it is architecturally sound. It can stand." I haven't been able to find out what this building is, though. Daibhid C 12:49, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Titans Tower


text: User talk:200.73.82.173

title: User talk:200.73.82.173


text:
Talk:George Henry Andrews

Is this article a true story or fictional???
Is this a TRUE story??? I cannot find anything about him on the internet! I did find some other persons with the name George H. Andrews, but they lived in different times and did different things... Maybe it's a true story, but the story here seems like the summary of a book. The article was first called (before I moved it) "Heroes of Liberia"... That does sound like the title of a book... Is there anybody who knows more about this??? --Mario R 22:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Henry Andrews


text:
The Palazzo

The Palazzo (also called The Palazzo at The Venetian ) is a luxury hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The Palazzo is part of a larger complex (operated as one hotel) comprising the adjoining Venetian resort and Venetian Expo, all of which are owned by Vici Properties and operated by Apollo Global Management. The complex ranks as the second-largest hotel in the world.

The Palazzo was developed by Las Vegas Sands as a sister property to its Venetian resort, opened in 1999. Construction on the Palazzo began in September 2004, and the resort began a phased opening on December 30, 2007. The $1.9 billion property features an Italian theme, and includes a 105000 sqft casino, 3,066 suites in a 50-story tower, the 875000 sqft Grand Canal Shoppes, and an 1,800-seat performance theater. The resort was designed as a green building by HKS Architects. In 2008, it earned Silver LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council, becoming the largest LEED-certified building in the world. It was sold to Apollo Global Management and Vici Properties in 2022.

Background
The Palazzo is a sister property to The Venetian, located directly south. Both were developed by businessman Sheldon Adelson through his company Las Vegas Sands. The Venetian opened in 1999, and Adelson planned to begin construction later that year on a second resort, known then as Lido, named after Lido di Venezia. Adelson initially hoped to open the second resort in 2000, but instead delayed the project shortly after the Venetian's debut. The Venetian opened while construction was ongoing, and Adelson sought to wait for its completion before seeking financing for another resort.

The Palazzo site had been occupied by numerous motels dating as far back as 1949. The Tam O'Shanter motel was built and opened in 1959, on 1.5 acre of the land. It was owned by Bernie Zeldin and named after Illinois' Tam O'Shanter Golf Course, where he frequently played. The motel had 100 rooms, and featured a distinctive neon sign resembling a tam o' shanter cap. Zeldin declined numerous offers to purchase the Tam O'Shanter, including one from businessman Howard Hughes.

Before his death in 1997, Zeldin finalized a $12.5 million deal to sell the Tam O'Shanter to Las Vegas Sands. Adelson was a friend of Zeldin. Venetian officials purchased 11.4 acre of land, including the Tam O'Shanter, in October 1998. Zeldin's daughter operated the Tam O'Shanter until its closure. At the end of 2003, the Zeldin family was informed of plans to demolish the motel for a future resort, later known as the Palazzo.

Tam O'Shanter closed on January 12, 2004, and was demolished a month later, following an asbestos-removal project that took 19 days to complete. A Vagabond Inn, also located on the property, contained asbestos as well and was demolished simultaneously. The asbestos removal cost between $500,000 and $1 million. The land had also been occupied by the Las Vegas Kosher Deli, as well as several small stores owned by the Venetian that were expected to close, helping make way for the Palazzo.

Local developer Steve Wynn opposed the project, alleging that the Venetian/Palazzo site already suffered from inadequate parking. Wynn was developing the Wynn Las Vegas across the street and expressed concern that parking spaces at his property would be used by Palazzo guests.

Foundation work on the Palazzo began in September 2004, without a groundbreaking ceremony. The resort occupies 14 acre. Crews spent 13 months excavating nearly 70 feet deep, in order to build a 4,400-space underground parking garage. Filming for the 2007 film Ocean's Thirteen took place at the Palazzo's hotel tower during construction, filling in as the film's fictional Bank resort.

The total cost for the resort was $1.9 billion. In December 2004, Las Vegas Sands made its initial public offering, with some of the proceeds going toward the Palazzo project. Other financing came from the sale of the Grand Canal Shoppes, a mall within the Venetian.

Opening and subsequent years
Construction continued after the resort's opening, which occurred in phases. The casino portion hosted a soft opening on December 30, 2007. A few days later, Las Vegas Sands promoted the resort with a parade float during the Rose Parade in California. The hotel opened on January 4, 2008, and the resort held a grand opening celebration from January 17-19, with performances by Diana Ross and Seal. The resort employed 4,000 workers. Like the Venetian, convention-goers would be an important demographic at the Palazzo; another would be Asian high rollers.

In 2009, the Palazzo received the AAA Five Diamond Award. Travel + Leisure included the Palazzo on its list of top 100 hotels in the world, ranking it 48th and 18th for 2009 and 2010 respectively. Travelocity ranked it in eighth place in a 2011 list of top 10 Las Vegas hotels, based on guest reviews. In 2020, readers of USA Today ranked the Venetian and Palazzo among the 10 best casinos in Las Vegas.

By the end of 2020, Las Vegas Sands wanted to focus on its operations in Macau. The company was in early discussions to sell the Venetian, the Palazzo, and the adjoining Sands Expo. Adelson died in January 2021, and Las Vegas Sands announced two months later that it would sell the three Las Vegas facilities for $6.25 billion. Through the deal, Vici Properties bought the land under the facilities for $4 billion, and Apollo Global Management acquired the operations for $2.25 billion as part of a triple net lease agreement with Vici. The sale was finalized in February 2022.

Features
The Palazzo covers 7500000 sqft. It includes 105000 sqft of gaming space. Like the Venetian, the Palazzo is an all-suite hotel. It has 3,066 rooms. The 50-story hotel tower rises 642 feet, and was briefly the tallest building in Nevada upon opening. The 68-story Fontainebleau Las Vegas was topped out later in 2008 and opened in 2023.

The resort was designed by HKS Architects. Unlike the Venetian, the Palazzo features only a minimal Italian theme and has a more modern design. According to HKS, "The owners didn't really want a themed property like The Venetian. The idea was to create an upscale building using Rodeo Drive, Bel-Air and Beverly Hills as inspiration". The Palazzo was constructed as a green building, incorporating energy and water-saving methods in its design. In 2008, the resort received Silver LEED certification from the U.S. Green Building Council, becoming the largest LEED-certified building in the world.

The Palazzo includes a shopping mall, the Grand Canal Shoppes, which connects with the Venetian. The Palazzo also includes the Waterfall Atrium, which features seasonal decorations overseen by a team of gardeners, horticulturalists, and landscapers. The decorations are exhibited for free, and themes include Chinese New Year,  Fourth of July, autumn, and Christmas. The atrium competes with the Bellagio Conservatory. In its first year, the atrium also hosted a free show, The Living Garden, which featured actors dressed as statues and grapevines.

Rosina, a 65-seat lounge with an Art Deco design, opened in 2017,  as part of a two-year renovation which included the casino floor and hotel rooms. Completed in 2018, the project included the addition of colored lighting on the casino's ceiling, and the new Electra Cocktail Lounge.

Restaurants and clubs
The Palazzo initially featured more than a dozen restaurants, from chefs such as Wolfgang Puck, Charlie Trotter, and Guy Savoy. Upon opening, notable restaurants included Grand Lux Cafe, Chinese restaurant Woo, and Mexican restaurant Dos Caminos. 40/40 Club, a sports bar and restaurant by rapper Jay-Z, opened along with the casino. It closed less than nine months later,  and was replaced in 2009 by Lagasse's Stadium, a new sports bar and restaurant from chef Emeril Lagasse.

In August 2008, the resort added Lavo, a restaurant and nightclub designed to resemble a bathhouse. Adelson had wanted the business opened sooner, blaming its developers for repeated delays brought on by redesigns. He had terminated the nightclub's lease in March 2008, stating that the failure to open on time resulted in poor business for the resort. A legal battle ensued and continued after the club's opening, eventually being settled in 2009.

Woo closed in 2010, and Dos Caminos closed the following year, amid a lease disagreement with Las Vegas Sands. Table 10, another restaurant by Lagasse, featured mostly American food. It eventually closed in 2017. Lagassee's Stadium closed in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The resort had three steakhouses upon opening, including Carnevino by chef Mario Batali. After 10 years of operation, it closed in 2018, following sexual misconduct allegations made against Batali. In 2019, chef David Chang opened Majordomo Meat & Fish in its place. He opened a second, quick-service restaurant, Moon Palace, in 2020. Both of Chang's restaurants closed in 2022, and were replaced by new eateries from chef Eyal Shani. Japanese chef Tetsuya Wakuda opened his first U.S. restaurant in 2022, at the Palazzo.

St. Regis Residences
The St. Regis Residences at the Venetian Palazzo, Las Vegas is an unfinished condominium tower at 3355 South Las Vegas Boulevard, between the Palazzo and the Venetian.

In November 2006, Las Vegas Sands sought approval from the Clark County Commission to construct a condominium tower on part of the Palazzo land. Construction of the $465 million tower began in early 2007, with condominium pre-sales expected to begin by September. The tower was built atop a 90000 sqft retail building that was part of the Palazzo project. Both the retail building and tower were constructed on less than an acre of land, previously occupied by the Rosewood Grille restaurant. In September 2008, Las Vegas Sands and Starwood announced a partnership to open the tower as "The St. Regis Residences at the Venetian Palazzo, Las Vegas", named after the St. Regis Hotels & Resorts brand. The tower would include 398 units, and was expected to cost $600 million at that time. Under the deal, Starwood would manage the tower upon its opening, which was scheduled for March 2010.

In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands indefinitely suspended construction due to the Great Recession. An additional 18 months of work was needed to finish the project, which was to stand 50 stories high upon completion. In November 2009, Las Vegas Sands stated that work would remain suspended until the economy improved. In June 2011, Las Vegas Sands covered the unfinished building with a $1 million wrap made of giant cloth sheets that were printed to resemble a finished building. A company spokesman said that until a decision was made regarding the project, "We thought it was appropriate to improve it aesthetically in the meantime. We wanted it to look a little more like it belongs between a pair of five-diamond resorts like The Venetian and Palazzo." Michael Leven, president of Las Vegas Sands, had a view of the unfinished tower from his third-floor office, and later said: "I couldn't stand looking at that steel. One day I was out at the pool and I realized our guests were looking up and staring at the steel. We put the cover on it and it's held up well. You sometimes forget it is there if you walk by."

In April 2014, Leven said that money was no longer an issue in completing the project, stating, "It's not a financial decision anymore, but we want to do the right thing," referring to the ultimate use of the building. Because of uncertainty in the high-end, high-rise residential market, Leven stated that it was unlikely the tower would be completed as condominiums. Up to that time, Las Vegas Sands had considered finishing and opening the tower as timeshares, but Leven stated that "the numbers didn't work out". Leven further stated that finishing the tower as a third hotel-casino with its own entrance was unlikely. Also considered was finishing the tower as a hotel expansion for the Palazzo and Venetian.

Live entertainment
The Palazzo's 1,800 seat theater opened in May 2008, with Jersey Boys as its headlining show. It ran until 2011. A Frank Sinatra tribute show opened in 2015, starring impressionist Bob Anderson. Clint Holmes also performed in the theater a year later.

A musical, Baz – Star Crossed Love, opened in the Palazzo Theatre in 2016. It was based on several films by director Baz Luhrmann, including Romeo + Juliet (1996), Moulin Rouge! (2001), and The Great Gatsby (2013). Baz closed in 2018, and the theater sat mostly vacant until the musical Six opened for a seven-week residency in 2023.

title: The Palazzo


text:
Talk:The Cambridge Arms

Untitled

 * reopened as CA in 2004

title: Talk:The Cambridge Arms