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Starrett City

Starrett City (formally known as the Spring Creek Towers) is a housing development in the Spring Creek section of East New York, in Brooklyn, New York City. It is located on a peninsula on the north shore of Jamaica Bay, bounded by Fresh Creek to the west and Hendrix Creek to the east. Starrett City contains both residential and commercial buildings. The residential portion of the property contains eight "sections" in a towers in the park layout. The complex also contains a community and recreation center, as well as two schools.

Plans for developing the site of Starrett City date to 1962, when an investment group bought the property with the intention of developing a residential complex called Park Shore Village. The group ultimately withdrew from the project, and another cooperative housing project named Twin Pines Village was proposed by the United Housing Foundation in 1967. Control of the complex was handed to Starrett City Associates in 1971, and Starrett City opened in 1974. The complex assumed the name of Spring Creek Towers in 2002, though it is still popularly known as Starrett City.

Starrett City is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, and its primary ZIP Code is 11239. It is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 42nd District.

Description
The Spring Creek Towers site (commonly known as Starrett City ) is located on a peninsula on the north shore of Jamaica Bay, bounded by Fresh Creek to the west and Hendrix Creek to the east. The development is bound to the north by Flatlands Avenue and to the south by Seaview Avenue and the Shore Parkway section of the Belt Parkway system. Pennsylvania Avenue runs north-to-south through the complex, with Louisiana Avenue at the west end and Van Siclen Avenue at the east end.

The development originally spanned 153 acre before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. It now occupies 140 acre, after several parcels of undeveloped land were separated out from the residential site. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings, which range from 11 to 20 stories high.

The development was designed by Herman Jessor, organized in the towers in the park layout. The buildings utilize a simple "foursquare" design. The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area (jungle gym, park, handball court, basketball court) and a five-story parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell, which are each named after municipalities in New York State. The residential part of Starrett City includes eight parking garages, a community center, and two public schools. The area contains a shopping center as well. Starrett City is said to be the largest federally assisted rental property in the United States.

Starrett City has its own power plant, the Starrett City Cogeneration Facility, located at 165 Elmira Loop on the east side of Starrett City. The power plant opened in 1973 and provides electricity, heating, cooling, and hot water to all residents of Starrett City. It is self-sufficient enough that during the 1977 New York City blackout, the complex was able to provide its own power. There is a sewage treatment plant next to the cogeneration facility, called the 26th Ward Wastewater Treatment Plant. The treatment plant, located on a 57.3 acre plot, can filter up to 170,000,000 gal per day from the sewage systems in Brownsville, Canarsie, and East New York. The treatment plant and cogeneration facility were formerly operationally separate. However, in 1982, the city government began giving the treatment plant's methane emissions and thousands of gallons of treated cold water to the cogeneration facility, in exchange for hot water from the cogen facility.

At the southeast corner of the complex on Van Siclen Avenue is the complex's community and recreation center, which opened in 1978 and is located across the street from the treatment plant. It features a pool and tennis club, an auditorium, and other recreational facilities. It is now called the Brooklyn Sports Club. Starrett City also has its own boxing gym, Starrett City Boxing. It was also opened in 1978, inside the parking garage at Hornell Loop near the south end of the complex. It is home to many world champion boxers, including Zab Judah, Shannon Briggs, Dmitriy Salita, Luis Collazo, and Will Rosinsky.

Public safety
Starrett City is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 75th Precinct, though primary security is assumed by its own private security force, called the Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety. The Spring Creek Towers security force was created because, when Starrett City opened in the 1970s, the 75th Precinct had one of the highest crime rates in New York City. In the five years after Starrett City opened, it had one of the city's lowest crime rates, mainly because of the existence of the security force. The Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety has been used as a case study in the advantages of private security over public policing. Edwin Donovan and William Walsh write that "Statistically, Starrett City must be considered one of the safest communities in the United States."

The Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety employs public safety officers, armed while on duty, to preserve the life and property of the residents of the complex. Officers enforce New York state laws as well as New York City laws. Starrett City is patrolled by officers 24 hours a day on foot, bicycles, or in vehicles.

Ownership and management
The complex is owned by Starrett City Associates, which was originally headed by Disque Deane. Former U.S. president Donald Trump owns four percent of the complex, inherited from his father, Fred Trump. Between January 2016 and April 15, 2017, Trump received more than $5 million in revenue from Starrett City.

Education
There are no high schools within Starrett City; the nearest high schools are the Academy for Young Writers and Spring Creek Community School (within the Spring Creek Educational Campus) just east on Flatlands Avenue, and the William H. Maxwell Vocational High School and Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus (formerly Thomas Jefferson High School) on Pennsylvania Avenue in the northern portions of East New York. Additionally, the Canarsie and South Shore Campuses (also formerly high schools) are located in the adjacent Canarsie neighborhood. There are four elementary and middle schools within Starrett City's boundaries:
 * Abe Stark Elementary School (PS 346)
 * Gateway Intermediate School (IS 364)
 * Frederick Douglass Academy VIII Middle School (located on the 4th floor of PS 346)
 * Be'er Hagolah, a Jewish elementary and high school

The Brooklyn Public Library's Spring Creek Branch is located just outside Starrett City's northern boundary, at the northwest corner of Flatlands and New Jersey Avenues. The single-story, 7500 ft2 structure opened in 1977.

Transportation
When it opened, Starrett City was advertised as having convenient transportation links to the rest of the city via bus and subway. Starrett City is served by the local buses, the B82 Select Bus Service, and the  express buses, all operated by MTA Regional Bus Operations. Additionally, the, B60 and B103 buses, also operated by the MTA, stop just north of the development. The nearest New York City Subway stations are at East 105th Street and Canarsie-Rockaway Parkway, both served by the.

Development
In 1962, a California-based investment group purchased 130 acre of land along Pennsylvania Avenue between Flatlands Avenue and the Belt Parkway, intending to construct apartments on the property. The Thompson–Starrett Co. was retained to construct the buildings.

In March 1964, the investment group applied to the New York State Housing Finance Agency for a mortgage worth $145 million towards the development. At the time, the site was referred to as part of Canarsie. On December 1, 1964, the State Housing Finance Agency announced a project called Park Shore Village, which would construct a middle-income apartment complex on the site.

The complex would consist of 19 buildings standing 11, 17 and 21 stories high. It would also include a 40 acre shopping center, community center, swimming pools, and a skating rink, along with a new elementary school (PS 346) and parking for residents. Funds would be provided by loans under the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program. The development would be built in two phases, eventually housing 25,000 people. The project was approved by the New York City Planning Commission on January 20, 1965, and by the New York City Board of Estimate on February 11, 1965. Construction on the first phase was projected to start in the spring of that year and be complete by 1967, at which point the second phase would begin. However, the original investment group withdrew due to financial concerns and the project did not commence.

On June 27, 1967, Governor Nelson Rockefeller announced modified version of the project called Twin Pines Village, which would construct a cooperative on the 145 acre site in what was then part of Canarsie. The development would house 6,000 families. The project was now sponsored by the United Housing Foundation (UHF), who were also developing Co-op City.

Twin Pines would consist of 43 buildings, rising 11, 15, or 21 stories. Like the Park Shore plan, the development would also contain a shopping complex, community center and schools, and would sit across a portion of present-day Spring Creek Park which was then being developed as the Fountain Avenue Landfill (which has now been re-developed as Shirley Chisholm State Park). It was proclaimed as the "largest co-op ever built in Brooklyn", and would be the second largest in the city behind Co-op City, with a size comparable to that of Rochdale Village. In December 1967, the state gave the UHF $15.8 million to start construction on the Twin Pines Village complex.

The UHF abandoned the project in March 1971 after running out of money. At the time, construction had begun at the north end of the complex. Following the exit of the UHF, the project was sold to a new group of investors, including Disque Deane and Lazard Frères along with around 200 other individuals. This group would become the Starrett City Associates. The complex was renamed Starrett City and would be developed as a joint venture by the Starrett Corporation and the National Kinney Corporation. In addition, the development was changed from a co-op to rental apartments in part to make the development more profitable.

Construction resumed in mid-1972, and Pennsylvania Avenue was closed to accommodate construction. Workers started constructing towers at the south end of the site by the Belt Parkway, in an effort to attract potential tenants who were exiting from the Belt Parkway. This added one million dollars to the cost of construction, since utilities had been laid at the north end. The initial work included the filling of the swampland with sand from Jamaica Bay, and the construction of the power plant. In 1973, a contract was awarded to the Otis Elevator Company to install 100 elevators in the complex. That year, real estate developer Fred Trump acquired a 20 percent interest in the development. The Starrett Associates invested $22 million into the construction of the complex, while the remaining $360 million was covered by state housing loans under the Mitchell-Lama program.

Opening and early years
The complex was dedicated on October 13, 1974, in a ceremony attended by Governor Malcolm Wilson and Mayor Abraham Beame. As part of the opening, a minibus service was created to transport local residents within the development, and to shopping centers in other parts of Brooklyn. In addition, the express bus service to Manhattan was extended from Canarsie to Starrett City. At the time of opening, none of the complex's proposed 18,000 trees had been planted. Although lower-income families were not given subsidies to live in Starrett City, the development did allow residents to use state and federal housing programs to pay off part of their rent. The first 300 families were scheduled to move into the complex that November.

In January 1975, community leaders and officials proposed rerouting five bus routes and creating two new routes to serve the complex. Pennsylvania Avenue was reopened to traffic that December, sparking protests by residents who had previously used the street to play. By 1976, two thousand families had moved into Starrett City. A swimming and tennis club on Van Siclen Avenue was dedicated in July 1978. Families who lived in the complex had to pay $250 per year to use the swimming and tennis club. The swimming and tennis club was dedicated alongside a recreation center at the same location, which was open to the public. The same month, Starrett City celebrated its five thousandth resident. At this point, Starrett City was 85 percent rented. By 1981, the presence of Starrett City was credited with spurring six other developments in the neighborhood, including a shopping mall at Flatlands and Louisiana Avenues, as well as five housing developments.

Crime in the complex was lower than in the surrounding neighborhoods, primarily because of the presence of a private security force. On the other hand, rents at Starrett City started to rise by the late 1970s, leading to fears that existing middle-class residents might leave and be replaced by low-income residents. At the same time, Starrett City was facing financial troubles because it had been built in the aftermath of the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis. In 1980, a New York State Comptroller's report found that Starrett City would have a nearly $30 million deficit by 1984, and that rents would have to be doubled from the then-current rates in order to make up for the deficit. By 1992, Starrett City Associates was developing additional housing around the Starrett City complex. The new housing units were condominiums, targeted toward Starrett City residents and others who wanted ownership of their homes. In 1993, the Amalgamated Bank of New York loaned $1.5 million for repairs to Starrett at Spring Creek.

The complex was renamed "Starrett at Spring Creek" around 1989. On September 25, 2002, the complex was again renamed "Spring Creek Towers". The second renaming was part of a $70 million capital program to renovate the complex. The plans called for Spring Creek Towers to receive two new parks, as well as new elevators, laundry rooms, windows, and lighting.

Sale offerings
On November 30, 2006, Starrett City Associates announced an offering to sell the entire property. Since the property had met its 20-year requirement under Mitchell-Lama by the late 1990s, this raised fears that a new owner would increase rents and squeeze out current tenants. CB Richard Ellis, which brokered the Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village deal earlier in 2006, served as the listing agent.

Upon finding out about the sale, tenants at Starrett City began organizing in response to the sale of their homes. On February 8, 2007, Starrett City Associates agreed to sell the sprawling complex to David Bistricer's Clipper Equity LLC for $1.3 billion. Although Clipper Equity insisted that the complex would remain affordable, housing advocates and politicians expressed concerns about Clipper Equity's intentions. In response to HUD's rejection of the deal, Clipper Equity proposed a new bid, which included reducing operating expenses and redeveloping part of the land into new housing. Clipper Equity took other steps to garner support, including receiving informal backing from influential ministers Rev. Calvin O. Butts and Rev. A. R. Bernard. On April 7, 2007, the second proposal was also rejected by the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, on the basis that Clipper Equity's plan for rents to reach market rate after three years failed to adequately protect residents and would require increased government subsidies to keep housing affordable. Nevertheless, Clipper Equity made another attempt in August 2007.

In June 2008, Starrett City Associates reached an agreement with Federal, State and City officials on a sale process that would ensure that the property remained affordable. This agreement was further buttressed by federal legislation, which made preserving the property as affordable housing easier for a new buyer.

In September 2017, The New York Times reported that the complex was being sold to the Brooksville Company and Rockpoint Group for $850 million. At the time, Donald Trump owned a 4 percent share, while other members of his family owned an additional 16 percent. However, disagreements soon developed between two groups affiliated with Disque Deane, who had died in 2010 and left his estate to his third wife Carol G. Deane and their two children. Carol, who managed Starrett City Associates following Disque's death. became involved in a lawsuit with a collective that included four of Disque's children; one of his former partners; and LIHC Investment Group and Belveron Partners, who were also interested in purchasing the complex. The two groups sued each other in New York Supreme Court over allegations that Carol's sale of Starrett City to Brooksville and Rockpoint did not maximize profits for shareholders. The lawsuit was later dismissed, and the sale of Starrett City was finalized on May 8, 2018, at a cost of $905 million. A group of anonymous investors sold a 71 percent stake to Brooksville and Rockpoint for $1.8 billion in August 2021. The next month, Brooksville and Rockpoint acquired full ownership of the complex after acquiring Belveron Partners' 13 percent stake.

Community and demographics
Starrett City is a racially diverse neighborhood. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Starrett City was 13,354, a change of −1,267 (−9.5%) from the 14,621 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 291.08 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 45.9 PD/acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 24.7% (3,293) White, 52.7% (7,036) African American, 0.2% (29) Native American, 2.9% (389) Asian, 0% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (37) from other races, and 1.4% (184) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 17.9% (2,384) of the population.

2020 Census
As of the 2020 United States census, Black Americans (primarily African Americans) were about 60% of the area's population, White and Hispanic Americans each comprised around 20%, and Asian residents consisted of about 2-3% of the area's population.

Racial quota controversies
Since its opening in 1974, Starrett City filled vacancies under an alleged affirmative action racial formula in which 70 percent of vacant apartments went to non-Hispanic white families, and the remaining 30 percent went to minority families. In 1977, the minority makeup was 19 percent black, 9 percent Hispanic, and 2 percent Asian. By 1979, the proportion of white residents had declined to 64%. At the time, most of the advertisements for Starrett City featured white applicants, but much of the resulting applicant pool was black or Hispanic. As a result of the quotas, black applicants who wanted apartments in Starrett City waited almost eight times as long as white applicants. By 1983, the complex's 5,881 apartments were fully occupied, and three-fourths of the 6,000 families on Starrett City's waiting list were minorities.

In 1979, the NAACP initiated a class-action suit against Starrett City Associates. The plaintiffs stated that the complex attempted to maintain racial quotas by selective approval of tenants based on racial and ethnic profiles. An agreement was made in May 1984. Starrett City Associates agreed to increase the minority quota by 5 percent, so that the ratio of non-Hispanic white to minority families was 65 to 35 percent. The formula was supported by many black and Hispanic residents and some civil rights groups.

In June 1984, the Reagan administration sued Starrett City over the racial quota system, stating that it violated federal anti-discrimination laws. The original accord was approved by federal judge Edward Raymond Neaher of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York in April 1985, but the ruling did not affect the Reagan administration's lawsuit. In 1987, Neaher ruled on the federal government's lawsuit, stating that the quotas violated the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and thereby invalidating the quotas. In March 1988, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled two to one that the lower court's order to prevent quotas must stand. The Supreme Court declined to review the case in 1988. By then, under Starrett City Associates' quota system, 62 percent of apartments were rented to whites, 23 percent to blacks, 9 percent to Hispanics and 6 percent to other minority groups.

The group agreed to stop using quotas in November 1988. After losing the court case, Starrett City did not immediately start taking families from the 80 percent African-American waiting list to fill vacancies. Instead, they left apartments empty and attempted to rent them at market rate to those who would not qualify for subsidies. In July 1990, Starrett City Associates proposed to make apartments available to Soviet Jews who came to the United States in order to maintain racial diversity. However, critics stated that this was a move to circumvent the judicial ruling. Starrett City Associates rescinded their proposal to rent to Soviet Jews after heavy criticism.

New York State instead housed the Soviet Jewish families in Co-op City, a similar development in the Bronx.

title: Starrett City


text:
Talk:Millennium Challenge Account

Rwanda is also on this system —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.156.164.150 (talk) 17:14, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Section
The "imperialism" discussion is non-neutral. That is a rather fringe view that is not espoused by any mainstream member of the political or economic community. There also is not much of a description of the criteria or a reasoning behind it presented. The combination of those two points makes this article rather skewed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bkwillwm (talk • contribs)

Failed GA
This article is full of sources, but it reads more like an essay in favor for the subject than an encyclopaedic collection of information. [YES, IT SURE DOES! HOLY MOLEY! Mare Nostrum 13:24, 3 March 2009 (UTC)] As a previous editor noted, it is presented from a particular view, violating WP:NPOV. Further evaluation of other criteria not considered (though at first glance I'm comfortable in saying this article is start class, possibly B-Class at best). /Blaxthos 09:02, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Additional GA review
Per a request that was made on 20 November, 2006 on Good Article Review, I have taken a look at the article, and I also think it needs quite a bit more work before being considered for GA:
 * NPOV issues found. The article reads like a press release.  Examples:
 * The program uses a fully transparent method of choosing the recipient countries
 * Through this open process, the administration hopes to keep the MCA away from political influence
 * Also, Freedom House, an organization that monitors the level of freedom in the world, released subcategories for the first time since it was being used as part of the MCC's measurements and more detail was welcome
 * The article badly needs a copyedit and spellcheck. Just a couple examples:
 * The funding of Tanzanias compact has been pushed foreword from May 2007 to an earlier date to accelerate reform
 * Implimentation has been difficult in Armenia, with concern about effectiveness is currently being discussed
 * In April 2005, the United States Government Accountability Office issued a favorable report about the work of the MCA and its work up till that point
 * Opposition MP's in Uganda hailed their countries rejection from full compact status, demanding instead a stronger effort in stopping corruption
 * Also, the days it takes to start a business in both low and low-middle income countries has increased significently since 2002, which is one of the factors the accounts measure. What does that mean?  Is that a good thing or a bad thing?
 * Problems with the introduction:
 * The lead section should summarize the rest of the article, it should not introduce information that is not discussed elsewhere. Example:
 * The Bush administration has stated their belief that development aid works better in countries with good economic policies, such as free markets and low corruption.. Uncited, only hinted at in other sections.
 * No citations in the lead section.
 * Not comprehensive:
 * Countries are selected on a competitive basis through a set of 16 indicators designed to measure a country’s effectiveness at ruling justly, investing in people, and fostering enterprise and entrepreneurship. What are the 16 indicators?  Don't just tell the reader to go to the MCA website to find them
 * Congress has consistently provided less funding for the program than the president requested. In Fiscal Year 2004, 650 million USD were provided for the program, with an increase up to 1.5 billion the next year. Why not?
 * Inconsistent:
 * Through this program, the administration proposed to permanently increase United States foreign aid funding by $5 billion by 2005 (in the introduction), and For Fiscal Year 2007, 2 billion dollars were provided, a 14% increase over the previous year but still under the 3 billion target (in the history section). What's the targeted funding level?

There may be more issues, but this gives you something to start with. In summary, if I was the reviewer, I would decline to promote this article to GA. Hope that helps. Good luck. Neil916 (Talk) 17:56, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Also -- I don't know how to fix it myself so I'll just let it be known (sorry to nitpick): the map has Cote D'Ivoire colored red where as it should not be, and Ghana is not colored. Someone mixed them up. 70.108.125.101 02:48, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Failed "good article" nomination
This article failed good article nomination. This is how the article, as of March 30, 2007, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: Not particularly. Several of the issues above have not been addressed. Much of the prose is difficult to understand, e.g., what "corporation" is referred to in paragraph 2? The entries in the list of criteria are practically word salad, e.g. "Rule of Law Ruling Justly World Bank Institute". Some of the typos highlighted above persist in varied form, e.g. "Opposition MP's in Ugandan MP's from the opposition party" (it should be MPs), or "The funding of Tanzanias compact has been pushed foreword" (it should be Tanzania's).
 * 2. Factually accurate?: No immediately apparent problems here.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: To provide an example, the sentence "Congress has consistently provided less funding for the program than the president requested. In Fiscal Year 2004, 650 million USD were provided for the program, with an increase up to 1.5 billion the next year." criticised above has remained unchanged. I don't understand the context. What, why, how?
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: Needs more expansion of criticism: who are the critics, and what in particular are their objections?
 * 5. Article stability? Yes.
 * 6. Images?: Adequate, but where are the references for the map?

When these issues are addressed, the article can be resubmitted for consideration. If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to a GA review. Thank you for your work so far. — Sandstein 06:50, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Good article nomination failed
I think the strongest point of this article is the referencing, but unfortunately the article as a whole comes nowhere near Good Article status. A better structure, and better English expression, would help to overcome some basic problems with confused content. Much of the article needs to be re-written.

Confusion evident
Much of what is being said in the article is quite unclear, as the following quote illustrates:
 * "Studies by groups such as the Heritage Foundation have shown that many developing countries that have received foreign aid have seen their per capita income fall or stagnate over the last 40 years, and the Heritage Foundation has consistently supported the MCA's approach, which has also utilized their trade measure from the Index of Economic Freedom.[21] In April 2005, the United States Government Accountability Office issued a favorable report about the work of the MCA and its work thus far.[22] The Program Assessment Rating Tool, or PART, which reviews the efficiency and results produced by US government programs, will be reviewed in 2007.[23] A study in 2006 looking at the "MCC effect" estimated that potential recipient countries improved 25% more on MCA's criteria than other countries, after controlling for time-trends.[24] The World Policy Council (WPC) of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity recognizes the MCA as the most recent and most promising program in its area. The WPC recommended in 2006 that the Bush administration and the Congressional Black Caucus focus on full funding and an accelerated pace of spending.[25] Doing Business 2007 cited the Millennium Challenge Accounts as a catalyst for reforms underway in 13 countries.[26] Also, Freedom House, an organization that monitors the level of freedom in the world, released subcategories for the first time since it was being used as part of the MCC's measurements to allow for finer distinctions in their ratings.[27] Also, the number of days it takes to start a business in both low and low-middle income countries has decreased significantly since 2002, which is one of the factors the accounts measure since rapid business registration is thought to increase economic activity.[28]"

Starting with a long and confusing sentence, this long and confusing paragraph illustrates the problems which are evident in this article. Too much information is being provided in a relatively unstructured way, and too many agencies and acronyms are being introduced at once. The time period discussed in the paragraph ranges over five years, between 2002 and 2007. The last two sentences of the paragraph start with "Also" as if to cram as much content into one paragraph as possible. There just is no need for all of this muddle.

Better structure needed
There is a need for a better structure for the article, with section topics that have clear boundaries. There is a need for more context about development aid at the beginning, and more basic discussion about some of the key agencies involved, before the large "Criteria" Table is introduced. Moreover, this Table needs to be explicitly discussed and explained in the text. Even more importantly, the article needs to move beyond the issue of eligibility to more discussion of actual programs funded, and whether or not they have been successful.

Better English expression needed
Much of the text of this article is stilted and does not flow from one sentence to the next. This is clearly evident in the Origin section, which needs to be totally re-written. Some sentences, such as this one, have no real meaning:

 * "Congress declined to re-authorize the program, which technically was not needed since the program had been authorized already, but also since there was argument over the authorization language.[20]"

 * -- Johnfos 08:44, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Angola must act as friend regarding Irak to secure Millennium Funds, says President G.W. Bush
I added this where they talk about how they give and keep the funds, and some uses the funds have for the US rulers (corrupting other rulers actions):

To keep the funding, countries' leaders are also pressured to help the U.S. on their international military politics, as President George W. Bush told former spanish president Aznar in a discussion held on february 22nd, 2003, in Crawford, Texas talking about the announcing of the coalition to invade Irak, and how Angola could see this funds removed if it posed problems in the United Nations' Security Council.

The statement in the reference is:

"President G.W. Bush: Países como México, Chile, Angola y Camerún deben saber que lo que está en juego es la seguridad de los EE UU y actuar con un sentido de amistad hacia nosotros.

[El presidente Ricardo] Lagos debe saber que el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio con Chile está pendiente de confirmación en el Senado y que una actitud negativa en este tema podría poner en peligro esa ratificación. Angola está recibiendo fondos del Millenium Account y también podrían quedar comprometidos si no se muestran positivos. Y Putin debe saber que con su actitud está poniendo en peligro las relaciones de Rusia con los Estados Unidos."

Translation of referenced text:

"President G.W. Bush: Countries like Mexico, Chile, Angola and Cameroon must know that what is in stake is U.S. security and acting with a sense of friendship towards us.

[President Ricardo] Lagos must know the Treaty of Free Commerce with Chile is still to be authorised by the Senate, and that a negative atitude could endanger its approval. Angola is receiving funds from the Millennium Account and could also be compromised if they don't show up positively. And Putin should know that with his attitude he is putting in danger Russian relationships with the U.S."

Bush on Angola's condicional support for Iraq invasion
Text relating to this section was removed from the article with comments saying that it was a lie and the source didn't support the claim. The following section from the cited source does seem to indicate that Angola's MCA funds where used as leverage to get support for invading Iraq.

''PA. No te pido que tengas una paciencia infinita. Simplemente que hagas lo posible para que todo cuadre.''

''PB. Países como México, Chile, Angola y Camerún deben saber que lo que está en juego es la seguridad de los EE UU y actuar con un sentido de amistad hacia nosotros.''

''[El presidente Ricardo] Lagos debe saber que el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio con Chile está pendiente de confirmación en el Senado y que una actitud negativa en este tema podría poner en peligro esa ratificación. Angola está recibiendo fondos del Millenium Account y también podrían quedar comprometidos si no se muestran positivos. Y Putin debe saber que con su actitud está poniendo en peligro las relaciones de Rusia con los Estados Unidos.'' --Bkwillwm 01:23, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for clearly demonstrating that Bush did NOT say what you allege, but President Ricardo stated that threat. As Bush didn't say it, BUSH DIDN'T SAY IT. Judgesurreal777 02:20, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * No, Bush was referring to Ricardo Lagos, then-president of Chile. There are three people involved in the transcript: Aznar, Bush, and Rice. The transcript online uses the initials, after the mention of the name, in bold to represent who is talking (PA being Anzar and PB being Bush). The first paragraph above is Anzar speaking and the second and third are Bush. The first sentence translates as "President Ricardo Lagos must understand that the Free Trade Agreement with Chile is pending confirmation in the Senate and that a negative act in this matter could put its ratification into peril."  Obviously this isn't Lagos speaking. While we're on translations, Google translate (so you know I'm not inserting meaning) translates the sentence on Angola as "Angola is receiving bottoms of the Millennium Account and also they could be it jeopardize if are not positives."  Google replaced "funds" with "bottoms," but the rest makes the meaning pretty clear. Do you understand Spanish? I looked at your user page, and you don't have an Spanish language user box. You should be careful when removing a citation saying it does not support what is referenced when you don't understand the language being cited. I was skeptical at first because I didn't think Bush would saying something like that, but El Pais is a mainstream Spanish paper and its documented there. Feel free to have someone else who speaks Spanish look at this or break out a Spanish dictionary, but don't edit war over something you don't understand. (Maybe you do understand, but you also thought Lagos was involved in the conversation, so you either don't understand it or you haven't looked at it closely.)--Bkwillwm 03:50, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * NOTE: I've added bolding to my earlier posting to clarify who the speaker was. This is the same bolding used on the El Pais page. --Bkwillwm 03:52, 27 September 2007 (UTC)Insert text
 * Too true I don't know spanish, and I thought it was being alleged that president ricardo said what Bush is supposed to have said. Is there an official translation somewhere? I would like to double check this, to avoid any pro- or anti-bush point of view in the article. :) Judgesurreal777 05:25, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * So I did some more digging, apparently the transcript was just released 26 September in El Pais as a leaked, Spanish government transcript. The Washington Post, at least, considers it real.--Bkwillwm 06:06, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok good, much better though totally not required, to have an english language source so us non-spanish speakers can check it out. Judgesurreal777 14:03, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * To make sure there is NO controversy left, would you please label the mention of this in the article as where the transcript came from and how the US government doesn't want to comment? :) Great work so far. Judgesurreal777 14:03, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Fantastic, great addition to the article. :) Judgesurreal777 00:35, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Tanzania as "best" country -- proclaimed by visitors George W. & Laura Bush
from WHITEHOUSE press release (transcript of toast to leader Kikwete)

Monday Feb. 18, 2008

. . .our trip here has exceeded my expectations. I knew you were an accomplished government. After all, you've dramatically reduced malaria. You're in the process of dramatically reducing HIV/AIDS. My country has awarded you the largest Millennium Challenge Grant ever in the history of our nation, all because your government is committed to honest, decent government for the people.

I have been extremely touched, as has Laura, by the outpouring of support by the great people of Tanzania. And so, Mr. President, I too would like to propose a toast: To you and your family, to the people of Tanzania, and to our friendship, may it be long lasting.

4.225.246.172 (talk) 12:18, 18 February 2008 (UTC)timothyjshaw

Chomsky criticism
I wanted to talk about removing a section at the very bottom regarding Chomsky's criticism of the MCC. It seems to me that the author is mistaking the MCC with something else, as the MCC has never been budgeted 10 billion dollars, let alone not spent it. I would assume this refers to another project with millennium in the name, like maybe debt forgiveness. Regardless, the charge is factually incorrect and otherwise too vague to evaluate.

In addition, the citation it adds is to an entire 370 page book. I have not had the chance to read it, but I think giving a page reference to specific arguments would be more helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.226.155.133 (talk) 00:46, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Millennium Challenge Corporation
Why does Millennium Challenge Corporation redirect to the Millennium Challenge Account? It doesn't make sense. The name of this article should be the Millennium Challenge Corporation. Dumaka (talk) 16:41, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Millennium Challenge Account


text:
Talk:Seth Rogen

Discussion
How does one pronounce "Rogen"? How can we write rogen fan mail?

 * The 'G' is hard, like "rogue in."

 * I have added a hint to this in the International Phonetic Alphabet. --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 08:59, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

- The bottom box says "Works of Judd Apatow" -- mistake, right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.253.201.19 (talk) 17:22, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

-

The reference site for that line about him publicly saying he uses marijuana doesn't say anything about that... unless I missed something...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Duck91 (talk • contribs) 07:36, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Siblings
Does seth rogen have any siblings? Tigz54 (talk) 08:40, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Leading info
This article is well written, but it seems like there is WAY too much info in the leading section. There should be one or two initial paragraphs that offer a high level overview, then the biography and career trajectory. This has a HUGE amount of info before the bio section, and some redundancies, too. NickBurns 21:09, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Write a draft, see if it works See me let go 02:15, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Character Names
Why is it that a lot of Seth Rogen's characters have three letter names (Ken, Ron, Cal, and Ben)? As an actor is he allowed to pick that sort of thing? Xanitross 02:45, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

He's a producer on Virgin and Knocked Up. If he wanted to have a character name that wasn't three letters long, he could change that. ChesterG (talk) 05:24, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Someone had inserted a sentence saying he was exposed to herpes at 13 - I removed that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.117.71.31 (talk) 21:58, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Rogen In Spiderwick Chronicals
can we have a link stating he is in it. Because according to the wikipedia article hes not even listed in the cast. (JW) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.104.109 (talk) 18:58 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Did you know...
Jonah Hill is the same age as him. Not exactly, of course. Interesting read...it seems as though that Jonah is way younger than him.

Mr Congeniality (talk) 01:43, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

what does that even mean. he is the same age but not exactly? you either are the same age or you are not, there is no gray area here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.25.86.34 (talk) 02:08, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Jonah Hill is 2 years younger than Seth. But you're right, Jonah looks much younger than Seth. --~Magnolia Fen (talk) 14:46, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Actually, there is a gray area. If two people are born in the same year we often simplify things by saying they're the same age.
 * That would be fine if the original poster wasn't on crack. Two years is hardly "the same age"
 * Definitely not when you're in your single digits, probably not as a teenager, and maybe not quite when you're in your early 20s, but beyond that, I'd say it's practically the same age. It's just a matter of perspective; all things are relative. If you're very young, I'm sure 2 years seems like a HUGE difference, but after say age 22 or 25 (at the oldest), it really doesn't make any difference to most folks. BTW, their respective articles now say that Rogen was born on April 15, 1982, and that Hill was born on December 20, 1983.  If this is true, then Rogen is just a little more than a year and a half (1.5 yrs.) older than Hill, or 1 year, 8 months, 5 days if you want more precision.

P.S. In the sidebar it says Rogen was born in 1962 and is currently 46 years old. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.255.102.174 (talk) 02:48, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * LOL---pretty funny but obviously vandalism. Hope Seth doesn't mind them making these jokes at his expense.

Marriage
It says he's married to Elizabeth Banks and sources two pages that have nothing to do with him being married to her. Plus, on HER page, it says she's married to Max Walberg... What's going on? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.176.118.107 (talk • contribs)
 * Must have been vandalism. It's gone now.  DP 76764  (Talk) 17:33, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

picture
do you think the picture should be updated, because hes lost a notcable amount of weight and lost the curly hair —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.218.69.182 (talk) 14:26, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Since he's shapen up a bit, I must say he's cuter than I thought before —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.115.4.113 (talk) 13:54, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Like A Boss
It should say that he appeared in the music video for "Like A Boss" by "The Lonely Island". Forgive me if it is already on the page, but I could not find it anywhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.241.41.15 (talk) 06:47, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

7th High Times Stony Awards
Didn't Seth also win this? for Knocked Up? I don't think this is listed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DragonGuyver (talk • contribs) 05:40, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

What's the Crowdrise stuff about?
xD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.127.253 (talk) 22:36, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Drug Use
Why was the bit about him useing marijuana removed? Isn't he kind of well known of talking about it all the time? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.38.83.45 (talk) 10:50, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Yeah, he is not only a user but a fervent advocate for the legalization of marijuana, and I think it is a very important piece of information to be added to his biography page. This tells more about him than most of the information. MistaKay — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.108.151.18 (talk) 13:48, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

This is attributable to another wiki page. According to the page for Kevin Smith, Seth Rogen uses marijuana on set as an acting tool to enhance creativity etc. I think this certainly belongs on the page, if someone can find an off-site attribution. 174.116.53.88 (talk) 14:39, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can anybody tell us how to pronounce this man? Help: Put the following after the name in the lead of the article: and fill in the respective tokens of the international phonetic alphabet (IPA) behind the speaker! Thank You! --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 20:57, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't understand IPA notation, but it is pronounced "ro-gun", if that helps. – ukexpat (talk) 21:56, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, that does not help me, because I do not exactly understand how You mean "ro-gun" to be pronounced. If You could compare the single syllables of Rogen`s last name to common other ones, that would be a great help. I would then put that into the IPA tokens for English. The pronunciation of Rogen`s first name can be checked on Wiktionary. That of his last name may be common throughout the English speaking world, but it is not outside that. At the same time, movies with Rogen are shown all over the world so that it would appear desirable to have, at least, a possibility to check the pronunciation of his full name, somewhere else. --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 09:57, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I have added a hint to this in the International Phonetic Alphabet, in the article, on the basis of what has been given as the pronunciation, at the top of this discussion page. --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 08:59, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Currently the article has . However, it is ; see Seth Rogen Opening Statement (C-SPAN) (at 0:11). --Omnipaedista (talk) 04:25, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Origins
Out of interest, does anybody know any information as to his family's countries of origin? I accept they are Jewish but might they be German, Russian or from elsewhere? Evlekis (Евлекис) (argue) 11:14, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Comment
This article is way too long and detailed for a so-far minor Hollywood figure. Someone should do a major edit, and pare this down quite a bit. For just one tiny example: It's pretty meaningless fact if his favorite music is by Led Zeppelin and Wu-Tang Clan (it would be meaningless if ANYONE happened to like them). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.237.192 (talk) 00:04, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

Preacher - AMC Pilot being developed by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg
Here are the sources. Source 1 and Source 2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.110.5.128 (talk) 01:19, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

Lead image
The current lead image is at a very awkward position. In my opinion, it should be changed. Anyone agree?Gourami Watcher (talk) 03:29, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree, so I changed the photo. --Distelfinck (talk) 23:44, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

Source for middle name
"Aaron" was added as his middle name, with a Howard Stern interview as a reference. But the interview is very long, and the reference doesn't say at which mark his middle name is being said. User:Guat6 added it, so he could probably help in this task. --Distelfinck (talk) 14:37, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

I still haven't listened to the interview, but I looked for reports of the alleged "Aaron" middle name, and couldn't find any. Also, the name of Rogen's role in The Interview (2014 film) is "Aaron", so it's probably all a mistunderstanding. I'm being bold and revert. --Distelfinck (talk) 16:14, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Howard Stern was quizzing James Franco and Seth Rogen. Howard asked Franco if he knew what Seth's middle name was, and Franco said it's Aaron (the same name as Rogen's character in The Interview. Fast forward to around 41:32. --Guat6 (talk) 23:16, 17 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, it has to be right. See this. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 07:57, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

Comedian
There would seem to be sufficient information in the article to support calling him a comedian in the lead. He is part of project comedy, the second sentence of the article talks about his comedic achievements, and the second paragraph talks about his comedy partner. At least one of the sources (Ref 10 http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/seth-rogen--is-it-a-producer-a-writer-an-actor-no-its-superseth-2177863.html) talks about his comedy career. But of course, what does it mean to be a comedian, anyway. meamemg (talk) 02:19, 26 December 2014 (UTC)

 * It means stand-up comedian. Acting in and/or writing comedy films does not make you a comedian by profession. It makes you an actor and/or a screenwriter. In an encyclopedia we should reserve the occupation comedian for those who are doing stand-up comedy acts. - Gothicfilm (talk) 05:51, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why we would expect reader's to assume that. Comedian defines itself as "a person who seeks to entertain an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, or employing prop comedy. A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comic."  This would suggest that a stand up is but one type of comedian, and meamemg (talk) 06:23, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

 * What's the point of confusing actors who appear in comedy films with stand-up comedians? Is there really any danger that readers won't understand that Seth Rogen is known for appearing in comedies without "comedian" being listed among his occupations? Shouldn't that designation be reserved for those that are best described primarily as comedians? - Gothicfilm (talk) 07:35, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Do you think something such as describing him as a "comedic actor" would work. As far as I can tell all his major roles were comedic roles?  meamemg (talk) 19:02, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

 * He's an actor, screenwriter, producer and director. There's no reason to add genres to his occupation in an encyclopedia. We don't call other actors "dramatic actors" in the lead or infobox of their articles. That would be unneeded clutter, and it should be avoided. Those interested in what genre a person is known for can read beyond the lead sentence. - Gothicfilm (talk) 03:16, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Ok. I've reverted the article back to your last edit. meamemg (talk) 03:39, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Comedian?
So, Seth Rogen isn't a comedian now. That's weird because the definition of a comedian is an entertainer whose act is designed to make people laugh. He started out has a stand-up comedian. Maybe, comedy is subjectivr to you guys. I don't know and the sam thing with Trey Parker and Matt Stone. A comedian doesn't have to be someone who does stand-up comedy. Maybe you should call these guys satirists, I don't know. (Atomic Meltdown (talk) 22:43, 8 January 2015 (UTC))

 * The primary definition of "comedian" is:

An entertainer who performs in a humorous manner, especially by telling jokes.

 * As said in the discussion above, acting in and/or writing comedy films does not make you a comedian by profession. It makes you an actor and/or a screenwriter. A screenwriter of comedy films does more than tells jokes - he tells feature-length structured stories. Which brings up the other problem you're introducing - why are you changing "screenwriter" to "writer"? You're changing one occupation he's firmly established in and adding another he's not, except for some early activity as a teenager which is covered by the opening paragraph. In an encyclopedia we should reserve the occupation comedian for those who are doing stand-up comedy acts. There is no point in confusing actors who appear in comedy films with stand-up comedians. - Gothicfilm (talk) 23:40, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well what about satirist, are you going to revert that just because you have a different view of comedy.(Atomic Meltdown (talk) 23:48, 8 January 2015 (UTC))

 * I don't know what article, if any, you're talking about. I see you've only been here for four months. The lead and infobox have a specific purpose. Adding in genres to the occupation listing in bio articles is not one of them. - Gothicfilm (talk) 00:11, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * You clearly have no idea what you're talking about right. Many users have told me that Biography is a reliable source and it is used on other articles. Please do your research on comedians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atomic Meltdown (talk • contribs) 00:25, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I see you are now engaged in an WP:edit war, reverting three articles without Consensus. I also just pointed out how changing "screenwriter" to "writer" is another problem. You need to follow WP:BRD or you are going to get yourself blocked from editing. - Gothicfilm (talk) 00:34, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Screenwriter fills in the same area of writing like voice acting with acting and what Consensus are you getting at, no user has seem to agreed with expect one but what about the others. I've given references that are reliable and states that do this. (Atomic Meltdown (talk) 00:48, 9 January 2015 (UTC))

Canadian-American?
Rogen stated that his father is American so he has American citizenship too. ([]). Since he has double citizenship and resides in the US, is it correct to describe him as simply Canadian? Aquila89 (talk) 16:59, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * From same article "I definitely associate with being Canadian much more than being American." FWIW. Geraldo Perez (talk) 17:03, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Still, his double citizenship should at least be mentioned. Aquila89 (talk) 18:37, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * He's living in America and has American citizenship, that would make him an American. So he is both Canadian and American. Due to his upbringing in Canada, and current residing in America, I would say he's more of a Canadian American than American Canadian. As the upbringing of Rogen himself seems more important than the American background of his father. --Distelfinck (talk) 20:36, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Let’s do the same procedure wiki does with so many other Canadian dual citizens such as Alanis Morissette, Celine Dion, Michael Bublé, Justin Bieber, Drake, William Shatner, Ryan Gosling, Ryan Reynolds, Barry Pepper, and Paul Anka the country that they were born grew up in would be in the lead if this was a case like Anna Paquin who grew up in two countries than you put the two citizenship in the lead but it isn’t that Seth Rogen was born grew up in Canada so just Canadian belongs in the lead if American is in the lead than all those other wiki articles would have to half their respective dual citizenship in the lead which is just ridiculous let’s just try and bring consistency to wiki articles Black roses124 (talk) 17:28, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

 * his dual citizenship in info box should remain unchanged only the lead would change Black roses124 (talk) 17:29, 20 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Nationality in lead per MOS:OPENPARABIO says give "Context (location, nationality, etc.) for the activities that made the person notable". The article shows he had a notable career in both the US and Canada so the intro should clearly state that and call him "Canadian and American xxx" without the ambiguous hyphenated construction that is also an ethnicity description and doesn't make clear he is notable for activities in both countries. The key issue for the lead is not his dual nationality but where he had his notable activities. Geraldo Perez (talk) 20:31, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

 * sorry but Justin Bieber and Drake have had similar impacts if not bigger impacts/activities in the US, both American citizens and both only have Canadian in the lead and as far as I can tell, most reliable sources describe him as Canadian. It just seems to me that putting Canadian in the lead makes the most sense Black roses124 (talk) 23:53, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Also side note don’t know if this helps but Seth Rogen has described himself as Canadian in some interviews. For example this interview he talks about being proud “Schitts Creek” is a Canadian show winning Emmy’s. https://youtube.com/watch?v=esb6o-Kf0vo at around 1:27 he says “I’m a Canadian”. To me it just seems like putting Canadian in the lead is the best course of action. Black roses124 (talk) 00:12, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

 * A better example illustrating what I mean is Charlize Theron and how that article handled this. Also the discussion in the talk page (see archives) for that article is illuminating. Key point for nationality context in intro is more location of notable work was done and nationality of person at the time enters in to that. For dual nationals working as an American in the US and as a Canadian in Canada is fairly significant. Possibly those other article you mentioned should be changed. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:25, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Also nationality isn't like other personal identity issues where we put what the person says as primary. Nationality and citizenship are legal issues and matters of fact, not personal identity defined by what a person thinks of themselves. Geraldo Perez (talk) 00:31, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm VERY VERY interesting I definitely see what you mean and I agree with the personal identity thing that’s why I made it a side note and I also didn’t know if it even helped my case to begin with. Back to the main thing I hope what happened to Charlize Theron’s talk page (8 years of discussing without coming to consensus) doesn’t happen here I agree with the hyphen that has ethnicity connotations. Now I’m thinking maybe some sort of consensus happened with a Canadian-American article which is why so many Canadian dual citizen articles just have Canadian in the lead (I don’t really know just speculating) just odd how so many articles just have Canadian and really only few have x-American. Right now I’m thinking let’s just do Canadian to make it consistent with the majority of articles and go to a talk page of an article that has more exposure such as Justin Bieber’s or Drake’s or some other big dual citizen Canadians talk page and have this important interesting discussion there because I’m sure those talk pages would have higher a chance of exposure and variety of people giving opinions which what we should want in healthy discourse rather than just me and you here. In my experience Drake’s talk page has replies fast and a lot of different people reply so maybe do his or someone else because I’m gonna be honest I don’t really know what to do. Black roses124 (talk) 01:53, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Bieber doesn't have American citizenship and is residing and working in the US basically on a work visa. He still has a Canadian residence too. Calling him Canadian only based on his notability and history is appropriate in my opinion. Drake is more interesting as a dual national at birth like Rogen. Reading his article his ties to Canada are much stronger then Rogen's. Drake's article can go either way but consensus there seems to be stick with Canadian. Rogen seems to have done most of his work as an American and his Canadian work ties are less then either - basically he is more American than Canadian in emphasis but has notable work in both locations and as both. Geraldo Perez (talk) 02:18, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

 * well to be fair a lot of his work has been shot in America not by his choice I remember I saw an interview of him and Evan Goldberg they talked about how a lot of their movies were supposed to be shot in Vancouver but how Hollywood works they had to shoot in America. But now with their notoriety they can maybe shoot in Canada more, so the comment that his work is manly in America might become dated after a couple movies. So for full disclosure he wanted to work in Canada but couldn’t, also I’m gonna be honest I don’t really know what to do here. I’m more coming from a side of let’s just put Canadian because most reliable media article's just call him Canadian and majority of other Canadian articles just have that in the lead as well, this one being the only one that has Canadian and American from what I can tell, would be a little strange. Black roses124 (talk) 03:54, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

Needs something about his production company
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Grey_Pictures --47.188.42.45 (talk) 00:20, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Start of career
When career is stated here, does it count as professional career? His professional career started with Freaks and Geeks around 1999.2605:6000:1526:450B:957F:50FE:2A56:A36E (talk) 23:23, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes. I don't see why we'd count a comedy workshop at the age of 12 as part of someone's comedy "career." The infobox is intended to be professional career, not the age at which they started telling jokes. OhNo itsJamie  Talk 23:28, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

For other celebrities, it says that it started as soon as they started performing. What should be done for that?2605:6000:1526:450B:957F:50FE:2A56:A36E (talk) 23:34, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Performing professionally is not the same as performing. Nearly every source I've reviewed cites Freaks and Geeks as being his first role (e.g. ). Do you have a source that says he started his career earlier? OhNo itsJamie Talk 23:38, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Since numerous articles are saying he started earning at the age of 16, can we at least say he started around 1998?2605:6000:1526:450B:957F:50FE:2A56:A36E (talk) 23:48, 6 October 2020 (UTC)
 * We're not going to try to extrapolate when filming began or he got his first paycheck; sources say his career began with Freaks and Geeks, which was released in 1999. OhNo itsJamie Talk 03:18, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 August 2022
45.3.234.214 (talk) 17:38, 23 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Unnecessary promotion. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 17:46, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Appeared in the 2017 Leonard Cohen tribute.
In November 2017, the one year anniversary of the death of Leonard Cohen, a musical tribute played in Montreal organized by his son, Adam Cohen. In amongst Sting, Elvis Costello, Phillip Glass, and k.d. lang, Believe it or not, Seth Rogen contributed by speaking a Cohen song, "Field Commander Cohen". He is listed in the "Tower of Song: A Memorial Tribute to Leonard Cohen" article on here Wikipedia.

Sources
 * Canadian Broadcasting Company (CBC): "Leonard Cohen fans come together for star-studded tribute concert: A year after his death, fans celebrate beloved artist with night of covers in his hometown" - https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/tower-of-song-concert-blog-1.4387331
 * Montreal Gazette: "Seth Rogen, Coeur de Pirate, Courtney Love join Leonard Cohen tribute at Bell Centre: Tower of Song: A Memorial Tribute to Leonard Cohen will take place at the Bell Centre on November 6." - https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/music/seth-rogen-coeur-de-pirate-courtney-love-join-leonard-cohen-tribute-at-bell-centre/
 * I am sorry that I cannot find a video clip of his performance to really nail it down.

Thank you for your time, Wordreader (talk) 06:48, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Dual nationality in lead
Should his dual nationality be mentioned in the lead (I.e. Canadian-American) 2600:100C:A202:5967:5896:78A9:6EFA:314D (talk) 23:40, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seth Rogen


text:
Selective progesterone receptor modulator

A selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) is an agent that acts on the progesterone receptor (PR), the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. A characteristic that distinguishes such substances from full receptor agonists (e.g., progesterone, progestins) and full antagonists (e.g., aglepristone) is that their action differs in different tissues, i.e. agonist in some tissues while antagonist in others. This mixed profile of action leads to stimulation or inhibition in tissue-specific manner, which further raises the possibility of dissociating undesirable adverse effects from the development of synthetic PR-modulator drug candidates.

History
Ever since the discovery of the progesterone hormone in the mid-1930s. and especially after the discovery of its receptor in 1970 there has been a significant interest in developing an antagonistic agent for therapeutic use. Various progesterone analogs, known as progestins, were synthesized and in 1981 the first progesterone receptor antagonist was introduced by the name RU 38486 (RU 486, mifepristone). However, the clinical limitation of mifepristone due to its relatively high binding affinity for glucocorticoid receptor compared to the progesterone receptor has sparked the demand for more selective progesterone antagonist to minimize risk of adverse effects. As a contribution, so-called Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs) have been developed. They have been described as agents with mixed antagonistic and agonistic effects on progesterone receptors in a tissue specific manner, while minimizing interactions with other steroidal receptors. Opposed to progesterone antagonists, the mixed agonist-antagonist SPRM, due to their intrinsic progesterone agonistic activity, have an absent or only a minimal effect on pregnancy termination and are thus ideal for treating gynecological conditions without eliminating the potential of pregnancy. Both steroidal and non steroidal SPRMs have been described and the most notable examples are asoprisnil, which failed phase 3 clinical trial in 2008, and ulipristal acetate, the first SPRM on the market (2009 in Europe ).

Receptor
As a protein, the progesterone receptor (Fig. 1) is a member of the ligand-dependent nuclear hormone receptor family. Two major progesterone receptor isoforms, A and B, as well as some other less common splice variants have been identified and they are all encoded by the same 8 exons gene. Like other steroid nuclear receptors, the full-length protein, isoform B, can be divided into 4 functional regions, namely a variable N-terminal region followed by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain, variable hinge region and moderately conserved ligand binding domain. The ligand binding site, known as AF2 domain, is expressed by exons 4-8, corresponding to 253 amino acids, and its structure is of great interest to SPRM development. It consists of 10 α-helices (H1, H3-H12) forming 3 layered bundle entwined with 4 β-sheets. H12 is a condensed contiguous unit composed of helices 10 and 11, which has been suggested to participate in the process of co-activator binding. The ligand binding domain of the receptor is in equilibrium between two different conformations. The first is an agonist conformation which favors the binding of coactivator proteins which in turn favors upregulation of gene transcription. The second is an antagonistic conformation which in contrast favors the binding of corepressors and as a consequence down regulation of gene expression. Full agonists such as progesterone, which display agonist properties in all tissues, strongly shift the conformational equilibrium in the agonist direction. Conversely full antagonists such as aglepristone strongly shift the equilibrium in the antagonist direction. Finally, the overall ratio of concentrations of coactivator to corepressor may differ in different cell types.

G protein-coupled receptor
At the turn of the millennium it was apparent that progesterone activity was not mediated only via transcription factor, but also by a membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptor designated as 7TMPR. When the receptor is activated it blocks adenylyl cyclase, leading to decreased biosynthesis of the intracellular second-messenger cAMP.

Downstream mechanisms
Since the 1990s it has been evident that the two major receptor isomers, A and B, are functionally distinct within the female reproductive system. Researches aimed at expression profile of the isomers suggests that the isomers are expressed in different tissues at different times throughout the menstrual cycle. The PR-B has been found to be upregulated in the stroma and glandular epithelium during follicular phase, but is down-regluated in both tissues during luteal phase. On the contrary, PR-A is upregulated in both tissue types in the follicular phase and persists in the stromal tissue during the late luteal phase. Studies have shown that PR-B activation is important for growth and development of the mammary gland, whereas PR-A has a significant role in normal reproductive function and ovulation. As well, in vitro researches have demonstrated that under identical conditions, the PR-B works as stronger transactivator of reporter genes, while PR-A is able to transrepress PR-B and other steroid receptors. Various reasons have been found for this variety of function between the isoforms. First to mention is that progesterone receptor isoform A lacks 164 N-terminal amino acids compared to isomer B, depriving it of the AF-3 activation function due to loss of B-upstream segment, which leaves it with only 2 activation functions. Also, studies of mechanism have shown difference in cofactor recruitment between the isoforms. Due to these functional differences, one can see why there is an interest of developing a drug that can selectively target the receptor isoforms. Development of SPRMs has, in some cases, been focused on targeting these two different isoforms.

SPRM interaction with receptor binding pockets
Certain interactions between ligand and progesterone receptor have been described to be important for ligand binding (Fig. 2). Crystallography studies of progesterone bound to its receptor have revealed an important hydrogen bond interaction between the progesterone electron-withdrawing 3-keto group and the residues Gln725 of helix-3 and Arg766 of helix-5, which are held in position by a structural water molecule. This interaction has been shown to be present in interaction with various other ligands, e.g. mifepristone, tanaproget and asoprisnil and thus can be considered to be vital interaction for function of both agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, progesterone and tanaproget, have been found to make a hydrogen bond with Asn719 in helix-3, giving an opportunity of higher selectivity and affinity, however, the SPRM asoprisnil has been found not to interact with this residue. Even though the polar residue Thr894 is in close proximity to the C20 carbonyl group of progesterone there is not formed any hydrogen bond between these chemical groups. It is important to note the Thr894 has been found to interact with other ligands.

Various studies have described the presence of a hydrophobic pocket, referred as 17α pocket, which consists of Leu715, Leu718, Phe794, Leu797, Met801 and Tyr890 and appears to provide additional room for ligand expansion irrespective of agonism or antagonism. The 17α pocket, along with Met756 and Met759 within helix-5, as well as Met909, show a surprising flexibility in accommodation of various ligands, making the progesterone receptor very adaptive when it comes to binding. Studies comparing the conformational changes in helix-12 contributing to agonistic and antagonistic effects have shown an important hydrogen interaction with Glu723 residue of helix-3. At inactive state the Glu723 stabilizes conformation of helix-12 by forming a hydrogen bond to main chain amines in Met908 and Met909. When a ligand conducts an agonist effect, such as the oxime group of asoprisnil interacting with agonist binding pocket, then the hydrogen bond interaction between the previously mentioned residues in helix-12 and helix-3 strengthens, leading to docking and recruitment of coactivators. However, when an antagonist, e.g. mifepristone, interacts with this hydrogen bond system then its dimethylamine group clashes in to Met909 and destabilizes helix-12, causing a conformational change, which promotes the recruitment of corepressors.

Mechanism of action
When SPRMs bind to the progesterone receptor, the equilibrium between the two conformational states is more closely balanced and hence more easily perturbed by differences in the cellular environment. In tissues where the concentration of coactivators is higher than corepressors, the excess coactivators drive the equilibrium in the agonist direction. Conversely in tissues where corepressor concentration is higher the equilibrium is driven in the antagonist direction. Hence SPRMs display agonist activity in tissues where coactivators predominate and antagonist activity where corepressors are in excess.

When inactive the progesterone receptor, as for other steroid receptor, forms a complex consisting of itself, heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90) and immunophilins. Upon activation, due to hormone binding to ligand binding pocket, the receptor complex has been shown to dissociate, triggering nuclear import and giving the receptor the property of dimerisation (Fig. 3). In the nucleus the dimer interacts with progesterone hormone response element in the DNA causing upregulation or downregulation of the gene. Various studies have demonstrated that it affects expression of up to 100 different genes, depending on receptor isomer. In the action of agonism there occur conformational changes, where alpha helices 3, 4 and 12 create a docking surface for coactivator proteins, which act as bridging factors between the receptor and the general transcription machinery. However, the antagonist prevents proper packing of alpha helix 12 against helices 3 and 4, impairing the receptor’s ability to interact with coactivators, which allows recruitment of corepressor, such as SMRT and NCoR. Due to the minimal recruitment of corepressors during agonist binding then there has been postulated by Liu et al., 2002, that the ratio between coactivators vs. corepressors recruitment might be the determinant whether compound is considered to be an agonist, antagonist or mixed agonist-antagonist. The selective progesterone receptor modulators have been described as agents with mixed agonist-antagonist activity and thus the mechanism of action must be due to a balance of these functions.

Steroidal SPRMs
The research on mifepristone analogs, mainly focused on the improvement of the ratio of antiprogestational/antiglucocorticoid activity, led to the discovery of SPRMs. Modifications of or near the 17-alpha propinyl group (Fig. 4) on the D ring play a key role in binding to the progesterone receptor and/or glucocorticoid receptor. Minor changes in the 17-alpha region generate antiprogestins with reduced antiglucocorticoidal activity, where alpha refers to an absolute steroidal stereodescriptor. It seems that hydrophobic 17-alpha substituents such as 17-alpha ethyl and 17-alpha (1´-pentynyl) give rise to antiprogestational activity superior to that of mifepristone. Substitution on the 17-alpha position involving phenyl group with small, electron-withdrawing substituents, such as F and CF3, on the para-position was also found to greatly increase the selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor as well as the potency of resulting compounds. Same substitution at the ortho- or meta- position led to decrease in selectivity. Bulky substituents, such as tert-butyl, in this region decrease the progesterone potency.

The available biological and X-ray data suggest that the substitution of 4-(dimethylamino) phenyl group at the C11 (Fig. 4) position determines the degree of agonistic and antagonistic activity. Small substituents like methyl or vinyl give rise to potent progesterone receptor-agonistic properties whereas substituted phenyl derivatives show different degrees of antagonistic activity. There is an indication, when substituted by various nitrogen heterocycles, that the most agonistic are compounds with a clear maximum in the negative electric potential in the region of the meta- and para- atoms of the aryl ring whereas compounds that lack a center of electronegativity in this region have the highest antagonistic activity.

Modification of the core steroidal structure affects the mode of binding to the progesterone receptor. The substitution of C7 (Fig. 4) by oxygen atom has been investigated and these mifepristone-like oxasteroids showed increased selectivity over glucocorticoid receptor but were less potent than mifepristone.

Nonsteroidal SPRMs
Progesterone receptor modulators with unique nonsteroidal structures are currently in the early stages of development (Fig. 5-12). Variety of new types of progesterone receptor antagonists with different degree of potency has been reported and show a remarkable structural diversity which can be seen in table below. Various lead compounds have also been identified as new progesterone receptor agonists. They can also be viewed in the table.

Drugs
Members include:

 * Ulipristal acetate ("Ella")
 * Asoprisnil (J867; status uncertain)
 * Telapristone (CDB-4124; Proellex, Progenta; under development)

SPRM have been suggested for multiple gynaecological applications, such as contraception and emergency contraception, treatment for endometriosis, uterine leiomyoma and as a hormone replacing therapy in post-menopausal women. SPRM activity is mainly mediated via the progesterone receptor, where the endometrium is the major target tissue. In contrast to conventional progesterone antagonists, the SPRMs eliminate the ability to terminate pregnancy due to their mixed antagonist/agonist profile. Since SPRMs have a low affinity for the estrogen receptor, they are not thought to induce post-menopausal associated bone loss. SPRMs use has been associated with endometrial metaplasia, which calls for the need for a long-term safety assessment.

Ulipristal acetate
Ulipristal acetate (also known as CDB-2914) (Fig. 13) is an 11-β aryl substituted SPRM that has been available as an emergency contraception in Europe since 2009 and was FDA approved in 2010. It’s also marketed as a treatment for uterine leiomyoma in North America and Europe. As an emergency contraception ulipristal acetate has shown to be potent up to 120h after unprotected intercourse, compared to 72h potency of current emergency contraceptions. In post-menopausal endometrium the compound seems to have antagonistic effect or progesterone receptor, indicating potential use in menopausal treatment but this has yet to be confirmed.

Asoprisnil
Asoprisnil (J867) is a steroidal 11β-benzaldoxime substituted SPRM (Fig. 14). The geometry of its oxime group is suggested to play a major role in the in vitro potency. It has been suggested as a treatment for leiomyoma and endometriosis and it is the first SPRM in the clinical development of endometriosis treatment to reach an advanced phase.

Telapristone
Telapristone (CDB-4124), also known as Proellex (Fig. 15), entered phase II clinical trial for in treatment uterine fibroids in 2014 and has a planned phase II clinical trial for alleviation of symptoms of endometriosis in early 2016. It has also been suggested to have chemopreventive effects.

Uses
SPRMs are under development for the following uses:

 * Asoprisnil and telapristone are both under investigation (2005) for the medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
 * Proellex has completed a number of clinical trials to treat endometriosis and uterine fibroids.

While these SPRMs have been effective for the treatment of uterine fibroids, development of side effects such as endometrial thickening has limited their administration to no longer than three to four months.

Future
Due to its antiglucocorticoidal activity, mifepristone is investigated for its therapeutical potential in indications like Cushing's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease or psychosis. Beside that SPRMs are under development for various gynecological applications, including estrogen-free contraception, uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis.


text:
Kugelis

Kugelis, also known as bulvių plokštainis ("potato pie"), is a potato dish from Lithuania.

ingredients
Potatoes, bacon, milk, onions, and eggs are seasoned with salt and pepper and flavoured, for example with bay leaves and/or marjoram, then oven-baked. It is usually eaten with sour cream or pork rind with diced onions.

Similar dishes
Similar dishes include the Jewish kugel and the Belarusian and Polish potato babka.

title: Kugelis


text:
Dumb Bunnies

Dumb Bunnies is a series of books created by Dav Pilkey, the author of Captain Underpants, under the pseudonym "Sue Denim". They involve the adventures of a dumb family of bunnies. The Dumb Bunnies did everything in reverse, including sleeping under beds and putting flowers upside down in vases.

The series is said to be mocking or parodying books like Good Night Moon by Margaret Wise Brown and The Stupids Step Out by Harry G. Allard and illustrated by James Marshall.

Book appearances
The Dumb Bunnies first appeared in the book The Dumb Bunnies. In the book the Dumb Bunnies are having porridge when they decide to go for a walk. They go to Kentucky Fried Carrots (parody of Kentucky Fried Chicken) and have a picnic in the car wash. Meanwhile, Little Red Goldilocks enters their home. When the Dumb Bunnies return, they are thrilled to see her. But Poppa Bunny is embarrassed because he thought someone slept on his porridge. Momma Bunny is angry because she thought someone ate her bed. Baby Bunny cries because he thinks someone used his pimple cream. Then Papa Bunny dances, Mama Bunny sings a song, and Baby Bunny flushes Little Red Goldilocks down the toilet. At the end of the book, a picture on the back cover shows her coming out of a sewer pipe and landing in a lake. Note: The cover originally had the word "spam" on the bowl of porridge, which Pilkey claims was meant to be a joke, until the Hormel Foods Corporation threatened legal action, causing either a recall of the book or placing a golden sticker on it until a reprint was made without the word. The Spam covers have now become extremely hard to find.

The Dumb Bunnies made their second appearance in the book The Dumb Bunnies Easter. The Dumb Bunnies are preparing for Easter (which appears to be more related to Christmas) and set up the decorations (including putting an "Easter Tree" upside down). After preparing, they spray-paint fried eggs (claimed to be "painting Easter Eggs") and watch a small football on top of their television. They go to hang up their stockings before they realize that they are wearing them and they are sleeping upside down in front of the fireplace. The Easter Bunny soon arrives and drops all the eggs down the chimney. The next morning, the Dumb Bunnies are thrilled to see the eggs (although they are completely cracked with shells lying everywhere).

Their third appearance was in the book Make Way for Dumb Bunnies. While the Dumb Bunnies are spending quality time at home, it suddenly starts raining. They think it is a perfect day to go to the beach and they head there. But then the sun comes out and they think it is bad weather, so they head to the movie theater (accidentally stealing a car in the process). During the movie, the Dumb Bunnies think the projector is the screen, which blinds them for a while. They return home on a steamroller (which they thought was their car) and regain vision again.

The Dumb Bunnies latest appearance is in the book The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo. They first go outside to pick things in their garden (using pickaxes). They later drive to the zoo, only to discover the animals they are seeing are a lot smaller than they really are (they mistake a small bird perched on the "Elephant" sign as being the elephant and a butterfly perched on the "Lion" sign as being the lion). When the butterfly flutters off the sign they think the lion escaped and go crazy all over the zoo and letting all the animals loose (including the "real" lion). The S.W.A.T. cops arrive to capture the lion, but the Dumb Bunnies say he flew away. As they leave the zoo (the book says that they decide to go home, but they really got kicked out by the zookeeper), they come across two giant apes which they mistake for being "Free Kitties" (the box that the words were written on did contain real kittens, but when the apes climbed over the wall, they scared all the kittens, and the owner who carried the box, away). Baby Bunny decides to keep them, but as they drive out, the apes fall off the top of the car they had been tied to. They return home at the end of the day and get into their new waterbed (with a series of hoses spraying water on the bed) and fall asleep.

Challenges
In 2010, The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo was placed on the "Most Challenged Books of 2010" list that was published by the Canadian Library Association. Again, this particular book was challenged – this time in Oregon for "concern that reading this book may result in confusion and stupidity." The book was retained in the library.

Because of the "sarcastic view of humor", the series was challenged in Summit County and was moved out the primary library and into the intermediate library.

The original book was challenged in Texas because of parent complaints that the book depicted violence.

Books

 * The Dumb Bunnies (1994, Blue Sky Press; ISBN 0-590-47708-0)
 * The Dumb Bunnies' Easter (1995, Blue Sky Press; ISBN 0-590-20241-3)
 * Make Way for Dumb Bunnies (1996, Blue Sky Press; ISBN 0-590-58286-0)
 * The Dumb Bunnies Go to the Zoo (1997, Blue Sky Press; ISBN 0-590-84735-X)

Television series
It was also adapted into an animated television series produced by Nelvana and Yoram Gross, airing on CBS in the U.S. The show ran for 26 episodes, from October 3, 1998 to March 27, 1999. In Australia, the show ran on Seven Network.

title: Dumb Bunnies


text:
Agrarian revolution

Agrarian revolution may refer to either:

 * List of peasant revolts against various states
 * Agricultural revolution (disambiguation)

title: Agrarian revolution


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wordsmithing

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Wordsmithing
Wikipedia is not a dictionary Ryan Norton T 18:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Note - this now exists on Two pages

Votes for deletion/Wordsmithing and Pages for deletion/Wordsmithing

 * move to wikitionary wikipedia may not be a dictionary, but it does link to one...HoratioVitero 18:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wiktionary already contains a perfectly good entry for this.  --Alan Au 18:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. per nom. Alf 19:44, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per above - Tεx  τ  urε  21:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom.  Cje 08:46, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Carrier grade open framework

Carrier grade open framework (CGOF) is a hardware-independent architecture for the telecommunications industry. CGOF is based on a collection of open standards and is offered as a basis for new solution development. CGOF specifies the functional components needed to create next generation network (NGN) solutions, the relationship of those components to each other, and the interfaces among the components.

title: Carrier grade open framework


text:
Forever and Ever

Forever and Ever may refer to:

 * "For ever and ever" or "unto the ages of ages" ("in saecula saeculorum"), a biblical phrase

Film and television

 * Forever and Ever (film), a 1977 Hong Kong film directed by John Law
 * Forever and Ever, a 2001 Hong Kong film directed by Raymond To
 * Forever and Ever (TV series), a 2021 Chinese romantic drama series

Albums

 * Forever and Ever (David Choi album) or the title song, 2011
 * Forever and Ever (Demis Roussos album) or the title song (see below), 1973
 * Forever and Ever – 40 Greatest Hits, by Demis Roussos, 1998
 * Forever and Ever – Definitive Collection, by Demis Roussos, 2002
 * Forever and Ever (Dune album), 1998
 * Forever and Ever (Howard Hewett album) or the title song, 1988
 * Forever and Ever (Champion Jack Dupree album), 1991
 * Forever & Ever, by Sales, 2018

Songs

 * "Forever and Ever" (Demis Roussos song), 1973
 * "Forever and Ever" (Franz Winkler and Malia Rosa song), 1948
 * "Forever and Ever" (Slik song), 1976
 * "Forever and Ever", by Joe Satriani from What Happens Next, 2018

title: Forever and Ever


text:
File:Prince gottastop cover.jpg

Licensing
Cover for Prince's UK 12" Single release of "Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" from 1980.

title: File:Prince gottastop cover.jpg


text: User talk:80.227.58.7

title: User talk:80.227.58.7


text:
User:Antiriad

Who is Antiriad
Antiriad is the original programmer of the arcade game emulator, Raine.

title: User:Antiriad


text:
Over, Cheshire

Over is an ancient borough, mentioned in the Domesday Book, now a part of Winsford in the Cheshire West and Chester district, in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. Wharton forms the eastern part, the boundary being the River Weaver. It is said to have retained its borough status and to be the smallest borough in England.

Ancient origins
Over owes its origins to the ice age when melt waters from the last ice sheet left a long line of sand expanding from near Frodsham in the north to beyond Nantwich in the south. The main road through Delamere Street and Swanlow Lane follows this line and is about 200 ft above sea level. 1 mi or so to the east, the River Weaver cuts a deep valley through the glacial clay. As there are few real hills in central Cheshire it would have been an ideal site for early settlers, who generally avoided valleys. Prehistoric tools have occasionally been found along the route, showing that the area had been used for many thousands of years before the first mention of the name in the Domesday Book of 1086.

Saxon times
The earliest evidence of anyone living in the area is the piece of a Saxon stone cross, which was found between the World Wars when St Chad's Church was altered. The fragment is on display near the organ today. Saint Chad was the first bishop of the Midlands in the 7th Century. There are various churches dedicated to him in Cheshire and throughout the Midlands. As it is recorded that he travelled around converting the pagans, it is possible that he converted early converts in a spring in what might have been a sacred valley at the edge of the forest. The ancient churchyard of the St Chad's church still shows a circular shape, which is usually a clue to an ancient, and often Pre-Christian, foundation. No church however is mentioned in the written records before the time of the Normans.

Norman rule
The Norman Earls of Chester had a hunting lodge or summer palace at Darnhall in Over parish. There was an enclosed area where deer and wild boar were kept to be hunted by the Earl and his guests. It was there that the last Norman Earl met his death. It was rumoured that his wife, Helen, the daughter of the Prince of Wales, had poisoned him to favour the powerful aristocrat that her daughter had married. However, as this was the time of the Barons' Wars, King Henry III took control of the county and of the manor himself and even spent time at Darnhall. It was during this time that the brook there was dammed to drive three water mills and to make pools to keep fish.

The first mention of a priest is in 1307 when a Thomas de Dutton is mentioned, but it is uncertain if this was at St. Chad's or as a chaplain at Darnhall, or both. The church and responsibility for the parish was given to St. Mary's convent in Chester, who appointed the priests in charge.

King Edward I and the foundation of Vale Royal Abbey
When Henry's son Edward was old enough, he was made Earl of Chester and took great pride in the county. On becoming King Edward I he granted several town charters for markets and defended Chester in readiness for wars in Wales. He also made a vow to found an abbey in Cheshire when he was in danger of shipwreck. As he had visited Darnhall and knew its quiet, secluded setting, he chose this area as a site for Cistercian monks. This religious order chose to live in the wildest places possible, bringing their farming skills to clear forest and to bring unused land into use for farming. A group of monks arrived from Dore Abbey in Herefordshire to set up the new abbey, but they were soon allowed to move to a better site that we now know as Vale Royal Abbey.

In 1277 the king and queen arrived in the Parish of Over to lay the foundation stones of the new abbey, which was planned to be the biggest of its kind in the country. Although the Abbot became lord of the manor, the church and parish remained the property of the convent at Chester, so Over paid tithes to both the Abbey and Convent. For a period of around 50 years, between the foundation of Vale Royal and the death of Abbot Peter, the tenants and villeins of Over periodically rebelled against the abbey's overlordship, sometimes violently.

New owners
In 1545 Vale Royal Abbey and its lands were sold during the dissolution of the monasteries, with Over being purchased by Thomas Holcroft for £466.10s.1d who sold it almost at once to Edmund Pershall.

Pershall was a London merchant who saw his purchase as a long-term investment. He got regular rents and hoped the properties would increase in value. Over was sold in the middle of the 17th Century to Thomas Cholmondeley, son of Lady Mary Cholmondeley who had purchased Vale Royal Abbey.

Civil War
In 1643, Royalists escaping from Nantwich "sacked" Over. The situation during the English Civil War was very dangerous to everyone – proof of this was discovered when workmen in Nixon Drive found a little black ale mug full of silver coins, with a date range from Queen Elizabeth I to 1643. The coins were declared a treasure trove and are now at the Grosvenor Museum in Chester.

Later 17th century
A silver mace was presented by the owner of Vale Royal Abbey mansion in this time, although it is unclear exactly by whom and when. It is still in the possession of Winsford Town Council.

Daniel King, who published his history of Cheshire in 1656, described Over thus: "tis but a small thing, but I place it here because of the great prerogative that it has, for it had a mayor". He included it in the list of boroughs of Cheshire for, despite being a tiny village, its mayor was of equal rank to the mayor of Chester.

18th century
Robert Nixon, sometimes known as the 'Palatine Prophet' and who came from Over, may have lived at this time.

The Government gave permission for artificial improvements to be made to the River Weaver in 1721 to allow large barges to reach Winsford from the port of Liverpool. At first, this was the closest that barges carrying china clay from Cornwall could get to The Potteries. The clay was then taken overland by pack horses, who in turn would bring back the finished china to be sent for export through Liverpool. In 1744, the manager of the wharf, George Wood, took control of the trade between Winsford and Stoke. He made a reasonable fortune and built Oak House, which remained a farm just off Beeston Drive before the land was purchased to build the Over Estate and Oak house remained until the mid-1980s as the de Witt family residents when the land was taken by the town council for private housing and Oak House was demolished.

That trade ended in the 1780s when the Trent and Mersey Canal carried the goods through Middlewich and bypassed the town. The canalised Weaver was, however, the inspiration for the Duke of Bridgewater's canals and later the engineer for the Weaver Navigation, Edwin Leader Williams, designed and built the Manchester Ship Canal.

19th century – the time of salt
The salt industry became firmly established in Winsford from the 1830s, bringing with it massive pollution. As the wind usually blew away from Over, it became the popular place for more wealthy people in the town to live. However, people who worked on the barges and other people working in Winsford started to develop along the old Over Lane, now the High Street. The old Borough tried to keep itself separate but had been connected by the 1860s.

In 1869 Abraham Haigh built a cotton mill at the end of what would become Well Street. He used the water supply trapped in the sand enclosed by clay on the Over Ridge to power steam engines. However, almost as soon as the building was completed most of it was destroyed, killing some of the workers who were then buried in a communal grave at St John's church where a monument records their names. A town fire engine, although ordered, had not yet been delivered by the time of the fire.

The last mayor of Over was Edmund Leigh, who held office during the Diamond Jubilee of 1897. The mayoral status of Over was by then a purely ceremonial affair, as the right of the mayor to sit in court as a magistrate had by then been removed.

Baron Delamere, the major local landowner, sold most of his considerable property in the town in 1912, resisting the giving of the mace and title to the newly formed Winsford Urban District Council (possibly because he wanted to sell them). The mace was therefore taken back to Vale Royal Abbey and Sir William Verdin gave Winsford a new silver mace to mark the coronation of George V. In 1946 Baron Delamere's son, who had settled in Kenya, returned the old mace to Winsford when he sold the remaining family land.

Governance
In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 7306. On 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished to form Winsford, part also went to Darnhall, Marton and Davenham. From 1974 to 2009 it was in Vale Royal district.

title: Over, Cheshire


text: User talk:68.98.186.202

title: User talk:68.98.186.202