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Chow variety

In mathematics, particularly in the field of algebraic geometry, a Chow variety is an algebraic variety whose points correspond to effective algebraic cycles of fixed dimension and degree on a given projective space. More precisely, the Chow variety $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$ is the fine moduli variety parametrizing all effective algebraic cycles of dimension $$k-1$$ and degree $$d$$ in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$.

The Chow variety $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$ may be constructed via a Chow embedding into a sufficiently large projective space. This is a direct generalization of the construction of a Grassmannian variety via the Plücker embedding, as Grassmannians are the $$d=1$$ case of Chow varieties.

Chow varieties are distinct from Chow groups, which are the abelian group of all algebraic cycles on a variety (not necessarily projective space) up to rational equivalence. Both are named for Wei-Liang Chow (周煒良), a pioneer in the study of algebraic cycles.

Background on algebraic cycles
If X is a closed subvariety of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ of dimension $$k-1$$, the degree of X is the number of intersection points between X and a generic $$(n-k)$$-dimensional projective subspace of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$.

Degree is constant in families of subvarieties, except in certain degenerate limits. To see this, consider the following family parametrized by t.
 * $$X_t := V(x^2-tyz) \subset \mathbb{P}^{2}$$.

Whenever $$t\neq0$$, $$X_t$$ is a conic (an irreducible subvariety of degree 2), but $$X_0$$ degenerates to the line $$x=0$$ (which has degree 1). There are several approaches to reconciling this issue, but the simplest is to declare $$X_0$$ to be a line of multiplicity 2 (and more generally to attach multiplicities to subvarieties) using the language of algebraic cycles.

A $$(k-1)$$-dimensional algebraic cycle is a finite formal linear combination
 * $$X=\sum_{i} m_{i}X_{i}$$.

in which $$X_{i}$$s are $$(k-1)$$-dimensional irreducible closed subvarieties in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$, and $$m_{i}$$s are integers. An algebraic cycle is effective if each $$m_i\geq0$$. The degree of an algebraic cycle is defined to be
 * $$\deg(X):=\sum_{i} m_{i}\deg(X_{i})$$.

A homogeneous polynomial or homogeneous ideal in n-many variables defines an effective algebraic cycle in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$, in which the multiplicity of each irreducible component is the order of vanishing at that component. In the family of algebraic cycles defined by $$x^2-tyz$$, the $$t=0$$ cycle is 2 times the line $$x=0$$, which has degree 2. More generally, the degree of an algebraic cycle is constant in families, and so it makes sense to consider the moduli problem of effective algebraic cycles of fixed dimension and degree.

Examples of Chow varieties
There are three special classes of Chow varieties with particularly simple constructions.

Degree 1: Subspaces
An effective algebraic cycle in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ of dimension k-1 and degree 1 is the projectivization of a k-dimensional subspace of n-dimensional affine space. This gives an isomorphism to a Grassmannian variety:
 * $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,1,n) \simeq \operatorname{Gr}(k,n)$$

The latter space has a distinguished system of homogeneous coordinates, given by the Plücker coordinates.

Dimension 0: Points
An effective algebraic cycle in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ of dimension 0 and degree d is an (unordered) d-tuple of points in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$, possibly with repetition. This gives an isomorphism to a symmetric power of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$:
 * $$\operatorname{Gr}(1,d,n) \simeq \operatorname{Sym}_d\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$.

Codimension 1: Divisors
An effective algebraic cycle in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ of codimension 1 and degree d can be defined by the vanishing of a single degree d polynomial in n-many variables, and this polynomial is unique up to rescaling. Letting $$V_{d,n}$$ denote the vector space of degree d polynomials in n-many variables, this gives an isomorphism to a projective space:
 * $$\operatorname{Gr}(n-1,d,n) \simeq \mathbb{P}V_{d,n}$$.

Note that the latter space has a distinguished system of homogeneous coordinates, which send a polynomial to the coefficient of a fixed monomial.

A non-trivial example
The Chow variety $$\operatorname{Gr}(2,2,4)$$ parametrizes dimension 1, degree 2 cycles in $$\mathbb{P}^{3}$$. This Chow variety has two irreducible components. • The moduli of conics contained in a projective plane (and their degenerations).

• The moduli of pairs of lines. These two 8-dimensional components intersect in the moduli of coplanar pairs of lines, which is the singular locus in $$\operatorname{Gr}(2,2,4)$$. This shows that, in contrast with the special cases above, Chow varieties need not be smooth or irreducible.

The Chow embedding
Let X be an irreducible subvariety in $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ of dimension k-1 and degree d. By the definition of the degree, most $$(n-k)$$-dimensional projective subspaces of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ intersect X in d-many points. By contrast, most $$(n-k-1)$$-dimensional projective subspaces of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ do not intersect at X at all. This can be sharpened as follows.

Lemma. The set $$Z(X) \subset \operatorname{Gr}(n-k,n)$$ parametrizing the subspaces of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ which intersect X non-trivially is an irreducible hypersurface of degree d.

As a consequence, there exists a degree d form $$R_X$$ on $$\operatorname{Gr}(n-k,n)$$ which vanishes precisely on $$Z(X)$$, and this form is unique up to scaling. This construction can be extended to an algebraic cycle $$X=\sum_{i} m_{i}X_{i}$$ by declaring that $$R_X:= \prod_{i} R_{X_i}^{m_i}$$. To each degree d algebraic cycle, this associates a degree d form $$R_X$$ on $$\operatorname{Gr}(n-k,n)$$, called the Chow form of X, which is well-defined up to scaling.

Let $$V_{k,d,n}$$ denote the vector space of degree d forms on $$\operatorname{Gr}(n-k,n)$$.

The Chow-van-der-Waerden Theorem. The map $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n) \hookrightarrow \mathbb{P}V_{k,d,n}$$ which sends $$X\mapsto R_X$$ is a closed embedding of varieties.

In particular, an effective algebraic cycle X is determined by its Chow form $$R_X$$.

If a basis for $$V_{k,d,n}$$ has been chosen, sending $$X$$ to the coefficients of $$R_X$$ in this basis gives a system of homogeneous coordinates on the Chow variety $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$, called the Chow coordinates of $$X$$. However, as there is no consensus as to the ‘best’ basis for $$V_{k,d,n}$$, this term can be ambiguous.

From a foundational perspective, the above theorem is usually used as the definition of $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$. That is, the Chow variety is usually defined as a subvariety of $$\mathbb{P}V_{k,d,n}$$, and only then shown to be a fine moduli space for the moduli problem in question.

Relation to the Hilbert scheme
A more sophisticated solution to the problem of 'correctly' counting the degree of a degenerate subvariety is to work with subschemes of $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$ rather than subvarieties. Schemes can keep track of infinitesimal information that varieties and algebraic cycles cannot.

For example, if two points in a variety approach each other in an algebraic family, the limiting subvariety is a single point, the limiting algebraic cycle is a point with multiplicity 2, and the limiting subscheme is a 'fat point' which contains the tangent direction along which the two points collided.

The Hilbert scheme $$\operatorname{Hilb}(k,d,n)$$ is the fine moduli scheme of closed subschemes of dimension k-1 and degree d inside $$\mathbb{P}^{n-1}$$. Each closed subscheme determines an effective algebraic cycle, and the induced map
 * $$\operatorname{Hilb}(k,d,n) \longrightarrow \operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$.

is called the cycle map or the Hilbert-Chow morphism. This map is generically an isomorphism over the points in $$\operatorname{Gr}(k,d,n)$$ corresponding to irreducible subvarieties of degree d, but the fibers over non-simple algebraic cycles can be more interesting.

Chow quotient
A Chow quotient parametrizes closures of generic orbits. It is constructed as a closed subvariety of a Chow variety.

Kapranov's theorem says that the moduli space $$\overline{M}_{0, n}$$ of stable genus-zero curves with n marked points is the Chow quotient of Grassmannian $$\operatorname{Gr}(2, \C^n)$$ by the standard maximal torus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chow variety


text:
File:Samuel-Cashwan-photo.jpg

Samuel Cashwan

I contacted the people who arrange for permission to use material from the Museum of Modern Art - who published the book [ Americans 1942, 18 Artists From 9 States, MMA, 1942] from which this picture was taken - and was informed that they could only give permission to reproduce pictures of works that were held by the Museum of Modern Art. However they also felt that my contacting them indicated that I had made a sincere attempt to locate the copyright holder of the photo of Samuel Cashwan and that I should further state that if the holder of the rights to the picture should discover this use of it, that this person should contact me for further discussion. Einar at eeklon[at]yahoo.com Carptrash 19:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Carptrash 16:19, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

title: File:Samuel-Cashwan-photo.jpg


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Talk:John Ingoldsby

Wikilinks
This article is pretty ugly with all the red links and the year wikilinks. Do we need to make all the years wikilinks? Fang Aili 19:27, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Ingoldsby


text:
User talk:Jamie reeder

Welcome!

Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my talk page.'''

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Happy editing! ‡  Jarlaxle   19:28, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamie reeder


text:
User talk:PK2005

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:28, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:PK2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edward Jones (cricket)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Edward Jones (cricket)
Amateur sportsman of no major repute
 * D'oh, forgot to sign again. There was an Edward Jones who played county cricket for Glamorgan, but that was one match in the 1920s. Average Earthman 19:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete possible A7 speedy candidate. Club cricketer for Grove Park Cricket Club. As there is no grade specified, he could be in fifth grade as far as we know. Even he was in the firsts, the article does not outline any cricketing achievements of note. Capitalistroadster 01:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If Edward Jones of 1920 played first class cricket, regardless of it being just one match, I'd let him have the article, to me having played first class cricket is pretty notable. Hiding talk 20:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Wabash College

Delta Tau Delta Alcohol Incident Section
Preemptively making this topic since the last edit involving it is implied some level of potential censorship involved in the reinstating of the information.

While it is well-referenced, I don't believe that the information as it current stands fits within the context and/or flow of the section. Other than being related to fraternities at Wabash, it departs significantly from the previous paragraphs' context. It's also rather short, again adding to its jarring effect.

Additionally, it is not consistent with how other pages handle similar incidents. For example, Purdue University and Butler_University make no mention of controversies involving fraternities, even significant ones. Also, DePauw_University mentions a significant controversy, however it is split off into its own section.

I think this information likely fits better within the Delta Tau Delta page. There are other controversies involving fraternities at Wabash that are not mentioned on the page, but are mentioned within the fraternity page, see Phi Gamma Delta.

The only reason I can find to potentially keep it is that it is a controversy which resulted in a removal of a house, which is the same result as the DePauw section. However, I believe the other factors mentioned (brevity, jarring-ness, and other standard outlets available) outweigh this.

I will be removing the section and don't believe it should be reinstated unless it is given its own section & expanded. Xyban9 (talk) 20:53, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wabash College


text:
Horn function

In the theory of special functions in mathematics, the Horn functions (named for Jakob Horn) are the 34 distinct convergent hypergeometric series of order two (i.e. having two independent variables), enumerated by (corrected by ). They are listed in. B. C. Carlson revealed a problem with the Horn function classification scheme. The total 34 Horn functions can be further categorised into 14 complete hypergeometric functions and 20 confluent hypergeometric functions. The complete functions, with their domain of convergence, are: F_1(\alpha;\beta,\beta';\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1 $$ F_2(\alpha;\beta,\beta';\gamma,\gamma';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_m(\gamma')_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|<1 $$ F_3(\alpha,\alpha';\beta,\beta';\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_m(\alpha')_n(\beta)_m(\beta')_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1 $$ F_4(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m+n}}{(\gamma)_m(\gamma')_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;\sqrt{|z|}+\sqrt{|w|}<1 $$ G_1(\alpha;\beta,\beta';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|<1 $$ G_2(\alpha,\alpha';\beta,\beta';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_m(\alpha')_n(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|<1\land|w|<1 $$ G_3(\alpha,\alpha';z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{2n-m}(\alpha')_{2m-n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;27|z|^2|w|^2+18|z||w|\pm4(|z|-|w|)<1 $$ H_1(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m+n}(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z||w|+2|w|-|w|^2<1 $$ H_2(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;\epsilon;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_m(\gamma)_n(\delta)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;1/|w|-|z|<1 $$ H_3(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_n}{(\gamma)_{m+n}}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z|+|w|^2-|w|<0 $$ H_4(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_n}{(\gamma)_m(\delta)_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z|+2|w|-|w|^2<1 $$ H_5(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}(\beta)_{n-m}}{(\gamma)_n}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;16|z|^2-36|z||w|\pm(8|z|-|w|+27|z||w|^2)<-1 $$ H_6(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n-m}(\gamma)_n\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;|z||w|^2+|w|<1 $$ H_7(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;z,w)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_n(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m}\frac{z^mw^n}{m!n!}/;4|z|+2/|s|-1/|s|^2<1 $$ while the confluent functions include: Notice that some of the complete and confluent functions share the same notation.
 * $$\Phi_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Phi_{2}\left(\beta,\beta';\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\beta)_{m}(\beta')_{n}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Phi_{3}\left(\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Psi_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma,\gamma';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Psi_{2}\left(\alpha;\gamma,\gamma';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m+n}}{(\gamma)_{m}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Xi_{1}\left(\alpha,\alpha';\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m}(\alpha')_{n}(\beta)_m}{(\gamma)_{m+n}(\gamma')_{n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Xi_{2}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m}(\alpha)_{m}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Gamma_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta,\beta';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\alpha)_m (\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$\Gamma_{2}\left(\beta,\beta';x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\beta)_{n-m}(\beta')_{m-n}\frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{1}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta ;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m+n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{2}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m}(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{3}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_{m}}{(\delta)_{m}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{4}\left(\alpha;\gamma;\delta ;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\gamma)_{n}}{(\delta)_n} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{5}\left(\alpha;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{6}\left(\alpha;\gamma;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}}{(\gamma)_{m+n}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{7}\left(\alpha;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m+n}}{(\gamma)_m(\delta)_n} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{8}\left(\alpha;\beta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n-m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{9}\left(\alpha;\beta;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}(\beta)_{n}}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{10}\left(\alpha;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{2m-n}}{(\delta)_{m}} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$
 * $$H_{11}\left(\alpha;\beta;\gamma;\delta;x, y\right)\equiv\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\alpha)_{m-n}(\beta)_n(\gamma)_n}{(\delta)_m} \frac{x^{m} y^{n}}{m ! n !}$$

title: Horn function


text: Talk:Vincennes University

title: Talk:Vincennes University


text:
Jon Oberlander

Jon Reid Oberlander FRSE (16 June 1962 – 19 December 2017) was a British philosopher and cognitive scientist who was Professor of Epistemics at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh. He received a BA in Philosophy from Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1983 and a PhD in Cognitive Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1987.

Research
Oberlander described three main strands in his research: intelligent labelling; affect in communication (e.g., in research on personality types in emails with Alastair Gill); and multimodal reasoning and communication (e.g., in research with Keith Stenning on diagrammatic reasoning).

Honours
In March 2016 Oberlander was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's National Academy for science and letters, where he served as a member of their Young People's committee.

title: Jon Oberlander


text:
User:Michawiki~enwiki/Kak stronu wobdźěłać

 * Hlej tež Pomoc:Wobdźěłanje, Pomoc:Nowu stronu załožić, m:Pomoc:Wobdźěłanje

Wikipedija je WikiWiki, to rěka, zo něchtó móže nješkitanu nastawk zlochka wobdźěłać a tute změny hnydom k stronje słać.

Wobdźěłowanje Wiki strony je jara lochke. Klikńće jednorje na rajtark "tutu stronu wobdźěłać" horjeka (abo wobdźěłowanski pokaz naprawo abo deleka) na Wiki stronje. To wjedźe was k stronje z tekstowym polom, kotrež wobdźěłujomny tekst teje strony wobsahuje. Jelizo chceće jenož eksperimentować, prošu čińće to w hrajkanišću; nic jowle. Wy měł krótke Zjeće do małeho pólka pod wobdźěłowanskeho kašćika pisać. Móžeće stenografować, zo byšće swoje změny wopisał kaž w legendźe wopisane, a hdyž sće hotowy, tłóčće na Přehladku pokazać, zo byšće widźał, kak waše změny wupadaja. Móžeće tež widźeć, kotre změny sće porno předchadnej wersiji činił, kliknjo na tłóčku Změny pokazać. Jelizo sće spokojom z tym, štož widźiće, potom klikńće na "Stronu składować" a waše změny budu so hnydom na nastawk nałožować. "Njesignujće" změny, kotrež činiće k regularnym nastawkam (softwara slěduje někoho, kiž kóždu změnu činja).

Móžeće tež na rajtark "Diskusija" kliknyć, zo byšće wotpowědnu diskusijnu stronu widźał, kotraž komentary wot druhich wužiwarjow wo stronje wobsahuje. Klikńće na rajtark "+", zo byšće mowy wotrězk přidał abo wobdźěłajće stronu na samsne wašnje kaž na stronje nastawka. Hdyž diskusijne strony wobdźěłujeće, signujće prošu swoju změnu, hlej Signujće swoje přinoški na diskusijnych stronach.

Pokiwy za wobdźěłanje nastawkow Wikipedije
Zastupujće přeco neutralne stejišćo, dokelž Wikipedija njeje městno, kotrež stejišća spěchuje.

Citujće swoje žórła, tak zo druzy móža waše dźěło přepruwować a rozšěrić. Najwjace nastawkow da dobre referency parować a to přinošuje k jeničkej wuznamnej kritice na wikipediju - zo je wona spušćomne žórło njeje. Prošu pomhajće online za resursami slědźić a je čišćeć, zo byšće referency wo nastawku, na kotrymž runje dźěłaće, namakał, potom citujće je w přihódnje formje a wobmyslće citowanje dwělnych faktow znutřka teksta. Njeje žadyn konsens wo nalěpšim wašnju kak to činić, ale něšto je lěpše hač ničo. Móžeće na akademiske wašnje znutřka tekst citować, na př. (Přikład, 2004, sstr. 22-23) abo jako wysokostajene znamješko 1 k nóžće, kotruž na kóncu nastawka zaměstniće.

Po tym zo sće nowu stronu załožił, by dobra myslička:
 * Štož sem pokazuje (pokazujo wašu stronu) wužiwać, zo by so nastawki pruwowali, kotrež hižo na nju pokazuja a zawěsćće so zo wšě samsny woznam zwuraznjeja, kotryž sće postajił; a
 * tłóčku Pytanje Wikipedije wužiwać, zo byšće wikipediju za titulom wašeje temy - a móžnymi wariantami - přepytał, zo bychu so nastawki namakali, kotrež jón naspomnjeja a załožće pokazy k tym jeli su přihódne.

Snadne změny
Hlej tež Wikipedija:Snadna změna

Hdyž stronu wobdźěłujeće, přizjewjeny wužiwar móže změnu jako "snadnu (minor)" markować. Snadne změny su powšitkownje prawopisne korektury, formatowanje a snadne přerjadowanje teksta. Je móžno snadne změny při wobhladowanju Wikipedija:Aktualne změny schować. Markowanje wuznamnišeje změny jako snadna změna maja za špatne zadźerženje, ćim bóle hdyž to wotstronjenje teksta zapřijima. Jelizo něchtó je zmylnje změnu jako snadnu markował, dyrbjała tuta wosoba zórło hišće raz wobdźěłać, ju jako wjetšu markować (abo, lěpje, so zawěsćić, zo kontrolny kašćik za "To je snadna změna" wothóčkowany njeje), a w zjeću podać, zo předchadna změna wjetša běše.

Wiki markup
Wiki markup je syntaktiski system, kotryž móžeće wužiwać, zo by so strona Wikipedije formatowała.

W lěwym stołpiku deleka w tabeli, móžeće widźeć, kotre efekty su móžne. W prawym stołpiku móžeće widźeć kak móžeće tute efekto docpěć. Hinak prajene, zo by tekst takle kaž w lěwym stołpiku wupadał, zapisajće jón we formaće, kotryž w prawym stołpiku widźiće.

Snadź chceće tutu stronu w separatnym browserowym woknješku za referencu wočinjenu wostajić abo foto wobrazowki činić. Jelizo chceće wěcy bjez stracha škodu načinić wuprobować, móžeće to na hrajkanišću činić. Spytajće hrajkanišćo w separatnym woknješku abo na rajtarku wočinjeć a wostajće tutu stronu za přirunanje wočinjenu.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" ! Kaž to wupada ! Štož napisaće Započńće swoje wotrězki kaž slěduje:
 * - valign="top"

Nowy wotrězk

Podwotrězk

Podpodwotrězk

 * Započńće z nadpismon druheje runiny ( == ); njewužijće nadpisma prěnjeje runiny (=).
 * Njepřeskočće runiny (na přikład, nadpismo druheje runiny, kotremuž nadpismo štwórteje runiny sćěhuje).
 * Zapis wobsaha budźe so awtomatisce k nastawkej přidawać, kotryž ma štyri wotrězki abo wjace.
 * Jelizo so hodźi, zaměstńće podwotrězki po přihódnym porjedźe. Jelizo kraje naličeće, zrjadujće je radšo po alfabetiskim porjedźe hač, prajmy na př., relatiwnje k ličbje wobydlerjow krajow  OECD abo po připadnym porjedźe.

Podpodwotrězk
Jednotliwa nowa linka so powšitkownje na wuhotowanje njewuskutkuje. To hodźi so wužiwać, zo bychu so sady znutřka wotstawka poddźělili. Někotři wobdźěłaćerjo měnja, zo to wobdźěłanje podpěruje a funkciju diff polěpšuje (wužiwa so nutřka, zo bychu so rozdźělne wersije strony přirunali).
 * - valign="top"

Prózdna linka nowy wotstawk zahaja.

Jednotliwa nowa linka so powšitkownje na wuhotowanje njewuskutkuje. To hodźi so wužiwać, zo bychu so sady znutřka wotstawka poddźělili. Někotři wobdźěłaćerjo měnja, zo to wobdźěłanje podpěruje a funkciju diff polěpšuje (wužiwa so nutřka, zo bychu so rozdźělne wersije strony přirunali).
 * W lisćinje wužiwane, nowa linka wuhotowanje wobwliwuje (hlej deleka).

Prózdna linka nowy wotstawk zahaja.

Móžeće linki łamać njezahajo nowy wotstawk.
 * - valign="top"

Móžeće linki łamać njezahajo nowy wotstawk.
 * Prošu wužijće to zrědka.
 * Skónčće markup mjez linkami, njezahajće pokaz abo kursiwnyabotučny na jednej lince a njeskóčće je na přichodnej.
 * - id="lists" valign="top"
 * Je zlochka lisćinu załožić:
 * Zahajće kóždu linku z hwězku (= asterisk).
 * Wjace hwěžkow woznamjenja hłubše runiny.
 * Łamanje w lisćinje markuje kónc lisćinoweho dypka.
 * Łamanje w lisćinje markuje kónc lisćinoweho dypka.

(= asterisk). hłubše runiny. lisćinoweho dypka.
 * Prózdna linka nowu lisćinu zahaja.
 * Je zlochka lisćinu załožić:
 * Zahajće kóždu linku z hwěžku
 * Wjace hwěžkow woznamjenja
 * Łamanje w lisćinje markuje kónc

 * Prózdna linka nowu lisćinu zahaja.
 * - valign="top"
 * 1) Wočisłowane lisćiny su tež dobre
 * 2) jara systematiske
 * 3) hodźa so spěšnje naslědować
 * 4) su samo lóše
 * 1) su samo lóše
 * 1) Wočisłowane lisćiny su tež dobre
 * 2) jara systematiske
 * 3) hodźi so spěšnje naslědować
 * 4) su samo lóše
 * - valign="top"
 * Móžeće samo změšane lisćiny załožić
 * a ze sobu zwjazać
 * na př. takle
 * na př. takle
 * Móžeće samo změšane lisćiny załožić
 * a ze sobu zwjazać
 * na př. takle
 * - valign="top" id="definition"
 * Definiciska lisćina : lisćina definacijow
 * dypk : definicija dypka
 * druhi dypk
 * definicija druheho dypka
 * definicija druheho dypka

lisćina definacijow
 * Jedyn dypk na linku; łamanje móže so před dwudypkom zjewić, ale wužiwanje prózdnoty polěpšuje analyzowanje.
 * Definiciska lisćina :
 * dypk : definicija dypka
 * druhi dypk
 * definicija druheho dypka

 * - valign="top"
 * Dwudypk zasunje linku abo wotstawk.
 * Dwudypk zasunje linku abo wotstawk.

Manuelne łamanje zahaja wotstawk.

 * Je to w prěnim rjedźe za pokazowany material, ale wužiwa so tež za diskusiju na Diskusijnych stronach.
 * Dwudypk zasunje linku abo wotstawk.

Manuelne łamanje zahaja wotstawk.

Jelizo je wotdźěleny tekstowy blok trjeba přikaz blockquote, jeli trjeba, zasunje wobě kromje, město zo jenož lěwu kromu kaž dwudypk to čini. Je to wužitne, zo bychu so bloki z citowanym tekstom zadźěłali. přikaz blockquote, jeli trjeba, zasunje wobě kromje, město zo jenož lěwu kromu kaž dwudypk to čini. JELI linka so z prózdnotu započina DA budźe so eksaktnje kaž zapisana formatować; w pismje z krutej šěrokosću; linki njebudu so łamać; KÓNC JELI
 * - valign=top
 * - valign=top

JELI linka so z prózdnotu započina DA budźe so eksaktnje kaž zapisana formatować; w pismje z krutej šěrokosću; linki njebudu so łamać; KÓNC JELI Centrowany tekst.
 * Je to wužitne za:
 * zadźěłanje předformatowaneho teksta;
 * wopisanja algoritmow;
 * žórłowe kode programow;
 * ASCII wuměłstwo;
 * chemiske struktury;
 * WARNOWANJE: Jelizo ju rozšěrjeće, nuzuje cyłu stronu šěroka być a z tym mjenje čitajomna, wosebje za ludźi, kotrymž jenož niše rozeznaća k dispoziciji steja. Njezahajće wšědne sady ženje z prózdnotami.
 * - valign="top"

Centrowany tekst. Wodoruna dźělenska linija:
 * Prošu kedźbujće ameriske pisanje słowa "center."
 * - valign="top"

tu je nad njej

a tu je pod njej.

Wodoruna dźělenska linija:
 * Powšitkownje wužitna za
 * disambiguaciju - wužijće ju pak zrědka, jenož hdyž cyle rozdźělne, njepřiwuzne woznamjenjenja rozeznawaće
 * zo bychu so nitki na diskusijnych stronach dźělili.

tu je nad njej

a tu je pod njej.

 * }

Wobrazy
Jenož wobrazy, kotrež buchu do Wikipedije nahrate, dadźa so wužiwać. Zo bychu so wobrazy nahrali, wužijće nahrawansku stronu. Móžeće nahraty wobraz na lisćina wobrazow.

Hlej prawidła wužiwanja wobrazow jako směrnica we Wikipediji wužiwana.

Za dalši pomoc wo wobrazach, inkluziwnje wjace wšelakich móžnosćow, hlej temu na Rozšěrjena wobrazowa syntaksa.

Formatowanje znamješkow
(hlej tež: Šachowe symbole w Unikodźe)

Zapis wobsaha
Po tuchwilnym stawje rěče wiki markup budźe so, jeli su znajmjeńša štyri nadpisma na stronje, zapis wobsaha před prěnim nadpismom (abo po zawodnych wotrězkach) připrawić. Zaměstnjenje něhdźe na stronje wuskutkuje, zo so zapis wobsaha na tym městnje zjewi (město jenož před prěnim nadpimom). Zaměstnjenje  něhdźe na stronje wuskutkuje, zo so zapis wobsaha zminje. Hlej tež kompaktny zapis wobsaha.

Tabele
Stej dwě wašni, zo bychu so tabele tworili:
 * w specialnym Wiki-markup (hlej Pomoc:Tabela)
 * ze zwučenych HTML elementami: <table>, <tr>, <td> abo <th>.

Wo druhim wašnju a diskusiji wo tym, hdyž tabele su přihódne, hlej Wikipedija:Kak tabele wužiwać.

Wariable
(Hlej tež Pomoc:Wariabla)

NUMBEROFARTICLES je ličba stronow we hłownym mjenowym rumje, kotrež pokaz wobsahuja a dalesporědkowanje njejsu, hinak prajene ličba nastawkow, pjenkow, kotrež pokazy wobsahuja a disambiguaciske strony.

CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN je genitiwna (posesiwna) gramatiska forma měsačneho mjena kaž w někotrych rěčach wužiwane; CURRENTMONTHNAME je nominatiwna (subjektowa) forma, kotruž powšitkownje jendźelšćina pokazuje.

W rěčach, hdźež to rólu hraje, móžeće konstrukcije kaž wužiwać, zo by so słowo z nominatiwa do hinašeho pada konwertowało. Na přikład woznamjenja samsne kaž.

Předłohi
Softwara MediaWiki přez Wikipediju wužiwana ma podpěru za předłohi. To rěka kusy standardizowaneho teksta (kaž tekst klocka) hodźa so do nastawkow zasunyć. Na přikład budźe so jewić jako "Tutón nastawk je pjenk. Móžeće Wikipediji pomhać, rozfałdujo jón." hdyž so strona składuje. Hlej Wikipedija:Předłohowe powěsće za dospołnu lisćinu. Druhe zwučene předłohi su: za disambiguaciske strony,  za wozjewjenja škody a  kaž nastawkowy pjenk abo za wotrězk. Je wjele temaspecifiskich pjenkow, na přikład:, , a. Za dospołnu lisćinu pjenkow hlej WP:WSS/ST.

Pokazy wobdźěłanja schować
Zasuńće   do dokumenta, zo bychu so wobdźěłowenske pokazy, kotrež so pódla kóždeho wotrězkoweho nadpisma jewja, potłóčili.

Wjace informacijow wo wobdźěłowanju wiki stronow
Snano chceće něšto wuknyć wo:

 * Kak nowu stronu spisać
 * Informelne pokiwy na K Wikipediji přinošować
 * Wobdźěłanske nadawki powšitkownje na Wikipedija:HUSB wobdźěłanja
 * Čehodla njeměli so strony tučnje přemjenować, na Wikipedija:Kak stronu přemjenować (přesunyć)
 * Preferowane wuhotowjenje wašeho nastawka na Wjednik k wuhotowjenju (hlej tež Wikipedija:Klockowy tekst)
 * Stilowe konwencije w Stilowej přiručce
 * Nastawk z komentarami, kotrež na powšitkowne problemy stila a wuhotowanja Wikipedije pokazuja na Wikipedija:Komentowane nastawki
 * Powšitkowne prawidła na Wikipedija:Prawidła a směrnicy
 * Wikipedijaa:Konwencije pomjenowanja - Kak nastawki pomjenować
 * Pomoc wo wobdźěłanju jara dołhich nastawkow
 * Jeli spisaće nastawk wo něčim, kotrež k skupinje objektow słuša (město, astronomiski objekt, chinski pismik...) pruwujće, hač je WikiProjekt w skupinje a spytajće na jeje směrnicy słuchać.
 * Pomoc:Formula
 * Wužiwarski wjednik Mediawiki wo wobdźěłanju
 * Wikipedija:MediaWiki
 * Skónčnje konsultujće Wikipedija:Stil a Nawod za lisćinu nastawkow wo wobdźěłanju Wikipedije.

Kak stronu wobdźěłać

am:Help:Editing ang:Wikipedia:How to edit a page ar:ويكيبيديا:مساعدة التحرير be:Вікіпэдыя:Як рэдагаваць існуючы артыкул bg:Уикипедия:Как се редактират страници ca:Viquipèdia:Com s'edita una pàgina cs:Wikipedie:Jak editovat stránku da:Wikipedia:Hvordan redigerer jeg en side de:Wikipedia:Seite bearbeiten el:Wikipedia:Πώς να επεξεργαστείτε μια σελίδα eo:Vikipedio:Kiel redakti pagxon es:Wikipedia:Cómo se edita una página fi:Wikipedia:Kuinka sivuja muokataan fr:Wikipédia:Syntaxe wikipédia ga:Vicipéid:Conas alt a chur in eagar he:ויקיפדיה:איך לערוך דף लेख को कैसे बदलें hu:Wikipédia:Hogyan szerkessz egy lapot id:Wikipedia:Menyunting sebuah halaman it:Wikipedia:Guida essenziale ja:Wikipedia:編集の仕方 lt:Wikipedia: Kaip Redaguoti Puslapį nl:Help:Uitleg nn:Hjelp:Redigering no:Wikipedia:Hvordan man redigerer en side pl:Wikipedia:Formatowanie tekstu na Wikipedii pt:Wikipedia:Como editar uma página ro:Wikipedia:Cum să editezi o pagină Как редактировать страницу simple:Wikipedia:How to edit sl:Wikipedija:Urejevanje slovenskih strani sr:Википедија:Како се мења страна sv:Wikipedia:Hur man redigerar en sida th:Wikipedia:การแก้ไขหน้า tr:Wikipedia:Sayfa nasıl değiştirilir صفحہ کس طرح ترميم کريں vi:Help:Sửa đổi zh-min-nan:Help:Pian-chi̍p zh:Wikipedia:如何编辑页面


text: Talk:Bartholomew Consolidated School Corporation


text:
Rachel Bell

Rachel Bell (born 1950 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is an English actress. Bell has many television credits to her name and has been associated as a long-running character with three series: Margaret Holmes in Grange Hill (1997–2002); Edith Pilchester in The Darling Buds of May (1991–1993); and Louise, the overbearing chair of the divorcee support group in Dear John (1986–1987). She also appeared in the Only Fools and Horses episode "To Hull and Back" (1985) and the Doctor Who story The Happiness Patrol (1988). In 1990 she played a barmaid in Last of the Summer Wine, episode Roll On.

Her films include Sweet William (1980), Red Mercury (2005) and the 2008 Keira Knightley film The Edge Of Love. In 2010, she played Hyacinth Bucket in a theatrical adaptation of the BBC situation comedy Keeping Up Appearances that toured the UK. In 2017, she began portraying the recurring role of Eve Haskey in the BBC soap opera Doctors.

title: Rachel Bell


text:
Talk:Andrew Adams

Burial detail
I reverted a change by a non-logged in user, from the West Cemetery back to East. There are TWO eighteenth century people named Andrew Adams buried in West and one in East. The article's subject is the one buried in the Litchfield East Cemetery. I just wanted to comment for the record. Lou I 19:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Adams


text:
Aurelia Dobre

Aurelia Dobre (born 16 November 1972) is a former artistic gymnast and the 1987 world all-around champion. She is the 1987 world champion on the balance beam and the bronze medalist on the vault and floor exercise, as well, and scored five perfect 10s at these championships.

Dobre was also a member of the silver medal-winning Romanian teams at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. However, her career was cut short because of two major injuries and a growth spurt.

For years, Dobre was thought to be the youngest world all-around champion ever, having won her title at the age of 14 years and 352 days, until it was found that Olga Bicherova's age had been falsified at the 1981 World Championships, and that Bicherova had been 13 when she won her title.

Post-retirement
She received an award at the Romanian Gymnastics Federation's 100-year anniversary celebration and was formally recognised as one of the Romanian gymnasts to have scored a perfect 10. In May 2016, she was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.

In 1991, Dobre moved to the United States and in 1992 married Iranian gymnastics coach Boz Mofid. They have four sons who are YouTube personalities: Cyrus, Darius, and twins Lucas and Marcus. Dobre was a choreographer and dance coach at the Dobre Gymnastics Academy in Maryland until 2020, when she decided to retire and close the gym.

title: Aurelia Dobre


text:
Nikolay Chkheidze

Nikoloz Chkheidze (ნიკოლოზ (კარლო) ჩხეიძე; Никола́й (Карло) Семёнович Чхеи́дзе) commonly known as Karlo Chkheidze (21 March 1864 – 13 June 1926), was a Georgian politician. In the 1890s, he promoted the Social Democratic movement in Georgia. He became a key figure in the Russian Revolution (February 1917 to October 1917) as the Menshevik president of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Petrograd (until September 1917). Later he served as president of the Transcaucasian Sejm (February 1918 to May 1918), and he held office in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (April–May 1918). Later he became president of parliamentary assemblies of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, National Council, Constituent Assembly and Parliament (May 1918 to March 1921).

Early life and family
Chkheidze was born to an aristocratic family in Puti, Kutais Governorate (in the present-day Zestafoni Municipality of the Imereti province of Georgia). From his marriage with Alexandra Taganova (X-1943), he would have four children including a daughter who would accompany him in exile.

Political career
In 1892, Chkheidze, together with Egnate Ninoshvili, Silibistro Jibladze, Noe Zhordania and Kalenike Chkheidze (his brother), became a founder of the first Georgian Social-Democratic group, Mesame Dasi (the third team).

Russia
From 1907 to 1919, Chkheidze was a member of Tiflis Gubernyia in the Russian State Duma and gained popularity as a spokesman for the Menshevik faction within the Russian Social Democratic Party. He was an active member of the irregular freemasonic lodge, the Grand Orient of Russia’s Peoples. In 1917, the year of the Russian Revolution, Chkheidze became Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. He failed to prevent the rise of Bolshevism and refused a post in the Russian Provisional Government. However, he did support its policies and advocated revolutionary oboronchestvo (defencism). He also voted to continue the war against the German Empire.

Transcaucasia
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. At the time, Chkheidze was in Georgia. He remained in Georgia and on 23 February 1918, became leader of the Transcaucasian Federation in Tiflis. Some months later the federation was dissolved.

Democratic Republic of Georgia
On 26 May 1918, the Act of Independence of Georgia was adopted, Chkheidze was elected chairman of the National Council of Georgia: this Georgian Provisional Assembly decided to appoint a government, to prepare elections and to create a constitutional commission. In February 1919 he was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia and on 12 March president of this assembly, but could not participate in its first session because he was located in Paris. Chairing the Georgian delegation to the Versailles Conference, he tried to gain the Entente's support for the Democratic Republic of Georgia. He also proposed to Georges Clemenceau and to David Lloyd George a French or British protectorate for Georgian foreign affairs and defense, but was unsuccessful. Chkheidze, who had 14 years of parliamentary life experience, oversaw the writing of the Constitution by Razhden Arsenidze and 14 other MPs of the majority and the opposition.

France
In March 1921, when the Red Army invaded Georgia, Chkheidze fled with his family to France via Constantinople. In 1923 and 1924, as part of the Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia in exile, Chkheidze opposed a national uprising in Georgia. Chkheidze, Irakly Tsereteli, Datiko Sharashidze, and Kale Kavtaradze formed a group called Oppozitsia. In their mind, the Red Army and Cheka were too strong, and the unarmed Georgian people too weak. After the August Uprising of 1924, 10,000 Georgians were executed, and between 50,000 and 100,000 Georgians were deported to Siberia or to Central Asia.

Death
On 13 June 1926 Chkheidze committed suicide at his official residence in Leuville-sur-Orge, France. He was buried in Paris, in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

title: Nikolay Chkheidze


text:
User talk:MovieMan

Image Tagging Image:Opus.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Opus.gif. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 19:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MovieMan


text:
AG Vulcan Stettin

Aktien-Gesellschaft Vulcan Stettin (short AG Vulcan Stettin) was a German shipbuilding and locomotive building company. Founded in 1851, it was located near the former eastern German city of Stettin, today Polish Szczecin. Because of the limited facilities in Stettin, in 1907 an additional yard was built in Hamburg. The now named Vulcan-Werke Hamburg und Stettin Actiengesellschaft constructed some of the most famous civilian German ships and it played a significant role in both World Wars, building warships for the Kaiserliche Marine and the Kriegsmarine later.

Both yards became members of the Deschimag in the 1920s. The Stettin shipyard was closed in 1928, opened again in 1939. During World War II it exploited slave workers, and after the war, was taken over by the Polish government, while the Hamburg yard was sold to Howaldtswerke AG in 1930 and the Locomotive Department was sold to in Berlin

History

A.G. Vulcan Stettin was founded 1851 as Schiffswerft und Maschinenfabrik Früchtenicht & Brock  by the two young engineers Franz F. D. Früchtenicht and Franz W. Brock in the little village Bredow, which later became suburb of the eastern German city of Stettin. Its first ship was the small iron paddle steamer, named Die Dievenow for the service between the cities of Stettin and Swinemünde. Several small vessels followed, while the yard continuously was enlarged.

When the yard went into financial problems, in 1857 the company was taken over by some entrepreneurs and politicians from Stettin and Berlin which founded the new company Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesellschaft Vulcan. Ship construction was continued, but the solution of the financial trouble was expected by additionally constructing locomotives. A subsidiary company was founded, called Abteilung Locomotivbau in Bredow bei Stettin. In 1859 the first locomotive was delivered; all together the company built about 4,000 units in Stettin until it was sold to the Berlin company Borsig.

In the future larger and larger ships were built, the facilities in Stettin could no longer sustain the scale of the operations. The yard built the Kaiser-class ocean liners.

Thus a new shipyard was built in Hamburg between 1907 and 1909. From 1911, it was named Vulcan-Werke Hamburg und Stettin Actiengesellschaft. The Hamburg yard was the scene of a week-long strike in 1918 which was only brought to a close through the reading of the War Clauses.

Automatic transmissions for motor vehicles
Gustav Bauer, director of the marine engine section, supervised the work of Hermann Föttinger on the Fottinger hydraulic transmitter known as Vulcan Coupling and Vulcan Drive or fluid coupling. In 1924, Vulcan's Hermann Rieseler invented one of the first automatic transmissions, which had a two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never entered production. (The less-sophisticated Hydra-Matic, which used a simple fluid coupling, was an available option on Oldsmobiles in 1940.) The original coupling further developed in collaboration with Harold Sinclair of Fluidrive Engineering of Isleworth for Daimler of Coventry and matched with a manually controlled epicyclic gearbox went into production in England in 1929.

Shutdown
In 1928 Vulcan Stettin went bankrupt and sold its Hamburg shipyard in 1930. The AG Vulcan Stettin had been closed.

New enterprise
1939 a new company - also named Vulcan - was founded on the site of the former Stettin-shipyard. All together 34 construction numbers were started in the following years, including 18 type-VII C submarines. But because of the war only a few ships could be launched and completed. Among these were two submarines, but only one of them (GS U-901) was ever in service while the second one (GS U-902) was destroyed by allied air attacks before. During the war the yard exploited slave workers and had its own prisoner camp, part of the prisoner population engaged in anti-Nazi resistance, successfully sabotaging several constructed ships After World War II the slave workers were freed and the shipyard was finally taken over by the Polish government and the new Szczecin Shipyard was started at this site. The Szczecin Shipyard named one of its wharfs "Wulkan" and two slipways "Wulkan 1" and "Wulkan Nowa".

Ships built by AG Vulcan Stettin (selection)

 * 1851, Constr.No. 1, Paddle steamer Die Dievenow, first built ship
 * 1879, RUSSIAN STEAMBOAT Askold for Shipping Company on the Don, Azov and Black Seas with their tributaries (Общество пароходства по Дону, Азовскому и Черному морям с их притоками). After 1886 belonged to Russian Steam Navigation and Trading Company
 * 1880, Corvette Olga
 * 1881–1882, CHINESE TURRET SHIP Dingyuan and CHINESE TURRET SHIP Zhenyuan for Chinese Navy
 * 1887, Irene-class cruiser protected cruiser SMS Irene for Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy); 1922 broken up
 * 1889, Scandia Hamburg America Line liner, sold to U.S. Army Quartermaster Department 1898 serving as U.S. Army Transport Warren until 1922, sold, burned sunk Shanghai 1924
 * 1891, Brandenburg-class battleship SMS Brandenburg for Kaiserliche Marine, 1910 sold to the Osman Navy
 * 1892, Aviso and imperial yacht SMY Hohenzollern for Kaiser Wilhelm II; 1923 broken up
 * 1897, 4-funnel Kaiser-class ocean liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, won 1898 Blue Riband
 * 1897, Passenger ship Königin Luise for Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL), 1935 broken up
 * 1897–1899, Victoria Louise-class cruiser great cruisers SMS Hertha and SMS Hansa (1898)
 * 1899, Steamer König Albert for NDL, 1926 broken up
 * 1901, Pre-dreadnought battleship SMS Mecklenburg for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1900, Passenger ship Deutschland
 * 1902, 4-funnel Kaiser-class ocean liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm II
 * 1902, Pre-dreadnought battleship SMS Preussen (1903) for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1903, Torpedo boat SMS Eber
 * 1903–1904, Bremen-class cruisers SMS Hamburg and SMS Lübeck for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1905, Pre-dreadnought Deutschland-class battleship SMS Pommern for Kaiserliche Marine; sunk in Battle of Jütland in June 1916
 * 1906, Passenger ship Kaiserin Auguste Victoria
 * 1906, 4-funnel Kaiser-class ocean liner SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie
 * 1907, Königsberg-class cruiser (1905) light cruiser SMS Stettin for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1906–1907, Niki-class destroyers GREEK DESTROYER Niki, GREEK DESTROYER Doxa, GREEK DESTROYER Aspis and  GREEK DESTROYER Velos for the Hellenic Royal Navy
 * 1909, Magdeburg-class cruiser SMS Breslau for Kaiserliche Marine, became later Osman cruiser OTTOMAN CRUISER Midilli, sunk 1918 by mines
 * 1907, Passenger ship SS König Wilhelm II
 * 1907, Passenger ship SS George Washington
 * 1907, Nassau-class battleship SMS Rheinland for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1909, CNo. 294, small experimental ship Föttinger Transformator with steam turbine and hydrodynamic transmission (Föttinger Transformator) propulsion
 * 1909, Kolberg-class cruiser SMS Mainz for Kaiserliche Marine; sunk 1914 in the Battle of Helgoland Bight
 * 1910, cruiser ROU Uruguay, for National Navy of Uruguay. Out of service in 1951, scrapped in the 1960s.
 * 1912, Destroyers GREEK DESTROYER Nea Genea (ex-German V-class destroyer V6) and  GREEK DESTROYER Keravnos (ex-V5) for the Hellenic Royal Navy
 * 1914, Imperial yacht SMY Hohenzollern for Kaiser Wilhelm II, not in service, 1923 scrapped in Hamburg
 * 1915, Wiesbaden-class cruiser SMS Wiesbaden for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1913, Passenger ship SS Tirpitz for HAPAG, not finished during war, 1919 British war-booty and renamed RMS Empress of Australia (1919), 1952 scrapped
 * 1913, Passenger ship SS Sierra Cordoba (1913) for Norddeutscher Lloyd, supply ship for German raiders in World War I, seized by Peru 1917, renamed Callao, chartered by United States Shipping Board (USSB) and transferred to U.S. Navy 26 April 1919 and commissioned USS Callao (ID-4036), decommissioned 20 September 1919. Sold at auction by USSB, renamed Ruth Alexander by Dollar Steamship Lines.
 * 1914–1918, All together 32 torpedo boats (SMS V25 - SMS V30, SMS V43 - SMS V48, SMS V67 - SMS V84, SMS V108 and SMS V116)
 * 1915, Brummer-class cruiser SMS Brummer and SMS Bremse for Kaiserliche Marine, 1918 both internment in Scapa Flow
 * 1916–1917, Cöln-class cruiser Rostock and Wiesbaden, both not finished before the end of the war
 * 1922, Passenger steamer München for NDL, 1931 renamed SS General von Steuben and 1938 only Steuben, sunk 1945 in the Baltic Sea by Soviet submarine SOVIET SUBMARINE S-13, about 3,000 people, mainly refugees, killed
 * 1923, Passenger steamer Stuttgart for NDL, sunk 1943 by US Air Force
 * 1926, Passenger ship SS Cobra (1926) for beach resort service, used as minelayer in WWII, 1942 sunk by Royal Air Force in Rotterdam
 * 1941, Type VII-C U-boats GS U-901 and GS U-902, but only U 901 was ever in service

Ships built by AG Vulcan Hamburg (selection)

 * 1911/12, Kaiser-class battleship SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911) for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1913/14, Passenger ship SS Imperator
 * 1913/14, König-class battleship SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913) for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1913/14, Merchant ship SS Cap Trafalgar
 * 1914, Battleship Salamis for Hellenic Navy, construction stopped with beginning of war, 1932 scrapped in Bremen
 * 1915–1917, All together 69 U-boats of types UE 1, UE 2, UB III, UC I and UC II for Kaiserliche Marine
 * 1916, Modified Mackensen-class battlecruiser SMS Ersatz Yorck (Replacement Yorck), construction stopped and after war broken up
 * 1917, Bayern-class battleship SMS Württemberg (1917) for Kaiserliche Marine, not finished before end of war
 * 1922, Merchant ship Cap Norte

Civilian ships

 * SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1896)
 * SS Deutschland (1900) (1900)
 * SS Kaiser Wilhelm II (1902)
 * SS Kaiserin Auguste Victoria (1906)
 * SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906)
 * SS Konig Wilhelm II (1907)
 * SS George Washington (1907)
 * SS Tirpitz (1913)

Battleships

 * CHINESE TURRET SHIP Dingyuan (1881)
 * CHINESE TURRET SHIP Zhenyuan (1882)
 * SMS Brandenburg (1890)
 * SMS Weissenburg (1890)
 * SMS Mecklenburg (1900)
 * SMS Preussen (1903) (1902)
 * SMS Pommern (1904)
 * SMS Rheinland (1907)

Cruisers

 * CHINESE CRUISER Jiyuan (1883)
 * SMS Irene (1887)
 * CHINESE CRUISER Jingyuan (1887)
 * CHINESE CRUISER Laiyuan (1887)
 * CHINESE CRUISER Hai Yung (1897)
 * JAPANESE CRUISER Yakumo (1897)
 * SMS Hertha (1897)
 * SMS Hansa (1898) (1898)
 * RUSSIAN CRUISER Bogatyr (1901)
 * SMS Hamburg (1902)
 * SMS Lübeck (1903)
 * SMS Stettin (1906)
 * SMS Mainz (1908)
 * SMS Breslau (1910)
 * SMS Wiesbaden (1913)
 * SMS Brummer (1915)
 * SMS Bremse (1915)
 * SMS Wiesbaden (1915)

Destroyers

 * GREEK DESTROYER Niki (1906)
 * GREEK DESTROYER Doxa (1906)
 * GREEK DESTROYER Aspis (1907)
 * GREEK DESTROYER Velos (1907)
 * GREEK DESTROYER Nea Genea (1912)
 * GREEK DESTROYER Keravnos (1912)

Submarines (U-boats)

 * Type VII-C U-boats (1941), out of six commissioned, only one, GS U-901 was ever in service.

Torpedo Boats

 * SMS V25 (1914)
 * SMS V26 (1914)
 * SMS V27 (1914)
 * SMS V28 (1914)
 * SMS V29 (1914)
 * SMS V30 (1914)
 * SMS V43 (1915)
 * SMS V44 (1915)
 * SMS V45 (1915)
 * SMS V46 (1915)
 * SMS V47 (1915)
 * SMS V48 (1915)
 * SMS V67 (1915)
 * SMS V68 (1915)
 * SMS V69 (1916)
 * SMS V70 (1916)
 * SMS V71 (1916)
 * SMS V72 (1916)
 * SMS V73 (1916)
 * SMS V74 (1916)
 * SMS V75 (1916)
 * SMS V76 (1916)
 * SMS V77 (1916)
 * SMS V78 (1916)
 * SMS V79 (1916)
 * SMS V80 (1916)
 * SMS V81 (1916)
 * SMS V82 (1916)
 * SMS V83 (1916)
 * SMS V84 (1916)
 * SMS V108, ex-Dutch Z-4, later Polish ORP Kaszub (1921)
 * SMS V116 (1918)

Ships still afloat

 * Gryfia, ex-Tyras (1887), small railway ferry, today in Szczecin, Poland
 * Wittow (1895), small railway ferry, today shown in the harbour of Barth, Germany
 * Icebreaker Suur Tõll (1914), today a museum ship in Tallinn, Estonia

title: AG Vulcan Stettin


text:
Kenny Washington (American football)

Kenneth Stanley Washington (August 31, 1918 – June 24, 1971) was an American professional football player who was the first African-American to sign a contract with a National Football League (NFL) team in the modern (post-World War II) era. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins.

Early life
Kenneth Stanley Washington was born in Los Angeles and grew up in the city's Lincoln Heights neighborhood. His parents, Marian Lenàn and Negro league baseball player Edgar "Blue" Washington, separated when he was two years old. Kenny Washington was raised by his grandmother Susie Washington, his uncle Rocky, the first black uniformed lieutenant in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), and his aunt-in-law Hazel. Washington was a star in both baseball and football at Abraham Lincoln High School, where he was nicknamed "Kingfish" after a character in the radio show Amos 'n' Andy. He led both teams to city championships in the same calendar year.

College career
Washington attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was a member of both the Bruins' baseball and football teams. As a baseball player, Washington was rated better than his teammate Jackie Robinson. One story has it that Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher wanted to offer Washington a contract to play for the team, but only if he went to Puerto Rico first, which Washington refused to do.

In football, his position was tailback, and he often passed as much as he rushed. Washington rushed for 1,914 yards in his college career, a school record for 34 years. He was one of five African American players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, the others being Woody Strode, Robinson, Johnny Wynne, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the four backfield players that year. This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams. The Bruins played eventual conference and national champion USC to a 0–0 tie with the 1940 Rose Bowl on the line. It was the first UCLA–USC rivalry football game with national implications. UCLA teammates have commented how strong Washington was when confronted with racial slurs and discrimination.

Washington was the first Bruin to lead the nation in total offense and became the first consensus All-American in the history of the school's football program in 1939. Despite these achievements and the fact that he also doubled as a defensive back, he was named to second-team All-America selection instead of the first and was omitted from the East–West Shrine Game that year. These slights were the source of much outrage among media outlets which blamed them on racial discrimination.

According to Time magazine's coverage of the 1940 College All-Star Game, Washington was "considered by West Coast fans the most brilliant player in the US last year." He starred in the 1940 film While Thousands Cheer.

Professional football
After graduation, George Halas, who coached the College All-Star Game, indicated interest in Washington for his Chicago Bears team, but was unable to convince the league to permit integration. Instead, Washington coached football at UCLA and joined the LAPD. From 1940 to 1945, Washington played for the Hollywood Bears of the Pacific Coast Professional Football League, where he was the league's highest-paid player. He earned all-league recognition each year, including his first year when he suffered a knee injury that prevented him from being conscripted for the war. Ezzrett Anderson and Washington's UCLA teammate Strode were also on that team. In 1945, he did serve in the military on the USO tour as a type of sports ambassador, visiting with troops and playing in exhibition games.

When the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles, the team sought to play in the publicly owned Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum – a decision which created immediate pressure that the team be racially integrated, since black taxpayers as well as white had paid for construction of the facility. The terms of the Coliseum’s lease would end up being a determining factor in signing of Washington and the re-integration of the NFL. The Rams backfield coach Bill Snyder would later state that “I doubt we would have been interested in Washington had we stayed in Cleveland.”

The Los Angeles Tribune was especially outspoken in its push for the Rams to sign Washington, thanks to its African-American sports editor, William Claire "Halley" Harding, a former professional athlete and member of the debate team at Wiley College. As a result, the team signed Washington on March 21, 1946, followed by Strode on May 7. Following Washington's signing, parallels were drawn to Jackie Robinson's debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers by some in the media.

While the signings of Washington and Strode are notable as they marked the re-entry of African-Americans into the NFL, both of these players had already passed their athletic peaks (Strode was 31). At age 27, prior to his first NFL season Washington underwent surgery in both knees (his fifth knee surgery overall – as a child he contracted rickets and was once hit by car ), having torn cartilage removed from his left knee and what was characterized in the press as "a growth" from his right. Washington would play for the Rams for three seasons despite his injuries, producing a productive tenure with the team. Washington was the league leader in yards per carry in his second season, and even scored a 92-yard touchdown, which remains the Rams team record for the longest run from scrimmage. While his career in the NFL did not reach the statistical heights of his college career, his entry into the league is still of great importance due to the precedent it set of allowing African Americans into the modern NFL. When he retired in 1948, 80,000 people attended his final game and the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation.

Later years
Washington was a Republican in his younger years and strongly supported Richard Nixon's 1950 U.S. Senate campaign. The night before Nixon's victory over Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, the candidate – a great football fan – spent the evening at Washington's south Los Angeles home playing music and trying to relax. However, in the 1960 presidential election, Washington voted for John F. Kennedy instead of Nixon and tended to vote for Democrats for the rest of his life, but he never declared a political party affiliation.

After retirement from football, Washington returned to the LAPD. He also worked for a grocery store chain and a whiskey distributor, and was a part-time scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers, where his son Kenny Jr. played. Thanks to his connections from when he had worked at movie studios during his undergraduate years, he was also chosen for a few film roles, including Rope of Sand (1949), Pinky (1949), and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950).

Death
Washington died of heart and lung problems at the age of 52 in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery.

Legacy
For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, Washington was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956 and his number 13 jersey was the first to be retired at UCLA. He was posthumously inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame. His alma mater Abraham Lincoln High School has annually awarded the Kenny Washington Trophy to the school's best football player since 1949.

One legacy of Washington's and Strode's experience in the NFL – paralleled in 1946 by racial trailblazers Marion Motley and Bill Willis in the rival All-America Football Conference – was that Branch Rickey, president of the Brooklyn Dodgers, saw that blacks and whites could coexist in a violent sport without much disruption, and decided that Major League Baseball could be integrated as well. He signed Washington's and Strode's UCLA teammate Jackie Robinson to the Dodgers in 1947.

However, for many years, Washington was ignored by the NFL and the story of professional football's postwar integration received little attention. One reason is because for most of the 20th century, baseball was by far the top sport in the U.S., and another was that his NFL career was a short three years. Neither Washington nor Strode has been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, although both Marion Motley and Bill Willis of the AAFC's and NFL's Cleveland Browns have received that honor. Lincoln High School renamed their stadium after Washington, and every year since 2011 holds a memorial football game on the anniversary of Washington's death.

title: Kenny Washington (American football)


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Seilhan

Seilhan (Selhan) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Name
The name Seilhan is thought to derive from an old Gallo-Roman geographical name (Caelius + anum) but seems to be associated with fountains and ponds, so may derive from another word meaning "bucket." Some variations on the name include Seilan, Seilhean, Seillan, and Seillant.

The soprano Suzanne Cesbron-Viseur died in Seilhan 23 August 1967.

title: Seilhan


text:
Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León

The Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León (Spanish: Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Nuevo León) is the judicial branch of government of Nuevo León.

Ministers of the Court are elected by the state congress from a list presented by the governor.

The Superior Court meets in Monterrey in the Superior Court of Justice Building.

title: Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moti Corner

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. R e  dwolf24  (talk) 02:30, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Moti Corner

 * del. Nonverifiable. hoax? mikka (t) 19:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment ah that's where the ghost dog got to. Alf 22:40, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless verified. If verified, merge with Lawrence School, Sanawar. --Botsie 04:23, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Delete Hoax. Probably related to Sanjiv K Singh which is also a hoax Tintin 08:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax --Dysepsion 00:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Have heard about this somewhere?May not be a hoax
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Amos Sawyer

Amos Claudius Sawyer (15 June 1945 – 16 February 2022) was a Liberian politician and academic who served as interim president of Liberia from 22 November 1990 to 7 March 1994. He was voted into office by 35 leaders representing seven political parties and eleven interest groups.

Biography
Amos Claudius Sawyer was born in 1945 to Abel and Sarah Sawyer; his siblings include Joe Sawyer. The Sawyers were a prominent family in Sinoe County, with free African-American ancestors who came as colonists to what was called "Maryland in Africa", founded by the Maryland Colonization Society. The colony became independent as the Republic of Maryland before joining Liberia in 1857.

Sawyer was educated in local schools and was a 1966 graduate of Liberia College (now the University of Liberia). He traveled to the United States for graduate work, earning M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in political science from Northwestern University in metropolitan Chicago, Illinois.

After his return, Dr. Sawyer worked as an academic, but also became an activist and politician. He ran for the position of Mayor of Monrovia, the capital, as an independent rather than within the True Whig Party. The latter had dominated the country for more than 100 years.

After the 1980 coup d'état, Sawyer returned to academia for a time, taking a position as a professor of political science at the University of Liberia. In December 1980, he was appointed dean of the College of Social Sciences and acting director of the university.

He was a founding member of the Movement for Justice in Africa (MOJA) and in 1983 founded the Liberian People's Party. In the period after the abduction (and eventual murder) of president Samuel Doe, from 9 September 1990 until 22 November 1990, principal mutineer Prince Johnson and co-conspirator Charles Taylor both made claims on the presidency. In late August an emergency conference was held in the Gambia by a delegation of 35 Liberians representing seven political parties and eleven interest groups. They voted Sawyer as interim president and Bishop Roland Diggs as vice-president, to establish a government.

In 1992, Sawyer wrote The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge, in this book, he depicts how dictatorial control rose up out of a custom of patrimonial power, with the privileges of administration tirelessly brought together and amassed in the possession of progressive presidents. This example of absolutism, which was not in itself oppressive, finished in the military tyranny.

Such leaders extended Sawyer's one-year appointment for four years during the civil war fought against rebels led largely by Taylor, Johnson, and David Nimley. In 1994, Sawyer was forced to step down as a part of the peace process, and subsequently the role of official leader of Liberia was held not by the president, but by the chairmen of the Council of State. Fighting sparked again in 1996, and continued during Charles Taylor's presidency from 1997 to 2003.

Sawyer returned to the US for a period, invited to serve as associate director and research scholar at the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis in the Department of Political Science at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.

Sawyer was chairman of the Governance Reform Commission in Liberia, which has recently become the Governance Commission. His book, Beyond Plunder: Toward Democratic Governance in Liberia (2005), explored the development of multi-party democracy in the country. He supported Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in the October 2005 and 2011 elections.

Personal life and death
Sawyer died at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, on 16 February 2022, at the age of 76.

Legacy and honors

 * Sawyer was awarded the Gusi Peace Prize in 2011.

title: Amos Sawyer


text:
Alexander Workman

Alexander Workman (28 May 1798 – 12 December 1891) was an Anglo-Irish-Canadian politician and the mayor of Ottawa from 1860 to 1862.

Life
Workman was born in Lisburn, County Antrim, Ireland. He settled in Huntley Township in Upper Canada in 1820. In 1823, he joined his brother in Montreal, where he helped operate an academy, before moving to Bytown in 1845 and establishing a hardware business there with a fellow Unitarian Edward Griffin. He became influential in attempts to organise a Unitarian Church in Ottawa but was ultimately unsuccessful. He was a city council member for many years, finally becoming mayor in 1860 and 1861. His wife, Mary Abbot, died on 23 April 1874, at the age of 72. She is buried in Beechwood Cemetery. Workman died at the age of 93.

title: Alexander Workman


text:
Pascual Pérez (baseball)

Pascual Gross Pérez (May 17, 1957 – November 1, 2012) was a Dominican professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Atlanta Braves, Montreal Expos, and New York Yankees from 1980 to 1991. He was an MLB All-Star in 1983 with the Braves.

Career
Pérez was signed by scout Neftalí Cruz for the Pittsburgh Pirates organization in 1976. He reached the major league club in 1980. Traded to the Braves on June 30, 1982, he enjoyed his winningest seasons while with that organization, going 15–8 and 14–8 in 1983 and 1984 respectively. His most successful seasons were spent with the Montreal Expos, where he went 28-21 with a 2.80 ERA between 1987 and 1989.

Slender at 6 ft, 162 lb, he received extensive press coverage for both on-field and off-field controversies. He was arrested for cocaine possession in his native Dominican Republic in January 1984 and spent three months in prison although his ultimate sentence was only a fine of $1,000. He did not rejoin the Braves until May 1984. He often drew the ire of his opponents, using an imaginary finger gun to shoot opponents and would pound the baseball into the ground. While it is customary for pitchers to walk back to the bench after completing an inning, he would run full speed to the dugout (gold chains and long, curly locks bouncing) after an inning-ending strikeout. He eventually added the "Pascual pitch" (his version of the "eephus") to his repertoire. He was also involved in more than one beanball incident, most notably an August 12, 1984 brawl with the San Diego Padres where he hit the Padres' Alan Wiggins with his first pitch leading off the game, inciting each San Diego pitcher in the game to throw at him each time he came to bat. He had just received his driver's license and earned the nicknames "Perimeter Pascual" and "Wrong-Way Perez" after missing a start on August 19, 1982, while circling Atlanta's Interstate 285 (a beltway) three times looking for Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, he ran out of gas and arrived at the ballpark 10 minutes late.

Released by the Braves on April 1, 1986, he missed the entire 1986 season. After signing a minor league contract with the Expos in 1987, he joined them in August and finished the 1987 season 7–0 with an outstanding 2.30 ERA. His last winning season came the following year when he went 12–8 and posted a 2.44 ERA with the Expos.

Pérez threw a five-inning rain-shortened no-hitter against the Phillies on September 24, 1988. It was the first no-hitter in Veterans Stadium history. Pérez allowed one walk, and another Phillies baserunner reached on an error. Umpire Harry Wendelstedt waved off the game after a 90-minute rain delay after the game was stopped by rain with one out in the top of the sixth. However, due to a statistical rule change in 1991, no-hitters must last at least nine innings to count. As a result of the retroactive application of the new rule, this game and thirty-five others are no longer considered no-hitters.

Pérez was granted free agency in November 1989 and signed a three-year contract with the Yankees. Through 1990 and 1991, he started only 17 games for the Yankees and compiled records of 1–2 and 2–4 respectively. Prior to the 1992 season, he was suspended by Major League Baseball for one year for violating the league's drug policy, a suspension that ended his career. His career record was 67–68.

Pérez first made his trademark peek through the legs to check the runner on first in 1979 in the Dominican League.

Personal life
Two of his brothers, Mélido and Carlos, were also major league pitchers, as was a cousin, Yorkis.

He also was married for 16 years to Maritza Madera Gross and had two daughters, Mariel Gross and Roxanna Gross.

Death
Pérez was found dead in his bedroom in San Gregorio de Nigua, Dominican Republic, on November 1, 2012, after being hit on the head repeatedly with a hammer in an apparent robbery. He was also stabbed in the neck.

title: Pascual Pérez (baseball)


text:
User talk:CommanderCool

Welcome from Spinboy
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 19:36, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Vandalizing the user page of an admin is not a smart thing to do. If I were in a worse mood, I'd block you. But instead I just dizzleted yer vanity. Again. FCYTravis 00:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Contact
Marvin, you can contact other Wikipedians by clicking on the "Discussion" tab above their user page. The "User talk" pages are designed for editors to communicate. I deleted your page because I did not feel it met the criteria required in WP:BIO for the inclusion of biographies of people. However, I wish you the best of success in your acting career, and hope that you will soon meet those criteria! If you disagree with my decision, please begin a discussion at Votes for undeletion. FCYTravis 00:27, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

- Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. --fvw *  01:16, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:CommanderCool


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/AARM

I agree that the artical should be merged. There is significant information as it relates to the CARM board to make it noteworthy. (Thank you hyperbole for the merge entry). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DigitalDrummer (talk • contribs) 23:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC).


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Menacer

The Menacer is a light gun peripheral released by Sega in 1992 for its Sega Genesis and Sega CD video game consoles. It was created in response to Nintendo's Super Scope and as Sega's successor to the Master System Light Phaser. The gun is built from three detachable parts (pistol, shoulder stock, sights), and communicates with the television via an infrared sensor. The Menacer was announced at the May 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago and was released later that year. The gun was bundled with a pack-in six-game cartridge of mostly shooting gallery games. Sega also released a Menacer bundle with Terminator 2: The Arcade Game.

Sega producer Mac Senour was responsible for the Menacer project and designed the six-game pack. He originally proposed non-shooting minigames based on existing Sega licenses like Joe Montana, David Robinson, and ToeJam & Earl, but most of the prototypes were abandoned due to high cost in favor of more shooting-type games. Sega did not plan another first-party release for the Menacer apart from the included multicart. Compatible games were published through 1995.

The Menacer is remembered as a critical and commercial flop. Critics found the six-game pack subpar and repetitive, and criticized the peripheral's lack of games. The ToeJam & Earl spinoff game was held in the highest regard, and reviewers recommended the Menacer-compatible Terminator 2 game. A direct-to-TV light gun that includes the six-game Menacer pack was released in 2005.

Description
The gray, white, and red Menacer is a light gun peripheral for the Sega Genesis. The Menacer is built of three separable parts: a pistol, twin sights, and shoulder stock. (In the peripheral's branding, these parts were called the Master Module, Binocular Module, and Stabilizer Module, respectively. ) The pistol has a double grip and fires the infrared beam with a trigger on the back grip. There are three buttons on the pistol's front grip: one pauses the game and the other two provide game-specific functions. Unlike the Super Scope, the Menacer has two infrared transmitters. The optional skeletal shoulder stock and binocular twin sights were designed to improve the aim. Digital Spy reported that the twin sights never worked as intended, and Sega Force wrote that the gun must be recalibrated when adding or removing the sights. Calibration is performed by aiming at a bullseye target to adjust the gun's sensitivity. The gun was designed to be reassembled to suit the player.

The light gun's shots are controlled by its aim towards the television. It operates on batteries and works in conjunction with a sensor plugged into the second controller port and placed atop the television display. The sensor counts CRT television scan lines to detect the player's shots. Sega Force noticed that the controller acts erratically when used under fluorescent lighting. Sega recommended 8 feet of distance from the receiver, though the peripheral works between 4 and(-) from the television. Sega Force reported that the controller lasts about 18 hours on new batteries, though Will Smith of The Hawk Eye estimated fewer ("a matter of hours"). The Toronto Star wrote that the Menacer lasts 20 hours as opposed to the Super Scope's 50 to 140 hours. The Menacer has no power switch: it automatically activates when aimed at the television and turns off after 30 seconds without input. The Super Scope fully drains its batteries when left on. Menacer's Accu-Sight option puts crosshairs on the screen to eliminate the need to aim manually through the sights. The gun does not have a "turbo" mode for continuous fire, unlike the Super Scope.

History

The Menacer was produced in response to the Nintendo Super Scope released several months earlier, though Sega intended to support the peripheral as more than a clone. These two peripherals brought arcade light gun game ports to home consoles. The Menacer is the successor to the Master System's Light Phaser.

Mac Senour, a producer at Sega, was responsible for the peripheral and its six-game cartridge as the company's "hardware boy". He designed the six minigames based on Sega's previous intellectual property and licenses—such as ToeJam & Earl—under the instruction to avoid shooting games. His prototypes included games based on Joe Montana (Joe Montana Wide Receiver Training Camp) and David Robinson, but when presented, the company asked for more shooting games and scrapped all license-based games (besides ToeJam & Earl, whose license was free) due to their added cost. His "reverse Blockout game" prototype was the only other title carried to the final cartridge. Senour recalled that upon his cubicle presentation to Sega Japan's president, the executive did not say anything besides "very good" before leaving. Sega did not plan any other first-party releases for the Menacer—Senour recollected that "they laughed when I proposed more."

Sega announced the Menacer alongside the Sega CD at the May 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago and the peripheral was released towards the end of that year. By December 1992, the Menacer began shipping with Terminator 2: The Arcade Game as a bundle. Goodby, Silverstein & Partners produced Menacer television advertisements directed by Danny Boyle. Playthings reported that Chicago toy retailers promoted Sega electronics including the Menacer over Nintendo's during their 1992 Thanksgiving promotions. Sega's sales exceeded Nintendo's during the 1992 Christmas season, and gained cultural cachet for the Menacer among other peripherals. Electronic Gaming Monthly reported in March 1993 that the Menacer would not have a new game for six months. Compatible games were published through 1995.

Mac Senour left Sega in 1993 for Atari, where he received an increase in pay and status. He later worked at Konami and Electronic Arts. In his first days at Atari, Senour was sent to Paris, where he remembered an excess of unsold Menacers in a Virgin Megastore display. His translators told the clerk that Senour was responsible for the Menacer, and when Senour offered to autograph their stock, the clerk replied in slow English that Senour could autograph the items he purchased.

In 2005, Radica created a Menacer-based direct-to-TV dedicated console with the original six-game cartridge built into a light gun controller as part of their Play TV Legends line of Sega Genesis dedicated consoles. Retro Gamer wrote that Radica's gun is based on the Sega Saturn light gun's design and not the Menacer's.

Games
Games include the pack-in single-player Menacer 6-game cartridge, which consists of mostly shooting gallery games:
 * Ready, Aim, Tomatoes! is a spin-off of the original ToeJam & Earl where the player (as ToeJam ) fires tomatoes at ToeJam & Earl series enemies for points as the screen scrolls. The scroll speed increases with game duration. The enemies—dentists, devils, and cupids—return fire throughout the ten levels. The game also features power-ups and lock-on targeting, to aid in player accuracy.
 * In Rockman's Zone, the screen scrolls through streets of houses as the player shoots criminals and refrains from shooting innocent bystanders, for which the player loses a life. In later levels, the criminals return fire faster.
 * Space Station Defender is similar to Tomatoes! with added memory aspects. In each level, players shoot enemy-filled pods as up to eight drop in a memorizable sequence. There are 999 levels, a Power Zone to charge shots, and power-ups including extra shields.
 * Whack Ball is comparable to Breakout: the player controls a large ball with the Menacer to push a smaller on-screen ball into color-changing bricks that line the wall. One all of the bricks change color, the player moves to the next level. Some bricks are power-ups that change the larger ball's size or add extra small balls into play. Players who hit flashing bricks are punished. Inadvertently guiding the ball through a hole in the wall ends the game.
 * In Front Line, the player defends against tanks and airplanes with a machine gun and missiles with unlimited ammo.
 * In Pest Control, the player's vision is limited to a small area of the screen around the Accu-Sight crosshairs while looking for cockroaches that attempt to eat an on-screen pizza. Two different power-ups briefly illuminate the screen and clear all bugs onscreen. Later levels feature larger insects that contain bombs and small, fast bugs.

Digital Spy mentioned Body Count, Terminator 2: The Arcade Game, and Mad Dog McCree as Menacer's other notable games. Terminator 2 was the first external game to work with the Menacer, the only one confirmed as of December 1992. Terminator programmers, Probe Software, later began work on another Menacer-compatible game. Terminator 2 has a two-player mode that uses one Menacer light gun and one controller. Sega Force reported that Menacer gameplay registered faster than the Genesis controller. Mad Dog McCree, a live action Wild West shoot 'em up for the Sega CD, used either a controller or a choice of several light guns: the Menacer, the Konami Justifier, or the game developer's own compatible light gun. In the 1994 Body Count, the player defends Earth from an alien invasion. The Irish Times wrote that the game is "ideally suited for the ... Menacer" and is "to be avoided" otherwise. The Menacer is also compatible with Corpse Killer and American Laser Games' other titles, such as Who Shot Johnny Rock? The light gun does not work with Konami's Lethal Enforcers games or Snatcher, which use the Konami Justifier.

Reception
Matthew Reynolds of Digital Spy wrote that the Menacer was a poorly executed "flop" that is much less likely to be remembered than its Super Scope competitor, even though the latter did not fare much better. Reynolds added that the Menacer was hurt by the poor quality of the pack-in six-game cartridge and a lack of titles in support of the peripheral. Will Smith of The Hawk Eye concurred, calling the peripheral "a commercial and critical flop". The Menacer's original reviewers pinned the device's success on the strength of its developer support, and multiple reviewers cited the Menacer's lack of good games as the cause for its decline.

Writing for the Chicago Tribune on the 1992 Consumer Electronics Show, Dennis Lynch saw the Super Scope and Menacer as a continuation of a Nintendo–Sega arms race and wrote that the peripheral's "Uzi attachment" was "just what every kid needs". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Andy Pargh said the Menacer was "definitely a winner" in comparison to the Super Scope. Toronto Star William Burrill wrote that the "Great Zapper War" would be decided by the strength of the light guns' supporting games. Multiple reviewers ultimately recommended that players wait for more games to be released before purchasing the Menacer. William Burrill of the Toronto Star said not to bother unless the player "absolutely love[s] target shooter games". Mean Machines called the Menacer "an expensive novelty" until it had more games. The Herald Sun wrote in August 1993 that the Menacer looked to be "an expensive, limited-use fad".

GamePro considered the gun "well-designed" and "fairly good-looking", though they wrote that the gun's options buttons were inconvenient and that the Menacer's lengthy recalibrations before play sessions without Accu-Sight were tedious. Mean Machines wrote that the gun's shades of gray clashed with the glossy black console. Several reviewers called the binocular scope addition unhelpful. Paul Mellerick of Mega found the manual sights an eyestrain and the gun "deadly accurate" as long as players used the Accu-Sight mode. Still, as of January 1993, Mega felt that the Menacer's future success was doubtless. Jaz of Mean Machines had low expectations for the Menacer, which he compared to the shortcomings of previous light guns: high price, short-lived novelty, and dearth of games. Gus of Mean Machines wrote that "Sega hasn't learned the lessons" from the Super Scope's "fairly naff" release in the magazine's January 1993 Menacer review, calling the light gun a "samey-looking, samey-playing piece of hardware, with some redundant add-ons" with mediocre launch titles. He added that the Menacer was less tiring to use than the Super Scope, praised the Menacer's infrared, and criticized the gun's lack of available software.

Multiple reviewers found the pack-in six-game cartridge games subpar and repetitive. Mean Machines Gus wrote that the games were all too simple and easy. Of the pack, reviewers held Ready, Aim, Tomatoes! in the highest regard. Ray Barnholt of 1UP.com wrote that the Menacer's games were "duller" than its competitor Super Scope's already dull games, but Tomatoes! gave Sega's cartridge "some pittance of value". Mega rated the ToeJam & Earl spin-off at 62%, calling it "fun and strange" though "rather repetitive". Sega Force thought the game's graphics were the pack's best, and its audio to be of high quality, though the magazine also considered the game repetitive. GamePro thought the game's colors were oversaturated.

As for the other six-pack titles, Mega called Rockman's Zone "not a very inspiring game" for its slow pacing and "bland" graphics. Reviewers compared the game to Hogan's Alley  and Empire City: 1931. Mega called Space Station Defender concept "incredibly daft". GamePro criticized Space Station Defender "washed-out and ugly" graphics and "obnoxious" audio. The magazine thought poorly of most of the cartridge's audio. Mega found Whack Ball easy and did not expect players to maintain interest in it for longer than an hour. Sega Visions compared Whack Ball to Arkanoid. Mega wrote that Front Line was programmed poorly with "the appearance of having never met up with a gamestester", calling it "truly awful". Electronic Gaming Monthly and GamePro compared the game to Operation Wolf. Sega Force rated Front Line lowest within the six-pack, with a score of 22%. The magazine wrote that the bug game, Pest Control, would make players bored after ten minutes, and Mega said the game was not worth loading even once, giving it their lowest rating of the bunch: 12%. Sega Force wrote in February that the games were only fun for an hour and that the peripheral's success would depend on its future games, adding, "Without that [developer] support, it will die as surely as all other attempts at light guns have done." The magazine ultimately recommended against purchase until more games were released.

Sega Force Paul Wooding considered Terminator 2 a "must" for Menacer owners, adding that it far surpassed the quality of the six-pack games. The magazine added that the gun registered shots faster than the controller, was more accurate, and worked well from a distance. Neil West of Mega wrote the Menacer works well with Terminator 2 in his review of the game. The Hawk Eye Will Smith wrote in 2010 that the six-game pack and Terminator 2 were the only Menacer games readily accessible. Ken Horowitz of Sega-16 wrote that none of the Menacer-compatible titles were exceptional, though Terminator and Body Count were standouts. He added that the Menacer's small library made collecting easier. Edward Fox of The Centre for Computing History has said that the museum's Menacer is his favorite piece in the collection when used with the Aura Interactor haptic suit.

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References

title: Menacer


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Armand-Gaston Camus

Armand-Gaston Camus (2 April 1740 – 2 November 1804), French revolutionist, was a successful lawyer and advocate before the French Revolution. He was the son of Pierre Camus, a lawyer in the Parlement of Paris.

Camus is considered the founder of the Archives Nationales, as in 1789 he was appointed as archivist of its predecessor, the Commission des archives of the Assembly (Estates-General). He served in this role until his death.

French Revolution
In 1789 Camus was elected by the Third Estate of Paris to the Estates-General; he attracted attention by his speeches against social inequalities. He was one of the National Assembly's earliest presidents (28 October – 11 November 1789), and he was the most frequent speaker: no one addressed the Assembly more times than he did (more than 600 times); d'André is second at 497, and le Chapelier third at 447. Camus was so frequently called upon to speak mostly because of his expertise in canon law.

Camus was appointed on 14 August 1789 as archivist to the Commission des archives of the Assembly; the commission was the immediate precursor to the Archives Nationales. He would retain these functions until his death.

He helped to write and voted for the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, worked to end the practice of paying annates to the papacy, and promoted the annexation of the Vaucluse by France. On 30 July 1791, he obtained the abolition of titles of nobility.

Elected to the National Convention by the département of Haute-Loire, he was on a mission outside Paris during the judgment of Louis XVI. But, he wrote on 13 January 1793 that he voted for "death without appeal and without reprieve".

On his return, Camus was sent to Belgium as one of five commissioners of the convention, to the Armée du Nord commanded by General C. F. Dumouriez. The general was in an extremely precarious position, and was suspected of plotting to betray the Revolution. The suspicions were confirmed when Dumouriez delivered Camus with his colleagues to the Austrians (3 April 1793).

After thirty-three months of captivity, Camus was exchanged for Marie Thérèse of France in November 1795. He played an inconspicuous role in the Council of Five Hundred, refusing positions in the Ministry of Finance or of Police. He was restored to the office of archivist in 1796 and became absorbed in literary work. He remained an austere republican, refusing to take part in the Napoleonic régime.

title: Armand-Gaston Camus


text:
JTR (song)

"JTR" is a song by Dave Matthews Band from their unreleased album, The Lillywhite Sessions. The song originated from "John the Revelator," a song written by Dave Matthews with the help from Carlos Santana. Matthews and Santana wrote "John the Revelator" as a love song about someone calling out to their unattainable lover. The "John the Revelator" lines that originally appeared in the song were suggested by Santana who got the idea from the traditional gospel song of the same name.

History
"JTR" began as "John the Revelator," which first appeared live as a tease played twice during a show on November 30, 1998. Afterwards, the song was played in full a total five times – twice in acoustic set by Matthews and Tim Reynolds, and three times with the full band and various guests, such as The Lovely Ladies, Béla Fleck, and the band Santana. After its final performance in May 1999, the song was taken to the recording studio with producer Steve Lillywhite in the beginning of 2000. The band reworked "John the Revelator" by changing a few chords, and most notably, dropping a portion of the chorus, which contained the following verse: "Who's that writing? John the Revelator Who's that writing? John the Revelator Who's that writing? John the Revelator Wrote the book of the seven seals"

Since the title's line was dropped from the lyrics, the band renamed the song to "JTR" and recorded it for the album which eventually became leaked on the internet as The Lillywhite Sessions.

Although the band never officially released the song, "JTR" began showing in live setlists on the band's summer tour in 2000. The song became popular among fans and was played live during many shows up until the end of the summer tour in 2001, following the release of Everyday. A performance of the song was recorded for the live album and video, Live at Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado, along with many songs from Everyday.

In 2002, Dave Matthews Band went back into the recording studio to rerecord the songs for their album Busted Stuff, which previously leaked out as The Lillywhite Sessions. According to producer Stephen Harris, "JTR" was abandoned very early in the studio, and therefore did not appear on the album. Following the recording sessions, the song was no longer played live, except for a small tease during a show in 2003. In an interview in July 2004, bassist Stefan Lessard claimed that the band agreed that they did not like "JTR," and that it would probably never be played again. ""For one reason or another, [JTR] wasn't feeling right with us. So there was no reason to keep playing it—it has to feel right for us. So that one particular song, I mean—I'd be surprised if we bring that song out again.""

- Stefan Lessard

Despite Lessard's comment about the band's feeling towards the song in 2004, "JTR" was once again played live for the first time in over five years during an encore at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, about one month before the band's summer tour in 2006. The performance was a surprise to many fans who thought the song would never again be played, especially after the comment made by Lessard two years earlier. The song was once again brought back to setlists and was played 17 times during the tour with guest Rashawn Ross, including one performance where it was the opening song. In response to many fans' comments about how Lessard claimed the song was dead, Lessard posted a bulletin on his MySpace page saying that he didn't recall saying so, and he was most likely being sarcastic if he did.

After another absence of three years from setlists, "JTR" was once again played live to open the 2010 summer tour at the Comcast Theatre in Hartford, CT, and was part of setlist rotation for the rest of the tour. After being absent in from setlists in 2011 and 2012, JTR returned on May 26, 2013. After a few more plays in 2013, the song went away again until 2018, where it was played twice.

"JTR" was played once during the 2019 Europe tour, marking the first time since 2000 and 2001 that the song had been played in consecutive years. On May 18, 2019 in Dallas, due to the ongoing thunderstorm and fan requests, the song was played despite not being on the planned setlist. JTR was again played in Charlotte, NC on July 19, 2019, immediately after a prolonged lightning delay.

Live releases
In addition to the performance from the live album and video, Live at Folsom Field, Boulder, Colorado, live versions of "JTR" also appears on 2004's exclusive release for members of the Warehouse Fan Association, as well as the live albums, Live Trax Vol. 3, Live Trax Vol. 11, Live Trax Vol. 16, Live Trax Vol. 31, Live Trax Vol. 45, and Live Trax Vol. 64

title: JTR (song)