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Rolls-Royce Eagle

The Rolls-Royce Eagle was the first aircraft engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce Limited. Introduced in 1915 to meet British military requirements during World War I, it was used to power the Handley Page Type O bombers and a number of other military aircraft.

The Eagle was the first engine to make a non-stop trans-Atlantic crossing by aeroplane when two Eagles powered the converted Vickers Vimy bomber on the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in June 1919.

Background
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Royal Aircraft Factory asked Rolls-Royce to develop a new 200 hp air-cooled engine. Despite initial reluctance, they agreed, on condition that it be cooled by water rather than by air, which was the company's area of expertise.

Design and development
Development of the new 20 litre engine was led by Henry Royce from his home in Kent. Based initially on the 7.4 litre 40/50 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost engine, and drawing also on the design of a 7.2 litre Daimler DF80 aero engine used in a 1913 Grand Prix Mercedes that had been acquired, the power was increased by doubling the number of cylinders to twelve and increasing their stroke to 6.5 in, although their bore remained at 4.5 in of the 40/50. The engine was also run faster, and an epicyclic reduction gear was designed to keep the propeller speed below 1,100 rpm. To reduce inertia and improve performance the valvetrain design was changed from sidevalves to a SOHC design, closely following the original "side-slot" rocker arm design philosophy used on the contemporary German Mercedes D.I, Mercedes D.II and Mercedes D.III straight-six aviation powerplants.

The engineering department of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) played a key role in the success of the engine by directing by car designer W.O. Bentley, who had enlisted in the Royal Navy, to place his expertise in the design of aluminium pistons at the service of Rolls-Royce. This gave significant weight saving to the Eagle and contributed to its excellent performance.

On 3 January 1915 the Admiralty ordered twenty-five of the new engines. The Eagle first ran on a test bed at Rolls-Royce's Derby works in February 1915, producing 225 hp at 1,600 rpm. This was quickly increased to 1,800, then in August 1915 to 2,000 rpm where it produced 300 hp. After further testing, it was decided to approve the engine for production at 1,800 rpm and 225 hp; 1,900 rpm was allowed for short periods. The engine first flew on a Handley Page O/100 bomber in December 1915, the first flight of a Rolls-Royce aero engine.

The Eagle was developed further during 1916 and 1917, with power being progressively increased from 225 hp to 266 hp, followed by 284 hp, and then 322 hp, and finally 360 hp by February 1918 by which time eight Eagle variants had been produced. Throughout World War I Rolls-Royce struggled to build Eagles in the quantities required by the War Office, but the company resisted pressure to license other manufacturers to produce it. The fears of Rolls-Royce that the engine's much admired quality would be compromised by other manufacturers is often given as an explanation for this resistance, but the commercial terms sought by Rolls-Royce for licence production were so restrictive that other manufacturers - apart from Brazil Straker - refused to accept them. When the Ministry of Munitions took over coordination of aircraft production in 1917, Sir William Weir declined to intervene in the company's commercial strategy, even though success of the engine owed much to the technology transfer directed by the RNAS. He preferred to support untested engines using cast aluminium components like the Siddeley Puma and the Sunbeam Arab, believing them to be better suited to mass production, in comparison to the intricate machining required to build the Eagle and its smaller cousin the Falcon.

After the War, a Mark IX version of the Eagle was developed for civilian use. Production continued until 1928, and in total 4,681 Eagle engines were built.

Time between overhaul (TBO) for later Eagles was around 100–180 hours.

Variants
Note:
 * Eagle I (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk I)
 * (1915), 225 hp, 104 engines produced in both left and right hand tractor versions.

 * Eagle II (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk II)
 * (1916), 250 hp, 36 built at Derby.

 * Eagle III (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk III)
 * (1917-1927), 250 hp, increased compression ratio (4.9:1), strengthened pistons. 110 built at Derby.

 * Eagle IV (Rolls-Royce 250 hp Mk IV)
 * (1916-17), 270/286 hp, 36 built at Derby.

 * Eagle V (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk I)
 * (1916-17), 275 hp, high-lift camshaft, 100 built at Derby.

 * Eagle VI (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk II)
 * (1917), 275 hp, first use of twin spark plugs, 300 built at Derby.

 * Eagle VII (Rolls-Royce 275 hp Mk III)
 * (1917-18), 275 hp, 200 built at Derby.

 * Eagle VIII
 * (1917-1922), 300 hp, extensive modifications, 3,302 built at Derby.

 * Eagle IX
 * (1922-1928), 360 hp, developed as a civil use engine, 373 built at Derby.

Applications

 * Admiralty N.S.3 North Sea Airship
 * Admiralty 23 Class Airship
 * Airco DH.4
 * Airco DH.9
 * Airco DH.10 Amiens
 * Airco DH.16
 * ANEC III
 * BAT F.K.26
 * Blackburn Blackburd
 * Curtiss H.12 Large America
 * Curtiss-Wanamaker Triplane
 * Dornier Do E
 * Dornier Wal
 * Fairey III
 * Fairey Campania
 * Felixstowe F.2
 * Felixstowe F.3
 * Felixstowe F.4
 * Felixstowe F.5
 * Fokker F.VII
 * Grahame-White G.W.E.7
 * Handasyde H.2
 * Handley Page Type O
 * Handley Page V/1500
 * Handley Page Type W
 * Hawker Horsley
 * Porte Baby
 * Porte Super Baby
 * Martinsyde F.1
 * Rohrbach Ro II
 * Rohrbach Ro III
 * Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2
 * Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4
 * Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7
 * Short Bomber
 * Short N.1B Shirl
 * Short Type 184
 * Sopwith Atlantic
 * Sopwith Wallaby
 * Sopwith Tractor Triplane
 * Supermarine Commercial Amphibian
 * Supermarine Scarab
 * Supermarine Sea Eagle
 * Supermarine Swan
 * Van Berkel W-B
 * Vickers F.B.11
 * Vickers Valparaiso
 * Vickers Vernon
 * Vickers Viking
 * Vickers Vulcan
 * Vickers Vulture
 * Vickers Vimy
 * Wight Converted Seaplane

Engines on display
Examples of the Rolls-Royce Eagle are on display at the:
 * Polish Aviation Museum, Kraków
 * Science Museum, London
 * Canada Aviation Museum
 * South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg
 * South African Air Force Museum, Port Elizabeth

One of the two Eagles that powered Alcock and Brown's historic transatlantic flight is on display at the Museum Of Making, Derby.

title: Rolls-Royce Eagle


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Cardhalla

Cardhalla is a charity event that has been held at Gen Con since 1999. During the convention, a city is constructed out of donated trading card game cards. Near the end of the convention attendees are invited to throw coins at the city to destroy it. The thrown coins are collected and donated to charity. The motto is: "Build. Donate. Destroy."

The name is a portmanteau of "card" and the Norse city of Valhalla.

Build
Attendees may help in the building process using the cards that are donated. They may come and go as they wish, as the event is a 24-hour event hosted for free. The usual style of building consists of folding cards and stacking them. However, cutting a card to make a fit or even just stacking cards without folding is always an option. Glue, tape, and other adhesives are not permitted.

Donate
Donations come from anyone at the convention. Cards from over 100 different card games have been used. Cards range from the most common to the rarest cards of games. People also donate time to help clean up, manage, and chat.

 * 2006 Phoenix ConGames: $276 to orphanage
 * 2006 Gen Con: over $500 to Girls and Boys organization
 * 2005 Gen Con: over $500 to the Make a Wish Foundation

The original card set that started the building was the premiere of the "Young Jedi" CCG, demo decks were given to everyone at GenCon, and stacks of the starter decks were left scattered around the hall.

Destroy
On Saturday night at 10:30, all are invited to help destroy the city that takes the four days of the convention to build. With the first city, back then known just as "Cardland", the idea to raffle off the destruction of the city was introduced. The winning entrant decided to invite everyone back to throw coins at the city. This would allow everyone to help in the destruction as well as raise more money for charity, as all the coins would be collected and donated as well. The city takes a matter of minutes to destroy and just under an hour to clean up.

History
Cardland, as the first event came to be known in 1999, happened spontaneously. Free sample packs of cards were given to attendees. A couple of people began to build little towers out of cards while waiting for one of their friends to finish a game. A sign was left out "Add on if you wish, but do not destroy." Soon other convention attendees began adding onto the project. As that Friday night progressed more and more was added on including bridges and tall towers. Roads connected structures, and buildings of all types came about. Soon encompassing 20 tables, both above and below, a city and its suburbs were formed, one of which became known as Cardhalla. The name stuck and the next year, 2000, Cardhalla became an official event of Gen Con, and was designated space within the tournament hall.

A large portion of the cards donated to the original Cardhalla were the giveaways included in every attendee's bag, such as cards from the Monty Python and the Holy Grail card game and various promotional cards. When possible, each building was designed with cards from a similar game or license. (Such as Star Trek, Star Wars, Netrunner and Rage)

Since then, the event has raised nearly $2000 for charity and given people an opportunity to do something with their spare time at the convention.

In 2006 the first offshoot of this event was seen at Phoenix ConGames where 30,000 cards were used to build, donate, and destroy. Over 1000 cards were taken from the GenCon 2005 event and used to seed Phoenix ConGames 2006. The money raised ($276.00) at Phoenix ConGames was donated to a local orphanage.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cardhalla


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User:Traianus

AGIL Paradigm

title: User:Traianus


text:
Talk:Conyers, John, Jr.

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conyers, John, Jr.


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Talk:John, Jr. Conyers

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:John, Jr. Conyers


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Kim Glover

Kim Glover is an English music manager best known for overseeing the careers of PJ & Duncan (Ant & Dec), B*Witched, New Kids on The Block, Snap, Tiffany, Let Loose and D-Side, as well as helping to manage and develop the careers of Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, David Essex and others. She is also Chief executive of Kim Glover Management based in London, which she founded in 1993.

Career
Glover started her career in 1978 at Magnet Records as part of the radio promotions team for Michael Levy (now Lord Levy of Magnet Records) handling artists such as Chris Rea, Matchbox and Bad Manners, where she was soon promoted to Head of TV and Radio. Glover left Magnet records in 1982 to set up her own independent radio and TV promotions company Girl Friday Promotions, where she promoted artists such as The Cult, David Essex, Scritti Politti, Toyah and Meat Loaf among others.

In 1987, Glover was headhunted to join Arista's UK promotion team where she eventually became Head of Radio and TV reporting to Clive Davis, planning and implementing promotion campaigns for the likes of Whitney Houston, Carly Simon, Lisa Stansfield, and the Thompson Twins.

Arista was taken over so Glover re-formed The Girl Friday Promotions Company and one of her first clients was the young American band New Kids on the Block. Dick Scott asked Glover to join him on the New Kids on the Block management team.

In the 1990s, Glover was appointed by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco as she was looking for a manager to help her launch her music career.

One of Glover's most successful acts was PJ and Duncan – now known as Ant & Dec. They were co-managed by Glover together with their agent from Newcastle for four years under her company Real Red. They had a number of hits including the eponymous Let's Get Ready to Rhumble. Glover was referred to in their autobiography as being the only one to have ever seen the boys have an argument – in a lift. Glover met Ant & Dec through one of her artists Richie Wermerling of Let Loose who wrote some of the music on Byker Grove.

In later years, Glover managed many other groups including B*Witched, Let Loose, and D-Side.

In 2013, Glover teamed up with Gareth Russell and together they formed Kim Glover entertainment.

title: Kim Glover


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William Peters (lawyer)

William Peters (1702–1786) was a prominent figure in Philadelphia in the colonial and revolutionary era.

He was born in Liverpool, England, and went to America in 1739, four years after his younger brother, Reverend Richard Peters. He was a lawyer and served as judge of the courts of common pleas, quarter sessions, and orphans' court. When the revolution was beginning, he sided with the Whigs, befriending George Washington, von Steuben, James Madison and Benjamin Franklin.

His 1745 home, the Belmont Mansion, still stands in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park.

His son, Richard Peters, Jr. (the junior to distinguish him from his famous uncle), was also a lawyer and represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress.

title: William Peters (lawyer)


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Happy Valley AA

Happy Valley Athletic Association, known simply as Happy Valley or HVAA, is a Hong Kong sports club which currently does not compete in the Hong Kong football league system. They are historically one of the most successful football clubs in Hong Kong, having won the First Division six times and had consistently been in the top division, until they were relegated to the Second Division after the 2009–10 season.

The footbal section is part of a sports association which also operates swimming, basketball, first aid, table tennis, athletics and various other recreation activities under its umbrella.

History
Following the Second World War, the club was unofficially formed by five former schoolmates at Overseas Chinese University in Taichung, Taiwan. The schoolmates, Ng Kai Chi, Cheung Bing Fat, Cheung Bing Hung, Xie Gun Yang and Yip Wing Tim, frequently gathered at Ng's residence for meetings and were the club's founding fathers as well as players. Although not officially a club at the time, they organized pickup matches against other local teams.

1950s
Happy Valley formally registered with the Hong Kong Football Association in 1950 and in 1955 participated in the Chinese Amateur Athletic Federation of Hong Kong's summer football tournament, their first official competition.

During the 1957–58 season, the club were accepted into the Hong Kong Third A Division League. Success at the league level was immediate as the club won league titles in successive years, first winning the Third Division in 1957–58 and then winning the Second Division in 1958–59. Led by manager Chu Wing Keung, Happy Valley finished runners during their inaugural First Division campaign. The squad that season was notably young in age and featured future star Wong Man Wai.

1960s
In the aftermath of the 1967 Leftist riots, Happy Valley strongly opposed the HKFA's decision to issue a statement in support of the police. The club responded by withdrawing from the First Division in protest. They reentered the Hong Kong football league system a year later in 1968 through the Third Division with a three-year plan to return to the top flight. The club recruited new players such as Lo Tak Kuen, Chan Jong Deng, and former Hong Kong Rangers star Chung Cho Wai. The plan was successful and Happy Valley returned to the First Division in 1970.

1970s – 2000s
Happy Valley finished near the top of the table many times during this decade but were never able to finish as champions. In 1988–89, however, the club finally won the league for the first time since 1965.

With the success of Eastern and other company sponsored teams in the early '90s, Happy Valley were only able to achieve mid table finishes. By the middle of the decade, Eastern decided to rebuild with a young squad following their relegation and the company sponsored teams withdrew from the league. This allowed Happy Valley to enjoy their greatest run of success to date, winning four league titles, two Hong Kong FA Cups and three Senior Shields between 1997 and 2004. The team was led by notable players such as Cheung Sai Ho, Fan Chun Yip, Gerard, Lee Wai Man and Poon Yiu Cheuk.

At the conclusion of the 2008–09, chairman Pui Kwan Kay announced that Kwong Hiu Ming had been hired as Director of Football. His hiring led to a decision to restructure the football club, so as to reduce to the operational budget down to $3 million HKD. All players, with the exception of the three foreign players Ling Cong, Ciu Lin and Godfred Karikari were released and cheaper, younger players were signed.

In January 2010, several players boycotted training due to salary arrears. During the same year on 5 May, the ICAC arrested Ling Cong, Niu Jianlong, Wu Haopeng, Yu Yang and one other former player on suspicion of bribery and match fixing. Ling, Niu, and Wu were later released and all have claimed that they were not arrested, but rather, brought in for questioning in order to assist in the investigation. Yu Yang pleaded guilty to one count of offering an advantage to an agent and was sentenced to 10 months in jail. He was later banned for life by the HKFA following a Disciplinary Task Force meeting. The 60th anniversary of the club ended unceremoniously as the club finished at the bottom of the table, relegating them to the Second Division following a 40-year run in the top flight.

2010s
During the club's spell in the Second Division, they were able to retain important pieces such as keeper Cheung Wai Hong while signing Yuen Kin Man and Giorgi Kobakhidze. After a three-year absence, the club were promoted back to the First Division following a second-place finish in 2012–13.

On 5 January 2014, Happy Valley were once again at the centre of match fixing allegations as seven coaching staff and players were arrested by the ICAC following a big 5–0 loss to Sun Hei. Officials entered the team's dressing room at Tsing Yi Sports Ground immediately after the loss and took the seven members in for questioning on suspicion. Three days later, the HKFA postponed all of Happy Valley's for the next month pending the result of a hearing in which the club was to present to an Ad Hoc Committee that they were financially and operationally able to continue the remainder of the season. On 12 February 2014, the HKFA suspended Happy Valley for the duration of the First Division League season as well as expelling them from the FA Cup. The Eastern Court convicted player Saša Mus and deputy manager Hinson Leung of various crimes in connection to match fixing, sentencing Mus to 12 months of jail and fining Leung $4,000 HKD. The club were relegated following the year.

After a last place finish in 2015–16, the club were relegated to the bottom tier of Hong Kong football for the first time in 48 years.

Following successive relegations, it was decided that for the 2016–17 season, Happy Valley would loan players from Tung Sing and Chelsea Soccer School (HK). A U-18 academy team would also be restarted. The decisions proved to be very successful as Happy Valley lost only one league game all season en route to the Third Division title.

In the 2017–18 season, the club once again won the league title and were promoted back to the First Division.

Happy Valley won the First Division during the 2018–19 season. They applied for promotion to the Hong Kong Premier League at the conclusion of the season and were accepted on 17 June 2019.

2020s
After two seasons in the Hong Kong Premier League, Happy Valley confirmed that they will not participate in the 2021–22 HKPL season on 1 July 2021 due to financial difficulties.

During the 2022–23 season, Happy Valley were once again embroiled in another match-fixing scandal that saw 11 players and coach Chill Chiu among those arrested.

Starting from the 2023–24 season, Happy Valley withdrew from the Hong Kong football league system. The football section, that was ordered to be liquidated, was operated by Happy Valley Football Club Co., Ltd. established by Chen Zhishi. The club itself operates independently as Happy Valley Sports Association, so the sports club will not be affected in any way. Its track and field department, swimming department, basketball department and other departments are after liquidation of football section still operating normally.

Honours
Major trophies are listed below.

League

 * Hong Kong First Division (Tier 1)
 * Champions (6): 1964–65, 1988–89, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2005–06
 * Runners-up (16): 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2004–05

 * Hong Kong Second Division/Hong Kong First Division (Tier 2)
 * Champions (3): 1958–59, 1969–70, 2018–19
 * Runners-up (1): 2012–13

 * Hong Kong Third Division/Hong Kong Second Division (Tier 3)
 * Champions (3): 1957–58, 1968–69, 2017–18

 * Hong Kong Third Division (Tier 4)
 * Champions (1): 2016–17

Cup Competitions

 * Hong Kong Senior Shield
 * Champions (5): 1977–78, 1982–83, 1989–90, 1997–98, 2003–04
 * Runners-up (9): 1966–67, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1994–95, 1999–00, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06

 * Hong Kong FA Cup
 * Champions (2): 1999–00, 2003–04
 * Runners-up (5): 1986–87, 1993–94, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07

 * Hong Kong Sapling Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2020–21

 * Hong Kong League Cup
 * Champions (1): 2000–01
 * Runners-up (5): 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07

 * Hong Kong FA Cup Junior Division
 * Champions (1): 2018–19

 * Hong Kong Viceroy Cup
 * Champions (1): 1975–76
 * Runners-up (3): 1977–78, 1988–89, 1996–97

Season-to-season record
Note:

Head coaches
• Chan Hung Ping (1997–2005)

•  Wong Yiu Shun (2005–2006)

• 🇧🇷 José Ricardo Rambo (2006)

•  Lo Kai Wah (2006–2007)

•  Chan Hung Ping (2007–2008)

•  Wong Yiu Shun (2008–2009)

• 🇨🇳 He Jianbo &  Cheng Qiang (2009–??)

• 🇺🇾 Sergio Timoner (5 Jul 2013 – 8 Oct 2013)

• 🇦🇺 Paul Foster (8 Oct 2013–2015)

•  Poon Man Tik (20 Jan 2015–2016)

•  Shum Kwok Pui (2016–2019)

•  Pau Ka Yiu (2019–2021)

•  Chill Chiu (2021–2023)

Club's mascot
The mascot of Happy Valley is a panda, as the fan club's captain wearing the number 12 jersey on the squad list.

title: Happy Valley AA


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Bananarama (album)

Bananarama is the second studio album by British group Bananarama. Released in 1984, the album peaked at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart, reached the US top 40 albums chart, and was certified Silver by the BPI.

The group continued their association with producers Jolley & Swain (who had produced some tracks on their debut album, Deep Sea Skiving). With this album, Bananarama had their first significant U.S. success with the single "Cruel Summer". It became a top ten hit there (the song had also been a top 10 hit in the UK in 1983), bolstered by the song's inclusion in the soundtrack to the 1984 film The Karate Kid. Further hits from the album included "Robert De Niro's Waiting..." (UK No. 3) and "Rough Justice" (UK No. 23). The track "Hot Line to Heaven" was also released as a single in the UK but failed to reach the top 40, peaking at number 58.

A music video was shot for "State I'm In", even though it wasn't released as a single from the album. The album includes a cover version of "Dream Baby" by Six Sed Red.

Details
The original vinyl release came in an embossed sleeve and included a poster which included song lyrics, a photo of each member of the group, and the message: "Well, a year is a long time, people change & maybe we have too – hopefully for the better! Anyway here are results of our hard work over the past twelve months. This is for you – we hope you like it. Best Wishes, love Keren X, All the best, love Sarah x, and Lots of love, Siobhan xx".

The album and the song "King of the Jungle" were dedicated to the memory of their friend Thomas "Kidso" Reilly, who had recently been killed in Belfast.

Reception
At the time of release, Creem said the album had a "misty feeling that's almost nostalgic. Women don't sing like this anymore, with this kind of sighing regret. The album has curves, not edges, and it's got a texture you can float on, a shine like 'Don't Worry Baby' without the harmonic intricacy. With their waif-like, wafer-thin pipes, Keren, Siobhan and Sarah sound dazed, as though someone roused them from sleep and stuck them behind a mike."

Track listing
CD, LP and cassette versions

CD and LP US versions

2007 CD re-issue plus bonus tracks

2013 deluxe edition 2CD/DVD re-issue Disc 1

Disc 2

DVD
 * 1) "Cruel Summer" – directed by Brian Simmons
 * 2) "Robert De Niro's Waiting..." – directed by Duncan Gibbins
 * 3) "Rough Justice" – directed by Jonathan Gershfield
 * 4) "Hot Line to Heaven" – directed by Jonathan Gershfield
 * 5) "State I'm In" – directed by Jonathan Gershfield
 * 6) "The Wild Life"
 * 7) "Cruel Summer 89"
 * 8) "Cruel Summer" – on Top of the Pops
 * 9) "Robert De Niro's Waiting..." – on The Russell Harty Show
 * 10) "Rough Justice" – on Top of the Pops''
 * 11) "Michael Row the Boat Ashore" – on Saturday Superstore

Some mid-80s US LP and CD versions
 * "Link" was not identified as an individual track on original LP issues, and an alternative version had originally appeared, also uncredited, preceding "Push!" on the B-side of the 12" of "Robert De Niro's Waiting...".

Personnel

 * Sara Dallin – vocals
 * Siobhan Fahey – vocals
 * Keren Woodward – vocals

Production

 * Tony Swain – producer, arranger, composer
 * Steve Jolley – producer, arranger, composer
 * Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk – mastering
 * Da Gama/Rama – art design
 * Peter Ashworth – photography

title: Bananarama (album)


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Farragut-class destroyer (1934)

The Farragut-class destroyers were a class of eight 1,365-ton destroyers in the United States Navy and the first US destroyers of post-World War I design. Their construction, along with the Porter-class destroyer, was authorized by Congress on 29 April 1916, but funding was delayed considerably. Limited to 1,500 tons standard displacement by the provisions of the London Naval Treaty of 1930, the ships were laid down beginning in 1932 and were completed by 1935. After 12 years since the last of the previous class of American destroyers (the Clemson-class destroyer) was commissioned, the Farraguts were commissioned in 1934 and 1935.

These ships were slightly larger than their predecessors, faster, and they had only two stacks, versus the four stacks common to all the earlier classes. The class was the first of six classes of 1,500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s to modernize the United States Navy, and all eight Farraguts saw extensive front-line service during World War II. None were lost in battle, although only five survived the war. After numerous incremental improvements, the 1,500-tonners were succeeded by the 2,100-ton Fletcher-class destroyer, which was not subject to treaty restrictions.

Design
The Farraguts were a considerable improvement from previous destroyers, taking advantage of technological advances during the 12-year gap in destroyer production. The impact of aircraft on naval warfare was reflected in their heavy dual-purpose main gun armament. They also had greatly improved machinery and greater fuel capacity that extended their range to 5980 nmi as opposed to the Clemsons' 4900 nmi. Their larger size and improved habitability soon earned them the nickname of "goldplaters" from the crews of older destroyers.

The list of desired improvements compiled from the operational experience of the earlier Wickes-class destroyer and Clemson classes was both long and comprehensive. Both classes had pointed sterns that deeply dug into the water, greatly increasing turning diameter. This was addressed with the transom stern design of the Farragut class. The previous classes were flush deck designs; while providing good hull strength, this proved to be wet in high seas. This was addressed with the raised forecastle employed on the Farragut class. Cruising range on both the Wickes and Clemson classes had been a constant affliction of commanders; the Clemsons had been built with wing tanks giving better range, but at the cost of having high mounted fuel oil on both sides—a decidedly vulnerable feature in a ship without an armored belt such as a destroyer. The Farragut class corrected this range deficiency by having a design range of 5980 nmi as opposed to the Clemson's 4900 nmi. Steady improvements to both boilers and steam turbines in the years between the Clemson and Farragut designs allowed this improved range, along with greater speed and a reduction from 4 to 2 stacks.

The success of the efforts become clear with the testimony of Rear Admiral Emory S. Land, head of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, to the General Board, comparing the Farragut class to the Wickes and Clemson classes. Those advantages were:
 * The Farragut class was 3.3 knots faster.
 * The class had double the GM height (resulting in greater initial stability).
 * They had 25% more armament—5 main guns rather than 4—and about 35% greater firepower, mounting 5 in/38 caliber guns (Mark 12) as opposed to the 4 in (102 mm)/50 caliber gun (Mark 9) mounted on most previous destroyers.
 * All 8 torpedo tubes were on the preferred centerline position.
 * The guns were fed by power hoist from the magazines.
 * Being high-freeboard vessels, sea-keeping was much improved over the flush deckers that preceded it.
 * The radius of action increased by 450 nmi.

This had all been accomplished on a displacement rise of only 22%.

The Farragut-class destroyers were considered unstable in heavy weather and in turns. This was compounded by war-time modifications that made them even more top-heavy. Two of the destroyers, Hull and Monaghan, sank as a result of the December 1944 typhoon. One of the survivors stated

"'The only thing I could complain about is ever since we left [Seattle] the ship seemed top heavy. I was on there for two years. Ever since we left [the shipyard] in October 1944, she seemed to roll worse than she ever did. Even in the calmest weather and even when anchored, she seemed to roll lots more than she used to.'"

A court of inquiry after the loss concluded that [the] basic stability of the Farragut-class ships "is materially less than other destroyers."

Engineering
The Farragut-class propulsion plant was considerably improved over the Clemson-class. Steam pressure and temperature were raised from 300 psi saturated steam to 400 psi steam superheated to 648 °F. Superheated steam increased the efficiency of the turbines, improving the ships' range. This was the first use of superheaters in a US destroyer. Economizers were also fitted; these used boiler exhaust gas to preheat the feedwater before it entered the boiler; these increased the ships' range by requiring less fuel to boil the water to steam. The Farragut's turbines were Parsons-type reaction turbines manufactured by Bethlehem Steel. Each main turbine was divided into a high-pressure and a low-pressure turbine feeding into a common reduction gear to drive a shaft, in a similar manner to the machinery illustrated below and at the following reference. This general arrangement became standard for most subsequent steam-powered surface ships of the US Navy. Single-reduction gearing (as in the Clemsons) was used on the Farraguts; the Mahan-class destroyers and later classes had double-reduction gearing, which reduced the required size of the (then faster spinning) turbines still further.

Armament

 * As built: These were the first US destroyers with a dual-purpose main armament. They received five of the then-new 5 in/38cal gun (Mark 12), installed in Mark 21 dual-purpose single mounts. The forward two mounts (numbered 51 and 52) were partially enclosed with lightly-armored open-back shields. (see picture) The midships mount (No 53) and the after two mounts (numbers 54 and 55) were open. Unlike subsequent five-gun US destroyers, mount 53 was immediately aft of the stacks. An important feature was the dual-purpose Mark 33 director above the bridge, which coordinated the fire of the 5 inch guns against both ships and aircraft. By late 1942, radio proximity fuses (VT fuses) would make the guns much more effective against aircraft. Just aft of mount 53 were two trainable torpedo tube 'quad-mounts' (with four 21 in tubes on each mount), one abaft the other. The class was initially equipped with the Mark 8 torpedo, which was replaced by the Mark 15 torpedo beginning in 1938. On the 02 level, aft of mount 52, there were two single .50 cal (12.7mm) machine gun (MG) mounts next to the port and starboard rails. Two more .50 cal MGs were on the main deck, midships.
 * c 1943: Due to the need for greater light anti-aircraft (AA) protection that emerged following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the .50 cal MGs and Mount 53 were replaced by 20 mm and 40 mm AA weapons. The type and quantity varied from ship to ship depending on when and where they were refitted. Also, roll-off depth charge racks were added to the stern, along with four K-gun depth charge throwers. One source states the depth charge racks were added in 1936.

Service
All ships were present at the attack on Pearl Harbor, where USS Monaghan (DD-354) sank a Japanese midget submarine. Three of the class were lost in the war: USS Worden (DD-352) ran aground in Alaskan waters in January 1943 and became a total loss, while USS Hull (DD-350) and Monaghan were lost in Typhoon Cobra in December 1944. The remaining five ships survived World War II; they were broken up for scrap shortly after the end of the war.

title: Farragut-class destroyer (1934)


text:
Wikipedia:Spelling Standardization Improvement Drive

Seeing as how Standardize_spellings/Archive failed to change official Wikipedia policy, but confirmed that members believe all articles should be written in either one style or the other, I hereby propose that we make sure all articles already written do not mix between the two. All articles written about "American" subjects should have the tag inserted at the top (as in United States) while all articles about subjects purely British (or countries which use British spellings) should have the  written at the top (as in United Kingdom.)  Articles about neutral subjects (i.e. grape) should have either tag inserted at the top based on which spelling is used throughout the majority of the article. When creating new articles, the creator may choose either tag to insert at the top, and subsequent editors MUST respect whichever tag is present upon editing the article.

This is my final proposal on the subject, and if it is agreed upon, I think we will see a happier and more organized Wikipedia.

Juppiter 15:03, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Support

 * 1) Juppiter 15:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) Using a consistent spelling style within an article is already current policy and practice. Requiring that all articles have a tag gains us nothing. — Matt Crypto  15:22, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Absolutely not, jguk 18:26, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) instruction creep. Dunc|☺ 21:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) This should be at Spelling Standardisation Improvement Drive. porges 10:04, August 30, 2005 (UTC) (But seriously, agree with Duncharris. Futhermore, what happens when people section-edit?)
 * 5) Doesn't help in anyway.  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:59, September 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) If the spelling policy is to be brought to people's attention more (basically a good idea), I don't think is that helpful a way to do it. Maybe we could have a different Edit page message for newbies - first few edits of a user - which provides additional intro and help. That could be a platform for all sorts of things. Rd232 13:32, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Per porges. Also, some users are comfortable with either, or both. UK citizens use British spelling, US citizens use American spelling, but much of the English-speaking world prefers one or the other, or both! The Commonwealth is no longer the Empire, and the US/UK divide is irrelevant to many (IMHO). 69.159.26.95 01:08, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * (OOPS - apparently this was settled long ago. How come nobody archived it? 69.159.26.95 01:10, 9 May 2007 (UTC))


text:
User:Krueschan

de:User:krueschan

title: User:Krueschan


text:
Horace Elgin Dodge

Horace Elgin Dodge Sr. (May 17, 1868 – December 10, 1920) was an American automobile manufacturing pioneer and co-founder of Dodge Brothers Company.

Early years and business
He was born in Niles, Michigan, on May 17, 1868. His father owned a foundry and machine shop. Horace Dodge and his elder brother John Francis Dodge were inseparable as children and as adults. The pair was noted for personal initiative and once built a working high-wheel bicycle from scrap materials.

In 1886, the Dodge brothers moved to Detroit, Michigan, where they took jobs at Murphy Boiler Works, a boilermaker plant owned by a marine engineer named Thomas Murphy. In 1894, they went to work as machinists at the Canadian Typograph Company across the Detroit River in Windsor, Ontario.

In 1896, Horace Dodge married Anna Thompson in Windsor, Ohio. She was a Scottish immigrant born in Dundee and came from a working class family. The couple had a son, Horace Jr., and a daughter, Delphine. Thompson later married actor Hugh Dillman after the death of Dodge.

While brother John Dodge was the sales-oriented managerial type, Horace was a gifted mechanic and inveterate tinkerer. He invented the first dirt-proof ball bearing. In 1897, John arranged a deal for them to join with a third-party investor to manufacture bicycles. Within a few years, they sold the business and, in 1901, used the proceeds of the sale to set up their own machine shop in Detroit. During their first year in business, the Dodge brothers' company began making parts for the automobile industry. This company secured a contract to produce transmissions for Oldsmobile and for the newly chartered Ford Motor Company.

Automobiles
In 1902, they won a contract to build transmissions for the Olds Motor Vehicle Company upon which they built a solid reputation for quality and service. However, the following year they turned down a second contract from Olds (Oldsmobile) to retool their plant to build engines for Henry Ford in a deal that included a share position in the new Ford Motor Company. They had invested in Ford's business and eventually Ford would be in debt to the Dodge Brothers. By 1910, Horace Dodge and his brother were so successful they built a new plant in Hamtramck, Michigan.

For ten years, the Dodge brothers' company was supplier to Ford, and John Dodge worked as vice president of the Ford company. In 1913 the Dodge brothers terminated their Ford contract and devoted their energies toward producing a Dodge automobile. They introduced the Dodge Brothers 30 in November, 1914. They began building motor trucks, ambulances and other vehicles for the United States military during the arms buildup for World War I At war's end, their company manufactured and marketed both cars and trucks. By 1919, Ford bought back the Dodges' stock for $25 million.

He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1981.

Personal life
Despite their wealth and growing influence in the business community, the red-haired Dodge brothers' crude manners and aggressive conduct made them socially unacceptable to most of the wealthy Detroit elite. In 1912, Horace Dodge built a red sandstone mansion in Grosse Pointe called Rose Terrace. The huge home with formal gardens and boat dock overlooked Lake St. Clair.

This was replaced by a second Rose Terrace, constructed in the 1930s by architect Horace Trumbauer, for Mrs. Dodge and her second husband. Architectural historian W. Hawkins Ferry described the mansion as "unquestionably Grosse Pointe's most regal residence". In addition to Rose Terrace, the Dodges acquired a large winter estate in Palm Beach, Florida. Horace's wife Anna had studied music, and this fact won them acceptance by the city's social order. Horace and Anna Dodge became major benefactors of the new Detroit Symphony Orchestra and would play a key role in the construction of Orchestra Hall.

A speedboat and yachting enthusiast, Horace Dodge's keen interest in the vessel's engines led him to establish a marine division as part of their automotive business. He purchased several steam yachts, each larger and more luxurious than the previous. The first two large yachts were named Nokomis, both being purchased by the government for World War I use, with the second being described as a "floating palace" even as it was being stripped for Navy use shortly after completion. The last, named the Delphine for his daughter after following the Nokomis tradition in the early phase of design, was a 257.8 ft vessel. Construction commenced in 1920 and was completed in 1921, after his death. In the ensuing years the yacht experienced a sinking, a run onto rocks, and service as a United States Navy patrol boat during World War II. The Delphine passed through the hands of several owners and after major refurbishing it sails the Mediterranean today as a luxury charter.

Death
In 1919, Henry Ford bought out the Dodge brothers' shareholdings in Ford Motor Company for $25 million. In January 1920, Horace's brother, John, died during the influenza epidemic. He was interred in the family's Egyptian-style mausoleum in Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery guarded by two Sphinx statues. Having also contracted the flu that December following several relapses, Horace also died from complications of the disease resulting in pneumonia and cirrhosis of the liver at the age of 52 in Palm Beach, Florida. He was interred with his brother in the same mausoleum. His widow outlived him by fifty years.

In 1925, Horace and John Dodge's widows sold their automobile business to Dillon Read investment bankers for $146 million. Upon her death in 1970, Anna Thompson Dodge left a sum to the City of Detroit for the construction of the Horace E. Dodge and Son Memorial Fountain. The fountain was designed by sculptor Isamu Noguchi and opened in 1978 as part of the city's Hart Plaza. Horace E. Dodge Jr. died in 1963 at age 63.

title: Horace Elgin Dodge


text:
Talk:Collins, Edward Trowbridge

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collins, Edward Trowbridge


text:
Holcombe, Somerset

Holcombe is a small village and civil parish (population 936 ) in the Mendip local government district of Somerset, England. The parish contains the hamlets of Barlake and Edford. It is within easy commuting distance of both Bristol and Bath.

History
Its place name is derived from the Old English Hol, meaning deep or hollow and cumb meaning valley.

The parish of Holcombe was part of the Kilmersdon Hundred.

The original medieval village was buried at the time of the Great Plague of London, and the old parish church, which survives, is surrounded by the mounds that bear testimony to this burial. It is suggested that the rhyme 'Ring a Ring o' Roses' began there as a result. An alternative explanation relates to the drowning of five children from the village in an icy pond in 1899.

The village has two pubs: The Duke of Cumberland, which can be found at the bottom of the village's hill which in 2020 was redeveloped into a combination of a pub and a farm shop, and the Holcombe Inn, which recently changed its name from The Ring O' Roses to its original 1960s name. It was named as a reminder of the plague that previously destroyed the village.

Holcombe originally had four churches, two of which are still in use. One of these original churches, the Methodist Chapel has been converted into three private dwellings.

Holcombe was the site of several mines on the Somerset coalfield; however these are all now closed. The importance of Somerset coalfield caused a branch canal from the main Dorset and Somerset Canal to be proposed, and construction began in 1786 following a route from Coleford, Somerset to Nettlebridge through Holcombe. This intersected the main road through Holcombe around 75 m north of the Duke of Cumberland inn. However, in 1803, the entire canal was abandoned without being completed. There is limited evidence of the canal remaining, including some masonry such as bridges and retaining walls near the Duke of Cumberland. This planned route can be followed through to Coleford along a public footpath for most of the route from nearby Ham.

Holcombe quarry is no longer in use and has been fenced off. However, although it is highly dangerous and despite various warnings, it remains a popular destination for teenagers to go swimming and "tombstoning" during the summer months, which have resulted in personal injuries and some deaths. Since 2019, two of the larger quarries, including Cooks Wood, have been under redevelopment as a luxury holiday property development, under the name of 'Cooks Wood', as part of this development any public access to the quarries are now limited to just the public footpath.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Shepton Mallet Rural District, which is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Religious sites
The old Church of St. Andrew has late Saxon-early Norman origins and was rebuilt in the 16th century. The church is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. It is in general now closed; but services are held at Christmas and on the first Sunday of June, July and August. The church was used as a location in the BBC production of Poldark. The former priest's house later became a coach house to Holcombe House, and is Grade II listed.

Notable residents
For a time Scott of the Antarctic's parents lived at and ran the brewery in Holcombe. Members of his family are buried in a family grave, and there is a memorial accrediting Scott's interment in the Antarctic, in the Holcombe old church.

Bob Braham, a decorated airman, was born in the village.

title: Holcombe, Somerset


text:
Talk:Edward Trowbridge Collins

Created as part of the WikiProject Missing articles/Encarta_Encyclopedia_topics Paul 15:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edward Trowbridge Collins


text:
User:Asgath

Asgath (June 18th, 1990) Also known as: Spazgath Asshat Thor

title: User:Asgath


text:
AC Trento 1921

A.C. Trento 1921 (nicknamed i Gialloblu or gli Aquilotti) is an Italian football club, and the major club in Trento. Currently they play in.

In 2014 Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Trento Calcio 1921 S.r.l. went bankrupt. The sports title was transferred to A.C. Trento S.C.S.D.

Foundation
The club was founded in 1921.

The team took part to the 1945–46 Serie B–C season.

It in the season 2010–11, from Serie D group B relegated, in the play-out, to Eccellenza Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

In the season 2011–12 the team was promoted from Eccellenza Trentino–South Tyrol to Serie D after playoffs. The team was relegated again in 2013.

In 2014 Trento was relegated from Eccellenza to Promozione. After the transfer of the sports title to a new company in the same year, the phoenix club won promotion back to Eccellenza in 2016.

In the 2020–21 Serie D season, under the tenure of head coach Carmine Parlato, Trento were crowned Girone C champions, thus returning into professionalism after 18 years in the amateur leagues.

Colors
The official colors are yellow and blue. They are also the colors of the city of Trento. The home jerseys of the club include the colors yellow and blue and can be vertically striped depending on the season. The away jerseys are mostly white or black.

Badge
The badge of the club has the form of a shield. The left half of the logo in the background is blue, the other half yellow. They represent the colors of the club and the city of Trento. In the middle of the badge an eagle is depicted, which is also the coat of arms of Trento. Above the eagle is the inscription "A.C. TRENTO". The founding year "1921" is shown below the eagle.

Stadium
AC Trento plays his home games at Stadio Briamasco. The stadium was opened in 1922 and has a capacity of 4,200 spectators. In the meantime, the stadium was often slightly modernized. The dimensions of the field are 105 by 65 meters (345 by 213 feet) and it is played on natural turf pitch. It consists of north (Tribuna Nord) and south tribune (Tribuna Sud). The north tribune is mostly covered and the south tribune only half. In addition, the arena has an athletics system, which is no longer used.

Two international matches of the Italy U21 team were played in the Stadio Briamasco.

Notable players

 * 🇮🇹 Daniele Balli
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi De Agostini
 * 🇮🇹 Angelo Domenghini
 * 🇮🇹 Giuseppe Sannino
 * 🇮🇹 Giuseppe Signori
 * 🇮🇹 Attilio Tesser
 * 🇮🇹 Francesco Toldo
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Pilato
 * 🇮🇹 Gianluca Piaccitali

Notable managers

 * 🇭🇺 Ferenc Hirzer
 * 🇮🇹 Enzo Robotti

title: AC Trento 1921


text: User:Koblentz/Desk

title: User:Koblentz/Desk


text:
Talk:Holcombe, Somerset

External links modified
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title: Talk:Holcombe, Somerset


text:
Pio Tuia

Pio Iosefo Tuia (born 1943 ) has been Ulu o Tokelau, head of government of Tokelau, six times. The position of ulu rotates annually between the three faipule (one for each of the three atolls), who are elected for terms lasting three years. Tuia served as ulu for the sixth time in February 2011. He was also the faipule of Nukunonu and a member of the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau.

It was under Tuia's leadership that Tokelau became, in November 2011, a founding member of the Polynesian Leaders Group, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment.

Tuia's five terms:
 * February 1996–February 1997
 * February 1999–February 2000
 * February 2002–February 2003
 * February 2005–February 2006
 * February 2008–21 February 2009

In the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours, Tuia was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the Tokelau Islands.

title: Pio Tuia


text:
Talk:The Meteor

Notability
I'm not sure this information wouldn't be more appropriate in the Bryce State Mental Hospital article. I'm not nominating it for deletion or anything, but I thought it would be worth opening a discussion. Dystopos 15:07, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm hoping to find more detailed information on it, since I think it's a fascinating bit of history. If I can't, then I agree it may as well be absorbed back into the Bryce article, but I'd like to try first. Kitanzi

An error or a curious coincidence
The pages online from the Meteor do not form a complete record and are hard to read so I could not check if the report about Rugby football did appear in this Meteor but the Wikipedia article "William Webb Ellis" has the same story but its "The Meteor" is the Rugby School magazine.

title: Talk:The Meteor


text:
Red Star Over China

Red Star Over China is a 1937 book by Edgar Snow. It is an account of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that was written when it was a guerrilla army and still obscure to Westerners. Along with Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth (1931), it was the most influential book on Western understanding of China as well as the most influential book on Western sympathy for Red China in the 1930s.

Overview
In Red Star Over China, Edgar Snow recounts the months that he spent with the Chinese Red Army in 1936. Most of this time, he was at their then-capital Bao'an (Pao An). They moved to the famous Yan'an only after he left.

Snow uses his extensive interviews with Mao and the other top leaders to present vivid descriptions of the Long March, as well as biographical accounts of leaders on both sides of the conflicts, including Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, He Long, and Mao Zedong's own account of his life.

When Snow wrote, there were no reliable reports reaching the West about what was going on in the communist-controlled areas. Other writers, such as Agnes Smedley, had written in some detail about the Chinese Communists before the Long March, but none of these writers had ever visited them or even conducted first hand interviews with them. Snow's status as an international journalist not previously identified with the communist movement gave his reports the stamp of authenticity. The glowing pictures of life in the communist areas contrasted with the gloom and corruption of the Kuomintang government. Many Chinese learned about Mao and the communist movement from the almost immediate translations of Mao's biography, and readers in North America and Europe, especially those with liberal views, were heartened to learn of a movement which they interpreted as being anti-fascist and progressive. Snow reported the new Second United Front which Mao said would leave violent class struggle behind.

Snow made it clear that Mao's ultimate aim was control of China. Only by taking Snow's thoughts out of context, concluded one scholar, was it possible for Harold Isaacs to claim that Red Star Over China was the origin of the myth that the Chinese Communists were "agrarian reformers."

Snow's Preface to the revised edition in 1968 describes the book's original context:

The Western powers, in self-interest, were hoping for a miracle in China. They dreamed of a new birth of nationalism that would keep Japan so bogged down that she would never be able to turn upon the Western colonies—her true objective. Red Star Over China tended to show that the Chinese Communists could indeed provide that nationalist leadership needed for effective anti-Japanese resistance. How dramatically the United States' policy-making attitudes have altered since then ...

It provided not only for non-Chinese readers, but also for the entire Chinese people—including all but the Communist leaders themselves—the first authentic account of the Chinese Communist Party and the first connected story of their long struggle to carry through the most thoroughgoing social revolution in China's three millenniums of history. Many editions were published in China ...

Publishing history
Snow was not available to read proofs of the initial London and New York editions, but he revised the text of the 1939 and 1944 editions. The Publisher's Note of the 1939 edition explains that Snow added a "substantial new section" of six chapters to include the Xi'an Incident, bringing the narrative up to July 1938 as well as "many textual changes." Snow made the textual changes partly to polish but he also responded to friends and reviewers. Some of them felt Snow's account of party history had been too critical of Soviet policy, and others felt that he had given too much credit to Mao for independent Chinese strategies. Snow toned down but did not remove the implicit criticisms of Stalin. The 1944 edition was allowed to go out of print in the 1950s, but Snow made substantial revisions and annotations for the Grove Press reprint of 1968.

Edgar Snow, Red Star over China London: Left Book Club, Victor Gollancz, 1937; this edition reprinted as Red Star Over China – The Rise of the Red Army. (2006; ISBN 1-4067-9821-5).

--, (New York: Random House, 1938). Some changes from the London edition.

--, (Garden City, 1939) "Revised", with six extra chapters.

--, (New York: Modern Library, 1944).

--, (New York: Grove, 1968) Extensive revisions, with notes and annotations added.

Assessments and criticisms
The book has been called a "journalistic scoop" and a "historical classic", and the scholar Julia Lovell is among those who argue that the book played a key role in creating Chinese support and Western approval of Mao. Mao himself commented that the book "had merit no less than Great Yu controlling the floods". According to Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Snow probably believed what he was told to be true, and much of it is still of basic significance, especially the "Autobiography of Mao". They also wrote that Mao omitted key elements from his accounts of party history and Snow missed others. According to Anne-Marie Brady, Snow submitted the transcripts of his interviews to be edited and approved by Party officials and changes in the American edition were made in response to the Communist Party of the United States. Snow's account of the Long March has been criticised by some, while others have maintained that it is basically valid.

In his 1966 biography of Mao, the American Sinologist Stuart R. Schram wrote that Red Star Over China was irreplaceable in learning about Mao's early years and that despite "many errors of detail", it remains "by far the most important single source regarding his life" and offered important insights into "Mao's own vision of his past". John K. Fairbank praised Snow's reporting for giving the West the first articulate account of the Chinese Communist Party and its leadership, which he called "disastrously prophetic". Writing thirty years after the first publication of Red Star Over China, Fairbank stated that the book had "stood the test of time... both as a historical record and as an indication of a trend." Fairbank agrees that Snow was used by Mao, but defended Snow against the allegation that he was blinded by Chinese hospitality and charm, insisting that "Snow did what he could as a professional journalist." In Mao: A Reinterpretation, a work sympathetic to Mao, Lee Feigon criticizes Snow's account for its inaccuracies, but praises Red Star for being "[the] seminal portrait of Mao" and relies on Snow's work as a critical reference throughout the book.

title: Red Star Over China


text:
User talk:Asgath

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
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Hello there Asgath! - Mrdie

Wrath of the Norsemen
I noticed you used the Album Infobox instead of the DVD infobox. I assume you did know that it was a DVD and couldn't find the correct template. Could you please try to find the correct template in future please. And Amon Amarth kick ass! Hol e in the wall 20:24, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Asgath.jpg
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title: User talk:Asgath


text:
User talk:Peruvian solle

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! EdwinHJ | Talk 15:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Peruvian solle


text:
User talk:Vertigo200

I am temporarily (permanently?) putting on hold my contributions on Wikipedia.

 * Why? Sorry to be nosy :) (anthony.peters@gmail.com) --The unselfish gene 03:50, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Corinthians 0 x 0 São Paulo
That's true. But it is also just a regular Campeonato Brasileiro match. Probably São Paulo and Corinthians played several matches like this one. It is not a competition final, or a polemic match or a match that a team beat its rival with a large goal difference. Regards, --Carioca 22:13, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Vertigo200


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True Confessions (album)

True Confessions is the third studio album by British group Bananarama. It was released on 14 July 1986 by London Records. The majority of the album was produced by Tony Swain and Steve Jolley (who produced Bananarama's eponymous second album), with the exception of "Venus" and "More Than Physical". The latter, given a garage remix for its single version, was Bananarama's first songwriting collaboration with the Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW) production team.

The album contains the group's most commercially successful single to date, a cover version of Shocking Blue's 1969 song "Venus", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. True Confessions reached number 46 on the UK Albums Chart and number 15 on the US Billboard 200, becoming the group's highest-charting album on the latter chart.

The fourth single, "A Trick of the Night" was written by Jolley and Swain and re-recorded and remixed by SAW for release in the UK.

In contrast to the two dance-oriented songs produced by SAW, the majority of the songs produced by Jolley and Swain tend towards rock-based, serious-minded pop. The lyrical content addresses overcoming obstacles in relationships ("Ready or Not", "Promised Land") and tackles social issues, such as the anti-drug stance on "Hooked on Love". Two ballads are included: the aforementioned "A Trick of the Night", which is a cautionary ballad about a male friend trying to survive on city streets, and the jazzy, sophisto-pop track "Dance With a Stranger".

Critical reception
Jerry Smith, reviewer of British music newspaper Music Week, wrote a warm and positive review of the album. He wrote: "They're rather good notice how they're always five minutes ahead of high street fashion, so maybe it's their suitability as teen role models that's kept them afloat on a tide of paper thin melodies far so long. Fashionable targets they may be, but their latest hit single says they still know what their public wants." In a review published in Record Mirror, Lesley O'Toole was less enthusiastic, stating that the album, despite its title, come "as no revelation whatsoever. Yet another slab of formula Bananas sees the girls executing cooing harmonies and fey storylines – all about as heavyweight as a mosquito, though marginally less bothersome". Tom Hibbert of Smash Hits praised the album as being "undeniably, convincingly listenable" and "a proper pop "album"", adding that Bananarama "make "intriguing" pop – and can even sustain the charm across an entire LP".

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of True Confessions.

Bananarama

 * Keren Woodward
 * Sara Dallin
 * Siobhan Fahey

Additional musicians

 * Tony Swain – keyboards (tracks 1–5, 7–9, 11)
 * Steve Jolley – guitar (tracks 1–5, 7–9, 11)
 * Keith Thomas – saxophone (tracks 1–5, 7–9, 11)
 * Matt Aitken – guitar (track 6); keyboards (track 10)
 * Mike Stock – keyboards (tracks 6, 10)
 * Gary Hughes – keyboards (track 6)
 * Drum Machine – drums (tracks 6, 10)
 * Andy Stennett – keyboards (track 10)

Technical

 * Tony Swain – production (tracks 1–5, 7–9, 11)
 * Steve Jolley – production (tracks 1–5, 7–9, 11)
 * Stock Aitken Waterman – production (tracks 6, 10)
 * Richard Lengyel – recording engineering
 * Chips – engineering assistance
 * Paul Batchelor – engineering assistance
 * Tim Young – mastering (at CBS Studios, London)

Artwork

 * Dennis Cockell – tattoos design
 * Martin Brading – photography
 * Peter Barrett – sleeve design

title: True Confessions (album)


text:
Talk:Conina

Anyone object if I redirect this to Minor Discworld characters? I'd have to expand it a bit...

Is she married to Nijel? I don't remember that.

Daibhid C 15:45 UTC 26 Aug 2005

title: Talk:Conina


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User:Sam Vimes/ICC Trophy

Hm. I suppose this page could come in useful by 2009. ;)

title: User:Sam Vimes/ICC Trophy


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Jean Bolland

Jean Bolland, SJ (Johannes Bollandus) (13 August 1596 – 12 September 1665) was a Flemish Jesuit priest, theologian, and prominent hagiographer.

Bolland's main achievement is the compilation of the first five volumes of the Lives of the Saints in Latin, called the Acta Sanctorum, a series which was continued by others, who, after his death, formed the Society of Bollandists.

Life and work
Jean Bolland was born 13 August 1596 in the village of Julémont, now part of Herve (Belgium), North-East of the city of Liège. The village of Bolland, after which the family took their name, is nearby. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1612 at Mechelen. After his studies at the Jesuit colleges of Maastricht and Antwerp, Bolland taught humanities in Roermond, Den Bosch, Brussels and Antwerp. In 1620 Bolland was sent to study theology at the University of Leuven. Four years later he received holy orders and then became prefect of studies at the Jesuit college of Mechelen. Bolland was ordained in 1625.

In 1630 he was called to Antwerp by the superior of the Flemish province of the Society of Jesus to examine papers left by the hagiographer Heribert Rosweyde who had died shortly before, and report back his opinion as to what it was advisable to do with them. Bolland went to Antwerp, familiarized himself with the manuscripts, and, while admitting that the work was still merely a rough and faulty draft, gave reasons for believing that without an undue expenditure of labour it might be brought to a successful completion. He offered to oversee the work on two conditions: that he should be free to modify the plan of Rosweyde as he understood it, and that Rosweyde's materials should be set apart for his exclusive use. The Provincial Superior, Jacques van Straten, accepted the conditions and Bolland was transferred from the college of Mechelen to Antwerp, where he became director of the Latin Congregation, a congregation composed of the principal people of the city, and had charge of preparing the Acta Sanctorum for publication.

Bolland began by outlining an even more ambitious plan. Rosweyde had confined his quest of original texts to libraries in the Flanders and neighbouring regions. Rosweyde had proposed to publish only the original texts, without commentaries or annotations, but Bolland decided to give all the information he could find for each saint and his cult, to preface each text with a study of its author and its historical value, and to append notes of explanation. He visited monastic libraries, collecting and copying a considerable number of documents.

Arrival of Henschen
Shortly after arriving in Antwerp, Bolland had already succeeded in putting in good order the documents relating to the saints of January, and had found a publisher, Jan van Meurs. He decided to organize the entries according to the Roman Calendar. After working in Antwerp for five years, it became apparent that the task was too great for one man. Bolland asked for an assistant and this request was supported by the abbot of Liessies Abbey, Antoine de Wynghe, who provided a stipend. In 1635 he was joined by a former pupil, Godfrey Henschen, who started to work on the February saints, while Bolland prepared the material for January. Bolland suggested that Henschen undertake a couple of the saints of February and draft a commentary. When he saw how comprehensive was Henschen's work, he called back his pages from the publisher, and together they revised them. After fourteen years of work, the two volumes for January were printed in Antwerp in 1643.

Work on the January volume was done in two garrets where Bolland kept his papers and books. As climbing the steep steps began to prove difficult, he asked for and obtained the use of a vacant room on the second floor, which later became the Bollandist Museum. The three volumes for February were released in 1658. Henschen continued to labor at the publication of the Acta Sanctorum up to the time of his death in 1681.

In 1659 Bolland received assistance from a third Jesuit, Daniel van Papenbroek, who in the end did most of the work for the 18 volumes of the Acta Sanctorum. Pope Alexander VII invited Bolland to Rome offering access to manuscripts in the Vatican Library. For reasons of health, Bolland sent Henschen and Papenbroek. In 1660–1662 they traveled through Germany, France and Italy, searching for old documents in monasteries and libraries.

Jean Bolland died in Antwerp, aged 69, in 1665.

title: Jean Bolland


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Jean White

Jean White (1941 – 8 November 2010) was the founding pastor within the Metropolitan Community Church (MCC) in London. She was a nurse, midwife, missionary, pastor, counselor, and campaigner for LGBTQ community and their inclusion in the Church.

She received her training as a State Registered Nurse at the London Teaching Hospital, Whitechapel, London. Later she received training as a Midwife in Bristol and at the Elsie Ingles School of Midwifery in Edinburgh, Scotland and undertook a course in Tropical Diseases at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Liverpool. In 1963–64, White studied at the International Bible Training Institute in Burgess Hill, Sussex, and in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1964 she went as a medical missionary to Macao. She served as a missionary in Asia from 1964–70. Three of those years were spent under “compound arrest” in the “no-man’s area”, between Macao and the mainland of China, during the Red Guard uprising. While in China (Asia) Jean became aware she needed to be honest about her sexuality and when she returned to London she came out as a lesbian and joined a group called Fellowship of Christ the Liberator, which was a prayer group for the LGBTQ.

As founding pastor of the MCC, White served on the denomination's Board of Elders and served the original Metropolitan Community Church of London for many years. She worked as director of World Church Extension of the denomination. She was pastor of MCC, South London, at the time of her death on 8 November 2010, aged 69, following a battle with pancreatic cancer. She is survived by her long-time partner, Mary Smail, an accomplished church musician and MCC lay leader.

title: Jean White


text:
The Victory Garden (TV program)

The Victory Garden is an American public television program about gardening and other outdoor activities, which was produced by station WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed by PBS. It was the oldest gardening program produced for television in the United States, premiering April 16, 1975.

History
The show was originally called Crockett's Victory Garden for its first host, James Underwood Crockett. On each episode, Crockett demonstrates and cares for a vegetable, fruit, and flower garden, shows you how to build a cold frame, and why salt marsh hay was useful as a mulch. At the end of each episode, Crockett was in the greenhouse, as he answered viewer questions about gardening, which were sent in by viewers. Following Crockett's death at the age of 63, Bob Thomson hosted the program from 1979 to 1991 and the show was renamed The Victory Garden. With Thomson at the helm, The Victory Garden began to broaden its scope. In addition to the regular gardening demonstrations, the show began to make room for more guests and travel features. Marian Morash, wife of series producer Russell Morash, appeared on the air to do her recipes on the program from 1979 to 2001.

Roger Swain hosted the program from 1991 to 2002, Michael Weishan hosted the program from 2002 to 2007. Jamie Durie hosted the program from 2007 to 2010. In 2013, the show was relaunched in partnership with Edible Communities, and it became The Victory Garden's EdibleFeast. It was produced for two seasons.

Major publications

 * Crockett, James Underwood. (1977). Crockett's Victory Garden. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-16121-3.
 * Crockett, James Underwood. (1978). Crockett's Indoor Garden. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-16124-4.
 * Crockett, James Underwood. (1981). Crockett's Flower Garden. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-16132-9.
 * Morash, Marian. (1982). The Victory Garden Cookbook. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-50897-9.
 * Wirth, Thomas. (1984). The Victory Garden Landscape Guide. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-94845-6.
 * Thomson, Bob. (1987). The New Victory Garden. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-84337-9.
 * Wilson, Jim. (1990). Masters of the Victory Garden. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-94501-1.
 * Weishan, Michael and Laurie Donnelly. (2006). The Victory Garden Companion. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-059977-5.

title: The Victory Garden (TV program)


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User talk:K Lepo

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A page you started (Daryl Haggard) has been reviewed!
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Speedy deletion nomination of Scentsy

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Speedy deletion nomination of Ingrid Stairs
Hello K Lepo,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Ingrid Stairs for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly indicate why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

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I have sent you a note about a page you started
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title: User talk:K Lepo


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Darkwell

Darkwell is a gothic metal band from Innsbruck, Austria. Formed in 1999 by bassist Roland Wurzer and guitarist Roman Wienicke; Wurzer is the sole founding member still active with the group. Soon after formation, they signed with Napalm Records and released their first album, Suspiria, in 2000. Before the release of Conflict of Interest in 2002 they toured across Europe with Tristania, The Sins of Thy Beloved, Graveworm, and Vintersorg. Supporting their second full-length album, Metatron, they again toured across Europe, with Atrocity, Leaves' Eyes, and Battlelore.

Current line-up

 * Alexandra Pittracher - vocals
 * Mathias Nussbaum - guitar
 * Moritz Neuner - drums
 * Raphael Lepuschitz - keyboard
 * Roland Wurzer - bass guitar

Former members

 * Stephanie Luzie (Meier) - vocals
 * Christian Filip - keyboard
 * Roman Wienicke - guitar (Founding member)

Studio albums

 * Suspiria (2000)
 * Metatron (2004)
 * Moloch (2016)

EPs

 * Conflict of Interest (2002)

Singles

 * "Strange" (2004)

Videos

 * "The Crucible" (2003)
 * "Fate Prisoner" (2004)

title: Darkwell


text:
User talk:Sunstar~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- GraemeL (talk) 15:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop removing content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. RunOrDie 15:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- GraemeL (talk) 15:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 15:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Semi-automated template substitution

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title: User talk:Sunstar~enwiki


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The Jody Grind

The Jody Grind is a 1966 recording by Horace Silver featuring both a quintet and a sextet. Released the following year on his longtime label Blue Note, it peaked No. 8 of the Billboard jazz album charts. As one of his "groove-centered" recordings it would "wind up as possibly the most challenging", Steve Huey writes on Allmusic, and gave "one of the most underappreciated" of Silver's albums 4½ stars.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Horace Silver
 * 1) "The Jody Grind" – 5:50
 * 2) "Mary Lou" – 7:09
 * 3) "Mexican Hip Dance" – 5:53
 * 4) "Blue Silver" – 5:59
 * 5) "Grease Piece" – 7:31
 * 6) "Dimples" – 7:17

Recorded on November 2 (#1, 3, 6) and 23 (#2, 4–5), 1966.

Personnel

 * Horace Silver – piano
 * Woody Shaw – trumpet
 * Tyrone Washington – tenor sax
 * James Spaulding – alto sax on tracks 2, 4, 5, flute solo on 2
 * Larry Ridley – bass
 * Roger Humphries – drums

title: The Jody Grind


text:
Ulrika Knape

Ulrika Margareta Knape-Lindberg (née Knape on 26 April 1955) is a retired Swedish diver. She competed in the 10 m platform and 3 m springboard at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics and won one gold and two silver medals. In 1972–1974 she was named the World Platform Diver of the Year. Domestically she won 38 Swedish titles.

Knape won the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal in 1972, and after retiring from competitions worked as a national diving coach. She is married to the fellow diver Mathz Lindberg; their daughter Anna Lindberg competed in diving at five Olympics.

title: Ulrika Knape