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Boris Savinkov

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков; 31 January 1879 – 7 May 1925) was a Russian writer and revolutionary. As one of the leaders of the SR Combat Organization, the paramilitary wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Savinkov was involved in the assassinations of several high-ranking imperial officials in 1904 and 1905.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he became Assistant Minister of War (in office from July to August 1917) in the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution of the same year, he organized armed resistance against the ruling Bolsheviks.

In 1921 he wrote, "The Russian people do not want Lenin, Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky, not merely because the Bolsheviks mobilize them, shoot them, take their grain and are ruining Russia. The Russian people do not want them for the simple reason that .... nobody elected them."

Savinkov emigrated from Soviet Russia in 1920, but on August 16, 1924 he was arrested in Minsk, along with Lyubov Efimovna Dikgof and her husband A. A. Dikgof. The OGPU, with the help of agent Andrei Fedorov (who had gained the confidence of Savinkov) lured him back to the Soviet Union as part of a Syndicate-2 operation. He was either killed in prison or committed suicide.

Young years
Savinkov was born in Kharkov (Kharkiv), the son of a judge in Warsaw. In 1897 he entered the law department of St. Petersburg University but was expelled in 1899 because of participation in students' riots. Later he studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. From 1898 he was a member of various socialist organizations. In 1901 he was arrested and sent to exile to Vologda. He served the exile with some prominent Russian intellectuals including Nikolai Berdyaev and Anatoly Lunacharsky. However, he became disappointed with Marxism and shifted to terrorism. In 1903 Savinkov escaped abroad and joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party, where he soon became Deputy Head of its Combat Organization under Yevno Azef.

Socialist Revolutionary Party
In 1906, he was arrested and sentenced to death for his assassination of Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Russian Minister of Interior, and for participation in the bombing death of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. However, he escaped from his prison cell in Odessa - reportedly because a warden agreed to exchange clothes with him, and he walked out, unchallenged, while the warden was arrested and hanged. He left the Russian Empire to avoid recapture. When Azef was exposed as a mole for the Okhrana in 1908, Savinkov was promoted to leader of the SR Fighting Organization, which by now was no longer strong enough to conduct any serious operations. While in France Savinkov volunteered in the French Army during World War I. In April 1917, several months after the February Revolution, he returned to Russia, and in July became Deputy War Minister under Alexander Kerensky. On 30 August, however, he resigned from his post and was expelled from the Socialist Revolutionary Party due to his role in the attempted coup against Prime Minister Kerensky by General Lavr Kornilov.

Civil war
Savinkov remained in Russia after the October Revolution and organised a new counter-revolutionary organisation called the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, whose headquarters were at 4 Molochny Alley in Moscow, where his deputy Dr. Grigoriev maintained a medical establishment as a façade.

Savinkov, a leader of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, managed the organisation of several armed uprisings against the Bolsheviks, the most notable being in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, and Murom in July 1918. Savinkov returned to France after these uprisings were crushed by the Red Army. There, he held various posts in the Russian emigre societies and was Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak's primary representative in Paris. During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1920, he moved to Poland, where he formed a Russian political organisation responsible for the formation of several infantry divisions and cavalry units out of the former Red Army PoWs. Together with Merezhkovsky, he published in Warsaw a newspaper entitled "For Freedom!" («За свободу!»).

Once the Polish-Soviet War concluded in October 1921, Polish authorities sent Savinkov out of the country in order not to cause further friction with the Soviets.

Trust Operation and death
He was an acquaintance of Sidney Reilly, the legendary renegade British agent, and was involved in a number of counter-revolutionary plots against the Bolsheviks, sometimes collaborating with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). These efforts were effectively undermined by the Trust Operation implemented by the Soviet security agency OGPU. Savinkov was lured into the USSR to meet with false conspirators and was consequently arrested. The USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to death but the Presidium of VTsIK converted the sentence to 10 years imprisonment. During his trial, Savinkov declared that he recognized the Bolsheviks and assumed his defeat. While imprisoned, he wrote satirical stories about white émigrés and was allowed to see them published in Moscow. According to the NKVD, he committed suicide by jumping from a window in the Lubyanka prison, in Moscow. However, according to modern publications by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and others, Savinkov was killed in prison by OGPU officers. Semyon Ignatyev wrote at the time of the Doctors' Plot that Stalin complained that the MGB was too humane in its interrogation of prisoners exclaiming, "Do you want to be more humanistic than Lenin, who ordered Dzerzhinsky to throw Savinkov out a window?" (Lenin had been already dead for several months by the time Savinkov returned to Russia.)

Personality and Ideology
Ilya Ehrenburg, who met Savinkov in Paris in 1916, wrote that: "Never before had I met so incomprehensible and frightening a man. His face was startling because of his Mongolian cheekbones and his eyes, now sad, now extremely cruel; he often closed them, and his lids were heavy... In reality, Savinkov no longer believed in anything. Once he told me that it was the Azef affair that broke him. Up to the very end he had believed the agent provocateur to be a hero... Savinkov turned to writing mediocre novels revealing the inner emptiness of a terrorist who has lost faith in his cause."

While initially a Socialist in his younger years, Savinkov gradually shifted to the right after 1900. Throughout his life, Savinkov was a fervent republican who was violently opposed to the Tsardom. In his 1920 pamphlet On The Way to a "Third" Russia, Savinkov advocated for the transformation of Russia into a federal peasant republic centered around small-scale land ownership, claiming the peasants and their attachment to the land was the foundation of Russian society. In contradiction to his near-reverence for them in his writings however, Savinkov was also often critical of the Russian peasantry, believing them to be uneducated, gullible, and too susceptible to Bolshevism. Savinkov often touted democracy as a core tenet of his ideology, but was opposed to democratic procedures such as elections or a parliament, calling them "gutless".

Savinkov admired Benito Mussolini, praising his nationalist and anti-Communist policies and meeting personally with him several times with the hope of gaining Italian support in his counter-revolutionary plots. Savinkov believed that Fascist Italy was fundamentally democratic as it derived its support from the Italian peasantry. In his final letter written 2 days before his death, Savinkov admitted that fascism was the most “psychologically and ideologically close” to his own views.

Legacy
Boris Savinkov wrote several books. His most famous are two autobiographies: Memoirs of a Terrorist, and the loosely autobiographical novel The Pale Horse. Savinkov's works raised huge controversy among the SRs, with many of them disclaimed as "spoofs" on terrorism.

In Poland, one of the streets in the Praga Północ district was named after Boris Savinkov since 2017, replacing the streets former name referring to the Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (Dąbrowszczacy, named after a communard leader Jarosław Dąbrowski), due to a law forbidding promotion of communism and other totalitarian ideologies. This change was seemed as controversial among some far-left circles, due to Savinkov's ties to White Russia, and the street's name was changed back to Dąbrowszczacy street in 2019.

Films

 * Karen Shakhnazarov directed a 2004 film entitled The Rider Named Death based on Savinkov's autobiographical fiction, The Pale Horse.

Television

 * Savinkov was played by Clive Merrison in the 1983 BBC miniseries Reilly: Ace of Spies.

Works

 * The Pale Horse (novel), 1909 (English edition 1919, online), Конь бледный (Kon' blednyj) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
 * What Never Happened: A Novel of The Revolution, 1912 (English edition 1917, online), То, чего не было (To, chego ne bylo) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
 * Memoirs of a Terrorist, 1917 (English edition 1931), Воспоминания террориста (Vospominanija terrorista)
 * On The Path to a "Third" Russia, 1920 (Russian edition 1920), На пути к "Третьей" России (Na puti k "Tret'yey" Rossii)
 * The Black Horse (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1923), Конь вороной (Kon' voronoj)
 * In the prison (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), В тюрьме: Посмертный рассказ (V t'urme: posmernyi rasskaz)
 * In France during the war (collection of articles ), 1917 (Russian edition 1917), Во Франции во время войны (Vo Francii vo vremia voiny) - published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"

 * Why I Recognized Soviet Power? (collection of articles ), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), Почему я признал Советскую власть? (Pochemu ja priynal sovetskuju vlast?)
 * "Boris Savinkov's Letter to Felix Dzerzhinsky", in The Russian Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1970), pp. 325–327

title: Boris Savinkov


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Talk:Stereochemistry

Figure
i think that the place of numbers 2, 3 should be replaced by 1, 4 in the right figure, as they r related to the vertical lines, they should be directed to the backword direction.

Really questionable shape, at present
This has to be one of the most important chemistry articles in the encyclopedia. Please, lets elevate it in priority and get some subject matter experts to attend to this. One cannot possibly link to it in this shape. Leprof 7272 (talk) 03:41, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Honors Organic Chemistry I
— Assignment last updated by Riversosa (talk) 16:01, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Stereochemistry


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User:Ginugeorge

I am Ginu George, from Muvattupuzha, the land of three rivers is in the mid of Kerala State in India.
 * For information about Muvattupuzha Check http://www.muvattupuzha.in and more about me available at http://www.ginugeorge.com

I am a Media Scientist and Journalist, working as a Technical Editor in Dubai. For more info about dubai Check http://www.youngdubai.com

title: User:Ginugeorge


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Paula Hitler

Paula Hitler, also known as Paula Wolff and Paula Hitler-Wolff, (21 January 1896 – 1 June 1960) was the younger sister of Adolf Hitler and the last child of Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl.

Early life
Paula Hitler was born in Hafeld, Fischlham, Upper Austria on 21 January 1896 to Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler née Pölzl. She was Adolf Hitler's only full sister and only full sibling who would survive to adulthood. She was six years old when her father, a retired customs official, died, and eleven when she lost her mother Klara, after which the Austrian government provided a small pension to Paula and Adolf. However, the amount was relatively meager and Adolf, who was by then old enough to support himself, agreed to sign his share over to her.

Adult life
Paula later moved to Vienna. In the early 1920s, she was hired as a housekeeper at a dormitory for Jewish university students. In 1921, while she worked at the dormitory, she was visited by her brother who she said appeared as if he had "fallen from heaven". For the most part, she had no other contact with her brother during his struggling years as a painter in Vienna and later Munich, his military service during World War I and his early political activities. She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1930s.

Paula used the surname Hiedler, the original spelling of Hitler. By her own account, after losing a job with the Austrian State Insurance Company on 2 August 1930 when her employers found out who she was, Paula received financial support of 250 schillings a month from her brother, and lived under the assumed surname of Wolff at Hitler's request. "Wolf" was a childhood nickname of his which he had also used during the 1920s for security purposes.

Hitler appears to have had a low opinion of Paula's intelligence, referring to both Paula and their half-sister Angela as "dumme Gans” (stupid goose).

Paula later claimed to have seen her brother about once a year during the 1930s and early 1940s. She worked as a secretary in a military field hospital for much of World War II.

On 14 April 1945, during the closing days of the war, at the age of 49, she was driven by two SS men to Berchtesgaden, Germany – the location of Hitler's summer home, the Berghof – apparently on the orders of Martin Bormann. She and her half-sister, Angela were each given 100,000 marks on Hitler's orders. There is some evidence Paula shared her brother's strong German nationalist beliefs, but she was not politically active and never joined the Nazi Party.

Post-war life
Paula was arrested by US counter-intelligence officers on 26 May 1945 and interviewed on 12 July.

She characterized her childhood relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong affection. Paula said that she could not bring herself to believe that her brother had been responsible for the Holocaust. She had also told them that she had met Eva Braun only once. After her debriefing, Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna, where she lived on her savings for a time, then worked in an arts and crafts shop.

She returned to Berchtesgaden on 1 December 1952 and took up full-time residence there under the name "Paula Wolff" or "Paula Hitler-Wolff", in connection with a claim she had filed under Hitler's will, which had been denied by a court. During this time, she was looked after by former members of the SS and survivors of her brother's inner circle.

In February 1959, she agreed to be interviewed by Peter Morley, a British documentary producer for Associated-Rediffusion, an ITV channel. The conversation was the only filmed interview she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny: The Years of Adolf Hitler. She talked mostly about Hitler's childhood and refused to answer any political questions. Footage from this and a contemporary interview with Morley was included in the 2005 television documentary The Hitler Family (original German title Familie Hitler: Im Schatten des Diktators), directed by Oliver Halmburger and Thomas Staehler.

Death and burial
Paula died on 1 June 1960 in Schönau near Berchtesgaden, at the age of 64, the last surviving member of Hitler's immediate family. She was buried in the Bergfriedhof in Berchtesgaden/Schönau under the name Paula Hitler. In June 2005, the wooden grave marker and remains were reportedly removed when another burial took place at the same spot, a common practice in German cemeteries after two or more decades have elapsed. In May 2006, however, the grave marker was returned to Paula's grave with a hinged panel, covering her name, that displays the names of the more recent burials.

Five months after her death, the Federal Court in Berchtesgaden issued a certificate of inheritance in which Paula Hitler was awarded two-thirds of Hitler's estate.

title: Paula Hitler


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Ass Cobra

Ass Cobra is the third full-length studio album by Norwegian punk rock band Turbonegro. It was first released in May 1996, with subsequent reissues in the following years. The album title and cover art is a reference to the AC Cobra sports car and Pet Sounds by the Beach Boys respectively.

Overview and release
Ass Cobra was recorded at Nesodden Musikkverksted in Oslo, with the exception of "Imorgen Skal Eg Daue" and "Raggare Is A Bunch Of Motherfuckers", which was recorded at the Green Room in Madison, Wisconsin. The album saw the band move towards mid-1970s punk and glam territory, in the style of the Dictators, Ramones and late the Stooges, and features covers of songs by punk bands the Lewd and the Rude Kids.

Ass Cobra was released in May 1996 through Amphetamine Reptile Records in Europe and Boomba Records in Germany. The album was released in the United States by Sympathy for the Record Industry in 1997 and included two bonus tracks, "Screwed And Tattoo" and a cover of the Dicks' song "Young Boys Feet". The album was re-released in 1998 on Bitzcore Records in Germany and on Get Hip Records in the US. Following Turbonegro's reunion in 2002, Ass Cobra was reissued the in 2003 through Epitaph Records in the US and Burning Heart Records in Sweden.

Critical reception
Patrick Kennedy of AllMusic wrote that the album "paves the way [for Apocalypse Dudes] harshly, with a sinister wash of cymbals, loud guitars and articulate riffs — think Poison Idea meets Alice Cooper. It is here also where Turbonegro developed their signature look: sailor caps, denim from head to toe, mustaches all around, and decidedly butch homoerotic accoutrements. [...] Though Turbonegro did quite a bit of recording prior to this album, this was the one that set the pace, and the one that enabled them to record their masterpiece, Apocalypse Dudes". Moshable magazine remarked that the album was "the very best in obnoxious drunk punk, already a classic buy-or-die thing!" Pitchfork rated Ass Cobra 9 out of 10.

Personnel
Turbonegro Additional personnel
 * Hank von Helvete (Hans Erik Dyvik Husby) – vocals
 * Pål Pot Pamparius (Pål Bøttger Kjærnes) – guitar
 * Rune Rebellion (Rune Grønn) – guitar
 * Bingo (Bengt Calmeyer) – bass guitar
 * Happy-Tom (Thomas Seltzer) – drums

 * Christian A. Calmeyer – engineer
 * Erik Hanisch – engineer (track 13 and 14)
 * Rich Burnette – engineer (track 13 and 14)
 * Sean Bovine – engineer (track 13 and 14)
 * Günter Pauler – direct metal mastering
 * Morten Andersen – photography
 * Schlossnose – art direction
 * Phil "King Irwin" The Whiskey Rebel" Irwin – liner notes

title: Ass Cobra


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Nilus of Sora

Nilus of Sora (also Nil Sorsky or Nil Sorski; Нил Сорский; secular name: Nikolai Maikov; Николай Майков; c. 1433 – 7 May 1508) was a Russian Orthodox monk, spiritual writer, theologian, and the founder of the Sora Hermitage. He is best known as the founder of a tendency in the Russian Orthodox Church known as the non-possessors (nestyazhateli) which opposed ecclesiastic landownership. The Russian Orthodox Church venerates Nilus as a saint, marking his feast day on the anniversary of his repose on 7 May.

Early life
Nilus of Sora, a great ascetic of the Russian Church, was born in 1433, and descended from the Maikov nobility.

Before becoming a monk, Nilus of Sora worked as a scribe and was engaged in book copying. He also journeyed to Palestine and Greece early in his life and was acquainted there with the Hesychast movement.

Later in his life, he took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, which had been known for its hostile stance towards monastic landownership. The founder of the monastery, Cyril of Beloozero, was himself known for rejecting villages that had been offered to him by devout nobles.

Kirill's followers adopted his ways and would later become known as the startsy from out the Volga with Nilus of Sora as their leader. Soon, he went on a journey to the Holy Land and visited Palestine, Constantinople, and Mount Athos, acquainting himself with a mystical doctrine of Hesychasm and reading patristic literature. Upon his return to Russia sometime between 1473 and 1489, Nilus of Sora founded a cloister on the Sora River not far from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, where he would settle down with his followers. He wrote extensively. This travelling to the holy places made a great impression upon him and changed all his individuality. Solitude, isolation, oblivion of the world became the main features of his character.

The Novgorod heresy affair
Nilus of Sora was involved in the Novgorod heresy affair, which had stirred a lot of minds in Russia at that time. It appears that Nilus of Sora and his closest associate Paisius Yaroslavov were much more tolerant towards the heretics than most of the Russian clergy, led by Archbishop Gennady and Joseph Volotsky.

In 1489, Archbishop Gennady embarked on the path of fighting the heretics and asked Archbishop of Rostov to consult with the elders Nilus of Sora and Paisius (Yaroslavov) (who had been living in his eparchy) and seek their assistance in this matter. Historical accounts of that period do not shed any light on the outcome of these "negotiations", but from that time on there seems to have been no interaction between Nilus of Sora and Paisius (Yaroslavov) on one side and Gennadius and Joseph Volotsky on the other.

The two elders, however, did not treat heresy with indifference. They were both present at the Synod of 1490, which dealt with heresy, and exerted their influence upon its final decision. Initially, the clergy unanimously spoke in support of burning all the heretics at the stake. At the conclusion of the synod, however, only a few priests were condemned and then defrocked without being executed. Later in the decade, however, several heretics were burned in both Novgorod and Moscow.

Teaching and influence
Nilus of Sora was opposed to formality in Orthodoxy faith which were widely spread in the midst of 16th century Russia. It was so deeply crystallized in church life of that period that such persons as Maximus the Greek and the elder Artemiy, who had tried to show the deep basics of Orthodoxy, were considered as Heretics. His wish was to disclose the deep understanding of Orthodoxy devoting more attention to spiritual life of a soul rather than to religious rituals. He was not a bookworm but a speculator-philosopher or speculator-theorist and an uncommon spiritual freedom marked his personality. The whole life of a person - the path of incessant self-perfection and self-improvement - is based on the Holy Gospel. And the Elder showed a lot of psychological understanding of the spiritual struggle and outlined clear ways of "graceful struggle". He deeply believed that moral, inner, spiritual perfection was the ideal foundation of the active, productive life of the believer.

In his teachings, he developed mystical and ascetical ideas along the lines of Gregory Sinaite's hesychasm, asking the believers to concentrate on their inner world and personal emotional experiences of faith as means for achieving unity with God. Nilus of Sora demanded that monks participate in productive labour and spoke in support of monastic reforms on a basis of a secluded and modest lifestyle.

Nilus of Sora dedicated his efforts towards fighting against monastic landownership rights at the Synod of 1503 in Moscow. There, he raised a question about monastic estates, which comprised about one third of the territory of the whole Russian state at that time and which, in his view, had been responsible for demoralization of the Russian monastic communities. Nilus of Sora was supported by the elders of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery and his disciple Vassian Patrikeyev. Although he spoke in favour of Ivan III’s policy of secularization of monastic lands, Nilus of Sora did not live long enough to see the end of this struggle. Patrikeyev and Artemius of the Trinity were Nilus' successors.

title: Nilus of Sora


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Blackwater (waste)

Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route. Blackwater can contain feces, urine, water and toilet paper from flush toilets. Blackwater is distinguished from greywater, which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing.

Blackwater and greywater are kept separate in "ecological buildings", such as autonomous buildings. Recreational vehicles often have separate holding tanks for greywater from showers and sinks, and blackwater from the toilet.

Definition
According to one source:

"Blackwater is the mixture of urine, feces and flushwater along with anal cleansing water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or dry cleansing materials. Blackwater contains the pathogens of faeces and the nutrients of urine that are diluted in the flushwater."

Water coming from domestic equipment other than toilets (e.g., bathtubs, showers, sinks, washing machines) is called greywater. In some sanitation systems, it is preferred to keep the greywater separate from blackwater to reduce the amount of water that gets heavily polluted and to simplify treatment methods for the greywater.

Terminology
Blackwater is a term dating to at least the 1970s and, in Hong Kong regional usage, an alternative term for blackwater is "soil water".

Treatment processes
Blackwater contains pathogens that must decompose before they can be released safely into the environment. It is difficult to process blackwater if it contains a large quantity of excess water, or if it must be processed quickly, because of the high concentrations of organic material.

Treatment near Aquifer
Safeguarding groundwater quality is imperative when treating blackwater in proximity to an aquifer. An aquifer refers to a subsurface stratum composed of permeable rock, soil, or sediment that retains and facilitates the movement of water. Inadequate management of the treated water from blackwater treatment procedures can introduce contaminants into the aquifer, posing a significant risk.

When evaluating the safety of treating blackwater in close proximity to an aquifer, various considerations come into play:

 * 1) Hydrogeology Assessment: It is essential to comprehend the geological and hydrogeological features of the region. The permeability of the soil or rock layer between the treatment site and the aquifer plays a significant role in determining the potential for contaminants to reach the groundwater.
 * 2) Effectiveness of Treatment: The efficiency of the blackwater treatment system is of utmost importance. The treated water must adhere to stringent quality standards to ensure thorough removal of contaminants before any discharge or potential infiltration.
 * 3) Creation of Buffer Zones: Implementing buffer zones between the treatment facility and the aquifer is crucial for minimizing contamination risks. These zones act as natural barriers, allowing for additional treatment and reduction of potential contaminants.
 * 4) Adherence to Regulations: Strict compliance with local, state, and national environmental regulations is a fundamental requirement. Authorities often establish guidelines and standards to safeguard groundwater quality, and adherence to these regulations is vital for the safety of water treatment practices.
 * 5) Monitoring and Maintenance: Regular monitoring of both groundwater quality and the treatment system's performance is essential. A robust monitoring program facilitates early detection of issues, enabling prompt corrective action.
 * 6) Risk Assessment: A comprehensive risk assessment, including modeling potential pathways for contaminant transport, is necessary. This helps identify and mitigate potential risks to the aquifer.

Entities planning to treat blackwater near an aquifer should engage with relevant environmental authorities, secure necessary permits, and involve experts in hydrogeology and environmental engineering. Stringent precautions must be taken to prevent any adverse impacts on groundwater quality, ensuring the long-term sustainability and safety of water treatment practices in such areas. Consequently, the most prudent choice is to refrain from treating blackwater near an aquifer.

Composting
However, if blackwater does not contain excess water, or if it receives primary treatment to de-water, then it is easily processed through composting. The heat produced by naturally occurring thermophilic microorganisms will heat the compost to over 60 C, and destroy potential pathogens.

Blackwater generation can be avoided by making use of composting toilets and vermifilter toilets. In certain autonomous buildings, such as earthships, this is almost always present and allows the water requirements of the building (which, with earthships, are self-generated) to be heavily reduced. Besides saving water, composting toilets allow the user to reuse the nutrients found therein (e.g., for growing crops/trees).

title: Blackwater (waste)


text:
Talk:Five Dock

Page move
This page was moved from "Five Dock" to "Five Dock, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) -- Ianblair23 12:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Non-neutral point of view
The "Commercial Area" section of this article contains several unsourced, declarative statements which effectively render the given segment biased. I feel the section does not represnt all views fairly, proportionately and without bias, thus violating Wikipedia policy. Consequentialy I will tag the section accordingly (as per Wikipedia policy). The tag should remain in place until the section has been re-written, deleted, or a consenus has been reached. Jason McConnell-Leech 13:02, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Five Dock, New South Wales. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Five Dock


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Robert Young (director)

 * Not be confused with Robert M. Young (director).

Robert William Young (born 16 March 1933) is a British television and film director.

Life and career
Young was born in Cheltenham, and in the 1980s and early 1990s, established himself as a leading director of British TV drama. In the 1970s, he directed Vampire Circus (1972), Soldier's Home (1977) and an episode of Hammer House of Horror. He directed several episodes of Minder and Bergerac in the early 1980s, and the acclaimed TV serial The Mad Death which centred on a rabies outbreak. Perhaps his best remembered television work was on Robin of Sherwood, for which he directed many of the best-regarded episodes.

Young moved towards black comedy in the early 1990s, directing Jeeves and Wooster based on the stories written by P.G. Wodehouse, and G.B.H., for which he was nominated for a BAFTA award. It was partly on the strength of GBH that he was assigned to direct Fierce Creatures, John Cleese's 1997 follow-up to A Fish Called Wanda, which featured many of the same cast as GBH. However, the production ran into problems and Fred Schepisi was brought in to finalise the movie. Young did, however, direct Splitting Heirs, which starred Cleese and Eric Idle.

Young has continued to work on television drama since then.

Selected filmography

 * 1972: Vampire Circus
 * 1974: Romance with a Double Bass (short film)
 * 1976: Keep It Up Downstairs
 * 1977: Soldier's Home (short film)
 * 1979: The World Is Full of Married Men
 * 1986: The Worst Witch (TV)
 * 1986: The Ninja Squad
 * 1987: Three Wishes for Jamie (TV)
 * 1987: Harry's Kingdom
 * 1990: Jeeves and Wooster (TV)
 * 1991: G.B.H. (TV miniseries)
 * 1993: Splitting Heirs
 * 1994: Doomsday Gun (TV)
 * 1997: Fierce Creatures
 * 1997: Jane Eyre (TV)
 * 1999: Captain Jack
 * 2001: The Infinite Worlds of H. G. Wells (TV miniseries)
 * 2007: Blood Monkey
 * 2007: Eichmann
 * 2010: Wide Blue Yonder
 * 2014: Curse of the Phoenix

title: Robert Young (director)


text: User talk:66.254.232.219

title: User talk:66.254.232.219


text:
AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role

The AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role is an award presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), a non-profit organisation whose aim is to "identify, award, promote, and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television".

The award is presented annually at the AACTA Awards, which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films, television, documentaries, and short films. From 1971 to 2010, the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute (AFI), the academy's parent organisation, at the annual Australian Film Institute Awards (known as the AFI Awards). When the AFI launched the AACTA in 2011, it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards, with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.

From 1971 to 1975, it was presented as a special award, and was accompanied with a cash prize, before it became a competitive award from 1976 onward. Judy Davis is the most nominated and winning actress in this category, with nine nominations, including six wins, most recently for her role in Nitram (2021).

Candidates for this award must be female, and cannot be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years listed correspond to the year of film release; the ceremonies are usually held the same year. The actress in bold and in dark blue background have received a special award; those in bold and in yellow background have won a regular competitive award. Those that are neither highlighted nor in bold are the nominees. When sorted chronologically, the table always lists the winning actress first and then the other nominees.Winners and nominees by year:
 * 1971:
 * 1972:
 * 1973:
 * 1974–75:
 * 1976:
 * 1977:
 * 1978:
 * 1979:
 * 1980:
 * 1981:
 * 1982:
 * 1983:
 * 1984:
 * 1985:
 * 1986:
 * 1987:
 * 1988:
 * 1989:
 * 1990:
 * 1991:
 * 1992:
 * 1993:
 * 1994:
 * 1995:
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 * 2011:

{{legend|#91CFF6|Winner of a special prize (1971–1975)|border=1px #555 solid}} {{legend|#FAEB86|Winner of a competitive award (1976–present)|border=1px #555 solid}}


text:
Martin Hollis (video game designer)

Martin Hollis is a British former video game designer best known for his work at Rare and directing the critically acclaimed 1997 first-person shooter GoldenEye 007. In 2000, he founded Zoonami, a now-defunct video game development company that was based in Cambridge and closed in 2010. His final release was Bonsai Barber in 2009.

Early life
Martin Hollis grew up playing BBC Micro video games such as Chuckie Egg and Elite. He also used to develop his own games for the system, including a Pac-Man clone and a similar Easter-themed one "with rabbits going around the maze." Before turning 16, he ended up creating between 20 and 40 BBC Micro games, some of which were published in magazines.

Career
Martin Hollis studied computer science at the University of Cambridge. He first worked in a small engineering company for a year, developing tools for tracking boats and submarines. In December 1993, when he was 22 years old, he applied for a job at Rare and became the company's first computer science graduate. Due to his knowledge of Unix, he was tasked with setting up the networks of the expensive Silicon Graphics systems Rare had recently acquired at the time. He then worked as a second programmer on the coin-op version of Killer Instinct with Rare's technical director Chris Stamper, who designed the hardware. Hollis programmed the machine's operating system. Both Stamper and Hollis also went to Silicon Graphics in Mountain View, California, where they got the chance to write and test code that would run on the first chips of the then-upcoming Nintendo 64 console.

After his work on Killer Instinct, Hollis was interested in leading a team to produce a Nintendo 64 video game based on the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye, an idea that had been proposed to Rare at the highest level. The resulting game, GoldenEye 007, was inspired by Virtua Cop and released in 1997 to considerable critical and commercial success. Hollis remarked that he worked non-stop on the game, "[averaging] an 80 hour week over the 2 and a half years of the project", and that the team he recruited was very talented and dedicated even though most of it was composed of people who had never worked on video games. GoldenEye 007 designer Duncan Botwood described both Hollis and programmer Mark Edmonds, who created the GoldenEye 007 engine, as some of the smartest people he has ever known.

Hollis and his team were then offered to produce a game based on the GoldenEye sequel Tomorrow Never Dies, but they turned it down without hesitation. He explained that they were all "pretty sick" of the James Bond universe by the time GoldenEye 007 was released, and that their next game needed to be different enough for him to be interesting. In late 1998, after becoming head of software at Rare and having worked for 14 months on Perfect Dark, a spiritual successor to GoldenEye 007, he left the company, partially because he wanted to pursue other interests and did not want to renew another four-year contract with Rare. Although Perfect Dark was released 18 months later, his contributions to the game were significant and the game's protagonist, Joanna Dark, was his creation.

After leaving Rare, Hollis took some time off and spent six months in Southeast Asia. According to him, "I couldn't see myself staying in Twycross [the small village where Rare is based]. I wanted to see more of the world—wanderlust I suppose." Following a recommendation by Chris Stamper, Hollis then worked as a consultant on the development of the GameCube at Nintendo of America in Redmond, Washington. One of his responsibilities was to ensure that the GameCube hardware was game developer friendly. In 2000, he founded Zoonami, a video game development company based in Cambridge. The company's philosophy was to conceive innovative ideas and develop them further. At Zoonami, he worked on Zendoku, a Sudoku-based game released in 2007, and on his final release in 2009: Bonsai Barber, a hairdressing game. Zoonami was closed in 2010 and Martin Hollis has not released any new games since 2009.

Hollis was a regular contributor to the GameCity event in Nottingham, where he talked about the cultural importance of video games.

Selected works

 * Killer Instinct (1994)
 * GoldenEye 007 (1997)
 * Perfect Dark (2000)
 * Zendoku (2007)
 * Bonsai Barber (2009)

Canceled projects

 * Game Zero (2002)
 * Funkydilla (2004)

title: Martin Hollis (video game designer)


text:
Talk:The Associates (band)

Untitled
Whoever updated this page, thanks! I love the Associates and anyone who appreciates Mackenzie, Rankine and Steve Reid's work!

Stuart Blackwood

Band Name
Erm, I didn't think this band was called "The Associates" but "Associates". Should this page be renamed accordingly? (A deficit of skipping?) Rushey Platt 21:37, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Now done; and general text continues to expand. Feel free to Be Bold.
 * Derek R Bullamore 21:34, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Infamous?
Is there any particular reason his cover version of  "Boys Keep Swinging" is described as "Infamous" ?

--Rrose Selavy 18:59, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

According to the page for the original track, it was released 'without copyright permission' as a publicity stunt. Mocba! (talk) 18:39, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite
Just done a bit of a rewrite, as it was all a bit fancrufty. I've never heard of anybody being described as "peacockian" before: whoever wrote it is either totally oblivious to Wikipedia's advice on avoiding peacock terms or is simply taking the piss. I'm still not sure which ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 18:54, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Could do with a link to http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/associates There must be more articles that people might be looking for other than the band "Associates". For example a quick search gives: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate%27s_degree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Associates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.38.204.141 (talk) 13:03, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Associates (band)


text:
User:Bentong Isles

Vincent "Bentong" S. Isles of Cebu City

Proposed deletion of PAREF Springdale School

The article PAREF Springdale School has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "not notable; lack of sources and relevant info"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

title: User:Bentong Isles


text:
User:Lit316

This is a temporary area for creating articles on the following subpages: /Marguerite_Henry, /Amy_Clampitt, /Eric_Carle, /Gunter_Grasse,/Jonathan_London,/Josephine_Baker, /Khaled_Hosseini, /Nathan_McCall, /Patricia_Polacco, /Sheila_P_Moses, /Ralph_Ellison, /rodeo_rider,

title: User:Lit316


text:
Talk:Comb Ceramic culture

Place names dating from the stone age?
Is this a hypothesis or how can they tell an absolute age for a place name? An interesting find. Where may I read more?Clarifer

Within the Jäkärlä group there are empty dolmens made of sandstone.

 * Those structures have nothing to do with dolmens, and they have been re-dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Earlier they were associated with Jäkärlä group, but this is not accepted anymore. 217.112.242.181 13:58, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Coming back to the topic: Old place names (toponymes) can be adopted by invadors or replaced by own ones, which linguists most times are able to recognize. In particular North America gives a plenty of examples. You can not normally be sure about their age.2A02:8108:9640:AC3:E5F8:91CE:D0F:830 (talk) 16:03, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

Article name
Shoulden´t the main article name be Comb Ceramic Culture and the redirect be "Pit-Comb Ware culture", instead of the other way around? Is this realy the most common name fore the culture in english? -- MiCkE  d  b  14:30, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * A quick googling suggests you may be right. However, I don't know if they are the same thing or if one is a subcategory of the other. Anyone? Clarifer 12:54, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I haven't even heard the expression "Pit-Comb Ware culture" before (although that doesn't have to mean anything, I work mostly with the Swedish Stone Age, and in swedish)... Anyway I'll try to move it back to the original name then. -- MiCkE  d  b  17:20, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, tried it. As I suspected there is article history in the way, we need a sysop to do it. Do I put on top of the article page or on this talk page or what? Is there a separate page where you can request a page to be moved? (I'm new to enwp). --  MiCk<tt>E</tt>  d  b  17:28, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 06:13, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Pit/Comb Ware is ten times as common on GBooks, so I moved it back. (It's also the only name I've ever seen for it.) — kwami (talk) 22:06, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Distribution
"Would" it include the Varva culture - or "did" it?? 195.4.78.10 (talk) 12:51, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Not grasped?
 * Further: the here described distribution differs considerably from the map! Experts, please help and correct both! 2A02:8108:9640:AC3:C114:BC81:C99B:A1EB (talk) 06:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Map
What is this map supposed to show? Many of the cultures on the map are not contemporary at all, and large sections are blank. Megalophias (talk) 23:43, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Comb Ware, Liao civilization, and genetics
Caveat! Before we can accept the following views, the author has to prove that CCC is congruent with Y-hg N from the beginning. Up to now it is hazardous speculation.2A02:8108:9640:AC3:E5F8:91CE:D0F:830 (talk) 16:08, 5 February 2021 (UTC) This edit added the following text:

There are a lot of problems with this text, so I've added several source-tags and OR-tags:

Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   11:09, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The Japanese article does not mention Europe; the genetic study says nothing about Uralic. WP:OR indeed.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   11:16, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

The oldest Pit-Comb Ware is discovered from remains of Xinglongwa culture (6200 BC - 5400 BC), in Liao river region, north China.

中国北方新石器文化研究の新展開【詳細報告】「東北アジアにおける先史文化の交流」 王 巍（中国社会科学院考古研究所・副所長）(in Japanese)
 * 5．中国東北部の興隆窪文化
 * ここ十年来、…
 * 興隆窪遺跡は…
 * 興隆窪遺跡の土器のほとんどは平底の円筒形土器であり、口縁外部、頸部と胴部にはそれぞれ違う文様を施すのも特徴的である. 連続の櫛目文が最も代表的な文様で、そのほか周回文、押型文、箆（へら）描き文、爪形文などがある（図3）.
 * 5．Xinglongwa culture in north-east China
 * ここ十年来、…
 * 興隆窪遺跡は…
 * Most of the earthenware of the Xinglongbu ruins is a flat-bottomed cylindrical pottery, and it is also characteristic to apply different patterns to the outside of the rim, the neck and the torso. Continuous combs are the most representative patterns, and others are orchestra, pressed form, spatula drawing and nail form (Figure 3).
 * Most of the earthenware of the Xinglongbu ruins is a flat-bottomed cylindrical pottery, and it is also characteristic to apply different patterns to the outside of the rim, the neck and the torso. Continuous combs are the most representative patterns, and others are orchestra, pressed form, spatula drawing and nail form (Figure 3).

And it spread to Siberia later.

 * 第２版の解説(in Japanese)

 * ＜くしめもんどき　櫛目文土器＞
 * 櫛歯状の施文具で文様の施された土器の総称. 世界各地の各種時期の土器に認められるが，狭義には北欧から西シベリアにかけて分布する新石器時代の土器，また朝鮮半島の新石器時代の有文土器ないし幾何文土器と呼称されるものを指すのが普通である. 西シベリアの沿オビ地域の新石器時代の土器(前4千年紀終末～前3千年紀後半)は，すべて櫛目文を有する丸底土器である. このような器面全体を櫛目文でおおう新石器時代の丸底土器は，エニセイ流域のウニュク遺跡(前4千年紀終末～前3千年紀初頭)やアンガラ上流域のウスチ･ベラヤ遺跡第IIa層(前5千年紀)からも出土している.
 * ＜Pit-Comb Ware＞
 * It is a collective term of earthenware to which a pattern is given with a comb-toothed facsimile. It is recognized in the earthenware of various times around the world, but in the narrow sense it refers to the Neolithic pottery distributed from the Northern Europe to the West Siberia, also referred to as the Neolithic Era figured pottery or geometric patterned pottery of the Korean Peninsula. The Neolithic pottery in the Ob region, in the western Siberian region (from the end of the previous millennium to the latter half of the third millennium) is a round bottom soil with comb text. The Neolithic round bottom soil cladding which covers the entire surface of this instrument as a texture of a comb is also excavated from the Uenuc ruins of the Enisei watershed (from the end of the 4th millennium to the beginning of the 3 rd millennium Beginning) and the Ust-Bereya ruins IIa layer (the 5th millennium)in the upper region of Angara.

Estimated time Pit-Comb Ware arrived:
 * Xinglongwa culture : 8200-7400 years BP
 * upper region of Angara : 7000-6000 years BP
 * Enisei watershed : about 6000 yaers BP
 * Ob River region : about 5700 years BP

--ABCEditer (talk) 12:30, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

 * None of this stuff linking Liaoning to European combed ware is in the references given. The same quoted above says (Google translate) "In addition, there are similar earthenware in northeastern China and Korea, but the relationship with that in Siberia is not clear." Megalophias (talk) 16:39, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * This connection is a fairly new academic speculation, as the research into the East Asian pottery culture and the northeastern European pottery cultute have occurred in isolation. Some peer-reviewed archeological papers would need to be published before it can be included in the article (and the articles combined) without resorting to conjecture. Of course one can also make an entry about speculated connections similarly to how the Altaic hypothesis has been handled in some articles. 50.250.234.193 (talk) 21:11, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

Joshua_Jonathan.
Please explain your edits. --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 06:24, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * This is sourced info, as explained in the edit-summary
 * This is not in the source, as explained in the edit-summary.
 * Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk!  06:55, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Where have you read that Serteya is Pit-Comb? --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 08:21, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Language
The paragraph was self-contradicting and confused. Hope it's better now. Hans J. Holm 2A02:8108:9640:AC3:C114:BC81:C99B:A1EB (talk) 07:28, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Genetics update
I updated the Y-hg nomenclature to the current one according to C. Quiles 2021, and ISOGG 2020.HJJHolm (talk) 15:29, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comb Ceramic culture


text:
Too Soon Monsoon

Too Soon Monsoon is the third studio album released by American rock band Wheatus. It was released on October 18, 2005 in the United States and on October 24, 2005 in the United Kingdom by the band's own label, Montauk Mantis. The album is currently available directly from the band's official website for $10, and is available to download in various formats using a 'pay what you want' donation system where the customer can donate any amount to purchase the album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Something Good" – 5:18
 * 2) "In The Melody" – 3:22
 * 3) "BMX Bandits" – 3:08
 * 4) "The London Sun" – 4:32
 * 5) "I Am What I Is" – 3:59
 * 6) "The Truth I Tell Myself" – 5:33
 * 7) "Hometown" – 5:30
 * 8) "Desperate Songs" – 3:09
 * 9) "This Island" – 6:04
 * 10) "Who Would Have Thought?" – 3:56
 * 11) "No Happy Ending Tune" – 5:37

 * Digital Deluxe Edition Bonus Tracks
 * 12. "BMX Bandits" [Live@XM Radio] - 3:13
 * 13. "The London Sun" [Live@XM Radio] - 4:17

title: Too Soon Monsoon


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Anti-war/Reference material

Books on anti-war topics
I did an amazon search for "anti-war" and "peace movment" and these books were the relavant books that came up. If you have any information about any of the books (topic, scope etc.) please add it under the book in question.--JK the unwise 13:09, 18 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Henry L. Hulbert

Henry Lewis Hulbert (January 12, 1867 – October 4, 1918) was a United States Marine who served during the Second Samoan Civil War and World War I. As a private, he received the Medal of Honor for distinguished service in Samoa on April 1, 1899.

Hulbert was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in Section 3 Lot 4309.

Early years
Henry Lewis Hulbert was born in Kingston upon Hull, East Yorkshire, England on January 12, 1867. He was the first born into a prosperous family. He attended Felsted School in Essex, and entered the British Colonial Civil Service, with his first appointment in Malaya. While in Malaya, he married Anne Rose Hewitt. A subsequent personal scandal and divorce resulted in Hulbert leaving Malaysia and arriving in the United States.

Second Samoan Civil War
At age 31, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on March 28, 1898. He completed his boot camp training at Mare Island, California. His first military action was the British and American expedition of intervention in Samoa. He was part of a 200-man force of Americans, Britons and Samoans which was defeated at the Second Battle of Vailele in 1899 during the Second Samoan Civil War. After the battle the soldierly qualities of Hulbert are best illustrated by the following quotation from a Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy dated May 22, 1899:

"The gallantry of Private Henry L. Hulbert, who remained behind at the fence till the last and who was with Lansdale and Monaghan when they were killed, I desire especially to mention."

For this gallantry he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

World War I
By early 1917, Hulbert had reached the highest enlisted rank of sergeant major and was on the staff of Major General George Barnett, Commandant of the Marine Corps. Hulbert was second in the list of 20 "noncommissioned officers of the Marine Corps who successfully passed the recent examinations [and were] appointed to warrant rank and will take rank in the order named from March 24, 1917". The warrant rank was referred to as a Marine Gunner. Hulbert was assigned to the Fifth Regiment on March 27, 1917. He was some five months over the 50 years prescribed in the Annual Report by the Secretary of the Navy (1917): "Also, the provision that in making the temporary appointments as ensigns the maximum age limit shall be 50 years for commissioned warrant officers and warrant officers has prevented such appointments in the cases of a number of very deserving officers of those classes, and it is hoped that this restriction will be removed."

The United States entered World War I in April 1917. Upon the formation of the Fifth Regiment for service in France, Hulbert immediately volunteered for foreign service and the character of his service with the American Expeditionary Forces is best indicated by the following extracts from the endorsements of his commanding officers recommending him for promotion to commissioned rank:
 * Commanding officer, Sixty-sixth Company: "I can not too strongly support Gunner Hulbert's request ... If the young lieutenants recently appointed had half of Mr. Hulbert's energy, professional knowledge, physical ability, or manner of handling men under him, the arduous duties which now devolve upon the average company commander would be materially simplified."
 * Battalion commander, First Battalion, Fifth Regiment: "Gunner Hulbert has proven conclusively, while attached to this battalion, that he is physically and professionally qualified to perform the duties of a commissioned officer. Nervously active, ambitious, zealous, always ready to help with valuable advice and original ideas, he is undoubtedly one of the most efficient officers in the service to-day."
 * Adjutant, First Battalion, Fifth Regiment: "As a young officer new to the service, I wish to state that Mr. Hulbert has helped me a great deal ... I served in the same company with Mr. Hulbert and will not hesitate to say that he can hold his own with the younger officers from a physical standpoint ... If the Fifth Regiment ever goes over the top I want to go over with Mr. Hulbert."
 * Regimental commander: "Marine Gunner Hulbert, United States Marine Corps, has given excellent service since I assumed command of this regiment. His energy, ability, and length of service merits his promotion to the rank of second lieutenant."

Battle of Belleau Wood
Hulbert was recognized for multiple acts of bravery during the Battle of Belleau Wood. For one such action, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He was recommended by General John J. Pershing for immediate commission as a captain.

Soissons and Blanc Mont Ridge
He distinguished himself at Soisson, was commissioned second lieutenant, and received an immediate promotion to first lieutenant. He was killed in action at Blanc Mont Ridge in France on October 4, 1918. At the time of his death, his promotion to captain had been approved by the Secretary of the Navy. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross and the French Croix de Guerre with palm.

Awards and honors
Hulbert received the following medals for his distinguished military service:

Hulbert was also eligible for the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal, Spanish Campaign Medal, and the World War I Victory Medal.

The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hulbert (DD-342), named in Hulbert's honor, was christened on June 28, 1919, and commissioned and put into service in 1920. The destroyer was moored in Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and brought down a Japanese torpedo bomber. The Hulbert was decommissioned in 1945.

title: Henry L. Hulbert


text:
John S. Bull

John Sumter Bull (September 25, 1934 – August 11, 2008), was an American naval officer and aviator, fighter pilot, test pilot, mechanical and aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut.

Early life and education
Bull was born on September 25, 1934, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he attended primary and secondary schools and graduated in 1952 from Central High School. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Rice University in 1957. Bull took leave from working at NASA Ames to earn a Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University in Aeronautical Engineering in 1971 and 1973, respectively.

In his youth, he was active in the Boy Scouts of America.

Navy service
Bull joined the U.S. Navy in June 1957. Following his flight training, from March 1959 to November 1960, he flew the F-3 Demon and F-4 Phantom II while assigned to VF-114 at the Naval Air Station in Mirimar, California. Bull was a Navy fighter pilot with the VF-114 squadron aboard the aircraft carriers USS Ranger (CVA-61), USS Hancock (CV-19), and USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63).

Bull graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in February 1964, as an outstanding graduate. He was a project test pilot in the Carrier Suitability Branch at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland, at the time of his astronaut selection.

He logged more than 2,100 hours flying time; 1,800 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career
Bull was selected in 1966 as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 5. Together with Ken Mattingly and Gerald Carr, Bull was named on November 20, 1967, to the support crew for the second Apollo crewed flight of the Saturn V, Apollo 8, to assist prime and backup crew members as they trained. Bull was also chosen as Lunar Module Pilot, with James Irwin as Commander, for LTA-8, an environmental qualification test of the Apollo Lunar Module in a vacuum chamber at the Houston Space Environment Simulation Laboratory. Just before the May–June 1968 test, Bull was found to have a severe sinus problem, and was replaced with his backup, a Grumman consulting pilot. Bull was subsequently diagnosed as suffering from pulmonary disease, and resigned from the astronaut corps in July 1968. Following his retirement, he received a job at NASA Ames.

After receiving his Ph.D., Bull returned to NASA and worked at the Ames Research Center from 1973 to 1985, where he conducted simulation and flight test research in advanced flight systems for both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. Around 1983, he became chief of the Aircraft Systems Branch. From 1986 until his retirement from NASA in 1989, he managed NASA-wide research programs in autonomous systems technology for space applications. He continued working with Ames as a consultant until his final retirement in 1997.

Personal life
Bull was married to the former Nancy Laraine Gustafson of Seattle, Washington, with two sons and a daughter: Jeffrey Tyler (July 27, 1965 – January 28, 1977), Scott A. (born December 30, 1968) and Whitney A. (born August 1, 1971), and four grandchildren.

Illness and death
Bull died on August 11, 2008, at the age of 73 in South Lake Tahoe, California, due to complications related to long-term asthma.

Organizations
Bull was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Sigma Tau Engineering Fraternity, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Fraternity, Sigma Xi, American Helicopter Society, and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

title: John S. Bull


text:
Ola Nordmann

Ola Nordmann is a national personification of Norwegians, either for individuals or collectively. It is also used as a placeholder name. The female counterpart is Kari Nordmann, and collectively they are referred to as Ola og Kari Nordmann (Ola and Kari Nordmann).

As a national personification
The media often uses "Ola Nordmann" to describe trends in the population.

For example: A headline in a newspaper that reads Norwegians consume less milk could just as well read Ola Nordmann drinks less milk.

Caricatures of Ola Nordmann as a national personification of Norway usually depict him as a blond-haired man dressed in bunad-like traditional folk clothing and wearing a woollen red top cap - the traditional headwear of a Norwegian gnome or nisse. This headwear was also worn by the traditional Norwegian farmer, mostly in the old Norwegian farm culture. In the romantic national period, the farmer often came to represent the Norwegian people as a whole, hence the representation.

As a placeholder name
Ola Nordmann is also used as a default name in examples used to guide people in how to fill in forms etc. (similar to Joe Bloggs in the UK or John Doe in America). In legal examples, Peder Ås is often used as a placeholder name instead.

Etymology
Ola is a common male first name in Norway (derived from Olav/Olaf), and Nordmann is a demonym for a Norwegian, i.e. "Ola Norwegian".

Kari Nordmann
The female equivalent or variant is personified as Kari Nordmann, "Kari and Ola Nordmann" is often used together to describe the archetypical Norwegian family or household.

title: Ola Nordmann


text:
Kristjan Raud

Kristjan Raud (22 October 1865, Kirikuküla, Vinni Parish – 19 May 1943, Tallinn) was an Estonian symbolist painter and illustrator who was one of the founders of the Estonian National Museum. Folklore elements figure heavily in his subject matter and his style is reminiscent of Primitivism. His twin brother, Paul, also became a well-known painter.

Biography
Raud and his brother spent their early years in Meriküla, where their father was a field ranger. After his early death, they were enrolled at the parish school in Rakvere, where they were taught in German. Later, he went to the teachers' college in Tartu, and taught in the local schools there for several years.

In 1892, dissatisfied with his career, he moved to Saint Petersburg, where his drawings came to the attention of Johann Köler. He thought that Raud had some potential and advised him to enroll at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Four years later, after completing his studies, he went to Germany to polish his skills; spending time in Düsseldorf with Peter Janssen, then moving on to Munich, where he took private lessons from Anton Ažbe and classes at the Academy of Fine Arts. When he returned to Tartu in 1903, he organized a school for young artists, wrote articles for the local newspapers, and taught at the gymnasium. After the death of Jakob Hurt in 1907, he became an advocate for the establishment of a museum devoted to folklore. Two years later, he became one of the founders and organizers of the Estonian National Museum. The following year, he provided illustrations for the collected poems of Juhan Liiv.

At the beginning of World War I, he moved to Tallinn to live with his brother. Once again, he became a teacher while continuing to paint. In 1919, he completed The Maiden of the Grave, was elected Chairman of the Estonian Museum Society and began working for the Ministry of Education. In 1924 he left his position to devote himself entirely to his creative work, and a year later married a young woman aged 26, with whom he had three children. The high point of his career came in 1935, when the Estonian Literary Society issued a new edition of Kalevipoeg, the Estonian national epic, with his paintings as illustrations. The first printing ran to 10,000 copies; a very large number at the time. In 1938, he was awarded the Order of the Estonian Red Cross.

In his monumental works Raud focuses on Nordic epics, for instance providing illustrations for the epic Kalevipoeg . His commitment to painting was such that, even on his death bed in the hospital, he continued to paint. He died during the German occupation so, despite his fame, his funeral was very modest.

In the spring of 1940, shortly before the Soviet occupation, a major exhibition of his works was held and the government declared it to be "Kristjan Raud Year". A monument to him was erected under the Soviet government in 1969. Four years later, the (Kristjan Raud Art Award) was established by the Estonian Artists' Association in conjunction with the city of Tallinn. As of 2012, the prize was worth 2,240 Euros. From 1992 to 2011, when Estonia adopted the Euro, Raud's likeness was on the one kroon banknote.

title: Kristjan Raud


text:
Bromsgrove railway works

Bromsgrove railway works was established in 1841 at Aston Fields, near Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England as a maintenance facility for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. However, as well as maintaining those provided by other manufacturers, it built one locomotive.

Locomotive production
The railway's engineer James McConnell obtained the directors' permission in March 1844 to build a new locomotive for the Lickey Incline.

This followed a series of accidents on the incline. One involved a demonstration locomotive by William Church, called, unfortunately "Surprise". Its experimental boiler blew up, killing the enginemen, Thomas Scaife and Joseph Rutherford. Their decorative monuments are in St. Johns churchyard Bromsgrove (and have been restored in 2014), though the depiction of a locomotive on the tombstone is of one of the Norris Locomotives. Then a further boiler explosion on another loco killed William Creuze.

The company had been using American Norris s, which in fact lasted until 1856. The Americans made much of the fact that they were showing the British how to build engines, but they were expensive to import. Edward Bury had tried one of his London and Birmingham Railway engines in 1841 but its performance up the bank was less successful than that of an American engine because of the latter's undisclosed but much higher boiler pressure. Another locomotive that had been tried was Ysabel a built by Isaac Dodds.

McConnell carried out a number of innovations, culminating in his locomotive built at Bromsgrove specifically for the incline, the "Great Britain", reputed to be the first saddle tank. It was completed in June 1845.

It was a six-coupled loco, weighing 30 tonnes, with outside cylinders and an oval boiler. Initially number 38, it was later renumbered 276, then rebuilt as a well tank in 1853, renumbered again as 300 and withdrawn in October 1861.

McConnell continued to seek higher standards in railway engineering. In 1846 he met with George Stephenson and Archibald Slate at Bromsgrove. It was at this meeting that the idea of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers came about.

In March 1847 McConnell transferred to the London and North Western Railway as superintendent of its southern headquarters at Wolverton.

Later history
The works built only one locomotive and after the merger with the Midland Railway, such work was concentrated at Derby. However it became a well-respected wagon works, using components from Derby, apart from laminated springs which it fabricated itself. It became part of the LMS and, during World War II the Works Manager initiated a scheme for recovering timber and metal fittings for re-use as spares. After nationalisation in 1949 it remained busy with one of the highest productivity rates, but following a reorganisation of railway workshops, it closed in 1964, with the work being transferred to Derby.

title: Bromsgrove railway works


text:
Artistic merit

Artistic merit is the artistic quality or value of any given work of art, music, film, literature, sculpture or painting.

Obscenity and literary merit
The 1921 US trial of James Joyce's novel Ulysses concerned the publication of the Nausicaa episode by the literary magazine The Little Review, which was serializing the novel. Though not required to do so by law, John Quinn, the lawyer for the defence, decided to produce three literary experts to attest to the literary merits of Ulysses, as well as The Little Review's broader reputation. The first expert witness was Philip Moeller, of the Theatre Guild, who interpreted Ulysses using the Freudian method of unveiling the subconscious mind, which prompted one of the judges to ask him to "speak in a language that the court could understand". The next witness was Scofield Thayer, editor of The Dial, another literary magazine of the time, who "was forced to admit that if he had had the desire to publish Ulysses he would have consulted a lawyer first—and not published it". The final witness was English novelist, lecturer, and critic John Cowper Powys, who declared that Ulysses was a "beautiful piece of work in no way capable of corrupting the minds of young girls". The editors were found guilty under laws associated with the Comstock Act of 1873, which made it illegal to circulate materials deemed obscene in the U.S. mail, incurred a $100 fine, and were forced to cease publishing Ulysses in The Little Review. It was not until the 1933 case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses that the novel could be published in the United States without fear of prosecution.

Another important obscenity trial occurred 1960 in Britain, when the full unexpurgated edition of D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was published by Penguin Books. The trial of Penguin under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 was a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law. The 1959 act (introduced by Roy Jenkins) had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. Several academic critics and experts of diverse kinds, including E. M. Forster, Helen Gardner, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, Norman St John-Stevas and John Robinson, Anglican bishop of Woolwich, were called as witnesses for the defence, and the verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was "not guilty". This resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for publishing explicit sexual material in the United Kingdom.

title: Artistic merit


text:
Talk:Georges Hall

Page move
This page was moved from "Georges Hall" to "Georges Hall, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) -- Ianblair23 23:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

George Johnston's Farmhouse
Insert research here.

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Talk:London Stansted Airport

Charters
How about culling that list of charters? It is a list of holiday operators rather than airlines (mainly), and it's very likely most will remain red links. Can't see the use either. -Wangi 13:19, 18 August 2005 (UTC) Worth mentioning previous flights to Middle East and Kuala Lumpur? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.143.144.189 (talk) 15:37, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Future Expansion
I think it's necessary for a section on the proposed second runway and general expansion of the airport. I'd write a section myself but my knowledge of the plans is very limited. --Fozi999 00:13, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Maplin
Is it worth mentioning in the history that Stansted was only chosen for London's third airport after the project to build a large airport (bigger than Heathrow) on reclaimed land at Maplin Sands was cancelled in the 1960s on the grounds of cost?

Piers
I think that it has two piers connected by bridge and one or two by monorail, rather than 1 and 2 as stated in the article... is it possible to check this?

BaseTurnComplete 18:11, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No, one pier is connected by bridge, gates 1 to 32. The other two are connected by monorail, gates 33 to 68 and gates 69 to 99. Sb2k4 9:30, 19 February 2006 (GMT)

I thought there were four piers but in fact it seems more complicated than that... according to the website: There are currently three satellite buildings at Stansted. ● Satellite 1 is used by international passengers and is served by the tracked transit system ● Satellite 2 is used by both domestic and international passengers who walk and use the tracked transit system respectively; and ● Satellite 3 is used by international passengers who walk to and from the terminal. Claret 22:07, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

There are three piers (satellite buildings). I have updated the article to include a table summarising the gates and access methods for each satellite building. Bruce (talk) 20:12, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Sleeping
Is it worth mentioning the several hundred people who sleep on the chairs and floor at Stansted each night? I was astounded to see about 700 people there last Friday, and did a search earlier for "people sleeping at stansted"; turns out it's a regular occurence (some sites list 100 average, 3-400 peak; others (eg http://www.geoffjones.com/stansted.html gives a quote from a worker stating an average of ) 500 nightly. If included it would presumably only fit into a Trivia header, but with a figure of however many hundreds of people per night it seems like something notable enough to include, though I don't know how to state the figure so am not currently Bold enough to write it in myself. It's worth noting that the two nearby hotels are a Hilton and a Radisson, both expensive locations, and this is probably a factor in why so many people prefer to bring a sleeping bag... --User:Firien § 11:35, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge
For: The Stansted expansion article is very short and could occupy a section of the main article as it is very closely related. Flymeoutofhere 08:24, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Annoying Police
Could someone point out the sheer incompetence of Essex Police, who regulary shut down the drop off and pick up point (as shown in the "The lawn in front of Stansted Airport..." photo)because of "terror alerts." They funnel everyone down into the short stay car park and the coach station where there is one huge traffic jam and thus creates an even BIGGER target for any would terrorist bomber!

I work with the police airport, and if you had any idea about what goes on with airport security, then you wouldn't be saying that. Luke0406 23:27, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

News
Is it worth adding a link to a daily updated Stansted news page - http://www.uk-airport-news.info/stansted-airport-news.htm

the above looks like spam to me and the site is part of a network of such sites. Thundernlightning 20:20, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Hi-Jacks
Special branch in the airport confirm that stansted is used to re-direct all hi-jacked, and suspected hi-jacked planes heading for london airports, and most other uk airports. does anyone thinks this is worth adding? Luke0406 23:30, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Airlines & Destinations: Air Berlin
Air Berlin will discontinue to offer flights from STN to Manchester, Glasgow and Belfast-Harbour BHD after 31-OCT-2007. As rumoured the economics of these flights were too bad. Archie02 21:26, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

David O'Leary
I wasn't able to find any supporting information for the claim that all survived the 1998 incident "due to the expertise of the flight crew and the distinct bravery of the team's assistant manager, David O'Leary." Neither the cited newspaper article nor the article for David O'Leary makes any mention of his "distinct bravery" or the expertise of the flight crew. For now I've removed the claim. SkipSmith (talk) 07:39, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Environment
"Since then passenger numbers have been in decline, due partly to rising fares and the lower value of Sterling, and perhaps also influenced by growing awareness of the detrimental impact that aviation has on climate change." This is rather humorous speculation but speculation nonetheless.-newkai t-c 11:02, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Stop Stanstead Expansion --> London City Airport
I note there is a section here called "Opposition". I am trying to set one up for London City Airport. However, I keep getting blocked. Only 1-2 lines are necessary. Yet even mention is not allowed?. Clearly there Wiki editors are not showing consistency?.

Can someone mediate —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.147.188.151 (talk) 23:33, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Viewing areas
IP User 86.8.223.117 has added a section about viewing areas which I removed, he/she has re-added it without explanation. Please note that this is an encyclopedia not a travel or plane spotters guide, viewing areas are not notable. Any comments? MilborneOne (talk) 15:41, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Aircraft viewing areas aren't encyclopedic; agree completely. NcSchu ( Talk ) 17:49, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I would agree that it is not encyclopaedic content, however, I believe that lots of people come to wikipedia for information, and this could be valuable information for some people. Thomas888b (talk) 18:35, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Air Sylhet
I've seen very little noise about them. Are they actually flying ? Pmbma (talk) 14:54, 19 December 2008 (UTC)Pmbma

re-ordering of content
I have reordered and re-organsised the content today. I have promoted to the start of the article all the information needed by people using the airport to make trips including information about the flights on offer, the facilities and also proposed changes to the facilities (including a 2nd runway). The reasonably detailed history section is now later in the article next to the incidents section. I have moved various paragraphs around to more appropriate sections and roll the Plane Stupid protest into history. I have tried not to remove any content in the process. PeterEastern (talk) 18:50, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The article is now different to the layout at WikiProject Airports/page content! Just a note the article is not to "provide information needed by people using the airport to make trips" as this is an encylopedia not a travel guide, so you dont really need to move anything about. MilborneOne (talk) 19:35, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Just to help with a large history section I have moved some of the Second World War history to RAF Stansted Mountfitchet. MilborneOne (talk) 20:34, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

London ?
I notice that a London portal has just been added to the article and it is part of the London project. Just curious as to why as the airport is not actually in London? MilborneOne (talk) 20:52, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Presumably because it serves London... AnonMoos (talk) 19:37, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Well, if I wanted to fly to, or fly from, London, I'd pick an airport in London or, at least, close to London. Stanstead is in Essex, miles away from London. Last time I flew to Stanstead, from Reus, "Welcome to London" was announced whilst we taxied to the terminal. How pathetic can it get? The same thing applies at Reus. Barcelona (Reus) they call it. Although Barcelona is a 70 miles drive from Reus and only a looney would fly to Reus to get to Barcelona, seeing as Barcelona has it's own airport. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.2.129.132 (talk) 00:48, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

early 1980s protests
Should be something on the early 1980's protests against the original approval or building of the airport... AnonMoos (talk) 19:37, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Irrelevant photography
There's something to be said for the irrelevancy of the MaxJet, though I wouldn't be so critical myself. But if it really had to go, what made it so much worse than the Ryanair or Air Asia X planes? Jan olieslagers (talk) 17:24, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Incidents
In the section incidents, there is a paragraph that says this:

On 6 February 2000, an Ariana Afghan Airlines Boeing 727 with 156 people on board was hijacked and flown to Stansted Airport. After a four-day stand-off the hostages on board were safely freed and the incident ended peacefully. It later emerged that the motive behind the hijack was to gain asylum in the UK, sparking debate about immigration into the country. A large number of passengers on board the plane also applied for asylum.[15] In July 2004, it was reported that a number of hijackers had won their bid for asylum in the UK, their convictions for hijacking having been quashed for misdirection of the jury in 2003.[16]

Noticed I highlighted the word Quashed. Is this even a real word? Thomas888b (talk) 18:37, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * From dictionary.com, Quash: 1. to put down or suppress completely; quell; subdue: to quash a rebellion. 2. to make void, annul, or set aside (a law, indictment, decision, etc.).

 * So yes it is a word. Alternatively, "overruled", "annulled", "overthrown" or "declared null and void" could be used and may sound better / be more readily understood? SempreVolando (talk) 19:35, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Quashed is the correct legal term where a conviction is overturned. Mjroots (talk) 19:48, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Talking of incidents, the Etihad incident today is under discussion at WT:AV. Mjroots (talk) 19:49, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Cool, Just wanted to check :-) Thomas888b (talk) 20:56, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

State visits
I note that in the information on the Harrods terminal it states that it is used on some State Visits. I believe this is incorrect and do not think it has ever been used for this purpose.

PM — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.193.56.194 (talk) 21:49, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Didnt the US President arrive at Stansted on his state visit in 2011. MilborneOne (talk) 18:12, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Satellite 4?
We say "There are no gates in the main Terminal building; instead, there are three separate oblong Satellite buildings in which the gates are located, with a fourth satellite building under construction" with a reference as a dead link. It looks like satellite 4 isn't under construction but is planned. I cannot see the original reference to know if it was misread. http://mag-umbraco-media-live.s3.amazonaws.com/1029/land-use-sdp.pdf talks about "the site of future satellite 4" (p33) It looks like it is connected to the development of echo apron and would be at the north west of the other three. 87.83.31.234 (talk) 23:58, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

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Ercan flights
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Airports/page_content States that non-stop and direct flights should only be listed the definition of a direct flight is shown here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_flight "A direct flight in the aviation industry is any flight between two points by an airline with no change in flight numbers, which may include a stop at an intermediate point" the routes to Ercan do not change flight number so therefore they are direct flights and should be included in the table. CBG17 (talk) 21:09, 28 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Additionally, WP:AIRPORTS requires that not only the flight number remains common but that the same aircraft continues to the subsequent (direct) destination. Provided this is the case with the route you mention, then yes it should be included in the table. SempreVolando (talk) 20:17, 28 May 2017 (UTC)

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CAA Flying Unit? Where is it mentioned?
I would suggest there seems to have been a rather big omission from the history of this airport: the residency of the (in its final form) CAA Flying Unit (CAFU or CAAFU). During the lean years, this entity was often responsible for many of the daily movements whether they be due to candidates flying in or using one of the CAAFU Doves to take their Instrument Rating tests or the operations of the HS748s ('XI' and 'XJ'), the first 125 ('DX) or the later 125 (cannot remember - something like 'BBC - ex Barclays bank with gold taps) for Flight Inspection. As one who worked there for five years, the CAA Flying Unit was located in the 'temporary' buildings in the SW corner of the airport with its own pan and hangar (with support from Aviation Traders). This article really should include something about the Unit as it was definitely part and parcel of the History of the Airport. (There is also seems to be no mention of the 'Stop Stansted Airport' movement of the early 80s. I have also to check if Mr Ford's private BAC 1-11 airforce is mentioned...) Longfinal (talk) 10:33, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

the only arrivals.terminal?
The article claims that STN will be the only UK airport with a dedicated arrivals terminal, but Heathrow T3 used to be two separate buildings as well. Haven't been there for ages though.--92.200.151.66 (talk) 13:04, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

London_Stansted_Airport#Cargo
Hi, I can't figure out what i've done wrong at London_Stansted_Airport as the last entry is mishmashed, I know it's something so stupidly simple as it always is with these :), If anyone could fix this that would be amazing, Many thanks, – Davey 2010 Talk 17:30, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Stansted Airport


text:
X-ray image intensifier

An X-ray image intensifier (XRII) is an image intensifier that converts X-rays into visible light at higher intensity than the more traditional fluorescent screens can. Such intensifiers are used in X-ray imaging systems (such as fluoroscopes) to allow low-intensity X-rays to be converted to a conveniently bright visible light output. The device contains a low absorbency/scatter input window, typically aluminum, input fluorescent screen, photocathode, electron optics, output fluorescent screen and output window. These parts are all mounted in a high vacuum environment within glass or, more recently, metal/ceramic. By its intensifying effect, It allows the viewer to more easily see the structure of the object being imaged than fluorescent screens alone, whose images are dim. The XRII requires lower absorbed doses due to more efficient conversion of X-ray quanta to visible light. This device was originally introduced in 1948.

Operation
The overall function of an image intensifier is to convert incident x-ray photons to light photons of sufficient intensity to provide a viewable image. This occurs in several stages. The input window is convex is shape, made up of aluminium to minimise the scattering of X-rays. The window is 1 mm in thickness. Once X-rays pass through the aluminium windows, it encounters input phosphor that converts X-rays into light photons. The thickness of input phosphor range from 300 to 450 micrometres reach a compromise between absorption efficiency of X-rays and spatial resolution. Thicker input phosphor has higher absorption efficiency but poor spatial resolution and vice versa. Sodium activated Caesium Iodide is typically used due to its higher conversion efficiency thanks to high atomic number and mass attenuation coefficient, when compared to zinc-cadmium sulfide. The input phosphor are arranged into small tubes, to allow photons to pass through the tube, without scattering, this improving the spatial resolution. The light photons are then converted to electrons by a photocathode. The photocathode is made up of antimony caesium, which is to match the photons produced from input phosphor, thus maximise the efficiency of producing photoelectrons. The photocathode has a thickness of 20 nm with absorption efficacy of 10 to 15%.

A potential difference (25-35 kilovolts) created between the anode and photocathode then accelerates these photoelectrons while electron lenses focus the beam down to the size of the output window. The output window is typically made of silver-activated zinc-cadmium sulfide and converts incident electrons back to visible light photons. At the input and output phosphors the number of photons is multiplied by several thousands, so that overall there is a large brightness gain. This gain makes image intensifiers highly sensitive to X-rays such that relatively low doses can be used for fluoroscopic procedures.

History
X-ray image intensifiers became available in the early 1950s and were viewed through a microscope.

Viewing of the output was via mirrors and optical systems until the adaption of television systems in the 1960s. Additionally, the output was able to be captured on systems with a 100mm cut film camera using pulsed outputs from an X-ray tube similar to a normal radiographic exposure; the difference being the II rather than a film screen cassette provided the image for the film to record.

The input screens range from 15–57 cm, with the 23 cm, 33 cm and 40 cm being among the most common. Within each image intensifier, the actual field size can be changed using the voltages applied to the internal electron optics to achieve magnification and reduced viewing size. For example, the 23 cm commonly used in cardiac applications can be set to a format of 23, 17, and 13 cm. Because the output screen remains fixed in size, the output appears to "magnify" the input image. High-speed digitalisation with analogue video signal came about in the mid-1970s, with pulsed fluoroscopy developed in the mid-1980s harnessing low dose rapid switching X-ray tubes. In the late 1990s image intensifiers began being replaced with flat panel detectors (FPDs) on fluoroscopy machines giving competition to the image intensifiers.

Clinical applications
"C-arm" mobile fluoroscopy machines are often colloquially referred to as image intensifiers (or IIs), however strictly speaking the image intensifier is only one part of the machine (namely the detector).

Fluoroscopy, using an X-ray machine with an image intensifier, has applications in many areas of medicine. Fluoroscopy allows live images to be viewed so that image-guided surgery is feasible. Common uses include orthopedics, gastroenterology and cardiology. Less common applications can include dentistry.

Configurations
A system containing an image intensifier may be used either as a fixed piece of equipment in a dedicated screening room or as mobile equipment for use in an operating theatre. A mobile fluoroscopy unit generally consists of two units, the X-ray generator and image detector (II) on a moveable C-arm, and a separate workstation unit used to store and manipulate the images. The patient is positioned between the two arms, typically on a radiolucent bed. Fixed systems may have a c-arm mounted to a ceiling gantry, with a separate control area. Most systems arranged as c-arms can have the image intensifier positioned above or below the patient (with the X-ray tube below or above respectively), although some static in room systems may have fixed orientations. From a radiation protection standpoint, under-couch (X-ray tube) operation is preferable as it reduces the amount of scattered radiation on operators and workers. Smaller "mini" mobile c-arms are also available, primarily used to image extremities, for example for minor hand surgery.

Flat panel detectors
Flat Detectors are an alternative to Image Intensifiers. The advantages of this technology include: lower patient dose and increased image quality because the X-rays are always pulsed, and no deterioration of the image quality over time. Despite FPD being at a higher cost than II/TV systems, the noteworthy changes in the physical size and accessibility for the patients is worth it, especially when dealing with paediatric patients.

title: X-ray image intensifier


text:
Talk:Publishers Weekly lists of bestselling novels in the United States

Untitled
does anyone plan to add other bestselling info to this list? as in, not just from the new york times, because if not, than i think it might be apt to change the title to reflect that it's new york times bestselling, which is obviously only one measurement of it. yes sortof picky, but more accurate. Feelingscarfy 13:19, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * For now, I think the name is fine the way it is, since the New York Times' bestseller list is the standard used most often in commercial and promotional contexts (used for the covers of "bestselling" books and in press releases). In the future, if someone adds additional data regarding bestsellers as determined by other media outlets, then we'll decide what to do about article names. What would really be helpful is if someone could find information for the bestselling novels of the year from 1999-2004. Volatile 18:35, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Before 1912?

 * I thought that Publisher's Weekly only started publishing their best seller list in 1912? What is the source for the information before 1912?  Is it The Bookman?--Milowent • hasspoken  04:54, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * To answer my own question. The answer is that from 1895-1912, The Bookman (New York) kept a best-seller list, which was the first such list in the United States.  Publisher's Weekly then started their own list.  Alice Payne Hackett, who worked for Publisher's Weekly, used the Bookman stats for this period.--Milowent • hasspoken  01:07, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Complications with recent lists
For the Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 2010s, I filled in the sections for 2017, 2018, and 2019 because, until now, they had been empty. However, I noticed a few problems while filling them that might be contradictory to the title. Since 2017, Publishers Weekly has put both fiction and nonfiction books into one list. The 2017 list only had ten books listed, meaning I had to include a nonfiction book and a poetry book to reach the desired number of ten books in the section. The 2018 list, which had twenty books, forced me to include picture books to reach the desired number because of the sheer number of nonfiction books on the list. I'm confused on what I should really be doing in those instances where there are just not enough novels to include to reach ten books, and I am wondering whether a consistent set of guidelines for these pages should be established. I'm not sure. What do you guys think? Lazman321 (talk) 06:14, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3APublishers_Weekly_lists_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States#Untitled
my love for reading began with Daniel Steels'books. DMEichinger5 (talk) 07:24, 9 February 2023 (UTC)


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Talk:Indian Shaker Church

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"The shaking often has healing powers" changed to "The shaking is reported to have healing powers" as to not make a statement of judgement on the topic, as the information to make one is not available.

Searching
Because there is another more famous religion of the same name, this can be a tough one to conduct web searches for. I found some materials by starting with the search "Shaker + Salish". -- Jmabel | Talk 19:26, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

Opposition
Wasn't there also some opposition to the Indian Shakers from other non-Shakers in the community? I know that the Klallam have both Shakers and non-Shakers and public prayer is shared between religious groups, and that the Shakers are now accepted as part of the heritage and tradition, but that that wasn't always the case. Anyone know the details? Danielsilliman 16:21, 20 February 2006 (UTC) 16:17, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Prohibition
What's the date on that list of rules that the washichu handed down to the Shakers about their services? --Bluejay Young 21:39, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian Shaker Church