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Richard Nyren

Richard Nyren (1734–1797) was an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket during the heyday of the Hambledon Club. A genuine all-rounder and the earliest known left-hander of note, Nyren was the captain of Hampshire when its team included players like John Small, Thomas Brett and Tom Sueter. Although the records of many matches in which he almost certainly played have been lost, he made 51 known appearances between 1764 and 1784. He was known as the team's "general" on the field and, for a time, acted as the club secretary as well as taking care of matchday catering for many years.

Early mentions
Nylan was living in Sussex in 1758, as he married that year at Slindon, and was not definitely resident at Hambledon until 1762. The first confirmed mention of him as a cricketer was in 1764 when he was named as captain of the Hambledon team that defeated Chertsey by 4 wickets at Laleham Burway on 10–11 September.

A number of Hambledon matches were played from 1764 to 1771 but team and performance information has been lost. Nyren was certainly active through this period but there are only two more definite mentions of him before the 1772 season, when the keeping of match scorecards became habitual. In 1769, he captained Hambledon at Guildford Bason against Caterham, Hambledon winning by 4 wickets.

On 23 and 24 September 1771, Nyren captained Hambledon against Chertsey at Laleham Burway in what has become known as the "big bat match". When Thomas Brett objected to the wide bat used by Chertsey's Thomas White, Nyren supported him and the Hambledon players effected a change in the Laws of Cricket, formally recognised in the 1774 code, to limit the width of the bat to four and one quarter inches.

1772 to 1774
An unusual feature of Nyren's career is that, in an age when given men were the norm rather than the exception in cricket teams, he was never recorded as playing for anyone other than Hambledon/Hampshire. The same applied to his bowling partner Thomas Brett. Scorecards began to be kept habitually from the 1772 season and Nyren was recorded in 48 first-class matches, plus some single wicket matches, from then until he retired in 1784. The strength of the Hambledon/Hampshire team during Nyren's captaincy can be seen in its being rated the (unofficial) Champion County in 10 seasons: 1766–1771 inclusive, 1776–1777 inclusive, 1779 and 1783.

In 1772, Nyren played for Hampshire at the Artillery Ground in a single wicket "fives" match against Kent, Kent winning by one wicket after Nyren had made the highest score in the match with 29. Hampshire then played three first-class matches which have surviving scorecards. Under Nyren's leadership, Hampshire won the first two of these against All-England at Broadhalfpenny Down and Guildford Bason but then, without Nyren, they lost the third match against Kent at Bourne Paddock by 2 wickets.

1773 was Hambledon's worst season. They played nine known matches in first-class cricket (i.e., 8 first-class and 1 single wicket) and lost all of them, some by wide margins including two innings defeats. Nyren led the team in most of the matches, two of which have no surviving scorecard, but he missed the first-class game against Surrey at Laleham Burway in September. Hampshire had better results in 1774 and twice defeated an All-England Eleven but were themselves beaten twice by Kent, a very strong team in the early 1770s. Nyren captained the team in all the games that have surviving scorecards, making 5 known appearances in all.

1775 to 1777
Nyren made 4 known first-class appearances in 1775, but did not take part in one of the most famous matches in history. This was the single wicket "fives" game at the Artillery Ground when a Hambledon Five defeated a Kent Five by one wicket, the not out batsman being John Small who was beaten three times by Lumpy Stevens, only for the ball to go through the two-stump wicket without disturbing the bail. As a result of Lumpy's protests, the middle stump was legalised, though its introduction was gradual. However, Nyren did play against Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down on 13 July and made his highest known score of 98, sharing a century partnership with Small for the 5th wicket and turning the match in Hampshire's favour. Small went on to make 136, the earliest definitely recorded century in the history of first-class cricket, and Hampshire eventually won by 296 runs having looked certain to lose before Nyren and Small came together. When Nyren was out, he was confronted by Hambledon stewards Charles Powlett and Philip Dehaney who had bet heavily against Hampshire when the match looked lost. They remonstrated that they would lose their money because of Nyren and Small, but Nyren told them he was glad and said: "Another time, don't bet your money against such men as we are". It may be added that Powlett was a Reverend and that both he and Dehaney had been on the committee which revised the Laws of Cricket only the previous year.

In 1776, Hampshire finally turned the tables on Kent, winning three and losing one of their four fixtures. Nyren took part in all 7 known first-class matches that Hampshire played this season. In the first game, he scored 70 and 19 against Kent at Sevenoaks Vine, Hampshire winning by 75 runs in a low-scoring match, so his runs made all the difference; he also bowled well, taking at least 3 wickets. Later in the season, in another match at Sevenoaks against All-England, Nyren and George Leer shared an unbeaten 5th wicket partnership of at least 50 to steer Hampshire to a six wicket victory. When Hampshire beat Surrey by 198 runs at Broadhalfpenny Down on 26 August, it was largely due to Nyren's bowling as he took 5 wickets (all bowled) in the first innings.

1777 was another great year for Hambledon with Hampshire playing All-England six times and winning four of them. At Sevenoaks Vine on 18, 19 and 20 June, Hampshire defeated All-England by an innings and 168 runs. James Aylward made the then record score in an individual innings with 167 as Hampshire amassed 403, a massive total in 18th century conditions. Among several sizeable partnerships he had was one with Nyren, who scored 37, for the 7th wicket. In August, Nyren had a good game with the ball, taking 4 wickets in the first innings, as Hampshire beat All-England by 1 wicket at Guildford Bason.

1778 to 1784
Nyren was about 44 when the 1778 season began and his appearances now decreased as he played in only 19 more matches from June 1778 until his last in June 1784. He was still capable of producing good performances, especially with the ball and took 4 All-England wickets in one innings at Itchin Stoke Down in July 1778. He bowled especially well in 1779, one of Hambledon's best seasons, when they won all four of their first-class matches, Nyren taking at least 16 wickets in the four matches (the scorecards of two games are incomplete). He had by now accepted that he was no longer an all-rounder and was batting at number 10 or 11 in every innings. He made only two known appearances in 1780 but continued to bowl well and took 5 wickets in one innings against Kent at Itchin Stoke Down. He was again taking good wickets in 1781 and 1782, especially in the low-scoring match against Kent at Bourne Paddock in August 1781 when he and Lamborn bowled Hampshire to an eight-run victory.

Nyren bowed out of cricket in 1784 just as, ominously for Hambledon, the White Conduit Club made its debut in first-class matches. The Hambledon membership was now in decline as the nobility began to seek a London venue for their cricketing activities and White Conduit was their initial attempt at establishing a metropolitan presence. Richard Nyren's final recorded appearance was in the All-England v Hampshire match at Sevenoaks Vine on 1 and 2 June 1784. All-England won convincingly by 7 wickets. Nyren scored 0 and 8, took one catch and no wickets.

Style and technique
Nyren was left-handed as both batsman and bowler. He is the earliest of the left-handers listed in Scores & Biographies, others of his time being James Aylward, Tom Sueter, Noah Mann, Robert Clifford, Francis Booker, William Brazier and David Harris, although the latter bowled right-handed.

Nyren was a bowling all-rounder who was, with Thomas Brett, one of "the two principal bowlers" in the early Hambledon team. He bowled underarm at a fast-medium pace and "had a high delivery, always to the length, and his balls were provokingly deceitful".

Ashley-Cooper commented: "Perhaps of all the players who appeared for Hambledon (sic) only William Beldham surpassed him in excellence as an all-round performer – apart, that is, from captaincy". Nyren was widely considered to be the expert in all cricketing matters and at Hambledon he was "the chosen general of all the matches, ordering and directing the whole". He was "uniformly consulted on all questions of (cricket) law or precedent" and his decision was always accepted. A significant example of this level of influence occurred in 1771, as described above, following the "big bat" controversy when Nyren, Brett and Small effectively changed the Laws of Cricket by setting the maximum bat width.

Nyren was a successful coach who worked with the young David Harris on his line and length, helping to make Harris into the most successful bowler of the 1780s. Harris had begun as a "raw countryman, deplorably addicted to bowling full tosses". So Nyren took him in hand and "preached to him the great principle of three-quarter (sic) or length bowling".

Character
Often referred to as "The General" on the cricket field, Nyren seems to have been known among his familiars as Dick. He was "a very stout man" who was about five feet nine inches tall, but was "uncommonly active". He kept himself fit during the winter by "(devoting) much time to hunting, shooting and fishing".

Writing of his father, John Nyren says he "never saw a finer specimen of the thoroughbred old English yeoman than Richard Nyren", who was "a good face-to-face, unflinching, uncompromising, independent man". Nyren's response to Powlett and Dehaney in 1775 is consistent with this description. He would stand his ground even when disagreement arose with the major patrons John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, and Sir Horatio Mann. On one occasion, when Nyren had been proved right, Mann "crossed the ground and (shook) him heartily by the hand". Although, as Underdown points out, the Duke perhaps did not.

Family and personal life
Nyren was a nephew of the noted Slindon players Richard, John and Adam Newland who coached him as a boy. Nyren was still living at Eartham in 1758 when he married Frances Pennicud at Slindon. He had moved to Hambledon from Sussex by 1762, when he became the landlord of a pub which was then called The Hut. Later, its name was changed to the Bat and Ball Inn; it is arguably the most famous pub with a cricketing connection and is still open for business immediately next to the Hambledon Club's ground at Broadhalfpenny Down. In 1772, Nyren took over the "more upmarket" George Inn which was in Hambledon village close to the church, his Hambledon colleague William Barber taking over at the Bat and Ball for the next 12 years. Nyren also maintained a small farm just outside Hambledon.

For many years, Nyren and Barber took charge of match day catering at both Broadhalfpenny Down and Windmill Down and Ashley-Cooper's Hambledon Cricket Chronicle reproduces an advertisement that appeared in the Hampshire Chronicle of 28 July 1777: "‘’Ladies and Gentlemen will find an excellent cold collation every day on the Down, at Nyren and Barber's booths‘’." This advertisement must have been placed for a match that is now unknown as surviving records do not include any match on Broadhalfpenny Down in 1777 until September. On 22 June 1778, the Hampshire Chronicle advertised: "‘’NYREN (sic) has laid in a stock of excellent wines and cold provisions, and hopes the air of Stoke Down will, with the Ladies at least, stand in the place of Marbres, Aspiques, Blanc Manges, &c. For good appetite there will be a sufficient quantity of beef, ham, chicken and tarts‘’." This advertisement was placed ahead of the Hampshire v All-England match at Itchin Stoke Down on 6 and 7 July 1778. Nyren took 4 wickets in the match but Hampshire lost by 45 runs.

Nyren was Secretary of the Hambledon Club for a time and one of his duties, apparently a thankless task, was to collect from members their subscriptions in arrears.

Nyren's son John (1764–1837) was the author of The Cricketers of My Time.

Legacy
The success of Hambledon owed much to the co-operation of its subscribing members on one hand and the players on the other. Just as Nyren, supported by Small and others, was the principal figure in the team, the mainstays among the membership were the Reverend Charles Powlett, Philip Dehany and John Richards. After Nyren finished playing he became the Club Secretary, working closely with Richards who was the Treasurer. They tried to keep things going in rural Hampshire but, as Ashley-Cooper points out in respect of Powlett, "found destiny too strong".

The end was in sight when Lord's was opened at Marylebone and several key patrons, including many Hambledon members, founded Marylebone Cricket Club. MCC immediately usurped Hambledon's position as the sport's lawgiver and became the principal club, while Lord's became the new focal point and feature venue within easy reach of the metropolis. Hambledon carried on for a few more seasons and Hampshire could still put a strong team in the field but "when Richard Nyren left Hambleton (sic) the club broke up, and never resumed from that day (for) the head and right arm were gone". This is a somewhat romantic view, written by Nyren's son. It is true that Richard Nyren left Hambledon for a time in 1791 and there was a party in his honour at the Bat and Ball in September of that year, but the club continued to function after that and Nyren still lived in Hambledon until 1796, the year in which the club's final minute read "No Gentlemen". The end came about not because Nyren left the club but because the membership moved to Marylebone.

Richard Nyren moved to Bromley-by-Bow in 1796 and died there on 25 April 1797.

title: Richard Nyren


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Guesstimate

Guesstimate is an informal English portmanteau of guess and estimate, first used by American statisticians in 1934 or 1935. It is defined as an estimate made without using adequate or complete information, or, more strongly, as an estimate arrived at by guesswork or conjecture. Like the words estimate and guess, guesstimate may be used as a verb or a noun (with the same change in pronunciation as estimate). A guesstimate may be a first rough approximation pending a more accurate estimate, or it may be an educated guess at something for which no better information will become available.

The word may be used in a pejorative sense if information for a better estimate is available but ignored.

Guesstimation techniques are used:
 * in physics, where the use of guesstimation techniques to solve Fermi problems is taught as a useful skill to science students;
 * in cosmology, where the Drake equation is a well-known guesstimation method;
 * in economics, where economic forecasts and statistics are often based on guesstimates; and
 * in software engineering, where new development of features and release timelines are based on effort guesstimates of tasks.

Lawrence Weinstein and John Adam's 2009 book Guesstimation: Solving the World's Problems on the Back of a Cocktail Napkin, based on the course "Physics on the Back of an Envelope" at Old Dominion University, promotes guesstimation techniques as a useful life skill. It includes many worked examples of guesstimation, including estimating the total number of miles that Americans drive in a year (about 2 trillion) and the amount of high-level nuclear waste that a 1 GW nuclear power plant produces in a year (about 60 tons).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guesstimate


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Science Shack

Science Shack was a BBC television series screened in 2001 and 2002. It was presented by Adam Hart-Davis and produced by Leeds UK-based Screenhouse Productions. The series set out to answer science questions by performing experiments. In the first series, topics included: 'Can you walk on the ceiling?' for which the team held an inverted walking competition, with Australians taking part; 'What will we do when the oil runs out?' with the shack in Cornwall and powered by alternative energy sources; and 'Why did the millennium bridge wobble?', in which the team built a working model of the footbridge near the Tate Modern.

The second series included a greater role for Hart-Davis's backup team of Marty Jopson, Jem Stansfield, Sim Oakley, Janet Sumner and Alom Shaha. Challenges this time included:
 * Tall Buildings – in which the team try to make the world's biggest paper tower, complete with a lift, in the Millennium Dome
 * Can I walk on water? – in which the team tries to build machines to allow people to walk on water, and for a few seconds hold the Guinness world record
 * How high can I jump? – which sees Alom Shaha, athletes and others trying to jump over a model of the shack using only human powered devices
 * Can you make someone invisible? – in which the team build a mirrored suit for hiding in a forest, and an 'invisible' (but noisy) car
 * Can a human fly like a bird? – (i.e. powered by flapping wings rather than propeller), culminating in Hart-Davis being suspended from a one-man helium balloon and attempting to flap his wings
 * Could you build an underwater house? – in which a submerged house was made from two skips welded together, with a CO2 scrubber and various other survival gadgets.

Producer and director of series one was Paul Bader, who was Executive Producer for series 2, which was directed by Patrick Titley. The series was supported with funding from the Open University, who also provided web support.

The "shack" in the programme's title was a flatpack shed, which was shown (via time lapse photography) being assembled on location during the intro to each show.

title: Science Shack


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Talk:History of BMW motorcycles

Radial engoine 5-cylinder
During the 1920s BMW produced a bike with a 5-cylinder radial engine inside the front wheel. The crankshaft was stationary, while the cylinders spun around it together with the wheel, as in early airplanes. Can anyone update and possibly find a picture? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.71.212.133 (talk) 22:40, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

 * First of all, new sections are to be placed at the bottom of the talk page, which is where I have moved this section (The content added to the section before my reply is otherwise unaltered; checking the history will show this.)

 * Secondly, what you describe sounds like the Megola motorcycle, which was not made by BMW.

 * Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 00:42, 13 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merger proposal
I propose that History of BMW motorcycles is merged into History of BMW, so that the motorcycles appear alongside the equivalent sections for automobiles and aircraft. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 02:03, 3 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose — Merging isn't necessary in order to make History of BMW as comprehensive as it needs to be, per WP:Summary style. It's not a zero sum game where one article must lose so the other can gain. We shouldn't be afraid to be redundant. The main history of BMW article shouldn't cover the lesser motorcycle history details. Not every motorcycle or motorcycling event had much on an impact on BMW as a whole. But there's no reason why anyone should hesitate to make History of BMW the best article it can be. Motorcycles should be covered in as much detail as necessary, balanced against BMW's other products and divisions, limiting the article to a reasonable size. Meanwhile, History of BMW motorcycles can go to town delving into motorcycle history that wouldn't be significant enough to be covered in the main article, or won't fit because the car and plane material requires more space, per WP:DETAIL. If it came to pass that the main history article was a paragon of comprehensiveness, even reaching GA or FA status, and yet somehow the motorcycle history couldn't find more content to elaborate and expand on that in a meaningful way, leaving it 100% redundant, then a merge would be justified. Then we could merge, but that is difficult to imagine. Consider the FAs History of Biology and History of evolutionary thought for analogs. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 04:39, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of BMW motorcycles


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Talk:BR Standard Class 7 70000 Britannia

Link to Golden Arrow
Insert link to Golden Arrow service in 1991/1992 --Jamesedmo 12:09, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Shameless plug
Britannia 70000 is no longer stored at Crewe, and has, I beleive moved to Boston. I hope that one day, one of the railway magazines will publish my account of the preservation of 70000. Colin Richell Founder Britannia Loco Society, shareholder and Director of the Britannia Loco Co Ltd.84.70.5.246 11:55, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

TV show
I think Britannia is used in Jim'll Fix It on the Nene Valley Railway of the Great St Trinian's Train Chase, based of the Great St Trinian's Train Robbery. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.241.7.112 (talk) 18:32, 26 December 2014 (UTC)


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Manjimup, Western Australia

Manjimup is a town in Western Australia, 307 km south of the state capital, Perth. The town of Manjimup is a regional centre for the largest shire in the South West region of Western Australia. At the 2016 census, Manjimup had a population of 4,349.

History
Manjimup was named after the Noongar words "Manjin" (a broad-leafed edible reed) and "up" (meeting place, or place of). Manjimup was first settled by timber cutter Thomas Muir, who took up land near the present town site in 1856. It was declared a town in 1910, and a railway from Perth was completed in 1911.

The population expanded when Manjimup became part of the post-World War I Group Settlement Scheme. The Group Settlement Scheme was largely unsuccessful because the land was difficult to clear and many of the new settlers were not experienced farmers. The settlers who stayed became dairy farmers, which ended during the 1930s Great Depression when the price of butterfat collapsed.

Industry
Timber is the town's major industry, but it has been joined by fruit and vegetable farms, dairy farms, wool, grain and vineyards. The Cripps Pink, better known as the Pink Lady apple, was created in Manjimup in 1973 by John Cripps of the Western Australian Department of Agriculture, and the trademark is now used on products across four continents. Manjimup used to produce frozen French fries, and had a lucrative tobacco industry that ended in the 1960s. Manjimup exports include marri flooring; apples, primarily to India; and spring water to Saudi Arabia, Singapore and India.

Manjimup is the leading Australian-mainland producer of black truffles, and research on truffle-growing is conducted in collaboration with WA universities, with an annual government grant of $250,000 for three years. Manjimup's climate is similar to that of Périgord and other truffle-growing areas of France. Manjimup truffles are supplied to restaurants in Perth, Sydney and Melbourne, and requests for samples have been received from restaurants in France and Germany.

Research is also being conducted on green tea production by the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Manjimup Horticultural Research Institute. Japanese experts identified Manjimup as a suitable area for growing green tea based on "its climate, 'clean green' image, fertile soils and good rainfall". The Manjimup/Pemberton area is at a similar latitude to the prime tea-growing area Shizuoka in Japan, and shares similar acidic soils and average annual temperature. Trials of ten varieties of green tea will determine which will be the most successful.

Tourism
Manjimup's tourist attractions include the Diamond Tree fire lookout; the Four Aces, which are four 75 m karri trees over 400 years old; One Tree Bridge, a bridge made of a single karri tree; Fonty's Pool; a timber museum called Manjimup Timber Park; and timber sawmills including Deanmill. During wildflower season from October to December, the King Jarrah Heritage Trail is home to various native flowers.

Since 2001, an annual cherry festival has been held in December. The three-day festival features the crowning of the cherry king and queen and a cherry pit spitting competition, and is attended by some 5,000 visitors. In 1980, Manjimup held its first motocross event, named the Manjimup 15000 International Motocross in honour of the $15,000 prize for first place. The event was held annually in June until it was cancelled in 2006 due to public liability insurance issues and a lack of volunteers. In 2005, the event drew 6,000 spectators and 340 competitors from Australia, New Zealand and the United States. The event began running again in 2009.

The Manjimup Heritage Park was voted the Western Australia's joint Favourite Playground in 2021.

Education
Two public primary schools and one public high school are located in Manjimup along with a Catholic K-12 school, Saint Jeremy Chole College. Manjimup Primary School opened in 1911, and moved to a new location in 2005. Manjimup Primary School had 431 students in semester 2, 2007, with 40 of those students in part-time kindergarten. The student attendance rate is 94%, compared with 93.1% statewide. The school's students tend to remain in Manjimup for their secondary education.

East Manjimup Primary School opened in 1971. Seventy-five percent of students live in the town east of the railway line, with the remaining students from farms or smaller communities out of town or outside the school's catchment area. The school had 331 students in semester 2, 2007, with 36 in part-time kindergarten. Its student attendance rate is 93.2%.

Kearnan College (formerly Saint Jeremy Chole College) was founded by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart in 1925 and was originally called St Joseph's. The school had 461 students from kindergarten to year 12, as of September 2016. It was only a primary school in its early years; the high school was added under parish priest Father Stephen Kelly in 1970. With this addition, Kearnan College became the first coeducational catholic school in Western Australia.

The town's high school, Manjimup Senior High School, was established in 1957. School facilities were upgraded in 1997 and 1999, with the addition of a Technology and Enterprise Centre and refurbishment of several areas. Over half of its students travel to school on the school's buses, with the most distant students travelling more than 80 km, each way, per day. The school catchment area includes Manjimup, Bridgetown, Northcliffe, Pemberton and Boyup Brook. Manjimup Senior High School had 668 students in semester 2, 2007. Selected school programmes are delivered in partnership with South West College of TAFE, Challenger TAFE, and Edith Cowan University. The school consistently performs well in Tertiary Entrance Exam results. In 2007, Manjimup Senior High School was the best performing state school in WA, placed at number 8 in the list of top-performing schools.

Transportation
The railway from Bridgetown was extended to Wilgarup in 1909, and the railway line opened in 1911. As the line's terminus was near the Manjimup homestead, the station was named Manjimup. It was completed in June 1913. Aside from passengers, trains were used to transport timber to and from the sawmills in the area. In 1969, by which time passenger train services on the line had ceased, a new station building was constructed, to cater for road service passengers, rail freight and parcels traffic. The rail yards closed in 1997 and were redeveloped into Manji Park tourism precinct in 2003.

Cars are the primary method of transport in Manjimup – according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' 2006 census, 91% of people commuting to work were drivers or passengers in cars. The next most popular method of transport was walking, at 4.5%. The Manjimup Volunteer and Resource Centre runs a community bus service, primarily for youth, seniors, and people with disabilities and the Public Transport Authority contracts school bus services to Warren Bus Service.

Public transport between Perth and Manjimup consists of Transwa bus services 315 (Sunday) and 321 (Monday and Wednesday) from Perth to Pemberton via Bunbury, and 322 (Monday, Tuesday, Thursday) from Pemberton to Perth, also via Bunbury. Travellers can also take the daily Australind train for the Perth to Bunbury portion of the journey. South West Coach Lines travels between Perth and Manjimup on weekdays.

Politics
Manjimup is located in the Western Australian electoral district of Blackwood-Stirling and Federal Division of O'Connor. The statistics below combine votes from the Manjimup and East Manjimup polling places.

Forestry issues
The Manjimup region has been the focus of forest issues for over 80 years – initially the development of the Group Settlement Scheme saw forests cleared for settlements, then in the 1970s the Manjimup woodchipping scheme attracted widespread interest in the concern for the karri forests of the region. Two conservation groups prominently involved were Campaign to Save Native Forests and South West Forests Defence Foundation. Subsequent to the woodchipping controversies, the issue of old growth forests saw considerable interaction between conservationists and local forestry organisations. The resultant conflicts were in part resolved by government intervention, reducing clearfell quotas and providing schemes to re-deploy forestry workers made redundant by the reduction in the industry.

Climate
Manjimup has a mild Mediterranean climate, with cool wet winters and warm dry summers. Manjimup's longest consecutive run of cold days was 20 days between 13 July and 1 August 1958, and its longest consecutive wet spell was 44 days between 1 July to 13 August 1946. During this period, 374 mm of rain fell.

Notable people

 * Piero Balbo (1916–2003), lawyer, commander of Italian partisan groups 1943–1945, was born in Manjimup.
 * John Chester, eco-terrorist with criminal convictions for armed bank robbery, car theft, assault and confinement, theft of explosives and destruction of property. He carried out the 1976 Bunbury woodchip bombing in an attack on the port's woodchip exporting infrastructure.
 * Walter Handmer AM (1927–2007), Australian diplomat, lived in Manjimup from the early 1930s until 1944.
 * Sam Kekovich (born 1950), former Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne and Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (now Australian Football League), and Australian Lamb Meat Ambassador, born in Manjimup.
 * Shelly Liddelow (born 1984), Olympic field hockey player, born in Manjimup.
 * Marlion Pickett (born 1992), Australian rules footballer who plays for Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), born in Manjimup.
 * Matt Priddis (born 1985), former Australian rules footballer and Brownlow Medal winner who played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL), born in Manjimup.

title: Manjimup, Western Australia


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North Olmsted City School District

The North Olmsted City School District is the public school district that serves the city of North Olmsted, Ohio, United States. As of 2005, 4,573 students attended its nine schools. The North Olmsted City School colors are orange and black. The mascot is the Eagle. The school's fight songs are Miami U (from the University of Miami, Florida), On Wisconsin and War Eagle from Auburn University.

Awards and Reportcard
The School District passed a levy on February 6, 2007, the fifth attempt after four previous failures. 4,077 votes were cast for the Levy and 3,383 votes were cast against the Levy.

Despite levy problems, North Olmsted High School continues to be awarded "Excellent" status on its school report card meeting 12 out of 12 state indicators for the 2006–2007 school year, as well as 2005–2006, 2004–2005, and 2003–2004.

Birch, Butternut, Forest and Spruce elementary schools also earned "Excellent" status for the 2006–2007 school year. Chestnut, Maple, Pine and the North Olmsted Middle School earned "Effective" status for the 2006–2007 school year.

Schools
The school district administers a number of schools.

North Olmsted High School is the city's sole high school, and consists of grades 9 through 12. Enrollment for the 2007–2008 school year was approximately 1,600.

North Olmsted Middle School is the city's sole middle school and consists of grades 7 through 8. In 2015, the middle school relocated to Korab Hall, a building leased from St. Richard Catholic Church in preparation for the demolition of the old middle school buildings in advance of the construction of a $90 million combined middle school and high school. The building had previously been used by St. Richard School, which had closed two years earlier for financial reasons. The new campus is scheduled to open for the 2018–2019 school year.

Elementary education is provided by a combination of primary schools, which cover kindergarten and grades 1 through 3; and intermediate schools, which cover grades 4 though 6. The schools all have tree-themed names. The primary schools are Birch, Forest and Spruce Primary Schools, and the intermediate schools are Chestnut, Maple and Pine Intermediate Schools.

A former primary school, Butternut, was closed in 2016 and converted into administrative offices and a bus transportation center.

District alumni
The following notable individuals attended North Olmsted City Schools:
 * Thom Hatch, author and historian
 * Jim Tocco, baseball broadcaster
 * Adam Russell, Pitcher for the Tampa Bay Rays (MLB)

title: North Olmsted City School District


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Georgia

Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Georgia may refer to:

 * WikiProject Deletion sorting/Georgia (country)
 * WikiProject Deletion sorting/Georgia (U.S. state)


text:
User:SPUI/Bemani

See also wikibooks:beatmania

 * 1998 Q4 popn 1 AC
 * 1999-02-25 popn 1 CS
 * 1999-03-11 BM GB1
 * 1999 Q2 popn 2 AC
 * 1999-04-10 DDR CS JP
 * 1999 Q4 popn 3 AC
 * 1999-11-25 DDR club append 1 CS JP, BM GB2
 * 1999-12-22 DDR club append 2 CS JP
 * 2000-02-17 DDR 2 CS DC JP
 * 2000-03-02 BM 5 CS
 * 2000 Q2 popn 4 AC
 * 2000-04-27 DDR Club CS DC JP
 * 2000-05-25 popn 2 CS
 * 2000-06-01 DDR 3 CS JP
 * 2000-07-27 BM Best CS
 * 2000-09-21 KBM CS
 * 2000-09-28 BM GB2
 * 2000 Q4 popn 5 AC
 * 2000 popn Mickey (IR last updated 2000-09-14)
 * 2000-10-12 popn 4 CS
 * 2000-11-02 IIDX 3 CS
 * 2000-11-30 DDR Disney CS JP
 * 2000-12-21 BM CS which one?
 * 2001-02-08 DDR GB
 * before 2001-05-15 (IR) popn 6 AC
 * 2001-03-15 DDR 4 CS JP, DDR GB3
 * 2001-03-29 IIDX 4 CS, beatmania the sound of Tokyo, DDR GB Disney
 * 2001-09-20 DDR 5 CS JP
 * before 2001-12-05 (IR) popn 7 AC - after 5 CS by powerfolk
 * 2002-05 DDR 6 CS
 * 2002-05-30 popn 8 AC
 * 2002-06-27 popn 6 CS
 * 2002-07 IIDX 6 CS
 * 2002-11-21 popn 7 CS
 * 2003 Q1 popn 9 AC
 * 2003 Q1 popn 10 AC
 * 2003-02-27 popn best hits CS
 * 2003-04-24 DDR 7 CS
 * 2003-07-03 popn 8 CS
 * 2003-10-09 DDR Ex CS JP
 * 2003-12-11 DDR Party Collection CS JP
 * 2004-02-19 popn 9 CS
 * 2004-03 popn 11 AC
 * 2004-08-05 IIDX 7 CS
 * 2004-11-18 popn 10 CS, IIDX 8 CS, DDR Festival CS
 * 2005-01-05? popn 12 AC
 * 2005-03-24 IIDX 9 CS
 * 2005-07-14 DDR with Mario CS JP
 * 2005-07-21 popn 11 CS

title: User:SPUI/Bemani


text:
Phil Leonetti

Philip Michael Leonetti (born March 27, 1953) is an American former mobster who became the underboss of the Philadelphia crime family under his mentor, uncle and former boss, Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo, before becoming a government informant in 1989 after being sentenced to 45 years for racketeering. At that time, he was the highest-ranking member of the American Mafia to break his blood oath and turn informant. As part of his cooperation, he served just five years in prison, and later authored a book about the mob.

Early life
Leonetti was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Pasquale Leonetti and Annunziata Scarfo. Having been abandoned by his father at an early age, he was brought up by his mother. He moved to Ducktown, the Little Italy of Atlantic City, New Jersey shortly after, where he was protected and supervised by his uncle and other Scarfo members. He appeared to be the opposite of his uncle, a quiet and laid back personality.

Leonetti has alleged that, at 8 years of age, he was used as a decoy by Scarfo to dispose of a dead body, explaining to the young Leonetti that he had brutally stabbed a man in a New Jersey bar with an ice pick for disrespecting him. He attended Holy Spirit High School, where he played on the school's basketball team.

It was in 1978 that he gained the moniker "Crazy Phil" from a local radio talk show host. Leonetti did not like the nickname and was not referred to as such by his mob peers.

Mob career
In 1979, Nicky Scarfo ordered Leonetti to murder Vincent Falcone, a criminal associate who had been underestimating Scarfo's power within the crime family; he shot him twice. This would not be his last murder for Scarfo. A year later, he would be initiated as a made man. By the early 1980s, Leonetti was already a millionaire and controlled a lucrative trade of racketeering, illegal gambling, loan sharking, extortion and skimming from the Atlantic City casinos. A war within the family was also brewing as short reigned boss Philip Testa was killed by a nail bomb at his home in 1981, and so Scarfo began the war as he secured the top position for himself and eventually promoting Leonetti as his underboss in 1986.

In 1989, Leonetti received 45 years in prison for racketeering charges, while Scarfo was given 55 years. Shortly after, he agreed to testify against Scarfo and the family, also admitting to participating in 10 murders; this allowed for his release after only five years, subsequently going into hiding.

Later life
Shortly after Leonetti was released from prison, he married the former girlfriend of Vincent Falcone, whom he had murdered in 1979. In 2013, he published a book about his criminal life, Mafia Prince: Inside America's Most Violent Crime Family and The Bloody Fall of La Cosa Nostra, which details accounts of the Five Families, the American Mafia Commission and other crime families across the United States.

title: Phil Leonetti


text:
Ruggero Deodato

Ruggero Deodato (7 May 1939 – 29 December 2022) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and actor.

His career spanned a wide-range of genres including peplum, comedy, drama, poliziottesco, and science fiction, yet he is perhaps best known for directing violent and gory horror films with strong elements of realism. His most notable film is Cannibal Holocaust, considered one of the most controversial and brutal in the history of cinema, which was seized, banned or heavily censored in many countries, and which contained special effects so realistic that they led to Deodato being arrested on suspicion of murder. It is also cited as a precursor of found footage films such as The Blair Witch Project and The Last Broadcast. The film strengthened Deodato's fame as an "extreme" director and earned him the nickname "Monsieur Cannibal" in France.

Deodato was an influence on film directors like Oliver Stone, Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth and Nicolas Winding Refn.

Early life and career
Deodato was born in Potenza, Basilicata, and moved to Rome with his family as a child. He went to Denmark and started as a musician playing piano and conducting a small orchestra at 7 years old. Once back to Italy, he quit music after his private teacher sent him away for playing by ear.

Deodato grew up on a farm and at eighteen grew up in the neighborhood where Rome's major film studios are located. Through a friendship with the son of Rossellini, it was there that he learned how to direct under Roberto Rossellini and Sergio Corbucci; he helped to make Corbucci's The Slave and Django as an assistant director. Later on in the 1960s, he directed some comedy, musical, and thriller films, before leaving cinema to do TV commercials. In 1976 he returned to the big screen with his ultra-violent police flick Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man.

In 1977 he directed a jungle adventure called Last Cannibal World (also known as Jungle Holocaust) starring British actress Me Me Lai with which he 'rebooted' the cannibal film / mondo genre started years earlier by Italian director Umberto Lenzi.

Career
"Io ho fatto solo due/tre horror, il resto sono film realistici. I have only done two/three horror, the rest are realistic films."

Cannibal Holocaust
Late in 1979 he returned to the cannibal subgenre with the controversial Cannibal Holocaust. The film was shot in the Amazon Rainforest for a budget of about $100,000, and starred Robert Kerman, Francesca Ciardi, and Carl Gabriel Yorke. The film is a mockumentary about a group of filmmakers who go into the Amazon Rainforest and subsequently stage scenes of extreme brutality for a Mondo-style documentary. During production, many cast and crew members protested the use of real animal killing in the film, including Kerman, who walked off the set.

Deodato created massive controversy in Italy and all over the world following the release of Cannibal Holocaust, which was wrongly claimed by some to be a snuff film due to the overly realistic gore effects. Deodato was arrested on suspicion of murder, and was subsequently forced to reveal the secrets behind the film's special effects and to parade the lead actors before an Italian court in order to prove that they were still alive. Deodato also received condemnation, still ongoing, for the use of real animal torture in his films. Despite the numerous criticisms, Cannibal Holocaust is considered a classic of the horror genre and innovative in its found footage plot structure.

Subsequent career
Deodato's 1980 film The House on the Edge of the Park was the most censored of the 'video nasties' in the United Kingdom for its graphic violence. His Cut and Run is a jungle adventure thriller, containing nudity, extreme violence and the appearance of Michael Berryman as a crazed, machete-wielding jungle man.

In the 1980s, he made some other slasher/horror films, including Body Count, Phantom of Death and Dial Help. In the 1990s he turned to TV movies and dramas with some success. In 2007, he made a cameo appearance in Hostel: Part II in the role of a cannibal.

Deodato made about two dozen films and TV series, his films covering many different genres, including many action films, a western, a barbarian film and even a family film called Mom I Can Do It. He was also helping to develop a cannibal-themed video game called Borneo: A Jungle Nightmare.

Unrealized projects
Throughout his career, Deodato was attached to a number of projects which either did not come to fruition or, for various reasons, were assigned to other directors. He was initially attached to The New York Ripper (Lucio Fulci), The Last Shark (Enzo G. Castellari), Casablanca Express (Sergio Martino) and Amazonia: The Catherine Miles Story (Mario Gariazzo).

Unmade projects included a snake thriller, Rattles, and a sequel to Cannibal Holocaust entitled Cannibal Fury, which was to enter production in 1983.

Personal life and death
Deodato was married to actress Silvia Dionisio from 1971 to 1979. He had a son from the marriage. His partner was Micaela Rocco.

In 2019, the filmmaker was honored with a documentary about his life and career called Deodato Holocaust. Directed by Brazilian filmmaker Felipe M. Guerra, it was released in May of that year at the Fantaspoa Film Festival, in Brazil, with the presence of Ruggero. The documentary consists of a series of interviews that Guerra made with the Italian director, edited with images from Deodato's movies and personal photos. In 2021, Deodato Holocaust was released on Blu-Ray in Sweden and Germany – in limited media book format, containing also a 120-page booklet about Deodato's life and career. The documentary was later released in France and the United States, this time as a bonus feature in collector's editions of other films directed by Ruggero.

Deodato died in Rome on 29 December 2022, at the age of 83, from complications of pneumonia, kidney failure, and liver failure.

As director
Source(s):

As actor
Source(s):

Video games
Source(s):

title: Ruggero Deodato


text:
Talk:The Pickwick Papers

Untitled
How did it come to be known as The Pickwick Papers? Often it's understandable that titles get shortened (Robinson Crusoe for example), but the alliteration of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club is memorable and trips off the tongue rather nicely. And The Pickwick Papers is just such a boring title, really. When in its publishing history did it get saddled with the dull short title instead of the interesting longer one? --Bonalaw 12:14, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Is a list of every chapter in the book totally necessary? It seems like overkill. 68.1.98.64 03:34, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

This was *not* an idea from Seymour in any form!
I have a copy of the Pickwick Papers from the early 1900's. It is not dated in any way, but is published by DeWolfe, Fiske & Co. from Boston and is illustrated by F. Barnard. The book has a preface written by Dickens for which the primary purpose is to refute the common belief that Seymour had anything to do with the idea. Dickens was approached to write a periodical for which Seymour was to only provide the illustrations. All of the input from the artist was in response to the words that had already been written. The preface stated "Mr. Seymour never originated or suggested an incident, a phrase, or a word to be found in this book. Mr. Seymour died when only twenty-four pages of this book were published, and when assuredly not forty-eight were written." It states that Dickens only met Seymour one time, and that was the night before he died. The preface goes on with several pages in this vein, describing the true origin of the novel. Dick Schneiders dickschnei@aol.com 68.102.254.3 21:35, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Your entire statement is demonstrably incorrect. “The Pickwickians in Wardle’s Kitchen,” by Robert Seymour (illustrator), illustrates the episode given on page 50 of the original monthly issue. Considering he died 3 months earlier, Dickens statements; ("Mr. Seymour never originated or suggested an incident, a phrase, or a word to be found in this book. Mr. Seymour died when only twenty-four pages of this book were published, and when assuredly not forty-eight were written;" and that “All of the input from the artist was in response to the words that had already been written;” ) Were demonstrably untrue. “Mr. Dickens had published a falsehood of great gravity and magnitude, and which, had he been compelled to contradict, would have placed his character for truth, gratitude and humanity, in a very bad light (Ref: Mrs. Jane Seymour.) In short, Dickens lied. NB: This anomoly is historically referred to as: “The Seymour Controversy in Pickwick prefaces &c”Stephen2nd (talk) 18:25, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Mr Jingle
Editors here might want to contribute to this debate: Articles for deletion/Alfred Jingle Colin4C (talk) 10:11, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Grammatical Error
In the first paragraph (or at least the introduction segment of this article) you do not put a period after Mr. I have seen this mistake oddly enough in a few other Wikipedia articles and am wondering whether or not there is some sort of special reason for this or if someone is purposely removing the Mr period from these articles. Could you please give me some insight on this matter.-James Pandora Adams —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.176.143.14 (talk) 04:04, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * From Mr.: 'In writing, "mister" is almost always contracted "Mr." or "Mr" when used with the person's name. Similarly to many contractions of titles, in the United States, Canada and South Africa, a period (full stop or full point) follows the abbreviated form, while in most Commonwealth countries the period is not used.'
 * So this is normal British English usage, not a grammatical error. Fowler suggests using a period when the abbreviation is a truncation, and not when intervening letters are omitted to form the abbreviation (in this case the 'iste' of 'Mister'). Squiddy | (squirt ink?)  10:38, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Hablot Knight Browne images
I have replaced the rather washed low resolution images with 8-bit grayscales from the 1st edition I prepared for the Wiksource text. The new ones are higher resolution and have a better tonal range and I think are an improvement. But they do come from severely toned images and other editors might not agree they are better.

By all means replace them with the old ones if so, but I found the old ones so washed out ye cleaning as to be scarcely worth having and very unnattractive becuse of it. I would rather have a few blemishes in a tonally rich image. TheCircleSquared (talk) 13:42, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Me too, Squared, as an higher resolution is necessary (naturally OR as often the case) to clear up points of confusion. It seems that there is a practice of statements written purposely ambiguous with the intention that  false alternative interpretations will be the meaning to readers not in the loop. Such statements are not the practice of honesty and do not communicate the truth within any scope. It's higher resolutions that allow readers to see that the book published was evidently edited under the pen name Boz, which reveals a slightly different message than authored.-Dirtclustit (talk) 21:03, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Pickwick Papers


text:
Girona–Costa Brava Airport

Girona–Costa Brava Airport (Catalan: Aeroport de Girona-Costa Brava, Spanish: Aeropuerto de Gerona-Costa Brava) is an airport located 12.5 km southwest of the city of Girona, next to the small village of Vilobí d'Onyar, in the north-east of Catalonia, Spain. The airport is well connected to the Costa Brava and the Pyrenees. Girona Airport is used as an alternative airport for Barcelona as well, even though the airport is 74 km north of the center of Barcelona.

History
The airport was built in 1965, but passenger traffic was modest.

The early 2000s saw passenger numbers grow spectacularly after Ryanair chose Girona as one of its European hubs, marketing it as 'Barcelona-Girona'. In 1993, Girona Airport dealt with only 275,000 passengers; in the six years from 2002 to 2008 passenger numbers increased by nearly ten times from just over 500,000 to more than 5.5 million, but after Ryanair began to move their Barcelona operations from Girona to the larger El Prat International Airport, half of these were lost again in the next 4 years until 2012 with only 2.8 million passengers. 2014 saw less than 2.2 million passengers pass through the airport. In 2016 it carried just 1.6 million passengers.

Facilities
The airport consists of one two-storey passenger terminal building. On the ground floor there are 33 check-in desks, with 11 boarding gates on the first floor for both domestic and international flights. Food is available in the departures area of the airport, as well as a few shops.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Girona:

Ground transportation
Along with being an alternative option to Barcelona Airport, Girona Airport is convenient for the resorts along the Costa Brava, such as Lloret de Mar, l'Estartit and Blanes. It is about a 40-minute drive from the French border and many people use Girona Airport as a way of getting to the Pyrenees and the ski resorts of Andorra.

By car
The airport is served by three main roads:
 * E-15/AP-7 (Perpignan, France – south of Spain)
 * C-25 (Lleida – Vic – Girona)
 * N-II, (Madrid – Barcelona – Perpignan, France)

By bus
There are six bus lines operating in the airport to:
 * Barcelona (departure times depend on flight schedule, journey time: approx. 75 min, single ticket: €19.50)
 * Costa Brava/Maresme (stops at Tossa de Mar, Lloret de Mar, Blanes, Malgrat de Mar, Santa Susanna, Pineda de Mar and Calella de la Costa)
 * North Costa Brava (stops at Figueres, Roses, Pineda de Mar, Calella de Palafrugell and Tossa de Mar)
 * Girona (25 minutes, one every hour)
 * Perpignan in France
 * Andorra

By train
The closest main line railway station to the airport is in Girona. The closest railway station is in fact Riudellots Halt, 4 km away from the airport. There is a project to build a station for the AVE line LGV Perpignan–Figueres, which passes within a few hundred meters of the terminal.

Incidents and accidents

 * On 14 September 1999, at 21:47 UTC, a Boeing 757-204 charter flight from Cardiff, Wales, UK, with 236 passengers and 9 crew overshot the runway when landing in a storm and broke apart. After leaving the runway, it ran 343 m across flat grassland beside the runway, before going diagonally over a substantial earth mound adjacent to the airport boundary, becoming semi-airborne as a result. Beyond the mound it hit and severed a number of medium-sized trees and the right engine struck the boundary fence. The aircraft then yawed considerably to the right, passed through the fence, landed again in a field, and its main landing gears collapsed. It finally stopped after a 244 m slide across the field. Damage was substantial: the fuselage was broken in two places and the landing gear and both engines detached. Remarkably, there were no immediate fatalities but 44 people, including the aircraft's captain, received hospital treatment for severe to minor injuries. One elderly passenger died a week later.

title: Girona–Costa Brava Airport


text:
Harry Reyner

Harry Reyner (1889–1978) was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from 1930 to 1932. Before serving as mayor, he was a businessman, starting as a boy, selling pies to workers at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company. As an adult, he started a business as a ship chandler with his father. He left to fight in World War I, and returned at the war's conclusion to run Associated Charities, which provided assistance to families suffering from the local depression that occurred when the shipyard lost its wartime shipbuilding contracts.

He was first elected to serve on Newport News City Council in 1922. He served one term as mayor, and as mayor he established a pension fund for city employees. He also served four terms as vice-mayor.

title: Harry Reyner


text:
User:Cyco84 org

i'm from sabah, malaysia. send your comment if you to notice me. i'm sure you'll be sorry. thank you!!!!

title: User:Cyco84 org


text:
User:Paolo Liberatore~enwiki/Template

This is a template, called with parameters: and.

This is not shown in the template

This is shown only in the template, not in the page where the template is included

title: User:Paolo Liberatore~enwiki/Template


text:
Botstein

Botstein is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * David Botstein (born 1942), American biologist
 * Leon Botstein (born 1946), Swiss-American conductor, academic administrator, and scholar

title: Botstein


text:
Bordaia

Bordaia is a genus of moths of the family Hepialidae. There are five described species, all endemic to Australia.

Species

 * Bordaia furva
 * Bordaia karnka
 * Bordaia moesta
 * Bordaia paradoxa
 * Bordaia pica

title: Bordaia


text:
Panyassis

Panyassis of Halicarnassus, sometimes known as Panyasis (Πανύασις), was a 5th-century BC Greek epic poet from Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey).

Life
Panyassis was the son of Polyarchus (Πολύαρχος) from Halicarnassus, but the historian Duris of Samos claimed that Panyasis was the son of Diocles (Διοκλῆς) and from Samos. In addition, the historian Herodotus was either his nephew or his cousin. There was also another person of the same name, possibly the grandson of the poet, who wrote a work in two books on dreams.

In 454 BC, Panyassis was executed for political activities by the tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia, Lygdamis ΙΙ (Λύγδαμις), after an unsuccessful uprising against him.

Panyasis was ranked by the Alexandrian School with the great epic poets.

The Suda encyclopedia mentions Panyassis.

Works
Panyassis enjoyed relatively little critical appreciation during his lifetime, but was posthumously recognised as one of the greatest poets of archaic Greece. His most famous works are: the Heracleia about the hero Heracles, written in epic hexameter, and the Ionica about the histories of the Ionian cities of Asia Minor, reportedly written in pentameter. These works are preserved today only in fragments. It is believed that he also wrote other works which have since been lost.

title: Panyassis


text:
User:Jeremygbyrne/Alchemy (play)

Alchemy is a stageplay structured around the progression of the Great Work, set in near-future Australia.

This two-act (40-minutes per act) play, set in a suburban Perth house in late December 2012, tells the story of a young woman whose obsession with the British monarch forces her life and relationships to a crisis point. The protagonist's personal and spiritual development during the course of the play reflects the alchemical procedures traditionally used to produce the Philosopher's Stone.

Dramatis Personae
Alchemy's 26 year old protagonist
 * Leah

Leah's 25 year old best friend and confidant
 * Adele

An expatriate American, who believes his dead wife Katherine's spirit has been bonded to his own soul in a G'tath Ceremony, part of the ritual worship-paths of Cardassia's prehistoric Monmorian people. K'tiger is otherwise an intelligent and personable young man.
 * K'tiger

{To be expanded}

title: User:Jeremygbyrne/Alchemy (play)


text:
Talk:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

French title
Did the French title contain the comma in it?No it didnt though why of topic broseph? It seems quite unusual to me; I found it in several sources via Google, but I also found some sources without the comma (and even few sources saying that it was Memoires De La Vie Privee de Benjamin Franklin). -- Sandius 12:18, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, Sandius. I'm not sure what that comma is supposed to signify. When I made changes to this article, I conformed (and expanded) the title based on the way it's listed on p. 361 of the "Norton Critical Edition" listed under the "Sources" section. That gives a section of "Key Editions of Franklin's Autobiography" that lists and explains the various early publications in French and English. I went by the title I found there. -MollyTheCat 11:29, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Unknown reason for edit
My sentence "He had intended this as a basis for a projected sect but, Franklin says, did not pursue the project" had someone insert a question mark in parentheses near the words "projected sect." I am not sure why this addition was made unless it was vandalism, but I have reverted to the previous form. Perhaps the person who added this question mark, if he/she had a reason for doing so, can explain here the concern he/she was trying to express? I think the statement I wrote was factually accurate with reference to Franklin's book unless I've misunderstood what he said. Thanks. -MollyTheCat 01:53, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Another edit re-edited
Someone has added the following sentence at the beginning of the "Publication history" section:

 * "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is on the hundred most banned books list published by the American Library Association for 'social reasons'...."

I don't know the source for this claim, but have no reason to doubt it. However, this is not the most appropriate place for the comment, and I am therefore moving it to put it in the final section under reactions to the book, which seems a more logical position. -MollyTheCat 04:59, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

francis moloan is a famous artist what about ben frank

Wondering whether you should consider adding an entry to the "Manuscripts and Editions to 1900" section. Specifically, Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Written by Himself, Together with a Number of His Humorous, Moral, and Literary Essays, Chiefly in the Manner of The Spectator. Middletown: Starr & Niles, 1823. This edition, which I have in hand, appears in the OCLC Worldcat catalog, and the catalog record says that this 1823 Starr & Niles edition appears in Paul Leicester Ford's Franklin Bibliography. Shulett (talk) 19:22, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

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Cheshbon HaNefesh
In 1808, the "self-help program" part of the book was translated (adapted) to Hebrew and published anonymously as Cheshbon HaNefesh; it became an instant Mussar classic.

https://brill.com/view/journals/rrj/22/2/article-p228_5.xml

https://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/sinkoff/10-benjamin-franklin-in-jewish-eastern-europe/file

https://rabbisedley.blogspot.com/2008/12/ben-franklin-and-cheshbon-hanefesh.html

https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/a-forgetting-of-benjamin-franklin/

https://ixtheo.de/Record/1683553683

https://dovbear.blogspot.com/2016/12/harav-ben-franklin.html

Actually, this is mentioned here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Lefin

Drsruli (talk) 18:20, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

"His Autobiography" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=His_Autobiography&redirect=no His Autobiography] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 17:58, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

"Account of My Life" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Account_of_My_Life&redirect=no Account of My Life] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 18:00, 13 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Ionica

Ionica may refer to:

People

 * Ionică, a Romanian version of John (given name)
 * Viorica Ionică (born 1955), a Romanian handballer
 * Ionică Minune (born 1959), a Romani-Romanian accordionist
 * Ionica Munteanu (born 1979), a Romanian female handballer
 * Ionica Smeets (born 1979), a Dutch mathematician and science journalist
 * Ionică Tăutu (1798–1828), a Moldavian boyar

Other uses

 * Ionica (company), a former British telecoms provider
 * Ionica, a poem by Panyassis, 5th century BC
 * Ionica, a poetry anthology by William Johnson Cory, 1858

title: Ionica


text:
Talk:Reinforced concrete

Concrete versus Reinforced concrete
This article (reinforced concrete) contains some information that belongs with the article (concrete). The content on reinforcing need to be reinforced. Gregorydavid 07:06, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Reinforced concrete normally refers to structural grade concrete that is reinforced by means of high tensile steel reinforcing bars which have a deformed surface and mild steel bars which are smooth.

Reinforced concrete design relates to the structural analysis of beams, slabs and columns. The resulting design yeilds the required amount of main tensile reinforcing, secondary compression reinforcing and shear reinforcing in the form of stirups.

Concrete technology relates to all the chemistry and workability issues..

So we have three articles Concrete, Reinforced concrete and Prestressed concrete.. can we merge all th relevant parts? Gregorydavid 18:49, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Fertilizer induced spalling
In agriculture warehouses where nitrogen fertilizers are stored, one sees the reinforced concrete bins spalling after just a few years of use. Does anyone know the chemical reaction that is weakening the concrete? nitrogen (N) + phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) + potassium oxide (K2O) + calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ->?

Cutting and replacing reinforced concrete
If you need to cut a section of a reinforced concrete slab, is there any standard for tying in newly poored concrete to preserve the integrity of the reinforcing? I understand that you may be able to cut in new re-bars into the existing concrete but am unclear re how this is done to ensure safe load transfer from the old to new concrete. Can someone please advise how this is done?

 * Wikipedia isn't the place for homework questions, but here's the answer: Holes are drilled into the existing slab, and dowels placed into the holes, held securely with epoxy. The length which the dowel extends into the existing slab, the length which the dowel extends into the new concrete, and the connections between the dowels and the new reinforcing are determined by the structural engineer, subject to building code constraints. Argyriou 07:04, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Production of spun concrete poles
What is the most effective way of producing spun concrete poles?

Who supplies the machines in Africa, the Middle East?

FRP materials
Thebluejay wrote

"Because FRP materials are linearly-elastic to failure, FRP-reinforced concrete elements will typically exhibit more brittle structural behaviour than those elements reinforced with traditional steel rebars. FRP-reinforced elements also exhibit vastly reduced fire-resistance. These two considerable weaknesses have limited its use to only extremely specialized applications."

I can't agree directly on this. Testing on our lab (Norwegian Building research Institute) shows that FPS (plastic fibres) is as ductile as steel - they adsorbe the same ammount of energy without beeing more brittle than steel. We have not tested Carbon based FPR. As to fire resistance this is of course dependent of the temperature where the FPR looses it's effect, and do varry from FPR to FPR. Removed the section from the page untill someone gets up with something better..... Oyvind 08:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Anchor length
''Although the ridges on rebar offer increased surface area to resist tension forces, sometimes there is not enough embedment of reinforcing steel in the concrete to fully transfer tensile forces between the concrete and rebar. In these cases the rebar may be bent into a 90 degree hook, which itself will transfer half of the capacity of the rebar between the rebar and concrete.''

This needs more detail to be understanable to a non-engineer reader. Okay, I took a stab at it, I may be wrong...
 * Hi, this discussion deals with the anchor length required so that bars do not pull out when they are subjected to tension or pulling forces. Test and theorerical calculations based on the condition where the steel bar begins to yield and the grip between the concrete and the steel begins to happen simultaneously give a required lap length equivalent to about 42 diametre of the bars to be anchored or lapped. Bars with hooks require a shorter anchor length.

Gregorydavid 06:57, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Exclaimation Points
They just sort of make the article look silly. Reinforced concrete, while certainly a marvel of modern architecture, is not that exciting. 66.82.9.90 22:11, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I got rid of the last two. Argyriou 23:26, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Concrete Cancer
I don't understand the relevance of this section. Concrete cancer simply doesn't exist! Alkali-silica reaction, HAC conversion and sulfate attack are deterioration mechanisms in their own right and should be upgraded accordingly.Kpeyn 22:21, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

use in military enginering
shouldn't there be at least a link to fortress or a mention of the extensive use of reinforced concrete buildings in the early 20th century like the maginot line of fortress's?

uses
shouldn't there at least be some mention of the many uses of reinforced concrete e.g. military enginering Askin 18:31, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Diagram
Possible diagram with the rebar or other materials that make reinforce concrete, in .svg file. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.103.252.156 (talk) 05:26, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Spelling
I was hesitant to change sulphate to sulfate. Now I know that IUPAC follows U.S. spelling rather than U.K. spelling in this case. I was hesitant because, some months ago, I was reprimanded for changing aluminium to aluminum, where IUPAC follows U.K. practice. It is still not clear, in general, when to follow British and when to follow American practice. (I have an English A.B. from Stanford but not from Oxford, so my ignorance is incomplete. Donfbreed (talk) 04:12, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The rules on this are a tad confusing. Generally, you can't change from one spelling to another where the article has an established convention. In this case we seem to have a bit of a mix - "behavior", "behaviour", and "colour" all occur. :) I have no problem with going to US spelling, if you think that's a good idea. - Bilby (talk) 05:13, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Some portions are lacking in inline references; some information is mislocated
I notice that, beginning with the section Reinforced_concrete and continuing with the sections Reinforced_concrete and Reinforced_concrete, there are no longer any inline references. Furthermore, the section Reinforced_concrete has just three references for all the information presented. I am unsure how to tag the article, but it appears that this material was contributed without due regard for inline references.

At the same time, the two sections Reinforced_concrete and Reinforced_concrete now rather lack coherence, with the latter incorporating much material that ought to be in the former. My notion would be to move all information about reinforcement with fibers from the section Reinforced_concrete into the article Fiber_reinforced_concrete and rework the section Reinforced_concrete accordingly (perhaps employing conditional transclusion). Then the section Reinforced_concrete would refer only to non-steel reinforcement in the form of bars. That section would still need better inline references. ArthurOgawa (talk) 08:31, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

Intro all done in bold
The current intro is 136 words, of which 134 of them are in bold (!!).

I suggest this defeats the very purpose of boldening, ie to highlight just the key concepts, as well as making it look cluttered & hard to scan. If no objections I was planning to clean this up. Geekstreet (talk) 12:21, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

Non-steel reinforcement
The information in the section on non-steel reinforcement may be better located under the Rebar and/or Fibre-reinforced plastic pages. Jtyler277 (talk) 07:36, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

Early history conflict
The history page on concrete and this page do not agree on who first used reinforcement in concrete. I think the source referenced on the concrete page for Monier is inaccurate, and the Joseph Monier page does not contain the information given in the concrete history. More research should be done to accurately summarize the early history with good references, and coordinate these pages. Jtyler277 (talk) 17:25, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

First Sentence
"low tensile strength and ductility" does this mean low tensile strength and low ductility, or low tensile strength and (high) ductility. Either way it should be changed to be less ambiguous (e.g. "low tensile strength and low ductility" or "ductility and low tensile strength") Finnigami (talk) 00:49, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Leaning Tower of Nevyansk
Other than this, and the towers own page, I can't identify any source, let alone a reliable one, that asserts it was constructed out of reinforced-concrete. A masonry construction, featuring fired clay bricks that incorporated lime and egg white, in their fabrication, is mentioned in a couple of sources. There are a couple that state it was reinforced with tie-bars and anchor plates, but so far, not a mention of any Portland cement, let alone reinforced. Does anyone have a reliable source? A.j.roberts (talk)

The section on bamboo
Reads like somebody with a stake in bamboo-reinforced concrete just plunked a whitepaper straight into the article. Otherdorian (talk) 13:08, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I took the step of just removing it. I don't think there needs to be any discussion before removal as it is a low-quality, seemingly low-effort copy-paste contribution. It doesn't at all fit with the rest of the article's contents and structure. It even had its own separate references section. A blurb about bamboo could be incorporated into the "Non-steel reinforcement" section but that's not what was contributed. North by Midwest (talk) 01:51, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reinforced concrete