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Adelia barbinervis

Adelia barbinervis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae that is native to southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Huastec Maya cultivated the plant as a famine food.

Description
Adelia barbinervis is a shrub, or as a tree that grows to be 2-9 meters tall. The bark is spinescent, thin, and gray to whitish.

The leaves grow with an alternate (spiral) pattern. The upper side is dark green and hairless while the underside is paler and pubescent (covered with short, soft hairs) along the veins. Rarely, the underside of the leaf is tomentose, i.e. densely covered in short, matted hairs. The leaves have 5-7 lateral veins. The axils of the veins have tufts of hair called domatia. The leaves are lanceolate (pointy at both ends) with a length of 4-9 cm and a width of 2-3.5 cm. The margins are entire. The leaves are connected to their twig by a 2-5 mm petiole, which is pubescent. The inconspicuous stipules at the base of the petiole are pubescent and, like the leaves, lanceolate.

Plants flower from November to January. The species is dioecious: male and female flowers are not found on the same plant. Flowers grow from the axils of the leaves. The male flowers grow in cymose fascicles of 10-30 flowers. The male pedicels are pubescent and just 3.5-7 mm long. Male flowers have 3-5 greenish or whitish ovate sepals, which are about 2 mm long and pubescent on both sides. Male flowers have 8-12 whitish stamens, each with 2-mm filaments and globose anthers, that are joined at the base. The female flowers have longer pedicels, 15-30 mm long. Female flowers have 5-7 green, linear-lanceolate sepals 2-3 mm long, the upper surfaces of which are puberulent. The ovary is tomentose. The three yellow or white 1.5- to 2-mm styles are flat and widened, joined at the base, and have lacerate (jagged) edges at the apex.

The species produces fruit from January to April. The fruit is a green, pubescent, three-lobed capsule 1.1 mm in diameter that dehisces when dry. The smooth, pale seeds inside are 3.5-4.5 mm long and subglobose.

Taxonomy
Adelia barbinervis was first described by Cham. & Schltdl. and was published in Linnaea 6: 362 in 1831. Ricinella barbinervis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Müll.Arg. , published in Linnaea 34: 154 (1865), is a homotypic synonym of Adelia barbinervis.

The specific epithet barbinervis means “bearded veins” and refers to the leaves’ domatia.

Adelia barbinervis is closely related to A. triloba.

Distribution and habitat
Adelia barbinervis is native to seasonally dry climates from Mexico to Nicaragua, where it is found in tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, and secondary forests at elevations of 0-500m. It is common in milpa regrowth ecosystems.

Uses
The Huastec Maya cultivated the plant as a famine food, cooking the shoots and tender leaves as greens. The wood is used as firewood.

title: Adelia barbinervis


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Category:New Japan Pro-Wrestling championships

This category includes championships that have been fought for in New Japan Pro Wrestling.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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John Gale (poker player)

John Gale (13 December 1953 – 18 November 2019) was an English professional poker player based in Bushey, Hertfordshire.

Gale started playing Texas hold 'em in mid-2004. He first made a name for himself by qualifying for the World Poker Tour (WPT) 2005 PokerStars Caribbean Poker Adventure tournament in The Bahamas in an online satellite tournament. He went on to win the first place prize of $890,600, outlasting a 461 player field in his first major live tournament.

Upon returning to his management consultant job, he found less of an interest in day-to-day activities and sold the business to concentrate on poker full-time.

Gale finished in the money on the European Poker Tour the next month, and finished in the money four times during the 2005 World Series of Poker, including a second-place finish to Brian Wilson in the $5,000 pot limit hold 'em event. He also made it through to day 2 of the $10,000 no limit hold 'em main event.

At the 2006 WSOP, Gale won Event #29 (a $2,500 Pot Limit Hold'em event) when his K♣ 9♠ defeated Maros Lechman's A♠ 6♠ on a board of T♣ 9♦ 7♣ 5♠ 2♣ in the final hand. Gale was awarded $374,849 along with a WSOP bracelet.

During the 2015 WSOP, Gale won Event #18 (a $1,000 Turbo No Limit Hold'em event). He secured the victory over Gary Luther in heads-up play when he was re-raised all in pre-flop holding 2♣ 2♥ versus Luther's A♣ 3♠. Gale called and the board ran out 8♥ 4♥ 4♦ 10♠ 9♣ giving him the winning hand. He was awarded $298,290 and his second WSOP bracelet.

As of 2015, his total live tournament winnings exceed $3,600,000. His 10 cashes as the WSOP account for $954,900 of those winnings.

Gale died on 18 November 2019 at the age of 65.

title: John Gale (poker player)


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Sandilch

Sandilch (Σάνδιλ, Σάνδιλχος; Turkic "boat) was a chieftain of the Utigurs in the 6th century. The origin of the name is probably Turkic.  Although he initially protested against leading the Utigurs into war against a related people, the Kutrigurs, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527–565) convinced him to do so through diplomatic persuasion and bribery. The Utigurs led by Sandilch attacked the Kutrigurs, who suffered great losses.

Sandilch's own words: "It is neither fair nor decent to exterminate our tribesmen (the Kutrigurs), who not only speak a language, identical to ours, who are our neighbours and have the same dressing and manners of life, but who are also our relatives, even though subjected to other lords". After decimating each other, the remnant of Zabergan's and Sandilch's Bulgars acquired Dacia during the reign of Emperor Maurice.

Honours
Sandilh Point in Antarctica is named after Sandilch.

title: Sandilch


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Don Blankenship

Donald Leon Blankenship (born March 14, 1950) is an American business executive, perennial candidate, and convicted criminal. He was chairman and CEO of the Massey Energy Company—the sixth-largest coal company (by 2008 production) in the United States —from 2000 until 2010 when an explosion at Massey's Upper Big Branch Mine resulted in the death of 29 workers. He was imprisoned for 1 year for conspiring to violate federal mine safety standards.

On December 3, 2015, Blankenship was found guilty of one misdemeanor charge of conspiring to willfully violate mine safety and health standards in relation to the Upper Big Branch Mine explosion, and was sentenced to one year in prison.

He has frequently spoken out about politics, the environment, unions, and coal production. In 2018, Blankenship lost a three-way Republican primary for the U.S. Senate to Patrick Morrisey.

Citing false information and dirty politics for his loss and claiming a personal unwillingness to quit, Blankenship attempted to run as the Constitution Party nominee, but was unable to get on the ballot and later endorsed Morrisey. In January 2024, he declared his candidacy as a Democrat for the United States Senate seat held by retiring Senator Joe Manchin in the 2024 election. Blankenship had switched his party registration sometime in 2023.

Early life and education
Blankenship was born in Stopover, Kentucky, and raised in Delorme, West Virginia. His father served in the Korean War and his mother, Nancy McCoy, was a member of the McCoy family. The two divorced soon after Blankenship was born, and with the money from her divorce settlement Blankenship's mother ran a convenience store and gas station for 40 years. After graduating from Matewan High School in Matewan, West Virginia, in 1968, Blankenship earned a bachelor's degree in accounting from Marshall University in 1972 in three school years, having worked as a coal miner during summertime.

Blankenship is certified as a public accountant. In 2002, he was inducted into the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' Business and Industry Hall of Fame. Blankenship has also been included in the Tug Valley Mining Institute Hall of Fame.

Business career
Blankenship joined Massey Energy subsidiary Rawl Sales & Processing Co., in 1982. He went on to serve Massey Energy in a number of capacities. He was promoted to president of Massey Coal Services, Inc. (1989–1991), then president and chief operating officer from 1990 to 1991. In 1992, Blankenship was named president, chairman of the board of A.T. Massey. He is the first non-Massey family member to be in charge of the company. When A.T. Massey was spun off from Fluor Corporation as Massey Energy in 2000, Blankenship became the newly independent company's chairman and CEO. On December 3, 2010, Blankenship announced that he was retiring as CEO at the end of the year and would be succeeded by Massey President Baxter F. Phillips Jr. Blankenship had a reputation for resistance to spending money, willingness to litigate for contract difficulties, and personally going into mines to persuade workers to abandon union organizing efforts. In a 1980s documentary, he said, "It's like a jungle, where a jungle is survival of the fittest. Unions, communities, people—everybody's gonna have to learn to accept that in the United States you have a capitalist society, and that capitalism, from a business standpoint, is survival of the most productive."

In 1996, Blankenship was elected to the board of directors of engineering and construction company Fluor Corporation. He also serves as a director of the Center for Energy and Economic Development, a director of the National Mining Association, Mission West Virginia Inc, and was on the U.S. Chamber of Commerce board of directors.

Blankenship was paid $17.8 million (~$ in ) in 2009, the highest in the coal industry. It was a $6.8 million raise over 2008, and almost double his compensation package in 2007. Blankenship also received a deferred compensation package valued at $27.2 million (~$ in ) in 2009.

In 2011, Blankenship incorporated McCoy Coal Group, a coal company in Kentucky (not to be confused with the James River Coal Company subsidiary McCoy-Elkhorn Coal Corp). McCoy has yet to seek mining permits.

Political campaigns
Blankenship is an active participant in West Virginia politics. During a speech at the Tug Valley Mining Institute on November 20, 2008, Blankenship called House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Senator Harry Reid and former Vice President Al Gore "crazies" and "greeniacs." He has spoken out against media coverage and what he calls false attacks by liberal media. He has also said "the truth needs to be told about what happened at the Upper Big Branch coal mine" on the basis that a single individual from the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration was chosen to investigate the disaster.

2018
Citing his displeasure with federal handling of the coal industry, and his longtime criticisms of the condition of West Virginia politics in general, Blankenship ran for U.S. Senate in the 2018 Senate election, challenging incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Joe Manchin. His television ads were aimed at "getting the truth out" about the Upper Big Branch explosion and "exposing the government cover-up." The ads further claimed Blankenship had documents showing that the MSHA Upper Big Branch internal report was falsified and that the company was forced by the MSHA to use a defective ventilation system.

He also expressed a belief that Donald Trump's proposed Mexico-United States border wall in conjunction ending sanctuary cities would help stop drug trafficking.

Blankenship said he was "Trumpier than Trump" but that the establishment was misinforming him because they did not want him "to be in the U.S. Senate and promote the president's agenda." The national Republican leadership and allied groups made statements and ran ads against Blankenship, and the day before the Republican primary, Trump posted a tweet urging voters to vote for either of Blankenship's major primary opponents, Evan Jenkins and Patrick Morrisey, because Blankenship would not be competitive in the general election. Trump's tweet came in the wake of reporting that internal Republican polling had shown a surge in Blankenship's support among likely primary voters. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, whom Blankenship harshly criticized in his campaign, reportedly urged Trump to express opposition to Blankenship.

During the Republican primary campaign, Blankenship received criticism for calling McConnell's wife Elaine Chao a "Chinaperson."

After Patrick Morrisey won the primary, Blankenship reentered the race as the nominee of the West Virginia Constitution Party.

Throughout his campaign he made a claim that the Upper Big Branch explosion was caused by the negligence of Mine Safety and Health Administration officials.

In the wake of his unsuccessful campaign, Blankenship sued numerous media organizations and individual journalists, alleging defamation, false light, invasion of privacy, and civil conspiracy because they misstated he was a "felon" after being convicted and served one year in prison for a federal criminal conspiracy offense when it was actually classified as misdemeanor; the case was dismissed at the federal district court level and that decision was affirmed on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 22, 2023. In October 2023, the United States Supreme Court declined to overturn that ruling.

2024
On January 26, 2024, Blankenship announced that he would run for Manchin's Senate seat again that year, this time as a Democrat. Manchin had announced his retirement in November 2023. The West Virginia Democratic Party almost immediately disavowed his candidacy, with chairman Mike Pushkin stating that "Blankenship, or as he'll forever be known, federal prisoner 12393-088," does not represent the party's values. Blankenship himself has indicated that he would not join the Senate Democratic Caucus if elected.

2020 U.S. presidential campaign

Blankenship launched his campaign for the Constitution Party nomination in the 2020 United States presidential election in October 2019 during a meeting of the Constitution Party national committee. He was nominated for president at the virtual Constitution Party Convention on the second ballot on May 2, 2020, with William Mohr as his running mate. Blankenship and Mohr went on to receive 59,924 votes.

Political positions
Blankenship supports Friends of Coal, a West Virginia advocacy group founded as a countermeasure to environmental protection movements. He later released statements urging Trump to avoid legislation enacting harsher punishment for coal mine supervisors that violate health and safety protocols, saying that "coal supervisors are not criminals", and that harsher laws would not improve mine safety.

In 2016, Blankenship supported conservative advocacy groups to remove Democrats from the legislature. That same year, Hillary Clinton's campaign criticized him after he appeared at her campaign stop in Williamson, West Virginia.

Climate change
Blankenship rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. In a speech at the Tug Valley Mining Institute, he said, "I don't believe climate change is real." Blankenship reiterated his views on global warming in interviews with The Hill and Forbes.

In an October 30, 2009, letter to the editor of The Charleston Gazette, Blankenship denied that climate change, or global warming, exists, writing, "Why should we trust a report by the United Nations? The United Nations includes countries like Venezuela, North Korea and Iran." According to Blankenship, "the environmental movement isn't a great cause, it's a great business", and in addition to lying about the Upper Big Branch mine disaster, the government has also lied "about the science of global warming."

In 2018, at a Senate campaign town hall, Blankenship said that "climate change is probably a fact", but added that American-made climate change is not, arguing that China's increase in coal production is the reason.

Mine safety
At a 2009 Labor Day rally in West Virginia, Blankenship said that federal and state mining regulators are ineffective at improving mine safety, and that the mining companies themselves are better suited to the task and should have less oversight, saying, "Washington and state politicians have no idea how to improve miners' safety."

Before and during his 2018 Senate campaign, Blankenship blamed the federal regulators of the MSHA for the Upper Big Branch Disaster for directing airflow targets in the mine.

Deborah May
A former employee of Blankenship, Deborah May, filed a lawsuit claiming that stress from personal abuse forced her to quit her job in November 2005. The lawsuit claimed that such comparatively minor mistakes as a wrong breakfast order from McDonald's, misplaced ice cream in the freezer, and an improperly hung jacket in the closet caused difficulties with Blankenship.

In June 2008, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals ruled that May was entitled to unemployment benefits because due to "the unrefuted evidence" that Blankenship had "physically grabbed" May, had thrown food after she brought back the wrong fast-food order, and tore a tie rack and coat hanger out of a closet after she forgot to leave the hanger out for his coat. Blankenship's conduct, referred to as "shocking" by the court, contributed to their decision that May should get unemployment benefits as she was in effect fired because she was put in a position where she felt compelled to quit.

Upper Big Branch explosion
On April 5, 2010, an explosion at Massey's Upper Big Branch mine killed 29 miners. It was the worst U.S. coal mining disaster since 1970, when an explosion killed 38 in Hyden, Kentucky. NPR reported Massey executive Stanley Suboleski as saying that MSHA-ordered airflow changes, made hours before the explosion, "were changes the company opposed but complied with anyway." On April 12, New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, trustee of the New York State Common Retirement Fund which held 303,550 shares of Massey stock, called for Blankenship to resign immediately. "This tragedy was a failure both of risk management and effective board oversight. Blankenship must step down and make room for more responsible leadership at Massey." On April 22, Massey Energy's lead independent director Bobby R. Inman announced that "Blankenship has the full support and confidence of the Massey Energy Board of Directors." On April 25, President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, and state officials paid tribute to the 29 coal miners at a memorial service in Beckley, West Virginia.

"Prosecutors said Massey manipulated the ventilation system during inspections of the Upper Big Branch mine to fool safety officials and disabled a methane monitor on a cutting machine a few months before the explosion on April 5, 2010.... In March 2013 Blankenship was directly implicated in conspiring to skirt safety regulations when a former Massey Energy official accused Blankenship of conspiring and plotting to hide safety violations from federal safety inspectors. The implication was that Blankenship would order his officials to warn mine operators when the federal inspectors were coming for "surprise" visits, and to quickly cover up any safety violations.

Blankenship was convicted of a single misdemeanor charge of conspiring to violate federal mine safety standards and went on to serve a one-year prison sentence. He called himself a "political prisoner", feuded with United States Senator Joe Manchin and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) over the explosion, considered running against Manchin for the Senate, and called for a new investigation into the explosion. On May 25, 2017, he formally appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. His petition argued that the U.S. District Court in Charleston and the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, "both erred in rulings, and they claim Blankenship was a victim of politics."

In August 2017, Blankenship funded a television ad featuring the sister of one of the miners killed in the Upper Big Branch coal mine explosion. The sister, Gwen Thomas, asks in the ad "if the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration insisted that changes be made which reduced Upper Big Branch's airflow before the explosion." She asks the government to publicly release the gas analyses taken after the explosion, and asks for help from Trump and Senators Joe Manchin and Shelley Moore Capito in getting answers. The US Center for Disease Control's (CDC) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found that the initial explosion could have been prevented by MSHA forcing Massey to avoid a build up of gas, and that subsequent injury could have been prevented by forcing Massey to avoid build up of coal dust. The NIOSH's page on Mining, says that to avoid Methane buildup "Large fans circulate air in mines to provide ventilation to the working areas."

In August 2018, Blankenship for Senate released a statement outlining a finding of the Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility (DOJ-OPR) which had investigated Booth Goodwin and Steve Ruby, the prosecuting attorneys in Blankenship's federal trial. The DOJ-OPR found that both prosecutors were responsible for "recklessly" disregarding their discovery obligations, though the errors were not found to be deliberate. The conviction was upheld on appeal.

Groundwater
Blankenship has been accused of withholding knowledge of pollution. According to court papers read by Geoff Goodell at Rolling Stone, groundwater pollution from coal slurry injection by Massey Energy was contaminating wells around his home. Blankenship had a water line built to his home from a nearby town. According to the accusation, Blankenship did not offer to provide uncontaminated water to any of his neighbors, and failed to inform them of any problem.

Campaign against Warren McGraw
In 2004, Blankenship contributed $3 million to the "And For The Sake of the Kids" PAC, campaigning against the reelection of West Virginia Supreme Court Justice Warren McGraw. Brent Benjamin went on to defeat McGraw in the general election. Of the election, Blankenship said, "I helped defeat a judge who had released a pedophile to work in a local school, who had driven doctors out of state, and who had cost workers their jobs for thirty plus years. I think this effort helped unchain West Virginia's economy and benefited working families." USA Today called Blankenship's ads "venomous." According to a USA Today editorial dated March 3, 2009, Blankenship "vividly illustrated how big money corrupts judicial elections. It puts justice up for sale to the highest bidder."

Notably, Blankenship's coal company Massey Coal had recently lost a civil case in West Virginia state court prior to the judicial campaign and had been ordered to pay a $50 million judgment. The case was pending on appeal as he sponsored Benjamin's campaign for a seat on the West Virginia Supreme Court. When the case was taken up on appeal, Benjamin was one of the judges in a position to decide the case. The plaintiff requested that Benjamin recuse himself owing to a conflict of interest stemming from Blankenship's contributions to his campaign, but he refused. Benjamin ultimately cast a decisive vote to vacate the lower court's judgment in a 3–2 decision. In Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., the Supreme Court ruled that Benjamin's refusal to recuse himself in light of such an obvious conflict of interest constituted a violation of the plaintiff's constitutional right to due process and remanded the case to the West Virginia Supreme Court.

Washington political journalist Michael Tomasky, a native West Virginian, claimed that Blankenship was "famous in West Virginia as the man who successfully bought himself a State Supreme Court Justice in 2004 and then tried to buy himself the state legislature, failing spectacularly at the latter effort." In his 2008 book Coal River, Michael Shnayerson reports that no such foundation was ever set up. Although Blankenship was the primary donor to "And For the Sake of Kids," other groups, including Doctors for Justice, contributed over $1 million to ASK. Another group, Citizens for Quality Health Care, funded in part by the West Virginia Chamber of Commerce, spent over $350,000 to defeat McGraw. Meanwhile, several groups spent millions opposing Benjamin and supporting McGraw, including West Virginia Consumers for Justice and Hugh Caperton, CEO of Harmon Development Corporation. Blankenship is featured in Laurence Leamer's 2013 book The Price of Justice: A True Story of Greed and Corruption and Peter Galuszka's 2012 book Thunder on the Mountain: Death at Massey and the Dirty Secrets Behind Big Coal.

Conflict of interest with Spike Maynard
On January 15, 2008, photographs of Blankenship vacationing on the French Riviera with West Virginia Supreme Court Justice Spike Maynard, while Massey had a case pending before that court, appeared in The New York Times. On April 3, 2008, ABC News reported that Blankenship attacked an ABC News photographer at a Massey facility near Belfry, Kentucky as the photographer attempted to question him about the photos. "If you're going to start taking pictures of me, you're liable to get shot!" Blankenship stated in the video. Maynard later lost his bid for reelection to the West Virginia Supreme Court in the primary election. On February 14, 2009, Blankenship told The New York Times, "I've been around West Virginia long enough to know that politicians don't stay bought, particularly ones that are going to be in office for 12 years... So I would never go out and spend money to try to gain favor with a politician. Eliminating a bad politician makes sense. Electing somebody hoping he's going to be in your favor doesn't make any sense at all."

Comments on Mitch McConnell
In April 2018, Blankenship released an ad in which he calls Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell "cocaine Mitch", urging potential voters to "ditch" McConnell. In May 2018, he released another ad attacking McConnell, his wife, Elaine Chao, and his in-laws as his "China family", and again called McConnell "cocaine Mitch".

The premise of the moniker was that McConnell's father-in-law owns a shipping company that in 2014 was found to have 90 lb of cocaine on one of its vessels set to leave Colombia. The Colombian authorities did not accuse the company of conspiring to transport the cocaine, and the company was never investigated for the matter. McConnell, who has no role in the operation of his father-in-law's shipping business, was never suspected by any authorities of having any involvement in the incident. The Washington Post 's Fact Checker column investigated the "cocaine Mitch" claims and gave them a "Four Pinocchios" rating, concluding that "Blankenship has no evidence to support his crude and incendiary attack."

After Blankenship lost his primary race, an official campaign account for McConnell posted a photoshopped picture of McConnell surrounded by a cloud of cocaine dust with the accompanying text, "Thanks for playing, Don." The picture was based on promotional materials for the Netflix TV show Narcos.

Racism controversy
When asked if Blankenship's rhetoric in the "China Family" political ad was racist, McConnell suggested that his answer would depend on the results of the Republican primary election. When pressed on the ad's alleged racism, Blankenship said that his ad was not racist because the Chinese are not a race. He said, "Races are Negro, White Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian."

Personal life
Blankenship has two children. He was profiled in a 2005 West Virginia Public Broadcasting documentary, The Kingmaker.

title: Don Blankenship


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User:WhiteRhino

Personal Info
Revisionist

Interests
A little bit of everything, but here are my main interests and areas of experience.
 * Aviation
 * Music
 * Books and Reading
 * Science
 * Biology
 * Chemistry
 * Gaming
 * Philosophy
 * Nature and Wildlife
 * Substance abuse
 * Addiction
 * Photography

title: User:WhiteRhino


text:
Category:Jim Crockett Promotions championships

Championships contested in the professional wrestling promotion Jim Crockett Promotions.


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Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon

Mount Tabor is a neighborhood in Southeast Portland that takes its name from the volcanic cinder cone and city park on the volcano that it surrounds, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The name refers to Mount Tabor, Israel. It was named by Plympton Kelly, son of Oregon City pioneer resident Clinton Kelly.

Neighborhood

The Mount Tabor neighborhood lies between SE 49th Ave. (SE 50th Ave. south of SE Hawthorne Blvd.) on the west and SE 76th Ave. on the east, and between E Burnside St. on the north and SE Division St. on the south. It is bordered by Sunnyside and Richmond on the west, North Tabor on the north and west, Montavilla on the north and east, and South Tabor on the south.

Mount Tabor Park is the neighborhood's principal feature. The campus of Warner Pacific University (affiliated with the Church of God (Anderson)) is located just south of the park. The neighborhood also marks the eastern end of the Hawthorne District. The campus of Western Seminary is located on the western slope, overlooking downtown Portland.

History
Before becoming part of Portland in 1905, Mount Tabor was a rural farming community dating back to the 1850s. After a large wildfire burnt much of Mount Tabor's landscape in 1846, trails and farmhouses began to appear in the area. In 1903, John C. Olmstead submitted a report to Portland that the city should acquire "considerable land on this prominent and beautiful hill", and it was annexed two years later.

It became a city-recognized neighborhood (encompassing a far smaller area than its historical boundaries) in 1974.

Reservoir controversy
The Mount Tabor reservoirs, along with those in Portland's Washington Park, have been the subject of a decade-long controversy surrounding lucrative engineering contracts to replace the historic open reservoirs with underground storage tanks. Concern has been raised about the possible relationship between City officials and the engineering firms receiving the no-bid reservoir decommissioning contracts; and about the role these parties may have played in lobbying for pro-underground-tank modifications (the "LT2" rule) to the Safe Drinking Water Act.

On June 15, 2011, a man was observed urinating in a nearly 8,000,000 gallon reservoir, prompting city officials to drain the water at a cost of around $36,000.

Under LT2 several hundred of the country's historic open reservoirs were decommissioned.

Following pressure from other open-reservoir cities, in 2011 the EPA softened its stance on the LT2 rule and allowed the country's remaining open reservoirs to halt burial plans; but despite public outcry Mount Tabor's open reservoirs remained slated for decommissioning. In August 2015, the Portland City Council passed a unanimous vote to decommission the three open reservoirs.

After decommissioning, the three open reservoirs no longer supplied drinking water but generally remained filled with water. However, in 2021, structural concerns emerged related to Reservoir 6 and it has since remained drained.

title: Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon


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Talk:Greeble

Greebled greeble
There was some prose greebling in the article; I've removed it. Namely:

 * For some definitions in relation to Greeble, Protrusions are Panels, and Nurnies are Widgets.

‣ ᓛᖁ  [ ᑐ ] 02:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Missing image (greeble_city.gif)
Whoever added that image may want to upload it again, as it seems to have vanished. I just commented out the tag to clean up the page a tiny bit. —Rassilon 20:37, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Merging Greeble and Nurnie?
I've read both articles, and I can't find any difference between the two (except their names). How about if we merge the two and mention both names? Peter S. 23:27, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Definitely sounds to me like they are the same thing. I agree that they should be merged. Mobius131186 18:23, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Support - They're virtually identical. Maybe include a small section on terminology, but there's no discernible difference. Unless I'm not looking at all the nurnie detail... Grahamdubya 00:49, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

The term "nurnie" refers to something very different than "greeble" in Special Effects. A nurnies is a rolled or damaged piece of latex rubber used to simulate guts viens or skin texture. This term is used professionally at many special effects shops in the Los Angeles area. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.113.128.44 (talk) 16:47, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

Greebles in visual processing and face recognition
Greebles in Gauthier's paper is totally different from the main picture. I think this greeble and that greeble is totally different, so we might upload another picture for Gauthier's greebles, OR we might create an article for Gauthier's greebles. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Janviermichelle (talk • contribs).
 * I agree, I've added a Split tag. Unless someone knows of a reason they should remain together (was one inspired by the other? or just same name arrived at independently?), then they should/can be split. --Quiddity 06:01, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Origin of the word "nurnies"
Though the article gives credit to Ron Thornton for coining the term "nurnies", the term existed before that. In the movie Short Circuit 2, the sentient robot Johnny 5 is enlisted to help assemble miniature toy versions of himself. While giving a demonstration of his assembly capabilities, he utters the line "don't forget the nurnies!"

It is possible that this doesn't refer to quite the same thing, but being that he is assembling toys with basic capabilities (such as rolling/track motion an limb movements) it is likely that they would have added superficial detail parts whose sole purpose is to enhance their visual appeal - the nurnies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.95.227.78 (talk) 17:13, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

I agree - We made short films in high school (1980). We were told the term came from Star Wars, but it appears they used Greebles as their term.

This page says the term was used by other shops, but not ILM: http://agraphafx.com/vfx-archaeology-part-4-nernies-and-greeblies/ 107.77.206.159 (talk) 21:12, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

At the 1982 Daytona Beach Science Fiction Association Convention (Galacticon 1982) in Daytona Beach, Florida, we built a replica of an "ALIEN" movie's corridor as our main entrance-way into the convention. We called to task our Association members to provide scrap items including foam packing, PVC piping, interesting cardboard packaging items, etc. so that we could build it. The entire team called them "nernies" or "nurnies", though we all understood that it was an already established name defined for "any ordinary object that could be re-purposed into appearing as a science-fiction-like item". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Evonleue (talk • contribs) 22:04, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

Computer game reference
A game for Mac computers is called Greebles, it's similar to Pacman in style. Is it worth a mention? 123.208.126.203 (talk) 06:50, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Only if it is connected (citation required!) to the topic already here. Otherwise, it would need its own article, before we could add a page-top hatnote, to disambiguate the two separate topics.
 * (From a search, it looks like someone already tried to write one, but it was deleted per Articles for deletion/Greeble (game)). -- Quiddity (talk) 19:00, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * how peculiar. the deleted article references a "Newly released minor iPhone game". I was playing greebles on Mac in the mid 90s. Have to agree that it's not worth its own article unless more information is found though. 58.171.100.12 (talk) 10:10, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Edited for clarity
I edited out some redundant and meaningless statements from the first paragraph, such as They serve no real purpose and cause the flow of the eye over the surface of the object to be interrupted (i suppose you have to puncture the eye first, to have it flow like that?), etc. Please verify. 91.189.74.35 (talk) 10:24, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Plural vs singular forms
Throughout the article there is an inconsistency of use of plural and singular forms of both 'greeble/greebles' and 'nurnie/nurnies'. If both forms are correct and refer to the same thing, this should be mentioned in the beginning of the article. If not - it should be described how the singular is different from the plural. 91.189.74.35 (talk) 10:24, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

The original word is "greeblie"
The original word is "greeblie", not "greeble". It is known as "greeblie" by people at ILM and by most people in the movie-prop and model-building world. The origin is much older than ILM, and used to be used as a placeholder name for indeterminate tiny things on a surface, mostly unpleasant ones - mostly bugs and mites, breadcrumbs, pilling on clothing etc. There are many uses in publications and media where the word is used to denote tiny insects. The word "greeble" is at most about 15 years old, and stems probably from misreading the word specifically when used for movie props.

I'll move and edit the page when I have found good references. There may be a book about ILM that talks about how they started using the word. Until then here are some references that are not so good:

 * Urban Dictionary
 * Sesame Street - Ten little Greeblies!

Johan Hanson (talk) 02:22, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Strangely enough, by not providing an IPA pronunciation, it seems like more and more self-taught model-builders have started learning the incorrect way of saying this word, since they've only read it on forums and in articles like this (though, plenty of people also spell the word phonetically as "greebly" and "greeblies"). As I understand it, the word has always been spelled "greeble" and pronounced "gree blee" (/ˈɡriːbliː/). The best reference I can find is this clip from the Tested Youtube channel, where Adam Savage (an ILM vet) and Norman Chan discuss the process of building a replica of Han Solo's blaster. At the very least, it would be nice to see a note that greebles are almost always referred to in the plural (with an IPA key for pronunciation).
 * PeterJ3D (talk) 06:27, 1 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Here are a few other examples of the word "greeble" being spoken aloud:
 * Star Trek Medical Tricorder prop (Both the singular and plural versions of the word are spoken)
 * Tested Y-Wing model interview (Norman Chan and professional model-maker, Steve Neisen, discuss greeblies and kit-bashing)
 * PeterJ3D (talk) 21:45, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Oh, here's an even better source:
 * Adam Savage's One Day Builds: Kit-Bashing and Scratch-Building! (Adam Savage explains both the pronunciation and origin of the word)
 * PeterJ3D (talk) 22:35, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Not to beat a dead horse, but here's yet another video reference for pronunciation of the word "Greeblies":
 * VFX Artists React to Bad & Great CGi 62 (ft. ADAM SAVAGE)
 * PeterJ3D (talk) 03:18, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Citation for plastic soldier in Star Wars Executor model
http://starsandsabers.tumblr.com/post/20602994933/star-wars-fact-20-a-plastic-soldier-is-among — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.135.89.138 (talk) 15:19, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Nice article. Now where shall we add "Azteking"?
New article ore here? If at all?--Tobias "ToMar" Maier (talk) 11:07, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with inline citations of reliable, secondary sources, per WP:V, WP:CS, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, WP:BLP, WP:NOR, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 16:50, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

 * With that, you've basically completely changed the focus of the article, but especially of the introduction, from general greebling also done in movie CGI and props and video games, to mostly greebling done in tabletop modelling. The resulting article flows poorly, makes barely any sense, and frankly, reads like ass. 77.20.148.121 (talk) 06:04, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Talk about missing the point.

 * It doesn't matter what you think the "focus" of the article looks like now. Wikipedia's core policies must be adhered to, and they weren't. Are you suggesting we should allow uncited material to fill an article simply because of what the focus of the article appears to be if we adhere to policy?

 * You don't like the way the article looks now? Then fix it! Quit whining, roll up your sleeves, and do the necessary work in finding reliable, secondary sources, and citing them for the material you wish to restore to the article. Nightscream (talk) 18:14, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

LEAD SECTION
...is a prominent detailing added to the surface of a larger object that makes it appear more complex, and therefore more visually interesting. It usually gives the audience an impression of increased scale. The detail can be made from simple geometric primitives (such as cylinders, cubes, and rectangles), or more complex shapes, such as pieces of machinery (cables, tanks, sprockets). Greebles are often present on models or drawings of fictional spacecraft or architectural constructs in science fiction and are used in the movie industry (special effects).

Etymology
The earliest recorded use of the term "greeble" found to date was by those working at Industrial Light & Magic for the special effects of Star Wars. They also described this design method as "guts on the outside".

In fictional spacecraft
Due to the inherently fantastical process of designing a fictional spacecraft, the use of greebles has become something of a staple in the visual design of countless science fiction properties, where they serve as an easy method of adding perceived depth and technological complexity, often by emulating the exposed instruments and other technical elements seen on many real-life spacecraft. One of the earliest applications of the concept can be seen in the visual production of 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) where they were used by in the designs of spaceships to fill blank spaces with random, seemingly technical details.

In fictional spacecraft
In such physical models, greebles could be anything from parts of raw plastic cut into various shapes, to eclectic parts of shop-bought model kits—the latter being a common kitbashing technique. For instance, in Star Wars the original Imperial Star Destroyer was constructed from a plywood frame and adorned with sheet styrene. Panel lines were cut into the styrene, but the ship looked too bare. Hundreds of model kits were purchased, which the model department cut apart and attached, along with more sheet styrene, to the ship's surfaces, with these large areas of ancillary details serving to make the ship more believable for the audience. The greebles themselves served only to fill space and had no specific in-universe functions in the ship's design, although later many of them would be given a specific function by fans or technical illustrators for fan guides. A plastic soldier was part of the greebling on the Executor. Star Wars modelers utilized many kits of WWII submarines, whose pipes, cranks and knobs worked well for the exteriors of starships and weapons. When the crew was done they had several submarine hulls left over, some of which were used in the creation of the EF76 Nebulon-B Medical Frigate seen at the end of The Empire Strikes Back. George Lucas said the ship reminded him of an outboard motor.

Another example of greeble application was the Battlestar Galactica model for the original 1970s series, whose hull had pieces from a wide assortment of kits, including Apollo orbiters, Saturn rocket boosters, F-16 fighter jets, and various tanks.

Given its origins, greebling is most often associated with the type of large city-like spaceships made popular in Star Wars, but has been generalized to refer to any dense covering by different (usually mechanical) components. Similarly, Borg starships (and drones) in Star Trek are heavily greebled using leftover sprues from previous kitbashing and photoetched bits.

Other uses
During production of the first Star Wars movie, Tunisian Customs enquired about a part of C-3PO's costume listed as "assorted greebles". The producers allegedly described it as "something that looks cool but doesn't actually do anything."

Automated greebling
In 3D computer graphics, software can be used to create greeble patterns, making it unnecessary to manually create large assortments of precise custom geometry. This is a process well suited to automatic, software-based procedural generation, particularly if a great degree of control is unnecessary or the greebles are small on-screen. Most greeble-generating software works by subdividing the surface to be greebled into regions, adding some detail to each new surface, then recursively continuing this process on each new surface to some specified level of detail. Similar algorithms are used in the creation of fractal surfaces.

As someone said above, this page should indeed be "greebly", not "greeble".
"Greeble" is apparently mostly a misunderstanding/mispronunciation, according to what I've read. While it may be in use at this point, it's not the original/correct term, and we should really be documenting the true history of the word here.

According to a 14-year ILM employee:

The rest of the thread, among others like it, is informative. For instance, that same post indicates that "nurnies" may also be spelled "nernies", at least by some industry people.

Also noteworthy, "greeble" can apparently be used, but as the verb form, i.e. to greeble something is to add greeblies to it, e.g. "Hey Adam, have you greebled that ship yet?" Felice Enellen (talk) 06:15, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

Also, I should add, I'm intending to change these things myself unless someone can come up with a good counter-argument for why we should be documenting misinformation. I'll retain "greeble" as an alternate spelling of "greebly" but the main word will be "greebly". Felice Enellen (talk) 06:32, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You can change the things yourself, but please keep in mind that internet forums are not admissible references in Wikipedia.- Altenmann >talk 21:59, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm aware. I offered the forum comments here because, even though they may not rise the the height of an archival reference, they're still compelling enough to show that the page seems to be currently written with an insufficient understanding, if not an outright misunderstanding, of the term's actual history. It seems to me that we should be starting with "greebly" and waiting for references that indicate otherwise, rather than starting with "greeble", which has been claimed inexplicably to be pronounced like "greebly", and doing likewise, which doesn't make sense to me. Felice Enellen (talk) 23:14, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Luckily, I've found (and added) a reasonable ref for "greebly". - Altenmann >talk 23:53, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

Well, as Google ngram shows], the usage of "greeble" vastly dominates "greebly" - Altenmann >talk 03:14, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Possibly of use: Adam Savage's ILM Modelshop Greeblie!
 * edit, didn't notice there was already a different video of him saying the same thing. (Hohum @ ) 17:03, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Google ngrams only show how much something is used, they don't show whether or not it's correct. For all we know it's the result of this page spreading misinformation to newbie model makers. Can you limit the time range on an ngram search to before this page existed? Felice Enellen (talk) 01:28, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greeble


text: Talk:International Scout

title: Talk:International Scout


text:
Category:World Championship Wrestling championships

This category includes championships that were fought for in World Championship Wrestling.


text: Category:Ohio Valley Wrestling championships


text: Category:Ring of Honor championships

title: Category:Ring of Honor championships


text:
Talk:Vaan (Final Fantasy)

Tactics A2 Appearance
It seems he has appeared in Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift according to FF wikia. Whether his role was minor or significant i think we need to dig up some information on his appearance in FFTA2.Bread Ninja (talk) 13:14, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Final Bar Line
Because another sequel for Theatrhythm has just come out (Final Bar Line) should we add that to what Vaan appears in? Or perhaps we should wait for a page of Final Bar Line first? Dat DekuBoi (talk) 22:45, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vaan (Final Fantasy)


text:
Talk:Indo-Canadians/Archive 1

One small mistake in an otherwise excellent article : Ontario politician Khalil Ramal is NOT an Indo-Canadian ,but of Lebanese descent.

miro nair
he was born in india and based in new york, yet somehow hes indo canadian.

Indo?canadian
Or should it be Indian Canadian?Harrypotter 18:52, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Indo-Canadian is the conventional term in Canada. It's not a pejorative term, as far as I know it's equally accepted among Canadians of South Asian cultural heritage and others.--Anchoress 08:59, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll confirm what Anchoress says. It is a well-known and commonly accepted term, and is in no way pejorative. --GoldKanga 06:09, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Indo?Caribbean
Hyper hifinatation is getting unruly ~
 * Okay this is getting quite confusing now! People of Indian descent in the Caribbean were called Indo Caribbean or Indo Guyanese, or Indo Trinidadian to be differentiated from people of African descent,  or from Creoles. Multiculturalism happened in the Caribbean much earlier than any other part of the  World. It was the first multi-culture region in the world.

 * So how can Indo Caribbeans now be lumped in with other "Asians" from the Indian subcontinent when they have their own distinct Caribbean culture and do not speak any of the languages. So are they now called Indo-Caribbean-Indo-Canadian?

Article Clean-Up
I rewrote some of the awkward sentences, but the article still seem to lack depth. It seems to trail off at the end.

280,000 Indo-Canadian?
Is that all? Where did this number come from? I thought there was close to that number just in the Lower Mainland of BC.--Anchoress 08:57, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I think I just answered my own question. I went to the Demographics of Canada page, and it said the 2001 census registered that 2.5%, or 750,000 identified as East Indian, and lower down it said that there are an estimated 950,000 Indo-Canadians in Canada, as of 2001.--Anchoress 09:06, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah the Demographics of Canada page seems to have its information wrong since I have visited Statistics Canada (the official government body in charge of demographic statistics in Canada), and looked under the official census conducted in 2001, and have found out that there were 713 000 respondents that classified themselves as being East Indian (same thing as Indo Canadian). I have added this information with a web link reference (http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a.htm look under the term East Indian in the Table) at the bottom of the page.  I also looked this number up in my Canadian Geography Textbook and it is the same number. The number 280 000 is actually the number of Sikhs in Canada, according to the 2001 census.  The number 950 000 is actually the number of South Asians in canada, not just Indo-Canadians.  It looks like the Demographics of Canada Page needs some revising. --Parihav 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Cool, thanks for the fix. I thought it was fishy that there were two different numbers, which is why I didn't change it in this article. Thanks for the detective work.--Anchoress 00:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Big copyedit: questions and justifications
Canada statistics as on 2006, the population of Indo Canadian has been shown as 962,665 Kanayalal Raina, Brampton I just did a big copyedit of this page. Below are comments on some of my changes/deletions, and also questions about some stuff I think should be fixed but I don't know how. PLEASE if you don't like some of my changes, don't blanket-revert; I did a LOT of typo fixing, it would be a shame to lose it. If my changes have inadvertently changed the meanings of anything other editors wanted to convey, I apologise and ask that they be fixed individually rather than reverted. I know I should have done the typos first and other edits separately, but I'd gotten about 2/3 of the way through before I realised I was doing more than just fixing typos.

Here are some comments about my changes:
 * I standardised 'Indo Canadian' and 'Indo-Canadian' to the latter since that's in the title
 * I standardised 'middle eastern' to 'Middle Eastern'
 * I *tried* to standardise the expression of large numbers, but I don't know if I was successful. Most instances of ### ### were made ###,###. There may be some ###, ###s left over that I didn't fix

 * I fixed the remaining ones

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

And some questions:
 * 1. From 'Reasons for moving': On their subsequent journey home, they visited the western coast of Canada, primarily British Columbia which at the time was very sparsely populated and the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the United States.
 * I don't understand it, and 'they visited the western coast of Canada, primarily British Columbia' is illogical because BC is the *only* province on the West Coast of Canada.
 * 2. MSWord says 'diaspora' should be capitalised. Is this true?

 * Unclear. Were the policies put in place to prevent Indians from gaining the right to vote, or to prevent Indians who already had the right to vote from voting?

 * Read over this excerpt on a website by www.harbourpublishing.com/excerpt/BecomingCanadians/267 by Harbour Publishing, it explains the details on disenfranchisement of Indo-Canadians. It most closely fits with your suggestion about stripping the right to vote away from Indo-Canadians:

''As British subjects, Sikhs had the right to vote in all elections. This was viewed as posing a threat to the existing government, since it meant that a significant block of votes - there were 5,000 Sikhs - might go to another political party more sensitive to human rights, immigration and fair play. So in 1907, the government of British Columbia passed a bill to disenfranchise all natives of India not born of Anglo-Saxon parents. Sikhs were denied the municipal, the provincial and then the federal right to vote, even though they were British subjects. The implications of these actions were far-reaching. Until 1947, South Asians would remain excluded from the political process in British Columbia and from becoming Canadian Citizens. They could not vote for or become school trustees or trustees of improvement districts; neither could they be elected from provincial public office or serve on juries. Although exclusion from the voter’s list did not legally restrict Sikhs from public service, this became the rule. Public works contracts specified that they not be employed. The same restriction applied to the sale of Crown timber, and many professions such as law and pharmacy were informally closed to them.''

I have included some of this information and made the necessary adjustments in the article

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 4a. From 'Recent settlement'(my new version): In the 1980s and early 1990s, tens of thousands of immigrants continued to move from India into Canada. According to Statistics Canada, since the late 1990s roughly 25 000-30 000 Indians arrive each year (which is now the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, behind Chinese immigrants who are the highest group).
 * 4b. From 'Recent settlement'(original version): In the 1980s and early 1990s, tens of thousands of immigrants continued to move from India into Canada. According to Statistics Canada, since the late 1990s roughly 25 000-30 000 Indians arrive each year (which is now the second highest group immigrating to Canada each year, behind Chinese immigrants who are the highest group).
 * The top version is my 'fixed' version, which I'm not totally happy with. Below it is the original, which I think needs fixing.
 * 5. From 'Indians from the UK and America': Indians move for economic prospects to Canada's economy and job market has been performing well against many European and some American states. Indians move also due to arranged marriages that are carried by families or by internet matrimonial websites, or by non arranged marriages. Lastly, individuals have decided to settle in Canada in order to reunite their family who may have settle in both America and UK and not in Canada.

 * I think this should either be supported by evidence (and re-worded) or deleted.

 * I will try and get some backup evidence for this section I wrote. If you visit some of the matrimonial website such as http://www.shaadi.com, and read over some of the wedding success stories and matrimonials, people from Canada do get married to other Indians throughout the world, and some of these couples opt to have one partner settle with them in Canada.  I have had many cousins and friends get married in this fashion.  In terms of families being reunited and economic prospects, this is a matter of my own personal background since I am an Indo-Canadian that has moved from the UK, and have had family members who live elsewhere such as in the UK and America settle in Canada.  Although this might seem rare, I have met many others like myself who either remain in Canada or move to America in order to live close with their families. The reason why this occurs is due to the fact that some siblings and cousins only get permission to immigrate to one particular country, not necessarily the country of choice.  Therefore after spending several years apart, some families may choose to move to the same country, such as Canada.   I will try to obtain other cases to make this statement more valid since I know my personal accounts do not make these statements valid alone.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, looking back it isn't the worst case of editorialising, I withdraw my protest. :-) However, as I said below, this could be a really spankin' article, but we'd need references for a lot of the 'conclusions' as to why things happened the way they did (even though a lot of it is common sense and I don't think you're wrong in your analysis).--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 6. Indians from the Middle East Section
 * I hope I understood and edited this correctly.

 * Yeah you got it right, good stuff.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 7. Should 'gurdwara(s)' always be capitalised? If so, there's one in the text that isn't.

 * Yes I it should be capitalized. I had a lot to write about and went through writing this stuff too quick.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 8. I replaced this: The age breakdown of Indo-Canadians is much younger than other Canadian groups due to the fact since a large number of Indo Canadians are young immigrants, and there is a higher birth rate. with this The majority of Indo-Canadians fall into an age range that is lower than that of other Canadian groups.  because I don't think the reasons given were very good or well-expressed. IMO possible reasons include: the majority of Indian immigrants are likely to be of childbearing age (due to their desirability as workers); the majority of Indian immigrants are likely to be married (I don't know this, just supposing); Indian culture is more encouraging of big families (also don't know, just supposing). The point is it's all speculation, and should be supported by evidence before inclusion.

 * I agree with your explanations and suggested changes here, although it may be hard to obtain the exact reasons for Indo-Canadians alone since there isn't much material conducted on it. There is information about immigrants in general having a younger population than non immigrants when moving to a particular country (i.e. Mexicans moving to America, Muslims moving to France).  I will try and find information on this as well.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that stat about immigrants tending to be younger is good and if it can be supported, should be included. Maybe a second sentence, "This mirrors the data on other examples of large-scale voluntary migration, notably Mexican immigration to the US and North African immigration to France (citation)." We could also say something like, "The 'points' Canadian immigration system tends to favour young professionals and other young, able-bodied workers."

 * I tried to fix this but I realised I didn't understand it well enough. Is this saying that individual cultures *within* the blanket 'Indian' culture are linked to their Canadian counterparts? Also, the pluralisation is screwy but I tried to fix it six ways from Sunday without making it work.

 * Yes I understand do agree that my wording is confusing. Here is what I tried to say clarified:

Indo-Canadian culture is closely linked to each Indian ethnic groups religious and ethnic backgrounds. For instance, Hindu Punjabi's cultural practices differ compared to Hindu Gujurati's and Sikh Punjabi's due to either the difference in ethnicity or religion.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Cool.--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 10. From 'Indo-Canadian Culture': I changed this: Punjabi culture and language has been perserved by the ability for the community to establish places of worship, societies and to have the ability to use the Punjabi language in both Radio and Television. Not only Punjabi culture but also Hindi, Gujurati, and Tamil cultures are also similarly expressed in the same manner but to a lesser extent. to this: The cultures and languages of various Indian communities have been able to thrive in part due to the freedom of these communities to establish structures and institutions for religious worship, social interaction and cultural practices. In particular, Punjabi culture and language have been reinforced in Canada through radio and television.  but I think we should provide examples.

 * I believe you clarified the statement very well. Some suggestions that you can include regarding punjabi culture is the building of Gurdwaras to perserve the Sikh faith.  There are also some Sikh schools similar to Christian sunday school that offer lessons in Punjabi and in teaching aspects about Sikh religion.  There is also the practice of traditional Punjabi dance and singing known as Bhangra which is carried out by dance schools at home and mostly through television and radio.  In addition there are community centers and Gurdwaras that organize playing punjabi sports and those that are widely play in punjab such as kabadi as well as field hockey and cricket which can be viewed on television. There is Sikh religious programming geared to children as well, that teach them the basics of Sikhism that are shown on Canadian television.  Choose which of the examples you would like to include in adding to this section.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * That's awesome.--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps my use of "White Canadian" is offensive, for which I apologize, but I wasn't sure how to distinguish Canadians of European descent from Indian when writing within the same sentence. I do agree that it should be removed and have added other examples to illustrate a more neutral view non speculative(i'm not sure if that is a word) view.

Here are some examples that I will be including that support the inculsion of North American cultural aspects. For instance, here in Canada, Sikh youth often mix in traditional Bhangra which is has uses Punjabi instruments, with hip hop beats and rap with Black music entertainers. Such entertainers include Raghav, a calgary based Indo-Canadian singer, Jazzy B, Sukhinder Shinda to name a few that almost exclusively use Punjabi and western music together. The concept of dating is mainly a western practice in Canada and America, which has been adopted by the Indo-Canadian community. In addition, talk and wide use of premarital sex is another western practice that has been adopted by the Indo-Canadian community. The empowerment of Indo-Canadian women who often work as much as Indo-Canadian men and the same rights, compared to their counterparts in India, is also due to the presence of being raised within white Canadian culture. Indo-Canadian women primarily wear western clothing, and are able to show their body more freely in Canada, which is often still socially unacceptable by commoners in India, and thus a product of being raised in white Canadian culture. The use of Canadian/American slang by Indo-Canadians is also a product of the preexisting culture, and differs from those Indians who live in the UK, India or any other part of the world.

Check out this information I wrote above in the Indo-Canadian culture section ( I have reworded some of the phrases above)

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the thing is I don't think you're wrong at all, in fact it's a no-brainer really, but it's just that without citations it's drawing conclusions, which is a no-no in an encyclopedia. Personally I don't think we need to say it; we say that North American East Indian cultures are different from their native counterparts (native as in still in India), we give examples (I think your examples are great), and we let the reader conclude that it's because of their exposure to White North Americans (although it isn't just white, as stated in the original iteration of the section on hybrid culture: rap/hip-hop, to wit.--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Vision TV, a multicultural/multireligious channel presents a nonstop marathon of Indo-Canadian shows on Saturdays which showcases both Indo Canadian events in Canada but also from India as well. Other networks such as Omni Television, CityTV and local Cable access channels present local Indo-Canadian content.''
 * The line that starts with 'Saturday' is weird I think, but I don't understand what it says. If they're Indo-Canadian shows showcasing Indo-Canadian events, how are they from India as well?

 * Yes I agree that what I wrote is confusing confusing, here is my updated version:

One prominent multicultural/multireligious channel, Vision TV presents a nonstop marathon of Indo-Canadian shows on Saturdays. These television shows often highlight Indo-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from India involving Indians who reside there. In addition, other networks such as Omni Television, CityTV and local Cable access channels also present local Indo-Canadian content and Indian content from India.''

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Cool. Do you mind if I edit it a teensy bit?--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. --Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Indo-Canadians can receive such networks as Zee TV, B4U, Sony Entertainment Television, and Aaj Tak to name a few directly from India.''
 * I just don't understand this at all.

 * Here is some background information: Shan Chandreshekhar is an Indo-Canadian who has lived in Canada for many years, and the first person to start an Indo-Canadian television show back the the 70's on CityTV (Toronto). After in the 1990's he became involved with the CRTC so that Indian television networks based in India could send a direct feed to Canada.  In doing so, he branded these channels under his own company known as the Asian Television Network.  Essentially he is the middle man between the Indian channels from India and the cable/satellite companies.  Since 1997, Indo-Canadians can subscribe to channels from India via purchasing TV channel packages from their satellite/cable companies.

I've claried what I wrote above and included in that article.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Got it, I understand now. I just didn't really get what the mechanics of it were.--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Undoubtedly however, with an increasing Indo-Canadian population, this trend will likely be corrected in the future.''
 * I think this either needs to go or be backed up with a reference.

 * Yeah this one will be hard to support, I'll take it out.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 15. I will be making further edits cuz I just noticed a couple more typos that I missed. Please feel free to question my edits here or on my talk page if you disagree. This is my biggest edit ever and I want to know if I didn't do it right.--Anchoress 08:04, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to delete/strikethrough any items you fix yourself; the unsupported speculation noted above I'll just remove in a few days if no-one shows up to delete or reference it.--Anchoress 10:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I updated some of the concerns you had and put a strikethrough through them here. Overall I appreciate the constructive feedback on the article, all of the points you raised were valid and needed revising/discussing since I was writing this stuff up at times quickly and not editing enough.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem, and huge props to you Parihav (and whomever else has transformed this article in the last few days); I didn't say in my note above what an awesome difference there is compared to its previous incarnation; when I came here to comment on the accuracy of population numbers it was just tiny and unfocused, and now it's a real resource. If we can get some pictures and references (other than statscan) I think it could be a possible FA.--Anchoress 00:28, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, all of the changes were done by myself on the 24th of April (the Ip addresses that appear in the edits were from several computers i was using when i forgot to log in). I looked at an article on Indian Americans and saw how much information they had provided, and thought that this article was certainly lacking in quality and depth.  I was surprised that all that was available was a list of people that were Indo-Canadian and a brief and rather incomplete history.  All of the history and demographic information was compiled from websites I used and read, including some of the culture section. I will be including some pictures in the culture section, but I am having trouble finding pictures about history because most of those are copyrighted on the internet. --Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah I thought that was probably you. :-) Re: the pictures, I'm really ignorant of all the ins and outs of images on Wikipedia, but I think if photos are old enough they're in the public domain, no? And I think there's nothing stopping us from asking the copyright holders if they will release the images for use on Wikipedia. As to the edits, I really do think this article is awesome now, and I was considering nominating it for the 'collaboration of the week' on the Canada portal, but I was worried that some well-meaning pedant might butcher it because it's so lacking in references.--Anchoress 01:45, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I found a reference that covers some information about Indians from other parts of the world immigrating to Canada, most notably from Africa, the Carribean and the Middle east. It also includes the immigration trends (Indians being the second largest immigrating group behind chinese immigrants). I am not sure how to include references properly but her eis the link. http://www.littleindia.com/september2004/TheOtherIndianAmericans.htm --Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Michael Ondaatje
I added Michael Ondaatje, although I don't know if it's OK because he's of mixed descent and was born in Sri Lanka, not India.--Anchoress 11:25, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure what mixture he is, but if he has European and Sri Lankan heritage, that would mean he is Sri Lankan Canadian and/or South Asian Canadian, and not an Indo-Canadian.

--Parihav 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops, my bad. I'll stop editing at 6am.--Anchoress 00:32, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Tables
In the next few days, I will be fixing up the tables to make them more condensed in size, so they do not take up most of the page.

(Parihav 17:14, 27 April 2006 (UTC))

Split into History of Indo-Canadian Immigration?
The History section of this page is getting pretty long, and deals almost exclusively with immigration, not the history of indo-canadians in Canada. There is a History of Chinese immigration to Canada, maybe there should be a History of Indo-Canadian immigration as well? -- TheMightyQuill 15:50, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not specifically against the idea, but right now there are only a couple of editors working on this article, and I wonder if splitting it will hinder its evolution into a brilliant article. I vote for leaving it as is for now, until either it is polished a bit (look for a 'to do' list from me in the near future), or until there are more editors contributing who will continue to watch/improve the split articles.--Anchoress 02:08, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Cool, I totally understand. I think the History section could definitely focus a little more on Indo-Canadians living in Canada, not just their immigration. For instance, the article on the controversy around Baltej Singh Dhillon could be expanded and included here. -- TheMightyQuill 11:08, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The History section deals with more immigration because Indo-Canadians haven't been long enough in Canada unlike the black canadians and chinese canadians. Almost all the Indo-Canadians are foreign-born. Sonic99 03:02, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Indo-Canadian History at Vancouver Public Library. If anyone's in Vancouver. -- TheMightyQuill 18:32, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * When writing about the history section of this article, I could only provide details on Immigration since my knowledge of Indian history in Canada is limited to immigration and I could not think of anything else to write about. I do hope, however, that someone can provide a more well rounded account of contributions of Indians in Canada.  Parihav 22:15, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Inter-racial Statistics
Where did the editor of this article get his/her data for the Table of Biracial Canadian(white and Other)? If you put a table of statistic in an article, then you have to put your source of information or a link. You cannot make it up. Sonic99 03:12, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * When writing academic articles of this nature, I never make things up. Thank you for reminding me about the error, which I have now fixed.  Parihav 21:46, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The web link that you added for the table, leads to the McMaster University website. The link has nothing to do with biracial Canadians. Nice try. In Canada, inter-racial relationship isn't just white and non-white, but also non-white with other non-white. Sonic99 23:44, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I copied the link wrong, try it now. (Parihav 02:06, 26 July 2006 (UTC))
 * Sonic99, may I respectfully remind you of the WP policy Assume Good Faith? I don't think it's polite to ascribe malicious motivations to another editor's actions or inactions without evidence thereof.--Anchoress 02:51, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Roma
Does this article also cover Roma people in Canada? Should it? CanadianCaesar Et tu, Brute? 23:44, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I would not think so RaveenS 18:52, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I would love to claim their Gypsy heritage as my own. It's only now that the general public people (or even themselves) see the link that they originally came from the Indian Sub continent.

 * The bigger question should be ~do they consider themselves to be linked to India or consider themselves Indo?.

 * I think most would consider first the country they migrated from. We talking about more than 500 years of separation here. It's amazing that one can still see the links, even if a lot of it was discovered through the language. This really shows how Asians in general hold on to their culture.

Moving the List of Notable Indo-Canadians past and present list
I have moved the List of Notable Indo-Canadians past and present to a separate page called List of Indo-Canadians, due to the fact that the list has gathered a large number of entries, and will continue to grow therefore making the Indo-Canadian page very long. This is common on other pages of other Canadian ethnicities, such as on Black Canadians, Jewish Canadians, Italian Canadians etc since thier lists have grown very long too.

Parihav 19:02, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic Infobox
I decided to place an ethnic infobox, which is also on the Indian American page. I chose the pictures of Russel Peters and Lisa Ray, since there were hardly any pictures from any of the Indians listed in the List of Indo-Canadians page. Therefore if any more pictures do arise, feel free to place them in as well or replace the ones I have put in.

Parihav 20:12, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

"related groups" info removed from infobox
For dedicated editors of this page: The "Related Groups" info was removed from all Infobox Ethnic group infoboxes. Comments may be left on the Ethnic groups talk page. Ling.Nut 17:20, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Kanishka
Shouldn't this page say anything about the Kanishka air disaster?

European Canadians?
"However, because the term East Indian is not blatantly pejorative and persists in being widely used by "European" Canadians, this term is also broadly acceptable to and tolerated by most Indo-Canadians." I have a problem with this sentence. Firstly, I don't think most white Canadians would identify themselves as "European Canadians" and secondly the term "East Indian" is also used by non-white Canadians as well. Does anybody have any suggestions on how this could be changed? --Lesouris 08:33, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Also, the fact that the inter-racial marriage table assumes that "biracial" means "Indian and White". I don't know if the figures given in the table represent these marriages only, but I would assume that some Indo-Canadians have married people that are neither white nor Indo-Canadian. --Lesouris 08:44, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Indo-Carribeans?
Being from Trinidad myself, why in the world are we assoicated with East Indians? We are separate bunch a people with a separate mentality and way of life. Indian Canadians should only refer to those indians from India period! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.121.89.105 (talk) 16:10, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe you don't associate yourself with Indians, but the fact is that many do and do have ethnic Indian heritage. Hence they fall under Indo Canadian.  BTW I am Indian from England yet I still call myself Indo Canadian not British Indian.  Does that mean all Indians who were born or raised outside of India should not call themselves Indo Canadian when they move to Canada.  I don't think so.

-Parihav (talk) 02:51, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Population in Toronto
This table should be revaluated. shows that the number of South Asians in the entire city of Toronto is 253,915. The number currently used is from the Toronto East York Community Council. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.48.114.5 (talk) 17:11, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * someone changed the figures on purpose from the way I had orignally put them in. i changed them back

-Parihav (talk) 03:01, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Population settlement
It seems to me that this chart is a bit wrong. According to the source, the number of "East Indians" in Toronto outnumber those in Vancouver. Furthermore, the numbers just don't jive with the source. Some of the lower ones are almost accurate, but the whole table seems a little out of whack. (Is this what the previous commenter was referring to, in his/her "Population in Toronto" edit?) Am I just seeing things or am I right? FamilyCompact (talk) 16:29, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Religous Figures
When I initially contributed to this article, I had placed accurate religious information. Someone had changed this up, so I restored it. My previous edits were erased when the name of this article changed several times, but here is the proof of the original information I put in. [|Original Indo Canadian page]

-Parihav (talk) 02:50, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indo-Canadians/Archive 1


text: User talk:70.188.239.133

title: User talk:70.188.239.133


text:
Talk:South African nationality law

Untitled
It would be interesting to see details of whether South African citizenship was conferred in Namibia/Walvis Bay and what the situation was on independence?

Birth
How about people born in South Africa before the current act? Matthew_hk  t  c  19:35, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

The article doesn't mention those born between the years 1983 and 1994. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.206.75.55 (talk) 13:58, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

WP:SAFRICA assessment
Assessed as C-Class. On its way to B-Class given the current content, but needs a lot of attention paid to style, and needs adequate referencing. Ron2K (talk) 14:27, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Map Colours
Hello, the coloured map appears to have S.A. as red, but the legend shows color robin blue. Is this intentional? I am bit confused. =) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kevinarpe (talk • contribs) 02:22, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:South African nationality law


text:
Percy Lake

Lieutenant-General Sir Percy Henry Noel Lake, (29 June 1855 – 17 November 1940) served as a senior commander in the British and Indian Armies, and in the Canadian Militia. He served during World War I.

Career
Lake was the son of Lt.-Colonel Percy Godfrey Botfield Lake (1829–1899) and his wife Margaret Phillips of Quebec City. Born at Tenby, Wales, on 29 June 1855, he was brought up in Preston, Lancashire where his father was stationed. He was educated at Preston Grammar School and Uppingham School.

Lake was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in the 59th Regiment of Foot in 1873, and promoted to lieutenant on 9 August 1873. He fought in the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1878–79. He was promoted captain on 31 October 1883 and graduated from Staff College in 1884. In 1885 he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General and Quartermaster General during the Suakin Expedition, Sudan.

Returning home, he served as Staff Captain at Army Headquarters in 1887 and Deputy Assistant Adjutant General (Intelligence) at Army Headquarters in 1888. He went on to be Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at Dublin District in Ireland in 1892, Quartermaster General for the Canadian Militia in 1893 and, on promotion to lieutenant-colonel, Assistant Quartermaster General (Intelligence) at Army Headquarters in India in September 1899. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 22 August 1902.

After that Lake became Chief Staff Officer for 2nd Army Corps in 1904, Chief of the Canadian General Staff in 1905 and Inspector General of the Canadian Militia in 1908, introducing a number of reforms. He was promoted major-general on 23 March 1905, and appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1905 and Knight Commander (KCMG) in 1908.

Leaving Canada in 1910, he became General Officer Commanding 7th (Meerut) Division in India in 1911 and Chief of the General Staff in India from 1912, having been promoted lieutenant-general in March 1911. In 1913 he was given the colonelcy of the East Lancashire Regiment, which he held until 1920. In January 1916 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mesopotamian Force, part of an expeditionary force sent to relieve Sir General Townshend's troops at Kut.

After preparing for a fresh campaign, in August 1916 Lake returned to England, and was created Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 1 January 1916. He was given a post in the Ministry of Munitions in May 1917.

Later life
Following the war, Lake formally retired on 20 November 1919. He returned to Canada and lived in Victoria, British Columbia, where he died on 17 November 1940. He was survived by his wife Hester Fanny (Woodyer), whom he had married in 1891. They had no children.

title: Percy Lake


text:
Mia Cox

Mia Cox is a singer-songwriter from Newark, New Jersey. She was the featured vocalist on DJ Disciple's "Caught Up" (from the Queer As Folk soundtrack), which went to number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 2002.

Compilations

 * Caught Up (2000)

title: Mia Cox