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Claude McKenzie

Claude McKenzie (born 1967 in Schefferville, Quebec) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. An Innu from Maliotenam, he was half of the popular folk music duo Kashtin, the most commercially successful musical group in First Nations history.

He released his debut solo album, Innu Town, in 1997. Two-three years later, he was seriously injured in a car accident. He released his second album, Pishimuss ("Little Moon" or "December"), in 2004.

After two years of "rediscovering his talent", McKenzie made a recording comeback in 2009 with the album Inniu ("He is reborn") with Montreal producer Ulysse Personne (Les Editions Embruns) who offered McKenzie to record this album with his ex-partner of the group Kashtin, Florent Vollant. Ulysse Personne also helped McKenzie to write the only French song of the album, "Nous". There is also an English song, "Away". All other songs are written in Innu, a native language found in the province of Québec as well as Newfoundland and Labrador; as was the case for the three albums recorded by Kashtin in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

title: Claude McKenzie


text:
National Association of Epilepsy Centers

The National Association of Epilepsy Centers is an association of Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers - academic departments of epilepsy in the United States that meets certain criteria and has certain resources available for the care of the most complicated patients with epilepsy. It is based in Washington DC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:The Mercury

Maybe this article should be seperated into "The Mercury (Hobart)" and "The Mercury (Pensylvania)"! its a bit cluttered at the moment.
 * I agree. Done. Barrylb 13:35, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Mercury


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Помощ

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Moved since the page was a newbie test. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 03:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Помощ
Appears to be a duplication of an article in the WP namespace. No reason for this, delete. Dmcdevit·t 05:31, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wonder how "Pomosch" can mean "Merudia". Delete. --Tito xd 05:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete as user test. Radiant_ >|< 10:34, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved the page to Merudia (Disambiguation), since it was a newbie test. It can be closed now. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Quiik

Welcome from Ragib
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 05:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Quiik


text:
Long-term video-EEG monitoring

Long-term or "continuous" video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is a diagnostic technique commonly used in patients with epilepsy. It involves the long-term hospitalization of the patient, typically for days or weeks, during which brain waves are recorded via EEG and physical actions are continuously monitored by video. In epileptic patients, this technique is typically used to capture brain activity during seizures. The information gathered can be used for initial prognosis or long-term care management.

History
Like standard EEG-testing, long-term video-EEG monitoring techniques developed from techniques in 1875 by Richard Caton in Liverpool. In 1890, his work was expanded upon by Adolf Beck as developments to the technique were enhanced through animal studies of rhythmic oscillations in the brain due to light stimuli. In these studies, electrodes were placed directly on the surface of the brain. Additional developments made using animal subjects persisted through the early 1900s including the work of Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky in 1912, Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna in 1914, as well as by Hans Berger in 1924 with the first human EEG recording. These developments lead to the modern EEG techniques which allow for non-invasive measurements using externally placed EEG caps and were established by William Grey Walter in the 1950s. From these easy uses and techniques, a longer-term method of EEG monitoring was developed called long-term video-EEG monitoring which applies these same brain-wave monitoring techniques in a long-duration test format. This test format allows at-home or extended monitoring in clinics and hospitals where the standard EEG monitoring was previously unable to be used.

In either case, these EEG measuring techniques allow one to non-invasively measure action potentials of groups of neurons within the brain using transducers called electrodes. The electrical signals from these electrode transducers are then amplified using differential amplifiers to measure potential differences from one area of the scalp or brain to another. The acquired analog signal is then converted to a digital signal to allow processing and storage of the data using an analog-to-digital converter which is then filtered to remove any signal noise not associated with the neuronal activity. The final signal can then be displayed on an external computer screen as a visual representation of the EEG signals measured. Other EEG techniques can sum these cellular responses either temporally or spatially and help determine which areas of the brain are active during specific activities or due to specific stimuli.

Medical Uses
Long-term video-EEG monitoring is utilized in the localization of epileptogenic zones which are the areas of the cortex of the brain responsible for epileptic seizures. Long-term video-EEG monitoring is similar to EEG in that the brain waves are periodically monitored and analyzed by a neurologist, typically one trained in clinical neurophysiology. The neurologist determines when the monitoring is finished and issues the final report after the compiled data is interpreted.

The results from the EEG and video monitoring are used to characterize episodic disruptions in brain function and its physical manifestations; many recordings show symptoms of epileptic seizures over time and how severe/frequent the seizures become over a given period of time.

The purposes of long-term video-EEG monitoring include discovering where in the brain seizures begin for a given patient, the severity of the seizures (measured according to a scaled order), determining the frequency of the seizures, the duration and prominence of physical activity during the seizure (which may be indicator of status epilepticus, prolonged seizures or increased frequency of seizures without a return to an otherwise normal state), and distinguishing epileptic seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Additionally, audio recordings of patients (verbal and nonverbal) may be taken of the subject during those seizures. Each of these topics may then be used to evaluate a subject's candidacy for surgery to treat epilepsy.

In adults, long-term EEG monitoring typically involves one of three procedures which include long-term video-EEG monitoring, sleep-deprived EEG monitoring, and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. Long-term video-EEG monitoring typically lasts from a few hours to several days. Depending on the needs of the patient where sleep-deprived and ambulatory EEG monitoring are often used to further investigate symptoms of epilepsy when a standard EEG reading returns inconclusive results. Furthermore, sometimes all three procedures of long-term EEG monitoring are utilized for a single patient due to niche results found in each. Video-EEG (LTVER) specializes in recording of seizures for topographic diagnosis as well as for diagnosis of paroxysmal clinical events. Sleep-deprived EEG monitoring diagnoses specific EEG abnormalities for syndromic classification. Lastly, Ambulatory EEG focuses on monitoring/ quantification of EEG abnormalities.

Long-term video-EEG monitoring is typically used in cases of drug-resistant epilepsy to examine symptoms before surgery and is also used to more precisely diagnose a patient when episodes become more frequent.

Risks/Complications
In order to perform long-term video-EEG monitoring appropriately, a patient is admitted into a hospital or clinic, where epileptic seizures may be induced using sleep deprivation techniques or temporarily ceasing the patient's use of antiepileptic drugs. With these techniques, the patient under observation is susceptible to not only experiencing a higher frequency of seizures, but to a change in seizure type or seizure intensity. These changes in seizure behavior can in turn lead to the patient experiencing a higher risk of injuries due to uncontrolled mental behavior such as aggression, psychosis, self-inflicted injury, as well as seizure-related injuries including falls and status epilepticus. Finally, other safety concerns of patients under observation using long-term video-EEG monitoring include technical problems with the equipment used such as electrode degradation and restraints. Each of these safety concerns are negated with staff training and education.

In human use for diagnostic purposes, long-term video-EEG monitoring is a relatively safe procedure compared to other invasive brain-monitoring techniques. However, despite long-term video-EEG monitoring being a generally non-invasive procedure, there still exists the potential for adverse events to occur. These adverse events can mostly prevented with proper test administration. Should an adverse event occur, increased time of hospitalization or death are not likely.

Society and Culture
As seizures have become more easily monitored by neurologists, as well as patients, EEGs and long-term video-EEGs have become the standard for both hospital and home-care. The data and information logs of these EEGs provide insight to a patient's condition that may be otherwise improperly recorded or noticed and can allow for a sense of security and control for the individual/caregiver. The use of long-term EEG thus allows for full episodic events to be recorded so as to give semiological clues that are needed to define the epileptogenic zone in the brain where these events are occurring.

At-home long-term video-EEG monitoring reduces the financial burden, since the individual is no longer at a hospital, or place of care, for long periods of time, as well as allowing for possible epileptic triggers to remain. For example, how an individual has habits at their home, the feeling of their bed when sleeping, or stress levels at home may influence the onset of an episode. Remaining at home will keep the patient under the conditions they would normally be under, when experiencing a seizure. In contrast, long-term video-EEG monitoring may record non-cerebral signals from throughout the body such as biological and extra-physiological artifacts and thus makes the data logs susceptible to displaying false positives that can result in false seizure reports. These false data reports may then impede the neurologist from distinguishing where an episode may begin and end, or if an episode occurred at all. The use of at-home devices also introduces obstacles such as daily visits by a professional to collect the data logs and to take care of the equipment, equipment hazards, and lighting issues for the video recording device. Having long-term video-EEG monitoring sessions in a clinical setting provides a controlled environment that allows the health professional to most efficiently collect data, monitor seizure inducing procedures, and keep the equipment functioning properly.

Research
Research involving the use of long-term video-EEG monitoring has mostly involved animal models which allows for neuronal activity to be better understood by using methods that may involve the use of psychoactive drugs or inducing states that would not be ethical to induce in humans experimentally. These models provide a relatively inexpensive and low risk scenario compared to humans, when testing their effects on the brain in response to events such as pre-clinical and clinical use of pharmaceutical drugs. The use of animal models also allows for variables, that are not as easily related to seizures in humans, to be taken into account such as how status epileptici affect their brain over an individual's life span, familial lineage, and development during maturation. Thus the heritability, prevalence, and general development of seizures over many generations can be closely monitored and studied.

Current research being performed using long-term video-EEG monitoring mostly focuses on the mouse model known as C57BL/6J which can be used to induce behavioral convulsive (CS) and electrographic-nonconvulsive (NCS) seizures. These seizures can then be monitored over a 4-18 week period, which is a much longer period than most humans are normally comfortable with. As these mice are monitored, factors such as the length of the episode, spike amplitude, interspike interval, and spike frequency can all be closely observed to see how CS and NCS develop over the trial. The stages of the status epileptici can then be distinguished by using scales, such as the Racine Stages and CSS indices, to determine the severity of the episode and how they may also change over a given cycle.

title: Long-term video-EEG monitoring


text:
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (DESFBNWR) is a United States National Wildlife Refuge located in the southern part of San Francisco Bay, California. Its headquarters and visitor center are in the Baylands district of Fremont, next to Coyote Hills Regional Park, in Alameda County. The visitor center is on Marshlands Rd, off Thornton Ave.

Most of the refuge stretches along the marshy shoreline north and south of the Dumbarton Bridge, but Bair Island, in San Mateo County, is also part of the system. The southernmost extent is in northern Santa Clara County.

History
It was founded in 1974 as the first urban National Wildlife Refuge established in the United States, and it is dedicated to preserving and enhancing wildlife habitat, protecting migratory birds, protecting threatened and endangered species, and providing opportunities for wildlife-oriented recreation and nature study for the surrounding communities.

As of 2004, the refuge spanned 30000 acre of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland and vernal pool habitats located throughout south San Francisco Bay. About 9000 acre of salt ponds within the refuge are managed by Cargill Salt, which has perpetual salt-making rights. Cargill uses the salt ponds to concentrate brines as part of its solar salt operation which produces salt for food, agriculture, medical, and industrial uses throughout the Western United States.

Located along the Pacific Flyway, the refuge hosts over 280 species of birds each year. The variety of birds that may call the refuge home or use it as a stopover include white pelicans, white-tailed kites, hawks, ospreys, and eagles. Millions of shorebirds and waterfowl stop to refuel here during the spring and fall migration. It also provides critical habitat to resident species like the endangered California clapper rail and salt marsh harvest mouse. Hundreds of thousands of people visit its diverse wildlife and habitats each year.

The DESFBNWR is one of six wildlife refuges in the San Francisco Bay Area. The others are: Antioch Dunes, Ellicott Slough, Farallon, Marin Islands, and San Pablo Bay. It was renamed in 1995 in recognition of Congressman Don Edwards and his efforts to protect sensitive wetlands in south San Francisco Bay.


text:
Leonidov

Leonidov (Леонидов) is a Russian surname that is derived from the male given name Leonid and literally means Leonid's. It may refer to the following notable people:

 * Aleksei Leonidov, a nickname of Leo (Leonid) Feigin, a former BBC Russian Service disk jockey and a founder of Leo Records
 * Ivan Leonidov (1902–1959), Soviet architect, urban planner, painter and teacher
 * Leonid Leonidov (1873–1941), Russian and Soviet actor and stage director
 * Oleh Leonidov (born 1985), Ukrainian football player

title: Leonidov


text:
I. J. Wickrema

I.J. Wickrema aka ‘‘Irvin Joseph Wickrema’’ was a promising leader of the Government Clerical Service Union (GCSU) in Sri Lanka in the 1960s. He was a Communist ideologist and a member of Lanka Sama Samaja Party's central committee also led the GCSU's "Golden era" in its history. At that time the total number of GCSU members was around 30,000 out of 50,000 clerical workers in the 1960s.

Early life
He was born in 1922 in Galle, Southern Sri Lanka and spent his childhood there.

Trade union work
He was well-read about Communism and in his speeches he explained how to use Communist ideology within the trade union struggle. He organised branch committees of the union throughout the country.

He was elected secretary of the union and later became President. During the years from 1965–70, many incidents happened in Sri Lanka's politics and the union reacted to the changes by taking the side of the worker.

He introduced the death donation scheme and the retirement donation scheme from which its members benefited at a time of grief and in the later years of their lives.

Building the headquarters
Under I.J. Wickrema's leadership the GCSU started work to build their own headquarters in front of the "Lake House" (the office of the government newspapers). Sri Lanka's celebrated dramatist Henry Jayasena staged dramas to raise funds for the new building. Sri Lanka's former Prime Minister Mrs.Sirimavo R.D. Bandaranaike laid the foundation stone for the building. Visitors to the city of Colombo can see the GCSU headquarters building near the Beira lake.

Leaving the GCSU
I.J. Wickrema left the union at the end of 1970 when he was appointed as a CAS officer. The 1977 government of Mrs.Sirimavo Bandaranaike was over and the new United National Party government came into power under the leadership of J.R Jayawardene. He was subjected to political revenge and his close relatives who worked in the public sector were transferred to difficult areas. Finally he was sent to the CAS officers pool and a year later he was retired. He died in late 1979 and his funeral march was organised under the banner of the GCSU.

title: I. J. Wickrema


text:
Ibrahim Gambari

Ibrahim Agboola Gambari, CFR (born November 24, 1944), is a Nigerian academic and diplomat who served as Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria from 2020 to 2023.

He previously served as permanent representative of Nigeria to the United Nations from 1990 to 1999, and minister of external affairs from 1984 to 1985.

Early life and education
Ibrahim Agboola Gambari was born on 24 November 1944 in Ilorin, Kwara State to a Fulani ruling class family. His nephew Ibrahim Sulu Gambari is the Emir of Ilorin.

Gambari attended King's College, Lagos. He subsequently attended the London School of Economics where he obtained his B. Sc. (Economics) degree (1968) with specialisation in International Relations. He later obtained his M.A. (1970) and Ph. D. (1974) degrees from Columbia University, New York, United States in Political Science /International Relations.

Academic career
Gambari began his teaching career in 1969 at City University of New York before working at University of Albany. Later, he taught at Ahmadu Bello University, in Zaria, Kaduna State. From 1986 to 1989, he was Visiting Professor at three universities in Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Georgetown University and Howard University. He has also been a research fellow at the Brookings Institution also in Washington D.C. and a Resident Scholar at the Bellagio Study and Conference Center, the Rockefeller Foundation-run center in Italy. He has written so many books and published in reputable journals in foreign policy and international relations, such as 'Theory and Reality in Foreign Policy: Nigeria after second Republic'.

Nigeria
Gambari served as the Minister for External Affairs between 1984 and 1985 under General Muhammadu Buhari's military regime, after he was the director general of The Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). From 1990 to 1999, he holds the record of being the longest serving Nigerian Ambassador to the United Nations, serving under five Heads of State and Presidents.

United Nations
Gambari has held several positions in the United Nations. In 1999, he was the President of UNICEF and later became UN Under Secretary-General and the first Special Adviser on Africa to the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan from 1999 to 2005. He was the Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for Political Affairs from 2005 to 2007 under Secretary-General's Kofi Annan and Ban Ki-moon. His last appointment in the UN was from January 2010 to July 2012, when he was appointed by Ban Ki-moon and the Chairperson of the African Union Commission as the Joint African Union-United Nations Special Representative for Darfur.

Honours and memberships

 * Founder and Chairman of the Savannah Centre
 * Gambari is the co-chair of the Albright-Gambari Commission
 * He is a member of the Johns Hopkins University's Society of Scholars
 * He was decorated with the title of Commander of the Federal Republic (CFR) by the Government of Nigeria
 * He was accorded, honoris causa, the title of Doctor of Humane Letters (D.Hum.Litt.) from the University of Bridgeport
 * On 4 March 2013, Ibrahim Gambari was named by the Governor of Kwara Abdulfatah Ahmad, as the Chancellor of the Kwara State University

title: Ibrahim Gambari


text:
Talk:Virgin Missing Adventures

Companions?
The table on the Past Doctor Adventures page includes companions. Any particular reason why this one doesn't? (I'll take care of it if there isn't, but I won't bother if there's some reason for the inconsistency.)

Actually, the New Adventures page has publication dates as well. Should this one? —Josiah Rowe 05:39, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No idea. Go for it. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 06:33, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

I started both those pages, so you can blame me. :) This one was started first, and I never got round to coming back to this one to add companions. It's quite a lot of work and you seem quite eager… I'll leave it to you now? ;) Tim! (talk) 07:32, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. I'll put companions & publication dates on the other novel pages later. —Josiah Rowe 16:17, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Incidentally, it looks a bit weird to me to have UNIT as a "companion", but that's the way it's listed on several of the books ("featuring the Third Doctor, Liz Shaw and UNIT" or some such). Anyone have a better idea on how to deal with that? (Listing the Brig, Benton & Mike Yates would probably take up too much room.) —Josiah Rowe 20:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I personally don't consider any of the UNIT military personnel as companions, so I wouldn't object to seeing them excised entirely from that column. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 22:25, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I could remove UNIT, or I could change the column to Featuring instead of Companions... —Josiah Rowe 23:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not fussed either way, honestly, as long as the header is accurate. :) --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 01:13, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

"Virgin" Missing Adventures
I'm not sure why these are referred to as "Virgin Missing Adventures".

At the time that these were published, they were simply known as MAs or "Missing Adventures". Virgin was the publisher, yes, and calling them "Virgin Missing Adventures" does help differentiate them from, say the BBC's Past Doctor Adventures - but to the best of my knowledge they were never marketed in this way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.235.28 (talk) 07:42, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virgin Missing Adventures


text:
Day of the Dragon

Day of the Dragon or Dragon Day may refer to:

 * Dragon Day, annual event
 * Dragon Day (novel), 2005 novel
 * The Day of the Dragon, an episode of Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu
 * Warcraft: Day of the Dragon, 2001 novel

title: Day of the Dragon


text:
National Students Federation

The National Students Federation Pakistan (NSF) is a left-wing students federation in Pakistan. In the late 1960s, NSF adopted the political line of Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.

Its predecessor, the DSF (Democratic Students Federation), had links to the Communist Party of Pakistan. It had power base among progressive students from Dow Medical and DJ Science Colleges. It dominated student politics in Karachi, the then Federal Capital of the country. In a convention at the national level of students, held in Khaliqdina Hall, Karachi(1953), the DSF renamed itself to NSF (National Student Federation in the late 1960s), laying claim to being a national movement and hoping to spread the Student Revolution to the whole country. Demonstrations and strikes had already paralysed the federal capital for several days. The government apparently gave in by sacrificing the federal minister of education, Mr Fazlur Rahman, hailing from the eastern wing. He was sacked from his post. It was not much of a victory for the students. APSO was banned and the leaders were thrown in Karachi Central Jail. NSF (The National Students Federation) a small nationalist and right-wing group which had been propped up by the help of Karachi University Vice Chancellor to counter DSF's activities, was invaded practically overnight by the now banned DSF party members, who were still outside. The ex-DSFites had enough muscle and organisational skills to take over the control of NSF in 1956, thus its new "left" leaning profile emerged. Due to its links with communist movement, DSF was infested with the presence of double agents/informers from the secret service.

First split
NSF saw its first major split in 1965, between the pro-China and pro-Moscow factions, better known as the NSF-Miraj Group and the NSF-Kazmi Group. While the NSF-Mairaj group supported the PPP, the NSF Kazmi group was the student arm of the National Awami Party (NAP), which today is the ANP. Because this particular faction hold most backward views within the progressive movement they soon loose the ground. Mr Ameer Haider Kazmi took position in PPP and his faction was liquidated.

NSF remain active in many Pakistani universities and colleges and won the elections of Students Unions. It played a major role in the popular student and labour uprising against the pro-US dictatorship of Field Marshal Ayub Khan in 1967 and 1968. NSF activists were among the first major supporters of future Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and his populist/Socialist Pakistan Peoples Party to advance the democratic process and to weaken the religious fundamentalists. One of the leading leaders of NSF, Meraj Muhammad Khan, was made a minister in Bhutto's first cabinet but both NSF and Meraj fell out with the Bhutto government in 1973 when Bhutto started to compromise on his socialist agenda.

Meraj Mohammad Khan remained president of NSF till 1967 and was later replaced by Rasheed Hassan Khan (student of Dow Medical College Karachi) in a council session held in Lahore in 1970.

NSF and People's Party
The following are the main reasons which contributed in withdrawing NSF support from the PPP. The breaking point between Bhutto and the NSF came when Bhutto crushed the labour movement in Site on 7–8 June and in Landhi on 17–18 October in 1972. Several workers were killed and hundreds arrested. Rasheed Hassan Khan, then a Central President of NSF, had to go underground.
 * After PPP won the 1970 election and emerged as the single largest party in West Pakistan, it refused to acknowledge the mandate of the Awami League and their demands of greater autonomy and furthermore its policies regarding army operation in East Pakistan. The NSF and Mazdoor Kissan Party were the main left organizations who strongly opposed army operation against Bengalis.
 * Differences further deepened when the NSF realized that Bhutto was backing off from his promises of radical economical and social changes which he made to students and the working class.
 * Bhutto wanted to silence his dissidents so he cracked down on the workers and students.

Consequently the NSF withdrew its support from the PPP and exposed Bhutto’s hypocrisy and opportunistic politics. Miraj Mohamed khan decided to remain in the PPP. Miraj was in view that it was the establishment that is trying to create conflicts among workers and that PPP and its policies are clean but he was proved wrong later. In years to come, the gulf of difference between ZA Bhutto and Meraj khan widened and Meraj Mohd Khan has no choice other than to leave PPP and form his own political organisation which he named as Qomi Mahaz-e-Azadi and his own faction of NSF. In mid 90's Miraj dissolved the Qomi Mahaz-e-Azadi and joined hand with cricketer turn politician Imran Khan and become Secretary General of PTI. He soon fell out with Khan and resigned from PTI. Once, a flamboyant student leader, Meraj fell into political isolation and he never regained his position as a representative leader of working class, a position he enjoyed once.

Dr. Rasheed Hasan Khan, commonly known as Doctor Saheb was born in Hyderabad – Deccan in early 50s. Later, he migrated to Pakistan and started his struggle from the platform of National Students’ Federation – Pakistan. Rasheed Hasan Khan kept the NSF alive in extremely difficult circumstances, sometimes behind walls and sometimes underground. He lead National Students’ Federation in 1968’s famous “October Movement” against Ayub Khan’s Martila Law. Later, he formed the People's Democratic Front in 1979, a left wing party, working among workers, peasants, lower and middle-class’ enlightened youth, and progressive students. During this time, NSF and PDF witnessed two martial laws and the political shifts between N-League and People's Party. These shifts were often related to Article 58-2B of the Constitution. The powerful feudal ruling classes always came to power with a commitment to protect the "Doctrine of Strategic Depth" in Washington. It was to secure their rule that Dr. Rasheed Hasan Khan had to remain in prison or underground. In 2010, Dr. Rasheed Hasan Khan dedicated himself to reading and writing. He wrote many of his editorials in his blog “Apna Kal”. Dr. Umar Daraz Khan, Dr. Tanveer Imam and Dr. Amin Baig assisted him for the blog. He carried on his struggle till his last breath and passed away of a fatal heart attack on April 30th, 2016.

Afghan saur revolution
NSF saw another split in the 1980s when the USSR invaded Afghanistan. A majority faction condemned the soviet invasion, believed that revolution can not be exported. It was said that this will provide opportunity to imperialist powers to use religious extremist to curb progressive movements. Within Afghanistan various Marxist parties and groups were also divided over the issue. The small faction headed by Zahid Hussain took the position that criticizing so called 'Afghan saur revolution' would meant to be supporting the Mujahideen and see this as support to the Army Junta and dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq, playing into the hands of the US. That gave birth to a small dissident group headed by Zahid Hussain. This faction liquidated soon and member of this faction later joined various pro soviet groups or took positions in establishment. These Opportunist wolves in sheeps’s clothing done damage to NSF in particular and to the progressive and workers movement in general. Their position on this issue demonstrated that they failed to understand the imperialist strategy and their grasp of Marxism–Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought was fairly shallow. Revisionism and opportunism is always the main danger and obstacle to the advance of progressive movement.

Both betrayals from inside and the state crack down from outside were great setback to NSF and helped NSF's arch rivals, the right-wing, Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba (IJT), the student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami, gain ground in the many student union elections held in the country's campuses in the 1970s and the 1980s. Till then the NSF had been sweeping student union elections in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970's. NSF was also affected by the creation of the Pakistan Peoples Party's student wing, the Peoples Students Federation (PSF) whose main purpose was to counter the NSF opposition to PPP in the early 1970s.

Ban on students' unions
This is a historical account of how the powerful classes in Pakistan have always been wary of the increasing awareness among students and their potential to challenge the exploitative system. The National Students Federation's 'October Movement' in Karachi gained nationwide support and aimed to end feudalism and establish a truly independent state. The movement faced censorship and opposition from the ruling elite, leading to political maneuvers and suppression tactics. Despite challenges, National Students Federation-Pakistan continued its ideological and organizational strength, winning significant victories in student union elections. The ruling classes, fearing a people's democratic revolution, imposed a ban on student unions on February 9, 1984, sparking a nationwide crackdown on NSF-Pakistan activists. The struggle for the restoration of student unions continues, with the youth demanding their rights to education, leadership development, and democratic participation. The ultimate goal is to create a society where every child has access to quality education and opportunities for a better future. Joining National Students Federation – Pakistan is seen as a step towards achieving this vision.

Left leaning and progressive parties were persecuted and harassed by the right-wing dictatorship of President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, dozens of NSF activists were arrested, tortured and expelled from the campuses. NSF joined alliance of progressive student parties that included DSF, PSF and many secular nationalist student groups like Baloch Students Federation in students' union elections across the country. NSF gained significant victories in students unions elections before they were banned by General Zia-ul-Huq in 1984. After seeing the fate of Ayub Khan, Zia realised that student power needs to be curbed and crushed. He also wanted to pave his way to freely act as an American agent to fight a proxy war for America in Afghanistan, which eventually led the downfall of the Russian social Imperialism. On 9–11 February 1984, he banned students union starting from Sindh and than carrying out the orders to the rest of the country. Dow Medical College had always been the focus of the left politics and produced great student leaders from time to time. It was not a surprise that Dow Medical College was first to react to the ban on student political activities. At that particular time there were five elected unions in major campuses of Karachi, Dow Medical College (Khalid Anwer NSF panel), Sind Medical College (Rizwan Naeem, NSF panel)) and Dawood Engineering College (Rao Jamal Hamid, NSF panel) had elected Presidents from NSF. This was the popularity of NSF that Karachi University was the only institute with panel elected from right-wing Islami Jamiat-e-Talba. On the morning of the ban, NSF workers were running an admission campaign to facilitate newcomers to Dow Medical and Sind Medical College. NSF refused to accept the Ordinance of military dictator and immediately put black armbands and took students to the streets and ran a campaign for 100 days.  NSF was the only student organisation in Karachi which started the protest and all started from Dow Medical college. Islami Jamiat Talba joined later for face saving and in the broader interest of the students cause NSF had a combined meeting in Dow medical college where two organisations joined hands for the same cause. It must be reiterated that NSF kept the lead in the hand because of the brave nature of the workers and readiness to sacrifice for the cause. Dozens of NSF workers were arrested but were not deterred from the cause. During the process of protest, Sind Medical College was stormed by police and shelled with tear gas. NSF workers like Hakim Baloch, Humayun from SMC, Babar Asad, Kaleem and Shahid from Dawood Engineering College and Sohail Jaffar and Bashmi Mumtaz from NED and Iqbal, Riaz Pekar from Karachi University were few to name on the forefront of this movement. Thousands of students led by NSF protested across Pakistan, hundreds were put behind the bars and tortured. This movement was brutally suppressed by the dictator and in later years a new era of de-politicization of youth began.

After the ban on students' unions, right-wing student organisations were given free hand to operate and violently curb progressive students activism by the military dictator. NSF suffered heavily from the trend of violence once pioneered by IJT and later adopted by APMSO, and MSF which was intensified in the late 1980s and 1990s. Across the country NSF workers were banned from entering or holding their political activities on campuses. Subsequently major campuses become no go areas for progressive students and NSF was overshadowed by pro establishment and other regional groups like APMSO and PSF and by Islamic fundamentalist student parties such as IJT and Pakistan Muslim League's student wing, Muslim Students Federation (MSF). NSF suffered greatly by the state crackdown and violence in campuses and its presence were marginalized. NSF held its Eighteenth Central Council Session in 2000 in Lahore but in later year saw little presence in campuses.

Re-emergence
However, since early 2007 NSF is regrouping and has seen activities associated with re-organization taking along some of the old comrades like Mushtaq Chaudhri, Faheem Aamer, Abid Ali Shah, etc as well as new ones like Asif Ali Choudhry.These comrades reorganized the People's Democratic Front (PDF) as well as NSF. NSF refused to take part in the Lawyers' Movement but firmly stood against the dictatorship of General Pervaiz Musharraf.

Despite the numerous errors and zig-zags in developing progressive movement, NSF has made important progress towards Re-organizational work and In Jan 2014 NSF central council session was held in Awan-e-Iqbal Lahore. Hundreds of students participated from all over Pakistan. In the two days council session. Participants vowed to continue their struggle and move beyond any ethnic, linguistic, and sectarian affiliations and unite at a national platform not just for better education but for People's Democracy and class consciousness to the people’s movements. A few years after the death of Dr Rasheed Hassan Khan, one of the founder of PDF the current leadership decided to abandon the PDF and on 24th January 2020 announced a new mass front, "Pakistan Inqlabi Party" with the thought that an organized mass front is important to unite the students, peasants, workers, and other white-collar proletariat. Pakistan Inqlabi Party have decided to wage "People Democratic Revolution" by taking part in electoral politics and have recently registered itself with the election commission of Pakistan.

title: National Students Federation


text:
Dakota (song)

"Dakota" (released in the United States as "Dakota (You Made Me Feel Like the One)") is a song by Welsh alternative rock band Stereophonics. It was the first single taken from their fifth studio album, Language. Sex. Violence. Other?, and was released on 28 February 2005. "Dakota" was the first and to date only Stereophonics single to reach number one and the last to reach the top ten on the UK Singles Chart and to chart on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It also became the band's highest-charting single in both Australia and New Zealand.

Writing
Kelly Jones started writing the music for "Dakota" in January 2004. He was staying in a hotel room in Paris while Stereophonics were on a promo tour for You Gotta Go There To Come Back and was trying to find a new sound. Jones knew he had come up with something special, telling Songwriting Magazine, "I text the head of the label V2 at the time and said, 'I think I've got a big song'. That was the first time I'd ever done that and I don't think I've done it since, either."

A month later, while the band were on tour in the United States, he wrote the lyrics in Vermillion (in South Dakota) and the song's working title was originally named after it. After Slipknot released a song from their third album entitled "Vermilion" and Mercury Rev released their sixth album with a song included on it also called "Vermillion", the band decided to change the title of the song. The name of the song was changed to "Dakota", named after the apartment building in New York City. One of the song's signature lines, "Take a look at me now", was first used—in a similar melody—in their earlier single "Since I Told You It's Over".

Promotion
Then BBC Radio 1 DJ Jo Whiley was the first to play "Dakota" on air. Kelly Jones and Richard Jones presented the song as part of Radio 1's "10 albums to watch for 2005".

US radio airplay
"Dakota" was the first Stereophonics single to achieve success on alternative rock radio stations in the United States—where it was promoted as "Dakota (You Made Me Feel Like the One)". After its American release on 21 March 2005, the single steadily gained ground on US alternative rock radio, notably on stations such as WFNX, WBCN and KROQ-FM. "Dakota" continued to gain support across the US and eventually became the first Stereophonics song to chart on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It first charted on 9 July 2005, almost half a year after its original release. The song peaked at number 34 on the chart and remained on the chart for six weeks. It was their first and so far only single to make the chart.

Release
Four weeks before the official release of the single, "Dakota" was released exclusively on the iTunes Store. The song was also available for download from the band's website. The single was released in the United Kingdom on 28 February 2005 across four formats: a CD single, maxi single, vinyl single and DVD single. "Dakota" was included as the opening track on Stereophonics' first greatest hits compilation album Decade in the Sun.

Music video
The music video for "Dakota" was filmed in South Dakota, United States. It features Stereophonics on a road trip through Dakota on the back of a truck. As the video goes on, the band pass various Dakota sights including Mount Rushmore. The video was given an exclusive showing on MTV before it was shown on other music channels.

Critical response
"Dakota" received positive reviews. AllMusic editor MacKenzie Wilson said the song had "glossy guitar hooks" when reviewing the album. Along with the songs "Brother" and "Girl" she stated that they "find Stereophonics' second coming to be a convincing one." On the "Readers 100 Greatest Tracks of 2005" at Q, "Dakota" was placed 8th. James Masterton named the song his single of the year in 2005. Alexis Petridis from The Guardian praised the song for replacing their "standard smug lumbering with an urgent synthesizer pulse" and its "breezy, radio-smashing chorus."

The song has been compared to the works of U2, with Pete Cashmore of NME criticising the song for sounding like one of their stadium songs and being "too concerned with making an impressive noise and not concerned enough with a tune."

Commercial performance
"Dakota" gave Stereophonics their first UK number one single as it topped both the Singles and Download charts. It remained in the charts for 44 weeks and ranked at number 40 on the year-end charts. It was also the band's first single to chart on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 34. In Ireland the song peaked at number 8 and remained in the chart for seven weeks.

Personnel
Stereophonics
 * Kelly Jones – vocals, guitar, piano
 * Richard Jones – bass guitar
 * Javier Weyler – drums

Technical
 * Production – Kelly Jones, Jim Lowe
 * Mixing – Kelly Jones, Jim Lowe
 * Engineering – Jim Lowe

Cover versions
Show of Hands recorded a cover version for their 2010 album Covers 2.

In popular culture
"Dakota" made appearances in the video games FIFA Manager 06 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2010. The song features at the beginning of an episode of the BBC comedy Him & Her.

title: Dakota (song)


text:
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