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Colin Moynihan, 4th Baron Moynihan

Colin Berkeley Moynihan, 4th Baron Moynihan, 4th Baronet (born 13 September 1955), is a British Olympic silver medalist, politician, businessman and sports administrator. Lord Moynihan served as the Chairman of the British Olympic Association (BOA) from 2005 to 2012. A member of the Conservative Party, he was as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the constituency of Lewisham East from 1983 to 1992, and was the Minister for Sport from 1987 to 1990. He became a member of the House of Lords in 1997.

Early life
Moynihan is the son of Patrick Moynihan, 2nd Baron Moynihan, by his second wife June Elizabeth Hopkins, daughter of Arthur Stanley Covacic Hopkins. He was educated in the state system, including at secondary level, but studied at Monmouth School with a Music Scholarship from 1968 to 1973.

In 1974 he went up to University College, Oxford, graduating in 1977 with a BA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics (proceeding MA in 1982). He was a "double blue" coxing the victorious Oxford University crew in the 1977 Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race and boxing against Cambridge in the Bantamweight division. He beat Benazir Bhutto in the election for the Presidency of the Oxford Union in 1976 and won the Trans-Atlantic Universities Debating Competition the same year. In 1977, he was awarded the Fiddian Post-Graduate Research Scholarship in Politics at Brasenose College, Oxford, which he did not take up in favour of working at the Westburn sugar refinery in Greenock for Tate & Lyle.

In 2007, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy by the London Metropolitan University.

Sport and the Olympics
In 1968 he won a gold medal in the Home Countries International Regatta, coxing the Welsh Senior Rowing IV. He was selected to tour the United States in 1973 as a member of the British Swifts Golf Team.

In 1978 Moynihan won a gold medal coxing the British Lightweight VIII at the 1978 FISA Lightweight Championships held in Copenhagen. In the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, he ignored pressure to boycott for political reasons. He was cox for the Great Britain men's rowing VIII winning a silver medal; during the race, the steering cables to the rudder broke and Moynihan had to reach behind him to grasp the rudder bar. In this unorthodox manner, he steered the boat for most of the race. Most of the crew did not realise what had happened until after the race was over. In the 1981 Munich World Championships he coxed the British VIII to silver medal success.

Since 1978 he has, at different times, been a trustee of the Sports Aid Foundation, governor of the Sports Aid Trust, member of the Sports Council, member of the Central Council for Physical Recreation's Enquiry into Sponsorship of Sport, a trustee of the Oxford University Boat Club, member of the Major Spectator Sports Committee of the Central Council for Physical Recreation, a Steward of the British Boxing Board of Control, patron of the Bath University Amateur Boxing Club, patron of the Uphill Ski Club, president of the British Biathlon Union, president of the Welsh Amateur Rowing Association and chairman of the Paralympic World Cup in 2005. As a celebrated former University College Boat Club (Oxford) cox, he was invited to open the new University College Boathouse in Oxford in 2007.

Political career
Following his appointment in 1981 as one of Whitehall's earliest Political Advisers (working in the Foreign Office for Francis Pym, then Foreign Secretary), Moynihan was elected in 1983 as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Lewisham East. After chairing the World Youth Summit in Hiroshima and being an Official Commonwealth Observer at the Kenyan elections he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Kenneth Clarke in a number of Departments. From 1987 to 1990 he served as Minister for Sport in Margaret Thatcher's government. He was in this post at the time of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster in which 96 football fans were killed, and visited the scene with Margaret Thatcher to meet with senior South Yorkshire police officers on the day of the tragedy.

Moynihan was at the centre of a government proposal to bring in an ID Card scheme for supporters of English Football League teams in the wake of repeated outbreaks of hooliganism in the late 1980s. However, these plans had to be abandoned following the Hillsborough disaster and the subsequent Taylor Report, but he eventually piloted the Football Spectators Bill through Parliament to address football hooliganism which included the introduction of CCTV cameras in all 92 League Grounds and a range of other measures to tackle hooliganism.

From 1987 to 1990, Moynihan was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment responsible for water privatisation, National Heritage, the National Rivers Authority, Inner City policy, planning and urban regeneration. During his time at the Department of the Environment he worked closely with Michael Howard who, when subsequently Leader of the Conservative Party, appointed Moynihan as his special adviser and chairman of the Conservative Campaigning Board. From 1990 to 1992 he was joint-Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Energy in both the Thatcher and Major governments responsible for oil, gas and renewable energy policy, a field in which he took a leading interest through the establishment of the first Government UK Renewable Energy Advisory Group which he chaired and the introduction of the first Non Fossil Fuel Obligation in Parliament which initiated Government support for renewable energy. During his time in the House of Commons, he chaired the All Party Parliamentary Group on Afghanistan, was Hon. Secretary of the Conservative Foreign Affairs Committee, the Parliamentary British Latin America Group and the Parliamentary Friends of the British Council. Whilst Moynihan's House of Commons seat was lost to Labour's Bridget Prentice in the General Election of 1992, his half-brother's death in 1991 opened the door to him for continuing his political career in the House of Lords, but he did not officially succeed to the title until 1997.

From 1997 to 2000, Moynihan was a Shadow Senior Front Bench Foreign Affairs Spokesman for the Conservative Party and was elected as one of the hereditary peers to remain in the Upper House following the House of Lords Act 1999. He was Shadow Minister for Minister for Sport in the House of Lords from July 2003 to February 2005.

In response to tabloid newspaper headlines about supposed English football hooliganism at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy, Moynihan cooperated with Italian police, sending British police to escort English fans back to the UK. It transpired a plane was chartered ahead of any arrests, with the number of those subsequently arrested equating to the available seats available. Moynihan was removed from his post by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during Parliament's summer recess.

Business career
Moynihan started his business career working consecutively in Glasgow, Liverpool and the London docks with Tate & Lyle. He remained with the company for 10 years with his last assignment being chief executive of Ridgways Tea & Coffee Merchants. After 10 years in Parliament, Moynihan returned to the business world as executive chairman and chief executive of Consort Resources Ltd and then director of Clipper Windpower plc and executive chairman of Clipper Windpower Europe Ltd. He has held a series of non-executive directorships including at Ranger Oil and Rowan Companies. From 2005 to 2011 he was chairman of Pelamis Wave Power Ltd in Edinburgh. He was a non-executive director of Rowan Companies, where he chaired Rowan's Health, Safety and Environment Committee. He was chairman of the clean energy company, Hydrodec Group plc from 2012 to 2019. He is currently chairman and partner of the private equity group, Buckthorn Capital LLP. In January 2023, Amey plc named Moynihan as its new chair.

A Freeman of the City of London, he was later admitted as a Liveryman of the Haberdashers' Company in 1981 becoming a member of the Haberdashers' Court of Assistants in 2002, Third Warden from 2013 to 2014, chaired the Haberdashers' Education Foundation and was a member of the Haberdashers' Company Finance Committee. In 2022, Lord Moynihan became the Chair of Governors at Haberdashers' Monmouth Schools.

Peerage
The House of Lords declared the Moynihan Barony dormant on the death of Moynihan's older half-brother, Antony Moynihan in 1991. Colin Moynihan spent five years engaged in the complex claim to the title due to the number of the 3rd Baron's marriages and questions over the parentage and legitimacy of his sons. In 1997 the Committee for Privileges adjudicated:

...that neither of the two sons purporting to be the sons of the Third Baron can, in fact, be an heir to the peerage. In the case of the elder, Andrew, the committee was shown overwhelming genetic evidence that he cannot be the son of the late Lord Moynihan; and so far as the younger, Daniel, is concerned, the evidence clearly shows that he is the child of a bigamous marriage and is therefore illegitimate. In those circumstances, it is clear beyond doubt that the petitioner, Colin Moynihan, must be the rightful heir and that his Petitions must succeed.

A writ of summons was issued on 30 May 1997 confirming Colin Moynihan in the title of Baron Moynihan.

Lord Moynihan also succeeded as a baronet, a title granted to the first holder in 1922.

British Olympic Association
On 5 October 2005, Moynihan was elected chairman of the British Olympic Association (BOA), for the run-up to the 2012 London Olympic Games. He beat the 1968 Olympic hurdles champion, David Hemery, by a vote of 28 to 15. He was re-elected unopposed in 2008.

He has served on a number of committees and commissions for the International Olympic Committee including the IOC International Relations Commission, the IOC 2009 Congress Editorial Committee and as an executive board member of the Association of National Olympic Committees from 2006 to 2011. He was elected to the European Olympic Committee Executive Board in 2009. In the context of the London 2012 Olympic Games, Lord Moynihan was a director of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), where he also served on the LOCOG Audit Committee; a trustee of International Inspiration and a member of the Olympic Board, which had oversight of the London 2012 Games.

Chairmanship controversy and resignation
In March 2011, it was reported that Moynihan's future as BOA chairman seemed in doubt, because of a dispute with the organisers of the London 2012 Olympics which revolved around the funding of the Paralympics. Moynihan led the BOA in challenging a "clear cut" International Olympic Committee rule that shares of any profit from the 2012 Games must take into account the costs of Paralympic games. His costly pursuit of this legal action was considered deeply embarrassing to BOA's National Olympic Committee members.

In April 2011 the dispute with the London Organising Committee who were supported by the International Olympic Committee was resolved with the BOA, when the latter backed down from its demands. In April 2011 the dispute with the London Organising Committee who were supported by the International Olympic Committee was resolved with the BOA.

During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Lord Moynihan issued a rallying cry for British state schools to do more to foster sport.

The day after the closing ceremony, Lord Moynihan resigned, quipping, "I notice politicians have enjoyed these Games – I understand why Roman Emperors were in favour of annual Games!"

Moynihan was awarded the Olympic Order by the president of the International Olympic Committee at the completion of the London Summer Games.

Personal life
Lord Moynihan married Gaynor-Louise Metcalf in 1992, the marriage was dissolved in 2016. They have two sons and a daughter:

 * Hon. Nicholas Ewen Berkeley Moynihan (born 31 March 1994)
 * Hon. George Edward Berkeley Moynihan (born 4 June 1995)
 * Hon. India Isabella Sarah Moynihan (born 2 September 1997)

Artistic recognition
Lord Moynihan formed part of the "Living Legends" art exhibition of 2014, with his head being body-cast by sculptor Louise Giblin (cast in 2012).

title: Colin Moynihan, 4th Baron Moynihan


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1929 NFL season

The 1929 NFL Season was the tenth regular season of the National Football League. The league increased back to 12 teams with the addition of the Staten Island Stapletons, Orange Tornadoes and Minneapolis Red Jackets and the re-entry of the Buffalo Bisons. The Pottsville Maroons became the Boston Bulldogs, the New York Yankees folded, and the Detroit Wolverines merged into the New York Giants, with the Giants the surviving partner.

On November 3, the Chicago Cardinals at Providence Steam Roller match became the first NFL game to be played at night under floodlights. Meanwhile, the Green Bay Packers were named the NFL champions after finishing the season with the best record.

Teams
The league increased back to 12 teams in 1929.

Rule changes
The NFL added the Field Judge as the fourth game official.

Championship race
Neither the Green Bay Packers nor the New York Giants lost a game during the first nine weeks of the season. When they met at New York's Polo Grounds on November 24, 1929, the Packers were 9–0–0 and Giants were 8–0–1. "Whether New York or Green Bay, Wis., will hoist the 1929 National Professional Football league pennant to the top of the flagstaff will probably be determined here Sunday when the New York Giants and the Green Bay Packers, both undefeated teams, meet," an Associated Press report noted, adding "Although both the Packers and the Giants play other games before the end of the season, past performances indicated that tomorrow's game will be the crucial contest for the league's standings."

Verne Lewellen's pass to Herdis McCrary, and Bo Molenda's extra point, gave Green Bay a 7–0 lead in the first quarter. A pass from Benny Friedman to Tony Plansky gave the Giants a chance to tie in the third quarter, but the point after was blocked, and New York trailed 7–6. Green Bay added two touchdowns in the last quarter to win the game, 20–6 to take a one-game lead. Neither team lost their remaining games; the Packers finished at 12–0–1, the Giants at 13–1–1, giving coach Curly Lambeau and the Packers their first league title.

The NFL introduced a scheduled championship game four years later, in 1933: a playoff game for the championship was played the previous season in 1932, but this counted in the final standings, and was also played indoors on a modified field.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1929 NFL season


text: User:Zzen

title: User:Zzen


text: Category:First Nations in Manitoba

title: Category:First Nations in Manitoba


text:
Nikolay Koksharov

Nikolai Ivanovich Koksharov (Николай Иванович Кокшаров) (23 November (5 December), 1818 – 21 December (2 January), 1893) was a Russian mineralogist, crystallographer, and major general in the Russian army. He was noted for his measurements of crystals using a goniometer.

Life
Nikolai Koksharov was born in Ust-Kamenogorsk (today's Kazakhstan). He was educated at the military school of mines in St. Petersburg. At the age of twenty-two he was selected to accompany Roderick Murchison and Édouard de Verneuil, and afterwards Dr. Keyserling, in their geological survey of the Russian Empire. Subsequently, he devoted his attention mainly to the study of mineralogy and mining, and was appointed director of the Institute of Mines. In 1865, he became director of the Imperial Mineralogical Society of St.Petersburg. He contributed numerous papers on euclase, zircon, epidote, orthite, monazite, and other mineralogical subjects to the St.Petersburg and Vienna academies of science, to Johann Christian Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Leonhard and Browns Ja/irbuch, &c. He also issued as separate works Materialen zur Mineralogie Russlands and Vorlesungen uber Mineralogie.

title: Nikolay Koksharov


text: Category:First Nations governments in Manitoba


text:
Cossatot Community College

Cossatot Community College of the University of Arkansas (CCCUA) is a public community college serving southwest Arkansas. Its main campus is located in the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains in De Queen, Arkansas.

History
Cossatot Vocational-Technical School was established in 1975 to serve as a location for basic vocational education in southwest Arkansas. In 1991, the institution was renamed to Cossatot Technical College through legislative actions. Ten years later in 2001, Cossatot Technical College joined the University of Arkansas System, becoming Cossatot Community College of the University of Arkansas. Since then, the college has expanded to offer Technical Certificates in seven programs, Certificates of Proficiency in thirteen programs, and five Associate's Degree programs.

Governance
UA Cossatot is governed by a nine-member Board of Visitors.

Campus locations
CCCUA currently maintains three campuses, the main campus in De Queen and two extension campuses in nearby Nashville and Ashdown.

De Queen (Main) Campus
The De Queen campus serves as CCCUA's main campus and is divided into eleven separate buildings and areas. These buildings contain approximately 60000 sqft, and are completely air-conditioned, with the exception of the Trade and Industry shops and the warehouse. Modern equipment, as well as the latest in teaching and audiovisual technology, are available to students.

Nashville Extension Site
An extension center in Nashville provides office and classroom space for a variety of credit and non-credit classes and special projects. This building has fully equipped computer labs.

Ashdown Extension Site
The Ashdown Extension is CCCUA's newest facility. This 53640 sqft. facility houses numerous programs for CCCUA and the Ashdown community. It has four large lecture classrooms, Internet/computer lab, a Computer Repair/CISCO lab, two interactive video classrooms, an Electrical Apprenticeship classroom, and a Hydraulics/Pneumatics classroom. Completed in 2009, the Ashdown campus renovation has introduced a Culinary Arts kitchen as well as the Barbara Horn Civic Center.

Educational offerings
CCCUA offers both the Associate of Arts and Associate of Science degrees, which can be credited toward the first two years of a four-year degree program. The degrees consists of certain required courses and certain electives (which must be college transfer classes) in a specific focus area which will constitute the major.

The Associate of Science degree is offered for mathematics, science, computer science, or agriculture, of which 8–9 hours must be in a specific field.

CCCUA also offers the Associate of Arts Teaching degree in the Middle School area (language arts and math/science), an Associate of General Studies degree (for students needing a two-year degree but not a four-year degree) the Associate of Applied Science degree in 11 disciplines (a 12th discipline is pending approval), technical certificates in seven disciplines, and Certificates of Proficiency in 16 disciplines.

CCCUA students may take all courses required for the Associate of Arts and Associate of General Studies degrees, in their entirety, via the Internet.

CCCUA also offers adult education courses in five areas including the ability for students to work towards and obtain a General Equivalency Diploma (GED), and continuing education courses for the surrounding communities for both personal and work-related development.

CCCUA offers some courses through various forms of distance education; the Associate of Applied Science in Registered Nursing courses in nursing theory are done completely by interactive video as part of the Arkansas Rural Nursing Education Consortium, of which CCCUA's program is a member.

CCCUA has partnered with other community colleges, as well as with public and private universities in Arkansas, to offer bachelor's and master's degrees whereby students can complete most or all of their courses on the CCCUA campus facilities.

Accreditation
CCCUA is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, and its programs have been approved by the Arkansas Department of Higher Education. Several of its individual programs have been approved by national accrediting organizations as well.

title: Cossatot Community College


text:
User:Andervik

Hi!

title: User:Andervik


text:
Little Rock Travelers

The Little Rock Travelers were an American minor league baseball team located in Little Rock, Arkansas, and members (1902–1910, 1915–1958, 1960–1961) of the Southern Association, which as a Class A, A1 or Double-A circuit was typically two rungs below Major League Baseball.

When farm systems came into being in the 1930s, the Travelers were at different times affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Boston Braves, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Athletics, and Baltimore Orioles. After attracting fewer than 68,000 paying customers over a 77-game home schedule in 1958, the Travelers moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, in 1959 as the Shreveport Sports. In 1959, however, the New Orleans Pelicans moved to Little Rock and took the Travelers name.

But the Southern Association was in its death throes, and the Travelers went down with the entire league after the 1961 season. Little Rock did not field a team in 1962. In 1963, organized baseball returned to Little Rock with the Arkansas Travelers of the Triple-A International League. In both 1964 and 1965, the franchise played in the Triple-A Pacific Coast League before settling in the Double-A Texas League, where the Travelers have played since 1966. Currently, the Arkansas Travelers are the AA affiliate of the Seattle Mariners.

The team's name derives from the old folk song, The Arkansas Traveler.

The team played at Travelers Field starting in 1932, a facility that would long outlast its original tenant. Previously the team had played at Kavanaugh Field.

Notable alumni

 * Jim Bagby, Jr.
 * Bo Belinsky
 * Frank Bolling
 * Al Brazle
 * Tony Brottem
 * George Brunet
 * Jim Bunning
 * Bill Dickey
 * Chuck Essegian
 * Nick Etten
 * Pat Gillick
 * Charlie Grimm
 * Randy Gumpert
 * Babe Herman
 * Travis Jackson
 * Baby Doll Jacobson
 * Ken Johnson
 * Eddie Lopat
 * Tony Lupien
 * Firpo Marberry
 * Cass Michaels
 * Bing Miller
 * Bobo Newsom
 * Dave Nicholson
 * Howie Reed
 * Cal Ripken, Sr.
 * Jim Tabor
 * John Tsitouris
 * Aaron Ward
 * Pete Ward
 * Max West
 * Wes Westrum

title: Little Rock Travelers


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Intestinal neuronal dysplasia

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) is an inherited disease of the intestine that affects one in 3000 children and adults. The intestine uses peristalsis to push its contents toward the anus; people with IND have a problem with the motor neurons that lead to the intestine, inhibiting this process and thus preventing digestion.

It can often be confused for Hirschsprung's disease, as both have similar symptoms.

Presentation
IND can be grouped into NID A and NID B, with the "A" form affecting the sympathetic innervation, and the "B" version affecting the parasympathetic innervation. In 2002 Martucciello and colleagues published the first analysis of associated anomalies in IND population is an important clinical approach to investigate possible pathogenetic correlations. Two recessive syndromes were identified (3 families). The first was characterized by NID B, intestinal malrotation, and congenital short bowel, the second by NID B, short stature, mental retardation, and facial dysmorphism. In this study, gastrointestinal anomalies accounted for 67.4% of all associated disorders. These data suggest a strong correlation between IND and intestinal development.

Treatment
Conservative treatment involves the long term use of laxatives and enemas, and has limited success. Dietary changes in order to control the disease are ineffective and high fiber diets often worsen the symptoms in children. As a last resort, surgical treatment (internal sphincter myectomy or colon resection) is used. In extreme cases, the only effective cure is a complete transplant of the affected parts.

Society
A famous case of IND is that of Adele Chapman, who had a triple transplant of the small intestine, pancreas and liver, the first of its kind in the UK; therefore the official charity of IND is the Adele Chapman Foundation.

title: Intestinal neuronal dysplasia


text:
File:Van Halen - Panama.jpg

Summary
Cover of Van Halen's single, "Panama".

Fair use rationale
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) It is a low-resolution copy of an album cover,
 * 2) Its use here does not limit the copyright owner's ability to market the album in any way,
 * 3) It is being used for informational purposes only, not for profit,

Specifically,
 * 1) In Van Halen, it is a single cover used to illustrate the relevant time period of the band Van Halen.
 * 2) In Panama (song), its inclusion is the only possible way to illustrate the subject of the article.

title: File:Van Halen - Panama.jpg


text:
Brian Phelps

Brian Wayne Phelps (born May 5, 1959) is an American radio personality (disc jockey) and occasional actor, best known for the nationally syndicated Mark & Brian morning show.

Brian began his acting career at Cambridge High School in Cambridge, Illinois, and appeared in the school's musicals, as well as being a member of the Cambridge Vikings football team. After graduating in 1977, Brian attended college in Normal, Illinois. After attending Illinois State University, Phelps did commercial work and improvisational comedy before meeting his partner Mark Thompson in Birmingham, Alabama in 1986. The next year the duo moved their show to KLOS-FM in Los Angeles.

The enormous popularity of his radio show has given Phelps several opportunities to branch out into other entertainment media. In 1991–92, he and Thompson hosted a short-lived NBC TV series, The Adventures of Mark & Brian, based on their radio show. Phelps has also appeared in several motion pictures, notably Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (the 1993 ninth installment in the Friday the 13th series) and The Princess Diaries (2001). He has also made numerous TV series guest appearances, including the role of Reverend Gigg LeCarp on the Comedy Central series Reno 911!. Phelps often ended the Mark & Brian Show with the catch phrase "Be good humans!".

On August 17, 2012, after 25 years as the KLOS morning team, Mark and Brian signed off the air waves and closed their show. Brian debuted the podcast "The Brian and Jill Show" on September 10, 2012 with his new partner, actress Jill Whelan.

On August 17, 2020 The Radio Hall of Fame has announced its list of inductees for its 2020 class. Longtime 95.5 KLOS Los Angeles morning hosts Mark Thompson and Brian Phelps (Longstanding Local/Regional). https://www.radiohalloffame.com/2020-inductees

title: Brian Phelps


text:
Template:WikiProject Philosophy invitation

I notice that you've edited a few philosophy articles. Have you considered joining the WikiProject Philosophy? It is an effort to coordinate the work of Wikipedians who are knowledgeable about philosophy in an effort to improve the general quality and range of Wikipedia articles on philosophical topics.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cool Tapes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 09:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Cool Tapes
Cool Tapes is perhaps a semi-notable item of Homestar Runner and that is the reason I believe it to not be worthy of a speedy delete. I vote to Merge to Homestar Runner. Derktar 22:40, August 20, 2005 (UTC).
 * Keep or merge somewhere per nomination. Kappa 23:03, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Homestar Runner.
 * Delete Homestar runner is too big for this. It isn't notable. Howabout1 Talk to me! 23:44, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Howabout1 is right. It is frightening how the most trivial nonsense is written into WP every day. WP is being bled dry, in an uncontrollable literary DIC, hour by hour.— Encephalon |  ζ   00:44:15, 2005-08-21 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not paper. Kappa 00:49, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not toilet paper.— Encephalon |  ζ   06:26:08, 2005-08-21 (UTC)
 * Delete Cool Tapes is too insignificant to be noted on Wikipedia. This fictional band was introduced in a cartoon this past Monday, and is not likely to make another appearance or become a major arc in the site. The purpose of Homestar Runner-related articles on Wikipedia is to explain the most essential parts of Homestar Runner to the general public. HRWiki is intended to cater to the fans. Thus, it contains all of the hundreds of more obscure bits to the site, such as the relatively small article for Cool Tapes. Homestar Runner is already too long of an article to catalogue such a minute part of homestarrunner.com. Granted, Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia, but with that in mind, would it be practical to copy everything from HRWiki onto Wikipedia? —BazookaJoe 01:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dottore So 05:54, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a guide to the Internet --MicroFeet 08:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. That particular cartoon wasn't even posted until Monday, as noted above.  It hasn't even existed long enough to gain notability among many Homestar fans.  So this particular bit of cruft certainly isn't notable for the general public. --Several Times 19:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Lalande 21185

Horrible English
Can someone edit, please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.68.94.86 (talk) 07:48, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Distance
Hello Bright Lights, The Lalande 21185 page lists (in the text) a distance of 8.21 light years. The table shows 8.29 light years. I have a feeling the 8.21 l.y. reference is the correct one -- only because the Apparent Magnitude listed (7.47), if it was at 8.21 l.y., matches the corresponding 10.46 Absolute Magnitude. Given its luminance, if Lalande was at 8.29 l.y., an Absolute Magnitude would resolve to 7.49 Apparent Magnitude. The page for the "List of nearest stars" indicates the 8.29 l.y. value (but that page tends to have several values that differ from the values on the corresponding detail pages). So, I'm not sure which is the correct distance. Thanks, Tesseract 501@aol.com (August 20, 2005)

The article lists this as the 4th closest star to our sun, but aren't all these closer: Alpha Centauri C, Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B, Barnard's Star and Wolf 359

________ Answer: Lalande 21185 is the fourth closest STAR SYSTEM. Comment: The planets around Lalande 21185 have never been published and are suspect....

Copyright problems
In this revision, material copied from the copyrighted website SolStation (specifically this page) was added to the article. Per WP:CP I reverted the article to the version before the copyrighted material was added. Icalanise (talk) 21:26, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I had to revert the article again because more material copied from SolStation was added in this revision. There are several instances where the text added in the revision was the same as SolStation's, with a couple of substituted words. Icalanise (talk) 12:26, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Removed planetary system section
I've removed the planetary system section. I don't think this should be restored until it comes with some legitimate references (at least one paper in a refereed journal, and an entry in a notable database, like the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. — Aldaron • T/C 17:04, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Flare star evidence
I have removed the statements and category identifying this star as a flare star from the article as this is not supported by the primary references. SIMBAD and VizieR list this star as a flare star but this does not seem to be consistent with their two primary references. One reference lists this star in a table as an example of a quiet star of this variable type and the other reference does not mention this star specifically at all. My guess is the information is automatically harvested from the articles and is not carefully reviewed. This is a rather important factor considering the effect flaring events would have on any planets that may be in the habitable zone of this nearby star. Aldebaran66 (talk) 18:54, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Lalande 21185. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090721084438/http://www.thomaspynchon.com/mason-dixon/extra/lalande.html to http://www.thomaspynchon.com/mason-dixon/extra/lalande.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:18, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

A mistake in the map?
The red circle in the infobox map locates the star into the Leo Minor constellation (not Ursa Major). A mistake? --Vachovec1 (talk) 21:48, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Good catch! I've attempted to rectify the chart. Praemonitus (talk) 18:55, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Pictures
We need pictures of this planet. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.222.165.93 (talk) 05:37, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Distance to Earth
The distance to earth is listed on the article as 2.5461 ± 0.0002 pc. However, Cal Tech's IPAC (listing the star as GJ 411) has the distance listed as 5.767 ± 0.006 pc, as accessed on 29 Jan 2022. Link: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/GJ%20411%20b#star_GJ-411_collapsible 67.214.227.2 (talk) 20:00, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:24, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Lalande 21185.png

title: Talk:Lalande 21185


text: User talk:80.43.132.157

title: User talk:80.43.132.157


text: User:J M Rice/Desk

title: User:J M Rice/Desk


text:
Frýdlant

Frýdlant (, also known as Frýdlant v Čechách; Friedland in Böhmen) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,400 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Albrechtice u Frýdlantu and Větrov are administrative parts of Frýdlant.

Geography
Frýdlant is located about 17 km northwest of Liberec, in a salient region of Frýdlant Hook, close to the border with Poland. It lies mostly in the Frýdlant Hills. The southern part of the municipal territory extends into the Jizera Mountains and includes the highest point of Frýdlant, the hill Špičák at 724 m above sea level. The Smědá River flows through the town.

6th–16th centuries
The area was settled by Slavic tribes from Lusatia from the 6th century onwards.

In the 13th century, the local castle was held by the Ronovci family until the middle of the century, when Častolov of Ronov was forced to return the castle and other properties to King Ottokar II.

The first written mention of Frýdlant is from 1278, when Rulko of Birbstein, also called Rudolf of Bieberstein, purchased the castle and surrounding land from the king. Rulko held property in Silesia and Upper Lusatia and family members held court positions.

There were important trade routes through the area, including to Görlitz and to Lusatia. From Görlitz, the Via Regia provided routes to Russia, Spain, and throughout Europe. Perhaps as early as 1304, and definitely by 1381, a moat and curtain walls were constructed to surround and protect the town; these were largely removed in 1774.

The Birbsteins (Biebersteins) supported King Sigmund during the Hussite Wars (1419–1434). Frýdlant was taken by the Hussites in 1428. Between 1428 and 1433, the town was raided several times. Frydlant castle and town, also called Frýdlant Manor, went to Emperor Ferdinand I when Christopher, the last of the line of the Birbsteins, died in 1551. The castle went into the Redern family when Bedřich bought it in 1558. Since the ruler set the religion for an area at that time, Bedřich made Protestant churches and closed the Catholic church in Hejnice that had been the destination for religious pilgrimages. Several new villages were established and the production of linen cloth resulted in an economic boom during the initial years of the Redern family. Marco Spazzio di Lancio, an Italian architect hired by the family, expanded the castle in the 16th century.

17th–19th centuries
Christoph von Redern was considered a traitor when he opposed Emperor Ferdinand II and supported Frederick V after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. All of his property was then taken from him. Frýdlant then went to Albrecht von Wallenstein, who became Duke of Frýdlant and lived at Jičín. Wallenstein returned Catholicism to the area and held the lands until 1634, when he was assassinated. Frýdlant then went to Matthias Gallas of Campo as a reward for his fight against Wallenstein in 1636 by Emperor Ferdinand II.

At the end of the Thirty Years' War, the castle was possessed by the Swedes. They constructed fortified barbicans and strengthened the defensive walls. In 1639, Christoph von Redern returned to Frýdlant after a period of exile. One year later, the Swedes left Bohemia entirely. Due to the loss of religious freedom and Protestants being forced to adopt the Catholic religion, many exiles did not return to the area. The area continued to suffer through 1642.

The estates remained with Matthias Gallas and the Gallas line until 1757. When Earl Philip Joseph Galas died without children, the estate went to Christian Philip Clam, his nephew, under the stipulation that going forward the family would assume the Gallas coat-of-arms and the family surname would be changed to Clam-Gallas.

In 1800 or 1801, the Clam-Gallas family opened the castle to the public as a museum. Napoleon and his troops were in the town in 1813, to the detriment of the citizens of the town. A textile industry developed in the town in the 19th century. In 1899, the Plague Column was constructed in the memory of the victims of five plague epidemics. The town also survived several significant fires.

In 1875, a railway line from Liberec via Frýdlant to Zawidów was put into operation. Lines to Mirsk and the Frýdlant–Heřmanice Railway to Zittau followed soon.

20th century
Until 1918, the town was part of Austria-Hungary, head of a district with the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia. It remained with the Clam-Gallas family until the last descendant Clotilda, who died in 1982, having moved to Vienna in April 1945.

Following the 1938 Munich Agreement, the town was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into Reichsgau Sudetenland. After World War II, it fell back to Czechoslovakia and renamed Frýdlant. The German-speaking population was expelled according to the Beneš decrees and replaced by Czech settlers.

In 2016, Georg Mederer and Erich Stenz, German treasure hunters, claimed that trucks delivered items from the amber chamber of Saint Petersburg, Russia to the castle in the late period of the war. They state that the items previously owned by Peter the Great were stolen by the Nazis and stored in the castle cellars with contemporaneously constructed brick walls. The men further state that they have been unable to search for the stolen items due to the Czech government and the Czech National Heritage Institute.

Transport
Frýdlant is located on two railway lines of local importance, heading from Liberec to Černousy and to Nové Město pod Smrkem.

Frýdlant Castle
The castle complex consists of the Gothic castle with a high tower and a Renaissance castle. There are exhibits, such as of Albrecht von Wallenstein, the Thirty Years' War, and an armoury of 1,000 weapons used for military and hunting. The castle includes the Chapel of Saint Anne, the Knights' Hall, rooms for the count and countess, and a working kitchen.

Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross
The Church of the Holy Cross was built in the mid-16th century by Italian architects, which has a mixture of architectural styles due to construction over the years. A Renaissance style chapel for the Redern family tomb was built in 1566. A mausoleum was built for the Redern family in 1610.

Town hall and museum
In 1893, a new town hall was erected in the centre of the town on T. G. Masaryka Square according to plans by the architect Franz Neumann. Inside the town hall is a bust of Albrecht von Wallenstein, created by a sculptor from nearby Raspenava. The building has stained glass windows and the exterior has statues of Self-Sacrifice and Justice. Nowadays, the Frýdlant Town Museum is located on the second floor with archaeological and historical exhibits.

Town fortifications
Several fragments of the town walls have been preserved, including torsos of three prismatic towers. The walls are almost circular in outline, built of local basalt.

In popular culture
The town's castle is believed to be the source of inspiration for The Castle (1926) by Franz Kafka.

Notable people

 * Alexander Bittner (1850–1902), paleontologist and geologist
 * Josef Blösche (1912–1969), SS soldier
 * Otto Kade (1927–1980), German translation scholar
 * Jan Budař (born 1977), actor, director and musician
 * Iva Mocová (born 1980), footballer
 * Jan Rajnoch (born 1981), footballer
 * Tomáš Plíhal (born 1983), ice hockey player
 * Karolína Bednářová (born 1986), volleyball player
 * Ladislav Šmíd (born 1986), ice hockey player
 * Antonín Hájek (1987–2022), ski jumper

Twin towns – sister cities
Frýdlant is twinned mainly with other towns sharing the historic German name Friedland:

 * 🇩🇪 Friedland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Friedland, Lower Saxony, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Friedland, Brandenburg, Germany
 * 🇨🇿 Frýdlant nad Ostravicí, Czech Republic
 * 🇵🇱 Korfantów, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Mieroszów, Poland
 * 🇷🇺 Pravdinsk, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Siekierczyn, Poland

title: Frýdlant


text:
Stranger (Marvel Comics)

The Stranger is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
The Stranger first appeared in X-Men #11 (May 1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.

Fictional character biography
The character is a cosmic entity and principally a scientist and surveyor of worlds, first visiting Earth out of curiosity. After an encounter with the X-Men and Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, who first think he is a powerful mutant, the entity departs, taking the supervillain Magneto and his servant Toad off-world for further study after encasing them in special cocoons. The same title depicts Magneto's escape and return to Earth using a spaceship he repairs when the Stranger leaves the planet (leaving Toad behind). However, the Stranger recaptures the villain after Professor X telepathically alerts the Stranger.

The Stranger reappears in the title Tales to Astonish, becoming convinced that mankind is dangerous and sets out to destroy the Earth using the Hulk, allowing a better race of humanity to take over. He transports to Earth a machine that increases his mental power over the Hulk. The character is dissuaded from this course of action by the Hulk's alter-ego, Bruce Banner. However he takes the supervillain Abomination into space with him, thinking him truly evil. In the title the Silver Surfer, the Stranger again attempts to destroy the Earth, on this occasion using a powerful "Null-Life" bomb. After a battle with the Silver Surfer and learning that a human scientist sacrificed himself to defuse the bomb, the Stranger retreats.

In the title Fantastic Four the Stranger aids the superhero team against the entity the Overmind, and in Thor watches as the Thunder God battles the character's servant of the time, the Abomination. The title The Avengers features a story in which the Toad impersonates the Stranger and battles the superhero team. The true Stranger encounters the Kree warrior Captain Marvel in the title of the same name, and in Marvel Team-Up encounters the hero Spider-Man when trying to obtain the Soul Gem from Adam Warlock.

The Stranger also appears in the self-titled The Champions and aids the group to contain the reactivated Null-Life bomb left on Earth and in a Marvel Two-In-One Annual enlists the aid of the Thing and the Hulk to fight against the threat of the Olympian god Pluto.

The character reappears in the third volume of the Silver Surfer, where the entity known as the Living Tribunal reveals the fourth side of its head to be a void and claims that it could have represented the face of the Stranger.

The Stranger also joins the Avengers in battle against the space pirate Nebula, who has acquired the "Infinity Union", a device that allows the user to absorb all forms of ambient energy, and who seeks to acquire more by repeatedly destroying and recreating the universe.

In the title Quasar, cosmic beings known as the Watchers approach the Stranger for aid in halting a lethal information virus, with the hero Quasar taking advantage of the distraction to free many of the specimens on the Stranger's "Labworld", including Stardust.

In the limited series "Infinity Gauntlet", the Stranger appears among the gathering of cosmic entities opposing the Titan Thanos, and attacks the latter teamed with Epoch and Galactus.

In the limited series Starblast the Stranger is instrumental in merging the New Universe into the Marvel Universe. He next appears in a retold flashback story in Professor Xavier and the X-Men; and outside of continuity in Marvel Adventures.

In the limited series X-Men Forever, the character is revealed to have subtly manipulated and accelerated the evolution of human mutants for a long time, in a plot to harness their potential to gain control of all higher cosmic entities.

He next appears in Marvel Universe: The End, again among the beings opposing Thanos.

The Stranger prominently features in the limited series Beyond!, posing as the Beyonder wherein he captures several heroes and villains and forces them into battle for the purpose of study.

Powers and abilities
The Stranger possesses the ability to channel and manipulate cosmic power on a scale comparable to that of Galactus and the Celestials, with feats including levitation; force field creation; size shifting and molecular manipulation of matter; light speed space travel; intangibility and energy projection and assembling a planet from segments of inhabited worlds from across the universe. The entity also possesses a "laboratory" world, where items are stored, and beings of interest, referred to as specimens, are kept prisoner for study.

In other media
The Stranger appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "The Ballad of Beta Ray Bill! (Six Against Infinity, Part 1)", voiced by John Barrowman. This version enslaved the Korbinites, though Beta Ray Bill escaped and became a janitor. The Stranger eventually locates Bill, but is eventually defeated by him and Thor.

title: Stranger (Marvel Comics)


text:
1930 NFL season

The 1930 NFL season was the 11th regular season of the National Football League.

Prior to the season, Brooklyn bootlegger Bill Dwyer bought the Dayton Triangles, moved them, brought on former Orange Tornadoes star Jack Depler as a partner, and renamed them the Brooklyn Dodgers. With this move, the league was able to keep the final franchise from the Ohio League alive, albeit in a new location and with more skilled players, as it was unfeasible for the players in Dayton to move to Brooklyn during the Great Depression. The remains of the Tornadoes, with much of their roster now playing for the relocated Triangles-Dodgers franchise, moved to Newark.

The Portsmouth Spartans (now known as the Detroit Lions) joined the league, while the Buffalo Bisons and the Boston Bulldogs both folded.

The Green Bay Packers were named the NFL champions for the second consecutive year after they finished the season with the best record.

Teams
The league had 11 teams in 1930.

‡ Player/head coach George Gibson was one of the ten players that the Minneapolis Red Jackets sold to the Frankford Yellow Jackets after Minneapolis folded following a 1–7–1 start to the season. This enabled Gibson to also serve as player/head coach for Frankford for five games late in the season.

Championship race
Defending champion Green Bay won its first eight games, including a 14–7 home win over the New York Giants on October 4. By Week Nine, Green Bay was at 8–0–0 and New York right behind them at 10–1–0. On November 16, the Packers lost to the Cardinals 13–6, but in New York, the Giants fell to the Bears, 12–0. On November 23, a crowd of 37,000 turned out as the Packers and the Giants met at the Polo Grounds in New York. The Giants' 13–6 win in Week Eleven gave it the lead, 11–2–0 (.846) to the Packers' 8–2–0 (.800). Missed extra points had a big effect, as four days later, the Giants were beaten on Thanksgiving Day by Staten Island, 7–6, while Green Bay defeated Frankford 25–7 to retake the lead at 9–2–0 (.818) to New York's 11–3–0 (.785). The Giants faltered again on Sunday, November 30, when Brooklyn beat them 7–6, again on a missed point after.

In Week Thirteen, the Giants beat the Yellow Jackets, 14–6, while the Packers lost to the Bears, 21–0, cutting Green Bay's hold on first place to a mere 4/10ths of a percentage point, .769 to .765.

The Giants finished their season at 13–4–0, while 10–3–0 Green Bay had a final game at Portsmouth: a loss would have given the Packers a 10–4–0 finish and a .714 percentage, giving the Giants, at .765, the championship, while a tie (10–3–1 and .769) or win (11–3–0 and .785) would give Green Bay the 1930 title, their second in a row.

Once again, the point after decided the race. On December 14, the Packers scored on Red Dunn's touchdown pass to Wuert Engelmann, but the point after by Verne Lewellen failed, giving them a 6–0 lead. After Chuck Bennett ran for a touchdown for the Spartans, the extra point attempt by Tiny Lewis was blocked, and when the game ended, the 6–6 tie gave the Packers the 1930 title.

Had the current (post-1972) system of counting ties as half a win and half a loss been in place in 1930, the tie would have given the Giants (13–4–0, .765) the title, and Green Bay would have finished runner-up at .750.

title: 1930 NFL season


text:
User talk:Interested Party

This user has previously been determined to be a sockpuppet of Tom S 48 (by User2004) and that account has been confirmed as a sockpuppet for Diane S. Additionally, this user engaged in continued trolling after being warned that this was not acceptable. --Yamla 01:13, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Interested Party


text: Category:First Nations in Ontario

title: Category:First Nations in Ontario


text: User talk:81.205.216.214

title: User talk:81.205.216.214


text:
Liberté chérie (association)

Liberté Chérie ("Cherished Liberty") is a French association created in March 2001 under the name Liberté j'écris ton nom ("Liberty, I write your name"). It first came to public prominence on 15 June 2003, when after its call to demonstrate "in favour of reforms and against blockings" and against government employees who were striking, an estimated 80,000 protesters, according to the Direction centrale des renseignements généraux, gathered on the Place de la Concorde in Paris. Promoting libertarian values both in society and in the media, Liberté Chérie as of January 2004 turned itself into a federation of associations active in the whole of French territory.

Former members of the association took part in the creation of Alternative Libérale.

The name "Liberté chérie" alludes to "Liberté chérie, j'écris ton nom" by French poet Paul Eluard, first published in "Poésie et vérité" (1942).

The original founder is Édouard Fillias, the chairman is Vincent Ginocchio and the spokesman is Jean-Baptiste Jaussaud.

title: Liberté chérie (association)


text:
Moclobemide

Moclobemide, sold under the brand names Amira, Aurorix, Clobemix, Depnil and Manerix among others, is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) drug primarily used to treat depression and social anxiety. It is not approved for use in the United States, but is approved in other Western countries such as Canada, the UK and Australia. It is produced by affiliates of the Hoffmann–La Roche pharmaceutical company. Initially, Aurorix was also marketed by Roche in South Africa, but was withdrawn after its patent rights expired and Cipla Medpro's Depnil and Pharma Dynamic's Clorix became available at half the cost.

No significant rise in blood pressure occurs when moclobemide is combined with amines such as tyramine-containing foods or pressor amine drugs, unlike with the older irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), which cause a severe rise in blood pressure with such combination. Due to the lack of anticholinergic, cardiovascular, cognitive and psychomotor impairments moclobemide is advantageous in the elderly as well as those with cardiovascular disease.

Medical uses
Reversible selective MAOIs such as moclobemide are underprescribed due to the misconception that the side effect profiles are analogous to that of the irreversible and non-selective MAOIs. MAOIs such as moclobemide are reported to have a relatively fast onset of action compared to other antidepressant drug classes, and have good long-term tolerability in terms of side effects.

Tolerance does not seem to occur; research has found that moclobemide retains its beneficial therapeutic properties in depression for at least a year.

 * Unipolar depression – Moclobemide has demonstrated effectiveness and efficacy in the treatment and management of major depressive disorder, with both endogenous and non-endogenous depression responding; in addition moclobemide has a fast onset of action compared to other antidepressants and is significantly more tolerable than the tricyclic antidepressants. Due to a good safety profile and low incidence of side effects moclobemide is likely to have a high level of acceptability by individuals suffering from depression. Higher doses (>450 mg/day) may be more effective in severe depression, while patients treated with a lower dose tend to respond less well than those treated with tricyclic antidepressants.

 * Psychotic depression, unipolar endogenous depression, melancholic depression, retarded depression, agitated depression and neurotic depression all respond to moclobemide, as does atypical depression. Unipolar endogenous depression is reported to have the best response to moclobemide therapy. Individuals suffering from depression who are given moclobemide are twice as likely to improve on moclobemide than on placebo. A concern of antidepressant adverse effects is sexual dysfunction; however, moclobemide has been found to actually increase libido and  improve impaired erection, ejaculation and orgasm. Cardiovascular toxicity is a concern with antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants as well as the irreversible MAOIs; when cardiovascular toxicity is a concern, SSRIs or the reversible MAOIs such as moclobemide are an option as they lack or have a significantly reduced level of cardiovascular toxicity in terms of adverse effect as well as in overdose.

 * The effectiveness of moclobemide in agitated depression is equivalent to that of imipramine and sedative antidepressants such as amitriptyline, mianserin and maprotiline. The therapeutic response in agitated depressive individuals is similar to that seen in non-agitated depression; however, a past history of use of antidepressants reduces the chance of successful therapeutic response. The addition of a benzodiazepine to moclobemide therapy has not been found to be of benefit in this population group. Moclobemide has better tolerability compared to TCAs.

 * Dysthymia – moclobemide has been found to be effective in the treatment and management of this depressive disorder.
 * Social phobia – Moclobemide has been found to be effective for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in both short and long-term placebo controlled clinical trials. Moclobemide is effective but not as effective as the irreversible MAOIs in the treatment of social phobia. Maximal benefits can take 8–12 weeks to manifest. There is a high risk of treatment failure if there is co-morbid alcohol use disorder, however. The Australian Medicines Handbook lists social phobia as an accepted but not a licensed indication. The use of moclobemide in the treatment of social anxiety disorder has given mixed results with a tendency of response at higher doses (>300 mg/d) compared with placebo.
 * Smoking cessation – Moclobemide has been tested in heavy dependent smokers against placebo based on the theory that tobacco smoking could be a form of self-medicating of major depression, and moclobemide could therefore help increase abstinence rates due to moclobemide mimicking the MAO-A inhibiting effects of tobacco smoke. A 2023 Cochrane review found only one 1995 trial studying the effects of moclobemide on smoking cessation, it was administered for 3 months and then stopped; at 6 months follow-up it was found those who had taken moclobemide for 3 months had a much higher successful quit rate than those in the placebo group. However, at 12-month follow-up the difference between the placebo group and the moclobemide group was no longer significant.
 * Panic disorder – moclobemide is useful in the treatment and management of panic disorder. Panic disorder is mentioned as an accepted but unlicensed indication in the Australian Medicines Handbook.
 * ADHD – Two small studies assessing the benefit of moclobemide in people with attention deficit disorder found that moclobemide produced favourable results.
 * Fibromyalgia – moclobemide has been found to improve pain and functioning in this group of people.

Similar to other MAOIs, reversible MAOIs such as moclobemide may also be effective in a range of other psychiatric disorders. Menopausal flushing may also respond to moclobemide.

In efficacy studies for the treatment of major depressive disorder, moclobemide has been found to be significantly more effective than placebo, as effective as the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and somewhat less effective than the older, irreversible MAOIs phenelzine and tranylcypromine. In terms of tolerability, however, moclobemide was found to be comparable to the SSRIs and better tolerated than the TCAs and older MAOIs. There is some evidence that moclobemide on its own or in combination with other antidepressants such as SSRIs is also effective for treatment resistant depression and that the combination can be administered without the development of serotonin syndrome; however, further research is needed before such a combination can be recommended. Follow-up studies show that ongoing use of antidepressants leads to continuing improvement in depression over time; and also have demonstrated that moclobemide retains its therapeutic efficacy as an antidepressant for at least a year. This long-term efficacy is equivalent to that seen with other antidepressant classes.

People on irreversible MAOIs have to discontinue these antidepressants two weeks before general anesthesia, however, the use of moclobemide, due to its reversible nature, would allow such patients to possibly continue antidepressant therapy.

A dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and plasma and urine methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) test can be used to estimate who is likely to respond to moclobemide antidepressant therapy.

Pregnancy and lactation
The doses of moclobemide in breast milk are very low (0.06% of moclobemide being recovered in breast milk) and therefore it has been concluded that moclobemide is unlikely to have any adverse effect on a suckling baby.

Children
Use in children is not recommended as there is insufficient data to assess safety and efficacy in these patients.

Elderly
Reversible MAOIs such as moclobemide may have advantages in the treatment of depression associated with Alzheimer's disease due to its effect on noradrenaline. Cognitive impairments have been found to improve in people with dementia when depression is treated with moclobemide. Due to its superior safety profile, moclobemide has been recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of depression in the elderly. Due to the side effect profile of moclobemide, it may be a better option for this sub group of people than other antidepressants. Research has found evidence that moclobemide may be able to counter anti-cholinergic (Scopolamine) induced cognitive impairments thus making moclobemide a good choice in the depression in the elderly and those with dementia.

Adverse effects
The incidence of adverse events is not correlated with age; however, adverse events occur more often in females than in males. Moclobemide is regarded as a generally safe antidepressant and due to its favorable side effect profile, it can be considered a first-line therapeutic antidepressant. The rate of incidence of side effects of moclobemide is low, with insomnia, headache and dizziness being the most commonly reported side effects in the initial stages of therapy with moclobemide. Moclobemide, even at high doses of 600 mg, does not impair the ability to drive a motor vehicle. The tolerability of moclobemide is similar in women and men and it is also well tolerated in the elderly. Moclobemide has been found to be superior to tricyclic and irreversible MAOI antidepressants in terms of side effects, as it does not cause anticholinergic, sedative or cardiovascular adverse effects.

Unlike the irreversible MAOIs there is no evidence of liver toxicity with moclobemide. Moclobemide has a similar efficacy profile compared to other antidepressants while being superior to the classic MAOIs and the tricyclics in terms of tolerance and safety profile. Moclobemide has little effect on psychomotor functions. Other side effects include nausea, insomnia, tremor and lightheadedness; orthostatic hypotension (dizziness upon standing) is uncommon even among the elderly. Behavioural toxicity or other impairments relating to everyday living does not occur with moclobemide, except that in doses of 400 mg or higher peripheral reaction time may be impaired. Peripheral oedema has been associated with moclobemide.

Some of the side effects are transient and disappear within 2 weeks of treatment. Serious fatigue, headache, restlessness, nervousness and sleep disturbances have been described as side effects from moclobemide therapy. A paradoxical worsening of depression has been reported in some individuals in several studies, and reports of suicide or suicidal ideation have been reported as a rare adverse effect of moclobemide. Overall, antidepressants decrease the risk of suicide. Moclobemide is believed to have only small proconvulsant effects; however, rarely seizures may occur. Hypertension has been reported to occur very rarely with moclobemide therapy.

Moclobemide is relatively well tolerated. The following are the potential adverse effects and their respective incidences:

 * Common (>1% incidence) adverse effects
 * Nausea
 * Dry mouth
 * Constipation
 * Diarrhoea
 * Insomnia
 * Dizziness
 * Anxiety
 * Restlessness

 * Uncommon/Rare (<1%) adverse effects

 * Difficulties falling asleep
 * Nightmares and vivid dreams
 * Hallucinations
 * Memory disturbances
 * Confusion
 * Disorientation
 * Delusions
 * Increased depression
 * Excitation/irritability
 * Hypomania
 * Mania
 * Aggressive behaviour
 * Apathy
 * Tension
 * Suicidal ideation
 * Suicidal behaviour
 * Migraine
 * Extrapyramidal effects
 * Tinnitus
 * Paraesthesia
 * Dysarthria
 * Heartburn
 * Gastritis
 * Tympany
 * Indigestion
 * Hypertension
 * Bradycardia
 * Extrasystoles
 * Angina/chest pain
 * Phlebetic symptoms
 * Flushing
 * Exanthema/rash
 * Allergic skin reaction
 * Itching
 * Gingivitis
 * Stomatitis
 * Dry skin
 * Conjunctivitis
 * Pruritus
 * Urticaria
 * Disturbances of micturition (dysuria, polyuria, tenesmus)
 * Metrorrhagia
 * Prolonged menstruation
 * General malaise
 * Skeletal/muscular pain
 * Altered taste sensations
 * Hot flushes/cold sensation
 * Photopsia
 * Dyspnoea
 * Visual disturbances
 * Increased hepatic enzymes without associated clinical sequelae.

Contraindications
Avoid use in:

 * Confusional states
 * Phaeochromocytoma

and caution is recommended in:
 * Agitated/excited patients
 * Thyrotoxicosis

Interactions
Moclobemide has fewer interactions than irreversible MAOIs. Cimetidine however, causes a significant rise in moclobemide levels and therefore if the combination is used, lower doses of moclobemide have been recommended. There is little increase in the effects of alcohol when combined with moclobemide and, in fact, moclobemide causes a reduction in alcohol-related impairments. Moclobemide also interacts with pethidine/meperidine, and dextropropoxyphene. Ephedrine in combination with moclobemide increases the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects. Moclobemide is also likely to interact with warfarin. The combination of moclobemide with prescription or over the counter sympathomimetic drugs is not recommended due to the potential of significant drug interactions.
 * Drug

Serotonin syndrome has been reported when moclobemide has been taken in combination with other serotonin enhancing drugs; however, due to moclobemide's reversible MAO inhibition, serotonin syndrome is significantly less likely to occur with moclobemide than with older irreversible MAOIs. Serotonin syndrome has been reported when trazodone was abruptly replaced with moclobemide. Taking at the same time or starting moclobemide too soon after discontinuing clomipramine or serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as SSRIs may result in the development of a serotonin syndrome. SNRIs such as venlafaxine in combination with moclobemide have also been associated with serotonin syndrome. Cimetidine causes a doubling of the blood plasma levels of moclobemide. Blood plasma levels of trimipramine and maprotiline and possibly other tricyclic antidepressants increase when used in combination with moclobemide and may require dosage adjustments if the combination is used for treatment resistant depression. The elimination of zolmitriptan is reduced by moclobemide and if the combination is used, a dosage reduction of zolmitriptan is recommended. Moclobemide reduces the metabolism of dextromethorphan. Moclobemide may decrease metabolism of diazepam, omeprazole, proguanil, propranolol and others due to inhibition of CYP2C19.

Irreversible MAOIs can cause unpleasant and occasionally dangerous side effects such as a hypertensive crises after intake of food or drink containing indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines such as tyramine. This is sometimes referred to as the 'cheese effect'. These side effects are due to irreversible inhibition of MAO in the gut and vasomotor neurones. However, the reversible MAOI antidepressants such as moclobemide have a very different side effect profile in this regard. The reversible binding to MAO-A by moclobemide allows amines such as tyramine to displace moclobemide from MAO-A allowing its metabolism and removing the risk of a hypertensive crisis that occurs with irreversible MAO inhibition. Of 2300 people in multiple clinical trials who were treated with moclobemide in doses up to 600 mg with no dietary restrictions, none experienced a tyramine-mediated hypertensive reaction. As the pressor effect of moclobemide is so low, dietary restrictions are not necessary in people eating a normal diet, in contrast to irreversible MAOIs. However, some rare cheeses that have a high tyramine level may possibly cause a pressor effect and require caution. The potentiation of the pressor effect of tyramine by moclobemide is only one seventh to one tenth of that of irreversible MAOIs. In order to minimize this potentiation, postprandial administration (taken after meals) of moclobemide is recommended. The combined use of moclobemide and selegiline requires dietary restrictions as the combination can lead to increased sensitivity to the pressor effect of foods containing tyramine.
 * Dietary

While moclobemide or the irreversible MAO-B selective inhibitor selegiline taken alone has very little pressor effect, and requires no dietary restriction, the combination of selegiline with moclobemide leads to a significant enhancement of the pressor effect and such a combination requires dietary restriction of foods containing high amounts of tyramine. The combination of moclobemide and a reversible MAO-B inhibitor requires tyramine dietary restrictions.

Overdose
Moclobemide is considered to be less toxic in overdose compared to older antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants and the irreversible and non-selective MAOIs, making it a safer antidepressant in the elderly or people with physical disorders. Of 18 people who overdosed on moclobemide during clinical trials, all recovered fully and moclobemide was judged to be safe for inpatient as well as outpatient use. Intoxications with moclobemide as single agent are usually mild; however, when combined with tricyclic or SSRI antidepressants the overdose is much more toxic and potentially fatal. Moclobemide, is preferred by doctors for patients who are at risk of suicide, due to moclobemide's low toxicity in overdose. Patients with mixed intoxications (e.g. with other CNS active drugs) may show severe or life-threatening symptoms and should be hospitalized. Treatment is largely symptomatic and should be aimed at maintenance of the vital functions.

Withdrawal and tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms appear to be very rare with moclobemide compared to other antidepressants; a single report of relatively mild flu-like symptoms persisting for 7 days after rapid reduction of high dose moclobemide therapy has been reported in one patient. Withdrawal of moclobemide causes a rebound in REM sleep.

Moclobemide does not seem to prevent withdrawal symptoms from serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Discontinuation of moclobemide is recommended to be done gradually to minimise side effects (e.g. rapid return of condition being treated and/or the appearance of withdrawal symptoms). Tolerance to the therapeutic effects has been reported in a small number of users of MAOIs including moclobemide.

Pharmacology
Moclobemide is a benzamide, derivative of morpholine, which acts pharmacologically as a selective, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A (RIMA), a type of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and increases levels of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine, and especially serotonin in neuronal cells as well as in synaptic vesicles; extracellular levels also increase which results in increased monoamine receptor stimulation and suppression of REM sleep, down regulation of beta-3 adrenergic receptors. Moclobemide's primary action is to disable MAO-A enzymes from decomposing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine which results in a rising level of these neurotransmitters. Although it has been estimated that a single 300 mg dose of moclobemide inhibits 80% of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and 20-30% of MAO-B, studies evaluating brain occupancy of MAO-A enzymes have shown dosages of 600 mg to only inhibit 74% of MAO-A enzymes and dosages in the 900–1200 mg range to inhibit slightly less MAO-A than phenelzine (Nardil) at 45–60 mg; subsequently, it is highly plausible that reports of lower efficacy could be largely or entirely the consequence of conservative dosage guidelines rather than the pharmacological properties of the drug. Previously, it was widely reported that both MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes were responsible for the metabolism of dopamine; however, new research suggests that MAO-B enzymes are involved in the generation of GABA and not the degradation of dopamine. There is also some evidence of moclobemide possessing neuroprotective properties in rodent models. There is no cumulative effect of moclobemide centrally when taken long-term. With long-term use of moclobemide, there is a significant down-regulation of B-adrenoceptors. Single or repeated dosing with 100–300 mg of moclobemide leads to a reduction in deaminated metabolites of amines such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylglycol as well as 5-HIAA. Excretion of homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid via urine is also reduced. There is also a temporary increase in prolactin during initial intake of 100–300 mg of moclobemide. L-dihydroxyphenylalanine is also reduced. Inhibition of the serotonin metabolite is less pronounced than the norepinephrine metabolite which suggests there are other major metabolic pathways for serotonin other than MAO-A.

It has been described as a 'slow binding inhibitor', whereby conformational changes to either moclobemide or the enzyme to MAO-A slowly form a more tightly bound complex, resulting in the non-competitive MAO inhibition by moclobemide. With three times daily dosing the inhibition on MAO-A was relatively constant with moclobemide. The MAO inhibition of moclobemide lasts about 8–10 hours and wears off completely by 24 hours after dosing. The inhibition of MAO-A by moclobemide is 10 times more potent than the irreversible MAOI phenelzine and approximately equivalent to tranylcypromine and isocarboxazid.

Moclobemide increases levels of extracellular monoamines and decreases levels of their metabolites in rat brains; tolerance to these effects does not seem to occur with chronic use of moclobemide. Moclobemide lacks anticholinergic effects and cognitive impairments can be improved by moclobemide. Moclobemide suppresses the unstimulated release of certain proinflammatory cytokines which are believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression and stimulates the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Long-term treatment with moclobemide leads to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) binding to cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA).

Moclobemide is chemically unrelated to irreversible MAOI antidepressants and only has a very weak pressor effect of orally administered tyramine. In humans, the n-oxide metabolites of moclobemide and moclobemide itself are the compounds that produce most of the inhibition of MAO-A; other metabolites are significantly less potent than the parent compound.

In healthy people moclobemide has a relatively small suppressing effect on REM sleep; in contrast, depressed people who have been treated with moclobemide, progressively show improved sleep over a 4-week period, with an increase in stage 2 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. There have been conflicting findings with regard to moclobemide altering cortisol levels and whether moclobemide increases growth hormone levels. Testosterone levels increase significantly with long-term use of moclobemide in depressed males.

Moclobemide also has neuroprotective properties in its demonstrated anti-hypoxia or anti-ischemia effects; there is a possibility that moclobemide may possess similar neuro-rescuing properties, similar to selegiline, however, research is required to determine this. Moclobemide has also been demonstrated in a single dose research study to possess antinociceptive properties.

Platelet MAO is of the MAO-B and this is inhibited only to a small degree in humans; the inhibition is due to low levels of metabolites of moclobemide that have MAO-B inhibiting properties. Moclobemide has been reported to be a mixed MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitor in rats but in man, it has been reported to be a pure MAO-A inhibitor, blocking the decomposition of norepinephrine, serotonin and, to a lesser extent, dopamine. No reuptake inhibition of any of the neurotransmitters occurs. The pharmacodynamic action encompasses activation, elevation of mood, and improvement of symptoms like dysphoria, fatigue, and difficulties in concentration. The duration and quality of sleep may be improved. In the treatment of depression the antidepressant effect often becomes evident in the first week of therapy (earlier than typically noted with TCAs/SSRIs).

MAO activity returns completely back to normal after 24 hours of the last dose, which allows for a quick switch to another antidepressant after the 24 hours.

Pharmacokinetics
In humans moclobemide is rapidly and almost completely absorbed and totally metabolised via the liver. Peak plasma levels occur 0.3 to 2 hours after oral administration. The bioavailability increases during the first week of therapy from 60% to 80% and more. The elimination half-life is around 2 hours. It is moderately bound to plasma proteins, especially albumin. However, the short disposition half life somewhat increases after repeated dosing; moclobemide has an intermediate elimination half life for systemic clearance and an intermediate volume of distribution. Despite its short half-life the pharmacodynamic action of a single dose persists for approximately 16 hours. The drug is almost completely metabolized in the liver; it is a substrate of CYP2C19 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. Less than 1 percent of the drug is excreted unchanged; 92 percent of the metabolised drug is excreted within the first 12 hours. The main metabolites are the N-oxide Ro 12-5637 formed via morpholine N-oxidation and lactam derivative Ro 12-8095 formed via morpholine C-oxidation; active metabolites are found only in trace amounts. The unchanged drug (less than 1%) as well as the metabolites are excreted renally (in urine). The main degradation pathway of moclobemide is oxidation. About 44 percent of the drug is lost due to the first pass effect through the liver. Age and renal function do not affect the pharmacokinetics of moclobemide. However, patients with significantly reduced liver function require dose reductions due to the significant slowing of metabolism of moclobemide. Food slows the absorption but does not affect the bioavailability of moclobemide.

Steady state concentrations are established after one week. It has been suggested that changes in dose should not be made with a gap of less than a week. Moclobemide has good penetration across the blood brain barrier with peak plasma levels within the central nervous system occurring 2 hours after administration.

Animal toxicology

 * Acute toxicity: The oral values in mouse and rat are quite high, indicating a wide therapeutic index. LD50 for mice is 730 mg/kg and for rats 1,300 mg/kg. In dogs doses in excess of 300 mg/kg led to vomiting, salivation, ataxia, and drowsiness.
 * Chronic toxicity: In an 18-months-study in rats with 10 mg/kg no signs of chronic toxicity were noted, with 50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg only a slight loss of weight, and with 250 mg/kg mildly elevated Alkaline phosphatase and Gamma-GT. Studies in dogs revealed no toxicity relevant for humans. No evidence for a possible hepatic or cardiovascular toxicity was found.

History
Irreversible MAOI antidepressants were discovered accidentally in the 1950s but their popularity declined as their toxicity especially their dangerous food interactions became apparent and rival tricyclic antidepressants were discovered. Reversible MAOIs were developed in the hope that they would exert efficacy in depressive disorders but with less of the toxicity of the older irreversible compounds; moclobemide's discovery and marketing brought the renewed interest in MAOIs due to an absence of dangerous tyramine food interactions and potent antidepressant effects. In 1992 moclobemide was launched onto the world markets. Moclobemide was the first reversible MAO-A inhibitor to be widely marketed. Moclobemide as well as other newer antidepressants such as the SSRIs led to changes in prescribing patterns and broadened the treatment options for the management of depressive disorders.

When moclobemide was discovered in 1972 in Switzerland, it was first hypothesized as being an antilipaemic or antibiotic, but the screenings were negative. The search for its antidepressant qualities, based on anticholinergic tests, also proved negative and moclobemide was then suspected of being an antipsychotic before its specific and reversible MAO-A inhibition qualities were detected. After the establishment of its lack of relevant interference with tyramine pressure response, clinical trials were launched in 1977 and further trials confirmed the broad antidepressant activity of RIMAs. It was first approved in the UK and Europe as the first reversible and selective inhibitor of MAO-A and is now approved in over 50 countries worldwide. Subsequent research found that moclobemide is well tolerated in elderly patients and far superior to tricyclic antidepressants in terms of side effects, tolerability and overdose. With regard to effectiveness in the treatment of depression, moclobemide was determined to be as effective as all major antidepressant drug classes. There is no need for dietary restrictions in contrast to people on irreversible MAOIs and apart from an important interaction with other serotonergic enhancing agents such as SSRIs and pethidine, there are few serious drug interactions and because of these benefits, moclobemide became regarded as a beneficial addition to medical 'prescribing arsenal'. Additionally moclobemide was found, unlike most other antidepressants on the market, to actually improve all aspects of sexual function. It is the only reversible MAOI in use in clinical practice. The fact that moclobemide's pharmacokinetic properties are unaltered by age, that cognition is improved in the elderly, and moclobemide has low potential for food and drug interactions opened up a new avenue for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Due to a lack of financial incentive, such as the costs of conducting the necessary trials to gain approval, moclobemide is unavailable in the USA pharmaceutical market. In 2016 moclobemide was discontinued in Brazil for commercial reasons.

Society and culture
The Australian TGA approved moclobemide in December 2000.

Brands
It is sold under many trade names worldwide.

It is sold under many trade names worldwide including Apo-Moclob, Apo-Moclobemide, Auromid, Aurorix, Bei Su, Biorix, Depnil, Eutac, Hai Bei Lin, Langtian, Manerix, Mobemid, Moclamine, Moclo A, Moclobemid - 1 A Pharma, Moclobemid AL, Moclobemid HEXAL, Moclobemid ratiopharm, Moclobemida, Moclobemida Genedec, Moclobemida Teva, Moclobemide Actavis, Moclobemide Aurobindo, Moclobemide CF, Moclobemide Mylan, Moclobemide Sandoz, Moclobemide Sopharma, Moclobemide Teva, Moclobemid-neuraxpharm, Moclobemid-ratiopharm, Moclobeta, Moclod, moclodura, Moclostad, Mocrim, Moklar, Teva-Moclobemide, Tian Tai, Ya Zheng, and Zorix.

title: Moclobemide


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Template talk:WikiProject Philosophy invitation

If anyone knows how to automatically put a sig on the end of this, it would be a nice addition...

Banno 22:52, August 20, 2005 (UTC)