text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Hopkins School/archive1

Hopkins School
I'm trying to expand this rather important school article, and I'm trying to make it look pretty. So, basically, what issues (either cosmetic or informative) should I deal with? Staxringold 23:31, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Bumped, I really need some commentary people! A simple school article, I just want to know what (if any) sections need expansion and what stylistic issues should be addressed! Staxringold 20:58, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jeez, you could show a little bit of patience. It's only been a day, and it's not like the universe will implode if this doesn't get reviewed.      Anywho... it's decent overall but could use some polishing up in places. For example, a number of the descriptions are too terse and need to be converted into proper sentences. For example,  "4 floors, contains underground pathway to the Admissions/Administrative building, Computer Lab, School Store, numerous classrooms, and the Library. Last renovated in the year 2000." "Hopkins students" should be "Hopkins' students". The "aka" abbreviation should be avoided, I think. It also needs running through a spelling checker. "Seperate" is incorrectly spelled in a number of locations. Finally, do you any references? Thanks. :) — RJH 15:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I refuse to show patience! :D Thank you for the review. I've fixed that seperate->separate spelling error (repeatedly), the possessive Hopkins, the Baldwin description (which was oddly terse, thanks for that one), and I'll give the entire article a good spellcheck. Also considering adding basic graduation requirements. Staxringold 16:36, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * A lot of the article is about stuff no one but alumni would care to read. This is meant to be an encyclopedic article. Try to greatly compress the stuff on extra-curricular activities (sport, clubs) under one brief headings (there is far too much at the moment for what information it presents) and stop bolding everything. No one cares who heads a certain department, and they care even less what priviledges a Year 10 student has. Try to think about what is actually notable to the general public, not just a kid reading up before they come to the school. I'll come back for some more advice, as I'd love to see the article featured at either WP:FA or on the Schools Wikiportal. Harro5 09:59, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Er... What kind of information do you mean? The standard school format (including what made Caulfield an FA) include an athletics and extracurricular section just like I've got... I'll go turn those departments into italics, not bold, but I thought basic form was to emphasize the subject of a section the first time it's mentioned.. Staxringold 12:27, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's some more advice from me:
 * Not every club and team needs its own little segment. Have a look at Stuyvesant High School - the best article on a US high school - and notice how much flow there is to everything. One section that could easily be merged is the individual headings for each season of sport.
 * No cutting it down into a list of faculties. This is the worst bit in the whole article: "The Computer Science department is the newest of Hopkins' academic departments. It is headed by Director of Technology Micheal McCabe, and currently only offers an 'Introduction to Computers' course and a couple progamming courses (in HTML and Java)." Why do people want to know this? Is it straight from the school's website? I'm not saying that what you have in the article now is all useless, but much of it is too trivial for Wikipedia. This could be moulded into one brief paragraph on academics and say: "Hopkins' newest faculty is a Computer Science department, offering basic computing courses in HTML and Java." Short and sweet!
 * You're also still bolding and italicising way too much in this article.
 * Why are all these buildings notable? Sure, it's nice to have a hall and a science lab, but what makes them more notable than what every private school in America has?
 * Please try to address some of these points, but don't just brush them aside. I take quite a passion in school articles at Wikipedia, and wouldn't want people to think this is the best we can do. As I said before, this article has a lot of potential, as long as it becomes an encyclopedia article and not a bloated school brochure. Harro5 21:39, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't take my statement the wrong way, I was by no means brushing your comments aside! They were just vague enough I wasn't sure what you meant. I'll work on combining the lesser sections together (though I do think the buildings deserve at least some mention, I'll cut out the fields section which is a bit silly). I'll get to work and post on your talk page when I think she could use another review.. :D Thanks Staxringold 00:52, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Good start with the cut back, but I'd like to a near complete rewrite of the Academics section. What subjects are offered by the science faculty does not a Featured Article make. Also, the Student Priviledges section stands out like a hairy mole on a Playboy model - its horrendous. What is it trying to tell people? Please seriously consider scrapping the whole section, and maybe even the stuff on student leadership. While it might round out the article's original focus of giving every nook-and-cranny of Hopkins life a blurb, I really see all this stuff as terribly generic and ugly now. Also, the images are all copyrighted, and well done on explaining the permission scenario, but I don't like stuff like this - "Use of this image in no way degrades Hopkins School or Heath Commons, in fact it promotes them." People can make up their own minds about the image's effect, and this doesn't need to be said. It might be a good idea too to use your real name when saying you're a Yearbook editor and can reproduce these images - people get really picky about this stuff at FAC. And sorry, but the photo of the girls with the Hopkins t-shirts has to go - it serves no real purpose. There's some more to go on with :)...Harro5 07:45, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Another major point: you have to employ the Wikipedia footnote system for external links mentioned in the article. See Caulfield_Grammar_School for an example. Harro5 10:27, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * What would I footnote? And why would I dump the shot of the Hopkins girls? What kind of pictures should I use, because all text gets a bit dull. Staxringold 14:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No words should have external links connected to them, they should be footnoted.

 * Google. Like this, with an explanation of the link. This is standard Wikipedia format. The pic of the girls is blatant advertising - it doesn't tell us anything about the school except girls like to cheer at events. Not exactly groundbreaking. Harro5 21:23, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't aware I linked any words in the article.. I'll give it a look-see. As for the pic of the girls, I'll get rid of it, but both Caulfield and Stuyvesant had similar style pics (heck, advertising wise, Stuyvesant had a picture of their own book for sale). In any case, I'll dump the cheering girls and look for links (and try to get to work on the graduation requirements sub-section of Academics). Staxringold 01:40, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There's an example in the lead, at the end, "...with a variety of financial aid packages." That sort of thing is what needs to be footnoted. Harro5 01:45, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Another little note: please remove all links from the numbers (eg. 9th grade) in every instance except those in the lead. Only link to a word the first time it is mentioned. Harro5 02:00, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Harro, you are awesome. Thank you for the serious reworking, the Did You Know mention on School Wikiportal, et all. I'll footnote the stuff, and when I get back into the yearbook room where I've got all my Hopkins photos I'll dig up another... Say 1 to make it look more polished and interesting. Staxringold 03:09, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The bolded stuff must still be addressed. There are still things needing footnotes (eg. Smartboards), and these should also be numbered in order of when they appear in the article. lease remove the links on things link 7th grade after 7th grade has been linked in the lead. Harro5 08:16, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I've now cleaned out all but the lead links for the grades, and footnoted SmartBoards. Should I custom renumber (as opposed to the automatic system, which it currently is) so that the financial aid note comes before the endowment (endowment, being in the note box on the right, comes first and is numbered 1 even though it appears lower in the article to the reader than financial aid)? Staxringold 14:54, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Custom renumber. Harro5 07:56, September 6, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Tennyson, New South Wales

Tennyson is a semi-rural suburb of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. It is located 72 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury.

In the, Tennyson recorded a population of 384.

Landmarks
Tennyson is home to Tennyson Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade, part of the NSW Rural Fire Service. The Tennyson Bush Fire Brigade shed is the only community building in Tennyson, and hence is a community meeting point for the Tennyson Water Scheme and, on occasion, parliamentary elections.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tennyson, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Dictator game

Gender pronouns
Before changing "her" to "him" or "they" please see the wikipedia manual of style which says that when two or more correct usages are available the choice by the initial author should remain. Even if the singular plural should be used, this edit uses the non-word "themself" (it should be "themselves"). --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 04:32, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Just use the "singular they" and be done with it. Hanxu9 (talk) 13:12, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Since the above comments were written, the Manual of Style has been updated to say "Use gender-neutral language where this can be done with clarity and precision". I prefer singular "they", although I would not object to using "he/she". On the history of "themself" (which dates back at least to the 13th Century), see: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/themself Freelance Intellectual (talk) 13:15, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

List
I have removed references to John List's experiments. I can find no reference to these experiments on his webpage. --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 21:36, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

it can't be failure to maximize utility
"Proposers fail to maximize their own expected utility," is there something I'm missing here? :) I can imagine a different game would clearly demonstrate that it is not simply a mechanical/assessment failure: the Nero-game. Two players, one pile of money and one lighter. The first player may select any amount of money from the pile, and give the rest to the other player, who must burn the rest of the money with the lighter. -- Robbie C. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.66.253.148 (talk) 13:22, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Taking versus giving
Another possibility why people will take money, even though when giving they don't divide it 100% to themselves, is the difference in social perception between being an aggressive competitor and being simply "mean". I think I've seen something on this, any ideas?? Aardwolf (talk) 20:24, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
 * What about just stabilizing the society ? In dictator game i may expect that my opponent is beggar, and if i would not give him some "living minimum" he'd get useless at best: he may die decreasing available working hands number in my and his society, he may turn to crimes or to riots making my living in the society worse overall. The taker game implies he already has some belongings, so while i would make him less rich, i do not leave him penniless. So basically it is all about finding "living minimum" that makes the society comfort to live within. Add "if the opponent would have less than $5 then he'd die" and i expect dictator would give him those five plus some safety margin, while taker would try to know how much the victim possesses no, to determine how much he can safely withdraw. 176.195.124.191 (talk) 19:31, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Dr. Korenok's comment on this article
Dr. Korenok has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"1. Original: "This game has been used to test the homo economicus model of individual behavior: if individuals were only concerned with their own economic well being, dictators would allocate the entire good to themselves and give nothing to the recipient."

Comment: "economic well being" is not precise, it could mean many different things. Propose to change it to more precise: "...if the dictators were only concerned with how much money they receive,..."

2. Original: "1. Dictators fail to maximize their own expected utility,"

Comment: Not precise enough. Propose to change to: "1. Dictators' utility functions include only money that they receive and dictators fail to maximize it."

3. Original: "This suggests that dictator game behavior is, in fact, altruism instead of the failure of optimizing behavior."

Comment: I don't think this statement is accurate. Propose to change to: "This suggests that dictator game behavior is well approximated by a model in which dictators maximize utility functions that include benefits received by others."

4. Original: "The idea that the highly mixed results of the Dictator game prove or disprove rationality in economics is not widely accepted. Results offer both support of the classical assumptions and notable exception which have led to improved holistic economic models of behavior."

Comment: Both of these statements have no support in the text or footnotes. In fact, the text above leads to opposite conclusion that results are NOT mixed.

5. Original: "Further experiments testing experimental effects have been performed. Bardsley has performed experiments where individuals are given the opportunity to give money, give nothing, or take money from the respondent.[3] In these cases most individuals far from showing altruism actually take money. And comparing the taking games with dictator games which start from the same endowments, most people who give in the dictator game would take in a taking game. Bardsley suggests two interpretations for these results. First, it may be that the range of options provides different cues to experimental subjects about what is expected of them. "Subjects might perceive dictator games as being about giving, since they can either do nothing or give, and so ask themselves how much to give. Whilst the taking game... might appear to be about taking for analogous reasons, so subjects ask themselves how much to take."[3] Under this interpretation, dictator game giving is a response to demand characteristics of the experiment. Second, subjects' behavior may be affected by a kind of framing effect. What a subject considers to be an appropriately kind behavior depends on the range of behaviors available. In the taking game, the range includes worse alternatives than the dictator game. As a result giving less, or even taking, may appear equally kind."

Comment: This paragraph is very misleading. It needs to be re-written or deleted. In general, results in taking games (as in giving games) suggest that dictators cares not only about own payoff but recipient's payoff as well.

6. Comment: Section Challenges should be re-written. It is poorly done."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Korenok has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference : Korenok Oleg & Edward L. Millner & Laura Razzolini, 2013. "Taking, Giving, and Impure Altruism in Dictator Games," Working Papers 1301, VCU School of Business, Department of Economics.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 15:38, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Branas-Garza's comment on this article
Dr. Branas-Garza has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"COMMENT 1: paragraph 3 beginning with “Additional experiments… “ In the sentence number 3 there is footnote: "clarification needed", that is, subjects are therefore increasing their utility when they pass money to the receipts. The later implies that they are maximizing a utility function that incorporates recipient's welfare and not only their own welfare. This is the core of the "other-regarding" preferences. A number of experiments have shown that donations are substantially larger when the dictators are aware of the recipient need of the money. Newref1

newref1. Eckel, Catherine C. and Philip Grossman (1996). “Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games”. Games and Economic Behavior 16:181-191. Brañas-Garza, Pablo (2006). “Poverty in Dictator Games: Awakening Solidarity”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 60(3): 306-320.

 * now continues with OLD text**** Other experiments have shown a relationship between political participation and dictator game giving (…).

COMMENT 2: Just after “political participation” ADD “and social integration” … so the new paragraph reads:

Other experiments have shown a relationship between political participation and social integration and dictator game giving (…).

COMMENT 3: Merge footnote 8 and 9 (move the content of footnote 9 to note 8). Old footnote 9 would be 8+9.

Since footnote 9 is now “empty” we can write there: Leider, Stephen, Möbius, Markus M., Rosenblat, Tanya and Do Quoc-Anh (2009). “Directed Altruism and Enforced Reciprocity in Social Networks”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(4): 1815-1851. Branas-Garza, Pablo, Cobo-Reyes, Ramon, Espinosa, María Paz, Jiménez, Natalia, Kovářík, Jaromír  and Ponti Giovanni. (2010). “Altruism and social integration” Games and Economic Behavior 69(2): 249-257.

COMMENT 4: same sentence: valid indicator of concern for the well-being of others.[8][9] AFTER {8}{9} NEW SENTENCE. Recent papers have shown that experimental subjects in the lab do not behave differently than ordinary people outside the lab regarding altruism. Newref 3. In fact, a recent pair of studies suggests that behavior in this game is heritable. Newref 4

Newref2: Exadaktylos, Filippos, Espín, Antonio M and Brañas-Garza, Pablo (2013) “Experimental subjects are not different” Nature Scientific Reports 3 (1213)

Newref3: Cesarini David, Dawes Christopher T, Johannesson Magnus, Lichtenstein Paul, Wallace Bjorn (2009). “Genetic Variation in Preferences for Giving and Risk Taking”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2: 809–842. Brañas-Garza Pablo, Kovářík Jaromir, Neyse Levent (2013). “Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio Has a Non-Monotonic Impact on Altruism” PLoS ONE 8(4): e60419.

COMMENT 5: paragraph 4: the sentence: "SECOND, SUBJECTS' BEHAVIOR MAY BE AFFECTED BY A KIND OF FRAMING EFFECT." just after FRAMING add newref4

Newref 4. Hoffman, Elizabeth, Kevin McCabe, and Vernon Smith (1996). “Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games”. The American Economic Review 3: 653-660. Brañas-Garza, Pablo (2007). “Promoting helping behaviour with framing in Dictator Games”. Journal of Economic Psychology 28 (4): 477-486

COMMENT 6: I think that the whole TRUST GAME section should be removed. The TG needs a new entry itself."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Branas-Garza has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Branas-Garza, Pablo & Rodriguez-Lara, Ismael, 2014. "What do we expect of others?," MPRA Paper 53760, University Library of Munich, Germany.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 19:51, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Alevy's comment on this article
Dr. Alevy has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"John List's (2007) 'On the Interpretation of Giving in Dictator Games' Journal of Political Economy, should be noted along with Bardsely's contribution to the topic. (Bardsley and List conducted treatments that opened the "take" space in dictator settings at about the same time). As discussed in the current Wikipedia entry the examination of the take space has proved fruitful with subsequent contributions that include introduction of nationally representative samples, (Cappelen et al. 2013; Economics Letters; 'Give and Take in Dictator Games'); taking aversion (Korenok, Millner, and Razzolini, 2015; 'Taking Aversion') and exploration of gender and audience effects (Chowdhury; Jeon, and Saha, 2016; 'Giving, Taking and Gender in Dictator Games) and (Alevy, Jeffries, and Lu 2014; Gender and Frame specific audience effects in Dictator Games; Economics Letters).

A meta-analysis of dictator giving appeared in Experimental Economics (Engel, 2011). Surprisingly, the meta-analysis concluded that the 'take' option had no effect. A followup (comment) on this study also in Experimental Economics showed that - although other findings of the Engel analysis proved robust - the null result with respect to dictator taking was in error (Zhang and Ortmann (2014)."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Alevy has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Jonathan E. Alevy & Francis L. Jeffries & Yonggang Lu, 2013. "Gender- and Frame-specific Audience Effects in Dictator Games," Working Papers 2013-02, University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Economics.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 17:05, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

Description etc
I have edited the structure of the article to highlight the substance of the description section. A part of this had commented on the status of the game as a game (which I have moved into the lede), another on the application of the game (which I have put into a new section, titled Application, which could be used to contain other parts of the article), and the decription itself. These parts are brief and none is referenced. Consequently I replaced the old template box with inline requests to each. From the actual description/game the impression is given that the "game" is lacking not only those elements required of a game but also those required for a decision. The description given contains no clue to any constraints nor to any context of the "decision" required. Although this seems inconceivable unfortunately I have been unable to find any other description of the game from an online search, so at this point I am unable to do more. LookingGlass (talk) 11:47, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Link to German Version is wrong
The link to the german article leads to the "Vertrauensspiel" which is different from the dictator game. Somehow I could not remove the link myself. Meerpirat (talk) 10:09, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

On the evaluation
Using only money to evaluate some entity's interest is unscientific.

While there doesn't seem to be a scientific way for so... anyway, it could be the key to answer: what humanity is really.

...Being able to define somebody's whims, it would not be far from being able to define that "somebody" wholesale.

— Wikipedian Right (talk) 07:43, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

How is game a misnomer
The article says prominently in the lede that "" It's cited, so I presume the source says this to be true for some definition of "game", but what definition of game are they using? Other articles on similar games like the Ultimatum game don't have this disclaimer, and the game theory article doesn't offer a straightforward widely-accepted definition. This claim needs clarification, and seems questionable for inclusion at all. Daask (talk) 18:21, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dictator game


text:
Talk:Strategic dominance

Lists and such
DavidCary was kind enough to suggest putting all the types of dominance in a list, which I think really helps make the article easier to read. Personally I prefer keeping all the definitions in one section rather than having them spread out, which I have just done. If folks thinks its better spread out (see David's initial version ) I'm game. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 21:52, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Either way is fine with me. However, the "completist" (is that a real word?) in me wants to list *all* possible ways that B compares to A. Currently, the article leaves out at least 2 that I know of:

 * B ...... A ( what's the word I'm looking for? ): choosing A is better in some cases, while choosing B is better in other cases, depending on exactly how the opponent chooses to play.
 * B is equivalent to A: B has the same payoff as A in every case.

 * Are there any other ways that B could compare to A?
 * Should we list *all* of them in the article?
 * --DavidCary 04:21, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I find the section redundant. Once you've defined "A dominates B", it's sufficient to say that B is dominated by A if A dominates B.  And you don't really even need to say that, since it's intuitively obvious.
 * Also, that section isn't really about "types of dominance" because there's only strict dominance and weak dominance, and even those I wouldn't call "types" so much as "degrees" of dominance. There are actually other types of dominance besides what's currently in the article;  risk dominance, for example. I've renamed the section to "Terminology". Isomorphic 05:21, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Yes, "terminology" is much better name for that section.

You'd be surprised at how often people somehow miss the "intuitively obvious" conclusion. (See Please don't just end with "The conclusion should be obvious". Say it.) Speaking of terminology, is there a term for the other case of comparing B vs. A, when neither one is dominant? there's only strict dominance and weak dominance. I don't believe it -- for example, in Rock, Paper, Scissors, the strategy of throwing "scissors" neither dominates nor is dominated by the strategy of throwing "paper". --DavidCary 22:19, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know if there is a term for that. "Undominated" perhaps?  But I think adding that would be too much. --best, kevin  · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 01:30, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that in general you don't want to say "and this is obvious", but in this case the second set of definitions follows directly from the meaning of the passive voice in English. That really shouldn't be tripping anyone up. To me, the section is actually more confusing in its current state. But if others disagree, there's nothing actually wrong with it. Isomorphic 02:24, 23 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh,, and in answer to your question: no, I've never heard a term like that.  I would just say "X is not dominated" or "X is not dominant". Isomorphic 02:27, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Table in Dominance and Nash Equilibrium
For a game theory neophyte like me this article is quite useful. However, I don't know how to read the strategy table in the Nash Eq. section. Without going into all of game theory, is it possible to at least hint at what the 1,1 and 0,0 pairs mean and explain WHY C dominates D, and WHY D,D is a nash eq. Thanks! -- cmh 17:18, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion! I have tried to improve the explanation.  Rather than explaining the table (which occurs in lots of game theory articles), I have added a link to payoff matrix which explains what those numbers represent.  (Although to be honest that page needs work.)  For the time being you might read the first couple of sections in game theory for  quick introduction.  I have also expanded the explanation for why C weakly dominates D and why (D, D) is a Nash equilibrium.  Is this clearer?  --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 19:23, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks very much! -- cmh 19:30, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

in-line citations
The list of external links and references looks pretty comprehensive for an article of this size. However, should the article have in-line citations? Or is the subject pretty much monolithic in terms of what sort of citations are necessary? That is, if I examined each of the seven references, would I find that each of them has includes essentially all of the information presented in this article? (It's a fine article, by the way; applause to the contributors.) — Steve98052 (talk) 09:42, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Confusing and incorrect(?) descriptions
There seem to be some confusing/incorrect descriptions in this article, e.g.   B dominates A: choosing B always gives as good as or a better outcome than choosing A. I don't think this is true if, for instance, two strategies always give the same payoff for a player. As far as I can tell, neither of these would dominate, although I haven't had a good look for some good references (http://www.gametheory.net/dictionary/DominantStrategy.html doesn't help in this case). I thought about changing the description to be more accurate, but realised I would just be repeating the definition for weak dominance. (All strong dominance is weak, and all dominance satisfies the description in the article, but not all strategies that fit the description in the article are dominance i.e. two equal strategies.) There's a similar problem with B is dominated by A: choosing B never gives a better outcome than choosing A, no matter what the other player(s) do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mtjh (talk • contribs) 15:53, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

I agree. Simply stated, the definitions are wrong. Under the correct definition of "dominates", a strategy does not dominate an equivalent strategy. But these incorrect definitions would lead you to believe that any strategy dominates an equivalent strategy (or indeed, that any strategy dominates itself). Mathew5000 (talk) 23:15, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

 * I made a correction to address this issue: . Mathew5000 (talk) 23:28, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Moldovanu's comment on this article
Dr. Moldovanu has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"Reasonably good description of the concept. Some references to more game theory texts and to some of the main primary research articles would be welcome"

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Moldovanu has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Alex Gershkov & Benny Moldovanu & Xianwen Shi, 2011. "Bayesian and Dominant Strategy Implementation Revisited," Working Papers tecipa-422, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 15:55, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Dynamic inconsistency

 * current assessment grades are appropriate: class=start: importance=low. Many improvements to be made, lack of citing and sources a key problem. Jockab 2020 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jockab (talk • contribs) 01:30, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

hcg25: I would like to extend this article a bit. There seem to be a few technical mistakes (e.g. time inconsistency does not require changing preferences, hyperbolic discounting is not a clear-cut example of time inconsistency), and a small model with a graph might be useful. Is anyone else working on this article at the moment?

 * Go for it! But please provide references if you can. Martin 21:04, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are referring to how time inconsistency is used specifically in the area of behavioral economics, I think you are mistaken about the technical mistakes, but still, go ahead, and if you are right, it will stick. An example model with a graph would really be great, by the way.  Cheers, HalfDome 12:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Many thanks for both of your encouragement! Unfortunately, I don't have much time for another two weeks, will get started after that. --Hcg25 10:04, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dynamic inconsistency


text:
Talk:Charles Wood (composer)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:02, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Anthems are not mentioned
Any Idea why his anthems, hymns or other choral works do not appear here? He wrote quite some, to mention a few:

 * 'Tis the day of Resurrection
 * Ascencion Hymn
 * Expectans expectavi
 * God omnipotent reigneth
 * Haec dies
 * I am risen
 * I will call upon God
 * Jesu, the very thought is sweet
 * O King most high
 * O Lord that seest from yon starry height
 * O Lord, Rebuke me not
 * O most merciful
 * O thou sweetest source
 * Prelide Martyrs
 * Prelude Old 104th
 * Prelude Old 132nd
 * Prelude Old 136th
 * Prelude Psalm 23
 * Prelude York Tune
 * Sunlight all golden
 * The earth trembled
 * This is the day
 * True Love's the gift

These choral titles are from a recording Gonville and Caius College Choir, to be precise CD with ASIN nr B00005RGJK I think mentioning some of the titles is not a copyright infringement since his works are in library and from 189X

I hope someone can include his choral hymns and anthems as well. "Hail, gladdening light" is quite well known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.111.36.244 (talk) 00:42, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I meant to finish the list of his works but got distracted and forgot about it. Unless someone else does it, I'll eventually get around to it. PatrickWaters (talk) 15:41, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Wood (composer)


text:
Talk:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

The current title of this page is "Multi-paradigm programming languages".

In English, at least US English, hyphenating a word after the prefix "multi" is unnecessary, except when the subject word starts with the letter "i", or is a proper noun starting with a capital letter. (I am not a grammarian or English instructor. I am a part-time newspaper reporter.)

See a similar case: Multi-platform to Multiplatform.

There was a discussion of this issue, maybe here: Wikipedia talk:Manual_of_Style

Thus, it seems reasonable to change the page name accordingly, to "Multiparadigm programming language".

Is this the correct or best place to post such requests, or is there some more suitable location?

Thank you.

 * I'm not a native English speaker so I can't help with this. I think you are right, the best place to set a policy for this issue is at the Manual of Style. I haven't find any discussion about this. Also note that there are currently a lot of pages [|with the prefix "Multi-"], so this requires some work. Best regards. --surueña 13:11, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

How come Groovy is missing ?

 * Either because you did not add it or because Groovy is not a Multiparadigm programming language. --Krischik T 07:14, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

How is ECMAScript functional?
The only quasi-functional feature I can think of is support for anonymous and higher order functions, which alone I do not believe warrant claiming it borrows from the functional paradigm. Tarcieri 01:09, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Scala supports imperative programming too
Should we bump it into the next level?

How is Ruby concurrent?
Ruby adds concurrency to a slight degree with DRb. While DRb is bundled with core Ruby I would not actually consider it part of the language. Contrast with Erlang where concurrency is an intrinsic part of the language. DRb in Ruby would compare more with Erlang's OTP (i.e. a standard bundled library) Tarcieri 01:09, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Correctness and Usefulness
I am a little concerned about both the correctness and usefulness of the language comparison in this article. There is no definition of "paradigm" in this context and no complete list of paradigms to choose from. Instead, the concept of a paradigm is ad-hoc, sometimes erroneous (e.g. generics) and mostly misleading. Consequently, the categorisation is almost random. For example, OCaml is currently listed as "two paradigm", yet it supports functional, imperative, object-oriented, modular and generic (which is not template meta-programming, BTW). Is modular a paradigm (it has a completely different meaning in languages like Lisp)? Are eager and lazy evaluation two separate paradigms? Are dynamic and static typing paradigms? Is parametric polymorphism a paradigm?

The categorization is a joke really. I could name some examples, but i don't want to push any single language here. I would find it much more helpful, to just explain the origin of the word, its use and illustrate this with some language examples and citations. The word multiparadigm is far too vague, to be used as a language-sorting spec.

a few suggestions
Maybe saying C++ implements 4 paradigms is going too far... if so, then C would implement at least 3 (imperative, functional and template with macros). I think that a language is not functional if it not implements at least a few of those features: higher order functions (ok in C and C++ via function pointers), tail recursion, currying, lazy evaluation and maybe some others.

Concurrent and distributed should be not considered full paradigms, because they're normally implemented as library facilities in all programming languages, whatever the (main) paradigm.

Erlang presence's lacking in this article.

--85.59.39.220 14:51, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * C++ implements 1 paradigm: the imperative. It doesn't implement functional. Object orientation is not a paradigm, it's a way to group data and functions, it's not about execution order of the statements. The generics of C++ are in reality a macro kind of templates, and that's a textual conversion. Ada has some true kind of generics, but C++ templates are defined so badly that they might/might not be implemented with parse phase type-check. C++ is not truly generic. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 09:34, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * (Besides: I hate each and every programming language - this is not specifically a C++ question. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 09:37, 2 June 2007 (UTC))

C++ and functional
I have wondered about that as well. I think the C++ language advocates have gone to far here. But then there alwas go wild about there templates wich are a language of there own.

--Krischik T 14:14, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Update: the C++ main page names functional as part of the boost lib. Boost is not even part of the (ISO) standart library for C++. That does not count - i correct the entry.
 * --Krischik T 14:30, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The ability to program functionally is inherent in C++. While the Boost library supplies some of the common tools available in a functional programming language, the ability for functional programming is inherent in C++. In fact both D and C++ is heavily undervalued here. They both have facilities for generic multi-paradigm programming, which means that most paradigms can be used in them. They simple falls outside an enumeration of paradigms. 13:07, 19 October 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Carewolf (talk • contribs)

Concurrent and distributed
You are wrong here: Ada implements the concurrent and distributed paradigms as first class language feature and not thrue a library. So it is correct to have them on the page.

Question is:

--Krischik T 14:14, 9 February 2006 (UTC) ::Standard library inclusion counts for built-in support, external libraries does not. 188.57.101.218 (talk) 19:54, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Do all those who list them actualy support them as language feature or do they just have a library for support.
 * 2) And should (standart) library for support count or not? In former case I could upgrate Ada to include array programming ;-).

Common Lisp
Is it really correct to say that Common Lisp only supports the functional and object oriented paradigms? Common Lisp supports imperative programming just as well as languages like Python or Ruby. I would think it should (at least) be listed as supporting functional, imperative, and object oriented.

--66.115.232.200 22:04, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe. But defining functions in C doesn't make C a functional PL, since it cannot do sibcall optimizations well (and that's a design flaw). Depends not on whether Common Lisp allows imperative code, but whether a fully imperative program written in Common Lisp is stable. A fully functional program in C will soon make a stack overflow and hang. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 09:24, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * There is nothing to suggest that imperative Common Lisp is any less stable than C. Many examples of large (non-object oriented) bodies of code which relies on the updating of persistent variables is available on line. In particular I cite P. Norvig `Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence' for examples of this.

 * Common Lisp supports imperative programming out of the box, and in an natural, easy way. There are primitives in Common Lisp for grouping commands (lists) and executing them from the first to the last (prog1, progn, etc); Common Lisp has setf to set the value of variables; "loop", "do", "dotimes", etc for iteration. It has if and case too, and a more general if, called "cond". How would it not support imperative programming? Now, Scheme is really different since (as far as I know) there is no support for iterative constructs, encouraging you to use recursion. But Common Lisp *does* support imperative programming. Or what is it that would be necessary to do imperative programming that you don't find in Common Lisp? -- w-g, 28 Sept 2007

I think the same holds for Dylan, but would argue that it doesn't hold for scheme as it lacks basic looping constructs and expects you to roll your own from functional tail-calling.

The 3 lisps (Scheme, Dylan, and CL)also deserve to be classified as supporting symbolic computation, see Touretzky's book: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/LispBook/index.html or how to design programs: http://www.htdp.org/2003-09-26/Book/curriculum-Z-H-1.html They should also be classified as supporting meta-programming i.e. writing code that writes code, see Graham's `On Lisp' or simply google for the language name + macros.Jekyll 18:53, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * This is really important, as it is one of the features that make the Lisps so different. Metaprogramming in Common Lisp and Scheme is wy more natural than in C++, for example. This really should be included as one mor paradigm (supported fully by Lisp and Scheme, and I'm not sure about other languages -- certainly not C++, where it's too hard to be "natural") -- w-g, 28 Sept 2007

Also, Lisp macros are easier to use and more powerful than C++ templates, so there should be a distinction here. C++ should be listed as supporting "parametric polymorphism", becuase that's the only easy thing you can do with its templates. The heavy metaprogramming in C++ that people like so much is not natural or easy; it's kind of weird. Read the source of any boost library if you don't believe me. Compare to any Lisp macro. -- w-g, 28 Sept 2007

PHP
Object Oriented? Funny, considering not only that www.php.net doesn't define php that way, but that it also stated specifically that PHP isn't one... conio.h • talk 11:24, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe www.php.net is right and Wikipedia wrong in this matter. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 14:54, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Java as a Multi-paradigm Language
If concurrent is a paradigm, Java was one of the first modern languages with built-in syntactical support for concurrency. Thus, Java would be Object-oriented and concurrent.

 * You are double wrong: Ada has concurrent as first class language feature since 1983 long before Java was conceived. Also Java threads are implemented as a library feature not a language feature. Look here Ada_Programming/Tasking to see the difference. Ada has keywords to define for all the important thread related work, Java uses a collection of library classes. Java - the Language - is pretty primitive. All of Java's strength is in the library and in the virtual machine. --Krischik T 14:32, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Java supports concurrency as part of the language, and well documented in the Java Language Specification . The java.lang package is part of the language, and is supported from the bottom-up with a requirement for the jvm to support concurrency. Having keywords isn't a requirement for a feature/design of a language. Your claim that its not part of the language is as ridiculous as saying class Object isn't a part of Java (it too resides in java.lang, like other fundamental parts of Java). 128.200.69.122 02:23, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, Ada can be upgraded to 6 paradigms then. Ada has a standart library for array programming. Or Vector and Matrix programming - got standart library for that as well. Note where that will lead? Soon all languages will be 8+ paradigm because of some semi-standard-library somewhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.41.152.158 (talk) 08:03, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Even if you insist on having a keyword to prove it, what about Java's "synchronized" block / method modifier? "synchronized" makes no sense in a single-threaded world. 109.239.78.197 (talk) 20:42, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

As of Java 1.5, wouldn't Java be a 4 paradigm language. See Generics_in_Java. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.47.254.12 (talk) 20:43, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

According to the definition of generic programming, Java can be 4 paradigm language, or the information in generic programming page should be changed.

Articles for deletion/Aurora (programming language)
It would be helpful to have more users participating in this discussion. Dpbsmith (talk) 03:27, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Term confusion
The article seems to be confusing a term and a marketroidized interpretation of the term. Does PHP allow logic and functional programming? Has java a guaranteed sibcall optimization in order to avoid stack overflow when using two mutually calling functions iteratively? What's "multiparadigm" is defined whether a PL easily allows more than one programming, f.ex. functional (fully, not bogus), iterative (fully, not bogus), logic programming (fully, not bogus) and parallel programming. I'll soon make a list over the PL:s mentioned, that aren't multiparadigm. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 08:07, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

More:
 * It allows, as described by Bjarne Stroustrup, "a program using more than one programming style".

Now, Stroustrup is not the right kind of "authority" to cite for computer science. Prefer a professor or some such! Stroustrup made an impractical C "improvement" with severe design flaws pissing people off to create, Java, Csharp and D. Non-multi-paradigm PL:s, in the article: The claims of the article are quite preposterous! Add more to the list of false claims yourselves! Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 08:23, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * APL - solely imperative
 * PHP - solely imperative/OO
 * Simula - solely imperative/OO, maybe also pseudo-concurrent with co-processes,
 * Perl - solely imperative/OO
 * Python - solely imperative/OO
 * ECMAscript - solely imperative/OO
 * C++ - solely imperative/OO
 * D - solely imperative/OO
 * (Ada - retracted by myself, a 2 paradigm language - if 2 is enough for "multi-" ...)

More: there's no reason to count some paradigms twice, f.ex. dataflow/concurrent, and imperative/object-oriented. Dataflow are the flows of data in a concurrent programming language, and object-oriented are the data typically used in imperative PLs. "Paradigms" are about manyfolds of views on what to regard as data vs. programs, such as the concurrent paradigm regarding processes (running programs) as entities (data). The multi-paradigm PL implements such manifolds seemlessly with explicit design decisions to fully enable a programmer to adher strictly to this or that paradigm. F.ex. being able to define functions in C doesn't make C a functional programming language, since functional programming is about making infinite loops (not stack overflows) by a function calling itself. Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 08:53, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Seed for a rewrite: HERE!! Said: Rursus ☺ ★ 09:57, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Although I agree that Stroustrup is not the final authority on the matter, I don't really think his imperfect effort is relevant here. (In the same vein one could also mention that his language has been wildly successful, but I doubt his definition of multi-paradigm support had anything to do with that.)

 * I do not agree that a language has to support more than two paradigms to be called multi-paradigm. I think that "two's enough" is the only useful approach for a list such as this, unless it were so that almost every programming language supported two paradigms. Obviously, if the list is too long, we might filter based on notability.

 * You are a bit zealous in your eagerness to combine imperative and OO programming. While it is possible to just use objects as your data structure in imperative programming, this is different than the puristic style supported by Java and C# (and, less puristically, C++). In these languages, modifying the program state (through use of global variables) is difficult or discouraged, while modifying object state is easy and preferred.

 * Your argument would work better for a language such as PHP, where imperative programming is the norm and objects are used mainly as data structures. Still, PHP arguably does support OO programming, even though most people don't make good use of that support. ("Arguably" because neither does the API.)

 * I don't know enough about concurrent/dataflow languages to comment on them.

—Leif Arne Storset 12:03, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right, though, about C not being functional. It supports passing function pointers, but anonymous functions are impossible, and tail-recursion optimization is not mandated.

 * Perl fully supports functional paradigm. Look for a book called "High Order Perl" and, for example, at the implementation of monads in Perl. —213.148.171.34 17:48, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OOP and imperative programming ARE NOT THE SAME. It seems like you're trying to push some odd language POV. DO NOT EDIT with claims of OOP and imperative falling into the same paradigm without reliable sources. The four major paradigms are functional, imperative, OO, and logical . 128.200.69.122 02:32, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Start from Scratch
Ever so often I come here and see what happened. And always there is an inflations of paradigms by various language advocates lacking any prove. I think the lack of prove and accountability is the main problem here. I wonder if it was useful to just remove the whole page and start fresh.

I could envision that the new page would not be sorted by number of paradigms any more - that makes language advocates far to jealous. Instead I suggest to sort by language name - with a small article on how a language supports which paradigm.

My hope such little articles would prevent any quick adding of me-too entries. Authors would need to think about what they are writing. Also any false claims would be easily detected.

Ahh and, ★ would you please read Ada_Programming/Tasking and tell me what exactly is missing from a task type to qualify for processes (running programs) as entities (data). (Of course I am a language advocate as well - but at least I add references to my claims) --Krischik T 07:40, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Could we reduce the clutter?
I think the warning at the bottom of the article is sufficient - whoever put in all those stupid "Citation required" tags really made a mess of the article.

 * yes and no. When I added them I was hoping that language advocates would add prove that there language is as cool as they claim it is. I was wrong - with a very few exceptions language advocates they leave it by unproven claims... --Krischik T 18:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Windos PowerShell is not a Programming Language
I suggest to remove it,since its a CLI. --QuicksilverPhoenix (talk) 19:45, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Wrong. Windows PowerShell is both, a command-line shell and a programming language.
 * "The goal of Monad [Windows PowerShell] is to provide a shell environment similar to the Korn, Bourne, or other shells on UNIX and Linux, and a rich programming language like Perl or Ruby, combined with the functionality of the Microsoft .NET Framework."
 * Ghettoblaster (talk) 19:18, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Where is Prolog
I think Prolog is a programming language as well. Am I wrong? --Comptrol (talk) 15:54, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * but is it a Multiparadigm programming language? --Krischik T 07:12, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Over Classification?
This article seems to be an exercise in over classification of what are, in many ways, fuzzy concepts. Since no one agrees 100% what qualifies as an OOP language, how do you classify a language that is only partly OO (by some particular definition)? Does this count as supporting 2.5 paradigms? Surely whether a given language supports a given paradigm (whatever that means exactly) is a matter of degree? It's not a yes/no question. So counting the supported paradigms and classify languages according to the number of paradigms seems like compounding the sin. Richard Dawkins has a term for what this article seems to be attempting - he calls it the 'Tyranny of the Discontinuous Mind' (i.e. searching for hard and fast boundaries where they don't actually exist in reality).

All the above said, doesn't Aspect-oriented programming count as a paradigm? What about Metaprogramming?

 * I wish you had signed that post, but you're correct - this article is vastly over-complicating things with it's classification of "paradigms". Especially so with the list of programming languages by number of paradigms.  I don't know nearly enough of the programming languages on this list to rewrite it though, and I expect almost everyone is in the same position (how many people know every language on this list well enough to edit it?).  I think wiping the entire list of languages by paradigm and writing the lead so that the article explains what a multi-paradigm approach is, and why so many modern languages use it (with a few examples from popular languages) would be a good idea.  --CalPaterson (talk) 16:00, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I partly agree. Instead of "wiping the entire list of languages by paradigm" make sure that you add this material to Comparison of programming languages. Ghettoblaster (talk) 16:12, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

A minor suggestion: Haskell. A less minor suggestion: Add a table with languages as rows and paradigms as columns, so the "differences" between any two are easier to grasp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.162.208.204 (talk) 14:38, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

I find the "number of paradigms" supported number useful, I sort by it. I suggest "Abstract Data types (ADT)" as a way of capturing the "not fully OO" distinction. The page on CLU (programming language) captures the distinction. Also, many of the columns in the comparison table should be generated from the infobox for each language. The infobox should list the paradigms supported by the language. Fewer "original research" or unsupported claims that way. rhyre (talk) 11:02, 1 November 2014 (UTC)

Merge with Programming paradigm?
I am not sure how to "officially" suggest a merger, but I think this topic should redirect to Programming paradigm. Since pretty much every general purpose language can be classified as "multiparadigm," the majority of this article amounts to trivia. The list of languages could be completely deleted or perhaps copied to Comparison of programming languages, as suggested above. Since the list is mostly unsourced, incomplete, and even controversial, I would go with deletion. Anyone agree? Disagree? Maghnus (talk) 03:15, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a merger proposal on your behalf. I agree that this article, stand alone, makes little sense with its current content. Diego (talk) 07:49, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I second the notion to merge this with Programming paradigm. Just based off the information listed at Programming paradigm you can cleary understand what multi-paradigm is and a few examples are even listed. If their is a true need of a full descriptive list of paradigms, then we can create a new wiki called "List of programming paradigm". --Richard (talk) 05:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I third the motion and believe both articles are in need of a rewrite, programming paradigm containing more valid substance although it too is somewhat confused and on shaky ground. This could be, of course, because raising some dubious programming 'styles' to paradigm status might be premature !! - 'Programming dogmas' might be another appropriate article with sections on polymorhpic dogmas, encapsulated dogmas et al.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kdakin (talk • contribs) 05:56, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes this page is a mess all along. I am the only one who added any tags and the rest is an unfounded race for who got the most paradigms for his / her favourite language --Krischik T 07:15, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't see why this had its own article in the first place, merge it.--Digipatd 02:52, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Merge the concept, but keep this as a separate list, just as i did with List of object-oriented programming languages. Pcap ping  06:39, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I see there is consensus above, so I'm going to do it. Pcap ping  06:41, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Does Java really supports functional programming?
Sorry if this is a stupid question, but does Java really supports FP?

If so, someone should add that to the Java_(programming_language) page, since there it says it's only OO, structured and imperative.--189.29.141.31 (talk) 07:49, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * well try:

int f (int x) { return 1 + f(x); }

 * if it crashes with an stack overflow then the answer is NO. A functional language Tail recursion should be applied and the function should fail integer range overflow. Or run forever if integer range overflows are not supported. --Krischik T 15:11, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Supporting tail recursion optimization is hardly a benchmark for whether a language supports FP or not. GCC supports tail recursion optimization for C, and you wouldn't claim that C supports FP, would you? -- DevSolar (talk) 07:18, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

Windows PowerShell revisited
Pipeline? Really? A paradigm? I admit I don't know PowerShell, but I find it hard to believe that connecting one program's output to another program's input could really be called a "paradigm". I can pipe a C executable and a Perl script together. Does this make those two languages "supporting the pipeline paradigm", too? Is there more to this "pipelining" of PowerShell that sets it apart from that? Or is it an attempt to get PowerShell's "paradigm count" bumped? -- DevSolar (talk) 08:00, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Procedural: as paradigm?, only Python?
Programming newb here. Procedural programming is discussed in these here-linked articles as a Programming paradigm, but it's not listed here. If it's mostly absent here because (confusingly) in this article it's considered a language type and not a paradigm, then it should be removed from Python (and Python moved to 3-paradigm?). Or if it is a paradigm, Python can't be the only language that qualifies. Thx, "alyosha" (talk) 19:29, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Perl
According to Higher-Order Perl, Perl also supports Declarative Programming and other things, so why is it marked as "No"? It would also be a good source for citations, as it is a free (online available) book. --Athaba (talk) 09:42, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

I'm not clear the extent a language must support reflection to get a "Yes" in that column. Perl supports reflection for objects, but not for scalars, arrays or hashes. Does that count? --12.146.21.163 (talk) 18:53, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Racket added
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_%28programming_language%29 Multi-paradigm: functional, procedural (imperative), modular, object-oriented, logic, reflective, meta-programming — Preceding unsigned comment added by BearnHeart (talk • contribs) 19:25, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

D has support for metaprogramming
D has support for metaprogramming via template metaprogramming and string mixins. Can we make the adequate changes to reflect this.

I have wrote up the following draft on my user page here

See http://dlang.org/template.html and http://dlang.org/mixin.html

Added these changes on 16th of November 2015 Machinistprogrammer (talk) 02:02, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

Is 'Design By Introspection' a programming paradigm?
Design By Introspection already mentioned on wikibooks here describes it as:

″one can design a templated class or struct in such a way that it inspects its template arguments at compile-time for different capabilities and then adapts to them. For example a composable allocator design can check if the parent allocator provides reallocation and efficiently delegate to it, or fallback to implementing reallocation with malloc and free, or not offer it at all. The benefit of doing this at compile-time is that the user of the said allocator can know if he should use reallocate, instead of getting mysterious run-time errors.″

The idea was first described here (page 44) by Andrei Alexandrescu.

Thoughts?

GoLang
How about adding Go_(programming_language) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Long.mindworker (talk • contribs) 16:37, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Machinistprogrammer (talk) 06:21, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

I dunno. Go is imperative, reflective, and concurrent, but this page doesn't describe multi-paradigm well. For crying out loud, libraries and language extensions seem to qualify, but so many paradigms can be emulated by each other with proper design patterns. Mister Mormon (talk) 22:57, 4 February 2016 (UTC)

Don't several of the languages qualify as 'pipeline'?
F# and Elixir come to mind. Are idiomatic |> or composable. enough? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mister Mormon (talk • contribs) 04:18, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

number of paradigms
What is counted as a paradigm? Only the once in the table? Or should we count also "other paradigms", which are not specified/linked?Anonym~dewiki (talk) 21:25, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

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text:
Telopea, New South Wales

Telopea is a suburb of Greater Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Telopea is located 23 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Parramatta. The suburb is bordered by Kissing Point Road to the south and Pennant Hills Road to the north.

Name
Telopea is named from Telopea speciosissima, the New South Wales waratah, a plant that was abundant in the area before it was colonized and which became the floral emblem of New South Wales.

Transport
The area is serviced by Busways bus route 545

Telopea railway station was on the Carlingford railway line of the Sydney Trains network. The conversion of the Camellia to Carlingford section of the Carlingford railway line to light rail was announced in 2015 as part of the Parramatta Light Rail project and the station closed 5 January 2020. The station area is now served by temporary bus route 535 between Carlingford and Parramatta.

Commercial area
Waratah Shopping Centre, located on Benaud Place, has many retail shops including a newsagent, chemist, kebab shop, post office, bakery and a hair and beauty salon. A small group of shops is also located opposite the railway station on Adderton Road.

Housing
Telopea is mainly low to low-medium density housing with most of the dwellings having been built after World War II. The suburb is bisected by the Carlingford railway line with most of the medium-density housing lying adjacent to the train line.

Parks
Telopea contains a large tract of bushland on its western edge, backing onto the Oatlands golf course. The bushland, the Vineyard Creek Reserve as it is known contains a spring-fed creek and has several waterfalls on its course before it disappears beneath Kissing Point road to the south. The creek and the bushland are protected as environmental areas.

Places of worship

 * The local Anglican Church meets in Telopea on Saturday evenings and at Dundas on Sundays.
 * Telopea Christian Centre is another local Church.

Community facilities
Local facilities include a primary school, an alternative educational facility, a library, community hall and a community garden.

Heritage listings
Telopea has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 34 Adderton Road: Redstone

Population
At the, Telopea recorded a population of 5,426. Of these:
 * The age distribution was quite similar to the country in general. The median age was 38 years, identical to the national median. Children aged 0–14 years made up 17.8% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 14.0% of the population (national average is 15.8%).
 * 46.0% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 14.8%, South Korea 7.2%, Lebanese/Iran 33%, and Hong Kong 2.2%. 40.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 14.3%, Korean 9.9%, Cantonese 9.0%, Arabic 17.6% and Persian 12.4%.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 30.7%, Catholic 18.6% and Anglican 8.6%.

title: Telopea, New South Wales


text:
Edmund Henderson

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edmund Yeamans Walcott Henderson (19 April 1821 – 8 December 1896) was an officer in the British Army who was Comptroller-General of Convicts in Western Australia from 1850 to 1863, Home Office Surveyor-General of Prisons from 1863 to 1869, and Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of the London Metropolitan Police, from 1869 to 1886.

Military career
Henderson was born in Muddiford, near Christchurch, Hampshire, England, the son of Vice-Admiral George Henderson of the Royal Navy and Frances Elizabeth Walcott-Sympson. His brother William George Henderson was Dean of Carlisle. He was educated in Bruton, Somerset and the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Royal Engineers on 6 June 1838 and was promoted First Lieutenant in 1840, Second Captain in 1847, First Captain in 1854, Brevet Major in 1858, and Lieutenant-Colonel in 1862.

He undertook his professional training at Chatham and was then posted to Canada in 1839. He returned to England in 1845 and spent a year in Portsmouth before being posted back to Canada in June 1846. He was in charge of surveying the western half of the boundary between Canada and New Brunswick, which had been ceded to Britain by the United States, until November 1848, when he returned to England with his new wife, Mary Murphy. He spent the next two years based at Gravesend.

Comptroller-General of Convicts and Director of Prisons
When Western Australia became a penal colony in 1850, Henderson was appointed the colony's first Comptroller-General of Convicts. He travelled to Western Australia with the first convicts on board the Scindian, arriving on 1 June 1850. He found the colony completely unprepared for the convicts, lacking even a jail large enough to house them. Henderson secured lodging for the convicts at a ware house owned by Captain Scott, the harbour master. Henderson then began construction of a place for the warders to stay and in time the Convict Establishment, later known as Fremantle Prison. He was "a kindly and just man, moderate and understanding, opposed to the harsher forms of discipline. He thought that flogging as a punishment did more harm than good, and might be abolished except in rare cases, and that putting men in chains was useless and aggravating."1

Henderson married Mary Murphy in 1848. Following her death in 1855, he visited England with his son the following year and in 1857 married Maria Hindle. Henderson returned to Australia in 1858. He finally resigned as Comptroller-General of Convicts and left the colony in January 1863.

On his return to Britain, he was appointed Chairman of Directors and Surveyor-General of Prisons and Inspector-General of Military Prisons on 29 July 1863, succeeding Sir Joshua Jebb. He sold his army commission in 1864 and was made a Companion of the Bath (CB) in 1868.

Commissioner of Police
In 1869, Henderson was appointed to succeed Sir Richard Mayne as second sole Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. He was an ideal compromise candidate between those who wanted a military man as Commissioner and those who thought the job should go to a civilian. Although a former army officer, Henderson had served in civilian appointments for the last eighteen years. He was also unknown to the British public, allowing him to establish a reputation only on his achievements as Commissioner.

Henderson immediately endeared himself to his men by abolishing or relaxing some of the petty regulations imposed by Mayne and his first colleague, Sir Charles Rowan. For the first time, for instance, officers were permitted to grow facial hair. They were also allowed to vote for the first time, having initially been prevented by regulations forbidding them to take part in political activity. Henderson clashed with Receiver Maurice Drummond over an increase in pay for his men, a rivalry which was to continue for the rest of his tenure.

In order to spread his constables more widely and make them more available, Henderson established the fixed point system. He increased the Detective Branch to over 200 men and started the Habitual Criminals Register. He grouped the Divisions into Districts and introduced Schoolmaster Sergeants in each division to increase the literacy of his constables.

However, Henderson faced problems. The authorities decided, against his advice, to reduce pensions and this, coupled with low wages, led to the first police strike in 1872. The Commissioner dealt with the situation efficiently, dismissing the ringleaders and then allowing most of them to rejoin the force. Although the reputation of the Met was harmed by this incident, Henderson himself was not criticised by the press. He faced an even more serious situation in 1877, when four senior officers of the Detective Branch were put on trial for corruption (Trial of the Detectives), but survived it with his reputation intact. In 1878, he was made a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB).

But, by this stage, Henderson was starting to lose his control of the force. He ignored the fact that the District Superintendents were becoming ineffective and that two of the four posts had fallen vacant. When the Fenian bombing campaign opened in 1883, he left its handling largely to his assistants, particularly Howard Vincent, James Monro and Robert Anderson. On 8 February 1886, the mishandling of the Trafalgar Square Riot exposed his inefficiency, and on 22 February the Home Secretary Hugh Childers accepted his resignation.

title: Edmund Henderson


text:
Talk:John Ireland (composer)

Untitled
I added string quartet pieces from a Naxos CD - I hope this is sufficient authority to include them. I am not in a position to judge whether there are other pieces missing from the list. Should there be a warning at the top of the list that the list may not be complete? Fahrender Geselle (talk) 05:58, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Piano piece: Impromptu ('Ballerina')
I've just heard this on radio, and here it is on Youtube. But it's not in our list of works or on IMSLP, and Google is no help, apart from the Piers Lane recording.

What is known about it? --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:04, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Ireland (composer)


text:
User:AFrayn

Contributor.

Andrew Frayn, PhD student in English Literature at the University of Manchester, UK.

Writes primarily on novels about the First World War including those of Charles Edward Montague, Ford Madox Ford, R.H. Mottram, Richard Aldington, Siegfried Sassoon, and Frederic Manning.

Also takes a keen interest in guitar-based music of from 1960 to date. Including Simon and Garfunkel, Pink Floyd, The Clash, The Icicle Works / Ian McNabb, etc.

title: User:AFrayn


text:
User talk:80.229.222.42

Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- GraemeL (talk) 23:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.229.222.42


text: Talk:William Henry Harris

title: Talk:William Henry Harris


text:
Talk:Lennox Berkeley

Sexuality
This reads as if he was straight all his life: wife, kids, the whole disaster. But there was more to him than that. He and Benjamin Britten were lovers for a time, and I'm sure he had other men in his life. He was essentially gay, or at least bisexual, who managed to marry and have an apparently happy straight life. We need to include some information about this. --  Jack of Oz   [your turn]  02:46, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Photo?
I appended a stub flag to the end of the External Links section of the article. The introductory section is in need of a photo, or at least a portrait, of the composer. I'm sure there must be one somewhere in the Ethernet. At the very least, some library somewhere (perhaps in or near the composer's hometown) has one in its collection. Any takers? Erzahler (talk) 13:36, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lennox Berkeley


text: Talk:Expectiminimax

title: Talk:Expectiminimax


text:
Talk:Extensive-form game

Merge
Game tree seems to be about extensive form games, except it primarily deals with computer science problems. I think it would be best to merge that content here. Barring that, I think that Game tree should be moved to a different name, and cross links should be included here. What do folks think? --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 00:00, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree. Pete.Hurd 00:50, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Now leaning towards not merging, but making game tree more explicitly CompSsi rather than Game theory. The backwards induction solution section in game tree seems to indicate that empty threats and information sets just aren't an issue in solving game trees.  If that's the case then I don't think merging is in order. Pete.Hurd 14:42, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Uhh, how long has this merge request been pending? I ask because this article has been sitting on hold on the GA nom page for a long, long time.... Homestarmy 19:36, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, I think there is no consensus for merging the two articles. I have removed the tag. --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 19:40, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

In case it isn't blindingly obvious, game tree describes the trees of extensive-form games with perfect and complete information. The only stuff that differs is the terminology. It's probably good to have that simpler article around because linking to extensive-form game from most CGT articles (via redirect) will result in confusion unless we provide dual terminology in this article, which would make it even harder to read. Tijfo098 (talk) 10:17, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

failed GA - reasons
The article itself is interesting, my reasons for failing this article are purely formating and referencing. Gnangarra 00:45, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The lead needs to edited to WP:Lead format with the list moved into the article suggest an introduction section to cover the basic theory.
 * References need to follow WP:Cite, include ISBN numbers for books
 * The formula had originating Author(s) this need to be Cited

Sources for the infintie action space section?
According to Kuhn's 2003 book (ISBN 0691027722), which I had hoped to use to fix that section: The games which have been discussed up to now have been restricted by two conditions [...]: (1) every move has a finite number of alternatives and (2) every play contains a finite number of moves. It is clear that these restrictions can be relaxed in a wide variety of combinations. Actually, only three general types of infinite games have been studied to any extent: the matrix games with a denumerable number or a continuum of pure strategies and infinite game trees in which condition (1) above is satisfied.

And he only treats matrix games over [0, 1], but even there you need to be careful and consider Borel sets etc. So, can someone let me know what a good RS for games of type "(2) and not (1)", which that troubled section describes? Tijfo098 (talk) 07:49, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Ah, I see that Kuhn's book is a blast from the past: "The reader is deserved an explanation as to why these lectures are published nearly 50 years after they were taught as a course in the mathematics department at Princeton University". So, there have probably been some developments since, thus there's hope for that section yet. :-) Tijfo098 (talk) 07:57, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Responding to help request
The following was posted on talk:axiom of determinacy:
 * By the way, can someone (meaning Trovatore almost surely) look at the infinite action spaces section of Extensive-form game (the game described here is of that kind). Herrlich says that omega-long games and games where the action sets have omega cardinality are "complementary", but I'm not sure what that entails for the determinatness of perfect games of finite length but with infinite action spaces of various cardinalities. Tijfo098 (talk) 06:23, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

The framework here is too general for me to be able to immediately evaluate the most general answer to what I believe was being requested. However, if you limit yourself to two players, then the determinacy of perfect-information games of finite length (possibly unbounded length, but where every run must eventually reach a terminal node) is equivalent to the axiom of choice. Given AC, you just wellorder all possible nodes, and then a player who is not in a lost position can win simply by always playing the least node (in the wellorder) that does not put him in a lost position.

The other direction requires only the determinacy of a two-move game, and goes as follows: Suppose A is a collection of nonempty sets. The first player plays an element X of A; the second player wins if he can play an element of X. Clearly the first player has no winning strategy. But a winning strategy for the second player is a choice function for A.

Given these facts, I'm not sure the main link to axiom of determinacy is entirely appropriate here (given that AD is inconsistent with AC). -Trovatore (talk) 09:29, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Org note
This article should probably be organized along the lines of Formal grammar: some introductory examples, the formal definition, and then details on the equilibria etc for each sub-type. Tijfo098 (talk) 13:35, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

Verification of incomplete information sample problem solution
It is stated that "if both types play U, player 2 again forms the belief that he is at either node with probability 1/2. In this case player 2 plays D', but then type 1 prefers to play D". While it makes sense why type 2 would always play U (as is stated elsewhere in the article), it needs to be clarified why "type 1 prefers to play D" because: (1) if player 2 always plays D' (as is stated) when type 1 plays U then player 1 gets +2; (2) if, as suggested is "preferred", type 1 plays D then player 1 gets +1 (because player 2 will play U' to get +2 with the supposed belief that player 1 only plays D with type 1). Note that the "non-optimal" action of type 1 playing U produced a greater reward than the stated "preferred" action of playing D. It seems that the answer would be correct if e.g. t1/D/U' and t1/D/D' first player rewards were swapped, yet note that "if nature selects t1 as player 1's type, the game played will be like the very first game described".

Also it is stated that "player 2 ... randomising if he observes U" (under the assumption that U is always and exclusively played in type 2), presumably because either actions produce the same reward (specifically +1). Here "randomizing" is probably meant as with equal probability. However, given that both actions produce the same outcome, any probability assignment is "optimal", and not just the equal probability one (as is implied in the article). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.175.29.158 (talk) 03:36, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

"Gioco in forma estesa" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Gioco in forma estesa and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 12 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. User:1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 02:11, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extensive-form game


text:
User:Kgrr/notes

C89.5

 * C89.5 Stream

Radical Radio

 * Radical Radio Stream

title: User:Kgrr/notes


text:
Taren Point, New South Wales

Taren Point is a small waterfront suburb, in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 18 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire.

Surrounded by the suburbs of Sylvania Waters and Caringbah, Taren Point is on the peninsula where the Captain Cook Bridge crosses north over the Georges River to Sans Souci, in the St George area.

It contains a mix of residential and some shops. The residential area is located along the bank of the Georges River, at the mouth of Botany Bay. Most shops are centred on Taren Point Road and to the east towards Woolooware Bay.

History
Taren Point was originally called Comyns Point, then Cummins Point and later Commins Point, believed to be after a local resident. The origins of Taren Point are also unclear. Thomas Holt (1811–88) owned the land that stretched from Sutherland to Cronulla and his name is commemorated with Holt Road.

There was a cane toad outbreak in Taren Point in 2010, which was controlled by 2014. No cane toads have been identified in the area since.

Landmarks

 * Taren Point Public School
 * Gwawley Oval, home of Taren Point Touch Football Association
 * Woolooware Shores Anglican Retirement Villages, Diocese of Sydney
 * Apsley Field, home ground of the Giants Baseball Club
 * Taren Point Bowling Club, home of the Taren Point Power

Commercial area
Commercial developments include Winning Appliances, Harvey Norman Business Centre, Flower Power, Officeworks, U-Go Mobility bus depot, The Rec Club.

In the 1990s, shops specialising in hardware, furniture, bulky goods and electrical goods drew customers to the industrial area of Taren Point.

Population
According to the, there were 1,681 people usually resident in Taren Point. 73.3% stated they were born in Australia with the top overseas countries of birth being England (4.6)%, Greece (2.1%) and China (1.4%). English was stated as the only language spoken at home by 74.6% of residents and the most common other languages spoken were Greek (8.6%), Cantonese (1.8%), Arabic (1.7%) and Italian (1.6%). The most common responses for religious affiliation were Anglican (30.6%), Catholic (22.7%) and Orthodox (14.2%).

title: Taren Point, New South Wales


text: User talk:83.76.2.194

title: User talk:83.76.2.194


text:
The Sweetest Apu

"The Sweetest Apu" is the nineteenth episode of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 5, 2002. In the episode, Homer and Marge discover that convenience store owner Apu is having an affair with the Squishee delivery lady working in his store. "The Sweetest Apu" was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Matthew Nastuk. It features Inside the Actors Studio host James Lipton as himself. It also features references to The New Yorker, photographer Richard Avedon and the film Wild Wild West. In its original broadcast, the episode was seen by approximately 7.1 million viewers and finished in 37th place in the ratings the week it aired.

Following its home video release on August 24, 2010, the episode received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
Apu sells Homer a beer keg for the American Civil War reenactment of the Battle of Springfield. At the reenactment, Principal Skinner watches as Springfielders disobey him and hold a rather inaccurate battle (featuring an orange plaid clad "East" faction, a roller skating Stonewall Jackson portrayed by Disco Stu, and a giant steam-powered super spider made by Professor Frink). After the battle, Homer brings the empty, dented keg back to Apu at the Kwik-E-Mart in an attempt to get the deposit. There, he hears a giggle coming from a closet and finds Apu making love with the woman who delivers Squishees to Kwik-E-Mart, Annette. He then walks backwards in shock all the way home to his bed and then relives the encounter in his dreams when he falls asleep.

Marge figures out what Homer saw from the movements of his pupil. They decide not to tell Manjula but while they are playing badminton, Homer and Marge act awkwardly with Manjula and Apu looking at them, trying not to give out hints Apu cheated on Manjula. They then confront Apu and he says he will break up with Annette. However, he breaks his promise. Later, Manjula watches the surveillance footage of Apu cheating and kicks him out. To help get them together, Homer and Marge invite them both to dinner, but do not tell them that the other one is coming. After a failed attempt with Bart and Lisa, Apu tries to promise to Manjula that he will change, but Manjula refuses to listen and demands a divorce.

Homeless, Apu moves into the apartment complex where Kirk Van Houten lives. The octuplets then speak their first words, which put together, say "Mommy, will you let daddy come back...cookie!" Marge and Manjula go to Apu's and arrive in time to prevent him from committing suicide by hanging. Apu is then subjected to several tasks to redeem himself, including breaking up with Annette, though Manjula says it will take time for everything to get back to normal. In bed, Manjula, finally satisfied with what he has done, kisses Apu while Homer watches from the window, on a ladder. The couple continues and Homer, traumatized, hops backwards on the ladder all the way home, without falling, mimicking what he did earlier.

Production and cultural references
"The Sweetest Apu" was written by former Simpsons writer John Swartzwelder and directed by director Matthew Nastuk. It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on May 5, 2002. After seeing Apu cheating on Manjula with the squishee girl, an extensive scene in which Homer dramatically backs out of the room, into the Simpson house and into his bed is shown. The scene was conceived by episode writer Swartzwelder. Another scene in the episode shows Apu breaking up with the Squishee lady in front of her house. Originally, police chief Clancy Wiggum would be seen in a robe inside the house, implying that other men in Springfield cheat on their wives as well, however it was dismissed because the writers thought it would look "too sad". Originally, Swartzwelder wanted the kama sutra sex position in the episode to show several arms and legs "sticking out in crazy positions", however it received a censor note and the Simpsons staff were allowed to show "less and less" of it as time progressed.

The episode features American writer and actor James Lipton, host of the television program Inside the Actors Studio, as himself. The divorce lawyer was portrayed by series regular voice actor Hank Azaria, and was based on "many lawyers that the writing staff had faced," according to current show runner Al Jean.

Professor Frink's steam-powered "Super-spider" seen during the reenactment is a reference to the 1999 steampunk film Wild Wild West. One of Apu's promises to Manjula is to get a comic strip printed in The New Yorker. American photographer Richard Avedon is also mentioned in the episode.

Release
In its original American broadcast on May 5, 2002, "The Sweetest Apu" received a 6.7 rating, according to Nielsen Media Research, translating to approximately 7.1 million viewers. The episode finished in 37th place in the ratings for the week of April 29-May 5, 2002. On August 24, 2010, "The Sweetest Apu" was released as part of The Simpsons: The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu-ray set. Al Jean, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Matt Selman, Tim Long, Dan Castellaneta, James Lipton and Matt Warburton participated in the audio commentary of the episode.

Following its home video release, "The Sweetest Apu" received mixed reviews from critics.

DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson wrote "I don’t recall ever being particularly excited by other Manjula episodes, and 'Sweetest' does nothing to alter that perception." He praised Homer's reaction to seeing Apu cheating on Manjula, but maintained that "much of the remaining gags tend to be lackluster." He concluded by writing "This ends up as a pretty flat, forgettable show."

Project-Blu's Nate Boss called it "An average episode, by this season's standards," describing it as "a bit too cut and dried for my taste."

Writing for Blu-ray.com, Casey Broadwater wrote that "The Sweetest Apu" is "near-laughless", and Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk wrote "The less said about this episode, the better."

Ryan Keefer of DVD Talk wrote, "Does Jean manage to get The Simpsons to reclaim some of the tarnish off the crown? Sure, but it's not without its duds; 'The Sweetest Apu' and 'The Old Man and The Key' were borderline painful'.

On the other hand, giving the episode a positive review, Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B, praising the "Badminton [scene] and its many double entendres" as the episode's "highlight".

title: The Sweetest Apu


text:
Talk:Fictitious play

Gendered pronouns
Although the use of "he" and "his" in gender ambiguous context was standard, this is no longer the case in many academic publications (the area discussed in this article). Since it does not introduce any ambiguity or awkwardness to use "her", I have reverted a change that changed "her" to "his". If it is important to you that it be "his", please bring it up here first. Thanks! --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:10, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * For example see the last question in this question and answer page at the chicago manual of style: . --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:22, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure the example game is Rock Paper Scissors. Maybe this should be mentioned? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.145.134.4 (talk) 01:13, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. --best, kevin [kzollman][talk] 07:20, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

I believe the game is actually incorrect; it should be non-zero-sum, with entries -1 → 1 and 1 → 2. Correcting now.Caosuomo (talk) 05:50, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Rate of convergence
My experience is that FP is godawful slow to converge. The simplest nontrivial two-person zero-sum game, Matching Pennies, has O(1/sqrt(n)) error after n iterations. There should be some mention of the typical convergence rate, and known methods for accelerating it. Surely some work has been done on this? Joule36e5 (talk) 09:46, 3 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Yeah, there has been some, e.g., https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08418. I don't know enough to write a section on it though. HoboMcJoe (talk) 18:54, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

Yuyumao Property
Can someone familiar with this area either indicate whether this property was totally made up or legitimate? I can't find any reference to someone called Yuyumao, Ridge, or a conference called Step. Tekhnofiend (talk) 00:47, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fictitious play


text:
Talk:Nicholas Maw

Reason for MOSLOW template
In a list of works the entries are all supposed to have bullet points. Also, the years should be separated from the names of the compositions by some standard form of punctuation (hyphen, comma, etc.) Cgingold (talk) 22:27, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicholas Maw