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Trough (meteorology)

A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure without a closed isobaric contour that would define it as a low pressure area. Since low pressure implies a low height on a pressure surface, troughs and ridges refer to features in an identical sense as those on a topographic map.

Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft, at altitude. Near-surface troughs sometimes mark a weather front associated with clouds, showers, and a wind direction shift. Upper-level troughs in the jet stream (as shown in diagram) reflect cyclonic filaments of vorticity. Their motion induces upper-level wind divergence, lifting and cooling the air ahead (downstream) of the trough and helping to produce cloudy and rain conditions there.

Unlike fronts, there is not a universal symbol for a trough on a surface weather analysis chart. The weather charts in some countries or regions mark troughs by a line. In the United States, a trough may be marked as a dashed line or bold line. In the UK, Hong Kong and Fiji, it is represented by a bold line extended from a low pressure center or between two low pressure centers; in Macau and Australia, it is a dashed line. If they are not marked, troughs may still be identified as an extension of isobars away from a low pressure center.

Description
A trough is an elongated area of lower air pressure. Since pressure is closely linked to wind, there are often changes in wind direction across a trough.

If a trough forms in the mid-latitudes, a temperature difference at some distance between the two sides of the trough usually exists and the trough might become a weather front at some point. However, such a weather front is usually less convective than a trough in the tropics or subtropics (such as a tropical wave). Inversely, sometimes collapsed frontal systems will degenerate into troughs.

Sometimes the region between two high pressure centers may also assume the character of a trough when there is a detectable wind shift noted at the surface. In the absence of a wind shift, the region is designated a col, akin to a geographic saddle between two mountain peaks.

Formation
A trough is the result of the movements of the air in the atmosphere. In regions where there is upward movement near the ground and divergence at altitude, there is a loss of mass. The pressure becomes lower at this point.

At upper levels of the atmosphere, this occurs when there is a meeting of a mass of cold air and another hot one along a thin ribbon called a frontal baroclinic zone. We then have the creation of a jet stream that plunges the cold air towards the equator and hot air towards the poles, creating a ripple in the circulation that is called a Rossby wave. These undulations give the hollows and peaks of altitude. In general, absolute vorticity advection is positive between these two features, but closer to the ridge, whereas it is negative just behind a trough.

At the surface, lifting air under positive vorticity advection is reflected by the formation of depressions and troughs. There will therefore be a slope between the barometric high altitude and that on the ground, this slope going towards the mass of cold air at high altitude (generally towards the Pole).

Positively/negatively tilted
Troughs have an orientation relative to the poles which is rarely North-South. In the Northern Hemisphere, positively tilted troughs will extend from the lowest pressure northeast to southwest while negatively tilted troughs have a northwest to southeast orientation. In the Southern Hemisphere, the positive tilt will be southeast to northwest and the negative one southwest to northeast.

A trough will usually begin with a positive tilt as cold air moves toward the Equator. The trough will become neutral (North-South) and then negatively tilted as the energy carried by the cold air races east through the atmospheric circulation and distorts its shape. The positive tilt is thus the building phase of the trough and the negative tilt is the dissipation of its energy. Therefore, the clouds and precipitation will develop in the positive phase and the most severe weather will be in the negative phase.

Types of trough
In addition to standard troughs, some troughs may be described further with a qualifying term indicating a specific or a set of characteristics.

Inverted trough
An inverted trough is an atmospheric trough which is oriented opposite to most troughs of the mid-latitudes. Most (but not all) inverted troughs are tropical waves (also commonly called easterly waves).

Most troughs of low pressure in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by decreasing atmospheric pressure from south to north while inverted troughs are characterized by decreasing pressure from north to south. This situation is the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. Inverted troughs in both hemispheres move to the west from the east, while mid-latitude troughs generally move with the westerlies toward the east.

Lee trough
A lee trough, also known as a dynamic trough, is "A pressure trough formed on the lee side of a mountain range in situations where the wind is blowing with a substantial component across the mountain ridge; often seen on United States weather maps east of the Rocky Mountains, and sometimes east of the Appalachians, where it is less pronounced." It can be formed either as a result of the adiabatic compression of sinking air on the lee side of a mountain range, or through cyclogenesis resulting from "the horizontal convergence associated with vertical stretching of air columns passing over the ridge and descending the lee slope."

Weather associated
Convective cells may develop in the vicinity of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical regions such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough.

In the mid-latitude westerlies, upper level troughs and ridges often alternate in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air – and hence high pressure –, while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.

title: Trough (meteorology)


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User talk:Gene Nygaard/2005May-2005Jun

Sugar substitute
Hi Gene, can you explain your objections to the recent edits at sugar substitute? I don't want to irritate anyone or get into a revert war, but for the life of me I can't see what is wrong with User:Michaeljosephcleary's additions. He has obviously put a lot of research into his contributions. -- FP 09:16, May 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Gene, please accept my sincere apology for the confusion at sugar substitute. However, I must still maintain that it was poor wikiquette to revert the way you did. It wasn't totally clear from your edit summary what you were objecting to - and although, by reverting, you did correct Michael's misunderstanding, you also removed all of his other productive additions (such as E numbers and FDA approvals). In such a situtation, it is far better to repair the bits that need repairing, than revert everything. Yes it might take a little longer but it is far more productive and reduces wikistress.
 * It was also inappropriate to call Michael's edits "nonsense" (assuming you made the first revert as 66.97.235.138).
 * You're an experienced editor now; you should know to not bite the newcomers and assume good faith.
 * Best wishes, and thanks again for your comments. -- FP 05:41, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please note that because it was quite clear to me that User:Michaeljosephcleary did not understand the difference between sweetness ratios by energy content and ratios of energy density, all the numbers, and there were several, which he added or changed were suspect.
 * Furthermore, they were done over a long string of consecutive edits by him.
 * So it would be way too much work for me to go through and figure out exactly which numbers he had changed, and which he had not, and to rephrase his incorrect terminology in each instance. So what if some additional E numbers were also added?  He can put them back in after he understands what's going on.
 * Since he was mixed up about it, I couldn't leave those numbers in there because I didn't know which quantity they really represented. It was Michael who had the data sources he was using, who could sort that out once it was pointed out that there was a problem.
 * Yes, I also made the first reversion without noticing that I'd been logged out (something which doesn't happen very often).
 * I've added more on the actual changes on the article's talk page. Does that make it clearer to you where the problem lies?  Gene Nygaard 09:47, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's very simple to compare the changes in a consecutive string of edits using the 'compare selected versions' function in the article history . If you did this you would see that Michael changed only changed a few values, as the result of his misunderstanding - as well as adding a good deal of additional information to the article. To say he "messed up" the article is poor form, and reverting all of his changes was over the top.
 * I understand where the problem lies. My issue is that your response to the problem was excessive. We should all be working collaboratively and in friendly manner. In this problem, all you had to do was drop a note on Michael's talk page, and discuss the source of his figures. Even if they turned out to be wrong, it's not the end of the world if some incomplete or incorrect figures were on the page for a few hours. Wikipedia is a work in progress and new contributors should be encouraged, not growled at. -- FP  01:02, May 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I also think it was unnecessary to "reinstate spelling standard before changed by User:FirstPrinciples" when in fact the article was created with U.K. English (and I think only one of the "mistakes" corrected was made by me). The tone of your edit summary implies I did something wrong and that is hurtful. I only want the article to be as accurate and informative as possible, and I'm sure you want the same. -- FP 01:16, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * You changed "metabolized" to "metabolised" on 19 March 2005.
 * Then on 6 April, you added "synthesised", after you had changed to metabolised a couple of weeks earlier.
 * And this week you changed "labeled" to "labelled".
 * It was only the last one that was done specifically to make that change. The others are the type of thing I might inadvertently do myself, in the opposite direction.  Especially when I'm only editing one section, I'm usually not going to go back and check to see what the rest of the article uses (which might not be consistent in any case).
 * But it was the last one, with your editorial comment just saying "spelling" as if the spelling were incorrect, which made me look into it in the first place. That's why I made sure that I pointed out that I wasn't changing the spelling just because of my own spelling preferences.  Gene Nygaard 02:09, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, sorry. I would like to reiterate, I was under the impression that the article was originally in U.K. English (although that has obviously now changed); hence by making the spelling changes, I thought I was doing something totally uncontroversial. I still think it was somewhat inflammatory of you to mention me by name in the edit summary. (My latter spelling check, which was performed automatically with Spellbound in Firefox, was actually prompted by another user doing the same, as you'll see in the edit history).
 * Anyway; I sincerely apologise if I've irritated you in any way and I'll assume on good faith that you'd do the same for me. I see you are clearly an intelligent and productive wikipedian and I wish you all the best. I hope you will continue to work with me on sugar substitute to make it an ideal article (perhaps even a featured article one day)? Next week I will be getting some books from the local medical library to construct a complete, accurate and unambiguous table (as discussed) and hopefully we can put this all behind us. :) -- FP 04:15, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Trinity anniversary
July 16, 2005 —two months from now—will be the 60th anniversary of the "Trinity" test. I'm trying to organize a few people into getting that article to featured quality before then, anticipating a lot of general news coverage and curious minds. I've noticed you doing good work on Manhattan Project-related articles in the past, so I thought I would see if you were interested in helping out. Please see the discussion at Talk:Trinity site for some of my further thoughts on what should be present in the article, and please feel free to share you own. Thanks! --Fastfission 19:05, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Slrubenstein debate
Now what is the point in characterizing this with slrubinstein's name? This has been quite an extensive discussion with having to note the progenitors ID in the title? -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 08:08, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Just "unstacking the deck" a little bit, by removing the presumption that this has something to do with the Neutral point of view policy. Gene Nygaard 08:11, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Note also that it is only Slrubensteins framing of the debate which doesn't get changed. Others are relegated to the discussion or voting sections.  Gene Nygaard 08:12, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to me editors were having a quite civil debate on the issue, and all opinions and being represented. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 08:20, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Not when the deck is stacked by the title which implies that it is an already established fact that this has something to do with Wikepedia:Neutral point of view, and by User:Slrubenstein's characterization of it as a "Defense of BC/AD" (vs. "Criticisms of BCE/CE"), and by his characterization that "Those who defend BC/AD claim it is NPOV for one or more of four reasons" which by its very nature excludes those of us who have been arguing all along that it has nothing to do with NPOV in the first place. Of course, the reason for User:Slrubenstein's deceitfulness was made very clear by him in another part of his framing of the issues:
 * "More importantly, those of us who reject BC/AD are not doing so on the grounds that it violates our style manual (which is not a “policy”), but rather on the grounds that it violates our NPOV policy. These are simply two different issues.  Moreover, NPOV trumps style.  According to the  Manual of Style "
 * Clear, informative and unbiased writing is always more important than presentation and formatting. Writers are not required to follow all or any of these rules.
 * "According to Neutral point of view, however, "
 * NPOV is "absolute and non-negotiable."
 * "In short, the argument on the basis of style must be rejected out of hand."
 * All opinions are not going to be fairly represented under these circumstances. Gene Nygaard 08:37, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

USS Mississinewa (AO-59)
I've fixed the table info that you added. It was understable that you made the mistake that you made. If you want to see instructions on how to use the table template please see the WikiProject Ships talk page, that should set you on the right road. I hope you like my work on that. David Newton 17:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Gustav II Adolf-vote
You'll have to pardon me for reformatting the vote, but it was just too oblique to be of any proper use. Please make your votes again, but stick to one vote per alternative and don't oppose the ones you don't support; it's just confusing.

Peter Isotalo 14:38, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

merge Tonne?
Hi there! I was merging all *gram articles to kilogram, and noticed that megagram is a redir to tonne. I'd like your opinion on whether it's appropriate to merge tonne into kilogram. Yours, Radiant_* 12:08, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * No. And gram should retain its own article as well, perhaps with a "Main article" cross-reference to the kilogram, and with any redirects of other prefixes remaining to kilogram and not to gram.  The gram article can take care of the discussion relating to the cgs system, to the non-SI and non-cgs gram calories, and the like.   The detailed discussion of various uses of each, and the distinction between various tons (including not only mass units, but force and volume and energy and power and who knows what else), can take place in that article; it doesn't need to clutter up the kilogram article, where there is enough already to make the salient points about the other units hard to find.
 * I see also that several of the energy units have been merged into megaton. The energy units deserve at least one separate article, but I think that this should be renamed ton of TNT with a disambiguation link at the top. That's a project I haven't taken the time to tackle yet, and I'm too busy right now to do it. Maybe kiloton, kilotonne, megaton, and megatonne could redirect to it.   However, even as energy units, these aren't complete units without the "of TNT" designation; other similar energy units include tonnes of oil equivalent, tonnes of coal equivalent, short tons of coal equivalent, etc.  In fact, because of those problems, I think that "kiloton" and "megaton" (or their -ne variants) should remain articles, or at least disambiguation pages rather than redirects.  Gene Nygaard 13:21, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

PA 103
Gene, please don't add all these metric units to this page. There are too many measurements and it interferes with the quality of the writing. These conversions are not policy, and this is a predominantly U.S. topic, particularly as the measurements were mostly determined by forensic investigators in the U.S. In any event, the Manual of Style if just a guideline and it clearly states these conversions need not be included. SlimVirgin (talk) 08:44, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Gene, re the spaces - yeah sorry about that. I was just doing it in my own style; I'm not fussed.

Now, I'm mailing SV about this, and trying to reach a consensus. Personally, I have *huge* respect for SV and the work she has done on that article. I will not make any edits without her consensus, and I don't think anyone else should either, really.

To be frank, I prefer the inclusion of metric equivalents. Can I ask that you allow SV and I to try and work towards a compromise? I'm discussing the British and European importance of the event and how metric works over here.

I apologise for doing this in private, but sometimes things like this work better this way - have a read of the 'why private?' section Mediation. Dan100 (Talk) 13:29, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. If you're at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list, although there is certainly no guarantee anyone will ever look at it. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 00:26, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Pounds force
I have a request to prefer 'lb' instead of 'lbf'. I would like this to be sorted generically rather than discussed on my talk page. I thought you might be interested. See User_talk:Bobblewik. Bobblewik (talk) 12:05, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Let me know if the discussion is taken elsewhere.
 * I think it has already been discussed somewhere, maybe several places.
 * I'd strongly oppose not distinguishing lbf from lb, and those are the standard symbols used by NIST and NPL, etc.
 * Note that almost all of the articles to which your request is related include two different units, pounds and pounds-force (though there are indeed many people who do not understand that).
 * Better stop before I get the discussion here. Gene Nygaard 12:21, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Understood. Bobblewik (talk) 13:37, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Aircraft loaded weights
"Empty weight" plus "Useful load" should indeed give "Loaded weight". Thanks for all the work you're doing catching the various "oops-es", many of them mine! :) --Rlandmann 03:33, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's not what you ended up with on Grumman F2F, for example. So is that statement wrong?  Or are you just throwing away useful information?  Or adding "useful load" to empty weight to get maximum take-off weight rather than loaded weight?  Or is what what "useful load" normally means in these Wikipedia articles.  Is "useful load" standard English-language terminology in this context, or is it a translation of the terminology of some other language?  Gene Nygaard 14:14, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Camel
On the camel page, you reverted a change of mine. I have to admit that, compared to the many other pages that confuse 1900s with 20th century this page was a bit ambiguous, but did you revert the change because you know that camels were gone in the first decade of the 20th century, or did you just think that 1900s and 20th century were the same?

I won't revert it back unless I find a definitive answer to the time period or you feel it's the right thing to do, but next time, please do leave more detail for me to go on. Thanks! -Harmil 28 June 2005 11:14 (UTC)

Some further detail. At, I find:

 * For years after the dissolution of the U.S. Camel Corps, camels wandered at will across the American desert. Bactrian camels, who had been bought and later set loose by a mining concern in British Columbia, drifted south to Nevada and Idaho. Many Arabian camels roamed through Texas, California, and Arizona. The last authenticated sightings of camels in the wild occurred in the early 1900s.

This is the only dated reference that I can find online to the existence of camels in the Southwest after their importation that contains a date (and doesn't refer to ghosts, I kid you not). Again, this is a tad ambiguous, but I think it's safer to say "early 20th century" than "early 1900s" unless we can get anything more specifc, wouldn't you? -Harmil 28 June 2005 11:24 (UTC)

 * I didn't just "think" that 1900s and 20th century are the same, I know that they are the same—except for a usual (but not quite universal) one-year shift in the time period referred to. That's normal English-language usage, in everything I have ever seen.
 * If someone wants to specifically refer to a single decade, that needs to be made clear with additional wording, by including the word "decade" or something similar. Otherwise, nobody is justified in expecting you to understand it that way.  It does sometimes result in complicated wording, but that's just something we have to put up with in amny ways, no language deals with everything perfectly.
 * I had actually forgotten that for the purpose of linking, and consistent article titles, Wikipedia had gone with making the article 1900s refer to a decade rather than a century. So that does indeed mean that a link to the 1900s article, if what you mean is the century, doesn't get you to the right place.  However, as you have undoubtedly noticed in your editing, merely linking a use of the term "1900s" in an article and also linking it to an article which happens to only include one decade is not sufficient to provide that disambiguation I mentioned above.  It is the actual text of the article which still needs to identify that only a decade is being referred to, if that is what is intended.
 * Note that because of all the confusion caused by zero as a number being totally unknown, at least in Europe, at the time when Denis the Little invented this year numbering system in 525 AD, and because of the confusing-to-many-people mismatch between the century number and the numbers starting the years of that century, some people just don't like to use "____ century" designations, and strongly prefer to refer to a century as the 1900s, for example.
 * Wikipedia does give you another option, of course; you could use a piped link 1900s to provide some of that link-fixing you are looking for, without changing the article's wording. Unlike the unpiped links, a piped link is also a fairly pretty clear indication that the meaning intended is the meaning used in that article.
 * I did see at least one other case in my watchlist where your changes made more sense than in the two discussed here, and I did not revert that one.
 * Mostly, however, I had forgotten about the Wikipedia articles dealing specifically with a decade rather than a century, and some such as "1900s" don't really appear to make that point clearly within the article. With that in mind, your "fix" makes more sense, and I probably overstated it a little bit in characterizing it as "not broken", though as I have pointed out above, it shouldn't automatically be the way you have done it.
 * BTW, the first decade of the 1900s is 1900 through 1909, not 1901 through 1909. The fact that you were confused by this much simpler usage is the tip of the iceberg compared to the confusion of using 20th century to refer to a time period in which 99 of the years start with "19" and only one with "20".  Gene Nygaard 28 June 2005 12:20 (UTC)

 * Well, sure. I don't think I disagree with anything you said, and certainly if I were authoriing an article that needed to refer to the 2000s, I would be clear about which I were refering to. However, in the two cases that you reverted, I was actually changing the ambiguous usage to a non-ambiguous usage.

 * In future I'll try to keep the flow of the original in mind, and use the wording (regardless of linking) that is appropriate for the page. I presume that in retrospect you don't mind my doing so? I'm just going through all of the Special:Whatlinkshere/1900s and making sure that they were, in fact, decade references. I haven't cleared up any of the ambiguous entries if they seem to lean toward the decade, though as you correctly point out, those should be clarified too.

 * All things considered, I think we're roughly on the same page here, and given the huge number of completely foolish edits that happen, I can't blame your trigger finger in this case (perhaps I need an explanation in my TODO list that I link to in my edit summaries....

 * Thanks for your reply! -Harmil 28 June 2005 12:53 (UTC)

Aluminium
In the entry for Aluminium you made another reversion. This one is a much clearer reference to the century, not the decade. I'll wait for a bit for your response to see if I'm mis-interpreting, but unless you have a source that specifically calls this out as being between 1901 and 1909, I think I'll put this one back sometime later today or tomorrow. -Harmil 28 June 2005 11:30 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gene Nygaard/2005May-2005Jun


text: User talk:Ihatecelebrities

title: User talk:Ihatecelebrities


text:
User talk:GlothinTN

GlothinTN
Greetings and salutations. I, too, have become obsessed by the wonderful world of wikipedia. I look forward to contributing to the organization. It's the best thing since Google.

Drop me a line at glothintn@yahoo.com or on my talk page.

title: User talk:GlothinTN


text:
Talk:1970s in film

Untitled
what best picture oscar winning film of the pat 30 years include a segment in which one of the main characters appears also in cartoon form?

suggestion. In general article of this type, improvement
In table. have another column "budget".. would be very helpful .. Came here looking for that

Aspidistra9812 (talk) 16:46, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestion for Improvement
The highest-grossing films section of this page says "Worldwide" in multiple places, but also says, "All figures are U.S.- Canada." The reference links to a page that is titled "Worldwide Gross" in the Notes section, but says "Domestic" in the actual link. A lot of the numbers/rankings are off--one example I noticed is that Rocky grossed more than Rocky II both domestically and internationally, but is ranked lower than Rocky II on this list.

title: Talk:1970s in film


text: User talk:24.29.136.81

title: User talk:24.29.136.81


text:
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.

Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (October 1, 1768 – June 20, 1828) was an American planter, soldier, and politician from Virginia. He served as a member of both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, a representative in the United States Congress, and as the 21st governor of Virginia, from 1819 to 1822. He married Martha Jefferson, the oldest daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. They had eleven children who survived childhood. As an adult, Randolph developed alcoholism, and he and his wife separated for some time before his death.

Early life and education
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. was born on October 1, 1768, at Tuckahoe in the Colony of Virginia. Thomas was the first son of Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. and Anne Cary Randolph, daughter of Archibald Cary. His siblings included older sisters: Mary Randolph, author of The Virginia House-Wife; Anne Cary ("Nancy") Randolph, wife of Gouverneur Morris, and younger sister, Virginia Randolph Cary, author of Letters on Female Character.

Randolph's patrilineal great-great-grandfather was immigrant William Randolph of Turkey Island. His great-grandfathers were Richard Randolph (grandfather of Ann Cary), and Thomas Randolph of Tuckahoe. The Randolphs were among the First Families of Virginia. Randolph was a lineal descendant of Pocahontas through his mother.

Randolph received his early education from his mother and private tutors, as was customary in many planter families. He attended the College of William & Mary, in Williamsburg, Virginia, and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland from 1785 to 1788. Though he did not graduate, he continued studying independently and became a respected botanist. In 1794, Randolph was elected a member to the American Philosophical Society. Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. bought land at Varina for Randolph, who made it into a profitable plantation.

Marriage and children

On February 23, 1790, Randolph married Martha Jefferson, daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. The Jefferson and Randolph families had shared progenitors; They were third cousins. Thomas Jefferson was a second cousin to Randolph. Randolph's father spent part of his childhood with Jefferson at Tuckahoe. They had lands next to one another in Albemarle County. Thomas and Martha Randolph often stayed at Monticello, where Randolph oversaw business when Thomas Jefferson was away. At his father-in-law's suggestion, Randolph was a captain of the Virginia militia and a local justice of peace. The men had shared interests and viewpoints.

The Randolphs were parents to twelve children:
 * Ann Cary Randolph (1791–1826), who married Charles Lewis Bankhead (1788-1833).
 * Thomas Jefferson Randolph (1792–1875), who married Jane Hollins Nicholas (1798-1871), daughter of Wilson Cary Nicholas.
 * Ellen Wayles Randolph (1794–1795) died young during a trip that Patsy and her husband took from July 1795 to October 1795 to improve his health.
 * Ellen Wayles Randolph (1796–1876), who was named after a deceased sister, and was married to Joseph Coolidge (1798-1879)
 * Cornelia Jefferson Randolph (1799–1871). In the 1830s, she established a school at Edge Hill, then her brother's estate, where she taught painting, sculpture, and drawing. She translated and published, The Parlor Gardener: A Treatise on the House Culture of Ornamental Plants. Translated from the French and Adapted to American Use. Cornelia never married.
 * Virginia Jefferson Randolph (1801–1881), who married Nicholas Trist (1800–1874).
 * Mary Jefferson Randolph (1803–1876). She lived at Edge Hill and helped her sister-in-law, Jane, supervise the household of her brother Thomas Jefferson Randolph. She and her sister Cornelia also visited the houses of their siblings during times of sickness. She never married.
 * James Madison Randolph (1806–1834) was born at the President's House, now called the White House, on January 17, 1806.
 * Benjamin Franklin Randolph (1808–1871), who married Sarah Champe "Sally" Carter (1808-1896).
 * Meriwether Lewis Randolph (1810–1837), who married Elizabeth Anderson Martin (1815-1871). After his death, Martin married Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of President Andrew Jackson.
 * Septimia Anne Randolph (1814–1887), who married Dr. David Scott Meikleham (1804-1849).
 * George Wythe Randolph (1818–1867), who briefly in 1862 was Secretary of War of the Confederate States of America, and who married Mary Elizabeth Adams Pope (1830-1871).

Martha and Thomas Randolph lived at Belmont from November 1797 until the summer of 1799. Belmont was owned by John Harvie Sr., who was a friend of the Jeffersons and father-in-law of Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. who took Gabriella Harvie as his second wife. They had decided to settle primarily in Albemarle County while maintaining the Varina estate. In January 1800, the Randolphs moved into Edge Hill (near Shadwell). After her father retired, Martha and their children lived at Monticello beginning in 1808 and including the period when Randolph was governor.

Family discord and loss of Varina and Edge Hill
His mother, Anne Cary Randolph, died in 1789. At the end of 1790, Thomas Randolph Sr., at the age of 50, married Gabriella Harvie, who was seventeen and the daughter of John Harvie. They had two children, a daughter who died in infancy and a son they named Thomas Mann Randolph (1792–1848), as if "erasing his first son from his prior marriage." Randolph's father died in 1793, and his half-brother inherited Tuckahoe. Randolph was made executor of the will, but to his dismay, he was not assigned guardian of the minor children.

After the War of 1812, Randolph experienced financial and personal problems. He inherited debt. In addition, he was not making much money due to bad crops and lower tobacco prices. Jefferson no longer sought his counsel and became more reliant on Randolph's son Thomas. His sons Thomas and George were especially close to their Grandfather Jefferson, which may have played a part in the discord between their father and grandfather. Randolph could not rise to his full potential due to his lack of common sense, inability to manage his temper, and alcoholism. His relationship with Martha and their children suffered due to his financial struggles and abusive behavior.

Randolph sold the Varina plantation in 1825 to Pleasant Akin or Aiken of Petersburg. Edge Hill plantation, along with its crops, buildings, animals, and enslaved people, was foreclosed in 1825 and the sale proceeds failed to pay back all the family's creditors. The purchaser at the foreclosure auction, who took possession in January 1826, was Randolph's eldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph. Randolph was no longer a landowner, which affected his ability to vote and hold office. This made him even angrier and resentful that his family had focused their energy on holding on to Monticello, which was also in financial peril, over Edge Hill. The angrier he got, the more that his family distanced themselves from him. Randolph lived apart from his family for several years, while Martha and the younger children lived at Monticello. After Jefferson's death, Martha Randolph moved with her two youngest children to Boston to gain distance from her husband, and to spend time with her older daughter.

Randolph and his wife were reconciled shortly before his death. He was cared for at Monticello, where he died on June 20, 1828. He is buried at the Monticello cemetery. After Randolph's death, Martha lived with her son at Edge Hill and other children in Boston and Washington, D.C. She was buried in the Monticello cemetery.

Elected office
Randolph served in the Virginia State Senate in 1793 and 1794; and was elected as a Republican to the Eighth and Ninth United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1803, to March 3, 1807. While debating in Congress about a duty on salt, John Randolph of Roanoke, Randolph's cousin and the chair of the Ways and Means Committee, made insulting remarks that could have been directed at Randolph or his father-in-law. Their argument almost led to a duel. Public opinion, set against Randolph, kept the issue alive. Jefferson sent him a note, asking him as a father not to enter a duel.

During the War of 1812, he was a colonel of the Twentieth Infantry. He served under General James Wilkinson at Sackets Harbor, New York in 1813. In Virginia, he was a lieutenant colonel for the state militia to prevent British forces from entering Richmond in 1814.

He was elected a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1819, 1820, and 1823 to 1825. He was elected and served as Governor of Virginia from 1819 to 1822. He was the first son-in-law of a Virginia Governor to be elected governor in his own right. As governor, he was fairly progressive, supporting canals, education, and more political representation for the ordinary people of the state; he also proposed a gradual emancipation proposal that would have freed Virginia's slaves, but this was defeated. His political career in Virginia ended in 1825, when, running for reelection to the House of Delegates from Albemarle County, Randolph finished third among as many candidates, with only the top two candidates earning election. Randolph's colleague in the previous session, William F. Gordon, received the most votes, while Charlottesville attorney Rice W. Woods finished second, garnering 215 votes to Randolph's 79.

After office
Desperate for work in late 1826, Randolph applied to and obtained employment from Secretary of War James Barbour, a former governor of Virginia, as a federal commission member to settle a boundary dispute between Georgia and the territory of Florida. The Georgia government suddenly terminated the survey on April 18, 1827, and though Barbour and President John Quincy Adams considered appointing Randolph as a federal agent to deal with the Creeks, such talk, and Randolph's political career, ended when Randolph virulently criticized the indifferent handling of the boundary expedition by Barbour and Secretary of State Henry Clay in Virginia newspapers.

Slavery
Their enslaved workers followed them as they moved within the state from Varina to Belmont, and then to Edge Hill. The Manns moved to Monticello after Jefferson's presidential terms. They brought enslaved people with them, including Priscilla Hemings. She was the wife of John Hemings. Opposed to slavery on principle, the Randolphs attempted to keep their slaves' families together but faced the prospect of having to disperse the community that lived on their land, Martha wrote that "The discomfort of slavery I have borne all my life, but it's sorrows in all their bitterness I had never before conceived." When Edge Hill was foreclosed, the plantation's bondspeople were sold.

Randolph supervised stewards and overseers and the work on Mulberry Row when Jefferson was away from Monticello (such as when he was vice-president and president). They corresponded about plantation business, such as when Jefferson asked Randolph to "speak to Lilly [an overseer] as to the treatment of the nailers." Since 1794, Jefferson operated a nailery at Monticello, where boys worked. It was hard work that required "long hours in the hot, smoky workshop", but it was a very profitable enterprise. Isaac Jefferson, who had worked in the nailery, stated that making nails meant the boys would receive extra food and clothing. George Granger was a black foreman for the boys who decided in 1798 that he would no longer whip the young men. Randolph wrote to Jefferson that Granger could no longer control the boys, and the production of the nailery suffered as a result. The boys had difficulty getting up pre-dawn to work long, tedious days making nails. Randolph stated that the only solution was the whip. Jefferson disliked violence and confrontation and preferred for there to be no corporal punishment, but he relied on men who "impose[d] a vigor of discipline." Randolph later reported that the nailery was productive again because "the small ones" were being whipped. Randolph stopped managing affairs at Monticello after he became estranged from his family after around 1812.

title: Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.


text:
Talk:Color Dreams

Cart picture
In the description of the picture of the cartrige on this page, which is a welcome addition to the article but is quite blurry and maybe should be replaced, the cart is described as "light blue." Is this referring to the casing or the graphic? The casing appears to be yellow or gold, but the graphic has some light blue in it. What is the description referring to, and what, exactly, does the description mean? If it's the casing, why isn't the casing blue? If it's the graphic, does it mean that blue is used in many of color dreams' graphics, and, if so, is that so uncommon? - Jersyko   talk  19:21, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

I used to game test for Color Dreams, I got to test baby boomer before it was realeased. I remember the box vaugely, I was 13 at the time. I rember the box was a tad darker.The engineering I remember being odd for the programming. It actually involved a computer hooked up to some sort of circuitry board directly inserted into the NES, then you could actually "Draw" with the controller, pixel by pixel on the television. I also remember the "Hellraiser" game, it had only a intro, but they had figured out how to put actual human voice sound with it. The programmer was brilliant.I overheard the arguements over Hellraiser being a marketable game. I had no idea anyone even cared about Color Dreams still, I had always mentioned kind of for a laugh, that I was a game tester and got paid for it.I am passionate about games still and this brought many happy memories back to me. My mother had worked briefly with them on game development but had a disagreement with them and left (Kid Dracula that was scrapped). Christina Cudworth 07:16, 28 April 2007 (UTC)Christina (Hallock) Cudworth allthatglittersisgil@hotmail.com

 * I thought Kid Dracula was a Konami game, just loosely based off the Castlevania series? Is this a different one you are referring to? Drumpler 10:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Bunch Games
I redirected Bunch Games to this article until an article can be written about it. Drumpler 10:11, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Kid Dracula was just a working title, my mother intended it to be more of a "Bump and jump" platform RPG of sorts. She had several plans including a giant frog blocking and entry way to a castle. Feel free to email me with any questions allthatglittersisgil@hotmail.com 68.53.50.14 04:35, 23 July 2007 (UTC)Christina Cudworth 68.53.50.14 04:35, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that Bunch Games was Sachen, not Color Dreams.--Dwedit (talk) 18:42, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Merging Wisdom Tree article
I saw that Wisdom Tree has its own article, why not merging it in this one, then redirect ? Sorry I don't know how to do it — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tuxxic (talk • contribs) 11:07, 16 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Wisdom Tree spun off from CD and worked independently since then, while the main firm decided to call it quits with gaming and focused (no pun intended) on surveillance cameras. They do have some notability from what I can tell, apart from being the first and only firm to have officially released an unlicensed game for the American SNES. Blake Gripling (talk) 07:51, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Some problems
There aren't enough good sources to back up most of the key details, especially regarding transition from unlicensed NES games to other completely unrelated products. I'm not experienced enough with Wikipedia and learning how to navigate templates is difficult and the visual editor is too buggy for me, so I'll leave it to others. The article makes it seem like Color Dreams just changed its name and switched to new product lines, but this isn't the case. The article doesn't even go into this or bother to explain that its a lot more complicated than that. I Am the Night (talk) 07:10, 26 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Yeah there definitely needs to be some expounding on that part. I did read about Brenda Huff of Wisdom Tree mentioning a bit about Dan Lawton shifting their attention to IP cameras and such, but not much has been said so far. Blake Gripling (talk) 07:44, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Color Dreams


text:
Dov Davidoff

Dov Davidoff (born September 22, 1973) is an American comedian and actor.

Early life
Davidoff was born in Englishtown, New Jersey, where his father owned a junkyard.

Career
In addition to performing in clubs and colleges throughout the country, Davidoff also acted in television shows and Invincible with Mark Wahlberg.

On April 22, 2008, he released a CD entitled "The Point Is.." on Comedy Central Records. His book Road Dog: Life and Reflections from the Road as a Stand-up Comic was self-published via Amazon in October, 2017.

Davidoff guest starred, with Ray Liotta and Jennifer Lopez, on the NBC cop drama Shades of Blue. He is also featured as a recurring role on HBO's Crashing alongside fellow comedian and actor Pete Holmes.

Personal life
Davidoff married his wife Jessica on May 18, 2016, and she gave birth to the couple's son on November 3, 2018.

title: Dov Davidoff


text:
Talk:East Fijian–Polynesian languages

Thank you for calling Fiji

discuss merge
This Article along with East Fijian languages, West Fijian languages and related dialects of the Fijian Language I think should be merged with the Article Fijian Languages as really they discuss variations of the same topic and these other Language articles on the Fijian language are just small stubs and perhaps the Fijian Language article should be changed to just Language in Fiji and cover all related languages in the Fiji Islands. feedback and thoughts on this matter. Vinaka Maikeli MB 21:20, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:East Fijian–Polynesian languages


text:
Irrigation in Saudi Arabia

Center pivot irrigation in Saudi Arabia is typical of many isolated irrigation projects scattered throughout the arid and hyper-arid regions of the Earth. Nonrenewable fossil water is mined from depths as great as 1 km (3,000 ft), pumped to the surface, and distributed via large center pivot irrigation feeds. The circles of green irrigated vegetation may comprise a variety of agricultural commodities from alfalfa to wheat. Diameters of the normally circular fields range from a few hundred meters to as much as 3 km.

The projects often trace out a narrow, sinuous, and seemingly random path. Actually, engineers generally seek ancient river channels now buried by the sand seas. The fossil waters mined in these projects accumulated during periods of wetter climate in the Pleistocene glacial epochs, between 10,000 and 2 million years ago, and are not being replenished under current climatic conditions. The projects, therefore, will have limited production as the reservoirs are drained. A network of dams has been built to trap and use precious seasonal floods. Vast underground water reservoirs have been tapped through deep wells. Desalination plants have been built to produce fresh water from the sea for urban and industrial use, thereby freeing other sources for agriculture. Facilities have also been put into place to treat urban and industrial run-off for agricultural irrigation. These efforts collectively have helped transform vast tracts of the desert into fertile farmland. Land under cultivation grew from under 400,000 acre in 1976 to more than 8 million acres (32,000 km2) in 1993.

Saudi Arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers and a resultant break down and disintegration of its agriculture as a consequence. As a result of the catastrophe, Saudi Arabia has bought agricultural land in the United States, Argentina, and Africa. Saudi Arabia ranked as a major buyer of agricultural land in foreign countries.

title: Irrigation in Saudi Arabia


text:
National Union of Dock Labourers

The National Union of Dock Labourers (NUDL) was a trade union in the United Kingdom which existed between 1889 and 1922.

History
It was formed in Glasgow in 1889 but moved its headquarters to Liverpool within a few years and was thereafter most closely associated with Merseyside. The union retained a strong presence in a number of Scottish ports but closed its Glasgow branch in 1910 and was replaced locally by the Scottish Union of Dock Labourers, which was formed during the seamen's and dockers strikes of 1911. In Ireland, the NUDL was largely replaced by the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union after 1908.

The NUDL, by this time renamed the National Union of Dock, Riverside and General Workers in Great Britain and Ireland, joined the Transport and General Workers' Union before the end of 1922, although its membership had originally voted not to join the amalgamation earlier in the year. It was therefore not actually a founder member of the TGWU, although it is often falsely credited as being one.

General Secretaries

 * 1889: Edward McHugh
 * 1893: James Sexton

title: National Union of Dock Labourers


text:
Siege of Neuss

The siege of Neuss, from 1474–75, was linked to the Cologne Diocesan Feud and part of the Burgundian Wars. The siege, led by Charles the Bold against the Imperial City of Neuss, was unsuccessful. Charles was compelled by the approach of a powerful Imperial army to raise the siege.

Prelude
Under Charles's father, Philip the Good, Burgundy had allied itself to the cause of the newly-elected Archbishop of Cologne, Ruprecht. Ruprecht proved immensely unpopular, and by 1471, several major towns in the archbishopric, as well as the Kölners themselves, were on the verge of revolt. Attempts by the Emperor Frederick III to mediate the conflict failed, and in 1474 Charles the Bold signed a treaty with Ruprecht which stipulated that Charles would subdue the rebels and serve as Ruprecht's lifelong protector in return for 200,000 florins a year. To secure his western border, Charles concluded a treaty with Louis XI of France and then prepared to march into the Rhine valley; contemporaries suspected his real motive was the eventual reconquest of all of Alsace.

Siege
Charles's route towards Cologne led him past Neuss, one of the centers of resistance against Ruprecht. Fearing the threat Neuss would pose to his exposed rear if left uninvested, Charles prepared to lay siege to the city, and the investment began on 29 July 1474. The Neussers, though they had had only a short time to prepare, laid in enough provisions to last until Christmas. They were led by Hermann, Landgrave of Hesse, and had the support of many nearby towns and cities.

Charles's army set up siege lines to the North and West of the city; the South and East were guarded by the rivers Krur and Rhine, respectively. Two large islands lay in the Rhine, however, and Charles decided to capture them, reasoning that he would then control passage along the Rhine (and thus prevent the city from being resupplied) and the water supply to the city's moat. Several assaults in early and mid-August eventually captured the islands, though with heavy losses; soon thereafter a bridge to one of the islands collapsed, drowning many of Charles' Italian soldiers. The Burgundians were also harried by hostile peasants.

In September Charles's Italians and English archers launched a 3,000-strong attack on one of Neuss' gates, which was repulsed. The next night, Kölners floated a fire-boat down the Rhine to destroy Charles' pontoon bridges, but the Burgundian river-fleet diverted it successfully. Shortly thereafter Charles' English archers, upset by the arrears of pay, began to cause trouble, and as Charles tried to calm them they opened fire. Charles was unharmed, but a rumor spread that the English had killed him, and enraged Burgundians began to slaughter the English until Charles presented himself to his army. Throughout the siege he worked tirelessly to keep up morale and to prosecute the siege, and it was a common belief that he slept fully armored for only a few hours a night.

The Neussers, bolstered by Hermann's Hessian troops and the support of Kölners, who skirmished with the Burgundians and smuggled provisions into the city while disguised as Italians, held out resolutely. Charles' men captured a German trying to swim the Rhine with a message that declared that Emperor Frederick was approaching with a huge army, and Charles redoubled his efforts, to no avail.

By May, Frederick was on the move, his army slowed by drunken brawls between soldiers from different regions of the Empire and by the need to recapture other cities from the Burgundians. But by the end of May he had arrived, and the Burgundians, after signing a provisional treaty, began to dismantle their siege works. At first, Burgundians, Imperials, and Kölners fraternized, but soon the Germans began to harass the Burgundians (the Kölners stole five Burgundian ships loaded with cannon), precipitating a sudden and violent assault on the unsuspecting Germans. Sporadic fighting continued until the papal legate present at the siege threatened to excommunicate both Charles and Frederick unless they ended the fighting; this threat, probably an idle one, enabled the two monarchs to conclude hostilities without losing face. The siege was finally terminated on 27 June 1475.

The failure of the siege of Neuss was attributed by the inhabitants of the city to the intervention of their patron saint, Quirinus of Neuss.

In popular fiction
In Ash: A Secret History by Mary Gentle, the Siege of Neuss has the title character's mercenary company involved in a skirmish with Charles the Bold's forces.

The siege figures in Caprice and Rondo, book seven in Dorothy Dunnett's House of Niccolo series of historical novels.

title: Siege of Neuss


text: Talk:Slats

title: Talk:Slats


text:
Israel Polack

Israel Pollak (ישראל פולק; 1909–1993) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian, Chilean and Israeli textile industrialist. He is best known for founding the Israel-based Polgat company.

Biography
Israel Pollak was born to a Jewish Orthodox family in Borșa, east Maramureș. In 1925, he moved to Gura Humorului, Bukovina, and later to Cernăuți. While in Cernăuți he studied at yeshiva and at a textile plant. In 1935, he founded an enterprise of its kind in the city. There he married Edith Zoref.

Business career
After World War II, he emigrated to Chile where his brother Marcos had emigrated before the war. There with his brothers and brothers-in-laws he founded the "Pollak Hnos." textile company. In 1960, Pinhas Sapir, then Israel's Minister of Industry, invited Pollak to make aliyah and to establish a textile plant in Kiryat Gat. The Pollak's new company, Polgat, grew into the largest textile, clothing and knitwear company in Israel. It eventually became a public corporation whose shares were traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. In 1970, the Pollaks founded Bagir, a men's division for suits and jackets.

Awards and recognition
In 1990, Pollak was awarded the Israel Prize for his special contribution to society and the State of Israel.

In 1992, he was honored by the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

In 1993, he was honored by the Technion in Haifa.

title: Israel Polack


text: Category:Landrieu family

title: Category:Landrieu family


text:
Scottish Union of Dock Labourers

The Scottish Union of Dock Labourers was a Glasgow-based trade union for waterfront workers. It was formed during the seamen's and dockers' strikes of June–July 1911. Locally, it replaced the National Union of Dock Labourers, which had been formed in Glasgow in 1889 but later became unpopular in that port, finally closing its local branch in February 1910. The president of the SUDL throughout its lifetime was Joe Houghton. The union joined the Transport & General Workers' Union in 1922, but many of its members left in 1932 to form the Scottish Transport and General Workers' Union (Docks).

title: Scottish Union of Dock Labourers


text:
Vincas Kudirka

Vincas Kudirka (Wincenty Kudyrko; 31 December 1858 – 16 November 1899) was a Lithuanian poet and physician, and the author of both the music and lyrics of the Lithuanian national anthem, "Tautiška giesmė". He is regarded in Lithuania as a national hero. Kudirka used the pen names V. Kapsas, Paežerių Vincas, Vincas Kapsas, P.Vincas, Varpas, Q.D, K., V.K, Perkūnas.

Kudirka was born in Paežeriai, in the Augustów Governorate of Congress Poland (present-day Lithuania). He began studying history and philosophy in Warsaw in 1881, but changed his major to medicine the following year. During his studies, he was a member of the revolutionary organization Great Proletariat, for which he was arrested and expelled from the university in 1885. He was reinstated as a student in 1887. He graduated in 1889, and worked as a country doctor in Šakiai and Naumiestis.

During his school years Kudirka was writing poetry in Polish. In 1888 he began writing poetry in Lithuanian. As a middle school student, he considered himself a Pole, but under the influence of Lithuanian national activists, including Jonas Jablonskis, he embraced Lithuanian national consciousness. Simultaneously he became more active in the Lithuanian national rebirth movement. Together with other Lithuanian students in Warsaw, he founded the secret society Lietuva ("Lithuania"). The following year the society began publishing the clandestine newspaper Varpas ("The Bell"), which Kudirka edited and contributed to for the next ten years. In issue number 6 of Varpas, in September 1898, he published the text of Tautiška Giesmė, which would officially become in 1918, the Lithuanian National Anthem, set to music written by Kudirka himself. In the 1890s, he was writing correspondence for the Warsaw weekly "Głos" under the pseudonym Nemunas.

Kudirka gave much to Lithuanian culture, and also published a collection of Lithuanian popular songs. He was also a noted writer of satire. Kudirka is considered a good translator, having translated the works of George Byron, Friedrich Schiller, Juliusz Słowacki, Adam Asnyk, Maria Konopnicka and Adam Mickiewicz into Lithuanian.

He died of tuberculosis at Naumiestis, on 16 November 1899, at age 40. The second half of "Tautiška giesmė" was engraved on his gravestone.

Legacy
On 5 July 2009, a statue of Vincas Kudirka was unveiled beside the Gediminas Avenue, the main street of the capital Vilnius. The unveiling, by dignitaries, including the Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus, coincided with festivities marking the 1000th anniversary of the first time Lithuania was mentioned in official chronicles.

Naumiestis was renamed to Kudirkos Naumiestis.

Minor planet 319009 Kudirka is named for him.

Diaplayer on the 500 litas banknote.

Annual prize of the Lithuanian Union of Journalist is named Vincas Kudirka Prize.

Vincas Kudirka Bridge in the historical part of Kudirkos Naumiestis. In 2021 included into the Lithuanian Register of Cultural Values.

title: Vincas Kudirka


text:
Geneviève Jeanson

Geneviève Jeanson (born August 29, 1981) is a former professional bicycle racer from Quebec, Canada. She won the world junior road and time trial championships in 1999 and the Tour de Snowy in 2000. Later that year she won La Flèche Wallonne World Cup race. She joined the Canadian Olympic team that year. She acknowledged in a documentary on Radio-Canada (the French-language CBC) on September 20, 2007, that she had been administered EPO more or less continuously since she was 16 years old.

After residing in Phoenix, Arizona and San Diego, California (where she studied sociology and psychology), Jeanson came back to Lachine, Quebec in 2012 to live with her once estranged parents and complete her college-level education at the Saint-Anne Collégial International. In autumn 2014, she attended Concordia University, in Montreal, where she studied neuroscience. Jeanson currently lives with her common law husband and works in the fitness industry.

2000 Olympic selection
Controversy dogged Jeanson throughout her career. Before the Olympics in 2000, she was accused of seeking special treatment by wanting an exemption from Olympic selection rules adopted by the Canadian Cycling Association. She said the procedure considered cumulative results for 1999 and 2000 but that she had raced as a junior in 1999 and could not achieve the results needed for selection. She and the Canadian Cycling Federation agreed that she would qualify for the Olympic selection race if she could finish in the top eight of two of five selected races. This she did by winning the Tour de Snowy and La Flèche Wallonne Féminine. Then, in July 2000, she qualified by finishing ahead of the other candidates in the Canadian Road Cycling Championship.

2000 Olympics
Controversy followed her to the Olympics. Towards the end of the road race, her teammate Lyne Bessette was in a break. Jeanson's detractors maintain that, on instructions from her coach, André Aubut, Jeanson helped chase the break and denied her teammate an opportunity to win a medal. Jeanson's defenders said she had ridden near the front as expected of a teammate trying to break the chase, and moved forward only to close a small gap when the break was almost caught.

2001 Racing
In 2001, she won four of five stages at the Redlands Bicycle Classic, winning overall by nearly 10 minutes, an unprecedented margin. Then, at the Tour of the Gila in early May, she won four of five stages and the overall victory, this time by an unprecedented 15 minutes. On some stages she broke away early and rode alone the rest of the way. In early June, she won the Montreal World Cup, lapping most of the field and winning by more than seven minutes.

Doping
In late 2003, while with the national team preparing for the world championships in Hamilton, Ontario, Jeanson had a hematocrit level (a measure of red cells in the blood) above the limit and was not allowed to race for two weeks. She missed the championships. Jeanson blamed the finding on an altitude tent used as part of her training. Subsequent doping tests were negative.

On 25 July 2005, at the Tour de 'Toona stage race in Pennsylvania, Jeanson had an out-of-competition test. Jeanson said months later that she tested positive for EPO, a banned substance. She denied taking a banned substance but in January 2006 she announced her retirement. On November 28, 2006, the United States Anti-Doping Agency said she had accepted a two-year suspension from 25 July 2005, the day her sample was taken.

In an interview on Cyclingnews.com on 20 December 2006, Jeanson said that although she could race again from mid-July 2007, she "won't race ever again." She said she had "changed so much this past year that I have a hard time imagining who I was before." She finally admitted to doping to a French CBC journalist. Her coach André Aubut and doctor Maurice Duquette were banned for life by the Canadian Center for Ethics in Sport in 2009.

2014 Movie
The Little Queen (La Petite reine), a movie inspired by her life, was released in 2014. Jeanson's character is renamed Julie Arseneau (played by Laurence Leboeuf).

Major results

 * 1998
 * 3rd Time Trial, UCI Junior Road World Championships
 * National Junior Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road Race
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Time Trial

 * 1999
 * UCI Junior Road World Championships
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg Road Race
 * 1st Jersey rainbow chrono.svg Time Trial
 * National Junior Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road Race
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Time Trial

 * 2000
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Snowy
 * 1st La Flèche Wallonne
 * 2nd Time Trial, National Road CHampionships

 * 2001
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 1st Stages 1, 3, 4 & 6
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 1st Stages 1, 2, 3 & 5
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Toona
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 4
 * 1st Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal
 * National Road Championships
 * 2nd Time Trial
 * 3rd Road Race

 * 2002
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Time Trial, National Road CHampionships
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Women's Challenge
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 1st Prologue Tour du Grand Montréal
 * 2nd Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 2nd Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 1st Stages 1, 2, 3 & 5
 * 3rd Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal

 * 2003
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road Race
 * 2nd Time Trial
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Pomona Valley Stage Race
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 1st Stages 2, 3 & 5
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Sea Otter Classic
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 1st Stages 1, 2 & 3
 * 1st Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal
 * 1st Prologue Tour du Grand Montréal
 * 2nd Overall Tour de Toona
 * 1st Stages 1 & 4

 * 2004
 * 1st Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal
 * 1st Stage 4 Tour de Toona
 * 2nd Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 1

 * 2005
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotCan.PNG Road Race
 * 2nd Time Trial
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Toona
 * 1st Coupe du Monde Cycliste Féminine de Montréal
 * 2nd Overall Tour of the Gila
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 3rd Overall Valley of the Sun Stage Race

title: Geneviève Jeanson


text: User talk:198.176.219.250

title: User talk:198.176.219.250


text:
The Impossible Man

The Impossible Man and other Stories is a 1966 collection of science fiction short stories by J. G. Ballard.

Contents

 * "The Drowned Giant"
 * "The Reptile Enclosure"
 * "The Delta at Sunset"
 * "Storm-Bird, Storm-Dreamer"
 * "The Screen Game"
 * "The Day of Forever"
 * "Time of Passage"
 * "The Gioconda of the Twilight Noon"
 * "The Impossible Man"

title: The Impossible Man


text: User talk:Santhoshsoldier

title: User talk:Santhoshsoldier


text:
Billy Newham

William Newham (12 December 1860 – 26 June 1944) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Sussex County Cricket Club. He also played one Test match for England against Australia in 1888.

He was educated at Ardingly College, where he was a member of the cricket eleven. He stayed on there as an assistant master until 1887.

authors: ابوالحسن راجپوت

title: Billy Newham


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User:Kalloor

Kalloor is a family that is prominent in the Christian communities of Kerala, India especially in Pathanamthitta and Kottarakara. The Kalloor family of Thrikkannamangal, Kottarakara is a rather large family. Reported to have moved from Pathanamthitta about 200 years ago, the Kalloor patriarch had three sons. These three became the heads of the Kalloor, Kalluttankuzhi and Thondil families, all of which remain prominent in Kottarakara. The head of the Kalloor branch, Koshy, had seven sons. The fourth, Kalloor Chacko, is especially noteworthy because of his role in pioneering the Pentecostal movement in India. Chacko encouraged an American missionary, Robert F. Cook, to relocate to his town from North India. Upon doing so, Cook established the work of the Church of God in Kerala. From that fledgling work, based in that small town, came many of the great number of Pentecostal churches that have now spread all over the country of India. After a few years, Chacko and Cook parted company because of organizational and doctrinal disagreements. Cook relocated to Mulakuzha and Chacko aligned with independent indigenous workers. The Church of God in India has grown to an organization with churches in every state of India. One of Chacko's grandsons now holds ownership of the original church, which is the oldest Pentecostal church registered with the government.

title: User:Kalloor


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Talk:Set (Marvel Comics)

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of Marvel Comics characters: S

title: Talk:Set (Marvel Comics)


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Johnny Craig

John Thomas Alexis Craig (April 25, 1926 – September 13, 2001), was an American comic book artist notable for his work with the EC Comics line of the 1950s. He sometimes used the pseudonyms Jay Taycee and F. C. Aljohn.

Early life and career
Born in Pleasantville, New York, Craig studied at the Art Students League of New York. While attending classes, he began working in 1940 as an assistant of Harry Lampert, co-creator of All-American Comics' Golden Age superhero the Flash. The following year, after Lampert was drafted to serve to World War II, All-American editor Sheldon Mayer kept Craig on as an art department assistant, giving him progressively more responsible art duties. Between 1943 and 1945, Craig served in the Merchant Marines and the U.S. Army.

EC Comics
Returning to comics after his discharge, he began drawing for EC Comics, beginning with the penciling and inking the cover of Moon Girl and the Prince #1 (cover-dated Fall 1947). He did additional work on the following issue of that science fiction / superhero series, now titled simply Moon Girl, and went on to draw stories for the EC Western comics Saddle Justice and Gunfighter and the crime comic Crime Patrol; he later expanded into romance comics with EC's Modern Love Craig additionally did a small amount of early work for Magazine Enterprises, American Comics Group and, tentatively identified through the pen name "Jay", possibly for Eastern Color's New Heroic Comics. When he teamed with Al Feldstein, they used the pseudonym F. C. Aljohn.

Craig later brought a clean, crisp, naturalistic approach to EC's legendary horror series—The Crypt of Terror, The Vault of Horror and The Haunt of Fear — plus Crime SuspenStories and Two-Fisted Tales. Wally Wood once said Craig drew "the cleanest horror stories you ever saw". His first EC horror work came with the cover art for The Crypt of Terror #17 (May 1950) and both the art and script for that issue's seven-page story "Curse of the Full Moon".

In being a writer as well as an artist, Craig differed from the majority of EC artists. He was responsible for the stories hosted by the Vault-Keeper, and he also drew that horror host in the framing sequences of stories by other EC illustrators. He eventually concentrated on The Vault of Horror and Crime SuspenStories, doing the lead story in each of these bimonthly titles.

Craig became the editor of The Vault of Horror early in 1954, giving up his work for Crime SuspenStories at that time. Later that year, he created the Vault Keeper's attractive assistant, Drusilla. After the EC horror books came to an end, Craig edited EC's Extra! in 1955, writing and drawing two stories in each bimonthly issue.

Craig's story "... And All Through the House" in Vault of Horror #35 (March 1954) was adapted for the Joan Collins segment of the 1972 omnibus film Tales from the Crypt. Craig's many covers included that of the infamous Crime SuspenStories #22, shown during the 1950s Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency. U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver asked EC publisher Bill Gaines whether he thought the cover, depicting an ax-wielding man holding a woman's severed head, was in good taste. Gaines responded, "Yes, sir, I do, for the cover of a horror comic"—a remark that became an oft-quoted example of comic books' alleged depravity. Ironically, Craig was one of the more wholesome EC artists, frequently choosing to show the reactions of characters rather than the horrific event itself.

One critic wrote of his work:

"Craig was a meticulous craftsman and not a fast worker, but his stories are regarded as some of the best ever in comics. His art was relatively low-key and restrained, effectively staged and featured impeccable draftsmanship. The scripts he wrote tended to be literate and cerebral, and generally relied on solid construction and implacable internal logic, rather than on contrived snap endings. His horror work made more use of psychology and mood than of the supernatural, and his crime comics owed more to James M. Cain and Cornell Woolrich than to gangster movies."

Later career
After EC's collapse in the wake of the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings, Craig worked briefly for Atlas Comics, the 1950s predecessor of Marvel Comics, then spent several successful years at an advertising agency in Pennsylvania, though he lamented that his responsibilities there prevented him from drawing much. He returned to comics in the 1960s with art for ACG's Unknown Worlds and other titles.

His resurfacing prompted Warren Publishing editor Archie Goodwin to have Craig draw for Warren's magazines from 1966 to 1968, during which time Craig (who still worked in advertising) used the pseudonym Jay Taycee, a phonetic pronunciation of his four initials. Of his attempts to work for DC Comics and Marvel Comics, however, comics historian Mark Evanier wrote,

"By any name, the work was excellent, but Craig's efforts to work for the 'big two' — DC and Marvel — were not as successful. In 1967, he applied at DC. Recalling the excellence of his EC stories, editor George Kashdan gave him an issue of The Brave and the Bold to draw — a Batman/Hawkman team-up. Craig handed the job in weeks late, whereupon his art was deemed too subdued, even for the relatively staid DC super-hero comics of the time. Before publication (in issue #70), the pages were heavily retouched and revised as to expunge any trace of Johnny Craig's style."

Evanier wrote that Goodwin, by now writing for Marvel, said that, "Every so often, we'd try having him pencil an Iron Man or something, but it never worked out. He couldn't draw superheroes the way they wanted, and he couldn't hit the deadlines of a monthly book". After penciling and inking Iron Man #2 and a supernatural story in Tower of Shadows #1, heavily retouched by John Romita Sr., Craig became primarily an inker. He did however complete Iron Man #2–4, 14, 24 and 25, the latter inked by Sam Grainger.

By the early 1980s, Craig stopped drawing for comics and was semi-retired until his death in 2001. He did do many paintings of the Vault-Keeper, Drusilla and other E.C. horror themes, for private commissions, E.C. fanzines and other publications, and these works showed excellent technique in oils. His last known residences were Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, and Shiremanstown, Pennsylvania.

Awards
Craig was posthumously inducted into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame on July 15, 2005, at Comic-Con International.

title: Johnny Craig


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User:Josh10110

hello, i am a user.

title: User:Josh10110


text: Category:Hungarian people stubs

title: Category:Hungarian people stubs