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Olga Xirinacs Díaz

Olga Xirinacs Díaz (born 1936) is a Spanish writer and piano teacher. During her literary career, she has written poetry, drama, tales and essays. She was born in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain), where she still lives and works.

Xirinacs often writes in the daily press: her articles have been published in La Vanguardia, Avui, and Foc Nou, amongst others. She has given narrative courses in the Aula de Lletres and in Barcelona's Pompeu Fabra University.

Some of her books have won prestigious Catalan literature awards, including the Sant Jordi, Sant Joan, Josep Pla, Ramon Llull and the Carles Riba prizes.

She has published more than three hundred tales, 250 for adults and around 50 for children. She is the only female "Mestra en Gai Saber" (Master in the Art of Poetry) of the Jocs Florals (Literary Contest) after Mercè Rodoreda Gurgui. In 1990, the Generalitat de Catalunya awarded her the Creu de Sant Jordi. She is a member of Association of Catalan-Language Writers.

Prose works

 * Música de cambra (Chamber music) Barcelona 1982.
 * Interior amb difunts (Inside Corpses), Josep Pla Prize, 1982. Barcelona 1983.
 * La mostela africana i altres contes (The African weasel and other tales) Barcelona 1985.
 * Al meu cap una llosa (On my Head, a Tombstone) Sant Jordi Prize, 1984 and Serra d'Or Critics Prize for the Novel. Barcelona 1985.
 * Zona marítima (Maritime Area), Ramon Llull Novel Award, 1986. Barcelona 1986.
 * Relats de mort i altres matèries (Stories of death and other stuff) Barcelona 1988.
 * Mar de fons (Deep sea). Barcelona 1988.
 * Tempesta d'hivern (Winter storm). Barcelona 1990.
 * Enterraments lleugers (Shallow Interments), Sant Joan Prize, 1990. Barcelona 1991.
 * Cerimònia privada (Private ceremony). Barcelona 1993.
 * Josep Sala. Tarragona 1993.
 * Sense malícia (Without wickedness), City of Palma Novel Prize, 1993. Barcelona 1993
 * Sucant el melindro. (Dipping the sponge biscuit). Barcelona 1996.
 * La Via Augusta. Vint pobles fan el Tarragonès. De Llevant a Ponent. (August Way . Twenty villages that make Tarragones. From West to East)Barcelona 1997.
 * Viatge d’aigua. Un passeig per la Costa Daurada (Water travel. A walk through Costa Daurada). Barcelona 1999.
 * La tarda a Venècia (An afternoon in Venice). Barcelona 1999.
 * L’home que mossegava les dones (The man who bit women). Barcelona 2000.
 * Pavana per un tauró (Mourning music for a Shark). Barcelona 2001.
 * No jugueu al cementiri (Do not play in the cemetery). Thriller Prize 2001. Barcelona 2002.
 * Els 7 pecats capitals. La peresa – eròtica- (The 7 capital sins. The erotic laziness). Barcelona 2002.
 * Setmana de difunts (Dead week). Barcelona 2003
 * El viatge. Dietari 1986-1990 (The voyage: Diary 1986-1990). Barcelona 2004.
 * El hijo del tejedor (The weaver's son). Spanish language. Barcelona 2006.
 * Trens (Trains). Barcelona 2006

Poetic works

 * Botons de tiges grises (Buttons from grey ítems). Barcelona 1977.
 * Clau de blau (Tarraconis vrit amor) (The Blue Key). Tarragona 1978.
 * Llençol de noces (Wedding bedsheet). Barcelona 1979.
 * Tramada (Ploted) Collective with the group Espiadimonis. Tarragona 1980.
 * Preparo el te sota palmeres roges( I prepare the tea under red palm trees). Caravel·la Prize, 1980. Barcelona 1981.
 * Versifonies. Collective with the group Espiadimonis (Versymphonies).Tarragona 1987.
 * Llavis que dansen (Lips that dance). Barcelona 1987.
 * La pluja sobre els palaus ( The rain over the palaces). Barcelona 1990.
 * La muralla. (The wall). Barcelona 1993.
 * Mansardes. (Mansards) Collective with the group Espiadimonis. Tarragona 1997.
 * Grills de mandarina. (Mandari orange segments). Lleida 2004.
 * El sol a les vinyes. (The Sun in the vineyards. Il vangelo, Pasolini in memoriam). Bilingual edition. Barcelona 2005
 * Eterna. (Eternal). Bilingual edition Catalan/Spanish. Barcelona 2006

Works for children

 * Marina. Illustrated by Asun Balzola. Barcelona 1986.
 * Patates fregides. (Fried potatoes). Illustrated byCarme Solé. Barcelona 1994.
 * Sóc un arbre. (I’m a tree). Illustrated by Asun Balzola. Barcelona 1994.
 * El far del capità. (The captain’s lighthouse). Illustrated by Carme Solé. Barcelona 1994.
 * Xocolata. (Chocolate) Barcelona 1994.
 * El meu pare és capità (My father is a captain). Illustrated by Gemma Sales. Barcelona 1995.
 * Final d’estiu. (Summer’s end) Barcelona 1996.
 * Wendy torna a volar. (Wendy flies again)Barcelona 1996.
 * El vol de Dràcula. (Dracula’s fly)Illustrated by Francesc Infante. Barcelona 1996.
 * Mòmies. (Mummies) Barcelona 1996.
 * Triangles mortals o la sala dels difunts (Mortal triangles or the corpses' room). Illustrated by Mercè Canals. Barcelona 1998.
 * Marina / Cavall de mar. (Marina/Seahorse). Illustrated by Asun Balzola. Barcelona 1998.
 * La núvia adormida. (The sleeping bride) Barcelona 1998.
 * La Vaca Xoriça. (Xoriça caw). Illustrated by Laia Soler. Barcelona 1998.
 * Un cadàver per sopar. (A corpse for dinner) City of Badalona Prize for Young People's Narrative, 2000. Barcelona 2000.
 * L’escrivent de làpides. (The tombstone court clerk) Barcelona 2002.

Spanish

 * Zona marítima. (Maritime zone). Translated by Sara Pujol. Barcelona 1987.
 * El faro del capitán. (The captain’s lighthouse). Author’s translation. Madrid 1994.
 * Fin de verano. (Summer’s end). Author’s translation. Madrid 1996.
 * El vuelo de drácula. (Dracula’s fly). Author’s translation. Madrid, 1996.
 * El árbol de mi patio.(The tree from my courtyard). Asun Balzola's drawings. Author’s translation. Barcelona, 1996.
 * Marina y Caballito de mar. (Marina and Sea horse). Author’s translation. Madrid, 1998.
 * La novia dormida.(the Asleep bride) Author’s translation. Barcelona, 1998.
 * El escribiente de lápidas. (The tombstone court clerk) Translated by Pau Joan Hernàndez. Barcelona, 2002.

Other languages

 * Many tales have been translated into German, Basque, Spanish and Russian
 * Lips that dance (poetry) translated to English by Hillary J Gardner. Washington University.
 * Poetry translated to French published in some French and Canadian magazines.
 * Jardines sobre el mar (Gardens over the sea) Bilingual anthology of poetry. Translated to Russian by Elena Zernova. Sant Petersburg University. 2003

title: Olga Xirinacs Díaz


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Yamasee

The Yamasees (also spelled Yamassees, Yemasees or Yemassees ) were a multiethnic confederation of Native Americans who lived in the coastal region of present-day northern coastal Georgia near the Savannah River and later in northeastern Florida. The Yamasees engaged in revolts and wars with other native groups and Europeans living in North America, specifically from Florida to North Carolina.

The Yamasees, along with the Guale, are considered from linguistic evidence by many scholars to have been a Muskogean language people. For instance, the Yamasee term "Mico", meaning chief, is also common in Muskogee.

After the Yamasees migrated to the Carolinas, they began participating in the Indian slave trade in the American Southeast. They raided other tribes to take captives for sale to European colonists. Captives from other Native American tribes were sold into slavery, with some being transported to West Indian plantations. Their enemies fought back, and slave trading was a large cause of the Yamasee War.

Overview
The Yamasees lived in coastal towns in what are now southeast Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. The Yamasees migrated from Florida to South Carolina in the late 16th century, where they became friendly with European colonists. The Yamasees were joined by members of the Guale, a Mississippian culture chiefdom, and their cultures intertwined.

Spanish contact
The Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 traveled into Yamasee territory, including the village of Altamaha.

In 1570, Spanish explorers established missions in Yamasee territory. The Yamasees were later included in the missions of the Guale province. Starting in 1675, the Yamasees were mentioned regularly on Spanish mission census records of the missionary provinces of Guale (central Georgia coast) and Mocama (present-day southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida). The Yamasees usually did not convert to Christianity and remained somewhat separated from the Catholic Christian Indians of Spanish Florida.

Pirate attacks on the Spanish missions in 1680 forced the Yamasees to migrate again. Some moved to Florida. Others returned to the Savannah River lands, which were safer after the Westo had been destroyed.

English contact
In 1687, some Spaniards attempted to send captive Yamasees to the West Indies as slaves. The tribe revolted against the Spanish missions and their Native allies, and moved into the English colony of the Carolina (present day South Carolina). They established several villages, including Pocotaligo, Tolemato, and Topiqui, in Beaufort County. A 1715 census conducted by Irish colonist John Barnwell counted 1,220 Yamasees living in ten villages near Port Royal.

Migration by the Yamasees to Charles Town (in the colony of Carolina) beginning in 1686 was likely in pursuit of trading opportunities with English colonists, or to escape the Spanish. In Charles Town, some Yamasee families looked toward Christian missionaries to educate their children in reading and writing as well as converting them to Christianity. Christian missionaries in Carolina may have had some success in converting the Yamasees and Guale because they had both become familiar with Spanish missionaries and were more open to conversion than other tribes.

Yamasee War and aftermath
For decades, Yamasee raiders (frequently equipped with European firearms and working in concert with Carolinian settlers) conducted slave raids against Spanish-allied Indian tribes in the American Southeast. The Yamasees also conducted raids on the Spanish colonial settlement of St. Augustine. Indian captives of the Yamasees were transported to colonial settlements throughout Carolina, where they were sold to white colonists; frequently, many of these captives were then resold to West Indian slave plantations.

Many Yamasees soon became indebted to the colonists they traded with, as a result of duplicitous colonial mercantile practices. Infuriated by the practices of the colonists, the Yamasees resolved to go to war against them, forming a pan-tribal coalition and initiating a two-year long war by attacking the colonial settlement of Charles Town on April 15, 1715.

Bolstered by the large number of Indian tribes they had managed to enlist into their coalition, the Yamasees staged large-scale raids against other colonial settlements in Carolina as well, leading to most colonists abandoning frontier settlements and seeking refuge in Charles Town. South Carolina Governor Charles Craven led a force which defeated the Yamasees at Salkechuh (also spelled Saltketchers or Salkehatchie) on the Combahee River. Eventually, Craven was able to drive the Yamasees across the Savannah River back into Spanish Florida.

After the war, the Yamasees migrated southwards to the region around St. Augustine and Pensacola, where they formed an alliance with the Spanish colonial administration. These Yamasees continued to inhabit Florida until 1727, when the combination of a smallpox epidemic and raids by Col. John Palmer (leading fifty Carolinian militiamen and one hundred Indians) eventually led many of the remaining Yamasees to disperse, with some joining the Seminole or Creek. Still others remained near St. Augustine until the Spanish relinquished control of the city to the British. At that time, they took with them around 90 Yamasees to Havana.

Culture
Steven J. Oatis and other historians describe the Yamasees as a multi-ethnic amalgamation of several remnant Indian groups, including the Guale, La Tama, Apalachee, Coweta, and Cussita Creek. Historian Chester B. DePratter describes the Yamasee towns of early South Carolina as consisting of lower towns, consisting mainly of Hitchiti-speaking Indians, and upper towns, consisting mainly of Guale Indians.

Slavery
The Yamasees were one of the largest slave raiding tribes in the American Southeast during the late 17th century, and have been described as a "militaristic slaving society", having acquired firearms from European colonists. Their use of slave raids to exert dominance over other tribes is partially attributed to the Yamasee aligning with European colonists in order to maintain their own independence. It was typical of Native Americans to take captives during warfare, particularly young women and children, though the Yamasees soon began to transport their captives to Carolina to sell in Charles Town's slave markets. They soon began to conduct raids specifically to take captives and sell them in Carolina.

Diplomacy
In 1713, Anglican missionaries in South Carolina sponsored the journey of a Yamasees man (whose actual name is unknown, as he was generally referred to as the "prince" or "Prince George") from Charles Town to London. Historians have noted that the motivation of the "prince" to visit London was a form of "religious diplomacy" on the part of the missionaries to further ties between the Yamasee and British colonists. The missionaries hoped that if the "prince" converted to Christianity while in London, it would ensure the Yamasee would become firm allies of the British colonists. Around the period that the "prince" travelled to London, the Yamasees were largely unwilling to be culturally assimilated by the Spanish, choosing to maintain stronger contacts with British colonists instead. The "prince" returned to Charles Town in 1715, right around the period when the Yamasee War broke out, and shortly after his family had been taken captive by Carolinian raiders and sold into slavery.

Archaeological research
The Yamasee Archeological Project was launched in 1989 to study Yamasee village sites in South Carolina. The project hoped to trace the people's origins and inventory their artifacts. The project located a dozen sites. Pocosabo and Altamaha have since been listed as archeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places.

Language
The name "Yamasee" perhaps comes from Muskogee yvmvsē, meaning "tame, quiet"; or perhaps from Catawban yį musí:, literally "people-ancient".

Little record remains of the Yamasee language. It is partially preserved in works by missionary Domingo Báez. Diego Peña was told in 1716-1717 that the Cherokee of Tuskegee Town also spoke Yamasee.

Hann (1992) asserted that Yamasee is related to the Muskogean languages. This was based upon a colonial report that a Yamasee spy within a Hitchiti town could understand Hitichiti and was not detected as a Yamasee. Francis Le Jau stated in 1711 that the Yamasee understood Creek. He also noted that many Indians throughout the region used Creek and Shawnee as lingua francas, or common trading languages. In 1716-1717, Diego Peña obtained information that showed that Yamasee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki were considered separate languages.

The Yamasee language, while similar to many Muskogean languages, is especially similar to Creek, for they share many words. Many Spanish missionaries in La Florida were dedicated to learning native languages, such as Yamasee, in an effort to communicate for the purpose of conversion. It also allowed the missionaries to learn about the people's own religion and to find ways to convey Christian ideas to them.

There is limited, inconclusive evidence suggesting the Yamasee language was similar to Guale. It is based on three pieces of information:
 * a copy of a 1681 Florida missions census that states that the people of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria de la Tama speak "la lengua de Guale, y Yamassa" [the Guale and Yamasee language];
 * a summary of two 1688 letters, sent by the Spanish Florida governor, that mentions prisoners speaking the "ydioma Yguala y Yamas, de la Prova de Guale" [the Yguala and Yamas language of the province of Guale]; and
 * the Guale referred to the Cusabo as Chiluque, which is probably related to the Muscogee word čiló·kki, meaning "Red Moiety."

Linguists note that the Spanish documents are not originals and may have been edited at a later date. The name Chiluque is probably a loanword, as it seems also to have been absorbed into the Timucua language. Thus, the connection of Yamasee with Muskogean is unsupported.

A document in a British colonial archive suggests that the Yamasees originally spoke Cherokee, an Iroquoian language, but had learned another language. For a time they were allied with the Cherokee but are believed to have been a distinct people. In 1715 Col. George Chicken stated that he was told that the Yammasses were the ancient people of the Cherokee.

Legacy
The name of the Yamasees survives in the town of Yemassee, South Carolina, in the Lowcountry close to where the Yamasee War began. It is also used for the title of William Gilmore Simms' 1835 historical novel The Yemassee: A Romance of Carolina, and by extension, Yemassee, the official literary journal of the University of South Carolina.

There are currently self-identified Yamasee descendants in Florida and elsewhere, and the black supremacist group Nuwaubian Nation associated with Dwight York has also used the name Yamassee Native American Moors of the Creek Nation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yamasee


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Tim Whitsett

Tim Whitsett was an American music publisher, musician, songwriter, producer, author, and consultant. He was a founding member of the Imperial Show Band, a popular 1960s American musical group.

Whitsett is the author of multiple non-fiction books about the music business.

He is the elder brother of Carson Whitsett.

Biography
Whitsett's instrumental "Jive Harp" b/w "Pipe Dreams" was released on Imperial Records when he was sixteen. With his band, The Imperials (later renamed The Imperial Show Band), he recorded over twenty singles in a variety of genres (R&B, Pop, Instrumental) for a number of labels, including Epic, Ace, Atlas, Capitol, Lowery, Sue, Island, Musicor and others, as well as for his own Rim Records.

In 1966, at the peak of tensions in Mississippi over civil rights, Whitsett introduced two new singers to his band, Tommy Tate and Dorothy Moore, both black, and both later to achieve chart acclaim as solo artists. Considering the times and possible repercussions, the band from Mississippi was extremely well received by both black and white southerners, as well as audiences in the Great Lakes, Las Vegas, Hollywood, Lake Tahoe, New York City and elsewhere.

Until disbanding the group in 1969, Whitsett wrote, produced, arranged, or played on numerous records for other artists, including The Vels, Peggy Scott & Jo Jo Benson, Huey "Piano" Smith & The Clowns, Bobby Marchan, Junior Parker, Paul Davis, Barbara Lynn, Sam Myers, Dorothy Moore and others.

Due to many personnel changes resulting from marriages and the military draft for the Vietnam War, Whitsett dissolved The Imperial Show Band. Shortly afterwards, in 1970, some demos the group had recorded ended up in the hands of noted producer Don Davis, who was then vice president of Stax Records. The MGs were breaking up. Booker T. Jones had just left the company, and Steve Cropper would soon follow. Davis wanted Whitsett’s band to augment The Bar-Kays as a second house band for Stax.

However, Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as "I've Been Lonely For So Long" (Frederick Knight), "I'll Play the Blues For You" (Albert King), and "Mr. Big Stuff" (Jean Knight), among others.

In 1976, Whitsett resigned as president of East/Memphis when offered the opportunity to run Chrysalis Music's European division in London. Six years later, he took another senior management position in London with Chappell Music, prior to its acquisition by Warner Music Group. He also forged a partnership with Chick Churchill, keyboardist with British rock group Ten Years After, in a record production and music publishing company, Whitsett Churchill Music.

At Chrysalis, then Chappell, Whitsett managed song catalogs that included works by David Bowie, Jethro Tull, The Chieftains, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Chuck Berry, George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hammerstein, etc.

In 1982, Whitsett set up a consultancy service for music publishers, which included specialized newsletters and target-marketing directories. Clients included EMI, Chappell, Gamble and Huff, Jobete, CBS Songs, Virgin, MCA, et al., as well as publishing companies owned by Paul McCartney, Michael Jackson and Elton John.

Returning to the States, Whitsett founded Urgent! Records. The label's roster included Bobby Rush, The Dells, Luther Ingram, Tommy Tate, and Jerry Butler.

The label was later folded into the Malaco Music Group, with whom Whitsett became associated in 1998. In addition to his work with Malaco Records, Whitsett authored three music-publishing textbooks and a dictionary of music business terms, while actively maintaining his consulting services for music publishers and copyright investors.

In 2008, Whitsett's Big Mistakes: The Memoirs of Tyrone Hatchback, a novel, was published. That same year, Whitsett founded LocoBop which started out as a digital only record label, but has since began to release physical CDs as well. Artists include, among many others, Ivory Joe Hunter, The Bar-Kays, Rufus Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Jerry Butler, The Masqueraders, Carla Thomas, and Luther Ingram.

Whitsett passed away on January 15, 2022.

Books
The Dictionary of Music Business Terms (1998)

Music Publishing: The Real Road To Music Business Success (2000)

The Business of Music Publishing (2012)

title: Tim Whitsett


text:
Jan Lechoń

Leszek Józef Serafinowicz (pen name: Jan Lechoń; 13 March 1899 – 8 June 1956) was a Polish poet, literary and theater critic, diplomat, and co-founder of the Skamander literary movement and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

Life
Lechoń studied the Polish language and literature at the University of Warsaw, by which point he had already authored two collections of poetry and a play. He was co-editor of Pro arte et studio magazine. Lechoń created the name Skamander for that literary group and delivered the opening speech at the group's first meeting on 6 December 1919. During the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), he worked in the press office of Chief of State Józef Piłsudski.

Lechoń was a member of the Pikador literary cabaret, a member of the Polish Writers' Union, and secretary-general of the PEN Club. In 1926–29, he edited the satirical magazine Cyrulik Warszawski ('The Barber of Warsaw'—named in reference to The Barber of Seville). In 1925, he received an award from the Polish Book Publishers' Association, and in 1935 an award from the Polish Academy of Literature.

In 1921, he attempted suicide and spent some time in hospitals or sanatoriums trying to overcome depression. A troubled homosexual affair influenced Lechoń's decision to abandon Warsaw. From 1930 to 1939, he was a cultural attaché at the Polish embassy in Paris. After the fall of France to Nazi Germany, he left for Brazil and later settled in New York City. There, he co-edited many Polish newspapers and magazines; in 1942, he co-founded the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

On the suggestion of a psychiatrist, Lechoń started writing a diary (1949–56). Amid recondite autobiographical reminiscences, the diary also documents Lechoń's attempts to come to terms with his homosexuality. "Oppressed by a sense of émigré obsolescence and poetic sterility, unable to resolve the conflict between his programmatically traditionalist Polish public persona and the anxieties of an aging, impecunious homosexual in an America beset by McCarthyism ...", Lechoń committed suicide on 8 June 1956 by jumping from the twelfth floor of the Hudson Hotel. At the time, his motive for doing so was given as depression deepened by "social degradation". The memoirs of Adam Ciołkosz point also to depression caused by the strengthening of the communist regime in Poland.

In 1991, Lechoń's remains were exhumed from Calvary Cemetery in Queens and transferred to a cemetery in Laski, to a family tomb shared with his parents, Władysław and Maria Serafinowicz.

Work

Lechoń made his literary debut at the age of 14 with poetry collections entitled Na złotym polu ('In a Golden Field', 1913) and Po różnych ścieżkach ('On Different Paths', 1914). In 1916, his drama W pałacu Stanisława Augusta ('At the Palace of Stanisław August') premiered at the Old Orangery in Warsaw. His poetry collection Srebrne i czarne ('Silver and Black') earned him an award from the Polish Book Publishers' Association. However, growing interest in Lechoń's work and his successes in the field of poetry had a negative influence on him. He found his status and fame overwhelming and did not publish further until the outbreak of World War II. Poland's wartime demise awakened in him the passion to continue writing. He published Lutnia po Bekwarku in 1942 and Aria z kurantem in 1945, as well as Marmur i róża. His other works include Karmazynowy poemat and Iliada.

Lechoń's poetry, which combined romantic and classicist elements, was different from that of other members of the Skamander group. He also translated several dramas, wrote reviews and essays.

From Lechoń's Diaries
"Mankind prospers in one of the falsest illusions, that the world is run by wise people. This would be impossible, if only because most of mankind are mediocrities, if not outright stupid people.  If we speak with a physician, say about a writer, the physician is convinced that the writer is a good writer.  We writers know that maybe 10 percent of writers are good, the rest being mediocrities and idiots.  Likewise the writer supposes that a physician with whom he is unfamiliar is an accomplished expert in his line of work—whereas he is usually a mediocrity.  It is amazing that, in spite of this, the world looks as it does."

title: Jan Lechoń


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Rei Momo

Rei Momo is the debut solo album by David Byrne and second overall studio album (after the 1981 collaborative album My Life in the Bush of Ghosts), released on 3 October 1989. The album consists of diverse Latin music styles from Cuba (rumba, mozambique, mambo, chachachá, bolero), the Dominican Republic (merengue), Puerto Rico (bomba), Colombia (cumbia, mapeyé) and Brazil (samba, pagode). The album is mostly sung in English and features guest appearances by Kirsty MacColl, Willie Colón and Celia Cruz, among others.

Release and promotion
The album was co-released by Luaka Bop and Sire on 3 October 1989. Initially, the album included three more tracks on the cassette tape than the LP: "Loco de Amor", "Good and Evil", and "Office Cowboy". All songs are present on the compact disc. David Byrne performed "Dirty Old Town" and "Loco de Amor" on Saturday Night Live's Thanksgiving show in 1989.

Reception
The album was well-received by critics. In a retrospective review for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis wrote "Byrne’s first post-Talking-Heads solo album is a cut above [the multitude of late 80s pop albums dabbling in world music] and an underrated joy".

Track listing
All tracks composed by David Byrne; except where indicated.

title: Rei Momo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gas Gas Quick Boys

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Dulce et Decorum Est. [[smoddy ]] 17:22, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Gas Gas Quick Boys
Delete delete quick boys as band vanity. - Lucky 6.9 17:09, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Quick, nnbv. -- BD2412 talk 18:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dulce et Decorum Est. It's a famous line from that Wilfred Owen poem. --Tony Sidaway Talk 18:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling,
 * Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
 * But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,
 * And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime . ..
 * Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,
 * As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
 * In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
 * He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

 * Redirect, no opinion on deletion. Gazpacho 18:42, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought of redirecting it, but the vanity would remain in the edit history. It would make an excellent redirect once it's out of VfD. - Lucky 6.9 18:49, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's a good idea to maintain the edit history. They're completely non-notable now, but if in six months time we're all jumping around to Gas Gas Quick Boys' latest album and they're booked to appear  onstage with Bono in Live9, well I reckon it might be a good idea to say "we had 'em first." :) See also the first Franz Ferdinand (band) article. Wasn't much, was it? --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not precisely analogous; Franz Ferdinand's first album had hit the UK top 10 a week before their first article was created. Gas Gas Quick Boys is still working on their first EP.  Redirect to the poem Dulce et Decorum Est.  If the band ever does become notable, the article can be recreated to be about them. --Metropolitan90 05:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then recreate and redirect to Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est as per Lucky. Owen is an absolutely notable Great War poet. Fernando Rizo T/C 19:06, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. Redirect to Dulce et Decorum Est; Tony's suggestion makes more sense. Fernando Rizo T/C 19:14, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am in erudite company; like what Rizo said. Alf 20:42, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect, no need to panic about the edit history. Trollderella 21:19, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 21:25, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Tony Sidaway. Who would name a band after that (stunning but terribly sad) poem? JDoorjam 21:59, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Fucking indie rockers, that's who. -HX 23:29, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and to the poem rather than the poet, as per Tony --Doc (?) 00:08, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then recreate and redirect to Wilfred Owen. - brenneman (t) (c)  09:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per brenneman. Nandesuka 13:06, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --TimPope 17:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - not notable - Tεx  τ  urε  15:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Baston

Baston is a village and parish on the edge of The Fens and in the administrative district of South Kesteven, Lincolnshire, England. The 2011 census reported the parish had 1,469 people in 555 households.

Like most fen-edge parishes, it was laid out more than a thousand years ago, in an elongated form, to afford the produce from a variety of habitats for the villagers. The village itself lies along the road between King Street, a road built in the second century, and Baston Fen which is on the margin of the much bigger Deeping Fen. Until the nineteenth century, the heart of Deeping Fen was a common fen on which all the surrounding villages had rights of turbary, fowling and pasture.

History
A significant Roman feature of Baston is the Roman road leading across the fen towards Spalding. Part of the modern fen road follows it.

At the end of the village, near King Street, was an Anglian cemetery which was in use up to about the year 500. This coincides approximately with the date of the beginning of King Arthur's exploits, as reported by the Historia Brittonum, when Arthur fought his first battle at the mouth of the River Glen and stopped the spread of Anglo-Saxon settlement for fifty years. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery, of funerary urns, was found by Rev. Edward Trollope in 1851. He found around 10 burials in 1863 and traces of another 16 were found in 1963

Like most places in Europe, Baston suffered from the plague. Some Baston plague victims are shown in burial lists. A possible plague burial was uncovered during the building of a corn dryer.

The 'Baston Pig' was a name for the Lincolnshire Curly Coat pig.

Governance
Baston is served by a Parish Council, two District Councillors who represent Casewick Ward on South Kesteven District Council and a County Councillor representing Deepings West & Rural Division on Lincolnshire County Council. The current District Councillors elected in May 2023 are Vanessa Smith (Green) and Rosemary Trollope-Bellew (Con). The Lincolnshire County Councillor elected in 2021 is Ashley John Baxter (Ind).

Geography
Geographically, in the fen, the parish's northern boundary lies on the River Glen, beyond which is Thurlby. To the south is Langtoft and beyond King Street in the west is Greatford.

Geology
The parish lies on a fan of gravel from the Devensian glacial period, which spreads from the upland mouth of the valley of the River Welland, to the east of Stamford, Lincolnshire. There are two main forms of business in the parish: arable farming and gravel extraction. The flooded gravel pits subsequently lend themselves to development for leisure pursuits such as angling, birdwatching and watersports. The gravel was washed down from the tundra environment to the west and deposited in the periglacial lake, known as Lake Fenland, below the icy waters of which the site of Baston then lay.

Education
Independent special school Kirkstone House School has been in the village since 1964.

Baston CE Primary School was opened in the village in July 1993.

Sport
In 2002, a group of local residents decided that the village needed an area where a range of sports could be conducted. The cost of a sports hall was thought to be prohibitive, so the project was focused on a multi-use sports and skateboarding area. Following a village-wide survey, which had a 37% return rate, a public meeting was held in June 2002. As a result of both the survey and public meeting, it was decided that there was a mandate from the village to progress the project. Consequently, B-Active was formed as a sub-committee of the BPFMC.

As part of this the Baston Football Club was formed in 2005, and joined the Grantham & District Saturday Afternoon League. The club runs two adult teams playing in the Peterborough & District League on a Saturday afternoon. It plays its home games at Brudenell Playing Field in Baston, and is sponsored by local businesses. Baston cricket club plays in the south Lincs Division 1 league. The club won promotion last year by winning the division 2 title. Off the playing field the cricket club is advancing at a rapid pace. Last year saw the club purchase covers, and new this season is a pair of sight screens built from scratch and kindly donated by club member 'Big' Dave Ford. There are tennis courts for year-round use.

Both sports field and village hall are managed by the Brudenell Playing Fields Management Committee.

title: Baston


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Talk:X Bar X Boys

See [] for discussion about User FWDixon/Bob Finnan's link spamming and plagiarism.

Finnan's X Bar X page was copied from http://unofficial.umkc.edu/crossonm/xbarxboys.htm and http://home.pacbell.net/dbaumann/

title: Talk:X Bar X Boys


title: User:Alm93


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Igmore

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. [[smoddy ]] 17:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Igmore
Neologism. --Ryan Delaney talk 17:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. As per nominator. KeithD (talk) 17:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it wasn't a neologism, it would be a dicdef anyway. Funny, tho. -- BD2412 talk 18:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Al 18:23, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per BD2412. Alf 20:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another freaking neologism. And dictionary definition. Optichan 21:11, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Tεx  τ  urε  16:40, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Igmore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Omnial

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 23:06, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Omnial
VfD not previously listed - no vote --Doc (?) 19:53, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Non-notable pretender to be an international auxiliary language. — Carlos Th (talk) 17:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nominator. — Carlos Th (talk) 17:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per nominator. --IJzeren Jan 08:16, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. "Omnial language" gets 50 Ghits but only about half are for this language, most of those are mere mentions in lists, or Wikipedia pages and mirrors. --Jim Henry | Talk 14:26, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Omnial


text:
Scourge of the Slave Lords

Scourge of the Slave Lords (A1–4) is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, published by TSR, Inc. in 1986. It combines the contents of four earlier modules, all set in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting and intended for use with Advanced Dungeons & Dragons first edition rules.

Scourge of the Slave Lords was ranked the 20th greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004.

Overview
The original series consisted of four modules: Each module is a self-contained scenario that leads into the next adventure in the series. The series is designed to be used in the World of Greyhawk, but can be imported to any campaign setting. The modules are set in the Pomarj. According to From the Ashes, this adventure took place in Highport and Drachensgrabs.
 * A1 Slave Pits of the Undercity
 * A2 Secret of the Slavers Stockade
 * A3 Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords
 * A4 In the Dungeons of the Slave Lords

A1 Slave Pits of the Undercity
Slave Pits of the Undercity was published by TSR in 1980 as a 24-page booklet, and was written by David Cook. The cover artwork by Jeff Dee features an illustration of two aspis fighting a party of adventurers (including a bearded female dwarf). The interior art was done by Dee, David S. LaForce, Jim Roslof, and Bill Willingham.

As the first module in the series, Slave Pits of the Undercity was the first TSR publication to introduce players in the Greyhawk setting to the Slave Lords and their operations in the central and southwestern Flanaess. The module has been described as the first adventure in a series of medium-level scenarios that provide the player characters with the goal of finding down raiders who have been attacking coastal areas.

Synopsis
The events of the adventure are set in 580 CY, following four years of raids by slavers on the coastal population along the Sea of Gearnat from Onnwal to the Wild Coast. Local lords, finally tired of the situation, hire a band of adventurers to attack the slavers in their home. The adventure begins in the Pomarj city of Highport at a ruined temple which serves as a headquarters for the slavers. The module takes the group through the temple and into the sewers below where giant insect-like creatures make their lair along with the slave lords.

As the player characters progress against the activities of the band of slavers, they will battle orcs and the giants insects living in the sewers beneath the city that the slavers conquered. Eventually the group reaches the prisoners and their captors, and finds a map showing the route of the caravans. Following this map leads the group to the second module, Secret of the Slavers Stockade.

A2 Secret of the Slavers Stockade
Secrets of the Slavers Stockade was published by TSR in 1981 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder, and was written by Harold Johnson and Tom Moldvay. The cover artwork by Jim Roslof features a drawing of two hobgoblins, one of which is a sergeant with a leashed boggle, and a party of adventurers. The interior art was done by Roslof, Dee, Willingham, and Erol Otus. The scenario involves a lost fortress where slaves are held prisoner to fatten them up.

Synopsis
The previous adventure ends with the capture of a map to a fortress citadel in the hills, used by the slavers as a waypoint on their route. The A2 module gives the Dungeon Master the option to run an overland adventure of 110 miles (177 kilometers) through the Drachensgrab Hills to reach the fort shown on the map, or simply start the adventure with the party overlooking the fort itself. The object of the module is to enter the fort through stealthy means and slowly eliminate the slavers before a general alarm can be raised.

Eventually the group of adventurers makes their way through the fort, avoiding hobgoblin patrols, and reaches a dungeon area. After exploring the dungeons, the players eventually learn that this fort is not the headquarters of the Slave Lords. In fact, the real stronghold of the Slave Lords is located somewhere in the Drachensgrab Hills. This revelation leads the adventurers to the third installment in the series.

A3 Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords
Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords was published by TSR in 1981 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder, and was written by Allen Hammack. The cover artwork by Jeff Dee features a drawing of five of the nine Slave Lords. These five are Nerelas the assassin, Mordrammo the priest, Feetla the master buccaneer, Ajakstu the magic-user, and Brother Milerjoi the monk. The interior art was done by Dee, LaForce, Otus, Roslof, and Willingham. In this scenario the characters continue to search for the slavers in the depths underneath the Drachensgrab Mountains.

Synopsis
The first part of the module consists of a dangerous labyrinth. This portion of the adventure is meant to be finished within three hours, in tournament mode. It is a trap-filled, monster-heavy section used to lure the group into a secret tunnel leading to the hidden city of Suderham.

In the second part of the adventure, the group discovers the haven of the Slave Lords, a town on an island in a volcanic crater. This new setting, the city of Suderham, offers the players an opportunity to test their roleplaying skills rather than primarily focusing on combat or stealth.

The module provides a number of non-player characters in the city with whom the players can interact and exchange information. To complete the module, the group must find one of several secret entrances to the catacombs beneath the city where the final part of the adventure plays out.

The third section of the adventure moves at a rapid pace in tournament mode, and each room encountered in the level is filled with dangerous creatures. In the final room of the section, the players are captured as a set-up for In the Dungeons of the Slave Lords. If this section is played outside of a tournament, however, it is possible for the players to defeat the slavers and exit the area victorious.

A4 In the Dungeons of the Slave Lords
In the Dungeons of the Slave Lords, the final module in the series, was published by TSR in 1981 as a 32-page booklet with an outer folder, and was written by Lawrence Schick. The cover artwork by Erol Otus features a drawing of a group of myconid (fungus men) fighting a party of adventurers. The interior art was done by Otus, Roslof, Willingham, Steve Sullivan, David C. Sutherland III, and Jean Wells.

Synopsis
The A3 module finishes with the player characters as captives of the Slave Lords, and they begin module A4 in the same condition. The module begins with the party trapped, without any gear, deep underground below a volcanic island. The Slave Lords have captured the characters, and have left them for dead in this dark cave system as an erupting volcano threatens to destroy the island. Through a series of incidents they quickly find themselves free but completely bereft of equipment and spells.

The final scenario plays out as a massive earthquake threatens to bring down the tunnels around the group, and they must exit the caverns within four hours or perish in the ensuing collapse. The labyrinth is a difficult test for characters without equipment and spells, and challenges the players' wits and role-playing ability rather than focusing on traditional combat.

Once the players emerge from the caverns, they face the final test of escaping the island itself, which can be accomplished by attacking the surviving Slave Lords, escaping via a different boat, or possibly by swimming.

Pre-generated characters
Because the original modules were run as a tournament event, the compilation includes nine pre-generated characters for use in tournament mode. They are Elwita (dwarf fighter), Ogre (human fighter), Freda (human ranger), Karraway (human cleric), Blodgett (halfling thief), Dread Delgath (human magic-user), Phanstern (human illusionist), Eljayess (half-elf cleric/fighter), and Kayen Telva (elf fighter/magic-user). Each of these characters has a standard list of equipment and prepared spells so that tournament players can begin the game with very little preparation.

Scoring
Due to their design for use at Gen Con XIII, each A series module includes a scoring scheme. This scheme essentially takes the number of surviving characters and gives them points for visiting the largest number of areas described in the adventure. Each area contains additional points available for gain or loss based on specific actions by the players.

Publication history
The A series of modules was created for tournament use at Gen Con XIII in 1980, as the AD&D Open Tournament. The first two modules, and the first part of the third module served as the first round of the tournament, while the second part of the third module was the semifinal and the fourth module was the final round. The modules were then expanded and published for campaign play; the original locations used in the tournament are clearly marked on the maps and in the related text, and the modules include a scoring system for those interested in recreating the competition. Slave Pits of the Undercity, for example, contains both characters that had been tested in tournament play and a tournament scoring system. The first module was published in 1980, and the other three were published in 1981.

The omnibus A1–4 supermodule was published in 1986 as a 128-page book with a sixteen-page map booklet and a cover by Jeff Easley, and was slightly revised for play by higher level characters in order for it to be used as a continuation adventure for campaigns beginning with supermodule T1–4 The Temple of Elemental Evil. The overall campaign could then be continued into the GDQ1–7 supermodule Queen of the Spiders. Design contributors to the revision (including the original module designers) were David Cook, Allen Hammack, Harold Johnson, Tom Moldvay, Lawrence Schick, and Edward Carmien. Cook did the revision, and editing was by Johnson, Jon Pickens, Brian Pitzer, Edward G. Sollers, Stephen D. Sullivan, and Steve Winter.

In 2000, Wizards of the Coast released Slavers, a sequel adventure for 2nd edition AD&D rules. The sequel is also set in Greyhawk, and takes place ten years after the conclusion of the events in A1–4.

In 2002, Kenzer and Company published a HackMaster module based on Scourge of the Slave Lords, named Smackdown the Slavers.

All four modules of the A-series were included as part of the Against the Slave Lords hardcover collection, released on June 18, 2013. Also included was the newly-written fifth adventure A0: Danger at Darkshelf Quarry. The hardcover includes a foreword written by each of the four surviving designers of the original modules. David Cook writes: "In the early days of TSR, we were still feeling things out, learning what we could and couldn't do. It was in a previous GEN CON Game Fair that we had heard murmurs that the AD&D tournament needed some work. We hadn't realized until then how much the tournament could be, should be, a showcase event. The players who came to Wisconsin deserved a deliberately crafted experience, something that could show TSR and AD&D in the best possible way." Harold Johnson writes: "Our goal was to provide a model for a new type of adventure that encouraged DMs to use strategy to challenge the players to think. Up to this point, adventures presented monsters that attacked and fought to the death. We wanted to show that even weak monsters could be dangerous when played intelligently." Allen Hammack writes: "Some people have asked about names in the modules. Yes, I have fun with words. Combining Latin and Greek, pulling player and character names from my campaign, and twisting the results so they sounded right when I heard them—all were in the bag of tricks. "Suderham," for example, combined elements that to me meant "south home" (a nod to my Alabama roots), and was also a tip of the hat to my artist friend, the late, great Dave Sutherland. 'Ayares the Cutpurse' reflected my long-standing annoyance with the Internal Revenue Service." Lawrence Schick writes that he was inspired by an idea from Harold Johnson: "In his campaign one night, Harold had our characters get captured, whereupon he took away all our stuff and threw us in a dungeon. The challenge: escape without relying on all our carefully hoarded adventuring gear. Were our characters people with skills and brains, or were they really just lists of equipment?"

The original TSR product codes for modules A1, A2, A3 and A4 are 9039, 9040, 9041, and 9042 respectively.

Reception
Elisabeth Barrington reviewed Slave Pits of the Undercity in 1981, in The Space Gamer No. 35. She felt that the art was neat and organized, and on par with other art from TSR, although she felt that the maps required thorough study before play, as they are slightly too small for quick reference. Barrington felt that the module would not require much re-working, stating that it is "Recommended as is for AD&D enthusiasts."

Anders Swenson reviewed Slave Pits of the Undercity for Different Worlds magazine and stated that "Slave Pits of the Undercity is a reasonable adventure. If you like to purchase published modules for your campaign, you will probably find that the quality of this adventure compensates for its relative brevity, considering the price."

Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds notes that Slave Pits of the Undercity has "Some ingenious situations."

Dungeon Master for Dummies lists Slave Pits of the Undercity as one of the ten best classic adventures.

According to Lev Lafayette of RPGNet, Slave Pits of the Undercity is a fairly good dungeon crawl. It has problems, such as a too-small font and underdeveloped storyline. On the other hand, Lafayette felt that its difficulty was appropriate for characters level 4–7, and that the tournament scoring system worked well. Lafayette called Secret of the Slavers Stockade "the low point of the four A series modules". Although he liked that it had forty pages, he also felt the artwork was sparse, and that the module was overly difficult for its intended character levels. Secret of the Slavers' Stockade was reviewed in Different Worlds magazine in November 1981. The reviewer complained that the module was poorly edited, and that it would have been easier to use with a roster of monsters provided. However, he said the module was "reasonably well done" overall, and a "good, workman-like" adventure. He praised the development of the antagonists and the care to characterize the reactions of the various monsters.

All four modules were reviewed by Jim Bambra in issue No. 33 of White Dwarf magazine, who scored them 7 out of 10 as a whole, and reported A4 as the best adventure. He felt they were tough and held some surprises for players used to hack-and-slash dungeons. He also said Dungeon Masters needed to be creative and adaptive in describing dungeon rooms and remember that the occupants were dynamic and reacted to characters. Bambra was very critical of the editing done on the modules and pointed out several mistakes, concluding that "these modules should never have been released with such errors".

Ken Rolston reviewed Scourge of the Slavelords for Dragon magazine #133 (May 1988). Rolston felt that a lot of the new material added to develop the Slavelords campaign was "quite good, particularly the first two new chapters of campaign material which bring the characters up to the original A1-4 scenarios". He noted that the scenarios from the four original tournament designs were mostly unchanged, and that the designs are "superior examples of their genre, though some are more suited to campaign play". He concluded the review with an evaluation stating: "The quality of the new campaign material varies from excellent to acceptable, but at its best, it’s really satisfying. As a campaign pack, we’re talking a minimum of nine big gaming sessions (and probably more; if the DM develops the campaign outlines and additional encounters). It’s occasionally clumsy and unconvincing, but what it lacks in polish and refinement it makes up for in sheer mass, energy, and fiendishness."

Scourge of the Slave Lords was ranked the 20th greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004.

Scott Taylor of Black Gate in 2015 rated the Slave Lords series as #2 in "The Top 10 Campaign Adventure Module Series of All Time, saying "as it is legendary both in name and artwork, as well as having been done in two supermodule reprints, I have to say it certainly is a classic among classics."

title: Scourge of the Slave Lords


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User talk:Topbanana/Reports/A disambiguation link is suggested

Can you recreate this list to eliminate the ones which are already disambigs? For example, Bellevue is already a dab page, so listing it as confusable with Bellevue, Washington isn't very helpful. —Wahoofive (talk) 17:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that it's useful to list disambigs if they do not link to the other page. For instance, if [foo] does not link to [bar foo], it should be listed. --Smack (talk) 15:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Agree. But most of the dabs listed here DO link to the other named page. —Wahoofive (talk) 17:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Fawn in Forest

Fawn in Forest
I took this picture one morning when I saw a fawn wandering around in the woods. It approached until it was about 10 feet from me, making for some great shots. Appears on deer.
 * Self Nom. --Elfer 17:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The deer is in a strange position! I think it is brilliant! Thelb4 18:56, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support! Thelb4 10:49, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - It has obviously seen you, too ;) -- Chris 73 Talk 12:10, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, yeah, I think the reason the deer came so close was because it saw me. It was somehow separated from the mother deer.  It actually started following me when I started to leave.  I didn't want to be right near the baby when the mother turned up --Elfer 22:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - lovely picture - Adrian Pingstone 20:36, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I wonder where the mother deer is though. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 21:06, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * We'd seen this fawn before, but with another fawn and the mother deer with it. I guess it got separated from the mother deer for a while somehow, but it was a great opportunity to get some pictures.  I have another picture, where the deer is in more of a "stereotypical cute fawn" pose, but in that photo, the fawn's rear legs are obscured by a tree that was closer to the camera. --Elfer 22:37, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I think this picture is as good as I've ever seen. It is a perfect representation of a fawn. Seriously, nice work. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 01:00, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, here's the other picture anyway, in case you wanted to take a gander at it. TREEEEEEEE! --Elfer 03:17, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh, come to think of it, this picture had something that almost ruined it, but a quick once-over with photoshop took it out quite convincingly. --Elfer 05:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The fawn's left ear, the bark of the trees and general parts of the background appear too blue, or at least off-colour somewhat. Burn the asylum 09:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Err... I'm not sure why they would seem off-colour, because these colours are pretty accurate to the location.  I'm sorry, but that's the colour of the bark where those trees are. --Elfer 16:49, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It is a lovely pic! But I'd like to see more detail in the background, and some more red in the mix: (see edit) ~ Veledan • Talk + new 10:33, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What program did you use for that? The colour is somewhat more vibrant in that one, but it looks like the background has gotten really grainy. --Elfer 16:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Photoshop CS. It's the auto shadow/highlight levels corrector and then an auto colour balance followed by a manual tweak to add more red and yellow.  I don't think it has come out grainy myself - the colour variation you can see in the edited background is the detail of the forest floor which was all quite dark in the original.  I'm too undecided to vote for either version though.  I do like the pic, (sufficiently strongly to have played with it and uploaded a new verson!), but I have to agree with Raven4x4 below that it isn't quite sharp / detailed enough to be outstanding. ~ Veledan • Talk + new 19:47, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I hate to do this, but I have to oppose. It's a lovely picture but the sharpness isn't there on either version. Raven4x4x 00:29, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Lighting makes the whole picture look a bit bland. Enochlau 03:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support second version. James F. (talk) 12:58, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

-- Enochlau 06:09, 10 September 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Tecumseh's War

Not a Chief
For all the inadequacies in the Tecumseh personal listing, it correctly lists Tecumseh as a "leader" of the Shawnee. Chiefs had specific duties in each of the Shawnee septs, although there were some exceptions, Tecumseh belonged to the Kispokota sept, which provided war chiefs, yet he was not a war chief but simply a reknowned warrior. Although I can understand where someone might say this doesn't matter as his elevated position made him a de facto chief, historians who have studied him usually come down on the side of calling him a leader of the Shawnee, but never a chief. I'm changing it.Ismaelbobo (talk) 14:57, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

== leader ==

unmatched bravery and courage —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.252.75.88 (talk) 12:44, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

contradict
treaty of fort wayne = 2.5 mil or 3? I assume this article is correct, it's very well done (especially compared to 'Tecumsah'). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Xiaphias (talk • contribs) 12:32, 12 April 2007 (UTC).

 * It was 3M acres. Articles amended/reference cited. Sunray 07:48, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Removed paragraph
I have removed this paragraph to the talk page:

 * Willig (1997) argues that Tippecanoe was not only the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region but served as a major center of Indian culture and final rampart defense against whites. It was an intertribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand Native Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites, served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement. Led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength. US government attempts, from the George Washington to William Henry Harrison administrations, to rid the area of the numerous Indian tribes eventually met with success as the Indians retreated westward by 1840 to avoid the large numbers of whites entering their territory.

Reference
There are quite a few problems with it, and it makes me believe either the source is not authoritative, or the source is being misrepresented. Tippecanoe was NOT the largest native settlement in the great lakes region. There were several that were larger. Most of the great lakes settlements were intertribal and interrelgious, there was nothing particularly different in that regards about Prophetstown, except that it was founded specifically for that purpose. "US government attempts, from the George Washington to William Henry Harrison administrations" - but the natives were removed entirely during the 1830s, a decade before the Harrison administration. To suggest Prophetstown was a "westward barrier" is ridiculous, especially considering there were already tens of thousands of settlers living on the west side of the town when it was founded. Perhaps it blocked northward expansion into the great lakes area, but it had not bearing whatsoever on westward expansion. This also suggests the tribes "retreated" militarily westward by 1840, when in fact they accept treaties and land grants in Kansas, 20 years after the violence of the period of this article abated. The two events are only indirectly connected. I have no problem with adding this information in a factual way, and talking about the importance of Prophetstown during its time, but this exaggerates the truth. —Charles Edward (Talk 14:34, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * You raise a number of concerns with this text. I appreciate your flagging this as problematic. The article, is from the Michigan Historical Review, a peer reviewed journal at Central Michigan University (see the first page/citation here). Normally an article published in a peer reviewed journal is considered reliable. As editors, we have an obligation to address all publications from reliable sources. However, there are many ways of doing that. The best approach is to see whether there is a scholarly consensus on this. If there is, we report that. If there are differences in the literature, we would also describe that. If this is a minority view, our obligation is to ensure due weight in accordance with the sources. So the first thing we need to look at is other sources on this subject. Would you be able to provide some that you think are appropriate? Sunray (talk) 16:08, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Sunray is correct--someone like user:Charles Edward who objects to sourced text based on RS has to present alternative RS rather than personal opinions. And indeed even if he does find an alternative we don't erase. Charles Edward seems to have misread the text, which correctly says the Indians were gone by 1840 (Charles Edward says they left in the 1830s). The author of the article makes a convincing case it was the largest settlement, but Charles Edward provides no evidence otherwise. So let it stand and invite Charles Edward to do some research in RS.  Professor Willig has expanded his essay into a full-length book on the subject Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783-1815 (University of Nebraska Press 2008) & that book has been well reviewed by scholars:  1) "Restoring the Chain of Friendship does an admirable job of exploring the complications of British policy, and it does an even greater service for the field by explaining how native opinions and actions contributed to those complications."—John P. Bowes in Journal of American History;  2) "Willig has made a major contribution to the field....it will be of special interest to those seeking to make sense of the varied native responses to that enigmatic conflict." Sandy Antal in Northwest Ohio History; 3) "Willigs analyses of Indian and British relations 'on the ground' are persuasively connected to a history of policy development and implementation because he is able to incorporate a great deal of Native perspective." Kiara M. Vigil in Michigan Historical Review''.  Rjensen (talk) 06:15, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, Rjensen. So lovely to come into contact with you again. I do not wish to engage in a debate if it is just going to be you and I, because as I have found before, that will go nowhere. My statement was not that source was unreliable, I stated that either the author is being misrepresented (which I think to be the case) or he just don't know what he is talking about and is not authoritative on the subject, as in there were multiple and clear errors in the paragraph. Having read many articles and books on this topic, and being very familiar with this topic and related topic (and being the primary editor of this article and many of the northwestern American history articles on wikipedia), I can say definitively that the paragraph is just plain wrong and misleading as wrote. Lets just focus on one important part. The paragraph alleges the administration of President Harrison was involved in Indiana removal. The man died in his first month of the presidency, he made only one official act during his whole time in office, and the natives were almost entirely removed by 1833, during the term of Andrew Jackson with the final being removed in 1836 during the term of Van Buren, several years before the term of Harrison. Maybe just another example, if there tens of thousands of settlers living in Illinois (east of Indiana), how was Prophetstown (east of Illinois) preventing westward expansion? And census statistics show exponential increase in white and black population in Illinois during the period of this conflict, then in just what way was Prophetstown actually hindering westward movement of settlers? The paragraph as written in demonstrably false. If you want to update the article in a factual and properly referenced way, feel free. :)

 * If someone wants to have a legitimate discussion about this topic and exchange sources, I would be glad to do so (when I can find some time). (But I know that is not what you are here to do, Mr Jensen. And yes, I can prove its you. And yes, that does compromise your ability to edit any American History or American Politics related article, IMO.) You are complete right Sunray, except on one point. The onus is on the adder of content to reference their material. I bet if you check the source cited you will find it does not at all back up what it is referencing because it is so out of line with the truth on several points. Do you have access to that source to verify? If not I will try and look up. I don't know who added that paragraph because I have not checked, but Mr Jensen has a history of manipulating sources, or outright lying about them.(If I am wrong, I will gladly admit as much, and work to bring sources to include the factual view into the article, alongside the non-factual one. Happy editing. :) —Charles Edward (Talk 19:59, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * One more item. Rjensen, I checked the history and you indeed restored the revision. In good faith, I assume you must have access to the source (because to add content without access to the source would be a violation of policy). Could you provide direct quotes from the work cited to back up the claims of the paragraph. Your referencing style is also inappropriate according to WP:RS. Being a lengthy paragraph, and citing a range of pages should not be done. Please reference the specific pages to the specific statements they support. That should clear things up very nicely and establish that you are correct. Thanks —Charles Edward (Talk 20:03, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't see a problem with reinserting that text. The source appears to be reliable. However, you have raised some concerns and they should be addressed here. One point you make is that Willig is possibly being misrepresented. We can check that. As to whether the Willig just doesn't know what he is talking about: Did you read my post, above? We need to make decisions based on facts and evidence. The first step is to find some sources that show whether the quote goes against scholarly consensus, is a minority viewpoint, or is a tiny minority (e.g., a lone voice). Would you be able to do that? Sunray (talk) 20:11, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Charles_Edward certainly has a bad temper, and has been unable to share with us the titles of RS he is using. He also misidentifies me as somebody else who is no relation. I think the problem, since corrected, is that the text regarding the administration of William Henry Harrison should have made clear it was his governorship that was involved.Rjensen (talk) 20:22, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, it is important to stick to content, not the contributor :) Thanks for your clarification about Harrison. Sunray (talk) 20:29, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes Sunray, I completely agree. If Willig indeed makes such claims they should definitely be included. I don't have a temper Mr Jensen. :) But based on previous, lengthy, unending conversations and debate with you, and knowing your historic editing patterns, I know where this thread is likely going to go. And no, I have not misidentified you. As stated, I can prove it. I can assume you are not then going to provide quotations from the source to back up the assertions made? I guess I am going to have to go to library and get the book, and look it up myself, only to find you are misrepresenting sources - again. —Charles Edward (Talk 21:05, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * well we can start with the population figure that Charles Edward contests. The source for Willig is online at Willig footnote 2 and everyone can see that Willig knows what he is talking about. Charles Edward does not have any sources--zip nada zero. Second we can look at "westward expansion" -- all historians of the frontier have treated the movement of whites into Indiana/Ohio/Illinois as part of the westward movement (even if some short family moves were actually due north). See Ray Billington, Westward Expansion (1974) p 283. As for Harrison administration the reference is to his governorship of Indiana 1801-12 which was a federal job, not his 30 days in the White House in 1841. Rjensen (talk) 21:17, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

(outdent)Uh-huh. I am not going to debate you over this Mr Jensen until I get the sources in hand myself. I don't have access to Jstor, sorry. Does Willig say Prophetstown was "the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region", and could please provide a quotation. I am not trying to add content, I don't need a source. You are trying to add content, you do. You have provided one, and I think you are being dishonest about it, because you have in the past. If I was not certain I was correct, I would let this pass, as I have in other areas I have a hunch you are doing the same thing. But I am expert on this subject. I teach it. And I do know I am right. I will get the source myself and find out. Its that easy. If you are right what do you have to worry about? I am the one who will look like a fool! :) —Charles Edward (Talk 21:53, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * anybody can click on this link and see that Willig has reliable information on population, and Charles_Edward does not. Charles_Edward appears to be bluffing. " I am expert on this subject. I teach it." he says. really--where does he teach it? what validates his expertise? Rjensen (talk) 22:09, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * LOL, same old tired methods. I am not presenting my expertise as a reason to believe me. I am presenting it as my rationale for believing you are wrong. I will have the source soon enough, and that will be the reason the remove or update the paragraph. You know full well you can only view the first page of Jstor papers without a login. If thats all you have access to, then why does the does the citation give all the pages? Furthermore, if that is all you have then it certainly does not support the full contents of that paragraph now does it? (Where do I teach it? Well I just happened to have gave a full weekend of lectures for events commemorating the two hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Tippecanoe, which also happens to be a featured article on Wikipedia that I authored.... Aside from that there is no WAY I am telling you where I teach, you are a troublemaker and I don't you causing trouble at my school for me.) —Charles Edward (Talk 22:18, 9 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter whether or where one teaches. Sources matter. Period. Sunray (talk) 17:18, 10 November 2011 (UTC)
 * You are exactly right, Sunray. I now have a pdf copy of the source, I'd be glad to email it to you if you would like to review it yourself. I will here shortly rewrite the paragraph, removing the portions now supported by the source. The source is a very good one, it would be a great tool for expanding this article significantly. If I have time, I will do so. There are some great insights into the witch hunts and intimidation used by Tecumseh and Tesnketawa against their Native American adversaries, and the source goes in great length describing the radical departures from traditional native American belief Tesnketawa's teachings were. It also goes on to tell how it led to near conflict as the northern Algonquin tribes were cast out of the movement by Tesnketawa, and actually sent war parties to attack Prophetstown. Anyway, some excellent source material for discussing the inner workings of the movement, and its impact on the wider Native American community. —Charles Edward (Talk 02:11, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

Ok here is a before:

 * Willig (1997) argues that Tippecanoe was not only the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region but served as a major center of Indian culture and final rampart defense against whites. It was an intertribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand Native Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites, served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement. Led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength. Government attempts, starting with President George Washington, to rid the area of the numerous Indian tribes eventually met with success as the Indians retreated westward before 1840 to avoid the large numbers of whites entering their territory.

Here is after:

 * Willig (1997) states that Tippecanoe was the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region and served as important cultural and religious center. It was an intertribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand Native Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites. Led by Tenskwatawa initially, and later jointly with Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength.

Here are the facts.
 * The source makes no statement at all suggesting it was a "final rampart defense against whites."
 * It makes not statement suggesting the settlement "served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement"
 * The source deals almost exclusively with the religious and cultural aspect of the settlement, and not does not support the statement "Government attempts, starting with President George Washington, to rid the area of the numerous Indian tribes eventually met with success as the Indians retreated westward before 1840 to avoid the large numbers of whites entering their territory". The name "George Washingon" is never mentioned (but does mention Anthony Wayne), and actually speaks of how earlier administrations, most notably Jefferson, believed the whites and Native tribes could cooexist peacefully.
 * I removed this sentance "Led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength", because it is already pointed out two paragraphs prior.

My primary point of disagreement with Willig is this (and I think he it is because he just does not clarify himself, not that he is wrong). Tippecanoe was certainly the largest settlement in the region at the time, but Willig states it was the largest ever. I believe he is referring to the period when the area was being colonized, although he does not state it. To suggest it was the largest ever in the region is incorrect. Cahokia, about 200 miles west, had an estimated population of 30,000 in 600 AD (Several of the Mississippian era settlements including several in Indiana and Ohio had populations over 5,000). The statement made that it is the largest ever completely ignores the fact that something (probably European plagues) devastated the region and its largest cities during the 1400s-1500s, and turning the tribes to a semi-nomadic lifestyle only about five generations before European entry into the region. (A brief explanation here ) Kekiogna and Onondaga, both contemporary to the late woodland period, had populations close to the size of Prophetstown at their peaks. Here is a reference to estimated village sizes among Iroqion tribes in eastern part of the region, note several are comparably in size. I will also point out, that the 3,000 estimate is the highest out there, this source suggests 1,000, this source suggests 130 warriors in 1808 and that the 3,000 figure represents the total population within a 30 mile radius. This source suggests the population may have been as low as 650 in the settlments. I think it is certainly fair to say "it was the largest settlement in the region 1808-1811, but other than that time period it was not, and it was not the largest native settlement ever in the region. Prophetstown\Tippecanoe was an important settlement during its brief history, and that should be fully explained, but it should not be exaggerated into being something it was not. —Charles Edward (Talk 03:05, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

One other thing: Mr Jensen, please stop adding unreferenced material to wikipedia, please stop using source you do not actually have access to, and please stop misrepresenting sources. As I have said before this is not the first time I have came across you doing this, and I have carefully documented our last encounters, and have source material, etc, to prove you are purposefully inserting misleading falsehoods into articles. I will seek admin intervention if you continue to abuse your editing privileges and I believe your actions will warrant a topic ban. —Charles Edward (Talk 03:13, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:22, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Tecumseh Shawnee Dollar.JPG

title: Talk:Tecumseh's War


text:
Talk:Tenskwatawa

Citations needed for Early Years
The second paragraph of this section did not contain any appropriate citations. I added the citation to John Sugden's book, which describes Lalawethika's outsider status. I also changed the phrase "the laughingstock of his community" to "an outsider to his community", because there is nothing in the Sugden citation to indicate that Lalawethika was "the" laughingstock, just that he was not popular. There might have been others who were also unpopular in that community. Drvestone (talk) 14:37, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Inline citations added Rosalina523 (talk) 16:36, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Supposed 20-year Presidential curse
Look, I don't believe in ANYTHING supernatural, and certainly don't believe Tenskwatawa could see more than a century into the future. Still, shouldn't there be some mention of the supposed Presidential curse that he placed on the future President William Henry Harrison and various of his successors on behalf of his defeated (and killed) brother Tecumseh?

I'll admit it was a pretty weird spell to cast--I mean, given the only-every-two-decades stipulation--and that some historians dispute it was ever voiced in the first place, yet it IS quoted in full in Roger Matuz's massive Presidential Fact Book (including the line "Harrison will die, and after him every Great Chief chosen every twenty years thereafter shall also die.")   True, it doesn't specify "in office", so by that criterion, even the assassination-surviving Reagan qualifies! (And I suppose you could argue that Great Chief refers to Chief Justices, though obviously WHH never served in that role.)

And yeah, it doesn't take much of a seer to foresee that every member of any certain group will die. Still, given the persistence of this curse-or-myth, shouldn't it be detailed herein? [signed] FLORIDA BRYAN 99.99.22.25 (talk) 09:27, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Do we have an article about this 20-year curse? (See next.) Misty MH (talk) 21:54, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I just looked, and yes we do! Excellent. It goes by several names, but is called on W. Curse of Tippecanoe. Misty MH (talk) 21:59, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Where is the signature for the person above? Did someone delete it? Misty MH (talk) 21:54, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Stepped back through the history and somehow this entry seems not to have been caught by SineBot. Hope adding in this manner isn't gauche Natty10000 | Natter  02:54, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

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Repetition
Why does the article repeat a lot of similar points? For example his death is mentioned 3 times in different sections. KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:17, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Is This Article and Orphan?
There seem to be a lot of problems, and not just the repetition noted by @KAVEBEAR. Examples: The Prophecy section does not actually mention his prophecy; neither does the rest of the article. In fact, the entry seems to do little other than beat around the bush on the whole subject that actually defined his grievances with the US and launched him as an historical character. If this is not an orphan, could someone with subject matter expertise take a shot at improving it, please? I will help in any way that I can, but I can seeking knowledge, not bearing it. Cheers, Last1in (talk) 02:22, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I have made some effort to clean up the duplicate sections. I also repaired the lead and restored it to a prior version. —Charles Edward (Talk 13:11, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tenskwatawa


text:
Ionian school (philosophy)

The Ionian school of pre-Socratic philosophy refers to Ancient Greek philosophers, or a school of thought, in Ionia in the 6th century B.C, the first in the Western tradition.

The Ionian school included such thinkers as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus. This classification can be traced to the doxographer Sotion. The doxographer Diogenes Laërtius divides pre-Socratic philosophy into the Ionian and Italian school. The collective affinity of the Ionians was first acknowledged by Aristotle who called them physiologoi (φυσιολόγοι), or natural philosophers. They are sometimes referred to as cosmologists, since they studied stars and maths, gave cosmogonies and were largely physicalists who tried to explain the nature of matter.

The first three philosophers (Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes) were all centred in the mercantile city of Miletus on the Maeander River and are collectively referred to as the Milesian school. They sought to explain nature by finding its fundamental element called the arche. They seemed to think although matter could change from one form to another, all matter had something in common which did not change. They were thus characterized by Aristotle as material monists. They also believed all was alive, or were hylozoists. The Milesians did not agree on what all things had in common, and did not seem to experiment to find out, but used abstract reasoning rather than religion or mythology to explain themselves, and are thus credited as the first philosophers.

Thales
Thales (Greek: Θαλῆς, Thalēs) of Miletus (c. 624 – c. 546 BCE) is regarded as the earliest Western philosopher. Before him, the Greeks explained the origin and nature of the world through myths of anthropomorphic gods and heroes. Phenomena like lightning and earthquakes were attributed to actions of the gods. By contrast, Thales attempted to find naturalistic explanations of the world, without reference to the supernatural. He explained earthquakes by imagining that the Earth floats on water, and that earthquakes occur when the Earth is rocked by waves. Thales' most famous belief was his cosmological doctrine, which held that the world originated from water.

Aristotle wrote in Metaphysics, "Thales, the founder of this school of philosophy [Ionian school], says the permanent entity is water (which is why he also propounded that the earth floats on water). Presumably he derived this assumption from seeing the nutriment of everything is moist, and that heat itself is generated from moisture and depends upon it for its existence (and that from which a thing is generated is always its first principle). He derived his assumption, then, from this; and also from the fact that the seeds of everything have a moist nature, whereas water is the first principle of the nature of moist things."

Anaximander
Anaximander (Greek: Ἀναξίμανδρος, Anaximandros) (c. 610 – c. 546 BCE) wrote a cosmological work, little of which remains. From the few extant fragments, we learn that he believed the beginning or first principle (arche, a word first found in Anaximander's writings, and which he probably invented) is an endless, unlimited mass (apeiron), subject to neither old age nor decay, which perpetually yields fresh materials from which everything we can perceive is derived.

Anaximenes
Anaximenes of Miletus (Greek: Ἀναξιμένης ὁ Μιλήσιος; c. 585 – c. 528 BCE), like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism and believed that air is the arche.

Heraclitus
Heraclitus (Greek: Ἡράκλειτος, Hērakleitos) of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) disagreed with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras about the nature of the ultimate substance and claimed instead that everything is derived from the Greek classical element fire, rather than from air, water, or earth. This led to the belief that change is real, and stability illusory. For Heraclitus "Everything flows, nothing stands still." He is also famous for saying: "No man can cross the same river twice, because neither the man nor the river are the same."

Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (Greek: Ἀναξαγόρας) of Clazomenae (c. 510 – c. 428 BCE) regarded material substance as an infinite multitude of imperishable primary elements, referring all generation and disappearance to mixture and separation respectively. All substance is ordered by an ordering force, the cosmic mind (nous).

Archelaus
Archelaus (Greek: Ἀρχέλαος, Arkhelaos) was a Greek philosopher of the 5th century BCE, born probably in Athens. He was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and is said by Ion of Chios (Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 23) to have been the teacher of Socrates. Some argue that this is probably only an attempt to connect Socrates with the Ionian school; others (e.g. Gomperz, Greek Thinkers) uphold the story. There is similar difference of opinion as regards the statement that Archelaus formulated certain ethical doctrines. In general, he followed Anaxagoras, but in his cosmology he went back to the earlier Ionians.

title: Ionian school (philosophy)


text:
Amanda (novel)

Amanda is a novel written by Candice F. Ransom. It is the first in the Sunfire series of thirty-two books. It was published by Scholastic Press in 1984, and is 346 pages long. It is currently an out-of-print book, though the trademark is still held by Scholastic Press.

Plot introduction
The plot of Amanda centers around the main character's journey from Boston to Oregon on the Oregon Trail in 1846. Amanda Bentley travels with her father Thaddeus Bentley, who is escaping creditors in their former hometown of Boston. Her beau Joseph White lives in Boston as well.

On the Oregon Trail, she meets and befriends several characters, including Helen Jorgenson, a girl of her own age, and Ben Compton, who becomes a romantic interest as well later in the book.

Amanda's character changes throughout the book, from spoiled society girl to hardworking pioneer woman.

Characters in "Amanda"

 * Amanda Bentley – pioneer woman, initially from Boston, Massachusetts
 * Thaddeus Bentley – her father, running from creditors
 * Joseph White – Amanda's former romantic interest in Boston
 * Helen Jorgenson – Amanda's friend on the trail
 * Ben Compton – Amanda's romantic interest
 * Serena Hawkins – Ben's childhood friend back in Illinois. Said to be Ben's fiancée.

Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
Placed during the period of North American history in which settlers travelled west in search of a new life the setting is the Oregon Trail, which travels from the midwest to the Northwest of the United States.

title: Amanda (novel)


text: User talk:85.98.145.65

title: User talk:85.98.145.65


text:
User:DigitalDrummer

Saving music, one beat at a time -DigitalDrummer

title: User:DigitalDrummer


text:
Talk:Illinois campaign

Nice article
This is a good looking well referenced article, you should shoot for Good Article, if you're not already. IvoShandor 21:31, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Illinois campaign


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User talk:Mr Swine

Mr Swine has not been blocked yet, absolutely miraculous - surely only a matter of time before he is nobbled - --Mr Swine 17:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * wikipedia is an attempt to create an enclopedia. It is not here for you to troll. If you don't change what you are doing the miraculous time will end.Geni 19:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * What the fuck are you talkin bout on my page.--Muc Fíníneach 20:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You are a bit of a saddo wanker if you ask me dedicating yourself to that silly Fenian Swine. It's not like either of us even know him. Tunney 22:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree l r.--Muc Fíníneach 22:35, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you thick or just stupid, Jesus Christ how does anyone put up with a wanker like you. I bet you're some ten year old prick whose probably wanking off to me writing this and thinks I give half a shit. Go f**k yourself, you're not funny and not outrageous like you think you are. Tunney 23:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't worry Tunney he is a unionist,northsider.He is your classic scanger trying to act like a british chav.Cuntásoir agus shagas.--Muc Fíníneach 23:37, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The funniest thing is he's being ridiculed by you, his hero.heheheTunney

23:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought some of the administrators were sad till I saw this fucking stalker bastard.--

Muc Fíníneach 23:45, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh no,this user got a life time block. ; ).

HaHa. You're blocked, wanker. Tunney 00:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC) I am removing the page deletion tag since it is not an artical,it is a dicussion page. Dudtz 9/29/05 6:012 PM EST
 * You're back again, you sad cunt, and unoriginally you've edited my page in the same way as the last 2 days, hilarious, noone likes you, just leave and never come back. Tunney 23:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Preserved in honour of that fine individual known as: Mr McTunney and Mr McFíníneach

title: User talk:Mr Swine