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City High

City High were an American R&B/hip hop trio consisting of Ryan Toby, Robbie Pardlo, and Claudette Ortiz. The group's sole studio album City High (2001), was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Their biggest hit, the Wyclef Jean-produced single "What Would You Do?", was a MTV staple, and earned them a nomination for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards. Their 2001 single "Caramel" featuring rapper Eve peaked within the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100. City High disbanded shortly after.

Career
In 2001, City High released "What Would You Do?" from their self-titled album. Their follow-up single was "Caramel", with a remix featuring rapper Eve. The final single from the group's debut and only album was "City High Anthem".

Prior to the creation of City High, bandmates Claudette Ortiz and Robbie Pardlo dated throughout their high school years. After meeting and performing for Wyclef Jean, they were signed to his Booga Basement recording label. As Wooga Booga already had a duo, they invited Ryan Toby and became the City High trio instead. Following her breakup with Pardlo, Ortiz went on to date Toby. Ortiz and Toby married in 2004, but later divorced in 2007.

About the disbandment, Toby said: “We did a second album, it wasn’t as good as the first album, it was a little rushed. There was some turmoil in the group, the vibe and chemistry was off. We decided to walk away.“

title: City High


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Claudette Ortiz

Claudette Ortiz (born July 21, 1981) is an American singer, model and television personality, best known as a member of the R&B trio City High. Ortiz also was a castmate in TV One's reality series R&B Divas: Los Angeles.

Early life and career beginnings
Born on July 21, 1981, Ortiz is of Puerto Rican descent and was raised in Willingboro Township, New Jersey, where she attended Willingboro High School, as did the other members of City High.

2001–2003: City High
City High began with Robbie Pardlo signing on as a solo artist. However, Pardlo's friend Ryan Toby and the producers decided that it should be a two-man group featured on the album. Soon after the two-man group began to work on their album, the group became successful. In order to stand out, the producers decided to add a female member. They chose Ortiz, a singer who had also attended Willingboro High School. During production, all three members did writing on the songs. The trio focused on trying to create lyrics that told a story, with Toby noting that he drew inspiration for this from country music. A large number of the songs, such as "What Would You Do?", are based on the trio's real-life experiences. The group recorded "What Would You Do?", formally released in 2001, two years prior to the release of their self-titled debut album, as it was featured in the comedy drama film Life. The group disbanded in 2003, failing to release another album despite their debut's success.

In November 2002, Ortiz appeared as Amber, in the episode titled "Jr's Dating Dilemma", on ABC's My Wife and Kids.

2004–present: Solo career and reality television
In 2006, Ortiz released her first solo single "Can't Get Enough" featuring Mase. She also appeared on Wyclef Jean's track "Dance Like This" which was featured on the Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights soundtrack. Other artists she has worked with include rappers Nas and Ja Rule.

Additionally, Ortiz worked with producers will.i.am, Pharrell, So Klassik, Noize Trip, and Jerry Wonda for her postponed debut album around 2014. In an interview, she stated: "I've been working in between my kids. I was on Interscope but they didn't like the material; after I had Bella they released me. I'd just been waiting for her to get a little bigger & stronger. She'll be 2 in April. So I'm back working... Anton Marchand is managing me and I'm in talks with an independent label... I'm about to go hard and I'm excited! I feel good, I'm happy, I'm single... I've been in a relationship most of my adult life... I'm not dating. I'm just enjoying delving into myself. Learning more about me and focusing on my kids."

In 2013, Ortiz was a castmate in TV One's reality show R&B Divas: Los Angeles, which also featured Chanté Moore, Michel'le, Lil' Mo, Dawn Robinson, and Kelly Price. In 2015, Ortiz starred as October in Tyler Perry's stage play Madea on the Run. She also had a recurring role as Claudia on Tyler Perry's If Loving You Is Wrong.

Personal life
Prior to forming City High, Ortiz and Robbie Pardlo dated during high school. After their break-up, Ortiz began a romantic relationship with group member Ryan Toby, whom she divorced in 2007 after three years of marriage. Together, they have two sons.

In an interview Ortiz spoke about her daughter, stating that she did not know the guy reported by the media to be her daughter's father. "So hold on… you don’t know that guy that is being reported as your daughter’s father?" Claudette Ortiz: "No, I don’t know who that is. I saw a rumor on Wikipedia a while back saying I was dating him and had a child by him… I was in the studio with Bryan Michael Cox and we were laughing about it… I wasn’t even pregnant with my daughter yet… I don’t know that guy and never met him. My daughter's father is just a normal hard working business man. He's not even in the industry."

In 2013, Ortiz was contemplating joining the U.S. Air Force Reserves, when she was contacted by TV One's producer Phil Thornton to do R&B Divas. She relocated her family from New Jersey to partake in the series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Claudette Ortiz


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User:JayWang

I am called Jay(Jie) Wang in Australia, my Chinese name is Yingjie Wang. Currently I am studying in University of New South Wales, doing my bachelor degree in Law. Priviously I got my conbined bachelor degrees in China in Accounting and Law.

title: User:JayWang


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Singly and doubly even

In mathematics an even integer, that is, a number that is divisible by 2, is called evenly even or doubly even if it is a multiple of 4, and oddly even or singly even if it is not. The former names are traditional ones, derived from ancient Greek mathematics; the latter have become common in recent decades.

These names reflect a basic concept in number theory, the 2-order of an integer: how many times the integer can be divided by 2. Specifically, the 2-order of a nonzero integer n is the maximum integer value k such that n/2k is an integer. This is equivalent to the multiplicity of 2 in the prime factorization.
 * A singly even number can be divided by 2 only once; it is even but its quotient by 2 is odd.
 * A doubly even number is an integer that is divisible more than once by 2; it is even and its quotient by 2 is also even.

The separate consideration of oddly and evenly even numbers is useful in many parts of mathematics, especially in number theory, combinatorics, coding theory (see even codes), among others.

Definitions
The ancient Greek terms "even-times-even" (ἀρτιάκις ἄρτιος) and "even-times-odd" (ἀρτιάκις περισσός or ἀρτιοπέριττος) were given various inequivalent definitions by Euclid and later writers such as Nicomachus. Today, there is a standard development of the concepts. The 2-order or 2-adic order is simply a special case of the p-adic order at a general prime number p; see p-adic number for more on this broad area of mathematics. Many of the following definitions generalize directly to other primes.

For an integer n, the 2-order of n (also called valuation) is the largest natural number ν such that 2ν divides n. This definition applies to positive and negative numbers n, although some authors restrict it to positive n; and one may define the 2-order of 0 to be infinity (see also parity of zero). The 2-order of n is written ν2(n) or ord2(n). It is not to be confused with the multiplicative order modulo 2.

The 2-order provides a unified description of various classes of integers defined by evenness:
 * Odd numbers are those with ν2(n) = 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m + 1.
 * Even numbers are those with ν2(n) > 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m. In particular:
 * Singly even numbers are those with ν2(n) = 1, i.e., integers of the form 4m + 2.
 * Doubly even numbers are those with ν2(n) > 1, i.e., integers of the form 4m.
 * In this terminology, a doubly even number may or may not be divisible by 8, so there is no particular terminology for "triply even" numbers in pure math, although it is used in children's teaching materials including higher multiples such as "quadruply even."

One can also extend the 2-order to the rational numbers by defining ν2(q) to be the unique integer ν where
 * $$q = 2^\nu\frac{a}{b}$$

and a and b are both odd. For example, half-integers have a negative 2-order, namely −1. Finally, by defining the 2-adic absolute value
 * $$|n|_2 = 2^{-\nu_2(n)},$$

one is well on the way to constructing the 2-adic numbers.

Safer outs in darts
The object of the game of darts is to reach a score of 0, so the player with the smaller score is in a better position to win. At the beginning of a leg, "smaller" has the usual meaning of absolute value, and the basic strategy is to aim at high-value areas on the dartboard and score as many points as possible. At the end of a leg, since one needs to double out to win, the 2-adic absolute value becomes the relevant measure. With any odd score no matter how small in absolute value, it takes at least two darts to win. Any even score between 2 and 40 can be satisfied with a single dart, and 40 is a much more desirable score than 2, due to the effects of missing.

A common miss when aiming at the double ring is to hit a single instead and accidentally halve one's score. Given a score of 22 — a singly even number — one has a game shot for double 11. If one hits single 11, the new score is 11, which is odd, and it will take at least two further darts to recover. By contrast, when shooting for double 12, one may make the same mistake but still have 3 game shots in a row: D12, D6, and D3. Generally, with a score of n < 42, one has ν2(n) such game shots. This is why 32 = 25 is such a desirable score: it splits 5 times.

Irrationality of the square root of 2
The classic proof that the square root of 2 is irrational operates by infinite descent. Usually, the descent part of the proof is abstracted away by assuming (or proving) the existence of irreducible representations of rational numbers. An alternate approach is to exploit the existence of the ν2 operator.

Assume by contradiction that

 * $$\sqrt 2 = \frac a b,$$

where a and b are non-zero natural numbers. Square both sides of the equality and apply the 2-order valuation operator ν2 to 2b2 = a2:

 * $$\nu_2\left(2b^2\right) = \nu_2\left(a^2\right)$$
 * $$\nu_2\left(b^2\right) + 1 = \nu_2\left(a^2\right)$$
 * $$2\nu_2(b) + 1 = 2\nu_2(a)$$
 * $$\nu_2(a) - \nu_2(b) = \frac 1 2 $$

Since 2-order valuations are integers, the difference cannot be equal to the rational $\frac 1 2$. By contradiction, therefore, $\sqrt{2}$ is not a rational.

More concretely, since the valuation of 2b2 is odd, while valuation of a2 is even, they must be distinct integers, so that $$\left|2 b^2 - a^2\right| \geq 1$$. An easy calculation then yields a lower bound of $\frac{1}{3b^2}$ for the difference $$\left|\sqrt 2 - a / b \right|$$, yielding a direct proof of irrationality not relying on the law of excluded middle.

Geometric topology
In geometric topology, many properties of manifolds depend only on their dimension mod 4 or mod 8; thus one often studies manifolds of singly even and doubly even dimension (4k+2 and 4k) as classes. For example, doubly even-dimensional manifolds have a symmetric nondegenerate bilinear form on their middle-dimension cohomology group, which thus has an integer-valued signature. Conversely, singly even-dimensional manifolds have a skew-symmetric nondegenerate bilinear form on their middle dimension; if one defines a quadratic refinement of this to a quadratic form (as on a framed manifold), one obtains the Arf invariant as a mod 2 invariant. Odd-dimensional manifolds, by contrast, do not have these invariants, though in algebraic surgery theory one may define more complicated invariants. This 4-fold and 8-fold periodicity in the structure of manifolds is related to the 4-fold periodicity of L-theory and the 8-fold periodicity of real topological K-theory, which is known as Bott periodicity.

If a compact oriented smooth spin manifold has dimension n ≡ 4 mod 8, or ν2(n) = 2 exactly, then its signature is an integer multiple of 16.

Other appearances
A singly even number cannot be a powerful number. It cannot be represented as a difference of two squares. However, a singly even number can be represented as the difference of two pronic numbers or of two powerful numbers.

In group theory, it is relatively simple to show that the order of a nonabelian finite simple group cannot be a singly even number. In fact, by the Feit–Thompson theorem, it cannot be odd either, so every such group has doubly even order.

Lambert's continued fraction for the tangent function gives the following continued fraction involving the positive singly even numbers:

 * $$\tanh \frac{1}{2} = \frac{e - 1}{e + 1} = 0 + \cfrac{1}{2 + \cfrac{1}{6 + \cfrac{1}{10 + \cfrac{1}{14 + \cfrac{1}{\ddots}}}}}$$

This expression leads to similar representations of $e$.

In organic chemistry, Hückel's rule, also known as the 4n + 2 rule, predicts that a cyclic π-bond system containing a singly even number of p electrons will be aromatic.

Related classifications
Although the 2-order can detect when an integer is congruent to 0 (mod 4) or 2 (mod 4), it cannot tell the difference between 1 (mod 4) or 3 (mod 4). This distinction has some interesting consequences, such as Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares.

title: Singly and doubly even


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1941–42 NHL season

The 1941–42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams played 48 games each. The New York Americans rebranded as the Brooklyn Americans. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series, a feat only repeated to date three times in NHL history (1975, 2010, 2014) and once in Major League Baseball (2004). However the '41–42 Leafs were the only ones to achieve the feat in a championship final series.

League business
This was the last season for the Brooklyn Americans who had changed their name from the New York Americans in an attempt to build a civic relationship with those from the Flatbush area of New York. However, the team continued to play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan since there was no suitable arena in Brooklyn.

Due to World War II travel restrictions on adults, the NHL demanded more junior-aged players who were free of the travel restrictions. NHL president Frank Calder reported there was a general agreement with the amateur leagues that a junior-aged player should be able to determine his own financial future due to the war.

Regular season
The Americans started the season without Harvey "Busher" Jackson who refused to sign. He was then sold to Boston. But the Amerks had two positive notes: two defencemen, Tommy Anderson and Pat Egan, were now All-Star calibre. That did not prevent them from finishing last, though. On December 9, 1941, the Chicago Black Hawks-Boston Bruins game would be delayed for over a half-hour as United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared that the United States was at war.

Frank Patrick suffered a heart attack and had to sell his interest in the Montreal Canadiens, and the Habs almost had to move to Cleveland. But Tommy Gorman kept the team alive. They added Emile "Butch" Bouchard to start his great career on defence and another very good player, Buddy O'Connor, at centre. Montreal had goaltending problems as Bert Gardiner slumped, and rookie Paul Bibeault replaced him. He showed flashes of brilliance, but his inexperience showed. Joe Benoit starred with 20 goals, the first Canadien to do that since 1938–39, when Toe Blake did it.

The New York Rangers had a new goaltender as Sugar Jim Henry replaced the retired Dave Kerr. Henry was one of the reasons the Rangers finished first, something they did not do again for the next 50 years.

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes Source: NHL

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins – Minutes Played; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Coaches

 * Boston Bruins: Art Ross
 * Brooklyn Americans: Red Dutton
 * Chicago Black Hawks: Paul Thompson
 * Detroit Red Wings: Jack Adams
 * Montreal Canadiens: Dick Irvin
 * New York Rangers: Frank Boucher
 * Toronto Maple Leafs: Hap Day

Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1941–42 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):
 * Kenny Mosdell, Brooklyn Americans
 * Harry Watson, Brooklyn Americans
 * Bill Mosienko, Chicago Black Hawks
 * Adam Brown, Detroit Red Wings
 * Buddy O'Connor, Montreal Canadiens
 * James Haggarty, Montreal Canadiens
 * Emile "Butch" Bouchard, Montreal Canadiens
 * Grant Warwick, New York Rangers
 * Jim Henry, New York Rangers
 * Bob Goldham, Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Gaye Stewart*, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1941–42 (listed with their last team):
 * Eddie Wiseman, Boston Bruins
 * Tommy Anderson, Brooklyn Americans
 * Art Coulter, New York Rangers
 * Pete Langelle, Toronto Maple Leafs

title: 1941–42 NHL season


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K. D. Jadhav

Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav, (15 January 1926 – 14 August 1984) was an Indian freestyle wrestler. He is best known for winning a bronze medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He was the first athlete from independent India to win an individual medal in the Olympics.

After Norman Pritchard who won two silver medals in athletics in 1900 under colonial India, Khashaba was the first individual athlete from independent India to win a medal at the Olympics. In the years before Khashaba, India would only win gold medals in field hockey, a team sport. He is the only Indian Olympic medalist who never received a Padma Award. Khashaba was extremely nimble on his feet, which made him different from other wrestlers of his time. English coach Rees Gardner saw this trait in him and trained him prior to the 1948 Olympic games. He belonged to Goleshwar village near Karad. He was posthumously awarded Arjuna Award in 2000 for his contribution to wrestling.

Childhood
Born in a village called Goleshwar in Karad taluka of District Satara in Maharashtra State, KD Jadhav was the youngest of five sons of a renowned wrestler Dadasaheb Jadhav. He did his schooling in Tilak High School in Karad taluka of Satara district between 1940 and 1947. He grew up in a household that lived and breathed wrestling. He participated in the Quit India Movement providing shelter and a hiding place to the revolutionaries, circulating letters against the British were some of his contributions to the movement. He resolved to unfurl the tricolor flag in Olympic on Independence Day 15 August 1947.

Wrestling career
His father Dadasaheb was a wrestling coach and he initiated Khashaba into wrestling at the age of five. His wrestling mentors in college were Baburao Balawde and Belapuri Guruji. His success in wrestling did not avoid him from getting good grades. He participated in quit India movement.He resolved to unfurl the tri-color flag in Olympics on Independence Day 15 August 1947.

Starting his wrestling career in 1948, he first came into lime-light at the 1948 London Olympics when he finished 6th in the flyweight category. He was the first Indian to achieve such a high a position in the individual category until 1948. Despite being new to wrestling on a mat as well as the international rules of wrestling, Jadhav's 6th-place finish was no mean feat at that time.

For the next four years, Jadhav trained even harder for the Helsinki Olympics where he moved up one weight category and participated in the bantamweight category (57 kg) which saw wrestlers from twenty-four different countries. He went on to defeat wrestlers from countries like Mexico, Germany and Canada, before losing his semi-final bout, but he came back stronger to win the bronze medal which made him the first ever individual Olympic medalist of independent India.

1948 Summer Olympics
Jadhav's first feel of the big stage was at the 1948 London Olympics; his journey was funded by the Maharaja of Kolhapur. During his stay in London, he was trained by Rees Gardner, a former lightweight World champion from the United States. It was Gardner's guidance that saw Jadhav finish sixth in the flyweight section, despite being unfamiliar with wrestling on the mat. He stunned the audience by defeating the Australian wrestler Bert Harris in the first few minutes of the bout. He went on to defeat Billy Jernigan of the US, but lost to Mansour Raeisi of Iran, to be eliminated from the Games.

! Res. !  Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! Location ! Notes
 * Win
 * align=left|🇦🇺 Bert Harris
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–0
 * style="font-size:88%"|29 July
 * style="font-size:88%"|1948 Summer Olympics Men's Flyweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇬🇧 London
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 2T
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 2T

 * Win
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Billy Jernigan
 * style="font-size:88%"|3–0
 * style="font-size:88%"|30 July
 * style="font-size:88%"|1948 Summer Olympics Men's Flyweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇬🇧 London
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 3
 * Loss
 * align=left| Mansour Raeisi
 * style="font-size:88%"|Tech. Fall; 5:31
 * style="font-size:88%"|30 July
 * style="font-size:88%"|1948 Summer Olympics Men's Flyweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇬🇧 London
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 6 (Eliminated)
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇬🇧 London
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 6 (Eliminated)

Aftermath
For the next four years, Jadhav trained even harder for the Helsinki Olympics where he moved up in weight and participated in the 125 lb bantamweight category which saw wrestlers from twenty-four countries, he increased the tempo of his preparation for the next Olympics in Helsinki.

1952 Summer Olympics
After the marathon bout, he was asked to fight Soviet Union's Rashid Mammadbeyov. As per the rules a rest of at least 30 minutes were required between bouts, but no Indian official was available to press his case, a tired Jadhav, failed to inspire and Mammadbeyov cashed in on the chance to reach the final. Defeating the wrestlers from Canada, Mexico and Germany, he won bronze medal on 23 July 1952 thereby creating history by becoming Independent India's first individual medal winner. Khashaba's colleague, Krishnarao Mangave a wrestler, also participated in the same Olympics in another category but missed the bronze medal by just one point.

! Res. !  Opponent ! Score ! Date ! Event ! Location ! Notes
 * Win
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Adrien Poliquin
 * style="font-size:88%"|Tech. Fall; 14:25
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 1T
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 1T

 * Win
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Leonardo Basurto
 * style="font-size:88%"|Tech. Fall; 5:20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 1T
 * Win
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Ferdinand Schmitz
 * style="font-size:88%"|2-1
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 2T
 * Loss
 * align=left| Rashid Mammadbeyov
 * style="font-size:88%"|3-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 1T
 * Loss
 * align=left|🇯🇵 Shohachi Ishii
 * style="font-size:88%"|3-0
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 3 Bronze Medal
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952-07-20
 * style="font-size:88%"|1952 Summer Olympics Men's Bantamweight, Freestyle
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|🇫🇮 Helsinki
 * style="text-align:left;font-size:88%;"|Rank 3 Bronze Medal

Return from the 1952 Summer Olympics
Although India's hockey team bagged a gold at the Helsinki games, Jadhav was the primary attraction of India's contingent that returned home after the Olympics. Crowd gathered at the Karad Railway Station to welcome their hero, a cavalcade of 151 bullock carts and dhols, carried their hero for about 10 km and passed through the village of Goleshwar.

Later life and death
In 1955, he joined the police force as a sub-inspector where he won several competitions held within the Police department and also performed National duties as a sports instructor. Despite serving the police department for twenty-seven years and retiring as an Asst. Police Commissioner, Jadhav had to fight for pension later on in his life. For years, he was neglected by the sports federation and had to live the final stages of his life in poverty. He died in a road accident in 1984, his wife struggled to get any assistance from any quarter.

Awards and honours

 * He was honoured by making him a part of the torch run at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi
 * The Maharashtra Government awarded the Chhatrapati Puraskar posthumously in 1992–1993.
 * He was posthumously honoured with the Arjuna Award in 2000.
 * The newly built wrestling venue for the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games was named after him to honour his achievement.
 * On 15 January 2023, Google honoured Jadhav with a Google Doodle on his 97th birth anniversary.

Related pages

 * Sports in India
 * India at the Olympics

title: K. D. Jadhav


text: Talk:Emo (slang)

title: Talk:Emo (slang)


text:
Radio Radio TV Sleep

Radio Radio TV Sleep is a live album by the Norwegian rock band BigBang, which was released in 2003. The album was recorded during Bigbang's tour of the same name in February 2003, with the exception of "Better Than Before", recorded at Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, in June 2002.

Overview
The album contains two discs, one with recordings from some of their acoustic concerts, and the other a collection of live electric tracks. Two different releases were made, a regular one and a digipack limited edition. "Can't Find My Way Home" is Øystein Greni's favourite song and was written in the 1960s by Steve Winwood of the group Blind Faith.

The other non-LP electric tracks are "Wrong Number" (Girl In Oslo EP '00) and "Better Than Before" (Girl In Oslo Europe EP '01). Acoustic tracks "Old People" (New Glow EP '00) and "Smiling For" (Smiling For EP '01) are EP-only numbers. Remaining songs "Lights Go Out" and "Cry Right" were concert tunes never released before.

Radio Radio TV Sleep sold to platinum and became until then the most successful live album ever released in Norway. The video version of the album, known as Radio Radio TV Sleep DVD, features six tracks taken from each disc plus bonus material such as music videos and TV live, including a cover of Jimi Hendrix' Purple Haze which Øystein Greni played on Norwegian television at the age of twelve.

The album title refers to a cheatcode that could be applied onto hotel room TV remote controls to access pay-television.

Personnel
Bigbang Additional personnel
 * Øystein Greni – lead vocals, guitars, piano, mandolin, woodwinds, drums, percussion
 * Nikolai Eilertsen – bass, organ, piano, harmonica, brass, percussion, vocals
 * Olaf Olsen – drums, percussion

 * Kai Andersen – engineer
 * Stig Morten Sørheim – engineer
 * Helge Sten – mixer (track 1-2, 1-6, 1-7, 1-11, 2-2 to 2-4, 2-6 to 2-9)
 * Michael Ilbert – mixer (track 1-1, 1-3 to 1-5, 1-8 to 1-10, 1-12, 1-13, 2-1, 2-10, 2-11)
 * Vlado Meller – mastering
 * Steve Kadison – mastering (assistant)
 * Taran Greni – vocals (track 2-2, 2-6)
 * Erik Tresselt – vocals (track 2-8)
 * Karim Sayed – ensemble (track 10)
 * Kristian Syvertsen – ensemble (track 10)
 * Svein Greni – ensemble (track 10)
 * Søren Brandt – ensemble (track 10)
 * Tarjei Grimsby – ensemble (track 10)
 * Thor Sigbjørn Greni – ensemble (track 10)
 * Øystein Bjørk – ensemble (track 10)
 * Anders Wolfgang Aasebøe – crew
 * Christian Jajauhm Engfeldt – crew
 * Freddie Freeloader Eilertsen – crew
 * Kristian Sterkenils Syvertsen – crew
 * Terje Disko Olsen – crew
 * Nils Vik – photography, spiritual guidance
 * Dimitri&Bengt – design
 * Terje Pedersen – A&R

title: Radio Radio TV Sleep


text:
Marc Nelson (singer)

Marc Nelson (born January 23, 1971) is an American singer and songwriter. He was an original member of Boyz II Men while still attending Philadelphia's High School of Performing Arts. However, a management agreement forced Nelson to leave the group to pursue a solo career before the group released their debut album, Cooleyhighharmony.

Boyz II Men
After hearing New Edition's song "Boys to Men" on the radio, the group changed their name to Boyz II Men. In 1989, the group met Michael Bivins and began making arrangements to sign the group to a major label and begin recording. In the interim, the group encountered delays in recording their album. Prior to being discovered by Bivins, the members had all previously signed a management deal with a local company in Philadelphia. Marc Nelson, who was 18 years old at the time, faced difficulty breaking the contract with this company due to his age. The other members were all minors. Once everything was settled with Boyz II Men and Motown, Nelson still couldn’t be released from his previous management, forcing him to make a choice to pursue a solo career instead of continuing with the group. His solo album, I Want You, was released only a few months after Cooleyhighharmony in September 1991.

I Want You
After signing a solo deal with Capitol Records, Nelson scored a hit with a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Want You", which hit No. 26 on the R&B charts. His follow-up, "Count On Me", reached No. 48 on the R&B charts. Nelson released his solo album, I Want You, in 1991.

Following the release of his solo album, Nelson began concentrating his talents as a songwriter. Drawing the attention of Babyface, Nelson wrote for artists like Toni Braxton, Brandy, Tamia, Tyrese and Jon B. Through Babyface, Nelson met the four members of the group Az Yet and was added to the line-up as second lead vocalist; the group was signed to LaFace Records.

Az Yet
As a member of Az Yet, Nelson found success. The group's self-titled debut album, released in 1996, went platinum. A single on the album, "Last Night", went gold and reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Their second single, "Hard To Say I'm Sorry" did even better, going platinum and reaching No. 8 on the Hot 100.

Chocolate Mood
Nelson left Az Yet and began writing intensely. Subsequently, he released his second solo album, Chocolate Mood, in 1999. The album featured Nelson's biggest solo hit, "15 Minutes", which reached No. 4 on the R&B charts and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100. He also featured on the duet "After All is Said and Done" with Beyoncé, on the soundtrack to the motion picture The Best Man (1999).

On January 9, 2007, SESAC honored Nelson at their third Jazz Awards Luncheon, for his authorship on "It's On Tonight" by Brian Culbertson. The event honored jazz writers whose works achieved Top 5 status on the jazz charts from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2006.

Marc: My Words
Nelson released his first independent project, Marc: My Words (Lyric Masters 911) on July 24, 2007. Nelson wrote or co-wrote the lyrics on all 15 tracks of the album. He also produced or co-produced all of the tracks on the album. Nelson extracted the material for the release from his existing catalog of songs written between 2001 and 2007, and began recording the material in 2006. The album features the original version of "I Don't Wanna Be In Love" (co-written by jazz artist Brian Culbertson) which also appears on the 2007 release Crystal City by Andre Ward.

Blayse
Nelson was also a founding member of the R&B super-group Blayse, with fellow R&B veterans Tony Grant of Az Yet, Gary "Lil G" Jenkins of Silk (group), and Terrell Phillips of Blackstreet. Although the group managed to record several songs, the recordings were never publicly released, the album was never completed, and the group disbanded in December 2007. Lil G returned to Silk, Nelson returned to Az Yet, and Tony Grant toured in the Tyler Perry stage production The Marriage Counselor (from January 2008 through May 2008).

Additional projects
Nelson released the R&B/Soul single "Wishing You The Worst" on July 24, 2017. The song was released independently via his production company Focused Artist Entertainment.

Nelson was nominated for an Emmy Award, for penning the theme song to the 2016 animated Christmas television film Snowy Day. The title song was performed by Boyz II Men.

Singles

 * "I Want You" (1991)
 * "Count on Me" (1992)
 * "Last Night" with Az Yet (1996)
 * "Hard To Say I'm Sorry" with Az Yet & featuring Peter Cetera (1996)
 * "That's All I Want" with Az Yet (1997)
 * "15 Minutes" (1999)
 * "Too Friendly" (2000)
 * "Love's Not Love" (2000)
 * "Wishing You The Worst" (2017)

Stage play appearances

 * Love Ain't Supposed to Hurt - Part II: The Wedding
 * Tell Hell I Ain't Coming
 * King Solomon Lives
 * Men Cry in the Dark
 * In-Laws From Hell

title: Marc Nelson (singer)


text:
Ferenc Móra

Ferenc Móra (19 July 1879 – 8 February 1934) was a Hungarian novelist, journalist, and museologist.

Life

Ferenc Móra was born in Kiskunfélegyháza, into a financially poor family. His father Márton Móra was a tailor, and his mother Anna Juhász was a baker. He acquired his formal education under the most extreme hardships because of the financial poverty of his family. At the Budapest University he earned the degree of Geography and History education but worked as a teacher only for one year at Felsőlövő, Vas County. He was a prominent figure of youth literature in Hungary. His parallel career of museology started in 1904 at the combined library and museum of Szeged serving the county capital of Szeged and its surrounding Csongrád county. He was appointed as the director of the combined library and museum of Szeged and Csongrád county in 1917 and served in that post as director until 1934, when he died, aged 54, at Szeged. Today the museum is named in his honor as the "Móra Ferenc Muzeum" which can be seen on the internet at many websites.

Major literary works
All listed books were published in Budapest.
 * Rab ember fiai "Sons of the Slave Man" (1909)
 * Mindenki Jánoskája "Everybody's Little Johnnie" (1911)
 * Csilicsali Csalavári Csalavér (1912)
 * Filkó meg én "Filkó and I" (1915)
 * Kincskereső kis ködmön "The Treasure-seeking Little Jacket" (1918)
 * Dióbél királyfi "Prince Walnutmeat" (1922)
 * A festő halála "Death of the Painter" (1921), novel later published as Négy apának egy leánya "Four Fathers' One Daughter"
 * Georgikon (1925)
 * Nádihegedű "Reed Fiddle" (1927)
 * Ének a búzamezőkről "A Song about Wheat Fields" (1927), novel
 * Beszélgetés a ferdetoronnyal "Conversation with the Leaning Tower" (1927)
 * Véreim "My Descendants" (1927)
 * Sokféle "Diverse" (1927)
 * A körtemuzsika (1927) - rövidebb elbeszélések, mesék
 * Egy cár, akit várnak "A Tzar Who is Waited for" (1930)
 * Aranykoporsó "Golden Coffin" (1932), historical novel
 * Daru-utcától a Móra Ferenc-utcáig "From Crane Street to Móra Ferenc Street" (1934), autobiography
 * Utazás a földalatti Magyarországon "A Journey in the Underground Hungary" (1935)
 * Parasztjaim "My Peasants" (1935)
 * Dióbél királykisasszony "Princess Walnutmeat" (1935)
 * Napok, holdak, elmúlt csillagok "Suns, Moons, Bygone Stars" (1935)

title: Ferenc Móra


text:
Hella (company)

Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA is an internationally operating German automotive parts supplier with headquarters in Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia. The company develops and manufactures lighting, electronic components, and systems for the automotive industry. It also has one of the largest trade organizations for automotive parts, accessories, diagnostics, and services within Europe.

Hella is one of the top 50 global automotive suppliers, and one of the 100 largest industrial companies in Germany. Hella has around 36,000 employees at more than 125 locations worldwide and generated consolidated sales of €4.4 billion in the seven-month short fiscal year 2022.

In 2023, the company merged with French global automotive supplier Faurecia, the merged business being named Forvia, and the two divisions being formally called Forvia Hella and Forvia Faurecia.

History
Sally Windmüller founded the company in 1899 under the name Westfälische Metall-Industrie Aktien-Gesellschaft (WMI) to produce ball horns, candles, and kerosene lamps for carriages.

Hella's name first appeared in 1908 as a trademark for acetylene headlights. In 1923, the manufacturing family Lüdenscheider Hueck took over the majority of the shares. The name "Hella" was included in the company name in 1986. The most likely explanation for the Hella brand is attributed to Sally Windmüller: He wanted to honor his wife, Helen, in short Hella, and also wanted to use the playful association between this name and the German word heller (brighter).

After World War II, the company started to expand, so in 1951 the first subsidiary company was founded in Wembach. Today Hella has six different production manufacturers in Germany, which are located in Lippstadt, Bremen, Recklinghausen, Hamm (Bockum-Hövel), Nellingen, and Wembach.

Early internationalization and the creation of a global distribution network in the 1960s resulted in the company developing one of the largest distribution networks in the industry, including its subsidiaries and partners in numerous markets worldwide. In 1961, for example, the first foreign production plant was founded in Mentone, Australia. Today, Hella has more than 100 locations in over 35 countries and is operates in the economic regions of Europe, NAFTA/South America, Africa, and Asia/Pacific.

Since the early 1990s Hella has also been part of several Joint Ventures with other automotive part suppliers. Those Joint Ventures help develop other fields of competence. At the moment Hella cooperates with several different companies, such as Mahle Behr, Plastic Omnium, Samlip, Leoni, Mando, TMD Friction, and, innocent. Joint Ventures are, for example, HBPO and BHTC in Lippstadt. Furthermore, the holding "Hella Stanley Ltd Pty" with Stanley Electric was founded in 2002 and is located in Melbourne.

In 2008, Hella started a joint venture between Hella and Gutmann Messtechnik, diagnostic specialists, to devote more attention to this area. Also in 2008, it was announced that the company would pay more attention in the future to issues and items that are outside the traditional automotive domain. That same year, Hella sold its Danish subsidiary Holger Christiansen A/S to the automotive supplier Bosch.

Because of strong economical fluctuation, Hella recorded a loss in the fiscal year 2005/06. Their management decided for a program to lower the costs and increase efficiency so that in the following fiscal year 2006/07 an operational gain could be recorded. In the fiscal year 2007/08 this operational gain increased again. Furthermore, Hella recorded the second highest consolidated sale of 4,4 billion Euros In the following fiscal years, a constant growth was recorded, which reached 5,3 billion euros in 2013/14.

Since 2017, Hella has spun off brighter AI and Yptokey from their incubator.

In 2021, French auto equipment maker Faurecia agreed to buy the Hueck family's controlling 60 percent interest in Hella and announced its bid for the remaining shares in a deal valued in total at 6.7 billion euros.

Products and services

The main businesses of Hella can be divided into three segments: Automotive, Aftermarket, and Special Applications. The Automotive Segment consists of the development, production, and marketing of lighting and electronic components and systems both for vehicle manufacturers and for other suppliers. In the Aftermarket Segment, the company develops, produces, and markets products for the independent aftermarket and for garages. The Special Applications Segment serves target groups ranging from the producers of construction machinery through boat builders right up to municipalities and energy suppliers by providing them with innovative lighting and electronic products.

In the lighting division, Hella develops and manufactures headlamps, rear lamps, and interior lighting. Recent innovations include headlights that adapt to the prevailing driving and weather situations. Headlamps with LEDs as light sources for low beam and high beam are already produced in series. An example would be the beams in the Cadillac Escalade Platinum. As daytime running lights, they are in many middle- and upper-class vehicles, often voted as standard. Camera-based driver-assistance systems provide the next level of innovation. They create new opportunities for optimum light distribution, depending on the traffic situation.

Systems to increase efficiency and safety and comfort systems dominate the electronic product portfolio. These include Data-enabled electronic control units and roof modules as complex light-electronic modules, as well as Vehicle access and driving authorization. Modules for power management to optimise the energy balance of the electrical system and improve the battery charge balance. Innovation and growth areas are electronic driver assistance systems. With infrared (lidar), 24-GHz radar and camera, and ultrasonic sensors, Hella offers here a technology portfolio and the corresponding series experience. Another important business segment is electronic components such as position sensors, actuators, vacuum pumps, and wash water systems.

Hella sells automotive parts and accessories with its own sales companies and partners in more than 100 countries. Thus Hella supplies the automotive aftermarket and garages with comprehensive and continually growing parts ranges in the core areas of lighting, electrical, electronics and thermal management.

In addition to car accessories designed for civilian cars, Hella also manufactures special signalling for official emergency vehicles. These include flash beacons and beacons (in blue and yellow), Visual Warning Systems (OWS), and all-around sound combinations (RTK). These are compact roof structures that combine the two blue lights, sirens, and possibly several additional issues. Police, emergency services, fire departments, agencies for technical aid, and numerous other operators of deployment use special vehicles made by them. Also part of the product range of authorities, are headlights on the bumper and some other products (e.g., covert special signal for civilian emergency vehicles).

In the 'Industries' segment Hella transfers existing technologies from the automotive sector to new target groups. As a first pilot project, some cities in China have been provided with these new street lights. Another project is the LED-airport beacons, which can be found at the airports of Luxembourg, Paderborn/Lippstadt, and Stavanger. Despite, new components for LED-interior lighting are being offered.

In 2012 Hella started a cooperation with the Chinese automobile manufacturer BAIC to develop and produce light systems, particularly designed for the Chinese market.

In 2017 Hella partnered with Air-Quality Data Company [https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/breezometer-information-air-quality-and-pollen#:~:text=BreezoMeter%20combines%20big%20data%20and,and%20consumers%20around%20the%20world. BreezoMeter]

title: Hella (company)


text:
Talk:Tropical cyclone/Etymology

www.hatano-es.com/kiyo/journal/archives/000103.htm
I used to think that the word "typhoon" came from Japanese. We have kanji characters meaning typhoon and its pronunciation is something like "Thai-who", which sounds similar to typhoon. As Kurt points out, if a word comes from a foreign language other than Chinese, we usually write it in katakana, a syllabary used mainly for representing foreign words. Then the Japanese Thai-who is from Chinese? I searched the Net and found there is no distinct answer for this. Who in the world is Thai-who? One potent theory puts it that Thai-who comes from English typhoon, applied the pronunciation into kanji. Wow. And another one is, as you can see, from Chinese. What makes the matter more confusing, some sources say that the Chinese version of typhoon may come from another language, such as Greek or Arabic. Hey, it's similar to the etymology of typhoon!

OK, the answer remains to be a mystery. Anyway, English has typhoon, and Japanese has Thai-who. No problem....

www.expreso.co.cr/centaurs/posts/notes/96tl66.htm
The Arabic word is tufan, which is used habitually in India for a sudden and violent storm. Lane defines it as meaning 'an overpowering rain,. Noah's flood,' etc. And there can be little doubt of its identity with the Greek [Greek Text] tufwn or [Greek Text] tufwn [But Burton (Ar. Nights, iii. 257) alleges that it is pure Arabic, and comes from the root ''going round.'] This word [Greek Text] tufwn (the etymologists say, from [Greek Text] tufw, 'I raise smoke') was applied to a demon-giant or Titan, and either directly from the etym. meaning or from the name of the Titan (as in India a whirlwind is called 'a Devil or Pisachee') ''waterspout,' and thence to analogous stormy phenomena. 'Waterspout' seems evidently the meaning of [Greek Text] tufwn in the Meteorologica of Aristotle ( [Greek Text] gignetai men oun tufwn . [Greek Text] k. t. l.) iii. 1; the passage is exceedingly difficult to render clearly); and also in the quotation which we give from Aulus Gellius. The word may have come to the Arabs either in maritime intercourse, or through the translations of Aristotle. It occurs (al-tufan) several times in the Koran; thus in sura, vii. 134, for a flood or storm, one of the plagues of Egypt, and in s. xxix. 14 for the Deluge. [HOBSON JOBSON: THE ANGLO-INDIAN DICTIONARY PAGES 947-948]

www.geocities.com/batal77/arabimpact.htm
Typhoon: tufan طوفان Whirlwind *Gk

American Heritage Dictionary
TYPHOON: A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans. [Greek tuphon, ‘whirlwind,’ and Arabic ‘tufan,’ deluge (from Greek ‘tuphon’), and Chinese (Cantonese) ‘taaifung equivalent to Chinese (Mandarin) ‘tái,’ great + Chinese (Mandarin) ‘feng,’ wind).]

Word History: The history of typhoon presents a perfect example of the long journey that many words made in coming to English. It traveled from Greece to Arabia to India, and ALSO AROSE INDEPENDENTLY IN CHINA, before assuming its current form in our language. The Greek word ‘tuphon,’ used both as the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning ‘whirlwind, ‘typhoon,’ was borrowed into Arabic during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved and expanded the classical heritage and passed it on to Europe and other parts of the world. ‘Tufan,’ the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India, where Arabic-speaking Muslim invaders had settled in the 11th century. Thus the descendant of the Arabic word, passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian language and appearing in English in forms such as ‘touffon’ and ‘tufan,’ originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India. The modern form of ‘typhoon’ was influenced by a borrowing from the Cantonese variety of Chinese, namely the word ‘taaifung,’ and respelled to make it look more like Greek. ‘Taaifung,’ meaning literally “great wind,” was coincidentally similar to the Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise as ‘tuffoon’ in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally became ‘typhoon,’ a spelling that first appeared in 1819 in “Shelley's Prometheus Unbound.”

Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories
TYPHOON: The first ‘typhoons’ reported in English were Indian storms and were called ‘touffons’ or ‘tufans.’ the rather Gallic spelling of ‘touffon’ reflected the pronunciation of the first syllable, which rhymed with ‘you’ than ‘I.’ Although Arabic was not one of the chief languages of India, it is the language of the Koran, and Islam had become one of India’s major religions. It was the Arabic ‘tufan,’ a word for a violent flood or hurricane, that the English found in India and borrowed as ‘touffon.’ Later, when English ships met violent storms in the neighborhood of the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word for a big wind (taai fung’), which is by MERE CHANCE similar to ‘touffon.’ The influence of ‘taai fung’ explains the present altered sound and shape of ‘typhoon.’ [alteration (influenced by Chinese Cantonese ‘tai fung,’ typhoon, from ‘taai’ great + ‘fung’ wind) of earlier ‘touffon,’ ‘tufan,’ form Arabic ‘tufan,’ hurricane, deluge, from Greek ‘typhon,’ whirlwind; akin to Greek ‘typhein,’ to smoke]

Ayto’s Dictionary of Word Origins
TYPHOON: [16th century]: A ‘typhoon’ is etymologically a ‘great wind.’ The word was adapted from Cantonese Chinese ‘daai feng,’ great wind,’ its form no doubt influenced by Greek ‘tuphon,’ father of the winds in Greek mythology (his name was derived from the verb ‘tuphein,’ smoke, which has also produced ‘tuphos,’ smoke, hence ‘fever causing delusion,’ source of English ‘stew,’ typhoid,’ and ‘typhus.’

Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories
TYPHOON [late 16th century]: This is partly via Portuguese !!! from Arabic ‘tufan’ (PERHAPS from Greek ‘tuphon,’ whirlwind; it was reinforced by Chinese dialect ‘tai fung,’ big wind.’

Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology
TYPHOON noun 1555: ‘Tiphon,’ violent storm, hurricane; borrowed from Greek ‘typhon’; later ‘touffon,’ presumably borrowed from Chinese (Cantonese) ‘tai fung,’ a great wind; influenced in form by Greek ‘typhon,’ whirlwind, and by English ending ‘-OON.’ It is also probable that the identical meaning of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi ‘tufan’ (from Greek ‘typhon’) influenced the adoption and formation of this word in English. The spelling ‘typhoon’ is not recorded until 1819>

Various

 * <1588 “I went a boord of the Shippe of Bengala, at which time it was the yeere of TOUFFON.” ‘Ibid.’ page 35, “This TOUFFON or cruell storme endured three dayes and three nightes.”—“Frederick’s Voyage’ translation by T. Hickock, page 34b> first appearance of ‘touffon’ in print
 * <1699 “The violent Storms called TUFFOONS (Typhones).”—‘Voyage’ (1729) by W, Dampier, II. i. page 35> first appearance of ‘tuffoon’ in print
 * <1771 “Exceeding great storms (called TAY-FUN by the Chinese).”—‘Osbecj’s Voyage’ by translation by J. R. Forester, I. page 169>
 * <1806 “A Danish . . . ship . . . encountered a TY-FOONG.”—‘Naval Chronicles,’ XV. page 465>
 * <1819 “My coursers . . . out~strip the Typhoon [‘rime’ moon].”—‘Prometheus Unbound’ by Shelly, II. iv.> first appearance of ‘typhoon’ in print
 * <1848 “The increased temperature on the southern coast during . . . June and July operates . . . to produce violent storms along the seaboard, called TYFOONS, from the Chinese ‘ta-fung,’ or ‘great wind’.”—“ The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, etc. of the Chinese Empire” by S. W. Williams, I. ii. page 49>
 * (Oxford English Dictionary)

title: Talk:Tropical cyclone/Etymology


text:
Talk:Harem (household)

Root of the word?
I believe "harem" is derived from the arabic word "mahrem", which means private. By definition - and unlike traditional believe, in practice(!) - it served as the sultans household or private residence. *Arabic speakers, please comment*

 * Mahram means relative whom one is forbidden to mary. For some brief discussion of related words, see Haram. AnonMoos 17:57, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

A bit on pronunciation would be useful. It seems British pronounce it 'hareem', and being closer to the arab countries i'd imagine their pronunciation was more correct than ours.

title: Talk:Harem (household)


text:
Az Yet

Az Yet is an American R&B group from Philadelphia, best known for their songs "Last Night" and the cover "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" originally performed by Chicago.

Formation
Formed in 1989 initially as a duo with Shawn Rivera and Dion Allen, the two were later joined by Kenny Terry, whom they met singing in the lobby of the Wyndham Hotel in Philadelphia, Claude Thomas, Damon Core, & Dyshon Benson.

Debut album
Az Yet released their self-titled debut album in 1996 on LaFace Records. The album featured a "who's who" of musical heavyweights, including David Foster, Babyface, Sheila E., and Brian McKnight. The first single, "Last Night", reached #9 on the US Hot 100, #1 on the R&B chart, peaked at #2 on Australia's ARIA charts, and spent 2 weeks at #1 in New Zealand's RIANZ charts, ultimately achieving platinum status in the US. The group's second single, "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" (a cover of the Chicago hit), was nominated for a Grammy award (Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals), reached #8 on the Hot 100, and achieved platinum status. Driven by these two singles, the album reached RIAA platinum status.

Members
Kenny Terry (1991-present) Dyshon Benson (1992-1995; 2016-2019; 2023-present) Jibriel Patterson (2023-present) Jay Naught (2023-present) Drayton (2023-present)

Past members
Dion Allen (1989-2023) Shawn Rivera (1989-2015) [Marc Nelson] (1995-1997; 2007-2010; 2015-2016; 2023) Darryl Anthony (1995-2007) Claude Thomas (1990-1995; 2014-2023) Tony Grant (1997-1999; 2010-2011) LeDon Smith (1999-2007) Parrice Smith (2016-2022) Kris Gilder (2004-2007) Dante Harper (2004-2007) Damon Core (deceased) (1990-1993)

Television
Fueled by two top ten hits, the group's popularity led them to several television appearances in their early years. Live performances include The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show, All That and two appearances on Soul Train (the first in 1996 with Marc Nelson as the lead singer and the second in 1997 with Tony Grant). The group was also cast as "TJ's Band" and appeared in several episodes of the short-lived television drama Fame L.A..

Az Yet toured as featured actors/performers in 2013 with the Broadway musical, My Brother Marvin (The Secret Life of Marvin Gaye), starring Keith Washington, Tony Grant and actress Lynn Whitfield.

Later that year, the group recorded "Magical Moment" with Malaysian Idol winner Jaclyn Victor as a theme song for the animated feature film, Ribbit (KRU Studios).

Studio albums

 * Az Yet (1996)
 * Back Home 2007 (2006)
 * She's Magic (2016)

Extended plays

 * That B U (2004)

Soundtrack appearances

 * 1996: The Nutty Professor
 * 1997: Steel (Warner Bros. Records)
 * 1998: Hav Plenty (Polygram)
 * 1998: Fame L.A. Soundtrack for the TV Series (Polygram)
 * 2001: Kingdom Come (GospoCentric Records)
 * 2014: Ribbit (KRU Studios)

title: Az Yet


text:
Rice hull

Rice hulls or husks are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In addition to protecting rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel. Rice hulls are part of the chaff of the rice.

Production
Rice hulls are part of the rice seed. The hull protects the grain during the growing season from pests. The hull is formed from hard materials, including opaline silica and lignin. The hull is hard to eat or swallow (unless finely ground) and mostly indigestible to humans because of its enriched fibre components. However, during times of food scarcity in ancient China, a common daily meal was a pastry made from rice husks, wild vegetables, and soybean powder. This led to the idiom "meals of cereal, hulls, and vegetables for half a year", indicating poverty and food insecurity. Testing and commercialization of human grade anti-caking agents were done in the early 2000s. The material is approved for use in USDA Certified Organic products to replace silicon dioxide.

Winnowing, used to separate the rice from hulls, is to put the whole rice into a pan and throw it into the air while the wind blows. The light hulls are blown away while the heavy rice fall back into the pan. Later pestles and a simple machine called a rice pounder were developed to remove hulls. In 1885 the modern rice hulling machine was invented in Brazil. During the milling processes, the hulls are removed from the raw grain to reveal whole brown rice, which is then usually milled further to remove the bran layer, resulting in white rice.

Ash
Combustion of rice hulls affords rice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science. Most of the ash is used in the production of Portland cement. When burnt completely, the ash can have a Blaine number of as much as 3,600 compared to the Blaine number of cement (between 2,800 and 3,000), meaning it is finer than cement. Silica is the basic component of sand, which is used with cement for plastering and concreting. This fine silica will provide a very compact concrete. The ash also is a very good thermal insulation material. The fineness of the ash also makes it a very good candidate for sealing fine cracks in civil structures, where it can penetrate deeper than the conventional cement sand mixture.

Rice husk ash has long been used in ceramic glazes in rice growing regions in the Far East, e.g. China and Japan. Being about 95% silica, it is an easy way of introducing the necessary silica into the glaze, and the small particle size helps with an early melt of the glaze.

A number of possible uses for RHA include absorbents for oils and chemicals, soil ameliorants, a source of silicon, insulation powder in steel mills, as repellents in the form of "vinegar-tar" release agent in the ceramics industry, as an insulation material. More specialized applications include the use of this material as a catalyst support.

Goodyear announced plans to use rice husk ash as a source for tire additive.

Rice hulls are a low-cost material from which silicon carbide "whiskers" can be manufactured. The SiC whiskers are then used to reinforce ceramic cutting tools, increasing their strength tenfold.

Tooth powder
In southern India, charred rice hull, known as Umikkari in Malayalam and Tamil, was traditionally used for cleaning teeth before the advent of toothpaste.

Rice bran oil
Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is popular as a cooking oil in the Indian subcontinent and East Asian countries, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Southern China, and Malaysia.

Brewing
Rice hulls can be used in brewing beer to increase the lautering ability of a mash. Rice husk is also used in one step of traditional preparation processes of Kaoliang (Sorghum) liquid. After fermentation, rice husk can be added into the wine tank to increase the void, which is advantageous for distillation.

Fertilizer and substrate
Rice hulls can be composted, but their high lignin content can make this a slow process. Sometimes earthworms are used to accelerate the process. Using vermicomposting techniques, hulls can be converted to fertilizer in about four months.

Rice hulls that are parboiled (PBH) are used as a substrate or medium for gardening, including certain hydrocultures. The hulls decay over time. Rice hulls allow drainage, and retain less water than growstones. It has been shown that rice hulls do not affect plant growth regulation.

Fireworks
Rice hulls are coated with fine-grained gunpowder and used as the main bursting charge in aerial fireworks shells.

Fuel
With proper techniques, rice hulls can be burned and used to power steam engines. Some rice mills originally disposed of hulls in this way.

Unfortunately the direct combustion of rice hulls produces large quantities of smoke. An alternative is gasification. Rice hulls are easily gasified in top-lit updraft gasifiers. The combustion of this rice hull gas produces a blue flame, and rice hull biochar makes a good soil amendment.

Traditional brickmaking kilns in Mekong Delta are using rice hulls as fuel.

Juice extraction
Rice hulls are used as a "press aid" to improve extraction efficiency of apple pressing.

Pet food fiber
Rice hulls are an inexpensive byproduct of human food processing, serving as a source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient in pet foods.

Pillow stuffing
Rice hulls are used as pillow stuffing. The pillows are loosely stuffed and considered therapeutic as they retain the shape of the head.

Insulating material
Rice hulls themselves are a class A thermal insulating material because they are difficult to burn and less likely to allow moisture to propagate mold or fungi. It is also used as roofing after mixing it with mud and water.

Particle boards and cardboard
Rice hulls are also used to make particle boards and cardboard. The silica in rice husk make the particle boards less attractive to termites.

Geopolymers
Due to high amorphous silica content, the RHA (rice husk ash) can be used as a precursor material for geopolymer concrete.

Rice concrete
To achieve the best pozzolanic properties the combustion of the husks has to be carefully controlled by keeping the temperature below 700 C and to create conditions to minimize carbon formation by feeding sufficient air.

At a given water-cement ratio, the addition of small amounts of rice hull ash (2 to 3% of cement mass) may be useful to improve the workability of concrete mixtures by reducing the cement milk separation and segregation and increasing the strength and durability of concrete. However, the introduction of large quantities of this additive may result in poor workability of the concrete mixture if strong water reducing additives are not used.

title: Rice hull


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NoCGV Tromsø

NoCGV Tromsø was a purpose-built, but leased, offshore patrol vessel for the Norwegian Coast Guard.

NoCGV Tromsø is named after the city Tromsø in northern Norway. She is a 1,900-ton vessel with a Bofors 40 mm gun. NoCGV Tromsø is used for general EEZ patrol, including fishery inspection and search and rescue. NoCGV Tromsø was originally assigned to KV Nord (Norwegian Coastguard North), but during the end of her career was stationed with KV Sør (Norwegian Coastguard South), with base at Haakonsvern.

The NoCGV Tromsø's lease contract ran out on March 20, 2007. She was set to be replaced with a ship of the Barentshav-class in 2008. The leased fishing vessel NoCGV Leikvin took over Tromsø's patrol area until the new ship arrived.

The Tromsø now serves as a Panamanian-registered survey vessel named Fugro Discovery.

title: NoCGV Tromsø