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Rugby league in the United States

While rugby league has been played in the United States since 1954, with Australia and New Zealand playing games there on their return from the Rugby League World Cup in France, serious attempts to start the sport in the United States began only in the late 1970s. The establishment of a national team and a domestic competition in the late 20th century has seen more recent progress.

The United States national rugby league team has participated in international competition since 1987. In 1998, the country's first domestic competition, the AMNRL, was launched as a semi-professional league, predominantly based in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states, and affiliated to the Rugby League International Federation, the sport's world governing body. In 2011, a new domestic competition, the USARL, began.

Background
Games related to rugby football (now rugby union) were played in the United States in the early 19th century. During this time the sports had no fixed rules, and were particularly popular in universities and college preparatory schools in the Northeastern United States. The sport of American football evolved from these intercollegiate games.

Meanwhile, in Huddersfield, England a schism developed in rugby football between those who favored strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. Many Northern English industrial towns tended to be poorer, the working class players often working in industries that had long hours of manual labour for which they would not get paid for time off. Amateur status for players in these towns was therefore not just financially difficult, but also physically demanding due to the nature of their work. In 1895 this resulted in the formation of a break-away professional sport, rugby league, the rules of the two codes of rugby (union and league) would themselves diverge. The bulk of the clubs conforming to the new sport consisted of Northern English towns. Whilst the new form of rugby was taken to countries such as New Zealand, Australia, and France, American rugby continued to be played solely under rugby union rules. The sport was eclipsed by American football and was confined to California by the time of the 1920 Olympics.

In 1939, the Californian Rugby Football Union wrote to the governing body of rugby league, the Rugby Football League, to tell them they wanted to switch from rugby union and affiliate to the RFL. In June 1939, the RFL made plans to send a delegation out to California but were unable to do so due to the outbreak of World War II.

1950s and 60s: Introduction
One of the earliest attempts to introduce rugby league to the United States was in 1953, when Mike Dimitro, a wrestling promoter and former UCLA football all star and NFL Rams player (1947 draft), was asked to organize a tour of Australasia by an American rugby league side. The team was given a huge schedule that included 26 matches against Australian and New Zealand sides. None of the 22 American players had ever played rugby league prior to the tour, and they presented themselves in American football-like attire early on in the tournament. The side won only six games as well as drawing two.

Their second match of the tour, against a Sydney side, drew a crowd of 65,453 to the Sydney Cricket Ground. After a consistent lack of competition, crowds were good but never reached the same heights. In turn, the tour did not bring any benefits to American rugby league, but Mike Dimitro did not give up, he was able to organize two exhibitions against Australia and New Zealand in California that did not turn out to be a big success. An American side also made a short tour of France in early 1954, including a match against the France national team in Paris. France beat the United States 31–0.

Mike Dimitro was still optimistic of developing the game in the United States, but his bid to host a Rugby League World Cup in the 1960s failed.

1970s to 90s: Attempts to organize the sport
In the 1970s former American football player Mike Mayer founded the United States Rugby League with the intention of forming the country's first professional rugby league competition. Between 1976 and 1978, Mayer secured franchising rights from the British Rugby Football League and attempted to attract funding from British and Australian promoters to help establish a twelve-team professional competition. The proposed league would have chiefly relied on attracting American football players who could not make it in the National Football League. However, Mayer was unable to find sufficient financial backing, and the league never got off the ground.

In the 1980s interest in amateur rugby league began to grow. In 1986 a new competition, the Tri-Counties Rugby League, was established with three teams in Canada and one from the United States, the New York state-based Adirondacks club. In 1987 the Australian state teams of Queensland and New South Wales played a fourth exhibition match following the three 1987 State of Origin series matches in Long Beach, California. The result of this match was not to be included in official statistics, but in recent years the New South Wales Rugby League and media organizations based in that state have added the win to their tally. Promoters claimed the match drew 10,000 spectators, but detractors said it drew only about 7,000 and was not a financial success.

Meanwhile, Mayer had continued to promote rugby league. His efforts resulted in establishing a national team to play a match against Canada in 1987; this would be the U.S.' first international match since the 1950s. The following year he was involved in promoting an exhibition game between the English teams the Wigan Warriors and the Warrington Wolves at County Stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Wigan defeated Warrington 12–5, in front of a crowd of 17,773.

In 1991 Rugby World TV promoter John F. Morgan of Lake Placid, NY was petitioned by Rugby League Australia to bring a U.S. team to the Sydney 7s and in 1993 Morgan created the American Patriots who became a novel hit at the event. Morgan also acquired the TV rights to ARL competitions and aired them on his Rugby World TV program from 1991 to 1995. He also attempted to launch League in the U.S. and convinced the RFL to send an Ireland Team to the U.S. for St. Patrick's Day matches in 1995 and 1996. The games were staged at RFK Stadium and televised live by ESPN2 in 1995 and delayed in 1996. In 1992 former St George Dragons player David Niu moved to Philadelphia and began to introduce rugby league to the Glen Mills Schools, where he was employed as a teacher. Soon after, he was contacted by Morgan and they set about building a U.S. national team with Niu as player coach to compete in international tournaments for the first time. Morgan also hosted a few U.S.-Canada matches and a U.S.-Russia match at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco in 1996. Niu took over for Morgan after the 96 season. Under Niu's leadership the United States competed in the Super League World Nines (1996, 1997), Rugby League Emerging Nations Tournament (2000 and Victory Cup (2003, 2004) competitions.

1997–2011: Formation of Super League America, the country's first governing body
In the mid-1990s, rugby league promoters including Australian-American Niu worked to promote the game domestically, and in 1997 the first rugby league organizing body, Super League America (later renamed America National Rugby League (AMNRL)), was formed, with Niu as its head. Super League America was recognized as the official governing body for the sport by the Rugby League International Federation, and was in charge of organizing the national team and establishing a domestic competition. The domestic competition kicked off in 1998 and was contested by six team; the Glen Mills Bulls (later the Aston Bulls), the New Jersey Sharks (later the Bucks County Sharks), the New York Broncos (later the New York Knights), the Philadelphia Bulldogs (now the Philadelphia Fight), the Boston Storm, and the Pennsylvania Raiders, with Glen Mills winning the inaugural championship. Boston and Pennsylvania later dropped out of the league, while the remaining four teams continued to play under the guidance of Super League America. In 2000, Super League America announced a reorganization; the league headquarters were moved to Jacksonville, Florida, with Jacksonville-based marketing executive Steve Gormley serving as the organization's new president. Niu would serve as CEO and maintain the northeastern branch in Philadelphia. The organization was renamed the United States Rugby League, and set its sights on expanding into the Southeastern United States and attracting British rugby league teams to Florida for training camps and international competitions. The USRL was successful in entering the U.S. national team into the Rugby League World Cup qualification process for the first time, as they participated unsuccessfully in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup qualifying tournament. However, a dispute involving the British Rugby Football League led to financial difficulties and internal strife within the USRL.

Florida has hosted rugby league games in the past, the state was the host to 1999 North Pacific Qualification Tournament, where the U.S. beat both Japan and Canada to meet Lebanon for the right to play in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup. Orlando's ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex hosted the Tomahawks's test against England, for the latter's 2000 World Cup warm up game. It ended 110–0 to the away team. In 2001, Florida was also host to the Sunshine State Challenge, where the United States competed against Huddersfield, Halifax and Leeds, the miniature tournament drew a crowd of 6,700.

In 2005, an exhibition match was played in Phoenix, Arizona, to help promote rugby league outside the heartland. Plans were announced to start a west coast competition called the WAMNRL in Summer 2011.

In 2006, a new team joined the AMNRL from Boston, which played an exhibition match in 2005. Teams from New Haven (Connecticut) and Jacksonville (Florida) also joined the 2006 competition. A Chicago team is also going through various stages of development with possible inclusion in the USARL in the future.

2006 saw further expansion as the league added a first Southern club in Jacksonville Axemen, while further Northeastern clubs were added in New Haven Warriors, and the Boston Braves. The Fairfax Eagles joined the competition in 2007, and the Boston Thirteens joined in 2009. Another founder member, the Bucks County Sharks, suspended operations in 2010, while the Pittsburgh Vipers were added.

In 2009, a new professional rugby league competition, the National Rugby League USA (NRLUS), was announced. The new league was to include administrators and talent from the AMNRL, and was intended to begin play in 2010. However, the league had not gotten off the ground, and officials announced their hopes that play would begin in 2011, citing the late 2000s recession as a factor in the league's lack of progress.

In November 2010 the U.S. announced a strategic plan to grow the sport in the country with grass roots development, expansion and world cup qualification in sight.

2011–14: USARL schism
The start of 2011 saw a schism in American rugby league, with seven sides leaving the AMNRL to form a new competition, the USA Rugby League. The departing clubs cited a lack of club input and stability in the administration of the AMNRL as the main reason for forming the new competition. The departing clubs were New Haven Warriors, Jacksonville Axemen, Philadelphia Fight, Boston Thirteens, Pittsburgh Sledgehammers, Washington DC Slayers and Fairfax Eagles. The New Jersey Turnpike Titans and Rhode Island Rebellion were new teams that came into being as a result of the USA Rugby League's formation and served as founding clubs to the new competition.

In retribution, the AMNRL used its position as the RLIF sanctioned U.S. body to overlook any USARL affiliated players from selection for U.S. national representative football. This enticed several players to abandon their local USARL club in the hope of representing the national team, such as Apple Pope.

2011 saw the creation of the American Youth Rugby League Association. The sole concern of AYRLA is introducing the sport to American youth. Since 2011, the American Youth Rugby League Association has created and administered summer camps and clinics in addition to a Middle School Flag Competition, A U23 Tackle Competition, A Training School Program (youth prison), a U23 Representative Side dubbed the 'AYRLA Americans', and a High School Competition. Also AYRLA has created coaching courses that are geared for Americans and American youth. The American Youth Rugby League Association is responsible for the first American in history to be brought through a rugby league youth development program to play for a first grade side.

In 2012, the AMNRL reached a partnership agreement with Grand Prix Rugby to broadcast and finance the sport within the United States, in the lead up to the 2013 Rugby League World Cup.

2014–present: AMNRL collapse and USARL control
During this period, the USARL looked to consolidate its domestic competition while the AMNRL struggled domestically, with only New York Knights and Connecticut Wildcats maintaining regular competition under the AMNRL banner. In 2014, the USARL announced the formation of a Southern conference, with the Atlanta Rhinos and Central Florida Warriors among participating teams, while the Brooklyn Kings joined the Northeastern conference. Meanwhile, the AMNRL competition failed to materialize in 2014 and, following the end of David Niu's long association with the sport, the AMNRL ceded their RLIF membership and folded as an organization, with the USARL being accepted as the sole governing body for the sport in November 2014 and the few remaining AMNRL teams being accepted into the USARL competition.

In 2016, the U.S. was awarded the 2025 Rugby League World Cup along with co-host, neighbors Canada. However, plans for the World Cup to be held in the U.S. and Canada were scrapped on December 4, 2018, due to financial concerns and that the location of the 2025 Rugby League World Cup would be determined by a new bidding process in 2019.

Current expansion franchises as of the 2020s include the Chicago Stockyarders and Cleveland Rugby League. The USARL as of 2021 plans to expand in all formats of the game such as Wheelchair rugby league, Masters Rugby League and Women's rugby league.

In 2021, a break-away competition was form, the North American Rugby League (NARL). However, to date, only one match of the competition was ever played.

In 2022, The Commission for Rugby League in the United States (USARLC) was established and claimed that it had the agreement of the International Rugby League (IRL) to become the governing body for rugby league in the United States. The IRL issued a statement refuting the claim made by USARLC stating that they (IRL) had had no contact with USARLC and that USARL remains the sole IRL member in the United States.

In August 2023, Australia's National Rugby League competition signed a 5 year contract to host matches at the Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas, Nevada every March. The inaugural 2024 season event saw a double-header with the Sydney Roosters facing Brisbane Broncos and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles taking on South Sydney Rabbitohs.

AMNRL (1997–2014)
Tracing its origins to 1997, the American National Rugby League (AMNRL) was the United States' oldest rugby league competition. Eleven teams competed in the 2010 AMNRL season, with seven departing after the season to form the USA Rugby League, currently the only domestic rugby league competition in the United States.

Before the split and decline of the AMNRL, it had announced various plans for expansion. The Chicago Stockyarders team had announced it would be embarking on a full exhibition schedule for 2011, and had future plans to join the AMNRL. The AMNRL had also planned a four- to six-team competition for Hawaii in partnership with the Hawaii Rugby League; teams in the development were Kona, Maui, Harlequins, Spears, Islanders, and University of Hawaii. On June 10, 2011, the Utah Avalanche of Salt Lake City, Utah, announced they were joining the AMNRL as a developing team. To date, they have not yet aligned with the new USA Rugby League Other plans for a Western American National Rugby League and development in other areas had been announced at various times.

USARL (2011–present)
The USA Rugby League was announced on January 12, 2011. It was formed by seven teams formerly in the AMNRL, and became a competitor m and competition to the AMNRL. It held its inaugural season during the Summer of 2011, and in 2014 became the sole competition in the US following AMRL's collapse.

North American Rugby League
The North American Rugby League (NARL) is an unsanctioned rugby league club competition in North America. At launch, the league announced fourteen teams; twelve from United States and two from Canada. An inaugural season was planned for 2021 but was deferred until 2022 due to increased health and safety needs regarding COVID-19 and insurance and travel costs. The league will now launch with six foundation teams, five from the United States and former professional Super League member club Toronto Wolfpack from Canada. The first season was supposed to kick off on May 21, 2022, but failed to do so. A pre-season game was played in June and an announced start for September for the competition with even more reduced sides. This also failed to start.

Championship Rugby League
The Championship Rugby League (CRL) was introduced in December 2022. It was not affiliated with USARL. It began play in December 2022 and played through April 2023. It ceased operations at that point.

Teams

 * East Palo Alto Razorbacks
 * Laie Rhinos
 * Las Vegas Islanders
 * North Bay Warriors
 * Provo Steelers
 * Sacramento Immortals
 * Salt Lake City Spartans
 * San Francisco Savage
 * Utah Saints Rugby

Midwest Rugby League
The Midwest Rugby League (MWRL) is a rugby league long discussed competition in the Midwest United States. In 2009 an organization named Midwest Rugby League was formed to promote rugby league in the Midwestern United States, and to operate the Stockyarders team from 2010 onwards. There has been significant difficulty establishing clubs close enough to Chicago to operate regular matches.

Participation
According to estimates in 2022, there were 700 rugby league players in the United States.

Youth rugby league
In 2011 The American Youth Rugby League Association was formed as a 501(c)(3) tax exempt organization. The goals of the American Youth Rugby League Association otherwise known as AYRLA are dedicated to introducing the sport to youth throughout the United States. AYRLA has formed a partnership with Rugby League Clubs in the U.S. most Notably the Rhode Island Rebellion and the Philadelphia Fight, in efforts to launch youth competitions and clinics in schools and towns, utilizing players coaches and administrators of local club's to run the day to day programs.

The American Youth Rugby League Association have created Middle School, U23 and High School Competitions. Additionally AYRLA has created and assist run summer camps and clinics. For a history look here

title: Rugby league in the United States


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sestren

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was '''Delete or Merge. I'll probably merge'''. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:10, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Sestren
a single character form a video game, and there is little or no useful info included in the article. Delete or merge into Panzer Dragoon. DES (talk) 06:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. --TheMidnighters 10:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge if possible, delete otherwise. -- Kjkolb 10:37, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sestren


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Henley shirt

A Henley shirt is a collarless pullover shirt, characterized by a round neckline and a placket about 3 to 5 in long and usually having 2–5 buttons. It essentially is a collarless polo shirt. The sleeves may be either short or long, and it can be made in almost any fabric, although cotton, cotton-polyester blends, and thermals are by far the most popular. Henley shirts are generally regarded as menswear, but women's versions have appeared as business casual and casual wear as well.

History
Henley shirts were named because they were the traditional uniform of rowers in the English town of Henley-on-Thames. The first Henley Royal Regatta was in 1839.

In his biography of Ralph Lauren, the journalist Michael Gross quotes a New York merchant who recalled showing a vintage shirt to a Ralph Lauren buyer: "I showed this fellow underwear—a three-button long-sleeve shirt by Johnstown Knitting Mills. He said, 'This is a new shirt.' That's where he got the idea for the Henley shirt."

title: Henley shirt


text:
User:Helbrax

I'm going to be a daddy in 7 months! =D

title: User:Helbrax


text: User talk:84.148.84.29

title: User talk:84.148.84.29


text: File:Motion City Soundtrack - Commit This to Memory cover.jpg


text: Category:Taunton, Massachusetts

title: Category:Taunton, Massachusetts


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User talk:Sigurdis

Welcome!

 * Hi,, Welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. Additional Tips:

Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
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 * You may want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

Matani2005  Talk05:57, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sigurdis


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List of IndyCar Series teams

The following is a list of the teams that currently compete or used to compete in the NTT IndyCar Series.

List of defunct IndyCar teams (1996–present)
Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Poles = Number of pole positions; Podiums. = Number of podium finishes

title: List of IndyCar Series teams


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Origenxbox360

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:12, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Origenxbox360
Nonsense? Gibberish? At best, something in the future. Though there is no link to whatever page the article is talking about. Neither Google nor Yahoo searches get any hits for this word. Zoe 06:38, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This might be about an important event or project, but right now, it is completely incomprehensible nonsense. ManoaChild 07:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the mind boggles... Hamster Sandwich 07:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

They are discussing about http://www.origenxbox360.com/ The site is owned by Microsoft and is a promotion to xbox360... http://forums.xbox-scene.com/index.php?showtopic=433989

 * Comment. If this is owned by Microsoft, then it is a dismal failure. There doesn't seem to be any buzz about it. ManoaChild 09:01, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment seems to be attracting attention quickly, but right now there is only a lot of speculation. ManoaChild 21:14, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gibberish. --Agamemnon2 10:54, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete It IS owned by Microsoft, see the sites WHOIS. It's using Microsoft's DNS RoCKy
 * Delete, i've read fairytales, that are more non-fictional. Not encyclopedic. feydey 13:09, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If only for the fact that it's original research. --Lomedae 13:40, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It might be interesting, but it's also advertising, hard to verify and quite possibly original research. --Apyule 02:25, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Clean up; if it is along the lines of Haunted Apiary or OurColony, otherwise delete. FlooK 04:50, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I have protected the article because it was being vandalized by a variety of children. Zoe 22:05, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, I generally frown upon articles about current events, much less for ones about obviously furture events. If it turns out to be an ARG, then it might cut the mustard for an article... after it settles down. --Bob 12:26, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete It IS an ARG. It is only just now beginning, which is why it seems like nothing.
 * Just being an ARG doesn't guarantee anything an encyclopedia article, it would have to be a notable ARG, and not getting any Google hits means it isn't notable. Zoe 04:34, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete, This is a known ARG. This should most definitely be protected though, since it's Microsoft it is a ripe target for vandals.
 * If you would have taken the time to read the rules, you'd know that there are requirements for notability. Moreover, repeatedly stating anonomously that something is definately notable does not make it so outside of the fourth grade. Thirdly, you are looking for the term "keep" instead of "don't delete", not dat anonymous votes are counted. --Lomedae 12:31, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment; Protection is the last thing that should be applied to this article since in it's current state it is useless to anyone who does not follow the subject and complete gibberish to those who aren't familiar with the company's previous viral marketing campaigns. The only reason I see to keep it is that the Xbox ARGs have been successful and notable in the past, and it's likely that this will receive a similar following. —FlooK 13:36, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you would bother to check the article's edit history, you would see that several anonymous vandals have been making gibberish edits to the page and repeatedly deleting the vfd header. Would you rather have it in this shape, or as "I like pooping"?  Zoe21:58, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can’t see anyone learning anything from either so maybe the pooping thing, more chance of some idiot finding it funny :) —FlooK
 * Don't Delete - It's a major event in the history of Microsoft/XBOX, and like all widespread riddle-based ARGs, the idea is that they start off with as little information as possible, and end up revealing more than you could have hoped for. Given the huge amount of interest in this page, I see no reason why it should not have an article on wikipedia. --CherryMay 20:29, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Where do you get your information that there is "huge amount of interest in this page"? Zoe 21:55, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * As ManoaChild commented, it is gaining attention rather rapidly. Most game-related sites have posted news articles speculating on its meaning, and given the short time that it has been online, there have been thousands of people trying to solve its mystery (many of which can be seen in internet forums/news discussion articles).  Whilst there is only speculation at this point in time, I feel that any solid news, evidence, or factual information should be listed as a current ongoing event.  If the website timer expires and the entire site turns out to be a 'generic advertising ploy' after all, with no other site occurrences or 'trails', then by all means the wikipedia entry should be deleted.  Until that time, it does seem appropriate to have a wikipedia entry on the subject for its current factual state.
 * As I said in my nomination, there were zero Google hits for this word, how can it be so notable? Zoe 05:21, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, now there are about 6000 Google hits on Origenxbox360, all speculation. ManoaChild 06:15, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Clean up If the information it contains is organised properly, with external links for more information and theories (putting all the theories in one Wiki article would be silly), I see no reason for this to be deleted... it's an ARG that's only just beginning, so granted there is only a small amount of information for now... but within the next 30 days, something else is bound to come up about it. --CosmicFalcon 13:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, simply because this is explained briefly in the Xbox 360 article.  Thorpe  talk 17:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Clean up This article needs to be cleaned. I could do it, but it's protected --RoCKy 13:51, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Rogerqcaz

Search user languages

New to Wikipedia on August 21, 2005.

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title: User:Rogerqcaz


text:
Sirajul Islam

Sirajul Islam is Bangladeshi historian, writer, columnist, professor and academician. He is the chairman of the Board of Editors of Banglapedia, the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh, and the editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. He is also famous for his works on agriculture, British era land tenure and social history of Bengal.

Career
Sirajul Islam served as a professor of history department at the University of Dhaka. He gave up his day job five years before the formal date of retirement, to make time for Banglapedia, in 2000.

A corresponding fellow of the Royal Historical Society, Sirajul Islam was a Senior Commonwealth Staff Fellow at the University of London (1978–79), a Senior Fulbright Scholar at Urbana-Champaign (1990–91), and a British Academy Visiting Professor (2004).

Work
In 2002, 10 volumes of Banglapedia, published by Asiatic Society, came out in his editorship. In 1991, 3 volumes of the History of Bangladesh (political, economic and socio-cultural), published by Asiatic Society, came out in his editorship. For the society, he is working on the Children’s Banglapedia and the Cultural Survey of Bangladesh. He also is in charge of the National Online Biography project of the society and the Banglapedia Trust.

During his 34-year-long stint at the university, he wrote major seminal works like Permanent Settlement in Bengal (1978), The Bengal Land Tenure (1990) and the Rural History of Bangladesh (1990). He also edited the 4 volume Bangladesh District Record Survey.

title: Sirajul Islam


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Talk:Khaja

I would suggest the editors to avoid having a very restricted information on any subject, and massive edits of existing materials should normally be avoided. I also know Khajas are prepared in Kakinada area of Andhra Pradesh, but there it reached from Bihar when the Nandas disintegrated and fled to Andhra Pradesh. We are editing en encyclopedia and not writing an essay in a primary school. Happy editing. --Bhadani 06:42, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Khaja is also a title that is often used as a proper name in the Indian Sub-Conintent. The Name/Title Khaja comes from the Arabic "Kawaja" which in turn means foriegner or outsider. The Muslims who conqured India were often called Kawaja which became a family name/title. It is also used as the title for a village chief or a warlord/commanfer of a batalion of forces.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 18:27, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Orissa Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Orissa workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Orissa or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  02:50, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khaja


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Empress Xu (Cheng)

Empress Xu (許皇后) (personal name unknown, but likely Xu Kua [許誇]) (died c. December 8 BC ) was an empress during the Han dynasty, who came from a powerful family. She was initially loved by her husband Emperor Cheng, but she eventually lost favor, and as a result of the machinations of her eventual successor, Empress Zhao Feiyan, she was deposed. After she was removed, she tried in vain to regain a measure of dignity by conspiring with her husband's cousin Chunyu Zhang (淳于長), but that conspiracy would eventually lead to her being forced to commit suicide.

Family background and marriage to then-Crown Prince Ao
Empress Xu was a daughter of Xu Jia (許嘉), the Marquess of Ping'en and a brother of Emperor Xuan's first wife Empress Xu Pingjun, who was the mother of Emperor Yuan. Emperor Yuan frequently grieved for his mother because she was murdered while he was still young by Huo Guang's wife Xian (顯), so he resolved to marry a daughter of the Xu clan to his son, Crown Prince Ao (劉驁), and he eventually decided on his cousin. When the young couple got married, then-Crown Prince Ao loved his wife dearly. However, they had no children; then-Consort Xu miscarried a male child while her husband was crown prince, and would miscarry a female child when she later became empress, but she would have no births. She was described to have been, unlike even most noble women of the time, well-learned in literature and formal writing.

As empress
In July 33 BC, then-Consort Xu's father-in-law Emperor Yuan died, and her husband Crown Prince Ao succeeded to the throne as Emperor Cheng. On 13 May 31 BC, he created her empress. He favored her greatly, but also had another favorite, Consort Ban, who also was childless. Because both the empress and Consort Ban lacked children, Emperor Cheng's mother Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun became concerned, and she encouraged him to take on more and more concubines in the hopes of producing an imperial heir, but none would come.

Because of the relatively exclusive status that Empress Xu had with regard to Emperor Cheng's affection, the officials also began to become concerned about the lack of an imperial heir and even her private palace budget was very high, twice that of the previous empress; also in the imperial palace she had a absolute authority. In 28 BC, the Confucian scholar and astrologer Liu Gengsheng (劉更生, later named Liu Xiang 劉向) submitted a report that suggested that Empress Xu's power be reduced and that the emperor spread his affection to other concubines. In response, Emperor Cheng reduced the budget of the empress' palace. She filed a formal objection with her husband, to which he made a formal reply in the form of an edict upholding the reduction in expenditures, also Emperor Cheng was no longer only in a relationship with Empress Xu and had sex with other concubines as well. Nevertheless, it did not appear that their relationship was severely strained.

However, a decade later, Empress Xu would meet her downfall. Circa 19 BC, when Emperor Cheng was visiting Princess Yang'a (陽阿公主), he became enamored with her dancing girl Zhao Feiyan (趙飛燕) and her sister Zhao Hede (趙合德) and made them his concubines, and they were favored over Empress Xu and Consort Ban. In late 18 BC, the Zhao sisters falsely accused Empress Xu and Consort Ban of witchcraft. On 8 January 17 BC, Empress Xu was deposed and put under house arrest in a subsidiary palace. Consort Ban was spared after successfully pleading her case, but she did not wish to return to the same environment and instead became a lady in waiting for Empress Dowager Wang.

After removal as empress
Empress Xu was presumably still given the proper supplies as a former empress, but was distressed about the loss of her favor, her status and her freedom. Circa 10 BC, she made an attempt to better her situation. At that time, her sister Xu Mi, after the death of her husband Han Bao (韓寶), the Marquess of Long'e, carried on an affair with Emperor Cheng's powerful cousin Chunyu Zhang, who was well-trusted by Emperor Cheng and considered a possible successor to their uncle Wang Gen as the commander of the armed forces. Empress Xu asked her sister to ask Chunyu to intercede on her behalf, and she gave Chunyu many gifts. Her intent was to regain her freedom and again become an imperial consort—she was initially not hopeful of regaining her empress status. Chunyu, in order to continue to get gifts from her, deceived her and told her that he would try to have her made "left empress"—i.e., returned to empress status in an inferior role to Empress Zhao. Chunyu had no actual intentions to help her, however.

Chunyu himself was in trouble, however, in 8 BC. Wang Gen was ill at the time, and there was speculation that Chunyu would succeed him. Wang Gen's nephew Wang Mang (王莽), who also wanted to succeed Wang Gen, obtained information about Chunyu's corruption and reported the information to Wang Gen and Empress Dowager Wang, who became so angry that she had Emperor Cheng expel Chunyu from the imperial court and be returned to his march. Chunyu, before he left the capital, gave his horses and luxurious carts to his cousin Wang Rong (王融)—the son of his uncle Wang Li (王立), with whom he had a running feud. Wang Li, happy with Chunyu's gift, submitted a petition requesting that Chunyu be allowed to remain at the capital—which drew Emperor Cheng's suspicion because he knew of the feud between Wang Li and Chunyu. He ordered Wang Rong be arrested, and Wang Li, in his panic, ordered his son to commit suicide—which in turn caused Emperor Cheng to become even more suspicious. He therefore had Chunyu arrested and interrogated. Chunyu admitted to how he had deceived Empress Xu and received bribes from her, and he was executed. In the end, Emperor Cheng forced Empress Xu to commit suicide.

title: Empress Xu (Cheng)


text:
Talk:Paisley Park Studios

Feel free to add anything - most of this is from memory...

Mitchberg 06:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Information lost
I don't agree with last revision (02:16, 27 January 2008 by Musicscene), as some of the information the entry had is lost. Even more, all references are erased --El Pantera (talk) 10:13, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paisley Park Studios


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blogfolio

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:12, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Blogfolio
Neologism. --Ryan Delaney talk 06:44, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. — J I P | Talk 06:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. --Lomedae 13:44, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. as per nom. Alf 14:36, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Romantic poetry

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 August 2021 and 1 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hussam Al Basha.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Where
Where are the Brazilian and Portuguese poets?? 200.158.47.230 19:59, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Hi there! I know this is a very important article and that it has to be constantly under seeing. I want to thank teh first ones who wrote it, but I have, as brazilian, the necessity to ask: Where are the portuguese language poets? Some hours ago I came here and edited the article. I added, as a poet from Brazil, Álvares de Azevedo. Later I saw that there wasn´t no article, in english, talking about him. With all the responsability taht wikipedia requers, a translated the brazilian article to english. Now we have in enslih the link to Alvares de Azevedo. I had a big surprise when a came back to this article and found that someone has took off Alvare´s link. I ask you, let it there, he was very important and NOW has its english article.

Thanks, Tomaz Amorim

PS: Sorry for the possible writing mistakes on the article, I´d be very glad if some of you, instead of just deleting it, could improve it.

Hello again... Yeah, I understand your point. On the article we´re talinking about the romantic poetry on the Romantic Scholl of Europe. I have some points to discuss. My name is Tomaz Amorim, as you must guess I´m brazilian. I started this year at Unicamp (Stadual University of Campinas, top 300 on best world universities) the course of Literary Studies (Estudos Literário, in portuguese). I´m not so old on wikipedia, must been using it for 6 months or something like that. I wanted to include this two brazilian writers (Alvarez de Azevedo and Castro Alves)on the article about Romantic poetry because a consider that the movement started, of course, in Europe, but it has grown in all world, including Brazil and other latine countryes. My point is that the Romantic poetry is just poetry of the Romantic movement. And yes, we had a big romantic movement on Brazil. One thing i couldn´t understand was your saying that our authors aren´t as romantic as Goeth. Two questions, first, what is being truly romantic? Second, do you know Alvares de Azevedo´s work? I will include again the two authors not as an anarkist thing, but as an improvement to the article. It is about romantic poetry, and these two brazilian authors wrote romantic poetry adn were famous for it. This won´t, in anyway, deprecite the article. Another question is... Why Poe and other united state americans appear on the list? Sorry, but I fell a colonialist thought on all this.

German poetry
It is a total misunderstanding that Goethe or Schiller are integrated in the German romantic movement. The begin of the German romanticism (at the end of the 18th century) started as a parallel, overlapping movement to the so called "Weimarer Klassik"(classicism), to which Goethe and Schiller belong. Both, Goethe and Schiller, didn't identify with the theory and the poetry of the romanticists at all - on the contrary they fought against the romantic subjectivism and the - from their point of view - exaggerated accentuation of the emotion. Also Friedrich Hölderlin with his enthusiasm towards the Greek antiquity is not really part of the romantic movement. The prominent members of the German romantic movement were Novalis (=Friedrich von Hardenberg), Friedrich Schlegel, E.T.A Hoffmann, Achim von Arnim, Ludwig Tieck, Joseph von Eichendorff, Clemens Brentano.
 * This is a matter of taste and definition. Most authorities regard these poets as Romanticists. If we adopt your rigid definition of the movement, we should eliminate Keats, Burns, Leopardi, Pushkin, Baratynsky, Tyutchev... Neither of these identified himself with the poetics of the romanticists. Many did not like the Byronic subjectivism and commended the detachment of Greek/Roman poetry, imitating poetic forms more conservative than are normally associated with Romanticism. -- Ghirla -трёп-  14:14, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, but your reply is not common sense. There is, in fact, no single 'authority' who would claim that Goethe or Schiller were Romanticists, and the air becomes quite thin for Hölderlin or Heine to be termed Romanticists as well. Goethe and Schiller are the protagonists of the Weimar classics in the first place, which is not a branch of romanticism. If you would be familiar with the relevant sources in German, there wouldbe no argument about that whatsoever. To claim that Goethe and Schiller are Romanticists on your ground does harm to the quality and dignity of Wikipedia. There is an ongoing debate about quality of public encyclopedia anyway, and it does not need to be fuelled with such nonsense as your claims. To be honest, you claim is like thinking of a rhinozeros as a plant. This is not a matter of taste and definition. This is a matter of common knowledge. Every six-year-old in Germany will tell you that Goethe and Schiller are classics.
 * OK, I checked the latest edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. It says: "The greatest figure of German Romanticism, Goethe is regarded as a giant of world literature". If I am to chose between "every six-year-old in Germany" and Britannica (which is written by academic scholars), I feel obliged to choose the latter. -- Ghirla -трёп-  07:52, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

If you quote correctly, there is only said: "German poet, novelist, playwright, and natural philospoher, the greatest figure of the German Romantic period and of German literature as a whole." In this way the describtion is nur directly false, but - for my understanding - a little bit misleading: It only says that Goethe is the greatest figure of the Romantic period (!). This refers to the circumstance, that the second half of his life coincidents with the beginning of the Romantic movement in Germany. The so-called "Weimar classicism" is also a poetic movement, which falls within the limits of the Romantic period, but nobody would describe it as romantic movement. It isn't said, that Goethe is a figure of the Romanticism. On the same homepage of the Britannica you can find two links (Goethe and the Romantics, Goethes's relation to the Romantics), which describe the complex relation between Goethe and the German Romantic movement, which is in fact very complex. For a further check you can also go to the German Homepage of wikipedia, where you find a list of German romantic poetist: You will find neihter Schiller nor Goethe...

 * Sorry, I don't see why German Wikipedia should be considered a more authoritative source than English Wikipedia or Britannica. -- Ghirla -трёп-  10:32, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Sorry, I had another link, which lead me to the described result (also Britannica). In your case, it's hard to believe, the Online-version of the Britannica is obviously incorrect!

Perhaps you should believe it, because this is about German literature! In the English Wikipedia everything is perfectly described: Goethe is one of the poetist who influenced the later Romanticism - for example with his early novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (which belongs to the German movement "Sturm und Drang" before the "Weimarer Klassik" and before the begin of the "Romantik"). Certainly you have noticed, that many the poets I listed (Novalis, Tieck, Eichendorff, Brentano, Arnim, Hoffmann) are mentioned in the English Wikipedia as well. In the English wikipedia-article neihter Goethe nor Schiller are included as "important writers of the early German romanticism" (Schiller was almost dead at the begin of that movement, so his name is absolutely ridiculous!)

("An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist, a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament. At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states, and Goethe's works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism. Important writers of early German romanticism were Ludwig Tieck, Novalis (Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 1799) and Friedrich Hoelderlin. Heidelberg later became a center of German romanticism, where writers and poets such as Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim and Joseph von Eichendorff met regularly in literary circles. Since the Romanticists opposed Enlightenment, they often focused on emotions and dreams (vs. rationalism) in their works. Other important motives in German Romanticism are travelling, nature and ancient myths. The late German Romanticism (of, for example, E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann - The Sandman, 1817, and Eichendorff's Das Marmorbild - The Marble Statue, 1819) was somewhat darker in its motives and has some gothic elements.")

I have done my best to give the readers of wikipedia the correct information. I'm tired to find my changes always beeing undone. I am sure, everyone, who knows only a little bit about German literature, knows what I am speaking about. I am from Germany, I studied German literature - especially the Romanticism, so I really know the facts! '
 * I don't know much about German literature, but Der Erlkönig is as Romantic a poem as you can get. There is nothing "classical" about it. Tieck and Schlegel do not seem to be notable as poets. The article about E.T.A. Hoffmann does not mention that he wrote poems at all, let alone that he was a "major poet" as you put it. It seems to me than your opinions are highly subjective. -- Ghirla -трёп-  12:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Since when is Rainer Maria Rilke a Czech Poet? Please add him to the German catagory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hallucinoire (talk • contribs) 05:31, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

major and minor poets
what is the difference between a major and a minor poet? Poe is generally regarded as a pretty poor poet. So what makes him a major poet? TheDarknessVisible 06:40, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

- I totally agree. I think the distinction should just be removed. You cite Poe - another example is Barbauld, who is listed as "minor", but was one of the most famous poets of her time (in England). Many poets who used to be very popular in their time were later forgotten, or the other way around. And there cannot be any clear criteria for a classification according to "quality" either that would justify such a distinction. 6 July 2007

 * I agree too. It should be removed. Plus, when you list poets, what is the policy? Who should be listed and who not? I have added Tagore in Bengal. But, I think, it should be according to language, instead of country. --Amr (talk) 16:52, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

I think that Oliver Wendell Holmes should be in here somewhere as either a major or minor U.S. poet... i am going to just put him under minor for now...TheSchu (talk) 20:52, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Notable Female Poets
Query: Why is Huma Tanweer listed under Notable Female Poets? The only Huma Tanweer I know of publishes in the 21st Century. - LittleValleyGreen — Preceding unsigned comment added by LittleValleyGreen (talk • contribs) 04:45, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

Update Needed
A section needs to be added for German Romantic Poetry and possibly a merge of Russia Romantic poetry into this article. Ottava Rima (talk) 17:34, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Dubious romantic
How can authors such as Victor Hugo or Baudelaire be considered romantic, when the first belonged to naturalism and the second to symbolism (almost 1 century later!)? They should be removed.--Desyman44 (talk) 19:37, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Fireside Poets?
I think that the Fireside Poets should be somewhere in here, from what i know they are some of teh most famous American poets ever and they wrote Romantic Poetry. They were very influential during the American Romantic Period and i think they deserve at least a mention.--TheSchu (talk) 21:08, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Moved Elizabeth Barrett Browning from minor to major poet - see discussion page
Had to move Elizabeth Barrett Browning from the 'minor poets' list to the 'major poets' list. She was one of the most prominent poets of her time. For references to validate my edit, please check the corresponding Wikipedia page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning#References 131.94.37.121 (talk) 20:21, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

this is silly
from the intro section:

"For some critics, the term establishes an artificial context for disparate work and removing that work from its real historical context" at the expense of equally valid themes (particularly those related to politics.)[7]"

this information does not belong in the broad overview section introducing the article. I'm not sure it belongs here, period note that the "source" here is just "Hume" sans any other bibliographic information

A sentence needs work
The third paragraph of the lede is as follows:

 * For some critics, the term establishes an artificial context for disparate work and removing that work from its real historical context" at the expense of equally valid themes (particularly those related to politics.)

There is a stray punctuation mark in this sentence: a pair of quotes after "real historical context". Also, the sentence is not grammatically correct. If everything beginning with "removing" is a second verb phrase following the subject ("the term"), then "removing" needs to be changed to "removes". Perhaps someone can figure out what the sentence was supposed to say and fix it. CorinneSD (talk) 22:34, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

 * CorinneSD I'll try and check this in the morning. Rwood128 (talk) 01:26, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

English Romantic poetry
This article is guilty of false advertising as it only really deals with English Romantic poetry. My moving of the list may be controversial, but I found it distracting and irritating, especially given the long list of non-English writers, who were totally ignored by the body of this article. Rwood128 (talk) 20:32, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Big six in the romantic literature of England
The article previously at Big six in the romantic literature of England was merged into this one in 2008. At some point in the intervening years the "big six" nomenclature has has been removed from this article. Accordingly, I've retargeted the redirect to List of poetry groups and movements, as the only existing article that uses the phrase. But it's an odd situation to have it used there, in what's essentially a summary of this article, and not here, so I'm flagging here in case anyone wants to add back a mention to this article. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 15:51, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Who wrote this garbage?
this entire article should be scrapped and re-done. Revdocable (talk) 22:28, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romantic poetry


text:
Abney effect

The Abney effect or the purity-on-hue effect describes the perceived hue shift that occurs when white light is added to a monochromatic light source.

The addition of white light will cause a desaturation of the monochromatic source, as perceived by the human observer. However, a less intuitive effect of the perceived white light addition is the change in the apparent hue. This hue shift is physiological rather than physical in nature.

This variance of hue as a result of the addition of white light was first described by the English chemist and physicist Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney in 1909, although the date is commonly reported as 1910. A white light source can be created by the combination of red, blue, and green light. Abney demonstrated that the cause of the apparent change in hue was the red and green light that comprised this light source, and that the blue light component had no contribution to the Abney effect.

Chromaticity diagrams
Chromaticity diagrams are two-dimensional diagrams that plot the projection of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) XYZ color space onto the (x, y) plane. The X, Y, Z values (or tristimulus values) are simply used as weightings to create new colors from the primary colors, much in the same way that RGB is used for creating colors from primaries in televisions or photographs. The x and y values used to create the chromaticity diagram are created from the XYZ values by dividing X and Y by the sum of X, Y, Z. The chromaticity values that can then be plotted are dependent upon two values: dominant wavelength and saturation. Since luminous energy is not included, colors that differ only in its lightness are not distinguished on the diagram. For instance, brown, which is just low-luminance (and often desaturated) orange, will not appear as such.

The Abney effect can be illustrated on chromaticity diagrams as well. If one adds white light to a monochromatic light, one will obtain a straight line on the chromaticity diagram. We might imagine that the colors along such a line are all perceived as having the same hue. In reality, this does not hold true, and a hue shift is perceived. Correspondingly, if we plot colors that are perceived as having the same hue (and only differing in purity) we will obtain a curved line.

In chromaticity diagrams, a line that has constant perceived hue must be curved, so that the Abney effect is accounted for. The chromaticity diagrams that have been corrected for the Abney effect are therefore excellent illustrations of the non-linear nature of the visual system. Also, the Abney effect does not disallow any and all straight lines on chromaticity diagrams. One may mix two monochromatic lights and not see a shift in hue, thereby suggesting a straight-line plot for the different levels of mixture would be appropriate on a chromaticity diagram.

Physiology
The opponent process model of the visual system is composed of two chromatic neural channels and one achromatic neural channel. The chromatic channels consist of a red-green channel and a yellow-blue channel and transmit color information. The achromatic channel is responsible for luminance, or white-black discrimination. Hue and saturation are perceived due to varying amounts of activity in these neural channels consisting of axon pathways from retinal ganglion cells. These three channels are tied closely to reaction time in response to colors. The achromatic neural channel has a faster response time than the chromatic neural channels under most conditions. The functions of these channels are task-dependent. Some activities are dependent on one channel or the other, while others depend on both channels. When a colored stimulus is summed with a white stimulus, both the chromatic and achromatic channels are activated. The achromatic channel will have a slightly slowed response time, since it must adjust to the different luminance; however, despite this delayed response, the speed of the achromatic channel will still be faster than that of the chromatic channel. In these conditions of summed stimuli, the magnitude of the signal emitted by the achromatic channel will be stronger than that of the chromatic channel. The coupling of a faster response with a higher amplitude from the achromatic channel means that reaction time will most likely depend on both the luminance and the saturation levels of the stimuli.

The customary explanations for color vision explain the difference in hue perception as elemental sensations that are inherent to the physiology of the observer. However, no specific physiological constraints or theories have been able to explain the response to each unique hue. To this end, both the observer’s spectral sensitivity and the relative number of cone types have proven to not play any significant role in perceiving different hues. Perhaps the environment plays a larger role in the perception of unique hues than the different physiological features across individuals. This is supported by the fact that color judgments can vary depending on differences in the color environment across long periods of time, but these same chromatic and achromatic judgments are held constant if the color environment is the same, despite aging and other individual physiological factors affecting the retina.

Like the Bezold–Brücke effect, the Abney effect suggests a non-linearity between the cone responses (LMS) to the stage of hue perception.

Colorimetric purity
The saturation, or degree of paleness of a color, is related to colorimetric purity. The equation for colorimetric purity is: $P = L/(L_{w} + L)$. In this equation, $L$ equals the luminance of the colored light stimulus, $L_{w}$ is the luminance of the white light stimulus to be mixed with the colored light. The above equation is a way of quantifying the amount of white light that is mixed with the colored light. In the case of pure spectral color, with no white light added, $L$ equals one and $L_{w}$ equals zero. This means colorimetric purity would equal one, and for any case involving the addition of white light, the colorimetric purity, or the value of $P$, would be less than one. The purity of a spectral color stimulus can be altered by adding white, black, or gray stimulus. However, the Abney effect describes the change in colorimetric purity by the addition of white light. In order to determine the effect that changing the purity has on the perceived hue, it is important that purity be the only variable in the experiment; luminance must be kept constant.

Hue discrimination
The term hue discrimination is used to describe the change in wavelength that must be obtained in order for the eye to detect a shift in hue. An expression $λ + Δλ$ defines the required wavelength adjustment that must take place. A small (< 2 nm) change in wavelength causes most spectral colors to appear to take on a different hue. However, for blue light and red light, a much larger wavelength shift must occur in order for a person to be able to identify a difference in hue.

History
The original article describing the Abney effect was published by Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A in December 1909. He decided to do quantitative research following the discovery that the visual observations of color did not match the dominant colors obtained photographically when using models of fluorescence.

A color-measuring apparatus commonly used in experiments in the 1900s was used in conjunction with partially silvered mirrors to split one beam of light into two beams. This resulted in two beams of light parallel to one another having the same intensity and color. The beams of light were projected onto a white background, creating patches of light that were 1.25 in squares. The white light was added to one of the patches of colored light, the patch on the right. A rod was inserted in the path of the two beams so that there would be no space in between the colored surfaces. An additional rod was used to create a shadow where the white light scattered onto the patch that was not to receive addition of white light (the patch on the left side). The amount of white light added was determined as one half of the luminosity of the colored light. The red light source, for example, had more white light added than the yellow light source. He began using two patches of red light, and in fact, the addition of white light to the light patch on the right caused a more yellow tone than the pure red light source. The same results happened when the experimental light source was orange. When the light source was green, the addition of white light caused the appearance of the patch to become yellow-green. Subsequently, when white light was added to yellow-green light, the patch of light appeared primarily yellow. In a mixture of blue-green light (with a slightly higher percentage of blue) with white light, the blue appeared to take on a reddish hue. In the case of a violet light source, the addition of white light caused the violet light to take on a blue tint.

Abney hypothesized that the resulting change in hue that occurred was due to the red light and green light that were components of the white light being added. He also thought that the blue light that also comprises the white light beam was a negligible factor that had no effect on the apparent hue shift. Abney was able to prove his hypothesis experimentally by matching his experimental values of percentage composition and luminosities of red, green, and blue sensations to the calculated values almost exactly. He examined the percentage composition and luminosity found in the different spectral colors as well as the white light source that was added.

Similar effect of bandwidth
While the nonlinearity of neural color-coding, as evidenced by the classical understanding of the Abney effect and its use of white light to particular wavelengths of light, has been thoroughly studied in the past, a new method was undertaken by researchers at the University of Nevada. Rather than adding white light to monochromatic light, the bandwidth of the spectrum was varied. This variation of bandwidth directly targeted the three classes of cone receptors as a means of identifying any hue shifts as perceived by the human eye. The overall goal of the research was to determine whether the appearance of color was affected by the filtering effects of the spectral sensitivity of the eye. Experiments showed that the cone ratios signaling a hue were adjusted so as to produce a constant hue that matched the central wavelength of the light source. Also, the experiments conducted essentially showed that the Abney effect does not hold for all changes in light purity, but is limited very much to certain means of purity degradation, namely the addition of white light. Since the experiments undertaken varied the bandwidth of the light, a similar albeit different means of altering the purity and therefore hue of the monochromatic light, the nonlinearity of the results displayed differently from what had traditionally been seen. Ultimately, the researchers came to the conclusion that variations in spectral bandwidth cause postreceptoral mechanisms to compensate for the filtering effects imposed by cone sensitivities and preretinal absorption and that the Abney effect occurs because the eye has, in a sense, been tricked into seeing a color that would not naturally occur and must therefore approximate the color. This approximation to compensate for the Abney effect is a direct function of the cone excitations experienced with a broadband spectrum.

Miscellaneous facts
A patent for a color printer that claims to compensate for the Abney effect was published in 1995.

The Abney effect must be taken into account when designing the cockpit for modern fighter planes. The colors viewed on the screen become desaturated when white light strikes the screen, so special considerations are made to counteract the Abney effect.

A wide array of spectral colors exist that can be made to exactly match a pure color by adding various levels of white light.

It remains unknown whether the Abney effect is a resulting phenomenon that occurs by chance during color perception or the effect plays a deliberate function in the way the eye codes for color.

Modeling
The Abney effect is rarely described by known color appearance models. Of the many models Fairchild reviewed in Color Appearance Models (3 ed.), only the Hunt and ATD models predict the Abney effect.

title: Abney effect


text:
U-Turn (song)

"U-Turn" is a song by American singer Usher. It written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri, and Bryan-Michael Cox for his third studio album, 8701 (2001), while production was helmed by Dupri and Cox. The song also references Michael Jackson and Bobby Brown and also refers to the crunk style of rap making it one of the first mainstream R&B tracks to refer to that style.

The song was released as the album's fourth international single on March 11, 2002. "U-Turn" reached the top 10 in Australia, the top 20 in the UK and Switzerland and was a top 40 hit in the Netherlands. The single was not released in the US.

Background
"U-Turn" was written by Usher, Jermaine Dupri, and Bryan-Michael Cox, while production was helmed by Dupri and Cox. Originally written for what was supposed to be Usher's third album All About U, the song was among three candidates to be selected as the album's lead single before the album was partially re-recorded and retooled as 8701. With much of All About U inspired by 1980s music, Usher called "U-Turn" a "reflection of the dances people did then – remember "The Bird" by The Time?"

Music video
A music video for "U-Turn" was directed by Little X.

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ denotes co-producer
 * $undefined$ denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel

 * Antranika Clack – mixing assistance
 * Bryan-Michael Cox – co-producer, writer
 * Jermaine Dupri – additional vocals, mixing, producer, writer
 * Brian Frye – recording engineer

 * John Horesco IV – mixing assistance
 * Usher Raymond – vocals, writer
 * Phil Tan – mixing

title: U-Turn (song)


text:
Hiller Aircraft

Hiller Aircraft Company is an American private aerospace company, based in Firebaugh, California. It was founded in 1942 as Hiller Industries by Stanley Hiller to develop helicopters.

History
Stanley Hiller, then seventeen, established the first helicopter factory on the West Coast of the United States, located in Berkeley, California, in 1942, under the name "Hiller Industries," to develop his design for the coaxial-rotor XH-44 "Hiller-Copter" for the U.S. Army. The XH-44 became operational in 1944. In collaboration with Henry J. Kaiser, it became United Helicopters in 1945. In the postwar years, United Helicopter produced a number of innovative helicopter designs for military and civilian purposes, including coaxial-rotor and tailless designs, as well as more conventional models. In January, 1949, a Hiller 360 became the first civilian helicopter to cross the United States.

Besides helicopters, in the year after World War II, Stanley Hiller researched a two-man rocket-jet aircraft design that took off and landed vertically, called the VJ-100, in which he tried unsuccessfully to interest the U.S. military.

The company was renamed Hiller Helicopters in 1948. It was involved in the development of a number of prototype helicopters. From the early 1960s to 1969, its Palo Alto plant served as a CIA cover for the production of the CORONA reconnaissance satellites.

Hiller was purchased by Fairchild Aircraft in 1964.

Jeff Hiller, the son of Stanley Hiller, repurchased the company in 1994 with the help of a dozen Thai investors led by Patrick C. Lim, part owner of Siam Steel and many other Asian ventures. For ownership of Hiller aircraft, these investors helped cover the company's liabilities about $1 million and commit about $10 million to build at least 30 new helicopters at the new East Bay production site and also setting up the first aerospace company in Thailand.

Stanley Hiller donated money and a number of aircraft to form the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California, which opened in 1998.

In 2009, the Hiller (China) Aircraft Manufacturing Company began construction of a production facility in Zhangjiakou City, northwest of Beijing. The company is a joint venture between Hiller Aircraft Corporation, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation Company. At the time, Zhangjiakou Chahar General Aviation was already carrying out low-rate production of UH-12 parts and sub assemblies.

In July 2018 an accident in which a truck driver drove over his co-driver occurred at the Hiller Firebaugh facility. On May 4 a jury found Hiller 70% at fault for the accident and awarded the injured driver over 9 million dollars in damages. The company's website news update from February 15, 2021, indicates the company is struggling financially with the owners hesitating to provide further funding to keep the company operating.

title: Hiller Aircraft


text:
Talk:Maureen Starkey Tigrett

Let It Be
"...and also was the only Beatle wife in attendance at the rooftop concert in 1969." - I don't think this is true, at least Yoko Ono was there as well, you can see it on the video.

Yoko wasn't a Beatle wife during the rooftop concert as she married John in March 1969; the concert took place on January 30th 1969. Apepper 11:24, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Beatles wives
To read and discuss my proposal to merge this into a new overview article please head over to Talk:Cynthia Powell. --kingboyk 22:35, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Possible serious problems
On October 12, an anonymous editor edited a series of articles, putting in what appears to be completely bogus information. The bulk of this article appears to be based on that information. Someone needs to do some verification work... --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 05:04, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

I've noticed this. Can anyone change it? Tapirape 00:02, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Name
Shouldn't her name be down as Maureen Cox Starkey Tigrett? 86.29.224.48 (talk) 15:32, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with "Maureen Starkey Tigrett".--andreasegde (talk) 11:40, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Similarly we have "Cox enjoyed the closeness of Cynthia Lennon and Pattie Harrison . . . " Was Pattie Boyd ever known as Pattie Harrison? I do not recall that. Unlike Maureen Starkey or Cynthia Lennon, Boyd was well known under her maiden name before her marriage, and as far as I know she kept it. Cross Reference (talk) 01:18, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Picture?
Is there a reason why there isn't a picture of Maureen on this page? There are plenty of them out there especially when she was with Ringo.

Can someone update the picture of her with the remastered version from the Something video on the beatles’ youtube channel? Getrobbed (talk) 05:56, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

GA
I will be working on this from now on to get it to a GA rating.--andreasegde (talk) 12:17, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Maureen / George Harrison
Why not mention the song about Maureen performed by George Harrison at the January 1969 "Get Back" sessions?

"Everybody's finger-pickin', B and C and D and ...." and the chorus is simply "Maureen, oh Maureen" over and over.

Anyone know the work of the Beatles and how to write a Wikipedia entry properly?

EDLIS Café 22:40, 27 December 2015 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by EdRicardo (talk • contribs)

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Maureen's affair with George Harrison
Should Maureen's affair with George be included in the article in a more comprehensive way? I know there was one incident when the Harrisons were visiting the Starkeys for a dinner party or something and George abruptly announced that he was in love with Maureen, thus incensing Ringo, upsetting Maureen and embarrassing Pattie to tears and she locked herself in the bathroom. Despite this, George continued his affair with Maureen and I know that John disliked what George did and described it as virtual incest, but why would he describe it as incest? It's not like George was having an affair with his own sister Louise, which definitely constitutes incest, but I don't know how Paul felt about it, since he never commented on this.

My theory of why The Beatles' first marriages and/or relationships failed and ended in divorce was because of the fame coming on so abruptly and the fact that they married in their early twenties (in Paul's case, he was in a domestic partnership with actress Jane Asher, but he never married her.) Paul was sensible enough not to marry too young or too early, because otherwise he wouldn't have settled down into matrimonial bliss with Linda.61.69.217.3 (talk) 12:36, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I believe that your theory is correct. Regardless, the article has been updated by other during the past five years to more thoroughly capture Maureen's affair with George Harrison. I don't know how much more WP:RS information is available to expand upon it at this point, given Maureen's very untimely death at the age of 48 in 1994. Thank you, IP editor, for your suggestions!--FeralOink (talk) 06:52, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maureen Starkey Tigrett


text:
Sea spray

Sea spray are aerosol particles formed from the ocean, mostly by ejection into Earth's atmosphere by bursting bubbles at the air-sea interface. Sea spray contains both organic matter and inorganic salts that form sea salt aerosol (SSA). SSA has the ability to form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and remove anthropogenic aerosol pollutants from the atmosphere. Coarse sea spray has also been found to inhibit the development of lightning in storm clouds.

Sea spray is directly (and indirectly, through SSA) responsible for a significant degree of the heat and moisture fluxes between the atmosphere and the ocean, affecting global climate patterns and tropical storm intensity. Sea spray also influences plant growth and species distribution in coastal ecosystems and increases corrosion of building materials in coastal areas.

Formation

When wind, whitecaps, and breaking waves mix air into the sea surface, the air regroups to form bubbles, floats to the surface, and bursts at the air-sea interface. When they burst, they release up to a thousand particles of sea spray, which range in size from nanometers to micrometers and can be expelled up to 20 cm from the sea surface. Film droplets make up the majority of the smaller particles created by the initial burst, while jet droplets are generated by a collapse of the bubble cavity and are ejected from the sea surface in the form of a vertical jet. In windy conditions, water droplets are mechanically torn off from crests of breaking waves. Sea spray droplets generated via such a mechanism are called spume droplets   and are typically larger in size and have less residence time in air. Impingement of plunging waves on sea surface also generates sea spray in the form of splash droplets  . The composition of the sea spray depends primarily on the composition of the water from which it is produced, but broadly speaking is a mixture of salts and organic matter. Several factors determine the production flux of sea spray, especially wind speed, swell height, swell period, humidity, and temperature differential between the atmosphere and the surface water. Production and size distribution rate of SSAs are thus sensitive to the mixing state. A lesser studied area of sea spray generation is the formation of sea spray as a result of rain drop impact on the sea surface ''.

Spatial variation
In addition to the local conditions that influence sea spray formation, there are also consistent spatial patterns in sea spray production and composition. Because sea spray is generated when air is mixed into the ocean, formation gradients are established by turbulence of the surface water. Wave action along coastal shorelines is generally where turbulence is greatest, so this is where sea spray production is the highest. Particles generated in turbulent coastal areas can travel horizontally up to 25 km within the planetary boundary layer. As distance from shore decreases, sea spray production declines to a level sustained almost exclusively by whitecaps. The proportion of the ocean surface area that is turbulent enough to produce significant sea spray is called the whitecap fraction. The only other production mechanism of sea spray in the open ocean is through direct wind action, where strong winds actually break the surface tension of the water and lift particles into the air. However, particles of seawater generated in this way are often too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere and usually are deposited back to the sea within a few dozen meters of transport.

Temporal variation
During winter months, the ocean typically experiences stormy, windy conditions that generate more air inundation into the sea and therefore more sea spray. Calmer summer months result in lower overall production of sea spray. During peak primary productivity in the summer, increased organic matter in the surface ocean drives subsequent increases in sea spray. Given that sea spray retains the properties of the water from which it was produced, the composition of sea spray experiences extreme seasonal variation. During the summer, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can constitute 60-90% of sea spray mass. Even though much more sea spray is produced during the stormy winter season, the composition is nearly all salt because of the low primary production.

Organic matter
The organic matter in sea spray consists of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and even microbes themselves, like bacteria and viruses. The amount of organic matter in sea spray depends on microbiological processes, though the total effect of these processes is still unknown. Chlorophyll-a is often used as a proxy for primary production and organic matter content in sea spray, but its reliability for estimating dissolved organic carbon concentrations is controversial. Biomass often enters sea spray through the death and lysis of algal cells, often caused by viral infections. Cells are broken apart into the dissolved organic carbon that is propelled into the atmosphere when surface bubbles pop. When primary productivity peaks during the summer, algal blooms can generate an enormous amount of organic matter that is eventually incorporated into sea spray. In the right conditions, aggregation of the dissolved organic carbon can also form surfactant or sea foam.

Climate interactions
At high winds the droplet evaporation layer (DEL) influences the surface energy heat exchange of the ocean. The latent heat flux of sea spray generated at the droplet evaporation layer has been cited as an important addition to climate modeling efforts, particularly in simulations assessing air/sea heat balance as related to hurricanes and cyclones formed during high wind events. During the formation of whitecaps, sea spray droplets exhibit the same properties as the ocean surface, but rapidly adapt to surrounding air. Some sea spray droplets immediately reabsorb into the sea while others evaporate entirely and contribute salt particles like dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to the atmosphere where they can be transported via turbulence to cloud layers and serve as cloud condensation nuclei. The formation of these cloud condensation nuclei like dimethyl sulfide have climate implications as well, due to their influence on cloud formation and interaction with solar radiation. Additionally, the contribution of sea spray DMS to the atmosphere is linked to the global sulfur cycle. Understanding total forcing from natural sources like sea spray can illuminate critical constraints posed by anthropogenic influence and can be coupled with ocean chemistry, biology and physics to predict future ocean and atmospheric variability.

The proportion of organic matter in sea spray can impact reflectance, determine the overall cooling effect of SSAs, and slightly alter the capacity for SSAs to form cloud condensation nuclei (17). Even small changes in SSA levels can affect the global radiation budget leading to implications for global climate. SSA has a low albedo, but its presence overlaid on the darker ocean surface affects absorption and reflectance of incoming solar radiation.

Enthalpy flux
The influence of sea spray on the surface heat and moisture exchange peaks during times of greatest difference between air and sea temperatures. When air temperature is low, sea spray sensible heat flux can be nearly as great as the spray latent heat flux at high latitudes. In addition, sea spray enhances the air/sea enthalpy flux during high winds as a result of temperature and humidity redistribution in the marine boundary layer. Sea spray droplets injected into the air thermally equilibrate ~1% of their mass. This leads to the addition of sensible heat prior to ocean reentry, enhancing their potential for significant enthalpy input.

Dynamic effects
The effects of sea spray transport in the atmospheric boundary layer is not yet completely understood.  Sea spray droplets alter the air-sea momentum fluxes by being accelerated and decelerated by the winds.  In hurricane-force winds, it is observed that there is some reduction in the air/sea momentum flux.  This reduction in momentum flux manifests as saturation of air/sea drag coefficient. Some studies have identified spray effects as one of the potential reasons for the air/sea drag coefficient saturation. It has been shown through several numerical and theoretical studies that sea spray, if present in significant amounts in the atmospheric boundary layer, leads to saturation of air-sea drag coefficients.

Coastal ecosystems
Salt deposition from sea spray is the primary factor influencing distribution of plant communities in coastal ecosystems. Ion concentrations of sea spray deposited on land generally mirror their concentrations in the ocean, except that potassium is often higher in sea spray. Deposition of salts on land generally decreases with distance from the ocean but increases with increasing wind speed. Salt deposition from sea spray is correlated with a decrease in plant height and significant scarring, shoot reduction, stem height decrease, and tissue death on the windward side of shrubs and trees. Variation in salt deposition also influences competition between plants and establishes gradients of salt tolerance.

While the salts within sea spray can severely inhibit plant growth in coastal ecosystems, selecting for salt-tolerant species, sea spray can also bring vital nutrients to these habitats. For example, one study showed that sea spray in Wales, UK delivers roughly 32 kg of potassium per hectare to coastal sand dunes each year. Because dune soils leach nutrients very quickly, sea spray fertilization could be very influential to dune ecosystems, especially for plants that are less competitive in nutrient-limited environments.

Microbial communities

Viruses, bacteria, and plankton are ubiquitous in sea water, and this biodiversity is reflected in the composition of sea spray. Generally speaking, sea spray has slightly lower concentrations of microbes than the water it is produced from. However, the microbial community in sea spray is often distinct from nearby water and sandy beaches, suggesting that some species are more biased towards SSA transportation than others. Sea spray from one beach can contain thousands of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Nearly 10,000 different OTUs have been discovered in sea spray just between San Francisco, CA and Monterey, CA, with only 11% of them found ubiquitously. This suggests that sea spray in every coastal region likely has its own unique assemblage of microbial diversity, with thousands of new OTUs yet to be discovered. Many of the more common OTUs have been identified to the following taxa: Cryptophyta (order), Stramenopiles (order) and OM60 (family). Many have even been identified to genus: Persicirhabdus, Fluviicola, Synecococcus, Vibrio, and Enterococcus.

Scientists have conjectured a stream of airborne microorganisms circles the planet above weather systems but below commercial air lanes. Some of these peripatetic microorganisms are swept up from terrestrial dust storms, but most originate from the marine microorganisms in sea spray. In 2018 a team of scientists reported that hundreds of millions of viruses and tens of millions of bacteria are deposited daily on every square meter around the planet.

Chemical resistance
Sea spray is largely responsible for corrosion of metallic objects near the coastline, as the salts accelerate the corrosion process in the presence of abundant atmospheric oxygen and moisture. Salts do not dissolve in air directly, but are suspended as fine particulates, or dissolved in microscopic airborne water droplets.

The salt spray test is a measure of material endurance or resistance to corrosion, particularly if the material will be used outdoors and must perform in a mechanical load bearing or otherwise critical role. These results are often of great interest to marine industries, whose products may suffer extreme acceleration of corrosion and subsequent failure due to salt water exposure.

title: Sea spray


text:
Publishing contract

A publishing contract is a legal contract between a publisher and a writer or author (or more than one), to publish original content by the writer(s) or author(s). This may involve a single written work, or a series of works.

In the case of music publishing, the emphasis is not on printed or recorded works. It usually refers to the promotion of a musical composition, and/or its referral to a suitable recording artist. A music publisher who does produce (or contract to issue) sheet music is known as a music print publisher. It can be used by authors, journalist .etc

Book publishing agreements
Some of the most essential clauses of a standard (boilerplate) book publishing contract are: Grant of Rights, Subsidiary Rights, Delivery and Acceptance, Publication, Copyright, Advance (if there is any), Royalties, and Out of Print. All of them should be taken seriously by authors since trade publishing contracts are not covered in the United States by statutory requirements for fairness and may contain vague language, biased terms and hidden future pitfalls. In the U.K., the Contracts Act of 1999, the Digital Economy Act 2010, and the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act of 2013 opened the door to revisions of the established practices in the area of publishing contracts which are currently underway. Therefore, "The key to a good contract is clarity. Ambiguity and inconsistency are the two key ingredients in litigation soup. Formal agreements are essential. Under copyright law, without a written agreement signed by the author, the publisher does not control exclusive rights. If a dispute arises, a well-drafted contract will anticipate such a dispute and could save you thousands of dollars in legal fees later on. Keep in mind that you are negotiating a very long term relationship. If the book is successful, the publisher and author (or authors heirs) could be bound together for the life of the copyright. For works published after 1977, copyright lasts for life of the author plus another seventy years."

Types of music publishing agreements
It is important for music authors, producers and publishers to understand the legal rights associated with publishing contracts. The common music publishing contracts are:

(1) Single Song Agreement: A single song deal is an agreement between the writer and the music publisher in which the writer grants certain rights to a publisher for one or more songs. In single song deals, the writer is paid a one-time recoupable advance.

(2) Exclusive Song Writer Agreement ("ESWA") / "Publishing Deal": Under the ESWA or "staff writer" contract, the songwriter generally grants all of the songwriter's share of the income to the music publisher. The writer's services are exclusive to the music publishers for a specified period of time. Thus, any compositions written within that period belong to the music publisher. These deals are usually offered to writers with some degree of success. Because the writer has a track record of writing hits, the publisher feels confident that it will recoup its investment. In return for signing away exclusive rights to some or all the writer's songs, the writer gets paid by the publisher a negotiated advance against future royalties. The advance amount naturally depends on the writer's bargaining power and on the competition in marketplace, if any. Under a staff writer deal, the writer is paid on a weekly or quarterly basis. An ESWA can be either tied to a record contract, or independent of a record contract.

(3) Co-publishing Agreement ("Co-pub"): The co-publishing ("co-pub") deal is perhaps the most common publishing agreement. Under this deal, the songwriter and the music publisher are "co-owners" of the copyrights in the musical compositions. The writer becomes the "co-publisher" (i.e. co-owner) with the music publisher based on an agreed split of the royalties. The songwriter assigns an agreed percentage to the publisher, usually (but not always), a 50/50 split. Thus, the writer conveys _ of the publisher's share to the publisher, but retains all of writer's share. In a typical "75/25 co-pub deal," the writer gets 100% of the songwriter's share, and 50% of the publisher's share, or 75% of the entire copyrights, with the remaining 25% going to the publisher. Thus, when royalties are due and payable, the writer/co-publisher will receive 75% of the income, while the publisher will retain 25%.

-To Understand Deeper "In royalty payments, there’s a writers share and a publisher’s share. To make things easy, let’s say each share is worth 100%. So the writer has a pie chart of 100% and the publisher has a pie chart of 100%. If there are multiple writers on the track, then they will split the shares accordingly, 50/50 or 25/25/25/25 if there were 4 writers. After the writers share is calculated, you can calculate the publisher’s share or vice versa. A record label would usually own 100% of an artist’s publishing rights, but if you enter into a co-publishing deal, then the label would only get 50% of your publishing. To break it all down, if an artist negotiated a 50/50 split for publishing, and retains 100% of the writers share, then the artist would get half of the publisher’s share and 100% of the writers share. This would be equal to 75% of the total royalty payment. If you publish your own music, this means you get to keep 100% of your royalties..."

(4) Administration Agreement ("Admin"): An administrative agreement takes place between a songwriter/publisher and an independent administrator, or between a writer/publisher and another music publisher. In an "admin deal," the songwriter self-publishes and merely licenses songs to the music publisher for a term of years and for an agreed royalty split. Under this agreement, the music publisher simply administers and exploits the copyrights for another publisher/copyright owner. Only the most popular songwriters can even consider asking for an admin deal. Under this coveted arrangement, ownership of the copyright is usually not transferred to the administrator. Instead, the music publisher gets 10-20% of the gross royalties received from administering and exploiting the songs for a certain period of time and for a certain territory.

(5) Collection Agreement: A collection agreement is like an admin deal where the writer retains the copyrights, except that the publisher does not perform exploitation functions; like an accountant or business manager, it merely collects and disburses available royalty income.

(6) Sub-publishing Agreement: These are basically music publishing deals in foreign territories between a US publisher and a publisher in a foreign territory. They are like admin or collection deals (with no ownership of the copyrights being transferred to the subpublisher), but limited to one or more countries outside the US. Under this publishing deal, the publisher allows the subpublisher to act on its behalf in certain foreign territories. Often, they are limited to a group of countries, such as European Union (EU), GAS (Germany, Austria, Switzerland), Latin America, etc.

(7) 'Purchase Agreement: Under this agreement, one music publisher acquires in whole or in part the catalog of another music publisher, somewhat like a merger of companies. In this case, a "due diligence" investigation is done to determine the value of the catalogue.

(8) Meetings: Meetings are then often arranged to conference about the book. The agreements can be often about the percentage of the money that the Publishers get. Factual MOTs are sometimes set up to bind the LASDs

title: Publishing contract