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The Last King of Scotland (film)

The Last King of Scotland is a 2006 historical drama film directed by Kevin Macdonald from a screenplay by Peter Morgan and Jeremy Brock. Based on Giles Foden's 1998 novel, its plot depicts the dictatorship of Ugandan President Idi Amin through the perspective of Nicholas Garrigan, a fictional Scottish doctor. The film stars Forest Whitaker, James McAvoy, Kerry Washington, Simon McBurney, and Gillian Anderson. The title of the film refers to Amin's spurious claim of being the King of Scotland.

The Last King of Scotland had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2006, and was released in the United Kingdom on 12 January 2007, and in Germany on 15 March 2007, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film received positive reviews and grossed $48.4 million on a $6 million budget. For his performance as Idi Amin, Whitaker won an Academy Award for Best Actor, among other accolades.

Plot
In 1970, Nicholas Garrigan graduates from the University of Edinburgh Medical School. With dull prospects at home, he decides to seek adventure abroad by working at a missionary clinic in Uganda run by David Merrit and his wife, Sarah. Garrigan becomes attracted to Sarah, who enjoys the attention but refuses to engage in an extramarital affair. After Garrigan arrives in Uganda, General Idi Amin overthrows President Milton Obote in a coup d'état. Amin gives a well-received speech, but Sarah is pessimistic. Garrigan is called to a car accident involving Amin and treats Amin's hand. During the incident, Garrigan takes a gun and shoots a mortally wounded cow when no-one else is willing to perform euthanasia. Initially hostile to Garrigan, Amin warms up to him after discovering he is Scottish due to his xenophilia for the Scots. Delighted by Garrigan's initiative, Amin exchanges clothing with him and subsequently invites Garrigan to serve as his personal physician and lead efforts to modernise the Ugandan healthcare system.

While working for Amin, Garrigan becomes a trusted confidant and is entrusted with a wider range of duties, include matters of state. Despite being dismayed by acts of government repression, Garrigan accepts Amin's explanation that cracking down on political opposition will bring lasting peace to Uganda. Garrigan eventually learns that Amin has ostracized the youngest of his three wives, Kay, because she has given birth to an epileptic son, Mackenzie. When treating Mackenzie, Garrigan and Kay start to form a relationship. Eventually, Garrigan becomes disillusioned by Amin as he witnesses increasing amounts of paranoia, murders and xenophobia. He attempts to announce his intention to return home, but is rebuffed by Amin. While at a party, after doing his best to evade a go-go dancer who is assigned to become his lover, he and Kay have sex, and she says he must find a way to leave Uganda. Amin secretly replaces Garrigan's British passport with a Ugandan one to prevent him from escaping, which leads Garrigan to seek help from Stone, the local Foreign Office representative. Garrigan is told by Stone he will be secretly transported out of Uganda if he assassinates Amin, which Garrigan refuses.

In 1972, Amin orders the expulsion of Asians from Uganda over Garrigan's protests. This creates a labor shortage that tanks Uganda's economy. Kay informs Garrigan that she has become pregnant with his child. Aware that Amin will murder her for infidelity if he discovers this, she begs Garrigan for a secret abortion. Delayed by Amin's command that he attend a press conference with Western journalists, Garrigan fails to meet Kay at the appointed time. Kay concludes she has been abandoned and seeks out a primitive abortion in a nearby village, where she is apprehended by Amin's forces. Garrigan finds her dismembered corpse on an autopsy table. Distraught, he decides to kill Amin. A hijacked aircraft is flown to Entebbe Airport by pro-Palestinian hijackers seeking asylum. Amin, sensing a major publicity opportunity, rushes to the scene, taking Garrigan along. At the airport, one of Amin's bodyguards discovers Garrigan's plot to poison Amin under the ruse of giving him pills for a headache. Garrigan is beaten by Amin's henchmen before Amin arrives and discloses he is aware of the relationship with Kay. As punishment, Garrigan's chest is pierced with meat hooks before he is hanged by his skin.

Amin arranges a plane for the release of non-Israeli passengers, and the torturers leave Garrigan unconscious on the floor while they relax in another room. Garrigan's medical colleague, Dr. Junju, takes advantage of the opportunity to rescue him. He urges Garrigan to tell the world the truth about Amin's regime, asserting that the world will believe Garrigan because he is white. Junju gives Garrigan his own jacket, enabling him to mingle unnoticed with the crowd of freed hostages and board the plane. When the torturers discover Garrigan's absence, Junju is killed for aiding in the escape. The Entebbe incident irreparably ruins Amin's reputation in the international community, and in 1979 he decides to invade Tanzania, which counterattacks and captures Kampala, overthrowing him. He lives the rest of his life in exile in Saudi Arabia until his death in 2003.

Cast

 * Forest Whitaker as Idi Amin
 * James McAvoy as Dr. Nicholas Garrigan
 * Kerry Washington as Kay Amin
 * Gillian Anderson as Sarah Merrit
 * Simon McBurney as Stone
 * David Oyelowo as Dr. Junju
 * Stephen Rwangyezi as Jonah Wasswa
 * Abby Mukiibi Nkaaga as Masanga
 * Adam Kotz as David Merrit
 * David Ashton as Garrigan Sr.
 * Barbara Rafferty as Mrs. Garrigan
 * Sam Okelo as Bonny
 * Sarah Nagayi as Tolu
 * Chris Wilson as Perkins
 * Apollo Okwenje Omamo as Mackenzie Amin
 * Louis Asea as Campbell Amin
 * Joanitta Bewulira-Wandera as Malyamu Amin
 * Consodyne Buzabo as Nora Amin
 * Shabir Mir as Zumba
 * Cleopatra Koheirwe as Joy
 * Michael Wawuyo as Andrew Mukooza
 * Martina Amati as Italian Journalist
 * Angela Kalule as Nightclub singer

Historical accuracy
While the character of Idi Amin and some of the events surrounding him in the film are mostly based on fact, Garrigan is a fictional character. Foden has acknowledged that one real-life figure who contributed to the character Garrigan was English-born Bob Astles, who worked with Amin. Another real-life figure who has been mentioned in connection with Garrigan is Scottish doctor Wilson Carswell. Like the novel on which it is based, the film mixes fiction with real events to give an impression of Amin and Uganda under his rule. While the basic arc of Amin's rule is followed, the events in the film depart from both actual history and the plot and characters in Foden's novel.

In real life and in the book, Kay Amin was impregnated by her lover, who was a Ugandan physician (given a different name in the book than in real life). She died during a botched abortion performed by him, and he subsequently committed suicide. Astles said in a lengthy interview for The Times with the journalist Paul Vallely that her body was dismembered by her lover so it could be hidden and was then sewn back together on Amin's orders. Amin never had a son named Campbell.

Contrary to the wording of the film's coda stating, "48 hours later, Israeli Forces stormed Entebbe and liberated all but one of the hostages", three hostages died during Operation Entebbe. The body of a fourth hostage, 75-year-old Dora Bloch, who was killed by Uganda Army officers at a nearby hospital in retaliation for Israel's actions, was eventually returned to Israel. The murder of Dora Bloch is depicted accurately in the book but not mentioned at all in the film. Also when the non-Israeli hostages were released, they are seen being flown out of Entebbe, Uganda to Paris, France on an Antonov An-12 aircraft, but in real life the non-Israeli hostages were flown to Paris on a chartered Air France Boeing 747.

According to Foden, the film's depiction of Amin is comparable with the Shakespearean character Macbeth, whom he had in mind when writing the novel.

Release
The Last King of Scotland received a limited release in the United States on 27 September 2006, a UK release on 12 January 2007, a French release on 14 February 2007, and a German release on 15 March 2007. In the United States and Canada, the film earned $17,606,684 at the box office. In the United Kingdom, the film took $11,131,918. Its combined worldwide gross was $48,362,207.

Critical response
The Last King of Scotland has an approval rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 185 reviews, with an average score of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Forest Whitaker's performance as real-life megalomaniac dictator Idi Amin powers this fictionalized political thriller, a blunt and brutal tale about power and corruption". At Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Accolades
Whitaker won in the leading actor category at the Academy Awards, the British Academy Film Awards, the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, and the Screen Actors Guild Awards. Whitaker also won awards from the Boston Society of Film Critics, the Los Angeles Film Critics' Association, the National Board of Review, the National Society of Film Critics, the New York Film Critics' Circle, the Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association, and many other critics awards, for a total of at least 23 major awards, with at least one more nominations.

As of 2022, Whitaker from The Last King of Scotland and Helen Mirren from The Queen are the only two lead performances for portraying real-life leaders, and is the only lead actor to ever sweep the rarest achievements known as "The Big Four" critics awards (LAFCA, NBR, NYFCC, NSFC) as well as win the Oscar, BAFTA, Critics' Choice, Golden Globe, and SAG awards in the same year.

The film was received well in Uganda, where it premiered two days before Whitaker won the Academy Award.

title: The Last King of Scotland (film)


text:
Join Hands

Join Hands is the second studio album by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees, released on 7 September 1979 by Polydor Records. Upon its release, it was praised by the British press, including Melody Maker, Sounds, NME and Record Mirror.

Join Hands took the topic of the First World War as its inspiration. Musically, it is darker than the band's debut album The Scream: it sounds more claustrophobic and more haunting. It was the last album with the band's first recorded line-up, as guitarist John McKay and drummer Kenny Morris quit the group after a disagreement at the beginning of the British Join Hands tour, on the day of the album's release.

The record peaked at No. 13 on the UK Albums Chart. "Playground Twist" was the only single released from the album. Join Hands was reissued on vinyl in 2015, along with the very first artwork that the band had presented to Polydor in 1979.

History, content and music
Join Hands was written over a period of six months. In 1979, the band watched news reports from Iran, including scenes of repression and curfews; it was one of the first times they had seen images of people being shot and killed on television. In England, the political situation was also unstable, with rubbish piling up in the streets of London. Siouxsie Sioux saw it as "a real time, everything in flux and uncertain but also festering underneath, and because this stuff from the past that was just left there rotting there and it needed to be acknowledged and then cleaned up, not just swept away still rotting". The band were inspired by these events. The theme of war emerged through the songs: rather than a pro-military message, the lyrics were meant to capture the spirit of what things were like at the time. Miranda Sawyer stated that Join Hands took "the very un-rock'n'roll topic of World War I as its inspiration".

The album's references to poppies represented the idea of "loss, of flesh and blood and hopelessness". The themes of the songs also included "child-like terror, attacks on social and spiritual conditioning, various kinds of death and torture, and loneliness". Some songs were also about families and nursing. For the critic Ronnie Gurr, "All lyrical options are left completely open".

The album opens with the sound of tolling bells before the beginning of "Poppy Day". The words were based on John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields", which was written in 1915 after the loss of a friend during a First World War battle. "Poppy Day", a short track with a long introduction building over what one journalist called "shards of John McKay's guitar" and a "strident militaristic backbeat", had been shaped after Steven Severin had observed the televised two minutes of silence in memory of the war dead on Sunday, 12 November 1978. "We wanted to write a song that would fittingly fill that gap", he stated. On the inner sleeve of the album, the mention "2 minutes of silence" was added next to the lyrics of the song.

"Regal Zone", featuring saxophone by McKay, also covers the subject of war and is about the conflict in Iran. "Placebo Effect" addresses the use of placebos in medicine, while "Icon" displays echoes of iconoclasm, with the destruction of paintings featuring religious images, or statues and symbols of old authoritarian regimes. "Premature Burial", "ostensibly inspired" by Edgar Allan Poe's short story of the same name, is the track from which the album title had been taken. It is, in Siouxsie's words, "an expression of claustrophobia, of being hemmed in both by society's and people's limitations". For the writer Mark Paytress, the line "We're all sisters and brothers" looked like a mockery of the Summer of Love. The song's conclusion features what sounds like "a formal choir backing for a retreating Red Army in its magnificent defeat".

Beginning the second side, "Playground Twist" is a "swirling mass of flanged guitars" with church bells; it includes a nursery rhyme section. The song "talks about adults who act like children and children who think they're adults". Siouxsie explained: "It's about the cruelty of children and that whole aspect of being thrown out into the playground in the winter in howling gales and left to fend for yourself. It's not the sort of thing you're supposed to write pop songs about". It was the band's third single in less than a year and "probably the best", according to the music historian Clinton Heylin. The single did not sound catchy, but it nevertheless entered the top 30. Severin later recalled the head of A&R at Polydor telling him he expected a commercial failure.

The lullaby "Mother / Oh Mein Papa" is an interpretation of the German song "O mein Papa" with words by Siouxsie. Phil Sutcliffe called it "a raw wound of a song offered by Siouxsie from her own life and surely shared and picked and scratched at by everyone who hears it". Over a music box, two voices sing simultaneous love and hatred for the same mother. The positive lyric is upfront and the negative one is in the background. The final track of the album is a studio recording of "The Lord's Prayer", the song that Siouxsie and the Banshees had famously played at their debut live performance at the 100 Club Punk Festival in September 1976. It was recorded in one take; after every session in the first week, they put down a version of "The Lord's Prayer". Before entering the studio, the band had recorded a John Peel session in early April in which they had premiered the tracks "Placebo Effect", "Playground Twist", "Regal Zone" and "Poppy Day". The band then went into AIR Studios on Oxford Street in London to record the album in May. By June, they had mixed it.

Join Hands was different from The Scream; it was darker, more experimental, less abrasive, with a new "claustrophobic" mood. McKay's guitar-playing generates a "barrage of sound" while Severin's "bass carries the tune". The recording took place under a strained atmosphere. McKay and Kenny Morris withdrew and became uncommunicative with the rest of the band and their manager and co-producer of the album, Nils Stevenson. Unlike the sessions for The Scream, the music was recorded without Siouxsie, as she added her vocals later. Morris did not take part in the mixing sessions, while Siouxsie was heavily involved. Commenting a few days before the album's release, Jon Savage wrote about the music: "The songs are delivered with the stifling intensity of inner violence in a locked room". Kris Needs remarked that Join Hands was, in retrospect, an ironic title for a record which split the group in two. The album reflected how the band felt at the time: "We were lonely and isolated and that comes across in the music", stated Siouxsie in 2003. She added: "Musically, Join Hands was an uncompromising album but it still sounds modern today".

Cover artwork, release and tour
Initially, the group wanted to release an album cover using an edited image from a Holy Communion card, showing children joining hands. The image had been photocopied several times, so it had become distorted. The art direction was by John Maybury, a college friend of Morris. Their manager, Stevenson, was unable to determine who owned the copyright and advised that the band would be bankrupted if they were sued as a result. Polydor also became nervous about copyright infringement, so the artwork was pulled at the last minute; the record company's executives also disliked its religious nature. A UK tour had already been scheduled to coincide with the release of the album, so there was no possibility of delaying the release.

Stevenson suggested an alternative cover. He instructed the Polydor art department to design artwork using four statues from the Guards Memorial, from a photo session the band had recently done in front of the monument which commemorates the war dead of the First World War. Four of the soldier statues were cut out from the shot of the band. Siouxsie found the sleeve a workable solution, as she was drawn in by the imagery conjured up by the words for "In Flanders Fields", which inspired "Poppy Day". For her, it was the linchpin for the album. The poppy reproduced on the album cover is a symbol of Remembrance Sunday in the UK. The designer, Rob O'Connor, said about the layout: "The wreath of poppies was devised to help add colour and create a graphic device". An embossed sleeve was planned, with the four soldiers inked in the card, but was not used because the band did not receive the proofs in time. Morris and McKay blamed Stevenson, Siouxsie and Severin, although it was Polydor that refused the extra expense at the last minute. Nevertheless, Severin succeeded in pushing for a gatefold cover: "We wanted it all white because you were supposed to do it all black, and you were supposed to have blackmail lettering on it and so we had it nice and classic", he stated. Maybury's drawings of the band were used on the inner spread; it was the only part of the original design that survived.

Join Hands was issued on 7 September 1979 by Polydor Records. It reached No. 13 in the UK Albums Chart. At that time, the breach between McKay and Morris and the rest of the group had become important. A warm-up show in Ireland had caused problems for McKay; none of the ancillary equipment arrived at the venue, forcing him to play without all his effects pedals. Finally, after a brawl at a record shop, McKay and Morris abruptly left the band on the day of the album's release, just a few hours before a concert at the Capitol Theatre in Aberdeen. It was a spur-of-the-moment decision, but they never returned. Severin later remarked, "Is there another band that that's happened to? I don't think so".

A 2006 remastered edition included two bonus tracks: the non-album song "Love in a Void" and the previously unreleased instrumental "Infantry". The album, this time with the Maybury-designed sleeve, was reissued on vinyl for Record Store Day in April 2015. This edition had the original collection of tracks, but "Infantry" was made the album's closing track, as had been the original intent.

A 180g vinyl reissue of the album, remastered from the original ¼” tapes and cut half-speed at Abbey Road Studios by Miles Showell, was released in August 2018.

Critical reception
Upon release, the album was well received by reviewers. Sounds gave Join Hands a grade of 4.5 out of 5, with the reviewer, Peter Silverton, noting a change in the sound: "The mix is different to the last album. Now there's a clarity which frames Sue's voice like it was a thing of treasure". Silverton also wrote that some of the songs have "Siouxsie's voice double-tracked with devastating effect". Jon Savage, a Melody Maker reviewer, described the first track, "Poppy Day", as a "short, powerful evocation of the Great War graveyards in Flanders". He also wrote that "Placebo Effect" "has a stunning flanged guitar intro, chasing clinical lyrics covering some insertion or operation". About "Icon", Savage wrote: "The brilliantly reverbed guitar is a perfect foil for Siouxsie's soaring and, for once, emotional vocal." Savage noted that the five songs of the first side "rise and fall into another in a stunning segue". Similarly, Paul Morley wrote in NME that "Side one's five songs... are all addictive Banshees mini-dramas". Ronnie Gurr, a Record Mirror reviewer, also hailed the record, saying: "Poppy Day establishes the band's perfect employ of atmospherics and sets the tone of all the tracks". "Mother" was compared to the soundtrack of an Alfred Hitchcock film, with Gurr noting that the "track features a musical box, echoes menacing guitar grumblings and Siouxsie providing vocals that would befit any of Hitchcock's best matricides". Gurr concluded that with "Severin's truly disturbing scratchings", Join Hands was a dangerous work that "should be heard". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner called Join Hands "a superb album of strength and poetry," and praised "that weird and wonderfully controlled voice of Siouxsie".

In a retrospective review published in 1989, Steve Lamacq wrote in NME that Join Hands was "a more absorbing, haunting LP" than the band's debut album. Lamacq rated it 8 out of 10, though he said that the version of "The Lord's Prayer" was "out of place". The 2004 edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide gave a 2.5 out 5 rating and commented that the "brooding trance music" of their previous material "can slip into dankness" on Join Hands. AllMusic's David Cleary considered "Icon" the best track on the album, commenting that it "survives an unpromising beginning to open out into a faster main section with fuller vocal sound and gutsier guitar work", but Cleary panned the rest of Join Hands, describing it as "almost uniformly grim, with dragging tempos, bleak lyrics, long and wandering free-form structures, static and often unfocused harmony and thick, colorless arrangements". The Spin Alternative Record Guide scored the album 4 out of 10 and noted the "more austere, droning and, frankly, dreary direction".

Legacy
Join Hands is considered a post-punk album by Heylin and listed as such on AllMusic. According to Simon Reynolds, it is also seen as a precursor of the gothic rock genre due to several of its songs. Its "funereal" atmosphere "inspired a host of gothic impersonators", according to Mojo, but "none of whom matched the Banshees' run of singles".

AllMusic's David Cleary commented that "some of [Join Hands ' ] selections appear to strongly anticipate the work of Joy Division's second album, Closer, especially 'Placebo Effect', whose guitar sound was a clear inspiration for that of the Manchester band's song 'Colony'." In the 2007 film Control, the sleeve of Join Hands is shown in a scene where Ian Curtis's wife, Deborah, looks through her husband's record collection.

Join Hands was later namechecked by other critically acclaimed musicians. James Murphy, the leader of LCD Soundsystem, expressed an appreciation of the album stating the first records he bought were Join Hands, the Fall's Grotesque and the Birthday Party's "Nick the Stripper". "All three of those records are three of my favourite things I've ever heard", he said. In late 2008, Morrissey chose the track "Mother" in his playlist when he was interviewed for BBC Radio 2, and another former member of the Smiths, Johnny Marr, said he was a big admirer of second albums from several bands, including Siouxsie and the Banshees. Tim Burgess of the Charlatans stated: "'Playground Twist' is a manic masterpiece – incredible, the kind of atmosphere rarely generated on a record".

Personnel

 * Siouxsie and the Banshees

 * Siouxsie Sioux – voice, piano
 * John McKay – guitar, saxophone
 * Steven Severin – bass guitar, backing vocals on 'Premature Burial'
 * Kenny Morris – drums, percussion

 * Technical

 * Mike Stavrou – production, engineering
 * Nils Stevenson – production
 * Ian Morais – engineering assistance
 * Rob O'Connor – sleeve design
 * Adrian Boot – sleeve photography
 * John Maybury – sleeve illustration

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Join Hands


text: Category:Mafia comedy films

title: Category:Mafia comedy films


text:
Talk:Inversion of control

Code example
The example is incomplete. While it does show how to refactor a facade into a proxy, it does not show a proper application of IoC (or SOLID in a broader sense). A proper example will use at least a couple classes and interfaces. A class diagram will be required to show readers the structure of the example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.241.142.45 (talk) 09:51, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

What is good faith, and why is it negated?
Hey, just curious -- I attempted an edit of a section that was not only poorly written but contained two outside links to PDFs and places that no longer exist. This was rolled back by someone named Diego immediately with the description "good faith edit" and no explanation whatsoever. Now I'm just a random person who's found something in Wikipedia that they thought could be improved, and certainly opinions as to the quality of my edit can vary. Notwithstanding the links to nowhere, it's clear the paragraph in question was not written by a native English speaker because its syntax is muddled and its meaning is unclear (and may not even illuminate the ostensible subject; can't tell because the content linked to is no longer there). It should be fixed or deleted. I've read that the number of quality contributors to Wikipedia has been crashing in recent years, and if my experience today is any example, I think I may know why. 97.126.4.240 (talk) 05:13, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry that I have given you a bad first impression, I pride myself to try hard to not bite newcomers, but I have little internet time these days. You should expect that any edit you make may be reverted by other editor; it comes with the territory of an encyclopedia that anyone can edit, where anyone can disagree with what you did. It's even more likely if you edit without a user account, since we have to deal with lots of anonymous vandalism.
 * That a reference is not immediately available I'd not a reason to remove the content right there; as it's likely that there may be other sources supporting it. In the case of broken links, they get archived at archive. org and other services, so the proper way of action is to link to the archive. If you know how to fix the grammar, by all means do it. Diego (talk) 06:41, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Since neither authors are citing Diff's to highlight the relevant edits, a neutral suggestion in this discussion would be to keep available references while deleting or correcting deadlinks. The situation faced by the first author is called a Link Rot and guidance on handling this is provided at WP:ROT. --Wikishagnik (talk) 12:24, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

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Lead paragraph
Can we come to some understanding about what needs fixing and how that should happen? “Calls into” is a normal idiom in programming, distinct from “calls”. When one says “calls”, one means to invoke a function. When one says “calls into”, one implies that there is a body of code with entry points, and the caller makes use of those entry points (which might be a function from a table, for example). The call may get routed opaquely into some part of the code being called that the calling code has no notion of. Any particular instance of “calling into” is a “call”, but in aggregate, they are “calling into”. Strebe (talk) 22:05, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Overall this article is unnecessarily verbose and jargon heavy, I was hoping for simple agreeable changes bit by bit as I get time but obviously failed at that.
 * Used in this sense "calls into" might be used by some but "calls" alone in reference to library code is also fine and has usage even in technical documents. You can call functions but you can also call other code, libraries and APIs, the benefit removing "into" here is it is also common in non-jargon grammar e.g. "I'm going to call my friend in France", "I'm going to call France", but most wouldn't say "I'm going to call into France"
 * We could simply say "uses libraries" for the first part though which would be both simpler and less contentious and maybe "makes calls to" for the second, which is also legitimate in both the common and jargon senses
 * Side note do you have an objection to changing "the code that expresses the purpose of the program" to just "the custom code"? Licriss (talk) 21:11, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I wonder if we come out of different cultures of English idioms in programming. “Call a library” actually sounds wrong to me, which is interesting, because we do say “call France”. I don’t think anyone would be confused by removing “into”, although I also don’t think anyone would be confused by leaving it. “The custom code” is pithy and probably generally understandable, so I am fine with it, but this article has a history of squabbles over that explanation, and I think it used to be “custom code”. Strebe (talk) 00:59, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Strebe I can see it was "domain specific" and before that mentioned "compile time" vs "runtime" profiling, which would be understood by a much narrower audience than its current state.
 * I was tempted to put that the custom code "calls out" to the libraries in procedural and with inversion the libraries call into the custom code, for its illustrative effect, but I think the main idea is that the library controls the custom code, although this phrasing seems too casual and probably not clearer either i.e. "custom code uses generic code from external libraries, but with inversion the libraries are given control of the custom code"
 * I really think this comparison deserves a diagram but I'm not sure what would be an appropriate format for this page Licriss (talk) 20:27, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

Usage of technical jargon as libraries and frameworks.
I re-read this article from the perspective of a non-technical person, If y'all could contribute a summary highlighting the essential points while maintaining the technical language, but also boiling down the concepts for anybody to read that would be great. Lamaoaj (talk) 15:29, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inversion of control


text:
Kengtung

Kengtung (, เชียงตุง), also spelt Kyaingtong , is a town in Shan State, Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is the principal town of Kengtung Township and the former seat of Kengtung State, a minor principality. Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway.

Etymology
Owing to Kengtung's proximity to China and Thailand, the city is known by a number of exonyms and endonyms. The endonym used by Tai Khun and Tai Lue-speaking locals is Jeng Tung (ᨾᩮᩨ᩠ᨦᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᨲᩩᨦ) respectively. Other Shan speakers use the exonym Kengtung. The most common exonym, Kyaingtong, is derived from the Burmese approximation of Kengtung. The exonym of Chiang Tung (เชียงตุง, ) is used by Thai speakers, while Chinese speakers use Jingdong.

History
The early history of Kengtung is made up of myths and legends. The oral tradition of the [Tai people] says that the ancient city of Kengtung was founded in the distant past by Tai Lue as the original inhabitants of the region, and was later reestablished by the grandson of King Mangrai after defeating the Tai Lue. This migration of the Chiang Mai dynasty in the 13th century, with the founding a new kingdom which was later named Lanna, has resulted in Kengtung having a different type of Tai population from the rest of the Shan State, the Tai Khün.

Kengtung, like other major towns in the Shan Plateau, was home to a Shan Saopha (Sawbwa). Kengtung was the capital of the Kengtung State. In 1905, Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng built the Kengtung Palace.

The city was seized and occupied by the Thai Phayap Army from 1942 until the end of the Second World War and became the headquarters of the Saharat Thai Doem territory. The headquarters of the regional military command of the Tatmadaw is in the town.

Geography
Kengtung contains several lakes. The largest, Naung Tung Lake, lies in the western part of the city, followed by Naung Kham Lake and Naung Yarng Lake to the south of the Kentung Roman Catholic Mission.

Transportation
The town is served by Kengtung Airport. Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway.

Climate
Kengtung has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in the low-sun months, no cold season, wet season is in the high-sun months. Temperatures are very warm throughout the year, although the winter months (December–February) are milder and nights can be quite cool. There is a winter dry season (December–April) and a summer wet season (May–November).

Education

 * Keng Tung University
 * Keng Tung Computer University
 * Keng Tung Technological University
 * Keng Tung Education Degree College
 * Government Technical High School (Keng Tung)

Health care

 * Keng Tung General Hospital

title: Kengtung


text:
Ismail Darbar

Ismail Darbar is an Indian film score composer, instrumentalist, singer, violinist and music director. He won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999).

Career
Ismail Darbar is from Surat, Gujarat. He worked for several years as a session violinist for leading music directors Laxmikant Pyarelal, Kalyanji Anandji, Bappi Lahiri, Rajesh Roshan, Anand–Milind, Nadeem-Shravan, Jatin–Lalit and A. R. Rahman. Finally, he got a break with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. Earlier, Darbar had played violin for Jatin–Lalit in the movie Khamoshi: The Musical. Later, his music in Bhansali's Devdas was acclaimed. He did not work with Bhansali after Devdas due to personal differences. After Devdas, Darbar did a few more movies but without much success. In 2005, he composed for seven out of 12 tracks for Subhash Ghai's Kisna: The Warrior Poet after A. R. Rahman had left the project mid-way to complete an international assignment. However, Ghai would later say, "The music [of the film] has turned out so well that you can't distinguish an Ismail song from a Rahman one".

Darbar, Jatin–Lalit, Aadesh Shrivastava and Himesh Reshammiya were the four judges on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005. Darbar was also a judge for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007. He was also one of the three judges for Amul Star Voice of India 2 and Bharat Ki Shaan: Singing Star – Season 2 on DD National.

In 2007, Darbar released his first private music album, Rasiya Saajan, directed by S Ramachandran.

Darbar also appeared on season three of the reality series Bigg Boss which aired on Colors TV.

In 2018, Darbar co-composed his directorial debut film, Yeh Kaisa Tigdam, with Badshah (Nanu) Khan.

He entered state-level politics by joining BJP Gujarat in 2011.

Awards

 * R.D Burman awards in 1999
 * National Film Award for Best Music Direction for Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam in 2000
 * Worlds Amazing Talent in 2021

Controversies
Darbar became the subject of controversy when he accused A.R. Rahman of having bought the Academy Awards he won for the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). Rahman denied the allegations, but decided not to file a lawsuit against Darbar.

On 2 February 2015, Darbar, his son Zaid Darbar and their associates were arrested for physically assaulting an assistant director, Prashamit Chaudhury, who had been employed by him earlier. Darbar refused to pay his due salaries and instead settled the score by assaulting his former employee.

title: Ismail Darbar


text:
Kwong Wa

Kwong Wa (born Chan Muk-wah on 19 November 1962) is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He is known for his portrayals of Chinese historical characters such as Lao Ai (A Step into the Past), Xiang Yu (The Conqueror's Story), Tang Sanzang (Journey to the West), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (The Legend of Lady Yang), Yongzheng Emperor (The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow), and Qianlong Emperor (Happy Ever After).

Career
Chan had his acting debut in the 1989 film Life Goes On as a cancer patient, which won him the Best New Actor Award in the 9th Hong Kong Film Awards. He then gained wider fame as Tang Sanzang in the television series Journey to the West (1996) and its sequel Journey to the West II (1998). After appearing in other dramas such as The Legend of Lady Yang (1999), Crimson Sabre (2001), and A Step into the Past (2001), Chan reached the peak of his fame as the Yongzheng Emperor in 2003's The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow. The show gained extremely high ratings and Chan was acclaimed for his charismatic performance as the emperor who travelled through time to 21st century Hong Kong. Afterwards, he has appeared in The Conqueror's Story (2004).

Personal life
During a 2018 interview, Chan stated that he had suffered an accident that rendered him with a temporarily paralysed foot. Not knowing whether or not he would recover, let alone ever walk, he found consolation through Christianity and, during this time, made his conversion.

title: Kwong Wa


text:
User:Nandhp/monobook.css

 * 1) fundraising {display:none}

title: User:Nandhp/monobook.css


text:
Tanggula Pass

The Tanggu La, Tangla Pass, or Tanggu Pass (གདང་ལ ) is a wide mountain pass in Southwest China over 5000 m in elevation, used by both the Qinghai–Tibet Highway and Qinghai–Tibet Railway to cross the Tanggula Mountains. These mountains on the Tibetan Plateau separate the Tibet Autonomous Region from the Qinghai province, and also form part of the watershed separating the Yangtze River to the north from a zone of endorheic basins with internal drainage to the south. The Qinghai–Tibet Highway reaches its highest elevation of 5231 m in the Tanggu Pass at 32.87333°N, 91.9175°W. On August 24, 2005, rail track for the Qinghai–Tibet Railway was completed 28 km to the WNW of the highway, reaching 5072 m at 33.01056°N, 91.66417°W. The Tanggula railway station 1 km from this summit is the world's highest at 5068 m, 255 m higher than that of Ticlio, Peru.

The Qinghai–Tibet railway connects the provincial capitals of Xining to Lhasa. The 1,080 km-long section from Golmud to Lhasa was opened on July 1, 2006. The rail cars are equipped with personal oxygen supplies to prevent altitude sickness.

title: Tanggula Pass


text:
User talk:192.190.202.10

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

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Your edits to East Lancashire Derby
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Your edits to Blackburn Rovers F.C.
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April 2007
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January 2008
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April 2008
Please do not add content without citing reliable sources. Before making potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. If you are familiar with Citing sources please take this opportunity to add references to the article. Contact me if you need assistance adding references. -MBK004 16:35, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

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Watford FC
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. '' •C H ILL DO UBT•     07:30, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

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February 2010
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Alfred Binet. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.--ja_62 11:31, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Alfred Binet. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.--ja_62 11:32, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

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May 2013
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October 2015
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March 2017
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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Northallerton School. Materialscientist (talk) 10:35, 9 March 2017 (UTC)
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title: User talk:192.190.202.10


text:
User talk:Marubudshinki

Anon vandal:
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Maru 14:37, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marubudshinki


text:
Diane Carlson Evans

Diane Carlson Evans (born 1946) is a former nurse in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and the founder of the Vietnam Women's Memorial Foundation, which established the Vietnam Women's Memorial located at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. In 1984, with the help of Minneapolis Sculptor Rodger M. Brodin, and Vietnam veterans Donna-Marie Boulay and Gerald C. Bender, the Vietnam Women's Memorial Project was founded. Evans initiated and led the effort to completion.

Military service
Carlson Evans was born and raised on a dairy farm in rural Minnesota and graduated from nursing school in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Upon graduation, she joined the Army Nurse Corps and served in Vietnam, at age 21, in 1968–1969. She served in the burn unit of the 36th Evacuation Hospital in Vung Tau and at Pleiku in the 71st Evacuation Hospital, 30 miles from the Cambodian border in the Central Highlands, just 10 to 20 minutes by helicopter from the field. Including her one year in Vietnam, Carlson Evans completed a total of 6 years in the Army Nurse Corps.

Vietnam Women's Memorial campaign
Carlson Evans attended the dedication of the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial (the "wall") in 1982. Following the dedication of the statue of three soldiers at the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial in 1984, Carlson Evans founded the Vietnam Women's Memorial Project, to honor the service of American military women who served during the Vietnam War era. She worked from 1984 through 1993 to establish the Vietnam Women's Memorial, lobbying federal authorities for permission to build a memorial to the 11,000 military women who served in Vietnam and the 265,000 who served around the world during the Vietnam era. Carlson Evans and thousands of volunteers in 50 states raised money and public support for the cause, including from leading veteran's organizations, including the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Vietnam Veterans of America, Disabled American Veterans, and the American Legion. At the time of dedication, the VWMP was about $600,000--$700,000 short of required funds, and the corporation which underwrote the amount, provided the needed last-minute cash. It took seven years of testimony before three federal commissions and two congressional bills for Evans and her supporters to earn permission for the memorial. Once permission was granted, more than 300 artists entered a major design competition in 1990. Sculptor Glenna Goodacre, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, submitted a design that received honorable mention and was selected as the statue that replaced the design "Nurse" by Rodger Brodin which was used as a fundraiser during the early days of awareness-raising; the model for "Nurse," with which thousands fell in love and which raised the first million dollars toward the Project, was Rhonda McKellup a 26-year-old sheriff's office dispatcher in Minnesota. The Goodacre statue now stands on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The bronze sculpture is 7'0" tall with four figures, 3 women and a wounded soldier.  The Vietnam Women's Memorial was dedicated before a crowd of thousands on November 11, 1993, with remarks from then Vice President and Vietnam Veteran Al Gore.

Career since 1993
Since the dedication of the Vietnam Women's Memorial in 1993, Carlson Evans has remained active in the veterans community. As Founder and President of the Vietnam Women's Memorial Foundation, she speaks nationally about the experience of women in wartime. She and her husband, of forty years plus, have four children and seven grandchildren.

Awards and honors
Carlson Evans has been honored for her work from many organizations and institutions. Awards and honors include:
 * Honorary Degree: Doctor of Humane Letters from Haverford College, Pennsylvania
 * Honorary Degree: Doctor of Humane Letters from Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
 * Honorary Degree: Doctor of Humane Letters from Carroll College, Helena, Montana
 * National Association of State Directors of Veterans Affairs "Advocate of the Year" Award
 * Governor's Excellence Award, State of Minnesota
 * "Outstanding Civic Achievement Award" by the USO, Washington, D.C.
 * "Vietnam Veteran of the Year" award from the Wisconsin Vietnam Veterans of America
 * "Woman Agent of Change' by the AAUW (American Association of University Women)
 * "Woman of Distinction" by the National Conference for College Women Student Leaders
 * "Woman of the Year, Jesse Bernard Award" Center for women's Policy Studies, Washington, D.C.
 * "National Special Service Award" by BRAVO (Brotherhood of all Veterans Organizations)
 * "Veteran of the Year Award" by VIETNOW
 * "Service to Mankind" Award by the SERTOMA Club
 * "Gold Medal of Merit" by the Veterans of Foreign Wars
 * The Lillian D. Wald "Spirit of Nursing" Award, New York City
 * World T.E.A.M. Sports Hall of Fame Inductee
 * Sigma Theta Tau International Award
 * Montana Amnesty International Human Rights award
 * Lifetime Memberships were awarded to Ms. Evans from The American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Disabled American Veterans, and Vietnam Veterans of America.

Evans wrote a public letter against the US Patriot Act and war in Iraq.

title: Diane Carlson Evans


text:
Talk:Air Force Research Laboratory

neutrality dispute
I am certain I have read this entire passage on their own website. See the previous version before I began editing, where there was actually used the phrase "our air and space forces." Among other problem statements: "To accomplish this mission, AFOSR has formed a strong, productive alliance with other government agencies, U.S. industry and the academic community." --Rwehr 14:38, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Is the neutrality of this article still in dispute? If so, what are the passages that need work? --Zippy 05:58, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It reads like a propaganda pamphlet or an ad for the Air Force. It certainly is not neutral. 134.105.224.186 13:33, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

contradiction
This sentence is, at best, misleading: "It is a full-spectrum laboratory, responsible for planning and executing the Air Force’s entire science and technology budget, basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development." In contrast to: "Nearly 80 percent of the research is conducted in academia and industry and the remaining 20 percent is conducted within AFRL." --Rwehr 15:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * These are not contradictory. The AFRL has two roles: 1) performing its own research, and 2) finding others to do research, funded by the AFRL. See for instance this page where they say "Our partners include universities and industry, with whom we invest almost 80% of our budget." In other words, they may indeed plan and execute the Air Force's entire budget, spending 20% on internal research projects, and 80% on external research projects. --Zippy 05:53, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Is anybody reading this?
I can offer more information about the AFRL propulsion directorate. Is anybody interested?

cut/paste job
This article is mostly a cut/paste job from http://www.afrl.af.mil/factsht/afrlfactsheet.asp. Would anyone object to me stub-ifying this article so that it can be rewritten? --Takeel 13:05, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have reduced the article to a stub. --Takeel 18:04, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Dispute Removing Mission Statement
The comment for removing the Mission Statement was that it was in market-speak. However, the tone of the mission statement does not change the fact that it is the Mission Statement of AFRL, so that is a fact. Why remove a fact?

I would like to expand this with information available to the public (such as the names, locations, and purposes of all of the Tech-Directorates), and will do so as soon as I can. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by LinuxSneaker (talk • contribs).

 * Hi, LinuxSneaker. I removed that paragraph.  If we replace it, we should probably specifically note that it is a mission statement written by Air Force Research Laboratory.  As it was written, it just said "The mission of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is..." without mentioning that it's a mission statement that AFRL wrote.  By the way, thanks for adding that map to the article; it's a good contribution. --Takeel 15:45, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree. I'll add it, put the disclaimer around it, and reference it to the AFRL website page.  After that I'll start building the structure to describe the TDs.  I won't do a cut and paste, but just put the structure with a brief description. LinuxSneaker 12:16, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Article move
I've moved this article for consistency with the other US armed service research laboratories. And rumor has it that there are other Air Forces in the world which might have a research laboratory at some point. Nigelbeameniii (talk) 02:14, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Existence of the Beginning by Shekhar Patrick Sinha.
Dear Sir / Madam,

I have a pleasure to mail to you.

I believe that there has to be an existence of the beginning for which reason or

reasons everything begins. Now, how to catch or find the

" Existence of the Beginning ", I have bit thought of it.

My thought " Let us take a dead living thing either human or animal or

plant from earth to mars and moon then will the dead living thing will get

decomposed or not, because for any dead living thing to get decomposed

air and water is necessary. If the dead living thing do not get decomposed then

we can be sure of existence of miracle and if the dead living thing get

decomposed then we can be sure of existence of life which is yet another

feet of miracle, but, only we have to find out the form"

Thanks,

Shekhar Patrick Sinha.

Guwahati, Assam, India.

shekhar_shk@rediffmail.com,

mobile no: +91-94354 - 39321 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.95.38.23 (talk) 09:44, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Which is my Primary Key by Shekhar Patrick Sinha.
Dear Sir / Madam,

I have a pleasure to mail to you.

Please go through my concept to give you better ideas and I shall gain

knowledge from you kind people :-

Tablename : -> T1

Rollno_Class-X ->PK

Tablename : -> T2

Rollno_Class-XII ->PK

Tablename : -> T3

Rollno_Class-Degree ->PK

In table--> T1, T2 and T3 I have only the rollno's of the candidate. In these table PK's has been

defined by not using the syntax of primary key.I have defined it in my way but it follows the rule of

unique and not null both.

Tablename : -> Result_Details1

Rollno_Class-X ->FK

Tablename : -> Result_Details2

Rollno_Class-XII ->FK

Tablename : -> Result_Details3

Rollno_Class-Degree ->FK

Now, my table-> Result_Details1, Result_Details2, Result_Details3 which is the foreign key of

above respective PK cols fields have other details also.

Tablename : -> Records

Rollno_Class-X ->PK   Rollno_Class-XII ->PK      Rollno_Class-Degree ->PK

PK has been defined as in table-> T1, T2 and T3.Now, my Table---> Records contains only

Rollno_Class-X ,Rollno_Class-XII and Rollno_Class-Degree. Which is my PK ? Pls

Shekhar Patrick Sinha.

Guwahati, Assam, India.

shekhar_shk@rediffmail.com,

mobile no: +91-94354 - 39321 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.95.38.23 (talk) 09:47, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Move "History"?
Does anyone else think the History section should come after the modern directorate descriptions? Thus: AFRL (overview), Organizations, History...  I'd hate to make a big edit without concensus... in fact, I'll leave it to someone else. 24.164.73.18 (talk) 02:20, 19 June 2010 (UTC)GESICC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.164.73.18 (talk) 02:18, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Ig Nobel Prize
In 2007 The United States Air Force Wright Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio won an Ig Nobel Prize for Peace. Why is this not included in that page. Could it be added under a 'awards' section possibly? Outback the koala (talk) 18:44, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Air Force Office of Aerospace Research
Was the AFRL ever known as the AFOAR, or Air Force Office of Aerospace Research - is it an appropriate target for a redirect? Josh Parris 09:01, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Technology transfer at the Air Force Research Laboratory
A section should be added to this page explaining that AFRL inventions are often made available to the public for commercialization via license agreement. This is called technology transfer, and the Air Force Technology Transfer Program is co-located with AFRL at Wright-Patterson AFB. See: Air Force Technology Transfer Program

There are many examples of AFRL inventions being commercialized through technology transfer, one of the best is the Android Tactical Assault Kit. See: Android Tactical Assault Kit

--DesTROYer22Alpha (talk) 18:20, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Air Force Research Laboratory


text:
The Badger Drive

The Badger Drive is a traditional Newfoundland folk song/ballad. The song is about a lumber drive near Badger, Newfoundland. As with many Newfoundland ballads the lyrics are about places and events and sometimes actual individuals, this song has all those qualities.Composed in 1912 by John V. Devine of King's Cove, Bonavista Bay, NL. Local and family tradition hold that Devine composed it in a Grand Falls boarding house after having been fired from his job as scaler for the Anglo Newfoundland Development Company (A.N.D.). He sang the song at a St. Patrick's Day concert at which company officials were present and allegedly won his job back. Note: Reference 1 has erroneously transcribed the phrase "caulks on their boots" as "cocks in their boots". Additional history and photos related to the Badger Drive and other log drives near Grand Falls, NL are available online in The "Badger Drive" Examined, by Bryan Marsh.

Lyrics
There is one class of men in this country that never is mentioned in song. And now, since their trade is advancing, they'll come out on top before long. They say that our sailors have danger, and likewise our warriors bold, But there's none know the life of a driver, what he suffers with hardship and cold.

Chorus: With their pike poles and peavies and bateaus and all They're sure to drive out in the spring, that's the time With the caulks on their boots as they get on the logs, And it's hard to get over their time.

Bill Dorothey he is the manager, and he's a good man at the trade; And when he's around seeking drivers, he's like a train going down grade, But still he is a man that's kindhearted, on his word you can always depend. And there's never a man that works with him but likes to go with him again.

Chorus: With their pike poles and peavies and bateaus and all They're sure to drive out in the spring, that's the time With the caulks on their boots as they get on the logs, And it's hard to get over their time.

I tell you today home in London, The Times it is read by each man, But little they think of the fellows that drove the wood on Mary Ann, For paper is made out of pulpwood and many things more you may know, And long may our men live to drive it upon Paymeoch and Tomjoe.

Chorus: With their pike poles and peavies and bateaus and all They're sure to drive out in the spring, that's the time With the caulks on their boots as they get on the logs, And it's hard to get over their time.

The drive it is just below Badger, and everything is working grand, With a jolly good crew of picked drivers and Ronald Kelly in command, For Ronald is boss on the river, and I tell you he's a man that's alive, He drove the wood off Victoria, now he's out on the main river drive.

Chorus: With their pike poles and peavies and bateaus and all They're sure to drive out in the spring, that's the time With the caulks on their boots as they get on the logs, And it's hard to get over their time.

So now to conclude and to finish, I hope that ye all will agree In wishing success to all Badger and the A.N.D. Company. And long may they live for to flourish, and continue to chop, drive and roll, And long may the business be managed by Mr. Dorothey and Mr. Cole.

Chorus: With their pike poles and peavies and bateaus and all They're sure to drive out in the spring, that's the time With the caulks on their boots as they get on the logs, And it's hard to get over their time.

title: The Badger Drive


text:
Talk:Ithaca Hours

To Do list moved from main page

 * TODO : Briefly fill in history 1992 - 1998
 * TODO : Economic development section needs major editing
 * TODO : Explain structure of barter system

Needs more explanation
The article seems to be missing a basic description of what the HOUR is and how it's supposed to work. When Glover bought his samoza with a half-HOUR, what exactly was he exchanging? An agreement to provide a one hour service? Doing what? Is there any regulation of the services promised? From what I gather, the HOURS are a kind of light-hearted attempt at promoting ties between businesses. Is that accurate? The article seems to have been written by people very close to the subject, and they may have made assumptions about what lay-people know about the topic.Matt Deres 05:07, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. Too much of it reads like a local newspaper article. HOURS are in a sense light-hearted, but there are enough of them in circulation, and they have been exchanged enough, to count as something more than whimsy. They have also been adopted in many other locations throughout the world. Each Ithaca HOUR is said to be worth $10 and are thus like a conventional currency. When someone joins the HOUR system, they are given some of the currency, and are given more when they renew their committment. As they can only be spent in Ithaca, though, they are local. All of this needs to be explained better in the article. I've made an initial attempt, but more needs to be done. Notmyrealname 02:53, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

I also agree. In particular, how are new Ithaca Hours issued? Cazort (talk) 20:06, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Citation?
It is notable as one of three monetary reform measures named as viable alternatives to Bretton Woods system by United Nations conferences (the other two being UNILETS and the Global Resource Bank).

I'd like to see the slightest bit of evidence for this claim, especially considering the third choice is a non-notable organization that one editor has been trying to shoehorn into Wikipedia for the last year, despite 3 AFDs and 2 DRVs. --Calton | Talk 14:31, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

I have removed this entirely, since 1) no citation; and 2) the other two examples have both been deleted as non-notable/not real. --Calton | Talk 21:33, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The whole article, as of this morning, had no references! And lots and lots of assertions...I almost think it should be gutted...but I have refrained from doing this and am instead gradually editing, trying to source as many facts as possibly and slowly removing problematic material.  Feel free to add back anything I delete if you can find good sources for it.  Cazort (talk) 20:39, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Photos?
Photos of the currency would really help the article. Surv1v4l1st (Talk 23:19, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Defunct?
On our recent trip to Ithaca we saw none of the usual references to Ithaca Hours on store windows or in the various bulletin boards or free pamphlet racks around town and the Farmer's Market. This, combined with the lack of updates to web sites, leads us to wonder if the Hours are still being used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.166.54.45 (talk) 17:10, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Apparently their use has markedly declined from their peak around the year 2002, but the system hasn't been officially disbanded. I linked to one article that attempts to explain why. Any further links would be useful for the article. SONORAMA (talk) 00:47, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"HOURS" an acronym?
I've noticed that "Hours", and "HOURS" seem to be used interchangeably, when referring to this currency. Is this just for emphasis (like "USA Today"), or is it a trademark, or acronym?

95.150.175.198 (talk) 15:21, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Who, What, Where, How, and ... Why?
As currently written there is no explanation for the reason the system was implemented. One could click on "local currencies" for a general explanation, but shouldn't it be addressed in the article? It seems like I first heard about this (and the reason it was created) in an article in Parade back in the 90s sometime. 209.179.27.118 (talk) 15:25, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

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LETS system
"In May 1991, local student Patrice Jennings interviewed Glover about the Ithaca LETS enterprise. This conversation strongly reinforced his interest in trade systems. Jennings's research on the Ithaca LETS and its failure was integral to the development of the HOUR currency; conversations between Jennings and Glover helped ensure that HOURS used knowledge of what had not worked with the LETS system."

What was the LETS system? This paragraph is the only mention of it in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.235.184.247 (talk) 02:19, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Is the Hour still in existence?
The "official" Ithaca Hour website has not been updated in over a decade. Does anyone still use Hours? Is the organization that backed them up still around? I have my doubts, though offhand I can't find a citation that the experiment is kaput. Even if not formally ended, the Hour seems to have much less use in Ithaca than it once did.

Furthermore, this 2015 article states that another group is starting a digital local currency in Ithaca: https://cointelegraph.com/news/ithaca-ny-launches-its-own-digital-currency-to-boost-local-economy — Preceding unsigned comment added by SONORAMA (talk • contribs) 11:16, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ithaca Hours


text:
User:Woyuanyi

Woyuanyi is a Chinese university student majoring Biology.

"I had my chance encounter with Wikipedia in August, 2005 when I was preparing the GRE AW test. I searched "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" on Google and then comes to Wikipedia. I fell in love with it since then."

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title: User:Woyuanyi