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Sketty (electoral ward)

Sketty (Sgeti) is the name of an electoral ward (coterminous with the Sketty community and suburb) in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, UK. The electoral ward is coterminous with the community.

Description
It is bounded to the following wards: north by Cockett, east by Uplands, south by the coast, southwest by Mayals and west by Killay North and Killay South.

The electoral ward is divided into a number of polling districts by the City and County of Swansea. They are Tycoch, Sketty Park, Vivian Road, Sketty Green, Derwen Fawr, Gwerneinon. It is the largest ward in the UK Parliament and Welsh Assembly Swansea West.

Due to the large size of Sketty, there are recognisable sub-divisions of Sketty. Whilst the boundaries used for electoral or postal purposes are clearly defined, although they do not always correspond, in the public mind the boundaries are not totally clear. Indeed, many residents of some of the sub-divisions would describe themselves as a residents of the sub-division rather than use the term Sketty. Indeed, residents of the western part of the Uplands would consider their vicinity as part of "Sketty", as indeed would the post office.

History
Sketty first became an electoral ward in the late nineteenth century with the formation of Glamorgan County Council. The first county councillor to be elected in 1889 was the Liberal, John Powell. He was succeeded by Sir Robert Morris.

Politics
The Sketty Ward is the largest in the Swansea West Parliamentary/ Welsh Assembly Constituency, and is one of only two five member wards for the purposes of City and County of Swansea Elections. This single ward five member structure allows the electorate to vote for up to five candidates, and electors are free to either put all their votes behind one party or to split their vote between parties.

The three main UK-wide parties seem to have reasonable local infrastructures in the area, and have contested the vast majority of seats since the first elections to the City and County of Swansea authority in 1995. The Conservative Party, which only contested four out of five seats in 1999, is an exception. A defeated independent candidate in those elections then stood, and won, as an official Conservative candidate in a 2000 by-election. Plaid Cymru, whilst it has not contested every seat, contests every election. There have in the past been a small number of non-party candidates, and in the 2004 elections the Green Party also put up a full slate of five candidates.

The area has seen considerable electoral volatility, and there appears to be evidence of split ticket voting. Whilst party factors remain strong, there seems to be evidence of voters taking into account other factors, such as personality and perhaps geographic factors due to the size of the ward. In recent elections, (post 1995) whilst there is evidence of considerable voting shifts between parties, no party has ever had the ignominy of its vote completely collapsing, and the area has seen some hotly contested local elections.

In 1995, the ward elected four councillors. This election was a "mid-term election" towards the end of the Conservative period in Government. Labour won three seats, and an Independent candidate won one. The Independent councillor later joined the Liberal Democrats. These elections were probably the worst for the Conservative Party in the area, and the best for Labour.

In 1999, the ward elected five councillors. This election was held the same day as the first elections to the National Assembly for Wales, and was set against a controversial backdrop concerning a Welsh Labour leadership election, and the Labour vote predictably suffered. The results were the most eclectic seen. The Conservatives won two seats, the Liberal Democrats also won two seats and Labour won one.

In 2000, there was a by-election caused by the death of the Labour Councillor. The seat was then won by the Conservatives. This election confirmed the previous year's re-emergence of the Conservatives, although of course this election took place on a lower turnout than the other elections.

In 2004, the ward again elected five councillors. These elections were set against the national backdrop of a controversial war in Iraq, and the local backdrop of the closure of Swansea Leisure Centre. These elections saw Labour lose control, and a coalition of Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, and independents take control of Swansea Council, the main local issue at the time was a planning issue concerning a proposed ASDA store in Derwen Fawr; however, there was little if any dispute between the parties on this matter. In Sketty, the Conservatives won two seats and the Liberal Democrats won three. In 2007, one of the two conservative councillors became an Independent when the Conservastive group left the ruling coalition. He joined the Liberal Democrats in 2008.

2008 local council elections
In the 2004 elections, Sketty returned two conservatives and three Liberal Democrat councillors. One of the Conservative councillors defected to the independents then became a Welsh Liberal Democrat. In the 2008 local council elections, Paul Meara of the Liberal Democrats ousted the sitting Conservative councillor Tony Lloyd. It was a clean sweep for the Liberal Democrats in the ward. The results were:

title: Sketty (electoral ward)


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File:Brandy Norwood – Brandy (album).jpg

Summary
Cover of Brandy's debut album Brandy (1994). The image copyright for the video is owned by Atlantic Records.

Rationale of fair use

 * 1) This image, Brandy-94-lp.jpg, is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I (Noboyo June 29, 2006) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:

 * 1) it is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover;
 * 2) it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way;
 * 3) copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD;

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jambo Networks

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 22:18, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Jambo_Networks
Advertising Grayum 17:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Badvertisement. Alf 18:11, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. Jaxl | talk 20:15, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. *drew 01:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Enstrophy

In fluid dynamics, the enstrophy $$\mathcal{E}$$ can be interpreted as another type of potential density; or, more concretely, the quantity directly related to the kinetic energy in the flow model that corresponds to dissipation effects in the fluid. It is particularly useful in the study of turbulent flows, and is often identified in the study of thrusters as well as in combustion theory and meteorology.

Given a domain $$\Omega \subseteq \R^n$$ and a once-weakly differentiable vector field $$u \in H^1(\R^n)^n$$ which represents a fluid flow, such as a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, its enstrophy is given by: $$where $$ |\nabla \mathbf{u}|^2 = \sum_{i,j=1}^n \left| \partial_i u^j \right|^2 $$. This quantity is the same as the squared seminorm $$|\mathbf{u}|_{H^1(\Omega)^n}^2$$of the solution in the Sobolev space $$H^1(\Omega)^n$$.

Incompressible flow
In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that $$ \nabla \cdot \mathbf{u} = 0 $$, the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity $$ \mathbf{\omega} $$:

 * $$ \mathcal{E}(\boldsymbol \omega) \equiv \int_\Omega |\boldsymbol \omega|^2 \,dx $$

or, in terms of the flow velocity:

 * $$ \mathcal{E}(\mathbf{u}) \equiv \int_\Omega |\nabla \times \mathbf u|^2 \,dx $$

In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result:

 * $$ \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{1}{2} \int_\Omega |\mathbf{u}|^2 \right) = - \nu \mathcal{E}(\mathbf{u}) $$

The quantity in parentheses on the left is the kinetic energy in the flow, so the result says that energy declines proportional to the kinematic viscosity $$ \nu $$ times the enstrophy.

title: Enstrophy


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O visa

An O visa is a classification of non-immigrant temporary worker visa granted by the United States to an alien "who possesses extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics, or who has a demonstrated record of extraordinary achievement in the motion picture or television industry and has been recognized nationally or internationally for those achievements", and to certain assistants and immediate family members of such aliens.

According to United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, there are three types of O visas:

 * O-1A: individuals with an extraordinary ability in the sciences, education, business, or athletics (not including the arts, motion pictures or television industry)
 * O-1B: individuals with an extraordinary ability in the arts or extraordinary achievement in motion picture or television industry.
 * O-2: individuals who will accompany an O-1, artist or athlete, to assist in a specific event or performance. "For an O-1A, the O-2's assistance must be an 'integral part' of the O-1A's activity. For an O-1B, the O-2's assistance must be 'essential' to the completion of the O-1B's production. The O-2 worker has critical skills and experience with the O-1 that cannot be readily performed by a U.S. worker and which are essential to the successful performance of the O-1."
 * O-3: individuals who are the spouse or children of O-1s and O-2s.

An O-1 visa is initially granted for up to three years. Subsequently, it can be extended for one year at a time. There is no limit to the number of extensions that may be granted. The term "O-1" refers to (O)(i), added by section 207(a) of the Immigration Act of 1990, which provides for the admission of "aliens of extraordinary ability" in the stated fields. Spouses and dependent children of O-1 visa holders do not receive the status, but instead qualify for O-3 visas.

The O-1 visa legislation was drafted in 1990 by former congressman Bruce Morrison of Connecticut.

Requirements
The O-1 visa application must be submitted along with a petition submitted by a US Petitioner. This includes information regarding the petitioner and evidence documenting the alien's extraordinary ability, details of the proposed work in the U.S. in the form of an itinerary, supporting contracts that collate with the itinerary, and evidence of past work that confirms alien's extraordinary status is true and valid. It also must include an advisory letter from a US established person in the alien's appropriate industry field. This person is generally required to possess more than ten years in said field and is well known and respected among peers. The petition is to be approved for the duration of the event in which the alien will participate, for a maximum of three years. One-year extensions are permitted thereafter with no maximum cumulative duration.

Generally, to qualify for O-1A classification, aliens of extraordinary ability in the sciences, education, business, or athletics must demonstrate sustained national or international acclaim and recognition for achievements in the field of expertise by providing evidence of:

Receipt of a major, internationally recognized award, such as the Nobel Prize; or at least three of the following forms of documentation:

 * 1) Documentation of the individual's receipt of nationally or internationally recognized prizes or awards for excellence in the field of endeavor;
 * 2) Documentation of the individual's membership in associations in the field for which classification is sought, which require outstanding achievements of their members, as judged by recognized national or international experts in their disciplines or fields;
 * 3) Published material in professional or major trade publications or major media about the individual, relating to the individual's work in the field for which classification is sought, which shall include the title, date, and author of such published material, and any necessary translation;
 * 4) Evidence of the individual's participation on a panel, or individually, as a judge of the work of others in the same or in an allied field of specialization to that for which classification is sought;
 * 5) Evidence of the individual's original scientific, scholarly, or business-related contributions of major significance in the field;
 * 6) Evidence of the individual's authorship of scholarly articles in the field, in professional journals, or other major media;
 * 7) Evidence that the individual has been employed in a critical or essential capacity for organizations and establishments that have a distinguished reputation;
 * 8) Evidence that the individual has either commanded a high salary or will command a high salary or other remuneration for services, evidenced by contracts or other reliable evidence.

To qualify for an O-1A visa, an applicant must provide documents proving extraordinary ability. Examples of proof of extraordinary ability include nationally or internationally recognized prizes or awards for excellence, membership in associations requiring outstanding achievements, and articles written by or about the applicant. To supplement these materials, employer may submit letters signed by experts in the applicant's field attesting to the applicant's extraordinary ability in that field.

To qualify for O-1B classification, the applicant will need to supply documents showing that he or she has been nominated for or have received significant national or international awards or prizes in the particular field, such as an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, or Tony Award. Alternately, the employer filing the petition can submit at least three of the following forms of documentation:

 * 1) Has performed services as a lead or starring participant in productions or events with distinguished reputations as shown by critical reviews, ads, publicity releases, publications, contract or endorsements;
 * 2) National or international recognition for achievements through critical reviews, other published materials by or about the beneficiary in major trade papers, trade journals, magazines, and so forth;
 * 3) Has performed in a lead, starring or critical role for organizations and establishments that have a distinguished reputation evidenced by media articles, testimonials, and similar write-ups;
 * 4) Has a record of major commercial or critically acclaimed success;
 * 5) Has achieved significant recognition from organizations, critics, government agencies and recognized experts;
 * 6) Has commanded or will command a high salary or other remuneration in comparison to others in the field.

For extraordinary ability in motion picture or television, the definition of "extraordinary" is different. For these individuals, "extraordinary achievement" is defined as "a very high level of accomplishment in the motion picture or television industry evidenced by a degree of skill and recognition substantially above that ordinarily encountered to the extent that the person is recognized as outstanding, leading, or well-known in the motion picture or television field."

Before an O-1 visa can be granted, the applicant must go through a special consultation process. The applicant must get an "advisory opinion" from a peer group, a group of professionals in the alien's occupation or profession, or from a union, labor, or management organization. An "advisory opinion" is a letter from an organization stating that the position the alien applicant will hold requires extraordinary ability.

The peer group must provide a written opinion to the USCIS. If the application does not include a peer group opinion, the USCIS will attempt to contact a peer group directly. If no peer group exists, the USCIS will make a decision without a peer group consultation.

The USCIS will not require a new consultation if the alien beneficiary is reentering the U.S. in the O-1 category within two years of a previous peer group consultation. Unlike the EB1-Extraordinary Ability category, the O-1 category requires employment and sponsorship by the employer.

Consultation with an appropriate peer group, labor and/or management organization regarding the nature of the proposed work and the beneficiary's qualifications is mandatory before an O-1 petition can be approved. This requirement may be especially important in the arts, entertainment fields, or athletics.

An O-1 artist can be sponsored by a U.S. employer, U.S. agent, or a foreign employer through a U.S. agent. Although the artist cannot petition for him/herself for O-1 status, the regulations recognize that O-1 cases can involve workers who are traditionally self-employed.

Number of visas issued by year
In the table below, the years are Fiscal Years, so for instance the year 2009 refers to the period from October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009. Note that this only counts O visas issued at embassies and consulates outside the United States, and not transitions to O status within the United States via Form I-129. Also, since a single person may need to renew his or her O visa, it is not an estimate of the number of people currently in the status.

title: O visa


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User talk:Bill2000

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- tomf688  17:15, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

 * Bill, be careful when adjusting wikilinks (putting the between words).  It is not necessary to link individual numbers, such as 11, while linking years, like 2005, is welcome.  Also, when you adjusted the wikilink to Hurricane Katrina (2005) to Hurricane Katrina, you actually changed it to the wrong article.  Hurricane Katrina (2005) is the correct article, while Hurricane Katrina provides links to articles about all storms that went by the name Katrina.

 * It is also not necessary or helpful to add links to individual names, such as you did with Michelle in the article about Hurricane Michelle.

 * So again, welcome, but be careful when you edit. Check out the links provided above. -- tomf688  17:21, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

You are being blocked 48 hours as a vandal (horribly overwikifying is a bad thing) and for removing my warning and questions from your page, and for using your sockpuppets to do the same. Please communicate with me if you want to work this out. --Golbez 13:00, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bill2000


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Talk:Electrical equipment in hazardous areas

Unsigned, undated comment
I am an Electrical Engineer working in the Chemical Industry. The article below is drawn up from my experience in the Chemical Refinery business and is not copy written in any way. I have completed several lectures on this subject and am willing to expand this article.

Anonymous comment 2008 September
Dear all Ineed to know what minimum concentration of gas specifics ( e.g G IIA) and how much area covers the Zone 1. How do you calcualte Zone 0-1-2 that what is flammabale gas present for longer period? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.56.14.203 (talk) 05:40, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

VFD notification
This article was nominated for Articles for deletion on 26 August 2005. The result of the discussion was to keep the article but to request that it be cleaned up. A record of the discussion can be found here. Tomer TALK 07:22, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

IP Code
Hi thanks for these information. What does the I and the P from IP means? What are the current IP values used (I know only IP64)?

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Code

Ineed to know what minimum concentration of gas specifics ( e.g G IIA) and how much area covers the Zone 1 I work in a Gas Plant where different equipment are installed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.56.14.203 (talk) 05:32, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite needed
I've started with a first stab at rewriting the introduction. This needs a history section, starting with coal mines. Origins of national standards? We need references. All the trainspotting minutia should be put into tables and referenced. General copyediting to generalize the text. this needs description of approved wiring methods such as [mineral insulated]] cable. A bit of discussion of the physics of electrically-initiated explosions would make the rest of the article clearer and less of a dump from a manufactuer's catalog appendix. More Wikilinks and removal of redundant text to linked articles as needed. And so on. I have a little bit of knowledge in the area, so I'll press on to the limits of my ignorance. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:02, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Expanding on ANSI requirements
I am an electrical engineer in the Chemical Industry working for 35 years at one of the larges chemical companies on the world. I am a listed expert within our corporation and limited involvement in the National Standards developing bodies. I offer my contribution to expand the ANSI requirement and help with understanding the current state of art. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.91.219.103 (talk) 18:14, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Most of the article focuses on IEC/EN, and more information on OSHA and NFPA will be helpful. Dagordon01 (talk) 15:21, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

Expand this topic? It would be helpful if there was some discussion on which countries follow the EU/ATEX approach and which follow NFPA. China? Indonesia, etc

Hi — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daniel Day 29 (talk • contribs) 16:57, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Suggest merge
HAZLOC is a stub and could be entirely covered by this article. --Wtshymanski (talk) 21:40, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Agree, but having had a glance at HAZLOC unfortunately the classification systems differ, so HAZLOC will need to be kept in its own section to avoid confusion.
 * Gravuritas (talk) 06:53, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Changes in Canadian Code
Canada is moving away from the Class 1 Div II nomenclature as of CEC 2015. 09:42, 1 September 2016 (PDT) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.196.67.250 (talk)

Differences between NEC (US) and IEC (Rest-of-World) definitions & terminology.
Users of this page should be aware that individual contributors may show unintentional bias, related to their operational background being either US-influenced or European-influenced. This page demonstrates no preference for either protection scheme, other than to advise any end-user or designer to be aware of the requirements of the "Authority Having Jurisdiction" in the intended location. For example, Singapore and Australia/New Zealand mandate that the approval scheme for electrical equipment in hazardous areas within their jurisdictions shall be based on IECEx. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Moneill377 (talk • contribs) 15:44, 10 April 2017 (UTC)


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Hohenzollern-Hechingen

Hohenzollern-Hechingen (Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Hechingen) was a small principality in southwestern Germany. Its rulers belonged to the Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty.

History
The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was created in 1576, upon the partition of the County of Hohenzollern, a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. When the last count of Hohenzollern, Charles I of Hohenzollern (1512–1579) died, the territory was to be divided up between his three sons:
 * Eitel Frederick IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605)
 * Charles II of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
 * Christopher of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1552–1592)

Unlike the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg and Prussia, the Hohenzollerns of southwest Germany remained Roman Catholic. The county was raised to a principality in 1623. The main seat was the Friedrichsburg castle in Hechingen.

The principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 and was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. The democratic Revolution of 1848 was relatively successful in Hohenzollern, and on 16 May 1848, the Prince was forced to accept the establishment of a constitution. However, the conflict between monarch and democrats continued, and on 6 August 1849, Hohenzollern was occupied by Prussian forces. On 7 December 1849, Prince Constantine sold the country to his relative, King Frederick William IV of Prussia. On 12 March 1850, Hohenzollern-Hechingen officially became part of Prussia, and formed together with Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen the Province of Hohenzollern.

Counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1576–1623)
Source:

 * Eitel Friedrich IV, Count 1576–1605 (1545–1605), eldest surviving son of Karl I of Hohenzollern
 * Johann Georg, Count 1605–1623 (1577–1623), created Reichsfürst von Hohenzollern-Hechingen 1623

Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623–1850)

 * Johann Georg, 1st Prince Mar 23 – Sep 28 1623 (1577–1623)
 * Eitel Friedrich II, 2nd Prince 1623–1661 (1601–1661)
 * Philipp Christoph Friedrich, 3rd Prince 1661–1671 (1616–1671)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, 4th Prince 1671–1735 (1663–1735)
 * Friedrich Ludwig, 5th Prince 1735–1750 (1688–1750)
 * Prince Hermann Friedrich of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1665–1733)
 * Josef Friedrich Wilhelm, 6th Prince 1750–1798 (1717–1798)
 * Prince Franz Xaver of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1720–1765)
 * Hermann, 7th Prince 1798–1810 (1751–1810)
 * Frederick, 8th Prince 1810–1838 (1776–1838)
 * Constantine, 9th Prince 1838–1849 (1801–1869), sons were without dynastic rights, the Counts of Rothenburg

 * After cession of territory to Prussia, the Prince continued to use his title.
 * Line became extinct 1869 at Prince Constantine's death, and titles passed to the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen line.

title: Hohenzollern-Hechingen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flaming Toad

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 09:06, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Flaming Toad
Delete. Probable hoax which has survived eight months. Intro states: "The identities of its members are unknown to this day. The trio identified themselves only as D, Patty and Kirby. Although the band was short-lived, few musical acts have had as much impact on the underground music scene." Google gives nothing. Marskell 17:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ex-band vanity. Can't imagine they meet WP:MUSIC, unless Tummy Rub and The Shit Dogs are an extremely notable band? Flowerparty  talk 17:44, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax, nothing for combination google searches except one mirror, all music, rate your music both have nothing and nobody has any of their releases for sale on ebay! Alf 18:31, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Haven't you heard? Toads have been officially retired from band names after the reached the pinnacle of amphibian musichood by teaming up with a Wet Sprocket. Karmafist 19:08, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; probable hoax. Jaxl | talk 20:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. *drew 01:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mikhail Ulyanov (actor)

Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov (Михаил Александрович Ульянов; 20 November 1927 – 26 March 2007) was a Soviet and Russian actor who was one of the most recognized persons of the post-World War II Soviet theatre and cinema. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1969 and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1986 and received a special prize from the Venice Film Festival in 1982.

Biography
Mikhail Alexandrovich Ulyanov spent his childhood and youth in the town of Tara, Omsk Oblast. Although he had failed his exams in Schepkinskoe School and for the Moscow Art Theatre School, he moved to Omsk in 1944 to become an actor. After two years of studies in the studio at Omsk Drama he went to Moscow and entered the Schukin Theatre School in 1946.

Ulyanov worked in the Vakhtangov Theatre from 1950 and directed it from 1987. He played a wide range of characters on stage, with Rogozhin in Dostoevsky's Idiot being the most remarkable of them. In 1979 he staged Vasily Shukshin's epic novel I have come to give you freedom, where he starred as Stepan Razin. In 1985 Mikhail Ulyanov staged the satirical pamphlet The Child Buyer by the American playwright John Hersey.

As regards movies, he was frequently cast in the parts of staunch Communist leaders like Vladimir Lenin and Marshal Zhukov. His well-known character Yegor Trubnikov in Predsedatel (Chairman) (1964) became a Soviet classic and his most emblematic role.

The Brothers Karamazov, a 1969 film he co-directed, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. He also starred in Tema (1979) and Private Life (1982), the films that won top awards at the Berlin Film Festival and Venice Film Festival, respectively.

More recently, he was acclaimed for the roles of Julius Caesar in the screening of Shakespeare's play (1990), Pontius Pilate in the film adaptation of The Master and Margarita (1994), and an avenging veteran marksman in The Rifleman of the Voroshilov Regiment (1999), directed by Stanislav Govorukhin. He died on March 26, 2007, of intestinal disease.

Selected filmography

 * They Were the First (1956) as Aleksey Kolyvanov
 * Ekaterina Voronina (1957) as Sutyrin
 * The House I Live In (1957) as Dmitry Fedorovich Kashirin
 * Volunteers (1958) as Nikolai Kaitanov[
 * Soldiers Walked... (1958) as Yegor
 * City at Dawn (1959) as Belous
 * Knock On Any Door' (1959) as Mikhail Prokhorov
 * A Simple Story (1960) as Andrey Egorovich Danilov
 * Baltic Skies (1961) as Rassokhin
 * Battle on the Way (1961) as Dmitriy Bakhiryev
 * Young and Green (1962) as Lizlov
 * This Happened in the Рolice Station (1963) (voice)
 * Silence (1964) as Pyotr Ivanovich Bykov
 * The Alive and the Dead (1964) as Sergei Filippovich, Army Commander
 * The Chairman (1964) as Yegor Trubnikov
 * Solange Leben in mir ist (1965) as Frolow
 * Frozen Flashes (1967) as general Alexander Gorbatov
 * The Brothers Karamazov (1969) as Dmitri Karamazov
 * Unterwegs zu Lenin (1969) as Lenin
 * Liberation (1969-1971, part 1-5) as Marshall Georgy Zhukov
 * The Flight (1970) as general Gregory Lukyanovich Charnota
 * Anflug Alpha I (1971) as General Arkatow
 * Trotz alledem! (1972) as Lenin
 * The Sea is on Fire (1972) as Zhukov
 * Yegor Bulychyov and Others (1972) as Yegor Bulychov
 * The Last Day (1973) as Semyon Kolvalyov
 * Siege of Leningrad (1974, 1977, part 1, 2) as Zhukov
 * Take Aim (1975) as Georgy Zhukov
 * The Legend of Til (1977) as Klaas
 * Soldiers of Freedom (1977, TV Mini-Series) as  Zhukov
 * Call Me from Afar (1978) as Nikolay
 * Wrong Connection (1978) as Ignat Maksimovich Nurkov
 * The Theme (1979) as Kim Yesenin, writer
 * The Last Escape (1981) as Kustov
 * February Wind (1981) as Filimonov
 * Facts of the Рast Day (1981) as Mikheev
 * Private Life (1982) as Sergei Nikitich Abrikosov
 * Without Witness (1983) as He
 * If the Enemy Doesn't Give Up... (1983) as Zhukov
 * Day of Commander of Divisions (1983) as Zhukov
 * Victory (1985) as Zhukov
 * Marshal Zhukov, biography pages (1985) as Zhukov
 * Battle of Moscow (1985) as  Zhukov
 * Choice (1988) as Vladimir Vasilyev
 * The Law (1989) as Zhukov
 * Our Armed Train (1989)
 * Stalingrad (1990) as Zhukov
 * House Under the Starry Sky (1991) as Andrey Nikolaevich Bashkirtsev, academician
 * I Myself am a Vyatka Native (1992) as Alexandr Kirpikov
 * Cooperative "Politburo", or It Will Be A Long Goodbye (1992) as Ivan Ivanovich
 * Everything Will Be Fine! (1995) as Grandpa
 * Great Commander Georgy Zhukov (1995) as Zhukov
 * Poor Liza (1998) as Liza's dad
 * Composition for Victory Day (1998) as Dyakov
 * The Rifleman of the Voroshilov Regiment (1999) as Ivan Fyodorovich Afonin
 * Northern Lights (2001) as Old man in the country house
 * Antikiller (2002) as Father, criminal boss
 * The Master and Margarita (2006) as Pontius Pilate (final film role)

Honours and awards
Ulyanov has won the following awards:
 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1986)
 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (17 October 1996) - For services to the state and an outstanding contribution to theatrical art
 * Two Orders of Lenin (1986)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1977)
 * Lenin Prize (1966)  for his performance as Yegor Ivanovich Trubnikov in the feature film "The Chairman"
 * Stanislavsky RSFSR State Prize (1975)  for his role in the play  Day in And Day Out
 * USSR State Prize (1983)  for playing Sergei Nikitich Abrikosov in the movie  Private Lives  (1982)
 * People's Artist of the RSFSR (1965)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1969)
 * Honoured Worker of Culture of the Polish People's Republic (1974)
 * "Golden Lion" (Venice Film Festival, 1982) for starring in the movie Private Lives
 * Order "For honour and valour for service to the Russian people and the badge "Golden Olympus" (2005)
 * Sole honorary title of "Superstar" (2005)
 * Kinotavr Award nomination for "Prize for creative careers" (1997)
 * Award "Golden Aries" in 1999 for "Best Actor"
 * Russian Federation President Prize in Literature and Art in 1998
 * Crystal Turandot Award (1997)
 * Golden Mask (1999)
 * Award "Idol" (1999)
 * In 2008, Russia's new arctic oil tanker has been named "Mikhail Ulyanov"

authors: Анатолий Росдашин

title: Mikhail Ulyanov (actor)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Go motorcycle

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 22:18, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Go motorcycle
Notable? ' "go motorcyle" evel' Gets two Google hits, including the site itself.DJ Clayworth 17:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as linkspam. I didn't add the tag tho, as I'm not 100% sure it qualifies.  Friday (talk) 17:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete speedy or otherwise, badvertisment. Alf 18:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad. Jaxl | talk 20:16, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Advertisement. *drew 01:35, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:204.184.36.50

title: User talk:204.184.36.50


text:
Alex Spanos

Alexander Gus Spanos (September 28, 1923 – October 9, 2018) was an American billionaire real estate developer, founder of the A. G. Spanos Companies, and the majority owner of the San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL).

Early life and education
Spanos was born in Stockton, California to Greek immigrants Constantino and Evanthia Spanos. His father owned a bakery where the young Spanos started working at the age of eight. According to his autobiography, Spanos was "born into conflict", since his parents were constantly fighting. Spanos' mother even left the family home for two years and attempted to take two children with her, but his parents reunited when he was a teenager and remained married until his death. Spanos, who played a large part in mediating the conflict between his parents, stated that his turbulent home life was the reason he strove to provide a stable environment for his own children. In 1942, he dropped out of college at the California Polytechnic School and joined the Army Air Force training as a pilot but left the program and instead served as a tail gunner during World War II. Spanos earned varsity letters in swimming and diving at the University of the Pacific in Stockton and later distinguished himself as an amateur golfer.

Career
In 1951, he borrowed $800 ($9,375 in 2024) from a local banker to buy a truck which he then used to sell sandwiches to migrant farm workers in the San Joaquin Valley. He invested his earnings in real estate and at the suggestion of his tax accountants, started to build apartments. In 1960, he founded A. G. Spanos Companies, which by 1977 had become the largest apartment builder in the United States. The corporation is based in Stockton and has 10 subsidiaries.

In 1984, Spanos bought 60% of the San Diego Chargers (now Los Angeles Chargers) from majority owner Eugene Klein for $48.3 million. Over the next 10 years, he bought out the shares of several small co-owners, bringing his control of the team to 97%. The remaining 3% was held by San Diego restaurateur George Pernicano, an investor in the team since a few years after its inception, until Pernicano's death in October 2016; and Bill Fox, a local community leader, until his death in 2020. Since 1993, Spanos' son Dean has handled the daily operations of the franchise. According to Forbes, as of August 2022, the Los Angeles Chargers are worth $3.875 billion.

Philanthropy and political contributions
Spanos donated $500,000 to renovate the Fox Theatre in downtown Stockton, and with the approval of the City of Stockton, renamed the facility the Fox California Bob Hope Theatre. The Alex G. Spanos Center at University of the Pacific in Stockton, the Alex G. Spanos Stadium for Lincoln High School in Stockton, the Alex G. Spanos Sports and Recreation Complex in Sacramento, the Alex G. Spanos Training Center at UCSD are named after him. From 2006 to 2022, the Mustang Memorial Field at Cal Poly also bore his name, after he donated $8 million to renovate the stadium.

Spanos was one of the largest contributors to George W. Bush's re-election campaign in 2004. By contributing $5 million to 527 groups that supported the Bush campaign in 2004, Spanos ranked among the top five GOP donors. President Bush appointed Spanos to the Kennedy Center board in 2004. Spanos was inducted into the California Building Industry Hall of Fame in 2005. Spanos also received the AHEPA Award, an award that recognizes members of the community for their contributions and achievements in their chosen field of endeavor.

Personal life
In 1948, Spanos married Faye Papafaklis. They had four children: Dean Spanos, the Chargers' team president; Michael Spanos, the Chargers' executive vice president; Alexis Spanos Ruhl, a vice president of A. G. Spanos Companies; and Dea Spanos Berberian, a vice president of A. G. Spanos Companies. In his autobiography, Spanos credited his wife with much of his success and stated that the couple did not recall "one real argument." Faye Spanos died on August 7, 2018, aged 92.

Spanos resided in Stockton, California. He also owned property in Las Vegas, Nevada. Spanos had a seven-way heart bypass in 2000, and had surgery and chemotherapy for colon cancer. After his heart bypass at Sacramento Mercy General Hospital, Spanos donated $10 million to the hospital to sponsor the construction of a new state-of-the-art heart center.

Spanos wrote a book called Sharing the Wealth: My Story which detailed his rise from a moneyless man of 27 years to become a billionaire. Spanos was the first person to be on the winning teams in both the Bob Hope Desert Classic in Palm Desert (1977) and the Bob Hope British Pro-Am (1980).

Spanos died October 9, 2018, age 95, of complications from dementia that had been diagnosed ten years prior. According to friends, he had been brokenhearted by the death of his wife two months earlier.

title: Alex Spanos


text:
Rolls-Royce Crecy

The Rolls-Royce Crecy was a British experimental two-stroke, 90-degree, V12, liquid-cooled aero-engine of 1,593.4 cu.in (26.11 L) capacity, featuring sleeve valves and direct petrol injection. Initially intended for a high-speed "sprint" interceptor fighter, the Crecy was later seen as an economical high-altitude long-range powerplant. Developed between 1941 and 1946, it was among the most advanced two-stroke aero-engines ever built. The engine never reached flight trials and the project was cancelled in December 1945, overtaken by the progress of jet engine development.

The engine was named after the Battle of Crécy, after Rolls-Royce chose battles as the theme for naming their two-stroke aero engines. Rolls-Royce did not develop any other engines of this type.

Origins
Sir Henry Tizard, Chairman of the Aeronautical Research Committee (ARC), was a proponent of a high-powered "sprint" engine for fighter aircraft and had foreseen the need for such a powerplant as early as 1935 with the threat of German air power looming. It has been suggested that Tizard influenced his personal friend Harry Ricardo to develop what eventually became the Crecy. The idea was officially discussed for the first time at an engine sub-committee meeting in December 1935.

"'The Chairman remarked that if it was the desire of the Air Ministry to develop a type of sprint engine for home defence....there was the question as to how far fuel consumption could be disregarded. Mr Ricardo had raised this point in a recent conversation by enquiring whether a high fuel consumption might not be permissible under certain circumstances, for if so, an investigation of the possibilities of the two-stroke petrol engine appeared to be attractive.'"

Previous experience gained between 1927 and 1930 using two converted Rolls-Royce Kestrel engines through an Air Ministry contract had proven the worth of further research into a two-stroke sleeve-valved design. Both these engines had initially been converted to diesel sleeve-valved operation with a lower power output than the original design being noted along with increased mechanical failures, although one converted Kestrel was subsequently used successfully by Captain George Eyston in a land-speed record car named Speed of the Wind. The second engine was further converted to petrol injection which then gave a marked power increase over the standard Kestrel.

Single-cylinder development began in 1937 under project engineer Harry Wood using a test unit designed by Ricardo. The Crecy was originally conceived as a compression ignition engine and Rolls-Royce had previously converted a Kestrel engine to run on Diesel. By the time they started development of the Crecy itself, in conjunction with the Ricardo company, the decision had been taken by the Air Ministry to revert to a more conventional spark-ignition layout, although still retaining fuel injection.

Technical description
The Crecy has been described as one of the most advanced two-stroke aero engines ever built.

The first complete V12 engine was built in 1941, designed by a team led by Harry Wood with Eddie Gass as the Chief Designer. Bore was 5.1 in (129.5 mm), stroke 6.5 in (165.1 mm), compression ratio 7:1 and weight 1,900 lb (862 kg). The firing angle was 30 degrees BTDC, and 15 lbf/in² (100 kPa) supercharger boost was typical. In bench-testing it produced 1400 hp, but there were problems with vibration and the cooling of the pistons and sleeves. The thrust produced by the exceptionally loud two-stroke exhaust was estimated as being equivalent to a 30% increase in power at the propeller on top of the rated output of the engine. The power of the engine was interesting in its own right, but the additional exhaust thrust at high speed could have made it a useful stop gap between engines such as the Rolls-Royce Merlin and anticipated jet engines. Serial numbers were even, because Rolls-Royce practice was to have even numbers for engines rotating clockwise when viewed from the front.

Sleeve valves
The reciprocating sleeve valves were open-ended, rather than sealing in a junk head. The open end uncovered the exhaust ports high in the cylinder wall at the bottom of the sleeves' stroke, leaving the ports cut into the sleeve to handle the incoming charge only. The sleeves had a stroke of 30% of the piston travel at 1.950 in (49.5 mm) and operated 15 degrees in advance of the crankshaft. The Crecy sleeve valves were of similar construction but differed in their operation compared to the rotary sleeve valve design that was pioneered by Roy Fedden, and used successfully for the first time in an aircraft engine, the Bristol Perseus, in 1932.

Supercharging and exhaust turbine
Supercharging was used to force the charge into the cylinder, rather than crankcase compression, as on most two-stroke engines. This allowed the use of a conventional lubrication system, instead of the total-loss type found in many two-stroke engines. Stratified charge was used: the fuel was injected into a bulb-like extension of the combustion chamber where the twin spark plugs ignited the rich mixture. Operable air-fuel ratios of from 15 to 23:1 were available to govern the power produced between maximum and 60%. The rich mixture maintained near the spark plugs reduced detonation, allowing higher compression ratios or supercharger boost. Supercharger throttling was used as well to achieve idling. The supercharger throttles were novel vortex types, varying the effective angle of attack of the impeller blades from 60 to 30 degrees. This reduced the power required to drive the supercharger when throttled, and hence fuel consumption at cruising power.

Later testing involved the use of an exhaust turbine which was a half-scale version of that used in the Whittle W.1 turbojet, the first British jet engine to fly. Unlike a conventional turbocharger the turbine was coupled to the engine's accessory driveshaft and acted as a power recovery device. It was thought that using the turbine would lower fuel consumption allowing the engine to be used in larger transport aircraft. This was confirmed during testing, but failures due to severe overheating and drive shaft fractures were experienced.

Test summary table
The following table summarises the test running programme, hours run, and highlights some of the failures experienced. Data from:

Cancellation
The progress of jet engine development overtook that of the Crecy and replaced the need for this engine. As a result, work on the project ceased in December 1945 at which point only six complete examples had been built, however an additional eight V-twins were built during the project. Crecy s/n 10 achieved 1798 hp on 21 December 1944 which after adjustment for the inclusion of an exhaust turbine would have equated to 2500 hp. Subsequent single-cylinder tests carried out on the Ricardo E65 engine achieved the equivalent of 5000 bhp for the complete engine. By June 1945 a total of 1,060 hours had been run on the V12 engines with a further 8,600 hours of testing on the V-twins. The fate of the six Crecy engines remains unknown.

The Crecy proved a unique exercise and Rolls-Royce did not develop any other two-stroke aero engines, the whole concept of advanced piston engines at that time being overtaken by the advent of the practical jet engine.

Applications (projected)
In the summer of 1941, Supermarine Spitfire Mk II P7674 was delivered to Hucknall and fitted with a Crecy mock-up to enable cowling drawings and system details to be designed. It was planned for the first production Spitfire Mk III to be delivered to Hucknall in early 1942 for fitting of an airworthy Crecy, but this never took place. A Royal Aircraft Establishment report (No. E.3932) of March 1942 estimated the performance of the Spitfire fitted with a Crecy engine and compared this to a Griffon 61-powered variant. The report stated that the Crecy's maximum power output would be too much for the Spitfire airframe but that a derated version would have considerable performance gains over the Griffon-powered fighter.

Studies on the de Havilland Mosquito also showed it to raise complex problems with Crecy installation.

In 1942 Rolls-Royce Hucknall received a North American P-51 Mustang for engine installation trials. This prompted a series of studies for a Crecy version and the Mustang turned out a more suitable mount than the Spitfire. However these studies were not taken further.

As the possibility of a flight-worthy engine approached, on 28 March 1943 Hawker Henley L3385 was delivered to Hucknall for fitting with a Crecy. However the engine never became available and the aircraft remained at Hucknall until it was scrapped on 11 September 1945.

From 1943 a number of postwar transport projects were considered, taking advantage of the Crecy's unique characteristics for land, sea and air applications. None got further than the drawing-board.

title: Rolls-Royce Crecy


text: User talk:69.19.14.30

title: User talk:69.19.14.30


text:
Red Rum

Red Rum (3 May 1965 – 18 October 1995) was an Irish champion Thoroughbred steeplechaser. He achieved an unmatched historic treble when he won the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977, and also came second in the two intervening years, 1975 and 1976. The Grand National is a notoriously difficult race that has been described as "the ultimate test of a horse’s courage". He was also renowned for his jumping ability, having not fallen in 100 races.

The 1973 race in which Red Rum secured his comeback victory from 30 lengths behind is often considered one of the greatest Grand Nationals in history. In a 2002 UK poll, Red Rum's historic third triumph in the Grand National was voted the 24th greatest sporting moment of all time.

Early life
Red Rum was bred at Rossenarra stud in Kells, County Kilkenny, Ireland, by Martyn McEnery. His sire was Quorum (1954–1971), and his dam Mared (1958–1976). Mared was a granddaughter of the broodmare Batika, whose other descendants have included the Irish 2000 Guineas winner Turtle Island. McEnery gave Red Rum his name by taking the last three letters of the names of his dam and sire, respectively. Bred to win one-mile races, Red Rum won his National titles over the longest distance, four miles and four furlongs. He started his career running in low-value races as a sprinter and dead-heated in his first race, a five-furlong flat race at Aintree Racecourse. He ran another seven times as a two-year-old, winning over 7f at Warwick, and over the same distance at Doncaster in the first of his two races as a three-year-old. In his early career, he was twice ridden by Lester Piggott. The comedian Lee Mack, then a stable boy, had his first riding lesson on Red Rum.

After being passed from training yard to training yard, he found his footing when Southport car dealer Ginger McCain bought him for his client Noel le Mare and famously trained the horse on the sands at Southport, England. Galloping through sea water may have proved highly beneficial to Red Rum's hooves. McCain reportedly took Red Rum for a therapeutic swim in the sea off Southport before his first National appearances to help treat the horse's pedal osteitis, a debilitating, incurable bone disease in his hoof. McCain also won the Grand National in 2004 with Amberleigh House, 31 years after his first victory with Red Rum.

Grand National record
At the 1973 Grand National, Red Rum beat the Australian chaser Crisp, which was carrying 23 pounds more, in a new record time of nine minutes, 1.9 seconds. Crisp led the field virtually all the way in that year's National in which he was 30 lengths clear, and at the last fence was 15 lengths clear of Red Rum, his nearest pursuer. Red Rum and jockey Brian Fletcher, however, made up the ground on the final stretch and, two strides from the finishing post, pipped the tiring Crisp to win by three-quarters of a length in what is often considered one of the greatest Grand Nationals in history. Crisp's jockey Richard Pitman later stated: "I still dream about that race, of Crisp running so strongly and jumping so fearlessly, and then the sound of Red Rum's hooves as he got closer and closer at the end." He added: "I felt as though I was tied to a railway line with an express train thundering up and being unable to jump out of the way." A year later, Red Rum retained his title at the 1974 National, carrying 12 stone. (He followed that with victory in the Scottish Grand National, and remains the only horse to win both in the same season.)

Red Rum came second in 1975 and 1976; Tommy Stack replaced Fletcher as jockey in the 1976 race after Fletcher angered trainer Ginger McCain by telling the press the horse no longer felt right after a defeat in a race away from Aintree. Again, Red Rum saved his best for Aintree but was held off by Rag Trade. The following year, Stack rode the 12-year-old Red Rum to his record third Grand National triumph, in what is regarded as one of the greatest moments in horse racing history.

Retirement
Red Rum was prepared for a sixth attempt at the Grand National the season following his 1977 win, but suffered a hairline fracture in the lead up to the 1978 race. Following a canter at Aintree Racecourse the day before the 1978 Grand National he was retired. The news of Red Rum's retirement was the lead story on that night's 9 O'Clock News on BBC1 and was also front-page news of the following morning's newspapers.

Red Rum had become a national celebrity, opening supermarkets and annually leading the Grand National parade for many further years. His likeness graced playing cards, mugs, posters, models, paintings, plates and jigsaw puzzles. Several books have been written about Red Rum by his trainer, sculptor, jockeys and author Ivor Herbert; a children's story about his life was also written by Christine Pemberton. The horse helped open the Steeplechase rollercoaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in 1977. He also switched on the Blackpool Illuminations that year. In 1975, a song entitled "Red Rum" was issued as a tribute to him by a group named Chaser, on Polydor 2058 564. It was written by Steve Jolley, Richard Palmer and Tony Swain. In 2010 the name of the racecourse bar, formerly called "The Sefton", was changed to "The Red Rum".

In 1977 Red Rum appeared as a studio guest at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony. Viewers were delighted when the horse seemed to recognise the voice of his jockey Tommy Stack, who was appearing by video link from another location.

Death and legacy
Red Rum died on 18 October 1995, aged 30. His death was one of the lead items in television news bulletins and also made the front pages of national newspapers the next day.

He was buried at the winning post of the Aintree Racecourse, which is still a destination for his fans. The epitaph reads
 * Respect this place
 * This hallowed ground
 * A legend here
 * His rest has found
 * His feet would fly
 * Our spirits soar
 * He earned our love
 * For evermore

Eleven years after his death, a survey found he remained the best-known racehorse in the UK. When asked to name an equine animal, Red Rum was named by 45% of Britons, with Black Beauty (from Anna Sewell's novel) in second with 33%. In 2002 the UK public voted Red Rum's third Grand National win #24 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments. In the early 1970s, the future running of the Grand National was uncertain. The emergence of Red Rum and his historic triumphs captivated the nation, and ensured huge public support for the fund to buy Aintree and put it in the hands of the Jockey Club.

On 19 September 2011, Red Rum's trainer Ginger McCain died aged 80.

Commemorations

 * Red Rum Handicap Chase at Aintree.
 * There are statues of Red Rum at Aintree Racecourse, in Southport and at Ayr Racecourse.
 * Merseyrail named one of its trains in Red Rum's honour in 2008 as part of a Merseyside Legends programme.
 * There used to be two pubs named Red Rum.
 * One was next to Aintree Racecourse; it is now a tandoori restaurant.
 * One was in Croxteth, but closed some time in the mid-2000s and was demolished in 2010
 * Southport Fire Station took delivery of an engine they named Red Rum in 1979
 * Red Rum Drive in Ashburn, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. (part of the area referred to as the silicon valley of the east), is named after the famous racehorse, due to the land developer being an avid horse racing fan.
 * Red Rum Close in Fazakerley, Liverpool.
 * Market Rasen Racecourse have a Bar & Lounge named Red Rum

title: Red Rum


text:
User talk:Austin4444

Please stop
Regarding this edit and others: Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Hall Monitor 17:18, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Austin4444


text: Talk:Office of the Law Revision Counsel

title: Talk:Office of the Law Revision Counsel


text:
Talk:Red Rum

Comment
There was an earlier form of this article that did not suffer from copyright violations. I have recreated the article using that source and placed it at Red Rum/Temp. --User:rin 17:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Odds
Does anyone know what -1 1977: 9-1 Ceterusparibus 22:32, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

The Shining

 * Is "red rum" in the movie a reference to the horse? I think it's murder backwards, and nothing horsey at all. Any one got a reference to support either way? Paddy 08:10, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It is murder backwards. I the opposite thing but, from "Red Rum Remains the People's Champion," The Dailiy Telegraph "Red Rum was so named when his original owner took the last three letters from the names of his dam and sire - Ma red and Quo rum - to invent the most famous moniker in Grand National history." 06:42, 19 September 2008 User:Timtak
 * I heard on UK television that he was named "murder" reversed because when young he was "absolute murder" (= British slang for "very difficult") to handle. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 04:58, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Trivia
Lee Mack was Red Rum's stableboy in the 80's - is that worth noting as trivia? --172.212.243.142 09:05, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

More info
This needs to put in: Red Rum was flat bred, he won (dead headed) in a 5f flat race at LIVERPOOL at 2 y.o. (where he would go back to to become a legend). At one time ridden by the great Lester Piggott, yet he went on to win National Hunt racing's longest race 3 times and 2nd twice!!! - Just mentioning, in that 2 y.o. race he dead headed with a filly called Curlicue. Both Red Rum and Curlicue were bred by Martyn McEnery (co. Kilkenny) and both went to the sales together to be sold to England, funny!! - Culnacréann  19:29, 12 October 2007 (UTC) [[Media:Insert non-formatted text here]]

Headline text
he was the best

His death

 * I heard on television once that he was found in his stable collapsed and too weak to stand; a vet was called and said that his heart was giving out, so the vet had to put him down. Has anyone got a reference to this? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 08:56, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Lee Mack again
Currently we have

 * "In his early career he was once ridden by Lester Piggott, and comedian Lee Mack, then a stable boy who had his first riding lesson on Red Rum."

Whose early career? The horse's? Piggott's?  Lee Mack's?  --Several Pending (talk) 20:06, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

 * work better as 2 short sentences.  Tigerboy1966  09:03, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

I have to wonder why is this listed under Early Life? It happened several years after Red Rum retired. On Desert Island Discs Mack specified that he rode Red Rum at the age of 16, which would have been in 1984 at the earliest, although given other details in his story it was more likely 1985. 67.180.80.11 (talk) 12:19, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Rum


text: Category:Massachusetts elections

title: Category:Massachusetts elections


text:
Jaintia Kingdom

The Jaintia Kingdom was a kingdom in present-day some parts of Bangladesh's Sylhet Division, India's Meghalaya state and Nagaon, Morigoan district of Assam. It was partitioned into three in 630 AD by Raja Guhak for his three sons, into the Jaintia Kingdom, Gour Kingdom and Laur Kingdom. It was annexed by the British East India Company in 1835. All the Pnar Rajahs of the Jaintiapur Kingdom are from the Syiem Sutnga clan, a Pnar clan of the Khasi tribe which claims descent from Ka Li Dohkha, a divine nymph.

Etymology
One theory says that the word "Jaintia" is derived the shrine of Jayanti Devi or Jainteswari, an incarnation of the Hindu goddess Durga. Another theory says that the name is derived via Pnar (the language of the rulers) from Sutnga, a settlement in the modern day Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya. The Pnars (also called Jaintia) and War, speak Mon-Khmer languages that are related to Khasi.

Extent
The Jaintia Kingdom extended from the east of the Shillong Plateau of present-day Meghalaya in north-east India, into the plains to the south, and north to the Barak River valley in Assam, India. The winter capital located at Jaintia Rajbari, Jaintiapur, now ruined, was located on the plains at the foot of the Jaintia Hills; it appears there may have been a summer capital at Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills, but little remains of it now apart from the Nartiang Durga Temple and a nearby site with many megalithic structures. Much of what is today the Sylhet region of Bangladesh and India was at one time under the jurisdiction of the Jaintia king.

History
In ancient times, Austroasiatic tribal migrations from Southeast Asia during the Holocene period to what is now known as the Khasi and Jaintia Hills. The tribe split into two; modern-day Khasi which was the religious class, and the modern-day Pnar which were the ruling class. According to the legend constructed by the Brahmin pandits, the hero of Hindu mythology, Arjuna travelled to the Jaintia to regain his horse held captive by a princess, a story mentioned in a Purana or Hindu epic known as the Mahabharata.

The earliest known ruler, Ka Urmi Rani, married Sindhu Rai who was the ambassador to Kamarupa. They had a daughter called Ka Urvara who married Krishak, another Kamarupi ambassador. Krishak claimed he was of the lunar dynasty and descended from Parikshit, as he was the offspring of a Kachari damsel. Other sources claim Krishak was a prince of the Tibetan kingdom of Hotik. Krishak changed the inheritance law from youngest daughter to eldest son. This angered the King of Kamarupa who summoned him to his land never letting him return to Jaintia hills again. After the death of his mother, Krishak's son Hatak took over the throne.

When Guhak ascended the Jaintia throne in 600 AD and married a princess from Kamarupa, just like his father Hatak. Guhak had a deep interest in Hinduism and migration of Brahmins from the Kamrup region to this area took place. On his way back, Guhak brought a stone image known as Kangsa-Nisudhana, an image of Krishna and Balaram murdering Kamsa, as well as Grivakali and Janghakali, and they put it on top of a hill in modern-day where they would worship it. During the British colonial period, this hill was also home to the Civil Surgeon's Bungalow.

Guhak had three sons; Jayantak, Gurak and Ladduk, and two daughters; Sheela and Chatala. It is said that his eldest daughter, Sheela, was once bathing in a lake south of the Kangsa-Nisudhana hill (which became the hillock of the Civil Surgeon's Bungalow during British rule) and she was kidnapped. After being rescued by Guhak, Sheela started to become more religious and live a secluded life. Chatala indulged herself in an unlawful relationship with one of the palace servants, leading to her being disowned and dumped in a distant island in the middle of 2000 square mile lake to the south of the kingdom. After Sheela's death at a young age, Guhak gave up his kingdom to also lead a more ascetic life. This port-area around the lake, which was the largest centre in the Jaintia Kingdom for trade, was named Sheela haat (or Sheela's marketplace) in her honour. Sources such as the Hattanath Tales mention Sheelachatal was named after both daughters for the region. This is one of many theories of how Sylhet got its name. Xuanzang of China mentions that he visited Sheelachatal in the 630s in his book, the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions. He split the Jaintia Kingdom into three for his three sons. He gave his eldest son, Jayantak, the northern hills which remained known as the Jaintia Kingdom. He gave his second son, Gurak, the southern plains which would be named Gour Kingdom, and he gave his third son, Luddak, the western plains which would become the Laur Kingdom.

Partitioned Jaintia
Jayantak built his own Kamakhya Bama Jangha Pitha temple in the southeast of his kingdom on top of a hill near modern-day Kanaighat. It supposedly contained the left thigh of a Hindu goddess. He had a son called Yang who he dedicated the Phaljur area to. In modern times, there is a hill in the village of Baildara that continues to be known as Yang Rajar Tila (King Yang's hillock). The locals of this village continue to share a legend about how Yang, after being questioned for always leaving the palace by his wife, transformed his queen into a cursed bird which is still alive and inhabits the region as a sign of bad luck.

Jayantak's heir, Joymalla is remembered as an athletic ruler. There are legends of him allowing an elephant to walk over his chest. He is said to have been killed after attempting to fight a rhinoceros. He was succeeded by his son, Mahabal, and then his grandson, Bancharu. Bancharu was interested in cultivation, and planted many trees and increased production of honey, tejpata, orange and agarwood. During his reign, Buddhist merchants came to this region through Sylhet. They promoted Tantric Buddhism and Bancharu gained an interest in it. Bancharu also began the practice of sacrificing humans at Jangha Kali, which would continue for centuries in Jaintia up until British rule. Bancharu was succeeded by Kamadeva, a Sanskrit enthusiast who was close friends with Bhoja Varma Deva, a Sanskrit pandit from East Bengal. In 1090 AD, a Vijay Raghabia was composed in honour of Raja Kamadeva.

Kamadeva was succeeded by his son Bhimbal. Bhimbal could not rule properly due to insurgencies amongst the hill rulers of the region. Jaintia was defeated in a battle and Bhimbal was either murdered or fled his kingdom out of disgrace. His minister, Kedareswar Rai, took over and began the Brahmin ruling dynasty of Jaintia.

New dynasty
In 1618, Dhan Manik conquered Dimarua leading to a war with Maibong Raja Yasho Narayan Satrudaman of the Kachari Kingdom. Dhan Manik, realising that he would need assistance, gave his daughter in hand to Raja Susenghphaa of the Ahom kingdom. The Ahoms then fought the Kachari allowing an easy escape for Dhan Manik and the Jaintians.

Sometime after 1676, the Raja of Jaintia attempted to rebel against the Mughal Empire. The Akhbarats note that the Raja had gathered 1500 infantry and began plundering the nearby region and led a siege against the fort in Sylhet. In response, the Mughals sent the general, Shaista Khan, the nobleman; Iradat Khan and Raja Tahawar Singh (also known as Kunwar Tahawurr Asad) of Kharagpur Raj in Bihar. Together, they were able to defeat the Jaintia Raja and bring the kingdom back under imperial control.

Subjugation under Ahoms
In 1707, Jaintia king Ram Singh kidnapped the Kachari Raja. The Raja of Cachar then informed Ahom Raja Rudra Singh Sukhrungphaa which led to the Ahoms attack through North Cachar and Jaintia Hills. Jaintia was annexed to the Ahoms and its capital city, Jaintiapur, was then raided by the Ahoms and thousands of innocent civilians were put to death or ears and noses were cut off. Sukhrungphaa then informed the Faujdar of Sylhet that Jaintia was under his rule and that it is him that they will trade to. However, the Ahom rule in Jaintia was weak and short-lived. The Jaintias rebelled in their own land defeating the Ahom soldiers. Ram Singh, however, died as a captive to the Ahoms and his son, Jayo Narayan took over the Jaintia Kingdom.

In 1757, the Nongkrem-KhynriamKhasi chief closed the Sonapur Duar, stopping trade between the Jaintia and Ahom kingdoms. An envoy of Jaintias assembled at Hajo where they informed the incident to Ahom Raja Suremphaa Swargadeo Rajeswar Singh who re-opened it for them.

The British came into contact with the Jaintia kingdom upon receiving the Diwani of Bengal in 1765. Jaintiapur, currently in Bangladesh, was the capital. The kingdom extended from the hills into the plains north of the Barak river Major Henniker led the first expedition to Jaintia in 1774. The quarries in their possession were the chief supplier of lime to the delta region of Bengal, but with the British, the contact was not very smooth, and they were attacked in the same year. Subsequently, the Jaintias were increasingly isolated from the plains via a system of forts as well as via regulation of 1799.

End
In 1821, a group of Jaintias kidnapped British subjects attempting to sacrifice them to Kali. A culprit was then found by the British who admitted that it was an annual tradition which the Jaintias have been doing for 10 years. The priest would cut off the victim's throat and then the Jaintia princess would bathe in his blood. The Jaintia believed that this would bless the princess with offspring. Upon hearing this, the British threatened the Jaintia Raja that they would invade his territories if this does not stop. The Raja made an agreement in 1824 with David Scott that they will only negotiate with the British. A year later, the Jaintias attempted to continue their annual sacrifice which they had previously agreed with the British that they would stop.

After the conclusion of the First Anglo-Burmese War, the British allowed the Jaintia king his rule north of the Surma River. The Jaintias kidnapped four British men in 1832. Three were sacrificed in the Great Hindu temple in Faljur, with one escaping and informing the British authorities of the atrocities. After the Jaintia Raja declined to find the culprits, the British finally marched to the Jaintia Kingdom and annexed it on 15 March 1835 The king was handed over his property in Sylhet along with a monthly salary of Rs 500. The British administered the plain areas directly and the hill region indirectly via a system of fifteen dolois and four sardars. The fifteen administrators were free to adjudicate on all but the most heinous crimes.

Jaintia continued to exist though divided into pargana or fiscal division, within greater Sylhet such as the Jaintia Puriraj (Jaintiapuri Raj) pargana, Japhlang pargana, Chairkata pargana and Phaljur pargana. Puriraj had an area of 59.15 square metres and had a land revenue of £325 of 1875. Phaljur was 51.84 sqm and had a land revenue of £301. Chairkata was 37.88 square metres, consisted of 749 estates and land revenue of £276. Japhlang was 40.07 square metres, 342 estates and £279 land revenue.

Old dynasty (??-630)

 * 1) Urmi Rani (?-550)
 * 2) Krishak Pator (550-570)
 * 3) Hatak (570-600)
 * 4) Guhak (600-630)

Partitioned Jaintia (630-1120)

 * 1) Jayanta (630-660)
 * 2) Joymalla (660-?)
 * 3) Mahabal (?)
 * 4) Bancharu (?-1100)
 * 5) Kamadeva (1100-1120)
 * 6) Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty (1120-??)

 * 1) Kedareshwar Rai (1120-1130)
 * 2) Dhaneshwar Rai (1130-1150)
 * 3) Kandarpa Rai (1150-1170)
 * 4) Manik Rai (1170-1193)
 * 5) Jayanta Rai (1193-1210)
 * 6) Jayanti Devi
 * 7) Bara Gossain

New dynasty (1500-1835)

 * 1) Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
 * 2) Maju-Gohain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
 * 3) Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
 * 4) Borgohain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
 * 5) Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
 * 6) Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
 * 7) Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
 * 8) Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
 * 9) Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
 * 10) Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
 * 11) Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
 * 12) Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
 * 13) Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
 * 14) Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
 * 15) Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
 * 16) Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
 * 17) Borgohain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
 * 18) Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
 * 19) Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
 * 20) Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
 * 21) Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
 * 22) Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
 * 23) Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)

title: Jaintia Kingdom


text:
30 Fenchurch Street

30 Fenchurch Street is one of the largest office developments in the City of London, the primary financial district of London. Until October 2020, the building was known as Plantation Place, taking its name from a previous Plantation House, once the world's recognised centre of the tea trade.

Its anchor tenant is Accenture but it is also the headquarters of a number of other consultancy firms, banks and insurance companies, including Aspen Insurance, IQUW, Sedgwick and QBE Insurance. The building occupies almost an entire block of approximately 10,200 sq m, with Fenchurch Street to the north, Mincing Lane to the east, and Rood Lane to the west. It is bounded to the south by its sister building Plantation Place South, which has its main entrance on Great Tower Street. On the other side of Rood Lane is the 40-storey skyscraper 20 Fenchurch Street, completed in August 2014.

The previous building on the site was Plantation House (built in 1935); this served the commodities markets, especially tea and rubber. It was the home of the London Metal Exchange until 1994.

In October 2020, the owner of the development changed its name from Plantation Place in the wake of controversy over the financial district's historic links to slavery. The new name of 30 Fenchurch Street is taken from the first line of the building's postal address.

The complex contains almost 3,000 sq m of roof gardens, offering views of London's skyline. In September 2004, these roof gardens were opened to the public as part of the Open House London weekend.

Arup Associates were the architects, mechanical engineers and structural engineers for a series of buildings on the site constructed in 2004. The site is the location of the remains of the old Roman settlement of Londinium, burned down by Boudica in AD 60. A hoard of gold coins from the 2nd century was found on the site.

title: 30 Fenchurch Street


text:
Aristyllus

Aristyllus (Ἀρίστυλλος; fl. c. 261 BC) was a Greek astronomer, presumably of the school of Timocharis (c. 300 BC). He was among the earliest meridian-astronomy observers. Six of his stellar declinations are preserved at Almajest 7.3. All are exactly correct within his over-cautious rounding to 1/4 degree. See discussion (and lessons) at DIO 7.1 ‡1 p. 13 (2007).

Aristyllus was long mis-dated to c. 300 BC (which made his data look among the poorest of the ancients); but when his correct date was found by least-squares (Isis 73:259-265 [1982] p. 263), it was realized that his star declinations' accuracy was unexcelled in antiquity. His data suggest that he worked in Alexandria: see DIO 4.1 ‡3 Table 3 p. 45 (2004).

A lunar crater, Aristillus, aptly near the Moon's meridian and at a lunar latitude roughly equal to the terrestrial latitude of Alexandria, is named after him.

title: Aristyllus


text:
David Lipschultz

David Bernard Lipschultz (June 2, 1970 – January 3, 2004) was an American freelance journalist. His work appeared in The New York Times, Smart Money, and USA Today as well as such high tech magazines as Wired, Red Herring, and Internet World.

Career
Lipschultz and his wife wrote, produced, and hosted "The Week in Aspen" on Channel 16. The show covered nightlife and entertainment in Aspen. His work focused mainly on entertainment and business. Prior to being a journalist, he lived in New York City and worked in marketing and public relations.

Family
Lipschultz married Juliana Tauber in October 2002. The two met on a ski-lift in Aspen.

Death
He died in a skiing accident, falling into a tree well, in Aspen, Colorado, in 2004 at age 33.

title: David Lipschultz


text: User talk:69.55.162.81

title: User talk:69.55.162.81


text:
Ferintosh, Black Isle

Ferintosh is the name of an estate in the Black Isle, Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. Urquhart is the name of the parish. The parish of Urquhart is virtually the original Ferintosh barony and was an exclave of Nairnshire until transferred to Ross and Cromarty in 1892 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Its owner, Duncan Forbes (1644-1704) of Culloden, was also a major landowner in Nairnshire.

In the 21st century, due to amalgamations a Ferintosh "Parish" Church is at nearby Conon Bridge. The former Urquhart Parish Church is close to the Ferintosh Burn (see below).

During the 1688 Glorious Revolution in Scotland, Forbes was a prominent supporter of the new regime and the Ferintosh distillery was destroyed by the Jacobites. In 1690, he was granted the right to distil whisky in Ferintosh without being subject to the normal excise regulations. In the 1760s, his grandson John Forbes enlarged the existing distillery and built three more. In 1965, the Ben Wyvis distillery in nearby Dingwall changed its name to Ferintosh but ceased operations in 1977.

A natural amphitheatre at the Ferintosh Burn was used for open-air gatherings during Presbyterian communion seasons in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Ferintosh Free Church has a much closer link to Ferintosh, as this is where Dr John MacDonald (1779-1849) ministered. He was a notable minister of the parish. John Kennedy, Free Church minister of Dingwall, wrote a biography of him entitled The Apostle of the North. As suggested by the title, MacDonald preached the gospel in many parts of northern Scotland.

Rev Donald Munro, minister of Ferintosh Free church, served as Moderator of the General Assembly in 1918.

title: Ferintosh, Black Isle


text: User talk:81.154.9.249

title: User talk:81.154.9.249


text:
Lochlann of Galloway

Lochlann of Galloway (died 12 December 1200), also known as Lochlan mac Uchtred and by his French name Roland fitz Uhtred, was the son and successor of Uchtred, Lord of Galloway as the "Lord" or "sub-king" of eastern Galloway.

Family
Lochlann was the oldest son of Uchtred, Lord of Galloway and his wife Gunhilda of Dunbar, daughter of Waltheof of Allerdale. Lochlann (also called Roland) had four siblings—sisters Eve of Galloway (wife of Walter de Berkeley) and Christina (wife of William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale), and two younger brothers, Fergus and another whose name is not known. Through their father Lochlann and his siblings were great-grandchildren of King Henry I of England. Through their mother they were descended from the house of Dunkeld.

Lochlann's father is considered to be the last living King of Galloway, which he ruled jointly with his brother, Gille Brigte, from 1161 to 1174. At this time Gille Brigte, brutally slew his brother, Uchtred, who was a strong ally of Scotland, and attempted to transfer Galloway over to English control. Gille Brigte offered the King of England tribute if the King would "remove them [the Galwegians] from the servitude of the king of Scotland" (Anderson, p. 258). However, when King Henry's delegation discovered the fate of Uchtred, Henry's cousin, they rejected the request. Gille Brigte was forced to come to terms with the two kings, and pay penalties for the death of his brother.

Lochlann of Galloway was likely a young adult at the time of his father's death at the hands of his uncle. He likely participated in King William of Scotland's disastrous invasion of Northumberland. After his father's death Lochlann made it plain he considered King William of Scotland his liege. Where his father had declared himself King of Galloway, after Gille Brigte's death in 1185 Lochlann became "Lord of Galloway". It is said his favorite title was yet to come, courtesy of his wife.

Constable of the King of Scots
Lochlann, son of Uchtred, married Helena, daughter of Richard de Morville, and eventually his sole heir. The couple had at least one known son, Alan of Galloway. Richard de Morville, Constable of Scotland, died in 1189, all his sons having predeceased him. The title of Constable of Scotland and all his Scottish estates passed to Lochlann through his marriage to Helena. Her English inheritance appears to have not been so secure, for in 1200 Lochlann accompanied King William to pay homage to King John, and it is stated it was Lochlann's intention to discuss his wife's estates. "Constable of the King of Scots" was the title Lochlann preferred above all others, perhaps because it had not been sullied by his uncle. Lochlann of Galloway was in England at the time of his death in 1200. Alan of Galloway succeeded his father, to become Lord of Galloway, and by right of his mother, to become Constable of Scotland.

Later life
After the death of his uncle Gille Brigte in 1185, Lochlann went about to seize the land of Gille Brigte's heirs. In this aim he had to defeat the men who would defy his authority in the name of Gille Brigte's heir. He seems to have done so, defeating the resistors, who were led by men called Gille Pátraic and Henric Cennédig. Yet resistance continued under a warrior called Gille Coluim of Galloway.

Lochlann's aims moreover encouraged the wrath of a more important political figure than any of the above. King Henry II of England was outraged. A few years before Gille Brigte's death, Henry had taken his son and successor Donnchad as a hostage. Hence Henry was the patron and protector of the man Lochlann was trying to disinherit. When King William of Scotland was ordered to visit Henry in southern England, William was told that Lochlann must be stopped. However, William and Lochlann were friends, and so in the end Henry himself brought an army to Carlisle, and threatened to invade unless Lochlann would submit to his judgment. Lochlann did so. As it transpired, Lochlann kept most of Galloway, and Donnchad was given the new "Mormaerdom" of Carrick in compensation.

More than any previous Lord of Galloway, he was the loyal man and vassal of the King of Scotland. After all, he owed his lands to the positive influence of King William. Whereas Lochlann's grandfather, Fergus had called himself King of Galloway, Lochlann's favorite title was "Constable of the King of Scots".

Lochlann had led William's armies north into Moireabh against the pretender Domnall mac Uilleim, who claimed the Scottish throne as a grandson of King Donnchad II of Scotland. Lochlann defeated him in 1187 at the Battle of Mam Garvia, a mysterious location probably near Dingwall.

Lochlann, unlike his uncle Gille Brigte, welcomed French and English colonisation into his eastern lands. In this, he was following his overlord, King William I of Scotland. Of all the Lords of Galloway, Lochlann is the least mentioned in the Gaelic annals, suggesting that he had lost touch somewhat with his background in the world of greater Irish Sea Gaeldom.

In 1200, he was in the company of King William in England, who was giving homage to the new king, John. Lochlann used the opportunity to make legal proceeding in Northampton regarding the property claims of his wife, Helena, daughter and heiress of Richard de Morville. It was here that he met his death and was buried. Lochlann and Helena had a son Alan, who succeeded to Galloway.

In 1191/1192, Lochlann founded Glenluce Abbey.

Marriage and Children
At some time before 1185, possibly in the 1170s, Lochlann married Elena de Moreville, daughter and eventually sole heir of Richard de Morville, Lord of Cunninghame and Constable of Scotland. They had 5 children:
 * Alan of Galloway oldest son, who succeeded to Galloway and as Constable of Scotland.
 * Thomas of Galloway, married Isabella, Countess of Atholl.
 * Devorguilla of Galloway, married Nicholas de Stuteville, son of Nicholas I de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel.
 * Ada of Galloway, married Walter Byset, Lord of Aboyne.
 * a third son, name unknown, who died young.

title: Lochlann of Galloway


text:
Military rites

Military rites are honors presented at a funeral for a member of a military or police force. These rites, which are performed (usually) at the burial, include the firing of rifles, presenting of a flag and or bugle calls. In Australia and New Zealand a Poppy Service is often held for members of the Armed Forces. This includes a short reading by a member of the Returned Services League of Australia or, in New Zealand, the Returned Services Association, the laying of red poppies on the coffin by all present, the playing of the Last Post (or Taps in the United States), Reveille, and recitation of the Ode of Remembrance.

title: Military rites


text: Portal talk:Poland/People

title: Portal talk:Poland/People


text: User talk:88.107.177.33

title: User talk:88.107.177.33


text:
User talk:Nelson50

This page was last archived on 27/03/2010.

MfD nomination of Template:User WikiProject Rugby Union
Template:User WikiProject Rugby Union, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User WikiProject Rugby Union and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Template:User WikiProject Rugby Union during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Magioladitis (talk) 18:06, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

November 2013
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 * owner of the Charlie Chawke Group of pubs and has several pubs in Ireland http://www.irishexaminer.com/business/chawke-happy-with-22m-pub-204861.html Chawke happy with 22m

June 2014
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination of R762 road (Ireland) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article R762 road (Ireland) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/R160 road (Ireland) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. st170e talk 01:24, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject Rugby union
Hello. You're listed as "Cap" number 8 in this WikiProject. It seems that the Project's talk page is sadly neglected these days. I know little about rugby but have seen how important an active WikiProject is to getting quality information on Wikipedia by helping each other. If you don't mind the nudge (and you may be very active, I've not checked) please pop by the WikiProject talk page from time to time to reply to comments - or start your own. Cheers. --Dweller (talk) Become old fashioned! 22:31, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nelson50


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plum Canary

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. No consensus to delete. Page was hacked down to remove advertising component. --Tony Sidaway Talk 05:17, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * See the talk page for details about a post-discussion challenge to the result, and the ensuing re-opening of the discussion. --Tony Sidaway Talk 20:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Plum_Canary
Advertising Grayum 17:26, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of the article is about the material already covered on the Chirp software page, and is clearly advertising in nature. The article should be chopped back to a paragraph, if this company is at all notable. — RJH 17:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn software. Sdedeo 21:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. --Carnildo 22:46, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Clean Up - I've deleted the advertising in an effort to turn it into a neutral corporate stub. This sofware is noteable because it is unique, and it appears to have a following. Jehochman 03:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 01:37, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - (Just a vote by the page creator.) A case has been made that the material is covered in the Chirp software page, which itself is subject to a VfD process at the moment.  It's possible a reasonable path is to delete the Chirp software page and simply let it have it's information in the Project Management Software product table, then leave this "corporate stub" page (we *do* have a user community, which can justify the entry) solely for the purpose of maintaining links from that table.  Note that the Grayum's comment no longer applies after the edit by jehochman.  Batsonjay
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Time's Arrow (novel)

Time's Arrow: or The Nature of the Offence (1991) is a novel by Martin Amis. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1991. It is notable partly because the events occur in a reverse chronology, with time passing in reverse and the main character becoming younger and younger during the novel.

Plot summary
The novel recounts the life of a German Holocaust doctor in reverse chronology. The narrator, together with the reader, experiences time passing in reverse. The narrator is not exactly the protagonist himself but a secondary consciousness apparently living within him, feeling his feelings but with no access to his thoughts and no control over events. Some passages may be interpreted as hinting that this narrator may in some way be the conscience, but this is not clear. The narrator may alternatively be considered merely a necessary device to narrate a reverse chronology.

Amis engages in several forms of reverse discourse including reverse dialogue, reverse narrative, and reverse explanation. Amis's use of these techniques is aimed to create an unsettling and irrational aura for the reader; indeed, one of the recurrent themes in the novel is the narrator's persistent misinterpretation of events. For example, he simply accepts that people wait for an hour in a physician's waiting room after being examined, although at some points he has doubts about this tradition. Relationships are portrayed with stormy beginnings that slowly fade into pleasant romances. Although the narrator accepts all this, he is puzzled and feels that the world does not really make sense.

The reverse narrative begins in America, where the doctor is first living in retirement and then practicing medicine. He is always fearful of something and does not want to be too conspicuous. Later he changes his identity and moves to New York. (Considering the story forward, he escaped Europe after the war and succeeded in settling in America, with the assistance of a Reverend Nicholas Kreditor who apparently assists war criminals in hiding.) In 1948 he travels (in reverse) to Portugal, from where he makes his way to Auschwitz.

The doctor, Odilo Unverdorben, assists "Uncle Pepi" (modelled on Josef Mengele) in his torture and murder of Jews. While at Auschwitz, the reverse chronology means that he creates life and heals the sick, rather than the opposite.

"What tells me that this is right? What tells me that all the rest was wrong? Certainly not my aesthetic sense. I would never claim that Auschwitz-Birkenau-Monowitz was good to look at. Or to listen to, or to smell, or to taste, or to touch. There was, among my colleagues there, a general though desultory quest for greater elegance. I can understand that word, and all its yearning: elegant. Not for its elegance did I come to love the evening sky above the Vistula, hellish red with the gathering souls. Creation is easy. Also ugly. Hier ist kein warum. Here there is no why. Here there is no when, no how, no where. Our preternatural purpose? To dream a race. To make a people from the weather. From thunder and from lightning. With gas, with electricity, with shit, with fire. (pp. 119–120, Vintage edition, 1992)"

In the reversed version of reality, not only is simple chronology reversed (people become younger, and eventually become children, then babies, and then re-enter their mothers' wombs, where they finally cease to exist) but so is morality. Blows heal injuries, doctors cause them. Theft becomes donation, and vice versa. In a passage about prostitutes, doctors harm them while pimps give them money and heal them. When the protagonist reaches Auschwitz, however, the world starts to make sense. A whole new race is created.

Background
Amis first thought up the idea of telling a man's life backwards in time two years before the novel was published. He found a fertile ground for that structure when his friend Robert Jay Lifton gave him a copy of his book, The Nazi Doctors, about the involvement of German doctors in World War II, from Action T4 to the extermination camps. The alternative title for the novel is taken from Primo Levi's The Truce:

"So for us even the hour of liberty rang out grave and muffled, and filled our souls with joy and yet with a painful sense of pudency, so that we would have liked to wash our consciences and our memories clean from the foulness that lay upon them; and also with anguish, because we felt that this should never happen, that now nothing could ever happen good and pure enough to rub out our past, and that the scars of the outrage would remain within us forever... Because, and this is the awful privilege of our generation and of my people, no one better than us has ever been able to grasp the incurable nature of the offense, that spreads like a contagion. It is foolish to think that human justice can eradicate it."

Amis also mentioned the critical influence of If This Is a Man, The Drowned and the Saved, and Moments of Reprieve.

And Amis's Afterword to this novel acknowledges his debt to a famous paragraph in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five: the Dresden firebombing passage in which Billy Pilgrim watches, backwards, a late-night movie of American bombers recovering their bombs from a German city in flames.

Reverse chronology
According to Amis's autobiography the story is narrated by the soul of Odilo.

title: Time's Arrow (novel)