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Boston City Hall

Boston City Hall is the seat of city government of Boston, Massachusetts. It includes the offices of the mayor of Boston and the Boston City Council. The current hall was built in 1968 to assume the functions of the Old City Hall.

It is a controversial and prominent example of Brutalist architecture, part of the modernist movement. It was designed by the architecture firms Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles and Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, with LeMessurier Consultants as engineers.

Together with the surrounding plaza, City Hall is part of the Government Center complex. This project constituted a major urban redesign effort in the 1960s, as Boston demolished an area of housing and businesses.

The building has been subject to widespread public condemnation, and is sometimes called one of the world's ugliest buildings. Calls for the structure to be demolished have been regularly made even before construction was finished. Architects and critics considered it to be excellent work, with one poll from 1976 finding that professional architects describe Boston City Hall as one of the ten proudest achievements of American architecture.

Design
Boston City Hall was designed by Gerhard Kallmann, a Columbia University professor, and Michael McKinnell, a Columbia graduate student who co-founded Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles. In 1962, they won an international, two-stage design competition for the building. Their design, selected from 256 entries by a jury of prominent architects and businessmen, departed from the more conventional designs of most of the other entries (typified by pure geometrical forms clad with sleek curtain walls) to introduce an articulated structure that expressed the internal functions of the buildings in rugged, cantilevered concrete forms. While hovering over the broad brick plaza, the City Hall was designed to create an open and accessible place for the city's government, with the most heavily used public activities all located on the lower levels directly connected to the plaza. The major civic spaces, including the Council chamber, library, and Mayor's office, were one level up, and the administrative offices were housed above these, behind the repetitive brackets of the top floors.

At a time when monumentality was typically considered an appropriate attribute for governmental architecture, the architects sought to create a bold statement of modern civic democracy, placed within the historic city of Boston. While the architects looked to precedents by Le Corbusier, especially the monastery of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, with its cantilevered upper floors, exposed concrete structure, and a similar interpretation of public and private spaces, they also drew from the example of Medieval and Renaissance Italian town halls and public spaces, as well as from the bold granite structures of 19th-century Boston (including Alexander Parris' Quincy Market immediately to the east).

Many of the elements in the design have been seen as abstractions of classical design elements, such as the coffers and the architrave above the concrete columns. Kallmann, McKinnell, and Knowles collaborated with two other Boston architectural firms and one engineering firm to form the "Architects and Engineers for the Boston City Hall" as the entity responsible for construction, which took place from 1963 to 1968.

The architects designed City Hall as divided into three sections, aesthetically and also by use. The lowest portion of the building, the brick-faced base, which is partially built into a hillside, consists of four levels of the departments of city government, where the public has wide access. The brick largely transfers over to the exterior of this section, and it is joined by materials such as quarry tile inside. The use of these terra cotta products relates to the building's location on one of the original slopes of Boston, expressed in the open, brick-paved plaza, and also to historic Boston's brick architecture, seen in the adjoining Sears Crescent block and the Blackstone Block buildings across Congress Street.

The intermediate portion of City Hall houses the public elected officials: the Mayor, the City Council members, and the Council Chamber. The large scale and the protrusion of these interior spaces on the outside, instead of being buried deep within the building, reveal the important public functions to the passers-by and are intended to create a visual and symbolic connection between the city and its government. The effect is of a small city of concrete-sheltered structures cantilevered above the plaza: large forms that house important civic activities. The cantilevers are supported by exterior columns, spaced alternately at 14 ft and 28 ft, which are steel-reinforced.

The upper stories contain the city's office space, which are used by civil servants not visited frequently by the public, such as the administrative and planning departments. The bureaucratic nature is reflected in the standardized window patterns, separated by pre-cast concrete fins, with an open office plan typical of modern office buildings. (The subsequent enclosure of much of this space into separate offices contributed to the ventilation problems of those floors.)

The top of the brick base was designed as an elevated courtyard melding the fourth floor of the city hall with the plaza. Security concerns caused city officials in recent years to block access to the courtyard and the outdoor stairways to Congress Street and the plaza. The courtyard is occasionally opened up for events (such as the celebration of the Boston Celtics championship in 1986). After the September 11 attacks in 2001, security was further increased. The north entrance, facing the plaza, was barricaded with jersey barriers and bicycle racks. All visitors entering the front and the back entrances must pass through metal detectors.

City Hall was constructed by using mainly cast-in-place and precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry. About half of the concrete used in the building was precast (roughly 22,000 separate components), and the other half was poured-in-place concrete. All of the concrete in the structure, except that of the columns, is mixed with a light, coarse rock. While the majority of the building is created using concrete, precast and poured-in-place concrete are distinguishable by their different colors and textures. For example, cast-in-place elements are coarse and grainy textured because the concrete was poured into fir wood frames to mold it, and precast elements, such as trusses and supports, were set in steel molds to gain smooth, clean surfaces. This distinction also originates from the different types of cement used: the exterior poured-in-place pieces are of type I cement, a lightly colored cement, while the exterior precast components use type II cement, a dark-colored cement. The base of the building is dark with brick, Welsh quarry tiles, mahogany walls, and darker concrete. As the building ascends, the overall color lightens, as lighter concrete is used.

Reception
The public response to Boston City Hall continues to be sharply divided. Arguments for and against continued use of the structure provoke strong counter-arguments from politicians, local press, design professionals, and the general public. City Hall was given two stars by the Michelin Green Guide, which said that the building "has been one of Boston's controversial architectural statements since its completion in 1968." The building's 50th anniversary in 2019 prompted both positive and negative commentary. In the 2021 Boston mayoral election, candidates for mayor Andrea Campbell, John Barros, and Kim Janey voiced negative opinions on it, Annissa Essaibi George was neutral on it, while Michelle Wu voiced positive opinions on it.

Positive
While assessment of the building's architecture has been influenced by the vagaries of changing architectural style, the building at the time was acclaimed by some architects as well as by the professional association, American Institute of Architects, which gave the building its Honor Award in 1969.

Representative of the contemporary praise was the opinion of The New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable, who wrote that "in this focal building Boston sought, and got, excellence." Historian Walter Muir Whitehill wrote that "'it is as fine a building for its time and place as Boston has ever produced. Traditionalists who long for a revival of Bulfinch simply do not realize that one does not achieve a handsome monster either by enlarging, or endlessly multiplying, the attractive elements of smaller structures.'"

Architect, educator, and writer Donlyn Lyndon wrote in The Boston Globe, "Boston City Hall carries an authority that results from the clarity, articulation, and intensity of imagination with which it has been formed." Architectural historian Douglass Shand-Tucci, author of Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000, called City Hall "one of America's foremost landmarks" and "arguably the great building of twentieth-century Boston." In the AIA Guide to Boston, Susan and Michael Southworth wrote that "the award-winning City Hall had established its architect's reputation and inspired similar buildings across the nation."

Stylistically, City Hall is considered by some to be a leading example of Brutalist architecture. It is listed among the "Greatest Buildings" by Great Buildings Online, an affiliate of Architecture Week. Additionally, in a 1976 Bicentennial poll of historians and architects regarding the United States' greatest buildings, sponsored by the American Institute of Architects, Boston City Hall received the sixth-most mentions.

When Boston's Mayor Menino stirred controversy in 2010 with a discussion of selling City Hall (see below), opponents of the proposal expressed praise of the building for its influence, design originality, and symbolism as a marker of Boston's rebirth in the 1960s. Supporters of the building applied to the Boston Landmarks Commission for its designation as a landmark, with supporting signatures and letters from architecture critic Jane Holtz Kay, Friends of the Public Garden President Henry Lee, and others. The Boston Globe published editorials recognizing the building's importance. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote an article published in The Wall Street Journal in which she contrasted the poor treatment of Boston City Hall with Yale University's recent sympathetic restoration of its similarly challenging Brutalist landmark, the Art and Architecture Building by architect Paul Rudolph.

In 2009 a major exhibition of the original design drawings for City Hall, now part of the archive of Historic New England, was mounted at the Wentworth Institute of Technology. In 2015, Boston Globe columnist Dante Ramos wrote that "if we see the enduring value in Heroic-era architecture, we can also hope for a measure of boldness — and recognize the downside of being too timid." In 2018, Boston Magazine ranked City Hall as #1 on its list of the 100 best buildings in the city. A 2019 essay by Anthony Flint argued that City Hall is "an elegant, successful work of architecture." In 2019, a commemorative pin was produced in honor of the building's 50th anniversary. In an essay written during the anniversary year, architect Aaron Betsky wrote that City Hall "is one of the last concrete examples of government willing to fight for what it thinks is right, which is, or should be, or common good."

Negative
Popular news media considers City Hall the "world's ugliest building", including the Boston Globe and the Telegraph.

In the 1960s, Mayor John F. Collins reportedly gasped as the design was first unveiled, and someone in the room blurted out, "What the hell is that?" City Hall is very unpopular with some Bostonians, as it is with some employees of the building. In 2006 some described it as a dark and unfriendly eyesore. In part, such opinions are a reaction against greater Boston's numerous examples of concrete modernism from the 1960s.

The building's popularity declined as the tide turned away from modernism in New England to more traditional and post-modern styles in the 1970s and 1980s. The building was no longer new, architectural monumentality fell out of favor, and the idea of a "new" era and a "new" Boston became old-fashioned. The changes in style coincided with political changes, as Kevin White's mayoral administration ended.

Following the September 11 attacks, the environment changed from what had been intended as a civil center and community space on the stairways and plaza around the building as public access was sharply reduced by the erection of security barriers and closing of numerous entrances.

Under subsequent administrations, which focused on neighborhoods rather than the center city, and decentralization instead of centralized civic power, funding was funneled away from City Hall. Compared to the Boston Public Library, some users and occupants have found City Hall to be unpleasant and dysfunctional. It has been the butt of jokes in some local magazines. The structure's complex interior spaces and sometimes-confusing floor plan have not been mitigated by quality wayfinding, signage, graphics or lighting.

In 2006, a commentator wrote that, "I believe it's only a matter of time, and it will have to be totally removed, not modified, not retrofitted, not adapted." In 2008, the building was voted "World's Ugliest Building" in an online poll by the travel agency Virtualtourist. A number of news outlets picked up that moniker, and Mayor Tom Menino adopted it during his long tenure as a boon to tourism. A 2013 essay by columnist Paul McMorrow in the Boston Globe described it as "the worst building in the city" and advocated demolition. Curbed Boston included City Hall on its 2018 list of Boston's "10 ugliest buildings." A 2016 Boston Globe essay about "Boston flops, flubs, and failures" said City Hall was "cracking internally like a dead molar waiting to be pulled.

Plaza
The surrounding City Hall Plaza has experienced a similar change in assessment over time. Although its recessed fountain, trees, and umbrella-shaded tables drew crowds in its early years, the space has more recently been cited as problematic in terms of design and urban planning. To illustrate the range of opinion regarding the Plaza, in 2004 the Project for Public Spaces identified it as the worst single public plaza worldwide out of hundreds of contenders, and it has placed the plaza on its "Hall of Shame." On the other hand, in 2009, The Cultural Landscape Foundation included City Hall Plaza as one of 13 national "Marvels of Modernism" in its exhibition and publication. Several rounds of efforts to liven up City Hall Plaza have yielded only minimal changes, with the challenge being, in part, the numerous approvals required at the city, state, and federal levels.

Proposed changes
In 2001, some City Hall workers complained that they were suffering from sick building syndrome. However, consultants hired by the city "did not identify any building-wide or acute air-quality issues."

Since 2006, a number of proposals have been made to modify City Hall or to demolish it and replace it with a new building on another site.

On December 12, 2006, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino proposed selling the current city hall and adjacent plaza to private developers and moving the city government to a site in South Boston. Amid his plans, in April 2007, the Boston Landmarks Commission reviewed a petition to make the building a city landmark, supported by a group of architects and preservationists. On July 10, 2008, a Landmarks Commission official said that the petition to designate the building as a landmark had been accepted for study, giving the building pending landmark status. Members of the group Citizens for City Hall also opposed Mayor Menino's plan to build a new City Hall on the South Boston waterfront because it would be a major inconvenience for tens of thousands of city residents. In December 2008, Menino suspended his plan to move City Hall as the Great Recession set in, stating, "I can't consciously move ahead on a major project like this at this time."

An advocacy group, Friends of Boston City Hall, was established to help develop support for preserving and enhancing City Hall and improving the Plaza. In 2010, the Boston Society of Architects held a competition for ideas for modifying City Hall. In March 2011, plans were announced to rethink the building and its surrounding plaza.

While a candidate for Mayor of Boston, Martin J. Walsh called for the sale of City Hall for mixed-use redevelopment. But after his election, Walsh did not pursue such a sale. In 2015, the City of Boston launched a "Rethink City Hall" program to gather ideas for changes to the building and to City Hall Plaza. The Getty Foundation awarded Boston a grant of $120,000 in 2017 to study ways to preserve and enhance City Hall and its plaza. The Foundation noted "a shift in public sentiment" in recent years, "with many residents now embracing the site as a key feature of the city fabric." In 2015, the Boston Globe published a proposal by Suffolk University professor Harry Bartnick, that the building be enclosed in a variegated glass sheath, extending diagonally outward from just below the top-most line of windows into the surrounding plaza on 3 sides, and across Congress Street to the street meridian. The effect would be to re-distribute the building's visual weight, making it less top-heavy and intimidating, more welcoming, and improve its energy efficiency. On the Congress Street side, the glass sheath would provide protective covered passageways for pedestrians and traffic. In August 2015, a developer's donations for a kitchen renovation was criticized by a fiscal watchdog.

In January 2016, Mayor Walsh announced plans to install new LED lighting on the exterior of the building. "We are committed to creating a welcoming, lively City Hall Plaza," Walsh said. The lights were turned on in October 2016. A more extensive set of renovations, designed by the Boston firm Utile, was completed in 2018. The renovations included new security and seating areas in the lobby, a coffee kiosk, new lighting, and new signage.

In 2017, the Getty Foundation awarded the city a $120,000 grant to study the building's history and to propose a strategy for renovations. The result of the study, a 327-page Boston City Hall Conservation Management Plan, was published in 2021. The study won awards from the Boston Preservation Alliance and docomomo-us.

Nearby events
City Hall is located in Government Center, in Downtown Boston. The adjoining 8 acre City Hall Plaza is sometimes used for parades and rallies and, most memorably, the region's championship sports teams, the Boston Celtics, Boston Bruins, New England Patriots, and the Boston Red Sox, have been feted in front of City Hall. A huge crowd in the plaza also greeted Queen Elizabeth II during her 1976 Bicentennial visit, as she walked from the Old State House to City Hall to have lunch with the Mayor.

From 2013 to 2016, City Hall Plaza was home to the Boston Calling Music Festival.

Since November 2016, the plaza has been home to Boston Winter, a holiday-themed shopping center, complete with a skating rink and other holiday events, held annually from November to January.

title: Boston City Hall


text: User talk:81.197.46.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.197.46.162


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Niagara Falls International Airport

Niagara Falls International Airport is located 4 mi east of downtown Niagara Falls, in the Town of Niagara in Niagara County, New York, United States. Owned and operated by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, the airport is a joint civil-military airfield and shares its runways with the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station. A new terminal building opened in 2009. It is notable for serving vastly more Canadian passengers from over the nearby border than Americans.

History
Niagara Falls International Airport opened in 1928 as a municipal airport with four crushed-stone runways.

During World War II, Bell Aircraft established a large manufacturing plant next to the airport, where during the war it built over 10,000 P-39 Airacobras and P-63 Kingcobras. Bell employed over 28,000 at the plant. After the war, the plant was the development site of the Bell X-1 used by Chuck Yeager to break the sound barrier in 1947.

The United States Army Air Forces assumed jurisdiction of the airport during the war, with the 3522d Army Air Force Base Unit managing the airport and coordinating use of the airfield with Bell Aircraft. The airfield was improved with macadam runways, 4000x150 (N/S), 4000x150 (NE/SW), 4200x300 (E/W), 4000x150 (NW/SE), and added many taxiways and other improvements to handle large numbers of aircraft. Air Technical Service Command also operated an aircraft modification center at the airport where new aircraft were given various updates prior to their deployment to operational bases and overseas combat theaters.

Civilian aviation operations and jurisdiction of the airport was returned in early 1946, and a joint-use agreement was made with the United States Air Force for Air Force Reserve and New York Air National Guard use of a portion of the airport.

Today, the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station is home to the Air Force Reserve Command's 914th Air Refueling Wing (914 ARW), flying the KC-135R Stratotanker. The wing is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC). The main runway was extended to over 9,000 feet (2,743 m) in 1959 to handle larger military aircraft, and was extended again in 2003 to its current length of 9,829 feet (2,996 m). For all practical purposes, the facility is a small Air Force base.

In November 2013 Calspan Air Services became the fixed-base operator for the airport, including refueling, ramp assistance, deicing, transportation and maintenance services.

On August 4, 2014, an Air France Boeing 747-428 flight AF356 from Paris Charles-de-Gaulle was diverted into the airport instead of landing in Toronto due to the temporary closing of Toronto Pearson International Airport. Landing and take-off were on Runway 28R. Niagara Falls gets a large number of Toronto's diversions due to its location and long runways.

Airlines
American Airlines served Niagara Falls until 1956. From 1982 to 1984, Air Niagara, a post-deregulation airline, flew to Newark Airport (EWR) and Kennedy Airport (JFK) with Boeing 727-100 jetliners. Empire Airlines also served the airport during the mid-1980's, flying to Syracuse, Long Island, Utica, Elmira, and Boston using both the Fokker F28 Fellowship jets and Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner commuter propjetd. Kiwi International Air Lines briefly served the airport in 1998 with nonstop Boeing 727-200 jet service to Newark Airport (EWR).

In March 2007, Direct Air initiated nonstop jet service to Myrtle Beach; Direct Air began jet flights to Palm Beach International Airport in November 2010. Direct Air's flights to Lakeland Linder International Airport in Lakeland, Florida, started in 2011. All Direct Air service at Niagara Falls International Airport ended on March 12, 2012.

In September 2009, a new terminal complex was completed.

Allegiant Airlines began jet service in December 2009. They currently serve Punta Gorda (FL), Orlando-Sanford, and St. Petersburg-Clearwater.

In December 2010, Vision Airlines began jet service on behalf of People Express Airlines (2010s) to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport. According to a USA Today news article dated September 26, 2014, Vision Airlines d/b/a People Express no longer operates any scheduled passenger service.

In January 2011, Spirit Airlines started jet flights from Niagara Falls International Airport.

In the summer of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Allegiant Airlines made the decision to cut the Savannah route. This should not have come as a shock seeing as from 2019 to 2020 this route only carried about 510 passengers.

In October 2020, Spirit Airlines suspended all of their flights from Niagara Falls International Airport. In March 2020, Spirit suspended their flights to Fort Lauderdale. In April, seasonal service to Myrtle Beach began for the season as scheduled. This service was downgraded from the usual Airbus A320, to an Airbus A319. On June 14, service to Myrtle Beach was suspended and service to Fort Lauderdale began again. On June 20, flights to Fort Lauderdale were being operated direct instead of via Plattsburgh. On June 30, flights to Fort Lauderdale were suspended again. Flights to Myrtle Beach resumed on July 6. August 31 marked the day that Spirit suspended all flights and said they would be pulling out of the airport entirely in October. Flights to Fort Lauderdale resumed again for the final time in September on the A320/A320neo. After nine years of service, the final Spirit Airlines flight to Niagara Falls was on October 6. Spirit has not released any plans to return in the future. However, Spirit still has Niagara Falls listed as a destination on their website.

Facilities
The airport is in Class D airspace and has a FAA control tower.

The airport covers 1067 acre and has three paved runways:

 * 6/24: 5,189 x 150 ft (1,582 x 46 m), surface: asphalt
 * 10L/28R: 9,829 x 150 ft (2,996 x 46 m), surface: asphalt/concrete
 * 10R/28L: 3,973 x 75 ft (1,211 x 23 m), surface: asphalt

Passenger terminal
On September 2, 2009, Niagara Falls International Airport dedicated its new two-story terminal. With 69430 sqft, it has four gates (two jetways and two ground-loading gates), and has room for a Boeing 747 in size. The exterior is designed to reflect Niagara Falls' water flow. Cost was an estimated $42.5 million, $31.5 million for the terminal and $11 million for runway apron and landside improvements.

The previous (old) terminal is now occupied by the Niagara Aerospace Museum, also known as the Ira G. Ross Aerospace Museum.

Nearby airports

 * 0G0 – North Buffalo Suburban Airport (11 nm E)
 * KBUF – Buffalo Niagara International Airport (14 nm SE)
 * 9G0 – Buffalo Airfield (18 nm SE)
 * 9G3 – Akron Airport (21 nm E)
 * 9G6 – Pine Hill Airport (30 nm E)

Source: AirNav

title: Niagara Falls International Airport


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Serious Business Records

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. HappyCamper 13:28, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Serious Business Records
This page and all pages created by the user are nn and fail WP:MUSIC. Delete this for sure. I'm not sure how to actually nominate all of them, though. We can discuss it on the talk page. RasputinAXP  talk  *  contribs  18:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I mostly agree. But two of the bands do have allmusic entries. Punkmorten 20:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete along with related articles. The article is so vague it's no big loss anyway. Wikipedia is not a publicity portal. The JPS 15:04, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Seems to be insufficiently notable, although I didn't check very extensively. Consider also listing other pages by same author to VfD. jni 06:14, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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1918 in art

Events from the year 1918 in art.

Events

 * February – British War Memorials Committee formed to commission artworks to create a memorial to the World War I, including a (never-built) Hall of Remembrance.
 * February 16 – Joan Miró's first solo exhibition opens at the Galeries Dalmau; his work is ridiculed and defaced.
 * March – C. R. W. Nevinson has an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London. His war painting Paths of Glory, condemned by the British Army censor for its depiction of dead soldiers, is displayed by the artist with a brown paper strip across the bodies bearing the word "Censored" and subsequently replaced in the exhibition by a painting of a tank.
 * May – Stanley Spencer, a serving British Army soldier, is appointed as an official war artist. A similar appointment is made this year for Australian soldier Frank R. Crozier.
 * May 3 – William Orpen's exhibition War opens in London; the paintings are donated to the British government. He is knighted in June.
 * May 11 – Paul Nash's exhibition The Void of War opens at the Leicester Galleries in London.
 * June 18 – Pablo Picasso marries Olga Khoklova.
 * June – Alfred Stieglitz begins nude photography of Georgia O'Keeffe.
 * October 15 – Kunsthalle Bern opened.
 * November 3 – The Robespierre Monument (Moscow), designed by Beatrice Yuryevna Sandomierz, is unveiled; it collapses four days later.
 * November 7–December 14 – British painter Colin Gill, having previously served as a soldier on the Western Front, returns to France to work for the British War Memorials Committee.
 * December 3 – The November Group (Novembergruppe) of expressionist artists is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst.
 * First of four posthumous sales of works from the studio of Degas.
 * Denver Art Museum in Colorado opens its first galleries.
 * Frans Masereel's wordless novel 25 Images of a Man's Passion is published.

Works

 * Anna Airy
 * An Aircraft Assembly Shop, Hendon
 * The 'L' Press: Forging the Jacket of an 18-inch Gun, Armstrong-Whitworth Works, Openshaw
 * A Shell Forge at a National Projectile Factory, Hackney Marshes, London
 * Shop for Machining 15-inch Shells: Singer Manufacturing Company, Clydebank, Glasgow
 * Women Working in a Gas Retort House: South Metropolitan Gas Company, London
 * George Bellows
 * The Barricade
 * Edith Cavell
 * Victor David Brenner – Mary Schenley Memorial Fountain (Pittsburgh)
 * Charles Buchel – Radclyffe Hall
 * George Clausen – In the Gun Factory at Woolwich Arsenal
 * Charles Demuth – Turkish Bath with self-portrait
 * Katherine Sophie Dreier – Abstract Portrait of Marcel Duchamp
 * Eric Enstrom – Grace (photograph)
 * Charles Buckles Falls – Books Wanted (poster)
 * Roger Fry
 * Nina Hamnett
 * Self-portrait
 * Georges Gardet – Eternal Youth (gilded sculpture on Manitoba Legislative Building)
 * Mark Gertler – The Pool at Garsington
 * J. W. Godward
 * A Fond Farewell
 * Sweet Sounds
 * Duncan Grant – The White Jug (finished version)
 * George Grosz – The Funeral
 * Eric Kennington – Gassed and Wounded
 * Ernst Ludwig Kirchner – Self-portrait as a Patient
 * Paul Klee
 * Flower Myth
 * Warning of the Ships
 * Boris Kustodiev
 * The Merchant's Wife
 * Sten'ka Razin
 * Fernand Léger
 * Bargeman
 * In the Factory
 * Wyndham Lewis – A Canadian Gun-Pit
 * Flora Lion – Women's Canteen at Phoenix Works, Bradford
 * John Hodgson Lobley
 * Outside Charing Cross Station, July 1916. Casualties from the Battle of the Somme arriving in London
 * The Queen's Hospital for Facial Injuries, Frognal, Sidcup: The Toy-Makers' Shop
 * José Malhoa – Autumn
 * Ivan Meštrović – Dr. Elsie Inglis (bronze bust)
 * Amedeo Modigliani – Portrait of Blaise Cendrars
 * Alfred Munnings
 * Draft Horses, Lumber Mill in the Forest of Dreux
 * Warrior
 * Kaita Murayama – Self-portrait
 * John Nash
 * The Cornfield
 * Oppy Wood, 1917, Evening
 * Over The Top
 * Paul Nash
 * The Mule Track
 * Sunrise, Inverness Copse
 * We are Making a New World
 * Void
 * The Ypres Salient at Night
 * William Orpen
 * Armistice Night, Amiens
 * Dead Germans in a Trench
 * The Mad Woman of Douai
 * Marshal Foch
 * Zonnebeke
 * Willard Dryden Paddock – Sundial, Boy With Spider
 * Glyn Philpot
 * Italian Soldier (No. 2)
 * Sir James Murray
 * Admiral Viscount Jellicoe
 * Vice-Admiral Sir Roger Keyes
 * Admiral Sir F. C. D. Sturdee
 * Rear-Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt
 * Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 * Portrait of Adele Besson
 * The Bathers
 * William Roberts
 * The First German Gas Attack at Ypres
 * A Shell Dump, France
 * Solomon Joseph Solomon – Nina Salaman
 * William Strang – Lady with a Red Hat
 * Henry Tonks – An Advanced Dressing Station in France
 * Viktor Vasnetsov – Frog Princess
 * Edward Wolfe – Still Life with Omega Cat
 * Francis Derwent Wood – Canada's Golgotha (bronze)
 * William Lionel Wyllie – Battle of the Falkland Islands, 1914

Births

 * 6 February – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author, painter and art collector (d. 2007).
 * 7 February – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999).
 * 12 March – Elaine de Kooning, American abstract expressionist painter (d. 1989)
 * 22 March – Harry Devlin, American painter and illustrator (d. 2001).
 * 10 April – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer and photo curator (d. 2008).
 * 9 May – Kyffin Williams, Welsh landscape painter (d. 2006)
 * 10 May – Desmond MacNamara, Irish painter, sculptor and author (d. 2008).
 * 30 May – Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002)
 * 2 July – Fumiko Hori, Japanese Nihonga painter (d. 2019).
 * 11 July – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator (d. 1983).
 * 21 July – David Piper, English curator and novelist (d. 1990).
 * 25 July – Jane Frank, American painter, sculptor, mixed media and textile artist (d. 1986).
 * 8 August – Brian Stonehouse, English painter, Special Operations Executive agent during World War II (d. 1998).
 * 22 September – Cleve Gray, American abstract expressionist painter (d. 2004).
 * 7 October – Mimmo Rotella, Italian décollage artist and poet (d. 2006).
 * 8 November – Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer (d. 2015).
 * 20 November – Corita Kent, American nun and silkscreen printer (d. 1986).
 * 14 December – Jack Cole, American comic book artist (d. 1958).
 * 18 December – Kali, born Hanna Gordziałkowska, Polish-born portrait painter, Resistance agent during World War II (d. 1998).

Deaths

 * January 7 – Rista Vukanović, Serbian Impressionist painter and husband of painter Beta Vukanović (b. 1873)
 * February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian Symbolist painter (b. 1862)
 * April 9 – Niko Pirosmani, Georgian painter (b. 1862)
 * April 1 – Isaac Rosenberg, English painter and poet (b. 1890)
 * April 23 – Paul Sébillot, Breton painter and author (b. 1842)
 * May 19 – Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (b. 1853)
 * June 28 – Albert Henry Munsell, American inventor of the Munsell color system (b. 1858)
 * October 9 – Raymond Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876)
 * October 30 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (b. 1890)
 * November 20 – John Bauer, Swedish illustrator (in shipwreck) (b. 1882)
 * December 22 – Charles Edward Perugini, English painter (b. 1839)
 * December 23 – Thérèse Schwartze, Dutch portrait painter (b. 1851)

title: 1918 in art


text:
GURPS Alternate Earths II

GURPS Alternate Earths II is a supplement for the GURPS role-playing game by Kenneth Hite, Craig Neumeier and Michael S. Schiffer.

Contents
Like GURPS Alternate Earths, Alternate Earths II presents a half-dozen parallel Earths with alternate histories, though one of these parallels is the world of Centrum which had previously appeared only as the mysterious and little-detailed home parallel of the antagonists from the GURPS Time Travel supplement to which both Alternate Earths titles are supplementary. The conflict between the Infinity Patrol and Centrum across the multiplicity of parallel Earths was made central to the Fourth Edition of GURPS as the default setting in the Basic Set and in the supplement GURPS Infinite Worlds.

Cornwallis
Cornwallis takes as its point of divergence from our history the decision of Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot to not criticise the extravagances of Marie Antoinette as he did in the real world. Without the queen's enmity, King Louis XVI heeded his advice against interference in the American Revolution over that of the anti-British Charles Gravier, and also implemented Turgot's Six Reforms, which prevented the French Revolution in this timeline.

Without French support the American colonies' cause failed and the Tories in Britain acquiesced to a Second Restoration of true royal power. Monarchism became the order of the day in Europe, which eventually came under the sway of Czar Alexander II's Russian Empire. By the mid-1960s Russia found itself facing a Quintuple Alliance comprising the United Kingdom, Prussia, Austria, France, and Spain; the Great War ended in 1976 by the flight of the Romanovs and the establishment of the Russian Republic (which eventually became the Russian Dominate under General and self-declared First Citizen Boris Gromov).

The "current year" in Cornwallis is 1984, and the world is carved into colonial slices by Russia (which holds Korea, Japan and Alaska) and the Five Thrones. Mercantilist economic theory holds sway, resulting in a restrictive network of tariffs, rail gauge changes and state monopolies throughout the globe (although the theories of Friedrich Hayek are having a stimulating effect in his native Austria). The American colonies are pinned between the Atlantic and treaty boundaries set by Britain to protect the Native American peoples of the interior. Oregon Country has been used for decades a dumping ground for undesirables of all sorts (including Jeremy Bentham, Eric Blair and survivors of the "Lincoln-Lee" rebellion of 1861). Russia has been generally ignored by the Five Thrones after its defeat, but First Citizen Gromov has rebuilt its industry and plots to export revolution throughout the world.

Ming-3
Ming-3 is a parallel universe almost entirely dominated by a Chinese empire whose fleets of exploration under Zheng He (Jeng Ho in the text) were never scrapped as they were in our history; the scenario credits the mother of the Xuande Emperor with having persuaded her son to put a final end to his voyages (her husband, the Hongxi Emperor, having opposed them during his short reign), and posits a plague that ended her life and her influence over Xuande. The plague also forces the imperial household to remain in the southern port city of Nanjing instead of moving to Beijing; accordingly, Zheng He's fleets were sustained, reached every corner of the Indian Ocean and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Amphibious delivery of soldiers and supplies was developed out of necessity during a war with Annan province (Vietnam), which stood China in good stead when it found the need to pacify the lands in its naval trading sphere: Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, southern India, various Arabian ports, and the eastern coast of Africa from Mogadishu to Mozambique.

When Portuguese vessels entered the Indian Ocean and seized the port of Goa in defiance of Chinese authority, a fleet was sent to round the Cape of Good Hope, captured European ports on the west coast, and landed at Lisbon in 1519. War with Portugal led to war with Spain under King Charles I which ended in victory for the Chinese and the seizure of Spain's Mexican possessions and their gold. The kings of France became the Holy Roman Emperors, but their dominance in Christian Europe came to an end when Emperor Louis II attacked what he believed to be a weakly garrisoned Iberian province. Louis and the French could not sustain the war economically; a similar fate befell England after its ships raided a Mexican silver shipment.

The "current year" is 1859; Nanjing is the effective capital of the world, the vassal realm of Datsin controls Europe from Poland to the Pyrenees, southern Africa is a de facto independent nation and a cosmopolitan outpost of Chinese culture on the edge of relatively unexplored central Africa, and the Americas are increasingly being populated with Asian rather than native subjects of the Empire. Unfortunately, imperial control is beginning to break down and many fear the Emperor has lost the Mandate of Heaven.

Midgard
Midgard diverges from real history in 860, when the Viking captains Hoskuld and Tyri set out to sack Mikligardr (Constantinople) while emperor Michael III "the Drunkard" was campaigning against the Saracens. In our history their fleet turned back; in Midgard they captured the city and were given the secret of Greek fire by religious dissidents, enabling them to destroy the Byzantine fleet on its return. With the riches of the city, a garrison left to hold it, and Greek fire, the Vikings' future raids against southern Europe were vastly more successful. Combined with the effects of the invasions of Europe by the Bulgars and Magyars, Christian Europe had no hope of survival.

The "current year" is 1412; the pre-eminent Norse powers are Danemark (Denmark), Svearika (Sweden), Gardarika (a Varangian-founded territory stretching across northern Eurasia), and Vinland in North America. Christianity still exists, but it must compete with Norse paganism and "Thorism", a syncretic religion where Thor fights on man's behalf in Heaven in return for fealty in the afterlife. Other political entities of note include the Ming Empire, the Yanomami Caliphate and the Kingdom of Sikel.

Caliph
Caliph is perhaps the strangest of the Alternate Earths settings. The "current year" is only 1683 but the world is technologically far in advance of our present day. The point of divergence which made this possible is the invention of the printing press in the Abbasid Caliphate during the 9th century, which enabled the emergence of an Islamic Renaissance and consequent technological development about seven centuries ahead of real history. Calculus was devised in the early 11th century, oil-powered steamships were first built in the mid-13th century, and man first walked on the Moon in 1434. The globe is divided between Dar al-Islam, the House of Islam (which comprises the four Muslim caliphates, the allied Christian Firanj (France and Germany) and China) and Dar al-Harb, the House of War, or those lands not governed by the dictates of the Ulama and the Islamic Shari'a law they define and apply to the Dar al-Islam. The secular Jamahariya Alliance (based in the New World) controls a third of the globe along with its ally, the totalitarian Caliphate of Hind (India); they are currently pushing for further conquest in an ultra-tech world that has not seen global war in centuries.

Humanity has also spread to the rest of the solar system and to colony worlds in four other star systems accessible through FTL stargates. All humans living "beyond planetary atmospheres" are claimed as subjects of the corporation-dominated Rightly Guided Stellar Caliphate (which did so ostensibly to preserve humanity in case the fighting on Earth became genocidal in nature). Along with the reality of extraterrestrial life, the Stellar Caliphs also recently developed mainframe artificial intelligence agents called djinn, who are accepted as equals in Muslim society.

Aeolus
Aeolus breaks with our history in 1688, when the favourable winds which allowed William of Orange to safely cross the English Channel and invade England in the real world never materialized and his fleet was lost in the attempt. King James II was therefore never driven from his throne, and subsequently executed the anti-Catholic parliamentarians who had invited William to take the throne for treason. After this victory, James' Catholic sympathies were displayed openly as he ignored Parliament and allied with France. The eventual reunion of the Church of England with the Church of Rome in 1745 drove British Protestants to North America en masse; a series of succession crises and wars throughout the 19th century left 20th century Europe discontented and dissatisfied. Central Europe experienced a series of republican revolutions in the 1940s; the Republican Alliance that emerged is pinned between the Habsburg Dominions across northern Eurasia and the Bourbon Dominions of western Europe. In North America the Kingdom of Louisiane under the House of Orleans controls the most territory, though the Grand Duchy of Aleska and Mexique are also of considerable size. The American Commonwealth, a near-theocratic Protestant nation governed by a Lord Protector appointed for life, is smaller, of a size with Nouvelle France, the sole remaining colonial possession in North America.

The character of Aeolus is of a world with near-modern technology (the "current year" is 1941) in which political thought is many years behind its course of development in our world. Fortunately for the Republican Alliance, the presence of Mikhail Gurevich and Henri Coanda has given them sole possession of jet aircraft technology and, indeed, the only airplanes on the planet.

Centrum
Centrum is detailed in Alternate Earths II in greater detail than before in the GURPS line. Its point of divergence is the successful crossing of the White Ship, meaning that William Adelin, the sole male heir of King Henry I of England, was never drowned. This not only prevented the succession struggle between his sister Matilda and Stephen of Blois (and the Anarchy which followed Stephen's accession to the throne), but also led to Eleanor of Aquitaine becoming even more important to Centrum's history than she was to ours. Married not to Henry II of England but to William Adelin's son Robert the Crusader, Eleanor ruled in her husband's absence and during their son's infancy, establishing an incredibly powerful Anglo-French Empire by her death in 1204. When Mongol invasions prevented expansion into central Europe, the Anglo-French explored the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the New World. Chinese technology imported by the Mongols and royal patronage of Roger Bacon's scientific inquiries meant that, although scientific progress in Centrum was slower than in our history, it maintained a head start of around a century.

Eventually, the Anglo-French Empire dominated not only Europe but most of the globe. In 1902 the nuclear obliteration of London by parties unknown decapitated the AFE and kicked off a decade of civil war that killed more than half the world's population (mostly through unrestricted biowarfare). A military-industrial cabal based in Terraustralis (Australia), the Centrum, imposed draconian social controls in order to survive this Last War, and eventually ventured out with the aim of reconquering the globe and incorporating all humanity into a single, rational culture and social order. The development of "parachronics", the parallel-jumping technology central to the GURPS Time Travel setting, enabled Centran society to quickly recover from the war.

The "current year" in Centrum is 2015, and much of Centrum's efforts focus on resisting the influences of "Secundus" (the "Homeline" parallel which the Infinity Patrol calls home) over the parallels Centrum itself can reach and manipulate.

Publication history
GURPS Alternate Earths II was published by Steve Jackson Games in 1999. Written by Kenneth Hite, Craig Neumeier and Michael S. Schiffer, it is a sequel to their earlier book GURPS Alternate Earths.

Reviews

 * Backstab #19

title: GURPS Alternate Earths II


text:
Nödinge-Nol

Nödinge-Nol is a locality and the seat of Ale Municipality in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 9,822 inhabitants in 2010.

Overview
The town Nödinge-Nol was once three villages: Alafors, Nol and Nödinge. They have grown together into one locality. It is situated approximately 20 km northeast of Gothenburg next to the euro highway E45, east of the river Göta Älv. Nödinge community was originally called Kyrkby and has been the site of a church since medieval times. The current church was built in 1727 and has excellent murals.

Nödinge-Nol as a common village has been defined by the Central Bureau of Statistics, based on their principles. The Land Survey Place Name Unit still lists Nödinge, Nol and Alafors as three individual places.

The downtown area is dominated by apartment complexes and is surrounded by extensive countryside intermixed with villas. Downtown is Ale Torg, a shopping center with a diverse selection of stores. There is a junior high school, middle school, emergency room, library, a sports arena, a nine-hole golf course and a small boat harbor. The main public transport is Gothenburg commuter rail, which has two stations here, Nödinge and Nol and takes you to Gothenburg in about 15 minutes.

The surrounding countryside includes very steep hills around the river Göta Älv. In the southeast is the nature reserve Vättlefjäll, which has numerous hiking trails and lakes in various sizes that are spread out over 2567 hectare. The Göta Älv ridge to the east. Inside the town itself there are a large number of steep hills intermixed with flat valleys that today is fertile farmland, but which once was the sea bottom. The hills used to be islets of the old archipelago.

Ale is known for many things, best found on Ale Municipality page. Alafors for its brewery Ahlafors Bryggerier, Nol for the former industrial factories.

title: Nödinge-Nol


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/History of the Jews in Poland/Archive1

History of the Jews in Poland
Partial self-nom. I am quite proud of this - a very comprehensive and NPOV take on a fairly controversial subjects. Has been through a Peer Review. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I think this is fundamentally a strong article, but there are a couple of items I'd like to see refined before the article is promoted to FA status:
 * evolution of Nazi thought on management of the ghettos: Christopher Browning's The Origins of the Final Solution argues that there were distinct schools of thought on the ghettos before the Endlösung became policy, economic exploitation vs. elimination by neglect and therefore attrition
 * some reference to the Auschwitz trial and the identification of the victims in the Polish politics of the time
 * some history of how Poland has treated the sites at Auschwitz (including the archive and research center there) and the remains of Operation Reinhardt camps, as these were on my understanding always public institutions
 * I'd also point out that the numbers of Righteous is skewed by the fact that the Danes, who had the greatest success of any occupied country with preventing the deportation of their Jewish population (this, of course, also had a great deal to do with geography), generally only accepted collective recognition. The remark about the number of Righteous accordingly seems insufficient given the difficulties of establishing a basis for comparison. Buffyg 23:40, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately our resident specialist in this area, User:Goodoldpolonius2, is away until the end of this month. If you can be bold and improve this yourself, I'd appreciate it - this is not my area of expertise. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 23:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I can address the issues from Browning on the ghettos. Don't know if I'd be too bold in addressing the others. I will get to this in the next few days. Buffyg 23:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Tnx. Don't be afraid of being to bold - I am sure we can reach a consensus in talk, if there are any problems. We did manage to reach quite a few consensuses here before, I am sure this would not be different. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Object
 * The image Image:Ghetto Uprising Warsaw2.jpg appears to be under a license of "no commercial use". This is an unacceptable license for Wikipedia.
 * The image Image:Kielcepogrom.jpg is tagged as both "fair use" and "public domain". This needs to be straightened out.
 * --Carnildo 06:24, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * None of them is essential. I guess there is no choice but to remove them - although I will try asking for permission to use them under GDFL licence in the meantime. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, is the vote over already? What a shame, this should have been able to pass with a few changes. --Goodoldpolonius2 18:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)


text: User:Cyborg

title: User:Cyborg


text:
Talk:A1 motorway (Switzerland)

Keeping this as a stand-alone article when the same information was already included in the list it was merged into is unnecessary, but I'll not enter into an edit-frenzy on this matter. I believe it is a mistake to have this as a stand-alone stub under present circumstances. Courtland 18:23, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:A1 motorway (Switzerland)


text:
Talk:Unspunnen Stone

Stolen regularly?
This article mentions only two incidences, one in 1984, another in 2005. —Tokek 18:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unspunnen Stone


text:
Talk:Underground newspapers

Merge
Why is this article needed? Doesn't it merely duplicate underground press? Unless there's a good argument for it, I'd vote to delete this one and merge any unique contents there. BTfromLA 18:24, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Seconded. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:04, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Underground newspapers


text: User talk:82.159.136.238

title: User talk:82.159.136.238


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sheila Chadwick

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. HappyCamper 13:31, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Sheila Chadwick
Non-notable editor in chief of a non-notable magazine (see Word On The Street vfd above). Search through Google reveals no hits in the first two pages. -D. Wu 18:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. Sdedeo 22:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.112.0.166

title: User talk:69.112.0.166


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Word On The Street

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. HappyCamper 13:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Word On The Street
I've cleaned up this page a bit, but I don't believe that a 600 hit/day bulletin board turned online magazine is considered notable. A search through Google only reveals one hit, a press release from the magazine on a public press release database. The magazine's website itself isn't even listed. -D. Wu 18:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 600 hits/day is definitely non-notable for an electronic publication without something else going on, unfortunately. (Not the case for a print pub, however, which can be very notable at that level.) Sdedeo 22:51, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bobby Brown (third baseman)

Robert William Brown (October 25, 1924 – March 25, 2021) was an American professional baseball third baseman and executive who was the president of the American League (AL) from 1984 to 1994. He also was a physician who studied for his medical degree during his eight-year playing career with the New York Yankees (1946–1952, 1954), where he was a member of four World Series championship teams.

Early life
Brown was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 25, 1924. He attended Galileo High School in San Francisco, where he attained straight-As and served as president of the student body. He studied at Stanford University starting in 1942, where he and another student were involved in the rescue of a Coast Guardsman from a plane crash. Brown consequently received a Silver Lifesaving Medal for his effort. While at Stanford, he joined the Sigma Rho Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He was chosen in the Selective Service draft one year later and was initially stationed at the naval unit at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). There, he played baseball for the UCLA Bruins, before being temporarily assigned to the Naval Medical Center San Diego. He was subsequently transferred to the Tulane University School of Medicine in December 1944 and discharged from the navy in January 1946. He was signed as an amateur free agent by the New York Yankees before the 1946 season.

New York Yankees (1946–1954)
Brown played one season in the minor leagues in 1946. He made his MLB debut on September 22, 1946, one month short of his 22nd birthday, recording his first hit and scoring his first run in a 4–3 win over the Philadelphia Athletics. He was employed as a pinch hitter on four occasions during the 1947 World Series and went a perfect 3-for-3, collecting a single, two doubles, and a walk.

Brown had the fifth-most errors as a third baseman in the American League in 1949 with 13. In the World Series that year, he hit a bases-loaded triple in Game 4, and a two-run triple in the championship-clinching Game 5. He tripled again in the final game of the 1950 World Series.

Nicknamed as "Golden Boy" and "Blond Phenom" during his baseball career, Brown played 548 regular-season games for the Yankees, mostly as a platoon third baseman. He had a lifetime batting average of .279 and 22 home runs. In addition, he appeared in four World Series (1947, 1949, 1950, 1951) for New York, winning all four while batting .439 (18-for-41) in 17 games. Brown batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He missed 19 months due to military service during the Korean War. He played his final major league game on June 30, 1954, at the age of 29.

A famous story that has made the rounds for years in baseball circles, and was told by Brown himself, concerns the time when Brown's road roommate in Triple-A was future star Yankee catcher Yogi Berra, who had little formal education. The two were reading in their hotel room one night – Berra a comic book and Brown his copy of Boyd's Pathology. Berra came to the end of his comic, tossed it aside, and asked Brown, "So, how is yours turning out?"

Post-playing career
Brown practiced cardiology in the Dallas–Fort Worth area until May 1974, when he took a leave of absence to serve as an interim president of the AL Texas Rangers – then returned to medicine following the season. In 1984, he succeeded Lee MacPhail as AL president and held the post for a decade. Gene Budig succeeded him. In 1992 and 1993, Brown presented the World Series Trophy (on both occasions to the Toronto Blue Jays), as at the time the office of Commissioner of Baseball was officially vacant, with Bud Selig exercising the powers of the commissioner as chairman of the executive council. The presidencies of both the American League and the National League were eliminated in 2000, and their duties were absorbed by the office of the Commissioner.

Personal life
A decorated veteran of two wars, a noted baseball player who served on five championship teams (only playing in four World Series), an accomplished physician, and president of the American League, Brown is considered to have few equals in the history of major league baseball.

Brown was a contestant on the game show To Tell The Truth on March 26, 1957.

Brown's wife of more than 60 years, Sara, died on March 26, 2012. They were married in October 1951, shortly after the 1951 World Series. The Browns made a striking couple for decades. During his final Old-Timers’ Day visit in 2019, Brown recalled their dating days and remembered giving his future wife advice on how she should describe him to her parents. “Tell your mother that I’m in medical school, studying to be a cardiologist,” he said. “Tell your dad that I play third base for the Yankees.”

Brown died on March 25, 2021, at his home in Fort Worth, Texas. He was 96, and was the last living member of the Yankees team that won the 1947 World Series. He was also the last surviving member of the Yankees teams that won the World Series in 1949, 1950, and 1951. His good friend, Eddie Robinson, was the last surviving member of the 1948 Cleveland Indians World Series-winning team. There are no living players who played on an earlier World Series-winning teams.

title: Bobby Brown (third baseman)


text:
Talk:Sadako Yamamura

Incorrect Picture
Article is primarily about the character of Sadako Yamamura, so the main picture should be of that character. The current picture is of Samara Morgan, and should be moved down to her section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.149.25.223 (talk) 11:19, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Possbile Wrong Info?
"In the original novel, Sadako was portrayed with testicular feminization syndrome, meaning that she was anatomically female" - Perhaps I misunderstood the books, but isn't it the other way around? That's she's anatomically MALE but appears/acts as a FEMALE (with partially-formed testicles)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.212.217.196 (talk) 19:08, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Anatomy is appearance basically. She's genetically male, but physically female.

Picture flaw
The image that says that it is Daveigh Chase from The Ring is false. It's Kelly Stables from The Ring 2.

Move - swap names
Requested a move to Sadako Yamamura Arrigo 18:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * you forgot to attach the link to this page132.205.46.188 20:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Reasons from WP:RM page under 21 August 2005:
 * Talk:Yamamura Sadako - Yamamura Sadako → Sadako Yamamura per naming convention of order of first name and surname. Personage is a figure of modern time. Arrigo 18:32, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It has been noted that it is official Japanese government policy to use GN-SN (Western order) when writing post-Meiji era names in English; as a result, objector has withdrawn objection on talk page.--Mitsukai 20:14, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

OK, it is a vote now. Support (concur, yes) against Oppose (object, reject, nope) votes. Votes from only registered usernames (that are not sockpuppets = multiple voting is forbidden) are counted.

 * OBJECT, this is a Japanese name. The first name *is* the family name. The given name is the *last* name. Otherwise, you are subscribing to cultural imperialism. It makes sense to put the family name first in data organization, but for North American and modern Western Culture (as opposed to say, Roman culture, which had different naming conventions), we have given names first. I would prefer that even western names have family names first, as that's how you enter names on forms anyways. 132.205.46.188 20:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is an encyclopedia-wide style issue. Please see Manual of Style (Japan-related articles); as the fictional character is in modern-day Japan, the English Wikipedia will use the Western naming order. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:07, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I can see, there was never any consensus on the ordering of Japanese names for the modern era. However for the pre-modern it's decided to have them to be surname-givenname. That indicates to me, a preference for SN-GN in ordering 132.205.46.188 20:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, that simply means that no one reached a concensus. If you feel so strongly about this issue, first, take it to an argument on the Style Guide to change all the names.  Secondly, get yourself an account - you are aware that unsigned comments are given very little weight in voting decisions, are you not?--Mitsukai 20:58, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Arrigo 20:48, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with swap. for the reasons jpgordon mentioned. Yes, I made the move in the wrong way (and I'll be the first person to admit that), but it doesn't make it any less wrong.  There's hundreds of other entries on Eastern order names in Wikipedia, and they're all in Western order, because that's what the Style Guide dictates.  I not believe in making a single exception.  That's not cultural imperialism, that's called proper grammar as per the language used.--Mitsukai 20:11, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess you'd better swap Mao Zedong around then. Kappa 05:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Irrelevant. That's a Chinese name, and we're talking about Japanese names here.--Mitsukai 12:12, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It refutes the idea that Eastern names have to follow "proper grammar as per the language used". Kappa 12:20, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I see your point, but bear in mind that I'm also referring in context. The Wikipedia style that we are referring to regards Japanese articles, not Chinese ones.  Had this been a Chinese article (and the WP style manual dictated Eastern order) then I'd be in very much agreement for leaving it as is.  But we as editors here at WP are bound to follow what has been set (and by a lack of a consensus, the status quo remains), and that means western order for post-Meiji names.  If the problem lies with that, one single article is not the place to debate this in the grand scheme of things.  It needs to be done at the style manual.--Mitsukai 12:45, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Just pulled this bit of information from the argument at the style manual: that "It has been official Monbusho (Ministry of Education etc) policy to write Japanese names in English as given-name family-name order since Meiji times. All the English language media uses GN-FN order, all the newspapers, the offical broadcaster NHK and all radio stations."  The poster also stated that "I believe it has changed recently to make this optional but the number of people doing this is low (eg Utada Hikaru). In my opinion this just makes it confusing. Korean and Chinese names are usually kept in their traditional order but if they become citizens of English speaking nations they have to change. My name gets swapped around in Japanese, surname, firstname middlename and I don't complain, when in Rome..."  So if it's official Japanese government policy, does this still make it cultural imperialism?  And Hikki, being a US citizen as well as a Japanese one, probably swaps depending on the language she's speaking.  So I'm very much for the swap, and without reading too much into what the OP stated, when Japanese speakers use English, they do much the same thing.--Mitsukai 14:11, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * OK I accept the judgment of the Japanese government. You should probably add that note to the relevant places that discuss ordering of Japanese names. 132.205.64.80 20:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, just thought that was the way it was supposed to be when I wrote it, should have checked some other pages for reference. Will not mis-order names in future.
 * No worries. It's all just a part of making this place clearer and more professional.  Look on the bright side: at least we didn't make Lamest edit wars ever. ^_^--Mitsukai 12:42, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. It's simpler to follow the normal English-language standard, which is to reverse the order for Japanese names (and not for Chinese or Korean). - Nat Krause 13:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. Dragons flight 21:16, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Multiple Personality Disorder
I don't think the comment about Multiple Personality Disorder is appropriate, as it's almost completely unsubstantiated. My impression on seeing the film was that both personalities truly had become one, and she simply couldn't handle everything coming together.
 * You didn't? It seemed to make a lot of sense to me- she switches between "creepy Sadako" and "regular Sadako" modes very obviously, when she's killing people you can't see her face and she looks very much like Sadako in the tape, but then afterwards she reverts to the scared, sad, regular Sadako. Why else would she kill whatsisface who she was in love with? I don't think regular Sadako would have murdered all those people. (Darien Shields 20:44, 24 September 2005 (UTC))
 * Whether we think it does or not isn't really the point, as this is not the place for Original Research. Have 3rd party references such as reviews drawn a comparison to multiple personality disorder? If not, I feel that this comment seems out of place and is original speculation. Mdwh 20:24, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

noooo
oopss..sadakoo ! i feel tired
 * Sadakoo? Who is this Sadakoo you are talking about? Is it Sadako's long lost ticklish sister? XD--み使い Mitsukai 03:46, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

So, er, who/what is her father?
is the entire thing about Sadako's/Samara's father being some demonic sea creature just one of those vague tidbits of info thrown in for your imagination to play with (hence the huge LACK of explanation), or am i just REALLY bad at surfing the internet for information?Tenebrae 12:25, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Little o' both. Go visit the Ringworld and read the FAQ.  There's information there about a Japanese myth which the various sea references are probably trying to suggest.  ~ CZeke 07:19, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Sadako is the name of this character. I can not give you the real identity of Sadako because I do not know her real identity. More than twenty years ago my foster parents moved to a new home. In the garden there was a well. Authorities sealed the well to prevent accidents from happening. A little girl died in that well. One day the spirit of her soul appeared in the living room. Most of the time I was home alone, and this time was not different. This spirit had a horrible appearence in a child body. She tried to scare me, but I was not afraid. I tried to comfort her by giving drugs and playing with her. Sadako was my friend. I raised her spirit like my own daughter. And when it was time, I guided this spirit to her last resting place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.73.228.110 (talk) 23:15, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Sadako was an infant when she appeared to me the first time. She smelled like spoiled water and her skin looked like it was decaying. My foster parents did not allow me to have friends. I spent most of my time playing with Sadako. When my foster parents found out about Sadako, they tried to abuse her. Sadako would not listen to my foster parents. My foster father promised to me I could have friends when I could make Sadako go away. Many years later I came back to visit Sadako. I taught her about humanity, society and many other things. She is not the horrible entity as portrayed in the ring movies. She is now a beautiful woman. She has long black hair commed to the back. Her skin is caucasian white and very soft. In overal I can say she spent time doing the make up and dressing up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.73.228.110 (talk) 09:52, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Novels, and TV specials
1. About the novels - in the Ring novel, Sadako's back-story is completely explained, from her birth, actually from before her birth, up to here death. The Ring novel clearly says, that she was a member of the Hisho Acting Troupe (or Theatre Group Soaring, if you wish), and says, that she practiced her nensha (thoughtography) power on an un-plugged television set, event, which was observed by acting troupe member Shin Arima (name given first name first for clarification). It's also said, that she murdered Shigemori afterwards, the day after he rushed into her apartment, using her psychic killing power.

Therefore, some of the information given in this article, is way too movie-centered. It basically treats the novels, and all movies, and TV versions together, instead of treating them separately. This makes as much sense, as treating Samara Morgan together as well - that is, none.

2. Ring: Kanzenban - here, it's quite close to the novels, except for the un-plugged TV incident never happened, and Arima, together with Shigemori, rushed into Sadako's apartment, only to find her having sex with her father, Ikuma Heihachiro. Shigemori died the next day as a result. She also has the Testicular Feminization Syndrome, just like in the novels.

3. Ring: Saishuushou - here, her story wildly differs from any other version. Here, she doesn't have the TFS, can give birth, is fully female, and is the mother of Ryuji Takayama. Her mother, Shizuko, only dies during the course of the series here, and Yamamura Takashi doesn't exist - instead, we have Yamamura Kei. Sadako was raped by Nagao Joutarou, alright, but the place of rape/death isn't where the cursed video appears, but some-place else.

Also, in the sequel, the Rasen TV series, Sadako is defeated by a vaccine, which makes her grow elderly, and die, very fast, pretty much, like happens to the Sadako clones, and Kaoru/Ryuji himself, in the Happy Birhtday book.

4. The Ring Radio Drama - here, Sadako's story, I'd say, is the same, as in the novels, however, the end of the radio drama is very much like the ending of Rasen, where Sadako tells the main characters not to stop her, or else..., however, here, the main characters cut her off (the conversation happens by phone, or thereabouts), and she's defeated. There's also a Birthday Radio Drama, which I think gives background information on this incarnation of Sadako, but I only heard the Ring Radio Drama, since I've yet to get my hands on the Birthday Radio Drama.

So, I think, that this article needs heavy updating, as a lot of information here is missing, and some is wrong, or too theatrical movie-centric. - 212.235.186.231 (talk) 15:25, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Possibility of using an image of Sadako.
I was inquiring about the possibly of using a still of Sadako from the original Ringu film.

I was specifically thinking of possibly using this photo found on Villains Wiki: https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/villains/images/8/84/EEWapNuKDPs.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20170209093602

Current Image
The current image on the page does not reflect how Sadako appears in the majority of her appearances; it is instead a picture of Samara Morgan who, aside from the black hair and white clothing, really doesn't look too similar to Sadako's original appearance. While they are ostensibly the same character, some context is lost as to Sadako's origins and the type of ghost she is with the American depiction. I attempted to change it to a still from the original film, but it was deleted for lack of licensing (I could never figure out how that works). I strongly suggest someone change it to something that better reflects the character in the vast majority of her appearances. Delukiel (talk) 00:17, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I was made aware of the file change due to the previous file (from what I now know is the American film) due to it being orphaned and it being tagged for deletion. When I came to the article, there was the new file from the video game in the infobox, and I reverted back to the American film file since as a film character it makes sense to have the infobox to show how they were in the original media. I did not realize that there was a new file from the Japanese film that was added before the video game file, or I would have reverted back to that one. Knowing what I know now, I think the file from the Japanese film should be used in the infobox and both the American film file and the video game file should be removed from the article for failing WP:NFCC and WP:NFCC, in that they are too similar to the Japanese film file. Aspects (talk) 14:04, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I think File:Sadako Yamamura in Dead by Daylight.png would be better: it is the most present depiction of Sadako, which is what the infobox is supposed to contain, put against the relatively cheap (by comparison) to put together original, just generally is better quality. Hamzabdul (talk) 08:38, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Why are the characters from the remakes listed as aliases of Sadako?
I can understand having a page that has sections about the character’s counterparts in the remakes, but they shouldn’t be listed in this way Blu Moon (talk) 21:43, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Apperance
This section incorrectly stated that Sadako's face is never seen in the Japanese Ringu movies. This is incorrect. The movies are available on YouTube, and the specific scene of Ringu 2 is here: https://youtube.com/watch?v=cUYrGRB1xu0&list=PLnjcEYVC4-rFLjEBKpXdDP7ODp-ovCVsK&t=5254 2600:8805:4A00:75:691B:E71C:558:A4D6 (talk) 19:35, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I believe I wrote that line saying that it's never shown in the original movie. Someone has since said it is shown in Ring 2, which I think is fine. Delukiel (talk) 21:19, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually now that I look at it, I did write "original Japanese films." Whoops. Someone's since corrected it. Delukiel (talk) 21:20, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sadako Yamamura


text:
Wayzata High School

Wayzata High School is a comprehensive public high school in Plymouth, Minnesota, United States, a suburb of Minneapolis. The high school, operated by Wayzata Public Schools, had about 3711 students in grades 9 to 12 as of 10/1/23, making it Minnesota's largest secondary school by enrollment. It is also Minnesota's largest secondary school by size, with an interior of 658,000 sqft. The district boundaries include all or part of eight municipalities: Corcoran, Maple Grove, Medicine Lake, Medina, Minnetonka, Orono, Plymouth, and Wayzata. The school finished an expansion project in 2017 with the new capacity of 3,900. It is part of the Lake Conference. Scott Gengler is the principal.

In 2015, Newsweek ranked the school 150th on its "List of the 500 Top High Schools in America". U.S. News & World Report ranked the school 432nd among 21,000 schools nationally and 6th in Minnesota in 2021.

History
The first school in the Wayzata area was established in around 1855. Classes were taught in homes until a one-room school was built near what is now the second green of the Wayzata Country Club. This school burned down (for unknown reasons) and a new school was constructed on what is now Wayzata's main street near downtown Wayzata.

What are now the West and Central middle schools were each once the high school building. The West Middle School building served as the high school from 1940 to 1960. Central Middle School's campus was home to the high school from 1960 to 1997. The current Wayzata High School campus was completed in 1997 and classes began in the 1997–98 school year.

On February 25, 2014, voters approved a referendum for a $109 million bond request to expand the high school and improve security and technology. Part of the provisions include the purchasing of adjacent land belonging to the Elm Creek Golf Course and the building of a new wing. Construction took place from 2014 to 2017.

Academics
As of the 2015–16 school year, Wayzata High School offers 24 Advanced Placement classes and one Advanced Placement Pilot course (AP Accounting).

The school also hosts the Minnesota PSEO program, allowing students in 11th and 12th grades to receive college credit.

Wayzata High School has consistently exceeded the state and national average scores on the ACT.

In 2014, the school began a district-wide technology program that issued each student a district-owned iPad.

At the start of the 2016–17 school year, the school started a new support block called OurTime (formally called MyTime). It is designed to meet the student's academic needs during the school day. During this time, students receive academic support, participate in relearning, make-up labs or tests and quizzes, study quietly, and collaborate with classmates on group projects. The block is 30 minutes long and takes place between 1st and 2nd blocks.

Athletics
Wayzata is part of the Lake Conference and in the Minnesota State High School League. Wayzata was in the Classic Lake Conference before 2010–11. The school sponsors the following sports teams:

 * Fall
 * Girls’ Soccer
 * Boys’ Soccer
 * Cheer team
 * Girls' cross country
 * Boys' cross country
 * Football
 * Girls' swimming and diving
 * Girls' tennis
 * Girls' volleyball
 * Winter
 * Alpine ski racing
 * Boys' basketball
 * Girls' basketball
 * Cheer team
 * Dance team
 * Gymnastics
 * Boys' hockey
 * Girls' hockey
 * Nordic ski racing
 * Boys' swimming and diving
 * Wrestling
 * Spring
 * Softball
 * Boys' golf
 * Girls' golf
 * Boys' lacrosse
 * Girls' lacrosse
 * Baseball
 * Synchronized swimming
 * Boys' tennis
 * Boys' track and field
 * Girls' track and field

Girls' cross country won the Nike NXN National Cross Country Championship in 2013.

Clubs and activities
In the 2019 National Science Bowl Competition, Wayzata High School won the Final Championship against Dulles High School. The school also participated in the competition in 2011, 2014, 2018, and 2020.

Wayzata's quiz bowl team won both the NAQT Minnesota State Championship and Minnesota High School Quiz Bowl League in 2012, 2013, 2018, 2020, and 2021. It has performed well at the national level, placing T-8 in the High School National Championship Tournament in 2018 and 2021.

Wayzata participates in the Minnesota State High School Mathematics League, holding the season champion title for 11 years (2007–2017) and producing many state individual champions. Several Wayzata students travel to the American Regions Mathematics League held in University of Iowa and Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament as members of the Minnesota All-State Mathematics Team.

The 9th grade Knowledge Master Open team won the national spring KMO in the 9th grade division in 2009. The trivia team has been continued by two Questions Unlimited 3-2-1 teams, each composed of students in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12.

Wayzata's Volunteer Club serves as one of the premier volunteering clubs in the state, focusing on community development, education, and fostering relationships. Notable partnerships include elementary school carnival support, Salvation Army donations, and removal of invasive Buckthorn species.

Politicians

 * David Gaither (1975), former Minnesota state senator and Governor Tim Pawlenty's Chief of Staff
 * Betsy Hodges (1987), former mayor of Minneapolis
 * Amy Klobuchar (1978), U.S. senator representing Minnesota

Athletes

 * Heather Arseth (2011), swimmer in the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Dominique Barber (2004), NFL player
 * Marion Barber III (2001), NFL player
 * Dick Beardsley (1975), marathon runner
 * Ariya Daivari (2007), professional wrestler
 * Shawn Daivari (2002), professional wrestler
 * François-Henri Désérable (2005), author and professional ice hockey player
 * Andrew Donlin (2011), professional team handball player
 * Joey Gerber (2015), professional baseball player
 * Sophia Kunin (2015), PWHL player
 * Ben Hamilton (1996), NFL player
 * Tim Herron (1989), professional golfer
 * James Laurinaitis (2005), NFL player
 * Mike Muller (1991), NHL player
 * Andrew Peterson (2003), former defender for the Columbus Crew
 * Ryan Saunders (2004), head coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves
 * A.J. Tarpley (2010), NFL player
 * Patrick Weah (2020), professional soccer player
 * Steve Wright (1977), NFL player, contestant on Survivor: Redemption Island

Entertainment and music

 * David Bromstad (1992), interior designer and HGTV television show host
 * Kimberly Elise (1985), actress
 * Kirsten Gronfield (1996), actress
 * Charles Nolte (1941), Broadway and film actor
 * Benjamin Salisbury (1998), actor (The Nanny)
 * Emily Tyra (2005), actress, singer and dancer
 * lit gals hype house (2024), influencers

Other

 * Andrew Tang (2018), chess grandmaster

Notable faculty

 * Terry Steinbach (1980), former head baseball coach
 * David Plummer (2013-2016), former head boys swim and dive coach

title: Wayzata High School


text:
Hubert Humphrey (disambiguation)

Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) was the 38th vice president of the United States.

Hubert Humphrey may also refer to:
 * Hubert H. Humphrey III, known as Skip Humphrey (born 1942), his son, Minnesotan politician, Minnesota Attorney General, 1983–1999
 * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, a stadium in Minneapolis

title: Hubert Humphrey (disambiguation)


text:
Tak Wah Mak

Tak Wah Mak, (born October 4, 1946, in China) is a Canadian medical researcher, geneticist, oncologist, and biochemist. He first became widely known for his discovery of the T-cell receptor in 1983 and pioneering work in the genetics of immunology. In 1995, Mak published a landmark paper on the discovery of the function of the immune checkpoint protein CTLA-4, thus opening the path for immunotherapy/checkpoint inhibitors as a means of cancer treatment. Mak is also the founder of Agios Pharmaceuticals, whose lead compound, IDHIFA®, was approved by the FDA for acute myeloid leukemia in August 2017, becoming the first drug specifically targeting cancer metabolism to be used for cancer treatment. He has worked in a variety of areas including biochemistry, immunology, and cancer genetics.

Early life
Born in southern China in 1946 to parents who were silk merchants, and raised in Hong Kong, parents encouraged him to become a doctor, his interests lay elsewhere—in math, biology, and chemistry. Mak and his family moved to the United States of America during the mid-1960s and with the choice of going to the University of California or Wisconsin, he was persuaded by his mother to attend Wisconsin to avoid the antiwar activities at California. His interest in life and chemistry led him to eventually studying biochemistry and biophysics at the University of Wisconsin.

University life
At the University of Wisconsin, Mak met virologist Roland Rueckert. Mak initially went to his lab to inquire about a job posting from Rueckert's lab looking for someone to wash test tubes. After his first day on the job, Mak asked if more cleaning work was available, in which Rueckert said there was not, however there was experimental research work available. That, as Mak would later state, would be the beginning of his scientific career. After finishing his degree at Wisconsin, Mak moved to Canada to begin his doctoral studies at the University of Alberta, Edmonton. In the early 1970s, he earned his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Alberta. After he obtained his degree, Mak moved to Toronto and became a Canadian citizen. In Toronto, he worked with Ernest McCulloch and James Till, who discovered haematopoietic stem cells.

Scientific career
In 1980, Mak returned to Wisconsin to learn new techniques in the lab of Howard Martin Temin, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975 for his discovery of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. Temin would be one of his mentors that shaped his way of thinking, encouraging him to delve into diverse disciplines. During the early 1980s in Toronto, with his newly setup group, Mak was working on virology. Mak employed a technique called molecular subtraction, used by virologists, to attempt to identify the T-cell receptor, which was so elusive at the time it was referred to as the "Holy Grail of Immunology." In 1984, Mak discovered the T-cell receptor, with Mark M. Davis identifying the receptor in mouse. This work on the cloning of T-cell receptor genes,, has been cited nearly 1200 times. In spite of offers from prestigious institutions around the world, Mak remained committed to Canada's scientific community.

In 1993, Mak received support from the world's largest independent biotech company, Amgen, to establish the Amgen Research Institute in Toronto. Financial support from Amgen resulted in his lab pioneering the use of knockout mice, and as a result his lab generated one of the first knockout mice and has generated more knockout mice than any other lab in the world. Mak's role in advancing the use of genetically altered mice in scientific study has led to important breakthroughs in immunology and understanding cancer at the cellular level. As of 2005, Amgen-produced papers have been cited more than 40,000 times. The basic research in cancer conducted by Mak has been published in top international scientific journals and he has given several keynote addresses at cancer symposia across Canada and the United States. By 1995, Mak had reached a high point in his career, when he and his team published their seminal findings on the function of CTLA-4, thus paving the road for Immunotherapy and Checkpoint inhibition as potential anti-cancer therapies.

In 2004 Mak became the director of the Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and the Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research. He is also the senior scientist, division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Advanced Medical Discovery Institute/Ontario Cancer Institute. He is a member of the Cancer Research Institute Scientific Advisory Council. Since 1984, he has been a Professor in the Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology at the University of Toronto.

From the early 2000s, Mak concentrated his efforts on the emerging field of cancer metabolism. Mak, Lewis C. Cantley, and Craig B. Thompson together founded Agios Pharmaceuticals, a biotech pharmaceutical company whose sole purpose is to discover methods of targeting cancer metabolism. The trio have contributed immensely in a few years to what was originally a forgotten paradigm. The discovery of the involvement of particular enzymes such as PKM2, mutated IDH as well as novel oncometabolites such as 2-hydroxyglutarate in cancer development have once again brought cancer metabolism back to the forefront of cancer biology. On August 1, Agios announced that the FDA had approved their lead compound, IDHIFA®, for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. IDHIFA® targets a mutant form of Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 and is the first drug specifically targeting cancer metabolism to be used for cancer treatment.

Mak holds Honorary Doctoral Degrees from numerous universities in North America and Europe. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada and has been elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (UK.) He has won international recognition in the forms of the Emil von Behring Prize, the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the Sloan Prize of the General Motors Cancer Foundation, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, the Novartis Prize in Immunology, and the Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research.

Honors

 * 1985, awarded the Steacie Prize
 * 1986, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 * 1988, awarded the Emil von Behring Prize
 * 1989, awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award
 * 1990, awarded the Royal Society of Canada's McLaughlin Medal
 * 1994, made a Fellow of the Royal Society
 * 1995, awarded the King Faisal Prize for Medicine
 * 1996, awarded the Robert L. Noble Prize by the National Cancer Institute of Canada
 * 1996, awarded the Sloan Prize of the General Motors Cancer Foundation
 * 2000, made an Officer of the Order of Canada
 * 2002, elected as a foreign associate to the National Academy of Sciences in the discipline of immunology
 * 2003, awarded the Killam Prize by the Canada Council for the Arts.
 * 2004, awarded the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
 * 2005, elected as an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 * 2007, awarded the Order of Ontario.
 * 2009, introduced to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.
 * 2015, award the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards.
 * 2021, awarded the Szent-Györgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research
 * 2023 awarded the Pezcoller Foundation-AACR International Award for Extraordinary Achievement in Cancer Research.

==Select publications ==

title: Tak Wah Mak


text:
Bronx Community Board 1

Bronx Community Board 1 is a local government unit of the city of New York, encompassing the neighborhoods of Mott Haven, Melrose, and Port Morris in the borough of the Bronx. It is delimited by the East River, East 149th Street, and Prospect Avenue on the east, East 161st Street (from Prospect Avenue to Third Avenue), East 159th Street (from Third Avenue to Park Avenue), and East 149th Street (from Park Avenue to the Harlem River) on the north, and the Harlem River and Bronx Kill on the west and south.

Community board staff and membership
The current chairman of the Bronx Community board 1 is George Rodriguez, and its district manager is Cedric Loftin.

The City Council members representing the community district are non-voting, ex officio board members. The council members and their council districts are:
 * 8th NYC Council District - Diana Ayala
 * 17th NYC Council District - Rafael Salamanca

Demographics
As of the United States 2010 Census, the Community Board has a population of 91,497, up from 82,159 in 2000 and 77,214 in 1990. Of them, 64,887 (70.9%) are of Hispanic origin, 23,680 (25.9%) are Black, non-Hispanic, 1,428 (1.6%) White, non-Hispanic, 542 (0.6%) are Asian or Pacific Islander, 177 (0.2%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 216 (0.2%) are some other race (non-Hispanic), and 567 (0.6%) of two or more races (non-Hispanic).

title: Bronx Community Board 1


text:
Category:WikiProject Indiana

This category consists of Indiana-related articles that are part of WikiProject Indiana.

title: Category:WikiProject Indiana


text:
Cooking for Love

Cooking for Love was a dating game show hosted by Thea Andrews where three contestants battled to win the heart of the mystery date by preparing an impromptu dish to impress the mystery date. The chosen cook gets a date with the mystery date. It was shown on the Women's Television Network and repeats are still shown on The Cooking Channel on most Canadian television stations.

title: Cooking for Love


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Serious Business Records

So Serious Business Records and their associated editors, and  created a whole slew of pages on 4 August; Punkmorten dropped me a note on my Talk page and I went a-digging.

I came up with oen self-referntial Google hit for Serious Business Records and beyond that, the acts they have listed are no bigger than playing some clubs in New York.

Is there a way to just mass-nominate all of the articles? RasputinAXP  talk  *  contribs  18:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll finally be doing so, slowly. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 01:42, 3 November 2007 (UTC)