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Television in Germany

Television in Germany began in Berlin on 22 March 1935, broadcasting for 90 minutes three times a week. It was home to the first regular television service in the world, named Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow.

In 2000, the German television market had approximately 36.5 million television households, making it the largest television market in Europe. Nowadays, 95% of German households have at least one television receiver. All the main German TV channels are free-to-air.

History

In 1948 the British occupation forces allowed NWDR to broadcast television programmes for the British zone. Other regional networks also started to launch television in their own areas. Meanwhile, the GDR was launching its own television service, Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF), based on the Soviet model.

A regular schedule began through the cooperation of all ARD members in 1954. Basic principles in the central areas of entertainment, information and enlightenment were established and television plays developed as the medium's own specific art form. Improvements in technology and programming, as well as reduced prices, led to a steady increase in licence holders, and the number of licenses passed the 1-million mark in October 1957.

On 1 April 1963, the long-promised second TV network, the Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (Second German Television) started. Unlike ARD, which was regionalized and had its roots in radio, ZDF was a centrally organized channel devoted solely to television. On 25 August 1967, at 9:30 a.m. on both ARD and ZDF, vice chancellor Willy Brandt started the era of colour TV in West Germany by pressing a symbolic launch button at the International Radio and TV Fair in West Berlin.

East Germany started DFF2 in 1969, and introduced colour programming on both channels. In 1972, the DFF was renamed, dropping the pretense of being an all-Germany service and becoming Fernsehen der DDR (GDR Television) or DDR-FS. Its two channels became known as DDR1 and DDR2.

The first two privately financed TV networks, RTL plus (short for Radio Television Luxemburg) and SAT 1, started their programming in West Germany in 1984. (Previously RTL broadcast from Luxembourg but was only received in parts of Southwestern Germany).

After reunification, the TV stations of the German Democratic Republic were dissolved and the remnants were used to found new regional networks, e.g. the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (Central German Broadcasting), as part of the ARD. In addition, more private TV stations opened, becoming available through cable, satellite and in some cases, over the airwaves.

Market
Today, with almost 40 million TV households, 365 TV channels licensed in Germany and a total market volume of €9,615 million in 2008, Germany represents one of the biggest and most diversified TV markets in the world. The strongest revenue segment in Germany is public funding (€4,430 million in 2008), followed by advertising (€4,035 million) and subscription (1,150 € million). This dominant market position of public and advertisement funded free TV channels in Germany explains why the German pay TV segment is significantly underperforming in an international comparison.

In terms of total TV viewing market share Germany's market leaders in 2023 were again the two biggest public-service channels (ZDF with 14.6% and Das Erste with 11.9%) and the two leading commercial channels (RTL with 7.9% and Sat.1 with 4.7%). The leading pay TV provider was Sky Deutschland (see below). The biggest teleshopping providers in Germany are QVC and HSE24.

With 18.1 million TV households satellite is the dominant TV infrastructure in Germany, followed by cable (17.9 million TV households) and terrestrial (3.8 million TV households). In a 2010 survey half of German television viewers said they often found nothing to watch on television.

The Germanophone sphere is the largest market for dubbing in Europe. Foreign TV shows and other formats are often dubbed into German, while subtitled formats with the original language are also becoming more popular.

Channels

The channels with the largest viewing share in 2023 are:

The combined share of ARD's so called Third Programmes (regional broadcasters WDR, NDR, SWR, etc.) was 13.8% in 2023

Subscription channels
Germany's sole subscription channel Premiere had its heyday around the millennium. Premiere offered telecasts of the German football league – the Bundesliga, but they lost the broadcasting rights in 2006 to a newly formed competitor – Arena. Premiere was the brainchild of the former television czar, Leo Kirch. He went into insolvency after a decade of losing viewers from his subscription channel, DF1 (Digital TV 1). The company regained some ground with its new manager Georg Kofler.

In 2005, several German cable companies created a new challenger to Premiere - ARENA. The participating companies are iesy (Hesse) and ish (TV) (North Rhine-Westphalia) through their combined partnership called "Unity Media". Arena, a rather small company, wanted to buy the pay-TV rights to the German Bundesliga and won by a decision of the marketing directorate of the DFL. The rights to broadcast the Bundesliga is regarded as lucrative in the German television market, so previous rights holders Premiere suffered a wounding blow to their business model. Arena held the rights from 2006 to 2008. Further negotiations were due in 2008 for the broadcasting of the Bundesliga.

Public broadcasters

As stated above, the ARD was the first German broadcasting station. It has a federally orientated structure. At present, nine regional public broadcasters cooperate to produce programs for the TV network known as Das Erste (The First):

 * Norddeutscher Rundfunk – North German Broadcasting – Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Radio Bremen – also a television broadcaster – Bremen
 * Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg – Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting – Berlin and Brandenburg
 * Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk – Central German Broadcasting – Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia
 * Westdeutscher Rundfunk – West German Broadcasting – North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Hessischer Rundfunk – Hessian Broadcasting – Hesse
 * Südwestrundfunk – South Western Broadcasting – Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Saarländischer Rundfunk – Saarland Broadcasting – Saarland
 * Bayerischer Rundfunk – Bavarian Broadcasting – Bavaria

Seven of these broadcasters run their own regional TV programs (The Third), most of them use several frequencies and show local opt-outs. While multi-state-broadcasters NDR, RBB, MDR and SWR have state versions (e.g. RBB Berlin, MDR Sachsen, NDR Hamburg and SWR Baden-Württemberg), BR and WDR have regional opt-outs below state level (BR: North and South, WDR: 11 versions). Two small regions, Bremen (RB) and the Saarland (SR), have their own broadcasting stations, mainly for historical reasons. They only contribute to the national TV channel Das Erste and produce a state opt-out for their neighbour broadcaster (SR Fernsehen on SWR, Radio Bremen TV on NDR).

Teletext
Germany has run a regular Teletext service (often called Videotext) since 1 June 1980 on the public broadcasting channels. Almost all German TV stations have teletext. Even with the advent of digital television, teletext is still widely used.

Teletext pages are selected via a three-digit number, ranging from 100 to 899. While every station is free to organize their teletext pages in any way, most adhere to the following de facto standard:

 * 100 Main page
 * 110 News
 * 120 News / Weather
 * 200 Sports / Soccer
 * 300 TV schedule
 * 333 On air now
 * 600 Advertising, chats, phone sex (commercial channels only)

The teletext system is also used to transmit subtitles on a special, transparent page (usually 149, 150 or 777), so that both text and the normal picture are visible. With the advent of digital television however, a few stations discarded teletext subtitles and are now using the subtitles feature of the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) system.

Satellite
Digital satellite television has been officially available in Germany since 1996. Prior to May 2012, most of the 30+ TV stations broadcast their satellite signal using both analogue and digital (DVB-S); however, all analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April 2012.

There is currently a single pay TV satellite operator in Germany - Sky Deutschland. Prior to being known as Sky, the service was named Premiere; it (along with its former owner Leo Kirch) got into serious financial trouble due to its early and proprietary usage of encryption (Betacrypt, D-box). Subsequently, Premiere was bought by News Corporation and renamed Sky, in keeping with their satellite services elsewhere in Europe (Sky (UK and Ireland) and Sky Italia).

In late 2004 German channel group ProSieben showed a BBC documentary and a self-produced TV movie in 1080i via MPEG-2 DVB-S, followed by the Hollywood films Spider-Man and Men in Black II in March 2005. These were intended to be a test for future commercial HD services.
 * HDTV via satellite

Regular free to air broadcast of the HD versions of ProSieben and Sat.1 began on 26 October 2005. Unlike the test broadcasts, DVB-S2 and MPEG-4 AVC were used. Both ProSieben HD and Sat.1 HD ceased their unencrypted broadcasts in 2008; encrypted HD broadcasting of both channels resumed under the HD+ brand (which also included other commercial channels; see below) in January 2010.

Premiere, after several delays, started broadcasting three HD channels — one each dedicated to films, sports and documentaries — in November 2005, although there were virtually no suitable, certified receivers available on the market. The content was also sparse and thus often repeated. Sky (formerly Premiere) reuses its proprietary digital rights management system embedded into its content scrambling system (Nagravision) from SD broadcasts to block analogue output of the movie channel from the receiving set-top box altogether, only allowing HDCP-secured transmissions; the other channels are less restricted.

On 1 November 2009 the premium HD+ service launched with two channels, RTL HD and Vox HD, with Sat.1 HD, ProSieben HD and Kabel eins HD joining the service in January 2010. DSF HD (now called Sport1 HD) began test broadcasts in August 2010 and launched fully on HD+ on 1 November 2010, followed by Sixx HD and RTL2 HD on 1 December 2010. In June 2011, Comedy Central HD, Nickelodeon HD and N24 HD joined service, bringing the number of channels offered to 11. In April 2011, HD+ became available to Sky Deutschland subscribers without the need for an HD+ CAM and viewing card (although an additional subscription is still required).

Currently (as of May 2012) all satellite HDTV channels are broadcast using the h.264 codec. As of July 2014, most material is upscaled SD content.

Prior to 30 April 2012 there were eight free-to-air HDTV channels originating in Germany broadcast via satellite: Das Erste HD, ZDF HD, Arte HD, Anixe HD, EinsFestival HD, sonnenklar.TV HD, QVC HD and HSE24 HD. After 30 April 2012, when all analogue satellite broadcasts ceased, ten additional FTA HD channels became available (all of which are public service channels): Phoenix HD, NDR HD, WDR HD, BR HD, SWR HD, ZDFneo HD, ZDFinfo HD, ZDFkultur HD, 3sat HD and KiKa HD. From December 2013 on all PSB channels except ARD-alpha, SR Fernsehen and Radio Bremen TV are available in HD.
 * Free-to-air HDTV via satellite

Cable
DVB-C transmission started in 2004 with pay TV Premiere and digital versions of the analogue channels.

The rather late changeover to DVB was caused both by the long process of selling the infrastructure of former monopolist Deutsche Telekom to others and the fact that the cable network ends at the curb or property, with the in-house cable in large apartment buildings being operated by a different company. Due to this, the new owners of Deutsche Telekom's cable network were in many cases not able to offer new products directly to the viewer.

By 2006, there were three major cable operators, Unity Media in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Württemberg and by far the largest, Kabel Deutschland in the other 13 states. Today, all companies offer about 200 TV channels by DVB-C, which includes some 70 channels at no extra charge as well as a number of pay-per-view offers and subscription-based packages (like the HD-broadcasts of privately owned channels, comparable to HD+ on satellite). In addition to that pay TV broadcaster Sky Deutschland is also available.

In some very large apartment complexes a number of local and national companies operate an in-house cable network which is fed solely by its own satellite antenna on the building, not the local cable operator. The satellite channels are either transcoded into analogue transmission, receivable by any TV set without extra equipment, or into DVB-C.

As of 2014, still 17.2% of Germany transmits television with analogue cable signals, compared to 29.1% of digital cable; this similar to the situation in the Netherlands, Sweden and Belgium, where analogue cable is also still widely used.

Terrestrial
Terrestrial reception had lost most of its users by the 1990s due to extensive cable and satellite coverage. In a two step process analogue terrestrial TV broadcasting in the states of Berlin and Brandenburg was switched off in 2003 and replaced by DVB-T, in 2005, about two-thirds of Germany's states began to replace analogue transmission. By 2006, all metropolitan and most rural areas had moved to digital transmission. Today, only foreign army bases and some local TV stations still broadcast on analogue.

While the public broadcasters ARD and ZDF transmit throughout Germany, commercial stations often are only available within metropolitan areas, so the number of available channels varies between about 10 and 30. All DVB-T1 channels were free-to-air and the broadcasters rented transmission services directly from a transmitter operator, usually Media Broadcast. ARD stations also use their own transmitters.

In June 2016, a gradual switch-over from DVB-T with MPEG-2 encoding to DVB-T2 with HEVC encoding has commenced. The first phase included one new multiplex broadcasting six channels in selected urban areas, in addition to the old DVB-T standard. The DVB-T2 channels are broadcasting in 1080p50. The commercial channels are encrypted and part of the "Freenet TV"-Package. The final switch-over to DVB-T2 occurred in steps, starting with major metropolitan areas who switched on 29 March 2017. The last transmitter is planned to switch in 2019.

Series
Almost all fictional programs on German television are regular TV series. While the public broadcaster(s) predominantly own(s) the productions that are broadcast, the private stations/networks often put on series licensed from abroad, mainly the United States. Peaking in the 1990s, the private channels had aired self-produced series such as Der Clown (1996–2000), Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei (Alarm for Cobra 11 - The Motorway Police) (since 1996), The Sentinel (1994–1996), Alpha Team - The Lifesaver in OP (1996–2005) or Wolff's Turf (mainly from 1992 to 2006) with great success. Since the late 2000s, the amount of original series on the private broadcasters has markedly declined.

The highest-rated series is the crime drama Tatort, which airs almost every Sunday on public broadcaster ARD. It has run since 1970 and has featured several casts, that are not related to each other.

title: Television in Germany


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Motorin family

The Motorins, also spelled Matorins (Моторины, Маторины in Russian) were a famous Russian family of bellfounders.

Feodor Dmitriyevich Motorin
Feodor Dmitriyevich Motorin (Фёдор Дмитриевич Моторин) (1630s–1688) began his career at the Moscow Cannon Yard in 1651 along with another famous bellmaker Alexander Grigoriev. In the 1670s, Motorin became a leading caster at the Cannon yard. In 1678, he cast a bell for the Church of Simeon Stolpnik in the Povarskaya Sloboda, in 1681 – for the Church of Virgin Mary in Grebnevo, in 1682 – for Danilov Monastery, in 1684 – for the Church of Archangel Gabriel at Chistiy Prud. All these bells, however, were destroyed by the Soviets in the 1930s. Feodor Motorin was also a talented businessman. After having accumulated some financial capital, he began purchasing land and buildings for his colleagues-bellmakers in the Pushkarskaya Sloboda in the 1660s. This is how the first bellmaking factory came into being in the area of Sretenskiye Gates in Moscow, of which Motorin had been the owner since 1686. The factory used to cast bells, commissioned by churches and monasteries. Small bells were also made for sale in Moscow.

A few works autographed by Feodor Motorin have survived to this day. They include two bells cast in 1678 and 1679 – the Danilov Bell (Даниловский колокол) and the New Bell (Новый колокол) weighing 3.2 tons (both can still be seen in the middle tier of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower); an 8-ton bell, cast for the Novodevichy Convent (1684); a 1.6-ton bell for the Volynsky Monastery in Chernigov (1683), which was relocated to Moscow in 1991 and hung on the Saint Basil's Cathedral. All of the surviving bells made by Motorin are known for their casting purity and rich relief decorations (stylized arabesque ornament and images of cherubs and seraphs, which harmonize with cast inscriptions).

Dmitry Feodorovich Motorin
Dmitry Feodorovich Motorin (Дмитрий Фёдорович Моторин) (? – ?) was the son of Feodor Motorin. In 1682–1696, he worked at the Moscow Cannon Yard as a bellmaker. Dmitry Motorin is known for his unusual 64 kg bell, cast by him in 1687 at the request of a boyar Vasili Golitsyn for the Church of Pokrova Bogoroditsy in his votchina of the village Medvedkovo (it can be seen in Kolomenskoye today). The top part of the bell is made in the form of a bellringer's head, crowned by lion heads and ornaments.

Ivan Feodorovich Motorin
Ivan Feodorovich Motorin (Иван Фёдорович Моторин) (1660s – 19 August 1735) was the son of Feodor Motorin. His factory used to produce bells for many Moscow monasteries and churches. In 1692, he cast a 1-tonne bell for the Church of John the Apostle in Bronniki (moved to the Saint Basil's Cathedral). In 1695, Ivan Motorin made a 3-tonne bell for the Church of Saint Nicholas in Moscow (destroyed in the 1930s).

In February 1701, after heavy artillery losses in the Battle of Narva, Peter the Great ordered to use Motorin's bellmaking factory for cannon production. A famous cannon maker Martyan Osipov (Мартьян Осипов) assisted Ivan Motorin in mastering the science of cannon-making. Motorin's factory carried out the order in a short period of time and produced 113 copper cannons by February 1702. On 26 November 1702, Ivan Motorin was ordered to cast a 54-ton bell for the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, which would be called Воскресенский (Resurrection Bell). In 1704, he made a 13.3-ton bell nicknamed Великопостный (Lent Bell). In 1712, Motorin's factory burnt down and was rebuilt only two years later. In 1714, Ivan Motorin cast the 2-ton Alarm Bell (Набатный колокол), which was later placed on top of the Tsarskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It remained there until 1771 and was then moved to the Armoury in 1821. In the 1710 and 1720s, Motorin made a few bells for the Muscovite churches and monasteries, including Chudov Monastery. Most of these bells did not survive to this day. In 1730, he cast a 7-ton Novgorod Bell (Новгородский колокол), which can still be seen in the lower tier of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. In 1731, Motorin was ordered to turn the damaged bells (due to a fire of 1723) of the Church of Archangel Gabriel into clock bells for the Troitskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Their fate, however, is still unknown.

Famous Tsar bell (Царь-колокол) was Motorin's masterpiece, for which he is best remembered. In 1735, he was ordered to recast the bell made by Alexander Grigoriev (1655), shattered during the 1701 fire. Unfortunately, Ivan Motorin died when the work was in full swing. The whole responsibility for the making of the Tsar Bell was placed upon his son Mikhail Motorin.

Mikhail Ivanovich Motorin
There is little information available on Mikhail Ivanovich Motorin (Михаил Иванович Моторин) (? – 1750) after he finished casting the Tsar Bell. Historians know that in 1736 he made a bell for the Epiphany Monastery. In 1737, he also cast a 1.8-tonne bell for the Church of Archangel Gabriel. Both of these bells, however, were destroyed by the Soviets in the 1930s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Motorin family


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File:Putsquestionintheformofananswer.jpg

Summary
Album cover for People Under The Stairs' second LP, Question in the Form of an Answer.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Branivoje Milinovic

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge to Belgrade. --Canderson7 18:51, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Branivoje Milinovic
nn; sad but nevertheless vanity Groeck 20:19, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above.  Paul Klenk 20:25, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep Because I can't figure out where this should merge to. The Slobodan Milošević page, perhaps?  There is an entry on the 1991 page that reads "March 9 - Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade. Two people are killed and tanks are in the streets."  This entry perhaps refers to one of those people, but I can't seem to find any other reference to the incident in Wikipedia. Crypticfirefly 01:18, 28 August 2005 (UTC)  Change my vote to Merge per Denni. Crypticfirefly 05:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Belgrade, which makes reference to the event, and redirect. Some unfortunate in the wrong place at the wrong time. Denni ☯ 02:43, 2005 August 28 (UTC)
 * Weak keep, until an article about these protests is written. Belgrade isn't really specific enough to redirect there. And yes, according to Google, Branivoje Milinović was one of the two people killed on 9 March 1991. -- Naive cynic 09:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tragic, but I don't see evidence of notability. Gamaliel 04:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Vigla

Vigla (Βίγλα, "watch, lookout") may refer to:

Places in Greece

 * Vigla (ski resort), a ski resort near Florina
 * Vigla, Arta, a village in Arta
 * Vigla, Mount Athos, a settlement in Mount Athos
 * Mikri Vigla, a small village on the island of Naxos
 * Kaki Vigla, a small village on the island of Salamis
 * The highest peak of Mount Kerkis on the island of Samos

Other uses

 * Vigla (tagma), a Byzantine cavalry unit

title: Vigla


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User:Smily

hello and welcome on a french user's page.

Please, let me bealive I can contribute whith a medium level of english, and I swear a won't. (Yep, it's a blackmail ;-)

fr:users:smily

title: User:Smily


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Kardinal Offishall

Jason Drew Harrow (born May 11, 1976), better known by his stage name Kardinal Offishall, is a Canadian rapper and record producer. Often credited as Canada's "hip hop ambassador", he has been regarded as one of the country's most prominent hip hop producers during the 2000s and is distinctive for his reggae and dancehall-influenced style of hip hop.

A native of Toronto, Harrow began his career in the city's mid-1990s underground hip hop scene and formed the hip hop group the Circle. He released his debut studio album, Eye & I (1997) and extended play (EP), Husslin' (2000) independently before signing with MCA Records in 2000. His second album and major label debut, Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1 (2001), moderately entered the Canadian Albums Chart and was supported by his first Canadian Singles Chart entries: "Ol' Time Killin'" and "BaKardi Slang"—which popularized Toronto's nickname "T-dot". He failed to release the album's sequel on MCA, in part due to the label's absorption by Geffen Records prior to its release. Harrow's third album, Fire and Glory (2003), was released by Virgin Records; despite widespread critical praise, it was met with commercial stagnation and became his only release with the label.

He then signed with Senegalese-American singer Akon through his record label KonLive Distribution, an imprint of Geffen Records in 2007 to release his fourth album, Not 4 Sale (2008) the following year. Its lead single, "Dangerous" (featuring Akon) peaked at number two on the then-newly established Canadian Hot 100, the top five of the US Billboard Hot 100, and received quadruple platinum certification by Music Canada (MC). The song yielded his furthest mainstream commercial success, and was followed by his guest performance alongside Colby O'Donis on Akon's single "Beautiful" that same year, which peaked within the top 20 of the latter chart. Not 4 Sale debuted at number eight on the Canadian Albums Chart, number 40 on the Billboard 200, and spawned the Canadian Hot 100-top 40 single "Numba 1 (Tide Is High)" (featuring Keri Hilson or Rihanna), which received gold certification by MC. His 2010 single, "Body Bounce" (featuring Akon) peaked within the top 20 of the chart and received platinum certification, although he parted ways with KonLive later that year.

An independent artist once more, he formed the record label Black Stone Colleagues shortly after, although in 2013, Harrow was named the creative executive director of Universal Music Canada's A&R division. Two years later, he released his fifth album, Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash (2015) to moderate success. In April 2021, he was promoted to senior vice-president of A&R for Universal Music Canada.

Early life and career beginnings
Harrow was born in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, and raised by Jamaican immigrant parents. From the ages of 2 to 13, he lived in the city's Flemingdon Park neighbourhood. He moved back to Scarborough for two years, before finally settling in Oakwood–Vaughan, in the city's west end. While in high school, he would throw parties at the Alexandra Park Community Centre. He also is a former York University student (Philosophy) but did not complete his degree.

He started rapping at the age of eight and was winning competitions by the time he was 12. At age 14, he performed live on stage for the first time, with Nelson Mandela in attendance during Mandela's first visit to Toronto following his release from prison earlier that year (1990). By 1993, he decided to change his alias "KoolAid", and went by the moniker "Kardinal Offishall" after being inspired by the great 17th century French politician Cardinal Richelieu. That year, Offishall co-founded the Circle, a collective of artists including Choclair, Jully Black, Solitair, Tara Chase, and Saukrates. In 1994, he made his first recorded appearance on Saukrates' single "Still Caught Up".

1996–1999: Eye & I
Kardinal was signed to a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell Music Canada at the age of 20. In 1996, he released his first single "Naughty Dread", which was featured on the Rap Essentials Volume One compilation and earned him a Juno Award nomination for Best Rap Recording. In 1997, Kardinal released his debut album Eye & I on Capitol Hill Music. The only single from the album, "On wit da Show", had considerable video play on MuchMusic. The album received rave reviews from music critics. AllMusic stated that Kardinal "blended soul, dancehall, reggae, hip-hop, and a wholly inventive approach to beats on his 20-track debut album, Eye & I." Unfortunately, the album was poorly distributed in Canada, and a lack of radio support resulted in the album receiving limited commercial attention. Over 4,000 copies of the album were sold in its first three months of release. In 1998, he was featured on the Juno-winning single "Northern Touch" with the Rascalz, Choclair, Checkmate and Thrust. The following year, he produced Choclair's hit single "Let's Ride".

2000–2003: Husslin' and Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1
Husslin' was an EP released on April 11, 2000. It was released independently on Figure IV Entertainment and distributed by Fat Beats Records in the United States. The title track, "Husslin'", was one of the hottest 12" singles of 2000. "And What?", featuring Saukrates, was released as a single in 1999. "Husslin'" and "Mic T.H.U.G.S." also appear on Kardinal's second studio album, Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1. An updated version of "U R Ghetto When", known as "U R Ghetto 2002", is on the Quest for Fire album. In 2000, Kardinal signed with MCA Records. He released the album Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1 in 2001, which spawned the hits "BaKardi Slang" and "Ol' Time Killin'".One year after its release, 25,000 copies of the album were sold in Canada. It received generally favorable reviews from music critics. The Source gave the album 3$1/2$ out of 5 mics. RapReviews.com gave it a 7/10 rating, calling it a "mixed bag," and stating "there are also some perfect 10's to be found here." The A.V. Club gave the album a favorable review, praising its "impressive musical and lyrical consistency." AllMusic gave it 2$1/2$ out of 5 stars, noting that Kardinal "displays only flashes of promise here." The album was nominated for Best Rap Recording at the 2002 Juno Awards.

After MCA folded in 2003, Kardinal's highly anticipated follow up album Firestarter Vol. 2: The F-Word Theory was shelved along with the music video for the single "Belly Dancer" featuring Pharrell, and Kardinal eventually found himself without a label. Had the album been released, there would have been production from Timbaland and the Neptunes, among others.

For the 20th anniversary of Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1, Kardinal released "Firestarter", a capsule clothing collection in collaboration with urbancoolab, an artificial intelligence fashion platform.

2004–2008: Fire and Glory and Not 4 Sale
In 2004, Kardinal released an independent mixtape titled Kill Bloodclott Bill with his production company, Black Jays, and he also released his second major-label album titled Fire and Glory on November 15, 2005, through Virgin Records in Canada only. Hits on Fire and Glory include "Everyday (Rudebwoy)" and "Heads Up". RapReviews.com gave the album an 8.5/10 rating, stating "Fire and Glory is a better album than Firestarter Vol. 1," and "aside from having better lyrics than most of his counterparts, Kardinal's unique style also sets him apart." The album was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2006 Juno Awards.

Not 4 Sale is the fourth studio album by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall, released September 9, 2008, on Kon Live/Geffen Records. It is his second international major-label album, after 2001's Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1. It was a critical success, spawning the top 5 Billboard Hot 100 single "Dangerous", and the minor hit "Numba 1 (Tide Is High)". 11,869 copies of the album were sold in the United States, in its first week of release. It debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 40. As of February 15, 2009, the album has sold 34,822 copies. In Canada, it debuted at number 8 on the Canadian Albums Chart, with 4,247 copies sold in the first week. The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics. AllMusic gave it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "an entirely solid album", also stating "this freedom fighting and socially conscious writing is tempered with hooky club tracks that never fail."[14] USA Today gave it 3 out of 4 stars, noting "his potent blend of hip-hop and dancehall gives him a flavor all his own."PopMatters gave the album a 6/10 rating, writing "although many of the tracks here are glossy pop productions, Kardinal has not really changed since he was first heard in the '90s."The album won the award for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.

2009–2018: Universal Music Canada partnership and Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash
In 2008, he was featured on the Just Dance (RedOne Remix) by Lady Gaga, part of the EP "Just Dance (Remixes, Pt. 2)". In 2010, he was included in the Young Artists for Haiti's version of "Wavin' Flag" in an effort to raise money for disaster relief. He starred along with many Canadian stars. Also in 2010, he was featured in Raghav's single "So Much". In 2011, he collaborated with Canadian dance-pop act Audio Playground on their gold selling single "Famous", which reached #28 in Canada and #10 on the USA Billboard Dance charts. In 2011, he collaborated with singer Karl Wolf on his single "Ghetto Love".

In 2013, Kardinal Offishall, along with Madchild from Swollen Members, were featured on Canadian hip hop artist Classified's self-titled album on the track "Look Up". He also appeared on the charity single "True Colors" by Artists Against Bullying. On December 16, 2013, Offishall joined Universal Music Canada as Creative Executive Director of A&R. Aside from developing Canadian talent, he has also expressed interest in developing international talent, stating "I'm searching the world for superstars." On October 30, 2015, Kardinal Offishall released his fifth studio album Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash which spawned the hit single "That Chick Right There", which reached number 68 on the Canadian Hot 100.

2019–present: Pick Your Poison
On June 4, 2019, Kardinal Offishall released the single "Run", which was used as the Toronto Raptors theme song during their championship run in the 2019 NBA Finals and also announced as the first single from his planned album Pick Your Poison.

In October 2021, it was announced that he would be a judge on the second season of Canada's Got Talent, which aired in 2022. He also made a guest appearance as a fictionalized version of himself in the debut episode of the CBC Television sitcom Run the Burbs.

Personal life
In July 2016, Kardinal Offishall announced the birth of his third child, a daughter.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Eye & I (1997)
 * Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1 (2001)
 * Fire and Glory (2005)
 * Not 4 Sale (2008)
 * Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash (2015)

Collaborative albums
 * A.M.T.R.I.M. with Nottz (2012)

Awards

 * 1999: Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year for Rascalz' "Northern Touch"
 * 2000: Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year for producing Choclair's "Let's Ride"
 * 2000: SOCAN Award for "Husslin'"
 * 2001: MuchMusic Video Award – Best Rap Video for "Money Jane"
 * 2002: SOCAN Award for "Money Jane"
 * 2004: Canadian Urban Music Award for "Empty Barrel"
 * 2006: 3 MuchMusic Video Awards – Best Video, Best Director (RT!) and VideoFACT Award for "Everyday (Rudebwoy)"
 * 2009: Juno Award for Single of the Year for "Dangerous"; Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year for Not 4 Sale
 * 2009: SOCAN Urban Music Award for "Dangerous"
 * 2014: Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year for "Can't Choose" (with JRDN)
 * 2019: Honorary Degree from Humber College

title: Kardinal Offishall


text:
Sosibius

Sosibius (Σωσίβιoς; floruit 221-204 BC) was the chief minister of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–204 BC), king of Egypt. Nothing is known of his origin or parentage, though he may have been a son of Sosibius of Tarentum; nor is there any account of how he rose to power. He is first attested immediately after the accession of Ptolemy IV in 221 BC, exercising great influence over the 22-year old king alongside Agathocles, the brother of Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea. He remained a major force throughout the reign and helped ensure the smooth succession of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in 204 BC. After that he disappears from the record.

Accession of Ptolemy IV
The historian Polybius characterises him as "the pseudo-guardian of Ptolemy [who] seemed to be a shrewd and long-lasting tool, but was ever doing evil in the kingdom." and says he was responsible for a purge of the royal family which took place shortly after Ptolemy's accession. Ptolemy IV's uncle Lysimachus was probably murdered at this time. His mother Berenice II was believed to support his younger brother Magas, who had held substantial military commands and was popular with the army, so Magas was scalded to death in his bath. Berenice II died shortly afterwards; she is said to have been poisoned.

Fourth Syrian War
The Seleucid king Antiochus the Great invaded Coele-Syria in 221 BC. He was rebuffed by the Ptolemaic governor of the region, Theodotus, and forced to turn east as a result of the revolt of his satrap of Media, Molon, but in spring 219 BC he attacked once more, beginning the Fourth Syrian War and quickly captured most of Coele-Syria. Polybius says that this occurred because Ptolemy had given himself up to luxury, leaving all administration of the kingdom to Sosibius, who neglected the finances and military defences.

In the midst of this, there was a revolt in Alexandria, led by Cleomenes III of Sparta, which Polybius presents as having been a serious threat to Ptolemy IV's regime. Ptolemy III had promised to restore Cleomenes III, now living in Alexandria with a force of 3,000 mercenaries, to the Spartan throne, but his death had put an end to these plans. Initially, Ptolemy IV and Sosibius had indulged Cleomenes III, seeing him as a counter to Ptolemy IV's brother Magas. But after Magas' death, Ptolemy IV's interest waned and Sosibius had had the Spartan placed under house arrest. In 219 BC, while Ptolemy IV was at Canopus, Cleomenes III broke free and attempted to lead an armed uprising against Sosibius. He and his followers launched an attack on the main citadel in Alexandria, hoping to liberate the men imprisoned within, but this attack was unsuccessful and the people of Alexandria did not respond to their call to rise up. Cleomenes III and his followers then committed suicide.

At the beginning of winter, Antiochus III negotiated a ceasefire with Ptolemy IV. Formal peace negotiations followed at Seleucia Pieria, but they do not seem to have been undertaken in good faith on either side. Sosibius and Agathocles used the cease fire to whip the Ptolemaic army into shape, while Antiochus III used it to prepare for a new offensive. In early 218 BC, the Seleucid king obliterated the Ptolemaic forces at Berytus on land and at sea, opening the way for the invasion of Coele Syria. There he captured Philadelphia, but was unable to gain the southern Beqa'a valley, Damascus, or Sidon. In 217 BC, Sosibius accompanied Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III when they led the Egyptian army into the Levant. The Ptolemaic army defeated Antiochus decisively in battle at Raphia on 22 June 217 BC and Ptolemy sent Sosibius to organise the peace treaty that ended the war. Ptolemy IV retained the territories that he had held at the start of the war except, apparently, Seleucia Pieria, and he received an enormous sum of gold.

Accession of Ptolemy V
Sosibius seems to have remained in power for the rest of Ptolemy IV's reign alongside Agathocles. Revolts broke out in Egypt sometime before 207 BC. In October or November 205 BC, the leader of the southern revolt captured the city of Thebes and had himself crowned Pharaoh, taking the name Horwennefer, rendered in Greek sources as Hugronaphor. In the midst of this conflict, in July or August 204 BC, Ptolemy IV died in unclear circumstances. A late source, John of Antioch mentions a fire in the palace. Arsinoe III also died at this time. According to Polybius, she was murdered by Sosibius, but another historian, Justin, says that she had been divorced and murdered by Ptolemy IV under the influence of his mistress Agathoclea, shortly before his own death.

An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. The only living member of the royal family was Ptolemy IV's son Ptolemy V Epiphanes, who was about five years old. Some time before September 204 BC, the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death of the ruling couple and presented Ptolemy IV's son Ptolemy V Epiphanes to be acclaimed as king, wrapping the diadem around his head. Sosibius read out Ptolemy IV's will, which made Sosibius and Agathocles regents and placed Ptolemy V in the personal care of his mistress Agathoclea and her mother Oenanthe. Polybius thought that this will was a forgery produced by Sosibius and Agathocles themselves and modern scholars tend to agree with him. Sosibius is not heard of again after this event and it is generally assumed that he died, perhaps at the hands of Agathocles. Hölbl suggests that the loss of his acumen was fatal to the regency.

title: Sosibius


text:
Talk:Flying fish

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ml3124.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Behavior

 * Flyingfish use this ability to escape predators (they can't see beyond the water's surface).

Who can't see, the flyingfish or the predators? AxelBoldt 20:21, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Always? I think they also have playful jumping too.  They jump in and out of the water in schools similar to how dolphins do. CaribDigita 02:52, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think 'escaping predators' isn't really an incentive to evolve the ability to glide for 40 seconds (!), is it? Information on the evolutionary background would be a good addition, I think. Junuxx (talk) 04:05, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * If something were stalking me with the intent to kill and eat me, I would think that the ability to essentially disappear for up to 45 seconds, then reappear hundreds of feet away, would be an extremely useful survival trait.Ormewood (talk) 16:21, 10 October 2015 (UTC)
 * From How and why do flying fish fly? by John Davenport in Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
 * http://www.springerlink.com/content/khk627264325j4r6/
 * "Flying fish probably fly mainly to escape from predators, particularly dolphin-fishes (Coryphaena hippurus) and ommastrephid squid."
 * Jake (talk) 00:29, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

"Some accounts have them landing on ships' decks." I can assure you they do. On a navy destroyer with freeboard of 8 to 10 feet the deck each morning was littered with dozens of flying fish when we cruised the tropical Pacific. You could hear them smack the side of the hull during the night. User:Dbryant 94560 —Preceding undated comment added 04:24, 2 October 2010 (UTC).
 * This 'some accounts' language was not apt and I have removed it (as well as an irrelevant link to Kon-Tiki). It is "common knowledge" and has been so for centuries that flying fish often end up on accidentally on vessel decks. 74.103.223.36 (talk) 18:21, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

The ship I was on also had a freeboard in the 10-foot range. The flying fish in the Caribbean would glide considerably higher than that. We often saw them in the daytime. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.233.167.50 (talk) 19:32, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Here is evidence of one that landed on the deck of a ship. Also a very good picture of a specimen. http://i.imgur.com/qy8KfFz.jpg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1948:212:FE80:D152:C2A:5A94:99A7 (talk) 02:51, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

How I plan to edit the flying fish article - behaviour portion in particular

All feedback welcome!

Planning on adding a section titled Behaviour, in which i will detail the flying behaviour of flying fish. I will cover the utilization of such behaviour as a mode of predator evasion as well as other suggested explanations such as energy conservation, entrance into a new and food-rich environment, and enjoyment and play. With each explanation I will weigh the plausibility of that explanation - does this make evolutionary sense? - Is this enough pressure for natural selection? - Why evolve this way? etc... I will also contrast this behaviour with simply jumping out of the water playfully (though it may be a partial reason/explanation for flying fishes behaviour). My research has thus far has me to conclude predator evasion is the most likely explanation for the evolution and adaptation of such a behaviour in nature - predation places much stress on survival therefore it is a strong factor which shapes evolutionary development. I will cover the evolutionary background of 'flying' in flying fish including fin/wing development (evolutionary and morphological). Differences in flying' behaviour between 2-finned and 4-finned flying fishes will be compared and contrasted including specific predators of 2- vs 4-finned flying fishes and how this may have affected their evolution (and other way around - how difference in predators and their hunting techniques may have led to differences in development of flying fish).

Other points and areas to work on/include: -Clarify who can't see beyond the water's surface - predator or prey? (requested on talk page) -pictures and/or videos (requested on talk page) -see if i can find size and weight measurements (requested on talk page) -look up Santa Catalina Island, California - (requested on talk page) BUT see if relevant? -general article clean up and grammar (feedback suggestion) -reference additions where needed (requested on talk page) -try to find information concerning behavioural differences between populations (feedback suggestion) - 2-finned vs 4-finned, colder water habitat vs warmer water habitat, juveniles vs mature adults etc...

Bibliography   - thus far

Davenport, J. (1994). How and why do flying fish fly?. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 4(2), pp.184-214.

First flying fish fossil found. (2012). Nature, 491(7423), pp.163-163.

Fish, F. (1990). Wing design and scaling of flying fish with regard to flight performance. Journal of Zoology, 221(3), pp.391-403.

Gibb, A., Ashley-Ross, M., Pace, C. and Long, J. (2011). Fish out of water: terrestrial jumping by fully aquatic fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 315A(10), pp.649-653.

Kutschera, U. (2005). Predator-driven macroevolution in flying fishes inferred from behavioural studies. Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, 10, pp.59-77.

Parenrengi, A., Tenriulo, A. and Ali, S. (2016). GENETIC VARIABILITY OF THREE POPULATIONS OF FLYING FISH, Hirundichthy oxycephalus FROM MAKASSAR STRAIT. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal, 7(1), p.1.

Parin, N. and Bogorodskiy, S. (2011). Distribution and morphology of flying fish Cypselurus hexazona placed into a separate subgenus Zonocypselurus subgen. nov. Journal of Ichthyology, 51(8), pp.658-661.

Subbaraman, N. (2012). Oldest flying fish fossil found in China. Nature. Ml3124 (talk) 00:52, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks!Subscript 152.117.79.125 (talk) 16:21, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Tobiko roe?
The roe of which species is most commonly served as "tobiko" in sushi restaurants?--Sonjaaa 18:41, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably the Japanese flying fish, Cheilopogon agoo. I'll see if I can add it. =Axlq 04:50, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

"Flying" fish
I have to say, even though someone reverted the link (and rightly so), that this video is amazing: "Flying fish" indeed (but wrong species). It's the most effortless fishing I've ever seen. I wonder what kind of fish they are? =Axlq 01:24, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Link is broken.Ormewood (talk) 01:46, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Picture of Flying fish
Hey, there is a real picture of a "flying fish" flying! Here is the link, can anyone please upload it to wikipedia please, : http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/26/eveningnews/main523372.shtml —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mmuak (talk • contribs) 17:47, 18 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Well, two issues here: One, there's no picture of a fish on this page, just a picture of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, and two, the article in question is talking about Asian carp, which are just able to leap out of the water for a fair distance. They aren't flying fish, and aren't related to them.Ormewood (talk) 01:42, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Road to Mandalay
Rudyard Kipling once wrote of "the road to Mandalay/Where the flying fishes play/ And the (something)(something) China 'cross the bay"...Okay, so his geography was a bit off (Mandalay being in inland Myanmar/Burma and China being much, much further inland from that point, while flying fish are marine types of fish) but all the unrest in Burma reminded me of that poem. 204.52.215.107 00:13, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

What is the weight of a flying fish?
I have no idea of the weight of a flying fish so if anyone knows can they please tell me?! PLEASE!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.208.81.50 (talk) 21:09, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sizes???????????? Weird article with no measurements at all! --SergeWoodzing (talk) 18:16, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * @ Underline 152.117.79.125 (talk) 16:19, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Odds nest cd.JPG
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --09:23, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Santa Catalina Island
Santa Catalina Island off California is famous for flying fish and should be mentioned. Flying fish are mentioned in the Wikipedia article about Catalina, so it makes sense to include that species in this article. They are a big part of the tourist business there, so arguably are more important to Catalina than they are to Barbados.Lmonteros (talk) 00:58, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Temporal range
Updated 'Temporal range' template in taxobox, per Revision as of 20:01, 31 October 2012 by User:Epipelagic ~E:74.60.29.141 (talk) 05:44, 2 November 2012 (UTC)  Undo, pending more info ~E:74.60.29.141 (talk) 06:05, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Dead Link
Reference 8 is a dead link.Jeff 02:05, 6 May 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeffluo1011 (talk • contribs)

Suggestions
'''Malik.138 (talk) 23:35, 29 September 2014 (UTC) '''

'''How and Why do Flying Fish fly? '''

• Why flying fish need this adaptation, and how the environment plays a factor.

• How the wings (fins) actually evolved, most of the information on this page just describes the wings.

• The modified wings and how it compares to current aerodynamics.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Flying fish


text:
TV-out

The term TV-out is commonly used to label the connector of equipment providing an analog video signal acceptable for a television AV input. TV-out is different from AV-out in that it only provides video, no audio.

Types of signals and their respective connectors include:
 * Composite video
 * S-video
 * Component video

On a PC the TV-out typically requires a driver that supports the chipset controlling the usage of the output.

See AV input for more information.

title: TV-out


text:
New Bradwell

New Bradwell is (mainly) an Edwardian era village, modern district and civil parish in north-west Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England, about 2 mi north-west of Central Milton Keynes. Together with Wolverton (on the other side of the West Coast Main Line), it was built primarily to house the workers on the Wolverton railway works.

The original village of Bradwell lies south of New Bradwell.

History
New Bradwell is roughly 150 years old. Exact dates are hard to figure, as buildings such as mill houses and farm houses existed on the site of what is now the village of New Bradwell, long before then. Around 1851 the area was little more than a hamlet, with 381 inhabitants and a local industry of stone quarrying and lime kilns. The first purpose built houses were constructed in 1854 – 1856 as dwellings for workers in the nearby Wolverton works. By 1861 the village had 1,658 inhabitants and over 4,000 by 1906.

Perhaps the most significant date was the expansion of the parish of Stantonbury on 16 July 1857. The old parish of Stanton Barry, or Stantonbury, contained but 750 acre, and about a dozen scattered houses. By an Order in Council, dated 16 July 1857, a new parish was formed by adding to the old one the hamlet of New Bradwell. The area of the newly formed parish was 904 acre. There was a ceremony of laying the foundations for the Church of St. James and other buildings such as the church schoolhouse on Monday 24 May 1858, which may mark the foundation of the village of New Bradwell as an entity in its own right. The church of St. James was completed in 1860.

Originally this new village was called Stantonbury after the name of the parish.

From 1867 to 1964 the village was served by Bradwell railway station on the now defunct Wolverton to Newport Pagnell line. The line has been repurposed as a rail path, part of the Milton Keynes redway network.

The Grand Union Canal passes between Bradwell and New Bradwell, providing boating and fishing facilities. The modern Bradwell Aqueduct was the first of its kind to be constructed over the Grand Union in over 100 years

Heritage
New Bradwell has one Grade II* listed building (the Church of St James ) and a further eight grade II (where 57–59 Spencer Street have a single listing).

Bradwell Blitz
When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, blackout precautions were immediately put into effect, due to the dangers of night time bombing raids. Ironically, New Bradwell's new electric street lights, which had only been completed two weeks previously, were switched off and not used again for six years. Bradwell's Blitz consisted of two bombs on Sunday 20 October 1940. First, two flares were dropped at the end of Bridge Street, landing on the allotments, now the school playing fields. An unconfirmed theory surmises that the bombs may have been aimed at the Wolverton railway works, then engaged in war work. Then the two bombs were dropped on the western end of the high street, the first landing on the road outside "the Laurels", creating a 30 ft crater, the second at the end of the high street, demolishing numbers 71, 73 and 75, killing five people and injuring 20 more. The "Bradwell Blitz" was one of the more dramatic events in this part of North Buckinghamshire. (The activities at Bletchley Park a few miles south were top secret. Nevertheless, Old Bletchley was hit by four bombs – one of which hit the Park's main gate without exploding). The Bradwell Blitz was so-called because it happened during the Blitz, the fourth and last phase of the Battle of Britain.

Civil parish
The civil parish of New Bradwell was created in 1919 from part of the Bradwell parish, and formed part of the Wolverton Urban District urban district (with the rest of the Bradwell parish remaining in Newport Pagnell Rural District). The parish continued to exist as part of Wolverton UD until 1934, when it was absorbed into Wolverton CP. It was re-established in 2001 as part of a general parishing of all the unparished areas of Milton Keynes.

The parish is bounded to the north by the Great Ouse, to the west by V6 Grafton Street, to the south by the route of the former Wolverton/Newport Pagnell railway line (now a redway) and to the east by a short stretch of the Grand Union Canal.

At the 2011 census, the population of the parish was 3,109, compared with 2,990 in 2001.

Sport and leisure
New Bradwell has a Non-League football team New Bradwell St Peter F.C. who play at The Recreation Ground.

It also has two cricket teams.

New Bradwell is known in Milton Keynes for its silver band. The band has been in existence for over 100 years and is famous locally for waking the residents of New Bradwell on Christmas morning, playing carols in the street.

Primary school
New Bradwell School is situated on Bounty Street and is just to the side of Grafton Street and Spencer Street, an off-road street with some historic houses named 'Railway Cottages'. The current headteacher is Philip Webster, the successor to John White.

title: New Bradwell


text:
Talk:New Bradwell

Date of Bradwell Blitz
Does anybody have it? --Concrete Cowboy 20:22, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

the "Bradwell Blitz" consisted of two bombs on Sunday October 20th 1940. Frrostie 10:45, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Cause of Bradwell Blitz
The text speculates that the Bradwell Blitz bombing might have been an attempt to hit Wolverton Railway Works. This I very much doubt as attacks on large industrial sites required multiple aircraft to be effective. More likely the railway line was seen and and attacked. Even with targeting flares involved, it is probable that some aircraft failed to find their primary target in the Midlands and chose the railway line as a secondary target on the way home. 82.9.70.201 (talk) 18:57, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Are you sure it's a town?
Nothing at New towns in the United Kingdom about it, what evidence or reference do you have that this is a town? -- Francs2000 | Talk 19:55, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Define "town"? Here is a 1:10000 OS map .  Is your argument that it should be a village?  I wouldn't start an edit war over it.  It could well be regarded as a suburb of Wolverton, but traditionally it has been regarded as distinct.

 * It was built at around the same time as (new) Wolverton, on the other side of the tracks and canal, to house the less well paid workers on Wolverton railway works. Wolverton housed the craftsmen and Stony Stratford the managers.

 * There would be a reference in New towns in the United Kingdom if I put one there. Wolverton, Milton Keynes isn't there either, so it proves nothing.  It is certainly new - the original Bradwell is a couple of miles to the south.  ("New" is relative - it is about 100 years old, whereas Bradwell is a great deal older - must check Domesday). Does NTitUK imply "created under the New Towns Act"?

 * Define "town"?

 * In England it is any settlement that has received town charter to hold a market or fair, irrespective of size. This is an ancient law restricting trade (and putting money in the king's coffers of course).  A common misconception is that the size of the settlement defines its town status however this is an American principle and has little to do with British law (see Towns of the United Kingdom).  New Bradwell doesn't have a charter (I have just checked) and so it is definitely not a town.

 * Wolverton doesn't have a charter either (I have just checked) and so it would be just as misleading to list that as a town as New Bradwell. The village of Wolverton has existed for many years of course, it was just extended along with the construction of the railways.
 * Well no, not really. The inclosures pretty well completely cleared the place of everything but sheep.  For all practical purposes, Wolverton was refounded with arrival of the canal and the railway. --Concrete Cowboy 23:40, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * There would be a reference in New towns in the United Kingdom if I put one there.

 * Please don't, unless you can show a legal charter granting town status to either settlement. As I work in the same building as the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies it is fairly easy for me to check these things and there is nothing in the CBS about either of these settlements receiving charters. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 19:32, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * According to your logic, Stony Stratford is a town because it bought a market charter in the middle ages - despite being (a) until recently (a mere 100 years or so) split right down the middle along Watling Street into Wolverton Parish and Calverton Parish and (b) (until 1965) part of Wolverton Urban District and (c) much smaller than Wolverton.  But still you tell me that Wolverton isn't a town??? Must we find the evil Prince John and give him his thirty silver marks? Are you seriously telling me that the market in Wolverton is illegal? Excuse me, but last time I looked, this was 2005, not 1505.

 * "In more modern times it is considered that a town becomes a city (or a village becomes a town) as soon as it reaches a certain population." - Towns of the United Kingdom - which then goes on feebly to say  "The charter system is still the official way of recognising town status in the United Kingdom however [...] The population system of recognising towns has no official standing yet in the United Kingdom" I'm sorry, but to describe Wolverton as "not a town" is simply laughable.  So Wolverton Town F.C. must become Wolverton Village F.C.?  You are beginning to make the Traditional counties of England people seem almost sane! --Concrete Cowboy 23:40, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Well call it what you will, I'm an easy going guy unlike the Traditional counties people who will return with their own brand of logic and keep coming back and wearing you down until you submit. Just be prepared for other people in the future who may give the same argument as me.

 * Modern trading licences have little to do with town status: if they did quite a lot of airfields up and down the country would be declared towns overnight. Not to mention fields where car boot sales are held every weekend, because their trading licences are the same.  New town charters are given out and old ones revoked: Milton Keynes was given town status in the 1960s (ish), Brill had its status revoked at about the same time because the ancient right to hold a market wasn't being used.

 * Excuse me, but last time I looked, this was 2005, not 1505.

 * Welcome to the British legal system. Where else would it be legal to shoot Scotsmen wearing kilts with a bow and arrow?  The legal position might be mentioned feebily in your opinion on the relevant article, but this is still the position and the law regarding town status still hasn't been repealed.  But as I say if people in Wolverton believe it is a town (and I think calling your football team "Wolverton Town" is probably proof enough of where they stand) who am I to argue?

 * PS: Your edit comment: The Lord High Sheriff of Aylesbury says its only a village - I don't think there was any need for that. I'm only looking out for accuracy.  If you don't like what I'm saying then don't listen to me, however it is worth bearing in mind that I did check my facts with the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 02:42, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The "Sheriff of Aylesbury" was intended as an analogue of "Sheriff of Nottingham" (see Robin Hood), in the same vein as paying 30 silver marks to the Black Prince for permission to have a market. It was intended to be humourous, but ok, there was an edge to it.  I accept that you are only the messenger decribing the law as it stands, but it's traditional to shoot the messenger! Well that's what it said in a Terry Pratchett book I read. --Concrete Cowboy 09:27, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What can I say? I had had a bad day and it was 3.45 am... -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 11:56, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Locally wolverton has always been known as a town and New Bradwell a village (I was born in New Bradwell and live here still) The simplilest definition of town is used, i.e. a village with a market is a town. Wolverton had and still does have a regular market, new bradwell doesn't and never had one. http://sb.thefreedictionary.com/town http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/town  Those are the first two refferences I found, but it's the common British definition of the word town so it's usage in this context is fair and apropriate. Frrostie 13:43, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Wolverton has a Town Council (though it used to be a UDC). New Bradwell has a Parish Council. 82.9.70.201 (talk) 18:59, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

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New Bradwell Blitz - a myth?
I can't find anything anywhere (ignoring copies of Wikipedia) that says that New Bradwell was ever bombed. Nor five people killed. The Living Archive only has a picture of a (small) crater in field near [old] Bradwell. Unless someone comes up with a reliable source, I will delete the section. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:24, 8 March 2022 (UTC)
 * As nothing has turned up, I have deleted the section. But I'm leaving a copy of it here in case a wp:reliable source turns up, allowing it to be reinstated.
 * "When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, blackout precautions were immediately put into effect, due to the dangers of night time bombing raids. Ironically, New Bradwell's new electric street lights, which had only been completed two weeks previously, were switched off and not used again for six years. Bradwell's Blitz consisted of two bombs on Sunday 20 October 1940. First, two flares were dropped at the end of Bridge Street, landing on the allotments, now the school playing fields. An unconfirmed theory surmises that the bombs may have been aimed at the Wolverton railway works, then engaged in war work. Then the two bombs were dropped on the western end of the high street, the first landing on the road outside 'the Laurels', creating a 30 ft crater, the second at the end of the high street, demolishing numbers 71, 73 & 75 and killing five people. The 'Bradwell Blitz' was one of the more dramatic events in this part of North Buckinghamshire. (The activities at Bletchley Park a few miles south were top secret. Nevertheless, Old Bletchley was hit by four bombs – one of which hit the Park's main gate without exploding). The Bradwell Blitz was so-called because it happened during the Blitz, the fourth and last phase of the Battle of Britain."
 * There may be a book source somewhere that can be cited, provided that it was published before June 2007, which is when added it with . --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 20:16, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * To suggest this is a myth is quite disgusting. This was a tragic event, resulting in the loss of five lives. Some of the family affected are still in the area and would not appreciate this attempt to erase their history. People who recall the crater site are still alive. Incomers casting doubt about this well known local event is pretty poor form. Bucks Country Council maintain the archives of the air raid warden reports for world war two bombing events within the county. The Bucks CC records are available online here and are very easy to find with any search engine. 81.99.178.220 (talk) 07:33, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you for this very valuable response. The text above does not say that it is a myth: there is no evidence for that either. It asks the question in the hope that it will get someone to respond with the historical record, as you have done. Again, thank you. A fundamental principle of Wikipedia is that everything written must have be supported by a reliable source.
 * So where we are now is that the County Archive map shows a bomb strike but no detail. Someone (you?) needs to go to Aylesbury and find the precise report, its reference number, and a summary of what it says. If permitted, s photo of it would be great. Any volunteers? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 08:18, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Detail in the Bucks CC source is enough to support a record of the event: "St Giles Street and St James Street New Bradwell" and "3 houses demolished, 165 houses damaged, 5 killed, 3 seriously and 17 slightly injured. Occurred between 19th and 21st October.". In a rhetorical way, there is a suggestion implicit in that title that the event didn't happen. If this is a device to troll a response, well it worked but seems a pretty crass way to go about it. 81.99.178.220 (talk) 09:25, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The request for supporting evidence has gone unanswered for at least six years, possibly twelve. (See this old version. Trolling is trying deliberately to provoke a reaction for some kind of warped entertainment value, with no interest in the honest answer. You have no reason whatsoever to jump to that conclusion about my motives - in fact the reverse is true. I spent a great deal of time searching for the evidence before giving up. Even today, Google search responds with Your search - "Giles Street and St James Street New Bradwell" and "3 houses demolished, 165 houses ... - did not match any documents.. No, the section title is not a suggestion that it didn't happen, only that there is (or rather was) no evidence that it did. I also left a request for help at talk:Bletchley Park with no response.
 * I have now followed your link and found the source you cited. When I have access to a larger screen, I will move the text above back into the article, giving your link as the supporting citation. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:08, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Bradwell


text:
Carrion (comics)

Carrion is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man.

Publication history
The Miles Warren clone version of Carrion first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #25 and was created by Bill Mantlo, Jim Mooney, and Frank Springer. Carrion emerged as part of a storyline that was a sequel to the original Clone Saga and as a result he has one of the most complicated histories of any Spider-Man villain.

According to Tony Isabella, in Mantlo's original plans for this story, Carrion would have been revealed as the Peter Parker clone. That the real Spider-Man had also dumped the then-deceased Green Goblin's gear in the same furnace explained the Goblin-esque look of Carrion. However, Marv Wolfman, then writer of The Amazing Spider-Man book, had some second thoughts about it. He decided he didn't want a second Spider-Man running around so Bill was asked to change the planned revelation of his extended story, even though the first chapter had already been published.

The character's history has been retconned several times as successive writers changed the status of the various clones, the plans and motivations of Professor Miles Warren and other aspects from the stories. Often these changes took place in stories which did not directly involve Carrion, resulting in further stories trying to tie up gaps. No fewer than three separate incarnations have been encountered.

William Allen first appeared in Spider-Man: Dead Man's Hand #1 (April 1997), created by Roger Stern and Dan Lawlis. McBride was created by Sal Buscema and Gerry Conway in The Spectacular Spider-Man #149 (April 1989).

Miles Warren clone
The original Carrion first appeared seeking to destroy Spider-Man, somehow knowing that his secret identity was Peter Parker. He unsuccessfully approached the Maggia with a plan to kill Spider-Man. He attacked Peter Parker, blaming him for the death of Gwen Stacy.

Carrion sought to destroy Parker/Spider-Man several times before capturing Spider-Man and revealing to him that he was a decayed clone of Professor Miles Warren, also known as the Jackal. Warren had created the clone and left it in a capsule to mature to full development; however Warren had then (seemingly) died and the clone was left developing in the capsule with artificially accelerated age. Something went wrong and the clone's body became like a living corpse. As Warren's clone, Carrion blamed Spider-Man for the deaths of both Warren and Gwen Stacy and sought to bring him to justice with the help of a malleable student named Randy Vale. Carrion captured Peter Parker and prepared to kill him with a giant "Spider-Amoeba" created by cloning cells from Parker. However, Parker freed himself and became Spider-Man. In the subsequent fight a fire consumed the laboratory whilst the amoeba latched onto Carrion. The Spider-Amoeba suffocated Carrion, smothering him to death, and then unable to escape it perished in the fire.

Malcolm McBride
Many years later, Spider-Man learned from the High Evolutionary that Warren had not achieved cloning but had instead created a genetic virus that could transform existing human beings into what seemed to be genetic duplicates of other people. This left Spider-Man wondering "What about Carrion?" Peter Parker searched Miles Warren's old lab and found a journal that seemingly answered many questions, though many years later the Evolutionary would cast further doubt on this. Parker was followed by his university research student rival Malcolm McBride who discovered a test tube containing a strange substance. When examining it, McBride discovered it was an advanced genetic creation that when exposed to air grew rapidly and consumed him, turning him into a second incarnation of Carrion, complete with all the knowledge and powers that the original had displayed. The new Carrion attacked Spider-Man, picking up his predecessor's cause.

Initially, Carrion believed himself to be another clone of Warren but slowly found McBride's memories and personality trying to reassert itself. Carrion would fight against Spider-Man on several occasions. Carrion joined forces with the Hobgoblin against Spider-Man and sacrificed himself to save the mother of Malcolm McBride. Carrion turned up alive again, and teamed up with Carnage, Doppelganger, Demogoblin and Shriek on the killing spree Maximum Carnage across New York City. The mentally unstable Shriek started looking upon Carrion and the others as her and Carnage's "sons". The villains were defeated and confined to the Ravencroft mental institution. Later Shriek escaped and freed Carrion. She tried to dominate Carrion even further and encouraged him to destroy all aspects of McBride's life. However, when they confronted Spider-Man in the McBride household, McBride's mother was able to reach her son's true identity. Mrs. McBride and Shriek fought over who was the true mother. Malcolm/Carrion was driven to despair by this and tried to turn the Carrion virus upon himself. In a moment of compassion, Shriek cured him of the virus. Malcolm McBride returned to Ravencroft.

Later the mysterious Judas Traveller invaded Ravencroft and briefly transformed McBride back into Carrion during an encounter with Spider-Man. However in the end McBride was transformed back by Traveller and all his memories of Peter Parker as Spider-Man were wiped. Subsequently, it was revealed that many of the powers displayed by Traveller were illusions, so it remains unclear what happened.

William Allen
Following the death of the Jackal his corpse was examined by agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Dr. William Allen ignored safety protocols and in the process was infected by a new, stronger version of the Carrion virus, transforming him into the third incarnation of the villain. The most deadly Carrion of all, he exhibited the further ability to use a "zombie plague" to control the minds of others, but also found that both Warren and Allen's minds fought for control of the body. As Carrion sought to infect the city with the Red Dust plague, Spider-Man confronted the High Evolutionary, who confirmed that he had deliberately sought to distort Warren's achievements by faking the journals and evidence to make it seem that Warren had never achieved true cloning. Spider-Man discovered Warren's old notes which were used to generate a cure, whilst he confronted Carrion. The latter now revealed that the original Carrion had indeed been a clone of Warren, created to incubate a virus to destroy mankind, but that it had been released too early and failed in its mission. Spider-Man subdued the new Carrion, who was taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. The High Evolutionary provided data from Warren's journals that could potentially cure him. However, no cure was discovered for William, so he has been kept in stasis in a secure S.H.I.E.L.D. facility.

Carrion was at some point incarcerated in Negative Zone Prison Alpha. When Blastaar and his forces invade the facility in search of its portal to Earth, Star-Lord forces Carrion to help him send a telepathic distress signal to Mantis and the other Guardians of the Galaxy.

Carrion later appears as a member of the Shadow Council's incarnation of the Masters of Evil.

Sentient virus
A new version of Carrion, engineered by the Jackal, ran rampant through New York, jumping from one host body to the next (taking control of them in the interim). After being pursued across the city by Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Peter Parker's body), the Carrion virus took hold of Hyperion's body. After a brief battle with the Avengers, the Carrion virus was thought to have been destroyed by Superior Spider-Man. However, it was able to regenerate itself and returned to its creator.

The Carrion virus joined the Jackal and a clone of Miles Warren in their battle against Superior Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider. During the fight, it attempted to take control of Scarlet Spider's mind, but was stymied by the "Other" within him.

During the Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy storyline, Kaine and Spider-Woman of Earth-65 rescue Spider-Man from Jackal. Afterwards, Kaine reveals to Spider-Man that he and Spider-Woman of Earth-65 came to this world to assist Spider-Man because they saw that apparently Spider-Man allying with the Jackal's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster in the form of the Carrion Virus. Doctor Octopus pulls a switch which activates the Carrion Virus in all of the clones and causes them to start rapidly decaying. Spider-Woman of Earth-65 escapes with Kaine as the Carrion Virus starts spreading which causes Anna to also be affected. Spider-Man tries to appeal to Ben, but Jackal ignores him and takes over J. Jonah's broadcast to tell the world that they will all die and be reborn. Spider-Man hacks into the Webware Emergency System from Parker Industries and switches it to evoke from every Parker Industries device on the planet, which sends out a large signal that stops some of the other victims from decaying.

Powers and abilities
The creature called Carrion is created when a genetic replicator virus derived from the mutated DNA of Professor Miles Warren comes into contact with a human being. The original Carrion had superhuman strength and durability, and could reduce the density of his body to become virtually intangible. He could disintegrate organic matter to ash just by touching it. He also had the powers of telepathy, self-levitation, and telekinesis of organic matter. Carrion also developed a chemical substance called Red Dust which can either render a victim unconscious, or act as a corrosive acid that can burn through flesh, metal, and other substances. Carrion has access to the scientific equipment used by Miles Warren in his "cloning" experiments.

Malcolm McBride, as Carrion, apparently had access to the same set of powers as the original, but had not yet taken the time to explore and hone his powers to the extent of his predecessor. He had not yet demonstrated the ability to become intangible or use telekinesis, and merely has a sense of intuition bordering on telepathy.

The sentient Carrion virus is able to infect and control victims without altering their bodies, allowing it to hide within them. If allowed to remain in one body long enough, it will be permanently bonded to it. The virus is resilient enough to reform itself after near-destruction. It can assume a bodily form of its own, one which resembles the previous Carrions. In this form, it can create a vapor that, when breathed in, allows him to control minds.

Spider-Man: Heroes & Villains
Malcom McBride appears in Spider-Man: Heroes & Villains.

In other media

 * The Malcolm McBride incarnation of Carrion appears in Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage as an associate of Carnage.
 * Two original incarnations of Carrion, Stanley Carter and his uncle Emory Carter, appear in the novel Spider-Man: Requiem, by Jeff Mariotte.

title: Carrion (comics)


text:
Nebuchadnezzar I

Nebuchadnezzar I, reigned c. 1121–1100 BC, was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled for 22 years according to the Babylonian King List C, and was the most prominent monarch of this dynasty. He is best known for his victory over Elam and the recovery of the cultic idol of Marduk.

Biography
He is unrelated to his later namesake, Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II, who has come to be known by the Hebrew form of his name "Nebuchadnezzar." Consequently, it is anachronistic but not inappropriate to apply this designation retroactively to the earlier king, as he does not make an appearance in the Bible. He is misidentified in the Chronicle Concerning the Reign of Šamaš-šuma-ukin as the brother of Širikti-šuqamuna probably in place of Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I. He succeeded his father, Ninurta-nādin-šumi, and was succeeded in turn by his son Enlil-nādin-apli, brother Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē and then nephew Marduk-šāpik-zēri, the only members of this family known to have reigned during the dynasty.

The Enmeduranki legend, or the Seed of kingship, is a Sumero-Akkadian composition relating his endowment with perfect wisdom (nam-kù-zu) by the god Marduk and his claim to belong to a "distant line of kingship from before the flood" and to be an "offspring of Enmeduranki, king of Sippar." It begins with a lament over preceding events:

"At that time, in the reign of a previous king, conditions changed. Good departed and evil was regular, The lord became angry and got furious. He gave the command and the gods of the land abandoned it […] its people were incited to commit crime. The guardians of peace became furious, and went up to the dome of heaven, the spirit of justice stood aside. …who guards living beings, prostrated the people, they all became like those who have no god. Evil demons filled the land, the namtar-demon […] they penetrated the cult centers. The land diminished, its fortunes changed. The wicked Elamite, who did not hold (the land's) treasures in esteem, […] his battle, his attack was swift. He devastated the habitations, he made them into a ruin, he carried off the gods, he ruined the shrines."

War with Elam
The duration of Nebuchadnezzar's war with Elam and the number of campaigns he conducted are not known, though it is reasonable to believe that this was a protracted effort with diverse strategic considerations. According to a later literary tradition, an invasion of Elam was thwarted when his army was struck by plague and he narrowly escaped death in the stampede to return home. A raid, or šiḫṭu, commemorated in a kudurru created during his reign describes a successful campaign. In this raid he was accompanied by the Kassite chieftain Šitti-Marduk who struck the decisive blow, he was able to overrun Elam in a surprise attack conducted from Dēr during the hottest of the summer months, Dumuzi, when

"the axes (held in the hand) burned like fire and the road-surfaces were scorching like flame. There was no water in the wells and drinking supplies were unavailable. The strength of the powerful horses slackened and the legs of even the strongest man weakened."

According to the kudduru, Nebuchadnezzar routed the Elamite king Ḫulteludiš-Inšušinak on the banks of the river Ulaya in an engagement that saw the dust of the battle darkening the sky. No contemporary or later source records a sack of Susa by Nebuchadnezzar, but according to another kudurru he was able to retrieve the statue of Marduk (here called Bēl) and that of the goddess Il-āliya (DINGIR.URU-ia) during this or another campaign. The campaign destroyed Elam as a power and provided a defining moment for the Babylonians akin to the siege of Troy for the ancient Greeks.

This famous victory was celebrated in hymns, and poetry; and alluded to in the Marduk prophecy. Known as "Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur and Marduk" a poetic document dealing with the legendary story of his recovery of the statue of Marduk; and is one of two hymns glorify his military achievements. It opens with the king in despair, lamenting over the absence of Marduk, "beautiful Babylon pass through your heart, Turn your face toward (your temple) Esagila, which you love!"

The Hymn to Marduk, celebrating victory over the Elamites, is assigned to him rather than Ashurbanipal who had a similar triumph, on stylistic grounds. There is a poetic pseudo-autobiography, which does not actually mention him by name. An interlinear Sumero-Akkadian text describes the events preceding the return of the statue from Elam and its joyous installation in Babylon. A seventh-century astrological report alludes to observations made during his reign and their relationship to his devastation of Elam.

Other conflicts
The Synchronistic History relates his entente cordiale with his contemporary, the Assyrian king Aššur-rēša-iši I, and subsequently the outcome of two military campaigns against the border fortresses of Zanqi and Idi that he conducted in violation of this agreement. The first was curtailed by the arrival of Aššur-rēša-iši's main force, causing Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur to burn his siege engines and flee, while the second resulted in a battle in which the Assyrians apparently triumphed, "slaughtered his troops (and) carried off his camp." It even reports the capture of the Babylonian field marshal, Karaštu.

He is titled as the conqueror of the Amorite lands, "despoiler of the Kassites," in the Šittti-Marduk kudurru, despite the beneficiary being a Kassite chieftain and ally, and having smitten the mighty Lullubû with weapons.

Domestic affairs
His construction activities are memorialized in building inscriptions of the Ekituš-ḫegal-tila, temple of Adad, in Babylon, on bricks from the temple of Enlil in Nippur and appear in the later king Simbar-Šipak's reference to his having built the throne of Enlil for the Ekur-igigal in Nippur. A late Babylonian inventory lists his donations of gold vessels in Ur and Nabonidus, c. 555 to 539 BC, consulted his stele for the ēntu-priestess.

The earliest of three extant economic texts is dated to his eighth year. Together with three kudurrus and a stone memorial tablet, these are the only contemporary commercial or administrative records extant. Apart from the two deeds related to the Elamite campaign, the other kudurru bears witness to a land grant to the nišakku of Nippur, a certain Nudku-ibni. His name appears on four Lorestān bronze daggers and there is a prayer to Marduk on two more. He may be the Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur who is mentioned in the Chronicle of Market Prices which records his ninth year but the context is lost.

Period literature
The Uruk List of Sages and Scholars names Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib as the ummânu, or sage, who served under him and the later king Adad-apla-iddina when he would author the Babylonian Theodicy, and several literary texts are thought to originate from his age, written in both Sumerian and Akkadian.

Lambert has suggested that it was during his reign that Marduk was elevated to the head of the pantheon, displacing Enlil and that the Enûma Eliš was possibly composed, but some historians claim an origin during the earlier Kassite dynasty. A text concerning chemical process (imitations for precious stones) bears a colophon identifying it as a copy of an older Babylonian original but places it in his library.

title: Nebuchadnezzar I


text:
Talk:Odyssey (disambiguation)

Honda Odyssey (dune buggy)
Images of the Honda Odyssey FL350:

title: Talk:Odyssey (disambiguation)


text: User talk:67.130.63.4

title: User talk:67.130.63.4


text:
City Park Stadium

City Park Stadium is a soccer specific-stadium located in New Rochelle, New York. The official name of the stadium is "Skidelsky Field at City Park Stadium". Its main tenant is the Westchester Flames FC soccer club who play in USL League Two, the fourth tier of American soccer. The team plays in the league's Northeast Division. The stadium's capacity is 1,845.

title: City Park Stadium