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Jagatsinghpur district

Jagatsinghpur District is one of the thirty districts of Odisha in the eastern coast of India. It became a new district on 1 April 1993 being separated from Cuttack district with its own headquarter in Jagatsinghpur town. Deltaic and partly littoral; the district of Jagatsinghpur is triangular in shape and small in geographical proportions. It is the smallest district in the state and covers a landmass of 1759 km2. It has a history of its own dating back to the 6th century AD, having contemporaneity with the Prachi valley civilization. Its archaeological remains, navigation network, inland and overseas trade, fabric manufacturing & designing, religious tolerance and epoch-making glorious role in freedom struggle; have a savor of distinctiveness.

The places is predominately recognized due to its existence situating to the close proximity of River Mahanadi and Bay of Bengal heralded many eventual episodes and memorable heritage on the anneals of mankind.

History
Jagatsinghpur, being on the Odisha Coastal Plain, has much of the same history as the rest of Coastal Odisha. It was briefly ruled by the Mauryas: several coins from Mauryan period have been found in the district. Afterwards it formed part of the Chedi kingdom of Kharavela. Although Samudragupta conquered the territory during his extensive conquest, no evidence suggests the later Guptas controlled Jagatsinghpur directly. However Gupta support to Buddhist monasteries in the region has been recorded.

The history of Jagatsinghpur comprises the conglomeration of Hindu, Muslim, Maratha and British realms. The East India Company established their arsenals at Hariharpur in 1600. Understanding of the origin of the name of Jagatsinghpur and its nomenclature mostly depends upon the legends. Legend says the name of Jagatsinghpur (formerly Hariharpur) has come into existence as a revenue village, either in Mughal or Maratha rule after the name of Jagatsingh, the son of Bhagat Singh, an Amildar in Cuttack-Puri Sarkar or Cuttack Chakada since 1786. Bhagat Singh worked as an Amildar either in Mughal or Maratha rule. The Maratha administration kept the place under their jurisdiction and appointed Jagat Singh in 1748 to collect revenue. He collected the Peshkush and Nazrana and remained an unchallenged and uninterrupted administrator for a pretty long period.

As per the report of S.L. Maddo, the Settlement Officer, there was a tradition to name some villages after Amildars of that area. Jagatsinghpur had already become a revenue village before 1877 as per the revenue map of Jagatsinghpur village in 1877–78 Settlement. The said legend is partially tenable because of the total that the administrative unit Amil was introduced by Mughal rule which 4 continued during the Maratha rule also. Prior to Maratha rule the name Jagatsinghpur as a village did not exist. The British navigator Bruton who visited this place in 1633 did not mention Jagatsinghpur in his report. The very same place according to him was Hariharapur, a prosperous village. Hariharpur was an important village before the first half of the seventeenth century and it was declared as a Pragana under Cuttack Chakada during Maratha rule. The then Jagatsinghpur revenue village was not so important to be declared as Pragana or Thana till 1817.

During the Paika Vidroha (Rebellion of Paikas) in 1817, Hariharpur was a Thana. The then Jagatsinghpur became more prominent than Hariharpur for which the British administration renamed Hariharpur Thana as Jagatsinghpur Thana. During Maratha rule both Lala Kruparam Roy, Bada Dewan (Senior Dewan) and Lala Haribansa Roy, Sana Dewan (Junior Dewan) were inhabitants of village Lalasahi Jagatsinghpur and by exercising their power and position they reaffirmed their native village as Jagatsinghpur. Jagatsinghpur established its importance after it became a Thana and then the British rule declared Jagatsinghpur as a Sub-division in 1866 but the status of Sub-division was withdrawn in 1874 on account of low revenue collection. After independence, Jagatsinghpur was once more declared as a Revenue Sub-Division in 1967 and subsequently Jagatsinghpur Sub-Division was declared as an independent revenue district in April 1993 by the State Government.

Consequent to the bifurcation of old Cuttack District into four new districts, the Jagatsinghpur District was created on 1 April 1993. The new district was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister Biju Patnaik in an auspicious ceremony. The foundation stone to the District Collectorate was laid in November 1995 by the then Deputy Chief Minister Basant Kumar Biswal and it was inaugurated in November 1997.

Independence movement
The district had a large contribution to the freedom struggle of the country. It was Gopabandhu Das, the chief animating force, making Congress activities popular in Odisha. From the beginning of his career, he had associated himself with different sessions of the Congress. In 1920, after the special session of the Congress at Kolkata, Gopabandhu decided to carry on Congress programme in Odisha launched by Mahatma Gandhi. The Utkal Provincial Congress Committee was constituted early in 1921 and Gopabandhu became its first president. The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in Cuttack on 23 March 1921 galvanized the Non-cooperation movement. It was Gopabandhu who translated the speeches of Gandhi which prompted the people to join the Non-cooperation movement. Under his leadership, by 30 June 1921, the Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee collected Rs.21000/- for Tilak Swaraj fund and enrolled 39000 Congress members. To carry out Congress programmes and to train workers and volunteers, Alaka Ashram was established in the district in the year 1922. To establish this Ashram, Gopabandhu Chaudhury, Bhagirathi Mahapatra and Pranakrushna Padhiary acted as the chief mobilizing force. It also became the meeting place of young volunteers (Banarsena) and published a weekly „Utkalika‟ edited by Sarala Devi, spreading Congress ideas like boycott of foreign cloth, law court and government institutions etc. The district had its contribution to the Civil Disobedience movement. Gandhiji had started this movement by breaking the salt law on 6 April 1930.

The Salt Satyagraha was a powerful movement in Coastal Odisha. The first batch of Satyagraha, led by Gopabandhu Chaudhury and Acharya Harihar, started for Inchudi from Swaraj Ashram at Cuttack. Kujanga was another important centre of salt Satyagraha. Rama Devi, Malati Devi, Sarala Devi, Rani Bhagyabati Patamahadei and hundreds of women volunteers joined the movement and violated the salt law. The centres of salt Satyagraha in the district were Chatua, Kaliapata, Paradeep, Erasama and Daradia. Apart from the organisation of salt Satyagraha, marches, boycott of foreign cloth, propagation of Khadi, picketing before excise shops and other constructive programmes formed part of the civil disobedience movement. This movement was withdrawn in May 1934. Sarala Devi was the first woman freedom fighter and satyagrahi from Jagatsinghpur in the freedom struggle. On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee in its meeting at Bombay passed the Quit India resolution and gave a call for mass struggle to achieve freedom. Centres of Congress movement like Swaraj Ashram at Cuttack, Bari Ashram at Binjharpur, Alaka Ashram at Jagatsinghpur, Kendupatana Spinning Centre, etc. were declared unlawful. Prominent Congress leaders were taken into custody by 10 August 1942. The Quit India programmes included attack on post offices, police stations, tahasil offices and such other public offices to paralyze the administration and force the British to quit India. Such incidents occurred in the wake of the movements at various places such as Tirtol, Erasama and Jagatsinghpur. It became a forceful movement to make India free. Notable freedom fighter of the district Surendra Nath Dwibedi came to lime light by taking part in the Quit India movement. After years of struggle, finally the country became independent and the district moved forward in the path of modernization and development.

Archaeological Importance
The District Jagatsinghpur, earlier a part of the Cuttack District is rich in archaeological remains. Coins, inscriptions, images and monuments are main historical antiquities known in the district. Silver, punch marked coins have been reported from the district of Cuttack, Puri, Mayurbhanj, Bolangir and Ganjam. A trove comprising 379 silver punch marked coins was discovered from a hillock at Salipur police station and they belong to Maurya period. In 1931–32, imitations of Kushan coins also known as Puri Kushan coins were discovered from undivided Cuttack district. Odisha was not directly ruled by Guptas although a few gold coins of Guptas were found from the state. In the district of Cuttack, an archer type gold coins of Chandragupta-II, was discovered from Lalitgiri. It has the standing figure of the king as an archer, Garuda standard on the obverse and Goddess Laxmi on the reverse. Gold coins weighing 5 to 7 grains, called Ganga fanams have been discovered from Danduasinghpur under Jagatsinghpur police station. These fanams are attributed to the rulers of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. The various symbols on the obverse include a crouching bull, sankha, chakra etc. while on the reverse ankush, kuthara and some numerals.

The religious belief and rituals of the people find expression in the archaeological monuments of the district which includes temples and images of various pantheons. The temples generally follow the Kalingan temple style in having a curvilinear superstructure for the sanctuary and pidha deula, for the frontal porch. The Lingaraj Mahadeva temple near Balia, on the bank of Biluakhai river, is an important specimen of the early series of the temples and can be assigned to the 8th to 9th centuries. The small Rekha temple is Triratha in plan and has Mahisamardini as one of the Parsvadevatas. The Singhnath Siva temple in an islet of the Mahanadi at Singhnath is the most important Siva temple of the 9th century A.D. The Amangai temple in another island of the Mahanadi near Kandarpur is now in ruins. Its pyramidal Jagmohan seems to be a later addition, but the Deula, pancharatha in plan, is a developed specimen of the Kalingan style. Sathalpur in Jagatsighpur sub-division had a temple for Saptamatruka and the images still exist there. Buddhist images of the district hail from Tarapur and Paradeep garh. The image of Lokeswar at Paradeepgarh, worshipped as Bisnu-Lokanath, is a unique temple of Gajaprustha style.

The department of State Archaeology was set up in 1965. Dr. Nabin Kumar Sahu, an eminent historian had made an initial attempt to make a survey of many important archaeological sites in the district and later Sri P.K. Ray, Superintendent, State Museum had identified 19 old monuments which are still maintained by the State Government. With the grant made available from the 10th and 11th Financial Commission, Sri B.K. Rath, Superintendent, State Archives in his recent survey (2005–2006) has found out a number of monuments in the blocks of Kujang, Balikuda, Naugaon, Tirtol, Jagatsinghpur, Raghunathpur and Biridi which belong to the 7 th century and post 7th century AD. This indicates that a civilization had flourished in this track around 4th and 5th century AD along with the Prachy Civilization on the southern side of the river Devi. Though there has been no excavation so far in this district, old sculptures and archaeological remains are available in plenty in the Lingaraj Temple, Balia; Kundeshwara and Sathalapur, Kosthi, Dhanisho, Kantara, Nasik, Paradeep Garh, Somanatha temple of Chatra, Tirthamatha of Tanra and Nandigram of Naugaon.

Sculptural depictions of Jain Tirthankaras, particularly of Rishabhnath and Parshwanath are found in Nasik (in the temple premises of Khandeswar), Manapur-Gadama (in Raghunathpur Block), Nuadhana in Biridi Block, Sahada (in the temple of Suvarneswara) and in Sujang in the temple of Dhabaleswara. All Tirthankara images found in Jagatsinghpur district are in Kayotsarga Mudra and they probably belong to the 9th −10th century AD. Though no Buddhist Chaitya, Stupa or Vihara have been discovered in this district, a plenty of Buddhist archaeological remains have been traced by various scholars over ages. Dr. Nabin Kumar Sahoo and Professor Donaldson have made an extensive study on the Buddhist images found in Tarapur, Balia, Kamalapur, Baredia, Nasik, Kalyanpur, Dihasahi, Kundeshwar, Kaduapada, Tanra, Paradeep Garh, Mudupur and Marichipur. The four stone sculptures preserved in a newly built temple in Tarapur have been identified as the Buddha in Bhumisparsha mudra, the eight-armed Marichi, Manjubara Manjushree and the last image is goddess Prajna Paramita. In the Bhagavati temple of Balia we find Tara's image. In Kamalapur village there is a five-headed Oddiyana Marichi, cutely standing on a chariot drawn by seven swines. In Kaduapada village we also find another Marichi image. She is eight-armed and is being driven on a chariot by seven swines. In Paradeep Garh we find two temples. In the Pareshwara temple in the northern niche there is Avalokiteshwara Padmapani. The Lokeswara Temple in Paradeep Garh has drawn the attention of many scholars. The sanctum sanctorum has been built following the Buddhist temple architectural plan. It is Gajaprustha as it resembles the back and rear portion of an elephant. This architectural representation is unique in India. The Lokeswara image enshrined in the sanctum sanctorum is four-armed. Buddhist Lokeswara holding a string of beads, a water pitcher and a stump of lotus and the fourth hand showering blessings. Probably this temple belongs to the 8th −9 th century AD. The above narration is merely a brief introduction to the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments in the district of Jagatsinghpur. A panoramic picture is available in the 1st volume of "Jagatsinghpur: Atita O’ Barttamana", compiled by Dr. Bholanath Rout (2006).

Geography
Jagatsinghpur is situated on an elevation of 15 meters (49 feet). It is the smallest district in the state and covers a landmass of 1759 km2. The place lies between 8603' to 86045' East Longitude and between 19058' to 20023' North latitude. It is predominantly recognized due to its triangular geographical propinquity with the Prachi valley in the south and that of Chitrotpala in the north and is surrounded by the districts of Kendrapara in north, Cuttack in west, Puri in south and Bay of Bengal in East. It enjoys a temperate climate. Winter is cold, while summer is hot and humid. Four major rivers of Odisha irrigate the mainland of Jagatsinghpur. These are the Mahanadi, Kathajodi, Devi and Biluakhai. The district is prone to cyclonic rainfalls during the monsoons. The cyclone of 1999 caused maximum damage in this district. Mahanadi is the longest river in Jagatsinghpur and Alaka, Biluakhai, Hansua, Devi and Paika are among the major rivers which pass through the district. Two main canals are Taladanda & Machhagaon which are chief sources of flow irrigation. Taladanda canal (ତାଳଦଣ୍ଡା କେନାଲ୍) is the longest and largest canal in Odisha. Dug up by the British in 1869, it ran parallel alongside Mahanadi river in Cuttack and dropped in the bay of Bengal in Paradeep. The 85 km long canal was the lifeline of all the adjoining areas like Jagatsinghpur, Chandbali, Jatni and helped the farmers of these areas immensely. The work of the canal was started by Sir Thomas Edward Ravenshaw, then commissioner of Cuttack, the founder of Ravenshaw College and the most loved Britisher in Odisha.

Divisions
This district was subdivided into 8 Tehsils, they are Jagatsinghpur, Kujang, Tirtol, Balikuda, Biridi, Naugaon, Ersama and Raghunathpur. The last four are new tehsils created in 2008 and it is also divided into 8 blocks, 8 Tahasils, 1,321 Revenue Villages, 76 R.I. Circles, 194 Gram Panchayats, 1320 villages, 13 Police stations and two Municipalities functioning in the District.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Jagatsinghpur district has a population of 1,136,971, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 410th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 682 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was only 7.5%. Jagatsinghapur has a sex ratio of 968 females for every 1000 males, and an average literacy of 86.59%: 92.38 percent male literacy and 80.6 percent female literacy. 10.20% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 21.83% and 0.69% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 92.32% of the population in the district spoke Odia, 3.71% Urdu and 2.44% Bengali as their first language.

Culture
Jagatsinghpur is also known for the Sarala Temple and is known as the cultural heart of Odisha. Sarala Das was a 15th-century poet and scholar of Odia literature, best known for three Odia books — Mahabharata, Vilanka Ramayana and Chandi Purana was born at Kanakavati Patana, known as Kanakapura, one of the Sidhikshetras in Jagatsinghpur district. As an originator of Odia literature, his work has formed an enduring source of information for succeeding generations. The district also has theatre groups which keep the old tradition of live acting before a crowd. The groups have become the part of mainstream entertainment for people all over Odisha. Parbati Gannatya, Benirampur opera, Gouri Gananatya, Tulasi Gananatya, Durgashree Gananatya, Tarapur Opera and Trinath Gananatya are some of the local theatre groups of Jagatsinghpur district attuned the opera culture.

The Kalinga Baliyatra, the Boitabandan utsav at Paradeep and Chelitola awaken our glorious maritime invincibility of the remote past. Dasahera, Ganesh Puja, Makar Mela, Zilla Mahotsav, Book fair, buttressed the cultural memory that is inherent in our local and Folk culture

Climate and rainfall
The climate is hot in summer and high humidity almost round the year and good annual rainfall is the main feature of this district. The average annual rainfall of the district is about 1514.6 mm. The maximum and minimum temperature is 38 degree C and 12 degree C respectively. About 80–83% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon period. The average rainy days are about 72 in the district. The rainfall is largely due to southwest monsoon. The district's rainfall is mainly erratic, uneven and long dry spell causes agricultural drought. The monthly relative humidity in the district varies from 62% in April–May to 83% in August. The RH reaches as high as 93% and often above 80% in monsoon period.

Economy
The economy of the Jagatsinghpur district is dependent on agriculture, the main occupation of bulk of the population. 70 percent of the total population depends upon agriculture and agro–based productions. The key crops of the district are paddy, sugarcane, turmeric, cotton and jute. Processing, manufacturing, repairing and fisheries industries also contribute towards the economic development. Jagatsinghpur is a leading district of the state in terms of industrialization. It is having 120 secondary industries, 5 cottage industries, 603 nos. of Handloom industries, 9 large / medium scale industries and a few in the process of installation in the district. Paradip, a modern deep water port, was built here in the 1960s and has now become a hot business destination due to the large foreign direct investment. The port town of the district has already emerged as one of the country's major investment hot spot by attracting investment in excess of the tune of 3.5 lakhs crores (US$68.84 billion) including the Rs 2,74,134 crore Petroleum Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR) which has spread over 284 km2 in the area. IOC has already installed a 15 million tonnes per year refinery cum petrochemical complex at Paradip. Indian Railways has also taken up the Paradeep-Haridaspur 82 km broad gauge line to boost the infrastructure in the region. Up-gradation of NH-5(A) is also going on in a very fast rate. A new all green field road will also be built from Bhubaneswar to Paradip.

The skilled and professional classes occupies prominent places adding stupendous economic strength for the growing viability when industrial rapacity had not culminated in the economic horizon of Odisha. Economically it is a self sufficient state gearing economic evolution of the nation.

For the year 2017–18, a total of Rs. 38720.87 lakhs is proposed for the district under central plan, centrally sponsored plan and State plan. 62% of the plan outlays may come from State budget which includes State Plan and State Share of CSP including flagship programs like RKVY, MGNREGS, GGY, IAY etc. and the remaining, 38% will be available as Central Share [CS] of CSP and Central Plan [CP].

Education
The district has a total number of 1456 primary schools, 661 Upper primary schools and 324 Secondary schools. In addition to these the district has 35 Junior colleges and 18 Degree colleges. The prominent among them is the SVM Autonomous College. This was established in the year 1963. It offers undergraduate courses in Arts, Science and Commerce and undergraduate Self Financial Courses such as BBA & BCA. Other notable educational institutes of the District are S.K.Academy School, Adikabi Sarala Das Mahavidyalaya, Tirtol, Sidha Baranga Junior College of Education and Technology, Punanga, Tulasi GadiBramha Women's College, Kaduapada, Biju Patnaik (Junior) College Ashrampatna, Paradeep College Paradeep, Government Polytechnic, Balikuda College, Alaka Mahabidyalaya, Swagatika College of Science and Education Jagatsinghpur.

Health
The district has one district headquarter hospital, 17 homeopathic hospitals, 9 Community Health Centers, 37 P.H.Cs, and 12 Ayurveda Dispensaries. There are 268 beds in all 20 hospitals and 8 ICDS project is operating in the district. As per the Odisha Human Development Report 2004, Jagatsinghpur occupied 19th rank in Human Development Index, 3rd rank in Infrastructural Development Index(2000–2001) and 4th rank in development of health infrastructure during 1999–2000.

Animal husbandry
The district has 12 Veterinary Dispensaries and 92 Live Stock Aid Centers and 102 Artificial Insemination Centers in the district. Over the years the milk production of the district increased reasonably up to 101 thousand MT, where egg and meat production 35.77 lakhs, 2808.38 MT respectively.

Financial Institutions
The district has 19 nationalized banks and 7 private banks having 88 branches out of which 42 branches are operating in rural areas and 46 operating in semi-urban areas. Besides these banks, 12 Cooperative Bank and CARD bank branches are operating in the district.

Transportation
It has 10.40 km of National/Express Highway, 133 km of State Highway, 41 km of MDRs, 225.90 km of ODRs, 1570 km of GP roads, 808 km of PS roads and 736.04 km rural roads. The railway line from Cuttack links Paradip covering 68.12 km of Broad Gauge line with 9 railway stations. The nearest railway station from Jagatsinghpur town is Gorakhnath Railway Station which is about 10 km from Jagatsinghpur. Train service is not frequent, it is better to go by road. Nearest airport is Biju Patnaik International Airport at Bhubaneswar which is about 70 km from Jagatsinghpur. Charter air service from Biju Patnaik International Airport to Paradip is provided by Pawan Hans. Jagatsinghpur is well connected with other cities via road. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India has decided to link Jagatsinghpur with a new national highway. There is frequent bus services to Jagatsinghpur form Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Paradip, Machhagaon, Naugaon, Naharana, Baharana, Tandikul, Katara, Sidhala, Rourkela, Puri, Kakatapur, Balasore, Bhadrak and all other important cities in Odisha. Jagatsinghpur is situated 40 km from Cuttack and 60 km from Bhubaneswar.

Places to visit

 * Sarala Pitha (Jhankad):Jhankad is the sanctum sanctorum of Goddess Sarala, regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism. Believed as a synthesis of divine figure of Durga and Saraswati, the culture of Sarala is an amalgamation of three principal Hindu cults namely Vedic, Tantrik and Vaishnavite. It is one of the eight most famous Shakta shrines of Odisha. It is also associated with the first epic poet of Odisha, Adikabi Sarala Dasa of the 15th century AD.
 * Gorakhnath Temple: Gorakhnath Temple is one of several Lord Shiva Shrines in Odisha.
 * Paradip Port: It is a major sea port of India for trade activities. The sea, beach, marine drive, creeks, estuaries and forests of estuarine islands of the river Mahanadi, make the place a tourist attraction.
 * Sri Sidha Khaiphuta Bata Mahapurusha Pitha : It is Located 10 km from tirtol at Village Derakana'''
 * Gada Kujanga: Known for its presiding deity Kunja Behari, Garh Kujanga is also known as Subhadra Kshetra, The Raghunath Jew Matha located near the temple of Kunja Behari is an added attraction of this place.
 * Chandapur: At the end of the Village Mahilo in a typical rural atmosphere, the temple complex of Lord Raghunath Jew and Lord Chandrasekhar stands around 30 years back. One can find a rare combination of Sri Ram known as Raghunath Jew and Lord Siva known as Chandrasekhar in a single compound.
 * Jagatsinghpur: Alaka Ashram, better known as the Shabarmati of Odisha is located here. Temples, beaches and sculptures of historic importance are the major drivers behind tourist influx to Jagatsinghpur.
 * The Somanath temple has a Shiva Shrine. The Shiva Linga was placed by Sri Muchukunda Swami and hence the image is popularly called as Muchukunda Somanath.
 * Salajanga Ashram, which is nearly 7 km from Naugaon hat.
 * Siali beach is about 20 km from Balikuda block is the most attracting beach of Jagatsinghpur district. It is a common picnic spot.
 * Tulasi Gadi Ashram temple which is at Dhiasahi, approx 6 km from Jagatsinghpur towards Balikuda is another place of attraction for public or family parties.
 * Jagannath temple in Ambasal (approximately 2 km from Balikuda Block) is considered as one of the oldest temples.
 * Kunja Bihari Temple in Sadeipur which is about 9 km from Jagatsinghpur.
 * Sidha Baranga Pitha is located at Punanga, just 2 km from Jagatsinghpur town. It is a temple of Lord Jagannath and Lord Hanuman.
 * Astasanmbhu Siva Temple is located at Hajipur village.
 * Dhyankud Jagannath Temple is located at Hajipur village. On the bank of Biluakhai River.
 * Mahabeer pitha is located at Nuagan, Balitutha. Near jatadhar Muhan.
 * Dhalatangada forest division is located near Chhapada railway station. There are deer, rabbits, and other animals here.
 * Bandara is a place where Devi river meets Bay of Bengal & Bandarei temple near the river coast.
 * Siddheswor temple Bachhalo which is nearly 4 km from Naugaon,

Vidhan sabha constituencies
The following is the 4 Vidhan sabha constituencies of Jagatsinghpur district and the elected members of those places.

Notable people
The district, smallest in size among the 30 districts in Odisha, has been home to several notable people:
 * Jyotirmayee Dash - Academician, Scientist & Chemist
 * Prana Krushna Parija – botanist
 * Amitav Acharya-American Academist
 * Hon’ble (Retd) Judge of the Supreme Court of India Arjit Pasayat.
 * Sarala Das-Father of Odia literature & one of the Panchasakhas
 * Gopal Chhotray-playwright & pioneer of modern Odia theatre,
 * Pratibha Ray-writer & winner of Jnanpith Award
 * Bibhuti Patnaik- Odia novelist
 * Devdas Chhotray-1st vice-chancellor of Ravenshaw University
 * Nabakrushna Choudhuri-Ex CM of Odisha
 * Ramadevi Choudhury-Freedom fighter
 * Malati Choudhury-Civil rights activist
 * Nityanand Kanungo-politician,
 * Annapurna Moharana-Independence & women's right activist
 * Sarala Devi-Feminist & social activist
 * Debasis Mohanty-Indian Cricketer
 * Dukhiram Swain-Odia actor
 * Akshaya Mohanty-Odia musician
 * Brahmananda Panda-Ex MP
 * Akshay Parija-Odia film maker & an alumnus of Harvard Business School
 * Jasobanta Dasa-One of the Panchasakhas
 * Achyuta Samanta- Educationist & MP
 * Gopabandhu Choudhuri-Freedom Fighter

title: Jagatsinghpur district


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John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny

Lieutenant Colonel John Henry Guy Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny, (8 November 1914 – 23 February 2000) was a British peer.

Biography
The eldest son of the 4th Marquess of Abergavenny, Lord Abergavenny was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.

In 1936, he became an officer in the service of the Life Guards and fought in the Second World War, was invested as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1945, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1946.

On 4 January 1938, he married (Mary) Patricia Harrison, by whom he had five children:
 * Lady Anne Patricia Nevill (b. 25 October 1938), married Captain Martin Whiteley and had issue.
 * Lady Vivienne Margaret Nevill (15 February 1941 – 10 September 2018), married Alan Lillingston and had issue.
 * Lady Jane Elizabeth Nevill (1944–1946), died in infancy.
 * Henry John Montague Nevill, Earl of Lewes (1948–1965), educated at Eton, died without issue.
 * Lady Rose Nevill (b. 15 July 1950); a bridesmaid at the wedding of Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones. Lady Rose married George Clowes and had issue.

Lord Abergavenny was an Honorary Colonel of the Kent Yeomanry 1949–1961, and of the Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) 1961–1962. He was a member of East Sussex County Council between 1947 and 1954 and County Alderman for East Sussex between 1954 and 1962. He was also Deputy Lieutenant of Sussex in 1955, Vice-Lieutenant of Sussex between 1970 and 1974 and later the first Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex from 1974 to 1989.

Aside from his army and political career, Lord Abergavenny was also a Director of Massey Ferguson between 1955 and 1985; a Director of Lloyds Bank between 1962 and 1985; Chairman of Lloyds Bank South-East Regional Board between 1962 and 1985; and a Director of Whitbread Investment.

Lord Abergavenny became a Knight of St John in 1976, a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter in 1974, and was Chancellor of that Order between 1977 and 1994. In 1986, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Sussex.

Abergavenny was also involved in horse racing. He rode in steeplechases between 1935 and 1939, and was elected to the National Hunt Committee in 1942, acting as a steward from 1948 to 1950, 1952–54 and 1960–62. He became a member of the Jockey Club in 1950 and vice-chairman of the Turf Board in 1967. He was also a director of both Cheltenham and Fontwell Racecourses. He served as a Trustee to the Ascot Authority in 1952 and became the Queen's representative at Ascot. His racing colours were scarlet with white cross-belts.

Death
Lord Abergavenny died in 2000, aged 85. As he had no surviving male children, he was succeeded by his nephew, Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Exploration geophysics

Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics and economic geology, which uses physical methods at the surface of the Earth, such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic, to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties. It is most often used to detect or infer the presence and position of economically useful geological deposits, such as ore minerals; fossil fuels and other hydrocarbons; geothermal reservoirs; and groundwater reservoirs. It can also be used to detect the presence of unexploded ordnance.

Exploration geophysics can be used to directly detect the target style of mineralization by measuring its physical properties directly. For example, one may measure the density contrasts between the dense iron ore and the lighter silicate host rock, or one may measure the electrical conductivity contrast between conductive sulfide minerals and the resistive silicate host rock.

Geophysical methods
The main techniques used are:

 * 1) Seismic tomography to locate earthquakes and assist in Seismology.
 * 2) Reflection seismology and seismic refraction to map the surface structure of a region.
 * 3) Geodesy and gravity techniques, including gravity gradiometry.
 * 4) Magnetic techniques, including aeromagnetic surveys to map magnetic anomalies.
 * 5) Electrical techniques, including electrical resistivity tomography and induced polarization.
 * 6) Electromagnetic methods, such as magnetotellurics, ground penetrating radar, transient/time-domain electromagnetics, and SNMR.
 * 7) Borehole geophysics, also called well logging.
 * 8) Remote sensing techniques, including hyperspectral imaging.

Many other techniques, or methods of integration of the above techniques, have been developed and are currently used. However these are not as common due to cost-effectiveness, wide applicability, and/or uncertainty in the results produced.

Uses
Exploration geophysics is also used to map the subsurface structure of a region, to elucidate the underlying structures, to recognize spatial distribution of rock units, and to detect structures such as faults, folds and intrusive rocks. This is an indirect method for assessing the likelihood of ore deposits or hydrocarbon accumulations.

Methods devised for finding mineral or hydrocarbon deposits can also be used in other areas such as monitoring environmental impact, imaging subsurface archaeological sites, ground water investigations, subsurface salinity mapping, civil engineering site investigations, and interplanetary imaging.

Mineral exploration
Magnetometric surveys can be useful in defining magnetic anomalies which represent ore (direct detection), or in some cases gangue minerals associated with ore deposits (indirect or inferential detection).

The most direct method of detection of ore via magnetism involves detecting iron ore mineralization via mapping magnetic anomalies associated with banded iron formations which usually contain magnetite in some proportion. Skarn mineralization, which often contains magnetite, can also be detected though the ore minerals themselves would be non-magnetic. Similarly, magnetite, hematite, and often pyrrhotite are common minerals associated with hydrothermal alteration, which can be detected to provide an inference that some mineralizing hydrothermal event has affected the rocks.

Gravity surveying can be used to detect dense bodies of rocks within host formations of less dense wall rocks. This can be used to directly detect Mississippi Valley Type ore deposits, IOCG ore deposits, iron ore deposits, skarn deposits, and salt diapirs which can form oil and gas traps.

Electromagnetic (EM) surveys can be used to help detect a wide variety of mineral deposits, especially base metal sulphides via detection of conductivity anomalies which can be generated around sulphide bodies in the subsurface. EM surveys are also used in diamond exploration (where the kimberlite pipes tend to have lower resistance than enclosing rocks), graphite exploration, palaeochannel-hosted uranium deposits (which are associated with shallow aquifers, which often respond to EM surveys in a conductive overburden). These are indirect inferential methods of detecting mineralization, as the commodity being sought is not directly conductive, or not sufficiently conductive to be measurable. EM surveys are also used in unexploded ordnance, archaeological, and geotechnical investigations.

Regional EM surveys are conducted via airborne methods, using either fixed-wing aircraft or helicopter-borne EM rigs. Surface EM methods are based mostly on Transient EM methods using surface loops with a surface receiver, or a downhole tool lowered into a borehole which transects a body of mineralization. These methods can map out sulphide bodies within the earth in three dimensions, and provide information to geologists to direct further exploratory drilling on known mineralization. Surface loop surveys are rarely used for regional exploration, however in some cases such surveys can be used with success (e.g.; SQUID surveys for nickel ore bodies).

Electric-resistance methods such as induced polarization methods can be useful for directly detecting sulfide bodies, coal, and resistive rocks such as salt and carbonates.

Seismic methods can also be used for mineral exploration, since they can provide high-resolution images of geologic structures hosting mineral deposits. It is not just surface seismic surveys which are used, but also borehole seismic methods. All in all, the usage of seismic methods for mineral exploration is steadily increasing.

Hydrocarbon exploration
Seismic reflection and refraction techniques are the most widely used geophysical technique in hydrocarbon exploration. They are used to map the subsurface distribution of stratigraphy and its structure which can be used to delineate potential hydrocarbon accumulations, both stratigraphic and structural deposits or "traps". Well logging is another widely used technique as it provides necessary high resolution information about rock and fluid properties in a vertical section, although they are limited in areal extent. This limitation in areal extent is the reason why seismic reflection techniques are so popular; they provide a method for interpolating and extrapolating well log information over a much larger area.

Gravity and magnetics are also used, with considerable frequency, in oil and gas exploration. These can be used to determine the geometry and depth of covered geological structures including uplifts, subsiding basins, faults, folds, igneous intrusions, and salt diapirs due to their unique density and magnetic susceptibility signatures compared to the surrounding rocks; the latter is particularly useful for metallic ores.

Remote sensing techniques, specifically hyperspectral imaging, have been used to detect hydrocarbon microseepages using the spectral signature of geochemically altered soils and vegetation.

Specifically at sea, two methods are used: marine seismic reflection and electromagnetic seabed logging (SBL). Marine magnetotellurics (mMT), or marine Controlled Source Electro-Magnetics (mCSEM), can provide pseudo-direct detection of hydrocarbons by detecting resistivity changes over geological traps (signalled by seismic surveys).

Ground penetrating radar
Ground penetrating radar is a non-invasive technique, and is used within civil construction and engineering for a variety of uses, including detection of utilities (buried water, gas, sewerage, electrical and telecommunication cables), mapping of soft soils, overburden for geotechnical characterization, and other similar uses.

Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves
The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is another non-invasive technique, which is widely used in practice to detect the shear wave velocity profile of the soil. The SASW method relies on the dispersive nature of Raleigh waves in layered media, i.e., the wave-velocity depends on the load's frequency. A material profile, based on the SASW method, is thus obtained according to: a) constructing an experimental dispersion curve, by performing field experiments, each time using a different loading frequency, and measuring the surface wave-speed for each frequency; b) constructing a theoretical dispersion curve, by assuming a trial distribution for the material properties of a layered profile; c) varying the material properties of the layered profile, and repeating the previous step, until a match between the experimental dispersion curve, and the theoretical dispersion curve is attained. The SASW method renders a layered (one-dimensional) shear wave velocity profile for the soil.

Full waveform inversion
Full-waveform-inversion (FWI) methods are among the most recent techniques for geotechnical site characterization, and are still under continuous development. The method is fairly general, and is capable of imaging the arbitrarily heterogeneous compressional and shear wave velocity profiles of the soil.

Elastic waves are used to probe the site under investigation, by placing seismic vibrators on the ground surface. These waves propagate through the soil, and due to the heterogeneous geological structure of the site under investigation, multiple reflections and refractions occur. The response of the site to the seismic vibrator is measured by sensors (geophones), also placed on the ground surface. Two key-components are required for the profiling based on full-waveform inversion. These components are: a) a computer model for the simulation of elastic waves in semi-infinite domains; and b) an optimization framework, through which the computed response is matched to the measured response by iteratively updating an initially assumed material distribution for the soil.

Other techniques
Civil engineering can also use remote sensing information for topographical mapping, planning, and environmental impact assessment. Airborne electromagnetic surveys are also used to characterize soft sediments in planning and engineering roads, dams, and other structures.

Magnetotellurics has proven useful for delineating groundwater reservoirs, mapping faults around areas where hazardous substances are stored (e.g. nuclear power stations and nuclear waste storage facilities), and earthquake precursor monitoring in areas with major structures such as hydro-electric dams subject to high levels of seismic activity.

BS 5930 is the standard used in the UK as a code of practice for site investigations.

Archaeology
Ground penetrating radar can be used to map buried artifacts, such as graves, mortuaries, wreck sites, and other shallowly buried archaeological sites.

Ground magnetometric surveys can be used for detecting buried ferrous metals, useful in surveying shipwrecks, modern battlefields strewn with metal debris, and even subtle disturbances such as large-scale ancient ruins.

Sonar systems can be used to detect shipwrecks. Active sonar systems emit sound pulses into the water which then bounce off of objects and are returned to the sonar transducer. The sonar transducer is able to determine both the range and orientation of an underwater object by measuring the amount of time between the release of the sound pulse and its returned reception. Passive sonar systems are used to detect noises from marine objects or animals. This system does not emit sound pulses itself but instead focuses on sound detection from marine sources. This system simply 'listens' to the ocean, rather than measuring the range or orientation of an object.

Forensics
Ground penetrating radar can be used to detect grave sites. This detection is of both legal and cultural importance, providing an opportunity for affected families to pursue justice through legal punishment of those responsible and to experience closure over the loss of a loved one.

Unexploded ordnance detection
Unexploded ordnance (or UXO) refers to the dysfunction or non-explosion of military explosives. Examples of these include, but are not limited to: bombs, flares, and grenades. It is important to be able to locate and contain unexploded ordnance to avoid injuries, and even possible death, to those who may come in contact with them.

The issue of unexploded ordnance originated as a result of the Crimean War (1853-1856). Before this, most unexploded ordnance was locally contained in smaller volumes, and was thus not a huge public issue. However, with the introduction of more widespread warfare, these quantities increased and were thus easy to lose track of and contain. According to Hooper & Hambric in their piece Unexploded Ordnance (UXO): The Problem, if we are unable to move away from war in the context of conflict resolution, this problem will only continue to get worse and will likely take more than a century to resolve.

Since our global method of conflict resolution banks on warfare, we must be able to rely on specific practices to detect this unexploded ordnance, such as magnetic and electromagnetic surveys. By looking at differences in magnetic susceptibility and/or electrical conductivity in relation to the unexploded ordnance and the surrounding geology (soil, rock, etc.), we are able to detect and contain unexploded ordnance.

title: Exploration geophysics


text:
User talk:JoelEisenberg

Joel Eisenberg, President of Topos Books, is best none for his motivational book line for creative artists, the 'Aunt Bessie' series. Inaugurated in 2005 with “Aunt Bessie’s How to Survive a Day Job While Pursuing the Creative Life,” celebrity collaborators included Clive Barker, Brad Meltzer, Stuart Woods, Nancy Tellem, Larry Hagman and other all-stars, who exposed their strategies of living the dream life without starving to death. What struggling creative artist cannot identify with Joel Eisenberg? He was once a full-time underpaid wage slave. And, a full-time writer with a no-holds-barred work ethic … yet only sporadic success. Newly married, the bills were mounting. Sleep became a gift; he still had to write for hours after the job to meet his professional goals. He was burning out, and the screenwriting assignments were slowing to a crawl. How could he possibly offer his new wife financial security? On the other hand, writing was such an overwhelming passion that the stress of plodding away at yet another unrelated day job was playing havoc with both his relationship and his health.

Between award-winning independent film gigs, Joel has held nearly 100 unrelated day jobs (a.k.a. dirty little secrets) in his colorful career. In a town where image is everything, however, they have never before appeared on a formal bio. Until now: Assistant to a bounty hunter. Produce manager at a Brooklyn supermarket. Launderer for a mental hospital. Telemarketer and door-to-door salesman. Teacher of severely emotionally disturbed students. Warehouse supervisor. Stockboy. All the while, Joel honed his craft ...

Taking a year and a half off to regroup, Joel sent blind emails to the official websites of many of his favorite authors and celebrities. What ensued was unprecedented. Best-selling novelists Clive Barker, Brad Meltzer, Laurell K. Hamilton, Richard Paul Evans, Douglas Preston, Andrei Codrescu, Jonathan Kirsch, Thomas Perry, Carolyn See, Lisa See, Father Andrew Greeley, Alan Dean Foster, Stuart Woods and Kelly Lange, President of CBS Entertainment Nancy Tellum, actors Sally Kirkland, Dee Wallace Stone, Elya Baskin, Robert Hayes and David Hess, TV icons Jamie Farr, Wink Martindale, Mike Conners and Larry Hagman, producers Stephen J. Cannell, Bob Kosberg, Bob Kiviat, Gene Perret and Russ Streiner, legendary director Robert Wise, ESPN commentator Bill Pidto, former World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Larry Holmes and many others all graciously contributed to Joel's first book: "Aunt Bessie's How to Survive a Day Job While Pursuing the Creative Life."

A burgeoning publishing empire ensued (Topos Books), as did innumerable new feature film and book opportunities.

Joel speaks to students as a career coach, and firmly believes outside passions must be acknowledged in the workplace. To that end, he also offers his speaking services to disgruntled employers, in a program entitled, “You’re Too Smart to Go Down Stupid: Overcoming Employee Apathy.”

title: User talk:JoelEisenberg


text:
Sheep on Drugs

Sheep on Drugs are a British techno/industrial music group, formed by Duncan X (a.k.a. King Duncan) (vocals) and Lee Fraser (a.k.a. Dead Lee) (guitar/keyboards), and currently composed of Fraser and Johnny Borden (vocals/keyboards).

Biography
Duncan and Fraser met in 1988 and conceived of Sheep On Drugs while ruminating on the potential direction of the burgeoning acid house scene of the late 1980s. Fraser had played various instruments in bands since he was 14 and had experimented with sampling prior to meeting Duncan, but together they were inspired to create electronic music with a more energetic stage presence.

Originally classified as part of the rave movement, the duo emerged in the early 1990s with a string of singles, including "Catch 22", "Motorbike", "15 Minutes of Fame" and "Track X" (later covered by Grace Jones as "Sex Drive"). "15 Minutes of Fame" reached the lower reaches of the UK Singles Chart. "From A to H and Back Again" spent 12 weeks on the CMJ RPM Charts, peaking at #4, and hit #40 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their Gareth Jones-produced debut album, Greatest Hits, was released on Island Records in 1993 to some acclaim from the UK music press and a peak position of 55 on the UK Albums Chart. However, with their Grand Guignol style stage shows, and a musical mixture of sleazy rock, hard techno and punk nihilism, SoD found themselves pigeonholed as an industrial band. Their 1994 follow-up album, ...On Drugs was a commercial and critical disappointment.

"For the 'On Drugs' album, it was basically me and Duncan locked in a room, with no guidance about what direction we were to take it in, no producer. Markus Dravs, who did the production for that album, he's a brilliant artist in his own right, but he wasn't the producer we needed. He was just brought into the studio to mix, it wasn't like he was an active part of the team, so they fucked that up. So, no wonder the second album wasn't as commercial as they were expecting, because they didn't give us any guidance" according to Lee.

After being dropped by Island, the band released two EPs: Suck in 1994 and Strapped for Cash in 1995 on the band's own label, The Drug Squad. The band was then signed to Martin Atkins' Invisible Records and headed to the United States. With Invisible, they released the two EPs as Double Trouble in 1996, their third studio album, One for the Money and a remix collection, Never Mind the Methadone in 1997, and a live recording, Two for the Show in 1998. By this time, they had tired of their situation in the States and were unsatisfied with Invisible. Frontman Duncan X departed Sheep on Drugs shortly afterwards to become a professional tattooist (though he does perform live with the band on rare occasions). Fraser continued his relationship with Invisible Records, releasing two more albums as "Bagman", and was briefly a member of Atkins' bands Pigface and The Damage Manual, usually under the moniker "Lee 303". Fraser revived the group in 2002, with himself as the frontman, and released a new album, F**K, on Invisible in 2005. Sheep on Drugs toured as an opening act on Pigface's 2005 Free for All tour and featured additional member, Skot Diablo on keyboards. A best-of compilation album called Best of a Bad Bunch was released in 2006.

After the release of F**K, Lee Fraser met and began working with Johnny Borden, herself a singer and musician working within similar circles. Johnny was soon brought on board as Lee's partner in Sheep on Drugs' new 21st century incarnation and they began gigging, developing new material which was released on their new album Medication Time (released digitally on 6 December 2010). The album was to be released by a French record label on physical CDs in 2011 to accompany a tour in February.

Club Meds, an album of remixes of tracks from Medication Time, followed in 2012. Borden and Fraser continued to perform live until their self-released album Does Dark Matter on vinyl and download formats in 2019. This album sees an orthogonal shift in Sheep On Drugs' sound with melodic and dub sounds. A cassette EP of remixes, 2 light 2 dark, followed in late 2019. During lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic, Borden and Fraser managed to release a single, "Moonlight Man".

Albums

 * Greatest Hits (Island, 1993)
 * ...On Drugs (Island, 1994)
 * Double Trouble (Invisible, 1996) - compilation and re-release of Drug Squad EPs.
 * One for the Money (Invisible, 1997)
 * Never Mind the Methadone (Invisible, 1997) - remixes
 * Two for the Show (Invisible, 1998) - live
 * F**K (Invisible, 2005)
 * Best of a Bad Bunch (Underground, Inc., 2006) - compilation and remixes
 * Medication Time (digital, 2010)
 * Club Meds (Real Recordings, 2012)
 *  Does Dark Matter (Sheep on Drugs, 2019)

EPs

 * From A to H and Back Again (Smash/Island, 1994)
 * Strapped for Cash (Drug Squad, 1995)
 * Suck (Drug Squad, 1995)
 * 2 Light 2 Dark {Sheep on Drugs, 2019}

Singles

 * "Catch 22" / "Drug Music" (Transglobal, 1991)
 * "Motorbike" / "Mary Jane" (Transglobal, 1992)
 * "Track X" (Transglobal, 1992)
 * "TV USA" (Transglobal, 1992)
 * "15 Minutes of Fame" (Island, 1993)
 * "Let the Good Times Roll" (Island, 1994)
 * "Moonlight Man" [Sheep On Drugs 2020]

As Bagman (Lee Fraser solo)
 * "Wrap" (Invisible, 1998)
 * "Trax" (Underground, Inc., 2004)

Tribute Albums

 * "Back in Black" (with Pigface) on Covered in Black: An Industrial Tribute to the Kings of High Voltage AC/DC (Cleopatra, 1997)
 * "California über alles" on Dread Kennedys: A Tribute to Dead Kennedys / In Dub We Trust (Invisible, 1999)
 * "Wish" on Covered in Nails: A Tribute to Nine Inch Nails (Cleopatra, 2000)
 * "Money" on Don't Blow Your Cover: A Tribute to KMFDM (Cleopatra, 2000)

Soundtracks

 * "Cathode Ray", "Uberman", and "15 Minutes of Fame" on The Young Americans (Island, 1993)
 * "Machine Sex" on Prey (2K Games, 2006)

title: Sheep on Drugs


text:
Thecacoris

Thecacoris is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1821. It is native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, although it may rarely be monoecious.

• # Thecacoris cometia - Madagascar
 * Species

• # Thecacoris glabroglandulosa - Gabon, Zaïre

• # Thecacoris grandifolia - Gabon, Cameroon

• # Thecacoris humbertii - Madagascar

• # Thecacoris lancifolia - Gabon

• # Thecacoris latistipula - Zaïre

• # Thecacoris leptobotrya - C Africa

• # Thecacoris lucida - C Africa

• # Thecacoris madagascariensis - Madagascar

• # Thecacoris manniana - Sao Tomé

• # Thecacoris micrantha - Ivory Coast, Ghana

• # Thecacoris perrieri - Madagascar

• # Thecacoris spathulifolia - Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar

• # Thecacoris stenopetala - C + W Africa

• # Thecacoris trichogyne - C Africa

• # Thecacoris usambarensis - Kenya, Tanzania

• # Thecacoris viridis - C Africa

moved to other genera: Maesobotrya Spondianthus
 * formerly included
 * 1) Thecacoris glabrata - Maesobotrya glabrata
 * 2) Thecacoris trillesii - Spondianthus preussii subsp. glaber

title: Thecacoris


text:
Charles Beil

Charles A. Beil LL. D. (1894 – July 29, 1976) was a Canadian sculptor best known for his sculptures of cowboys and the plain Indians of the early West. He was a protégé and friend of artist Charles Marion Russell. He was born in Germany and left at the age of 11. He worked for some time in South America before making his way to North America, where he discovered his love of the Wild West and the Frontier. It was Russell who encouraged him to start creating art, and inspired him to start working with pencil and clay. Beil moved to Banff, Alberta in the 1930s, where he began to take an interest in casting clay into bronze.

His studio was established on Bear Street in Banff above a bakery, and it was there that Beil continued to further his reputation as a Western artist. In fact, his main form of work was to create trophies for the Calgary Stampede, which he did for over 20 years. In 1940, he married a Banff girl by the name Olive Luxton, the niece of famed Banff businessman Norman Luxton, and they moved into a house on Cave Avenue in Banff. Together they had three children; Charles, Lois, and Carol.

Charlie Beil was a recipient of many honours and awards over the years, including being made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1973. He also received the Canada Medal, an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Calgary (1968), the Alberta Achievement Award in 1974. He was also made an Honorary Associate Director of the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede and an Honorary Member of the Cowboy Artists of America.

Art
Charlie Beil's main form of work was with bronze casting, but the artist was well-versed in watercolour, oil, pen and ink, and etchings as well. He cast not only bronze statues, but also sculpted in clay, did woodcarving, and cast in cement. His art focused on the theme of Western life, such as packhorses, First Nations, and cowboys.

Today, his work sits scattered in various museums and galleries across the globe. He has murals in the Stampede offices in Calgary, the Luxton Museum in Banff, and a statue even sits in the entrance of Buckingham Palace. As well, the many trophies he created throughout his lifetime sit on the mantels of many North Americans to date.

title: Charles Beil


text:
Yawkey

Yawkey may refer to:

Communities

 * Yawkey, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, West Virginia

People

 * Yawkey (surname)

Massachusetts

 * Yawkey Athletics Center, on the campus of Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
 * Yawkey station, the former name of Lansdowne station in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Yawkey Way, the former name of a two-block section of Jersey Street in Boston, Massachusetts

Wisconsin

 * Cyrus C. Yawkey House, a historic structure in Wausau, Wisconsin
 * Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum, in Wausau, Wisconsin
 * William H. Yawkey Boathouse, a historic structure in Hazelhurst, Wisconsin

Other

 * Yawkey Baseball League of Greater Boston, an amateur baseball league in New England

title: Yawkey


text:
User talk:Noday16

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!, Ëvilphoenix Burn! 15:56, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Adam Pascal
What does "originating the role" mean? I take it that he didn't write it, so doesn't it just mean (in plain English) being the first person to play it? If it doesn't just mean that, could what it does mean be explained in the article? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 14:03, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response. I suspect that it's U.S. theatre terminology, as I don't recall coming across it (at least, not in the straight theatre; it might be used in the musical theatre here, I suppose). In any case, the version that I  wrote is surely clearer and less clumsy than using a slang term and then having to gloss it? --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:44, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I must admit that I'm struggling to understand your aversion to the plain English "being the first to play the role of Roger Davis"; it's not only clear and understandable to any reader, it's also more accurate than your latest attempt to avoid it, "being the original Roger Davis". When an actor plays a role, he isn't being the character, he's... well, playing the role. Is there something here that I'm missing?  Are you trying to convey the thought that Pascal is a method actor? --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 11:04, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

You've moved rather rapidly from apparent reasonableness to an aggressive petulance. The tone and attitude aren't appreciated on Wikipedia. Nor is the implication that, unless something is corrected everywhere, you're going to insist on it in one article. Unless you have a genuine reason for retaining an obscure bit of parochial theatrical jargon in preference to clear English, my edit needs to remain. If you continue to revert good English to bad, you may end up being blocked from editing for a period for disruption.

When I see the jargon phrase elsewhere, I'll change it; unless you're really making the unreasonable (to put it mildly) demand that all changes have to be made simultaneously (and even if you are), I suggest that you find something better to do than interfer with those corrections. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:25, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Noday16


text:
User talk:Aikimark

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
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 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Take a look at Consensus of standards
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 15:56, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

February 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, your addition of one or more external links to the page Stick bomb has been reverted. Your edit here was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to remove links which are discouraged per our external links guideline from Wikipedia. The external link you added or changed is on my list of links to remove and probably shouldn't be included in Wikipedia. I removed the following link(s): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiWxU3jXOFc (matching the regex rule \byoutube\.com). If the external link you inserted or changed was to a media file (e.g. a sound or video file) on an external server, then note that linking to such files may be subject to Wikipedia's copyright policy and therefore probably should not be linked to. Please consider using our upload facility to upload a suitable media file. Video links are also strongly deprecated by our guidelines for external links, partly because they're useless to people with slow internet connections. If you were trying to insert an external link that does comply with our policies and guidelines, then please accept my creator's apologies and feel free to undo the bot's revert. However, if the link does not comply with our policies and guidelines, but your edit included other, constructive, changes to the article, feel free to make those changes again without re-adding the link. Please read Wikipedia's external links guideline for more information, and consult my list of frequently-reverted sites. For more information about me, see my FAQ page. Thanks! --XLinkBot (talk) 15:40, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aikimark


text:
William Turner Dannat

William Turner Dannat (July 9, 1853 – March 12, 1929) was an American artist known especially for paintings of Spanish subject matter.

Biography

William T. Dannat was born in 1853 at Hempstead, New York the younger of two boys raised by William H. and Susan (née Jones) Dannat. His father was a successful lumber dealer who, with Charles E. Pell, founded the firm Dannat and Pell. Later, William's older brother David would succeed their father as a partner in the firm.

When Dannat was around the age of twelve, his parents decided to send him to Germany to further his education. He would later study architecture at Hanover and Stuttgart before choosing instead to become an artist. Dannat attended art classes at the Munich Royal Academy of Fine Arts and later under Mihály Munkácsy in Paris. Dannat became an accomplished draughtsman and a distinguished figure and portrait painter. He early attracted attention with sketches and pictures made in Spain. A large composition, The Quatuor Espagnol, that was displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, was one of the successes of the Paris Salon of 1884. Dannat later settled in Paris, where he taught at the Académie Julian. He was influenced by a number of masters, including Carolus Duran and Munkácsy, though more by the latter, as can be observed in his paintings Contrebandier Aragonais and Quatuor Espagnol.

Though at one time his name was mentioned alongside other great American painters such as Sargent and Whistler, Dannat's popularity was more in Europe than his homeland. As he approached middle age, the financially secure artist began to devote more and more of his time to other interests: fencing, boxing and later automobile racing. For nearly twenty years, Dannat ceased painting and when he resumed around 1913, his art had adopted a more surrealistic style with illusionary landscapes and bizarre themes. During his hiatus from painting, Dannat spent much of his time touring Europe studying the techniques of the great masters while remaining active in artistic circles in Paris where he served at one time as the president of the Society of American Painters.

William Turner Dannat died in 1929, aged 75, while at Monte Carlo.

title: William Turner Dannat


text:
Talk:Cattle raiding

Comments
This article currently discusses cattle rustling only in North America. TreveXtalk 15:56, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Added a mention to developing countries but could still do with an expansion. TreveXtalk 16:01, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

The term "cattle rustling" seems to be specifically North American; I will move to "cattle raiding", the generic term in wider use. dab (ᛏ) 18:26, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * "cattle rustling or duffing" is also used in Australia. Cgoodwin (talk) 03:08, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Cattle raiding also played a significant role in early colonial Scotland and Ireland, I believe. Research about that would be helpful for this article.168.16.141.224 (talk) 17:44, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

I don't know where someone got the idea that cattle rustling was not a big deal at all. It WAS, and lynching was not that uncommon either. Gandydancer (talk) 22:04, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

I thought this is an english wiki
வெட்சி நிரை கவர்தல் ; மீட்டல் கரந்தையாம் வட்கார் மேல் செல்வது வஞ்சி ; உட்காது எதிர்ஊன்றல் காஞ்சி ;BLH NLSGJLRTYUIOP உழிஞை - அதிரப் பொருவது தும்பையாம் ; போர்க்களத்து மிக்கோர் செரு வென்றது வாகையாம் ????? what is this, someone who speaks this language translate it please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.99.131.84 (talk) 16:29, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cattle raiding


text:
User talk:Dzfoo

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title: User talk:Dzfoo


text:
Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup)

The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany has been called the "Game of the Century" (Partido del Siglo; Partita del secolo; Jahrhundertspiel). It was played on 17 June 1970 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. Italy won 4–3 after five of the seven goals were scored in extra time, the record for most goals scored during extra time in a FIFA World Cup game. The result eliminated West Germany from the tournament while Italy went on to lose to Brazil in the final.

The match
Italy led 1–0 for the majority of the match, after Roberto Boninsegna scored in the 8th minute. In the 70th minute, West German defender Franz Beckenbauer dislocated his shoulder, but stayed on the field carrying his dislocated arm in a sling, as his side had already used their two permitted substitutions.

Defender Karl-Heinz Schnellinger equalised for West Germany in the 90th minute. German television commentator Ernst Huberty famously exclaimed "Schnellinger, of all people!" (in German: "Schnellinger! Ausgerechnet Schnellinger!"), since Schnellinger played in Italy's professional football league, Serie A, at A.C. Milan (for whom he had never scored). It was also his first and only goal in a career total of 47 matches for the West German national team. At the end of regulation time, the score was level at 1–1, forcing the match into extra time. Had the match remained drawn after extra time, lots would have been drawn to decide which team would progress to the final.

Gerd Müller put West Germany ahead in the 94th minute following a defensive error by Fabrizio Poletti who had just come into the game as a substitute, but Tarcisio Burgnich equalised only four minutes later, and then striker Gigi Riva put the Italians in front again with a superb goal. Müller scored yet again, this time with a header, for West Germany to tie the score at 3–3. Yet, as the live television coverage was still replaying Müller's goal, Italian midfielder Gianni Rivera scored what proved to be the match-winning goal in the 111th minute. Being left unmarked near the penalty area, Rivera had connected perfectly with a fine cross made by Boninsegna, clinching the victory for Italy at 4–3.


text:
Talk:Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup)

Untitled
Could somebody please translate?

done.Esprungo

Move
The article's name is impossible to be remembered for a English-speaking guy, so why don't we move this article to a more fitting title, such as Italy v Germany (1970), Game of the Century (football), Italy-Germany 4-3, or whatever else? By the way, this is the English Wikipedia, not the German one. --Angelo 01:18, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

I've changed the introduction to reflect this. I don't see why the German name of it should take precedence over the Italian, so the English name is a more neutral manner for the article to be introduced.--Auger Martel 13:03, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

a, b, c, d, e, f, Germany, h, Italy, j, k, l... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.225.80.54 (talk) 15:15, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

The introduction says 5 goals scored in extra time. But according to the scoreline below it should be 7 goals. OneiroPhobia 01:16, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The first 2 goals occurred before extra time (the 8th and 90th minute goals). -- Howard  the   Duck  06:22, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The current title of this article is a peacock term. Sure, some people will say that this is the game of the century - but (especially bearing in mind that this is the English Wikipedia) other people would say that it was Puskas' Hungary beating England 6-3, or indeed a certain match in 1966...  There's no unambiguous answer, and for that reason I'm moving it to Italy  4 – 3 West Germany (1970). FlagSteward (talk) 11:42, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As far as I know there is no other soccer game, that is literally mentioned on a commorative plaque as the "Game of the century". I do not want to move the article, but I feel there is a strong indication of the former name of the article as being just. --Goodgirl - talk to me 20:15, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Movie by Fabrizio Calcia
I've removed the following link, as it seems dead. I couldn't find any other pointers (through google, imdb or isohunt) to this movie, so I'll take it out and move it here. Feel free to restore if you have a working link. wolfe 01:35, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * a movie by Fabrizio Calcia

Translation of "Ausgerechnet Schnellinger!"
I have changed the translation of the Ernst Huberty quote "Ausgerechnet Schnellinger!" from "It had to be Schnellinger!" to "Schnellinger, of all people!", which is a more literal translation and, in my opinion, better captures the surprise and incredulity in Huberty's words. Spike (talk) 22:11, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I had thought of doing the same earlier, I totally agree with the latter being the better translation. --Goodgirl - talk to me 20:05, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Bias in the Article
The article is biased where it says "The stress and effort profused in winning the hard-fought match proved to be the undoing of the Italian team in the subsequent final game, where the azzurri were roundly defeated by Brazil 4 goals to one." This sentence basically says, they would've won if that game hadn't been so hard-fought. Can anyone think of a better alternative? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.86.151.84 (talk) 22:47, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I changed it to: "The energy expended in winning the hard-fought match may have hurt the Italian team in the subsequent final; the Azzurri were roundly defeated by Brazil four goals to one."Historian932 (talk) 00:56, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

How many were on the field, and mention of Beckenbauer's injury
The page shows that two men from each side were red-carded, does that mean the final minutes were played with nine on each side?

Also, shouldn't short mention be made of Franz Beckenbauer's continuing to play with a broken clavicle (his arm was taped to his body)?Historian932 (talk) 00:58, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

What's the problem ?
Why this template about lacking sources. I think if anything is lacking, a : should be added where any problem is found. This game was played even before "my time" (I'm born in 1964, and only have some minor recollections of this Wold Cup) - but summaries have been aired at many occasions also in later years. It's really one of the most memorable World Cup games ever. OK an opinion, but I think it's shared by very many neutral watchers. Boeing720 (talk) 15:20, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 14 February 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Sceptre (talk) 17:22, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup) → The Game of the Century (1970 FIFA World Cup) – In 2008, this page was moved to the current title but I disagree with the move (there may have been different rules concerning the pages' titles). Lots of pages have as title the name they're remember as for example "Battle of Santiago" or "Disgrace of Gijon". Why don't we call this page with the title I've I've suggested above? Dr Salvus 14:03, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Not an improvement. cagliost (talk) 17:41, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * What rules have changed? Why is it better?—blindlynx 19:07, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * @Blindlynx It is more common with the proposed title Dr Salvus 10:04, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * According to what?—blindlynx 21:40, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * @Blindlynx Do have a look at here, here, here, here and its articles in the other wikis for example which call the game with a name which is similar to the one I've suggested. Dr Salvus 22:22, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * None of those are in English. You need to show that the term is used in English—blindlynx 22:25, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page moves. GiantSnowman 19:07, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose - don't think this is clearer/more common/beneficial. GiantSnowman 19:08, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * @GiantSnowman Well, at least here in Italy we often call this match "La partita del secolo" which means "The game/match of the century" Dr Salvus 19:35, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * but this is the English-language Wikipedia. GiantSnowman 19:40, 14 February 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - It's a recognisable name for the event. I want to say there is a policy/guideline out there somewhere (although, I couldn't find it tonight) which outlines what to do when something has a common name in another language but not really in English. This has the common name "Game of the century" in German, Italian and Spanish so it would be good to know if this page should use the English translation or not. Stevie fae Scotland (talk) 20:59, 14 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not surprising that Italians and Germans call it that, but for everyone else the simple objective title is more appropriate for a worldwide encyclopedia. And I'm pretty sure if you asked an American, they'd think you meant one of their American Football Super Bowls. --Blurryman (talk) 19:12, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose "Game of the Century" is too vague, I think, compared to examples such as Battle of Santiago, Miracle of Bern, Disgrace of Gijón, or Battle of Nuremberg.  Clog Wolf  Howl 16:22, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:RECOGNIZABILITY; a quick search shows that there are many games that have been called the "game of the century", and it will confuse readers if we start to rename articles in that format. BilledMammal (talk) 22:21, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

Referee
The referee for this match was peruvian, not mexican Franco402002 (talk) 20:50, 9 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Soběslav (died 1004)

Soběslav or Soběbor (c. 950 – 1004) was a Bohemian nobleman, the brother of Saint Adalbert of Prague (Vojtěch), son of Střezislava and Slavník and a friend of Polish king, Boleslaus the Brave. He was equally powerful as the Přemyslid dynasty in his time, to whom he took a rather confrontational attitude. Even minting his own coinage, which had previously been the privilege of the Přemyslid court in Prague. Presumably the minting of coins began to take place after the episcopal election of Vojtěch. Likely in 995, fighting occurred between Slavník dynasty and Přemyslid dynasty soldiers. This prompted Soběslav to take his grudge against the Přemyslids to the Emperor. While he was in Germany, on the 27th or the 28th of September, Přemyslid soldiers attacked the Slavník stronghold of Libice nad Cidlinou killing all members of the Slavník dynasty present. Soběslav then took part in a Imperial expedition against pagan Slavs, and then went to Boleslaus the Brave to obtain sanctuary in Poland. In 1004, Soběslav led the Charváts tribe and died on a bridge over the Vltava river in Prague in a battle between a Polish force retreating after besieging Prague Castle, and an Imperial-cum-Bohemian expeditionary force.

title: Soběslav (died 1004)


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Bakers Island

Bakers Island is a small, private residential island in Massachusetts Bay, in Salem, Massachusetts. It is located southeast of Great Misery Island & Little Misery Island, northeast of North Gooseberry Island and South Gooseberry Island, and far northeast of Children's Island. It is the outermost island on the main shipping channel into Salem Harbor. Bakers Island Light, located on the island's northern side, is used for navigation.

The island is pear-shaped. Most of its coast is rocky ledges, except for its western coast. There are three small landlocked ponds located near one another at the center. Vegetation on the island is trees and scrub.

There is a private pier on the west side. Most of the buildings are concentrated in the western and southern portions of the island.

The approximately 55 acre island was known as Bakers Island as early as the 1630s. Originally owned by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was granted to the town of Salem in 1660. John Turner was the first private owner of the island. The island once housed a hotel, but is now almost entirely cottages, most of them individually named. The island also has a store, fire house, and the Sherman C. Burnham meeting hall.

The Essex National Heritage Commission owns approximately 11 acre of land at the north end of the island where Bakers Island Light and its accompanying buildings sit. The island initially had twin lights on a single house, first lit on January 3, 1798. Two towers were built in 1816 and 1820. The shorter tower was demolished in 1926.

title: Bakers Island


text:
Tarvin

Tarvin is a village in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It had a population of 2,693 people at the 2001 UK census, rising to 2,728 at the 2011 census, and the ward covers about 17 sqmi.

Location and context
Tarvin is about 6 mi east of Chester.

The current parish covers Tarvin, Duddon, Clotton, Stapleford, Burton, Hoofield and Oscroft.

There are currently 28 listed buildings in Tarvin (one Grade I Listed, two Grade II* Listed, and twenty-five Grade II Listed). The centre of the village is a Conservation Area that was created in 1972, and much of the land surrounding the village is designated Green Belt.

Geology
The Cheshire Plain (sometimes known as the Cheshire Gap) is a relatively flat expanse of lowland, which supports agricultural use for dairy farming on the medium-scale pastoral fields that surround the village. Tarvin is west of a sandstone ridge that divides the Cheshire Plain.

The River Gowy passes to the south-west of the village at Hockenhull Platts. There are three packhorse bridges, the Grade II Listed Roman Bridges, within an area classed as a nature reserve.

Early history
Around 76 AD, the Romans started to build a fortress in Chester. They built a road from Deva (Chester) to Condate (Northwich) which passed Tarvin about a kilometre to the north. The Romans may have used Tarvin, being high ground close to the Roman road, as a Roman coin of Constantius 1 (AD 293–305) was found in the area and other finds in other nearby villages reinforce the evidence of the Romans' presence in the area. West of Tarvin the Roman road crosses the River Gowy. Apparently, in earlier times, this river was called the Tarvin. It is suggested that the name Tarvin comes from the Brittonic word for boundary, which is still present in the Welsh language as tervyn/terfyn and could have resulted from the Latin terminus being incorporated into Brittonic. The boundary could refer to the eastern extent of the Roman prata legionis, the land annexed by the Romans (from the Cornovii) to support their fortress at Chester. The Gowy was later the boundary between the Saxon land divisions (hundreds) in this area, which was a part of the Kingdom of Mercia known as the Wreocensæte.

A Saxon cross dating to the 10th/11th century has been unearthed by archaeologists in Tarvin. The find, made in a Civil War trench, is very rare. The Saxon cross may have been broken up before the assault of Chester in 1645 by the Parliamentary garrison. Tarvin appears as a substantial manor in the Domesday Book of 1086 (listed as Terve), the largest community in the Hundred of Rushton with 30 households. Tarvin Manor comprises some 2000 acres of cultivable land (22 ploughlands) as well as 'woodland'. The Domesday Book records the Lord of Tarvin Manor in 1066 as the bishop of Chester St John, and the same in 1086 but adds the name William Malbank, who was named as Lord or Tenant-in-Chief across over 100 manors in Cheshire after the conquest. According to Ormerod "Tarvin is one of the few Cheshire manors which experienced no change in its proprietor at the Conquest, being the property of the Bishop of the diocese, who retained his former possessions after that event." (The nearby Manor of Burton was also to stay the property of the Bishop of St John's.) Although the manors stayed with the bishops, the bishops changed to Norman appointees. Bishop Peter moved from Lichfield to Chester St John's in 1075, and upgraded St John's to cathedral status (Lichfield was the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia since 669). He died in 1085 and was succeeded in December 1085 by Bishop Robert de Limesey who moved the bishop's seat to Coventry circa 1102, whereupon St John's became a co-cathedral.

Ormerod states that the Domesday Book reports devastation at Tarvin and suggests that this might have arisen due to a stand being taken at Tarvin as the Normans advanced on Chester. The adjacent manor of Barrow, with 8 ploughlands, is listed as having William Son of Nigel as its Lord. Barrow later came to fall within the parish of Tarvin, and was described as a 'free chapel within the prebend of Tarvin' until the 16th century, some time after which it became a separate parish. Although Tarvin was within Rushton Hundred at the time of the Norman conquest, from the end of the 12th century over a prolonged period there was a reorganisation of the hundreds associated with the formation of Lancashire, and transfer of some hundreds to Wales (Atiscross, Exestan, and part of Dudestan), and Tarvin became associated with the Eddisbury Hundred. The hundreds of Cheshire from this time were Broxton, Bucklow, Eddisbury, Macclesfield, Nantwich, Northwich and Wirral.

Apart from Terve and the current name Tarvin, the village has also been referred to as Tervyn (e.g. in records of an assault on a monk in 1326 ) and Terfyn in the accounts of a trip from Chester to London in 1811, in which is it again suggested that Terfyn comes from the "British" word for "boundary", though in this case it is suggested this might refer to the boundary of Delamere Forest.

In circa 1226 Alexander de Stavenby bishop of Lichfield founded the prebend of Tarvin which, at £26 13s 4d, was the highest endowment of Lichfield Cathedral. The prebend occurs at a similar date to the changes to the borders of Cheshire due to yielding some hundreds to Wales; furthermore Bishop Alexander de Stavenby was a diplomat acting for King Henry III both with France and spent time in Wales trying to renew truces. As the disputed Hundred of Dudestan (Duddeston ) included manors only a few miles from Tarvin, such as Christleton, Waverton and Stapleford, the choice of Tarvin for the prebend (apart from it already being an episcopal manor) may have been carefully chosen to be on a boundary, but not as suggested above a boundary with the Forest of Delamere, but on the boundary between England and the disputed parts of the England/Wales border. These were the days of Llywelyn who was reported to have a strong alliance with the 6th Earl of Chester.

Ormerod's accounts show that this relationship between Tarvin and the Bishops of Lichfield and Coventry (the two bishoprics were merged in 1228) became long term, and continued until 10 April 1550 (well into the English Reformation), when "Richard, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, granted this manor to Sir John Savage". Under Sir John Savage, Tarvin was elevated to a market town.

Grammar School
Tarvin Grammar School was founded by Randall Pickering junr., a freeman of the Haberdasher's Company living in St Martin Pomary, London, whose father was born in Tarvin. Having given £40 in his lifetime for the building of a schoolhouse, his will of 1641 gave a further £20 for the finishing of it, the first schoolmaster to be nominated and chosen by his two executors, who were also his kinsmen. The will also provided an endowment of £200 for purchase of lands, the rents from which were to support the school: lands were purchased in Tattenhall. The number of children was limited to 20 (of whom 6 to be from the 'towne of Tarvin' and the rest 'in the other townes belonging to the parish of Tarvin'), and there was a house for the master. The ten feoffees for the management of the trust were to be inhabitants of the town. One of the masters (for 36 years) was John Thomasen (died 1740, aged 54), described as the finest penman in England, especially known for his transcriptions of the Greek poets in authentic characters: in 1714 he produced a handwritten copy of the Eikon Basilike for Queen Anne.

The grammar school survived until final closure in 1939. Restored in 1997, the building is to the left approaching the entrance to St. Andrew's church, and is used as parish rooms. The endowment survives and individual grants from it are available via the Tarvin Educational Foundation (registered charity 525966) "to assist the educational needs of students of secondary school age or older who live in the ancient parish of Tarvin."

Civil War
During the Civil War, because of its proximity to Chester, Tarvin did not escape. The village changed hands several times. Initially it was occupied by Parliamentarians (Roundheads). On 12 November 1643 there was a skirmish between the garrison and Royalist (Cavaliers) from Chester. In January 1644 there was another skirmish. In July 1644 the Cavaliers occupied Tarvin and they beat off a large Roundhead assault. In September the Roundheads captured the place and occupied it with a strong garrison within strong earthworks. The Parliamentary governor of Tarvin was sufficiently confident in the strength of his fortifications and the size of his garrison that he refused to surrender to the Cavaliers even when it was known that Charles I was in the area with an army. Tarvin remained in Roundhead hands until the end of the war. The church shows signs of its part in the battles: there are cannonball and musketball holes in the wall of the church tower next to the west door. It has been said that prisoners were shot against this wall, which explains some of the bullet holes. The church was also used as a refuge by soldiers and the tower was probably used as a lookout post.

Later history
On the last day of April 1752 at about noon, the Great Fire of Tarvin broke out in the north-west part of the village. Fanned by strong winds, the fire burned down the greater part of the place within a couple of hours, leaving the timber-framed buildings of Church Cottages and Bull’s Cottage (opposite Tarvin Hall) standing at its extremities. Remarkably no one died, though several horses were lost, and even the drink in the cellars of some of the inns was destroyed. The City of Chester, by way of a collection from house to house, collected £300 to aid the sufferers. Many of the buildings in Tarvin date from the rebuilding and remodelling in the following years, and little is known of the original village layout, though many of the buildings have their foundations directly cut into the sandstone and these foundations may well pre-date the fire.

In the 18th century England was progressively being covered with turnpike roads (toll roads), which were created by Act of Parliament. The turnpike from Lichfield direction, via Nantwich and Tarporley, was subject to an act in 1769 that decided it would be re-routed via Tarvin instead of the former route to Chester via Stapleford. At the same time the road from Northwich was also re-routed to go via Tarvin. George Ormerod lists the populations of local villages in the returns to parliament of 51st year of George III's reign (1811), with 921 in Tarvin, and a total of 2,986 through the parish of Tarvin, which included Ashton, Bruen Stapleford, Burton, Clotton Hoofield, Duddon, Hockenhull, Horton cum Peele, Kelsal (sic), Mouldsworth, Tarvin, and Wildington.

From 1875, Tarvin was indirectly served by Barrow for Tarvin railway station more than two miles (3 km) distant on the Cheshire Lines Committee route from Chester to Manchester; the line remains open but the station closed in June 1953, though it still stands albeit in poor condition and is now privately owned.

In the 1960s the village was expanded substantially and there was a major influx of the young families of white-collar workers from the major companies in the area.

Present day
The Tarvin Neighbourhood Plan is currently being drafted, with informal consultation due to take place in 2018. Following this, a statutory consultation is required to take place before a Parish referendum.

A Village Design Statement has also been produced, which looks to ensure that both buildings and landscape are in keeping with the existing character of the Village.

St Andrew's Church is an Anglican, Grade I Listed parish church in the diocese of Chester located in the village. The current vicar is Revd Adam Lyndon David Friend. The Tarvin Community Woodland runs for about 1.5 km alongside the A51, and covers 13 acres, with a footpath and a bridleway. In 1997, the land was granted to Tarvin Parish Council as a public amenity by the Highways Agency, as it was at the time. This was the first example of using surplus Highways Agency land for the benefit of the community. The first trees were planted in 1997 to commemorate those who lost their lives from the village during the First and Second World Wars. In 2008, the Community Woodland Trust became a charitable trust. In 2017, the Community Woodland received a Green Flag Award, the mark of a quality park or green space, for the eighth consecutive year. In 2015, the woodland was further extended, and in 2016 the Community Woodland Trust became a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee, taking ownership of both the freeholds from Cheshire West and Chester Council of the existing land, and Taylor Wimpey from the extended woodland.

Tarvin Online is a community-run social media and website forum that provides the latest news and information in the Village.

Transport
Tarvin is near the junction of the A51, towards Nantwich and Tarporley, and the A54, towards Northwich and Manchester. These two main trunk roads bypass the village centre on either side. The northerly A54 bypass was constructed in 1933, and the southerly A51 bypass in 1984.

The village is served by two bus services operated by Arriva. The C82 service connects Tarvin to Chester and Northwich, and the C84 service to Chester, Tarporley, and Crewe. The nearest railway station is at Mouldsworth, with services to Chester and Manchester.

Governance
Tarvin has been part of the parliamentary constituency of Eddisbury since its re-establishment in 1983, following its abolition in 1950. The constituency has been represented by Conservative MPs since its re-establishment, apart from a brief period in 2019 when the sitting MP Antoinette Sandbach had the Conservative whip removed and eventually sat as a Liberal Democrat before losing her seat to the Conservative Edward Timpson in the 2019 General Election.

The village is in the Tarvin and Kelsall electoral ward as part of the Cheshire West and Chester Council. This ward stretches north east to Oakmere with a total population of 8,217.

Tarvin Parish Council consists of 10 elected councillors. The Parish Council has some limited local government autonomy. It represents the village's needs, priorities and objectives to Cheshire West and Chester Council.

title: Tarvin


text:
Midwest Transit Racing

Midwest Transit Racing is a disbanded NASCAR Winston Cup Series team owned and operated by Hal Hicks and Mike Witter. It was formed in 1998 as No. 03 with Dan Pardus driving and Midwest Transit as the sponsor. Before the car hit the track however, NASCAR changed the car number to 07 for unspecified reasons. The team planned to run as many races as possible, but several starts led to nothing but DNQ's until the Pepsi 400, where Pardus finished 36th after a crash. The team tried again in 1999, only switching its car number to 50. When Pardus did not qualify for any of his attempts, he was replaced by Ricky Craven. At first, the combination seemed to work, but in 2000, the team began to fail to qualify for races again as well as having problems finishing races. After Craven quit the team, Rick Mast drove the car briefly, attempting races on a limited schedule, before Rich Bickle took over for one race at Indianapolis. After that the team suspended operations and closed down, ending a brief but tumultuous run in NASCAR.

title: Midwest Transit Racing