text:
List of rulers of Damascus

This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.
 * General context: History of Damascus.

Aram Damascus

 * Rezon I (c. 950 BC)
 * Tabrimmon
 * Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE–c. 865 BC)
 * Hadadezer (c. 865 BC–c. 842 BC)
 * Hazael (c. 842 BC–c. 804 BC)
 * Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC)
 * Tab-El (c. 770 BC)
 * Rezon II (c. 740 BC–732 BC)

Period of non-independence

 * to Assyria (732 BC–609 BC)
 * Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)
 * to Babylon (609 BC–539 BC)
 * to Persian Achaemenid Empire (539 BC–332 BC)
 * to Macedon (332 BC–323 BC)
 * to Antigonids (323 BC–301 BC)
 * to Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BC–198 BC)
 * to Seleucids (198 BC–167 BC)
 * to Ituraea (167 BC–110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
 * to the Decapolis (110 BC–85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
 * to Nabataea (85 BC–64 BC)
 * to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC–635)
 * to the Ghassanids (529–584; ?–635)

Rashidun period

 * Khalid ibn al-Walid (635–636)
 * Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636–637)
 * Amr ibn al-Aas (637–640)
 * Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)
 * Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640–661)

Umayyad period

 * Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661–680)
 * Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680–683)
 * Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683–684)
 * Marwan I ibn Hakam (684–685)
 * Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705)
 * al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705–715)
 * Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715–717)
 * Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720)
 * Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720–724)
 * Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724–743)
 * al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743–744)
 * Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)
 * Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
 * Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744–750)

Abbasid period

 * Abdallah ibn Ali (750–754)
 * Salih ibn Ali (754)
 * Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi (754–764)
 * Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766–775)
 * Abu Ja'far Harun ibn al-Mahdi (783–786)
 * Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 785)
 * Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Imam (?–788)
 * Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 788–791)
 * Musa ibn Isa (c. 792)
 * Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (c. 792)
 * Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (793–795)
 * Ishaq ibn Isa ibn Ali (c. 795–?)
 * Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (802–803)
 * Ja'far ibn Yahya (803)
 * Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (803–804)
 * Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (804–805)
 * Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (c. 806)
 * Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (807–809)
 * Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (809–810)
 * Ahmad ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (810)
 * Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (810)
 * Muhammad ibn Salih ibn Bayhas (813–823 or 824/825)
 * Ma'yuf ibn Yahya ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani or Sadaqa ibn Uthman al-Murri (appointed by viceroy Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani) (825–?)
 * Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (c. 828)
 * Dinar ibn Abd Allah (c. 839)
 * Muhammed ibn al-Jahm  al-Sami (c. 839)
 * Musa ibn Ibrahim al Rafiqi (c. 842)
 * Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841–847)
 * Malik ibn Tawk (847–850)
 * Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad ibn al-Mutawakkil (850–855)
 * al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856–861)
 * Yunus ibn Tarja (c. 861)
 * Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nawshari (861–866)
 * Salih ibn al-Abbasi al-Turki (c. 866)
 * Ahmad ibn Khalil al Shaybani (c. 866)
 * Yamkjur al-Turki (c. 869)
 * Asram al-Turki (c. 870)
 * Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani, rebel governor (c. 870)
 * Amajur al-Turki (870–878)

 * to Tulunid Egypt (877–904)
 * Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)
 * Ahmad ibn Wasif
 * Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)

 * Abbasid restauration:
 * Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (905–906)
 * al-Rashidi (928–931)
 * Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)

 * to Ikhshidid Egypt (935–969), except for:
 * Muhammad Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)
 * Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943–945)
 * Sayf al-Dawla (briefly in 945 and 947)

Fatimid emirs

 * Abu Ali Ja'far ibn Fallah al-Kutami (970–971)

 * Qarmatian occupation of Damascus
 * Zalim ibn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973–974)
 * Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
 * Rayn al-Mu'izzi (974)
 * Alptakin al-Mu'izzi (975–978)
 * Qassam al-Turab (978–983)
 * Fatimid recovery of Damascus
 * Baltakin al-Turki (983)
 * Bakjur (983–991)
 * Ya'qub al-Siqlabi (991)
 * Manjutakin (993–996)
 * Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
 * Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997–998)
 * Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998–1000)
 * Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)
 * Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)
 * Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)
 * Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
 * Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)
 * Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)
 * Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)
 * Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)
 * Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)
 * Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)
 * Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)
 * Anushtakin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)
 * Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1041–1048)
 * Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)
 * Rifq al-Khadim (1049)
 * Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)
 * Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
 * Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1058–1060)
 * Sebuq Tegin (1060)
 * Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)
 * Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
 * Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
 * Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)
 * Badr al-Jamali (1063)
 * Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)
 * Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)
 * Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)
 * Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)

Seljuk emirs

 * Atsiz ibn Abaq (1076–1079)
 * Tutush I (1079–1095)
 * Duqaq, son of Tutush I (1095–1104)
 * Tutush II, son of Duqaq (1104)
 * Irtash, son of Tutush I (1104)

Burid emirs

 * Toghtekin (1104–1128)
 * Taj al-Muluk Buri (1128–1132)
 * Shams al-Mulk Isma'il (1132–1135)
 * Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135–1139)
 * Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139–1140)
 * Mu'in ad-Din Unur (Regent, 1140–1149)
 * Mujir ad-Din Abaq (1140–1154)

Zengid atabegs

 * Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154–1174)
 * As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (1174)

Ayyubid emirs (some were also sultans of Egypt)

 * Saladin (1174–1186)
 * Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin
 * Al-Adil I (1196–1218)
 * Al-Mu'azzam (1218–1227)
 * An-Nasir Dawud (1227–1229)
 * Al-Ashraf (1229–1237)
 * As-Salih Ismail (1237)
 * Al-Kamil (1237–1238)
 * Al-Adil II (1238–1239)
 * As-Salih Ayyub (1239)
 * As-Salih Ismail (1239–1245)
 * As-Salih Ayyub (1245–1249)
 * Al-Muazzam Turanshah (1249–1250)
 * An-Nasir Yusuf (1250–1260)

Mamluk na'ibs

 * Sanjar as-Salihi (August/September 1260–October 1260)
 * Taybars al-Waziri (October 1260–1264)
 * Aqqush as-Salihi (1264–)
 * Sunqur al-Ashqar (1279–1280)
 * Lajin al-Ashqar (1280–?)
 * Aqush Bey (c. 1290s)
 * Izz ad-Din Aybak (?–1296)
 * Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)
 * Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1299)
 * Aqqush al-Afram (1299–1309)
 * Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz as-Nasiri (1312–1340)
 * Yilbugha an-Nasiri (1340–1350)
 * Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
 * Tash Timur (c. 1380)
 * Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?–1393)
 * Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)
 * Sudun (1399–1400)
 * occupied by Timur (1400–1401)
 * Taghribirdi az-Zahiri (1401–?)
 * Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1418–1420)
 * Kijmas (c. 1470s)
 * Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)
 * Sibai (c. 16th century)
 * Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)
 * Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)

Ottoman walis

 * Yunus Pasha (c. 1516)
 * Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)
 * Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1521–1522)
 * Ferhad Pasha (1522–1523)
 * Hurram Pasha (1523–1525)
 * Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525–1526)
 * Lutf Pasha (1526–1528)
 * Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528–1531)
 * Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531–1534)
 * Lutf Pasha (1534–1535)
 * Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)
 * Muhammad Kuzal Pasha (1536–1537)
 * Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537–1538)
 * Ahmed Pasha I (1538–1539)
 * Qese Husrau Pasha (1539–1541)
 * Isa Pasha (1541–1543)
 * Piri Pasha (1543–1545)
 * Sinan Pasha al-Tuwashi (1545–1548)
 * Piri Pasha (1550–1551)
 * Muhammad Pasha Bartaki (1551–1552)
 * Şemsi Pasha (1552–1555)
 * Hizr Pasha (1555–1561)
 * Ali Pasha Lankun (1561–1563)
 * Khusrau Pasha I (1563)
 * Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563–1569)
 * Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)
 * Ali Pasha Lankun (1569–1570)
 * Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570–1571)
 * Darwish Pasha (1571–1574)
 * Lala Jafar Pasha (1574–1575)
 * Murad Pasha (1575–1577)
 * Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1577–1581)
 * Bahram Pasha (1581–1582)
 * Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić (1582–1583)
 * Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1583)
 * Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)
 * Üveys Pasha (1584–1585)
 * Elvendoglu Ali Pasha (October 1585–1586)
 * Üveys Pasha (1586–1587)
 * Muhammad Pasha Farhad (1587–1588)
 * Üveys Pasha (1588–1589)
 * Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589–1590)
 * Koca Sinan Pasha (1590)
 * Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1590–1591)
 * Mustafa Pasha I (1591–1592)
 * Khalil Pasha (1592–1593)
 * Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593–1594)
 * Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1594)
 * Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1594–1595)
 * Khusrau Pasha II (1595–1596)
 * Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596–1597)
 * Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597–1598)
 * Ahmed Pasha II (1598)
 * Ahmed Pasha III (1598)
 * Khusrau Pasha II (1599)
 * Emir Mehmed Pasha (1599–1600)
 * Osman Pasha (1601–1603)
 * Farhad Pasha Bustanji (1603–1604)
 * Mustafa Pasha II (1604–1607)
 * Mahmud Pasha (1607–1608)
 * Sufi Sinan Pasha (1608–1609)
 * Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609–1615)
 * Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615–1618)
 * Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618–1619)
 * Mustafa Pasha III (1619–1620)
 * Sulayman Pasha I (1620–1621)
 * Murtaza Pasha Bustanji (1621–1622)
 * Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622–1623)
 * Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623–1624)
 * Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624–1625)
 * Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625–1626)
 * Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626–1628)
 * Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628–1629)
 * Mustafa Pasha IV (1629–1630)
 * Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630–1631)
 * Ilyas Pasha (1632–1633)
 * Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633–1635)
 * Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635–1636)
 * Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1636–1638)
 * Mustafa Pasha IV (1638–1639)
 * Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639–1640)
 * Mehmed Pasha I (1640–1641)
 * Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641–1642)
 * Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642–1643)
 * Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (1643)
 * Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643–1644)
 * Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644–1645)
 * Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)
 * Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645–1646)
 * Gürcê Mehmed (1646)
 * Silahdar Yusuf Pasha (1646–1647)
 * Sufi Murteza Pasha (1647)
 * Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648)
 * Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1649)
 * Mehmed Pasha II (1649–1650)
 * Silahdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)
 * Sivaslı Mustafa Pasha (1650)
 * Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1650–1652)
 * Defterzade Mehmed Pasha (1653–1655)
 * Kara Murat Pasha (1655; died before taking office)
 * Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1656)
 * Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1659–1661)
 * Sulayman Pasha II (1661–1663)
 * Ribleli Mustafa Pasha (1663–1665)
 * Salih Pasha I (1665–1666)
 * Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666–1667)
 * Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667–1669)
 * Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan (1669–1671)
 * Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671–1672)
 * Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672–1673)
 * Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673–1674)
 * Qer Husein Pasha (1674–1675)
 * Ibrahim Pasha II (1675–1676)
 * Bosniak Osman Pasha (1676–1679)
 * Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679–1683)
 * Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)
 * Bosniak Osman Pasha (1684–1685)
 * Kaplan Pasha (1686–1687)
 * Arap Salih Pasha (1687–1688)
 * Hamza Pasha (1688–1689)
 * Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1690)
 * Murtaza Pasha (1690–1691)
 * Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691–1692)
 * Çelebi Ismail Pasha (1692–1693)
 * Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693–1694)
 * Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695–1696)
 * Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696–1697)
 * Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697–1698)
 * Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)
 * Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)
 * Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)
 * Salih Agha (1702)
 * Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1702–1703)
 * Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)
 * Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703–1704)
 * Defterdar Mustafa Pasha (1704)
 * Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704–1705)
 * Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1705–1706)
 * Baltacı Süleyman Pasha (1706–1707)
 * Yusuf Pasha Qapudan (1707–1708)
 * Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini (1708–1714)
 * Topal Yusuf Pasha (1714–1716)
 * Kapudan Ibrahim Pasha (1716–1717)
 * Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1717–1718)
 * Recep Pasha (1718–1719)
 * Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1719–1721)
 * Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu (1721–1723)
 * Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1723–1725)
 * Ismail Pasha al-Azm (1725–November/December 1730)
 * Muhsinzâde Abdullah Pasha (November/December 1730–December 1730)
 * Ayndınlı Abdullah Pasha (December 1730–1734)
 * Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1734–1738)
 * Hüseyin Pasha Bostancı (1738–1739)
 * Muhassıl Osman Pasha (1739–1740)
 * Abdî Pashazâde Ali Pasha (1740–1741)
 * Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1741–1743)
 * As'ad Pasha al-Azm (1743–1757)
 * Husayn Pasha ibn Makki (1757–1758)
 * Çeteci Abdullah Pasha (1758–1759)
 * Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik (1759–1760)
 * Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (1760–1771)
 * Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1771–1772)
 * Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji (1773–1783)
 * Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji (1783)
 * Darwish Pasha al-Kurji (1783–1784)
 * Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1784–1786)
 * Husayn Pasha Battal (1786–1787)
 * Abdi Pasha (1787–1788)
 * Ibrahim Pasha al-Dalati (1788–1789)
 * Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1790–1795)
 * Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1795–1798)
 * Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1798–1799)
 * Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1799–1803)
 * Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1803–1804)
 * Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1804–1807)
 * Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)
 * Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1810–1812)
 * Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (February 1812–May 1816)
 * Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1816; interim)
 * Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha (1816–March 1817)
 * Salih Pasha (March 1817–1817)
 * Izmirli Süleyman Pasha (1817–1819)
 * Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1819–1822)
 * Beylanli Mustafa Pasha (June 1822–April 1823)
 * Salih Pasha (April 1823–January 1824)
 * Muftizade Ahmed Pasha (1824–May 1824)
 * Haci Veliyeddin Pasha (1825–1826)
 * Hakki Ismail Pasha (October 1826–1827)
 * Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha (1827–1828)
 * Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828–1831)
 * Mehmed Selim Pasha (1831–1832)
 * to Egypt, autonomous from the Ottoman Empire
 * Ahmed Bey (1831–1832)
 * Ibrahim Pasha (1832)
 * Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir (1832–1838)
 * vacant (1838–1840)
 * Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840–1841)
 * Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841–1844)
 * Mehmed Namık Pasha (1845–1846)
 * Riza Pasha (1845–1846)
 * Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)
 * Namiq Pasha (1848)
 * Mehmed Namık Pasha (1848–1850)
 * Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850–1852)
 * Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1852)
 * Açaf Pasha (1852–1854)
 * Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854–1855)
 * Mehmed Namık Pasha (1855)
 * Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1855–1857)
 * Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1857)
 * Ali Pasha II (1858)
 * Mu'amer Pasha (1860)
 * Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)
 * Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)
 * Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861–1862)
 * Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)
 * Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864–1865)
 * Reshid Pasha (1865–1871)
 * Subhi Pasha (1871–1873)
 * Sherif Mehmed Re'uf Pasha (1873–1874)
 * Esad Pasha (1874–1875)
 * Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)
 * Ahmed Pasha V (1876–1877)
 * Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)
 * Midhat Pasha (13 November 1878–1 August 1880)
 * Hamdi Pasha (1880–1885)
 * Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)
 * Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888–1889)
 * Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889–1891)
 * Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)
 * Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892–1894)
 * Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)
 * Hasan Pasha II (1896–1897)
 * Hüseyin Nâzım Pasha (1897–1906)
 * Shukri Pasha (1906–1909)
 * Ismail Fazil Bey (1909–1911)
 * Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911–1912)
 * Kiazim Pasha (1912–1913)
 * Arif Bey (1913)
 * Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)
 * Jamal Pasha (1915)
 * Azmi Pasha (1915–1916)
 * Tahsin Bey (1916–1918)
 * Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)
 * Shukri Pasha (October 1–2, 1918)

Arab Kingdom of Syria

 * Faisal (1918–1920)

Capital of Syria

 * French Syria (1920–1946)
 * Republic of Syria (1946–1958)
 * United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
 * Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)

title: List of rulers of Damascus


text:
Wanderu

Wanderu may refer to:

 * Wanderu Inc., a travel booking website
 * Wanderoo, or lion-tailed macaque

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wanderu


text:
User talk:Kbradnam

Welcome!

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An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Adult worm.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:07, 14 February 2007 (UTC) Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:07, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

[Keith, first and foremost please note that I am not qualified to give legal advice.] Ms. Alton should read Donating copyrighted materials. She must license the content she is willing to donate to Wikipedia under the GNU Free Documentation License or a license that is compatible with it (Creative Commons license, BSD license, or release into the public domain). Please especially note that "I give permission for this content to be used on Wikipedia" is not sufficient. We require a clear, affirmative statement that the copyright owner is licensing the content under the GFDL (or other GFDL-compatible license). Finally, Ms. Alton must either: (1) explicitly note that the images are licensed as such on her website or (2) e-mail Wikipedia at. Any other questions? --Iamunknown 23:08, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Question
Hi. I had supplied an inline citation in wiki form to the Amber Rubarth article. I noticed that you just undid that -- was just wondering if that may have been unintentional?--Epeefleche (talk) 18:20, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh I'm sorry. I was editing the article at the same time as you and it reported that there was a potential conflict but I couldn't see what it was. Purely unintentional. My apologies. Nod (talk) 18:34, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I reinstated your change Nod (talk) 20:19, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Not a problem.--Epeefleche (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

February 2014
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=596059248 your edit] to N50 statistic may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 18:05, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * genome from the fictional species A was 500 Kbp, then the NG50 contig length would be 30 Kbp 80 + 70 + 50 + 40 + 30 is greater than 50% of 500 Kbp. In contrast, if the estimated or known size

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kbradnam


text:
OpenDemocracy

openDemocracy is an independent media platform and news website based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2001, openDemocracy states that through reporting and analysis of social and political issues, they seek to "challenge power and encourage democratic debate" around the world. The founders of the website have been involved with established media and political activism. The platform has been funded by grants from organisations such as Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, the Open Society Foundations, the Ford Foundation, and Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, as well as by receiving direct donations from readers.

History
openDemocracy was founded in 2000 by Anthony Barnett, David Hayes, Susan Richards and Paul Hilder. First publication began in May 2001.

Founder Anthony Barnett, Charter 88 organiser and political campaigner, was the first editor (2001–2005) and Isabel Hilton was editor from 2005 to 2007. She was succeeded in 2010 by Rosemary Bechler, who in turn handed over the editorship to Adam Ramsay in 2019. In 2012 the editor-in-chief was Magnus Nome, who was succeeded by Mary Fitzgerald.

Recent events
On 21 September 2022, the organisation announced that they were being sued in the UK by a company linked to the former President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Ownership and finances
openDemocracy is owned and published through a non-profit foundation. It has been funded by a number of philanthropic organisations, among them the Mott Foundation, Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, Ford Foundation, David and Elaine Potter Foundation, Lush, Andrew Wainwright Trust and the Network for Social Change.

Readership and audience
Originally attracting a meagre following, visits to openDemocracy's website grew exponentially following the September 11 attacks after it published an article by Todd Gitlin on the subject, who was in New York during the attacks. In his article, Gitlin presciently wrote that what was needed was "a focused military response—a precise one, not a revenge spasm ... but an action that distinguishes killers from civilians." openDemocracy began receiving daily international contributors and many Americans who were dissatisfied with their media's coverage on the issue logged onto the website for an alternative source. With a shift to a more broad based readership, the e-magazine "became a forum of debate for political activists, academics, journalists, businesspeople, politicians, and international civil servants from around the world" drawing interest from charitable sponsors.

By 2002, the three main topics of debate covered on the website were: the impact of globalisation, the use and abuse of American power around the world and the character of Islam. As the magazine grew, so too did its coverage of topics from climate change and regulation of global markets to the future of multiculturalism and the impact of migration. openDemocracy's mission statement asserts: "With human rights as our central guiding focus, we ask tough questions about freedom, justice and democracy. We give those fighting for their rights the agency to make their case and to inspire action."

In terms of readership, the website had nearly 9 million unique visitors in 2021, with 40% of all returning readers coming from the UK.

title: OpenDemocracy


text:
User talk:RiVn~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called RiVn. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name RiVn~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:04, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RiVn~enwiki


text: User talk:130.234.176.194

title: User talk:130.234.176.194


text:
Morris Michael Edelstein

Morris Michael Edelstein (February 5, 1888 – June 4, 1941) was a Polish-born Congressional Representative and lawyer from the state of New York, serving from 1940 to 1941.

Biography
Edelstein was born in Meseritz (Międzyrzec Podlaski), Poland. At three years of age immigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in New York City. He attended public schools and Cooper Union College in New York. He graduated from the Brooklyn Law School of St. Lawrence University, in 1909, and was admitted to the bar in 1910 and practiced law in New York.

Edelstein lived with his mother until the end of his life, having never married. His mother was 85 at the time of his death.

Congress
Edelstein was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William I. Sirovich. He was reelected to the Seventy-seventh Congress and served from February 6, 1940, until his death on June 4, 1941, in the cloakroom of the House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., after completing the delivery of a speech on the floor of the House.

Death on June 4, 1941
Edelstein's last speech was a response to Mississippi Representative John Elliott Rankin, widely described as an anti-Semite who advocated peace with Nazi Germany. Rankin had just delivered a House floor speech accusing "international Jewish brethren" of trying to drag America into World War II.

In response, Edelstein, who was Jewish said: "Hitler started out by speaking about 'Jewish brethren.' It is becoming the play and the work of those people who want to demagogue to speak about their 'Jewish brethren' and 'international bankers.' ... I deplore the idea that ... men in this House ... attempt to use the Jews as their scapegoat. I say it is unfair and I say it is un-American. ... All men are created equal, regardless of race, creed or color, and whether a man be Jew or Gentile, he may think what he deems fit." Edelstein then walked out of the House. He collapsed and died shortly afterwards in the House cloakroom.

He is buried in Mount Zion Cemetery, Maspeth, New York. 15,000 mourners attended his funeral.

Legacy
The SS M. Michael Edelstein, a World War II liberty ship, was named in his honor.

title: Morris Michael Edelstein


text:
Tatomir Vukanović

Tatomir P. Vukanović (1907–1997) was a Serbian ethnologist of the Balkans region of south-eastern Europe.

Born in Vranje, Southern Serbia, he concentrated on the history, folklore and culture of the Serb and Roma (Gypsy) inhabitants of Yugoslavia in general and the southern province of Kosovo in particular, as well as in gender issues, most specifically of sworn virgins, the latter due to the fact that he himself was gay which in homophobic Socialist Yugoslavia led to his marginalisation as a scholar and demise from positions of authority to which he had aspired as a Josip Broz Tito's partisan guerrilla petty officer.

title: Tatomir Vukanović


text:
Mairehau High School

Mairehau High School is a state co-educational secondary school in Mairehau, Christchurch, New Zealand. The school takes its name from the suburb Mairehau having been adopted in 1916 as a compliment to Mrs Mairehau Hutton whose father, Arthur Gravenor Rhodes, owned considerable property in the area and was a notable benefactor to the district.

The school is located at the northeast end of the suburb, near to Shirley, thus forming a coeducation alternative to Shirley Boys' High School, and Avonside Girls' High School. Mairehau High School opened on 1 February 1961, having been constructed on the advice of the Department of Statistics.

Waka groups
Mairehau uses waka groups in place of school houses.

The names and colours of the Mairehau waka groups are:
 * Waka Ama – Green
 * Waka Katea – Blue
 * Tau Ihu – Yellow
 * Tau Rapa – Red

title: Mairehau High School


text:
Talk:List of halls and walks of fame

Article name
The name of this article should be List of halls and walks of fame and not List of Halls and Walks of Fame. There's no need for the capitalization. --Tysto 20:58, 2005 August 29 (UTC)

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request.

Category
Why is this article in Category:Lists of structures? I'm not sure a Walk of Fame qualifies as a structure, and a Hall of Fame is often figurative. Powers T 14:31, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Existing Wikipedia pages
This is a Wikipedia list, not a catch-all for every hall and walk of fame the world over. Those halls/walks which have their own Wikipedia pages, demonstrating both individual initiative and consensus acceptance by the Wikipedia community of editors, have been retained on the list. Those which have not have been deleted. They may be added to the list when they have established a page of their own. Wikiuser100 (talk) 17:37, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Inclusion criteria
 * Building on Wikiuser100's, either a Wikipedia article, or an independent reliable source significantly discussing the hall or walk, is required for inclusion in this list. List inclusion criteria are required to be clear and on-policy, per WP:LIST. --Lexein (talk) 13:19, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I created an edit notice for the page to alert editors to the inclusion criteria. Wikipedia articles do not normally discuss Wikipedia editing guidelines like notability. --Orlady (talk) 13:52, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks, and fair point. I think we can use the word notable, just not too Wikipedia-y, followed by a "discussed in published literature" or some such. WP:LIST is a harsh mistress, wanting disclosure of the criteria so readers know what they're getting, without quoting policy. Heh.--Lexein (talk) 14:41, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Break off Ice hockey
There are at least three different ice hockey halls of fame in the Other Sports section. These should in their own category in the list. Additionally, the IIHF Hall of Fame is missing ( which has its own wiki page. ) Ennisj (talk) 19:42, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Go ahead! Powers T 13:10, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Done Ennisj (talk) 04:49, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Bristol zoo
Where is the Bristol Zoo walk of fame — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.98.167.114 (talk) 14:44, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Merge?
This article could easily be merged into Hall of fame to form one stand-alone list article. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:22, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I think that this list is long enough currently to warrant its own article. Zell Faze (talk) 21:39, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, but this does not really have a lead section that would be adequent if, for example, someone wanted it to turn this into a Wikipedia featured list. Merging both pages would provide this. Zzyzx11 (talk) 06:57, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Support merge. I have created a lead section for this list, and there is now no reason to keep a separate article as it currently simply duplicates information. If at some point in the future someone wants to write a detailed general article on halls of fame, then it can be split out at that time.  SilkTork  ✔Tea time  09:20, 18 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The merge should be Hall of fame to List of halls and walks of fame.  SilkTork  ✔Tea time  09:23, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I suuport a merge and recommend a WP:BARD to accomplish. But given the long delay in doing anything, I've simply changed the "Types" section to a see also section and removed the old merge tags.  – S. Rich (talk) 07:45, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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List entry notes and inclusion
I noticed that some entries on the lists have parenthetic notes. For example:
 * National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (U.S.)
 * Australian Basketball Hall of Fame (formerly NBL Hall of Fame)
 * Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame (est. 2002)
 * Las Vegas Walk of Stars (Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.)
 * Łódź Walk of Fame (film)(pl) (Piotrkowska Street, Łódź, Poland)

I can understand it's good to give some disambiguation from "national", to identify country for one which might not be internationally recognizable, or to note a name change or merger. But in some cases it doesn't seem necessary and I feel like the list could get clogged if we put in establishment dates (other than the early historical ones in the lead).

There are also a couple like:
 * Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (for people) – simply an award, doesn't have a HOF and not called a HOF
 * Monument Park (Yankee Stadium) – I understand this one's inclusion, but the article never refers to it as an HOF and I feel this could be a slippery slope to allow any collection of plagues and/or statues. By this logic, Mount Rushmore could be listed as a HOF for US Presidents, along with any number of other memorials.
 * Women Divers Hall of Fame – no citation, no article. Is mentioned in 27 articles, so possibly some potential for an article.

A few of the entries at Women's Hall of Fame (a dab page) are also listed here, but most are not. Is there any reason for excluding them from these lists?

Thoughts? – Reidgreg (talk) 18:29, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

U.S. Capitol
Doesn't this belong under Halls of Fame? Each state sending statues of its two most distinguished citizens. deisenbe (talk) 13:46, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

Section of an article
Does a section of an article qualify for a link inclusion on this list article? Example: American Contract Bridge League Hall of Fame. Newwhist (talk) 15:54, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

Help needed to split out a big new section
Hi, in these two edits I just added a too-long-for-this-list-article section on writers' halls of fame. For whatever reasons, I cannot myself split that out into a separate article where it belongs. Could someone else please split it out, or simple create List of writers' halls of fame (currently a redlink) with nothing or just one word or such in it, so that I can do the proper splitting? This would resolve an impasse at Draft:List of writers' halls of fame where I composed the material, but where I can't make anyone put it into mainspace, although IMHO it is obviously fine as a list-article that is a subarticle to this great list. BONUS: you can appear to be the author of the new article! --Doncram (talk,contribs) 00:50, 6 February 2023 (UTC) P.S. (User:BusterD, you don't have to be the one to step in, but since we were chatting elsewhere just now I wonder if you'd be willing to, i.e. just create a one-word article so I can do the editing work to make it right. No problem if you don't want to. --doncram)
 * I've accepted responsibility for accepting the draft. Please don't make me look like a schmuck. BusterD (talk) 01:06, 6 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of halls and walks of fame


text:
User:MrCalifornia/foods

=Lean Cuisine=
 * Chicken l'Orange - Great
 * Thai Chicken - Great

title: User:MrCalifornia/foods


text:
Talk:Pope Clement III

Untitled
SOMEONE SHOULD FIX THIS PAGE!!!

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 02:05, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Dates
He was really elected only two days after Gregory VIII's death? john k (talk) 05:03, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope Clement III


text: File:Prince nevertake cover.jpg

title: File:Prince nevertake cover.jpg


text:
Is This Room Getting Smaller

Is This Room Getting Smaller is the debut studio album by the California rock music group Onesidezero. The album was released on November 20, 2001 via Maverick Records.

Reception and legacy
VH1 listed Is This Room Getting Smaller as one of 12 "underrated nu metal albums". In 2006, Swedish singer Lisa Miskovsky recorded a cover of the song "Instead Laugh".

Personnel

 * Jasan Radford — vocals, guitar
 * Levon Sultanian — lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Brett Kane — rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Cristian Hernandez — bass, backing vocals
 * Rob Basile — drums

title: Is This Room Getting Smaller


text:
User:Jaysbro

Hi - I'm me

title: User:Jaysbro


text:
Meo (ethnic group)

Meo (Hindi: मेव; Urdu: میو) (pronounced: mev or may-o) (also spelled Mayo or occasionally, Mewati) are an ethnic group originating from the Mewat region of north-western India.

Origins and history
The term "Meo" semantically correlates with the historical region of Mewat, which consists of the Nuh district of Haryana and some parts of adjoining Alwar and Bharatpur districts of Rajasthan and parts of western Uttar Pradesh. The term Mewati, in terms of use for ethnic classification, is also interchangeable with Meo. Although, not every Mewati is necessarily an ethnic Meo as the term is a general demonym for someone from Mewat.

The Meos have a diverse theory of origins. According to one theory, they were Hindu Rajputs who converted to Islam between the 12th and 17th century, until as late as Aurangzeb's rule. Over the centuries, they have maintained their age-old distinctive cultural identity. According to S. L. Sharma and R. N. Srivastava, Mughal persecution had little effect on the strengthening of their Islamic identity, but it reinforced their resistance to Mughal rule.

Another theory suggests that there is also common kinship with the Meenas (Minas), another group found in the Mewat region. A British Raj-era theory that was first briefly suggested by the colonial ethnographer and political agent for Alwar State, Major P. W. Powlett, stated that the Meo are related to the Meenas. In Powlett's 1878 Gazetteer of Ulwur (later spelt Alwar), he comments: "The similarity between the words Meo and Mina suggests that the former may be a contraction of the latter". He continues by pointing out that several clans in both communities (Singal, Nai, Dulot, Poonglot, Dehngal, Balot) have identical names. These are some of the thirteen pals of Meo, each pal a group of (rather than single) gotras or "clans". The pals traditionally encompass a geographical area and may include non-Muslim allies of any caste within that territory. Powlett mentions the Meo's traditional narrative ballad— understood by Meos as a cultural story, rather than as oral history —of Dariyā Khān ("Daria Meo") and the story of his betrothal to Sisbadani, a Mina woman, their separation and reunion, as possibly suggestive of historical intermarriage between the groups.

According to Shail Mayaram, author, and professor of Subaltern Studies at the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, the term Meo was not an interchangeable term of the Minas, as Mewatis was the usual term describing Meos until the nineteenth century. This view was likely constructed from political motives by those with colonial authority. In her view, following the 1857 insurrection in which the Meo joined action against the Company Raj, it was helpful to the British if they could conflate the still-resistant Meos with another nearby group whom they had already classified as "criminal", the Minas. While there had been some instances of Minas prosecuted for theft, dacoity, and similar, in the aftermath of the mutiny, there had been almost no Meo involvement in such cases. Mayaram traces the theory of a Meo–Mina intermixing from its relatively tentative genesis with Powlett, through repetitions of varying strength in colonial reports, to its emergence as a fully-fledged "common origin" in Alexander Cunningham's Eastern Rajputana report. Even the traditional epic of Dariyā Khān and Sisbadani was transmuted from the "story" in Powlett to an acknowledged "historical" event in the later text.

Cultural connections
Meos speak Mewati, a language of the Indo-Aryan language family, although in some areas the language dominance of Urdu and Hindi has seen Meos adopt these languages instead.

Hindu inhabitants of Mewat, although belonging to the same Kshatriya castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo. Thus the word Meo is both region-specific and religion-specific. According to many, Meos come from many Hindu clans who converted to Islam and amalgamated as the Meo community, however there is no solid basis for this claim.

Meos profess Islam but the roots of their ethnic structure are in Hindu caste society. Meos share most of their culture with their Hindu counterparts from neighboring areas in Haryana and Rajasthan. The neighbouring Hindu Jats, Meenas, Ahirs and Rajputs share the same mores. According to some theories, the Meo community may have a common origin with the Meena community. Such views were especially prominent in colonial-era ethnographies, which may be prone to bias.

Like Hindus of the north, the Meo do not marry within their own gotras although Islam permits marriage with cousins. Solemnization of marriage among Meos was not complete without both nikah and saptapadi, although the latter has been mostly abandoned with the advent of Islam. Some gotras of the Meos believe that they are direct descendants of Krishna and Rama.

Gotras
Meos generally claim Kshatriya Rajput descent. This may be true, however, some of them may be descendants of other castes who might have laid claim to this ancestry after converting to Islam to enhance their social standing. The names of many gots (gotra) or exogamous lineages of Meos are common with other Hindu castes as Meena, Ahir and Gujjar who live in their vicinity. It thus seems possible that the Meos belonged to many different castes and not just to the Rajputs; this phenomenon is also seen in other Rajput communities and is not limited to the Meos.

Meos were divided into three vansh, thirteen pals and fifty-two gotras by Rana Kaku Balot Meo in the 13th century. Meos have twelve pals including a thirteenth inferior pal.

List of Pals

 * Ratwat
 * Dedwal
 * Lundawat
 * Balot
 * Nai
 * Poonglot
 * Dulot
 * Chhirkalot
 * Demrot
 * Kalisa
 * Sengal
 * Dhengal
 * Pahat (thirteenth inferior pal)

Marriage and kinship customs
Meos generally do not follow the Muslim law of inheritance and so among them, like various other communities in the region, custom makes a younger cousin marry the widow of the deceased by a simple Nikah ceremony.

Post-independence change
Despite pressure to do so from the regional princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur, ruled by Gorwal Khanzadas, the Meo Rajput community decided not to migrate to Pakistan during the Partition of India. During 1947, Meo were displaced from Alwar and Bharatpur districts and there was significant loss of life in intercommunal violence. The population of Meos drastically decreased in Alwarand and Bharatpur. However, many old mosques from pre-independence era are still present there.

In 1947, Mahatma Gandhi visited Ghasera, a village in present-day Nuh district to urge the Muslims living there not to leave, calling the Meos "" or 'the backbone of the country', India. Due to this, the people of Ghasera still celebrate Mewat Day.

Although on the whole the community did not migrate, there were a number of gotras of the Meos who, on an individual basis, did decide to relocate to Pakistan during partition. They were mostly settled in Pakistani districts of Sialkot, Lahore, Karachi, Narowal, Dera Ghazi Khan, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Multan, Haiderabad and Kasur, among others.

Legacy
Resisting Regimes is the first political anthropological and social-historical study detailing the Meos.

title: Meo (ethnic group)


text:
Wayzgoose

A wayzgoose (or wayz-goose, waygoose or wayzegoose) was at one time an entertainment given by a master printer to his workmen each year on or about St Bartholomew's Day (24 August). It marked the traditional end of summer and the start of the season of working by candlelight. Later, the word came to refer to an annual outing and dinner for the staff of a printing works or the printers on a newspaper.

In modern times, the tradition has been adopted by large publishing and educational sales companies in The United States. Southwestern Advantage throws an annual festival at the end of the summer/fall (early September) for their most successful dealers to celebrate a long summer of work. The festivities largely consist of several days of chanting, games, and libations.

Possible derivations
The derivation of the term is doubtful. It may be a misspelling for "waysgoose", from wase, Middle English for "sheaf", thus meaning "sheaf" or "harvest goose", a bird eaten at harvest-time, cf. the "stubble-goose" mentioned by Chaucer in The Cook's Prologue.

The most likely origin is the word "Weg(s)huis", which was current in early Modern Dutch. This word (literally, "way house") was one of several words meaning the English "inn" and was figuratively used for "a banquet". The Low Country origin of the word "wayzgoose" has never seriously been disputed by etymologists, seeing that much early chapel terminology was borrowed from Low Country printers by their English apprentices (and later journeymen). The variety of spellings and pronunciations (including with and without the "z") indicate that it is an orally-borrowed Dutch word that fit somewhat uneasily in the mouth of English speakers.

Another plausible origin is a more general word for a merry-making or feast, reputedly referring to the grand goose-feast annually held at Waes, in Brabant, at Martinmas. However that is pronounced quite differently, as "Waas". It apparently means "cloud-veil" in Dutch: also there are no places called Waes or Waas in Brabant, but there are several places with "Waes" in their name in East Flanders.

Relations between England and the Low Countries were often very close, and it is plausible that such entertainments might have grown to be called colloquially a "Waes-Goose". It is not clear why the term should have survived later in the printing trade. Certainly the goose has long ago parted company with the printers' wayzgoose, which was usually held in July, though it had no fixed season. A keepsake was often printed to commemorate the occasion. It could be printed ahead of time, or the printing could form part of the evening's activities.

Some bookbinders believe that Wayzgoose was held on St Bartholomew's Day because he was the patron saint of leather workers. It was no coincidence that on 24 August 1456 the printing of the Gutenberg Bible was completed, perhaps triggering the very first wayzgoose party at Fust–Schöffer shop in Mainz.

The holiday, a break in printing, was traditionally also the day that papermakers took a break from making paper for the printers, and used up the last of the pulp to make paper for windows, waxed paper being the traditional window material for the yeoman class before the use of glass became more widespread, and after this was done, the pulp vats would be cleaned out for the new fibre, made from rags collected in the spring, and retted (prepared by rotting) over the summer.

The paper windows were fitted on St. Martin's Day (11 November). Just as the saint had supposedly cut his cloak in half to share with a beggar during a snowstorm, so yeoman farmers would give offcuts of the windows to the poor, to help them keep warm during the coming winter.

Parchment was the original mediaeval material for keeping northern homes warm, for those who could not afford glass for the windows. The patron saint of parchment makers was the same St Bartholomew. With paper replacing parchment, the name of the traditional Martinmas party, the Wayzgoose, might have been transferred to both papermakers' and printers' parties.

Contemporary uses
Since 1979, the Grimsby, Ontario Public Art Gallery has held its annual Wayzgoose festival showing handmade books and paper arts and demonstrating their technologies. The festival occurs on the last Saturday in April. The wayzgoose is held in the Grimsby Art Gallery. The town produces a limited edition anthology showing samples of the work by private presses and celebrating print media and book arts across Canada and internationally. In addition to publishers with displays at the fair, the anthology includes the work of private presses that cannot come to Grimsby for the event. The usual edition is 115 copies. To celebrate its 35th anniversary, the gallery published a two-volume anthology in an edition of 135 copies.

For almost 20 years the Letterpress Guild of New England has met in late September for their annual Wayzgoose.

In 2009, Coach House Books, an independent Canadian press, began hosting an annual Wayzgoose Party, in celebration of buying the building which they had rented since 1965.

The University of California, Irvine's student government (ASUCI) hosts a medieval fair called Wayzgoose every April for an open house event known as Celebrate UCI.

Minnesota Center for Book Arts, a contemporary art center preserving traditional printing and bookmaking crafts, celebrates an annual Wayzgoose in appreciation of its donors and members.

Tacoma, Washington holds an annual Wayzgoose event dubbed a "printer's celebration". This event, which includes a large-scale relief printing project using a steamroller, is designed to get the community interested and involved in the art of printmaking. The School of Visual Concepts in Seattle, Washington also celebrates an annual Wayzgoose festival which includes a "Steamroller Smackdown" competition.

The Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum in Two Rivers, Wisconsin holds a Wayzgoose in November. The event is a multi-day conference with presentations and workshops by letterpress printers and historians.

The Museum of Printing (in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia) held its first Wimble's Wayzgoose on 28–30 April 2017. It is named after the FT Wimble & Co. Collection which is housed at the museum.

The Ann Arbor District Library in Ann Arbor, MI hosted their inaugural Wayzgoose & Printing Festival in 2018. It is now an annual event with lectures, exhibits, vendors, learning workshops, and a tour around town.

Cultural references
Wharfedale Wayzgoose is the name of a Border Morris side (team of Morris dancers) from Otley, West Yorkshire, a town renowned for the development of the Wharfedale printing press.

In 1928, South African poet Roy Campbell wrote a satirical poem, The Wayzgoose, about racism in South Africa.

In 1978 a children's sketch comedy TV show entitled Wayzgoose was produced and screened for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The series ran for about ten half-hour episodes.

title: Wayzgoose


text:
User talk:Jaysbro

Am I crazy if I talk to myself?

hi Jaysbro; I seem to have been slightly overzealous in deleting spam links. As you will undoubtedly know, links keep popping up on finance pages which do not add anything to an entry, but are solely to get readers to use certain services. I tend to take a (perhaps slightly too) cynical view of all these commercial links. Which means that I sometimes inadvertendly delete links that actually do add something to a discussion. I do apologize if I deleted a link which would have explained the concept of closed-end funds better than the current entry.

Thanks!
Thanks for the tip on Roberts. I feel like a tool, but I really appreciate the info. jengod 18:22, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Turin
The page has returned to Turin from Torino. Please see the brief discussion at Torino. --Walter Görlitz 21:49, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Re Bloggs
Articles that are linked to, but haven't been created, are often referred to as "red links" on Wikipedia becuase they show up as red links. You'll find many red links throughout the encyclopaedia. Just because the article doesn't exist yet doesn't mean that the link is invalid and needs to be changed. If you look at the history of the Bloggs page, you'll see that the editor before you added the "Blogg" link deliberately, in anticipation of an article being written on the surname Blogg. Waggers 19:36, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

New Video Game Article
Hey! I saw that you created a new video game article- consider joining the Computer and Video Games WikiProject! I've added your article to the list of new articles, and attributed it to you. --PresN 21:33, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: PocketDish
I've nominated the article PocketDish for deletion under the Articles for deletion process. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that PocketDish satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion. I have explained why in the nomination space (see What Wikipedia is not and Deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/PocketDish. Don't forget to add four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of each of your comments to sign them. You are free to edit the content of PocketDish during the discussion, but please do not remove the "Articles for Deletion" template (the box at the top). Doing so will not end the discussion. Sandstein 06:12, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Dsummer/UnumProvident controversy
Jaysbro, thanks for the note. I'm new and learning. I'll try again with edits but thought my documentation (footnotes) validated the copy I submitted. I did not intentionally mean to violate the rules -- again, I'm still learning. Thanks for your advisory.

(regarding posting: Jaysbro 16:58, 19 January 2007 (UTC)) I want to let you know that I was not intentionally violating any rules by editing the page. I felt my edits were supported with verified footnotes, and thought them to be acceptable. I do understand that I cannot copy/paste existing content from other sites and will correct and resubmit as you've instructed. My apologies -- I'm still learning how this works. --the preceding unsigned comment was added by Dsummer

Vidas de Fuego
I've created another version of the page at Talk:Vidas_de_Fuego/Temp as per the copyvio template. Does it pass the copyvio requirements? - fmmarianicolon | Talk 07:34, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * After I found that it was moved to the Vidas_de_Fuego/Temp, it looks good. See the Vidas de Fuego talk page. Jaysbro 15:36, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If there is no objection to this, we should move the Temp article over to the original as soon as possible Robert Moore 17:51 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Isn't the usual way to do things to wait a week to see if the original editor wants to raise an objection? Jaysbro 16:23, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

See also Vidas de Fuego/Temp
The article you tagged as being a possible copyright infringement is being recreated as the article in this subject line. I don't know enough about this area to put a tag like that on an article. It appeared as a see-also in the Ugly Betty article. Thanks, Ronbo76 20:42, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

FairTax
Banners should be used after discussion of the issues and if needed to get additional editor resources. You need to explain your concerns and how you think they should be addressed. Morphh  (talk) 17:25, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Banners are what he does best...in fact he does little else. Take a peek at Jaybro's contributions and you will see what I mean. Soapy 00:28, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Duxiana, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Gimboid13 06:23, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Robin Smith (psychologist)

A tag has been placed on Robin Smith (psychologist) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. -- Patchy1   16:37, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Help me!
Please help me with whether I can petition to speedily delete the page Juggalo:_Insane_Clown_Posse,_Their_Fans,_and_the_World_They_Made. It appears to be a non-notable, non-published book; all of the sources are the author's website, and the page reads like a commercial.

Jaysbro (talk) 23:52, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Hi! The page does not qualify for speedy deletion under any of the A7 (no indication of notability) criteria because that does not apply to books. G11 (blatant spam) applies to anything, but my opinion is that page isn't quite spammy enough for that to apply. Your best bet would be to follow the instructions at WP:AFD if you feel the article should be deleted.  You'll create a discussion page where editors can decide if there is consensus to delete the article.  You'll want to cite the relevant policies (WP:N most likely) in your nomination rationale. Cheers, Nick—Contact/Contribs 05:24, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of FRISK Software International

The article FRISK Software International has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * No assertion of notability per WP:CORP

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Proposed deletion of Exile (1990 film)

The article Exile (1990 film) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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"The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerch" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerch. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Dominicmgm (talk) 16:24, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Exile (1990 film)

The article Exile (1990 film) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No sources as tagged for 2 years, let alone anything that would show notability. Fails WP:NFILM"

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Nomination of Exile (1990 film) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Exile (1990 film) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Exile (1990 film) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Geraldo Perez (talk) 19:35, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

Newburgh Shortcut moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Newburgh Shortcut, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Jamiebuba (talk) 06:16, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jaysbro


text:
LCR

LCR may refer to:

Government and political

 * Log Cabin Republicans, an LGBT group that supports the US Republican Party
 * London and Continental Railways, a UK-government-owned property developer
 * Revolutionary Communist League (France) (Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire), a former political party in France
 * Revolutionary Communist League (Belgium) (Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire), a political party in Belgium

Motor racing

 * Louis Christen Racing, a manufacturer of sidecar road racing chasses
 * LCR Team, a motorcycle team currently competing in MotoGP

Religious

 * LifeWay Christian Resources, a Christian publisher in Nashville, TN, US
 * Lutheran Churches of the Reformation

Military and weapons

 * Landing Craft Rubber, an inflatable rubber boat for troops
 * Landing Craft Rubber Large (LCR(L)), in WWII
 * Ruger LCR, a 2009 revolver

Places

 * Lake County Railroad, Oregon, United States
 * Laos–China Railway or Boten–Vientiane railway, Lao
 * Liverpool City Region, northwest England

Electrical engineering

 * LCR circuit, an inductor, capacitor and resistor electrical circuit
 * LCR meter, for measuring inductance, capacitance and resistance
 * Left/Center/Right, a speaker designation type used in surround sound

Molecular biology

 * Leucocyanidin reductase, an enzyme in the leucocyanidin biosynthesis pathway
 * Ligase chain reaction, a method for DNA amplification similar to the polymerase chain reaction
 * Locus control region, in epigenetics
 * Low copy repeats, in molecular genetics

Telecommunications

 * Line Concentration Ratio; see Number Five Crossbar Switching System
 * Low Chip Rate, one of the two transmission modes of UMTS-TDD 3G standard
 * Least-cost routing, outbound traffic triaging based on cost

Other uses

 * Lead and Copper Rule, a regulation issued under the US Safe Drinking Water Act
 * Liquidity Coverage Ratio, a global minimum liquidity standard that is part of Basel III
 * Loughborough Campus Radio

title: LCR


text:
Stones River National Battlefield

Stones River National Battlefield, a 570 acre park along the Stones River in Rutherford County, Tennessee, three miles (5 km) northwest of Murfreesboro and twenty-eight miles southeast of Nashville, memorializes the Battle of Stones River. This key battle of the American Civil War occurred on December 31, 1862 and January 2, 1863, and resulted in a strategic Union victory.

Creation of the National Battlefield
The national battlefield was established through the efforts of both private individuals, the Stones River Battlefield and Park Association, the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (in 2011, part of CSX Transportation), and a 1927 act of Congress authorizing a national military park under the jurisdiction of the War Department.

During the early years of the twentieth century, the railroad emphasized the battlefield as a destination to increase passenger traffic. It promoted veteran reunions and acquired parts of the battlefield as points of historical interest. In 1906, the company erected a 31 ft obelisk to commemorate the January 2, 1863, position of massed Union artillery used to repel a Confederate assault on Union troops across the river.

The Stones River Battlefield and Park Association was chartered on April 28, 1896, after the establishment of Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park increased interest in preserving significant Civil War battlefields. The association secured options on property connected with the battle, reportedly 3400 acre by June 1897. Association members erected wooden signs to mark and interpret battlefield locations. In 1912, the Association lobbied to have Congress "establish an accurate system of markers," but the measure failed, in part because of the testimony of former congressman and Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Park Commissioner Charles H. Grosvenor, who believed the landmarks had been "entirely obliterated."

Land acquisition began in 1928 and was completed in 1934. In 1992, the park accepted a donation from the City of Murfreesboro of an intact segment of Fortress Rosecrans, the largest enclosed earthwork built during the Civil War. The park preserves less than a fifth of the more than 3,000 acres (12 km2) over which the battle was fought.

On March 3, 1927, the site was established as Stones River National Military Park. It was transferred from the War Department to the U.S. Department of the Interior's National Park Service on August 10, 1933, and redesignated as a national battlefield on April 22, 1960. As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, the battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (October 15, 1966).

On April 10, 2009, the Good Friday tornado damaged the battlefield park.

Since 1997 the American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 74 acres of the battlefield in five acquisitions. Some of the land was sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the national battlefield.

Cemetery
Within park boundaries is Stones River National Cemetery, 20.09 acres (81,300 m2) with 6,850 interments (2562 unidentified). Just outside the cemetery proper is the Hazen Brigade Monument (1863), the oldest surviving American Civil War monument standing in its original location. The 32nd Indiana Monument at Cave Hill National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky is a year older. An earlier monument was erected after the First Battle of Manassas in Virginia but is no longer extant. Also, veterans from Army of the Cumberland erected the U.S. Regular Brigade Civil War Monument.

The cemetery was established on March 29, 1864, by the order of Major General George H. Thomas. Under the supervision of Chaplain William Earnshaw, the 111th Regiment United States Colored Troops disinterred bodies from the battlefields of Stones River, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Shelbyville, Tullahoma and Cowan. Reburials began in 1865 and were completed by 1867.

At the time, most of the Confederate dead were taken to their home towns or to the nearest southern community. Some, however, were buried in a mass grave south of town. They were later reinterred in another mass grave, Confederate Circle in Evergreen Cemetery in Murfreesboro. In November 1867, the bodies of 1,360 Union soldiers were removed to Stones River from Rose Hill Cemetery in Columbia, Tennessee, where a national cemetery had earlier been planned.

The cemetery was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933.

title: Stones River National Battlefield


text:
18 Stone of Idiot

18 Stone of Idiot is a British television programme broadcast on Channel 4 in 2005 designed as a vehicle for Johnny Vegas and produced by Chris Evans.

The first show was broadcast on 27 May 2005 and a further five episodes were broadcast weekly thereafter. Vegas' stated intention was to make a programme "so ridiculous that there was no way they'd recommission it."

Each show had one primary guest whom Vegas interviewed, and who were further involved in various stunts and skits.

Guest list

 * Ray Winstone
 * Kathy Burke
 * Erkan Mustafa
 * Huey Morgan from The Fun Lovin' Criminals
 * Elvis Costello
 * Rhys Ifans
 * David Soul

An appearance was made by former MP Neil Hamilton who danced in a perspex box whilst buckets of fish were poured over his head.

Regular features

 * At the end of the programme Vegas would "jump" over the guest in a vehicle such as a shopping trolley or child's tricycle.
 * A reality television style slot based around a lock-in where celebrities drank with Johnny until heavily inebriated. Vegas states that the filming of these segments took place over an eight-hour period, though only three minutes were shown per episode.
 * TV Democracy in which members of the audience would ask Vegas to do whatever they ask him to do. These seemed to be planned out, as some requests were played out via a pre-recorded video.
 * An actor dressed as a green budgerigar beating up Johnny.

DVD release
On 31 October 2005 a DVD of the series (entitled Johnny Vegas - 18 Stone of Idiot - Unseen & Uncut) was released by Channel 4 DVD. The show was edited down to a 78-minute compilation and accompanied by 169 minutes of extras, which comprises a full-length commentary by Vegas, writer Tony Pitts and series producer Gareth Collett; a 36-minute compilation of Celebrity Lock-In footage (the segment was not included in the main programme compilation); 18 minutes of outtakes; a 5-minute compilation of footage of the Angry Baboon character (again, these interludes were not included in the main compilation); and an extended 32-minute version of the My Favourite Things segment which saw Vegas appear on Challenge's Celebrity Poker Club.

title: 18 Stone of Idiot


text:
Duff reaction

The Duff reaction or hexamine aromatic formylation is a formylation reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of benzaldehydes with hexamine as the formyl carbon source. The method is generally inefficient. The reaction is named after James Cooper Duff.

The reaction requires strongly electron donating substituents on the aromatic ring such as in a phenol. Formylation occurs ortho to the electron donating substituent preferentially, unless the ortho positions are blocked, in which case the formylation occurs at the para position.

Examples
The modified salicylaldehyde 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde is prepared by the Duff reaction:

The natural product syringaldehyde can also be prepared by the Duff reaction. In this example, formylation occurs at the position para to the phenolic OH.

Unlike other formylation reactions the Duff reaction is able to attach multiple aldehyde groups. If both ortho positions are vacant then a diformylation is possible, as in the formation of diformylcresol from p-cresol. Conversion of phenol to the corresponding 1,3,5-trialdehyde has also been reported

Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism is related to that for the Reimer–Tiemann reaction, which uses chloroform as the formylating agent. Protonated hexamine ring-opens to expose an iminium group. Addition to the aromatic ring results in an intermediate at the oxidation state of a benzylamine. An intramolecular redox reaction then ensues, raising the benzylic carbon to the oxidation state of an aldehyde. The oxygen atom is provided by water on acid hydrolysis in the final step.

Historical references
Duff was a chemist at the College of Technology, Birmingham, around 1920–1950. who

title: Duff reaction


text: User talk:212.179.74.234

title: User talk:212.179.74.234


text:
Cash (The Young Ones)

"Cash" is the eighth episode of British sitcom The Young Ones. It was written by Ben Elton, Rik Mayall and Lise Mayer, and directed by Paul Jackson. It was first broadcast on BBC2 on 15 May 1984. This particular episode is unusual in that it is filmed to enable the wall with the fireplace, which would usually be 'behind camera,' to be in view during internal scenes. In this case, the wall with the living room window becomes the fourth wall.

Plot
The quartet are so poor that they are burning their clothes and belongings just to keep warm. Neil prepares meals of snow passed off as risotto, and Vyvyan goes around the neighbourhood to find winter fuel although the episode is set in September. Eventually they decide that someone needs to get a job to bring money into the house, but when the only vacancy advertised in the local paper is for the Army, Rick and Mike both rule themselves out on medical grounds (perforated eardrum and flat feet, respectively), while Vyvyan declares that he is pregnant, leaving Neil the only one to take the job.

After a poor haircut and a quick loan of Mike's suit, Neil goes to join up, but having been told not to mention it, is rejected for being a pacifist. After spotting a recruitment poster for the police, the other three throw Neil into the police station next door, where he meets Alexei Sayle's character, a Mussolini-lookalike. While the others get lucky when a lorry full of food and expensive furnishings crashes through the front window, Neil takes to his new job – arresting a bunch of his drugged-up hippie friends, where the track Electrick Gypsies by Steve Hillage is playing on the record player until he pulls the plug on it and says – "Oh no, Steve Hillage!"

Arriving home, Neil tries to arrest his flatmates, assuming they have stolen the luxury items. His harsh use of the baton forces Vyvyan into labour. Mike leaves the room, being afraid of the sight of childbirth. Instead, Vyvyan actually ends up passing wind loudly. Having been handcuffed together with Vyvyan, Rick and Neil frantically try to escape the smell but Neil is unable to find the key. Unaware, Mike comes back in, and tries to light a celebratory cigar. The flame reacts with the gas, causing the house to explode.

Characters
As with all episodes of The Young Ones, the main four characters were student housemates Mike (Christopher Ryan); Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson); Rick (Rik Mayall) and Neil (Nigel Planer). Alexei Sayle appears as a Benito Mussolini cabaret act and police recruitment officer. DJ Alan Freeman plays God, sitting at a radio mixing desk, on the first of two occasions in the series.

Reception
Peter Lee said this episode is "deliciously mad".

title: Cash (The Young Ones)


text:
Jay Macpherson

Jean Jay Macpherson (June 13, 1931 – March 21, 2012) was a Canadian lyric poet and scholar. The Encyclopædia Britannica calls her "a member of 'the mythopoeic school of poetry,' who expressed serious religious and philosophical themes in symbolic verse that was often lyrical or comic."

Life
Jay Macpherson was born in London, England, in 1931. She was brought to Newfoundland in 1940 as a 'war guest'. She took high school at Bishop Spencer College, St. John's, and Glebe Collegiate, Ottawa.

In 1951 Macpherson received a BA from Carleton College (now Carleton University) in 1951, followed by a year at University College in London. She received a BLS from McGill University, and then completed her MA and PhD at Victoria College, University of Toronto, both supervised by professor and critic Northrop Frye.

Macpherson published poetry in Contemporary Verse in 1949. Her first book was published in 1952.

In 1954 Macpherson began her own small press, Emblem Books, which published her second volume, O Earth Return. Between 1954 and 1963, Emblem Books published eight chapbooks featuring the work of Canadian poets, including Dorothy Livesay, Alden Nowlan, and Al Purdy.

Macpherson's two earlier volumes were incorporated into The Boatman (1957), a book which "gained her a considerable reputation. Dedicated to Northrop Frye and his wife, the collection reflects Frye's emphasis on the mythic and archetypal properties of poetry." The Boatman won the Governor General's Award in 1958.

Macpherson taught English at Victoria College from 1957 until 1996. She became a Professor of English in 1974.

Her 1982 book The Spirit of Solitude is "a highly regarded study of the elegiac and pastoral traditions from the 17th century onward."

Jay Macpherson died on Mar 21, 2012.

Writing
Macpherson has been described "as a 'mythopoeic' poet – rooted in the teachings of Frye, the archetypes of Carl Jung, and the intensely conservative social vision of T.S. Eliot." Within her work, "recurring themes involve the creation, fall, flood, redemption and the apocalypse." Her interest is in "authentic myth", "the ones that have some imaginative force behind them."

In technique, Macpherson has been placed "beside Margaret Avison, P. K. Page, Phyllis Webb, but especially Anne Hébert – particularly in the use of the Gothic and macabre themes and devices."

The Boatman
Macpherson's first major work, The Boatman (1957), "describes a world where redemption is still possible." Northrop Frye (to whom The Boatman was dedicated) called it the "one good book" of Canadian poetry for that year. He added: "There is little use looking for bad lines or lapses in taste: The Boatman is completely successful within the conventions it adopts, and anyone dissatisfied with the book must quarrel with the conventions. Among these are the use of a great variety of echoes, some of them direct quotations from other poems, and an interest in myth, both Biblical and Classical."

The Boatman of the title "is Noah, but both Noah and the ark itself form an allegory for the artist and the artistic experience, the ark representing Jung's collective unconscious." "The creation is inside its creator, and the ark similarly attempts to explain to Noah ... that it is really inside him, as Eve was once inside Adam:         When the four quarters shall          Turn in and make one whole,          Then I who wall your body,          Which is to me a soul,

Shall swim circled by you And cradled on your tide, Who was not even, not ever, Taken from your side. "As the ark expands into the flooded world, the body of the Biblical leviathan, and the order of nature, the design of the whole book begins to take shape. The Boatman begins with a poem called 'Ordinary People in the Last Days,' a wistful poem about an apocalypse that happens to everyone except the poet, and ends with a vision of a 'Fisherman' who ... catches 'myriad forms,' eats them, drinks the lake they are in, and is caught in his turn by God."

Welcoming Disaster
Macpherson's next major work, Welcoming Disaster (1974), "employs more complex forms to pursue its quest for meaning; the poems frequently succeed in maintaining imaginative contact with social reality while extending Macpherson's essential concern with psychological and metaphysical conditions."

George Woodcock saw Welcoming Disaster and The Boatman as similar, even complementary: "They are narratives of journeys into spiritual day and night, disguised, no doubt, by all the devices of privacy, but nonetheless derived from true inner experiences." Margaret Atwood emphasized their differences: "If The Boatman is 'classical,' . . . then Welcoming Disaster is, by the same lights, 'romantic': more personal, more convoluted, darker and more grotesque, its rhythms more complex"

"Welcoming Disaster, has the critics baffled. They cannot agree on its proper interpretation - is it a darker, more tragic vision or is the possibility of redemption there?" Suniti Namjoshi saw it as a book about redemption: about the necessity "to hit bottom and then to make the journey up"; "after a descent into the underworld ... it is possible to return to the ordinary world of everyday life". David Bromwich, reviewing the book in Poetry, saw it as even more positive: for him, it "moves from consolation to guilt to terror and finally to a deepened consolation." On the other hand, Lorraine Weir interpreted the book to be saying that the "underworld journey of redemption ... fails". "Fertility is not restored, the underworld is not left behind." Weir calls Macpherson's vision "inescapably a tragic one."

Recognition
Macpherson won Poetry magazine's Levinson Prize, and the University of Western Ontario President's Medal, in 1957.

She won the Governor General's Award for The Boatman in 1958.

A small park in her former Toronto neighbourhood, Jay Macpherson Green, is named for her near Avenue Road and Dupont Street.

Poetry

 * A Country Without a Mythology. n.p.: 195?.
 * 1952:Nineteen Poems. Mallorca, Spain: Seizin Press
 * 1954:O Earth Return. Toronto: Emblem Books
 * 1957:The Fisherman: A Book of Riddles
 * 1957:The Boatman. Toronto: Oxford University Press
 * 1959:A Dry Light & The Dark Air. Toronto: Hawkshead Press
 * 1968:The Boatman and Other Poems. Toronto: Oxford UP
 * 1974:Welcoming Disaster: Poems, 1970-74. Toronto: Saannes Publications
 * 1981:Poems Twice Told: The Boatman & Welcoming Disaster. Toronto: Oxford University Press

Fiction

 * 1962:The Four Ages of Man: The Classical Myths. Toronto: Macmillan

Non-fiction

 * 1972:Pratt’s Romantic Mythology: The Witches’ Brew. St. John's Nfld.: Memorial University
 * 1974:"Beauty and the Beast" and Some Relatives. Toronto: Toronto Public Library
 * 1982:The Spirit of Solitude: Conventions and Continuities in Late Romance. New Haven: Yale University Press

 Except where otherwise noted, bibliographic information courtesy Brock University .

Monograph

 * Weir, Lorraine. Jay Macpherson and Her Works Toronto: ECW Press, 1989.

Articles

 * Berner, Audrey. "The ‘Unicorn’ Poems of Jay Macpherson." Journal of Canadian Poetry 3 (1980): 9-16.
 * "Comments (On the Practice of Alluding)." University of Toronto Quarterly 61.3 (1992): 381-390.
 * Keith, W.J. "Jay Macpherson’s Welcoming Disaster: a Reconsideration." Canadian Poetry 36 (1995): 32-43.
 * Weir, Lorraine. "Toward a Feminist Hermeneutics: Jay Macpherson's Welcoming Disaster," in Gynocritics/La Gynocritique - Feminist Approaches to Writing by Canadian and Quebecoise Women, ed. Barbara Godard (Toronto: ECW P, 1987) 59-70.
 * Namjoshi, Suniti. "In the Whale’s Belly: Jay Macpherson’s Poetry." Canadian Literature 79 (1978): 54-59.
 * Reaney, James. "The Third-Eye: Macpherson’s The Boatman." Canadian Literature 3 (1960): 23-34.

title: Jay Macpherson


text:
Parthian language

The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan. Parthian was the language of state of the Arsacid Parthian Empire (248 BC – 224 AD), as well as of its eponymous branches of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania.

Parthian had a significant impact on Armenian, a large part of whose vocabulary was formed primarily from borrowings from Parthian, and had a derivational morphology and syntax that was also affected by language contact but to a lesser extent. Many ancient Parthian words were preserved and now survive only in Armenian. The Semnani or Komisenian languages may descend from Parthian directly or be a Caspian language with Parthian influences, but the topic lacks sufficient research.

Classification
Parthian was a Western Middle Iranian language. Language contact made it share some features of Eastern Iranian languages, the influence of which is attested primarily in loanwords. Some traces of Eastern influence survive in Parthian loanwords in Armenian. Parthian loanwords appear in everyday Armenian vocabulary; nouns, adjectives, adverbs, denominative verbs, and administrative and religious lexicons.

Taxonomically, Parthian, an Indo-European language, belongs to the Northwestern Iranian language group while Middle Persian belongs to the Southwestern Iranian language group.

Written Parthian
The Parthian language was rendered using the Pahlavi writing system, which had two essential characteristics. Firstly, its script derived from Aramaic, the script (and language) of the Achaemenid chancellery (Imperial Aramaic). Secondly, it had a high incidence of Aramaic words, which are rendered as ideograms or logograms; they were written Aramaic words but pronounced as Parthian ones (See Arsacid Pahlavi for details).

The Parthian language was the language of the old Satrapy of Parthia and was used in the Arsacids courts. The main sources for Parthian are the few remaining inscriptions from Nisa and Hecatompylos, Manichaean texts, Sasanian multilingual inscriptions and remains of Parthian literature in the succeeding Middle Persian. The later Manichaean texts, composed shortly after the demise of the Parthian power, play an important role for reconstructing the Parthian language. Those Manichaean manuscripts contain no ideograms.

Attestations
Attestations of the Parthian language include:

 * Some 3,000 ostraca (ca. 100–29 BC) found in Nisā in southern Turkmenistan.
 * A first century AD parchment dealing with a land-sale from Awraman in Western Iran.
 * The first century BC ostraca from Shahr-e Qumis in Eastern Iran.
 * The poem Draxt i Asurig
 * Inscription on the coins of Arsacid Kings in the first century AD.
 * The bilingual inscription of Seleucia on the Tigris (150–151 AD).
 * The inscription of Ardavan V found in Susa (215).
 * Some third century documents discovered in Dura-Europos, On the Euphrates.
 * The inscription at Kal-e Jangal, near Birjand in South Khorasan (first half of third century or later).
 * The inscriptions of early Sassanian Kings and priests in Parthian including Ka'ba-ye Zartosht near Shiraz and Paikuli in Iraqi Kurdistan.
 * The vast corpus of Manichaean Parthian which do not contain any ideograms.
 * In North Pakistan, Indo-Parthian culture in Taxila with Gondophares 20 BC–10 BC and Abdagases, Bajaur, Bajaur, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and down in to Sistan, Balochistan.

Samples
This sample of Parthian literature is taken from a Manichaean text fragment:

Differences from Middle Persian
Although Parthian was quite similar to Middle Persian in many aspects, clear differences in lexical, morphological and phonological forms can still be observed. In the text above, the following forms can be noticed:

 * ⟨āγad⟩, came, instead of Middle Persian and Baluchi ⟨āyad⟩.
 * ⟨wāxt⟩, said, instead of ⟨gōft⟩. This form for the verb to say can still be found in many contemporary Northwestern Iranian languages, e.g. Mazandarani ⟨vātεn⟩, Zazaki ⟨vatış; vaten⟩ or Sorani (witin). It is also common in Tati and Talysh, though not in Gilaki and Kurmanji.
 * ⟨až⟩, from, instead of ⟨az⟩. Observe also in ⟨kanīžag⟩, handmaiden, instead of ⟨kanīzag⟩ and even in ⟨društ⟩, healthy, instead of ⟨drust⟩. The rendering of the Persian sound as,  or  is also very common in Northwestern Iranian languages of today.
 * ⟨ay⟩, you are (Singular), instead of ⟨hē⟩.
 * ⟨zamīg⟩, land, instead of ⟨zamīn⟩. The form ⟨zamīg⟩ can be found in Balochi. The form ⟨zamin⟩ can be found in Persian.
 * ⟨hō⟩, that or the, instead of ⟨(h)ān⟩.
 * The abstractive nominal suffix ⟨-īft⟩ instead of ⟨-īh⟩, as in ⟨šādīft⟩, joy, Middle Persian ⟨šādīh⟩.

Other prominent differences, not found in the text above, include the personal pronoun ⟨az⟩, I, instead of ⟨an⟩ and the present tense root of the verb ⟨kardan⟩, to do, ⟨kar-⟩ instead of Middle Persian ⟨kun-⟩. Also, the Middle Persian linking particle and relative pronoun ⟨ī(g)⟩ was not present in Parthian, but the relative pronoun ⟨čē⟩, what, was used in a similar manner.

title: Parthian language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Drake's Theory

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:57, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Drake's Theory
Band which seems to fail WP:MUSIC. Punkmorten 21:00, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator Groeck 21:05, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. --TheMidnighters 22:14, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Mindmatrix 01:08, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Raymond Setlakwe

Raymond C. Setlakwe, (3 July 1928 – 14 October 2021) was a Canadian entrepreneur, lawyer and senator.

Biography
Born in Thetford Mines, Quebec, of Armenian descent, Setlakwe graduated from Bishop's College School and received a Bachelor of Arts from Bishop's University and an L.L.L from Université Laval in Quebec. He was summoned to the Senate in 2000 on the advice of Jean Chrétien and represented the senatorial division of The Laurentides, Quebec. He was a member of the Liberal caucus and retired at the age of 75 in 2003. In 1996, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. On 4 June 2016, the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, J. Michel Doyon, presented Setlakwe with the prestigious ‘Outstanding Merit” medal, due to his professional background and his extensive involvement in various social causes in the Thetford area.

Setlakwe played a role in the Canadian recognition of the Armenian genocide, taking on the cause in the Senate, culminating in the June 2002 recognition of the upper house. The Senator stated: "Humanity is far from being safe from a repetition of this massacre. Therefore, it is all the more important that the genocide be recognized," he added, "Africa and many other places in the world are threatened by this sort of barbaric behaviour." He died on 14 October 2021, aged 93 at a hospital in Thetford Mines.

His niece (https://gamachenadeau.ca/fr/avis/fiche/+raymond-c-setlakwe) Michelle Setlakwe was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2022 Quebec general election.

title: Raymond Setlakwe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kreation

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:57, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Kreation
Another compelling argument for shooting obvious nn band vanity on sight. - Lucky 6.9 21:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom, these really should be included in the CSD. --TheMidnighters 22:16, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jachin 22:38, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable. Amren (talk) 23:52, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.