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Audius Mtawarira

Audius Tonderai Mtawarira (born 1977 in Chimbumu, Guruve, Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean singer-songwriter and record producer, who often works mononymously as Audius. From 1996 to 2012 he lived in Australia. At the APRA Music Awards of 2009 he was co-winner of Urban Work of the Year for writing "Running Back" with its singer, Jessica Mauboy, and with American rapper, Sean Ray Mullins (a.k.a. Snob Scrilla).

Early life
Audius Tonderai Mtawarira was born in 1977 in Chimbumu, Guruve District, Zimbabwe,  His father, Augustine Mtawarira, who died in 2012, was a farmer and property manager.

Mtawarira attended Ruzawi School, a private Anglican boarding primary school in Marondera, where he was amongst the first Native African students to be enrolled. Audius then attended Peterhouse Boys' School, Marondera, a private boarding secondary school where he sang in the School Choir, played piano and drums. He participated in Cricket, Rugby and Athletics, representing his school and district in each sport. He completed his secondary education at Gateway High School in Harare, where he performed in the school choir and participated in the music programs. He also represented his school as captain in Rugby, Cricket and Athletics. In 1996 Audius left Zimbabwe to further his studies in Perth, Western Australia at Edith Cowan University. He later moved to Curtin University to complete his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Graphic Design.

Career
Audius turned his attention to writing and producing music. He started producing in 2002, producing the majority of Selwyn's album, Meant to Be which peaked at number nine on the ARIA Album charts and was certified Gold. In 2003 he collaborated with Delta Goodrem on Innocent Eyes co-writing and producing the number one single "Born to Try". The song debuted at number three before reaching number one on the Australian Singles chart, becoming Goodrem's first number one single. It spent three months in the top five and went on to sell over 210,000 copies, making it the third highest selling single of 2002. In the UK, it debuted and peaked the charts at number three, spending eleven weeks in the top forty and reached number one on the New Zealand singles charts. "Born to Try" won 'Single of the Year' at the ARIA Music Awards of 2003.

In 2004, Audius produced Australian Idol contestant Paulini's debut album One Determined Heart which produced number a # 1 hit "Angel Eyes" and went certified Platinum. In 2005 he co-wrote fellow-Idol Contestant Ricki-Lee Coulter's "Hell No!", which reached number five on the ARIA singles charts, and produced majority of her album.

After having some great success, Audius turned his attention to building his own studios and record label. He is a part owner of The Sound Academy studios in Sydney as well as record label Blindfaith Entertainment. He worked to develop many unsigned artists through his academy sharing knowledge and kickstarting several youngsters who went on to achieve great success such as Iggy Azalea, Justice Crew, Anise K and more.

In 2008 Audius produced Jessica Mauboy's new album, Been Waiting, co-writing her single, "Running Back", which peaked at number three on the Australian singles charts. 2008 also saw Audius launch his own fashion label, Shona Clothing, which is heavily influenced by his Zimbabwean heritage. "Running Back" won 'Highest Selling Single' at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009.

In 2013 Audius worked as a music producer on the movie musical 'Goddess', Goddess (2013 film) an Australian production featuring Laura Michelle Kelly, Ronan Keating and directed by Mark Lamprel.

In 2019 Audius co-wrote, produced and mixed 'To Myself' performed by Alfie Arcuri for the Eurovision 'Australia Decides' competition. With over 700 entries the song was selected to be amongst the top 10 finalists and to compete on a live broadcast on SBS. Overall the song placed 5th.

Solo career
His solo recordings have garnered him popularity in his native Zimbabwe and South Africa. He has released 6 albums in Africa - Audius (2002), Ever After (2003), Music and Me (2005) and Day Like This (2008). He released 'Day Like This' was also released in Australia through Blindfaith/Inertia. In 2003, Audius won the Best Urban Grooves (Male) at the Zimbabwe Music Awards. In 2014 Audius won the "Best R&B Urban Album" award for his 2014 release "House of Stones". In October 2016, his album PREDESTINATION was  released. In 2020, album titled "2020" (twenty twenty) was released.

Solo artist

 * Audius (2002)
 * Ever After (2003)
 * Music and Me (2005)
 * Day Like This - Blindfaith/Inertia (2008)
 * House of Stones - Blindfaith (2014)
 * PREDESTINATION - Blindfaith (2016)
 * 2020 - Blindfaith (2020)

Production discography

 * Meant to Be (Selwyn)
 * Destiny (Levi)
 * One Determined Heart (Paulini)
 * Rikki-Lee (Ricki-Lee Coulter)
 * Are You Ready (Shakaya)
 * Wines and Spirits (Rahsaan Patterson)
 * From the Mind of a Dreamer (Sarah Reeves)
 * Through My Eyes (Erica Baxter)
 * Close to You (Vincy)
 * Grace Bawden (Grace Bawden)
 * Been Waiting (Jessica Mauboy)
 * The Day Before (Snob Scrilla)
 * Bebaskan (Shila)
 * "Inside Out" (Stan Walker)
 * "With Me" (Stan Walker)
 * "Chandelier" (Stan Walker)
 * "Stand Up" (Stan Walker)
 * "Kissing You" (Stan Walker)
 * "Like This" featuring Iyaz (Jessica Mauboy)
 * "Goddess" (Movie Musical)
 * "Catch Me" (Sha-Sha)
 * "Naked" (Aaron Beri)
 * "To Myself" (Alfie Arcuri)

Songwriting discography

 * "Buggin' Me", "Way Loves Supposed To Be" & "Like This, Like That" (Selwyn)
 * "Born to Try" (Delta Goodrem) (2002)
 * "Til I Found You" (Casey Donovan)
 * "Goodbye" (Levi)
 * "We Can Try" (Paulini)
 * "Hell No!", "Something About You Babe", "Stay With Me"& "Done With It" (Ricki-Lee Coulter) (2005) Of Ricki-Lee (album)
 * "War" (Laurent Wolf)
 * "Too Late" & "Tyna Find the One" (Shakaya)
 * "Take Me to a Place" (Ricki Lee Coulter) of
 * "Stop Breaking My Heart" (Rahsaan Patterson)
 * "Little Girl" & "Here We Go Again" (Sarah Reeves)
 * "Hey", "Just Another Day", "Ever Be The Same", "Frustrated" & "Country Girl" (Erica Baxter)
 * "I Believe" (Vincy)
 * "Go Crazy" (Liena)
 * "Should Have Loved You More" (Jade McCrae)
 * "Running Back", "Magical", "To The Floor" (Jessica Mauboy) (2008) of Been Waiting
 * "There You Go Again", "Mr Officer", "Chasing Ghosts", "D.I.S." & "Mr Whatever" (Snob Scrilla)
 * "Hell No" & "Lets Pretend" (Shila)
 * "I'm Not A Puppet" (Debra)
 * "Inside Out (Stan Walker)
 * "With Me" (Stan Walker)
 * "Like This" (Jessica Mauboy) (2010) of Get Em Girls
 * "Catch Me" (Sha-Sha)
 * "The Other Side" (Anise K)
 * "Naked' (Aaron Beri) 2019
 * "To Myself" (Alfie Arcuri) 2020
 * "Play" (Delta Goodrem) 2021 of Bridge Over Troubled Dreams
 * "Pray" (Dami Im) 2021 of My Reality
 * "Tell Em" (Jessica Mauboy) of Yours Forever (Jessica Mauboy album) (2024)

title: Audius Mtawarira


text:
General José de San Martín, Chaco

General José de San Martín is a city in the north-east of the. It is named after José de San Martín, the Argentine general who played a major role in South America's fight for independence from Spain (see Argentine War of Independence).

History
The town was founded under the name of El Zapallar on 25 April 1907, although the measurement and division of the terrain was not properly finished until 2 July 1913. Its progress was slow due to the lack of communications, which began only in 1917 when Juan Godoy opened a precarious bus line that linked El Zapallar with the provincial capital Resistencia, 120 km away. By 1924 El Zapallar had 5,000 inhabitants and was the head town of the Toba Department. It had a police station, a court, a civil registration, a social club, and mail and telegraph services. That year the El Zapallar Agricultural Cattleman Association was established. The Quijano railroad line also contributed to the growth of the town, by connecting it to Lapachito.

A Development Commission was created by decree of Hipólito Yrigoyen in 1928. In 1934 the town was turned into a municipality, which was renamed General José de San Martín in 1955.

Communications
The area is crossed southwest to northwest by National Route 90, asphalted, which links it to Resistencia, and also by the Provincial Routes 3 and 7, which cross it respectively from east to west and from east to southwest. The city has an airstrip of limited capacity.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: General José de San Martín, Chaco


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Absolution (band)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:04, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Absolution (band)
Non-notable band vanity. Tysto 06:17, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Delete there is an allmusic page but it's probably the barest I've ever seen, and it looks like their only release was a song on one hardcore compilation CD, so it seems they don't meet WP:MUSIC. --TheMidnighters 10:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A vanity page about an unheard of band, nuff said. --Agamemnon2 10:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Doesn't assert sufficient notability. KeithD (talk) 13:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Groeck 18:04, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Missoula Montana Airport

Missoula Montana Airport is located in Missoula, in Missoula County, Montana. It is owned by the Missoula County Airport Authority.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a primary commercial service airport (more than 10,000 enplanements per year). Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 288,071 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 281,428 in 2009 and 289,875 in 2010.

Several expansion projects have been completed in recent years. A 101-foot control tower was completed in September 2012. An expansion of the old terminal building, with a new security screening area, was completed in 2007. In 2022, construction finished on the new terminal.

In September 2021, the airport changed its name from Missoula International Airport to Missoula Montana Airport.

History
Missoula's first landing strip was laid out in 1923 south of the university. An additional strip near the Western Montana Fair Grounds on what is now Sentinel High School was sold to the county in 1927 at the request of the Missoula chapter of the National Aeronautic Association and would become Missoula's first true airport. The current airfield is named after that chapter's first president, Harry O. Bell, along with mountain flying pioneer Bob Johnson of Johnson Flying Service (now Minuteman Aviation).

The original Garden City Airport was renamed Hale Field in 1935 and would operate as such until closing forever in 1954.

The airport was gradually replaced by the Missoula County Airport, opened in 1941 with WPA funds, and the cooperation of the US Forest Service, which needed access to an airport. The new airport was renamed Johnson-Bell Field in 1968 and today serves over 750,000 passengers a year.

Facilities
The airport covers 2,700 acres (1,093 ha) at an elevation of 3,206 feet (977 m). It has two asphalt runways: 12/30 is 9,501 by 150 feet (2,896 x 46 m) and 8/26 is 4,612 by 75 feet (1,406 x 23 m).

In the year ending January 1, 2018 the airport had 35,944 aircraft operations, average 98 per day: 63% general aviation, 16% air taxi, 20% airline, and 2% military. 161 aircraft were then based at the airport: 56% single-engine, 20% multi-engine, 18% jet, and 14% helicopter.

The airport recently constructed a new 101-foot tall control tower, replacing one that opened in 1961. The new control tower is one of the tallest control towers in the Pacific Northwest, and is the tallest in Montana. It cost an estimated $6.77 million.

Due to increased patronage, it was determined in 2013 that further expansion of the current terminal was not financially prudent, with a new terminal instead being proposed. Construction started on Phase 1 of the new terminal, the South Concourse, in 2018, and finished in 2022. Demolition of the old terminal was completed in 2023. In 2024, Senator Jon Tester announced that a $6 million in funding was secured to begin construction of the eastward terminal expansion, funded by a FAA Airport Terminal Program grant included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act that was signed into law by President Joe Biden. The expansion plan includes four new gates, an expanded baggage claim area and a new rental car center.

Airlines and destinations
Neptune Aviation, an aerial firefighting company, is based at the airport.

title: Missoula Montana Airport


text:
Anthony McGrath

Anthony McGrath (born 6 October 1975) is an English cricket coach and former first-class cricketer, who played county cricket for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1995 to 2012. He was a right-handed batsman and bowled part-time right-arm medium pace and twice captained Yorkshire, in the 2003 and 2009 seasons. He is the younger brother of the rugby league and union coach, Damian McGrath.

In November 2017 McGrath was appointed the head coach of Essex County Cricket Club.

International career
McGrath made his Test match debut for England against Zimbabwe at Lord's on 22 May 2003. He made 69 in his debut innings and took 3/16. In the second Test against Zimbabwe, McGrath scored his second half-century by making 81. His third Test was against South Africa and he made 34. In his fourth and final Test match he made a disappointing 4 and 13, and took 1/40 before being dropped from the team.

Domestic career
McGrath made his debut in 1995 and was capped in 1999. He spent a year as captain in 2003 before stepping down to concentrate on his international career. He had a successful 2006 season hitting 1,293 first-class runs at an average of over 60. But he became disillusioned by the direction the club was taking after it only narrowly avoided relegation from County Championship Division One. It was only after Darren Gough's appointment as Yorkshire captain, and the major signings of Jacques Rudolph and Younis Khan that McGrath became convinced Yorkshire shared his ambitions and he decided to stay. He then declared himself delighted with the new situation at Yorkshire and hoped to stay for as long as possible.

After a slow start to the season, perhaps due to the off season situation, McGrath hit 135 not out in the opening Roses match of 2007, a one-dayer played at Old Trafford, and consecutive centuries against Durham (Friends Provident Trophy) and Kent (County Championship). His excellent form continued as he reached a personal milestone in the rain-affected Championship match with Warwickshire at Edgbaston, scoring 188 not out on 16 July 2007.

He was appointed as captain for the 2009 season, but stepped down from leading the side in late 2009, as he felt the pressures of the job were affecting his form. Oddly, that season he increased his career best tally to 211, again scored against Warwickshire at Edgbaston. McGrath had a more successful season in 2010 scoring 1,219 first-class runs and, in doing so, passed the thousand runs mark for the third time. He also scored important runs in both the 40 and 20-over competitions. However, knee injuries and sciatica occurred in the next two seasons, which restricted his effectiveness.

McGrath retired from professional cricket following the conclusion of the 2012 season. After retirement he worked as a coaching consultant for Yorkshire, and in February 2016 was appointed assistant head coach at Essex, assisting his former Yorkshire colleague Chris Silverwood

Coaching career
In November 2017, McGrath was appointed as the head coach of Essex. In January 2022, he was appointed as the batting coach for the England's T20I series against West Indies.

title: Anthony McGrath


text:
User talk:Shorah

About Artificial Intelligence
Hi! I have seen you have created (back in 2005) the article on Artificial Intelligence (album). I have had growing interest in the IDM movement and I was wondering if you, by any chance, had a copy of the album. Thanks in advance!

ZOUAVMAN LE ZOUAVE 05:10, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Back and in Attack
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Back and in Attack, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Back and in Attack. Mdsummermsw (talk) 19:35, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Back and in Attack
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Speedy deletion of Joss Entertainment Group
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Touch Travel moved to Draft:Touch Travel
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Proposed deletion of Basic Research

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title: User talk:Shorah


text:
Mary River cod

The Mary River cod (Maccullochella mariensis) is a species of temperate perch native to the coastal Mary River system of southern Queensland, Australia. Mary River cod are one of Australia's most endangered freshwater fishes and are notable for being the most northerly of the four Maccullochella cods found or once found in coastal river systems of eastern Australia.

The endangered status of the fish was one of the reasons that the Traveston Crossing Dam was not able to be built.

The species is very territorial, staying in the same spot for 98% of the time, leaving only to feed and breed.

Description
The Mary River cod is a large fish recorded up to almost 40 kg and 120 cm in the early years of European settlement, but now are mostly less than 5 kg and 70 cm.

Very similar in appearance to Murray cod and eastern freshwater cod, they are striking looking, golden-yellow to dark green or brown, deep-bodied fish with dark green to black mottling. Curiously, Mary River cod have a slightly shorter, thicker caudal peduncle (tail wrist) than the other cod species.

Conservation
The Mary River Cod is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and is estimated to only occur in less than 30% of its historic range.

Incredibly abundant at the time of the first European settlement, Mary River Cod were grossly overfished with nets, lines, and explosives by the early European settlers and, as with other Maccullochella cods, were even used as pig feed. This overfishing, combined with the massive siltation of their habitats by land clearing, destruction of riparian vegetation and cattle trampling river banks, and dams and weirs blocking migration, rapidly caught up with this large, slow-growing, long-lived Maccullochella cod species, as it has with all its close relatives. It is estimated that just 600 individuals survived in the wild in the 1980s.

Outside of a few stocked Queensland impoundments- upstream of the walls of Cressbrook, Hinze, Maroon, Moogerah, North Pine, Somerset, and Wivenhoe Dams and lakes Dyer (Bill Gunn dam) and Clarendon- the fish is a no-take species, and any caught should be carefully released. A strict bag limit of one fish with a minimum size of 50 cm applies to the stocked impoundments.

Classification
Taxonomically, the Mary River cod was originally described as a subspecies of the Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii based on studies of muscle proteins and enzymes.

As of 2010, after studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the Mary River cod has been raised to full species status. This research reveals the Mary River cod's closest relative is the eastern freshwater cod (Maccullochella ikei) of the Clarence River system.

title: Mary River cod


text:
Bill Doba

William Anthony Doba (born September 7, 1940) is a former American football coach. He is the former head coach at Washington State University, where he led the Cougars for five seasons, from 2003 through 2007, and was fired on November 26.

Early life and career
Born in South Bend, Indiana, Doba grew up in New Carlisle and graduated from New Carlisle High School in 1958. He played halfback and defensive back for two years at Ball State College in Muncie before hip injuries derailed his college football career. After graduating from Ball State, he started his coaching career at Goshen High School in Indiana as an assistant. After two years there, he worked as the head coach at Angola High School for two years, then went back to Goshen High for three years as the head coach. During this time, he earned a master's degree from Western Michigan University in physical education. His high school coaching career ended with a six-year stay at Mishawaka High School in Indiana, where he led his 1974 team to the big school state championship game.

Moving to the college ranks, Doba became an assistant to Lee Corso at Indiana University for six years, coaching linebackers for five years and quarterbacks/wide receivers for one. He moved to Purdue University to work as the outside linebackers coach for three years and the tight end/tackles coach for one year. He left Purdue to become defensive coordinator at The Citadel in South Carolina, his first job outside the state of Indiana. He left The Citadel after two years to join the staff of new head coach Mike Price at Washington State University in Pullman.

At Washington State
In 1989, Doba became the linebackers coach at Washington State under Price. In 1991, he became a defensive assistant. In 1994, he became defensive coordinator and also reclaimed his linebackers coaching job. After Price left Washington State for the University of Alabama at the end of the 2002 season, Doba was named head coach, and took office immediately following the Rose Bowl.

In his first season as head coach in 2003, Doba led the Cougars to a 10–3 record, with a Holiday Bowl win over Texas and a #9 final ranking. He shared the Pac-10 Coach of the Year award in 2003 with Pete Carroll of USC. The Holiday Bowl win was a high point of Doba's tenure and was one of the top wins in WSU history. His teams won three of five Apple Cup rivalry games against Washington, in 2004, 2005, and 2007.

Unfortunately, the Cougars slumped after their sterling 2003 season, and Doba was unable to put together another winning team. Their 42–35 victory in the 100th Apple Cup in 2007 was not enough to save Doba's job. It was announced that Doba would not return for the 2008 season after compiling a 5–7 record for the 2007 season, the Cougars' fourth straight non-winning season. (WSU was 6–6 in 2006, but not invited to a bowl game.) He departed with an overall record of 30–29 (.500) and was 17–25 (.400) in conference play.

Personal
Doba and his late wife, Judy, were married for over forty-three years and had three children, a son and two daughters. Judy Doba died on April 21, 2006, after a four-year battle with ovarian cancer.

Doba was inducted into the Mishawaka Hall of Fame in 1986, and later inducted into the Indiana Hall of Fame in 2001. He left Pullman and returned to the Midwest to be closer to his children and grandchildren, and resides in southwestern Michigan at Birch Lake, near Vandalia.

title: Bill Doba


text:
Parallel projection

In three-dimensional geometry, a parallel projection (or axonometric projection) is a projection of an object in three-dimensional space onto a fixed plane, known as the projection plane or image plane, where the rays, known as lines of sight or projection lines, are parallel to each other. It is a basic tool in descriptive geometry. The projection is called orthographic if the rays are perpendicular (orthogonal) to the image plane, and oblique or skew if they are not.

Overview
A parallel projection is a particular case of projection in mathematics and graphical projection in technical drawing. Parallel projections can be seen as the limit of a central or perspective projection, in which the rays pass through a fixed point called the center or viewpoint, as this point is moved towards infinity. Put differently, a parallel projection corresponds to a perspective projection with an infinite focal length (the distance between the lens and the focal point in photography) or "zoom". Further, in parallel projections, lines that are parallel in three-dimensional space remain parallel in the two-dimensionally projected image.

A perspective projection of an object is often considered more realistic than a parallel projection, since it more closely resembles human vision and photography. However, parallel projections are popular in technical applications, since the parallelism of an object's lines and faces is preserved, and direct measurements can be taken from the image. Among parallel projections, orthographic projections are seen as the most realistic, and are commonly used by engineers. On the other hand, certain types of oblique projections (for instance cavalier projection, military projection) are very simple to implement, and are used to create quick and informal pictorials of objects.

The term parallel projection is used in the literature to describe both the procedure itself (a mathematical mapping function) as well as the resulting image produced by the procedure.

Properties
Every parallel projection has the following properties:
 * It is uniquely defined by its projection plane Π and the direction $$\vec v$$ of the (parallel) projection lines. The direction must not be parallel to the projection plane.
 * Any point of the space has a unique image in the projection plane Π, and the points of Π are fixed.
 * Any line not parallel to direction $$\vec v$$ is mapped onto a line; any line parallel to $$\vec v$$ is mapped onto a point.
 * Parallel lines are mapped on parallel lines, or on a pair of points (if they are parallel to $$\vec v$$).
 * The ratio of the length of two line segments on a line stays unchanged. As a special case, midpoints are mapped on midpoints.
 * The length of a line segment parallel to the projection plane remains unchanged. The length of any line segment is shortened if the projection is an orthographic one.
 * Any circle that lies in a plane parallel to the projection plane is mapped onto a circle with the same radius. Any other circle is mapped onto an ellipse or a line segment (if direction $$\vec v$$ is parallel to the circle's plane).
 * Angles in general are not preserved. But right angles with one line parallel to the projection plane remain unchanged.
 * Any rectangle is mapped onto a parallelogram or a line segment (if $$\vec v$$ is parallel to the rectangle's plane).
 * Any figure in a plane that is parallel to the image plane is congruent to its image.

Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry, and is a type of parallel projection where the projection rays are perpendicular to the projection plane. It is the projection type of choice for working drawings. The term orthographic is sometimes reserved specifically for depictions of objects where the principal axes or planes of the object are also parallel with the projection plane (or the paper on which the orthographic or parallel projection is drawn). However, the term primary view is also used. In multiview projections, up to six pictures of an object are produced, with each projection plane perpendicular to one of the coordinate axes. However, when the principal planes or axes of an object are not parallel with the projection plane, but are rather tilted to some degree to reveal multiple sides of the object, they are called auxiliary views or pictorials. Sometimes, the term axonometric projection is reserved solely for these views, and is juxtaposed with the term orthographic projection. But axonometric projection might be more accurately described as being synonymous with parallel projection, and orthographic projection a type of axonometric projection.

The primary views include plans, elevations and sections; and the isometric, dimetric and trimetric projections could be considered auxiliary views. A typical (but non-obligatory) characteristic of multiview orthographic projections is that one axis of space usually is displayed as vertical.

When the viewing direction is perpendicular to the surface of the depicted object, regardless of the object's orientation, it is referred to as a normal projection. Thus, in the case of a cube oriented with a space's coordinate system, the primary views of the cube would be considered normal projections.

Oblique projection
In an oblique projection, the parallel projection rays are not perpendicular to the viewing plane, but strike the projection plane at an angle other than ninety degrees. In both orthographic and oblique projection, parallel lines in space appear parallel on the projected image. Because of its simplicity, oblique projection is used exclusively for pictorial purposes rather than for formal, working drawings. In an oblique pictorial drawing, the displayed angles separating the coordinate axes as well as the foreshortening factors (scaling) are arbitrary. The distortion created thereby is usually attenuated by aligning one plane of the imaged object to be parallel with the plane of projection, creating a truly-formed, full-size image of the chosen plane. Special types of oblique projections include military, cavalier and cabinet projection.

Analytic representation
If the image plane is given by equation $$\Pi:~\vec{n}\cdot\vec{x}-d=0$$ and the direction of projection by $$\vec v$$, then the projection line through the point $$P:~\vec p$$ is parametrized by
 * $$g:~\vec x = \vec p+t\vec{v}$$ with $$t\in\mathbb{R}$$.

The image $$P'$$ of $$P$$ is the intersection of line $$g$$ with plane $$\Pi$$; it is given by the equation
 * $$P':~\vec{p}' = \vec p + \frac{d-\vec p\cdot\vec{n}}{\vec{n}\cdot\vec{v}}\;\vec{v} \ .$$

In several cases, these formulas can be simplified.

(S1) If one can choose the vectors $$\vec n $$ and $$\vec v $$ such that $$\vec{n}\cdot\vec{v}=1$$, the formula for the image simplifies to
 * $$\vec p' = \vec p + (d-\vec p\cdot\vec{n})\;\vec{v} \ .$$

(S2) In an orthographic projection, the vectors $$\vec n $$ and $$\vec v $$ are parallel. In this case, one can choose $$\vec v = \vec n ,\; |\vec n|=1$$ and one gets
 * $$\vec p' = \vec p + (d-\vec p\cdot\vec{n})\;\vec{n} \ .$$

(S3) If one can choose the vectors $$\vec n $$ and $$\vec v $$ such that $$\vec{n}\cdot\vec{v}=1$$, and if the image plane contains the origin, one has $$d=0$$ and the parallel projection is a linear mapping:
 * $$\vec p' = \vec p - (\vec p\cdot\vec{n})\;\vec{v}=\vec p-(\vec v\otimes \vec n)~\vec p = (I_3-\vec v\otimes \vec n)\;\vec p \ .$$

(Here $$I_3$$ is the identity matrix and $$\otimes$$ the outer product.)

From this analytic representation of a parallel projection one can deduce most of the properties stated in the previous sections.

History
Axonometry originated in China. Its function in Chinese art was unlike the linear perspective in European art since its perspective was not objective, or looking from the outside. Instead, its patterns used parallel projections within the painting that allowed the viewer to consider both the space and the ongoing progression of time in one scroll. According to science author and Medium journalist Jan Krikke, axonometry, and the pictorial grammar that goes with it, had taken on a new significance with the introduction of visual computing and engineering drawing.

The concept of isometry had existed in a rough empirical form for centuries, well before Professor William Farish (1759–1837) of Cambridge University was the first to provide detailed rules for isometric drawing.

Farish published his ideas in the 1822 paper "On Isometric Perspective", in which he recognized the "need for accurate technical working drawings free of optical distortion. This would lead him to formulate isometry. Isometry means "equal measures" because the same scale is used for height, width, and depth".

From the middle of the 19th century, according to Jan Krikke (2006) isometry became an "invaluable tool for engineers, and soon thereafter axonometry and isometry were incorporated in the curriculum of architectural training courses in Europe and the U.S. The popular acceptance of axonometry came in the 1920s, when modernist architects from the Bauhaus and De Stijl embraced it". De Stijl architects like Theo van Doesburg used axonometry for their architectural designs, which caused a sensation when exhibited in Paris in 1923".

Since the 1920s axonometry, or parallel perspective, has provided an important graphic technique for artists, architects, and engineers. Like linear perspective, axonometry helps depict three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional picture plane. It usually comes as a standard feature of CAD systems and other visual computing tools.

Limitations
Objects drawn with parallel projection do not appear larger or smaller as they lie closer to or farther away from the viewer. While advantageous for architectural drawings, where measurements must be taken directly from the image, the result is a perceived distortion, since unlike perspective projection, this is not how human vision or photography normally works. It also can easily result in situations where depth and altitude are difficult to gauge, as is shown in the illustration to the right.

This visual ambiguity has been exploited in op art, as well as "impossible object" drawings. Though not strictly parallel, M. C. Escher's Waterfall (1961) is a well-known image, in which a channel of water seems to travel unaided along a downward path, only to then paradoxically fall once again as it returns to its source. The water thus appears to disobey the law of conservation of energy. Oscar Reutersvard is credited with discovery of the impossible object, an example of the impossible triangle (top) shown in this mural by Paul Kuniholm.

title: Parallel projection


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Burn(band)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:05, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Burn(band)
Non-notable band vanity; had cleanup request since June. Tysto 06:19, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Delete. Allmusic.com does list four bands by this name, but neither seem to fit the description given here. And god help me if I searched google for it. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 06:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete outside of WP:Music criteria, this is totally POV reportage. Hamster Sandwich 07:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator. --Agamemnon2 10:51, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Blu Aardvark. feydey 13:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and burned at stake for non-notability. --LeoTheLion 22:08, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Burn band. JDoorjam 22:49, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sidney–Richland Municipal Airport

Sidney–Richland Municipal Airport is a mile west of Sidney, in Richland County, Montana, United States. The airport is served by one airline, subsidized by the federal government's Essential Air Service program, at a cost of $3,777,579 (per year).

The Federal Aviation Administration says this airport had 2,031 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 2,766 in 2009, and 3,659 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation airport based on enplanements in 2008 (the commercial service category requires at least 2,500 enplanements per year).

Passenger air service past & present
Scheduled air service temporarily ceased on March 8, 2008, when Big Sky Airlines ended operations due to a bankruptcy. In 1985, Big Sky was operating nonstop flights into the airport from Billings and Williston, ND as an independent air carrier with Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner commuter propjets. By 1989, Big Sky was operating as a Northwest Airlink air carrier on behalf of Northwest Airlines via a code sharing agreement and was continuing to serve Sidney with nonstop Metroliner propjet flights from Billings and Williston. By the early 1990s, Big Sky was no longer operating as a Northwest Airlink air carrier but was continuing to serve the airport as an independent airline and by 1995 was operating nonstop Metroliner propjet flights to the airport from Billings and Glendive, MT.

Following cessation of service by Big Sky, Great Lakes Airlines was then given USDOT approval to take over federal Essential Air Service (EAS) flights and flights began in 2009. Between 2011 and 2013, service was provided under a federal EAS contract by Silver Airways (formerly Gulfstream International Airlines).

Effective December 10, 2013 passenger service between Sidney and Billings was initiated by Cape Air with small Cessna 402C twin prop aircraft with Cape Air continuing to serve the airport at the present time with five flights per day to Billings.

The first airline flights were operated by the original Frontier Airlines (1950–1986) with Douglas DC-3 aircraft commencing in September 1954. By 1968, Combs Aviation, a commuter air carrier operating small Aero Commander 500 twin prop aircraft, was serving the airport on behalf of Frontier via a contract agreement following cessation of Frontier DC-3 flights; however, Frontier then returned to Sidney with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprop flights and continued to serve Sidney until 1980. In 1977, Frontier was operating round trip Twin Otter service on a routing of Billings - Miles City, MT - Glendive, MT - Sidney - Williston, ND - Minot with connections at both Billings and Minot to and from Boeing 737-200 jet flights operated by Frontier. Big Sky Airlines then began serving the airport during the early 1980s primarily with Handley Page Jetstream and Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner commuter propjets with nonstop flights from Billings, Glendive and Williston.

Facilities
The airport covers 335 acres (136 ha) at an elevation of 1,985 feet (605 m). It has two asphalt runways: 1/19 is 5,705 by 100 feet (1,739 x 30 m) and 11/29 is 4,023 by 100 feet.

In 2009 the airport had 6,815 aircraft operations, average 18 per day: 59% general aviation, 26% airline, 15% air taxi, and <1% military. 32 aircraft were then based at the airport: 84% single-engine and 16% multi-engine.

Airline and destination
Scheduled passenger airline:

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket DOT-OST-1997-2605) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2005-12-20 (December 30, 2005): selecting Big Sky Transportation Co., d/b/a Big Sky Airlines, to continue providing essential air service at seven Montana communities (Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Lewistown, Miles City, Sidney, and Wolf Point) for a new two-year period beginning March 1, 2006, at a subsidy of $6,838,934 annually.
 * Order 2007-11-21 (November 26, 2007): selecting Big Sky Transportation Co., d/b/a Big Sky Airlines, to continue providing essential air service at seven Montana communities for a new two-year period beginning March 1, 2008, at a subsidy of $8,473,617 annually.
 * Order 2007-12-22 (December 21, 2007): allowing Big Sky Transportation Co., d/b/a Big Sky Airlines, to suspend its subsidized essential air services at seven Montana communities on the date that Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., begins replacement service, and selecting Great Lakes to provide those services at subsidy rates totaling $8,201,992.
 * Order 2008-7-9 (July 3, 2008): approving an alternate service pattern requested by Lewistown, Miles City and Sidney, Montana.
 * Order 2011-1-27 (February 2, 2011): selecting Gulfstream International Airlines, to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) with 19-passenger Beechcraft B-1900D aircraft at Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Lewistown, Miles City, Sidney, and Wolf Point, Montana, for a two-year period beginning when the carrier inaugurates full EAS at all seven communities through the end of the 24th month thereafter (two-year period ended May 31, 2013), at a combined annual subsidy rate of $10,903,854. Aircraft: 19-passenger Beech 1900-D. Destination: Billings. The subsidy and level of service for each community is as follows: Lewistown $1,325,733 (12 nonstop round trips each week), Miles City: $1,621,821 (12 nonstop round trips each week), Sidney $2,932,152 (17 nonstop round trips each week), Havre $1,162,329 (12 one-stop round trips each week), Glendive $1,193,391 (12 one-stop round trips each week), Glasgow $1,166,049 (5 nonstop and 7 one-stop round trips each week), Wolf Point $1,502,378 (7 nonstop and 5 one-stop round trips each week).
 * Notice (June 28, 2013): from Silver Airways of its intent to discontinue scheduled subsidized Essential Air Service between Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Lewistown, Miles City, Sidney, Wolf Point, Montana and Billings, Montana. Commensurate with the end of subsidy eligibility, Silver Airways will end service to Lewistown and Miles City on July 15, 2013. Further, Silver Airways hereby serves 90-day notice of its intent to discontinue service to the communities of Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Sidney and Wolf Point, Montana effective September 27, 2013.
 * Order 2013-6-3 (June 4, 2013): extending the contract established under Order 2011-1-27, issued on February 3, 2011, for Silver Airways, Inc. (formerly Gulfstream International Airlines), to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) operations at Lewistown, Miles City, Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Sidney, and Wolf Point, Montana, from June 1, 2013, until further notice.
 * Order 2013-9-4 (September 5, 2013): selecting Hyannis Air Service, Inc., d/b/a Cape Air, to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) with 9-passenger Cessna 402 aircraft at Glasgow, Glendive, Havre, Sidney, and Wolf Point, Montana, for a two-year period beginning December 1, 2013, through November 30, 2015, at a combined annual subsidy of $11,950,426. The subsidy and level of service for each community is as follows: Glasgow $2,046,800 (2 trips per day), Glendive $1,944,467 (2 trips per day), Havre $2,036,254 (2 trips per day), Sidney $3,777,579 (5 trips per day), Wolf Point $2,145,326 (2 trips per day). Scheduled service: to Billings. Aircraft Type: Cessna 402 (9 passenger seats).
 * Order 2013-12-1 (December 2, 2013): Cape Air will commence full EAS at all five of the above communities beginning December 10, 2013, thereby establishing an end date for this contract of December 31, 2015.

title: Sidney–Richland Municipal Airport


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Douglas Owens

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:07, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Douglas Owens
Vanity --Ryan Delaney talk 06:20, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete  as per nominator. Hamster Sandwich 07:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete seems like a nn professor, reads like vanity. --TheMidnighters 10:18, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete insipid vanity, most likely by the subject himself. --Agamemnon2 10:52, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The dude seems happy, good for him. But nn vanity for the rest of the world. --Lomedae 13:35, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. His website includes a rather impressive CV, but I wouldn't want to pass judgment, not knowing the field. Martg76 14:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chuck69.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 (talk) 03:08, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Chuck69.com
Unnotable website. Unranked by alexa Zeimusu | (Talk page) 06:21, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn website. Zoe 06:22, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — It appears to be little more than a vanity page for somebody's low-traffic personal Web site. Maylett 06:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Insipid ego-pampering. --Agamemnon2 10:53, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. Alexa rating of "no data (down 100,514)", only 4 pages link to the site. --Lomedae 13:38, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Retain Chuck is a candid and on target observer of Michigan media, especially radio User:anon02:38, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Retain The web site is significant on a micro level in discussions of Michigan radio, especially stations on the west side of the state. User:anon 19:53, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Retain This site has actually effcted change in Broadcasting in West Michigan. It has valuable content for radio listeners. User:Peter Strong 19:53, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Save- DONT DELETE
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Rugby league in Tonga

Rugby league is a popular team sport played in Tonga.

History
The Tongan national team was formed to enter the 1986 Pacific Cup.

A domestic competition consisting of six clubs was launched in 1988.

During the Super League war, Tonga joined the News Corp-backed Super League in June 1995.

Competitions
The Tongan Rugby League competition comprises 12 teams in the first division, and 7 in the second. Following the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, the competition was renamed the Jason Taumalolo Cup. Age-restricted competitions were also named for Manu Vatuvei, Solomone Kata, Konrad Hurrell and Tuimoala Lolohea.

The 12 teams in the first division are:

 * Capital Warriors
 * Fuekafa Rabbitohs
 * Ha'akame Broncos
 * Ha'ateiho Spartans
 * Halaloto Green Barbarians
 * Havelu Bulldogs
 * Kolomotu'a Eagles
 * Lapaha Knights
 * Lavengamalie Hurricanes
 * Mu'a Saints
 * Nakolo Raiders
 * Silapeluua Crusaders
 * Vaini Doves A

The 7 teams in the second division are:

 * Ha'ateiho Crusaders
 * Hihifo Rovers
 * Houma Tigers
 * Kolomu'a Warriors
 * Puke-Hofa Turtles
 * Silapeluua Crusaders
 * Vaini Doves B

First and Second Division
There are 10 first division sides in the Global Insurance Cup and there are 9 in the second division. Only Kolomu'a Warriors (One of two Nuku'alofa Clubs) and the Vaini Doves have first and second division sides. The First Division sides have been, to a greater extent, regular participants in the competition since the inception of League in 1988. Those sides are Kolomu'a, Vaini, Mu'a Saints, Silapeluua (Ha'ateiho) Crusaders, Lapaha Knights, Ha'akame Broncos, Hihifo Rovers, Havelu Bulldogs, Halaloto Barbarians and Nakolo Raiders. The Second Division consists of a number of clubs that have participated infrequently over a number of years. However, regulars in the Second Division are Fatumu, Ha'ateiho Spartans and Ngalukilo Stormers.

The most recent competition (2013) was won by the Kolomua Warriors who defeated the Ha'akame Broncos in the grand final at Teufaiva Stadium in front of approximately 2 000 spectators.

School Competition
Secondary Schools Competition started in 2007 with 5 teams in the under 18s competition and 8 teams in the Under 16s. Takuilau High School won the Under 18s competition and Liahona High School won the Under 16s competition. It is the largest number of teams and players participating in rugby league in Tongan history, with the National Schools Committee starting the Under 12s, Under 14s and Under 15s in 2008.

In 2013 the Secondary Schools Competition featured 8 schools with teams competing in Under 13s, Under 15s, Under 17's and Open's competitions. Tupou High School finished open age champions with Tonga College winning the U17's and Tupou College winning the Under 15's and U13's competition. Primary school rugby league was also introduced with Maufanga/Fanga and ACTS Community School winning the inaugural tournaments.

TNRL estimate that there are roughly 1,500 players playing rugby league in Tonga for 2007.

National teams
The men's national team was formed in 1986 to enter the 1986 Pacific Cup. They have competed at five Rugby League World Cups (1995, 2000, 2008, 2013, and 2017). They achieved their best result as semi-finalists in 2017.

The women's national team was formed in 2003 for the 2003 Women's Rugby League World Cup. They competed at their second World Cup in 2008.

title: Rugby league in Tonga


text:
1980 in India

Events in the year 1980 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
 * Charan Singh.jpg Minister of India – [[Charan Singh]] until 14 January, then Indira Gandhi again became the prime minister of India.
 * Vice President of India – Mohammad Hidayatullah
 * Chief Justice of India – Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – K. C. Abraham
 * Assam – L. P. Singh
 * Bihar – Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
 * Gujarat – Sharda Mukherjee
 * Haryana – Surjit Singh Sandhawalia (until 27 February), Ganpatrao Devji Tapase (starting 27 February)
 * Himachal Pradesh – Amin ud-din Ahmad Khan
 * Jammu and Kashmir – L. K. Jha
 * Karnataka – Govind Narain
 * Kerala – Jothi Venkatachalam
 * Madhya Pradesh – C. M. Poonacha (until 30 April), B. D. Sharma (starting 30 April)
 * Maharashtra – Sri Sadiq Ali (until 3 November), O. P. Mehra (starting 3 November)
 * Manipur – L.P. Singh
 * Meghalaya – L.P. Singh
 * Nagaland – L.P. Singh
 * Odisha –
 * until 30 April: Bhagwat Dayal Sharma
 * 30 April-30 September: Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha
 * 1 October-3 November: S. K. Ray
 * starting 3 November: Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha
 * Punjab – Jaisukh Lal Hathi
 * Rajasthan – Raghukul Tilak
 * Sikkim – B. B. Lal
 * Tamil Nadu –
 * until 26 October: Prabhudas Patwari
 * 26 October-3 November: M. M. Ismail
 * starting 3 November: Sadiq Ali
 * Tripura – L. P. Singh
 * Uttar Pradesh – Ganpatrao Devji Tapase (until 27 February), Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh (starting 27 February)
 * West Bengal – Tribhuvana Narayana Singh

Events

 * National income - ₹1,470,629 million
 * 1 January – India asks Soviet Union for troop withdrawal from Afghanistan.
 * 14 January – Indira Gandhi returned to power.
 * 5 April - Bharatiya Janata Party was formed.
 * 23 June – Sanjay Gandhi is killed in a plane crash near Safdarjung Airport.
 * 18 July - SLV-3 successfully launched from Sriharikota.
 * Rajiv Gandhi quits working as pilot for Indian Airlines.
 * The Bhagalpur Blindings were widely publicized by Indian media.
 * 31 December – B. P. Mandal, chairman of the Backward Classes Commission, submitted his report to the government.

Law

 * 25 October - Forest (Conservation) Act

Science

 * 1983 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar received the Nobel Prize in Physics

Sport
The Indian Hockey team won the Gold in the Olympics.

Births

 * 21 January – Santhanam, actor and comedian.
 * 10 February – Mohd. Iqbal Khan, actor.
 * 13 March – Varun Gandhi, politician
 * 17 March – Nikitin Dheer, actor
 * 20 April – Sunaina Sunaina, weightlifter
 * 2 June – Dola Banerjee, archer
 * 4 June – Prashanth Neel, film director.
 * 20 June – Bobby Darling, actor.
 * 5 July – Zayed Khan, actor.
 * 7 July – Ramachandra Raju, actor.
 * 8 July – Chetan Anand, badminton player.
 * 12 August – Ghibran, music composer.
 * 14 August – Prabhjot Singh, field hockey player.
 * 16 August – Upen Patel, model and actor.
 * 18 August – Preeti Jhangiani, actress and model.
 * 30 August – Richa Pallod, model and actress.
 * 10 September – Jayam Ravi, actor.
 * 18 September – Akshay Kapoor, actor.
 * Kareena ad shoot in Mehboob Studio.jpg September – [[Kareena Kapoor]], actress.
 * 18 October – Reetinder Singh Sodhi, cricketer.
 * 24 October – Laila Mehdin, actress.
 * 12 November – Devesh Chauhan, field hockey player.
 * 13 November – Harman Baweja, actor.
 * 9 December – Gagan Ajit Singh, field hockey player.
 * 11 December – Arya, actor.
 * 17 December – Arjun Halappa, field hockey player.
 * 28 December – Deepak Thakur, field hockey player.

Deaths

 * 23 June – Sanjay Gandhi, politician (b. 1946).
 * 23 June – Varahagiri Venkata Giri, fourth president of India (b. 1894).
 * 18 July – Naoomal Jeoomal, cricketer (b. 1904).
 * 24 July – Uttam Kumar, actor (b. 1926).
 * 31 July – Mohammed Rafi, playback singer (b. 1924).
 * 2 August – Ramkinkar Baij, sculptor and painter (b. 1906)
 * 17 August – Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao, writer (b. 1909).
 * 25 October – Sahir Ludhianvi, Urdu poet and Hindi lyricist and songwriter (b. 1921).
 * 11 November – Chenganoor Raman Pillai, Kathakali artiste (b. 1886).
 * 16 November – Jayan, actor (b. 1938).

title: 1980 in India


text:
Rugby league in the Cook Islands

Rugby league is the most popular team sport played in the Cook Islands. Rugby league is recognised as the national sport of the country.

History
Officially the club rugby league competition commenced in 1980. The first international match was played against Niue at the 1986 Pacific Cup, which was hosted in Rarotonga and also included teams from Samoa, Tonga, NZ Maori and Tokelau. In the mid 1990s rugby league received significant funding through the SuperLeague organisation. Traditionally, much of the rugby league played by Cook Islanders has been in Australia and New Zealand where there are strong Cook Island populations.

In more recent times, Cook Islands rugby league has received a major boost through the involvement of former professional rugby league players Kevin Iro and Matt Rua - both native Cook Islanders - in the form of selector and defensive coach for the national side. Both players represented New Zealand internationally and played many NRL games.

Rugby league is the national sport and the most popular sport in the Cook Islands.

Staff

 * President, Cook Islands Rugby League: Charles Carlson
 * Selectors: Kevin Iro, Charles Carlson, Ina Konito and No'ora Samuela
 * RLIF Representative: Kevin Iro
 * Head Coach: Tony Iro
 * Defensive Coach: Matt Rua
 * Attacking Coach: Kevin Iro

Current players of Cook Islands descent
NRL Super League
 * Alex Glenn
 * Charnze Nicoll-Klokstad
 * Jordan Rapana
 * Josh Papalii
 * Dylan Napa
 * Karmichael Hunt
 * Sione Katoa
 * Brandon Smith
 * Valentine Holmes
 * Esan Marsters
 * Francis Molo
 * Marata Niukore
 * Troy Dargan
 * Steven Marsters
 * Joseph Manu
 * James Tamou
 * Valentine Holmes
 * Drury Low
 * Jordan Rapana
 * Zane Tetevano
 * Dominique Peyroux
 * Adam Tangata

Notable players

 * Kevin Iro
 * Adam Watene
 * Matt Rua
 * John Whittaker
 * Tiri Toa
 * Meti Noovao
 * Riki Cowan
 * Tony Iro
 * Karmichael Hunt
 * Denvour Johnston
 * Ali Davys
 * Aaron Cannings
 * Karl Temata
 * Ben Vaeau
 * George Tuakura
 * Frank Watene
 * Kane Epati
 * Leroy Joe
 * Tyrone Pau

Competition
The domestic Cook Islands rugby league competition begins in early February on a yearly basis. The Tournament is arguably the biggest sporting competition in the Cook Islands with hundreds attending games on the Islands of Rarotonga and Aitutaki. Grand Final weekend builds the biggest hype among supporters of every team ranging from its junior levels, reserve grade and the main A grade (Premier level).

Men Teams

 * Titikaveka Bulldogs
 * Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * Takuvaine Warriors
 * Arorangi Bears
 * Aitutaki Sharks (Premier Squad Only)
 * Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles

Winners

 * 1992 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1993 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1994 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1995 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1996 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1997 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1998 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 1999 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2000 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 2001 Titikaveka Bulldogs
 * 2002 Titikaveka Bulldogs
 * 2003 Arorangi Bears
 * 2004 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2005 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2006 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2007 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2008 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2009 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2010 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2011 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2012 Titikaveka Bulldogs
 * 2013 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2014 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2015 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2016 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
 * 2017 Titivakeva Bulldogs
 * 2018 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2019 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
 * 2020 (Season Suspended due to COVID) Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles retain Premiership
 * 2021 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
 * 2022 (Season Suspended due to COVID in the country) Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers retain Premiership
 * 2023 Arorangi Bears

Women's Teams

 * Titikaveka Lady Bulldogs
 * Tupapa Maraerenga Lady Panthers
 * Avatiu/Nikao Lady Eels
 * Arorangi Lady Bears

Winners

 * 2021 Titikaveka Lady Bulldogs
 * 2022 (Season Suspended due to COVID in the country) Titikaveka Lady Bulldogs retain Premiership
 * 2023 Arorangi Lady Bears

Other representative sides
In 2005 the Cook Islands Rugby League Avaiki XIII Tri Series was played between three Cook Island sides (Australian Cook Island Style, NZ Cooks and a Resident XIII). The winners of the series were the Australian Cook Islands Style team. This was used to select the national side that drew a three match series with the New Zealand Māori

Results
NZ Cooks v Resident XIII, 25 November 2005

Australian Cook Island Style 26 NZ Cooks 14

Australian Cook Island Style 24 Residents XIII 18, 18 November 2005 changed

title: Rugby league in the Cook Islands


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Rugby league in Fiji

Rugby league is a popular team sport played in Fiji since 1992.

History
Joe Levula and Orisi Dawai were the first Fijians to play rugby league after they were recruited to play professionally for the Rochdale Hornets in 1961. Voate Driu and Laitia Ravouvou joined the club the next year, with numerous others following throughout the 1960s and 1970s. These players largely remained in Rochdale after their careers.

In 1992, a number of high-profile Fijian rugby union representatives converted to rugby league and entered the Rugby League World Sevens, for which they received lifetime bans from the Fiji Rugby Union. Under the guidance of Bob Abbott (from the Australian Rugby League), a six-team rugby league competition was established in Fiji later that same year. The competition used match payments to attract players from rugby union, with FJ$40 (AU$38) offered per win and FJ$10 per loss. The sport was supported by Sitiveni Rabuka, who served as President of the Fiji Rugby League (FRL) during that period.

The FRL aligned itself with the News Corp-backed Super League during the Super League war. Suva hosted the inaugural Super League World Nines in February 1996, which reportedly brought $1.3 million into the local economy. Under the Super League, the FRL grew from eight clubs with one team each to twelve clubs with two teams each. Abbott and the Australian Rugby League had meanwhile established a small competition in western Fiji.

2001 was the last year in which payments were offered to rugby league players in Fiji.

The first women's club rugby league match in the country was played on 26 March 2016, between Bemana and the Coastal Roos.

In 2020, the Kaiviti Silktails entered the NSWRL's third tier Ron Massey Cup, with entry to the second tier New South Wales Cup guaranteed for 2021. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the plans were delayed by one year. The team draws its players from Fiji's local competition.

Vodafone Cup
The Fiji National Rugby League runs the national domestic rugby league competition in Fiji. Known as the Vodafone Cup, the competition features 32 teams across two conferences, each with two zones. The competition was formed in 1998, and has been Fiji's top level rugby league competition ever since.

Teams
The FNRL Vodafone Cup is the top club competition for men's rugby league in Fiji.

It was previously divided into two conferences (East and West). The number of conferences has increased as the competition has grown.

24 teams took part in the 2020 Vodafone Cup. The 2022 season featured 30 teams.

Premiers
An * indicates that the match was decided in extra time.

Inter-Zone Championship
The Inter-Zone Championship was created in 2016. The teams were made up of the strongest players from the Vodafone Cup. The men's and U20's competition was first held in 2016, while the women's competition was introduced in 2017.

Each Zone plays each other over 5 weeks before semi finals and a final is played.

Melanesian Club Championship
The Melanesian Club Championship has been contested by the Fijian champions (at either club or zone level) and the winner of Papua New Guinea's Digicel Cup since 2015.

Media coverage
As early as 1993, one Winfield Cup match was being broadcast on Fijian television per week.

In 2016, the Fiji Times partnered with the FNRL to become the official newspaper of rugby league in the country.

Beginning in 2018, two NRL matches are broadcast live on free-to-air television each weekend by FBC TV.

National teams
The men's national team, known as the Bati, was formed in 1992 and have competed at 5 Rugby League World Cups (1995, 2000, 2008, 2013, and 2017). They achieved their best result as semi-finalists on three occasions, in 2008, 2013, and 2017.

The women's national team, known as the Bulikula, was reformed in 2018 and played a full international against the following year.

Notable players
This is a list of players from the domestic FNRL competition in Fiji who have played in a top-tier professional rugby league competition i.e. the NRL or the Super League.
 * Sisa Waqa (Nadera Panthers)
 * Pio Seci (Nabua Broncos)
 * Tikiko Noke (Lautoka Crushers)
 * Vuate Karawalevu (Naitasiri Rugby)
 * Ilaitia Tagituimua (Nadera Panthers)
 * Viliame Kikau (Marist Brothers)

title: Rugby league in Fiji


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Rugby league in Scotland

Rugby league (lìog rugbaidh) is a comparatively minor sport in Scotland, dwarfed by the popularity of association football and rugby union, and to a lesser extent curling, ice hockey and shinty.

History
Rugby league in Scotland began in 1909, during the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, with Australian team facing a Northern Rugby Football Union representative side at Celtic Park, Glasgow. This was the first rugby league game to be played in Scotland, and ended with a 17–17 draw. During the 1911–12 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, Scotland held its second rugby league match at Tynecastle, Edinburgh, this time an Ashes game. Great Britain drew with Australia 11–11.

In 1954, Scotsman Dave Valentine captained Great Britain to victory in the inaugural edition of the Rugby League World Cup.

In 1989, a Scotland students side was formed at the University of Aberdeen, and this proved to be the catalyst for the formation of a number of other clubs.

In 1994, Scotland Rugby League was formed to serve as the national governing body for Scotland. A year later the Scottish national team was formed and a domestic league (the Scottish Conference) followed in 1997.

In 2000 and 2002 the Challenge Cup Final was held at Murrayfield in Edinburgh, the home of the Scottish Rugby Union, during the Redevelopment of Wembley Stadium. 2000 saw Bradford Bulls defeate Leeds Rhinos 24–18, and 2002 Wigan Warriors beat St. Helens 21–12. The games attracted 67,247 and 62,140 which to date (June 2024) are the largest rugby league attendances in Scotland.

In 2007, the Scottish Conference was incorporated into the Rugby League Conference as the "RLC Scottish Premier" as part of an RFL attempt to formalise amateur rugby league across Great Britain which began in 1997. In 2012, the RLC Scottish Premier became the Scottish National League following a second restructure of amateur rugby league, and governance of the league returning to Scotland.

Governing body
Scotland Rugby League is the governing body for rugby league in Scotland overseeing development and participation at all levels of the sport.

Senior
The Scottish National League is the highest tier exclusively Scottish rugby league competition and comprises four teams: Aberdeen Warriors, Ayrshire Storm, Easterhouse Panthers, and Edinburgh Eagles. The league is governed by Scotland Rugby League. The league forma part of the British rugby league system. As of June 2024, no Scottish sides have played in the higher tiers of the pyramid, though some have featured in the Challenge Cup.

Junior
The Saltire Schools Cup is a nationwide Scottish schools competition for boys and girls from S1–S4 school age groups. The National Youth League is competed for at under-17 and under-15 level.

National team

There are two Scottish teams selected: Scotland and Scotland A. The Scotland team is predominantly second-generation professional players, born and bred in England, whereas the Scotland A team (nicknamed "the Bravehearts") is selected from the domestic Scottish competition.

Scotland has participated in the Emerging Nations Cup (1995), in every World Cup since 2000, and European Nations Cup (since 2003) competitions.

Since 2002, Scotland A has participated in the Amateur Four Nations competition and toured Italy, the Netherlands, and Serbia.

Popularity
Rugby league is a contracting sport in Scotland largely caused by the reduction in funding from the RFL, attracting stagnating interest. In addition to the four clubs in the Scottish National League, there are a small number of other clubs. The majority of the clubs are based in and around Glasgow, and Glasgow City Council provide funding for junior teams.

Media
There are two weekly rugby league newspapers, Rugby Leaguer & League Express and League Weekly, and two monthly magazines, Rugby League World and Thirteen Magazine. These cover the sport worldwide and across the UK. These publications are usually only available by subscription in Scotland.

BBC Sport own the rights to broadcast a highlights package called the Super League Show which was first broadcast in Scotland in 2008. Prior to this it had only been broadcast in the North of England. Rugby League Raw is not broadcast in Scotland despite the BBC owning the rights to do so. The BBC covers the Rugby League Challenge Cup from the rounds in which the top clubs enter.

BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra carry commentary from a selection of Super League matches each week,.

Live Super League and National Rugby League games are shown on Sky Sports Arena with highlights also being shown on the channel. From the 2022 season, 10 live Super League games per season will be shown on Channel 4, the first time the league will be shown on terrestrial television. Championship games are shown on Premier Sports, with one game a week being aird.

title: Rugby league in Scotland


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Rugby league in Wales

Rugby league is a sport played in Wales. The governing body of the game in Wales is the Wales Rugby League.

There is a long but sporadic history of rugby league in Wales (rygbi'r gynghrair). Over the decades hundreds of Welsh players have played for the leading English clubs. Consequently, the national side, nicknamed the Dragons, have often been a very strong force in the international game.

Background
Rugby football was an increasingly popular sport for Wales in the 1890s, and particularly in the south where its popularity surpassed that of association football. The Welsh coal miners shared the same working class ethos of the miners from the northern counties of England. The impending schism of 1895 tore apart the English rugby union and in the early 1900s, the shock waves were being felt in rugby worldwide, though there was little desire in Wales to embrace professionalism. Amateurism in Wales was seen as a means of holding together a community in which there were expectations by the public on their sportsman to not turn their back on international rugby. The Welsh took pride in the position rugby gave them in the sporting world, and therefore the Welsh Rugby Union saw little attraction in turning professional.

Nonetheless, many Welsh players signed for English clubs. The Northern Union's administrators began to ponder the possibilities of international competitions against an English representative side. The first attempt met with a lack of public interest, and the first scheduled Northern Union international, also became the first postponed Northern Union international. It was rescheduled for the 5 April 1904. The team opposing England was labelled Other Nationalities and consisted of Welshmen and a few Scots. The Other Nationalities proved too strong, defeating the English 9 - 3. In 1905, England gained back some credibility with a 21 - 11 win.

In 1907 a professional version of the "All Blacks" rugby team from New Zealand (nicknamed the All Golds by Australian press) toured England in what became the first set of international games played under the new NU rules. The All Golds had not played under the Northern Union rules and underwent a week of intensive training. The first Wales international league game took place at Aberdare on 1 January 1908 played against the All Golds. Wales went on to defeat New Zealand 9-8, the winning try scored by former Wales rugby union international Dai Jones.

First Welsh Clubs
In 1907, the Welsh Northern Union was formed in Wrexham, but the Northern Union refused it affiliation as they wanted the body located in the South of Wales and the WNU soon folded. In 1907 two Welsh clubs Ebbw Vale RLFC and Merthyr Tydfil RLFC joined the Northern Union and also competed in the Challenge Cup.

In the 1908-09 season, there were sufficient numbers of Welsh clubs to run a separate Welsh League section of the competition, alongside the Northern Union's Yorkshire and Lancashire Leagues. The Welsh League lasted only two seasons before folding in 1910 after most of the competing teams disbanded.

In 1926, the RFL formed a Welsh commission in an attempt to convert rugby union clubs to rugby league.

From 1949 to 1955 a Welsh league was run by the Welsh commission but it was disbanded due to lack of interest and finance. Founder members were Neath, Cardiff, Llanelli, Bridgend, Ystradgynlais, Aberavon, Amman Vale and Blaina.

Harsh economic times in the 1980s meant that rugby union players such as Jonathan Davies and Scott Gibbs "went north" to play professional rugby league in order to earn a living. This flow of players was halted when rugby union became professional in 1995.

In the early 21st century rugby league gained in popularity in Wales. Matches between teams in the Welsh Premier division generally draw crowds of around 300 spectators.

With the Rugby League Conference’s growth throughout England, the RFL and its WRL arm set up an amateur club, the Cardiff Demons who joined the Central South Division of the Rugby League Conference in 2001. The Demons, who were mainly made up of former players from the university UWIC rugby league club, were quite successful and instantly saw interest from other parts of Wales grow.

In 2002, two former students of Swansea University decided to set up a local club called the Swansea Bulls, now Swansea Valley Miners, with a view to playing friendly matches against the Demons and other touring clubs. Peter Thomas and Gareth Jones, both former Welsh Student RL team members, started an amateur team out of the Morriston R.F.C. ground with a mixture of university and local union players. Junior teams soon started playing league and one team, coached by Neville Price, was coached by the Bradford Bulls team coaches on a weekend tour.

First All-Welsh Competition
The following year in 2003, the RLC expand creating the Welsh Premier division (now the South Wales Premiership). The inaugural competition had six open-age sides.

The record attendance for any rugby league game in Wales was set in 2005 with 74,213 attending the Challenge Cup final in Cardiff.

Wales Rugby League achieved governing body status in 2005 and employed its first professional chairman, Mark Rowley, in 2006.

The Rugby Football League (RFL) took an entire round of Super League matches to the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales on the weekend of 5–6 May 2007. This was called Millennium Magic.

In 2012 the North Wales Conference was formed.

In recent years, due to the increase in popularity of league in Wales, there have been efforts to present the South Wales Premiership and North Wales Conference as first tier competitions within Wales and not just a fifth tier UK league. As of 2023, winners of both sides will play in the first all Welsh grand final for a place in the Challenge Cup, previously only available to South Welsh teams.

Governing body
The Rugby Football League were the governing body for rugby league in the UK. They were formed as the Northern Rugby Union in 1895.

In 1907, the Welsh Northern Union was formed in Wrexham, but the Northern Union refused it affiliation as they wanted the body located in the South of Wales, which is the heartland of Welsh rugby union, and the WNU soon folded.

In 1926, the newly renamed RFL formed a Welsh commission in an attempt to convert rugby union clubs to rugby league.

The Wales Rugby League was formed in 1995 and recognised at that time as the governing body of rugby league in Wales by the Rugby Football League, the British Amateur Rugby League Association and the Welsh Sports Council. It employed its first professional chairman, Mark Rowley, in 2006.

Wales became the 12th full member of the Rugby League International Federation following a meeting of the Federation board in Melbourne in May 2010.

Welsh professional clubs

There have been various attempts to introduce professional rugby league to Wales throughout the 20th century. Merthyr Tydfil and Ebbw Vale joined for the 1907/08 season; followed closely behind Aberdare, Barry, Mid-Rhondda and Treherbert joined in 1908/09. The 1908/09 season saw the first Welsh League, played alongside the Northern Union League.

Aberdare, Barry, and Mid-Rhondda dropped out after that season, with Treherbert following the next year. Merthyr Tydfil lasted until 1910/11, and Ebbw Vale was the last of these to leave, after 1911/12. The next Welsh club was Pontypridd, who joined in 1926/27; only to dropped out after 8 games of the 1927/28 season. A Cardiff club participated in the 1951/52 season, but disbanded after that season.

Following the example of Fulham F.C. (who founded the RL team that is now London Broncos), Cardiff City F.C. decided to enter a team for the 1981/82 season. The Blue Dragons, as they were known, shared Ninian Park with the Bluebirds until the 1983/84 season, when the club went into liquidation. They were then moved to Bridgend for the 1984/85 season, where they placed on the bottom of the table, and were expelled after the season for failing to obtain a home ground. Another attempt to establish a professional rugby league club was made in the 1990s. South Wales finished 6th in the Second Division in 1996, and, because of small crowds, withdrew from the league before the following season.

There are now two professional rugby league clubs in Wales. The Crusaders Rugby League team, based in Wrexham, played in the Super League competition up until 2011. After going into administration they have become North Wales Crusaders. The second club is Llanelli-based West Wales Raiders established in 2017 following the demise of the South Wales Ironmen side which were based in Merthyr Tydfil. Both teams currently play in League 1.

Current RFL and BARLA teams
The following is a list of current Welsh rugby league clubs along with the league they play in:

 * Men's
 * North Wales Crusaders (League 1)
 * Conwy Celts, Dee Valley Dragons, Flintshire Falcons, Prestatyn and Rhyl Panthers, Wrexham Bradley Raiders (North Wales Conference)
 * Aber Valley Wolves, Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls, Cardiff Blue Dragons, Cynon Valley Cavaliers, South Wales Jets, Torfaen Tigers, Rhondda Outlaws (South Wales Premiership)

 * Women's
 * Cardiff Demons (RFL Women's Championship)

Senior
Club rugby league in Wales is played in a full British league system operated by the Rugby Football League. The South Wales Conference and North Wales Conference are the highest tier exclusive Welsh division of the league system and are currently 5th tier in the league pyramid. Wales currently has one professional club which competes in the RFL, North Wales Crusaders.

Junior
Wales's junior competition is the Welsh Conference Junior League. In 2011 there was a North Wales Under 12 league. In the Conference Youth League there were two Welsh sides: North Wales Crusaders and CPC Bears.

National team

Wales participated in the first ever rugby league international when they beat New Zealand 9-8 in Aberdare in 1908.

The national side, nicknamed the Dragons, have often been one of the stronger sides in international rugby league and have also provided a number of players for the Great Britain team. The two great eras of Welsh Rugby League coincide with the playing careers of Jim Sullivan and Jonathan Davies. They compete in the Rugby League European Nations Cup and the Rugby League World Cup.

There is a very successful Wales A team selected from domestic Welsh players, which competes in the Amateur Four Nations competition. Wales have won seven of the eight tournaments played.

Wales also play in regular international tournaments at under 19, under 15 and student level.

Media
BBC Sport own the rights to broadcast a highlights package called the Super League Show which was first broadcast in Wales in 2008. Prior to this it had only been broadcast in the North of England. Rugby League Raw is not broadcast in Wales despite the BBC owning the rights to do so. The BBC covers the Rugby League Challenge Cup from the rounds in which the top clubs enter.

Highlights of Crusaders games were shown on the rugby union programme ScrumV and their home games can be seen on Y Clwb Rygbi 13 on S4C. The BBC covers the Rugby League Challenge Cup from the rounds in which the top clubs enter.

BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra carry commentary from a selection of Super League matches each week. GTFM carries a weekly rugby league spot throughout the season on their Saturday afternoon "The Season Ticket" show.

Live Super League and National Rugby League games are shown on Sky Sports Arena with highlights also being shown on the channel. From the 2022 season, 10 live Super League games per season will be shown on Channel 4, the first time the league will be shown on terrestrial television. Championship games are shown on Premier Sports, with one game a week being aird.

title: Rugby league in Wales


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Rugby league in Ireland

Rugby league (Sraith Rugbaí) is a team sport played in Ireland on an all-Ireland basis.

History
First appearances in Ireland

In May 1934 Wigan beat Warrington 32–19 in an exhibition match in Dublin. Twenty years later, in May 1954, Warrington were again defeated by Halifax in both Belfast (34–15) and Dublin (23–11).

First clubs and Modern Beginnings

Modern-day Rugby league in Ireland really began in 1989 when Brian Corrigan founded the Dublin Blues Rugby League, consisting mostly of rugby union players who wanted to stay fit over the summer. The Blues competed against touring teams from Britain, scoring a number of victories over British amateur opposition.

In early 1995, the British Rugby Football League development arm financed the position of a Development Officer for Ireland, providing a boost to the development of the game.

A student's framework was also established with teams representing Ireland at the Student's Rugby League World Cup in Australia in 1992 and the UK in 1996 comprising Ireland based and UK based players. In 1996 the tournament was based in Warrington, England and several members of the Irish national champion Dublin Blues represented the Ireland Student Team against USA, Western Samoa, New Zealand, Japan and Wales. These included Phelim Comerford, Gavin Lee,Gavin Gordon Robert McDonnell, Paul Ryan, Damien Murphy, Dara MacCarthy (Top Try Scorer 1996/97) and Sean Cleary.

In 1995 Ireland formed its first competitive team to play against the USA in Washington DC on St. Patrick's Day. Ireland won 24–22.

In 1996, the inaugural Ireland "State of Origin" series was established between Northern Ireland and the Republic where representatives of the club teams engaged in the All-Ireland competition played for each region over a 3 match competition. The inaugural winner was the Southern team. Some of the players involved in the State of Origin series from both regions over the next few years included some of the original players with Rugby League in Ireland: Eric Doyle, Phelim Comerford, Rickey Smith, Innes Gray, Brian Carney, Sean Cleary, Gavin Gordon, Conor O'Sullivan, Garret Molloy, Mick Molloy, Alan Cuffe, Rody Corrigan, Phelim Dolan, Dan McCartney, Mark Cashen and Mick Browne.

Competitive matches were established between teams in Leinster and Ulster: Schoolboy matches were played between Dublin and Belfast schools, Open Age Clubs competed against each other in the All-Ireland Challenge Cup. Teams included Belfast Wildcats and Bangor Vikings from Ulster. From Leinster there were Dublin-based Dublin Blues, North Side Saints, Tallaght Tigers, Churchtown Warriors, Seapoint Sharks and Bray-based East Coast Panthers. From Munster the Cork Bulls were formed. Northside Saints and Cork Bulls had a number of successes, but the long-established Dublin Blues were always pre-eminent and there or thereabouts when it came to the trophy presentations.

The modern-day Rugby League Ireland was formed in 2001 initially in Leinster and Munster conferences, prior to this the competition was known as Ireland Rugby League, though after a season the league reverted to a national competition for two seasons before the conferences were reintroduced for 2004.

In 2006 the Leinster and Munster conferences were abandoned in favour of an all-Ireland league, but conference play was reintroduced for the 2007 season, this time on a north–south basis, below the Elite division.

For 2008 two national divisions operate, the Carnegie League and the Emerald Rugby National Conference.

In 2009 the Emerald National Conference has been replaced by the Emerald League run on a merit league basis.

In 2010 the Provincial Conferences were re-instated with the Leinster, Munster and Ulster Conferences. A total of 17 teams competed during the season.

The Conference Champions were Ballynahinch Rabbitohs in Ulster, Dublin City Exiles in Leinster, and Treaty City Titans in Munster.

In 2011 an academy was set up in Limerick where talented players would be identified to sign with Super League clubs, 4 were eventually signed across St Helens R.F.C., Castleford Tigers and Leeds Rhinos.

RLI Premiership
The RLI Premiership is the top division of men's rugby league in Ireland.

RLI Championship
The Championship is the second division of men's rugby league in Ireland.

RLI Women's Premiership
The RLI Women's Premiership is the top division of women's rugby league in Ireland. The competition began in 2021.

Teams:

Winners:
 * 2021 - Dublin City Exiles
 * 2022 - Dublin City Exiles
 * 2023 - Dublin City Exiles

Ulster League

 * Results

Provincial League

 * Results

The national team

There are two Ireland national rugby league teams – Ireland and Ireland A. Ireland is the primary team which is made up of Irish players who compete in leagues across the globe whereas Ireland A is made up of players who play in the amateur Irish Elite League only. Irish players are also eligible for the Great Britain national team.

Ireland also has a strong students team who competed in the 2008 Students world cup and finished 2nd in the student's 4 nations tournament in 2009. Ireland finished 2nd again in the student's 4 nations tournament in 2023 beating Wales and Scotland in a strong showing for the team.

Governing body
In Ireland the governing body is Rugby League Ireland (RLI).

Media
There are two weekly rugby league newspapers in the UK Rugby Leaguer & League Express and League Weekly and two monthly magazines, Rugby League World and Thirteen Magazine. Most of their content covers the sport in Britain, Australia and New Zealand but Irish rugby league is also covered. These publications are usually only available by subscription in Ireland.

International rugby league magazine covers all rugby league internationally and has featured Ireland's domestic season, road to the world cup and interviewed Luke Ambler.

A rugby union publication called Emerald Rugby covers rugby league in Ireland each month.

BBC Sport own the rights to broadcast a highlights package called the Super League Show which was first broadcast in Northern Ireland in 2008. Prior to this it had only been broadcast in the North of England. Rugby League Raw is not broadcast in Northern Ireland despite the BBC owning the rights to do so. The BBC covers the Rugby League Challenge Cup from the rounds in which the top clubs enter.

BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra carry commentary from a selection of Super League matches each week.

Live Super League and National Rugby League games are shown on Sky Sports Arena with highlights also being shown on the channel. From the 2022 season, 10 live Super League games per season will be shown on Channel 4, the first time the league will be shown on terrestrial television. Championship games are shown on Premier Sports, with one game a week being aird.

Setanta Sports Ireland broadcast highlights of the 2005 and 2006 pre-season Dublin challenge matches, and the 2005 European Nations Cup, on its Sports Weekly and Sports Monthly programmes.

Manchester based Channel M show some National League and amateur rugby on their Code XIII programme.

Challenge Cup heritage
Since its formation in 1997, winners of the Irish Elite League have been eligible to play in the Rugby Football League's Challenge Cup. Results of Irish teams are:

title: Rugby league in Ireland