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Electrical equipment in hazardous areas

In electrical and safety engineering, hazardous locations (HazLoc, pronounced haz·lōk) are places where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Sources of such hazards include gases, vapors, dust, fibers, and flyings, which are combustible or flammable. Electrical equipment installed in such locations can provide an ignition source, due to electrical arcing, or high temperatures. Standards and regulations exist to identify such locations, classify the hazards, and design equipment for safe use in such locations.

Overview
A light switch may cause a small, harmless spark when switched on or off. In an ordinary household this is of no concern, but if a flammable atmosphere is present, the arc might start an explosion. In many industrial, commercial, and scientific settings, the presence of such an atmosphere is a common, or at least commonly possible, occurrence. Protecting against fire and explosion is of interest for both personnel safety as well as reliability reasons.

Several protection strategies exist. The simplest is to minimize the amount of electrical equipment installed in a hazardous location, either by keeping the equipment out of the area altogether, or by making the area less hazardous (for example, by process changes, or ventilation with clean air).

When equipment must be placed in a hazardous location, it can be designed to reduce the risk of fire or explosion. Intrinsic safety designs equipment to operate using minimal energy, insufficient to cause ignition. Explosion-proofing designs equipment to contain ignition hazards, prevent entry of hazardous substances, and, contain any fire or explosion that could occur.

Different countries have approached the standardization and testing of equipment for hazardous areas in different ways. Terminology for both hazards and protective measures can vary. Documentation requirements likewise vary. As world trade becomes more globalized, international standards are slowly converging, so that a wider range of acceptable techniques can be approved by national regulatory agencies.

The process of determining the type and size of hazardous locations is called classification. Classification of locations, testing and listing of equipment, and inspection of installation, is typically overseen by governmental bodies. For example, in the US by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

North America
In the US, the independent National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) publishes several relevant standards, and they are often adopted by government agencies. Guidance on assessment of hazards is given in NFPA497 (explosive gas) and NFPA499 (dust). The American Petroleum Institute publishes analogous standards in RP500 andRP505.

NFPA 70, the National Electrical Code (NEC), defines area classification and installation principles. NEC article 500 describes the NEC Division classification system, while articles 505 and 506 describe the NEC Zone classification system. The NEC Zone system was created to harmonize with IEC classification system, and therefore reduce the complexity of management.

Canada has a similar system with CSA Group standard C22.1, the Canadian Electrical Code, which defines area classification and installation principles. Two possible classifications are described, in Section 18 (Zones), and Appendix J (Divisions).

International Electrotechnical Commission
The International Electrotechnical Commission publishes the 60079 series of standards which defines a system for classification of locations, as well as categorizing and testing of equipment designed for use in hazardous locations, known as "Ex equipment". IEC 60079-10-1 covers classification of explosive gas atmospheres, and IEC 60079-10-2 explosive dust. Equipment is placed into protection level categories according to manufacture method and suitability for different situations. Unlike ATEX which uses numbers to define the safety "Category" of equipment (namely 1, 2, and 3), the IEC continued to utilise the method used for defining the safe levels of intrinsic safety namely "a" for zone 0, "b" for zone 1 and "c" for zone 2 and apply this Equipment Level of Protection to all equipment for use in hazardous areas since 2009.

The IEC 60079 standard set has been adapted for use in Australia and New Zealand and is published as the AS/NZS 60079 standard set.

Hazards
In an industrial plant, such as a refinery or chemical plant, handling of large quantities of flammable liquids and gases creates a risk of exposure. Coal mines, grain mills, elevators, and similar facilities likewise present the risk of a clouds of dust. In some cases, the hazardous atmosphere is present all the time, or for long periods. In other cases, the atmosphere is normally non-hazardous, but a dangerous concentration can be reasonably foreseen—such as operator error or equipment failure. Locations are thus classified by type and risk of release of gas, vapor, or dust. Various regulations use terms such as class, division, zone, and group to differentiate the various hazards.

Often an area classification plan view is provided to identify equipment ratings and installation techniques to be used for each classified area. The plan may contain the list of chemicals with their group and temperature rating. The classification process requires the participation of operations, maintenance, safety, electrical and instrumentation professionals; and the use of process diagrams, material flows, safety data sheets, and other pertinent documents. Area classification documentations are reviewed and updated to reflect process changes.

Explosive gas
Typical gas hazards are from hydrocarbon compounds, but hydrogen and ammonia are also common industrial gases that are flammable.

 * Class I, Division 1 classified locations: An area where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids can exist all of the time or some of the time under normal operating conditions. A Class I, Division 1 area encompasses the combination of Zone 0 and Zone 1 areas.

 * Zone 0 classified locations: An area where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids are present continuously or for long periods of time under normal operating conditions. An example of this would be the vapor space above the liquid in the top of a tank or drum. The ANSI/NEC classification method consider this environment a Class I, Division 1 area. As a guide for Zone 0, this can be defined as over 1000 hours per year or more than 10% of the time.

 * Zone 1 classified location: An area where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids are likely to exist under normal operating conditions. As a guide for Zone 1, this can be defined as 10–1000 hours per year or 0.1–10% of the time.

 * Class I, Division 2 or Zone 2 classified locations: An area where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids are not likely to exist under normal operating conditions. In this area the gas, vapor or liquids would only be present under abnormal conditions (most often leaks under abnormal conditions). As a general guide for Zone 2, unwanted substances should only be present under 10 hours per year or 0–0.1% of the time.

 * Unclassified locations: Also known as non-hazardous or ordinary locations, these locations are determined to be neither Class I, Division 1 or Division 2; Zone 0, Zone 1 or Zone 2; or any combination thereof. Such areas include a residence or office where the only risk of a release of explosive or flammable gas would be such things as the propellant in an aerosol spray. The only explosive or flammable liquids are paint and brush cleaner. These are designated as very low risk of causing an explosion and are more of a fire risk (although gas explosions in residential buildings do occur). Unclassified locations in chemical and other plants are present where it is absolutely certain that the hazardous gas is diluted to a concentration below 25% of its lower flammability limit (or lower explosive limit (LEL)).

Explosive dust

Dust or other small particles suspended in air can explode.

United Kingdom
An old British standard used letters to designate zones. This has been replaced by a European numerical system, as set out in directive 1999/92/EU implemented in the UK as the Dangerous Substances and Explosives Atmospheres Regulations 2002.

Gas and dust groups
Different explosive atmospheres have chemical properties that affect the likelihood and severity of an explosion. Such properties include flame temperature, minimum ignition energy, upper and lower explosive limits, and molecular weight. Empirical testing is done to determine parameters such as the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG), minimum igniting current (MIC) ratio, explosion pressure and time to peak pressure, spontaneous ignition temperature, and maximum rate of pressure rise. Every substance has a differing combination of properties but it is found that they can be ranked into similar ranges, simplifying the selection of equipment for hazardous areas.

Flammability of combustible liquids are defined by their flash-point. The flash-point is the temperature at which the material will generate sufficient quantity of vapor to form an ignitable mixture. The flash point determines if an area needs to be classified. A material may have a relatively low autoignition temperature yet if its flash-point is above the ambient temperature, then the area may not need to be classified. Conversely if the same material is heated and handled above its flash-point, the area must be classified for proper electrical system design, as it will then form an ignitable mixture.

Each chemical gas or vapour used in industry is classified into a gas group.

Group IIC is the most severe zone system gas group. Hazards in this group gas can be ignited very easily indeed. Equipment marked as suitable for Group IIC is also suitable for IIB and IIA. Equipment marked as suitable for IIB is also suitable for IIA but NOT for IIC. If equipment is marked, for example, Ex e II T4 then it is suitable for all subgroups IIA, IIB and IIC

A list must be drawn up of every explosive material that is on the refinery or chemical complex and included in the site plan of the classified areas. The above groups are formed in order of how explosive the material would be if it was ignited, with IIC being the most explosive zone system gas group and IIA being the least. The groups also indicate how much energy is required to ignite the material by energy or thermal effects, with IIA requiring the most energy and IIC the least for zone system gas groups.

Temperature
Equipment should be tested to ensure that it does not exceed 80% of the autoignition temperature of the hazardous atmosphere. Both external and internal temperatures are taken into consideration. The autoignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite without an additional heat or ignition source (at atmospheric pressure). This temperature is used for classification for industry and technology applications.

The temperature classification on the electrical equipment label will be one of the following (in degree Celsius):

The above table shows that the surface temperature of a piece of electrical equipment with a temperature classification of T3 will not rise above 200 °C. The surface of a high pressure steam pipe may be above the autoignition temperature of some fuel-air mixtures.

General types and methods
Equipment can be designed or modified for safe operation in hazardous locations. The two general approaches are:

 * Intrinsic safety: Intrinsic safety, also called non-incendive, limits the energy present in a system, such that it is insufficient to ignite a hazardous atmosphere under any conditions. This includes both low power levels, and low stored energy.  Common with instrumentation.

 * Explosion proof: Explosion-proof or flame-proof equipment is sealed and rugged, such that it will not ignite a hazardous atmosphere, despite any sparks or explosion within.

Several techniques of flame-proofing exist, and they are often used in combination:

 * The equipment housing may be sealed to prevent entry of flammable gas or dust into the interior.
 * The housing may be strong enough to contain and cool any combustion gases produced internally.
 * Enclosures can be pressurized with clean air or inert gas, displacing any hazardous substance.
 * Arc-producing elements can be isolated from the atmosphere, by encapsulation in resin, immersion in oil, or similar.
 * Heat-producing elements can be designed to limit their maximum temperature below the autoignition temperature of the material involved.
 * Controls can be fitted to detect dangerous concentrations of hazardous gas, or failure of countermeasures. Upon detection, appropriate action is automatically taken, such as removing power, or providing notification.

Types of protection
The types of protection are subdivided into several sub classes, linked to EPL: ma and mb, px, py and pz, ia, ib and ic. The a subdivisions have the most stringent safety requirements, taking into account more than one independent component faults simultaneously.

Many items of EEx rated equipment will employ more than one method of protection in different components of the apparatus. These would be then labeled with each of the individual methods. For example, a socket outlet labeled EEx'de' might have a case made to EEx 'e' and switches that are made to EEx 'd'.

Equipment protection level (EPL)
In recent years also the EPL is specified for several kinds of protection. The required protection level is linked to the intended use in the zones described below:

Equipment category
The equipment category indicates the level of protection offered by the equipment.

 * Category 1 equipment may be used in zone 0, zone 1 or zone 2 areas.
 * Category 2 equipment may be used in zone 1 or zone 2 areas.
 * Category 3 equipment may only be used in zone 2 areas.

NEMA enclosure types
In the US, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) defines standards for enclosure types for a variety of applications. Some of these are specifically for hazardous locations:

Labeling
All equipment certified for use in hazardous areas must be labelled to show the type and level of protection applied.

Europe

In Europe the label must show the CE mark and the code number of the certifying/notified body). The CE mark is complemented with the Ex mark: A yellow-filled hexagon with the Greek letters εχ (epsilon chi), followed by the Group, Category, and, if Group II, G or D (gas or dust). Specific types of protection being used will also be marked.

Industrial electrical equipment for hazardous area has to conform to appropriate parts of standard: IEC-60079 for gas hazards, and IEC-61241 for dust hazards. In some cases, it must be certified as meeting that standard. Independent test houses—Notified Bodies—are established in most European countries, and a certificate from any of these will be accepted across the EU. In the United Kingdom, Sira and Baseefa are the most well known such bodies.

Australia and New Zealand use the same IEC-60079 standards (adopted as AS/NZS60079), however the CE mark is not required.

North America
In North America the suitability of equipment for the specific hazardous area must be tested by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory, such as UL, FM Global, CSA Group, or Intertek (ETL).

The label will always list the class, division and may list the group and temperature code. Directly adjacent on the label one will find the mark of the listing agency.

Some manufacturers claim "suitability" or "built-to" hazardous areas in their technical literature, but in effect lack the testing agency's certification and thus unacceptable for the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) to permit operation of the electrical installation/system.

All equipment in Division 1 areas must have an approval label, but certain materials, such as rigid metallic conduit, does not have a specific label indicating the Cl./Div.1 suitability and their listing as approved method of installation in the NEC serves as the permission. Some equipment in Division 2 areas do not require a specific label, such as standard 3 phase induction motors that do not contain normally arcing components.

Also included in the marking are the manufacturers name or trademark and address, the apparatus type, name and serial number, year of manufacture and any special conditions of use. The NEMA enclosure rating or IP code may also be indicated, but it is usually independent of the Classified Area suitability.

History
With the advent of electric power, electricity was introduced into coal mines for signaling, illumination, and motors. This was accompanied by electrically initiated explosions of flammable gas such as fire damp (methane) and suspended coal dust.

At least two British mine explosions were attributed to an electric bell signal system. In this system, two bare wires were run along the length of a drift, and any miner desiring to signal the surface would momentarily touch the wires to each other or bridge the wires with a metal tool. The inductance of the signal bell coils, combined with breaking of contacts by exposed metal surfaces, resulted in sparks, causing an explosion.

title: Electrical equipment in hazardous areas


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Emperor Nijō

Emperor Nijō (二条天皇) was the 78th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1158 through 1165.

Genealogy
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina) was Morihito-shinnō (守仁親王).

He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. He was the father of Emperor Rokujō.

 * Empress: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (姝子内親王) later Takamatsu-in (高松院), Emperor Toba’s daughter.
 * Empress: Fujiwara no Ikushi (藤原育子), Fujiwara no Tadamichi’s daughter
 * Tai-Kōtaigō: Fujiwara Masuko (藤原多子) Later Grand Empress Dowager Omiya, Tokudaiji Kin'yoshi's daughter.
 * Toku-no-Kimi (督の君), Minamoto Tadafusa’s daughter also Fujiwara no Narichika’s Wife
 * Kasuga-dono (春日殿), Nakahara Moromoto’s daughter
 * First Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (僐子内親王; 1159-1171)
 * Umeryo-kimi (右馬助), Minamoto Mitsunari’s daughter
 * First Son: Imperial Prince Priest Son'e (尊恵法親王; 1164-1192)
 * Ōkura-daisuke (大蔵大輔)
 * Second Son: Imperial Prince Nobuhito (順仁親王) become Emperor Rokujo
 * Minamoto Tadafusa’s daughter
 * Third Son: Shine (真恵)

Events of Nijō's life
Nijō was proclaimed as heir to Emperor Go-Shirakawa.

 * Hōgen 1, 2nd day of the 7th month (1156): Cloistered Emperor Toba-in died at age 54.
 * Hōgen 1, 10th–29th days of the 7th month (1156): The Hōgen Rebellion, also known as the Hōgen Insurrection or the Hōgen War.
 * Hōgen 4, on the 11th day of the 8th month (1158): In the third year of Go-Shirakawa-tennō's reign (後白河天皇二十五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his eldest son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Nijō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).

After Nijō was formally enthroned, the management of all affairs continued to rest entirely in the hands of the retired emperor, Go-Shirakawa.

 * Heiji 1, 9th–26th day of the 12th month (1159): The Heiji Rebellion, also known as the Heiji Insurrection or the Heiji War.
 * Chōkan 2, on the 26th day of the 8th month (1164):The former-Emperor Sutoku died at the age of 46.
 * Eiman 1 (1165): The infant son of Emperor Nijō was named heir apparent and therefore Crown Prince, and would soon after become Emperor Rokujō.
 * Eiman 1, on the 25th day of the 6th month (1165): In the seventh year of Nijō-tennō's reign (桓武天皇七年), the emperor fell so very ill that he abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Rokujō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).
 * Eiman 1, 27th–28th day of the 7th month (1165): The former Emperor Nijō died at age 22.

Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Nijō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
 * Kampaku, Konoe Motozane, 1143–1166.
 * Sadaijin, Konoe Motozane.
 * Udaijin
 * Nadaijin
 * Dainagon

Eras of Nijō's reign
The years of Nijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 * Hōgen   (1156–1159)
 * Heiji                (1159–1160)
 * Eiryaku              (1160–1161)
 * Ōhō                  (1161–1163)
 * Chōkan               (1163–1165)
 * Eiman                (1165–1166)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emperor Nijō


title: User:Jobe6/infobox


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Bandra Bus Company

The Bandra Bus Co was a transport company operated by the Bandra Municipal Committee between the late 1920s to 1949. It was taken over by the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport in 1949.

title: Bandra Bus Company


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Talk:Populus sect. Aigeiros

Do people ever use its cotton like they do with cotton plant? --Menchi 07:43, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

How long do they live?

What if they are oozing a watery type substance and it is dripping down ontot he concrete below.... is this a sign of disease?

--- In answer to a few of the above questions: I am not sure how long cottonwoods can live, but they can reach respectable sizes and are not as fragile as one might think.

As for the cotton, I don't think it has any commercial value. Some people can be bothered by it, and it does clog up air vents, such as air conditioner compressors. Plant male trees (which don't produce the cottony seeds) to avoid this problem.

In answer to the last question, this sounds like bugs on the tree or some disease that is not unique to cottonwoods.

Species
Is the Plains cottonwood (populus sargentii) also known as populus monilifera or populus molinifera? 122.27.97.30 (talk) 04:48, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

The name
So why's it called a cottonwood? The article says nothing about it.

cottonwood
why is the cottonwood different then other trees —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.224.156.235 (talk) 21:51, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

cottonwood
why is the cottonwood different than other trees? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.224.156.235 (talk) 22:01, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Cotton Wood trees
I lived in Colorado as a child, The Cotton Wood Trees were so tall, so lovely to hear breeses through them in summer and spring, mermering leaves, soft and it makes you relax and lye down in the grass and look up, the leaves mermer makes you relax and fall asleep. ! Sweet memories from child hood. I was lucky to have these trees in my life, it inspired me to become a painter ! The rest of the yard was large, filled with plants, bushes, flowers, garden of foods, grass, apple trees, plum, lilacks, mushrooms, wild asparagus, berries, grapes, ....It was a loveing feel of nature, then. Now I live in Egypt. Life is so filled with new adventures !! Sincerely, Carrol or Amina Kishk ```````` —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.232.10.228 (talk) 08:51, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Redirect from disambiguation page
Would someone correct the redirect from Cottonwood tree, that currently leads to a disambiguation page for Cottonwood, to Populus sect. Aegiros. A disambiguation redirect is not necessary as a key word would be tree.

Etymology
Does anyone have a source for the section being named after the village? It seems more likely that it is simply from the (Ancient?) Greek word for 'black poplar' - αἴγειρος. IntelVoid (talk) 23:31, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * The original author doesn't state an etymology, and since that is entirely up to that author ("It's not named after the goddess Athena, it's named after my dog."), the statement here is pure speculation. I'll remove it. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 12:50, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Populus sect. Aigeiros


text: User talk:195.145.89.26

title: User talk:195.145.89.26


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Lynne McGranger

Lynne McGranger (born 29 January 1953) is an Australian actress, who rose to prominence for her portrayal as Irene Roberts on the Australian soap opera Home and Away for over 31 years. She joined the series in 1993, and is the longest serving female cast member of a television soap opera in Australia.

Career
McGranger was born to Bruce and Audrey. She originally was a primary school teacher who trained at the Riverina College of Advanced Education in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, in 1975 where she had her initial actor training. She started her career in stage roles, early roles included Rose in Bye Bye Birdie and Anita in West Side Story. After further experience with the Q Theatre in Penrith, west of Sydney, she started working in television and won a small part in soap opera The Flying Doctors.

She undertook her best-known role on 12 January 1993, when she joined the cast of Home and Away playing Irene Roberts. At first cast in a guest role, McGranger was made a permanent cast member on 7 October 1993. In 2014 McGranger overtook former co-star Kate Ritchie as the longest serving actress to play the same character in Australian television.

McGranger was a participant in the fourteenth season of Dancing with the Stars. She regularly appears in British pantomimes during the Christmas season, and has starred in pantomimes in Brighton, Torquay, York and Ashton-under-Lyne and Southport.

Personal life
McGranger was born in the Sydney suburb of Paddington in 1953. She has one daughter, Clancy (b. 1991), with her husband of more than thirty years, Paul McWaters. She is a fan of cricket, and is also interested in history. McGranger is also a supporter of the Sydney Swans. McGranger's maternal grandfather Godfrey Allum was organist at St Paul's Cathedral Melbourne and wrote a number of Organ Preludes (The Australian Organist May 1988).

title: Lynne McGranger


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Tata Power

Tata Power Company Limited is an Indian electric utility and electricity generation company based in Mumbai, India and is part of the Tata Group. With an installed electricity generation capacity of 14,707 MW out of which 5847 MW is from Non-Conventional(Green Energy) sources rest from thermal, making it India's largest integrated power company. In February 2017, Tata Power became the first Indian company to ship over 1 GW solar modules.

History
The firm started as the Tata Hydroelectric Power Supply Company in 1910, which amalgamated with the Andhra Valley Power Supply Company in 1916. It commissioned India's Second hydro-electric project in 1915 in Khopoli for 72 MW. Then second and third power plants were installed in Bhivpuri (75 MW) in 1919 and Bhira (300 MW) in 1922.

Operations
Tata Power has operations in India, Singapore, Indonesia, South Africa, Zambia, Georgia,Mauritius and Bhutan. Tata Power Group has its operations based in 20 locations in India. The thermal power stations of the company are located at Trombay in Mumbai, Mundra in Gujarat, Jojobera and Maithon in Jharkhand, Kalinganagar in Odisha, Haldia in West Bengal and Belgaum in Karnataka. The hydro stations are located in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra and the wind farms in Ahmednagar, Supa, Khanke, Brahmanwel, Gadag, Samana and Visapur. The company installed India's first 500 MW unit at Trombay, the first 150 MW pumped storage unit at Bhira, and a flue gas desulphurization plant for pollution control at Trombay. It has generation capacities in the States of Jharkhand and Karnataka, and a distribution company in Delhi, servicing over one million consumers spread over 510 square km in the North Delhi. The peak load in this area is about 1,150 MW. Tata Power announced on 24 July 2012, commissioning of the second unit of 525 MW capacity of the Maithon mega thermal project in Dhanbad. The first unit of identical capacity was commissioned in September 2011.

It also has a distribution company in Ajmer,Rajasthan.And only produces Green Energy in Rajasthan which includes 755 MW of solar energy(Tata Power Solar) and 185 MW of Wind Energy taking total green energy generation to 940 MW.

Major power plants

 * Mundra Ultra Mega Power Plant. A 4,000 MW (5×800 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at Mundra, Kutch district, Gujarat. This plant is fully functional.
 * Trombay Thermal Power Station. A 1,580 MW thermal power plant at Trombay, near Mumbai, Maharashtra. This plant is fully functional.
 * Maithon Power Plant. A 1,050 MW (2×525 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at Maithon, Dhanbad, Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. This plant is fully functional. This power plant is owned by Maithon Power Limited a 74:26 joint venture between Tata Power and Damodar Valley Corporation.
 * Jojobera Power Plant. A 427.5 MW (67.5 MW and 3×120 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at Jojobera in Jamshedpur, East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. This plant is fully functional.

International operations
The company has executed overseas projects in the Middle East, Africa and South East Asia including:

 * Jebel Ali 'G' station (4×100 = 400 MW + desalination plant) in Dubai
 * Al-Khobar II (5×150 = 750 MW + desalination plant) in Saudi Arabia
 * Jeddah III (4×64 = 256 MW + desalination plant) in Saudi Arabia,
 * Shuwaikh (5×50 = 250 MW) in Kuwait
 * EHV substations in UAE and Algeria
 * Power plant operation and maintenance contracts in Iran and Saudi Arabia.
 * Tata Power has a Russian subsidiary, namely Far Eastern Natural Resources LLC, that has a license for a coal mine in Kamchatka Krai.

Problems
In cause of dramatically higher coal prices as assumed in the plannings and a fixed price arrangement the Mundra plant in 2012 made big losses. After three successive years of losses as a result, cash flow was becoming an issue for the company. In January 2014 the company sold a 30 percent stake in Indonesian coal company PT Arutmin for $500 million. In July 2014 it signed an option to sell a 5 percent stake in Indonesian coal company Kaltim Prima Coal for $250 million. As of March 2024, Tata Power's consolidated debt stood at Rs.49,480 crore.

Future projects
Tata Power has a 51:49 joint venture with PowerGrid Corporation of India for the 1200 km Tata transmission project, India's first transmission project executed with public-private partnership financing.

Tata Power has plans to expand generation capacity of 4,000 MW Mundra plant, the country's first operational ultra mega power project, to 5,600 MW.

The company also has a 74:26 joint venture with Damodar Valley Corporation for 1,050 MW coal-based thermal power plant at Maithon in Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, named as Maithon Power Limited. Both units were commissioned on 24 July 2012. It has another 74:26 joint venture with Tata Steel Limited for thermal power plants to meet the captive requirements of Tata Steel, under name Industrial Energy Limited.

Tata Power has announced its partnership with Sunengy an Australian firm to build India's first floating solar plant based on Liquid Solar Array technology.

In 2016, Tata Power made significant inroads into the renewable energy market in India by means of its acquisition of Welspun Renewables, for a record price of $1.3 billion, the largest acquisition in the Indian renewables sector.

Tata Power bagged a 25-year licence for distribution and retail supply of electricity in Odisha's five circles, together constituting Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha (CESU) for about Rs 175 crore.

On December 11, 2023, Tata Power and Indian Oil Corporation announced a partnership to establish over 500 electric vehicle (EV) charging points across India, aiming to enhance the country's EV infrastructure and facilitate intercity travel for EV users.

Shareholding
As on 25 December 2023, Tata Group held 32.46% shares in Tata Power. Around 210,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 16% of its shares. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 12.90% shareholding.

The equity shares of Tata Power are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the NIFTY 50. Its Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.

title: Tata Power


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FIBA EuroBasket 2005 Division B

The FIBA EuroBasket 2005 Division B was the first EuroBasket Division B tournament, the lower tier of the EuroBasket Tournament. At the same time that Division A had the European Championship, division B had a championship to determine which teams would get promoted into division A for the following year.

FYR Macedonia and Denmark were promoted to the EuroBasket 2007 qualification.

Format
The fifteen teams were allocated in four groups. The winners of each group played a two-legged tie. The winners of each heat qualified for the EuroBasket 2007 qualification.

Group A

 * }

Group B

 * Head-to-head record

Qualification Games
Macedonia won 200–137 and advanced to Eurobasket 2007 Division A

Denmark won 152–150 and advanced to Eurobasket 2007 Division A

Statistical Leaders
Points

Rebounds

Assists

title: FIBA EuroBasket 2005 Division B


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User:ClubIvy

I am Skylar Durden from http://www.ClubIvy.org. I am a graduate student at what will remain an undisclosed Ivy League university. In my spare time I enjoy horseback riding, playing tennis, blogging, webcamming and sharing a vintage Port wine with intimate partners. I consider myself an informed citizen. Among my political concerns are freedom of speech, the erosion of our civil liberties and corporate control of the media. I am also interested in the events surrounding and leading up to the tragedies of September 11th, 2001 and what is called the "9/11 Truth Movement". And I enjoy SPAM

title: User:ClubIvy


text:
Quentin Jackson

Quentin "Butter" Jackson (January 13, 1909 – October 2, 1976) was an American jazz trombonist.

Career
In the early stage of his career, Jackson worked with Cab Calloway for eight years. Later, he was a member of the Duke Ellington Orchestra and worked with Charles Mingus, Kenny Burrell, and others.

On her album Dinah Sings Bessie Smith, Dinah Washington recorded a version of Bessie Smith's "Trombone Cholly" with Jackson on the horn, under the revised title, "Trombone Butter".

Discography
With Louis Armstrong With Dorothy Ashby With Count Basie With Kenny Burrell With Duke Ellington With Ella Fitzgerald With Johnny Hodges With Milt Jackson With Quincy Jones With Herbie Mann With Freddie McCoy With Charles Mingus With Wes Montgomery With Shirley Scott With Jimmy Smith With Clark Terry With Dinah Washington With Billy Strayhorn With Randy Weston
 * Louis Armstrong and His Friends (Flying Dutchman/Amsterdam, 1970)
 * The Fantastic Jazz Harp of Dorothy Ashby (Atlantic, 1965)
 * Basie at Birdland (Roulette, 1961)
 * The Legend (Roulette, 1961)
 * Back with Basie (Roulette, 1962)
 * Basie in Sweden (Roulette, 1962)
 * Blues - The Common Ground (Verve, 1967–68)
 * Ellington Is Forever Volume Two (Fantasy, 1975)
 * The 1953 Pasadena Concert (GNP Crescendo)
 * Ellington '55 (Capitol)
 * Ellington at Newport (Columbia 1956)
 * All Star Road Band (Doctor Jazz, 1957 [1983])
 * Newport 1958 (Columbia 1958)
 * Blues in Orbit (Columbia)
 * Anatomy of a Murder (Columbia, 1959)
 * Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve, 1957)
 * Ellingtonia '56 (Norgran, 1956)
 * Duke's in Bed (Verve, 1956)
 * The Big Sound (Verve, 1957)
 * Johnny Hodges with Billy Strayhorn and the Orchestra (Verve, 1961)
 * 3 Shades of Blue (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
 * For Someone I Love (Riverside, 1963)
 * I Dig Dancers (Mercury, 1960)
 * Quincy Jones Plays Hip Hits (Mercury, 1963)
 * Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini (Mercury, 1964)
 * Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
 * Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury, 1959-65 [1965])
 * Latin Mann (Columbia, 1965)
 * Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
 * Listen Here (Prestige, 1968)
 * The Complete Town Hall Concert (Blue Note, 1962 [1994])
 * The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady (Impulse!, 1963)
 * Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus (Impulse!, 1963)
 * Epitaph (Columbia, 1989)
 * Movin' Wes (Verve, 1963/1997)
 * For Members Only (1963)
 * Great Scott!! (1964)
 * Roll 'Em: Shirley Scott Plays the Big Bands (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Hoochie Coochie Man (Verve, 1966)
 * Peter & The Wolf (Verve, 1966)
 * Duke with a Difference (Riverside, 1957)
 * The Swingin' Miss "D" (1956)
 * Blue Gardenia
 * Dinah Sings Bessie Smith (1956–57)
 * Cue for Saxophone (Felsted, 1959)
 * Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, 1960)
 * Highlife (Colpix, 1963)

title: Quentin Jackson


text:
The Electricity Act, 2003

The Electricity Act, 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to transform the power sector in India.

The act covers major issues involving generation, distribution, transmission and trading in power. While some of the sections have already been enacted and are yielding benefits, there are a few other sections that are yet to be fully enforced till date.

Background
Before Electricity Act, 2003, the Indian Electricity sector was guided by The Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998. The generation, distribution and transmission were carried out mainly by the State Electricity Boards in various States. Due to politico-economic situation, the cross-subsidies reached at an unsustainable level. For the purpose of distancing state governments from tariff determination, The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act was enacted in 1998. So as to reform electricity sector further by participation of private sector and to bring in competition, Electricity Act was enacted in 2003.

With effect from 2 June 2003 India has adopted a new legislation called the Electricity Act 2003, to replace some age-old existing legislation operating in the country. The new act consolidates the position for existing laws and aims to provide for measures conducive to the development of electricity industry in the country. The act has attempted to address certain issues that have slowed reform in the country and consequently has generated new hopes for the electricity industry. This paper reviews the Electricity Act 2003, to highlight how the new features are different from the existing legal provisions and whether these measures have economic rationale.

An act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all areas, rationalisation of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority Regulatory Commissions and establients of Appellate Tribunal for matters therewith or incident thereto.

Generation
The Act delicenses power generation completely (except for all nuclear and hydro-power projects over a certain size). As per the Act, 10 per cent of the power supplied by suppliers and distributors to the consumers has to be generated using renewable and non-conventional sources of energy so that the energy is reliable.

Electricity generation has been made a non-licensed activity and the techno-economic clearance from the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has been done away with for any power plant, except for hydro-electric power stations above a certain amount of capital investment. This has been provided in section 7 and 8 of the Electricity Act 2003. The generators can sell electricity to any licensees or where allowed by the state regulatory commissions, to consumers directly. The provision of direct sale of electricity by the generators, when and where allowed, would promote more IPP participation in the power generation, as these consumers are more creditworthy and bankable compared to many SEB's. However the act provides for imposition of a surcharge by the regulatory body to compensate for some loss in cross-subsidy revenue to the SEB's due to this direct sale of electricity by generators to the consumers.

The Act delicenses distribution in rural areas and brings in a licensing regime for distribution in urban areas.

However, as per the Act, only 16 states in India have notified what constitutes as rural areas and therefore the rural distribution is yet to be freed up in nearly one third of the country.

Key features
The main features of the act are as follows:

Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company with responsibility of planned and coordinated development of transmission network.
 * 1) Generation is being de-licensed and captive generation freely permitted, i.e. any generating company may establish, operate and maintain a generating station without obtaining a licence under this Act with the only exception that it should comply with the technical standards relating to connectivity with the grid referred to in clause (b) of section 73.
 * Note: Hydro-projects, however, need concurrence from the Central Electricity Authority.
 * 1) No person shall
 * (a)transmit electricity; or
 * (b)distribute electricity; or
 * (c)undertake trading in electricity,
 * unless he is authorised to do so by a licence issued, exceptions are informed by authorised commissions through notifications.
 * 1) Central Government may, make region-wise demarcation of the country, and, from time to time, make such modifications therein as it may consider necessary for the efficient, economical and integrated transmission and supply of electricity, and in particular to facilitate voluntary inter-connections and co-ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and inter-regional generation and transmission of electricity.
 * 1) Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of current level of cross-subsidy, with the surcharge being gradually phased out.
 * 2) The state governments are required to unbundle State Electricity Boards. However they may continue with them as distribution licensees and state transmission utilities.
 * 3) Setting up State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) has been made mandatory.
 * 4) An appellate tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of (CERC's) and SERC's.
 * 5) Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
 * 6) Provisions related to thefts of electricity made more stringent.
 * 7) Trading as a distinct activity recognised with the safeguard of Regulatory commissions being authorised to fix ceiling on trading margins.
 * 8) For rural and remote areas, stand-alone system for generation and distribution is permitted.
 * 9) Thrust to complete rural electrification and provide for management of rural distribution by panchayat, cooperative societies, NGOs, franchisees etc.
 * 10) Central government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
 * 11) Central Electricity Authority (CEA) to prepare National Electricity Plan.

Role of CEA
The role of CEA is limited to policy recommendations, monitoring electricity sector performance, advising the Ministry of power on technical issues, data management/dissemination of the power sector, etc.

Preparation of technical standards for construction of electrical plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid is the responsibility of CEA as per section 73 (b) of the Electricity Act, 2003. However, as per section 7 of this Act, a generating company may establish, operate and maintain a generating station if it complies with the technical standards only relating to connectivity to the grid as given in clause (b) of section 73. This implies that generating stations need not follow compulsory the CEA technical standards specified for construction of electrical plants and electric lines. Similarly, transmission / distribution licensees need not implement compulsory the standards for construction of electric lines except the Grid Code/ Grid Standards for the operation and maintenance of transmission lines specified by CEA under clause 73 (d) of this Act. Many times, these CEA standards are conservative compromising optimum design features /cost/ utility and also do not give full clarity in selection of the system / sub system capabilities of electrical plants and electric line.

Left parties opposition
Left parties opposed the clauses related to competition in electricity market such as unbundling of Electricity Boards and open access and also had strong objection regarding elimination of cross subsidies. UPA government, in its first tenure agreed for some of the amendments and according clause regarding cross subsidies are amended. In its second tenure, UPA government published a draft amendment of The Electricity Act 2003 with the main intention of separation of retail sale of electricity from distribution business.

Amendments
Several amendments were made after 2003 in the Act. The amendments proposed during 2015 is to make major changes. The important provision is to introduce electricity supply companies who will not own electric lines. The Government says it would attract competition and therefore will cause reduction in price. But those oppose these amendments say that in Indian situation competition can not bring down the cost. Some electricity finance experts are of the opinion that it will weaken the public sector discoms and can damage power sector industry in the country.

Section 25 of the electricity act, 2003 authorises the central government to demarcate the country into regions necessary for the efficient, economical and integrated transmission and supply of electricity, and in particular to facilitate voluntary interconnections and co-ordination of facilities for the inter-State, regional and interregional generation and transmission of electricity. Electricity is listed in the concurrent list (entry 38 of list III). The traditional and unscientific demarcation of the country into five regions (north, south, east, west and north east regions) without giving any valid justification and applying one set of rules for intra region and different set of rules for inter regions in sharing electricity transmission system and transmission losses, etc. is considered discriminating one state from another state. Without the public interest, Constitution does not recognise different set of rules applicable for a group of states except ratified by each of the concerned state under Article 252 of the constitution.

The concept of dividing the country in to regions by clubbing few states, emerged in seventies to envisage pit head super thermal power stations nearer to coal mines and to supply the generated power to far flung areas by high voltage transmission lines. In last forty years, electricity sector in India has grown many folds and the present power consumption in many big states has exceeded the regional level power consumption at that time. Moreover, the electricity generation from other sources such as natural gas, hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, imported coal, etc. has increased substantially and country has achieved decentralisation and diversification with respect to electricity generation and its consumption. The concept of regions is no more useful by treating the states in a region at par and outside the region differently. Many states forming boundary of a region are unable to draw/export cheaper power from adjoining regions/states due to regional bias / differentiation. Also, the electricity grid has transformed into one national grid and the emergence of single grid operation has made practically regional grids obsolete. Each state should be considered as one administrative entity/region/area for power transmission and its losses accounting and its commercial settlement as a part of national grid. Section 25 (provision to create regions) and other related sections of the Electricity Act 2003 & proposed Electricity Bill 2014 are unconstitutional in the absence of its ratification by each state.

Electricity is also being transmitted in circuitous path (ex: north-eastern region exports power to eastern region, eastern region exports power to northern and western regions, western region exports power to northern region and power from northern region is exported back to north-eastern region. Similarly eastern region exports power to western region and western region exports to southern region instead of eastern region directly export all the net power needed by the southern, northern and north-eastern regions.) on daily basis without any economic sense by the central transmission company. Thus regional concept for power generation and transmission has become counter productive.

Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2022
It is mentioned in this bill that now Electricity Private Company will also be able to distribute.

Read Full Article at Read Here

title: The Electricity Act, 2003


text:
Innokenty Smoktunovsky

Innokenty Mikhailovich Smoktunovsky (Иннокентий Михайлович Смоктуновский; born Smoktunovich, 28 March 1925 – 3 August 1994) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1974 and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1990.

Early life
Smoktunovsky was born in a Siberian village in a peasant family of Belarusian ethnicity. It was once rumored that he came from a Polish family, even nobility, but the actor himself denied these theories by stating his family was Belarusian and not of nobility. He served in the Red Army during World War II and fought in the battles of Kursk, the Dnieper and Kiev. In 1946, he joined a theatre in Krasnoyarsk, later moving to Moscow. In 1957, he was invited by Georgy Tovstonogov to join the Bolshoi Drama Theatre of Leningrad, where he stunned the public with his dramatic interpretation of Prince Myshkin in Dostoevsky's The Idiot. One of his best roles was the title role in Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy's Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Maly Theatre, 1973).

Film career
His career in film was launched by Mikhail Romm's film Nine Days in One Year (1962). In 1964, he was cast in the role of Prince Hamlet in Grigori Kozintsev's celebrated screen version of Shakespeare's play, which won him praise from Laurence Olivier as well as the Lenin Prize. Many English critics even ranked the Hamlet of Smoktunovsky above the one played by Olivier, at a time when Olivier's was still considered definitive. Smoktunovsky created an integral heroic portrait, which blended together what seemed incompatible before: manly simplicity and exquisite aristocratism, kindness and caustic sarcasm, a derisive mindset and self-sacrifice.

Smoktunovsky became known to wider audiences as Yuri Detochkin in Eldar Ryazanov's detective satire Beware of the Car (1966), which revealed the actor's outstanding comic gifts. Later, he played Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in Tchaikovsky (1969), Uncle Vanya in Andrei Konchalovsky's screen version of Chekhov's play (1970), the Narrator in Andrei Tarkovsky's Mirror (1975), an old man in Anatoly Efros's On Thursday and Never Again (1977), and Salieri in Mikhail Schweitzer's Little Tragedies (1979) based on Alexander Pushkin's plays.

In 1990, Smoktunovsky won the Nika Award in the category Best Actor. He died on 3 August 1994, at a sanatorium, aged 69. The minor planet 4926 Smoktunovskij was named after him.

Filmography

 * Murder on Dante Street (1956) as Young fascist
 * Soldiers (1956) as Lieutenant Farber
 * Close to Us (1958) as Andrei
 * Letter Never Sent (1960) as Konstantin Sabinin
 * Until Next Spring (1960) as Aleksei Ruchyev
 * After the Wedding (1962) as Narrator's voice
 * Nine Days in One Year (1962) as Ilya Kulikov
 * Mozart and Salieri (1962) as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Hamlet (1964) as Prince Hamlet
 * On the Same Planet (1965) as Vladimir Lenin
 * Beware of the Car (1966) as Yuri Detochkin
 * Degree of Risk (1968) as Aleksandr Kirillov
 * The Living Corpse (1968) as Ivan Petrovich
 * Crime and Punishment (1969) as Porfiry Petrovich
 * Tchaikovsky (1970) as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * Uncle Vanya (1970) as Ivan "Uncle Vanya" Voinitsky
 * Ilf and Petrov Rode a Tram (1972) as Tram passenger
 * Taming of the Fire (1972) as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
 * Moscow-Cassiopeia (1973) as I.O.O.
 * The Heron and the Crane (1974) as Narrator's voice
 * Daughters-Mothers (1974) as Vadim Antonovich Vasilyev
 * A Lover's Romance (1974) as Trumpeter
 * Teens in the Universe (1974) as I.O.O.
 * Take Aim (1974) as Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Mirror (1975) as adult Aleksei's voice
 * The Captivating Star of Happiness (1975) as Ivan Bogdanovich Zeidler
 * They Fought for Their Country (1975) as Surgeon
 * Twenty Days Without War (1976) as Vyacheslav's voice (played by Nikolai Grinko)
 * Trust (1976) as Nikolay Bobrikov
 * The Princess on a Pea (1977) as King
 * The Steppe (1977) as Moisei Moiseyevich
 * On Thursday and Never Again (1977) as Ivan Modestovich
 * The Barrier (1979) as Antony Manev
 * Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (1979) as himself (cameo appearance)
 * Little Tragedies (1979) as Antonio Salieri and Old Baron
 * The Queen of Spades (1982) as Chekalinsky
 * Dead Souls (1984) as Plyushkin
 * Primary Russia (1985) as Emperor Justinian I
 * The Last Road (1986) as Jacob van Heeckeren tot Enghuizen
 * The Twentieth Century Approaches (1986) as Lord Thomas Bellinger
 * Dark Eyes (1987) as Modest Petrovich
 * Gardes-Marines, Ahead! (1987) as André-Hercule de Fleury
 * First Encounter - Last Encounter (1987) as Counterintelligence colonel
 * Mother (1989) as Governor
 *  Trap for a Lonely Man (1990) as Merluche
 * Genius (1991) as Mafia leader Gilya
 * Dandelion Wine (1997) as Colonel Freeley (voiced by Sergey Bezrukov; released posthumously)

title: Innokenty Smoktunovsky


text:
Illegal operation (euphemism)

Illegal operation (sometimes criminal operation or illegal surgery) was a widely understood euphemism for induced abortion used in the 19th and 20th centuries in Anglophone countries including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. "Performing an illegal operation" could also be a criminal charge and/or the listed cause for the revocation of the medical license of an abortion provider. The term was one of a number of euphemisms pertaining to sex, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Background
The widespread criminalization of pre-quickening abortion occurred in the 1860s and 1870s. Some feminists and midwives argue that "the era of dangerous, illicit abortion was a blip in history, less than 100 years," during which the criminalization itself meaningfully increased the physical risks to women. Generally speaking, "the safety of illegal abortions varied according to the race and class of the patient" since more expensive abortions were relatively more likely to be performed by experienced providers in sterile conditions.

Despite the illegality of the procedure, women in Canada and the United States still procured hundreds of thousands of abortions annually through the 1950s and 1960s. A 1937 New Zealand government study found induced abortion to be "exceedingly common" and estimated that approximately 6,000 were performed annually, 4,000 of which were done, in one way or another, "criminally."

Limits on abortion-related language resulted from a mix of social mores and (in some jurisdictions) explicit legal prohibition. In the U.S., the Comstock laws (which specifically prohibited selling or shipping "articles or medicines for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion," along with a laundry list of other sexual material) led to heavy censorship across mass media.

"The thing that had no name"
During the century between criminalization and legalization in the United States, "Abortion wasn't even whispered. It was referred to in newspapers as 'an illegal operation,' usually reported only when those who performed abortions were arrested or women who had abortions turned up in emergency rooms hemorrhaging, with raging infections, or dead."

One Australian history described pre-legalization abortion as "the thing that had no name, that was known only as 'an illegal operation', 'tampering with the womb', 'a certain event', 'being interfered with' or 'bringing the courses on.'"

"Illegal operation" could arguably describe any number of prohibited practices but was readily understood by the general public as specifically meaning induced abortion. Circa 1911 in Wisconsin, "[A 23-year-old woman] died 18 days…after undergoing a procedure that news reports coyly described as an 'illegal operation.' The papers didn't have to spell things out any further; their readers would know what that meant." One local historian in Los Angeles, California, exploring the 1941 death of an aspiring model, noted, "Like most papers of this era, the [Los Angeles] Times rarely used the word 'abortion,' and preferred 'illegal operation.' Other euphemisms were 'criminally attacked' for rape and 'mistreated' [for] molestation." When a woman's dismembered body was found in a suitcase floating near Boston Harbor in 1905, "the real scandal was that the body had recently undergone an illegal operation—an abortion. An operation so common that everyone reading the paper that day knew exactly what the headline referred to, but a crime so sensationalized, no one could utter its name."

When illegal abortion appeared in the paper it was almost invariably as "scandal sheet" material. A survey of late-1920s New York City tabloid articles mentioning "illegal operation" found that they "consistently linked abortion to horrible consequences…these sampled sensational newspapers seemed to be sending a message that abortionists were immoral liars whose practice was filled with greed, fraud and abuse of women." In 1918 a Chicago newspaper ran a series drawn from coroner's reports on women who had died from "illegal operations," it was intended to "warn young women of the dangers of seduction." Abortion-related crimes were a gateway to coverage of sexual topics that would have otherwise been forbidden; "reports emphasise salacious descriptions, which were permitted only because they appeared as part of a court report, and would have been considered highly indecent in any other form of publication." A historian studying deaths from illegal abortion in Washington state reported, "The news focused mostly on arrests, trials, and punishment, saying little about the victims, and never raising the issue of why these women were driven to take such risks."

According to From Back Alley to the Border, a history of 20th-century criminal abortion in California, at a 1962 meeting about changing abortion laws, a lawyer "explained it was rare to find instances of the word abortion in newspapers since it was a taboo subject, 'fit to be discussed only in medical journals.'" The lawyer said that despite the prohibition on that specific word, daily newspapers regularly reported on illegal operations and illegal surgeries, and argued that only with open discussion of the issue could the "problem" be addressed and resolved.

By 1964, an Associated Press article headlined "Support Growing for Legalized Abortions" led with "Abortion is an ugly word for most people, synonymous with an illegal operation performed by an incompetent in a back room."

Abortion euphemism elsewhere in print
Abortion was referenced in coded language throughout local newspapers. "Illegal operation" was typically deployed by news writers after the deed was done; classified advertisements also offered abortion services thinly disguised by euphemism. According to an Australian historian, "The daily press regularly, if not frequently, reported on inquests into abortion deaths and about prosecutions for abortion-related crimes, and once the euphemisms are understood, it is clear that the advertisement columns [also] teemed with offers for abortion services."

A survey found that 19th century newspaper classified ads for the sexual-health market "fascinate in their use of euphemism. Sexually transmitted infections are 'private diseases.' Pregnancy could be a 'disease peculiar to females.' An abortion, or the administration of abortifacient medicines, was not named as such, but described as the removal of an 'obstruction.'"

Law

The phrase illegal operation also appears in criminal proceedings, usually related to deaths from unlawful abortions,  and occasionally in criminal charges against protection rackets extorting abortion rings.

For example, in 1876 Massachusetts, the crime was "illegal operation upon a woman, with intent to procure a miscarriage." One early 20th century Nebraska doctor who performed illegal abortions was charged nine times but "was acquitted or saw the charges dismissed in all but one instance, when he pleaded guilty to performing an illegal operation."

A 1942 Michigan Supreme Court decision referenced the widely acknowledged meaning of the intentionally-opaque euphemistic terms associated with abortion:

"This claim is based upon the statement alleged to have been made by the declarant, as testified to by her mother, 'She said that she had had a criminal operation…asked her who did it. She said, Dr. Bradfield from Portland.' In People v. Fritch,supra, abortion is referred to as an illegal operation. The terms, abortion, illegal operation, and criminal operation, all have a common usage and, when criminal operation is used in such connection as in the case at bar, it must be considered a statement of fact and not merely an opinion or conclusion."

American case law and legal scholarship of this period often involves a woman's dying declaration about the circumstances of her "illegal operation."

While the modern understanding of the word operation implies the use of surgical implements and cutting, in 1928 one Michigan doctor who pleaded guilty to the charges against him made a point to tell the judge, "There was no instrument used."

A 1962 article about illegal abortions in Canada stated, "Under the vague law governing abortion in Canada almost no doctor can be confident that he will not be accused and convicted of carrying out an illegal operation if he performs an abortion, even in cases where the medical justification is clear."

Film
Following a total ban on abortion plotlines in the American film industry during the heyday of the Hays Code, the phrase appeared in the 1949 American film The Doctor and the Girl, "[which signaled] the return of veiled dialogue in abortion narratives as censor Joseph Breen compromised by allowing them to refer to 'an illegal operation'…Despite the vagueness of the phrase 'illegal operation', studios realized that the PCA had just allowed an abortion narrative on the screen."

Television
In 1964, a character on the soap opera Another World who "refers to her 'illegal operation' that left her unable to bear children" was likely the first recurring or main character on American TV to claim an abortion. (The Defenders, a groundbreaking legal procedural, had devoted an episode to the topic two years prior. The show's dialogue used the word abortion repeatedly; all three of the show's usual sponsors declined to run commercials during that episode's ad breaks.)

Program listings for episodes of late-1960s TV programs like The Mod Squad and Dr. Kildare also used "illegal operation" to describe abortion plot lines.

Sculpture
The Illegal Operation is the title of a grotesque 1962 Edward Kienholz assemblage sculpture about unsafe abortion.

Fiction
The 1968 Michael Crichton novel, A Case of Need, written under the pseudonym Jeffrey Hudson, is about criminal abortion in Boston and includes the line, "The trouble with this country…is that the women have no guts. They'd rather slink off and have a dangerous, illegal operation performed than change the laws. The legislators are all men, and men don't bear babies; they can afford to be moralistic." The book is said to remain relevant to present-day readers "for its portrayal of how illegality makes everything worse."

title: Illegal operation (euphemism)


text:
Wilson S. Bissell

Wilson Shannon Bissell (December 31, 1847 – October 6, 1903) was an American politician from New York and considered one of the foremost Democratic leaders of Western New York.

Early life
Bissell was born on December 31, 1847, in New London, Oneida County, New York. He was the son of John Bissell (1808–1889), a prominent forwarding merchant in Buffalo, and Isabella Jeanette (née Hally) Bissell (1813–1885). His older brother, Arthur D. Bissell, was the president of the New York State Bankers Association and president of the People's Bank of Buffalo. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry.

He prepared at Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, Connecticut, and graduated from Yale University in 1869 and was a member of Skull and Bones.

Career
Following his graduation from Yale, he began the study of law in Buffalo with Lanning, Cleveland & Folsom. He was admitted to the bar in 1871 and began practicing.

From 1873 to 1882 he was a law partner of future President Grover Cleveland and acted as chief groomsman when Cleveland was married. Bissell entered Democratic Party politics as a candidate for presidential elector in 1888. He served as Postmaster General under Cleveland from 1893 to 1895. In 1896, he was a delegate to the 1896 Democratic National Convention.

Apgar's Corners in Tewksbury Township, New Jersey, was renamed in 1893 to the village of Bissell in an effort to sway him into ordering that a post office be created in the settlement. A small post office building (no longer in existence) was established soon thereafter.

From 1902 until his death in 1903, Bissell served as the Chancellor of the University of Buffalo.

Personal life
On February 6, 1890, Bissell married Louise Fowler Sturges (1866–1921) of Geneva, New York. They were the parents of one child.

Bissell died at age 55 on October 6, 1903, at his residence in Buffalo, New York. After a funeral at Trinity Episcopal Church in Buffalo (where former President Cleveland was a pallbearer), his body was cremated and his ashes were buried in the family lot at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo.

title: Wilson S. Bissell


text:
Talk:Frédéric Ozanam

Untitled
Reading this article, I noticed these phrases:
 * ...considerably to Bailly's Tribune catholique...
 * ...to prove the contrary thesis to Gibbons.

Which Bailly? And which Gibbons?

My guess for Gibbons would be Edward Gibbon, but I could be wrong.

Can anyone shed some light?

And, by the way, which "neo-Catholic movement" are we looking at?

Mekong Bluesman 07:52, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

birthdate
I corrected the birthdate to 23.04 "Great grand-nephew of Jacques Ozanam. Born at Milan, 23 April, 1813; died at Marseilles, 8 September, 1853." based on --Neozoon 22:14, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frédéric Ozanam


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Squodge mcdodge

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Jitse Niesen (talk) 02:38, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Squodge mcdodge
When I cheked this out I originally listed it as a speedy delete as I was unable to find any reference to Squodge mcdodge anywhere. This was removed later. Later after I asked for references the blog link was created. The blog was created in August. There was also three email contacts. One was not valid and eventually I got replies from Steve Harris  "If this is about the wiki thing, then Squodge wasn't really a major thing, surprised it was put on wikipedia. Suppose i could get pics and stuff if you relly wanted" and Chris Sawyer  "i can provide images. blogs arnt good enough apparently". Even if this stuff is true then it's non-notable as it's only available in Northern Ireland. CambridgeBayWeather 07:58, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No Google hits at all. Does it even exist? Who knows? Who cares? Andrewa 11:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. adspam, nn, unenc. Would probably qualify for speedy. --DrTorstenHenning 13:09, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per DrTorstenHenning. -- DS1953 16:05, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable; no reference on IMDb. *drew 00:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not delete. Looks like its been cut down a bit
 * Comment: Please sign your votes, user 84.68.150.94, otherwise they risk not being counted. Yes, you have now cut it down to a deletable sub-stub. Still no evidence it's encyclopedic. No change of vote. Andrewa 10:34, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:The Electricity Act, 2003

Untitled
What are 'non conventional sources'? Trollderella 07:54, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Anything apart from fossil fuels. Anything renewable. That's the definition given by the CISCE.--Rsrikanth05 (talk) 09:14, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

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Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2022
It is mentioned in this bill that now Electricity Private Company will also be able to distribute.There are some such provisions in the Electricity Bill 2022 that the private sector will benefit more than the government sector, due to which the people of Electricity Employe, domestic public, agricultural sector are opposing it. Read Full Artical Read Here Vikramrajputinfo (talk) 09:30, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Electricity Act, 2003


text:
Talk:List of districts of Uttar Pradesh

Some issues
Some of the links take one to places in other states of India. For example, the entry Fatehpur takes one to a page describing a place in Rajasthan state of India, instead of telling about the Fatehpur district of Uttar Pradesh state. Hamirpur takes one to a place in Himachal Pradesh. In such cases, fresh stubs with appropriate names are required to be created, with suitable disambiguation pages. I will try to do that as and when I find time.

Actually, if the name of the town, district name, and the division name are one and the same, three separate entries would be appropriate. For example, Agra is a division, a district and also a town. I think page for town should be named Agra, the page for district should be Agra district, and the page for the division should be Agra division. I request for comments and suggestions. --Bhadani 07:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This city/district/division situation is explained in WikiProject Indian districts.

 * Kanpur --> city info
 * Kanpur district --> district info
 * Kanpur division ---> divisional info

 * Hierachy is as follows: State>City>District/Division

 * As for the Hamirpur and Fathepur pages, please see how Bilaspur is disambiguated. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:51, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have moved the Fatehpur article to Fatehpur,Shekhawati. I think this will solve the problem of misleading links to Fatehpur. burdak 06:45, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Bad math: "Uttar Pradesh can be divided into three distinct regions, Southern hills and Gangetic plain" ... looks like two to me. ;Bear (talk) 23:58, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Alphabetical listing of districts
There is a section named "Alphabetical listing of districts". Districts are actually listed, but the order does not seem to be strictly alphabetic. Can someone fix it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.37.151.72 (talk • contribs) 22:00, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Image at top with districts numbered
The image is from 2009 and is outdated showing only 70 districts. There are 75 as of Apr 2014. Not able to find an updated pic. Can someone advise what is the appropriate action under the circumstances? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.236.122.135 (talk • contribs) 08:09, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

 * That's right. It can be updated with this india.gov.in "Uttar Pradesh" which shows the 75 districts but it's not that simple. The map has to be updated as well as each individual one detailing the division. Hrm, definitely not a five-minute job. -Ugog Nizdast (talk) 14:57, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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Spelling Mistake on Image Published on Page
There is a spelling mistake on District List Image for District Hardoi, mentioned as Hardor.

Some incorrect information
Some incorrect informations in this page. Many time many users correct it but always revert correct information to previous wrong information. I thing it page for providing false information to page visitors. S.P.Verma (talk) 14:56, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

 * S.P.Verma - WP:COMMONNAME has been repeatedly explained to you. This is the English Wikipedia, and our articles are based on the common name in English as per the article title, not the official name. These are the names of our articles, and we keep to those article names in other articles, to preserve wikilinks and avoid confusion. We may, eventually, change the names, as we did at Mumbai, after about 10 years, but other articles, such as Bangalore are still under their "English" names, although it changed "officially" in 2006, as this is what English readers recognize. - Thank you - Arjayay (talk) 15:19, 19 February 2020 (UTC)

ambiguous labeling of varanasi and gorakhpur as both are marked as 4
ambiguous labeling of varanasi and gorakhpur Akshitaforever (talk) 18:52, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

in map Akshitaforever (talk) 18:53, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of districts of Uttar Pradesh


text:
Color scheme

In color theory, a color scheme is a combination of 2 or more colors used in aesthetic or practical design. Aesthetic color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create a harmonious feeling when viewed together are often used together in aesthetic color schemes. Practical color schemes are used to inhibit or facilitate color tasks, such as camouflage color schemes or high visibility color schemes. Qualitative and quantitative color schemes are used to encode unordered categorical data and ordered data, respectively. Color schemes are often described in terms of logical combinations of colors on a color wheel or within a color space.

Harmonious schemes
Harmonious color schemes are designed to accomplish an aesthetic color task and enhance color harmony. They do not represent any underlying variable. The color scheme of a logo is typically purely aesthetic. A color scheme in marketing is referred to as a trade dress and can sometimes be protected by trademark or trade dress laws, as is the pink color of Owens Corning fiberglass.

Achromatic
Any color that lacks strong chromatic content is said to be unsaturated, achromatic, or near neutral. Pure achromatic colors include black, white, all grays and beiges; near neutrals include browns, tans, pastels, and darker colors. Near neutrals can be of any hue or lightness. For example, the "Achromatic" use of a white background with black text is an example of a basic and commonly default color scheme in web design.

Neutrals are obtained by mixing pure colors with white, black or gray, or by mixing two complementary colors. In color theory, neutral colors are colors easily modified by adjacent more saturated colors and they appear to take on the hue complementary to the saturated color. Next to a bright red couch, a gray wall will appear distinctly greenish.

Black and white have long been known to combine well with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.

Monochromatic
Monochromatic color schemes may contain all the colors (tints, tones, and shades) of a single hue, i.e. the base hue modified by the addition of black, gray and white. As a result, the energy is more subtle and peaceful due to a lack of contrast of hue.

Complementary
A complementary color scheme comprises two colors that combine to form gray, i.e. they are on opposite sides of the color wheel. Fully saturated complementary colors maximize color contrast. A split-complementary (also called compound harmony) color scheme comprises three colors, namely a base color and two colors that are 150 degrees and 210 degrees apart from the base color. The split-complementary color scheme has the same sharp visual contrast as the complementary color scheme but has less pressure.

Analogous
Analogous color schemes (also called dominance harmony) are groups of colors that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and two on either side complementing, which tend to be tertiary. A analogous color scheme tends to have a consistent temperature, comprising only warm or only cool colors. An analogous color scheme creates a rich, semi-monochromatic look. However, the scheme also lacks contrast and is less vibrant than complementary schemes. Red, reddish-orange, orange, yellow-orange is one example of a set of analogous colors.

An accented analogous color scheme adds the complementary color of an analogous color scheme as the accent color, used to create a dominant color grouping of three similar colors accented with the direct complement (or the near complement) of one of them. The complementary accent color creates an interesting contrast against the dominant color grouping. This scheme is frequently used to put a warm accent color with a cool analogous color palette, or a cool accent color with a warm palette.

Triadic

The triadic color scheme is a three-color combination consisting of base color and two colors that are 120 degrees and 240 degrees apart from the base color. Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant. Even when using pale or unsaturated versions of hues, it offers a higher degree of contrast while also retaining the color harmony. This scheme is trendy among artists because it provides sharp visual contrast while maintaining balance, and color richness. The triadic scheme is not as contrasting as the complementary scheme, but it is easier to accomplish balance and harmony with these colors.

Tetradic
The tetradic (also called double complementary) color scheme is considered the richest because it uses four colors arranged into two complementary color pairs. This scheme is hard to harmonize and requires a color to dominate or subdue the colors; if all four colors are used in equal amounts, the color scheme may look unbalanced.

 * The rectangle color scheme is a four-color combination consisting of a base color and three colors that are 60 degrees, 180 degrees, and 240 degrees apart from the base color. Rectangle color schemes work best when one color is dominant.
 * The square color scheme is a four-color combination consisting of a base color and three colors that are 90 degrees apart from the base color. Square color schemes are rich in color and offer variations.

Wave method
This method was discovered in 2017. The wave method of building harmonious color palette based on the relationship of color and acoustic waves and the concept of consonance in music theory. Additional colors are selected to the base color depending on the wavelength ratio. This ratio must satisfy the concept of consonance in music theory.

Practical schemes
Practical color schemes combine colors outside typical aesthetic media and context for purely practical reasons, generally focusing on maximizing or minimizing contrast, instead of color harmony. The most common practical color scheme is black-and-white, which generally maximizes contrast. This may be used for black text on a white background or prison uniforms. Enhancing contrast against a background motivates some practical color schemes, such as high visibility color schemes, while inhibiting contrast against a background motivates others, as in camouflage.

Qualitative schemes
Qualitative color schemes represent categorical variables, where the possible values of the variable are discrete and unordered. An example of a categorical variable is U.S. states, which has 50 unordered values. A qualitative color scheme is generally also called a color code. Generally, the number of colors in a qualitative color scheme is equal to the number of possible values for the categorical variable, where each value is encoded to one color. However, the number of total colors can be decreased by encoding each value with multiple colors, as in the 25-pair color code, which encodes 25 values using only 10 colors, by assigning each value a color each from group A and group B, each consisting of 5 colors.

A qualitative color scheme can be designed similarly to a harmonious color scheme. However, the goal of a qualitative color scheme is to solve a comparative color task rather than an aesthetic color task, so enhancing color difference between the colors in the color scheme is generally more important than color harmony.

Quantitative schemes
Quantitative color schemes (sometimes color maps) represent quantitative data, where the possible values of the variable are ordered, and may be discrete or continuous:
 * Continuous: Color schemes that have a smooth color gradient. Continuous color schemes are intended to display sets of continuous, ordered data and can represent both small and large data variations. Continuous color schemes generally use more than a hundred individual color values.
 * Discrete: Color schemes that feature only a certain subset of a continuous color scheme, that are clearly distinguishable from each other. Color schemes in discrete form are intended to visualise a set or range of discrete data points, but are also often used with continuous datasets.

Quantitative schemes are fundamental to Thematic maps, charts, data science, spreadsheets, and other tools which use graphical means to visualize quantitative data. They are common in heat maps, choropleths and other forms of visualization. These color schemes can be categorized into different classes, depending on the nature of the underlying data. Each of these color schemes can be continuous or discrete:

 * Sequential schemes are typical color schemes that form a color gradient between a minimum and maximum value. The color gradient may be parallel to one of the axes of a 3D color space, such as hue/saturation/luminance, or may change two of these parameters at once. This yields some common sequential schemes:
 * Monochrome schemes use tints of a single hue or shades of gray. Studies have shown that while humans are capable of seeing hundreds of shades of most colors, they can only distinguish 5–8 for practical use (i.e., matching shade on the map to the corresponding shade in the legend).
 * Spectral schemes use a gradient along the spectral colors or along the full range of hues, generally with no variation in value. Spectral schemes can be difficult to interpret with most data because hues do not naturally look like "more" or "less" than other hues.
 * Part-spectral schemes use a subset of the spectral scheme, which reduces perceptual density, but tend to be more intuitive. They also often superimpose a luminosity gradient on to the hue gradient, with examples like light yellow to dark green or light orange to dark red.
 * Scientific schemes use perceptually uniform color gradients and maximize color blind accessibility by simultaneously adjusting the luminosity and blue-yellow channels of a color space like CIELAB along the gradient. More information on scientific schemes below.
 * Diverging schemes represent data that has a minimum and maximum, as well as some meaningful center value, which may represent zero, the median, parity, etc. A diverging scheme comprises two different sequential schemes (monochrome or part-spectral), sharing a common color (usually white), which represents the center value, and the darkest colors  at the maximum and minimum. Their primary use is to emphasize (by the principles of visual hierarchy) the relationship to the center value.
 * Cyclic schemes represent data that has no minimum or maximum, namely periodic data sets like angular data, terrain aspect, wind direction, seasonality, or data from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry, which is used to display Earth's surface displacement. Cyclic schemes use color gradients that have neither a beginning nor an end, so are often represented by a spectral scheme, which can map directly onto the hue dimension of the color wheel.

Scientifically derived schemes

Scientifically derived color schemes (or scientific color maps) seek to improve on traditionally color schemes (spectral schemes such as rainbow or jet) by incorporating a uniform color gradient and color blind accessibility. In the 1990's, Cynthia Brewer performed a number of experiments on various color schemes for data visualization in maps, especially working with those with color blindness. Eventually, this work led to a palette of several dozen color schemes designed to be reproducible on multiple devices and usable by the color blind, which was collected into an interactive tool known as ColorBrewer in 2002. This palette quickly gained wide acceptance due to its reliable usability by non-experts, and has become a standard built into GIS and mapping software and other visualization tools. Other pre-made scientific color schemes that are distributed directly to users, but also frequently built into common visualisation toolboxes include:

 * MPL (Matplotlib) color maps (including default Viridis) developed by Stéfan van der Walt and Nathaniel Smith.
 * Cividis color map developed by Jamie R. Nuñez and colleagues.
 * CMOcean color maps developed by Kristen M. Thyng and colleagues.
 * CET color maps developed by Peter Kovesi.
 * Scientific color maps developed by Fabio Crameri.

Multivariate schemes
Bivariate or trivariate schemes use two or three orthogonal sequential schemes to represent separate (but usually related) variables, with the various blended colors representing different combinations of values. This scheme tends to work best when the hues for each axis are primary colors: RGB on a black background, CMY on a white background, so that the mixed colors are as clear as possible. When crafted well, and with advantageous geography (in which the variables tend to have broadly consistent patterns), these color schemes are very effective at visualizing correlations and other patterns between the variables. In other situations, they can produce a seemingly random confusion of color.

Connotative schemes
Connotative color schemes use colors that reference a specific cultural meaning. Red and green color schemes are connotative of Christmas. In some countries, a red, white and blue color scheme connotes the Flag of the United States. Even the ubiquitous Traffic light color scheme (red, yellow, green) that was originally a qualitative color scheme, has transformed into a connotative color scheme as "red means stop" and "green means go" have solidified in culture, and through their meaning have been adopted in non-transportation related encoding like the Traffic Light Protocol or stop light parties.

In culture
In hotel room designs, the relationship between preferences of color schemes and gender was detected. Male guests tend to prefer masculine color schemes, while female guests favor feminine color schemes.

title: Color scheme


text:
User talk:Britneys

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 07:57, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Britneys


text:
User:Mais oui!

 * "Que d'Écossais, de rats, de poux,
 * Ceux qui voyagent jusqu'au bout
 * Du monde, en rencontrent partout."

 * ("Scots, rats and lice; he who travels to the end of the earth will meet them everywhere.")
 * an old French proverb; recorded in The Tragedy of Two Stuarts, by Mildred Carnegy, 1914; translation by Mais oui!, 2008 (my French is a bit rusty)

Peer review/Scotland

The Scotland article peer review is now closed, but many of the good suggestions still need implemented. --Mais oui! 14:59, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Scotland
The consultation period was successful, and the WikiProject is up and running from today. Welcome! --Mais oui! 13:54, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Portal:Scotland
The Scotland Portal is now up and running. It is a project in the early stages of development, but I think it could be a very useful resource indeed, perhaps more for general readers (the vast majority I presume), rather than committed editors, who may be more attracted by the great possibilities of the notice board format: Scottish Wikipedians' notice board.

Give it a Watch, and lend a hand if you can. It is (hopefully) fairly low-maintenance, but if we run with the "News" section, that will take dedication: time which I cannot commit to presently myself. Most other boxes need replacement/update only weekly, fortnightly, or monthly, plus the occasional refreshment of the Scotland-related categories. Anyway, I assume this is how the other Portals are run, so we can follow their lead.

Please add the following code -   - to your own User page, and you will have the link to the portal right there for easy access. I will investigate how other portals use shortcuts too.--Mais oui! 08:41, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Scottish Wikipedians' notice board
Since joining Wikipedia I have learnt an awful lot, and one of those things is the value of teamwork. It has become increasingly apparent to me that there are absolutely tons of people out there devoted to editing the Scottish articles, but we communicate only haphazardly. To begin to attempt to remedy this, I have initiated a notice board for all Scoto-fans!

You can find it using this shortcut: WP:SCOWNB (yes, I know that it ain't very "short", but our nordic neighbours had first call on WP:SWNB).

Please sign up and post notices, or at least Watch the page.--Mais oui! 08:32, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

To do
Articles I may, or may not, initiate or expand, time permitting.
 * several of the people/families in this book: Scots in Sweden, eg Alexander Keiller (shipbuilder), David Carnegie (entrepreneur), the Dickson family/Tjolöholm Castle, etc
 * British nationalism (has been a scrappy, unreferenced stub article, which has been blanked and redirected to a dismbiguation page)
 * Curling in Scotland

Some more quotes

 * "When the facts change, I change my mind – what do you do, sir?" Keynes

 * "There is a forgotten, nay almost forbidden word that means more to me than any other word. That word is England." Churchill

 * "It has never been hard to tell the difference between a Scotsman with a grievance and a ray of sunshine." Wodehouse

 * "The English are mentioned in the Bible: Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth." Twain

 * "A just cause is not ruined by a few mistakes." Dostoevski

 * The man o independent mind, He looks an laughs at a that." Robert Burns

 * "Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city." George Burns

 * "Well, that's odd ... I've just robbed a man of his livelihood, and yet I feel strangely empty. Tell you what, Smithers - have him beaten to a pulp." Montgomery Burns

Huh?
Dunno why, but this gaff by the new president upon his inauguration just gave me the dry boke.
 * "First of all, how good-looking is my wife?" Obama

He might as well have stood up in front of the planet and said "First of all, did you know that I own ten large houses and a couple of Ferraris?" Dearie, dearie me. Who was it that said marriage is a form of slavery? See also: Display (zoology).

Subpage

 * /Welcome (Scotland)

title: User:Mais oui!