text:
Talk:Jet fuel

Steel beams
Does anyone have information on this? I heard that steel beams can't be melted by jet fuel, and I'm highly curious now. -- Kjkolb 03:09, 18 December 2005 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.131.37.100 (talk)

 * Steel beams soften long before they melt. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.104.88.146 (talk) 05:49, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

Combustion isn't really that simple, there's no exact temperature something burns at, it's a mix of a pretty long list of variables. Jet fuel, in the presence of enough oxygen, will burn at well over 3000c, which is more than hot enough to turn steel into liquid. In an open fuel fire, however, the flame will be starved for oxygen, and will not burn anywhere near as hot. What complicates things even further is if the steel beams in question are under load at the time. As noted above, steel gets soft long before it melts. If they get soft while under load, they will bend a significant amount, which will cause an enormous amount of internal friction, producing heat, and can then fully melt the steel.

As an interesting side note, acetylene, in an open fuel fire, will not burn anywhere near hot enough to melt steel, not even hot enough to make it glow. With enough oxygen, it burns at 3000c+, just like jet fuel. Acetylene is regularly used to not just melt, but actually vaporize a line of steel, thereby cutting it.

Whether or not something can melt steel beams depends much more on the available oxygen than it does on the fuel being used. Jet fuel absolutely can melt steel beams.

Untitled
Just a note on sourcing, material for this page was originally taken from the article on aviation fuel. -Lommer | talk 17:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Kerosene and naphtha-type jet fuels
Does anyone have information on these? I'm getting conflicting definitions. -- Kjkolb 03:09, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Did you read the article? It's called Jet B and is discussed at some length. Or is there something specific y gfhdgfdhfhfhfghdfghgfhfghfdh ou'd like to know that isn't covered there? -User:Lommer | talk 23:46, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I guess I didn't make myself clear. Kerosene and naphtha type fuels appear to refer to two different types of fuels, so if that is the case, it wouldn't be just Jet B. I've found various definitions for each type. -- Kjkolb 01:50, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hrm. I'm not sure. Jet A is basically pure kerosene, Jet B is a naptha-kerosene blend, so I guess it's entirely possible that there are even lighter pure-naptha jet fuels out there. After all, it's possible to burn almost anything in a jet engine, even avgas works just fine (I've seen it done). In fact there was one company I know of that put a tank of avgas through its garrett-powered king air once every year for "cleaning purposes". When I asked other AMEs about this they said they didn't see the need but that it wouldn't hurt the engine... -User:Lommer | talk 05:49, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe the terms aren't used in the aviation industry, just in refining or energy statistics. These are the definitions from the Department of Energy.

 * This entry should be completely rewritten. As said above, a jet engine can take most, the composition of the fuel is trivial, the main blend, "Jet Fuel 1A, Colonial Blend 54" is not even mentioned, while 9/11 and melting point of stell, the collapse of the Twin Tower is shed light on by even more hearsay. The section should be linked to jet engines and turbo-props / helicopter engines. Please ask me if you are ready for a complete revision of the entry. --KH Flottorp 22:31, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Kerosene-type - A kerosene-based product having a maximum distillation temperature of 205 degrees Celsius at the 10-percent recovery point and a final maximum boiling point of 300 degrees Celsius and meeting ASTM Specification D 1655 and Military Specifications MIL-T-5624P and MIL-T-8133D (Grades JP-5 and JP-8). It is used for commercial and military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.

 * Naphtha-type - A fuel in the heavy naphtha boiling range having an average gravity of 52.8 degrees API, 20 to 90 percent distillation temperatures of 145 degrees to 245 degrees Celsius, and meeting Military Specification MIL-T-5624L (Grade JP-4). It is used primarily for military turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines because it has a lower freeze point than other aviation fuels and meets engine requirements at high altitudes and speeds.

 * Does this seem right to you? As I said, I've found conflicting definitions. -- Kjkolb 08:19, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh that makes sense; JP-4 is Jet B, and JP-8 is Jet A, (JP-5 is between the two IIRC). So yeah, Kerosene-type is Jet A and similar fuels while Naptha-type refers to Jet B. -User:Lommer | talk 02:29, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Okay. I put a little information about them in the article. Modify or delete, if necessary. -- Kjkolb 05:50, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Any experts on jet fuel's flashpoint?
Hi. Sort of off-topic for Wikipedia in a sense. But this could help another article on wikipedia. A series of US "Experts" claim that 9/11 could be a hoax based on a set of reasons they've outline. One of them is that:

 * "Since the melting point of iron is 1537*C or 2,798.6*F, the temperature of jet fuel fires does not exceed 1,800*F under optimal conditions, and UL certified the steel used to 2,000*F for six hours, the buildings cannot have collapsed due to heat from the fires. How is this possible?

Does anyone happen to know if these temperatures quoted could be correct?

I contend anyone can throw a bunch of facts and figures against a chalk board and contend it is so. And a majority of the people who have *no idea* of what is true or not, might 'buy it' and accept it as fact. So my question is do these temperatures in fact hold true based on the knowledge of others here?

Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks

Source: Experts Claim Official 9/11 Story is a Hoax

--CaribDigita

Regarding jet fuel burn temperature: There is no single temperature at which fuel burns. It depends on the available oxygen. According to this flame temperature in the core of a jet engine is approximately 2,000F. More enough to melt steel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:87D0:5490:65F2:AC45:1514:7FB1 (talk) 17:56, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Steel does not have to melt to be weakened, causing a collapse. -- Kjkolb 21:01, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

I took a look at the article. There are solid answers to all of the questions. It says that experts came up with these questions, but most show scientific ignorance and/or illogic. Besides the steel being weakened by heat, another example is, "the buildings were designed with load redistribution capabilities to withstand the impact of airliners, whose effects would be like "puncturing mosquito netting with a pencil." Yet they completely collapsed. How is this possible?" If the planes had simply crashed into the buildings, they would have stayed up. However, fires burned for hours inside them, which weakened the steel and caused them to collapse. -- Kjkolb 21:13, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

"The official report, for example, entirely ignores the collapse of WTC7, a 47-story building, which was hit by no airplanes, was only damaged by a few small fires, and fell seven hours after the attack." The building was allowed to burn because it was empty. It collapse because it was weakened, just like the others.

"A former Inspector General for the Air Force has observed that Flight 93, which allegedly crashed in Pennsylvania, should have left debris scattered over an area less than the size of a city block; but it is scattered over an area of about eight square miles." I cannot think of a reason for the debris to be limited to a city block. I have searched for other crashes and eight square miles is a reasonable figure. Also, accident investigation does not appear to be a part of the Inspector General's job, "The primary charge of the IG is to sustain a credible Air Force IG system by ensuring the existence of responsive complaint investigations, and FWA programs characterized by objectivity, integrity, and impartiality. Only the IG may investigate allegations of reprisal under the Military Whistleblower’s Protection Act."

"The Pentagon conducted a training exercise called "MASCAL" simulating the crash of a Boeing 757 into the building on 24 October 2000, and yet Condoleezza Rice, among others, has repeatedly asserted that "no one ever imagined" a domestic airplane could be used as a weapon. How is this possible?" There are several answers to this. The first is that she was lying because she did not want to look bad because if she knew, she, or the administration, should have done something to prevent it. Another is that she was not aware of such a simulation. She was a military advisor, but that does not mean she knows about all of the training exercises that they do. The last reason I can think of right now is that she may have known about the simulation, but considered it so unlikely that she did not consider it a threat.

"Foreign "terrorists" who were clever enough to coordinate hijacking four commercial airliners seemingly did not know that the least damage to the Pentagon would be done by hitting its west wing. How is this possible?" They had some intelligence, but they were far from brilliant. Also, smart people can make mistakes. Also, they may not have had very good control over the descent. Finally, there is a good chance that they did not know the wing was being renovated.

"The BBC has reported that at least five of the nineteen alleged "hijackers" have turned up alive and well living in Saudi Arabia, yet according to the FBI, they were among those killed in the attacks. How is this possible?" The most likely reasons are that they were wrong about who some of the hijackers were or the people found in Saudi Arabia were misidentified.

"Their own physics research has established that only controlled demolitions are consistent with the near-gravity speed of fall and virtually symmetrical collapse of all three of the WTC buildings. While turning concrete into very fine dust, they fell straight-down into their own footprints." There is no reason given why the collapse should not have been similar to a demolition. It was somewhat similar. Implosions usually take out the first floor or two, but with so many floors above the crash sites, it did not matter. -- Kjkolb 21:57, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I understand where you are coming from here with regard to the official story of 9-11 and the science of jet fuel. However, I feel it my need to correct you on the fact that although jet fuel burns at 1800 degrees under optimal conditions, the state of optimal conditions for the burning of jet fuel is within a jet engine under 10-20 atmospheres of pressue. When the fuel leaves the engine, it cools down to within 450-500 degrees in seconds, jet fuel just can't hold all that heat in thin air! Steel reaches red heat(the tempurature at which its structure is compromised) at 600 degrees, this means that the steel in those buildings was not even weakened by the fuel as you contend. With regard to the Saudis who are still alive, you are probably familiar with the amount of personal information one has to hand over to get a plane ticket; therefore it is highly unprobable that in their investigation the FBI simply "got things wrong" they most likely lied instead.I'm not telling you what happened because I honestly don't know, I'm just telling you what didn't happen. For any further questions, feel free to email.

 * It's best not to post your email address here, so I removed it. If anyone wants to reply, they can do so here. Although this is off topic, I don't think it is a big deal in this situation and it can be deleted later. Anyway, the jet fuel was not burning in a jet engine or at high altitude, so the temperature would be higher.

 * As for the passengers, they may have been using fake information, as you suggested. I would not be surprised if they did. However, the BBC seems to be using only names for identifying the passengers (at least some of them), which is very inaccurate when you're dealing with such a large population. In fact, they have found more than one person with the name Abdulaziz Al Omari. The BBC saying that they have definitely found the suspects alive based upon such information is unethical. -- Kjkolb 02:30, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Maximum adiabatic combustion temperatures of kerosene/jet-A1 fuel is 2300° Kelvin or 2027° Celsius (3680° Fahrenheit), which is hot enough to melt steel. 24.200.17.245 (talk) 09:43, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

911 is a lie, investigate for youself, get ready for martail law and fema death camps —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.87.43.34 (talk) 15:09, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The moon landings were fake too - they should have brought back green cheese, but instead only brought back rocks which proves it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.48.162 (talk) 13:52, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Average rebar (construction, reinforces concrete) may melt at 1500C but it undergoes internal changes that soften it ~800C. The Empire State building has been hit by aircraft several times but it has a strong core structure and used large steel beams. The World Trade Center buildings, like most new construction, is based on thick Steel (often thick walled Steel tubes filled with concrete) struts along the periphery of the building footprint with thinner steel beams actually supporting individual floors (each floor is mostly empty so strength needed was minimal). The weld joints of the thin steel floor beams to thick steel support structure is tricky and even a good welder can leave behind a weak joint. In 1980's, a building of this type, under construction (up to the 50th floor), had a failure near the top floors and as that floor pancaked into the floor below the combined weight was too much for lower floors so they pancaked also (a dozen or so construction workers died). Hence only enough heat to partially weaken (not melt) an upper floor's (already weak) attachment to the to the peripheral support structure was needed. Don't forget that a 747 weighs a ~400 tons, as well. The use of a fully fueled jet to attack a building was broached in Tom Clancy's "Debt of Honor" in 1994. (Apparently Osama was an avid reader.) Fully fueled has 400,000 pounds of fuel which has more energy than an equivalent weight of TNT. Hiroshima was hit by a 5 kiloton (10,000 pounds TNT equivalent)bomb. The collapse itself converted potential energy into more than a few kilotons of TNT. Shjacks45 (talk) 04:27, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

No Lead in Jet Fuel
"Lead is not added to diesel fuel or jet fuel" http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/leadsafe/leadinf6.htm

"JP fuels do not contain tetraethyl lead." http://www.pilotfriend.com/aeromed/medical/toxic.htm

"Turbine fuels are high-quality fuels covering the general heavy gasoline and kerosene boding range. They do not contain dyes or tetraethyl lead." http://www.cavalrypilot.com/fm1-506/ch1.htm

"Jet A in the United States usually contains no additives at all, or perhaps only an antioxidant." and "The approved antioxidants for aviation fuel are hindered phenols." http://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/aviationfuel/4_at_fuel_comp.shtm#basefuel

Inaccuracies in the Jet Fuel article
I would recommend that this article be re-written. The first sentence, stating that jet fuel is gray, is completely inaccurate. Jet fuel is clear to straw colored, as it states later in the article, and any jet fuel that was gray would be severely contaminated. In addition, most of the article is uncited, and the only source cited doesn't contain most of the information that is portrayed in the article. The history of jet fuel section doesn't actually talk about the history at all, but rather discusses the composition of jet fuel. It's a good start for the article, it just needs some revision.

Also it states "Jet A is the standard jet fuel type in the U.S. since the 1950s and is only available there". So what do the rest of the world use? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.79.80.249 (talk) 15:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually most jet fuel exported from Russia etc. is "JP54" or "Colonial JP54". It is similar to "Jet A" except the the Specific Energy is 18.4 mj/kg compared to that of 42.8 mj/kg of "Jet A". Also there is a slight difference in additives.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.158.220.38 (talk) 00:06, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If I have read the article correctly, Jet A is used in the USA and Jet A-1 is used everywhere else, except in cold countries where Jet B is used. Is this right?  The article is not at all clear. Biscuittin (talk) 15:49, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Commercial aircraft around most of the world use Jet A-1, usually requiring the fuel to meet the specifications of the Joint Fuelling System Checklift for Jet A-1. Jet B is a wide cut kerosene, meaning that it has a higher proportion of lighter hydrocarbons (shorter carbon chains). This lowers the freezing point of the fuel (Jet A-1 freezes at -47degC) allowing the aircraft the fly to much colder environments (think antarctica). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.217.206.175 (talk) 20:06, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

Chemical composition of jet fuel
On 10 October, Cypoet added a "Chemical compound" attribute to the list of properties of Jet A-1 at the top of the article. Unfortunately, this addition incorrectly suggests that jet fuel is a single chemical compound, dodecane. Jet fuel is actually a complex blend of hundreds of hydrocarbons. I've taken the "Chemical compound" attribute out of the table and added a paragraph to the "Description" section of the article with a more detailed and accurate description of the actual composition, including a citation. Piperh 10:50, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Does "Aeroplane" mean "Jet"?
The lead paragraph speaks repeatedly of "Aeroplane fuel" while talking about jet fuel. Is "Aeroplane" a British synonym for "Jet"? Or should the relevent sections be changed to the more explicit "Jet aeroplane"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Loren.wilton (talk • contribs) 09:34, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

In the UK we use Aeroplane instead of Airplane, it does not specifically refer to any type of aircraft. Comrinec (talk) 21:17, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, keep in mind that jet fuel is also burned by turboprop and turboshaft engines. Neither are "jets", and turboshaft engines are used in helicopters, not airplanes. This is why in technical discussion we use the more accurate term "gas turbine fuel" to describe jet fuel, even though this is not the common term. Shreditor (talk) 22:25, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, there are diesel based light aircraft that burn 'jet fuel' also. — Preceding unsigned comment added by James shoemaker (talk • contribs) 23:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

JP-10
Was surprised to not find a page on JP-10, which I was just looking for. DonPMitchell (talk) 21:29, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This link is still pointing to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP-10 which is about Gunma Prefecture in Japan. Can't find an article about JP-10 at all. NutterguyIrl 18:13, 02 Febuary 2014 (UTC)

...the technology is still in it's infancy...?
I was surprised to find this claim, as diesel engines have been around for more than 100 years, and turbocharged diesel engines have been around for as long as turbocharged gasoline engines. Furthermore, a diesel engine is less complex than a gasoline engine. One does not have to worry about having a dual ignition system, as diesels don't use spark plugs. The glow plugs (igniters) used are simple resistive elements which don't require RF shielding as do the gasoline engines' twin magneto system.

In short, the technology has been around for many decades. It is not "in it's infancy." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.25.0.207 (talk) 11:11, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I wrote that statement, so I'll take a stab at explaining it... Yes, diesel engines have been around for a long time, but very very few have found use in aircraft. As of 2008 Thielert is the only company I know of building certified aircraft diesel engines, and they're currently insolvent because of numerous customer support problems. So yes, I would call that a technology in its infancy, since it hasn't been developed to the point of becoming a significant part of the aerospace economy. I don't mean to be overly negative, here. I personally think aircraft diesel engines have great potential. They just haven't reached it... yet. Shreditor (talk) 20:58, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The German Junkers company produced a number of inline diesels for aircraft use in the 1930s, although they were heavier than the equivalent petrol engine and therefore had much poorer power-to-weight ratio, which is an important disadvantage in an aero engine. They were used mainly on flying boats such as the Bv 138 that needed the longer range possible with a diesel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 11:56, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Maximum Burning Temperature
There is no such thing as a maximum burning temperature. The phrase only exists on 9/11 conspiracy pages, this wikipedia page, and some Yahoo Answers pages which source from these two things. The concept of a "maximum burning temperature" does not exist within chemistry or thermodynamics, and does not have a scientific origin. In reality, combustion is a chemical process which generates energy. Generating energy raises the temperature. This process does not have a "maximum" like stated here. Please do not add the phrase back to this article. Jojobe (talk) 16:44, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "In reality, combustion is a chemical process which generates energy." Oh, great that you finally made us aware of this important fact! Yes, of course adding heat in a closed space would cause its temperature to rise and rise, but in real life, including inside jet engines, these kind of fuels have a limit before pressure and other processes forces the temperature down. And as stated here, burning jet fuel in open air does not have a tremendously high temperature, far away from even weakening construction steel enough to bend it.
 * Also even if you may claim that the initial heat of the jet flame was higher than in free air, it would certainly not be higher once burning inside the 9/11 complex. Sometimes politics and patriotic "responsibility" can seem go far past what we would normally call 'scientific reason'. I know I'm not the only one thinking that.... --Nabo0o (talk) 23:04, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Probably is wrong term there. This temperature seems as value of Fire point. --Postrach (talk) 12:05, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

The entire article is dodgy. The free-air burn temperature is pulled out of somebody's rear end. Jet-A1 can (and does) burn in free-air at an average of about 2000 C. This is why airports and military air installations have such strict handling protocols (and its also corrosive), and yes, this is why the cores of the NYC USA WTC towers melted. I've given up on Wikipedia as a source of anything accurate, I just use it as a jumping-off point these days to try and find the actual facts. Some urls, if anyone can be bothered then by all means add them to the external references:

Firefighting, quotes "3,000 - 4,000 F" (search on '3,000'):

http://aviationsafetyadvisorygroup.org/projects-initiatives/resource-guide-to-aircraft-fire-fighting-rescue/

SAE informative (search on '2263K'):

http://papers.sae.org/2012-01-1199/

Chart of various physicalities including adiabatic (approximation to 'free-air') burn temperature (search on 'Kerosene Jet A-1'), source - Isidoro Martínez, Prof. of Thermodynamics, ETSIA-UPM, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040-Madrid:

http://webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/dat1/eCombus.pdf

124.168.113.23 (talk) 05:58, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Density
Suggest adding that the density of JET A is 6.3 to 7.1 pounds per US gallon with a standard of 6.7 pounds per US gallon —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.43.169.213 (talk) 18:29, 5 September 2008 (UTC) pra mim jetfuel é um homem que vê o 1749 a circular com um volante dum O530 na 203...isso sim é um verdadeiro jetfuel...hum... jetfuel pode ser tambem considerado uma betoneira....pronto ok um burro.exta foi de homem.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.63.59.42 (talk) 18:25, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Lacking actual detail
Enough of this lamer common knowledge such as "it is a mixture of this and that". How is Jet-A fuel manufactured? Provide with hand book description of do-it-yourself Teemu Ruskeepää (talk) 08:33, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No, I don't agree that this article should include a recipe for DIY-ers. Binksternet (talk) 16:13, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Aviation fuels are often what is called "straight run fuels," meaning that as the crude oil is heated and evaporates in a distillation column, different fuels are drawn off at different hieghts depending on their density. (Have a look at oil refinery processes.) Kerosene is drawn off below gasoline but above diesel. It is called a straight run fuel because after being drawn off the distillation column, it does not usually require any other processing prior to use, except for the blending in of additives if required. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.217.206.175 (talk) 19:57, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

 * oposed to that (citation:"Aviation fuels are often what is called 'straight run fuels,'.."), I learned from Shell that 100LL (another aviation fuel) is basicaly made from synthetic hydro-carbon molecules. That is exactly the extreme opposite from "straight run fuel". How do you explain that?

--Cosy-ch (talk) 13:08, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

 * 100LL is a petrol (avgas), not a jet fuel. you could put it in your car. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mycosys (talk • contribs) 21:18, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Lacking verification and factual accuracy
This article is lacking any verification and some of it is just factually incorrect. I will attempt to clean it up over the next few days. Also bits of it need rephrasing to make it clearer Veryangrypenguin (talk) 12:57, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

COI Contributions
I have a financial COI with Honeywell in that they’ve recruited me to help them navigate through Wikipedia and COI Best Practices. I'd like to offer the following contributions. User:King4057 (EthicalWiki) 16:22, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Military Jet Fuels
A paragraph at the end of the Military Jet Fuels section

 * C-17 on an airport in Iraq.jpg The US Air Force’s C-17 Globemaster III, F-16 and F-15 are certified for use of hydrotreated renewable jet fuels. The US Air Force plans to certify over 40 models for fuels derived from waste oils and plants by 2013. The army is considered one of the few customers of biofuels large enough to potentially bring biofuels up to the volume production needed to reduce costs. The US Air Force has also flown a Green Hornet fighter at 1.7 times the speed of sound using a biofuel blend. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funded a $6.7 million project with Honeywell UOP to develop technologies to create jet fuels from biofeedstocks for use by the US and NATO militaries.

Jet Biofuels
For the end of the Jet Biofuels bullets

 * 24 commercial and military biofuel flights have taken place using Honeywell “Green Jet Fuel,” including a Navy F/A-18 Hornet.

Feedback from other editors
Text is well sourced and a good improvement to the article.

Water in jet fuel
It should also be mentioned that water may be desirable in the jet engine in addition to hydrocarbon fuels, as a means of performance enhancement (usually in a mixture of water-alcohol, aka MW-50 injector).

Given a little extra vodka, a Mi-26 helo, officially certifed for 20 tons will lift a 27-ton frozen mammoth, as seen on National Geographic (behold the main rotor cone angle).

The problem arises when water gets mixed with hydrocarbons already in the fuel tank, however. 82.131.129.178 (talk) 18:01, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

That info belongs on the jet engine page, not here. The water is not mixed with the fuel, it is injected as the fuel burns, to lower the turbine-entry temperature. It also increases the mass-flow of the engine, and adds thrust by boiling into steam, which occupies far more volume than water does. None of this is relevant to jet fuel per se, only to the operation of turbine engines..45Colt 06:44, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Soviet fuel classification
It is crucial for the article to include comparison with the Soviet fuel classification (TS-1, RT and the stuff). Soviet-designed aircraft dominate the world market and post-Soviet air forces constitute the majority of world military jets - all using Soviet fuel classification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.133.131.171 (talk) 14:51, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
 * so add it http://www.exxonmobil.com/AviationGlobal/Files/WorldJetFuelSpecifications2005.pdf contains a decent amount of info on international fuels and standards including types and availability in the CIS if you wish to add them  Mycosys (talk) 21:20, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I am proposing that all the jet fuel articles be placed under one roof as it is unnecessary to have individual articles.--Petebutt (talk) 18:34, 7 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose Lots of things can be considered both "unnecessary", yet also "justified". Which makes the better articles? There are not a great many specific jet fuels (and there are excellent sources available). We can construct an article for each, with an overall article too, and this gives the best presentation of content to our readers. Andy Dingley (talk) 19:42, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose I would argue that there is a level of detail on the individual articles which does not fit in the overarching article. The JP-7 article, for example, lists the chemical characteristics of the fuel Bobbyd2500 (talk) 01:50, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

vs. automobile fuel
Mention how jet fuel differs from automobile fuel. Jidanni (talk) 00:02, 14 December 2013 (UTC)
 * it already states it is a kerosene Mycosys (talk) 21:22, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Flash Point Incorrect?
Been researching the Flashpoint of Aviation (Jet) Fuel...

Obviously depending on the make up, the actual flash point can alter however:

Flash point says >60°C Jet fuel says 38°C

According to the article, they are the same thing — Preceding unsigned comment added by Willbo987 (talk • contribs) 15:01, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

JP-4 naming?
JP-4 was a fuel developed for carrier use, during the transitional phase from piston engines. A low fire risk kerosene fuel was stored, with other tanks still carrying large stock of AVGAS gasoline. For fuelling jet aircraft, the two would first be mixed.

Was JP-4 the designation for the stored kerosene, or for the mixed blend? In such a case, what was the other (blended / stored) component called? Andy Dingley (talk) 16:32, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

No information on production
There is no information in this article about the production of jet fuel witch I believe should be added. XStellarx (talk) 15:31, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

Lubricity confusion
I added a {confusing} tag to the section on ground use. The second paragraph claims airport support vehicles running on Jet-A suffer from increased wear and tear due to the decreased lubricity of Jet-A fuel compared to diesel. The following paragraph states the exact opposite: That Jet-A, due to its higher sulfur content, has BETTER lubricity. These claims are mutually exclusive, and I do not know which one is correct. Stian (talk) 07:37, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

That's exactly what I came for. It says:

"Jet fuel is often used in ground support vehicles at airports, instead of diesel. The United States military makes heavy use of JP-8, for instance. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, thereby increasing wear on fuel pumps and other related engine parts. Civilian vehicles tend to disallow its use, or require that an additive be mixed with the jet fuel to restore its lubricity. Jet fuel is more expensive than diesel fuel but the logistical advantages of using one fuel can offset the extra expense of its use in certain circumstances.

Jet fuel contains more sulfur, up to 1,000 ppm, which therefore it is more lubricative and does not currently require a lubricity additive as all pipeline diesel fuels require. The introduction of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel or ULSD brought with it the need for lubricity modifiers. Pipeline diesels before ULSD were able to contain up to 500 ppm of sulfur and was called Low Sulfur Diesel or LSD. LSD is not only available to the off-road construction, locative and marine markets. As more EPA regulations are introduced, more refineries are hydrotreating their jet fuel production, thus limiting the lubricating abilities of jet fuel, as determined by ASTM Standard D445."

Clearly this is conflicting. They can't both be accurate..45Colt 06:51, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Still no consensus on the correct answer? Its been two years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.165.212.93 (talk) 18:32, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Flash point
Flash point is definitely lower than 60°C. According to every single MSDS I've found, it's 38°C or 100°F. I am not an expert on Jet fuel, but I do work in the oil storage industry and know that in Europe Jet fuel is a class 2 product, meaning its flash point is between 21°C and 55°C. So 60 is most definitely too high. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.18.82.195 (talk) 06:57, 29 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If you're in the industry, does that give you access to good sources? That would clear it up nicely. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:33, 19 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Per the article tags, there also seems to be some confusion between flashpoint and autoignition temperatures. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:34, 19 November 2014 (UTC)

Reference not accessible
When clicking this reference: "Beginner's Guide to Aviation Biofuels". Air Transport Action Group. May 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

I am asked to log in, and I am not able to access it. Is there another way to get this file? It seems unwise for Wikipedia to use sources that are inaccessible to most people. 174.52.198.8 (talk) 02:56, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

NFPA versus GHS
Is Wikipedia english international ? Yes? I say no. Because of a local, in international business no more valid hazardous indication system called NFPA. The GHS instead was created (1992) and implemented (2000) by the United Nations for worldwide use, and YES, mandatory for each chem travelling.

Why you are sticking the head in the sand and even not mention the GHS indication for JET A? --Cosy-ch (talk) 13:02, 13 July 2015 (UTC) so globalize or add {globalize} Mycosys (talk) 22:58, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

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UN 1863
I removed the following sentence from the section "Differences between Jet A and Jet A-1" I think, what was meant, is, that both fuels are designated by that number. But I don't know, and the given source doesn't relly prove anything to a layman. At any rate, a section "Differences..." should not have a sentence starting with "As with". Please can anyone in the know add the correct UN-Number information back into the article? If it's the same for both types of fuel, it needs to go into the parent section. If not, the different number needs to be found out, and the two numbers put into the two subsections, in sentences with unambiguous wording, thankyouverymuch. --BjKa (talk) 10:44, 19 May 2016 (UTC)
 * As with Jet A-1, Jet A can be identified in trucks and storage facilities by the UN number 1863 Hazardous Material placards.

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Minor Quibles

 * Comparing avgas to jet fuel had errors. Volatility is not the reason high performance aircraft engines require high octane gasoline. High performance high efficiency engines have high compression ratios, and octane rating involves preventing hot fuel air mixture (in carbureted engines) from igniting (see autoignition) in the cylinder before the spark, either by using more stable fuel like isooctane, or an additive like Tetra Ethyl Lead or Benzene or alcohol to capture heat generated free radicals before chain reaction (overcoming inhibition) is initiated by spark. German WW2 propeller driven fighters used fuel injection which allowed lower octane fuel.
 * Kerosene was used originally because gas was in short supply (higher cost)and early jets were not fuel efficient so kerosene (a lower grade of Diesel)was used. Diesel engines inject fuel at the top of the compression cycle (air being superheated to ~500F which is higher than the autoignition temperature of diesel/kerosene. Similarly jet fuel's lower autoignition temp causes it to combust on entering the hot combustion temperature. Also note that Diesel/Kerosene has a higher energy per pound of fuel, alcohol has a lower energy per pound than gasoline.
 * Kerosene is a wide boiling point mixture as is Deisel #1 fuel and they contain waxy paraffins, which provide lubrication. The Sulfur compounds (and Nitrogen compounds) in the fuel have no bearing on lubricity of the fuel. Sulfur acids creating on burning can cause corrosion of engines.
 * NOx or Nitrogen Oxides are created at high temperatures and high compression ratios. The only way to lower NOx from diesel trucks is Urea injection etc. Nothing much that the fuel can accomplish. No jet fuel manufacturers currently add lower chain amines to reduce NOx.

Shjacks45 (talk) 05:03, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

Synthetic/Biofuels Sections Are Severely Dated
I know no editor likes people popping in and saying "this page sucks" before they walk away, but I was using this page as background research on a USAF project and the Synthetic jet fuel, USAF synthetic fuel trials, and Jet biofuels sections are terribly out of date. Many statements/sentences are of the "this is happening now" type and they are talking about something that happened in 2008 or 2010 or that have been completely overcome by events and aren't true.

Possible solutions are including the date/year of the happening with the information such as in the Jet biofuels section "In 2010, British Airways and Velocys have entered into a partnership in the UK to design a series of plants that convert household waste into jet fuel."

Alternatively, there are several statements like "The Pentagon hopes to reduce its use of crude oil from foreign producers and obtain about half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016." This is three years out of date so it should be stated that they met the goal or the whole sentence should be deleted.

My 2 cents. Ckruschke (talk) 13:44, 2 May 2019 (UTC)Ckruschke

Contradictory lubricity statements
"However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, which increases wear in fuel injection equipment.[citation needed] An additive may be required to restore its lubricity. Jet fuel is more expensive than diesel fuel but the logistical advantages of using one fuel can offset the extra expense of its use in certain circumstances.

Jet fuel contains more sulfur, up to 1,000 ppm, which therefore means it has better lubricity and does not currently require a lubricity additive as all pipeline diesel fuels require."

Which is right ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.144.208.199 (talk) 23:24, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jet fuel


text: Category:Handball clubs in France

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Handball clubs in France


text: Category:Handball in France

title: Category:Handball in France


text:
Levator labii superioris

The levator labii superioris (: levatores labii superioris, also called quadratus labii superioris, : quadrati labii superioris) is a muscle of the human body used in facial expression. It is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone.

Structure
Its medial fibers form the angular head (also known as the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle, ) which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips.

One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the orbicularis oris.

The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone.

Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the levator anguli oris.

The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head (also known as the zygomaticus minor muscle ) arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip.

Function
Its main function is to elevate the upper lip.

title: Levator labii superioris


text:
Ranney School

Ranney School is an independent coeducational, college preparatory day school for students from age 3 (referred to as "Beginners") through twelfth grade located in Tinton Falls in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

History
The school was founded in 1960 by educator Russell G. Ranney to help improve students' college board grades.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 686 students (plus 37 in PreK) and 76 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9:1. The school's student body was 100% (686) two or more races.

Tuition for the 2021–22 school year ranged from $22,000 for Grades K-5 to $32,180 for Grades 6–12.

The school's third headmaster retired at the end of the 2012–2013 school year, after 20 years of service to the school. Since July 1, 2013, Dr. John W. Griffith has been the school's fourth headmaster.

Governance
The school is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1994 and is accredited until January 2027.

Extracurricular activities
The school's student life programs include 20+ sports, 40+ clubs, 10+ Honor Societies, visual arts, and performing arts.

Athletics
The Ranney Panthers compete in Division B Central of the Shore Conference, an athletic conference comprised of private and public high schools in Monmouth and Ocean counties along the Jersey Shore. The conference operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 220 students in grades 10-12, NJSIAA classified the school for the 2019–20 school year as Non-Public B for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 37 to 366 students in that grade range (equivalent to Group I for public schools). The school also competes against other New Jersey and New York City area private schools.

The school participates in a joint cooperative football team with Mater Dei High School as the host school/lead agency. St. John Vianney High School is the host school for a co-op ice hockey team. These co-op programs operate under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

The school has won more than 30 individual and team championships in five years, including swimming, tennis, basketball, fencing, and more. In 2011, the Ranney boys épée team won the state championship, the school's first state title in any sport. In 2012 and 2013, the Varsity Girls' Tennis team won the NJSIAA Non-Public B South Championship.

In its first year in the Shore Conference as a B-Central Division member, 2012–2013, Ranney received the School of the Year and Coach of the Year Awards. Ranney Athletics are present in all divisions, Lower, Middle, and Upper School, including twice-weekly swim practice, an after-school RanneyPlus program, and a weekend Panther Cubs program for younger students. The school also has a crew team and an equestrian club.

The girls' fencing team has won two individual foil titles in 2014 and 2016.

The boys' basketball team won the Non-Public Group B state championship in 2019, defeating Roselle Catholic High School by a score of 56-50 in the tournament final at the RWJBarnabas Health Arena, having lost to Roselle Catholic in the Non-Public B finals a year before on a last-second basket. Ranney came into its first Tournament of Champions as the top seed, winning against number-five seed Moorestown High School by 62-40 in the semifinals and won vs. second-seeded Bergen Catholic High School in the championship game by a score of 67-63 to finish the season with a 31-3 record.

In 2024, Rachel Lasda, girls lacrosse coach and science teacher, joined the Latvian national lacrosse team. Professionally, Lasda has competed in multiple World Championships with the Latvian Women's National Lacrosse Team as a player and assistant coach since 2013 when she first began at Ranney.

Ranney's John Welch won the Shore Conference Boys Golf Tournament on April 24th, 2024.

Campus
The 60 acres campus features assembly spaces and media centers, a music wing, two dining halls, two libraries, robotics labs, Innovation Labs (makerspaces), a finance lab featuring 12 Bloomberg terminals, and athletic facilities including tennis courts, a track, two gymnasiums, an indoor 25-meter swimming pool, a 415-capacity outdoor grandstand and press box, training and conditioning facilities and fields for soccer, lacrosse, baseball, and softball.

Notable alumni

 * Bryan Antoine (born 2000) college basketball player for the Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team.
 * Preet Bharara (born 1968), United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.
 * Kirsten Dunst (born 1982), actress. (Attended through the 5th grade).
 * Vin Gopal (born 1985, class of 2003), a politician who took office in January 2018 to represent the 11th Legislative District in the New Jersey Senate.
 * Jacquie Lee (born 1997), a singer who finished in second place on The Voice season 5.
 * Scottie Lewis (born 2000), college basketball player for the Florida Gators.
 * Marc Lore (born 1971), entrepreneur, investor, and co-owner of the Minnesota Timberwolves.
 * Jessica Springsteen (born 1991), an international equestrian who is the daughter of Bruce Springsteen.

title: Ranney School


text:
Members of the Greater London Council

The following people served as members of the Greater London Council, either as councillors or Aldermen. The polling days were:
 * 9 April 1964 (Aldermen elected on 27 April)
 * 13 April 1967 (Aldermen elected on 2 May)
 * 9 April 1970 (Aldermen elected on 28 April)
 * 12 April 1973 (Aldermen elected on 4 May)
 * 5 May 1977
 * 7 May 1981

A

 * Frank Lewis Abbott (C): Wandsworth 1967–1970; Alderman 1970–1977
 * Peter Ernest Anderson (Lab): Ealing 1964–1967
 * John William Andrews (Lab): Greenwich 1964–1967, 29 June 1967 – 1973
 * Geoffrey Weston Aplin (C): Croydon 1964–1973; Croydon South 1973–1981
 * Anthony Francis Arbour (C): Surbiton 15 September 1983 – 31 March 1986
 * Francis William Archer (Lab): Erith and Crayford 1973–1977
 * Jeffrey Howard Archer (C): Havering 1967–1970
 * David Ashby (C): Woolwich West 1977–1981
 * John Leonard Aston (C): Croydon 1964–1970
 * David James Avery (C): City of London and Westminster South 1981 – 31 March 1986

B

 * George Nicholas Alexander Bailey (C): Brentford and Isleworth 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Lawrence Arthur Bains (C): Haringey 1967–1973; Hornsey 1973–1981
 * David Gilbert Baker (C): Alderman 1967–1970
 * Richard Andrew Balfe (Lab): Dulwich 1973–1977
 * Maud Ball (Lab): Barking 1964–1970
 * Frank Banfield (Lab): Alderman 1964 – 31 March 1970
 * Tony Banks (Lab): Hammersmith 1970–1973; Fulham 1973–1977; Tooting 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Benita Dorothy Barham (C): Bromley 1964–1970
 * Dudley Eric Reynolds Barker (Lab): Croydon North West 1973–1977
 * Phillip John Bassett (Lab): Carshalton 1973–1977
 * Robert Brian Bastin (Lab): Lewisham 1970–1973
 * Brian Caldwell Cook Batsford (C): Alderman 1967 – 22 April 1970
 * Edwin Bayliss (Lab): Islington 1964–1967
 * Anthony William Bays (C): Upminster 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Neville Beale (C): Finchley 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Edith Gordon Beecher-Bryant (C): Bromley 1964–1970
 * Roland Charles Beecher-Bryant (C): Bromley 1970–1973
 * Edward Percy Bell (Lab): Newham 1964–1973; Newham South 1973–1981
 * William Archibald Ottley Juxon Bell (C): Kensington and Chelsea 1970–1973; Chelsea 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Vivian Bendall (C): Croydon 1970–1973
 * Francis Ernest Herman Bennett (C): Alderman 1964–1977
 * Alfred Abram Berney (C): Brent 1967–1973
 * Peter Blair Black (C): Barnet 1964–1973; Hendon South 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Christopher Bland (C): Lewisham 1967–1970
 * Timothy James Bligh (C): Alderman 1967 – 12 March 1969
 * Paul Boateng (Lab): Walthamstow 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Stanley Charles Bolton (C): Merton 1970–1973; Wimbledon 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Louis Wolfgang Bondy (Lab): Camden 1964–1967; Islington 1970–1973; Islington North 1973–1981
 * Iris Mary Caroline Bonham (Lab): Hammersmith 18 June 1964 – 1967 and 1970–1973; Hammersmith North 1973–1977
 * Gerald Bowden (C): Dulwich 1977–1981
 * Samuel Boyce (Lab): Newham 1964–1973
 * Anthony Vincent Bradbury (C): Wandsworth 1967–1970
 * Sheila Mary Bradley (C): Greenwich 1967 – 24 May 1967
 * Ashley Bramall (Lab): Tower Hamlets 1964–1973; Bethnal Green and Bow 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * John Patrick Branagan (Lab): Tower Hamlets 1964–1973; Stepney and Poplar 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Richard Maddock Brew (C): Alderman 8 October 1968 – 1973; Chingford 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Bernard Brook-Partridge (C): Havering 1967–1973; Romford 1973 – 21 May 1985
 * Bernard Joseph Brown (C): Hillingdon 1967–1973; Ruislip-Northwood 1973–1977
 * Steve Bundred (Lab): Islington North 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Richard Brownrigg Butterfield (C): Camden 1967–1970

C

 * Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan (Lab): Alderman 1964–1970
 * Leila Campbell (Lab): Camden 1964–1967
 * Ewan Geddes Carr (Lab): Alderman 28 April 1970 – 1973; Vauxhall 1973 – 17 December 1979
 * John Adam Carr (Lab): Hackney Central 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Dennis Annesley Carradice (Lab): Ilford South 1973–1977
 * Bryan Cassidy (C): Hendon North 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Edward Cyril Castle (Lab): Alderman 1964–1970
 * Florence Cayford (Lab): Islington 1964–1967
 * Christopher Charles Henry Chalker (C): Hillingdon 1967–1970
 * David Walter Chalkley (Lab): Lewisham 1964–1967 and 1970–1973; Deptford 1973–1981
 * Irene Chaplin (Lab): Islington 1964–1967; Hackney 1967–1973; Hackney South and Shoreditch 1973–1977
 * Geoffrey Chase-Gardner (C): Hounslow 1967–1973
 * Christopher Chataway (C): Alderman 1967 – 22 April 1970
 * Alfred Frederick Joseph Chorley (Lab): Alderman 1964–1970, 4 May 1971 – 1977
 * Frederick Denis Christian (C): Richmond-upon-Thames 1964–1967
 * Charles James Christopher (Lab): Alderman 1964–1967
 * Jill Elizabeth Clack (C): Harrow Central 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * William Sydney Clack (C): Harrow 1970–1973; Harrow Central 1973–1981
 * James Albert Edward Collins (Lab): Waltham Forest 1964–1967
 * John Stewart Collins (C): Hammersmith 1967–1970
 * Richard Collins (Lab): Camden 1970–1973; Alderman 1973–1977; Holborn and St. Pancras South 1977 – 1 December 1978
 * John Alfred Boris Connors (C): Enfield North 1977–1981
 * Frank Arthur Cooper (Lab): Hendon North 1973–1977
 * Sonia Copland (C): Lewisham East 1977–1981; Carshalton 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Harry William Corpe (C): Edmonton 1977–1981
 * John Rowland Wilton Cox (C): Hillingdon 1970–1973
 * Robert John Crane (Lab): Barking 1967–1973; Dagenham 1973-13 October 1974
 * Malby Sturges Crofton (C): Lambeth 1970–1973; Ealing North 1977–1981
 * Horace Cutler (C): Harrow 1964–1973; Harrow West 1973 – 31 March 1986

D

 * James Daly (Lab): Brentford and Isleworth 1973–1977
 * Gareth John Daniel (Lab): Ealing North 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Countess of Dartmouth (Raine Legge) (C): Richmond-upon-Thames 1967–1973
 * Peter John Dawe (Lab): Leyton 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Bryn Davies (Lab): Vauxhall 21 February 1980 – 21 May 1985
 * David John Davies (Lab): Hillingdon 1964–1967
 * Neil Davies (Lab): Woolwich West 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Evelyn Joyce Denington (Lab): Camden 1964–1967; Islington 1967–1973; Islington Central 1973–1977
 * Gladys Felicia Dimson (Lab): Haringey 1964–1967; Wandsworth 1970–1973; Battersea North 1973 – 2 May 1985
 * Gordon Laurence Dixon (C): Enfield 1964–1970
 * John Chaytor Dobson (C): Ealing 1970–1973; Acton 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Jack Dunnett (Lab): Hounslow 1964–1967

E

 * Douglas Eden (Lab) (Ind): Feltham and Heston 1973–1977
 * Richard Edmonds (Lab): Hammersmith 1964–1967
 * Arthur Frank George Edwards (Lab): Newham 1964–1973; Newham North West 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Arthur George Edwards (Lab): Alderman 1964–1967; Hammersmith 1970–1973
 * Keith Andrew Edwards (C): Croydon 1964–1967
 * George Frederick Everitt (C): Sutton 1964–1973

F

 * Timothy Charles Farmer (C): Alderman 1967 – 11 October 1971
 * Michael William Walter Farrow (C): Ealing 1970–1973
 * Herbert Ferguson (Lab): Alderman 1964–1970
 * Douglas Melville Fielding (C): Bexley 1967–1973; Sidcup 1973–1977
 * Bill Fiske (Lab): Havering 1964–1967
 * Antony Thomas Reid Fletcher (C): Ealing 1967–1970
 * Jennifer Fletcher (Lab): Tottenham 5 May 1983 – 31 March 1986
 * Muriel Forbes (Lab): Brent 1964–1967
 * Ann M. Forbes-Cockell (C): Brent 1967–1973
 * Seton Forbes-Cockell (C): Kensington and Chelsea 1964 – 19 September 1971
 * Frederick James Francis (Lab): Southwark 1970–1973
 * Leslie Freeman (C): Alderman 1964–1977
 * Roland John Michael Freeman (C): Westminster and the City of London 1967–1970; Finchley 15 May 1975 – 1981
 * Edwin Furness (Lab): Bexley 1964–1967

G

 * Maurice Patrick Gaffney (C): Ealing 1967–1970; Westminster and the City of London 1970–1973
 * Oliver John Galley (C): Harrow 1964 – 2 October 1965
 * Rachel Trixie Anne Gardner (C): Havering 1970–1973; Southgate 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Montague William Garrett (C): Richmond-upon-Thames 1964–1967
 * Mair Garside (Lab): Greenwich 1970–1973; Woolwich East 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Edgar Victor Garton (Lab): Alderman 1964–1970
 * Diana Elizabeth Geddes (C): Lambeth 1970–1973; Streatham 1973–1977
 * Rodney Charles Gent (C): Sidcup 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Ronald Gilbey (C): Haringey 1967–1973
 * Peter Stuart Gill (C): Croydon South 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Lilias Girdwood Gillies (Lab): Tooting 1973–1977
 * William Arthur Gillman (Lab): Havering 1964–1967
 * Louis Gluckstein (C): Westminster and the City of London 1964–1967; Alderman 1967–1973
 * Reg Goodwin (Lab): Southwark 1964–1973; Bermondsey 1973–1981
 * Edward Stephen Gouge (Lab): Ilford South 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * John Graham (C): Ealing 1967–1970
 * Alec Alan Grant (Lab): Lewisham 1964–1967 and 1970–1973
 * Alan Greengross (C): Hampstead 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Anna Lloyd Grieves (Lab): Lambeth 1970–1973; Lambeth Central 1973–1981
 * Michael Grylls (C): Westminster and the City of London 1967–1970
 * Muriel Gumbel (C): Lambeth 1967–1970; Kensington and Chelsea 2 December 1971 – 1973; Sutton and Cheam 1977 – 31 March 1986

H

 * Rose Hacker (Lab): St. Pancras North 1973–1977
 * Thomas Alfred Leefe Ham (C): Tooting 1977–1981
 * John Hammond (C): Redbridge 1970–1973
 * Lesley Hammond (Lab): Dulwich 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Elgar Handy (Lab): Erith and Crayford 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Alan Hardy (C): Brent 1967–1973; Brent North 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Illtyd Harrington (Lab): Brent 1964–1967; Alderman 28 April 1970 – 1973; Brent South 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Andrew Phillip Harris (Lab): Putney 1981 – 21 May 1985
 * David Harris (C): Bromley 7 November 1968 – 1973; Ravensbourne 1973–1977
 * John Leonard Harris (C): Putney 1977–1981
 * Anthony Bernard Hart (Lab): Hornsey 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Maureen Harwood (Lab): Alderman 1973–1977
 * Stephen Haseler (Lab) (Ind): Wood Green 1973–1977
 * Stephen Robert Hatch (Lab): Battersea South 1973–1977
 * Joseph Henry Haygarth (C): Barnet 1964–1967
 * John Charles Henry (Lab): Lewisham 1964–1967 and 1970–1973; Lewisham East 1973–1977
 * Alan Lewis Herbert (Lab): Lewisham West 24 April 1980 – 2 August 1984 and 20 September 1984 – 31 March 1986
 * Arthur James Hichisson (C): Lewisham 1967–1970; Alderman 1970–1977
 * Christopher Thomas Higgins (Lab): Ealing 1964–1967
 * Ellis Hillman (Lab): Hackney 1964–1973; Hackney Central 1973–1981
 * Harvey Hinds (Lab): Southwark 1967–1973; Peckham 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Roger Eden Hiskey (C): Lewisham West 1977 – 4 February 1980
 * Norman Howard (Lab): Brent East 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Thomas Charles Hudson (C): Enfield 1970–1973
 * Robert Gurth Hughes (C): Croydon Central 20 March 1980 – 31 March 1986
 * Arthur Horace Sydney Hull (C): Hayes and Harlington 15 December 1977 – 1981
 * Robert William George Humphreys (Lab): Lambeth 1964–1967

J

 * Francis Herbert James (C): Redbridge 1964–1970
 * Andrew Jardine (C): Alderman 1964–1967; Hounslow 1967–1973
 * Margaret Christian Jay (Lab): Wandsworth 1964–1967
 * Ethel Marie Jenkins (Lab): Wandsworth 1970–1973; Putney 1973–1977
 * Margaret Anne Jenkins (Lab): Putney 11 July 1985 – 31 March 1986
 * Thomas Alfred Jenkinson (Lab): Newham North East 1973–1977; Newham South 1977–1981
 * Toby Jessel (C): Richmond-upon-Thames 1967–1973
 * Julia Ada Johnson (Lab): Greenwich 1964–1967
 * Ethel Winifred Jones (Lab): Ealing 1964–1967
 * William Emlyn Jones (C): Harrow 1964 – 6 June 1969
 * Anthony Robert Judge (Lab): Mitcham and Morden 1973–1977 and 1981 – 31 March 1986

K

 * Harry Kay (Lab): Dagenham 30 January 1975 – 31 March 1986
 * Alexander John Kazantzis (Lab): Camden 1970–1973; Holborn and St. Pancras South 1973–1977
 * Ernest Kinghorn (Lab): Hounslow 1964–1967
 * Arnold Kinzley (C): Ilford South 1977–1981
 * Patricia Mary Kirwan (C): Paddington 1977–1981
 * Albert George Knowlden (C): Alderman 1964–1967

L

 * Harry Lamborn (Lab): Southwark 1964–1973
 * Victor Rae Muske Langton (C): Bexley 1967–1973; Bexleyheath 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Alan Horace Lewis Leach (C): Sutton 1967–1973
 * Robin Hubert Leach (C): Ealing 1967–1970
 * Edward Leigh (C): Richmond 1977–1981
 * James Anthony Lemkin (C): Uxbridge 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Rita Maisie Levy (C): Barnet 19 October 1972 – 1973
 * Robert Gwilym Lewis-Jones (C): Carshalton 1977–1981
 * William John Lipscombe (Lab): Hillingdon 1964–1967
 * Kenneth Watson Little (Lab): Edmonton 1981 – 2 August 1984 and 20 September 1984 – 31 March 1986
 * William Wycliffe Livingston (C): Lambeth 1967–1973
 * Ken Livingstone (Lab): Norwood 1973–1977; Hackney North and Stoke Newington 1977–1981; Paddington 1981 – 2 August 1984 and 20 September 1984 – 31 March 1986
 * Serge Lourie (Lab): Hornchurch 1973–1977
 * Betty Kathleen Lowton (Lab): Waltham Forest 1964–1967
 * John Vincent Norman Lucas (Lab): Battersea North 27 June 1985 – 31 March 1986

M

 * Anthony McBrearty (Lab): Enfield North 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * John McDonnell (Lab): Hayes and Harlington 1981 – 2 August 1984 and 20 September 1984 – 31 March 1986
 * Andrew McIntosh (Lab): Tottenham 1973 – 1 March 1983
 * Marjorie McIntosh (Lab): Hammersmith 1964 – 6 May 1964
 * Alexander Charles Mackay (Lab): Deptford 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Alexander McLaughlin (Lab): Wandsworth 15 June 1972 – 1973
 * Terence Charles McMillan (Lab): Alderman 1964–1967
 * John Reveley Major (C): Hornchurch 1977–1981; Chipping Barnet 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Michael Peter Russell Malynn (C): Haringey 1967–1973
 * Isita Clare Mansel (C): Camden 1967–1970
 * Walter Kenneth Mansfield (Lab): Alderman 1973–1977
 * Reginald Marks (C): Barnet 1964–1973; Chipping Barnet 1973–1977
 * Bernard Stephen Mason (Lab): Edmonton 1973–1977
 * David Michael Mason (Lab): Ealing North 1973–1977
 * John Mason (C): Alderman 1964–1967; Bexley 1967–1973
 * Stanley Wilfred Mayne (Lab): Alderman 1973–1977
 * Sidney Aubrey Melman (Lab): Lambeth 1964–1967
 * Jean Merriton (Lab): Paddington 1973–1977
 * Peggy Middleton (Lab): Greenwich 1967 – 26 August 1974
 * Charles Henry Miles (C): Greenwich 1967–1970
 * Victor Mishcon (Lab): Lambeth 1964–1967
 * Robert Mitchell (C): Redbridge 1964–1973; Wanstead and Woodford 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Ronald Dennis Mitchell (C): Feltham and Heston 1977–1981
 * Victor Sidney Henry Mitchell (C): Bromley 1964–1967
 * Thomas Broughton Mitcheson (C): Enfield 1964–1973; Southgate 1973–1977
 * Paul David Moore (Lab): Lambeth Central 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Gladys Emma Morgan (C): Croydon 1967–1973; Croydon North East 5 September 1974 – 17 January 1980
 * Joan Margaret Morgan (Lab): Hackney South and Shoreditch 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Frances Morrell (Lab): Islington South and Finsbury 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Harold Trevor Mote (C): Harrow 27 January 1966 – 1973; Harrow East 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Norman Sidney Munday (C): Waltham Forest 1967–1973
 * George Edward Mynott (C): Waltham Forest 1967–1970

N

 * Bob Neill (C): Romford 11 July 1985 – 31 March 1986
 * Waldemar Thor Neilson-Hansen (C): Leyton 1977–1981
 * George Edward Nicholson (Lab): Bermondsey 1981 – 31 March 1986

O

 * Luke Patrick O'Connor (Lab): Camden 1970–1973; Alderman 1973–1977
 * Peter Otwell (Lab): Brent 1964–1967

P

 * George Francis Palmer (Lab): Ealing 1964–1967
 * Mark Jonathan David Damian Lister Patterson (C): Ealing 1970–1973; Chipping Barnet 1977–1981
 * Geoffrey Pattie (C): Lambeth 1967–1970
 * Arthur Sidney Peacock (C): Barnet 1967 – 27 June 1972
 * Bernard James Perkins (C): Alderman 19 October 1971 – 1973
 * Jane Phillips (Lab): Hammersmith 1964–1967
 * David Thomas Pitt (Lab): Hackney 1964–1973; Hackney North and Stoke Newington 1973–1977
 * Peter Samuel Pitt (Lab): Feltham and Heston 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Desmond Plummer (C): Westminster and the City of London 1964–1973; St. Marylebone 1973 – 3 March 1976
 * Thomas Ponsonby (Lab): Alderman 1970–1977
 * André William Potier (C): Hillingdon 1967–1970
 * Fred Powe (Lab): Hounslow 1964–1967
 * John Nicoll Powrie (Lab): Bexley 1964–1967
 * Charles Henry Ernst Pratt (C): Bromley 1970–1973
 * Charles Prendergast (Lab): Barking 1964 – 10 February 1967
 * Reginald Prentice (Lab): Alderman 1970 – 29 March 1971
 * Norman Prichard (Lab): Wandsworth 1964–1967, 1970 – 10 April 1972
 * John Charles Putnam (C): Fulham 1977–1981

R

 * Simon James Crawford Randall (C): Beckenham 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Frank Herbert Rapley (Lab): Hillingdon 1964–1967
 * Edgar Ernest Reed (Lab): Southwark 1964–1970
 * Margaret Rees (Lab): Woolwich West 1973–1977
 * Annie Florence Remington (Lab): Haringey 1964–1967
 * Albert James Retter (C): Hayes and Harlington 1977 – 22 October 1977
 * Timothy J. Ridoutt (Lab): Ilford North 1973–1977
 * Jenefer Gwendolen Anne Riley (C): Wood Green 1977–1981
 * Sydney William Leonard Ripley (C): Kingston upon Thames 1964 – 31 March 1986
 * Shelagh Marjorie Roberts (C): Havering 1970–1973; Upminster 1973–1981
 * Bernard Harry Rockman (Lab): Alderman 1964–1967
 * Marion Roe (C): Ilford North 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Arthur James Rolfe (C): Croydon North East 20 March 1980 – 31 March 1986
 * Hazel Corinne Rose (Lab): Islington 1967–1970
 * Gerald Ross (Lab): Hackney North and Stoke Newington 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Charles Andrew Rossi (Lab): Holborn and St. Pancras South 8 March 1979 – 31 March 1986
 * Paul Nigel Rossi (Lab) (SDP): Lewisham East 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * George Frederick Rowe (Lab): Wandsworth 1964–1967
 * Stanley Graham Rowlandson (C): Enfield 1964–1973
 * Bertie Edwin Roycraft (Lab): Havering 1964–1967
 * Percy Rugg (C): Kensington and Chelsea 1964–1970
 * Stanley Rundle (L): Richmond 1973–1977
 * Peter Frank Norman Russell (Lab): Hayes and Harlington 1973–1977

S

 * Samuel Isidore Salmon (C): Westminster and the City of London 1964–1967
 * Albert Samuels (Lab): Southwark 1964–1967
 * Joseph Simeon Samuels (Lab): Wandsworth 1964–1967, 1970–1973
 * Herbert Henry Sandford (C): St. Marylebone 8 April 1976 – 31 March 1986
 * Paul Alexander Saunders (C): Croydon 1964–1967
 * Mervyn Nelson Scorgie (C): Westminster and the City of London 1970–1973; City of London and Westminster South 1973–1981
 * Jean Leslie Scott (C): Barnet 1964–1973; Finchley 1973 – 20 March 1975
 * Thomas William Scott (C): Merton 1964–1970
 * Geoffrey John David Seaton (C): Kingston upon Thames 1964–1973; Surbiton 1973 – 27 June 1983
 * Harold Sebag-Montefiore (C): Westminster and the City of London 1964–1973
 * Beatrice Serota (Lab): Lambeth 1964–1967
 * Ruth Shaw (L): Sutton and Cheam 1973–1977
 * Harold Shearman (Lab): Lewisham 1964–1967
 * William Jeremy Masefield Shelton (C): Wandsworth 1967–1970
 * Brian Joseph Shenton (C): Mitcham and Morden 1977–1981
 * William Alfred Sibley (C): Havering 12 December 1968 – 1970
 * Yvonne Sieve (Lab): Southall 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * David Howard Simpson (Lab): Croydon North East 1973 – 18 July 1974; Alderman 21 September 1976 – 1977
 * William Colbert Simson (Lab): Lewisham West 1973–1977
 * Adrian Carnegie Slade (L): Richmond 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Frank Willie Smith (C): Bromley 1967–1973; Beckenham 1973–1981
 * Norman John David Smith (C): Norwood 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * William Christopher Smith (C): Hammersmith 1967–1970; Hammersmith North 1977–1981
 * Anne Sofer (Lab) (SDP): St. Pancras North 1977 – 23 September 1981 and 29 October 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Donald Soper (Lab): Alderman 1964-13 May 1965
 * Barrington John Stead (Lab): Fulham 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Maurice Stephenson (C): Alderman 29 April 1969 – 1973
 * Stephen James Stewart (C): Croydon 1967–1973; Croydon North West 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Oliver Stutchbury (Lab): Alderman 1973 – 3 September 1976
 * Frederick William Styles (Lab): Greenwich 24 October 1974 – 1981
 * Jack Elmer Swanson (C): Wandsworth 1967–1970

T

 * Jean Tatham (C): Orpington 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Cyril Julian Hebden Taylor (C): Ruislip-Northwood 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Gordon William Herbert Taylor (C): Alderman 3 October 1972 – 1977; Croydon Central 1977 – 21 January 1980
 * Ruby Georgina Nancy Taylor (C): Brent 1967–1973
 * Anne Sylvia Terry (C): Redbridge 1964–1967
 * Frederick William Thompson (C): Sutton 1964–1967
 * Robin Beauchamp Thompson (Lab): Bexley 1964–1967
 * Neil Gordon Thorne (C): Redbridge 1967–1973
 * Raymond David Clive Thornton (C): Havering 1967 – 13 November 1968
 * Frederick Lionel Tonge (Lab): Alderman 6 July 1965 – 1967
 * Frank Towell (Lab): Brent 1964–1967
 * Richard Town (C): Erith and Crayford 1977–1981
 * Lena Townsend (C): Camden 1967–1970; Alderman 1970–1977
 * George William Tremlett (C) (Ind C): Hillingdon 1970–1973; Twickenham 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Mike Tuffrey (L): Vauxhall 11 July 1985 – 31 March 1986
 * Robert Joseph Turner (C): Bromley 1964 – 27 September 1968
 * Simon John Turney (Lab): Islington Central 1977 – 31 March 1986

U

 * John Oliver Udal (C): Alderman 1967–1973
 * Dyas Cyril Loftus Usher (C): Hounslow 1967–1973

V

 * Gerard Folliott Vaughan (C): Lambeth 1967–1970; Alderman 1970 – 18 September 1972
 * Robert Louis Vigars (C): Kensington and Chelsea 1964–1973; Kensington 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Louis Albert Vitoria (Lab): Haringey 1964–1967

W

 * Jeremy James Wagg (C): Hammersmith 1967–1970
 * Frederick William Walker (C): Merton 1964–1973
 * John James Walsh (Lab): Leyton 1973–1977
 * Lady Walton (Nellie Margaret Walton) (C): Alderman 1967 – 2 October 1968
 * John Benjamin Ward (Lab): Barking 1970–1973; Barking 1973 – 31 March 1986
 * Michael Ward (Lab): Wood Green 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * John Golden Warren (Lab): Alderman 1973–1977
 * William Watts (Lab): Alderman 28 April 1970 – 1973
 * Gordon Alexander Webb (C): Waltham Forest 1967–1973
 * Mavis Joan Webster (Lab): Waltham Forest 1964 – 27 November 1966
 * David Christopher Wetzel (Lab): Hammersmith North 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Frederick Walter Weyer (C): Lewisham 1967–1970; Streatham 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Michael John Wheeler (C): Lewisham 1967–1970; Ravensbourne 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * David Frank White (Lab): Croydon Central 1973–1977
 * John Howard White (Lab): Enfield North 1973–1977
 * Arthur Wicks (Lab): Hackney 1964–1967; Islington 1967–1973; Islington South and Finsbury 1973–1981
 * Alan Ronald Williams (Lab): Hornchurch 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Margaret Williams (C): Battersea South 1977–1981
 * Phillip Charles Desmond Williams (C): Waltham Forest 1970–1973
 * John Wilson (Lab): Newham North East 1977 – 31 March 1986
 * Valerie Wise (Lab): Battersea South 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Enid Barbara Wistrich (Lab): Hampstead 1973–1977
 * Deirdre Frances Mary Wood (Lab): Greenwich 1981 – 31 March 1986
 * Joan Kathleen Wykes (C): Chislehurst 1973 – 31 March 1986

Y

 * George Young (C): Ealing 1970–1973
 * James Young (Lab): Greenwich 1964–1967
 * Robin Ainsworth Raine Young (Lab): Walthamstow 1973–1981

Parties

 * C: Conservative Party
 * Ind: Independent
 * Ind C: Unofficial Conservative
 * L: Liberal Party
 * Lab: Labour Party
 * SDP: Social Democratic Party

title: Members of the Greater London Council


text:
Barton Island

Barton Island is a small island in the Connecticut River, near Barton Cove, in Gill, Massachusetts, USA. The island is southeast of Riverside (neighborhood) and far southwest of the Chappell Drive & Mohawk Trail road (Route 2) intersection.

The island is heavily forested in three separate sections of the island. These three separate sections of the islands are connected by possible runoff sediment and/or other form of soil.

title: Barton Island


text:
User talk:Nuit~enwiki

Hello
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Karmafist 17:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nuit. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nuit~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:06, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nuit~enwiki


text:
Levator anguli oris

The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. It elevates angle of mouth medially. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the zygomaticus, triangularis, and orbicularis oris. Specifically, the levator anguli oris is innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve.

title: Levator anguli oris


text:
Drahomíra

Drahomíra of Stodor (Drahomíra ze Stodor; c. 877 or 890 – died after 934 or 936) was Duchess consort of Bohemia from 915 to 921, wife of the Přemyslid duke Vratislaus I. She also acted as regent of the Duchy of Bohemia from 921 to 924 during the minority of her son Wenceslaus. She is chiefly known for the murder of her mother-in-law Ludmila of Bohemia by hired assassins.

Life
Drahomíra was born in the present-day Havelland region centered around the fortress of Brandenburg (Brennabor), the daughter of a Hevelli (Stodoran) prince. According to Cosmas of Prague, she married Duke Vratislaus I of Bohemia about 906. Drahomíra gave birth to at least six children: her sons were Wenceslaus and Boleslaus, who both succeeded their father as Bohemian dukes. Among her four daughters was one Přibislava, whose considered to have married to a Croatian prince, who became a nun at the Prague St. George's Convent, and possibly Střezislava, the wife of the Bohemian nobleman Slavník, founder of the Slavník dynasty. The marriage led the Přemyslid dynasty to cooperation with the Polabian Slavs and brought Bohemia in conflict with the Saxon duke Henry the Fowler, who became German king in 919 and later waged war against the Hevelli tribes. After her husband's untimely death in 921, the Bohemian nobles designated Drahomíra regent for her minor son Wenceslaus. However, she had to divide the government of Bohemia with her mother-in-law Ludmila, widow of Duke Bořivoj I, who took over the religious education of her sons. Popular history depicts Ludmila as a restrained and pious grandmother.

Wenceslaus was one of the main reasons for the eventually fatal discord between Drahomíra and Ludmila, who had exerted great influence over Drahomíra's eldest son, leaving Drahomíra to concentrate her efforts on her younger son, Boleslaus. Despite or perhaps as a result of her political and personal efforts, Ludmila attracted Drahomíra's bitter enmity. She alleged that her mother-in-law, with the help of Bavarian missionaries, educated Wenceslaus to become a monk rather than a prince. Moreover, the two women may have disagreed whether to recognise the East Frankish supremacy of Henry the Fowler. Ludmila fled from Prague to Tetín Castle on the road to Regensburg, where on 16 September 921 Drahomíra's henchmen, Tunna and Gommon, attacked and strangled her.

The next year the troops of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria raided the Bohemian duchy. When Drahomíra's son Wenceslaus came of age about 922, he sent his mother into exile, though he called her back in 925. She spent her later years in Prague; however, upon the murder of her son she fled from the court to the Croats. While some considered that the Croats lived near Prague, others noted that in the case of noble and royal fugitives tried to find security as distant as possible, indicating these Croats probably were located more to the East around Vistula valley.

In popular culture
She is the subject of two operas, Drahomíra by František Škroup (1848), and Drahomíra by Karel Šebor (1867).

title: Drahomíra


text:
Base Jumpers

Base Jumpers is a platform game developed by Shadow Software for the Amiga. It was published in 1995 by Rasputin Software.

In this game, the player is a BASE jumper who jumps from towers. Each tower is a level through which the player must work himself, up towards the top in a platform gaming sequence. To collect bonuses, the player must find and pick up letters that form certain combinations (500 in total).

When reaching the top, there is a base jumping contest between the players which consists of trying to reach the bottom first while avoiding obstacles and opening their parachute in time. Up to four players may play simultaneously.

title: Base Jumpers


text:
Naval Air Station Whiting Field

Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton, Florida, with some outlying fields near Navarre, Florida, in south and central Santa Rosa County, and is one of the Navy's two primary pilot training bases (the other being NAS Corpus Christi, Texas). NAS Whiting Field provides training for U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and Air Force student pilots, as well as those of several allied nations. NAS Whiting Field is home to Training Air Wing Five (TRAWING 5).

NAS Whiting Field is actually two airfields sharing a common support base. Primary Flight Training student aviators fly the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II from North Whiting Field (KNSE) while Advanced Helicopter Training takes place utilizing the TH-57 Sea Ranger at South Whiting Field (KNDZ).

Namesake
Whiting Field is named for Kenneth Whiting, who was commissioned from the United States Naval Academy on 25 February 1908. Whiting qualified in submarines, commanding USS Porpoise (SS-7), USS Shark (SS-8), USS Tarpon (SS-175), and USS Seal (SS-183). In 1914 he learned to fly under Orville Wright and was designated Naval Aviator number 16. He assumed command of the 1st Naval Air Unit in France following America's entry into World War I and was subsequently assigned to command Naval Air Stations 14 and 15 at RNAS Killingholme, England. He was awarded the Navy Cross "for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility." After the war he was partially responsible for the conversion of collier Jupiter into the Navy's first aircraft carrier USS Langley (CV-1). He subsequently commanded Langley and USS Saratoga (CV-3), and various air squadrons prior to his retirement as captain in June 1940.

Operations
North Field is used solely for T-6 Texan II fixed-wing, primary flight training operations. Students from the United States Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and Air Force (as well as exchange students from various allied nations) go through the T-6B Joint Primary Aircraft Training System syllabus.

South Field is utilized for United States Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, and select NATO/Allied students in the Advanced Helicopter pipeline, flying the TH-57 Sea Ranger. Upon completion of this syllabus U.S. students will become designated as Naval Aviators and assigned to their respective Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS) or the Coast Guard Aviation Training Center in Mobile, Alabama for follow-on-training.

History
Naval Auxiliary Air Station (NAAS) Whiting Field was commissioned on July 16, 1943, by Rear Admiral George D. Murray, Commandant of the Naval Air Training Center, and the widow of Naval Captain Kenneth Whiting, after whom the station was named. During construction, a prisoner of war camp was located at the station, providing additional labor.

Jet trainers first arrived at Whiting Field in early August 1949 when eight TO-1 Shooting Stars transferred from NAS Corpus Christi, Texas as part of a new transitional jet training squadron to commence operations in September 1949, commanded by Lt. Cmdr. V. P. O'Neil, USN. The Blue Angels demonstration team moved its headquarters to Whiting Field from NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1955.

In 1982, Lieutenant Commander Barbara Allen Rainey, the first US female naval aviator, was killed along with a trainee at Naval Outlying Landing Field Evergreen. The subsequent product liability lawsuit led to a U.S. Supreme Court case, Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey.

On Friday August 6, 2021 Training Air Wing 5 received the first one of its new training helicopter. This is the Leonardo TH-73A Thrasher of Italian origin.

title: Naval Air Station Whiting Field


text: Talk:List of counties in Indiana by population


text:
Atari ST User

Atari ST User was a British computer magazine aimed at users of the Atari ST range. It started life as a pull-out section in Atari User magazine. From April 1987 onwards it became a magazine in its own right (as explained on page 5), outliving its parent by a number of years. It was published initially by Database Publications in Stockport, and later by Europress in London.

Although ST User did review games and carry demos, far more of the magazine was concerned with 'serious' issues such as hardware, programming, and music than its rivals ST Action and ST Format.

The Cover Disk that was supplied with issue 59, cover dated January 1991 had a boot sector computer virus which infected the memory of the Atari ST and was written to other disks that were not write-protected. Issue 60 had a free games cover disk as an apology, and was supplied with a virus killer. Source is http://www.atarimania.com/mags/hi_res/atari-st-user-issue-059_5.jpg

Towards the end of its print run, ST User merged with the game-oriented magazine ST Action, and publication finally ceased in November 1994, leaving ST Format as the only surviving Atari ST publication that was still widely available.

title: Atari ST User


text:
The Streets of Ankh-Morpork

The Streets of Ankh-Morpork is a map and brief guide of the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork in Discworld, a fantasy series by English author Terry Pratchett. The final, artwork-grade map was drawn by Stephen Player, who also drew the artwork for a later publication, The Discworld Mapp.

title: The Streets of Ankh-Morpork


text:
Mentalis

The mentalis muscle is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It originates from the mentum of the mandible, and inserts into the soft tissue of the chin. It is sometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle" due to it raising the lower lip and causing chin wrinkles.

Structure
The mentalis muscle originates from the mental protuberance of the mandible near the midline. It inserts into the soft tissue and skin of the chin.

Function
The mentalis muscle causes a weak upward-inward movement of the soft tissue complex of the chin. This raises the central portion of the lower lip. In the setting of lip incompetence (the upper and lower lips not touching each other at rest), the contraction of the mentalis muscle can bring temporary but strained oral competence. In conjunction with the orbicularis oris muscle (for the upper lip), the mentalis muscle allows the lips to "pout". Externally, contraction of the mentalis muscle causes wrinkling and dimpling of the skin on the chin, as used in expressions of doubt or displeasure.

Clinical significance
The mentalis muscle can be easily assessed using ultrasound.

Geniospasm
Geniospasm is a genetic movement disorder of the mentalis muscle. It involves repetitive contraction of the muscle, with episodes lasting between seconds and hours. Certain medications may be used to treat it, such as haloperidol and benzodiazepines. Injection of botulinum toxin (to temporarily paralyse the muscle) may be more effective.

Cosmetics
The mentalis muscle may be partially paralysed using botulinum toxin to reduce wrinkling of the skin of the chin. This may be done for cosmetic purposes.

title: Mentalis


text:
User talk:Nickleics

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
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 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 17:38, 28 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Nickleics


text:
Turun sinappi

Turun sinappi (Swedish name: Åbo senap) is a mustard made in Finland. It is often served with makkara (i.e. sausage).

Turun sinappi was first launched by Turku foodstuffs manufacturer Jalostaja in 1926. The mustard got its name after the Finnish city of Turku. It is sold in yellow 250 g tubes. It consists of dark yellow finely ground mustard and various other spices. There are four types of Turun sinappi: Mieto (mild) with a green cap, Väkevä (strong) with a red cap, Tulinen (fiery) with a black cap and Linnan sinappi (Mustard of the Castle) with blue cap. The logo sports the profile of Turku castle. The most popular type is the "red" range (Väkevä), which has a distinctive taste.

There was a controversy over the name in the early 2000s, when Unilever bought out the original manufacturer.

When the brand was bought, the production was moved to Uppsala in Sweden. In 2008, the production was moved again, to Poland. In 2014, the production was moved back to Finland.

A replacement product, produced by Turku foodstuffs manufacturer Lunden with the same recipe as the Turun sinappi, named Auran Sinappi was established in Finland. Now Auran sinappi has captured 25% of the market share.

Turun sinappi is remembered for its TV commercials, which at a time were frequently shown on Finnish TV. The slogan was "Kahta en vaihda", meaning "There are two things that I'll never change". The commercials usually featured someone saying "There are two things that I'll never change. One of them is Turun sinappi and the other is xxx", with the "other thing" varying from time to time, sometimes not being mentioned at all. A schoolyard parody of the slogan is "There are two things I'll never change: my socks".

title: Turun sinappi


text:
New York City Police Department Street Crime Unit

The New York Police Department's Street Crime Unit is a plainclothes anti-crime unit. The SCU was formed in 1971 as the "City Wide Anti-Crime Unit" and operated for decades tasked with the apprehension of armed felons from the streets of New York City. The unit returned with its original name in 2015 after being disbanded for 13 years, then disbanded again in 2020 along with the rest of the anti-crime teams.

History
On January 14, 1999, two officers from the Street Crimes Unit fired eight shots at rapper Russell "Ol' Dirty Bastard" Jones, a member of the multiplatinum group Wu-Tang Clan. The officers later accused Jones of firing at them after they stopped his car in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. Jones was cleared by a grand jury and insisted that the officers had been scared by his cellular phone. No weapons or shell casings besides those of the officers were found in the vehicle or near the scene.

The unit was disbanded after the outrage spiked in the aftermath of the Amadou Diallo shooting three weeks later. Four plainclothes New York City officers shot at Diallo 41 times in the vestibule of his apartment complex. While the officers were acquitted on the charges of murder, New York City did pay out $3 million in a civil suit brought forward by Amadou's mother, Kadijatou Diallo. A federal investigation accused the unit of racial profiling and it was subsequently disbanded in 2002.

The unit was reactivated in 2015 under the Strategic Response Group, with the name "City Wide Anti-Crime Unit". The new City Wide Anti-Crime Unit's is more investigative and intelligence based than the former Street Crimes Unit. In 2020, anti-crime units across the city were disbanded once again following the murder of George Floyd.

Methods
From 1971 to 1997, the unit was made up of 60 to 100 members. In 2000 it expanded to 300 members. It employed innovative methods, including possibly the earliest coordinated sting operations to elicit potential muggers. According to Criminal Justice Today: "The SCU disguised officers as potential mugging victims and put them in areas where they were most likely to be attacked."

The SCU would go into high-crime neighborhoods and make a much larger number of firearms-related arrests in comparison to uniformed patrol officers. In 1973, the SCU won recognition as an Exemplary Project from the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. The LEAA was the United States' leading crime-reduction and crime-prevention funding agency. "In its first year, the SCU made nearly 4,000 arrests and averaged a successful conviction rate of around 80%. Perhaps the most telling statistic was the 'average officer day per arrest'." The SCU invested 8.2 days in each arrest, whereas the department average for all uniformed officers was 167 days."