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Jonas Basanavičius

Jonas Basanavičius (, Jan Basanowicz; 23 November 1851 – 16 February 1927) was an activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival. He participated in every major event leading to the independent Lithuanian state and is often given the informal honorific title of the "Patriarch of the Nation" (tautos patriarchas) for his contributions.

Born to a family of farmers, Basanavičius was to become a priest but instead chose to study medicine at the Moscow Medical Academy. He worked as a doctor from 1880 to 1905 in the Principality of Bulgaria. Despite the long distance, he dedicated substantial effort to the Lithuanian cultural work. He founded the first Lithuanian-language newspaper Aušra (1883), contributed articles on Lithuania to the press, collected samples of Lithuanian folklore (songs, fairy-tales, legends, riddles, etc.) and published them. He was also involved with local Bulgarian politics. He returned to Lithuania in 1905 and immediately joined Lithuanian cultural life. He became chairman of the organizing committee of the 1905 Great Seimas of Vilnius. In 1907, he founded the Lithuanian Scientific Society, a learned society dedicated to Lithuanian history, ethnography, linguistics. Basanavičius became chairman of the society and dedicated the rest of his life to its affairs. In 1917, he was elected by the Vilnius Conference to the Council of Lithuania. He chaired the council's session that adopted the Act of Independence of Lithuania on 16 February 1918 and was the first to sign it. In the aftermath of World War I, Vilnius changed hands and regimes several times, but Basanavičius refused to leave, safeguarding the city's museums, libraries and archives, and continuing his lifelong research of Lithuanian cultural matters. After Żeligowski's Mutiny in October 1920, Vilnius became part of Poland and Lithuanian activities were censored and limited. Basanavičius' continued presence in the city became a symbol of Lithuanian claims to the bitterly contested Vilnius Region. When he died in 1927, the Lithuanian government declared a five-day mourning period.

Early life and education
Basanavičius was born in the village of Ožkabaliai (Oszkobole) in the Augustów Governorate of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian farmers. His younger brother Vincas was born in 1861; other children died in childhood. Birth complications prompted his parents, devout Catholics, to pray and promise that they would educate their firstborn to be a priest. Keeping up with the promise, the parents supported a village tutor for local children. There Basanavičius learned basic reading, writing, and arithmetic as well as serving the altar. He further attended an elementary school in Lukšiai. During that time Polish was regarded as the more prestigious language of the nobility and well educated people. Russian was used in state administration, while Lithuanian was used among the peasants. After the Uprising of 1863, Tsarist authorities implemented various Russification policies in an attempt to reduce the influence of Polish language and culture. One of such policies allowed Basanavičius to attend Marijampolė Gymnasium. Before the uprising, a son of a Lithuanian could hardly expect to be admitted to a school catering to Polish nobility. Basanavičius failed his first entrance examinations in 1865, but succeeded a year later.

Basanavičius developed appreciation for the Lithuanian language, culture, and history from local hill forts and his parents, who provided a loving treasure of local songs, legends, stories. This appreciation grew and deepened at the gymnasium where Basanavičius got acquainted with classical authors of Lithuanian history (Maciej Stryjkowski, Alexander Guagnini, Jan Długosz, Marcin Kromer), studied Lithuanian folk songs, read classical poems The Seasons by Kristijonas Donelaitis, Konrad Wallenrod by Adam Mickiewicz, Margier by Władysław Syrokomla, and historical fiction by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. In 1883, he wrote in Aušra:"But who, we ask, composed all these songs about Lithuania's past, which made famous the name of Polish poetry in Europe? The answer is short: Lithuanians! Adomas Mickevičius, L. Kondratavičius, J. I. Kraševskis, T. Lenartavičius, Kotkis (Chodźko), Adinčius (Odyniec), Asnikis and many other lesser bards had Lithuanian surnames, are Lithuanians, come from Lithuania and Lithuanian blood is pulsating through their veins. If they wrote about the past of their loved Lithuania in a non-Lithuanian language, the Polish influence in Lithuanian affairs is to blame." He drifted away from religion after reading a critical essay of Life of Jesus by Ernest Renan. Upon graduation in 1873, he managed to persuade his parents to allow him to attend Moscow University and not to send him to the Sejny Priest Seminary.

Basanavičius traveled to Moscow first to study history and philology, but after two semesters he transferred to the Moscow Medical Academy. Again, he benefited from the post-uprising Russification policies. He received one of ten fellowships (360 rubles annually) established for Lithuanian students from Congress Poland. He also supplemented his income by taking up private tutoring, but the living conditions were harsh and that had a lasting impact on his health. Basanavičius actively participated in student affairs, followed developments in Lithuania, and continued his studies of Lithuanian heritage. Collecting data from Rumyantsev and university libraries, he hoped to write a study on Grand Duke Kęstutis. He usually spent his summers in Lithuania, collecting folk songs, fairytales, riddles.

Medical career in Bulgaria
After his graduation in spring 1879, Basanavičius traveled back to Lithuania and had a few patients in Ožkabaliai, Vilkaviškis and Aleksotas. He returned to Moscow in October 1879 hoping to establish his private practice, but soon he accepted a lucrative proposal from the Principality of Bulgaria to become the head of a hospital in Lom Palanka, a town of about 8,000 inhabitants. After arrival in late January 1880, he found a run-down hospital located in a former hotel and energetically took measures to construct a new building, establish outpatient service, and combat perception that the hospital was a place to die rather than to get well. In 1880, the hospital had 522 inpatients and 1,144 outpatients compared to just 19 patients during 1879. The position paid well, expenses were low, so he was able to quickly repay debts and accumulate savings. Basanavičius also wrote medical research articles, liberal political articles supporting Bulgarian politician Petko Karavelov, and cultural articles for Prussian Lithuanian press, including Tilžės Keleivis and Lietuwißka Ceitunga, and academic journal Mitteilungen der Litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft. However, these publications were too much under German control and did not satisfy growing needs of Lithuanian activists. Basanavičius contemplated establishing a truly Lithuanian newspaper.

After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in March 1881, Bulgarian Prince Alexander of Battenberg attempted to crack down on liberal politicians. Afraid of persecution, Basanavičius left Bulgaria in May 1882. He traveled for several months, visiting Belgrade, Vienna, Lithuania, before settling down in Prague in December 1882. There he organized publication of Aušra, the first Lithuanian-language newspaper. The first issue appeared in March 1883 and is often cited as the beginning of the Lithuanian National Revival. Basanavičius directed the editorial policies, while Jurgis Mikšas handled printing in Ragnit in East Prussia. The newspaper then would be smuggled to Lithuania as publication in the Lithuanian language was illegal in the Russian Empire. Basanavičius soon lost editorial control of Aušra to Jonas Šliūpas. His involvement in an illegal publication prevented Basanavičius from returning to Lithuania until 1905.

In Prague, Basanavičius met Gabriela Eleonora Mohl, a Bohemian German, and they married in May 1884. Immediately after the wedding, the couple moved to Bulgaria, where political situation had improved. Basanavičius first found a position in Elena, but managed to return to Lom Palanka in 1885. Life there was marked by a series of hardships. The Serbo-Bulgarian War brought a wave of war casualties to the hospital and a typhus epidemic. Basanavičius became seriously ill with pneumonia and typhus in February 1886. In August 1887, he survived an assassination attempt, but one bullet remained logged under his left shoulder blade for the rest of his life and caused various health issues. His attacker, Alexander Manoilov, served a ten-year sentence but never fully explained his reasoning. On 16 February 1889, Mohl died of tuberculosis that she apparently contracted from her dying mother while still in Prague. The death of his wife sent Basanavičius into depression and melancholy for almost a year.

In 1891, Basanavičius acquired Bulgarian citizenship and was promoted to Varna, a city of 25,000 residents, in 1892, but his health problems intensified. He suffered from arrhythmia, neurasthenia, neuralgia, paraesthesia. That prompted him to resign from public position in 1893 and limit his work to his private practice and palace visits to Ferdinand I of Bulgaria. When Nicholas II of Russia became the new Tsar in 1894, Basanavičius petitioned to be allowed to return to Lithuania but was refused. Basanavičius traveled to Austria several times searching for cures to his ailments. In 1900 he suffered a stroke and traveled to Vienna, where he had an X-ray taken which showed where the assassin's bullet was logged under the bones. Doctors refused to operate to extract it.

Despite his ailments, Basanavičius continued to work both on medical and ethnographic studies and even joined politics. In 1898, he was elected to the Bulgarian Literature Society. He traveled to East Prussia, where he campaigned on behalf of four Prussian Lithuanian candidates to the German Reichstag in the 1898 elections (Jonas Smalakys was elected). He also joined the Democratic Party and was elected to the Varna City Council from 1899 to 1903. He also participated in the party congresses and helped develop the party program on health care. However, his passion remained with Lithuanian language and culture. Despite the long distance, he collected Lithuanian tales and songs and published them in 1898–1905 in Lithuanian American presses in United States. Personally he thought that his most important work was the lifelong thesis that Lithuanians descended from Thracians and Phrygians and therefore were closely related to the Bulgarians. The thesis has not been accepted by other scholars.

Great Seimas of Vilnius
Russia lost the Russo-Japanese War and became engulfed in the Revolution of 1905. In Lithuania, the press ban was lifted. Basanavičius, after years of service, was entitled to receive a Bulgarian pension and considered this a good time to return to Lithuania even though he did not have a permission to return. He departed Bulgaria in May 1905 and arrived to Vilnius in August. Immediately he joined activities of Lithuanian activists and promoted the idea of a Lithuanian assembly which would become the Great Seimas of Vilnius. With help from the staff of Vilniaus žinios, a fifteen-member organizing committee was formed and Basanavičius became its chairman. In November 1905, in the name of the organizing committee Basanavičius authored a controversial memorandum to Sergei Witte, Prime Minister of the Russian Empire, which demanded autonomy for Lithuania in the Russian Empire.

Over 2,000 participants gathered on 4–5 December 1905 in Vilnius for the Great Seimas of Vilnius. Basanavičius was elected as its chairman. After loud, passionate, and intense discussions, the Seimas adopted a four-paragraph resolution which declared Tsarist government as Lithuania's most dangerous enemy and demanded autonomy for Lithuania. The resolution also called for passive and peaceful resistance to Tsarist authorities, such as not paying taxes, organizing strikes, boycotting certain products, etc. The autonomy was not achieved and the Tsarist authorities soon reestablished their control, but it laid the groundwork for establishing the independent Lithuanian republic in 1918. Using the energy generated by the Seimas, Basanavičius founded the Lithuanian National Democratic Party (Tautiškoji lietuvių demokratų partija), the first nationalistic party in Lithuania but it did not gain more prominence.

As Tsarist authorities began investigating the Seimas and questioning its organizers, Basanavičius decided to leave Vilnius and traveled to Saint Petersburg. There he approached Pavel Milyukov, leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party, but found little sympathy for the Lithuanian cause. When he returned in January 1906, the police was waiting for him and he considered fleeing the country, but his Bulgarian passport was expired. The authorities questioned him, but he was not jailed. He managed to renew his passport and even obtain a one-year permit to reside in Russia. Despite his ailments and recurring health problems, Basanavičius wholeheartedly joined the election campaigns to the newly established State Duma of the Russian Empire, wrote extensively for Lithuanian press, campaigned for use of Lithuanian language in Catholic churches, continued his ethnographic research going through various archives and libraries. The issue of language in churches was particularly important to Basanavičius. When Russian authorities expelled Eduard von der Ropp, Bishop of Vilnius, from Vilnius, Basanavičius attempted to organize a delegation to Pope Pius X to convince the pope to replace Ropp with a Lithuanian bishop. That put Basanavičius in sharp conflict with Polish clergy. Basanavičius chaired a commission organizing the first exhibition of Lithuanian art, which was held in January 1907 at Vileišis Palace.

Lithuanian Scientific Society
On 7 April 1907, Basanavičius, who contemplated establishing a learned society since the 1880s, formally opened the Lithuanian Scientific Society dedicated to studies of Lithuanian history and language. He was elected as the society's president and the society became the focus of his life. Basanavičius was involved to such a degree that the society was virtually identical with his person. The society published scholarly journal Lietuvių tauta (The Lithuanian Nation) which Basanavičius edited. The society also established a library, archive, and museum. The society was not welcomed by Tsarist authorities, that monitored and restricted its activities. Basanavičius campaigned for the National House, an official headquarters for the society. The society raised enough funds to buy a plot of land, but not enough to construct the house. The society and Basanavičius were criticized by younger scholars as too old-fashioned while Christian clergy attacked it for being too secular, but established new standards and levels of quality of Lithuanian scholarship.

The society organized exhibitions, two most prominent were in 1908 for the 25th anniversary of Aušra and in 1914 for the 10th anniversary of the end of the Lithuanian press ban. The society wanted to publish Lithuanian textbooks, but could not find competent authors for the books. It also planned on publishing a Lithuanian encyclopedia, but editorial disputes and financial difficulties derailed the project. The society established a four-member commission (members were Jonas Jablonskis, Kazimieras Būga, Juozas Balčikonis, and Jurgis Šlapelis) which was tasked with standardizing the Lithuanian language. After great debates, Joblonskis emerged as the leading linguist and his book on Lithuanian syntax was published by the society in 1911. The society actively campaigned against city plans to build a water tower on Gediminas Hill and further damage remains of the historic Vilnius Upper Castle; Basanavičius personally traveled to Saint Petersburg to petition the issue.

During its annual meeting in June 1913, the society decided to send a delegation to United States primarily to raise funds for the National House. It was decided that Basanavičius should go and that Martynas Yčas would accompany him. Basanavičius hesitated, citing his health issues, but agreed. They visited Lithuanian American communities on the East Coast (New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania and elsewhere). They were discouraged by lax manners of the Lithuanians, infighting between local communities, and attacks by socialists (for example, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas wrote to Lithuanian American socialist press urging to boycott the donation drive). Basanavičius deeply resented such attacks as to him loyalty to one's nation far outweighed loyalty to one's class or political views. In total, they visited 84 Lithuanian communities in 120 days and collected $23,799 from some 6,000 donors. The money was not enough to build the National House and it was lost in a Russian bank during World War I.

The exhausting travel schedule further deteriorated Basanavičius' frail health. Observers agreed that he became a lot more passive, more an observer than an active participant. Basanavičius himself recognized that he had trouble speaking, remembering things, was overall weaker. He continued to join various committees and organizations, but he would not automatically become chairman. It seemed that his membership was in honor of his past services rather than in expectation of future accomplishments.

World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, Basanavičius was undergoing bladder treatment in Berlin and rushed to Vilnius before the borders closed. He spent the war in Vilnius trying to preserve and protect the holdings of the Lithuanian Scientific Society and organize refugee relief efforts via the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. In September 1915, Germans took over Vilnius. Many Lithuanians evacuated deeper into Russia, but Basanavičius remained in the city. Initially, the Ober Ost officials restricted Lithuanian activities and banned their press but became more lenient as the war progressed. Basanavičius concerned himself with the cultural work; for example, he obtained new premises for the library of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in summer 1917 and defended Lithuanian priests who spoke against political activities of, administrator of the Vilnius Diocese.

The Germans established the puppet Kingdom of Poland and Basanavičius co-signed several memorandums to German officials informing them of Lithuanian aspirations. He participated in the Vilnius Conference and was elected to the 20-member Council of Lithuania, but his role was more honorary and ceremonial. He formally presented thanks to the German officials for allowing the conference and sent a letter to Pope Benedict XV, but was not one of the active officers of the proceedings. On 11 December 1917, the council adopted an act that was demanded by German Chancellor Georg von Hertling and that called for "a firm and perpetual bond of alliance" with Germany. Such concessions to the Germans created a rift in the council and four members – Mykolas Biržiška, Steponas Kairys, Stanisław Narutowicz and Jonas Vileišis – resigned from the council in protest. Chairman Antanas Smetona, who supported the Act of 11 December, temporarily stepped down and Basanavičius chaired the session that adopted the Act of Independence of Lithuania on 16 February 1918. He was the first to sign the Act.

Later life
Between January 1919 and October 1920, Vilnius changed hands and political regimes several times, but Basanavičius was little concerned with political turmoil and concentrated on cultural work. He worked with the communist regime of the short-lived Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, particularly the Commissar of Education Vaclovas Biržiška, to obtain funds for the repairs of the history museum. After the city was captured by the Poles in April 1919, Polish officials harassed Lithuanian activists, confiscated the money advanced by the Soviets for the museum, raided premises of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in search for weapons, etc. Basanavičius organized lectures, helped with Lithuanian schools, and continued his cultural research. Balancing between Lithuanian and Polish interests, he refused to participate in the opening of the Stefan Batory University. In early 1920, he once again had to relocate the Lithuanian Scientific Society as the premises granted by the German authorities were returned to previous owners.

In May 1920, Basanavičius together with Mykolas Biržiška,, and Teofilius Juodvalkis traveled to Kaunas to attend the opening of the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. Basanavičius was greeted as an honored guest and met with many dignitaries and old friends. He also visited the native Ožkabaliai before returning to Vilnius in early June. A month later, in July 1920, the city was captured by the Soviet Union and it was transferred to the Lithuanians according to the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty. But Poland recaptured the city in October 1920 during the staged Żeligowski's Mutiny. Polish authorities limited the membership in the Lithuanian Scientific Society only to the residents of Poland. Polish censorship and restrictions caused great anxiety to Basanavičius who feared that he might get arrested. His refusal to leave the city became a living symbol of the Lithuanian claims to the city. In July–November 1924, Basanavičius again visited Lithuania and received a hero's welcome. On 23 November, a day-long celebration with a special mass, concerts, and lectures for his 75th birthday was held in Kaunas.

Death
Basanavičius fell in his home on 5 February 1927. He refused to go to a hospital until he completed certain writing. At the hospital of the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society, he was diagnosed with bladder and lung infections that his body was failing to fight. On 16 February 1927, the 9th anniversary of Lithuania's independence, he discussed matters of the Lithuanian Scientific Society and expressed wishes to attend the independence celebrations. He died that day at 6:50 pm. The Lithuanian government declared five-day mourning and sent a 12-member delegation to his funeral. He was buried in Rasos Cemetery on 21 February.

Legacy
A street in Varna, Bulgaria was named Dr. Basanovich Street (ул. Д-р Иван Басанович) in his honour. A memorial plaque on Panagyurishte Street, Varna, marks the location of former Basanavičius residence. A memorial plaque was unveiled at Anglická 15, Vinohrady, Prague in December 2013.

Jono Basanavičiaus Street in Palanga, the most popular and biggest summer resort in Lithuania, is named after Jonas Basanavičius, who visited Palanga personally in 1924.

Basanavičius collected Lithuanian folklore, such as songs, fairy-tales, and riddles, and published 14 books during his life. In 1993–2004, folklorists Leonardas Sauka and Kostas Aleksynas organized approximately 7,000 works of folklore collected by Basanavičius and published them in the 15-volume Jonas Basanavičius Folklore Library.

A prominent bust of Dr. Jonas Basanavicius is sited on the lowest level of the Lithuanian Cultural Garden within the Cleveland Cultural Gardens in Rockefeller Park in Cleveland, Ohio. Dedicated in 1936, the bust was a gift of the Lithuanian government. The bust is a copy of an original created by prominent Lithuanian sculptor Jonas Zikaras, whose work championed Lithuanian national identity.

title: Jonas Basanavičius


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Rairangpur

Rairangpur is a city and a tehsil in the Mayurbhanj district of the state of Odisha, India. It is located 287 kilometres from the state capital Bhubaneswar, 82 kilometres from the district headquarters of Baripada, and about 73 kilometres from Jamshedpur. Rairangpur is the second largest city in the Mayurbhanj district, a notable mining area of Odisha, producing iron-ore from the Gorumahisani, Badampahar, and Suleipat mines.

The Kharkhai (Suleipat) Dam and the Simlipal Tiger Reserve are among the nearby local attractions, attracting many foreign tourists.

India's 15th and current President Smt. Droupadi Murmu belongs to Rairangpur.

Geography
Rairangpur is located at 22.27°N, 86.17°W. It has an average elevation of 248 m. The city mainly consists of grasslands, rice farms and trees and is guided by a central road for commuters. The villages, buildings, and markets on either side of the road expanded until it hits a few rice farms.

History
Rairangpur Garh, formerly Bamanghaty (Bamunghati) was founded by King Madhabdas Narendra Mohapatra. In the year 1878, Bamanghaty was ruled by King Krushna Chandra Bhanjdeo.

The Mayurbhanj princely state was the main influence across Rairangpur from the 12th century AD till 1949.

Rairangpur was firstly a part of the Bengal Presidency, then it was a part of the Bihar and Orissa province, and later it became part of the Orissa Province in the era of World War II and the late '30s.

Later in the year 1918, Rairangpur was officially named after Rairangpur Garh.

On 24 April 1960, Rairangpur Notified Area of Council (NAC) was formed with 15 wards.

Then on 1 May 2014, Rairangpur Municipality was formed under the laws as per the Municipalities Act. 1950 notification released by Government of Odisha.

Demographics
According to the 2001 Census of India, Rairangpur has a population of 21,682. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. With an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 65%. And 12% of the total population is under 6 years of age.

Economy
Rairangpur acts as a liaison centre between Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Durgapur in West Bengal and the iron ore mines in Gorumahisani, Badampahar and Suleipat. The steel factories of Tata and the surrounding areas rely partly on the iron ores extracted from these mines. In addition to freight trains, there is also a DEMU passenger train from Jamshedpur to Badampahar via Rairangpur.

As surrounded by hills, iron ore is abundantly found here. The first iron ore mines of Asia were in Gorumahisani, Suleipat and Badampahar (mother mines of Tata Steel). The first ever trial for setting up a "Ferro Vanadium Plant" was made by Mayurbhanj Maharaja during pre-independence days. Currently, thousands of tonnes of iron ore are exported from here on a daily basis.

The majority of the population is dependent on paddy harvesting (farming) as either their main source or as an alternate source of income. The direct and indirect dependency of the economy of this place is largely influenced by paddy harvesting. The same is again largely dependent on the annual rainfall during May–September. The Kharkhai (Suleipat) Dam and The Bankbal Dam irrigate some of the cultivating lands and helps with the kharif harvesting.

It has the oldest and the largest "Sal Oil Extraction Plant" which is non-operational and has been closed for years. The area suffers due to less attention in the political environment with few resources and funds allocated for development from government or private sources.

Transportation
Rairangpur lies on the Tatanagar-Badampahar branch line of Indian Railways. Air conditioned luxurious buses to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Keonjhar, Rourkela, Tatanagar and Kolkata are available. Local buses and jeeps are there every fifteen to thirty minutes to all small villages and towns. Important traffic points of the city:
 * Bazar Golei Chhak
 * Biju Pattanaik Chhak (Durga Mandap)
 * Raghunath Murmu Chhak

Rairangpur has its local airstrip namely Dandbose Aerodrome (Rairangpur Airport). In most cases celebrities land here by their chopper.

Culture
Makar Parba is the most popular festival of Odisha, being widely celebrated here with great enthusiasm. As Makar comes once in year, a unique vibe is created among people, they wear new clothes and make Pitha (Rice Cake) in their homes, eat it and distribute to their relatives spreading love and affection.Also village people make Tusu (Cosmic Goddess) represent and them in the nearbyTusu Mela where people gather largely to witness those idols of Tusu.

Other religious festivals : Kumara Purnima, Maha Shivaratri, Raja Parba, Rath Yatra.

During Rath Yatra (Car Festival), people from all sections of the society pull the Ratha (Chariot) of Lord Jagannath, his brother Lord Balabhadra and sister goddess Subhadra to their Mausibadi (Aunt's place) from the temple.

Uda Parba or Uda Jatra, is a festival of Lord Shiva celebrated here on 15 April, Pana Sankranti every year.

Most commonly Deepawali, Durga Puja, Ganesh Puja and Saraswati Puja's are celebrated all over Rairangpur. Popular idols belongs to Ichinda, Bazar, Kucheibudhi, Anladuba, Sakiladihi and Purnaghaty area.

Chhau dance of this Bamanghati Subdivision is famous all over the world. Jhumar is the local genre.

Places of interest

 * Jagannath Temple
 * Hanuman Vatika, Bazar
 * Birsa Munda Park
 * Indira Gandhi Children's Park
 * Routhkamar Mini Park
 * Gandhi Park
 * Asurghati waterfall
 * Mind Shift (Odisha's first VR center)
 * Suleipat Dam (Kharkhai Dam)
 * Bankbal Dam
 * Simlipal National Park
 * Purunia Shivsambhu Temple
 * Raghu Nath Jiu Math, Anladuba
 * Badampahar Mines
 * Gorumahisani Mines

Sports and entertainment
Cricket is the most widely played sport in the city. "Deepak Kumar Memorial (DKM)", Mahuldiha organizes a cricket tournament every year. Being the most popular cricket tournament here, teams of different parts of the state and nearby participate and perform their talent. Likewise, "Rairangpur Premier League (RPL)" is also organized at Kacheri Stadium (Rairangpur Stadium).

Sports organised by various village youth associations just after Makar Sankranti is one of the age old sports activity promoting youth athletes with very colorful and festive events during January & February every year.

Children's Park, Kacheri Road Birsamunda Park, Mahuldiha
 * Park

Odisha has now got its first VR Virtual Reality (VR)center at Mind Shift.
 * VR Center

Lifestyle and language

Rairangpurians follow a moderate lifestyle and they live in peace and harmony and celebrate various religious festivals together.

Odia is the most common language spoken by locals. Hindi, the national language, is also spoken, as is the tribal language Santali.

Landmarks
Most populated areas belong to:
 * Mahuldiha
 * Anladuba
 * Bazar Area
 * Baidaposi
 * Bikash Nagar
 * Garh
 * Ichinda
 * Kucheibudhi
 * Purnaghaty
 * Pichhilighaty
 * Sakiladihi
 * Thakuranibeda

Nationalised banks

 * Axis Bank
 * Bandhan Bank
 * Bank of India
 * Canara Bank
 * HDFC Bank
 * ICICI Bank
 * IDBI Bank
 * Oriental Bank of Commerce
 * Punjab National Bank
 * State Bank of India
 * Syndicate Bank
 * UCO Bank
 * Union Bank of India

Educational institutions

This place is rapidly growing in the educational infrastructure. Some of the Government & Private funded educational institutes are :

 * Government Boys High School
 * Government Girls High School
 * Raghu Nath Jiu High School
 * SSDD Girls' High School (Kanya Aashram), Rairangpur
 * Pichlighaty High School
 * Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir
 * Rairangpur College (North Orissa University)
 * Mahila Mahavidyalaya
 * Rairangpur ITI (Technical)
 * Kerala Public School
 * Little Flower School
 * Sparsh Public School
 * Sunshine English Medium School
 * Madina Public School
 * Kalinga English Medium School
 * Venketeswar Public School
 * Fact Computer Education
 * Kendriya Vidyalaya
 * Technoworld +2 Sc. College
 * Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Sanmouda
 * Cosmos International School
 * Richard Mission Primary School

Politics
Mr. Abhishek Pattanaik of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is the chairperson of the Rairangpur Municipality.

Mr. Naba Charan Majhi of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is the present MLA from Rairangpur Assembly Constituency, who recently won elections in 2019.

Previously before the 2019 election, it was Mr. Saiba Sushil Kumar Hansdah of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) in 2014. Previous MLAs from this seat were Mr. Shyam Charan Hansdah of Indian National Congress (INC) in 2009, Mrs. Droupadi Murmu of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 2000, Laxman Majhi of INC in 1995, Chaitanya Prasad Majhi of Janata Dal (JD) in 1990, Bhabendra Nath Majhi of INC in 1985, Sidhalal Murmu of INC(I) in 1980, and Arjun Majhi of Janata Party (JNP) in 1977.

Rairangpur is part of Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency).

Notable people

 * Droupadi Murmu, 15th President of India.
 * Raghunath Murmu, Santali Ol Chiki script inventor, born near Rairangpur

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rairangpur


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Educational evaluation

Educational evaluation is the evaluation process of characterizing and appraising some aspect/s of an educational process.

There are two common purposes in educational evaluation which are, at times, in conflict with one another. Educational institutions usually require evaluation data to demonstrate effectiveness to funders and other stakeholders, and to provide a measure of performance for marketing purposes. Educational evaluation is also a professional activity that individual educators need to undertake if they intend to continuously review and enhance the learning they are endeavoring to facilitate.

Purpose for educational evaluation
The Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation published three sets of standards for educational evaluations. The Personnel Evaluation Standards was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition)  was published in 1994, and The Student Evaluations Standards  was published in 2003.

title: Educational evaluation


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Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport

Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport (Letališče Edvarda Rusjana Maribor) is an international airport in Maribor, Slovenia. The second biggest and second most important Slovenian airport, it is the only other airport besides the airport in Ljubljana suitable for international commercial aviation, equipped with ILS. At this location, the airport Skoke has been for sports purposes since 1953, and in 1976 it was complemented for international traffic. It is located in Hoče–Slivnica which is about 5 km south from Maribor. In 2008 it was renamed after the Slovene pioneer aviator Edvard Rusjan. The oldest Slovene aeroclub: Letalski center Maribor establish in 1927 also operates as one of the founders at the airport. In recent years this airport has become a popular place for training for many European airlines.

History
In 1953, the aeroclub built at the current location a substitute grass aerodrome Skoke for aeroclub needs, since the former aeroclub airport Maribor Tezno was too dangerous to fly. During 1953 to 1976, when only a grass airport was operating, over 1,000 pilots were trained at this location by aeroclub flight school. With the desire of the Styrian region to become more connected with the world, an international airport for international traffic was built in 1976 and has two runways: grass and asphalt. The airport was opened for commercial traffic in May 1976. Since then this airport has been the second biggest and the second most important in Slovenia.

When Slovenia was a part of Yugoslavia, the airport was regularly served by state airline JAT, mainly connecting Belgrade, Tivat and the Croatian Adriatic coast airports such as Dubrovnik and Split.

In the early 1990s, passengers and cargo traffic reached record highs. Around 85,000 passengers and 700 tonnes of cargo were carried per year. In 1999 its runway was renovated, as was the airport's apron in 2000.

In 2002, Aerodrome Maribor llc was sold to Prevent Global plc from Slovenj Gradec, as a majority owner. In 2005 the instrument landing system ILS CAT I and the distribution transformer station were renovated. The airport was later served with scheduled flights by Slovenian Spirit, an arm of Styrian Spirit, which offered scheduled flights to Paris and Salzburg until March 2006. Styrian Spirit ended operations due to insolvency.

On 8 March 2007, Ryanair announced that it would commence service between London-Stansted and Maribor in June 2007, three times weekly. The expectations from this service included an increase in tourist exploration of the region, which has great potential for all-year-round offerings. The service started on 7 June 2007, but ended 27 March 2008.

On 22 February 2008, the Government of the Republic of Slovenia decided to rename the Maribor Airport as Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport. The renaming was made as a result of a suggestion of a Slovene citizen, Silvo Škornik. The airport's new name has been in use since 15 June 2008.

The airport's new terminal, which cost some 15 million euros, opened on 21 November 2012, with a capacity of at least 600,000 pax/year. In 2013, the old terminal was renovated and Prevent Global plc sold Aerodrom Maribor llc to AvioFun Ltd, an aviation company based in Libeliče.

The total number of passengers in 2013 was 15,000, an increase from the previous year. In October 2014, Delavska hranilnica plc bought the airport for 1 million € and became its co-owner. Delavska hranilnica plc had a 57% share and AvioFun Ltd had a 43% share of the company.

During the summer of 2015, Adria Airways operated a seasonal service to London using London-Southend Airport between June and October with three flights per week.

On 9 June 2015, Slovenian savings bank Delavska hranilnica plc bought the remaining 43% share from AvionFun Ltd and became the sole owner of this airport.

In December 2016, Aerodrom Maribor, the operator of the airport, was sold to SHS Aviation. The new owner, which also owns VLM Airlines, announced its plans to invest up to 300 million euros into the airport. SHS Aviation's main priorities are extending the runway, building a new terminal and launching flights to large European cities as well as a few Chinese cities. In July 2017 SHS Aviation announced two new scheduled destinations from Maribor with its own airline, VLM Airlines Slovenia: Split and Dubrovnik, both in Croatia. The flights began on 8 August 2017 and were operated until the mid of August 2017.

On 18 July 2019 The Ministry of Infrastructure lets the airport to temporary management of the company DRI upravljanje investicij, d.o.o.

Access
Maribor Airport, which is close to the A1 and right next to the A4 motorway, is easily accessed by road. There are car hire firms based at the airport. Other cities near the airport are Ljubljana (120 km), Graz (77 km) and Zagreb (107 km) away. It is also easily accessible by rail from all directions.

title: Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport


text:
Talk:Pauline Parker

real name
Parker was found by a New Zealand reporter in 1997. In his article (available at http://www.domusaurea.org/borovnia/hilary.html among other places), he tells us that "Pauline was prepared for New Zealanders to learn of her new life". In addition, her sister, who clearly remains in close contact with her, spoke with the press at length. There may have been some point in the past where it would have made sense to leave this information out of Wikipedia, but this is no longer true. Parker's new name has been printed in newspapers around the world, it is a matter of public knowledge, and neither she nor her sister objected to its being revealed. I will reintroduce it to the article, along with the source.

similarity LDS religion?
Part of this statement from the article has been removed here for discussion:

"They had also invented their own personal religion, with its own ideas on morality, which bore a striking resemblance to the Latter-Day Saints."

Where is the citation for this statement? In what ways was the "religion" created by the two girls similar to that of the Later-day Saints? The sentence stands to be edited for clarity, at the very least. Shouldn't it read, "They incorporated ideas of morality into their own personal religion, which bore a striking resemblance to _that_ of the Latter-day Saints?"

Okhotnik (talk) 18:58, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Whilst I agree that the reference ought to have been removed, there is an element of truth which should perhaps be explored. They girls "religion" was not dissimilar to LDS, in the sense of imaginary saints and powers, revelations and so on. Anne Perry did become a Mormon.125.237.105.102 (talk) 20:26, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Paulineparker.JPG
Image:Paulineparker.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:42, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

===Beauty killed the beast (mom)? No, beasts homophobia killed it... If the parent hadn't been homophobes, all would have been well... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.183.52.253 (talk) 07:19, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Errors
Juliet was not going to "accompany her father to South Africa, where he planned to move after the divorce". He was returning to England. Honora Parker's body was not found by police, but by the tea kiosk owner.125.237.105.102 (talk) 20:23, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pauline Parker


text:
User:Justusjanssen

Justus Janssen (Netherlands, 1972), Software Engineer, Rowing enthusiastic.

title: User:Justusjanssen


text:
Kabli

Kabli is a village in Estonia. It is located on coast of the Gulf of Riga, in Pärnu County and is a part of Häädemeeste Commune. It has a popular beach.

As of 2000, the population was 373.

In the 19th and 20th century, many seamen lived there. The village had also a shipyard.

title: Kabli


text:
Label printer

A label printer is a computer printer that prints on self-adhesive label material and/or card-stock (tags). A label printer with built-in keyboard and display for stand-alone use (not connected to a separate computer) is often called a label maker. Label printers are different from ordinary printers because they need to have special feed mechanisms to handle rolled stock, or tear sheet (fanfold) stock. Common connectivity for label printers include RS-232 serial, Universal Serial Bus (USB), parallel, Ethernet and various kinds of wireless. Label printers have a wide variety of applications, including supply chain management, retail price marking, packaging labels, blood and laboratory specimen marking, and fixed assets management.

Mechanisms

Label printers use a wide range of label materials, including paper and synthetic polymer ("plastic") materials. Several types of print mechanisms are also used, including laser and impact, but thermal printer mechanisms are perhaps the most common.

There are two common types of thermal printer.

 * Direct thermal printers use heat sensitive paper (similar to thermal fax paper). Direct thermal labels tend to fade over time (typically 6 to 12 months); if exposed to heat, direct sunlight or chemical vapors, the life is shortened.  Therefore, direct thermal labels are primarily used for short duration applications, such as shipping labels.
 * thermal transfer printers use heat to transfer ink from ribbon onto the label for a permanent print. Some thermal transfer printers are also capable of direct thermal printing. Using a PVC vinyl can increase the longevity of the label life as seen in pipe markers and industrial safety labels found in much of the market place today.

There are three grades of ribbon for use with thermal transfer printers. Wax is the most popular with some smudge resistance, and is suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels. Wax/resin is smudge resistant, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels. Resin alone is scratch and chemical resistant, suitable for coated synthetic labels.

When printing on continuous label stock, there is a tendency for the print location to shift slightly from label to label. To ensure registration of the print area with the target media, many label printers use a sensor that detects a gap, notch, line or perforation between labels. This allows the printer to adjust the intake of label stock so that the print aligns correctly with the media.even a cellphone can edit

Types

Label printer capabilities vary between home, corporate and industrial-oriented models.

 * Desktop label printers: These are usually designed for light to medium-duty use with a roll of stock up to 4 in wide. They are quiet and inexpensive. Commercial label printers can typically hold a larger roll of stock up to 8 in wide and are geared for medium-volume printing.
 * Industrial label printers: These are designed for heavy-duty, continuous operation in warehouses, distribution centers and factories. Additionally, industrial portable label printers are designed for heavy-duty operation on location. They are usually handheld and come with an industrial hard case. Examples of applications are labeling for electrical installations, construction sites, and production floors where there are no computers.
 * RFID readers: These are specialized label printers that print and encode at the same time on RFID transponders (tags) enclosed in paper or printable synthetic materials. RFID tags need to have printed information for backwards compatibility with barcode systems, so human users can identify the tag.
 * Label printer applicators: These are designed to automate the labeling process. These systems are common in manufacturing and warehousing facilities that require cases and pallets to be labeled for shipping.
 * Labelling software: This runs on a general-purpose personal computer, and is designed to create and/or format labels for printing. The software can use native OS printer drivers, or embed drivers in the software, bypassing the OS print subsystem.  It may work with dedicated label printers as described in this article, or use sheet- or continuous-fed labels in a general-purpose computer printer.
 * Personal label printers or label makers: These are handheld or small desktop devices. They are intended for home office and small business use. The cost of these printers is generally very low, making them popular with low volume users; but they print on special tapes, often thermal, which are usually expensive as is the case of Seiko Smart label. In the past, mechanical systems which worked by embossing a colored plastic tape, called embossing tape, were common.  A hammer in the shape of the letter caused a letter-shaped extrusion on the opposite side of the tape.  The raised plastic would discolor, providing visual contrast. Today, this type has been almost completely displaced by electronic thermal transfer devices with built-in keyboard and display, and an integrated cartridge containing the label material (and print ribbon, if used).

title: Label printer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aloysia Weber

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was nomination withdrawn (a vandalized article was mistakenly tagged). - Mgm|(talk) 12:10, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Aloysia Weber
Probably non-notable. Hard to tell from the messy article. KeithD (talk) 10:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep - did you check the edit history, Keith? The article was a perfectly good stub before anon vandalism. I will revert but keep the VfD tag.  Perhaps you could withdraw the nomination so we can close the VfD. Proto t c 10:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. Nomination withdrawn. I didn't check the edit history. Sorry. I'll be more careful in future. KeithD (talk) 10:29, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
NT2

NT2 may refer to:
 * The NTERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cell line
 * The Nam Theun 2 Dam, a hydroelectric dam located on the Nam Theun River in Laos.
 * The Staatsexamen Nederlands als tweede taal NT2, a standardised examination for Dutch language in the Netherlands.
 * National Treasure: Book of Secrets, the second movie in the National Treasure series.

title: NT2


text:
User:Justus Janssen

Justus Janssen (Netherlands, 1972), Software Engineer, Rowing enthusiastic.

title: User:Justus Janssen


text:
Goth Dulla Lakhan

Goth Dulla Lakhan is a village in Sukkur District, Sindh, Pakistan, it is located at 28° 6' 0" North, 69° 22' 0" East near to the border of Punjab.

title: Goth Dulla Lakhan


text: Template:National parks of Sweden

title: Template:National parks of Sweden


text:
Knowledge Nation

Knowledge Nation was the education policy of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), launched just before the 2001 Federal Election at Victoria University's St Albans campus, by then ALP leader Kim Beazley.

Barry Jones was the principal planner of the Knowledge Nation blueprint, as chair of the Chifley Research Centre's Knowledge Nation Taskforce.

The most remembered element is a chart with many nodes and many tangled lines connecting these nodes, representing the many components of Australia's education system. This complicated chart prompted the ALP's opposing parties to dub the policy "Noodle Nation".

The policy was developed by the ALP's Chifley Research Centre policy institute.

Australia's dominant news organisation News Limited offered to promote the package for $447,406. This included both advertising and favourable editorial. The ALP declined this offer.

title: Knowledge Nation


text:
Talk:Lockheed Constellation

Pressurization
Hello, Reference the Lockheed Constellation edit and revert. It is the pressurized cabin that enables any aircraft to fly above most weather, resulting in the passengers and crew enjoying a smoother ride. It is the air below cumulus type cloud that is generally turbulent, once you get above these clouds it's smooth. With a service ceiling of 24000 ft for the Constellation, it's not going to get you above all weather, but most of it. Easy of air travel should not be in this sentence, it does improve comfort because you are not being jostled around. I spent 45 years flying commercial aircraft, so I speak from experience. Avi8tor (talk) 08:12, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Problem is probably down to how you wrote the edit. "Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passenger aircraft to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort." is clearly not correct as the pressurisation of the cabin makes no difference to the aircrafts ability to fly higher. Hence the original text talking about passengers and passenger comfort. MilborneOne (talk) 09:20, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, the edit did not make grammatical sense. The current text is Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passengers to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of air travel.

 * Analysing this: Its ( the Constellation's ) pressurized cabin enabled commercial ( its ) passengers to fly well above most bad weather for the first time (the Constellation could operate up there but the passengers would have needed to use oxygen), thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of air travel.

 * It says 'most' bad weather, not all. I'm aware of turbulence below cumulus clouds as a gliding instructor, power pilot and airline passenger. I'm also aware of aircraft pressurisation and oxygen systems having tested them over 20+ years.

 * The text as edited: Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passenger aircraft to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort.

 * Analysed: Its ( the Constellation's ) pressurized cabin ( cabin = singular ) enabled commercial passenger aircraft ( aircraft = plural ) to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort. Does not make sense as I said in the edit summary.

 * Its pressurized cabin enabled (this) commercial passenger aircraft (now singular) to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort. That makes sense but is longer than the original where editors should work to shorten or clarify the lead. Hope the explanation is clear. If you read slowly through your edits using 'Show preview' before saving the page problems like this can be caught. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  10:23, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

 * and, I read this as nit picking, the cited reference states "Pressurization allowed pilots to fly high above most bad weather, making for smoother and safer travel". So it was the pressurization of the aircraft that allowed pilots to fly higher, otherwise the crew and passengers would suffer from a lack of oxygen. One minute you say what I wrote does not make sense and then say it make sense? I think it's better than what was there before, and it was 15 bytes less than before, so clearer? Pressurization didn't "ease air travel" but it did make it more comfortable by being above the weather in smooth instead of bumpy air. Avi8tor (talk) 08:05, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

I'm afraid I can't explain it any clearer, the reversion had nothing to do with aviation technicalities, it was purely incorrect sentence structure. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  09:33, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

 * How is "The pressurized cabin enabled commercial passenger aircraft to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort" Incorrect sentence structure? I think it's better than "Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passengers to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of air travel." We could get rid of "thus"? Avi8tor (talk) 15:14, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The sentence now being quoted is different to the published version, it was verbatim: Its pressurized cabin enabled commercial passenger aircraft to fly well above most bad weather for the first time, thus significantly improving safety and comfort. It is readable at this version of the article. I would suggest having the Guild of Copy Editors look at it or request an independent third opinion. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  15:45, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

The Record: Is It? -- L-1649A; for longest-duration, nonstop passenger flight; piston-powered airliner
This Lockheed_Constellation article says that the L-1649A holds the record (at 23 hours, 19 minutes), yet The_Double_Sunrise article says that the Double Sunrise flights are the longest-ever duration (27-33 hours).

Should the assertion of this record be removed from this article, or should this article point to The_Double_Sunrise article, or something else? ---

Info:

---

(PBY Catalina was definitely a piston-powered aircraft; route was a commercial airline's service, which carried passengers and mail.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Sunrise

The Double Sunrise service was formed in 1943 to re-establish the Australia–England air link, crossing the Indian Ocean using the PBY Catalina. The flights were (then) the longest non-stop air route of any airline, 3,580 nautical miles (6,630 km; 4,120 mi).

The Double Sunrise flights remain the longest (in terms of airtime) commercial flights in history, taking between 27 and 33 hours flight duration.

---

A potentially good source: the Qantas Founders Museum blog article on 'Qantas Double Sunrise' -- https://qfom.com.au/2015/08/12/qantas-double-sunrise/

---

Another useful source: 'Flying boats in the Second World War, 1939–45'

https://web.archive.org/web/20140717102445/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/flying-boats-in-ww2

The Double Sunrise service still holds the record for the longest non-stop commercial air route and the record for the longest ever non-stop commercial flight – 32 hours 9 minutes.

---

This Lockheed_Constellation article says:

The L-1649A holds the record for the longest-duration, nonstop passenger flight aboard a piston-powered airliner. On TWA's first London-to-San Francisco flight on October 1–2, 1957, the aircraft stayed aloft for 23 hours and 19 minutes (about 5,350 miles (8,610 km) at 229 miles per hour (369 km/h)).[12] BobK77 (talk) 14:38, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Constellation's wing design close to that of the P-38 - ??
The article states:

 * The Constellation's wing design was close to that of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, differing mostly in size.

This claim appears as well in Terry Morgan, "The Lockheed Constellation," Arco Publishing, New York, 1967, p 35.

Even if it does come from Kelly Johnson himself (I haven't verified), it's a puzzling claim. The two aircrafts' wings have noticeably different aspect ratios and taper ratios. (Just look at the 3-views, or look up the specs.) And it's an odd idea that a designer would choose a wing design from an entirely different aircraft with different mission requirements and say well, it worked well here, let's use it on this other one.

Can someone shed light on this?

Asr34 (talk) 15:39, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lockheed Constellation


text:
User:Demogorgon's Soup-taster

A scion of the very broths of Hades, DS-T enjoys removing the croutons of error from the chowder of truth.

title: User:Demogorgon's Soup-taster


text:
User talk:Jangajanga

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User talk:Jangajanga


text:
User:Corbu~enwiki

Corbu negru

title: User:Corbu~enwiki


text:
Heimdall (video game)

Heimdall is an action role-playing game developed by The 8th Day, published by Core Design, and released in 1991 for the Amiga and for the Atari ST and DOS in 1992, with a console version created for the Sega Mega-CD in early 1994. The game features a mixture of puzzle-solving, exploration, and dynamic combat mechanics, in which players must explore various islands in the search for the fabled weapons belonging to the gods of Norse mythology. The game received favourable reviews upon its release, though the console version was given mixed feedback by reviewers.

A sequel to the game, entitled Heimdall 2, was developed by the same group and released three years later in 1994.

Gameplay
Players begin a new game by controlling the lead character Heimdall through a series of arcade-style trials - axe-tossing (cutting a maid's braids); boar hunting; and fighting on a ship - which influence the character's stats and the crew members they can choose to use during a playthrough. After completing the trials, the player then choose five characters to form a crew with alongside the main character. While Heimdall falls under the class of "Chieftain", the others fall under Viking-styled classes - Warrior, Wizard, Shipwright, Navigator, Druid, Blacksmith and Berserker - who each differ in stats and skills. Each class has their own strength - while warriors make good melee fighters, wizards can cast spells more efficiently and identify scrolls and items more proficiently, whilst navigators can alert the player if their travel to another island might damage the party. The most critical stat of characters is energy - while this can be replenished by eating food, any character who loses all their energy is dead and must be revived by magic.

The game features three modes - Navigation Map, Island Exploration, and Combat. Island Exploration is conducted via an isometric perspective, in which the player explores an island through different rooms. Players can take only Heimdall and two crew members with them onto the island, and can only leave the island by the entry point they came in by. Most islands have a range of traps - pits, spikes and arrows - that can damage the player, along with various monsters based on Norse mythology. In addition, players can acquire weapons, scrolls, gold, food and various other items from either combat, treasure chests or just lying around. Some islands feature NPCs who can be interacted with, some of whom act as shops where players can buy or sell items.

Combat begins when the player interacts with monsters at their current location, though some are triggered by moving past a point. In combat, the player must reduce an enemy's energy to zero, while avoiding the same with their party. Only one character can fight, who can use various weapons such as bare knuckles, swords, axes, and throwing daggers to do damage, use spells, defend against attacks, or flee from combat. Attacks are done in real-time, and what weapons and spells can be used depends on what each character possess in their inventory. If a player completes a battle, they may earn a prize from their opponent.

The Navigation Map focuses on moving around the current game world the player is in, based on the main quest they are conducting. In this mode, players can rearrange their crew to denote who explores the island with Heimdall, as well as rearrange a party's inventory. Travelling between islands requires the player to choose a location they can reach from their current position - to reach a distant shore, players must move to an island that connects to it, but can decide whether to explore an island or continue travelling. The game features three major world maps to explore, each connected to a main quest to complete.

Plot
The game begins with the Norse god Loki stealing Odin's sword, Freyr's spear and Thor's hammer and hiding them within the mortal world of the Vikings. Left powerless by his trickery, the gods decide to create an infant amongst the mortals who can bring back their weapons. In a small village of Vikings, a young woman finds herself magically pregnant with god's destined offspring, and gives birth to Heimdall. Upon growing to adulthood and completing a series of trials. Heimdall begins his search for the gods' weapons. In doing so, he explores the realms of Utgard, Midgard and Asgard, overcoming traps and monsters and eventually returns home with the missing weapons. Upon returning to his village, the gods bring him to them, and anoint him as one of their own for returning their power to them.

Reception
Computer Gaming World stated that only those new to role-playing games would enjoy Heimdall, while given the existence of more sophisticated games, experienced players will find some other better titles of the genre. Reviewer Gary Whitta gave the Amiga version a score of 895 (out of a possible 1000), praising its mix of gameplay styles, cartoon-like graphics and longevity.

Reviewing the Sega CD version, GamePro commented that the graphics are mediocre during exploration and puzzle-solving but better in the combat view, and that the music is "unobtrusive" but substandard for a CD game. Like Computer Gaming World, they deemed it an RPG for beginners rather than experienced fans of the genre.

title: Heimdall (video game)


text: Template:National parks of Sweden labelled map


text:
User talk:Corbu~enwiki

Talk!!!!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Corbu. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Corbu~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:13, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Corbu~enwiki


text:
Cauchy surface

In the mathematical field of Lorentzian geometry, a Cauchy surface is a certain kind of submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold. In the application of Lorentzian geometry to the physics of general relativity, a Cauchy surface is usually interpreted as defining an "instant of time". In the mathematics of general relativity, Cauchy surfaces provide boundary conditions for the causal structure in which the Einstein equations can be solved (using, for example, the ADM formalism.)

They are named for French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857) due to their relevance for the Cauchy problem of general relativity.

Informal introduction
Although it is usually phrased in terms of general relativity, the formal notion of a Cauchy surface can be understood in familiar terms. Suppose that humans can travel at a maximum speed of 20 miles per hour. This places constraints, for any given person, upon where they can reach by a certain time. For instance, it is impossible for a person who is in Mexico at 3 o'clock to arrive in Libya by 4 o'clock; however it is possible for a person who is in Manhattan at 1 o'clock to reach Brooklyn by 2 o'clock, since the locations are ten miles apart. So as to speak semi-formally, ignore time zones and travel difficulties, and suppose that travelers are immortal beings who have lived forever.

The system of all possible ways to fill in the four blanks in ""A person in (location 1) at (time 1) can reach (location 2) by (time 2)""

defines the notion of a causal structure. A Cauchy surface for this causal structure is a collection of pairs of locations and times such that, for any hypothetical traveler whatsoever, there is exactly one location and time pair in the collection for which the traveler was at the indicated location at the indicated time.

There are a number of uninteresting Cauchy surfaces. For instance, one Cauchy surface for this causal structure is given by considering the pairing of every location with the time of 1 o'clock (on a certain specified day), since any hypothetical traveler must have been at one specific location at this time; furthermore, no traveler can be at multiple locations at this time. By contrast, there cannot be any Cauchy surface for this causal structure that contains both the pair (Manhattan, 1 o'clock) and (Brooklyn, 2 o'clock) since there are hypothetical travelers that could have been in Manhattan at 1 o'clock and Brooklyn at 2 o'clock.

There are, also, some more interesting Cauchy surfaces which are harder to describe verbally. One could define a function τ from the collection of all locations into the collection of all times, such that the gradient of τ is everywhere less than 1/20 hours per mile. Then another example of a Cauchy surface is given by the collection of pairs
 * $$\Big\{\big(p,\tau(p)\big):p\text{ a location on Earth}\Big\}.$$

The point is that, for any hypothetical traveler, there must be some location $p$ which the traveler was at, at time $τ(p)$; this follows from the intermediate value theorem. Furthermore, it is impossible that there are two locations $p$ and $q$ and that there is some traveler who is at $p$ at time $τ(p)$ and at $q$ at time $τ(q)$, since by the mean value theorem they would at some point have had to travel at speed $dist(p,q)⁄|τ(p) − τ(q)|$, which must be larger than "20 miles per hour" due to the gradient condition on τ: a contradiction.

The physical theories of special relativity and general relativity define causal structures which are schematically of the above type ("a traveler either can or cannot reach a certain spacetime point from a certain other spacetime point"), with the exception that locations and times are not cleanly separable from one another. Hence one can speak of Cauchy surfaces for these causal structures as well.

Mathematical definition and basic properties
Let $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ be a Lorentzian manifold. One says that a map $c : (a,b) → \overline{M}$ is an inextensible differentiable timelike curve in $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ if: A subset $t$ of $c(t)$ is called a Cauchy surface if every inextensible differentiable timelike curve in $(a, b)$ has exactly one point of intersection with $t$; if there exists such a subset, then $c(t)$ is called globally hyperbolic.
 * it is differentiable
 * $\overline{M}$ is timelike for each $b$ in the interval $t_{k}$
 * $c(t_{k})$ does not approach a limit as $t$ increases to $a$ or as $p$ decreases to $U$.

The following is automatically true of a Cauchy surface $p$: "The subset $c(s_{k})$ is topologically closed and is an embedded continuous (and even Lipschitz) submanifold of $\overline{M}$. The flow of any continuous timelike vector field defines a homeomorphism $\overline{M}$. By considering the restriction of the inverse to another Cauchy surface, one sees that any two Cauchy surfaces are homeomorphic."

It is hard to say more about the nature of Cauchy surfaces in general. The example of
 * $$\Big\{(t,x,y,z):t^2=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{2}\Big\}$$

as a Cauchy surface for Minkowski space $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ makes clear that, even for the "simplest" Lorentzian manifolds, Cauchy surfaces may fail to be differentiable everywhere (in this case, at the origin), and that the homeomorphism $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ may fail to be even a $S ⊂ \overline{M}$-diffeomorphism. However, the same argument as for a general Cauchy surface shows that if a Cauchy surface $b$ is a $\overline{M}$-submanifold of $S × ℝ → \overline{M}$, then the flow of a smooth timelike vector field defines a $ℝ^{3,1}$-diffeomorphism $S × ℝ → \overline{M}$, and that any two Cauchy surfaces which are both $C^{1}$-submanifolds of $C^{k}$ will be $\overline{M}$-diffeomorphic.

Furthermore, at the cost of not being able to consider arbitrary Cauchy surface, it is always possible to find smooth Cauchy surfaces (Bernal & Sánchez 2003): "Given any smooth Lorentzian manifold $C^{k}$ which has a Cauchy surface, there exists a Cauchy surface $S × ℝ → \overline{M}$ which is an embedded and spacelike smooth submanifold of $C^{k}$ and such that $\overline{M}$ is smoothly diffeomorphic to $C^{k}$."

Cauchy developments
Let $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ be a time-oriented Lorentzian manifold. One says that a map $S$ is a past-inextensible differentiable causal curve in $\overline{M}$ if: One defines a future-inextensible differentiable causal curve by the same criteria, with the phrase "as $s_{k}$ decreases to $a$" replaced by "as $U$ increases to $k$". Given a subset $S$ of $S × ℝ$, the future Cauchy development $\overline{M}$ of $S$ is defined to consist of all points $S$ of $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ such that if $c : (a,b) → \overline{M}$ is any past-inextensible differentiable causal curve such that $(\overline{M}, \overline{g})$ for some $S$ in $c′(t)$, then there exists some $t$ in $(a, b)$ with $c(t)$. One defines the past Cauchy development $\overline{M}$ by the same criteria, replacing "past-inextensible" with "future-inextensible".
 * it is differentiable
 * $D^{+}(S)$ is either future-directed timelike or future-directed null for each $t$ in the interval $\overline{M}$
 * $c : (a,b) → \overline{M}$ does not approach a limit as $a$ decreases to $t$

Informally: "The future Cauchy development of $a$ consists of all points $t$ such that any observer arriving at $b$ must have passed through $S$; the past Cauchy development of $S$ consists of all points $p$ such that any observer leaving from $t$ will have to pass through $s$."

The Cauchy development $c(t) = p$ is the union of the future Cauchy development and the past Cauchy development.

Discussion
When there are no closed timelike curves, $$D^{+}$$ and $$D^{-}$$ are two different regions. When the time dimension closes up on itself everywhere so that it makes a circle, the future and the past of $$\mathcal{S}$$ are the same and both include $$\mathcal{S}$$. The Cauchy surface is defined rigorously in terms of intersections with inextensible curves in order to deal with this case of circular time. An inextensible curve is a curve with no ends: either it goes on forever, remaining timelike or null, or it closes in on itself to make a circle, a closed non-spacelike curve.

When there are closed timelike curves, or even when there are closed non-spacelike curves, a Cauchy surface still determines the future, but the future includes the surface itself. This means that the initial conditions obey a constraint, and the Cauchy surface is not of the same character as when the future and the past are disjoint.

If there are no closed timelike curves, then given $$\mathcal{S}$$ a partial Cauchy surface and if $$D^{+}(\mathcal{S})\cup \mathcal{S}\cup D^{-}(\mathcal{S}) = \mathcal{M}$$, the entire manifold, then $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a Cauchy surface. Any surface of constant $$t$$ in Minkowski space-time is a Cauchy surface.

Cauchy horizon
If $$D^{+}(\mathcal{S})\cup \mathcal{S}\cup D^{-}(\mathcal{S}) \not= \mathcal{M}$$ then there exists a Cauchy horizon between $$D^{\pm}(\mathcal{S})$$ and regions of the manifold not completely determined by information on $$\mathcal{S}$$. A clear physical example of a Cauchy horizon is the second horizon inside a charged or rotating black hole. The outermost horizon is an event horizon, beyond which information cannot escape, but where the future is still determined from the conditions outside. Inside the inner horizon, the Cauchy horizon, the singularity is visible and to predict the future requires additional data about what comes out of the singularity.

Since a black hole Cauchy horizon only forms in a region where the geodesics are outgoing, in radial coordinates, in a region where the central singularity is repulsive, it is hard to imagine exactly how it forms. For this reason, Kerr and others suggest that a Cauchy horizon never forms, instead that the inner horizon is in fact a spacelike or timelike singularity. The inner horizon corresponds to the instability due to mass inflation.

A homogeneous space-time with a Cauchy horizon is anti-de Sitter space.

title: Cauchy surface


text:
Udala

Udala is a town and headquarter of Kaptipada subdivision of Mayurbhanj district, Odisha. It is also a NAC of Mayurbhanj district.

Etymology
The name 'Udala' is believed to have been derived from the sage Uddalaka, whose adherents used to practice religious asceticism adjacent to the Sono river.

History
Udala was historically a small village within the Taldandi pir of Kaptipada estate. The estate was restructured as a subdivision of the Mayurbhanj State, with the administrative center being relocated from Kaptipada to Udala, the approximate center of the subdivision, after the merger of the estate with Mayurbhanj in 1890. Udala was established as the headquarters of the Kaptipada subdivision in 1950, one year after the merger of Mayurbhanj state with Odisha following India's independence. In 1961, it had a population of 3,022, comprising the village Udala (1,261) and its surrounding villages: Mendhakhai (749), Jagannathi (561), Nagbani (266), Jantrida (140), and Jirida (45). Over the years, it grew into a town and was declared a Notified Area Council (NAC) in 1973, covering an area of 7.89 square kilometers by composing those six villages and organized into 12 wards.

Geography
Udala is located at 21.57°N, 86.57°W. It has an average elevation of 57 metres (187 feet). The place is situated about 45 km from Baripada the district headquarters of Mayurbhanj. This is situated near the great waterfalls of Similipal.

Demographics
Census of India, Udala Notified Area Council (NAC) is the smallest town in terms of population and area within the Mayurbhanj district, with a total population of 13,152 and an area of 7.89 square kilometers. The population density is 1667 people per square kilometer, and the gender ratio is 963 females for every 1,000 males. The population comprises 7.49% Scheduled Castes and 25.11% Scheduled Tribes, while the remaining 67.4%, belongs to other communities. The literacy rate is 87.79%, with a modest gender gap in literacy of 8.8%. The workforce participation rate stands at 37.86%, with 77.81% as main workers and 22.19% as marginal workers.

Media
Udala town utilizes both print and digital media to disseminate state or country updates, while the tribal-dominated rural areas of Kaptipada subdivision rely on Radio Baghajatin Station, a community radio in Udala, for local news and cultural discussions. The radio station plays a significant role in these remote regions, complemented by broader information from the All India Radio Station based in Baripada, the district headquarters.

Places of interest
Devkund: Devkund is a scenic spot, found at a distance of 65 km from Baripada and 110 km from Balasore. This place is a tourist attraction, owing to its waterfalls and natural environment. Perched on a hill, Maa Ambika Temple is a shrine of Devkund.

Samibrukhya: Samibrukhya is a single vertical stone which is also a major tourist attraction. The size of the vertical stone is around 500ft. It is the place where Pandavas kept their weapons during their exile according to Mahabharata. A big festival is organised during Makara Sankranti.

Jhinkeswar Temple: Jhinkeswar temple is an abode of Lord Shiva. It is a place for the Udbhaba Linga (where the linga has appeared from the ground), so the sanctum of the temple is below the ground level. There is a small pond attached to the temple and an old and deep well located in the premise of the temple. Jhinkeswar Shiva temple was built by Sadashiva Kar many years ago. Every year on Shivaratri the Jagara Yatra is conducted in the village jhinkpada. Merchants from far away places gather here to sell their commodities. This Yatra is conducted for about 15 days.

Mouda Temple: Mouda temple is a Shiva temple located on the top of the Mouda hill located near Radho. Every year on Shivaratri the hill is decorated with lights and offerings are made to Lord Shiva by the people.

Tarini Temple: This Tarini temple is located atop a small hilltop in Udala.

Kalo and Sunei: These are irrigation project dams and located in Kaptipada. These are popular places for picnicking and boating. Currently boating facilities available only in Kalo dam.

Politics
Udala Town is part of the Udala Assembly Constituency and the Mayurbhanj Parliament Constituency in Odisha. The current member of the legislative assembly (MLA) from Udala Assembly Constituency is Bhaskar Madhei of BJP. He won election in 2004 and 2000. The previous MLA from this seat was Srinath Soren of BJD, who won the seat in state elections in 2014. Rabaneswar Madhei who won this seat represented INC in 1995 and 1985 and represented INC(I) in 1980, Rohidas Soren of JD in 1990, and Birbhadra Singh of JNP in 1977.

Notable people
Tattwa Prakash Satapathy, an Odia actor, music director, and standup comedian born in Nuasahi village of Kaptipada.

title: Udala


text:
User talk:Herumire

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alf 10:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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And thanks for spotting the error on the Deep Purple album, I'm never able to proof my own work properly! Alf 10:19, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

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An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Escut de Vic.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 19:30, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Herumire


text:
Unfinished Sympathy

"Unfinished Sympathy" is a song by the English trip hop group Massive Attack. It was released on 11 February 1991 under the temporary group name Massive. The song was written by the three band members Robert "3D" Del Naja, Andrew "Mushroom" Vowles and Grant "Daddy G" Marshall, the song's vocalist Shara Nelson and the group's co-producer Jonathan "Jonny Dollar" Sharp. It was released on 11 February 1991 as the second single from the band's first album, Blue Lines (1991), on the band's Wild Bunch label distributed by Circa Records. The name "Massive" was used to avoid a radio ban, as the track's release coincided with the Gulf War. Produced by Massive Attack and Dollar, the song incorporates various musical elements into its arrangement, including vocal and percussion samples, drum programming and string orchestration by the arranger Wil Malone.

"Unfinished Sympathy" topped the Dutch Top 40 and was a top-20 hit on the singles charts of several countries, including Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video, directed by Baillie Walsh, was a single continuous shot of Nelson walking through a Los Angeles neighbourhood, oblivious to her surroundings. Regarded as a pioneering song in the development of British dance music, "Unfinished Sympathy" was acclaimed by music critics for its production and Nelson's vocals. It ranked highly on several publications' year-end lists of the best singles of 1991, and has since appeared in many polls of the best songs of all time by both music critics and the public worldwide. The song was later used on the soundtrack of the 1993 film Sliver. It was covered by American singer Tina Turner in her 1996's album Wildest Dreams.

Writing and recording
The singer Shara Nelson met the members of Massive Attack when they were part of the Bristol sound system collective the Wild Bunch, and sang on their 1986 single "The Look of Love". "Unfinished Sympathy" developed from a song Nelson had been writing, which she had provisionally titled "Kiss and Tell". While Massive Attack were working on their debut album, Blue Lines, in Bristol's Coach House studio, they overheard Nelson singing the melody to herself. They and the producer, Johnny Dollar, saw potential in the song and encouraged her to develop it.

Massive Attack, Nelson and Dollar worked on the song during a jam session, using a drum machine, keyboards and Nelson's vocals. It acquired the name "Unfinished Sympathy" – a pun on Franz Schubert's 1822 "Unfinished Symphony" – during this session. The Massive Attack member Robert Del Naja said: "I hate putting a title to anything without a theme, but with 'Unfinished Sympathy', we'd started with a jam... The title came up as a joke at first, but it fitted the song and the arrangements so perfectly, we just had to use it."

The orchestral section was originally played on synthesiser, but, according to the Massive Attack member Andrew Vowles, "The synth sounded too tacky, so we thought we may as well use real strings. The orchestra definitely changed the feeling of the song, making it heavier and deeper with more feeling." Dollar contacted the music producer Wil Malone to arrange and conduct the strings, which were recorded in Abbey Road Studios, London. According to Vowles, the orchestra "were really good [but] it took them about five takes to do it because they were slightly behind the beat". Massive Attack had not taken the cost of the orchestra into account when planning the budget for Blue Lines, and had to sell their car to pay for it.

Composition
A trip hop song, "Unfinished Sympathy" incorporates drum programming and scratching performed by Mushroom into its arrangement; John Bush of AllMusic refers to these elements as references to the group's "b-boy past." The song's initial tone is set by "chilled hip hop beats" and samples of a percussion break from "Parade Strut (Instrumental)" by J. J. Johnson. Notably, the original album version of "Unfinished Sympathy" does not have a traditional bass line. Vocal samples of a man singing "hey, hey, hey, hey..." – originating from John McLaughlin and the Mahavishnu Orchestra's "Planetary Citizen" – are present throughout the song.

Release
"Unfinished Sympathy" was released as the second single from Blue Lines on 11 February 1991. As the single was released in the midst of the Gulf War, the word "attack" was temporarily dropped from the group's name at the advice of their record company and management. The name "Massive Attack" had previously been deemed "unpatriotic" by the BBC – thus, the name change was carried out to prevent the single from being banned from airplay. The single was a commercial success for the group, managing to chart highly in several European countries. "Unfinished Sympathy" became a number-one hit on the Dutch Top 40 and peaked at number two on the Dutch Mega Single Top 100 chart. It also gave the group their first major hit in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart, remaining on the chart for nine weeks. But on the UK Dance Singles Chart, it hit number three. The single reached the top ten in Switzerland and the top twenty in Germany and the Flanders region of Belgium. Outside of Europe, it peaked at number 48 in New Zealand.

Critical reception
"Unfinished Sympathy" received acclaim. Jim Arundel from Melody Maker wrote, "It'll be the "When a Man Loves a Woman" of its time, mark me well." Barbara Ellen from NME named it Single of the Week and called it "an intense, warmblooded dance track that boasts more fire in its balls than the Pixies ever dug for", a reference to the Pixies' recently released single "Dig for Fire". Another editor, Mandi James, expanded, "Lush and extravagant, plied with rich strings and roving keyboards, this is music with depth and grace. Massive aren't afraid to indulge their imaginations and let themselves go. Plaintive vocals that smack of Randy Crawford, smart samples liberated from the Mahavishnu Orchestra and all the romanticism of the Pet Shop Boys without the clipped, camp edge. Those not completely smitten by this record have no soul." Record Mirror also named it single of the week and wrote, "The wisely understated production allows both the beauty of the swelling strings and the emotional pull of the vocals to shine through. Fiendishly expert with rhythms, too cerebral to be termed just a dance act, Massive can't put a foot wrong." Melody Maker named "Unfinished Sympathy" its Single of the Year, writing that it would "unquestionably stand as one of the greatest soul records of all time". NME named it the year's eighth-best single.

The BBC journalist Stuart Bailie later wrote that "Unfinished Sympathy" had "an emotional power that was hard to figure. It sounded anxious and lost. But there was a grandeur in the music also. People who came across the record became obsessed, spinning it endlessly." In 2010, Pitchfork ranked it the 44th-best track of the 1990s.

Music video
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The accompanying music video for "Unfinished Sympathy", (a docu-fiction) was directed by Baillie Walsh, who had also directed the video for Massive Attack's previous single "Daydreaming", and was filmed in a single continuous shot from 1311 South New Hampshire Avenue to 2632 West Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, California. The video, filmed on Steadicam, begins with a shot of a street gang before moving to follow Nelson walking along the pavement unaware or uncaring of her surroundings, which include drunks, bikers and disabled people. As the video progresses, first Daddy G, then 3D (having finished making a call on a public phone booth) and then Mushroom (pushing a cart) can be seen walking several paces behind her, slightly out of focus. At the end of the video, Nelson walks past the camera and off down the road into the distance. The video was originally supposed to conclude with an overhead shot of Los Angeles, but the scene was not used.

Not all of the people in the video were actors: 3D told Melody Maker that "some of them were extras. And some of them couldn't be f***ed to get off the street. The gang at the beginning with the dog – they were real, they lived there." The performance artist Leigh Bowery was the video's art director; the group later described him as "definitely the most outrageous character", recalling, "Because we weren't part of that London scene, he tried to dress down and go low-key around us. This basically meant he turned up to the shoot for 'Unfinished' in LA, dressed in this mental outfit, like a faux-Manc casual. Massive parka, a mad pudding-basin wig, big Stone Roses baggies, and dripping with sweat."

Dan Kneece, best known for his work on the 1986 film Blue Velvet, operated the Steadicam for the video shoot. 3D said that Kneece was one of the main reasons why they had chosen to shoot the video in Los Angeles, "because there aren't many people [in the UK] who have the expertise to hold a Steadycam on their back for five minutes", the other reason being "the light, because you can't get that kind of golden light anywhere else". Kneece recalled that the shoot started with him on a Shotmaker arm on which he filmed the gang before being lifted into the air and then down again, at which point he had to take a running jump off the arm onto the sidewalk to follow Nelson. Six takes were recorded before Kneece became too exhausted to carry the camera any more. The equipment used for the filming included an Arriflex III camera, a Cooke 3:1 zoom lens, and a 400-foot camera magazine. The camera shot at a slightly lower frame rate since the song was longer than the amount of film the camera could shoot at 24 fps. To compensate, the audio track was mildly sped up on set to match the new camera speed, and then it could be converted back to normal speed in post-production. Sean O'Hagan of The Guardian described the video as a "benchmark in modern video direction, more a breathtaking short film than a mere pop promo".

Track listing

 * 7-inch (WBRS 2)
 * 1) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Nellee Hooper 7-inch mix) – 4:34
 * 2) "Unfinished Sympathy" – 5:12

 * 12-inch (WBRT 2)
 * 1) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Paul Oakenfold mix) – 5:18
 * 2) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Paul Oakenfold instrumental mix) – 5:18
 * 3) "Unfinished Sympathy" – 5:12
 * 4) "Unfinished Sympathy" (instrumental) – 4:08

 * CD (WBRX 2)
 * 1) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Paul Oakenfold mix) – 5:18
 * 2) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Paul Oakenfold instrumental mix) – 5:18
 * 3) "Unfinished Sympathy" – 5:12
 * 4) "Unfinished Sympathy" (instrumental) – 4:08

 * 12-inch remixes (WBRR 2)
 * 1) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Nellee Hooper 12-inch mix) – 5:50
 * 2) "Unfinished Sympathy" (Nellee Hooper instrumental mix) – 5:34
 * 3) "Unfinished Sympathy" (original) – 5:12

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from Blue Lines liner notes.

Recording
 * Engineered and recorded in Abbey Road Studios, London
 * Mixed at the Matrix Recording Studios, London
 * Recorded at Coach House, Bristol
 * Strings conducted and recorded in Dublin and Abbey Road Studios, London

Personnel

 * Jeremy Allom – engineering, mixing
 * Haydn Bendall – engineering
 * Robert Del Naja – production, songwriting
 * Grantley Marshall – production, songwriting
 * Wil Malone – arrangement, conducting
 * Shara Nelson – songwriting, vocals
 * Jonathan Sharp – production, songwriting
 * Gavyn Wright – lead violin
 * Andrew Vowles – production, scratching, songwriting

title: Unfinished Sympathy


text:
Heinz Wolff

Heinz Siegfried Wolff, (29 April 1928 – 15 December 2017) was a German-born British scientist as well as a television and radio presenter. He was best known for the BBC television series The Great Egg Race.

Early life
Wolff was born in Berlin. His father, Oswald Wolff, was a volunteer in World War I and a publisher specializing in German history. His mother, Margot Wolff (née Saalfeld) died "of an acute heart infection" in 1938. Father and son fled to the Netherlands in August 1939, and then arrived as Jewish refugees in Britain on 3 September 1939, on the same day that World War II was declared by Britain and France; Wolff was 11. He was educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys.

Career
Wolff worked in haematology at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford under Robert Gwyn Macfarlane, where he invented a machine for counting patients' blood cells, before joining the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit at Llandough Hospital near Cardiff. He went on to University College London (UCL), where he gained a first class honours degree in physiology and physics. Before going to UCL, he had been considered by Trinity College, Cambridge, but was rejected twice because his understanding of Latin was too weak.

He spent much of his early career in bioengineering, a term he coined in 1954 to take account of recent advances in physiology. He became an honorary member of the European Space Agency in 1975, and in 1983 he founded the Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, which was involved in biological research during weightless spaceflight.

Following retirement, he was emeritus professor of bioengineering at Brunel University, working on a project aimed at addressing the care needs of older people. Wolff was the scientific director and co-founder of Project Juno, the private British-Soviet joint venture which sent Helen Sharman to the Mir space station.

He is credited with the invention of the gel pad electrodes used in ECGs.

Popular science
A familiar face in the 1970s and early 1980s, well known to British television audiences with his memorable bow tie and pronounced German accent, his best remembered programme is The Great Egg Race. He was also the presenter of Great Experiments, and presenter/judge of the annual Young Scientists of the Year series. In 1985 he was a contestant on The Adventure Game. "Working with Heinz was like being at the centre of an ideas factory; he was fiercely curious and always had new avenues to explore."

In 1989, he appeared on After Dark with, among others, astronaut Buzz Aldrin.

In 1998, he was one of the first people to be interviewed by Ali G, during that character's initial appearances on The 11 O'Clock Show, where the discussion ranged from elementary particles to penis enlargement.

In 2007, Wolff made a guest appearance on Channel 4's Comedy Lab episode "Karl Pilkington: Satisfied Fool", where he is seen explaining to Pilkington the sudden rise of intelligence in Homo sapiens.

In March 2009, he appeared in the puzzle video game Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity.

For many years Professor Wolff was the President of Hampstead Scientific Society.

Lectures
In 1975, he delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on Signals from the Interior. In 2005 he presented the Higginson Lecture at Durham University.

Personal life
In 1953, he married Joan Stephenson, a staff nurse originally from Cardiff, whom he met at work. They lived in north London. Widowed in October 2014, he died from heart failure on 15 December 2017. He is survived by his two sons, Anthony and Laurence.

title: Heinz Wolff


text:
First class

First class (or 1st class, Firstclass) generally implies a high level of service, importance or quality. Specific uses of the term include:

Books and comics

 * First Class, a comic strip in The Dandy (1983-1998)
 * X-Men: First Class (comics)

Film and TV

 * X-Men: First Class, a 2011 film
 * First Class (game show), a UK game show
 * First Class (TV series), a Singaporean comedy

Artists

 * The First Class, a British pop band formed in 1974

Albums

 * 1st Class (album), by Large Professor, 2002
 * First Class, by Billy Paul, 1979
 * First Class, by Mickey Gilley, 1977
 * First Class, by Claude Bolling, 1991

Songs

 * "First Class" (song), by Jack Harlow, 2022
 * "First Class", by Blueface from Find the Beat, 2020
 * "First Class", by Henry Rollins from Big Ugly Mouth, 1987
 * "First Class", by Khruangbin from Mordechai, 2020
 * "First Class", by Kottonmouth Kings from High Society, 2000
 * "First Class", by Lil Baby from Harder Than Ever, 2018
 * "First Class", by Wiley from The Ascent, 2013
 * "First Class", from the Hindi film Kalank, 2019
 * "First Class (The Best Catalogue)", by Madlib from Beat Konducta Vol 5-6, 2009

Computing

 * First-class type, a concept in programming
 * First class (computing), a concept in data modeling
 * First-class function
 * First-class object, a concept in programming
 * FirstClass, e-mail and online conferencing system

Leisure

 * First Class rank, in Baden-Powell's Scout training scheme
 * First Class Scout (Boy Scouts of America), rank in Boy Scouts

Sports

 * First-class cricket
 * First Class Diver – the highest grade of diver in the original (and now obsolete) classification system of the British Sub Aqua Club

Travel

 * First class travel
 * First class (aviation)
 * FirstClass (airline), was a Finnish airline
 * First-class carriage in a railway train

Other uses

 * First class constraint
 * First Class mail
 * First class honours degree, see British undergraduate degree classification
 * First class city, an income classification for cities in the Philippines

title: First class