text:
Talk:Bain family murders

Did David hate his father?
Chocmilk03: You seem to be suggesting that David had a motive to kill his entire family because Callinan thought David hated his father. There is no evidence for this. This story says "David took exception to a particular comment by [Callinan] about Bain "hating" his father, Robin, whom the defence blamed for the five deaths. "This is extremely hurtful. I did not hate my father, ever, then or now," according to an affidavit signed by Bain. "I had said, that in the context of having just been told by the police that if I didn't do it, then it must have been my father who killed everyone. I was reacting to that information, and I meant that I hated him 'if he had done this'."

This was one of the reasons David was so pissed off with Callinan for not talking to him when conducting his investigation. Clearly Callinan should have interviewed him to test his credibility and find out the context of David's comments made in the heat of the moment.

And even if David did hate his father, that does not provide a motive for killing his entire family.

Also it is not just Binnie who understood that David didn't have a motive. In summing up after the trial was over, Justice Neil Williamson told the jury that the Crown had said "... that these events were so bizarre and abnormal that it was impossible for the human mind to conceive of any logical or reasonable explanation". I.E the Crown admitted they could not see any motive for what they perceived as bizarre behaviour (assuming David was responsible). Straining (talk) 23:04, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Straining: Re your comment, "And even if David did hate his father, that does not provide a motive for killing his entire family", I might agree with you on that, on a personal level. I also note David was acquitted at the second trial, which in some respects speaks for itself. However, it's important to distinguish our personal views from what reliable secondary sources say; the article should be limited to that.
 * The article also needs to be balanced. The article can say that the defence said there was no motive, what the prosecution said, that Justice Williamson said X in his summing up. Those are statements of fact. If the article refers to Binnie's report and his interpretation of the court case, it should also refer to Callinan's report. And I just don't think that the trial section is the appropriate place to start referencing Binnie's and Callinan's reports in that way. It's confusing for a reader who isn't familiar with the case, because they don't know the context of the preparation of those reports.
 * As an alternative to removing the paragraph entirely, I'm wondering if context could be added, like:
 * "In Ian Binnie's later review of the court case commissioned by the New Zealand government, Binnie was of the view that the police never came up with a plausible motive for David to kill his entire family. A subsequent report by Ian Callinan referred to David's admissions of hatred for his father who he saw as dominating the household and recent arguments with his father, as well as to evidence of 'abnormality of behaviour' on David's part."
 * What do you think of that wording?
 * I see you've added the Privy Council judgment as a source for "As a result, the jury remained unaware that Robin Bain was depressed or that he had a possible motive to get rid of his family and commit suicide." My understanding (learnt the hard way!) is that legal decisions are actually primary sources. Wikipedia's policy on primary sources says to use these with care and that primary sources may only be used to make "straightforward, descriptive statements of fact". Are you able to find a secondary source that could support this statement?
 * Alternatively, I think another option that would be OK is to say, is "The Privy Council later said that this meant that the jury remained unaware that he had a possible motive for the crime". It is factual that the Privy Council said this. I also note that the Privy Council does not seem say that it was a result of Cottle's evidence that the jury was unaware Robin may have been depressed, so we can't say that (unless I've missed it in the decision, in which case can you please provide a paragraph reference?)
 * If you disagree with either of the suggestions above, perhaps you could provide your alternative suggested wording here. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 01:37, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I have removed the reference to Binnie in the Trial section and replaced with info from the Privy Council. Does that satisfy your concerns? I think the alternative wording you suggested makes a simple fact way too complicated. Straining (talk) 08:42, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The reference to Binnie still appears to be in there; can you check that you've made the amendments you meant to make?
 * The approach to the Laniet situation looks a lot better to me, thanks. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 19:58, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my mistake. I propose replacing the Binnie sentence with the following. The Crown prosecutor Bill Wright, was unable to suggest a motive for David to kill his family. Summing up, he told the jury "it is beyond comprehension. We can't undertand it. Your job is to work out wo did it, not to worry about why it happened. We will probably never know why..."

 * This a quote from Karam's book Trial by Ambush. I know you think he is not independent but he is quoting from an affidavit tendered to the Court of Appeal by Bill Wright, the prosecutor at the first trial. What do you think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Straining (talk • contribs) 22:59, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, I don't think that wording is quite right. Remember there's no need to prove motive in a criminal case, and there's no secondary source saying that the prosecution was "unable" to prove motive. All we can say is that they didn't put one forward.
 * Neither of these sources really suit, either. The affidavit is a primary source and Karam clearly isn't independent (it's not just what I think); do you have any basis for suggesting that he is?
 * I'll have a dig around and see if I can find any other secondary coverage of the trial that might give us a better basis. For example, if there was a news article about the case that quoted Wright saying this, I think we could cite that. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 00:14, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've had a dig on Proquest and found some useful articles. I've now expanded the section (I was going to write it all out here, but it was getting a bit tricky with the references). Happy to discuss here further if you take issue with any of the points. The Venter article is particularly useful and can support further expansion because it sets out what evidence was/wasn't presented at trial, then contrasts the Court of Appeal and Privy Council views. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 02:00, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

Chocmilk, you wrote: "The affidavit is a primary source and Karam clearly isn't independent (it's not just what I think); do you have any basis for suggesting that he is?"

I have a number of points to make about that:
 * Primary sources are legitimate if they are accurately quoted and do not contain someone else's interpretation. See WP:NOR.
 * The info actually comes from a secondary source because it is a quote in Karam's book, citing a primary source.
 * No one involved in this saga is independent. The prosecution are not independent, the defence are not independent, etc. There are also very few independent 'facts' that everyone agrees on (other than five dead bodies). That does not stop wiki from quoting what the various 'actors' in the case have said.
 * Of all the sources available, Karam knows more about every detail of this case than anyone else. He wrote four books about it. His knowldge enabled him to overturn a guilty verdict and then obtain a not guilty verdict. He is already cited in the article - because he is one of the 'actors'. On what basis do you allow some of his contributions to be included but not others? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Straining (talk • contribs) 05:04, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

In saying all that, I think what you have done in your recent edit is pretty good. But I would like a bit more from the prosecutor where he told the jury "it is beyond comprehension. We can't undertand it. Your job is to work out who did it, not to worry about why it happened. We will probably never know why."

 * I think it would be OK to quote Karam's book as the source for the quote on its own, as he's quoting directly from the affidavit and there seems no reason to doubt that he would do so accurately. I more had issue with the first sentence you'd suggested above which seemed to me to be suggesting that the Crown had failed in some way. I'd be OK I think to add something like the following to the article (citing Karam's book as the source):
 * "The Crown prosecutor told the jury during his summing up, 'It is beyond comprehension. We can't understand it. Your job is to work out who did it, not to worry about why it happened. We will probably never know why.'"
 * As I've said, I have no issue with referencing Karam's views as long as it's made clear that they are his views. If the sentence begins with "Karam said", it's most likely fine. For example, "Joe Karam said that David felt he had no choice but to accept the money" is absolutely fine. On the other hand, "David felt he had no choice but to accept the money" (with Karam cited as the source) would not be fine.
 * The placing in the article also matters. When we're outlining what happened at the first trial, we should stick to the facts rather than going into others' interpretation of the facts; e.g. I don't think it would be helpful to say something like, "Karam said the Crown were unable to put forward a motive", or "Journalist X said the defence case was garbage" or something like that. I can't exactly articulate a clear reason for that, but I think it's about presenting the facts fairly and neutrally before getting into commentary. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 04:03, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Was Binnie's report controversial
Chocmilk03: You claim that Binnie's report was controversial. It wasn't. What was controversial was the way Judith Collins handled it. Please read this. It describes Collin's remarkable lack of transparency and the devious manner in which she secretly consulted the Police, the Solictor General and then Robert Fisher about Binnie's report while refusing to provide a copy to David's team. She even leaked information about the report to the media but said she couldn't give it to David's team (even though she gave it to the Police, the Solicitor General and Robert Fisher) because it was privileged. Karam described her behaviour as "a calculated move to discredit the Binnie report before it had seen the light of day."

The statement that she resigned "after months of controversy about her ethics" is factually accurate and referenced. Her ethics are seriously dodgy as demonstrated by her behaviour over Binnie's report, as well as Oravida and other suspect matters she was involved in. Straining (talk) 00:27, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Please see the new material on Reactions regarding compensation in the main article to see what others think about Judith Collins' unethical behaviour in this matter. Straining (talk) 02:29, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Straining: With respect, Joe Karam is far from a neutral independent party on the subject of the Bain case. I don't say that as a criticism of him; I'd say the same of the prosecution lawyers if you'd sent me an article by them.
 * Something can be "factually accurate and referenced" but that doesn't mean it's suitable to include in Wikipedia. In this instance I am strongly of the view that "after months of controversy about her ethics" gives her resignation WP:UNDUE weight by implying it was directly related to the Bain case, when there is no evidence of any link. It should be deleted.
 * I'm okay however with adding relevant comments on the outcome of the case in a "Reactions" section. I have no issue with that, and that's the appropriate way to deal with this. Given that, do you agree that "after months of controversy about her ethics" can be deleted? Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 01:48, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * P.S. you will note I am adding some additional reactions to the article, and that at least one is critical of the government's approach. I hope that demonstrates that I am not coming at this from any particular agenda or viewpoint, but am simply seeking to ensure that the article is worded neutrally and reflects a balanced view. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 04:21, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * P.P.S. Also, sorry, "controversial" wasn't quite the right word for what I was trying to say, and you're right that controversy describes what happened with Collins seeking the further report in the way that she did. What I think I was trying to say is that Binnie's report and Callinan's report have both been challenged by different parties. They don't have any legal force in the way that a court decision does, but were commissioned to inform the government's eventual decision on compensation. Wikipedia shouldn't decide whether one is more valuable than the other, but aim to present both report's conclusions in a fair and neutral way. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 04:54, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I respect your polite and very cooperative way of interacting. So with  respect - you have added material from Martin van Beynan who is also "far from a neutral independent party on the subject of the Bain case". Of all the journalists who have covered this case, he has shown himself to be the most closed minded. However, he presents another perspective and theoretically adds some balance.

 * In regard to the statement "after months of controversy about her ethics", I disagree that it suggests anything other than what it says. However, I am open to other options. How about this: "after months of concern about other controversies she was involved in" - would that satisfy you? Straining (talk) 08:52, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Straining: Thank you, and likewise appreciate you engaging with me on this.
 * I totally agree van Beynan is not a neutral party. But you'll note I've not taken any issue with the article's frequent references to Karam's viewpoints. That is because it is appropriate to include his views as long as it's made clear that they are his views. What I have concerns about is presenting Karam's viewpoint as though is factual and not making it clear that it is his viewpoint.
 * For example, we can absolutely say that Karam criticised Collins' approach to the Binnie report; what we can't do is say that Judith Collins resigned after controversy about her ethics implying that the controversy is related to the Bain case when the only source that says that is Karam. Does that make sense?
 * "after months of concern about other controversies she was involved in" is better but then we come to the question: how is it relevant to the article? Chocmilk03 (talk) 19:56, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * IMO it is highly relevant. Because of her unethical behaviour, she messed up everything she was involved in at that time, including the way she handled the Binnie report. John Key forced her to resign. Exactly why is immaterial. She was out of control and Key felt the need to reign her in. Straining (talk) 23:04, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you point to a reliable independent secondary source that says this? That's the test for whether or not we can include it on the Wikipedia page. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 00:10, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Chocmilk: The RNZ article points out that she resigned "after months of controversy". I don't understand what your concern is about this. It is extremely well documented. This article on Newshub points to her involvement in numerous controversies besides David's compensation claim: her Oravida conflict of interest; the Dirty Politics scandal; and allegations that she tried to undermine the Director of the Serious Fraud Office.
 * Her resignation is relevant to David's compensation claim because she was a key player in the controversy. She was not only a key player - she caused the whole brouhaha. Her behaviour is clearly part of a pattern. All I want to keep in the article is that "she resigned after months of controversy." Straining (talk) 04:39, 5 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Absolutely agree with you that her resignation is relevant and should be clearly stated in the article. But "she resigned after months of controversy" implies that her resignation was directly linked to the Bain situation, when it clearly wasn't. The Bain situation isn't mentioned at all in the Newshub article that you refer to. Do you have any articles which do link her resignation to the Bain situation? Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 00:17, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Totally disagree that it implies her resignation was linked to the Bain situation. It says what it says and implies nothing more. You are reading something into it which it doesn't say. Wiki is responsible for what is in the article - not what is in the reader's mind or how they choose to interpret factual information. Straining (talk) 01:39, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * As this is continuing to be a point of disagreement, I suggest we go with your previous suggested wording "after months of concern about other controversies she was involved in". It's a bit wordy and I remain of the view that it's unnecessary, but it largely addresses my concern about an apparent link.
 * I agree that the current wording doesn't explicitly say the resignation is linked, but in my reading it does imply it. Others may read it differently. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 21:59, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Van Beynen's opinion
Chocmilk. I have deleted the sentence: He noted that Binnie had come to the opposite conclusion in August 2012, "but his reasoning was regarded as faulty", and said he did not doubt that "similar charges will be levelled at Callinan." For the following reason. It is not clear from the wording of this sentence whether it is Callinan's or van Beynen's opinion that Binnie's reasoning was faulty. Either way, the sentence definitively states that Binnie's reasoning was faulty. As you have correctly pointed out, wiki cannot state that someone's reasoning is faulty - only that this is someone's opinion.

I have added this sentence from van Beynen's opinion that: "If he can't show he probably didn't do it, he probably did it". This is the direct opposite of the legal principle that someone is innocent until proven guilty, which shows how dubious van Beynen's opinion is. I am inclined to point that out. What do you think? Straining (talk) 03:11, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with this. I agree the original wording wasn't super clear on rereading it again, and was attempting only to reflect van Beynen's opinion. That quote is better. Cheers, Chocmilk03 (talk) 22:12, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bain family murders


text:
Talk:U.S. Acres

Comic co-artist/co-writer
Someone else drew it for him in the last year or two. Who was that?

 * Brett Koth. Brett also assists with Garfield, even though that strip only ever has Jim's name on it. --JohnDBuell | Talk 03:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Actual comic strips
Sadly, most of this article only deals with the cartoon, especially the "secondary characters." Looks like time to add to it. --JohnDBuell | Talk 03:58, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Does anyone know the actual date that the final comic strip ran? I'm guessing it was sometime in 1989 - the fifth book only has cartoons through February of that year. --JohnDBuell | Talk 04:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Chuck E. Cheese's
Someone made vandalism by listing "When Chuck E. Cheese Really Checked" and more. Can we lock this page or something? 68.111.100.214 02:54, 12 October 2007 (UTC) (Ryan Holloway)

Ok, we can't lock a page after every single vandalism edit. If there were lots of vandalism edits on this page, I might agree. 99.230.152.143 (talk) 01:40, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:USacreslogo.gif
Image:USacreslogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:57, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I have added a fair use rationale for this logo. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 18:08, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:50, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Critical value
This strip gets off lightly by quoting only Watterson. From what I've heard, it was rated the worst cartoon strip in existence during its run, & was notorious for buying jokes from freelancers -- a practice that is very rare, & now considered unethical by other professional cartoonists. Unfortunately, I don't have cites -- so consider this a request for verification. -- llywrch (talk) 07:18, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * "A request for verification." ... I would love to help, but what are you disputing? I apologize but what I am reading from you is "the article is wrong so I hear. verify it."  ZabMilenko 08:09, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:40, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Returned
They're now putting new US Acres comic strips up on the Garfield website. Michael Podgorski (talk) 17:48, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Just to confirm, are the U.S. Acres comics being put on the Garfield website, reruns of old and previously published strips or completely new ones altogether? (Iuio (talk) 22:27, 1 November 2010 (UTC))

Split article
I'm thinking of making a future page called List of U.S. Acres characters. What do you think?--BRAINULATOR9 21:20, 29 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brainulator9 (talk • contribs)
 * Not required - the article is not large enough to need splitting at this time. Exxolon (talk) 02:04, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah. That, and we whould need A LOT of charaecters for a seprate arcticle

Old links
This page used to have a link to a website which reprinted a number of US Acres comics. Unless there's some significant reason not to, I think that link should be restored until Garfield.com updates its new US Acres section to include the original run. Legionaireb (talk) 02:54, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Cody reappearing
I was just reading the U.S Acres on gocomics.com and I saw that he made a reappearing at Comic /2016/06/26 I'm not sure if he appear earlier in the comics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.10.164.218 (talk) 13:28, 15 August 2016 (UTC)
 * "Original print run ended April 14, 1989. Reruns ran on Garfield.com from 2010 to 2020." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.109.203.247 (talk) 09:37, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Weasel
Why have the weasel in the characters section when he's not even in the comic strip? He only appears in the cartoon and that already has its own page. 2603:6010:8B45:FA00:7139:CE25:BBE9:7AA3 (talk) 17:30, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

"The international laws prohibiting cartoons from featuring talking pigs "
Yes, that's why everyone involved in making Peppa Pig were arrested and tried at The Hague. 92.30.137.10 (talk) 19:53, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

We Need Live Action And Cartoon Movies Will Return Understand
U.s.Acres Ok 2400:AC40:620:5E1B:1D8B:1712:AD7D:7940 (talk) 06:06, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Garfield Show Spin Off
U S Acres Ok 2400:AC40:620:5E1B:1D8B:1712:AD7D:7940 (talk) 06:08, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:U.S. Acres


text:
Talk:Luc Ferrari

Untitled
Sadly Luc Ferrarri has passed away. In the English language therefore, we say that he was a composer, since he is now not living.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:18, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Luc Ferrari


text:
Port Reading Refinery

Port Reading Refinery, also known as Hess Refinery (photo), was an oil refinery located in Perth Amboy and Port Reading, New Jersey. It was constructed by Hess Oil under Leon Hess in 1958. It was a simple refinery which further processed other refinery's product which began with heavy sour crude. It was owned by the Hess Corporation, refiners of Hess brand gasoline. The refinery itself had outlets that connected with Arthur Kill, enabling oil barges to make passage into the refinery's commons. The refinery had a neon red "HESS" sign on its cracking unit which was removed in December, 2013 after the property was sold. The refinery was closed in February 2013.

title: Port Reading Refinery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/With Honor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. --Ryan Delaney talk 15:28, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

With Honor
Vanity for nn band—no albums, charted songs, notable tours, or in fact any of the criteria list in the WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines choster 23:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NMG. --Howcheng 23:54, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep they have an allmusic entry, two albums listed. -- Etacar11   04:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. They have released one album and one EP, not two albums. -Hapsiainen 09:50, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Nyack Beach State Park

Nyack Beach State Park is a 61 acre state park in Upper Nyack, Rockland County, New York. It consists of a small parking lot and a riverfront pathway, the southernmost section of the Hudson River Valley Greenway. It is known for its physical proximity to the Hudson River on one side of the pathway and the looming cliffs of the Palisades rising 700 ft above on the other side.

The park is included within the Palisades Interstate Park system and is functionally part of a continuous complex of parks that also includes Rockland Lake State Park, Hook Mountain State Park, and Haverstraw Beach State Park.

History
The Palisades Interstate Park Commission purchased what was to become Nyack Beach State Park in 1911 to provide space for recreation, and to protect the land from the effects of quarrying that were impacting the Hudson River Palisades during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Along with a portion of adjacent Hook Mountain State Park, Nyack Beach was declared a National Natural Landmark in April 1980 for its portion of the Palisades Sill.

Park description
The park offers picnicking, hiking, bicycling, fishing, and cross-country skiing along the pathway.. The path is flat and handicapped accessible. The pathway runs for 2 mi along the river towards Rockland Lake State Park.

As the name implies, the park originally included a swimming beach which has been closed for many years due to pollution in the Hudson River. In 2005, it was suggested that the beach could be reopened for swimming due to the improved condition of the river.

Wildlife
Hawks and raptors nest in the cliff and are easily viewed from the pathway. In 1994 there was a harbor seal at the park, and in 1995 a harbor seal spent much of August in the vicinity of the park. Fossils and dinosaur footprints have been found in the rocks along the pathway.

title: Nyack Beach State Park


text: User:LaLa

title: User:LaLa


text:
Eric Metcalf

Eric Quinn Metcalf (born January 23, 1968) is an American former professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns, Atlanta Falcons, San Diego Chargers, Arizona Cardinals, Carolina Panthers, Washington Redskins and Green Bay Packers. He was a three-time Pro Bowl selection for the Browns and the Chargers. He was also the 1988 US Track and Field Champion in the long jump and a two-time NCAA Champion in the same event at Texas. His father Terry was a running back for the St. Louis Cardinals.

High school career
Metcalf attended Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School in Arlington County, Virginia. In high school Metcalf competed in both football and track and field. The records he set in the long jump, triple jump, 100, 200, and 400-yard dash still stand today.

In 2023, he was inducted into the Arlington County Sports Hall of Fame.

College career
Metcalf attended and played college football at the University of Texas at Austin where he was an All-Southwest Conference selection three times. He was the 1987 Southwest Conference player of the year and a second-team All-American. Metcalf finished his four seasons with 4,051 yards from scrimmage, 125 receptions, and 31 total touchdowns, while adding another 1,650 yards on special teams, with an average of 10 yards per punt return. He is the only player in Texas history to lead the team in all-purpose yards all four years. He holds every school receiving record for a running back.

Metcalf also had a distinguished career in track and field. In high school, he was a standout long jumper and sprinter, and still has the seventh longest distance ever posted indoors by an American high schooler with a jump of 7.75 meters. He also recorded personal bests of 10.54 seconds in the 100 meters and 21.34 in the 200 meters.

He set the University of Texas at Austin's long jump record (still current) at 8.44 meters (27'8"1/4). He won the NCAA National Long Jump Championship in 1986 and 1988 and the SWC Long Jump titles in 1986 and 1987. He was also the US Jr. National Long Jump Champion in 1986 and 1987. He earned the distinction of being a five-time All-American and in 1988 competed in the USA Olympic Trials, finishing 8th overall.

In 2002 he was inducted into the Texas Longhorns Hall of Honor and in 2017 he was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame.

Professional career
Metcalf was drafted in the first round with the 13th overall pick in the 1989 NFL Draft. A multi-talented player, Metcalf excelled at offense and as a returner on special teams. In his second NFL season, he led the league in kickoff return yards (1,052) and return touchdowns (two). He also led the NFL in punt return touchdowns in four different seasons (1993–1995, 1997). During his first six seasons with Cleveland, Metcalf was a running back and kickoff and punt returner. He set the rookie rushing record for the Browns and returned a kickoff for 101 yards in 1990. With the Browns he was an All-Pro once (as both a kickoff returner and a punt returner) and made the Pro Bowl twice both times primarily as a kickoff returner and punt Returner (other than returns, he also caught one pass for 9 yards).

In 1995 he was traded to the Atlanta Falcons along with the Browns 1st Round draft pick (#26 overall) for Atlanta's 1st round draft pick (#10 overall). Atlanta moved him to slot receiver in their Run and Shoot offense where he led the team with 104 receptions for more than 1,000 yards. At the end of the season, he became a free agent and signed with San Diego.

In San Diego he was again a receiver, and during his lone season there was again named an All-Pro and made the Pro Bowl primarily as a kick returner, though in that Pro Bowl he did have one rush and one reception. At the end of the season, the Chargers traded Metcalf, Patrick Sapp, the third and 33rd pick in the 1998 NFL Draft and their 1999 first-round pick to move up one spot to draft Ryan Leaf, often considered one of the worst trades in franchise history.

In Arizona Cardinals, his playing time was down and he didn't score a touchdown, but in the season finale, he returned a kickoff 46 yards to set up the game-winning field goal in a victory that sent Arizona to the playoffs. After one season with the Cardinals, Metcalf was signed and released by the Baltimore Ravens during the summer and fall of 1999 and was then signed by the Carolina Panthers, where he was unhappy and unproductive. He also became the first player in NFL history with 7,000 yards in offense and 7,000 yards in kick returns.

After sitting out the 2000 season, Metcalf was signed by the Oakland Raiders in the 2001 preseason and then released before the season started. In October he was signed by the Washington Redskins. He had an 89-yard punt return for a touchdown, the longest in the NFL that season, that set the record for punt returns for a touchdown (since surpassed). He did not return to the Redskins in 2002.

Late in the 2002 season he was signed by the Green Bay Packers for the last game of the season and the playoffs. Following the season he retired.

Overall, Metcalf finished his career with 2,392 rushing yards, 541 receptions for 5,572 yards, 3,453 punt return yards (5th best in history), and 5,813 yards returning kickoffs. This gave him a total of 17,230 all-purpose yards, ranking him 9th among at the time of his retirement (he had been as high as 7th earlier in his career). He also scored 55 touchdowns (12 rushing, 31 receiving, ten punt returns, two kickoff returns). His 12 returns for touchdowns are the third most in NFL history behind Devin Hester and Brian Mitchell. Metcalf's 10 punt return touchdowns were an NFL record, until October 2, 2011, when Hester broke it against the Panthers. Metcalf is 2nd all-time for punt returns. At the time of his retirement, he was 4th in Punt Return Yards, 8th in Kickoff returns, and 9th in Kickoff return yards.

In 2008 he was named a Cleveland Brown legend. As of 2023, he has been a Pro Football Hall of Fame nominee eight times, but never made it to semi-finalist.

NFL career statistics
Receiving statistics

Rushing statistics

Returning statistics

Personal life
Metcalf coached football at Rainier Beach High School in Seattle, Washington; in the 2005–2006 season he helped lead the team to the state semi-finals. He also started an elite high school track and field club called Seatown Express. Metcalf has also assisted with coaching the University of Washington track and field team.

title: Eric Metcalf


text:
Daurian hedgehog

The Daurian hedgehog (Mesechinus dauuricus) is a solitary small hedgehog. It is listed in the Red book of Russian Federation as a protected species with an unclear status, generally considered to be endangered, although the IUCN lists it as "least concern". It populates the Transbaikal region of Russia (this region is sometimes called Dauria, hence the name) and Northern Mongolia. It lives in dens and inhabits both forests and steppes. The steppes consists mainly of grassland plains and scrublands. The Daurian hedgehog actively select scrublands and rocky areas, perhaps for greater cover and concealment from predators. This species of hedgehogs are known to occupy larger home ranges than other hedgehog species. The adult Daurian hedgehog is 15 to 20 centimeters long and weighs up to 1 kilogram (usually around 600 grams). Most live up to six years in nature. Like most hedgehog species in temperate regions, the Daurian hibernates during the winter.

After introduction and extensive use of pesticides in mid-1960s, the Russian population of the Daurian hedgehog suffered a major loss. Since that time, the species seems to have had a modest recovery, although the population has not yet returned to its original size. Currently, it seems to be moving northwards and closer to cities due to more abundant food, less danger from agricultural activities and newfound human tolerance for their presence. Cases of successfully starting new populations by artificially moving several adults to new areas have been reported. Due to the low population density of the region the complete status of this species is unclear.

title: Daurian hedgehog


text:
Wodrow

Wodrow may refer to a number of things or people:

 * Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House, built by Andrew Wodrow, an American Revolutionary patriot
 * Robert Wodrow (1679–1734), Scottish historian
 * Andrew Wodrow (1752–1814), Scottish American merchant, militia officer, clerk of court, lawyer and landowner

title: Wodrow


text: User talk:Rsherloc

title: User talk:Rsherloc


text:
Arthur C. Mellette

Arthur Calvin Mellette (June 23, 1842 – May 25, 1896) was the last Governor of Dakota Territory, the first Governor of the State of South Dakota, and an American Civil War veteran.

He is the namesake of Mellette, South Dakota, and Mellette County, South Dakota.

Early life, education, and Civil War
Mellette was the son of Charles Mellette and was born in Henry County, Indiana. He was educated at Marion Academy in Marion, Indiana. In 1862, Mellette entered Indiana University Bloomington as a sophomore and graduated in 1863. On October 6, 1864, he enlisted in Company H of the 9th Indiana Volunteers, serving as a conscripted soldier until mustering out on September 28, 1865. He served in the army as a substitute for his older invalid brother and experienced many humiliations as a result. In 1866, Mellette graduated from the School of Law at the Indiana University and went to Muncie, Indiana, where he began practicing law with Thomas J. Brady. On May 26, 1866, he married Margaret Wylie.

Career
Mellette was elected as district attorney for Delaware County, Indiana. In 1870, Mellette purchased the Muncie Times, a newspaper which became influential and prosperous under his tutelage. During that same year, Mellette was elected the county superintendent of schools.

When his wife became ill, Mellette visited western states to find a climate that would be more beneficial to her. Mellette's family eventually settled in Springfield, Dakota Territory, for two years; and, Mellette served as register of the United States Land Office in Springfield until the land office was moved to Watertown, Dakota Territory, in 1880.

Political career in the Dakotas
In October 1885, the Republicans nominated Mellette for governor of Dakota Territory. In November 1885, Mellette ran unopposed for the office of governor; and, voters selected Huron as the temporary capitol of Dakota Territory. In 1889, voters approved the new constitution for South Dakota and elected Arthur C. Mellette as South Dakota's first Governor. On November 2, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison signed the proclamation to make South Dakota the fortieth state. Mellette County, South Dakota, is named in his honor.

Personal life
Mellette built a mansion on the bluffs of the Big Sioux River in Watertown, South Dakota. He was an advocate of bringing the capitol to the area. He summered on Lake Kampeska.

Death and legacy
The family made what was meant to be a temporary move from Watertown to Pittsburg, Kansas, in 1895. Mellette died May 25, 1896, while in Pittsburg. His body was sent back to Watertown and interred in Mount Hope Cemetery.

The Trail of Governors statue of Mellette, by sculptor John Lopez, was unveiled in 2012 and installed in Pierre, South Dakota in front of the Hughes County Courthouse.Mellette's former home in Watertown is maintained as a museum. In 2012, a statue of Mellette was unveiled in Pierre, South Dakota and installed in front of the Hughes County Courthouse; it was the first statue placed on the city's Trail of Governors.

title: Arthur C. Mellette


text:
ARM Cuauhtémoc (BE01)

ARM Cuauhtémoc is a sail training vessel of the Mexican Navy, named for the last Mexica Hueyi Tlatoani Cuauhtémoc who was captured and executed in 1525.

She is the last of four sister ships built by the naval shipyards of Bilbao, Spain, in 1982, all built to a design similar to the 1930 designs of the German firm Blohm & Voss, like Gorch Fock, USCGC Eagle (WIX-327) and the NRP Sagres.

Built at the Celaya Shipyards in Bilbao, she was designed by Naval Engineer Juan José Alonso Verástegui. Her keel was laid on July 24, 1981, and she was delivered to the Mexican Navy in Bilbao on July 29, 1982.

Her first commander was Captain Manuel Zermeño del Peón, in command of a crew of cadets from the Mexican Naval Academy who received the ship and brought Cuauhtémoc home to Mexico.

Like her sister ships, Colombia's ARC Gloria, Ecuador's Guayas and Venezuela's Simón Bolívar, Cuauhtémoc is a sailing ambassador for her home country and a frequent visitor to world ports, having sailed over 400000 nmi in her 38 years of service, with appearances at the Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Races, ASTA Tall Ships Challenges, Sail Osaka, and others.

Crest
The body of the shield is made up of two concentric circles: the exterior, like a cord of abaca, suggests the ship's rigging, the tool necessary for the crew to raise and lower the sails. The inner circle serves to concentrically divide the total circumference of the body.

The internal part of these carries in its center the silhouette of Cuauhtémoc on its port side and with all the rigging, sailing to the west, driven by the wind, represents her first trip to Mexico from Spain.

In the ring formed by the two circles there are two inscriptions: reading Armada de México (Mexican Navy) on the top, and Buque Escuela Cuauhtémoc (Cuauhtémoc School Ship), on the bottom.

The same ring offers, at the eastern point, the figure of the wind god Ehécatl, who with his breath propels the ship to the west. At the setting point appears the Sun of the evening twilight; at the north point, interspersed in the inscription, the sidereal stars that make constant knowledge of their position possible. Finally, in the upper part of the body, the eagle of the Mexican Coat of Arms, which recalls the origin of the ship and its strength.

Cruises
• Atlantic Cruise 1982 • Oriente Cruise 1983 • Tahiti Cruise 1984 • North Atlantic Cruise 1985 • Liberty Cruise 1986 • South Pacific Cruise 1987 • Mediterranean Cruise 1988 • Eurocaribe Cruise 1989 • 1990 Circumnavigation Cruise • 50th Anniversary Cruise of the Secretary of the Atlantic Navy 1992 • Cape Horn Cruise 1992-1993 • Cruise Europe 1994 • Canada Cruise 1994 • Baltic Cruise 1996 • Cruiser Osaka 1997 • Cruise Australia 1998 • Lisbon Cruise 1998 • 1999 North Sea Cruise • Euroamerica 2000 Cruise • Europe Cruise 2001 • 2002 Circumnavigation Cruise • Rouen Cruise 2003 • Sail Rhode Island 2004 • 2005 North Pacific Training Cruise • Circumnavigation Cruise 2006 • Baltic Instructional Cruise 2007 • Rouen Cruise 2008 • Japan Instructional Cruise 2009 • 2010 Bicentennial Sailing Instruction Cruise South America • Mediterranean Cruise 2011 • Atlantic Cruise 2012 • Europe Cruise 2013 • Sail Latin America 2014 • Levante Mediterranean Cruise 2015 • Ibero Atlantic Cruise 2016 • Centennial Cruise of the 2017 Constitution • Sail Latin America 2018

title: ARM Cuauhtémoc (BE01)


text:
Woollett

Woollett is a surname of English origin and may refer to:

 * Alan Woollett, British football player
 * Charlie Woollett (1920–2011), British football player
 * Henry Winslow Woollett (1895–1969), British World War I flying ace
 * Louise Knappen Woollett (1875–1955), American educator
 * Tony Woollett (1927–2004), British cricketer
 * Walter "Babe" Woollett (1906–1998), prominent figure of Canadian aviation
 * William Woollett (1735–1785), British engraver
 * William Lee Woollett (1873–1955), American architect

title: Woollett


text:
Talk:Single-mode optical fiber

Dated statement
"Currently, data rates of up to 10 Gigabits/second are possible at distances of over 60 km with commercially available transceivers"

Surely, we can do better than that? That's the capacity of a single OC-192, and my understanding is that many OC-192s can be run over a single fiber at different wavelengths. From the article on DWDM:

"The first WDM systems combined two signals and appeared around 1985. Modern systems can handle up to 160 signals and can expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fibre system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s over a single fiber pair."

--Jsnow 23:23, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have marked this with asof. ~KvnG 20:35, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

Discussion of Connectors
Why does this article spend a lot of time giving information on connectors which is not specific to single-mode fibers? Perhaps these portions should be moved to the optical fiber article.- Winston Spencer (talk) 03:01, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

I agree with Winston Spencer, that the Connector subchapter (, and the Optical Switch subchapter)should not be covered in the single-mode optical fiber article. Connectors are already described in the Optical fiber connector article. Sooner or later I will replace the subchapter by a link in the See also section Michilans (talk) 11:05, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Merely providing a link to the the Optical fiber connector article would not be sufficient. What about actually covering the specific connector types (, and the issues associated with them), that are specific to single-mode fibers? Finding out this information is the reason I ended up at this article in the first place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:3ABB:2B0:BEAE:C5FF:FE34:5910 (talk) 05:15, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

Apparent focus on TeleCom operator view only
As currently written, the article sounds like it is written entirely from the viewpoint, needs and standards of (US) telecom operators such as AT&T. Terminology, naming and even standards may be different in other relevant industries, such as the computer industry and the medical/photographic industry. Terms such as "outside plant", "customer premises" and references to Telcordia standards all seem to be from a Telecom viewpoint.

It may be a good idea to also describe this type of fiber-optic cabling as it is used outside telecom companies, e.g. for cabling in large computer installations. 77.215.46.17 (talk) 02:13, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

History
The history of single mode fiber should focus on Charles K. Kao who did his main work in the 1960s but is not currently mentioned. Instead the page states that "Huang Hongjia ...led a research team that successfully developed Single-mode optical fiber in 1980." GavinMorley (talk) 12:35, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Modal dispersion
I added a citation needed after "...single mode fibers do exhibit modal dispersion...". My understanding is that in single mode fiber, having a core diameter of only about eight times the wavelength of light used in the fiber, the light energy travels as an electromagnetic interaction between the core and cladding. The core is indeed a waveguide and there is only a single mode. Rsduhamel (talk) 21:16, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Criteria for Single-Mode fibers
Currently, the article only gives the fiber diameter as a criterium for single-mode operation. This appears to be highly inaccurate and only valid for standard telecom fibers - multi-mode fibers also exist for small core diameters such as given in the article. The article should probably be extended e.g. with reference to the V number for step index fibers.

Proposed merge of Quadruply clad fiber into Single-mode optical fiber
Can be covered within the scope of the wider article. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 13:32, 7 February 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 16:24, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

OS1/OS2 and wavelength
The existing sentence about OS1/OS2 is confusing about which wavelengths they support, maybe switch to something like "that can both be used". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:3023:51E:D500:0:0:0:6FB8 (talk) 20:14, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

 * What's unclear with OS1 and OS2 are standard single-mode optical fiber used with wavelengths 1310 nm and 1550 nm?

title: Talk:Single-mode optical fiber


text:
User talk:Aminasa~enwiki

Image Tagging Image:Gfghre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gfghre.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 23:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Allah.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Allah.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MetsBot 20:05, 9 December 2006 (UTC) gren グレン 10:56, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Aminasa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Aminasa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:56, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aminasa~enwiki


text:
South Side Irish

The South Side Irish is the large Irish-American community on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. After 1945, a large-scale movement to the suburbs occurred because of white flight and the steady upward social mobility of the Irish. Although their population has spread out, Irish Americans continue to make up the majority of the ethnic white American population on the south side of Chicago, especially in Beverly, Canaryville, Bridgeport, Scottsdale, Mount Greenwood, Morgan Park, Garfield Ridge, Clearing, Evergreen Park, and Oak Lawn.

History
Irish-Americans have had a presence on the South Side since the 19th century.

Since the 19th century, the ethnic Irish population in Chicago had been largely Catholic, and largely concentrated on the city's south side. Irish Catholics were often economically disenfranchised compared to other European ethnic groups, and often faced anti-irish sentiment or ethnic bias, especially by non-Catholic European groups. The Irish Catholic community was largely tight-knit with census records from the early 20th century suggesting areas like Canaryville, sometimes referred to as “Irish ghettos” being almost exclusively Irish.

By the 20th century, the Irish community began advancing both socially and economically. By the mid-20th century, the Irish had largely assimilated into American society, with many abandoning their Catholic faith, though many also maintaining it. Movement of the South Side Irish to the suburbs became pronounced in the 1940s and 50s due to white flight, highway construction, and governmental policies that encouraged suburbanization.

South Side Irish St. Patrick's Day Parade
The South Side Irish Parade is one of three annual St. Patrick's Day parades in Chicago. The South Side Irish Parade originally started in 1979. There was another South Side parade called the Southtown Parade started in the early 1950s. The original Southtown Parade route was on 79th Street from Ashland Avenue to Halsted Avenue in the St. Sabina Parish in Auburn Gresham neighborhood, which had a large Irish population until white flight rapidly occurred in the late 1960s. Some years after Richard J. Daley was elected mayor in 1955, he moved the Southtown Parade downtown and changed the name to the St. Patrick's Day Parade, though it continued on its old route until at least 1958.

On Saturday, March 17, 1979, best friends and original creators George Hendry and Pat Coakley, along with their wives, assembled 17 children (known in parade lore as the "Wee Folks of Washtenaw and Talman") from the West Morgan Park area. The parade route began from the 109th block of S. Washtenaw and Talman streets. Marching to the parade theme of “Bring Back St. Pat”, and an original parade float of a baby buggy covered with shamrocks and the 26 county flags of Ireland, the South Side Irish Parade was born. The theme created by Hendry and Coakley was their way of wanting to bring back the South Side parade that they had enjoyed as children. They had delivered notices along the original parade route to encourage people to participate in the parade by standing and waving from their porches. Popularity continued to grow, and in 1980 it was moved to Kennedy Park with an increased 300 participants, including children, dogs, and a bag piper. It has grown since then and was moved to its current route, down Western Avenue from 103rd Street to 115th Street through the Beverly and Morgan Park neighborhoods, in 1981. The parade, led by the Chicago Stockyard Kilty Band and held on either the Sunday before or the Sunday of St. Patrick's Day every year, it was considered to be one of the largest St. Patrick's Day community celebrations outside of Dublin. The 2008 parade was the 30th annual parade, which was held on Sunday, March 9, 2008. Of the two Chicago parades, the other being in downtown, the South Side Irish Parade was the more raucous occasion. The 2009 parade was presumably the last parade. On March 25, 2009, the South Side Irish St. Patrick's Day Parade Committee announced that they were not planning to stage a parade in its present form in March 2010. They noted that the event had become too large for the community to accommodate and the difficulty in policing such a large crowd while maintaining the dignity of the event. However the South Side Irish St. Patrick's Day Parade Committee outlined a security plan, saying they "feel will bring this great neighborhood tradition back as the family friendly event it was meant to be". The parade returned on Sunday, March 11, 2012.

South Side Irish song
Written by Tom Black, Tom Walsh, and Terry McEldowney A.K.A. The Irish Choir We're the Windy City Irish-where the craic is always best Where every day is Paddy's Day and everyone's a guest If you're Irish on the North Side or Irish on the West Welcome to the South Side come join our Irish Fest!

(Chorus) We're the South Side Irish as our fathers were before We come from the Windy City and we're Irish to the core From Bridgeport to Beverly from Midway to South Shore We're the South Side Irish-Let's sing it out once more!

Our parents came from Mayo, from Cork and Donegal. We come from Sabina's, St. Kilian and St. Gall Leo, Visitation, Little Flower and the rest. The South Side parishes are mighty-they're the best!

Chorus

We live on the South Side-Mayor Daley lived here too The Greatest Irish Leader that Chicago ever knew he was always proud of his South Side Irish roots! So here's to his honor to his memory we'll be true.

Chorus

We sing the songs our fathers sang when they were growing up Rebel songs of Erin's Isle in South Side Irish Pubs and when it comes to baseball-we have two favorite clubs The Go-Go White Sox... and whoever plays the Cubs!

Notable South Side Irish people

 * Steve Allen
 * Edward M. Burke, Chicago alderman
 * Emmet F. Byrne
 * Marty Casey
 * George Connor
 * Frank J. Corr
 * John Coughlin
 * Kevin Cronin
 * John P. Daley
 * Richard J. Daley
 * Richard M. Daley
 * William M. Daley
 * Tom Dart
 * Thomas A. Doyle
 * Finley Peter Dunne
 * Martin Patrick Durkin
 * Bil Dwyer
 * Jim Dwyer
 * Nancy Faust
 * James T. Farrell
 * Edward Rowan Finnegan
 * Michael Flatley
 * Terrance W. Gainer
 * James Hickey
 * Brian K. Hopkins, Chicago Alderman
 * Michael J. Howlett
 * Dan Hynes
 * Edward A. Kelly
 * Edward Joseph Kelly
 * Michael Kenna
 * Martin H. Kennelly
 * Lisa Madigan
 * Michael Madigan
 * Jenny McCarthy
 * Amy McCarthy
 * Tim McCarthy
 * Frank McErlane
 * Lawrence E. McGann
 * P.H. Moynihan
 * Morgan F. Murphy
 * William T. Murphy
 * James C. Murray
 * Kevin J. O'Connor
 * Catherine O'Leary
 * Jim O'Leary
 * Patrick O'Malley
 * John R. Powers
 * James M. Ragen
 * John C. Reilly
 * Robin Tunney
 * Thomas M. Tunney
 * Ed Walsh
 * George Wendt

title: South Side Irish


text:
2006 in video games

2006 saw the release of many sequels and prequels in video games, prominently including Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, Madden NFL 07, NBA Live 07, NBA 2K7, WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2007, Tony Hawk's Project 8, New Super Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog, and The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess, alongside many prominent new releases including Bully, Company of Heroes, Dead Rising, Gears of War, Just Cause, Lost Planet: Extreme Condition, Ōkami, Prey, Resistance: Fall of Man, Saints Row, and Thrillville. Two new home consoles were released during the year: Nintendo's Wii and Sony's PlayStation 3.

The year's best-selling game console was the Nintendo DS, while the year's best-selling video game was New Super Mario Bros. for the DS. The year's most critically acclaimed title was The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess for Nintendo's GameCube and Wii consoles.

Critically acclaimed titles
Metacritic (MC) and GameRankings (GR) are aggregators of video game journalism reviews.

title: 2006 in video games


text:
User talk:Musas

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! DES (talk) 23:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Musas


text:
1924 Republican National Convention

The 1924 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, at the Public Auditorium, from June 10 to 12.

Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge was nominated for a full term and went on to win the general election. The convention nominated Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden for vice president on the second ballot, but he declined the nomination. The convention then selected Charles G. Dawes. Also considered for the nomination was Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, a future vice president.

Delegates
For this convention the method of allocating delegates changed in order to reduce the overrepresentation of the South. This effort proved only partly successful as Southern delegates proved to be more overrepresented than they had been in 1916 or 1920, though they were not as overrepresented as they had been in 1912 and earlier.

There were 120 women delegates, 11% of the total. The Republican National Committee approved a rule providing for a national committeeman and a national committeewoman from each state.

Ku Klux Klan presence
The head of the Ku Klux Klan, Imperial Wizard Hiram Wesley Evans, was in the city for the convention but maintained a low public profile. Time featured Evans in a cover photograph in conjunction with an article about the organization's role in the Republican convention, dubbing it "the Kleveland Konvention." As with the 1924 Democratic National Convention, some delegates supported adding a condemnation of the Ku Klux Klan by name into the party platform, but they lacked enough support to bring their proposed language to a vote.

Presidential candidates
Coolidge faced a challenge from California Senator Hiram Johnson and Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette in the 1924 Republican primaries. Coolidge fended off his progressive challengers with convincing wins in the Republican primaries, and was assured of the 1924 presidential nomination by the time the convention began. After his defeat in the primaries, La Follette ran a third party candidacy that attracted significant support.

Prayers
Each of the three days of the convention opened with a lengthy invocation by a different clergymen—one Methodist, one Jewish, one Catholic. Each was listed among the convention officers as an official chaplain.

On June 10, the opening prayer was given by William F. Anderson, Methodist Episcopal bishop of Boston. Among other things, he called for "stricter observance of the law and the preservation of the Constitution of the United States", in other words, for more zealous enforcement of Prohibition.

The next day's session was opened by Rev. Dr. Samuel Schulman, rabbi of Temple Beth-El in New York. Schulman spoke with appreciation for "the Republican Party's precious heritage of the championship of human rights"; he called for "every form of prejudice and misunderstanding" to be "driven forever out of our land". Speaking of Calvin Coolidge, he praised "the integrity, the wisdom, the fearlessness of our beloved President".

On June 12, the final day's invocation was given by Roman Catholic Bishop Joseph Schrembs of Cleveland. Schrembs characterized President Calvin Coolidge as "a chieftain whose record of faithful public service, and whose personality, untarnished and untainted by the pollution of political corruption, will fill the heart of America with the new hope of a second spring".

title: 1924 Republican National Convention


text:
User:Rick Block/trolls, vandals, and POV pushers

When Wikipedia started (before I was around) it was a relatively small group of contributors who basically all shared the same philosophy and were a more or less cohesive community. The consensus processes all reflect that (relatively) idyllic beginning. With more and more participatation from more and more people, I fear it may have reached the point where the direct democracy approach has started to break down. Considering the ancient Greek democracy vs. the Roman representative democracy seems perhaps useful. One possible change would be to restrict voting, in all forums, to elected representatives. I think some folks already view admins as having that sort of role (although this is distinctly not the current role of admin). It's clear to me that there aren't any statistically valid polls anymore - since all the polls are self selecting and the number of voters is miniscule compared to even the number of reasonably active users. Instituting a representative voting system, and requiring some percentage of the representatives to vote seems like it might help.

Another issue that comes from wikipedia's popularity, and its role as a reference, is that it is attracting folks who want it to reflect their POV (he who controls the presses controls popular opinion). POV pushing is, I think, worse than vandalism because it is harder to recognize and doesn't really have any consequences. Given an open wiki, I'm not sure this is fixable but a start might be to put some real teeth behind NPOV and start banning POV pushing users. I suspect this can't really be done without first fixing the "consensus" issue.

Without doing either of these, ultimately somebody will fork a copy and start over. Given how many people have left because of trolls/vandalism/POV I'm actually a little surprised it hasn't happened already. There is a wikipedia 1.0 project. I'm not sure if it's still active, but maybe it's time to really figure out how to make this happen. It could be that the right way to do this is to have a "1.0" fork, readable by the world but with a restricted population of editors, fed by the existing wikipedia.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Black Pullet

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was consensus to keep, so I won't delete it now, but if the content was a copyvio it will be deleted as such per the procedure at WP:CP. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:38, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Black_Pullet
Fanciful and unverifiable information on non-notable book. Google search for "Black Pullet" "magical talismanic rings" produces just 14 results. Magick-cruft, not encyclopaedia material. 80.255 23:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Search for "Black Pullet" grimoire and you'll find more results. --Howcheng 23:42, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Amren (talk) 02:18, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, Of all the reasons: "Fanciful and unverifiable information on non-notable book" - are you a fool? There is an external link to an ACTUAL source which is in fact the book itself! Not to mention the fact that if you Google the term Black Pullet it comes up with lots of results referring to the book, look on Amazon.com where you can still buy the book - The Black Pullet. It's not "Black Pullet magical talismanic rings", it's a book about the Science of Magical Talismans. I reccomend you research or even read the article properly before you put it up for deletion, this is just ridiculous trigger-happy deletionism taking place! Piecraft 14:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You can buy the book on amazon - as you can almost every other book that has been written in the last century! Are we to have articles on every book sold by amazon!? This is not a notable book! As for the "actual source" - this doesn't make it notable. I maintain that this book is not notable; it's obscure and generally not of a level of relevance that merits inclusion here. 80.255 17:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I hope you're not being serious with that above comment, because it is plainly clear that you have no idea about what you are taling about. We might as well put Necronomicon up for deletion as well then. There is more detailed information about the origins of this book from [The Study of Solomonic Magic in English] by Don Karr. Piecraft 17:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Look up on [Google] and you will find more than enough results, look on the other pages as well. Also please look on [Amazon.com] for the book itself. If you don't understand or know anything about the occult I would reccomend you do not try to use your unqualified opinion to condemn an article which is based on an actual Grimoire which is even listed in the article of Grimoires on Wikipedia.

unquote. Looks to me as though you like to throw that word "notability" around but only use it to your own advantage.
 * Reading your reasons make me laugh 80.255, when it's blatantly obvious you're a hypocrite - if no one believes me see for yourself in the VfD for Outsourcing to India Talk page, and I quote:
 * Keep, notable book. 80.255 20:01, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Why notable? Amazon.com Sales Rank: #540,801 in Books as compared to... Dlyons493 21:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have noted your attempt at ad hominem objection to this listing, and also the fact that you have failed to provide any acceptable objection! "Outsourcing to India" deals with a topic of far greater inportance than this supposed 'book', and the former produces far more google hits, too. 80.255 00:39, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

This is a direct copy from the first review on amazon. I have listed it as a copyvio. Zoe 22:58, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jærbladet

Jærbladet is a Norwegian local newspaper published in Bryne, at Jæren in county Rogaland. It covers the three municipalities: Time, Hå and Klepp. It is issued three days a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. It started in 1949. The newspaper tends to use the written form of nynorsk (modernized Norwegian), typical for the western counties, but bokmål (modernized Dano-Norwegian) as well.

Jærbladet is published by Jærbladet AS, which is owned by Amedia.

Circulation

 * 2007: 13,064, of whom 12,862 are subscribers.
 * 2008: 13,264, of whom 13,032 are subscribers.

title: Jærbladet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PlayStation Portable piracy

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge and Redirect to PlayStation Portable. --Ryan Delaney talk 20:19, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

PlayStation Portable piracy
Wikipedia doesn't promote piracy and this article has nothing other. I was even expecting the article to have links, but the creator was not that creative. feydey 23:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge some of the information into PlayStation Portable. --Howcheng 23:35, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge There's some useful info there that belongs in PSP.Amren (talk) 02:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as well. Thunderbrand 17:36, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
STMP

STMP may refer to:

 * Sodium trimetaphosphate (also STMP), a metaphosphate of sodium
 * Stamps.com (Nasdaq ticker: STMP), an American company that provides Internet-based mailing and shipping services
 * STEAP2 (alias: STMP), an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STEAP2 gene
 * STMP, a chipset series manufactured by SigmaTel

title: STMP


text:
Tiliacora triandra

Tiliacora triandra is a species of flowering plant native to mainland Southeast Asia and used particularly in the cuisines of northeast Thailand and Laos. In the Isan dialect of Lao, the language of northeastern Thailand, it is called bai yanang or bai ya nang (ใบย่านาง, literally "yanang leaf"), or simply yanang or ya nang (ย่านาง). In Laos, it is also called bai yanang (ໃບຢານາງ). In Khmer, it is called voar yeav (វល្លិយាវ). It is a climbing plant with deep green leaves and yellowish flowers, tolerating only very mild frost.

Culinary use
In the Lao Isan culture of northeastern Thailand, the leaves are used in the preparation of kaeng no mai (แกงหน่อไม้, sometimes called kaeng Lao (แกงลาว)),photo, after the ethnic Lao majority of northeastern Thailand, is a chili-hot tasting soup contained bamboo shoots, chilis, salt, and sometimes also oyster mushrooms, straw mushrooms, cha-om, or other ingredients. Generally the leaves are not used whole, but rather a juice (or extract) made from the leaves is used to make the broth, primarily as a thickening agent rather than for its flavor. This juice may be prepared from scratch, from fresh leaves, or purchased in canned form.photo In Vietnam, the plant is called dây sương sâm, and can be made into a kind of jelly called: "sương sâm", sometimes combined with other ingredients as beverage and desserts.

In Cambodia, it is used as an ingredient in sour soups called samlor machu.

In Laos and Thailand, the leaves are extracted with water using both hands rubbing on leaves back and forth until all the green part in the leaves are out in the water, this is called nam yanang (ນໍ້າຢານາງ; น้ำย่านาง), meaning "yanang water". The yanang water is used to make bamboo soup.

title: Tiliacora triandra


text: Category:Finnish archers

title: Category:Finnish archers


text:
Sherwood, Nottingham

Sherwood is a large district and ward of the city of Nottingham, England, 1.5 mile north of the city centre. The population at the 2011 census was 15,414. It is bordered by Woodthorpe to the northeast, Mapperley to the east, Carrington to the south, New Basford and Basford to the west, and Daybrook and Bestwood to the north.

It should be carefully distinguished from Sherwood Forest, the Sherwood parliamentary constituency, and Newark and Sherwood district council, all of which lie several miles further north outside the city boundaries.

History
Several carved, dated stones in buildings indicate development in the area between 1870 and 1910, during the growth of the lace industry. There are also several listed buildings.

Sherwood Bus Depot was built in 1900 by Nottingham Corporation Tramways, as part of an initiative to extend the Carrington line to Winchester Street. Trams ran on the route until 6 September 1936 when they were replaced by buses. Part of the premises is now occupied by the Samuel Hall public house, part of the J D Wetherspoon chain, and another part as community meeting rooms known as 'The Place Activity Centre', run by the Sherwood Depot Action Group.

Notable people

 * Julia Bell (1879–1979), geneticist, was born in Sherwood

Politics
The ward of Sherwood (which includes some adjacent neighbourhoods) is represented by Nottingham City Council and has three Labour Party councillors. It lies in the Nottingham East parliamentary constituency, which from 1992 until 2010 was represented by MP John Heppell, and from 2010 by Chris Leslie, who was elected with a majority of 6,969. The constituency is now represented by Labour MP Nadia Whittome.

Amenities
Within the area of Sherwood, there are two primary schools: Seely Primary and Nursery School on Perry Road, and Haydn Primary School on Haydn Road.

Haydn Road is also the location of Nottingham Free School, which is in Berridge Ward in the neighbourhood of New Basford.

Nottingham Prison and Young Offenders' Institute is located on Perry Road.

In October 2007, Sherwood Police Station opened at 621 Mansfield Road, allowing for a more visible local police presence. As a result, crime fell by 13% from 2008 to 2009. The station was one of twelve sites closed three years later as part of a cost-saving drive. Only a police contact centre next to the library remains.

The main shopping precinct lies along the busy A60 Mansfield Road. High street shops such as Boots, LloydsPharmacy, Wilko and Co-op Food are interspersed with charity shops, including Oxfam and Cancer Research UK and several restaurants. Other amenities include a sub-post office, newsagents, butchers, stationers, dentists, garages, greengrocers, hairdressers, cafés, estate agencies, the Nottingham Building Society and several pubs.

The Jason Spencer Sports Ground was built in 2011 on Valley Road after the murder of local teenager, Jason Spencer. It has a basketball court, an outdoor gym and a skate park.

Sherwood Community Centre lies at the northern end of Mansfield Road, opposite the Woodthorpe Grange Park. It is the meeting place of many well established local groups such as the Bobbin Lace Society, the Sherwood Playgroup and the Prince's Trust. It also hosts a wide variety of activities, including adult ballet and tap classes, yoga, creative embroidery and Zumba.

Sherwood Library, on the corner of Mansfield Road and Spondon Street, holds regular community events.

Sherwood has a number of churches, including St Martin's Church on Trevose Gardens, Sherwood Methodist Church on Devon Drive, and United Reformed Church on Edwards Lane.

Bus services
Sherwood is served by several Nottingham City Transport bus routes and is on the A60 road, an arterial thoroughfare into Nottingham city centre.

Nottingham City Transport
 * 15: Nottingham – Hucknall Road (Sherwood) – City Hospital – Rise Park
 * 16: Nottingham – Hucknall Road (Sherwood) – City Hospital – Top Valley – Rise Park
 * 17: Nottingham – Hucknall Road (Sherwood) – City Hospital – Bulwell
 * 40: Nottingham – St Ann's – Sherwood – City Hospital
 * 56: Nottingham – Sherwood – Plains Estate – Arnold
 * 57: Nottingham – Sherwood – Plains Estate
 * 58: Nottingham – Sherwood – Arnold – Killisick
 * 59: Nottingham – Sherwood – Arnold – Killisick
 * 87: Nottingham – Sherwood – City Hospital – Redhill – Arnold
 * 88: Nottingham – Sherwood – City Hospital – Top Valley – Rise Park
 * 89: Nottingham – Sherwood – City Hospital – Rise Park

Trent Barton
 * The Calverton: Nottingham – Sherwood – Arnold – Calverton (A Limited Number continue to Oxton and Epperstone)
 * The Threes: Nottingham – Hucknall Road (Sherwood) – City Hospital – Hucknall

Stagecoach East Midlands
 * Pronto: Nottingham – Sherwood – Mansfield – Chesterfield
 * Sherwood Arrow: Nottingham – Sherwood – New Ollerton

title: Sherwood, Nottingham


text:
Nanda Lwin

Nanda Layos Lwin (born August 31, 1971, in London, Ontario) is a Canadian author, music historian, journalist, civil engineer, and educator. He wrote the weekly ChartTalk column, a commentary of the current Canadian music charts; it appeared on canoe.ca from 1997 to 2002 and in The Hamilton Spectator from 2003 to 2006. He is the author and publisher of eight books including Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (1999) and Top Albums: The Essential Chart Guide (2003), primarily documenting the chart history of the Canadian music magazine The Record.

Lwin holds a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Toronto and a master's degree in engineering and public policy from McMaster University and is a licensed professional engineer in Ontario. He is currently teaching civil engineering technology at Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology.

Books written by Lwin
Lwin has authored the following books:
 * The Record 1994 Chart Almanac (1995) (ISBN 1-896594-00-X).
 * The Canadian Singles Chart Book (1996) (ISBN 1-896594-09-3).
 * Canada's Top Hits of the Year (1997) (ISBN 1-896594-10-7).
 * The 1996 Country Chart Yearbook (1997) (ISBN 1-896594-11-5).
 * Canada's Top 1000 Singles (1998) (ISBN 1-896594-12-3).
 * Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (1999) (ISBN 1-896594-13-1).
 * Top Albums: The Essential Chart Guide (2003) (ISBN 1-896594-14-X).
 * The Essential 2002 Chart Yearbook (2003) (ISBN 1-896594-15-8).

title: Nanda Lwin


text:
Passage (dressage)

The passage is a movement seen in upper-level dressage, in which the horse performs a highly elevated and extremely powerful trot. The horse is very collected and moves with great impulsion. The passage differs from the working, medium, collected, and extended trot in that the horse raises a diagonal pair high off the ground and suspends the leg for a longer period than seen in the other trot types. The hindquarters are very engaged, and the knees and hocks are flexed more than the other trot types. The horse appears to trot in slow motion, making it look as if it is dancing. The passage is first introduced in the dressage intermediaire test II. A horse must be well-confirmed in its training to perform the passage, and must be proficient in collecting while remaining energetic, calm, and supple. The horse must also have built up the correct muscles to do the strenuous movement.

title: Passage (dressage)


text:
Talk:Labrador City

Untitled
I changed small town to city. if it has 8000 population it is not a small town. WayneRay 17:57, 16 June 2007 (UTC)WayneRay
 * It's not a city. It's not incorporated as such. It's incorporated as a town. Qyd (talk) 02:51, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The perennial debate about Lab City... :p

 * This page is called “Labrador City” tho.. or did it become renamed overtime? Xd ~KiwiReg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.51.233.5 (talk) 18:38, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

National Geographic
No mention that it was in NG in May of 1967.The article says there are no roads out of town. Is this still true? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.31.12.175 (talk) 02:27, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

 * That's not true. There is one road/highway out of town — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.135.119.217 (talk) 19:37, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Just a Note
Hey folks, just wanted to say, i love the bit in the article about the number of Masonic lodges in town. It's coming across this kind of thing which keeps Wikipedia fun and informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.30.233.53 (talk) 21:42, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Labrador City


text:
User talk:Milindkanetkar

Image Tagging Image:Gimcolour.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gimcolour.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 23:34, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Gimlogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gimlogo.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milindkanetkar


text: File:ConcertGeorgeCover.jpg

title: File:ConcertGeorgeCover.jpg


text:
Lac Vieux Desert

Lac Vieux Desert is a lake in the United States divided between Gogebic County, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. Fed primarily by springs in the surrounding swamps, it is the source of the Wisconsin River, which flows out of its southwest corner. The lake contains a number of small islands, especially in its northeastern lobe, including Draper Island, in Michigan, and Duck Island, in Wisconsin.

Lac Vieux Desert has a surface elevation 1680 ft above sea level, and a maximum depth of about 40 ft. The surface area is 4260 acre, of which approximately two-thirds is in Wisconsin and one third in Michigan.

Located in the Lake District of northern Wisconsin, the lake is a popular boating and fishing resort.

The lake was named by French fur trappers, who were some of the first Europeans in the region. They translated the name into French from the term used by the Ojibwe of the area: Gete-gitigaani-zaaga'igan, meaning "Lake of the Old Clearing", or "Old Garden." At the time of European colonization, the Ojibwe (also known in the US as Chippewa) occupied extensive territory around Lake Superior, in what are now the jurisdictions of northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota in the United States, and northern Ontario through southeastern Manitoba in Canada.

The Michigan shore of Lac Vieux Desert is in the largest of the few small areas of Michigan that are part of the drainage or watershed of the Mississippi River. There are three such areas along the Wisconsin border with Gogebic County and a bit of Iron County in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and two areas along the Indiana border with Berrien County in southern Michigan.

Recreation
There are multiple resorts and campgrounds on the lake. Most of the shoreline on the Wisconsin side of the lake is developed, however dense forest surrounds many of the properties.

Fishing
On July 16, 1919, a tiger muskellunge claimed by both Wisconsin and Michigan as a state record and by the International Game Fish Association as the all-tackle world record was caught in Lac Vieux Desert. It was 54.0 in long and weighed 51 lb. The record has stood longer than any other fishing record in either state.

Local activities and attractions

 * Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation, owns and operates a gaming casino
 * Paulding Light
 * Bond Falls
 * Agate Falls Scenic Site

title: Lac Vieux Desert


text: Talk:Lac Vieux Desert

title: Talk:Lac Vieux Desert


text:
Bernard Ramm

Bernard L. Ramm (1 August 1916 in Butte, Montana – 11 August 1992 in Irvine, California) was a Baptist theologian and apologist within the broad evangelical tradition. He wrote prolifically on topics concerned with biblical hermeneutics, religion and science, Christology, and apologetics. The hermeneutical principles presented in his 1956 book Protestant Biblical Interpretation influenced a wide spectrum of Baptist theologians. During the 1970s he was widely regarded as a leading evangelical theologian as well known as Carl F.H. Henry. His equally celebrated and criticized 1954 book The Christian View of Science and Scripture was the theme of a 1979 issue of the Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation, while a 1990 issue of Baylor University's Perspectives in Religious Studies was devoted to Ramm's views on theology.

Education
Ramm initially studied chemistry then switched to philosophy of science in preparation for ministry. His tertiary education included a B.A. (University of Washington), B.D. (Eastern Baptist Seminary), M.A. in 1947 & Ph.D in 1950 (University of Southern California). He undertook additional studies at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Basel, Switzerland (1957-1958 academic year with Karl Barth), and the Near Eastern School of Theology, Beirut, Lebanon.

Career
His academic teaching career began in 1943, when he joined the faculty at the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University, La Mirada, California). He became Professor of Philosophy at Bethel College and Seminary, and then Professor of Religion at Baylor University, Texas. He briefly taught at Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. Most of his academic teaching took place at the American Baptist Seminary of the West at Covina, California, where he taught 1958–74 and again 1978-86. At that seminary he held the post of Professor of Systematic Theology.

Writings
Ramm wrote eighteen books, contributed chapters to other books, and authored over one hundred articles and book reviews that were published in various theological periodicals.

In his contributions to Christian apologetics, Ramm began his career in the evidentialist camp, but his later work reflected a shift in viewpoint to a modified form of presuppositional apologetics that had some affinity with the work of Edward John Carnell. In spite of harsh criticisms of Karl Barth from more traditionally Calvinist apologists such as Cornelius Van Til, Gordon Clark, and Carl F. H. Henry, Ramm would explore much of Barth's theological viewpoint, eventually embracing Barth's theology almost wholeheartedly as outlined in Ramm's own book After Fundamentalism (Harper & Row, 1983).

Ramm did not utilise the classical or Thomist approach in arguments for God's existence. He maintained that apart from faith God was unknowable. He likewise emphasised that the noetic effects of sin rendered theistic proofs useless. In Ramm's view, the proof of God's existence is in Holy Scripture.

He argued that the primary use of apologetic evidences is to create a favourable climate of opinion so that the Gospel may be proclaimed, and believed. In this respect he felt that miracles and fulfilled prophecy provided a factual basis for that climate of opinion. Ramm placed strong emphasis on the inner witness of the Holy Spirit verifying the gospel to the believer.

In some respects Ramm's emphasis on the inner witness of the Spirit reflected the view of John Calvin, but it also reflected the influence of Karl Barth, under whom he studied in Switzerland.

Near the end of his life, Ramm was honored with a book of essays by his colleagues and younger contemporaries.

Influence of The Christian View of Science and Scripture
In his book, The Christian View of Science and Scripture, published in 1954, he was critical of "flood geology" and the notion of a young earth and influenced the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA) in not supporting "flood geology" during the 1950s before Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb popularised Young Earth Creationism and Flood geology in their 1961 book entitled The Genesis Flood.

Reformed theologian Meredith G. Kline, known for advancing the framework interpretation of Genesis cites this book in his influential article "Because It Had Not Rained" after having reviewed it three years earlier, stating "It is, indeed, informative and provocative. Moreover, it has some good emphases. It can, therefore, be read profitably if read critically." yet cautioning "It would be well...for teachers of God's people to be hesitant or, at the least, very careful in providing public documentation of the history of their personal struggle after the truth." Kline also found Ramm's defense of the authority of scripture potentially inconsistent and Ramm's hermeneutical question regarding the place of natural revelation in interpreting scripture while a valid one, his approach in exploring and attempting to answer it done with too much zeal and dangerously close to being error-prone.

The publisher's choice of title, in particular its initial article The Christian View of Science and Scripture, turned out to be a magnet for criticism. Ramm's original title was 'The Evangelical Faith and Modern Science', but the publisher changed this in order for it to be similar to the title of James Orr's 1893 book The Christian View of God and the World.

The year 1979 marked the book's 25th anniversary, which was celebrated by the American Scientific Affiliation in devoting that year's December issue of its journal JASA to Ramm by including evaluations from theologians on the influence of The Christian View of Science and Scripture as well as an interview with Ramm and his wife Alta.

In a survey of Religion and Science books, Covenant Theological Seminary professor and ordained PCA minister C. John Collins called this book "a classic from a conservative evangelical author."

Influence of Protestant Christian Evidences
His work Protestant Christian Evidences is considered a classic and is still often cited.

Professor Ramm is often quoted for writing the following in his work Protestant Christian Evidences:

"Jews preserved it as no other manuscript has ever been preserved. With their massora they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word, and paragraph. They had special classes of men within their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity – scribes, lawyers, masoretes.

In regard to the New Testament, there are about 13,000 manuscripts, complete and incomplete, in Greek and other languages, that have survived from antiquity.

A thousand times over, the death knell of the Bible has been sounded, the funeral procession formed, the inscription cut on the tombstone, and committal read. But somehow the corpse never stays put. No other book has been so chopped, knifed, sifted, scrutinized, and vilified. What book on philosophy or religion or psychology or belles lettres of classical or modern times has been subject to such a mass attack as the Bible? With such venom and skepticism? With such thoroughness and erudition? Upon every chapter, line and tenet?

The Bible is still loved by millions, read by millions, and studied by millions."

Ramm also stated, in his often cited work Protestant Christian Evidences, the following: "A historic person named Jesus gave certain men such an impact as to be unequaled by far in the entire annals of the human race. After nearly two thousand years the impact is not at all spent, but daily there are people who have tremendous revolutionary experiences which they associate with Jesus Christ, be He dead or risen in Heaven. The personality of Jesus is without parallel. It is unique and incomparable (Protestant Christian Evidences [Chicago: Moody, 1953], p. 171)."

Selected publications

 * Problems in Christian Apologetics, Western Baptist Theological Seminary, Portland, Oregon, 1949.
 * Protestant Christian Evidences, Moody Press, Chicago, 1953.
 * Types of Apologetic Systems, Van Kampen Press, Wheaton, 1953.
 * Christian View of Science and Scripture, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1954.
 * The Pattern of Authority, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1957.
 * The Witness of the Spirit, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1960.
 * Special Revelation and the Word of God, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1961.
 * Varieties of Christian Apologetics: An Introduction to the Christian Philosophy of Religion, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962.
 * The Christian College in the Twentieth Century, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1963.
 * Them He Glorified, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1963.
 * A Handbook Of Contemporary Theology, William B. Eermans, Grand Rapids, 1966.
 * Protestant Biblical Interpretation: A Textbook of Hermeneutics, 3rd revised edition, Baker Book House, 1970.
 * Right, the good and the happy: The Christian in a world of Distorted Values, Word, Waco, 1971.
 * The God Who Makes A Difference: A Christian Appeal to Reason, Word, Waco, 1972.
 * The Evangelical Heritage, Word, Waco, 1973.
 * Rapping About the Spirit, Word, Waco, 1974.
 * Devil, Seven Wormwoods, and God, Word, Waco, 1977.
 * After Fundamentalism: The Future of Evangelical Theology, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1983.
 * An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, 1985.
 * Offense to Reason: A Theology of Sin, Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985.
 * God's Way Out: Finding the Road to Personal Freedom Through Exodus (Bible Commentary for Laymen), Regal, Ventura, 1987.
 * Ramm and others, Hermeneutics, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1987.

Books about

 * Stanley Grenz (ed). Perspectives on Theology in the Contemporary World: Essays in Honor of Bernard Ramm, Mercer University Press, Macon, Georgia, 1990.

Ph.D. Theses about

 * Bernard Ramm’s reception of Karl Barth’s doctrine of the Word of God by Simon Sze Wang Wat. 2011.
 * A critique of Bernard Ramm's doctrine of the Bible by Kenny Regan Pulliam. 1986.
 * Scripture and theology an analysis of Bernard Ramm's proposal to adopt Karl Barth's methodology by Robert L Jones. 1985.
 * The theological system of Bernard L. Ramm by David Miller. 1982.
 * The concept of revelation the theology of Bernard Ramm by R. Alan Day. 1979.

title: Bernard Ramm