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Stabilimentum

A stabilimentum (plural: stabilimenta), also known as a web decoration, is a conspicuous silk structure included in the webs of some species of orb-web spider. Its function is a subject of debate.

Origin
Likely, the use of stabilimenta evolved independently at least nine different times. Araneus and Gasteracantha make silk stabilimenta, while Cyclosa and the closely related Allocyclosa bifurca make stabilimenta of silk, detritus, and their egg sacs. All those evolved independently from those of Argiope, although some decorations of Allocyclosa bifurca closely resemble those of Argiope.

Form
Although web decorations are common in several spider species in the families Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, and Uloboridae, they are probably best known from spiders of the genus Argiope. This genus includes several species known as the Saint Andrew's Cross spiders, so named for their habit of resting in their webs with their legs outstretched in the shape of an X, the traditional shape of the cross of Saint Andrew. Argiope argentata, more commonly known as silver argiopes, are also known for spinning stabilimenta into their web. These stabilimenta can appear as zig-zag lines, and most commonly come in bouts of four creating a center-less X. Spiders in this genus also construct web decorations as vertical lines, and juveniles commonly construct disc-shaped decorations. Other spiders construct round structures covering the entire hub of the web. Azilia vachoni construct conspicuous stabilimenta with attached detritus such as egg sacs and insect carcasses (mostly their prey), and also hang debris such as dried leaves from their webs.

Function
There is much controversy surrounding the function of these structures, and different species likely use them for different purposes.

Originally the decorations were thought to stabilize the web (hence the term stabilimentum), though this hypothesis has since been dismissed because it was found that the decoration is only loosely attached to the web so that the actual influence on the stability could only be minor.

Notable is the fact that stabilimentum-building spiders are largely diurnal. It has been suggested that stabilimenta could protect the spider by either camouflaging it (by breaking up its outline) or making it appear larger (by extending its outline). Another hypothesis is that they make the web visible and therefore animals such as birds are less likely to damage the spider's web. More recent work (2016) has leaned toward this latter hypothesis, further finding that food capture was reduced by their presence. The authors note that regardless of function, there is a high cost to building a stabilimentum, and therefore the benefit must be equally large.

The other dominating hypothesis is that web decorations attract prey by reflecting ultraviolet light. Light in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum is known to be attractive to many species of insects.

Another hypothesis is that the purpose of the stabilimentum is to attract the male of the species to the web when the female is ready to reproduce. A limited study carried out in the Calahonda area of Spain in the summer of 1992 showed that there was a positive correlation between the presence of a male in the webs of Argiope lobata and the presence of a stabilimentum. Many other hypotheses have also been proposed, such as thermoregulation, stress, or regulation of excess silk. At least one species has been observed to vibrate the web, while positioned in the stabilimentum when approached by a body the size of a human.

While many Uloborus species construct stabilimenta, Uloborus gibbosus does not; it usually rests at the edge of its orb and drops to the ground if disturbed. This is thought to support the web camouflage hypothesis. In contrast, the strongly UV-reflecting stabilimentum of the uloborid Octonoba sybotides was found to be attractive to Drosophila flies.

Several evolutionary models were proposed for the inconsistency in function across species. Stark argued that although these hypotheses seemingly conflict, they might not be mutually exclusive, and suggested that we could take a hierarchical approach to model this problem: the predominant factor leading to stabilimentum production (i.e., the main function of the decoration) in each population might be different depending on the prey-and-predating context of that population. For example, in an environment where the food is abundant but predation pressure is high, the food resources are less important than prey avoidance. Therefore, the stabilimentum might have little to no effect on attracting prey but functions well as a distraction from predators. Walter offered a similar but more specific solution. He stated that the function of stabilimenta might not even be pattern or species-specific. Instead, he hypothesized that the visual signaling effect of stabilimenta might be derived from some non-signaling trait that is connected to other aspects of web-building behavior, such as silk disposition; this behavior was then selected preferentially to the specific ecological environment and therefore would be displayed through different patterns and functions among various habitats.

In Cyclosa argenteoalba, web decorations were found to support Stark's hypothesis above in that they do not attract prey and instead deter predators. This was determined through experiments where the spiders produced longer silk decorations when there was an increased predation risk, but were not affected by the amount of available prey.

Materials
While the most conspicuous and well-studied decorations are constructed entirely of silk (for example in Argiope), some spiders combine silk with other items such as egg sacs and debris (for example in Cyclosa). It seems likely that these decorations camouflage the spider, thus protecting it from predators.

Something different occurs in some species of the golden orb spiders in the genus Nephila. These spiders commonly attach lines of uneaten prey items to their webs. Recent studies have shown that these items help the spider to attract more prey.

In popular culture
It is claimed that, after observing stabilimenta in a spider web, E. B. White came up with the idea of a writing spider for his book Charlotte's Web.

title: Stabilimentum


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Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/March 18

March 18

 * 2010 – Aviastar-TU Flight 1906, operated by Tupolev Tu-204 RA-64011 crashed on approach to Domodedovo International Airport, Moscow. The aircraft was written off, the first hull loss for Aviastar and the first of a Tu-204.

 * 2010 – Exin Flight 3589, operated by Antonov An-26 SP-FDO received an unsafe gear warning on approach to Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport, Tallinn, Estonia on a flight from Helsinki Airport, Helsinki, Finland. A go-around was initiated, during which an engine failed and a wheels-up landing was made on the frozen surface of Lake Ülemiste. Two of the six crew were injured.

 * 2008 – Delta Air Lines offers voluntary severance to 30,000 employees, which is half of their workforce.

 * 2002 – Entered Service: HAL Dhruv with the Indian Coast Guard

 * 1999 – An ALIANSA Columbia Douglas DC-3 (HK-337) disappears on a flight from Cucuta to El Yopal. After four days, the crash site is found on a hill, along with its 8 deceased passengers and crew.

 * 1999 – American Airlines announces their purchasing of the naming right of the American Airlines Center arena in Dallas, Texas for a mere $195 million.

 * 1998 – A Formosa Airlines Saab 340 (B-12255) crashes into the sea, killing all 13 aboard. The Captain decides to depart, despite the known failure of the right-hand main bus. This has a domino effect on several systems, including navigation and flight instruments. With that, the right engine anti-ice start bleed valve being in the open position lead to a 13% torque split between the two engines and a yaw-effect when not compensated for. Poor weather conditions and pilot fatigue (the Captain flew several flights throughout the day already) led to spatial disorientation. Add it all up and the result is a right bank after departure that the pilots do not notice until it is unrecoverable.

 * 1997 – Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023, an Antonov An-24, breaks up in flight and crashes near Cherkessk, Russia; all 50 on board die.

 * 1969 – 18-19 – The Royal Air Force airlifts 300 troops to Anguilla in response to the civil unrest that had broken out on the island.

 * 1969 – In Operation Breakfast, 48 U. S. Air Force B-52 Stratofortresses bomb the Fishhook in Cambodia in an attack on what the Americans believe to be the general Communist headquarters within Cambodia. It is the first event in Operation Menu, the secret 14-month-long American bombing of Cambodia targeting North Vietnamese Army sanctuaries there.

 * 1966 – First flight of the Wassmer WA-51

 * 1966 – United Arab Airlines Flight 749, an Antonov An-24, crashed while attempting to land at Cairo International Airport. All 30 passengers and crew on board were killed.

 * 1965 – Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 min, becomes the first person to walk in space.

 * 1963 – The Dassault Balzac makes its first transitions from vertical to horizontal flight and back

 * 1962 – Entered Service: Convair CV-990 with American Airlines

 * 1961 – First flight of the Tupolev Tu-28

 * 1960 – A Northwest Orient Airlines Boeing 377 Stratocruiser makes a 300-foot (91-meter) emergency dive to avoid colliding with two Air National Guard jets over Lansing, Michigan. Among the passengers is Morris Chalfen, producer of the Holiday on Ice skating shows, whose wife and three children had died the previous day on Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710.

 * 1958 – Test pilot Leo J. "Pete" Colapietro bails out of Douglas F4D Skyray during routine test flight over the Pacific Ocean which goes out of control, ejects at ~650 mph (1,050 km/h), suffers right arm broken in two places, fractured pelvis, two cracked vertebrae, and a dislocated shoulder. Parachute deploys automatically, however, and pilot is rescued from the water after 45 minutes by a helicopter and a rescue launch. He remains in hospital for over six weeks.

 * 1957 – Christer Fuglesang, Swedish ESA astronaut, was born. Fuglesang was the first Swede and the first Nordic citizen in space aboard the STS-116 Shuttle mission on 10 December 2006.

 * 1957 – A Lloyd Aereo Boliviano Douglas DC-3 (CP-535) crashes in Sayari, Bolivia, killing all of its 19 passengers and crew.

 * 1954 – McDonnell F3H-1N Demon, BuNo 133490, suffers engine fire during test flight out of Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, Maryland. Airframe tumbles, and crashes at sea. LCDR N. J. Smith III ejects at 14,000 ft, 480 kts.

 * 1953 – Brig Gen Richard E. Ellsworth, commander of the 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, is killed in the crash of Convair RB-36H-25-CF Peacemaker, 51-13721, he was co-piloting on a 25-hour journey as part of a simulated combat mission flying from Lajes, Azores back to Rapid City Air Force Base, South Dakota. As part of the exercise, the bomber was observing radio silence and had switched off their radar guidance, flying via celestial navigation. They had planned to fly low over the ocean, steadily increasing to higher altitudes before reaching the mountainous countryside of Newfoundland. Late into the night, the aircraft struck bad weather and went off course, reaching Newfoundland 90 minutes earlier than planned. At 0410 hrs. at a hill near Burgoyne's Cove, inland from Nut Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, with sleet, fog, freezing drizzle, and visibility estimated at less than 1⁄8-mile (0.20 km), the plane struck an 896-foot (273 m) hill at 800 feet (240 m) with a ground speed of 202 knots (374 km/h). The aircraft's propellers severed the tops of pine trees while the plane's left wing hit the ground, tore off, and spilled fuel. The rest of the plane impacted some thousand feet further. The impact and subsequent fire from the plane's fuel tanks scorched an 8-foot-deep (2.4 m) trench in the countryside. Loggers on a nearby hill spotted the fireball and alerted rescuers, but all 23 on board were killed on impact. Much of the wreckage remains at the crash site. That same night, a Boeing SB-29-70-BW Superfortress, 44-69982, search and rescue plane of the 52d Air Rescue Squadron, 6th Air Rescue Group, based at Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland, was sent out to assist in search efforts. It disappeared shortly before landing, crashing into St. Georges Bay, a few miles from the runway, killing 11. Wreckage never found. In the aftermath of the B-36 crash, an accident investigation board recommended new procedures to scan more frequently for approaching high terrain and to climb to safer altitudes before approaching within 200 miles (320 km) of a water-land boundary. President Dwight Eisenhower personally went to the Rapid City base and renamed it Ellsworth Air Force Base, to honor the general

 * 1952 – Two USAF F-84 Thunderjets land in Neubiberg, Germany after the longest sustained jet flight; they flew 2,800 miles from the USA in 4 hours 48 min, without refueling.

 * 1945 – The Douglas XB2D-1, prototype of the AD Skyraider makes its first flight.

 * 1945 – Carrier aircraft of the U. S. Navy’s Task Force 58 strike Kyushu.

 * 1944 – U. S. Navy aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS Lexington (CV-16) strike Mili Atoll.

 * 1942 – The first German A-4 flight-test model, ("Launch Aggregate 1"), completed 25 February 1942, but which slips out of its "corset" after being fully tanked at Test Stand VII at Peenemünde due to contraction of the fuselage from the cold propellants, falling 2 meters, smashing three fins, and coming to rest on the rim of the engine nozzle; repaired and renamed Versuchsmuster 1 (V1: Experimental Type 1), at 2345 hrs., this date, the rocket fails during a test firing with flame bursting through the side just above the engine, wrecking the steam generator and many lines on board, with the engine shutting off automatically. Leaks in the fuel and oxidizer lines caused by vibration and stress are determined to have let an explosive mixture to have built up over the head of the motor and the rocket is junked for parts without any launch attempt. Albert Speer witnesses this test failure.

 * 1942 – No. 413 (Coastal) Squadron flew from the Shetland Isles to a new base on Ceylon.

 * 1939 – The Boeing Model 307 Stratoliner prototype crashes, killing all 10 people on board. The accident results in the formation of an expanded aerodynamic research group headed by Eddie Allen, with more emphasis on pre-flight testing.

 * 1938 – Only seven months after its first flight, the prototype Heinkel He 115 V1 begins a series of flights breaking eight seaplane speed records by carrying loads between 1,100 lb. and 4,400 lb. over distances of 1,000 km (621 miles) and 2,000 km (1,242 miles) at an average speed of 204 mph. The He 115 is the Luftwaffe’s most successful seaplane. The He 115 was developed as a torpedo-bomber, mine-laying and reconnaissance aircraft, during the mid-thirties by Ernst Heinkel A. G. The two-engined all-metal mid-wing twin-floatplane possessed exceptional water handling qualities, good stability and an outstanding performance.

 * 1937 – The human-powered aircraft, Pedaliante, flies 1 km (0.62 miles) outside Milan.

 * 1918 – The first Norwegian airline, Det Norske Luftfartsrederi, is founded.

 * 1916 – German ace Ernst Udet scores his first kill

 * 1913 – Werner Mölders German WWII fighter pilot, was born (d. 1941). Mölders was a German Luftwaffe World War II fighter ace. He was credited with 101 victories in WWII as well as 14 victories in the Spanish civil war. He was flying as a passenger in a He-111 from the Crimea to Germany in November 1941 to attend the funeral of his superior and friend, Ernst Udet. Attempting to land at Breslau during a thunderstorm, the aircraft crashed. Mölders and the pilot were killed.

 * 1906 – Traian Vuia flies his "Vuia 1" in powered flight without headwind or catapult assisted takeoff. Not launched from a height.

 * 1898 – Jake Swirbul, American aircraft manufacturer, was born (d. 1960). Leon A. “Jake” “The Bullfrog” Swirbul was an aviation pioneer and co-founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/March 18


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Talk:Alastair Campbell

Please help. I tried to ‘Add topic’ but it will not work
To 2A02:C7C:3638:FF00:809A:248E:D940:BD40 (talk) 12:25, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

This article is a mess
Can someone who knows Campbell's career well please overhaul this mess? The headings make no sense, the structure is all over the place, there is loads of repetition and not enough citation. It looks like it has never had any tlc or, at least, not for many years. Even the talk page is a mess - has nobody been watching? Anna (talk) 12:57, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Agreed, but why have you deleted literally everything in the talk page? Ellwat (talk) 14:21, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Nothing has been deleted. It's all been archived? Martinevans123 (talk) 14:27, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oops, my mistake, you're right. Ellwat (talk) 14:28, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * All those External links checks could have been deleted! Might make the Archive easier to navigate? Martinevans123 (talk) 14:34, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

As part of a very overdue clean up and on the question of removing highly detailed elements, like where a car was parked or who visited Campbell in hospital: WP is an encyclopedia and strives for that neutral, impersonal and concise perspective. You can ask: "would Britannica include details of who visited him in hospital?" No, indeed. You could also imagine heads of state, nobel laureates, heads of publishing houses, PMs, school children in Gambia reading the article. Is it relevant for them to know where a car was parked? Not really.
 * WP:NOTEVERYTHING Information should not be included in this encyclopedia solely because it is true or useful.
 * WP:SOAPBOX WP is not here for advocacy.
 * WP:BLP : Biographies of living people are special cases where WP have to be very careful. They can be sued if inaccurate info is given or dodgy sourcing is used. To support the project we give the best, strongest and most consistent sources we can. It's a policy issue. I hope that helps to explain the editing decisions. Anna (talk) 14:50, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Martin, I have now removed the botchecks from the archived talk page as requested. Anna (talk) 15:05, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, Anna. And I'd say if it had been just me visiting, then probably not. But someone like the Pope might just make it? (especially if the St Peter's taxi was parked up on double yellows...) Martinevans123 (talk) 15:08, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I this about the Gambian school children? (# confused). Anna (talk) 15:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, just ignore me. I agree with your trimming. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:18, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Hutton Inquiry
The article currently reads:

I've read the source, and all it says is that Campbell's diary reads: "It was double-edged but GH (Geoff Hoon) and I agreed it would fuck Gilligan if it was his source." and that there was a discussion whether to release Kelly's name.

I am not that familiar with the topic, but this seems like a fairly large factual error to me. I'm going to change it now, but the article should be looked at quite thoroughly, in my opinion. JackTheSecond (talk) 20:51, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I've read on it for a bit now and the issue seems to have arisen in the wake of the Iraq War, when the media and the public came to be aware that someone had lied over the justifications of the Iraq War--but nobody quite yet knew who exactly...
 * Please check my work, I really think it's too long. JackTheSecond (talk) 02:18, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @DuncanHill I gave it another go, it's still awfully long, but better sourced and more balanced. I introduced nuance to what was there and tried to squeeze the whole of the media row at the time into two paragraphs. JackTheSecond (talk) 11:10, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your overhaul. Anna (talk) 23:19, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alastair Campbell


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/September 7

September 7

 * 2011 – Yak-Service Flight 9634, a Yakovlev Yak-42, crashes just outside of Yaroslavl, Russia due to pilot error, killing 44 of the 45 people on board. Many were players and staff of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ice hockey team of the KHL, as the flight was destined for Minsk, Belarus for a league game.

 * 2010 – Alrosa Mirny Air Enterprise Flight 514, operated by Tupolev Tu-154M RA-85684 suffered a complete electrical failure in flight. A successful emergency landing was made at Izhma Airport, Russia but the aircraft overran the runway. All 81 passengers and crew escaped uninjured. The aircraft involved was repaired in 2011.

 * 2009 – P-827, a GAF Nomad N.24 A operated by the Indonesian Navy, crashes at Long Ampung Airport, killing five of the nine people on board.

 * 2009 – An Indonesian Air Force Government Aircraft Factories Nomad P837 on a routine flight crashes near a local village of Sekatak Matadau, Bulungan district in East Kalimantan killing 4 of the 9 passengers and crew.

 * 2007 – A Sikorsky MH-53M Pave Low IV, 69-05794, of the 20th Special Operations Squadron, Hurlburt Field, crashes near Duke Field, Eglin Auxiliary Field 3, just before midnight when it suffers tail rotor gear box failure while in a hover. The helicopter was practicing a rescue extraction near a landing zone surrounded by trees more than 90 feet (27 m) tall and had just been brought into a hover at 150 feet (46 m) and was beginning to lower the rescue apparatus when the aircrew felt a shudder. Aircraft commander Lt. Col. Eugene Becker realizes that the tail rotor gears are failing, takes control of the aircraft and prepares to land. Once out of hover, it takes about 45 seconds to return to the LZ, and due to the confined space, Becker drops the chopper vertically but the shuddering worsens. "We knew something was very, very wrong", stated Becker. "all of the gear boxes were surging up and down and making quite a bit of racket." When the MH-53 is 20 feet (6.1 m) above the ground Becker pushes what is left of the rotor's power to the maximum in order to cushion the landing. As soon as the Pave Low hits the ground, the tail rotor fails and the chopper starts spinning and rolls to port, but the sponson fuel tanks keep it from rolling over. Of the seven crew, only two are injured: Col. William Nelson, a flight surgeon from the Air Force Special Operations Command Surgeon General's Office, receives a head injury but walks away from the accident; MH-53 aerial gunner A1C Bradley Jordan suffers a leg fracture. Both men are released from hospital the following day. Lt. Col. Becker is awarded the Koren Kolligian Jr. trophy, one of the Air Force's top safety awards, in July 2008. According to the award nomination, a landing any more forceful could have been fatal to the crew.

 * 2007 – CH-53D Sea Stallion (157146) from HMH-463 made nighttime hard landing in Al Anbar Province and later was written off.

 * 2004 – Indonesian human-rights and anti-corruption activist Munir Said Thalib dies of arsenic poisoning on a Garuda Indonesia flight from Jakarta, Indonesia, to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The victim of an assassination, he apparently had been poisoned during a stopover in Singapore.

 * 1997 – First flight of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. It reaches an altitude of 15,000 feet in less than three minutes.

 * 1995 – Launch: Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-69 at 15:09:00 UTC. Mission highlights: Wake Shield Facility, SPARTAN.

 * 1988 – The McDonnell Douglas F-15 S/MTD (short takeoff and landing/maneuvering technology demonstrator) flies for the first time.

 * 1966 – Second (of five) Ling-Temco-Vought XC-142As, 62-5922, suffers failure of idler gear in number three engine gearbox during a pre-flight run-up at Edwards AFB, California. Entire gearbox has to be replaced. Investigation reveals problem with inadequately supported aluminum pin that serves as an axle for this gear, making misalignment and eventual failure inevitable, so a fix is designed and the starboard gearboxes of all XC-142s are modified.

 * 1965 – First flight of the AH-1 Cobra

 * 1956 – The Bell X-2 research aircraft is flown by Captain Iven C. Kincheloe to a new altitude record of 126,200 ft (38,466 m).

 * 1955 – First flight of the Sukhoi S-1, prototype of Su-7

 * 1951 – First flight of the Auster B.4 G-AMKL

 * 1946 – A Royal Air Force Gloster Meteor flown by Group Captain E. M. Donaldson establishes a new world absolute air speed record of 615.65 mph (990.79 km/h) off the coast of West Sussex, England, . The same day, a U. S. Army Air Forces Republic P-84 Thunderjet narrowly misses the world record, setting a United States speed record of 611 mph (983 km/hr).

 * 1944 – 108 B-29 Superfortresses bomb the Showa Steel Works in Anshan, Manchuria, from bases in China.

 * 1943 – P/O EM O’Donnell and crew in a Vickers Wellington of No. 407 Squadron, sank the German submarine U-669 to the west of the Bay of Biscay.

 * 1942 – Entered Service: Vought F4U Corsair with United States Marine Corps Marine Fighter Squadron 124

 * 1942 – First flight of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator.

 * 1940 – First flight of the Blohm & Voss BV 222

 * 1940 – Hermann Göring orders the Luftwaffe to stop targeting British airfields and attack London itself instead.

 * 1940 – 7-8 – The largest mass air combat in history takes place over Britain, with 1,200 British and German aircraft operating in an area of only 24 x 48 km (15 x 30 miles)

 * 1938 – A mass flight of 17 U. S. Navy aircraft makes a 2,570-statute mile (4,138 km) nonstop flight from San Diego, California, to Hawaii in 17 hours 21 min.

 * 1934 – 16 – 9,537 km race over Europe and North Africa and a speed trial of the Challenge 1934 contest.

 * 1933 – 7-8 – six US Navy Consolidated P2Y flying boats make a non-stop formation flight from Norfolk, Virginia to the Panama Canal, covering 2,059 miles (3,314 km) in 25 hours 20 min.

 * 1932 – Thomas Settle and Winfield Bushnell set a new balloon distance record of 1,550 km (963 miles) between Basle, Switzerland and Vilna, Poland.

 * 1931 – Lowell Bayles wins the 1931 Thompson Trophy in the Gee Bee Model Z racer at the National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio, with a speed of 236.24 mph (380.42 km/hr).

 * 1930 – Capt. John Owen Donaldson, World War I ace (eight victories), after winning two races at an American Legion air meet in Philadelphia, is killed when his plane crashes during a stunt-flying performance. He had won the MacKay Gold Medal for taking first place in the Army's transcontinental air race in October 1919. Greenville Army Air Field, South Carolina, is later renamed Donaldson Air Force Base for the Greenville native.

 * 1923 – First flight of the Handley Page Type S

 * 1917 – First flight of the Port Victoria P.V.8

 * 1909 – The U. S. Army’s first “aerodrome”, an airfield or airport, is established in College Park, Maryland.

 * 1909 – Eugene Lefebvre is killed in the crash of an aeroplane when his controls jam at Juvisy France when his controls jam. Lefebvre dies, becoming the first ‘pilot’ in the world to lose his life in a powered-heavier-than-air-craft.

 * 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France for the first time successfully.

 * 1904 – The Wright brothers first used their weight-and-derrick-assisted take-off device in order to make themselves independent of the wind and weather. When the heavy weight was released, the rope pulled the aircraft, which sat on a flatbed truck, over the launching track, thus assisting its take-off.

 * 1804 – Zambeccari and two companions, Grasetti and Andreoli, ascend in Bologna attempting to cross the Adriatic, but have to be rescued after one day at sea.


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/September 30

September 30

 * 2012 – U.S. airlines have collected US$924 million in baggage fees since July 1, a three percent increase over the same period in 2011.

 * 2011 – An American unmanned aerial vehicle strike in Yemen kills Anwar al-Aulaqi, an al-Qaeda recruiter and motivator, and Samir Khan, the editor of the English-language online magazine Inspire published by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.

 * 2010 – After Pakistani troops at a border post along the border with Afghanistan fire warning shots at North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) attack helicopters flying a combat mission over Afghan territory against Afghan insurgents near the border, the helicopters mistake them for insurgents and return fire, killing three Pakistanis.

 * 1996 – Air Force Academy Slingsby T-3A Firefly crashes 30 miles E of Colorado Springs, Colorado when the crew, who had been practicing a forced landing, suffer engine failure during the key part of the manoeuvre. Cadet Dennis Rando, 21, and his instructor, Captain Clay Smith, 28, KWF.

 * 1994 – Launch: Space Shuttle Endeavour STS-68 at 7:16:01 am EDT. Mission highlights: Space Radar Laboratory-2.

 * 1990 – Introduction: Piaggio Avanti

 * 1985 – The first Italian aircraft carrier, Giuseppe Garibaldi, is commissioned.

 * 1982 – H Ross Perot Jr. and J. W. Coburn make history by landing their Bell LongRanger II helicopter in Dallas, Texas 29 days, 3 hours, and 8 min after taking off. It is the first time a trip around the world is completed by helicopter.

 * 1978 – Aarno Lamminparras, an unemployed home building contractor, hijacks Finnair Flight 405, a Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle with 47 other people on board flying from Oulu to Helsinki, Finland. At Helsinki, he allows 34 passengers off the plane, which he then forces to fly back to Oulu, where he receives a ransom payment from Finnair, then back to Helsinki, where he receives more money from a Finnish newspaper and releases the remaining 11 passengers. The aircraft then flies to Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, refuels, and returns to Helsinki for more ransom money from the newspaper before flying on to Oulu, where he releases his final three hostages in exchange for a chauffeured limousine ride home and 24 hours alone with his wife. Police storm his house and arrest him.

 * 1975 – First flight of the Boeing AH-64 Apache

 * 1975 – Malév Flight 240, a Tupolev Tu-154, crashes on approach near Lebanon, killing all 60 people on board.

 * 1973 – Aeroflot Flight 3932, a Tupolev Tu-104, crashed shortly after takeoff from Koltsovo Airport in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union. All 108 passengers and crew on board were killed.

 * 1965 – Republic Aviation becomes a division of the Fairchild-Hiller Corporation.

 * 1958 – Britain's last flying boat airliners are put out of service when Aquila Airways terminates it Southampton-Madeira route

 * 1957 – Austrian Airlines is formed from the merger of Air Austria and Austrian Airways

 * 1955 – Retired: Ryan X-13 Vertijet

 * 1955 – First cruise for full-scale training exercises without operational restrictions for the Westland Wyvern S Mk. 4, deployed aboard HMS Eagle with Nos. 813 and 827 Squadrons, begins inauspiciously when on this date a Wyvern attempting a go-around after misjudged approach, strikes ship's funnel, forcing the carrier to return to Portsmouth to have Armstrong Siddeley Python turboprop engine extracted from funnel "in which it was stuck like a dart." Repairs delay cruise by a fortnight.

 * 1954 – XA271 a Royal Air Force Miles Marathon T1 of No. 2 Air Navigation School dives into the ground near Calne, Wiltshire, England following structural failure of outer wings.

 * 1949 – The Berlin Airlift officially ends, with 2,325 tons (2,362 tonnes) of food and supplies having been flown into the city. The final flight is made a week later.

 * 1949 – First Avro 707 delta-wing research aircraft, VX784, first flown 6 September 1949 (one source says 4 September), crashes near Blackbushe on test flight out of Boscombe Down, killing Avro test pilot Flt. Lt. Eric Esler. Cause never established

 * 1945 – Squadrons 121, 167, and 170 (Ferry) squadrons were all disbanded.

 * 1944 – Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat, BuNo. 42782, lost 125 miles (201 km) SE of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts during carrier qualifications. Pilot's name/fate unknown. Located by submarine DSV Alvin, 24 September 1968.

 * 1943 – First flight of the Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet

 * 1942 – German ace Hans-Joachim Marseille is shot down and killed. He had 158 victories at the time.

 * 1942 – The pilot of an Imperial Japanese Navy Nakajima A6 M2-N (Allied reporting name “Rufe”) floatplane fighter discovers the American base on Adak in the Aleutian Islands, a month after it was established. Japanese aircraft from Kiska bomb Adak daily for the next five days, but their biggest raid, on October 4, consists of only three planes. The rest of the raids consist of one plane each, and Adak suffers almost no damage.

 * 1942 – Since June 1, German night fighters defending Germany have shot down 435 British bombers.

 * 1942 – Engine failure of Messerschmitt Bf 109G-2/trop, Werke Nummer 14256, "Yellow 14" (on its first combat mission), of 3./JG 27, fills cockpit with smoke, forces Luftwaffe ace Hans-Joachim Marseille to bail out near Sidi Abdel Rahman, Egypt. His chest strikes the vertical fin as he departs the fighter, either killing him outright, or rendering him unconscious, as he makes no effort to deploy his parachute. His body is recovered from the desert, ~7 km. South of Sidi Abdel Rahman.

 * 1941 – Maritime Central Airlines was formed at Charlottetown P. E. I. by Carl Burk and Josiah Anderson.

 * 1940 – Since September 1, the Royal Air Force has lost 65 bombers.

 * 1940 – The Battle of Britain is said to be over, with Hitler's planned invasion of Britain ("Operation Seelöwe") postponed indefinitely.

 * 1938 – A senior French general tells the British military attaché in Paris that in the event of a war with Germany “French cities would be laid in ruins…They had no means of defense, ” and adds that France was paying the price for having neglected the French Air Force for years.

 * 1936 – The German airlift of Spanish Nationalist troops from Spanish Morocco to Spain ends after 677 flights carrying 12,000 men in August and September. The airlift will be one of the most decisive factors in the eventual Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War.

 * 1932 – First flight of the Blackburn Baffin

 * 1929 – Fritz von Opel pilots the world's first rocket-powered Opel RAK.1 aircraft on a 75-second, 1.6-kilometer (0.99 mi) flight near Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.

 * 1919 – The British Aerial Transport Company begins domestic flights between London and Birmingham in a Koolhoven FK.26.

 * 1914 – The Wakamiya is damaged by a naval mine and forced to retire from the Siege of Tsingtao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history.

 * 1911 – First flight across the Continental Divide: Cromwell Dixon in a Curtiss on (both directions)

 * 1907 – A. V. Roe tested his 6-hp JAP powered full scale Biplane at Brooklands, but does not take off. (RAF).

 * 1907 – Flying a Voisin-Farman I biplane at Issy, Henry Farman begins a progressively longer series of flights.

 * 1906 – The Gordon Bennett Trophy (right) for ballooning is awarded for the first time. It goes to Lt Frank Lahm of the US Army, who flies 647 km (402 miles) in the balloon.


text:
User talk:Shinhan

Petition (kopija maila koji sam danas dobio)
Potpisite peticiju protiv nezavisnosti Kosova i prosledite sajt drugima da ovi proslede trecima itd. Pozdrav! Hi Friends, I have just read and signed the petition: "No Independence For Kosovo" http://www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/905791187 Please feel free to write your representatives in addition to signing the petition. We show solidarity for Serbia and Also We Let Our Representative Know that We Support Serbia Territorial Integrity, with Letters and with Petition.

Note: I cannot change the petition text. So I will write the errata here: Josip Broz Tito was president of Yugoslavia, not of Serbia. Please forgive me the error. Also feel free to write me at savekosovo_metohijanow@msn.com, about any irregular signatures you see on the site. I am able to have those removed.

Thanks!

ThePetitionSite.com provides tools and empowers individuals to make a difference and effect positive change through online activism. Get connected with the causes you care about, take action to make the world a better place, and start your own petition at http://www.ThePetitionSite.com!

ThePetitionSite.com is powered by Care2.com, the largest online network for people who Care2 make a difference. With over 5 million members, we make it easy for you to live a healthy, sustainable lifestyle and protect the environment, human rights, education, women's rights, animal welfare, and much more... all in one place! Join our community at http://www.Care2.com --Andrija 23:07, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I would just like to note here that I do NOT want to have anything to do with Real Life politics and will not be signing any petitions. I am here to edit wikipedia and to educate myself, not to influence or be influenced by others concerning real life politics. Shinhan 06:26, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Image:Emuglx-logo.png
Hello, Shinhan. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Emuglx-logo.png) was found at the following location: User:Shinhan/EmuGalaxy. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 02:09, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:EmuGlx.png
Hello, Shinhan. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:EmuGlx.png) was found at the following location: User:Shinhan/EmuGalaxy. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 02:09, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Thank you
I thank you for your kind and appreciative comments, Shinhan. I note you are from Serbia, the home of one of my Medieval heroes, Tsar Stephen Dushan. The Wikipedia page does not do him sufficient justice! Regards Clio the Muse 05:55, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Template:WikiProjectBannerShell/Cleanup project
I can see you're actively working on the remnant of the list. So am I. So why don't I take the Z end, you're on the U end, and we'll meet in the middle.

Thanks! — Madman bum and angel (talk – desk) 16:03, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * ok, I'll stop with the U then. Shinhan 16:04, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * weee, my first Barnstar. Thanks <3 Shinhan 16:27, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Main page featured article protection
I saw your post at Talk:Simeon I of Bulgaria, you may be interested to add you voice here. DrKiernan 13:37, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProjectBannerShell
Thanks for updating the WPBC banner template. I have seen shell in use and it is clearly a useful feature. I would like to add some instructions on its use to the WP:BC docs but have not been able to find something suitable to link to although I did find something a while ago that had some information, just can't find it again. I have a vague recollection that there are some templates that do not work with this banner shell or some features that do not work with it. Can you refer me to something I can add a reference to that answers these questions? Thanks. -- KenWalker | Talk 15:14, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Instructions for talk pages, banners or some other? If you spot some template that doesnt work with BannerShell, give us a notice at Template talk:WikiProjectBannerShell and somebody will fix it.
 * As for incompatible features, WPBiography is one problem (with 300k+ transclusions they have a right to be) with its decisions to have the needs-infobox and needs-photo outside the banner. I usually solve this by removing needs-photo and adding separate reqphoto, but there is no such thing for infobox. Other problem is Film because it shows a BIG box named "Article upgrading needed" on all lower quality articles outside the banner. Shinhan 15:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was looking for a lead to the instructions for using the WikiProjectBannerShell which I found with the lead you provided. I have added a note about it on the WP:BC so that we can put it to use.  I will let you know if I run into any problems with it.  Thanks.  -- KenWalker | Talk 22:23, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for updating the WikiProject Taxation template with Small and Nest options. It seems to be having an issue however with the COTM show/hide function. See the Tax article or Sales tax. Thanks Morphh   (talk) 15:56, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I noticed. Its not reacting to the "show"/"hide" for extra information. There was 9 unclosed div tags and I removed them all because there was no opening div tags. Im looking it over, but if I cant fix it somebody else here will. Shinhan 16:07, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks - it is on "show" by default now for the COTM and should be "hide". Sorry.. I'm not that great at templates as you could probably tell with all the extra div's.  I had cobbled it together from other templates.  Morphh   (talk) 16:44, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Oregon Gov
Hi, I see you improved the WikiProject Oregon/Government box. Can you explain how to use it? Will this make it possible to have the Gov. & Politics box be contained within the WP:OR box? That would be great! -Pete 19:09, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * If you want to make the Government a Work Group of the main Oregon project that will call for changing the main Oregon template. Take a look at WPMILHIST, WP India or WPSpace. Talk:Karnataka is good example for India template and Talk:AK-47 is a good example of MILHIST template (be sure to click show in the Banners). I think what WPSpace uses would be easiest to implement, take a look at its use in Talk:Moon. Are there any other Oregon daughter projects? Shinhan 19:31, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are several, but I think Gov. is the only one that currently has its own box. I will look where you suggest, and take a shot at it. Thanks! -Pete 19:34, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Re:Hinduism template
I have responded here. Regards, Ganeshk  ( talk ) 19:38, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Replied again. -- Ganeshk  ( talk ) 00:05, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Re: Protection
You left a comment on my talk page and I'm not sure why... according to my "log" (contributions page. all I did to the Incarnation (Christianity) article was revert vandalism... I know that non-administrators can't protect pages (I use the MediaWiki software to drive my website). Could you have gotten me confused with another user maybe? Rockerbaby 17:57, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, I never noticed it, but usually I never notice templates anyways (I'm quite used to "semi-protected" pages). Someone did this to another article I actively watch (I think it was Aly & AJ), and an admin removed it. On my wishlist for MediaWiki, they should show the "lock" icon on protected pages automatically in software, instead of an admin having to manually place a template - that would remove the possibility of this particular kind of "vandalism". I think I'll send that suggestion to the MediaWiki development team! Rockerbaby 18:32, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

IRC cloak request
I am Shinhan on freenode and I would like the cloak wikipedia/Shinhan. Thanks. — Shinhan  <  talk  > 18:00, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Reverting vandalism
Hi Shinhan. Just a heads up: when you revert vandalism, as you did [ here], it is advisable to check the page history first: it often happens that the previous version contains vandalism as well, as was the case here. I have reverted the page to the last vandal-free version. Happy editing, KissL 08:14, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Foul Language
In fact, we have already discussed whether foul language should be used with the Leahy article. The consensus at that time is that raw language should not be used for shock value. Further, it may force children to get their ideas about Leahy out "behind the barn" because it would be censored at home and in the library. Student7 15:50, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You were right. I was wrong. The reversion that occured in the good old days was done by a Bot, apparently now retired or out to lunch. Student7 22:08, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the revert!
Thank you for the revert on the Chinese American Food Society article. I greatly appreciate it. Chris 17:59, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

WikiProjectBannerShell
There's been a recent uptick in the number of article talk pages that need WPBS. If you have the time/inclination, take a look at SatyrBot's listing? Thanks! -- SatyrTN (talk | contribs) 16:12, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of making a bot to help me with this. Not fully automatic though. Got any expirience coding in C#? I wrote the outline on User:Shinhan/AWB BannerSheller and soum gave me some tips (or more like wrote most of the code) on User talk:Shinhan/AWB BannerSheller. Im still not sure whether to write it in C# and make it an AWB module or write it as a regular python bot. In the meantime I'll ask Madman if he could give me his bookmarklet bot. — Shinhan  <  talk  > 17:28, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

talker
It is a merged file, which was incorrectly unmerged. If it is to be unmerged, then so too should the others. I was correcting an earlier mistake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.2.168.215 (talk • contribs) 17:45, 21 July 2007

 * Ah, sorry. I am unfamiliar with talker, and I was too fast with reverting. Now that I took a second look, your right. — Shinhan  <  talk  > 15:51, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, when I looked at it, the decision to merge has now been undone by the new look of the talker article, so I unmerged all of the individual articles. If any of them need to be deleted, I guess they can go through AFD. 123.2.168.215 16:31, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Internodeuser / zordrac is back as 123.2.168.215. Please watch for abusive changes. 161.44.68.252 19:21, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

please note
please note the discussion on the biased name for war in croatia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Croatian_War_of_Independence, which is proposed to be moved to its original title. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Perroot (talk • contribs).

MadmanBot Task Request
As a major contributor to the reduction of the backlog of the WikiProjectBannerShell cleanup project, you may be interested in the most recent task request I have submitted to the BAG for approval. Any questions, comments, or criticism of the bot's methods are invited. If this task is approved, it could go a long way towards keeping the backlog small and manageable. More information is available here. — Madman bum and angel (talk – desk) 03:18, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Re: Pawnbroker
I'm very sorry. Next time I will pay more attention to those instructions, and thank you for reminding me. Cdip150 15:54, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Dun worry, its not that big of a problem :) — Shinhan  <  talk  > 04:51, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Abusive user: Zordrac / Internodeuser
Banned user Internodeuser / zordrac is back as 123.2.168.215. Please watch for abusive changes. 161.44.68.252 19:23, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

De Anza article at AfD
Hello. This is a courtesy notice that I have nominated for deletion an article you have created or edited, 2007 De Anza baseball players rape case. The deletion discussion may be found here. Thanks, Wikidemo (talk) 11:24, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 18:30, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shinhan


text:
George Bridgetower

George Augustus Polgreen Bridgetower (11 October 1778 – 29 February 1860) was a British musician, of African descent. He was a virtuoso violinist who lived in England for much of his life. His playing impressed Beethoven, who made Bridgetower the original dedicatee of his Kreutzer Sonata after they presented its premiere performance.

Early career
George Augustus Polgreen Bridgetower was born on 11 October 1778, in Biała Podlaska, Poland, where his father worked for Prince Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł. He was baptised Hieronimo Hyppolito de Augusto on 11 October 1778. His father, John Frederick Bridgetower (né Joannis Friderici de Augusto Æthypois), was probably a West Indian (possibly from Barbados), although he also claimed to be an African prince, as stated in George's baptismal record. From 1779 John Frederick was a servant of the Hungarian Prince Esterházy, the patron of Joseph Haydn. George's mother, Maria Anna Ursula Schmidt, was from Swabia, now in Germany, described as a "Polish lady of quality", from the "noble Polish House of Schmidt". She was later possibly a domestic worker in the household of Sophie von Thurn und Taxis, who married Prince Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł in 1775. George moved to London at an early age and was performing as a violin soloist at the Drury Lane Theatre by the age of 10.

He exhibited considerable talent while still a child and gave successful violin concerts in Paris, London, Bath and Bristol in 1789. In 1791, the British Prince Regent, the future King George IV, took an interest in him and oversaw his musical education. At the Prince's direction, he studied under François-Hippolyte Barthélémon, the leader of the Royal Opera, with Croatian-Italian composer Giovanni Giornovichi, and with Thomas Attwood, pupil of Mozart and organist at St Paul's Cathedral and professor at the Royal Academy of Music. Bridgetower performed in around 50 concerts in London theatres, including Covent Garden, Drury Lane and the Haymarket Theatre, between 1789 and 1799, and he was employed by the Prince to perform in his orchestra in Brighton and London. In the spring of 1789, Bridgetower performed to great acclaim at the Abbaye de Panthemont in Paris, with Thomas Jefferson and his family in attendance.

Relations with Beethoven
He was given leave to visit his mother and brother, Friedrich Joseph Bridgetower, a cellist, in Dresden, in 1802, and he gave concerts there as well. He visited Vienna later in 1803, where he performed with Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven was impressed with his talent and dedicated his Violin Sonata No. 9 in A minor (Op.47) to Bridgetower, with the jocular dedication "Sonata mulattica composta per il mulatto Brischdauer, gran pazzo e compositore mulattico" ("Mixed-race sonata composed for the mixed-race Bridgetower, madman and mixed-race composer"). Though Beethoven had barely completed the composition, the piece received its first public performance at a concert in the Augarten on 24 May 1803 at 8:00 AM, with Beethoven on pianoforte and Bridgetower on violin. Bridgetower had to read the violin part of the second movement from Beethoven's copy, over his shoulder. He made a slight amendment to his part, which Beethoven gratefully accepted, jumping up to say "Noch einmal, mein lieber Bursch!" ("Once more, my dear fellow!"). Beethoven also presented Bridgetower with his tuning fork, now held by the British Library. According to violinist J.W. Thirlwell writing over 50 years later, the pair fell out soon afterwards. Thirwall wrote "'Bridgetower told me, that when it was written, Beethoven and he were constant companions, and on the first copy was a dedication to his friend Bridgetower; but, ere it was published, they had some silly quarrel about a girl, and in consequence Beethoven scratched out the name of Bridgetower and inserted that of Kreutzer[.]'"Whether this story is true or not, the friendship indeed seems to have been broken off, and Beethoven dedicated of the new violin sonata to the violin virtuoso Rudolphe Kreutzer, who never played it, saying that it had already been performed once and was too difficult. The piece is now known as the Kreutzer Sonata.

Return to England
Bridgetower returned to England, continued his musical career by teaching and performing, and was elected to the Royal Society of Musicians on 4 October 1807. He attended Trinity Hall, Cambridge where he earned the degree of Bachelor of Music in June 1811.

He performed in the Philharmonic Society (later to become the Royal Philharmonic Society) of London's first season in 1813, leading the performance of Beethoven's Quintet, and subsequently married Mary Leech Leeke in 1816. He later travelled abroad, particularly to Italy, where his daughter lived.

He died in 1860 in Peckham, south London, leaving his estate of £1,000 to his deceased wife's sister. The house was demolished in 1970, but a blue plaque now marks the site. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Compositions
Bridgetower's own compositions include Diatonica armonica for pianoforte (London, 1812) and Henry: A ballad for medium voice and piano (London), and two quintets for flute and strings, as well as others. Many of his works were lost, as is the case for most non-canonical composers of this time period. A list of his compositions may be found in a 1990 article by Dominique-Rene de Lerma.

Legacy
Bridgetower appears as a character in the 1994 film Immortal Beloved, where he is shown playing the Kreutzer Sonata while Beethoven watches. The character of Bridgetower, played by Black violinist Everton Nelson, was described in the film as being of African heritage.

In the British film A Mulatto Song (1996), directed by Topher Campbell, Colin McFarlane was cast as Frederick DeAugust (Bridgetower's father), Cole Mejias as the young Bridgetower, and Everton Nelson as the adult Bridgetower.

A book, Sonata Mulattica by Rita Dove, the Pulitzer Prize-winning former United States poet laureate, was published in 2009.

A historical fiction novel written by Emmanual Dongala called La Sonate à Bridgetower (The Bridgetower Sonata) in 2017.

A short animation, Bridgetower, directed by Jason Young, features Chris Rochester as George Bridgetower and Stefano Leonardi as Beethoven.

A jazz opera entitled Bridgetower - A Fable of 1807, by Julian Joseph and Mike Phillips, was commissioned by the City of London Corporation for the 2007 City of London Festival to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the first parliamentary bill to abolish slavery. The role of Bridgetower was played by Cleveland Watkiss.

A BBC Radio 3 documentary in July 2021 explored the possibility that Thirlwell was wrong and Beethoven did not actually fall out with Bridgetower, but merely dedicated the manuscript to a different person than the later printed edition. The documentary announced a forthcoming Edition Peters printing of Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata under the name Bridgetower Sonata.

title: George Bridgetower


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 9

October 9

 * 2012 – First flight of the Cessna Citation M2

 * 2009 – The Centaur module of NASA’s Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) is purposely smashed into the surface of the Moon, creating a plume of dust which is collected by another spacecraft to test for the presence of water. Five weeks later, test results confirm the existence of water vapor on the Moon.

 * 2009 – A Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya EADS CASA C-212-200 Aviocar (FAU-531/UN-146) a twin-engined turboprop transport aircraft, on a reconnaissance flight crashes near Fonds-Verrettes, Ouest Department, Haiti. The aircraft taking part in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti crashed into a mountainside near the remote village of Pays-Pourri killing the 11 crew.

 * 2006 – The A/MH-6X manned/unmanned military light-turbine helicopter makes its first flight. It combines technologies of the A/MH-6 M Mission Enhanced Little Bird with Unmanned Little Bird Demonstrator, a modified MD 530 F civil helicopter.

 * 1999 – Completing a career during which she set scores of speed and altitude records, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird makes its final flight.

 * 1991 – On Wednesday, four members of an Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King crew operating from the Norfolk, Virginia-based USS America were presumed lost after the aircraft crashed during a training mission near Bermuda, the Navy said Friday. The helicopter was assigned to the Anti-Submarine Squadron 11 at the Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, The crewmen were identified as: Lt. Richard D. Calderon, 26, of Jacksonville, Florida; Lt. Cmdr. Karl J. Wiegand, 35, of Orange Park, Florida; aviation anti-submarine warfare operator Karl J. Wicklund, 23, of Clear Lake, Minnesota; and aviation anti-submarine warfare operator Vincent W. Bostwick, 20, of Orange Park, Florida.

 * 1986 – First flight of the AgustaWestland AW101.

 * 1969 – A USAF Boeing B-52F-70-BW Stratofortress, 57-0172, of the 329th Bomb Squadron, crashed about 1,000 feet beyond end of runway while doing touch-and-goes at Castle AFB, California. All six crew died in the 2345 hrs. accident as the Stratofortress exploded on impact.

 * 1967 – Second (of five) Ling-Temco-Vought XC-142As, 62-5922, suffers major landing gear and fuselage damage during STOL landing at Edwards AFB, California, following a 28-minute functional check flight after incorporation of modified control system components. Crew uninjured. This was the 488th test flight of the XC-142 program, and it turns out to be the last one before the program is cancelled. Airframe not repaired.

 * 1957 – Boeing DB-47B-35-BW Stratojet, 51-2177A, of the 447th Bomb Squadron, 321st Bomb Wing, taking part in a practice demonstration at Pinecastle Air Force Base suffers wing-failure during the annual Strategic Air Command Bombing Navigation and Reconnaissance Competition. The aircraft comes down north of downtown Orlando, killing pilot Colonel Michael N.W. McCoy, commander of the 321st Bombardment Wing, Group Captain John Woodroffe of the Royal Air Force, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Joyce, and Major Vernon Stuff. Pinecastle AFB is re-named McCoy Air Force Base in McCoy's honour on 7 May 1958. Details of the accident remained classified for five decades, presumably because they would reveal flaws in the aircraft, but an FOIA request resulted in the release that showed that the investigation laid the blame on pilot McCoy.

 * 1949 – Douglas C-47A-90-DL Skytrain, 43-16062, c/n 20528, of the 6th Rescue Squadron, Air Rescue Service, MATS, based at Goose Bay, Labrador, fails to gain sufficient airspeed on takeoff from primitive Isachsen airstrip, abandoned Isachsen weather station, Ellef Ringnes Island, Northwest Territory, Canada, at 1800 hrs. Zulu, lifting off twice before landing gear/skis contacted rising terrain and collapsed. Cause was icing and overload conditions. Four crew and six passengers suffer only minor injuries. Airframe abandoned in place. It is still there.

 * 1938 – Nationalist aircraft sink the Republican submarine C-6 at Barcelona, Spain.

 * 1933 – Prototype Martin XB-10, 33-157, assigned to the 59th Service Squadron, Langley Field, Virginia, is lost when landing gear will not extend during routine flight, Lt. E.A. Hilary parachutes from bomber, which is destroyed with only 132 flight hours.

 * 1931 – U.S. Navy Keystone PK-1 flying boat, BuNo A-8516, is forced down in heavy seas and sinks.

 * 1930 – Erroll Boyd launches his flight across the Atlantic in the Maple Leaf. En route, he encounters rough weather; his plane suffers an electrical failure and a clogged fuel line. He becomes the first Canadian to fly the Atlantic when he lands the next day on the British island of Tresco.

 * 1924 – In the United Kingdom, the Royal Auxiliary Air Force is established.

 * 1919 – Continuing the cross-country contest, a DH-4B hits the side of a mountain W of Cheyenne, Wyoming, killing 1st Lt. Edwin V. Vales and badly injuring 2nd Lt. William C. Goldsborough. Lt. A. M. Roberts and his observer survive a close call when, in an effort to make up for lost time, Roberts chooses the direct route, over Lake Erie, between Buffalo and Cleveland. His engine fails, and he has to ditch in the lake. Luckily, a passing freighter sees the crash and picks up the two men.

 * 1906 – Zeppelin LZ 3 flies for the first time.

 * 1900 – French aeronaut Count Henri de La Vaulx sets a world record for non-stop long-distance balloon flight. He flies for over 35 hours after taking off from Paris, France.

 * 1890 – Clement Ader flew 50 m in powered, uncontrolled flight in his aeroplane "Eole".

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 9


text:
Michael Rose (British Army officer)

General Sir Hugh Michael Rose, (born 5 January 1940), often known as Sir Mike Rose, is a retired British Army general. As well as Special Air Service Regiment commanding officer, he was Commander United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994 during the Yugoslav Wars.

Early life
The stepson of British author John Masters, Rose was educated at Cheltenham College, St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, and the Sorbonne.

Rose enlisted in the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) as a private soldier and was commissioned into the Gloucestershire Regiment TAVR on 17 March 1959, transferring to the Rifle Brigade as a second lieutenant on 1 June. Rose was confirmed in this rank and promoted to lieutenant on 18 December 1960. and attached to the Inns of Court (TAVR).

Rose transferred to the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) (General Duties Branch) as acting pilot officer, with the service number 207004, on a three-year commission on 2 November 1961, but relinquished the commission on 11 October 1963.

Military career
On graduation from university, having gained a Bachelor of Arts degree, Rose joined the Regular Army Coldstream Guards as a second lieutenant on 22 October 1964. and was promoted lieutenant on the same day. Rose was promoted major on 31 December 1972, and after attending the Staff College, Camberley, became the Brigade Major of the 16th Parachute Brigade from 1973 until 1975, serving in Northern Ireland attached to the Devon and Dorset Regiment and being awarded a Mention in Despatches. He was promoted lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1978, and was commanding officer of 22 SAS from 1979 to 1982, as part of which he was in control of the operation to free the hostages of the Iranian Embassy Siege in 1980; he was portrayed by Robert Portal in the 2017 film about the siege, 6 Days. Rose was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 7 January 1980. Serving in Northern Ireland in 1981, Rose was awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal, which was not gazetted until 1994.

Rose commanded Special Service operations in-theatre during the Falklands War, following which he was promoted to colonel on 30 June 1982, and Mentioned in Despatches. He conducted negotiations with the Argentine forces to arrange their surrender deploying some of the skills that he had learnt from the Iranian Embassy siege.

After being promoted brigadier on 31 December 1983, Rose served as the commander of the 39th Infantry Brigade from 1983 to 1985. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in April 1986. From 1987 until 1988, Rose was Commandant of the School of Infantry, and from 1988 until 1989, the first Director Special Forces. He attended the Royal College of Defence Studies.

Rose was General Officer Commanding North East District and Commander 2nd Infantry Division based in York from 30 October 1989 to 30 September 1991, During this period he was promoted major general. Between 1991 and 8 April 1993 he served as Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley, following which he was promoted lieutenant general on 17 May 1993, and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. From 26 April 1993 to 1994, Rose served as Commander UK Field Army and Inspector-General of the Territorial Army.

Rose was Commander, United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina from 24 January 1994 to 23 January 1995. His service in this period was recognised on 5 May 1995 when he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. On 14 March 1995 Rose resumed his appointment as Commander UK Field Army, and on 10 May 1995 became Honorary Colonel of the Oxford University Officer Training Corps. Rose became Adjutant-General on 7 July 1995, and Aide-de-Camp General to The Queen on 9 September 1995, in which role he served until 31 August 1997.

Rose was appointed Colonel of the Regiment of the Coldstream Guards on 23 August 1999. On 10 March 2000 his tenure as Honorary Colonel of the Oxford University Officer Training Corps came to a conclusion, and he was succeeded by General Sir Roger Wheeler.

Rose was called as a witness by Serbia and Montenegro in a case held at the International Court of Justice.

Other occupations
Rose was appointed Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Somerset on 5 August 2003.

Rose has been a board member of Skarbek Associates since 2012 where he is also involved in the development and delivery of the leadership and teamwork components of Skarbek's capability building programme.

Opposition to Iraq war
In 2006 Rose came once again to public attention when he criticised the UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and called for his impeachment for leading the country to war in Iraq under false pretences. This highlighted Rose's unease about the legality and practicality of the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq.

In 2007, he called for the admission of defeat and withdrawal of Coalition forces from Iraq, describing the war as "hopeless" and comparing the situation to that faced by the British during the American War of Independence.

title: Michael Rose (British Army officer)


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/October 23

October 23
 * 2009 – Slovakian airline Seagle Air ceases operations.
 * 2009 – An Indian Air Force Mikoyan MiG-27 Flogger D/J flying from the Hasimara Air Force Base, Eastern Air Command crashes near New Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. The aircraft on a routine training exercise suffers a technical fault and an on-board engine fire shortly after take-off. After a successful ejection the pilot parachutes into a nearby tea estate and the aircraft crashes into a nearby river bank injuring two children.
 * 2007 – Space Shuttle Discovery STS-120 launches at 15:38:19 UTC. Mission highlights (ISS assembly flight 10A): US Harmony module, crew rotation.
 * 2003 – Concorde makes its final commercial flight from London Heathrow to New York JFK as Speedbird Concorde 1. It was to return the next day as Speedbird Concorde 2 to land in sequence with two other Concordes on Heathrow's runway 27 right.
 * 2003 – AH-64D Apache 00-5219 (ex AH-64A 86-8972) from 1–101st Aviation Regiment crashes in Iraq while approaching to land at Kirkuk. The APU clutch failed and started a fire in flight. Aircraft landed safely but fuselage was almost completely burnt through.
 * 1987 – The last F-104 Starfighter is phased out of West German Luftwaffe service.
 * 1977 – (Oct. 26-31) A Pan American World Airways Boeing 747SP circumnavigates the world over the two poles.
 * 1972 – In Vietnam, Operation Linebacker concludes.
 * 1967 – American aircraft attack Phúc Yên airfield, North Vietnam’s largest airfield, for the first time.
 * 1967 – First flight of the Canadair CL-215
 * 1996 – Fuerza Aérea Argentina Boeing 707-372C, LV-LGP, c/n 20077/728, on approach to Ezeiza-Ministro Pistarini Airport, Buenos Aires, Argentina, makes high approach without proper attention to pre-landing procedures, develops nose-down attitude at 900–1,000 metres, does not have time to correct, strikes ground hard about 750 metres short of runway 11, breaks up, and burns. Two of eight on board are killed.
 * 1964 – U.S. Navy aircraft begin providing cover for Laotian government forces.
 * 1962 – The Air Defence Command alerted due to the Cuban missile crisis.
 * 1962 – In Operation Blue Moon, six U. S. Navy RF-8 Crusader photographic reconnaissance aircraft flying from Key West, Florida, conduct the first American low-level flights over Cuba, flying at 644 km/hr (400 mph) only a few hundred feet off the ground.
 * 1962 – A USAF Boeing C-135B-BN Stratolifter, 62-4136, c/n 18476/C42, of the Military Air Transport Service, delivering a load of ammunition from McGuire AFB, New Jersey, to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, as part of the military response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, stalls and crashes short of the runway, killing all seven crew. This was the first cargo C-135 hull loss.
 * 1957 – The British European Airways Vickers Viscount 802 G-AOJA crashes while landing in rain and low clouds at Nutts Corner Airport in Belfast, Northern Ireland, killing all seven people on board.
 * 1952 – First flight of the Hughes XH-17
 * 1951 – Ten U.S. Air Force Boeing B-29 Superfortresses attack an airfield in North Korea; three are shot down, four make emergency landings in South Korea, and three badly damaged aircraft return to Okinawa. It is one of the most deadly aerial combat engagements of the war and is referred to as Black Tuesday.
 * 1945 – The last of 10,174 military DC-3/C-47 transport aircraft built by Douglas is handed over to the U.S. Army Air Forces.
 * 1944 – First flight of the Nakajima G8N
 * 1943 – First flight of the Vickers Windsor
 * 1943 – 45 Fifth Air Force B-24 Liberators raid Rabaul, escorted by 47 P-38 Lightnings.
 * 1942 – American Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-3, crashes near Palm Springs, California, after being struck by a U.S. Army Air Corps Lockheed B-34 bomber; all 12 aboard the airliner die, while the bomber lands safely with minor damage.
 * 1939 – First flight of the Mitsubishi G4M
 * 1934 – Francesco Agello sets a new airspeed record in the Macchi MC.72, of 709 km/h (440 mph).
 * 1929 – The first North American transcontinental air service begins between New York City and Los Angeles, California.
 * 1923 – First flight of the Handley Page Hyderabad
 * 1911 – First use of aircraft in war as an Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines during the Turco-Italian War.
 * 1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont wins the Archdeacon prize as he flies his 14-bis aircraft at Bagatelle, France a distance of 60 m (197 ft).


text:
Talk:Pistol sword

Proposed merge with Bayonet due to lack of focus
It seems the move to Pistol Sword did not have the desired effect of indicating that the article should focus on the real world weapon. The article seems to now be a few words on the existence of pistol-swords followed by a list of computer games with weapons combining blades and pistols, whether firing or not. Furthermore, it seems there is insufficient information available on the internet for general users to be able to create a worthwhile article. A military historian, or someone with access to books detailing the weapon might be able to provide more information, but this has not yet occurred and does not seem likely to. I propose the article is merged with Bayonet, perhaps under a section "Permanent bayonets" or "Pistol-swords". The popular culture references are neither necessary nor desirable, as the information would better serve the community if it were in the articles about the games themselves. We don't have a list of every computer game that has an AK47 in it, nor should Pistol Sword contain such a list. I was wrong about the move from Gunblade to Pistol Sword. --Cameron.walsh 02:19, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree to merge. The article is currently too unbalanced; the pop culture section is too large while the first section, the most important one, is too small. Kariteh 09:06, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Support merging this stub into the bigger article makes sense also move the trivia and Final fantasy bits back to Gunblade rather than merging in. --Nate1481(t/c) 09:26, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Gunblade used to redirect Characters of Final Fantasy VIII because Gunblades were not notable enough to warrant their own article. Old content was revamped and the article moved to Pistol Sword, in order to focus on the real-world item.  Gunblade was left to redirect to Pistol Sword.  Instead, Gunblade should have been left to redirect to the Final Fantasy article, with Pistol Sword keeping the real-world bits.  However, Pistol Swords seem to be little more than a footnote in military history, with nobody able or willing to provide the information necessary to upgrade the article from stub class.  That's why I proposed that the real world Pistol Sword should be merged in to Bayonet, with Gunblade returning to its old redirect.  I'll leave this up for a while longer, in case anyone has any compelling arguments against the above, before I do the merge, unless somebody else beats me to it.  Any policies I should be aware of before doing that?  --Cameron.walsh 03:18, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Don't merge. The size of both the bayonet and pistol sword articles represents a lack of editor contributions rather than limited room to expand. Both articles are too short, but that doesn't mean they should be thrown together--they are unique weapons, like the difference between a knife and a sword, or a rifle and a handgun. The pistol sword has a long history on the high seas and is an evolutionary step between bladed arms, like the cutlass (or its predecessor), and dependable firearms. The bayonet, on the other hand, is evolved from the pike, and its origins lie with the battlefield. They are two separate weapons serving similar, though unique purposes in history. I say, instead of spending the time on deciding whether or not to mix two articles together to make one more substantive, we should instead improve both articles to make the articles better. TeamZissou 23:49, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge. These are too different weapons, one rather rare, one extremely common. Rmhermen 03:47, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I would like to point out that the term "pistol sword" is almost exclusive to Wikipedia (ie, OR). Less than 1000 G-hits. Axem Titanium 02:35, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't call it "Original Research" just because of the limited number of google hits - references have been provided. Furthermore, there does not seem to be a generally accepted name.  "Gunblade" is exclusive to computer games, variations on "Pistol Sword" such as "Pistol Blade", "Pistol Cutlass" and so forth yield similar but slightly fewer google hits.  The problem is that most of the information is not available online.  Somebody needs to go to a library, bring forth the information and cite it.  TeamZissou is correct in that bayonets and pistol swords serve different purposes (bayonets to cope with lack of ammunition and to avoid shooting team mates, pistol swords because the pistols were not sufficiently reliable and were slow to reload).  --Cameron.walsh 12:29, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Whether the articles are merged or both are improved separately, it is clear that the Final Fantasy information does not belong with the article. Half of the game items work completely differently to the actual real world weapon. As a preliminary step, I'll redirect Gunblade to a FF items article, and remove the popular culture section on the pistol sword page. Unless there are objections to this, I'll do it in a week or two. --Cameron.walsh 12:29, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge. I agree with the opinion that the bayonet and pistol sword articles represent two separate weapons serving similar purposes. Also concur with the suggestion that both articles should be improved, especially related to mentioning supporting bibliography (that I don't have on this topic).

DPdH 02:10, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose merge. I oppose as the bayonet is of historical significance.  The pistol sword has no merit in regards to bayonets neither historically or in development.  Further note that the bayonet is a military weapon while the pistol sword has no historical use in any military capacity.   Merging articles & discussion revolving around videogames & fiction destroys the integrity of the existing article on bayonets and this pistol sword has no place whatsoever in any discussion on bayonets.   I've read hundreds of books and websites on bayonets and not a single one of them refer to pistol swords or any similar weapon.  The pistol sword is entirely irrelevant to the subject matter around bayonets & does not belong.  17,Jan. 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.192.253.196 (talk) 18:19, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

I propose removing the merge tags and leaving the articles separate, based on a lack of consensus for the merge. Is that reasonable? JJL (talk) 18:52, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Previous move from Gunblade to Pistol Sword
I moved the article to "Gunblade" and added a note that it was a fictional weapon that really wouldn't work that well in real life.

Furthermore, Gunblades have very little to do with Pistol Swords. A better article specifically about Pistol Swords should really be made. Right now I just have it redirecting to Gunblade so other Final Fantasy articles still link to it.
 * See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Final_Fantasy/archive/24. Fancruft is getting heavily deleted these days. I don't think it stands a chance as a Final Fantasy only page. Rmhermen 14:40, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem I had is that the "Pistol Sword" article was obviously about Gunblades, and hardly mentioned real Pistol Swords at all. I'd like to see Gunblade redirect to a list of Final Fantasy weapons or something. 68.224.240.157 06:22, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Alright, I rewrote the article to be specifically about the real world "Pistol Sword", and moved the description of the gunblade down into the FInal Fantasy section. The layout is a little unwieldy, but it's much more clear now what parts are about fictional items. Letting "Gunblade" redirect here will also sum up what it is, isn't, and direct the reader towards Final Fantasy articles. Tomorrow, in the daylight, I'll take a nice photo of the pistol-sword I have and put it up. 68.224.240.157 06:52, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If there is anyway to entirely disassociate this article from "gunblade", that's something that should be done. If I knew of a way to do so, I'd do it now. Druff (talk) 22:25, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I changed Gunblade to redirect to a page about final fantasy weapons, since that mentions gunblades, and this article seems to have lost all mention of them. Gotler (talk) 01:38, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Original research?
Does this term even exist in academic literature? Google test only scores 1000 hits outside Wikipedia and many are from coincidental pairings. Axem Titanium 20:55, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * From what I've seen no, someone created it to move it away from gunblade & it didn't work. --Nate1481(t/c) 09:54, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I propose a number of things to solve this:
 * Move the article back to Gunblade to preserve edit history.
 * Merge with Bayonet in a new section called "Fictional portrayal" or something.
 * Delete the Pistol sword redirect because the term does not exist, use RfD or something.
 * Objections? Axem Titanium 23:10, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Drawings in US patent number 52504 and 254  use the words "Pistol-Sword" and several replica weapon companies use them term.  The weapons themselves were short-lived enough that much of the history is simply not on the web.  Some of the few remaining weapons are on public display, albeit in Poland.  Photos of surviving pistol-swords are available at  and .  Surely this is enough to satisfy the "no original research" criteria?  As for what to do with the article, it should definitely not be merged under "fictional portrayal" given the evidence for the existence of the weapons.  Unless you meant the Final Fantasy Gunblade material?  I think we've established that the weapon did at one stage exist; the problem now is whether or not it is sufficiently different from a bayonet to warrant its own article.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cameron.walsh (talk • contribs) 09:25, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I feel like the concept itself is not sufficiently different from bayonets; they're practically the same except bayonets are designed to be removable. I would suggest to go through with the merging then. Axem Titanium 00:20, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

It looks like the weapon existed. Perhaps Sword revolver or Sword-revolver was a more common term? I don't see many references to it on Google, but it seems clear that such a thing was made and I'd say it merits an encyclopedia entry. As to fantasy "gunblades," I can think of others; e.g., in the movie Ultraviolet there is a variation of this idea (image here; yes, those are meant to be swords sticking out at the bottom). I would move the page to Sword revolver which is the term used in the lead paragraph at the original reference in the article. JJL (talk) 17:57, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Thank you all for expanding this article. I've known about Pinfire sword rifles for some years, but FF8's Gunblades were all I could find in searches. It's nice to see some clarification on the facts of the issue. People used to claim they were fictional, invented by Final Fantasy, going on about bayonettes. Bayonettes are detachable accessory. Thank you for proof that these were more common, varied weapons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.33.18.10 (talk) 14:14, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

This article contains a cyclical reference to "Gunblade"
This article has a "See also" link for "Gunblade", a fictional weapon from the video game Final Fantasy VIII. Unfortunately, "Gunblade" redirects to this article, which has a "See also" link for it that redirects to this article, which has a "See also"--crap. See? I got stuck in a loop for a moment. It appears that this article used to be primarily about the fictional gunblade, but that the article was rewritten to be about pistol swords. Supposedly, "Gunblade" should be redirecting to whatever article the old gunblade information was moved to. One way or another, someone who knows more about this article's history should probably get rid of the cyclical condition, by whatever means is appropriate.

While I'm here, I might as well weigh in on the demi-debate on this article. I'd suggest that this article (being about the real weapon) be merged with bayonet for the following reason(s). While it certainly is worthy of its own section in the bayonet article, I see them as two variations of the same specific concept. The only distinction I can see between them is the primary/secondary nature of the sword and firearm. The idea of a weapon that integrates the functionality of a sword and a gun is one specific concept in my mind, just like the idea of a vehicle that integrates the functionality of a watercraft and a land vehicle. Watercraft with mechanisms for travelling over land (i.e. powered wheels) shouldn't be in an article separate from land vehicles with mechanisms for travelling over water (i.e. buoyant cabin, aquatic propulsion & steering). My reasoning for this is that they are only different things in that the extent to which it is primarily one or the other (e.g. sword or firearm) is varied. The pistol sword happens to be a sword first and a firearm second, but even among the examples given in the article, the "swordness"/"firearmness" ratio is varied, at least as far as appearance goes. The German hunting knife looks like the sword-first equivalent of a typical bayonet, in that it appears to just be a regular knife with a firing mechanism attached to it. The pistol cutlass also appears to be just a straight cutlass with a mechanism attached to it. The Spanish 6-shot has a more integrated design, and looks to me like it may have been constructed by notching an existing blade and mating it with a long typically-styled flintlock body, and finally a pommel attached to the bottom. It has a very sawed-off look, and is lacking a guard between the flintlock body and the blade. In my mind, it's a sword that's been notched and had its hilt replaced with a custom-made flintlock body. Lastly, Rauch's design appears to be a true hybrid, with a proper (blade) guard that serves also as a trigger guard and a reasonable grip for either purpose. While it's still probably more sword-first than firearm-first, we're getting closer and closer to the middle of the spectrum. Continuing to the other side, you have permanent bayonets, non-permanent bayonets, and on into things like the 18th century knife pistol shown under "Similar weapons" which might as well be a taped-on pocket knife. 140.31.211.242 (talk) 19:14, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Merging with Bayonet has been discussed before and I personally think that it's fine that this is a separate article. Bayonets were successful and are continued to be used today. These strange weapons were never successful and probably didn't have very much influence on the development of bayonets. Rolen47 (talk) 03:12, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

japanese pistol sword
The item does in fact exist, and examples occasionally show up for sale. The weapon was for officers and most likely for use as an assault weapon. That should be enough information to go and cite some source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.230.98.38 (talk) 20:08, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Henry VIII's pistol shield "pop culture" reference
In the Anime "Gundam Wing", the Mercurius suit has a shield that emits a beam sword from the center barrel/protrusion. I'm not sure if it actually fires, like a gun/laser in the series. However it does fire from the shield in the Super Nintendo game "Gundam Wing: Endless Duel". The shield itself looks pretty much identical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.33.18.10 (talk) 14:02, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Century clarification

 * some flintlock pistols of the 17th and 18th centuries were constructed as gun-swords
 * combination swordsticks and wheel lock pistols have been in use since the 16th century

I noticed the gunblade disambig mentions:
 * Pistol sword, a rare type of combination weapon in use from the 16th until the 19th centuries.

The ref I found supporting the combination swordstick/wheellock (expanded the cite) says:
 * Dated to the end of the 16th century, this sword cane (already a combination weapon) also incorporates a wheel-lock firearm

I am wondering if the disambig summary might need to be changed. Should we specify the type of pistol (wheellock) and the type of sword (swordstick/canesword) and that it was later in the 16th century? Or is the general idea fine? 184.145.18.50 (talk) 17:02, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pistol sword


text:
Just Like Blood

Just Like Blood is the second studio album from British singer-songwriter Tom McRae. The All Music review said "McRae's anguished lyrics and hushed, processed vocals prove to be the album's undoing."

Track listing

 * 1) "A Day Like Today"
 * 2) "You Only Disappear"
 * 3) "Ghost of a Shark"
 * 4) "Stronger Than Dirt"
 * 5) "Overthrown"
 * 6) "Walking 2 Hawaii"
 * 7) "Mermaid Blues"
 * 8) "Karaoke Soul"
 * 9) "Line of Fire"
 * 10) "Human Remains"
 * 11) "Street Light" (US Bonus Tracks)
 * 12) "Walking 2 Hawaii (live/KCRW session" (US Bonus Tracks)

Personnel

 * Tom McRae – vocals (1–10), guitars (1–10), keyboards (1), programming (1), organ (3), percussion (3, 4), ARP synthesizers (7), string arrangement (8)
 * Oli Kraus – cello (1–5, 7, 9, 10), piano (2, 5, 7), percussion (4), cello madness (6), ARP synthesizers (7), string arrangements (8), strings (8)
 * John Hogg – bass (1–4, 7, 9), banjo (4), percussion (4), guitar (7), ARP synthesizers (7), piano (9)
 * Ben Hillier – percussion (1, 2, 4, 10), drums (2, 4, 9), organ (2, 7), sitar (4), ARP synthesizers (7), Memory Man effects pedal (7), banjo (8)
 * Paul Noonan – drums (3)
 * Clive Jenner – drums (5, 10), percussion (10)
 * Tony Marrison – bass (5, 10), piano (8), rhodes keyboard (10)
 * Becky Doe – violin (5)
 * Clive Deamer – drums (6, 8)
 * Charlie Jones – bass (6, 8)
 * Hossam Ramzy – percussion (8), additional strings (8)
 * Lucy Wilkins – strings (8)
 * Howard Gott – strings (8)
 * Ruth Gotlieb – strings (8)
 * Natalia Bonner – strings (8)

title: Just Like Blood


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/September 29

September 29

 * 2011 – Nusantara Buana CASA C-212 crash: A CASA C-212 Aviocar operated by Nusantara Buana Air, crashed half way through its flight from Polonia International Airport in Indonesia. The crash killed all eighteen people on board; fourteen passengers and four crew.

 * 2009 – Greek state-owned airline Olympic Airlines ceased operation.It was replaced by privately owned Olympic Air, which commenced operations on this day.

 * 2009 – British Airways operates the first transatlantic flight from London City Airport: BA001 (a flight number unused since Concorde retired), an all-business class Airbus A318.

 * 2007 – Dash 8 landing gear incidents: Two separate failures occurred within four days of each other on Bombardier Dash 8-Q400 aircraft, all operated by Scandinavian Airlines (SAS). A third incident, again with an SAS aircraft, occurred in October 2007, leading to the withdrawal of the type from the airline’s fleet.

 * 2006 – Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907, a Boeing 737-800, collides with an Embraer Legacy business jet and crashes in Mato Grosso, Brazil; the Embraer Legacy, with seven on board, lands safely with no reported injuries while all 154 people on board the Boeing 737 perish; this crash marks the first loss of a Boeing 737-800.

 * 2004 – The Burt Rutan Ansari X Prize entry SpaceShipOne performed a successful spaceflight, the first of two needed to win the prize.

 * 1998 – Lionair Flight 602, an Antonov An-24, is shot down by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and crashes off the coast of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, killing all 55 on board.

 * 1988 – Launch: Space Shuttle Discovery STS-26 at 15:37:00 UTC. Mission highlights: TDRS deployment; first post Challenger flight.

 * 1995 – The United States Navy disestablishes Fighter Squadron #84 (VF-84), the celebrated Jolly Rogers.

 * 1988 – NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with STS-26.

 * 1971 – A USAF Lockheed C-5A Galaxy of the 443d Military Airlift Wing, Altus AFB, Oklahoma, one of six used for training, had its number one (port outer) engine tear off the pylon while advancing take-off power before brake release, setting the wing on fire. The crew evacuated safely within 90 seconds and the fire was extinguished by emergency equipment. The engine had flown up and behind the Galaxy, landing some 250 yards to the rear. The Air Force subsequently grounded six other C-5s with similar flight hours and cycles. Further investigation found cracks in younger C-5s and the entire fleet was grounded.

 * 1964 – The first take-off and landing of the LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142 A vertical take-off transport is made in Dallas, Texas. The aircraft has four 2,850-hp General Electric turboprops mounted on the wings that can pivot 90 degrees to allow for a vertical take-off.

 * 1959 – Braniff Flight 542, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, breaks up in mid-air and crashes 4 miles (6.4 km) from Buffalo, Texas; all 34 on board perish.

 * 1954 – The new Downsview Ontario plant of DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd was opened by the Right Honourable CD Howe.

 * 1954 – First flight of the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo jet fighter makes its first flight, flown by test pilot Robert C. Little. An advanced design of the XF-88, the Voodoo goes supersonic on its first flight.

 * 1951 – A Royal Air Force Boeing Washington B.1, WF555, of 57 Squadron, RAF Waddington, experiences runaway propeller on number 3 (starboard inner) engine which hits number 4 (starboard outer) causing severe damage. Three crew in rear fuselage ordered to bail out before bomber makes successful wheels-up landing at a disused airfield near Amiens, France - no casualties, but airframe written off. Scrapped 3 January 1952.

 * 1948 – First flight of the Vought XF7U-1 Cutlass, a prototype of the F7U Cutlass

 * 1946 – The United States Navy Lockheed P2 V Neptune Truculent Turtle, piloted by Commander Thomas D. Davies and aided by four JATO rockets, departs Perth, Australia, bound nonstop for Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D. C. On take-off, it weighs 85,575 lbs (38,817 kg), the heaviest twin-engine aircraft ever to take off up to that time. Although bad weather forces the plane to land short of Washington in Columbus, Ohio, after 55 hours 17 min continuously in the air, the flight nonetheless sets a new nonstop, unrefueled world distance record of 11,235.6 nautical miles (20,807 km) which stands for 16 years until broken by a U. S. Air Force B-52 H Stratofortress in 1962.

 * 1946 – Blue Angels pilot Lt. (JG) Ros "Robby" Robinson is killed in Grumman F8F-1 Bearcat, BuNo 95986, Blue Angels No. 4, at NAS Jacksonville, Florida, when he fails to pull out of a dive during a Cuban Eight manoeuvre - wingtip broke off his fighter.

 * 1945 – Silverplate Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 44-27303, named "Jabit III", of the 509th Composite Group, Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, on cross-country training mission, strikes several objects on landing at Chicago Municipal Airport, Illinois, never flies again. Assigned to the 4200th Base Unit at the airport pending disposition decision, it is salvaged there in April 1946.

 * 1940 – The 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision occurred over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia. The accident was unusual in that the aircraft involved, two Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF, remained locked together after colliding, and then managed to land safely. Both navigators bailed out after the aircraft struck, followed shortly afterwards by the injured pilot of the lower Anson. The pilot of the upper Anson, however, found that he was able to control the interlocked aircraft using his ailerons and flaps, coupled with the still-functioning engines on the machine underneath. He was then able to make a successful emergency landing in a paddock near Brocklesby. All four crewmen survived the incident, and the Ansons were repaired and remained in service with the Air Force.

 * 1934 – A London, Scottish & Provincial Airways Airspeed Courier crashes at Tiverton Bottom, Shoreham, Kent, in the United Kingdom, killing all four people on board. Flying debris injures two people on the ground.

 * 1931 – First flight of the Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11

 * 1931 – Following the Schneider Trophy success, Flt Lt. George Stainforth in S.6 B serial S1596 breaks the 400 mph air speed record barrier at 407.5 mph.

 * 1929 – The first flight at Cartierville of Reid Rambler. A Canadian-designed and built trainer; it was intended to fill the needs of flying clubs. It was a sesquiplane with folding wings to facilitate storage and it had incorporated Warren truss bracing that eliminated the need for bracing wires.

 * 1929 – Dieudonne Costes and Maurice Bellonte arrive in Manchuria in a Breguet 19 (right), having set a new distance record of 7,905 km (4,912 miles) from Le Bourget, France.

 * 1927 – Georg Wulf, co-founder of Focke-Wulf, is killed in the crash of the first Focke-Wulf F 19 Ente ("Duck"), D-1960. Second airframe is constructed, eventually put on display in Berlin air museum, destroyed in bombing raid in 1944.

 * 1922 – First flight of the Thomas-Morse R-5, also known as the Thomas-Morse TM-22

 * 1921 – First Orenco D manufactured by Curtiss, 63281, McCook Project Number 'P163', loses entire leading edge of its upper wing, crashing at McCook Field, Ohio. An investigation by an officer of the flying test section of the USAAS Engineering Division reveals that the Orenco Ds are badly constructed, no fewer than 30 defects and faulty fittings being recorded in the published report, forcing the Air Service to withdraw all Orenco Ds from use (Joe Baugher cites date of 28 September).

 * 1918 – Second Lieutenant Frank Luke, the second-highest-scoring American ace of World War I with 18 victories, is killed in action.

 * 1909 – Wilbur Wright begins flights as part of New York City’s Hudson-Fulton Celebration.

 * 1907 – Louis Breguet and Charles Robert Richet demonstrate their Breguet-Richet Gyroplane No. 1, the first rotorcraft to lift a person off the ground. (The craft is still controlled by handlers standing around it on the ground).

 * 1895 – Roscoe Turner, American aviator and racer was born (d. 1970).