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Baseball Prospectus

Baseball Prospectus (BP) is an organization that publishes a website, BaseballProspectus.com, devoted to the sabermetric analysis of baseball. BP has a staff of regular columnists and provides advanced statistics as well as player and team performance projections on the site. Since 1996 the BP staff has also published a Baseball Prospectus annual as well as several other books devoted to baseball analysis and history.

Baseball Prospectus has originated several popular new statistical tools that have become hallmarks of baseball analysis. Baseball Prospectus is accredited by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Four of Baseball Prospectus's current regular writers are members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America and thus eligible to vote for nominees for Major League Baseball's post-season awards and the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Prospectus Entertainment Ventures, LLC
Baseball Prospectus is formally an entity of Prospectus Entertainment Ventures, LLC, a private corporation that runs websites and publishes books focusing on the statistical analysis of the sports of baseball, basketball, and ice hockey. As of August 2014, the President & CEO is Joe Hamrahi, and Vice President is Dave Pease.

For several years, Prospectus Entertainment Ventures (PEV) partnered with Football Outsiders for the publication and promotion of Football Outsiders Almanac (ISBN 1-4486-4845-9), before 2009 called Pro Football Prospectus (ISBN 0-452-28847-9).

On October 10, 2007, PEV launched Basketball Prospectus, a new website for the analysis of men's college and pro basketball, with Joe Sheehan taking the role of Managing Editor and announcing the lineup of principal writer-analysts for the site. Initially, this website did not require a subscription for access, but it introduced subscriptions in 2011 for access to most of the material on the site. BasketballProspectus.com's first annual book, College Basketball Prospectus 2008–2009 (ISBN 0-452-28987-4), was published in October 2008. It released Pro Basketball Prospectus 2009–10 for purchase online in October 2009. Subsequently, it published both College Basketball Prospectus 2010–11 (ISBN 1-4538-7282-5) and Pro Basketball Prospectus 2010–11 (ISBN 1-4538-6899-2) in both print and online (PDF) modes.

On March 19, 2008, Imagine Sports announced a strategic partnership with PEV and Baseball Prospectus. Imagine sports owns the baseball simulation engine "Diamond Mind Baseball".

On October 14, 2008, PEV announced the acquisition of Baseball Digest Daily (BDD), an online blog devoted to baseball analysis and statistics. Joe Hamrahi, new Chief Financial Officer of PEV and founder of BDD, reported that "PEV's decision to acquire Baseball Digest Daily further enhances the content offerings of Baseball Prospectus by adding some of the game's best analysts as well as over 100 pages of baseball news and original content. In addition, BDD's player tracker provides a platform for serious fans and fantasy baseball enthusiasts to easily monitor the progress of their teams, allowing users to manipulate and track the progress of an unlimited set of players over a customized period of time".

At the same time, PEV revealed publicly that it "owns a significant interest in 538 (www.fivethirtyeight.com), a political analysis website that generates over 700,000 unique visitors daily."

On February 23, 2009, Prospectus Entertainment Ventures (PEV) launched the website Puck Prospectus with the intent of providing cutting-edge analysis of hockey. Will Carroll assumed the role of the Executive Editor, and Andrew Rothstein, the founder of Puck Prospectus, assumed the role of the Managing Editor. Puck Prospectus published its first annual book, Puck Prospectus 2010–2011 (ISBN 1-4538-1784-0) in both online and print formats. Initially a free site, Puck Prospectus introduced subscriptions in 2011.

On March 24, 2009, Baseball Prospectus announced that Nate Silver was stepping down as its Managing Partner, and Kevin Goldstein was assuming this role. At that time, PEV relinquished its previously announced financial interest in Silver's FiveThirtyEight blog. At the same time, it was announced that BP has a partnership relationship with ESPN.com.

In January 2010, PEV's Managing Partner Kevin Goldstein reported that one of BP's founding members, Joe Sheehan, had departed the organization. He reported that John Perrotto had been elevated to full-time status on the BP staff and would become the new Editor-in-Chief of BaseballProspectus.com, taking over that responsibility from Christina Kahrl. And he reported that Jeff Euston was joining the BP staff and that Euston's Cot's Baseball Contracts website would be joining the Baseball Prospectus family. In February 2011, Perrotto was replaced as Editor-in-Chief by Steven Goldman.

In February 2010, BP's "Fantasy Manager" Marc Normandin announced that BP had established a partnership with Heater Magazine. Heater Magazine ceased publication after the 2010 season.

In November 2011, Kevin Goldstein announced that he was stepping down as PEV's Managing Partner in favor of Joe Hamrahi. On March 3, 2012, Hamrahi announced that Steven Goldman was stepping down as Editor-in-Chief of BaseballProspectus.com; Goldman had taken a position as a lead baseball writer for Bleacher Report. Ben Lindbergh was named Managing Editor of Baseball Prospectus on March 5, 2012 and Editor-in-Chief of Baseball Prospectus on July 13, 2012.

On April 30, 2012, PEV's Managing Partner Joe Hamrahi announced that "Dan Brooks, Harry Pavlidis, and Brooks Baseball have agreed to team up and join forces with Baseball Prospectus. BrooksBaseball.net is the premier site for PITCHf/x analysis and pitch classification".

On March 15, 2013, after explaining a week earlier that its key staff of writers had been hired away by ESPN, Baseball Prospectus's Dave Pease declared in response to a question in the comments: "Basketball Prospectus will not be publishing any new content. We are going quiet. The archives will remain available. Thank you". On March 8, Pease had written: "You've probably noticed our Basketball Prospectus Premium coverage has been pretty quiet lately. You may have also noticed that our core pro writers, Kevin Pelton, Bradford Doolittle, and John Gasaway are now writing for ESPN Insider on a regular basis. Late last year, we learned that, following their completion of the Pro Basketball Prospectus 2012–13 and College Basketball Prospectus 2012–13 annuals, Kevin, Bradford, and John would be moving to ESPN on a full-time basis".

History
Baseball Prospectus was founded in 1996 by Gary Huckabay, who recruited the initial contributor group of Clay Davenport, Rany Jazayerli, Christina Kahrl, and Joe Sheehan, with the publication of the first annual set of forecasts. "That first year, BP charged $20 for a statistics guide produced on a photocopier. It printed around 300 copies and sold about 170 to fellow statheads, even though the book was missing the St. Louis Cardinals. 'It was terrible,' recalls Kahrl, 'but it nevertheless didn't discourage us.' Within a few years Brassey's Inc. published the guide, which grew to about 3,000 copies. By 2007 it reached The New York Times bestseller list, topping 70,000 copies at $21.95 a pop."

The kind of sabermetric approach favored by Baseball Prospectus has gained significant acceptance by the management of many Major League Baseball clubs, notably the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians. BP has often been considered the modern successor to Bill James' Baseball Abstract series of books in the 1980s.

Reflecting its legacy as a group of sabermetricians who met over the Internet, BP has no "main office." Working for BP is a second or part-time job for many of the regular staff, who conduct their work for BP in their own home offices.

The website BaseballProspectus.com began in 1997 primarily as a way to present original sabermetric research; publish advanced baseball statistics such as EqA, the Davenport Translations (DT's), and VORP; and promote sales of the annual book. Beginning in 2003, the site placed most of its new articles, its PECOTA forecasts, and some of its statistical databases in a "premium" section that could be accessed only by subscription. However, in May 2011, BP "announced it has made its entire archive of premium and fantasy content over one year old completely and permanently free to the public".

Until 2007, when the site began to post general advertising, the premium subscriptions and book sales were Baseball Prospectus' main source of revenues. Baseball Prospectus does not publish a financial report or information about its subscriber base, but it appears to have used its income to expand its breadth of coverage, and it has not increased its subscription prices since initiating its premium service. It also offers a subscription to those interested in fantasy baseball, at a lower price than the premium subscriptions and giving access to fewer features and articles.

BaseballProspectus.com has a corps of staff writers who publish articles on a regular (typically weekly) basis under a featured heading. In addition, occasional articles are published by other BP staff or freelance authors. Some former regular writers no longer appear on the site but are employed on the staffs of major league baseball organizations, including as of 2014 Keith Woolner (Cleveland Indians), James Click (Tampa Bay Rays and others), Dan Fox (Pittsburgh Pirates), Mike Fast (Houston Astros), Kevin Goldstein (Houston Astros), and Colin Wyers (Houston Astros). In addition, Keith Law, now a columnist for The Athletic, in 2002 moved from Baseball Prospectus to work on player evaluation in the front office of the Toronto Blue Jays. In 2009, Nate Silver turned his full attention to his FiveThirtyEight political analysis website; he resigned his executive post at BP and handed over management of PECOTA to other BP staff.

Given the competing career opportunities for some of BP's best-known and most statistics-savvy analysts, maintaining a fresh supply of sabermetrically sophisticated writers remains a challenge. During the 2009 baseball season, BP ran a multi-week open talent search competition in the spirit of the popular television program American Idol, in which aspiring writers submitted articles for evaluation by BP's staff members, with one contestant a week from among the final ten selected by the staff then voted off by the subscribers. At least three new regular BP writers (winner Ken Funck, Tim Kniker, and Matt Swartz) were discovered through this Prospectus Idol contest. In addition, BP had added Eric Seidman to its staff early in 2009 and then acquired Russell Carleton ("Pizza Cutter") and Colin Wyers in December 2009 to bolster its coverage of technical sabermetric issues. As late as the Fall of 2008, Seidman, Swartz, Carleton, Wyers, Daniel Novick and BP Idol finalist Brian Cartwright made up the entire staff of "Statistically Speaking" aka StatSpeak at MVN.com. Carleton left the BP staff in May 2010, but returned in July 2012. Seidman and Swartz left in February 2011.

Wyers was hired away by the Houston Astros in October 2013. In the press release announcing his hire, Jeff Luhnow noted, "Colin Wyers is a brilliant man with lots of well thought-out, practical, ideas. He is insuring the financial security of this company for years to come. Oh yes, and his personal hygiene is above reproach". Wyers' final article for BP reviewed the history and process of the "brain drain" of sabermetricians as writers to baseball analytics specialists working for Major League Baseball itself: "Colleges can crank out people who know and understand the tools, but the sabermetrics community has given teams people who have demonstrated that they can use those tools to find useful insights into the game of baseball. So teams court them as part of their effort to win games".

Although the site maintains a strong sabermetric core and has expanded its statistical databases, it regularly attends to issues such as baseball prospects (the First Year Player Draft and minor league baseball), international baseball, the economics and business of baseball (valuation of players, team and stadium finances, the player marketplace), and fantasy baseball (PECOTA, the "Fantasy Focus" series of articles, forecast manager and other fantasy tools). BP HAS also published monographs on specialized topics, including the application of sabermetric analysis to historical topics – an emphasis clearly seen in Mind Game (2005 – a history of the Boston Red Sox), Baseball Between the Numbers (2006 – which addresses some historical comparisons), and It Ain't Over 'til It's Over (2007 – about historical pennant races).

By the beginning of the 2011 baseball season, none of BP's founders was an active contributor to the website or publications, though some of their earlier articles were included in two Best of Baseball Prospectus compendia that were published in 2011.

Products
Baseball Prospectus creates several products:

Website

 * The website www.baseballprospectus.com, which contains articles, statistical reports, and fantasy baseball tools. The site contains some free content, although it has become increasingly available only by paid subscription. Authors write regular bylined columns on the site and numerous other writers contribute occasional articles. The site also covers baseball history as well as current issues and events, including games and series, injuries, forecasts, player profiles, baseball finance, and the player marketplace.

BP annual and Futures Guide

 * Every year, BP publishes a print guide to the upcoming baseball season, called the "annual." The annual contains essays on each team and other topics, as well as PECOTA projections and analysis for every Major League player and many prospects. BP also publishes a separate annual Futures Guide with extensive reporting on minor league and amateur prospects.

Other books

 * Other baseball-related books, such as Mind Game: How the Boston Red Sox Got Smart, Won a World Series, and Created a New Blueprint for Winning (2005) (ISBN 0-7611-4018-2) and Baseball Between the Numbers (2006) (ISBN 0-465-00596-9). The latter was chosen by the editors of Amazon.com as the best book on baseball (and third best on sports in general) published in 2006.

Podcasts

 * Effectively Wild, the daily Baseball Prospectus podcast, ran on the site until episode 1006, when Sam Miller left to join ESPN. As of August 2020, the podcast continues on FanGraphs and is hosted by Miller, former BP editor-in-chief Ben Lindbergh and FanGraphs managing editor Meg Rowley.
 * Flags Fly Forever, a traditional fantasy baseball league-focused podcast, has run weekly since January 2014.
 * Five and Dive, a twice-weekly podcast on various baseball topics hosted by BP editor-in-chief Craig Goldstein, Sports Illustrated writer Emma Baccellieri, and Bradford William Davis of the New York Daily News.
 * For All You Kids Out There, a weekly podcast focusing on the New York Mets organization hosted by BP writers Jeffrey Paternostro and Jarrett Seidler.
 * Stolen Signs, a podcast on baseball statistics and the people who develop them hosted by Kendall Guillemette and Harry Pavlidis.
 * The Infinite Inning, a weekly podcast on the intersection of baseball and culture hosted by BP writer Steven Goldman.
 * Three-Quarters Delivery, a weekly podcast on minor league baseball and player development.
 * TINO (There Is No Offseason) a dynasty league fantasy baseball podcast, has run regularly since January 2014.

Internet Baseball Awards

 * The annual Internet Baseball Awards (IBA) are based on fan voting. They started in 1991 with the Most Valuable Player, Cy Young (pitcher), and Rookie of the Year awards, in each of the two major leagues. In 1998, an award for Manager of the Year was added in each league.

Theories
Baseball Prospectus writers promote several theories on proper baseball management and analysis, many of which are contrary to those of conventional baseball wisdom.

Clutch hitting
Baseball Prospectus researchers have concluded that there is no repeatable ability of clutch hitting. As writer Joe Sheehan said, "Over the course of a game, a month, a season or a career, there is virtually no evidence that any player or group of players possesses an ability to outperform his established level of ability in clutch situations, however defined." They cite studies which find that there is insignificant correlation between year-to-year performance in clutch situations.

In an article published in 2006, Nate Silver argued that clutch hitting ability does exist to a degree. He argued that although not as important as traditional baseball analysis would suggest, clutch hitting ability was more significant than other sabermetric studies had shown. The article also found there to be a connection between clutch hitting ability and situational hitting, or the ability to adjust a hitting approach to fit the given situation.

Views on traditional statistics
Baseball Prospectus writers often successfully argue that traditional baseball statistics such as RBIs, wins, and batting average are poor reflections of a player's true contributions. For example, they have argued that RBIs are too dependent on factors outside of the player's control, namely the production of other hitters in the lineup. They similarly argue that wins are too affected by factors such as the team's offense and bullpen.

Closer usage
Baseball Prospectus writers assert that teams are typically inefficient in their use of their best relievers. Teams typically assign their most effective reliever to the position of closer, using him in only save situations. According to many Baseball Prospectus writers, a team's best reliever should be used when the opposing team has its best chance at increasing its chances of winning.

Views on sacrifice bunts and stolen bases
Many writers argue that the sacrifice bunt and stolen base are overused in baseball. Teams will often attempt these plays when the score is close. Writers for Baseball Prospectus often argue that teams are, on average, actually lowering their expected number of runs scored. They argue that stolen base attempts are not completed frequently enough for them to be beneficial to the offense. For sacrifice bunts, they argue that the team is giving up more by sacrificing an out than they gain by advancing a runner one base. Their thinking is derived from the grid of expected runs in an inning based on the outs and runner situation, which shows that the sacrifice is detrimental to a team given average players in most of the situations in which it is typically used.

In a series of articles in 2004, James Click argued that sacrifice bunts are beneficial in some situations, dependent on the quality of the batter at the plate and the situation in the game.

Statistical tools
Baseball Prospectus writers use a wide variety of sabermetric tools. Among the major tools that they are credited with inventing are: Voros McCracken's pathbreaking article on Defense Independent Pitching Statistics also first appeared on the BP website.
 * Equivalent average (EqA) – a combination of various hitting numbers designed to express a player's overall offensive contribution.
 * Equivalent Baserunning Runs (EqBRR) – a statistic indicating a player's rate of run production resulting from his baserunning.
 * Jaffe Wins Above Replacement Score (JAWS) – a metric "invented by Jay Jaffe to assess a player's worthiness for enshrinement in the Hall of Fame."
 * Pitcher Abuse Points (PAP) – a measure of the impact of a particular start by a pitcher on his arm, based on pitch count.
 * Peripheral ERA (PERA) – a pitcher's expected ERA based on park-adjusted hits, walks, strikeouts, and home runs allowed.
 * PECOTA – a system of player projection based on similarity to previous player seasons.
 * Value over replacement player (VORP) – a measurement of the number of runs contributed by a player over the expected level of performance the average team can obtain if it needs to replace a starting player at minimal cost.

Notable contributors
Contributors to Baseball Prospectus include multiple notable sports figures, including:

 * Dave Cameron
 * Will Carroll
 * James Click
 * Clay Davenport
 * Rany Jazayerli
 * Christina Kahrl
 * Jonah Keri
 * Keith Law
 * Doug Pappas
 * John Perrotto
 * Dayn Perry
 * Joe Sheehan
 * Nate Silver
 * Keith Woolner

Criticism of methodology
Baseball Prospectus, as well as other sabermetric analysts, are criticized for taking the human aspect out of the game of baseball. For example, Murray Chass of The New York Times wrote in an article that he did not want to hear or read about new-age baseball statistics any more (referencing Value over replacement player specifically), saying: "'I suppose that if stats mongers want to sit at their computers and play with these things all day long, that's their prerogative. But their attempt to introduce these new-age statistics into the game threatens to undermine most fans' enjoyment of baseball and the human factor therein. People play baseball. Numbers don't.'"

Nate Silver, BP's Managing Partner at the time, responded to this criticism in "An Open Letter to Murray Chass," including offering to meet Chass to watch a ballgame. Silver expounded on the case for a positive impact of sabermetrics on the game of baseball in an article "How Sabermetrics Helps Build a Better Ballgame," published on Baseball Analysts.com.

Another type of criticism comes from those who believe that by broadening its coverage and audience, Baseball Prospectus is becoming more like the mainstream media and losing what made it unique. In response to a question along this line in an on-line chat, Silver wrote:"From a brand standpoint, we're more concerned about differentiation based on quality than differentiation based on where we fall on sort of the 'saberpolitical' spectrum."

Criticism of journalistic standards
Baseball Prospectus was widely criticized for publishing and aggressively promoting a 2003 story claiming that banished player/manager Pete Rose had reached an agreement to return to baseball. Will Carroll made the rounds on television and radio, claiming to have spoken to unnamed sources who had actually seen the agreement. Spokesmen for both Rose and Major League Baseball refuted the claim, but Carroll and his colleagues insisted their reporting was accurate. No other news source confirmed the story. In fact, Rose was not reinstated and remains banned from baseball.

title: Baseball Prospectus


text: Category:Estudiantes de La Plata footballers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Faras

Faras (formerly Παχώρας, Pakhôras; Pachoras; Old Nubian: Ⲡⲁⲭⲱⲣⲁⲥ, Pakhoras ) was a major city in Lower Nubia. The site of the city, on the border between modern Egypt and Sudan at Wadi Halfa Salient, was flooded by Lake Nasser in the 1960s and is now permanently underwater. Before this flooding, extensive archaeological work was conducted by a Polish archaeological team led by professor Kazimierz Michałowski.

History
Dating back to the A-Group period, the town was a major centre during the Meroitic period, and was the site of a major temple. During the period of ancient Egyptian control over Nubia, Faras became an Egyptian administrative centre and, located upriver from Abu Simbel, Egyptian cultural influences were prominent.

The city reached its height during the Christian period of Nubia, when Faras was the capital of the basiliskos Silko of Nobadia. When Nobatia was absorbed into Makuria, it remained the most prominent center in the north, the seat of Nobadia's eparch.

Archaeology
In 1909–1912, research on the site was conducted by a British expedition from the University of Oxford headed by F.Ll. Griffith. Meroitic and Christian cemeteries, as well as Egyptian temples, were uncovered. At the turn of the 1960s, UNESCO organized the Nubian Salvage Campaign to preserve monuments from the area, which was to be flooded by Lake Nasser. Work in Faras, entrusted to Professor Kazimierz Michałowski, was carried out from 1960 to 1964 by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw in Cairo, which he had founded (now Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw). It turned out that the hill where the mission began excavations concealed a Christian cathedral with magnificent wall paintings. The researchers distinguished three main phases of its functioning. The cathedral was founded by bishop Aetios in 620 and then twice rebuilt: by Paulos at the beginning of the 8th century and Petros I at the end of the 10th century. The subsequent buildings were called after these bishops. The cathedral had been completely filled with sand thanks to which its structure and decoration were well preserved. These paintings are the best surviving examples of Christian Nubian art and depict portraits of archangels, mainly Michael, various monarchs and bishops of Faras, Christian saints, Virgin Mary and a number of Biblical scenes. They were executed in tempera on dry plaster, on several layers dated from the 8th to the 14th century. Of the 169 uncovered paintings, 120 were taken down from the walls. Sixty-six of them were transported to Poland and are today on display in the Polish National Museum in Warsaw, and in Sudan National Museum in Khartoum. In addition, a major pottery workshop was found.

Thanks to the discovery of the List of Bishops of Faras, it was possible to date each episcopate and thus to establish the date of some of the wall paintings.

In the turbulent later years of Christian Nubia, Faras seems to have declined and the administrative centre moved to the more easily defended area of Qasr Ibrim.

title: Faras


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Talk:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Name
There is no reason for this article to be called Stanford Linear Accelerator... It would properly be called Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, I believe. The accelerator itself has never, to my knowledge, been called SLA. (It has been called SLC, for Stanford Linear Collider, in fact.) Any objections to me fixing this? -- SCZenz 17:47, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

You are in fact correct, be cautious there are external links to this page that will go nowhere. Scotty
 * Yes, there are a lot of links. I will not move anything until I have time to fix them all.  -- SCZenz 18:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Turned out to be easy... Stanford Linear Accelerator now redirects here, and there ended up not being any double redirects. -- SCZenz 18:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Professor Robert Hofstadter received the 1961 Physics Nobel for electron scattering diffraction studies performed at SLAC. That makes four Nobelists. My Flatley (talk) 23:21, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Er, SLAC was founded in 1962. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.79.228.48 (talk) 21:48, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

The mention of SLAC's role in the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was removed. See here. This fact was well-referenced, and is an important part of SLAC's history. Can anybody justify its removal? Josh Thompson (talk) 22:15, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

You da man! I'll keep a future eye out too, I know I had to change a few with SLAC, Thanks...Scotty

Klyston Gallery Longest building in the United States?
About being the longest buiding in the United States I know they say that and I've heard it as hearsay, but have you ever been to Dallas airport? Or any other large airport? I suspect when you run around these airport buildings they might just beat SLAC. Also please note, the Klystron gallary only goes from Sector Zero to Sector 30, stops short, near sector 30 guard shack, and the beamline continues on going into the switchyard where it continues on further. Just my two cents Scott 18:31, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * So far this is the best reference source I can find. Rather self-serving, but I'm still looking for independant and more recent confirmation. --Kgf0 22:42, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I found a longer building "in the world" but not in the U.S. - the coloss of Prora: At four and a half kilometres, Prora is the longest building in the world, I think. It was built in the 1930s and intended as a holiday camp for 20,000 aryan families under the Nazi Strength Through Joy programme. This never happened because the war broke out during which parts of the building were bombed. Between 1945 and 1990 the East German army took over the building and used it as a secret training base." Looks like SLAC has a lock on the U.S. record, though, AFAICT.  --Kgf0 22:57, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * FuzzyKeith?
 * Good job, but I still question when I have to walk around the Dallas airport! LOL Again, good job. Scott 23:20, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've visited SLAC. A tour guide (some graduate student or postdoc) told me that an airport in Hong Kong comes the closest to beating SLAC's record, but not quite. So SLAC is probably longer than any airport terminal. The Prora is a complex made of "eight housing blocks" according to the wikipedia article on it, so maybe it's not a continuous building.
 * Sorry, one more correction. I've done a little bit of googling and have found the longest buildings in the world: http://www.chinavista.com/travel/yongding/circular.jpg. -Danny :-D

The Picture of the Beamline is Not From SLAC!!!
I'm not sure who put the picture of that beamline in this article but it is not a picture of any SLAC Linear Accelerator structure. I might belong to SPEAR/SSRL experiments which are at the _end_ of the beamline past the beam switch yard, but that is not a picture of any structure in the 3km(2mi) above-ground Klystron Gallery nor is it a picture of any accelerating structure underground in the actual beamline underneath the klystron gallery. Since this is an encyclopedia, it is rather embarassing that we've got this inaccuracy. I am going to remove the picture right away and put a correct picture up. Astrobayes 12:35, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Article reorganization
As the tag indicates, the PEP-II and SSRL section is quite sloppy. Instead of just cleaning it up, we should replace the section with a "Projects" section and give each procject a subheading within. That way we can organize the section better and make room for more projects. Specifically it would allow us to add a section on the LCLS project which was only just begun in late 2005 and will be building its new facilities next summer.--WmRowan 18:24, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree that this article needs substantial reorganization. There are many projects that are underway at SLAC. Having a paragraph on each will prove unwieldy. Is there a precedent somewhere for how it should be organized? Neutrinoless (talk) 23:39, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:04, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

First Z Event
The first Z event occurred early in the morning on Tuesday, 11Apr89, and was discovered by graduate student Barrett D. Milliken the following morning (12Apr89) while he was going over data from the Mark II Particle Detector. So the current text needs help: "The first Z event was recorded on April 12, 1989 by the Mark II detector.(10)" The associated reference 10 is a nice on-line document and no one doubts Roger Erickson's long association with the Stanford Linear Collider. He also kept a log, early on BitNET, and entries from this are now on the Internet as reference (10). Erickson is noting the discovery of another scientist ("A scientist sifting through data recorded by the MARK-II detector found the evidence for the particle" as the bottom-page text states). So let's give the hard-toiling grad students of the science world credit by mentioning Barrett D Milliken and citing John R. Rees, The Stanford Linear Collider, Scientific American 1989, 261:4 (October), pp. 36-43 as the reference. Rees led the construction of the SLC.

I or others can do a Wiki edit based on this info from Rees, who writes,"Early in the morning of Tuesday, April 11 [1989], ... my colleagues on the night shift started home. Minutes before, unknown to any of us at the time, a surge of energy had suddenly pulsed through the three-story-high, 1,800-ton hulk of iron that forms the shell of the Mark II detector.  ... It was not until the following morning that Barrett Milliken, a postdoctoral fellow at the California Institute of Technology, noticed something unusual as he was poring over computer data stored from the previous day.  Two spindly jets of particles ... struck the detector, depositing some 65 billion electron volts of energy.  The brief pulse, Milliken realized, showed the unmistakable features of a Z0 -- a particle that 'carries' the weak nuclear force, one of the fundamental forces of nature.  By noon, the news had flashed around the world: we at SLAC had finally reached the goal that had eluded us for almost a year." I don't know what's best or enough for the article, but at least we're closer to what actually happened. Jerry-va (talk) 14:56, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Since the time zone isn't given, it seems to me to be close enough. Gah4 (talk) 01:33, 9 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Since the time zone isn't given, it seems to me to be close enough. Gah4 (talk) 01:33, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

FACET and LCLS
The article should mention why the linac was re-purposed. Energy range no longer needed? Non-linacs better? Other linacs with newer equipment better?72.0.146.38 (talk) 22:07, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

current
An important part of SLAC is (was) not only the beam energy, but also the beam current. I have a reference for the original 20GeV SLAC having a beam current of 30μA. (For those who don't multiply fast, that is 600kW.) I am not sure about the later current. Gah4 (talk) 08:18, 16 December 2021 (UTC)


text:
File:Kugler 1975, utrecht.jpg

Victor Kugler next to the statue of Anne Frank, Utrecht, 1975

Source:

Fair use for Victor Kugler
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:
 * 1) it is a significant photo of a historically notable individual.
 * 2) the image is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 3) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this and other articles linked to it.

title: File:Kugler 1975, utrecht.jpg


text:
Altnabreac

Altnabreac is a tiny settlement within the county of Caithness, in the north of Scotland, and now within the Highland council area.

The name Altnabreac is from the Scots Gaelic Allt nam Breac, meaning "the stream of the trout".

It is located on Altnabreac Moss by the Sleach Water in the Flow Country, 9 mi east of Forsinard and 23 mi west of Wick. The settlement, notable for its remoteness, consists of Altnabreac railway station and the former Altnabreac School. The school was closed in 1986 and converted into a private residence. The former gamekeeper's house sits adjacent to the school and station. There is a natural spring about 200 m from the school.

Lochdhu Lodge, approximately 1+1/2 mi south, was built in 1895. During the 1980s peat banks were worked to provide fuel for the residents who regularly used to be cut off from the nearest town of Thurso during the winter. It can only be approached by train by special request to stop at the unmanned station, or along unsurfaced Forestry Commission roads from the nearest village, Westerdale, about 12 mi away.

Altnabreac, like Dounreay, was considered as a location for a final repository for the UK's nuclear waste. This idea was not pursued.

title: Altnabreac


text:
User:Somena

Brief Bio
My name is Meaghan Champion-Williams (nee Walker) I am 34, married mother, currently living in Duncan British Columbia. I am originally from Somena within Canada. I am a libertarian and student of objectivism. My interests include reading, playing video games with my son, taking long walks with my husband, and watching movies.

Work
I run a process service company with my husband, which my husband and I started up in Florida, and have imported to Canada, to my Indian Reserve.

I have written for the National Post, The Winnipeg Free Press, The Vancouver Province and for 2-3 years I ran a column for the Cowichan Valley Citizen Newspaper called "Cowichan Beat".

Blogs & Net Stuff
I am currently adminstering a number of blogs that focus on various subjects and especially two other blogs in the political blogworld. One of those blogs is Small Dead Animals 2.0 and the other is Not Reason, which focuses on the Website No Treason.My usual blog is Somena Media

I used to hang out on usenet way back in the day, on the humanities.philosophy.objectivism group, which is where I encountered Jimbo, among other friends in libertarian/objectivist circles.

Family
My husband is Charles Champion, a 20+ year activist in the Libertarian Party of Florida, although he is no longer involved in the LP now. Somena 21:30, 28th May 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Somena


text:
Michael Fay (banker)

Sir Humphrey Michael Gerard Fay (born 10 April 1949) is a New Zealand merchant banker and partner in the merchant bank Fay Richwhite. He is one of the ten richest men in New Zealand. His personal wealth was largely acquired during the late 1980s and early 1990s, which included the period in which he had a significant role in the structural adjustment of the New Zealand economy undertaken by New Zealand's Fourth Labour Government. He is thought to be worth in excess of NZD 920 million, making him the 10th richest New Zealand citizen in 2017.

Early life and family
Fay was born in Auckland on 10 April 1949. He was educated at St Peter's College, Auckland and St Patrick's College, Silverstream, and studied law at Victoria University of Wellington, graduating LLB in 1971. In 1983, he married Sarah Ann Williams, and the couple went on to have three children.

Fay Richwhite
Michael Fay and David Richwhite are best known for gaining wealth in a series of loosely regulated privatisation and asset swapping transactions that occurred between 1986 and 1993 - involving their companies European Pacific, Capital Markets and Fay Richwhite and the former state owned operations Bank of New Zealand, Tranz Rail and Telecom New Zealand, and the pension accounts associated to them.

One notable transaction among these actions was their role as advisors to the government on the sale of New Zealand Rail Limited to overseas interests; a deal in which Fay and Richwhite later bought 31.8 per cent of the shares, and were subsequently investigated for insider trading by New Zealand authorities.

Securities Commission case
In October 2004 the New Zealand Securities Commission accused Richwhite and Midavia Rail Investments, a company owned by Richwhite and Fay, of insider trading. Richwhite was alleged to have tipped off Midavia to sell $63 million worth of Tranz Rail shares, whilst knowing Tranz Rail faced financial problems undisclosed to the public. In June 2007, Midavia paid $20 million to settle insider trading proceedings relating to Tranz Rail. The commission stated that the payments had been made "without any admission of liability". The settlement is the largest of its kind ever seen in Australasia.

America's Cup
Fay backed New Zealand's first America's Cup campaign in 1987, which won through to the challenger's final before losing to a US entry from San Diego.

In 1988 Fay backed a challenge to the San Diego Yacht Club, who had just won the America's Cup. Rather than wait three to four years and join a general international challenge as had been the custom for thirty-five years, he had his legal team review the original Deed of Gift. The Deed of Gift was the document drawn up by the owners of the 100 Guineas Cup, won by the yacht America, to offer the cup for international competition. The deed did not specify a time delay between challenges, nor were competitors limited to compete in a particular class of boat, nor did boats have to be the same size or class. Fay financed the creation of KZ 1, a large single-hull yacht which complied with the original Deed of Gift but was much larger and hence faster than the 12-metre class boats which had been used for America's Cup competition for many years. Dennis Conner, skipper of the American defender, responded by building the multihull Stars & Stripes (US-1). Court actions followed which, after initially ruling a mismatch and requiring forfeiture, decided that both boats complied with the original Deed of Gift. Fay sailed on the boat during the 1988 America's Cup. The Stars & Stripes catamaran easily won. The bad press generated by Fay's heavily litigious approach to yacht racing heralded an era of better management and agreement for future challenges.

In the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, Fay was appointed as a Knight Bachelor, for services to merchant banking and yachting.

Fay was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 2002.

Sport and Domicile
Fay is also the chairman of and was the financial backer of the Samoa national rugby union team. Fay now resides in New Zealand and, with David Richwhite, owns Great Mercury Island. They have spent $750,000, matching the same amount contributed by the Department of Conservation, to make the island (which is open to the public) pest-free, in a programme beginning in 2014.

title: Michael Fay (banker)


text:
KZ1 (yacht)

KZ 1, formally called New Zealand, is a one-off sailing yacht built to challenge for the 1988 America's Cup. She was designed by Bruce Farr and is constructed from a carbon fibre and Kevlar/Nomex sandwich, skippered by David Barnes and crewed by a team of 40 from the Mercury Bay Boating Club in Whitianga, New Zealand.

The unexpected challenge of Michael Fay and KZ 1 almost immediately after the 1987 American victory to the San Diego Yacht Club prompted syndicate head Dennis Conner to respond with an unconventional defence. Lacking time and looking to protect the planned international event in 1992, the defenders defended with one of two catamarans built for the challenge Stars & Stripes (US 1), a wing masted catamaran that Conner sailed to easily win the challenge, though most of the battle was later fought in court.

KZ 1 is now on display near the New Zealand Maritime Museum in downtown Auckland.

title: KZ1 (yacht)


text:
Talk:Borgund Stave Church

How much original fabric?
I visited this recently, and both the web literature and museum (and staff) are completely silent on the important question, regarding how much of the wooden fabric is "original". Suggest someone with access to the native language literature might be able to shed some light on this? 2.29.225.100 (talk) 19:44, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
It seems not possible to make a direct link to correct page on the english pages of Fortidsminneforenings's stave church pages. Agtfjott 17:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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File:Borgund Stave Church in Lærdalen, 2013 June.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Borgund Stave Church in Lærdalen, 2013 June.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on February 16, 2018. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2018-02-16. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 02:12, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Architectural History
— Assignment last updated by Mpalomo1 (talk) 22:35, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Borgund Stave Church


text:
Tom Tolbert

Byron Thomas Tolbert (born October 16, 1965) is an American sports broadcaster and former professional basketball player. He played a total of seven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). After retiring from basketball, Tolbert became a radio show co-host on KNBR in San Francisco and NBA commentator for the television networks NBC, ESPN, and ABC.

Early life
Tolbert graduated from Artesia High School in Lakewood, California in 1983.

College career
Following high school, he played college basketball at the University of California, Irvine (1983–1985), Cerritos College (1985–86), and the University of Arizona (1986–1988). While at Arizona, Tolbert played under coach Lute Olson, helping the team to an appearance in the 1988 Final Four. At Arizona, Tolbert was also a teammate of five-time NBA champion and future Golden State Warriors coach Steve Kerr.

Professional career
In 1988, he was a second-round draft pick (9th pick, 34th overall) of the Charlotte Hornets.

Tolbert spent seven seasons playing for a number of NBA teams, including Charlotte (1988–89, 94–95), the Golden State Warriors (1989–92), the Orlando Magic (1992–93), and the Los Angeles Clippers (1993–94). He also played briefly for Canarias in the Spanish league. He retired following the 1994-95 season after his oldest son was born.

Radio
In 1996, Tolbert was hired by KNBR, a San Francisco-based local sports radio station, to co-host a radio talk show titled The Razor and Mr. T with longtime Bay Area sports radio host Ralph Barbieri. The show attracted high ratings in the Bay Area with male listeners aged 25 to 54. The title of the show was changed to The Mr. T Show following the departure of Barbieri from KNBR in the summer of 2012. In 2014, with former San Francisco Chronicle columnist Ray Ratto becoming co-host, the show became Mr. T & Ratto. Beginning in 2019, Tolbert hosted the Tolbert, Krueger & Brooks Show. On February 25, 2022, Larry Kreuger and Rod Brooks were removed from the show.

From December 2012 to the end of the 2016 NBA season, Tolbert joined the Golden State Warriors Radio Network as color commentator alongside play-by-play announcer Tim Roye. Tolbert currently hosts “Tolbert and Copes” with his co-host Adam Copeland

Television
In addition to his radio work in San Francisco, Tolbert was a color commentator for NBA telecasts on NBC. He was nominated for an Emmy in 2002 for his work as a commentator on NBC. Tolbert then worked for ESPN from 2002 to 2007. In 2003, Tolbert - along with Brad Nessler and Bill Walton - called the NBA Finals for ABC.

Personal life
Tolbert lives in Alameda, California with his wife and three children. In 2017, Tolbert suffered an aortic aneurysm and underwent emergency heart surgery. He returned to his radio hosting duties after a week-long recovery.

title: Tom Tolbert


text:
Talk:Hopperstad Stave Church

Untitled
It seems not possible to make a direct link to the correct page on the english pages of Fortidsminneforenings's stave church pages. Agtfjott 17:45, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

According to the link, Lorem ipsum is 'placeholder text'. If this is so, why are there three examples of it in the article ? Surely it is not needed. 84.130.108.136 20:56, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Moorhead, MN Hopperstad Replica
Is it perhaps worth noting on this page that the Hjemkomst Center in Moorhead, Minnesota has a full scale replica of the Hopperstad stave church?

The link to the information on the replica is: http://www.hjemkomst-center.com/church/main.htm

It seems that some people might like to know this in case they would like to see the church but can't afford heading to Norway.

If there aren't any objections I'll get around to adding a short blurb about it in a couple of days.

Cheers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anungoliant (talk • contribs) 16:03, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Images
Does anyone have a problem with me eliminating some of the images? They seem a bit cluttered. ErikTheBikeMan (talk) 19:55, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Madonna
The madonna is in fact connected to the nearby Hove church, and not to Hopperstad. See also: http://www.nrk.no/sf/leksikon/index.php/Hove_steinkyrkje I will therefore delete that picture from the article. Hope that's allright. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2karen99 (talk • contribs) 16:37, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hopperstad Stave Church


text:
Consumer Expenditure Survey

The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE or CEX) is a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) household survey that collects information on the buying habits of U.S. consumers. The program consists of two components — the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey — each with its own sample. The surveys collect data on expenditures, income, and consumer unit characteristics. In May 2020, the American Association for Public Opinion Research recognized the CE program with its 2020 Policy Impact Award, for joint work by the BLS -- including CE and the Division of Price and Index Number Research -- and the Census Bureau on the Supplemental Poverty thresholds and measure, and the essential contributions these data products have made to the understanding, discussion, and advancement of public policy related to the alleviation of poverty in the United States.

Interview Survey
For the Interview Survey, each consumer unit is interviewed once per quarter, for four consecutive quarters. This survey is designed to capture large purchases, such as spending on rent, property, vehicles and expenses that occur on a regular basis such as rent or utilities. Since April 2003, data have been collected using a Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI). Prior to that, interviews were administered using paper and pencil. An example of the most recent CAPI instrument is available on the Consumer Expenditure Survey website.

Diary Survey
The Diary Survey is self-administered, and each consumer unit keeps a diary for two one-week periods. This survey is meant to capture small, frequently purchased items and allows respondents to record all purchases such as spending for food and beverages, tobacco, personal care products, and nonprescription drugs and supplies. The most recent Diary Survey form is available on the Consumer Expenditure Survey website.

Consumer Unit
A consumer unit consists of any of the following: (1) All members of a particular household who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or other legal arrangements; (2) a person living alone or sharing a household with others or living as a roomer in a private home or lodging house or in permanent living quarters in a hotel or motel, but who is financially independent; or (3) two or more persons living together who use their incomes to make joint expenditure decisions. Financial independence is determined by spending behavior with regard to the three major expense categories: Housing, food, and other living expenses. To be considered financially independent, the respondent must provide at least two of the three major expenditure categories, either entirely or in part.

The terms consumer unit, family, and household are often used interchangeably for convenience. However, the proper technical term for purposes of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is consumer unit.

Integrated Results
Data from the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey are combined to provide a complete account of expenditures and income. In some cases data are unique to a particular survey. For example, the Diary Survey provides greater detail of food expenditures than the Interview Survey, and the Interview Survey collects data on automobile repairs which are not found in the Diary Survey. For items collected in both surveys the BLS selects which data to use by statistical methods.

Survey Sample
The Consumer Expenditure Survey is designed to be representative of the entire U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population, and includes both urban and rural areas. The primary sampling frame is the Census Bureau’s Master Address File (MAF). That file has all residential addresses identified in the 2010 census and is updated twice per year with the U.S. Postal Service’s Delivery Sequence File. The data are collected for the BLS by the United States Census Bureau. Approximately 7,000 usable interviews are collected from the Interview Survey each quarter and approximately 14,000 usable diaries are collected for the Diary Survey per year. In 2013, the response rate was 65 percent for the Diary Survey and 65 percent for the Interview Survey.

Confidentiality
Personal information such as names, addresses, and phone numbers are never published. Data collected from the survey are protected by Title 13 of the United States Code. Each person with access to confidential information, including US Census Bureau field representatives and BLS employees, are sworn for life to protect this information. Violations of the law are a felony punishable by a prison sentence of up to five years and a fine of up to $250,000.

Recent Data
According to a BLS news release on September 9, 2020, average annual expenditures for all consumer units in 2019 were $63,036, a 3.0-percent increase from 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. During the same period, the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) rose 1.8 percent and average income before taxes increased 5.4 percent.

Accompanying 2019 annual data tables were also posted on the CE website on September 9, 2020. The next release of midyear data will be in April 2021.

Uses of Survey Data
These data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey are used in a number of different ways by a variety of users. One important use of the survey is for the periodic revision of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index (CPI). The Bureau uses survey results to select new market baskets of goods and services for the CPI every two years, to determine the relative importance of CPI components, and to derive new cost weights for the market baskets. Working with the U.S. Census Bureau, Consumer Expenditure Survey data are used to calculate thresholds for the Supplemental Poverty Measure. The US Department of Agriculture uses Consumer Expenditure information in estimating the cost of raising children. Market researchers find the data useful in analyzing the demand for groups of goods and services. The data allow them to track spending trends of different types of consumer units. Government and private agencies use the data to study the welfare of particular segments of the population, such as those consumer units with a reference person aged 65 and older or under age 25, or for low-income consumer units. Economic policymakers use the data to study the impact of policy changes on the welfare of different socioeconomic groups. Researchers use the data in a variety of studies, including those that focus on the spending behavior of different family types, trends in expenditures on various expenditure components including new types of goods and services, gift-giving behavior, consumption studies, and historical spending trends.

Limitations
Both the Diary and Interview Surveys utilize a representative sample to measure the buying habits of American consumers. Only a small percentage of the U.S. population is surveyed, and therefore the data are subject to sampling errors. The division publishes standard error tables on their website. Non-sampling errors include, but are not limited to, respondents who are either unwilling or unable to provide accurate answers, mistakes made in collecting or recording obtained data, and estimation of missing data.

Microdata
Detailed annual data -- 1980 through 2019 -- for individual household/consumer units in both the Diary and Interview surveys are available for free download at the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey website. The data are protected for confidentiality.

The Consumer Expenditure Surveys Division also hosts a free research symposium and summer microdata users' workshop at BLS headquarters in Washington, DC. The 2021 symposium followed by the workshop will be held July 20 through 23, 2021.

History
The Consumer Expenditure Survey was first collected over 130 years ago in 1888. It became a continuous survey in 1980. From the late 1800s until 1980 the survey had been administered at approximately ten-year intervals. More information about the history of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is available on the program's history page.

title: Consumer Expenditure Survey


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TrekBBS

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (no consensus). There are an awful lot of keep votes from users with a very low number of edits, but even if they are ruthlessly discounted there is not a consensus to delete this article. So I won't bother working out which of those votes should be counted and which should not. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:33, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

TrekBBS

 * Wikipedia is not a web directory. Article does not comport with WP:WEB Why do people say I have a vendetta when I've never even been a member of the site? It is asinine to assert motives without evidenceTanizaki 17:50, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Keep' A webforum that has spawned this many site is worth noting, and Trek is quite well known - who in western world would not recognize phrases like "Beam me up Scotty" or "Live long and prosper" For the record, I can't recall posting at Trekbbs at all, though I have been there to search for news. OmegaPaladin 07:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * NOTE: WP:WEB is not a policy on Wikipedia.Gateman1997 00:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Alexa rank of 84,932, too low for me. The article doesn't state any notability or meaningful impact on the Internet. Delete. I'm eagerly awaiting the inevitable whinefest thread over there. --Apostrophe 18:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * NOTE I just thought I would point this out.(this was posted out of order so more people would read it).

Even thought WP:WEB is not policy people are sitting it as reason for delete. Even thought the board meets one of the criteria. Number 3. And WP:WEB says you only need to meet one.

The board has 6999 register users. With 3565 users once being on at the same time. Also this is from trekBBS

"In order to prevent abuse, you may register only one user name at the Trek BBS..." So there will be few sock puppets. ''“A website's impact can be demonstrated by meeting one or more of the following criteria: 1.	Having an Alexa ranking of 10,000 or better 2.	Having been the subject of national or international media attention within the last 2 years 3.	Having a forum with 5,000 or more apparently unique members“ '' Elfwood 12:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment 7000 members, part of UGO network - is notable... but I'm going to abstain for now Ryan Norton T 18:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator CDC   (talk)  18:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nominated due to childish reason on the stardestroyer.net VFD.Gateman1997 18:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Comment You agree with the nominator, yet the reasons he cited are invalid. WP:WEB is not offical Wiki policy. It even states as much in the article. Alyeska 23:53, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it is not as popular as stardestoryer maybe but still wikipedia is not paper Yuckfoo 19:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * keep factual and verifiable. Trollderella 19:53, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Your persuing a vendetta and crusade Tanizaki. Not very smart of you.  First you attack SD.net, now your trying to kill Trek BBS.  A definate vote keep from me. Alyeska 20:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * KeepIt is the most popular startrek site on the net. Larger than the official site even. It certainly deservers a page (P.s. I only joined that board after seeing some one wanting to VFD it and currently have 0 posts).Elfwood 20:13, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep What do people have against large, notable message boards that have significant memberships and valid topics? SpringheelJack
 * Delete, despite the nominator's motives. Not notable.  —Charles O'Rourke 23:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with nominator --Neigel von Teighen 23:49, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep WP:WEB is not policy, and the only reason this VfD exists is due to a personal vendetta. TrekBBS should be considered on its own merits, not caught up in a personal crusade. PredatorX 12:22, 26 August 2005 (GMT+12)
 * Delete. Yet another single-interest message board. And WP:WEB may not be policy, but it's a damn good guideline. --Calton | Talk 00:49, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - It isn't single-interest; less than half of the subforums are about Trek, and a small (but noticeable) number of members post there despite not liking Trek. --DaveJB 15:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Per Calton & nom. -PlainSight 04:14, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.--nixie 09:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but also slap nominator with a big wet sack of WP:POINT. Proto t c 09:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - It meets the WP:WEB guidelines. - Lifefeed 13:06, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Invalid reason cited, and otherwise a notable board. --DaveJB 15:33, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree w/Charles O'Rourke, Calton Dottore So 16:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Notable and verifiable --ERTW 21:45, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - It is as notable as ratemystump.com Its subject matter is obsolete as well.

 * Keep - The original article stands. The reason it's being deleted, or attempted to, is because the person asking for the deletion is just trying to cause trouble. The site's fine, the article is fine, he is just wasting your time. Ignore him.WeyounTDB 22:00, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - This entry is a waste of webspace on Wikipedia's servers.

 * Keep - The TrekBBS far outpowers, outpopulates and outclasses it's spinoffs such as Wordforge and TrollKingdom. Two boards who have fought to get TrekBBS's name deleted from Wikipedia. In fact, several members from Wordforge have repeatedly tried to defame TrekBBS's Wiki entry. To name two are Face and BizarroEnt, both members of Wordforge and both responsible for spreading libelous claims. TrekBBS will exist long after these two boards are digital dust.

 * Keep - TrekBBS is the largest and most organized Trek board on the WWW. And I agree with the above comment, that other spinoff boards are hoping to see TrekBBs taken down, out of pure malice and jealousy.

 * KEEP - This entry must stay!Urizen 00:54, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - And lose the link to trekbbs.co.uk? I think not!--Borgs8472 01:05, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TrekBBS


text:
Alan Cameron

Alan Cameron may refer to:

 * Sir Alan Cameron of Erracht (1753–1828), British army general
 * Alan Cameron (classicist) (1938–2017), British classicist
 * Alan Cameron (legal scholar), New Zealand legal scholar
 * Alan Cameron (rugby union) (1929–2010), Australian rugby union footballer
 * Pat Cameron (Alan John Patrick Cameron, 1895–1982), Canadian Member of Parliament
 * Al Cameron (Alan Richard Cameron, born 1955), ice hockey player

title: Alan Cameron


text:
User talk:207.58.192.123

August 2021
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Typhoon Tip—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Serols (talk) 13:52, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.58.192.123


text:
Xagħra Stone Circle

The Xagħra Stone Circle (Iċ-Ċirku tax-Xagħra), also known as the Xagħra Hypogeum or the Brochtorff Circle, is a Neolithic funerary complex located in Xagħra, Gozo, Malta. It consists of a series of caves which were used to bury the dead, and which were surrounded by a walled enclosure. It mainly dates back to around 3000 to 2400 BC, although the earliest tombs at the site date back to 4100 to 3800 BC. The caves collapsed sometime before 2000 BC, and the site was later used for domestic and agricultural purposes.

After being discovered in the late 18th century, the site was excavated in the 1820s before being reburied and forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1964, and major excavations took place from 1987 to 1994. It is the only prehistoric stone-enclosed hypogeum in Europe, and is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites in Malta along with the megalithic temples and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni. Recent dating through AMS has added scores of new date estimates of the burials as part of the ERC-funded FRAGSUS project and the ToTL project. The isotopic studies indicate changing dietary and climatic conditions and link with broader changes in the local environment.

Etymology
When first discovered in 1788, the site was simply described as an "ancient structure" without a name or description. After it was depicted in paintings by Charles Frederick de Brocktorff in the 1820s, the site was commonly referred to as the Brochtorff Circle, although it is not known who came up with this name.

The site eventually became known as the Xagħra Stone Circle or the Gozo Stone Circle. According to the archaeologist David Trump, these names are misnomers because 'Stone Circles' in northern Europe and the British Isles refer to a different type of Neolithic structure. In 2009, Trump coined the term Xagħra Circle as the name best describing the site.

Site
The Xagħra Stone Circle originally consisted of a walled enclosure surrounding caves which were used as a necropolis. It has some similarities to the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, a prehistoric funerary complex on the main island of Malta. However, Ħal-Saflieni is a man-made carved structure, while the Xagħra Stone Circle consists of natural caves which were adapted into a cemetery. Excavations at the site have shown that the bodies of the deceased were dismembered, and the different body parts were buried at separate places.

The site was the burial ground of the same community which built the nearby Ġgantija temple, which is now well-preserved. Several other temples might have stood in the vicinity, including at Santa Verna (where a few megaliths which are probably the remains of an important temple were found) and Ta' Ġesù.

The earliest tombs at the site date back to between 4100 and 3800 BC, during the [[Żebbuġ phase](although new chronology suggests the start date is probably closer to 3800 BC)] of Maltese prehistory. There was limited activity from 3800 to 3000 BC but pottery and dated bones demonstrate that burials were taking place in the caves and rock cut tomb, even though much of this material was probably reworked when the site was expanded and elaborated during the later Ggantija and Tarxien periods. Thus most of the site activity dates from 3000 to 2400 BC, associated with the insertion of megalithic stones into the subterranean complex to form compartments for burial areas. The caves in which the complex was built were prone to collapse, and they weakened over time so megaliths were used in an attempt to stabilize the roof. The structure finally collapsed at some point before 2000 BC. and when excavated parts of the roof were found sunken into the top of the cave in the East Cave zone.

During the Bronze Age, the site was probably used for non-funerary domestic purposes, and remains from the Tarxien Cemetery and Borġ in-Nadur phases were uncovered in the area. The land was subsequently used for agricultural purposes until the 20th century.

Discovery, excavations and recent history

The Xagħra Stone Circle was first recorded by Jean Houel in 1788. In the 1820s, Otto Bayer excavated part of the complex through a collapsed cave roof, and Charles Frederick de Brocktorff painted several paintings showing the site during this excavation. The site was filled in by the late 1830s, and its exact location was lost over time. The two monumental pillars which formed the circle's entrance still stood in 1828, but they were subsequently removed.

The complex was rediscovered by the Gozitan researcher Joe Attard Tabone in 1964. It was excavated between 1987 and 1994 by a joint team from the University of Malta, the Maltese Museums Department and the University of Cambridge. The fieldwork and post-excavation study was directed by David Trump, Caroline Malone and Simon Stoddart, assisted by Prof Anthony Bonanno. A succession of student and professional volunteers assisted (see 2009 Malone et al, Mortuary Practices in Prehistoric Malta, Mortuary Customs). These excavations revealed the remains of one of the largest funerary complexes in the Mediterranean, and led to a better understanding of the society who built Malta's megalithic temples. About 220,000 human bones belonging to between 450 and 800 individuals were uncovered during the excavations, along with some animal bones and a series of artifacts, including figurines and architectural fragments. The human remains archive was further analysed as part of the FRAGSUS ERC Advanced Project, headed by Caroline Malone, and published as vol 3 of the Fragsus Monographs, see references below. The new work has extracted aDNA from three individuals, showing that people originated from the eastern Mediterranean area as well as from the Adriatic-central Europe area in the third millennium BC. The new work also examines the 11000 teeth recovered in the excavations and identifies a range of pathologies and health issues in the prehistoric population.

The Xagħra Stone Circle is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites in Malta. It is the only stone-enclosed hypogeum in Europe, and the only prehistoric necropolis in Malta which was properly excavated – no records were kept when the human remains and artifacts at Ħal-Saflieni were cleared in the early 20th century. Parts of the site remain unstudied, and efforts are being made to preserve the complex, since it is fragile and prone to collapse.

The site is on government-owned land, and it is managed by Heritage Malta. The remains have Class A protection, and they are listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. The site is not accessible to the public.

title: Xagħra Stone Circle


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SsangYong Musso

The SsangYong Musso (Korean: 쌍용 무쏘) is a mid-sized SUV or pickup truck manufactured by the South Korean automaker SsangYong from 1993.

The Musso SUV was a result of collaboration between SsangYong and Daimler-Benz. The car's design was styled by Ken Greenley. The car has a double cab pick-up version named Musso Sports. The SUV was produced from 1993 to 2005, and the pick-up produced from 2002 to 2005.

In 2018 Geneva Motor Show, SsangYong's new pickup truck was revealed, with the Musso nameplate. It features SsangYong's new body-on-frame platform, which shares with the SsangYong Rexton.

Musso SUV (FJ; 1993–2005)
First produced in 1993, the Musso SUV was available with either a petrol 2.8 and 3.2-litre inline six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz M104 engine, a Mercedes-Benz M111 engine 2.3-litre inline four-cylinder petrol engine, or a 2.3-litre four-cylinder and 2.9-litre five-cylinder diesel engines (Mercedes-Benz OM601 and OM602) with natural aspiration or turbo intercooler (from 1997). The car was designed by Briton Ken Greenley and received the Auto Design Award from the Birmingham Auto Show hosted in 1994 and 1996. Also known for its off-road abilities, the vehicle won the Rallye des Pharaons for 4WD vehicles in October 1994. A facelifted version has been available since 1998.

The Musso seats five people, a folding trunk seat is available in rare models for a total of seven. The wheels are fit for off-road driving, similar to its smaller sibling, the Korando. The SsangYong Musso Sports, a Musso variant with a truck bed, was released in later years.

The Musso is available in Iran as Musso, produced by Morattab Khodro Co. (since 2003). It was sold in Vietnam by Mekong Auto Corporation from 1997 to 2005.

TagAZ Road Partner
Russian automotive assembly TagAZ plant in Taganrog produced the Musso from 2008 to 2011 as TagAZ Road Partner. The car was facelifted in 2009.

Daewoo Musso
The Musso had also been produced for the UK market by Ssangyong from 1995 until 1999, when Daewoo Motors took over. The car was rebranded as the Daewoo Musso, keeping most of Greenley's body style with a notable change being the new front grille, more suited to Daewoo's styling. The Daewoo Musso was also sold in Germany.

Production for the Daewoo Musso ended in the latter half of 2002, 2 years before Daewoo was rebadged by General Motors.

Musso Sports (P100; 2002–2006)
The P100 series Musso Sports is a dual cab pickup version of the Musso SUV produced from 2002 to 2006. It features a Mercedes-Benz-designed engine, gearbox and five seats. Later models also had a turbo diesel option as well as others like a canopy, 'fins', extra tail lights, a chrome trim and an extra row of wheels to hold more weight.

Musso Pick-up (Q200; 2018–present)
The Q200 series Musso, also called the Rexton Sports (Korean: 렉스턴 스포츠) in South Korea and Taiwan, is a pickup truck which debuted to Korean market and global market on Geneva Motor Show in March 2018. The car features SsangYong's new body-on-frame platform using Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS), which shares with second generation of SsangYong Rexton.

The Musso is offered with a choice of a 225-horsepower 2.0 L e-XGDI 200T petrol turbo engine or 181 horsepower 2.2 L e-XDI 220 diesel engine which shares with the Rexton and available in two-wheel or part-time four-wheel drive. It is equipped with AISIN 6-speed automatic transmission or 6-speed manual transmission. The Musso pickup also provide Five-link suspension with optional Locking differential (LD). In Australia, the long wheelbase model XLV is also offered with rear leaf suspension in the base ELX model as standard and as an option in the mid spec Ultimate. In the United Kingdom, the long wheelbase model is known as the Musso Rhino, using the New Zealand market model name as a top of the range trim level.

Safety
The Musso pickup equipped with six airbags, It also features smart safety driving system including Autonomous Emergency Brake System (AEBS), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) and Rear Cross-Traffic Alert (RCTA).

Concept
Unveiled in May 2023, the Rexton Sports Culmen previews an upcoming facelift for the Musso pickup.

title: SsangYong Musso


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Altnabreac railway station

Altnabreac railway station is a rural railway station in the Highland council area of Scotland. It serves the area of Altnabreac – a settlement in which the station itself is the main component – in the historic county of Caithness. The name Altnabreac derives from the Scots Gaelic Allt nam Breac, meaning "the stream of the trout".

The station is on the Far North Line, 133 mi down the line from Inverness, situated between Forsinard and Scotscalder. It has a single platform long enough to accommodate a four-carriage train. The station is managed by ScotRail, who operate all trains serving it. As of 12 November 2023, no services are calling at the station due to a dispute regarding the access surrounding the station.

History
The station was opened by the Sutherland and Caithness Railway on 28 July 1874 and later absorbed by the Highland Railway.

The reason for the station's construction is a mystery. At the time of construction it was 8 mi from the nearest settlement and 10 mi from the nearest road. The only source of traffic at the station, Lochdhu Lodge, approximately 1.5 mi to the south, was not built until 1895 and the Altnabreac School was not built until 1930. However, it had a passing loop with a water tank so may have been established for purely operational reasons. The water tank has not seen regular use since 1962 and the line was singled in 1986; both the water tank and the old second platform can still be seen.

In 2021, Highland Council approved the construction for a timber loading terminal near the station.

From Sunday 12 November 2023, ScotRail trains will temporarily not call at Altnabreac due to a dispute surrounding access to the station.

Accidents and incidents
On 21 September 1898, a Highland Railway mail train was almost involved in a collision with a platelayer's trolley that had been left on the track. One of the platelayer's, John Morrison noticed the train coming down the track at high speeds, so he scrambled to get the trolley of the track. He succeeded in getting the trolley off the track before the train collided with it but was killed in the process.

In January 1978, a train from Inverness to Wick became trapped in a blizzard, with approximately 70 passengers on board. A rescue locomotive was sent to recover the train but also had to turn back. All 70 passengers - apart from some who walked the 5 miles to Scotscalder - were eventually rescued by helicopters approximately 24 hours after leaving Inverness.

Location
The station is on a private dirt road between Loch More, Caithness and Forsinain, marked as a cycle trail on Ordnance Survey maps. Being about 11 km from the nearest paved road and 18 km from the nearest village, Altnabreac is often listed as one of Britain's most geographically isolated railway stations, alongside Corrour elsewhere in Scotland, Dovey Junction in west Wales and Berney Arms in Norfolk. Dixe Wills says of the area:"'What is all the more remarkable is that the following events took place in the vicinity of the most remote station on my itinerary, a place girded round by peat-black lochs and dismal bogs and overshadowed by dark, anonymous plantations of doomed conifers, where nothing of any note has happened these past 70 years save for intense despondent brooding.'"The nearest village is Westerdale, which itself is in fact closer to Scotscalder station. Nevertheless, despite its isolation, the station is used by walkers and off-road cyclists, as well as railway enthusiasts and those who enjoy visiting remote locations.

Facilities
The station had a small shed that was previously used as a waiting shelter but this is currently boarded up and unuseable. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.

On 20 December 2022, Transport Scotland introduced a new "Press & Ride" at some request stops along the line, following successful trials of the system at Scotscalder over the previous four months. Previously, passengers wishing to board a train at Scotscalder had to flag the train by raising their arm (as is still done at other request stops around the country); this meant that the driver needed to reduce the train's speed before a request stop (to look out for any potential passengers on the platform and be able to stop if necessary), even if the platform was empty. The new system consists of an automatic kiosk (with a button for passengers to press) at the platform; this will alert the driver about any waiting passengers in advance and, if there is no requirement to stop, the train can maintain line speed through the request stops, thus improving reliability on the whole line. It is planned for Altnabreac to receive the system sometime in 2023, along with Dunrobin Castle.

Passenger volume
The main origin or destination station for journeys to or from Altnabreac in the 2022–23 period was Thurso, making up 104 of the 280 journeys (37.1%). The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.

Services
On weekdays and Saturdays, the service pattern from the station consists of four trains per day northbound to Wick via Thurso and three trains per day southbound to Inverness via Helmsdale, Golspie, Lairg, Tain and Dingwall. (There is a fourth train bound for Inverness but it is not scheduled to call at Altnabreac.) On Sundays there is just one train per day each way.

This station is designated as a request stop but the hardware is not installed due to a dispute with the neighbouring property. This means that passengers intending to alight must inform the guard in advance, and any passengers wishing to board must ensure they are in view of the train driver, and are required to use a hand signal to stop the train.

Service to the station is currently suspended for the foreseeable future as access to the station is currently impossible due to ownership disputes over the platform itself and the access track. ScotRail did not elaborate on the cause of the access problem.

title: Altnabreac railway station


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Raine

Raine is a name derived from any of several personal names (such as Raymond or Lorraine), and may refer to:

 * Given name
 * Raine Allen-Miller (born 1989), English film director
 * Raine Baljak (born 1996), Filipino-Australian beauty queen titleholder
 * Raine Karp (born 1939), Estonian architect
 * Raine Loo (1945–2020), Estonian actress
 * Raine Maida (born 1970), Canadian musician and vocalist
 * Raine Nuutinen (1931–2012), Finnish basketball player
 * Raine Peltokoski, Finnish sport shooter
 * Raine Seville (born 1986), Jamaican dancehall and reggae artist
 * Raine Spencer, Countess Spencer (1929–2016), step-mother of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales
 * Raine Storey (born 1995), Canadian artist
 * Raine Tuononen (born 1970), Finnish ice hockey player

 * Surname
 * Adrian Raine (born 1954), British-American psychologist
 * Barnaby Raine (born 1995), English historian
 * Craig Raine (born 1944), English poet
 * David Raine (born 1957), English footballer
 * James Raine (1791–1858), English historian
 * James Raine (footballer) (1886–1928), English footballer
 * Jessica Raine (born 1982), English actress
 * Kathleen Raine (1908–2003), English poet
 * Lena Raine, an American composer.
 * Nancy Greene Raine (born 1943), Canadian skier
 * Randy Raine-Reusch (born 1952), Canadian musician
 * Richard Raine (1923–2006), pseudonym of British novelist Raymond Harold Sawkins
 * Tom Raine, co-founder of the Australian real-estate franchise Raine & Horne
 * William MacLeod Raine (1871–1954), British-born American novelist

 * Fictional characters
 * Nicholas Raine, from the game  Rage
 * Aldo Raine, from the 2009 war film Inglorious Basterds
 * Raine Whispers, from the animated fantasy series The Owl House

title: Raine


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Talk:John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie

Untitled
I have done some research, specifically reading the account by Andrew Lang. The information regarding Henderson is not solidly established, even in Lang's mind.

monte

{x: — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.10.176.20 (talk • contribs) 17:52, 25 August 2005

William Ruthven escaped to Virgina
It says right at the bottom of this page that "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable". I don't believe that the last paragraph on this article which states that William Ruthven escaped to Virgina and changed his name to Ruffin is verifiable. This is an ancient legend among American Ruffins and is widely accepted, but to this date without proof. In fact it is deemed very unlikely by many modern researchers. The connection is still being investigated, but without current documentation the article should state this as a lengend or theory and not as fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pswilson1 (talk • contribs) 17:24, 5 December 2006

title: Talk:John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie


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Joyce Gilchrist

Joyce Gilchrist (January 11, 1948 – June 14, 2015) was an American forensic chemist who was accused of falsifying evidence in order to help prosecutors in Oklahoma. She participated in more than 3,000 criminal cases in 21 years while working for the Oklahoma City Police Department. Her evidence led in part to 23 people being sentenced to death, 12 of whom have been executed. After her dismissal, Gilchrist alleged that she was fired in retaliation for reporting sexual misconduct.

Biography
Gilchrist earned the nickname "Black Magic" for her ability to match DNA evidence that other forensic examiners could not. She was also known for being unusually adept at testifying and persuading juries, thus obtaining convictions. In 1994, Gilchrist was promoted to supervisor from forensic chemist after just nine years on the job, but her colleagues began to raise concerns about her work.

Concerns about Gilchrist's actions were first raised when a landscaper, Jeffrey Todd Pierce, who had been convicted of rape in 1986 largely based on Gilchrist's evidence despite a clean criminal record and good alibi, was exonerated based on additional DNA evidence.

Pierce, a husband and the father of two infant children, was misidentified in a police line-up. After voluntarily giving hair and blood samples to the police investigators in an attempt to clear his name, he was arrested and charged with the rape. Gilchrist claimed his hair samples were "microscopically consistent" with the hairs found at the crime scene. Pierce was cleared of the crime in 2001 after DNA evidence was re-examined, and released after 15 years in prison. Pierce subsequently filed a lawsuit against Oklahoma City, seeking $75 million and charging that Gilchrist and Bob Macy, a now-retired district attorney, conspired to produce false evidence against him. The suit was settled for $4 million in 2007, with one Oklahoma City councilman noting that the city could have had to pay much more.

Dismissal
Gilchrist was dismissed in September 2001 due to "flawed casework analysis" and "laboratory mismanagement".

She consistently denied any wrongdoing and was never charged with any crime.

Aftermath
Other cases from individuals convicted on Gilchrist's testimony continue to work their way through the courts.

 * Michael Blair was sentenced to die for the murder of a young girl in 1993. The evidence leading to his conviction included shafts of hair found near the girl's body and in Blair's car. New DNA evidence showed that the hair matched neither the girl, nor Blair.
 * During the early 1990s, Oklahoma state law did not allow defense attorneys to use government funds to hire other forensic scientists to verify Gilchrist's claims. However, during appeals of Malcolm Rent Johnson's death penalty case, two forensic experts hired by the defense were critical of Gilchrist's testimony, particularly as it relied upon several "blue-colored hairs" that seemed too "ubiquitous" to be useful evidence.
 * Curtis McCarty was released in 2007 after spending nearly 20 years on death row. The courts found that Gilchrist acted to either alter or intentionally lose evidence. McCarty sued Gilchrist for her wrongdoing, but his case was thrown out on technical terms, like those of most exonerees.
 * In June 2018, Johnny Edward Tallbear was released after 26 years in jail for a murder he did not commit. Gilchrist testified under oath that Tallbear's blood matched that found at the scene of the crime. DNA testing showed this to be incorrect.

Over 1,700 cases in which Gilchrist's evidence was significant to conviction were reviewed by the State of Oklahoma. Gilchrist's attorney stated that, "The criticism of [Joyce Gilchrist] around here is second only to that of Timothy McVeigh." After her dismissal, Gilchrist filed a lawsuit seeking $20.1 million, claiming that her firing was actually motivated by revenge, after she reported sexual misconduct by her supervisor.

The 12th-season Law & Order episode "Myth of Fingerprints" was inspired by Gilchrist's case.

Death
After her dismissal, Gilchrist relocated to Houston, where she worked for a candle-making company. She died in Texas on June 14, 2015.

title: Joyce Gilchrist


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Dickey (garment)

In clothing for men, a dickey (also dickie and dicky, and tuxedo front in the U.S.) is a type of shirtfront that is worn with black tie (tuxedo) and with white tie evening clothes. The dickey is usually attached to the shirt collar and then tucked into the waistcoat or cummerbund. Some dickey designs have a trouser-button tab, meant to secure the dickey-bottom to the waistband of the trousers, and so prevent the dickey from becoming untucked.

Originally called the detachable bosom, the dickey shirtfront, made of rigid plastic, was the fashion in shirts in the late 19th century; the dickey also was one of the first successful, commercial applications of celluloid. Like the detachable shirt collar, the dickey (a bosom-front for a dress shirt) was invented as a separate accessory for the shirt, which thus could be washed, starched, and pressed more readily than could be laundered if the dickey were an integral part of the shirt.

Among dandies, the use of a dickey is considered bad style in the wearing of traditional modes of black tie and white tie evening dress. Etymologically, the word dickey is from Cockney rhyming slang, wherein dicky dirt denotes a shirt. In 1850s Britain, office workers wore business suits, yet their low wages disallowed a work week's supply of laundered shirts, so they adopted the dickey as a practical extension of the sartorial life of a dress shirt at work.

Celluloid (hard plastic)
Celluloid dickeys were popular for their waterproof and stain-resistant properties. Unlike traditional cloth shirt-fronts, they remained sleek, bright white, and did not wilt or wrinkle. Celluloid dickeys simulated the look of a formal shirt bib for day and evening wear. They were designed in a variety of patents, such as: rounded, flat-end, no restraints, a restraint tab at the end of the bib or side straps that tied at the wearer's back. For this reason, they were popular with entertainers, musicians, and other performers. Nevertheless, they were frequently maligned and spoofed for their stiffness, un-manageability, and tendency to pop out of place. "The flapping dickey", a famous Vaudeville cliché, involves a dickey which has been intentionally rigged to flap in a comical fashion. For example, in the Looney Tunes cartoon Long-Haired Hare, orchestra conductor Bugs Bunny conducts an arrogant opera singer and makes him hold a note so long that his dickey snaps out of his waistcoat and rolls up to his throat.

Cardboard
Cardboard dickeys were worn in theater and service professions to save money from using linen formal shirts for uniforms. Examples of professions that used cardboard dickeys include waiters, hotel managers, doormen, bellboys, limo drivers, and servants.

Cloth
Cloth dickeys simulate many different styles. Some often-seen examples include dress shirt front and collar, formal frilled shirt front (popular in the mid-1970s with powder blue tuxedos), and most commonly in modern times, false turtleneck sweater fronts. Cloth dickeys are also often used in marching band uniforms.

Hard plastic dickeys have long since gone out of manufacture and fashion, but cloth turtleneck-style dickeys are still sometimes seen.

Women’s wear
The dickey, traditionally worn by men, made the transition to women's wear around 1943. While women may have worn dickeys before this time, ads in Vogue New York can be seen promoting dickeys in the February 1943 issue. Dickeys were said to “enliven your new suit or rejuvenate your old”. Women's dickeys were made from cotton or rayon and embellished with embroidery, lace, jabots, and ruffles. They were priced between $2 and $3 at the time.

Patterns for women's dickeys can also be found dating to 1944, with Butterick's patterns providing eight variations on the dickey. While dickeys have gone in and out of style over time, they have made a resurgence in the fashion world, with the most recent one starting in 2015.

Contemporary fashion
Recently, dickeys have been rising in popularity. In 2011, dickeys and menswear-inspired lingerie became popular as a break from minimalist and restrictive fashion at the time. At the same time, detachable collars and dickeys were showing up on the runway as Peter Pan collars. In 2013, the materials used for dickies was expanding from knits and cotton, to leather and silk. The 2014 fall winter season saw the dickey return as a winter accessory used to keep the neck warm. By 2015, contemporary designers, like Michael Kors, adopted the dickey in his resort line. In an interview with InStyle magazine, Kors said the dickey was a way to add versatility to a look, without adding bulk.

The rise of the dickey in pop culture has also encouraged the rise in popularity. For example, on the TV series The Big Bang Theory, a dickey is worn by the character Howard Wolowitz, as well as in Dinner for Schmucks, where the character Therman Murch (played by Zach Galifianakis) wore an orange turtleneck dickey. In 2012, the character Liz Lemon wore a "sweater" type dickey on the opening episode of season 6 on the TV series 30 Rock.

Appearances in film also occurred in the 1980s, such as Cousin Eddie (played by Randy Quaid) in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) who wore a dark-green turtleneck dickey underneath an ivory sweater, and the character Kent who wore a dickey in the end scenes of the 1985 movie Real Genius.

A form of a dickey, often called a rabat or stock, is still commonplace in the attire of some Christian clergy. It is worn either over a clerical shirt or another shirt and under a jacket.

Cultural dress
The dickey is not just a facet of menswear clothing, it is also used in certain types of cultural dress.

Armenia
Historically, Armenian dress consisted of layers, a result of the variability of the weather, with short and hot summers and long and cold winters. Layers could be switched out easily when changes in the weather occurred. One component of this layering was a dicky style shirt that was heavily embroidered to cover the chest if the woman's outer dress was low cut.

Greece
It is traditional for Greek widows to wear black to signify their mourning. Historically, widows in certain regions of Greece, specifically Peloponnese and Euboea, "wore a plain white chemise and an unembroidered sigouni with a black dickey, black headscarf and black apron."

Sámi people
Both men and women of the Sámi culture of Northern Europe, particularly in the central and southern parts of the Sámi region, wear dickeys under certain tunic styles. The tunics often have a V-neck opening that the dicky is worn under. The dickeys are usually rectangular and are made from wool. Traditionally, women wear red wool while men wear blue. The dickey is usually decorated with reindeer skin around the edges and metallic thread and glass beads in the center. The purpose is for the dickey to be the focal point of the outfit.

title: Dickey (garment)