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Quasi (band)

Quasi (phonetics 'kwa - zee') is an American indie rock band formed in Portland, Oregon in 1993 by former spouses Sam Coomes (vocals, guitar, rocksichord, various keyboards, bass) and Janet Weiss (vocals and drums). Joanna Bolme performed and recorded with the group as a bassist from 2007 to 2011.

History
In 1990, Sam Coomes, Janet Weiss, and Brad Pedinov formed the band Motorgoat. The band released two self-released cassettes and one 7" single before dissolving in 1993. Coomes and Weiss then began recording as a duo in 1993 under the name Quasi. They played with various additional musicians in early live appearances, but eventually settled on playing live as a duo as well. They self-recorded and self-released a cassette and a CD in 1993. They recorded R&B Transmogrification in the Portland band Pond's basement recording studio and released it on Up Records in 1997. They released two more albums with Up: Featuring "Birds" in 1998 and Field Studies in 1999; both albums were recorded at Jackpot! Studios in Portland, Oregon.

In 1998 and 1999, they toured the United States, Europe, Australia, and Japan opening for and serving as the backup band for Elliott Smith (with whom Coomes had played in Heatmiser) as well as touring on their own in the U.S. and Europe. In 2001, they home-recorded The Sword of God and released it on Touch & Go. They released Hot Shit! in 2003 and When the Going Gets Dark in 2006, both on Touch & Go in the U.S. and Domino Recording Company in Europe. In 2009, the band signed with Kill Rock Stars to release their next record.

Although Coomes and Weiss remain busy with other bands, Quasi tours fairly regularly. In 2007, they toured the U.S. with Touch & Go labelmates Ted Leo and the Pharmacists. Just prior to that tour, Quasi announced that bassist Joanna Bolme, who had toured with Quasi in 2006 and plays with Weiss in Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, was a permanent member of the band. Bolme performed on Quasi's 2010 full-length American Gong and continued to tour with them through the first half of 2011. In June 2011, Quasi posted an update on their official Facebook page, announcing that they would be returning to their original two-piece lineup for "the foreseeable future" and thanking Bolme for her time with the band. They released their next album, Mole City, in 2013.

In addition to her work in the Jicks, Weiss was the primary drummer for the group Sleater-Kinney, and has recently played with Bright Eyes, John Doe and Wild Flag, while Coomes has been working with Pink Mountain and on his solo project, Blues Goblins. He has also played with Jandek, and has appeared on several Built to Spill albums.

The group reactivated in 2020 with a one-off release via Bandcamp. In February 2023, Quasi released their 10th studio record, Breaking the Balls of History on Sub Pop.

Albums

 * Quasi (cassette) (1993, self-released)
 * R&B Transmogrification (1997, Up)
 * Featuring "Birds" (1998, Up / Domino)
 * Field Studies (1999, Up / Domino)
 * The Sword of God (2001, Touch & Go / Domino)
 * Hot Shit! (2003, Touch & Go / Domino)
 * When the Going Gets Dark (2006, Touch & Go / Domino)
 * American Gong (2010, Kill Rock Stars / Domino)
 * Mole City (2013, Kill Rock Stars / Domino)
 * Breaking the Balls of History (2023, Sub Pop)

EPs and singles

 * Split 7" with Bugskull (1994)
 * Kill Rock Stars Singles Club 7" (1998, Kill Rock Stars)
 * "The Poisoned Well" b/w "California" (1998)
 * Split 7" with Mars Accelerator and Space Pants (2000)
 * "The Sword of God" (2001)
 * Tour 7" (2001)
 * Hot Shit Tour CD (2003)
 * Interprets (2013, Kill Rock Stars / Domino) – covers EP released both as a standalone EP and with pre-orders of Kill Rock Stars' limited edition colored 2-LP version of Mole City; includes covers of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now", Black Sabbath's "War Pigs", Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On", and Nick Lowe's "(What's So Funny About) Peace, Love & Understanding"

Compilations

 * Early Recordings (1996, Key Op; 2001, Touch & Go)
 * Crash Course for the Ravers: A Tribute to the Songs of David Bowie (1996, Undercover Records) – song: "Sound and Vision"
 * Colonel Jeffrey Pumpernickel: A Concept Album (2001, Off Records) – song: "Which Side Are You On, Colonel?"
 * Fields and Streams (2002, Kill Rock Stars) – song: "Queen Majesty"
 * Live Shit (2003, Touch & Go / Domino) – included with some versions of Hot Shit!
 * PDX Pop Now! 2004 (2004, PDX Pop Now!) – song: "23 & 24"
 * Quasi Self Boot 93-96 (2006, self-released) – tour-only release
 * Score! 20 Years of Merge Records: The Covers! (2009, Merge Records) – song: "Beautiful Things" (The 3Ds cover)
 * So Far So Good: A Quasi Anthology (2010, Kill Rock Stars) – released as part of the deluxe 2-CD edition of American Gong
 * Comfort & Joy: A Holiday Compilation Benefiting Homeless Youth (2013, Analog Ghost Recordings) – song: "Christmas on Credit"
 * Battle Hymns (2017, self-released) – song: "Ballad of Donald Duck & Elmer Fudd"

title: Quasi (band)


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User talk:Hamadamas

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, you can post to the help desk or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! ←Humus sapiens←ну? 20:53, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Hamadamas


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Shanghai SH760

The Shanghai SH760 is a car produced in China from 1965 to 1991 primarily for government officials not important enough to warrant a FAW Hongqi and as a taxi. The design was based on the Mercedes-Benz 220S (W180) from 1954, with modified front and rear styling to resemble an American Packard of the same era such as the Patrician 1955 model.

Originally built by the Shanghai City Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing Company, this became STAC (Shanghai Tractor and Automobile Corporation) in April 1969. The company changed its name to SATIC (Shanghai Automobile and Tractor Industry Corporation) in the mid-1980s and became SAIC in 1990.

Unlike Beijing-controlled FAW and SAW (now Dongfeng Motor), STAC was owned directly by the city of Shanghai.

Development
The Shanghai Automobile assembly line produced its first prototype on 28 September 1958, called Fenghuang (meaning Phoenix in English). It was based on a 1957 FSO Warszawa and was powered by a 2.1 liter Nanjing NJ050 four-cylinder engine, itself a copy of the Soviet Pobeda M20 engine. The Phoenix models are distinguished by round headlights and fins to the rear. The front end resembled the American 1955-1956 Packard Patrician and Packard Clipper models.

A second Phoenix prototype was produced in January 1959, now with quad headlights. The car was powered by a 150 horsepower V8 for a top speed of 120 km/h, but other sources mentioned that the engine was the new Nanjing CN070, a 3.5 liter inline-six that produced around 70 horsepower. The styling was similar to the 1958 Plymouth.

The third prototype, named the Jiaotong, was produced in November 1959 and returned to dual headlights. The grille design featured two dragons incorporated into it, as well as new hood ornaments. This prototype was probably powered by a V8 engine.

The final Phoenix prototype was now based on the Mercedes-Benz 220 (W180) instead of the FSO Warszawa, otherwise the styling was similar to the first prototype. In the summer of 1959, the production version of the Phoenix was released. Very few Phoenix models were produced.

In December 1964, a modified Phoenix changed its name to Shanghai SH760, and was in full production. A mere fifty cars were built in 1964, but by the mid-seventies factory capacity stood at 5,000 per annum. The SH760 was powered by the Jinfeng (Golden Phoenix) 680Q, a 2.2 litre straight-six engine developing 90 bhp and coupled with a four-speed manual gearbox. As with the basis of the bodywork, this was a copy of 1950s Mercedes-Benz mechanicals, although the engine was OHV instead of OHC. Construction was by hand, with old-fashioned methods and on a small scale.

A 1985 visitor described the process as chaotic, with many body parts rusting before they were even painted - but since the metal was so thick, this was not an issue, as they would still easily outlast the engine and transmission.

SH760A
In 1974, the SH760A was released. This was a complete redesign of the SH760 with more modern front and rear end design replacing the 1950s styling of the SH760, although the center section was still based from the same Mercedes-Benz model. The powertrain was carried over from the SH760. Air conditioning was developed and approved in 1983, but was not available until 1988 with the SH760B.

Production continued until around 1989 with some 49,000 units produced.

SH760B
Development on a SH760A replacement, the SH760B, was complete by 1980, but the car and its new engine were not available until 1988, after passing evaluation tests in 1987. The SH760B was powered by the Jinfeng 682Q, a new enlarged 2.3 liter version of the 680Q producing 100 horsepower. The model is sold with the SH760A.

Two versions were available; one was basically the SH760A but with a black plastic grille while the other featured trim, bumpers, taillights (somewhat modified), steering wheel, mirrors, wheels, and some interior trim pieces straight from the Volkswagen Santana, even though this was in direct contradiction to Shanghai's contract with Volkswagen. The SH760B was produced until 1989 alongside the SH760A.

SH760C/D
The SH760 is the prototype of a two-door pickup and the SH760D is a prototype of a four-door pickup.

SH7221/SH7231
In 1989, China's automotive designation system changed and the SH760A and SH760B were redesignated as SH7221 and SH7231, respectively, but otherwise remained identical to the previous models.

Production ended on 25 November 1991, after a total production run of 79,526 cars. Production peaked in 1984 at around 6,000 units.

The SH760 was used as a basis for a four-door convertible, a three-door pickup truck from 1991 to 1994, and a five-door station wagon. Few of these mostly handmade derivatives were produced.

Proposed replacements
A replacement for the SH760 was proposed as early as 1966 with the SH763, followed by the SH762 in 1967. Both models used the same engine as the SH760. In 1974, the SH771 was developed as another possible replacement for the SH760.

The SH771 was based on a 1972 Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W116) with different front and rear end styling, although the rear end resembled the W116.

Unlike the SH760, the SH771 used the 5.6 liter V8 from the Hongqi Red Flag CA770. Never produced, only 30 SH771s were built, and were used for testing until 1978. Beijing did not approve of full-scale production for the SH771.

A third potential SH760 replacement, the SH761, was developed in the 1980s as a convertible parade car.

title: Shanghai SH760


text: User talk:66.43.155.50

title: User talk:66.43.155.50


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Hitomi Takahashi (singer)

Hitomi Takahashi (高橋 瞳) is a Japanese pop rock singer from Shiogama, Miyagi. She is best known through her songs Bokutachi no Yukue and Aozora no Namida, which were theme songs to animation programs Gundam Seed Destiny and Blood+, respectively. With the former, she became the third artist in to top the Oricon charts with a debut single.

Pre-Debut
Hitomi Takahashi was born on April 8, 1989, in the Miyagi Prefecture of Japan. By the influence of her father, she grew up listening to his favorite music, which was classic rock such as Eric Clapton and the Beatles.

In 2002, she entered junior-high/middle school. Upon entrance, Hitomi joined the school softball team and joined kendo, where she obtained the level of sho-dan. It was during these years that she expressed an interest in becoming an artist's backup dancer, and began dancing with her friends.

During a karaoke singing event in 2003, Hitomi's friends encouraged her to sing live. Though she expressed a disliking for singing karaoke in front of a large crowd, she eventually sang because of her friend's encouragement, and from that time on the desire to become a singer awoke in her. During her second year in junior-high school, in the middle of the summer of 2003, Hitomi applied for the Sony Music Auditions. Because of a change in interest, Hitomi moved from singing dance music to singing rock music.

In 2004, Hitomi was selected as the finalist for the Sony Music SD audition (Vo-che3); 20,000 others had auditioned. She had been worried that because of her height (147 cm), she would be overlooked, but her powerful voice attracted the attention of people while she sang live. The end of 2004 found her being chosen to sing the theme song for Gundam Seed Destiny. Recording of her song "Bokutachi no Yukue" began at the end of the year.

Sympathy
In 2005, she was in the middle of high school entrance exams as the title for her 1st single "Bokutachi no Yukue" was announced. The single was released in April 2005, and debuted at No. 1 on the Oricon charts. This was a huge success, making Hitomi the second female singer to have a debut single in the number one spot, and the third solo artist to have a debut single reach the top spot. The single ended up selling well over 100,000 copies. Hitomi soon entered Shiogama Girls High School, and started her first radio personality on Date fm (FM Sendai) called Takahashi Hitomi: Sound D・N・A~.

The second single from Hitomi, "Evergreen", was released on August 12, 2005. The song was used as the theme song for the Japanese TV drama "New Kids War". The single sales were much lower than her previous single, with the single debuting at No. 22 on the Japanese Oricon Charts, and selling a little less than 30,000 copies. Takahashi's third single, "Aozora no Namida", was soon released on November 30, 2005, and it was used as the 1st opening theme song for the anime Blood+. (It had originally been planned for an October 12, 2005 released, but was pushed back to the later date.) Its first week on the charts found it at number eight on the Oricon charts with 44,629 copies sold, and it eventually sold over 80,000 copies.

On February 22, Hitomi's Official Fan Club was revealed, the title being a play on the first letter of her name and her height, "H147." Hitomi also won an award at the 20th Japanese Gold Disc Awards for New Artist of the Year, and sang live at the event.

The first studio album from the singer, Sympathy, was released on March 1, 2006. The album came in two formats, CD only and CD+DVD (limited edition), and contained 12 tracks in total, with 7 of them being previously unreleased songs. The album debuted at number ten for its first week on the Oricon Charts, and sold over 30,000 copies. For the release of the album, Hitomi held her first live concert on April 1, 2006. Commenting on how much she enjoyed the concert, Hitomi soon decided to hold more concerts for her "sympathy" album. The concerts were named the Hitomi Takahashi Live "Sympathy" ~BOXX Series~, and became a way for her to promote new songs. In total, the tour had six lives.

Bamboo Collage
Hitomi released her 4th single "Communication" on July 12, 2006. The song was the ending theme song for "MUSIC FIGHTER" during the month of July 2006. Once finally released, this single failed to make it in the Top 20 Daily Charts. It also failed to make it in the Weekly Top 30, and was revealed to debut at number sixty on the charts, selling a little more than 2,000 copies in its first week.

It was during the eighth month of 2006 that news of a new single surfaced. This single, titled "Ko·mo·re·bi", was officially announced to be Hitomi's 5th single at the end of August, and was used as the theme song for the movie Tegami, which features actors Takayuki Yamada, Tetsuji Tamayama, and Erika Sawajiri. Similar to her past single, "Ko·mo·re·bi" failed to chart in the Top 30 Weekly Charts, and debuted at No. 50 for its first week on the charts, only selling about 300 more copies than "Communication". In spite of this, Hitomi was chosen to be one of many artists to take part in the new tribute album for the new Death Note movie.

Following the release of her two unsuccessful singles was the song "Candy Line", which was officially announced on Christmas Day. The song was chosen to be used as the 4th ending theme for the anime series, Gin Tama. When released, the single became her biggest hit since "Aozora no Namida", and reached No. 14 during its first week on the Oricon charts, and overall was reported as selling over 15,000 copies.

As her 2nd single of 2007, Takahashi released her 7th single, titled "Jet Boy Jet Girl", which was released on August 1, 2007. The title song was the new opening theme song to the anime "Terra e...", and her second single to be released in CD only and CD+DVD formats. The single did not receive the same success as "Candy Line", but sold over double of her 4th and 5th singles.

Takahashi also released a new single a little more than one month after "Jet Boy Jet Girl", with the title "Tsuyoku Nare". The title song, aptly named "Tsuyoku Nare", was used as the ending theme song of the movie "Hōtai Club". As her past four singles, this song was produced by Takuya, and the lyrics were personally written by Takahashi herself. Though heavily promoted via the movie, "Tsuyoku Nare" failed to match the success of her "sympathy" era singles.

Continuing the speedy releasing of material, Takahashi released her 2nd album Bamboo Collage. The album featured all the singles since the release of "Communication", and was her first album to reflect her change from pop rock to punk, a change which was made because her voice was thought to be better suited to the latter genre. As most of the singles released for promotion of this album, "Bamboo Collage" failed to enter the Oricon Weekly Top 30. Despite this, though, Takahashi held her first tour, which consisted of four lives during the early parts of December.

Picorinpin
Since the album release and tour, Takahashi kept a low profile in the music scene, but was recording for a few months. On March 1, 2008, Takahashi graduated from high school, and moved from Sendai to Tokyo. Her 9th single "Atashi no Machi, Ashita no Machi", released on June 4, 2008, was used as first opening theme song of the anime Toshokan Sensō, while its b-side, "Mother's Song" was used as the ending theme of the NHK BS2 TV show Digital Stadium. After more than a year, September 9, 2009, Takahashi released "Wo Ai Ni" as collaboration with Beat Crusaders. The song was used as the 14th ending theme for anime television series Gin Tama.

On September 28, 2011, Takahashi released her third album, Picorinpin, as her last release with Sony Music Records. The album featured productions of several artists, including Chara, Koji Nakamura and Rolly Teranishi. Picorinpin couldn't make into the Top 200 of the Oricon charts, selling less than 500 copies.

Discography

 * sympathy (2006)
 * Bamboo Collage (2007)
 * Picorinpin (2011)

title: Hitomi Takahashi (singer)


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User:CincinnatiWiki/Obsessed

This is the obsessed page. I will include a list!

My 5 Favorite Older Groups

 * 1. CSNY
 * 2. Pink Floyd
 * 3. Buffalo Springfield
 * 4. Cream
 * 5. It's A Tie! The Beatles or the almighty Led Zeppelin

My 5 Favorite Newer Groups

 * 1. Jet
 * 2. Modest Mouse
 * 3. Nirvana
 * 4. Sonny Moorman
 * 5. Mad Mad Method

My Favorite Actors

 * 1. Dennis Hopper
 * 2. Michael Madsen
 * 3. Vincent d'Onofrio
 * 4. Jack Nicholson
 * 5. Bob Geldof

The Best Singing Voices

 * 1. Janis Joplin
 * 2. Freddie Mercury
 * 3. Robert Plant
 * 4. Neil Young
 * 5. The Crosby, Stills, and Nash Harmony

More Info!
I like a lot more things than I listed here. I absolutely idolize Arlo Guthrie and Bob Dylan, I think Easy Rider is the greatest film ever made, and my dad has an entry.

title: User:CincinnatiWiki/Obsessed


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Wimpffen family

The Wimpffen family is an old and distinguished Austrian noble family, originally from Württemberg in what is now Germany.

History
Originating in Württemberg, the family became prominent in the Kingdom of Bohemia during Habsburg rule, while its members held significant military positions throughout the Empire. On 8 April 1797, they were awarded the title of Count by Leopold II.

Notable members

 * Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen (Emmanuel Felix Graf von Wimpffen; 1811–1884), French general
 * Franz (Emil Lorenz Heeremann) Graf von Wimpffen (1797, Prague - 1870), Austrian general
 * Maximilian von Wimpffen (1770–1854), Austrian general during the Napoleonic Wars
 * Leontius (von Wimpffen) (1873-1919), Russian bishop murdered by the Bolsheviks
 * Pauline von Wimpffen (1874-1961), German writer and Catholic activist

title: Wimpffen family


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List of ferns and fern allies of Great Britain and Ireland

This page's list covers the ferns and allies (Lycopodiopsida, Equisetopsida and Pteridopsida) found in Great Britain and Ireland. For the background to this list see parent article List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland.


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Yonderboi

László Fogarasi Jr. (born September 14, 1980), known by his stage name Yonderboi, is a Hungarian composer, music producer and visual artist. His debut album, Shallow and Profound, released in 2000, brought Eastern European music to the Western European electronic music scene, and was met with critical acclaim by producers Laurent Garnier and Gilles Peterson on Radio Nova and BBC Radio 1 Worldwide respectively, as well as performing at the Sziget festival and the Lowlands festival in 2000. His most notable collaboration so far has been an audio-visual show with British film director legend Peter Greenaway during the Berlin Film Festival of 2009.

He has performed on diverse stages over the years, including festivals such as Sónar, Pukkelpop, Lowlands, Big Chill, Sziget, ADE and venues such as Razzmatazz (club) in Barcelona, Melkweg and Paradiso (Amsterdam). Yonderboi's music is often licensed to films, TV and fashion shows or video games, and he has scored movies, theater pieces and he has also composed music for art exhibitions like the Swiss Pavilion of the Venice Biennale 2001.

Early years
Yonderboi started experimenting with music in his teenage years, and had his first release in 1998 while he was still a high-school student. The song was called Pink Solidism, which was an instrumental cover of Riders on the Storm by The Doors. Later that summer, his first five track EP, Cinnamon Kisses, came out on vinyl, and Yonderboi struck a record deal with UCMG Hungary. Some of the songs were licensed to Western European compilations.

Shallow And Profound
He recorded his first long-player right after graduation, on his own budget, which was almost US$300. This allowed 2 days in a cheap studio to record the acoustic instruments, like vibraphone, accordion, sax and vocals. Everything else like keys, synth, guitars, bass, scratches were recorded at home, and the material got produced and mixed on an average home PC. The album titled Shallow and Profound came out in 2000 and its success put Yonderboi on the international map of electronic music. He was amongst the pioneers of downtempo and trip hop, the youngest member of the movement, and the only one from the former Eastern Bloc. His music was very much in sync with the global culture of the era, yet it was distinctly different with its Eastern European charm. The album invoked and melted together the romance of several decades of the 20th century, from 30's poetry and chanson throughout 50's/60's jazz to cinematic soundtracks. As the title also suggests the record is divided into two main parts, a more vivid and playful, sometimes cartoonish first part and a rather contemplative, dreamy second part. The most successful song of the album (which came out on single as well), the vibraphone ruled Pabadam - sung by Edina Kutzora, a hungarian singer - was widely recognized. Even Laurent Garnier announced and played it on Radio Nova, not to mention that Gilles Peterson has supported the song on BBC Radio 1 in his program Worldwide. The listeners voted the track up to position 9 in the Worldwide Winners 2000. Still today Pabadam is a frequent guest on compilations, fashion shows and radio programs. Other notable tracks are Road Movie (also available as video), Fairy Of The Lake, Pink Solidism, Ohne Chanteuse. Yonderboi also started to perform his music live, supported by his temporary band called Yonderboi Quintet. They played various festival stages, amongst many others Sónar, Lowlands, Oslo and Rotterdam Jazz Festivals and several clubs throughout Europe and Russia, like Melkweg, Supper Club, Razzmatazz, 16tons.

Splendid Isolation
Yonderboi wanted the second album to be substantially different from its predecessor both in content and on the surface. There were more resources available this time, yet his basic approach to recording remained simple, he recorded almost everything at home, from electric guitars through male vocals to cellos and brass. Only one day was spent in a proper studio, to record the children's choir for the opening track All We Go To Hell, which obviously needed a bigger space than Yonderboi's bedroom. The post-production of the material ended up surprisingly in Los Angeles, thanks to the lucky meeting with Dutch producer Tom Holkenborg, who helped Yonderboi to finish up the record. The album was named Splendid Isolation and came out in 2005. Even though it does have some Eastern European qualities, it is much more melted into Western culture than Shallow and Profound. The record has three main parts, a rather downtempo-ish beginning, then a guitar pop inspired core and a mind bending soundtrack-like closing. Two songs were copied on singles, Were You Thinking Of Me? and People Always Talk About The Weather, each had a gorgeous cinematic video directed by Yonderboi himself. Both the songs and videos got played by several stations, amongst others MTV Europe, KCRW, Studio Brussels. Several songs of the album got licensed to films, TV shows and video games, probably most often the ultra-dark and cynical Before You Snap. On the Splendid Isolation Tour Yonderboi was supported on stage by his second temporary band Kings Of Oblivion, in which Edina Kutzora sung as well. They visited many festivals all over Europe like Pukkelpop, 5 Days Off, Sziget and venues like Paradiso, Melkweg, A38 or Uebel and Gefaehrlich.

Passive Control
The goal was to create the female sequel of the quite masculine Splendid Isolation. Yonderboi found the female voice that he was looking for via Myspace, in the person of a previously unreleased young German singer, Charlotte Brandi. The recordings of the album took place in Yonderboi's home studio again. However this time only a few instruments got captured, like female vocals, acoustic guitar and a little cello. The rest of the sounds were played and programmed by Yonder, he also produced and mixed the album all by himself. His intention was to compose a rather coherent sonic universe, where the organic and the artificial creates harmony, and the border between them is almost unrecognizable. The album is difficult to place both geographically and in time, it does not really belong anywhere, however it has a strong European character. Both the soundscape and the artwork is created to be futuristic and outmoded at the same time, the album invokes the utopian art deco vibe of early 20th century, 70's folk and 90's electronic music. The new songs got already recognized and played by amongst others Jason Bentley on Morning Becomes Eclectic at KCRW. The German Vogue (magazine) reviewed the album and had Paint Hunting On The Wall on its monthly playlist at position 5.

Yonderboi In House
In 2012, Yonderboi started a remix project called Yonderboi In House, which will be released as an EP series on his own label Yonderland. Until then these tracks can be heard exclusively on his current, similarly titled live act. While creating the show Yonderboi used his DIY skills to design a matching, conceptual stage set: a glowing house frame and a Y-shaped DJ booth. So far the tour included venues like Palác Akropolis in Prague, Sziget Festival or Amsterdam dance event 2012. As a consequence he was able to cross off an important line on his childhood bucket list “tweak a real Roland TB-303 on stage”.

Albums

 * Shallow And Profound (2000)
 * Splendid Isolation (2005)
 * Passive Control (2011)

Singles

 * Pabadam (2000)
 * Were You Thinking of Me? (2005)
 * People Always Talk About The Weather (2006)

EPs

 * Cinnamon Kisses (1998)

Videography

 * Road Movie (2001)
 * Were You Thinking of Me? (2005)
 * People Always Talk About The Weather (2006)

In popular culture

 * "Badly Broken Butterflies" is featured in CSI:Miami
 * "People Always Talk About The Weather (Junkie XL Remix)" featured in the videogame Need for Speed: Carbon
 * "Follow Me Home" featured in the videogame Test Drive Unlimited (PC version only)
 * "Were You Thinking of Me?" featured in the video game by EA Sports, FIFA 08
 * "Motor" (instrumental) featured in the videogame Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08

Interviews

 * Yonderboi interview
 * Interview with Yonderboi
 * BalatonSound events
 * Critique on Egyenes Labirintus
 * Interview regarding Passive Control

title: Yonderboi


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Flora of Great Britain and Ireland

The flora of Great Britain and Ireland is one of the best documented in the world. There are 1390 native species and over 1100 well-established non-natives documented on the islands. A bibliographic database of the species has been compiled by the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. The lists (spread across multiple pages due to size) give an English name and a scientific name for each species, and two symbols are used to indicate status (e for extinct species, and * for introduced species).

 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (ferns and allies) covers ferns and allies (Lycopodiopsida, Equisetopsida and Pteridopsida)
 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (conifers) covers the conifers (Pinopsida)

The remaining parts cover the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida):

 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (dicotyledons)
 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (Rosaceae), covering the dicotyledon family Rosaceae
 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (Asteraceae), covering the dicotyledon family Asteraceae
 * List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland (monocotyledons), covering the monocotyledons (Butomaceae to Orchidaceae)

title: Flora of Great Britain and Ireland


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wiki for the win

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 17:31, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Wiki for the win
Neologism-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 20:57, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, although I must say I rather hope this catches on. - Lucky 6.9 22:26, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete that's the shortest neoligism I've seen here too Ryan Norton T 22:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. Jaxl | talk 00:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Fall of Eagles

Fall of Eagles is a 13-part British television drama aired by the BBC in 1974. The series was created by John Elliot and produced by Stuart Burge. The series portrays historical events from 1848 to 1918, dealing with the ruling dynasties of Austria-Hungary (the Habsburgs), Germany (the Hohenzollerns), and Russia (the Romanovs). The scriptwriters were: Keith Dewhurst, John Elliot, Trevor Griffiths, Elizabeth Holford, Ken Hughes, Troy Kennedy Martin, Robert Muller, Jack Pulman, David Turner, and Hugh Whitemore.

Overview
The series tells the story of the final decades of three great empires brought to downfall by historical events. Each empire used an eagle in its heraldry. The central theme is the effects of centuries of despotism, with a lack of social reform and the devastating effects of World War I, that caused revolutionary movements to form. It begins in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848 and continues through the Armistice of 11 November 1918, covering about 70 years of history in 13 episodes. The episodes' vignettes move between the three empires: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia.

Cast
Cast, in order of first appearance, and sorted by episode and empire. The narrator of the series was Michael Hordern.

Austria-Hungary
Episode 1 Episode 4 Episode 10
 * Pamela Brown – Archduchess Sophia, mother of Franz Josef
 * Miles Anderson – young Emperor Franz Josef of Austria
 * Diane Keen – Elisabeth
 * Sandor Elès – Count Andrassy
 * Ann Penfold – Helene, Elisabeth's older sister
 * Donald Gee – Count Majlath
 * Kathleen Michael – Princess Hildegard of Bavaria
 * Noel Fredericks – Aide to Franz Joseph
 * Rachel Gurney – older Empress Elisabeth of Austria
 * Laurence Naismith – older Emperor Franz Joseph
 * Emrys James – Count Taaffe
 * Anthony Newlands – Philip of Coburg
 * James Cossins – Count Josl Hoyos
 * Frank Wylie – Police Commissar Gorup
 * Susan Tracy – Crown Princess Stephanie, Rudolph's wife
 * Irene Hamilton – Baroness Vetsera, mother of Countess Vetsera
 * Rosamund Greenwood – Fraulein von Ferenczy, Maid to Elisabeth
 * Kenneth Benda – Professor Widerhoffer, royal physician
 * Carleton Hobbs – Abbot Grünböck
 * Michael Sheard – Losehek, valet to Prince Rudolf
 * Patrick Durkin – Bratfisch
 * Vernon Dobtcheff – Count Stookau, uncle of Countess Vetsera
 * David Neal – Baltazzi
 * Olaf Pooley – Police President Baron Krauss
 * Leon Lissek – Police Agent Bayer
 * John Herrington – Stationmaster
 * Peter Harcourt-Brown – Gamekeeper
 * Nora Swinburne – Katharina Schratt
 * Peter Woodthorpe – Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 * T. P. McKenna – Count Conrad von Hotzendorf
 * Michael McStay – Count Count Montenuovo
 * Neville Barber – Count Paar
 * Peter Copley – Bethmann-Hollweg
 * George Merritt – Ketterl
 * Robert Tayman – First Adjutant
 * Ian Ricketts – Second Adjutant
 * Noel Davis – Austrian Ambassador (Count Szögyény)
 * Brian Hawksley – Sir Arthur Nicolson
 * Roy McArthur – Archduke Karl
 * Heather Page – Archduchess Zita
 * Clyde Pollitt – Kottwitz
 * Melanie Peck – Maid
 * Jay Neill – Heller
 * N/A – Ambassador László Szőgyény-Marich Jr.

German Empire
Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 13
 * Gemma Jones – Vicky, oldest child of Victoria
 * Maurice Denham – Kaiser Wilhelm I
 * Denis Lill – Fritz
 * Basil Henson – von Moltke
 * Geoffrey Chater – Charles
 * Roger Hammond – Albrecht
 * Perlita Neilson – young Queen Victoria
 * Frank Thornton – Prince Albert
 * Anthony Roye – Dr. Martin
 * Antony Carrick – Dr. Wegner
 * Sandra Clark – Wally
 * Mike Elles – Bertie, young Edward VII
 * Adam Cunliffe – Willy, young Wilhelm II
 * Uncredited – Queen Augusta of Prussia
 * Curt Jürgens – Otto von Bismarck
 * Barry Foster – older Kaiser Wilhelm II
 * Frederick Jaeger – Holstein
 * Tony Jay – Tsar Alexander III
 * John Barcroft – Eulenberg
 * David McKail – Mackenzie, physician
 * Valerie Phillips – Dona, Wilhelm II's wife
 * Barry Foster – older Kaiser Wilhelm II
 * Marius Goring – Hindenburg
 * Michael Bates – Ludendorff
 * Griffith Jones – Hintze
 * Eve Pearce – Empress Dona
 * Laurence Hardy – Prince Max
 * Colin Baker – Crown Prince (Little Willy), son of Wilhelm II
 * John Robinson – Müller, Admiral
 * Geoffrey Toone – Groener
 * Erik Chitty – Hertling, Chancellor
 * Peter Schofield – Ebert
 * Kevin Brennan – Count Bentick
 * Jon Croft – Sergeant

Russian Empire
Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Episode 8
 * Gayle Hunnicutt – Alexandra, fiancée of Nicholas II
 * Charles Kay – Tsar Nicholas II
 * Patrick Stewart – Ulyanov (Lenin)
 * Lynn Farleigh – Krupskaya, Lenin's future wife
 * Freddie Jones – Sergei Witte, Transport Minister
 * Jan Francis – Mathilde Kschessinska, ballerina
 * Ursula Howells – Marie, wife of Alexander III
 * David Collings – Paul Miliukov
 * Isla Blair – Ella
 * Robert Brown – Uncle Serge
 * John Nightingale – Cousin Serge
 * Howard Rawlinson – Constantin
 * Mavis Edwards – Queen Victoria
 * Kevin Stoney – Father John
 * Denzil Ellis – Wahl
 * John Sanderson – Young Nicholas
 * Leila Hart – Singer
 * Bruce Purchase – von Plehve
 * Edward Wilson – Martov
 * Michael Kitchen – Trotsky
 * Mary Wimbush – Zasulich
 * Paul Eddington – Plekhanov
 * Peter Weston – Baumann
 * David Freedman – Lieber
 * Julian Fox – Tupuridze
 * Raymond Witch – Martynov
 * Svandis Jons –  Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova
 * Robert O'Mahoney – Krasikov
 * Kenneth Colley – Father Gapon
 * Peter Dyneley – von Bülow
 * John Turner – Prince Mirsky
 * John Welsh – Archbishop
 * Robert Keegan – Ivan Fullon
 * Michael Golden – Putilov
 * Roy Sampson – General Alexey Danilov
 * David Dodimead – Kokovtsev
 * James Mellor – Kourapatkin
 * John Quarmby – Lambsdorf
 * Alan Hockey – Doctor
 * Glynne Thomas – Spokeswoman
 * Eileen Helsby – Mother
 * Roger Nott – Secretary
 * John Surman – Secretary
 * Sharon Terry – Tatiana, 2nd daughter
 * Michael Bryant – Ratchkovsky
 * David Swift – Trepov
 * John Stratton – Hesse
 * David Dodimead – Aleksandr Khvostov
 * Victor Winding – Azeff
 * Peter Pratt – Singer
 * Rio Fanning – Petitioner
 * Arnold Peters – Clerk
 * Michael Cotterill – Valet de Chambre
 * Peter Jolley – Tsar's aide
 * Desmond Cullum-Jones – Police Sergeant
 * John Beardmore – Police Inspector
 * Paul Haley – Medal Sergeant

Episode 9 Episode 11 Episode 12
 * Peter Vaughan – Isvolsky
 * Derek Francis – Edward VII
 * John Bennett – Clemenceau
 * John Moffatt – Aehrenthal
 * Frank Middlemass – Stolypin
 * Andrew Keir – Wickham Steed
 * Shirley Dixon – Mme. Izvolsky
 * Tom Criddle – Sir Edward Grey
 * Ed Devereaux – Purtales
 * Haydn Wood – Officer
 * Peter Whitaker – Secretary
 * Michael Aldridge – Grigory Rasputin
 * Charles Gray – Rodzianko
 * John Phillips – Grand Duke Nicholas
 * Nigel Stock – General Alexeiev
 * Hugh Burden – Protopopov
 * Frank Mills – A. F. Trepov
 * Rosalie Crutchley – Michen
 * Ann Castle – Ella
 * Miriam Margolyes – Anna Vyrubova
 * Piers Flint-Shipman – Alexis
 * Pippa Vickers – Anastasia
 * Alix Crista – Maria Golovina
 * Anthony Collin – Manus
 * Barbara Keogh – Barbara (Yakovleva)
 * Martha Nairn – Olga
 * Hetty Baynes – Tatiana
 * Prue Clarke – Marie
 * Marius Goring – Hindenburg
 * Michael Bates – Ludendorff
 * Michael Gough – Helphand
 * Tom Conti – Glazkov
 * Jim Norton – Kerensky
 * Malcolm Terris – Mieczysław Broński-Warszawski
 * Esmond Knight – General Ruzski
 * Alan Cullen – Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff
 * Basil Clarke – Pyotr Voykov
 * Ronald Govey – Chkheidze
 * John Rae – Prince Lvov
 * Tom Kempinski – Bolshevik Soldier
 * John Rhys-Davies – Zinoviev
 * Leonard Fenton – Nikolai Markov
 * Eric Carte – Aide to Kaiser
 * Colin Jeavons – Printer
 * Isabelle Stanton – Socialist Émigré
 * Ann Zelda – Helphand's Secretary

Music
The music accompanying the main title and credits is the Trauermarsch (Funeral March), the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5. The closing theme music is the central section from the first movement of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 6.

Reception
One positive review of the series states: "This ambitious series captivates the audience by depicting the years of revolution, in which the well cemented monarchies of central and eastern Europe slowly disintegrate. However, the show does not attach any sentiments with royalty or the happenings in wake of its collapse."

Media
Fall of Eagles was released on video and DVD in autumn 2004 in the United Kingdom, with the release including a photo gallery and a comprehensive 40-page historical notes booklet written by Andy Priestner providing further details on the historical events and characters in the series. It includes new interviews with Gayle Hunnicutt (The Golden Bowl, Dallas, The Martian Chronicles), Charles Kay (Edge of Darkness, To Serve Them All My Days) and director David Cunliffe (The Onedin Line, The Sandbaggers, Victoria and Albert). It was later released in May 2006 in the United States, without the companion booklet.

A separate book based on the series titled The Fall of Eagles: The Death of the Great European Dynasties (ISBN 9780340216415) by Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II was first published by Crown in 1981.

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Jean Bazin

Jean Bazin (January 31, 1940 – December 12, 2019) was a Canadian lawyer and former senator.

Early life and education
Born in Quebec City, Bazin earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree and a Licentiate of Laws from Université Laval in 1964. He was elected president of the Canadian Union of Students for the 1964-65 school year.

While at Laval, Bazin became a close friend of another law student, Brian Mulroney, and was part of Mulroney's close circle of friends, including Bernard Roy, Lucien Bouchard, Michel Cogger, Michael Meighen and Peter White. Mulroney would go on to be Prime Minister of Canada; Bouchard would be Premier of Quebec; and Bazin, Cogger and Meighen would all become senators. While they were students, Roy was apparently the driving force to get them to study hard for their law degrees, as he did not think any of them had a future in politics. He ended up as Mulroney's chief of staff.

Legal career
Bazin was called to the Barreau du Québec in 1965, starting with the law firm of Byers Casgrain. He worked there for twenty-two years until he was called to the Senate.

In 1970-71, Bazin was president of the Association du Jeune Barreau de Montréal (Young Lawyers Bar of Montreal). In that capacity, he was involved in the creation of the Bureau de l’assistance judiciaire du Barreau de Montréal, a forerunner to the provincial Aide juridique (Legal Aid) program. Bazin was also on the executives of the Barreau du Québec et the Barreau de Montréal (1972-1973).

From 1987 to 1988, he was the national president of the Canadian Bar Association.

Bazin was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1984 by the federal government. In 2011, the Barreau awarded him the distinction of Avocat émérite, in recognition of his excellence as a lawyer, his service to the profession, and his long-standing interest in alternative dispute resolution and plain language.

Political career
Bazin was active in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and initially supported Joe Clark. However, after becoming disenchanted with Clark's leadership, he joined in the group which was pushing for Mulroney to replace Clark as party leader. In 1983, Mulroney was elected party leader. The following year, Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to a landslide victory in the 1984 general election.

In 1986, the Mulroney government appointed Bazin to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of De la Durantaye, Quebec. He sat as a Progressive Conservative and had the position of Vice-Chair of the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In 1987, there was a major political scandal when a piece of land in Quebec was sold at inflated price to the Swiss company OC Oerlikon, which needed the land to fulfill a federal defence contract. Concerns arose that information had leaked to speculators from inside the government about the upcoming defence contract. Bazin's firm, Byers Casgrain, was acting for Oerlikon and Bazin was one of the people who alerted the Prime Minister to concerns about the transaction. Mulroney dismissed a junior Cabinet minister and requested that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigate the matter. Bazin declined to comment publicly on the matter, citing his duty to respect solicitor–client privilege.

Bazin resigned from the Senate in 1989.

Career post-politics
Bazin is currently counsel with the Canadian branch of Dentons, a multinational law firm. Following his time as senator, Bazin returned to the practice of law with his old firm, Byers Casgrain. When that firm merged with Fraser Milner, Bazin continued as a partner in the new firm, Fraser Milner Casgrain. In turn, Dentons was formed in 2013 when Fraser Milner Casgrain merged with two other large law firms, the Anglo-American SNR Denton and the French Salans. He acts as commercial arbitrator and mediator in a number of fields.

In 2004, there was a serious leadership dispute in the Mohawk community of Kanesatake, triggered by disagreements between the Grand Chief and other chiefs on the Kanesatake council. At one point, the Grand Chief's house burnt down and he left the community. The provincial government of Premier Jean Charest appointed Bazin as mediator, to help resolve the dispute.

Bazin has been on the board of directors of a number of bodies. He was the chair of the Société générale de financement du Québec. He has also been on the boards of the Canadian Unity Council, the Laurentian Bank, and Miranda Technologies Inc. Bazin also has sat on the boards of non-profit organizations, such as the Théâtre de Quat’Sous inc. and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra.

Jean Bazin died at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, on December 12, 2019.

title: Jean Bazin


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List of conifers of Great Britain and Ireland

 * This page covers the conifers (class Pinopsida). For the background to this list see parent article List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland.

All are part of the order Pinales.

Status key: * indicates an introduced species and e indicates an extinct species.


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Bad Wimpfen

Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern  Germany. It lies north of the city of Heilbronn, on the river Neckar.

Geography
Bad Wimpfen is located on the west bank of the River Neckar, around 15 km north of Heilbronn. The town is divided into two parts: the older Wimpfen im Tal (Lower Wimpfen/ literally Wimpfen in the valley) situated on the Neckar, and Wimpfen am Berg (Upper Wimpfen/ literally Wimpfen on the hill) containing the town centre. Besides the town itself, the village Hohenstadt also belongs to Bad Wimpfen.

Neighbouring municipalities
Neighbouring town and municipalities of Bad Wimpfen are (clockwise from the south): Heilbronn, Bad Rappenau, Offenau, Bad Friedrichshall, Untereisesheim and Neckarsulm.

First settlement by the Celts
The first traces of settlement at Bad Wimpfen date from the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. An old trade road running from France forks here towards Nürnberg and Öhringen linking to the Danube. Several archaeological finds demonstrate that the route has existed since prehistoric times.

Around 450 B.C. the Celtic tribe of Helvetii settled around the Neckar, Kocher and Jagst, including the site of Bad Wimpfen. Presumably the Celts had given names to the rivers as they are today. Wimpfen presumably comes from "uimpe" (umwallt) = "surrounded" and "bin" (Berg) = "mountain".

Roman time
It is believed that around 98 A.D. the Romans secured the area in southwestern Germany conquered by Domitian (called the Agri Decumates) by the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, a system of castella built every 12 to 15 km. Opposite the Jagst mouth, the castellum of Wimpfen im Tal was created. As elsewhere, a civilian settlement formed around the castellum containing many traders and manual workers.

After the expansion of the Roman Empire up to the limes near Jagsthausen arranged by emperor Antoninus Pius in 138–161 A.D., the castellum lost its military importance.

All the more important was Wimpfen im Tal as a civilian town. It used to be the centre of a district called the Civitas Alisinensium and was surrounded by a city wall like only a few Roman towns in what is southern Germany today. With an area of about 19 hectares, Wimpfen was one of the biggest Roman towns in today's Baden-Württemberg. Despite this importance, the Latin name of the town is unknown today.

In addition, there was a wooden bridge above the Neckar which got destroyed by severe ice occurrence in the early Middle Ages. A beam salvaged during excavation works in 1957 was proved to have originated as part of the old bridge. A survey proved the origin to be around 85 A.D.

Development until Middle Ages
After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Alamanni governed the Neckar area from 260 A.D. During that time, most Roman buildings became dilapidated, since the Alamanni did not know anything about stone building and how to use Roman infrastructure. Around 500, Wimpfen became part of Franconia. During the settlement of the Franks under Clovis I, Christianity was flourishing, and today's oldest Christian buildings originate from this time.

In the 9th century, Wimpfen became part of the Bishopric of Worms; it was first mentioned documentary as Wimpina in 829. During that time the Hungarians attacked the region and devastated most settlements, including Wimpfen. Within the framework of the following reconstruction, the new parish church of St. Peter was built. Being a bigger building, it was dedicated to the patron of the Bishopric of Worms. During more than three centuries the local dioceses performed the jurisdiction there.

Growth of trade
In 965 a document dictated by King Otto I granted market rights to Wimpfen. Thanks to its good location in terms of transport and catchment area, the market developed significantly. Wimpfen's Talmarkt (valley market) has a history of more than 1000 years and is one of the longest running traditional market events in Germany.

In 1182 Frederick Barbarossa is believed to have stayed in Wimpfen. He had decentralised the administration of his empire. The Staufers had built Kaiserpfalzen (local castles) across the empire. These were big castles where local lords stayed and gave rulings. The Pfalz of Wimpfen was built on a rocky hill above the settlement of the Neckar Valley. The Pfalz and its surrounding settlement grew so strong that it outstripped the older settlement on the Neckar bank. By around 1200 most of the Staufer buildings had been built, including the Blauer Turm (Blue Tower), which is now generally seen as the town's principal visual landmark. It served as a watch-tower until the 20th century.

The Stauferpfalz of Wimpfen is the largest to be preserved north of the Alps. Its original length was about 215 m, its width about 88 m. Emperor Henry VI stayed there at least three times, Frederick II eight times. In 1235 there was a historical meeting between Frederick II and his rebellious son Henry. Also in the 13th century Richard von Deidesheim arranged a rebuilding of the diocesan church into the Gothic style. At the same time a hospital and a Dominican monastery was founded.

Due to the decline of the Staufers' Empire, Wimpfen became an imperial city, many manual workers settled there, and the population grew, establishing a large core of citizens. A town constitution was established, setting an example to many other towns. Many of today's buildings originate from this time. Emperor Frederick III gave the right to hold a second annual market, the Katharinenmarkt, in addition to the established Talmarkt. This second market, held before Christmas, also survives in today's Christmas market, and its fame extends throughout the Baden-Württemberg region.

Times of Reformation
In the 16th century Wimpfen was a focal point of the Reformation. Probably the most important reformer was Erhard Schnepf who preached here from 1523 to 1526. His contemporary Heinrich Vogtherr wrote many reforming essays and hymns. Although the Catholics offered huge resistance to the Reformation, their influence and number decreased. By 1588 there were only 30 Catholic inhabitants. Catholics eventually lost their civil rights and their churches were converted to Protestant use.

Thirty Years' War
This religious conflict soon grew less important, as the imperial troops of the Count of Tilly fought against the army of Margrave Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach in 1622 near the town. This Battle of Wimpfen was one of the most important and bloody ones during Thirty Years' War.

During this period Wimpfen was sacked several times, and houses and fields were burned. The population decreased radically due to disease and pestilence. At the end of the war, in 1648, the population had been reduced to a tenth of its pre-war size. Many important buildings were destroyed in this period, and redevelopment brought about loss of large parts of the castle which was used for building materials.

The town suffered the devastating consequences of the Thirty Years' War for more than 150 years. Although the Celts had extracted salt since pre-Christian times, there was now no possibility to produce salt. There was huge poverty within the population. During this time the town got financial aid from Nuremberg.

In 1783 it was declared that the removal of wood from surrounding forests was to be taxed to improve the town's financial situation. However, the citizens could not afford these fees. Consequently, there were many riots, but ultimately these were suppressed by local orders.

Originally, in terms of administration, by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss the town was part of Baden. However, the knightly diocese of Wimpfen im Tal belonged to Hesse-Darmstadt. Consequently, a conflict about sovereignty rights over the parish increased between Baden and Hesse. Finally Baden agreed to cede the area, since their own territory was far away – and so Wimpfen under Hessian rule. This change was officially proclaimed on April 5, 1803. Starting in 1805–1806 Wimpfen was an outlying town under the control of Hesse.

For Wimpfen, this was a very comfortable situation as it was able to administer itself autonomously. At the time of the foundation of the People's State of Hesse in 1919, Wimpfen became part of the district of Heppenheim. It was merged with the district of Bensheim in 1938 and given the status of Kreis Bergstraße. In total, Wimpfen belonged to Hesse for 140 years. In 1945 the American military government reorganised administrational areas, and Bad Wimpfen came again under the reign of Baden (Nord-Württemberg Nord-Baden).

Salt production and bathing
In 1752 the first bore-holes were drilled for salt-water.

In 1817 a permanent salt production works was established. The brine was usually able to be used therapeutically, and in 1835 the first therapeutic hotel opened (Mathilden Spa Hotel). A new economic prosperity began, and a new town hall was built in 1836. Many of the older Staufer buildings were destroyed at this time or fell into disrepair or disuse.

After the opening of the new rail road, running from Heilbronn to Heidelberg, in the 1860s, the spa business increased greatly. Therapeutic baths were expanded more and more, resulting in a major economic growth. Even Mark Twain reported this fact within accounts of his journey through Europe in 1867. On April 26, 1930, the town got its prefix Bad officially.

The town survived World War II almost undamaged, and many refugees came here for accommodation.

Between Hesse and Baden-Württemberg
On September 19, 1945, the American military government proclaimed the foundation of Greater Hesse and Württemberg-Baden. Now the area was completely surrounded by Württemberg-Baden, namely by the districts of Sinsheim and Heilbronn belonging to Baden area of Württemberg. On November 26 the occupying American officials decided to transfer control of Wimpfen to the district of Sinsheim. Eventually the town legally became a part of Württemberg-Baden, this being confirmed by the OLG in Stuttgart on March 6, 1951.

Among local people, this decision was not well received. Even Hesse demanded a return of its enclave. In a plebiscite held on April 29, 1951, only 0.7% of the inhabitants voted to stay in the district of Sinsheim. Around 41% voted to return to Hesse, but a majority of 57% decided to change into the district of Heilbronn. This change to Heilbronn was carried out on May 1, 1952.

Despite this result, Hesse persisted in its opinion that Bad Wimpfen was a Hessian town. However, it agreed that the newly founded state of Baden-Württemberg should administer the town. This means that the final status of any affiliation remains unclear even today. However, Bad Wimpfen is completely integrated into the administration and jurisdiction of Baden-Württemberg.

Due to its Hessian past, the Catholic Church still belongs as an exclave to the Diocese of Mainz.

Present
The present-day town of Bad Wimpfen is impressive both due to its various spa institutions and its numerous fine historic buildings. The historical old part of the town is completely protected. Since 1976 a comprehensive program of redevelopment resulted in an important restoration of most buildings. Due to the recession of the 1990s, private initiatives have now superseded the earlier state interventions, but generally the pace of development has decreased and settled.

Religions
Aside from a Protestant and Catholic parish in Bad Wimpfen, the town also has a New Apostolic Church and some Jehovah's Witnesses. From 1947 to 2006 the buildings adjacent to the Catholic Church of St. Peter housed Grüssau Abbey. This Benedictine monastery in the district of Heilbronn, which had only three monks in 2005, was eventually closed in the autumn of 2006. Now the remaining monks live in Neuburg Abbey near Heidelberg, Sigmaringen, Kellenried Abbey and Pannonhalma Archabbey.

Formerly there also was a Jewish representation in the town. One of the earliest mentioned Jews in Wimpfen was Alexander ben Salomon, who released the remains of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg in the early 14th century. Both are buried in Worms. Jews are known to have lived in Wimpfen in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. Around 1550 there was a brief expulsion of Jews. From the 17th century Jewish families lived in at least five houses in Bad Wimpfen, although several orders were passed that discriminated against them in 1598, 1630, 1756 and 1762. In 1672 there was another expulsion, cancelled two years later. Jews were given some equality in the years that Wimpfen was a free imperial city, but by 1933 only 22 Jews lived in Bad Wimpfen and they faced increasing discrimination by the Nazi party. The 1938 riots against Jews forced them to leave their homes and businesses. At least four deaths are known to have occurred during this persecution.

Local council
Elections in 2009 and 2014:

The mayor is also a member of the district council and its chairman.

Arms and flag
Blazon: In gold the red Eagle of Empire with a horizontal silver key in its beak. The town colours are red, white and blue.

The coat of arms of Eagle and key already appear in Wimpfen's seal of 1250, used until 1436. The eagle was a former symbol of Wimpfen's dependency on the empire in the time of Staufer. Since the 14th century it was the symbol of the free imperial city. The key is both the emblem of Saint Peter and the coat of arms of the Bishopric of Worms. It indicates that the castle was built on communal land of Worms. Over the course of time the key position changed several times.

During the time of the town's Hessian membership a different coat of arms was utilised. However, this was abandoned at the time of the change of administration to Baden.

International relations
Bad Wimpfen is twinned with:

 * Servian in the French Département Hérault, since 1967.
 * Sopron (Ödenburg) in Hungary since 1951, offering the town refuge to their many exiles after World War II.

Kaiserpfalz
The most important building in Bad Wimpfen is the Kaiserpfalz. Its most potent remaining symbol is the Blauer Turm (Blue Tower) of c.1170, which was occupied for 650 years. The tower is open to visitors and offers a spectacular panorama over the whole town. The Roter Turm (Red Tower) dating from c.1200 is a second tower of the Pfalz.

Historic churches
The Protestant Stadtkirche was built in the 13th century, initially in the style of Romanesque architecture but finishing with Gothic architecture. Next to the church is a calvary shrine.

The construction of the Dominikanerkirche presumably started in the 13th and ended in the 18th century. The former monastery with artistic cloister houses a school today. The church is used as the Catholic parish church.

The former Johanneskirche was built in the 15th century and rebuilt in 1778. It was secularized in 1803. As a result of a fire in 1851 the church lost its function, and since then the building served as a restaurant.

In the castle quarter on Schwibbogengasse lies the former Jewish synagogue of 1580. This was seized in the 1930s and converted into flats.

The diocesan church St. Peter in Wimpfen im Tal, under the control of Grüssau Abbey from 1947 to 2004, is thought to go back to the 7th century. Today's church with its bordering cloister was built in the 13th and 14th century. There was a comprehensive renovation in 2006.

The Cornelienkirche lies east of the centre of Wimpfen im Tal. The building was built in 1476 in the Gothic style, and has a splendid portal with wall murals. It is believed that Tilly camped here during the Battle of Wimpfen.

Nearby, the village of Hohenstadt contains an old Protestant parish church.

Secular monuments

 * The Bürgerspital (donated around 1230) is one of the oldest half-timbered buildings of the town. Since 1992 it contains the imperial town's museum.
 * The Wormser Hof is situated next to the Kaiserpfalz nearby the town hall. The bordering wall behind represents a part of the city wall.
 * The Bürgermeister-Elsässer-Haus was built in the shadow of the Blauer Turm in the 16th century
 * The Nürnberger Türmchen next to the Red Tower was erected in gratitude from the city of Nuremberg for its help in the reconstruction of the heavily damaged city walls after the Thirty Years' War.
 * Inside the whole old part of the town there are many half-timbered buildings of the 16th century.

Museums
There are several museums inside the historical old part of the town.

 * Museum of Ecclesiastical History, within the Staufen Imperial Palace Chapel (c.1200).
 * Museum of History, within the Steinhaus.
 * Imperial Town Museum, within the former civic hospital on Langgasse.
 * The Odenburg Local Environment Museum set between Langgasse and Hauptstrasse.

Theatre
Since 2003 the Wimpfen open-air shows open-air plays in front of the historical old scenery of the town.

Sports and leisure
In Wimpfen there's a brine bath and an open-air pool. The most successful sports club is the row club of the town.

Regular events
The Talmarkt has taken place since 965. Additionally there is a famous traditional Christmas market.

Economy and infrastructure
One of the biggest employers in Bad Wimpfen is Solvay Fluor GmbH containing more than 350 employees and producing different products in fluorine chemistry, e. g. refrigerants and propellants. The biggest employer is “Lidl AG”, which is the main office of one of the biggest supermarket chains in Germany and Europe. They have about 2000 employees. Many inhabitants are working at the AUDI AG in Neckarsulm.

Transport
Bad Wimpfen station is on the Elsenz Valley Railway (Elsenztalbahn) running from Heilbronn to Heidelberg. The station, dating from 1868 is a rare Neo-Gothic style, which many consider to appear Scottish in influence. It contains an apartment and a cocktail bar. Bad Wimpfen Im Tal and Bad Wimpfen-Hohenstadt halts are on the same line in the municipality. Line S 42 of the Heilbronn Stadtbahn stops at all three stations every half hour.

The town lies near the A 6 (junction Heilbronn/Untereisesheim).

Media
The Heilbronner Stimme (edition north-middle) and the official paper Wimpfener Heimat-Bote report on the happenings of the area.

Education
In Bad Wimpfen there is a primary school, Hauptschule incl. Werkrealschule containing around 380 pupils.

In addition, there is the Hohenstaufen-Gymnasium which has more than 900 students from Bad Wimpfen and its surrounding municipalities.

Health
The urban health centre of Bad Wimpfen (former cure hospital) cares about 4800 patients by a staff of around 200.

Sons and daughters of the town

 * Ignaz von Beecke (1733–1803), composer and pianist
 * Carl Walter (1834–1906), architect and director of the Königliche Baugewerkschule in Stuttgart

Other personalities

 * Carl Geist (1870–1931), painter
 * Paul Doll (1915–2003), mayor of Bad Wimpfen and state representative

Literature

 * Ludwig Frohnhäuser: Geschichte der Reichsstadt Wimpfen, des Ritterstifts St. Peter zu Wimpfen im Thal, des Dominicanerklosters und des Hospitals zum hl. Geist zu Wimpfen am Berg. Darmstadt 1870, Nachdruck Verein Alt Wimpfen 1982.
 * A. von Lorent: Wimpfen am Neckar - geschichtlich und topographisch. Stuttgart 1870, Nachdruck Verein Alt Wimpfen 1982.
 * Georg Schäfer: Kunstdenkmäler im Großherzogthum Hessen, Provinz Starkenburg. ehemaliger Kreis Wimpfen. Darmstadt 1898.
 * Fritz Arens, Reinhold Bührlen: Wimpfen – Geschichte und Kunstdenkmäler. Bad Wimpfen (Verein Alt Wimpfen) 1954, 1991.
 * Rüdiger Jülch: Die Entwicklung des Wirtschaftsplatzes Wimpfen bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1961.
 * Walter Carlé: Die Geschichte der Salinen zu Wimpfen. Stuttgart (Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte XXIV) 1965
 * Albrecht Endriss: Die religiös-kirchlichen Verhältnisse in der Reichsstadt Wimpfen vor der Reformation. Stuttgart (W. Kohlhammer)1967.
 * Klaus-Peter Schroeder: Wimpfen. Verfassungsgeschichte einer Stadt. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1973.
 * Andreas Hafer: Wimpfen. Stadt-Raum-Beziehungen im späten Mittelalter. Stuttgart (W. Kohlhammer) 1993.
 * Franz Götzfried (Hrsg.): Salz und Sole in Wimpfen. Beiträge zur Wimpfener Stadt- und Salinengeschichte. Bad Wimpfen 2002.
 * Erich Scheible: Die Geschichte der hessischen Exklave Wimpfen. Bd. 1: 1802 bis 1836. Bad Wimpfen (Verein Alt Wimpfen) 2004.

title: Bad Wimpfen


text:
Talk:Phase-change memory

Quality
Put bluntly; this is poorly written and hard to follow.

title
looks like advertisement;), mostly I found in literature PRAM(phase change memory)

 * Agreed, moving to "phase-change memory" Maury 20:25, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Diodes?
Does anyone know why PRAM doesn't need a transistor for a switching element, and can use a diode instead? This is interesting, and seems to deserve a real explaination in the article. Maury 22:02, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I think most forms of RAM use a capcitor to store the state (0/1) as a variable charge. PRAM uses a variable resistor to store the state change. The challenge is how to access the cell, to store the data and then to read it out. How to do this as fast as possible, with minimum circuitry etc? A general row-column wiring matrix is usually used. It seems that dealing with resistors may be a little simpler than capacitors. Generally at least a diode per cell is needed, to isolate the cell being accessed, but a special kind of PRAM incorporates the diode function in the cell itself, minimizing additional circuitry needs. 69.87.200.92 19:02, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Generally a memory requires two things: a storage mechanism (the floating gate in Flash, the GST in PRAM) and a way to address the storage mechanism (MOS transistors in Flash, MOS or BJT transistors in current PRAM technology). In the digital realm, transistors are generally on (conducting current) or off (not conducting). The voltage at which the device transitions is called the threshold voltage, Vt. To read a Flash bit, one applies a voltage to the transistor, which -- depending on its Vt -- either conducts or does not. The charge on the floating gate controls the Vt, and hence whether one sees current or not when the device is turned on. Again: apply a voltage and either see current, or not. Now consider a diode. It also has two states -- conducting or not. The response is more gradual than a transistor, but at some voltage Vt, it begins to conduct. Put a variable resistor in series with the diode and apply a voltage. If the resistance is low enough, the voltage at the diode will be above its threshold and it will conduct. If the resistance is too high, the voltage drop across the resistor is too great and the diode sees something less than Vt (and doesn't conduct current).

Reverse bias, high voltage needed for diode selection PRAM
I think reverse bias is needed to ensure not every cell on an accessed line is inadvertently selected for reading or writing. Only the cell to be accessed should be forward biased. Also the high voltage needed to exceed the diode threshold voltage for the high-resistance state suggests that a high operating voltage is needed for PRAM. 219.70.70.32 02:31, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Macronix chalcogenide RAM
As originally described earlier, it utilizes only the amorphous state. Hence it is not a phase-change memory. It should go into another more appropriate article (maybe RRAM?).219.70.70.32 02:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Capacity units
There are several devices listed as having capacities in Mb. This is traditionally megabit (from Mbit in networking parlance), and it's also traditional to list capacities of memory chips in megabits. However, these devices are compared directly to others with capacities listed in GB for example. Which unit is intended? I'm assuming MB is correct; this should be changed in the article.--Ktims 07:10, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Changed.

Comments about Flash lifetime
Should be removed, as they are in their current form mostly bullshit. Neither will flash rewritability kill your ipod (maybe in 5000 years...), nor does it make flash unsuitable for hardisk applications (see the tons of flash SSDs now starting to push into the marketplace. 134.105.82.206 12:56, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Given that Flash HDs are available now to consumers, the "makes Flash unsuitable for hard drive replacements in desktop computers" comment is clearly bogus and was removed. Please find a source to support your claim that Flash write cycling degradation will not cause failure of an iPod, or other consumer electronics device for 5000 years.

Phase-Change Memory vs Volatile Memories like DRAM
Should add a section on this, comparing advantages/disadvantages, read/write timings, and so on. Fhaigia 10:15, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge of RRAM into this article

 * Oppose, they seem to be way too different. The only thing they appear to have is that they both are competing fast non volatile memory. --soum talk 13:17, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Opposed, phase-change memory is a well-defined technology, while RRAM is not (yet). Guiding light 06:06, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Edit timeline?
The timeline says Stanford Ovshinsky filed the first patent on phase change technology. First, does anyone know if this application was granted as a patent and what number it is? Second, it says patent 3,448,302 was licensed to him claiming first reliable operation of phase change memory. Patent 3,448,302 was filed in June of 1966, 3 months before Stanford Ovshinsky's supposed first patent filing. Does anyone have more information on this? Carl 612 16:37, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The patent referenced in the time line is probably 3271591 (filed Sept 6 1966). I didn't review it it detail, but on page 4 it has the classic chalcogenide I-V curve drawings. Papers on the resistivity changes of chalcogenide materials date as far back as 1923. The biography on Stan Ovshinsky here says he discovered and developed switching materials between 1958 and 1961. There's also a list of publications that doesn't mention patents. Fhaigia 09:31, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Wrong Drawing
The phase change memory cell drawing looks very wrong. The bit line should be perpendicular to the word lines. That is not shown in the picture.218.168.141.188 14:38, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I actually deliberately didn't draw the bit line's top part, because it is not what this drawing should deal with. There could be many different configurations regarding wiring.  In this drawing, I only want to show the two states of the charcogenide and leave the wiring part for other drawings. --Cyferz 21:07, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. I think as positioned, the bit line is more confusing than helpful. Also, I'm not sure what "poly chalcogenide" is supposed to be. Chalcogenide is a metal alloy of germanium, antimony, and/or tellurium; poly as used in this context usually refers to heavily doped conductive silicon. The green area probably should be labeled crystalline chalcogenide. I clarified in the caption to indicate we're looking at a cross-section cut along the bit line. Fhaigia 08:46, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Drawing updated. --Cyferz 16:10, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Programming/Soldering
Maybe it's just me, but I don't follow this problem. Surely the manufacturer could just solder a socket in place and insert the chip after soldering - or not?? TinyMark 17:44, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes, your suggestion is one work-around for the stated problem. However, sockets are expensive, likely costing more than the memory itself in this case. Particularly in embedded products, a bill of materials cannot absorb that much cost increase without affecting the price of the final product. Fhaigia 13:33, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

RW optical disc - is it a phase change memory?
It just occured to me, that CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, HD DVD-RW media use phase change between crystalline and amorphous form to store data too. Just like PRAM. Except they read it with electromagnetic field (laser), not with electrical current like PRAM, which is a minor difference really. Are those "phase change memories" too? Why not? Is it the "random access" part? Could someone comment on this? I have no reliable sources on PRAM, so I'm not altering the article itself. --Kubanczyk 21:44, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The minor difference you mentioned decided they are not. Nontheless they are related. Some time there are not clear borders between things. --Cyferz 02:08, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an article about a specific type of nonvolatile memory technology. It is not a general article about any memory storage system that relies on any type of material which changes state. Those media do use the same or similar phase-change material, but the mechanism of operation is entirely different, and hence belongs in articles specific to those media. CDs/DVDs/etc. rely on changes in reflectivity that accompany state changes in chalcogenide materials. PRAM relies on resistivity changes in chalcogenide materials. In a general article on chalcogenides, it would be appropriate to mention both behaviors, but except as incidental curiosity, reflectivity change is irrelevant to PRAM. Calling a laser an electromagnetic field may be technically correct, but its frequency is vastly different than those used in typical electronics. Most people think of electricity as something that comes out of a wall socket, and the stuff they see with their eyes as "light." Fhaigia 13:43, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * They use the same materials. In CD-RWs, the phase change material $$Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$$ is used, in DVD-RWs $$Ag_5In_5Sb_{60}Te_{30}$$. The way, how the energy needed for the transformation, is deposited in the system differs. For optical discs the laser is used, for electrical PRAM current is used. Some of the most promising materials for PRAm are $$Ge_2Sb_2Te_5$$, $$Ge_10Sb_65$$ and $$InSbTe$$. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.77.134.108 (talk) 17:48, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

HP Micromover?
@76.104.212.98: I just noticed the external link to HP probe storage, and the comment added about the HP Micromover technology, which I presume is the trade name for the technology discussed on the HP probe storage web page. What does this have to do with PRAM? As far as I can tell, the two are completely unrelated and -- for how PRAM is currently being developed -- incompatible. Can you please illuminate for me why that link and comment belong in this article? Fhaigia (talk) 04:37, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * There has been no reply... I'm removing the Micromover reference. Fhaigia (talk) 16:05, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Flash vs SRAM
The article states it take Flash 10,000 times as long to write a block as it does for SRAM to write a byte. Nintendo Gamecube memory cards have a 512 KB block and block size has probably increased with increasing storage size. In 1 ms flash would do at least 5 MB while SRAM would only 1 KB. Why isn't flash the fastest memory available? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sdmitch16 (talk • contribs) 17:49, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

BAE C-RAM links broken
The links to BAE C-RAM information at the bottom are broken. Does anybody want to track down correct links on the BAE website? --Adamroyce (talk) 09:03, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Memristor
"Phase-change memory (also known as PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory, Chalcogenide RAM and C-RAM) is a type of non-volatile computer memory based on the memristor first developed by Hewlett Packard in 2008 [1]." The phrase in italics looks as if it has been put in as an HP plug, and could be interpreted to imply that PCM was a derivative of the HP research on memristors in 2008. The phrase should be removed. The theoretical framework linking different memory types can be included as a link or in a separate section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by David Floyer (talk • contribs) 05:36, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Number of States -> Capacity
In the article: "Recent versions can achieve two additional distinct states, in effect doubling their storage capacity." Wouldn't going from 2 to 4 states square the capacity? (2^N)^2 = 4^N--162.27.9.20 (talk) 15:50, 17 February 2012 (UTC)
 * No, twice the states encode only 1 more bit.

 * 2 states = count from 0 to 1 = encode 1 bit.

 * 4 states = count from 0 to 3 = encode 2 bits.Musaran (talk) 08:27, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

comparison parameters
in the article there are no mention about: Those are all very important parameters to compare agaist other volatile and non volative technologies. Article about FRAM and MRAM report those values: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory --Efa (talk) 08:38, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) the read process is destructive (like FRAM and DRAM) or not (like MRAM)
 * 2) need to refresh like DRAM
 * 3) quantitative power consumption over DRAM
 * 4) quantitative access speed in ns

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Phase-change memory. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100425205046/http://www.numonyx.com:80/en-US/AdCampaigns/EMB/Pages/Omneo.aspx to http://www.numonyx.com/en-US/AdCampaigns/EMB/Pages/Omneo.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080515194603/http://www.eis.na.baesystems.com:80/news_room/new_product_release/c_ram.htm to http://www.eis.na.baesystems.com/news_room/new_product_release/c_ram.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070708125909/http://www.eis.na.baesystems.com:80/sse/memory_cram.htm to http://www.eis.na.baesystems.com/sse/memory_cram.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090519205710/http://www.numonyx.com:80/en-US/Community/TechTalk/Pages/VideoDetail.aspx?ContentId=1 to http://numonyx.com/en-US/Community/TechTalk/Pages/VideoDetail.aspx?ContentId=1

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:19, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase-change memory


text:
William Ferguson (Manitoba politician)

William Ferguson (March 8, 1862 – October 29, 1936) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1899 to 1903 and 1907–1914, as a member of the Conservative Party.

Ferguson was born in Canada West and came to Manitoba in 1882. He was a farmer and lived in Hamiota during his political career. He first campaigned for the Manitoba legislature in the 1896 provincial election, and lost to Liberal incumbent David McNaught by fifty-four votes in the Saskatchewan constituency.

He ran again for Saskatchewan in the 1899 election, and defeated Liberal candidate John Henry McConnell by fifteen votes. The Conservatives won this election, and Ferguson served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of premiers Hugh John Macdonald and Rodmond Roblin.

Redistribution forced Ferguson into the Hamiota constituency for the 1903 election, and he lost to Liberal David Jackson by twenty-two votes. He was returned to the legislature for Hamiota in the 1907 election, and won again in 1910.

Ferguson served as chair of public accounting during his time in the legislature. His biographical entry in the Canadian Parliamentary Guide indicates that he was popular with both sides of the house.

He lost to John Henry McConnell by 398 votes in the 1914 election, and by 347 votes in a 1920 rematch. Ferguson died by suicide in Pincher Creek, Alberta on October 29, 1936.

title: William Ferguson (Manitoba politician)


text: Template:Sports year category

title: Template:Sports year category


text:
List of dicotyledons of Great Britain and Ireland

''This page covers a group of dicotyledon families (Lauraceae to Salicaceae). For the background to this list see parent article List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland.''

Status key: * indicates an introduced species and e indicates an extinct species.

This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram:


text:
Talk:Star Wars video games

Proposed merge with Star Wars: Return of the Jedi: Ewok Adventure
Not finding much on this article other than a mention in a 1UP article (unless it's all in print sources). Since it is a cancelled game, this article may be best merged into the parent article until enough sources are pulled to substantiate individual notability. czar  ·   ·  23:01, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

Force Arena
So anyone have any thoughts on how Star Wars: Force Arena should be classified? It's a mobile game, but I'm not sure how you would class it. Agarak (talk) 04:36, 7 March 2017 (UTC)

Merging Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games
Merging both articles would make it easier to list and describe all Star Wars videogames without loosing track, also as it is now both articles are lacking merging both would make a better article all-around. For everyone and forget the canon we are listing them by video games console generation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rosvel92 (talk • contribs)

 * I broadly agree. I would be concerned about WP:SIZE issues, but those can probably be resolved. --Izno (talk) 19:33, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose: WP:SIZE remains a problem, which is why separate list articles exist. I note that the size issue has not been resolved over the last 15 months. Klbrain (talk) 22:22, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The current WP:SIZE issues are to a large extent due to the main article including list sections. Merging the articles would just exacerbate the problem. Current problems with WP:EMBED should not be used to justify the merge.Trialpears (talk) 21:13, 18 April 2019 (UTC)

"Droid Repair Bay" is missing
The game Star Wars: Droid Repair Bay (2017) is missing from the list.

https://store.steampowered.com/app/726910/Star_Wars_Droid_Repair_Bay/ Isma.C (talk) 12:37, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Star Wars video games


text:
Frederick Dixon

Frederick Dixon may refer to:

 * Frederick Whittaker Dixon (1854–1935), architect from Oldham, England
 * Frederick Clifford Dixon (1902–1992), creator of etchings depicting urban life in London
 * Fred Dixon (politician) (Frederick John Dixon, 1881–1931), Manitoba politician
 * Freddie Dixon (Frederick William Dixon, 1892–1956), English motorcycle racer and racing car driver

title: Frederick Dixon


text:
User:Zouave~enwiki

also: Zouave

title: User:Zouave~enwiki


text:
The District Nurse

The District Nurse is a television series produced by BBC Wales and shown on BBC One between 1984 and 1987.

The series was a period drama created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland (who both went on to create EastEnders) and starred Nerys Hughes as Megan Roberts, the titular district nurse fighting to improve living conditions for the people living in a poverty-stricken mining town, Pencwm, in South Wales during the late 1920s. The school scenes were filmed at Pont-y-Gof school in Ebbw Vale, shortly before the old school was demolished. The children and teachers at the school were involved in the first two series.

The outdoor school and street scenes were filmed at Troedrhiwgwair, a small village on the outskirts of Tredegar. Most of the houses used have since been demolished; however, the street remains.

In the third series, shown in 1987 and set in the early 1930s, Megan had moved on to the seaside town of Glanmor (filmed in the Ceredigion university town of Aberystwyth) where she worked with a father/son pair of doctors: Emlyn Isaacs (Freddie Jones) and James Isaacs (Nicholas Jones).

International sales
The District Nurse was shown by TV2 in New Zealand. It was also dubbed and aired in Iran between 1984 and 1987.

Major cast

 * Megan Roberts – (Nerys Hughes)
 * David Price – (John Ogwen) (series 1 & 2 only)
 * Nesta Mogg – (Deborah Manship) (series 1 & 2 only)
 * Gwen Harris – (Margaret John) (series 1 & 2 only)
 * Evalina Williams – (Beth Morris) (series 1 & 2 only)
 * Dr Emlyn Isaacs – (Freddie Jones) (series 3 only)
 * Dr James Isaacs – (Nicholas Jones) (series 3 only)
 * Ruth Jones – (Janet Aethwy) (series 3 only)

DVD release
The first series of The District Nurse was available on DVD (Region 2, UK) by DD Home Entertainment.

title: The District Nurse


text:
Zell am Harmersbach

Zell am Harmersbach is a small town and a historic “Reichsstadt” in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It lies in the Ortenaukreis, between the Black Forest and the Rhine.

History
Zell was settled on territory owned by Gengenbach Abbey. The monastery was founded by the Lords of Geroldseck, to whose sovereign lands belonged much of the modern Ortenau district. The monastery was consecrated within the Zähringen order, with records dating back to 1139. In 1289, Rudolph I invested the monastery as an Imperial abbey and was placed within the Gengenbach order under the Diocese of Strasbourg. However, ownership and the overlordship remained with the Baron of Hohengeroldseck until 1636, with the death of Baron Jacob and the extinction of his line.

The city separated from Gengenbach Abbey and authority of the Hohengeroldesecks with the support of nearby cities Gengenbach and Offenburg, which had acquired Imperial immediacy in the years 1366 and 1340, respectively. Zell won immediacy toward the end of the 14th century, and suffered gravely from the Peasants War, the Thirty Years War, and the wars of King Louis XIV of France.

In the year 1800, the Imperial city controlled about 50 square miles (English) of territory and shared boundaries with the Free City of Gengenbach on the west, the Imperial Abbey of Gengenbach on the north, the Reichstal or Imperial Valley of the Harmersbach on the east, and the Lordship of Haslach, a possession of the Fürstenberg, on the south.

The Free Imperial City of Zell was mediatized by order of the Final Recess (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) ratified by the Emperor Francis II on 27 April 1803. The city was annexed to the Margrave of Baden.

Geography
Zell is located at the end of the Harmersbachtal (Harmersbach Valley), a tributary valley of the Kinzig. 8 km North Hohengeroldseck Main Castle at Biberach. And 16 km from Lahr, another Hohengeroldseck foundation.

City districts
Along with Zell, the districts of Unterharmersbach, Unterentersbach und Oberentersbach are incorporated into the city.

 * Oberentersbach : The first documented mention of Oberentersbach dates to 1111. It was administered from Zell until 1803, and afterward formed a borough together with Unterentersbach. This union was dissolved in 1851.
 * Unterentersbach : The first documented mention of Unterentersbach dates to 1075. In around 1700, it came under the control of the Lords of Mayershofen.
 * Unterharmersbach : The first documented mention of Unterharmersbach dates to 1139. In 1200 was taken over by the Bamberg Diocese. By way of the dukes of Zähringen, the Earls of Fürstenberg, and the Prince of Geroldseck, Unterharmersbach came under the control of the Strasbourg Diocese.

The city is bordered on the north by Nordrach, on the northeast by Oberharmersbach, on the southeast by Fischerbach, on the south by the city of Haslach, in the southwest by Steinach, on the west by Biberach, and on the northwest by the city of Gengenbach.

Incorporations

 * 1974: Oberentersbach
 * 1975: Unterentersbach, Unterharmersbach

Political administration
The city is the seat of the arranged administration partnership with the communities of Biberach, Nordrach and Oberharmersbach.

Coat of arms
Zell's coat of arms, a black eagle on gold, is the crest of the Holy Roman Empire and symbolizes Zell's history as an imperial city.

International relations
Zell am Harmersbach is twinned with:
 * Baume-les-Dames, France, since 1990
 * Frauenstein, Saxony, Germany, since 1991

The district of Unterharmersbach has maintained a partnership with the Swiss community of Tuggen since 2000.

Culture and attractions
Zell lies on the Kinzigtäler Jakobusweg and on the Großen Hansjakobweg routes, both of which pass many sites of interest.

Museums

 * Heimatmuseum Fürstenberger Hof (Fürstenberger Farm Museum)
 * Villa Haiss, museum for contemporary art
 * Storchenturm (stork tower) museum

Economy and infrastructure
Zell is the birthplace of the famous Hahn und Henne (Rooster and Hens) pottery factory.

Transportation
Zell am Harmersbach lies on the Harmersbachtalbahn, a branch line of the Black Forest Railway, which runs from Biberach to Oberharmersbach. Public transport is provided for by the Ortenau transit network.

Education
At Ritter von Buß Educational Center, there is a primary school, a secondary school and technical school. An additional primary school is located in Unterharmersbach. There is also a special educational school in Kernstadt. There are four kindergartens in the area.

Famous citizens

 * Ignaz Blasius Bruder, (1780–1845), German musical instrument manufacturer and organ builder
 * Franz Josef Ritter von Buß, (1803–1878), German politician (German Centre Party) and preacher
 * Thomas Ruff, (born 1958), German photographer
 * Ralph Weissleder, (born 1958), American clinician scientist.
 * Eduard Montford (1819–1881), since 1851 standing in Baden civil service lawyer and Official Board
 * Wilhelm Metz (1828–1888), Catholic church musician, composer and organ expert
 * Ernst Peter Huber (1900–1959), painter
 * Heinrich Schwendemann (born 1956), historian
 * Wolfgang Mössinger (born 1957), diplomat
 * Stephanie Zehnle (born 1986), historian

Individuals with relation to city

 * Karl Schaaff (1849–1920), owner of Zeller porcelain factory 1874–1907 was in 1907 awarded an honorary citizen.
 * Alexander Freiherr von und zu Spitzmüller-Harmersbach (1862–1953); the last finance minister of Austro-Hungarian Empire Although born in Vienna, but started off at his ennoblement in 1917 his nobility by ancestors from Zell am Harmersbach.
 * Kurt von Kraewel (1889–1951), Colonel retd, resistance fighter, owner of the paper mill Zell am Harmersbach.
 * From 1945 to 1952, the German scientist Karl Hasel was responsible for the administration of the forestry Zell am Harmersbach.

title: Zell am Harmersbach


text: User talk:68.91.82.67

title: User talk:68.91.82.67