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Cosmic pluralism

Cosmic pluralism, the plurality of worlds, or simply pluralism, describes the belief in numerous "worlds" (planets, dwarf planets or natural satellites) in addition to Earth (possibly an infinite number), which may harbour extraterrestrial life.

The debate over pluralism began as early as the time of Anaximander (c. 610) as a metaphysical argument, long predating the scientific Copernican conception that the Earth is one of numerous planets. It has continued, in a variety of forms, until the modern era.

Ancient Greek debates
In Greek times, the debate was largely philosophical and did not conform to present notions of cosmology. Cosmic pluralism was a corollary to notions of infinity, and the purported multitude of life-bearing worlds were more akin to parallel universes (either contemporaneously in space or infinitely recurring in time) than to different solar systems. After Anaximander opened the door to an infinite universe, infinite higher dimensions, and an infinite amount of universes and other classes of verses, a strong pluralist stance was adopted by the atomists, notably Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus—whose Epistle to Herodotus clearly lays out the Doctrine of Innumerable Worlds—and Lucretius who elaborates this Doctrine in his work De rerum natura. Anaxarchus told Alexander the Great that there were an infinite number of worlds that each harbored an infinite variety of unknown natural phenomena and extraterrestrial life, leading Alexander to weep, for he had not yet conquered even one. While these were prominent thinkers, their opponents—Plato and Aristotle—had greater effect. They argued that the Earth is unique and that there can be no other systems of worlds. This stance neatly dovetailed with later Christian ideas, and pluralism was effectively suppressed for approximately a millennium.

Medieval Islamic thought
Many medieval Muslim scholars endorsed the idea of cosmic pluralism. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (676–733) wrote "Maybe you see that God created only this single world and that God did not create humans besides you. Well, I swear by God that God created thousands and thousands of worlds and thousands and thousands of humankind."

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib, rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe. Instead, he argues that there are "a thousand thousand worlds (alfa alfi 'awalim) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has." To support his theological argument, he cites the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," in Surah al-Fatiha emphasizing the term "Worlds."

Two Qur'anic verses support the idea of God being Lord of multiple worlds: 1:2 and 41:09. Qur'an 16:8 says "He has created other things of which ye have no knowledge." However, some scholars argued that the expression used in the verses simply means "The Lord of all people".

Cosmic pluralism was depicted in fictional Arabic literature. "The Adventures of Bulukiya", a tale from the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), depicted a cosmos consisting of different worlds, some larger than Earth and each with their own inhabitants.

Scholastic thinkers
Eventually, the Ptolemaic-Aristotelian system was challenged and pluralism reasserted, first tentatively by scholastics and then more seriously by followers of Copernicus. The telescope appeared to prove that a multitude of life was reasonable and an expression of God's creative omnipotence; still powerful theological opponents, meanwhile, continued to insist that although the Earth may have been displaced from the center of the cosmos, it was still the unique focus of God's creation. Thinkers such as Johannes Kepler were willing to admit the possibility of pluralism without truly supporting it. Middle ages philosophers like Nicholas of Cusa and Nicole Oresme wrote the possibility of the plurality of the worlds.

Renaissance
Giordano Bruno introduced in his works the idea of multiple worlds instantiating the infinite possibilities of a pristine, indivisible One. Bruno (from the mouth of his character Philotheo) in his De l'infinito universo et mondi (1584) claims that "innumerable celestial bodies, stars, globes, suns and earths may be sensibly perceived therein by us and an infinite number of them may be inferred by our own reason."

Teaching this was among the charges the Inquisition made against him.

Enlightenment
During the Scientific Revolution and the later Enlightenment, cosmic pluralism became a mainstream possibility. Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle's Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds) of 1686 was an important work from this period, speculating on pluralism and describing the new Copernican cosmology. Pluralism was also championed by philosophers such as John Locke, astronomers such as William Herschel and even politicians, including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. As greater scientific skepticism and rigour were applied to the question, it ceased to be simply a matter of philosophy and theology and was properly bounded by astronomy and biology.

The French astronomer Camille Flammarion was one of the chief proponents of cosmic pluralism during the latter half of the nineteenth century. His first book, La pluralité des mondes habités (1862) was a great popular success, going through 33 editions in its first twenty years. Flammarion was one of the first people to put forward the idea that extraterrestrial beings were genuinely alien, and not simply variations of earthly creatures.

Modern thought
In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term "cosmic pluralism" became largely archaic as knowledge diversified and the speculation on extraterrestrial life focused on particular bodies and observations. The historic debate continues to have modern parallels, however. Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, for instance, could well be considered "pluralists" while proponents of the Rare Earth hypothesis are modern skeptics.

Modern Islamic scholars like Abdullah Yusuf Ali point to the Qur'an (42:29) to argue for life on other planets: "And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the living creatures that He has scattered through them". The verses uses the word da’bbah, which denotes living creatures on the surface of a planet. Other scholars like Herbert Eisenstein argued however that the word also refer to animals in general.

title: Cosmic pluralism


text:
Harvey Jackson III

Harvey Hardaway Jackson III (born February 25, 1943) is the Professor of History at Jacksonville State University in Alabama. He is the author of a number of works on Alabama and Georgia history.

Early life and career
He was born in Junction City, Kansas, in February 1943. His father Harvey H. Jackson Jr. was a teacher, businessman, and politician while his mother Elizabeth W. Jackson worked for the US Department of Agriculture. Jackson studied for his B.A. at Birmingham-Southern College in 1965. He obtained an M.A. from the University of Alabama in 1966 before marrying Marcia Flood in 1966. They divorced in 1987. He married Suzanne Brown in 1988. He has three children: Kelly Leigh Jackson (b. 1968), William Blackwell Jackson (b. 1993) and Anna Elizabeth Jackson (b. 1998).

Jackson taught at South Florida Junior College in Avon Park, Florida, between 1966 and 1970 before studying for a doctorate at the University of Georgia completing it in 1973. While studying for his doctorate, Jackson developed a particular interest in the 18th century.

Published Historian
Dr Jackson started work as an Assistant Professor of History at Clayton Junior College in Morrow, Georgia, in 1973. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1977. Jackson published his first book on Lachlan McIntosh and Revolutionary Georgia in 1979.

He wrote a second book on Georgians who signed the Declaration of Independence with co-authors Harvey Young, Edwin Bridges and Kenneth Thomas, published in 1981. Jackson became Professor of History and Chairman of Social Sciences in 1982.

Jackson worked with Phinizy Spaulding on editing a collection of essays on colonial Georgia published in 1984 and on writing a biography of General James Oglethorpe in 1989.

He published two works on the history of Alabama rivers in the 1990s. In 1990 he became Professor and head of the Department of History and Foreign Languages at Jacksonville State University. In 2003, he published a history of Alabama that he had been working on for five years. In 2008 he became Eminent Scholar in History at Jacksonville State University.

Written works

 * Lachlan McIntosh and the Politics of Revolutionary Georgia University of Georgia Press 1979
 * (With Harvey Young, Edwin Bridges and Kenneth Thomas) Georgia Signers and the Declaration of Independence Cherokee Press 1981
 * (Editor with Phinizy Spaulding) Forty Years of Diversity: Essays on Colonial Georgia University of Georgia Press 1984
 * (Editor with Phinizy Spaulding) Oglethorpe in Perspective: Georgia's Founder After Two Hundred Years University of Alabama Press 1989
 * Rivers of History: Life on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba and Alabama University of Alabama Press 1995
 * Putting "Loafing Streams" to Work: The Building of Lay, Mitchell, Martin and Jordan Dams 1910-1929 University of Alabama Press 1997
 * Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State University of Alabama Press/Fire Ant Books 2003
 * The Rise and Decline of the Redneck Riviera: An Insider's History of the Florida-Alabama Coast University of Georgia Press 2012

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harvey Jackson III


text:
User talk:Evil silence

It looks like you know what you're up to but just in case;

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alf 09:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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Ally McBeal
I noticed you uploaded a screen shot of Ally McBeal. Would you happen to have one of Ling Woo as well? I just (re)-created an article on her, it could use a picture--Work permit (talk) 05:38, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Any shot would be much appreciated, but one that shows her off as a "dragon lady" would be great. Do you remember the episode when she breathed fire at ally?  By the way, how do you like the new article?--Work permit (talk) 06:03, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Thank you very much.--Work permit (talk) 06:36, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

That is a good shot. --Work permit (talk) 06:48, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Thought you'd like to know that Ling Woo was promoted to Good article status. Thanks again for the pic--Work permit (talk) 01:53, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Billie Jenkins
Hiya, ES! Was wondering if, when you can spare the time, you could add an image of Billie, the Season 8 addition to Charmed, to the top of her page? Also, the Charmed Ones mother's page could use a good picture as well. Thank you in advance! —  .`^) Paine Ellsworthdiss`cuss (^`.   04:45, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Evil silence


text:
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Церковь Покрова на Нерли) is a Russian Orthodox church and a symbol of medieval Russia. Dedicated to the Intercession of the Theotokos, the church is situated at the confluence of the Nerl and the Klyazma in Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast, 13 km north-east of the ancient capital of Vladimir.

The church was commissioned by Andrei Bogolyubsky, a 12th-century prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. According to some sources, it was built to commemorate Andrei's victory over the Bulgars and his son Izyaslav, who was slain in the battle. The exact date of construction of the church is unknown. The building is constructed in white stone, and has one dome and four columns in the interior. Its proportions are elongated on purpose to make its outline seem slimmer, although this architectural solution restricts its use in holding services.

For centuries, the memorial church greeted everyone approaching the palace at Bogolyubovo. In spring, the area would flood, and the church appeared as if floating on water. The church itself has not been substantially altered, with only the dome's shape being slightly changed, and the addition of porch-galleries in the 12th century, which were rebuilt in the 18th century and then demolished. The walls are still covered with 12th-century stone carvings.

In 1992, the church was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal.

title: Church of the Intercession on the Nerl


text:
Abercrombie Township, Richland County, North Dakota

Abercrombie Township is a township in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. Its population during the 2000 Census was 285. Abercrombie Township had an estimated population of 249 as of 2009.

History
Abercrombie Township was organized March 12, 1883, when still part of the Dakota Territory. Settlement in the area began in the late 1860s and early 1870s, mainly by people of Scandinavian ancestry. Fort Abercrombie, first built in 1858 and rebuilt in 1861, was a prominent fixture in the township.


text:
Robert Hamer

Robert Hamer (31 March 1911 – 4 December 1963) was a British film director and screenwriter best known for the 1949 black comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets and the now acknowledged 1947 classic It Always Rains on Sunday.

Biography
Hamer was born at 24 Chester Road, Kidderminster, along with his twin Barbara, the son of Owen Dyke Hamer, a bank clerk, and his wife, Annie Grace Brickell. He was educated at Rossall School, an independent school for boys near the town of Fleetwood in Lancashire, and won a scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he read the Economics tripos. Although claims have since been made that he was sent down (expelled), with several sources suggesting that he was suspended for homosexual activities, he did in fact graduate with a third-class degree in 1933.

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states that Hamer originally intended to join the Treasury as an economist or mathematician until scuppered by his poor academic performance, which he later jokingly put down to a combination of "the proximity of Newmarket Heath [racecourse] to Cambridge and the existence in Cambridge of five cinemas changing programmes twice weekly".

Hamer began his film career in 1934 as a cutting room assistant, and from 1935 worked as a film editor involved with such films as Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn (1939) co-produced by Charles Laughton. At the end of the 1930s, he worked on documentaries for the GPO Film Unit. When his boss at the GPO, Alberto Cavalcanti, moved to Ealing Studios, Hamer was invited to join him there. He gained some experience as a director by substituting for colleagues and contributed the 'haunted mirror' sequence to Dead of Night (1945). He followed this with the three Ealing films under his own name for which he is best remembered: Pink String and Sealing Wax (1946), It Always Rains on Sunday (1947), both featuring Googie Withers, and Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), with Dennis Price and Alec Guinness.

Hamer was an alcoholic who, by the time of his last film as director, School for Scoundrels (1960), was "often battling terrifying DT hallucinations" (i.e. alcohol withdrawal symptoms, occurring only in patients with a history of alcoholism). BFI Screenonline writes that Hamer was "a recovering alcoholic" and that "he fell off the wagon during production [of School For Scoundrels], was sacked on the spot ... and would never work in the industry again." In fact, although he never directed again, he did contribute to two more film screenplays before he died.

Hamer was also homosexual in an era when homosexual acts were illegal in the UK. He died of pneumonia at the age of 52 at St Thomas's Hospital in London, and is buried at Llandegley. Both of his parents survived him.

According to film critic David Thomson, Hamer's career "now looks like the most serious miscarriage of talent in the postwar British cinema".

As director

 * Dead of Night (1945) – segment "The Haunted Mirror"
 * Pink String and Sealing Wax (1945) – also writer
 * It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) – also writer
 * Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) – also writer
 * The Spider and the Fly (1949)
 * His Excellency (1952) – also writer
 * The Long Memory (1953) – also writer
 * Father Brown (1954) – also writer
 * To Paris with Love (1955)
 * The Scapegoat (1959) – also writer
 * School for Scoundrels (1960)

Other film work

 * Vessel of Wrath (1938) – editor
 * St. Martin's Lane (1938) – editor
 * Jamaica Inn (1939) – editor
 * French Communique (1940) (documentary short) – editor
 * Turned Out Nice Again (1941) – editor
 * Ships with Wings (1941) – editor
 * The Foreman Went to France (1942) – editor
 * My Learned Friend (1943) – associate producer
 * San Demetrio London (1943) – producer, writer, uncredited direction
 * While Nero Fiddled (1944) – lyrics
 * The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947) – uncredited direction
 * Rowlandson's England (1955) (documentary short) – writer
 * 55 Days at Peking (1963) – additional dialogue
 * They All Died Laughing (1964) – writer

Televised theater

 * ITV Opening Night at the Guildhall (1955) – play "Private Lives" – director
 * ITV Play of the Week (1955) – "A Month in the Country" – director, adaptation
 * ITV Play of the Week (1955) – "The Green of the Year" – director, adaptation

title: Robert Hamer


text: User talk:84.47.4.245

title: User talk:84.47.4.245


text: Category:Limacodidae

title: Category:Limacodidae


text:
User:The Roach

Hello,

I joined wiki because I read the quite neutral article on Prussia which impressed me though there is always room for improvement. I am sure I will continue to learn new things about wiki everyday, but to my shame I don't respond well to didacticism because I think no-one should be treated as if they know less than you -even if they do. 86.135.116.39 09:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:The Roach


text:
Humblotia

The name Humblotia can refer to two different genera of organisms:
 * The bird genus Humblotia, containing a single species - Humblot's flycatcher (Humblotia flavirostris).
 * The plant genus Humblotia, a synonym for Drypetes.

title: Humblotia


text:
User talk:The Roach

Hi Me, and welcome to Wikipedia.

Thank you for finding the time to sign up and contribute to our little project. If you're in doubt about anything, you might want to check out some of these pages:

 * Welcome, newcomers - a general introduction, and a good starting point
 * The help centre and FAQs
 * The Manual of Style - a guide to the community's writing conventions

It's also a good idea to sign the new user log and add a little about yourself.

When contributing to a talk page, you can sign your name by typing four tildes after your comments, like this: ~>. Some people do not pay attention to unsigned comments. An important note: Please do not add this signature to encyclopedia articles you may edit, even if you have created them. Wikipedia articles are owned by the community, not by any one person.

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me at my talk page, or at the Help desk or Village Pump.

But above all, make sure you be bold when contributing, and have fun!

-- User:The Roach 09:53, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Roach


text:
Los Angeles County Department of Public Works

The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (LACDPW) is responsible for the construction and operation of Los Angeles County's roads, building safety, sewerage, and flood control. DPW also operates traffic signals and intelligent transportation systems, drinking water systems in certain communities, operates five airports, paratransit and fixed route public transport, administers various environment programs, issues various permits for activities in the public roadway, and has a Department Emergency Operations Center that works in conjunction with the County Emergency Operations Center operated by the Sheriff's Department. The department is headquartered at 900 South Fremont Avenue in Alhambra, California.

Services are provided primarily to the unincorporated county with some services provided to contract cities. Flood control and watershed management services are provided to all of the county except the Antelope Valley.

As part of its flood control and water supply responsibilities, the Department of Public Works has 15 major dams and 27 spreading grounds in the county. Pacoima Dam is one of the largest owned by Public Works and survived the Northridge earthquake in 1994 intact.

Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the groundwater. The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent salt water intrusion from the ocean into the groundwater.

The DPW is a leader in watershed management. It provides storm drain education programs, publishes and enforces best management practices for activities that may affect the watershed, and manages watersheds to provide a balance between flood control, recreation, and protecting the natural environment.

History
The department was formed in 1985 in a consolidation of the county Road Department, the Flood Control District (in charge of dams, spreading grounds, and channels), and the County Engineer (in charge of building safety, land survey, waterworks).

For 25 years, the County Engineer Department was housed in the historic Higgins Building, a 10-story Beaux-Arts style commercial building that was designed and built by noted architect Arthur L. Haley and engineer Albert Carey Martin in 1910, at the corner of Second and Main Streets in Downtown Los Angeles. After "overseeing construction projects large and small from one of the city's strongest buildings, the county determined that the department needed more modern quarters and pulled up stakes in 1977," according to the Los Angeles City Planning Department, which designated the building as the Historic-Cultural Monument #873.

In 1977, the County Engineer Department moved to the corner of 5th Street and Vermont Ave., Los Angeles until the merge of the three departments. At that time the department was called the Department of County Engineer-Facilities.

In 1988, the department issued a demolition permit to tear down the historic Golden Gate Theater in East Los Angeles. Demolition commenced before officials led by then County Supervisor Ed Edelman halted the work with a stop-work order. Demolition crews had already begun to dismantle the walls when Edelman, then Los Angeles City Councilwoman Gloria Molina, sheriff's deputies and more than 50 concerned community members showed up at the site to ensure the demolition work was halted. Edelman blamed a "foul-up" in the Public Works Department for issuing the demolition permit and assured the gathered crowd that heads were going to roll and that he would "try and stop this damn demolition before it happens."

For years, the Flood Control District and the County Road Department were headquartered in buildings at Alcazar Street in East Los Angeles by the Los Angeles County General Hospital.

Major divisions of the Public Works Department were located at various locations in Los Angeles city for a number of years, until the 12-story glass building in Alhambra, California was purchased and refurbished. This tallest structure in Alhambra was formerly the western headquarters of Sears, Roebuck and Company, where some fixture units still bear the label "Sears". The steel frames were strengthened in 2006 after it was learned from the Northridge earthquake that the welded joints were not adequate to withstand a major earthquake.

Former Directors

 * Thomas A. Tidemanson (1985–1994)
 * Harry Stone (1994–2001)
 * James Noyes (2001–2004)
 * Donald Wolfe (2004–2008)
 * Gail Farber (2008–2016)
 * Mark Pestrella (2016–present)

Major Divisions

 * Architectural and Engineering Division – designs various buildings and facilities for other county departments
 * Aviation Division – operates the five general aviation airports: Fox Field (Lancaster), Brackett Field (La Verne), Whiteman Airport (Pacoima), Compton/Woodley Airport (Compton), and El Monte Airport (El Monte)
 * Administrative Services Division – provides contract support, fleet, procurement and warehousing services for the Department
 * Building and Safety Division – regulates construction on private properties
 * Business Relations and Contracts Division – consisted of two sections: Contract Section I and Contract Section II
 * Construction Division – advertises and awards public contracts and performs inspection, construction management, and environmental compliance during construction of public works projects
 * Design Division – designs departmental facilities
 * Environmental Programs Division – promotes recycling, and regulates underground storage tanks and industrial waste disposal
 * Fiscal Division – The Fiscal Division is responsible for the accounting, cashiering, billing, accounts payable, accounts receivable, cost accounting, and fixed asset property records for the Department of Public Works.
 * Fleet Management Division (Fleet) – support Public Works’ operational divisions that provide critical services throughout the unincorporated county and 88 contract cities.
 * Flood Maintenance Division – flood protection, water conservation, groundwater recharge, runoff control, and storm-water quality are addressed and provided; along with proactively meeting or exceeding environmental and water quality regulations and standards.
 * Geotechnical and Materials Engineering Division – Ensures proper land development from geology and soils engineering to subdivision mapping standards
 * Land Development Division – regulates the developments in private lands
 * Project Management Division – manages capital project constructions for the County
 * Programs Development Division – manages funding programs and operates transit services in the unincorporated County
 * Road Maintenance Division – maintains the various streets and roads in the unincorporated portions of the County
 * Sewer Maintenance Division – operates and maintains sewers, pumping stations and sewage treatment plants
 * Stormwater Engineering Division – handles water conservation, and operates and maintains three seawater barriers
 * Stormwater Maintenance Division – operates and maintains dams, open channels, storm drains, debris basins, check dams and pumping plants
 * Stormwater Planning Division – handles strategic planning and multi-benefit project development for the Los Angeles County Flood Control District
 * Stormwater Quality Division – handles stormwater quality and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Program
 * Survey/Mapping and Property Management Division – provides survey services, maintains public land/survey records. Property Management includes title investigations, appraisal, project coordination, right of way engineering and acquisitions and dispositions.
 * Traffic and Lighting Division – handles the traffic controls and lights on the streets of the unincorporated portions of the County
 * Waterworks Division – provides water services

County Shuttles
LACDPW operates shuttles in unincorporated areas of the county, and funds other agencies that provide service.

El Sol
El Sol is the shuttle system serving East Los Angeles.

Sunshine Shuttle
Sunshine Shuttle is the shuttle system serving South Whittier.


text:
2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship

The 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, the eleventh edition of the tournament, was held in the cities of Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura and Iquitos in Peru from 16 September to 2 October 2005. Players born after 1 January 1988 could participate in this tournament. Mexico beat favorites Brazil 3–0 in the final, winning its first U-17 Championship title.

Teams

 * USA is the only team to have qualified for all 11 tournaments so far, followed by Brazil and Australia who have each qualified 10 times. While Netherlands, Turkey, Peru, Gambia and Korea DPR are new to the competition.

Squads
For a list of the squads see 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship squads

Goalscorers
Carlos Vela of Mexico won the Golden Shoe award for scoring five goals.

title: 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship


text:
Council of Ministers (Burundi)

The Council of Ministers of Burundi are the senior level of the executive branch of Burundi and consists of the Prime Minister of Burundi and various Ministers. The 2018 constitution, which enshrines ethnically based power-sharing, requires that at most 60% of ministers come from the ethnic Hutu majority and at most 40% hail from the Tutsi minority. At least 30% of government ministers must be women. The members of the council are directly appointed by the President in consultation with the Vice-President and Prime minister.

The current council of ministers commenced on 28 June 2020 and was President Évariste Ndayishimiye's first cabinet.

Members of the government named in 2020
President Évariste Ndayishimiye's first council was a total of 15 ministers of which 5 were women.

Members of the Government named in 2010
The president Pierre Nkurunziza named a new government on August 30, 2010. The newly formed government consisted of 21 ministers, out of which 10 were members of the previous government.

Members of the government named in 2007
In 2007 the Government of Burundi consisted of a 20-member Council of Ministers appointed by the President. The Council of Ministers, together with the President and Vice-Presidents, forms the executive branch of government in the country.

Members of President Pierre Nkurunziza's government were announced on 14 November 2007. The government consisted of 12 men (8 Hutus and 4 Tutsis) and 8 women (6 Hutus and 2 Tutsis). The ethnic composition was 14 Hutus and 6 Tutsis. A new government was announced on August 29, 2010.

title: Council of Ministers (Burundi)


text:
Abnabat

Ābnabāt is a kind of Persian hard candy made of sugar boiled with added flavours. There are many different kinds of Abnabat, such as Abnabat Gheichi (آبنبات قیچی).

title: Abnabat


text:
Within These Walls

Within These Walls is a British television drama programme made by London Weekend Television for ITV and shown between 1974 and 1978. It portrayed life in HMP Stone Park, a fictional women's prison. Unlike later women-in-prison TV series, Bad Girls (ITV, 1999–2006), and Australian series, Prisoner (aka Prisoner: Cell Block H, Grundy Organisation, original run: 1979–1986), and Wentworth (2013–2021), Within These Walls tended to centre its story-lines around the prison staff rather than the inmates.

The lead character was played by British film actor Googie Withers who played the well-groomed, genteel governor Faye Boswell and episodes revolved around her attempts to liberalise the prison regime while managing her personal life at home. Another prominent character was her Chief Officer, Mrs. Armitage (Mona Bruce). Googie Withers left after three series; in Series Four her character was replaced as governor by Helen Forrester (Katharine Blake), who in turn left to be replaced in the final Series Five by Susan Marshall (Sarah Lawson).

Creator and screenwriter of the programme, David Butler, appeared in some episodes as prison chaplain, Rev. Henry Prentice.

DVD release
As of November 2011, Network have released all five series on DVD in the UK, with the exception of "Nowhere for the Kids", an episode from Series Two which appears to be missing from the archives.

Screening
The programme was broadcast around 9:00 p.m. (although exact times varied around the ITV regions), but prisoners were locked in their cells 30 minutes before 9:00pm.

Cast

 * Googie Withers as Prison Governor - Faye Boswell
 * Katharine Blake as Prison Governor - Helen Forrester
 * Sarah Lawson as Prison Governor - Sarah Marshall
 * Mona Bruce as Chief Officer Mrs. Armitage
 * Jerome Willis as Prison Deputy Governor Charles Radley
 * Denys Hawthorne as Dr. Peter Mayes
 * Beth Harris as Miss Clarke
 * Elaine Wells as Principal Prison Officer Spencer
 * Sonia Graham as Assistant Governor Martha Parrish
 * Miranda Forbes as Prison Officer Parsons
 * Janet Lees Price as Assistant Governor Janet Harker

Successful alumnae from the series included Helen Worth, later widely known for her role of Gail Platt on Coronation Street. Worth appeared in an episode of season 1 alongside Cheryl Murray. The two would be reunited as flatmates in Coronation Street in 1977, when Murray joined the cast as Suzie Birchall. Shirley Cheriton and Anna Wing both appeared in the season 2 episode "Skivers", long before becoming original cast members of EastEnders together.

The Lost Episode
Episode three from series 2, "Nowhere for the Kids", no longer exists in any format, but its script is included in PDF format on Series Two, Disc One. The script is located in the root directory of the DVD and is called "Within These Walls-N#149129.pdf" The script lists St. John's Waterloo church as the rehearsal hall for read-through for the shows.

Despite indications that this episode is unofficially available on the video-sharing website YouTube, this is not the case. 'The Slap' (series 2 episode 4) is incorrectly labelled ‘Nowhere For The Kids' on YouTube.

title: Within These Walls


text:
User:Fastifex

Ave, L.S. ! (two Latin greetings to the reader, one authentical in Roman life, the second still common in modern writings)

FASTIFEX is an artificial Latin name, as far as I know, though it could have existed in ancient Rome.

It consists of fasti and the common suffix -fax, from facere 'to make', hence in this case : "He who produces (i.e. writes, or in Wiki-jargon contributes) fasti", which is a way to express I am a historian -as it happens from Flanders- with a broader interest in various matters worth recording. Just as the ancient fasti, I have a special interest in institutional matters, secular and religious, past and present, close to home and faraway - just as I feel an encyclopaedian should be, ideally.

title: User:Fastifex


text:
Bedfordale, Western Australia

Bedfordale is a semi-rural suburb in the south-east of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Armadale. Located approximately 40 km from Perth in the Darling Range, some of the local attractions include Churchman Brook Dam, Wungong Dam and the Elizabethan Pub. The area is popular for hiking and cycling. Being close to Armadale railway station provides easy access to the city by train.

It was first named as a townsite in 1905.

The area is named after Admiral Sir Frederick Denham Bedford (1838-1913), Governor of Western Australia from 24 March 1903 to 22 April 1909. Governor Bedford chose some of the older street names to commemorate several famous Admirals.

The suburb hosts the Elizabethan Village which has full size replicas of Anne Hathaway's cottage and Shakespeare's Birthplace, built by British engineer Leo Fowler in the 1970s.

title: Bedfordale, Western Australia


text:
Ronald V. Book

Ronald Vernon Book (March 5 1937 – May 28, 1997 in Santa Barbara, California) was a theoretical computer scientist. He published more than 150 papers in scientific journals. His papers are of great impact for computational complexity theory and term rewriting.

title: Ronald V. Book


text:
Talk:Kancha Ilaiah

His activities to create communilism
Currently he actively writing articles to create commulism between different sects. He is Christian but always he writes about Hindu's and how to create differences between sects in Hindu's. Any one who attacks caste system is anti national and definitely bad. Caste system so good as it keeps the top at the top and bottom at the bottom!

religion
how is there no description about the religious affinity of the above mentioned person. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.186.185.58 (talk) 17:19, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

BIAS and UNDUE article lede
Wikipedia policies are clear. Edits and article must be UNBIASED and not "netralise" the "valid" criticism but brushing it away or buying it down below the depth of article. This applies even for the WP:BLP articles. This article's lede did not include the summary of criticism, which creates WP:UNDUE imbalance and attempting to preserve this imbalance by reverting without adding the summary of criticism is both WP:POV pushing as well as [WP:DISRUPTIVE pattern of being "uncollaborative"/"non-cooperative" because wikipedia's core principal is "collaborative and iterative enhancements".

To address the BIAS in the article, I took the pre-existing content from criticism section in the article, summarised the "important" points which were earlier missing from the lede. I did not introduce any new source. Summarising the existing content with pre-existing sources in the article is no synthesis, it removes the WP:UNDUE imbalance that article had by not showing all key points in the lede. Any attempts to revert edits, which remove this UNDUE BALANCE and BIAS is WP:POV pushing. If the point is that criticism should be attributed and not generalised, I will agree if the criticism is from a one specific individual. In Kancha's case, his numerous colleagues from his own university have criticised him.The same criticism by several people is sufficient to be used as a "generalised" statement and hence does not need to be attributed specifically. Having said that, I still used the attribution while reinstating my reverted edits.

If you have any concerns, do a direct revision of my edits. But ensure, you do NOT NEUTRALISE the VALID CRITICISM even in the BLP. Instead ensure that you are being ITERATIVELY COLLABORATIVE and your further edit (if you chose to paraphrase my edit) is UNBIASED and not pushing political POV (e.g. portraying a controversial figure in a different light by hidign away that criticism from the lede). 58.182.176.169 (talk) 06:29, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Hello, IP. The cited sources should directly support the statement avoid WP:SYNTH. Re this edit, it is added that "He is known for his several controversial views and theories, some of which could inflame sectarian discontent or prejudice." But the cited source does not directly support such claim. His critics have called him a traitor because his writings were "intended to divide society" is added but only TG Venkatesh called him as such, not "critics". MOS:LEAD summarizes what's already given in the body, hence, if you'd like to add that several people criticized him for so and so, the please find a source which says "several people criticized him for so and so" and add it both lead and the body. Regards -- Ab207 (talk) 07:34, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

Hi, I am currently re-editing the article. I will factor in your opinion while reinstating my edits with further modifications. This is my first time to edit this article. I also noticed there are several pre-existing statements in the article which are not directly supported by the source, i.e. they violate the argument you have put forth above. Many are the poor and unacceptable sources, e.g. claims from his own interviews/claims had bene presented in the article as the definitive and [implied] as generalised/generally accepted view of others about him. If you have been watching the article, then why have you allowed those edits to be inserted or be retained in the article. Selectively applying the policies is POV pushing, and if such pattern is replicated across several articles then it becomes WP:GAMING the system. At this stage I am not implying or alleging this is what you have been doing because I have not reviewed your editing pattern across articles. But if you are watching the article, then it is your responsibility that you consistently apply the same set of policies to the pre-existing text and new edits, and not be selective/subjective because then it becomes "preserving the POV" intentionally or unintentionally. Since I have specifically drawn your attention to his, please be careful about it on this article and other related articles. Thank you. 58.182.176.169 (talk) 08:41, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Let's be clear that presence of poorly sourced information is not excuse to add more such information, hence my revert. Also, there are nearly 3,000 pages in my watchlist and its impossible for anyone to keep track of every statement present in those articles. But I can assure you that I'd be wary of additions to the lead and the infobox particularly in the BLPs.-- Ab207 (talk) 09:17, 3 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with 58.182.176.169 because you are adding some critical statements said against him by people on social media with less reliable sources. Your only aim is to defame him and BLP policy violation. 103.146.203.35 (talk) 10:52, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kancha Ilaiah


text:
Lynda Hull

Lynda Hull (December 5, 1954 – March 29, 1994) was an American poet. She had published two collections of poetry when she died in a car accident in 1994. A third, The Only World (Harper Perennial, 1995), was published posthumously by her husband, the poet David Wojahn, and was a finalist for the 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award. Collected Poems By Lynda Hull (Graywolf Press), was published in 2006.

Hull was the recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Illinois Arts Council, and received four Pushcart Prizes. Her poems were published widely in literary journals and magazines including The New Yorker, AGNI, Colorado Review, The Kenyon Review, The Iowa Review, Ploughshares, and Poetry.

Hull was born and grew up in Newark, New Jersey. At the age of 16 she won a scholarship to Princeton University, but ran away from home. During the next ten years she struggled with heroin addiction on and off and lived in many places including various Chinatowns following a marriage to an immigrant from Shanghai. In the early 1980s Hull started studying at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock and earned her B.A., and then her M.A. from Johns Hopkins University. She also reconnected with her family during this time and met the poet David Wojahn, whom she married in 1984.

She taught English at Indiana University, De Paul University, and in the MFA in Writing program at Vermont College of Fine Arts. She served as a poetry editor for the literary journal Crazyhorse, which offers an annual award in her honor, the Lynda Hull Memorial Poetry Prize.

Literary influences and praise
In his review of her Collected Poems, Craig Morgan Teicher described Hull's poetry as, "lush, intensely lyrical evocations of the underbelly of American urban life, driven by a sense of inevitable loss and degradation but also by a powerful attachment to momentary beauty." In a 2008 interview with Gulf Coast, David Wojahn said of her study and work, "She steeped herself in the Romantics, especially Keats and Shelley, and she knew Hart Crane almost by heart. I'm still in awe of that acuity, and of how she used it to do honor to a broken world, post-apocalyptic, filled with ruins and ruined lives. And she gave such dignity to that landscape and those lives. She really did have an incredible lyric gift, one that no other poet of my generation possessed." Poet David St. John wrote that "Of all the poets of my generation, Lynda Hull remains the most heartbreaking, merciful, and consoling."

Awards and honors

 * 1991 Carl Sandburg Award for Star Ledger
 * 1990 Edwin Ford Piper Award for Star Ledger
 * 1989 NEA Literature Fellowship in Poetry
 * 1986 Juniper Prize for Ghost Money

Books

 * Collected Poems By Lynda Hull (Graywolf Press, 2006)
 * The Only World (Harper Perennial, 1995)
 * Star Ledger (University of Iowa Press, 1991)
 * Ghost Money (University of Massachusetts Press, 1986)

Anthologies

 * Best American Poetry 1992,
 * Last Call: Poems on Alcoholism, Addiction and Deliverance (Sarabande Books, 1997)
 * New American Poets of the 90's (David R. Godine, 1991)
 * Under 35 the New Generation of American Poets, Nicholas Christopher, Editor; Anchor Press, c. 1989

title: Lynda Hull


text: Category:Gracillariidae

title: Category:Gracillariidae


text:
Rock School

Rock School (also known as Gene Simmons' Rock School) is a British reality television series starring Gene Simmons from the rock band Kiss, in which he has a short time to turn a class of schoolchildren into a fully fledged rock band, following which they had to perform in a supporting slot for a leading rock band.

Rock School was made by British production company RDF Media and was shown on Channel 4 in the UK, RTL 7 in the Netherlands, Channel Ten and Channel V in Australia, TVNZ2 in New Zealand, VH-1 in the United States and Latin America, TV 2 Zebra in Norway, Nelonen in Finland, TV4 in Sweden, Much Music in Canada, Vitaya in Belgium and ORF eins in Austria.

A comedy film with a similar theme, starring Jack Black, called School of Rock, was released in 2003, before the first series began. The creative team and Simmons insisted that they did not make the show because of the film, and that the show had been in the works since 2002.

Series 1
The first series was broadcast in the autumn of 2005 and took place at Christ's Hospital, a co-educational boarding school near Horsham, West Sussex, which is famous for its strong musical tradition. The chosen class of year 9 students were all classically trained and it was insinuated that they had no interest in rock music.

The band consisted of Josh (also known as "The Emperor") as lead singer, Dudley ("Dudders") as drummer, Jesse ("Bagpuss") as guitarist, Kwamé ("Mr. Cool") on keyboards and bassist Camilla (who refused to have a "rock name"). Stylists were Fiona ("FiFi") and Frances ("Francis"), while the stage managers were Lucien and Richard ("Mr White"). On 21 October, the manager, Rodney ("Rods"), revealed the band's name to be "The Class". After a difficult start, the band successfully played to a crowd of Motörhead fans at the Hammersmith Apollo, and in the final episode of the series The Class got an all-expenses paid trip to Los Angeles, where all the members came together to perform a special tribute of "God gave rock 'n roll to you" for Simmons in a local venue.

The highlight of the programme was arguably Josh, "Emperor", so-called because of his love of the game Warhammer. The 13-year-old sparked plenty of controversy among his classmates as his weird antics made him an outsider. A fluent speaker of Quenya and learning Klingon by the end of the series, Josh was completely tone-deaf but was chosen by Simmons for his determination and perseverance. Simmons confessed that he saw something of himself in Josh, as he had faced similar adversity as an outsider when growing up in New York City. Completely transformed by the experience, Josh saw himself as a rock god by the end of filming and had even grown his hair in homage to Queen guitarist Brian May; however, this new persona irritated his classmates, who thought his arrogance had got the better of him.

Series 2
Following strong international sales for the first series, a second series began filming in October 2005 at Kirkley Community High School in Lowestoft, Suffolk (now East Point Academy) and began airing on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 January 2006. A new twist to this series was that instead of classically trained musicians, Simmons was working with students from a comprehensive school. Unlike the first series the pupils were from year 11 rather than year 9. Their task at the end of the series would be to open for Judas Priest, Rob Zombie, and Anthrax in Long Beach.

In the first episode we meet Chris Hardman, also known as "Lil' Chris" (due to his diminutive stature), who can sing, play guitar, drum, and write songs. At the end of the first episode he goes on holiday with his family, causing Simmons to appoint Ellie Chapman as the replacement vocalist. The band, then "No Comment" and consisting of Danielle "Ellie" Chapman (vocals), Samanie Warren-Close (guitar), Linde Rose (bass), Jessica Reid (keyboards) and Sammi Reeve (drums) spend the second episode preparing for their first gig, where they played to an audience of predominantly old age pensioners at a local bowls club, as well as worrying about their positions in the band upon Chris's return. Episode two also features Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, who was brought in by Simmons to inspire the group.

In the third episode, the band hold auditions for a backup drummer in light of Sammi's volatile temper and tendency to walk out on them. These auditions were open to both class members and select non-members as well. Simmons chooses an outsider Lauren Pashley, raising the suspicion that he was looking to form an all-female band. They go on tour with Chris and Ellie taking turns on vocals, but neither impresses Simmons, putting both of their positions into doubt. On the second show of the tour, the band were promised they would get to play "My Generation" as an encore with Ellie singing, but Simmons felt they had not sufficiently impressed the crowd and did not warrant the encore. Suzi Quatro also features in episode three, showing Lindsey some techniques on the bass guitar. As part of their final preparations the band gave a live performance in Golden Cross, Coventry.

In the final episode Simmons reveals the final line-up of the band, dropping an obviously devastated Ellie and opting for Chris, who he felt was more charismatic. He also renamed the band "Hoax UK", inspired by a slogan on Chris's cap. They successfully played their opening slot with their song "Kicking Off", written by Chris and classmate Rob Batchelor:

 * I want to learn to fly, I want to climb so high, it's kicking off Bought a ticket out this hole, play my rock and roll, we're kicking off Gonna take my life, take my life to new levels, Going to shake it all up until my heart rate trebles

When the class visited LA in the final episode, they had a tour around LA Guitar Center for inspiration. Ellie was unsure who Jimi Hendrix nor Eric Clapton were whilst Samanie held Eddie Van Halen's signature guitar. At the end of it all, the 12 students spent a whole day at Gene's $1,000,000 mansion.

The band (still referred to No Comment) also made an appearance on Harry Hill's TV Burp on 18 February 2006, performing Is There Anybody Out There? (Kickin' Off) where Harry dressed up as Chris joining in with the action. Appeared were Chris, Ellie (credited as Danielle), Sammi, Jess (as Jessica), Lindsey (Linde) & Samanie (Samantha).

Hardman was found dead at the age of 24 from suicide by hanging on 23 March 2015, after having suffered from depression as his career stalled in the years leading up to his death; he had considered taking his own life on previous occasions.

The lyrics may have been prophetic, as a week after the performance Chris was contacted by record producers Ray Hedges and Nigel Butler, who appeared in the show to help the class with songwriting. They worked with him on a song called "Checkin' It Out". The song was released as a single in September 2006 and reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart. Chris went on to release an album in December 2006.

The Upraw & CharliiTV
The female members of the band:-Samanie Warren-Close, Danielle Chapman, Linde Rose, Lily Vincent and Lauren Pashley formed a band of their own known as The Upraw. Pashley and Vincent left the band in August 2006, but have been replaced by two new members; Toni Mickleburgh (drums) and Katy Farr (keyboard). They released a single called "Make My Way" in May 2006. According to The Upraw's website, Chapman and Katy left in October 2006, with the three remaining members functioning as a three piece. The Upraw split up in early 2007, due to Warren-Close relocating to Guernsey

Samanie, Danielle, Jess, Toni & Lily were also regular presenters on former UK cable television channel CharliiTV (a Hamma & Glamma production, the rights are now owned by South African production company Loveland), presented by Hannah Sandling during 2006/7 alongside Luciana Caporaso & Desiree Skylark. Like Rock School, this was also filmed in Lowestoft (later Guernsey in 2007). Warren joined on 26 February 2006, in which she was the show's rock music/guitar tutor (aka "our resident rock chick"), claiming that Van Halen was her very favourite band; starting in June 2006, she also worked in the mechanics garage/repair shop alongside Caporaso, Chapman held down the educational side of stuff, dealing with struggling schoolchildren whilst Vincent (joined 12 May 2006) played the role of the show's playworker, paired up with Skylark (joined 6 March 2006) & Jessica Reid, who joined the show on New Years' Day 2007. Toni Mickleburgh joined CharliiTV on 5 March 2007, as the show's speech therapist. Later on in the show's run, Yasmin Shahmir, Dave Emo (aka alossofwords1), Tom Dinsdale as well as Katy Farr joined to the existing presenters with Shahmir as an IT technician, Emo & Dinsdale joining Caporaso & Warren as mechanics with Farr playing an art/dance/drama/music therapist. Only Caporaso & Chapman were presenters throughout its entire run. The programme was axed on 28 December 2007, due to falling ratings, the premium-rate phone-in scandals plus Samanie's move to Guernsey.

After The Upraw/CharliiTV, Warren-Close has relocated to Leeds as a craft beer exporter, Vincent is a permanent make-up artist, Chapman is a barmaid, Mickleburgh is a clothes shop assistant who recently been in the press about not washing her hair for a certain amount of time according to TikTok, Skylark as a kiddie ride vlogger & freelance actress, Caporaso, Shahmir & Dinsdale are continuing their successful dance music careers, with the former being relocated to LA, it is unknown what Reid, Emo nor Farr are doing now as the former was last active on social media in 2014.

The opening theme was "Light Years" by UK electro producers Super Mal.

title: Rock School