text:
Wungong, Western Australia

Wungong (older spelling Wongong), pronounced is a semi-rural south-eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located midway between Armadale and Byford and located in the local government area of the City of Armadale.

Colonial period
The first survey in this area was by Alfred Hillman in January 1835. Hillman named the perennial stream that flows through the district the ‘Marshall River’ after Captain Marshall MacDermott who was a prominent figure in the Swan River Colony during its earliest years, but this name did not gain hold.

The earliest documented use of the suburb's name is in J W Gregory's survey of Canning Location 22 dated April 1844 which maps the course of the 'Woongan River' for the first kilometre west of the hills and shows the land selected by G & J Armstrong which they developed into what became known as 'Wongong' farm. The name, Aboriginal in origin, is said to mean "embracing" in the Nyungar language and derives from the manner in which the north and south branches of Wungong Brook clasp the parcel of land that was the centre of the Armstrong's farm. In the early years of the Colony maps identified the watercourse as the 'Woongan' River or Brook (the latter becoming the more prevalent), but within the span of a few decades the most consistent spelling for the farm became 'Wongong' and this variant was also applied to the railway stop established there when the South Western Railway was constructed in late 1892. The railways continued to use this name until 1949. In 1909, a new variant of the name was introduced when the Crown offered land near the railway for sale as lots in the 'Wungong Townsite'; however, this variant did not receive wider use after 1949, when it was applied to the railway stop. The new spelling would have been further reinforced when in 1957 the northern section of Rowley Road was renamed 'Wungong Road'. It has been claimed that the Government's introduction of Wungong (with a 'u') was intended to more clearly distinguish this district from Wongan Hills. But, despite the efforts of the government, many residents clung to the old spelling.

Wider settlement and consolidation
Until around 1900, settlement in the district was more or less limited to Wongong farm, an adjoining property owned by Claude Marsh, Edward Gibbs's smallholding in the hills named 'Cooliabbera' and Walter Butcher's property at Upper Wongong (situated in wide section of the gorge where the Admiral Road reserve crosses). Nearby settlement included the Saw's property south of Armadale and properties in the Byford (then Beenyup) area. The South Western Railway was constructed through Wongong in late 1892, and a stop was created at the northern boundary of Wongong farm from where milk was picked up and children from the farm boarded to travel to the school in Armadale. In 1910 the stop was moved to higher ground 600 metres northwards because in frosty conditions it was difficult to get the south-bound train moving uphill. The stop existed until 1969, and comprised a siding (removed 1954), weatherboard shelter, and stock pens. Its removal probably coincided with the creation of a cutting to eliminate the gradient.

In the 1890s, the sale of a vast tract of undeveloped land owned by Samuel Hamersley (also owner, for a time, of Wongong farm) and its subsequent subdivision by an Eastern States speculator named Goss opened up the area with a patchwork of small rural lots averaging some 60 acre apiece. Provision was made for a township, and the Wungong townsite was gazetted on 12 March 1909; although it was not subsequently developed. By this time, many of these properties had been taken up by settlers, a number of whom had migrated from the United Kingdom. Settlement in the area was particularly concentrated within a radius of 1 km of the intersection of Eleventh Road and Wungong Road (Wungong Road being known as 'Rowley Road' at that time), an intersection that came to be known as 'Bodicoat's Corner' after the couple who occupied the cottage on the north side of the intersection. Names of other early families included Cockshott, Hilbert, Sermon, Marsh, Billingham, Whiteley, Cassell, Dutton, Smith, Aitkin, Mills, Baggs, Grafham, Henderson and Wheeler. These settlers formed a community and took the initiative to erect a hall on Eleventh Road, 400 m north of Bodicoat's Corner (at the intersection with Rowley Road). The land was donated by Dutton. It was vested in the Congregational Union of Australia and formally known as the 'Wongong Congregational Mission Hall'. This hall was the centre of community activities for the next 50 years. In the early 1950s, while for a time disused by the Congregationalists, it was hired by the fledgling Free Reformed Church for their worship services, Bible study evenings and, in 1954, as the venue for the first synod of the Free Reformed Churches of Australia. Over the years, the hall served as a venue for various religious and secular festivities (but not dancing), weddings, a meeting venue for the local Progress Association, a polling place for elections, and even for a short time as an overflow classroom for the Armadale Senior High School. By the early 1960s, the hall had fallen into disuse and in 1963 it was dismantled and relocated to Roleystone. A concrete pad and steps remained on the site until around 2013 when the steps were relocated to the grounds of the newly opened Free Reformed Church of Darling Downs, on the corner of Rowley Road and Masters Road. The site continues to have social significance to many local residents.

Upper Wongong
During the 1890s, a number of settlers became established in the hills along the valley of the Wongong Brook. The most prominent of these settlers was Walter Butcher who built up a productive farm downstream from the present location of Wungong Dam. Areas cleared for pasture land, introduced trees and some artifacts of Butcher's farm are still extant, as are remnants of a government-built timber bridge where the Admiral Road reservation - which passed through his farmyard - fords the river. The construction of Wungong Dam, which was completed in [1975-1979], obliterated a number of small holdings in this 'Upper Wongong' district. Other small holdings were cleared away to create the water catchment area for Wungong Dam.

Building of the Wungong Dam was preceded in 1925 by the construction of a small pipehead dam on the brook, part of the 'Hills Scheme' which was intended to supplement the growing water needs of the Perth metropolitan area by means of constructing three reservoirs and three pipehead dams. The Wungong Brook Pipehead Dam supplied up to 32,000 kilolitres a day, more than either the Churchman Brook Dam or Victoria Reservoir. Soon after the pipehead dam was built, plans were prepared for a larger dam on the site but were put aside when in the 1930s it was decided to build the Canning Dam. Construction of Wungong Dam finally commenced in 1975, and the completed dam was opened in 1979. It has a capacity of 60 million kilolitres and, when full, its storage area covers 30 hectares stretching 5.8 kilometres back from the dam wall. Water from the dam is supplied by means of a steel pipe laid through the Wungong Gorge, although provision for an alternative supply route was made during the 1980s by creation of the Wungong Tunnel which runs underground from just west of Wungong Dam through to Rails Crescent on the western slope of the Darling Scarp.

20th century to present
In the early years of the 20th century there were a number of areas near the railway from which gravel was excavated, and some of the diggings are still evident on the south side of the South Western Railway between Moore Street and Eleventh Road. The largest excavation was in the Wungong town reserve, but already by the 1920s this was filled with water and occasionally used by local youths as a swimming hole. In the 1950s, prior to the establishment of the City of Armadale's Hopkinson Road tip, it was used as a rubbish dump. For many years after this use ceased, the reserve was still an informal dumping ground for rubbish. The reserve also contained surviving native flora. Locals recall it also being used as a gathering place for Guy Fawkes fireworks nights in the 1950s, and during the 1980s its network of tracks were being used by a local horse trainer and by youths on motorbikes or in old cars. The former townsite is now fenced, cleared of most rubbish, and designated as the Lambert Lane Nature Reserve.

Fletcher Park
Bushland on the east side of the South Western Railway, opposite the townsite reserve and extending from the former Stone Street reserve to Eleventh Road, is a 19 ha reserve named Fletcher Park. This reserve has the Cooliabbera Creek running along its north-eastern boundary and is characterized by open forest of marri (Corymbia calophylla) and dense shrubbery dominated by grass trees (Xanthorrhoea preissii and Kingia australis). The Western Australian Christmas tree (Nuytsia floribunda) also occurs in this area. From 1980, the 10 acre area through which the creek flows has been leased to the Wallangara Riding and Pony Club which has developed an arena, bridle trails, jumps and clubroom facilities on the site.

Wongong Brook
Wongong Brook has for long been a place of recreation. In the earliest years of motor cars, the brook in the vicinity of the South Western Highway was well known a picnic destination. A number of postcards portraying the brook in its bushland setting were produced at this time. Generations of local children have paddled and swum in the deeper sections of the brook, navigated sections in small boats and home-made canoes, and caught marron and gilgies in its waters.

Wongong Gorge, Bungendore Park, and Wungong Regional Park
The Wongong Gorge and the hills which form a backdrop to the district have been favoured by bushwalkers, including local residents. A great deal of bushland has been preserved in the hills east of Wongong, a significant area of which is Bungendore Park. The Park's core was a reserve gazetted in 1897 for the purpose of timber harvesting. Not long after, in 1908, the reserve was re-designated as 'parklands'. In 1965 it was vested in the Armadale-Kelmscott Shire Council, and in 1973 was named 'Bungendore Park'. Other areas have subsequently been added to this Park: today it comprises 498 ha. It is now regarded as a preserve of bushland of regional importance within the Darling Range Regional Park. The Wongong Gorge is outside of the bounds of Bungendore Park, but together with several other large areas of local bushland it forms the Wungong Regional Park - a management area created in 2008. As many as 351 plant species and 131 vertebrate fauna species have been identified as potentially occurring in Bungendore Park.

Armadale Reptile and Wildlife Centre
A private wildlife sanctuary named ‘Armadale Reptile and Wildlife Centre' was opened on the South-Western Highway in Wongong in 1995 by the Gaikhorst family and has the largest public reptile and amphibian display in Western Australia. Other animals on display include dingoes, flying foxes, farm animals marsupials and birds.

Places of natural and historical interest

 * Wongong farm [homestead (1918), cottage (c.1890), out-buildings, early plantings & cultural landscape (1844), early farm infrastructure, archaeology]
 * South Western Highway [old coaching road to Bunbury, remnants of bridges over the Wongong and site of an early picnic and camping place on the Wongong Brook]
 * Waterway [late 20th century model farm and art studio/gallery complex (1965) incorporating land that was at one time known as Westminster orchard (c.1930)]
 * Butcher farm, Upper Wongong [remnants of homestead and farm infrastructure including waterwheel, remnants of government bridge in Admiral Road reservation, early plantings & cultural landscape (c.1890)]
 * Wungong dam and tunnel [one of the Perth region's most substantial water reservoirs (1979), site of an early pipehead dam which supplied the metropolitan area, and structures of engineering significance]
 * Bungendore Park and Wongong Gorge [bushland of high conservation value parts of which have been parkland since 1908, evidence of 19th century gold mining, mid-20th century gravel extraction, and late 20th century granite quarrying]
 * Cooliabbera [stone ruins (c.1870), early plantings, archaeological site; a place that has associations with the artist May Gibbs]
 * Ley's house [stone house (c.1910) on the brow of the 'middle hill', overlooking Wongong]
 * McCarthy's bare patch [a large clearing on western slope of the Mt Richon subdivision which until the 1990s was a landmark visible from Kings Park but which is now gradually disappearing due to the establishment of suburban gardens]
 * Richon Vineyards [archaeological remains of cellars (c.1905-1988), remnant infrastructure (dams, drystone walls, culvert)]
 * Deadman's Gully [natural feature associated with legend of coaching accident]
 * Railway reserve including the Wongong station site, railway (1892), Fletcher Park, and Lambert Lane Nature Reserve: bushland of high conservation value, archaeological remains of gravel extraction (c.1910-1920], other archaeological remains]
 * Bodicoat's corner [intersection of Wungong and Eleventh Roads, the genius loci of the small holdings west of the railway line and place of residence for the district midwife, 'Granny Bodicoat' (c.1910-c.1933)]
 * Wongong Congregational Mission Hall [site of the hall that was the focal point of the district (1913-1963)]
 * Marsh's house [brick bungalow (c.1890) which is the oldest continually occupied dwelling in Wongong west of the railway]
 * Wongong Brook west of Rowley Road [parklands which include deep sections of the waterway that were mapped in the 1840s, and a popular swimming hole of the mid-20th century]

Present day character
Wongong comprises three geographically distinct areas, the planning and development of which are markedly different in character. These areas comprise:
 * 2015-08-05 WongongGorge Weir.jpg hills; including 'Upper Wungong' comprising regenerated bushland and semi-rural subdivisions.
 * the corridor between the South Western Highway and the South Western Railway, south of Stone Street and north of Eleventh Road.
 * the flats or plain west of the South Western Railway, bounded by Wungong Road and Rowley Road to the north, the land either side of Wungong Brook to the west, and Keenan Street to the south, where hobby farms predominate.

Historically, the flats west of the railway have, other than 'Wongong' farm, been an area of rural smallholdings. Some of these smallholdings survive in reduced form as blocks of up to 10 acres. However, from the late 1980s this area is progressively being transformed into suburbs of the Perth metropolitan area. The oldest of this suburban development is located immediately south of Gwynne Park (which for a long time defined the south-west limit of Armadale township), obliterating the old properties of 'Chinnor', 'Chiltern' and 'Trefoil Noir', as well as a few other smallholdings. The suburb in this area takes the name of Brookdale. When, in the 1990s, the Evelyn Gribble Community Centre was built, it was the only new development on the south-western side of Ninth Road. Suburban development is now infilling areas west of the Evelyn Gribble Centre and the planning of this suburban expansion is being managed by the Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority. Longer established community facilities and businesses in this area include the factory and retail outlet of Rose Valley Cheese Company (1977) on Wungong Road, the Seventh Day Adventist Church and School (c.1980, now known as Australian Christian College - Darling Downs) on Ninth Road near the corner of Wungong Road, and the retirement villas (c.1990) on Rowley Road west of Masters Road.

Bus

 * 249 Armadale Station to Hilbert – serves Wungong Road, Eleventh Road and Rowley Road
 * 251 and 254 Armadale Station to Byford – serve South Western Highway
 * 252 Armadale Station to Mundijong – serves South Western Highway
 * 253 Armadale Station to Jarrahdale – serves South Western Highway

title: Wungong, Western Australia


text:
Mount Richon, Western Australia

Mount Richon is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the City of Armadale. Formerly part of Armadale and Wungong, Mount Richon was approved as a suburb in 2003. It occupies the western slope of the Darling Range from the intersection of Albany and South Western Highways south to Leys Rise, is bounded on the west by South-Western Highway and is bounded on the east by Albany Highway and Bungendore Park. Mount Richon is named after a vineyard that formerly existed in the area.

History
The major themes in the documented history of this suburb are as follows (in chronological order):
 * Aboriginal occupation.
 * Early exploration by European settlers.
 * Early grants, two boundaries of which create the 'indent' on the eastern boundary of the Mount Richon suburb.
 * Establishment of the W.A. Mining Company and the Colony's first mining venture (Cole's Shaft) in the late 1840s.
 * Formation of the Albany and South Western Highways, and establishment of the Narrogin Inn.
 * Dead Man's Gully and the associated legend.
 * Establishment of the Armadale Brickworks, the associated extraction of shale from the escarpment and the extraordinary tramline operated by 'endless haulage gear'. Wood cutting by members of the Serls family and others and the consequent creation of Bedfordale Hill Road.
 * Establishment of the Marian's Vineyard (aka Slavonian Vineyard), later renamed the Richon Vineyards by Gerald McCarthy who had served in Rishon Le Zion during World War I.
 * Operation of granite quarry on the south side of the Albany Highway, east of the Narrogin Inn, in the 1920s.
 * Closure of the Armadale Brickworks and shale quarry, and early suburban development on the escarpment above the Armadale town centre.
 * Trouble with bushfires originating in Bedfordale (fanned by the Easterly Wind).
 * Closure of the Richon Vineyards in the 1950s, removal of vines and gradual ruination of the cellars and homestead.1993-01-09 ILBoersma Richon.jpg
 * Suburban development around Tredale Avenue consequent to the establishment of Armadale High School in 1957.
 * Subdivision south of Tredale and the building of the Schoenstatt Shrine around 1990.
 * Southward expansion: development of the caravan park, demolition of the derelict Richon Cellars in 1989 and subdivision of the former vineyard property in the early 1990s.

Water courses
Four identifiable water courses pass through the suburb, and a fifth flanks the southern boundary.

The Neerigen Brook flows northwards alongside the Albany Highway from Bedfordale Hill Road to near the intersection of Carradine Road. It joins the Wungong Brook at the northern end of Twelfth Road in Westfield, the two brooks forming what is from that point named the Southern River - a major tributary of the Canning River. The Neerigen brook is seasonal by nature, but has at times been known to flow all year around.

An unnamed, seasonal stream originating from springs in the escarpment runs on the south side of the Schoenstatt Shrine and under the highway into the Armadale Brickworks site. This stream discharges into the Wungong Brook half a kilometre west of the intersection of Rowley and Eleventh Roads.

An unnamed, seasonal stream originating from springs on the escarpment forms a steep-sided ravine which passes under the South Western Highway between the caravan park and former vineyards. The ravine is known as 'Dead Man's Gully'. The lower course of the stream is indistinct, but passes under the South Western Railway just south of the crossing to Wungong Road, and from this point the stream joined its northern counterpart near Ninth Road and one kilometre south-east of this discharges into the Wungong Brook.

An unnamed winter brook originates from springs on the hillside in the lower northern corner of the area formerly known as McCarthy's bald patch, flowing down a shallow gully in the public open space alongside and above Chateau Court. Originally the gully took a broader profile in the present-day vicinity of Chateau Court and was filled in where the Richon Vineyard cellars were constructed (flows having been diverted around the southern side of the cellar building). The stream is not discernible west of the South Western Highway.

A seasonal stream originates at springs in Bungendore Park near the south-eastern corner of the suburb, and takes the name Cooliabbera Creek from the property on which the southern watershed is located. This creek flows out of a steep sided valley in the escarpment. It runs parallel to Leys Rise, just outside the southern boundary of the suburb, and joins the stream from Dead Man's Gully just north of the intersection of Eleventh and Rowley Roads, after which it discharges into the Wungong Brook.

Flora and fauna
Much of the eastern boundary of Mount Richon adjoins parkland of regenerated bush, and some the more elevated parts of the suburb retain remnant native trees and understorey. Kangaroos, individual or in groups of up to twenty, are regular visitors to many of the properties in the suburb - attracted by the fresh greenery of the gardens. Smaller marsupials are also sometimes sighted. Pockets of bushland in this area provide habitat for a range of different lizards and snakes. Small freshwater crayfish, known locally as gilgies, are found in the Neerigen Brook. Birds frequenting this area include the kookaburra, magpie, mudlark, black crow, and several kinds of wrens. As many as 82 different species of birds have been sighted in the adjoining Bungendore Park.

Present day character
The northern section of Mount Richon, north of the point where Hobbs Drive intersects Bedfordale Hill Road, contains suburban housing mostly of the 1960s through to the 1980s. Older housing, some as early as the 1930s, fronts onto the South-Western Highway. The disused shale quarry of the old Armadale Brickworks occupies a large area immediately north of Bedfordale Hill Road, and on the opposite side of Bedfordale Hill Road is a reserve named Tredale Park. The section immediately south of this, the arteries of which are Talus Drive and Rise Court, contain larger suburban lots (semi-rural) with housing stock mostly dating to the 1990s and the Schoenstatt Chapel. Immediately south of this is a caravan park, known as Hillside Garden Village. The southernmost area is that which was formerly the vineyard, bounded on the north by Deadman's Gully and on the south by Ley's Road. This area comprises suburban lots, those on the more elevated ground being larger and of a semi-rural character.

Bus

 * 251 and 254 Armadale Station to Byford – serve South Western Highway
 * 252 Armadale Station to Mundijong – serves South Western Highway
 * 253 Armadale Station to Jarrahdale – serves South Western Highway

Local nomenclature
The following are taken from the "Armadale road and locality names".

Aitken - A street name derived from the surname of a woman who was an early resident of Wongong.

Amethyst - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Beazley - A street name, based on the surname held by several prominent Western Australians including PWD architect Hillson Beazley and politician Kim Beazley.

Bedfordale - The name of the district immediately east of the Mount Richon suburb.

Billings - A street name derived from the surname of a family who were early residents of Armadale.

Burndale - A street name, the origin of which is obscure.

Breakneck Gully - The name of a steep ravine which is crossed by the South Western Highway, referencing an incident in which a horse rider was killed in the 19th century. The same gully is also named Dead Man's Gully.

Carrick - A street name, based on the surname of a young woman who came to the district as a teacher circa 1900, married and remained in the district.

Cellar - A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards, located near (south-east of) the site of the vineyard's cellar building.

Chateau - A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards. Chateau is a French term meaning a manor house and in the current context is an allusion to the wine-producing estates of the Bordeaux region which tend to use this term in their name.

Claret - A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards, based on the name given to a red wine in the style of the Bordeaux.

Cooliabberra - A street name, based on the Aboriginal name given to the farming property in the valley immediately south-east of the suburb. A number of variants of this name exist, including 'Cooliabbera' and 'Cooliabra'.

Crystal - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Dead Man's Gully - The name of a steep ravine which is crossed by the South Western Highway, referencing an incident in which a horse rider was killed in the 19th century. The same gully is also named 'Breakneck Gully'.

Emerald - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Garnet - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Harrison - A street name, based on the surname of a family who were early residents of Armadale.

Hillside - A street name, based on the name of the small farm developed by Congregational lay-preacher Joseph Serls and his wife Mary on Albany Highway just south of the Bedfordale Hill Road intersection.

Jade - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Leys - A road name based on the surname of John Morgan Ley and Azelia Helena Ley (nee Manning) who owned the property at the crest of the escarpment to where the road bearing their name leads.

Marian's Vineyard - Not a current name in this locality, this was the original name given to the vineyard after which the suburb is named. In its early years, the vineyard was also referred to as the 'Slavonian vineyards'.

Marsh - A street name, based on the surname of a family who were residents of Bedfordale, Wongong and Armadale. Rod Marsh, the famous Western Australian cricketer, is a member of this family and spent part of his childhood in nearby William Street.

McCarthy's bald patch - A historical name for the large bare patch that until c.2005 was a landmark on the hillside above the South Armadale industrial area, visible from as far afield as Kings Park. The name is an allusion to the bald head of GVP McCarthy who for many years was the owner of the land and the vineyard below it. The patch was also known as 'McCarthy's bare patch'.

Onyx - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Opal - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Richon- A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards. The name references 'Rishon LeZion' in Israel, a place with which the vineyard's second owner (GVP McCarthy) was personally acquainted. McCarthy also had a house in Cottesloe named 'Richon'.

Rise - A street name, referencing the elevated position of the street.

Sapphire - A street name in the northern part of the suburb, being one of eight street names referencing precious or semi-precious stones. These names have no historical or geological significance to the location.

Saw - A street name, based on the surname of Armadale's foremost pioneering family.

Summit - A street name, referencing the crest of the hill on which it is situated.

Talus - A street name, meaning ankle bone, which has no apparent local relevance.

Tredale - A street name that corresponded with the rail stop south of Armadale used by students of Armadale High School. For a time (1950s-70s), the south-eastern part of the Armadale township was known as Tredale.

Treecrest - A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards, being a combination of tree and crest which is an allusion to the tree-crested escarpment of this locality.

Woodcroft - A street name within the area formerly occupied by the Richon Vineyards, being a combination of wood and croft but having no historical or geographical significance to the locality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mount Richon, Western Australia


text:
Mount Nasura, Western Australia

Mount Nasura is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Armadale. The suburb occupies hilly terrain bounded on the north by Brookton Highway and Hill Street (1.6 km), west by Paterson Road (1.1 km), south-west by Canns and Carradine Roads (1.6 km), south by property boundaries on the north side of the Neerigin Brook (0.3 km), and east by Albany Highway (2.7m). With the exception of the Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, the suburb is primarily residential.

History
The suburb takes its name from a vineyard named "Derry na Sura" - Gaelic for "Valley of the Vine", which formerly occupied the hillside above Albany Highway just north of the Narrogin Inn. This vineyard was established in the early 1890s by a partnership of Martin E. Jull, then Chief Clerk of the Railway Construction Department, and Dr J. M. Fergusson-Stewart. In 1896, Fergusson-Stewart's share was bought out by Sir Arthur Stepney, an English baronet, and for a time the vineyard was known as the Stepney Jull Armadale Vineyard. Jull sold out to Stepney in 1899. Under Stepney's ownership, the vineyard was significantly expanded and renamed the Derry NaSura Vineyard. Stepney also developed an extensive orchard alongside the vineyard, and in 1904 erected a substantial cellar building, which was a landmark on the hillside above the infant township. In the early years of the 20th century, the vineyard was one of Armadale's leading industries along with the Armadale Brickworks.

When Stepney died in 1909, the vineyard was taken over by Messrs H. C. Sewell and C. Crocker, who continued to invest in the development of this enterprise. In 1946 the vineyard was purchased by Messrs G. Hack and W. Clowes, and at that time comprised 268 acres, of which 100 acres were planted with vines.

Vines were removed in the 1950s and some time later the redundant cellars were demolished. The property was purchased by a private syndicate and in 1966 it was rezoned for residential subdivision. In the decades that followed the distinctively terraced hillside was gradually covered by suburban housing.

During the 1980s and 1990s, residents successfully campaigned to have the name of the area changed from Armadale to Mount Nasura.

Bus

 * 219 Armadale Station to Kelmscott Station – serves Albany Highway and Armadale Health Service
 * 220 Armadale Station to Perth Busport – serves Albany Highway
 * 241 Kelmscott Station to Kelmscott Station – serves Brookton Highway

title: Mount Nasura, Western Australia


text:
Hypophosphatasia

Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase, phosphoethanolaminuria, or Rathbun's syndrome; sometimes abbreviated HPP ) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, inherited metabolic bone disease. Clinical symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from the rapidly fatal, perinatal variant, with profound skeletal hypomineralization, respiratory compromise or vitamin B6 dependent seizures to a milder, progressive osteomalacia later in life. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) deficiency in osteoblasts and chondrocytes impairs bone mineralization, leading to rickets or osteomalacia. The pathognomonic finding is subnormal serum activity of the TNSALP enzyme, which is caused by one of 388 genetic mutations identified to date, in the gene encoding TNSALP. Genetic inheritance is autosomal recessive for the perinatal and infantile forms but either autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant in the milder forms.

The prevalence of hypophosphatasia is not known; one study estimated the live birth incidence of severe forms to be 1:100,000. and some studies report a higher prevalence of milder disease.

Symptoms and signs
There is a remarkable variety of symptoms that depends, largely, on the age of the patient at initial presentation, ranging from death in utero to relatively mild bone problems with or without dentition symptoms in adult life although neurological and extra-skeletal symptoms are also reported. The stages of this disease are generally included in the following categories: perinatal, infantile, childhood, adult, benign prenatal and odontohypophosphatasia. Although several clinical sub-types of the disease have been characterized, based on the age at which skeletal lesions are discovered, the disease is best understood as a single continuous spectrum of severity.

As the presentation of adult disease is highly variable, incorrect or missed diagnosis may occur. In one study, 19% of patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia had laboratory findings suggestive of possible hypophosphatasia.

One case report details a 35-year old female with low serum ALP and mild pains but no history of rickets, fractures or dental problems. Subsequent evaluation showed osteopenia and renal microcalcifications and an elevation of PEA. The genetic mutations found in this case were previously reported in perinatal, infantile and childhood hypophosphatasia, but not adult hypophosphatasia.

Perinatal hypophosphatasia
Perinatal hypophosphatasia is the most lethal form. Profound hypomineralization results in caput membranaceum (a soft calvarium), deformed or shortened limbs during gestation and at birth, and rapid death due to respiratory failure. Stillbirth is not uncommon and long-term survival is rare. Neonates who manage to survive suffer increasing respiratory compromise due to softening of the bones (osteomalacia) and underdeveloped lungs (hypoplastic). Ultimately, this leads to respiratory failure. Epilepsy (seizures) can occur and can prove lethal. Regions of developing, unmineralized bone (osteoid) may expand and encroach on the marrow space, resulting in myelophthisic anemia.

In radiographic examinations, perinatal hypophosphatasia can be distinguished from even the most severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta and congenital dwarfism. Some stillborn skeletons show almost no mineralization; others have marked undermineralization and severe osteomalacia. Occasionally, there can be a complete absence of ossification in one or more vertebrae. In the skull, individual bones may calcify only at their centers. Another unusual radiographic feature is bony spurs that protrude laterally from the shafts of the ulnae and fibulae. Despite the considerable patient-to-patient variability and the diversity of radiographic findings, the X-ray can be considered diagnostic.

Infantile hypophosphatasia
Infantile hypophosphatasia presents in the first 6 months of life, with the onset of poor feeding and inadequate weight gain. Clinical manifestations of rickets often appear at this time. Although cranial sutures appear to be wide, this reflects hypomineralization of the skull, and there is often "functional" craniosynostosis. If the patient survives infancy, these sutures can permanently fuse. Defects in the chest, such as flail chest resulting from rib fractures, lead to respiratory compromise and pneumonia. Elevated calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) and urine (hypercalcenuria) are also common, and may explain the renal problems and recurrent vomiting seen in this disease.

Radiographic features in infants are generally less severe than those seen in perinatal hypophosphatasia. In the long bones, there is an abrupt change from a normal appearance in the shaft (diaphysis) to uncalcified regions near the ends (metaphysis), which suggests the occurrence of an abrupt metabolic change. In addition, serial radiography studies suggest that defects in skeletal mineralization (i.e. rickets) persist and become more generalized. Mortality is estimated to be 50% in the first year of life.

Childhood hypophosphatasia
Hypophosphatasia in childhood has variable clinical expression. As a result of defects in the development of the dental cementum, the deciduous teeth (baby teeth) are often lost before the age of 5. Frequently, the incisors are lost first; occasionally all of the teeth are lost prematurely. Dental radiographs can show the enlarged pulp chambers and root canals that are characteristic of rickets.

Patients may experience delayed walking, a characteristic waddling gait, stiffness and pain, and muscle weakness (especially in the thighs) consistent with nonprogressive myopathy. Typically, radiographs show defects in calcification and characteristic bony defects near the ends of major long bones. Growth retardation, frequent fractures, and low bone density (osteopenia) are common. In severely-affected infants and young children, cranial bones can fuse prematurely, despite the appearance of open fontanels on radiographic studies. The illusion of open fontanels results from hypomineralization of large areas of the calvarium. Premature bony fusion of the cranial sutures may elevate intracranial pressure.

Adult hypophosphatasia
Adult hypophosphatasia can be associated with rickets, premature loss of deciduous teeth, or early loss of adult dentation followed by relatively good health. Osteomalacia results in painful feet due to poor healing of metatarsal stress fractures. Discomfort in the thighs or hips due to femoral pseudofractures can be distinguished from other types of osteomalacia by their location in the lateral cortices of the femora. The symptoms of this disease usually begin during middle age of an adult patient and can include bone pain, and hypomineralization.

Some patients suffer from calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal depositions with occasional attacks of arthritis (pseudogout), which appears to be the result of elevated endogenous inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels. These patients may also suffer articular cartilage degeneration and pyrophosphate arthropathy. Radiographs reveal pseudofractures in the lateral cortices of the proximal femora and stress fractures, and patients may experience osteopenia, chondrocalcinosis, features of pyrophosphate arthropathy, and calcific periarthritis.

Odontohypophosphatasia
Odontohypophosphatasia is present when dental disease is the only clinical abnormality, and radiographic and/or histologic studies reveal no evidence of rickets or osteomalacia. Although hereditary leukocyte abnormalities and other disorders usually account for this condition, odontohypophosphatasia may explain some "early-onset periodontitis" cases.

Causes
Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including mineralization-inhibiting inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B. A relationship describing physiologic regulation of mineralization has been termed the Stenciling Principle of mineralization, whereby enzyme-substrate pairs imprint mineralization patterns locally into the extracellular matrix (most notably described for bone) by degrading mineralization inhibitors (e.g. TNAP/TNSALP/ALPL enzyme degrading the pyrophosphate inhibition of mineralization, and PHEX enzyme degrading the osteopontin inhibition of mineralization). The Stenciling Principle for mineralization is particularly relevant to the osteomalacia and odontomalacia observed in hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). 6.

When TSNALP enzymatic activity is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, and inhibits formation of hydroxyapatite mineral, the main hardening component of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) and odontomalacia (soft teeth) in children and adults. PLP is the principal form of vitamin B6 and must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters, which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in the joint can cause pseudogout.

Genetics
Perinatal and infantile hypophosphatasia are inherited as autosomal recessive traits with homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for two defective TNSALP alleles. The mode of inheritance for childhood, adult, and odonto forms of hypophosphatasia can be either autosomal dominant or recessive. Autosomal transmission accounts for the fact that the disease affects males and females with equal frequency. Genetic counseling is complicated by the disease's variable inheritance pattern, and by incomplete penetration of the trait.

Hypophosphatasia is a rare disease that has been reported worldwide and appears to affect individuals of all ethnicities. The prevalence of severe hypophosphatasia is estimated to be 1:100,000 in a population of largely Anglo-Saxon origin. The frequency of mild hypophosphatasia is more challenging to assess because the symptoms may escape notice or be misdiagnosed. The highest incidence of hypophosphatasia has been reported in the Mennonite population in Manitoba, Canada where one in every 25 individuals are considered carriers and one in every 2,500 newborns exhibits severe disease. Hypophosphatasia is considered particularly rare in people of African ancestry in the U.S.

Dental findings
Hypophosphatasia is often discovered because of an early loss of deciduous (baby or primary) teeth with the root intact. Researchers have recently documented a positive correlation between dental abnormalities and clinical phenotype. Poor dentition is also noted in adults.

Laboratory testing
The symptom that best characterizes hypophosphatasia is low serum activity of alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP). In general, lower levels of enzyme activity correlate with more severe symptoms. The decrease in ALP activity leads to an increase in pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), which is the major form of Vitamin B6, in the blood, although tissue levels of Vitamin B6 may be unremarkable and correlates with disease severity. Urinary inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels are elevated in most hypophosphatasia patients and, although it remains only a research technique, this increase has been reported to accurately detect carriers of the disease. In addition, most patients have an increased level of urinary phosphoethanolamine (PEA) although some may not. PLP screening is preferred over PEA due to cost and sensitivity.

Tests for serum tissue-non-specific ALP (sometimes referred to as TNSALP) levels are part of the standard comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) that is used in routine exams, although bone-specific ALP testing may be indicative of disease severity.

Radiography
Despite patient-to-patient variability and the diversity of radiographic findings, the X-ray is diagnostic in infantile hypophosphatasia. Skeletal defects are found in nearly all patients and include hypomineralization, rachitic changes, incomplete vertebrate ossification and, occasionally, lateral bony spurs on the ulnae and fibulae.

In newborns, X-rays readily distinguish hypophosphatasia from osteogenesis imperfecta and congenital dwarfism. Some stillborn skeletons show almost no mineralization; others have marked undermineralization and severe rachitic changes. Occasionally there can be peculiar complete or partial absence of ossification in one or more vertebrae. In the skull, individual membranous bones may calcify only at their centers, making it appear that areas of the unossified calvarium have cranial sutures that are widely separated when, in fact, they are functionally closed. Small protrusions (or "tongues") of radiolucency often extend from the metaphyses into the bone shaft.

In infants, radiographic features of hypophosphatasia are striking, though generally less severe than those found in perinatal hypophosphatasia. In some newly diagnosed patients, there is an abrupt transition from relatively normal-appearing diaphyses to uncalcified metaphases, suggesting an abrupt metabolic change has occurred. Serial radiography studies can reveal the persistence of impaired skeletal mineralization (i.e. rickets), instances of sclerosis, and gradual generalized demineralization.

In adults, X-rays may reveal bilateral femoral pseudofractures in the lateral diaphysis. These pseudofractures may remain for years, but they may not heal until they break completely or the patient receives intramedullary fixation. These patients may also experience recurrent metatarsal fractures. DXA may show abnormal bone mineral density which may correlate with disease severity, although bone mineral density in HPP patients may not be systemically reduced.

Genetic analysis
All clinical sub-types of hypophosphatasia have been traced to genetic mutations in the gene encoding TNSALP, which is localized on chromosome 1p36.1-34 in humans (ALPL; OMIM#171760). Approximately 388 distinct mutations have been described in the TNSALP gene. About 80% of the mutations are missense mutations. The number and diversity of mutations results in highly variable phenotypic expression, and there appears to be a correlation between genotype and phenotype in hypophosphatasia. Mutation analysis is possible and available in 3 laboratories.

Treatment
As of October 2015, asfotase alfa (Strensiq) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypophosphatasia.

Some evidence exists to support the use of teriparatide in adult-HPP.

Current management consists of palliating symptoms, maintaining calcium balance and applying physical, occupational, dental and orthopedic interventions, as necessary.
 * Hypercalcemia in infants may require restriction of dietary calcium or administration of calciuretics. This should be done carefully so as not to increase the skeletal demineralization that results from the disease itself. Vitamin D sterols and mineral supplements, traditionally used for rickets or osteomalacia, should not be used unless there is a deficiency, as blood levels of calcium ions (Ca2+), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and vitamin D metabolites usually are not reduced.
 * Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of skull sutures, may cause intracranial hypertension and may require neurosurgical intervention to avoid brain damage in infants.
 * Bony deformities and fractures are complicated by the lack of mineralization and impaired skeletal growth in these patients. Fractures and corrective osteotomies (bone cutting) can heal, but healing may be delayed and require prolonged casting or stabilization with orthopedic hardware. A load-sharing intramedullary nail or rod is the best surgical treatment for complete fractures, symptomatic pseudofractures, and progressive asymptomatic pseudofractures in adult hypophosphatasia patients.
 * Dental problems: Children particularly benefit from skilled dental care, as early tooth loss can cause malnutrition and inhibit speech development. Dentures may ultimately be needed. Dentists should carefully monitor patients' dental hygiene and use prophylactic programs to avoid deteriorating health and periodontal disease.
 * Physical Impairments and pain: Rickets and bone weakness associated with hypophosphatasia can restrict or eliminate ambulation, impair functional endurance, and diminish ability to perform activities of daily living. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may improve pain-associated physical impairment and can help improve walking distance ]
 * Bisphosphonate (a pyrophosphate synthetic analog) in one infant had no discernible effect on the skeleton, and the infant's disease progressed until death at 14 months of age.
 * Bone marrow cell transplantation in two severely affected infants produced radiographic and clinical improvement, although the mechanism of efficacy is not fully understood and significant morbidity persisted.
 * Enzyme replacement therapy with normal, or ALP-rich serum from patients with Paget's bone disease, was not beneficial.
 * Phase 2 clinical trials of bone targeted enzyme-replacement therapy for the treatment of hypophosphatasia in infants and juveniles have been completed, and a phase 2 study in adults is ongoing.
 * Pyridoxine, or Vitamin B6 may be used as adjunctive therapy in some cases, which may be referred to as Pyridoxine responsive seizures.

History
It was discovered initially in 1936 but was fully named and documented by a Canadian pediatrician, John Campbell Rathbun (1915-1972), while examining and treating a baby boy with very low levels of alkaline phosphatase in 1948. The genetic basis of the disease was mapped out only some 40 years later. Hypophosphatasia is sometimes called Rathbun's syndrome after its principal documenter.

title: Hypophosphatasia


text:
CILS

CILS may refer to:

 * Center for Informal Learning and Schools
 * Center for International Legal Studies, an Austrian law institute
 * Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera, a test of Italian as a foreign or second language
 * Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, a study of immigrants in the United States
 * CILS-FM, a Canadian radio station

title: CILS


text:
Pain Is Love

Pain Is Love is the third studio album by American rapper Ja Rule, released on October 2, 2001 via The Island Def Jam Music Group, Def Jam Recordings, and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc. Records. Although, the album received a mixed reception from critics, Pain Is Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and was supported by four singles: "Livin' It Up", "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", "Always on Time" and "Down Ass Bitch". It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 3,000,000 copies. Pain is Love received numerous awards and nominations including a nomination for Best Rap Album at the 44th Grammy Awards. The album's first two singles "Livin' It Up" featuring Case and "Always on Time" featuring Ashanti collected nominations for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 and 2003.

Critical reception
Pain is Love received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 59, based on 10 reviews.

AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier praised the album for fine-tuning the formula set by Rule 3:36 of having R&B crossover singles and hardcore rap tracks to balance out the whole record. An editor from HipHopDX said that hardcore tracks like "Dial M for Murder" and "Worldwide Gangsta" felt like forced attempts to bring back Ja's thug persona, but praised the album for having tracks that contain ear-grabbing lines and good beats, saying that "Pain Is Love is another positive establishment that will indeed create more popularity and more fan acknowledgement for Ja Rule." Steve 'Flash' Juon of RapReviews found Ja's singing voice on some tracks intolerable but gave the album credit for containing tracks that display Irv Gotti's producing talents and Ja's adequate lyricism, concluding that, "Ja Rule will live up to the latter half of his name and dominate the charts for the latter half of 2001 with an album that is undoubtedly his most solid release to date."

Soren Baker of the Los Angeles Times gave credit to the singles "Livin' It Up" and "I'm Real" for being the album's strong points but criticized tracks like "The Inc" and "Worldwide Gangsta" for being bland and less effective, saying they "recycle hard-core themes without adding any clever phrasings or creative beat work to compensate for their ordinariness." Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club criticized the album for lacking substance to go with the catchy pop hooks and Ja for making what they perceive as failed attempts to copy 2Pac, specifically on the penultimate feature track "So Much Pain" concluding that "even at less than his best, 2Pac still conveys a sense of urgency and purpose that illustrates incontestably the huge chasm separating the real deal from a canny imitation."

Commercial performance
Pain Is Love spawned two number one hit singles and managed to debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, thus giving Ja Rule his second US number-one album in his career and also ending the three-week reign of fellow Def Jam artist Jay-Z's fifth studio album, The Blueprint, which was released on the same day as the September 11 attacks. With first-week sales of 361,000 copies, Pain is Love was certified three times platinum in the United States, as of June 2002. It also received a Grammy nomination for Best Rap Album in 2002 but lost to OutKast's Stankonia.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Notes
 * some editions of the album add the song "Put It on Me" as track 17.
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer

Sample credits
 * "Dial M for Murder" contains interpolations of "Castle Walls", written by Dennis DeYoung and performed by Styx.
 * "Livin' It Up" contains excerpts from "Do I Do", written and performed by Stevie Wonder.
 * "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" contains an interpolation of "All Night Long" written by Rick James and performed by Mary Jane Girls.
 * "So Much Pain" contains excerpts from "Pain", written by Dave Grusin, Earl Klugh, Tupac Shakur, and Randy Walker, and performed by 2Pac featuring Stretch.

Personnel

 * 7 Aurelius – instrumentation and mixing (2, 4-8, 10-12, 14, 16)
 * Milwaukee Buck – engineer (2-8, 10, 11, 14-16)
 * Paul Bushnell – bass guitar (4, 6, 7)
 * Ashanti Douglas – additional vocals (5)
 * Supa Engineer Duro – mixing (3)
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Irv Gotti – executive producer, mixing (2-8, 10-12, 14-16)
 * Darcell Lawrence – production coordinator
 * Ja Rule – executive producer
 * Glen Marchese – mix engineer (4-7, 15)
 * Anthony Mazza – guitar (2, 4, 6, 7, 11)
 * Marty Osterer – bass guitar (10)
 * Carl "Butch" Smalls – percussion (2, 16)
 * Brian Springer – engineer (12), mix engineer (2, 8, 10-12, 14, 16)
 * Gimi Taylor – bass guitar (2)

title: Pain Is Love


text:
Siegfried Popper

Siegfried Popper (5 January 1848, Prague – 19 April 1933, Prague) was a naval architect in late-nineteenth- and early twentieth-century in Austria-Hungary.

Biography
Popper was born in Prague to Joachim Popper, a fine goods dealer (Galanteriewarenhandler) and Anna Schulhof. He attended the Nikolander Realschule (Technical School) before attending the Technical University in Prague for one year. He gained a degree in mechanical engineering after a three-year study at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

Naval career
Popper spent three years at various engineering works in Prague before joining the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 1 December 1869 as a draughtsman. He began working on ship design in 1887, when he prepared plans for the torpedo cruiser SMS Tiger (1887). He rose to the rank of Schiffbau-General-Ingenieur (engineering admiral), a rank which was created for him and which was conferred on 30 April 1904. He was responsible for the design of all the ships of the navy built until his retirement on 1 April 1907. He was granted an honorary doctorate by Vienna University in 1916 and returned it, about 1930, when the university introduced "Numera Clausa". Kaiser Wilhelm II offered him a chair in naval architecture at the Technical University of Berlin at Charlottenburg, but Popper declined this offer. By the time he retired, Popper was in poor health. He was hard of hearing and his vision was poor.

After retiring from the navy he worked as a consultant for Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino (S.T.T.), at that time the only fabricator of large warships in the monarchy.

Retirement and death
After retirement Popper devoted much of his time to translating Hebrew literature into German. Because of his deafness he was run down by a tram in Prague and died several days later, on 19 April 1933.

title: Siegfried Popper


text:
User talk:Windsok

Welcome
Hi Windsok. Thanks for your comments and advice on screenshots. I'm afraid I'm the "so long as it works" school-of-thought when it comes to the more complex nature of software (and, I suppose, technology at large). Anyways, noticing that your new to the 'Pedia, I thought I'd give you a welcome and let you know about the Australian community here. You should be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. By the way, I've added you to the Wikipedians in New South Wales category (a sub-category of Australian Wikipedians). I hope you don't mind. Again, welcome and happy editing.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 12:16, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Myth Units Section Poll
Hello! I noticed that you have contributed to discussion on the talk page for Myth (computer game). A poll for paring down the Units section has started, and I thought you might want to vote. Please accept my apologies if this does not interest you. Thank you! Argyrios 15:58, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Tennis pictures
Hello,

Thanks a lot for your great pictures. I uploaded them in Commons. That's exactly the same licence and rights for you and it allows wikis in other languages to use these pictures. I hope that's fine for you. Best. Poppypetty 20:49, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Not a problem :) I have a whole heap of other tennis images that I have been meaning to upload, I guess I should upload them directly to commons, rather than to en.wikpedia? --Windsok 07:44, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, that would be really great. Commons is pretty easy. You just have to create an account (it's as easy as in the wiki en) and to make sure that you own that you put a free licence on them (you can only upload your own works/pictures). Thanks again. Poppypetty 15:41, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Re: Mark Webber

 * Awesome work on the Mark Webber article mate, really well done! --Windsok 09:48, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, I appreciate it. :-) AlbinoMonkey (Talk) 11:46, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Your vote on Featured picture candidates/Bruno Senna
Hi Windsok, Sorry to bother you, but I've updated the captions on the edits to make it perfectly clear which version you support. Please update your vote and state which version you support. Please use the naming located under the main caption in bold, large text. Thanks, --Fir0002 09:05, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Featured Picture
Congratulations, and thanks for taking it for us. Raven4x4x 08:47, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
I saw that you had given 216.214.100.185 a final warning against vandalism, but this user has gone on to "edit" several more times. I just thought I'd let you know that I caught it AGAIN today. I don't know if there's anything you can do about it, but I saw that warning and thought that perhaps you had some authority...?? Davi 15:34, 2 October 2006 (UTC)AlmightyDavi, 10:34 AM CDT, 2 October 2006

 * Hi. Any user, admin or not can warn a user against vandalism. See Vandalism for details on wikipedia's vandalism policy. Once a user has been warned enough times, you can place them on the Administrator_intervention_against_vandalism page, and they will be dealt with by an administrator. --Windsok 15:43, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

tennis again
Just wanted to give you some more props for awesome tennis photos. :) What a shame you're not down in Melbourne now! cheers, pfctdayelise (talk) 11:25, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually I went to the Sydney tennis again this year, and the photos are much better than last years, jsut got to get around to processing them and uploading them. Cheers :) --Windsok 00:37, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Cool! Can't wait to see them. Hope you plan to upload them to ? --pfctdayelise (talk) 05:54, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I will get around to it eventually, I added one today: Li Na --Windsok 09:57, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Nice! Wow, she has some seriously killer muscles!! :o --pfctdayelise (talk) 10:49, 17 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Noticed the new picture on Li Na's pages was your work, and checked out your pictures of Henin and others. Wow, those pictures are amazing!  We need pictures of every player courtesy of you.  Keep up the good work.  Captain Courageous 03:39, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:Fairuz_Fauzy.jpg listed for deletion
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Wollongong FC
Please do not do what you did to Wollongong Wolves, i.e. redirecting to a new article. If an article needs renaming, you can move it using the move tab at the top of the page. Cut and paste moves mean that a complicated page history merge needs to be done. Thanks, пﮟოьεԻ   5  7  20:42, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I thought there must be a function like that, but i could not find it, silly me. --Windsok (talk) 06:32, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

A-League 2008-09 article
Great work on fixing up the "home and away season" section - I saw the other layout and was going to change it, but didn't have the time or energy - it must have taken you ages - and it looks much better! -- Chuq (talk) 22:45, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah thanks for doing that. It does take a long time. I did it last season and it takes forever. Cheers. Jared Wiltshire (talk) 01:53, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Vote for Football as the Australian collaboration
Hi -- I recently nominated WikiProject Football (soccer) in Australia/To-do for the Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight.

This WikiProject has been inactive for a long time and with the World Cup coming up, it would be good for football (soccer) articles to be in depth and comprehensive in Australia.

If you would like to support it, click here for the project page to cast your vote

Thanks! Australian Matt (talk) 02:55, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:NSWPL 2008 JWC Pool A Ladder2
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Nomination for deletion of Template:NSWPL 2008 JWC Pool B Ladder
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Orphaned non-free image File:Wollongong FC Logo.jpg
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Nomination for deletion of Template:NSWPL 2008 JWC Pool B Ladder2
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Future of WikiProject Association Football in Australia
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Wollongong meetup invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to the first Wollongong meetup to be held in the first week of January. Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Wollongong. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 12:37, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Nomination for deletion of Template:A-League Ladder2
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title: User talk:Windsok


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ToxicMercury (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Previous closure of mine was taken in by a tampered history. Apologies. -Splash talk 12:20, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

ToxicMercury
Huzzah, it's more non-notable band vanity! Apparently, their bassist released his own fragrance for men, called 'scent of schmo'. Delete. Proto t c 11:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete bandity. Brighterorange 13:18, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity DV8 2XL 14:02, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No indicia of encyclopedic notability. -- BD2412 talk 18:34, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep interesting and informing Dave 22:10, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I don't find what is wrong with this article Phil 22:15, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know about the article, but what's wrong with the above two votes is that they were both added by User:212.139.36.89. Joyous  (talk) 21:15, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)

The Champlain Bridge (Pont Champlain) crosses the Ottawa River about 5 km west of Parliament Hill, joining the communities of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. It is the westernmost link between the two cities.

It was originally built between 1924 and 1928 by the Federal District Commission, the predecessor to the National Capital Commission (NCC), and the NCC continues to maintain the bridge. The bridge consists of 4 spans and crosses Riopelle, Cunningham and Bate Islands in the Ottawa River. The total length of the bridge is 1.1 km, making it the longest bridge spanning the Ottawa River.

On the Ontario side, it is a continuation of Island Park Drive and is also connected to the Kichi Zibi Mikan. It connects to Aylmer Road on the Quebec side.

The bridge was named after Samuel de Champlain who is associated with the portage around the rapids in this section of the river. The short access roadway on the Aylmer side of the bridge is called Place Samuel de Champlain.

A 2 mi stretch of the Ottawa River that the Champlain Bridge passes over was not charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service.

Construction projects
A third reversible lane was added when the bridge was rebuilt in 2002, which is a high-occupancy vehicle lane used for crossings in the direction of peak traffic. In 2022 and 2023 the bridge underwent its second major renovation project. In August–November 2022 the west lane was replaced, and in 2023 the middle and east lanes was replaced. This is possibly the final update to the bridge before it will need to be replaced.

title: Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)


text: Category:Yamaha products

title: Category:Yamaha products


text:
Camillo, Western Australia

Camillo is a southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Armadale and it was part of Kelmscott until 1978. It was named after Camillo Cyrus, the child of Gertrude Seeligson, a local property owner in the area in 1901. Until mid-2008, it was named Westfield, named after a siding on the Jandakot railway line.

Schools

 * Westfield Park Primary School (1970)
 * Grovelands Primary School (1980).
 * John Wollaston Anglican Community School (1988) - K–12.

Bus

 * 243 Kelmscott Station to Armadale Station – serves Cammillo Road, O'Sullivan Drive, Ypres Road, Lake Road, Baxendale Way, Grovelands Drive and Westfield Road
 * 245 Kelmscott Station to Armadale Station – serves Westfield Road

title: Camillo, Western Australia


text:
John Yeats

John Yeats may refer to:

 * John Butler Yeats, Irish artist and father of W. B. Yeats
 * John Yeats (economist), English economist and educationalist

title: John Yeats


text:
Talk:Japanese-Language Proficiency Test

Revised test - Content section
Noticed the following tabled added by IP that doesn't have any reference. They are the same values as the old format, which table is already on "Previous format (1984-2009) - Test content summary" subsection. As such the N3 level is empty. I think, that as the revised exam doesn't have specifications on content, all those numbers are not applicable. They where valid on the old format. So if there is no complaints I propose to remove that table (all the values are still under the "Previos format" subsection).

But I would like to discuss what do you think of adding the reverse of the new certificate. It's a description of each level content, but with words, not numbers. For example N1 says:
 * (short) The ability to understand Japanese used in a variety of circumstances.
 * (long)Reading: One is able to read writings with logical complexity and/or abstract writings on a variety of topics, such as newspaper editorials and critiques, and comprehend both their structures and contents. One is also able to read written materials with profound contents on various topics and follow their narratives as well as understand the intent of the writers comprehensively.
 * Listening: One is able to comprehend orally presented materials such as coherent conversations, news reports, and lectures, spoken at natural speed in a broad variety of settings, and is able to follow their ideas and comprehend their contents comprehensively. One is also able to understand the details of the presented materials such as the relationships among the people involved, the logical structures, and the essential points.

Since it's too much text for all 5 levels, I'm not sure if it's valuable enough to add it. If so, I prefer including only the short. pmt7ar (talk) 23:02, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Grammar in first paragraph
I'm just going to write something here before I think about changing it. I find it impossible to read the 1st paragraph as it is now. I'm guessing a non-native speaker has been editing it. Even when there's a sentence I can understand, it ends up being inappropriate for an opening paragraph.

eg I don't understand this at all -> "(this must be defined without reference to productive skills such as writing and speaking)"

And no English-speaking person should be able to read this, without going back over it several times - mainly because 'and' and commas are used wrongly.

eg "The test is held twice a year in Japan and selected countries and areas on the first Sunday of July and December, and once a year in other regions on the first Sunday of December"

This is in the opening paragraph, this is excruatiating detail and I don't think it belongs here "From 1984 to 2009 the test had four levels, with Level 4 testing basic-level materials and Level 1 testing advanced-level materials (see kyū). In 2010, a new level was inserted between the old 2 and 3, meaning the current N5 corresponds to the old Level 4." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.154.148.250 (talk) 07:28, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I say go ahead and fix it. It doesn't look like non-native speaker writing to me, and it does make sense to someone who knows the ins and outs of the JLPT and the Japanese visa system. But it is tersely written and might be hard for someone who is unfamiliar with the subject to understand, so I would support a rewrite. Best —  Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 08:44, 21 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see you did fix it already. Nice one. :) That means my comments above apply to your version too, though. ;) —  Mr. Stradivarius ♫ 08:47, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Yes, I did thanks. I must say, reading this page through now, compared to when I first started editing it, it's looking really very good.

List of international exam sites
Russia is not present on the list in the final variant of the page. It is in the code, but not on the page. please fix. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 111.239.219.10 (talk) 05:20, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Estimated study time
Are those numbers cumulative, ie. including previous levels, or separate? Should be added as note. -- 2003:C0:13F8:1BA8:A4DA:5F68:EF3D:E408 (talk) 16:15, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Japanese-Language Proficiency Test


text:
Specialist Cadet School

The Specialist Cadet School (SCS, 见习士官学府, Sekolah Kadet Pakar, நிபுைத்துவ பயிற்சி அதிகாரிப் பள்ளி) is the military training centre for the Singapore Armed Forces' specialists, the equivalent of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) in other countries' armed forces. Made up of twelve companies divided into three schools (SCS I, SCS II, and SCS III), it is located in Pasir Laba Camp in the Western Water Catchment.

The three schools, along with the SAFWOS Leadership School (SAFWOS) and Specialist and Warrant Officer Advanced School (SWAS), form the Specialist and Warrant Officer Institute (SWI).

History
The Specialist Cadet School has its origins in 1966 when NCOs in the Singapore Armed Forces were selected to serve as the first batch of instructors in the School of Section Leaders (SSL) of SAFTI Military Institute. As the Singapore Armed Forces expanded, the School of Infantry Section Leaders (SISL) was established on 1 October 1970 with a 21-week training course for NCOs. In 1979, after the military training system underwent a restructuring, high-performing SISL trainees were selected to undergo further training at the Officer Cadet School to become officers.

In 1980, HQ Infantry took control of SISL from SAFTI and shortened the training course from 21 weeks to 12 weeks. On 22 June 1981, SISL was restructured to have five companies (Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta and Echo) and the Advanced Specialists Training Wing (ASTW). On 1 May 1982, SISL was renamed SAF Infantry Non-Commissioned Officers' School (SAFINCOS) and started conducting the Basic Infantry Section Leader Courses along with other advanced courses such as the Platoon Sergeant Course, Infantry Senior NCO Course, and the Reserve Infantry Senior NCO Course. In 1989, SAFINCOS took in its first batch of female trainees.

In 1992, SAFINCOS was renamed School of Infantry Specialists (SISPEC). It relocated from Pasir Laba Camp to Pulau Tekong in 1999, and the SISPEC compound at Rocky Hill Camp on Pulau Tekong was officially opened on 17 August 2000 by Major-General Ng Yat Chung, the Chief of Army. In 2003, SISPEC achieved ISO 9002 for the management of its Advanced and Basic Section Leader Courses. In 2006, SISPEC moved back to its new compound in Pasir Laba Camp. On 22 December 2008, the Singapore Armed Forces introduced a new rank, Specialist Cadet (SCT), specifically for specialist trainees at SISPEC.

In 2010, SISPEC was renamed Specialist Cadet School (SCS) and divided into three schools – SCS I, SCS II and SCS III – under the Specialist and Warrant Officer Institute (SWI), which also manages the SAFWOS Leadership School (SAFWOS) and Specialist and Warrant Officer Advanced School (SWAS).

Training
SCS trainees start their training with a Foundation Term, during which they acquire infantry skills and knowledge to lead an infantry section. They complete a 12 km route march while completing challenges related to the skills they learnt in the past 8 weeks in Full Battle Order at the end of the Foundation Term.

After completing the Foundation Term, trainees who are selected to serve in the Infantry and Guards formations remain in SCS to continue with the Infantry/Guards Professional Term, while those selected to serve in other formations (e.g. Armour, Artillery, Combat Engineers, Medical Corps, Signals) are posted to their respective formations to continue their Professional Terms there.

Upon completion of the Professional Term, all the trainees undergo an eight-day Combined Arms Term in SCS and mark the end of their training with a graduation parade, during which they receive the rank of Third Sergeant. They are then posted to their respective units.

title: Specialist Cadet School


text:
User talk:SOTNBot~enwiki

Please leave any messages on the talk page of my owner, ScribeOfTheNile.

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title: User talk:SOTNBot~enwiki


text:
Ivan Grose

Ivan Grose (born 8 October 1928) is a Canadian businessman and politician. Grose was born in Toronto, Ontario. He was the Liberal MP of Oshawa from 1993 to 2004.

From 1947 to 1951, Grose served in the Royal Canadian Air Force.

In 1957 Grose, then 29, held up a bank in Hamilton, Ontario. Grose reportedly took a 22-year-old man who had gone to the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce branch hostage with a handgun to his back, and left the bank with $6 000 stuffed into a paper bag. Grose was tried, and eventually pleaded guilty. His time in jail for armed robbery amounted to 19 months. Grose would put his criminal past behind him, becoming a businessman. Before entering politics, he did not seek a pardon.

Grose also was the Charter President of the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 637 in Oshawa.

Grose first stood for federal office as the Liberal Party of Canada candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the Oshawa district in the 1993 general election. In a Liberal sweep of almost every Ontario seat, Grose defeated New Democratic Party incumbent Mike Breaugh. Grose was the first Liberal MP elected for Oshawa in 47 years.

He was re-elected continuously in the federal elections of 1997 and 2000.

Grose served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Veterans Affairs from 13 January – 11 December 2003. He was Vice-Chair of the Commons standing committee on Public Accounts during the first session of the 36th parliament, and of the standing committee on Justice and Human Rights during the second session of that parliament, and the first session of the 37th parliament.

Amid considerable infighting in the federal Liberal party in 2004, all incumbent MPs would no longer have their nominations guaranteed. Grose faced challenges for the Liberal nomination from Louise Parkes, a business manager, and city councillor and Deputy Mayor for the city of Oshawa, and from Chris Topple, the Ontario Liberal Party candidate for Oshawa in the two prior provincial elections. Parkes won the nomination over Grose and Topple on the first ballot but finished third behind winner Colin Carrie of the Conservatives and the NDP's Sid Ryan, the second-place finisher, in the general election.

Grose's third term ended on 23 May 2004, on the dissolution of Commons preceding the 2004 general election.

title: Ivan Grose


text:
Joan Cererols

Joan Cererols (9 September 1618 – 27 August 1680) was a Spanish composer and Benedictine monk. His musical production includes a Requiem (or Missa pro defunctis) composed in the mid-seventeenth century during the great plague which ravaged Barcelona, and a Missa de Batalla (Battle Mass) which celebrates the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples.

Cererols was born in Martorell. He entered the choir school Escolania de Montserrat around 1626. Cererols took his first steps in music under the direction of Father Joan Marc, a famous organist. After ten years in the escolania, Joan was admitted as a novice at the Monastery of Montserrat on 6 September 1636, at age eighteen. The polychoral dialogue texture with a slight gap between the vocal entries within each choir which lightens his style and contrasts with that of the composers of the earliest generation is supposed to be an influence of March.

In 1648, Cererols received the permission of Marc to visit Madrid where he could meet the new generation of musicians. After his return, he was confirmed as a member of the monastic community. After the death of Marc in 1658, Joan Cererols became choirmaster in his home monastery, a position he held until his death there in 1680. He was 61 years old.

Recordings
La Capella Reial de Catalunya – Jordi Savall, dir. Astrée (Auvidis) E 8704 [CD] – Astrée (Naïve) "Musica Iberica" ES 9924 CD
 * Joan Cererols: Missa pro Defunctis / Missa de Batalla

Currende – Guillemette Laurens – Erik van Nevel, dir. Accent (Note 1) ACC 94106 CD
 * Joan Cererols: Missa pro Defunctis / Vespers

title: Joan Cererols


text: Category:Yamaha music products

title: Category:Yamaha music products


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lightening strike

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 11:28, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Lightening strike
Spelling of Lightning is incorrect, and there is already a detailed page on Lightning. It's also written in an un-Wikipedian style
 * Delete -- realwingus  11:29, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Lightning. Proto t c 11:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: "Lightening strike" seems unlikely for a misspelling. The more reasonable Lightening already redirects properly. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 13:08:41, 2005-09-01 (UTC)
 * delete, no need for a redir. UkPaolo 13:38, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, This is an editorial. Delete and redirect to Lightning Roodog2k 14:14, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete DV8 2XL 16:09, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — RJH 16:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * "Shazam!" *Boom!* Delete! --FuriousFreddy 23:17, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:SOTNBot~enwiki

I'm SOTNBot, a MediaWiki bot based on pywikipedia, operated by ScribeOfTheNile. At this stage, I am inactive, as I have not yet obtained approval.

title: User:SOTNBot~enwiki