text:
Talk:Wire wrap

Untitled
"hunter tools" external link at bottom of page is dead

Fixed Light current 16:34, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Trademark Issue
Wire-Wrap is an active trademark assigned to Cooper Industries and should be capitalized and hyphenated as such. -- Grumpyoldgeek 01:49, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The term is part of the general language now. (I was using it as a generic myself almost thirty years ago!) Stan 12:55, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It's your call then, I'll not lose any sleep over it. Grumpyoldgeek 19:14, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It was genericised by the time I worked for a Gardner-Denver distributor in the 1980s. My word, this takes me back! Guy (Help!) 22:09, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Photograph says nothing
This photo is useless here because it does not illustrate wire wrap at all (or anything else). The method of construction in the pic could easily be any one of:

 * nothing at all
 * component lead to component lead
 * soldered (PCB type) joints using the board pattern
 * hand soldered point to point wiring
 * hand wire wrap
 * mc wire wrap

It should therefore be removed as a waste of space. Unless any justification can be made for its retention, I shall remove it again shortly.--Light current 00:20, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The picture shows the higher component density of a hand wirewrap construction relative to a Veroboard build. You keep removing it, I keep replacing it, and so the spat continues.  But in the true spirit of Wiki, would you be happier if we included with this picture, the reverse side of the board which shows the manual wirewrap?  I can do this if you wish.  Colin99 18:13, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes I would be far happier if the reverse side of the board was shown. THis would then at least impart some info! 8-)--Light current 23:48, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Now I have a question: The variant of wirewrap used on this board was sold as "Wire Pen".  The wire is enamel insulated, and is usually burnt off by the soldering iron when the connections are made.  But is this what has been intended under the title Manual Wirewrap, or should this be under another wirewrap category?

 * PS: The board shown could never have been PCB tracked as in your list. With all those 0.1" pitch holes everywhere?! Colin99 14:35, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Wire wrap in my experience never requires soldering.--Light current 01:30, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll place the picture here initially for you to look at, in a day or two. Colin99 20:07, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

OK. Thanks! 8-)--Light current 00:30, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Wirepen construction, a variant of wirewrap. Much higher component density is possible compared with Veroboard. Plastic guides route enamel covered wire. The wire is wrapped around the component legs, and then, uniquely for a wirewrap construction, soldered. The solder burns off the enamel insulation to make the connections. Colin99 16:19, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

I've not heard any reply. If nothing is heard, I will put the picture back and a subsection on wirepen and the second picture. Colin99 19:30, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Sorry to say photo is not very convincing. Why not take one looking straight down on at the underside of the board?--Light current 01:53, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

I can do, though I didn't think that view showed the soldering very well. What aspect is "not convincing"? I mean to say, what do you need to be convinced of? That it is a high density construction? Or that it is the same board?! Colin99 19:58, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Well basically, on this oblique view, I cant see the actual interconnecting wires. Perhaps you can see them- but I cant make them out. Thats Y I sugggested a proper plan photo so we can see everything. 8-)--Light current 22:11, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Wirepen is not Wirewrap
I see now we are talking about different things. I dont think what yuo are ahowing is 'wire wrap'. I mean if the wires are soldered, wher does the wrapping come in?--Light current 22:15, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

THis stuff should not be on the wire wrap page. Where it should go, I have no idea yet! 8-(--Light current 22:43, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

I think this technique Wire pen construction deseves its own page actually!--Light current 22:45, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a variant of wirewrap. The wires are wrapped around the pins and then cut with the supplied tool as part of the wrapping movement.  Solder is then applied in order to burn off the insulation.  I think it probably should go under manual wirewrap as a variant rather than its own page.  Anyone else with opinions on this?  Colin99 22:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

I cant agree!--Light current 04:20, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Well if you feel that strongly, we can do a Wirepen page and at least mention it under the Wirewrap page, because I think you must agree the two techniques are related. However it is not the way I would do it personally. Hence other people's comments would be welcome in order to make a decision. Colin99 22:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You can do a Wirepen construction page yes. Well probably link it from this page as well as others.--Light current 20:47, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Pin size?
The article says pin size is typically 0.017 inch square, whereas I'm pretty sure every post I've ever seen or wrapped was 0.025 inch square. For instance http://www.mouser.com/catalog/specsheets/574PINTE.pdf (vector terminals for perfboard.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.9.82 (talk) 09:10, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Introduction Query
Good intro, but I have one picky lilttle point: "Wire wrap is a technique for constructing small numbers of complex electronics assemblies."

Why "complex electronics assemblies"? It can be used for simple assemblies too can't it. 'Electronics' should be 'Electronic', shouldn't it? Is this a matter of English dialect? ie.'British' vs 'American' usage? --220.101.28.25 (talk) 03:03, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Wire-Wrap CAD Software - "WireMaster" software
I think the WireWrap CAD section would be remiss if it did not mention the excellent software tool that so many of us used: "WireMaster" developed I think by Gary Gilbraith, dedicated specifically to Wire Wrap.

We used this in aerospace industry systems as a netlist optimization and change management tool for many years, at least as late as 1991. In fact I would love to find a copy of this software. I believe there are multiple military contract systems with this software in long-term archive for contract support.

My recollection is that the software did implement a "traveling salesman" minimization algorithm and could take multiple netlist formats from standard schematic capture tools such as OrCAD, PADS, and Case Technology. The first versions were probably CP/M programs, but I know that we used it on DOS with IBM XT computers in the early 90's.

The primary output of WireMaster was a wiring checklist which separated all the wires into a list of first level wires, then a list of second level wires, and finally a list of third level wires if necessary. This software tool would also compare an existing wirelist, with a modified wirelist, and generate a "Remove / Add" list of wires that needed to be removed and added to turn the existing circuit into the modified circuit. I think WireMaster also supported the CAM file requirements of some automated and semi-automated wire-wrap machines, but I am not certain of this.

I originally found this software in small ads in the back pages of Byte magazine, and probably other magazines from that era. I met and talked with the designer of the softare on numerous occasions, but have completely lost track of him since. : --User:Trsc0tt 07:11, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

advent
so what is the history of it coming into use? the printed circuit board wiki page nicely describes the inventor and gives a date and patent info etcetera. would be nice for something similar here. anyone know? i don't. that's why i came here looking... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bjarthur (talk • contribs) 00:56, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Apollo Guidance Computer
would also be nice to mention that wirewrapping was used in the Apollo Guidance Computer. the wiki page for the latter mentions it. no word of it here though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bjarthur (talk • contribs) 00:58, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Metric Consistency
In the Overview section, paragraph 2, for consistency and understandability, may I suggest that "(635 micrometres)" be replaced by "(0.635 mm)" ?

(I suspect more people understand millimetres than micrometres ! I know, and it threw me.) Darkman101 (talk) 06:26, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Lacking response, I have now changed micrometres to milimetres. Darkman101 (talk) 23:01, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Automated Brain Twister
In the section "Automated Wire Wrapping", the last paragraph is beautifully written, but totaly incomprehensible without a picture. (Even for experienced mental gymnasts.) Please would someone provide a diagram ? Darkman101 (talk) 06:34, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It was way too much detail for an encyclopedia article - we're not here to teach "Care and maintenance of the Binford 6100 Wire Wrap Machine", we're supposed to be giving an overview. It's gone to the edit history file now. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:20, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Number of wraps
The NASA document that I linked did not explicitly state the number of conductor wraps that there were, but in all the pictures of correct samples it seems there are indeed 7 wraps, and for some reason, I think that NASA draws to scale, as it were. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexchally (talk • contribs) 03:37, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * NASA cites MIL-STD-1130B section 5.3.2, which specifies seven turns for wire size (presumably AWG) 30 and 28, six for 26, five for 24 and 22, and four for 20 and 18.—Dah31 (talk) 07:03, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Crosstalk
Surprisingly little mention of crosstalk problems in this article. This was one of the big problems with wire wrap, leading to its abandonment, for digital electronics in the early '80s. As processor speeds increased it became an unsurmountable problem. I remember the early prototypes of the System X telephone exchange as being particularly affected. Andy Dingley (talk) 13:06, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Square posts and photograph
The text states that square posts are used for wirewrapping, and that certainly 'squares' with my memory of them. But the very first picture appears to show a hexagonal post. I think it would be better to use a square post, unless the discrepancy is explained somewhere. As I understood it, the point of square posts was to force a large deformation of the wire that caused it to bind tightly against the post and ensured a good connection.
 * The world is a very large place, and there's probably a well-known IEC standard for it, but I've never heard of a hexagonal wire-wrap post - it would, as you point out, somewhat defeat the purpose. The lead photo shows a square end.  Maybe we need a better photo, that's not so fuzzy along the sides? --Wtshymanski (talk) 18:39, 22 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wire wrap


text:
Altman

Altman may refer to:
 * Altman (surname)
 * Altman (automobile), Ohio-based manufacturer
 * Altman (film), a 2014 documentary film about film director Robert Altman
 * Altman Lighting Co., American lighting manufacturer
 * Altman, Colorado, a ghost town
 * Altman, West Virginia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Altman


text:
User:TerminusEst13

Just a guy.

title: User:TerminusEst13


text:
List of divided islands

This is a list of islands whose land is divided by one or more international borders.

Lake islands

 * Among Finland, Norway, and Sweden:
 * Three-Country Cairn, the boundary cairn at the tripoint, is 10 metres from the shore of Lake Goldajärvi/Koltajauri, and hence arguably a tiny artificial island. Around 14 m2. The lower limit for artificial islands is a matter of definition, because near Haparanda there are boundary poles of less than 0.1 m2.
 * Between Canada and the United States:
 * A lake island at 62.64968°N, -141°W, north of the Yukon–Alaska Highway border crossing
 * A lake island at 62.64116°N, -141°W, north of the Yukon–Alaska Highway border crossing
 * A lake island at 62.63717°N, -141°W, just north of the Yukon–Alaska Highway border crossing
 * Two islands in a small lake at 62.53844°N, -141°W, 8.2 km south of the Yukon–Alaska Highway border crossing
 * Several rocky islets in a small lake on the Okanogan County, Washington/British Columbia border at 49°N, -120.17738°W
 * An island in a small lake on the Okanogan County, Washington/British Columbia border at 49°N, -120.17298°W
 * An island in a small lake adjacent to the Milk River at 49°N, -110.54697°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An island in Salt Lake (Alkali Lake) 49°N, -104.31117°W in Montana/Saskatchewan
 * An island in Brush Lake at 49°N, -103.98164°W in North Dakota/Saskatchewan
 * Two islands in Boundary Lake at 49°N, -100.21709°W, in North Dakota/Manitoba
 * An island in Lake Metigoshe at 49°N, -100.3539°W in North Dakota/Manitoba
 * An islet east of Ross Lake at 49°N, -100.29894°W in North Dakota/Manitoba
 * An island in a small lake on the Rolette County, North Dakota/Manitoba border at 49°N, -100.01315°W
 * An island in a small lake on the Towner County, North Dakota/Manitoba border at  49°N, -99.21816°W
 * An island in a small lake on the Cavalier County, North Dakota/Manitoba border at 49°N, -98.54136°W
 * An islet in a small reservoir (when filled) just east of the Maida port of entry on North Dakota Highway 1 at 49.00025°N, -98.35694°W, North Dakota/Manitoba
 * Pine and Curry Island in Lake of the Woods on the Minnesota/Ontario border at 48.87697°N, -94.68396°W
 * Seaway Island in Lake St. Clair on the Michigan/Ontario border at 42.52364°N, -82.67758°W
 * An island in a small lake on the border of Maine/New Brunswick at 46.00499°N, -67.781°W, southeast of Hodgdon, Maine
 * Province Island in Lake Memphremagog, between Quebec (91%) and Vermont (9%)
 * Between Norway and Russia:
 * In Klistervatn: Store Grenenholmen
 * In Grensevatn: Korkeasaari and an unnamed islet
 * Between Finland and Russia:
 * Äikkäänniemi in Nuijamaanjärvi
 * Suursaari and a smaller island in Ylä-Tyrjä
 * Tarraassiinsaari, Härkäsaari, and Kiteensaari in Melaselänjärvi
 * Island in Virmajärvi
 * Rajasaari in Kokkojärvi
 * Kalmasaari in Vuokkijärvi
 * Varposaari in Hietajärvi
 * Parvajärvensaari in Parvajärvi
 * Keuhkosaari in Pukarijärvi / Ozero Pyukharin
 * Siiheojansuusaari and Tossensaari in Onkamojärvi / Ozero Onkamo
 * Between Finland and Norway:
 * Island in Kivisarijärvi/Keđgisualuijävri
 * Island in lake SE of boundary marker 347A
 * Between Sweden and Norway:
 * Island in Sör Vammsjön/Vammen Søndre (≈2000 m2)
 * Hisön/Hisøya in Norra Kornsjön/Nordre Kornsjø (≈0,09 km2)
 * Kulleholmen/Kalholmen (≈5500 m2) and Tagholm/Tåkeholmen (≈600 m2) in Södra Boksjön/Søndre Boksjø
 * Salholmen (≈4000 m2), Mosvikøya (≈0.17 km2) and Trollön/Trolløya (≈0.18 km2) in Stora Le/Store Le
 * Tannsjöröset (≈50 m2) in Tannsjøen/Tannsjön
 * Linneholmene (≈2000 m2) in Helgesjøen/Helgesjön
 * Jensøya in Holmsjøen (≈0,04 km2)
 * Storøya in Utgardsjøen (≈0,04 km2)
 * Fallsjøholmen in Fallsjøen (Nordre Røgden) (≈4000 m2)
 * Island in Kroksjøen
 * Island in Vonsjøen (≈9000 m2)
 * Island in Skurdalssjøen/Kruehkiejaevrie
 * Island in a lake at altitude 710m on the Gihcijoka/Gihtsejåhkå river
 * Three islands in Čoarvejávri
 * Between Belarus and Latvia:
 * Unnamed island in Lake Rychy
 * Between Lithuania and Belarus:
 * Sosnovec and another nameless island in Lake Drūkšiai
 * Between the United Kingdom and Ireland:
 * Pollatawny in Lough Vearty.
 * Between Argentina and Chile:
 * Isla Dos Hitos in Lago General Carrera/Lago Buenos Aires
 * Between Ethiopia and Djibouti:
 * Island off Cape Aleilou in Lake Abbe
 * The border between Austria and Hungary cuts across the Neusiedler See/Fertő tó, where the water level fluctuates, sometimes exposing island flats which straddle the border.

River islands

 * Island (Staustufe Apach) in the Moselle River near Schengen: mostly in France, the tip is in the Moselle condominium shared by Luxembourg and Germany
 * Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy (Heixiazi) at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, between China and Russia.
 * Bolshoy (Abagaitu) at the Argun River, between China and Russia.
 * An island in the Šešupė River divided between Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia
 * Corocoro Island in the delta of the Barima River: split between Venezuela and Guyana
 * San Jose Island, Río Negro: between Colombia and Brazil.
 * Isla Timoteo Dominguez-Martin Garcia.png [[Martín García Island|island complex Martín García–Timoteo Domínguez]] in the Río de la Plata between Argentina and Uruguay.
 * The lower reaches of the Ganges, Teesta, and Brahmaputra Rivers, approaching the Ganges Delta, are braided and contain numerous sand islands called chars. These can be large and inhabited but are impermanent. At any given time, several are likely to straddle the border between India (Assam and West Bengal) and Bangladesh, though this border is not fully specified.
 * An island labelled 'Q' in the Maritsa River, between Greece and Turkey.
 * An islet in the Uutuanjoki, between Finland and Norway, at 69.57967°N, 29.2317°W.
 * An islet in the Vadet near Tunnsjø, between Norway and Sweden, at 64.64444°N, 13.71056°W.
 * An islet on the western side of the golf course that straddles the municipalities of Tornio in Finland, and Haparanda in Sweden, at 65.86151°N, 24.12962°W.
 * An islet in the Euphrates River on the border of Iraq and Syria.
 * Nokiel and another unnamed islet in the Dunajec river, between Slovakia and Poland, at 49.3984°N, 20.35973°W.
 * Nicaragua and Honduras share four islands along a straight-line border in the delta of the Río Negro at the Gulf of Fonseca.
 * Argentina and Chile share an island formed by branches of the Río Mayer.
 * Bolivia and Chile share an island formed by the Putani River and its branch, Quebrado Coipacoipani.
 * Canada/United States:
 * 9 islands serially located in the Clarence River on the Alaska North Slope near Demarcation Bay; northernmost at 69.61679°N, -141°W, southernmost at 69.55709°N, -141°W
 * One or more islands in Trail Creek at 68.88175°N, -141°W, northeast of Arctic Village, Alaska
 * An island in Mancha Creek at 68.66396°N, -141°W, northeast of Arctic Village, Alaska
 * 6 (or more) islands in bifurcated flow in the Firth River at 68.64178°N, -141°W, northeast of Arctic Village, Alaska
 * An island in Sunaghun Creek at 67.42612°N, -141°W, near its mouth at the Porcupine River, downstream of Old Crow, Yukon
 * An island in the watershed of the Bluefish River at 66.83816°N, -141°W, east of Chalkyitsik, Alaska and 15 km WWSW of Bluefish Lake, Yukon
 * An island in Fort Creek at 66.759°N, -141°W, east of Chalkyitsik, Alaska
 * An island in the Black River (Salmon Fork) at 66.54366°N, -141°W, east of Chalkyitsik, Alaska
 * An island in Beaver Creek at 62.22746°N, -141°W, southwest of Beaver Creek, Yukon
 * Two islands in Klehini River at 59.44814°N, -136.36521°W, near Klukwan, Alaska
 * 11 (or more) islands in bifurcated river flow on Whiting River at 58.18486°N, -133.22103°W, upstream of Gilbert Bay, which empties into Stephens Passage
 * Two islands in Stikine River at 56.65855°N, -131.8487°W, downstream of Great Glacier, Yukon
 * An island in Columbia River at Waneta border crossing at 49.00077°N, -117.63356°W in Washington/British Columbia
 * An island in Belly River at 49°N, -113.68329°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An island in a branch of Lee Creek at 49°N, -113.60086°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An islet in Boundary Creek at 49°N, -113.3573°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An island in St. Mary River 49°N, -113.32622°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An islet in Milk River at 48.99874°N, -112.55554°W in Montana/Alberta
 * An island in Mundell Creek at 49°N, -109.08922°W in Montana/Saskatchewan
 * An island in McEachern Creek at 49°N, -106.9385°W in Montana/Saskatchewan
 * An island in the Pembina River at 49.00029°N, -98.20612°W in North Dakota/Manitoba
 * An island in tributary of Northwest Branch Saint John River at 46.68706°N, -69.999°W in Maine/Quebec
 * Two islands on the Maine/New Brunswick border southeast of Monticello, Maine (46.27289°N, -67.782°W and 46.27229°N, -67.782°W) that are formed by the forks of a stream that rises from Gentle Lake in Maine, then flows into the North Branch–Meduxnekeag River.

Historically divided islands
Other islands have been divided by international borders in the past but they are now unified.

The definite borders of modern nation states do not apply in other forms of societal organisation, where "divided" islands may consequently be less noteworthy. For example, in Ancient Greece, the island of Euboea was divided among several city-states, including Chalcis and Eretria; and before its settlement by Europeans, the Island of Tasmania was divided among nine indigenous tribes.

Islands in wartime may be divided between an invading and defending power, as with Crete in 1645–1669 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

Examples of formerly divided islands include:

 * Boundary Islet – divided between the colonies of Victoria (part of New South Wales until 1851) and Tasmania (known as Van Diemen's Land until 1856); remained separated between two Australian states
 * Corsica – was divided between the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Genoa by a ruling by Pope Innocent II in 1132, and it remained so until the Battle of Meloria of 1284. Subsequently Corsica became part of Genoa, Aragon, Genoa again, the Corsican Republic, France, Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, and finally France again.
 * Sardinia – was divided into indigenous giudicati since before the year 900 through the extinction of the Giudicato of Arborea in 1420. Since then, Sardinia has successively been a part of Aragon, the Spanish Empire, Piedmont–Sardinia, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Republic of Italy.
 * Saaremaa (1237–1570) and Hiiumaa (1254–1563) – Divided between the Livonian Order and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (the Kingdom of Denmark after 1560). Thereafter these were part of Denmark (Saaremaa only), the Kingdom of Sweden, Imperial Russia, Estonia, the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany (1941–1944), the Soviet Union again, and finally Estonia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
 * Piirissaar in Lake Peipus – literally "Border Island" in Estonian, it was first divided in the 13th or 14th century and remained divided between the Bishopric of Dorpat and the later Polish Livonia and Swedish Livonia on one side and the Novgorod Republic and the later Principality of Pskov, Pskov Republic and the Tsardom of Russia on the other side until the annexation of Swedish Livonia into Russia in 1721.
 * Saint Croix – Dutch, English and French colonists in different settlements from the early 17th century until 1645.
 * Tobago – from 1654 through 1659, this island had colonies from both the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Dutch Republic. Both of these colonies failed economically and were abandoned. Later, Tobago became part of the French Empire, then the Kingdom of Great Britain (1706), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the present United Kingdom, and the independent country of Trinidad and Tobago.
 * Ternate – divided between the Spanish Empire allied with Tidore, and the Dutch Republic allied with the Sultan of Ternate from 1607 through 1663. Later, Ternate has successive been owned by the Netherlands, the Japanese Empire (1942–1945), Netherlands again, and the independent country of Indonesia, beginning in 1949.
 * Long Island, New York – divided between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England beginning in 1640 (de facto, by the founding of the Southold), or in 1650 (de jure, by the Treaty of Hartford), through to the surrender of New Netherland to the British Army in 1664. Thereafter, Long Island has been owned by Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United States from 1781 through the present. Long Island has been part of the State of New York since 1781, and it is the largest island in the Contiguous United States (48 states).
 * Great Britain – Earlier divided into three or more kingdoms, including England, Wales, and Scotland, and sometimes ruled in part by the Roman Empire and the Danish Empire. These parts were reduced to just two before 1707, when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland enacted the Acts of Union of 1707, establishing just one monarchy and one parliament. Since 1707, England, Scotland, and Wales have been part of (successively) the Kingdom of Great Britain, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, often called the United Kingdom for short.
 * Sri Lanka – In the 1000s, the island was ruled in part by the Chola Empire, the Tamil Kingdoms in the North, and the Sinhalese Kingdoms in the south. The island was later divided into three or more kingdoms, including the Jaffna Kingdom, the Vanni Nadu, the Kingdom of Kandy, and the Kingdom of Kotte. After waves of Portuguese, Dutch and British colonization, the island was united as a single entity under the British. The country then known as Ceylon attained independence in 1948, and in 1972, the current Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka was established.
 * Newfoundland Island – Earlier divided between Great Britain and the French Empire until the enactment of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Following this treaty, Newfoundland was part of the British Empire. Then it became the partially independent Dominion of Newfoundland, which next became a Province of Canada in 1949.
 * Saint Kitts – Divided between Great Britain and the French Empire in 1628. "The island fell to the French in April 1666, but by the Treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713, it was yielded entirely to the British crown." Then it became part of the British Empire for about 250 years, and finally part of the independent country of Saint Kitts and Nevis. At various times of war in the Caribbean Sea, either France or Great Britain occupied all of Saint Kitts both before and after 1713.
 * Elba – divided from 1548 through 1802. Portoferraio belonged to the Duke of Florence (later the Grand Duchy of Tuscany) from 1548 until this was ceded to France in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Porto Longone belonged to the State of Presidi, a client of first the Spanish Empire and then the Kingdom of Naples, from 1557 until ceded to France in 1801 by the Treaty of Florence. The rest of this island belonged to the Principality of Piombino until conquered by the French Empire, and then in 1802 Napoleon made Elba into the Kingdom of Etruria. This island was successively part of the French Empire, the Principality of Piombino under Elisa Baciocchi, under the sovereignty of Napoleon by the terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), part of Tuscany again, part of the Kingdom of Italy, Italian Social Republic (1943–44), and finally a part of the Republic of Italy.
 * Efate – Divided for several months during 1889 between Franceville and the New Hebrides, then under an Anglo-French joint naval commission.
 * Sakhalin Island – Divided between the Russian Empire, then the Soviet Union, and the Japanese Empire along the 50th parallel north by the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905 through the final Surrender of the Japanese Empire in 1945. Henceforth, all of Sakhalin became part of the Soviet Union, and then the Russian Federation, de facto. The Japanese Empire still considers the ownership of Sakhalin to be undetermined, and Sakhalin is shown on many Japanese maps as a "no man's land".
 * Killiniq Island – divided between Canada and the Colony of Newfoundland and then the Dominion of Newfoundland beginning with the cession of the Rupert's Land to the Dominion of Canada in 1870 as the North-West Territories and the province of Manitoba through 1949 with the confederation of Newfoundland as a Canadian province.
 * Ankoko Island in the Cuyuni River on the border between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guyana).
 * Zhongshan Island in the Pearl River Delta was divided between the People's Republic of China and Portuguese Macau before the handover of Macao to China in 1999.
 * Frijoles Island within Gatun Lake in the former Panama Canal Zone was split between the United States and Panama on 1 October 1979, the date that the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty took effect. Much of the former Canal Zone area was transferred to Panama on that day. The Panama Railroad served as the new border in an area where it crosses Gatun Lake via a causeway, with the railroad bisecting Frijoles Island. The entire island transferred to exclusive Panamanian jurisdiction on 31 December 1999.
 * The small middle island of Las Tres Hermanas ("The Three Sisters") off the Pacific coast of Panama City was split between the U.S. Panama Canal Zone and Panama by the Taft Agreement on 12 December 1904. The entire island was placed in the Canal Zone on 11 February 1915. Today the Cinta Costera lies on top of it.
 * Popes Folly Island in Passamaquoddy Bay between the United States (Maine) and Canada (New Brunswick) had been divided prior to the 1908 border treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain.
 * Taiwan, historically known as Formosa and Tywan, was in the 17th century colonised by the Dutch and the Spaniards, along with the indigenous Kingdom of Middag.

A few former islands have disappeared because of changes in water levels:
 * Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea was split between the Soviet Republics of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This border became an international one in 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved. By the year 2002, this island had become a peninsula of the mainland because of the falling water level of the Aral Sea.
 * The small Bogomerom Archipelago of islets in Lake Chad was formerly divided between Chad and Nigeria. The water level of Lake Chad has historically varied a lot, but this level has fallen so low that these islets are now part of the mainland of Africa.

Subnationally divided islands
There are islands that lie across different provinces or states of the same country.

Killiniq Island of Canada, which is divided between Newfoundland and Labrador and Nunavut, whereas Melville Island and Victoria Island are divided between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. In Australia, the Boundary Islet is divided between Tasmania and Victoria.

Smith Island in Chesapeake Bay and Assateague Island, a barrier island on the Atlantic coast of the United States, are divided between the states of Maryland and Virginia. Ellis Island contains a true exclave of the state of New York, which is largely the area of the original natural island, while all land reclamation extensions from 1890-1935 are in New Jersey. The states also share Shooters Island in Newark Bay. Owing only to accretion of silt, an island has arisen spontaneously in the Mississippi River at the location of the boundary trijunction of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and is thus divided among the three states.

Pag, in Croatia, is divided between Zadar County and Lika-Senj County.

Ishima, in Japan, is divided between Kagawa Prefecture in the South and Okayama Prefecture in the north. Chek Lap Kok in Hong Kong is divided between Islands and Tuen Mun districts, and Lantau is divided between Islands and Tsuen Wan districts.

title: List of divided islands


text: User talk:203.177.73.234

title: User talk:203.177.73.234


text:
Brundlefly

Brundlefly or Brundle Fly or variation, can mean:

 * Brundlefly (character), the name Seth Brundle (Jeff Goldblum) gives himself in David Cronenberg's 1986 film The Fly

Music

 * Brundlefly (band), a Canadian alternative rock band
 * "Brundlefly" (song), 1986 instrumental from the soundtrack album for The Fly (1986 film)
 * "Brundle Fly" (song), a 2000 song by Usurp Synapse
 * "Brundlefly" (song), a 2004 song by Byzantine off the album The Fundamental Component
 * "Brundle Fly" (song), a 2009 song by Josh Dies off the EP Talons

Other uses

 * Brundle Fly (malware), a Linux ELF-infector virus; see Linux malware

title: Brundlefly


text:
Anzac Square

Anzac Square may refer to:

 * ANZAC Square, Brisbane — ANZAC Square in Brisbane, Australia
 * Anzac Square, Dunedin — Anzac Square in Dunedin, New Zealand

title: Anzac Square


text:
Talk:Hyaluronic acid

Use as a dietary supplement
I saw hyaluronic acid in 20mg capsules available as a dietary supplement at a health food store recently. However, the label on the bottle made no claims. What are the purported benefits of oral hyaluronic acid supplementation? Have any studies been conducted on this? --LostLeviathan 15:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

There are no benefits to oral hyaluronic acid. If one were to ingest hyaluronic acid it would be completely degraded in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The degradation products would likely continue through the digestive tract and be excreted. There is absolutely no way that oral hyaluronic acid would ever wind up in arthritic joints.--Herb West 14:58, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

I saw this claim: "Hyaluronic acid extracted from rooster combs has too large a chemical size for absorption by the intestinal tract. When directly extracted from rooster combs, the molecular weight is 1.2 to 1.5 million Daltons (Da).2  For comparison, the average molecule weight of an amino acid is approximately 110 Da.  But, wouldn’t you know it, Japanese scientists developed a proprietary enzyme-cleaving technique to lower the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid without altering its chemical nature.  The final molecular weight of hyaluronic acid processed by the Injuv™ process is 5,000 Daltons.  This allows hyaluronic acid to be taken orally as a nutritional supplement and absorbed in the intestinal tract.

Subsequent research has proven the absorption of oral delivery of Hyaluronic acid and then its ability to be taken up by joints. The results of this study, which examined the absorption, excretion and distribution of radiolabeled hyaluronic acid after a single oral administration in Wistar rats and Beagle dogs, demonstrated that HA is absorbed and distributed to organs and joints after a single oral administration. "

the site was http://www.rejuvenation-science.com/hylauronic-acid.html this gives more info: http://www.rejuvenation-science.com/n_hyaluronic_acid-oral.html

Does this makes sense? - Nick

Nick, the study mentioned in those pages doesn't seem to've been published anywhere as I can't find it indexed in Medline. I wouldn't use it as a source. Emp² 16:29, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

The study was published 2008: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10582–10593. Salama —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.143.83.75 (talk) 12:00, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

 * 2 yrs later?? No wonder he couldn't find the publication on Medline in 2006!! It wasnt published until 2 years after his comment... 65.240.135.194 (talk) 01:07, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

Structure of Hyaluronan
The current image of the hyaluronan structure on this page is incorrect. Hyaluronic acid is a repeating disaccharide with the following structure: GlcNAc(beta1-->4)GlcA(beta1-->3)

The current image of the hyaluronan is not according to this structure.

Source: Nomenclature of glycoproteins, glycopeptides and peptidoglycans, IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)

http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/glycp.html Dabalk 16:07, 8 April 2007 (UTC)Dabalk

 * You're right. It is wrong. Good catch. --Herb West 03:30, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's now corrected. --Ed (Edgar181) 19:55, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

The current hyaluronan image seems incorrect. The disaccharide building block between the parentheses starts and ends with an oxygen atom. One of these oxygen atoms should be left out. HendrikH (talk) 07:34, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone know?
In using HA for horses, I have noticed that there are 2 different types used on the lables. I am wondering what the differences are, and what the difference might be to how the 2 different types might be utilized by the animal? One is Hyaluronic acid, and the other is Sodium Haluronate. 63.152.3.34 04:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * They are essentially the same thing. Sodium hyaluronate is just a salt of hyaluronic acid. The standard preparation for injecting is HY-50 (see the references added to the article). There is another preparation which can be added to the horse's feed. We have ordered this for our horse, as a follow-up to the course of injections, but have not yet received it.AliasMarlowe (talk) 19:54, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Everyone is so vague
I have searched the internet looking for REAL answers as to exactly how HA is made for these injections or oral supplements but nothing is out there. You have to read between the lines to figure out it is made from chickens, birds and have heard in some cases, human fetuses. Is there any truth to the last part of this and does anyone have a REAL answer to the following question? "What, exactly, is Hyaluronic Acid or Sodium Hyaluronic Acid made from when produced for oral supplements or injections into joints or even produced for Restylane injections, which are supposedly pure SHA?" 24.238.226.95 07:54, 11 April 2007 (UTC)S Vaughan
 * From my understanding some companies get it from chicken combs and some make it through bacterial fermtation. The fetuses thing is totally bunk. Remember 14:03, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Hyaluronic acid can be (and is) extracted from human umbilical cords; I presume this is where the "extracted from foetuses" comes from. Philip Jewess — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.191.24.30 (talk) 12:04, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes. The (currently 6th) cited reference Stern[2009] explains on page 5 that
 * > Hyaluronan ... is the major constituent of fetal structures such as Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord .... John hanley parc (talk) 18:03, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

Cosmetic Applications
In the cosmetic section, the article seems to imply that there are contra-indications for people on 'blood medication'. Does anyone know what this might mean? (It doesn't seem to be specific enough to make sense. E.g., blood thinners, or blood products (e.g., platelets)...?). If no one knows I'll look this up when I have time. bfigura (talk) 05:07, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed. I can find no studies confirming this, and neither can the FDA. Feezo (Talk) 05:48, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's back again - Dont know how or why. Rod57 (talk) 12:48, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

There are no citations available for the statement that one should not use this product for five years after using a "blood medication." There are numerous sources that state that, to minimize bruising from the injection procedure, one should avoid blood-thinning medications for three days to two weeks (depending on which article you are looking at) in advance. It appears that the author may have simply mis-read one of his sources. Since the information has no citation, and since it is fuzzy at best, and since it is incorrect, the statement should be removed.dragonwych (talk) 20:05, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
 * it says "Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in skin care products" but does not state what the benefits are supposed to be, or the reasons for using it. What is it supposed to do when simply washed with? 2.31.164.76 (talk) 17:50, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Martial arts hand conditioning, and presence in certain vegetables?
Somewhere I heard that this compound is necessary in large quantity taken orally for a type of hand conditioning called "iron hand". IT was supposedly obtained in sufficient concentration from a diet consisting mainly of Japanese sweet potato, and Mexican wild yam supposedly has it in large amounts also. What truth, if any, is there to these statements? 216.82.142.13 (talk) 22:39, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You've got the wrong idea. We don't answer questions, we find people with answers and cite them.  You could try the reference desk but you're better off trying google.  Very unlikely you'll find anything but if you do and it is reliable, please cite it.  WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 00:28, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Try Yahoo Answers. Fuzbaby (talk) 04:34, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Now that's just cruel. No need to be mean. SCNR --92.202.107.73 (talk) 22:02, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Origin
Where did the word "hyaluron" come from? Who initially isolated & described the substance in the the scientific literature? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.79.10.114 (talk) 21:49, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

The correct spelling is "hyaluronan." It was first discribed/isolated by Karl Meyer in 1934. The use of the terms "hyaluronic acid" and "hyaluronate" are described on the main page. The term "hyaluronan" was introduced in 1986 to encompass all forms of the molecule. Lgurski (talk) 19:56, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Reference #2 Typo
FYI Reference #2 should be Fraser not Frasher. - dreadlockededscientist

Questions
Well I've just gone through and read the page and I have a few bits I don't understand and a few bits I can't find links to for further explanation, so here are some questions. What 'proteins' could be 'link proteins' in this sentence - are they 'special' in some way ? What is 'petircellular' in this sentence - is it just a typo? for pericellular ?? In (for example) the sentence above Hyaluronic acid seems to be abbreviated HA - but that abbreviation is not clarified in the article (but I don't think I've misread that?). Do you think inserting 'and abbreviated HA' into the first line of the article would be a good idea ? So something like this:
 * When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of link protein, large highly negatively-charged aggregates form.
 * endocytosis of HA, which leads to HA catabolism in macrophages; and assembly of petircellular matrices from HA and proteoglycan.
 * Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate, and abbreviated HA) is ...

To the layman (me) the whole first half of the section Hyaluronan looks like and advert for Healon which I guess is a brand name? am I wrong - I'm going to insert a few cite note needed bits in there.

Is the word 'imbibe' correct in the sentence below - it seems 'non scientific' - but what do I know :) EdwardLane (talk) 16:26, 10 May 2011 (UTC)
 * When aggrecan monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of link protein, large highly negatively-charged aggregates form. These aggregates imbibe water and...

Tidying the link for pp60(c-src)
I created a red link for pp60(c-src), as I'm not sure what it is. Searching in wikipedia for pp60 I see List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776) and List_of_MeSH_codes_(D08) both contain these redlinks Oncogene_protein_pp60(v-src) and proto-oncogene proteins pp60(c-src) but I don't know enough about Hyaluronan to be bold and change that redlink I made into this redlink proto-oncogene proteins pp60(c-src)

I dont even know what proto-oncogene means, so I'll leave tidying that redlink to someone else, while I go and read that page. Thanks. EdwardLane (talk) 16:22, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Cancer resistance of the naked mole rat
High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat could perhaps be mentioned in the section on cancer mechanisms? - Rod57 (talk) 12:00, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

 * FWIW - yes, I agree - I added this not too long ago (June 20, 2013) - but was reverted (perhaps for good reason?) - if interested, the earlier edit was as follows:

 Copied from June 20, 2013 article revision. On June 19, 2013, scientists reported that the reason "cancerproof" laboratory animals do not get cancer may be because they produce an "extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan", which is over "five times larger" than that in cancer-prone humans and cancer-susceptible laboratory animals.< ref name="NYT-20130619"> < ref name="NATURE-20130619">

 * in any case - Enjoy! :) Drbogdan (talk) 13:07, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Name change
Hyaluronic acid was an older name (by Meyer and Palmer in 1934). The name was changed to "Hyaluronan" in 1986, based on the fact that the polysaccharide is synthesized by mammalian cells and certain species of microbes as a "salt", not a "acid". The name "Hyaluronan" has been used much more than "Hyaluronic acid" in the field since.

Reference: John H. Brekke, Gregory E. Rutkowski. Kipling Thacker. Chapter 19 Hyaluronan. In: An Introduction to Biomaterials, Second Edition (Editor: Jeffrey O. Hollinger) 2011. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Leeearnest2012 (talk • contribs) 23:35, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Hyaluronan may be the name more used in the 'field' but hyaluronic acid is still very much more favoured by the general reader. Ngrams and Google books show this - also references on this talk page use hyaluronic acid and HA as the shorthand for that. HA is used many times in the article so that is what prompted a search for the most usually used term and the subsequent page move. Redirects are often from articles that refer to hyaluronic acid. --Iztwoz (talk) 19:04, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

 * With regard to naming a page, particularly on a science topic, the "general" reader is irrelevant (especially when this area is dominated by hucksters selling nutri-ceuticals). Wikipedia has the ability to redirect searches.  The title should be Hyaluronan and searches for HA should redirect to that title. Address the name issue in the first few sentences. This is supposed to at least pretend to be an encyclopedia.  Accuracy, detail, and precision should be the first priority, while the preferences of people one step away from injecting bleach to cure COVID as they scream "Stop the steal" should be relegated to the bottom of a latrine where they belong.

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Cosmetic uses
In addition to being injected as a wrinkle filler, etc., there is also topical use and dietary supplement use. I do not intend to write about because of COI (I have consulting clients with products). David notMD (talk) 16:13, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

Approval
I propose the one line "Approval" section be merged with "Medical uses". I found them to be contradictory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tsunami3 (talk • contribs) 18:40, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

Medical uses, knee osteoarthritis studies
These sentences in the article seem to be contradictory:

“A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with general absence of significant benefit, and intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid could possibly cause adverse effects.[28] A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.[29]”

I'm not educated on the topic to feel confident changing it, so just wanted to point that out. Pythagimedes (talk)

WP:VET
This is one of the most popular pages in WikiProject Veterinary medicine's scope. Very few editors watch WT:VET's pages, which means that questions may not be answered in a timely manner. If you are an active editor and interested in animals or veterinary medicine, please put WT:VET on your watchlist. Thank you, WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:59, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

Site of synthesis?
According to my physiology textbook (Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition, See page 23) hyaluronic acid is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, however, the article states that it is made in the plasma membrane, so which is right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.239.20.3 (talk) 21:11, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

removing "vague" tag
Having consulted Stern [2009], I am removing a "vague" tag. I am changing text that used to read: "contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration and also[vague] may be involved in the progression of ... malignant tumors.[6]". To follow the cited author more closely, it now reads: "..., and is involved ....".

Stern doesn't really beat around the bush on this topic.
 * p.5: "The deposition of HA ... confers motility ... correlating possibly with the movement of metastatic tumor cells." [Ok, fine, his cautious phrasing is slightly weak there.]
 * p.6: He cautiously suggests that "... cancer cells emulate that point in the cell cycle when cells synthesize increased levels of HA, round up, detach from their substratum, and leave temporarily the social contract in order to divide. Normal cells then degrade that HA .... Cancer cells have learned to eliminate this step ... to continue to divide endlessly.", and he cites Itano et al. [2002], which I am adding to this wiki article. Skipping a bit, we still find a cautious "may": "In most cases, it may be the failure to remove the HA coat ... that promotes malignant cell growth and the development of cancer."
 * p.7: He suggests that "HA developed late in evolution, at a time when stem cells had to move ... some distance ... for growth, proliferation, and differentiation.", a capability that was then "... commandeered by malignant cells."
 * p.8: "Clinically, striking increases of HA in the serum of many cancer patients has also been well documented." He cites Manley and Warren [1987], and Wilkinson et al. [1996]
 * p.9: "It is now widely recognized that HA is dramatically increased in most malignancies."
 * p.12: Stern finishes with: "... the recognition that HA is ... at the core of such interactions in malignancy."

(I love his p.6 remark: "Cancer cells do not do unusual things, but do usual things at unusual times.") John hanley parc (talk) 18:42, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
Isn't hyalos a Latin word? ὕαλος is the Greek term. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 04:02, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyaluronic acid


text: Category:Motörhead

title: Category:Motörhead


text:
William Keepers Maxwell Jr.

William Keepers Maxwell Jr. (August 16, 1908 – July 31, 2000) was an American editor, novelist, short story writer, essayist, children's author, and memoirist. He served as a fiction editor at The New Yorker from 1936 to 1975. An editor devoted to his writers, Maxwell became a mentor and confidant to many authors.

Early life
Maxwell was born in Lincoln, Illinois, on August 16, 1908. His parents were William Keepers Maxwell and Eva Blossom (née Blinn) Maxwell. During the 1918 flu epidemic, the 10-year-old Maxwell became ill and survived, but his mother died. After his mother's death, the boy was sent to live with an aunt and uncle in Bloomington, Illinois. His father remarried, and young Maxwell joined him in Chicago. He attended Senn High School. He received his B.A. summa cum laude from the University of Illinois in 1930 where he was class salutatorian, elected to Phi Beta Kappa, poetry editor of The Daily Illini, and a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. Maxwell earned an A.M. at Harvard University. Maxwell taught English briefly at the University of Illinois where he served as faculty advisor to his fraternity and published an article about it in the fraternity's magazine before moving to New York.

Career
Maxwell was best known for being a fiction editor of The New Yorker magazine for thirty-nine years (1936–1975), where he worked with writers such as Sylvia Townsend Warner, Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, J. D. Salinger, John Cheever, Mavis Gallant, Frank O'Connor, Larry Woiwode, Maeve Brennan, John O'Hara, Eudora Welty, Shirley Hazzard, and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Welty wrote of him as an editor: "For fiction writers, he was the headquarters."

He also wrote six novels, short stories and essays, children's stories, and a memoir, Ancestors (1972). His fiction has recurring themes of childhood, family, loss, and lives changed quietly and irreparably. Much of his work is autobiographical, particularly concerning the loss of his mother when he was 10 years old and growing up in rural Midwestern United States. After the flu epidemic, young Maxwell had to move away from his house, which he referred to as the "Wunderkammer" or "Chamber of Wonders". He spoke of his loss, "It happened too suddenly, with no warning, and we none of us could believe it or bear it ... the beautiful, imaginative, protected world of my childhood swept away."

In 1968, Maxwell was elected president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Maxwell was a friend and correspondent of the English writer Sylvia Townsend Warner, and was her literary executor. He edited a volume of her letters, and a further volume of his correspondence with her, The Element of Lavishness, was published in 2001.

Since his death in 2000, several biographical works about him have been published, including A William Maxwell Portrait: Memories and Appreciations (W. W. Norton & Co., 2004), My Mentor: A Young Man's Friendship with William Maxwell by Alec Wilkinson (Houghton-Mifflin, 2002), and William Maxwell: A Literary Life by Barbara Burkhardt (University of Illinois Press, 2005).

In 2008, the Library of America published the first of two collections of works by Maxwell, Early Novels and Stories, edited by Christopher Carduff. His collected edition of Maxwell's fiction, published to mark the writer's centenary, was completed by publication of the second volume, Later Novels and Stories, in the fall of 2008.

Personal life
William Maxwell married Emily Gilman Noyes of Portland, Oregon. Emily Maxwell was an accomplished painter, winning the Medal of Honor in 1986 from the National Association of Women Artists. She also reviewed children's books for The New Yorker. The couple were married for 55 years. Maxwell died eight days after his wife. They had two daughters, Katherine and artist and curator Emily Brooke ("Brookie") Maxwell. William Maxwell died on July 31, 2000, in New York City. The epitaph marking his memorial gravestone in Oregon reads, "The Work is the Message".

Novels

 * Bright Center of Heaven (1934)
 * They Came Like Swallows (1937)
 * The Folded Leaf (1945)
 * Time Will Darken It (1948)
 * The Chateau (1961)
 * So Long, See You Tomorrow (1980)
 * Omnibus editions
 * Early Novels and Stories: Bright Center of Heaven / They Came Like Swallows / The Folded Leaf / Time Will Darken It / Stories 1938–1956 (Library of America, 2008) ISBN 978-1-59853-026-1
 * Later Novels and Stories: The Château / So Long, See You Tomorrow / Stories and Improvisations 1957 – 1999 (Library of America, 2008)

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * The Heavenly Tenants (1946)
 * The French Scarecrow (1956)
 * Stories (1956)
 * The Old Man at the Railroad Crossing and Other Tales (1966)
 * Over by the River, and Other Stories (1977)
 * Five Tales (1988)
 * Billie Dyer and Other Stories (1992)
 * All The Days and Nights: The Collected Stories of William Maxwell (1995)
 * Stories

Non-fiction

 * Essays and reporting
 * The Outermost Dream (1989)
 * Memoirs
 * Ancestors: A Family History(1972)
 * Ancestors: A Family History(1972)

Children's books

 * The Heavenly Tenants (1946)
 * Mrs. Donald's Dog Bun and His Home Away from Home (1995)

———————
 * Notes

Awards and honors

 * 1947 Newbery Medal runner-up for The Heavenly Tenants
 * 1980 William Dean Howells Medal for So Long, See You Tomorrow,
 * 1982 National Book Award for So Long, See You Tomorrow
 * 1984 Brandeis Creative Arts Award
 * 1995 PEN/Malamud Award
 * 1995 Mark Twain Award

title: William Keepers Maxwell Jr.


text:
Offering

Offering may refer to:

In religion

 * A religious offering or sacrifice
 * Alms, voluntary gifts to others, especially poor people, as an act of virtue
 * Tithe, the tenth part of something, such as income, paid to a religious organization or government
 * Offertory, the part of a worship service where gifts are given
 * Sacred food as offering
 * Votive offering
 * Burnt offering

Buddhism

 * Offering (Buddhism)
 * Sur offering

Judaism
General article: Korban
 * Dough offering
 * Drink offering
 * Gift offering
 * Guilt offering
 * Heave offering
 * Incense offering
 * Sin offering
 * Slaughter offering
 * Thank offering
 * Thanksgiving offering
 * Wave offering

Christianity

 * Offering (Christianity)

Roman Catholicism

 * Morning offering

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

 * Fast offering

Finance and business

 * Alternative public offering, an alternative to an initial public offering
 * Direct public offering, a method by which a business can offer stock directly to the public
 * Follow-on offering, an issuance of stock after the company's initial public offering
 * Initial public offering, a public offering for the first time
 * Public offering, the offering of securities of a company to the public
 * Public offering without listing, a public offering by non-Japanese firms in the Japanese market
 * Seasoned equity offering, a new equity issue by an already publicly traded company
 * Secondary market offering, an offering of a security that has been previously issued
 * Securities offering, a round of investment, by which a business raises money

Film

 * The Offering (1966 film), a Canadian drama film directed by David Secter
 * The Offering (2004 film), an Australian film of 2004
 * The Offering (2016 film), or The Faith of Anna Waters, an American-Singaporean horror film
 * The Offering (2020 film), a 2020 Spanish thriller drama
 * The Offering (2023 film), an American horror film

Literature

 * The Offering, a 1975 play by Nuruddin Farah
 * The Offering, a 2015 novel by Grace McCleen
 * The Offering, a 1982 novel by Gerald Suster

Albums

 * Offering (Axe album), 1982
 * Offering (Carpenters album), reissued as Ticket to Ride, 1969
 * Offering (Cults album) or the title song, 2017
 * Offering (Larry Coryell album) or the title song, 1972
 * Offering: Live at Temple University, by John Coltrane, or the title song (see below), 2014 (recorded in 1966)
 * Offering, an album by Merzbow (Masami Akita), 2004
 * The Offering (Killah Priest album) or the title song, 2007
 * The Offering (Larry Willis album) or the title song, 2008
 * The Offering, by Mary Youngblood, 1998

Songs

 * "Offering", by Chelsea Wolfe from Hiss Spun, 2017
 * "Offering", by John Coltrane from Expression, 1967
 * "An Offering", by Neurosis from Sovereign, 2000
 * "The Offering", by Donna de Lory from The Unchanging, 2013
 * "The Offering", by Insomnium from Heart Like a Grave, 2019
 * "The Offering", by Sleep Token from Sundowning, 2019

Painting

 * The Offering, a 1971 painting by Ray Crooke

title: Offering


text:
User:Pontus rosen

I am originally from Sweden, educated in the United States and the United Kingdom, so I use both the English and the Svenska language sections.

My interests are wide ranging, but include politics, the visual arts and religion. I am fascinated with history, and I have a special interest in Indonesia, the country where I live.

title: User:Pontus rosen


text:
Talk:Ground rule double

In 1927 batted balls that bounced into the grandstand counted as home runs instead of ground-rule doubles, as they do today.

The rule change was made for the 1930 AL and 1931 NL seasons. See here for Dec. 12, 1930 rule change:

http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/chronology/1930DECEMBER.stm

I think the average fan would benefit from have the pages merged. Using, "Ground Rule Double" for "automatic double" may be popular with select commentators and casual fans, but it nevertheless incorrect. Strictly speaking. Having the pages together would help those fans understand the difference.

All of the foregoing were by Domoni and the first item by a "numbered person". The following is by me, the originator of the article. As the merge tag was removed from the other article in the discussion without any apparent objection, and I agree with the premise, I'll take if off of this article myself. ;Bear 18:33, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

While I agreed with whoever first proposed a merge -- in my mind a move for simplicity -- I see the point regarding the ground rule double mentioned on the ground rules entry. I think it is enough they reference each other. Ebear422, thanks for removing the notice and pointing us to the other talk page. I need to remember to also watch all talk pages. domoni 23:14, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Terminology
I understand that there is a difference between awarding two bases due to ground rules and awarding two bases due to the MLB rulebook, but the terms "automatic double" and "book rule double" have no clear etymology. The MLB rulebook uses terms like "entitled to two bases" where sportswriters use "automatic double." Of the three terms in question, only "ground rule double" appears in the MLB rulebook. I removed and collapsed the distinctions between the terms. White 720 (talk) 23:51, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

As something of a baseball numbskull, I turned to this article to try to understand what happened in the part of the 7th inning of last night's game 5 of the 2013 World Series that I missed on TV last night. I now understand a ground rule double (which I appreciate), but I have no idea what an automatic double would be. A specific example of an automatic double which is NOT a "ground rule double" would be really helpful for novices like me. Thanks Natkuhn (talk) 15:56, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Runner scoring from first on "ground rule double"
I have seen three times while watching MLB baseball an umpire award a runner home plate (three bases) on a ground rule double because as the umpire determined he would have scored if the ball did not go out of bounds, and every time the defensive team's manager has argued the decision. I've also heard on a few occasions an announcer or commentator mention that he thought an umpire should have made the decision to allow a runner to score, and that it's within the rules. I'd like to see someone clear this up on this page because the language of the page implies that it is not supposed to happen according to the rules (and I could not find it specifically state that an umpire is supposed to do that in the rules, myself.) The only thing I can think of is that the ump would still consider it two bases to award the runner home because he had already reached second when the ball went out of bounds. Anyone able to make an edit that clears all this up? 24.230.137.165 (talk) 04:06, 13 July 2011 (UTC) Matt S.
 * I Was just doing some more digging and here's a baseball writer mentioning that an umpire can do that http://riveraveblues.com/2011/01/evaluating-rob-thomson-41169/ and here is a link to a box score where you can see that Lyle Overbay hits a ground rule double and THREE runs score, just in case there's any doubters that this does happen: http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/boxscore?gid=270409114 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.230.137.165 (talk) 04:22, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

However, the above referenced box-score also records that the Kansas City manager was ejected in the bottom of the second inning for arguing a fan interference call. (Game was in Toronto. Overbay played for the Blue Jays, and his RBIs were in the bottom of the second. It's not clear that a ground rule double even occurred, despite the entry in the box score.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by NitPicker769 (talk • contribs) 04:51, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

And only 7 days after posting above comment: 2012/07/8 Blue Jays playing White Sox in Chicago. Top of 6th inning, Rasmus on first. Bautista hits a fair ground ball down third base line. Ball bounces along, is touched(?) by on-field staff and grabbed by front-row fan. Bautista placed on second, and Rasmus awarded home on umpire's judgement. And the box score on the MLB web-site still uses the term "ground rule double"! Oh, and US Cellular Field has no ground rules that apply in this situation...NitPicker769 (talk) 03:42, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

And again 2013-06-22, Yankees at home to Tampa Bay, Wells pinch-hitting in bottom of 7th with bases loaded. Wells hits a fly ball into deep center field. Ball drops, bounces up toward wall, is touched by spectator reaching into field of play and drops back onto the ground. Umpires stop play. They judge that the ball would not have entered stands if left untouched by spectator, that all three on-base players score, and Wells is placed on second. The MLB web-site describe it as a "ground-rule double (fan interference)".NitPicker769 (talk) 15:26, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

The scope of this page
The claim that doubles awarded for bounding balls over the fence are not ground rule doubles is an annoyingly common misconception; in a sense, it's a reverse misconception, because it's in the form that the correct term is the one in error. Up until yesterday's edit by, this page solely focused on "a double awarded by ground rules", which is unlikely to be a notable concept, whereas "a double awarded for a bounding ball over the fence" is much more likely to be notable but was claimed to be an incorrect usage of the term. Accordingly, I am planning to rewrite large portions of the page to include ground rule doubles for bounding balls, but it doesn't feel right to massively redo a decade of work without some form of discussion.  O.N.R.  (talk) 04:32, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Correcting the page would violate WP:GROUNDRULETROUBLE, so use WP:IAG (ignore all groundrules). Randy Kryn (talk) 10:26, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ground rule double


text:
User talk:Pontus rosen

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:37, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Pontus rosen


text: User talk:62.135.93.171

title: User talk:62.135.93.171


text:
Haim Revivo

Haim Michael Revivo (חיים מיכאל רביבו; born 22 February 1972) is an Israeli former professional footballer, who played as an attacking midfielder or winger, and a businessman.

Early life
Revivo is Jewish and was born to a traditional Moroccan Jewish family in Ashdod, Israel.

Club career
Revivo played football at Hapoel Ashdod until the age of 16 when he transferred to the youth club of Gadna Tel Aviv Yehuda. Revivo liked that the club had no senior team and he would be a free agent once he reached 18. When he turned 19, Giora Spiegel brought him to Bnei Yehuda after both Hapoel Kfar Saba and Maccabi Petah Tikva turned him down. Revivo spent three seasons at Bnei Yehuda before transferring to city rivals, Hapoel.

When Reuven Atar requested to leave Maccabi Haifa for Hapoel Haifa, Ya'akov Shahar was quick to sign a replacement. He brought in Revivo, who was happy to join Haifa since he believed that from there he could get to a European club. In his first season with Haifa, Revivo led the league (along with Amir Turgeman) with 17 goals. In his second season, he wanted to move from the left side of the midfield to the center of the pitch. Then club manager, Giora Spiegel, was reluctant but in order to avoid a fight with his star, he released Alon Mizrahi. Revivo paid off dividends and was once again the league leading goal scorer. Haifa was quick to sell their star to Spanish club, Celta de Vigo.

Revivo became a starter at Celta Vigo. In October 1996, shortly after Revivo joined the club, he made headlines because of the club's league clash on Yom Kippur. Revivo desperately wanted to avoid the match that fell on the Jewish holiday. The club was able to move the match fixture ahead by a couple of hours and Revivo played for as long he could before being brought off in the second half to hurry home for the holiday. He played in Spain a few successful years, and was very popular in Spain. He was named co-winner of the 1998 Israel Sports Figure of the Year Award.

His first two years with Fenerbahçe were a success, and he led the team to the 2001 Turkish championship, but then he lost the attention of the club's management after other famous foreign players were brought in. He decided to leave, and caused much controversy with his move to Istanbul rivals Galatasaray. His spell at Galatasaray only lasted a year before he left Turkey.

After his return to Israel, he signed for Israel's F.C. Ashdod, but after 12 games he retired from football. He is now a successful businessman and one of the former owners of F.C. Ashdod.

International career
Revivo made his first appearance for a national side on 18 December 1990, playing with the Israel national under-18 football team against their Portuguese counterparts at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon. Revivo played in the midfield along with Avi Nimni and Eyal Berkovic who he would end up playing with most of his national team career.

A year and a half later, Revivo debuted with the Israel national under-21 football team on 13 May 1992 in a friendly against their Turkish counterparts at Herzliya Municipal Stadium in Israel. He scored on his debut and added another four goals in nine appearances, including a brace in a 1994 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier against Austria.

Six months after making his under-21 debut, he represented the full side in a 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifier at Ramat Gan Stadium against Sweden. Revivo became a fixture in the national team lineup under Shlomo Scharf and competed for Israel in three FIFA World Cup qualifying campaigns and UEFA European Football Championship qualifying campaigns in addition to 26 friendly matches.

Honours
Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv
 * Toto Cup: 1991–92

Maccabi Haifa
 * State Cup: 1994–95

Fenerbahçe Galatasaray
 * Süper Lig: 2000–01
 * Süper Lig: runner-up 2002–03

Individual
 * Israeli Premier League top scorer: 1994–95, 1995–96
 * Best Player: 1994–95, 1995–96
 * Member of the Israeli Football Hall of Fame

title: Haim Revivo


text:
Talk:Clock rate

Moore's Law
I am revising the section on Moore's Law, as it relates to transistor count, not clock speed. — Lomn | Talk / RfC 15:39:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clock rate


text:
Têtu

Têtu (, French for "stubborn") is the main LGBTQIA magazine published in France. It was subtitled in French le magazine des gays et lesbiennes (the magazine of gays and lesbians) until 2007, and reaffirmed itself as a men's magazine since then. As of December, 2012, its certified circulation was of 41,961 copies monthly. Publication stopped in 2015 until the magazine was reborn and issued its next issue on 28 February 2017.

History
Published since 1995, co-founded by Didier Lestrade and Pascal Loubet, and historically directed by Pierre Bergé, Têtu was started following the demise of Gai Pied magazine (published between 1979 and 1992). Pierre Bergé sold the magazine in January 2013 and since then it has been owned by Jean-Jacques Augier.

Têtu declared bankruptcy in January 2015 and went into liquidation in July 2015 having made €1.1million ($1.2million) in losses in 2014.

In November 2015 a French start-up, Idyls, bought Têtu and it started publishing again online only.

Overview
The magazine contains interviews on LGBT issues, with politicians, celebrities, writers, dancers and so forth, along with articles and reviews on LGBT-themed books, films, plays or video games. Another section is concerned with LGBT news around the world, country by country. There are also posters, advertisements of brand clothes for men. Additionally, some pages are dedicated to news about AIDS, prevention and treatment. Periodically a free information guide entitled Têtu+ is published about HIV and AIDS.

The magazine has also touched upon international cases when coming to LGBTQs public figures of non-French cultures. In October 2012, Tetu have sent reporters to Jordan to do a story on Jordanian LGBT magazine's spokesperson, model Khalid, aka Kali of My.Kali magazine.

Controversy
In July 2011, Alexis Palisson featured shirtless, wearing a fake moko and holding a taiaha. This caused controversy in New Zealand, with some Māori people saying that Palisson was being disrespectful to their culture and that permission should have been sought from a particular iwi as the moko usually represents iwi affiliation. Palisson was eventually forced to apologise for any offence caused and stressed that he respects tattoo traditions.

title: Têtu


text:
Raymond Gosling

Raymond George Gosling (15 July 1926 – 18 May 2015) was a British scientist. While a PhD student at King's College, London he worked under the supervision of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. The crystallographic experiments of Franklin and Gosling, together with others by Wilkins, produced data that helped James Watson and Francis Crick to infer the structure of DNA.

Early years
He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. He studied physics at University College London from 1944 to 1947 and became a hospital physicist at the King's Fund and Middlesex Hospital between 1947 and 1949 before joining King's College London as a research student, from which he eventually received his PhD.

Work at King's College London and DNA
When he arrived at King's College London, Gosling was directed by Sir John Randall to work on the problem of the structure of DNA. Randall was convinced that DNA was the material which transmitted the genetic code. Randall assigned him to work on X-ray diffraction with Maurice Wilkins, analysing samples of DNA which they prepared by hydrating and drawing out into thin filaments and photographing in a hydrogen atmosphere. He made the first x-ray diffraction image of crystallized DNA. His comment on this discovery was "I must be the first person ever to make genes crystallize", although he was probably unaware of the prior work of Florence Bell.

After the initial work producing the first x-ray diffraction of DNA, Randall reassigned Gosling to work with Rosalind Franklin, who had been just hired to join King's College in 1951. He did this without consulting with Wilkins, a factor which may have contributed to the animosity between the two.

During the next two years, the pair worked closely together to perfect the technique of X-ray diffraction photography of DNA and obtained at the time the sharpest diffraction images of DNA. They produced the first X-ray diffraction photographs of the "wet form B" (B-DNA) paracrystalline arrays of highly hydrated DNA. In 1952 Gosling made the best X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as Photo 51. This piece of evidence helped Francis Crick and James D. Watson to decipher the correct chemical structure. Crick, Watson and Wilkins shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine on discoveries of nucleic acid structure. Gosling was the co-author with Franklin of one of the three DNA double helix papers published in Nature in April 1953. Gosling was not recognized by the Nobel Committee and Franklin had died four years before.

When Franklin left King's College, Gosling was reassigned back to work with Wilkins, with whom he formally completed his thesis work. After the first Nature article on the x-ray diffraction results leading to the double helix model, he and Franklin (who had by that time left King's College) followed up their DNA x-ray analysis with a second article in Nature.

His other King's colleagues included Alex Stokes and Herbert Wilson.

Work following Kings College
Gosling briefly remained at King's College following the completion of his thesis in 1954, but the 1953 work on DNA structure was not, at the time, viewed with the importance it now has achieved, and following his Ph.D., Gosling found no opportunity to continue at King's, although he would have liked to do so.

Gosling went on to lecture in physics at Queen's College, University of St Andrews in Scotland, and then found a long-term position at the University of the West Indies. For a few years he continued with crystallography research, focusing on analysis of the structure of nucleotides, but then shifted toward research in the field of medical physics, working on designing equipment to study and diagnose atherosclerosis.

Work at Guy's Hospital
He returned to the UK in 1967 and became Lecturer and Reader at Guy's Hospital Medical School, and Professor and Emeritus Professor in Physics Applied to Medicine from 1984. Here he helped develop the underlying basic medical science and technology for haemodynamic doppler ultrasound vascular assessment in the Non Invasive Angiology Group, and set up the clinical Ultrasonic Angiology Unit.

Gosling served on numerous committees of the University of London, notably relating to radiological science, and retained an active professional involvement in medical physics almost to the end of his life.

Personal background
Gosling and his wife Mary had four sons, the eldest of whom is the furniture designer Tim Gosling. Raymond Gosling died at the age of 88 on 18 May 2015.

title: Raymond Gosling


text:
Tetu

Tetu may refer to:

Places

 * Tetu Constituency, an electoral constituency in Kenya
 * Tetu, Kenya, an administrative division in Nyeri County, Kenya
 * Tetu Lake, a lake of Ontario, Canada.

Other uses

 * Têtu, a French gay magazine
 * a Marathi name for Oroxylum indicum

 * Tetu Nakamura, a Japanese film actor

title: Tetu


text:
Anastasia Krupnik

Anastasia Krupnik (1979) is the first book of a popular series of middle-grade novels by Lois Lowry, depicting the title character's life as a girl "just trying to grow up." Anastasia deals with everyday problems such as popularity, the wart on her thumb or the new arrival of her little brother, Sam. The book is written in episodic fashion, each chapter self-contained with minimal narrative link to the others. At the end of each chapter is a list written by Anastasia, listing her likes and dislikes, showing the character's growth and development through the story.

The Anastasia Krupnik series was 29th on the American Library Association's "The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000" for reasons such as references to beer, Playboy magazine, and a casual reference to a character wanting to kill herself. The series was also criticized because one novel of the series featured Anastasia replying to a personal ad and lying about her age and her life to an older man; however, the two never have any romantic experiences and when they meet, the man has no idea Anastasia is the woman to whom he had been writing.

The book was adapted for the stage by Meryl Friedman and premiered "in 1998 at Chicago's Lifeline Theatre, where Friedman was a founder and producing director". It has been performed many places elsewhere, including Burbank, California in 1999 and Sacramento, California in 2013.

Books

 * Anastasia Krupnik, published October 24, 1979 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
 * Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1981)
 * California Young Readers Medal Nominee for Intermediate (1984)
 * Anastasia Again!, published October 15, 1982 by Yearling Books
 * Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1983)
 * National Book Award for Children's Fiction Finalist (1983)
 * Anastasia at Your Service, published December 1, 1983 by Dell Publishing
 * Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1984)
 * Anastasia, Ask Your Analyst, published June 1, 1985 by Yearling Books
 * Anastasia on Her Own, published June 1, 1986 by Yearling Books
 * Anastasia Has the Answers, published April 28, 1986 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
 * Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award Nominee (1988)
 * Anastasia's Chosen Career, published October 26, 1987 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
 * Anastasia at This Address, published July 1, 1992 by Yearling Books
 * Anastasia, Absolutely, published October 30, 1995 by Yearling Books

title: Anastasia Krupnik


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AoA

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was withdrawn by nominator. --Russ Blau (talk) 22:27, September 11, 2005 (UTC)

AoA
Redirect to Age of Apocalypse: a dicdef of a non-notable acronym used in the U.S. Department of Defense procurement system. --Russ Blau (talk) 15:41, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. DV8 2XL 15:59, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirects do not need to come to VfD. You can just do them without asking (aka being WP:BOLD) usually. -Splash 23:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Disambiguation page required. Proto t c 11:08, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AoA


text:
Stupino, Stupinsky District, Moscow Oblast

Stupino (Сту́пино) is a town and the administrative center of Stupinsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River, 99 km south of Moscow. Population:

History
The settlement of Stupino was first mentioned in 1507. Almost all other villages which have been merged into modern Stupino have been known since at least the beginning of the 16th century and were mainly founded on monastery lands. In 1934, Stupino was merged with the work settlement of Elektrovoz. In 1938, Elektrovoz was granted town status and renamed Stupino.

The history of the town is closely linked with the history of the Stupino Metallurgical Company (now known as CMK), which became the town's main industrial enterprise sustaining much of the population. In October 1941, during World War II, the factory was evacuated to Kuybyshev and Kamensk-Uralsky. In February 1942, the factory was returned to Stupino and quickly resumed operation.

After the war, Stupino remained partially closed. Almost all the town's buildings were on the CMK's balance sheet and the company was reporting direct to the Ministry of Defense. In 1957, Sputnik 1, the first Earth satellite, was built with aluminum produced by the CMK.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the town attracted foreign investors, who built several new factories.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Stupino serves as the administrative center of Stupinsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with forty-four rural localities, incorporated within Stupinsky District as the Town of Stupino. As a municipal division, the Town of Stupino is incorporated within Stupinsky Municipal District as Stupino Urban Settlement.

As a result of the election September 14, 2014 the mayor is Pavel Chelpan, unchanged the incumbent for 25 years. From January 2021 the new head of Stupino is Sergey Gennadievich Muzhalskikh.

Economy
During the Cold War, the main industry in Stupino was arms production, and it was home of the Stupino Airfield. Since 1995, the town hosts the largest branch factory of Mars, Inc. in Russia. In the recent years, several other foreign companies opened factories in Stupino and its vicinity, including Campina, Kimberly Clark, Kerama Marazzi, Knauf Insulation, and others.

Religion

The town is home to the Belopesotsky Monastery, which contains structures from the 17th century and later.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇹🇩 N'Djamena, Chad, since 2000
 * 🇩🇪 Telgte, Germany, since May 28, 1995
 * 🇧🇾 Vitebsk, Belarus


text:
Danny Thompson

Daniel Henry Edward Thompson (born 4 April 1939) is an English multi-instrumentalist best known as a double bassist. He has had a long musical career playing with a large variety of other musicians, particularly Richard Thompson and John Martyn.

For four years, between 1964 and 1967, he was a member of Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated, led a trio that included guitarist John McLaughlin, and was a founding member of the British folk-jazz band Pentangle. Since 1987, he has also recorded four solo albums. He converted to Islam in 1990.

Biography and career
Thompson was born in Teignmouth, Devon, England. His father, a miner, joined the Royal Navy at the start of World War II and was lost in action whilst crewing submarines. When Thompson was aged 6, the family moved to London and he was brought up in the working-class area of Battersea. At school he played competitive football and was a junior for Chelsea, the team he has supported ever since. Whilst at school he learnt guitar, mandolin, trumpet and trombone before settling on the upright bass as his instrument of choice.

Thompson was a member of the folk-jazz group Pentangle, throughout its first incarnation (1967–1973) and in some of its subsequent versions and reunions. In 1987, Thompson released his debut solo album Whatever to critical acclaim.

While he has had his own album releases, Thompson has been predominantly a session musician contributing to other artists' recordings and tours, such as with John Martyn and with Richard Thompson (no relation; e.g. Mirror Blue, The Old Kit Bag, and the concert DVD release Richard Thompson Live in Austin Texas, from the Austin City Limits televised concerts).

Danny Thompson lived in Clopton, Suffolk during the late 1970s and early 1980s with his wife Daphne and son Dan (Danny Junior, who went on to be the drummer with Hawkwind (1985–88)) Early in the 1980s he moved back to London. He received a Lifetime achievement award in the 2007 BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.

In the early 1980s he worked closely with documentary film-maker, Roy Deverell and composed music for two of his award-winning films, Echo of the Wild and A Passion to Protect. The films are about John Aspinall's pioneering work with endangered mammals.

He accepted Islam in 1990, taking the Muslim name Hamza.

Between 1995 and 2013, he was a member of the ‘house band’ in five of the six series of the BBC/RTE Transatlantic Sessions.

Alexis Korner's Blues Incorporated

 * Red Hot from Alex (1964)
 * Sky High (1966)
 * Blues Incorporated (1967 - re-issue of Sky High)

Alexis Korner

 * I Wonder Who (1967)
 * A New Generation of Blues (1968)

Pentangle

 * The Pentangle (1968)
 * Sweet Child (1968)
 * Basket of Light (1969)
 * Cruel Sister (1970)
 * Reflection (1971)
 * Solomon's Seal (1972)
 * Open the Door (1984)

Danny Thompson

 * Whatever (1987)
 * Whatever Next (1989)
 * Elemental (1990)
 * Whatever’s Best (1995)
 * Danny Thompson & Peter Knight (1995) Resurgence – RES108CD
 * Connected (2012)

Danny Thompson, Allan Holdsworth and John Stevens

 * Propensity (2009, recorded 1978)

Dizrhythmia

 * Dizrhythmia (1988)
 * Too (2016)

Richard Thompson and Danny Thompson

 * Live at Crawley (1995)
 * Industry (1997)

Jon Thorne & Danny Thompson

 * Watching the Well (2010)

Others
Danny Thompson has played on dozens of albums and singles during his career. The following is only a small selection.
 * ABC: Alphabet City (1987)
 * Skin: Fleshwounds (2003)
 * Ayuo: Songs from a Eurasian Journey (1997)
 * Richard Barbieri: Stranger Inside (2008)
 * The Blind Boys of Alabama: Spirit of the Century (2001)
 * Sam Brown: Stop! (1988)
 * Tim Buckley: Dream Letter: Live in London 1968 (1968)
 * Kate Bush: The Dreaming (1982); Hounds of Love (1985); 50 Words for Snow (2011); Director's Cut (2011)
 * Christine Collister: The Dark Gift of Time (1998); An Equal Love (2001)
 * Graham Coxon: The Spinning Top (2009)
 * Barbara Dickson: Don't Think Twice (1992); Dark End of the Street (1995)
 * Donovan: Barabajagal (1968); HMS Donovan (1971); Essence to Essence (1973); Love Is Only Feeling (1981); Sutras (1996); Beat Cafe (2004)
 * Nick Drake: Five Leaves Left (1969)
 * Everything but the Girl: Amplified Heart (1994)
 * Marianne Faithfull: North Country Maid (1966); The World of Marianne Faithfull (1970)
 * Peter Gabriel: Up (2002)
 * Davey Graham: Folk Blues & Beyond (1965); Large as Life & Twice as Natural (1968); Hat (1969); Fire in the Soul (1999)
 * Mara!: Images (1984); On the Edge (1987)
 * Boo Hewerdine: Baptist Hospital (1995)
 * Mary Hopkin: Earth Song / Ocean Song (1971); Live at the Royal Festival Hall 1972 (2005)
 * Hunter Muskett: Every Time You Move (1970)
 * The Incredible String Band: The 5000 Spirits (1967); Hard Rope & Silken Twine (1973)
 * Bert Jansch: Birthday Blues (1969); Moonshine (1972); L.A. Turnaround (1974); Avocet (1979); Sketches (1990)
 * Tasmin Archer: Great Expectations (1992)
 * Linda Lewis: Fathoms Deep (1973)
 * Mike Lindup: Changes (1990)
 * Magna Carta: Lord of the Ages (1973)
 * John Martyn: Bless the Weather (1972); Solid Air (1973); Inside Out (1973); Sunday's Child (1975); Live at Leeds (1975); One World (1977); On the Cobbles (2004)
 * John & Beverley Martyn: The Road to Ruin (1970)
 * The Chris McGregor Septet: Up to Earth (1969. released 2008 by Fledg'ling CD, Stamford Audio vinyl)
 * Loreena McKennitt: The Book of Secrets (1997)
 * Ralph McTell: Easy (1974)
 * Alison Moyet: Hoodoo (1991)
 * Duffy Power (as Duffy's Nucleus): Mary Open the Door/Hound Dog single (1967; re-released on various compilation albums)
 * Deva Premal: Dakshina (2005)
 * Cliff Richard: Congratulations (1968)
 * Andrew Ridgeley: Son of Albert (1990)
 * S. E. Rogie: Dead Men Don't Smoke Marijuana (1997)
 * Darrell Scott: Theatre of the Unheard (2003); Live in NC (2004)
 * Songhai. Collaboration with flamenco group Ketama and kora player Toumani Diabaté: Songhai (1988); Songhai 2 (1994)
 * Rod Stewart: Every Picture Tells a Story (1971)
 * David Sylvian: Brilliant Trees (1984); Secrets of the Beehive (1987)
 * Talk Talk: The Colour of Spring (1986); Spirit of Eden (1988)
 * Richard Thompson: Hand of Kindness (1982); Amnesia (1988); Mirror Blue (1994); Live at Crawley (1995); You? Me? Us? (1996); Two Letter Words (1996); Celtschmerz (1998); Mock Tudor (1999); Semi-Detached Mock Tudor (2002); The Old Kit Bag (2003); Ducknapped! (2003); Live from Austin, TX (2005); Sweet Warrior (2007)
 * Thunderbirds (TV series): (theme tune) (1964)
 * T. Rex: Light of Love (1974); Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow (1974)
 * Loudon Wainwright III: I'm Alright (1985); More Love Songs (1986); Therapy (1989)
 * Dawud Wharnsby: Vacuous Waxing (2004)
 * Vivian Stanshall: Crank (1991)
 * Eric Bibb & North Country Far: The Happiest Man In The World (2016)

title: Danny Thompson


text:
Talk:Leicester City Centre

Untitled
Jonathan Wilshere, The Town Gates and Bridges of Mediaeval Leicester. I've also got a booklet on Saxon and Mediaeval Leicester, which I'll ransack eventually. There should probably also be something here about the plans of the Leicester Regeneration Company to transform the city into an earthly paradise. -- ajn (talk) 15:44, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the work! I have to confess I did most of this article from memory. My next task is going to be more modern stuff - particularly needs more city centre fringe (i'm particularly thinking the stuff on the humberstone road roundabout) - there are two strip malls there. 82.3.32.73 21:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC) (soon to be a resident of St George's South).

has the list of conservation areas

the ones in the city centre are i think

 * All Saints'
 * Castle Gardens
 * Cathedral-Guildhall
 * High Street
 * Market Place
 * Market Street
 * New Walk
 * St George's
 * Town Hall Square

Morwen - Talk 15:55, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

The Character Statements for the areas above are excellent sources of well-researched local history. Morwen - Talk

The Athena
It seems to have become solely a space-for-hire, but wasn't the original plan for it to have actual ticketed events? I remember them releasing a bill, even, for April. Morwen - Talk 08:54, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Article merge
Couldn't this article be merged with the Leicester Article. Seems pointless having both. Jimmmmmmmmm 13th July 2006

Whoa! Is this article ever out of date!!!! The Cinema Dulux and Curve need to be added and the Haymarket taken out.

Might want to mention the Highcross as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark76 (talk • contribs) 20:12, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Leicester City Centre