text:
PZA Loara

The PZA Loara (Polish: Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Artyleryjski or "anti-aircraft artillery system") is a Polish armored radar-directed self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system. The original PZA Loara prototype was based on the chassis of the T-72M tank. The production version known as PZA Loara-A is based on the chassis of the PT-91 MBT.

Description
The system was developed in Poland in the late 1990s by RADWAR S.A. in cooperation with numerous state and industry partners. Work on the project began in 1994 with an emphasis on the PZA variant of the vehicle. A working prototype was completed by the year 2000, which was subsequently submitted for live fire trials in September. It was originally planned that the LOARA program would also include a missile-armed version of the system – called the PZR Loara – a missile-armed version of the vehicle based on the PZA and sharing approx. 70% parts commonality. The PZR was ultimately canceled.

Early prototypes were built on a modified T-72M tank chassis, which saw the driver's compartment relocated to the left side of the hull, the torsion bar suspension system reinforced and the vehicle received an auxiliary power unit with larger capacity batteries necessary to operate the on-board electronics. The current production vehicle is based around the chassis of the PT-91 "Twardy" tank, and mounts a large, armored rotary turret manned by the vehicle commander and gunner/operator. The turret is a welded plate design capable of protecting the crew against small arms fire and shell splinters. The turret contains two banks (2x6) of smoke dischargers and two Oerlikon KDA 35 mm automatic cannons linked to a fire control radar (like on Flakpanzer Gepard).

The KDA is license-built in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola. It is a gas-operated weapon with a dual belt feed mechanism, driven by a laterally-mounted gas piston operating rod. The air-cooled, fluted barrel has a variable rifling twist and is equipped with a muzzle device that relays muzzle velocities to the fire control computer. The left and right cannons are not interchangeable since their feed systems require a different mounting configuration for each gun. The cannon fires the 35x228 mm round with several types of ammunition, including Ahead "smart" rounds (which have a programmable fuse and directional payload ejection capability, allowing engagement of missiles and other very small targets) and subcaliber FAPDS. The HE ammunition is stored in a magazine at the base of the turret basket and has a capacity for 2x210 rounds. Belts with armour-piercing ammunition (20 rounds per belt) are carried in large magazines on the turret exterior. The turret and gun drive systems are electrical.

The Loara is an autonomous fire unit capable of performing its tasks independently or acting as a component in a wider air defence net. The system has two radars: a 3D search radar with a built-in IFF interrogator and an Ericsson Eagle Mk 1 engagement radar. The search radar has a range of 26 km and is capable of tracking and identifying up to 64 targets at once. The radar system can also be operated on the move, refreshing its data every second. The system also has a DL-1 laser range-finder, a KTVD-1 daytime TV camera as well as a SAGEM Iris FLIR giving the system both all-weather day/night capabilities and the ability to operate entirely passively in a heavily saturated ECM environment. The Loara has a reaction time of under 10 seconds; initial target scanning and acquisition while on the move is carried out by the vehicle commander by means of his stabilized panoramic 8x PSPD-1 periscope sight developed PCO S.A. The system can engage aircraft flying at very low altitudes up to 5,000 m, and flying at speeds of up to 500 m/s. It is also effective against lightly armored ground and naval targets.

The PZA Loara is additionally equipped with a full NBC suit, air-conditioning of the crew compartment.

Former Operators

 * 🇵🇱 Poland: 1 was used, withdrawn from service in 2013.

Awards
It was awarded two awards at International Defence Industry show in Kielce in 2004:
 * Defender 2004
 * Grand Prix 2004

title: PZA Loara


text:
Bonania

Bonania is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1850. It is native to the West Indies.

 * species
 * 1) Bonania cubana A.Rich. - Bahamas, Cuba
 * 2) Bonania domingensis (Urb.) Urb. - Haiti, Dominican Rep
 * 3) Bonania elliptica Urb. - Cuba
 * 4) Bonania emarginata C.Wright ex Griseb. - Cuba
 * 5) Bonania erythrosperma (Griseb.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks. - Cuba
 * 6) Bonania linearifolia Urb. & Ekman - Haiti
 * 7) †Bonania myricifolia (Griseb.) Benth. & Hook.f. - Guantánamo but extinct

moved to Sapium
 * formerly included
 * B. adenodon - Sapium adenodon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bonania


text:
User talk:Chiphus

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf.

Julius Caesar
As to your question about Julius Caesar, I'll let someone else more qualified answer that one. Alf 11:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've read over the articles, and note that in Lucius Julius Caesar you mention he's referred to as "Julius Caesar the dictator". I quite agree that the lineage makes him Gaius Julius Caesar IV, but if it were that in the context it might not point that 'this one's Julius Caesar'. It could read "Julius Caesar the dictator (Gaius Julius Caesar IV)", but might lose clarity of line. I do note, however,  that the article on Julius Caesar itself doesn't seem to pick up it either, I suggest you either Be bold or discuss it on the relevant talk pages if you feel unsure about making an edit. Alf 14:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the pages history User:Paul August seems to have an active interest, you could discuss it with him.Alf 14:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chiphus


text:
Mark Benecke

Mark Benecke (born 26 August 1970 ) is a German forensic biologist.

Science
Benecke has worked on the identification of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun's dental remains in Moscow (as well as a skull fragment claimed to be Hitler's). He is also the only forensic scientist to work on the case of Colombian serial killer and rapist Luis Garavito. Some of his forensic cases have been covered by the National Geographic Channel and the History Channel.

Benecke has published several best-selling popular science books about the biology of aging, criminal cases and forensic biology. He is a member of the editorial board of the Annals of Improbable Research (Cambridge, USA), guest editor for Forensic Science International (Forensic Entomology Special Issue ) and scientific advisor to the German skeptic organization GWUP, where he publishes skeptical articles on various topics, including his attempt to explain alleged signs of vampirism. In 2001, Benecke was editor of the Forensic Science International special issue on forensic entomology. In 2004, he was the guest editor of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for the Forensic Entomology Special Issue).

In 2024, Benecke confirmed the use of human tissue in a lampshade alleged to belong to Ilse Koch.

Other ventures
In 2011, Benecke featured as a vocalist on Sara Noxx's cover of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds' song "Where the Wild Roses Grow". In 2020, together with Bianca Stücker, he published a Leonard Cohen tribute cover album.

Using the pseudonym "Belcanto Bene", Benecke was a member of the German punk band Die Blonden Burschen between 1989 and 2000.

In 2010, Benecke was candidate for the office of prime minister for Germany's largest state North Rhine-Westphalia for the satirical political party Die PARTEI. Since 2010, he is Chairman of Die PARTEI in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Personal life
Benecke was born in Rosenheim, Bavaria. After receiving a Dr. rer. medic. at Cologne University in 1997, he worked in the Chief Medical Examiner's Office in Manhattan, New York, from 1997 to 1999. , he works internationally on forensic cases as a freelance expert witness. He also teaches at various police academies and acts as a visiting professor to universities in Germany, England, Vietnam, Colombia, and the Philippines. He was married to the criminal psychologist Lydia Benecke.

Books

 * Der Traum vom ewigen Leben, Droemer Knaur Kindler Verlag, München 1998. ISBN 3-463-40338-2 (German)
 * The Dream of Eternal Life, Columbia University Press, New York 2002. ISBN 0-231-11672-1
 * 노화와 생명의 수수께끼 마크 베네케 (Dr. Mark Benecke) 과학은 죽음보다 강하다? (Korean). ISBN 89-7919-493-5
 * Kriminalbiologie. Genetische Fingerabdrücke und Insekten auf Leichen, Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2001. ISBN 3-404-93025-8 (German)
 * Mordmethoden. Ermittlungen der bekanntesten Kriminalbiologen der Welt, Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2002. ISBN 3-7857-2099-8 (German)
 * Mordmethoden, Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2004. ISBN 3-404-60545-4 (German)
 * Moordmethoden, Bruna Uitgevers, A.W.,Boek 2004. ISBN 90-229-9155-5 (Dutch)
 * Šiurpių nusikaltimų pėdsakais. ISBN 9955-08-547-9 (Lithuanian)
 * Murderous Methods, Preface by Michael Baden. Columbia University Press, New York 2005. ISBN 0-231-13118-6
 * 살인 본능 / 법의곤충학자가 들려주는 살인자 추적기, 마르크 베네케 지음 | 김희상 번역 | 알마. ISBN 978-89-92525-60-2 (Korean Version of "Mordmethoden")
 * Lachende Wissenschaft. Aus den Geheimarchiven des Spaß-Nobelpreises, Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2005. ISBN 3-404-60556-X (German)
 * "ПРИКОЛЬНАЯ НАУКА 1.ИЗ ТАЙНЫХ АРХИВОВ ШНОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ", Moscow, книжный клуб 36.6, 2011, ISBN 978-5-98697-232-9 (Russian)
 * 怎麽有人研究這個? 法醫昆蟲學家的搞笑諾貝爾報告 / 怎么有人研究这个? 法医昆虫学家的搞笑诺贝尔报告. Taiwan: 馬克∙班内可, VR: 马克∙班内可 (Chinese)
 * Dem Täter auf der Spur. So arbeitet die moderne Kriminalbiologie, Lübbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2006. ISBN 3-404-60562-4 (German)
 * 모든 범죄는 흔적을 남긴다 / 법의곤충학자가 들려주는 과학수사 이야기, 원서명 (Dem Ta). ISBN 978-89-92525-33-6 (Korean Version of "Dem Täter auf der Spur")
 * Memento Mori, Edition Roter Drache, Rudolstadt 2012. ISBN 978-3-939459-39-2
 * Mordspuren. Neue spektakuläre Kriminalfälle – erzählt vom bekanntesten Kriminalbiologen der Welt, Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2007 ISBN 978-3-7857-2307-4 (German)
 * 연쇄 살인범의 고백 / 법의학자가 들려주는 살인 조서 이야기, 마르크 베네케 지음 | 송소민 번역 | 알마. ISBN 978-89-92525-43-5 (Korean Version of "Mordspuren")
 * Medical Detectives (Preface), vgs Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln 2005. ISBN 3-8025-3446-8 (German)
 * Vampires among us, Sequenz Medien Produktion, Fuchstal-Welden 2006. ISBN 3-935977-75-1
 * Vampire unter uns! (mit E. Wawrzyniak, N. Palanetskaya & K. Sonntag), Edition Roter Drache, Rudolstadt, 2009. ISBN 978-3-939459-24-8
 * Vampyres among us!: Volume III – A scientific study into vampyre identity groups and subcultures (with Ines Fischer), Edition Roter Drache, Rudolstadt, 2015. ISBN 978-3-9394-5995-8
 * Wo bleibt die Maus?, Sauerländer, Oberentfelden 2008. ISBN 3-7941-5174-7 (German)
 * Wo bleibt die Maus? Buchvolk-Verlag, Zwickau 2016. ISBN 978-3-944581-12-5
 * Hvor blev musen af? En historie om livets kredsløb, Klematis Forlag. ISBN 87-641-0304-8 (Danish, Oversætter: Mette Jørgensen, Illustrationer: Lisa Fuss)
 * Ölümün İzleri, Kırmızı Kedi. ISBN 978-9944-75-619-8 (Turkish)
 * Cinayet Yöntemleri, Kırmızı Kedi. ISBN 978-6055-34-045-2 (Turkish)
 * Warum man Spaghetti nicht durch zwei teilen kann, Luebbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2009. ISBN 3-7857-2368-7
 * "ПРИКОЛЬНАЯ НАУКА 2.ИЗ ТАЙНЫХ АРХИВОВ ШНОБЕЛЕВСКОЙ ПРЕМИИ", Moscow, книжный клуб 36.6, 2011. ISBN 978-5-98697-233-6 (Russian)
 * Das knallt dem Frosch die Locken weg: Experimente für kleine und große Forscher, Oetinger, Hamburg 2012. ISBN 978-3-78918-437-6
 * Mein Leben nach dem Tod: Wie alles anfing (Biography), Luebbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2019. ISBN 978-3-431-04133-0
 * Viren für Anfänger (Corona Virus), Luebbe, Bergisch-Gladbach 2020. ISBN 978-3-404-61716-6
 * Kat Menschiks und des Diplom-Biologen Doctor Rerum Medicinalium Mark Beneckes Illustrirtes Thierleben (Animals / Natural History), Galiani, Berlin 2021. ISBN 978-3-86971-201-7

title: Mark Benecke


text:
List of fish in Sweden

List of fish encountered in Swedish waters; both fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

The table denotes species native to Sweden, as well as those introduced from a neighbouring country and those that have only occurred occasionally. There are approximately 140 species which are native and common in Sweden, plus another 90 which are sporadic, not established or extinct.

The IUCN Red List is a set of certain criteria of the fish population status in Sweden. The following terminology is used: extinct, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern, disappeared, data deficient and not evaluated.

Owens
The Aulopiformes, or grinners, are marine fish, most of which live in deep-sea waters in the Atlantic. Only sporadically encountered in Swedish waters, e.g. the Magnisudis atlantica has to date been found eight times, the first in 1960 and the last in 1978.

Acipenseriformes (sturgeon-like fish)
The Acipenseriformes are an order of primitive ray-finned fishes that includes the sturgeons and paddlefishes. There have been occasional finds in Swedish waters. Some species, such as the Beluga sturgeon are heavily desired for its roe, or caviar.

Some species of sturgeons are known to have populated Swedish waters in the 19th century along the coast lines of the Baltic Sea and in some inland streams. The population has now probably disappeared, and the red list denotes it as disappeared (RE). Stuffed specimens are commons in museums.

Anguilliformes (eel fish)
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Swedish waters has radically diminished in the latest decades, and is now listed as critically endangered. The population is estimations to be 1–10% of that in the 1970s. Eels are sensitive of environmental pollution, but the fishing of eel have also increased, especially in French waters. As eels migrate long distances, overfishing and pollution in one location may radically endanger the population and little is known of all possible causes for the diminishing population.

The eel is a popular dish, especially in southern Sweden, and is economically of importance with catches of around 1,000 tonnes (1,200 in 1983). It is prepared by being smoked.

Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
The order Carcharhiniformes, or ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks and include many well-known types such as the blue shark and the sandbar shark.

Beryciformes
The Beryciformes are an order of ray-finned fishes. They live solely in the marine, in deep-waters usually in tropical areas, and are only sporadically seen in Nordic waters.

Beloniformes
The Beloniformes are an order of "horned" fishes. The most notable species here is the garfish (Belone belone) which swims in large shoals during the summer along the coasts of south and west Sweden, and caught for food or sport. The total catch during 1983 was 44 tonnes.

Batrachoidiformes
The order Batrachoidiformes, or toadfish, are a type of ray-finned fish normally found on the sand and mud bottoms of coastal waters worldwide. The only example of a fish from this order caught in Swedish water was a specimen of Halobatrachus didactylus—a fish native to the coasts of Africa—caught by the shore of southern Sweden in 1820 (specimens preserved).

Chimaeriformes (ghost sharks)
The order Chimaeriformes is common in tropical waters. The only species found in Swedish water is the Chimaera monstrosa which is somewhat common in the westernmost waters of Sweden, the Skagerrak. This fish is unsuitable as a food fish, but its large liver is used to produce a lubricant.

Clupeiformes (herring-like fish)
Clupeiformes is the order of ray-finned fish that includes the herring family, Clupeidae, and the anchovy family, Engraulidae.

The herring is common around the coasts of Sweden where it is periodically the most commons fish—the population in the shoals fluctuates greatly every year. The herring has been of historical importance for Swedish economy and indeed for food since the Middle Ages. It is still today the economically most important Swedish fish. The total catch of herring in Swedish waters in 1996 was 132,153 tonnes, of which 74,293 tonnes became fish meal and 57,860 tonnes was sold to consumers.

The Swedes have two names for herring, sill or strömming, depending on where they have been caught, west or east of the island of Bornholm.

The herring is also an important part of the Swedish cuisine. It is served pickled both at Christmas and at Midsummer, and in northern Sweden the fermented herring is popular treat.

Shoals of anchovies are denoted as native and commons, but the anchovy is primarily native to southern Europe, and the shoals in Nordic waters varies between years. As such, fishing of it is not systematical.

A third economically important fish of this order is the European sprat (Sprattus sprattus). The total catch in Swedish waters in 1996 was 168,582 tonnes. It is often flavoured and put in cans labeled as anchovy, which is incorrect from a zoological point of view, but fairly accurate in terms of usage. This pickled "anchovy" is a main ingredient of the Swedish traditional dish Janssons frestelse.

Cypriniformes
The order Cypriniformes consists of several families of carp-like fishes, the most important being the cyprinids—the carps and minnows.

The carp bream (Abramis brama), the largest of the breams, is of note in Swedish fresh waters. Once an important source of food (which is still the case in parts of Europe), it is today only of economical importance in Sweden's southern parts (Skåne, etc.). However it is still common in other waters in Sweden, where it is a popular game fish.

Esociformes (pike fish)
There is only one fish of the Esox family in Europe: the Esox lucius, epox, also known as northern pike. This fish is common in lakes in the whole of Sweden, with the exceptions of the northernmost regions where it is only sporadic.

Commercial fishing is practically non-existent. Most epox are caught by sport-fishers; it is the largest fish in fresh waters, with the official record weight (in Swedish fresh waters) being 31 kg.

Gadiformes (cod-like fish)
The order Gadiformes includes many important food fish. For Sweden, the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua is in fact, together with the herring, the most important food fish. The catches of cod in Swedish waters are conducted both west of Sweden in the Skagerrak and east in the Baltic Sea. Cod in the Baltic does not migrate to the Atlantic, and has even been considered belonging to a separate species: Gadus morhua callarias, but this view is generally abandoned today.

The Baltic cod has been subjected to heavy fishing in the latest decades and is now endangered. Fishing stops have at times been called for, but the cod is of importance to many countries around the Baltic and is of such economical importance to a frigate of trawlers that a complete stop has not been carried through.

The Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is another important food fish of Gadiformes. It is, in Swedish view, less important than the cod as it does not populate the Baltic. Like the cod it has been subjected to tough fishing to a degree that has diminished the population.

Burbot, the only fresh water fish of this order, is common in the whole of Sweden. It is the provincial fish of Västergötland in west Sweden.

Gasterosteiformes (pipefish or sticklebacks)
The most notable families of the order Gasterosteiformes are the sticklebacks. On the northern hemisphere, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is common in all oceans including the Swedish coasts, and in adjacent fresh water lakes and streams. It was once caught in large quantities to make fish oil; today it is still caught in some extent for the purpose of fish meal.

Lamniformes (makerell sharks)
The Lamniformes include some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white shark. For this list, the Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is of note, as it is the largest fish in Nordic water, occasionally encountered on the Swedish west coast (Västergötland). As the finds have become more sparse in recent years it is now listed as Endangered.

Myxiniformes
The Myxiniformes, or hagfish, are a family of primitive eel-like fish. They live in marine waters, and in Swedish waters they are encountered west of Sweden in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. It lacks economical importance as it is not eaten.

Lampriformes (seep sea ray finned fish)
The Lampriformes are an order of primitive, often rope-like, fishes. Living in deep-sea in tropical and temperate waters, they are rarely encountered in Nordic waters.

Myctophiformes
The order Myctophiformes, which includes the family Myctophidae, or lanternfishes, consists of deep-sea fish common on the southern hemisphere and only rarely caught in Swedish waters.

Lophiiformes
The Lophiiformes, or angler fish, are deep-water fish with big heads. Of these, the Angler or Sea-Devil (Lophius piscatorius) is common in Sweden in the waters west of Sweden in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. It is a tasty fish and therefore common in the fish dishes, usually with its head removed. The Swedish catch in 1983 was 26 tonnes.

Osmeriformes
The order Osmeriformes is generally encountered in the Atlantic Ocean as well as other oceans. A few species of the family Argentinidae extend their habitat to the Skagerrak where it is caught by Swedish ships. The catches are not food fish, but processed into fish meal.

Perciformes (perch-like fish)
The Perciformes include about 40% of all fish. The name Perciformes means perch-like.

One of the best known types is the Zander (gös in Swedish), commons and native in Sweden and indeed in most of Europe. It is a popular game fish because of its tastfulness. In Sweden it is common in all regions except the northernmost mountains and on the island Gotland, and it is the provincial fish of the province Västmanland. The Swedish record weight is 12.007 kg.

The arguably most popular fish in Swedish fresh water is the European perch, and the annual catch is around 2,000 tonnes. It is commons in the whole country—with the exception of the mountain regions in the north—and commonly encountered around the coast of the brackish Baltic Sea.

Petromyzontiformes (lampreys)
A lamprey is a jawless fish with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth, with which most species bore into the flesh of other fishes to suck their blood. In zoology, lampreys are not considered to be true fish because of their vastly different morphology and physiology.

In Sweden, the European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), living in fresh waters, is the most usual usage of the term lamprey. The Lampetra planeri is a closely related species living in small streams, possibly even the same species.

The lamprey is the provincial fish of Västerbotten in northern Sweden.

Pleuronectiformes (flatfish)
The family of flatfish are common as food fish.

Some notable specimens are the Turbot which is common both on Sweden's east and west coasts. The Swedish catch was as much as 82 tonnes in the 1950s, but had decreased to 10–20 tonnes by the 1980s.

The Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is one of Sweden's most important food fishes. It is common around the shores on both the east and west coast. The catch in 1983 was 540 tonnes.

The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) was also once a major food fish, but overfishing in recent decades has endangered the population in Swedish waters. The fish was in Sweden eaten during the weekends when meat was prohibited, which explains the Swedish name "Helgeflundra", literally "Holy Flounder".

Scorpaeniformes
The Scorpaeniformes are also known as mail-cheeked fishes due to their suborbital stay. Their head is armoured with bone plates. The families of this order are generally small, bottom living, and unsuited as food fish. As such, they lack commercial value.

An exception is the family Sebastidae, which contains appreciated food fish but as they are rare in Swedish waters they are not subjected to systematic fishing.

Of the family Triglidae, most species are uncommon in Swedish waters, but the small Chelidonichthys gurnardus (25–30 cm) has in recent decades attracted attentions as a food fish. It is common in both the Skagerrak and Kattegat, and the total amount of fish caught in 1983 was 9 tonnes.

Rajiformes
The family of Rajiformes include ten families of ray-like fishes such as skates and stingrays.

Of the Rajiformes, three species are common in Nordic waters. The largest is the Blue skate, which is commons in the Skagerrak and Kattegatt west of Sweden but otherwise only sporadic. It is together with the Thumback ray (Raja clavata) the only cartilaginous fish of economical importance in Sweden.

Squaliformes (dogsharks)
Squaliformes is an order of sharks that includes the smooth dogfish and spiny dogfish. The most notable species here is the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, the second largest fish in Swedish waters.

Salmoniformes (salmon-like fish)
The Salmoniformes, salmon fish, are of important both as food fish but also as for sport fishers. For sport fishers, the salmon has the foremost position due to its strength and size. In popularity, it is followed by the Brown trout (Salmo trutta).

Salmons are usually native to the marine, but a notable exception is the lake population in lake Vänern. As the salmon requires access to its native birth places through the streams, it is sensitive to power stations and other modifications of the streams. As a result, the salmon population has become extinct in some areas, but by stocking fish the population has been upheld. However, the artificial cultivation of salmon has also led to the negative side effects of diseases that have further threatened the salmon population.

The Brown Trout is conveniently divided into three species: Marine, Lake, and Stream Trouts. It was previously thought that the three species were genetically different, but recent studies are now more in favour of attributing the differences to environmental differences. The marine population is endangered for the same reasons as the salmon, but in fresh water it is still common.

Stomiiformes (dragon-like fish)
Fish of this order are deep-sea ray-finned fishes of very diverse morphology, including dragonfish, lightfish, marine hatchetfish and viperfish. Primarily residing in temperate waters they are uncommon in Swedish waters.

Siluriformes (catfish)
Siluriformes, or catfish, are a diverse order of fish distinguished by prominent "barbels", which give the image of cat-like whiskers. In Swedish waters, the only species of this order is the Wels catfish (Siluris glanis). This very large freshwater fish is common over much of continental Europe, and was once well known in Sweden. Today, its presence is only confirmed in the streams Helgeån, Emån and Båven.

Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
The order of angel sharks are uncommon in Nordic waters. A sporadic visitor is however the Angelshark (Squatina squatina), encountered on a few occasions between 1875 and 1961.

Tetraodontiformes
Tetraodontiformes are ray-finned fish, most of which are marine and dwell around tropical coral reefs. As such, they are only rarely encountered in Nordic waters. The large Sunfish (Mola mola) has however in recent decades been seen with more regularly in Swedish waters, almost on a yearly basis.

Zeiformes
The order Zeiformes is best known for the dories. Generally not native in Nordic waters, but the John Dory (Zeus faber) became an occasional visitor around Swedish coasts by the late 19th century, and has in the latest decades been seen with annual regularity, although not in such quantities that systematical fishing of it is conducted. The fish is otherwise an attractive food fish in southern Europe and other parts of the world.

Resources

 * Kullander, S.O. 2002. Svenska fiskar: Förteckning över svenska fiskar. World Wide Web elektronisk publikation; Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. https://web.archive.org/web/20050826044135/http://www2.nrm.se/ve/pisces/allfish.shtml.se
 * English/Latin names of fishes
 * Swedish Sportfishers: "Sportfishing official records in fresh waters -- "Officiella rekord i svenska sötvatten

Literature

 * Gärdenfors, U. (red). 2005. Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2005. The 2005 Red List of Swedish species. Artdatabanken, Uppsala, 496 pp.
 * Fries, B. Fr., C. U. Ekström & C. J. Sundewall. 1836-1857. Skandinaviens Fiskar. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, IV+222 ss. Appendix 1-44, 1-140, pl. 1-60.
 * Kottelat, M. 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Zool., 52, suppl. 5: 1-271.

title: List of fish in Sweden


text:
Colliguaja

Colliguaja is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1782. It is native to South America.

 * Species
 * 1) Colliguaja brasillensis Klotzsch ex Baill. - Paraguay, S Brazil, Uruguay
 * 2) Colliguaja dombeyana A.Juss. - S Chile
 * 3) Colliguaja integerrima Gillies & Hook. - S Chile, W Argentina
 * 4) Colliguaja odorifera Molina - N & C Chile
 * 5) Colliguaja salicifolia Gillies & Hook. - C Chile

moved to Spegazziniophytum
 * Formerly included
 * Colliguaja patagonica Speg. - Spegazziniophytum patagonicum (Speg.) Esser in A.Radcliffe-Smith

title: Colliguaja


text:
Ko Lanta Yai

Ko Lanta Yai (เกาะลันตาใหญ่) is an island in the Strait of Malacca off the west coast of Thailand, between the Phi Phi Islands and the mainland. It is administratively part of Krabi Province, most of which is on the mainland. Together with neighboring Ko Lanta Noi, which forms the Ko Lanta archipelago, and several other islands, it forms the amphoe of Ko Lanta District. The island is 25 km long and 6 km wide, with an area of 81 km2, and a small portion of it belongs to the Mu Ko Lanta National Park. The area was designated as the 62nd national park of Thailand in 1990.

Recently, it has become well known, especially in Sweden. The island is relatively less developed, with most of the accommodation available being basic bamboo huts. In 2015, a new bridge was built connecting it to the island of Ko Lanta Noi. There are very few paved roads on the island, mostly in the north, and they deteriorate gradually towards the south.

Ban Saladan, the main town and port, is at the northern tip of the island and is served by ferries from Krabi, Phuket, and Phi Phi. The main beaches are on the western shores of the island, the largest being Klong Dao, Pra-Ae (Long Beach), and Klong Khong Beach. There are other, much less accessible, beaches at the southern end.

Lanta escaped the worst of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Although there was widespread devastation along the west coast, significantly fewer injuries and fatalities were reported in comparison to the Phi Phi Islands. It is reported that 11 people lost their lives. Assisted by tourists, most businesses were up and running within a few days.

title: Ko Lanta Yai


text:
Talk:Padovan polynomials

Untitled
At the moment the general recurrence given in this article is:

 * $$P_n(x)=xP_{n-2}(x)+P_{n-3}(x)$$

which gives two Padovan polynomials with degree 2, two with degree 3 etc. Why is the recurrence not

 * $$P_n(x)=x^2P_{n-2}(x)+xP_{n-3}(x)$$

so that Pn(x) always has degree n-1, and there is a only one Padovan polynomial with a given degree ? This would be a closer analogue to Fibonacci polynomials. Gandalf61 11:21, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Padovan polynomials


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Hubble Deep Field

Hubble Deep Field
The HDF is a landmark image in the study of the early universe and one of the most technically impressive ever taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. I've been working on its article recently and hope I have given a good account of how it was made and what it's been good for, so I am nominating it here for featured status. Worldtraveller 11:21, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I've read through it some times, and (as you can see) haven't found much to edit. It's a great article, uncovering how much planning and thought that went into the image. Just some comments on an article that should become featured, I think:
 * Could we link to or produce and image like Image:Ursa major constellation map.png (or more detailed) with the location of the Field crossed out?
 * The external links need link titles
 * I really like the References style.
 * This site has a HDF image with much better resolution, although it's not the exact mosaic in the article. Can we get this image aboard Wikipedia?
 * Are there any named objects visible in the picture that should be pointed out?
 * — Sverdrup 14:40, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments and copyediting!
 * I had thought of doing an image showing the location of the HDF on a map of Ursa Major - decided against it for now as it didn't look very good on Image:Ursa major constellation map.png when I tried it. I thought I would see if I could find an appropriately licensed photo of the constellation to work with - I may even have an image of my own I could use - I will work on this.
 * I've titled the external links now.
 * The version you linked to is only one quarter of the whole thing, it's the lower left quadrant, so rather than upload that, I have uploaded the full resolution image of the whole field, which has similarly high resolution.
 * As for names of objects, they all have very boring catalogue designations as they were pretty much all newly discovered objects. I could give a few names for the sake of example but I'm not sure they would be very interesting? Worldtraveller 15:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Support although I can think of some room for improvement that isn't necessary to meet FA status. The lead, for example, is introductory, and there should perhaps be some summary before introduction (e.g. the simple sentence "what it's all about" before the "the story begins here").  To some degree, there wasn't a single revelation from the HDF, so something like that might not be possible, but a single big sentence for the quick reader (and for the main page) would help ("The Hubble Deep Field is a composite photograph of the sky by the Hubble Space Telescope that revealed surprising numbers of high red shift galaxies, confirmed the cosmological principle, and has been the source for over five hundred journal articles since its publication" -- you know, the quick hit summary).  Well cited, well illustrated (though I wish the images were larger and we spent more time with the more striking ones), and well written. Geogre 21:32, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I have tried to make the intro more of a summary as suggested, and made the images a bit larger. Which ones would you particularly like more text about?  I'll add what I can. Worldtraveller 12:06, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Pretty pictures! --Carnildo 05:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Quite pretty pictures indeed, and pleasant text to boot.  Anville 19:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support- Phil s 22:54, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, this is a great article. Raven4x4x 12:46, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Intresting, nicely written, and nicely referenced--Exir KamalabadiFeel free to criticize me 05:33, August 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Absolutely fabulous. --maclean25 06:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support—I've spent several hours editing this article at the clause level. It's good. Tony 10:53, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I read it long before seeing it here and it was kick-ass even back then. It's nice to see a fairly concise FAC for a change. And excellent, non-cluttering referencing to boot. / Peter Isotalo 22:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Quantumstream 00:23, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although perhaps a few more footnotes. There's an inline weblink in the "Target selection" section that could be converted to such. Also, it would be nice if Hubble Deep Field South was no longer red. A good article, and easily read.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - this is excellent, but I have some minor comments: (i) What is the area of sky covered by the HDF?  The lead section mentions a tennis ball at 100m, but the actual area should be mentioned in square degrees or steradians.  (Since the large chips are 800 pixels each, and each pixel is 0.09 arcsec, presumably it is 144 arcsec on a side?  I also can't see the area of the field mentioned in Hubble Telescope or WFPC.); (ii) I agree that an image showing the location of the HDF in the sky would be helpful (preferably a whole-sky image showing the HDF-S and HUDFtoo, or, at a push, just an image of Ursa Major with the HDF located); (iii) The image captions are rather poor - they should be prose sentences with some wikilinks: the areas of the images in section 2 and 4 should be noted; (iv) Would it be possible for the image in section 2 to indicate the location of the HDF (e.g. outlined)? Does it include any well-known stars in Ursa Major?  (v) Why doesn't the HDF-S image have the ususal "step" shape?  Is this the whole image? -- ALoan (Talk) 09:34, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for the helpful comments - have addressed (i), (v) and hopefully (iii). Should be able to upload a location chart and superimpose the HDF outline on the image in section 2 later today. Worldtraveller 12:06, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I have now addressed (iv), and have prepared this which could address (ii), although I'm not sure where it might go in the article. Worldtraveller 00:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support; sound article, worthwhile subject.  Erwin


text:
Conosapium

Conosapium is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1863. It contains only one known species, Conosapium madagascariense, which is endemic to Madagascar.

title: Conosapium


text:
Lev Dodin

Lev Abramovich Dodin (Лев Абрамович Додин, born 1944) is a modern Russian theater director, the leader of Saint Petersburg Maly Drama Theater.

Biography
Lev Dodin was born in Novokuznetsk in 1944. He first experienced theatrical production as a child at the Theater of Youth Creativity (1957-1962) directed by Matvey Dubrovin. Studied at Leningrad State Institute of Theatre, Music and Cinema under Boris Sohn and Georgy Tovstonogov which he graduated in 1966.

Between 1966 and 1982 he was a guest director in different theaters of Russia and abroad including Theater of Youth Creativity, Gorky Theater, MKhAT, Finnish National Theatre, Salzburg Festival, Florence Musical May festival, Milan La Scala.

In 1975 he started his work at Maly Drama Theatre. In 1982 he became the artistic director of the theatre and has led the theatre since then.

Among Dodin' major works are:
 * Brothers and Sisters by Fedor Abramov - a monumental show more than 8 hours long;
 * The House by Fedor Abramov
 * Lord of the Flies by William Golding
 * Stars in the Morning Sky by Alexander Galin
 * Chevengur by Andrei Platonov
 * The Devils by Fyodor Dostoevsky
 * The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov
 * Hamlet by William Shakespeare

and many others.

Europe Theatre Prize
In 2000, he was awarded the VIII Europe Theatre Prize, with the following reason: "A student of one of Stanislavsky's most faithful followers, Lev Dodin left his native Siberia for the old cities of former Russia when he was very young. He has devoted his life to a teaching method that is never separated from practice, and this was his starting point for founding a company that was seen as an extended family, with a belief in ensemble performances and workshops, even before he was called upon to direct the Maly in 1983 and make it a leading theatre in the last decades of the twentieth century. The House was born as a play for his group, who graduated from the Drama School in St. Petersburg, after months spent in the northern village where Feodor Abramov wrote his novel on the trials and tribulations of peasant life. It was adapted for the stage by using improvisation to render the actual true-to-life atmosphere to be found in Brothers and Sisters. This tragic epic of the kolkhoz, inspired by the author himself in the mid-eighties, takes place in the space of eight emotional hours of tears and laughter and plumbs the depths of the 'great Russian soul', which is one of the director's favourite subjects, together with the controversial analysis of the history of his country, especially through the adaptation of novels for the theatre. The culmination of this was the staging of a Dostoevsky classic that had long been banned, The Devils, which he rehearsed for three years and was staged regularly by the Maly company for nine years in ten-hour performances of thrilling words and actions. These already imply a discourse on the revolutionary spirit of a people that serves as an introduction to the metaphor of the suicidal utopia expressed in Andrei Platonov's Cevengur, the recent stage masterpiece floating on water, and the Untitled Play by Chekhov, translated by Dodin into a dance through the twentieth century. Gaudeamus, on the contrary, is set on a snowy stage and is the first of the plays produced with the Drama School students. It is a satire on Russian training for military service that unfortunately remains very topical today, and is part of the repertoire that focuses on contemporary man, which the company offers to its public worldwide, thus restoring to us a sense of the necessity for the theatre."

Honours and awards

 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd and 4th classes
 * Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (France)
 * People's Artist of the Russian Federation
 * Russian Federation State Prize, twice (1992 and 2003).
 * Prize of the President of the Russian Federation
 * USSR State Prize
 * 2000 Europe Theatre Prize

authors: Анатолий Росдашин

title: Lev Dodin


text:
Yên Bái

Yên Bái is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Yên Bái Province, in the north-east region of Vietnam. The city borders Yên Bình District and Trấn Yên District. The city is a settlement along the banks of the Red River, approximately 183 km northwest of Hanoi. It is one of the important trading hubs between the highlands and the lowlands of Northern Vietnam.

History
At the end of the sixteenth century Yên Bái was a small village in Bach Lam district, Quy Hoa district, Hung Hoa province. On April 11, 1900, Yen Bai province was established by the French colonialist government. The city grew in size with the opening of the Hanoi–Lào Cai railway, which attracted many migrants.

On February 10, 1930, part of the 4th Regiment of Tonkinese Rifles stationed at Yen Bai mutinied against their French officers in the Yên Bái mutiny. They were suppressed by loyal troops from the same unit. This incident led to widespread disturbances against French rule across northeastern Vietnam during 1930–31.

Demographics
As of 2019, the city had a population of 100,631, covering an area of 108.15 km2.

Administrative divisions
Yên Bái administers 9 wards and 6 rural communes:

 * Đồng Tâm
 * Hồng Hà
 * Hợp Minh
 * Minh Tân
 * Nam Cường
 * Nguyễn Phúc
 * Nguyễn Thái Học
 * Yên Ninh
 * Yên Thịnh

Rural communes:

 * Âu Lâu
 * Giới Phiên
 * Minh Bảo
 * Tân Thịnh
 * Tuy Lộc
 * Văn Phú

title: Yên Bái


text:
Talk:Qingzang railway/to do

 * Add photos (although photos of the rolling stock used would be nice)
 * Add comparisons of travel times between railroad usage and current non-railroad usage
 * Add a list of altitudes of stations along this railway (moved to a separate article)

title: Talk:Qingzang railway/to do


text:
Speenhamland, Berkshire

Speenhamland is an area within modern Newbury, Berkshire.

Name and location
Its name is probably derived from Old English Spen-haema-land, "land of the inhabitants of Speen", with "Speen" perhaps being formed on a Brittonic root deriving from Latin spinis, "thorns".

Speenhamland was a tithing, or administrative subdivision, of the parish of Speen, though even in the early 19th century it was contiguous with the suburbs of Newbury. It lies to the north of the River Kennet, between the centre of Newbury and Speen village to the north-west.

Poor relief
The Speenhamland system of poor relief was devised at a meeting in the area in 1795. It set poor-relief rates by the bread price and the number of household members, in or out of work.

title: Speenhamland, Berkshire


text:
Hà Tĩnh

Hà Tĩnh is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Hà Tĩnh Province, and lies in the North Central Coast region. It is located on National Highway 1A. The Vietnamese capital Hanoi is located 340 km north of Hà Tĩnh, Vinh is located 50 km to the north, and Huế is located 314 km to the south. Hà Tĩnh is 12.5 km from the East Sea.

Geography

 * North borders: Thạch Hà town (via Cày bridge), Cửa Sót river.
 * West borders: Thạch Đài Commune, Cày river (Thạch Hà district).
 * Southern borders: Cẩm Bình Commune, Cẩm Vịnh Commune (Cẩm Xuyên district).
 * Eastern borders: Đồng Môn river (Thạch Hà district, Lộc Hà)

Administrative divisions
Hà Tĩnh city consists of 16 administration units: 10 wards and 6 communes:
 * Nam Hà ward
 * Bắc Hà ward
 * Tân Giang ward
 * Trần Phú ward
 * Nguyễn Du ward
 * Hà Huy Tập ward
 * Đại Nài ward
 * Văn Yên ward
 * Thạch Linh ward
 * Thạch Quý ward
 * Thạch Bình commune
 * Thạch Trung commune
 * Thạch Môn commune
 * Thạch Hạ commune
 * Thạch Hưng commune
 * Thạch Đồng commune

Education
There are many tertiary education institutions such as Hà Tĩnh University, Hà Tĩnh College of Medicine, Nguyễn Du Cultural, Sports and Tourism College, Hà Tĩnh Vocational College of Technology and Vietnam-Germany College of Vocation. Some high schools include Hà Tĩnh Senior High School, Phan Đình Phùng High School and Thành Sen (Lotus City) High School.

Climate
Hà Tĩnh has a marginal and unusually wet humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) bordering on both a tropical monsoon climate (Am) and a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate (Af) – the last of these being a rare climate type in Vietnam. The heaviest rain is in the northeast monsoon season from September to November, when 1,616 mm can be expected, but rainfall exceeds 50 mm even in the driest months of the “spring” season. The weather during the “winter” season from December to February is warm, humid and somewhat rainy, whilst the “summer” from May to August is hot to sweltering although drier than most of Indochina due to the influence of the mountains to the southwest.

title: Hà Tĩnh


text:
Trà Vinh

Trà Vinh City (ព្រះត្រពាំង Preah Trapeang lit. 'Sacred pond') is the capital city of Trà Vinh province in Southern Vietnam.

Etymology
The name Trà Vinh comes from the Khmer name of the area ព្រះត្រពាំង Preah Trapeang, which means Sacred pond or Buddha's pond. The Vietnamese transliteration gave Trà Vang and later Trà Vinh.

Location
It is located in the Mekong Delta region, which is in the Southern part of Vietnam. Under the Republic of Vietnam, it was the provincial capital of a province with a population of 51,535.

Government Resolution No. 11/NQ-CP 04/03/2010 established the city of Trà Vinh with an area of 6803.5 hectares and a population of 131,360 inhabitants and 10 administrative units.

On February 15, 2016, Trà Vinh City was classified as a level II city in Vietnam's cities classification system.

Trà Vinh had 1,286,000 inhabitants in 2019.

Administrative divisions
The area directly under the town consists of:
 * 9 urban wards: numbered from 1 to 9
 * 1 rural communes: Long Đức

Gallery
Photos taken in Trà Vinh city:

title: Trà Vinh


text:
User talk:Markbenecke

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 11:26, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

Amalia Pachelbel
Thank you very much for adding information and image to the article! I never expected it would be expanded, given how unknown Amalia is. Jashiin (talk) 17:57, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

upd: I noticed you took that photograph - do you maybe also know which house it was? I read somewhere that the Pachelbel family lived at Junkersand, 1, but I'm not sure. If you could give details on the house or have a photograph of the street/house, it'd be so great! If not, well, never mind. Thanks all the same :) Jashiin (talk) 18:14, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:09, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:23, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Markbenecke


text:
Thanh Hóa

Thanh Hóa is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of capital Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City. Thanh Hoa became one of the most populous cities in North Central Coast after expanding in 2012, with a population of approximately 400,000. Thanh Hoa township was upgraded to Thanh Hoa City in 1994 and has been the historical center of politics, economy, culture, education and entertainment of Thanh Hóa Province.

Overview
Thanh Hoá is a new developing city, although its central position was established centuries before. Nowadays, provincial administrators are trying to build and gentrify the city so that its important role for the whole province and even North Central Coast is emphasised.

History
The Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty was the capital of the Trần dynasty from 1398 to 1400 and the Hồ dynasty from 1400 to 1407.

The Thanh Hóa town and region were an area of popular support for Lê Lợi and the Lê dynasty in the 1580s, leading to the reestablishment of the southern court near the town following the withdrawal of Ming dynasty armies. After 1945 the city was a stronghold of the Communist-led Viet Minh. In January 1946 the Viet Minh transported all local cells of the VNQDD to the city. During the Vietnam War, US strategic bombing destroyed much of the buildings and infrastructure; the whole city has been totally rebuilt since then.

Topography
Thanh Hoá city is located in centre of Thanh Hoá's plain with many scattered rocky mountains surround. There are two main mountains along the city: Hàm Rồng and Mật Sơn. Hàm Rồng mountain begins from Thiệu Dương commune, which is about 8 km from city centre, along the right bank of the Ma River to Hàm Rồng Thanh Hóa Bridge pier. Ham Rong mountain has 99 peaks and had become an entrench for air defensive in Operation Rolling Thunder. Ma River is the longest river flow through the city, meandering around Ham Rong mountain before flowing to South East Asian sea. In addition, there are 5 canals were dug in order to support for watering, drought and flooding.

Temperature
Possessing a marginal humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), Thanh Hóa city has four seasons with two distinctive hot and cold atmospheres in a year.
 * The hot season: Beginning in late spring to mid-autumn (April to mid-November), weather is extreme heat with sunny and sometime Foehn wind. The highest temperature may reach over 40 C. In this period, flood and drought occur frequently.
 * The cool season: Beginning in November to the end of March the following year. The atmosphere is mostly cloudy and dried with cool monsoon from Northeast direction. The lowest temperature may down to 5 C

Annual mean temperature is between 23.3 and 23.6 °C.

Monsoon
Thanh Hóa city is located in coast region so it is affected by three seasonal winds, which are mainly referred to distinctive wind directions.
 * Northeast direction wind: Blowing from Siberia, and usually comes in January. The winds causes the coolest period of winter.
 * Foehn wind: Blowing from Bengal passing on Laos to North Central Coast Vietnam. Thus, it's called "Gió Lào" in Vietnamese referred to the wind from Laos direction. The wind occurs in summer, normally July or August and causes the hottest atmosphere in a year.
 * Southeast direction wind (Gió Nồm): Blowing from sea and occurring in Summer. At the heat of hot season, the winds brings fresh atmosphere to land and cool down temperature

Rainfall
Annual rainfall average is 1730 to 1980 mm.

Administrative Subdivision
By the time 2012, Thanh Hoá city had 12 inner wards and 6 outer communes. After expansion in February 2012, the city merged some subdivisions from other nearby districts and that extended total of urban subdivisions up to 37. Thanh Hoá city currently has 20 inner wards and 17 outer communes.

Note: Area: km2; Density: People/km2 (Statistics in 2009)

After expansion, Thanh Hoá city's population had rise up from 207,698 to 406,550 people (2014). According to urban development plan in 2012, the estimated population will be approximate 1 million in 2030 with 800,000 urban people.

Thanh Hóa Citadel
A star shaped fortress was built in 1804 during the reign of Emperor Gia Long of Nguyễn dynasty to improve defense of the city. It was French-influenced and defended the residents with a moat. It is now a residential area covering Ðiện Biên and Tân Sơn wards.

Economy
According to statistics from 2013, the GDP sector composition of the city's economy was the following: The annual economic growth rate was 15% (2013). Total of capital development fund estimated 12,665 thousand billion VND (~650 million USD), export volume estimated 504 million USD. State budgets revenue is 1,436 thousand billion VND(~70 million USD). GDP per capital is 3,930 USD.
 * Agricultural sector: 7.6%
 * Industrial sector: 46%
 * Service sector: 46.4%

Currently, there are three industrial regions locally:
 * Le Mon industrial region: Is situated in the east and 5 km from city centre. The industrial hub was established in 2005 with planned scale 87 hectare. Main industries concentrate on high-tech applications, manufacturing and processing raw materials within province, agricultural, forestry and fishery, mechanical assembly, electronic and telecommunication devices,... Some FDI organizations invested and operate are Sunjade company (Taiwan), Sakura company, Yotsuba Dress company (Japan), Vinamilk,...
 * Dinh Huong industrial region: Is located 2 km from north city centre.

Transportation

As central position of province, Thanh Hoá city is the heart of transport network, where every essential transportation modes are aggregated such as North–South Railway (Vietnam), National Route 1A (Vietnam), National Route 47, buses system and many other provincial routes.

Le Mon port is situated beside Ma River and 4 km from city centre east. This river port supports and provides transportation for Le Mon industrial region.

In February 2013, Tho Xuan Airport, which is located 45 km to the east from city, was implemented and upgrade to turn into a mixed civilian/military airport. This airport became the place provide air transport services for Thanh Hoá city.

title: Thanh Hóa


text:
Hòa Bình (city)

Hòa Bình is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Hòa Bình Province, and is located 76 kilometres from Hanoi and 5 kilometres from the Đà River. The Battle of Hòa Bình was fought around the city from 1951 to 1952 during the First Indochina War.

Hòa Bình Dam, the largest hydroelectric dam in Vietnam until the 2012 completion of the Son La Dam, and also the largest in Southeast Asia, is located near the city. It was built by means of finances and experts from the Soviet Union.

Demographics
As of 2019, the city had a population of 135,718, covering an area of 348.65 km2.

Administrative divisions
Hòa Bình City is divided into 19 commune-level sub-divisions, including 12 wards (Dân Chủ, Đồng Tiến, Hữu Nghị, Kỳ Sơn, Phương Lâm, Quỳnh Lâm, Tân Hòa, Tân Thịnh, Thái Bình, Thịnh Lang, Thống Nhất, Trung Minh) and 7 rural communes ( Độc Lập, Hòa Bình, Hợp Thành, Mông Hóa, Quang Tiến, Thịnh Minh, Yên Mông).

title: Hòa Bình (city)


text:
Félix Díaz (politician)

Félix Díaz Prieto (17 February 1868 – 9 July 1945) was a Mexican politician and general born in Oaxaca, Oaxaca. He was a leading figure in the rebellion against President Francisco I. Madero during the Mexican Revolution. He was the nephew of president Porfirio Díaz.

Biography
Félix Díaz was a young boy when his uncle, General Porfirio Díaz, overthrew the government of President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada in 1876, and remained in power until 1911, when he was forced to resign. He graduated as an engineer from the Colegio Militar in 1888, and rose to the rank of general. The Mexican Federal Army was being downsized by the president and did not see major combat during most of the Porfiriato. Well-connected socially in Mexico City and in Veracruz, Félix Díaz accumulated wealth from real estate. The president did not include his nephew in politics, due to his "limitations," instead giving him low-level positions as inspector general of the Mexico City police force and as a deputy in the congress. Congress was completely controlled by Díaz. Although Félix sought more powerful positions, Díaz was not supportive, and sent him away to Chile as a Mexican consul to prevent him from running in the Oaxaca gubernatorial elections. Félix Díaz resented the Científicos, ("scientists") who had a powerful influence in Díaz's government, and Félix allied himself with General Bernardo Reyes, the Científicos' political rival. Reyes had been a possible candidate for the newly created office of vice president, but Díaz blocked him and he went into exile. Some suggested Félix as a candidate, but Díaz dismissed that. When Porfirio Díaz was forced into exile by revolutionary forces in May 1911, most of his family went with him. Félix stayed in Mexico.

On October 12, 1912, he rose in revolt against Madero, but the revolt was suppressed by government troops on October 23, 1912. According to the German ambassador to Mexico friendly with officers in the Mexican army, "The Díaz revolution has collapsed because of the incompetence of its leader." Díaz was jailed and sentenced to death for treason, although Madero commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. Also incarcerated at the same time was General Reyes.

Díaz escaped from Lecumberri federal prison on February 9, 1913, beginning La decena trágica ("Ten Tragic Days"), the coup against Madero led by Díaz and General Bernardo Reyes. Reyes was killed in the fighting in front of the National Palace, but Díaz retreated to the downtown military arsenal of the Ciudadela, bombarding federal targets and the civilian population. General Victoriano Huerta was ostensibly loyal to the Madero government, but his defense of Mexico City and offense against Díaz's forces were lackluster. It became clear that Huerta was now opposed to Madero and a rival to Díaz. The U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson brokered a settlement between Díaz and Huerta at the embassy to end the bloodshed in Mexico City, name Huerta as provisional president, but promising to support Díaz's candidacy in what were anticipated to be a quick election. Díaz signed the Pact of the Embassy (Pacto de la Embajada). Huerta did not honor his part of the agreement and sent Díaz to Japan as an ambassador. On his return Díaz later sent into exile to New York City and then Havana.

He opposed Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza, the head of the Constitutionalist faction, which had power in 1915 following the ouster of Huerta. Díaz returned to Mexico in May 1916 and became the leader of the National Reorganizing Army (Ejército Reorganizador Nacional). In 1917 he rebelled against Carranza's government from his base in Veracruz, issuing the Plan de Tierra Colorada. His new efforts were a failure and was forced to retreat to the south of Mexico, where he officially remained in arms.

In 1920, with the ouster and death of Carranza, Díaz sought an opportunity to make peace with the new regime of the Sonoran revolutionary generals who had ousted Carranza. Interim President Adolfo de la Huerta allowed Díaz to leave the country and even offered him 20,000 pesos. De la Huerta had already come to a peace agreement with General Pancho Villa, so now with the easing of Díaz out of the country, hardliners considered De la Huerta a reactionary. Making peace with these two potential threats to the new regime can be seen as political pragmatism. Díaz went into exile once again, in New Orleans. In 1922, Díaz issued a manifesto against the Constitution on 1917, but again his agitation went nowhere.

At the invitation of President Lázaro Cárdenas, Díaz returned to Mexico in 1937 and settled in Veracruz, where he died on 9 July 1945.

title: Félix Díaz (politician)


text:
The Cranes Are Flying

The Cranes Are Flying (Летят журавли, translit. Letyat zhuravli) is a 1957 Soviet film about the Second World War. It depicts the cruelty of war and the damage done to the Soviet psyche as a result of war, which was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War.

The film was directed at Mosfilm by the Georgian-born Soviet director Mikhail Kalatozov in 1957 and starred Aleksey Batalov and Tatiana Samoilova. Adapted by Viktor Rozov from his play, the film won the Palme d'Or at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival, the only Soviet film to win that award (In 1946, The Turning Point was one of eleven films awarded the Grand Prix, the predecessor of the Palme d'Or.)

Plot
In Moscow, on June 22, 1941, Veronika and her boyfriend Boris watch cranes fly over the city as the sun rises and then sneak back into their families' apartments. Hours later, Boris’s cousin Mark wakes him with news that the Germans have invaded.

Veronika soon learns that Boris volunteered for the army. Boris asks his grandmother to give Veronika her birthday gift, a stuffed squirrel toy ("squirrel" is Boris's pet name for Veronika), into which he slides a love note. Veronika arrives too late to see Boris at his apartment, but his grandmother gives Veronika the stuffed squirrel.

Veronika searches for Boris at the assembly station but misses finding him there too, as he marches off to war. Veronika remains in Moscow with her parents, who are killed in a German air raid that also destroys their apartment building. Boris's family invites the orphaned Veronika to stay with them.

Boris's cousin Mark tells Veronika he loves her, but she faithfully waits for Boris. Veronika and Mark are alone in the apartment when another air raid occurs. Mark makes a pass at her, but she rebuffs him. Furious at being rejected, he rapes her. Veronika and Mark marry, but she despises him, and in turn, she is despised by the family who considers her to have betrayed Boris.

At the front, Boris gets into an argument with another soldier, Volodya, who taunts him over a photo of Veronika. Their commanding officer catches them fighting and assigns them a dangerous reconnaissance mission. Boris saves Volodya’s life, but Boris gets shot. In his final moments, he has a vision of the wedding that he and Veronika would never have.

To escape the German offensive, the family is relocated to Siberia. Veronika works as a nurse in a military hospital run by Boris's father, Fyodor. Mark and Veronika are miserable in their marriage. When a soldier in the hospital becomes hysterical after receiving a letter saying his girlfriend left him for someone else, Veronika rushes to get Fyodor, who is processing the arrival of wounded troops.

She barely misses seeing the injured Volodya, who is about to be admitted to the hospital, before Fyodor says that the hospital is full. Fyodor admonishes the distraught soldier to forget his unfaithful and unworthy girlfriend. Veronika overhears Fyodor’s speech and becomes upset since she appears to be such a woman.

Overwhelmed with guilt, Veronika tries to throw herself in front of a train. Just before she attempts suicide, she sees a young child about to be hit by a car and rescues him. The boy has been separated from his mother, and his name is Boris. Veronika takes the boy home and looks for her squirrel toy from Boris.

Boris's sister Irina spitefully tells Veronika that Mark is giving the toy to his mistress at her birthday party. Veronika races over to the party, where a partygoer has finally found the note that Boris hid. Veronika grabs it, and in voice-over, Boris narrates the final tender love note to her.

Fyodor learns that Mark bribed his way out of being drafted into the Red Army. He realises Mark betrayed Russia and the family and has taken advantage of Veronika. Fyodor kicks Mark out, and Veronika is forgiven by the family for "betraying" Boris. The boy saved by Veronika becomes part of the family.

Later, Volodya, having recovered, comes in search of Boris's family and tells them that Boris is dead. In 1945, the war has ended, and Veronika and Volodya stroll by the river back in Moscow. They are very close, but Veronika still refuses to believe that Boris is dead since Volodya was injured himself and never saw Boris die.

When Boris’s unit returns, Veronika carries a huge bouquet of flowers, intends to give them to him, and hunts for him and his friend Stepan during a celebration at the train station. Veronika finds Stepan and finally learns that Boris is indeed dead. In tears, she stumbles through the celebrating crowd.

As Stepan gives a rousing speech, asserting that those who died in the war will never be forgotten, Veronika goes from grieving to handing out her flowers to the returning soldiers and their families. When she looks up, cranes are flying again in the sky over Moscow.

Cast

 * Tatiana Samoilova as Veronika
 * Aleksey Batalov as Boris
 * Vasili Merkuryev as Fyodor Ivanovich
 * Aleksandr Shvorin as Mark
 * Svetlana Kharitonova as Irina
 * Konstantin Nikitin as Volodya
 * Valentin Zubkov as Stepan
 * Antonina Bogdanova as Grandmother
 * Boris Kokovkin as Tyernov
 * Yekaterina Kupriyanova as Anna Mikhajlovna

Reception and influence
As the film scholar Josephine Woll observes, the protagonist Veronika was instrumental in shaping the post-Stalinist Soviet movies by heralding more complicated multi-dimensional celluloid heroines and focusing on the impact of war on common people. It was not only Soviet audiences that accepted and sympathised with Veronika's story. The lead actress of Cranes, Tatiana Samoilova, who was frequently identified with her role, took Europe by storm. Following the film's victory at the Cannes Film Festival in 1958, where it earned the event‘s prestigious Grand Prize, the world celebrated the film's main protagonist, and critics hailed the production for its stunning cinematography, acting, direction and editing. Woll notes that the French Liberation commentator, for example, approvingly contrasted Samoilova's purity and authenticity with that of Brigitte Bardot, a French female icon. Samoilova remembered receiving a watch from her East German fans during a festival there. The gift featured the inscription: "Finally we see on the Soviet screen a face, not a mask".

title: The Cranes Are Flying


text:
Sơn La

Sơn La (Tai Dam: ꪹꪎꪷꪙꪨꪱ ) is a city in the north-west region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Sơn La Province. It is bordered by Thuận Châu District, Mường La District, and Mai Sơn District.

History
In the era of the Sip Song Chau Tai, Sơn La was a fort of the Black Tai.

Demographics
As of 2019 the city had a population of 106,052, covering an area of 323.5 km2.

Administrative divisions
Sơn La City is divided into 12 commune-level sub-divisions, including 7 wards (Chiềng An, Chiềng Cơi, Chiềng Lề, Chiềng Sinh, Quyết Tâm, Quyết Thắng, Tô Hiệu) and 5 rural communes (Chiềng Cọ, Chiềng Đen, Chiềng Ngần, Chiềng Xôm, Hua La).

Climate
Like most of Northern Vietnam, Sơn La has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwa), affected by the East Asian monsoons.

title: Sơn La


text:
User talk:Nick Ananin

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips:
 * Take a look at the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Read the Tutorial, How to edit a page and the Manual of Style.
 * Find out how to revert, move and merge pages.
 * Sign your posts on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~).
 * Add yourself to the New user log and a regional notice board
 * Ask questions at the Village pump or Help desk.
 * Use the Show preview button
 * Provide an Edit summary
 * Add the correct image copyright tag to any images you upload
 * Create a User page
 * Be bold
 * Ignore all rules

If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes. If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.

If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alf 11:27, 26 August 2005 (UTC).

title: User talk:Nick Ananin


text:
Sóc Trăng

Sóc Trăng (ស្រុកឃ្លាំង Srok Khleang lit. 'Land of depositories') is a city in Vietnam. It is the capital of Sóc Trăng Province. It was upgraded from a town (thị xã) to a city following decree 22/2007/NĐ-CP on 8 February 2007.

Etymology
The name Sóc Trăng comes from the Khmer name of the area Srok Khleang (ស្រុកឃ្លាំង), which means Land of depositories or Place to store silver. The Vietnamese transliteration gave Sốc Kha Lang and later Sóc Trăng.

Administrative divisions
Sóc Trăng City is divided into 10 administrative divisions numbered 1 to 10. The city borders Long Phú District in the east and north, Mỹ Tú District in the west and north, Châu Thành District in the west and Mỹ Xuyên District in the south.

Population
Besides the majority Kinh people, there are also ethnic Chinese and a significant Khmer Krom minority in the city.

Culture
50 of the 200 pagodas in Sóc Trăng Province are located in Sóc Trăng City. Some of the most famous ones are the Khmer Chùa Dơi (Bat Pagoda) and Chùa Đất Sét (Clay Pagoda), Chùa Phật nằm (Som Rong Pagoda).

Transportation
Highway 1 connects the city to Cà Mau in the south, Cần Thơ, Ho Chi Minh City and cities further north. Regular buses run between these cities. The nearest airport is located in Cần Thơ, which is approximately 60 km from the city's center.

Notable people

 * Philipp Rösler, former Vice Chancellor of Germany, born in Sóc Trăng.

title: Sóc Trăng


text:
Ninh Bình

Ninh Bình is a small city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It is the capital of Ninh Bình Province.

Geography
Ninh Bình Province is located in northern Vietnam comprising 48 square kilometres; the 2007 city population was 130,517.

It takes 2 hours by coach to travel from Hanoi to Ninh Bình.

History
During the Nguyen dynasty, in August 1884 in the Tonkin campaign, the allegiance of Ninh Bình was of considerable importance to the French, as artillery mounted in its lofty citadel controlled river traffic to the Gulf of Tonkin. Although the Vietnamese authorities in Ninh Bình made no attempt to hinder the passage of an expedition launched by Henri Rivière in March 1883 to capture Nam Định, they were known to be hostile towards the French. In November 1883, on the eve of the Sơn Tây campaign, the French occupied the citadel of Ninh Bình without resistance and installed a garrison.

Climate
Ninh Bình experiences a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and hot, humid summers. The coldest month is January with a mean temperature of 16.6 C and the warmest month is July with a mean temperature of 29.2 C.

title: Ninh Bình


text:
Nam Định

Nam Định is a city in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It is the capital of Nam Định Province. The city of Nam Định is 90 km southeast of Vietnam's capital, Hanoi. From August 18–20 of each year, there is a festival held in Nam Định called the Cố Trạch. This celebration honors General Trần Hưng Đạo, a 13th-century national hero who led Vietnamese forces to victory over the invading Mongols.

Sports
Nam Định has two sports facilities, Thiên Trường Stadium (formerly Cuối Stadium) and Trần Quốc Toản Indoor Stadium, which are host to football and volleyball matches. Both sports centers are located on Hùng Vương Street.

Hà Nam Ninh won the National Football Champions (V.League) in 1985 with star player Nguyễn Văn Dũng. In 2001, Nam Định took second place in the National Championships, losing to Bình Định F.C. In 2007, the Nam Định football team changed its name to Đạm Phú Mỹ Nam Định and won its first National Cup under its new name. In 2009 the Nam Định Football team changed its name to Megastar Nam Định F.C and failed in standing on V.League to 1st level tournament 2010.

Culture
Religious sites in Nam Định city include Trần Temple, Phổ Minh Temple, Nam Định Church (Archdiocese of Hanoi) and Khoái Đồng Church (Diocese of Bùi Chu).

Museums in Nam Định include the Nam Định Textile Museum.

Residents of the city of Nam Định were the first to create Vietnamese traditional phở. It is considered Vietnam's national dish.

 * Sister cities
 * Mỹ Tho
 * 🇮🇹 Prato

Notable people

 * Phạm Văn Thuần (born 1992), Vietnamese footballer

title: Nam Định


text: Category:Defunct bus manufacturers

title: Category:Defunct bus manufacturers


text:
Lào Cai

Lào Cai is a city in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Lào Cai Province. The city borders Bảo Thắng District, Bát Xát District, Sa Pa and the city of Hekou Yao Autonomous County, in Yunnan province of southwest China. It lies at the junction of the Red River (Sông Hồng) and the Nanxi River (Yunnan), approximately 160 miles (260 km) northwest of Hanoi.

It is a market town for timber, and the Lào Cai Railway Station is located on the Hải Phòng railway to Yunnan Province in China.

History
The town was invaded by China in 1979 and the border was closed until 1993. The town has a carbide factory.

Climate
Lào Cai has a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), similar to most of Northern Vietnam.

Topography and geology
The city has diverse topographical and geological features, including hill, mountainous, half mountainous, coastal plains and coastal sand dunes.

The hilly region is in the west, stretching from north to south (in parts of communes: Dong Son, Thuan Duc) with an average elevation of 12–15 m, with total area of 64.93 km2, 41.7% of the city total area. Residents here live on agriculture, forestry, farming. The soil in this area is poor in nutrition, infertile and subject to continuous erosion due to its slope of 7-10%.

The half hilly region surrounds a plain with an average elevation of 10 m from north-east - north to north-west – south-west and south – south-east. This region covers commues and wards of Bắc Lý, Nam Lý, Nghĩa Ninh, Bắc Nghĩa, Đức Ninh, Đức Ninh Đông, Lộc Ninh and Phú Hải with total area of 62.87 km2, or accounts for 40.2% of the city total area. Residents here lives on industrial, handcraft, trading and a small percentage lives on farming. This region is not very fertile, subject to alum. However, thanks to the heavy distribution of rivers and lakes, ponds and pools, it's better for agriculture than the hilly region. The plain with the average of 2.1 m, with little slope, accounting for 0.2% of the city area (5.76 km2). Most of the city's commercial, administrative and main streets concentrate in this narrow regions. Coastal sand dune area is on the east of the city, with an area of 21.98 km2, making up 14,3% of the total area.

Demographics
As of 2020 the city had a population of 130,671, covering an area of 282.13 km2.

Ethnic minorities in Lào Cai used to speak Southwestern Mandarin and Vietnamese to each other when their languages were not mutually intelligible.

Administrative divisions
Lào Cai City is officially divided into 17 commune-level sub-divisions, including 10 wards (Bắc Cường, Bắc Lệnh, Bình Minh, Cốc Lếu, Duyên Hải, Kim Tân, Lào Cai, Nam Cường, Pom Hán, and Xuân Tăng) and 7 rural communes (Cam Đường, Cốc San, Đồng Tuyển, Hợp Thành, Tả Phời, Thống Nhất, Vạn Hòa).

title: Lào Cai


text:
Upstairs at Eric's

Upstairs at Eric's is the debut studio album by English synth-pop duo Yazoo (known in North America as Yaz). It was released on 20 August 1982 by Mute Records. It was produced by the band and E.C. Radcliffe, with assistance from Mute label boss Daniel Miller on some of the tracks. Named after producer Radcliffe's Blackwing Studios where the album was recorded, Upstairs at Eric's was preceded by two UK top-three singles, the ballad "Only You" and the more uptempo "Don't Go". The album reached number two on the UK Albums Chart and has been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments in excess of 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

Against the group's wishes, "Situation", originally the B-side of "Only You" in the UK and Europe, was released as the band's debut single in the United States and Canada, where a remixed version of the song by DJ François Kevorkian reached number one on Billboard Club Play Singles chart. "Situation" peaked at number 73 on the US Billboard Hot 100, while it reached the top 40 in Canada, peaking at number 31. The North American version of the album subsequently replaced the remixed version of "Situation" for the UK album track "Tuesday". Upstairs at Eric's reached number 92 on the Billboard 200 in the US and number 49 on RPM albums chart in Canada.

Recording and composition
Following the success of their debut single "Only You", Vince Clarke and Alison Moyet rapidly recorded the album to maintain their high profile. As Clarke's only previous experience of a recording studio had been Blackwing Studios in south-east London, where he had made Depeche Mode's debut album Speak & Spell, his immediate thought was to record Yazoo's album there as well: he said later, "I didn't know of any other studios, so I just assumed that Blackwing was the only studio I could record at". However, when the duo arrived at Blackwing they found that not only was Daniel Miller unavailable to produce the album, contrary to Clarke's expectations, but the main studios had already been booked out during the daytime by Fad Gadget, another Mute label act. Instead Clarke and Moyet had to record the album in the early mornings with studio owner Eric (E.C.) Radcliffe overseeing most of the recording process, turning up around 5 or 6 a.m. and working through until 11 a.m. each day in whichever of the two studio spaces were available at the time.

On the 30th anniversary of Upstairs at Eric's in 2012 Clarke told The Quietus that there had been no grand plan for the album's creation:"We just came together and it was a bit of a mish-mash really. There was no concept or theme running through the album; we were just messing about in the studio. Part of the charm of that album is a naivety. There really wasn't a profound concept that was running through the recording. I didn't really know what I was doing in the studio and Alison hadn't much experience of being in a recording studio, so everything was new. We'd make one sound and we'd think it was great and just stop there and wouldn't make any more sounds. It wasn't like we were continually honing or over-producing songs because everything at the time sounded fresh. That's why a lot of the tracks only have eight or nine elements to them."

Clarke's compositions "I Before E Except After C" and "In My Room" explore the use of cut-up vocals, including his own spoken word voice. "I Before E Except After C" features both Moyet and the mother of producer Eric Radcliffe separately reading out the instruction manual for one of the pieces of studio equipment, with Moyet struggling to keep herself from laughing.

Moyet later described how her song "Goodbye 70's" had been inspired by her disillusionment with how the late-1970s punk scene had turned out, saying, "'Goodbye 70's' is about punk and not caring how you were dressed, and then I discovered that so many of my friends that I'd thought it all really meant something to just saw it as another trend... That's what 'Goodbye 70's' was all about, about how sour the whole thing became."

Artwork
The album cover depicts two apparently male mannequins in a sparsely furnished loft, facing each other over a table, with the lower part of the dummies' bodies seated on pushed back chairs while the upper portions are perched on the edges of the table. It was shot by photographer Joe Lyons at his first photo studio in north London, and he described how he had set up the shot:""I'd just shot some furniture for a furniture designer, and got paid with the furniture. I chose dummies and started work—a fortuitous series of events. I felt that the hi-tech furniture worked really well with the rough look of the room, and I put the cake—which was actually the top of my wedding cake—as a focus on the table.""

The original UK CD release of Upstairs at Eric's in 1986 featured a close-up of part of the original album cover. Another photograph from the same session was used as the cover for the Yazoo box set In Your Room in 2008.

Critical reception
Melody Maker hailed Upstairs at Eric's as "an album of rich, dark passion, forever burying the hoary old moan that electronics and synthesizers will never be any good because they don't have a button on the front that says 'emotion'". Smash Hits reviewer Ian Cranna wrote: "The singles and their cousins here are simply brilliant – a wonderful mixture of Vince's superbly arranged synth-pop (his great strength) and Alf's glorious voice (her great strength)."

Lynn Hanna of NME was more critical, feeling that "Upstairs at Eric's is an LP of trial and some error, and it shows all the signs of a collaboration that's still in a promising infancy. The writing is divided almost equally between the two, and at their best each acts as an excellent foil to the other... A little too often, though, this LP speaks of two disparate pasts rather than one new Yazoo facing the future." Ken Tucker of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the album a one star out of five rating, referred to Yaz as "stiff-voiced monotony fans" and saying that the group were "even more pretentious than most, working the Lord's Prayer into [their] tedious synthesizer rhythms."

In a retrospective review, David Jeffries of AllMusic compared the album with Clarke's other debut with Depeche Mode the previous year, stating "While Speak and Spell is, by far, the more consistent record, Upstairs at Eric's is wholly more satisfying, beating the Depeche record on substance and ambition, and is light years ahead in emotion... The clumsier experimental tracks make most people head for the hits collection, but to do so would be to miss the album's great twist... Like its curious cover, Upstairs at Eric's presents a fractured, well-lit, and paranoid urban landscape."

Accolades
Upstairs at Eric's was placed at number 6 on the NME critics' list of albums of the year for 1982, while "Only You" was listed as the number 7 single and "Don't Go" as the number 14 single that same year. The album was also named as one of Sounds magazine's top twenty albums of 1982.

In 1989 Record Mirror placed Upstairs at Eric's at number 35 on their list of the best albums of the 1980s.

Track listing

 * North American releases of Upstairs at Eric's features François Kevorkian's remix of "Situation" instead of "Tuesday". The 1990 European CD re-release appends the 12" remixes of "Situation" and "The Other Side of Love" to the above track listing. The 2018 UK box set and 2019 LP reissue contain the original LP track listing above.

Personnel

 * Alison Moyet – vocals, piano
 * Vince Clarke – instrumentation, spoken words on "I Before E Except After C" and "In My Room"

Additional personnel
 * Daniel Miller – additional production and noises on "Don't Go", "Too Pieces", "In My Room", "Only You" and "Situation"
 * "Eric's mum" (the mother of producer Eric Radcliffe) – extra chit-chat on "I Before E Except After C"
 * D. Davis – extra chit-chat on "In My Room"

title: Upstairs at Eric's