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Horse mill

A horse mill is a mill, sometimes used in conjunction with a watermill or windmill, that uses a horse engine as the power source. Any milling process can be powered in this way, but the most frequent use of animal power in horse mills was for grinding grain and pumping water. Other animal engines for powering mills are powered by dogs, donkeys, oxen or camels. Treadwheels are engines powered by humans.

History
The donkey or horse-driven rotary mill was a 4th-century BC Carthaginian invention, with possible origins in Carthaginian Sardinia. Two Carthaginian animal-powered millstones built using red lava from Carthaginian-controlled Mulargia in Sardinia were found in a 375–350 BC shipwreck near Mallorca. The mill spread to Sicily, arriving in Italy in the 3rd century BC. The Carthaginians used hand-powered rotary mills as early as the 6th century BC, and the use of the rotary mill in Spanish lead and silver mines may have contributed to the rise of the larger, animal-powered mill. It freed the miller from most of the heavy burden of his task and greatly increased output through the superior stamina of horses and donkeys over humans.

Horse mill at Beamish Museum
This horse mill has not been used since about 1830 when it was superseded by portable engines. It was rescued from Berwick Hills Low Farm in Northumberland by the museum, repaired and set up in their own gin gang at Home Farm as a non-functioning exhibit. The top of the mill's main vertical axle and the end of the main drive shaft are pivoted at the centre of their own separate tie beam which is below and parallel with the main roof tie beam, and set in the gin gang's side walls at either end. The mill's tie beam has to be stabilised with two massive oak beams which run, either side of the drive shaft, from tie beam to threshing barn wall. A large and basic engine like this can create great stresses from the torque engendered.

Mill construction
This four-horse mill is based on a central, vertical, heavy, 10 ft high, oak axle, with its base pivoting on an iron framework set in the middle of the gin gang floor. Its top end pivots under the mill's own tie beam (if it didn't, it would fall over) but the tie beam cannot rest on the pivot, or the mill would not turn. The main axle supports around its top end the main, 6 ft-diameter, horizontal gear wheel, with the teeth on the top surface. The main drive shaft, a massive oak pole, is girthed at one end by a secondary gear wheel which lies on the main gear wheel, thus turning the main drive shaft on its long axis. The main drive shaft runs from the main gear wheel through a hole in the threshing barn wall and in the barn it powers the threshing machine and other machines via further cogwheels and belts. Such a machine would create great torque stresses, and if it were ever to work again it would require re-engineering to ensure smooth and safe running, and beams which are seasoned and not cracked.

Horse power
This is a powerful horse mill for four horses; probably English ponies, as modern heavy horses were not yet fully bred in the 1830s. Each of the four heavy oak beams connecting the central axle to the four horse shafts runs from beside the axle to the under-surface of the main gear wheel, and crosses the other three in a grid pattern between the axle and gear wheel, thus supporting the gear wheel and creating a rigid structure at the same time. They project for many feet beyond the main gear wheel, and require wooden stretchers to stabilise them. From the ends of these beams hang the horse shafts. The bottom ends of these shafts are quite low, which may indicate the use of ponies rather than early heavy horses.

Horse gin at Nottingham Industrial Museum
A horse gin is on display at the Nottingham Industrial Museum. It was constructed in 1841 to sink the Langton Colliery shaft and moved in 1844 to Pinxton Green Colliery. It was still working in 1950 and it was erected in the museum in 1967. It was used at a pit head to raise coal to the surface. The Nottingham mines were shallow, coal was moved to the shaft on a sled, which was raised in a cage by a rope attached to a rope drum that was turned by the horses in the gin.

Horse gins in the Black Country
Horse 'gins' were a common site in coal mining areas, and were often used where the coal was shallow, and there was no need to sink deep mine shafts. The gin was a wooden wheel device on a spindle that was pulled round by a horse. This then operated a simple pulley system that raised or lowered loads up and down the shaft. They were most prolific in the Ruiton farm area of the Black Country, which extended to Cotwallend Road. Horse 'gins' were also an extension of the one time illegal mining activities carried out particularly during the Miners' Strike of 1926. Miners dug out the coal from the shallow seam through a series of shallow "Bob Holes", hauling up the coal often in ordinary buckets to be transported away to be sold in the nearby village of Gornal. These activities were believed to have been the beginnings of Ellowes Colliery. The Earl of Dudley halted these activities and legalised them by giving permission for the coal to be mined on a royalty tonnage basis. The shallower coal was mined via the slope or "walking down" method (an extension of the "Bob Hole" method) using horse actuated 'gins'. Eventually, two shafts and steam-driven pit gear were installed to mine the thicker coal further down. The pit closed in July 1951 when the seam was exhausted. The 'gin' used at Ellowes Colliery was believed to be the last working example in the Black Country.

Brewers' House museum
In Antwerp, Belgium, the Brewers' House museum is a good example of horse-powered pumping machinery. The building dates from the 16th century; although the original wooden machinery was replaced in cast iron in the mid-19th century, the original layout has been retained.

Horse mills still in use
The Noah Hoover Mennonites, an Old Order Mennonite group, that does not allow any engine power at all, still has several horse mills in use, both in the US and in Belize in Central America. The mills are used to power e. g. a sorghum-cane juicer in Scottsville, Kentucky or saw mills in Springfield and Pine Hill, both in Belize.

title: Horse mill


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Talk:Mine Again

Critical sources
Aaron  • You Da  One 23:23, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/mariah-carey-the-emancipation-of-mimi/560
 * http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-emancipation-of-mimi-mw0000253239
 * http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/mariah-carey/the-emancipation-of-mimi.htm
 * http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/11/arts/music/11choi.html?_r=1

R&B Airplay
http://www.billboard.com/artist/309388/mariah%2Bcarey/chart?page=1&f=364 —  ₳  aron  21:03, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mine Again


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User:SmegEd

This is the User page of SmegEd, a frequent visitor of the Wikipedia database and contributor since the 7th of July, 2005; though his level in editing is basic (yet increasing). He is the very same SmegEd registered on the French version of Wikipedia and the semi-frequent visitor to Albinoblacksheep and it's IRC, where he is (infrequently) v-op'ed. He has also submitted a certain number of hints and glitches (under his real name) to Gamewinners.com.

His nickname (or at least the longest lasting one) comes from the television show Red Dwarf where "Smeg Head" and other smeg- based insults where used as a form of non-shocking swearing (see here). Now, the main character (Lister) had a strong Liverpool accent and pronounced it Smeg'Ed. Since a certain part of this accentuated word resembles his first name, he adopted it as a general nickname for wherever he has to log in.

He is also the founding member of a non-profit organisation based in the Northwest part of the Tours agglomeration, whose activity is centered upon gathering 4 to all 6 members on afternoons or evenings (for the more special occasions) to play their favourite console, (the Nintendo Gamecube and more recently the Nintendo DS), and generally have a good time. Their official website, managed by SmegEd himself, is back online. His main hobbies, apart from tending to the various activities of his organization (i.e. playing on his Gamecube, alone or in company, and fixing the website) are :

 * Computer entertainement and related (image editting, web surfing and IM),
 * British comedy (be it Radio or Television), and other comedy in general
 * Origami and other aspects of Japanese culture (mainly manga & video games)
 * Fantasy literature (notably the Discworld series, the Lord of the Rings and related, Harry Potter)
 * Steve Jackson Games and similar (Munchkin, Chez Geek, Elixir (French game) ...)

Most of his edits will concern one of these focuses.

SmegEd 16:18, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User:SmegEd


text:
Könchek

Könchek (died 1308) was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1307–1308). He was the son of Duwa. Upon his father's death, Könchek became Khan. His reign only lasted a year, before his death in 1308.

title: Könchek


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Thunder (Prince song)

"Thunder" is a song by American musician Prince and the New Power Generation, from their 1991 album Diamonds and Pearls. It was issued as a limited, individually numbered 12-inch single picture disc in the UK and Ireland only, and the edited version was available only on the promotional single.

Background
The lyrics can be interpreted as referring to the night Prince decided to withdraw The Black Album, when he was rumored to have suffered a bad ecstasy trip. This is the first single cover to feature Mayte, sitting at the lower left. The B-sides were previously released on the "Gett Off" maxi-single: "Violet the Organ Grinder" and "Gett Off" (Thrust Dub).

Critical reception
In an retrospective review, Patrick Corcoran from Albumism wrote that the song "rumbles into earshot on a wave of multilayered vocals and typically sterling guitar and sitar work." He added, "As some would have it, this was his account of the night he shelved the Black Album at the last moment—a battle for his very soul no less." Mike Diver for the BBC said in his 2010 review, that it is an "anthemic opener" that "apparently refers, in its lyrics, to withdrawn 1987 LP The Black Album". Gavin Martin from NME described the song as "hysterical pop operatics". Jeff Weiss from Pitchfork commented that it "stitches evangelic lyrics to sub-continental sitars, slashing guitars, and chord progressions that Max Martin has swiped for the last two decades. It's basically a proto-Backstreet Boys anthem for born-agains." A reviewer from People Magazine noted the "pretentious bluster" of the song. Tom Doyle from Smash Hits described it as "quirky rock".

Chart performance
The song was another top 30 hit for Prince, peaking at number 28 in the UK, and continuing the moderate success of Diamonds and Pearls singles there. In Ireland, "Thunder" reached number three and charted for 12 weeks.

Personnel
Personnel are adapted from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud
 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric guitars, synthesizers, bass guitar, Roland R-8, Linn LM-1, finger cymbals

title: Thunder (Prince song)


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Wilsan tjiawi

Delete. but the poster maybe either the same person or completely different person. after all, there is so called hiding behind proxy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.69.5.234 (talk • contribs) 14:42, 31 August 2005 UTC

 * Please don't insult our intelligence. Two edits, within one minute of each other, using the same IP and hence the same terminal from NTU, and converging on the same article about an Indonesian pornstar? And stupid and narcissistic as User:Catri who is both Indonesian and admits he's the same IP? And you, by the way, are also coming in from an NTU IP. We're not idiots. --khaosworks (talk • contribs) 15:02, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bavarian Reaction 1920

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE to Kapp Putsch. However, the content of this article is so strongly POV it would require a complete rewrite before we could even think about copying the text over. For now, then, I'm just going to turn it into a redirect; someone can do a 'merge' properly when they've got some NPOV material to add. Or of course, you can simply merge the existing content by looking through this article's history. -Splash 01:06, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Bavarian Reaction 1920
Makes very little sense, not very relevent as a freestanding article, though some content could be moved to Kapp Putsch, possibly antisemitic Cdyson37 14:42, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per referer DV8 2XL 15:09, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge & redirect. Kapp Putsch covers this.  --Lockley 13:57, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Str1977 13:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:131.156.60.100

title: User talk:131.156.60.100


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Talk:Laziness

Poetic?
Maybe something poetic like "Laziness is the strongest emotional feeling human being can experience..." ?

REPLY: Except that many would disagree. :) Laziness is not an emotion, but it does CAUSE emotions -- mainly the emotions of depression and guilt. (That's what researchers into happiness have found.) I do know what you mean though -- the writing could be improved. I'm working on it. I visit this page every day. Wikidudeguy 13:36, 25 September 2006 (UTC)Wikidudeguy

Laziness is a major term, so I was surprised to see that this article is still a stub. I thought I would extend it and improve it a bit, but then I realized I couldn't possibly bother. Haakon 21:57, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

I would have expanded this article, but I can't be arsed. 86.56.48.12 17:36, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Procrastination

 * Hey, if you get a chance, could you take a look at procrastination? -- JeffBillman (talk) 03:29, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Ironic, isn't it? We all know this is an important article, but we're too lazy to make it half decent. I'll add that laziness is often connected with procrastination and a generally unconcerned paradigm.142.179.73.102 (talk) 03:44, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

No wonder this article is a stub
'cause everyone is just way too lazy to write about laziness :) Cheers! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.101.186.19 (talk) 02:38, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Damn you. :P I came in here to write the exact same thing.Martian Kyo (talk) 08:16, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

attempt at definition
Laziness is the tendency ...
 * 1) to prefer smaller immediate rewards to a potentially greater, future ones.
 * 2) to seek the satisfaction of "lowly" animal desires instead of morally superior (usually cultural) ones.

DUDE there is much more on the subject of laziness, but whoever wrote the main page was too lazy to finish it. hardy har har.

to do something in a lazy, laid back manner, but does not indicate the person is being lazy - 'I was mooching around town whilst trying to come up with ideas for my new book', for instance

mooch can also mean a person who feeds off the resources of another without contributing for example "that mooch always eats the pizza but never pays for any"

 * Webster's Third New International Dictionary describes lazy as disliking physical or mental exertion, and not energetic or vigorous; moving slowly and without or as if without energy; not easily aroused to responsible, purposeful activity; an aversion to work and a habitual tendency to idleness. The word describes my natural energy-level; yet has been used all of my life as if it were wrong. Such dislike of me I consider threatening. Welfare to Work and other policies that try to get everyone to keep up with the hyperactive and the larger-than-life are a major injustice and the #1 cause of homelessness, and an article on laziness ought to point that out. -- Chuck Marean 07:00, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Chuck, this is what we call original research. You are taking a verifiable fact (Webster's dictionary definition) and drawing your own conclusion from it. That is not the conclusion that the vast majority of people would draw; Welfare to Work is nothing to do with laziness and your conclusion about homelessness is obviously wrong: homelessness predates the Welfare to Work act by at least thousands of years. You cannot add your own personal interpretations of facts to articles. Gwernol 17:37, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Welfare to Work ( a U.S. welfare program that requires people to work for their welfare checks) is an expression of uninformed prejudice against the lazy, an attempt to force weak people to work harder than they can. I also think if someone finds something published that agrees with compassion toward the lazy it should be included in an article on laziness. What the vast majority thinks is not always as important as the truth. -- Chuck Marean 07:34, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Chuck you need to distinguish between an inability to do work, for example because of disability, and people who are capable of work but decide not to. The latter category is generally regarded as "lazy". Welfare to Work, along with other similar programs, generally recognizes medical conditions as a reason not to require people to work. Your assertion that Welfare to Work is "uninformed prejudice against the lazy" is simply your opinion and should not be added to the article. Gwernol 16:06, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Freedom and showing proper respect are more reasons not to require people to work. -- Chuck Marean 08:16, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactly - the freedom to earn money without having it stolen and given to the lazy. Good point, Chuck. 72.144.198.53 00:00, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The "Overcoming Laziness" blog seems to think laziness is procrastination by people at work 65.214.186.214 00:16, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Is there laziness?
I question whether or not there is laziness, since it's really a word invented to be an insult. Therefore, I'm changing 'generally considered a negative quality' to 'probably considered by the hyperactive to exist.' -- Chuck Marean 16:52, 22 October 2006 (UTC).
 * Yes, there is laziness. I reverted your change becuase "generally considered..." is a much more accurate description of what laziness is commonly considered. --ZimZalaBim (talk) 20:36, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree, simply stating "Yes, there is laziness" is not proof to the contrary. This is merely my own thought, wikipedia should not reflect a single users opinion however. Resaebiunne 00:50, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think I am more in agreement with Chuck. What has been historically and popularly called "laziness" is most likely a form of mental illness, which would indeed be a form of human weakness, or disability. As a society, we don't question the morality of a person who is confined to a wheelchair, yet, we persist in condemning those who are too "lazy" (irrational; insane; mentally-handicapped) to even get a job to avoid going to jail (such as is the case for those on probation, not paying child support, etc.). Do we condemn people for jumping off buildings because they are so troubled they really think they can fly, because suicide is still the result, and all that ultimately matters are the consequences of our actions, the end results? I'm going to sign this now because what I typed before (perhaps on the "Workaholism:Talk" page) was thoroughly obliterated (deleted) and I can't even find it on the "History" section.Shanoman 21:28, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think laziness does not exist as it's own problem, but that it is simply a symptom of other problems. Problems such as fear, anxiety, etc.  --SRG805 10:18, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Dean Moxham
I have never heard of anything laziness-related named 'Dean Moxham' and am removing it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.240.202.169 (talk) 23:02, 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Laziness in the Bible
81.145.242.139 (talk · contribs) just removed the bible section, and i restored it because i think it's valuable and relevant. If anyone else thinks it should go, please let me know what you see as wrong with the section, and i'll do my best to fix it. Foobaz·o< 02:17, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The Bible is irrelevant to everyday life, as it is not a scientific document. As of yet, there is hardly information associated with the Bible other than a mild declaration that the Bible has few lines against laziness. Unless you have particular anecdotes therefrom which are a worthwhile read, then the Bible section should be removed. EDIT-- Line removed.  The intro sums up the Christian stance against laziness already.  I hardly see the need to waste time with a section devoted to three sentences. --70.136.192.141 02:39, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe the section is valuable, especially for those who don't know much about the Bible. However, since two people have now removed it, i won't attempt to go against popular opinion by putting it back. And if you think only scientific documents have relevance to your life, what do you believe about philosophy, ethics, art, and religion? Do you believe science is complete, a finished system describing everything? It's very much a work in progress. Foobaz·o< 00:38, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Bible is an historical document, and arguably a sociological one as well. It's a decent enough source, if the intent is to show how a particular culture or group of cultures has viewed laziness.  In any case, I fail to see where its lack of merit as a scientific document has any relevance to this article.  Last I checked, such sources as the New York Times were not scientific documents, either. -- JeffBillman (talk) 03:33, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that it belongs. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 00:24, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

I readded this as part of a larger "In Philosophies and Religions" section, merging the lead's comment on Christianity there. I believe this addresses the objections apart from User:70.136.192.141's personal opinions about the Bible. Please add other notable philosophical stances, within the normal standards. -- tiny plastic Grey Knight ⊖ 13:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Proverbs 18:9 says, "One who is slack in his work is brother to one who destroys." This is a much stronger statement than any in the article. 206.123.253.82 (talk) 02:24, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia style
"An example of laziness would be a perfectly healthy person living at home with ones parents until the age of thirty years without the desire to get a job or find a career in ones life being in all ways dependent on ones parents for support." This seems to be written as an attack on a particular person, and at least contributes nothing to the article. Removed until anyone sees fit to add it back. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.136.192.141 (talk) 02:40, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Just a Note
Does anyone else find it nearly as humorous as I that the article is very short? In fact, the discussion dwarfs it considerably... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.97.187.58 (talk) 18:41, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Why is Christian the only philosophy represented in this "definition"? The cultural opinions of everyone else are ignored. The definition is too simple. What's with the creepy personal discussion in attempt a definition? Something went wrong here when Dean Moxham couldn't be knocked off. I think its funny, but since most people aren't on the inside of that joke, it should be removed. $$$/132.198.240.170 04:46, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a good research proposal: Is laziness considered negative behaviour in other religions? Go for it. -- JeffBillman (talk) 03:35, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I tried to structure the "philosophy/religion" content so as to make this easier. A philosophy that promotes laziness as very desirable behaviour would be an especially interesting addition, if anyone knows of any.  -- tiny plastic Grey Knight ⊖ 13:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Recluse link
I don't think this artical should link to recluse. Just because someone is reclusive doesn't make them lazy. I don't see the connection. Could someone explain this to me? I'm going to remove the Recluse link for now.

Sontag12 —Preceding comment was added at 14:16, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that there is a big difference (and not necessarily a connection) between "laziness" and "recluse", but because there seems to be a strong correlation in the minds of so many, shouldn't it be included, so that the two terms may be contrasted? I think the reason that so many people [mostly erroneously] associate the two is that "recluse" sounds something like "recline", and they mentally picture somebody literally laying back, or "kicking back". Also, people tend to strongly associate recluses with dilettantes (who only dabble or dilly-dally around instead of "getting down-to-business"), since so much of what is valued in modern western society comes from people working constantly, keeping appointments, staying on schedule, keeping busy, doing what others expect of us, etc., so it is only natural that many would assume that all recluses live in constant leisure and relaxation (I think they might be secretly jealous!) Shanoman (talk) 21:09, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

The mystery of laziness
What is the evolutionary explanation of laziness? It is understandable why a lion would wish to conserve energy by remain idle been hunts. But do mental tasks require much energy? If not, why, then, is there often a greater desire to engage in nonproductive sedentary activities than in productive sedentary activities? ...Why might a student, for instance, choose playing a video game over doing homework? Maybe it has something to do with this, but I would think that people, being incentive-driven animals capable of seeking after long-term payoffs, would still be able to prioritize activities accordingly. Yet often people resort to self-defeating procrastination.  Tisane  talk/stalk 17:36, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't really answer your question, but I nevertheless would like to point out that a student choosing to play video games instead of studying is hardly lazy—other factors surely are in place here. Evolutionary, the human body reacts to immediate danger and to immediate pleasure; realizing payoffs/dangers which are farther into the future is hardly instinctive, it requires a mental effort.  With the said student, s/he has a choice between long-term benefits and immediate pleasure, so the body's natural reaction would be to choose pleasure, no?—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); July 22, 2010; 18:20 (UTC)
 * That mechanism certainly would appear to be at work. Indeed, as the deferred gratification article notes, "In formal terms of accounting, an individual should calculate net present value of future rewards and defer near-term rewards of lesser value. Extensive research has shown that animals don't do this, but instead apply hyperbolic discounting, so this problem is fundamental to human nature." On the other hand, enrolling in school at all (except for compulsory education) could be considered deferring gratification, and people defer gratification in many other ways. For example, they put money away in a 401k that they can't access without penalties until age 59½, rather than spending it immediately. And yet, the same people might indulge in some laziness (or idleness, or whatever one wants to call it) from time to time, even though it would seemingly produce suboptimal results. Perhaps it is not so for animals, but I think in the case of humans, there is almost always something to be gained from working harder, and there is almost always something productive one could be doing.  Tisane  talk/stalk 19:55, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Humans aren't Vulcans :) Sometimes they defer gratification, sometime they engage in "idleness" instead.  Clearly, if humans were perfectly logical, markets would be working just the way the economic theory says they should be, not the convoluted f*k'd up way they are "working" now.  Anyway, I wonder if there any studies of this phenomenon exist...—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); July 22, 2010; 20:13 (UTC)
 * Then the question arises, why don't humans behave like Vulcans? How did we come to be illogical? There must be some explanation in nature, nurture or present environment (which maybe is the same thing as nurture?) Presumably, if being logical is the optimal course of action, then logical individuals should have prospered and had greater opportunities to survive and reproduce and thereby beat out the illogical competition. So perhaps there is some advantage to being illogical in certain circumstances. I wasn't able to dig up much on JSTOR, Springer LINK or Google Scholar...  Tisane  talk/stalk 20:22, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Laziness? Or just plain incompetence?
This article meets very few of Wikipedia's guidelines. The Leonard Carmichael quote seems to be misplaced, and the fact that Carmichael's personal wiki page incorporates a single solid source at druglibrary.org does not help the notability. It would take very little effort to accurately ascribe laziness to the (actually demonstrated) factors that cause and sustain it, such as Hyperbolic discounting. There is no such thing as "laziness" in psychology, but all behavior frequently attributed to it has some kind of explanation. It is only appropriate that we provide this explanation. 85.167.119.115 (talk) 13:37, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Laziness as a virtue
Larry Wall says that Laziness is a great virtue for programmers:

"Laziness: The quality that makes you go to great effort to reduce overall energy expenditure. It makes you write labor-saving programs that other people will find useful, and document what you wrote so you don't have to answer so many questions about it. Hence, the first great virtue of a programmer."

-- http://www.hhhh.org/wiml/virtues.html

It seems like this should be mentioned somewhere.

RichMorin (talk) 19:38, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Laziness in computer science
Computer science has notions such as Lazy evaluation (sometimes implemented, as in Clojure, by "lazy data structures". This should be mentioned on this page.

RichMorin (talk) 19:38, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

Add here?
99.112.212.152 (talk) 07:22, 25 July 2012 (UTC)
 * A map of sloth; Counting the world's couch potatoes July 18th 2012, regarding July 18th Lancet (journal) paper.

Evolutionary perspective of laziness
http://www.kortexplores.com/node/46

This is a well written article on why laziness (together with greed, although humans are evolved much more towards laziness and out of greed) gives rise to high level function of human intelligence and evolved thereafter.

Can someone contribute an evolutionary perspective of human laziness? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Otivaeey (talk • contribs) 00:18, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

Pathology ?
Laziness may also be a by-product of many underlying mental health issues and forms of psychopathology such as depression, ADHD, sleep disorders, and schizophrenia,[3][4] in which case it is known as avolition. Are you serious as weed will lead you to heroin ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.245.137.29 (talk) 00:09, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

The Freud reference
The second paragraph begins with a reference to Freud's pleasure principle. The linked article says nothing about laziness. Is the implication that "laziness" does appear in the table of contents of one of Freud's books? Which one? Even so, that fact seems not to merit the "despite," for the claim to which it counts as counter-evidence is that "laziness" does not appear in the tables of content of most technical books. So, it's a confusing reference and I think should probably be removed. Or at least clarified. Or am I just being thick? dweinberger 13:18, 19 July 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dweinberger (talk • contribs)

Psychology Citations
Several of the citations included the Psychology section are unrelated to the topic. The statement "Thomas Goetz, University of Konstanz, Germany, and John Eastwood, York University, Canada, concur that aversive states such as laziness can be equally adaptive for making change" does not link to any research from Thomas Goetz and John Eastwood, but instead links to a YouTube video of "Who Moved My Cheese."

The next line includes a quotation with no citation: "being mindful and not looking for ways out of it, simultaneously to be also open to creative and active options if they should arise."

The line following states: "They point out that a relentless engaging in activities without breaks can cause oscillations of failure". This sentence contains a grammatical error, it should read "They point out that a relentless engagement in activities..." In addition, "oscillations of failure" is a phrase I can find no meaningful definition of. Perhaps this behavior does cause failure in some way, but how has not been explained. This section links to a TED video regarding fairness perceptions in primates.

--Jspain90 (talk) 21:23, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Misoponia
Misoponia redirects here, but the term appears nowhere on the page. Seems like it should. 136.62.144.170 (talk) 01:54, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

citation 8
what is meant by 'Peter, University of Calgary'? Is Peter just some guy who used to go there? I can't find any article relating to ADHD with this Adhiyana (talk) 16:07, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

False, hidden equivalence of indifference and schizoid personality dsiorder
In the phrase "It has also been shown that laziness can render one apathetic to reactant mental health issues such as anger, anxiety, indifference, substance abuse, and depression." each thing from anger to the end is a hyperlink to their respective Wikipedia page, except indifference, which is a hyperlink to the page for schizoid personality disorder, thus making an equivalence between pathological indifference and SzPD. While it is true that the DSM-5 conceptualisation of SzPD (not the psychoanalytic conceptualisation) involves indifference to others and to the outside world in general, equivalating it with pathological indifference is reductionist to the point of being wrong. I'd be interested to hear any justification for making this equivalence. Anditres (talk) 00:04, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

World's laziest person
Basharat aziz dar is the worlds laziest person according to the oral history of the native village as well as the survey of district administration kupwara.currently he is living in srignar in sepration. Jk Nasir khan4233 (talk) 15:20, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laziness


text:
Template talk:Motörhead

Thanks to User:Rick Block. Alf 14:43, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Albums in the template
Although I don't see the point, I'm going to leave them (I just put them in italics). Roda 06:53, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * it's standard practice, see Category:Band templates. Circeus 13:03, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * IMPO This standard applied here results in a overbearing and ugly thing. --Alf melmac 13:05, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Tommy Aldridge
I see he is in the infobox as well. True, he did record one album with the band, but he was a hired gun, and he was never a member of Motörhead. Roda 21:44, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Updated infobox
I put the rest of the band in the top with Lemmy, as Phil and Mikkey with Lemmy bacame the band for at least half its life, and I feel this is appropriate, out of respect for the time they spent together. I put the musicians that played briefly with the band in small print underneath the others for posterities sake. Nürö G'DÄŸ MÄTË 23:27, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

Categorisation of On Parole
see Talk:Motörhead discography. UW Dawgs (talk) 15:48, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Note: A similar discussion with a different result was held at Talk:Motörhead. ~ ToBeFree (talk) 22:47, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Motörhead


text:
User:Platte (usurped)

I have two dogs.

title: User:Platte (usurped)


text: Category:2005 Pacific typhoon season

title: Category:2005 Pacific typhoon season


text:
Marz (rapper)

Marz, born Zlatko Bobby Hukic, also known as Bobby Marz, is a Croatian rapper and singer based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He spent several years with Ministry before launching a solo career as a rapper. After touring with Insane Clown Posse and contributing to the band Dark Lotus, he set up his own record label, Billion Dollar Ballers.

Early history
Marz was born in Croatia but grew up in Chicago. He began as a tech in a Chicago recording studio (Chicago Trax), where he worked for various acts, including Peter Gabriel and Ministry. Hukic met Ministry's Al Jourgensen in 1994 at the Chicago Trax recording studio where Hukic was interning while working on solo material, and Jourgensen recruited him to work on Ministry's record, Filth Pig, playing guitar and also acting as engineer.

He went on to become a full-time member, touring the world with the band. He stayed until Ministry's 1999 album, Dark Side of the Spoon, but left the band soon after it was recorded. He was later persuaded back to play on one last tour with the band. Hukic and Jourgensen remained on good terms, with Jourgensen even joining Marz on stage at a few performances.

Hukic produced a demo which won him a contract with E-Magine Records, with whom he released the album Lung Fu Mo She. The album was described by Drowned in Sound as a "toxic blend of industrial drumming and guitars mixed with his own bullet proof rhyming flow". According to Hukic, "The majority of the record is about self-empowerment." Tracks from this album were featured in a TV ad for the movie Catwoman, in MTV's The Real World, and included on MTV & WWE's Tough Enough 2 Soundtrack.

In 2000–2001, Hukic, with his band, comprising Hukic, Rey Washam (drums, programming, formerly of Ministry), Troy Gourley (bass guitar), Louis Svitek (guitar, also formerly of Ministry) and Pat De La Garza (guitar) performed two nationwide tours with Insane Clown Posse on the "Bizaar Bizzar Tour". Hukic was impressed by Insane Clown Posse's performance style, and the Juggalo fanbase embraced Marz.

Plans were made for Hukic to join the supergroup Dark Lotus and sign with Psychopathic Records. However, Marz was still signed with E Magion Records, but Hukic told Psychopathic that he could get out of his contract with his current label. Hukic recorded vocals for the Dark Lotus album Tales from the Lotus Pod, however most of the group were not as impressed with Hukic as Joseph Bruce had been.

Although Marz was featured on Psychopathic's 2001 sampler, he was ultimately never signed with the label, as he could not get out of his contract with E Magion Records. This ultimately led to a dispute between Insane Clown Posse and Marz. Marz recorded a diss track towards ICP, saying that he "was the Sixth Joker's Card". Tales from the Lotus Pod was reissued with Hukic's vocals removed as a result of this dispute.

Marz toured with Korn in 2002 after joining their record label, Elementree, to begin work on his second album, and performed on Korn's "Pop Sux" Tour. During this time, Marz recorded collaborations with Jonathan Davis and Swizz Beatz. Marz had a song on "Gorilla Pimpin" thanking the Juggalos. Jonathan Davis from Korn and ICP have been at odds since Violent J made statements to Davis about his childhood. Davis informed Marz he would have to cut the word "Juggalo" from the album. He refused and self-released the album, "Gorilla Pimpin'", which includes a song titled "Cut Throat" that featured Jonathan Davis. In 2004, Marz started his own record label, Billion Dollar Ballers Entertainment. He released TGZ Nation The Mixtape under this label.

Hukic has had Marz tracks included in several films including Life and Lyrics (2006 - "Whut It Do" and "Video Tape It") and It's a Boy Girl Thing (2006 - "Red Carpet Pimpin'").

The Billion Dollar Baller Show
In 2006, Marz teamed up with Fearless Radio to launch his own radio show with B.D.B. labelmates Pack and DJ E.L.I.—The Billion Dollar Baller Show

Marz Presents: Grind Music The Movement
In 2007, Marz released his 4th album, Marz Presents: Grind Music The Movement. This album contains collaborations with artists like Pack, Redbone & Chrissy Feliciano; Rope 30, Big EZ & Epidemik; Sawbuc; Chi-ILL; John Blu; Heata; and Trinity.

The first single on the album, "Nawww", features "Block CEOs", a Chicago group which Marz put together. Group members are Rope 30, Big EZ and Sonny Black of 108 Records, Chi-ILL and Henny B of Torture Chamber Records, and Marz and Pack of Billion Dollar Ballers. Block CEOs did a video for the song "Nawww".

Discography

 * Lung Fu Mo She LP (2000) E-Magine/Disco Kills
 * Gorilla Pimpin LP (2003)
 * TGZ Nation: The Mixtape(2004)
 * Against All Odds LP (2005)
 * Marz Presents Grind Music The Movement (2007)
 * Grind Music 2.0 (2008)
 * Marz Presents 99 Riches feat The Block Ceos (2008)
 * Marz Presents Billion Dollar Ballers-Candy Days (2010)
 * John "MARZ" Brown - Revelations (2012)

Featured In

 * Ministry - Filth Pig (engineer, 1996)
 * Ministry - Dark Side of the Spoon (electronics & guitar, 1999)
 * Various Artists - Psychopathic Records 2001 Sampler (vocals, 2001)
 * Dark Lotus - Tales from the Lotus Pod (vocals, 2001)
 * Various Artists - WWE Tough Enough, Vol. 2 (vocals, 2002)
 * Ministry - Sphinctour (guitar, 2002)
 * Various Artists - Heavy Hittaz Mixtape (vocals in "Driven", 2004)
 * Enhancer - Electrochoc (vocals in "La Pression", "Electrochoc" & "West Side De Paname", 2006)
 * Song (Do What You Do) featured in Kia Soul ad with hamsters

title: Marz (rapper)


text:
Talk:Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets

Location for this article??
This article should go under VT Student Life (that's where the Highty Tighties are located) rather than Academics. Does anyone know how to move this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by an unspecified IP address   (talk)

General Cadet Ranks
If you look at the Texas A & M Corp of Cadets there are ranks and insignia pictures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets. Can someone put up the VTCC ranks and insignia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.17.118.246 (talk) 20:03, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Junior Cadet Ranks
I was in the VTCC in college and here is my understanding of the junior cadet positions

 * 1) Sophomores and Juniors who hold no leadership positions are Cadet Privates.
 * 2) Freshman are called New Cadets the first semester, they are Freshman Cadet Privates (wear Private boards and white freshman belt), the second semester
 * 3) Cadet Private First Class is a rank for those who hold good grades but no leadership position.  Can be bestowed upon Freshman, but a Freshman Cadet PFC can never outrank an upperclassman Cadet Private.
 * 4) Seniors with no leadership positions are known as Cadet Second Lieutenant.  If they commit a serious disciplinary infraction, they can be demoted to Senior Cadet Private, wear Private boards, but still retain a senior gold chin strap and be saluted. -Husnock 14:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Unless they've changed it I'm pretty sure sophomores not in leadership roles are C/PFCs and juniors are C/SGTs, and freshman can become C/PVTs after a certain phase (I don't remember which one). 68.227.219.145 (talk) 03:05, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

That's changed. I'm a current cadet in the corps. The highest rank a Freshman can hold is Cadet Private. Sophomores who are Fire Team Leaders or their company clerk are Corporals, all unassigned Sophomores are PFC. Unassigned Juniors are Cadet Sergeants, and unassigned seniors are Cadet 2nd Lieutenants. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dworkinjc (talk • contribs) 01:32, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

D-WORK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.73.67 (talk) 01:24, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Hazing
Does anyone want to mention anything about the extreme hazing that goes on?
 * It's fine to mention, but please remember the policies of WP:NOR and WP:V. In other words, a section on hazing from your own personal experience would NOT be appropriate, but one that cites media reports of hazing would be in keeping with Wikipedia policies. BigDT 11:30, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Extreme hazing? I'm a '97 grad and I don't recall any "extreme hazing." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.154.229.139 (talk) 12:43, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

I'm currently a freshman in the Corps and I can attest that there is absolutely no hazing whatsoever in the VTCC. I cannot speak for previous bud classes, but as far as it is now, hazing is not an issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.101.231.68 (talk) 02:42, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Copyright Issues
I think this article, especially the history section may be in need of a rewrite as there are many sections that seem taken word for word from the following site: http://www.armyrotc.vt.edu/Cadets/vtcchist.htmJsonitsac (talk) 18:47, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This is indeed a copyvio and the material has been removed. Here is the diff adding the material in June of 2005, and the Wayback Machine results from Nov 2003. I'm pretty sure I salvaged all of the images from the history section. Sorry--DO11.10 (talk) 02:06, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

I am a cadet at VTCC and I'm 100% positive the Army ROTC detachment would not mind the copying, what do you do to add it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.67.163 (talk) 13:29, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

I'm that same cadet, in this information is copied from the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets Guidon, this information is also available in recruitment packets and other public domain documents, it is not private information and is literary copied word for word. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.82.67.163 (talk) 13:16, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Article badly mauled
Through edits over the past few months, there are now several broken links, the opening creast picture has been disabled, and half of the information on the cadet regiment structure is gone. I can't begin to tell where the bad edits started so dont want to try reverting. Someone with more time on this article should make an effort to repair it. -OberRanks (talk) 20:17, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Slant
A cursory look at the article reveals a significant bias in favor of the topic reported by including such phrases as, “Throughout all of this, the Corps maintained discipline and high esprit,” and that the Corps, “exemplified the motto of Ut Prosim,” all unsubstantiated. I don’t know whether this was written by a source close to the subject matter— I saw an earlier discussion on this page about sections copy-pasted from the VTCC website, so that may instead may be the cause — but I think regardless that this article requires additional citations and rewrites of some sections in order to create a more neutral tone. QuadraticEquation (talk) 05:10, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets


text: User talk:85.220.33.159

title: User talk:85.220.33.159


text:
User talk:Hameso

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 14:47, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Hameso


text:
C81 (album)

C81 was a cassette compiled for the British music paper NME in 1981 (hence (C)assette 81) and released in conjunction with the record label Rough Trade. Featuring a number of contemporary musical acts and performers, it was intended to mark the first five years of the independent label movement in the UK record industry and Rough Trade itself. It was the first in a series of many cassette releases from the paper, including the C86 compilation of 1986.

Background
C81 was compiled by NME journalist Roy Carr, and Christopher Rose, who worked in public relations for Rough Trade. To obtain a copy, NME readers needed to collect two coupons from the magazine and send off £1.50. The first printed coupons and advertisement for the cassette were in the issue dated 31 January 1981. By the time C81 went on general sale at the end of May that year, 25,500 copies had been sold through the coupon offer, which represented a "big commercial success" according to Carr.

The tape contained a set of 25 diverse tracks ranging from post-punk (Red Crayola, Essential Logic, D.A.F., the Raincoats), jazz (James Blood Ulmer), poetry (John Cooper Clarke), ska (the Beat), electronic (Cabaret Voltaire) to veteran 'Canterbury scene' performer Robert Wyatt. It was accompanied by the C81 Owner's Manual, a 32-page booklet of lyrics and artwork that readers would assemble themselves by cutting up and folding a page from the tabloid sized magazine. This consisted of 16 small double sided panels, and was designed to be slipped into the cassette case. A running joke throughout the booklet was the comparison of a number of acts on the tape to various periods in the history of the Velvet Underground.

When C81 went on general sale in May 1981, Chrysalis Records refused to re-licence the tracks by the Specials and Linx, and these were then replaced by Panther Burns and Television Personalities.

Publishing a tape was an acknowledgment of the flourishing self-published cassette culture of the time that the NME had been supporting during its short-lived Garageland column. An alternative view, however, was that the C81 cassette was more akin to 'bandwagon jumping', drawing on the enthusiasm and momentum of the cassette culture movement and using this as a promotional tool, whilst failing to acknowledge that movement, and ignoring its inherent critique of the established music industry. British music writer Simon Reynolds called it "post punk's swan song", noting the appearance of three acts from Scottish independent label Postcard Records and the emerging new pop tendency of bands such as Linx and Scritti Politti, and that NME stopped publishing the Garageland column in the very same month that C81 went on general sale, an acknowledgement that the DIY cassette culture movement was on the wane.

Side one

 * 1) "The "Sweetest Girl"" – Scritti Politti (6:09)
 * 2) "Twist and Crawl Dub" – The Beat (4:58)
 * 3) "Misery Goats" – Pere Ubu (2:26)
 * "7,000 Names of Wah!" – Wah! Heat (3:57)
 * 1) "Blue Boy" – Orange Juice (2:52)
 * 2) "Raising the Count" – Cabaret Voltaire (3:32)
 * 3) "Kebab-Träume (Live)" – Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft (3:50)
 * 4) "Bare Pork" – Furious Pig (1:28)
 * 5) "Raquel" – The Specials (1:51) (replaced by "Bourgeois Blues" by Panther Burns on reissued version)
 * 6) "I Look Alone" – Buzzcocks (3:00)
 * 7) "Fanfare in the Garden" – Essential Logic (3:00)
 * 8) "Born Again Cretin" – Robert Wyatt (3:07)

Side two

 * 1) "Shouting Out Loud" – The Raincoats (3:19)
 * 2) "Endless Soul" – Josef K (2:27)
 * 3) "Low Profile" – Blue Orchids (3:47)
 * 4) "Red Nettle" – Virgin Prunes (2:13)
 * 5) "We Could Send Letters" – Aztec Camera (4:57)
 * 6) "Milkmaid" – Red Crayola (2:01)
 * 7) "Don't Get in My Way" – Linx (5:15) (replaced by "Magnificent Dreams" by Television Personalities on reissued version)
 * 8) "The Day My Pad Went Mad" – The Massed Carnaby St John Cooper Clarke (1:46)
 * 9) "Jazz Is the Teacher, Funk Is the Preacher" – James Blood Ulmer (4:03)
 * 10) "Close to Home" – Ian Dury (4:13)
 * 11) "Greener Grass" – Gist (2:32)
 * 12) "Parallel Lines" – Subway Sect (2:38)
 * 13) "81 Minutes" – John Cooper Clarke (0:13)

title: C81 (album)


text:
Talk:Corset piercing

 * User with IP 206.255.191.110 - I'm going to do a re-write on this whole article, it is both NPOV and written in a manner that addresses the reader directly. Also, Wikipedia is not a proper place to document yourself, or your own activities.  Given that the multiple surface piercings involved in a corset piercing have close to 0% chance of healing, this article is misleading, given any publicly available or generally accepted information on the practice.  If you have access to documentation that backs up your claims, either offline or online, it needs to be cited. I will also be removing any material that would come across as "how-to" or "advice", as Wikipedia is not a "how-to" guide nor a source of medical advice. I'm not an administrator, but I am a user doing many major edits of body modification related activity, and I will be monitoring this article and any related articles.  I have already removed inappropriate healing time information from the body piercing article.  Let's not get into a revision war here, regardless of your enthusiasm for corset piercing. Glowimperial 14:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I had initally planned on writing the article so at least there was one and to come back and write the rest. Thank you though for making it more complete. this makes me Happy :).

-NekoD

 * bjork's video for "Pagan Poetry" shows her getting pierced and it shows her with a corset piercing, you might want to check it out and include it in the article. Amirman 12:33, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Unidentified User - This article is inaccurate. This piercing does not guarantee failure IF DONE CORRECTLY.  Surface piercings do have a high rate of failure, however, there are pieces of jewelry designed specifically for surface pierces.  Surface bars can be used and would make the risk of rejection much lower. I am adding this information to the page.  12:34, 23 July 2007

Corset Piercing External Links
As we pretty much have no source on it, I added my site Corset Piercing on the External links section, my link was removed, no problem, but what do I have to prove to add it? We perform corset piercings for conventions mostly. Do you need a physical address?190.210.126.153 (talk) 16:20, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Corset piercing


text:
John Perzel

John Michael Perzel (born January 7, 1950) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. Perzel represented 172nd Legislative District (Northeast Philadelphia) in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1978 until 2010. From April 2003 to January 2007, he served as House Speaker. He lost his bid for re-election to Democrat Kevin Boyle in 2010. Perzel was convicted in August 2011 of a variety of corruption related charges and, in March 2012, was sentenced to 30 months in prison.

Early years
Perzel is a graduate of Abraham Lincoln High School. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1975 from Troy State University in Alabama. After graduating from university, he returned to Philadelphia and became a waiter. Immediately before his political career, he was maitre d' at Pavio's Restaurant in Somerton, a section of Northeast Philadelphia.

Politics
Perzel was noticed by Philadelphia Republican boss Billy Meehan, who selected him to be a GOP committeeman in 1972.

In 1976, after graduating from Troy State University, he unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the House. In 1978, he made a successful campaign for the House, focusing on the poor attendance record of the Democratic incumbent, Francis Gleeson. Over the years, he rose in seniority in the House, holding the offices of Republican Whip, Policy Committee Chairman and Chairman of the House Republican Campaign Committee. He was elected Majority Leader in 1994.

Perzel hit some bumps on his route to the leadership. In November 2000, Perzel nearly suffered defeat when a wave of support for then-Vice President Al Gore brought out Democratic voters in Philadelphia in larger than expected numbers. Perzel survived by less than 100 votes. 2002 brought redistricting and a more favorable district for Perzel.

In a 2002 PoliticsPA Feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Hardest Working." In 2001, he was named "Politician of the Year" by PoliticsPA. Perzel was appointed as a commissioner to the Delaware River Port Authority by Democratic Governor Ed Rendell in 2003.

On November 2, 2010, Perzel lost his seat to Democrat Kevin Boyle, brother of Rep. Brendan Boyle. Perzel captured 46% of the vote to Boyle's 54%. Perzel was the only Republican incumbent in Pennsylvania to lose in the 2010 elections.

Speakership
On March 29, 2003, Speaker of the House, Matt Ryan, died after battling cancer. On April 15, 2003, the House elected Perzel as Speaker. He became one of the most powerful legislative leaders in the Pennsylvania General Assembly since James Manderino.

Perzel was instrumental in the state takeover of the poorly performing School District of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Parking Authority, and the Philadelphia Convention Center.

He was also a key figure in the 2005 pay raise debacle. During the furor, Perzel became the butt of jokes due to an unfortunate photograph. While reading to students in Pittsburgh, he was photographed in front of a class display full of pink pigs. The pay raise opposition had used a 25-foot pink pig in its demonstrations, and the photograph was widely circulated in order to embarrass the Speaker. In defending the pay raise, Perzel has made a number of controversial statements, including assertions that some cow-milkers and tattoo artists earned more than his members. In addition, Perzel has commented that some of the members were unable to obtain credit cards.

Perzel has been criticized by conservatives for compromising with fellow Philadelphian, Governor Ed Rendell. Perzel supported the 2003 tax increase proposed by Rendell as well as Act 71, the law that legalized slot machine gambling in Pennsylvania.

2007 Speaker election
Republicans lost the majority in the 2006 elections by one seat. Perzel sought to convince a Democrat to change parties or abstain from the election for speaker so that he could remain in office. After Democrat Tom Caltagirone of Reading announced that he would support Perzel rather than Democrat Bill DeWeese for Speaker, it appeared likely that Perzel would be elected Speaker presiding over a Democratic majority. At the last minute, however, DeWeese nominated another Northeast Philadelphia Republican, Dennis O'Brien. The tactic was successful, as O'Brien was elected by a vote of 105 to 97.

The Republican caucus created the new title of Speaker Emeritus which gave Perzel a role without displacing other members of the House leadership.

Even though he lost the majority of his power, he remained a "powerful force in the House due to his institutional knowledge."

Perzel made a bid to return to the House GOP leadership after the 2008 elections, but was defeated by incumbent Sam Smith for the position of Minority Leader.

Aristotle scandal
On September 10, 2008 the office of then-State Attorney General Republican Tom Corbett announced that Perzel was under investigation for deals he made with the data firm Aristotle, Inc. during his tenure as Speaker of the House. Perzel had contracted the firm to provide the Republican Caucus with its constituency service program in deals worth over $1,870,000. Corbett's agents were investigating whether the sophisticated data collection software was used for reelection campaigns in violation of state laws against the use of public funds for campaign purposes. On September 11, 2008 the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that the contract contained specific references for gathering information related to election purposes and the distribution of yard signs.

The Republican Attorney General's office stated that it would issue indictments either before October 1, 2009 or after the election to avoid having "undue influence" on the November election. After indictment, Perzel turned himself into local police on November 13, 2009. and was released from custody on $100,000 bond that same day after surrendering his passport. He lost his 2010 re-election bid to Democrat Kevin Boyle.

Perzel pleaded guilty on August 31, 2011 to eight criminal charges, including two counts of conflict of interest, two counts of theft, and four counts of conspiracy. On March 21, 2012, Common Pleas Court Judge Richard Lewis sentenced Perzel to 30 months in prison and to pay one million dollars restitution to the state. The penalty of one million dollars was later dropped on appeal.

Ward leader
Perzel was the Republican Ward Leader of the 64th Ward Republican Executive Committee.

title: John Perzel


text: User talk:66.130.239.25

title: User talk:66.130.239.25


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Jossy Mansur

Jossy Mehsen Mansur (June 7, 1934, Aruba – October 15, 2016) was the editor of the Papiamento-language newspaper Diario in Aruba. He wrote two dictionaries for the Papiamento language and a history of Aruba among other books.

Powerful Aruban business family
Mansur was a descendant of a family which originally came from Lebanon and settled on the island of Aruba. The Mansur family made its fortune as cigarette manufacturers and in the import-export business. With a licence of Philip Morris, they were the major suppliers of Marlboro in the Caribbean basin for many years (the cigarette factories were sold to Philip Morris in 2007). The Mansurs sponsored the Marlboro Red Tigers baseball team as well as the Aruban People's Party (Arubaanse Volkspartij, AVP) of former Prime Minister Henny Eman. The family owns their own bank, the Interbank, the biggest hotel and time-sharing complex, La Cabana, and the Royal Cabana casino. They also have import-export businesses in the Free Trade Zone.

US President Bill Clinton in 1996 publicly identified Aruba "as a major drug-transit country" and noted that "a substantial portion of the free-zone's businesses in Aruba are owned and operated by members of the Mansur family, who have been indicted in the United States on charges of conspiracy to launder trafficking proceeds." In the late 1980s, an investigator for Senator John Kerry's committee investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, interviewed drug traffickers in a West Miami prison. When asking who the Mansur's are he was told they are "The big family in Aruba we used for laundering money and moving cocaine."

Alleged involvement in cigarette smuggling and money laundering
The Mansur family was involved in cigarette smuggling from Aruba to Colombia. For over 50 years, Philip Morris' main distributor in Latin America was the Mansur Free Zone Trading Company, NV. Cigarettes were shipped to Aruba or Panamanian free trade zones operated by the Mansurs and then into Colombia's special customs zone, Maicao, just across the border from Venezuela. One of Philip Morris' main distributors within Colombia was Samuel Santander Lopesierra, at one time a senator in the Liberal Party. Dubbed "the Marlboro Man" by the Colombian media, in reference to his alleged cigarette smuggling activities, Lopesierra is named in a U.S. federal court affidavit filed in conjunction with the Mansur money-laundering indictment. In that affidavit, an FBI agent working undercover says he was told by one of the original defendants in the Mansur indictment, that Lopesierra was part of a scheme to convert narco dollars into shipments of goods bound for Colombia.

According to a report of the Venezuelan intelligence agency, the DISIP, "in Venezuela the Mansurs are implicated in money laundering with Lopesierra. Every month Lopesierra 're-invested' 20 million dollars 'with the help of a well-known entrepreneur called Mansur'." Lopesierra was arrested for drug trafficking in October 2002 and extradited to the US in August 2003. He was convicted of conspiring to unlawfully import cocaine into the United States. Lopesierra and his group were responsible for smuggling shipments of hundreds of kilograms of cocaine into the United States, and for laundering the proceeds so they could be repatriated through Puerto Rico, New York, and Miami back to Colombia.

The Mansur family has gained international prominence for alleged money laundering. Two family members, the cousins Eric and Alex Mansur, have been indicted by the U.S. attorney in Puerto Rico. They reportedly funneled US$500,000 in campaign cash to Colombian President Ernesto Samper through the wife of a jailed Cali cartel boss during the 1994 election campaign. Mr. Samper denied it. The Mansurs subsequently were awarded a monopoly for Colombian gambling, which was canceled in 1997 by a government watchdog agency that smelled impropriety.

Philip Morris International broke its contract with the Mansurs at the end of 1998 "for business reasons." A source close to the family said the two sides agreed to a $422 million settlement and that the Mansurs continue to work with Philip Morris' non-tobacco product lines.

Suing the Netherlands
In 1999 Jossy Mansur and his brother Luis Mansur and sister Lisa Thomson Mansur sued the Netherlands government before the United Nations Human Rights Committee for disseminating what the Aruban government termed a top secret report that claimed that the Mansurs were involved in organized crime. The report by the Dutch Internal Security Service describes security in Aruba, saying that foreign organizations fighting crime in the region are almost unanimous in their view of the Aruban business community as providing services for (laundering specialists of) regional drug cartels.

The report mentions the Mansurs by name and portrays them as criminals who were associated with criminal organizations involved in drugs trafficking, gun trafficking and laundering money obtained from criminal activities. Despite the fact that the report was classified as top secret, it was leaked to the press and its contents became public. The suit was dismissed on procedural grounds for failure to exhaust Mansur's civil remedies in the Netherlands courts.

Newspaper editor
Mansur was known for his weekly editorials which were often critical of the local government of Prime Minister Nelson Oduber. The ongoing disagreement between Mansur and Oduber dates back many years. During the election campaign in 2001 Oduber's party even had stickers made stating "Don’t believe  Diario."

Mansur strongly advocated a point of view in the cases of Eduardo Mathew and Natalee Holloway. He appeared regularly on Fox News and Nancy Grace's Headline News show commenting on the disappearance of Natalee Holloway on Aruba in 2005. Mansur formed his own "investigative team" and his newspaper repeatedly published new leads. According to some observers, Mansur jumped on the bandwagon as part of his own feud with the Aruban government.

Jossy Mansur died on October 15, 2016, in Colombia.

Publications
As a writer, editor and translator Mansur was involved in a number of publications over a 35-year period ranging from an English–Papiamento dictionary to a History of Aruba to psychological historical romance and fiction, to Aruban republications and Papiamento translations of classics of English and world literature, such as Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, Hans Christian Andersen and Alexandre Dumas. While the quality of work varies, Mansur's eclectic interests may provide more psychological insight into him. While he was rumored to have made liberal use of ghost writers and editors, Mansur's literary aspirations are undeniable, documenting both Aruban social and cultural history and keeping the linguistic aspirations of Papiamento alive through both linguistic editorial and translation work.

See also WorldCat for further description of his works.
 * Mansur, Jossy M. (1991). Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English, Oranjestad (Aruba): Edicionnan Clasico Diario, 510 pages.
 * Mansur, Jossy M. (?). Diccionario di 5 idioma, Oranjestad (Aruba): Edicionnan Clasico Diario, 934 pages
 * Mansur, Jossy M. (1993). Historia di Aruba 1499–1824, Miami: Hallmark Press Inc.
 * Mansur, Jossy M. (2001). Corazon de Amor, Caracas Venezuela: Diario, 2001. (English version first published as The Awakening Heart. Miami: Hallmark Press Inc, 1999 (Fictional Spanish telenovela style historical romance. Also apparently published under the title Corazon maestro Cali, Colombia, 2000, ISBN 958-33-2024-2)

Litigation
Mansur has been involved in several lawsuits related to advocacy of Papiamento politics and culture.

 * L. E. y J. Mansur v. Netherlands, Comunicación No. 883/1999, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/67/D/883/1999 (1999) in Spanish
 * Messrs. L. E. and J. Mansur (represented by Dr. Jan M. Sjöcrona and Mr. John H. van der Kuyp) v. the Netherlands, Communication No. 883/1999, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/67/D/883/1999 (9 November 1999) in English
 * Lawsuit by Aruban Prime Minister Nelson O. Oduber vs. Jossy Mansur

title: Jossy Mansur


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Carl Pulfrich

Carl P. Pulfrich (September 24, 1858 in Burscheid, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia – August 12, 1927 in Baltic Sea, drowned when his canoe capsized) was a German physicist, noted for advancements in optics made as a researcher for the Carl Zeiss company in Jena around 1880, and for documenting the Pulfrich effect, a psycho-optical phenomenon that can be used to create a type of 3-D visual effect. Carl Pulfrich was the brother-in-law of Heinrich Hertz.

Advances in optics
Pulfrich was employed to develop stereoscopy from being pure entertainment to a powerful quantitative technique. His apparatus to measure distances stereoscopically was first presented in Munich in 1899. This was further developed to a stereo-comparator which was presented in Hamburg in 1901. Stereoscopy was used for topographic mapping, astronomy and oceanography because everything could be done quickly and precisely. He pioneered the use of aerial photography surveys.

He introduced in 1909 a "Vacation Course in Stereophotogrammetry", that gave rise to the annual "Photogrammetry Week" running for more than a century. Leica Geosystems sponsors the "Carl Pulfrich Award", to honour advancements in the fields of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and earth imaging.

Pulfrich had realised that people in whom visual function differed between both eyes perceived the stereo-effect: "“Gibt es doch, wie sich jetzt herausgestellt hat, Personen, die auch im freien Sehen das Kreisen der Marke sehen, links oder rechts herum, je nachdem bei dem betreffenden Beobachter das linke oder das rechte Auge schneller reagiert als das andere. In solchen für den Augenarzt besonders beachtenswerten Fällen konnte jedesmal eine mehr oder weniger grosse, durch einseitigen Gebrauch oder andere Ursachen erworbene Ungleicheit der beiden Augen nachgewiesen werden.” [There are, as we have found out, people who can perceive the circulation of the pointer without using a neutral density filter. The left- or rightward movement depends on whether the observer’s left or right eye reacts quicker than the other. In these cases, relevant to the ophthalmologist it was always possible to demonstrate a difference between the two eyes, due to unilateral use (Translator’s remark: Pulfrich refers to amblyopia) or other causes.]"

Pulfrich's comment implies a list of diseases in which the stereo-effect can occur. He wondered why the stereo-effect was not noted earlier because of the abundance of swinging clock pendulums: "“Wenn man bedenkt mit welch einfachen Mitteln die Erscheinung der kreisenden Marke hervorgerufen werden kann, so kann man sich nur darüber wundern, dass sie anscheinend nicht schon früher einmal beobachtet worden ist, wozu doch jeder Uhrenladen die Gelegenheit bietet.” [If one considers the simple means used to produce the phenomenon of the circulating pointer, one wonders why this observation has not been made earlier, particularly as every shop selling clocks offers this opportunity.]"

Pulfrich refractometer
A Pulfrich refractometer measures refractive index of a sample by measuring the critical angle of the sample with a well characterized prism. Pulfrich and Max Wolz invented it at the Zeiss factory.

title: Carl Pulfrich


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User talk:Mghamburg

As I will log in here only in irregular intervals: for urgent questions please leave a short message at my german discussion page.

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 14:50, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Sorry, I should have said "Welcome to the English Wiki!" We hope you enjoy your stay. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 14:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Night Of The Proms
Yep, definitely looks like a copyvio. I'm not quite sure what needs to be done. Unless someone can write an article it may just have to stay that way for a while. I'll look into it though. Thanks for your help. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 15:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Video Journalism
Thank you very much for your contributions to the Video journalism article! Much appreciated! I copy edited what you wrote somewhat, but I would appreciate if you looked through the changes I made, as I might have misinterpreted something (I don't speak German so I haven't read the actual sources). Mackan 12:22, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for copy editing, I am not sure about one phrase: NY1 was the first to hire only video journalists sounds to me like NY1 started to hire only VJs at a certain point of history, but had common journalists still working at NY1. But as far as I know the literature only VJs belonged to the staff of NY1. But maybe its just my wrong interpretation of the meaning of "hire". --Mghamburg 14:29, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Germany national under-21 football team
The Germany national football team and the U-21 team might be merged. I've already started a discussion and vote for this. You can join the discussion here. Kingjeff 16:49, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mghamburg


text:
User:Sonicwarrior~enwiki

About this Wikipedian
I'm working as an IT specialist.

Interests

 * Music
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 * Synth Diy

title: User:Sonicwarrior~enwiki