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Low culture

[[File:The Papal Belvedere.jpg|thumb|right|Low culture humour:  Kissing the Pope's Feet

German peasants bare their buttocks and fart in response to a papal bull of Pope Paul III: "The Pope speaks: Our sentences are to be feared, even if unjust. Response: Be damned! Behold, o furious race, our bared buttocks."

The irreligious scene is low-culture humour from the Papstspotbilder (Depictions of the Papacy, 1545) series of wood cuts, by Lucas Cranach the Elder, which was commissioned by Martin Luther. ]]

In society, the term low culture identifies the forms of popular culture that have mass appeal, often broadly appealing to the middle or lower cultures of any given society. This is in contrast to the forms of high culture that appeal to a smaller, often upper-class proportion of the populace. Culture theory proposes that both high culture and low culture are subcultures within a society, because the culture industry mass-produces each type of popular culture for every socio-economic class. Despite being viewed as characteristic of less-educated social classes, low culture is still often enjoyed by upper classes as well. This makes the content that falls under this categorization the most broadly consumed kind of media in a culture overall. Various forms of low culture can be found across a variety of cultures, with the physical objects composing these mediums often being constructed from less expensive, perishable materials. The phrase low culture has come to be viewed by some as a derogatory idea in and of itself, existing to put down elements of pop or tribal culture that others may deem to be "inferior."

Standards and definitions
In Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of Taste (1958), Herbert J. Gans said that the:

"Aesthetic standards of low culture stress substance, form being totally subservient, and there is no explicit concern with abstract ideas or even with fictional forms of contemporary social problems and issues. . . . Low culture emphasizes morality, but limits itself to familial and individual problems and [the] values, which apply to such problems. Low culture is content to depict traditional working class values winning out over the temptation to give into conflicting impulses and behavior patterns."In other words, low culture is often associated with media that presents smaller-scale or individual experiences that are easier for the general public to identify with.

History
Physical artifacts from low culture are normally small, cheaply and often crudely made, in contrast to the comparatively grand public art or luxury objects of high culture. While this is a necessity for this low culture media to be broadly disseminated, it has also contributed to its reputation as low-brow or of lesser merit. The cheapness of the materials, many of which are perishable, generally means that their survival and preservation in modern times is rare. There are exceptions, especially in pottery and graffiti on stone. An ostracon is a small piece of pottery (or sometimes stone) which has been written on, for any of a number of purposes, among which curse tablets or more positive magical spells such as love magic are common. Wood must have been a common material, but only survives for long periods in certain climatic conditions, such as Egypt and other very arid areas, and permanently wet and slightly acid peat bogs.

Once printing (and paper) became relatively cheap, popular prints became increasingly widespread by the late Renaissance. This technology also allowed for the production of cheap texts in street literature such as broadsides and broadside ballads, typically new topical words to a familiar tune. These examples became extremely common, but were treated as ephemera, so survival of this material is relatively uncommon.

Folk music is another notable historical manifestation of low culture. Much traditional folk music was only written down, and later mechanically recorded, in the 19th cevntury, as growing nationalist sentiments in many countries generated interest from middle class enthusiasts. In comparison to other forms of music, such as music written for orchestras or by well-known classical composers, folk music was considered a product of low culture given its association with the more popular, cruder tastes of those who created it. This social separation between folk and classical music was also influenced by the traditions and expectations followed by the latter, which was often written for use in religious settings that demanded certain consistencies in the musical structure. Instead, folk music (along with its successor, contemporary folk music) is thought of as a reflection of common themes present in its community of origin. These combined traits help define folk music as an early, widespread form of low culture, in which the lower/working class were both its largest producers and consumers.

Modern day
Sports, pop music, fast food, fast-fashion and superhero movies are all considered modern examples of low culture. The phrase trash culture begin to enter the public lexicon in the 1980s as a classification for these kinds of recent low-cultural expressions. This kind of content is often considered to be either vulgar, in poor-taste, or lacking in-depth artistic merit. With the explosion of tabloid journalism and sensationalistic reality television throughout the late twentieth century, many modern artists such as Brett Easton Ellis would use these works as inspirations to bridge the gap between the confines of high and low culture. The result of this on his work in particular has been media that could belong to either categorization based on the grotesque nature of his works contents mixed with the depth more characteristic of other high-brow works.

Culture as social class
Each social class possesses its own versions of high and low culture, the definition and content of which are determined by the socio-economic and educational particulars of the people who compose said social class. This falls in line with the sociological theory known as habitus, which states that the way that people perceive and respond to the social world they inhabit is through their personal habits, skills, and disposition of character. Therefore, what exactly constitutes as high culture and low culture has specific meanings and usages that are collectively determined by the members of any respective social class. However, people of higher social classes often view the cultural objects they consume as having a higher societal standing than that taken in by lower classes. This makes the distinction between high and low culture one divided along social standings, a trend that has resulted in the art and content that makes up low culture being regularly discredited throughout history.

Variation by country
The demographics who make up lower social classes have often been given specific phrases to refer to their classification as being of a lower social standing. These varying groups, who are usually made up of younger and poorer individuals, are often viewed as being a part of regionally specific delinquent subcultures. The following variations of these types of groups are stereotypical of the audiences who consume low culture works.

 * Bogan – Unrefined or unsophisticated person in Australia and New Zealand.
 * Chav – Stereotype of anti-social youth dressed in sportswear in the United Kingdom.
 * Dres – Member of a Polish chav-like subculture that originated in the 1990s.
 * Flaite – Chilean urban lower-class youth.
 * Gopnik – Russian and Eastern European term for delinquent. Characterized as wearing Adidas tracksuits.
 * Redneck – Derogatory term applied to white person from the rural South of the United States.
 * Skeet (Newfoundland) – A derogatory, stereotypical phrase used within the Canadian providence of Newfoundland and Labrador used to refer to someone who is ignorant, aggressive and unruly.

Popular prints
Common throughout the 1400s to 1700s in Europe, popular prints highlight some of the key identifying features of low culture media. Shortly after innovations in printing technology such as moveable type, popular prints became a useful tool for spreading political, religious, and social ideas to the working class—emphasis was placed on adding artwork or visually appealing designs in order to maximize readership in societies which, at the time, were not fully literate. These prints contributed to pioneering satirical content, varying portrayals of common subcultures at the time, and other subject matter that is still found in modern-day low culture media.

Popular prints are also observed in Chinese society from the late 1800s to mid-1900s, in which they were intended to be readily accessible to the majority of consumers (i.e., the working or middle classes). Similarly to those found in Europe, the Chinese prints would emphasize design elements such as colorful designs and relatively inexpensive production, which led to their frequent consumption for both spreading various sociopolitical ideas or decorative purposes. This usage of brief, eye-catching marketing strategy allowed the prints, much like their European counterparts, to appeal to a wider audience that would be receptive to both the entertainment and political content they contained.

Although the reach of popular prints was both far spanning and effective, its classification as a lower art made it less desirable to higher classes, especially during the art form's earlier years when the drawings themselves were more crude and simply produced due to necessity. As printing techniques advanced, and the quality of the art itself improved during the 17th and 18th centuries, higher social classes began to take more interest in it. This has allowed for more of this genre's later works to survive into the modern age, with earlier, 15th century era works being lost to time due to the perishable printing materials.

Toilet humor
Also referred to as potty or scatological humor, toilet humor is a brand of off-color humor that deals with defecation, urination, and other bodily functions that would often be deemed as societally taboo. Although most forms of off-color comedy could be viewed as a kind of low-culture, toilet humor in particular has received this connotation due to the comedy style's frequent interest amongst toddlers and young children, for whom cultural taboos related to the acknowledgement of waste excretion still have a degree of novelty. For this reason, toilet humor has come to be regularly viewed as juvenile, although it has continued to find success in a number of modern settings such as in the Captain Underpants and South Park media franchises. This relation between low culture and what is enjoyed by children demonstrates a regular pattern amongst whom low culture is seen to be enjoyed by.

Lowbrow art movement
Arising in the Los Angeles, California area during the 1960, Lowbrow was an underground visual art movement that took inspiration from other popular forms of low culture art of the time such as underground comix, punk music, tiki culture, and graffiti. The phrase for this style was coined by artist Robert Williams, who decided to name a 1979 book containing his paintings as ''The Lowbrow Art of Robt. Williams'', in opposition to the idea of high-brow art following the initial rejection of recognition of his work from several pre-established art institutions. The movement has also been referred to as "pop surrealism" in some circles, while Williams himself has referred to it as "cartoon-tainted abstract surrealism", feeling as if the name lowbrow is inappropriate given the artistic merit found within the movement's artists. Despite initial pushback from contemporary critics, the movement began to be taken more seriously as the years have gone on, with the first formal gallery exhibition displaying the works of the movement being orchestrated in 1992 by Greg Escalante at the Julie Rico Gallery in Santa Monica.

Internet memes
Many well-known examples of modern low culture are represented by online memes that can quickly spread through various social media or messaging platforms. In the context of modern internet culture, memes are cultural ideas (often in the form of images, videos, or vernacular phrases) that have gradually developed certain contextual meanings for their audiences. Memes are often shared by internet users in an informal setting, often with the intent of humor, satire, or social commentary; these behaviors frequently lead to certain images reaching a status of near-universal recognition and fame across the internet. The rapid popularization of Pepe the Frog as a meme in the mid-2010s highlights the variety of symbolic purposes that any one meme can be applied to represent. The image, which can be traced back to a comic book character created by Matt Furie in 2005, was heavily reused and shared across various online forums in later years. Eventually, Pepe's presence spread to a number of far-right communities on the website 4chan, in which it later became associated with hate speech. This sudden shift in usage prompted more serious analysis in other circles, including sociology and other academic communities, as the meme's spread and highly varied usage by different online groups represented a unique kind of media that could influence future political discourse, particularly in middle or lower-class internet users.

Audience
All cultural products (especially high culture) have a certain demographic to which they appeal most. In regard to low culture, it often appeals to very simple and basic human emotional needs, while also offering a perceived return to innocence. This escape from real world problems comes from the experience of being able to live vicariously through the lives of others by viewing them through various forms of media. While the audiences that consume low culture tend to originate from lower socioeconomic classes, those considered 'elite' can also interact with this media. An example of this interaction between classes can be found in outsider art, which is often created by individuals without a background in the fine arts—interestingly, it has been heavily associated with consumption by higher classes throughout the 1900s in a notable example of higher classes consuming media that was neither generated by nor specifically intended to catch their attention.

Stereotypes
Low culture can oftentimes be formulaic, employing trope conventions, stock characters and character archetypes in a manner that can be perceived as more simplistic, crude, emotive, unbalanced, or blunt compared to the ways in which a piece of high culture would implement them. This leads to the perception of high culture as being more subtle, balanced, or refined and open for interpretation in comparison with its lower counterpart. Modern media that would often be constituted as low culture often continues to implement stereotypes, often to comment or critique them in a satirical manner.

Cross-cultural artifacts
The use and display of different cultural artifacts, especially in the West, has been studied as an example of low culture consumed by upper classes. Certain examples of these artifacts, such as artwork from African cultures, may be found in higher-income establishments with no ties to these cultures, a phenomenon that has been described as "cultural omnivorousness [sic]" with the aim of creating a more distinguished air in the interior design of the owners' business or living spaces. These cases exemplify another means by which media deemed low culture can still be consumed by socioeconomic classes that it is not associated with, or primarily created for.

title: Low culture


text: User talk:69.235.87.241

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.235.87.241


text:
List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)

This is a list of some Asian leaders and politicians, with a commitment to the Japanese cause, in the Yen Block or Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Pan-Asian economic associations previous to and during the Pacific War period, between 1931–1945.

Empire of Manchukuo

 * Puyi, the Kangde Emperor (Monarch and Head of State)
 * Zheng Xiaoxu (Prime Minister of Manchukuo)
 * Zhang Jinghui (next Prime Minister until 1945)

Jewish Far East Community in Manchukuo

 * Dr.Abraham Kaufman (Local Harbin Zionist anticommunist leader)

Chōsen

 * Crown Prince Euimin (Yi Eun) (Korean Imperial House chief and local leader)
 * Prince Imperial Ui (Gyn Rhee) (Korean Imperial House chief and supporter)

White Russians Community in Manchukuo

 * Konstantin Vladimirovich Rodzaevsky (White Russian anticommunist leader)
 * General Kislitsin (another White Russian anti-Soviet chief)
 * General Vrashevsky (White Russian anti-Stalinist leader, also Japanese follower)

==Provisional Government of the Republic of China (North China Political Council), Reformed Government of the Republic of China and the Wang Jingwei regime==
 * President Wang Kemin (Head of State of the Provisional Government, later Chairman of the North China Political Council and Minister of Internal Affairs for the Wang Jingwei regime)
 * President Liang Hongzhi (Head of State of the Reformed Government, later Governor of Jiangsu Province and Chairman of the Legislative Yuan for the Wang Jingwei regime)
 * President Wang Jingwei (First Head of State of the Wang Jingwei regime)
 * President Chen Gongbo (Second Head of State of the Wang Jingwei regime, previously the Mayor of Shanghai)

Mengjiang

 * Demchugdongrub (Head of State)

Malaya

 * Sultan Ibrahim of Johor (local Malay Islamic leader)
 * Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor (local Malay Islamic leader)
 * Ibrahim Hj Yaacob – founder of Kesatuan Melayu Muda

Second Philippine Republic

 * José P. Laurel (President of the Japanese inaugurated Republic)
 * Emilio Aguinaldo (former Philippine president, also supported Japanese cause for sometime)
 * Benigno Aquino Sr. (former Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic and leader of the pro-Japan KALIBAPI)

Dutch East Indies-Indonesia

 * Sukarno (native Indonesian Nationalist leader)
 * Mohammad Hatta (local Indonesian Nationalist leader, with Sukarno as Dwitunggal)
 * Radjiman Wediodiningrat (native Indonesian Islamic politic)

French Indochina

 * Admiral Jean Decoux (Vichy French governor)

Empire of Vietnam

 * Emperor Bảo Đại (Vietnamese Head of State)
 * Trần Trọng Kim (Local Vietnamese leader)
 * Trinh Minh The (Vietnamese nationalist and military leader)

Kingdom of Kampuchea (Cambodia)

 * Norodom Sihanouk (Cambodian Head of State and Head of Government; king and prime minister simultaneously)
 * Son Ngoc Thanh (Native Cambodian leader, succeeded Sihanouk as prime minister)

Kingdom of Laos

 * Prince Phetxarāt (Laotian Political Chief)

Thailand

 * Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Head of Government and military strongman)
 * Prince Wan Waithayakon (Diplomat and propagandist)

State of Burma

 * Ba Maw (local Burmese chief, and Head of State)
 * U Aung San (local Burmese supporter for certain period)
 * Bo Ne Win (native Burmese military supporter)

Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (Free India)

 * Subhas Chandra Bose (legendary Indian Freedom Struggle Hero. Head of State of Provisional Government of Free India)
 * A. M. Sahay (another Indian leader and Japanese political follower)
 * Rash Behari Bose (Indian pro-Japanese leader)
 * Habib Hassan (Indian pro-Japanese leader)

Afghanistan

 * Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan (native Afghan Islamic leader)

First East Turkestan Republic

 * Muhammad Amin Bughra (Emir)

authors: Simple User of Something Something Something


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Talk:FC Arsenal Kyiv

Requested move 18 July 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Closed and not moved. This is a nonsensical RM and as such I have closed it. It is very clear from the evidence below that the club have not changed their name. Please do not submit this again, it will be regarded as disruptive. Black Kite (talk) 23:49, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

FC Arsenal Kyiv → FC Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv – Official name of the team which will be playing in Ukrainian Second League for the 2015–16 Ukrainian Second League. Reference provided from Professional Football League of Ukraine - Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv The team from their official website has gone to great lengths that they are assuming and inheriting the history of their club – FC Arsenal Kyiv. As seen on their club information site the history of the club goes back to 1925 and a detailed information from that date. History of Arsenal from their website Brudder Andrusha (talk) 11:13, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Oppose - The site from the Professional Football League of Ukraine does not provide the name of team as FC Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv at all. It lists the name of the team, FC Arsenal-Kyiv, between quotation marks followed by the location of the team (Kyiv again). That formula is used for all the teams on their site. If you look at this you'll see a calendar lower down with some scheduled matches which clearly gives the name as (F.C.) Arsenal-Kyiv. Furthermore the team names themselves FC Arsenal-Kyiv as well. Tvx1 15:45, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Strongly Disagree - The format of the team names is Club – City The club is Arsenal Kyiv. The city is Kyiv. Simple as that. And the PFL is consistant in naming the team as Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv in the whole scheduled for the Second League. Brudder Andrusha (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Strong Oppose. The name of the new team is simply FC Arsenal-Kyiv without second "Kyiv" in the title, see the official site of the club:. The team disestabished in 2013 and the new team are absolutely different, with different presidents (Vadym Rabinovych for the old team, Oleksiy Kikireshko for the new). Leave the name of FC Arsenal Kyiv for defunct team. 217.30.195.63 (talk) 15:48, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Strongly Disagree The club is registered as FC Arsenal-Kyiv in the city of Kyiv. The team in its website has definitely not disassociated from the former club but have embraced its history and are forging ahead with the acceptance that they are the rightful heirs of the club - FC Arsenal Kyiv. It is appropriate to consolidate the team with the past history as has been done with previous clubs. Brudder Andrusha (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Strongly Agree It is so obvious that the club is the same just because it had to register it again so that could be an official entity. Brudder Andrusha (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

 * To admins. Please strike out the comments from 69.248.254.91 (due to second vote) because it was made by BrudderAndrusha, see Btw, if teamname contains the name of city, then articles have simplified name: FC Lviv, FC Poltava, FC Ternopil etc. 217.30.195.63 (talk) 18:33, 18 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Strong disagree Your example is bogus because these teams represent the municipal cities while Arsenal-Kyiv doesn't represent Kyiv at all but renamed themselves in a way to keep the original team's name. And that is the way they were registered and displayed in the PFL Ukrainian Second League and in their standings. Brudder Andrusha (talk) 18:52, 18 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Please show references about selling of the club from Vadym Rabinovych to Oleksiy Kikireshko. No such refs! Please show references about renaming of the club from Arsenal to Arsenal-Kyiv. No such refs! It was not renaming. Kikireshko and Co. registered another club with different name (FC Arsenal-Kyiv) to avoid the legal confusion with previous club. 217.30.195.63 (talk) 19:01, 18 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The club FC Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv on its website acknowledges the history of its club История киевского «Арсенала» (History of "Arsenal" Kyiv) -
 * Через год после своего возрождения киевский «Арсенал» (as in Arsenal Kyiv) добился первого весомого успеха в новейшей истории клуба - стал чемпионом и обладателем Кубка столицы, а также победил в клубном зачете Киева.
 * The club in its website continually interchanges the name "Arsenal-Kyiv" with "Arsenal".

 * Even in your continual removal of WP:V references that were placed on the Arsenal-Kyiv Kyiv membership in the Ukrainian PFL in the 2015–16 Ukrainian Second League with the following ФК «Арсенал-Киев» подписал контракты с 17-ю футболистами link, the heading uses "Arsenal-Kyiv" but the article goes ahead in the first sentence of the article:
 * Сегодня, 9 июля, в офисе киевского «Арсенала» были подписаны первые 17 контрактов с футболистами, которые будут защищать цвета нашего клуба во второй лиге Украины.
 * So you replace a perfectly verifiable reference with a reference with several inconsistencies which neither complements the 2015–16 Ukrainian Second League article nor gives any credence to the name "Arsenal-Kyiv" Kyiv that the PFL is going to associate in the upcoming competition. Brudder Andrusha (talk) 19:49, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:FC Arsenal Kyiv


text:
Burakin, Western Australia

Burakin is a small town near Kalannie in the eastern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

The townsite was gazetted in 1928. The name is an Aboriginal word of unknown meaning, and was suggested by the Wongan Hills Road Board in 1927. The original spelling was to have been Borrikin.

Burakin is the junction for the branch railway line to Bonnie Rock. The line was completed on 27 April 1931, but services beyond Beacon were withdrawn from late 1997.

In 2000 and 2001 Burakin was the epicentre of a series of earthquakes now known as the Burakin Swarm – a significant series of seismographic events that are considered important in understanding the South West Seismic Zone.

title: Burakin, Western Australia


text: User talk:81.130.226.29

title: User talk:81.130.226.29


text:
Muzaffarpur district

Muzaffarpur District is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India. Muzaffarpur district is part of and also the headquarters of Tirhut Division Tirhut is the ancient name of all of northern Bihar.

History
Muzaffarpur was a part of the ancient Vajjika League, one of the principal mahājanapadas of Ancient India.

Muzaffarpur fostered political leaders and statesmen alike among whom were Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, George Fernandes, Janki Ballabh Shastri, a great Hindi writer, Parmanandan Shashtri and Devesh Chandra Thakur.

In 1972 both Sitamarhi and Vaishali districts were split from Muzaffarpur.

Geography
Muzaffarpur district is served by rivers Gandak, Budhi Gandak, Bagmati and Lakhandei. Many streams pass through the district. The area has been prone to floods. The district lies in the fertile region of Gangetic plain. Muzaffarpur district occupies an area of 3175.9 km2, comparatively equivalent to Canada's Mansel Island.

Politics

 * }

Administrative divisions
There are 16 blocks under Muzaffarpur District:

Economy
GDP Per capita Income of Muzaffarpur is $2,507 and total GDP of District is $5 Billion as by 2021 Reports which is 4.7% of Bihar's GDP.

Lychee
The litchi crop, which is available from May to June, is mainly cultivated in the districts of Muzaffarpur and surrounding districts, in an area of about 25,800 hectares producing about 300,000 tonnes every year. Litchi is exported to big cities like Bombay, Kolkata and to other countries. India's share in the world litchi market amounts to less than 1%. The name of the litchi produced in quality.

Industry
It has many industries ranging from small to big. Prabhat Zarda Factory, Ganesh Foundries Limited, Bharat Wagon and Engineering, N.T.P.C., Kanti Thermal Power Station, Bihar Drugs & Organic Chemicals Ltd., Muzaffarpur – a unit of IDPL, units of Leather Development Corporation, Muzaffarpur Dairy, a unit of the Bihar State Dairy Corporation unit Bihar State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation Ltd., Muzaffarpur producing Sudha brand packaged milk are the major industries located in Muzaffarpur city and its periphery. The above industries have generated considerable employment and have also been helpful in establishing a number of small industries including a few cottage industries. The most important item that is manufactured in Muzaffarpur town is railway wagon. Muzaffarpur city is an important centre for the wholesale cloth trade. Agriculture-based industries such as sugar mills and Britannia Biscuits have newly been established in city.New IT services such as Super Seva and Suresh Chips have opened their offices in Muzaffarpur.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Muzaffarpur district has a population of 4,801,062, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 24th th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1514 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.14%. Muzaffarpur has a sex ratio of 900 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 63.4%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.66% and 0.12% of the population respectively.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 48.33% of the population in the district spoke Hindi, 7.65% Urdu, 3.54% Bhojpuri and 1.33% Maithili as their first language. 39.01% of the population recorded their language as 'Others' under Hindi, mainly Bajjika. Bajjika, Bhojpuri and Maithili are the local languages of Muzaffarpur district.

title: Muzaffarpur district


text:
Gleb Krotkov

Gleb Paul Krotkov, (May 9, 1901 – January 29, 1968) was a Russian-Canadian academic and plant physiologist.

Born in Moscow, Russian Empire, he joined the White Russian Navy. After the defeat of the White forces in 1920 during the Russian Civil War, he managed to escape to Prague.

Later he emigrated to Canada and received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1934. He then joined the faculty of biology at Queen's University and taught there until his death.

From 1958 to 1963, Krotkovwas the head of the department. He helped establish the first radio-isotope lab for biological research in Canada in 1948 and published over 75 research papers on plant physiology.

In 1950, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and was awarded the Flavelle Medal in 1964. In 1955, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

title: Gleb Krotkov


text:
Roman Sebastian Zängerle

Roman Sebastian Zängerle (January 20, 1771, Ober-Kirchberg near Ulm – April 17, 1848 at Seckau in Austria) was Prince-Bishop of Seckau.

Biography
After studying with the Benedictines at Wiblingen Abbey, Zängerle became a novice there in 1788, took his vows on February 5, 1792, and was ordained priest on December 21, 1793.

From 1794–95 he studied Semitic languages at the monastery of Zwiefalten, and then taught scripture at Wiblingen 1796–99, at Mehrerau 1799-1801, again at Wiblingen 1801–03, at the Benedictine University of Salzburg 1803–07, at the University of Cracow 1807–09, at the University of Prague 1811–13, and at the University of Vienna 1813–24.

In 1824, fifteen years after the suppression of his monastery, when there was no further hope of its restoration, he obtained dispensation from his religious vows in order to accept a canonry at Vienna. On April 24, 1824, he became Prince-Bishop of Seckau and administrator of the diocese of Leoben. These two dioceses, with a population of 800,000, had been without a bishop for twelve years, during which time the government had free scope to infuse Josephinistic ideas into the clergy and laity. The monasteries, almost without exception, had relaxed in discipline; the clergy, both secular and regular, were for the most part worldly-minded and exceedingly lax as pastors of the faithful. Despite governmental opposition, Zängerle inaugurated a thorough religious renovation in both dioceses, reformed the existing monasteries, introduced the Redemptorists, Jesuits, Carmelites and Vincentian Sisters, founded the School Sisters of the Third Order (1843), erected a boys' seminary for both dioceses at Leoben, thoroughly renovated the diocesan seminary religiously and educationally, introduced annual retreats for the clergy, and in many other ways provided for the welfare of both dioceses.

He died in Seckau in 1848.

title: Roman Sebastian Zängerle


text:
Talk:Muzaffarpur district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 12:27, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

--

I just want to say its awesome to see an article about Muzaffarpur, I am from the village Kharauna in Muzaffarpur and was wondering if there is an article about it somewhere.....

District headquarters
The 2011 census atlas shows the district headquarters as Kanti. Can anyone clarify whether the headquarters has moved? Skinsmoke (talk) 06:11, 20 December 2012 (UTC) The District headquarters of Muzaffarpur is located in mid of the city called Kachehri (Court compound) near commissioner office (Tirhut.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.45.11.11 (talk) 22:12, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Muzaffarpur district


text:
Benjamin Wolf Löw

Benjamin Wolf Löw (1775 – 6 March 1851) was a Polish–Hungarian rabbi. He was also known as Binyamin ben Elʻazar, Benjamin Adolf Löw, and Binyamin Ṿolf Leṿ, a.b.d. ḳ.ḳ. Ḳollin u-Ṿerboi.

Löw was born in Loslau (Wodzisław), Prussian Silesia. His father, Eleazar Löw, instructed him in Talmudic literature, and at an early age he became rabbi of a Polish congregation. One of his students was Abraham Judah ha-Kohen Schwartz. In 1812, following his father to Austria, he became rabbi of Kolín, Bohemia. In 1826 he was called as rabbi to Nagytapolcsány (Topoľčany), Royal Hungary, and in 1836 to Verbo (Vrbové), where he spent the remainder of his life.

Löw's only work was Sha'are Torah, a treatise on the principles of Talmudic law which shows the author's methodical mind and vast knowledge of Talmudic literature. Three parts of the work appeared in print (Vienna, 1821 and 1850; Sátoraljaújhely, 1872), while the 4th part was still in manuscript as of 1906.

Löw was twice married; his first wife, from whom he obtained a divorce, was the daughter of Ephraim Zalman Margolioth of Brody; the second was the daughter of Isaac Landau, rabbi of Auschwitz (Oświęcim). Löw's son Jeremiah, rabbi in Sátoraljaújhely, was the recognized leader of the Orthodox party in Hungary and its spokesman in an audience which its deputation obtained with the Emperor in order to protest against the establishment of a rabbinical seminary. He was nevertheless opposed to the secession of the Orthodox from the whole body of Judaism and therefore refused to take part in a congress planned by the Orthodox. Upon his death in 1872 he was succeeded by his son Eleazar, who was later called to the rabbinate of Unghvar (Uzhhorod). Other grandsons of Wolf Löw were Abraham and Benjamin Singer, joint authors of Ha-Madrik, a pedagogic anthology of the Talmud. Moses Löb Bloch was Wolf Löw's nephew and pupil.

title: Benjamin Wolf Löw


text:
USS Farragut (TB-11)

The first USS Farragut (Torpedo Boat No. 11/TB-11/Coast Torpedo Boat No. 5) was a torpedo boat in the United States Navy. She was named for David Farragut, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War.

History
Farragut was launched 16 July 1898 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco, California; sponsored by Miss Elizabeth Ashe, Admiral Farragut's niece; and commissioned 5 June 1899, Lieutenant Commander Reginald F. Nicholson in command.

Farragut's first operations were between Mare Island and Sausalito in San Francisco Bay, and occasionally south to San Diego, California, in target and torpedo practice. She was decommissioned at the Mare Island Navy Yard 4 September 1902; in commission in reserve from 8 October 1904; and restored to full commission 28 March 1908 for duty with the Pacific Torpedo Fleet.

She resumed her operations along the coast of California aside from 30 May to 10 June 1908, when she sailed to visit Portland, Oregon. Farragut was placed in reserve 18 September 1909 and recommissioned 10 May 1911, again for service in the San Francisco area aside from a cruise to Bremerton, Washington, that summer. Once more, on 1 July 1912, she went into reserve, and then on 26 March 1914, into ordinary.

Between 12 January 1915 and 14 April 1917, Farragut was assigned to the San Pedro Division of the California Naval Militia as a training ship. Returning then to full commission, Farragut sailed for the Panama Canal Zone 11 July 1917, and for the remainder of World War I, patrolled both the Atlantic and Pacific entrances to the Panama Canal, and carried troops and supplies in the Balboa area.

Renamed Coast Torpedo Boat No. 5 on 1 August 1918, she completed her service in the Canal Zone 30 December, and arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard 18 January 1919. There she was decommissioned 13 March 1919 and sold 9 September 1919.

title: USS Farragut (TB-11)


text:
User talk:Jw~enwiki

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Sam Vimes 14:15, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
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Move to Kyiv
Hello,

I am trying to change the name of the page Kiev to Kyiv. Looking through the archives, I saw that you had contributed to a similar discussion in the past.

The current discussion is happening at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kiev/naming

Please let us know what you think.

Thanks,

Horlo 02:58, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:EMA Logo.png)
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Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:Jw~enwiki


text:
Category:Rock DJs

This category consists of rock DJs (also called indie DJs): disc jockeys who play rock and pop music regularly at nightclubs. Most club DJs specialize in electronic music, using techniques such as beatmatching and scratching to manipulate sound recordings. This type of DJ essentially creates new music through the playback and mixing of pre-recorded media, most often placing focus on the DJ and not necessarily the record that they are playing. Unlike electronic club DJs, rock DJs rarely alter the original sound recording made by the artist, placing the main focus on the actual song or artist.

Most of the records played by rock DJs are based on rock music, although many other types of genres are incorporated, including pop, soul, electronic, hip hop, and more. Usually they will play well-known hits that are popular on the dancefloor, as well as lesser-known, more obscure records, mainly for the purpose of promoting a new song or artist. The skill of the rock DJ lies in the creation of an innovative playlist during the course of the club night. This is done by finding commonalities and contrasts between the records or artists, such as genre, tempo, beat, background, origin of the record, overall feeling, similar bassline, etc. The overall goal of the rock club DJ is similar to that of the electronic club DJ, to promote good music and keep the dancefloor moving.

It should be noted that because of the difference in focus, most rock DJs - such as Johnny Segment, Johnny Darko and Tom Libertine - are unlike electronic club DJs in that they do not gain fame outside of the cities or towns that they are performing in. Those who are well-known usually have previously established fame or status from another platform, such as Pulp frontman Jarvis Cocker.

title: Category:Rock DJs


text:
Lakhisarai district

Lakhisarai district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state, India, and Lakhisarai town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Lakhisarai district is a part of Munger Division. The district occupies an area of 1228 km2.

History
On 3 July 1994 this district was carved out from Munger district, which comprised the erstwhile Lakhisarai sub-division of the undivided district.

Geography
Lakhisarai district occupies an area of 1228 km2,

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Lakhisarai one of the country's 250 districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Industrial background; there are various fertiliser and pesticide factories in the district, including Bihar Mineral Industries. The market for fabrics in the district also flourishes with many old and new shops, and there are many factories like Sindur.

National Thermal Power Corporation Limited and Bihar State Power Generation Company Ltd has signed Memorandum of Understanding to set up 1320MW thermal power plant in Kajra.

Divisions
The district consists only one sub-division Lakhisarai, which is divided into Seven developmental blocks, namely, Lakhisarai, Surajgarha, Barahiya, Halsi, Pipariya, Ramgarh Chowk and Chanan.

The district headquarters Lakhisarai is a city with mixed population, the majority being the upper-caste (Bhumihaar-Brahmins) people. Still under the process of development, the city has one newly constructed PCC road and a New bypass is constructed recently which gives some relaxation from traffic jams in the city. The Law and Order as well as development process is taking place during Nitish Kumar government's tenure. Also, Piribazar, Chanan police stations are naxal-prone due to their geographical layout. The city well known for its sindur (vermilion) production.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Lakhisarai district has a population of 1,000,912, This gives it a ranking of 445th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 815 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 24.74%. Lakhisarai has a sex ratio of 900 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 64.95%. 14.29% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 15.31% and 0.83% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 46.96% of the population in the district spoke Magahi, 29.09% Hindi and 1.73% Urdu as their first language. 21.17% of the population recorded a language classified as 'Others' under Hindi on the census. The main languages are Magahi and Angika, but both are counted as Hindi under the census.

Politics

 * }

Notable towns

 * Barahiya
 * Lakhisarai
 * Surajgarha

Notable villages

 * Balgudar
 * Bhaluee
 * Maheshpur
 * Nijai
 * Pokhrama
 * Sabikpur
 * Singarpur
 * Siswan

Notable people

 * Giriraj Singh, Minister of Rural Development

title: Lakhisarai district


text:
Joseph Fins

Joseph J. Fins, M.D., D. Hum. Litt., M.A.C.P., F.R.C.P. (born 1959) is an American physician and medical ethicist. He is chief of the Division of Medical Ethics at New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, where he serves as The E. William Davis Jr., M.D. Professor of Medical Ethics, and Professor of Medicine, Professor of Public Health, and Professor of Medicine in Psychiatry. Fins is also Director of Medical Ethics and an attending physician at New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center. Fins is also a member of the adjunct faculty of Rockefeller University and has served as Associate for Medicine at The Hastings Center. He is the Solomon Center Distinguished Scholar in Medicine, Bioethics and the Law and a Visiting Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton to The White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy and currently serves on The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law by gubernatorial appointment.

In October 2010, Fins was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academies. In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In December 2013 he was elected an Academico de Honor de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina de Espana (Honored Academic of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Spain). In 2022 he was elected to the Association of American Physicians.

Fins' scholarship in medical ethics and health policy has focused on palliative care, rational approaches to ethical dilemmas and the development of "clinical pragmatism" as a method of moral problem-solving drawing upon the American pragmatic tradition of William James and John Dewey. His more recent work has been in neuroethics and disorders of consciousness following severe brain injury. He was a co-author of the landmark Nature paper describing the first use of deep brain stimulation in the minimally conscious state.

Fins has been a visiting professor in Medical Ethics at The Complutense University in Madrid and Philipps University in Marburg, Germany. He is a recipient of a Soros Open Society Institute Project on Death in America Faculty Scholars Award, a Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation Visiting Fellowship and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy Research. His current research on cognitive restoration and disability rights is funded by the NIH BRAIN Initiative.

Fins received a B.A. (College of Letters with Honors) from Wesleyan University in 1982 and an M.D. from Cornell University Medical College in 1986. After an internship at the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, he completed his internal medicine residency training and fellowship in general internal medicine at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. He is the author of A Palliative Ethic of Care: Clinical Wisdom at Life's End published by Jones and Bartlett (2006) and Rights Come to Mind: Brain Injury, Ethics, and the Struggle for Consciousness published by Cambridge University Press (2015).

A board certified internist, Fins has served as a governor of the American College of Physicians and vice chair of the College's Committee on Professionalism and Human Rights. He is a recipient of the College's Laureate Award and is a Master (MACP) of the College.

He has served on the boards of the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities, the Fund for Modern Courts and Wesleyan University, where he is now a trustee emeritus. He is also a member of the Governing Board of the International Neuroethics Society. Fins also served as a member of New York's Attorney General's Commission on Quality Care at the End of Life and sits on a number of editorial boards, including the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, The Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, The Oncologist, BioMed Central Medical Ethics, Neuroethics and the Basic Bioethics Series of MIT Press.

In October 2009, Fins was elected president of the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. He served his two-year term from 2011 to 2013. He is the current president of the International Neuroethics Society. He is a Fellow of the Hastings Center and Chair-Elect of the Hastings Center Board of Trustees. Fins was awarded a Doctor of Humane Letters from Wesleyan University.

title: Joseph Fins


text:
Joachim Gans

Joachim Gans (other spellings: Jeochim, Jochim, Gaunz, Ganse, Gaunse; fl. 1581 – 1589) was a Bohemian mining expert, renowned for being the first Jew in North America.

Early life
Gans was born in Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, and likely related to David Gans, who settled there in 1564.

England
He is first mentioned in his professional capacity at Keswick, Cumberland, in 1581. He worked at the Newlands mine managed by Richard Dudley and implemented some technologies outlined by Lazarus Ercker.

He introduced a new process for the "making of Copper, vitriall, and Coppris, and smeltinge of Copper and leade ures." Gans figured in the English state papers of the reign of Elizabeth I and a full description of his operations is preserved in these documents, printed by Donald. Gans's most dramatic scientific discovery was to reduce the time to purify a batch of copper ore from sixteen weeks to just four days. Additionally, Gans was able to use the impurities removed from the copper ore in textile mordants.

Colonization of America
Gans became the first Bohemian and the first recorded Jew in colonial America when, in 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh recruited him for an expedition to found a permanent settlement in the Virginia territory of the New World.

Sir Ralph Lane, Governor of Raleigh's expedition, led the Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of modern North Carolina in 1585. Among the ruins at the Roanoke site, archaeologists have discovered lumps of smelted copper and a goldsmith's crucible attributed to Gans's work at the colony. Because the royal mining company failed to resupply colonists who were also becoming increasingly fearful of conflicts with the Native Americans, they accepted an offer from Sir Francis Drake in June 1586 to sail them to England. Each of the colonists, including Gans, left North America.

Later life and trial for blasphemy
Gans moved to the town of Bristol where he gave Hebrew lessons to English gentlemen who wanted to read the Bible in its original tongue. In 1589, Bishop of Chichester Richard Curteys visited Gans who in speaking "in the Hebrue tonge," proclaimed himself a Jew. Bishop Curteys asked Gans, "Do you deny Jesus Christ to be the Son of God?" Gans replied, "What needeth the almighty God to have a son? Is he not almighty?" Gans was brought before the mayor and aldermen of Bristol for blasphemy. Rather than embarrass an associate of the Royal Mining Company, Bristol's town fathers referred his case to the Queen's Privy Council, which included major investors of the Royal Mining Company. Gans was transported back to London to face their judgment.

Francis Walsingham, who was then joint principal secretary and other members of the council also knew him. The council appears to have taken no hostile action, however, although the trial's outcome and all subsequent history of Gans is unknown, as no information is available.

Posterity
His discoveries along with the general body of his scientific work led to a degree of fame. Some historians have suggested that Gans was the model for the Jewish scientist Joabin in Sir Francis Bacon's utopian novel, New Atlantis, although others have suggested Joabin is named after Joab, the commander of King David's army and David's co-conspirator in Uriah the Hittite's death.

title: Joachim Gans


text:
Mary Eileen Ahern

Mary Eileen Ahern (October 1, 1860 – May 22, 1938) was an American librarian, a leader of the modern library movement, and an early organizer of libraries in the United States. Throughout her career as a state librarian, journal editor, public speaker, and organizer, Ahern crusaded for the value of public libraries in educating the public. Ahern was inducted in the Library Hall of Fame in 1951, and named in American Libraries in 1999 as one of the "100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century."

Early life
Mary Eileen Ahern was born October 1, 1860, in rural Marion County, Indiana, to Mary (O'Neal) and William Ahern. Both of her parents were Irish immigrants. Mary Eileen, the second of three children, moved with her family to Spencer, Indiana, at the age of ten. She graduated from Spencer High School in 1878 and enrolled at Central Normal College in Danville, Indiana, where she graduated in 1881.

State librarian
After graduating from college, Ahern worked as an Indiana public school teacher until 1889, when she was appointed as the Indiana assistant state librarian. Ahern's early work at the state library included cataloging its collections. In 1893 the state legislature appointed Ahern as the Indiana state librarian, a political position that she retained until 1895.

Ahern was outspoken in her fight for change at the state library, which included convincing the state's politicians to depoliticize the library's leadership appointments and to place the library under the Indiana Department of Education. Ahern's efforts were successful, not for herself but for future librarians. As a condition of the political compromise that was reached, she agreed not to seek reappointment as state librarian. Ahern stepped down as Indiana's state librarian and left state government in 1895, but continued to remain active in state, national, and international efforts to improve public libraries. She also encouraged the development of the modern library movement. After Ahern's political appointment ended, she left Indiana to pursue a formal library education at the Library School of the Armour Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois, for a year.

Journal editor
After completing her library studies in Chicago, Ahern accepted a position as the founding editor of a new journal, Public Libraries (later shortened to Libraries). She edited the journal from her base in Chicago for the next thirty-six years. Deteriorating eyesight forced her to give up her editorship in 1931. Following her retirement, the publishers decided the journal could not continue without her editorial leadership. Its final issue was a tribute to her many years of service.

Ahern clearly stated her views on the value of public education, beginning in the first volume, second issue, of Public Libraries: "There is only one solution of all social problems, an increase in intelligence, a gradual education of the people." She further argued that a public library could provide the best source of this education because it "is the broadest of teachers, one may almost say the only free teacher. It is the most liberal of schools; it is the only real people's college." The journal's tag lines also publicized and promoted the valued public libraries: "The Public Library is an Integral Part of Public Education" and "The best reading for the greatest number, at the least cost."

Ahern became an influential authority on public policy issues related to libraries through her writing and public appearances across the county. She described her vision for public libraries, as well as providing practical professional development resources for libraries, and influenced librarians and library practice throughout the United States.

Other contributions
Ahern was an organizer and avid participant in several library organizations in addition to her journalistic work. While serving as the Indiana assistant state librarian Ahern established the Indiana Library Association, serving as its secretary from 1889 to 1896 and as its president in 1895. Ahern served three times as president of the Illinois Library Association. She was also a lifelong member of the American Library Association, active on numerous ALA committees, and a member of its board.

At the thirteenth annual meeting of the Illinois Library Association, when Ahern was serving as the organization's president, she delivered the annual address with these words of encouragement: "We are librarians because we feel that in these lines there are greater opportunities for helpfulness, greater vistas of optimistic outlook, greater results in actual returns of the worthwhile, than in any other line of work which we might have chosen."

Ahern also served in the federal government and as secretary of the Library Department of the National Education Association. During World War I she served as publicity agent and distributed books for the U.S. military in France from January to July 1919. Ahern continued to learn and advocate for changes in library policy. In 1927 she returned to Europe to study the library systems in France and England.

Death and legacy
Ahern died on a train near Atlanta, Georgia, as she was traveling home to Chicago on May 22, 1938.

Ahern is best known for her widespread influence in establishing and strengthening connections between libraries and schools in the United States. She was also an advocate for women in the profession and saw the potential of libraries to provide lifelong educational opportunities to the public. As the British librarian W. C. Berwick Sayers described her: "How intensely alive Miss Ahern seemed, how full of ideas, ideals, enthusiasms, how enquiringly humorous!"

Honors and tributes

 * Inducted into the Library Hall of Fame in 1951.
 * Named in American Libraries in 1999 as one of the "100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century."

title: Mary Eileen Ahern


text:
Saharsa district

Saharsa is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar, India. Saharsa city is the administrative headquarters of this district. Saharsa district is a part of the Kosi Division and it became a district on 1 April 1954 and has subsequently become smaller with other districts being carved from it, most notably Madhepura in 1981.

Saharsa is located in the Mithila region, one of the earliest centers of Brahminical civilization in India. Saharsa is considered as the heart of whole Mithila region. it is the place which gave birth to legends such as like Mandana Misra, Laxminath Gosain, Ubhai Bharti, etc. The region of Bangaon and Mahisi is known for producing a large number of civil servants.

History
Saharsa is part of the Mithila region. Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established the Mithila Kingdom (also called Kingdom of the Videhas). During the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas. The Videha Kingdom was later incorporated into the Vajjika League, which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.

Mandan Mishra whose conversation with the Shankaracharya was considered one of the most intellectual conversations in the world was done in Mahismati village, nowadays Mahisi village. During the Dharma Vijaya yatra of Adi Shankara, He visited Mahisi village (then called Mahishmati) to debate Mandana Misra. After winning in all discussions in all over the nation, He lost the Sastrartha there.

Earlier, the Saharsa district was part of the Munger and Bhagalpur districts. On 1 April 1954 it was made a district of its own. It was also made headquarters of Kosi division on 2 October 1972, comprising Saharsa, Purnia and Katihar district, with its headquarters at Saharsa. Similarly a new Civil Sub-Division Birpur was created on 1 December 1972, consisting of 24 development blocks, including Raghopur, Chhatapur, Basantpur and Nirmali, which were previously under Supaul subdivision of the district. Two new districts, Madhepura and Supaul, were formed from Saharsa district on 30 April 1981 and 1991. Saharsa district now consists of two subdivisions, Saharsa Sadar and Simri Bakhtiarpur. The district consists of 10 development blocks and anchals each.

Geography
Saharsa district occupies an area of 1687 km2,

Saharsa district is surrounded on the west by the river Kosi, which has an abundance of fish and Makhana. Saharsa is famous for its varieties of mangoes and litchis.

Saharsa district comprises the following Sub-Divisions: Saharasa Sadar and Simri Bakhtiyarpur.

Politics

 * }

Administration
Saharsa consists of 10 blocks arranged in two subdivisions:

Saharsa subdivision

 * Nauhatta
 * Sattar Kataiya
 * Mahishi
 * Kahara
 * Sour Bazar
 * Patarghat
 * Sonbarsa

Simri-Bakhtiyarpur subdivision

 * Simri-Bakhtiyarpur
 * Salkhua
 * Banma Itahri

Economy
It is the major producer of best quality of Corn and Makhana in India. From Saharsa corn and Makhana are exported abroad country such as America, France, Japan, England. Every year 2 lakhs tonnes of corn are exported to different country and similarly Makhana also. The follgrown in the region; Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb), rice, mangoes, litchi, bamboo, mustard, corn, wheat, ber and sugarcane. Sagwan or Tectona grandis) trees are now grown on a large scale.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Saharsa district has a population of 1,900,661, This gives it a ranking of 247th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1125 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.79%. Saharsa has a sex ratio of 906 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 54.57%. 8.24% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 16.69% and 0.32% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 68.87% of the population in the district spoke Maithili, 21.15% Hindi and 9.62% Urdu as their first language.

Notable people

 * Mehboob Ali Kaiser - Politician and MP from Khagaria
 * Yusuf Salahuddin - Politician and MLA from Simri Bakhtiarpur MR
 * A. A. Khan - Physicist
 * Anand Singh - Gangster and politician
 * Abdul Ghafoor - Politician and former minister
 * Baldev Mishra - Maithili writer
 * Dinesh Chandra Yadav - Politician and MP
 * Jamshedpur Gopeshwar - Trade union leader and politician
 * Laxminath Gosain - Yogi and Poet
 * Mandana Mishra - Advaita scholar
 * Ulka Gupta - TV Serial actress
 * Dilkhush Kumar - Indian Entrepreneur

title: Saharsa district


text:
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni

Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (, lit. 'Saint-Laurent of the Maroni'; Sen-Laurent-di-Maronni) is a commune of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is one of the three sub-prefectures of French Guiana and the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. It is the second most populous city of French Guiana, with 50,250 inhabitants at the January 2021 census.

History
Founded in 1858 by Auguste Baudin, it was formerly the arrival point for prisoners, who arrived at the Camp de la Transportation. The town was near an Amerindian settlement called Kamalakuli named after their chief. On 15 September 1880, the town became the capital city of a special prison commune; the mayor was the Director of the Penitentiary Administration.

When Gaston Monnerville was elected Deputy in 1932, he tried to close the prison complex. On 17 June 1938, the prison was repealed, but the final closure did not come until 1946. On 9 November 1949, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni became a regular commune.

Geography
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is a border town in north-west French Guiana. It is located on the Maroni River (in Dutch: Marowijne), opposite the town of Albina in Suriname which can be reached by ferry or pirogue. It does not, therefore, have an Atlantic coast; this may have motivated the choice of the town's location, as the penal authorities wanted to prevent the escape of prisoners from the Prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni by a sea route.

The ethnic composition of the town is, as everywhere in French Guiana, diverse: Maroons are today the largest ethnic group, followed by Creoles, Amerindians, Haitians, métropolitains and Brazilians.

Maroons will mostly be found in the neighbourhoods called la Charbonnière (Djukas, Saramakas and Paramaccans), les Vampires and les Sables Blancs. Amerindians are located in a few villages on the outskirts of town: Balaté (Arawaks), Paddock, Prospérité, Terre Rouge, Espérance, Village Pierre (Kalinas).

Migrations
The places of birth of the 43,600 residents in the commune of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni at the 2015 census were the following:
 * 64.1% were born in French Guiana
 * 5.3% in Metropolitan France
 * 0.9% in Martinique
 * 0.5% in Guadeloupe
 * 0.2% in other parts of Overseas France
 * 29.0% in foreign countries (notably Suriname, followed by Brazil and to a lesser extent Haiti); among these, 28.4% were immigrants and 0.7% were children of French citizens born abroad

These were the countries of birth of the immigrants living in the commune of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni at the 2009 census:
 * born in Suriname: 7,631
 * born in Brazil: 3,105
 * born in Haiti: 1,199
 * born in Guyana: 327
 * born in other countries: 530

Environment
This river town has long been the headquarters of an important association for the protection of the environment: "Le pou d'agouti" (an environmental organisation named after an annoying local mite with an itchy bite which strives for the protection of local and regional fauna and flora.

It is also the point of departure for several ecotourism circuits, most notably journeys upriver to explore the many creeks as well as the Amazonian rainforest; tourists can spend a night in the jungle in huts or tents. Another possibility is visiting the Voltaire Falls, situated 70 km upriver.

Industrial activities, slowly increasing urban density and its accompanying shanty towns as well as poaching have damaged the surrounding area, but on 23 May 2009, a species of Caecilian theretofore unknown to man was discovered in town.

Transport
Between 1890 and 1897, a 16 kilometre Decauville railway was constructed between Saint-Laurent-du Maroni and Saint-Jean-du-Maroni. Another 22 kilometre railway was built to the sawmill at Charvein. The railways were abandoned after the penal camps closed.

Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni can be accessed chiefly by road, the Route Nationale 1, from Cayenne. A new port was recently built on the Maroni, but currently lacks proper wharf infrastructure and sufficient river depth. The Saint-Maurice airfield was decommissioned in 1946, but is used for sports. The Saint-Jean road links Saint-Laurent to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni and the military base there.

In 2010, Route Nationale opened connecting Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni starting from the Plateau des Mines to Apatou. The road was opened with the Tour of Guiana. The road is scheduled to be extended to Maripasoula. Construction work on the section between Apatou and Papaïchton is planned to commence in 2021.

The town is also an important port of departure for those going inland via pirogue or to Albina in Suriname by ferry or pirogue.

The town's Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni Airport is served by Air Guyane Express.

Economy
The sugarcane fields near town produce "La Belle Cabresse" rum (as well as the less well-known "La Cayennaise" and "Cœur de Chauffe") for the Saint Maurice rum company. The rum is 50 to 55% proof and of high quality.

On the road to Saint-Jean-du-Maroni (about 17 km south of St-Laurent, home of the former penal Camp de la Rélégation), one can find many small shops owned by Saramakas selling the woodwork for which they are famous - especially chairs and tables. There is also a village of Maroon artisans on the road to Javouhey.

Two military units are stationed at St-Jean's Camp Némo: the Groupement du service militaire adapté (GSMA), which is part of the Ministry of Overseas France and is in charge of professional job reinsertion in the west of French Guiana; and the Maroni detachment of the 9th Marine Infantry Regiment whose job it is to patrol the river border and the jungles of the west of the département.In 2008, the two units has merged into the Regiment of the Adapted Military Service (RSMA).

Sights
Originally built by, and for, the French department of corrections or Administration Pénitentiaire, many old official buildings in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni bear a distinctive architectural style, a unique mix of colonial style and penitentiary architecture. Bricks made from the local red clay were used by the convicts, who provided a free and never-ending workforce, to build a whole official and administrative district, starting with the main jailhouse itself, the Camp de la Transportation.

Some of the main buildings in the old administrative district, locally called Le Petit Paris for its alleged reminiscence of a 19th-century French architecture:
 * Le Camp de la Transportation (guided tours available, famous for Henri 'Papillon' Charrière's cell) and the adjacent Office du Tourisme;
 * La Résidence du Gouverneur du bagne, today's residence of the sous-préfet, and formerly the governor's residence;
 * Le Tribunal maritime, today's sous-préfecture;
 * La Mairie (city hall) and the former bank;
 * St. Lawrence Church;
 * Le Trésor public;
 * L'Hôtel La Tentiaire;
 * La caserne Joffre (the Gendarmerie HQ);
 * ''André-Bouron Hospital (It was in use until September 2018).

Most of these buildings are located on Avenue De Gaulle, Avenue Lieutenant-Colonel Tourtet and the Boulevard Mallouet. After the jailhouse was closed and the penal authority left in the early 1950s, these buildings suffered from lack of maintenance and interest, and were much damaged due to the harsh weather conditions in western French Guiana. Close to a state of total ruin, they underwent a major restoration in the early 80s, after the city council and French Minister of Culture realized that the old penitentiary and administrative district was of high cultural and historical interest. It soon became a major tourist attraction, with the Camp de la Transportation its star.

Other notable sights from the penitentiary years include Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, formerly the Camp de la Relégation and today's main military HQ for western French Guiana. There is also a small island in the middle of the Maroni River which used to house the prisoners affected with leprosy. Papillon wrote about hiding there during one of his daring escapes.

Notable sights not related to the prisons:
 * La Charbonnière: Maroon village founded by refugees from Suriname's civil war.

There are many hotels in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, including the Auberge Bois Diable, Chez Julienne, Hôtel la Tentiaire, Le Relais des 3 Lacs and Star Hôtel.

Climate
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni features an equatorial climate that is a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and with no cyclones. The temperatures are uniform throughout the year, with the average annual low being around 24 C and the average annual high being around 29 C, although September and October, the driest two months, have a slightly higher average high at 31 C. The town receives an abundant amount of rain throughout the year, classifying it as a tropical rainforest climate as all months have at least 100 mm of rain per month, unlike the south and east of French Guiana where the months of September and October are typically drier than this. On 27 September 2016, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni recorded a temperature of 38.0 C, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in the French Guiana.

Notable people

 * Lénaïck Adam (1992), politician.
 * Léon Bertrand (1951), politician and mayor.
 * Raoul Diagne (1910–2002), footballer.
 * Oriane Jean-François (2001), footballer.
 * Florian Jozefzoon (1991), footballer.
 * Stéphane Martine (1978), footballer.
 * Raymond Tarcy (1936–2019), politician and senator.

References in popular culture
Somerset Maugham's short-story, "A Man with a Conscience" is set in St. Laurent de Maroni. As Maugham describes the town: “St Laurent de Maroni is a pretty little place. It is neat and clean. It has an Hotel de Ville and a Palais de Justice of which many a town in France would be proud. The streets are wide, and the fine trees that border them give a grateful shade. The houses look as though they had just had a coat of paint. Many of them nestle in little gardens, and in the gardens are palm trees and flame of the forest; cannas flaunt their bright colours and crotons their variety; the bougainvilleas, purple or red, riot profusely, and the elegant hibiscus offers its gorgeous flowers with a negligence that seems almost affected. St Laurent de Maroni is the centre of the French penal settlement of Guiana, and a hundred yards from the quay at which you land is the great gateway of the prison camp. These pretty little houses in their tropical gardens are the residence of the prison officials, and if the streets are neat and clean it is because there is no lack of convicts to keep them so."

Maugham's short story "An Official Position" is also set in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. Both stories first appeared in book form in the collection The Mixture as Before (1940). In 1936 Maugham visited the place himself; his notes, including material that was used in both stories, was later published in A Writer's Notebook (1949). This is how he described the executions in his notes:

 * When a man is sentenced to death the sentence has to be confirmed by the minister in Paris. No execution takes place on Sunday. If two or more are to be guillotined at the same time the least guilty is executed first so that he should not suffer the added horror of seeing his mates die. The convict does not know that he will be executed till the warder comes in with the words: Have courage, etc. When there are executions the other convicts are depressed and nervous, and they go about their work sullen and silent.

 * When the head has fallen the executioner takes it up by the ears and shows it to the bystanders, saying: Au nom du people francais justice est faite. At the side of the guillotine is a large wicker basket covered with some black material and into this the body is put. The knife falls with lightning speed and the blood spurts over the executioner. He is given a set of new clothes after each execution.

Villages

 * Balaté, an Lokono village near Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
 * Espérance, a Kalina village near Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
 * Île Portal, an island in the Maroni River
 * Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, a village in the commune of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni

title: Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni


text:
Talk:Lakhisarai district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 12:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lakhisarai district


text:
Talk:Saharsa district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 11:44, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

District information from Saharsa
Saharsa has some information that is probably only about the district, but it should be focused on the city and this on the district. Here is some that was clearly about the district:

Area
 * 1,696 km²

Population
 * Urban:80,149
 * Rural:1052264
 * Total:11,32,413
 * Scheduled Caste Population
 * Urban:6,682
 * Rural:1,68,685
 * Total:1,75,367
 * Scheduled Tribes Population
 * Urban:114
 * Rural:3,283
 * Total:3,397

Not sure the source either. - Taxman Talk 03:42, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Notable people

 * [ [Ulka Gupta] ] Actress Prasenjitanand27 (talk) 10:04, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

Notable people

 * [ [ Ulka Gupta ] ] Prasenjitanand27 (talk) 10:06, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saharsa district


text:
User:Deviantgoods

Ummmm, hi. I've been fixing typos in Wikipedia articles for a long time, so decided it was finally time to put my name to stuff and be a bit more systematic about it. I'm Angela Allen, a tech writer in Silicon Valley, and I rely on Wikipedia more than I probably should.

There seem to be a thousand places to talk to people and I haven't figured them out entirely, so pls don't be offended if you talk to me and I don't answer. It's not you, it's me. No really. But we can still be friends. I'll call you.

title: User:Deviantgoods


text:
South Saskatchewan Regiment

The South Saskatchewan Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces formed in 1936 by the amalgamation of The Weyburn Regiment and The Saskatchewan Border Regiment. It was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle (i.e., virtually disbanded) in 1968. They participated in the 1942 Dieppe Raid.

History
The regiment traces its lineage to July 3, 1905, when an infantry regiment was authorized in the District of Assiniboia and the District of Saskatchewan, which later that year became the province of Saskatchewan. The regiment was eventually organized as the 95th Saskatchewan Rifles, in Regina. After the First World War the 95th merged with the 60th Rifles of Canada (in Moose Jaw) to become the South Saskatchewan Regiment, which expanded to five battalions with the creation of units in Weyburn (3rd Battalion), Moosomin (4th Battalion) and Estevan (5th Battalion).

In 1924, each of the battalions became a distinct regiment, and the name "South Saskatchewan Regiment" went out of use. In the 1936 reorganization of the Militia, The Weyburn Regiment and The Saskatchewan Border Regiment (in Estevan) re-amalgamated into a new South Saskatchewan Regiment.

During the Second World War, The South Saskatchewan Regiment participated in many major Canadian battles and operations, as part of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. The South Saskatchewan Regiment fought in the Dieppe Raid of 1942, Operation Atlantic, Operation Spring, Operation Totalize, Operation Tractable, and the recapture of Dieppe in 1944. They, along with the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars) liberated the Westerbork transit camp on 12 April 1945.

During the Dieppe Raid they also undertook one of the more unusual missions of the war. They provided a bodyguard for an RAF radar expert, Flight Sergeant Jack Nissenthall, who had volunteered to try penetrate a German radar station on a cliff above "Green Beach". Because Nissenthall knew the secrets of British and US radar technology, he was awarded a personal bodyguard of South Saskatchewan sharpshooters. Their orders were to protect him, but in the event of possible capture to kill him. He survived and his action enabled vital information on the state of development of the German radar to be discovered. The full story, along with graphic, first-hand descriptions of the South Saskatchewan Regiment's actions during the raid are told in James Leasor's book, "Green Beach".

Headquarters and all companies were located in Estevan. The regiment was reduced to nil strength and placed in the Supplementary Order of Battle on 1 September 1968. The Queen's and Regimental Colours were deposited at Estevan Comprehensive School in 1969.

Perpetuations

 * 152nd Battalion (Weyburn-Estevan), CEF

Battle honours
The regiment possesses the following battle honours:

First World War
•

•

Second World War
• Dieppe

•

• St. André sur Orne

•

• Falaise Road

• The Laison

• Forêt de la Londe

• Dunkirk, 1944

• Antwerp–Turnhout Canal

•

• Woensdrecht

• South Beveland

•

• The Hochwald

• Xanten

•

• Groningen

• Oldenburg

•

Alliances
The regiment was formerly allied with these regiments, but these alliances automatically expired when the British regiments amalgamated with other regiments.
 * [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] - The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers
 * [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] - The King's Own Royal Border Regiment.

Notable members

 * Charles Cecil Ingersoll Merritt
 * Joseph Gregory

Music
The regimental march was "The Warwickshire Lads". A popular song about the regiment was "We're the boys of the S.S.R.", with words by Isabel McCrae Parker and music by Arthur Clare Parker. It was published in Weyburn by A.C. Parker, circa 1939 and was dedicated to the officers and men of the South Saskatchewan Regiment. First line: "We're the boys who have gathered from near and far".

Literature

title: South Saskatchewan Regiment


text: User talk:83.131.186.251

title: User talk:83.131.186.251


text:
Dirty Mind (Prince song)

"Dirty Mind" is the follow-up single in the US, and title track to Prince's third album, released in 1980. The song is built around a keyboard riff created by Doctor Fink, which dominates the song. The demo-like song lacks a chorus, and is a stark departure of the smooth R&B sound of Prince's first two albums. The lyrics concern sexual thoughts, which are fairly representative of the other songs from the album. The single's B-side is the ballad "When We're Dancing Close and Slow", from the previous year's Prince. "Dirty Mind" reached number sixty-five on the soul chart. Along with the tracks "Uptown" and "Head", "Dirty Mind" reached number five on the dance chart.

Track listing

 * 1) "Dirty Mind" (7" edit) – 3:49
 * 2) "When We're Dancing Close and Slow" – 5:18

Personnel
Credits sourced from Benoît Clerc and Guitarcloud.

 * Prince – lead and backing vocals, Oberheim OB-X, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, electronic percussion
 * Dr. Fink – ARP Omni

title: Dirty Mind (Prince song)


text:
Holey dollar

Holey dollar is the name given to coins used in the early history of two British settlements: Prince Edward Island (now part of Canada) and New South Wales (now part of Australia). The middle was punched out of Spanish dollars, creating two parts: a small coin, known as a "dump" in Australia, and a "holey dollar". This was one of the first coins struck in Australia.

Spanish dollar
From 1497, the Spanish government started to mint a large silver coin that, through wide circulation, became known as the Spanish dollar. It was also known as the peso of eight reales, or Piece of eight royals.

Prince Edward Island (Canada)
Around the end of the 18th century, the Spanish dollar was in constant circulation in Eastern Canada and the United States. The value of the coin varied in different centres but was highest in Halifax. Therefore, whenever the merchants of Prince Edward Island (PEI) secured them, they sent them to Halifax to take advantage of the higher rate. The resulting shortage of money in PEI prompted the governor in 1813 to gather in all the Spanish dollars he could and have their centres punched out. Both the central plug and rims were stamped with a sunburst. The punched centres passed as shillings and the outer rims as five-shilling pieces. The combined value of the mutilated coins was thereafter 20 per cent greater in PEI than outside the island (and the individual components less valuable), so as a consequence, the coins became the official currency in PEI.

British colony of New South Wales (Australia)
When the colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788, it ran into the problem of a lack of coinage. Foreign coins – including British, Dutch, Indian and Portuguese – were common in its early years, but much of this coin left the colony by way of trade with visiting merchant ships. Barter was a necessity amongst the colonists, with the most popular, rum, becoming an unofficial currency. One of the first attempts to restrict the practice was by Governor King, who on 19 November 1800 set an arbitrary price for foreign coinage, but there was never enough of it. To try and resolve the shortage, he requested the supply of sixpences to be used as shillings, but failed to get a hearing. The practice of using rum as a currency was prohibited by Governor Bligh in 1806, eventually culminating in the overthrow of the government in the Rum Rebellion.

To overcome this shortage of coins, Governor Lachlan Macquarie took the initiative of using £10,000 in Spanish dollars sent by the British government to produce suitable coins in a similar manner to that described above. These coins to the value of 40,000 Spanish dollars came on 26 November 1812 on HMS Samarang from Madras, via the East India Company.

With the shipment of currency were strict instructions to prevent the newly arrived coinage from leaving the country, so after consultation with the Judge Advocate and other officials, Governor Macquarie had a convicted forger named William Henshall cut the centres out of the coins and counter stamp them, thus making them useless outside the colony. The central plug (known as a dump) was valued at 15 pence (i.e., 1 shilling, 3 pence, or 1s 3d), and was restruck with a new design (a crown on the obverse, the denomination on the reverse), whilst the holey dollar received an overstamp around the hole ("New South Wales 1813" on the obverse, "Five Shillings" on the reverse). This distinguished the coins as belonging to the colony of New South Wales, creating the first official currency produced specifically for circulation in NSW. The combined nominal value in NSW of the holey dollar and the dump was 6s 3d (6 shillings, 3 pence), or 25 per cent more than the value of a Spanish dollar; this made it unprofitable to export the coins from the colony.

The project to convert the 40,000 Spanish coins took over a year to complete. Of the 40,000 Spanish dollars imported, 39,910 holey dollars and 39,910 dumps were made, with the balance assumed to have been spoiled during the conversion process. On 1 July 1813 Governor Macquarie issued a proclamation "that the said Silver Money shall be a legal Tender" and that set their value. The converted coins went into circulation in 1814.

From 1822 the government began to recall the coins and replace them with sterling coinage. By the time the holey dollar was finally demonetised in 1829, most of the 40,000 coins in circulation had been exchanged for legal tender and melted down into bullion. Experts estimate that only 350 holey dollars and 1500 dumps remain. The rarity of the Australian holey dollar ensures that even those in relatively poor condition are valuable. There are many stories of holey dollars being found in unusual circumstances.

One of the most notable holey dollars is the Hannibal Head, a one of a kind coin that features the portrait of King Joseph I of Spain. It was found in 1881 alongside other holey dollars in what is believed to be a Bushrangers hoard in Tasmania and has since been held in private collections. The coin was sold in 2018 at the Eminent colonial auctions through Coinworks, valued at an estimated $450,000 and sold to a private collector for $500,000.

The holey dollar is the logo for the Macquarie Group, an Australian investment bank.

Similar coins
Although not known as "holey dollars", several British colonies in the Caribbean used the same method for producing coins from Spanish dollars. They include British Guiana, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Tobago and Trinidad. The holed coins and plugs circulated alongside various other coins made by cutting Spanish and Spanish colonial coins into sections. These coinages were denominated in either shillings and pence or bits, worth nine pence. (One dollar was made up of eight bits. At 9d the bit, this meant that the eight bits were worth 6s in their markets, or 20 per cent more than a Spanish dollar.)

Principality of Hutt River
The Principality of Hutt River issued a commemorative $1 coin in 1977 to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1978, another issue of the Hutt River Province Principality's $1 coins was issued. This has no commemorative inscription. These coins are also known to numismatists as holey dollars.

title: Holey dollar


text:
Talk:Lists of Billboard number-one rhythm and blues hits

Untitled
Being rewitten to match style at List of number-one hits (United States) here: List of number 1 R&B hits (USA)/temp. --FuriousFreddy 14:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Are we going to include 1980-2004? If so, I'll have to change the text. Right now it just says through 79. --Woohookitty 06:02, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * follow-up on my comment on the /temp page.... originally I thought I only had 2001-to the present, but turns out I had access to Billboard R&B archives back to 1984, which I completed. I re-formatted Freddy's old 1978/1979 pages to match the template, and I'm now in the midst of moving all the 1940s/1950s/1960s/1970s over to their own pages in the correct format.
 * What I do not have is 1980 through 1983. When I'm done all the other years I'll go on a search for those to complete the lists, but if anyone out there has the number ones for those years, by all means post 'em up!!  :)  -- eo 16:48, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

1942-48?
How do you list R&B chart hits from those years when the chart, and the term itself, did not exist until 1949? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.72.244.157 (talk) 06:18, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Title is misleading
The article does not list the R&B songs; rather it is more a history of what the chart has been named over the years. It links to three Billboard charts of the 50's. It should actually list the songs, or link to the sources for all years. 1542oakcliff (talk) 22:25, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Unreadable page on mobile
On desktop mode, the actual list of links to number one songs by year is in a tab that cannot be seen on m.wikipedia. It would make far more sense to include an actual section in the article with the links to the articles Mach61 (talk) 20:30, 17 September 2022 (UTC)