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FC Universitatea Cluj

Asociația Sportivă Fotbal Club Universitatea Cluj, commonly known as Universitatea Cluj or simply as U Cluj, is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, that competes in the Liga I.

Founded in 1919 by doctor Iuliu Hațieganu, Universitatea Cluj has spent more than half of its history in the top flight, but never became national champion. It has played six Cupa României finals under four names, and won the trophy in the 1964–65 season after a 2–1 defeat of Dinamo Pitești. Once considered the most important side in the region of Transylvania, its status has been threatened in the 21st century by the success of CFR Cluj, with whom it contests the Cluj derby.

Universitatea players and fans are nicknamed Șepcile roșii ("the Red Caps") after the red berets worn by students of the Cluj University of Medicine. The team traditionally plays in white and black kits, although variations of red, maroon and gold have been used in the past. Its home ground is Cluj Arena, which was opened in 2011 and can host around 30,000 spectators.

History
The Universitatea sports club of Cluj was founded on 23 November 1919 by the "Sports Society of University Students" (Societatea Sportivă a Studenților Universitari—abbreviated to "U"), the press from Cluj wrote an announcement that day:"With patriotic warmth for every young Romanian university student to hold on to a holy duty to join the sports lists that are at the University's Secretariat". Its first chairman was Professor Iuliu Hațieganu, a physician and politician who in 1932 said:"Our goal is not to create champions, but healthy people. Not record, but harmony, not hate, but camaraderie; not personal victory, but the victory of the nation; don't speculate, but sacrifice". On 16 May 1920, the team played its first game, a 3–1 win over Gloria Arad with goals scored by Crâsnic II, Târla and Vatian, the first 11 being: Mihai Tripa – Aurel Guga, Eugen Metainu – Brutus Ratiu, Ioan Nichin, Petrila Petica, Arcadie Crâsnic I – Sabin Vatianu, Eugen Crâsnic II, Sabin Târla, Nicolae Gruescu. In addition to participating in the first regional championships, "U" stands out as the first Romanian team to perform in an international tournament. It happened in 1923, Cluj playing with some of the most important teams from France, Italy and Yugoslavia: 0–5 Stade Francaise, 4–2 with Lyon, 3–0 with Grenoble Etudiant Club, 0–1 with Politehnica Turin and 1–2 with HAŠK Zagreb.

In the early years of its existence "U" Cluj played in local competitions; at the time there was no national football championship in Romania. The team played against Chinezul Timișoara in the 1923 final of the Mara Cup, losing 0–2. "U" played in the Romania national football championship Divizia A from 1932. In their first season "U" finished first in its group and played the championship final against Ripensia Timișoara (0–0 and 3–5). In the first season of the Romanian Cup, in 1933–34, "U" reached the final, losing against Ripensia Timișoara (0–5).

The first notable captain of "U" Cluj was Mircea Luca who took the captain armband in 1941, in the hardest period of the club's history, as in 1940, the team moved from Cluj-Napoca to Sibiu as a result of the Second Vienna Award, when the northern part of Transylvania was ceded to Hungary. In 1945, after the end of the Second World War and the return of the northern part of Transylvania to Romania, "U" returned to its home in Cluj. During these years some players left to play for Bucharest teams but Luca refused to do so, also the team's biggest performance was the reaching of the 1942 Cupa României final, which however was lost in front of Rapid București. After the war in which some of the club's players died, the team had to earn its right to play in Cluj, by playing against Ferar Cluj who during the war competed in the Hungarian league under the name Kolozsvár AC, finishing on the third place in one season and had more experienced and international footballers. According to historian Gheorghe Bodea who was at the game, the differences between the two teams could be seen since the players entered the field as the ones of Ferar had modern new equipment while the players of "U" appeared in equipment that was five years old. Bodea also claims that the game was dominated at first by Ferar but Universitatea resisted with Luca being the leader of the defense, at one moment in the game he got his arch broken during an aerial duel, teammate Sever Coracu bandaging him in order to continue the game. With Luca taking care of the defense and Coracu of the offense, "U" Cluj won with 4–0, Luca being named "Man of the match". In December 2007 in an interview for the Gazeta Sporturilor newspaper, Luca said:"Only I know how I gathered them for a match with Ferar (...) They had a strong team, as Cluj never had, one like a racing horse. We won that match 4–0, one that I care a lot about and that ended Ferar's hegemony in Transylvania".

In 1946, the name of the club was changed to Știința Cluj (Science Cluj) and in the summer of the same year, the Romanian Football Federation decided that they had to play a play-off against Victoria Cluj in order to earn the right to play in the 1946–47 Divizia A season. The first leg ended 1–1, but The Red Caps won the second leg with 3–1, thus earning their right to play in the first league where they would stay for the following three seasons, relegating in 1949. During this period the team also reached the 1949 Cupa României final for the third time, but it was beaten by CSCA București—now called Steaua București (1–2).

At the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, the manager of Știința Cluj was Ștefan Kovács—a famous Romanian coach who later became the manager of Ajax Amsterdam. In 1964–65, Știința Cluj defeated with 2–1 Dinamo Pitești with goals scored by Câmpeanu and Ivansuc and won the Cupa României under coach Andrei Sepci who used the following players in the final: Simion Moguț – Paul Marcu, Traian Georgescu (c), Paul Grăjdeanu, Remus Câmpeanu – Vasile Alexandru, Mircea Neșu – Nicolae Szabo, Zoltán Ivansuc, Mihai Adam, Ioan Suciu. In the following season, the club made its debut in European competitions, participating in the 1965–66 European Cup Winners' Cup, eliminating Austrian team, Wiener Neustadt with 3–0 on aggregate in the first round, the goals being scored by Ivansuc (2) and Adam but they got eliminated in the following round by Atlético Madrid.

In 1966, the name of the team was changed back to "Universitatea". At the end of the 1971–1972 season, "U" was in the best position in the Romanian Championship Divizia A after the Second World War; it finished third in the league table, with the same number of points as the second placed team UTA Arad. In 1998, "U" reached the final of Cupa Ligii but lost to FCM Bacău. In 1999, "U" was relegated into the second Romanian division, Divizia B and in 2000 it was relegated for the first time in its history into the third division, Divizia C. It played one season in the third division, and in 2001 it was promoted back to Divizia B. The manager of the team at the time was the ex-Romanian international, Ioan Ovidiu Sabău—who started playing football in the 1980s at "U" Cluj.In the 2005–06 Divizia B season, the new objective became promotion to the first league. Under coach Leo Grozavu, who often played highly defensive football, the team made many nil draws and the team lost second place (promotion play-off) by a point, though in the last match days they won 4–0 with the first place and the third, and 3–2 (after leading 3–0) with the second place.

In the beginning of the 2006–07 Liga II season (Divizia B was renamed to Liga II in this season), a new manager, Adrian Falub—who had never coached before but had played over 220 matches for "U" Cluj in the first league—was hired. Under his lead, the team had a poor early season and only reached eighth position. Yet, the moment passed and the team reached first position, often separated by over 6 points from the next position. On 19 May 2007, virtual promotion was achieved after a 0–0 draw against second place contender Dacia Mioveni. Three weeks before the final match day, "U" ended its 8-year spell in the lower divisions, returning to the first league for the 52nd season in its history.

2007–08 Liga I season, first season of Liga I in last 8 years for "U" Cluj was a tough one, the club didn't manage very well the promotion and at the end of a tumultuous season the club finished on 18th place, the last one, with only 17 points, returning to Liga II.

2008–09 Liga II season was a transition one and "U" saved from relegation to Liga III in the last round, after a 3–0 victory against Arieșul Turda while the main contra-candidate ACU Arad ended only 1–1 at home against Bihor Oradea, a match which was followed by a major scandal. Bihor Oradea accused ACU Arad of trying to fix the match, a victory being enough for the team from Arad to save from relegation.

In the summer of 2009 "U" Cluj was taken over by Florian Walter, owner of Romprest Service which is one of the leaders of the facility management sector in Romania. After only one season under the ownership of Walter, "U" Cluj promoted to Liga I finishing second in the 2009–10 Liga II season.

In the new season, "U" Cluj demonstrated that was much better prepared from an administrative and sports point of view and managed to finish 2010–11 Liga I season on the eighth place, far away from the relegation area.

2011–12 Liga I season brought "U" to another area of its existence, well known and valuable players like Mircea Bornescu, George Galamaz, Gabriel Boștină, Marian Cristescu, Ovidiu Hoban, Gheorghe Grozav, Laurențiu Marinescu or Tony were bought by the club and the objective was qualification in the UEFA Europa League. Șepcile Roșii finished only on seventh place and failed to achieve the objective, but they got the best ranking of the club in the last 26 years.

In the summer of 2012, Florian Walter left "U" Cluj and becoming the owner of Petrolul Ploiești. Together with his departure, most valuable players left also the club and signed with the team from Ploiești. Left without the main financier Alb-Negrii attempted to form a squad of competitive players with little money. In February 2013 club debts grew worrying and "U" went into insolvency. Despite all the financial problems the team saved from relegation, finishing 12th at the end of 2012–13 season.

In the spring of 2013 Florian Walter announced that he will return at "U" Cluj. At the end of the 2012–13 season a new problem shaken the already disturbed environment of "U" Cluj. License committee refused to license the club for the 2013–14 Liga I season and decided to relegate it to Liga II. Șepcile Roșii contest the decision at CAS and won, assuring his presence in the next season of Liga I. 2013–14 season it would once again be one without claims for "U" due to financial problems that the club had, also Florian Walter no longer seemed interested in investing too much in the team. With all the problems Studenții managed again to save from relegation, finishing 11th.2014–15 Liga I season was a reorganization one, 6 teams relegated instead of 4, in attempt to reduce Liga I teams from 18 to 14. "U" Cluj struggled with its few resources until the very end, but at the end of the season the club was placed on 15th position and relegated to Liga II after its 5-year spell in Liga I.

The relegation in the Liga II was a real disaster for "U"'s already shaky financial situation. The club made a squad full of young players from the academy hoping that through the ambition of the young players and a miracle the team will promote back in Liga I after only one season of Liga II. That was the only solution for saving the club, which was at that moment in insolvency for 2 years and a half and with an owner, Florian Walter, present only as a name in the papers, without investing in the club anyway and also being in international tracking for tax evasion and money laundering. 2015–16 Liga II season was a season of extremes for "U" Cluj. In the first part of the championship the team had run over expectations and had great chances of promotion. But after the winter break the financial situation become worse and the team started to have bad results which ended with a qualification in the play-out tournament, without any chances of promotion. This moment was a crucial one, without any motivation the team ended the championship on tenth place and relegated to Liga III.

Summer of 2016 it meant a new beginning for "U". With a sporting society in insolvency, with big chances of bankruptcy and an owner arrested for tax evasion and money laundering, there was no other solution than the formation of a new club. Cluj-Napoca Municipality which is the owner of "U" Cluj logo and record terminated the lease agreement with the company of Florian Walter. Than Cluj-Napoca Municipality together with Babeș-Bolyai University and "U" Cluj Supporters Association started a new project entitled ACSF Alb-Negru al Studenților Clujeni (ACSF White-Black of the Students from Cluj) a name that was given to the new team, because the society administered by Florian Walter was not yet bankrupt and the name of FC Universitatea Cluj could not belong to two companies. After the foundation of the new team Cluj-Napoca Municipality rented "U" logo and record to the new society. The team was enrolled in Liga IV–Cluj County, Ioan Ovidiu Sabău has been named team manager and Marius Popescu the new coach. Șepcile Roșii also signed with a lot of valuable players like Octavian Abrudan, Alexandru Păcurar, Dorin Goga or Gabriel Giurgiu. Together with them in the team have been added the most talented players of "U" Cluj Football Academy and the objective was the promotion. The project was a real success and Studenții won Liga IV without any problems, winning 26 matches and making only a draw in a match against Sticla Arieșul Turda. Also the team achieved the number of 1,000 contributing members and a lot of development projects are planned.

On 29 September 2016 Walter's society, FC Universitatea Cluj, has gone bankrupt leaving the name free. But the bankruptcy occurred after the starting of the 2016–17 Liga IV season, so the name remained ACSF Alb-Negru al Studenților Clujeni for that season. On 11 May 2017 was announced officially that from the 2017–18 season the team will return to the old name, FC Universitatea Cluj and also the basketball team will evolve under the same brand.

Stadium
Ion Moina Stadium, the first football and athletics stadium in Cluj-Napoca, was built between 1908 and 1911 and had a capacity of 1,500. The official inauguration in 1911 was a game between a Cluj team and Galatasaray Istanbul. It was the first game in Europe for Galatasaray; the Cluj team won 8–1. In 1961, new U-shaped stands were built and the capacity of the stadium became 28,000. In 2000, most of the stands were declared structurally unsafe for hosting supporters and were closed, leaving the stadium with a capacity of 12–13,000. In late 2008, the old "Ion Moina" Stadium was demolished, and building works begun for the Cluj Arena. The last official game at the old stadium was played on 22 November 2008; Universitatea drew 0–0 in their Liga II game with Mureșul Deva.

During the construction works for the new stadium, Universitatea played its home games in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 Liga II seasons at the Clujana Stadium and its home games in the 2010–11 Liga I season at the Cetate Stadium in Alba Iulia, Gloria Stadium in Bistrița and Gaz Metan Stadium in Mediaș.

On 11 October 2011, the first match at the new Cluj Arena stadium—a friendly between Universitatea and the Russian team Kuban Krasnodar—was played and Kuban won 4–0; the game was also the retirement match for one-club man, Cristinel Pojar who played a few minutes for "U". The first official match at the new stadium was played; Universitatea won the Liga I game against FC Brașov 1–0 on 16 October 2011.

Support
"U" has many supporters in Cluj-Napoca, but also in some other parts of Romania—especially in Transylvania. One of the reasons for the team's popularity is that Cluj-Napoca has some of Romania's most important universities—including the Babeș-Bolyai University, the largest in the country with more than 45,000 students.

The history of U's fanatic supporters began in the 1970s, when fan-groups started to appear on the stadium. First, in 1972 appeared Amicii U, one of the first supporters groups in Romania. The group started to compose songs along with Music Academy's students and wear accessories like the well-known red hats or pins with the club's crest. Those years, Slavă ție studenție was composed, being nowadays club's anthem. After the fall of communist regime, the Ultras idea arrived in Romania. First ultras group founded was Vecchia Guardia in 1996, followed by Ultra Curva Groapa in 1997 and Ultras 19 in 2004. Some of the present-day ultras groups of "U" Cluj are: Groparii, VG (Vecchia Guardia), BOYS, MADS, FPU (The Few The Proud The Ultras), Potaissa, PPS (Prezenti pentru simbol), MNST (Mănăștur). .

The fanaticism sometimes led to violence, some violent episode being in 1979 when Sportul Studențesc won the match with "U" due to poor referee decisions. After the match, supporters began to shout thieves in front of the stadium and the police started to fight the angry fans. Other episode happened in 2008, when CFR fans went to one of the main squares of the city to celebrate a Dinamo victory over Steaua, that advantage their team to win the league that year. Some Universitatea fans went to the square and had a fight with the rivals before police intervention.

Rivalries and Friendships
Universitatea have a rivalry with local city team CFR Cluj. The animosity between the teams is one of the oldest in Romanian football. The first incidents between fans of the two sides occurred in the 1920s. A particularly violent episode took place during a derby played in 1924, when the stadium had to be evacuated because of a large-scale fight between supporters. Universitatea won the match 2–1. Other episodes of this rivalry are: in 2005, upset by the fact that Universitatea lost a match against UTA Arad, "U" fans injured CFR players at the Sport Hotel in Cluj-Napoca; in 2008, following a derby, CFR won and obtained its first league title and Universitatea relegated in Liga II, but this match was preceded by a corruption scandal, because Steaua București's owner, Gigi Becali, offered "U" staff one million euros for defeating CFR.

The second-most important rivalry is against FC Rapid București due serious clashes between fans in 2006, 2011, 2019. Another rivalries are Steaua București, Farul Constanța and UTA Arad.

Universitatea's fans have a good friendship with Dinamo's fans, the main rivals of FCSB and Rapid. Dinamo friendship started in the mid-1990s, both ultras groups being linked with "the mentality, fanaticism and nationalist side", although in the 1970s and 1980s, "U" supporters had friendships with other important clubs fans, like Poli Timișoara or Rapid București, these teams being the few that already had fan-groups.

Leagues

 * Liga I
 * Runners-up (1): 1932–33
 * Liga II
 * Winners (6): 1950, 1957–58, 1978–79, 1984–85, 1991–92, 2006–07
 * Runners-up (3): 1939–40, 1983–84, 2009–10
 * Liga III
 * Winners (2): 2000–01, 2017–18
 * Liga IV – Cluj County
 * Winners (1): 2016–17

Cups

 * Cupa României
 * Winners (1): 1964–65
 * Runners-up (5): 1933–34, 1941–42, 1948–49, 2014–15, 2022–23
 * Cupa Ligii
 * Runners-up (1): 1998

Junior Teams
The "U" Cluj Under 21 and Junior teams have always ranked among the best in the country and have won several National Championship titles:
 * The Under-21s were Romanian champions 3 times in: 1962–63, 1970–71, 1971–72
 * The Under-21s were Romanian champions 8 times in: 1955, 1956, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1973–74, 2000–01

Board of directors

 * Last updated: 26 September 2023
 * Source:

Current technical staff

 * Last updated: 20 September 2023
 * Source:

Key

 * Pos = Final position
 * P = Played
 * W = Games won
 * D = Games drawn
 * L = Games lost
 * GF = Goals For
 * GA = Goals Against
 * Pts = Points

 * Div A / L1 = Liga I
 * Div B / L2 = Liga II
 * Div C / L3 = Liga III
 * L4 = Liga IV
 * p = Preliminary round
 * 1R = Round 1
 * 2R = Round 2
 * 3R = Round 3

 * 4R = Round 4
 * 5R = Round 5
 * GS = Group stage
 * R32 = Round of 32
 * QF = Quarter-finals
 * R16 = Round of 16
 * SF = Semi-finals
 * F = Final

The players in bold were the top goalscorers in the division.

Notable former players
The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries at junior and/or senior level on through the time's passing. Additionally, these players have also had a significant number of caps and goals accumulated throughout a certain number of seasons for the club itself as well.

 * One-club men
 * 🇷🇴 Traian Georgescu
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Luca
 * 🇷🇴 Cristinel Pojar
 * 🇷🇴 Zsolt Szilágyi
 * Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Octavian Abrudan
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Adam
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca
 * 🇷🇴 Laur Aștilean
 * 🇷🇴 Imre Bíró
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Bornescu
 * 🇷🇴 Aurel Boroș
 * 🇷🇴 Gabriel Boştină
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Bucşa
 * 🇷🇴 Remus Câmpeanu
 * 🇷🇴 Septimiu Câmpeanu
 * 🇷🇴 Horațiu Cioloboc
 * 🇷🇴 Raul Ciupe
 * 🇷🇴 Sever Coracu
 * 🇷🇴 Marcel Coraş
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae David
 * 🇷🇴 Anton Doboş
 * 🇷🇴 Bogdan Dolha
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Dobrău
 * 🇷🇴 Francisc Dican
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Falub
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Filip
 * 🇷🇴 George Florescu
 * 🇷🇴 Romulus Gabor
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Gain
 * 🇷🇴 Dorin Goga
 * 🇷🇴 Aurel Guga
 * 🇷🇴 Elemer Hirsch
 * 🇷🇴 Ovidiu Hoban
 * 🇷🇴 Octavian Ionescu
 * 🇷🇴 Zoltán Ivansuc
 * 🇷🇴 Emil Jula
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Jula

 * Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Marcel Lăzăreanu
 * 🇷🇴 Valentin Lemnaru
 * 🇷🇴 Paul Marcu
 * 🇷🇴 Viorel Mateianu
 * 🇷🇴 Alpar Meszaros
 * 🇷🇴 Sebastian Moga
 * 🇷🇴 Laurențiu Moldovan
 * 🇷🇴 Lică Movilă
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Mureșan
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Mustățea
 * 🇷🇴 Zsolt Muzsnay
 * 🇷🇴 Cătălin Necula
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Neşu
 * 🇷🇴 Claudiu Niculescu
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Orza
 * 🇷🇴 Emil Petru
 * 🇷🇴 Silviu Ploeșteanu
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Popa
 * 🇷🇴 Octavian Popescu
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Predatu
 * 🇷🇴 Florin Prunea
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Sabău
 * 🇷🇴 Radu Sabo
 * 🇷🇴 Graţian Sepi
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci
 * 🇷🇴 Lazăr Sfera
 * 🇷🇴 Rareş Soporan
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Ștefan
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Suciu
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Suciu
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Suller
 * 🇷🇴 János Székely
 * 🇷🇴 Emil Szolomajer
 * 🇷🇴 Alexa Uifăleanu
 * 🇷🇴 Bogdan Unguruşan
 * 🇷🇴 Călin Zanc
 * 🇷🇴 Dorin Zotincă

 * Brazil
 * 🇧🇷 Fábio Bilica
 * 🇧🇷 Gabriel Machado
 * 🇧🇷 Thalisson
 * Montenegro
 * 🇲🇪 Milan Jovanović
 * Nigeria
 * 🇳🇬 Anthony Nwakaeme
 * Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Szukała
 * Portugal
 * 🇵🇹 Sérgio Ribeiro
 * 🇵🇹 Nuno Viveiros
 * Senegal
 * 🇸🇳 Gaston Mendy
 * 🇸🇳 Mamadou Thiam
 * Slovakia
 * 🇸🇰 Robert Veselovsky
 * South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Park Jae-hong

Former managers
Source:

 * 🇷🇴 Adalbert Kovács (1932)
 * 🇦🇹 Otto Eckhardt (1933)
 * 🇭🇺 Adalbert Molnár (1933–34)
 * 🇦🇹 Fritsch (1934–35)
 * 🇷🇴 Iosif Kovács (1935–36)
 * 🇦🇹 Otto Eckhardt (1936)
 * 🇷🇴 Janos Szaniszló (1937)
 * 🇷🇴 Adalbert Kovács (1937–38)
 * 🇷🇴 Janos Szaniszló (1938)
 * 🇷🇴 Onoriu Chețanu (1938)
 * 🇭🇺 Ferenc Nyúl (1938–39)
 * 🇷🇴 Janos Szaniszló (1939–40)
 * 🇷🇴 Iosif Kovács (1940–41)
 * 🇷🇴 Onoriu Chețanu (1941–42)
 * 🇦🇹 Maertens (1942–1944)
 * 🇭🇺 Markos Imre (1946)
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae Kovács (1946–47)
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae Munteanu (1947–48)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Cârjan (1948)
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci (1949)
 * 🇷🇴 Iuliu Baratky (1949–51)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Bărbulescu (1951)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Kovács (1952)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Gain (1953)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Kovács (1954–55)
 * 🇷🇴 Petre Rădulescu (1955)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Kovács (1956)
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae Munteanu (1956)
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae Szoboszlay (1957)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Kovács (1957–58)
 * 🇷🇴 Virgil Mărdărescu (1958–59)
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci (1959–61)
 * 🇷🇴 Neța Gheorghe (1961–62)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Rădulescu (1962–63)
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci (1963)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Luca (1964)
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci (1964–66)
 * 🇷🇴 Eugen Mladin (1966–67)
 * 🇷🇴 Nicolae Szoboszlay (1967)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Teașcă (1968)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Cârjan (1969–70)
 * 🇷🇴 Silviu Avram (1970)
 * 🇷🇴 Andrei Sepci (1970–71)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Băluțiu (1971)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Onisie (1971–73)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Luca (1973)
 * 🇷🇴 Silviu Avram (1973–74)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Băluțiu (1974–75)
 * 🇷🇴 Paul Popescu (1975–76)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Rădulescu (1976–77)
 * 🇷🇴 Petre Moldoveanu (1977–78)
 * 🇷🇴 Toader Pop (1979)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Staicu (1980–81)
 * 🇷🇴 Angelo Niculescu (1981–83)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Ardeleanu (1983)
 * 🇷🇴 Remus Vlad (1983–85)
 * 🇷🇴 Alexa Uifăleanu (1985)
 * 🇷🇴 Remus Vlad (1985–88)
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Dinu (1989)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (October 1989 – March 1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Ștefan Sameș (1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Ion Ciocan (1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Iordache (1990)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Sdrobiș (1991–92)
 * 🇷🇴 Remus Vlad (1992–93)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (1993–94)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Andone (1994–95)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (1995–97)
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Coca (1997)
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Țălnar (1997–98)
 * 🇷🇴 Tiberiu Poraczky (1998)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (Dec 1998–99)
 * 🇷🇴 Marcel Lăzăreanu (1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Grigore Boca (1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Alexa Uifăleanu (1999)
 * 🇷🇴 Zoltan Iașko (1999)
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 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Marian (2001)
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 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Gheorghe (2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Gheorghe (2002)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Anca (2002–03)
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Ovidiu Sabău (2003)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Cojocaru (2003 – 4 July 2004)
 * 🇷🇴 Marin Ion (July 2004 – 5 July 2005)
 * 🇷🇴 Leontin Grozavu (July 2005–06)
 * 🇷🇴 Francisc Dican (2006)
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Falub (1 July 2006 – 7 October 2007)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Mulțescu (19 October 2007 – 16 December 2007)
 * 🇷🇴 Alpar Meszaros (8 January 2008 – 20 August 2008)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (August 2008)
 * 🇷🇴 Dorinel Munteanu (26 August 2008 – 26 October 2008)
 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Mihali (October 2008 – 9 April 2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Dorinel Munteanu (2009 – 30 June 2009)
 * 🇮🇹  Carmelo Palilla (July 2009 – 9 August)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (August 2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Cornel Țălnar (29 August 2009 – 4 October 2009)
 * 🇷🇴 Cristian Dulca (5 October 2009 – 2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Viorel Hizo (2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Cristian Dulca (2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Marian Pană (16 June 2010 – 8 November 2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Claudiu Niculescu (November 2010)
 * 🇷🇴 Ionuț Badea (19 November 2010 – 14 March 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Claudiu Niculescu (14 March 2012 – 23 July 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Cristian Dulca (26 July 2012 – 1 October 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (interim) (1 October 2012 – 8 November 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Șumudică (9 November 2012 – 15 November 2012)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (15 November 2012 – 1 February 2013)
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 * 🇷🇴 Gheorghe Barbu (interim) (2 October 2013 – 23 October 2013)
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 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (27 July 2015 – 27 October 2015)
 * 🇷🇴 Mihai Teja (29 October 2015 – 9 April 2016)
 * 🇷🇴 Zsolt Szilágyi (2016)
 * 🇷🇴 Ovidiu Sărmăşanc (2016)
 * 🇷🇴 Marius Popescu (1 July 2016 – 16 September 2017)
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Falub (20 September 2017 – 18 October 2018)
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Cojocaruc (19 October 2018 – 8 December 2018)
 * 🇷🇴 Bogdan Lobonț (8 December 2018 – 14 June 2019)
 * 🇷🇴 Cristian Dulca (20 June 2019 – 2 September 2019)
 * 🇷🇴 Adrian Falub (4 September 2019 – 14 September 2020)
 * 🇷🇴 Costel Enache (17 September 2020 – 10 May 2021)
 * 🇷🇴 Erik Lincar (11 May 2021 – 24 August 2022)
 * 🇷🇴 Eugen Neagoe (25 August 2022 – 31 December 2022)
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 * 🇷🇴 Anton Petrea (9 June 2023 – 24 August 2023)

title: FC Universitatea Cluj


text:
Normand Edward Fontaine Bridge

The Normand Edward Fontaine Bridge is a 1025 ft-long bascule bridge at in Westport, Massachusetts, USA. Two lanes of Route 88 pass over the bridge from Westport Point and Wood Point in the Westport Point section of town to the Horseneck Beach State Reservation, connecting with Cherry & Webb Lane and, eventually, John Reed Road when Route 88 officially ends 0.3 miles south of the bridge's southern end.

The bridge, whose bascule channel spans 75 ft, crosses over the East Branch of the Westport River, just east of where that branch begins. The branch itself also branches at this point, with the main portion of the river turning north around Wood Point, and the Horseneck Channel to The Let leading southeastward.

The bridge, originally known as the Westport River Bridge, was built in 1958 to carry Route 88 to the Horseneck Beach State Reservation. It was renamed in 1983 for Specialist 4th Class Normand Edward Fontaine, a Westport resident who was killed in the line of duty during the Vietnam War. The rehabilitation and resurfacing of the bridge began in 2003, taking several years.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Normand Edward Fontaine Bridge


text:
Tagaeri

The Tagaeri are an eastern Waorani people living in Yasuni National Park, in the Ecuadorian Amazon Basin, named after one of their members, Tagae. Nearby Kichwa communities sometimes refer to them as Awashiri, or "high-ground people". They live a hunting and foraging lifestyle and have resisted outside contact, making them one of the so-called uncontacted peoples of the world. In addition to Tagaeri, the area is home to their kin, the Taromenane, another eastern Waorani group.

History
Tagae and his followers were among the Waorani families who separated off in 1968 after refusing missionary settlement, and have since lived in voluntary isolation. Contact with other Waorani has remained at a low level, but marked by bursts of inter-clan violence, e.g. 1993, 2003. In the 1990s, eastern Waorani groups moved westward, near to the Kichwa community of Curaray, in part to escape the effects of petroleum exploration and logging activity and possibly due to reduced game stocks. Curaray Kichwa, who occasionally see them but avoid interacting with them, say these are the Tagaeri, speaking a language like that of the western Waorani.

Contact with the modern world
Attempts at contact by outside peoples have often been violently rebuffed, beginning with a series of attacks on the colonial settlement of Coca in reprisal for the attempted evangelization by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. The most recent such attack was the 1987 spearing of missionaries Alejandro Labaca and Inés Arango. In 2003, a Kichwa couple was speared on the banks of the Curaray river, and Kichwa say the perpetrators were the Tagaeri. More recently, the body of a 37-year-old rare wood poacher, Luis Castellanos, was found in March 2008 in the Yasuni area, with nine iron-headed spears jutting out of his stomach. According to local officials, the killers are presumed to have been Tagaeri or the Taromenani.

Status
It is estimated that there are perhaps only 20–30 surviving Tagaeri. Together with the Taromenane, they make up the last two known indigenous groups living in voluntary isolation in Ecuador. Grave threats are posed to them by the possibility of foreign diseases. They are also threatened by illegal loggers of tropical hardwoods, smugglers, settlers, and oil companies moving into the area, with drilling taking place ever closer to their lands. On February 15, 2008, authorities in Ecuador agreed to investigate reports that five tribespeople belonging to the Taromenane and Tagaeri tribes had been killed by illegal loggers.

Preservation
Entities attempting to protect the Tagaeri and other Amazonian peoples in the area include the Ecuadorian government's Yasuní-ITT Initiative, launched by President Rafael Correa in 2007. The Yasuní-ITT Initiative was ended in failure in 2013.

title: Tagaeri


text:
WSNN-LD

WSNN-LD (channel 39) is a low-power television station in Sarasota, Florida, United States, affiliated with MyNetworkTV. Owned by Nexstar Media Group as sister to NBC affiliate WFLA-TV (channel 8) and CW owned-and-operated station WTTA (channel 38), the station's Suncoast News Network (SNN) service provides news coverage focusing primarily on the North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota Metropolitan Statistical Area (including Sarasota, Manatee, and Charlotte counties). SNN operates in conjunction with the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, and is headquartered in downtown Sarasota. The station's transmitter is located on Fruitville Road east of the city.

History
The SNN operation was launched on July 17, 1995, exclusively on Comcast. Over its history, it was branded as SNN Local News, SNN Local News 6, SNN News 6 and Six News Now, which were often used interchangeably. SNN received national attention in 2007, when a clip of chief meteorologist Justin Mosely (who worked with the channel from 2004 to 2013 and returned in March 2014) reacting frightened after a cockroach crawled up his leg during a live weather segment went viral after it was posted on various video websites including YouTube.

In November 2008, the Sarasota Herald-Tribune (then owned by The New York Times Company) announced that it would sell SNN News 6, and stop broadcasting at the end of December 2008. This deadline was extended after the company struck agreements with a group of investors, led by SNN general manager Linda DesMaris and her husband Doug Barker, to purchase the channel; however on January 25, 2009, one of the investors dropped out of the deal. On January 29, 2009, the Herald-Tribune announced that SNN News 6 would go dark, effective at midnight on January 29, 2009. The company would later find another investor in Phil Lombardo, CEO of the television station group Citadel Communications in Bronxville, New York. On February 26, 2009, after a four-week hiatus, SNN was back on the air under the management of LDB Media, LLC, with the majority of its former on-air staff. Since its inception, the channel was exclusively carried on Comcast's systems in Sarasota and Charlotte counties. In the summer of 2012, SNN struck a carriage deal with Verizon FiOS to add the channel; FiOS began carrying SNN in the Sarasota area at 2:00 a.m. Eastern Time on September 13, 2012. Over time, other cable systems were added, expanding coverage around the Sarasota–Manatee area.

In January 2014, Lombardo and Citadel Communications acquired a majority interest in the company. As a result, Citadel took over broadcast operations of SNN. During February 2014, the SNN studio facilities underwent a major remodeling. One month earlier on February 12, SNN debuted a new graphics package. weather graphics were rolled out on February 22. On March 2, the channel debuted a new logo (an "SNN" wordmark with a blue wave underneath) and rebranded as SNN - Suncoast News Network. The following day on March 3 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern, SNN unveiled a new main news set and weather center (the latter of which incorporates the logo previously used under the "SNN Local News 6" brand). The station's image resembles those of Citadel stations WLNE-TV in Providence, Rhode Island, and KLKN in Lincoln, Nebraska, who have become sister stations to SNN. It was also the only non-ABC affiliated television station owned by Citadel after CBS affiliate WHBF-TV in Rock Island, Illinois, was sold to Nexstar Media Group in 2014; in 2019, Citadel sold WLNE and KLKN to Standard Media, with WSNN being the only remaining television station under Citadel ownership until July 2023.

On September 24, 2014, Citadel announced that SNN's operations would be merged with its over-the-air television station in Sarasota, WLWN-LD (channel 39), on October 15; as part of the consolidation, WLWN changed its call letters to WSNN-LD. The combined station retains SNN's existing programming and cable carriage. On April 15, WSNN launched two subchannels from Katz Broadcasting: Grit and Laff.

On May 16, 2019, it was announced that Standard Media, led by former Young Broadcasting and Media General executive Deb McDermott, would acquire Citadel's WLNE and KLKN for $83 million. The sale was completed on September 5.

SNN was the first television news operation to convert to an all digital-disk-based non-linear editing system through Avid. SNN was one of the first news operations to have a combined print and broadcast newsroom, collaborating with the Sarasota Herald-Tribune on news content. Since 2002, SNN has maintained a content-sharing agreement with Tampa-based NBC affiliate WFLA-TV (channel 8) and NBC News, which allows SNN to use stories from WFLA, NBC News and NBC-affiliated stations (that agreement replaced an earlier deal between the channel, Fox owned-and-operated station WTVT (channel 13), and the now-defunct CONUS Communications), and also allowed for cooperation between the Herald-Tribune and the Tampa Tribune, prior to Media General's sale of that paper to World Media Holdings in 2012.

SNN also operates one weather and traffic camera since April 2014; the camera was installed atop of One Sarasota Tower, under a brand licensing deal with various local companies over the years. SNN began multiplex programming on February 2, 2015. On June 15, 2015, Verizon FiOS changed channels of SNN from 26/526 to channel 9/509. In 2016, SNN upgraded graphics and slightly updated logo. Later that year, the Herald Tribune moved out of their former space and made their way next door into the old SunTrust building. It is unclear if SNN will be moving to the new facility as in 2018, Sarasota Memorial Hospital announced it would buy out the old Herald Tribune building and re-construct the entire area. In 2018, SNN re-vamped their website, now offering live-streams of their Skycam, newscasts as they happen, job offerings, calendars and event planning.

On May 19, 2023, Citadel Communications COO Ray Cole announced that WSNN-LD would be sold to Nexstar Media Group (owner of WFLA-TV and WTTA (channel 38)) for $1 million. Nexstar had previously acquired Midwestern television stations KCAU-TV in Sioux City, WHBF-TV in the Quad Cities, and WOI-DT in Des Moines from Citadel in 2014 (Nexstar still owns KCAU-TV and WHBF-TV). The sale was completed on July 20. On September 1, with WTTA becoming Tampa Bay's station for The CW, WSNN-LD would transition to carrying MyNetworkTV in prime time from WTTA, the latter which rebroadcasts the network overnights from 1 to 3 a.m.

Programming
SNN features live newscasts for $7 1/2$ hours on weekdays and two hours on weekends, barring any breaking news that could extend its time, as well as live weather segments during the morning and evening hours, with more frequent updates during severe weather events. The station occasionally broadcasts parades in the area, including boat shows and fireworks shows near Christmas and New Year's.

In addition to regular rolling news programming, SNN also shows airs two local talk shows:

SNN also carries a limited selection of syndicated programming seen on its sister stations.
 * Suncoast FYI, hosted by Nancy O'Neil, is focused on speaking with non-profit and volunteer leaders around the Sarasota Area about events and programs
 * Suncoast POV, hosted by Craig Burdick, is focused on speaking with civil, political, and business leaders about current events

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

title: WSNN-LD


text:
Sankowskya

Sankowskya is a genus of plants. The sole known species, Sankowskya stipularis, is a tree endemic to one locality in the Wet Tropics rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia. The species constitutes part of the plant family Picrodendraceae. Few botanical collections have ever been made of the trees, from a very restricted area of the Wet Tropics rainforests, hence the species has obtained the conservation status of "endangered" in the legislative regulation of the Queensland Government's Nature Conservation Act 1992. Notably, trees grow naturally in the Thylogale Nature Refuge.

title: Sankowskya


text:
Munson Medical Center

Munson Medical Center (MMC) is a 442-bed regional referral hospital in Traverse City, Michigan Its primary service area includes Antrim, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, and Leelanau counties.

The hospital also serves as a regional referral center for 24 counties in northern Michigan. It is one of three Level II Trauma Centers, north of Grand Rapids, with the other two being McLaren Northern Michigan in Petoskey and UP Health System - Marquette. It also has the only Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in northern Michigan. Munson Medical Center has been designated as a Primary Stroke Center by the Joint Commission, and is a Bariatric Surgery Center of Excellence. Munson also offers the only inpatient Behavioral Health services in northern Michigan.

Munson Medical Center is the largest of nine Munson Healthcare system hospitals located throughout northern Michigan. It has a medical staff of 420 physicians representing more than 50 specialty services and employs 3,700 people. As part of Munson Healthcare, it is the largest employer north of US 10.

In addition to Munson Healthcare system hospitals, Munson Medical Center works closely with Helen Devos Children's Hospital in Grand Rapids, the University of Michigan Health System, in Ann Arbor, MidMichigan Medical Center - Alpena in Alpena, and War Memorial Hospital in Sault Ste. Marie.

Munson Medical Center is a teaching hospital, and partners with Michigan State University College of Human Medicine and College of Osteopathic Medicine to provide training to third and fourth year medical students. Munson Medical Center also operates a residency program for Family Practice specialists.

Hospitals

 * Cadillac Hospital - Cadillac
 * Charlevoix Hospital - Charlevoix
 * Foster Family Community Health Center - Traverse City
 * Grayling Hospital - Grayling
 * Kalkaska Memorial Health Center - Kalkaska
 * Mackinac Straits Health System - St. Ignace
 * Manistee Hospital - Manistee
 * Munson Medical Center (flagship location) - Traverse City
 * Otsego Memorial Hospital - Gaylord
 * Paul Oliver Memorial Hospital - Frankfort

History
The beginnings of Munson Medical Center and Munson Healthcare can be traced to James Decker Munson, MD (1848–1929). Dr. Munson was the first superintendent of the state-owned Northern Michigan Asylum founded in 1885 (later known as Traverse City Psychiatric Hospital, which closed in 1989). He donated a boarding house for use as a community hospital in 1915. The permanent James Decker Munson Hospital opened in 1925 and still exists today within the Munson hospital complex. In 1949, the hospital and its land were deeded from the state to a new private corporation, James Decker Munson Hospital, Inc. The hospital was renamed in 1964 to reflect its changing status as a regional referral center.

Munson Medical Center became affiliated with Kalkaska Memorial Health Center in 1976 through a management agreement. Munson Healthcare was officially organized as a system of health care providers in 1985 when Paul Oliver Memorial Hospital in Frankfort affiliated with Munson Medical Center. The system now includes Charlevoix Area Hospital, Mercy Hospital Grayling, Mercy Hospital Cadillac, Otsego Memorial Hospital in Gaylord, and West Shore Medical Center in Manistee. Munson Healthcare employs more than 5,500 people.

title: Munson Medical Center


text:
Elizabeth Young (journalist)

Elizabeth Jesse Young (6 February 1950 – 18 March 2001 ) was a London-based literary critic and author, who wrote principally on cult writers for a range of British newspapers and magazines. In particular she championed transgressive fiction, for which she received some criticism in the press, not least for her defence of A. M. Homes' The End of Alice, which dealt with themes of paedophilia from what was seen as an uncomfortably neutral perspective.

Biography
Born to Scottish parents in Lagos, Nigeria where her father was an executive for Rowntrees, Elizabeth Young's parents were members of the Free Church of Scotland (sometimes referred to as the Wee Frees) and she was educated at The Mount School, York where she boarded. Young discovered at the age of 11 the works of Nelson Algren, Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac when an uncle sent her some books by these writers. The enduring fascination with the Beats was to stay with her. Young studied English at York University. She moved to London in the 1970s to attend a demonstration and never left.

Before becoming a literary critic, Young worked in Compendium Books in Camden Town and was noted for her Goth appearance. In addition to literary criticism, Young's attraction to the counterculture saw her pen articles on drugs, music and pornography. She also appeared as Ray Gange's girlfriend in Rude Boy, the 1980 film about a roadie for The Clash.

Young was a champion for the US cult literary scene, with authors such as Bret Easton Ellis, Dennis Cooper and A. M. Homes receiving regular praise in her reviews. She also promoted the early talents of Poppy Z. Brite. In 1992, she and Graham Cavaney published Shopping in Space: Essays on American 'Blank Generation' Fiction (Serpent's Tail), which dealt extensively with the US literary underground, from Joel Rose, David Wojnarowicz, Dennis Cooper, Catherine Texier, Mary Gaitskill, Poppy Z Brite and grindhouse movies. In terms of UK writers, she acted as an enthusiastic supporter of the talents of Stewart Home, Alasdair Gray, Alan Warner and Irvine Welsh.

In 2001, Young died from Hepatitis C. Later that year, a selection of her reviews and articles were collated in a volume published by Serpent's Tail, Pandora's Handbag: Adventures in the Book World , for which her friend Will Self penned the introduction. Young was buried in the family plot in the graveyard in Tighnabruaich, a village on the Kyles of Bute in Argyll and Bute, Scotland where she also owned a small cottage in the later years of her life.

title: Elizabeth Young (journalist)


text:
John Hollander

John Hollander (October 28, 1929 – August 17, 2013) was an American poet and literary critic. At the time of his death, he was Sterling Professor Emeritus of English at Yale University, having previously taught at Connecticut College, Hunter College, and the Graduate Center, CUNY.

Life
John Hollander was born in Manhattan to Muriel (Kornfeld) and Franklin Hollander, Jewish immigrant parents. He was the elder brother of Michael Hollander (1934–2015), a distinguished professor of architecture at Pratt Institute. He attended the Bronx High School of Science and then Columbia College of Columbia University, where he studied under Mark Van Doren and Lionel Trilling and overlapped with Allen Ginsberg (Hollander's poetic mentor), Jason Epstein, Richard Howard, Robert Gottlieb, Roone Arledge, Max Frankel, Louis Simpson and Steven Marcus. At Columbia, he joined the Boar's Head Society. After graduating, he supported himself for a while by writing liner notes for classical music albums before returning to obtain an MA in literature and then a PhD from Indiana University.

Hollander resided in Woodbridge, Connecticut, where he served as a judge for several high-school recitation contests. He said he enjoyed working with students on their poetry and teaching it. With his ex-wife, Anne Loesser (daughter of pianist Arthur Loesser; married 1953–77), he was the father of writer Martha Hollander and uncle of the songwriter Sam Hollander. He married Natalie Charkow in 1981.

Hollander died at Branford, Connecticut, on August 17, 2013, at the age of 83.

Poetic career
Hollander stressed the importance of hearing poems out loud: "A good poem satisfies the ear. It creates a story or picture that grabs you, informs you and entertains you". The poet needs to be aware of the "sound of sense; the music of speech". To Hollander, verse was a kind of music in words, and he spoke eloquently about their connection with the human voice.

Hollander was also known for his translations from Yiddish. He usually wrote his poems on a computer, but if inspiration struck him, he offered that, "I've been known to start poems on napkins and scraps of paper, too."

Hollander was considered to have technical poetic powers without equal, as exampled by his "Powers of Thirteen" poem, an extended sequence of 169 (13 × 13) unrhymed 13-line stanzas with 13 syllables in each line. These constraints liberated rather than inhibited Hollander's imagination, giving a fusion of metaphors that enabled Hollander to conceive this work as "a perpetual calendar". Hollander also composed poems as "graphematic" emblems (Type of Shapes, 1969) and epistolary poems (exampled in Reflections on Espionage, 1976), and, as a critic (in Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form, 1975), offered telling insights into the relationship between words and music and sound in poetry, and in metrical experimentation, and 'the lack of a theory of graphic prosody'.

Hollander influenced poets Todd LaRoche and Karl Kirchwey, who both studied under Hollander at Yale. Hollander taught Kirchwey that it was possible to build a life around the task of writing poetry. Kirchwey recalled Hollander's passion: 'Since he is a poet himself ... he conveyed a passion for that knowledge as a source of current inspiration.'

Hollander also served in the following positions, among others: member of the board, Wesleyan University Press (1959–62); editorial assistant for poetry, Partisan Review (1959–65); and contributing editor of Harper's Magazine (1969–71). His other role was as a poetry critic.

Hollander's poetry has been set to music by Milton Babbitt, Elliott Carter, and others; in 2007 he collaborated with the Eagles, allowing them use of his poem "An Old Fashioned Song" to create the song "No More Walks in the Wood".

Awards and honors

 * 2006: Appointed Poet Laureate of the State of Connecticut (term ended in 2011)
 * 2006: Robert Fitzgerald Prosody Award
 * 2002: Philolexian Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement
 * 1990: MacArthur Fellowship
 * 1983: Bollingen Prize for Powers of Thirteen.
 * 1979: elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Literature
 * 1958: Yale Series of Younger Poets for his first book of poems, A Crackling of Thorns, chosen by W. H. Auden.

Works

 * A Crackling of Thorns (1958) poems
 * The Untuning of the Sky (1961)
 * The Wind and the Rain (1961) editor with Harold Bloom
 * Movie-Going (1962) poems
 * Philomel (1964) "cantata text" for the composition of the same name by American composer Milton Babbitt
 * Visions from the Ramble (1965) poems
 * Jiggery-Pokery: A Compendium of Double Dactyls (1967) with Anthony Hecht
 * Types of Shape (1969, 1991) poems
 * Images of Voice (1970) criticism
 * The Night Mirror (1971) poems
 * Town and Country Matters (1972) poems
 * The Oxford Anthology of English Literature (1973), co-editor
 * The Head of the Bed (1974) poems, with commentary by Harold Bloom
 * Tales Told of the Fathers (1975) poems
 * Vision and Resonance (1975) criticism
 * Reflections on Espionage (1976) poems
 * Spectral Emanations: New and Selected Poems (1978)
 * Blue Wine (1979) poems
 * The Figure of Echo (1981) criticism
 * Rhyme's Reason: A Guide to English Verse (1981, 1989, 2001, 2014) manual of prosody
 * Powers of Thirteen (1983) poems
 * In Time and Place (1986) poems
 * Harp Lake (1988) poems
 * Melodious Guile: Fictive Pattern in Poetic Language (1988)
 * Some Fugitives Take Cover (1988) poems
 * The Essential Rossetti (1990), editor
 * Tesserae and Other Poems (1993)
 * Selected Poetry (1993)
 * American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century (1993), editor
 * Animal Poems (1994) poems
 * The Gazer's Spirit: Poems Speaking to Silent Works of Art (1995) criticism
 * Committed to Memory: 100 Best Poems to Memorize (1996), editor
 * The Work of Poetry (1997) criticism
 * The Poetry of Everyday Life (1998) criticism
 * Figurehead and Other Poems (1999) poems
 * Sonnets. From Dante to the present (2001), Everyman's library pocket poets.
 * Picture Window (2003)
 * American Wits: An Anthology of Light Verse (2003), editor
 * Poems Bewitched and Haunted (2005), editor
 * A Draft of Light (2008), poems
 * The Substance of Shadow: a Darkening Trope in Poetic History (2016), lectures

title: John Hollander


text:
Geothermal gradient

Geothermal gradient is the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature rises with depth due to the heat flow from the much hotter mantle; away from tectonic plate boundaries, temperature rises in about 25–30 °C/km (72–87 °F/mi) of depth near the surface in the continental crust. However, in some cases the temperature may drop with increasing depth, especially near the surface, a phenomenon known as or  geothermal gradient. The effects of weather, the Sun, and season only reach a depth of roughly 10–20 m.

Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to Earth, but the concept may be applied to other planets. In SI units, the geothermal gradient is expressed as °C/km, K/km, or mK/m. These are all equivalent.

Earth's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion, heat produced through radioactive decay, latent heat from core crystallization, and possibly heat from other sources. The major heat-producing nuclides in Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232. The inner core is thought to have temperatures in the range of 4000 to 7000 K, and the pressure at the centre of the planet is thought to be about 360 GPa (3.6 million atm). (The exact value depends on the density profile in Earth.) Because much of the heat is provided for by radioactive decay, scientists believe that early in Earth's history, before nuclides with short half-lives had been depleted, Earth's heat production would have been much higher. Heat production was twice that of present-day at approximately 3 billion years ago, resulting in larger temperature gradients within Earth, larger rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, allowing the production of igneous rocks such as komatiites that are no longer formed.

The top of the geothermal gradient is influenced by atmospheric temperature. The uppermost layers of the solid planet are at the temperature produced by the local weather, decaying to approximately the annual mean-average ground temperature (MAGT) at a shallow depth of about 10-20 metres depending on the type of ground, rock etc.; it is this depth which is used for many ground-source heat pumps. The top hundreds of meters reflect past climate change; descending further, warmth increases steadily as interior heat sources begin to dominate.

Heat sources
Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1200 C are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid state, and the temperature at Earth's inner core/outer core boundary, around 3500 km deep, is estimated to be 5650 ± 600 Kelvin. The heat content of Earth is 1031 joules.
 * Much of the heat is created by decay of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements, mainly located in the mantle.
 * Gravitational potential energy, which can be further divided into:
 * Release during the accretion of Earth.
 * Heat released during differentiation, as abundant heavy metals (iron, nickel, copper) descended to Earth's core.
 * Latent heat released as the liquid outer core crystallizes at the inner core boundary.
 * Heat may be generated by tidal forces on Earth as it rotates (conservation of angular momentum). The resulting earth tides dissipate energy in Earth's interior as heat.

In Earth's continental crust, the decay of natural radioactive nuclides makes a significant contribution to geothermal heat production. The continental crust is abundant in lower density minerals but also contains significant concentrations of heavier lithophilic elements such as uranium. Because of this, it holds the most concentrated global reservoir of radioactive elements found in Earth. Naturally occurring radioactive elements are enriched in the granite and basaltic rocks, especially in layers closer to Earth's surface. These high levels of radioactive elements are largely excluded from Earth's mantle due to their inability to substitute in mantle minerals and consequent enrichment in melts during mantle melting processes. The mantle is mostly made up of high density minerals with higher concentrations of elements that have relatively small atomic radii, such as magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), and calcium (Ca).

The geothermal gradient is steeper in the lithosphere than in the mantle because the mantle transports heat primarily by convection, leading to a geothermal gradient that is determined by the mantle adiabat, rather than by the conductive heat transfer processes that predominate in the lithosphere, which acts as a thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle.

Heat flow
Heat flows constantly from its sources within Earth to the surface. Total heat loss from Earth is estimated at 44.2 TW (4.42 × 1013 Watts). Mean heat flow is 65 mW/m2 over continental crust and 101 mW/m2 over oceanic crust. This is 0.087 watt/square metre on average (0.03 percent of solar power absorbed by Earth ), but is much more concentrated in areas where the lithosphere is thin, such as along mid-ocean ridges (where new oceanic lithosphere is created) and near mantle plumes. Earth's crust effectively acts as a thick insulating blanket which must be pierced by fluid conduits (of magma, water or other) in order to release the heat underneath. More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges. Another major mode of heat loss is by conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs in the oceans due to the crust there being much thinner and younger than under the continents.

The heat of Earth is replenished by radioactive decay at a rate of 30 TW. The global geothermal flow rates are more than twice the rate of human energy consumption from all primary sources. Global data on heat-flow density are collected and compiled by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC) of the IASPEI/IUGG.

Direct application
Heat from Earth's interior can be used as an energy source, known as geothermal energy. The geothermal gradient has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient Roman times, and more recently for generating electricity. As the human population continues to grow, so does energy use and the correlating environmental impacts that are consistent with global primary sources of energy. This has caused a growing interest in finding sources of energy that are renewable and have reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In areas of high geothermal energy density, current technology allows for the generation of electrical power because of the corresponding high temperatures. Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%. In order to extract geothermal energy, it is necessary to efficiently transfer heat from a geothermal reservoir to a power plant, where electrical energy is converted from heat by passing steam through a turbine connected to a generator. The efficiency of converting the geothermal heat into electricity depends on the temperature difference between the heated fluid (water or steam) and the environmental temperature, so it is advantageous to use deep, high-temperature heat sources. On a worldwide scale, the heat stored in Earth's interior provides an energy that is still seen as an exotic source. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0.3% of global electricity demand. An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications.

Variations
The geothermal gradient varies with location and is typically measured by determining the bottom open-hole temperature after borehole drilling. Temperature logs obtained immediately after drilling are however affected due to drilling fluid circulation. To obtain accurate bottom hole temperature estimates, it is necessary for the well to reach stable temperature. This is not always achievable for practical reasons.

In stable tectonic areas in the tropics, a temperature-depth plot will converge to the annual average surface temperature. However, in areas where deep permafrost developed during the Pleistocene, a low temperature anomaly can be observed that persists down to several hundred metres. The Suwałki cold anomaly in Poland has led to the recognition that similar thermal disturbances related to Pleistocene-Holocene climatic changes are recorded in boreholes throughout Poland, as well as in Alaska, northern Canada, and Siberia.

In areas of Holocene uplift and erosion (Fig. 1) the shallow gradient will be high until it reaches a point (labeled "Inflection point" in the figure) where it reaches the stabilized heat-flow regime. If the gradient of the stabilized regime is projected above this point to its intersection with present-day annual average temperature, the height of this intersection above present-day surface level gives a measure of the extent of Holocene uplift and erosion. In areas of Holocene subsidence and deposition (Fig. 2) the initial gradient will be lower than the average until it reaches a point where it joins the stabilized heat-flow regime.

Variations in surface temperature, whether daily, seasonal, or induced by climate changes and the Milankovitch cycle, penetrate below Earth's surface and produce an oscillation in the geothermal gradient with periods varying from a day to tens of thousands of years, and an amplitude which decreases with depth. The longest-period variations have a scale depth of several kilometers. Melt water from the polar ice caps flowing along ocean bottoms tends to maintain a constant geothermal gradient throughout Earth's surface.

If the rate of temperature increase with depth observed in shallow boreholes were to persist at greater depths, temperatures deep within Earth would soon reach the point where rocks would melt. We know, however, that Earth's mantle is solid because of the transmission of S-waves. The temperature gradient dramatically decreases with depth for two reasons. First, the mechanism of thermal transport changes from conduction, as within the rigid tectonic plates, to convection, in the portion of Earth's mantle that convects. Despite its solidity, most of Earth's mantle behaves over long time-scales as a fluid, and heat is transported by advection, or material transport. Second, radioactive heat production is concentrated within the crust of Earth, and particularly within the upper part of the crust, as concentrations of uranium, thorium, and potassium are highest there: these three elements are the main producers of radioactive heat within Earth. Thus, the geothermal gradient within the bulk of Earth's mantle is of the order of 0.5 kelvin per kilometer, and is determined by the adiabatic gradient associated with mantle material (peridotite in the upper mantle).

Negative geothermal gradient
Negative geothermal gradients occur where temperature decreases with depth. This occurs in the upper few hundreds of meters near the surface. Because of the low thermal diffusivity of rocks, deep underground temperatures are hardly affected by diurnal or even annual surface temperature variations. At depths of a few meters, underground temperatures are therefore similar to the annual average surface temperature. At greater depths, underground temperatures reflect a long-term average over past climate, so that temperatures at the depths of dozens to hundreds of meters contain information about the climate of the last hundreds to thousands of years. Depending on the location, these may be colder than current temperatures due to the colder weather close to the last ice age, or due to more recent climate change.

Negative geothermal gradients may also occur due to deep aquifers, where heat transfer from deep water by convection and advection results in water at shallower levels heating adjacent rocks to a higher temperature than rocks at a somewhat deeper level.

Negative geothermal gradients are also found at large scales in subduction zones. A subduction zone is a tectonic plate boundary where oceanic crust sinks into the mantle due to the high density of the oceanic plate relative to the underlying mantle. Since the sinking plate enters the mantle at a rate of a few centimeters per year, heat conduction is unable to heat the plate as quickly as it sinks. Therefore, the sinking plate has a lower temperature than the surrounding mantle, resulting in a negative geothermal gradient.

title: Geothermal gradient


text:
Justice for Janitors

Justice for Janitors (JfJ) is a social movement organization that fights for the rights of janitors (caretakers and cleaners) across the US and Canada. It was started on June 15, 1990, in response to the low wages and minimal health-care coverage that janitors received. Justice for Janitors includes more than 225,000 janitors in at least 29 cities in the United States and at least four cities in Canada. Members fight for better wages, better conditions, improved healthcare, and full-time opportunities.

The Justice for Janitors campaigns are organized under a larger union known as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). SEIU has almost two million members and is a large part of the labor movement. SEIU assists in organizing Justice for Janitors campaigns. SEIU retains constructive partnerships with the corporations employing the janitors to ensure that these corporations receive no negative impact due to the campaigns.

Background
In 1985, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), under the leadership of John J. Sweeney, began the Justice for Janitors campaign, which was more of a movement than a traditional strike. The SEIU hoped that the campaign would improve the socio-economic circumstances of workers from the custodial services industry, who were mostly immigrants and people of color, and would mobilize oppressed communities to counter entrenched racism through community-organization and civil disobedience. (Kelley, 52) As the labor movement was struggling to gain membership to unions, new models for organizing workers were developed. The Justice for Janitors campaign uses a bottom-up model in which they organize workers based on geographical area rather than just their worksite. This structure improves the visibility of workers by grouping them together. The structure used by SEIU for its Justice for Janitors campaigns has been widely recognized for its innovativeness and success. Justice for Janitors organizers drew upon lessons from the civil rights movement to conduct demonstrations that increased public awareness of the economic grievances and racial discrimination that service workers encountered in large urban areas, such as Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. Justice for Janitors was founded on June 15, 1990, when Janitors in Los Angeles, CA had a peaceful march to protest low wages of janitors. The percentage of janitors unionized in Los Angeles had significantly increased from 10 percent of workforce in 1987 to 90 percent workforce in 1995 greatly in-part of the movement. The linked connections the movement had with community leaders, such as the Black and Latino organizations, churches, and activists allowed for the strikers to receive the attention needed to be granted their demands throughout the entire city of Los Angeles. The success stretched beyond obtaining concessions from downtown luxury offices and the SEIU (Local 399) headquarters but also into the streets and boardrooms of the city, which paved the way for "a powerful mass movement." (Kelley, 53) It is important to remember that the SEIU in Los Angeles was heavily composed of immigrant workers who were faced with a huge challenge, Proposition 187. Proposition 187 denied immigrants of their basic rights and had just recently been passed, which was not favorable, in any way, for the immigrant workers, obviously. The Janitors for Justice campaign began with Stephen Lerner, a former United Farm Workers (UFW) organizer and later head of SEIU's janitorial division in D.C. Lerner was placed in Denver for his first janitor's organizing drive. Lerner acknowledges the influence of his work with United Farm Workers, and Justice for Janitors "was enormously influenced by the tactics…of the farmworkers movement." Janitors for Justice employed UFW tactics, such as vivid imagery of the exploitation of workers, demonstrations, street theater, hunger strikes, vigils, blockades, clergy–labor alliance, and community organizing. In Washington D.C., the Justice for Janitors Strike alongside SEIU Local 82 fought against U.S. Service Industries; U.S. Service Industries was a private janitorial company of nonunion workers that was hired for their services at the downtown luxury buildings. (Kelley, 53) In March 1995, the movement conducted several demonstrations, that blocked off street/traffic movement as well as other forms of civil disobedience, to protest their rights and demands, which resulted in over 200 arrests. The protesters were clear and direct with their demands; they wanted to end tax breaks for real estate developers and cutback social programs designated for the poor. Manny Pastreich, spokesperson of the union, even declared, “This isn’t just about 5,000 janitors; it’s about issues that concern all D.C. residents - what’s happening to their schools, their streets, their neighborhoods.” (Kelley, 53) In the end, the strike resulted in being more than just a traditional strike, as expressed earlier, it was now a powerful mass movement looking out for everyone, no matter age, race, status, and everything, no matter building, location, object. Justice for Janitors even adopted the rallying cry of the United Farm Workers: "¡Sí se puede!"

Campaigns
The Justice for Janitors campaigns often use strong tactics to get their point across. SEIU sends trained organizers to local unions in order to organize campaigns. The campaigns of Justice for Janitors also use master contracts that are market wide. One contract in a certain market will apply to all union janitors across that market. This allows union workers to fight for different rights while applying any accomplishments to all workers in that market.

Los Angeles campaign
During the 1980s, janitors working for large real estate owners had become victims of competition and lowered wages. The large real estate companies sent out cleaning services to the building service contractors. These contractors were in high competition with each other and therefore cut wages for their cleaning services.

In 1983, an average janitor working in LA had a salary of over $7.00 an hour ($17.20 in 2017 dollars adjusted for inflation) and full health insurance coverage for the janitor and his/her family. By 1986, the janitorial wages had been cut to a mere $4.50/hour ($10.05 in 2017 dollars adjusted for inflation), and health insurance coverage was no longer an option. By the late 1980s, janitors began to fight against these large owners and contractors. Janitors that were members of the SEIU joined in the Justice for Janitors campaign using militant and direct action tactics. They wanted to hold both the owners and the contractors accountable.

The Los Angeles campaign has been notable for the fact that many of the janitors were immigrants, most of them were women, and almost all were Latina/o all groups which have traditionally been viewed by unions as difficult to organize. Unions made deep connections in immigrant communities involving community groups, immigrants' rights groups, and the personal networks that already existed among workers.

The Justice for Janitors campaign showed how unions changed their strategies to organize women, this strike wasn't only about wage cuts, but also about gender equality for women and Immigrants' rights. The Los Angeles Justice for Janitors union movement is well known for its mass protests where hundreds of mostly undocumented immigrant women and men from Mexico, and other central and South American countries disrupt the private and public spaces surrounding the buildings where they worked.

The Justice for Janitors campaign came from Denver to LA in 1988. They worked in downtown to represent the union base and organize the non-union companies. The Justice for Janitors organizers focused on "double-breasted" companies, which were "firms with both union and nonunion operations under different names." The first campaign was directed toward Century Cleaning.

The official strike of Janitors for Justice in Los Angeles began on April 3, 1990. The janitors marched and held demonstrations during the daytime for the 3 weeks. To help their cause, many religious leaders, community leaders, and politicians joined the action of the janitors and supported their protests. The archbishop of Los Angeles, Cardinal Roger Mahony, held a special mass for the janitors. Also, mayor Richard Riordan joined the campaign by voicing his support for the janitors and their union. The janitors in Los Angeles stayed on strike until April 22. By this time, they had reached a contract that guaranteed at least a 22% raise over the next three years.

The Los Angeles strike was significant to the future of Justice for Janitors as it spurred a nationwide campaign involving over 100,000 SEIU janitors in 2000. The campaign sought to raise wages for all janitors as well as improve overall working conditions. SEIU's Los Angeles Justice for Janitors campaign was portrayed in the motion picture Bread and Roses.

Houston campaign
Currently, many janitors in Houston, Texas are organizing through the Justice for Janitors campaigns. In July 2005, Houston janitors secured a check and neutrality agreement from the five largest cleaning contractors in Houston. In November 2005, four of the five contractors recognized SEIU as representing a majority of each contractor's workers, and in December, the fifth contractor did as well.

In 2005 in Houston, the average janitor was earning an hourly salary of $5.25, compared to $20 in New York City and $13.30 in Philadelphia and Chicago. The success of the Houston campaign was surprising due to the South's history of resistance to unionization and hostility to labor. The success of service employees was decreasing in 2005, as the percentage of private-sector workers dropped to 7.9. Julius Getman, a labor law professor at the University of Texas, says the Justice for Janitors effort is "the largest unionization campaign in the South in years." The AFL-CIO attempted a campaign in the 1980s known as the Houston Organizing Project, as the companies fought hard during a suffering economy to defeat the unionization effort.

The Houston campaign succeeded with the help of prominent allies in the community, a common tactic used by the SEIU. They received the support from the mayor of Houston, several congressmen, clergymen, such as Joseph Fiorenza, the Roman Catholic archbishop. The clergy–labor alliance is a strong tactic first used by the UFW and Cesar Chavez, and it has been adopted by numerous labor groups because it helps gain support from the community by legitimizing the effort as a spiritual quest for justice. For example, Archbishop Fiorenza said in an interview about the Houston campaign that it is "basic justice and fairness that the wages should be increased." He held a special mass for janitors and spoke at the union's kick-off rally. The workers in Houston were also aided by pickets in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and elsewhere, where workers for the same employers refused to cross picket lines in solidarity with their fellow janitors in Houston.

On November 20, 2006, a few days after dozens of strikers and their supporters were arrested by Houston police while engaging in nonviolent civil disobedience, a tentative agreement was reached between striking Houston janitors and employers. The proposed settlement included many concessions from employers, and SEIU was quick to declare victory.

Miami campaign
The University of Miami Justice for Janitors campaign officially began in February 2006. However, the precursors to this effort began as early as October 2001, when the University of Miami Faculty Senate began passing declarations to the University of Miami president, Donna Shalala. The declarations suggested that the university comply with the Miami-Dade County Living Wage Ordinance. At this time, there was little response to the resolutions provided.

In February 2005, SEIU janitors began organizing at both Miami Beach condominiums, employed by Continental Group, as well as janitors working for the University of Miami. SEIU also used the help of the South Florida Interfaith Worker Justice (SFIWJ). By the fall of 2005, they had also enlisted the help of students at the University of Miami. An organization called STAND, Students Toward a New Democracy, had members attend direct action training workshops in San Francisco, paid for by SEIU. STAND had managed to rally over 300 students for an email list and received 800 signatures from undergraduates on a petition demanding better worker pay.

On February 26, 2006, the janitors issued an unfair labor practice strike that would last nine weeks. Many of the professors at the University of Miami signed a pledge to support the strike. This meant that the professors would be holding classes off-campus in order to avoid crossing the janitors' picket lines.

On March 16, 2006, Shalala capitulated and announced a wage raise of at least 25%. SEIU celebrated this gain, but they contained to prepare for further action at the University of Miami.

On March 28, the tactics began to receive significant media attention. Clergy and students began blocking traffic on U.S. Route 1. 17 of the activists were arrested for blocking a major highway. At the same time, students were infiltrating the University of Miami admissions office. Here, the students argued with Shalala for four hours until she finally agreed to attend a meeting to discuss the current situation.

The last stage of the campaign consisted of hunger strikes that led the University of Miami to feel a sense of crisis. Many of the strike's participants were hospitalized as a result of their extensive fasting.

Due to the escalating sense of crisis on the university's campus, Shalala finally gave in. She proposed an even higher pay increase along with health benefits and a generous holiday break including paid personal days and paid holidays.

Boston Campaign
In an effort to demand higher wages, janitors in Boston under the SEIU 254 Justice for Janitors campaign had been planning to strike in the beginning of September 2002, but due to Mayor Thomas M. Menino's intervention, the plans were delayed. The walkout was then planned for and took place on September 30, 2002. Around 2,000 janitors walked out and walked the streets of Downtown Boston, holding signs and chanting in both English and Spanish. The janitors participating in the march were employed by UNICCO, and walked out of their places of employment such as institutions like Harvard and Northeastern University. Janitors were joined by students who supported the movement.

Former maid, Rocio Saenz, of the Local 254 of the SEIU in Boston, said “'janitors in New York, Chicago and San Francisco have health insurance, and when you consider that Boston is a world class city and has the second-highest rents in the nation, we don't understand it when the cleaning contractors say they can't afford to pay health insurance. ''

This initial strike in Boston did not achieve the success its predecessor campaigns did, which some people expected. Some later campaigns at MIT were more successful in obtaining workers higher wages.

Criticism
Criticism of the Justice for Janitors campaign is typically centered on non-democratic union processes and quick, trigger agreements. When local Service Employees International Union officials refused to participate in Justice for Janitor campaigns, their supervisors would remove them from office, and replace them with "trustees to run the locals, then running the trustees for the presidency." At this time, the SEIU merged many smaller city or local offices into regional or state-wide offices, reaching multiple industries, making it difficult for rank and file individuals to compete for organizational and office positions with the more formal, staff-run organizations. Those concerned over trigger agreements worried that the agreements were too lenient, giving too many concessions to the contractors. Criticism of the trigger agreements was quickly snuffed out after the SEIU won a rolling strike for healthcare benefits in 2000. Furthermore, despite successes elsewhere, Justice for Janitors has struggled to create and maintain campaigns in the American South and in suburban areas where janitorial services have grown at rate beyond the organizing capacity of SEIU. Another criticism of the SEIU is they unfairly use tactics against companies that cost jobs, diverting company resources into expensive legal battles.

title: Justice for Janitors


text:
Whyanbeelia

Whyanbeelia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Picrodendraceae with only one species, Whyanbeeliaterrae-reginae that is endemic to a small area of Queensland. Whyanbeeliaterrae-reginae is a dioecious rainforest tree with narrowly egg-shaped leaves, flowers arranged in loose groups, and fruit a more or less spherical capsule.

Description
Whyanbeeliaterrae-reginae is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of up to 20 m, its young growth covered with soft hairs. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, narrowly elliptic, 60–160 mm long and 25–60 mm wide on a petiole 4–9 mm long, and tapering to a long drip tip. The leaves sometimes smell like sarsaparilla when crushed. The flowers are arranged in upper leaf axils in groups 60 mm long, of all male flowers or male flowers interspersed with female flowers. Individual flowers are borne on a pedicel up to 9 mm long. Male flowers have sepals in two whorls of three, the outer sepals egg-shaped, 1.0–1.5 mm long and about 1 mm wide, the inner sepals round and about 2 mm in diameter. Male flowers have between 50 and 55 stamens. Female flowers have six tapering sepals that are similar to each other and 1–2 mm long. The ovary is oval, about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide and densely softly-hairs with three styles 3–4 mm long.

Taxonomy
The genus Whyanbeelia and the species Whyanbeelia terrae-reginae were first formally described in 1976 by Herbert Airy Shaw and Bernard Hyland in the Kew Bulletin, from specimens collected in the Whyanbeel Nature Reserve. The genus name(Whyanbeelia), is derived from th aboriginal name for the type location.

Distribution and habitat
This rainforest tree grows in rainforest between the Daintree and Johnstone Rivers at altitudes between 100 and 400 m, in north-eastern Queensland.

title: Whyanbeelia


text: User talk:81.154.116.243

title: User talk:81.154.116.243


text:
Perylene

Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid. It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant. In cell membrane cytochemistry, perylene is used as a fluorescent lipid probe. It is the parent compound of a class of rylene dyes.

Reactions
Like other polycyclic aromatic compounds, perylene is reduced by alkali metals to give a deeply colored radical anion and a dianion. The diglyme solvates of these salts have been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

Emission
Perylene displays blue fluorescence. It is used as a blue-emitting dopant material in OLEDs, either pure or substituted. Perylene can be also used as an organic photoconductor. It has an absorption maximum at 434 nm, and as with all polycyclic aromatic compounds, low water solubility (1.2 x 10−5 mmol/L). Perylene has a molar absorptivity of 38,500 M−1cm−1 at 435.7 nm.

Structure
The perylene molecule consists of two naphthalene molecules connected by a carbon-carbon bond at the 1 and 8 positions on both molecules. All of the carbon atoms in perylene are sp2 hybridized. The structure of perylene has been extensively studied by X-ray crystallography.

Biology
Naturally occurring perylene quinones have been identified in lichens Laurera sanguinaria Malme and Graphis haematites Fée.

title: Perylene


text:
Always on Time

"Always on Time" is a song by American rapper Ja Rule from his third studio album, Pain Is Love (2001). Produced by Irv Gotti, it was written by Ja Rule, 7 Aurelius, and Gotti. Originally set to feature Brandy, it features guest vocals from singer-songwriter and labelmate Ashanti. The song was released as the album's second single on November 27, 2001, through Island Def Jam Music Group, Def Jam Recordings and Gotti's Murder Inc. Records.

"Always on Time" spent two weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in February and March of 2002, becoming Ja Rule's highest-charting single as lead artist. It was Ashanti's first mainstream #1, and Ja Rule's second after he was featured on Jennifer Lopez's "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" from her sophomore album J. Lo (2001). Coincidentally, the lyrics of "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" were penned by Ashanti, with the track featuring her background vocals as well. Several months later, Ja Rule and Lopez would appear on another song penned by Ashanti, "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)".

In 2009, "Always on Time" was named the 33rd most-successful song of the 2000s on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and the 82nd most-successful song of the 2000s on the mainstream Hot 100.

Track listings
UK CD1
 * 1) "Always on Time" (LP version)
 * 2) "Always on Time" (radio version)
 * 3) "I Cry" (LP version featuring Lil' Mo)
 * 4) "Always on Time" (full length video)

UK CD2 and European CD single
 * 1) "Always on Time" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Always on Time" (explicit album version)

UK cassette single
 * 1) "Always on Time" (radio version)
 * 2) "I Cry" (LP version featuring Lil' Mo)

UK 12-inch single
 * A1. "Always on Time" (LP version)
 * B1. "I Cry" (LP version featuring Lil' Mo)
 * B2. "Always on Time" (radio version)

Australasian CD single
 * 1) "Always on Time" (radio edit)
 * 2) "Always on Time" (explicit album version)
 * 3) "Always on Time" (instrumental)
 * 4) "Always on Time" (video)

Credits and personnel
Credits are taken from the Pain Is Love album booklet.

Studios
 * Recorded at The Crackhouse (New York City)
 * Mixed at The Hit Factory (New York City)
 * Mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California)

Personnel

 * Ja Rule – writing (as Jeffrey Atkins)
 * 7 Aurelius – writing, all instruments, mixing
 * Irv Gotti – writing (as Irving Lorenzo), production, mixing
 * Ashanti – featured vocals, additional vocals
 * Milwaukee Buck – recording
 * Glen Marchese – mix engineering
 * Brian Gardner – mastering

title: Always on Time


text:
The Logia of Yeshua

The Logia of Yeshua, by Guy Davenport and Benjamin Urrutia, published by Counterpoint Press, is a compendium of canonical and extracanonical sayings of Jesus that are considered authentic by the authors. The book won critical praise for its scholarship and poetic language. "Throughout, The Logia of Yeshua freshens familiar New Testament injunctions, encouraging us to think anew about their meanings." "Davenport and Urrutia must be applauded for their desire to awaken the reader by offering these new, bare translations of Jesus' sayings."

The word logia applies to teachings of Jesus used as source materials by the gospel writers in the writing of the canonical gospels. Logia also refers to the logic those teachings imply.

title: The Logia of Yeshua


text:
Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover

Ernest Augustus (Ernst August; 20 November 1629 – 23 January 1698), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was Prince of Calenberg from 1679 until his death, and father of George I of Great Britain. He was appointed as the ninth prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692.

He was also ruler of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück from 1662 until his death.

Early life and marriage

Ernest Augustus was born on 20 November 1629 at Herzberg Castle near Göttingen, Principality of Calenberg, the youngest son of George, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg and Prince of Calenberg, and Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt.

On 30 September 1658, he married Sophia of the Palatinate in Heidelberg. She was the daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart of England, and granddaughter of King James I of England. Sophia had been betrothed to Ernest Augustus's older brother, George William, who did not want her. When she married Ernest Augustus instead, releasing George William from this obligation, George William ceded to Ernest Augustus his claim to Lüneburg.

Prince-Bishop
As the fourth son, Ernest Augustus had little chance of succeeding his father as ruler. Therefore, the couple had to live in the Leineschloss at the Hanover court of Ernest Augustus' eldest brother Christian Louis. However, in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, it had been agreed between the Catholic and Protestant powers that the rulership of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück should alternate between the two churches, and that the respective Protestant bishops should be members of the House of Welf. When the Osnabruck throne became vacant in 1662, the family appointed Ernest Augustus Prince-Bishop. Ernest Augustus and Sophia moved to Iburg Castle, together with their two living sons and Sophia's niece Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (future sister-in-law of Louis XIV of France). In 1667 they began to build a more up-to-date residence, Osnabruck Palace, and in 1673 they moved there. Their youngest son was born there in 1674.

Christian Louis died childless in 1665, leaving Lüneburg to the second brother, George William, who had ceded his right to Ernest Augustus, who thus succeeded to that title. George William kept the district of Celle for himself.

In 1679, Ernest Augustus inherited the Principality of Calenberg from the third brother John Frederick. In 1680 the family moved back to Hanover.

Prince-elector
In 1683, against the protestations of his five younger sons, Ernest Augustus instituted primogeniture, so that his territory would not be further subdivided after his death, and also as a pre-condition for obtaining the coveted electorship. He participated in the Great Turkish War on the side of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1692, he was appointed Prince-elector by the Emperor, thus raising the House of Hanover to electoral dignity, the elevation becoming effective in 1708 when confirmed by the Imperial Diet. He was nonetheless recognized as Elector of Hanover, the very first.

Death, succession, and legacy
Ernest Augustus died in 1698 at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover. He was succeeded as ruler by his eldest son, George Louis, later King George I of Great Britain.

His main residences were the Leineschloss, in Hanover, and the Herrenhausen, a summer residence a short distance outside the city. Ernest Augustus and Sophia had the Great Garden at Herrenhausen enlarged after Italian and Dutch models, creating one of the most distinguished baroque formal gardens of Europe.

title: Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover


text:
User talk:Joemcl

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

Someone deleted your Justice for Janitors article frame because it didn't have any content. I've started an article stub, and you can expand it from there. If an article has no content, sometimes people delete it. Mr. Know-It-All 18:09, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joemcl


text:
Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens

Articles in this category are about agents that are listed in the International Agency for Research on Cancer's corresponding group (List of IARC Group 3 Agents - Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans), and should contain agents according to the IARC's current published list.

title: Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens


text:
Talk:Old 97's

Fair use rationale for Image:Old97s-DragItUp-2005-photoshoot.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

External Link suggestion
As an editor at Crawdaddy!, and to comply with COI guidelines, I am not posting the link to this review of Murry Hammond's I Don't Know Where I'm Going But I'm On My Way. However, I would like to recommend it on its merits, and hope that an editor will find the time to examine the review and—if he or she sees fit—post it to the external links section, or, if a page is created for ''I Don't Know Where I'm Going...', to that page's professional reviews section. I appreciate your time. Crawdaddy! (favorable) Mike harkin (talk) 18:51, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

First use of Alternative Country?
Rhett Miller of the Old 97's claims in this article that, "the first time [alt-country] got used was in a freaking article about our band." Does anyone have any idea what article he refers to? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.237.195.96 (talk) 04:31, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Old 97's. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=1764

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:36, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old 97's


text:
Hyaenanche

Hyaenanche globosa is a species of plant under the family Picrodendraceae. It is the sole member of the genus Hyaenanche and the subtribe Hyaenanchinae. It is endemic to Cape Province in South Africa.

title: Hyaenanche


text: User talk:129.170.130.186

title: User talk:129.170.130.186


text:
Apure State Anthem

The anthem of the Apure State, Venezuela was written by Amadeo Garbi. The music was composed by César Ramírez Gómez. The anthem is titled as ¡Vuelvan Caras! (Turn your faces!), as it was stated by a decree in 1978. Although it was composed in 1910, the regional government adopted it as the official anthem three years later.

Lyrics in Spanish Language
Chorus ¡Vuelvan caras! al grito potente, que el poder colonial sucumbió! y que en las pampas extensas de Apure se oye el eco vibrar de esta voz.

I Como el águila cruza el espacio sin que nadie detenga su vuelo, cruza libre el llanero este suelo que su lanza y valor libertó. y si ayer a la voz de Bolívar, respondieron los bravos centauros: ceñiremos de nuevo más lauros si se alzare tirano ante nos.

II Son los de orgullo y de gloria que ostentamos en nuestras banderas Mucuritas, Yagual, Las Queseras y otros campos de fama inmortal. Y a los noble y heroicos varones que de Apure ilustraron la historia venerando su augusta memoria, batiremos la palma triunfal.

III Y hoy unidos con nuestros hermanos de Orinoco a la cima del Ande, a la paz que sus frutos expanden sostendrá nuestro altivo valor. Y teniendo por norma las leyes escuchados en nuestros derechos latirán de contento los pechos a los nombres, patria y honor!

Lyrics in English Language
Chorus ¡Turn around! to the potent shout, that the colonial power succumbed! and that in the vast plains of Apure it is heard the vibration of this voice's echo.

I As the eagle crosses the space without anyone stopping its flight, the plainsman crosses freely this soil that his spear and courage liberated. and if yesterday to Bolivar's voice, the brave centaures responded: we will wear again more laurels if a tyrant would rise against us.

II They are those of pride and glory that we flaunt on our flags Mucuritas, Yagual, Las Queseras and other fields of immortal fame. and to the heroic and noble males that from Apure illustrated history venerating their august memory, we will flap the triumphal palm.

III And today in union with our brothers from the Orinoco to the top of the Ande, to the peace that their fruits expand will sustain our haughty courage. and having laws as norms heard in our rights will beat content our chests to the names homeland and honor!

title: Apure State Anthem


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Björn Agren

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 17:55, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Björn Agren
nn vanity Groeck 18:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems to be guitarist in a rather popular group, but this may be a copyvio. Uppland 18:31, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete bandity.   Paul Klenk 19:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Should actually be Björn Ågren, who is the only member of Razorlight not to have an entry yet (and presumably deserves an entry). However, this mis-titled page is not of a high enough standard and should therefore be deleted. CLW 16:32, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.