text:
User talk:Jitarth

Yarrr...'tis I, spawnofebil

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Your edit to Stuart Clark
Please do not add unhelpful and non-constructive information to Wikipedia. If you continue to do so, it may be considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. →Ollie (talk • contribs) 23:59, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Page moves
Please stop the disruption. Blnguyen (bananabucket) 02:12, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Stuart Clark Article
The Stuart Clark page is of shocking quality, not only grammatically and factually, but logically. I am working on completely cleaning it up to match Wikipedia's standards.

In the meantime, stick to your own talk, if I want to hear from you, I'll ask for your opinion, dont assume I have the time to waste responding to either of you.

-Jitarth

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalise Wikipedia, you will be blocked. →Ollie (talk • contribs) 15:27, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive edits. If you really believe that your edits are improving the articles, then I would urge you to discuss any changes you wish to make on the appropriate talk pages. Hopefuly in this way you can convince others that your edits are suitable. If you continue to edit in your current manner, I can assure you that you will be blocked. Thanks, →Ollie (talk • contribs) 22:52, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jitarth


text: Category:Canadian university and college rectors

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Teenage phsycology

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. -Splash 22:49, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Teenage phsycology
Unencyclopedic and incoherent; not sure if it's supposed to be "psychology" or "physiology". Can't credibly be expanded, not worth merging. MCB 07:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm on the sidelines on this one... I can see it being a great article, but not like this. Ryan Norton T 07:22, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, misspelled title, pretty incoherent. I agree that a great article could be created at Teenage psychology, but there isn't really any content here worth saving in my opinion. --TM (talk) 07:47, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain This has already taken more manhours than it took to upload it. --Wetman 08:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, not worth keeping. Sietse 10:35, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - It does sound like its original research! UniReb 12:19, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research???? Looks like illiterate gibberish to me. Peeper 13:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Speedy. From the article: "Teenage is the time of explosion."  Oh, really? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:16, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If an article existed at Teenage psychology, I would say redirect there, but lacking it, kill with fire. --Tito xd 00:51, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, might be an interesting article if it was done properly at Teenage psychology, but this probably isn't a good starting place.--Oppolo 15:48, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, a redirect from Teenage psychology to Adolescent psychology should be created – but someone, may be myself, will have to create at least a stub for Adolescent psychology. In case, I try and succeed, I will surely do that in few momenets. In the present form (as the article exists) and with the wrong spelling, I have to vote for delete. But, the topic is really encyclopedic, and my thanks to the creator of the page for giving the idea. I agree with the opening comments of Ryan Norton. --Bhadani 17:51, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I created a 8-9 paras of a stub stub Adolescent psychology with 2 images. Further suggestions / edits are requested. --Bhadani 18:05, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Sekele language

=Moved from Kung-Ekoka Talk page=

Untitled
is this the same as %21X%F3%F5_language? if so, we need to merge.--Sonjaaa 06:28, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * No, the two languages are separate; you may want to examine their SIL codes or the external links to Ethnologue. -- Merovingian [[Image:Atombomb.gif|]] Talk  04:58, Sep 11, 2004 (UTC)

Number of phonemes
I read on the reference page for UBYKH, which has 83 phonemes, that Kung-ekoka has 34 more phonemes than UBYKH (117 phonemes!). Does anyone know where I can see the complete phonemic inventory of the language? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.66.16.34 (talk • contribs)

 * It's actually not 117, but 141. (The number 117 refers to the number of consonants.) The problem is that sources are very limited, and my source was actually a general phonology textbook rather than a book specifically on !Kung. Many sources appear to agree, but the problem is actually finding the phoneme list. :S thefamouseccles 02:46, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

labial click
"It possesses no labial click, typical of the Southern Khoisan languages." I find this sentence ambiguous. Is Kung-ekoka like or unlike Southern Khoisan languages in not having a labial click? Pinkville 5 July 2005 15:42 (UTC)

=Comments on combined Kung-Ekoka/Maligo/!O!ung article=

The population is uncertain, as it's hard to tell what the Ethnologue figures mean, or if they're double counted. If anyone knows the San-speaking population of Angola, that would be a big help! kwami 09:16, 2005 September 2 (UTC)

!
Why is the word began with a "!", does it chage pronounciaion? Sotakeit 17:45, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The exclamation mark is often used to represent a click consonant, and the postalveolar click in particular. The article suggests that this click is affricated, and the name !Xũũ suggest that the ng used in the article title actually represents the nasalisation of a long vowel (as in French son). All in all, I find it a bit of a mouthful — more click practice is needed! — Gareth Hughes 17:59, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, a clicked affricate [kx] followed by a long nasal vowel. There is also tone, not represented in the name. kwami 17:16, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

I do find it disturbing that there is no indication of the "proper" pronunciation of the language's name. The list of alternate names is good, but I think we need an IPA transcription for "!Kung". Anyone out there want to give it a shot? My best guess, from what I read around here, is [kǃˣũ:] (affricated voiceless alveolar click followed by a long nasalised high back vowel). But I'd prefer to hear it from someone who's actually familiar with it. JREL (talk) 13:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Other than tone, I believe you're correct. But I don't have any sources handy, so I can't be sure. There's also the problem of dialectical variation, which hasn't been worked out very well. kwami 14:26, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * So the <!K> does stand for an alveolar click, right? That Latin alphabet can be so confusing... it'd be great to have a native speaker confirm all this, particularly tone. There doesn't seem to be any indication around about that. JREL (talk) 08:55, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

words
Can some one add a few words with pronouciation in english including click consonants.We can try to find similarity with other languages kasar203.153.40.49 04:20, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Good luck! There are no languages outside southern and eastern Africa that have clicks, apart from things like tsk tsk!. kwami 14:28, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sekele language


text:
SAFTI Military Institute

The SAFTI Military Institute (新加坡武装部队军训学院, Institut Ketenteraan SAFTI, SAFTI இராணுவப் பயிற்சிக் கழகை) is a military institute of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) comprising five schools: Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College, three SAF Advanced Schools, and the Officer Cadet School. Located on an 88 ha campus in Jurong West, it was originally established in 1966 in Pasir Laba Camp as the Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (SAFTI) before it moved to its current location in 1995 and became known as the SAFTI Military Institute.

History

Although the SAFTI Military Institute is an amalgamated institution, it draws much of its heritage from the original Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (SAFTI), which was officially opened on 14 February 1966 at Pasir Laba Camp.

On 14 November 1987, Second Minister for Defence Lee Hsien Loong announced that a new SAFTI Military Institute would be built on a 50 ha plot of land in Jurong West. Construction started in June 1988 and ended by February 1991. The SAFTI Military Institute housed the Officer Cadet School, School of Advanced Training for Officers, and the Singapore Command and Staff College. The original SAFTI name is preserved in the new name of the institute, as well as in the name of the bridge connecting Pasir Laba Camp to the SAFTI Military Institute.

The SAFTI Military Institute was originally intended to be open to the general public. Prior to the September 11 attacks in 2001, civilians did not require passes and did not have to undergo security checks before entering the campus. Only the offices and living quarters had restricted access. Since then, however, the SAFTI Military Institute has imposed access restrictions like all other military bases in Singapore, and security checks are mandatory for all visitors. No unauthorised photography and filming are allowed within the campus, and camera phones are not allowed in areas designated as Red Zones.

Architecture
There is much symbolism in the SAFTI Military Institute campus, which sits on a hill. The Officer Cadet School was described by its architect as being shaped like a cradle, from which officers are born. Besides, the locations of the schools within the campus symbolise the stages of an officer's career. The Officer Cadet School is on the lower reaches of the hill, the SAF Advanced Schools are located midway along the hill, while the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College is at the top.

A prominent feature is the Tower, approximately 60 m tall and visible from many parts of western Singapore. It has three sides with a stairway connecting within, representing the four branches of the SAF. It is served by a lift and a 265-step stairway which symbolically represents the number of days a cadet takes to become an officer.

The parade square measures 120 m by 170 m and the viewing stands can accommodate up to 5,000 people.

Organisation
The SAFTI Military Institute is headed by a Commandant, who usually holds the rank of Brigadier-General or Rear-Admiral. The institute has five schools: the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College, three SAF Advanced Schools for the Army, Navy, Digital and Intelligence Service and Air Force, and the Officer Cadet School (OCS).

Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College
The Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College (GKSCSC), formerly known as the Singapore Command and Staff College (SCSC), conducts the 41-week Command and Staff Course for regular officers and the 32-week National Service Command and Staff Course for reservist officers who have demonstrated potential for senior appointments. Every year, officers from other countries are invited to attend the Command and Staff Course. As of October 2009, 170 officers from 24 countries had completed the course alongside officers from the Singapore Armed Forces.

The college started conducting its first Command and Staff Course in 1969 and was officially opened in February 1970 by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew at Fort Canning. It was relocated to Marina Hill in the 1970s and Seletar Camp in the 1980s before it moved to its current location within the SAFTI Military Institute in 1995. In 2011, it was renamed after Goh Keng Swee, Singapore's first Minister for Defence.

SAF Advanced Schools
The three SAF Advanced Schools (SAS)—Army Officers' Advanced School (AOAS), Naval Officers' Advanced School (NAS), Digital and Intelligence Officers’ Advanced School (DIAS) and Air Force Officers' Advanced School (AFAS)—conduct advanced courses for officers and military experts from all three branches of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). They started in September 1968 when the Ministry of Defence set up the School of Advanced Training for Officers (SATO) after the first batch of officer cadets at SAFTI were commissioned. SAFTI's first commandant, Brigadier-General Kirpa Ram Vij, was among the first trainees at SATO. SATO was later renamed Army Officers' Advanced School and the schools for the Navy and Air Force were subsequently established. Courses conducted by the SAF Advanced Schools include the Company Tactics Course, Advanced Infantry Officers' Course, and Battalion Tactics Course.

Officer Cadet School

The Officer Cadet School (OCS) is where officer cadets are trained to serve as commissioned officers in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The cadets are drawn from the best performing recruits in each Basic Military Training (BMT) cohort. Trainees with outstanding performance from the Specialist Cadet School (SCS), where specialists (non-commissioned officers) are trained, are also invited to transfer to OCS. Career soldiers may also attend OCS on application, recommendation and selection.

SAFTI Services Centre
The SAFTI Services Centre, previously known as Service Support Unit, provides support services such as security, medical, dental, physiotherapy, transport, estate, signal and logistics for all units within the campus.

Facilities
The SAFTI Military Institute has extensive sporting and recreation facilities, including a stadium with a football pitch and running track, an Olympic-sized swimming pool with a diving tower, and an indoor rock-climbing wall. It also has a library which is open only to military personnel as of September 2019.

SAFTI Link Bridge
The SAFTI Link Bridge is the first cable-stayed bridge in Singapore, spanning 100 m across the Pan Island Expressway (PIE) and connecting the SAFTI Military Institute to Pasir Laba Camp.

title: SAFTI Military Institute


text:
Talk:Carl Schurz

Untitled
kitten

Untitled
You might also mention Carl Schurz High School in Chicago, a memorial school named for him. It was built in 1906. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Preschooler.at.heart (talk • contribs)

True Americanism date?
taco Can we verify the assertion that "The True Americanism" was delivered in 1859? I'm finding a reference (By Carl Schurz. From "Modern Eloquence." Vol. IX, p. 1025. Copyright. 1900, by The University Society.) which puts the date as 1896, which makes more sense historically. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Trschroeder (talk • contribs)

 * Added citation. Hal Jespersen 16:01, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Schurz gave two speeches entitled "True Americanism." The first, delivered in Faneuil Hall, Boston, April 18, 1859, concerned nativism. This is the one referred to in the Politics in the US section. The second, delivered in New York City at a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, January 2, 1896, was an anti-imperialist speech. This is the one from which the extended quote derives. I have corrected the citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.76.132.80 (talk) 19:08, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Link to Revolution of 1848
Should the link to the Revolution of 1848 direct readers to the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states? -- VGF11 00:58, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. He participated in the German Revolution but immigrated to the US after its failure... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.35.20.90 (talk) 18:24, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Indian Affairs
Would the author or anyone else care to source some of the POV inflammatory statements in this section? I'm tempted to remove such bits the "avoidable" war etc... Sluggy 11:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I checked the linked articles in the four bullets--none discussed Schurz or the Office of Indian Affairs. I suspect that good sources could be found for the unconscionable behavior of the BIA and its precursor agencies, so I would welcome any edits that specifically address Schurz's administration of the agency or of its activities during his tenure.  His efforts in making Civil Service more professional should be cited, too.--Hjal 08:11, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Did Germany exist in 1830?
"Schurz was born in Liblar (now part of Erftstadt), Germany on March 2, 1829", I think Kingdom of Prussia is more likely.
 * The Kingdom of Prussia was a member of the German Confederation and the German Coustoms Union 78.42.252.102 (talk) 13:00, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * and it was a member of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (which was the official full name of that entity from 1500s to it dissolution in the early 1800s 78.42.252.102 (talk) 13:03, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Religion
I was the one who listed Society for Ethical Culture as Schurz's religion, which I believe I retrieved from the Trefousse biography, though I don't have it in front of me to double check. I agree there should be a citation there. Perhaps an obituary would be a source of information as well? I looked into Google Books and p. 296 of the 1998 edition says Felix Adler of the Society delivered the English eulogy at Schurz's funeral with Jacobi taking care of the German one. p. 295 looks like it might have a further clarification, but I am not permitted a page view there which might show definitively that he participated in the Society's activities. Or maybe he was just a friend of Adler, and I am pushing the connection too far, but I think not. A Google using Schurz Society for Ethical Culture didn't turn up any potentials besides Trefousse, for the first 30 hits anyway. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 14:48, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Both Fuess and Trefousse say that he was raised Catholic. Page 295 of Trefousse says of his last days, "A priest attempted to offer the last rites of the Catholic church only to be denied admission by the family - Schurz had long since been friendly with Dr. Felix Adler of the Ethical Culture Society." I could not readily find anything definitive in either work about his religious affiliation, although it may be there. His NY Times obit stated that the funeral would take place at his home, but the clergyman had not yet been selected, suggesting that he wasn't a member of any particular congregation. The obit also mentions his memberships in organizations, but does not mention the Society for Ethical Culture. Given the uncertainty, perhaps its best to leave that information blank. 75.2.209.226 (talk) 17:02, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
 * And his memoir certainly says much about being raised Catholic. As far as religion in his life, raised Catholic certainly deserves a mention.  Perhaps there are other ethical influences that deserve a mention as well.  But Trefousse seems too ambiguous to even list Society for Ethical Culture as an influence.  Adler and Schurz certainly had similar political interests, and that may have been their only common thread.  Trefousse seems to be trying to say something, but it seems he had no verifiable citation either. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 15:05, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

And now I see he is tagged as a Lutheran. That really needs a citation, and I have so requested. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 00:22, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I think there are many indications that he was of the Mumar religion. Including his last days. Here for instance is one. And look up Carpetbagger, somehow the cartoon image is reminiscent of... oh well. פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 01:07, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
There were a pair of edits, one removing a mention of Dee Brown's book in the article, and one removing the book itself from further reading. I think the article strikes the right balance without that sentence, but the book itself I think is is a significant POV on Schurz and should be retained in the further reading, so I put it back in. Bob Burkhardt (talk) 14:37, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

German pronunciation is great, but ...
How is his name pronounced in the States? Zum Beispiel, is it an English or a German zed? Varlaam (talk) 16:33, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Blocked quotes
There are currently several blocked quotes in the article. I am not sure of the quotes significance in the article. The article needs to be written in more of a chronological encyclopedia style, in my opinion. Cmguy777 (talk) 02:37, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Article improvements
I am attempting to improve the article and the lede and body to conform with standard Wikipedia policy and other biographical articles. I have added criticism along with positive associations of Carl Schurz. The article needs to get rid of the block quotes. I can put these block quotes in the talk page for any future reference. Schurz really was the man behind the Republican Party bolt in 1872 against Ulysses S. Grant and one of President Grant's severest critics, even though Schurz was a Republican. Cmguy777 (talk) 04:57, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Moved German-American identity and blocked quotes to talk page
The following appears to be original research, not that Carl Schurz's statements have been misquoted or misrepresented. Wikipedia biography articles need to be in paragraph form with appropriate references. Cmguy777 (talk) 20:46, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

German-American identity Schurz maintained a relationship with the German expatriate community. He addressed a group of German immigrants at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893:

I have said: who does not honor the old fatherland is not worthy of the new, but I say also he is not worthy of the old fatherland who is not one of the most faithful citizens of the new. Noblesse oblige. To be a German now means more than it meant before he belonged to one united nation. He who calls himself a German now must never forget his honorable obligation to his name; he must honor Germany in himself. The German-American can accomplish great things for the development of the great composite nation of the new world, if in his works and deeds he combines and welds the best that is in the German character with the best that is in the American. — Carl Schurz,

Patriotism
Schurz expanded on this theme in a speech delivered at the Anti-Imperialistic Conference in Chicago, Illinois, October 17, 1899:

Length of Article
The length of this article seems to me out of proportion to the importance of its subject. I would suggest that the current lede would serve perfectly well as the main article, and the new lede would only need a few lines. Valetude (talk) 07:47, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I couldn't disagree more. At 39,000 bytes the article is perfectly appropriate for an important Civil War and 19th century military and political leader.  I have also reverted your deletion of material (that is apparently sourced since there is a footnote immediately after it) that simply puts his views in the proper historical context.  It is important to provide this context for readers who lack the knowledge to realize that beliefs that sound backward and racist in a21st Century context were pretty much the norm in the 19th Century. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 14:46, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:55, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carl Schurz


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Black wildebeest

The black wildebeest or white-tailed gnu (Connochaetes gnou) is one of the two closely related wildebeest species. It is a member of the genus Connochaetes and family Bovidae. It was first described in 1780 by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann. The black wildebeest is typically 170 - 220 cm in head-and-body length, and the typical weight is 110 - 180 kg. Males stand about 111 - 121 cm at the shoulder, while the height of the females is 106 - 116 cm. The black wildebeest is characterised by its white, long, horse-like tail. It also has a dark brown to black coat and long, dark-coloured hair between its forelegs and under its belly.

The black wildebeest is an herbivore, and almost the whole diet consists of grasses. Water is an essential requirement. The three distinct social groups are the female herds, the bachelor herds, and the territorial bulls. They are fast runners and communicate using a variety of visual and vocal communications. The primary breeding season for the black wildebeest is from February to April. A single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about 8 and 1/2 months. The calf remains with its mother until her next calf is born a year later. The black wildebeest inhabits open plains, grasslands, and karoo shrublands.

The natural populations of black wildebeest, endemic in the southern part of Africa, were almost completely exterminated in the 19th century, due to their reputation as pests and the value of their hides and meat, but the species has been reintroduced widely from captive specimens, both in private areas and nature reserves throughout most of Lesotho, Eswatini, and South Africa. The species has also been introduced outside its natural range in Namibia and Kenya.

Taxonomy and evolution
The scientific name of the black wildebeest is Connochaetes gnou. The animal is placed in the genus Connochaetes and family Bovidae and was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1780. He based his description on an article written by natural philosopher Jean-Nicolas-Sébastien Allamand in 1776. The generic name Connochaetes derives from the Greek words κόννος, kónnos, "beard", and χαίτη, khaítē, "flowing hair", "mane". The specific name gnou originates from the Khoikhoi name for these animals, gnou. The common name "gnu" is also said to have originated from the Hottentot name t'gnu, which refers to the repeated calls of "ge-nu" by the bull in the mating season. The black wildebeest was first discovered in the northern part of South Africa in the 1800s.

The black wildebeest is currently included in the same genus as the blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). This has not always been the case, and at one time the latter was placed under a genus of its own, Gorgon. The black wildebeest lineage seems to have diverged from the blue wildebeest in the mid- to late Pleistocene, and became a distinct species around a million years ago. This evolution is quite recent on a geologic time scale.

Features necessary for defending a territory, such as the horns and broad-based skull of the modern black wildebeest, have been found in their fossil ancestors. The earliest known fossil remains are in sedimentary rock in Cornelia in the Free State and date back about 800,000 years. Fossils have also been reported from the Vaal River deposits, though whether or not they are as ancient as those found in Cornelia is unclear. Horns of the black wildebeest have been found in sand dunes near Hermanus in South Africa. This is far beyond the recorded range of the species and these animals may have migrated to that region from the karoo.

Hybrids
The black wildebeest is known to hybridise with its taxonomically close relative, the blue wildebeest. Male black wildebeest have been reported to mate with female blue wildebeest and vice versa. The differences in social behaviour and habitats have historically prevented interspecific hybridisation, but it may occur when they are both confined within the same area. The resulting offspring is usually fertile. A study of these hybrid animals at Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve in South Africa revealed that many had disadvantageous abnormalities relating to their teeth, horns, and the wormian bones in the skull. Another study reported an increase in the size of the hybrid as compared to either of its parents. In some animals, the auditory bullae are highly deformed, and in others, the radius and ulna are fused.

Description
Black wildebeest are sexually dimorphic, with females being shorter and more slender than males. The head-and-body length is typically between 170 and 220 cm. Males reach about 111 to 121 cm at the shoulder, while females reach 106 to 116 cm. Males typically weigh 140 to 157 kg and females 110 to 122 kg. A distinguishing feature in both sexes is the tail, which is long and similar to that of a horse. Its bright-white colour gives this animal the vernacular name of "white-tailed gnu", and also distinguishes it from the blue wildebeest, which has a black tail. The length of the tail ranges from 80 to 100 cm.

The black wildebeest has a dark brown or black coat, which is slightly paler in summer and coarser and shaggier in the winter. Calves are born with shaggy, fawn-coloured fur. Males are darker than females. They have bushy and dark-tipped manes that, as in the blue wildebeest, stick up from the back of the neck. The hairs that compose this are white or cream-coloured with dark tips. On its muzzle and under its jaw, it has black bristly hair. It also has long, dark-coloured hair between its forelegs and under its belly. Other physical features include a thick neck, a plain back, and rather small and beady eyes.

Both sexes have strong horns that curve forward, resembling hooks, which are up to 78 cm long. The horns have a broad base in mature males, and are flattened to form a protective shield. In females, the horns are both shorter and narrower. They become fully developed in females in the third year, while horns are fully grown in males aged four or five. The black wildebeest normally has 13 thoracic vertebrae, though specimens with 14 have been reported, and this species shows a tendency for the thoracic region to become elongated. Scent glands secrete a glutinous substance in front of the eyes, under the hair tufts, and on the forefeet. Females have two teats. Apart from the difference in the appearance of the tail, the two species of wildebeests also differ in size and colour, with the black being smaller and darker than the blue.

The black wildebeest can maintain its body temperature within a small range in spite of large fluctuations in external temperatures. It shows well-developed orientation behaviour towards solar radiation, which helps it thrive in hot, and often shadeless, habitats. The erythrocyte count is high at birth and increases till the age of 2–3 months, while in contrast, the leucocyte count is low at birth and falls throughout the animal's life. The neutrophil count is high at all ages. The haematocrit and haemoglobin content decreases till 20–30 days after birth. A peak in the content of all these haemological parameters occurs at the age of 2–3 months, after which the readings gradually decline, reaching their lowest values in the oldest individuals. The presence of fast-twitch fibres and the ability of the muscles to use large amounts of oxygen help explain the rapid running speed of the black wildebeest and its high resistance to fatigue. Individuals may live for about 20 years.

Diseases and parasites
The black wildebeest is particularly susceptible to anthrax, and rare and widely scattered outbreaks have been recorded and have proved deadly. Ataxia related to myelopathy and low copper concentrations in the liver have also been seen in the black wildebeest. Heartwater (Ehrlichia ruminantium) is a tick-borne rickettsial disease that affects the black wildebeest, and as the blue wildebeest is fatally affected by rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease, it is also likely to be susceptible to these. Malignant catarrhal fever is a fatal disease of domestic cattle caused by a gammaherpesvirus. Like the blue wildebeest, the black wildebeest seems to act as a reservoir for the virus and all animals are carriers, being persistently infected, but showing no symptoms. The virus is transmitted from mother to calf during the gestation period or soon after birth.

Black wildebeest act as hosts to a number of external and internal parasites. A study of the animal in Karroid Mountainveld (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) revealed the presence of all the larval stages of the nasal bot flies Oestrus variolosus and Gedoelstia hässleri. The first-instar larvae of G. hässleri were found in large numbers on the dura mater of wildebeest calves, specially between June and August, and these later migrated to the nasal passages. Repeated outbreaks of mange (scab) have led to large-scale extinctions. The first study of the protozoa in blue and black wildebeest showed the presence of 23 protozoan species in the rumen, with Diplodinium bubalidis and Ostracodinium damaliscus common in all the animals.

Ecology and behavior
Black wildebeest are mainly active during the early morning and late afternoon, preferring to rest during the hottest part of the day. The animals can run at speeds of 80 km/h. When a person approaches a herd to within a few hundred metres, the wildebeest snort and run a short distance before stopping and looking back, repeating this behaviour if further approached. They communicate with each other using pheromones detected by flehmen and several forms of vocal communication. One of these is a metallic snort or an echoing "hick", that can be heard up to 1.5 km (1 mi) away. They are preyed on by the lion, spotted hyena, Cape hunting dog, leopard, cheetah, and Nile crocodile. Of these, the calves are targeted mainly by the hyenas, while lions attack the adults.

The black wildebeest is a gregarious animal with a complex social structure comprising three distinct groups, the female herds consisting of adult females and their young, the bachelor herds consisting only of yearlings and older males, and territorial bulls. The number of females per herd is variable, generally ranging from 14 to 32, but is highest in the densest populations and also increases with forage density. A strong attachment exists among members of the female herd, many of which are related to each other. Large herds often get divided into smaller groups. While small calves stay with their mothers, the older ones form groups of their own within the herd. These herds have a social hierarchy, and the females are rather aggressive towards others trying to join the group. Young males are generally repelled by their mothers before the calving season starts. Separation of a young calf from its mother can be a major cause of calf mortality. While some male yearlings stay within the female herd, the others join a bachelor herd. These are usually loose associations, and unlike the female herds, the individuals are not much attached to each other. Another difference between the female and bachelor herds is the lesser aggression on the part of the males. These bachelor herds move widely in the available habitat and act as a refuge for males that have been unsuccessful as territorial bulls, and also as a reserve for future breeding males.

Mature bulls, generally more than 4 years old, set up their own territories through which female herds often pass. These territories are maintained throughout the year, with animals usually separated by a distance around 100 - 400 m, but this can vary according to the quality of the habitat. In favourable conditions, this distance is as little as 9 m, but can be as large as 1600 m in poor habitat. Each bull has a patch of ground in the centre of his territory in which he regularly drops dung, and in which he performs acts of display. These include urinating, scraping, pawing, and rolling on the ground and thumping it with his horns - all of which demonstrate his prowess to other bulls. An encounter between two bulls involves elaborate rituals. Estes coined the term "challenge ritual" to describe this behaviour for the blue wildebeest, but this is also applicable to the black wildebeest, owing to their close similarity in behavior. The bulls approach each other with their heads lowered, resembling a grazing position (sometimes actually grazing). This is usually followed by movements such as standing in a reverse-parallel position, in which one male urinates and the opponent smells and performs flehmen, after which they may reverse the procedure. During this ritual or afterwards, the two can toss their horns at each other, circle one another, or even look away. Then begins the fight, which may be of low intensity (consisting of interlocking the horns and pushing each other in a standing position) or high intensity (consisting of their dropping to their knees and straining against each other powerfully, trying to remain in contact while their foreheads are nearly touching the ground). Threat displays such as shaking the head may also take place.

Diet
Black wildebeest are predominantly grazers, preferring short grasses, but also feeding on other herbs and shrubs, especially when grass is scarce. Shrubs can comprise as much as 37% of the diet, but grasses normally form more than 90%. Water is essential, though they can exist without drinking water every day. The herds graze either in line or in loose groups, usually walking in single file when moving about. They are often accompanied by cattle egrets, which pick out and consume the insects hidden in their coats or disturbed by their movements.

Before the arrival of Europeans in the area, wildebeest roamed widely, probably in relation to the arrival of the rains and the availability of good forage. They never made such extensive migrations as the blue wildebeest, but at one time, they crossed the Drakensberg Range, moving eastwards in autumn, searching for good pastures. Then they returned to the highvelds in the spring and moved towards the west, where sweet potato and karoo vegetation were abundant. They also moved from north to south as the sourgrass found north of the Vaal River matured and became unpalatable, the wildebeest only consuming young shoots of sourgrass. Now, almost all black wildebeest are in reserves or on farms, and the extent of their movements is limited.

In a study of the feeding activities of a number of female black wildebeest living in a shadeless habitat, they fed mostly at night. They were observed at regular intervals over a period of one year, and with an increase in temperature, the number of wildebeest feeding at night also increased. During cool weather, they lay down to rest, but in hotter conditions they rested while standing up.

Reproduction
Male black wildebeest reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 years, but may mature at a younger age in captivity. Females first come into estrus and breed as yearlings or as 2-year-olds. They breed only once in a year.

A dominant male black wildebeest has a harem of females and will not allow other males to mate with them. The breeding season occurs at the end of the rainy season and lasts a few weeks between February and April. When one of his females comes into estrus, the male concentrates on her and mates with her several times. Sexual behaviour by the male at this time includes stretching low, ears down, sniffing of the female's vulva, performing ritual urination, and touching his chin to the female's rump. At the same time, the female keeps her tail upwards (sometimes vertically) or swishes it across the face of the male. The pair usually separates after copulation, but the female occasionally follows her mate afterwards, touching his rump with her snout. During the breeding season, the male loses condition, as he spends little time grazing. Males are known to mount other males.

The gestation period lasts for about 8.5 months, after which a single calf is born. Females in labour do not move away from the female herd and repeatedly lie down and get up again. Births normally take place in areas with short grass when the cow is in the lying position. She stands up immediately afterwards, which causes the umbilical cord to break, and vigorously licks the calf and chews on the afterbirth. In spite of regional variations, around 80% of the females give birth to their calves within a period of 2–3 weeks after the onset of the rainy season - from mid-November to the end of December. Seasonal breeding has also been reported among wildebeest in captivity in European zoos. Twin births have not been reported.

The calf has a tawny, shaggy coat and weighs about 11 kg. By the end of the fourth week, the four incisors have fully emerged and about the same time, two knob-like structures, the horn buds, appear on the head. These later develop into horns, which reach a length of 200 - 250 mm by the fifth month and are well developed by the eighth month. The calf is able to stand and run shortly after birth, a period of great danger for animals in the wild. It is fed by its lactating mother for 6–8 months, begins nibbling on grass blades at 4 weeks, and remains with the mother until her next calf is born a year later.

Distribution and habitat
The black wildebeest is native to southern Africa. Its historical range included South Africa, Eswatini, and Lesotho, but in the latter two countries, it was hunted to extinction in the 19th century. It has now been reintroduced there and also introduced to Namibia, where it has become well established.

The black wildebeest inhabits open plains, grasslands, and karoo shrublands in both steep, mountainous regions and lower, undulating hills. The altitudes in these areas vary from 1350 - 2150 m. The herds are often migratory or nomadic, otherwise they may have regular home ranges of 1 km2. Female herds roam in home ranges around 250 acre in size. In the past, black wildebeest occurred on temperate grasslands in highveld during the dry winter season and the arid karoo region during the rains. However, as a result of massive hunting of the animal for its hide, they vanished from their historical range, and are now largely limited to game farms and protected reserves in southern Africa. In most reserves, the black wildebeest shares its habitat with the blesbok and the springbok.

Threats and conservation

Where it lives alongside the blue wildebeest, the two species can hybridise, and this is regarded as a potential threat to the maintenance of the species. The black wildebeest was once very numerous and was present in Southern Africa in vast herds, but by the end of the 19th century, it had nearly been hunted to extinction and fewer than 600 animals remained. A small number of individuals was still present in game reserves and at zoos, and from these, the population was rescued.

More than 18,000 individuals are now believed to remain, 7,000 of which are in Namibia, outside their natural range, and where they are farmed. Around 80% of the wildebeest occurs in private areas, while the other 20% is confined in protected areas. The population is now trending upward (particularly on private land) and for this reason the International Union for Conservation of Nature, in its Red List of Threatened Species, rates the black wildebeest as being of least concern Its introduction into Namibia has been a success and numbers have increased substantially there from 150 in 1982 to 7,000 in 1992.

Uses and interaction with humans
The black wildebeest is depicted on the coat of arms of the Province of Natal in South Africa. Over the years, the South African authorities have issued stamps displaying the animal and the South African Mint has struck a 5-rand coin with a prancing black wildebeest.

Though they are not present in their natural habitat in such large numbers today, black wildebeest were at one time the main herbivores in the ecosystem and the main prey item for large predators such as the lion. Now, they are economically important for human beings, as they are a major tourist attraction, and provide animal products such as leather and meat. The hide makes good-quality leather, and the flesh is coarse, dry, and rather tough. Wildebeest meat is dried to make biltong, an important part of South African cuisine. The meat of females is more tender than that of males, and is at its best during the autumn season. The wildebeest can provide 10 times as much meat as a Thomson's gazelle. The silky, flowing tail is used to make fly-whisks or chowries.

However, black wildebeest can also affect human beings negatively. Wild individuals can be competitors of commercial livestock and can transmit fatal diseases such as rinderpest, and cause epidemics among animals, particularly domestic cattle. They can also spread ticks, lungworms, tapeworms, flies, and paramphistome flukes.

title: Black wildebeest


text:
Isaac (disambiguation)

Isaac was one of the patriarchs of the Abrahamic faiths.

Isaac may also refer to:

 * Isaac (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname of Isaac and its variants

Organizations

 * International Society for Analysis, its Applications and Computation
 * International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Places

 * Great Isaac Cay, Bahamas
 * Issac, Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
 * Isaac River, Australia
 * Isaac Region, Australia
 * Isaac's Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Isaac's Harbour North, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Port Isaac, Cornwall, United Kingdom

Other uses

 * Hurricane Isaac (2012), a Category 1 hurricane that hit the Greater New Orleans area on August 29, 2012
 * Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (ISAAC)), an instrument on the Very Large Telescope
 * ISAAC (cipher), a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
 * ISAAC (comics), a supercomputer in Marvel Comics
 * Isaac (talk show), a talk show hosted by Isaac Mizrahi
 * Tropical Storm Isaac, a designation used for various tropical cyclones
 * "Isaac" (song), a song by Hollyn
 * "Isaac", a song by Madonna, from her album Confessions on a Dance Floor
 * Isaac, the northeasternmost country in the Fire Emblem universe continent Jugdral

title: Isaac (disambiguation)


text:
Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute

Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute or SAFTI was where officers of the Singapore Armed Forces were trained in the past. SAFTI per se does not exist anymore. In current use, it may refer to one of two things:

 * SAFTI Military Institute, the successor institute ("SAFTI" being used as a proper name in this case)
 * Pasir Laba Camp and training areas of the Singapore Armed Forces


text:
Talk:Johann Nepomuk Hiedler

Untitled
What's the source of "von" in "Johann Nepomuk von Hiedler"?

I suppose the correct name was "Johann von Nepomuk Hiedler". In this case the "von" would be normal part of his Christian name, because in my opinion he is named after the Catholic saint Johann von Nepomuk, also known as only Johann Nepomuk, the so-called "bridge saint".

I took out the "Czech." Johann von Pomuk was a Bohemian German, not a Bohemian Czech. But the ancestry of the Saint is irrelevant. He was worshipped by both Bohemian Germans and Czechs. So his name indicates ties to Bohemia (the country), not to "Czechs." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Karpaten1 (talk • contribs) 03:04, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johann Nepomuk Hiedler


text:
Initiative for the Integration of South American Infrastructure

The Initiative for the Integration of South American Infrastructure (Spanish: Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Suramericana), or IIRSA, is a project via which countries of the Andean Community are attempting to further integrate their economies, especially by creating better road infrastructure connecting from Panama City in the north to major cities in South America.

History
IIRSA began as a proposal by Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso at the First Summit of South American Presidents, which he hosted in Brasilia from August 31 to September 1, 2000. It was endorsed by the presidents of all 12 South American countries represented at the summit: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

A new organization, the South American Council of Infrastructure and Planning (COSIPLAN), was established by the Union of South American Nations in August 2009, and IIRSA's Executive Steering Committee was moved under it.

Structure
IIRSA was designed to be consensus-based, with individual national governments making any final decisions. The organization is run by an Executive Steering Committee composed of government ministers, with rotating offices of a president and two vice-presidents. Executive Technical Groups with members from governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector are formed on an ad hoc basis to discuss specific issues. A Technical Coordination Committee (CCT) assists with financial and operational matters, and includes members from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Andean Development Corporation (CAF), and the Plata Basin Financial Development Fund (FONPLATA). The CCT is supported by a permanent secretariat in Buenos Aires.


text: User talk:84.14.11.91

title: User talk:84.14.11.91


text:
Talk:Pepsi Blue

PepsiBlue as witty rejoinder
There's some connection between Pepsi Blue and astroturfing / viral marketing. It's frequently used as an insult on link blogs (ie http://www.metafilter.com). Can somebody explain this aspect? 68.105.116.192 14:03, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Pepsi Blue is often cited as a product with very high market awareness, but which the product itself fails in the market on its own merits. Such is often the case with viral marketing.--BizMgr (talk) 07:35, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

What are the name of the other drinks?
I read that there are other drinks out there that imitate the taste of PB. What are they?

 * I'd like to know this too, I used to love this drink. --Jelligraze 04:26, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Safeway sells a clone called "Blue Razz Blast" Soda. As far as I know, they do have this in all Safeway affiliated stores. I will need to check if they are still distributing this brand, but they were definitely selling this in 2005. Sorry for not citing. Please bring back PB. ~sunbun 05:02, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Safeway as of April 2007 no longer sells "Blue Razz Blast".

The rumor of Code Blue Mountain Dew
Before this product was released, my mother had a conversation with a Pepsi distributor, and he stated that a "Code Blue Mountain Dew" would be released, similar in branding to then-recently released Code Red Mountain Dew. Would there be any resources that could verify that the Code Blue rumor would eventually turn out to be Pepsi Blue? It would be something to note in this article, if indeed it can be verified. Spicy 15:13, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so, because I've heard the Code Blue Mt. Dew rumor as recently as a few months ago. I suppose it could just be Pepsi thinking about bringing Pepsi Blue back as it's original ideaJasont82 16:17, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There arent any other drinks to my knowledge that tried to immitate the taste of Pepsi Blue, but if you want to make your own pepsi blue (bear with me, you'll think this is bullcrap at first) you need a regular small bottle of Mountain Dew and a blueberry baby bottle pop. Pour the powder into the Mountain Dew, using a funnel and DON'T SHAKE!!!!! If anything, pour into a bowl and stir, then return to the bottle with the funnel or move the bottle in a circular motion until the powder dissolved. I know that this sounds a little farfetched but it works. My friend and I were sitting in at our church in the youth room, and we were both sippin on some MD. Well we got bored so we started stealing stuff from the "prize chest" and among the booty were a few baby bottle pops. My friend bet me to pour a baby bottle pop into my MD and drink the whole thing - so I agreed and did it. IT TASTED JUST LIKE PEPSI BLUE. NO KIDDING. This was the Sunday before ST. Patricks day and of course, what did we do? We went down to Sam's club and bought a 24 pack of MD and a case of baby bottle pops and we bottled this stuff up and sold it at $2/bottle. We made a $10 profit - not much, but we still got $5 each and made a bunch of people at school happy. User:ChevelleINC1213 6:30, 10 March 2006

WOW! Are you serious? I'm going to try doing that sometime, I want to drink blue pepsi again! 67.141.208.217 02:37, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Mountain Dew Code Blue is a joke of mine. I say it would have enough caffeine to cause cardiac arrest. Chris16447 (talk) 00:29, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Mountain Dew Voltage tastes like Pepsi Blue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.172.232.7 (talk) 06:47, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

POV?
"'Fruity' as in the sense of artificial fruit, such as lollipops and popsicles; for artificial fruit flavoring seldom tastes like actual fruit."

Does this sound a little POV to anyone else?

 * Not really, seeing as regardless of whether you enjoy it, does artifical fruit flavouring taste like real fruit.

Controversy
I heard that Pepsi Blue's discontinuation was due to a controversy involving a kid faking suicide by drinking Pepsi Blue from a bottle of cleaning fluid. The bottle had been previously cleaned out, of course, but it got people's attention enough to realize that Pepsi Blue looked similar to typical household cleaners.

 * That is the reason one does not often find blue food products. They just don't look like food!  -Alex

 * i call bs... why wouldn't he just use Gatorade? --The Animal 00:53, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Misc
I'd like to see if any former Pepsi workers can substantiate this claim, I believe Pepsi Blue was reborn under the Blue Voltage MD guise. Voltage tastes identical to Pepsi Blue, just a bit more zip with the Ginseng that's added. I think Pepsi just recycled the flavor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.6.227.81 (talk) 04:53, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Tasted like melted cotton candy. -james_anatidae 07:21, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Really, really thick cotton candy maybe. I thought it tasted like corn syrup mixed with that snow cone coloring. Yankee Rajput 15:26, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually liked it. I'm the only person I've ever met or even heard about who did. -Litefantastic 16:51, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

I never got a chance to TRY it. I've been dreaming of a blue soda since I was a three years old boy. *weep*

I also loved it and was distraught when I'd learned that they had cancelled it. KnowledgeLord 23:04, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * My friend *LOVES* Pepsi Blue, and I must admit, I find it quite tasty myself. My friend is a strage person and buys 12-packs of Pepsi Blue on ebay (?!) for $30-$50. I told his parents to consider therapy for him.

Hah, I like how the article compares the taste to a 7-11 Slurpee. There are regular Pepsi flavoured Slurpees, ironically enough. Not to mention the countless other flavours that taste nothing like Pepsi Blue. Gregmitch 23:44, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I loved the soda. Everytime I saw it, I'd buy it. Tcatron565 20:04, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Tasted like a weird carbonated Kool-aid drink to me. I actually still have an unopened 20oz bottle that I bought because I predicted that it would flop (hoping to sell on eBay) - maybe I should have bought a case, in hindsight FyreWulff 13:27, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

In my opinion it tasted like an explosion of berries. I loved it when it was out and I still have 5 cans of it. I'm going to see if the way to make it works as listed above. 67.141.208.217 02:31, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

I will never forget my first 20 oz bottle of this stuff. I got it from the campus store. Then I left the store and began drinking it. It is the only beverage that so vividly sticks out in my mind that I threw it away after about 4 oz were gone. I really wanted my money back, that stuff was god awful.Bridger.anderson (talk) 18:46, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Ugh, whoever said that Jolt Blue Raspberry tasted like Pepsi Blue is wrong. It tastes more like a blue Slurpee energy drink, while Pepsi Blue tasted like a carbonated Blue Moon Berry Kool-Aid Blast Offs. I know everyone's tastes are different, but that's just too much of a difference. Dio Only Uses a Knife (talk) 00:56, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

The fall after it's introduction to the USA, I first saw Pepsi Blue at the Hamburg, Pennsylvania annual King Frost Parade. There was a flatbed full of 20oz bottles and someone was giving it out on the side of the street. Granted, the parade has a huge attendance (more than tripling the town's population), but the route is less than two miles long. And oddly enough, the end and the beginning are only two blocks away from each other. By the end, they were desperately trying to get rid of it. I got three bottles, drank part of one, and then later used the rest for something random (did not drink). The next summer at Ocean City, New Jersey, the $0.99 Store was trying to sell it - 3x 20oz for $0.99 US. By the end of the week, they were trying to give it away. Overall, not enjoyable, but not as bad as Pepsi Kona. We lived in the test area (Lehigh Valley, PA) and got two cans at a Reading Phillies baseball game in 1993 (I think). Opened one (terrible), then saved the other in the fridge, assuming that it was so bad and undistributed that it might become valuable. We finally threw it out in 2004 as the can became damaged. So, Pepsi Blue = bad but not the worst. Freedomlinux (talk) 05:33, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

blue crush?
Was pepsi blue not just Blue Crush soda that was out for many years before pepsi blue? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by The binary soul (talk • contribs) 06:40, 30 December 2006 (UTC).

I never tried the blue crush soda but I loved blue pepsi when it was out. 67.141.208.217 02:32, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Blue?
I don't remember it being blue. I'm pretty sure it looked pretty much the same colour as Pepsi. Monk e y 13!!! 00:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What? 211.27.40.29 04:58, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I think you're hallucinating. Tony Myers 06:29, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

I drank it very often when it was out and It was blue. 67.141.208.34 02:12, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

This guy may have a point, this is a commercial for Pepsi Blue and as you can clearly see, Britney Spears is holding a bottle of Pepsi Blue, but it's a normal Pepsi color. Pepsi Blue Commercial

Complete flop
I went to a CFL football game just before it was discontinued, and they had palettes of 2L bottles of pepsi blue around on the stadium concourses. They were just letting people take as much as they could carry. I STILL don't think they got rid of it all. hah. 142.59.195.50 06:07, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Seriously? I wish I could have stocked up! I still have 3 cans of it but I don't want to drink it because I have so few cans of it left. 67.141.208.217 02:34, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Making pepsi blue
After reading something above, I decided to try making blue pepsi but I didn't want to use something for babies. So here is how to make blue pepsi, Or how to get a taste similar to it.

You will need:

Mountain dew (One can is enough)

1 Packet of Berry blue kool aid (Or more depending on how much you are making)

A cup

A spoon (Or something to stir the soda)

OK, Here is what to do:

Step 1: Pour the mountain dew into the cup.

Step 2: Put a little bit of the kool aid powder into the mountain dew and stir. Experiment with how much you put in, However I have been making it since November 11th 2007 and, As of December third 2007 I have not used up one packet of Kool aid.

Step 3: Let the soda sit for 2 to 5 minutes.

Step 4: (Optional) Add blue food coloring and stir for a dark blue color.

If you do not have the desired flavor (Like if it is too strong or too weak) Experiment with this method until you get the flavor you want, And enjoy!

Note: You may be able to get the flavor by using a regular pepsi instead of mountain dew but I have not tried using pepsi yet.

67.141.208.34 02:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

I have tried making Pepsi Blue with pepsi instead of mountain dew and it does not work, using mountain dew works though and it tastes very similar to the real thing! 67.140.32.192 (talk) 04:02, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

I poured canned Pepsi into my empty VitaminWater "Energy" flavor bottle, and the flavor was unmistakably Pepsi Blue. I tried it later by pouring some VitaminWater in a cup, and adding Pepsi. With the right mixture, it tastes great and you can do it with real Pepsi.2600:1010:B15F:1ECF:7011:5577:CEC2:332F (talk) 21:01, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

Still available in many US markets
Pepsi Blue is still available in many US markets, including Chicago, Madison, St Louis, and Jonesville. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lostinlodos (talk • contribs) 04:17, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

So where can I get it exactly? Is there a store in Pennsylvania that sells it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.141.208.116 (talk) 18:06, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually I travel through PA on a rare occasion so I couldn't help you with that, other than many Wal-Mart stores sell it. Safe-Way stores have it in some markets as well.

Lostinlodos (talk) 11:31, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for the information, Sadly it isn't available locally for me. I wish it was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.31.66.100 (talk) 18:19, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

If in any markets it is Safeway. I found a 12 pack of the no longer selling Vannilla coke in safe way this summer —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rainysquirel (talk • contribs) 20:41, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

I've seen vanilla coke locally and I don't think that it iis discontinued. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.29.171.133 (talk) 17:41, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Vanilla Coke is still in production. Pepsi Vanilla is not. --BizMgr (talk) 00:06, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

pepsi blue has fans
while it is off the market, it should be brought back as a limited time product. i hate this soda's guts, but it has lots of fans. i say britney spears cursed it by advertising for it. this soda should be brought back within the next 1-3 years tops. coem on pepsi, don't be stupid. that is why coke has pretty much owned you since your company was born, except for that crappy *** new coke! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikifan10 (talk • contribs) 00:47, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

I liked it too but Blue was a financial failure for Pepsi. They are not going to bring it back as Pepsi Blue! However, Some of the new mountain dew flavors remind me of Pepsi Blue. If you live in America, Try Mountain Dew Revolution and Mountain Dew Voltage. (And please learn how to spell better on the internet) 98.21.73.43 (talk) 14:47, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Australian variant
Around 2002-03-ish in Australia, there was a Blue Pepsi released, but it tasted exactly like ginger beer as opposed to the berry suggested here. Can anyone shed some light on this? 124.187.235.2 (talk) 02:24, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Pepsi Blue and cigarette
Hello, i'm from Indonesia and i see the pack of Pepsi Blue and Bentoel Biru is same taste and flavor of Pepsi Blue and Bentoel Biru cigarettes. I Like Pepsi Blue! I Love The Blue Of Indonesia! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.79.55.149 (talk) 04:26, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Beverage mamamamamamammamama
That looks nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.64.16.58 (talk) 19:46, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

pepsi blue is good — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.145.135.238 (talk) 01:19, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Uncited material
Please refrain from adding uncited material as insists on doing. Especially when what is added is WP:TRIVIA. Onel5969 (talk) 12:16, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

- You've broken the 3RR with continued attempts to insert uncited trivia in the article. Please desist. Onel5969 (talk) 17:00, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Revival rumors
There seems to be some buzz about it coming back for summer 2021, but the references seem pretty unsubstantiated at this time, since every single reference goes back to a single Reddit post. --~ ฅ(ↀωↀ=) neko-channyan 16:02, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:07, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * 2021 Pepsi Blue 20 oz bottle.png

title: Talk:Pepsi Blue


text:
Ralph Chetwynd

The Honourable William Ralph Talbot Chetwynd (July 28, 1890 – April 3, 1957) was a British-Canadian businessman and politician. The town of Chetwynd, British Columbia was named in his honor.

Born in Staffordshire, England, he was the younger brother of Sir (Arthur Henry) Talbot Chetwynd, 7th Baronet. He came to Canada at the age of eighteen, and was soon in Ashcroft, British Columbia (west of Kamloops Lake). He received employment from Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey (nephew of Lady Florence Cecilia Paget, who was married to Chetwynd's first cousin once removed Sir George, 4th Baronet) to manage Anglesey's fruit farm holdings at Walhachin.

On October 8, 1912, he married Frances Mary Jupe, daughter of James Jupe of Mere, Wiltshire.

He fought in World War I as a member of the Royal Field Artillery, attaining the rank of lieutenant therein. He received the Military Cross (MC) in 1918 for his service. The citation for his MC, which appeared in The London Gazette in November 1918, reads as follows:

"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. Under shell fire of a very intense description he attended to a wounded soldier, who was lying out in the open, unable to move, and having bandaged him, carried him into safety in a quarry near by, with the assistance of stretcher bearers."

After returning from Europe, he entered cattle ranching and the transportation business needed to get the cattle and other agriculture products to eastern markets. As a fruit grower and rancher, he saw both the potential for the Cariboo and Peace River Country, but also the need for efficient rail transportation to serve the region.

In 1942 he became the public relations officer for Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE; later BC Rail; now part of the CN Rail system), a post he held until 1952; he also served as a director of the PGE. He was a big advocate for building a railroad to central British Columbia. Running as a member from the District of Cariboo, he was elected to the provincial legislature in 1952. He served on the Executive Council of British Columbia as Minister of Trade and Industry, Minister of Railways, Minister of Fisheries and also as Minister of Agriculture. He died in office on April 3, 1957.

Full of confidence, he once bet executives at PGE, and politicians (a new Stetson hat), that the new extension line for Peace River would leave North Vancouver on June 11, 1956 at 4:15 pm. He had many takers, totaling more than $800 in hats. He won the bet, and got his picture in the newspaper wearing a stack of hats.

Chetwynd died at Victoria, British Columbia on April 3, 1957.

Rail service arrived in Little Prairie in April 1958. It would bring an economic transformation to the area, which until then had to rely on trucks to get any goods, such as timber, out of the valley.

The Premier of British Columbia, W.A.C. Bennett, renamed the PGE station at Little Prairie to Chetwynd, in his honour, and the town of Little Prairie soon changed its name in 1959.

title: Ralph Chetwynd


text: User talk:71.107.132.173

title: User talk:71.107.132.173


text:
Four Word Film Review

The Four Word Film Review (FWFR) is an interactive website founded in 1999 by Benj Clews. It is an online database of film summaries, all written in four words or fewer and submitted by site members. The database currently contains more than 275,000 reviews covering some 25,000 films.

The Four Word Film Review was nominated in 2005 for a Webby Award in the Humor category.

Reviews
Users of the site, or "FWFRers" (sometimes pronounced "fwiffers"), write the reviews and submit them for site publication. Submitted reviews are put on the FWFRer’s Pending Approval list. Clews and a team of anonymous volunteer editors (called "MERPs", an acronym for the site's Multiple Editor Review Processing system) to weed out submissions according to broadly defined selection guidelines. If the review passes the Pending Approval process, it is added to the site and other FWFRers have the opportunity to vote on it.

Exactly what constitutes an “acceptable” Four Word Film Review is often a source of heated debate on the site’s message board. The general rules are listed in the site's FAQ, although their interpretation is ever evolving, subject to both the decisions of the site’s creator/owner, and the interpretation of the MERPs.

One common reason for the editors to decline a submitted review is that it is "too generic," meaning it doesn’t make specific enough reference to the film in question and may include fanboy statements. According to the site's FAQ, other reasons a review may be declined include exceeding the four-word limit, using a quotation from the film itself rather than written in the voice of the site user, similarity to one that is already posted, or being incomprehensible to MERPs. The reviewer is entitled to one appeal for a declined review, in which the user may explain the review and reasons why it should be accepted. Appeals are limited to 100 characters or fewer. All submissions and declines are ultimately at Clews' discretion except for the rule that all reviews must be four words or fewer.

Every page of the website features a “What Film?” box, which randomly selects one of the many thousands of reviews. The "What Film?" box allows the visitor to guess which film to which it refers, then follow a link to the film to see if he or she was correct. The box reflects the site's philosophy that it must be possible to deduce a film from its review.

Examples of reviews

 * "Martin spins Sellers' grave." (for The Pink Panther; review written by Randall)
 * "Waterworld, starring Al Gore." (for An Inconvenient Truth; review written by The Prof)
 * "Julia gets in Gere." (for Pretty Woman; review written by george fourman)
 * "Princess suffers sleeping curse." (for Sleeping Beauty; review written by MelissaS)
 * "Virtual viral villain vanquished." (for The Matrix Revolutions; review written by SoS)
 * "Indiana Jones' Temple, Doom." (for Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple; review written by wildheartlivie)
 * "Depp: Shear genius." (for Edward Scissorhands; review written by Ali)
 * "Wee Will Rock You (for School of Rock; review written by Pope George Ringo)
 * "Beatle on wall doco." (for Let It Be; review written by AussieCanuck)
 * "Not-so-White Sox." (for Eight Men Out; review written by Badbart)
 * "Harry gets Goyle-ish figure." (for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets; review written by Montgomery)
 * "D.C. M.D. vs E.T's." (for The Invasion; review written by calmer)
 * "Take one Russian trip." (for Russian Ark; review written by Haggis)
 * "Matt in, Leo out." (for The Departed; review by Gregorik)
 * "John Fitzgerald: troublesome, self-obsessed." (for JFK; review written by Salopian)
 * "Robot goes nuts, bolts." (for I, Robot; review written by Airbolt)
 * "Fenella fielding monster's ball." (for Carry On Screaming; review written by Woland)

Quality reviews and voting
Members of FWFR are encouraged to vote for reviews that they particularly like or find humorous, the objective being to encourage contributors to write humorous, clever, or otherwise entertaining reviews. Over the years, a core group of users has developed, and this has led to many of the reviews incorporating inside jokes. Perhaps the most famous is the “Icy Dead People” review for the film Titanic. This review, referring to those who froze to death in the Atlantic following the sinking of the RMS Titanic, is an example of a “pop culture reference” review, as it is a pun on a famous quote from another film (The Sixth Sense). It quickly became one of the top vote-getters, and has spawned imitators throughout the site, all based on the same film quote. Reviews are also judged by how completely they summarize the film. Each FWFRer is allowed to vote on a given review only once.

The twenty reviews that receive the most votes each day are displayed in the "Top Reviews" section of the site. The Top Reviews section changes frequently to reflect votes cast during the preceding 24 hours.

All-time top reviews
The site's "All-time Top Reviews" pages display the five hundred reviews with the most votes. Currently, long-time reviewer MguyX's review of Kramer vs. Kramer is the all-time highest vote getter ("I bet Kramer wins."), which only barely displaced the relatively less prolific pudking's review for Titanic ("Icy dead people.") at the number one spot. Other former number ones include Aardball's review of The Blair Witch Project ("Tense. Intense. In tents.") and noncentz's review of Breast Men ("Sale of two titties.").

Accolades
FWFRers may collate movies with a common feature into groups, referred to on the site as "accolades". They are called "accolades" because a trophy, assigned to the accolade by its creator, is awarded to the reviewer once a review is written for every movie in the group. Any number of accolades may be created, and no guidelines have been set for their creation. However, accolades are expected to have some kind of purpose or theme, an accolade may contain, for example; all the films in a series or a franchise (the Star Wars films, The Terminator series, et al.), all the films featuring a certain actor or made by a particular director, films featuring a day of the week in the title, or films with a post-Apocalyptic theme etc. An accolade can include any number of movies.

Each FWFRer's personal page includes a "trophy cabinet," showing every accolade they have completed. To date, Randall, the most prolific completer of accolades, has more than 1800 in his trophy cabinet.

There is no central or group review of accolades. The creation and maintenance of accolades is on an individual basis.

Four Word Film Reviews: The Book
After several years of expressed interest from founder Benj Clews to develop the website's content into book form, in 2008 site user Michael Onesi spearheaded a concerted pitch effort to assess publishers' interest. Within two weeks, interest was registered from several publishing agents, and ultimately Adams Media won the right to publish the book. Made up of reviews originally published on the website, the book was released on August 18, 2010. In mid-2010, a second website was established to promote the book.

The Fourum
FWFR has a message board, called the Fourum, for discussion of any topic. The Fourum has several categories.

FWFR Related
"FWFR related" is a broad category in the Fourum. The sections include:
 * "Reviews" - Discussions of any and everything FWFR related. Contains review discussion and a number of individually run contests.
 * "Film Related" - Discussions of accolades, rankings, ratings, and features of the site. It contains a section devoted to listing and describing accolades created by members.
 * "Site Maintenance" - Discussions related to reviews that may be generic, misspelled, duplicates or incorrect descriptions of the film.
 * "General" - Discussions of FWFR that doesn't fall into the above categories.

Film Related
"Film Related" contains discussions of all things regarding film:
 * "Films" - Members discuss current films, old films and films yet to come.
 * "Film Queries" - Members may post questions regarding film identification, cast members and actors.
 * "General" - Members may discuss anything else film related.

Games and contests
"Games and contests" is a busy section within the Fourum. The traditional games include:
 * "Alternative Four Word Reviews" - four word reviews for things other than films.
 * "Avatar Contests" - a contest to come up with the funniest or most clever message board avatar that complies with the week's given theme. The winner of each contest gets to choose the theme of the next.
 * "Four Word Tasteless Obituaries (FWTOs)" - four word obituaries describing the life of someone (living or dead) as though they had just died.
 * "Four World Porn Titles (FWPTs)" - four word titles describing the names of films that would have been made should the subject have chosen to make pornographic films.
 * "Movie Haikus" - reviews in haiku format.

Off-Topic
"Off-Topic" contains discussions related to everything else outside of films.

title: Four Word Film Review


text:
Zbigniew Dłubak

Zbigniew Andrzej Dłubak (1921–2005) was a Polish painter, photographer, and art theoretician.Dłubak was born on April 26, 1921, in Radomsko. During World War II, following the AB Action aimed at the Polish intelligentsia and Scouting movement, he was arrested and sent to the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, but managed to survive. In 1945 he returned to Poland, where he took an active part in the reconstruction of Polish artistic life after six years of foreign occupation. He became one of the cofounders of Grupa 55. He also cooperated with various art galleries and artistic groups, among them Krzywe Koło, Współczesna, Mała Galeria, Labirynt, Zamek, Remont, Permafo, and Foto-Medium-Art. Between 1953 and 1972 he was editor-in-chief of the Fotografia monthly. He was also a tutor at the National Film School in Łódź and at the Higher School of Fine Arts in Łódź.

In 1975 he organized a group of youngsters interested in art theory into the Seminarium Warszawskie (Warsaw Seminary) group and discussion club. In 1982, during the period of Martial law in Poland, he was allowed to leave the country and settled in Meudon near Paris. He died August 21, 2005, in Warsaw.

In his oeuvre he had, among others, series of paintings (Wojna, Macierzyństwo, Amonity, Antropolity, Movens, Systemy) and cycles of photography (Egzystencje, Gestykulacje). He was one of the winners of 'Nagroda Prezesa Rady Ministrów I stopnia' (The Prime Minister's Award of the I Grade) in 1979. He was awarded with Order of the Cross of Grunwald of the third grade, a Golden and Silver Cross of Merit, Cross of Valour.

title: Zbigniew Dłubak