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Cara Black

Cara Cavell Black (born 17 February 1979) is a Zimbabwean former professional tennis player. Black was primarily a doubles specialist, winning 60 WTA Tour and 11 ITF doubles titles. A former doubles world No. 1, she won ten major titles. By winning the 2010 Australian Open mixed doubles title, Black became the third woman in the Open Era to complete the career Grand Slam in mixed doubles (after Martina Navratilova and Daniela Hantuchová). Having also won one singles title on the WTA Tour, Black peaked at world No. 31 in the singles rankings in March 1999.

Personal life
Black was born in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe) to Donald and Velia Black. Her father and older brothers, Wayne and Byron Black, were all professional tennis players themselves. The siblings all competed mostly in doubles – Wayne was the 2001 US Open and 2005 Australian Open champion and Byron was the 1994 French Open winner.

Black partnered with her brother Wayne to win the 2002 French Open and 2004 Wimbledon Championships mixed-doubles events. Black has also engaged in long-term partnerships with Irina Selyutina, Elena Likhovtseva, Rennae Stubbs, Liezel Huber, and most recently Sania Mirza.

In August 2005, Black announced that she would marry her longtime boyfriend, Australian mental and fitness trainer Brett Stephens. The couple's son was born in 2012 following her break from tennis after Wimbledon 2011.

1996–2010
Cara has won five Grand Slam women's doubles titles in her career: Wimbledon 2004, 2005, and 2007; Australian Open 2007; and US Open 2008. She reached the 2000 US Open doubles final with Elena Likhovtseva. She has also won five Grand Slam mixed doubles titles, two of them partnering with her brother Wayne: the 2002 French Open and the 2004 Wimbledon Championships (they reached the final of the 2004 French Open and the semifinals of the 2003 French Open and 2003 US Open). She won three further titles in partnership with Leander Paes: the 2008 US Open, the 2010 Australian Open and the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.

From 1996 through to 2000, Black's debut years, she won 8 ITF doubles titles, 1 WTA doubles title in Auckland, and 4 ITF singles titles.

Her only WTA singles title came at Waikoloa in 2002. She also won a big ITF doubles tournament in Santa Clara in 1999. In November 2005, Black was runner-up in the WTA Championships doubles title. Australian Samantha Stosur and American Lisa Raymond defeated Australian Rennae Stubbs and Black 6–7 (5–7), 7–5, 6–4.

In 2007, Black came back to partner Liezel Huber. They won the 2007 Australian Open and Wimbledon. The team ended the year as the number one team, winning the year-end championships over Katarina Srebotnik and Ai Sugiyama 5–7, 6–3, [10–8].

Black represented Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She lost to 2nd seeded Jelena Janković from Serbia in the first round on 11 August 2008. She teamed up with Leander Paes from India for the mixed doubles at the US Open, triumphing over Liezel Huber and Jamie Murray in the finals.

In 2009, she won five doubles titles leading to the year-end championships in Doha, Qatar.

Black started 2010 strongly by winning two tournaments leading up to the Australian Open, coming to the slam with an unbeaten record. Black made it to the finals in both the women's doubles and mixed doubles. She and Huber lost the women's doubles final to Venus and Serena Williams in straight sets, 4–6, 3–6. However, she and Leander Paes won the mixed doubles in straight sets. The victory marked Black's first mixed doubles victory at the Australian Open. The victory also completed a 'Career Grand Slam' in mixed doubles.

Black and Huber broke up as exclusive doubles partners in April 2010. Since then, Black has partnered with Shahar Pe'er, Elena Vesnina, Yan Zi, Lisa Raymond, Daniela Hantuchová, Marina Erakovic, and Anastasia Rodionova. Even though she made the final of Warsaw and won a small tournament in Birmingham, she mostly achieved modest results after the break-up. Partnering with Vesnina and Hantuchová respectively, she lost in the third round of the French Open and Wimbledon. Partnering with Rodionova, she lost in the semifinals of the US Open to eventual champions Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova. Black then missed all tournaments following the US Open and did not qualify for the WTA Championships for the first time since 1999. Black ended 2010 ranked 13th in doubles, the first time she finished a year outside the top 10 since 2000.

However, Black continued her successful partnership with Paes in 2010 as the pair won the mixed-doubles title at Wimbledon and reached the quarterfinals at the US Open.

2011
Entering the 2011 season, Black continued her partnership with Australian Anastasia Rodionova where they reached the semifinal of the Brisbane International and lost in the first round of Sydney International.

During the Australian Open, Black and Rodionova were seeded fifth and reached the quarterfinals where they lost to Huber and Nadia Petrova. In mixed doubles, Black partnered with Leander Paes and they were seeded fourth. They were eliminated in the second round by Chan Yung-jan and Paul Hanley in a tight straight sets loss, 6–7, 6–7. Despite Black being eliminated from both doubles and mixed doubles, Black was a sideline commentator for Seven, including the grand final for ladies doubles, and was present for former doubles partner Rennae Stubbs's speech.

Then, Black did not play until June, where she returned at the ITF Nottingham. She paired-up with Russian Arina Rodionova. She was eliminated in the first round. Her next tournament was the Nottingham Challenge where she made it to the quarterfinals alongside British Sarah Borwell. Then, at the Eastbourne International, she and Israeli Shahar Pe'er were eliminated in the quarterfinals.

Going into the Wimbledon Championships, she lost in her third round match to eventual champions Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik. In mixed doubles, she lost in the quarterfinals with Indian Leander Paes against Daniel Nestor and Yung-Jan Chan.

2012
Black did not compete on the WTA Tour during 2012, and began playing again in October on two $25k events in Australia with Arina Rodionova. The pair won the title in Traralgon, defeating Ashleigh Barty and Sally Peers in the final. However, Black and Rodionova lost to the same team in the finals of Bendigo the following week. She finished the year ranked outside the world's top 600.

2013: Return to the top 20
During the 2013 season, Black had a significant comeback, as she returned to the WTA Tour at the Auckland Open, partnering Anastasia Rodionova in doubles. The pair managed to defeat the top three seeds to win the doubles title, Black's first WTA doubles title with Rodionova, and her first doubles title since 2010. Black and Rodionova lost in the 3rd round of the Australian Open, and won only one match between Indian Wells and Miami, after which the two parted ways. During the clay court season, Black began playing alongside Marina Erakovic, and they made an immediate impact, reaching the finals of the Premier Mandatory tournament in Madrid, as well as in Strasbourg. At the French Open, the pair reached the quarterfinals before losing to second seeds Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká. Despite reaching the final of the Birmingham Classic, Black and Erakovic went out in the second round of Wimbledon. After losing their opening match in Cincinnati, the pair reached the third round of the US Open, losing to Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina of Russia.

Black began working with Sania Mirza in September, with whom she ended up winning back to back Premier-5 tournaments in the far east. In Tokyo, Black and Mirza defeated the top seeded team of Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai in the semifinals before taking out Chan Hao-ching and Liezel Huber. It was Black's first Premier 5 title since 2009, and her second of the season. This was immediately followed by a win at the China Open, where en route to the final, they once again took out the top seeds of world number 1 team Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in the semifinals, before defeating Vera Dushevina and Arantxa Parra Santonja in the final. It was the first time since 2010 that Black had won back-to-back doubles titles, and it took her back up into the world's top 20, finishing the year ranked number 13 in the world.

Mixed doubles: 8 (5 titles, 3 runner-ups)
By winning the 2010 Australian Open title, Black completed the mixed doubles Career Grand Slam. She became the sixth female player in history to achieve this.

title: Cara Black


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Contrabass guitar

A contrabass guitar is a low-register bass guitar with four, five or six strings. It is often called, simply, a six string bass guitar. The five string bass guitar is rarely called a contrabass guitar, even though it typically has the same lowest note.

History
Contrabass guitars have been around since 1899, when a "Grand Concert Contra Bass Guitar" was listed in Joseph Bohmann's catalogue. Bohmann, a violin, mandolin, guitar and zither manufacturer from Chicago, developed a large 6-string guitar. While some logically speculate that this instrument was tuned one octave lower than a standard guitar (basically an Acoustic Bass VI), no reliable information is available about its tuning.

A "classical contrabass guitar" (aka Acoustic Bass VI) is tuned E1–A1–D2–G2–B2–E3, like the classical guitar, but one octave lower. It is popular in Fado bands in Portugal and South America. In this sense, it may actually be considered as an acoustic bass guitar, for it shares the same low-end range. Although called a contrabass guitar, the fact that it is tuned only an octave lower than a normal guitar makes it—in modern terminology—more an acoustic bass guitar than a contrabass instrument. Its strings are much thinner than a conventional acoustic bass guitar, so it lacks the "thick" tone of those instruments.

Contrabass guitars from the 1970s are often tuned B0–E1–A1–D2–G2–C3 (B0 being the lowest B on a standard 88-key piano). Some players prefer B0–E1–A1–D2–F♯2–B2, which preserves the intervals of a standard guitar tuning (lowered by a twelfth) and makes the top and bottom notes the same pitch. They are usually electric instruments with a solid wooden body. After guitar maker Carl Thompson made a first, arguably non-satisfying attempt to create such an instrument in 1974, Ken Smith built the first entirely usable electric contrabass guitar in 1982. This was again at the request of bassist Anthony Jackson, who later asked Vinnie Fodera and Joey Lauricella of Fodera Guitars to build several instruments according to his ideas. The contrabass guitar influenced the development of the six-string electric bass.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Contrabass guitar


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Talk:Mindscape (software publisher)

Re: "Mindscape was formed in 2001" - that certainly isn't correct. E.g. the linked mobygames page says "Mindscape Entertainment - European name used since mid-nineties" and lists games published by them as early as 1983. Can anybody throw light on the correct year? ThomasHarte 00:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems that there are at least two entries for Mindscape in Mobygames, one Mindscape Inc. and the other Mindscape International Ltd. I guess they are the same company. It seems that Mindscape Group was the name used from 2001 and later, after it was bought from LEarning Group (or the other way round). Pictureuploader 00:13, 12 November 2005 (UTC)
 * A related question is if Mindscape Group is the same publisher that put out the MacVenture games, Shadowgate, Deja Vu et. al? This was in 1985-1989 Arru 19:58, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe, the logo is the same of the Mindscape logo appearing in Moonstone etc. Pictureuploader 01:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * True. I'm changing the article to reflect that the current Mindscape is, at the very least, the same trademark as used in the 80s. Arru 17:49, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Merge from The Software Toolworks
Some quick checks show that half of Mindscape's history (pre-1995) is missing because it was named The Software Toolworks prior to that. There is a substantial article on The Software Toolworks, I'm merging it here because both companies have rightfully used the Mindscape trademark at one time or another - and the Software Toolworks article has Mindscape bolded as if written with this intention. Great! Arru 18:06, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

I worked for Software Toolworks from 1987 to 1990. Mindscape was a separate company operating at the same time. Mindscape bought Software Toolworks sometime around 1990. in 1988, Software Toolworks bought out DataSoft. I'm not going to add that to these facts to the article cause that would be OR. --Glenn R. Wichman Capmango 21:47, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Describing Software Toolworks as a computer game publisher is far to restrictive. While they had a range of games they also sold a lot of general productivity software, as well as a range of compilers and debuggers. The first software I ever bought was their C/80 compiler and Lisp/80 interpreter for the Osborne 1. Geira (talk) 12:01, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

I think this was a real mistake to merge the two companies. Although the stories intertwine, the history of Software Toolworks itself is deep and relevant. Wikipedia is the lesser for not having that information.

Also, on the Mindscpae front. I worked at Software Toolworks in 1993 and I remember we used the logo in Wing Commander but otherwise not much was involved. We internally were known only as Software Toolworks and it was a suprise to many of us on the dev teams that they were using the Mindscape logo for the Wing Commander release. Also, I am almost certain that we didn't in any way shape or form own SSI at the time. I know this because one of my best friends (an artist) worked for SSI at the time I worked for Software Toolworks, and the two companies were not in any way related. User:Allenxyz[Allenxyz (talk) 12:08, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Mindscape in the 1980's
I worked at Mindscape from August, 1986 through December, 1990. Mindscape began (in 1983, I believe) as a division of publisher Scott Foresman; it published educational software then. In 1987, it was spunoff as an independent company. Roger Buoy was our president and CEO, and we were located in Northbrook, Illinois. As an independent company, we continued publishing educational software, but moved quickly into entertainment software as well. We were, as Arru speculates above, the publishers of Shadowgate and DejaVu. Other titles I remember: Infiltrator, Balance of Power, Paperboy, Gauntlet, Defender of the Crown. Mindscape did not buy Software Toolworks - it was the other way around. I think we were told of the sale in December, 1989. Except for a few executives and a few people who chose to move to California, we all lost our jobs. I was one of the last to leave the Northbrook office in December, 1990.--Two Tars (talk) 07:29, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

The Ship to be latest game
Recently, Outerlight has finally announced their Europian publicher, Mindscape!

Cleanup
The following was rewritten into a timeline to make it more comprehensible. Some pieces of this information did not make it into the timeline.

In 1994, the company purchased RPG publisher SSI and changed its name to Mindscape. The lot was purchased by The Learning Company in 1995, which was then purchased by Broderbund, and then the whole thing was sold to Mattel in 1999 for around US$3.6 billion, causing a strong impact to Mattel's stock price and the ouster of its CEO. Mattel subsequently sold it all to Gore Technology Group for nothing but a share of the profits that Gores could obtain by selling the properties. As a result, Ubisoft continues to publish Chessmaster titles, and Riverdeep continues to publish new versions of Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing. New versions of these products no longer use the Software Toolworks brand.

Mindscape was made a separate company in 2001 following the purchase of the international division of The Learning Company from the Gore Technology Group by Jean-Pierre Nordman. In April 2002 Montparnasse Multimedia was purchased by Mindscape.

Some of the statements (from the previous Mindscape article) sound a bit dubious, review by someone knowledgeable is needed. Arru 20:07, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mindscape-2.PNG
Image:Mindscape-2.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Mindscape-1.PNG
Image:Mindscape-1.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:17, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Logo
The article states the logo is from 1994, however Legend (Four crystals for trazere) uses this logo, and that game is from 1992. Mamen (talk) 17:30, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mindscape (software publisher)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to Be Rich, Nigga

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus; kept. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 17:36, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

How to Be Rich, Nigga
Nothing on Google, and I find it hard to belive a businessman would actually name his book this.Shanel 00:34, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My Bad, it is an actual book, but it has two reviews on Amazon. Still, this makes it non-notable. So Delete--Shanel 00:38, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * "Spinks, Gerard" has over 11,000 Google hits; while not all of them are him, many of them seem to be. The book is easily verifiable by various booksellers, and the author has a significant following, particularly in minority commnities.  If someone is willing to create Gerard Spinks, then I say merge.  Otherwise, keep: this book is significant. - Che Nuevara, the Democratic Revolutionary 01:06, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - "Amazon.com Sales Rank: #608,099."  Should we have 600,000 more widely selling books on Wikipedia too?  --Quasipalm 01:28, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable enough for listing. (~500 Google hits, low Amazon sales rankings) Johntex 01:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable -- GregAsche 02:02, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; non-notable. Jaxl | talk 02:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Quasi. Sdedeo 02:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC) Keep/merge per Che; googling around shows this guy to be a more notable (if self-promoting) figure than his poor book sales indicate. Sdedeo 02:42, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge. Since when is that a metric, Quasi? We should throw out notable books because they sold poorly with the public recently? Will this be, to paraphrase Network, "the first known case of a book being removed from history for having low sales ratings?" Many notable books may not sell like hotcakes to the public in 2005. I spent about 2 minutes trying to think off the top of my head something that might be a good example (obviously dependent on what the top of my head looks like), and so far I've at least come up with "The Philosophical Writings of Descartes: Volume 1" and "Black Beauty" which are both in the 200ks, as well as Mrs. Lirriper by Charles Dickens which, by your metric, is HALF as important as the subject of this VfD since it weighs in at 1200k on the Amazon Cashometre. I understand the temptation to use arbitrary rankings, especially in these times of high information availability, rather than looking at the specific circumstances in each case, is very strong. But a lot of temptations are strong, so what? D. G. 03:45, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a metric in this sense because it can be used to measure something. I found an edition of Black Beauty at about 25K; the fact that they have multiple editions should ring bells, as well as the fact they're still in print after a century. Instead of pointing at Black Beauty and asking why it has a page, why not point out why this is notable? --Prosfilaes 08:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And, we don't have a page on Mrs. Lirriper, so if it were valid to judge a book by sales on one edition a century after it was first published, that still wouldn't help your case.--Prosfilaes 05:46, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note, that when I voted on this article, it said: "It has achieved unexpected success, eventually being accepted for sale on amazon.com and at Barnes & Noble's bookstores in the United States." So, I was voting based on its own claim of being note-worthy and found it lacking.  I still say delete.  --Quasipalm 14:54, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The book's no Harry Potter, but it's also not something that's sold 10 copies out of some guy's basement (which would be more in line with my definition of not notable). The author is apparently somewhat well known, the book was featured on Comedy Central's "Tough Crowd", and it's being sold through amazon and other retailers....keep. Wandering oojah 04:31, 30 August 2005 (UTC)*
 * Keep for now, as per DG. Andre ( talk ) 06:18, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per DG, nigga. —RaD Man (talk)  08:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, its publisher, Instantpublisher.com, is a self-publishing program, not even a publishing house. Radman, you'll have to explain why we should have articles on the top 600,000 books on amazon.  Zoe 08:07, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have to do anything, Beau. Being featured on Comedy Central's Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn and several other arguments made by DG and Wandering oojah sealed the deal.   —RaD Man (talk) 08:12, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm biased with regard to POD/self-publishing, but I don't think a book being self-published should be used as a reason to delete it. It's sales, readers and the author and subject matter that are important. - Mgm|(talk) 09:06, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or merge to author if possible. Do we want pages on the top 20,000 books on Amazon? Expanded through history, there's millions of books we could have pages on that are more notable than this one. Usually, we put book information on the author page, unless the book itself is very notable, or the author and book are notable enough to have seperate pages, so put it on the author's page. (Especially since the press releases kept talking about the series of books.)--Prosfilaes 08:23, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.--nixie 11:00, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - if the author doesn't even warrant a page, why should his really low-selling, self-published book? Selling fifty copies of a book would get it in the top 500,000 on Amazon - a rank of 608,099 means about thirty copies sold.  Utterly nn. Proto t c 11:51, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Briangotts (talk) 18:48, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm generally in favour of keeping pretty much any book, but that doesn't include self-published, print-on-demand, vanity-press, etc. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 19:06, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - we don't need an article on everything ever published --Outlander 21:01, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- needs expansion and verification, but the article is not just about the book but about its success. Self-publication cannot possibly be grounds for deletion if the book, or its status among its readership, is of genuine interest. -- Chick Bowen 22:41, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem there is that its supposed success is entirely self-proclaimed and thus unverifiable. Certainly, no real success is reflected in its Amazon rank if it sold just 30 copies (as estimated above).  Most people, if they "published" a book, could sell more than 30 copies just among their immediate friends and family. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:00, August 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am attempting to verify the book's success; I'll report if I find out anything.Chick Bowen 00:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the page on this book on Amazon does not inspire confidence in its notability. Unless its supposed success can be verified... --  Etacar11   01:41, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable success and notability. --Calton | Talk 02:16, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Can you think of a more notable business insprational book so strongly targetted to young African-Americans? Genre and social context makes this one notable; I wouldn't be very interested in keeping a generic pulp novel at the same rank. There is more to say about this book, and it seems to say something about the world it lives in. Samaritan 08:10, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per DG and Samaritan. -- ElBenevolente 15:16, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Amazon sales ranks uses the total sales ever of a book when calculating its rank if below 100,000; not just the sales in the last year (10,000 - 100,000), month (1,000 - 10,000) or week (1 - 1,000). A rank of 600,000 would indicate sales of a grand total of between fifty and eighty copies sold, ever.  Proto t c 15:36, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nigga. -HX 17:11, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not a work of importance -- Joshua Johaneman 19:28, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this too please it seems notable to me Yuckfoo 01:30, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Inductive set (axiom of infinity)

need disambig
OK, this is not what I had in mind when I made this a redlink from list of properties of sets of reals. (Well, probably I was the one who did that.) I was thinking of inductive sets in the descriptive-set-theoretic sense. See Moschovakis.

Frankly I don't think inductive sets as defined in the current article (sets closed under the successor operation) are really notable enough for an article. Basically you use the notion once when formalizing the axiom of infinity, and then never again. The DST notion on the other hand has many uses. So my instinct would really be to rewrite the article entirely using the DST notion, with at most a disambig pointing to the closed-under-successor notion. --Trovatore 00:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

OK, done. See inductive set. --Trovatore 02:39, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok this is fine with me. Paul August ☎ 03:08, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inductive set (axiom of infinity)


text:
KSMO-TV

KSMO-TV (channel 62) is a television station in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, affiliated with MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Gray Television alongside CBS affiliate KCTV (channel 5). The two stations share studios on Shawnee Mission Parkway in Fairway, Kansas; KSMO-TV's transmitter is located in Independence, Missouri.

Channel 62 in Kansas City began broadcasting as KEKR-TV in 1983, changing its call letters to KZKC in 1985. Originally owned by Media Central of Chattanooga, Tennessee, it suffered for most of its first decade on air from a management style more suited to stations in smaller markets, inferior programming, and a poor reputation. In 1988, the station was fined for airing an indecent film in prime time, attracting national attention. Financial issues also strapped KZKC, particularly after Media Central entered bankruptcy reorganization in 1987.

KZKC was sold out of bankruptcy to First American National Bank of Nashville, Tennessee, in early 1990; the bank quickly sold the station to ABRY Communications. ABRY instituted a top-to-bottom overhaul of programming and facilities, changing the call letters to KSMO-TV in April 1991. The relaunched channel 62 cemented itself as the primary sports and children's station in Kansas City; from 1990 to 1995, viewership tripled and advertising revenue quadrupled. ABRY affiliated the station with UPN upon its January 1995 debut. The station also was the broadcast home of Kansas City Royals baseball for four years, further increasing its visibility.

Sinclair Broadcast Group exercised an option to buy KSMO-TV in December 1995. The station dropped UPN in January 1998 after a corporate dispute between Sinclair and the network; two months later, the station became the new Kansas City affiliate of The WB. With the company focusing on duopolies elsewhere and unable to buy a second station in Kansas City, Sinclair sold KSMO-TV to the Meredith Corporation, then-owner of KCTV, in 2005 after Meredith assumed operating control the year before. The station affiliated with MyNetworkTV upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW in 2006, and it also added newscasts from KCTV and other local programming to its lineup. Gray acquired Meredith in 2021, the same year that the station converted to ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) broadcasting.

KEKR-TV: Construction and launch
Several applications had been made for channel 62 in Kansas City in the late 1960s, including by Dick Bailey and TVue Associates, but interest around the channel allocation started in earnest at the end of the 1970s, as several business ventures around the country analyzed using unused UHF channels in major cities to broadcast subscription television (STV) programming. In 1977, Buford Television of Tyler, Texas, and SelecTV of Kansas City, Inc., both made applications to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) seeking to establish channel 62 in Kansas City and use it to broadcast STV to paying subscribers, even though Kansas City had an area-wide cable system.

After reaching a settlement with Buford that gave it the right to buy stock in SelecTV of Kansas City, that company was granted the construction permit on April 8, 1981, but channel 62 continued to sit unbuilt for more than two years. The permittee changed its name from SelecTV of Kansas City to Choice Channel of Kansas City in 1982, a year in which Kansas City and its metropolitan area were wired for cable at an accelerated pace and the national economic picture for STV began to sour. Choice Channel of Kansas City then took on a new majority investor: Media Central Inc. of Chattanooga, Tennessee, which purchased a 60 percent interest in the station in February 1983. With Media Central on board, consideration of STV service was dropped and an agreement reached to co-locate its transmitting facility with public television station KCPT. Media Central used modular construction methods: studio equipment was assembled in Chattanooga before being shipped to Kansas City for installation once the studio facility was completed. However, its construction methods ultimately resulted in subpar equipment and poorer reception; at one time, the station volunteered to send repairmen to homes experiencing difficulty tuning it in. In a January 1988 article in Channels magazine, a former station employee was quoted as saying that the high school in Shawnee Mission, Kansas, had better equipment than channel 62, though Media Central's corporate office in Chattanooga did have high-quality equipment.

KEKR-TV—whose call letters represented an attorney who helped file for the license —debuted on December 7, 1983, from studios in Blue Summit. It was the first new station in Kansas City since KYFC-TV, a Christian television station, began in 1978, and it was the first new general-entertainment independent since KSHB-TV went on the air as KBMA-TV in 1970. Programming consisted primarily of classic reruns, as well as a handful of first-run and new shows in the Kansas City area and Big Eight Conference college basketball. The station, however, was far from an immediate success. In its first year on air, it attracted just three percent of the Kansas City viewing audience, well below the six to eight percent its founding program director had set as a goal. The station's lone bright spot was that it was drawing young people to watch cartoons in mornings and afternoons. A new general manager, Steve Friedheim, was appointed in a management shakeup; when he attempted to gather public feedback, he found that nobody had heard of his station. Three of his colleagues at his former employer, independent station WNOL-TV in New Orleans, followed him to Kansas City amid turmoil at the New Orleans station.

KZKC: Revamp and indecency dispute
After a year, Media Central sought to turn the ailing station around by spending more money on programming and overhauling its image. In January 1985, the station changed its call sign to KZKC-TV, having decided not to purchase the designation KCKC from a radio station in California. The new call sign did attract attention—from KCTV, the Kansas City CBS affiliate, which sued channel 62 a month after it made the change, citing a potential likelihood of confusion. The lawsuit was heard by a federal judge in June 1986, and the judge ordered KZKC-TV to simply become KZKC without the suffix. In another fruitless attempt to improve its image, the station filed for channel 32 when the FCC made it available in Kansas City; however, with multiple applicants proposing new stations in the market, an FCC administrative law judge ruled against its bid in 1991 and in favor of another group.

One way the station tried to attract interest was its policy to only edit films where there were explicit sexual acts, leading to occasional shots of nudity. On May 26, 1987, even after announcing it would start censoring frontal nudity the year before, KZKC aired the 1981 comedy-drama film Private Lessons, known for its frontal nudity and a plot involving a relationship between a high school student and a maid, in prime time. Acting on a viewer complaint, the FCC opened an investigation into the station's broadcast of the film in January 1988, with possible sanctions including a formal reprimand, a fine, or even revocation of the station's broadcast license. The case shed light on the practice of "stacking" titillating movies for ratings sweeps periods several times a year, a practice followed throughout Media Central's eight-station chain of independents.

The FCC—operating with just three of five commissioners at the time—unanimously agreed the material was obscene and, on a 2–1 vote, fined KZKC $2,000 in June 1988. The fine represented the first punishment of a television station for airing obscene programming. Media Central chairman Morton Kent called the fine "outrageous" and declared to Dennis McDougal of the Los Angeles Times that he would not pay. However, the commission rescinded the fine in 1989 after a court ruling overturned changes to its "safe harbor" for indecent programming.

By the time of the indecency investigation, Media Central had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization; in July 1987, the parent company and its eight stations—KZKC initially the lone exception—presented petitions for reorganization. The firm had $68 million in assets but owed $50 million to creditors, including program suppliers; KZKC's reorganization plan stated that paying off its debts could take 10 years. The station's front office urged general manager Friedheim to barter advertising for goods and services wherever possible to save money. The disposition of the company's stations lasted three years. Only in March 1989 did a Chattanooga bankruptcy court begin considering plans to sell some of the Media Central stations, eventually approving a purchase of KZKC by one of Media Central's creditors, First American National Bank of Nashville, Tennessee. First American then contracted Act III Broadcasting, an Atlanta-based company with significant operations in Nashville, to run the station. This was heavily delayed by appeals in federal court. While that went on, Steve Engles—who then left when his bid to purchase Media Central-owned KBSI in Cape Girardeau was approved—improved KZKC's programming, signal, and on-air look.

KSMO-TV: The independent rebuild
On February 7, 1990, a subsidiary of First American National Bank received KZKC's license, with Act III taking over management duties. This was a short-term solution; Act III's contract precluded it from buying KZKC, and Act III president Bert Ellis noted that the bank was interested in selling. Two and a half months later, the bank filed to sell the station to ABRY Communications. ABRY, which owned two independent stations in Baltimore and Cincinnati, promised to spend millions of dollars to replace the transmitting facility and purchase new movies for air on the station. Additionally, the company announced it would move the station to new studios. Even before the sale closed, the station aimed to prepare for a major overhaul and to capitalize on KSHB-TV, its primary competitor, having an increasing obligation to Fox programs. It lured a series of college basketball broadcasts from channel 41 in part by having time to air Kansas and Kansas State coaches' shows.

Many major changes and a large promotion campaign were implemented in March and April 1991. A three-week "Your Vote Counts" campaign was begun in March; ballots were placed at points around the city to allow viewers to vote on programming, following a model ABRY had successfully used at its WNUV in Baltimore. The next month, the station relocated to the Cambridge Circle office park in Kansas City, Kansas, in studios that were twice the size of the Blue Summit facility built by Media Central; the program lineup was shuffled, a new antenna was installed, and a children's club known as "Crew 62" was started. The station also changed its call sign to KSMO-TV, incorporating the postal abbreviations for Kansas and Missouri; a radio station in Salem, Missouri, agreed to share, and the O also allowed the station to insert a check mark in its logo in a nod to the voting campaign. The outgoing KZKC call sign was labeled by Jim McDonald as "probably the worst call letters that any station in America could have chosen", being tough to say and hard to remember to the point that some people noted in Nielsen Media Research ratings diaries that they had watched programs which channel 62 carried but ascribed them to other local stations.

The ABRY overhaul brought KSMO-TV credibility it had previously lacked. The station made an intensive push to become the market's sports station, picking up rights packages including Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, and UMKC basketball, Kansas City Blades hockey, and—starting in 1993—65 Kansas City Royals baseball games each year, which was more than longtime rightsholder WDAF-TV had ever carried in its 13-year relationship with the franchise. In its last year, WDAF-TV had especially strained to juggle the Royals and NBC programming: Johnny Carson's final nights of The Tonight Show and several NBA playoff games in 1992 were seen on a tape-delayed basis to accommodate baseball telecasts. To woo the Royals, the station telecast a baseball game between Kansas and Wichita State just to prove that it could commit to the sport. The changes paid off: in 1993, twice as many Kansas City TV viewers watched KSMO-TV for more than 15 minutes per month than had done so just three years prior. Its total market share was seven percent, far better than the three percent registered in May 1990, before the ABRY acquisition.

KSMO-TV also profited from a major change elsewhere in the Kansas City television market. As a result of a group affiliation agreement between Fox and New World Communications, the Fox affiliation moved from KSHB-TV to WDAF-TV in September 1994. WDAF-TV, however, did not take Fox Kids programming; the entire network lineup moved to channel 62, making the station the only one in the market programming for kids and fueling large viewership increases, particularly in the early evening hours. This also left syndicators of children's TV shows desperate for their programs to air in Kansas City to have to accept less-than-ideal time slots for their programs: general manager Jim McDonald was offered $100,000 in advertising support to place a children's show on KSMO-TV's schedule before 6 a.m., and he described the challenge of accommodating Fox Kids, The Disney Afternoon, and the forthcoming UPN Kids as "fit[ting] so many ten-pound turnips into a five-pound sack".

Meanwhile, the Royals relationship grew somewhat strained midway through. In 1994, the national television rights to Major League Baseball moved to a new arrangement known as The Baseball Network, with games on ABC and NBC; this led to more nationally telecast games than the previous CBS national rights agreement. As a result, in June, KSMO-TV sued the Royals for breach of contract, objecting to having lost its exclusivity over Royals telecasts; the loss of prime-time games to The Baseball Network meant that the station's commitment to a minimum number of telecasts was filled by more day games. Further, the station charged in the suit that the ABC and NBC affiliates were charging less for advertisements in their Royals games than KSMO-TV. The lawsuit never went to trial and was settled out of court that December.

Sinclair ownership and affiliations with UPN and The WB
On January 16, 1995, KSMO-TV became the Kansas City charter affiliate of the United Paramount Network (UPN), which was created as a partnership between Paramount Television and Chris-Craft/United Television. KSMO-TV, the only available independent sought by two new networks—The WB and UPN—initially chose the latter on the strength of its primary attraction, Star Trek: Voyager. Sinclair Broadcast Group had acquired an option to buy KSMO-TV and WSTR-TV in Cincinnati from ABRY in 1994, after ABRY had sold most of its other TV properties to Sinclair; the Maryland-based broadcaster opted in December 1995 to purchase the station for $18 million. In ABRY's ownership tenure, spanning 1990 to 1995, viewership tripled and advertising revenue quadrupled to $17 million; because Sinclair's rate had been previously set, it significantly underpaid compared to an estimated value of $60 million for the station. The station continued to carry the Royals through 1996; however, due to UPN commitments, its game inventory dropped from 65 games in the first year of the contract to 53 games, the second-lowest exposure of any major-league franchise. In 1997, the Royals moved to an 80-game package, with 30 cable telecasts on Fox Sports Rocky Mountain and 50 games broadcast over-the-air. The broadcast rights to the package were won by KMBC-TV and KCWB (channel 29), an affiliate of The WB which KMBC-TV managed.

On July 21, 1997, Sinclair signed a long-term affiliation agreement with Time Warner, under which the group committed five of its UPN-affiliated stations to that network in 1998, with a sixth independent station to join in 1999. KSMO-TV was not among the defecting stations and was one of six Sinclair-controlled outlets that would remain with UPN; in Kansas City, The WB had not had a broadcast affiliate until KCWB began broadcasting in 1996. However, the high-profile move by Sinclair to move five stations from UPN to The WB, its direct competitor, led to a legal dispute between the companies. UPN sued Sinclair, alleging it had breached its affiliation contract by exiting it early. At the end of December, Sinclair announced that KSMO would exit the network when its affiliation agreement ended on January 16, 1998. The station then became an independent again, even as reports surfaced of renewed talks between Sinclair and UPN. The network was left without a Kansas City affiliate for more than a month, but by late February, all signs pointed to KCWB taking on the UPN affiliation as KSMO negotiated with The WB. This occurred on March 30, 1998; Kids' WB did not immediately move from channel 29 because of the Fox Kids program commitment at channel 62, with those blocks instead swapping stations later in the year.

In the early 2000s, Sinclair laid the groundwork to introduce what would have been KSMO-TV's first local newscast, utilizing its News Central hybrid format. The station was approved to hire a news staff of two dozen; the newscast would feature local stories read by an anchor in Kansas City mixed with national segments from News Central's facility at Sinclair headquarters in Hunt Valley, Maryland.

The Meredith years: consolidation with KCTV, affiliation with MyNetworkTV
On November 12, 2004, the Meredith Corporation, owner of KCTV, announced that it would acquire the non-license assets of KSMO-TV from Sinclair for $26.8 million, immediately assuming responsibility for KSMO's advertising sales and administrative operations under a joint sales agreement. It also had an option to buy the station if FCC rules so approved for a further $6.7 million. Sinclair's decision to hand over sales and most other functions of KSMO-TV, with an option to sell it completely, was motivated by a corporate decision to focus on duopoly markets where it owned or could feasibly own two stations. It created the third such combination in Kansas City, alongside KSHB-TV with KMCI-TV and, indirectly, KMBC-TV with KCWE (the former KCWB). After the sale, KSMO-TV operations were moved to KCTV's offices in Fairway, Kansas.

Meredith then filed to buy KSMO-TV outright in January 2005, a transaction that would require a failing station waiver from the FCC as there would be fewer than eight unique owners of TV stations in the market. On the grounds that KSMO-TV's revenue and market share had steadily declined in the preceding five years, the commission granted the waiver in September 2005, approving the transaction.

On January 24, 2006, the respective parent companies of UPN and The WB—CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner, announced that they would dissolve the two networks and create The CW Television Network, functionally a merger, beginning that fall. Even though KSMO-TV had placed fifth in total-day ratings at the time of the Meredith purchase, the company found that affiliation would not be financially viable and passed on The CW (which went to KCWE in early March); instead, the station affiliated with MyNetworkTV, set up by Fox Television Stations to serve former UPN and WB affiliates spurned in the merger.

In the late 2000s and early 2010s, KSMO experimented with a variety of local programs, including TeenStar, a weekly teen show co-produced with The Kansas City Star; weekly public affairs show Your Kansas City; bilingual Hispanic program Qué Pasa KC; film showcase CinemaKC; and high school football and Missouri Valley Conference and Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletic Association college sports. From 2011 to 2013, it was the television home of Sporting Kansas City soccer.

Sale to Gray Television
On May 3, 2021, Gray Television announced its intent to purchase the Meredith Local Media division, including KSMO and KCTV, for $2.7 billion. The sale was completed on December 1.

Newscasts
While Sinclair had first intended to establish a News Central newscast in Kansas City, that had not materialized by the time Sinclair outsourced most of KSMO-TV's operations to Meredith. Meredith, however, pledged to extend KCTV's newsroom to KSMO-TV as part of its proposal to win the FCC waiver it needed to purchase the station. The 30-minute KCTV 5 News at 9:00 debuted in October 2005, following the closure of the Meredith purchase, promising the same experience "lock, stock, and barrel" as the station offered at 10 p.m. even though KCTV general manager Kirk Black had previously declared it would have its own presentation style. By 2010, the station was also airing a 7 a.m. morning newscast and simulcasting a noon newscast also aired on KCTV.

On August 4, 2014, KCTV began producing a half-hour newscast at 6:30 p.m. for KSMO, utilizing the same anchor team as the 6 p.m. newscast on channel 5. This newscast had been canceled by 2018, when KCTV shifted to airing news in the 7 p.m. hour.

Subchannels
The station's channels are carried in ATSC 1.0 format on the multiplexed signals of other Kansas City television stations:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KSMO-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 62, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 47, using virtual channel 62. The station was then repacked to channel 32 in April 2019.

ATSC 3.0
{{legend|#ffe8d0|Subchannel broadcast with digital rights management}}

On August 24, 2021, KSMO-TV converted to ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) broadcasting as one of two 3.0 transmitters in Kansas City. KSMO-TV hosts the main subchannels of KCTV, KMBC-TV, and KCWE; those stations in turn broadcast its five subchannels in ATSC 1.0 format.

title: KSMO-TV


text: Talk:Todor Zhivkov

title: Talk:Todor Zhivkov


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Don't Go to Jail

Don't Go to Jail is a 1991 Parker Brothers dice game for two or more players inspired by Monopoly. The game is played by rolling ten dice and attempting to roll matches to score points.

Seven of the dice have various colors, utilities, or railroad icons on them (all from the Monopoly board game). The remaining three dice are blank on four sides, with the other two sides showing "Go," "to", or "jail".

The player scores points for the round if the dice rolled create a monopoly set of colors, utilities, or railroads. The number of dice that need to score points depends on the property. If a die shows the "Go To Jail" icon, that die is placed aside. The player can continue re-rolling unmatched dice until they decide to end their turn and claim their points, or until all three "Go To Jail" dice land face up (causing them to lose all points earned so far that round and pass their turn). One stipulation in the rules is that once a die has been set aside, it cannot be re-rolled during that turn. The dice also feature wilds that may substitute for any symbol on the seven property dice. Two "Wild"s are available to use so it is possible to score a monopoly using only the wilds. The wild die can be moved, but only if the symbol it substitutes for happens to be rolled later that round, in which case the wild must then be immediately placed elsewhere (it cannot be rolled again that same turn).

The game is won when a player earns enough points from matches. The number of points required to win is determined by the players at the start of the match in the original game. These rules also suggest that if a player surpasses the predetermined number of points, the win is not automatic. The player must then wait for all players to have an equal number of turns and should anyone top the feat, they then become the winner.

Monopoly Diced
An updated version, called Monopoly DICED! (previously Monopoly Express, first released in the UK and Europe, and later available in a U.S. edition), is also available. The newer game alters the original game play as follows:
 * The game is played for "dollars" instead of points.
 * It changes the "Go," "to" & "jail" into the "Policeman" from the "Go To Jail" corner of the board game (a.k.a. "Officer Jones").
 * One of the blank sides on one of the "Policeman" dice is replaced with a green-arrow "GO" logo that automatically earns the player $200 (this bonus can be lost if the three "Policemen" are rolled).
 * It adds an eleventh "House/Hotel" die that can earn (or lose) a player Houses (worth $1000 each), earn Hotels (worth $5000, but only if a player has already earned 4 houses) and a "Get Out Of Jail Free" side that negates a previously rolled "Policeman". (This eleventh die cannot be rolled until a player completes a property group).
 * The Wild sides are replaced by "Chance" sides (with the Chance "?" logo) that act as Wilds, but CANNOT be moved after being placed.
 * The base winning amount is set at $15,000 (with adjustments to $10,000 for a shorter game or $25,000 for a longer game) with no "catch-up" opportunity; the first player to reach the set goal wins.

Game notes

 * As with the pre-September 2008 non-U.S. versions of the original Monopoly, Monopoly Express has the lowest color group dice faces colored brown (as opposed to the U.S. board's & DGTJ's original dark purple). This applies to the new releases of the U.S. edition of the game as well, thus making it the first U.S.-based MONOPOLY game to use brown for its lowest-valued properties (the standard Monopoly game and the U.S. Edition of the Here & Now: World Edition would follow).

title: Don't Go to Jail


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Berg's Review of Games

Berg's Review of Games (a.k.a. BROG) was a publication started by game designer Richard Berg. The magazine, which featured reviews of video wargames and board wargames, debuted in 1991.

Content
In 1980, Richard Berg, then working as a game designer for Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI), started writing and editing reviews of wargames, which SPI published as Richard Berg's Review of Games. It began as a two-page mimeographed newsletter, published twice a month for 25 issues. It then appeared in the pages of SPI's Strategy & Tactics until late 1985.

In the fall of 1991, Berg became editor of a self-published fanzine, the similarly titled Berg's Review of Games (or BROG). Berg differentiated this magazine from his previous one by adding "Vol. 2" to the issue number. He published BROG six times a year, ending publication with Issue 28.

In his original Richard Berg's Review of Games, Berg had started a satirical annual feature called the "Little Mac Awards" for dubious achievements in gaming. The awards were named for the less-than-stellar American Civil War general George McClellan. In Issue #2 of BROG, Berg restarted this tradition, handing out "Little Macs" to various companies and industry personalities for perceived errors and injustices.

Reception
Berg's Review of Games was awarded Best Amateur Adventure Gaming Magazine at the Origins Awards three times: in 1992, 1993, and 1995.

Following its demise, BROG was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design's Hall of Fame in 1997.

title: Berg's Review of Games


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Steve Kabba

Sorfiyu Tejan "Steve" Kabba (born 7 March 1981) is an English former professional footballer turned football agent. He played as a forward from 1999 to 2013.

Kabba began his career with Crystal Palace in 1999 but failed to make an impact at Selhurst Park and following loan spells with Southend United and Luton Town he joined Grimsby Town initially on a one-month loan in August 2002. His performances for Grimsby earned him a permanent switch to Sheffield United. He went on to earn promotion with United and would feature for the club in the Premier League whilst also being a key part of the Blades squad in several successful campaigns. He eventually moved on to Watford before a series of injury woes began to damage his career and after several short loans with Blackpool and Oldham Athletic he moved on to Brentford and Burton Albion before spending his final two seasons with Barnet. He announced his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season at the age of 32.

Crystal Palace
Born in Lambeth, London, Kabba started his career at Crystal Palace and was promoted to the first team at the start of the 1999–2000 season under the management of Steve Coppell. He made his first professional appearance for Palace on 4 December 1999 in the club's 2–0 league defeat against Crewe Alexandra. Kabba started the game and was substituted in the 39th minute with Richard Harris replacing him.

After struggling to break into the first team, Kabba was loaned out to Southend United for one month in October 2000. However, he did not play a game for United. Upon his return to Palace he made his first appearance for them in just under a year when he played against Tranmere Rovers in November 2000. Despite holding down a good scoring record for the reserve side, Kabba failed to make an impact on the first team and in March 2002 he was loaned out again, this time to Luton Town. He made three substitute appearance for the Hatters before returning to Selhurst Park. He scored his first and only goal for Palace in a 2–1 win over Preston in August 2002.

Loan to Grimsby Town
At the start of the 2002–03 season, Kabba was made available for loan again, and in August 2002 he joined fellow First Division club, Grimsby Town on an initial one-month loan. He made his Grimsby debut against Bradford City. He scored six goals in fourteen games for the Mariners. Grimsby manager Paul Groves put forward his plans to land the striker on a permanent deal. However, his performances had caught the eye of rivals Sheffield United who made an official approach to sign Kabba. In turn the Grimsby Telegraph ran a campaign which they named "Stay Steve" in which supporters were given paper pull outs to hold up on Kabba's final game for the club.

Sheffield United
Grimsby could not compete with United's bid and this eventually saw Kabba join the Blades in November 2002 for a fee of £250,000. In his first season his eleven goals in 33 games helped the team reach two domestic cup semi-finals and the First Division play-off final. Scoring a goal for United against rivals Leeds United. His good rapport with Grimsby fans was shattered when he goaded them seconds after scoring for United in their 4–1 victory at Blundell Park, this despite having received a warm reception by the home supporters. Kabba continued his good form under Neil Warnock and after this successful first season his career was interrupted by a sequence of leg injuries allowing him just one appearance as a substitute in over a year. He returned to fitness at the end of 2004–05 Championship season.

Ultimately Kabba would appear less than 100 times in his five years at the club. During a clear out at Bramall Lane he was transfer listed on 22 December 2006 along with seven other players. He made only a handful of Premier League appearances for the Blades and his last appearance was as a substitute against West Ham United in November 2006.

Watford
Kabba's next move was to move back down south to sign for Watford, who like Sheffield United were struggling as Premier League newcomers. He signed for an initial fee of £500,000 (which rose to £750,000) on 26 January 2007, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract. On 31 January 2007, he played his first Premier League match for Watford against Manchester United. On 2 February 2008, he scored his first goal in nearly two years in a 3–0 league win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 11 July 2008, Kabba joined fellow Championship club Blackpool on loan until 1 January 2009. After suffering an injury he finally made his debut for the club as a 90th-minute substitute on 16 August in a 1–1 draw away at Norwich City. At the end of his loan spell, on 31 December 2008 he returned to Watford.

On 26 February 2009, Kabba joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan until the end of the season. Two days later, he made his debut for the Latics in a 3–2 victory over Millwall. He was released by Watford at the end of the 2008/09 season.

Brentford
On 6 August 2009, Kabba signed for Brentford on a free transfer, after being released by Watford.

In November 2009, Kabba signed for Burton Albion on loan, making his Brewers debut on 28 November away to Gillingham in the FA Cup. Kabba's loan was extended to the end of the season after scoring three goals in four League games in his initial spell.

He was released by Brentford on 11 May 2010 along with three other players.

Barnet
After a successful trial Kabba signed for Barnet in July 2010. He made his debut for the Bees on the opening day of the 2010–11 season at Chesterfield where he had to be stretchered off with five minutes to go after a foul by Craig Davies, who was sent off for the challenge. Kabba scored his first goal for the club in the 2–2 draw away to Morecambe on 25 September 2010, and scored again four days later in a 4–2 defeat at Wycombe Wanderers. On 2 April 2011, Kabba scored all four goals in a 4–1 away victory against Burton Albion.

Kabba made only 12 appearances in all competitions in the 2011–12 season after suffering a knee injury in November, which kept him out for the remainder of 2011–12 and for the entirety of 2012–13. He was released by Barnet on 24 April 2013, having played his last game for the club 17 months earlier in November 2011. The club announced that he was finally nearing full fitness at the time of his release, and was being released to have a full pre-season with another club.

Following a recurring injury which required five operations in two years, Kabba was advised to retire and announced his decision on Twitter on 29 November 2013.

International career
Kabba was born in England and is of Sierra Leonean descent, and declined a callup to the Sierra Leone national team.

Later life
Kabba now works as an agent and a personal trainer.

title: Steve Kabba


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Black Seminoles

The Black Seminoles, or Afro-Seminoles, are an ethnic group of mixed Native American and African origin associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma. They are mostly blood descendants of the Seminole people, free Africans, and escaped former slaves, who allied with Seminole groups in Spanish Florida. Many have Seminole lineage, but due to the stigma of having mixed origin, they have all been categorized as slaves or freedmen in the past.

Historically, the Black Seminoles lived mostly in distinct bands near the Native American Seminoles. Some were held as slaves, particularly of Seminole leaders, but the Black Seminole had more freedom than did slaves held by whites in the South and by other Native American tribes, including the right to bear arms.

Today, Black Seminole descendants live primarily in rural communities around the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. Its two Freedmen's bands, the Caesar Bruner Band and the Dosar Barkus Band, are represented on the General Council of the Nation. Other centers are in Florida, Texas, the Bahamas, and northern Mexico.

Since the 1930s, the Seminole Freedmen have struggled with cycles of exclusion from the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma. In 1990, the tribe received the majority of a $56 million judgment trust by the United States, for seizure of lands in Florida in 1823, and the Freedmen have worked to gain a share of it. In 1999, the Seminole Freedmen's suit against the government was dismissed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit; the court ruled the Freedmen could not bring suit independently of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, which refused to join on the claim issue. In 2000 the Seminole Nation voted to restrict membership to those who could prove descent from a Seminole on the Dawes Rolls of the early 20th century, which excluded about 1,200 Freedmen who were previously included as members. Excluded Freedmen argue that the Dawes Rolls were inaccurate and often classified persons with both Seminole and African ancestry as only Freedmen. The District Court for the District of Columbia however ruled in Seminole Nation of Oklahoma v. Norton that Freedmen retained membership and voting rights.

Origins
The Spanish strategy for defending their claim of Florida at first was based on forcing the local Indian tribes into a mission system. The Native Americans in the missions were to serve as a militia to protect the colony from incursions from the neighboring colony of South Carolina. However, due to a combination of raids by South Carolinan colonists and newly introduced European diseases to which the Indians had no immunity, Florida's native population was quickly decimated. After the local Native Americans had all but died out, Spanish authorities encouraged Native Americans and runaway slaves from the Southern colonies to move to their territory. The Spanish hoped that the increased number of inhabitants of Spanish Florida would be effective in case of potential raids by American colonists.

As early as 1689, enslaved Africans fled from the South Carolina Lowcountry to Spanish Florida seeking freedom. These were people who gradually formed what has become known as the Gullah culture of the coastal Southeast. Under an edict from King Charles II of Spain in 1693, the black fugitives received liberty in exchange for defending the Spanish settlers at St. Augustine. The Spanish organized the black volunteers into a militia; their settlement at Fort Mosé, founded in 1738, was the first legally sanctioned free black town in North America.

Not all the slaves escaping south found military service in St. Augustine to their liking. More escaped slaves sought refuge in wilderness areas in northern Florida, where their knowledge of tropical agriculture—and resistance to tropical diseases—served them well. Most of the black people who pioneered Florida were Gullah people who escaped from the rice plantations of South Carolina (and later Georgia). As Gullah, they had developed an Afro-English based Creole, along with cultural practices and African leadership structure. The Gullah pioneers built their own settlements based on rice and corn agriculture. They became allies of Creek and other Native Americans escaping into Florida from the Southeast at the same time. In Florida, they developed the Afro-Seminole Creole, which they spoke with the growing Seminole tribe.

Following the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763 at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War, Spanish Florida was ceded to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The area remained a sanctuary for fugitive slaves from the Southern colonies, as it was lightly settled. Many slaves sought refuge near growing Native American settlements.

In 1773, when the American naturalist William Bartram visited the area, he referred to the Seminole as a distinct people, their name apparently coming from the word "simanó-li", which according to John Reed Swanton, "is applied by the Creeks to people who remove from populous towns and live by themselves.". William C. Sturtevant says the ethnonym was borrowed by Muskogee from the Spanish word cimarrón, supposedly the source as well of the English word maroon used to describe the runaway slave communities of Florida and of the Great Dismal Swamp on the border of Virginia and North Carolina, on colonial islands of the Caribbean, and other parts of the New World. Linguist Leo Spitzer, however, writing in the journal Language, says, "If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarron, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America)." Florida had been a refuge for fugitive slaves for at least 70 years by the time of the American Revolution. Communities of black Seminoles were established on the outskirts of major Seminole towns. A new influx of freedom-seeking black people reached Florida during the American Revolution (1775–83), escaping during the disruption of war. During the Revolution, the Seminole allied with the British, and African Americans and Seminole came into increased contact with each other. The Seminole held some slaves, as did the Creek and other Southeast Native American tribes. During the War of 1812, members of both communities sided with the British against the US in the hopes of repelling American settlers; they strengthened their internal ties and earned the enmity of American general Andrew Jackson.

Spain had given land to some Muscogee (Creek) Native Americans. Over time the Creek were joined by other remnant groups of Southeast American Native Americans, such as the Miccosukee, Choctaw, and the Apalachicola, and formed communities. Their community evolved over the late 18th and early 19th centuries as waves of Creek left present-day Georgia and Alabama under pressure from white settlement and the Creek Wars. By a process of ethnogenesis, the Native Americans formed the Seminole.

Culture

The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour similar to arrowroot, as well as mashing corn with a mortar and pestle to make sofkee, a sort of porridge often used as a beverage, with water added— ashes from the fire wood used to cook the sofkee were occasionally added to it for extra flavor. They also introduced their Gullah staple of rice to the Seminole, and continued to use it as a basic part of their diets. Rice remained part of the diet of the black Seminoles who moved to Oklahoma. In addition, the language of the black Seminoles is a mix of African, Seminole, and Spanish words. The African heritage of the black Seminoles, according to academics, is from the Kongo, Yoruba, and other African ethnic groups. African American linguist and historian, Lorenzo Dow Turner documented about fifteen words spoken by black Seminoles that came from the Kikongo language. Other African words spoken by black Seminoles are from the Twi, Wolof, and other West African languages.

Initially living apart from the Native Americans, the maroons developed their own unique African-American culture, based in the Gullah culture of the Lowcountry. Black Seminoles inclined toward a syncretic form of Christianity developed during the plantation years. Certain cultural practices, such as "jumping the broom" to celebrate marriage, hailed from the plantations; other customs, such as some names used for black towns, reflected African heritage.

As time progressed, the Seminole and blacks had limited intermarriage, but historians and anthropologists have come to believe that generally the black Seminoles had independent communities. They allied with the Seminole at times of war.

The Seminole society was based on a matrilineal kinship system, in which inheritance and descent went through the maternal line. Children were considered to belong to the mother's clan, so those born to ethnic African mothers would have been considered black by the Seminole. While the children might integrate customs from both parents' cultures, the Seminole believed they belonged to the mother's group more than the father's. African Americans adopted some elements of the European-American patriarchal system. But, under the South's adoption of the principle of partus sequitur ventrem in the 17th century and incorporated into slavery law in slave states, children of slave mothers were considered legally slaves. Under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, even if the mother escaped to a free state, she and her children were legally considered slaves and fugitives. As a result, the black Seminoles born to slave mothers were always at risk from slave raiders.

Historian Ray Von Robertson conducted oral interviews with sixteen Black Seminoles from 2006 and 2007 and found that Seminole cultural influences were incorporated into their daily lives in practices such as food ways, herbal medicine, and language. Black Seminoles cooked and ate fry bread, sofkee, and grape dumplings.

African-Seminole relations
By the early 19th century, maroons (free Black people and freedom seekers) and the Seminole were in regular contact in Florida, where they evolved a system of relations unique among North American Native Americans and Black people. Seminole practice in Florida had acknowledged slavery, though not on the chattel slavery model then common in the American south. It was, in fact, more like feudal dependency and taxation since African Americans among the Seminole generally lived in their own communities.

In exchange for paying an annual tribute of livestock, crops, hunting, and war party obligations, Black prisoners or fugitives found sanctuary among the Seminole. Seminoles, in turn, acquired an important strategic ally in a sparsely-populated region. They elected their own leaders, and could amass wealth in cattle and crops. Most importantly, they bore arms for self-defense. Florida real estate records show that the Seminole and Black Seminole people owned large quantities of Florida land. In some cases, a portion of that Florida land is still owned by the Seminole and black Seminole descendants in Florida. In the 19th century, the Black Seminoles were called "Seminole Negroes" by their white American enemies and Estelusti ("black People"), by their Native American allies.

Under the comparatively free conditions, the Black Seminoles flourished. US Army Lieutenant George McCall recorded his impressions of a Black Seminole community in 1826:

"We found these negroes in possession of large fields of the finest land, producing large crops of corn, beans, melons, pumpkins, and other esculent vegetables.... I saw, while riding along the borders of the ponds, fine rice growing; and in the village large corn-cribs were filled, while the houses were larger and more comfortable than those of the Native Americans themselves."

Historians estimate that during the 1820s, 800 blacks were living with the Seminoles. The Black Seminole settlements were highly militarized, unlike the communities of most of the slaves in the Deep South. The military nature of the African and Seminole relationship led General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, who visited several flourishing black Seminole settlements in the 1800s, to describe the African Americans as "vassals and allies" of the Seminole.

The traditional relationship between Seminole Blacks and natives changed in the course of the Second Seminole War when the old tribal system broke down and the Seminole resolved themselves into loose war bands living off the land with no distinction between tribal members and Black fugitives. That changed again in the new territory when the Seminole were obliged to settle on fixed lots of land and take up settled agriculture. Conflict arose in the territory because the transplanted Seminole had been placed on land allocated to the Creek, who had a practice of chattel slavery. There was increasing pressure from both Creek and pro-Creek Seminole for the adoption of the Creek model of slavery for the Black Seminoles. Creek slavers and those from other Native groups, and whites, began raiding the Black Seminole settlements to kidnap and enslave people. The Seminole leadership would become headed by a pro-Creek faction who supported the institution of chattel slavery. These threats led to many Black Seminoles escaping to Mexico.

In terms of spirituality, the ethnic groups remained distinct. Seminole historian Susan Miller explained that Black Seminoles did not participate in Seminole ceremonies such as the Seminole Busk ritual. Participation in spiritual practices required matrilineal descent within a Seminole clan. The Seminole followed the nativistic principles of their Great Spirit. Black enslaved people had a syncretic form of Christianity brought with them from the plantations and developed a Pan-African culture that was expressed in writing, language, religion, and social structure. In general, the Black former-slaves never wholly adopted Seminole culture and beliefs but were accepted into Seminole society, as seen by the skin tone in the pictures of the early 1900s. They were not considered Native American by the middle of the 20th century.

Most Black former-slaves spoke Gullah, an Afro-English-based creole language. That enabled them to communicate better with Anglo-Americans than the Creek or Mikasuki-speaking Seminole. The Native Americans used them as translators to advance their trading with the British and other tribes. Together, in Florida, they developed Afro-Seminole Creole, identified in 1978 as a distinct language by the linguist Ian Hancock. Black Seminoles and Freedmen continued to speak Afro-Seminole Creole through the 19th century in Oklahoma. Hancock found that in 1978, some Black Seminole and Seminole elders still spoke it in Oklahoma and in Florida.

Seminole Wars
After winning independence in the Revolution, American slaveholders were increasingly worried about the armed black communities in Florida. The territory was ruled again by Spain, as Britain had ceded both East and West Florida. The US slaveholders sought the capture and return of Florida's black fugitives under the Treaty of New York (1790), the first treaty ratified under the Confederation.

Wanting to disrupt Florida's maroon communities after the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson attacked the Negro Fort, which had become a black Seminole stronghold after the British had allowed them to occupy it when they evacuated Florida. Breaking up the maroon communities was one of Jackson's major objectives in the First Seminole War (1817–18).

Under pressure, the Native American and black communities moved into south and central Florida. Slaves and black Seminoles frequently migrated down the peninsula to escape from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. Hundreds left in the early 1820s after the United States acquired the territory from Spain, effective 1821. Contemporary accounts noted a group of 120 migrating in 1821, and a much larger group of 300 African-American slaves escaping in 1823, picked up by Bahamians in 27 sloops and also by canoes. Their concern about living under American rule was not unwarranted. In 1821, Andrew Jackson became the territorial governor of Florida and ordered an attack on Angola, a village built by black Seminoles and other free blacks on the south of Tampa Bay on the Manatee River. Raiders captured over 250 people, most of whom were sold into slavery. Some of the survivors fled to the Florida interior and others to Florida's east coast and escaped to the Bahamas. In the Bahamas, the black Seminoles developed a village known as Red Bays on Andros, where basket making and certain grave rituals associated with Seminole traditions are still practiced. Federal construction and staffing of the Cape Florida Lighthouse in 1825 reduced the number of slave escapes from this site.

The Second Seminole War (1835–42) marked the height of tension between the U.S. and the Seminoles, and also the historical peak of the African-Seminole alliance. Under the policy of Indian removal, the US wanted to relocate Florida's 4,000 Seminole people and most of their 800 black Seminole allies to the western Indian Territory. During the year before the war, prominent white citizens captured and claimed as fugitive slaves at least 100 black Seminoles.

Anticipating attempts to re-enslave more members of their community, black Seminoles opposed removal to the West. In councils before the war, they threw their support behind the most militant Seminole faction, led by Osceola. After war broke out, individual black leaders, such as John Caesar, Abraham, and John Horse, played key roles. In addition to aiding the natives in their fight, black Seminoles recruited plantation slaves to rebellion at the start of the war. The slaves joined Native Americans and maroons in the destruction of 21 sugar plantations from Christmas Day, December 25, 1835, through the summer of 1836. Historians do not agree on whether these events should be considered a separate slave rebellion; generally they view the attacks on the sugar plantations as part of the Seminole War.

By 1838, U.S. General Thomas Sydney Jesup tried to divide the black and Seminole warriors by offering freedom to the blacks if they surrendered and agreed to removal to Indian Territory. John Horse was among the black warriors who surrendered under this condition. Due to Seminole opposition, however, the Army did not fully follow through on its offer. After 1838, more than 500 black Seminoles traveled with the Seminoles thousands of miles to the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma; some traveled by ship across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Mississippi River. Because of harsh conditions, many of both peoples died along this trail from Florida to Oklahoma, also known as The Trail of Tears.

The status of black Seminoles and fugitive slaves was largely unsettled after they reached Indian Territory. The issue was compounded by the government's initially putting the Seminole and blacks under the administration of the Creek Nation, many of whom were slaveholders. The Creek tried to re-enslave some of the fugitive black slaves. John Horse and others set up towns, generally near Seminole settlements, repeating their pattern from Florida.

In the West and Mexico
In the west, the black Seminoles were still threatened by slave raiders. These included pro-slavery members of the Creek tribe and some Seminole, whose allegiance to the blacks diminished after defeat by the US in the war. Officers of the federal army may have tried to protect the black Seminoles, but in 1848 the U.S. Attorney General bowed to pro-slavery lobbyists and ordered the army to disarm the community. This left hundreds of Seminoles and black Seminoles unable to leave the settlement or to defend themselves against slavers.

Migration to Mexico
Facing the threat of enslavement, the black Seminole leader John Horse and about 180 black Seminoles staged a mass escape in 1849 to northern Mexico, where slavery had been abolished twenty years earlier. The black fugitives crossed to freedom in July 1850. They rode with a faction of traditionalist Seminole under the chief Coacochee, who led the expedition. The Mexican government welcomed the Seminole allies as border guards on the frontier, and they settled at El Nacimiento, Coahuila.

After 1861, the black Seminoles in Mexico and Texas had little contact with those in Oklahoma. For the next 20 years, black Seminoles served as militiamen and Native American fighters in Mexico, where they became known as mascogos, derived from the tribal name of the Creek – Muskogee. Slave raiders from Texas continued to threaten the community but arms and reinforcements from the Mexican Army enabled the black warriors to defend their community. By the 1940s, descendants of the Mascogos numbered 400–500 in El Nacimiento de los Negros, Coahuila, inhabiting lands adjacent to the Kickapoo tribe. They had a thriving agricultural community. By the 1990s, most of the descendants had moved into Texas.

Indian Territory/Oklahoma

Throughout the period, several hundred black Seminoles remained in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Because most of the Seminole and the other Five Civilized Tribes supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War, in 1866 the US required new peace treaties with them. The US required the tribes emancipate any slaves and extend to the freedmen full citizenship rights in the tribes if they chose to stay in Indian Territory. In the late nineteenth century, Seminole Freedmen thrived in towns near the Seminole communities on the reservation. Most had not been living as slaves to the Native Americans before the war. They lived —as their descendants still do— in and around Wewoka, Oklahoma, the community founded in 1849 by John Horse as a black settlement. Today it is the capital of the federally recognized Seminole Nation of Oklahoma.

Following the Civil War, some Freedmen's leaders in Indian Territory practiced polygyny, as did ethnic African leaders in other diaspora communities. In 1900 there were 1,000 Freedmen listed in the population of the Seminole Nation in Indian Territory, about one-third of the total. By the time of the Dawes Rolls, there were numerous female-headed households registered. The Freedmen's towns were made up of large, closely connected families.

After allotment, "[f]reedmen, unlike their [Native] peers on the blood roll, were permitted to sell their land without clearing the transaction through the Indian Bureau. That made the poorly educated Freedmen easy marks for white settlers migrating from the Deep South." Numerous Seminole Freedmen lost their land in the early decades after allotment, and some moved to urban areas. Others left the state because of its conditions of racial segregation. As US citizens, they were exposed to the harsher racial laws of Oklahoma.

Since 1954, the Freedmen have been included in the constitution of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. They have two bands, each representing more than one town and named for 19th-century band leaders: the Cesar Bruner band covers towns south of Little River; the Dosar Barkus covers the several towns located north of the river. Each of the bands elects two representatives to the General Council of the Seminole Nation.

Texas community

In 1870, the U.S. Army invited black Seminoles to return from Mexico to serve as army scouts for the United States. The black Seminole Scouts (originally an African American unit despite the name) played a lead role in the Texas-Indian Wars of the 1870s, when they were based at Fort Clark, Texas, the home of the Buffalo Soldiers. The scouts became famous for their tracking abilities and feats of endurance. Four men were awarded the Medal of Honor, three for an 1875 action against the Comanche.

After the close of the Texas Indian Wars, the scouts remained stationed at Fort Clark in Brackettville, Texas. The Army disbanded the unit in 1914. The veterans and their families settled in and around Brackettville, where scouts and family members were buried in its cemetery. The town remains the spiritual center of the Texas-based black Seminoles. In 1981, descendants at Brackettville and the Little River community of Oklahoma met for the first time in more than a century, in Texas for a Juneteenth reunion and celebration.

Florida and Bahamas
Afro Seminole descendants continue to live in Florida today. They can enroll in the Seminole Tribe of Florida if they meet its membership criteria for blood quantum: one-quarter Seminole ancestry. About 50 black Seminoles, all of whom have at least one-quarter Seminole ancestry, live on the Fort Pierce Reservation, a 50-acre parcel taken in trust in 1995 by the Department of Interior for the Tribe as its sixth reservation.

Descendants of Afro Seminoles, who identify as Bahamian, reside on Andros Island in the Bahamas in an Area called Red Bay. A few hundred refugees had left in the early nineteenth century from Cape Florida to go to the British colony for sanctuary from American enslavement. After banning its participation in the Atlantic slave trade in 1807, in 1818 Britain declared that African slaves or slaves who arrived in the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted. In 1833 Britain abolished slavery throughout its Empire. They have been sometimes referred to as "African Indians or Black Indians", in recognition of their history.

Seminole Freedmen exclusion controversy
In 1900, Seminole Freedmen numbered about 1,000 on the Oklahoma reservation, about one-third of the total population at the time. Members were registered on the Dawes Rolls for allocation of communal land to individual households. Since then, numerous Freedmen left after losing their land, as their land sales were not overseen by the Indian Bureau. Others left because of having to deal with the harshly segregated society of Oklahoma.

The land allotments and participation in Oklahoma society altered relations between the Seminole and Freedmen, particularly after the 1930s. Both peoples faced racial discrimination from whites in Oklahoma, who essentially divided society into two: white and "other". Public schools and facilities were racially segregated.

When the tribe reorganized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, some Seminole wanted to exclude the Freedmen and keep the tribe as Native American only. It was not until the 1950s that the black Seminole were officially recognized in the constitution. Another was adopted in 1969, that restructured the government according to more traditional Seminole lines. It established 14 town bands, of which two represented Freedmen. The two Freedmen's bands were given two seats each, like other bands, on the Seminole General Council.

There have been "battles over tribal membership across the country, as gambling revenues and federal land payments have given Native Americans something to fight over." In 2000, Seminole Freedmen were in the national news because of a legal dispute with the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, of which they had been legal members since 1866, over membership and rights within the tribe.

The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma held the black Seminoles could not share in services to be provided by a $56 million federal settlement, a judgement trust, originally awarded in 1976 to the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma and the Seminole Tribe of Florida (and other Florida Seminoles) by the federal government. The settlement was in compensation for land taken from them in northern Florida by the United States at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, when most of the Seminole and maroons were moved to a reservation in the center of the territory. This was before removal west of the Mississippi.

The judgement trust was based on the Seminole tribe as it existed in 1823. Black Seminoles were not recognized legally as part of the tribe, nor was their ownership or occupancy of land separately recognized. The US government at the time would have assumed most were fugitive slaves, without legal standing. The Oklahoma and Florida groups were awarded portions of the judgement related to their respective populations in the early 20th century, when records were made of the mostly full-blood descendants of the time. The settlement apportionment was disputed in court cases between the Oklahoma and Florida tribes, but finally awarded in 1990, with three-quarters going to the Oklahoma people and one-quarter to those in Florida.

However, the black Seminole descendants asserted their ancestors had also held and farmed land in Florida, and suffered property losses as a result of US actions. They filed suit in 1996 against the Department of Interior to share in the benefits of the judgement trust of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, of which they were members. In 1999, the Seminole Freedmen's suit against the government was dismissed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit; the court ruled the Freedmen could not bring suit independently of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, which refused to join. As a sovereign nation, they could not be ordered to join the suit.

In another aspect of the dispute over citizenship, in the summer of 2000 the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma voted to restrict members, according to blood quantum, to those who had one-eighth Seminole ancestry, basically those who could document descent from a Seminole ancestor listed on the Dawes Rolls, the federal registry established in the early 20th century. At the time, during rushed conditions, registrars had separate lists for Seminole-Indian and Freedmen. They classified those with visible African ancestry as Freedmen, regardless of their proportion of Native American ancestry or whether they were considered Native members of the tribe at the time. This excluded some black Seminole from being listed on the Seminole-Indian list who qualified by ancestry.

The Dawes Rolls included in the Seminole-Indian list many Intermarried Whites who lived on Native American lands, but did not include blacks of the same status. The Seminole Freedmen believed the tribe's 21st-century decision to exclude them was racially based and has opposed it on those grounds. The Department of Interior said that it would not recognize a Seminole government that did not have Seminole Freedmen participating as voters and on the council, as they had officially been members of the nation since 1866. In October 2000, the Seminole Nation filed its own suit against the Interior Department, contending it had the sovereign right to determine tribal membership. The District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in September 2002 in Seminole Nation of Oklahoma v. Norton that Freedmen retained membership and voting rights. The tribe however maintained a separate status for Freedmen and does not consider them full members, or members "by blood". In Oklahoma during 2006 and 2007, historian Ray Von Robertson conducted oral interviews with sixteen Black Seminoles who had obtained Seminole Freedman identification cards and found that Black Seminoles were disenfranchised, did not receive full acceptance in the Seminole Nation, and did not receive full benefits from the funds programs offered to the Seminole nation coming from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

In 2004, the Bureau of Indian Affairs held that the exclusion of Black Seminoles constituted a violation of the Seminole Nation's 1866 treaty with the United States following the American Civil War. They noted that the treaty was made with a tribe that included black as well as white and brown members. The treaty had required the Seminole to emancipate their slaves, and to give the Seminole Freedmen full citizenship and voting rights. The BIA stopped federal funding for a time for services and programs to the Seminole.

The individual Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) is based on registration of ancestors in the Indian lists of the Dawes Rolls. Although the BIA could not issue CDIBs to the Seminole Freedmen, in 2003 the agency recognized them as members of the tribe and advised them of continuing benefits for which they were eligible. Journalists theorized the decision could affect the similar case in which the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma excluded Cherokee Freedmen as members unless they could document a direct Native American ancestor on the Dawes Rolls.

In October 2021, the federal Indian Health Service announced that Seminole Nation Freedmen are eligible for health care, after months of reports that the tribe was denying Freedmen COVID-19 vaccines.

Legacy and honors

 * Fort Mose Historic State Park in Florida is a National Historic Landmark at the site of the first free black community in the United States
 * A large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorates the site where hundreds of African Americans escaped to freedom in the Bahamas in the early 1820s, as part of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Trail.
 * A sign at the Manatee Mineral Spring marks the location where traces of Angola were uncovered
 * Red Bays, Andros, the historic settlement of black Seminoles in the Bahamas, and Nacimiento, Mexico are being recognized as related international sites on the Network to Freedom Trail.

Notable black Seminoles

 * Dosar Barkus, band leader from 1892 through allotment, namesake for contemporary band
 * Caesar Bruner, band leader from Reconstruction through statehood, namesake for contemporary band
 * Eugene Bullard, one of the first black American military pilots
 * John Horse, leader at the time of removal, founder of Wewoka, and co-leader of 1849 escape to northern Mexico
 * Johanna July, horsebreaker
 * Sergeant John Ward
 * Adam Paine was born in 1843 to Black Seminole parents near Alachua, Florida and became a Black Seminole Indian Scout and Medal of Honor Recipient
 * Pompey Factor and Isaac Payne - Medal of Honor recipients for their service in the 24th Infantry.

title: Black Seminoles