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Prova

Prova is an open source programming language that combines Prolog with Java.

Description
Prova is a rule-based scripting system that is used for middleware. The language combines imperative and declarative programming by using a prolog syntax that allows calls to Java functions. In this way a strong Java code base is combined with Prolog features such as backtracking.

Prova is derived from Mandarax, a Java-based inference system developed by Jens Dietrich. Prova extends Mandarax by providing a proper language syntax, native syntax integration with Java, agent messaging and reaction rules. The development of this language was supported by the grant provided within the EU projects GeneStream and BioGRID. In the project, the language is used as a rule-based backbone for distributed web applications in biomedical data integration, in particular, the GoPubMed system.

The design goals of Prova:

 * Combine declarative and object-oriented programming.
 * Expose logic and agent behavior as rules.
 * Access data sources via wrappers written in Java or command-line shells like Perl.
 * Make the Java API of various packages accessible as rules.
 * Run within the Java runtime.
 * Enable rapid prototyping of applications.
 * Offer a rule-based platform for distributed agent programming.

Prova aims to provide support for data integration tasks when the following is important:
 * Location transparency (local, remote, mirrors);
 * Format transparency (database, RDF, XML, HTML, flat files, computation resource);
 * Resilience to change (databases and web sites change often);
 * Use of open and open source technologies;
 * Understandability and modifiability by a non-IT specialist;
 * Economical knowledge representation;
 * Extensibility with additional functionality;
 * Leveraging ontologies.

Prova has been used as the key service integration engine in the Xcalia product where it is used for computing efficient global execution plans across multiple data sources such as Web services, TP monitors transactions like CICS or IMS, messages of MOM like MQ-Series, packaged applications with a JCA connector, legacy data sources on mainframes with a JCA connector, remote EJB Java objects considered as data providers or even local Java objects. Prova allows to deliver an innovative software platform for Service-oriented architecture implementations.

title: Prova


text:
Talk:Jorge González (wrestler)

Regarding his height/weight
Jorge Gonzalez was listed as 7'6'' 325lbs by the Atlanta Hawks. NBA listed heights are in shoes and rounded up, meaning Gonzalez's real height is more like 7'4''. He was billed as 460lbs by the WWF and wasn't that much bigger than when he played basketball, so they would have been adding 100lbs to his weight.

GG height was 7'4".(Halbared 20:27, 7 April 2006 (UTC))

gonzales was more than 325lb, the Associated Press reported him as 403lb back in 1988 and i think a little more reliable than some website which would have been set up ten years later. At 325lb and 7'6 he would have looked like a string bean, here is a link to the newspaper article, can someone link it to the main page if possible http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=2s6m55l&s=2 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.40.116.121 (talk) 01:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

If we are trying to find exact stature...
Then we should question all listed heights of NBA players, and otherwise tall athletes. It is known that heights of NBA players are always given in shoes. Thus Yao Ming's NBA listed 7ft6, is likely 7 ft 5 without shoes.

Similarly, Gonzales's 7ft7 was probably including atleast an inch of his shoes...

AKA Robert Wadlow's 8'11 was probably closer to 8'9 or 8'10 without shoes.
 * Wadlow was no athlete, and he was measured by Dr. Cyril MacBryde and Dr. C. M. Charles, Associate Professor of Anatomy at Washington University School of Medicine – I find it quite unlikely he had his shoes on.--Anshelm '77 19:12, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Gonzales was billed as 8ft tall. And he certainly looked it. Comparing Gonza to Tatanka in a 1993 match, I'd say he'd have 4-5 inches on Great Khali who is a legit 7' w/o shoes.

Gonzales:
 * Ht. c.7'5 (w/o shoes)
 * Wt. c.330-360 lbs
 * Size 22 shoe

--Gonzales seemed 8ft tall especially because he always stood next to his manager Harvey Wippleman who is a modest 5'7. (Similar to how Great Khali always stands next to Daivari who is 5'9) Jorge is a legit 7'4-7'5 and Guinness World Book 2000 lists him as the tallest Professional wrestler at '7'6 and 430 lbs'. But I kinda doubt He really weighed much over 400 lbs in his career. The Atlanta Hawks said he was too slow for the fast pace of the NBA and had a tough time keeping a low weight below 325 lb as it's mentioned above. Gonzales may have been like 380 or 400 lb by the early or mid 90's, but I don't think he ever balooned to 460 lbs, cause he just seems too slender for that. (For comparison, Big Show is 493, and Gonzales looked like 100 lbs lighter than Show is). --70.59.155.91 20:59, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Jorge has 6 inches on TBS though, that could make him the same weight and slimmer.(Halbared 20:58, 25 July 2006 (UTC))

When he wrestled in Japan he was 233cm and 190kg which is around 7'8" and 420 pounds

Regarding his life
Is he married? Does he have any kids? Does he live with anybody at all? I'd like to know. Son of Kong

Jorge is said to be living in a care center at his home town struggling with diabetes due to his acromegalic growth. He's 40 yrs old and doesn't have any children I'm aware of.

Thanks. Son of Kong

Moveset?
Hey, would someone by any chance know what wrestling moves he did when he was in the ring?
 * Very few. He could barely walk as I remember. It was the same ole stuff that big big big man do, punches, stomps kicks etc.Halbared 09:41, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Did he have any throws or submission moves? GunFactor007.

In the WWF his submission move was "The Claw", he had it on Macho Man for basically the whole of their match, his giant hand totally engulfing Macho's entire head.

Article misnaming?
Why is this at "Jorge Gonzales" when the spelling throughout the article is "Jorge Gonzalez"? Gene Nygaard 02:09, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

The article does seem to be misnamed. The WWF was inconsistent with the spelling of his name, so confusion is understandable. The results from the 1988 NBA Draft would seem much more reliable, and he is listed there as Jorge Gonzalez. I'm new to Wikipedia, though, so I have no idea how to rename an entire article.

So new, in fact, that I forgot to sign my name. GaryColemanFan 16:08, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 22:49, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Discussion about page move (cut and pasted from WT:PW)
The article on this wrestler, who competed as Giant Gonzalez (or Giant Gonzales, depending on who you believe) and El Gigante, skips back and forth between Gonzáles, Gonzales, González, and Gonzalez. Since there is so much confusion with his name, I think we should stick to the spelling used by the most reliable sources. As he was also drafted into the NBA, he was the subject of many stories by the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, etc. They refer to him as Gonzalez. I propose that the article be moved to "Jorge González (wrestler)" or "Jorge Gonzalez (wrestler)". Yes, it does involve adding a quantifier, but I think it's better than spelling the name incorrectly. GaryColemanFan (talk) 14:22, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Support, the article should be spelled right...no matter if it creates the need for a quantifier. Nikki  311  03:19, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Support move to Jorge González (wrestler) SAVIOR_  SELF  .777  21:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

I have moved the article per this discussion. GaryColemanFan (talk) 15:55, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Arrest in connection with the death of wippleman
Does anybody know if this happened? i've just deleted the line saying that gonzalez devoured wippleman, because a google search revealed nothing and something like that would have generated some hits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Howlingmadhowie (talk • contribs) 21:21, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I read diabetes and complications related to his size.-- King Bedford I Seek his grace  02:15, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
 * He's talking about the death of Harvey Wippleman (which I'm not even sure happened), Gonzalez old manager in WWF, not Gonzalez himslef. Can't find anything abotu Wippleman's death; probably just vandalism. 214.3.138.234 (talk) 12:20, 12 October 2010 (UTC)Steve

Orphaned references in Jorge González (wrestler)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Jorge González (wrestler)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Encyclopedia": From Scott Hall:  From Kevin Sullivan (wrestler):  From Jerry Lawler:  From André the Giant:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:34, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Poor wording in "Early Years"
In the "Early years" section it says "which is why he stood at nearly 8 feet." Seems a bit unencyclopedic, especially as at 7' 6" is he hardly nearly 8ft. Will be bold and change it. 109.150.29.212 (talk) 07:31, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jorge González (wrestler). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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WWF ring name: Gonzalez vs. Gonzales
Looking through videos of his WWF tenure, I see that the Gonzalez spelling is much more common. It was spelled this way on the video wall as he entered the ring. It was spelled this way in the promotional images leading up to his WrestleMania IX and SummerSlam 1993 matches. His name is not shown on screen prior to either of these matches, but it is shown on screen (as Gonzalez) before his match against Virgil on Superstars in 1994. It is shown on screen as Gonzales prior to his "handicap match", but it is Gonzalez when promoting his appearance on the battle royal on Raw in fall 1993. WWE uses the Gonzales spelling on their website, but this appears to be an error, as the vast majority of uses during his career were Gonzalez. I have edited the article to reflect this. GaryColemanFan (talk) 21:52, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Found PD-AR Images of Gonzalez. Should we move or delete the fair use Prof Wrestling career photo?
Hello, I just found some images from "El Gráfico" which by Public Domain Laws are Expired in Argentina, the only catch is that all of them are from his Basketball career, save for one where he is on his street clothes. I was wondering if the image during his wrestling career as "El Gigante" should be moved or be deleted. Thanks!

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gigante_Jorge_Gonzalez_con_Leon_Najundel.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jorge_Gonzalez_and_Fernando_Borcel.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jorge_Gonzalez_Sudamericano_1989.jpg Hyperba21 (talk) 21:24, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jorge González (wrestler)


text:
Dudley Pound

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers Pound, (29 August 1877 – 21 October 1943) was a British senior officer of the Royal Navy. He served in the First World War as a battleship commander, taking part in the Battle of Jutland with notable success, contributing to the sinking of the German cruiser SMS Wiesbaden. He served as First Sea Lord, the professional head of the Royal Navy, for the first four years of the Second World War. In that role his greatest achievement was his successful campaign against the German U-boats and the winning of the Battle of the Atlantic but his judgment has been questioned over the failed Norwegian Campaign in 1940, and his dismissal of Admiral Dudley North in 1940. His order in July 1942 to disperse Convoy PQ 17 and withdraw its covering forces, to counter a threat from heavy German surface ships, led to its destruction by submarines and aircraft. His health failed in 1943 and he resigned, dying shortly thereafter.

Early life
Born the son of Alfred John Pound, an Eton-educated barrister, by his marriage to Elizabeth Pickman Rogers, an American from Boston, Pound's maternal grandfather was Richard Saltonstall Rogers, but was also descended on his mother's side from Dudley Leavitt Pickman, an early Salem, Massachusetts, merchant. He was educated at Fonthill School in East Grinstead, Sussex.

Early career
Pound joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in the training ship HMS Britannia in January 1891 and was posted as a midshipman to the battleship HMS Royal Sovereign (1891) in the Channel Squadron in January 1893. He transferred to the cruiser HMS Undaunted (1886) in May 1894 on the China Station and then joined HMS Calypso (1883) in the Training Squadron. Promoted to sub-lieutenant on 29 August 1896, he joined the destroyer HMS Opossum (1895) in October 1897 and the battleship HMS Magnificent (1894) in January 1898. Promoted to lieutenant on 29 August 1898, he joined the torpedo school HMS Vernon (shore establishment) in September 1899 and qualified as a torpedo specialist in December 1901. He served as a torpedo officer in the cruiser HMS Grafton (1892) on the Pacific Station before transferring to the battleship HMS King Edward VII in the Atlantic Fleet in January 1905 and then to the battleship HMS Queen (1902) in the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1907.

Pound joined the staff at the Ordnance Department of the Admiralty in January 1909 and then, having been promoted to commander on 30 June 1909, he transferred to the battleship HMS Superb (1907) in the Home Fleet in May 1911. He joined the staff of the Royal Naval War College in early 1913 and then transferred to the battleship HMS St Vincent (1908) in the Home Fleet in April 1914.

First World War
Pound served throughout the First World War. After being promoted to captain on 31 December 1914, he became an Additional Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord before being given command of the battleship HMS Colossus (1910) in May 1915. He led her at the Battle of Jutland with notable success, contributing to the sinking of the German cruiser SMS Wiesbaden. He returned to the Admiralty in July 1917 to become assistant director of plans and then director of the operations division (home) and was closely involved in the planning for the Zeebrugge Raid. He also planned the use of radio remote controlled vessels that were developed by the Navy's D.C.B. Section.

Interwar career
Pound was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1919 Birthday Honours and given command of the battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) in October 1920 before becoming director of the planning division at the Admiralty in June 1923. He became a Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King on 1 January 1925. Following Roger Keyes' appointment as commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet in May 1925, Pound became his chief of staff. Pound was promoted to rear admiral on 1 March 1926 and became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff in April 1927. He went on to be Commander of the Battle Cruiser Squadron in May 1929 and, having been promoted to vice admiral on 15 May 1930, he became Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel in August 1932. In the King's Birthday Honours 1930, Pound advanced to rank of Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. On 16 January 1933 Pound was promoted to full admiral he became Chief of Staff of the Mediterranean Fleet. In March 1936, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. On 20 May 1937 Pound was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. In the 1939 New Year Honours, Pound advanced to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

First Sea Lord
Pound became First Sea Lord in June 1939 and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 31 July 1939. His health was doubtful even then, but other experienced admirals were in even poorer health. He also became First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King in October 1941.

There are sharply divided opinions of Pound as First Sea Lord during the early years of the Second World War. His admirals and captains at sea accused him of "back seat driving" and he had some clashes with Charles Forbes and John Tovey, commanders of the Home Fleet. Winston Churchill, with whom he worked from September 1939, worked with him closely on naval strategies such that he was referred to as "Churchill's anchor". He has also been described as a "cunning old badger" who had used guile to frustrate Churchill's Operation Catherine, a scheme to send a battle fleet into the Baltic, early in the war. Critically, Pound was at the helm of the Royal Navy on the day of the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December 1941 off the coast of Kuantan, Malaysia by the Japanese Air Force. This single event emboldened the Japanese and contributed to the fall of Singapore and Malaya just two months thereafter. Perhaps Pound's greatest achievement was his defeat of the German U-boats and the winning of the Battle of the Atlantic but he has been blamed for the Channel Dash when the Navy allowed the German battlecruisers GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau to slip into the English Channel undetected in February 1942, and criticised for ordering the dispersal of Arctic Convoy PQ 17 in July 1942, in which 35 merchant ships were left without protection, leading to 24 of the 35 merchant ships being sunk with the loss of 153 men. By March 1942 he was no longer Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff and accepted the need for a deputy first sea lord, with Admiral Sir Charles Kennedy-Purvis installed as such in July 1942.

Pound refused a peerage but was appointed to the Order of Merit on 3 September 1943, four years after the outbreak of the war.

Resignation and death
Pound suffered from hip degeneration, which kept him from sleeping, causing him to doze off at meetings. In July 1943 Pound's wife died; by this time it was clear that his health was declining. He had sustained one stroke and the second, during the Quebec Conference the following month, was paralytic, indicative of a fast developing brain tumour. Pound then resigned formally on 20 September 1943. He died from the tumour at the Royal Masonic Hospital in London on 21 October (Trafalgar Day) 1943 and, after a funeral service in Westminster Abbey, followed by cremation at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes were buried at sea in The Solent.

Family
In 1908 Pound married Betty Whitehead; they had two sons and a daughter.

Popular culture
In the 2024 movie The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare a character named Admiral Pound is portrayed as being in favour of negotiating surrender with the Germans while being opposed to the Special Operations mission depicted.

title: Dudley Pound


text:
Eadbert I of Kent

Eadberht I was king of Kent from 725 to 748. After his father Wihtred of Kent died, he inherited the kingdom of Kent along with his two brothers Æðelberht II and Alric. Æðelberht II seems to have been the eldest and dominant brother. Eadberht I died in 748, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. He left a son, Eardwulf, who succeeded as king jointly with his uncle.

His one complete surviving charter apparently dates from 14 October 727. Another charter is an altered copy of one issued by Æðelberht II. Other charters attributed to Eadberht I are copies of charters of Eadberht II with “deliberate chronological falsification”.

title: Eadbert I of Kent


text:
Balls of Steel (TV series)

Balls of Steel is a British television comedy game show hosted by Mark Dolan. Dolan's special guests perform stunts and hold their nerve during hidden camera set-ups in the presence of celebrities or the British public.

Massive Balls of Steel, the spin-off series to Balls of Steel, was broadcast on E4, showing highlights of the show.

Format
There were a total of 12 acts. In each episode, six acts competed with one of them being the winner from the previous episode. At the end of each episode the studio audience had to decide which act had the biggest 'Balls of Steel' by voting on a keypad. The Balls of Steel format is distributed internationally by DRG.

Acts
There were various acts seen frequently on the show, presented by the regular performers.

UK version broadcasts
It aired on The Comedy Channel in Australia in 2011 and 2013 and in the past, has also been shown on the Nine Network. In Latin America, it is broadcast on Sony Entertainment Television, in New Zealand on C4, in Germany on RTL II, in Denmark on TV 2 Zulu, in Portugal on SIC Radical, Norway on TV2 Zebra, in Sweden on Kanal 5, in Poland on TVN, in the Netherlands on RTL 5, and in Russia on 2x2.

Local versions
In January 2007, a pilot for an American version hosted by J. Keith van Straaten was taped for the A&E network, but was not picked up for production.

During early 2007, an Italian adaptation of the format was aired on Rai Due, this version lasted just one season and wasn't picked up for a second season due to very poor ratings. The show featured local versions of the original skits such as Sexy Lisa, which was an adaptation from Bunny Boiler.

A Finnish version of the show is in production with Jukka and Jarppi of The Dudesons playing the part of 'The Pain Men'.

An Australian version of the show, Balls of Steel Australia was put into production in Sydney in late 2010 and premiered on the Australian subscription television channel The Comedy Channel on 19 April 2011, hosted by The Chaser's Craig Reucassel and running for an initial ten episodes. It was the highest rating show in the history of The Comedy Channel, doubling the ratings of the previous record holder The Merrick and Rosso Show. Ten episodes in total have been produced. The series stars Neg Dupree, reprising his Urban Sports segment from the UK version, as well as Australian versions of The Annoying Devil and Bunny Boiler. New characters include Nude Girl, James Kerley as the Game Show Host from Hell, Janis McGavin as Fame Whore, Very Foreign Correspondent, Flatmate Wanted and Just Come Out. Due to the success of season one, a second season was produced with new and existing acts, and premiered on 31 January 2012.

A Swedish version of the show has been shown on Swedish Channel 5 in the springs of 2009, 2010 and 2011. It was first produced for the Swedish public service broadcaster SVT, but cancelled since a participant sprayed water in the face of prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt.

Controversy
Even before it was broadcast, Balls of Steel received an enormous amount of publicity during the London premiere of the film War of the Worlds; its leading actor Tom Cruise was squirted with a water pistol disguised as a microphone as a part of Olivia Lee's Prank TV segment. Cruise expressed his disdain, calling the prankster a "jerk" and later saying in a press conference: "There are bullies, people who like to make people feel less and feel bad. Those people need to be confronted. In my life I have never felt something like that is funny." However, it was not Olivia Lee who squirted Tom Cruise with water – the prank was performed by producer Michael Livingstone. Livingstone and three others from the crew were arrested after pranking Cruise but were later released on bail. However, Cruise did not press charges, with his publicist saying, "These guys aren’t worth the time or energy".

Cruise's reaction was not as extreme as that of Sharon Osbourne in an identical stunt several weeks before; she reacted by throwing a bucket of water over their camera. Osbourne was said to have offered Cruise's lawyers the paperwork covering her parallel incident. Osbourne also called for all celebrities to boycott Channel 4; however, her boycott did not last, as she herself has appeared on the channel many times since – including being guest host of The Friday Night Project in 2007.

Others who were squirted with a water pistol included Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden. Sveriges Television, where the Swedish version Ballar av stål was going to air, decided to cancel the show after massive criticism. But the show was picked up in 2008 by the Swedish network Kanal 5.

The show has also had its fair share of complaints from viewers. Some complaints were directed at the Annoying Devil for his roller coaster stunt where he threw buckets of "vomit" at the passengers. Balls of Steel responded to OFCOM saying that the vomit used by the Annoying Devil was fake and a disclaimer was added when the episode was repeated. A further complaint to OFCOM was not upheld when the show explained that the "victims" in Neg Dupree's Big Stranger Rodeo Urban Sports segment had been "set up". Barrie Hall, who played the Annoying Devil in series two and three, said in an interview that "just about everyone we 'get' has been set up by friends!"

The programme returned for a further series in 2007, for which its makers appealed for contestants for a pilot quiz show on an established quiz site. At least one participant rumbled the deceit almost immediately during filming on 10 June 2006, but despite his queries the makers refused to admit that the quiz was a hoax until the "broadcast" was over.

title: Balls of Steel (TV series)


text:
Double drumming

Double drumming (sometimes referred to as double drums) is a musical technique, used mostly in rock music, where two drummers each play a drum kit at the same time. One may play the rhythm while the other may play another style, or both may play the same rhythm. It is more common to have a main drummer with an auxiliary percussionist who plays Latin American percussion, toms, or mallet percussion, but this is not considered "double drumming".

Featuring two drummers has been common in jazz music, in particular in free jazz.

List of bands including double drumming/additional percussionists

(Also for Adam Ant solo live shows 1982–1984, 1995, 2010, 2011–present) two drummers plus percussionist on Spring 1974 tour, otherwise one drummer plus percussionist 1971–1974)
 * 38 Special (two drummers: 1974–87)
 * ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead
 * ABBA (two drummers during their 1977 Australian Tour)
 * Adam and the Ants 1980–1982.
 * Adam and the Ants 1980–1982.
 * Add N to (X)
 * The Albion Band (1976-1978)
 * The Allman Brothers Band (two drummers 1968–82 and 1989–91; two drummers and percussionist from 1991–2014)
 * Angels of Light
 * Apollo 440 (Stop the Rock)
 * Arcade Fire
 * The Arcs
 * The Band (occasionally after 1983 reformation)
 * Big Pig
 * Black Eyes
 * Bleachers
 * Bloc Party
 * Blues Image (1966–1970)
 * Bon Iver
 * Brand New, 2014 tour
 * Bright Eyes
 * James Brown (intermittently, especially ca. 1966–76)
 * Butthole Surfers, 1983–1985, 1986–1989, 2009
 * Clear Light
 * Phil Collins (Chester Thompson, touring)
 * John Coltrane, on Meditations (1966)
 * Cardiacs (drummer and percussionist: 1981–90; drummer and two percussionists: 2004–2008)
 * Combichrist (additional percussionist)
 * Concussion Ensemble (three regular drumkits, plus junk percussion)
 * Course of Empire
 * Crash Worship
 * Cult of Luna
 * Dananananaykroyd
 * Danielson
 * Dead & Company
 * Demetrius Williams and Malachi Burgess, double drummers for DPB Band and with Brian Haas of JFJO and others
 * The Dirtbombs
 * Do Make Say Think
 * The Doobie Brothers
 * Eagles of Death Metal
 * Los Fabulosos Cadillacs (2015–present)
 * The Fall, 1981–1984, 1993–1997 (occasional), 2014–2016
 * The Feelies
 * Foreigner
 * Frank Zappa and The Mothers Of Invention (two drummers: 1966–69; drummer and percussionist: on and off from 1973–88; two drummers and percussionist: 1973–74)
 * Fugazi (early 2000s shortly before breakup)
 * Genesis (1976–1993, 2007; Bill Bruford and then Chester Thompson, touring)
 * The Glitter Band
 * Godsmack (occasionally)
 * Godspeed You! Black Emperor
 * Goose (2020–present)
 * Gorillaz (2010, 2017–present)
 * The Go! Team
 * Grateful Dead (two drummers: 1967–1971, 1974–1995 )
 * Ground Zero (most but not all lineups)
 * Hawkwind (1974–1976; occasionally thereafter)
 * Henry Threadgill Sextett (1982–1989)
 * Hidden Orchestra
 * Hollywood Undead (an additional percussionist who plays on a kit that consists of both electronic and acoustic drums)
 * Ill Niño (additional Latin percussion, consisting of bongos etc., including regular cymbals and drums)
 * Incubus
 * Indigo jam unit
 * Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit (2023–present)
 * Joe Bonamassa
 * Joe Walsh
 * Journey (in 2021 tour)
 * Kamasi Washington
 * King Crimson (drummer and percussionist: 1972–1973; two drummers: 1994–1997 and 2008; three drummers: 2013–2021)
 * King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard (2013–2020)
 * Koinonia (two players, each with drumsets and aux percussion and varied usage)
 * Kylesa
 * Levon Helm (during the 1980s)
 * Little Richard (1997–2013)
 * Live (during 2017–2019 live tours)
 * Joe Lovano's Us Five band, ca. 2009–2012
 * Mahavok (an Estonian band)
 * Marmaduke Duke
 * The Melvins (2006–2015)
 * Ministry (during tours 1989–1990, 2003)
 * Modest Mouse (2004–12)
 * The Moody Blues (additional touring drummer: 1991–present)
 * Morphine (two drummers: 1998–99)
 * Motograter (additional. "Smur drums" consisting of steel barrel drums with drum heads)
 * Murder, Inc.
 * Mushroomhead (main drums and two water drumkits [live only], since 2006)
 * The National (2019 tour)
 * Neoton (acoustic and electronic)
 * Needtobreathe
 * N.E.R.D. (2007, 2008–2011, one show in 2018)
 * Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (since 1994, on most but not all recordings and performances)
 * Nomeansno, 1993–1997
 * Nothing More (singer Jonny Hawkins performs a solo on a custom kit consisting of a vertical bass drum, a snare drum and a makeshift hi-hat, while the actual drummer repeats simple beats)
 * Oomph! (addt. electronic percussion + acoustic backup percussion on live shows)
 * Ornette Coleman, first with his album Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation an early and seminal example of double drumming; and occasionally thereafter
 * The Outlaws (David Dix and Monty Yoho)
 * Osees
 * The Party Boys
 * Pavement
 * Pink Fairies 1970–1971, 1973, 1975
 * Pink Floyd (1980–1994; touring)
 * Poliça
 * Queen + Adam Lambert (2017 tour)
 * Radwimps (in live performances since 2017)
 * Radiohead (In live performances since 2011)
 * Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band
 * Rialto
 * Robyn (2007 & 2008 live performances while supporting album, "Robyn")
 * Rock Hot Chicks
 * Rod Stewart (2017 and 2018 tour)
 * The Roots
 * Sabaton (only on their Wacken 2019 performance for their 20-year anniversary)
 * Shout Out Out Out Out
 * Showaddywaddy
 * Sigue Sigue Sputnik
 * Skeleton Key (additional junk percussion, consisting of various pieces of metal items and scrap).
 * Slipknot (one drum kit, two percussion setups which include beer kegs)
 * Sons of Kemet
 * Steely Dan (on 1974 tour)
 * Swans (on Filth and reunion albums)
 * T. Rex (guest second drummer Ringo Starr in a jam scene in the film Born to Boogie,
 * Soulwax (three drummers used on From Deewee and 2017 tour)
 * Taraf de Haïdouks (a Romanian band)
 * Tedeschi Trucks Band
 * Tortoise (on some but not all recordings and performances)
 * Ulver
 * Umphrey's McGee
 * Upsilon Acrux
 * U.S. Christmas
 * The Ventures
 * Vinegar Joe
 * The Warlocks
 * White Rabbits
 * Wizzard
 * Year of No Light
 * Yes (during their 1991–1992 Union Tour)
 * Zaïko Langa Langa (1985–1992)
 * ZARD (Izumi Sakai)
 * ZUTOMAYO

title: Double drumming


text:
Hine's emerald

The Hine's emerald (Somatochlora hineana) is an endangered dragonfly species found in the United States and Canada. Populations exist in Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Ontario, and Wisconsin. Larvae are found in shallow, flowing water in fens and marshes, and often use crayfish burrows. Major threats to the species include habitat loss and alteration, and the species is legally protected in both the United States and Canada.

Description
The Hine's emerald's appearance varies across its lifetime. During the larval stage, nymphs possess no features that distinguish them from those of other dragonfly species. A mature nymph measures roughly 0.9 in in length.

Several characteristics distinguish adult Hine's emeralds from other dragonfly species. An adult Hine's emerald has a distinctive dark-green thorax with two yellow lateral stripes. Hine's emeralds also have uniquely shaped male and female reproductive structures. A Hine's emerald's eyes are brown during the first 1–3 days of adulthood. After the third day, the eyes take on an emerald green color. Their wings remain clear with amber coloring at the base until the ends of their lives, at which point they become smoky in color. The average mature Hine's emerald measures 2.5 in in length and has a wingspan of 3.5 in. On average, female dragonflies are slightly longer than males.

Life history
During their lifespans, Hine's emeralds progress through the egg stage, larval stage, and adult stage. Both the egg and larval stages are aquatic. Hine's emeralds spend the majority of this lifespan in the larval stage, which lasts 2–4 years. The specific length of this stage varies with food supply, water depth, and temperature. While in this stage, Hine's emerald nymphs live within streamlets and mature by undergoing a series of molts. A mature larvae transitions into the adult stage by climbing up onto a cattail and completing a final molt. During this molt, the nymph's skin splits longitudinally along its body. The adult then sheds this dead skin and emerges into the wild. Nymphs typically emerge into the wild during June and July. Male and female nymphs appear to progress into the adult stage in equal proportions. The following 4-to-6-week-long adult stage consists of three sub-stages. These stages are the pre-reproductive stage, reproductive stage, and post-reproductive stage. Adults spend these stages hunting for prey, establishing territories, and reproducing. Overall, Hine's emerald dragonflies live for 2–4 years.

Reproduction
Before reproduction can occur, a male must first establish a territory. These territories range from 2 - 4 m in area and sit close to bodies of water. Male dragonflies patrol these areas and defend them from dragonflies of both their own and other species. Females initiate mating by flying into a male's territory. A male responds to this behavior by chasing after the female. Once the male reaches the female, he latches onto her body. The two then fly to nearby shrubs, and copulation begins. Post-copulation, the female repeatedly dips her abdomen into shallow water to deposit her fertilized eggs. Hine's emeralds reproduce once and die shortly thereafter. Hine's emeralds reproduce during the months of June, July, and August.

Diet and feeding behaviors
Hine's emeralds are carnivorous during both the larval and adult stages of their lives. Adult Hine's emeralds feed upon small flying insects such as mosquitoes and gnats. Adults usually forage for their prey while in-flight and appear to favor foraging along forest edges. These forest edges typically run alongside roads. During the pre-reproductive stage, these flights last 1–3 minutes. During the reproductive stage, these flights last up to 15 minutes. Reproductive adults may fly up to 1.2 mi during these flights. At times, reproductive adults also forage in large swarms. Hunting in these swarms may protect dragonflies from predators. Nymphs are nocturnal feeders and prey upon other aquatic larvae, such as those belonging to mosquitoes or mayflies Researchers suspect that nymphs prey upon different species throughout their development. While hunting, nymphs remain still and wait for prey to approach them.

Distribution and habitat
Hine's emeralds occupy wetland, pond and pool, wet meadow, forest, and marsh habitats. A few important characteristics are common to typical Hine's emerald habitats. First, Hine's emerald habitats include slow-moving, mineralized streams. Second, they have both open and wooded areas. Open areas provide space for foraging. Wooded areas provide space for resting. Third, they include crayfish burrows, which nymphs use for shelter. Fourth, typical habitats possess exposed or lightly covered bedrock. Finally, they provide pathways for Hine's emerald dispersal. Roadways, forest clearings, streams, and railroads all serve as dispersal pathways. Other characteristics of Hine's emerald habitats, such as vegetation, vary between regions.

The Hine's emerald's current range includes parts of the United States and Canada. Within the United States, the Hine's emerald's range includes Illinois, Michigan, Missouri and Wisconsin. Within Canada, the Hine's emerald's range includes parts of Ontario. The Hine's emerald historically also occupied parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Alabama. Due to habitat modification, the Hine's emerald likely no longer live in these states. Whether the Hine's emerald once lived in parts of other states is currently unknown.

Hine's emerald dragonflies were first described in 1931 near Indian Lake in Logan County, Ohio. The IUCN Red List states that there are 47 known locations where Hine's emeralds are present. This includes Ontario, Canada, and Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Populations at one point also existed in Ohio, Alabama, and Indiana, though there have been no recent sightings.

Ecology
Several species prey upon the Hine's emeralds. Crayfish, turtles, amphibians, and other aquatic species prey upon nymphs. Spiders, frogs, birds, and large dragonflies prey upon adults. Some of these predator/prey relationships may benefit the Hine's emeralds. A 2006 paper suggests that devil crayfish (Lacunicambarus diogenes) help sustain populations of their Hine's emerald nymph prey. As Hine's emerald habitats dry up in late summer, crayfish burrows remain wet. In inhabiting these burrows, nymphs increase their chances of survival during droughts. Use of digger crayfish (Creaserinus fodiens) burrows has additionally been described in the Minesing Wetlands of Ontario. It is unknown whether the Hine's emeralds have similar mutually beneficial relationships with other species.

Population size
Not much information exists about historical population size for Hine's emerald dragonflies. The IUCN Red List states that current populations are stable, estimating that there are over 30,000 individuals globally. the Door County, Wisconsin population is the biggest and most significant, with as many as 20,000 individuals.

There are two recovery units in the United States: the Northern Recovery Unit and the Southern Recovery Unit. The Northern Recovery Unit has two populations: Northern Wisconsin and Michigan. The Southern Recovery Unit has four populations. This includes Ozaukee County Wisconsin, Southwest Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri. Populations are unique when separated by large distances of at least 30 miles. There must be a low chance of genetic exchange between them.

These six populations are made of 27 sub-populations. Thus, there are 69 total sites for Hine's emerald presence. Thirty-five of these sites are fully protected and 21 are partially protected. Eleven sites are not protected, and the remaining two have unknown statuses of legal protection. Information is missing on the number of breeding adults for many of the sub-populations. This makes it difficult to assess progress in conservation efforts.

The 2013 Five Year Review suggests future actions that aid conservation efforts. This includes modeling Hine's emerald population dynamics, a high priority. Additionally, more information about key measures of population demographics is required. Areas of research include smallest possible population sizes and current population sizes. Also, the genetic diversity between populations is important to study. Restoring Hine's emeralds to lasting population sizes allows the ESA to downgrade the species from endangered to threatened. To do this, however, up-to-date population data is crucial.

Conservation status
Hine's emerald dragonfly was first proposed as an endangered species in October, 1993. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cited three main reasons why Hine's emerald warrants federal protection. Fragmented habitats and small, highly-distributed populations were significant concerns. By January 1995, Hine's emerald was officially added to the ESA and listed as an endangered species. Last assessed in 2008, the Hine's emerald dragonfly was the only dragonfly species included in the Endangered Species Act.

The Recovery Plan by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was published in 2001. Its ultimate recovery goal is "[restoring the dragonfly] to viable populations". The plan established the Northern Recovery Unit and Southern Recovery Unit. To be downgraded in the Endangered Species Act, certain criteria must be met. Each Recovery Unit must contain at least three subpopulations with 500 reproducing adults for at least 10 years. Additionally, there must be two breeding sites per subpopulation. These areas must have federally protected habitat.

In the Recovery Plan, the Fish and Wildlife Service suggests various ideas to increase Hine's emerald survivorship. This includes watershed protection and deed restrictions. Land acquisition and nature preserve creation are also potential ways to protect the species. The Fish and Wildlife Service details the importance of managing existing populations and researching demographic changes. To do this, there must be searches for undiscovered Hine's emerald populations as well as organized education programs. Additionally, the Recovery Plan outlines the importance of protecting and maintaining known populations and habitats. Augmentation programs and evaluations of recovery progress must be conducted. The Recovery Plan's objective is clear: "assure the long-term viability by arresting or reversing the decline of Hine's emerald populations and addressing its threats to survival".

In the Five Year Review conducted in 2013, four major criteria for reclassification are listed. First, each Recovery Unit must meet the population requirements as specified in the initial Recovery Plan. At the time of publishing, some populations in the Northern Recovery Unit exceed this. No populations in the Southern Recovery Unit meet this goal. Only one population in the Southern Recovery Unit was quantified at time of publication. Second, there must be at least 2 breeding habitats per subpopulation. Each breeding habitat must be fed by different water sources. As of 2013, this criterion has not been met, and only 12 of 27 subpopulations have more than one breeding site. Third, the habitat to support subpopulations must be formally protected and managed. This includes control of invasive species and restoration of local water sources. Actions to minimize vehicle presence are also suggested. Lastly, the Review requires the creation of a monitoring plan for each population. This must include annual population estimates. This final criterion has not been met due to lack of knowledge of breeding and habitat structure. Many regions are lacking resources needed to evaluate population sites.

In Canada, the Hine's emerald is listed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act as endangered, having received this status in 2017. It appears to have a small area of occupancy within Ontario, restricted to the Minesing Wetlands. The population's continued existence is jeopardized by urban development and the spread of invasive plants such as European common reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) and glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus).

Hine's emerald dragonfly was last assessed by the IUCN Red List on June 8, 2018. At this point, it was listed as Least Concern. This contradicts the ESA's older classification of Endangered.

Critical habitat
The current critical habitat for Hine's emeralds contains 26,531 acres of land. This land is concentrated in various counties in Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Expected costs for protection range from $10.5 million to $25.2 million over 20 years when adjusted. This version of the critical habitat ruling was finalized in 2010. However, this ruling differs significantly from the initial proposal and the first critical habitat ruling.

In the 2006 Critical Habitat Proposed Rule, 27,689 acres were proposed for protection. This proposal considered the exclusion of all Missouri populations and two from Michigan. In 2007, the original ruling designated only 13,221 acres for protection. The 2010 ruling doubles the critical habitat range for HED.

Threats
The Hine's emerald dragonfly recovery plan was published in 2001. At that time, the major threats to the species were habitat loss/alteration and contamination. Hine's emerald dragonflies inhabit marsh and wetland habitats, which are already rare. Further loss of habitat would disrupt the surviving populations of the species. The recovery plan explains the habitat loss. Industrial, agricultural, and commercial development caused the most damage. This damage contributed to the decline of the species. A 5-year review was completed in 2013. It includes more recent evaluations of the threats to Hine's emerald populations. It includes a table (pp. 27–29) which details the threats present at each of the Hine's emerald dragonfly sites. There are a few common threats between sites. These threats are fragmentation, changes to water flow, contaminants, vehicle mortality, and invasive animals and plants.

Fragmentation
Hine's emerald dragonfly populations are susceptible to habitat fragmentation. As of 2012, studies were being conducted to investigate barriers to Hine's emerald movement, such as roads and bridges. They studied how these barriers can influence the flight behavior and dispersal ability of the dragonflies. If Hine's emeralds are unable to disperse properly it may lead to isolated populations of lower population size. Poor dispersal also reduces genetic diversity, and low genetic diversity will make the Hine's emeralds more vulnerable to other threats they face.

Invasive animals
Invasive animal species pose a threat to Hine's emerald habitats. Beavers, feral hogs, and armadillos are the major potential threats. They can contribute to Hine's emerald habitat destruction. Beaver dams have the potential to flood the wetlands of Hine's emerald populations. When feral hogs forage for food, they have the potential to damage Hine's emerald habitats. As of 2013, feral hogs were only considered a threat in Missouri. However, their populations have grown in other states with Hine's emerald populations. Lastly, nine-banded armadillos also impact Hine's emerald habitats when they forage. Armadillos dig up soil looking for insect larvae and forage in burrows as well. The impact of armadillos on Hine's emerald habitats will require monitoring as the armadillo's range continues to expand.

Invasive plants
Invasive plants have the potential to affect Hine's emerald habitats, behaviors, movements, and breeding. The invasion of woody vegetation and cattails into Hine's emerald habitats could affect adult flight behaviors. Invasive woody species can decrease the amount of subsurface water. This is a vital component of Hine's emerald larval habitats. The invasion of species like the common reed may decrease crayfish populations. Thus, decreasing the number of crayfish burrows that are a place of refuge for Hine's emerald larvae.

Human impact
Humans can impact Hine's emerald dragonflies in a variety of ways. Most human impact involves habitat destruction/alteration. Reduction in habitat area fragments populations. Quarrying, filling wetlands, and creating landfills are examples of harmful human actions. Contamination is another way humans can harm Hine's emerald populations. Landfills have the potential to leach harmful chemicals and contaminate surface and groundwater. Both surface and groundwater are critical to Hine's emeralds in the larval stage. Recreational activities and agriculture may also impact Hine's emerald populations. The insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used in these practices could harm Hine's emerald populations. Fertilizers may lead to changes in Hine's emerald habitats that could impact the species.

Conservation efforts
Hine's emerald is listed on the Federal list of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. This means that the species is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Hine's emerald is also listed as endangered in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Michigan. This provides the species with State level protections and Federal protections.

Habitat protection
Many agencies help protect Hine's emerald habitats. State and County agencies protect the habitats of three subpopulations in Illinois. The University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) help protect Hine's emerald habitats, one such being the Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area. They protect the habitat of the population in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. The WDNR also protects the habitat of the population in Southwest Wisconsin. The U.S. Forest Service or Missouri Department of Conservation protects Hine's emerald habitats in Missouri. These agencies protect most of the habitats for two of the Missouri subpopulations. State and Federal agencies protect habitats in the Northern Recovery Unit. They protect the habitats of five out of the 16 subpopulations.

Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge areas make an important contribution to Hine's emerald habitats. Researchers have worked to outline the areas that contribute to many Hine's emerald habitats. However, they have not mapped recharge areas for all Hine's emerald habitat sites yet. More research is necessary to identify recharge areas for all Hine's emerald sites. Sections 7 and 9 of the ESA protect all identified groundwater recharge areas. The Illinois Natural Areas Preservation Act protects identified areas in Illinois.

title: Hine's emerald


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Tupac Shakur1

Tupac Shakur
My reason for nominating this article was because it has a good length to it and regains the quality no matter how long it is. It is supported by quite a few images with captions as well. It will make a good read since people can find out about why he was murdered and how his songs are still going to this day. Thorpe 19:33, 27 August 2005
 * Object. I think it's a good article, but there are some problems with it that will have to be remedied before it is worthy of becoming a featured article. For example, more than half of the lead section is devoted to the origin of the name "Tupac Shakur", whereas the lead really should be a summary of his life and career (a "mini-biography", if you will). The only reference in the article is in relation to conspiracy theories surrounding his death. Also, Image:Pac5.jpg, Image:Tupac-pensive.jpg. Image:Bblogo.jpg and Image:2Pac Makaveli-The Don Killuminati front.jpg are claimed as "fair use", and will need fair use rationale on their image description pages. And the page for Image:Tupac-mugshot.jpg claims that it has been released into the public domain, but on the legal section of the web address featured on the photograph, it says "Certain materials reproduced on this website are believed to be in the public domain." Are you absolutely sure that the image is in the public domain? Extraordinary Machine 21:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks good but it needs references (besides the conspiracy one) and preferably inline citations. Could probably use a copyedit too. Tuf-Kat 23:22, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object
 * The image Image:Pac5.jpg is claimed as an album cover, but #1, it's been cropped (fair use images should not be modified), and #2, it doesn't specify what album.
 * The image Image:Tupac-pensive.jpg does not have definitive information on the source and copyright holder.
 * The image Image:Tupac-mugshot.jpg is claimed as "public domain", but not all police mugshots are public domain.
 * --Carnildo 07:11, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. An article about a major musician (indeed, any noteworthy musicial artist) should devote a substantial and appropriately proportioned amount of text to a discussion of the artist's music; and for a major musician that discussion should be based on an appropriate set of sources. This article goes nore more than a single step beyond characterizing the music as "hip-hop" and "rap." Monicasdude 17:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, I agree with Monicasdude there is no real discussion of his music, lyrical themes and style etc. The section -his future plans- is poorly named, and the source of this information, and indeed all references used to write this article need to be clearly identified.--nixie 05:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Equivocal objection: Whilst I think the article is, on the whole, of featured article standard, I agree with the points made by Monicasdude and nixie. The article doesn't do his artistic career justice.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)


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Biomass to liquid

Biomass to liquid (BtL or BMtL) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route.

Main processes
According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass each year without decreasing the amount of biomass needed for food, animal feed, or exports.

Fischer–Tropsch process
The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass. Carbonaceous material is gasified and the gas is processed to make purified syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The Fischer–Tropsch polymerizes syngas into diesel-range hydrocarbons. While biodiesel and bio-ethanol production so far only use parts of a plant, i.e. oil, sugar, starch or cellulose, BtL production can gasify and utilize the entire plant.

Flash pyrolysis
Flash pyrolysis—producing bio-oil (pyrolysis oil), char and gas at temperatures between 350 and 550 °C and residence times < 1 second (also called anhydrous pyrolysis).

Catalytic fast pyrolysis
Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a fast process in which the cellulose is broken down to a liquid biofuel. In this approach the cellulose is heated to 500 degrees Celsius in less than one second in a chamber to break apart the molecules. The catalyst forms chemical reactions that remove oxygen bonds and form carbon rings. After the reaction takes place gasoline is formed along with water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

Pyrolysis and gasification
Initially biomass undergoes pyrolysis process to produce pyrolysis gases and biochar. The volatile organic compounds in pyrolysis gases further undergo gasification process to produce syngas rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases which is further converted in to methanol (CH3OH). The carbon neutral biochar is further converted in to ethylene or ethanol with hydrogen generated from renewable electricity or used for carbon sequestration to reduce global warming CO2 gas in the atmosphere.

Potential energy grasses
Fuel from energy grasses may be referred to as grassoline.

Switchgrass
Switchgrass is a bunch grass native to North America that grows naturally in warm weather with wide adaptation capability and easy germination, allowing the switchgrass to grow faster; however, it has a low relative yield compared to other energy crops

Sorghum
Sorghum is cultivated in warmer climates, mostly in the tropical regions. Sorghum has the potential to be an energy grass because it requires little water and can give a large yield. Sorghum, however, is an annual plant, is difficult to establish in an area, and requires a large input of fertilizers and pesticides.

Miscanthus
Miscanthus species are native to the tropical regions of Africa and southern Asia. Miscanthus can grow up to 3.5 meters high and has been trialed as a biofuel since the 1980s. The benefits of using Miscanthus are that it can live more than two years and requires low inputs, eliminating the need for extra irrigation, fertilizer and pesticides. The problems with Miscanthus arise from the time it takes to establish to an area.

Sugarcane
Sugarcane grows in irrigated lands of tropics and subtropics which can produce 15 kg biomass per square meter area. It is also suitable for BtL as its extracted juice is used to produce ethanol by traditional methods and also its remaining biomass (bagasse, leaves, shoots, etc.) can be converted in to carbon neutral ethanol or methanol by subjecting to pyrolysis and gasification. Biochar can also be produced for carbon sequestration to compensate the carbon emissions by fossil fuels or reduce CO2 gas concentration in the atmosphere.

Bamboo
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plant/biomass which can be used as feed stock for BtL. Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and to warm temperate climates. However, many species are found in diverse climates, ranging from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions and highland cloud forests.

Cost of change
Fuel costs depend on how fast the grasses grow and other factors. An estimated investment of over $325 billion (2008 basis) would be needed to build biofactories capable of producing the 65 billion gallons of biofuel needed to meet 2030 national goals.

title: Biomass to liquid


text:
User:Notanerd

This page was previously a copy of User:Pharos. The owner of this account is certainly not me.--Pharos 20:31, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Skyring sockpuppets target the same batch of articles. In a new twist he stole the user page of one user and the talk page of another and put them on his account here.

title: User:Notanerd


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bob Gorham

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 18:19, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Bob Gorham
nn vanity; some 20-30 Google hits doesn't sound like influential to me Groeck 19:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletions.   -- Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as crufty. Paul Klenk 19:39, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: "follically challenged people"? Definate cruft.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:20, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gas to liquids

Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane-rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels. Two general strategies exist: (i) direct partial combustion of methane to methanol and (ii) Fischer–Tropsch-like processes that convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons. Strategy ii is followed by diverse methods to convert the hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixtures to liquids. Direct partial combustion has been demonstrated in nature but not replicated commercially. Technologies reliant on partial combustion have been commercialized mainly in regions where natural gas is inexpensive.

The motivation for GTL is to produce liquid fuels, which are more readily transported than methane. Methane must be cooled below its critical temperature of -82.3 °C in order to be liquified under pressure. Because of the associated cryogenic apparatus, LNG tankers are used for transport. Methanol is a conveniently handled combustible liquid, but its energy density is half of that of gasoline.

Fischer–Tropsch process
A GtL process may be established via the Fischer–Tropsch process which comprises several chemical reactions that convert a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) into long chained hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are typically liquid or semi-liquid and ideally have the formula (CnH2n+2).

In order to obtain the mixture of CO and H2 required for the Fischer–Tropsch process, methane (main component of natural gas) may be subjected to partial oxidation which yields a raw synthesis gas mixture of mostly carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen gas (and sometimes water and nitrogen). The ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen in the raw synthesis gas mixture can be adjusted e.g. using the water gas shift reaction. Removing impurities, particularly nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water, from the raw synthesis gas mixture yields pure synthesis gas (syngas).

The pure syngas is routed into the Fischer–Tropsch process, where the syngas reacts over an iron or cobalt catalyst to produce synthetic hydrocarbons, including alcohols.

Methane to methanol process
Methanol is made from methane (natural gas) in a series of three reactions:
 * Steam reforming
 * CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 ΔrH = +206 kJ mol−1

 * Water shift reaction
 * CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 ΔrH = -41 kJ mol−1

 * Synthesis
 * 2 H2 + CO → CH3OH ΔrH = -92 kJ mol−1

The methanol thus formed may be converted to gasoline by the Mobil process and methanol-to-olefins.

Methanol to gasoline (MTG) and methanol to olefins
In the early 1970s, Mobil developed an alternative procedure in which natural gas is converted to syngas, and then methanol. The methanol reacts in the presence of a zeolite catalyst to form alkanes. In terms of mechanism, methanol is partially dehydrated to give dimethyl ether:
 * 2 CH3OH → CH3OCH3 + H2O

The mixture of dimethyl ether and methanol is then further dehydrated over a zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5, which in practice is polymerized and hydrogenated to give a gasoline with hydrocarbons of five or more carbon atoms making up 80% of the fuel by weight. The Mobil MTG process is practiced from coal-derived methanol in China by JAMG. A more modern implementation of MTG is the Topsøe improved gasoline synthesis (TiGAS).

Methanol can be converted to olefins using zeolite and SAPO-based heterogeneous catalysts. Depending on the catalyst pore size, this process can afford either C2 or C3 products, which are important monomers.

Syngas to gasoline plus process (STG+)
A third gas-to-liquids process builds on the MTG technology by converting natural gas-derived syngas into drop-in gasoline and jet fuel via a thermochemical single-loop process.

The STG+ process follows four principal steps in one continuous process loop. This process consists of four fixed bed reactors in series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows:

 * 1) Methanol Synthesis: Syngas is fed to Reactor 1, the first of four reactors, which converts most of the syngas (CO and H2) to methanol (CH3OH) when passing through the catalyst bed.
 * 2) Dimethyl Ether (DME) Synthesis: The methanol-rich gas from Reactor 1 is next fed to Reactor 2, the second STG+ reactor. The methanol is exposed to a catalyst and much of it is converted to DME, which involves a dehydration from methanol to form DME (CH3OCH3).
 * 3) Gasoline synthesis: The Reactor 2 product gas is next fed to Reactor 3, the third reactor containing the catalyst for conversion of DME to hydrocarbons including paraffins (alkanes), aromatics, naphthenes (cycloalkanes) and small amounts of olefins (alkenes), mostly from C6 (number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule) to C10.
 * 4) Gasoline Treatment: The fourth reactor provides transalkylation and hydrogenation treatment to the products coming from Reactor 3.  The treatment reduces durene (tetramethylbenzene)/isodurene and trimethylbenzene components that have high freezing points and must be minimized in gasoline.  As a result, the synthetic gasoline product has high octane and desirable viscometric properties.
 * 5) Separator: Finally, the mixture from Reactor 4 is condensed to obtain gasoline. The non-condensed gas and gasoline are separated in a conventional condenser/separator. Most of the non-condensed gas from the product separator becomes recycled gas and is sent back to the feed stream to Reactor 1, leaving the synthetic gasoline product composed of paraffins, aromatics and naphthenes.

Biological gas-to-liquids (Bio-GTL)
With methane as the predominant target for GTL, much attention has focused on the three enzymes that process methane. These enzymes support the existence of methanotrophs, microorganisms that metabolize methane as their only source of carbon and energy. Aerobic methanotrophs harbor enzymes that oxygenate methane to methanol. The relevant enzymes are methane monooxygenases, which are found both in soluble and particulate (i.e. membrane-bound) varieties. They catalyze the oxygenation according to the following stoichiometry:
 * CH4 +  O2  +  NADPH  +  H+  →  CH3OH  +  H2O  +  NAD+

Anaerobic methanotrophs rely on the bioconversion of methane using the enzymes called methyl-coenzyme M reductases. These organisms effect reverse methanogenesis. Strenuous efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms of these methane-converting enzymes, which would enable their catalysis to be replicated in vitro.

Biodiesel can be made from using the microbes Moorella thermoacetica and Yarrowia lipolytica. This process is known as biological gas-to-liquids.

Commercial uses
Using gas-to-liquids processes, refineries can convert some of their gaseous waste products (flare gas) into valuable fuel oils, which can be sold as is or blended only with diesel fuel. The World Bank estimates that over 150 e9m3 of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount worth approximately $30.6 billion, equivalent to 25% of the United States' gas consumption or 30% of the European Union's annual gas consumption, a resource that could be useful using GTL. Gas-to-liquids processes may also be used for the economic extraction of gas deposits in locations where it is not economical to build a pipeline. This process will be increasingly significant as crude oil resources are depleted.

Royal Dutch Shell produces a diesel from natural gas in a factory in Bintulu, Malaysia. Another Shell GTL facility is the Pearl GTL plant in Qatar, the world's largest GTL facility. Sasol has recently built the Oryx GTL facility in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar and together with Uzbekneftegaz and Petronas builds the Uzbekistan GTL plant. Chevron Corporation, in a joint venture with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation is commissioning the Escravos GTL in Nigeria, which uses Sasol technology. PetroSA, South Africa's national oil company, owns and operates a 22,000 barrels/day (capacity) GTL plant in Mossel Bay, using Sasol GTL technology.

Aspirational and emerging ventures
New generation of GTL technology is being pursued for the conversion of unconventional, remote and problem gas into valuable liquid fuels. GTL plants based on innovative Fischer–Tropsch catalysts have been built by INFRA Technology. Other mainly U.S. companies include Velocys, ENVIA Energy, Waste Management, NRG Energy, ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions, Liberty GTL, Petrobras, Greenway Innovative Energy, Primus Green Energy, Compact GTL, and Petronas. Several of these processes have proven themselves with demonstration flights using their jet fuels.

Another proposed solution to stranded gas involves use of novel FPSO for offshore conversion of gas to liquids such as methanol, diesel, petrol, synthetic crude, and naphtha.

Economics of GTL
GTL using natural gas is more economical when there is wide gap between the prevailing natural gas price and crude oil price on a Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) basis. A coefficient of 0.1724 results in full oil parity. GTL is a mechanism to bring down the diesel/gasoline/crude oil international prices at par with the natural gas price in an expanding global natural gas production at cheaper than crude oil price. When natural gas is converted in to GTL, the liquid products are easier to export at cheaper price rather than converting in to LNG and further conversion to liquid products in an importing country.

However, GTL fuels are much more expensive to produce than conventional fuels.

title: Gas to liquids


text:
Category:Politics of Shropshire

 * Politics of Shropshire, England.

title: Category:Politics of Shropshire


text:
Talk:Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood

Untitled
Is anyone opposed to restoring the stub tag? I want to do this because many larger articles are still stubs and contain incomplete information (ex. The Legend of Kyrandia); surely more can be said about CotL than what's here. Cromag 19:36, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is far from complete or any satisfying. You are welcome to contribute :). Pictureuploader 08:31, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I haven't played much of CotL; all I did was walk around, practice archery and talk to some of the characters :). I intend to complete the game someday, but I'll only do so once I find a way to play it with sound (my sound card doesn't support SoundBlaster for some reason). Until then, I can only add to the article through research. I'm adding the stub tag, then.Cromag 18:30, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My all-time favorite game, beaten 3 times, I could write tons of pages about this fantasy and history puzzle/riddle/fighting/situational/strategy epic potpourri of different moods. I even wrote to Mrs. Marx asking how She came up with such diverse game structure. Personally I think that even if the description is very short it's pretty exaustive and explanatory Mmm I reckon some parts were added after the messages here? Gylfi 00:24, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Please feel free and improve and expand this article then :)) Pictureuploader 09:35, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * And so I will, Yet I repeat I find it pretty explanatory even tho short. I would mostly just fatten it with more words but not any more clarification on the gameplay of CotL... but I'll still see if it's lacking somewhereGylfi 23:54, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The point is not to fatten it with words but arrange it better in sections and add more details and trivia. Look Conquests of Camelot, Codename: ICEMAN and the Larry games articles to get an idea. Pictureuploader 09:29, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * If you mean you want l33tness and polishness I have no idea how to do that, the references, links, pics and all the wiki encoding that gives me headache, things wiki-freaks dribble at ... besides I still think most of the stuff in Conquests of Camelot article is just ordinary redundant page-filler. I'll see what I can add, anyway, and I'll leave deco to someone else :) Gylfi 02:04, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Alternatively, you could write the prose on a separate subpage of your user page and someone with a better understanding of Wiki encoding can integrate it into the article. Cromag 05:59, 23 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
File:The Baxter film.jpg

summary
The Baxter film poster

Fair use in The Baxter
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source
XXXXXX--The Baxter]]
 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:The Baxter film.jpg


text:
User talk:Notanerd

Skyring sockpuppets target the same batch of articles. In a new twist he stole the user page of one user and the talk page of another and put them on his account here.

Your talk page
Why did you copy the content off of my talk page? Jobe 6  18:15, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Notanerd


text:
User:Robert McClenon/Crisis

The Crisis
Wikipedia is approaching a crisis. In medicine, especially before antibiotics, bacterial diseases often resulted in a crisis, a turning point, after which the patient either recovered, or died. A rising fever and worsening of symptoms typically indicated to physicians that the patient was about to enter the crisis, and might either recover or die.

The fever of Wikipedia is the disputes that are not resolved readily and disrupt the Wikipedia community. Wikipedia currently has too many disputes, both great and trivial, that are contributing to its fever, and that are not being resolved in a timely manner.

The underlying cause of the crisis is the increase in the number of users of Wikipedia. The potential for disputes increases in non-linear proportion to the number of users (approximately as the square of the number of users).

When a sick human enters a crisis, he or she will typically either recover or die. No metaphor is perfect. An on-line community does not die unless its hardware is disconnected, but it can be weakened or become unable to fulfill its original purpose. In the case of Wikipedia, that purpose is the cooperative development of an expansible copyleft encyclopedia. If it does not recover from the crisis, then it will never achieve the respect it is seeking, and will be marked by permanently having holes in its coverage due to unending edits wars and flame wars.

It can recover from the crisis only by strengthening its "immune system". This should involve changes in several areas:
 * Most obviously, dispute resolution.
 * The roles of admins.
 * Policy formulation.

Dispute Resolution
Wikipedia currently has approximately four processes for the resolution of disputes:
 * Discussion on talk pages, including the use of article requests for comments to draw editors to those talk pages.
 * Mediation.
 * User conduct requests for comments.
 * Arbitration.

I have ordered them in a way that reflects my view of their seriousness, and I think I disagree with the current ordering.

Discussion
Discussion on talk pages is of course the method that should be used to resolve disputes whenever possible. It may be slow if it is difficult to identify what is POV and what is NPOV, or if newbie editors need time to understand the NPOV concept, which is not an easy concept for many humans. Discussion can be stalled or can break down if civility is forgotten and there are personal attacks, or if problematical editors are disrespectful of consensus (e.g., and see differences of opinion as censorship or evidence of cabals). Civility can be set aside and give way to personal attacks in at least two situations. A few problematical editors are inherently uncivil and hostile. Also, some mostly reasonable editors may, in stress or due to loss of patience, develop personal conflicts.

Mediation
Mediation should be the usual way that personal or personality conflicts can be dealt with, as a possible way of defusing conflict. It is not working very well. The number of members of the MedCom has not increased as the number of editors and thus of disputes increase. Also, the effectiveness and neutrality of two mediators have been compromised by allegations of misuse of administrative power, discussed further below. It is obvious that Wikipedia needs more mediators in order to resolve disputes more quickly. It also needs more awareness of and attention to alternative mediation procedures besides the formal MedCom.

The expansion of the number of mediators, and possibly the number of mediation procedures, needs to be done quickly.

Also, the introductory statement on the Requests for mediation page is unwelcoming and discourages the use of mediation, which should be instead encouraged. It states: "Please read the information in the Wikipedia:Mediation, before asking for formal mediation. You must follow the preliminary steps laid out in Dispute resolution if you have not already done so. You may want to use the less formal (and more open) Request for comments instead." In emphasizing the "formality" of mediation, it suggests that user conduct RfCs, which are also a formal process, should be used instead.

User conduct RfCs
User conduct RfCs, with a certification threshold, should not be seen as an "open" or "informal" process, or as an alternative to mediation. They should be used not in cases of personal conflicts, but only for problematical editors. (There is currently an edit war in progress about the language to this effect.) They should not be seen as a preliminary or alternative to mediation. They may be being used as such because mediation has too long a backlog, and sometimes a long backlog is not satisfactory (such as when a page has had to be protected due to revert wars). Some experienced Wikipedians think that the entire user conduct RfC process is non-functional. It certainly should not be seen as a step toward mediation, but as a more serious step than mediation.

Arbitration
There has been a proposal to increase the number of members of the ArbCom to 24 at the end of the year, and to have cases heard by smaller panels. I think that both of these measures are needed, and that both should be taken immediately, without waiting until the end of the year. The present ArbCom resembles a Supreme Court (in the United States or one of its states) that is the only court in existence, but in which all the judges vote on whether to hear any case, and then all the judges decide every case. I would strongly suggest that cases should be accepted more quickly, and should be heard by panels of either three or five arbitrators. This would mean that less total arbitrator time would be spent on hearing any given case, so that more cases could be adjudicated. (I am sure that some Wikipedians will disagree, and will say that the number of cases arbitrated should be kept to a minimum. I think that the detriment of disputes not resolved outweighs any detriment of resolving cases by arbitration when necessary.)

Improvement of the arbitration system needs to be done quickly.

Issues Involving Administrators
With more than 500 administrators, there will sometimes be disputes involving their conduct. The number of such disputes could probably be minimized by a few reasonable guidelines as to what are considered normal, intermediate, and extraordinary actions by admins. Normal actions by admins include blocking an IP address for vandalism, blocking an IP address for 3RR, and blocking a user for 3RR. Intermediate actions should include blocking a user for vandalism or blocking a user for personal attacks. Simple vandalism is only rarely committed by signed-in users. Some editors are too quick to label the deletion of paragraphs as vandalism when it is more typically a revert war that should be dealt with by discussion. Similarly, personal attacks, unless extreme, can be dealt with in less drastic ways than by blocks. Blocking another admin, for any reason, even 3RR, should be considered an extraordinary action. It indicates that at least one admin has made a mistake that is a misuse of administrative power. Admins should know not to commit 3RR in the first place, and should know to do the arithmetic properly before treating a revert war as 3RR.

It should be clear that when an admin blocks another admin, they need to work out their issues quickly, or go to mediation, or go to arbitration (and blocking makes it difficult to work things out quickly).

There needs to be some way of removing administrative privileges more quickly than is presently possible. Streamlining arbitration will help. Other methods should be discussed.

Policy Formulation
Policy changes in Wikipedia are normally made by consensus. That is how it should be. There are times when consensus needs to be reached quickly rather than slowly, either in order to solve an immediate and pressing problem, or to discourage the recruitment of meat-puppets.

Conclusion
Upgrading the mediation and arbitration systems needs to be done quickly, whether by consensus or by top-down leadership (by Jimbo Wales or the Board of Trustees). If it is not done quickly, the crisis may break unfavorably, with a departure of a critical mass of constructive editors, leaving a weakened on-line community. Robert McClenon 19:38, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Ed Poor response
This is an excellent analysis, and don't think I haven't forgotten your suggestion at the RFArb. After a regrettable multi-week delay, I have begun to turn my attention to revamping Mediation. Please continue to offer advice like this! Uncle Ed 11:18, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

I'd be interested to know what you think of the proposal I am working on (although it was certainly not my original idea) at User:Ryan Delaney/sandbox as an improvement for the arbitration process. If you have any thoughts, please feel free to leave them on the talk page there. In particular, I addressed this idea of increasing the number of arbitrators, and why I feel it would not be a sufficient solution to these problems. --Ryan Delaney talk 23:17, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Another Problem
I think that another problem of wikipedia is that though there are wikiprojects no one sits down and evaluates the encyclopedia's weaknesses and organizes work loads for prject members to rectify them. --Ian 02:05, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Robert McClenon/Crisis


text:
Heatter-Quigley Productions

Heatter-Quigley Productions was an American television production company that was launched in 1960 by two former television writers, Merrill Heatter and Bob Quigley. After Quigley's retirement, the company became Merrill Heatter Productions.

History
On many of Heatter-Quigley's most popular game shows, beginning with Video Village, a key element of the game was enlarged, and in some instances the entire game itself was magnified to larger than life.

 * Video Village (later Shenanigans) employed a huge "living board game" motif that used contestants as tokens. (The popular late 1970s Canadian game show Mad Dash is similar to Video Village.)
 * The Hollywood Squares featured a massive tic-tac-toe board
 * High Rollers used an extra large pair of dice in a game similar to "Shut the Box"
 * Gambit had a large deck of playing cards in a game of blackjack
 * The Magnificent Marble Machine featured a gigantic pinball machine
 * Hot Seat used an oversized lie detector

In 1961, Heatter and Quigley entered into a partnership with Four Star Television to produce programming, and most of the assets were transferred to Four Star Television. In 1965, it became an independent television production company. In 1965, Heatter and Quigley created and aired a pilot episode of Hollywood Squares hosted by Bert Parks. The show was rejected by CBS, but NBC acquired broadcasting rights to the series. (Peter Marshall became the host of The Hollywood Squares.) In 1969, Heatter and Quigley sold the show, as well as the entire company to Filmways television. In 1981, Quigley retired and ended his partnership with Merrill Heatter just before Filmways was bought by Orion Pictures. Quigley died on November 27, 1989. Heatter continued solo and produced new game shows, such as Battlestars, All-Star Blitz, Bargain Hunters, and the 1980s version of High Rollers. On September 28, 1998, Heatter leased the worldwide rights to his solo-developed game shows to King World for a limited time. That option has now expired. CBS Media Ventures currently owns the format rights to Hollywood Squares today, via CBS's acquisition of King World Productions in 2000.

MGM Television acquired the rights from Orion Television to Heatter-Quigley shows with the exception of Hollywood Squares (which is currently owned by CBS Media Ventures) and Wacky Races (which is currently owned by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution (via Hanna-Barbera)). Orion had sold those rights to King World Productions after Orion closed its television division on November 25, 1991. Today, the rest of the Heatter-Quigley library are owned by MGM Television's subsidiary, Orion Television.

In 2008, Heatter returned to game show production with the GSN game show Catch 21, based on Gambit. Heatter is co-executive producer with another veteran producer, Scott Sternberg. Heatter died of cancer on October 8, 2017.

Employees
Kenny Williams was the announcer on all of Heatter-Quigley's game shows except two: Temptation (announced by Carl King) and The Magnificent Marble Machine (announced by Johnny Gilbert); both shows were hosted by Art James.

Many hosts would become famous for the shows they did for HQ. Peter Marshall became most famous for The Hollywood Squares, Wink Martindale would have his first big hit with Gambit, and Alex Trebek would see his first hit in America (after a long run with Reach for the Top in his native Canada) with High Rollers.

Titles by Heatter-Quigley Productions

 * Video Village/Video Village, Jr. (1960–1962)
 * Double Exposure (1961)
 * People Will Talk (1963)
 * The Celebrity Game (1964)
 * Shenanigans (1964–1965)
 * PDQ (1966–1969)
 * Showdown (1966)
 * Hollywood Squares/Storybook Squares (1966–1981 version)
 * Temptation (1967–1968)
 * Funny You Should Ask (1968–1969)
 * Wacky Races (1968–1970, co-produced with Hanna-Barbera Productions, rights owned by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution (via Hanna-Barbera and Warner Bros. Animation); the only non-game show produced by the company, although it was intended to have a game show element)
 * Name Droppers (1969)
 * Gambit (1972–1976)
 * Runaround (1972–1973); a British version of this show aired 1975–81
 * The Amateur's Guide to Love (1972)
 * Baffle (1973), a revival of PDQ.
 * All-Star Baffle (1974), Baffle with "civilian" contestants playing the bonus round, picked from the studio audience.
 * High Rollers (1974–1976; 1978–1980)
 * The Magnificent Marble Machine (1975–1976)
 * Hot Seat (1976)
 * To Say the Least (1977–1978)
 * Bedtime Stories (1979)
 * Las Vegas Gambit (1980–1981)

Titles by Merrill Heatter Productions

 * Battlestars (1981–1982)
 * Fantasy (1982–1983) (co-produced by Earl Greenberg Productions and Columbia Pictures Television)
 * The New Battlestars (1983)
 * All-Star Blitz (1985) (co-produced by Peter Marshall Enterprises)
 * Bargain Hunters (1987) (co-produced by Josephson Communications, Inc.)
 * High Rollers (1987–1988) (co-produced by Century Towers Productions and syndicated by Orion Television Syndication)
 * The Last Word (1989–1990) (syndicated by Turner Program Services)
 * Hollywood Teasers (1993; unsold revival of All-Star Blitz, distributed by MCA TV)
 * Catch 21 (2008–2016, 2019–2020) (co-produced by Scott Sternberg Productions)

title: Heatter-Quigley Productions


text:
Stephen Butcher (director)

Stephen Butcher (born 1946) is a British television director (Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Eldorado, The Grunts, others).

title: Stephen Butcher (director)


text:
Tatev Abrahamyan

Tatev Abrahamyan (Տաթև Աբրահամյան; born January 13, 1988) is an Armenian-American chess player. She currently holds the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM).

Early life and education
Abrahamyan moved from Armenia to the United States in 2001. Abrahamyan lives in Glendale, California. She studied at Anderson W. Clark Magnet High School at La Crescenta. She graduated in 2011 from California State University, Long Beach, double majoring in psychology and political science.

Career
Abrahamyan finished in a tie for first place with Nana Dzagnidze and Varvara Kirillova in the Girls U12 section of the 1999 European Youth Chess Championships, and took the bronze medal on tiebreak. She tied for first in the 2005 U.S. Women's Chess Championship and lost the playoff match to Rusudan Goletiani. In 2006, Abrahamyan won the Girls Under 18 section of the Pan American Youth Chess Festival, held in Cuenca, Ecuador, with a perfect score of 9/9 points. In 2008 Abrahamyan won the Goddess Chess Award for her uncompromising play. She tied for second place with Anna Zatonskih in the 2010 U.S. Women's Championship, behind the winner Irina Krush who achieved a score of 8/9, and took second again in 2011 after drawing with Zatonskih in an "Armageddon" tiebreak game. She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship in 2012 and 2015.

In team competitions, Abrahamyan has represented the United States in the Women's Chess Olympiad and in the Women's World Team Chess Championship.

title: Tatev Abrahamyan


text:
The Baxter

The Baxter is a 2005 American comedy film written by, directed by and starring comedian Michael Showalter. A "Baxter", as defined by the film, is the nice, dull guy in a romantic comedy who is dumped at the end of the story for the protagonist.

Much light humor is made of showing Showalter as a "Baxter" in several typical romantic comedy clichés: being abandoned at the altar as a former love is claimed by her high school sweetheart, and being left in college at a pep rally for an underdog sports hero. The plot revolves around the life of Elliot Sherman during the two weeks before his wedding, as he doggedly fights off the curse of his former Baxter role in relationships.

IFC Films financed the film and produced it with Plum Pictures. They gave the film a very limited release; it had a U.S. box office gross of $181,872.

Plot
Elliot, a tax accountant from Brooklyn, is a dependable though thoroughly average young man doomed to be the "Baxter", the nice guy who's bound to lose the girl to the leading man in romantic comedies. Losing three girlfriends to last-minute rekindled relationships with their ex-boyfriends has made Elliot wary of being abandoned yet again.

About a week before his wedding to his girlfriend, Caroline Swann, Elliot discovers that her high school beau, Bradley, is back in town. Elliot tries to keep himself composed, but even Caroline's reassurances do not convince him that her feelings for Bradley are buried. In the meantime, Elliot meets Cecil, his temporary secretary at his accounting firm. As he resigns himself to losing Caroline to Bradley, Cecil offers him a ray of hope: she does not believe in "Baxters" and thinks that his predicament is avoidable.

The two meet up again later that night at a small club where Cecil performs her original songs, and Cecil tells Elliot he needs to take more risks. When Cecil fights with her unsupportive boyfriend Dan, Elliot offers to put her up for the night. The next morning, Caroline shows up early with their wedding planner to finalize their plans. Elliot panics due to Cecil's hidden presence and during the meeting, makes a string of awkward suggestions, upsetting Caroline, who begins to doubt his commitment to their relationship, to the point of calling off the wedding.

While out at a bar with his friends from work, Elliot accidentally runs into Dan, who recognizes him as Cecil's "Baxter" friend. Dan is there to meet with Sonya, who's Bradley's current girlfriend and Dan's old college friend. They all decide to sit together, much to Elliot's chagrin. Both Dan and Bradley laugh and joke with Elliot's friends until one of them mentions that Caroline left him. Depressed and upset, Elliot leaves and contemplates suicide but he's interrupted by Caroline's brother-in-law, Louis (David Wain), who tells him Caroline is willing to give their engagement another chance.

Elliot plans a romantic dinner with Caroline but finds her with an anguished Bradley, who just broke up with Sonya and is back flirting with Caroline. Caroline convinces Elliot to take Bradley out with them. They cancel Elliot's reservations to an expensive restaurant and go instead to a burger place that Bradley knows well. Elliot feels out of place and eventually calls Cecil from the back of the restaurant, confessing that he feels that his marriage will be over before it begins.

The next day, Elliot arrives at work to find that Cecil is his temp again. When she proposes to go have a drink together, Elliot explains that after his phone call, the night actually got better for him. As Caroline accused Elliot of being unromantic, he stood up for himself and accepted to go dance with her and Bradley, actually impressing Caroline with his moves. Bradley shows off his breakdance routines, accidentally hitting Elliot in the face, to Caroline's concerns. Bradley apologizes and reveals that he will leave the next morning to Malta for his work as a geode student.

Though happy for him, Cecil is saddened by the news because of her growing feelings for Elliot. She mentions that Dan is moving to Cincinnati and she's going to follow him there, to Elliot's discomfort.

At Caroline and Elliot's wedding, Bradley crashes the ceremony and declares his love for Caroline, a split second after Elliot was going to voice his own objection. Caroline finally gives in and kisses Bradley passionately in front of the whole church. Elliot takes off immediately to catch Cecil before she leaves town and finds her at her apartment right while Dan is leaving. Elliot declares his love for her and chases off an old friend of hers who suddenly shows up. Later, they perform together at the same club where they had their first date, with Cecil singing one of her songs and Elliot playing the piano to back her up.

In a mid-credits scene, Dan reflects in narration on his own status as a Baxter, having just lost the girl to the leading man.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 32% based on reviews from 75 critics, with an average score of 5.05/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The Baxter is good-natured, but there are simply not enough laughs to fuel this comedy."

Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote: "The problem with The Baxter is right there at the center of the movie, and maybe it is unavoidable: Showalter makes too good of a baxter. He deserves to be dumped." John Anderson of Variety magazine wrote: "Showalter pushes too far: Nerdiness, after all, can be only so attractive."

title: The Baxter


text:
Gravir

Gravir (Grabhair ), is a village on the shore of Loch Odhairn (a sea loch) in the Park district of the Isle of Lewis. Gravir is within the parish of Lochs. There is a Free Church, a school and a voluntary fire station in the village. There is also a pier. Most of the plots of land used to be used for crofting, but this has declined in the last 50 years. The road leading to the village is the B8060, and continues on to Orinsay and Lemreway.

Economy
Gravir Pier is primarily used by fish farming vessels but is also used by small fishing and leisure craft. The fish farm located in Loch Odhairn is operated by the Scottish Salmon Company.

In March 2007, Scottish and Southern Energy proposed to build a converter station above the village and to use Gravir as the Western Isles landfall for a sub-sea interconnector cable, to export electricity generated from two proposed large scale windfarms at Eishken and Pairc across the Minch to mainland markets. The cable would run north of the Shiant bank and land at Little Lochbroom. On the Lewis side, it would enter the mouth of Loch Odhairn at the fish farm and run up the length of the sealoch under the shore at its head, by the old schoolhouse, and then be buried across crofts to the hilltop to the converter station. One network of overhead lines or pylons would run to the planned Pairc windfarm and to Eishken. Another run of overhead lines on wooden poles would leave Gravir by following the village road heading for the sub-station by the River Creed.

The proposed interconnector coming into Gravir has been placed on hold due to public objection to the proposals. Mr Openheim of Eisken estate, is happy for the interconnector to go directly into his estate via a more southerly sea loch should it ever be required in the future.

SSE prefers Arnish Point as of 2016.

title: Gravir


text: User talk:Mhendric

title: User talk:Mhendric


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bob Moricz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was to delete the article. --Canderson7 18:22, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Bob Moricz
nn vanity Groeck 19:40, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. IMDb search is a zero.   Paul Klenk

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.