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Colonial war

Colonial war (in some contexts referred to as small war) is a blanket term relating to the various conflicts that arose as the result of overseas territories being settled by foreign powers creating a colony. The term especially refers to wars fought during the nineteenth century between European armies in Africa and Asia.

Classification
Traditionally, wars could be divided into three categories: wars of conquest, wars of liberation, and wars between states. These classifications can likewise be distinguished among colonial wars. Still, the term "colonial war" typically refers to a war of conquest. Wars of conquest, in a colonial context, can be further broken down into two stages: a period of typically brief, regular warfare between an invading power and an indigenous force (which may be, in comparison to the invader, irregular in composition or organization) followed by a period of irregular warfare. Counter-insurgency operations may be undertaken in order to prepare territory for settlement. Once a foothold has been established by an incoming power, it may launch expeditions into neighboring territory in retaliation against hostility or to neutralize a potential enemy.

Common characteristics
Colonial wars differed from "regular" wars (conflicts between neighboring states) in several ways. The first was that they were more political affairs than military ones. In contrast to regular wars, in which the goals of the belligerents were limited, colonial wars were absolute; conquering powers sought to exert total and permanent control over a territory and its population and ensure lasting stability. In spite of this, resources allotted to colonial campaigns were with few exceptions limited. The meanings of defeat and victory were usually more complicated in colonial wars, as in many cases the invading power would face a belligerent that was not encapsulated by a city, government or ruler. There was often less of a distinction between indigenous citizens and the regular armed forces of defending nations. This lack of centralized authority meant that formal peace agreements were rarely made. Without government structures that could be taken over, administration of conquered peoples and territory was more difficult. To counter this colonial armies would establish or rebuild markets, schools and other public entities following a conflict, as the Americans did in the Philippines following the Spanish–American War.

In contrast to indigenous forces, European armies (the most common colonizing forces) were always professional forces, removed from the general population. Tasked with the work of rebuilding and administering colonies, colonial armies were often active while regular armies in mother countries remained idle until conflict arose. As such, soldiers in these armies would develop their own military culture and practices. Most of a colonial soldier's knowledge would come from direct experience and not from a formal military education. European armies were almost always technically superior to the indigenous forces they faced, though this could not always be used to their advantage, as equipment like heavy artillery required roads (often not present) and deploying formations such as cavalry presented great logistical challenges. European armies also maintained good discipline, had high morale, were well trained and were educated in their possible deployments and in performing maneuvers. Regardless of the skill of their commanders, native armies usually lacked such cohesion and understanding of warfare. Colonial powers also employed colonial troops in their campaigns, most of whom were of a mixed composition between metropolitan men and officers and indigenous conscripts.

Historical era
Colonial warfare became prevalent in the late 15th century as European powers increasingly seized overseas territories and began colonizing them. The era of colonial wars is generally considered to have ended following the conclusion of the Portuguese Colonial War in 1974, though some consider the Falklands War of 1982 to be the last true colonial war. Colonial wars are considered to be some of the first instances of irregular warfare and resulted in some of the first studies of counter-insurgency practices.

Policy, strategy, and tactics
Colonial military practices and tactics were usually regarded as secondary to regular warfare by colonial powers. Due to this emphasis on more direct conflicts, imperial operations and development in colonial ventures often received less attention from the armed forces of nations responsible for them. Locally stationed military officials sometimes developed and conducted their own war policies free from metropolitan restraint. Other times, metropolitan policy was implemented at their discretion. French commanders cared little for state policy when conducting their campaigns in Western Sudan in the 1870s and 1880s, while German soldiers in Africa frequently operated contrary to the directions of the colonial bureaucracy. Colonial wars often strained relations between civil and military officials, who competed for control over policy.

As in total war, invading powers often directed actions against indigenous non-combatants and local economies. This included the burning of villages, theft of cattle, and systematic destruction of crops as committed by the French in pacification campaigns in Algeria, and the Germans in the Herero Wars of southern Africa. In extreme cases, some powers advocated for the extermination of troublesome peoples, as the Germans did following the Herero conflict, resulting in the Herero and Namaqua genocide. Such actions were usually undertaken when there was a lack of political or military goals for an invader to achieve (if there was no central government to seize or organized army to subdue) as a means to subjugate local populations. European powers held the common perception that Asians and Africans "only understood the language of violence" so that they would not be subdued but through heavy-handed means. They refused to make concessions to indigenous forces for fear of appearing weak.

Invading powers were much more easily frustrated when an indigenous force chose to wage a guerrilla war instead of committing to pitched battles, such as in the Franco-Hova Wars or the First Indochina War. Indigenous leaders such as Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine of Algeria, Mahmadu Lamine of Senegal, and Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire were able to resist European colonialism for years after disregarding traditional methods and using guerrilla tactics instead. In practice, regular and irregular forms of warfare generally happened within quick succession of one another. A handful of traditional battles were won by indigenous Asian and African forces with numerical superiority or the element of surprise over colonial powers, but over time they faced staggering losses and discouraging defeats. Such trends were marked by the German suppression of the Maji Maji Rebellion, the defeat of the Zulus at the hands of British forces at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, and the destruction of Mahdist cavalry by British Maxim machine guns at the Battle of Omdurman.

Britain and France developed field manuals to prepare soldiers for colonial warfare, whereas Germany lacked a defined system for educating its troops on colonial deployment. Artillery was used by colonizers primarily as a means to demoralize indigenous fighters.

Indigenous forces were usually made up of foot soldiers.

North America
The first major colonial wars in North America were fought by Spanish conquistadors.

Up until the American Revolutionary War, most of the colonial conflicts in North America, if they were not amphibious operations, took place in the wilderness. Most of the first British colonists in the region were farmers and merchants, not professional soldiers. At the onset of the Colony of Virginia they underwent military drilling and fortified their settlements. However, this practice was soon abandoned and a militia system was adopted. Regular militias consisted of all able males from 16 to 60 years of age who used their own firearms and served without pay. Training was minimal and occurred once a year, at which point militiamen would have to demonstrate their proficiency with their weapons. In the areas under the greatest threat from Native Americans, the militias would garrison several fortified dwellings, though militiamen usually defended their own homes. From these militias, paid "rangers" were hired to patrol the frontier line and occasionally conduct offensive raids on Native American villages.

With the exception of the raiding expeditions of the French and Indian War, the majority of early colonial campaigns between colonizing powers in North America were fought in order to secure strategic forts. The purpose of nearly all movements against forts was to bring sufficient artillery close enough to breach their walls. As such, any typical attack involved the transport of cannon by a labor force, covered by an escort of troops, which would then be used to secure a compromised fort.

On the American frontier in the United States, experienced Native trackers were employed as auxiliary scouts to gather intelligence on hostile Native Americans' positions and movements. Most Native Americans performed hit-and-run attacks on United States troops and settlers, often with horses. If their camp was discovered, their activities would be disrupted, usually via an early morning surprise assault. Trackers were usually native or mixed-race, though some were white. Indigenous people were often demoralized when they saw other natives working with United States forces.

Native American tribes in west were culturally predisposed to political and military independence. In turn, they struggled to unite against white settlers from the east, and were often distracted from doing so by internal conflicts of their own. Some individual tribes even had trouble uniting among themselves. Still, some managed to form coalitions, such as the alliance between the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne which dominated the northern region of the Great Plains during the mid-nineteenth century. Regardless, all native peoples were at an economic and industrial disadvantage to the United States.

Africa
The first colonial wars in Africa occurred between the Portuguese and various coastal inhabitants as the former sought to expand its trading empire with Asia. In spite of their efforts, the Portuguese conquistadors were only able to establish limited territorial holdings in Sub-Saharan regions, facing tropical disease and organized resistance from Africans armed with iron weapons. They were also greatly outnumbered and encountered difficulty in getting their muskets to function in the humid climate.

In the 1600s and 1700s, other European powers such as the Dutch, the British, and the French began to take interest in Africa as a means to supply slaves to their American colonies. They gradually established their own enclaves along the West African coast where they could actively trade with local rulers. This remained the state of affairs up through the early 1800s, as few Europeans showed interest in claiming large territories in the continent.

The European colonial campaigns in Africa were generally conducted by European forces with support from native troops. While European soldiers were generally more reliable, they were susceptible to diseases in tropical climates that local Africans had adjusted to, making it more optimal (less money had to be spent on medical treatment) for the latter to be deployed in Sub-Saharan environments. As such, European formations were often deployed on the continent for limited periods of time, while native units were used for longer expeditions. The powers concurred that the "African methods of warfare" were "inherently cruel". Such logic was used to justify the commission of atrocities in conflict.

African peoples were relatively disjointed, leading European powers to employ a strategy of divide and rule, aggravate internal tensions, and make use of collaborationism. In response, African leaders sometimes formed coalitions. General Thomas Robert Bugeaud oversaw the first deployment of mobile columns in a colonial war in 1840 when he ordered formations to raid and plunder Arab settlements to aid in the French pacification of Algeria upon realizing that local civilians were playing a key role in the war effort.

By the early 20th century, colonial campaigns in Africa had become increasingly "modern". Colonial powers were forced to commit larger bodies of troops for conquest or to suppress rebellion, as the British had to in the Second Boer War or the Italians did in their conquest of Libya. Some of this was due to the fact that in many —but not all— places the technological gap between European armies and native forces had shrunk considerably, mostly with the proliferation of quick-firing rifles. Most of this change was brought on by the evolution of Africans' tactics and strategy. They had abandoned pitched battles and had instead adopted methods of guerrilla warfare. In this fashion, the Boers (in South Africa), the Herero and Nama (in German South-West Africa), the Moroccans, and the Libyans all enjoyed considerable success against their opponents before their eventual respective defeats.

Asia
Asia, like Europe, was home to several powerful empires. Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries both dramatically increased their commercial activities, especially with one another. However, unlike Europe, Asia's military capabilities developed very little. Most Asian armies were drawn up by local ruling elites from fighting classes of men with whom they had personal ties. They were funded by plunder, rent payments, and taxes. However, payment through taxes was frequently undermined by corrupt individuals in imperial bureaucracies, who would embezzle the funds for personal use.

This changed significantly with the widespread adoption of gunpowder between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, giving rise to renewed imperial power in China and Japan. Cannon capable of breaching fortified walls and ending sieges was the principal weapon. However, once the new artillery was incorporated into imperial forces, there was little incentive to experiment with new military technologies or forms of organization. Any major recruitment overhauls were likely to upset local power structures. With the suppression of nomadic steppe raiders (through the use of muskets) and the relatively limited presence of European merchantmen, there was little external pressure to alter their methods of warfare. The Asian empires also began to experience internal divisions. Competition between local elites over tax revenue burdened populaces, contributing greatly to the collapse of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Population growth also strained farmers and their children, breeding sectarian violence in China in the 1770s.

Meanwhile, European states were frequently warring with one another, and developed new weapons and tactics to maintain military dominance. Drilling allowed for the conscription and recruitment of masses of unskilled men who would be disciplined in the performance of maneuvers. New tax systems made it possible to fund standing armies and ensure soldiers a regular salary. Enhanced power structures solidified the control commanders and political leaders had over their forces, making them effective even when operating far from seats of authority. The Industrial Revolution further increased Europeans' technological capabilities.

Ultimately, Asia's antiquated governments and military establishment were unable to match the Europeans' institutions. European military dominance over Asia would become apparent in India in the eighteenth century and in China and Japan in the nineteenth century.

As in Africa, European colonial ventures in Asia were usually bolstered by native soldiers.

Oceania

The Queensland Native Mounted Police Force regularly employed native trackers against Indigenous Australians' communities. The force was disbanded in the 1890s after all of the native populations had been subjugated.

title: Colonial war


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Talk:Red Dawn (audio drama)

Quality Assessment
Start Class:

 * The article contains a useful picture or graphic
 * There are multiple links to websites with more info on the topic
 * There is one subheading which fully treats an element of the topic - the cast section and a useful info box

Importance Scale:

Mid - While the story is notable within Doctor Who field it is unknown outside of this--Amxitsa (talk) 14:38, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Red Dawn (audio drama)


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Gryffe Reservoirs

The Gryffe Reservoirs, also spelled 'Gryfe', take their name from the River Gryffe, name deriving from the Gaelic garbh meaning "rough stream". are two reservoirs, known as Gryffe No. 1 and Gryffe No. 2, located in Inverclyde in the west central Lowlands of Scotland.

Description
The larger reservoir, Gryffe No. 1, is adjacent to Loch Thom with Gryffe No. 2 connecting immediately to the east. Together, they are occasionally known as Loch Gryffe. Both reservoirs are impounded by earthwork dams, No.1 has a surface area of 63.9 ha and No.2's area is 28.8 ha. The average depth of Gryffe No.2 is 5.2 m, the deepest point being near the wall of the dam where it is 10.4 m.

The reservoirs are fed from a stream rising on Creuch Hill. Their outflow, the Gryffe Water flows east into the valley of Strath Gryffe, joins with the Green Water to form the River Gryffe near Kilmacolm.

History
The Gryffe Reservoirs were constructed following an Act of Parliament in 1866 to improve the drinking water supply for the town of Greenock and its environs, the impetus for this was a typhus epidemic in 1864 that had resulted in the deaths of thousands of people in Greenock. Construction of the Gryffe Reservoir was completed in 1872 and it is still primarily used to provide Greenock with drinking water. The water is conveyed to Greenock in a tunnel, the route of which is marked with air shafts, which ends at the Whinhill Water Treatment Works. The reservoirs were originally run by the Greenock Water Trust but are now owned and managed by Scottish Water.

Fishing
There are fisheries on both reservoirs. One the lower reservoir, Gryfe No2. Fishing is only allowed from the bank and the water is stocked with farmed brown trout which are larger than the wild brown trout which can also be found in the loch. On the upper reservoir, Gryfe No1, fishing is controlled by the Dunrod Angling Club. The water has a head of natural brown trout which is occasionally supplemented by stocking.

title: Gryffe Reservoirs


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Dagny Mellgren

Dagny Mellgren Haugland (Mellgren; born 19 June 1978) from Ålgård is a former Norwegian footballer.

Career
She retired in December 2005 while playing for Klepp. She has also played for Boston Breakers, in the WUSA. She scored the golden goal in the final against the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal for Norway. She retired from football in December 2005.

Personal life
Mellgren and her partner Gert Haugland had a child in September 2006.

title: Dagny Mellgren


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User:Moravek

Moravek

Contributions
I work mostly on medical pages, and contribute also on Croatian Wikipedia. My contributions you could browse here:
 * Moravek - hr
 * Moravek - en

Biography:
To learn more about me, check my CV: Davor Moravek

meta:User:Moravek

title: User:Moravek


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Shengao

Shengao is a town in Jiangyan District, Taizhou, south-central Jiangsu province, China. It is called the hometown of fish and rice because of the high quality of the fish and rice production in the town. It is among the first of the opening cities designated by the State Council of China.

Location
Shengao town is located just north of the core of Jiangyan District. The Nanjing-Qidong railway and Yangzhou Canal pass through the town from east to west. The Nanjing-Yancheng highway and Jiangyan-Qingtong river also go through the town from south-to-north, providing a very good transportation network.

Economy
Shengao is famous for its 'green agriculture' and scenery. Organic food, such as vegetables, fish, shrimps, and crabs are the main output in its agriculture sector. Some of the well-known brands are 'Heheng' rice=, 'Santai' pickles, and 'Ruchun' preserved duck eggs. There are 10 categories of food qualified to use the national 'Green Food' symbol, and most of these are products of Jiangsu province.

Industry in Shengao is developing.

In June 1995, when Jiang Chunyun, vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress (NPC) visited Shengao, he pointed out Shengao is an example of modern agriculture, and the experience of developing of agriculture is very convincing and has a say in the national wide. Shengao has a total GDP 38.1 million and a tax income 1.8 million yuan. This year, Shengao was named a good example of Dainan and Zhangguo style towns by the Secretary General and mayor of Taizhou.

Awards
In 1990, Heheng village in Jiangyan city was awarded Global 500 Roll of Honor by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) because of its success in protecting the environment while increasing the grain yield and its wide use of marsh biogas ponds.

Villages
Postal Code: 225538
 * Shengao
 * Dantang
 * Lianmeng
 * Wanzhong
 * Guanzhuang
 * Jiahe
 * Shuangxing
 * Xiazhu
 * Heheng
 * Fengzhuang
 * Tianmin
 * Houbao
 * Huayang
 * Xiabei : Seat of Townhall.
 * Zhaoxing

Companies

 * Jiangyan Hengyuan Clothing Corp (姜堰市恒源布厂)
 * Jiangyan Huanqiu Auto Corp (姜堰市环球汽车电器厂)
 * Jiangsu Kangjian Medical Instrument Ltd (江苏康健医疗用品有限公司, 超幸村, +86-523-8651752)
 * Jiangyan Xinkang Medical Instrument Ltd (姜堰市新康医疗器械有限公司)
 * 江苏百灵农化有限公司
 * 江苏动物药品厂有限公司
 * 江苏新华袜厂
 * 泰州市华隆针织有限公司
 * 江苏金刚针织有限公司
 * 姜堰市新型纺织有限公司
 * Jiangsu Santai Pickle and Researve Food Ltd (江苏三泰酱菜有限公司, 沈高村, +86-523-8651010)
 * 姜堰市鑫生园食品有限公司
 * 姜堰市明珠米厂
 * 姜堰市明牛乳业有限公司
 * 泰州正荣特种禽业发展有限公司
 * 泰州市河横家禽育种有限公司

Schools

 * Shengao Middle School (沈高中学)
 * Shengao Career Training High School

title: Shengao


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User talk:Chris Garland

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  V.   Molotov     22:32, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Chris Garland


text: User talk:72.25.101.130

title: User talk:72.25.101.130


text:
City of Quartz

City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles is a 1990 book by Mike Davis examining how contemporary Los Angeles has been shaped by different powerful forces in its history. The book opens with Davis visiting the ruins of the socialist community of Llano, organized in 1914 in what is now the Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles. The community moved in 1918, leaving behind the "ghost" of an alternative future for LA.

Davis then explores intellectuals' competing ideas of Los Angeles, from the "sunshine" promoted by real estate boosters early in the 20th century, to the "debunkers," the muckraking journalists of the early century, to the "noir" writers of the 1930s and the exiles fleeing from fascism in Europe, and finally the "sorcerers," the scientists at Caltech.

The rest of the book explores how different groups wielded power in different ways: the downtown Protestant elite, led by the Chandler family of the Los Angeles Times; the new elite of the Jewish Westside; the surprisingly powerful homeowner groups; the Los Angeles Police Department. He covers the Irish leadership of the Catholic Church and its friction with the numerically dominant Latino element. The book concludes at what Davis calls the "junkyard of dreams," the former steel town of Fontana, east of LA, a victim of de-industrialization and decay.

The second edition of the book, published in 2006, contains a new preface detailing changes in Los Angeles since the work was written in the late 1980s.

Critical reception
The Los Angeles Times architecture critic, Christopher Hawthorne, criticized City of Quartz for its "dark generalization and knee-jerk far-leftism," but concluded that the book "is without question the most significant book on Los Angeles urbanism to appear since Reyner Banham's Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies was published in 1971." He ranked it "one of the three most important treatments of that subject ever written, joining Four Ecologies and Carey McWilliams' 1946 book Southern California: An Island on the Land."

In the Boston Review, Mark Haefele called the book "a black hole of Southland noir," but also wrote, "What's brilliant about Davis's book is his perception of Los Angeles as incarceration, its new prisons a major industry... He's right that a broad landscape of the city is turning itself into Postmodern Piranesi. And to young black males in particular, the city has become a prisoner factory."

The San Francisco Examiner concluded that "Few books shed as much light on their subjects as this opinionated and original excavation of Los Angeles from the mythical debris of its past and future", and Peter Ackroyd, writing in The Times of London, called the book "A history as fascinating as it is instructive."

Reviews

 * Blanchard, Marc. Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 4 (November, 1992).
 * Bray, Chris. Suck.com, Wall of Voodoo (December 15, 1998).
 * Decker, Jeffrey Louis. American Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1 (March, 1992).
 * Erie. Steven P. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 107., No. 1 (Spring, 1992).
 * Ford, Richard T. Transition, No. 57 (1992).
 * Horton, John. Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20, No. 6 (November, 1991).
 * Kirkham, Pat. Journal of Design History, Vol. 5., No. 2 (1992).
 * Knox, Paul. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 83, No. 1 (March 1993).
 * Williams, Rosalind. Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (March, 1993).

title: City of Quartz


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Talk:Interstate 22

New county road shield needed
I-22 was just extended to the new Co. Hwy. 77/Coalburg Rd. exit in Jefferson County, Ala. We need a shield made for the county road. Who has been doing that for us? - Realkyhick (Talk to me) 20:28, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Please take it to WP:USRD/S/R; this is not the place to ask for it. --Rschen7754 (T C) 21:12, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Map needed
A map, even a rudimentary one, would be of immense benefit to this item.Eregli bob (talk) 02:02, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Proposed interstate still?
This is listed still as a proposed interstate but the article is written like it already exists in some way. I am just looking for clarification because the infobox header shows green, but if it still unsigned then it should be orange. What is I-22 current standing? --WashuOtaku (talk) 13:49, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

 * According to this article part of the highway in Alabama has I-22 signs up. So it seems to be partially open at least.  Some earlier articles said I-22 would not be declared open until the interchange with I-65 in Birmingham was completed. -Fnlayson (talk) 18:58, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you! --WashuOtaku (talk) 19:04, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 June 2016
I-22 was completed as of today 6-20-2016, members of the Alabama dept of transportation formally opened all of I-22 as the I-65 interchange has been completed

Clintfranks78 (talk) 00:57, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

 * That needs a source to back it per Wikipedia policies. -Fnlayson (talk) 01:25, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * OK, here's an article about the opening: "Interstate 22 Interchange Opens..." -Fnlayson (talk) 01:49, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Alright, now edit the article by adding the reference to it. --WashuOtaku (talk) 02:47, 21 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Chill out. June 20 is already stated as the planned opening date in the Alabama section. The text has been updated using the article above. -Fnlayson (talk) 12:19, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Routing specifics in Birmingham
The article states that US 78 continues along I-22 to its intersection with I-65? Doesn't it leave the route with AL-5 at exit 85? Mccunicano (talk) 00:56, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Extensions to Georgia and Arkansas?
Look at this webpage, and scroll down to the map about halfway through. It shows potential extensions of I-22 through Columbus, GA, and then on across South Georgia. And in the other direction, going into Arkansas. Possibly towards Kansas City? Unfortunately, there is no source given. Has anyone else heard of these potential extensions? Is the map (posted anonymously on a message board) enough of a source to include something in this wikipedia article? Thoughts and comments would be appreciated. Dunncon13 (talk) 15:53, 1 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, forgot link: https://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/topic/31617-interstate-22/ Dunncon13 (talk) 15:54, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Message board posts and other user editable pages are not reliable sources on Wikipedia. There needs to be some reports on this from media outlets.  The message board post implies campaign promises/plans originally from some 10 years ago. I can't get the dashlerforgov.com link to open here at work. -Fnlayson (talk) 16:03, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Concur with Fnlayson, there needs to be more solid information that can be referenced. --WashuOtaku (talk) 16:10, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

I-22 extended to I-240
I’m not sure exactly when this occurred, but if you pull up a map of Memphis, you can see that I-22 has now been extended to I-240 and not just I-269. Therefore all references to its ending at I-269 need to be updated, as well as all references to its being solely in Mississippi and Alabama. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Legofan613 (talk • contribs) 16:48, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

 * What map are you looking at that shows I-22 ending at I-240 in Memphis? Google maps shows I-22 ending at I-269 in Byhalia, though this might not be a current map. -Fnlayson (talk) 17:19, 6 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I concur with Fnlayson. StreetView photography from April 2018 shows no road construction going on along US 78. I know construction crews are good, but not that good. –Fredddie™ 17:54, 6 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Here is US 78 at I-240.  It's an undivided 5-lane boulevard.  That's not interstate standards.  I believe that, on some planning maps, I-78 between I-269 and I-240 may be designated as Future I-22, but it certainly isn't there yet.  -- Jayron 32 18:14, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

Unsinged I-22 Bussiness Spur Route
Does I-22 have a unsigned business spur after passing I-269 and west end of I-22? 69.1.39.81 (talk) 18:03, 26 May 2021 (UTC)

Exit list
Should the mile numbers listed for I-22 in Mississippi in the exit list be changed to match the mileposts? Since the are just based on U.S. 78's mileage in Mississippi, and since it sourced with Google maps, going onto street view will show you that I-22's mileposts and exit numbers are just the existing ones of U.S. 78. NintendoTTTEfan2005 (talk) 03:22, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate 22


text:
User talk:Icosahedron

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  V.   Molotov     22:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
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Re: The Encyclopædia of Ball Juggling at DYK
No worries -- the process at WP:DYK can be a touch on the Byzantine side! For future reference, if the hook is removed from the Suggestions page, it always means it has been moved to the template for use in the next update. (Although any other editor can move it back to the Suggestions page, with a note explaining their reason.) If an editor feels there are insuperable problems with the article, then it can be struck out or indented, but it won't be deleted. Regards, Espresso Addict 01:43, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:UserIcosahedron.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:UserIcosahedron.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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Confirming Commons POTY voters
Are you the same person on Commons?--Chaser (talk) 00:04, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, I am the same person on Commons! Icosahedron (talk) 00:36, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you.--Chaser (talk) 00:53, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of The Encyclopædia of Ball Juggling for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article The Encyclopædia of Ball Juggling is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, an open access peer reviewed journal with no charges, invites you to participate
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title: User talk:Icosahedron


text: User talk:71.104.54.21

title: User talk:71.104.54.21


text:
The Bonfire of the Manatees

"The Bonfire of the Manatees" is the first episode of the seventeenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 11, 2005, making it the first Simpsons season premiere to air in September since the eleventh season opened with "Beyond Blunderdome" on September 26, 1999.

The episode was written by Dan Greaney and directed by Mark Kirkland. In its original broadcast, it was watched by around eleven million viewers.

Plot
Homer gets into trouble with the local mob over football gambling debts. As compensation, Fat Tony wants to use the Simpson home for shooting the adult film Lemony Lick-It's A Series of Horny Events, with the participation of Carl and Lenny. Homer gets Marge and the kids to leave the house by sending them off to "Santa's Village". Marge and the kids return home to find the production is still underway. Marge, outraged by Homer's latest bit of idiocy, leaves. Homer, home alone with the kids, tries to figure out what to do next.

Just as Marge is about ready to reconcile with Homer (though she flatly expresses that she is not interested in his gift of Kwik-E-Mart chocolates, half of which have test bites), she encounters Dr. Caleb Thorn, a good-looking scientist with a passion for saving the endangered manatee. Homer and the kids go on a quest to find Marge, and they stop and stay with their "country cousins" (their dog is Santa's Little Helper's brother). Meanwhile, Marge is finding herself while helping to save manatees. Caleb helps Marge realize that Homer is still the man she fell in love with, and the problem is that she still expects him to change.

Homer decides to win Marge back by saving a herd of manatees from a gang of abusing jet skiers. The gang initially agreed to leave, but return after hearing Homer calling them 'rubes'. He attempts to organize the manatees to battle the gang, but they all flee. However, the gang is dispersed when Homer's country cousin shows up with a notarized court order to have all jet skiers vacate the waters at once. Despite Homer's failure, Marge is impressed by his efforts to save the manatees and declares she is taking home "the real endangered species": "a devoted husband". The family decides to take a mini-vacation, and Homer gets a manatee sent to the power plant to fill in for his job for the next few days. When the manatee is about to die of dehydration, Mr. Burns and Smithers help him by washing him like a car, which the manatee actually enjoys.

Production
The idea for the episode was originally pitched on January 16, 2004, during the writers' idea sessions for The Simpsons Movie. Al Jean suggested the idea of the family rescuing manatees, and while it was rejected for the film, it was adapted into the script for the episode.

Cultural references
The title of this episode is a pun on the film The Bonfire of the Vanities (film).

The title of the adult film that is shot in the Simpson household Lemony Lick-It's A Series of Horny Events is a spoof of the film Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events though the scenes of A Series of Horny Events shown in the episode bare no resemblance to A Series of Unfortunate Events.

The song playing in the washing of the manatee scene is "Car Wash" by Rose Royce.

Reception
On May 11, 2008, Entertainment Weekly named Alec Baldwin's role as Caleb Thorn as the first of 16 great guest stars on The Simpsons.

The episode is also notable for having predicted the team matchup for Super Bowl XLVIII between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks.

The title of the episode is a reference to the novel The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe.

title: The Bonfire of the Manatees


text:
Uwe Wittwer

Uwe Wittwer (born 1954) is a Swiss artist. He lives and works in Zürich, Switzerland. The media he uses include watercolor, oil painting, inkjet prints and video.

Life and work
Uwe Wittwer is an autodidact. Born 1954 in Zurich where he went to school, he originally trained as a social worker (Bern, 1974–1977). In 1979 he rented his first studio. His early works were colourful abstract expressive oil paintings. The change towards figurative painting took place during the mid 80s. His first solo exhibition was at Galerie Walcheturm, Zurich in 1983. In 1989 he spent time in London on a studio grant (Binz 39 Foundation, Zurich). In 1994 studied in Paris for a year, financed by a grant by the Canton Zurich. In the same year, he received the Swiss federal scholarship for the arts. 1998 solo exhibition at Helmhaus Zurich, the first time his digitally edited photographs were shown. Since then, digitally manipulated images are part of his work. He works with images downloaded from the internet.

'Uwe Wittwer is a painter with a restricted, a ritualised vocabulary'; his motifs consist of four main subjects: landscapes, cities, still lifes and portraits, - later condensed into three main themes: idyll, referential work and the theme of violence.

The works of reference encompass interiors and still lifes of Dutch Masters, such as Pieter de Hooch or Willem Kalf and works by French and British masters like Jean Siméon Chardin, Nicolas Poussin, Thomas Gainsborough. Another recurring image is that of Charon in his boat, based on Arnold Böcklin's Isle of the Dead. The theme of violence covers subjects like 'free time' of American soldiers in the Vietnam War, ruins of bombed out cities or scorched family homes.

Uwe Wittwer's work is underlined by 'the question of what a picture is' and the question how memory affects images.

Uwe Wittwer was guest tutor at the Witten/Herdecke University, Germany (1998–2000) and at the Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany (2010)

In 2008 he was voted into The 50 most important artists of Switzerland List by Bilanz Magazine.

In 2013 two of his works were added to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions (a selection) Kunsthalle Bern, CH (1991); Museum Schloss Morsbroich, Kunstverein Leverkusen, GER (1997); Helmhaus Zurich, CH (1998); University Art Gallery, Pittsburgh PA, USA (2000); Kunstmuseum Solothurn, CH (2005); Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, GER (2005); Haunch of Venison, Zurich (2007); Cohan and Leslie, New York (2008); Nolan Judin, Berlin (2009); Fred Jahn, Munich (2009); Haunch of Venison, London (2009); Lullin + Ferrari, Zurich (2010); Haunch of Venison, London; Nolan Judin, Berlin (2011); Haunch of Venison, London (2011); Void, Derry (2012), SMAC Gallery, Cape Town (2012), Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal (2013); Nolan Judin, Berlin (2013), Lullin + Ferrari, Zurich (2013); Parafin, London (2015), Judin Gallery, Berlin (2016), Lullin + Ferrari Gallery, Zurich (2017), Judin Gallery, Berlin (2018), Peter Kilchmann Gallery, Zurich (2019), Kunsthaus Grenchen, Grenchen (2019)

Group exhibitions (a selection) Tatort London, Galerie Schübbe, Düsseldorf, GER (1996); Die Schärfe der Unschärfe, Kunstmuseum Solothurn (1998); Swiss Contemporary Art, Sungkok Art Museum, Seoul (1998); Schafft Land!, Stadtmuseum Siegburg, GER (2000); L'Imagine ritrovata Museo cantonale d'Arte, Lugano, CH (2002); Big is beautiful Musée d'art et d'histoire de la Ville de Neuchâtel, CH (2002); Flower Myth - van Gogh to Jeff Koons, Fondation Beyeler, Basel, CH (2005); Reprocessing Reality, P.S.1 MoMA, New York (2006); Fade Away and Radiate, Cohan and Leslie Gallery, New York (2007); Mythologies, Haunch of Venison Burlington Gardens, London (2009); Courtauld Institute of Art, London (2010); Watercolour, Tate Britain, London (2011); Haunch of Venison, Eastcastle Street, London (2012); Das Doppelte Bild, Kunstmuseum Solothurn (2013), ''Abraham. Ovid. Das Andere, with Slawomir Elsner, at Lullin + Ferrari, Zurich (2015); Die Augen der Bilder – Porträts von Fragonard bis Dumas, Museum Langmatt, Baden (2017); Peter Kilchmann Gallery, Zurich (2018); Journeys with ‘The Waste Land’, Herbert Art Gallery, Coventry (2018); No use-by date'', Museum of Fine Arts Bern, Bern (2019)

title: Uwe Wittwer


text:
Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown

Life is a Circus, Charlie Brown is the 20th prime-time animated television special based upon the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz. It originally aired on the CBS network on October 24, 1980. The special won an Emmy Award in 1981 for Outstanding Animated Program.

Synopsis
Snoopy is lying on top of his doghouse when he hears music. He follows the music and finds a circus unloading. Among other animals, he sees three poodles, and immediately latches onto the white one (whom the audience later learns is named Fifi). Polly, the dog's trainer, sees Snoopy and pulls him inside.

The next day, Peppermint Patty calls Charlie Brown to tell him her school gave all students the day off to see the circus. Charlie Brown tells her that his school will be closed as well, and they decide to attend the circus together. At the circus, the children see Snoopy perform as part of a dog act. They all realize it is Snoopy and eventually relish his new career, despite Snoopy's shortcomings, being completely untrained. However, Charlie Brown insists that Snoopy's career is being his dog. Despite Snoopy making a fool of himself during the performance, Polly's boss tells Polly to include Snoopy in future performances, but is to be given the name Hugo The Great.

Later that night, Charlie Brown realizes Snoopy has not returned. He goes to the circus site in time to see Snoopy enter a boxcar, still following Fifi. The gate of the boxcar slams shut on him, and the circus train pulls away. The next scene involves Snoopy trying to find a good, warm place to fall asleep while the train is in motion. First he tries to lie on the humps of a camel, only to slide off in between both humps each time, then he finds what looks like a bail of hay next to one of the bears, which Snoopy settles into. However, it turns out to be a lion, who wakes up and looks at Snoopy contemptuously. Snoopy wakes up and when he sees the lion looking at him, runs away scared, running over the top of the bear (waking it, but that's all) and ending up stopping when he sees other props on the other side of the car. He decides to lie on top of one box, which turns out to be the saw-a-person-in-half magic trick. He falls into that box and his head and feet appear out the holes in each end.

In the morning, after the circus train arrives at its next call, Polly slowly trains Snoopy to become part of the act. First, he is taught to ride a unicycle first on the ground, then on the high wire. Snoopy also learns to do a backflip, and his performance in the next show is an improvement.

Meanwhile, back home, Lucy has decided to board up the doorway of Snoopy's doghouse and place a sign on it which reads "Premises Condemned". Charlie Brown also recounts to Linus the story of why his parents gave him a pet dog. (This story was also told in the film Snoopy Come Home.)

Polly decides to expand the act by getting Snoopy and Fifi to do a trapeze act. Snoopy takes to the air a little more fearlessly, Fifi is initially scared. Eventually it works out, and at the next show, combined with the backflips and the unicycle ride, they are a major success.

After the show, Polly gives Snoopy and Fifi the good news that they are officially the stars of the circus. However, her boss feels their colors do not fit and wants them both dyed pink. She first wrestles Snoopy into a large vat of food coloring, and after he is completely pink, she goes to do the same to Fifi, but Snoopy jumps between them growling menacingly at her. After Polly shows no fear and tells him basically to get out of her way, Snoopy attacks her and wrestles her into the food coloring until she too is all pink, then jumps out and runs away, taking Fifi with him to the bus stop to return home, but Fifi decides to go back to the circus, then Snoopy sadly boards the bus and returns to Charlie Brown.

Back home, Charlie Brown is awakened by the shower running because Snoopy is washing the pink food coloring off him. Charlie Brown sees him exiting the bathroom but says nothing. Snoopy then makes himself some dinner, still crying over being heartbroken from Fifi. Then he realizes that the circus is her life and his home is his life, and he retreats to his doghouse. Upon seeing what Lucy did to it, he rips up the sign and tears the boards off the house. He goes to bed after illuminating a big blinking neon sign which reads "Hugo The Great".

Voice cast

 * Michael Mandy as Charlie Brown
 * Brent Hauer as Peppermint Patty
 * Casey Carlson as Polly
 * Earl "Rocky" Reilly as Linus van Pelt
 * Kristen Fullerton as Lucy van Pelt
 * Shannon Cohn as Marcie
 * Christopher Donohoe as Schroeder
 * Bill Melendez as Snoopy

Home media
The special was released on RCA's SelectaVision CED format in 1982. It was one of the first two Peanuts specials released on VHS, on a set release by Media Home Entertainment in June 1984 with You're the Greatest, Charlie Brown. Hi-Tops Video released the special by itself on VHS in 1989. On January 9, 1996, it was paired with Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown for a double feature release by Paramount Home Video. It was also included in the 2015 DVD release, Peanuts: Emmy Honored Collection, as well as the DVD release of It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown in the UK from Firefly Entertainment in 2004. It was later included with the deluxe He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown DVD in the US from Warner Home Video on September 21, 2010.

title: Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown


text:
Talk:ADO.NET

MDAC
Question: where does ADO.NET sit in the MDAC stack? Do Microsoft consider it part of MDAC at all? The MDAC roadmap does mention it, but doesn't state whether it is part of the .NET framework or whether it is part of the MDAC framework. I know that ADO.NET must use a .NET Managed provider, but these just appear to be a simplified version of an OLE DB provider, even though they don't use COM and instead use the .NET CLR. Can anyone give me an answer to this? I'd like to update the MDAC article. - 203.134.166.99 08:07, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * MDAC must be installed on the client machine in order to use ADO.NET; what version depends on what .NET version and classes you use.  My understaning is that ADO.NET is essentially a lot of clever interop to make use of low-level OLE DB drivers within MDAC.  DigitalEnthusiast 19:50, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

DataSets
I think there's too much emphasis on DataSets in this article. To call them half of ADO.NET is silly. While they certainly were the darling of .NET 1.0, there are a great many programmers who never use them, due to overhead reasons. Obviously many of these are web application programmers, who use a DataReader instead, and simply output the data row-by-row in html format, but there are many others who use a DataReader ( or, sometimes, a DataTable, but this isn't a best practice ) to populate a list of custom classes for other parts of the application to consume. Internally, a DataSet uses a DataReader ( or a series of them ) to populate DataTables, reading all the records from the query result set, and storing them in memory. When this is consumed, that makes two passes over every record, plus an aweful lot of memory use. Therefore, it's very common not to use them in situations that don't require an updatable, in-memory cache that provides the wealth of services found in a DataSet. So, many programmers use ADO.NET but not DataSets, so I think they get more emphasis than they deserve in this article. DigitalEnthusiast 19:57, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Acronym expansion?
Is there a citation for the given expansion of ADO ("ActiveX Data Objects")? This is different from the expansion I've always heard in the past ("Active Data Objects"), which is also more logical as this technology is not part of ActiveX. 212.159.69.4 (talk) 19:09, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:ADO.NET


text:
Vonmuli

Vommuli Island is a Tourist resort in the Maldives.

It is located near a coral reef and has a sandy beach, with thick palm tree vegetation in its interior. The island is owned by Vermilion International, a company based in the Maldives.

title: Vonmuli


text: User talk:70.156.93.247

title: User talk:70.156.93.247


text: User talk:69.34.50.3

title: User talk:69.34.50.3


text:
User talk:Jvc1

I don't know if you're aware that this is the english speaking wikipedia, and that spanish version is at es.wikipedia.org, articles in spanish should be sent to the spanish version of wikipedia. -- (☺drini♫|☎) 22:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jvc1


text:
File:Loon in Oxtongue River.JPG

Summary
A loon gracefully floats along the river in Algonquin Park

title: File:Loon in Oxtongue River.JPG


text:
Darlene Garner

Darlene Onita Garner is an American minister and LGBT activist, and a co-founder of the National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (NCBLG). She was the first African-American elder in the Metropolitan Community Church and she helped create (and now leads) the denomination's biannual Conference for People of African Descent (PAD). In 2008 and 2009, she served as MCC Vice-Moderator. She is a nationally recognized speaker on LGBT religious issues; for instance, she was invited to join several other nationally known speakers to announce the "American Prayer Hour", a gay-affirming alternative to the "National Prayer Breakfast". For her work in the LGBT community, Garner was credited in The African American Almanac as "contributing to the visible image of gays in society" and in 2010 was named a "Capital Pride Hero" by Capital Pride.

A native of Columbus, Ohio, Garner was brought up in the National Baptist Convention; she later attended the Episcopal Church and eventually joined the Metropolitan Community Church in 1976.

Before entering the professional ministry, Garner worked as the Executive Director of the Philadelphia Mayor's Commission on Sexual Minorities, beginning in 1987. She has served as the chaplain for an AIDS hospice and as President of the Board of Northern Virginia AIDS Ministry. Darlene has also served as a member of the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations (hearing complaints of discrimination based on sexual orientation, race, gender, and national origin) and the West Hollywood Business License Commission.

From 1977 to 1980, Garner worked to help found the NCBLG, then known as the National Coalition of Black Gays (NCBG). She has described that experience as follows: "At that point in LGBT history, the needs and points of view of African Americans were not reflected in the agendas of other national organizations. We created the National Coalition of Black Gays and Lesbians (NCBGL, originally NCBG), organizing several chapters and transforming those chapters into a national organization. We knew that we were making history. What we were doing had the capacity to change the face of history. Our youth and naiveté helped us do it with a boldness. If we had been seasoned activists, we might not have taken it on. We know that if it was not us, there might be no one. So we took it on."

Garner was ordained in the Metropolitan Community Church in 1988. She has served as an associate pastor in the MCC in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and as an MCC pastor in Baltimore, MD, and northern Virginia from 1991 to 1998, during which time she was used as a source by U.S. News & World Report for stories on LGBT issues. Garner served MCCDC as Church Treasurer and Lay Delegate and later served MCC's former Mid-Atlantic District as assistant district coordinator. She now presides over MCC Region 6, which covers Latin America and southwestern United States.

Garner also sits on the Diversity & Inclusion Council and on the Religion Council of the Human Rights Campaign.

On 3 March 2010, Garner and her partner, Candy Holmes, were one of the first same-sex couples to apply for a marriage license in the District of Columbia. On March 9, 2010, Garner and Holmes were married along with two other couples at the Human Rights Campaign building.

title: Darlene Garner


text:
Différences (Berio)

Différences is a composition by the Italian composer Luciano Berio for flute, clarinet, viola, cello, harp and magnetic tape, dating 1958–59. It was written for the Domaine musical concerts in Paris and first performed in March 1959, conducted by Pierre Boulez.

Différences is one of the first attempts to combine live instruments with electronic music. At the centre of the work, the tape sound takes the place of the performers. They return with various pizzicato entries, creating a homogeneous texture which seeks only an alteration in the expression rather than a disruption in the character of the music.

Berio began the composition for Différences a year before the premiere by recording in Paris the same musicians who were to give the first performance. In the Studio di fonologia musicale in Milan he then transformed these recordings to produce the tape with which the musicians interact during the performance. Berio remarked that "[i]n Différences the original model of the five instruments coexists alongside an image of itself that is continually modified, until the different phases of transformation deliver up a completely altered image that no longer has anything to do with the original".

title: Différences (Berio)


text:
Filitheyo

Filitheyo is an island in the Faafu Atoll. It is also home of one of the newer resorts in the Maldives;, Filitheyo Island Resort is the only resort operating in the Faafu Atoll, but three islands (Himmithi, Mushimasgali, and Maafushi) have since been leased for tourism development. Launched in 1999, the resort consists of 125 guest bungalows along with a main restaurant, two bars, a Thai spa and a dive school. In May 2022, the resort was cited by the Maldives Inland Revenue Authority for having not paid their dues to the state as rent for resort islands.

Geography
Geographically, the island is located approximately 120 km south west of the capital island Malé and can be reached by a 35-minute sea plane flight followed by a ten-minute dhoni ride.

The island is encircled by its own 'house' reef with safe swimming on the north and southwest shores.

Ecology
Filitheyo has a large collection of lizards of various types, a colony of fruit bats based at the south-east end of the island, at least two herons, crows, at least eight cats, several species of land-dwelling hermit crab and tree-dwelling rats. In 1999, a small marine protection area was established around Filitheyo and fishing around the island ceased.

Unusual features
When the island was being cleared for the construction of the resort, a graveyard marked by approximately 30 headstones was discovered about 25m inland from the south-west shore. The origins of those buried and the reason for their burial on the island is unknown.

title: Filitheyo