text:
Marquetalia Republic

"Marquetalia Republic" was an unofficial term used to refer to one of the enclaves in rural Colombia which communist peasant guerrillas held during the aftermath of "La Violencia" (approximately 1948 to 1958). Congressmen of the Colombian Conservative Party described these enclaves, including Marquetalia, as "independent republics" which needed to be brought under state control through military force. This area was eventually overrun by the National Army of Colombia (during "Operation Marquetalia") in May 1964.

Eventually some of the communist survivors reunited elsewhere and later became part of the "Bloque Sur" (Southern Bloc) guerrilla group in 1964, a precursor to the official foundation of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in 1966.

La Violencia
The assassination of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in 1948 triggered large riots in Bogotá and smaller scale uprisings throughout the country. This would mark the beginning of La Violencia, a period of intense bipartisan conflict that would cost an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Colombian lives over the next decade.

Several members of the Colombian Liberal Party and of the Colombian Communist Party had previously organized self-defense groups and guerrilla units during La Violencia that did not demobilize during the amnesty declared by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla after he took power in 1953.

When Rojas was removed from power in 1958, civilian rule was restored after moderate Conservatives and Liberals, with the support of dissident sectors of the military, agreed to unite under a bipartisan coalition known as the National Front (with included a system of presidential alternation and powersharing both in cabinets and public offices).

From the point of view of members the FARC and the Colombian Communist Party, the Liberal and Conservative elites, though they had instigated the violence, soon grew to fear the consequences of it, and thus formed a loose alliance to preserve their shared desire for political hegemony from possible revolutionary challenges.

Meanwhile, a small number of armed groups formed by Liberals and communists had successfully established a certain degree of self-government in remote regions of the country, one of which eventually became known as the "republic" of Marquetalia by outside observers. For the most part their activities were limited to self-defense after the end of La Violencia, though some extortions of local landowners and short skirmishes with official forces occurred from time to time.

The government initially ignored the growing influence of Communists in such enclaves until 1964 when, under pressure by members of the Colombian Conservative Party in Congress who considered such autonomous "republics" as a de facto threat, the Colombian Army was ordered to attack the communist controlled "republic". In addition to the military offensive, the creation of civic action programs in the area of operations were also considered as necessary by some politicians and also members of the Colombian Army, but initial efforts to implement such programs were not followed upon in the long run.

Following the attack, the guerrillas dispersed to other nearby enclaves, only to later reorganize as the "Southern Bloc" ("Bloque Sur") in 1964, officially renamed "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (FARC) in 1966, which became the official military arm of the Communist Party.

One of the communist leaders of the enclave, known as Jacobo Arenas, later wrote a book called "Diario de la resistencia de Marquetalia" ("Marquetalia Diary"). The book includes a chronicle of the events of the fight between the guerrilla fighters and the soldiers of the Colombian army.

Plan Lazo
In October 1959, the United States sent a "Special Survey Team" composed of counterinsurgency experts to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. Among other policy recommendations the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature." In February 1962, three years after the 1959 "US Special Survey Team", a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team headed by Special Warfare Center commander General William P. Yarborough, visited Colombia for a second survey.

The new anti-terrorist policy was instituted as Plan Lazo in 1962 and called for both military operations and civic action programs in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military worked to combat communist terrorism and bandits guided by Liberal and Conservative parties.

At the behest of the United States, the Colombian government began attacking many of the terrorist Communist organizations so-called "self-defense communities" in the early 1960s, attempting to re-assimilate the territories under the control of the national government. FARC was formed in 1964 by Manuel Marulanda Vélez and other PCC members, after a military attack on the community of Marquetalia. 16,000 Colombian troops, backed by the U.S., attacked the village of 1,000 inhabitants, only 48 of whom were armed. Marulanda and 47 others fought against government forces at Marquetalia, and then escaped into the mountains along with the other fighters. These 48 men formed the core of FARC, which quickly grew in size to hundreds of fighters.

The "Marquetalia Diary"
Jacobo Arenas, surviving the invasion of Marquetalia, wrote a book called "Diario de la resistencia de Marquetalia" ("Marquetalia Diary") in 1972. The book includes a chronicle of the events of the fight between the guerrilla fighters and the soldiers of the Colombian army brigade.

In the diary, Arenas describes the geographical location and the natural beauty of the Marquetalia area with many details, giving the reader a detailed mental picture of the area, made up of 800 square km in the Andes, at around 6000 feet above sea level, with the presence of monsoon rainfall. One of the snowed mountains in the department of Huila is more than 12,000 feet high.

The diary puts the guerrilla and peasant struggle in Marquetalia in context, happening six years after the triumph of the 1959 Cuban Revolution, which filled the minds of many worldwide with revolutionary fervor. While the events in Cuba absorbed most of the world's and the region's attention, information about the events in Marquetalia and their aftermath later began to be of great interest throughout Latin America.

The diary highlights some of the inner workings of Marquetalia as a sort of improvised commune or small socialist society, where not only the peasant fighters and Communist Party ideologues were present, but also several members of their families and some of their friends, who worked together as a community for both common socioeconomic and military/defense purposes.

Arenas describes the military operations against Marquetalia in May 1964 as part of a United States initiative called Plan LASO (Latin American Security Operation), allegedly meant to suppress dissent and possible communist rebellions that might spring up in the region. In Colombia, Arenas claims that the offensive against Marquetalia was designed with assistance from the Pentagon and alleges that some 16,000 Colombian Army troops, with the support of military helicopters and airplanes, took part in the operation (the terms used in the book are: 16,000 "Bloodhounds" commanded by the Pentagon "Hawks"). The number of peasant communist fighters was thought to be much smaller, but a previous CIA  intelligence report argued that it could reach as many as 2,000, though other estimates and claims have since differed, with most saying 1,600 Colombian troops were involved.

Arenas tells how the fighters scattered, soon regrouped to give birth to the FARC, the former fighters of Marquetalia hide in jungles and remote villages throughout Colombia, reorganizing to fight a  war by using irregular techniques in order to some day seize power.

Aftermath: the Birth of FARC
After the implementation of Plan LASO's military phase in May 1964, the survivors of the Marquetalia "commune" held a meeting on May 27, with key leaders such Manuel Marulanda and Jacobo Arenas. The agenda of this meeting was to create a more formal insurgent organization with the main goal of seizing power from capitalists and directing Colombian society according to Marxist doctrine. At the end of the meeting, clearly defined ideas were in place, which continued to be used for the later birth of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC in 1966. According to the leftist insurgents, their plan was to spread all over Colombia into areas such as remote villages and jungles for security reasons, while others traveled throughout Latin America to gain experience as part of their armed struggle.

The FARC's Seventh Guerrilla Conference was held in 1982 under the guidance of Jacobo Arenas and Manuel Marulanda. The Conference added the term "People's Army" to the group, resulting in the new name being FARC-EP. The Seventh Guerrilla Conference was a turning point in the FARC's struggle, as it provided them the opportunity to fine-tune their policies and plans in order for them to build their desired socialist state in the future. The FARC's Conferences, as seen by Marxists and Leninists, can be interpreted as similar to the International conferences previously held in Europe with the participation Karl Marx, Fredrick Engels, Vladimir Lenin.

Today the FARC-EP is considered the oldest guerrilla group in the world. They continue to carry out attacks in various parts of Colombia.

title: Marquetalia Republic


text:
Finnish opera

The origins of Finnish opera can be traced to the late 18th or 19th century, when the first opera performances were staged in Finland. It is generally assumed that the first opera performance in Finland took place in 1768 in Turku, when the troupe of Carl Gottlieb Seuerling presented the opera Adam und Eva by Johann Theile. However, other sources state that there was no orchestra at this performance.

The first opera to be composed in Finland was Kung Karls jakt with music by Fredrik Pacius and a libretto by Zacharias Topelius. It was first performed in Helsinki on 24 March 1852.

The first opera performance in the Finnish language is supposed to be Lucia di Lammermoor presented by the Finnish National Theatre in 1873. There were 25-30 operas in the repertoire of the company.

The Domestic Opera established by Aino Ackté and Edvard Fazer gave its first performance 2 October 1911. It later became the Finnish National Opera.

Savonlinna Opera Festival takes place annually at the medieval Olavinlinna  in the city of Savonlinna. Aino Ackté organised the first festival in Savonlinna summer 1912.

After Finland gained independence in 1917, Russian-owned Alexander Theatre become property of Finland. It was given "temporarily" for the Finnish Opera, which used it for 70 years while waiting for the purpose-built opera house to be constructed.

Finnish opera got international reputation in the 1970s with works by Joonas Kokkonen and Aulis Sallinen. Kokkonen's opera The Last Temptations (1975) was staged in Metropolitan in New York in 1983 and received over 500 performances worldwide.

Famous singers include Matti Salminen, Martti Talvela, Karita Mattila and Soile Isokoski. BBC Music Magazine named Mattila as one of the top 20 sopranos of the recorded era in 2007.

In the 21st century, Kaija Saariaho's works have become the most performed operas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Finnish opera


text:
Nick McKim

Nicholas James McKim (born 11 June 1965) is an Australian politician, currently a member of the Australian Senate representing Tasmania. He was previously a Tasmanian Greens member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly elected at the 2002 election, representing the Franklin electorate from 2002 to 2015, and led the party from 2008 until 2014. On 21 April 2010, he became the first member of the Greens in any Australian ministry. From February 2020 until June 2022, he served as co-deputy leader of the Australian Greens.

Early life
McKim was born in London, England. When he was five years old, his family emigrated from the UK to Australia. He attended the Hutchins School, Kingston High School, then Hobart College. He lived in Adelaide, South Australia, before moving to Tasmania. Before entering parliament, McKim worked as a wilderness guide and advertising executive.

McKim served time in prison after being arrested during the Farmhouse Creek Blockade in the early 1980s.

Citizenship
The issue of Nick McKim's citizenship was raised during the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis while he was a sitting senator. McKim applied to renounce his UK citizenship by filling out the renunciation form (RN) on 31 July 2015. The form was received by the British Home Office on 14 August 2015, further received for processing on 4 September 2015, and formally registered on 1 February 2016. The Home Office citizenship renunciation guidelines state that a person will cease being a British citizen after the date of registration.

Because McKim's RN form was not registered until 1 February 2016, he maintained dual citizenship while serving as a senator, in breach of the Australian constitution, from 20 August 2015 (when he was sworn in as the retiring Christine Milne's replacement) until 1 February 2016, a period of just over 5 months. Since nominations for the 2016 federal election occurred after McKim's citizenship was formally renounced, he was not in breach of section 44(i) when nominating for that election.

Political career
Elected to Tasmanian House of Assembly in the Division of Franklin at the 2002 election, McKim was re-elected at the 2006 election, receiving 15.93 per cent of first preferences, an increase compared to his previous vote of 12.59%. He replaced Peg Putt as Leader of the Tasmanian Greens when Putt retired from Parliament in 2008.

McKim supported the government in passing the same sex relationships bill (which recognises same sex relationships in Tasmania under common law) and has promoted the Greens' own Same Sex Marriage Bill. During 2008, he campaigned against the use of 1080 poison, forestry practices and the state's anti-terrorism bill.

Tasmanian government minister
In the 2010 Tasmanian election McKim achieved 24.1% of first preferences in his lower house seat. On 19 April 2010, Labor premier David Bartlett agreed to appoint McKim as a minister along with Cassy O'Connor as cabinet secretary.

As a minister, McKim originally held the portfolios of Sustainable Transport and Alternative Energy, Corrections and Consumer Protection, Climate Change, Human Services, and Community Development: though he delegated responsibility for the portfolios of Human Services and Community Development to fellow Greens MP and then cabinet secretary Cassy O'Connor. After a Cabinet reshuffle in November 2010 the portfolios of human services and community development were formally assumed by newly appointed Greens minister Cassy O'Connor, whilst McKim was sworn in as minister for the newly created Aboriginal Affairs portfolio alongside his other three portfolios. Another Cabinet reshuffle, caused by Lin Thorp losing her seat in the Tasmanian Legislative Council elections and David Bartlett resigning from the assembly, then saw McKim sworn in on 13 May 2011 as Minister for Education and Skills, whilst retaining the three portfolios of corrections, consumer protection and sustainable transport. McKim was responsible for overseeing the closing of the Hayes Prison Farm and the removal of Flex Learning for prisoners as Minister for both portfolio areas of Education and Corrections.

On 16 January 2014, the premier, Lara Giddings, announced that the power sharing arrangement with the Tasmanian Greens was over, and that McKim and O'Connor would be replaced by Labor MPs effective on 17 January. She said that the ALP would not govern with Greens in the cabinet in future.

McKim was re-elected to the House of Assembly at the 2014 Tasmanian state election with 13.4% of the primary vote.

Federal politics
After Christine Milne's resignation from the senate, McKim was announced to be one of the 10 Greens members vying to replace her. The ballot, open to Greens members, was held in July 2015. McKim won the preselection ballot comfortably, defeating Huon Valley Councillor Rosalie Woodruff, environmental lawyer Vanessa Bleyer and several other more minor candidates.

The Tasmanian Greens announced at a press conference on 30 July 2015 that McKim had won the membership ballot to replace Christine Milne in the Senate. He resigned from the Tasmanian Parliament on 4 August, and a countback was conducted to elect Woodruff as his replacement on 17 August. McKim was appointed to the Senate by a joint sitting of the Tasmanian Parliament on 19 August 2015. Unlike other Greens Senators, Senator McKim has had ministerial experience due to him having been a minister in the previous Tasmanian ALP Government whilst as State Greens leader.

McKim was re-elected to the Senate at the 2019 federal election where he received 12.4% of the state's vote, with a swing of 1.41% in his favour.

McKim served as Greens Co-Deputy Leader from 4 February 2020 to 10 June 2022 and in the following positions: Treasury, Finance & Economic Justice Immigration & Citizenship Digital Rights, I.T. & the National Broadband Network. Senator McKim has served as spokesperson within the Greens for Economic Justice, Treasury, Home Affairs, Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs from 17 June 2022 and Whip for the Greens in the Senate from 18 October 2021.

On 5 September 2022, McKim called on the Reserve Bank of Australia to pause interest rate hikes. This call was the subject of some controversy, with critics suggesting that McKim had a financial conflict of interest due to his ownership of four properties. The following day McKim called on the RBA Governor Philip Lowe to resign, stating that Lowe "has not demonstrated that he understands the impact his actions have had on a small business owner or a casual worker trying to pay the rent".

Personal life
In July 2009, McKim confirmed he was in a relationship with Cassy O'Connor, also a Tasmanian Greens Member of the House of Assembly.

title: Nick McKim


text:
Jeff Harding (actor)

Jeff Harding is an American actor from Andover, Massachusetts, who attended college in Brunswick, Maine.

He is best known as an audiobook narrator for works including the Jack Reacher book series for Audible, The Da Vinci Code, The Bourne Identity, Kane and Abel and Secrets Of The Code. He also narrates for the RNIB Talking Books service.

As an actor, he has appeared in films like The Razor's Edge (1984), Spies Like Us (1985), Hackers (1995), Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), Alfie (2004) and De-Lovely (2004).

A United Kingdom resident since the 1970s, he has appeared in British comedies like The Armando Iannucci Shows, The Fast Show and Father Ted and in the 1980s BBC drama series Howards' Way. On The Fast Show, Harding's sketches often involved nothing more than his character saying "Hi, I'm Ed Winchester" to camera in the style of a TV news reporter. He also appeared in the 1990s remake of The Tomorrow People as General Damon. He dubbed "Felidae" In 1994

In the BBC docudrama series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World he played chief engineer John Frank Stevens in the episode dedicated to the building of the Panama Canal.

He guest-starred in the CW series Life is Wild in the episode "Open for Business". He voices Vincent Meis in the video game The Witcher and guest-starred in the CBBC series The Basil Brush Show in 2003 in the episode Fit for Nothing, playing Healthy Harry. In the 1990s he provided voice-overs for many Dorling Kindersley CD-ROMs.

Before his film and television work, he taught in Morocco and later became a master carpenter at the Palace Theatre.

Partial filmography

 * Rupan sansei (1978) – Flinch (1996 Manga dub) (English version, voice, uncredited)
 * Ragtime (1981) – Policeman No. 13
 * Space Riders (1984) – Mike Lockwood
 * Scream for Help (1984) – Policeman #4
 * The Razor's Edge (1984) – Brian Ryan
 * The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission (1985, TV Movie) – Sanders
 * The Aviator (1985) – Carson
 * Blood Tracks (1985) – John
 * Spies Like Us (1985) – Fitz-Hume's Associate
 * The American Way (1986) – Doug
 * The Last Days of Patton (1986, TV Movie) – West Point Professor
 * Love Potion (1987) – Gerald
 * A Time of Destiny (1988) – Sergeant
 * Patlabor: The Movie (1989) – Pilot (1995) (English version, voice, uncredited)
 * Murder Story (1989) – Larry Deleo
 * Angel Cop (1989-1994) - Raiden (English version, voice, credited as John Hunter)
 * Bullseye! (1990) – Agent Merrow
 * The Runner (1992) – Radio Announcer
 * Hackers (1995) – 2nd V.P.
 * Ekkusu (1996) – Kusangi Shiyuu (English version, voice)
 * Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) – Newsreader (uncredited)
 * RPM (1998) – Tim Ryan
 * The Misadventures of Margaret (1998) – Man at Party
 * De-Lovely (2004) – Cody
 * Alfie (2004) – Phil
 * The White Countess (2005) – Company Director
 * The Battersea Ripper (2006)
 * Alien Autopsy (2006) – CIA Agent
 * The Kovak Box (2006) – Gerente Sanatorio

title: Jeff Harding (actor)


text:
Tim Morris

Timothy Bryce Morris (born 10 January 1955) is a former Australian politician.

Early life
Morris grew up on a farm in Alexandra in central Victoria with his mother. During his high school years, he moved to the city to live with his father. He left school at age 15 and worked as a builders' labourer.

He holidayed to Tasmania, and has lived in the Derwent Valley since 1976, working first as a farming labourer. He was then the owner/manager of a holiday lodge.

Political career
In 1989, Morris was elected to the New Norfolk Council (now Derwent Valley Council) and later became mayor. During that time, he oversaw the purchase of the Royal Derwent Hospital and Willow Court from the state government. He retired from the council and mayorship in 2000.

Morris was first elected as a Tasmanian Greens member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly at the 2002 election, representing the Lyons electorate. He was re-elected in the 2006 election, receiving 10.5% of first preferences, an increase compared to his previous vote of 9.1% in the 2002 election.

At the 2010 election Morris received the highest number of first preference votes in the division of Lyons with 14.1% of the vote. After the election, Morris was elected by Parliament to the position of Deputy Speaker and Chair of Committees. He was also named as deputy leader of the Tasmanian Greens.

He was not re-elected at the 2014 House of Assembly elections.

title: Tim Morris


text:
Japan High School Baseball Federation

The Japan High School Baseball Federation (財団法人日本高等学校野球連盟 zaidan hōjin nihon kōtō gakkō yakyū renmei) is the governing body of high school baseball in Japan, and is composed of the High School Baseball Federations of each of the 47 prefectures. Together with the All Japan University Baseball Federation (財団法人全日本大学野球連盟 zaidan hōjin zen-nihon daigaku yakyū renmei), it makes up the Japan Student Baseball Association (日本学生野球協会 nihon gakusei yakyū kyōkai). The name is often abbreviated to "Nihon Kōyaren" (日本高野連) or just "Kōyaren" (高野連).

Brief history
The Kōyaren evolved from the All-Japan Secondary School Baseball Federation (全日本中等学校野球連盟 zen-nihon chutōgakkō yakyu renmei), which was formed in 1946 to oversee the National Secondary School Baseball Championship organized by Osaka Asahi Shimbun before the war.

Due to the outcome of World War II, in 1947 the school system was overhauled, and "secondary schools" became "high schools". Thus the federation was renamed to the All-Japan High School Baseball Federation.

In 1963, the federation became a private foundation separate from the Ministry of Education.

Timeline

 * 1915.08 National Secondary School Baseball Championship first held (organized by the Osaka Asahi Shimbun)
 * 1924.04 National Secondary School Baseball Invitational Tournament first held (organized by the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun)
 * 1924.08 Koshien Stadium completed and becomes host to both tournaments
 * 1946.02 All-Japan Secondary School Baseball Federation founded
 * 1946.12 Japan Students Baseball Association becomes the parent organization
 * 1947.04 In accordance with the school system reform the name changes to the All-Japan High School Baseball Federation
 * 1956.08 National High School Soft-baseball Tournament first held
 * 1963.02 Accompanying the privatization, the name becomes the Japan High School Baseball Federation
 * 1978.08 National High School Soft-baseball Tournament renamed to the Japan High School Soft-baseball Championship

Tournaments organized

 * National High School Baseball Championship (全国高等学校野球選手権大会 zen-nihon kōtō gakkō yakyū senshu-ken taikai)
 * National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament (選抜高等学校野球大会 senbatsu kōtō gakkō yakyū taikai)
 * National High School Soft-baseball Championship (全国高等学校軟式野球選手権大会 zen-nihon kōtō gakkō nanshiki yakyū senshu-ken taikai)

title: Japan High School Baseball Federation


text:
Plurisubharmonic function

In mathematics, plurisubharmonic functions (sometimes abbreviated as psh, plsh, or plush functions) form an important class of functions used in complex analysis. On a Kähler manifold, plurisubharmonic functions form a subset of the subharmonic functions. However, unlike subharmonic functions (which are defined on a Riemannian manifold) plurisubharmonic functions can be defined in full generality on complex analytic spaces.

Formal definition
A function $$f \colon G \to {\mathbb{R}}\cup\{-\infty\},$$ with domain $$G \subset {\mathbb{C}}^n$$ is called plurisubharmonic if it is upper semi-continuous, and for every complex line

 * $$\{ a + b z \mid z \in {\mathbb{C}} \}\subset {\mathbb{C}}^n,$$ with $$a, b \in {\mathbb{C}}^n,$$

the function $$z \mapsto f(a + bz)$$ is a subharmonic function on the set

 * $$\{ z \in {\mathbb{C}} \mid a + b z \in G \}.$$

In full generality, the notion can be defined on an arbitrary complex manifold or even a complex analytic space $$X$$ as follows. An upper semi-continuous function $$f \colon X \to {\mathbb{R}} \cup \{ - \infty \}$$ is said to be plurisubharmonic if for any holomorphic map $$\varphi\colon\Delta\to X$$ the function $$f\circ\varphi \colon \Delta \to {\mathbb{R}} \cup \{ - \infty \}$$ is subharmonic, where $$\Delta\subset{\mathbb{C}}$$ denotes the unit disk.

Differentiable plurisubharmonic functions
If $$f$$ is of (differentiability) class $$C^2$$, then $$f$$ is plurisubharmonic if and only if the hermitian matrix $$L_f=(\lambda_{ij})$$, called Levi matrix, with entries

 * $$\lambda_{ij}=\frac{\partial^2f}{\partial z_i\partial\bar z_j}$$

is positive semidefinite.

Equivalently, a $$C^2$$-function f is plurisubharmonic if and only if $$i\partial\bar\partial f$$ is a positive (1,1)-form.

Examples
Relation to Kähler manifold: On n-dimensional complex Euclidean space $$\mathbb{C}^n$$, $$f(z) = |z|^2$$ is plurisubharmonic. In fact, $$i\partial\overline{\partial}f$$ is equal to the standard Kähler form on $$\mathbb{C}^n$$ up to constant multiples. More generally, if $$g$$ satisfies
 * $$i\partial\overline{\partial}g=\omega$$

for some Kähler form $$\omega$$, then $$g$$ is plurisubharmonic, which is called Kähler potential. These can be readily generated by applying the ddbar lemma to Kähler forms on a Kähler manifold.

Relation to Dirac Delta: On 1-dimensional complex Euclidean space $$\mathbb{C}^1$$, $$u(z) = \log|z|$$ is plurisubharmonic. If $$f$$ is a C∞-class function with compact support, then Cauchy integral formula says
 * $$f(0)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_D\frac{\partial f}{\partial\bar{z}}\frac{dzd\bar{z}}{z},$$

which can be modified to
 * $$\frac{i}{\pi}\partial\overline{\partial}\log|z|=dd^c\log|z|$$.

It is nothing but Dirac measure at the origin 0.

More Examples
 * If $$f$$ is an analytic function on an open set, then $$\log|f|$$ is plurisubharmonic on that open set.
 * Convex functions are plurisubharmonic.
 * If $$\Omega$$ is a domain of holomorphy then $$-\log (dist(z,\Omega^c))$$ is plurisubharmonic.

History
Plurisubharmonic functions were defined in 1942 by Kiyoshi Oka and Pierre Lelong.

Properties

 * The set of plurisubharmonic functions has the following properties like a convex cone:
 * if $$f$$ is a plurisubharmonic function and $$c>0$$ a positive real number, then the function $$c\cdot f$$ is plurisubharmonic,
 * if $$f_1$$ and $$f_2$$ are plurisubharmonic functions, then the sum $$f_1+f_2$$ is a plurisubharmonic function.

 * Plurisubharmonicity is a local property, i.e. a function is plurisubharmonic if and only if it is plurisubharmonic in a neighborhood of each point.
 * If $$f$$ is plurisubharmonic and $$\phi:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$$ a increasing, convex function then $$\phi\circ f$$ is plurisubharmonic.
 * If $$f_1$$ and $$f_2$$ are plurisubharmonic functions, then the function $$\max(f_1,f_2)$$ is plurisubharmonic.
 * If $$f_1,f_2,\dots$$ is a decreasing sequence of plurisubharmonic functions then its pointwise limit is plurisubharmonic.
 * Every continuous plurisubharmonic function can be obtained as the limit of a decreasing sequence of smooth plurisubharmonic functions. Moreover, this sequence can be chosen uniformly convergent.
 * The inequality in the usual semi-continuity condition holds as equality, i.e. if $$f$$ is plurisubharmonic then $$\limsup_{x\to x_0}f(x) =f(x_0)$$.
 * Plurisubharmonic functions are subharmonic, for any Kähler metric.
 * Therefore, plurisubharmonic functions satisfy the maximum principle, i.e. if $$f$$ is plurisubharmonic on the domain $$D$$ and$$\sup_{x\in D}f(x) =f(x_0)$$ for some point $$x_0\in D$$ then $$f$$ is constant.

Applications
In several complex variables, plurisubharmonic functions are used to describe pseudoconvex domains, domains of holomorphy and Stein manifolds.

Oka theorem
The main geometric application of the theory of plurisubharmonic functions is the famous theorem proven by Kiyoshi Oka in 1942.

A continuous function $$f:\; M \mapsto {\mathbb R}$$ is called exhaustive if the preimage $$f^{-1}((-\infty, c])$$ is compact for all $$c\in {\mathbb R}$$. A plurisubharmonic function f is called strongly plurisubharmonic if the form $$i(\partial\bar\partial f-\omega)$$ is positive, for some Kähler form $$\omega$$ on M.

Theorem of Oka: Let M be a complex manifold, admitting a smooth, exhaustive, strongly plurisubharmonic function. Then M is Stein. Conversely, any Stein manifold admits such a function.

title: Plurisubharmonic function


text:
Kim Booth

Kim Dion Booth (born 1951) is a former Australian politician. He was the leader of the Tasmanian Greens from April 2014 to May 2015, and represented the Division of Bass in the Tasmanian House of Assembly.

Political career
After the 2010 Tasmanian state election, Booth refused to support the Greens-Labor deal, warning that the deal with Labor would hurt the Greens. He held the Greens portfolios of Forests; Energy; Attorney-General and Justice; Small Business; Industry; Racing and Gaming; and Veterans Affairs.

He was re-elected at the 2014 House of Assembly elections, and was subsequently elected as party leader.

On 20 May 2015, Booth announced he was resigning from Parliament and as leader of the Greens with immediate effect, following the death of his father. His seat in Bass was filled by Andrea Dawkins after the TEC conducted a count back from the 2014 election results.

title: Kim Booth


text:
Rogerstown Estuary

Rogerstown Estuary is a sea inlet and estuary in Ireland. It is situated just north of the Donabate-Portrane peninsula, and also south of Rush, on Ireland's east coast about 25 km north of Dublin. It is a designated nature reserve, Special Area of Conservation, and a Ramsar site.

The main flow into the estuary comes from the Ballyboghil River and its terminal tributary, the Corduff Stream. Other watercourses entering the estuary include one from Portrane, Balleally Stream, and also Bride's Stream and Jone's Stream, from the Lusk area, and a number of small flows.

The estuary is made up of saltwater marshes, raised salt marsh, wet meadows and riverine shallows and creeks. It covers an area of 3.63 km2, and is divided by a causeway and bridge built in the 1840s to carry the main Dublin–Belfast railway line.

It is internationally recognised as one of the most important east coast sites and is vital for wintering wildfowl and waders and birds on passage. Birds come to the estuary from the Arctic. It supports an internationally important population of Brent Geese and a further 14 species in numbers of national importance. The former Balleally landfill site located by the railway causeway was landscaped and reopened as Rogerstown Park in 2019.

The site is a statutory Nature Reserve and a candidate Special Area of Conservation under the E.U. Habitats Directive.

The estuary's mouth separates the beaches of Portrane and Rush, and the mouth is so narrow, it is theorised that a person would be able to cross from Rush to Portrane at a gradual walking pace, within a time span of less than a minute, if there was no water. According to local legend, there was once a bridge across the mouth, however, it was dismantled after various suicides. An apparent remain of this bridge still exists today, on the beach at Portrane.

The townland of Turvey touches on the estuary. It is associated with the Goban Saor described as the son of Tuirbe Tragmar ("thrower of axes"), a figure whose magical axe would hold back the sea after it was thrown on the strand. This feat was said to have been performed at Tráig Tuirbi, Tuirbe's Strand or Turvey.

title: Rogerstown Estuary


text:
Pucadelphys

Pucadelphys is an extinct genus of non-marsupial metatherian. The genus contains a single species, P. andinus. Fossils of Pucadelphys have been found in the Santa Lucía Formation in Tiupampa in Bolivia.

Description
Pucadelphys was small and likely to have eaten insects. It had a long tail, although incomplete on the best preserved fossils. It is possible that the tail was longer than (or at least as long as) its body. 17 vertebrae were preserved, and its estimated that there was 5 to 10 additional vertebrae originally. It is regarded as partially arboreal, and partially terrestrial. It may have been social, as more than 30 specimens have been found together.

Taxonomy
A 2016 phylogenetic analysis recovered Pucadelphys as a member of a metatherian clade including sparassodonts and other South American taxa, but not marsupials (which are instead closer to Cretaceous North American species). The phylogenetic tree from the analysis is shown below.

title: Pucadelphys


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Bernal

Martin Bernal, Black Athena

A
J. Adams - John Adams - Queen Ahhotpe - Ahiram, King of Byblos - F. Ahl - Frederic Ahl - L. B. Alberti - Leone Battista Alberti - W. F. Albright - William Albright - Al Mina - Amenophis - Ammenemes - Amphion - Anat - N. Annan - Noel Annan - Mark Antony - Aones - Areios, King of Sparta - Arkadia - E. Ashmole - Elias Ashmole - Michael C. Astour - Aten - Aton - Avaris -

B
M. G. L. Baillie - A. Banier - Abbé Banier - D. Baramki - Dmitri Baramki - J.-J. Barthélemy - Abbé Barthélemy - G. Bass - George Bass - A. J. Baumgarten - J. Beloch - Julius Beloch - L. F. Benedetto - Y. Ben Jochannan - R. Bentley - Richard Bentley - Jean Bérard - Victor Bérard - Berber - G. Berkeley - F. Bernier - K. Beth - Karl Beth - A. Bezzenberger - Adalbert Bezzenberger - J. C. Billigmeier - Jon Billigmeier - S. Birch - Samuel Birch - T. Blackwell - Thomas Blackwell - A. G. Blanco - C. W. Blegen - Carl Blegen - M. W. Bloomfield - Gregory Blue - J. F. Blumenbach - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach - S. Bochart - Samuel Bochart - Émile Boisacq - J. Bodin - Jean Bodin - M. C. Boie - Boiotia - Boisacq - A. R. Bomhard - F. Bopp - Franz Bopp - Ignaz von Born - Bousiris - P. Boylan - Sir Robert Boyle - H. Bracken - Harry Bracken - J. H. Breasted - James Breasted - R. Bridenthal - C. de Brosses - Charles de Brosses - J. P. Brown - John Pairman Brown - R. Brown - Robert Brown - J. Bruce - James Bruce - J. Brucker - Jacob Brucker - H. Brugsch - Heinrich Brugsch - H. Brunner - Hellmut Brunner - G. Bruno - J. Bryant - Jacob Bryant - W. Budge - Wallis Budge - G.-L. Leclerc Buffon - G. Bunnens - Guy Bunnens - C. Bunsen - Christian Bunsen - E. Bunsen - Ernst Bunsen - F. Bunsen - Frances Bunsen - Burattini - Titus Livius Burattini - Tito Livio Burattini - Émile Louis Burnouf - Eugène Burnouf - J. B. Bury - John Bagnell Bury - E. M. Butler - Eliza Marian Butler

C
T. Campanella - Tommaso Campanella - Canfora - Luciano Canfora - H. Caplan - Harry Caplan - Rhys Carpenter - J. Carruthers - Jacob Carruthers - I. Casaubon - Isaac Casaubon - J. Chadwick - John Chadwick - J.-F. Champollion - Charax of Pergamon - Aulus Claudius Charax - J.-J. Chiflet - Jean-Jacques Chiflet - V. Gordon Childe - Childeric - Clement of Alexandria - Clovis - J. H. Cole - Samuel T. Coleridge - R. L. Colie - Condorcet - James Cook - S. A. Cook - A. Corsalis - Andrea Corsalis - Victor Cousin - J. Creuzer - Lord Cromer - F. Cross - Frank Cross - R. Cudworth - Ralph Cudworth - W. Culican - William Culican - F. Cumont - Franz Cumont - Ernst Curtius - Georg Curtius - G. Cuvier -

D
André Dacier - Anne Dacier - Daidalos - Damaskios - L. Daneau - Lambert Daneau - J. Dautry - Ddwn - Eugène Delacroix - Demokritos - P. Derchain - J. Devisse - Jean Devisse - O. T. P. K. Dickinson - L. Dieckmann - Liselotte Dieckmann - H. Diels - Hermann Diels - Diodoros Sikeliotes - Dionysios of Halikarnassos - Dionysios Skytobrachion - Cheikh Anta Diop - Dodona - A. B. Dolgopolskii - W. Dörpfeldt - Wilhelm Dörpfeldt - T. Dothan - Abbé Étienne Drioton - W. G. B. Dubois - W. Duff - William Duff - F. Dumas - M. Dunker - Max Dunker - C. F. Dupuis - Charles François Dupuis - R. Dussaud - René Dussaud -

E
Ebla - I. G. S. Edwards - Ruth Edwards - O. Eissfeldt - Oscar Eissfeldt - G. Elliott Smith - Prosper Enfantin - Ephoros - A. Erman - Adolph Erman - Eteoboutades - Eteocretan - Eudoxos of Knidos - Sir Arthur Evans - Arthur Evans -

F
F. de S. de la M. Fénelon - R. P. Festugière - A. Fick - R. Fludd - Robert Fludd - B. de Fontenelle - J. Fontenrose - G. Forrest - George Forrest - G. Forster - Georg Forster - G. Foucart - Georges Foucart - P. Foucart - Paul Foucart - Henri Frankfort - John Hope Franklin - N. Fréret - Nicolas Fréret - C. Froidefond - Charles Froidefond - H. Fuseli - Henry Fuseli - Füssli -

G
A. Gardiner - M. Gardiner - Margaret Gardiner - A. Garvie - Alan Garvie - Gatterer - Geb - V. I. Georgiev - W. Gesenius - Wilhelm Gesenius - William E. Gladstone - J. A. de Gobineau - A. W. Gomme - G. P. Gooch - W. H. Goodenough - Cyrus Gordon - S. Gould - Stephen Jay Gould - J. Greaves - John Greaves - Georg Grote - G. F. Grotefend - E. Grumach - Ernst Grumach -

H
J. Haley - A. H. Hallam - N. G. L. Hammond - Harappa - D. B. Harden - J. Hare - Julius Hare - Harmachis - J. Harris - James Harris - A. H. L. Heeren - Hekataios of Abdera - W. Helck - Wolfgang Helck - Hans Wolfgang Helck - Helladic period - Hellen - Hellenomania - P. R. Helm - E. A. Hemelrijk - J. G. Herder - Ogdoad of Hermopolis - Hesychios - K. A. Heumann - Kristophe August Heumann - C. G. Heyne - Christian Gottlob Heyne - C. Hill - Christopher Hill - Hiram Abif - Carleton Hodge - J. G. E. Hoffmann - F. Hölderlin - A. Holm - Adolf Holm - S. Hood - Stuart Hood - J. T. Hooker - Horapollo - E. Hornung - Erich Hornung - Hprr - A. von Humboldt - Alexander von Humboldt - C. von Humboldt - Caroline von Humboldt - W. von Humboldt - Wilhelm von Humboldt - Hurrian - G. Huxley - Hyantes - Hyksos -

I
Imhotep - King Inachos - Isidore of Seville - Isokrates -

J
Jabulon - Margaret Jacobs - F. L. Jahn - G. G. M. James - George G. M. James - L. H. Jeffrey - Lilian Jeffrey - H. Jensen - Hans Jensen - N. Jidejian - Nina Jidejian - E.-F. Jomard - Edmé-François Jomard - Jupiter Serapis -

K
Kadmos - Kallinos - T. Keightley - Thomas Keightley - Kekrops - Kekrops of Miletos - A. Kircher - G. S. Kirk - H. J. Klaproth - R. Knox - Robert Knox - Kranaoi - Krantor - P. Kretschmer - Paul Kretschmer - J. Kroll - Kronos - Prince Peter Kropotkin - T. Kuhn - Kurgan culture - Kydonians - Kythera -

L
P. Lagarde - Paul Lagarde - Lakonia - E. Laroche - C. Lassen - Christian Lassen - J. F. Lauer - T. Le Fèvre - Tanneguy Le Fèvre - G. W. von Leibniz - R. Lepsius - Reichardt Lepsius - G. E. Lessing - J. A. Letronne - Jean Antoine Letronne - Saul Levin - H. G. Liddell - F. Lieber - J. Lieblein - Carolus Linnaeus - Linos - Father Lobos - Norman Lockyer - Schwaller de Lubicz - Luvian - Lykourgos -

M
K. McCarter - Kyle McCarter - James Macpherson - James MacPherson - J. P. Mahaffy - John Pentland Mahaffy - Manetho - J. Mansfeld - F. Manuel - Frank Manuel - A. Mariette - Auguste Mariette - L. Marin - Louis Marin - Marna - G. Maspero - E. Masson - Maximus of Tyre - F. Max-Müller - Ali Mazrui - R. Meiggs - C. Meiners - Christoph Meiners - Melampous - Melissos - Moses Mendelsohn - Menelaion - Menexenos - Menthotpe - M. Mersenne - Metternich - E. Meyer - Eduard Meyer - G. Micali - J. D. Michaelis - Mitanni - William Mitford - Mnewe - Mochos - A. Momigliano - Theodor Mommsen - C. L. de Montesquieu - Bernard de Montfaucon - Mopsos - H. More - Henry More - S. Morenz - Siegfried Morenz - J. Möser - Mousaios - F. C. Movers - J. D. Muhly - James D. Muhly - K. O. Müller - Karl Otfried Müller - M. Murray - Margaret Murray - Oswyn Murray - S. Musgrave - Samuel Musgrave - J. Myres - John Myres -

N
Naukratis - J. Naveh - Joseph Naveh - Nephthys - O. Neugebauer - B. Niebuhr - Barthold Niebuhr - C. Niebuhr - Carsten Niebuhr - F. W. Nietzsche - M. Nilsson - Martin Nilsson - A. Noguera - Anthony Noguera -

O
C. H. Oldfather -

P
E. Pagels - Elaine Pagels - Palaic - Milman Parry - Pelasgians - T. Percy - C. Perrault - F. Petit-Radel - Abbé Petit-Radel - W. M. Flinders Petrie - Sir W. M. Flinders Petrie - Sir Flinders Petrie - Jasper Petulengro - R. Pfeiffer - Rudolf Pfeiffer - Philon of Alexandria - Philon of Byblos - Phoroneus - J. Picard - J. G. A. Pocock - L. Poliakov - M. Pope - Marvin Pope - K. R. Popper - Porphery - J. Potter - John Potter - G. F. Praetorius - W. H. Prescott -

Q
F. Quesnay - François Quesnay - E. Quinet - Edgar Quinet -

R
J. Ragep - Jamil Ragep - R. Rashed - C. Rask - G. Rawlinson - George Rawlinson - E. Rawson - Elizabeth Rawson - J. Ray - John Ray - J. Reinach - Joseph Reinach - S. Reinach - Salomon Reinach - E. Renan - Ernest Renan - C. Renfrew - Colin Renfrew - Peter le Page Renouf - Rhadamanthys - W. Ridgeway - William Ridgeway - C. Ritter - Carl Ritter - W. H. R. Rivers - W. Robertson Smith - R. Rochette - Raoul Rochette - V. W. Röllig - E. Rosen - E. de Rougé - Emmanuel de Rougé - S. Rytkönen - Sepp Rytkönen -

S
I. Sylvestre de Sacy - E. Said - Edward Said - C. H. de Saint-Simon - Claude Henri, Comte de Saint-Simon - N. K. Sandars - G. de Santillana - Giorgio de Santillana - F. de Saussure - J. Scaliger - Joseph Scaliger - C. Schelling - F. W. Schelling - A. Schleicher - August Schleicher - F. E. D. Schleiermacher - H. Schliemann - Heinrich Schliemann - A. L. Schlözer - G. Scholem - R. Schwab - Raymond Schwab - Senwosret - Lucius Septimius - Lucius Septimius Severus - J. Seznec - Jean Seznec - E. Shaffer - Elinor Shaffer - Percy B. Shelley - Skandeia - K. A. D. Smelik - C. Piazzi Smyth - Charles Piazzi Smith - Elliott Smith - F. Snowden - Frank Snowden - Sokrates - B. de Spinoza - Spittler - T. Spyropoulos - L. C. Stecchini - Livio Catullo Stecchini - Stephanos of Byzantium - R. Stieglitz - Robert Stieglitz - J. Strange - B. H. Stricker - H. Stuart Jones - F. Stubbings - Frank Stubbings - Emanuel Swedenborg - Algernon C. Swinburne -

T
Taautos - Tatian - W. Taylour - V. Tcherikover - Victor Tcherikover - J. Terrasson - Jean Terrasson - Teukros - Theogony - Connop Thirlwall - G. Thomson - George Thomson - D. Tiedemann - Dietrich Tiedemann - A. de Tocqueville - de Tocqueville - J. Toland - John Toland - P. Tompkins - Peter Tompkins - H. von Treitschke - Heinrich von Treitschke - C. Tsountas - A. R. Turgot - Anne Robert Turgot - F. M. Turner - J. Turner - James Turner - S. Turner - Steven Turner - S. Tur-Sinai -

U
B. J. Ullman -

V
D. Van Berchem - H. H. Vaughan - M. Ventris - Michael Ventris - E. Vermeule - Emily Vermeule - F. Vian - G. B. Vico - Giovanni Battista Vico - C. Virolleaud - Charles Virolleaud - C. F. de Volney - M. H. von Voss -

W
P. Walcot - W. Warburton - William Warburton - P. Warren - Peter Warren - W. C. Wells - M. L. West - R. S. Westfall - W. Whewell - William Whewell - W. Whiston - William Whiston - C.-M. Wieland - C. M. Wieland - U. von Wiliamowitz-Moellendorf - U. Wilcken - Ulrich Wilcken - R. F. Willetts - C. Williams - Chancellor Williams - G. W. Williams - George Washington Williams - J. J. Winckelmann - Johann Joachim Winckelmann - E. Wind - B. C. Witte - F. A. Wolf - Friedrich August Wolf - R. Wood - Robert Wood - Leonard Woolley - Sir Leonard Woolley -

X
Xanthos - Xouthos -

Y
F. Yates - Frances Yates - Z. Yavetz - Zvi Yavetz - E. Young - Edward Young - T. Young - Thomas Young -

Z
Zeno of Kition - C. Zervos - Zethos - Court de Gebelin

title: User:Charles Matthews/Bernal


text:
Andhra University

Andhra University (IAST: Āndhra Vișvakalāpariṣhat) is a public university located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established in 1926. It is graded as an A++ institution by NAAC receiving a score of 3.74 on a scale of 4.

History
King Vikram Deo Verma, the Maharaja of Jeypore was one of the biggest donors of the university. He donated lands and two million rupees for the establishment of the university which was set to be shifted elsewhere by the education authorities due to lack of funding. Furthermore, he provided ₹1 lakh annually to the university, an approximate figure of ₹17 lakhs between 1930s - 1940s.a The liberal king was conferred an Honorary Doctorate degree from the university. The Jeypore College of Technology and Science in Andhra University was founded by Maharajah Vikram Deo.

University emblem
The university emblem was designed by Sri Kowta Rammohan Sastri with the guidance of Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy. The rising sun represents the university itself and the radiating light rays representing its faculties of study. The lotus is the seat of Goddess Lakshmi (prosperity) and Saraswati (knowledge). The swastika is the symbol of benediction. An ocean is the vast region of knowledge. The two serpents represent the seekers and custodians of wisdom.

Faculties and departments

 * Andhra University College of Arts and Commerce (established 1931)
 * Andhra University College of Engineering (established 1955)
 * Andhra University College of Engineering for Women (established 2010)
 * Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College of Law (formerly AU College of Law)(established 1945)
 * Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (established 1951)
 * Andhra University College of Science and Technology (established 1931)
 * Andhra University School of Distance Education (established 1972)

Rankings
Andhra University was ranked 1201-1500 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023 and 401–500 in Asia. The QS World University Rankings of 2023 ranked it 501–550 in Asia. It was ranked 76 in India overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2023 and 43rd among universities. NIRF also ranked the Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22nd in India in the pharmacy ranking.

NAAC accreditation
National Assessment and Accreditation Council accredited Andhra University as A++ grade in 2023, one of three university that year to receive the grade. The University received a CGPA score of 3.74 and the A++ status will be sustained for seven years till 8 November 2030.

Others

 * Satya N. Atluri, Mechanical Engineering (1959-1963), recipient of the Padma Bhushan Award for 2013 in science & engineering
 * Neeli Bendapudi, 18th president of the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, US, president elect of Penn State University
 * B. M. Choudary, inorganic chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Undurti Narasimha Das, immunologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Kunchithapadam Gopalan, geochronologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Chennupati Jagadish, applied physics 1977–1980, Companion of the Order of Australia
 * Pilli Alfred James, public administrator
 * S. Rao Kosaraju, Computer Science (1959–1964), founder of the Kosaraju's algorithm, which finds the strongly connected components of a directed graph
 * Kolluru Sree Krishna, geophysicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * N. S. Raghavan, Electrical Engineering 1959–1964, co-founder of Infosys
 * Anumolu Ramakrishna, former Deputy Managing Director of Larsen & Toubro and Padma Bhushan recipient
 * B. L. S. Prakasa Rao, statistician, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate and National Science Foundation Fellow
 * Barry Ramachandra Rao, space physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * C. R. Rao, statistician, National Medal of Science laureate
 * G. S. R. Subba Rao, natural product chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao, Mechanical Engineering, founder and Chairman of the GMR Group, an infrastructure enterprise
 * Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao, plant breeder, popularly known as the "father of hybrid sorghum", Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar recipient
 * B. S. Daya Sagar, geoengineering (1988–1994), only Asian recipient of Georges Matheron Lectureship Award from International Association for Mathematical Geosciences
 * B. L. K. Somayajulu, geochemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Adusumilli Srikrishna, organic chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Duvvuri Subbarao, economist and former Reserve Bank of India Governor
 * Srinivasan Varadarajan, chemist and Padma Bhushan awardee

title: Andhra University


text:
Robert Slimbach

Robert Joseph Slimbach is Principal Type Designer at Adobe, Inc., where he has worked since 1987. He has won many awards for his digital typeface designs, including the rarely awarded Prix Charles Peignot from the Association Typographique Internationale, the SoTA Typography Award, and repeated TDC2 awards from the Type Directors Club. His typefaces are among those most commonly used in books.

Biography
Slimbach was born in Evanston, Illinois in 1956. Shortly after, he moved to Southern California where he spent his childhood and his youth. After attending UCLA on an athletics scholarship, he developed an interest in graphic design and typefaces while running a small screen printshop for manufacturing posters and greeting cards. This work brought him into contact with Autologic Incorporated in Newbury Park, California. After training from 1983 to 1985, Slimbach worked as a type designer with Autologic Incorporation. There he received further training, not just as a type designer but also as a calligrapher. Slimbach was then self-employed for two years as a freelance type designer, during which developed the two typefaces ITC Slimbach and ITC Giovanni for the International Typeface Corporation. He later commented of this period that "I wasn’t really making enough money to live on."

In 1987 he joined Adobe Systems. Since then, he has concentrated primarily on designing typefaces for digital technology, often drawing inspiration from classical sources. He has developed many new fonts for the Adobe Originals program. Among his early projects at Adobe were the Utopia (1988), Adobe Garamond (1989), Minion (1990) and Poetica (1992) families.

In 1991, he received the Prix Charles Peignot from the Association Typographique Internationale for excellence in type design. More recently, Slimbach's own calligraphy formed the basis for his typeface Brioso. Slimbach has described himself as being particularly interested in humanist and serif projects, calling his work on the neo-grotesque Acumin, in the Swiss modernist style, as being "outside of the design realm I normally prefer."

Since 2000, the rate of Slimbach's (and Adobe's) new typefaces has slowed, as he has taken advantage of the new linguistic and typographic capabilities offered by the OpenType format. Where in the 1990s a given typeface design might be instantiated in one or two fonts, with 200-500 glyphs, a typical new Slimbach work post-2000 has 1500-3000 glyphs. Reviewing Slimbach's 2007 project Arno, font designer Mark Simonson noted that it 'almost becomes a different typeface' when italic alternates are enabled. A hallmark of Slimbach's designs is his use of a 'Th' ligature.

In 2004, Adobe released Garamond Premier Pro, a new take on the Garamond designs, which Slimbach had been working on for 15 years, since he first completed Adobe Garamond in 1989.

Outside of work for public use, Slimbach has designed Adobe's corporate font, Adobe Clean Sans and Adobe Clean Serif, which are used by Adobe in branding and user interfaces. He also designed Adobe Hand B, based on his handwriting, for use in Acrobat's digital signature feature.

Slimbach has notable skills in several fields other than type design: he went to college on a gymnastics scholarship, and he is an accomplished calligrapher and photographer. His photographic work uses black & white film, and is mainly portraits that examine human foibles and idiosyncrasies.

Typefaces
Before Slimbach came to Adobe, he designed two fonts for the International Typeface Corporation (ITC): ITC Slimbach and ITC Giovanni.

Slimbach typefaces designed before the 2000s were first released in the PostScript Type 1 format, and later re-released in the more capable OpenType format (abbreviated OT in the following table).

Awards

 * Adobe Hand B — 2014 Modern Cyrillic winner
 * Adobe Text Pro — 2014 Modern Cyrillic winner
 * Arno Pro — TDC2 2007 winning entry
 * Brioso Pro — TDC2 2002 winning entry
 * Caflisch Script Pro (added many typographic alternates) — bukva:raz! 2001 winner
 * Frederick W. Goudy Award — 2018
 * Garamond Premier Pro — TDC2 2006 winning entry
 * Minion Pro (added Greek) — bukva:raz! 2001 winner
 * Myriad Pro (added Greek and Cyrillic, with Carol Twombly, Fred Brady and Christopher Slye) — TDC2 2000 winning entry and bukva:raz! 2001 winner
 * Trajan Sans Pro — 2014 Modern Cyrillic winner
 * Warnock Pro — TDC2 2001 winning entry

title: Robert Slimbach


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Allen

Graham Allen - A. R. Ammons - James Arrt Aune - Walter Jackson Bate - G. Kim Blank - Peter de Bolla - Elizabeth Bruss - Cathy Caruth - Judith Chernaik - Timothy Clark - Jay Clayton - Moses Codervero - P. M. S. Dawson - E. R. Dodds - Mark Edmundson - Kelvin Everest - Facticity - Figura - David Fite - Angus Fletcher - Zenia Odes Fliegel - Alistair Fowler - Susan Stanford Friedman - Christine Froula - Gerard Genette - Gerald Graff - Stephen Greenblatt - Susan Handelman - Geoffrey H. Hartman - R. D. Havens - John Hollander - Robin Jarvis - E. Jentsch - Sarah Kofman - Anika Lemaire - Marjorie Levinson - Isaac Luria - Pierre Macherey - Jerome J. McGann - Jean-Pierre Mileur - Harriet Monroe - Louis Montrose - Daniel T. O'Hara - George Puttenham - Joseph N. Riddel - Michael Riffaterre - Nicholas Roe - Eric Rothstein - Robert Scholes - Sandra Seigal - Raman Selden - Hi Simons - Helen Vendler - Samuel Weber - Thomas Weiskel - Ann Wordsworth - Elizabeth Wright - David Wyatt

title: User:Charles Matthews/Allen


text:
Talk:Fairchild Dornier 728 family

Bulk up
This pages needs external links and photos. —Preceding unsigned comment added by A380 Fan (talk • contribs) 05:17 2006-05-06 (GMT)

Merge
Support: - THis page ought to cover the 528, 728, and 928. In addition, as "728JET" was later changed to just "728", the article should be renamed, possibly to Fairchild-Dornier 728 family. The Dornier 328 also needs alot of work, and should be renamed to BillCJ 01:03, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Still needs work now that I've done the merge. However, at least it's a start. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 04:18, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Table
wouldn't it be better to put the characteristics into a table, so as to be able to compare the 3 - quatzalcoatl 18:04 09/06/2007 (UTC)
 * Done Reedy Boy 21:22, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Design
We all know what the aircraft looked like. However, we shouldn't assume that the readers will know. Looking for basic information about the aircraft. Since there are no pictures, some description (such as low wing, 2 engines) may be useful. Either that or a link to a photo (not the photo itself unless we can find a legal one).

In other aircraft articles, there is some description of the basic design in this section. Archtransit (talk) 17:14, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

I think the basic description of the aircraft should be in the first introduction. the point "design" is for a more detailed description. if the article is following the AIR/PC the design point is too late for the basics in my opinion. Minkus (talk) 15:48, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request its removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/728jet/
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 10:10, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

✅ This issue has been resolved, and I have therefore removed the tag, if not already done. No further action is necessary.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 20:11, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairchild Dornier 728 family


text: User:Davisagli

title: User:Davisagli


text:
Husar

Husar or HUSAR may refer to:

 * Húsar, a village at the Faroe Islands
 * Heavy Urban Search and Rescue, a type of response to disaster situations in a city
 * Husar-rover, an experimental planetary rover design, built in Hungary as part of the Hunveyor project

People with the surname

 * Emma Husar (born 1980), Australian politician
 * Lubomyr Husar (1933–2017), Ukrainian Catholic archbishop and cardinal
 * Martin Husár (born 1985), Slovak football player
 * Natalka Husar (born 1951), Canadian painter

title: Husar


text:
User talk:Floortjuh fleurtjuh

Floortjuh(_)fleurtjuh is the username used by a 15 year old girl called Floor Elderman. She lives in Holland and was born on the 31st of May 1990. She originally a lefty, but she plays guitar the right handed way. The name was thought up by a friend of hers, who thought she needed a new email adres.

title: User talk:Floortjuh fleurtjuh


text:
Tom Sturridge

Thomas Sidney Jerome Sturridge (born 5 December 1985) is an English actor. His early films include Being Julia (2004), Like Minds (2006), and The Boat That Rocked (2009). He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in Orphans (2013) and Sea Wall/A Life (2020). He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in American Buffalo (2016). Since 2022, Sturridge has starred as Dream in the Netflix fantasy series The Sandman.

Early life
Sturridge was born in Lambeth, London, one of three children of director Charles Sturridge and actress Phoebe Nicholls. His sister, Matilda Sturridge, is also an actress.

Sturridge was educated at The Harrodian School, an independent school in Barnes in South West London, whose pupils included future actors Robert Pattinson, Will Poulter and George MacKay. Between the years 1999 ('Short Half') and 2001, Sturridge attended Winchester College, an independent school for boys in Winchester, Hampshire. He boarded at the College's House E (Morshead's)"Freddie's".

Career
Sturridge began his career working as a child actor and he was in the 1996 television adaptation of Gulliver's Travels, directed by his father and co-starring his mother. He reemerged in 2004 with Vanity Fair and Being Julia. In 2005 he played William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke in BBC4's A Waste of Shame.

In 2006, he played the role of Nigel in the psychological thriller Like Minds, also known by the title of Murderous Intent. It tells the story of two boys, Alex (played by Eddie Redmayne) and Nigel, placed together as room-mates, much to Alex's objections. Alex is horrified and yet fascinated with the ritual-influenced deaths that begin to occur around them, and when Nigel himself is murdered, Alex is blamed.

He was originally cast as the lead in the sci-fi trilogy Jumper. However in 2006, two months into production, New Regency and 20th Century Fox, fearing the gamble of spending over $100 million on a film starring an unknown actor, replaced him with the "more prominent" Hayden Christensen.

In 2009, he appeared as Carl, one of the lead roles in the Richard Curtis comedy The Boat That Rocked (known as Pirate Radio in the United States), alongside Bill Nighy, Rhys Ifans and Philip Seymour Hoffman. In September, 2009, he made his stage debut in Punk Rock, a then newly dramatised play by Simon Stephens at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre, appearing as a character loosely modelled after the teenage killers at Columbine High School. For that performance, he was nominated for Most Outstanding Newcomer in the 2009 Evening Standard Awards, and won the 2009 Critics' Circle Theatre Award in that same category.

He appeared alongside Rachel Bilson in the 2011 indie-romance Waiting for Forever. He also played a role loosely based on poet Allen Ginsberg in Walter Salles's 2012 film adaptation of Jack Kerouac's On the Road. In the spring of 2013, he starred in the Broadway play Orphans as Phillip, who is developmentally disabled, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play for his performance. In 2017, he starred as Winston Smith in the Broadway production of 1984. In 2019, Sturridge starred alongside Jake Gyllenhaal in the Broadway play Sea Wall/A Life, for which he received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play.

In January 2021, Sturridge was confirmed to be playing Dream of The Endless / Lord Morpheus in the Netflix adaptation of The Sandman. In a May 2022 interview, The Sandman author Neil Gaiman estimated he had personally seen "about fifteen hundred" actors' auditions for the lead character of Morpheus, but stated that Sturridge had been among the likeliest to be chosen for the role from the time of "the first ten auditions."

Personal life
From 2011-2015, Sturridge was dating actress Sienna Miller. Their daughter was born in July 2012.

Sturridge's maternal grandparents are actors Anthony Nicholls and Faith Kent, and his great-grandfather is photojournalist Horace Nicholls.

title: Tom Sturridge


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Picture/23 August 2005

Lyman Spitzer was one of the first astronomers to discuss the potential advantages of space telescopes over ground-based telescopes, and was one of the key figures in the development of the Hubble Space Telescope, as well as publishing many key papers in the study of the interstellar medium and ionised nebulae. The Spitzer Space Telescope is named after him.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/23 August 2005


text:
William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)

William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven, PC (June 1608 – 9 April 1697) was an English nobleman and soldier.

His parents were William Craven, born in a poor family in Appletreewick in North Yorkshire, who moved to London, became wealthy, and was Lord Mayor of London in 1610, and Elizabeth (née Whitmore), sister of George Whitmore, a later Lord Mayor of London. Their other children included John Craven, 1st Baron Craven of Ryton, Mary, who married Thomas Coventry, 2nd Baron Coventry, and Elizabeth, who married Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis.

Craven matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1623, aged 15, and was created M.A. in 1636.

During the Thirty Years' War Craven fought for Frederick V on the Continent. At the siege of Bad Kreuznach in March 1632, he fought with such courage that King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden patted him on the shoulder; he was also seriously wounded.

At the Battle of Vlotho Bridge in October 1638, he was captured and later ransomed for £20,000. Craven fell in love with the Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia, a British princess. Still being absent during the English Civil War, he supported this lady's brother, Charles I, financially rather than in person and, therefore, had all his lands – largely in Berkshire, but including his main country seat at Caversham Park in Oxfordshire – confiscated. After the Restoration, he set about planning to build a vast palace for Elizabeth at Hamstead Marshall in Berkshire with a hunting lodge at nearby Ashdown (now in Oxfordshire), but she died before construction of the palace began. Perhaps because of his devotion to Elizabeth, he never married.

After the Restoration, he was rewarded with several Court offices and given an earldom. He was granted a share in the Colony of Carolina and served as one of its Lords Proprietors. Craven County, North Carolina, is named for him. As a Privy Councillor, he seems to have been diligent enough: Samuel Pepys in his Diary regularly mentions his attendance at the committee for Tangier and his chairing of the Committee on Fisheries. In the latter role Pepys was rather shocked by his bawdy language which Pepys thought improper in a councillor (though perhaps natural in an old soldier). In 1678, we read of his presence at the historic Council meeting where Titus Oates first publicised the Popish Plot.

Pepys's attitude to Craven varies in the Diary – on the one hand, he calls him a coxcomb and criticises his chairing of the Fisheries Committee; at other times he is glad that Craven is his "very good friend".

Whatever Pepys's opinion of him, Craven earned the lasting respect and gratitude of the people of London during the Great Plague of 1665 when, unlike the great majority of noblemen, who fled to the country, he remained in London, helping to maintain order and donating property for burial grounds.

During the Glorious Revolution, on the evening of December 17, 1688, Craven, as colonel of the Coldstream Guards, was on guard duty with his soldiers, protecting King James II at Whitehall Palace, when Hendrik Trajectinus, Count of Solms, commanding three battalions loyal to the Prince of Orange, came to take military possession of the surroundings of the palace. Craven swore that he would be cut to pieces rather than submit, but James, when he heard what was happening, ordered Craven to withdraw.

Craven died on 9 April 1697 aged 88 in London.