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Nissan S20 engine

The Nissan S20 engine 1989 cc was a straight-6 four-valve DOHC internal combustion engine produced by Nissan from 1969 to 1973, originally designed by engineers of the former Prince. It was the first mass-produced Japanese engine with more than two valves per cylinder.

Essentially a revised production variant of the 1966 Prince GR-8 engine from Prince/Nissan's R380 racecar, it produces 160 hp at 7000 rpm and 18 kgm of torque at 5600 rpm and weighs 199 kg. The S20 powered Nissan's Skyline GT-R (C10 and C110) and Fairlady Z432 models.

This engine is not to be confused with the unrelated SR20 (consisting of the SR20Di, SR20DE, SR20DET, SR20VE, and SR20VET engines), which were straight-4 DOHC petrol engines from the SR series used in other Nissan models.

History
The S20 was one of the technical carryovers to the Nissan brand from Prince technology. Prince had been producing the Skyline since the model's inception in the 1950s; following the merger of the two companies, Nissan took over production of the Skyline, which received the new engine in the late 1960s.

The third generation Skyline was exhibited at the 1968 Tokyo Motor Show in October, which included a special "Skyline 2000GT Racing" model equipped with the S20; it was promoted as being equipped with the same engine as the R380. The production Skyline 2000GT-R (chassis code PGC10 for the four-door saloon) was introduced in February 1969, followed by the Skyline Hardtop 2000GT-R coupe (chassis code KPGC10, with a shortened wheelbase and 2 fewer doors) in 1970. The two models (PGC10/KPGC10) would later collectively win 49 straight Japan touring car victories between 1969 and 1971.

Aside from its use in the PGC10/KPGC10 Skylines, the S20 also was fitted to the Nissan Fairlady Z432, a sports racing model of the Nissan Fairlady Z (S30) line, starting in fall 1969. The Z432 designation was derived from the design of the S20: four valves per cylinder, three carburetors, and two overhead camshafts. In addition to the S20, changes in the Z432 version included a 5-speed manual transmission and a limited-slip differential. A special lightened variant was designated Z432R. The cost of the Z432 was nearly double the price of a standard Fairlady Z.

In September 1972, Nissan introduced the fourth generation Skyline (chassis code C110) powered by the L series of engines. A KPGC110 "Skyline 2000GT-R Racing Concept" powered by the S20 was shown at the 1972 Tokyo Motor Show after the commercial models were introduced; although the concept's number (73) hinted at Nissan's racing efforts for 1973, Nissan dropped its factory team that year in favor of developing anti-pollution technology and improving fuel efficiency. Less than 200 examples of the KPGC110 GT-R would be built from January through April 1973, due to increasingly stringent emissions laws; in addition, the contemporary oil crisis of that year created a wasteful perception of auto racing and high-performance vehicles by many people. Because of its rarity and withdrawal from touring car races, the KPGC110 Skyline GT-R has been dubbed as the "Phantom GT-R".

Engine specifications

The S20 is an inline-six with a cast iron block and aluminum head, using a 7-bearing crankshaft. It features a dual overhead cam, cross-flow head with pent-roof combustion chamber and four valves per cylinder. Heads were ported and polished manually, and the motors were bench tested for consistent power production before installation.

Compared to the preceding GR-8, the 82 mm bore was retained but the stroke was reduced from 63 to 62.8 mm in order to ensure that displacement would not exceed 2 litres if slight errors were made during manufacturing. In addition, the valvetrain was driven by timing chains, rather than gears.

Most engines utilized triple Mikuni-Solex 40PHH dual-choke carburetors; models after 1969 offered optional Lucas mechanical fuel injection. In racing trim, the fuel-injected motors reportedly produced over 225 bhp, with 250 bhp for larger tracks like Fuji Speedway; custom tuning yielded race engines with 265 PS output at 12,000 rpm.

As fitted to Shinohara's No. 39 racing car (1969), the S20 was tuned for higher output, generating 154 kW at 8000 rpm and 196 Nm at 6000 rpm.

Applications
This engine was used in the following vehicles:
 * Skyline GT-R (PGC10 type) 4-door sedan 1969 - 1970. (832 units)
 * Skyline GT-R (KPGC10 type) 2-door coupe 1970 - 1972. 70 mm shorter wheelbase than the PGC10. (1,197 units)
 * Skyline GT-R (KPGC110 type) January–April 1973. (197 units)
 * Fairlady Z432 (PS30) 1969 - 1972. (419 – 420 units)
 * Fairlady Z432R (PS30SB) Z432 race car-based for homologation nearly 100 kg lighter than production Z432. (30 – 50 units)

Motorsports
The first win for the S20-powered Skyline 2000GT-R was on May 3, 1969, at the TS-b race of the 1969 JAF Grand Prix held at Fuji Speedway, using the four-door PGC10; the winning car (No. 39, driven by T.Shinohara) has been preserved in the Nissan Heritage Collection. The racing saloons were joined by the hardtop coupe KPGC10 in March 1971 at the All Japan Suzuka Automobile Race. The PGC10/KPGC10 went on to win 49 consecutive races held at Fuji, Suzuka, Tsukuba, and Hokkaido; although the streak ended after the 49th win on October 10, 1971, the GT-R won its next race for its 50th victory on March 20, 1972, also held at the Fuji Circuit.

Compared to the Nissan L-series straight-six engines, the S20 was too small and too complex, despite it being a twin-cam with four valves per cylinder. In the 1970 All-Japan Fuji 1000km race, six Fairlady Z432R models with the S20 were entered, as well as one HS30 Fairlady 240Z with an L24. The L24-powered Fairlady 240Z won easily. Due to its simpler and more robust design, the L-series went on to become the most favored engine in motorsport and tuning, while the S20 remains relatively obscure.

title: Nissan S20 engine


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User:Sleepnomore

Goodbye
I have left Wikipedia editing for reasons that are too numerous to list here. I sincerely hope that someone can put a dent in the relentless administrative abuse and POV-warrioring that goes on here. However, my schedule is too full and my time is too valuable to put a sincere effort in that endeavor myself. Good luck to you all. - Sleepnomore 20:38, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Messages
Please do not leave messages for me on my talk page. If you wish to contact me, please use the "email this user" feature on the toolbox. Thank you in advance for your cooperation. - Sleepnomore 20:42, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sleepnomore


text:
User talk:Sleepnomore

Goodbye
I have left Wikipedia editing for reasons that are too numerous to list here. I sincerely hope that someone can put a dent in the relentless administrative abuse and POV-warrioring that goes on here. However, my schedule is too full and my time is too valuable to put a sincere effort in that endeavor myself. Good luck to you all. - Sleepnomore 20:39, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

No Messages Please
I ask that you not leave messages on my talk page any longer. If you need to get ahold of me, please use the "Email this user" feature on the toolbox. Thanks in advance - Sleepnomore 20:41, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:KillingNoMurder2.jpg

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title: User talk:Sleepnomore


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Digital certificates

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge. Ingoolemo  talk  19:55, 2005 September 6 (UTC)

Digital certificates
Should be merged with Public key certificate. Note that "Digital certificate" (singular) already gets redirected to "Public key certificate" --Finbarr Saunders 20:33, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge.  Paul Klenk 20:41, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Inappropriate nomination for VfD (or PfD, or AfD, or whatever it's being called at this instant). There are several merge headers : merge, mergeto, mergefrom, or you could be bold and redirect.  VfD doesn't cover any of these.  Zoe 22:23, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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German cruiser Nürnberg

Nürnberg was a German light cruiser of the Leipzig-class cruiser built for the Kriegsmarine. She was named after the city of Nuremberg and had one sister ship, GERMAN CRUISER Leipzig. Nürnberg was laid down in 1934, launched in December of that year, and completed in November 1935. She was armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm guns in three triple turrets and could steam at a speed of 32 kn. Nürnberg was the longest-serving major warship of the Kriegsmarine, and the only one to see active service after the end of World War II, though not in a German navy.

In the late 1930s, Nürnberg took part in the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War without major incident. After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, she was used to lay defensive minefields off the German coast. She was thereafter used to escort offensive mine-layers in the North Sea until she was torpedoed by a British submarine in December 1939. She was thereafter used as a training ship in the Baltic Sea for most of the rest of the war, apart from a short deployment to Norway from November 1942 to April 1943. In January 1945, she was assigned to mine-laying duties in the Skagerrak, but severe shortages of fuel permitted only one such operation.

After the end of the war, Nürnberg was seized by the Royal Navy and ultimately awarded to the Soviet Union as war reparations. In December 1945, a Soviet crew took over the ship, and the following month took her to Tallinn, where she was renamed Admiral Makarov. She served in the Soviet Navy, first in the 8th Fleet, then as a training cruiser based in Kronstadt. By 1960, she had been broken up for scrap.

Design

Nürnberg was 181.3 m long overall and had a beam of 16.3 m and a maximum draft of 5.74 m forward. She displaced 9040 t at full load. Nürnberg had a crew of 25 officers and 648 enlisted men. She was fitted with a catapult and a crane to handle two Heinkel He 60 floatplanes, though these were later replaced with Arado Ar 196 models.

Her propulsion system consisted of two steam turbines and four MAN two-stroke double-acting diesel engines. Steam for the turbines was provided by six Marine-type, double-ended, oil-fired water-tube boilers. The ship's propulsion system provided a top speed of 32 kn and a range of approximately 3900 nmi at 10 kn using only the diesel engines.

The ship was armed with a main battery of nine 15 cm SK C/25 guns mounted in three triple gun turrets. One was located forward, and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft, all on the centerline. They were supplied with between 1,080 and 1,500 rounds of ammunition, for between 120 and 166 shells per gun. The ship was also equipped with eight 8.8 cm SK C/32 anti-aircraft guns, eight 3.7 cm SK C/30 anti-aircraft guns, and several 2 cm anti-aircraft guns, though the number of the latter changed over her career. Nürnberg also carried four triple torpedo tube mounts located amidships; they were supplied with twenty-four 50 cm torpedoes. She was also capable of carrying 120 naval mines. The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 30 mm thick amidships and an armor belt that was 50 mm thick. The conning tower had 100 mm thick sides.

Modifications
After the outbreak of war, the ship was fitted with a degaussing coil to protect her against magnetic mines. In 1942, the ship's aircraft handling equipment and aft torpedo tubes were removed. Throughout the war, her radar suite was upgraded; in March 1941, she was equipped with FuMO 21 radar and in early 1942, a FuMO 25 radar set was installed. The latter was a search radar for surface targets and low-flying aircraft at low range. The FuMO 21 set was replaced by the short-range FuMO 63 Hohentwiel 50-centimeter radar. Nürnberg was also fitted with four Metox radar warning receivers.

The ship's anti-aircraft battery was improved over the course of World War II. In late 1942, a pair of Army-variant 2 cm Flakvierling quadruple mounts were installed, one on the navigating bridge and the other on top of the aft superfiring turret. In May 1944, the navy proposed installing several Bofors 40 mm guns, but most of these weapons were diverted to other uses, and only two guns were installed. One was mounted on the bridge and the other where the catapult had been located. Two Navy-pattern Flakvierlings were added; one replaced the Army model atop the aft superfiring turret, and the other was placed in front of the anti-aircraft fire director. The Army-pattern Flakvierlings were moved to the main deck. In December 1944, another revised anti-aircraft plan was proposed, this time incorporating the new 3.7 cm FlaK 43 gun, of which there were to be eight, along with two Flakvierlings and ten 2 cm twin mounts. Germany's wartime situation by the end of 1944 prevented these changes from being made, however.

Service history

Nürnberg was laid down in 1934 at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. She was launched on 6 December 1934 and completed in less than a year, being commissioned on 2 November 1935. The ship thereafter worked up in the Baltic Sea until April 1936, when she joined GERMAN CRUISER Köln and GERMAN CRUISER Leipzig for a training cruise into the Atlantic. At this time, she was made the flagship of the reconnaissance forces of the German Navy. The three cruisers then returned to the Baltic for additional maneuvers. Nürnberg participated the non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. On her initial deployment in 1936, she flew the flag of Konteradmiral Hermann Boehm. Over the course of the conflict, Nürnberg conducted four patrols off Spain, but did not encounter any belligerent forces, with the exception of a claimed attack by an unidentified submarine south of the Balearic Islands on 16 July 1937.

In September 1937, Nürnberg took part in fleet maneuvers with the heavy cruisers GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Graf Spee and GERMAN CRUISER Deutschland, the light cruisers Leipzig and GERMAN CRUISER Karlsruhe, and several destroyers. The first three months of 1938 were spent in the Baltic, after which Nürnberg went into dock for a periodic refit. In June, she went on a training cruise to Norway and returned to Germany the following month. In August, she was present at the fleet review held in Kiel for Adolf Hitler and the visiting regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy. Nürnberg joined the fleet that was sent to Memel in March 1939 to seize the region. After completing the occupation, Nürnberg joined Admiral Graf Spee, Leipzig, and Köln for a training cruise to the Mediterranean Sea, which included several stops in Spanish ports. After returning to Germany in May, she resumed training in the Baltic.

1939–1941

At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, Nürnberg was assigned to the blockade force that was intended to prevent the Polish Navy from escaping from the Baltic. Despite the Germans' efforts, several Polish destroyers and submarines escaped to Britain, where they continued the war. On 3 September, Nürnberg and the rest of the cruisers were withdrawn to the North Sea to lay a series of defensive minefields to protect the German coastline. She returned to the Baltic for training exercises in October. The following month, she was transferred back to the North Sea, where she was tasked with escorting destroyers laying minefields off the British coast. On 4–6 December, the ship conducted a mining operation off Kristiansand, Norway.

On 13 December, while escorting a group of destroyers returning from a mine-laying operation off the British coast, the Royal Navy submarine HMS Salmon (N65) launched a spread of torpedoes at the German flotilla. Two torpedo tracks were spotted heading toward Nürnberg, and the ship turned hard to port in an attempt to evade them. One passed harmlessly ahead of the ship, but the second struck her in the bow. Nürnberg reduced speed to 12 kn to allow her crew to inspect the damage, when three more torpedo tracks were spotted to port. The ship immediately accelerated to full speed and turned to starboard; the torpedoes exploded in the cruiser's wake. The hit caused some minor flooding and minimal damage, but her watertight bulkheads held. The Germans spotted Salmon and briefly engaged her with Nürnberg's rearmost main battery turret, but to no effect. Nürnberg thereafter got underway at a speed of 18 kn and made for port.

While en route back to Germany on 14 December, Nürnberg and Leipzig, which had also been torpedoed by Salmon, came under further British attacks. The Royal Air Force (RAF) launched an attack against Nürnberg and Leipzig which had also been damaged by Salmon. Approximately 20 Vickers Wellington bombers from No. 99 Squadron were intercepted by fighters from II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) under the leadership of Oberstleutnant Carl-Alfred Schumacher in the vicinity of Spiekeroog and Wangerooge. The RAF bombers failed to further damage the cruisers as JG 77 pilots claimed seven and one probable bomber shot down, including one claimed by Unteroffizier Herbert Kutscha. RAF records indicate that six bombers were lost in the attack. The submarine HMS Ursula (N59) also unsuccessfully attacked the damaged cruiser that day, just before she entered the Kiel Canal at Brunsbüttel. After arriving in Kiel, Nürnberg went into drydock at Deutsche Werke for repairs, which lasted until April 1940.

In early June 1940, Nürnberg's commander, Kapitän zur See (KzS) Otto Klüber, was informed that the ship would not participate in Operation Juno, a sortie by the battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst. Instead, she was transferred to Norway, departing Kiel on 10 June under the escort of the torpedo boats GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Falke and GERMAN TORPEDO BOAT Jaguar. On 12 June, the torpedo boats were sent to Stavanger for fuel, and in the meantime, Nürnberg steamed a zig-zag course at 27 kn to evade any submarines that might be in the area. The following day, the 2nd Minesweeper Flotilla took over her escort duty off Trondheim. On 17 June, Nürnberg reached Narvik, which was to be her base for the next month. During this period, one of her Arado Ar 196 floatplanes unsuccessfully attacked a British submarine. This was the only action the ship saw while in Norway. On 25 July, Nürnberg and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted the damaged battleship Gneisenau, which had been torpedoed by a British submarine, from Trondheim, Norway, to Kiel. The flotilla arrived in Kiel on 28 July. On 8 August, KzS Leo Kreisch replaced Klüber as the ship's commander. Nürnberg spent the rest of the year in the Baltic. The Italian Admiral Mavagini visited the ship while she was in Gotenhafen in September. A short refit was conducted at Deutsche Werke in October and November.

1941–1945

On 15 February 1941, she was reclassified as a training cruiser and assigned to the Fleet Training Squadron, along with the other surviving light cruisers. These ships were tasked with training the crews for the U-boat arm, which was expanding rapidly to wage the Battle of the Atlantic. At the start of this period, many of her crewmen were themselves transferred to the U-boat fleet. After the outbreak of war with the Soviet Union in June 1941, Nürnberg was reassigned to the Baltic Fleet, which was centered on the new battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz. After it became clear that the Soviet Baltic Fleet did not intend to sortie, the German ships were dispersed. Nürnberg returned to her training duties for the remainder of the year. Another refit was conducted in January 1942; during this period, her aircraft equipment and aft torpedo tubes were removed, and her light anti-aircraft armament was increased. Allied air raids caused some damage, which delayed her return to service until 23 August.

She thereafter conducted sea trials until October, after which she was deployed to Norway. On 11 November, Nürnberg left Gotenhafen, bound for Trondheim. She arrived there on 18 November, and remained there until she was transferred to Bogen Bay outside Narvik on 2 December. There, she joined the fleet in being, which was, again, centered on Tirpitz. Nürnberg saw no action during this period. On 27 April 1943, Nürnberg left Narvik for German waters via Trondheim. After arriving in Kiel on 3 May, she had her machinery overhauled. After the work was completed in late May, she was assigned to the Training Squadron in the Baltic. Frequent crew changes kept the ship at a very low state of readiness. She remained in this duty through 1944, and she saw no action. She was not assigned to the shore bombardment units that supported the retreating German Army on the Eastern Front, unlike most of the other ships of the Training Squadron.

At the start of 1945, she was assigned to mine-laying duty in the Skagerrak, and was based in Oslo, Norway. She completed only one mine-laying operation, Operation Titus, on 13 January. The forces assigned to the operation included two destroyers, two torpedo boats, and a mine-layer; Nürnberg herself carried 130 mines. Severe fuel shortages prevented any further operations. On 24 January, she steamed to Copenhagen, where she remained until the end of the war, as she had only 270 LT of synthetic fuel oil aboard. On 5 May 1945, she received the ceasefire order, and on 22 May, the British cruisers HMS Devonshire (39) and HMS Dido (37) arrived to take over Nürnberg.

Post-war service

On 24 May, Nürnberg and the heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen sailed from Copenhagen under escort by Devonshire, Dido, and several other warships. The flotilla arrived in Wilhelmshaven on 28 May, and the German vessels remained there while their fates were determined at the Potsdam Conference. The Allies eventually decided to award Nürnberg to the Soviet Union. To prevent the Germans from scuttling their ships as they had done in 1919, the Allies formally seized the vessels on 19 December, while Nürnberg was in drydock. That day, the ship's Soviet crew came aboard. On 2 January, the Soviets took their seized warships, which also included the target ship SMS Hessen, Hessen's radio-control vessel Blitz, the destroyer Z15 Erich Steinbrinck, and the torpedo boats T33 and T107, to Libau in present-day Latvia.

The Soviet Navy examined the ship in great detail after she arrived in Libau. The cruiser was then renamed Admiral Makarov and assigned to the 8th Fleet, based in Tallinn. In late 1948, she became the flagship of the 8th Fleet, under the command of Vice Admiral F. V. Zozulya. In the early 1950s, three new Chapayev-class cruisers entered service, which prompted the Soviet Navy to withdraw Admiral Makarov from front line duties. She returned to her old job as a training cruiser, this time based in Kronstadt in mid-1954. During this period, most of her light anti-aircraft armament was removed, and new radars were installed. Her ultimate fate is unclear; she appears to have been placed out of service by May 1959, and was scrapped some time thereafter, reportedly by mid-1960. Nevertheless, she was the longest-surviving major warship of the Kriegsmarine, and the only one to see active service after the end of the war.

title: German cruiser Nürnberg


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User talk:Sunray/Archive03

Oak Ridges Moraine notes section
I apparently forgot to remove and shift references into the proper order when I re-wrote the Hydrology section. It's fixed now. Mindmatrix 1 July 2005 21:08 (UTC)
 * BTW, your message implied that you wanted me to read a certain article, but you never mentioned which one. Have I missed something? As far as Notes vs References go, I don't really care either way. I consider any source of information to be a reference, and I think that on websites, notes and references are the same thing. To wit:
 * Footnotes appear at the bottom of a printed page for an article;
 * References appear on the last page(s) of a printed article;
 * Wikipedia articles aren't broken down by pages, so don't need such distinction.
 * As I said, it doesn't matter to me, but I don't see the need for distinction. (There is the exception of printing Wikipedia articles, and having the appropriate footnotes appear on each page, but that can be solved by javascript and CSS trickery.) Mindmatrix 1 July 2005 21:30 (UTC)

 * Was this the article you were thinking of?
 * Regarding your suggestion: it does make sense. Doesn't that imply that the section for ORM (and sub-articles) should be "References", since they were sources used to write the article. Let's disregard the fact that I didn't originally cite them properly...I keep finding different templates and standards related to citing sources, none of which I particularly like. Mindmatrix 9 July 2005 19:05 (UTC)

I like the way the Geography of India article cites things; indeed, I've been looking over Template:Web reference and Template:Web reference simple, as well as others. I was going to test it on smaller articles I've written first. I'm currently reviewing a bunch of citation-related articles, guidelines and policies. Maybe something useful will come out of that. Mindmatrix 19:37, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

Yeesh
What was that committee smoking?! da blaze  July 2, 2005 17:58 (UTC)

Culture of Canada
Hi, Sunray. An anon editor and User:AndyL (both strident antimonarchists) keep removing a link (which I added originally) to Monarchy in Canada under the symbols section of Culture of Canada. I feel that this is appropriate, given that symbols of the monarchy are still very much a part of Canadian culture. Also, an anon keeps adding republican website links to Monarchist League of Canada (where it is inappropriate). What are your thoughts on this? SouthernComfort 8 July 2005 10:43 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your message. I agree that his addition is valid, though as you've noted, it could be expanded a bit, though Monarchy in Canada fills in the blanks obviously. I didn't much care for his condescending and patronizing message on my talk, however. IMHO, political disagreements between users should have no bearing on what actually is, i.e. just presenting the facts in articles, preferably as unbiased as possible. It's one of the things I've always loved about Canada, that despite all the differences and major changes over the years, the society is far more cohesive and organized than many other nations (and I think many people, both sides of the border, underestimate the level of cohesiveness up there). That's my POV. ;) Take care, SouthernComfort 12:19, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Georgian Bay
It's never been my understanding that the North Channel was considered part of Georgian Bay. As far as I know, it's usually considered a distinct portion of Lake Huron as a whole. YMMV, I suppose, but I was whelped and raised up there... Bearcat 22:34, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

 * [Originally posted on User talk: Bearcat]. In a way it is somewhat academic, since Georgian Bay is a bay of Lake Huron. Nevertheless, the North Channel is commonly referred to as "the North Channel of Georgian Bay" as a Google search of those terms (in quotes) will reveal.  Here's some evidence:
 * The Mission of the Georgian Bay Land Trust: to preserve the unique archipelago and its adjacent water bodies which lie along the eastern shore and North Channel of Georgian Bay that are of ecological, geological and historical importance, and to promote the appreciation of this special area.
 * Other websites:, , Sunray 00:00, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Agriculture
Hi, thanks for your offer to help with the subcategories at Category:Agriculture. I started to do it, but that didn't go over well. All you need to do is:
 * 1) See if the article is in any appropriate categories.
 * 2) If so, especially if those are a subcat of "Agriculture", delete the agriculture category.
 * I might ought to warn you that when I started doing this someone didn't like it. See this [note]. Maurreen 16:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry, I didn't mean to leave the same note for you in two places.
 * Anyway, I didn't think "Plant farming" was great name myself, but I didn't think of anything better. I considered "Horticulture" but that article implied that the term usually refers to gardens. I was looking for a general name for the part of farming that is about raising plants, in contrast to, say, "Animal husbandry." Anyway, the agriculture category seems to have some items related to growing plants that I'm not sure which, if any, of the current subcategories they belong in. Thanks. Maurreen 03:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I was going to try to give you a few examples, but maybe it's not worth the trouble for any of us. Pollinator is on revert campaign.
 * On a side note, give me a yell if you ever need help with our "AD/BC friend." Maurreen 05:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

BCE
thanks, Sunray. I can accept BCE as an armistice, sure. The actual debate is going on at Eras/Compromise_proposal, though, and pending that outcome, we can't say anything definite. dab (ᛏ) 08:22, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * yes. please note this, I am convinced this is where we are headed. dab (ᛏ) 08:34, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I'd prefer it if someone else handled the issue since Jguk continues to falsely accuse me of making unilateral changes (see his recent comments on Talk:Elam), despite having pointed out to him numerous times that I made the changes to ensure consistency. Also Dbachmann apparently refuses to use BCE in his edits, and someone like Jguk could very well use that to change the rest of the article to BC. I've thus far avoided making any major edits because of this since it doesn't seem like consensus honestly carries any weight - if it did, all editors involved with the article would respect consensus and conform to the convention agreed upon. Why should we have to "clean up" after other editors in order to ensure consistency, when consensus has already been reached? I mean, if this is the way it's going to be, what's the point? SouthernComfort 07:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sunray/Archive03


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Jobyna Ralston

Jobyna Ralston (born Jobyna Lancaster Raulston, November 21, 1899 – January 22, 1967) was an American stage and film actress. She had a featured role in Wings in 1927, and is remembered for her on-screen chemistry with Harold Lloyd, with whom she appeared in seven films.

Early life and career
Ralston was born in South Pittsburg, Tennessee, on November 21, 1899 to Joseph Lancaster Raulston and Sarah E. Kemp Raulston. She was named after Jobyna Howland. She had a younger brother, Edward Angus (born 1905). Ralston's mother, a portrait photographer, carefully groomed her daughter for a show business career.

At the age of 9, she gave her first stage performance as Cinderella during the grand opening of the Wilson theatre/Opera House in 1909. Around 1915, Ralston attended acting school in New York. She later danced chorus and sang in Broadway productions, her first being Two Little Girls in Blue. This production marked her Broadway debut, when she was 21. Comedian Max Linder saw her on stage and persuaded her to go to Hollywood, where she appeared in a number of his films. She also co-starred in Humor Risk (1921), the fabled lost comedy short film that was to be the film debut of the Marx Brothers. Soon director Hal Roach began to feature her in one-reel comedies. She abandoned the stage for the screen in 1922 when her mother's health began to decline, and she needed to make more money to help pay the medical bills.

Starring with Harold Lloyd
In 1923, Ralston was named by the film industry as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars. This award was given every year to the top up and coming female stars. That same year she starred with silent comedian Harold Lloyd in Why Worry?, and over the next five years she appeared in six more of Lloyd's feature films as his leading lady. Ralston is remembered for these performances and her onscreen chemistry with Lloyd. She started the trend for romantic comedies with Girl Shy (1924).

Silent film career
As a freelance actress, Ralston co-starred with Richard Arlen, in the first Oscar-winning film, Wings (1927). She had a feature role in the film, which also featured Clara Bow, Gary Cooper, and Buddy Rogers. She starred in 11 more motion pictures, among them Special Delivery (1927) co-starring Eddie Cantor. Her film career ended after two early sound movies when she became a mother. Her last talkie, Rough Waters (1930), found her acting with Rin Tin Tin.

Personal life and death
Ralston was married twice, the first time to childhood beau John Campbell, the second in 1927 to actor Richard Arlen, whom she had met on the set of Wings. They had one child, actor Richard Arlen Jr. The family appears together in Hollywood on Parade # A-4. Ralston and Arlen divorced in late 1946.

During the last five years of her life Ralston suffered from rheumatism and had a series of strokes. She died in 1967 from pneumonia at the Motion Picture Country Home in Woodland Hills, California at age 67.

Selected filmography

 * A Sailor-Made Man (Uncredited, 1921)
 * The Bride-to-Be (1922)
 * Friday, the Thirteenth (1922)
 * The Call of Home (1922)
 * Take Next Car (1922)
 * The Truth Juggler (1922)
 * Touch All the Bases (1922)
 * The Three Must-Get-Theres (1922)
 * The Call of Home (1922)
 * Wet Weather (1922)
 * The Landlubber (1922)
 * Soak the Shiek (1922)
 * Bone Dry (1922)
 * Face the Camera (1922)
 * The Uppercut (1922)
 * Shiver and Shake (1922)
 * The Golf Bug (1922)
 * Shine 'em Up (1922)
 * Washed Ashore (1922)
 * Harvest Hands (1922)
 * The Flivver (1922)
 * Blaze Away (1922)
 * I'll Take Vanilla (1922)
 * Fair Week (1922)
 * The White Blacksmith (1922)
 * Watch Your Wife (1923)
 * Mr. Hyppo (1923)
 * Don't Say Die (1923)
 * Jailed and Bailed (1923)
 * A Loose Tightwad (1923)
 * Tight Shoes (1923)
 * Do Your Stuff (1923)
 * Shoot Straight (1923)
 * For Safe Keeping (1923)
 * For Guests Only (1923)
 * For Art's Sake (1923)
 * Why Worry? (1923)
 * Winner Take All (1923)
 * Girl Shy (1924)
 * Hot Water (1924)
 * Whispering Lions (1925)
 * The Freshman (1925)
 * Are Parents Pickles? (1925)
 * Whistling Lions (1925)
 * Between Meals (1926)
 * Humor Risk (1926)
 * Don't Butt In (1926)
 * For Heaven's Sake (1926)
 * Sweet Daddies (1926)
 * Gigolo (1926)
 * The Kid Brother (1927)
 * Special Delivery (1927)
 * Lightning (1927)
 * Wings (1927)
 * A Racing Romeo (1927)
 * Pretty Clothes (1927)
 * Little Mickey Grogan (1927)
 * The Night Flyer (1928)
 * The Count of Ten (1928)
 * Black Butterflies (1928)
 * The Big Hop (1928)
 * The Toilers (1928)
 * The Power of the Press (1928)
 * Some Mother's Boy (1929)
 * The College Coquette (1929)
 * Rough Waters (1930) *Lost film
 * Sheer Luck (1931)
 * Hollywood on Parade # A-4 (1932)

title: Jobyna Ralston


text:
Talk:List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom

Reservoir
Looks to me like Blackwater Reservoir should be listed in the reservoirs: Its area is roughly 12 by 1 km, perhaps 3.5 square miles? 81.132.10.0 17:27, 17 March 2007 (UTC) djcmackay

Which is the largest man-made lake in the UK? Rutland Water or Kielder Water? The latter claims the title on its article page. Both make the claim on their respective websites, and there are numerous claims that each is the largest man-made lake in Europe. What criteria are used, and are the figures on this page correct? --JRawle 20:34, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

I would guess Rutland Water is the largest by surface area, and Kielder Water is the largest by water capacity. Morwen - Talk 09:36, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Depth
Is it 228 or 248 m deep? Ufwuct 21:26, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This page says that George Edwards measured a maximum depth of 812 feet (247 m).
 * Taking that page along with this one, the other measurement seems to come from the previously assumed maximum depth of 750 feet (229 m). --David Edgar 11:42, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Size
I feel this article should make it clearer that this is talking about surface area, not volume of water.Greynolds999 16:42, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Lakes in Scotland
While I am aware that there are three bodies of water in Scotland calling themselves "lakes", the use of the word "lake" in Scotland is often considered to be borderline offensive, and the article should reflect this.--MacRusgail 15:25, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It should also take into account that "loch" refers to saltwater bodies too. --MacRusgail (talk) 19:28, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

New table
My last edit summary was cut short by some gremlin - as should be obvious there is now a more comprehensive table for the largest water bodies. Ben  Mac  Dui  18:22, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Area figures
It's not clear to me where the figures for the areas of each of the lakes/lochs listed has come from. can anyone point me to a source and ought that source to be referenced in the article? thanks Geopersona (talk) 19:55, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897-1909? Geopersona (talk) 20:49, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Some as indicated but I have no idea where the English and Welsh data is supposed to come from I'm afraid. Ben   Mac  Dui  21:07, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

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Guru.com

Guru.com is a freelance marketplace. It allows companies to find freelance workers for commissioned work. Founded in 1998 and headquartered in Pittsburgh, Guru was initially known as eMoonlighter.com.

History
Guru Inc. was founded in 1998 in San Francisco as an online clearing house for high tech workers seeking short-term contracts. The company, led by brothers Jon and James Slavet, raised $3M USD in angel funding and a further $16M USD in a full venture round led by Greylock Partners and August Capital. In a May 2000 interview, Paul Saffo cited Guru.com as an example of a company using the Internet to provide new kinds of services where individuals negotiated directly with potential employers.

The company was acquired in December 2002 by Unicru, a human resources software company based in Portland, Oregon. Guru's technology and staff remained with Unicru. At this point, Guru had received approximately $41 million USD in funding.

In June 2003, small business consulting and creative design firm eMoonlighter bought Guru.com through the leadership of CEO Inderpal Guglani, who subsequently became CEO of Guru. In February 2004, eMoonlighter officially changed its name to Guru.com. The acquisition, which brought along several clients now relying on Guru for freelancing needs, boosted eMoonlighter's reputation of only offering the services of “moonlighting” freelancers, to one of full-time, reliable freelance workers able to meet the needs of any company–which has become what Guru is known for today.

Business model
Guru connects employers and freelancers through their online platform. Employers post job descriptions, including payment offered. Freelancers post profiles highlighting their skills and services. Employers can search for and invite specific freelancers to submit quotes for jobs, and freelancers who are interested in jobs can submit bids. Employers review the quotes received along with freelancers’ profiles, portfolios, feedback reviews, and earnings statistics before selecting freelancers to hire. Employers and freelancers form an agreement on the scope of work, payment terms, and timeline.

Guru's WorkRoom feature is an assigned online working space. Its purpose is to help employers to manage one or more freelancers, assign roles, and keep interactions, time tracking, and payments in one place.

Guru's SafePay payment system ensures secure payment for employers and freelancers. Employers and freelancers choose from various payment methods. Employers can deposit funds so freelancers see that funds are available before starting work, and employers release funds after reviewing the work. In 2020, Guru claimed to have around three million online users, with nearly one million visits to the site every month.

Platform renaming
Unicru sold the Guru.com domain name and logo to eMoonlighter.com, and eMoonlighter was renamed Guru.com.

title: Guru.com


text:
Simmone Jade Mackinnon

Simone Jade Mackinnon (born 19 March 1973) is an Australian actress. She is best known for role as Allie Reese on Baywatch (1999–2000) and Stevie Hall on McLeod's Daughters (2003–2009).

Early life
Mackinnon was born in Mount Isa, Queensland in 1973 to Ian and Annette Mackinnon. She has a brother and a sister, Robbie and Kym. She and her family later moved to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales.

Career
Mackinnon began her acting career in 1988, appearing in the Australian feature film Something About Love. Two further features followed, Dating the Enemy and Dust of the Wings, where she appeared in small roles, although her role in Dust of the Wing was a larger part. In 1997, she began to appear on television. She had a guest appearance on the fantasy television series Spellbinder: Land of the Dragon Lord, a sequel to the original series Spellbinder. Mackinnon is known for her role in Baywatch: Hawaii, where she played the role of 'Allie Reese' opposite David Hasselhoff. MacKinnon is best known for her role as 'Stevie Hall' (later 'Hall-Ryan') in the Logie Award-winning Australian television series McLeod's Daughters, where she appeared at the end of season three through the final season in 2009. Her role as Stevie earned her several Logie Award nominations, for Most Popular New Female Talent and Most Popular Actress. In 2007 & 2009, she received Gold Logie Award nominations. Mackinnon's other television work includes roles on Water Rats, All Saints, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World, The Cut, Rescue: Special Ops, Cops L.A.C. and City Homicide. In 2001, she appeared with Powers Boothe in the television mini-series Attila, which also featured Gerard Butler, and in 2003, she starred in the Syfy television film Deep Shock. Mackinnon also played roles in three direct-to-video films, Python, Dark Waters and Submission, for which she also served as producer.

From 1993 to 1995 she toured with the musical Cats (in the role of the cat "Cassandra") through Australia and Asia. In June 2009, Mackinnon appeared as a presenter alongside host Karl Stefanovic and Scott Cam in Random Acts of Kindness on the Nine Network. Mackinnon completed a second season of Random Acts of Kindness in January 2010.

On 4 March 2012, it was announced Mackinnon had joined the cast of Neighbours as Zoe Alexander. The actress began appearing on screen in May and relocated to Melbourne for filming.

On 30 April 2024, it was announced that Mackinnon will join the reality television series The Summit, as a contestant for its second season, which is set to premiere on 12 May 2024 on Nine Network. This will mark the first time Mackinnon has appeared on screen in twelve years. Mackinnon, along with two other contestants, completed The Summit in the season finale, as she walked away with $100,000.

Personal life
Mackinnon gave birth to her first child, a son, Madigan James Mackinnon, on 19 March 2010, her 37th birthday.

Dogs have always been a part of her life. She was named an RSPCA superhero "for giving love, respect and support to all animals." As a child traveling with her parents, she found an abandoned Australian Cattle Dog, and since then has had ACDs in her life. Her current dogs are Duke and Kevin.

title: Simmone Jade Mackinnon


text:
Manfred Max-Neef

Artur Manfred Max Neef (26 October 1932 – 8 August 2019) was a Chilean economist of German descent. Max-Neef was born in Valparaíso, Chile. He started his career as a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley in the early 1960s. He was known for his taxonomy of fundamental human needs and human scale development. In 1983, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "revitalising small and medium-sized communities through 'Barefoot Economics'."

Early life
Max-Neef was born on 26 October 1932 in Valparaíso, Chile, the son of Magdalena Sophie Neef, a humanities and music student, and Alfred Wilhelm Hermann Max, an economist. Both Max-Neef's parents had emigrated to Chile from Germany following World War I. Max-Neef studied at the Liceo de Aplicación in Santiago before going on to graduate with a degree in economics from the University of Chile.

Career
Max-Neef traveled through Latin America and the United States, as a visiting professor in various universities, as well as living with and researching the poor. Due to the 1973 military coup in Chile, he sought refuge in Argentina, Canada, the United States, and Europe. He worked with the problem of development in the Third World, describing the inappropriateness of conventional models of development that have contributed to poverty, debt and ecological disasters for Third World communities.

In 1981, Max-Neef wrote From the Outside Looking In: Experiences in Barefoot Economics, a narrative of his travels among the poor in South America. In the same year, he founded the Centre for Development Alternatives (CEPAUR).

In 1982, Max-Neef won the Right Livelihood Award for his work in poverty-stricken areas of developing countries. Max-Neef ran for President of Chile as an independent in the 1993 election. He achieved 4th place, with 5.55% of the vote.

In 1993, Max-Neef was appointed rector of the Universidad Austral de Chile in Valdivia. He served in that position for eight years. He is also affiliated with the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Club of Rome, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the Leopold Kohr Academy of Salzburg (an institution founded by Leopold Kohr).

Among his honoraria were: the University Award of Highest Honour (Sōka University); Doctor Honoris Causa (University of Jordan); Chile's National Prize for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights; and the Kenneth Boulding Award, the highest honour bestowed by the International Society for Ecological Economics (August 2008). On 10 May 2009, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters and was Commencement Speaker to the 158th Graduating Class of Saint Francis University.

Max-Neef was a council member of the World Future Council.

title: Manfred Max-Neef


text:
IBM 3624

The IBM 3624 was released in 1978 as a second-generation automatic teller machine (ATM), a successor to the IBM 3614. Designed at the IBM Los Gatos lab, the IBM 3624, along with the later IBM 4732 model, was manufactured at IBM facilities in Charlotte, North Carolina and Havant, England until all operations were sold to Diebold, tied to the formation of the InterBold partnership between IBM and Diebold. Comparable ATM units marketed by other companies at the time were the Diebold TABS 9000 and NCR 5xxx.

Versions and features
The 3624 was marketed in eight different versions. The 3624 Version 8 incorporated use of a six-row by forty-column dot-matrix customer display, four line by 34 character statement / journal printer, labeled function / account keys, one to two currency cartridges and an optional depository. Earlier models, such as the Version 2, featured a smaller two-line display.

Unusual by today's standards, the customer's ATM card was inserted with the magnetic stripe up. Modern ATMs typically are built to expect customers to insert their card with the magnetic strip facing down (with the added benefit of the card issuer's logo being displayed to the customer on insert), although this can be changed to the opposite orientation.

The transaction records printed by the 3624 and used by customers to verify their transactions were approximately 3 inches square and on similar card stock to punch cards. When performing deposits, customers were instructed to place a special transaction record inside of the deposit envelope to aid in the processing of the transaction by the back-office staff.

An unfortunate design characteristic of the 3624 was that the vault that contained the cash dispenser was located in the upper area of the unit, making it top-heavy. This made the 3624 an extremely awkward machine to transport up and down stairs. Another complaint against the 3624 was the relatively small size of the cash cartridges (used to give money to customers) in comparison to other vendors' equipment at the time.

As was typical for ATM hardware of this era, the IBM 3624 had a two distinct high-level communications protocols. The first, a direct mainframe attachment through SDLC links was an IBM SNA LU0 protocol. The second was an attachment to the IBM 3600 and 4700 series of banking equipment, and was a start stop TDM loop with time slots assigned to specific 36xx series equipment at 1200 bit/sec.

The IBM 3612, 3624 and 3600 communications protocols were incompatible with other ATM vendor's high-level communications protocols. The 3624 was eventually replaced by the IBM 473x series of ATMs which were unsuccessful. Part of the reason for the failure of the IBM 473x to take hold in the ATM marketplace was the lack of a backward compatibility to the 3624 protocol when it was introduced.

One of the most lasting features introduced with the 3624 was the IBM 3624 PIN block format used in transmission of an encrypted personal identification number (PIN). The PIN functions, with an early commercial encryption using the DES algorithm, were implemented in two modules - BQKPERS and BQKCIPH - and their export controlled under the US export munitions rules.

title: IBM 3624


text:
Greg Gall

Greg Gall (born December 29, 1965, in Tampa, Florida) is a drummer, formerly with the death metal band, Six Feet Under. He does not play the classic death metal style of drumming (blast beats). He uses more of a traditional drum approach, but with the addition of speed, and has very quick feet on the double bass pedals. Gall is married and has one child, and is the brother-in-law to bandmate Terry Butler.

Six Feet Under

 * Haunted (1995)
 * Alive and Dead (1996)
 * Warpath (1997)
 * Maximum Violence (1999)
 * Graveyard Classics (2000)
 * True Carnage (2001)
 * Bringer of Blood (2003)
 * Graveyard Classics 2 (2004)
 * 13 (2005)
 * Commandment (2007)
 * Death Rituals (2008)
 * Graveyard Classics 3 (2010)

title: Greg Gall


text:
Church of St. Trophime, Arles

The Church of St. Trophime (Cathédrale Saint-Trophime d'Arles) (Trophimus) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral located in the city of Arles, in the Bouches-du-Rhône Department of southern France. It was built between the 12th century and the 15th century, and is in the Romanesque architectural tradition. The sculptures over the church's portal, particularly the Last Judgement, and the columns in the adjacent cloister, are considered some of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture.

The church was built upon the site of the 5th-century basilica of Arles, named for St. Stephen. In the 15th century a Gothic choir was added to the Romanesque nave.

Along with other medieval and Roman buildings in Arles, in 1981 the church was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments group.

Timeline

 * 250 According to legend, Trophimus of Arles becomes the first bishop of Arles.
 * 597  (November 17). Augustine of Canterbury returns to Arles after converting the King, Queen and principal members of the court of England to Christianity, and is consecrated as bishop of the Church of England by Virgilius of Arles, vicar of the Holy See in Gaul.
 * 1152 : (September 29).  Raimon de Montredon organizes the transfer of the relics of St. Trophime from the basilica of St. Stephen in Alyscamps to the new cathedral of St. Trophime.
 * 1178 : (July 30). The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick Barbarossa, is crowned at St. Trophime Cathedral by the archbishop of Arles.
 * 1365 : (June 4). Following the precedent of Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor Charles IV is crowned king of Arles (Arelat) at St. Trophime Cathedral.
 * 1445 to 1465 The Romanesque abside of the church is replaced by a Gothic choir.
 * 1801 : When the Bishopric moved to Aix-en-Provence, St. Trophime was reclassified as a simple parish church.
 * 1882 : Raised to the level of a minor basilica by Pope Leo XIII.
 * 1981 : Classified as a World Heritage Site.

The Church
At the time the cathedral was built, in the late 11th century or early 12th century, Arles was the second-largest city in Provence, with a population of between 15,000 and 20,000 people. It had a busy port on the Rhône, and two new cities, on either side of the old Roman town, surrounded by a wall. It was at least formally independent as the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles, and it had attracted many religious orders, including the Knights Hospitalier, the Knights Templar and mendicant orders, which had built a number of churches within the town.

The apse and the transept were probably built first, in the late 11th century, and the nave and bell tower were completed in the second quarter of the 12th century. The Romanesque church had a long central nave 20 meters high;  lower collateral aisles on either side; a transept supporting the square central bell tower; and a chevet behind the altar at the east end with a hemispherical vault. The windows are small and high up on the nave, above the level of the collateral aisles.

Post-Romanesque art
Though mainly notable for its outstanding Romanesque architecture and sculpture, the church contains rich groups of art from other periods. These include several important carved Late Roman sarcophagi, reliquaries from various periods, and Baroque paintings, with three by Louis Finson. Trophime Bigot is also represented, and there are several Baroque tapestries, including a set of ten on the Life of the Virgin. The church has been used to hold items originally from other churches or religious houses in the region that were dispersed in the French Revolution or at other times.

The West Portal

The west portal is one of the treasures of Romanesque sculpture, presenting the story of the Apocalypse according to St. John, and the Gospel of St. Matthew. Christ is seated in majesty in the tympanum, with the symbols of the Evangelists around him; according to the most common interpretation, they are the man of St. Matthew, the lion of St. Mark, the ox of St. Luke, and the eagle of St. John. The Apostles are seated below him. To the left of the portal, a procession of chosen Christians is going to heaven, while to the right sinners are being cast into hell.

The decoration of the portal also includes a multitude of Biblical scenes; the Annunciation; the Baptism of Christ; the Adoration of the Magi, the Magi before Herod; the Massacre of the Innocents; shepherds with their flocks.

On the lower level, separated by pilasters and columns of dark stone, are statues of saints connected with the history of Arles; on the left, St. Bartholomew, St. James the Great, St. Trophimus, St. John the Evangelist, and St. Peter; and on the right, St. Philip, St. James the Just, St. Stephen, St. Andrew, and St. Paul.

The bases of the columns beside the portal are decorated with statues of lions, Samson and Delilah, and Samson and the Lion.

The Cloister

The cloister was constructed in the second half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th century. for the use of the Canons, the priests who attended the bishop and managed the church property. Under a reform instituted by Pope Gregory, the Canons were required to live like monks, with a common dormitory, refectory and cloister within the cathedral enclosure, separated by a wall from the city.

The refectory, or dining hall, was built first, next to the church, along with a chapter house, or meeting room, for the canons. The dormitory for the canons, a large vaulted room on the east side of the cloister, was built next. Work on the cloister began with the northern gallery, then the eastern gallery, which were finished around 1210–1220. Then work suddenly stopped.

Soon after the construction of the east and west galleries, the city began to decline. The Counts of Provence moved from Arles to Aix, the center of church authority moved to the papal palace in Avignon, and in 1251 Charles of Anjou suppressed the movement of the leaders of Arles for more independence. In 1348, The Black Death drastically reduced the population of all of Provence.

The southern and western galleries of the cloister were not built until the 1380s and 1390s, and they were built in a different style, the Gothic style favored by the Popes in Avignon, with cross-ribbed vaults.

In 1355, the canons gave up living in the dormitory, and moved to houses within the cathedral close. The dormitory, refectory and chapter house were turned into granaries and storehouses.

The northern gallery, built in the second quarter of the 12th century, is purely Romanesque, with a barrel vault ceiling. The carvings of the columns capitals are devoted to the Easter Mystery and to the glorification of the patron saints of Arles. The relationships between the figures on the pillars and the capitals of the columns show the relationships between the Old and New Testaments, a theme introduced in Paris by Suger, the abbot of Saint Denis.

The first corner pillar in the northern gallery is devoted to St. Trophime, the patron saint Arles, between the figures of Saint Peter and Saint John. The bas-relief on the walls show the Christ's empty tomb on Easter morning. The capitals of the columns depict Lazarus coming out of his tomb between Martha and Mary; Abraham about to sacrifice his son; and Balaam on his ass being stopped by a sword-wielding angel.

The next three columns show St. Stephen being stoned, combined with a portrait of St. Paul; Christ encountering the disciples, shown as pilgrims on their way to Compostela, at Emaus; and Christ showing his wounds to the unbelieving Thomas.

The capitals between the columns show three Angels appearing to Abraham; and St. Paul addressing Areopagus of Athens.

The only illustrated capital in the last bay shows Moses meeting God before the burning bush. The Resurrection story concludes on the northeast corner pillar with the Ascension of Jesus, next to the figures of Saint Paul and St. Andrew on either side of St. Stephen.

The Eastern Gallery, built the late 12th or early 13th century, has some Gothic features, including figures in the quoins of wise virgins and foolish virgins and the symbols of the Four Evangelists. The Passion story is told on the pillars, while the life of Christ is depicted on the carved capitals.

The scenes of Christ's childhood can be are read on the capitals from north to south; the Annunciation, the Visitation and the Nativity on the first capital; the next capital shows the coat of arms of Arles and an eagle with spread wings, the symbol of the Holy Roman Emperor, who at the time ruled Arles; the third capital shows the Annunciation to the shepherds, with two startled goats climbing the Tree of Life.

The pillar in the first bay begins the story of the Passion with the flagellation of Christ. On the opposite side is Judas clutching a purse with thirty pieces of silver.

The capitals in the central bay illustrate the story of the Magi, out of historical order; the successive columns show the Massacre of the Innocents; the Flight into Egypt; the angel appearing to the Magi at the inn; the three wise men before Herod; the Adoration of the Magi, and the angel appearing to Joseph in a dream.

The pillar in the second bay has two statues, probably representing St. John and the Mother Church.

The capitals in the third bay illustrate the entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Palm Sunday and Pentecost, and a knight striking down an adversary, and then walking over to a lady; possibly representing Constantine defeating paganism and then being thanked by the mother church.

The southern pillar illustrates the Baptism of Christ and the devil tempting Christ, Christ washing the apostles' feet, the Last Supper and the kiss of Judas.

The Southern Gallery probably dates to the 1380s or 1390s, and is built in the Gothic style, with pointed arches intersecting vaults resting on colonnettes with foliated capitals.

The capitals in the southern gallery are entirely devoted to the story of St. Trophimus; the first shows St. Trophime blessing the Alyscamps burial ground, and dedicating an oratory to the still-living Virgin Mary; the next four show a miracle performed by the intervention of St. Trophime; he brings back to life a knight and nine of his relatives unjustly sentenced to death by the Emperor Charlemagne for slapping the archbishop Turpin.

The Western Gallery probably dates to about 1375, and is devoted to religious figures and scenes popular in Provence; from south to north: the stoning of St. Stephen; Samson slaying the lion and yielding to Delilah; Saint Martha and the Tarasque; Mary Magdalene kissing Christ's feet; the Annunciation in a Gothic setting; the Coronation of the Virgin; and the Pentecost.

title: Church of St. Trophime, Arles


text:
File:Saintrophimetympanum.jpg

Tympanum of St. Trophime portal photographed by Jeremy J. Shapiro.

title: File:Saintrophimetympanum.jpg


text:
User talk:Erikpemberton

Non-free use disputed for Image:Orphfront.jpg
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title: User talk:Erikpemberton


text:
Soghain

The Soghain were a people of ancient Ireland. The 17th-century scholar Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh identified them as part of a larger group called the Cruithin. Mac Fhirbhisigh stated that the Cruithin included "the Dál Araidhi [Dál nAraidi], the seven Lóigisi [Loígis] of Leinster, the seven Soghain of Ireland, and every Conaille that is in Ireland."

Locations
The locations of four of the seven Soghain are as follows:
 * A branch in the territory of Fernmag (barony of Farney, County Monaghan).
 * In Delvin (County Westmeath) where a Soghain tribe lived with a branch of the Delbhna in an area called Trícha cét na Delbna Móire agus na Sogan.
 * The Corcu Shogain, who were subject to the Benntraige under the Eoghanacht. An Ogham inscription discovered near Aglish in the barony of East Muskerry, some twelve miles west of the city of Cork, displays the words MUCOI SOGINI, which probably means "of the Corcu Sogain".
 * The Soghain of Connacht were located in central east County Galway, in a kingdom called Soghan.

Soghan
The Soghain of Connacht were located in the ancient kingdom of Soghan, an area in central east County Galway bounded by the river Suck on the east, the river Clare on the west, the Grange and Shiven rivers to the north, and the Raford and Ballinure rivers to the south. A poem recorded in The Book of Uí Maine, Cruas Connacht clanna Sogain, lists the kingdom's boundaries, which can be found to tie in with the above locations:

From Áth an Ibar west To Glais Uair Arnaigh Was the extent of Soghan That sword-guarded land.

From Béal na Róbe in Máenmagh To the clear, soft-reeded Simin Was the breath of the plain Which bore no ignominy.

The previous, pre-Gaelic people of the area were called the Senchineoil. Very little information survives on them.

The Soghain of Connacht were described by Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin in his poem Triallam timcheall na Fodla as follows: "The six Sogain let us not shun / Their kings are without oblivion / Good the host of plundering excursions / To whom the spear-armed Sogain is hereditary."

The Book of Lecan lists their six branches as Cenél Rechta, Cenél Trena, Cenél Luchta, Cenél Fergna, Cenél Domaingen and Cenél Déigill.

The genealogy of Saint Kerrill of Clonkeenkerrill is given as Caireall mac Curnáin mac Treana mac Fionnchada mac Náir mac Earca mac Tiobraide mac Soghain Salbhuidhe mac Fiacha Araidhe. His grandfather, Treana mac Fionnchada, was the eponym of the Cinel Trena, who were apparently located close to Knockma, as evinced by the placename Tír Mhic Trena (the land of the sons of Trena). This area was the western limit of the kingdom of the Connacht Soghain.

Early Christian evangelists among the Soghain included Conainne, St Connell and Kerrill. Their successors include Naomhéid, Cuana of Kilcoonagh, Dubhán, Felig, Íbar, Íomar of the Sogain, Laisren of Clonkeenkerrill, Maol Chosna, Modiúit, Menott, Molua of Kilmoluagh.

Parishes known to be included in Soghan were:

 * Abbeyknockmoy
 * Abbert / Monivea
 * Ahascragh
 * Athenry
 * Ballymacward
 * Clonkeenkerrill
 * Fohenagh
 * Kilcloony
 * Kilconnell
 * Kilgerrill
 * Killascobe
 * Killosolan
 * Kilmoylan (part)
 * Lackagh (part)
 * Moylough

Soghan became subject to the Uí Maine sometime during the first millennium.

Descendants
Descendants of the Soghain are still found in great numbers in County Galway, bearing names such as Ó Mainnín, Mannion, Manning, Ward / Mac an Bhaird, Gill / Gillane, Scarry, Dugan / Duggan, Megan / McGann, Martin, and Cassain.

Annalistic references

 * 811. Irghalach, son of Maelumha, lord of Corca Soghain

title: Soghain


text:
User talk:Abed93

Archived discussions
Several discussions have been archived at /Archive 1. Kumar (talk) 21:30, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

Several discussions have been archived at /Archive 2. Kumar (talk) 13:55, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Several discussions have been archived at /Archive 3. Kumar (talk) 20:12, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Abed93


text: Category:Osage Nation

title: Category:Osage Nation


text:
Annular tropical cyclone

An annular tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that features a normal to large, symmetric eye surrounded by a thick and uniform ring of intense convection, often having a relative lack of discrete rainbands, and bearing a symmetric appearance in general. As a result, the appearance of an annular tropical cyclone can be referred to as akin to a tire or doughnut. Annular characteristics can be attained as tropical cyclones intensify; however, outside the processes that drive the transition from asymmetric systems to annular systems and the abnormal resistance to negative environmental factors found in storms with annular features, annular tropical cyclones behave similarly to asymmetric storms. Most research related to annular tropical cyclones is limited to satellite imagery and aircraft reconnaissance as the conditions thought to give rise to annular characteristics normally occur over open water, well removed from landmasses where surface observations are possible.

Characteristics and identification
The annular hurricane was first defined as a subset of tropical cyclones by John Knaff of Colorado State University and James Kossin of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2002 by use of infrared satellite imagery, which serves as the visual means of ascertaining annular characteristics within tropical cyclone. Knaff and Kossin defined an annular tropical cyclone as a tropical cyclone that maintains either an average or larger-than-average eye surrounded by deep convection containing the storm's inner core and a lack of convection occurring outside the central dense overcast for at least three hours. As a result, annular storms lack the rainbands characteristic of typical tropical cyclone. These features lend the storm an axisymmetric appearance common to annular tropical cyclones. However, this definition is only applicable while a storm maintains these characteristics—when and while a storm does not feature annular characteristics, the tropical cyclone is considered asymmetric. In addition to the primary defining characteristics, the diurnal pulsation of the cirrus cloud canopy associated with outflow is subdued once storms become annular. Some annular tropical cyclones may also display a "pinwheel eye", a feature in which conditions in the storm causes its eye to take the appearance of a spoked wheel. An algorithm for identification of annular tropical cyclones in real-time by objective criteria—the Annular Hurricane Index—has been developed, and shows some power, but was not yet operational, as of 2008. However, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) later started used the Annular Hurricane Index for the purpose of assessing annular tropical cyclones. The index takes into account the cloud height of the storm, the radii of the eye, and other similar factors, using satellite imagery, and then produces a number, with the maximum value on the scale being 100. Any storm with a value of zero or lower are not annular, while storms with positive indices are considered to be annular. Tropical cyclones with higher indices have more annular characteristics than those with lower indices.

Although tropical cyclones can achieve annular characteristics across a wide spectrum of intensities, annular storms are typically strong tropical cyclones, with average maximum sustained windspeeds of 108 kn. In addition, storms attaining annular characteristics are less prone to weakening as a result of negative environmental factors. Annular cyclones can maintain their respective peak intensities for extended periods of time unlike their asymmetric counterparts. Following peak intensity, such systems will tend to gradually taper off. This unusual intensity persistence makes their future intensities difficult to forecast and often results in large forecast errors. In an analysis of hurricanes in the East Pacific and North Atlantic between 1995 and 1999, Knaff and Kossin observed that the National Hurricane Center underestimated the intensity of annular hurricanes 72 hours out by 18.9 kn (35.0 km/h, 21.7 mph).

A survey of Pacific typhoons between 1990 and 2009 found only 12 with annular characteristics, representing an occurrence rate of 4 percent.

Transition from asymmetric cyclones and necessary conditions
Tropical cyclones can become annular as a result of eyewall mesovortices mixing the strong winds found in the eyewalls of storms with the weak winds of the eye, which helps to expand the eye. In addition, this process helps to make the equivalent potential temperature (often referred to as theta-e or $$\theta_e$$) within the eye relatively uniform. This transition takes roughly 24 hours to complete and can be considered a type of eyewall replacement cycle. Winds have also been found to decrease in a stairstep like fashion within the radius of maximum wind, which may indicate that more wind is mixed between the eye and eyewall as cyclones strengthen, which helps to explain why annular characteristics are generally exclusive to storms of higher intensities.

The intensity of annular systems is typically greater than 83.5% of the maximum potential intensity, suggesting that the conditions in which storms gain annular characteristics are generally conducive for tropical cyclone persistence and intensification. Annular tropical cyclones also require low wind shear, and of the storms in the East Pacific and North Atlantic studied by Knaff and Kossin, all exhibited easterly winds and cold air in the upper troposphere. In addition to strong outflow, suggesting that the conditions that give rise to annular tropical cyclones are most optimal towards the equatorward side of a subtropical ridge and within the tropics. However, warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are not required for annular tropical cyclones, with annular characteristics developing only within a narrow range of modest SSTs, ranging from 25.4 - 28.5 C.

Conditions favorable for annular typhoon development in the Western North Pacific are localized within two areas within a zonal belt between 20°N−30°N; one of these areas lies over the central part of the basin, while the other is located east of Taiwan. Within the Eastern North Pacific, such conditions were present only 3 percent of the time between 1998 and 1999. In the same timeframe, the North Atlantic basin only exhibited conducive conditions for annular development 0.8 percent of the time.

title: Annular tropical cyclone


text: Category:Chilean economists

title: Category:Chilean economists


text:
HMCS Cape Breton

HMCS Cape Breton is a name used by several ships of the Royal Canadian Navy:

 * HMCS Cape Breton (K350), River-class frigate launched in 1942
 * HMCS Cape Breton (ARE 100), Cape-class maintenance ship named in 1952

Battle honours

 * Atlantic, 1941–45
 * Normandy, 1944
 * English Channel, 1944–45

title: HMCS Cape Breton


text:
Talk:The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour

Dates
I doubt the TV and DVD dates are so far appart...

Fourth Nicktoons crossover?
If this was the fourth crossover, what was the third crossover?
 * And what were the other two? -- Rubber cat 06:37, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Rugrats Go Wild! is all I can come up with. The original claim was apparently added here by User:Pikawil, who appears to be still around, but I don't care enough to bug him about it. --DocumentN (talk) 06:29, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Series
Who agrees that it should be a series

Something like that should not be on a Wikipedia talk page. And sign your posts with four tides. Internetcrazy 12:19, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Canon?
Is the Jimmy/Timmy trilogy canon or is it a gimmick? 68.165.173.217 22:32, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
1) Shorten the summary section by a LOT.

2) Outright delete the Goofs and Trivia section. Lots42 20:50, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

afd
Was the result of this AfD really "keep"? It looks more like "no concensus", to me. I don't see how this is notable, and it's all original research. Why are such articles kept? -- Mikeblas (talk) 11:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Good catch, I have fixed the template to show the true result of the AfD. 1 != 2  15:55, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, Brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel, brabbel. Brabbel!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.73.51.21 (talk) 21:43, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Goofs
The goofs as it is make little sense. At the very least, it seems the goof applies to the -second- Power Hour movie. Lots42 (talk)

Add articles for the other two
The articles for numbers 2 and 3 were deleted for seemingly no reason, and now redirect to the page of the first one. Please fix this and make sure it doesn't happen again.76.83.246.11 (talk) 02:32, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour


text:
Mohammad Kassas

Mohammad Ali Kassas (محمد علي قصاص; born 1 July 1976) is a Lebanese former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is the technical director of club Nejmeh.

Kassas was the Lebanese Premier League top goal-scorer for Nejmeh twice in a row, scoring 22 goals in 2003–04 and 21 goals in 2004–05. He also represented the Lebanon national team, scoring three goals in 23 appearances.

Club career
Kassas started his senior career in 1988, aged 12, at Mabarra in the Lebanese Fourth Division. He helped the side reach the Lebanese Second Division, before moving on a trial to Ansar during the summer of 1997. In 1997 Kassas moved to Safa and played for one season. During the 1999–2000 season, Kassas played for Shabab Sahel, before moving to Sagesse for two seasons; he scored 18 league goals in 45 games with the side. In 2002, Kassas moved to Olympic Beirut for $500,000 in the largest deal in Lebanese history, with whom he won the domestic double, then to Nejmeh in 2003. At Nejmeh, Kassas was crowned top goalscorer of the Lebanese Premier League twice in a row, scoring 22 goals in 2003–04 and 21 goals in 2004–05. He also won the Lebanese Premier League in both seasons.

In 2005, Kassas moved to Saudi Arabian side Al-Qadsiah for one season, where he scored six league goals. He returned to Lebanon the following season, signing for Sagesse in 2006. He then moved to Ahed, before moving to Syria in 2008 as he signed for Nawair. After half a season in Syria, Kassas returned once again to Lebanon, signing first for Shabab Sahel in 2009, for whom he scored 6 league goals, then for Sagesse in 2009.

In 2010, Kassas joined Safa, helping them reach the final of the 2010 AFC Cup. In 2011, he left Lebanon and signed for Jordanian side Al-Ramtha; he scored 16 league goals in 33 games in two seasons at the club. Kassas was also sent on loan to Mabarra in 2012. helping them gain promotion to the Lebanese Premier League. Kassas returned to Lebanon in 2013, signing for Nabi Chit and also helping them gain promotion to the Lebanese Premier League. In 2014 Kassas returned to Al-Ramtha, before making his final return to Lebanon in 2014, signing for Sagesse. In 2016, Kassas joined Safa and scored three goals in 11 matches during the 2016–17 season, where he retired.

In March 2021, Kassas returned from retirement, resigning for Sagesse in the Lebanese Second Division ahead of the second leg.

International career
In 2002, Kassas played for the Lebanon Olympic team at the 2002 Asian Games, scoring a hat-trick in an 11–0 win against Afghanistan.

Managerial career
In April 2022, Kassas was appointed technical director of Nejmeh.

Honours
Olympic Beirut
 * Lebanese Premier League: 2002–03
 * Lebanese FA Cup: 2002–03

Nejmeh
 * Lebanese Premier League: 2003–04, 2004–05

Ahed
 * Lebanese Premier League: 2007–08

Individual
 * Lebanese Premier League top scorer: 2003–04, 2004–05
 * Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2008–09

title: Mohammad Kassas


text:
Talk:Oil Storm

Categories
A Category 6 hurricane, eh? No such thing exists. That's bad filmmaking. The Great Zo 20:40, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If a strong-enough storm came along, say sustained winds of 180 mph, I can see them calling it Cat 6 rather that Super Cat 5 or whatever.
 * —wwoods 23:45, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't remember the movie ever referring to a "Category 6" hurricane. That's just silly. 128.227.40.89 01:07, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Wwoods, that's totally incorrect. There is no category 6, nor would one be created. See Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale. There have been a few hurricanes of 180-190 MPH strength, and they are known as Category 5. The Great Zo 01:13, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

The category 6 was a typo on FX. It really is a Category 4. But all in all the movie seems pale to what is really happening. 24.250.136.236 01:54, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Clean-up requested
The film's synopsis contains emotive language - it needs to be made less emotional and more formal in its description

Copyvio problem!
The "Detailed Synopsis" is a blatant copyvio of the "Synopsis" on the FX site for the movie ("blatant" as in copied virtually verbatim). I don't really have the time to fix it right now, so I'm posting in the hope that someone else can catch this. — Dale Arnett 03:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I redid it... hope it's enough to get out of copyvio territory. — Dale Arnett 15:55, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a start, but that's still a serious lift from their site — a few changed words don't mean that it's no longer plagiarism. It may be better to cut the synopsis down to a paragraph or two and direct those interested in more details to FX's site; at the time being, it's still a huge copyvio. Deadsalmon 06:54, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

An observation
I find it peculiar that after a natural disaster on the scale that this movie imagines (and the one just experienced in Louisiana), that gas prices merely double (if that) in the aftermath to 3 or 4 dollars a gallon. This, it is postulated, creates a measure of panic both from the citizenry and the government (in the form of various "deals" with Saudi Arabia and Russia). Meanwhile, people in Europe regularly pay upwards of 10 dollars a gallon, and there is no sense of panic. Granted, the situations are different (especially mass transit), but it's a peculiar phenomenon nonetheless. - Jersyko   talk  21:06, September 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * People in Europe usually pay $6-7/gallon but it's not really problem for them since everything is close there. Everything in the US in spread out and we need the means of transportation.  Which leads to having our own transportation or using public transportation. Douglasr007 03:06, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, distances travelled by car in Europe tend to be lower (the average US commute sounds daunting for a European planning a weekend trip). But higher fuel efficiency also figures. Furthermore, the fact that taxes on petrol/gas are generally much higher (a) reduces the proportional impact of oil price rises and (b) provides scope for reducing taxes to offset the oil price rise. Which doesn't help much if you're facing a large shortage, of course - prices will have to rise, as in the film, to high enough to price some people out of the market, which economically is bound to be horrible. Rd232 18:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The panic comes because it's a rapid change, not because of the absolute numbers. Europeans have been paying high prices for a long time. N (t/c) 18:56, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Another Milestone
Feb. 24, 2006 - Car bombs explode in Buqayq. Initial mixed reports about temporary oil disruption followed by denials that anything interrupted operations.

This was way after Xmas and didn't lead to war but another threshold has clearly been breached and you can't go back only further on.

Russian propaganda movie?
Get out a copy and fast-forward to 59 min 30 sec. The plot becomes "weak little US goes to big strong Putin for oil".   (talk) 01:13, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oil Storm


text:
Highmark

Highmark is an American non-profit healthcare company and Integrated Delivery Network based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a large individual not-for-profit health insurer in the United States, which operates several for-profit subsidiaries.

Locality
It is a health insurer in Pennsylvania, and through a purchase in 1996, an insurer in West Virginia and also later Delaware. As Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield, it is primarily available in 29 counties of western Pennsylvania. As Highmark Blue Shield, it is available in 21 counties in Central Pennsylvania and the Lehigh Valley. It also has a presence in the border areas of eastern Ohio, and all of West Virginia through its subsidiary, Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield West Virginia.

Highmark acquired Blue Cross of Northeastern Pennsylvania, BCNEPA, in June 2015.

Company history
Highmark was created in 1977 and in the 1990s by the consolidation of two Pennsylvania licensees of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association — Pennsylvania Blue Shield (now Highmark Blue Shield) based in suburban Harrisburg, and Blue Cross of Western Pennsylvania based in downtown Pittsburgh (now Highmark Blue Cross/Blue Shield). The consolidated group is available in 62 of the state's 67 counties. In West Virginia, the company operates as Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield West Virginia, and in Delaware, it operates as Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield Delaware. The new company based its head offices in downtown Pittsburgh.

On March 28, 2007, Highmark announced it intended to consolidate with Independence Blue Cross of Philadelphia. The combination of the 2 insurers would have created a new company with over 18,000 employees, dual-headquarters in both Pittsburgh and Philadelphia and an economic impact of over $4 billion throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On January 22, 2009, Highmark and Independence Blue Cross withdrew their applications to consolidate due to the unacceptability of conditions that the Pennsylvania Insurance Department was going to place upon the merger: to give up either of their well-known "Blue Cross" or "Blue Shield" trademarks.

In 2011 the company announced it would buy the financially troubled West Penn Allegheny Health System (WPAHS) for about $500 million, expanding from insurance into owning hospitals. This began a period of conflict between Highmark and UPMC, which had expanded from hospitals into insurance, and caused difficulties for patients to access care at the conflicting institutions. The conflict included a lawsuit by Highmark against UPMC alleging that UPMC over-billed it by $300 million for cancer drugs, arbitrators ordered Highmark to pay $188 million.

In 2014, a gay couple criticized Highmark for not providing family coverage to same-sex couples under the Affordable Care Act. Highmark later reversed their policy.

In January 2020, the company earned distinction as "Best Place to Work for LGBTQ Equality" from the Human Rights Campaign Foundation, receiving a perfect score of 100 points in the national Corporate Equality Index.

In 2021, Highmark acquired HealthNow, which operated BlueCross BlueShield in Western New York and Northeastern New York.

On March 29, 2021, the Buffalo Bills football team announced that their stadium’s new name would be Highmark Stadium after reaching a 10-year agreement with Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield of Western New York.

Highmark's mission is to revolutionize healthcare by embracing disruption and evolving for the future.

Organizational structure
Highmark Inc. has several wholly owned for-profit subsidiaries: United Concordia Companies, Inc., a dental insurer; Davis Vision, a provider of managed care vision benefits; Visionworks of America, a vision retail provider offering frames, lens and accessories; and HM Insurance Group, a reinsurer providing stop-loss, limited benefit medical plans, worksite, life, disability, and administrative services. Highmark Inc. sold Visionworks of America to VSP Global in 2019.
 * Highmark Health Plan aka Highmark Inc
 * Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield (Western PA)
 * Highmark Blue Shield (Central PA)
 * Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield West Virginia
 * Highmark Blue Cross Blue Shield Delaware
 * Highmark Health Options (Delaware)
 * Allegheny Health Network
 * Allegheny General Hospital
 * Allegheny Valley Hospital
 * Canonsburg Hospital
 * Forbes Regional Hospital
 * Grove City Medical Center
 * Jefferson Hospital
 * Saint Vincent Hospital
 * Western Pennsylvania Hospital
 * Westfield (NY) Memorial Hospital
 * Wexford Hospital
 * Diversified Businesses
 * United Concordia (Dental)
 * HM Insurance Group (Health-related Insurance)
 * HM Health Solutions (IT Services)
 * The Highmark Foundation
 * HM Home and Community Services

title: Highmark


text:
Patrick Philbin

Patrick Philbin may refer to:

 * Patrick F. Philbin, American lawyer and political appointee in the Trump and Bush administrations
 * Patrick Philbin (athlete) (1874–1929), British tug of war competitor at the 1908 Summer Olympics

title: Patrick Philbin


text:
Talk:Toque macaque

Killer Dolphins
I have posted a long comment in the Talk section of the main Macaque genus article, about the renaming of all the macaque species articles to "[Name] Macaque" (e.g. "Barbary Macaque") from their traditionally names (e.g. Barbary Ape).

Would you please take a look at that here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macaque#Killer_Dolphins

And then correct this individual species article as necessary — I'm not sure which macaque species may have actually been called "[Name] Macaque" traditionally.

(And I hope you can see that the fact that I don't know that, after reading a Wikipedia article about the species, is why rewriting reality in Wikipedia is a problem.)

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.180.30.135 (talk) 12:24, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Thine Antique Pen (talk) 11:09, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toque macaque


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nezill

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted --cesarb 21:10, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Nezill
Vanity Crid 20:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as drivel on someone's screenname. Tagged as such.   Paul Klenk 21:02, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nezill