text:
Samoan Americans

Samoan Americans are Americans of Samoan origin, including those who emigrated from the United States Territory of American Samoa and immigrants from the Independent State of Samoa to the United States. Samoan Americans are Pacific Islanders in the United States Census, and are the second largest Pacific Islander group in the U.S., after Native Hawaiians.

American Samoa has been an unincorporated territory of the United States since 1900, and Samoa, formally known as the Independent State of Samoa and known as Western Samoa until 1997, is an independent nation that gained its independence from New Zealand in 1962. American Samoa(which is under the jurisdiction of the United States of America) and Samoa together make up the Samoan Islands, an archipelago that covers 1,170 sq mi (3,030 km2). Like Native Hawaiians, the Samoans arrived on the mainland US in the 19th century serving in the US armed forces, fishermen and later worked as agricultural laborers and factory workers.

As per 2021 U.S. Census estimates, there are over 240,000 people of Samoan descent living in the United States, including those of partial ancestry, which is roughly over the population of the Independent State of Samoa, as of 2021. Honolulu, Hawaii, has the largest Samoan population of over 12,000 making up over 2% of the city's population. There are large Samoan communities in Greater Los Angeles, Orange County, California, San Francisco Bay Area, and Greater San Diego counties in the state of California. Other states with cities and towns with significant communities are Alaska, Arizona, Missouri, Oregon, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Washington.

History
Migration from Samoan Islands to the United States began in the 19th century. A small group of Samoans were part of the first Mormon Polynesian colony in the U.S., which was founded in Utah in 1889 and consisted of Samoans, Hawaiian natives, Tahitians, and Maori people.

American Samoa officially became a U.S. territory in 1900 with the Treaty of Cession of Tutuila and in 1904 with the Treaty of Cession of Manu'a.

In the 1920s a small group of Mormons from American Samoa emigrated to the modern United States. They were brought by American Mormons to Laie, Hawaii to assist in building the Mormon Temple of this place. The community grew over the decade and in 1929 there were already 125 American Samoans living in Laie, but the Samoan migration to Hawaii fell in the following years. It was probably due to the crash of 29, the loss of an important rice field for the community, and the Second World War. In the second half of the 1940s about 300 mostly military families of American Samoans emigrated to the United States specifically to Hawaii.

In 1951, nearly 1,000 American Samoans linked with the army (i.e. military personnel and their relatives ) migrated to the Honolulu's American bases by accepting an invitation from the US Navy (which had left its bases in the Pago Pago city, as American Samoa began to be administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior ) so that the Marines could continue working for the Navy. However, many of them later migrated to California (in 1952).

In 1952 the natives of American Samoa become U.S. nationals, although not American citizens, through the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. This encouraged Samoan emigration to the United States and during the rest of the decade nearly four thousand Samoans migrated to the U.S., mostly to California and Hawaii. Many more Samoans migrated to the United States in the 1960s, surpassing those who emigrated in the previous decade. In fact, the largest Samoan migration to the U.S. occurred at this time (mainly at the beginning of the decade). After 1965 increased migration from Samoa republic. At this time, many Samoans serving in the US military emigrated to be stationed in Hawaii. In the 1970s over 7,540 Western Samoans emigrated to the United States, although the number of people from American Samoa who emigrated to the U.S. is unknown.

In 1972, the number of American Samoans living in the United States exceeded the Samoan population in American Samoa, and California took the place of Tutuila as the main Samoan-populated region. In 1980 over 22,000 Samoa-born lived in the U.S., mostly of Western Samoa (more than 13,200), while 9,300 were from American Samoa.

Demographics
According to 2021 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there were 243,682 Samoan people in the United States stateside population, including those who have partial Samoan ancestry. The Samoan American community consists in Americans of both American Samoan and Western Samoan descent.

California
63,000 people of Samoan origin reside in California, meaning almost one-third of the Samoan population in the U.S. lives in California. 0.2% of California's population is of Samoan descent. The number of those who identify as Samoan alone is 36,443. The percentages and numbers of Samoan people residing in cities listed below vary from 2015 to 2018, according to the "5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables" from the U.S. Census Bureau.

Southern California
Carson (1.8-2.2%), Compton (0.3-0.5%), and Long Beach (0.7-0.8%), and Paramount (0.7-1%) in Los Angeles County, Oceanside (0.5-0.6%) in San Diego County, and Twentynine Palms (0.9-1.1%) in San Bernardino County have among the highest concentration of Samoans in Southern California, which include those of partial ancestry. Also in San Diego, one of the very first Samoan churches in the entire United States, was founded in 1955 by Rev. Suitonu Galea'i. From there, multiple Samoan churches throughout California branched from the First Samoan Congregational Christian Church of San Diego. There are Samoan communities enumerating several hundred in Moreno Valley (300 to 500) and San Bernardino (400), at least 0.2% of the city’s populations.

Northern California
Much of San Francisco’s Samoan community is tight-knit live amongst the city’s African American community. The public housing communities as well as residential communities in the Bayview-Hunters Point, Potrero Hill, and Visitacion Valley neighborhoods in southeastern San Francisco are home to much of the city’s Samoan community. As per the 2015-18 estimates, San Francisco is 0.2-0.3% Samoan (1,807-2,262 residents). The 2018 estimate of the number of Samoans in San Francisco is a decrease from the 2000 reported number of Samoans, which was 2,311 (which did not account for people who reported to be part Samoan). In the East Bay Area, San Leandro is home to a sizable Samoan community (0.4%-0.6%), as well as in Daly City (0.4-0.9%), East Palo Alto (1.2-1.3%), and Hayward (0.6%-0.9%). Balboa High School is about 3% Pacific Islander during the 2010s and 2020s and middle and elementary schools, such as Charles Drew Elementary in southeast San Francisco, are rife in Samoans and in general Pacific Islanders; that school of roughly 200 students is 15-25% Pacific Islander, and a similar volume of Islanders go to school at KIPP Bayview and Martin Luther King, Jr. Middle School.

In Daly City, Samoan restaurants and businesses are located off Geneva Avenue. In 1972, the First Samoan Congregational Church of San Jose was founded by Rev. Felix T. and Molly T. Ava Molifua, affiliated with Northern California UCC. San Jose has over 3,000 Samoans in residence (0.3%).

Another San Mateo County city, San Bruno, is about one percent Samoan; there are also Samoan communities in nearby South San Francisco and San Mateo proper, although it is more Tongan-populated within its Polynesian community.

In the Central Valley and inland California, where compared to the Bay Area has a slightly smaller percentage of Samoans, higher populations are commonly found in the areas of Modesto (0.2%), Sacramento, and Stockton. The city of Sacramento has over 1,800 to 2,200 Samoans, about 0.4% of its population.

In Central California, Samoan Americans are concentrated in Monterey County, which was home to a U.S. Army base, Fort Ord, which closed in 1994. The populations are concentrated in Marina (0.8-1%) and Seaside (0.4%-0.9%).

Oregon and Washington
The Seattle−Tacoma, Washington area is also home to a sizable Samoan community, especially in the cities of Kent (1.5%), Renton (1%), Federal Way (1.6%), SeaTac (2.9%), and White Center (3.2%). Seattle has 1,500 Samoans, 0.2% of the city's population. The First Samoan Christian Congregational Church in the Washington state was established in 1964 in southeast Seattle, where Samoans settled in the Pacific Northwest. The south Seattle neighborhoods of Columbia City and Rainier Valley have had sizeable Samoan communities since the 1960s and 1970s. Nearly 6,000 people of their descendants reside in Pierce County, Washington, making up 0.7% of the county's population. Tacoma is home to 1,800 Samoans, making up nearly one percent of the city's population.

The Dalles, Oregon has a Samoan community of nearly 200 Samoan people, making up 1.3% of the city's population. Portland, Oregon also has some Samoans, about 500, and Gresham has about the same with of a much smaller population of a city in general, therefore making half a percent of its population.

Utah and other western U.S.
Utah statewide is 0.6% Samoan including those with some non-Samoan ancestry, and 0.3% are those who identify as Samoan alone. Utah has a history of Samoan immigration dating back to the late 1800s, due to them taking up Mormonism which was preached and influenced to them by missionaries who had come to Polynesian islands. Utah's Mormon community had housing and services for some Polynesian immigrants, which also included Tongans and Maori. Salt Lake City, Utah is home to 1,500 Samoan-origin people, 0.7% of the city's population. Salt Lake County cities such as Kearns (2%), Taylorsville (1.5%), and West Valley City (1.8%) having above average proportions of Samoan people for Utah. There is a sizable Samoan community in Utah County, specifically Provo, which is at least 0.3% Samoan.

There is a Samoan community in Colorado Springs, Colorado of 430 people (0.1%), and Lawton, Oklahoma (0.3%), in which Comanche County, Oklahoma is at least 0.6% Pacific Islander (2010), mainly Samoan.

Las Vegas, Nevada is home to over 1,500 Samoans, 0.2% of the city's population.

Alaska and Hawaii
Outside the mainland U.S., many Samoan Americans have settled in Hawaii and Alaska. About 2.8% of Hawaiian residents are of Samoan descent, with 1.3% having full Samoan ancestry. Many live on the island of Oahu. Linapuni Street, especially the Kuhio Park Terrace apartments in Honolulu, has the highest concentration of Samoans of any residential area in Hawaii, at 37% of residents. Central Palolo has the highest percentage of any Hawaiian tract, with 4% having a Samoan background. The Oahu town of Laie has 1,380 Samoan Americans, about 21% of the town, one of the highest concentration of Samoan Americas of any town or city in the U.S.

Two percent of people in the city of Anchorage, Alaska are of Samoan descent, with nearly 6,000 living in the city. Alaska has a relatively high proportion of them, comprising about 0.8% of the state's population.

In recent years, the Samoan population has rapidly increased in Alaska. Barrow, Alaska and Whittier, Alaska both are rife in Samoan residents and Samoan churches have become commonly attended in rural Alaska as well.

Midwest and South
In the Midwest, a significant Samoan community is in Independence, Missouri, where around 1,000 Samoan people reside (0.9% of the city). In nearby Kansas City, Missouri there lives 340 Samoans, which is 0.1% of the city's population.

In the Eastern United States and Southeastern United States, Samoan communities exist in Fayetteville, North Carolina and Clarksville, Tennessee. There are 365 Samoan-origin people in Prince William County, Virginia, and a Samoan church in Alexandria.

There is a community of Samoans in Liberty County, Georgia.

In Texas, there is a Samoan community prominent in the Dallas-Fort Worth suburb of Euless (0.5%), and a Samoan church in the city of Killeen (0.3%).

Military
Significant numbers of Samoan Americans serve in the U.S. Military. American Samoa has the highest rate of military enlistment of any state or territory.

Sports
American football is the most popular sport in American Samoa. Per capita, the Samoan Islands have produced the highest number of National Football League players. In 2010, it was estimated that a boy born to Samoan parents is 56 times more likely to get into the NFL than any other boy in America.

Entertainment

 * Drew Afualo, content creator, influencer, podcaster
 * Queen Muhammad Ali, film director
 * Cooper Andrews, actor
 * Nephi Hannemann, actor
 * Dwayne Johnson, actor, professional wrestler
 * Mark Kanemura, dancer
 * Tony Meredith, dancer, choreographer
 * Josefa Moe, entertainer, celebrity
 * Tanoai Reed, stunt performer, actor

Music

 * Alex Aiono, singer, YouTuber
 * Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E., hip hop group
 * Drew Deezy, rapper
 * Cheryl Deserée, singer-songwriter
 * Dinah Jane, singer; member of Fifth Harmony
 * Taimane Gardner, ukulele player, composer
 * Maryanne Ito, soul singer
 * Bunny Michael, musician, rapper
 * Mavis Rivers, jazz singer
 * Tedashii, Christian hip hop artist
 * Tenelle, singer-songwriter

Politics, law and government

 * Tulsi Gabbard, politician; U.S. Representative for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2013–2021)
 * Mike Gabbard, politician, member of the Hawaii State Senate
 * Mufi Hannemann, politician; 12th Mayor of Honolulu (2005–2010)
 * Bode Uale, Hawaii state court judge

Sports

 * American football

 * Al Afalava
 * C. J. Ah You
 * Harland Ah You
 * Tui Alailefaleula
 * Clifton Alapa
 * Tyson Alualu
 * Brad Anae
 * Robert Anae
 * Charlie Ane Jr.
 * Charlie Ane III
 * Donovan Arp
 * Devin Asiasi
 * Isaac Asiata
 * Matt Asiata
 * Sal Aunese
 * Kahlil Bell
 * Kendrick Bourne
 * Inoke Breckterfield
 * Algie Brown
 * DeForest Buckner
 * Colby Cameron
 * Jordan Cameron
 * Suʻa Cravens
 * Scott Crichton
 * Hershel Dennis
 * Luther Elliss
 * Justin Ena
 * DeQuin Evans
 * Nuʻu Faʻaola
 * Jonathan Fanene
 * Eletise Fiatoa
 * Malcom Floyd
 * Fou Fonoti
 * Toniu Fonoti
 * Chris Fuamatu-Maʻafala
 * Setema Gali
 * Randall Goforth
 * Micah Hannemann
 * Wayne Hunter
 * Nate Ilaoa
 * Junior Ioane
 * Sale Isaia
 * Senio Kelemete
 * Pat Kesi
 * Hauʻoli Kikaha
 * Glen Kozlowski
 * Mike Kozlowski
 * Jake Kuresa
 * Shawn Lauvao
 * Kili Lefotu
 * Sefo Liufau
 * Joe Lobendahn
 * Al Lolotai
 * Malaefou MacKenzie
 * Kaluka Maiava
 * Damien Mama
 * Frank Manumaleuga
 * Brandon Manumaleuna
 * Vince Manuwai
 * Marcus Mariota
 * Jeremiah Masoli
 * Hercules Mataʻafa
 * Fred Matua
 * Rey Maualuga
 * Josh Mauga
 * Itula Mili
 * Roy Miller
 * Edwin Mulitalo
 * Louis Murphy
 * Kai Nacua
 * Puka Nacua
 * Jim Nicholson
 * Ken Niumatalolo
 * Al Noga
 * Niko Noga
 * Pete Noga
 * Chris Owusu
 * Tenny Palepoi
 * Joe Paopao
 * David Parry
 * Saul Patu
 * Domata Peko
 * Kyle Peko
 * Tupe Peko
 * Ropati Pitoitua
 * Kennedy Polamalu
 * Troy Polamalu
 * Pulu Poumele
 * Jeremiah Poutasi
 * Tavita Pritchard
 * Mike Purcell
 * Keilani Ricketts
 * Jason Rivers
 * Blaine Saipaia
 * Dan Saleaumua
 * Dru Samia
 * Brashton Satele
 * Samson Satele
 * Brian Schwenke
 * Kona Schwenke
 * Ian Seau
 * Junior Seau
 * Mike Sellers
 * Isaac Seumalo
 * Danny Shelton
 * Sealver Siliga
 * Mana Silva
 * JuJu Smith-Schuster
 * Brian Soi
 * Paul Soliai
 * Vic Soʻoto
 * Xavier Suʻa-Filo
 * Nicky Sualua
 * Frank Summers
 * Alameda Taʻamu
 * Ed Taʻamu
 * Tua Tagovailoa
 * Nuʻu Tafisi
 * Kelly Talavou
 * Lofa Tatupu
 * Vai Taua
 * Will Taʻufoʻou
 * Junior Tautalatasi
 * Terry Tautolo
 * Sae Tautu
 * J. R. Tavai
 * Daniel Teʻo-Nesheim
 * Manti Teʻo
 * Martin Tevaseu
 * Jack Thompson
 * D. J. Tialavea
 * John Timu
 * Pisa Tinoisamoa
 * Albert Toeaina
 * Pago Togafau
 * Levine Toilolo
 * Mao Tosi
 * Charles Tuaau
 * Esera Tuaolo
 * Natu Tuatagaloa
 * Marques Tuiasosopo
 * Peter Tuiasosopo
 * Lavasier Tuinei
 * Mark Tuinei
 * Van Tuinei
 * Joe Tuipala
 * Willie Tuitama
 * Maugaula Tuitele
 * Andria Tupola
 * Mike Ulufale
 * Morris Unutoa
 * Jeremiah Valoaga
 * Lenny Vandermade
 * Larry Warford
 * Albert Wilson

 * Athletics
 * Jeremy Dodson, sprints
 * Gary Fanelli, long-distance
 * Anthony Leiato, shot put
 * Baseball
 * Benny Agbayani
 * Isiah Kiner-Falefa
 * Sean Manaea
 * Basketball
 * Rashaun Broadus
 * James Johnson
 * Dion Prewster
 * Wally Rank
 * Peyton Siva
 * Mekeli Wesley
 * Wendell White
 * Mixed martial arts
 * Andre Fili
 * Kendall Grove
 * Max Holloway
 * Raquel Paʻaluhi

 * Professional wrestling
 * Afa Anoaʻi
 * Afa Anoaʻi Jr.
 * Lloyd Anoaʻi
 * Vanessa Borne
 * Deuce
 * Emily Dole
 * Jacob Fatu
 * Sam Fatu
 * Nia Jax
 * Dwayne Johnson
 * Sean Maluta
 * Roman Reigns
 * Rikishi
 * Rosey
 * Samoa Joe
 * Samu
 * Solo Sikoa
 * Tamina Snuka
 * Umaga
 * The Usos
 * Yokozuna

 * Rugby
 * Thretton Palamo, union
 * Psalm Wooching, union
 * Swimming
 * Virginia Farmer
 * Stewart Glenister
 * Robin Leamy
 * Other
 * Robyn Ah Mow-Santos, volleyball
 * Mariah Bullock, soccer
 * Tony Finau, golf
 * Konishiki Yasokichi, sumo
 * Greg Louganis, diving
 * Garrett Muagututia, volleyball
 * Fua Logo Tavui, sailing

Other

 * Matt Keikoan, poker player
 * Alema Leota, Robin Hood
 * Caroline Sinavaiana-Gabbard, writer, literature professor

title: Samoan Americans


text:
Gianfrancesco Penni

Gianfrancesco Penni (1488/1496–1528), also known as Giovan Francesco, was an Italian painter. His brother Bartolommeo was an artist of the Tudor court of Henry VIII, and another brother, Luca, ended up as one of the Italian artists of the School of Fontainebleau.

Life
Born in Florence to a family of weavers, Penni entered Raphael's workshop very early in his life, and collaborated with him on several works, including the famous Rooms of the Vatican Palace, as well as the frescoes of Villa Farnesina, both in Rome. Heinrich Wölfflin and some other writers credited him with the entire execution of the Raphael Cartoons, with Raphael only creating the initial design, though more recent writers believe Raphael did much of the work himself.

After the premature death of Raphael, Penni collaborated with Giulio Romano to the completion of works such as the Hall of Constantine, the Transfiguration, the Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin (1525) in Monteluce, and the Palazzo Te of Mantua. Penni also provided designs for the tapestries of the life of Christ for Clement VII for the decoration of the Sala del Concistoro in the Vatican.

In 1526, he left Rome and joined back up with Giulio Romano, who had arrived in Mantua in 1524. According to Vasari, he was not well received in Mantua (though he did work with Romano on the frescoes at the Palazzo Te) and so soon began a long journey to Naples via Lombardy and Rome. He died in Naples in 1528. His pupils included Leonardo da Pistoia (Grazia).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gianfrancesco Penni


text:
User:Ink Pudding

!!!

 * To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said
 * "I've a sceptre in hand, I've a crown on my head.
 * Let the Looking-Glass creatures, whatever they be
 * Come dine with the Red Queen, the White Queen and Me!"

!!!

 * Then fill up the glasses as quick as you can,
 * And sprinkle the table with buttons and bran:
 * Put cats in the coffee, and mice in the tea--
 * And welcome Queen Alice with thirty-times-three!

!!!
Pattíşoţittó:

!!!

 * "O Looking-Glass creatures," quoth Alice, "draw near!
 * 'Tis an honour to see me, a favour to hear:
 * 'Tis a privilege high to have dinner and tea
 * Along with the Red Queen, the White Queen, and Me!"

!!!

 * Then fill up the glasses with treacle and ink,
 * Or anything else that is pleasant to drink:
 * Mix sand with the cider, and wool with the wine--
 * And welcome Queen Alice with ninety-times-nine!

title: User:Ink Pudding


text:
Lucy, Lady Houston

Dame Fanny Lucy Houston, Lady Houston, (' Radmall'''; 8 April 1857 – 29 December 1936) was a British philanthropist, fascist sympathizer, political activist and suffragist.

Beginning in 1933, she published the Saturday Review, which was best known for its attacks on what the paper labelled the "unpatriotic" National Governments of Ramsay MacDonald and Stanley Baldwin. She has been acknowledged as an aviation pioneer and "the saviour of the Spitfire" because of her support for its predecessor, the Supermarine seaplane.

Early life
Fanny Lucy Radmall was the fourth daughter of Thomas Radmall, a woollen warehouseman and draper, and Maria Isabella Clark. She was born at 13 Lower Kennington Green, Lambeth, the ninth child of ten children. This Surrey suburb was across the Thames from the city, but now forms part of Inner London. As a young woman, she was a professional dancer, a chorus girl known as "Poppy".

At the age of sixteen, she took up with a wealthy man twice her age, Frederick "Freddy" Gretton, whose family were co-owners of the Bass Brewery. She was his mistress for ten years. Gretton was a keen supporter of the turf and owner of celebrated racehorses (such as Isonomy, winning the Stayers' Triple Crown). Gretton died in 1882 and left her a legacy of £6,000 per year, an enormous sum, much to the disgust of his family.

Marriages to Brinckman and Byron
Now set up in life, she wanted a stage career. However, only three weeks in to her first stage role in a production by the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, she eloped with Theodore Francis Brinckman, son of Sir Theodore Brinckman, 2nd Baronet. On 3 September 1883 they married but the relationship did not flourish and the couple divorced on 14 January 1895 after a long separation. After a dramatic proposal on her part, she remarried on 1 March 1901, to the retiring and previously confirmed bachelor, George Byron, 9th Baron Byron. During their marriage, as Lady Byron, she was an active suffragette who used her wealth to support the cause and stood bail for Emmeline Pankhurst.

During the First World War she strongly supported the war effort, for example by sending matches to soldiers serving overseas, the boxes labelled 'A Match for Our Matchless Troops from Lady Byron', and her 'Give Him Socks' campaign. Byron died on 30 March 1917. Later that year Lucy was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for her creation of the Bluebirds' Nest, a rest home on Hampstead Heath for nurses serving on the Western Front.

Marriage to Sir Robert Houston
Her third and final marriage was to Sir Robert Houston, 1st Baronet, Member of Parliament for West Toxteth, and a shipping magnate. Houston is described in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as "a hard, ruthless, unpleasant bachelor." Nevertheless, Lucy Byron chased him for seven years, seeing off his old friend F.E. Smith, who opposed the marriage. Lucy got her way and finally they married on 12 December 1924.

Houston established residence at Beaufield House, Saint Saviour, Jersey for the purposes of tax avoidance, and the couple divided their time between England, Jersey, and Houston's luxurious yacht, SY Liberty. When Sir Robert showed her his will, Lady Houston reportedly tore it up, telling him that £1,000,000 (equivalent to £ million in ) was insufficient. By the time of their marriage Sir Robert was an invalid who suffered from bouts of depression and believed that he was being poisoned. He died aboard Liberty on 14 April 1926, leaving his widow roughly £5.5 million (equivalent to £ million in ).

Lady Houston was now England's second richest woman. Although not liable to pay death duties on Houston's estate she negotiated personally with Winston Churchill, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, to pay £1.6 million (equivalent to £ million in ) without admitting liability.

Schneider Trophy

Lady Houston gave generously to British aviation. In 1931, she donated £100,000 (equivalent to £ million in ) to Supermarine, allowing them to win the Schneider Trophy in that year. The Royal Air Force's entry for the 1931 race for the trophy was hindered by political opposition. On 15 January 1931, the Air Ministry refused a last-minute request by the Royal Aero Club for funds for an entry. With the economic crisis the Cabinet vetoed RAF involvement and Government funding in a sporting event. Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Hugh Trenchard held the view that there was no advantage as aircraft development would continue whether or not the UK competed. The Ministry forbade the use of the aircraft that competed in the 1929 race; forbade RAF pilots of the High Speed Flight who were trained to fly these seaplanes, to take part; and said that it would not police the race course in 1931 in the busy shipping lanes in the Solent. The Royal Aero Club sent a statement to the Cabinet on 22 January 1931, offering to raise £100,000, if the Government would rescind the Air Ministry's decrees on planes, pilots and policing.

Many newspapers backing the opposition Conservative Party wanted to put pressure on Ramsay MacDonald's National government. One newspaper sent a telegram to MacDonald stating that, "To prevent the socialist government from being spoilsports, Lady Houston will be responsible for all extra expenses beyond what Sir Philip Sassoon (President of the Royal Aero Club) says can be found, so that Great Britain can take part in the race for the Schneider trophy." The gift gave Lady Houston an opportunity to attack the Labour government, with the declaration "Every true Briton would rather sell his last shirt than admit that England could not afford to defend herself."

Later life
In 1932, she offered to give £200,000 (equivalent to £ million in ) to strengthen the British Armed Forces. The National Government refused. She hung a huge electric sign, "DOWN WITH MACDONALD THE TRAITOR", in the rigging of Liberty and sailed round Great Britain. In a telegram to MacDonald, she wrote:

"I alone have dared to point out the dire need for air defence of London. You have muzzled others who have deplored this shameful neglect. You have treated my patriotic gesture with a contempt such as no other government would have been guilty of toward a patriot."

She funded disruptive campaigns against the National Government at nine by-elections in 1933.

In 1933, she financed the Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition, in which aircraft flew over the summit of Mount Everest for the first time. This was to show opposition to granting independence to India. In October 1934 Lady Houston sent a cable to the winners of the MacRobertson Air Race, Tom Campbell Black and C. W. A. Scott; "Your achievement has thrilled me through, oh brave men of my heart... If this does not make the Government sit up, nothing will ... Sleep well and feel proud of yourselves, as we all are ... Rule Britannia. God bless you both."

Following her purchase of the Saturday Review in 1933 at the age of 76, she threw herself in a frenzy of activity as a newspaper proprietor determined to alert Britain to the weakness of its political leaders and the dangers of Communist infiltration of Britain. Frustrated by what she saw as the weakness of Ramsay MacDonald and then Stanley Baldwin as Prime Ministers she tried to push Lloyd George, Winston Churchill, and ultimately from 1935 the new king, her friend Edward VIII, into the role of virtual dictator of the country.

In that she believed that Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were strong leaders who pulled their countries, Italy and Germany, round from a state of decay, she wanted a strong British leader to emulate them. She admired the stance of both Hitler and Mussolini against Soviet Russia, believing that its political ambitions presented the greatest threat to the power of Britain and its Empire.

She also considered funding Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists with the £200,000 rejected by the Government; however, Mosley's publication, The Blackshirt, printed what she thought were insulting references to her and so she kept the money.

Death
By the time of the abdication of Edward VIII in early December 1936, she was a semi-invalid who spent most of her time in bed, from where she edited and ran the Saturday Review. However, she was so distraught by the abdication, which she believed was the result of sinister forces coming from Moscow, that she stopped eating and died of a heart attack on 29 December 1936, aged 79, at her home, Byron Cottage, Highgate. She had no children and left no will.

In popular culture
Lady Houston is depicted in the 1942 film The First of the Few, directed by Leslie Howard, showing her support for the development of British aircraft and her anti-government views. She is portrayed by actress Toni Edgar-Bruce.

title: Lucy, Lady Houston


text:
User:My Cat inn/contribution arcive

May
16:40, 24 May 2006 (hist) (diff) m User:Jimbo Wales (added Userpageinfo template) 03:09, 24 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Readers must be this high to get into Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense (User:Boston Boys Fantasy Baseball) 23:10, 19 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Utada Hikaru (rv) 20:35, 19 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Eleventy-billion pool (added more) 20:23, 19 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Eleventy-billion pool (→Wikipedia:Billion pool, Wikipedia:Eleventy-billion pool and Wikipedia:Trillion pool) 16:24, 19 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:Kuzmo (Welcome) 15:47, 19 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn (top) 19:20, 17 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Portal:Geography/Intro (rv) 01:56, 17 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User:Jaranda/Articles for deletion/Main Page (closing VFD discuction) (top) 01:06, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:Rededdies19 (welcome) (top) 01:05, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:Felipe.luis ( Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ) (top) 01:05, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:Shopper12 ( Welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ) (top) 01:04, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User:Commander Salamander ( Welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ) (top) 01:03, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:BAvery (welcome) (top) 01:02, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:Strider hiryu186 (Welcome) (top) 00:55, 16 May 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:WikiProject Wiki Syntax (→Thank you to contributors)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

April
13:35, 22 April 2006 (hist) (diff) m User talk:My Cat inn (→Danko Georgiev) (top) 13:28, 22 April 2006 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn (userinfo) 13:26, 22 April 2006 (hist) (diff) Penis (RV to 05:49, 22 April 2006) 04:33, 5 April 2006 (hist) (diff) User:Jaranda/Articles for deletion/Main Page (April Fool's) 14:37, 1 April 2006 (hist) (diff) User:Jaranda/Requests for adminship/127.0.0.1 (→127.0.0.1)

March
04:43, 5 March 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:IRC channels (→cannot get into channel) 04:43, 5 March 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:IRC channels (→cannot get into channel - error) 22:40, 4 March 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Afshar experiment (part back afd-newbies Whay it was removed in the ferst place) (top) 04:59, 2 March 2006 (hist) (diff) Mirror image rule (rv test)

February
01:59, 25 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User:Lupin/badwords (added moure words) 01:28, 25 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn (add a box) 03:41, 24 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 February 25 (made new day) 03:36, 24 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 February 23 (→Template:Olympic Winter Games Host Cities) 05:19, 18 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Five Rhythms (fixed External links) 04:14, 18 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:207.142.131.236 (top) 06:11, 10 February 2006 (hist) (diff) John Kerry (RV user:24.82.98.153 edits this page is all complete and restored) 02:12, 10 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Penis (to stop vadall sprotect) 03:51, 9 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:My Cat inn (→image removal on Penis) 02:57, 9 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Penis (remove images becouse this page is velrry porngraphic and ) 20:56, 7 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 February 3 (→Template:Flags of European Countries) 07:35, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Usability/Main Page/Draft/Vote6G 06:04, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:My Cat inn (→Your Adolf Hitler AFD nomination) 05:47, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (RVV) 05:44, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2006 February 4 (rv) 05:39, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/contribution arcive (top) 05:38, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (rv edit by user:Can't sleep, clown will eat me) 05:23, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (→Adolf_Hitler) 05:22, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (ard) 05:18, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2006 February 4

05:38, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (rv edit by user:Can't sleep, clown will eat me) (top) 05:23, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (→Adolf_Hitler) 05:22, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adolf Hitler (ard) 05:18, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2006 February 4 05:16, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Adolf Hitler (afd) 04:51, 4 February 2006 (hist) (diff) Template:Flags of European Countries (rv pleas do not remove deletion noteis) (top)

January
21:02, 31 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 January 19 (I fix this becouse my vote got in the worng place) 20:54, 31 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 January 19 (→Template:Infobox Baduser - do not delet) 06:23, 31 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 January 29 (→Template:Move to Wikinews) 06:17, 31 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Templates for deletion/Log/2006 January 26 (→Template:Periodic table) 13:54, 30 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Steinsky (updating) 14:42, 28 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Cool Cat 3 (my vote) (top) 01:40, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Marine biology (rv 206.223.196.203 edits) 01:39, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Marine biology (rv 206.223.196.203 edits) 01:18, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Cool Cat 3 01:11, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Cool Cat 3 (cleuring this up) 01:02, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) m Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Cool Cat 3 (RV the rfa was closed for no rezom) 00:56, 27 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Requests for adminship (port back Cool Cat rfa)

sorting) (top) 01:29, 3 January 2006 (diff) Inside Edition (stub sorting) (top) 01:27, 3 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Black clay (top) 01:26, 3 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Black clay (stub sorting) 01:24, 3 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Bad Robot Production (top) 01:16, 3 January 2006 (hist) (diff) 3D Life (web stub) (top) 00:41, 3 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Sky Ride (wikify added links and an editer) 04:56, 2 January 2006 (hist) (diff) User talk:71.208.142.213 (top) 04:26, 2 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Template:Planet Infobox/Ooberlang (top) 03:58, 2 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Template:Planet Infobox/Ooberlang 03:28, 2 January 2006 (hist) (diff) Mind_Benders/6 (top)

December
20:33, 31 December 2005 (hist) (diff) You are in a maze of twisty little Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense, all alike (add heder) 16:57, 31 December 2005 (hist) (diff) You are in a maze of twisty little Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense, all alike 16:56, 31 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense (→Contents) 16:45, 31 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Bjaodn (added 28) (top) 01:06, 29 December 2005 (hist) (diff) m Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Gone Wild (Golden Rock's) 05:24, 28 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Mind Benders/6 (added The Solar System templat) 05:12, 28 December 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn (top)
16:16, 27 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Steve Thomas (PBS) (fix a disscrupy) (top) 22:49, 26 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Dora the Explorer (rv) 04:12, 26 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Help:Page move (fixed my edit) (top) 04:10, 26 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Help:Page move (fixed my edit) 04:07, 26 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Help:Page move (add mor steft) 20:35, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) m Organising model (fixed links) 20:33, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Organising model (→Resurgence in the UK - fixs links)
20:30, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) m PunchMuch (program) (fixed links) (top)
20:26, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) m Pivot Tables (fixed links) (top)
17:43, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Planet Infobox/Ooberlang
04:50, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Afshar experiment (→Afshar_experiment)
03:39, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Mind Benders/6 (add Categories)
03:20, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia talk:Mind Benders/6 (top)
03:18, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Mind Benders/6
03:18, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Mind Benders/6 (add template)
03:16, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Planet Infobox/Ooberlang
03:07, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Planet Infobox/Ooberlang (this is for fsckchis plated)
02:59, 24 December 2005 (hist) (diff) Mind Benders/6
23:24, 23 December 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/monobook.js (top)
14:09, 12 December 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Hivgfhfgyjhgjghjkgnnj (top)
23:55, 21 October 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Cool Cat (Updated you page)

September

04:08, 24 September 2005 (hist) (diff) Mind Benders/Round 3/Answers/Question 2 (→kowloon)
04:06, 24 September 2005 (hist) (diff) Mind Benders/Round 3/Answers/Question 2
00:35, 22 September 2005 (hist) (diff) Unencyclopedia (top)
00:23, 22 September 2005 (hist) (diff) This Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. (→From Bearatross)
21:04, 1 September 2005 (hist) (diff) This Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. (→Editing Pink carnation and a pick uptruck)
21:04, 1 September 2005 (hist) (diff) This Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. (→Editing Pink carnation and a pick uptruck)

August

14:42, 29 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox/Word Association (→The game)
03:14, 29 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox (rv)
02:03, 29 August 2005 (hist) (diff) London Millennium Bridge(fix the lay out to make it ezers to read)
20:35, 28 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Non-main namespace pages for deletion/Wikipedia:Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense/Willy on Wheels (on wheels) (fixs my elrer and add mor seft)
20:14, 28 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense (→Contents - BJAODN)
15:57, 28 August 2005 (hist) (diff) m Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense (help noneist)
18:27, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) This Old House
18:24, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) (top)
18:21, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) (Non-free logo)
18:14, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) This Old House (adding a logo)
16:29, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Bio-stub (rv vandallom)
04:56, 27 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Non-main namespace pages for deletion/Wikipedia:Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense/Willy on Wheels (on wheels)
22:23, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) (fix a bug)
22:21, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff)
21:48, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Acoustic interferometer (stub sorting)
21:26, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Aeroacoustics (stub sorting)
03:32, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/contribution arcive
03:12, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Ems boards (stub) (top)
03:10, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Cool and the Crazy (top)
02:34, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:John P. Jones (your uploded images) (top)
01:45, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Color Organ (fixed images) (top)
01:33, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff) (RV my edit) (top)
01:31, 24 August 2005 (hist) (diff)
17:57, 23 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Talk:Color Organ (top)
17:55, 23 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Color Organ (adding attention noteis)
17:11, 23 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Daughters of the Moon (pert back stub) (top)
17:03, 23 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:218.102.84.106
16:56, 23 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Lanz Chan (RV VfD message)
23:24, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/contribution arcive (top)
21:08, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Home Improvement  (added infobox television) (top)

20:17, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Steve Thomas  (top)

20:15, 20 August 2005 (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Thomas&action=history" hist]) title="Steve Thomas">(diff)  [[Steve_Thomas"|Steve Thomas"]

19:20, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff)  New York Zoo  (top)

18:54, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff) m  New York Zoo  (Disambig)

18:35, 20 August 2005 (hist) (diff) New York Zoo

02:32, 11 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/sandbox  (wiki table) (top)

02:11, 11 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:Jimbo Wales/Birthday Wishes

23:07, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:82.48.44.142  (top)

23:06, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:82.48.44.142

18:38, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Sandbox  (block warning)

01:28, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) m Talk:Audioboxer  (Talk:Audioboxer moved to Talk:Audio Boxer)

01:28, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) m Audioboxer  (Audioboxer moved to Audio Boxer)

00:32, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Owen Finegan  (stub)

00:30, 10 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Boston Unions  (baseball-stub) (top)

22:21, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:69.168.201.22

22:20, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:69.168.201.22

21:56, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Adventure Games  (stub sort) (top)

21:44, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Billboard toppling  (game-stub) (top)

20:33, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/sandbox

19:58, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:DrZoidberg

04:31, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/sandbox

04:24, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/sandbox

04:07, 9 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn/sandbox

22:59, 8 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Mind Benders  ( →Voting )

02:44, 6 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:VW  (removed spam this is not a good spamer)

00:11, 4 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Arch  ( →Other types - add liks)

00:03, 4 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Arch  (**Other typesI** gat this from | here)

19:35, 3 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Erich Segal  (link repair (You can help!)) (top)

19:27, 3 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Ericaceae  (link repair (You can help!))

19:08, 3 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Template:Cc-by-2.0-map-Alabama  (RV)

02:14, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Allochtoon  (lang-stub) (top)

02:01, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Alastair Hannay

01:50, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) All India State Bank of India Staff Federation

01:40, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Abadi al Johar  (bio-stub)

01:37, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Aaron Kamin

00:49, 2 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Template talk:Stub  ( →Image -  clam my post) (top)

23:29, 1 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:About the Sandbox  (pert back sum stuf  208.15.238.3 had remove)

14:11, 1 August 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:My Cat inn  (top)

01:23, 1 August 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:About the Sandbox  (add mor steft)

July

23:50, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:Jimbo Wales  ( →your editings - fix my elor)

23:48, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:Jimbo Wales  (your editings)

22:36, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Nowhere Lane

20:05, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn  (top)

19:18, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

05:09, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox

02:29, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox

02:18, 30 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox

04:31, 29 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:DrZoidberg/Archive2  (To help Wikipedia)

02:19, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Slipknot (band)  (removed My Ass'' I thank is does not belalng)

02:03, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Stephen Lander  (top)

02:02, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Steven Jon Halasz

02:01, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Suction dredger  (top)

01:59, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Museum of Neon Art

01:54, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Gadar Tamburawa River

01:51, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) If I Had a Hammer

01:42, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Hyougamon

01:41, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Hyougamon

01:37, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) IWon

01:16, 25 July 2005 (hist) (diff) m User:Alexn15  (Alex Nostro moved to User:Alexn15)

20:51, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

20:36, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

20:07, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Phase detector

20:04, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Adytum  (top)

19:56, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) New York Zoo

19:47, 23 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Ghazala Gardens hotel

03:25, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

03:14, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Talk:Zombie Panic!  (top)

03:07, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

02:54, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Frozen Flame

02:16, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Being Eve

02:07, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Zoophilic  (RV stub to parasite-stub)

02:03, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Zero sound

01:56, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Angra Nuclear Power Plant

01:54, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Angra Nuclear Power Plant

01:49, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Alus

01:46, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Earth materials  (top)

01:35, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Russell Goldencloud Weiner

01:33, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Existential graph

01:29, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) SweeTarts Rope

01:26, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Student Activity Center

01:15, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) The Ultimatum  (top)

01:13, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Important Bird Area

01:09, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Fibre Channel time out values  (top)

01:06, 21 July 2005 (hist) (diff) TV Games  (fixed stub) (top)

04:35, 18 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Mammal  (RV to  BotYurikBot)

04:24, 18 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:71.96.77.153  (find sume thing beter to do)

04:21, 18 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Earth  (rv to Dragons flight)

04:18, 18 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Mathematics  (rv to [Oleg Alexandrov])

20:17, 16 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Silent protagonist

20:08, 16 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sikkim Manipal University

20:08, 16 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sikkim Manipal University

19:59, 16 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Ă

02:02, 15 July 2005 (hist) (diff) User:My Cat inn

23:18, 14 July 2005 (hist) (diff) Sandbox

15:40, 14 July 2005 (diff)  User:My Cat inn

22:19, 12 July 2005 (diff)  User:My Cat inn

title: User:My Cat inn/contribution arcive


text:
Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority

The Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA) provides area residents and visitors public transportation within parts of Charleston and Dorchester counties in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina, including the cities of Charleston, North Charleston and the surrounding communities of Mount Pleasant, Summerville, James Island, Sullivan's Island, and the Isle of Palms. CARTA presently contracts with Transdev for staffing and managing the bus drivers in addition to maintaining and scheduling the buses. In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

CARTA began service in 1997 and operates seven days a week on each day of the year. In addition to its regular fixed routes, CARTA offers express commuter service on weekdays, a free area shuttle service in downtown Charleston, and Tel-A-Ride services for eligible residents.

History
As with many communities across the United States, the Charleston region was served by streetcars and buses that were operated by electric companies. The bus system in Charleston was operated by SCE&G until 1997. In 1978, the popular Downtown Area Shuttle or DASH service began with the help of a federal grant. DASH service continues to this day. During the 1980s, mass transit options in Charleston were reduced. An effort to create a regional transportation authority that would operate public transportation were defeated by voters in a referendum.

In 1997, after learning that SCE&G intended to cease operating buses, the City of Charleston, the City of North Charleston, the Town of Mt. Pleasant and Charleston County joined together to create the Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA).

From its inception, CARTA has been hampered by insufficient funding it claimed it required to operate effectively. The transportation service provider explored many avenues to increase funding over the years but no source provided enough to keep CARTA from making substantial reductions in service. CARTA was forced to cease most of its operations in January 2004 and relied on emergency funding from state and federal funding streams to keep it from being liquidated. In early November 2004, a half-cent sales tax referendum was passed (following one instance where it failed and another overturned), providing CARTA with the revenue to relaunch many of the services that were eliminated or consolidated due to insufficient funding. CARTA even added new routes and services throughout their rebuilding phases, as was the case with the launch of in January 2007. On September 1, 2010, CARTA suffered a budget problem which stranded 22,443 passengers during the day and 40,500 passengers during the night.

Despite budgetary setbacks, CARTA ridership continues to increase and become more popular. In 2013, CARTA reported its busiest year of operations, with nearly five million riders for 2012 and a weekday average of over 15,000 riders. DASH service accounted for nearly 1.2 million rides in 2012. In late 2013, CARTA inaugurated its North Area Shuttle service (NASH) as a free circulator route to serve the North Charleston area, however this service was suspended in June 2014 due to low ridership. In February 2014, the NASH Express service was launched, creating an express route between Charleston International Airport and downtown Charleston.

CARTA Express
CARTA Express is a commuter-style service with limited stops from select locations in the region with service to or through downtown Charleston. CARTA Express buses are full-sized commuter-style buses with reclining, upholstered “airline-style” seats, reading lights and overhead luggage racks. Single door entry provides more room and beverages are allowed on board. The fare for any Express route is $3.50 per one-way ride; passengers can also purchase an Express Monthly Gold Pass for $88 which is good for any and all Express routes as well as all Fixed Route services.

As of February 2014, there are four active CARTA Express routes:

Fixed Route services
CARTA offers fixed route services to much of the Charleston area by offering trips on select routes which run seven days a week, with limited services on Sundays and select holidays. Routes are serviced by large passenger buses complete with bench seating, two entrances, a wheelchair lift and a bike rack with space for two bikes on the front of each bus. Routes that are less heavily traveled may are sometimes serviced with minibuses.

Services to the north of downtown Charleston
 * Route 10 – Rivers Avenue
 * Route 11 – Dorchester/Airport
 * Route 12 – Upper Dorchester/AFB
 * Route 13 – Remount Road

Services within downtown Charleston
 * Route 7 – Hospitality on Peninsula (HOP) Shuttle (Temporarily suspended until further notice)
 * Route 20 – King Street/Citadel
 * Route 203 – Medical Shuttle (loop route)
 * Route 204 – MUSC/Calhoun Circulator (Suspended February 2021)

Services to the west, south, and east of downtown Charleston
 * Route 30 – Savannah Highway
 * Route 31 – Folly Road
 * Route 32 – North Bridge
 * Route 33 – Ashley River Rd.
 * Route 40 – Mt. Pleasant
 * Route 41 – Coleman Boulevard
 * Route 42 – Wando Circulator
 * Route 301 – Glenn McConnell Connector

Services in other areas of the region
 * Route 102 – North Neck
 * Route 103 – Leeds Avenue
 * Route 104 – Montague Avenue

Regular adult bus fares are $2.00 per trip and transfers are FREE. Special fares are available for senior citizens, staff, faculty and students. Children aged six and younger ride for free when they are accompanied by a paying passenger. Students in grades K-12 ride free (school I.D. Cards are encouraged).

Seniors aged 55 years and older pay $1.00 for Fixed Route and Express services Drivers may request proof of age (Medicare cards or an I.D. card with date of birth will be accepted).

Disabled patrons or passengers with a valid Tel-A-Ride I.D. card can ride Fixed Route services for free every day, all day.

DASH service
The Downtown Area Shuttle (or DASH) service connects visitors to many key destinations throughout the downtown Charleston area. CARTA’s DASH service operates on three main routes to get passengers around downtown.

 * Route 210 – Aquarium/College of Charleston
 * Route 211 – Meeting/King
 * Route 213 – Lockwood/Calhoun

As of 2022, a ride on the DASH service is free.

CARTA Tel-A-Ride
If passengers are unable to get to a bus, Tel-A-Ride comes to them within a defined Tel-A-Ride Service area. Curbside service is available for those who meet the requirements for the Americans with Disabilities Act. Smaller “neighborhood” buses are used for the CARTA Tel-A-Ride service offering both single-door entry and wheelchair accessibility.

Tel-A-Ride fares are $4.00 per trip.

Defunct services
CARTA@Night was implemented to take passengers to any stop within four designated “zones” after most regular bus service has ended. This service was discontinued in December 2010 due to budget problems. CARTA@Night routes were serviced by the large passenger buses (found during the day on the ) and the smaller “neighborhood” buses (used daily for service operation). CARTA at Night was $2.00 and free with CARTA Express Monthly Gold Pass; all other pass holders were required to pay a $0.75 up charge.

Route 105, also known as the North Area Shuttle (or NASH) service connected visitors with attractions in North Charleston, including the "old town", the Tanger Outlet Center, the North Charleston Visitors Center, and the North Convention Center Complex, which includes the North Charleston Coliseum and the North Charleston Performing Arts Center. The service was cancelled in June 2014 due to low ridership.

North Charleston Intermodal Transportation Center
After more than 15 years of planning, ground broke on the North Charleston Intermodal Transportation Center on September 5, 2007. The site will eventually serve as a transportation hub for amtrak passenger trains, commuter rail, Greyhound buses, CARTA buses, area taxis and shuttles used by the Charleston International Airport. The facility will be located at the intersection of Montague Avenue and Seiberling Road in North Charleston and in close proximity to the airport, the coliseum and convention center and Tanger Outlet. Funding shortages have caused delays in the project, however work is set to resume in 2014.


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Valenki

Valenki (ва́ленки; sg valenok (ва́ленок)) are traditional Russian winter footwear, essentially felt boots: the name valenok literally means "made by felting". They are not water-resistant, and are often worn with galoshes to protect the soles from wear and moisture.

Description
Valenki are usually worn for walking on dry snow in frosty weather. In order to prevent wear, the boots are often soled with leather, rubber or another durable material or worn with galoshes. Traditionally, valenki come in brown, black, gray and white, however, modern versions are often dyed or produced from colored artificial materials.

The use of felted footwear has been known for millennia, felt shoes have been found in Iron Age Siberian burials. The origin of valenki has been speculated to trace back to the traditional felt boots worn by nomads of the Great Steppe (including Southern Rus'). The first modern valenki appeared in the early eighteenth century and became more widespread as Russian industrialization progressed, becoming cheaper and more accessible.

Before the Russian Revolution, the production of valenki was concentrated in the Semenov district of Nizhny Novgorod province, in the Kineshma District of Kostroma province, and in the Kukmor in Kazan province. In 1900, contemporary jackboot fulling factories of Russia produced 1.4 million pairs of valenki for the value of 2.1 million rubles. In 1900, a pair of valenki cost 1.5 rubles, in 1912 - 2 rubles, at the end of 1916 the speculative price reached up to 12-18 rubles per pair.

Valenki have become less popular in urban life since the middle of the twentieth century, as human activity has softened the winters in cities, requiring lighter and more waterproof footwear. In modern media, valenki are seen as a rustic, old-fashioned style of clothing; in cities they are usually worn by small children, or during especially severe frost. Valenki are included in the standard equipment of parts of the internal military service of the Russian army.

title: Valenki


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Talk:Meowth (anime character)

This ain't gonna merge with anything.

Regarding the Merge
This Meowth deserves his own article, as he is a main character and is one of few Pokemon who speak English (dub)/Japanese (original). I suggest that the only thing you merge into the genetic Meowth article is the Other Meowths section. Acetic Acid 10:39, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * The discuss link points to Talk:Meowth, where it had been suggested that this be merged into Team Rocket instead, since that's where Jessie and James are described. I was planning on doing that at some point, unless Celestianpower beat me to it. - A Man In Black (Talk | Contribs) 23:42, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meowth (anime character)


text: User talk:69.140.99.11

title: User talk:69.140.99.11


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Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 August 21

Category:Hawaiian volcanoes to Category:Volcanoes of Hawaii

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 20:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

To be consistent with all the other categories in Category:Volcanoes of the United States. —Mike 17:48, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename for consistency. Add "soft redirect" afterwards. Pavel Vozenilek 19:05, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Are all Hawaiian volcanoes within the State of Hawai‘i? (The Midway Atoll, which is part of the Hawaiian Islands, is not part of the State of Hawai‘i.) — Instantnood 20:12, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve rename. Let the experts using the category decide what meets the requirements.  (SEWilco 07:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC))

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Central and Western District of Hong Kong

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Rename ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  20:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

To rename as follows:

category:Central and Western District of Hong Kong → category:Central and Western District, Hong Kong category:Eastern District of Hong Kong → category:Eastern District, Hong Kong category:North District of Hong Kong → category:North District, Hong Kong category:Southern District of Hong Kong → category:Southern District, Hong Kong

— Instantnood 08:11, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Question: Wasn't this just changed?  What is the reasoning for the new rename?  --Kbdank71 14:10, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * These are place names. See also the old discussion at your user talk page. :-) — Instantnood 17:47, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Totally forgot I said that.  I must be getting old.  :)  --Kbdank71 18:44, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles to Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one singles

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No consensus (no change). ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 20:54, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Ok, I'm not sure if I'm doing this exactly right, and this doesn't exactly fall under the traditional usage of the Cfd I think, but we need like some opinions to get a consensus on a matter here. The category was originally known as Category:Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 singles, but then apparently entries were removed and moved to Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles for consistency. But for the sake of true consistency, articles were moved from there to Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, as the parent category, Category:Number one singles does not have a hyphen.

Other charts under Category:Number one singles like Category:Japanese number one singles also do not support the usage of the hyphen. I believe the parent category Category:Number one singles (which was originally known as Category:Number One singles), was even proposed to include a hyphen when it went to Cfd, but this did not come to pass. With that in mind, I believe this this new category, Category:Billboard Hot 100 number one singles should remain as is, but without any hyphens. OmegaWikipedia 19:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Aside from his other persistent reverting of my attempts to bring correct Wikilinking and MoS style to articles (replacing links like "N/A"), OmegaWikipedia has now made a mess of a number of categories. He originally created a number of categories containing the incorrectly capitalised and abbreviated "No. 1"; I speedily renamed them to "number-one", and he recreated his categories, switching the articles, and leaving the new, correct categories unpopulated.  I then corrected them again, and I've just found that he's yet again switched the categories, this time merely removing the hyphen.  I've blocked him for twenty-four hours for this, and I'n trying to clear up the mess that he's made.  If the decision here is to remove the (grammatically correct and required) hyphen, then OK — and I'll do the work to transfer all the articles.  Until it is properly discussed and decided, though, OmegaWikipedia needs to learn that he mustn't simply insist on getting his own way in defiance of all Wikipedia policy, guidelines, and conventions.
 * This is his final warning; if on his return he continues to behave in the same way, my next step is an RfC. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:46, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Berkeley Milne

Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, 2nd Baronet, (2 June 1855 – 4 July 1938) was a senior Royal Navy officer who commanded the Mediterranean Fleet at the outbreak of the First World War.

Naval career
Milne was the son of distinguished admiral Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet, and grandson of Vice-Admiral Sir David Milne. In 1879 he became aide-de-camp to Lord Chelmsford during the Zulu Wars, being fortunate enough to have been separated from the main army at the time of the massacre of British forces at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879.

In 1891 with the rank of captain he accepted command of HMY Osborne, despite the normal rank for the officer in charge of such a ship being only 'commander'. While some officers only accepted short postings to royal yachts, fearing the effect on their careers of sinecure postings, Milne regarded it as a career path to flag rank. After a regular command of the cruiser Venus, which served on the Mediterranean Station, he was in December 1900 appointed in command of the pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Jupiter, of the Channel Fleet. In October 1902, he was appointed a Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King. He was back in royal service when he became flag officer commanding H. M. Yachts from April 1903 to 1905, being promoted to rear admiral in 1904. During this time, he became a friend of King Edward VII and of Queen Alexandra, who called him "Arky-Barky". His hobbies were described as collecting rare orchids and entertaining royal ladies. Milne enjoyed the formal atmosphere of service in the royal squadron, with its emphasis on ceremony, spit and polish.

His next posting was as second in command of the Atlantic Fleet until 1906. From 1908 to 1910 Milne commanded the 2nd Division of the Home Fleets. Milne was made a full Admiral in 1911 and made Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet in November 1912. The appointment was made by Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, taking into consideration the views of the King George V. Admiral Fisher, former First Sea Lord deplored Milne's appointment to such an important post, accusing Churchill of having betrayed the navy. At the outset of the First World War, the Mediterranean Fleet consisted of three dreadnought battle cruisers, four large armoured cruisers, four light cruisers and 16 destroyers.

The pursuit of Goeben and Breslau
On 4 August 1914, after Germany had declared war on Russia and France but before Great Britain had declared war on Germany, Milne sent his two strongest battlecruisers, HMS Indomitable (1907) and HMS Indefatigable (1909), to seek out (as ordered) Germany's only two ships in the Mediterranean, SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, under the command of Admiral Wilhelm Souchon. The ships met as the Germans were steaming back to Messina, Italy, to refuel after bombarding the French colonial ports of Philippeville and Bône, Algeria.

The German ships steamed out of Messina harbour at midnight, 5 August, precisely as Britain officially went to war with Germany. They were headed for Turkey, to attempt to convince it to enter the war on Germany's side, by force if necessary. The heading surprised Admiral Milne who had expected them to steam west to the Straits of Gibraltar. He had only one ship, the light cruiser HMS Gloucester (1909), in a position to follow them. The next morning (7 August), Gloucester closed in and opened fire on Breslau, which returned fire. Breslau was slightly damaged in the exchange receiving one hit at the waterline. Near the western coast of Greece, the pursuit of Goeben and Breslau was taken up by four more British ships, led by Milne's second-in-command, Rear-Admiral Sir Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge. Troubridge's ships (the cruisers HMS Defence (1907), HMS Black Prince (1904), HMS Warrior (1905) and HMS Duke of Edinburgh) were smaller and slower than Goeben; they were also substantially outgunned, and much less well-armoured. Troubridge and his gunnery officer determined they could not intercept the German ships before daylight. They concluded that the enemy battlecruiser's superior speed and range would allow it to maintain enough distance to pick off Troubridge's ships at leisure before they could ever get close enough to engage effectively.

Souchon's ships made it to Constantinople and were admitted into the harbour by the Turks. The German diplomats reminded the Turks that Great Britain had recently broken a contract to supply two new battleships to the Turkish government (which the British Admiralty had decided to keep for its own use as war loomed), and offered to sell them Goeben and Breslau. The Turks agreed on 16 August and eventually joined Germany's side on 30 October 1914. The ships were renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midili, retaining their German crews; Souchon was made commander-in-chief of the Turkish Navy.

Aftermath
Afterwards, Milne served out the rest of the war on half-pay. He was offered the three-year command at the Nore encompassing the ports of Chatham and Sheerness in 1916, but the position eventually went to another officer due to "other exigencies". The Admiralty repeatedly emphasised that Milne had been exonerated of all blame in the affair, most significantly when announcing Milne's retirement at his own request in 1919, so as to further the promotion of other officers. In 1920 the official naval history of the war by Sir Julian Corbett was critical of Milne's handling of the affair; Milne claimed that "the book contained serious inaccuracies". Milne requested the Admiralty to act which they declined to do so, and in 1921 Milne wrote The Flight of the Goeben and the Breslau in an attempt to clear his name, which "justified the official approbation".

title: Berkeley Milne


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Pertoltice (Liberec District)

Pertoltice (Berzdorf) is a municipality in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The municipality is made up of the villages of Dolní Pertoltice and Horní Pertoltice.

Notable people

 * William F. Lukes (1847–1923), United States Navy sailor

title: Pertoltice (Liberec District)


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User talk:24.130.75.240

"Self-Defense Force" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Self-Defense Force and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Toadspike (talk) 22:51, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.130.75.240


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Matt Casamassina

Matt Casamassina is a video game journalist, businessman, and novelist, and a founding editor of IGN. He quit working for IGN on April 23, 2010. In his time at the site, he was the author of many reviews and previews of games by video game developer and publisher Nintendo. He resides in Los Angeles, California, is married and has three children.

Casamassina started in 1997 as editor of the website N64.com, which soon became the Nintendo 64 section of the IGN site and whose domain name now redirects to Nintendo's official website.

Casamassina also appeared on the G4 television program Attack of the Show! as a guest star and as a character model in the Nintendo 64 game Perfect Dark. He, along with Craig Harris, Chadd Chambers, and Peer Schneider, has become one of the main characters in the IGN-published webcomic Cubetoons.

Casamassina independently published his first novel, Dead Weight, in 2016. In 2017, Casamassina founded Rogue Games Inc., which has developed and released games such as Fisti-fluffs, The Pocket Arcade, and Under: Depths of Fear.

Apple
On April 22, 2010, Casamassina announced on his blog that he would be leaving IGN to work for Apple, where he was the editorial manager of the iOS App Store.

Novels
Casamassina is the author of two novels: Dead Weight (2016) and Sophistication (2018).

title: Matt Casamassina


text:
Portal:Morocco/Intro

Read more

title: Portal:Morocco/Intro


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User talk:Alex Ruddick

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 23:31, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks for the (generic) welcome, I edited quite a bit but only now decided to create an account. Did you see my name on the recent pages page or something? Alex Ruddick 23:34, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alex Ruddick


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Ramsay Crooks

Ramsay Crooks (2 January 1787 – 6 June 1859) was an American fur trader who immigrated to Canada from Greenock, Scotland. He was the father of American Civil War Colonel William Crooks who served in the 6th Minnesota Regiment. In 1803 Ramsay worked in a trading post on the Great Lakes. He helped W. Price Hunt to organize and lead an overland trip to Astoria in the Oregon Country for John Jacob Astor in 1809 through 1813, as a partner in the Pacific Fur Company. He became general manager of the American Fur Company in 1817 and was president of the company from 1834 to 1839. While traveling for the fur trade company he dealt with many Native American tribes. He married Abanokue, the daughter of an Ojibwa Chieftain. They had a daughter together, Hester Crooks. Abanokue died around 1825. Crooks then married Emilie Pratte and had nine children. He spent his final days in New York.

Early life and career
In 1803, when Crooks was 16 years old he arrived in Montreal, Quebec, with his family. He stayed in Montreal while his mother and the rest of the family went on to Newark. It has been reported that he was a clerk with Maitland, Garden and Auldjo, a Montreal mercantile firm that supplied dry goods and hardware to the Indians. Later it was said that he was in Niagara with fur traders and then was a clerk for fur trader Robert Dickson at Michilimackinac on Lake Huron. Today it is known as Mackinaw Island or Mackinac in Michigan. Ramsay was with George Gillespie (employed by Dickson) in 1805 and was in St Louis, Missouri, for him from 1805 to 1807 learning the fur trade.

By 1807, Crooks had enough funds, supplemented by the fur trading Choteau Family, to form a partnership with Robert McClellan with the aim of trading with the Indians on the Missouri River. McClellan was described as “a man of many perilous exploits and hairbreadth escapes, a sure shot, and one of the most romantic characters in the annals of the Western fur trade”. They formed an expedition of 40 men and went as far as South Dakota on the Missouri, but were forced back to Council Bluffs, Iowa, by about 600 Sioux. They erected a trading post at Council Bluffs. Crooks and McClellan believed the Sioux were spurred on by Manuel Lisa, a Spanish trader of the Missouri Fur Company, and McClellan swore if he ever met Lisa he would kill him. Later, with the Astor Expedition, he met Lisa on the Missouri, but, with difficulty, he was restrained from carrying out his threat. In 1809 Crooks and McClellan dissolved their partnership, and Crooks went to Mackinac to work for the Northwest Company (fur traders) where William Price Hunt, the organizer of the Astor expedition, signed him as a partner in the Astor group to take part in the expedition.

title: Ramsay Crooks


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Wikipedia:Article Collaboration and Improvement Drive/History

Please add the template to the talk pages of past Article Creation and Improvement Drives.

This page is a continuation of the AID records. The ARCAID is a merger between AID and COTW; for the COTW records see Collaboration of the week/History.


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User:Agapetile

Agape Tile ... Stephanie joined Wikipedia on August 20, 2005. My goal is to add additional images to all of the gemstone and mineral sections, if needed, once I discover how to do this! I am an organist (although no Lowrey is sight at the moment). I DO NOT play church music! I am an accomplished, professional fine artist in pencil and oil. My favorite artistic subjects are people (portraits) of men and women from all walks of life. I have Bouviers...three of them...Zilla @ 125 lbs., Cody at 105 lbs. and the new pup at 22 lbs. I travel as often as possible, preferably to the beach. I have an insatiable search for knowledge, so I definitely belong here!

title: User:Agapetile