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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steffan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 03:46, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Steffan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente
NN. Erwin Walsh
 * Delete. No good claim to notability. Sdedeo 16:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sorry, I was hasty in my judgement there. Sdedeo 22:43, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because of his fame. Needs major cleanup because of NPOV dispute. - Wintran 21:31, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, really is famous.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Brooklyn Community Board 17

Brooklyn Community Board 17 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of East Flatbush, Remsen Village, Farragut, Rugby, Erasmus and Ditmas Village. The District is delimited by East 32nd Street, Glenwood Road, Nostrand Avenue, Foster Avenue, and Bedford Avenue on the west, Clarkson Avenue, Utica Avenue, and East New York Avenue on the north, East 98th Street on the east, as well as by the Long Island Rail Road on the south.

The board's current chairman is Rodrick Daley, and the District Manager is Sherif Fraser.

As of the United States Census, 2020, District 17 has a population of 133,144, down from 165,753 in 2000 and 161,261 in 1990.

Of them (as of 2020), 84.0% are African-American, 3.0% are White non Hispanic, 1.0% Asian or Pacific Islander, 0.5% of some other race, 3% of two or more races,(7.0%) of Hispanic origins.

Approximately 50% of the population is foreign-born. The land area is 3.1 sqmi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brooklyn Community Board 17


text: User talk:69.57.138.6

title: User talk:69.57.138.6


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Pará River

The Pará River (Rio Pará), also called Parauaú River, Jacaré Grande River, Marajó River Channel, Macacos River Channel, Santa Maria River Channel and Bocas Bay, is a watercourse and immense estuarine complex that functions as a canal between the rivers Amazon (Amazon delta), Tocantins, Campina Grande (or Portel Bay) and Marajó Bay, in addition to numerous other smaller rivers. It can also be considered a distributary channel of the Tocantins River.

It is located in the state of Pará, Brazil. It presents muddy and turbid waters, rich in sediments originating from its source rivers.

Runs for approximately 40 mi, around the west and south of the island of Marajó. Belém, the state capital of Pará, is located near the south bank of the river.

Previously academic research has come to consider this watercourse as a distributary channel of the Amazon River. However, this statement is currently considered unlikely, since recent studies have shown the small contribution of the waters of the Amazon River to the formation of the Pará River, with a greater contribution from the Tocantins River.

title: Pará River


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Para River

Para River may refer to:
 * Pará River in Brazil
 * Pará River (Minas Gerais) in southeastern Brazil
 * Para Creek in Suriname. Sometimes called Para River
 * Para River in India's Himachal Pradesh that flows through Ladakh and Tibet
 * Para (Russia) in the central European part of Russia
 * The Para Rivers in South Australia
 * Little Para River
 * North Para River
 * South Para River
 * The North and South Para Rivers join at Gawler to form the Gawler River (South Australia)

title: Para River


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Vence

Vence (Vença) is a commune set in the hills of the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France, north of Nice and Antibes on the Mediterranean coast.

Ecclesiastical history
The first known Bishop of Vence is Severus, bishop in 439 and perhaps as early as 419.

Among others are: Veranus, son of St. Eucherius, Archbishop of Lyon and a monk of Lérins, bishop before 451 and at least until 465; St. Lambert, first a Benedictine monk (died 1154); Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (1505–11).

Antoine Godeau, Bishop of Grasse, was named Bishop of Vence in 1638; the Holy See wished to unite the two dioceses. Meeting with opposition from the chapter and the clergy of Vence Godeau left Grasse in 1653, to remain Bishop of Vence, which see he held until 1672.

The diocese of Nice now unites the three former Dioceses of Nice, Grasse and Vence.

Sights
Within the historic village, a medieval walled village, there are numerous interesting sights and monuments. The Peyra Gate was remodelled in 1810. The fountain was rebuilt in 1822 replacing an older one dating from 1578. Nearby is an ash tree, donated by François I and planted in 1538. The castle is today the Fondation Émile Hugues, a modern and contemporary art museum. The cathedral was built in the 4th century on the site of a Roman temple. The stone of the western façade dates from 239. Another, on the right, was engraved in December 220. Other stones in the external walls represent funerary dedications. Also on the western side of the church, the Pierre du Tauroble evokes the cult of Cybele and also the Great mother of the Gods of Mount Ida. A chapel in the cathedral has a mosaic by Marc Chagall, dated 1979. The rue des Portiques is a section of the old Roman road.

The town has a small chapel, up above the Cité Historique Chapelle du Rosaire (1948, completed in 1951), decorated with stained glass and other fittings by Henri Matisse, who owned a home in the village towards the end of his life.

Vence is famous for its spring water, which can be collected from numerous fountains in the town.

Nursery schools

 * École Maternelle lei bigaradie
 * École Maternelle du Signadour
 * École Maternelle de l'ouest

Primary schools

 * École primaire du Suve
 * École primaire Saint-Michel
 * École primaire Toreille
 * École primaire Chagall
 * École Célestin Freinet

Grammar school

 * Collège La Sine

High school

 * Lycée Henri Matisse

title: Vence


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Category:Cinematronics games

 * Cinematronics company's video games — a defunct company formerly based in El Cajon, California.

title: Category:Cinematronics games


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User:Elizaphanian

Elizaphanian is the webname for the Revd Sam Norton, Rector of Mersea Island, Essex, England.

His blog is at http://elizaphanian.blogspot.com/

title: User:Elizaphanian


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User:Migdejong

Website Mig de Jong

Maps
For more information visit my website.

Diemen Zuid train station
For more information visit my website.

ING House
For more information visit my website

Metro and Train Stations
See Amsterdam Metro

Haarlemmermeerstation
(No longer in use)

Hervormd Lyceum Zuid
For more information visit my website.

af:gebruiker:Migdejong de:Benutzer:Migdejong da:Bruger:Migdejong es:Usuario:Migdejong fy:Meidogger:Migdejong fr:Utilisateur:Migdejong it:utente:Migdejong Migdejong を編集中 lb:user:Migdejong li:Gebroeker:Migdejong nds-nl:Gebruker:Migdejong nds:Bruker:Migdejong nl:Gebruiker:Migdejong no:Bruker:Migdejong pl:Wikipedysta:Migdejong ru:Участник:Migdejong sv:Användare:Migdejong zh:User:Migdejong

title: User:Migdejong


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User:Pred

da:Bruger:Pred de:Benutzer:Pred fr:Utilisateur:Pred no:Bruker:Pred nn:Brukar:Pred pl:Wikipedysta:Pred sv:Användare:Pred

title: User:Pred


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Ceiling projector

The ceiling projector or cloud searchlight is used to measure the height of the base of clouds (called the ceiling) above the ground. It is used in conjunction with an alidade, usually positioned 1000 ft (300 m) away and wherever possible set at the same level.

The projector is normally set at 90°, although 71° 31' may be used, in relation to the terrain. The projector consists of a 430-watt incandescent bulb set in a weatherproof housing. Inside the housing are two mirrors; the first, above the bulb, reflects the light downwards to the second mirror, that then reflects the light upwards to the cloud. Both mirrors are focused to produce a high intensity beam of light that renders a visible spot on the base of the cloud.

The alidade is mounted on a post at a height of 5 ft (1.5 m) from the ground. It consists of an arm with a pointer and open sight at one end and a rubber eyepiece at the other. The arm is mounted onto a curved scale that is marked both in meters and the coded cloud height (feet). The observer looks through the eyepiece and sets the sight onto the spot projected on the cloud and reads the height from the attached scale.

When the cloud is thin the beam of light may penetrate into the cloud. The observer should read the scale where the light first enters the cloud and not at the top. However, a remark may be made as to how far into the cloud the light was able to penetrate as this may be useful. In the case of fog or blizzard conditions the observer should read the scale where the beam disappears.

title: Ceiling projector


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Binghamton Rangers

The Binghamton Rangers were an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Binghamton, New York, USA at the Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena.

History
The market was previously served by:
 * Broome Dusters of the NAHL (1973–1977)
 * Binghamton Whalers of the American Hockey League (1980–1990)

The market was subsequently home to:
 * B.C. Icemen of the UHL (1997–2002)
 * Binghamton Senators of the American Hockey League (2002–2017)
 * Binghamton Devils of the American Hockey League (2017–2021)
 * Binghamton Black Bears of the Federal Prospects Hockey League (2021–Present)

Single season

 * Goals: 54 Don Biggs (1992–93)
 * Assists: 84 Don Biggs (1992–93)
 * Points: 138 Don Biggs (1992–93)
 * Penalty minutes: 361 Peter Fiorentino (1990–91)
 * GAA: 2.79 Corey Hirsch (1992–93)
 * SV%: .904 Corey Hirsch (1992–93)

Career

 * Career goals: 95 Jean-Yves Roy
 * Career assists: 146 Craig Duncanson
 * Career points: 227 Craig Duncanson
 * Career penalty minutes: 1581 Peter Fiorentino
 * Career goaltending wins: 71 Corey Hirsch
 * Career shutouts: 3 Dan Cloutier
 * Career games played: 386 Peter Fiorentino

title: Binghamton Rangers


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-22/Wikiproject decency vfd

Admission of potential bias
This reporter voted on the vfd in question. His vote was "Delete without prejudice. How many times does it have to be said? Wikipedia is NOT CENSORED for the protection of minors." He also is a member of WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship. However, this reporter views that his personal opinions do not have any bearing on his ability to write a balanced article, reflecting the views of all involved. Any complaints should be filed on this talk page. ral 315  18:39, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a democracy?
Excuse me, but what are you doing posting percentages to keep vs. delete in this article, when I tried to do the exact same thing with my Template:Vote bar but got shouted down for doing it? Is there some sort of "double standard" at work here? Denelson83 15:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See your talk page. I have restored the percentages, please do not remove them again.   ral  315  05:09, August 26, 2005 (UTC)


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Portal:Trains/Featured picture candidates/BNSF X4400320 20040808 WI Prairie du Chien.jpg

Image:BNSF X4400320 20040808 WI Prairie du Chien.jpg
Self-nom. Good composition, lighting and contrast. Shows the subject of the spiker article with very little to distract from the subject. slambo 16:01, August 21, 2005 (UTC)


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Beretta Cx4 Storm

The Beretta Cx4 Storm is a pistol-calibre semi-automatic carbine aimed at the sporting, personal defense and law enforcement markets. It was designed to accept magazines from different Beretta pistol platforms (92/96, 8000 "Cougar" series, Px4) using adapters. The CX4 is available in 9×19mm Parabellum, .40 S&W, .45 ACP, and 9×21mm models. The .45 model can only use 8000 "Cougar" magazines.

The Beretta Mx4 Storm is the military version of the Cx4 Storm. It is capable of fully automatic fire, features a 12-inch barrel, and is most commonly seen with a 30-round 9mm magazine that is compatible with Beretta 92 pistols.

Design details
Both the Cx4 Storm and Mx4 Storm feature a Picatinny rail on top of the receiver for mounting modern optics, and a tri-rail adapter for mounting flashlights, laser sights, grips and other accessories. The firearm also has some ambidextrous features, such as being able to switch the fire selector, charging handle, ejection port and magazine release to the left side.

The Cx4 Storm was developed to be used in conjunction with Beretta semi-automatic pistols so that a person can carry one type of magazine for two types of firearms. For example, the magazines for the Beretta 92FS chambered in 9mm can be used in a Cx4 also chambered in 9mm.

Conversion between 92/96, 8000/8040/8045 "Cougar" 9×19mm Parabellum/.40 S&W/.45, and Px4 Storm magazines requires changing two parts, a magwell sleeve and the magazine release button (sold separately).
 * 92/96: C5A511 magwell sleeve, C89109 magazine release button
 * Cougar: C5A670 magwell sleeve, C89110 magazine release button
 * PX4: C5C620 magwell sleeve, C89210 magazine release button

Legal status in Canada
In Canada, the Cx4 Storm was the primary weapon used in the 2006 Dawson College shooting. The restricted class firearm had been acquired legally, and a coroner's inquest into the shooting recommended that all semi-automatic rifles be banned in Canada. The Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act passed in 2015 did not include a provision for such a ban. Sales of the CX4 Storm increased in Canada following the shooting, and in 2011, Beretta introduced a non-restricted (19" barrel) variant of the Cx4, making it more accessible. On 1 May 2020 the Canadian government reclassified the Cx4 Storm (in all its variants) to be prohibited firearms.

Users

 * 🇮🇹 Italy: In 2013, the Italian Navy (Comforsbarc) ordered 90 Beretta Mx4 Storms (for €58,606) to be delivered in 2014; a second order was placed in 2017.
 * 🇮🇳 India: procured for use by Paramilitary forces of India.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya: In 2009 ordered 1,900 carbines, before the civil war.
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Russian police received a large order of Cx4 carbines with a lengthened 500mm barrel.
 * 🇺🇸 United States: Used by Albany County, NY Sheriff's Department (.40 S&W), St. Louis Police Department, and College of William & Mary Campus Police Department.
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela: Ordered in 2012 by Comando Nacional de la Guardia del Pueblo (Venezuelan Bolivarian National Guard).

title: Beretta Cx4 Storm


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Principality of Göttingen

The Principality of Göttingen (Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital. It was split off from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1286 in the course of an estate division among members of the ruling House of Welf. In 1495 the Göttingen lands were incorporated as integral part of the newly established Brunswick Principality of Calenberg, with which they stayed united until the territory was merged into the Electorate of Hanover.

Geography
The principality covered the southern part of the Welf domains in the former Duchy of Saxony after the deposition of Duke Henry the Lion in 1180 (roughly corresponding to present-day South Lower Saxony). When in 1235 Emperor Frederick II had the Welf allodial lands restored as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the ducal estates also comprised the lands on the Weser river, from Lauenförde up to Münden and the border with the Franconian lands of Hesse; as well as the Leine banks from Göttingen up to Northeim and Einbeck. The territory was separated from the northern Welf principalities of Lüneburg and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the estates of the Hildesheim prince-bishops.

History
The Göttingen territory had already belonged to the allodial possessions of the Welf count palatine Henry the Elder in the early 13th century. After the death of the first Brunswick-Lüneburg duke Otto the Child in 1257, his sons Albert the Tall and John inherited their father's territories. Duke Albert initially governed for his brother, who then was still a minor. When John came of age in 1267, the brothers finally agreed to divide the territory between them, the first step of a centuries-long fragmentation of the Brunswick-Lüneburg duchy. Effective from 1269, the territories around the cities of Wolfenbüttel and Göttingen in the south went to Albert, then ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel. They were inherited by his sons Henry the Admirable, Albert II the Fat and William in 1279. When in 1286 the brothers again divided their heritage, Albert II chose Göttingen as his residence and moved into the Welf residency, which he rebuilt into a fortress. After his brother William had died in 1292, he was also able to acquire the subdivision around Wolfenbüttel against his elder brother Henry, who only retained the Principality of Grubenhagen.

After Albert the Fat's death in 1318, Göttingen passed to his eldest son Otto the Mild, who governed over both the "Principality of Göttingen" and the territory of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. These dukes joined Göttingen and surrounding towns in battles against aristocratic knights in the surroundings of Göttingen, in the course of which the citizens of Göttingen succeeded in destroying the fortress of Grone between 1323 and 1329, as well as the fortress of Rosdorf. Since Otto the Mild died in 1344 without leaving children, his younger brothers Magnus the Pious and Ernest divided the land between themselves. Ernest I received Göttingen, the poorest of all the Welf principalities, which was to remain separate from Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel for centuries. At this time, the territory consisted of the regions formerly owned by the Counts of Northeim, the towns of Göttingen, Uslar, Dransfeld, Münden, Gieselwerder at the border with Hesse and half of Moringen. Not much is known about the rule of Duke Ernest I but it is generally assumed that he continued to fight against aristocratic knights.

Ernest I was succeeded after his death in 1367 by his son Otto I of Göttingen (the Evil; German: der Quade) (d 1394), who initially lived in the city's fortress and attempted to make it a permanent Welf residency. The epithet the Evil came from Otto I's incessant feuds. Breaking with the policies of his predecessors, he frequently aligned himself with the aristocratic knights of the neighborhood in battles against the cities, whose growing power disturbed him. Under Otto the Evil Göttingen gained a large degree of independence. After losing control of the provincial court at the Leineberg in to Göttingen in 1375, Otto finally tried to impose his influence on Göttingen in 1387, but with little success. In April 1387 Göttingen's citizens stormed and destroyed the fortress within the city walls. In retaliation, Otto destroyed villages and farms in the town's surroundings. However, Göttingen's citizens gained a victory over the Duke's army in a battle between the villages of Rosdorf and Grone, under their leader Moritz of Uslar, forcing Otto to acknowledge the independence of the town and its surrounding properties. 1387 thus marks an important turning point in the history of the town. Göttingen's relative autonomy was further strengthened under Otto's successor Otto II "the One-eyed" of Göttingen (Cocles/der Einäugige), not least because the Welf line of Brunswick-Göttingen died out with Otto II, and the resulting questions surrounding his succession after his abdication in 1435 destabilized the regional aristocracy.

The trend towards ever diminishing Welf influence over the town continued until the end of the 15th century, although the town officially remained a Welf property. Nevertheless, it is counted in some contemporaneous documents among the Imperial Free Cities.

The Göttingen branch of the Welf dynasty became extinct, when Duke Otto II the One-Eyed died without male heirs in 1463. His territories were inherited by his cousin Duke William the Victorious, then Prince of Calenberg. After William had also inherited the Principality of Wolfenbüttel in 1473, he gave Göttingen to his eldest son William IV. When in 1482 William IV succeeded his father as Prince of Wolfenbüttel both territories were once again ruled in personal union, though only for a short time, as in 1491 he ceded Wolfenbüttel to his eldest son Henry IV the Evil and finally incorporated Göttingen as an integral part of the Principality of Calenberg, which he gave to his second son, Duke Eric I "the Elder" in 1495. The town of Göttingen refused to pay homage to Eric I in 1504, and as a result, Eric I had Emperor Maximilian I declare the city outlawed. The subsequent tensions economically weakened Göttingen, leading to the town finally paying its homage to Eric I in 1512. Afterward the relationship between Eric and the town improved, because of Eric's financially dependence on Göttingen.

With the Calenberg principality, Göttingen again came into possession of the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1584. Devastated in the Thirty Years' War under the rule of Duke Frederick Ulrich and his brother ("the mad") Christian, it passed to Duke George of the Lüneburg-Celle line in 1634, whose descendants ruled it thenceforth. Under the rule of Duke Ernest Augustus, in 1692, it was named as part of the indivisible territory of the Electoral state of Hanover.

Princes of Brunswick-Göttingen
Line extinct Göttingen merged into Calenberg.
 * Albert the Fat, 1286–1318, also Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1292
 * Otto the Mild, son, 1318–1344
 * Ernest I, brother, 1344–1367
 * Otto the Evil, son of Ernest, 1367–1394
 * Otto II, son, 1394–1463
 * William the Victorious 1463–1473, also Prince of Calenberg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1473
 * Frederick III, son, 1473–1484,
 * William IV, brother, 1473–1495

title: Principality of Göttingen


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Tsunashima Station

Tsunashima Station (綱島駅) is a passenger railway station located in Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Tokyu Corporation.

Lines
Tsunashima Station is served by the Tōkyū Tōyoko Line from Shibuya in Tokyo to Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture. It is 15.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shibuya.

Station layout
The station consists of two elevated opposed side platforms, with the station building and bus terminal underneath.

History
The station first opened as Tsunashima-Onsen Station (綱島温泉駅) on February 14, 1926. It received its present name on October 20, 1944. The station was rebuilt and tracks were elevated in November 1963 and the station building was refurbished in 2001, with a new North Exit and see-through ticket gates at the main entrance, as well as new escalators and elevators.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 103,630 passengers daily.

The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area

 * Shin-tsunashima Station, very close to this station, but fares are treated separately.
 * Tsunashima Onsen
 * Tsurumi River
 * Otsuna Bridge
 * Tsunashima Kofun
 * Yokohama City Tsunashima District Center

title: Tsunashima Station


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Biocatalysis

Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task. Modern biotechnology, specifically directed evolution, has made the production of modified or non-natural enzymes possible. This has enabled the development of enzymes that can catalyze novel small molecule transformations that may be difficult or impossible using classical synthetic organic chemistry. Utilizing natural or modified enzymes to perform organic synthesis is termed chemoenzymatic synthesis; the reactions performed by the enzyme are classified as chemoenzymatic reactions.

History
Biocatalysis underpins some of the oldest chemical transformations known to humans, for brewing predates recorded history. The oldest records of brewing are about 6000 years old and refer to the Sumerians.

The employment of enzymes and whole cells have been important for many industries for centuries. The most obvious uses have been in the food and drink businesses where the production of wine, beer, cheese etc. is dependent on the effects of the microorganisms.

More than one hundred years ago, biocatalysis was employed to do chemical transformations on non-natural man-made organic compounds, with the last 30 years seeing a substantial increase in the application of biocatalysis to produce fine chemicals, especially for the pharmaceutical industry.

Since biocatalysis deals with enzymes and microorganisms, it is historically classified separately from "homogeneous catalysis" and "heterogeneous catalysis". However, mechanistically speaking, biocatalysis is simply a special case of heterogeneous catalysis.

Advantages of chemoenzymatic synthesis
-Enzymes are environmentally benign, being completely degraded in the environment.

-Most enzymes typically function under mild or biological conditions, which minimizes problems of undesired side-reactions such as decomposition, isomerization, racemization and rearrangement, which often plague traditional methodology.

-Enzymes selected for chemoenzymatic synthesis can be immobilized on a solid support. These immobilized enzymes demonstrate improved stability and re-usability.

-Through the development of protein engineering, specifically site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution, enzymes can be modified to enable non-natural reactivity. Modifications may also allow for a broader substrate range, enhance reaction rate or catalyst turnover.

-Enzymes exhibit extreme selectivity towards their substrates. Typically enzymes display three major types of selectivity:

 * Chemoselectivity: Since the purpose of an enzyme is to act on a single type of functional group, other sensitive functionalities, which would normally react to a certain extent under chemical catalysis, survive. As a result, biocatalytic reactions tend to be "cleaner" and laborious purification of product(s) from impurities emerging through side-reactions can largely be omitted.
 * Regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity: Due to their complex three-dimensional structure, enzymes may distinguish between functional groups which are chemically situated in different regions of the substrate molecule.
 * Enantioselectivity: Since almost all enzymes are made from L-amino acids, enzymes are chiral catalysts. As a consequence, any type of chirality present in the substrate molecule is "recognized" upon the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Thus a prochiral substrate may be transformed into an optically active product and both enantiomers of a racemic substrate may react at different rates.

These reasons, and especially the latter, are the major reasons why synthetic chemists have become interested in biocatalysis. This interest in turn is mainly due to the need to synthesize enantiopure compounds as chiral building blocks for Pharmaceutical drugs and agrochemicals.

Asymmetric biocatalysis
The use of biocatalysis to obtain enantiopure compounds can be divided into two different methods:

 * 1) Kinetic resolution of a racemic mixture
 * 2) Biocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis

In kinetic resolution of a racemic mixture, the presence of a chiral object (the enzyme) converts one of the stereoisomers of the reactant into its product at a greater reaction rate than for the other reactant stereoisomer. The stereochemical mixture has now been transformed into a mixture of two different compounds, making them separable by normal methodology. Biocatalyzed kinetic resolution is utilized extensively in the purification of racemic mixtures of synthetic amino acids. Many popular amino acid synthesis routes, such as the Strecker Synthesis, result in a mixture of R and S enantiomers. This mixture can be purified by (I) acylating the amine using an anhydride and then (II) selectively deacylating only the L enantiomer using hog kidney acylase. These enzymes are typically extremely selective for one enantiomer leading to very large differences in rate, allowing for selective deacylation. Finally the two products are now separable by classical techniques, such as chromatography.

The maximum yield in such kinetic resolutions is 50%, since a yield of more than 50% means that some of wrong isomer also has reacted, giving a lower enantiomeric excess. Such reactions must therefore be terminated before equilibrium is reached. If it is possible to perform such resolutions under conditions where the two substrate- enantiomers are racemizing continuously, all substrate may in theory be converted into enantiopure product. This is called dynamic resolution.

In biocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis, a non-chiral unit becomes chiral in such a way that the different possible stereoisomers are formed in different quantities. The chirality is introduced into the substrate by influence of enzyme, which is chiral. Yeast is a biocatalyst for the enantioselective reduction of ketones. The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation is another example of a biocatalytic reaction. In one study a specially designed mutant of Candida antarctica was found to be an effective catalyst for the Michael addition of acrolein with acetylacetone at 20 °C in absence of additional solvent.

Another study demonstrates how racemic nicotine (mixture of S and R-enantiomers 1 in scheme 3) can be deracemized in a one-pot procedure involving a monoamine oxidase isolated from Aspergillus niger which is able to oxidize only the amine S-enantiomer to the imine 2 and involving an ammonia–borane reducing couple which can reduce the imine 2 back to the amine 1. In this way the S-enantiomer will continuously be consumed by the enzyme while the R-enantiomer accumulates. It is even possible to stereoinvert pure S to pure R.

Photoredox enabled biocatalysis
Recently, photoredox catalysis has been applied to biocatalysis, enabling unique, previously inaccessible transformations. Photoredox chemistry relies upon light to generate free radical intermediates. These radical intermediates are achiral thus racemic mixtures of product are obtained when no external chiral environment is provided. Enzymes can provide this chiral environment within the active site and stabilize a particular conformation and favoring formation of one, enantiopure product. Photoredox enabled biocatalysis reactions fall into two categories:

 * 1) Internal coenzyme/cofactor photocatalyst
 * 2) External photocatalyst

Certain common hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) cofactors (NADPH and Flavin) can operate as single electron transfer (SET) reagents. Although these species are capable of HAT without irradiation, their redox potentials are enhance by nearly 2.0 V upon visible light irradiation. When paired with their respective enzymes (typically ene-reductases) This phenomenon has been utilized by chemists to develop enantioselective reduction methodologies. For example medium sized lactams can be synthesized in the chiral environment of an ene-reductase through a reductive, baldwin favored, radical cyclization terminated by enantioselective HAT from NADPH.

The second category of photoredox enabled biocatalytic reactions use an external photocatalyst (PC). Many types of PCs with a large range of redox potentials can be utilized, allowing for greater tunability of reactive compared to using a cofactor. Rose bengal, and external PC, was utilized in tandem with an oxidoreductase to enantioselectively deacylate medium sized alpha-acyl-ketones.

Using an external PC has some downsides. For example, external PCs typically complicate reaction design because the PC may react with both the bound and unbound substrate. If a reaction occurs between the unbound substrate and the PC, enantioselectivity is lost and other side reactions may occur.

Agricultural uses
Bioenzymes are also bio catalyst. They are prepared by fermentation of organic waste, jaggery and water in ratio 3:1:10 for three months. It increases the soil microbe population and speeds up composting and decomposition and so is included in catalyts. It heals the soil. It is one of the best best organic liquid fertilizer. It is diluted with water.

title: Biocatalysis


text:
Talk:2005 in archaeology

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.billingsgazette.com/index.php?id=1&display=rednews/2005/07/23/build/world/80-aztec-child.inc
 * In 2005 in archaeology on 2011-05-25 08:09:05, 415 Unsupported Media Type
 * In 2005 in archaeology on 2011-06-12 03:46:03, 415 Unsupported Media Type

--JeffGBot (talk) 03:46, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 in archaeology


text:
User:Liberlogos/Projects/Archives

This personal subpage is in the process of a clean-up.

Most urgent

 * List of countries where language is a political issue
 * Molière - "Harpagon"
 * "Séraphin"
 * UQTR Patriotes
 * Trois-Rivières Draveurs
 * Racism
 * État québécois
 * Parti Québécois leadership election, 2005 - Instant-runoff voting
 * Adélard Godbout (Lévesque's reference to a Godbout souveraineté-association)
 * Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
 * Sillery, Quebec
 * Jacques Parizeau (communist past)
 * Alice Parizeau - Jacques Parizeau (influence on his nationalism)
 * André Parizeau - Jacques Parizeau
 * Affaire Elsie Lefebvre
 * Elsie Lefebvre
 * Jean Charest
 * Claudette Carbonneau

To be translated

 * Yves Lamontagne - fr:Yves Lamontagne
 * Tout le monde en parle - fr:Tout le monde en parle
 * Tout le monde en parle (Quebec) - fr:Tout le monde en parle (Québec)

Very soon

 * Pierre Bourgault
 * Ignace Bourget ("Upper" Canada Rebellion)
 * Les Cowboys Fringants
 * Edmund Stoiber
 * René Lévesque - Image:Gnome-speakernotes.png
 * A History of the English Speaking Peoples
 * Lucien Bouchard
 * List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II
 * Flag of Quebec
 * Bloc Québécois
 * List of countries where language is a political issue
 * Bernard Landry
 * Quebec general election, 1998
 * Quebec general election, 2003
 * Parizeau Affair

Soon

 * National Parishes (Québec)
 * Scots-Quebecer
 * Category:LGBT politicians
 * Politician and personality nicknaming in Quebec
 * Category:Montreal buildings
 * Template:Socialism sidebar
 * Template:Canadian politics/party colours
 * History of Quebec
 * Howard Dean
 * Irish Quebecers
 * List of political parties in Quebec
 * Quebec Government House
 * Québécois (infobox)
 * Saint-Georges, Quebec
 * Sol - Marc Favreau
 * Star Academy
 * Canadian identity
 * Category:Quebec actors

Very soon

 * Ludger Duvernay - Trois-Rivières
 * National Assembly of Quebec (Senate of Regions project)
 * Quebec Ice Storm - Profiteering
 * SNP fundamentalist - Purs et durs
 * SNP gradualist - Étapisme
 * Neofolk - Néo-trad
 * Eco-imperialism - Michael Crichton, State of Fear
 * Closings and cancellations following the September 11, 2001 attacks - Quebec exposition
 * Category:Recipients of formal honors
 * Category:Members of the National Order of Quebec
 * Entryism - Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale
 * Economy of Quebec (add Infobox)
 * Monarchy in Canada
 * Political faction
 * Political spectrum
 * National Assembly of Quebec
 * Maka Kotto -
 * Michel Bissonnet
 * Pierre Falardeau
 * Octobre
 * Talk:Father of the Nation
 * Template:French dialects by continent
 * Template:Quebec-bio-stub
 * Template:Quebec-stub
 * Canadian_wikipedians%27_notice_board/Quebec
 *

Soon

 * 1980 Quebec referendum (pictures)
 * Anti-communism - Maurice Duplessis
 * Demonym (add comment about the demonym Quebecer)
 * Gens du pays
 * Jean Charest
 * Ku Klux Klan - Franco-Americans
 * List of music festivals
 * List of official residences
 * List of singer-songwriters
 * List of Puerto Rican television programs (start debate about reviving the distinct article)
 * Le Livre Noir du Canada Anglais - Adrien Arcand, Richard Bedford Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * Mononc' Serge
 * Oath of allegiance (Quebec and Scotland)
 * Parti Québécois - SPQ Libre (Pauline Marois challenge)
 * The Pillow Book (movie) (start debate about the "review")
 * Quebec City (pictures)
 * Quebec French (King's French used as a common language in New France because of various regional dialects spoken)
 * Quebec sovereignty movement (Canada and sovereigntism)
 * Racism - Quebecois
 * Singer-songwriters
 * Timeline of trends in music (Music of Quebec events like Robert Charlebois's francophone rock & the law on percentage of francophone music on air waves)

When pigs fly

 * Artur Mas (picture)
 * Acadia
 * Acadian
 * Marvel Superhero Aurora
 * Basque Country (autonomous community)
 * Bloc Québécois
 * Empire Club of Canada
 * Famous non-quotation
 * French Canadian
 * Izzy Asper
 * Julie Payette
 * Nation state (input other examples)
 * Marvel Superhero Northstar
 * Quebec City Summit of the Americas
 * Quebec nationalism
 * Ranma 1/2
 * Socialism (picture)
 * Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog

Very soon

 * Agnès Maltais
 * Guy Bertrand
 * Speak White
 * Michèle Lalonde
 * Speak White (poem)
 * Speak White (film)
 * Indica (record label) - List of Quebec record labels, Indica
 * Les Zapartistes
 * Sovereigntist media
 * L'Aut'journal
 * Le Couac
 * Le Jour
 * Le Mouton Noir (paper)
 * Jose Natividad Gonzalez Paras -
 * Quebec City Council
 * Le Coeur a ses raisons
 * François Pérusse
 * Marceline Orbes - Limelight (movie)
 * Librairie du Québec

Soon

 * Affairs
 * Levine Affair - David Levine, Quebec bashing
 * Counter-sovereigntism actions and strategies of Canada
 * Discrimination against Quebecers - Quebec bashing
 * The firing of Édith Gendron
 * Plan B (Canada)
 * Quebec bashing - Levine Affair, David Levine, Howard Galganov, Mordecai Richler, Diane Francis
 * Destituons Patapouf!
 * Francoeur Motion
 * Gérard Bouchard
 * Humour of Quebec - Humor of Quebec, List of Quebec comedians
 * La Paix des Braves - Bernard Landry, Parti Québécois, Ted Moses
 * Speeches
 * Al Gore's May 26, 2004 speech on Iraq - Al Gore, Excerpts on MoveOn.org
 * Honoré Mercier's April 3, 1893 speech - Honoré Mercier
 * A Man's A Man for A' That - List of patriotic songs
 * Papineau's law of Jewish rights
 * Politics of Quebec (Quebecois identity)
 * Canadien
 * International Quebec studies
 * Le Livre Noir du Canada Anglais - Adrien Arcand, Richard Bedford Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * Controversies about Mackenzie King - William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * Normand Lester
 * Roosevelt's 1942 letter to Mackenzie King about Quebecers - Franklin Delano Roosevelt
 * Quebec political and sociological identity - Canadien, French Canadian, Québécois, État Québécois
 * Steve's
 * Le Vaisseau d'or - Émile Nelligan, Category:Poems

When pigs fly

 * Action Nationale
 * Action Française (France)
 * Action Française (Quebec) - Bloc Québécois
 * Action Nationale - Bloc Québécois
 * International politics
 * Category:International comparison - Politics of Australia and Canada compared, etc.
 * Comparison of Catalonia and Quebec
 * Comparison of Ireland and Quebec
 * Comparison of Scotland and Quebec
 * International relations
 * Anti-Quebec sentiment
 * Canada-Quebec relations
 * France-Quebec relations
 * Awards
 * L'Ordre des francophones d'Amériques
 * L'Ordre de la Pléiade - Julie Payette
 * Music television stations - Music TV stations, MusiquePlus, MTV
 * Quebec
 * The 1995 tripartite agreement on Sovereignty
 * Quebec political parties - Quebec political parties category
 * Alliance Laurentienne - Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Quebec sovereignty movement
 * Sovereigntist events and strategies
 * Étapisme
 * Post-Referendum Syndrome
 * Sovereignist "Purs et durs"
 * Sovereignist moderates
 * Catalan nationalist flags
 * Comic books and science
 * Urban Dream Capsule

Works in progress

 * Gaspe Peninsula - Gaspé
 * Humour of Quebec
 * Pauline Julien
 * List of Quebec media
 * List of French television series
 * List of Quebec television channels
 * MusiMax
 * MusiquePlus
 * Paul Piché
 * Sex and the City
 * Category:Quebec
 * Category:Francophonie
 * Category:Quebec geography
 * Category:Quebec history
 * Category:Quebec communities
 * Category:Quebec politicians
 * Category:Quebec politics
 * Category:Cajun
 * Category:Francophone music
 * Category:French America
 * WikiProject:Quebec matters projects
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject French dialects

To be aswered to

 * Cecropia - Talk:Anti-French sentiment in the United States
 * Sewing - User talk:Liberlogos

title: User:Liberlogos/Projects/Archives


text:
User:Kaleissin/SandBox

Yep, this is what it looks like...

Test 1:

 * foo bar xux

title: User:Kaleissin/SandBox


text:
The Quarterly Review of Biology

The Quarterly Review of Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology. It was established in 1926 by Raymond Pearl. In the 1960s it was purchased by the Stony Brook Foundation when the editor H. Bentley Glass became academic vice president of Stony Brook University. The editor-in-chief is Daniel E. Dykhuizen (Stony Brook University). It is currently published by the University of Chicago Press.

Aims and scope
The journal publishes review articles. Beyond the core biological sciences, the journal also covers related areas, including policy studies and the history and philosophy of science. There is also a book review section.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, and the Science Citation Index.

title: The Quarterly Review of Biology


text:
Barnes Peacock

Sir George Barnes Peacock (1 July 1805 – 3 December 1890) was an English barrister and judge who served as the first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court in India and the final Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William.

Biography
Peacock was the son of Lewis Peacock, a solicitor. After practising as a special pleader, he was called to the bar in 1836 by the Inner Temple, and joined the Home Circuit. In 1844, he obtained great reputation by pointing out the flaw which invalidated the conviction of Daniel O'Connell and his fellow defendants. He took silk in 1850, and was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple the same year.

In 1852, Peacock went to India as a legal member of the Governor General's Council. The Legislative Council was established soon after his arrival, and although no orator, he was so frequent a speaker that legislation enjoining councillors to deliver their speeches sitting was said to have been devised with the sole object of restraining him. As a member of Lord Dalhousie's council, he supported the annexation of Oudh, and he stood by Lord Canning all through the Indian Mutiny.

In 1859, Peacock became the last Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, and was knighted. He was appointed the first Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court on 1 July 1862. He returned to England in 1870 and in 1872 was appointed a paid member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the court of last resort for the British Empire.

title: Barnes Peacock


text: Talk:Tsunashima Station

title: Talk:Tsunashima Station


text:
Wu Kung-tsao

Wu Kung-tsao or Wu Gongzao (1902–1983) was a famous Chinese teacher of tai chi. He taught in Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha and Hong Kong. The second son of Wu Jianquan, he was the grandson of the first teacher of Wu-style tai chi, Wu Quanyou. Wu Kung-tsao was the younger brother of Wu Gongyi and the older brother of Wu Yinghua. The Wu family were originally of Manchu ancestry.

Biography
As a young man, he studied tai chi, along with his brother, under the supervision of Yang Shaohou. There was a tradition in the Chinese martial arts that youngsters be taught by teachers of a generation older than their parents'. Since Wu Quanyou had died the same year Wu Kung-tsao was born, he and his brother were taught by Yang Shaohou, who was technically a generation senior to their father. Both Yang Shaohou and Wu Jianquan were famous for their "small circle" martial expertise. The motions of tai chi forms and pushing hands are all based on different sized circles, small circle movements in the forms and applications follow a more compact pathway for different leverage applications than larger circles.

In the 1920s Wu Kung-tsao served first as an infantry officer in the Thirteenth Brigade of the Nationalist army until 1929, then later as a martial art instructor for the Hunan Martial Arts Training Centre as well as an instructor for the famous Ching Wu martial art school. During the 1930s, he wrote a well-known commentary on the classic writings in 40 chapters on tai chi that his grandfather had inherited from Yang Banhou. His commentary (including the original 40 chapters) was published as Wujia Taijiquan, also known by English speakers as The Gold Book because of the colour of its cover. In 1937, he established his family's first school in Hong Kong. In addition to his teaching and literary contributions to the art, Wu Kung-tsao became known as a specialist in the neigong aspect of tai chi training, both for martial purposes and for therapeutic interventions along the lines of traditional Chinese medicine.

Wu Kung-tsao stayed on the mainland after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. During and for a short time after the Cultural Revolution of 1964-1978 he was imprisoned by the Red Guards due to his history as a Nationalist military officer, a traditional Confucian scholar and Taoist teacher as well as a hostage to ensure the "good behaviour" of the rest of his family who were at the time living in Shanghai and Hong Kong. He was routinely tortured while a prisoner but was finally released in 1979, when he moved again to Hong Kong.

Wu Kung-tsao's second son Wu Daxin was also known as an expert martial artist and teacher who in his turn was the senior instructor of the Wu family schools internationally from 2001 until 2005.

Generational senior instructors of the Wu family
1st Generation

Wu Quanyou (1834–1902), who learned from Yang Luchan and Yang Banhou, was senior instructor of the family from 1870-1902.

2nd generation

His oldest son, Wu Jianquan (1870–1942), was senior from 1902-1942.

3rd Generation

His oldest son, Wu Gongyi (1900–1970) was senior from 1942-1970.

Wu Gongyi's younger brother, Wu Kung-tsao (1903–1983), was senior in mainland from 1970-1983.

Wu Gongyi's younger sister, Wu Yinghua (1907–1997), was senior in mainland from 1983-1997.

4th Generation Wu Gongyi's eldest son, Wu Tai Kwai (1923-1972)was senior in Hong Kong and overseas from 1970-1972

Wu Gongyi's second son, Wu Tai Chai (1926-1993)was senior in Hong Kong and overseas from 1972-1993

Wu Gongyi's daughter, Wu Yanxia (1930–2001) was senior in Hong Kong and overseas from 1997-2001.

Wu Kung-tsao's son, Wu Daxin (1933–2005), was senior in Hong Kong and overseas from 2001-2005.

5th Generation

The current senior instructor of the Wu family is Wu Ta-Kwai's son Wu Kwong-yu ("Eddie Wu", born 1946).

Note: the above names of those who lived in Hong Kong have official English names in their legal document as above, and they followed the official dialect in Hong Kong, Cantonese, they are not same as those in pinyin system of putonghua. eg, you have Bruce Lee Siu Lung, and NOT Bruce Li Xiaolong.

the correspoinding table is Wu Gongyi = officially NG KUNG YI Wu Gongzao, officially NG KUNG CHO  (when he stayed in Hong Kong) Wu Dakui, officially  NG TAI KWAI Wu Dacai              NG TAI CHAI Wu Daxin              NG TAI SUN Wu Yanxia             NG NGAN HA

Note there was a period before mainland open up, there were time when both mainland and HK+overseas operate independently.

title: Wu Kung-tsao


text:
Talk:Ceiling projector

Untitled
Pictures to follow. CambridgeBayWeather 16:06, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ceiling projector


text:
J. Playfair McMurrich

James Playfair McMurrich, (October 16, 1859 – February 9, 1939) was a Canadian zoologist and academic.

Born in Toronto, the son of John McMurrich, McMurrich received a M.A. from the University of Toronto in 1881 and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1885.

From 1881 to 1884, he was a Professor of biology and horticulture at Ontario Agricultural College in the University of Guelph. From 1892 to 1894, he taught at the University of Cincinnati. He was a Professor of Anatomy in homoeopathic department of the University of Michigan. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1907. From 1907 to 1930, he was Professor of anatomy at the University of Toronto.

From 1922 to 1923, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada. In 1922, he was the president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1933, he was the president of the History of Science Society. In 1939, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's Flavelle Medal.

In 1882, he married Katie Moodie Vickers.

Selected bibliography

 * A text-book of invertebrate morphology (1894)
 * Leonardo da Vinci: The Anatomist (1930)

title: J. Playfair McMurrich


text: Talk:The Concert for Bangladesh (album)

title: Talk:The Concert for Bangladesh (album)


text:
Judge (manga)

Judge (ジャッジ) is a manga series written and illustrated by Fujihiko Hosono, published in Futabasha's Action Brother and Comic Action Character. The story focuses on the Japanese hell, where judgment is passed on the living.

An original video animation, Magistrate of Darkness: Judge, based on the manga was released in 1991.

Plot
The OVA starts with a man being shot in a jungle-like scenery. It is later revealed that the person is Yamanobe, the vice-president of a company who sent him to South America, where he was killed by local guerrillas. The company he works for is the main center of the story and it is where all other major characters work. The main character,, is apparently an everyman, known as a silent guy by his workmates. However, in secret, he is the Judge of Darkness, punishing living criminals that were not found guilty by human laws.

Two of Oma's workmates, Ryuichi Murakami and Koji Kawamata, are embezzling money from the company. To do it, Murakami seduced Yamamoto, a woman who works in the company accounting department. When an investigation about the case starts and a rumor that Yamamoto is the culprit starts to be spread, Yamamato is found hung in a rope. The police consider it as a suicide, but Oma, as the Judge of the Darkness, appears before Murakami and charges him for Yamamoto's murder.

After killing Murakami, Oma starts to chase Kawamata, and he first makes a call simulating Yamanobe's voice. Soon after, a mysterious man, who proclaims himself to be a lawyer, appears before Kawamata. The man says Kawamata will need his help and puts a seal on Kawamata's hand right before Kawamata dispenses his aid. However, when Kawamata is caught in an Oma's trap and the seal saves him, he goes to contact the "Metaphysical Lawyer". The lawyer explains the dead can have a grudge against the living people. To resolve this problem, he goes with Kawamata to the mountains, where the lawyer fights with Oma and defeats the Judge of Darkness.

However, through his girlfriend, Nanase, Oma evokes the "Hag of the Styx" to summon the Court of Ten Kings—the ultimate court of the hell. Although Oma cannot prove Kawamata to be the culprit even by calling Yamanobe's soul, the guilty Kawamata ends up stumbling on Enma's mirror. The artifact reveals Kawamata had a secret discretionary fund in South America that controlled the guerillas who killed Yamanobe. Kawamata is ultimately strangled by his own reflection in the hell and is found dead in his office by Nanase.

Manga
The manga by Fujihiko Hosono was initially published in Action Brother by Futabasha between 1987 and 1989, when it was transferred to another magazine by the same publisher, Comic Action Character. The first chapter was published on November 13, 1987, while the last one was published on March 22, 1991. Its chapters were encapsulated into two tankōbon volumes published in January 1990 and August 1981 respectively. Futabasha would further republish the series into two volumes in April 2000.

OVA
Under the title of Magistrate of Darkness: Judge (闇の司法官 ジャッジ), an original video animation (OVA) adapted the first chapter of the first volume of the manga. It ran theatrically on June 15, 1991, and was released in VHS on August 1, 1991. Central Park Media (CPM) licensed it for a North American audience, and first released a VHS on October 8, 1996 in subtitled and dubbed versions. The subtitled version was broadcast by Independent Film Channel in April 1997, and it was released on DVD on March 16, 1999. By 2007, the DVD publication was discontinued and after CPM's bankruptcy in 2009 its license was liquidated.

Reception
Michael Toole of Anime News Network said he "just love[d] Judge", although he considered it "a particularly low-budget OVA catering to bored salarymen". Toole called it a "crude albeit satisfying revenge fantasy" that "fits in nicely with a viewing of Harvey Birdman episodes". A reviewer for Video Watchdog declared: "Highly competent animation and an engrossing story by Fujihiko Hosono make JUDGE a very worthwhile entertainment." Fred Patten wrote for Cartoon Research that it was "better directed than most" under-an-hour OVAs, especially praising its "clever dialogue". On the other hand, Carlos Ross of THEM Anime Reviews dubbed it "an unmemorable OAV"; he wrote, "Judge should have been an interesting, if strange trip through a suspenseful world of intrigue. Instead, it is a mostly incoherent mash of the creepy, with a jumbled plot and unconvincing acting".

title: Judge (manga)


text:
Igreja Metodista Unida

Igreja Metodista Unida is one of the largest Protestant denominations in Mozambique. It is a Methodist church.

The church lost about 40% of its members from 1975 to 1980.

title: Igreja Metodista Unida


text:
User:Improv/mediation reminder

Mediation is about attitude and personal problems between editors, and about finding ways to help them interact more harmoniously. It is NOT about disputes over the content of articles. Mediators are not empowered to police articles, nor to bless any one version of an article and expect anyone to abide by it. Mediation is ideally completely private, and does not even necessarily involve the mediator reading the wiki content relating to the dispute.

title: User:Improv/mediation reminder


text:
Great Tom

Great Tom is the hour bell in Tom Tower, at Christ Church, Oxford.

Great Tom can also mean:

 * Great Tom of Lincoln, the hour bell at Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln.

title: Great Tom


text:
Brooklyn Community Board 18

Brooklyn Community Board 18 is a New York City community board that encompasses the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Canarsie, Bergen Beach, Mill Basin, Flatlands, Marine Park, Georgetown, and Mill Island. It is delimited by Nostrand Avenue on the west, the Long Island Rail Road on the north, Van Sinderen Avenue and Louisiana Avenue on the east, as well as by Shore Parkway on the south.

Its current chairman is Saul Needle, and its district manager Sue Ann Partnow.

As of the United States Census, 2000, the Community Board has a population of 194,653 up from 162,428 in 1990 and 169,093 in 1980.

Of them (as of 2000), 67,303 (34.6%) are White non Hispanic, 98,714 (50.7%) are African-American, 7,203 (3.7%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 254 (0.1%) American Indian or Native Alaskan, 854 (0.4%) of some other race, 4,469 (2.3%) of two or more race, 15,886 (8.2%) of Hispanic origins.

21.6% of the population benefit from public assistance as of 2004, up from 10.9% in 2000.

The land area is 6100.5 acre.

title: Brooklyn Community Board 18


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jeremy Mora

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:14, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Jeremy Mora
How vain. Erwin Walsh *Keep Over 130,000 results on Google. How can someone be too young to be notable? Lindsay Lohan is 19, and she got her own page. Jeremy Mora is five years her senior. Acetic Acid 17:46, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too young to be notable, no major shows in notable galleries. Erwin, I recommend you try to be more polite in your nominations. Sdedeo 16:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Hi Acetic Acid, you may want to regoogle and reconsider your vote. I find "Jeremy Mora" (in quotes) gets 47 google hits, very few of which actually refer to the man in question. Sdedeo 18:02, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment the link you provided gives 72 hits on google...
 * Delete Thank you for bringing that to my attention. I never realized putting it in quotes keep the words together. Sorry for this. Acetic Acid 21:36, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Maybe Userfy to user:Qthinker if he wants to contribute to the project. Dunc|☺ 17:53, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment from the Wikipedia Vanity page: "As explained below, vanity by itself is not a basis for deletion" and also, from 'Wikipedia:Criteria for inclusion of biographies' - "Painters, sculptors, architects, engineers, and other professionals whose work is recognized as exceptional and likely to become a part of the enduring historical record of that field." Qthinker
 * You well explained why he doesn't make the cut. 213.78.124.163 19:29, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not exactly sure how you made that conclusion based on what i just provided. Anyone else??? Qthinker
 * Delete Always use quotes on a google search. As above, I also get 73 results, making this a nn, possibly vanity page. Dottore So 19:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete insufficiently notable. His portfolio looks reasonable, so he might make it, but it is interesting to contrast with Tom Friedman (artist) who was also edited by a related anon. Friedman is also unknown to me, but his article shows that he has exhibited internationally and the Bienale link gives external validation. -- Solipsist 20:28, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've got a slight advantage given that I work in the arts, but I have heard of Friedman and he is moderately well known. Mora? Maybe one day, but not now (delete). Grutness...  wha?  09:49, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Top 10: The Forty-Niners

Top 10: The Forty-Niners is a graphic novel published by America's Best Comics in 2005. It is a prequel to the ABC series Top 10, a police procedural set in the city of Neopolis, where superpowers, robots, monsters, and other comic fodder are the norm for all citizens. It was written by Alan Moore, drawn by Gene Ha, and colored by Art Lyon, with lettering, logos, and design by Todd Klein. Unlike the original series and its spin-off Smax, it was released in one 112 page edition instead of being released in separate issues and collected later. It won the 2006 Eisner Award in the "Best Graphic Album: New" category.

The Forty-Niners is set in 1949, in the founding days of Neopolis. After World War II, realizing that average citizens do not want to live next door to the science heroes, mutants, and robots largely responsible for the Allied victory, the U.S. government built Neopolis, where all of these exceptional people can live together. The story primarily follows a young Steve Traynor, a.k.a. Jetlad, the boy fighter ace who will later become Captain of Neopolis Police Precinct 10, from which the series derives its name. The primary story lines follow Jetlad's meeting with the great love of his life (seen at the end of Top 10: Book 2) and the formative days of the Neopolis Police, as they try to prove that they can bring order to the chaos of Neopolis in the face of vampire gangsters and bigotry against robots.

The story features several characters who either appear in the original Top 10 or else who are alluded to in conversation or background picture.

Cast of characters
see List of characters in Top 10: The Forty-Niners

Plot summary
Steve "Jetlad" Traynor is aboard a train going directly to Neopolis, a new city created in America that will house all the science heroes, scientists, magicians, vampires and any other 'special' person throughout the United States and even parts of the world. On the train, he happens to cross paths with the Skywitch, Leni Muller. The Skywitch and Jetlad were enemies in the beginning of the war, before Leni defected to the Allied Power after learning how evil the Nazi regime truly was. On the same train car they meet a Hungarian man, who is also a vampire, covered in head to toe to save himself from the sun's light. Jetlad and Skywitch reminisce about their past and discuss their future in Neopolis. They share a cab to City Hall where they register and join an assembly to hear from the mayor, John Q. Public. The mayor explains to all the new citizens that the city of Neopolis is a new, social experiment full of the specials of the world, making them paradoxically normal in the city, and to make certain that they do not become vigilantes. After the assembly, Jetlad and Skywitch find a boarding home run by a Betty Doesgood, one of the first citizens of Neopolis. She explains to Steve and Leni that the first citizens of Neopolis were not science heroes but public characters, like Betty Doesgood who ran an advice column. Leni and Steve soon decide to visit a nearby bar to learn their surroundings and for Leni to inquire about a singing job. While in the bar, Leni and Steve meet the members of the Skysharks, a group of international pilots that fought against the Axis Power in World War II. Some of the Skysharks are impressed that Steve Traynor was Jetlad at such a young age. They all sit together and the Skysharks offer Steve Traynor a job at their hangar as a mechanic, which he readily accepts. Soon a pair of vampires enters the bar, demanding that the owner pay some protection money. Jetlad and the Skysharks get up to help the owner and suddenly three police officers, The Maid, Rocket Ryan and Steelgauntlet, enter the bar. The Maid, with her powers being divine, scare the vampires out of the bar, but not before they warn that they will be back. The Skywitch is inspired by the police officers, particularly by the Maid, and asks her if there are any positions available as a police officer. Skywitch is given information on how to reach the city's precinct and is told to apply the next day.

Jetlad works at the Skyshark's hangar as a mechanic and starts a friendship in particular with Wulf. Their conversation sometimes leads to awkward lapses and Jetlad finds himself lying, saying that Leni Muller is his girlfriend. In the hangar's canteen, Sharkey speaks to Jetlad and Wulf, informing them that the mayor of Neopolis may consider shifting power from the police and giving it to the military, to units like the Skysharks. The city of Neopolis is overrun with crime from the vampires and the robot population and Sharkey feels that the military could do a much better job than any police officer. Meanwhile, the Skywitch begins her first day as a police officer in Neopolis. She meets her captain, Doctor Omega, who has Steelgauntlet introduce her to her fellow police officers, including Sea-Knight and Major Lilliput. He then introduces her to her new partner, Black Rider. They go on patrol and shortly stop an act of vigilantism. The pair are then called to the Institute of Science, where pardoned, former Nazi scientists and science heroes work to make Neopolis as advanced as possible through architecture and other ideas. When they arrive at the institute, they find the body of Herr Panzer, a scientific advisor, on the floor, an apparent victim of murder. Black Rider opens Herr Panzer's helmet to find his skeleton covered in ash. They recruit the assistance of Major Lilliput to bring Herr Panzer's body to the station to be investigated further. The Skywitch tries to interview the Nazi scientists and advisors, but none are forthcoming with motives or any other information. That night, Jetlad and Wulf arrive at the bar near Betty Doesgood's boarding home and find the Skywitch nearby. Still feeling awkward over some of the exchanges he has had with Wulf during the day, Jetlad becomes very forward with Leni, even kissing her in front of Wulf. Leni is very surprised to find Jetlad this way and they both go back to the boarding room, leaving behind a grim Wulf, where they attempt to be intimate, but Jetlad is unable to go very far. That night the vampires that tried to racketeer money from the bar owners arrive back and kill the owner and his wife.

The next morning, things become very awkward between the Skywitch and Jetlad. The Skywitch goes to work where she becomes part of a contingency of officers that are raiding a vampire brothel. The Maid, whose divine powers are the most effective against the undead, is part of the group, as well as Black Rider and Steelgauntlet. They are able to raid the brothel, with the Maid and Skywitch having to kill one male vampire, Miroslav, who runs the prostitution operation. They also arrest a client in the brothel, someone named Junior Q. Public, the mayor's nephew. Meanwhile, Jetlad and Wulf speak to each other at the Skyshark's hangar and they have a talk. Wulf reveals to Jetlad that he is a homosexual and is attracted to him, but that he won't play any immature games. Wulf leaves Jetlad to ponder that information. Meanwhile, the Skywitch and her fellow officers report back to their captain, Doctor Omega, who realizes that the news of the mayor's nephew being arrested may cause John Q. Public to give up on the police department and simply use the military to bring order to Neopolis. Doctor Omega also realizes that the vampire fraternity of crime will retaliate after the events of the brothel raid. After the meeting with the captain, the Skywitch is told that Drang, one of the Nazis who was pardoned and works at the institute, has come to the precinct to speak to her. They go from the precinct to the institute, where Drang explains to the Skywitch that she had an affair with Herr Panzer, cheating on her perceived husband, Sturm. She also explains that Sturm was her brother and the Nazi regime forced them into their relationship, to bring forth a master race through their genetics. Drang disliked the idea and fell for Herr Panzer. Herr Panzer, before being killed, had informed Drang that the Iron Mask and Professor Gromolko were undertaking a secret project called the Janons. Gromolko and Iron Mask told everyone that the Janons project was meant to create energy but it was actually a time machine. Their plan was to go into the past and to alter events so that the Nazi regime could win the war. The Skywitch and Black Rider immediately rush to stop the two Nazis and finds that Professor Gromolko has already entered the machine. The Skywitch follows him immediately while the Black Rider holds Iron Mask. The Skywitch is able to stop Professor Gromolko before he could cause any damage with the time stream and brings him back to the present time, even though he and Iron Mask are able to escape. Doctor Omega informs Skywitch and Black Rider how proud he is of them for stopping any damage that Gromolko could have done. Doctor Omega then speaks to Steelgauntlet, telling him that he's heard of a tip that Miroslav's replacement to run the brothel will be getting into town from the train station at a specific time. Steelgauntlet expresses his concern that this may be a trap and Doctor Omega agrees, but cannot allow this opportunity to be squandered, especially with the bad attention they are receiving from the mayor. Meanwhile, Jetlad comes to terms with himself and tells Wulf that he is ready to further their friendship. They both leave the hangar and Sharkey, the Skyshark's leader, stays behind plotting a bomb run for Neopolis, not wanting to wait for the mayor's official sanction in taking care of the crime in the city.

The police officers of Precinct 10 make plans to scope out the train station so they can arrest the incoming vampire meant to run some of their illegal operations in Neopolis. The Maid informs her fellow officers that she will not be available for the bust that night, much to everyone's dismay. The Maid's divine powers make her the most effective against the vampires. This conversation is overheard by a vampire seer, who informs the vampire's leaders that the trap is set and the ambush against the police officers will eradicate them once and for all, especially with the Maid not being there. As the officers leave the Precinct to go to the train station, the Skywitch is approached by Jetlad, who apologizes for his advances. He tells Leni that he is gay and is with Wulf, and hopes that they can remain friends. The Skywitch has too much on her mind and leaves, saying that maybe they could talk later. The police officers are in the train station, awaiting the vampire intended to run some of their illegal operations, when they are ambushed by a plethora of vampires from the city. The press had been informed of the night's bust, so they broadcast the events to all of Neopolis. While the vampires descend on the police, Jetlad rushes to the hangar to grab his plane, Black Beauty, and help Leni and her fellow officers. At the hangar, he finds Wulf on the ground, shot. Wulf explains to Jetlad that he found out that Sharkey and Lars have taken their planes and went to bomb the robot section of town, then the train station, then other crime-riddled areas of town to stop the crime once and for all. Jetlad realizes he has to stop Sharkey and Lars before it's too late and rushes to the sky to stop them. Meanwhile, Doctor Omega plays out his actual plan and informs his fellow officers to use the fire hoses in the station and hit the vampires with the water. He informs them that the Maid went to the city's reservoir to bless the water, effectively making it holy water. They are able to defeat a vast amount of the vampires that very night. The Skywitch is told to go outside to find any lingering vampires when she sees the bomb blasts of Sharkey and Lars. She rushes to the sky on her broomstick while Jetlad is able to take down Lars. Sharkey makes moves to take out Jetlad but the Skywitch arrives in time to save his life, taking Sharkey out at the same time. In the air, the Skywitch and Jetlad make their peace and rebuild their friendship. The next day Jetlad visits Wulf in the hospital. They decide to give their relationship a try and wonder how where life in Neopolis will lead them.

title: Top 10: The Forty-Niners


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Talk:ProHD

Removed: "Another benefit is that square pixels may be used to record the full 1280x720 frame with rescaling, in contrast to Sony's 1080 HDV solution which employs an acquisition frame of only 1440x1080 (where the pixels have a wide aspect ratio to full the entire 1920x1080 frame)."

-- Sony's HDCAM uses the same sampling resolution (1440x1080) as HDV1080. So in a real production-environment, no one is going to criticize HDV for its non-square pixels.

720p vs. 1080i removed
in case of 24p material, 1080i can be losslessly converted to 1080p

title: Talk:ProHD


text: User talk:69.219.35.183

title: User talk:69.219.35.183


text:
Talk:2005 in archaeology/to do

Notes for expansion:
 * Station Camp, Washington: Chinook/Euro-American trading
 * Maine: Native American agriculture
 * Cango Caves, South Africa: Stone tool/Stone Age dating
 * Port Macqua, Australia: early European settlement
 * Parker, Colorado: Native American settlement
 * Jajpur, Orissa, India: Asokan stupas, pottery and terra cotta
 * Ningbo, China: Chinese archaeologists find ancient tombs
 * Yellow river, northwest China: World's oldest noodles found

title: Talk:2005 in archaeology/to do


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Netstalgia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Tony Sidaway Talk 11:12, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Netstalgia
Erwin Walsh

 * Delete, 13 googles. NN neologism. N (t/c) 16:21, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism, but censure nominator for not providing rationale. —Wahoofive (talk) 16:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Wahoo5. Sdedeo 16:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Wahoofive --Apyule 04:21, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Wahoofive, with note that nominator has an active RfC over VFD trigger-happinesss. (Is that a word?) Abb3w 07:09, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Verein Deutscher Ingenieure

Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) (English: Association of German Engineers) is an organization of about 135,000 engineers and natural scientists. More than 12,000 honorary experts process the latest technical findings each year to promote the technology location. Established in 1856, it is the largest engineering association in Western Europe. Its role in Germany is comparable to that of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in the United States or Engineers Australia (EA) in Australia, but includes broader field work. It is not a union, but promotes the advancement of technology and represents the interests of engineers and engineering businesses in Germany.

History
The organization was founded on May 12, 1856 by fellow researchers from the Academic Fraternity Hütte, in the small town of Alexisbad, with the first journal officially being released to the public in 1857. In 1866 the VDI helped establish the predecessor of Technischer Überwachungsverein, the Dampfkesselüberwachungsvereinen (English: Steam boiler inspection association). At the time, engineering was not regarded to be of the same ranking as scientific disciplines, which the VDI changed in 1899, with the re-categorisation of the Technische Hochschule as a type of University. In 1923 the VDI Verlag was founded, publishing monthly newspapers which are distributed to members. After the Second World War the VDI moved its headquarters from Berlin to Düsseldorf, where it remains now today. It also helped establish the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kerntechnik (English: Society for Nuclear Technology) in 1956, which resulted in the German Atomforum, in 1959. In recent times, the VDI worked in conjunction with EXPO 2000 Hannover GmbH to establish the first worldwide engineering day.

Structure
Throughout its history, the VDI has been served by many presidents, including:
 * Carl von Linde (1904–1905)
 * Oskar von Miller (1912–1914)
 * Fritz Todt (1939–1942)
 * Hans Bluhm (1947–1952)
 * Hans Schuberth (1953–1956)
 * Gerhard Wilhelm Becker (1978–1982)
 * Karl Eugen Becker (1983–1988)
 * Joachim Pöppel (1989–1991)
 * Klaus Czeguhn (1992–1994)
 * Hans-Jürgen Warnecke (1995–1997)
 * Hubertus Christ (1998–2003)
 * Eike Lehmann (2004–2007)
 * Bruno O. Braun (2007-2012)
 * Udo Ungeheuer (2013–2018)
 * Volker Kefer (2019–2022)
 * Lutz Eckstein (since 2023)

Notable Members

 * Blake R. Van Leer, United States Army officer and president of Georgia Institute of Technology
 * Carl von Linde

Membership
In 2013 the VDI had over 150,000 registered members worldwide, which also included scientists and I.T professionals. Members have opportunities to ask for help regarding job prospects and opportunities, receive news about the engineering profession, especially in Germany, as well as other services such as specialized insurance. Members are also able to attach the suffix VDI upon becoming a member, and is classified as a legitimate name suffix.

title: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure


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Exomoon

An exomoon or extrasolar moon is a natural satellite that orbits an exoplanet or other non-stellar extrasolar body.

Exomoons are difficult to detect and confirm using current techniques, and to date there have been no confirmed exomoon detections. However, observations from missions such as Kepler have observed a number of candidates. Two potential exomoons that may orbit rogue planets have also been detected by microlensing. In September 2019, astronomers reported that the observed dimmings of Tabby's Star may have been produced by fragments resulting from the disruption of an orphaned exomoon. Some exomoons may be potential habitats for extraterrestrial life.

Definition and designation
Although traditional usage implies moons orbit a planet, the discovery of brown dwarfs with planet-sized satellites blurs the distinction between planets and moons, due to the low mass of brown dwarfs. This confusion is resolved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) declaration that "Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium that orbit stars, brown dwarfs or stellar remnants and that have a mass ratio with the central object below the L4/L5 instability (M/Mcentral < 2/(25+$\sqrt{621}$) are planets."

The IAU definition does not address the naming convention for the satellites of free-floating objects that are less massive than brown dwarfs and below the deuterium limit (the objects are typically referred to as free-floating planets, rogue planets, low-mass brown dwarfs or isolated planetary-mass objects). The satellites of these objects are typically referred to as exomoons in the literature.

Exomoons take their designation from that of their parent body plus a capital Roman numeral; thus, Kepler-1625b orbits Kepler-1625 (synonymous with Kepler-1625a) and is itself orbited by Kepler-1625b I (no Kepler-1625b II is known, nor is I known to have a submoon).

Characteristics
Characteristics of any extrasolar satellite are likely to vary, as do the Solar System's moons. For extrasolar giant planets orbiting within their stellar habitable zone, there is the prospect that terrestrial planet-sized satellite may be capable of supporting life.

In August 2019, astronomers reported that an exomoon in the WASP-49b exoplanet system may be volcanically active.

Orbital inclination
For impact-generated moons of terrestrial planets not too far from their star, with a large planet–moon distance, it is expected that the orbital planes of moons will tend to be aligned with the planet's orbit around the star due to tides from the star, but if the planet–moon distance is small it may be inclined. For gas giants, the orbits of moons will tend to be aligned with the giant planet's equator because these formed in circumplanetary disks.

Lack of moons around planets close to their stars
Planets close to their stars on circular orbits will tend to despin and become tidally locked. As the planet's rotation slows down the radius of a synchronous orbit of the planet moves outwards from the planet. For planets tidally locked to their stars, the distance from the planet at which the moon will be in a synchronous orbit around the planet is outside the Hill sphere of the planet. The Hill sphere of the planet is the region where its gravity dominates that of the star so it can hold on to its moons. Moons inside the synchronous orbit radius of a planet will spiral into the planet. Therefore, if the synchronous orbit is outside the Hill sphere, then all moons will spiral into the planet. If the synchronous orbit is not three-body stable then moons outside this radius will escape orbit before they reach the synchronous orbit.

A study on tidal-induced migration offered a feasible explanation for this lack of exomoons. It showed the physical evolution of host planets (i.e. interior structure and size) plays a major role in their final fate: synchronous orbits can become transient states and moons are prone to be stalled in semi-asymptotic semimajor axes, or even ejected from the system, where other effects can appear. In turn, this would have a great impact on the detection of extrasolar satellites.

Detection methods
The existence of exomoons around many exoplanets is theorized. Despite the great successes of planet hunters with Doppler spectroscopy of the host star, exomoons cannot be found with this technique. This is because the resultant shifted stellar spectra due to the presence of a planet plus additional satellites would behave identically to a single point-mass moving in orbit of the host star. In recognition of this, there have been several other methods proposed for detecting exomoons, including:
 * Direct imaging
 * Microlensing
 * Pulsar timing
 * Transit timing effects
 * Transit method

Direct imaging
Direct imaging of an exoplanet is extremely challenging due to the large difference in brightness between the star and exoplanet as well as the small size and irradiance of the planet. These problems are greater for exomoons in most cases. However, it has been theorized that tidally heated exomoons could shine as brightly as some exoplanets. Tidal forces can heat up an exomoon because energy is dissipated by differential forces on it. Io, a tidally heated moon orbiting Jupiter, has volcanoes powered by tidal forces. If a tidally heated exomoon is sufficiently tidally heated and is distant enough from its star for the moon's light not to be drowned out, it would be possible for a telescope such as the James Webb Space Telescope to image it.

Doppler spectroscopy of host planet
Doppler spectroscopy is an indirect detection method that measures the velocity shift and resulting stellar spectrum shift associated with an orbiting planet. This method is also known as the Radial Velocity method. It is most successful for main sequence stars. The spectra of exoplanets have been successfully partially retrieved for several cases, including HD 189733 b and HD 209458 b. The quality of the retrieved spectra is significantly more affected by noise than the stellar spectrum. As a result, the spectral resolution, and number of retrieved spectral features, is much lower than the level required to perform Doppler spectroscopy of the exoplanet.

Radio wave emissions from the host planet's magnetosphere
During its orbit, Io's ionosphere interacts with Jupiter's magnetosphere, to create a frictional current that causes radio wave emissions. These are called "Io-controlled decametric emissions" and the researchers believe finding similar emissions near known exoplanets could be key to predicting where other moons exist.

Microlensing
In 2002, Cheongho Han & Wonyong Han proposed microlensing be used to detect exomoons. The authors found detecting satellite signals in lensing light curves will be very difficult because the signals are seriously smeared out by the severe finite-source effect even for events involved with source stars with small angular radii.

Pulsar timing
In 2008, Lewis, Sackett, and Mardling of the Monash University, Australia, proposed using pulsar timing to detect the moons of pulsar planets. The authors applied their method to the case of PSR B1620-26 b and found that a stable moon orbiting this planet could be detected, if the moon had a separation of about one-fiftieth of that of the orbit of the planet around the pulsar and a mass ratio to the planet of 5% or larger.

Transit timing effects
In 2007, physicists A. Simon, K. Szatmáry, and Gy. M. Szabó published a research note titled 'Determination of the size, mass, and density of “exomoons” from photometric transit timing variations'.

In 2009, David Kipping published a paper outlining how by combining multiple observations of variations in the time of mid-transit (TTV, caused by the planet leading or trailing the planet–moon system's barycenter when the pair are oriented roughly perpendicular to the line of sight) with variations of the transit duration (TDV, caused by the planet moving along the direction path of transit relative to the planet–moon system's barycenter when the moon–planet axis lies roughly along the line of sight) a unique exomoon signature is produced. Furthermore, the work demonstrated how both the mass of the exomoon and its orbital distance from the planet could be determined using the two effects.

In a later study, Kipping concluded that habitable zone exomoons could be detected by the Kepler Space Telescope using the TTV and TDV effects.

Transit method (star-planet-moon systems)
When an exoplanet passes in front of the host star, a small dip in the light received from the star may be observed. The transit method is currently the most successful and responsive method for detecting exoplanets. This effect, also known as occultation, is proportional to the square of the planet's radius. If a planet and a moon pass in front of a host star, both objects should produce a dip in the observed light. A planet–moon eclipse may also occur during the transit, but such events have an inherently low probability.

Transit method (planet-moon systems)
If the host planet is directly imaged, then transits of an exomoon may be observable. When an exomoon passes in front of the host planet, a small dip in the light received from the directly-imaged planet may be detected. Exomoons of directly imaged exoplanets and free-floating planets are predicted to have a high transit probability and occurrence rate. Moons as small as Io or Titan should be detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope using this method, but this search method requires a substantial amount of observation time.

Orbital sampling effects
If a glass bottle is held up to the light it is easier to see through the middle of the glass than it is near the edges. Similarly, a sequence of samples of a moon's position will be more bunched up at the edges of the moon's orbit of a planet than in the middle. If a moon orbits a planet that transits its star then the moon will also transit the star and this bunching up at the edges may be detectable in the transit light curves if a sufficient number of measurements are made. The larger the star the greater the number of measurements needed to create observable bunching. The Kepler telescope data may contain enough data to detect moons around red dwarfs using orbital sampling effects but won't have enough data for Sun-like stars.

Indirect detection around white dwarfs
The atmosphere of white dwarfs can be polluted with metals and in a few cases, the white dwarfs are surrounded by a debris disk. Usually, this pollution is caused by asteroids or comets, but tidally disrupted exomoons were also proposed in the past as a source of white dwarf pollution. In 2021 Klein and collaborators discovered that the white dwarfs GD 378 and GALEXJ2339 had an unusually high pollution with beryllium. The researchers conclude that oxygen, carbon or nitrogen atoms must have been subjected to MeV collisions with protons in order to create this excess of beryllium. In one proposed scenario, the beryllium excess is caused by a tidally disrupted exomoon. In this scenario a moon-forming icy disk exists around a giant planet, which orbits the white dwarf. The strong magnetic field of such a giant planet accelerates stellar wind particles, such as protons, and directs them into the disk. The accelerated proton collides with water ice in the disk, creating elements like beryllium, boron, and lithium in a spallation reaction. These three elements are relatively rare in the universe as they are destroyed in the process of stellar fusion. A moonlet forming in this kind of disk would have a higher beryllium, boron and lithium abundance. The study also predicted that the mid-sized moons of Saturn, for example, Mimas, should be enriched in Be, B, and Li.

Detection projects
There are several missions underway now using some of the methods described above, which will find many more candidate exomoons and be able to confirm or disprove some candidates. PLATO, for example, is expected to launch in 2026.

As part of the Kepler mission, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) project was intended to detect exomoons, and generated some of the candidates still discussed today.

Habitability

The habitability of exomoons has been considered in at least two studies published in peer-reviewed journals. René Heller & Rory Barnes considered stellar and planetary illumination on moons as well as the effect of eclipses on their orbit-averaged surface illumination. They also considered tidal heating as a threat to their habitability. In Sect. 4 in their paper, they introduce a new concept to define the habitable orbits of moons. Referring to the concept of the circumstellar habitable zone for planets, they define an inner border for a moon to be habitable around a certain planet and call it the circumplanetary "habitable edge". Moons closer to their planet than the habitable edge are uninhabitable. In a second study, René Heller then included the effect of eclipses into this concept as well as constraints from a satellite's orbital stability. He found that, depending on a moon's orbital eccentricity, there is a minimum mass for stars to host habitable moons at around 0.2 solar masses.

Taking as an example the smaller Europa, at less than 1% the mass of the Earth, Lehmer et al. found if it were to end up near to Earth orbit it would only be able to hold onto its atmosphere for a few million years. However, for any larger, Ganymede-sized moons venturing into its solar system's habitable zone, an atmosphere and surface water could be retained indefinitely. Models for moon formation suggest the formation of even more massive moons than Ganymede is common around many of the super-Jovian exoplanets.

Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone around M-dwarfs are often tidally locked to the host star. This has the effect that one hemisphere always faces the star, while the other remains in darkness. An exomoon in an M-dwarf system does not face this challenge, as it is tidally locked to the planet and it would receive light for both hemispheres. Martínez-Rodríguez et al. studied the possibility of exomoons around planets that orbit M-dwarfs in the habitable zone. While they found 33 exoplanets from earlier studies that lie in the habitable zone, only four could host Moon- to Titan-mass exomoons for timescales longer than 0.8 Gyr (HIP 12961 b, HIP 57050 b, Gliese 876 b and c). For this mass range the exomoons could probably not hold onto their atmosphere. The researchers increased the mass for the exomoons and found that exomoons with the mass of Mars around IL Aquarii b and c could be stable on timescales above the Hubble time. The CHEOPS mission could detect exomoons around the brightest M-dwarfs or ESPRESSO could detect the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect caused by the exomoons. Both methods require a transiting exoplanet, which is not the case for these four candidates.

Like an exoplanet, an exomoon can potentially become tidally locked to its primary. However, since the exomoon's primary is an exoplanet, it would continue to rotate relative to its star after becoming tidally locked, and thus would still experience a day/night cycle indefinitely.

The possible exomoon candidate transiting 2MASS J1119-1137AB lies in the habitable zone of its host (at least initially until the planet cools), but it is unlikely complex life has formed as the system is only 10 Myr old. If confirmed, the exomoon may be similar to primordial earth and characterization of its atmosphere with the James Webb Space Telescope could perhaps place limits on the time scale for the formation of life.

title: Exomoon


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Maribel Zurita

Maribel "Little Thunder" Zurita (born January 14, 1979) is an American boxer. She is the WIBA Light Flyweight World Champion and former IFBA Flyweight World Champion in women's boxing. She fights out of San Antonio, Texas and was trained by Tony Ayala Sr.

Career
Zurita's professional debut was on July 31, 2001 at Sunset Station in San Antonio, Texas, easily winning a four-round decision over debut fighter Anna Mora. According to a ringside report from Esteban Erik Stipnieks, "Maribel quickly won over the fans and dominated the fight. It was four rounds of Maribel flaunting her amateur background. Mora made it interesting by holding on and making an occasional counter but this fight was made for Zurita."

On October 26, 2001 at Frank Erwin Center in Austin, Texas, WIBF Americas Junior Flyweight champion Juana (Jay) Vega of Austin won a four-round unanimous decision over Zurita in a flyweight bout. Vega improved to 5-0 (2 KO) while Zurita slipped to 1-1.

On January 25, 2002 at Randy's Ballroom in San Antonio, Zurita and debut fighter Gracie Olivarez of Houston fought to a majority draw over four rounds.

On January 31, 2002 at Roy Wilkins Auditorium in St. Paul, Minnesota, Zurita won a four-round unanimous decision over Shannon Brown.

On May 3, 2002 at Randy's Ballroom in San Antonio, Zurita won a unanimous four-round decision over Gracie Olivarez in a closely fought bout carried live on ESPN2's Friday Night Fights.

On June 21, 2002 at Sunset Station, a standing-room-only crowd of about 2,000 watched WIBF Americas Junior Flyweight champion Juana (Jay) Vega advance to 6-1-0 (1 KO) with a six-round unanimous decision over Zurita.

On August 16, 2002 at Sunset Station, Zurita won a four-round unanimous decision over Terri Moss of Athens, Georgia. Zurita worked her way inside on the taller fighter.

On November 14, 2002 at American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida, Patricia Martinez of Miami won a unanimous (40-36) four-round decision over Zurita in a flyweight bout. Martinez thrived on trading with Zurita, bloodied her nose in the opening round and continued to control the fight. Zurita's record slid to 4-3-1 (0 KO). On February 20, 2003 at Renaissance Hotel in Austin, Texas, Anissa Zamarron won a six-round split decision.

On May 16, 2003 at Sunset Station, Zurita won a six-round unanimous decision over Juana (Jay) Vega of Austin, reversing their previous result at this location. On February 12, 2004 in Austin, Texas, Anissa Zamarron won a controversial 8-round unanimous decision over Zurita for the Texas State Junior Flyweight title.

On September 18, 2004 at Jinseon Girls' High School in Seoul, Korea, 1000 fans watched Zurita win a ten-round unanimous (96-95 96-94 97-96) decision over Korea's Shin Hee Choi for the vacant IFBA Flyweight title. Zurita finished the fight with a big final round. Zurita improved to 6-5-1 (0 KO).

On March 30, 2005 at Sunrise International Ballroom in Shenyang, China, Zurita lost the IFBA Flyweight title in a rematch with Shin by a badly split decision under controversial circumstances. Referee Byungk Kim of South Korea, stopped the bout in the eighth round when Choi was badly cut by what was ruled as a head-butt. The bout went to the scorecards where South Koreans Kwang Woo Kim and Jaebung Kim had both scored it 68-65 for Choi while American judge Bruce Anderson had scored it 70-64 for Zurita, giving Zurita every round on his scorecard. Manager and trainer Tony Ayala, Sr. filed a protest with the IFBA to review the stoppage. The IFBA reviewed the result but awarded the title to Shin.

On August 19, 2005 at the Municipal Auditorium in San Antonio, Texas, Zurita won the vacant WIBA Light Flyweight World Title with a 10-round unanimous (98-92 98-92 99-91) decision over Sachiyo Shibata of Japan. San Antonio reporter John Whisler called the bout "San Antonio's Fight of the Year." Zurita raised her record to 7-6-1 with 1 KO.

title: Maribel Zurita


text:
Timothy P. Sheehan

Timothy Patrick Sheehan (February 21, 1909 – October 8, 2000) of Chicago was a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1951 to 1959. He was a candidate for mayor of Chicago in 1959.

Sheehan was well respected by a number of prominent Democrats of his era, including Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He was responsible for mentoring a number of the current members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Despite losing a lop-sided election to Mayor Daley in 1959, Sheehan remained friendly with his Democrat counterpart for years to come. Mayor Daley once stated, out respect for the Illinois Congressman, "he should have been a Democrat." Sheehan voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

During his tenure in the House of Representatives, Sheehan served with some the most famous Americans of the 20th Century, including John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford.

Sheehan made the statement that the United States should consider annexation of Canada during the start of the Cold War, which received notoriety in the USSR propaganda entitled "Yankees in Canada", which portrayed America as expansionist.

title: Timothy P. Sheehan


text: User talk:71.113.27.47

title: User talk:71.113.27.47