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Talk:Postal administration

WikiProject notice
It depends on the numbers involved but it would be great to get this WikiProject moving. It is currently inactive. --Jack 11:41, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Rename to Postal Administration
I believe the current title of this article: Postal Authority is colloquial and inaccurate from a titling perspective. First, the phrase Postal Authority is not really sourced in this article in any contemporary way. Indeed, one might find reliable sources from the past that defined Postal Authority, but I suspect there would be significant inconsistency as one compiled a number of sources. The Encyclopedia of Postal Authorities is not a valid source for the phase Postal Authority as it merely used the colloquiallism in its title. I submit that the phrase Postal Administration is the proper contemporary term to title the content in this article. This is based in part on Postal Administrations in the UPC and in part because I suspect Postal Authority is a philatelically inspired colloquiallism and not an official Postal phrase. If we were to rely solely on reference works or offical documents focused on postal organization and operations (not the philatelic study of them), we would probably find postal administration used more widely than postal authority.

That said, there is nothing inaccurate about the content of this article, except the inaccuracy of its title.--Mike Cline (talk) 18:18, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * In fact the "Encyclopedia of Postal Authorities" is a website compiled by folks who are also WP editors, so it's not an independent source. "Postal Authority" is in some cases an official title, for instance in Israel . Googling doesn't show an obvious preference for either term, and it's a little "contaminated" by WP mirroring. My printed literature uses the term "postal service" as much as anything else. It's very often the case in WP that there isn't an obvious best term for a general concept, and a great many talk pages have been filled by arcane arguments about why one should be preferred over another. I suspect this is one of those cases. Stan (talk) 18:49, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Ironically, the collection of articles about individual postal authorities/administrations/services is entitled Category:Postal organisations. :-) Stan (talk) 18:53, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * On a quick, down and dirty, survey of the postal operators website, most use the term "Postal service" to refer to what they do or what they are and others call themselves "Postal operators". I did not see "Postal organisation" or "Postal administration" at all, though I did not look at all the websites. IMHO "Postal organisation" refers more to umbrella organisations rather than service companies and Postal service is a dab page. I have no axe to grind, so I will likely agree with the majority but a more accurate term we could seriously consider is "Postal operator" who provide "postal services". ww2censor (talk) 20:52, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "Postal operator" strikes me as a thoroughly modern term that's only come into use in this age of privatization. Just for fun, I'm thumbing through Patrick Hamilton's A Hundred Years of Postage Stamps (guess when it was published :-) ), and it uses "service", except when quoting from the original treaty establishing the GPU, where it says "Postal Administration". Of course, the book is a little dated, as evidenced by the characterization of the semi-postal stamp as a, I kid you not, "n***** in the philatelic woodpile". Stan (talk) 21:21, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * As the Universal Postal Union seems to use the term "Postal Administration" to describe the principal national postal organization in each country (see the June, 2006, UPU report Status and Structures of Postal Administrations as correctly noted by Mike Cline), I would think that "Postal Administration" is therefore probably the best title (as opposed to "Postal Authority") to advance the "worldwide" view even if the 191 individual UPU member nations my use other titles locally (such as "system" or "service") in the official names of their various administrations. (Centpacrr (talk) 00:16, 29 July 2008 (UTC))
 * So, Centpacrr, discussion and consensus again mean nothing to you as far as I can see. We are in the middle of a discussion here and no consensus has yet been reached but yet you contribute some comments and then just make major changes to the whole article based on your viewpoint. That is not the way it is supposed to works, but you know that already. ww2censor (talk) 04:41, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The proposal being discussed, as I understood, was whether or not to change the name of the article from "Postal Authority" to "Postal Administration," and as far as I can tell, it is still called "Postal Authority." The other changes I made were to correct or modify unsourced or other language in the second paragraph which was (at least in my view) either vague, ungrammatical, inaccurate, misleading, and/or inconsistent with verifiable facts and/or other articles, and also tried to give it a little bit more of a "world" view (as opposed to being UK-centric), i.e., "editing", but as apparently any editing of any article of which any aspect is being discussed in any way appears to be objectionable (although I have been unable to find this policy stated anywhere), I have restored the earlier deficient language and will leave it up to those making the objections and others to fix (or not fix) in whatever way they feel most comfortable. (I cannot guarantee, however, that if I come across this article again in the future and find these defficiencies unaddressed and it still essentially in the same condition that it is now that I might not make another attempt to improve it myself.)(Centpacrr (talk) 15:06, 29 July 2008 (UTC))

 * Because the naming directly impacts the content of this article, especially if "Postal administration" is the decision as opposed to "Postal operator" which are entirely different things, I thought it would have been better to wait for the discussion to finish. You may well be correct that some additions, correction should be made, but let's get this finalised first. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 04:54, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

The Essence of Postal Administrations
If one carefully reviews Status and Structures of Postal Administrations you'll see that Postal Administrations are comprised of two functions--The Regulator and The Operator. Beyond that there is little consistency from country to country as to what role each function plays in the administration of the posts and how they are named. In some countries these functions are carried out by a single organization, while in others they are divided up between different governmental and quasi-governmental entities of which there may or may not be a hierarchical relationship. If this article was strictly about the operators of postal systems--Postal Operator would be a correct title. However that would be problematic, because it would be difficult to separate the regulatory function from the operator function. For the most part postal operators don't set rates, determine what kind of services are or are not provided, etc., the Postal Regulator does. The probability that this type of regulation content would creep into the article is pretty high and thus would be inaccurate. I don't believe we need two articles--Postal Operators and Postal Regulators to keep these functions separate, but we cannot deny they exist. The umbrella term Postal Administration is so well defined by the way the UPU uses the term in the above document that its meaning is beyond debate. The fact that individual postal operators have names like Postal Service, Postal Authority, Postal Corporation, Post, or Post Office is not relevant to the overall concept this article is attempting to convey. Additionally, the fact that other 3rd party literature over the years might have referred to postal authority, organization, services, etc., doesn't negate the fact that the functions of Postal Regulation and Postal Operations are called Postal Administration by the largest official international body--the Uber-Authority - the UPU involved with postal stuff.--Mike Cline (talk) 13:00, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually I don't entirely agree with your interpretation of that UPU document. I do agree with Stan that "Postal operator" is the correct term to be used as a modern replacement for "Postal authority". Mike you are correct that there is not much consistency between the actual operator's own naming or descriptions of their service in general. What their names are is basically irrelevant to us here, however what they actually do is most important and in that document the UPU clearly lists only the postal authority as "postal operators" while "postal administration" can, and in some case do, encompass the "postal regulator" and often the government department responsible for overseeing the postal services. Additionally, now that postal deregulation is taking place in many countries around the world we will see other companies becoming "postal operators" but these will never become "postal adminstrations". For that reason alone administration does not cut it as the accurate or verifiable name for those who collect and deliver mail. Besides which, I found another UPU document UPU Standards glossary that, on p. 28, defines Postal operator as organisation licensed to provide postal services to the general public , which, without a doubt, is what postal authorities are. So, upon careful reflection, that Postal operator is my suggestion. We should be inclusionist so if we need a Postal regulator article, so be it. Cheers and thanks for the input. ww2censor (talk) 04:54, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Postal Administration=Postal Operator + Postal Regulator
The article as written would require minor modification to rename it to Postal Operator and Ww2Censor’s points about private postal operators are valid in the sense that the implied definition of a Postal Operator does not change regardless of the status of the operator—government entity, quasi-government entity or licensed private entity.

I jumped into this as I was drafting a new Airmail Stamp article and went about accurately trying to discuss the issuance of Airmail Stamps. Of course I used the term Postal Authority but found the article wanting, especially as regards the issuance of postage stamps. The term Postal Administration had no article and did not redirect to any article. This prompted me to begin researching the UPU and other documents regarding the concept that Postal Operators and Postal Regulators combine to form a universally used umbrella term: Postal Administration. I used the word universal here deliberately because I have yet to find any historic or contemporary reference that doesn’t support the notion that Postal Operation and Postal Regulation combine under the internationally accepted umbrella term Postal Administration Here’s a few examples of what I mean:
 * The title of the first chapter of this book is: Post Office Administration and it is evident from the text that Hill is discussing both the operations of the post and the regulation of the post.

 * One of the prominent discussions in this book is the UPU and it contains the entire text of the 1906 UPU Convention of which a typical paragraph is as below:

The postal administrations of contiguous countries, or countries able to correspond directly with each other without availing themselves of the services of a third administration, determine by common consent, the conditions of the conveyance of mails which they exchange across the frontier or from one frontier to the other. (Page 20)

 * Memorandum Of Understanding Between The United States Postal Service And The Postal Administration Of The People's Republic Of Bulgaria Concerning The Operation of The Intelpost Service Here we have an official diplomatic document between Bulgaria and the United States in which both entities subject to the agreement are consistently referred to as Postal Administrations. There are literally hundreds of diplomatic and other official documents that describe relationships between various Postal Administrations.  I have yet to find an official or diplomatic documents that refers to agreements between postal authorities or postal operators.

 * The Evolution of the Postal Service in the Era of the UPU This excellent 3rd party encapsulation of the history of international postal services consistently uses the umbrella term Postal Administrations to describe the participants in the business or providing international postal services. Indeed in the section of this treatise entitled The Basic Rules one can easily deduce two primary functions of Postal Administration—Postal Operations and Postal Regulations.

This leads me to the following conclusion: Having three articles in WP entitled Postal Administration, Postal Operator and Postal Regulator would be perfectly consistent with the world as we know it. Each article would deal with the subject as supported by verifiable sources. However, when it came to linking to other articles or creating redirects problems would arise. Generically you could not redirect the phrase postal authority to either the operator or regulator article unless there was specific context that made it valid. Generically all postal operators or all postal regulators don’t issue postage stamps so unless there was a specific context, postage stamps are issued by Postal Administrations. While the term Postal Authority is clearly colloquial, the notion thatPostal Operator and Postal Authority are synonymous is incorrect because although aPostal Operator may indeed colloquially be an Authority, a Postal Regulator is also an Authority and its doubtful one can argue that Postal Regulators are synonymous with Postal Operators.

I strongly favor a single article entitled Postal Administration because it is accurate, reflects a verifiable world view and significantly simplifies the linking of other relevant articles to the concepts it contains.--Mike Cline (talk) 14:23, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Concur.(Centpacrr (talk) 15:54, 30 July 2008 (UTC))

 * It is somewhat hairsplitting, but on balance I think I'd favor "postal administration" as the umbrella term, because "administration" is a nicely vague bureaucratic term that seems as applicable to the 1840 British Post Office as to today's operations. In addition, "postal operator" would be a good top-level article that all the individual modern operator articles link back to. The postal regulation aspect is probably sufficiently handled in the administration article - we can always split later if there is really that much material. We do need to be careful not to be too officious about terminology - after all, one of our "postal administrations" consisted of Reverend Millar working at his typewriter... :-) Stan (talk) 16:49, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Draft Postal Administration Article
I took a stab at drafting the beginning of a Postal Administration article with the idea that this article with a bit of work becomes the Postal Operator article. With these two articles, the terms postal authority can selectively be replaced in articles as appropriate with either operator or administration and postal authority would redirect to postal administration.

Draft at: User talk:Mike Cline/Articles Under Contemplation/Postal Administration --Mike Cline (talk) 20:11, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I though you were against having separate Postal operator and Postal regulator articles, so I assumed, as we are going to use the term Postal administration that we would include sub-sections for "postal operators" and "postal regulator". Would that not make more sense because I don't see regulator or operator being very big sections and administrator does encompass both operators and regulators? With that in mind, Postal operator and Postal regulator would be redirects to Postal administration. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 23:05, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks good, Mike. I would suggest including that the UPU was established in 1874 by the Treaty of Bern, and that it is now a specialized agency in the United Nations. Also while the UN is not itself a "nation" it does in fact have its own postal administration that operates a limited (mostly philatelic) postal service of its own. (Centpacrr (talk) 23:47, 31 July 2008 (UTC))
 * Good thoughts Centpacrr. Ww2censor you are correct in your assessment of my primary inclination but I was merely differing to Stan's idea that a Postal Operator article might be appropriate.  I think we've got some tortured consensus on this one.--Mike Cline (talk) 00:09, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * So Mike I am unclear what you are saying. Have you backed off from your statement above: "I strongly favor a single article entitled Postal Administration" or not? Cheers ww2censor (talk) 00:16, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes and No. Indeed it may seem that I am waffling at bit here.  I apologize. I do strongly feel that a single article is probably sufficient, but getting there might be a two or three step process to get it right.  Lets create the Postal Administration article and rename the Postal Authority article to Postal Operator because that's what its mostly about now.  Then as we cleanup the links from Postal Authority references throughtout WP, we will learn a bit about how best to finalize this topic.  A single Postal Administration article may suffice or the two articles may be the better approach.  If the single article proves to be the better approach we just propose and execute a merge of the Postal Operator article into the Postal Adminstration article.  I will go ahead and take the initiative to get us to TWO clean articles and then we can proceed from there.--Mike Cline (talk) 12:17, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, would it not be better to just rename Postal authority to Postal administration, as was agreed above, and create 2 or 3 sections within it for the sub-topics? If the one article become too big them we can demerge rather then make more articles now that may only mean more work later to merge? BTW I think title case is incorrect. I also notice that in your draft you do not have a lead section; you just go straight into the full explanation. Articles should have a lead section that: serves both as an introduction to the article below and as a short, independent summary of the important aspects of the article's topic.. Cheers ww2censor (talk) 17:30, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
 * A potentially useful link to refer to while developing the article.(Centpacrr (talk) 18:29, 2 August 2008 (UTC))

 * Finally Made The Move - Have been on the road making a new home move from Slapout, Alabama to Bozeman, Montana. Finally got an opportunity to do some work on this.  Old text from Postal Authority is saved below and I will reintegrate into the article over the next few days as time permits.

A postal authority organises collection and delivery of domestic mail (US), or post (UK), within its area of control, or in the case of foreign mail, delivery to or receipt of mail from other postal authorities.

Payment for the service has been performed in many ways. Most commonly, since the introduction of postage stamps in the United Kingdom in 1840, and later in other countries, the sender buys a small label (i.e., a postage stamp) that he affixes to the letter or package. The label is "stamped" with the postmark of the local post office and, after sorting, the letter is taken to its destination and delivered to the recipient. Before postage stamps were introduced, it was generally the recipient who paid for the letter on delivery. There are other schemes in place such as freepost, called "business reply mail" in some countries, which are variations of payment on delivery in that an organisation issues either pre-paid envelopes to its clients or customers in advance of them sending an order or a payment, or issue special envelopes that are paid for by the business or organisation when they are returned by the client.

History
In medieval times, posts were controlled by rulers and indeed a public post was almost unheard of. If a common person wanted to send a letter to someone in a distant town, he had to rely on a traveller to take it there, usually for a small fee. It might be possible, if the sender had sufficient influence, to have his letter delivered by a royal courier or perhaps by a merchant. Royal and merchant posts were usually delivered by parallel systems.

Monarchs of the time recognised the need to control all aspects of their domains and the transfer of information was certainly a prime concern. As a result, the so-called Royal Posts were established in most of the advanced countries such as England and France. The French King Louis XI (ruled 1461-1483), the notorious "Universal Spider", took a particular interest in the progress of his messages and established a system of staging posts, usually at inns or perhaps at remote farms, where his messengers could quickly exchange horses, leaving one in stable and taking a fresh one for the next stage of his journey. This reduced delivery times considerably.

Merchant posts originated in Renaissance Italy and had spread throughout Europe by the end of the 16th Century. These posts were a natural adjunct to trading missions but in time they became independent of trade and regular delivery services were established.

The royal and merchant posts were thus the earliest postal authorities. Gradually, the services were opened up to the public. In England, this was achieved in 1657 by means of a Post Office Act, which was consolidated by a subsequent Act of 1660 that established the famous Royal Mail. The main principle of this legislation was that the (General) Post Office which controlled the Royal Mail service was a state monopoly under the control of the Postmaster-General, an appointed government official.

The practice of "stamping" letters with a postmark was established at the outset to check on speed and reliability of delivery. Each letter handed to the Post Office at one of its many branches would be "stamped" with the date that the letter was handed in. In due course, the postmarks included the name of the receiving post office.

Great Britain's Post Office was the first postal authority in the modern sense. The Penny Post which introduced postage stamps was also a British innovation in 1840. The British model of main and sub-post offices under a central government-controlled authority has spread worldwide, as has the use of postage stamps. --Mike Cline (talk) 17:47, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Article Rewrite
Looks good, Mike. My only suggestion I would have is to change "is an international organization that coordinates postal operations" to read " is the international organization that coordinates postal operations" unless there is some other organization or body that has the same function. (I am not aware of any.) Other than that it looks fine to me. Nice job, sir. (Centpacrr (talk) 20:38, 11 August 2008 (UTC))
 * A pretty decent start indeed but as I mentioned previously the articles should have a lead section that (I quote): serves both as an introduction to the article below and as a short, independent summary of the important aspects of the article's topic. Did you forget? Hopefully you will soon also integrate the removed text and some new data into the two sub-sections "Postal operator" and "Postal regulator". Thanks ww2censor (talk) 04:30, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
 * According to the guideline, a lead section is the section before the first heading. As the article is not currently long enough to justify any such internal headings, it would seem that by definition such a "lead section" would also be superfluous (or at least premature) at this point. (Centpacrr (talk) 06:22, 12 August 2008 (UTC))

Page Topic
Is the page subject here about Postal administration or about the Universal Postal Union? In the intro' mention is made about the term postal administration that it is a general, or "umbrella" like term that is used in a diplomatic capacity -- and that's it. Nothing is said here about the basic duties and functions of a postal administration. Not even in the 'Function' section. Instead the article jumps right into the specific topic of the UPU and its history, disregarding the fact that various postal administrations existed and were in use long before the UPU was ever conceived. The Universal Postal Union is simply a standard that subscriber countries use, should their postal administrations chose to subscribe to it. A postal administration refers to a generic entity that performs the same basic generic functions. i.e. Organizing and delivering the mail from point 'A' to point 'B' for a fee, be it by Courier, Pony Express, or Crown Post. None of this is even reflected upon before the article goes into the (other) subject of the UPU, which is a different type of entity with completely different functions. i.e.Establishing international standards for the postal administrations that chose to subscribe to them. The given postal administrations deliver the mail, regardless of any international standards they may or may not adhere to. It would seem that most if not all the material here about the UPU should be moved to the UPU page if it is not there already.GWillHickers (talk) 08:48, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

 * GH, thanks for the note on my talk page. I've been fishing all week and am heading out again today before a long road trip. The article is indeed about Postal Administration, not the UPU per se.  I think your characterization of Postal Administrations above is really a definition of Postal Operator.  Although, that said, I would be interested in seeing some sources that define Postal Administration differently than the UPU definition if they exist.--Mike Cline (talk) 11:45, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi Mike. I did a google for Postal administration before writing the original message and while I didn't see any encyclopedia accounts the examples that surfaced were pretty much the same, they all referred to individual Postal administrations of various countries. The title United Nations Postal Administration came up often, but this is reference to the UN mail system, with its own stamps. Other results included Pakistani Postal Administration and British Postal Administration and Indonesia Postal Administration and Postal Administration of Gabon -- all references to entities that organize and get the mail delivered (via operators, supervisors, etc) for their respective countries. The UPU, if referred to at all, should only be mentioned as a side note to what a postal administration is, as we know the UPU only functions as a international standard that serves various subscriber postal administrations around the globe, and only for international mail, and simply because various Postal administrations were around long before the UPU. As it is, the page mostly pertains to the UPU, its history, etc. The page more than suggests that the term Postal Administration is only used to describe postal systems that subscribe to the UPU, as if the term in of itself is a proprietary or official term used only in reference to its subscribers. --  GWillHickers (talk) 19:57, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I reverted the edits that created a made definition of Postal Administration. The world doesn't revolve around Google. Postal Administration is a legitimate term, defined by the UPU treaty.  Indeed the UPU is not a Postal Administration and the article doesn't claim it is.  But that said, the UPU treaty does define and use the term.  That is appropriate for the article.  If one desires to write an article about Postal Operators, Postal Authorities, or Postal Regulators, please do.  But don't contrive definitions about Postal Adminstration that are unsupportable.--Mike Cline (talk) 20:32, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It certainly wasn't my intention to contrive or make up a definition, as the one that is there now is little different than the one I had written. The present definition reads.. all the functional entities within a country that participate in the regulation.. -- whereas the one that was previously there read.. body of officials in any one given country that organizes, regulates and supervises... -- Same basic ("umbrella") definition with different words. Both uncited. --  As for the terms Postal Authorities and Postal Regulators these are also general and generic terms with an 'area of overlap' that is so great they are redundant and could easily be (and are) used to substitute for Postal administration. When I looked up the terms Postal regulator and Postal authority they redirected to the Postal administration page. --   GWillHickers (talk) 18:46, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postal administration


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John E. Baldwin

John Evan Baldwin FRS (6 December 1931 – 7 December 2010) was a British astronomer who worked at the Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory) from 1954. He played a role in the development of interferometry in Radio Astronomy, and later astronomical optical interferometry and lucky imaging. He made the first maps of the radio emission from the Andromeda Galaxy and the Perseus Cluster, and measured the properties of many active galaxies. In 1985 he performed the first Aperture Masking Interferometry observations, and then led the construction and operation of the Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope, and helped develop the lucky imaging method. In 2001 he was awarded the Jackson-Gwilt Medal for his technical contributions to the fields of interferometry and aperture synthesis.

He matriculated as a member of Queens' College, Cambridge in 1949 and was a Life Fellow of the College from 1999 to his death in 2010.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John E. Baldwin


text:
Category talk:Hominid cryptids

Church of the Subgenius

Untitled
The Church of the Subgenius is noted for its belief that its members have yeti stock. Thusly, any study of homind cryptids would be lax without taking it into account.

if anybody involved in this category finds hominid cryptids is more of a monadic category then the dyadic nature of a church would entail feel free to sub-categorize us as hominid cryptid tribal groupings or hominid cryptid subcultures.

Hominid?
"Hominid" implies that the members of this category are included in the Hominidae, but as they are not (yet) accepted by science, they are not so included. Could a different word be used? Humanoid Bipedal? Totnesmartin 23:35, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Hominid cryptids


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Edmund Verney (Cavalier)

Sir Edmund Verney (1 January 1590 or 7 April 1596 – 23 October 1642) was an English politician, soldier and favourite of King Charles I. At the outbreak of the English Civil War he supported the Royalist cause and was killed at the Battle of Edgehill.

Life
Edmund Verney was the son of Sir Edmund Verney of Pendley Manor near Tring, Buckinghamshire, and his third wife Mary Blakeney. He was the grandson of Hon. Elizabeth Verney, second daughter of the 1st Baron Braye. He had two elder half-brothers, Sir Francis Verney who died in 1615, and Ambrose Turvile who died in 1628; and two elder half-sisters on his mother's side, Ann Turvill (who married Sir John Leeke of Edmonton), and Ursula St. Barbe, who married her stepbrother Sir Francis Verney. Knighted by King James I in 1611, Edmund was sent to Madrid, and returned to join the household of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, to which his uncle Francis Verney was one of the falconers. Upon Henry's death in 1612, Edmund became a gentleman of the privy chamber to Charles, Duke of York, later Charles I.

From 1620 he made his family home at Claydon House, Middle Claydon, Buckinghamshire (which the Giffard family had held by lease from the Verneys ), where he was the near neighbour of Sir Thomas Chaloner of Steeple Claydon. His financial sense was poor, and he was severely indebted by the early 1620s. In 1623, he accompanied Charles and the Duke of Buckingham to Spain to court the Infanta Maria. While there, he protected a dying Englishman from a Catholic priest by punching the priest in the face, which did not endear him to the Spaniards.

Upon his return, he was elected Member of Parliament for Buckingham in 1624, and for New Romney in 1625. After the coronation of Charles that year, he was appointed Knight Marshal of England for life, the duties of which office required him to be extensively at court. He was returned for Aylesbury in 1629. Despite his income from the Knight Marshalsy, several business ventures ended in failure, and his debts were largely unrelieved.

With the approach of the English Civil War, he found himself in a painful conflict. While personally loyal to the King, he resisted the Laudian religious policies. Verney was returned to the Short Parliament and then the Long Parliament as member for Wycombe, and often found himself in opposition to the King.

Upon the outbreak of war, Verney remained true to his master and friend, King Charles, while his eldest son Ralph joined the Parliamentary forces. Made standard-bearer of the royal army, Verney was killed at the Battle of Edgehill. According to the tradition of his family, his body was never identified, except for his severed hand, found still grasping the banner.

Family
He married Margaret Denton, daughter of Sir Thomas Denton of Hillesden, Buckinghamshire on 14 December 1612, with whom he had ten surviving children, including:

 * Sir Ralph Verney, 1st Baronet (1613–1696), married Mary Blacknall (1616–1650)
 * Thomas Verney (1615–1707)
 * Sir Edmund Verney (1616–1649) who commanded the Royalist infantry at the Siege of Drogheda and was slain during the final assault (mentioned in Cromwell's letter to John Bradshaw, Esquire, President of the Council of State, dated 16 September 1649).
 * Sir Henry Verney (1618–1671)
 * John Verney (1619)
 * Susannah Verney (1621–1651), married Richard Alport
 * Penelope Verney (1622–1695), married Sir John Osborne
 * Margaret Verney (1623–1667), married Thomas Elmes
 * Cary Verney (1626–1704), married firstly Sir Thomas Gardiner and secondly John Stewkeley
 * Mary Verney (1628–1684), married Robert Lloyd
 * Richard Verney (1629)
 * Elizabeth Verney (1633–1721), married Reverend Charles Adams

title: Edmund Verney (Cavalier)


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Tessa Peake-Jones

Tessa Peake-Jones (born 9 May 1957) is an English actress who has appeared in The Danedyke Mystery (1979), Pride and Prejudice (1980), When We Are Married (1987), Up the Garden Path (1990–1993), So Haunt Me (1992–1994), The Demon Headmaster (1996–1998), The History of Tom Jones: a Foundling (1997), Summer in the Suburbs (2000), Poppy Shakespeare (2008), Doctors (2009–2011) and Unforgotten (2015).

Peake-Jones may be best known for her role as Raquel in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, between 1988 and 2003, Tawny Owl in the animated series The Animals of Farthing Wood and as Mrs. Chapman in Grantchester (2014-2024).

Early life and education
Peake-Jones was born on 9 May 1957 in London, to her mother Mary. She was raised in Hammersmith and educated at Kenmore Park Junior School, Harrow and Downer Grammar School (now known as Canons High School), leaving in 1973, before training at the Central School of Speech and Drama.

Career
Peake-Jones is best known for playing Raquel Turner, the longtime partner of main character Derek "Del Boy" Trotter (played by David Jason) in the television comedy Only Fools and Horses from 1988–1993, 1996 and 2001–2003. She voiced Tawny Owl in the animated series The Animals of Farthing Wood.

She had a costarring role in the 1999 television series Births, Marriages, and Deaths. Her other television appearances include Bergerac, The Demon Headmaster, Midsomer Murders, Casualty, Holby City, The Bill, Up the Garden Path and So Haunt Me.

Peake-Jones appeared in the BBC adaptation of Iris Murdoch's The Bell (1982). She also played the role of the bookish sister Mary Bennet in the BBC serial adaptation of Pride and Prejudice (1980). In March 2008, she appeared as a member of staff in the Channel 4 psychiatric hospital drama Poppy Shakespeare.

In both 2009 and 2011, Peake-Jones played Sue Bond in the BBC daytime soap opera Doctors. In 2013, she appeared in the Doctor Who Christmas episode "The Time of the Doctor" playing a character called Marta. Since 2014, Peake-Jones has appeared in Grantchester as Sylvia Maguire, the vicar's religious and cantankerous housekeeper.

In 2019, Peake-Jones appeared on the ITV show All Star Musicals, singing "Mamma Mia" from the musical Mamma Mia!.

Personal life
Peake-Jones' former partner is actor Douglas Hodge, from whom she separated in February 2013 after 29 years together. They have two children, Charlie and Molly-Rose.

title: Tessa Peake-Jones


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Mario Galinović

Mario Galinović (born 15 November 1976) is a former Croatian footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently goalkeeping coach at Cardiff City.

NK Osijek
Galinović started his professional career with Croatian First League side NK Osijek, where he was part of the first team from 1993 until 2002. With the club, he also played in the UEFA Cup in 1998 and 1999, and won the Croatian Cup in 1999. In 2002, he moved to another Croatian First League side, NK Kamen Ingrad, and spent two seasons with the club as their first-choice goalkeeper. While at Kamen Ingrad, he also played in both of the club's two UEFA Cup matches against famous German club FC Schalke 04 in 2003, where they narrowly lost 1–0 on aggregate, conceding the only goal 14 minutes before the end of the second leg played in Gelsenkirchen.

Panathinaikos
He moved to Panathinaikos on a free transfer in July 2004. With the team, he also managed to make his UEFA Champions League debut, against Rosenborg BK in September 2004, subsequently making another appearance in the competition that season and also playing in both of the club's third-round UEFA Cup matches against FC Sevilla in February 2005, where they lost 2–1 on aggregate. He was then the club's first-choice goalkeeper in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League season and appeared in all of their six group matches before they exited the competition in the first round. Galinović made his first appearance in UEFA Champions League against Rosenborg BK, on 14 September 2004.

In 20 appearances, he managed to keep a clean sheet seven times; most importantly, those matches with FC Barcelona and Inter Milan. He also managed to keep a clean sheet for three matches in a row.

AO Kavala
In summer 2010 Galinović moved to Kavala in Super League Greece.

AO Kerkyra
In August 2011 Galinović signed a contract for one year with Kerkyra F.C., a Greek Superleague based on the island of Corfu.

International career
Galinović made his international debut for the Croatia national team on 13 June 1999 in a friendly match against Egypt at the Korea Cup tournament in Seoul. He was subsequently not part of the national team for several years.

However, when Slaven Bilić was appointed head coach at the Croatia national team in the summer of 2006, Galinović made his international comeback as he was called up to be part of the team during the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers. He mostly served as the team's third-choice goalkeeper, behind Stipe Pletikosa and Vedran Runje, making no appearances during the qualifying campaign. He did, however, won his second international cap in a friendly match against Slovakia in October 2007, replacing Runje at half-time. Croatia won the game 3–0. This would be Galinović's final appearance for the national team.

Galinović was also a member of Croatia's 23-man squad at the UEFA Euro 2008 finals in Austria and Switzerland, but did not make any appearances as Pletikosa appeared in three and Runje in one of the team's four matches at the tournament. He was the only member of the Croatian squad not to feature during the tournament.

Coaching career
In June 2023, Galinović was appointed goalkeeping coach at Championship club Cardiff City.

Honours
Osijek
 * Croatian Cup: 1999

Panathinaikos
 * Super League Greece: 2009–2010
 * Greek Football Cup: 2010

title: Mario Galinović


text: User talk:80.92.52.44

title: User talk:80.92.52.44


text:
Talk:Public Domain Enhancement Act

Untitled
Can someone please clarify all of this in a manner that is not legal jargon? So, if I still wanted to use a work from Shakespeare, I'd be okay, but if someone who paid a 1$ tax to keep a copyrighted work copyrighted, I would have to ask them permission?
 * Yes, you could still use a work from Shakespeare, because that has gone out of copyright. No one could pay $1 to get a work back in copyright.  Instead, this is to allow works that are still in copyright to get out of copyright if no one cares enough to pay the one dollar.  Yes, you have to ask permission for works that are still in copyright unless what you are doing falls under fair use.  Hope that helps.  Jrincayc 12:35, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Copyright Act of 1909
I believe that what this article says about the 1909 Act is not what the Act says. The 1909 Act called for a 28-year term renewable once for a total duration 56 years, not an initial term of 50 years renewable for another 45. I think that something like this was discussed by Congress at the time, at least the 50-year original term; Mark Twain was one of the people who testified for this as someone who had been a victim of the failure to do much to prosecute violators of the previous law and as someone who had made his main living as a creator. But this is not what passed in 1909. Rlquall 19:49, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * After checking both bills from the 108th and 109th Congress, I have found major errors in this article. Instead of paying 1 USD per work once, I have found that after 50 years since the first publication, this Act also requires copyright renewal registration every 10 years, so getting 95-year copyright for works for hire will require 5 renewal registrations, not just once.--Jusjih 19:34, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

A possible disadvantage?
One disadvantage that immediately occurs to me when I read this is that foreign copyright holders have the advantage that they don't have to pay the fees or register works, which might provide them a commercial competitive advantage over domestic copyright holders. Does Lessig or anyone else discuss this? Dcoetzee 04:47, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

NPOV tag
The article is clearly written by an editor/editors in favor of this act, as the wording enthusiastically supports it, takes mere opinions as facts, and presents those who oppose these changes in an unrealistic, biased way. DreamGuy (talk) 21:29, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Took another look at the article, and I think the NPOV issue is moot, as the topic of this article doesn't seem to meet notability standards - it is proposed US legislation from several years ago that was never passed, and it has had little impact. Since there are no specific notability guidelines for failed legislation, I wanted to bring the point up here rather than putting a tag on the article to get other editor's opinions. Hartboy (talk) 01:39, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

 * It had no direct policy impact, but it represents an issue which many people are concerned about, and which is likely to be raised again in various forms in the future... AnonMoos (talk) 01:46, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I concur, will remove {prod} tag. Ipsign (talk) 09:01, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Removing NPOV tag; DreamGuy's neutrality issues are not clear to me, and he's failed to make any improvements in over a year. Daburow (talk) 04:26, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public Domain Enhancement Act


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MotorCity Casino Hotel

MotorCity Casino Hotel is a casino hotel located in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It was opened on December 14, 1999.

The $825 million MotorCity complex contains a historic building that housed the Wagner Baking Company, makers of the brand Wonder Bread. The complex houses a 100,000 square-foot casino with approximately 2,800 slot machines, 59 table games, and two poker rooms; a 13,000-square-foot spa; 67,000 square feet of meeting and convention space; Sound Board, a live music theater with a capacity of 2,400 people; and a luxury hotel with 400 guest rooms and suites.

Originally opened by Mandalay Resort Group, their 53.5% stake was later purchased on April 12, 2005, for $525 million by Marian Ilitch, who already owned 25% of MotorCity.

Architecture
The building, located on Grand River Avenue at the Lodge Freeway (M-10), was designed by architect Walter W. Ahlschlager. As part of the property's renovation as a casino, the terracotta elements of the former bread bakery were restored to their original condition, preserving the features of the building.

Chip Foose, a custom car designer and television personality, was a member of the design team. Foose's influence is reflected strongly in the sweeping roof design, a 304-foot-long stainless steel undulating ribbon produced by Quality Metalcraft Inc., under the direction of Michael Chetcuti. It is considered a reference to Detroit's automotive history. Foose says it was inspired by the door molding on a 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air. The roof ranges in height from 3.5 feet to 10 feet and weighs over 181 tons.

Casino
The casino features more than 100,000 square feet of gaming space. It includes approximately 2,800 slot machines, approximately 59 table games, and two poker rooms.

The interior of the casino is notable for Foose's design of the ceiling, which features large, extruded aluminum-like beams and thousands of multi-color LEDs that can display video with more than 256,000 colors. The style is referred to as "Future Retro," and the ceiling resembles a giant custom car radiator.

In a nod to Detroit's Motown and other musical roots, the pillars of the Amnesia event space are designed to resemble bass clefs. The five-bar musical staff is used as a design element on items ranging from slot machine bases to signage throughout the property. Zebrawood, a wood often used in guitar construction, is incorporated into the hotel lobby and guestrooms.

Sound Board
With a capacity of 2,400, Sound Board is a performance venue, and Detroit's only casino theater. Since opening with a concert by Detroit native Anita Baker on October 23, 2008, Sound Board has hosted entertainment and musical performers. The theater also hosts events such as live boxing and major product launches.

The sound, lighting, and video equipment includes a d&b Line Array Sound System with Yamaha PM7 Rivage audio consoles, an HES Road Hog Full Boar lighting console, more than 50 moving lights and DL-3 lighting fixtures.

title: MotorCity Casino Hotel


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Swindon Works

Swindon Works was opened by the Great Western Railway in 1843 in Swindon, Wiltshire, England. It served as the principal west England maintenance centre until closed in 1986.

History
In 1835, Parliament approved the construction of the Great Western Main Line between London and Bristol by the Great Western Railway (GWR). Its Chief Engineer was Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

From 1836, Brunel had been buying locomotives from various makers for the new railway. Brunel's general specifications gave the locomotive makers a free hand in design, although subject to certain constraints such as piston speed and axle load, resulting in a diverse range of locomotives of mixed quality. In 1837, Brunel recruited Daniel Gooch and gave him the job of rectifying the heavy repair burden of the GWR's mixed bag of purchased locomotives.

It became clear that the GWR needed a central repair works, so in 1840 Gooch identified a site at Swindon because it was at the junction with the Golden Valley line and also a "convenient division of the Great Western line for engine working". With Brunel's support, Gooch made his proposal to the GWR directors, who, on 25 February 1841, authorised the establishment of the works at Swindon. Construction started immediately and they became operational on 2 January 1843.

Location
There are several stories relating to how the railway came to pass through Swindon. A well-circulated myth states that Brunel and Gooch were surveying a vale north of Swindon Hill and Brunel either threw a stone or dropped a sandwich and declared that spot to be the centre of the works. However, Swindon's midway point between GWR terminals and the topography of land near the town were more likely factors.

The GWR mainline was originally planned to cut through Savernake Forest near Marlborough, but the Marquess of Ailesbury, who owned the land, objected. The Marquess had previously objected to part of the Kennet and Avon Canal running through his estate (see Bruce Tunnel). With the railway needing to run near to a canal at this point, and as it was cheaper to transport coal for trains along canals at this time, Swindon was the next logical choice for the works, 20 mi north of the original route.

The line was laid in 1840, but the location of the works was still undecided. Tracks were laid at Didcot in 1839 (chosen as Lord Wantage did not want the railway passing close to Abingdon) and for some time this seemed a more likely site.

Gooch noted that the nearby Wilts & Berks Canal gave Swindon a direct connection with the Somerset Coalfield. He also realised that engines needed to be changed at Swindon or close by, as the gradients from Swindon to Bristol were much more arduous than the relatively easy route between London and Swindon. Drawing water for the engines from the canals was also considered, and an agreement to this effect was completed in 1843. Gooch recorded at the time: I was called to report upon the best situation to build these works and, on full consideration, I reported in favour of Swindon, it being the junction with the Cheltenham branch and also a convenient division of the Great Western Line for the engine working. Mr. Brunel and I went to look at the ground, then only green fields, and he agreed with me as to its being the best place.

Once the plan was set for the railway to come to Swindon, it was at first intended to bring it closely along the foot of Swindon Hill, so as to be as close as possible to the town without entailing the excessive engineering works of building on the hill. However, the Goddard family (lords of the manor of Swindon) objected to having it near their property, so it was laid a couple of miles further north.

Early years
With many of the early structures built and adorned by stone extracted from the construction of Box Tunnel, the first building – the locomotive repair shed – was completed in 1841 using contract labour, with the necessary machinery installed within it by 1842. Initially only employing 200 men, repairs began in 1843, with the first new locomotive, the "Premier", built in 1846 in under two weeks and renamed "Great Western". This was followed by six more, with the Iron Dukes, including The Lord of the Isles, considered the fastest broad-gauge engine of its day. By 1851, the works were employing over 2,000 men and were producing about one locomotive a week, with the first standard-gauge engine built in 1855. A rolling mill for manufacturing rails was installed in 1861, attracting workers from South Wales. Although some rolling stock was built at Wolverhampton (producing 800 standard-gauge locomotives up to 1908), Worcester and Saltney near Chester, most of the work was concentrated at Swindon.

Like most early railways, the GWR was built with gentle gradients and the minimum of curves, which meant that it was able to operate fast, lightweight 'single-wheelers', 2-2-2 and 4-2-2. However, from 1849 Gooch also built 4-4-0 saddle tanks for the hillier routes in Devon.

Railway village
The Works transformed Swindon from a small 2,500-population market town into a bustling railway town. Built to the north of the main town centre, the works had need for locally accessible housing and services for the workers. The development of the railway village was on the lines of similar Victorian-era socially-encompassing lifestyle concepts, such as that at Bournville, but architect/builder Rigby's were given license to create a commercially viable development by the GWR. The completed village provided to the town medical and educational facilities that had been sorely lacking, together with the large St Mark's Church and the Bakers Arms public house, all completed before 1850.

The terraced two-storey cottages were built on two blocks of four parallel streets, not dissimilar in appearance to passing trains. Each road was named after the destinations of trains that passed nearby: Bristol, Bath, Taunton, London, Oxford and Reading among them. Built in the nearby open area, named Emlyn Square after GWR director Viscount Emlyn (later known as John Campbell, 1st Earl Cawdor), was the Mechanics Institute, paid for via subscription by the workers. Designed and constructed by Edward Roberts, it was completed in 1855, contained the UK's first lending library and provided health services to workers; it was enlarged in 1892–93. Nye Bevan, mastermind of the National Health Service, later said "There was a complete health service in Swindon. All we had to do was expand it to the country".

In the 1960s, Swindon Borough Council applied to demolish much of the village, but poet and railway enthusiast John Betjeman led a successful campaign to preserve it. Today much of the village is a conservation area, and many structures within it are listed buildings. One of the last houses to be built, 34 Faringdon Road, originally 1 Faringdon Street, has been restored to the condition it was in around 1900 as a living museum.

Expansion
Gooch followed a policy of taking in-house any railway engineering discipline that could be enabled to scale. Hence in addition to locomotive building, from 1850 standardised goods wagons were produced, and in 1867 Swindon was made the central workshop for the construction of carriages and wagons.

In 1864, when Joseph Armstrong took over, he took on the responsibility of improving the passenger stock, resulting in 1878 of a separate carriage and wagon works being built on land north of the station. The first Royal Saloon was built in 1874 and converted to standard gauge in 1899. 1875 saw the opening of the boiler and tender making shops, eventually used to also produce parts for locomotives, and marine engines for the GWR's fleet of ships and barges. The first GWR through corridor train was built in 1891, with electric lighting introduced in 1900.

In 1892, the GWR completed the process of converting their lines to standard gauge. 13 mi of new broad gauge sidings were laid to accommodate the influx of rolling stock, so that by 21/22 May 1892 195 locomotives, 748 carriages and 3,400 wagons and vans were stored for conversion to the new gauge. Those that could not be converted were scrapped on site. By the turn of the century, the works were employing an estimated three-quarters of Swindon's entire workforce.

George Churchward's tenure, first as Assistant Chief Superintendent in 1897, then Locomotive Superintendent in 1902, produced heavier locomotives, firstly the 4-4-0 City class, then the County class. Later in 1906, "North Star", originally 4-4-2, was rebuilt as the first four-cylinder 4-6-0. More four-cylindered 4-6-0 engines were built, and in 1908 the first 4-6-2 "Pacific" entered service, the only tender engine of that type in Britain until 1922. It was later rebuilt as a 4-6-0. From 1914 the works turned to aiding the war effort, producing twelve howitzers by the end of the year.

Heyday
Charles Collett, Chief Mechanical Engineer from 1921 to 1941, greatly improved the works' boiler making and its facilities for working heavy gauge sheet metal. In 1927 the GWR's most powerful and largest locomotive, the King class, was introduced to become the "flagship" of the GWR fleet. The Kings had been developed from the Castle Class which, along with the Halls, were the foundation of the GWR's reputation and image.

This was the heyday of Swindon Works, when 14,000 people were employed and the main locomotive fabrication workshop, the A Shop was, at 11.25 acre, one of the largest covered areas in the world.

During World War II, Swindon was again involved with military hardware, producing various types of gun mountings. Loco wheel-turning lathes were also ideally suited for making turret rings for tanks. The works also built landing craft and parts for midget submarines.

Nationalisation
At the nationalisation of British Railways (BR) in 1948, the works were still producing 60 new locomotives in the year, falling to 42 in 1954. From 1948 to 1956, the works made 452 steam engines to GWR designs, partly in parallel with producing 200 BR standard classes from 1951 until 1960.

The decision in 1960 to move BR's main motive power from steam to diesel brought the works both new lines of employment and an end to an old one. The works became the southern UK's regional hub for the storage and scrapping of steam locomotives and rolling stock, a role which later expanded to all scrap railwayana in light of the Beeching axe. However, it also brought about an end to steam locomotive production, with the works producing BR's last steam locomotive 92220 Evening Star, by which time the works only employed 5,000.

Much of the original design and specification for the first Mark 2 carriages and bogies was carried out by the Engineering drawing office at Swindon in the early 1960s. The B4 bogie used on this carriage provided more reliable high speed running than that under the previous generation Mark 1 carriage and heralded the higher running speeds brought in with the start of InterCity services and the West Coast Main Line electrification.

Decline and closure
The future of the works had been defined by the GWR's post-WW2 choice to develop its new diesel-powered experimental locomotives using diesel-hydraulic transmission systems rather than diesel-electric. As a result, from 1957 the works produced 38 "Warship" class D800s and 30 Western class D1000s. However, early diesel production followed previous steam locomotive construction strategy, resulting in numerous classes with short production runs and a resultant high maintenance cost in traffic. With the Beeching Axe strategy of reshaping BR towards inter-city traffic, the need for many of these diesel-powered classes was removed. A decision was also made to specify all new classes of locomotive with diesel-electric transmission, making the works' specialist diesel-hydraulic knowledge redundant.

As a result, with scrapping rolling stock keeping employment levels at the works high, a decision was made to cease building new locomotives at Swindon, and to reassign the works to become a heavy repair facility. Building of locomotives finished in 1965 with construction of the Class 14 diesel-hydraulic locomotives. Locomotive repairs and carriage and wagon work continued, though the original carriage and wagon workshop was sold.

After the works became part of BR's integrated British Rail Engineering Ltd (BREL), it won less and less maintenance business against the internal competition of Crewe and Derby Works. With the town of Swindon expanding and needing land close to its centre for development, the decision was made to close the works. The final day of operation was 26 March 1986.

Between 2000 and 2006, the rolling chassis of GWR No. 7200 was restored in the former iron foundry (J Shop), making it the final Great Western steam locomotive to receive attention at the works.

Present
The redevelopment of the works took account of the listed building status of the original core infrastructure. One building houses the Museum of the Great Western Railway, dedicated to the works and the GWR. The engineers' office is now the headquarters of English Heritage, with most of the remaining buildings redeveloped as part of the Designer Outlet Village. The rest of the site's extensive railway yard was redeveloped on a mixed-use basis, some for housing and some for commercial buildings including purpose-built storage for the English Heritage Archive and the National Trust's central office building, known as Heelis.

Superintendents and Chief Engineers

 * Sir Daniel Gooch, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent 1837–1864
 * Joseph Armstrong, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent 1864–1877
 * Major William Dean, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent 1877–1902
 * G. J. Churchward, Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent 1902–1916, and Chief Mechanical Engineer 1916–1921
 * C. B. Collett, Chief Mechanical Engineer 1921–1941
 * F. W. Hawksworth, Chief Mechanical Engineer 1941–1949

Organisation
A great many different activities were carried out within the works and most of the components used to make locomotives, carriages and wagons were made on site. The works were organised into a number of shops:-

title: Swindon Works


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Joan Vizcarra

Joan Vizcarra Carreras (born 1967 in Montblanc, Tarragona) is a Spanish cartoonist. He has several books published by the Spanish language satirical magazine El Jueves.

Although his first love was music -and more specifically the rock and roll of classic musicians like Elvis Presley- very soon he fell in love with painting. In 1985, he moved to Barcelona, where he studied arts in the University. While there, he discovered that he had an ability to draw caricatures.

Since 1991 he works for El Jueves, perhaps Spain's most important satiric magazine. He has contributed to other publications like El Periódico de Catalunya or the Catalan newspaper Avui. In 1995 you begin weekly collaborations for El Periódico de Catalunya. Later he also collaborates in the supplement of the newspaper El Mundo. In 1997 he was appointed Professor of Humor by the University of Alcalá de Henares.

Art works

 * Cartel promocional para la producción teatral “La extraña pareja” 1998.
 * Portadas de discos de Mojinos Escozíos “Las margaritas son flores del campo” 1999, “Con cuernos y a lo loco” 2005 “Semos unos máquinas” 2013.
 * Realización en bronze caricatura “Dream Team” para Museo del Barça 2001.
 * Creación de caricaturas en chocolate para Escribà 2005.
 * Diseño de personajes para la Falla de El Jueves “Archiduque Carlos Chiva” Valencia 2006.
 * Ilustraciones para portadas de libros “Temas de hoy” Editorial Planeta 2006.
 * Diseño Cartel “Festes de Santa Eulália” Barcelona 2007.
 * Imagen visual Campaña Cruzcampo “Cárnaval Cádiz” 2007.
 * Creación línea de productos merchandising “Vizcarra” 2008.
 * Realización Baraja del Barça para El Periódico y Sport 2008.
 * Ilustraciones para el libro “Caràcters” Editorial Obrador Edéndum 2009.
 * Realización de esculturas en 3D en colaboración con la EAP 2009–2014.
 * Realización del documental “Dibujando a Vizcarra” (H. Lagares&I. Vilallonga) 2012.
 * Ilustraciones para el libro “Més enllà de l´èxit” Deu i Once Edicions 2013
 * Ilustración para portada del disco de Ska-P “99%” 2013.
 * Participación en TedxReus 2013 (Conferéncias sobre Creatividad)
 * Sailor Donald Duck's Portrait - Original Painting - Original Artwork

Books

 * Vizcarra. Caricaturas (1994, Col. Titánic núm 7-Ediciones El Jueves)
 * Esto es Hollywood (1999, libro recopilatorio para la revista El Jueves)
 * Lo más mejor de Vizcarra (2004, Col. Lo más mejor núm 14-Ediciones El Jueves)
 * Hollywood y otras hierbas (2008, Luxury Gold Collection, RBA/El Jueves)
 * Rock stars y otros animales (2008, Luxury Gold Collection, RBA/El Jueves)
 * 25 años de Caricaturas (2015 Ediciones JA Hidalgo)

Expos

 * Exposición antológica para la Bienal de Caricaturtas de Ourense (1998)
 * Exposición de originales para el Certámen “Cómic de la Massana” Andorra (2000)
 * Exposició retrospectiva para la Bienal Humoralia de Lleida (2001)
 * Exposición colectiva en el 25 Aniversario de la revista El Jueves, Barcelona (2002)
 * Exposición individual para el XIX Concurso de Cómic “Noble Villa de Portugalete” (2005)
 * Exposición de caricaturas para la Mostra del Cómic de Cornellà (2005)
 * Exposición retrospectiva para las Festes del Centenari a Montblanc (2006)
 * Exposición individual para el Certámen Audiovisual de Cabra, Córdoba (2006)
 * Muestra gráfica colectiva “O debuxo por diante”, Xunta de Galicia (2007)
 * Exposición individual para “Santa Cruz Diseña”, Tenerife (2008)
 * Exposición de originales para la Minicom Internacional, Girona (2011)
 * Exposición “Con V de Vizcarra” Illa Diagonal Barcelona (2011)
 * Exposición “Con V de Vizcarra” Badajoz (2011)
 * Exposición permanente de originales en el Local Cool Hotel International, Barcelona (2013)
 * Exposición de originales “La Fauna de Vizcarra” El Corte Inglés, Barcelona (2013)

title: Joan Vizcarra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thesubmachine

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 06:01, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Thesubmachine
Secret society of 30 members, on the internet you say?!. Delete PubLife 11:50, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm honored that I've been invited to vote. Delete! --DrTorstenHenning 13:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. Also non-notable, vanity, etc. Plus, don't we have a rule that any page containing the word "prestigious" is a valid candidate for speedy deletion? We don't? Are you sure? Dpbsmith (talk) 16:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cabal? No. Never. -Splash 16:23, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I belong to the secret society of Delete, which recently decreed to eliminate this article while sacrificing 100 goats to Xenu ;-) Karmafist 19:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A highly secret, extensively vetted, and gentlemen only vote to Delete. Dottore So 19:25, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete If it's going to be unverifiable and secret, it should at least be more exciting than "an orgy of food and drink".  Boojum 20:12, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, icky. Zoe 20:57, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's unverifiable. Although, I am not sure what's wrong with "an orgy of food and drink" ;) Trollderella 22:01, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. *drew 00:44, 28 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
KLM Flight 633

KLM Flight 633 was a passenger flight from Amsterdam to New York City. On 5 September 1954, immediately after takeoff from Shannon Airport, the Super Constellation Triton ditched on a mudbank in the River Shannon. 28 people were killed in the accident. It was caused by an unexpected re-extension of the landing gear, possibly compounded by pilot error.

Triton disaster
The Lockheed Super Constellation Triton (registration ) was piloted by, one of the airline's most senior pilots. After a refuelling stop at Shannon, the plane took off for the transatlantic leg of the flight at about 02:40. There were 46 passengers and ten crew on board. Shortly after takeoff, the pilot reduced power from maximum to METO (Maximum Except Take Off). The pilot was unaware that the landing gear was not retracted, and as result the aircraft descended to touch down in the Shannon estuary. It turned around on impact and broke into two sections.

The aircraft was partially submerged, and at least one of the fuel tanks had ruptured during the crash. The fuel fumes rendered many passengers and crew unconscious, who then drowned in the rising tide. In the end, three crew-members and 25 passengers perished.

Even though the crash occurred less than one minute after the plane took off from Shannon Airport, airport authorities remained unaware of the disaster until the mud-caked third pilot (navigator) of the craft, Johan Tieman, stumbled into the airport and reported, "We've crashed!" That was $2 1/2$ hours after the plane fell. Mr. Tieman had swum ashore and floundered painfully across the marshes to the airport, whose lights were clearly visible from the scene of the crash. It was not until 7 o'clock in the morning - $4 1/2$ hours after the crash - that the first launch reached the survivors, who were huddled on a muddy flat in the river.

Cause of the accident
The official investigation concluded that the accident was caused by an unexpected re-extension of the landing gear and the captain's incorrect behaviour in this situation. Viruly, who had been only one year from retirement, rejected the responsibility for the crash and was bitter about his subsequent treatment by KLM. In an interview he later stated that there simply had not been enough time to react.

title: KLM Flight 633


text:
The Satanic Rites of Dracula

The Satanic Rites of Dracula is a 1973 British horror film directed by Alan Gibson and produced by Hammer Film Productions. It is the eighth film in Hammer's Dracula series, and the seventh and final one to feature Christopher Lee as Dracula. The film was also the third to unite Peter Cushing as Van Helsing with Lee, following Dracula (1958) and Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972).

Plot
In 1974, a Secret Service agent barely escapes from an English country house, in which satanic rituals are being celebrated. Before he dies of his wounds, he reveals to his superiors that four prominent members of society – a government minister, a peer, a general and a famous scientist – are involved in a cult led by Chin Yang. Photos of the four dignitaries taken by the agent are developed, and a fifth photo, apparently showing an empty doorway, is assumed to be a mistake. In order to avoid any reprisals by the minister, Secret Service official Colonel Mathews calls in Scotland Yard's Inspector Murray to work on the case independently. Murray suggests consulting a noted occult expert, Professor Lorrimer Van Helsing.

The cult kidnaps the Secret Service secretary Jane, who is later bitten by Count Dracula. Murray, Secret Service agent Torrence and Van Helsing's granddaughter Jessica arrive at the country house. They separate; Murray and Torrence investigate inside the house, where they meet Chin Yang. Jessica enters the house through the cellar, where she finds Jane chained to a wall; she is revealed to be a vampire. The ensuing commotion awakens other female vampires who are likewise imprisoned, but they attempt to feed on Jessica. The agents hear Jessica's screams and come to her rescue. Murray kills Jane with a stake, and he escapes the grounds with Jessica and Torrence. Meanwhile, Van Helsing visits his scientist friend, Julian Keeley, whom he recognized among the four conspirators. The mentally unstable Keeley is involved in bacteriological research designed to create a virulent strain of the bubonic plague. Van Helsing is shot by a guard and passes out. When he revives, Keeley's dead body hangs from the ceiling, and the plague bacillus is gone.

Keeley referred to the 23rd of the month, which Van Helsing discovers is the "Sabbath of the Undead". Keeley's research notes lead Van Helsing to the reclusive property developer D. D. Denham, who funded Keeley's research. Van Helsing speculates that the fifth photo of an empty doorway may actually have been of Dracula, whose image cannot be captured; he theorizes that Dracula wants to finally die, but in his evil, will want to destroy all of humanity with him. Van Helsing visits Denham in his headquarters (built on the church yard where Dracula died in the previous film) and discovers that he is actually Dracula. He tries to shoot Dracula with a silver bullet, but is beaten by the Count's conspirators. Dracula decides that killing Van Helsing would be too simple and has him moved to the country house. Jessica, Murray, Mathews and Torrence, while observing the country house, are attacked by snipers. Torrence and Mathews are killed, and Murray and Jessica are captured. Murray awakes in the cellar and escapes the clutches of Chin Yang, revealed to be a vampire herself. After staking her through the heart with a mallet, he destroys the other female vampires with clear running water from the fire sprinkler system.

Dracula arrives at the house with Van Helsing. He announces to his henchmen that Jessica will be his consort, uncorrupted by the plague that his "four horsemen" – including Van Helsing – will carry out into the world. The conspirators, who had considered the plague a threat not to be used, begin to question their master. Dracula's hypnotic command brings them back under his control. He commands John Porter to break the vial, releasing the bacteria and immediately infecting the minister. Murray overpowers a guard in the computer room. The guard's metal baton smashes a computer panel, causing an explosion that starts a fire and unlocks the ritual room. Two uninfected conspirators escape, Murray rescues Jessica, and the infected minister and the plague bacteria burn in the fire. Dracula attacks Van Helsing, but his prey escapes through a window into the woods. Van Helsing lures Dracula into a hawthorn bush where he is entangled. Van Helsing grabs a fence post and drives it through his heart. Dracula disintegrates into ashes, and Van Helsing retrieves the Count's ring.

Cast

 * Christopher Lee as Count Dracula / D.D. Denham
 * Peter Cushing as Lorrimer Van Helsing
 * Michael Coles as Inspector Murray
 * William Franklyn as Peter Torrence
 * Richard Vernon as Colonel Mathews
 * Joanna Lumley as Jessica Van Helsing
 * Valerie Van Ost as Jane
 * Barbara Yu Ling as Chin Yang
 * Freddie Jones as Dr. Julian Keeley
 * Maurice O'Connell as Agent Hanson
 * Richard Mathews as John Porter, MP
 * Patrick Barr as Lord Carradine
 * Lockwood West as General Sir Arthur Freeborne
 * Peter Adair as doctor
 * John Harvey as the Commissionaire
 * Maggie Fitzgerald, Pauline Peart, Finnuala O'Shannon as vampire girls
 * Mia Martin as girl on altar
 * Marc Zuber, Paul Weston, Ian Dewar, Graham Rees as guards

Production
In addition to Lee and Cushing returning from Dracula A.D. 1972, Coles also reprised his role (Inspector Murray). The part of Van Helsing's granddaughter, Jessica, was recast with Lumley, as a more mature character than that portrayed by Stephanie Beacham in the previous film. The screenplay, a mixture of horror, science fiction and a spy thriller, was written by Don Houghton, who had worked on Doctor Who. Television veteran John Cacavas composed the original score.

Production began in November 1972. The working title of the movie was Dracula is Dead ... and Well and Living in London, a reference to the stage and film musical revue Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris. Lee was not amused. Speaking at a 1973 press conference announcing the feature, he said:

"I'm doing it under protest ... I think it is fatuous. I can think of twenty adjectives – fatuous, pointless, absurd. It's not a comedy, but it's got a comic title. I don't see the point."

The film was eventually retitled, but was still marketed in French as Dracula vit toujours à Londres ('Dracula Is Still Living in London').

As movie historian Jonathan Rigby has observed, the feature "wrapped on 3 January 1973, 15 years to the day" after Dracula, the first film in the Hammer series, finished shooting.

This was the last Hammer movie that Lee and Cushing would make together, although they would reunite one final time ten years later, for House of the Long Shadows.

The feature was not released in the United States until 1979, when Dynamite Entertainment distributed a heavily edited version under the title Count Dracula and His Vampire Bride.

The film appears to have been the first to feature a silver bullet being used against a vampire.

Critical reception
AllMovie called it the "least interesting" film in the Hammer Dracula series. Time Out wrote, "a lot of weak action scenes and weaker lines, but still a vast improvement on Dracula A.D. 1972."

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Sue Holderness

Susan Joan Holderness (born 28 May 1949) is an English actress on both stage and screen having had appearances in Bless This House (1974), The New Avengers (1977), Canned Laughter (1979), The Sandbaggers (1980), The Cleopatras and It Takes a Worried Man (1983), The Brief and Minder (1984), Doctors (2004-2014), Still Open All Hours (2018–2019) EastEnders and The Madame Blanc Mysteries (2021). However, she is best known for her role as Marlene Boyce in Only Fools and Horses from 1985 to 2003, and its spin-off The Green Green Grass from 2005 to 2009.

Career
Holderness was born on 28 May 1949, in Hampstead, London. After taking her A-levels, she trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama.

She began her acting career with the Manchester 69 Theatre Company in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Peer Gynt and as Desdemona in Catch My Soul (Jack Good's rock-musical version of Othello). She has worked consistently in theatre, radio, film and television. West End plays include The Female Odd Couple, Why Not Stay for Breakfast, The Male of the Species and the highly acclaimed one-woman play Our Kid (based on Myra Hindley).

Holderness regularly appeared in The Vagina Monologues and she was in the cast of the touring play Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners. She has toured the country in numerous plays and worked in several repertory companies. Much of her career has been spent performing in Alan Ayckbourn plays, three of which (Relatively Speaking, Time and Time Again, and How the Other Half Loves) she toured with John Challis.

Holderness played the role of Annie in the 2010 & 2011 UK Tours of Calendar Girls. She played Celia in the 2012 tour (Jan – May) and went back to playing Annie in the Autumn 2012 tour (Sep – December).

Television roles include Marianne in The Sandbaggers (two series), Bless This House, as Pamela Huntley-Johnson in the episode The Bells Are Ringing (1974), as Liz in It Takes a Worried Man (two series), Jo in The Brief, Cleopatra IV in The Cleopatras; as Laura Doolan, a wife of serial bigamist "Confident" Clive Cosgrove in the Minder episode  "A Number of Old Wives Tales" (1984); episodes of  The New Avengers, Thriller, Sob Sisters, Growing Pains, Doctors, Lime Street with Robert Wagner, and Murder in Suburbia.

She played a prominent role as Marlene, wife to Boycie (played by John Challis) in Only Fools And Horses and the spin-off series The Green, Green Grass, which ran from 2005 – 2009, including four series and three Christmas Specials.

She played Rowan Atkinson's love interest, Lorraine, in Canned Laughter, and did numerous impersonations in two series of End of Part One. She played Maggie in Dear John, by John Sullivan, Joan Forrester (Oscar Blaketon's former wife) in Heartbeat for YTV, Joan Travis in Revelations, and Rachel's mother in Cold Feet, also for Granada. In April 2021, she made a guest appearance in the BBC soap opera EastEnders as Estelle.

Films include That'll Be the Day (1973) and It Could Happen to You (aka Intimate Teenage Secrets) (1976). She also appeared in the low budget feature Meat Draw and Out of Sight for Granada.

Holderness regularly appears in pantomime. including All You Need for Christmas at Fareham, Hampshire in 2009.

In 2014, Holderness appeared in the BBC One medical drama Casualty as Alice Sweeney. In 2018-2019 she appeared as Mrs Rossi in series five and six of the sitcom Still Open All Hours.

Personal life
Holderness is married to Mark Piper, former executive director of the Theatre Royal, Windsor. Her adult children are Harriet, a yoga instructor, and Freddie, head of history at a school in West Sussex. She has one grandchild (2018), Max. Sue is a strong supporter and ambassador for Thames Hospice.

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Talk:Monster, South Holland

The former municipality of Monster had a little more then 20.000 population. Poeldijk had plm. 6000 population, so, 20.000 for monster itself is very wrong. Effeietsanders

Distance to The Hague
How can Monster be 5 km southwest of The Hague? It borders The Hague. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.68.130.200 (talk) 07:39, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Town centre to town centre distance. Easy.  87.194.30.190 (talk) 13:46, 25 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Ehm, no. It doesn't border The Hague. There is really 5 km from border to border :) I would estimate the centre-centre distance as ~12-15 km effeietsanders 01:15, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monster, South Holland


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-08-22/G4 and Jamie Kane

Thanks to Ral315 and Wolfkeeper for a well-written article. --Just my 2 cents -- Hemanshu 11:54, August 26, 2005 (UTC)


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Clearance Diving Team

Clearance Diving Team refers to a team of Clearance divers, originally specialist naval divers who used explosives underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe to navigate, but later the term "clearance diver" was used to include other naval underwater work.

Clearance Diving Team may also refer to:
 * One of the two Clearance Diving Teams of the Clearance Diving Branch (RAN), unit of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), which is responsible for combat diving, clearance diving, maritime counter-terrorism and underwater repairs

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John Alured

John Alured (1607–1651) was an army officer who fought for the parliamentary cause in the English Civil War and was one of the regicides of King Charles I in 1649.

He was born in Kingston upon Hull. He inherited the family estate in 1628 and married Mary Darley (second cousin) in 1631.

Alured was the MP for Hedon in both the Short and Long Parliaments. He spent most of the First Civil War as a colonel in Lord Fairfax's northern parliamentarian army, and is known to have fought at Adwalton Moor in 1643 and possibly at Marston Moor in 1644. He was a member of Philip Nye's Hull congregation. In February 1645 he took up a new command in the New Model Army. In 1649, appointed to the High Court of Justice at the trial of King Charles, he was one of the signatories of the King's death warrant.

At the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, because of his act of regicide he was, although by then dead, a named exception in the general pardon (Act of Oblivion, section XXXVIII), which meant that any property that was held by the beneficiaries of his estate could be confiscated.

title: John Alured


text: User talk:203.200.97.181

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Ship replica

A ship replica is a reconstruction of a no longer existing ship. Replicas can range from authentically reconstructed, fully seaworthy ships, to ships of modern construction that give an impression of a historic vessel. Some replicas may not even be seaworthy, but built for other educational or entertainment purposes.

Reasons to build a replica include historic research into shipbuilding, national pride, exposition at a museum or entertainment (e.g., for a TV series), and/or education programs for the unemployed. For example, see the project to build a replica of the Continental brig USS Andrew Doria (1775). Apart from building a genuine replica of the ship, sometimes the construction materials, tools and methods can also copied from the ships' original era, as is the case with the replica of Batavia in Lelystad and the ship of the line replica DUTCH SHIP Delft in Rotterdam (Delfshaven).

Definition

The term "replica" in this context does not normally include scale models. The term museum ship is used for an old ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public.

A ship replica may also be a generic replica, one that represents a certain type of ship rather than a particular historic example, like Kamper Kogge, replicating the Cogs that were used extensively in Northern Europe by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages, but where there is little knowledge of specific ships.

Some generic type replicas such as Thor Heyerdahl's Ra II, qualify as true replicas as these ships were built to investigate the craft and or culture of the original era. That they do not replicate a specific vessel is mainly because no details of such a specific vessel are available.

Some other ships that are modeled after ships of a certain type or era (and are in that sense replicas) do not qualify as true replicas. Some ships may be borderline cases, such as Kanrin Maru, which is actually twice the size of the original, but built following the plans of the original.

Replicas can be temporary, cheap and very simple, such as the replica of a Viking ship that was burnt at the Leixlip Festival.

Notable historic type ships that are not replicas include:
 * USS Constitution (1795) is strictly speaking not a replica but the original vessel. However, most of the ship's timber has been replaced over time, with only 10-15% of the original remaining. This is a modern version of the philosopher's dilemma concerning replica versus original; known as the Ship of Theseus dilemma.
 * HMS Victory (1765) is still the original vessel, although unlike Constitution, she is in dry dock and does not sail. She has also been heavily restored, with only 10-15% of her original timber remaining.
 * Mircea, which is an almost exact copy of Gorch Fock. Mircea was built as a copy because Gorch Fock was a very successful ship. Thus Mircea was not built as a replica per se, but as a copy for other reasons (i.e. to perform economically, in this case as a training vessel).
 * Stad Amsterdam is a generic clipper type ship combining the best qualities of clippers of the past with modern materials and technologies.

Another ambiguous case subject to the Ship of Theseus dilemma is Niagara. The original was sunk in 1820 for preservation, and the ship has been rebuilt three times since. The third reconstruction was considerably more extensive, and the only parts from the original which were retained are non-structural, leading many authorities to classify her as a replica, rather than a reconstructed original.

Notable ship replicas
Some sailing ship replicas with their home port; and key information of the original (many articles are about the original ship):

East Asia

 * Kanrin Maru; Minami Awaji harbour, Japan; a double-size replica of a Japanese warship
 * Namihaya; Osaka Maritime Museum, Japan; 5th-century Japanese ship replica
 * Naniwa Maru; Osaka Maritime Museum, Japan; Edo period merchant ship
 * San Juan Bautista; Ishinomaki, Japan; a Japanese warship
 * Turtle ship; a generic replica of a Korean ship
 * Michinoku Maru; Michinoku Traditional Wooden Boat Museum, Japan; 18th-century Japanese trade ship (Kitamae Bune) replica
 * Princess Taiping; a replica of a Ming Dynasty Chinese junk.
 * Replica (stationary, not seaworthy) of a Chinese treasure ship, in the Treasure Boat Shipyard Park, Nanjing
 * Dingyuan; a replica of an Imperial Chinese ironclad from the late 19th century

Other vessels

 * SS Bandırma; Turkish passenger cargo vessel
 * Jewel of Muscat; Omani 9th-century sailing ship built to retrace the route of the original ship from Oman to Singapore.
 * Ictineu II; Barcelona, Spain; a replica of the first mechanically powered steam driven submarine.
 * The Hjortspring Boat is replica of a Danish Iron Age rowing boat.
 * At the Viking Ship Museum in Roskilde, replicas of Viking ships are built.
 * Various projects for building replicas of the ill-fated RMS Titanic have been proposed over the years. The first Titanic replica to actually commence construction is being built by Chinese firm Seven Star Energy Investment; by summer 2021, the hull is essentially complete and construction of the superstructure is beginning. The ship will not sail on any ocean, but be permanently docked on a river in Sichuan province to function as the main attraction for the Romandisea Seven Star International Cultural Tourism Resort.
 * Various "replicas" of Noah's Ark have been built. Whether they are properly regarded as "replicas" depends on whether one takes the Biblical flood story as mythology or fact. Since the Biblical description of the vessel is very brief beyond the basic measures, the exact design of any "replica" is necessarily conjectural.

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Nafcillin

Nafcillin sodium is a narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. As a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, it is used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, in particular, species of staphylococci that are resistant to other penicillins.

Nafcillin is considered therapeutically equivalent to oxacillin, although one retrospective study found greater rates of hypokalemia and acute kidney injury in patients taking nafcillin compared to patients taking oxacillin.

Indications
Nafcillin is indicated in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, except those caused by MRSA.

U.S. clinical practice guidelines recommend either nafcillin or oxacillin as the first-line treatment of choice for staphylococcal endocarditis in patients without artificial heart valves.

Side-effects
As with all penicillins, serious life-threatening allergic reactions can occur.

Milder side-effects include:
 * Hypokalemia
 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Diarrhea, often due to suppression of normal gastrointestinal bacteria, which, on occasion, leads to a more serious super-infection with an organism like Clostridium difficile
 * Abdominal pain
 * Yeast infections (thrush) affecting the mouth and tongue or vagina
 * Agranulocytosis, neutropenia

Interactions
There is evidence that nafcillin induces cytochrome P-450 enzymes, specifically CYP2C9. Several drugs with a narrow therapeutic window, such as warfarin and nifedipine, are metabolized by CYP2C9.

Nafcillin contains salts added as stability media. These added salts could cause edema or fluid accumulation. It would be prudent to avoid this medication if there were a concern for a congestive heart failure or kidney disease.

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Pengwern

Pengwern was a Brythonic settlement of sub-Roman Britain situated in what is now the English county of Shropshire, adjoining the modern Welsh border. It is regarded as possibly being the early seat of the kings of Powys before its establishment at Mathrafal, further west, but the theory that it was an early kingdom (or a sub-kingdom of Powys itself) has also been postulated. Its precise location is uncertain.

History and legend
Nothing is known about the foundation of Pengwern, although according to Welsh tradition it was part of the Welsh kingdom of Powys in the early Middle Ages. Early Powys, much larger in extent than the later medieval kingdom, seems to have roughly coincided with the territory of the Celtic Cornovii tribe, whose civitas under Roman rule (capital or administrative centre) was Viroconium Cornoviorum (now Wroxeter), replacing a fort located on the Wrekin, which was abandoned. Once the Roman legions left the area, Viroconium Cornoviorum had taken control of governing. However, the surrounding pagus (possibly multiple) may have revolted against the rule of Viroconium Cornoviorum, establishing a separate centre of power, which would become Powys. Between 530 and 550, Viroconium Cornoviorum, like many other Roman urban sites and villas in Britain at the time, was abandoned, possibly eventually developing into part of the royal court of Llys Pengwern.

The exploits of Cynddylan, as imagined around the 9th century, are told in the Old Welsh Canu Heledd (a cycle of poems named after Cynddylan's sister), possibly dating from the 9th century but not recorded until later, and this material situates Cynddylan's seat at Pengwern. These relate to a further cycle of heroic and elegiac poetry concerning early Powys and the Hen Ogledd known as Canu Llywarch Hen.

Possible locations
A number of places still identifiable in the Shropshire landscape today are mentioned alongside Pengwern in this poetry. The exact location of Llys Pengwern — the Court of Pengwern — is not known, and the problem is compounded by the fact that several other Pengwerns exist in Wales (e.g. near Denbigh in north Wales). A tradition, recorded by Giraldus Cambrensis in the late 12th century, associates it with the site of modern Shrewsbury (although that town has been known as Amwythig in Welsh since the Middle Ages).

A more recent suggestion is the Berth, a dramatic hillfort at Baschurch, is the location of Pengwern. However, archaeological evidence shows only the Iron Age fort with possible Roman reuse. Wroxeter, the former Roman town of Viroconium Cornoviorum, is near these places. Archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement at Wroxeter continued after the Roman withdrawal, and was only finally abandoned in about 520, when it had become indefensible as the last vestiges of Romano-British central government broke down. A fort on the Wrekin, near Wroxeter, has also been suggested for this reason. Another theory is that the earthworks under Whittington Castle may be Pengwern.

Conflict with Northumbria
Cynddylan apparently joined forces with king Penda of Mercia to protect his realm, possibly also for personal reasons, as his brother Gwion had been killed defending during the Battle of Chester. (Fellow ally Selyf ap Cynan of Powys died as well, and it is unclear what happened to Powys afterwards, as mentions of their rulers became scarce for nearly a century.) Together they fought against the increasingly powerful Anglian kingdom of Northumbria at the Battle of Maes Cogwy (Oswestry or Forden) in 642. It was here that their mutual enemy, king Oswald, was slain. Regardless, this seems to have bought a period of peace until Penda's death, when a Northumbrian raiding party led by Oswald's brother Oswiu of Northumbria overran northern Mercia and, a bit later, Cynddylan's palace at Llys Pengwern in a surprise attack. Caught completely off guard and without defence, the royal family, including the king, were slaughtered, according to the poetry commemorating the tragedy, with the palace being burned to the ground, likely along with records. Princess Heledd was the only survivor and fled to western Powys. After this the region associated with Pengwern seems to have been shared between Mercia and Powys; part of it remained in Welsh hands until the reign of Offa of Mercia and the construction of his dyke. Part of it consisted of the Anglian sub-kingdom of the Magonsæte and Wreocensæte.

Later usage
In Shrewsbury there is the Pengwern Boat Club on the banks of the River Severn, opposite The Quarry park, as well as other shops and businesses that use the name.

title: Pengwern