text:
User talk:GenesisBlade

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Lectonar talk to me!
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Great Pyramid additions
Hey! I'm sorry for removing factual additions- you need to realize the problems we have with anonymous vandalism here on Wikipedia. I mistook your entry (in an area that isn't really my specialty) for a personal viewpoint rather than scientific theory. Again I'm sorry about that. The other thing is, because Wikipedia articles have so many articles, you don't mark down sections as being written by a seperate author, you just write them right into the article. All the best, and I hope you enjoy Wikipedia. --Scimitar parley 14:24, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Ok, that's no problem. I can understand the position, and the problems. Lets see what the people think. Cheers--Genesis 16:02, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Hello GenesisBlade, we seem to share some interest in the theories surrounding the pyramids. I've read some really intriguing things online, but unfortunately do not know how to confirm studies or measurements cited, and the Wikipedia understandably doesn't reflect such "radical" ideas. Regardless, I was thinking about writing some additions to the article, but since I'm new to Wikipedia I figured I'd talk to you a bit about it first. In particular, I'm considering posting theories claimed here and here. Any guidance would be appreciated. Moogle001 16:25, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

If you have additions you can offer some basic evidence for or reference to other writing, then go ahead in my opinion. Plenty on that pyramid page was accepted opinion dressed up as fact, such as the age of the pyramids. I'm not sure that Wikipedia shouldn't recognise radical ideas, just as much as it recognises accepted mistruths, but then, alas, i don't run the show! There are some very interesting books you might want to read... you could google Ralph Ellis (author) for some interesting factual and interpretational stuff. I reckon, if you state in a heading that these are other less mainstream ideas, it should boost the value and validity of the article. Feel free to drag me into any argument that arises! Speak anon --Genesis 12:35, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Re: alternative theories on the pyramids
As much as I sympathise with your dilemma, it is not my place to question the process we have (particularly as I find it satisfactory, if rough around the edges). Certainly I cannot outright revolt against it and keep an article that AfD agreed to delete -- trying to change the institution by riding roughshod over it would accomplish nothing. And while I regret that your hard work has been, well, wasted, the fact is that there is little that can be done. You might want to try appealing to deletion review, though I'm pessimistic that it'll accomplish much. In the mean time, there are a lot of existing articles that can be improved. It should also be noted that Wikipedia's nature does not give much weight to experts, and while we are seeking to address this, we need to be open to suggestions from the ordinary editor (and IMO, this is something that should never change). After all, some of our best work was reviewed by people without an academic title to their name at FAC. Johnleemk | Talk 16:27, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * All these suggestions have been made before, but have come to naught. It should be noted that there's already a holding area, though -- it's called user space. So, while drafting the article, you can keep it at, say, User:GenesisBlade/alternative theories on the pyramids. When completed, you can move the article into the main namespace. :) Johnleemk | Talk 16:41, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Just to make it absolutely clear to you, I did not nominate the article for deletion just to "have my way". In fact I stumbled across it while on RC Patrol. I have no interest whatsoever in the pyramids or alternative theories. I honestly thought the article was badly written, did not provide any references and was extremely POV and opinionated in the way it presented the information in an "us vs them" style. I hadn't even read either of the articles until just before I nominated this one for deletion, so please don't accuse me of "mainstream" bias. The article was deleted purely on the merits. It was a shoddy piece of work from the start, and was so poor in places that even when I tried to edit it to a more encyclopedic tone I could make no headway. The fact that you couldn't bring it into shape in the week that it was on AfD perhaps shows just how bad it was in the first place. If you had all the references at hand you should have put them in the article in the first place. As Johnleemk suggests above, you can work on creating a better article in your user space, with proper references, then try to get the article undeleted by demonstrating the new much improved version that you would replace it with. You can do so by following the procedures at Undeletion policy. Again, I have no interest whatsoever in the pyramids, I nominated the article (and I t\would like to think that it got deleted) purely on its merits. Zunaid 07:14, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Your edits
If you add any more material like this,  you may be blocked without further warning. Apart from its inappropriateness in a policy, it's an attack on a living person. Please see our BLP policy that guides what we're allowed to say about living people. Many thanks, SlimVirgin  TALK  contribs 15:06, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

--Genesis (talk) 15:29, 29 April 2010 (UTC) Thanks for your note.

The particular quote was "Anyone can create a website or pay to have a book published, then claim to be an expert in a certain field. " with the second sentence my addition.

He has no qualification for this role. I could proclaim myself to be a wikipedia guru in just the same fashion, and with about as much justification. Good luck to him, in many ways, because he has made a good living out of selling rubbish to idiots. But he is only a usability guru because he says he is and it is laughable that the "great" wikipedia allows him to state it as though it is fact. He created a (very poor, designed for the early 2000s and now defunct) website, and claimed to be a usability guru.

Thus it was an appropriate example, even if it is one you disagree with.

March 2010
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did to Godwin's law. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. McGeddon (talk) 17:16, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Handmaiden in Egypt
Just wondering if you have a source for the references to handmaids being used in religious services in Egypt in the Handmaiden article. I'm taking out some things in the article that have been unverified for 3 years, and the stuff you put in is a big part of that. But I don't want to delete anything that's sourced! Alden Loveshade (talk) 19:15, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:GenesisBlade


text:
Erik Lindén

Karl Erik Nils Lindén (8 November 1911 – 22 December 1992) was a Swedish freestyle wrestler who won a bronze medal in the middleweight division at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erik Lindén


text:
Talk:Jazz Jackrabbit 2

Untitled
Super Jazz Editor the new enemies (end Bosses) (Szatanikal Fire) (Demon) (Regi Ice) (Krwawa Mery) (Itinger Pazur) (Beezing)

Please sign your comments. --Philip1992 15:49, 5 August 2006 (UTC)Philip1992

Should i add this
Spaz is Jazz brother.

All the Jazz Jackrabbit fans are on www.jazz2oniine.com

There a loads of jazz jackrabbit 2 levels on www.jazz2online.com

There is a person called lorl on the secret files.

Lori is also on the Christmas editon.

Just wondering. --Philip1992 15:47, 5 August 2006 (UTC)Philip1992

No! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.35.228.222 (talk) 19:43, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Information about Jazz2+ should be added. The program, the new gamemodes, etc.

Maybe also something about JDC? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.97.95.153 (talk) 22:35, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Yes, but you should change the way you put it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.241.44.115 (talk) 22:43, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Similarities to other games
I've split off the claims that the game is similar to Earthworm Jim into a new section, and I've added a template:disputed-section. To the best of my knowledge this is nothing more than idle speculation. I'm not saying that it's not true, I'm just saying that it needs concrete proof. Mibblepedia 00:49, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

By the way that electrogun is also taken (or very similar to that) from EWJ2, with the difference it was shooting fire originally. Also don't forget about Lion King's last level/JJ2 Damn, Hakunamatata/JJ2 Jungle similarities. ;) --81.183.138.200 14:56, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Reviews
I added two reviews which I found on Mobygames, I hope I did it properly. SeraphinMr (talk) 14:30, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jazz Jackrabbit 2


text:
Holan

Holan is a small village in the municipality of Oppdal in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the European route E6 highway and along the river Driva at the northern end of the Drivdalen valley. It is about 7.5 km south of the municipal center of Oppdal and about 25 km north of the small village of Kongsvoll.

title: Holan


text:
The Zebra Kid

The Zebra Kid is a ring name used by several professional wrestlers:
 * George Bollas (September 19, 1923 – January 28, 1977), American wrestler, appeared as masked Zebra Kid from 1948 to 1953, returning to the persona in the 1960s.
 * Lenny Montana (Leonard Passafaro, 1926–1992), American actor and wrestler, appeared as Zebra Kid in 1951–54 and 1961
 * Billy Sandow (1884–1972), American wrestler and promoter, appeared as Zebra Kid in 1951
 * Earl Patrick Freeman (Paddy Ryan, 1932–1989), Canadian wrestler
 * Roy Bevis (born 1981), British wrestler
 * The Blue Meanie (Brian Heffron, born 1973), American wrestler
 * John Saracco (born 1984), American wrestler wrestles as Zebra Kid 2017-present

title: The Zebra Kid


text:
Catharsis (band)

Catharsis is a Russian power metal band founded in 1996.

Lineup
Current
 * Oleg Zhilyakov – Lead Vocals (1999–present)
 * Oleg Mishin – Lead Guitar (2002–present)
 * Igor Polyakov – Rhythm Guitar (1996–present)
 * Alexander Timonin – Bass (2002–present)
 * Anatoly Levitin – Drums (2008–present)
 * Julia Red – Keyboards (1996–present)

Former
 * Sergey Bendrikov – Lead Vocals (1996–1998; died 2020)
 * Andrey Kapachev – Lead Vocals (1998–1999)
 * Anthony Arikh – Lead Guitar (1996–2001)
 * Alexey Kraev – Bass (1996–1998)
 * Roman Senkin – Bass (1998–2001; died 2017)
 * Vladimir Muchnov – Drums (1996–2001)
 * Andrey Ischenko – Drums (2005–2005)
 * Alexey Barzilovich – Drums (2006–2007)
 * Tatiana Korablina – Keyboards, Vocals (1996–1997)
 * Alexandra Abanina – Keyboards, Vocals (1997–1998)

Studio albums and EPs

 *  Proles Florum  (1998)
 * Febris Erotica (1999)
 * Dea (2001)
 * Imago (2002) -- with lyrics in English
 * Имаго (Imago) (2003) --with lyrics in Russian
 * Призрачный Свет (Eerie Light) (2004)
 * Крылья (Wings) (2005)
 *  Баллада Земли (Earth' Ballad) (2006)
 *  Иной (Other) (Internet Single)(2010)
 *  Светлый альбом (Light album) (2010)
 *  Индиго  (2014)
 *  Антология. 20 первых лет. Полное собрание сочинений. (Deluxe gold box-set 16 CDs + Bonus) (2015)
 * Время потерь (2018)
 * Зеркало Судьбы (Destiny's Mirror) (2019)

Live albums

 * Верни им небо (Return to 'em the Sky) DVD (2005)
 * Верни им небо (Return to 'em the Sky) 2 CDs (2006)
 * 15 лет полета (15 Years of Flight) DVD (2012)

Demos

 * Child of the Flowers (1997)
 * Taedium Vitae (1999)
 * Prima Scriptio (2003)

title: Catharsis (band)


text:
Sausage making

The origins of meat preservation are lost to the ages but probably began when humans began to realize the preservative value of salt. Sausage making originally developed as a means to preserve and transport meat. Primitive societies learned that dried berries and spices could be added to dried meat. The procedure of stuffing meat into casings remains basically the same today, but sausage recipes have been greatly refined and sausage making has become a highly respected culinary art.

Sausages come in two main types: fresh and cured. Cured sausages may be either cooked or dried. Many cured sausages are smoked, but this is not mandatory. The curing process itself changes the meat and imparts its own flavors. An example is the difference in taste between a pork roast and a ham.

All smoked sausages are cured. The reason is the threat of botulism. The bacterium responsible, Clostridium botulinum, is ubiquitous in the environment, grows in the anaerobic conditions created in the interior of the sausage, and thrives in the 4 °C to 60 °C temperature range common in the smoke house and subsequent ambient storage. Thus, for safety reasons, sausages are cured before smoking.

Fresh sausages
Fresh sausages are simply seasoned ground meats that are cooked before serving. Fresh sausages normally do not use cure (Prague powder #1) although cure can be used if desired. In addition fresh sausages typically do not use smoke flavors, although liquid smoke can be used. Fresh sausages are never smoked in a cold smoker because of the danger of botulism.

The primary seasoning agents in fresh sausages are salt and sugar along with various savory herbs and spices, and often vegetables, including onion and garlic.

A British fresh sausage typically contains around 10% butcher's rusk, 10% water, 2.5% seasoning, and 77.5% meat. At the point of sale, British sausages will often be labelled as "actual meat content X%". As meat can be fatty or lean, the X% is calculated using reference tables with the intention to give a fairer representation of the "visual lean" meat content.

Cured cooked sausages
Cured sausages differ from fresh sausages by including 2 teaspoons of cure (Prague powder #1) per 10 pounds of finished product. This is usually interpreted per 10 pounds of meat. This works out to 4 ounces of cure for 100 pounds of sausage.

Next the product is typically hot smoked. However, similar effects can be achieved by incorporating liquid smoke in the recipe. Smoking temperatures vary and are typically less than 155 F. At a temperature of 152 °F (67 °C) these sausages are fully cooked.

In some cases cold smoke is used. If so, then the sausage may have been previously cooked in a water bath held at the proper temperature. An example of this process is the preparation of Braunschweiger. In this style of sausage, after stuffing into 70 mm to 76 mm hog buns or fiberous casings, the sausage is submerged in 70 °C water for 2 to $2 1/2$ hours until the internal temperature reaches 67 °C. At this point the sausage should be chilled in ice water, then cold smoked at a temperature of 46 to 49 °C for 2–3 hours.

Cured dry sausages
Cured dry sausages are prepared in a fashion similar to cured cooked sausages. The major difference is that Prague powder #2 will be used in place of Prague powder #1. In addition, certified meats must be used. Since these products are never heated to a temperature that can kill trichinella parasites, it is necessary to accomplish this by other methods. The usual method is via freezing. Pork may be rendered acceptable for use in dry sausages by freezing it using the following guidelines:

 * -15 °C 20–30 days
 * -23 °C 10–20 days
 * -29 °C 6–12 days

The specific regulations are quite complex. They depend on the thickness of the cuts of meat, the packaging method, and other factors. In addition there are very specific requirements as to the times in the drying rooms and the temperatures in the smoke rooms.

While it is quite feasible for the small sausage kitchen or hobbyist to produce excellent cured dry sausages, a great deal of technical information is required. Alternatively, certified pork can be simply purchased.

Equipment
Equipment depends on scale, a small home grinder and some basic measuring tools may be all that is required. In a larger scale commercial operation, more high volume equipment will be required.

Regarded as the three most important pieces of equipment, regardless of the amount of sausage being made are an accurate thermometer, a calibrated scale, and a meat grinder. Smoked or smoke/cooked sausages require a smoker (small batches) or a commercial smokehouse. Emulsion-type cooked sausages, such as frankfurters or bologna, use a bowl chopper to make finely ground meat batter that is put into casings and cooked or smoked.

Meats and other ingredients
A variety of fresh meats may be used for making sausage, the most common are from beef, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey, and game. Meat should be fresh, high quality, have the proper lean-to-fat ratio and good binding qualities. The meat should not be contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms. Combining spices and seasonings in amounts that complement each other is important.

Curing salts
Making dry sausages involves curing salts, which contain sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate. Nitrites are used for all types of sausages and are the most common. Nitrates are used only in the preparation of the cured dry style of sausages. Over a period of time the nitrates are converted into nitrites by endogenous or added bacteria. Nitrite is commonly added to sausages to speed up the curing of meat and also impart an attractive colour while having no effect on the growth of the Clostridium botulinum bacteria which causes botulism. Some traditional and artisanal producers avoid nitrites.

The human digestive system manufactures nitrites, which is thought to be what prevents botulism, which would thrive in the anaerobic conditions and temperature range of the digestive system (gut).

Cured meat products typically contain less than 40 ppm nitrites.

Potassium nitrite and potassium nitrate additions allow the production of sausages with lower levels of sodium. When using the potassium form, it is necessary to include other ingredients to mask the bitter flavours it imparts. Old recipes use saltpetre which is not recommended. The primary reason is that often these old recipes contain many times more curing ingredients than are appropriate. Modern techniques are readily available and do a much better job.

In the sausage industry the nitrites and nitrates are pre-formulated into products called Prague powder #1 and Prague powder #2. Prague powder #1 contains 6.25% sodium nitrite and 93.75% sodium chloride and is used for the preparation of all cured meats and sausages other than the dry type. Prague powder #2 contains 1 ounce of sodium nitrite (6.25%) and 0.64 ounces sodium nitrate (4.0%) per pound of finished product (the remaining 14.36 ounces is sodium chloride) and is used for the preparation of cured dry sausages. Prague powder #2 should never be used on any product that will be fried at high temperature (e.g. bacon) because of the resulting formation of nitrosamines.

When using cure, it is very important to never exceed the recommended amount of 2.5 grams of Prague powder #1 in 1 kilogram of meat (4 ounces/100 pounds). Equivalently this is 10 mL for 4.5 kg (2 teaspoons for 10 pounds). Note that the maximum allowable amount of sodium nitrite and potassium nitrite is governed by regulations and is limited to 7 grams per 45 kg (0.25 ounces per 100 pounds) of chopped meat. Since Prague powder #1 is a 1:15 dilution (in 0.45 kg of Prague powder #1 30 grams is sodium nitrite and 425 grams are common table salt), we get the proper amount at a rate of 114 grams added to 45 kg of meat.

Sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate are limited to 1.7 gram per kilogram (2.75 ounces per 100 pounds).

Sodium and potassium nitrite are quite toxic to humans with the lethal dose being about 4 grams. As little as 22 mg/kg of body weight can cause death. This is about 2.2 grams for a body mass of 100 kg. Thus, there is enough sodium nitrite in 2 ounces of Prague powder #1 to kill a person.

Morton's Tenderquick is the brand name of another formulation of sodium nitrite, with salt and sugars added. It is not the same concentration as either "Prague powder #1 or #2". Since certainty about the amount of nitrite present in a recipe is essential for safety, one cannot take a recipe designed for Prague powder and simply substitute like amounts of such products as Morton's Tenderquick. To do so would invite the risk of botulism poisoning. Similarly, one cannot just substitute Prague powder #1 in place of Morton's Tenderquick. For any such substitutions, one must calculate the exact amount of nitrite required and make the proper adjustments.

Note: The volume-to-weight ratio applies to the herbs and spices only. This in no way indicates the particular amount for a given recipe.

Culture
Sausage making is sometimes looked at for being messy in the broader culture. There are common sayings such as "how the sausage gets made" to refer to a process that someone might rather not know all the gory details. This line of quotation stems from American poet John Godfrey Saxe, who said "Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in proportion as we know how they are made" (1869).

title: Sausage making


text:
Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster

Gilbert Henry Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster, (1 October 1830 – 24 December 1910), known as 2nd Baron Aveland from 1867 to 1888 and as 25th Baron Willoughby de Eresby from 1888 to 1892, was a British Liberal politician and court official.

Early life
Born Gilbert Henry Heathcote, he was the son of Gilbert Heathcote, 1st Baron Aveland, and Clementina Elizabeth Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
In 1852, Ancaster was elected to the House of Commons for Boston, a seat he held until 1856, and then represented Rutland until he succeeded his father as second Baron Aveland in 1867. In 1872, he assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Willoughby and Drummond. He held the office of Deputy Lord Great Chamberlain from 1871 to 1901 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1880.

In 1888, he succeeded his mother as twenty-fifth Baron Willoughby de Eresby and four years later he was created Earl of Ancaster, in the County of Lincoln. This was a revival of the title held by his maternal ancestors the Dukes of Ancaster and Kesteven.

Personal life
Lord Ancaster married Lady Evelyn Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, in 1863. Together, they were the parents of ten children:
 * Lady Evelyn Clementina Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1864–1924), married Maj.-Gen. Sir Henry Ewart, 1st Baronet of White House.
 * Lady Margaret Mary Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1866–1956), married in 1902 Gideon Macpherson Rutherford, barrister-at-law.
 * Hon. Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1867–1951), succeeded as 2nd Earl of Ancaster.
 * Lady Nina Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1869–1940).
 * Brig.-Gen. Hon. Charles Strathavon Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1870–1949), fought in the Second Boer War and World War I.
 * Lt.-Col. Hon. Claud Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1872–1950), fought in the Second Boer War and World War I, and was a Conservative politician.
 * Lady Cecilie Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1874–1960) married Thomas Clarence Edward Goff.
 * Lady Alice Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1876–1951).
 * Lady Mary Adelaide Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (1878–1960), married the 14th Earl of Dalhousie and became the mother of both the 15th and the 16th Earl.
 * Lt-Cdr Hon. Peter Robert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, RN (1885–1914), naval officer killed in the sinking of HMS Monmouth at the Battle of Coronel.

Lord Ancaster died on 24 December 1910, aged 80, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son. His tomb stands alongside that of his uncle in the churchyard at Edenham in Lincolnshire; together the tombs constitute a Grade II listed building.

He owned 31,000 acres.


text:
User:Nicooosthuizen

Hi! I am Nico Oosthuizen and I live in Pretoria, South Africa. I am VERY new at Wikipedia and hope to contribute where I can. Please feel free to make comments here!

My Beer Project contribution
Currently I am trying to compile some information on Namibia Breweries Limited to contribute towards the project.

title: User:Nicooosthuizen


text:
Talk:Yael Abecassis

Untitled
I don't understand the sentance "She starred in serveral Amos Gitai movies, to get a good review abroad (mainly if French)." Does it mean mainly French Amos Gitai movies?

In any case, French is a disambiguation page and so should link to somewhere more meaningful. Without knowing the meaning I can't change it!

--JimmyTheWig 11:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

For what I understand, this is a childish way to make a negative appraisal which is also aimed at Amos Gitai because of the opinions toward Israeli society that are expressed in his films and which makes them more popular abroad than at home. I think this should be corrected.

Ajax Domani 16:33, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Yael Abecassis


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River Leven, Dunbartonshire

The River Leven (Uisge Leamhna) is a stretch of water in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, flowing from Loch Lomond in the North to the River Clyde in the South. The river is about 6 mi long. It is very popular with salmon and sea trout anglers, trying to catch one of these migratory fish going up to Loch Lomond.

The Vale of Leven is a collection of communities in the northern part of the river, whilst the town of Dumbarton sits at the southern end. Dumbarton Castle sits at the confluence of the river with the Clyde. The Leven is a relatively short river but is widely claimed to be the second fastest flowing river in Scotland, after the River Spey. Possibly because of this, or possibly because it passes through a built-up area, it has a reputation as a dangerous river with many drownings over the years. The Linnbrane Hole in Alexandria is reputed to be the most dangerous spot.

The river is crossed by nine bridges and two weirs. There is a path for pedestrians and cyclists near the river, which connects with a cycle path to Glasgow. It follows the river very closely from Balloch to Renton, less closely from Renton to Dumbarton. The river includes two large meander bends, at Cordale and Dalquhurn.

In the past the river was used to get steamers into Loch Lomond, although they sometimes did not find it an easy journey and could have difficulty getting past the bridges. Nowadays the river is considered to be not navigable. The height of the river can vary, sometimes being a good deal higher in winter than summer.

title: River Leven, Dunbartonshire


text:
Walter Barshai

Walter Barshai (born 1955) is an author, scientist and humanitarian, and the founder of the Tairus Research and Production facility within the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, Russia.

Barshai was born in Russia, a son of a famed musician, Rudolf Barshai (1924-2010) and painter, Anna Martinson (1928-2012), daughter of a famed Russian Comic Sergey Martinson, but emigrated to the West in 1972. He is a theoretical physicist and the author of a work on the implications of the uncertainty principle on the spontaneous growth of hydrothermal crystals He was the recipient of an honorary award from the Russian Academy of Sciences for his contribution to Russian science in 2005. He is also a classical music producer, recordings including Mahler 5th Symphony with JDP, "Richter: last Orchestra performance", Brahms, "Zeltser plays Rachmaninoff", Lokshin and a publisher ("Selected Art Works of Anna Martinson", poetry, etc.).

title: Walter Barshai


text:
Mr. & Mrs. Smith

Mr. & Mrs. Smith may refer to:

Film and television

 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film), an American comedy directed by Alfred Hitchcock
 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1996 TV series), a short-lived American crime drama series airing on the CBS network in 1996
 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film), an American action comedy film starring Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
 * Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2024 TV series), a television series inspired by the 2005 film

Music

 * "Mr. & Mrs. Smith" (song), a 2012 song in the musical TV series Smash
 * "Mr and Mrs Smith", a song by Stereophonics on the 2015 album Keep the Village Alive

title: Mr. & Mrs. Smith


text:
Umchwasho

Umchwasho is a traditional chastity rite in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland). While the rite is active, unmarried women are not allowed to have sexual relations and must wear a traditional set of tassels. The tassels are usually made of wool and are worn around the neck like a scarf. Girls aged 18 and under must wear blue-and-yellow tassels and are not allowed any physical contact with males. Those aged 19 or over must wear red-and-black tassels and are allowed some physical contact with males but not sexual intercourse. Those that are caught going against umchwasho are fined one animal (typically a cow).

The most recent period of umchwasho ran between 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005. King Mswati III imposed the ban on sex among the unmarried, in an effort to help stop the spread of HIV and AIDS, which is particularly prevalent in the country. It was originally intended to last five years but was withdrawn one year early without any stated reason, though the ban had faced strong opposition and many women refused to wear the required woollen scarf. The King also drew criticism when he married a teen during the period, fining himself one cow for breaking the rules. When the rite ended, the tassels were burnt in a large ceremony.

title: Umchwasho


title: User:Mikkelson5


text:
NHS Executive

The National Health Service Executive (NHS Executive) was part of the British Department of Health established in 1996. It advised Ministers on the development of NHS policy and was responsible for the effective management of the NHS. The Executive ceased to exist on 1 April 2002 when 4 Regional Directorates of Health and Social Care were established and the central functions were reabsorbed into the Department of Health. The Regional Directorates were abolished in 2003.

The functions of the NHS Executive were provided through the Headquarters (mainly in Leeds and London) and eight regional offices which replaced the former regional health authorities. The Information Management Group (IMG) was part of the NHS Executive made up jointly of civil servants and NHS staff. The IMG formed part of the Human and Corporate Resources Directorate, represented on the NHS Executive Board by Ken Jarrold. Their aim was to improve the ability of the NHS to harness and benefit from the management of information and the use of information technology. One of their key objectives was to promote and implement the NHS Executive's national Information Management and Technology (IM&T) Strategy. The IMG worked with other parts of the NHS Executive and the wider Department of Health to identify and secure the information technology implications of national policy initiatives.

Main offices

 * NHS Executive London HQ
 * NHS Executive, Department of Health, Richmond House, 79 Whitehall, London, SW1A 2NS

 * NHS Executive Leeds HQ
 * Medical Education Unit, Quarry House, Quarry Hill, Leeds, LS2 7UE, United Kingdom

Regional offices

 * NHS Executive Eastern
 * R & D Directorate, Capital Park, Fulbourn, Cambridge, CB1 5XB, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive North West
 * 930-932 Birchwood Boulevard, Millennium Park, Birchwood, Warrington, WA3 7QN, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive Northern & Yorkshire Regional Office
 * R & D Directorate, John Snow House, Durham University Science Park, Durham, DH1 3YG, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive South East
 * Research & Knowledge Management Directorate, 40 Eastbourne Terrace, London, W2 3QR, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive South West
 * R & D Directorate, Westward House, Lime Kiln Close, Stoke Gifford, Bristol, BS34 8SR, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive Trent
 * R & D Directorate, Fulwood House, Old Fulwood Road, Sheffield, S10 3TH, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive West Midlands
 * R & D Directorate, Bartholomew House, 142 Hagley Road, Birmingham, West Midlands, B16 9PA, United Kingdom

 * NHS Executive Anglia & Oxford
 * 6-12 Capital Drive, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK14 6QP, United Kingdom

title: NHS Executive


text:
Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster

Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster (29 July 1867 – 19 September 1951), known as Lord Willoughby de Eresby from 1892 to 1910, was a British Conservative politician.

Early life
Ancaster was born in London on 29 July 1867. He was the eldest son of Gilbert Henry Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster, and Lady Evelyn Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly.

He was educated at Lambrook Preparatory School and at Eton, where he was editor of the Eton College Chronicle and president of the Eton Society. He then attended Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
In 1894, he was elected to Parliament for the Horncastle Division of Lincolnshire, a seat he held until shortly after the December 1910 general election, when he succeeded his father as second Earl of Ancaster and entered the House of Lords. Ancaster later held office as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries under David Lloyd George from 1921 to 1922 and under Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin from 1922 to 1924.

Apart from his parliamentary political career he was also Lord Lieutenant of Rutland from 1921 to 1951, Chairman of Rutland County Council from 1922 to 1937, DL for the county of Perthshire and JP for Lincolnshire, where he was Chairman of the Kesteven Quarter Sessions from 1911 to 1937.

He was Joint Lord Great Chamberlain between 1910 and 1951. He was appointed GCVO in 1937.

During the Second Boer War he was appointed an honorary Major of the Leicestershire Imperial Yeomanry, but was in June 1901 transferred to become Captain of the Lincolnshire Imperial Yeomanry, rising to Lieutenant-Colonel.

On 12 December 1902 he was one of the founding directors of Ivel Agricultural Motors Limited of Biggleswade, founded by Dan Albone who had invented the Ivel Agricultural Motor (the word 'tractor' did not come into common use until later).

Personal life
In 1905, Lord Aveland married American heiress Eloise Lawrence Breese (1882–1953), daughter of William Lawrence Breese of New York, at St Margaret's, Westminster. Her sister Anne married Lord Alastair Robert Innes-Ker, the second son of James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe. Lord Alastair's brother, Henry Innes-Ker, 8th Duke of Roxburghe, also married an American, Mary Goelet. Eloise and Anne's brother, William L. Breese Jr., was married to Julia Kean Fish, daughter of U.S. Representative Hamilton Fish II. Together, Eloise and Gilbert were the parents of two sons and two daughters:

 * Lady Catherine Mary Heathcote-Drumond-Willoughby (1906–1996), who married Charles Wedderburn Hume and John St Maur Ramsden (1902–1948), son of Sir John Ramsden, 6th Baronet.
 * Gilbert James Heathcote-Drumond-Willoughby (1907–1983), who married the Hon. Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor, daughter of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor.
 * Lady Priscilla Heathcote-Drumond-Willoughby (1909–2002), who married Col. Sir John Aird, 3rd Baronet (parents of Sir John Aird, 4th Baronet).
 * John Heathcote-Drumond-Willoughby (1914–1970), who died unmarried.

He died on 19 September 1951, aged 84, and was succeeded in his titles by his only surviving son, Gilbert James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby. His widow died in 1953.


text:
Talk:List of universities in Ukraine

Universities by vocational speciality
I decided to remove the Universities by Vocational Speciality section because 1) it had dated institution names 2) it was not getting updated when the list by location was updated 3) it had subsections that seemed to duplicate each other such as having both computers and software engineering. 4) some schools had many specialties and were being listed numerous times, making the list quite long and, again, hard to update. If there is a need for this info, one option is to move the list into a table that could include a column for specialty. However, that is not typical for university lists. Another option would be to create a new article that lists vocational schools in Ukraine. Before removing a school from this list, I made sure it was included in the above list by location. Rublamb (talk) 14:59, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of universities in Ukraine


text: User talk:194.81.116.251

title: User talk:194.81.116.251


text:
Talk:Sausage making

No copyvio
It is fair use to make excerps of sections of books providing a reference is included. In this case there is no excerp. The ratios of the meats and spices are similar and the method of preparation is similar, however this would be true of _any_ sausage recipe that is in the style of the two (2) recipes in the artical.

TL

Smoking Fresh Sausages
"Fresh sausages are never smoked in a smoker because of the danger of botulism."--I've smoked fresh sausage at around 200-225 degrees F with great results and no illness to me or those who consumed them. BLM - Wilmington, DE

 * The distinction between "cold smoking" and regular smoking needs to be made. Fresh sausage should NEVER be cold smoked. --98.236.11.20 (talk) 05:29, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

The cited website also no longer exists, so I can't follow up on the claim. 2600:1700:CCE0:63D0:84CA:960B:E48F:B112 (talk) 06:02, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

Possible copyvio?
The article says that the recipes were derived from a cookbook. How 'derived' are they? Is it possible that they violate copyright? KeithD (talk) 11:44, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If anybody lives close to a library that has the book, they could check themselves how close it is. --Interiot 18:47, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Meat Quality
"The independent sausage kitchen and hobbiest have control over the cuts that are used and also control over the amount of fat and other ingredients. Consequently a more trustworthy and superb quality product can be assured."

I do not know how to rephrase this to be NPOV. This is clearly not neutral and so I have deleted it.

Dry Cured Sausage Hooey
The entire section about dry curing should be deleted. It is wrong on so many different levels. The home hobbyist should NEVER EVER attempt the production of dry cured sausage. Much specialized equipment, including a fermenter with exact temperature and humidity control is required. Along with a ton of specialized knowledge of chemistry and sausage making. It is highly dangerous to attempt this at home. Trichinosis is the last pathogen you need to worry about. Incorrect pH will result in botulism which will kill you. Botulism in your botulus is bad. Remember that, kiddies.

98.236.11.20 (talk) 03:38, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

Absolute rubbish from the guy above, I have been making sausages for 30 years at home, all I can say is pull your head in, people know what they are doing, you are not some master sausage maker, who doesn't even have a username here, seriously........ Trumpy (talk) 07:05, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Units
You do not own the article or your additions. Anybody can edit. The units are completely arbitrary because there is no relation to herbs/spices to the amount of meat. It adds nothing to the understanding of the reader as it is arbitrary and abstract. Wikipedia is not a host for recipes. The rest of the table is a great addition as it shows what herbs/spices can be added and for what type of sausages. Bgwhite (talk) 20:36, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I was just replying to that and you beat me to it. Of course it doesn't give a recipe, it is the density of the particular herbs. This is useful if you don't have a small scale since recipes often give quantities in terms of mass. It's not a procedure, it's some physical quantities that you adapt to your particular recipe. And btw, you do not own this site either, and deletion of data is not your prerogative as well. Bwtranch (talk) 20:47, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

 * What I'm seeing here lately is a tendency for editors to delete data just because they don't like it and come up with some rule that says why. In all actuality I could remove about half of what's on the wiki due to some actual or perceived rule. What they should do, is try to improve and add to the article instead of taking out everything that doesn't pass their brand of muster. That's what I do, I try to work within the limitations of the article and delete as little as possible. That is the true spirit of the wiki and maybe established editors should re-read that section. Bwtranch (talk) 21:06, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I didn't imply I owned the article, but you did. Yes, deletion of data is anybody's prerogative.  Again, anybody can edit the article, including deleting data.  Do you see me showing some rule?  No.  Do not make assumptions.   How does it help the average reader with arbitrary amounts?  Your table says X amount must be used... but it doesn't say how much per amount of meat. It doesn't say how much per what type of sausage.  It's just some number.  14 teaspoons per ounce of Allspice doesn't say a thing on how much is or isn't used in sausage.  This info does nothing to improve the understanding about sausage for the reader.  Bgwhite (talk) 21:11, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Note, in your last revert, you told me you don't care what I think and I can't edit your material. Bgwhite (talk) 21:17, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You don't seem to get it. Two points:

1. It doesn't say how much per quantity of meat because that's independent. These values are to determine what the dry volume to mass is equivalent. What you are asking would be a recipe, like put 2 grams of parsley per Kg of meat. NO, that's not what it says, it says this VOLUME of herb typically WEIGHS this much. That's all. 2. Somehow you think you know more about what should go into a table about making sausage than the Ph.D. experts who wrote the paper. Your lack of understanding about how these numbers are used is disquieting. Bwtranch (talk) 21:33, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

You know, talking about units anyway, a teaspoon isn't a bad measure. It's exactly 5 mL, a dessertspoon is 10 and a full Tablespoon is 15 mL. So these measures are a useful tool in conversions. In the herbs table, you can multiply the number of teaspoons by 5 and get milliliters per ounce, and that's approximately 28 grams. Neat, huh? Bwtranch (talk) 21:38, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:31, 30 April 2016 (UTC) "Describing to the reader how people or things use or do something is encyclopedic; instructing the reader in the imperative mood about how to use or do something is not."Bwtranch (talk) 15:14, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sausage making


text:
Bonhill

Bonhill (B'nill; Both an Uillt) is a town in the Vale of Leven area of West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is sited on the Eastern bank of the River Leven, on the opposite bank from the larger town of Alexandria.

History
The area is mentioned in a charter of 1225 giving the monks from Paisley Abbey fishing rights on the east bank of the River Leven at the Linbrane pool. Bonhill Parish was noted in a charter of 1270 as "the parish of Buthehille", and the name became Bonyle about 1550, with the variants Binnuill, Bonuil and Bonill appearing before Bonhill was adopted by 1700. In 1650 this small poor parish was enlarged, and since then the Parish has included most of the towns and villages in the Vale of Leven.

The village of Bonhill itself featured an early church, and a ford across the River Leven on the drovers' road to Glasgow. The first modern church was built close to the river in 1747, and it was replaced in 1835 by the present Church of Scotland building on the site of an earlier small church. Various churches of other denominations were constructed from 1830, but closed in the 1960s.

The textile finishing industry came to Bonhill with a printworks, the Dalmonach Works which started in 1786. It burnt down in 1812, and was rebuilt by Henry Bell. A second textile works opened in 1793, and two more works had begun by 1840. Some closed shortly afterwards, but one lasted to 1936. The Dalmonach Works itself featured a school outside the main gates, serving children from the area as well as children employed in the works. After the works closed in 1929, its buildings were used an army barracks during World War II, and subsequently occupied by various smaller companies before the buildings were demolished in 2006, leaving only the school which remains as a listed building.

The town rapidly expanded in the 1960s and 1970s when many residents of Glasgow were moved to "New Bonhill" built on green field sites aimed at facilitating economic expansion and assisting with the removal of below-standard Glasgow housing. This process was known as the "Glasgow overspill". The new houses were built by Dumbarton District Council and the now defunct Scottish Special Housing Association (SSHA). Many think that the scale of the new estates was too large and monolithic in terms of tenure. Originally fairly prosperous (SSHA provided houses for workers in order to assist the economy), the industrial decline that hit the Alexandria area hard led to high levels of unemployment and the social ills that often follow that.

The new Bonhill estates were built quite high up on the hill providing magnificent views up the valley to Loch Lomond. Amenities were planned and built, schools, library, shops, a pub, take away etc. Bus routes were introduced but the houses felt remote from Alexandria centre (a town lacking basic amenities itself).

The Council housing was provided with a district heating system using a single power plant. The system had a set charge collected with rent rather than being metered the aim being to ensure nobody suffered from fuel poverty. Unfortunately this was very badly engineered, used poor material and suffered from vast leakages. The system became uneconomic because of the many breakdowns and the communal plant was removed and individual gas boilers installed.

The New Bonhill estates suffered from vandalism, however demolition of the tenement flats and the introduction of mixed tenure has mitigated this somewhat.

The largest employers for Bonhill residents are Faslane/Coulport submarine bases and West Dunbartonshire Council. Bonhill and the wider West Dumbartonshire area is essentially now commuter belt for Glasgow. The nearest town is Dumbarton, 2 mi.

According to the 2011 census, Bonhill's population has declined slightly to 9,360

title: Bonhill


text:
Joint Analysis Center

The Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe (JIOCEUR) Analytic Center (JAC), formerly known as the Joint Analysis Center, is a Joint Intelligence Center serving as a military intelligence analysis centre for the United States European Command located at RAF Molesworth, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom and managed by the Defense Intelligence Agency. The area of responsibility includes over 50 countries in Europe, 33 Sub-Saharan and West African countries, and the Middle East.

It was moved to Molesworth in 1992 with all Tactical Intelligence assets coming from ODCSINT USAREUR/7A and all Administration and Strategic Intelligence assets coming from Stuttgart. Staff Sergeant (SSG) Joyé LaBarge Gecowetts was the first "Plank Owner" at the JAC as she moved all Tactical Intelligence assets from ODCSINT USAREUR/7A at Campbell Barracks, Heidelberg, Germany, as their Noncommissioned Officer In Charge (NCOIC) of the Ground Order of Battle Division (GOBD). SSG "Jake" Gecowetts, a Senior Tactical and Strategic Intelligence Analyst, was also the first US Army Soldier assigned to England from USAREUR/7A since World War II.

In January 2015, the DoD announced that Molesworth and RAF Alconbury were to close. In accordance with the European Infrastructure Consolidation announced by the Department of Defense in early 2015, "..[t]he majority of U.S. personnel, and many of the U.S.-funded host Nation positions assigned to these bases will be transferred to RAF Croughton." This was to take place 'over the next several years'. RAF Alconbury later remained as a support base for the Joint Analysis Center on the grounds of cost-effectiveness.

title: Joint Analysis Center


text:
River Leven, Fife

The River Leven (Lìobhann / Abhainn Lìobhann) is a river in Fife, Scotland. It flows from Loch Leven into the Firth of Forth at the town of Leven. The river is home to brown trout and hosts a run of sea trout and atlantic salmon. The estuary has bass and mullet.

In previous centuries its water was used to power linen mills on its banks, particularly near Markinch, as well as three paper mills: Smith Anderson in Leslie, and Tullis Russell and John Dixon of Markinch.

The River Ore, Fife is a tributary of the River Leven, joining it at 56.19049°N, -3.07166°W.

title: River Leven, Fife


text:
Jamestown, West Dunbartonshire

Jamestown (Baile Sheumais, ; Jeamstoun) is a village in the Vale of Leven conurbation in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland.

Located on the east bank of the River Leven, it is sandwiched between Balloch to the north and Bonhill to the south.

It is losing its identity as a separate village, as some estate agents treat it as part of Balloch.

title: Jamestown, West Dunbartonshire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bog Snorkelling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy keep. --Ryan Delaney talk 12:35, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Bog Snorkelling
Text is humour; article is not encycopaedic

Check it out on Google then, sock puppet!!

 * Keep and cleanup. Genuine if bizarre sport. David | Talk 11:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - here's the Google search. (5720 results) Cormaggio 11:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's not humour at all, it's real! james gibbon  11:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy keep; real sport, notable Lectonar 12:02, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Genuine sport. Watched this event many times.Brawd Mawr 12:10, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep Article is perfectly encylopaedic, and true. KeithD (talk) 12:07, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep had a quick start at a clean up and stuck in a reference. Sliggy 12:08, August 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep - changing my vote. I put this article on VfD, but it's since been fixed and referenced, and so it should stay.  Note that it started life as a pisstake but has grown into a real article... — ciphergoth 12:25, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

OFFENSIVE LANGUAGE sock puppet!

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Panguna

Panguna is a town next to the (now decommissioned) Panguna copper mine on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. It was owned and operated by Bougainville Copper Ltd, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto. Beginning operations in 1972, the company hired thousands of workers, most from other parts of the country.

By the end of its operations on May 15, 1989, when the mine was closed because of an armed uprising on the island, it was the largest open-pit mine in the world. It was accused of contaminating large areas due to its toxic waste, which affected land, water and air. Resentment against the environmental poisoning and the fact that most profits left the island, were major catalysts in the unrest in Bougainville in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to the Bougainville conflict, which lasted from 1988 until 1998. In 2011 it was reported that former PNG Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare had alleged that Rio Tinto played a role in the conflict by helping finance the actions of the PNG government in Bougainville during the conflict in an attempt to allow the mine to be reopened.

title: Panguna


text:
Talk:Heliosphere

Untitled
Apologies for having never posted here before, likely never again... but "The probably sausage-shaped bubbles"... doesnt that sound like it was lifted from "The Third Policeman?" Has anyone checked to make sure that its true and not a joke? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.14.22.166 (talk) 14:02, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Pic of the day
The image Image:Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region.jpg is due up as Picture of the Day on Sunday and so will also be shown on the Main Page. This picture illustrates a range of related articles, but I've decided that Heliosphere is probably the most useful primary link.

The associated caption is at Picture of the day/August 21, 2005. The caption is normally based on excepts drawn from the illustrated article, but in this case I've had to take snippets from several different places. Hopefully, someone editing this page, can take a look at the caption and make sure it still makes sense. In particular it looks like the December 2004 date for Voyager 1 entering the heliosheath may not be universally accepted just yet. -- Solipsist 11:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Subsonic
How exactly is 250,000 mph subsonic?
 * It is compared to the speed of sound in the material being discussed. In this case the subject is basically a very thin gas.  You might have confused the terminology with that of the speed of sound in air at sea level.  (SEWilco 04:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC))

 * I was wondering this same thing. Perhaps since the related photo is on the front page and will be prominent for a bit, it would make more sense to either a) change the adjective or b) expain how 250,000 mph is subsonic.  It's not very obvious for non-astro-physicists.  --JD79 13:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Rotational Period
On the main Sun entry, the rotational period for the sun is shown to range between 25 and 35 days, but a full rotation is 28 (see opening paragraph of the Sun section.) I'm assuming that the 27 on this entry refers to the 28 on that entry (or vice versa.) I don't know which one is correct (if either) but I'd just like to point out the discrepancy. Tonytnnt 06:21, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

contradictory information
Firstly there should be a consensus on the spelling of Voyager 2, in this article it uses both Voyager 2 and Voyager II, I believe the correct usage is the numeric (Voyager 2).

Also exactly when Voyager I passed through the termination shock is contradicted within the article. The worst paragraph is the one below which contradicts the article and is badly written therefore I'm suggesting removing it completely but leaving the old version here.

''In May 2005, it was announced that Voyager 1 had crossed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath in December 2004, at a distance of 85 AU. In contrast, Voyager II began detecting returning particles suggesting it was entering the termination shock when it was only 76 AU from the sun, in May 2006. This implies that the heliosphere may be irregularly shaped, bulging outwards in the sun's northern hemisphere and pushed inward in the south.[5]'' Master z0b 05:33, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

This contradicts the previous statement "In May 2005, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had crossed the termination shock and entered the heliosheath in December 2004, at a distance of 94 AU. An earlier report that this had occurred in August 2002 (at 85 AU) is now generally believed to have been premature." now I'm no scientist so I don't know what the general consensus is. Master z0b 05:37, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

·There is another contradiction. In one spot the article states that Voyager 1 entered the heliosheath in 2004, while a little ways down, it gives a 2006 date. 96.32.132.115 (talk) 04:20, 7 April 2008 (UTC)Steve

 * The 2nd reference should have been 2006. So now I think they match fairly well considering that the termination shock boundary fluctuates.  The 1st reference suggests Dec 2004 and the 2nd reference suggests it was a done deal by May 2005. -- Kheider (talk) 05:30, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

I added IBEX and Cassini observation info. which conflicts with the info describing the bow shock and tail. However, since that info is presented as a hypothesis and since the observations I added are so recent, I made no further modifications. This does result in there being conflicting info. on the page, which is inevitable, I guess, when suddenly new data changes prior theories. Hopefully someone more knowledgeable than me will revise the entire article for consistency as more data is available.Canuck100 (talk) 21:16, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

consistency ?
The 2nd paragraph talks of 10 billion miles, then kilometers per hour. Shouldn't the article use the same units (miles/kilometers) throughout? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.3.168.209 (talk) 17:26, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Speed of sound
In "Outer structure" the speed of sound is stated as 340 m/s, while in "Termination shock" it is 100 km/s. Which one is correct? (seems like 100 km/s, but I am not sure...) Reminiscenza 20:42, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In the section on Termination shock it currently says: "while the speed of sound (in the interstellar medium) is about 100 km/s. (The exact speed depends on the density, which fluctuates considerably.)". This does not sound right. The speed of sound in an ideal gas (and the very low density interstellar medium should be well approximated by an ideal gas) does not depend on density. It is however proportional to the square root of the temperature. At the temperature of the Local Interstellar Cloud of about 6000 °C I would thus expect a speed of sound of perhaps 1.5km/s only. Does someone know where the figure of 100km/s comes from? --Gustav (talk) 14:21, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * A good reference about speed of sound in interstellar medium is http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1980A&A....89...67S --Gustav (talk) 14:46, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

"outer border of the solar system"?
The article, in its discussion of the Voyager findings, hints that the heliopause might be 70 - 94 AU from the Sun. Another quote states that the bowshock (outside the heliopause) is perhaps 230 AU away.

This is far less than the aphelion of many long-term comets. It is also far less than the aphelion of Sedna (976 AU, according to the Wikipedia article on it) and 2000 CR 105 (396 AU) (ditto). Not to mention the hypothetical Oort Cloud, which is 50,000 AU away!

If the heliopause is that close, the "outer border of the Solar System" sentence should be deleted. Captcrisis 02:42, 12 October 2007 (UTC)captcrisis

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Temperature of the termination shock?
According to "http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1044867120071211?sp=true", Voyager scientists had expected the temperatures within the termination shock to be about 1,000,000 degrees Fahrenheit (555,500 C) as material normally slows down and is heated up when it encounters an obstacle in a normal shock wave.

But according to Edward Stone of California Institute of technology, the temperatures registered were much lower, at around 200,000 degrees F (111,100 C). Also, Voyager 1 made only one crossing into the termination shock while Voyager 2 has made at least five shock crossings over several days which allowed them to collect more data. What does this mean? How can one measure temperature in space -- and what do such high temperatures mean? Chip Unicorn (talk) 18:20, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * the temperature is of the material that makes up the heliosphere. There are only little molecular bits flying by, but they are all very hot.  Serendi pod ous  16:39, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

By Hot, what is really meant is that they, the little bits (Hydrogen nucelii for the most part) are moving VERY quickly. Because there's so few of them, (which partially allows them to go so fast and thus be so hot), you won't get cooked.DanOrbis (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:36, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:I screenimage 30579.jpg
The image File:I screenimage 30579.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --03:24, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Effects of the shocks on spacecraft?
So do these termination shock and bow shock have any effect on spacecraft passing through them? Will they damage or destroy them, or will they pass through unharmed? J I P | Talk 18:07, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
 * No; an unfortunate aspect of discussing the heliosphere is that any attempt to describe it makes it seem like a winter storm on Mount Washington. In fact the heliosphere is essentially vacuum; the changes in temperature and pressure are marked in the context of the solar wind, but negligible when compared to the winds on Earth.  Serendi pod ous  19:48, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The Finnish article fi:Heliosfääri states: Virtually all matter inside the heliosphere comes from our own solar system, as only interstellar atoms can penetrate it. This made me wonder if the edge of the heliosphere is indeed hazardous to spacecraft. This would effectively prevent interstellar travel. Is the Finnish article wrong, or not detailed enough, or am I just not understanding something here? My own speciality is computer science and mathematics, astronomy is still mostly a mystery to me. J I P  | Talk 19:52, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think what the sentence is trying to say is that only atoms and anything larger can penetrate it. Certainly interstellar atoms do pass into the heliosphere (they're called cosmic rays), as presumably would any interstellar bit of rock or dust (though distances between stars are so vast that this would be highly unlikely). What the sentence appears to be saying is that the heliosphere deflects the ionic winds from other stars, which is true, but again, these winds are so astoundingly insubstantial that it's basically like one cloud of smoke blocking another cloud of smoke. Less in fact.  Serendi pod ous  20:04, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

The entire heliosphere has shrunk?
I read this on the Wikipedia page of the Sun at topic: Present anomalies

 * Its magnetic field is at less than half strength compared to the minimum of 22 years ago. The entire heliosphere, which fills the Solar System, has shrunk as a result, resulting in an increase in the level of cosmic radiation striking the Earth and its atmosphere.

I couldn't find any reference ... sounds a bit bold Michel_sharp (talk) 21:38, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

It's the dynamic pressure of the solar wind that determines the size of the heliosphere, not the strength of the solar (or interplanetary) magnetic field. So unless the solar wind density or velocity has had a similarly dramatic decrease in recent times (it has changed, but I'm not sure in what way or how much) the size of the heliosphere won't be significantly effected. Cosmic rays are effected by the magnetic field though - their fluxes appear to be higher near solar minima.

Reminiscenza 20:42, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Move all pre-2009 stuff in History section?
This article continuously mentions pre-2009 model and then disproves it with the current one. I think all mentions about pre-2009 model should be moved into separate History section.85.141.78.156 (talk) 15:18, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

I believe the 2009 'update' which suggests there is no heliotail is not as standard as it seems to be presented in this article. I seem to recall that the pressure was miscalculated in the key paper that set forth this idea. This led to the erroneous conclusion that the magnetic & thermal pressures were comparable and thus that the heliosphere might have a 'bubble' shape.

Unfortunately I have not found any sources which explicitly refer to this. However, all recent artistic renditions from NASA press releases (including the 'bubble region' image from 2011) show a heliotail, which seems to suggest that this is once again the standard picture.

Sorry for not being able to uncover the research myself at this moment, but I thought it was important to point this out so that someone can track it down.

96.255.47.204 (talk) 05:29, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

New updates
New updates from NASA: 1. Uploaded the "new heliopause" image here. Reh man  03:16, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That image is... awesome. Thanks for the update. Info added.  Serendi pod ous  05:55, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * No problem, and thanks for updating. Didn't have much time to update myself. :) Reh  man  06:03, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Use of "solar" applied to other stars
Some parts of the article use solar to describe features of stars in general. E.g. under the section "Termination Shock" we have "solar wind particles are emitted from stars at about 400 km/s". Even "the solar wind slows down to subsonic speed (relative to the star)" seems unnecessarily vague. Am I being pedantic, shouldn't solar only be applied to our Sun? JBel (talk) 17:57, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

bow shock repetition
The article mentions at least 8 separate times the fact that there is no bow shock-this seems repetitive and unnecessary. Could these mentions be consolidated, and some mention of what current theories speculate the boundary is like? Mynameisntbob1 (talk) 20:48, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Definitely. This article also needs an illustration of an up-to-date model of a heliosphere with magnetic highway and no bow shock. --Artman40 (talk) 13:17, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Definitions
This article needs definitions of the area which is inside the termination shock. --Artman40 (talk) 13:15, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Historical theory
Is it worth including in the article that the edge of the heliosphere was once speculated to be in the vicinity of Jupiter? Apparently that's where it was expected to be encountered when the Pioneer probes of the early 1970s flew past Jupiter. I think it would be worthwhile to mention, especially since it might instigate some thought about how being in the interstellar region might have affected conditions on the planets further out. That the heliosphere extends out beyond the known planets means they exist in basically the same electric environment as Jupiter and the inner planets, and there's no reason those planets' conditions should be any different. But, how would a planet like, say, Neptune, be affected if it was outside the heliosphere? Is there any scientific thought published about this? GBC (talk) 17:47, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Voyager passed the heliopause?
In the article it states that:

"On March 20, 2013 a study was released that suggested that Voyager 1 likely cleared the heliopause on August 25, 2012, judging by drastic changes in Radiation levels."

However, NASA made a press release shortly after correcting this:

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-107

...I'm not a specialist though, and I have no idea what this means, so rather than editing, I thought I might just note it and let you guys figure it out.

128.210.206.145 (talk) 07:55, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Kittybrewster  ☎  20:49, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

New data about heliosphere
New data from IBEX shows that the heliotail does exist. Here is the webpage that has photos and news related to this. Please update.

NASA marks with video/articles the polarity flipping now
Headline: "Video: Sun has 'flipped upside down' as new magnetic cycle begins" (Dated Sunday 29 December 2013) Reader-comments under the UK article are interesting. — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 13:35, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/video-sun-has-flipped-upside-down-as-new-magnetic-cycle-begins-9029378.html

I've found a lot of repetitive text, and I've cleaned it up!
The repetition was mainly about Voyager 1 and 2 going through the termination shock. Got that fixed! DSCrowned (talk) 12:38, 13 July 2014 (UTC) DSCrowned (talk) 12:38, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

what happens to the material?
Naive question from an intelligent but ignorant reader. What happens to the particles of the solar wind at the heliopause? Do they eventually escape and become part of interstellar matter? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 18:58, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Solar wind section
IANA expert, so I will defer to you on this one for now, but I have the distinct sense that the solar wind section is confused at best. The main Solar wind article never discusses magnetic fields as part of the solar wind, defining solar wind as "a stream of plasma released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha particles with energies usually between 1.5 and 10 keV." Magnetic fields modulate and propel the solar wind and can be induced by the solar wind's collision with Earth's magnetosphere. But to my (admittedly non-expert) ears, statements like "As the Sun rotates ... the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral" are patent nonsense. That statement also contradicts the earlier (and also wrong, I think) statement that the solar wind consists partially of magnetic fields-- it's not even self-consistent. A2soup (talk) 15:46, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * There may, indeed, need to be some fixes made in some of these articles. But, generally speaking, a plasma can support electric currents set up be differential motion of constituent charged particles (electrons tend to move differently from ions). These electric currents, in turn, sustain magnetic fields by Ampere's law, and, so, magnetic fields are effectively embedded in the plasma, so much so that they are often considered to be "frozen in". The two can't really be separated. It is also true that as the sun rotates, the solar wind (with embedded magnetic field) tends to wrap up into a spiral, etc. I don't have time, right now, to fix all of this. Hopefully someone else will weigh in and edit things as needed. Cheers, Isambard Kingdom (talk) 15:55, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * @A2soup: Following on from our previous exchange: First of all, some issues of terminology can be confusing, here. When space scientists speak in general terms about the "solar wind", there is an implicit acknowledgment that it is composed of charge particles, it is electrically conducting, and that it supports electric currents. These currents generate magnetic fields. In effect, the "interplanetary magnetic field" (IMF) is a "property" of the solar wind, and summaries of the properties of the solar wind, like this one, routinely mention the IMF. Now, depending on context, a subtle distinction is sometimes made, whereby you will see the IMF described as being carried outwards from the Sun by the solar wind. In that sort of usage, it might seem that a distinction is being made, solar wind and IMF. But this is really just a convenience. It allows a picture to be painted. In fact, the two quantities are frozen together and, so, cannot actually be separated. Sometimes, a slightly more technical explanation is given, saying that it is the "solar-wind plasma" or the "flow" of the solar wind that carries the IMF. I know this might sound confusing, and, indeed, when I was younger and new to science, I also found it confusing. More generally, it is, perhaps, worth recognizing that the distinction between matter and fields is, itself, somewhat artificial. Fields exist because there is matter, and vice versa. The two are equivalent. Electric fields are a property of electric charge. We can't have one without the other. And, the interaction of charges with electric fields are the forces that we measure. Insofar as Ampere's law is correct (ignoring something called a displacement current), then electric currents and magnetic fields are equivalent. The interaction of a moving charge and a magnetic field gives a force. Okay, I'm possibly rambling, now, and saying things that are likely obvious to you. But let me say one more thing. Language is kind of squishy. Words have meaning in context. Indeed, depending on the point a scientist might want to communicate about the solar wind, sometimes he/she is thinking of the charged particles and the IMF as being a combined entity. At other times, in discussing the interaction of the charged particles and the IMF, the charged particles might be called the "solar wind" or the "plasma" and this might be said to carry the IMF. Sill, the two always exist together. You will almost never see a discussion of the solar wind that is, say, longer than a few paragraphs, that does not also mention the IMF. Isambard Kingdom (talk) 02:36, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

General editing needed
This article is important enough that it deserves to be written coherently. The text should not contain (lots and lots of) badly formed sentences and enigmatic statements such as "Due to the particles in the tail, they do not shine..." 72.226.32.104 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:00, 23 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Likewise: "It was long hypothesized that the Sun produces a "shock wave" in its travels within the ISM. It would occur if the interstellar medium is moving supersonically "toward" the Sun, since its solar wind moves "away" from the Sun supersonically. " This is incoherent, and what it seems to be saying is wrong. 72.226.32.104 (talk) 13:03, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

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Replace Outdated Picture
The very first picture ( File:Voyager_1_entering_heliosheath_region.jpg ) is outdated and very misleading: i) the colorful bow shock very probably doesn't exist; ii) the heliosphere probably does not have that long "comet" tail, it is rather spherical, iii) it shows the Voyagers' position of more than one decade ago; V1 is now beyond the heliopause, V2 closely before. There is a very good and up-to-date picture in  http://www.sci-news.com/space/solar-systems-heliosphere-04805.html  -- can this be used? -- Wassermaus (talk) 16:18, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Actually, this picture (the one proposed by Wassermaus) is from NASA https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/nasa-s-cassini-voyager-missions-suggest-new-picture-of-sun-s-interaction-with-galaxy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:16B8:2E2B:8000:9CCB:30D3:66D6:B2FB (talk) 20:55, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

Hydrogen wall
If the hydrogen wall was detected by Voyager and then confirmed in 2018, then it is not hypothetical any longer, and the language in the article should be changed accordingly. Cheers, Rowan Forest (talk) 14:52, 10 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I Reworded it for you - is that better? Integral Python click here to argue with me 18:52, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * By the way, the reason I put predicted not a full "there is" is because there is still more evidence needed to make a full confirmation. The news articles I see say "more evidence" and not "confirmed". Integral Python click here to argue with me 18:54, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Given there is evidence from several different spacecraft, "predicted" is no longer the right wording. Warren Dew (talk) 21:00, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

There is a band called Magnetic Highway....
So this band (original) had a tune called Broke Down World. Catchy ending. Heard of them? Pokesmot420 (talk) 23:41, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

Secondary mission
Re "The mission of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft is to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause."

I think that should be qualified. I think the primary mission of those is (was) something else. E.g., "The current mission of..." or "A mission of...".

--Mortense (talk) 18:48, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Wording under Edge Structure Heading
The Sentence "At some distance from the Sun, well beyond the orbit of Neptune, this supersonic wind must slow down to meet the gases in the interstellar medium."

Suggested Change FROM: " this supersonic wind must slow down to meet " TO:  " this supersonic wind slows down as it encounters "

Current wording sounds anthropomorphic. StanLemky (talk) 14:32, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅, Thanks. Rasnaboy (talk) 15:25, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

What needs updating?
This article was on my suggested edit feed: it needs updating. - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 23:52, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heliosphere


text:
James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster

Gilbert James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster, (8 December 1907 – 29 March 1983) styled Lord Willoughby de Eresby from 1910 to 1951, was a British Conservative politician.

Early life
Gilbert James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby was a son of Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster, and American heiress Eloise Lawrence Breese. His younger brother John died unmarried in 1970, and his two sisters, Lady Catherine and Lady Priscilla, married John St Maur Ramsden and Col. Sir John Renton Aird, 3rd Baronet, respectively.

He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby was a member of the University Pitt Club.

Career
In 1933 he was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Rutland and Stamford, and held this seat until 1950. The seat had previously been held by his uncle, Claud Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby. From 1933 to 1935, Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby was "Baby of the House", the youngest member of the House of Commons.

He served in the Second World War as a major in the 153rd Leicestershire Yeomanry Regiment of the Royal Artillery in the 5th Guards Armoured Brigade, and was mentioned in despatches. Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby was awarded the Territorial Decoration (TD) in 1945 and in 1971 became a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO).

In 1951, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Willoughby de Eresby. Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby succeeded as third Earl of Ancaster later that year upon the death of his father. Apart from his political career, he was also Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire from 1950 to 1975 and Joint Lord Great Chamberlain from 1951 to 1983. He was appointed a county Justice of the Peace (JP) in 1937 and in 1977 a Deputy Lieutenant for Lincolnshire.

Personal life
On 27 July 1933, Lord Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby married Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor (1909–1975), the only daughter of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor and Nancy Astor (the American-born British politician who was the first female Member of Parliament to take her seat). Together, James and Nancy were the parents of two children, one son and one daughter:

 * Nancy Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (born 1 December 1934)
 * Timothy Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby (born 19 March 1936), his son and heir who went missing at sea off Corsica in 1963.

His wife died on 2 March 1975. Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby died in March 1983, aged 75. On his death, the earldom of Ancaster and barony of Aveland became extinct, while he was succeeded in the ancient barony of Willoughby de Eresby by his daughter Nancy, who also succeeded him as joint Lord Great Chamberlain. His Heathcote baronetcy was inherited by his distant relative Gilbert Simon Heathcote.


text:
Panihati

Panihati is a city and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

History
There is a legendary belief that Maharaja Chandraketu of Deganga established a garh (fort) at Panihati in the 13th century. There is an association of goddess Bhawani with the fort. In the early days when river transport was the primary means of communication, Panihati was a major trading and business centre, then known as Pannyahati (Emporium for Merchandise). Scholars feel that the name has come from the word Pannyahatic. Panihati is mentioned in several Vaishnava Padavali literary texts – Chaitanya Mangal Kavya by Jayananda and Lochandas in the 16th century, Sri Chaitanya Bhagawat by Brindaban Das in 1548, Bansi Bistar by Nityannda, Vaishnava Namdeva by Debaki Nandan, Sri Chaitanya Charitamritam by Krishnadas Kabiraj in 1580–1610, Bhakti Ratnakar and Chaitanya Chandroday. Panihati Municipality was established in 1900. This place is said to be visited by Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu on his way to Puri & later by his close associate Nityananda too, due to which Gaudiya Vaishnavas consider this place holy.

Gandhi Memorial Asram or Sodepur Khadi Pratisthan was established by Satish Chandra Dasgupta in 1921 at Panihati. Mahatma Gandhi himself visited and stayed there several times in 1939, 1945, 1946 and 1947.

Location
Panihati has an average elevation of 13 metres (42 feet).

96% of the population of Barrackpore subdivision (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked in the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.

For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire Municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.

Panihati is bounded by Bandipur, Iswaripur and Karna Madhabpur on the north, Manish Pota, Bilkanda, Jugberia, Muragachha and Teghari on the east, North Dumdum and Kamarhati on the south, and Khardaha on the west.

Panihati Municipality is located on B.T. Road, Kolkata - 700114 at the western side of Sodepur railway station. Besides Panihati town, Panihati Municipality also has jurisdiction over Sukchar, Sodepur, Natagarh, Panshila, Ghola and Agarpara.

Police station
Ghola police station under Barrackpore Police Commissionerate has jurisdiction over Panihati and New Barrackpore Municipal areas.

Population
As per the 2011 Census of India, Panihati had a total population of 377,347, of which 189,446 (50%) were males and 187,901 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 26,215. The total number of literates in Panihati was 322,770 (91.92% of the population over 6 years).

India census, Panihati had a population of 348,379. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Panihati has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy is 85% and female literacy is 79%. In Panihati, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Kolkata Urban Agglomeration
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: Kanchrapara (M), Jetia (CT), Halisahar (M), Balibhara (CT), Naihati (M), Bhatpara (M), Kaugachhi (CT), Garshyamnagar (CT), Garulia (M), Ichhapur Defence Estate (CT), North Barrackpur (M), Barrackpur Cantonment (CB), Barrackpore (M), Jafarpur (CT), Ruiya (CT), Titagarh (M), Khardaha (M), Bandipur (CT), Panihati (M), Muragachha (CT) New Barrackpore (M), Chandpur (CT), Talbandha (CT), Patulia (CT), Kamarhati (M), Baranagar (M), South Dumdum (M), North Dumdum (M), Dum Dum (M), Noapara (CT), Babanpur (CT), Teghari (CT), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and Panpur (OG).

Infrastructure
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Panihati municipal city covered an area of 19.38 km2. Amongst the civic amenities it had 375 km of roads and both open and covered drains. Amongst the medical facilities It had 48 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities It had 116 primary schools, 123 middle schools, 132 secondary schools, 162 senior secondary schools and 12 non-formal education centres. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 orphanage home, 1 stadium, 3 cinema/ theatres, 10 auditorium/ community halls, 78 public libraries and 20 reading rooms. Amongst the commodities manufactured were railway wagons, pumps and waterproofs. It had 14 bank branches.

According to Barrackpore administration the educational facilities available in Panihati are: 100 primary schools, 2 English-medium schools, 12 secondary schools, 10 higher secondary schools, 2 degree colleges, 2 engineering colleges and 1 medical/dental college. Other facilities are: 153.18 km pucca roads, 197 km kutcha roads, 249 km pucca drains, 410 km kutcha drains, 5 municipal markets, 10 private markets, 9 post offices/ sub post offices, 1 ferry ghat (Mahatsabtala-Konnagar), 3 cinema halls (Padma, Rathindra, Mini Rathindra), 12 play grounds (8 big, 4 small), 1 electric crematorium, 3 burning ghats and 2 Muslim burial grounds. 33,000 houses have water connection and there are 2,842 street taps.

See also Cities and towns in Barrackpore subdivision

Industry
The following industries are/ were located in Panihati:
 * Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, founded by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray with its main plant on Maniktala Main Road, now in Kankurgachi neighbourhood of Kolkata, established a plant at Panihati in 1920. It is presently a central-government undertaking.
 * Bengal Waterproof Works Private Ltd. (popular for their Duckback brand), was established in 1920 at Kolkata and shifted to Panihati in 1932 by four brothers – Surendranath, Jogendramohan, Ajitmohan, and Bishnupada Bose.
 * Basanti Cotton Mill was established by Subodh Chandra Mitra in 1934. Named after Basanti Devi, wife of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, it was inaugurated by Rabindranath Tagore and presided over by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray. It is no more in operation.  Basanti Cotton Mill was closed down in 1987.
 * Bangasree and Sodepur Cotton Mills, founded by Rai Bahadur D.N.Chowdhury and Chandrachur Chowdhury, were subsequently taken over by National Textile Corporation.
 * Bangodaya Cotton Mill was locked out in 1984. The factory sheds have been cleared out and Peerless Abasan now occupies the space.
 * Texmaco Rail and Engineering Ltd., with 5 manufacturing units spread across Kamarhati and Panihati municipalities. Founded in 1939 by K.K. Birla, and now the flagship company of the Adventz Group, headed by Saroj Poddar.

KMDA
Panihati municipality is included in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area for which the KMDA is the statutory planning and development authority.

Rail
Panihati has two important railway stations nearby on Sealdah-Ranaghat line by the Eastern Railway suburban network: Sodepur railway station and Agarpara railway station.

Road
The Barrackpore Trunk Road (B.T. Road) which passes through the heart of the town provides ample road transport. The Sodepur-Barasat Road also starts from here.

Healthcare
Medical facilities in Panihati include Panihati State General Hospital with 150 beds and Panihati Municipal Maternity Home with 10 beds.

North 24 Parganas district (under Kolkata Metropolitan area) has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

The famous scientist Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay who had assisted Ronald Ross in his malaria research work and was awarded a gold medal in 1903 for his pioneering work by King Edward VII of Britain was a resident of Panihati.

Education
Panihati Mahavidyalaya was established at Sodepur in 1976. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science, education, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, zoology, food & nutrition, computer science, commerce and general courses in BA, B Sc and B Com.

Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, a private engineering college, was established, near Sodepur in 2003.

Narula Institute of Technology, a private engineering college, was established at Agarpara in 2001. Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, a private dental college located in Panihati, Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal. St. Xavier's Institution (Panihati) and Sodepur High School, located in Panihati.

title: Panihati


text:
File:That Was The Year That Was.jpg

Summary
Cover for the 1965 Tom Lehrer album That Was The Year That Was

title: File:That Was The Year That Was.jpg


text:
Talk:Rosabeth Moss Kanter

Untitled
Don't think she is the only tenured female professor - Lynda Applegate, for instance, is tenured, as are a few others.

Sounds to me like someone copied off a press release from her. Sounds truly unbalanced. Needs reworking. BlackfoxT 11:34, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This edit seems to have copied quite liberally from this professional biography, so I reverted it to the version right before it. /130.243.209.85 16:43, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Umm, that was me, apparently not logged in. /skagedal... 16:44, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

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Wiki Education assignment: Management
— Assignment last updated by LFCochran (talk) 14:48, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosabeth Moss Kanter


text:
Panjgur District

Panjgur (پنجگور دمگ, ) is a district in the western part of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Panjgur was one of three tehsils of Makran District until 1 July 1977, when the district became a part of Makran Division. The other two districts of Makran Division are Kech (Turbat) and Gwadar. Chitkan is the district headquarter. Panjgur has sixteen (16) Union Councils.

Panjgur (literally: Five Graves) is home to several archaeological sites, including centuries-old tombs, an old dam called Band-e-Gillar, remnants of a fort at Khudabadan (the historical fort of Nawab Kharan) and some remnants of the old port of Issai. The seasonal Rakshan River flows right in the middle of Panjgur, dividing it into two parts, the northern and southern Panjgur.

Etymology
In Iranian languages, "panj" means "five" and "gor" means "graves". There are five popular graves in this district, which give it the name Panjgur or Panjgor.

Administrative divisions
The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils which contain a total of 16 Union Councils:

 * Paroom
 * Panjgur
 * Gichk

Demographics
At the time of the 2017 census the district had 42,260 households and a population of 316,385. Panjgur had a sex ratio of 895 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 59.22% - 66.69% for males and 51.24% for females. 80,411 (25.50%) lived in urban areas. 38.78% of the population were under 10 years of age. 310 (0.10%) people in the district were from religious minorities. Balochi was the predominant language, spoken by 97.51% of the population.

Transport
Panjgur Airport (IATA: PJG, ICAO: OPPG) is a domestic airport. Its short runway stretches only 1524 meters. PIA started flights to Sharjah in 2013 but these have been suspended by PIA. People in Panjgur normally travel by buses to bigger cities like Quetta and Karachi.

title: Panjgur District