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GeGeGe no Kitarō

GeGeGe no Kitarō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎), originally known as "Kitarō of the Graveyard" (墓場鬼太郎), is a Japanese manga series created in 1960 by Shigeru Mizuki. It is best known for its popularization of the folklore creatures known as yōkai, a class of spirit-monster which all of the main characters belong to. This story was an early 20th-century Japanese folk tale performed on kamishibai. It has been adapted for the screen several times, as anime, live action, and video games. The word GeGeGe (ゲゲゲ) in the title is similar to Japanese sound symbolism for a cackling noise but refers to Mizuki's childhood nickname, a mispronounciation of his given name.

Selections of the manga and the theatrical live-action films have been published in English, simply titled Kitaro. The 2018 anime series is streamed with English subtitles as GeGeGe no Kitaro. The publisher of the North American English manga is Drawn & Quarterly.

Plot
GeGeGe no Kitarō focuses on the young Kitarō—the last survivor of the Ghost Tribe—and his adventures with other ghouls and strange creatures of Japanese mythology. Along with: the remains of his father, Medama-Oyaji (a mummified Ghost tribesman reincarnated to inhabit his old eyeball); Nezumi-Otoko (the rat-man); Neko-Musume (the cat-girl) and a host of other folkloric creatures, Kitarō strives to unite the worlds of humans and Yōkai.

Many storylines involve Kitarō facing off with myriad monsters from other countries, such as the Chinese vampire Yasha, the Transylvanian Dracula IV, and other such non-Japanese creations. In addition to this, Kitarō also locks horns with various malevolent yōkai who threaten the balance between the Japanese creatures and humans.

Some storylines make overt reference to traditional Japanese tales, most notably the folk tale of Momotarō, in which the young hero defends a Japanese territory from demons with the help of the native animals. The Kitarō series "The Great Yōkai War" (妖怪大戦争) draws a great deal of influence from this story, with Kitarō and his yōkai friends driving a group of Western ghouls away from an island.

While the character of Kitarō in GeGeGe no Kitarō is a friendly boy who genuinely wants the best outcome for humans and yōkai alike, his earlier incarnation in Hakaba Kitarō portrays him as a much more darkly mischievous character. His apparent lack of empathy for humans combined with his general greed and desire for material wealth drives him to act in an unbecoming manner towards the human characters—often deceptively leading them into nightmarish situations or even to hell itself.

Characters

 * Kitarō(Manga character) (鬼太郎)
 * Kitarō is a yōkai boy born in a cemetery and, aside from his mostly decayed father, the last living member of the Ghost Tribe (幽霊族). His name, rendered with the character for oni (鬼) (a kind of ogre-like yōkai) can be translated as "Demon Boy"—a name which references both his human and yōkai heritage. He is missing his left eye, but his hair usually covers the empty socket. He fights for peace between humans and yōkai, which generally involves protecting the former from the wiles of the latter. When questioned in the 2007 movie, Kitarō responds that he is three hundred and fifty years old. In the 1985 series, he is half-human on his mother's side. As a member of the Ghost Tribe, Kitarō has an assortment of powers and weapons.
 * While his powers are featured prominently in the GeGeGe no Kitarō series, Hakaba Kitarō plays down Kitarō's supernatural abilities. Beyond having the power to travel through hell unharmed with the help of his Chanchanko, as well as the ability to regenerate from almost any injury (as evidenced when his body is recoverable after being dissolved by Johnny in the Fog), his powers are more of deception than of fighting prowess: something much more in line with traditional yōkai characters.
 * While his powers are featured prominently in the GeGeGe no Kitarō series, Hakaba Kitarō plays down Kitarō's supernatural abilities. Beyond having the power to travel through hell unharmed with the help of his Chanchanko, as well as the ability to regenerate from almost any injury (as evidenced when his body is recoverable after being dissolved by Johnny in the Fog), his powers are more of deception than of fighting prowess: something much more in line with traditional yōkai characters.

 * Medama-oyaji (目玉のおやじ, or 目玉親父)
 * Medama-oyaji is Kitarō's father. Once a fully-formed adult ghost, he perished from a disease, only to be reborn out of his decayed body as an anthropomorphic version of his own eyeball. He looks small and fragile, but has a strong spirit and a great love for his son. He is also extremely knowledgeable about ghosts and monsters. He enjoys staying clean, and is often seen bathing in a small bowl. He has a great love for sake.
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Daddy Eyeball".
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Daddy Eyeball".

 * Nezumi Otoko (ねずみ男)
 * Nezumi Otoko is a rodent-like yōkai–human half-breed. He has been alive for three hundred and sixty years, and in that time has almost never taken a bath, rendering him filthy, foul-smelling, and covered in welts and sores. While he is usually Kitarō's friend, Nezumi Otoko will waste no time cooking up vile schemes or betraying his companions if he thinks there's money to be had or a powerful enemy to side with. He claims to be a college graduate of the University of the Bizarre (怪奇大学). He can immobilize even the strongest yōkai that accost him with a pungent flatulence attack. And, akin to cats and mice, he and Nekomusume cannot stand being around each other.
 * Nezumi Otoko first appears in the story "The Lodging House" (rental manga version) as Dracula IV's minion.
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Ratman".
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Ratman".

 * Neko Musume (猫娘 or ねこ娘)
 * A normally quiet half-human yōkai girl, who shapeshifts into a frightening catlike monster with fangs and feline eyes when she is angry or hungry for fish. Predictably, she does not get along well with Nezumi-Otoko. She seems to harbor a slight crush on Kitarō, who sees her only as a friend. In recent iterations (possibly due to the recent anime phenomenon of fanservice), she is very fond of human fashion and is seen in different outfits and uniforms. She bears some resemblance to the bakeneko of Japanese folklore.
 * Neko Musume first appears in the story "Neko-Musume and Nezumi-Otoko" (Weekly Shōnen Magazine version); however, another cat-girl named simply "Neko (猫)" appears in the earlier stories "The Vampire Tree and the Neko-Musume" and "A Walk to Hell" (rental version).
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, she is referred to as "Catchick".
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, she is referred to as "Catchick".

 * Sunakake Babaa (砂かけ婆)
 * (Japanese)
 * Sunakake Babaa is an old human-like yōkai woman who carries sand which she throws into the eyes of enemies to blind them. She serves as an advisor to Kitarō and his companions, and manages a yōkai apartment building. The original sunakake-baba is an invisible sand-throwing spirit from the folklore of Nara Prefecture.
 * Sunakake babaa first appears in a cameo as one of many yōkai attending a sukiyaki party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, she is referred to as the "Sand Witch".

 * Konaki-jiji (子泣き爺)
 * (Japanese)
 * Konaki Jijii is a comic, absent-minded old human-likeyōkai man who attacks enemies by clinging to them and turning himself to stone, increasing his weight and mass immensely and pinning them down. He and Sunakake Babaa often work as a team. The original konaki jijii is a ghost which is said to appear in the woods of Tokushima Prefecture in the form of a crying infant. When it is picked up by some hapless traveller, it increases its weight until it crushes him.
 * Konaki Jijii first appears in a cameo as one of many yōkai attending a sukiyaki party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Old Man Crybaby".

 * Ittan Momen (一反木綿)
 * Ittan Momen is a flying yōkai resembling a strip of white cloth. Kitarō and friends often ride on him when traveling. The original ittan-momen is a spirit from Kagoshima Prefecture myth which wraps itself around the faces of humans in an attempt to smother them.
 * Ittan Momen first appears in the story "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Rollo Cloth".
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Rollo Cloth".

 * Nurikabe (ぬりかべ)
 * Nurikabe is a large, sleepy-eyed, wall-shaped yōkai, who uses his massive size to protect Kitarō and his friends. The original nurikabe is a spirit which blocks the passage of people walking at night.
 * Nurikabe first appears in a cameo as one of many yōkai attending a sukiyaki party in the story "A Walk to Hell" (rental version) before making a more prominent appearance in "The Great Yōkai War" (Shōnen Magazine version).
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Wally Wall".
 * In the 2002 Kodansha International Bilingual Comics edition and in Crunchyroll's subtitled version of the 2018 anime, he is referred to as "Wally Wall".

 * Nurarihyon (ぬらりひょん)
 * Kitarō's old rival, he is depicted as an old man who comes at other people's houses and drinks their tea. He is also a member of the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, and Nurarihyon has a member he always uses named Shu no Bon.
 * Kitarō's old rival, he is depicted as an old man who comes at other people's houses and drinks their tea. He is also a member of the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, and Nurarihyon has a member he always uses named Shu no Bon.

 * Back Beard (バックベアード)
 * Back Beard is the boss of the Western yōkai and Kitarō's second greatest foe after Nurarihyon. He is loosely based on the bugbear. He is a giant, round shadow with a single large eye in the center and several tentacles extending from his body. He appeared most prominently in the story "The Great ''Yōkai War", where he rallied all the Western yōkai into a war against the Japanese yōkai. He used his hypnotic powers to make Nezumi Otoko betray Kitarō and later hypnotized Kitarō himself. He has since appeared semi-regularly throughout the franchise.
 * Back Beard is the boss of the Western yōkai and Kitarō's second greatest foe after Nurarihyon. He is loosely based on the bugbear. He is a giant, round shadow with a single large eye in the center and several tentacles extending from his body. He appeared most prominently in the story "The Great ''Yōkai War", where he rallied all the Western yōkai into a war against the Japanese yōkai. He used his hypnotic powers to make Nezumi Otoko betray Kitarō and later hypnotized Kitarō himself. He has since appeared semi-regularly throughout the franchise.

Kamishibai
The Kitarō story began life as a kamishibai in 1933, written by Masami Itō (伊藤正美) and illustrated by Keiyō Tatsumi (辰巳恵洋). Itō's version was called "Kitarō of the Graveyard"; the title is generally written in katakana to distinguish it from Mizuki's version of the tale.

According to Itō, her Kitarō was based on local legends describing the same or similar stories. It is also said to be a loose reinterpretation of the similar Japanese folktale called the Kosodate Yūrei (子育て幽霊) or Amekai Yūrei (飴買い幽霊), which were inspired by Chinese folklore from 12th to 13th centuries.

In 1954, Mizuki was asked to continue the series by his publisher, Katsumaru Suzuki.

Manga
Kitarō of the Graveyard was published as a rental manga in 1960, but it was considered too scary for children. In 1965, renamed to Hakaba no Kitarō, it appeared in Shōnen Magazine (after one of the editors came across the kashibon and offered Mizuki a contract) and ran through 1970. The series was renamed GeGeGe no Kitarō in 1967 and continued in Weekly Shōnen Sunday, Shōnen Action, Shukan Jitsuwa and many other magazines.

In 2002, GeGeGe no Kitarō was translated by Ralph F. McCarthy and compiled by Natsuhiko Kyogoku for Kodansha Bilingual Comics. Three bilingual (Japanese–English) volumes were released in 2002.

Since 2013, compilation volumes of selected manga chapters from the 1960s have been published by Drawn & Quarterly, with English translations by Zack Davisson and an introduction by Matt Alt in the first compilation volume. Drawn & Quarterly later published a large collection of Kitaro manga under the title Kitaro, with Jocelyne Allen as the translator. Zack Davisson wrote the volume's afterword.

Anime
Seven anime adaptations were made from Mizuki's manga series. They were broadcast on Fuji Television and animated by Toei Animation.

The opening theme to all six series is "Gegege no Kitarō", written by Mizuki himself. It has been sung by Kazuo Kumakura (1st, 2nd), Ikuzo Yoshi (3rd), Yūkadan (4th), Shigeru Izumiya (5th), the 50 Kaitenz (6th) and Kiyoshi Hikawa (7th). The song was also used in the live-action films starring Eiji Wentz. In the first film, it was performed by Wentz' WaT partner Teppei Koike.

In January 2008, the sixth anime series (also produced by Toei) premiered on Fuji TV during the late night hours in the Noitamina block. This anime uses the original manga title, Hakaba Kitaro (墓場奇太郎), and unlike the usual anime versions, it is closer to Mizuki's manga and is not part of the existing remake canon. It also features a completely different opening theme song ("Mononoke Dance" by Denki Groove) and ending theme song ("Snow Tears" by Shoko Nakagawa).

A seventh series, announced in early 2018, directed by Kōji Ogawa and written by Hiroshi Ohnogi started airing on Fuji TV on April 1, 2018, to celebrate the anime's 50th anniversary. The series concluded on March 29, 2020, as it entered its final arc, the "Nurarihyon Arc", on October 6, 2019. It streamed on Crunchyroll, making it the first Kitarō anime to be available in North America.

An English dub aired as Spooky Kitaro on Animax Asia. The 2008 anime was released with English subtitles on DVD in Australia.

Films

 * 1968 series
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō (July 21, 1968) (edited version of eps. 5 & 6)
 * 1971 series
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Divining Eye (July 12, 1980) (edited version of ep. 37)
 * 1985 series
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Yokai Army (December 21, 1985)
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Yokai War (March 15, 1986)
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Strongest Yokai Army!! Disembark for Japan! (July 12, 1986)
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: Clash!! The Great Rebellion of the Dimensional Yokai (December 20, 1986)
 * 1996 series
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Sea Beast (July 6, 1996)
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: Obake Nighter (March 8, 1997)
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: Yokai Express! The Phantom Train (July 12, 1997)
 * 2007 series
 * GeGeGe no Kitarō: Japan Explodes!! (December 20, 2008)
 * 2018 series
 * Birth of Kitarō: The Mystery of GeGeGe (2023)
 * Other
 * Yo-kai Watch Shadowside: Oni-ō no Fukkatsu (December 16, 2017) — crossover film with the Yo-kai Watch series

Live-action films
Two live-action films have been released. The first one, Kitaro (released in Japan as GeGeGe no Kitarō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎)), was released on April 28, 2007. It stars Eiji Wentz as Kitarō and Yo Oizumi as Nezumi Otoko. The film follows Kitarō as he tries to save a young high school girl, Mika Miura, while also trying to stop the powerful "spectre stone" from falling into the wrong hands. The live-action film makes extensive use of practical costumes and CG characters to depict the cast of yōkai.

The second film, Kitaro and the Millennium Curse (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 千年呪い唄), was released on July 12, 2008. Wentz reprised his role as Kitarō. It follows Kitarō and his friends as they try to solve a 1000-year-old curse that threatens the life of his human companion Kaede Hiramoto.

Video games

 * Gegege no Kitarō: Yōkai Daimakyō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大魔境) for the Famicom (April 17, 1986; Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō 2: Yōkai Gundan no Chōsen (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎2 妖怪軍団の挑戦) for the Famicom (December 22, 1987; Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Fukkatsu! Tenma Daiō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 復活! 天魔大王) for the Super Famicom (February 5, 1993; Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Yōkai Donjara (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪ドンジャラ) for the Super Famicom (July 19, 1996; Bandai) (requires Sufami Turbo)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Yōkai Sōzōshu Arawaru (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪創造主現る!) for the Game Boy (December 13, 1996; Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Gentōkai Kitan (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 幻冬怪奇譚) for the Sega Saturn (December 27, 1996; Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎) for the PlayStation (January 24, 1997; Bandai)
 * Hissatsu Pachinko Station Now 5: Gegege no Kitarō (必殺パチンコステーションnow5 ゲゲゲの鬼太郎) for the PlayStation (July 19, 2000; Sunsoft)
 * Yōkai Hana Asobi (妖怪花あそび) for Microsoft Windows (August 9, 2001; Unbalance)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Gyakushū! Yōkai Daichisen (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 逆襲! 妖魔大血戦) for the PlayStation (December 11, 2003; Konami)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Ibun Yōkaitan (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 異聞妖怪奇譚) for the PlayStation 2 (December 11, 2003; Konami)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Kiki Ippatsu! Yōkai Rettō (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 危機一発! 妖怪列島) for the Game Boy Advance (December 11, 2003; Konami)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Yōkai Daiundōkai (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大運動会) for the Wii (November 22, 2007; Namco Bandai)
 * Gegege no Kitarō: Yōkai Daigekisen (ゲゲゲの鬼太郎 妖怪大激戦) for the Nintendo DS (July 10, 2008; Bandai)

title: GeGeGe no Kitarō


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Irun Cohen

Irun Cohen (born September 1, 1937, in Chicago, Illinois) is an immunologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. He moved from the U.S. to Israel in 1968.

His contributions to immunology includes, in 1989, the development of the theory of the immunological homunculus, a hypothetical self-image used by the immune system to govern its responses. The bulk of Professor Cohen's work is in the search for treatment for autoimmune disease. Throughout his career he has collaborated with scientists of all nationalities, including the Cuban immunologist Enrique Montero. Cohen is currently the Israeli scientist with the second (first is Leo Sachs) largest number of publications in the journals of Science and Nature.

Early life and education
Cohen studied philosophy at Northwestern University obtaining a Bachelor of Arts in 1959. He studied medicine at Northwestern Medical School obtaining a degree in medicine in 1963.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irun Cohen


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Talk:Spirou

Magazine
Lvr, you have moved the text about Spirou magazine to its own article. Fine by me, but there is no link to it from here, the link from French magazines for Spirou (in itself incorrect) goes to this article and not the one about the magazine, and a search for Spirou magazine gives me nothing. What title have you used? (If you are still busy, my apologies). Thanks for cleaning up some of my articles or changes, by the way. I'm a sloppy spelling checker :-) Fram 14:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I was working on it ! Is it better now ? What is the page "French magazines" that you mention ? Is it Franco-Belgian comics magazines. If yes, i did too. Otherwise, don't hesitate to correct it. The page name is spirou (magazine) and I have made 2 redirects: Spirou magazine and Le Journal de Spirou. Next step: Tintin (magazine) ;-) Lvr 11:19, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, much better. I was a bit too impatient (I'm glad I apologized in advance). There was a list of French magazines (like Vogue and Elle and Pif Gadget) that included Spirou. I have removed it from there. Actually, I have checked all pages that linked to Spirou, and have on those that needed it changed the link to Spirou (magazine). I'll try to do the same once you've finished Tintin! Fram 12:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Denomination
Writers generally refer to the magazine as "Spirou" and the series as "Spirou et Fantasio". Perhaps "Spirou et Fantasio" is what this article should be named? David t 04:38, 19 October 2005 (UTC)David
 * If you want, you could create a Spirou et Fantasio page that redirects here. I think that the common name of the series is still "Spirou", while its more "official" is "Spirou et Fantasio". If I'm searching for this article, I would certainly search for "Spirou" and not for "Spirou et Fantasio". Lvr 09:04, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it will be better to move the content of this page to "Spirou et Fantasio" and leave this either as a disambiguation page or as a page about the character of Spirou, which doesn't have a page right now. --Andromeda 12:31, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This is not a bad idea, but Spirou as a character existed earlier than Fantasio. Do you plan having a separated article for the character ? The disambiguation page should mention the magazine, the two comic series and the character. I made a suggestion here Spirou/temp. Lvr 22:19, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Andromeda's idea, which is pretty much what I had suggested back in October 2005. Even older (pre-Fantasio) strips have been reprinted under the name "Spirou et Fantasio", so this is very much the official series name and should be used as the page title. Your temporary disambiguation page is just what I had in mind. As for creating a new page for Spirou (character), for example, if someone wants to create one, then why not. It seems there are pages for several other characters in the series (Fantasio, Zorglub). Anyway, the new proposal allows this. David t 00:37, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the idea is basically that, just by adding a link to a page about Spirou as a character. Spirou (character) maybe? I think the easiest way to do this will be move this page to "Spirou et Fantasio" and later come back and edit the redirect to put the dissambiguation page in place. What do you think? --Andromeda 08:59, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spirou


text: Category talk:Census-designated places in Indiana


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Category talk:Chicago metropolitan area

Chicago to Replaced Category
By 2016-2017 School Year its will have an Categorize

title: Category talk:Chicago metropolitan area


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Hlučín-Darkovičky Czechoslovak Fortification Complex

The Hlučín-Darkovičky Czechoslovak Fortification Complex (Areál československého opevnění Hlučín-Darkovičky) is an exhibition of 1930's military fortifications in Hlučín-Darkovičky, Czech Republic.

The forts MO S-18 "Obora", MO S-19 "Alej" and MO S-20 "Orel" are parts of the exhibition. They are part of a series of five different fortifications that were designed to sit on the Czech border during the first half of the 20th century. They are an important example of the defences availables during the World War II and the consequences of the Munich Agreement. The fortification complex has been under the management of the Silesian Museum in Opava since 1992.


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Jaddanbai

Jaddanbai Hussain (1 April 1892 – 8 April 1949; known professionally as Jaddanbai) was an Indian singer, music composer, dancer, actress, filmmaker, and one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. She along with Bibbo and Saraswati Devi was one of the first female music composers in Indian cinema. She was the mother of Akhtar Hussain, Anwar Hussain, and the well-known Hindi actress Nargis, and maternal grandmother of Priya Dutt and Sanjay Dutt.

Early life and career
Jaddanbai was born around 1892 to Mia Jaan and Daleepabai. Miyan Jaan died when she was five. Jaddanbai moved to the city and became a singer but had difficulty due to her lack of formal training. She later approached Shrimant Ganpat Rao (Bhaiya Saheb Scindia) of Calcutta and became his student. Shrimant Ganpat Rao died in 1920 while she was still a student, so she completed her training under Ustad Moinuddin Khan. Later she also trained with Ustad Chaddu Khan Saheb and Ustad Laab Khan Saheb.

Her music became popular and she became an even more famous tawaif than her mother. She began recording ghazals with the Columbia Gramophone Company. She started participating in music sessions and was invited by the rulers of many princely states such as Rampur, Bikaner, Gwalior, Jammu and Kashmir, Indore, and Jodhpur to perform mehfils. She had also rendered songs and ghazals at various radio stations nationwide.

She later began acting when the Play Art Photo Tone Company of Lahore approached her for a role in their movie Raja Gopichand in 1933. She played the role of the mother of the title character. Later she worked for a Karachi based film company, in Insaan ya Shaitan.

She worked in two more movies, Prem Pariksha and Seva Sadan, before starting her own production company called Sangeet Films. The company produced Talashe Haq in 1935, in which she acted and composed the music. She also introduced her daughter Nargis as a child artist. In 1936 she acted in, directed, and wrote the music for Madam Fashion, in which she introduced Suraiya.

Personal life
Her first marriage was to a wealthy Gujarati Hindu businessman Narottamdas Khatri ("Bachhubhai" or "Bachi Babu"). Khatri converted to Islam upon marriage and together they had a son, Akhtar Hussain.

Her second marriage was to harmonium master Ustaad Irshad Meer Khan, a frequent collaborator, with whom she had her second son, actor Anwar Hussain.

Her third marriage was to Mohanchand Uttamchand ("Mohan Babu"), a wealthy Brahmin from Rawalpindi who converted to Islam and adopted the name Abdul Rashid. Film actress Nargis (née Fatima Rashid) was their daughter.

Despite being a nominal Muslim and her husband formally converting to Islam, Jaddanbai and her family practiced aspects of Hinduism, fluctuating between a Hindu and Muslim identity. Jaddanbai was sometimes known by the alias "Jayadevi," a Hindu name, even in some official documents. She is the mother-in-law of Sunil Dutt and maternal grandmother of Priya and Sanjay Dutt.

Filmography (as director)

 * Madam Fashion (1936)
 * Hriday Manthan (1936)
 * Moti Ka Haar (1937)
 * Jeevan Swapna (1937)

title: Jaddanbai


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Miguel Sandoval

Miguel Sandoval (born November 16, 1951 ) is an American actor of film and television, known for the TV series Medium (2005–2011), where he played D.A. Manuel Devalos.

Biography
Sandoval was born in Washington, D.C. He began working as a professional actor in 1975 when he joined a mime school in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He later joined the troupe full-time and continued his study of mime. He began his film career in the early 1980s. He had small roles in such acclaimed films as Do the Right Thing, Jungle Fever, and Jurassic Park. After appearing in Clear and Present Danger in 1994, he began to take on larger roles, and appeared in Get Shorty, Up Close & Personal, and Blow.

Having appeared briefly in Repo Man and Sid and Nancy, Sandoval has also played the major roles of Treviranus (in Death and the Compass), Bennie Reyes (in Three Businessmen) and Arizona Gray (in the microfeature Repo Chick) for director Alex Cox. In addition to film, Sandoval has acted in numerous television shows, often in recurring roles. Though shows such as The Court and Kingpin failed, he found success with Medium in 2005, where he played D.A. Manuel Devalos until the series ended in 2011. Sandoval's other guest starring roles include appearances in popular series such as Frasier, ER, The X-Files, Seinfeld, Law & Order and Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. He was prominently featured in the first season of the ABC drama Murder One.

Sandoval has also directed taking the helm for the third season Medium episode "Whatever Possessed You", which aired in March 2007. He directed one episode in each of seasons four through to seven.

Sandoval co-starred as Judge Hernandez in Bad Judge, an American legal comedy television series co-created by Chad Kultgen and Anne Heche. It premiered on NBC on October 2, 2014. After that, he had roles in Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Sharp Objects, and Station 19.

Personal life
Sandoval resides in Los Angeles, California. He and his wife Linda have a daughter, Olivia, an actress who portrayed his character's daughter on Medium.

title: Miguel Sandoval


text: Category talk:Columbus, Indiana

title: Category talk:Columbus, Indiana


text: Category talk:Fort Wayne, Indiana

title: Category talk:Fort Wayne, Indiana


text: Category talk:Indianapolis

title: Category talk:Indianapolis


text: Category talk:New Castle, Indiana

title: Category talk:New Castle, Indiana


text:
Category talk:Images of Indianapolis

Subcategories
We are going to need more subcategories, as 86 is a bit much for the main.-- King Bedford I Seek his grace  21:12, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Images of Indianapolis


text:
Cesareo

Cesareo or Cesáreo is a given name. Notable people with the given name include:

 * Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós (1879–1968), Argentine painter
 * Cesáreo Gabaráin (1936–1991), Spanish priest and composer
 * Cesareo Guillermo (1847–1885), Dominican politician
 * Cesáreo Onzari (1903–1964), Argentine footballer
 * Cesáreo Quezadas (born 1950), Mexican actor
 * Cesáreo Victorino (born 1979), Mexican footballer
 * Cesáreo Victorino (1947–1999), Mexican footballer
 * Davide Civaschi, a.k.a. Cesàreo, Italian rock guitarist, member of Elio e le Storie Tese

title: Cesareo


text: Template:Footer Olympic Champions Belgium Men


text:
User:Ekarderif

I am a college student by day. When not busy with the usual computer engineering curriculum, I tend to maintain websites and computer servers. Come to think of it, that's not much different from my studies...

I am a sequence breaker by night. Dig deep enough and you might catch fleeting glimpses of me running in the shadows. No path is too long, no canyon is too wide, no wall is too thick.

Stuff I obsess over:
 * Software
 * Apache
 * Arch Linux
 * C
 * '''FreeBSD
 * Python
 * vi
 * VirtualDub
 * Unix
 * TV Shows
 * Angel
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Futurama
 * Firefly
 * The X-Files
 * Movies
 * Batman Begins
 * Minority Report
 * Serenity
 * The Usual Suspects
 * People
 * Guido van Rossum
 * John Carmack
 * Joss Whedon
 * Kevin Spacey
 * Liam Neeson
 * MCA
 * Steve Jobs
 * Voltaire
 * Random philosophies
 * FLOSS
 * Minimalism
 * Less is more
 * Keep it simple, stupid!
 * Simple yet complex
 * Small is beautiful
 * Worse is better
 * Determinism and Free Will

title: User:Ekarderif


text: Category talk:Indianapolis 500

title: Category talk:Indianapolis 500


text:
User:Nine Tail Fox/monobook.js

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// Citation bot importScript('User:Smith609/toolbox.js');

title: User:Nine Tail Fox/monobook.js


text: Category talk:Indianapolis Racers

title: Category talk:Indianapolis Racers


text: Category talk:Indianapolis 500 races

title: Category talk:Indianapolis 500 races


text: Category talk:Indianapolis 500 drivers

title: Category talk:Indianapolis 500 drivers


text: Category talk:Indianapolis Blues players


text:
User:Ambi~enwiki/To-do list

 * User:Ambi/To-do list/Old
 * User:Ambi/To-do list/Nearly as old
 * User:Ambi/To-do list/Somewhat newer
 * Really useful site when writing about former CLP ministers

 * January 1 - Louise Pratt and Candy Broad
 * January 2 - Norma Plummer and Andrea Coote
 * January 3 - Minaret College and Richard Dalla-Riva

 * Bert Wainer and Jo Wainer (Lost: Illegal Abortion Stories and It Isn't Nice (latter in ANU library, former in NLA), Abortion, Corruption and Cops: The Bert Wainer Story
 * Catherine Martin (asbestos journalist)
 * add Opposition Leader box to everyone John McPhee and prior
 * Rainbow Labor
 * "The Fractions", Tony Wright, The Bulletin, March 22, 2006
 * MMM Invest, Sergei Mavrodi, Vyacheslav Mavrodi
 * Boris Pilniak (murdered Russian playwright)
 * Marie Stubbs (and Ahead of the Class)
 * Francis Ona
 * Waramanga, Australian Capital Territory
 * Braddon, Australian Capital Territory
 * South Pacific Games
 * Georgina Beyer
 * Abkhazian politicians makeover
 * Marrickville by-election, 2005 and Pittwater
 * Julietta and Bolero
 * finish Sylvia Hale, Olive Zakharov and Alex McTaggart
 * rewrite Pauline Hanson
 * finish cleaning out Category:Australian politicians
 * List of Members of the Pan-African Parliament
 * cleanup User:ScottDavis/plain town names/Queensland and User:ScottDavis/plain town names/South Australia
 * write the Andrew Frasers
 * cover Brendan Smyth and Richard Mulcahy
 * keep working on Commonwealth Bank Trophy; fix National Bank Cup and finish Cynna Neele
 * update as many team lists as possible (Jaegers, Thunderbirds, Swifts done) and fix capitalisation of "Final placings"
 * update Cabinet (Australia) and Fourth Howard Ministry per 2005 Australian incumbents
 * create an Australian answer to Template:British heritage railways
 * Blow Up The Pokies
 * Nigel Scullion and Louise Pratt
 * update Robert Doyle
 * finish Rosstown project
 * finish key seats in South Australian legislative election, 2006; note Lewis' situation and generally nicefy
 * don't forget about List of shopping malls
 * add premiers and past MPs to Tasmanian politicians cat
 * fashion weeks
 * Jelena Dokic
 * Robert Gerard
 * Madden/Broad preselection, Hadden office and other news
 * Minaret College
 * New South Wales Schools Spectacular
 * Victorian College of the Arts
 * Helen Kroger
 * Billy Maloney
 * rewrite Victoria University; note dropout rate announcement
 * update contributions list and watchlist obscure pages
 * Chelsea Georgeson
 * Urgent: finish updating Legislative Council member articles
 * List of Australian Royal Commissions
 * Larisa Alaverdian

 * to rewrite, from Category:Fashion stubs
 * Country Road
 * CoverGirl
 * Max Factor (give the Estee Lauder treatment)
 * Oakley, Inc.
 * Ralph Lauren (ditto with the Estee Lauder treatment)
 * Rip Curl
 * merge designer jeans into jeans
 * merge money belt into belt

Ongoing projects:

 * netball pages
 * User:Ambi/Drafts/List of Australian by-elections
 * Northern Territory ministries (table-ise and fill out)
 * Women in the Australian House of Representatives and Women in the Australian Senate
 * User:Ambi/Drafts/Members of the Australian Senate, 1985-1987
 * Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea, 2002-2007
 * User:Ambi/List of missing Australian topics
 * format Australian Dictionary of Biography
 * User:Ambi/Drafts/Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, 1982-1986
 * User:ScottDavis/plain town names
 * User:Ambi/Drafts/Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 2001-2004
 * FlickrLickr

title: User:Ambi~enwiki/To-do list


text:
1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships

The 6th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France from March 7 to March 9, 1997. It was the first athletic championships to introduce women's pole vault. There were a total number of 712 participating athletes from 118 countries.

Men
1993 | 1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001

Women
1993 | 1995 | 1997 | 1999 | 2001

 * Mary Slaney of USA originally came second in the 1500 metre and was awarded the silver medal, but was later disqualified for doping.

Participating nations

 * (1)
 * 🇦🇩 (1)
 * 🇦🇬 (1)
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina (4)
 * 🇦🇲 (2)
 * (1)
 * (6)
 * 🇦🇹 (10)
 * 🇦🇿 (1)
 * (7)
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus (4)
 * (10)
 * 🇧🇯 (2)
 * (2)
 * 🇧🇴 (1)
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina (1)
 * (16)
 * 🇧🇬 (4)
 * (1)
 * 🇧🇮 (1)
 * 🇨🇲 (2)
 * (8)
 * 🇨🇫 (1)
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 * (2)
 * (1)
 * 🇨🇺 (10)
 * 🇨🇾 (2)
 * 🇨🇿 (18)
 * (7)
 * 🇩🇲 (2)
 * 🇪🇬 (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇪🇪 (2)
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia (4)
 * 🇫🇮 (6)
 * (44)
 * 🇬🇦 (1)
 * (1)
 * (34)
 * 🇬🇭 (4)
 * (40)
 * (14)
 * (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇭🇺 (14)
 * 🇮🇸 (3)
 * 🇮🇪 (8)
 * 🇮🇱 (5)
 * (25)
 * 🇨🇮 (3)
 * 🇯🇲 (17)
 * (10)
 * 🇰🇿 (4)
 * 🇰🇪 (5)
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan (2)
 * (1)
 * (4)
 * (2)
 * 🇱🇷 (1)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania (3)
 * 🇱🇺 (1)
 * (2)
 * (1)
 * undefined (2)
 * 🇲🇹 (2)
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania (1)
 * (1)
 * (4)
 * 🇲🇩 (2)
 * (1)
 * 🇲🇿 (2)
 * 🇲🇦 (8)
 * (5)
 * (1)
 * (4)
 * (9)
 * 🇳🇴 (10)
 * 🇵🇰 (1)
 * 🇵🇬 (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇵🇪 (1)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines (1)
 * (12)
 * (7)
 * (1)
 * 🇶🇦 (3)
 * (1)
 * (11)
 * (42)
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda (2)
 * (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇸🇳 (1)
 * (1)
 * 🇸🇱 (2)
 * 🇸🇰 (3)
 * (7)
 * (3)
 * 🇰🇷 (1)
 * (23)
 * 🇸🇷 (1)
 * (10)
 * (5)
 * 🇹🇯 (1)
 * (1)
 * (3)
 * 🇹🇳 (1)
 * 🇹🇷 (2)
 * 🇺🇬 (1)
 * 🇺🇦 (27)
 * (54)
 * (2)
 * undefined (4)
 * (1)
 * (1)
 * (2)

title: 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships


text: Category talk:Cities in Indiana

title: Category talk:Cities in Indiana


text:
Chilean Council of State

The Chilean Council of State was a body set up by the junta of General Augusto Pinochet to produce a constitution in order to legitimise military rule. The constitution which it produced was approved in a 1980 plebiscite.

The President of the Council of State was former President Jorge Alessandri.

title: Chilean Council of State


text: Category talk:Companies based in Indiana


text:
Talk:Hughes de Courson

Hugues or Hughes ?
Has anyone a definitive answer on his first name spelling : Hugues ou Hughes ????

Some arguments, but that don't allow us to choose, here : http://musicbrainz.org/artist/6a11cf87-d866-417e-9b42-8731def5115b.html Mll 15:12, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Grand Mere
Grand Mere? This may be true if it's a band name, but I would have thought it more likely to be the grammatically correct Grande Mere (with feminine gender agreement) if not something more like Grande-Mère, which is the correct French spelling. Brequinda 14:43, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Neither of these: in french we spell Grand-Mère. Corrected this in the article. Mll 15:12, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Plovdiv, Bulgaria
If the choir is really the Plovdiv Children's Choir, then it's Bulgarian. There is a city in Bulgaria called Plovdiv, but none by that name in Hungary.

title: Talk:Hughes de Courson


text: User talk:65.68.144.89

title: User talk:65.68.144.89


text: Category talk:Adams County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Adams County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Allen County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Allen County, Indiana


text:
Japanese pronouns

Japanese pronouns are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee, bystander) are features of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between gender, formality, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken.

In modern Japanese grammar, pronouns are not a distinct part of speech, but a subclass of nouns, and they behave grammatically just like nouns. Certain faux-archaic pronouns may still retain their grammaticality (distinct from nouns) from Old Japanese, such as 我 (ware), with the genitive form 我が (wa-ga).

Use and etymology
In contrast to present people and things, absent people and things can be referred to by naming; for example, by instantiating a class, "the house" (in a context where there is only one house) and presenting things in relation to the present, named and sui generis people or things can be "I'm going home", "I'm going to Hayao's place", "I'm going to the mayor's place", "I'm going to my mother's place" or "I'm going to my mother's friend's place". Functionally, deictic classifiers not only indicate that the referenced person or thing has a spatial position or an interactional role but also classify it to some extent. In addition, Japanese pronouns are restricted by a situation type (register): who is talking to whom about what and through which medium (spoken or written, staged or in private). In that sense, when a male is talking to his male friends, the pronoun set that is available to him is different from those available when a man of the same age talks to his wife and, vice versa, when a woman talks to her husband. These variations in pronoun availability are determined by the register.

In linguistics, generativists and other structuralists suggest that the Japanese language does not have pronouns as such, since, unlike pronouns in most other languages that have them, these words are syntactically and morphologically identical to nouns. As functionalists point out, however, these words function as personal references, demonstratives, and reflexives, just as pronouns do in other languages.

Japanese has a large number of pronouns, differing in use by formality, gender, age, and relative social status of speaker and audience. Further, pronouns are an open class, with existing nouns being used as new pronouns with some frequency. This is ongoing; a recent example is jibun (自分), which is now used by some young men as a casual first-person pronoun.

Pronouns are used less frequently in the Japanese language than in many other languages, mainly because there is no grammatical requirement to include the subject in a sentence. That means that pronouns can seldom be translated from English to Japanese on a one-to-one basis.

The common English personal pronouns, such as "I", "you", and "they", have no other meanings or connotations. However, most Japanese personal pronouns do. Consider for example two words corresponding to the English pronoun "I": 私 (watashi) also means "private" or "personal". 僕 (boku) carries a masculine impression; it is typically used by males, especially those in their youth.

Japanese words that refer to other people are part of the encompassing system of honorific speech and should be understood within that context. Pronoun choice depends on the speaker's social status (as compared to the listener's) as well as the sentence's subjects and objects.

The first-person pronouns (e.g., watashi, 私) and second-person pronouns (e.g., anata, 貴方) are used in formal contexts (however the latter can be considered rude). In many sentences, pronouns that mean "I" and "you" are omitted in Japanese when the meaning is still clear. When it is required to state the topic of the sentence for clarity, the particle wa (は) is used, but it is not required when the topic can be inferred from context. Also, there are frequently used verbs that imply the subject and/or indirect object of the sentence in certain contexts: kureru (くれる) means "give" in the sense that "somebody other than me gives something to me or to somebody very close to me." Ageru (あげる) also means "give", but in the sense that "someone gives something to someone other than me." This often makes pronouns unnecessary, as they can be inferred from context.

In Japanese, a speaker may only directly express their own emotions, as they cannot know the true mental state of anyone else. Thus, in sentences comprising a single adjective (often those ending in -shii), it is often assumed that the speaker is the subject. For example, the adjective sabishii (寂しい) can represent a complete sentence that means "I am lonely." When speaking of another person's feelings or emotions, sabishisō (寂しそう) "seems lonely" would be used instead. Similarly, neko ga hoshii (猫が欲しい) "I want a cat," as opposed to neko wo hoshigatte iru (猫を欲しがっている) "seems to want a cat," when referring to others. Thus, the first-person pronoun is usually not used unless the speaker wants to put a special stress on the fact that they are referring to themselves or if it is necessary to make it clear.

In some contexts, it may be considered uncouth to refer to the listener (second person) by a pronoun. If it is required to state the second person, the listener's surname, suffixed with -san or some other title (like "customer", "teacher", or "boss"), is generally used.

Gender differences in spoken Japanese also create another challenge, as men and women refer to themselves with different pronouns. Social standing also determines how people refer to themselves, as well as how they refer to other people.

Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa, Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers (2009)

List of Japanese personal pronouns
The list is incomplete, as there are numerous Japanese pronoun forms, which vary by region and dialect. This is a list of the most commonly used forms. "It" has no direct equivalent in Japanese (though in some contexts the demonstrative pronoun それ (sore) is translatable as "it"). Also, Japanese does not generally inflect by case, so, I is equivalent to me.

Suffixes
Suffixes are added to pronouns to make them plural.

Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns
Demonstrative words, whether functioning as pronouns, adjectives or adverbs, fall into four groups. Words beginning with ko- indicate something close to the speaker (so-called proximal demonstratives). Those beginning with so- indicate separation from the speaker or closeness to the listener (medial), while those beginning with a- indicate greater distance (distal). Interrogative words, used in questions, begin with do-.

Demonstratives are normally written in hiragana.

For more forms, see Japanese demonstratives on Wiktionary.

Other interrogative pronouns include 何 なに nani "what?" and 誰 だれ dare "who(m)?".

Reflexive
Japanese has only one word corresponding to reflexive pronouns such as myself, yourself, or themselves in English. The word 自分 means "one's self" and may be used for human beings or some animals. It is not used for cold-blooded animals or inanimate objects.

title: Japanese pronouns


text: Template:User sv-4

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File:FleabeesFortune2.JPG

Summary
The cover of "Fleabee's Fortune", by Robin Jarvis.

title: File:FleabeesFortune2.JPG


text: User talk:83.70.61.9

title: User talk:83.70.61.9


text: Category talk:Bartholomew County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Benton County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Benton County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Blackford County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Blackford County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Boone County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Boone County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Brown County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Brown County, Indiana


text: Category:User sv-4

title: Category:User sv-4


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Talk:Lift for Life Academy

I find most schools remarkably non-notable, but this one in particular seems notable to me.--Scimitar parley 14:46, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * fair 'nuff. whaddaya think about culling some of the 4 redirects here, none of which are themselves linked?  I don't see much need beyond Lift for life academy, as I'd think lift for life would be grabbed by a search engine anyway.  — Lomn | Talk / RfC 20:59:51, 2005-08-25 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lift for Life Academy


text:
Category talk:Carroll County, Indiana

Lafayette
Why is the subcategory, "People from Lafayette, Indiana" listed? Lafayette is in Tippecanoe county, not Carroll. Nate 21:42, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Carroll County, Indiana


text:
List of immunologists

This is a list of notable immunologists.

Pioneers

 * Edward Jenner (1749-1823), discovered that cowpox induces protection against smallpox
 * Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), his experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease, he also created the first vaccine for rabies

Nobel laureates

 * 1901 Emil Adolf von Behring (1854-1917), "for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria" (First ever Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)
 * 1908 Eli Metchnikoff (1845-1916) and Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), "for study of the immune system"
 * 1919 Jules Bordet (1870-1961), "for discovery of the complement system in the immune system"
 * 1930 Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), "for discovery of human blood types"
 * 1960 Peter B. Medawar (1915-1987) and Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985), "for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self"
 * 1972 Gerald Maurice Edelman (1929-2014) and Rodney Robert Porter (1917-1985), "for discovering the chemical structure of antibodies"
 * 1980 Baruj Benacerraf (1920-2011), Jean Dausset (1916-2009) and George Davis Snell (1903-1996), "for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self"
 * 1984 Niels Jerne (1911-1994), Georges J. F. Köhler (1946-1995) and César Milstein (1927-2002), "for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies"
 * 1987 Susumu Tonegawa (1939-), "for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically"
 * 1989 J. Michael Bishop (1936-) and Harold E. Varmus (1939-), "for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes"
 * 1996 Peter C. Doherty (1940-) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1944-), "for describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells."
 * 2011 Bruce Beutler (1957-), Jules A. Hoffmann (1941-), "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" and Ralph Marvin Steinman (1943-2011)"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
 * 2018 James P. Allison (1948-) and Tasuku Honjo (1942-), "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation."

Notable immunologists

 * Vital Brazil (1865–1950)
 * Alan Aderem, innate immunity
 * Akiko Iwasaki (1970-)
 * Lorne Babiuk (1946-)
 * Mike Belosevic (1951-)
 * Kiril Bratanov (1911-1986), pioneer in the area of immunology of reproduction
 * William Coley (1862-1936), pioneer of cancer immunotherapy
 * Albert Coons (1912-1978), developed immunofluorescent techniques for labelling antibodies
 * Max D. Cooper (1933-), identification of T and B cells
 * Yehuda Danon (1940-)
 * Deborah Doniach (1912-2004), organ-specific auto-immunity
 * Eva Engvall (1940-), one of the scientists who invented ELISA in 1971.
 * Anthony Fauci (1940-)
 * Denise Faustman (1958-), Type 1 diabetes
 * William Frankland (1912-2020), popularisation of the UK pollen count, and prediction of increased penicillin allergy
 * Ian Frazer (1953-), development of a cervical cancer vaccine
 * Samuel O. Freedman (1928-), discovered Carcinoembryonic antigen
 * Jules T. Freund (1890-1960)
 * Sankar Ghosh
 * John Grange (1943-2016)
 * Waldemar Haffkine (1860-1930), first microbiologist who developed and used vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague.
 * Michael Heidelberger (1888-1991), showed that antibodies are proteins
 * George Heist (1886-1920)
 * Leonard Herzenberg (1931-2013)
 * Miroslav Holub (1923-1998)
 * Charles Janeway (1943-2003), wrote the standard textbook Immunobiology
 * Dermot Kelleher
 * Tadamitsu Kishimoto (1939-)
 * Jan Klein (1936-), Mhc
 * Mary Loveless (1899-1991), insect venom allergy
 * Tak Wah Mak (1946-), discovery of the T-cell receptor
 * Alberto Mantovani
 * Polly Matzinger (1947-), immunological tolerance, Danger Model, Hyppo Model
 * Ira Mellman
 * Jacques Miller (1931-)
 * Avrion Mitchison (1928-)
 * Michael Neuberger (1953-2013)
 * Evelyn Nicol (1930-2020)
 * Alan Munro (1937-)
 * Gustav Nossal (1931-)
 * Santa J. Ono (1962-)
 * Thomas Platts-Mills (1941-), discovered dust-mite allergen and alpha-gal allergy from tick bites
 * Nicholas P. Restifo (1960-)
 * Ivan Roitt (1927-)
 * Jon van Rood (1926-2017), pioneer in the field of HLA and immunogenetics of transplantation, the founder of the international organ exchange organization Eurotransplant
 * Mario Rosemblatt (1941-), who established that dendritic cells are responsible for imprinting the tissue-specific homing of T lymphocytes
 * Fred Rosen (1930-2005), discovered the cause of X-linked hyper IgM syndrome
 * Shimon Sakaguchi (1948-), discovery of regulatory T cells
 * Louis W. Sauer (1885-1980), perfected pertussis vaccine, developed diphtheria/p daertussis/tetanus vaccine
 * Emil Skamene (1941-)
 * Filip Swirski, professor, researcher and scientist, known for novel findings in Linking atherosclerosis with blood monocytosis (1974-)
 * David Talmage (1919-2014), clonal selection theory
 * James S. Tan (1927-2006)
 * Reyes Tamez (1952-)
 * Kevin J. Tracey (1957-)
 * Jan Vilcek (1933-)
 * Ellen Vitetta
 * Alexander S. Wiener (1907-1976)
 * Don Wiley (1944-2001), crystallography of HLA proteins
 * Ian Wilson (biologist)
 * Ernst Witebsky (1901-1969), isolation and partial characterization of A and B blood antigens
 * Jian Zhou (1957-1999), with co-inventor Ian Frazer has priority for invention of Virus-like particle and HPV vaccine

Immunologists in popular culture

 * Allison Cameron, character on the television series House M.D.

title: List of immunologists


text: Category talk:Cass County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Cass County, Indiana


text:
Category talk:Clark County, Indiana

Untitled
Should only cities/towns have this catagory, or can I place objects of interest in here as well, like the state parks and Howard Steamboat Museum?--Bedford 20:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Sub category
I'm leaning towards making a sub category of Jeff Township, within which contains all things pertaining just to Clarksville and Jeffersonville.--Bedford 04:45, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Clark County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Clay County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Clay County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Clinton County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Clinton County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Crawford County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Crawford County, Indiana


text:
Moniac

MONIAC or Moniac may refer to:

 * MONIAC, a hydraulic economics computer
 * Moniac, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * David Moniac (1802–1836), an American military officer
 * a fan of softball player Monica Abbott

title: Moniac


text: User talk:65.169.180.252

title: User talk:65.169.180.252


text:
User talk:Rjonesric

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 14:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Europe/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like Germany, Italy, the Benelux countries, Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Slovenia etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. If you would like to see masses of articles being improved for Europe and your specialist country like WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon, sign up today and once the challenge starts a contest can be organized. This is a way we can target every country of Europe, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant and also sign under any country sub challenge on the page that you might contribute to! Thank you. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:09, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rjonesric


text: Category talk:Daviess County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Daviess County, Indiana


text: Category talk:DeKalb County, Indiana

title: Category talk:DeKalb County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Dearborn County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Dearborn County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Decatur County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Decatur County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Delaware County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Delaware County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Dubois County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Dubois County, Indiana


text:
User talk:Alasdair

Ryan Pope
Hi Alasdair, regarding your recent deletion of the above article, I think you might have been a bit hasty. While I don't know what that nonsense about 1886 was about, Pope was definitely a member of a notable rock band, as well as being a former member of another. Granted the article was in pretty bad shape, but I think this is at least enough an assertion of notability to warrant an AfD. :) Cheers, faithless   (speak)  10:05, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Having reread the article, whoever typed that probably wanted to type 1986. It's been restored, read it yourself if you don't believe what I was talking about.--Alasdair 16:05, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh no, I knew what you were saying was true, I just don't know what it's all about. My guess is somebody included something about another Ryan Pope, who evidently played for Chelsea F.C.. Anyway, I'll try to clean up the article a little. Cheers, faithless   (speak)  01:58, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Josh Golder
Hey, Alasdair. Regarding the biography of Josh Golder, the use of the document was not intentionally used as advertisement. Please highlight what needs to be changed in order for this article to be accepted. I want to clarify again, there was no intent for advertisement... I am willing to make the correct changes to insure the integrity of wikipedia and the integrity of Josh Golder.

Additionally, I'm working on rewriting the article in wiki so that the G2 clause is not violated.

Yours, aarondreams
 * Reply

Deletion Review for Josh_Golder
An editor has asked for a deletion review of Josh_Golder. Since you closed the deletion discussion for this article, speedy-deleted it, or were otherwise interested in the article, you might want to participate in the deletion review. Aarondreams (talk) 15:32, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Gaultier GAA
I'm actually creating a seperate article and will delete the stuff from the old one once finished. ManfromDelmonte (talk) 22:29, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * No problem. ManfromDelmonte (talk) 22:38, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Bone Chilling Entertainment
Hi. The page Bone Chilling Entertainment which you just deleted under WP:CSD has just popped up again. It seems as if this page has been created by the same author at least 3 times now. It also would seem that the page's creator has a WP:COI here. Thanks. -- Taroaldo (talk) 23:55, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It's been deleted again, and WP:SALTed as well. He won't be able to create it again.--Alasdair 09:00, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Images on ITN
Hi. I see the problem with the image is fixed now. The reason why the picture needs to be uploaded and protected is that, because the image is priginally on Commons, it can easily become a target to vandalism (imagine someone replacing the file on commons with some imappropriate thing). Just in case you didn't already know that :-) Cheers. --Tone 21:39, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Mathieu Flamini
His move to AC Milan has not yet been confirmed, and in any case, he is still under contract with Arsenal, the current season is still not over and he is thus eligible for Arsenal's match against Sunderland this coming weekend. Please do not alter the Arsenal article or template until the season has concluded, thank you. Qwghlm (talk) 10:53, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Reply

 * Flamini may well move to AC Milan this summer, but he is contracted with Arsenal until June 30  and in any case, the transfer window does not officially open until June 1. So until then, Flamini is an Arsenal player and with one game remaining to the season, he can only play for them. Qwghlm (talk) 11:19, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Ask for unprotected article
Hello Alasdair,

I'd like to ask for your help regarding to "unprotected article" issue. Currently I try to edit "MIPRO" article which has been protected and authority for administers edit only. MIPRO is a Taiwan-based leading brand in pro audio industry. I believe that some innovative hi-tech information is worthy to add in wikipedia database. However, I am not a Wiki administer and has no authority for editing.

Sincerely hope and invite you to work for this project. Absolutely I can provide information for your reference. Please visit at www.mipro.com.tw for detailed information.

Thanks for your prompt attention, and I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. --Wilson0324 (talk) 05:39, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Consensus moves
I'm sorry to question you on this, but the discussion seems deadlocked without a consensus. There are two opposes, and two supports. So why was it moved? SchmuckyTheCat (talk)
 * My apologies, looks like someone jumped the gun with the CSD tagging.--Alasdair 21:28, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and Drink Newsletter June 2008
WikiProject Food and Drink Newsletter June 2008

 * --Chef Tanner (talk) 17:04, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and Drink Newsletter July 2008
WikiProject Food and Drink Newsletter July 2008

 * --Chef Tanner (talk) 15:57, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Help me to retrieve contents of deleted page
Hi, I see that you deleted this page could you please look in to it and copy its contents to my talk page ? (I mistakenly had put link to English Wikipedia in my talk page header in another Wikipedia - it must be a message for me) Thanks Xil *  22:43, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Allegations of apartheid deletion notification
Some time ago, you participated in a deletion discussion concerning Allegations of Chinese apartheid. I thought you might like to know that the parent article, Allegations of apartheid, was recently nominated for deletion. Given that many of the issues that have been raised are essentially the same as those on the article on which you commented earlier, you may have a view on whether Allegations of apartheid should be kept or deleted. If you wish to contribute to the discussion, please see Articles for deletion/Allegations of apartheid (fifth nomination). -- ChrisO (talk) 17:51, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Untouchables post office raid.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Untouchables post office raid.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:02, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Augeant
An article that you have been involved in editing, Augeant, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Augeant. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Eastmain (talk) 05:03, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Tsotsi Images
I see that you once uploaded a number of images on the film Tsotsi: Tsotsi1.JPG, Tsotsi2.JPG, Tsotsi3.JPG, Tsotsi5.JPG, Tsotsi7.JPG and Tsotsi8.JPG. There are numerous problems concerning these images: I suggest that you give one other image the proper copyright tag, upload that image and Tsotsi1 with a lower resolution and using Non-free use rationale and finally give the rest up to deletion. Thanks, Chris DHDR 08:57, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * While Tsotsi1 has the correct licence tag, the others do not.
 * There are too many images on the page for them all to fall under fair use - there has to be a limited number (±2)
 * They are of a very high resolution - they have to be of web resolution.

PS: Please note there is a 48 hour deadline since this message was posted.

 * Hmm... I guess I'll just delete the pictures that are the least important. (Although I currently cannot lower the resolution of some of the shots since I don't have the DVD handy).--Alasdair 07:13, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

24.207.237.221
Thank You :) - NeutralHomer  •  Talk  08:19, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:15, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi Alasdair,

I've been working on a company page and I could use some feedback on the page. I've followed the guidelines of WP:Corp but I'm not sure if everything is fine. If you have time to review it, I would really appreciate that. The page in questions is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Coaster7/Love_Systems.

Thanks in advance. Coaster7 (talk) 21:20, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Request for opinion
Hi, I and my fellow editors are facing a deadlock on a issue of removing/toning down few lines on 'Allegations of Human Rights violation against the Indian Army' under 'criticism of the operation' section in Operation Blue Star article, concerns include WP:NPOV, WP:SOAP & WP:V, the summary of dispute can be found at. I would request you to kindly go through the article and please let us know your views/opinion at the talk page of the article so that npov, balance and undue weight concerns may be looked into and a consensual solution may be found. Thanks LegalEagle (talk) 06:10, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Fung Fu Hustle non-free images
I left a message on the talk page about reducing the number of non-free images in the article, I would appreciate it if you could take a look. Happy editing! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 20:44, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Kung Fu Hustle Beast.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Kung Fu Hustle Beast.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:05, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Non-English reviews
You nominated Kung Fu Hustle for FA and I take it you're also one of the primary contributors. I just wanted to notify you that there's a lack of non-English critical reception that I believe should be addressed. Since it's a promoted article, I've pointed this out at the talkpage and I've placed a globalize-tag in the article.

Peter Isotalo 13:20, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Kung Fu Hustle FAR
nominated Kung Fu Hustle for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here.

Peter Isotalo 12:00, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Celebrations for 2nd Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong

Dear:  ：

Wikimedia Hong Kong has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our second anniversary celebrations, that is co-host by us - Digital Content Jam 1.0, which is belongs to The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community.

This is the information of the event：

 * Date: 31, July, 2009 (Friday)
 * Time: From 7:00pm to 9:30pm
 * Venue: eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai（Google map）
 * '''Language: Cantonese
 * Free snacks and drinks will be served!

'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event. Registration Form'''

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian SusanLai (talk) 13:29, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Kung Fu Hustle
I've made some clean-up on Kung Fu Hustle, so would you please try to renominate for FA? Can you? World Cinema Writer (talk • contributions) 11:33, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Moscopole
Please, can you move the page Moscopole to Voskopojë? See talk page. Guildenrich (talk) 01:15, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Never mind. Guildenrich (talk) 01:15, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Ask for protection, how?
Dear adminstrator, one of users of Persian wiki has insult me in my English talk page (in Persian language). How can I ask for protection of my User page and talk page and all sub pages against that I.P address? I have some valuable photos in my pages I dont want let him/her to damage them. Regards Pournick (talk) 00:52, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

LegCo 2008
Can you please help me with the allegiances in the Functional Constituencies in the 2008 LegCo? Specifically, except for Margaret Ng and Cheung Man Kwong, I'd like to know who the other pan-democrats are, and what FC they represent. Thanks, Ohconfucius  ¡digame! 05:39, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
 * For once, the LegCo member for the social welfare and the health services (sic?) constituencies are pan democrats. That's all I know for now.--Alasdair 20:05, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

S-line/CRH left/Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong XRL
If it's a template you probably want to move it. Enter CBW, waits for audience applause, not a sausage. 23:56, 13 November 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, and how shall I do it? The line is called the Guangshou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, shortened to that XRL.--Alasdair 23:57, 13 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I saw what you mean.--Alasdair 00:03, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion, guidelines for use at WP:MINOR). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and all users will still be able to manually mark their edits as being minor in the usual way.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 20:49, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Rbh F.JPG
 Thanks for uploading File:Rbh F.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 06:52, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

vandalism
I ask to consider acts of vandalism party user:Neftchi in article Lezgistan Lezgistxa (talk) 21:18, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts.

Delivered by MessageDeliveryBot on behalf of Xeno (talk) at 15:35, 2 December 2011 (UTC).

MSU Interview
Dear Alasdair,

My name is Jonathan Obar user:Jaobar, I'm a professor in the College of Communication Arts and Sciences at Michigan State University and a Teaching Fellow with the Wikimedia Foundation's Education Program. This semester I've been running a little experiment at MSU, a class where we teach students about becoming Wikipedia administrators. Not a lot is known about your community, and our students (who are fascinated by wiki-culture by the way!) want to learn how you do what you do, and why you do it. A while back I proposed this idea (the class) to the community HERE, where it was met mainly with positive feedback. Anyhow, I'd like my students to speak with a few administrators to get a sense of admin experiences, training, motivations, likes, dislikes, etc. We were wondering if you'd be interested in speaking with one of our students.

So a few things about the interviews:
 * Interviews will last between 15 and 30 minutes.
 * Interviews can be conducted over skype (preferred), IRC or email. (You choose the form of communication based upon your comfort level, time, etc.)
 * All interviews will be completely anonymous, meaning that you (real name and/or pseudonym) will never be identified in any of our materials, unless you give the interviewer permission to do so.
 * All interviews will be completely voluntary. You are under no obligation to say yes to an interview, and can say no and stop or leave the interview at any time.
 * The entire interview process is being overseen by MSU's institutional review board (ethics review). This means that all questions have been approved by the university and all students have been trained how to conduct interviews ethically and properly.

Bottom line is that we really need your help, and would really appreciate the opportunity to speak with you. If interested, please send me an email at obar@msu.edu (to maintain anonymity) and I will add your name to my offline contact list. If you feel comfortable doing so, you can post your name HERE instead.

If you have questions or concerns at any time, feel free to email me at obar@msu.edu. I will be more than happy to speak with you.

Thanks in advance for your help. We have a lot to learn from you.

Sincerely,

Jonathan Obar --Jaobar (talk) 04:11, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:HK Newspapers.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:HK Newspapers.jpg, which you've sourced to Hong Kong newspapers. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  Ron h jones (Talk) 23:30, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. Regards, — Moe   Epsilon  23:59, 1 December 2012 (UTC) Regards, — Moe   Epsilon  23:59, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Needs You!
Hi there Alasdair! I've noticed you have yourself listed as a member of the Food and Drink Wikiproject. Unfortunately it looks like the project has been slowly sliding into inactivity except for a couple of people. That makes me a sad potato, and nobody likes a sad potato amirite?

If you'd like to turn my frown upside down, can you do two small things?

First off, go here and add Tick (✅) next to your name if you're still part of the project.

Second, go to the project talkpage and participate in a discussion about how to make the project more active, and how to go about making articles in our area of interest a lot better.

You don't want to make me cry, do you? Potatoes have a lot of eyes you know. So come on, join in! :)

— The Potato Hose 18:38, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Million Award
The Million Award is a new initiative to recognize the editors of Wikipedia's most-read content; you can read more about the award and its possible tiers (Quarter Million Award, Half Million Award, and Million Award) at Million Award. You're also welcome to display this userbox:

I see that you're no longer on Wikipedia very often, but I hope that you'll still log in sometime and see this acknowledgement of the millions of readers your work continues to help. I hope we'll see you back some day! -- Khazar2 (talk) 03:48, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Wikiproject Food and Drink Newsletter - September 2013

 * Posted by Northamerica1000(talk) 02:17, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

WP:Food
It would be appreciated if you joined in the conversation occurring at WT:Food regarding the layout and presentation of the project's main page. Northamerica1000(talk) 03:34, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

File:Bus No Phone.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Bus No Phone.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Hchc2009 (talk) 18:29, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Wikiproject Food and Drink Newsletter - October 2013

 * Delivered by Northamerica1000(talk) 21:07, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
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This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 11:35, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Request for comment
Hello there, a proposal regarding pre-adminship review has been raised at Village pump by. Your comments here is very much appreciated. Many thanks. Jim Carter through MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:46, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Jackie Chan Burglar.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Jackie Chan Burglar.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. — ξ xplicit  07:18, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:33, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins
Hello,

Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the "User profile" tab under the "Basic information" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:34, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

A new user right for New Page Patrollers
Hi.

A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right.

It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best.

If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins) .MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:46, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Electoral College (United States)
Your edit was exactly why the page was fully protected. Please don't use your admin abilities to edit. The college does not vote until 19 December and, very unlikely I would guess, but they could vote the other way. Thanks. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 23:47, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Administrators' newsletter - February 2017
News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed.

Administrator changes
 * Gnome-colors-list-add.svg NinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67
 * Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg Briangotts • JeremyA • BU Rob13

Guideline and policy news
 * A discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016.
 * Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use.
 * Following an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators.

Technical news
 * When performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950)
 * Following the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448)
 * The Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017.

Arbitration
 * The Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing.

Obituaries
 * JohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009.

Discuss this newsletter • Subscribe • Archive

13:36, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG
 Thanks for uploading File:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:42, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

ArbCom 2019 special circular

This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:29, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)
ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community.

Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to "have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices." We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised.

We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered.

For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:03, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrators will no longer be autopatrolled
A recently closed Request for Comment (RFC) reached consensus to remove Autopatrolled from the administrator user group. You may, similarly as with Edit Filter Manager, choose to self-assign this permission to yourself. This will be implemented the week of December 13th, but if you wish to self-assign you may do so now. To find out when the change has gone live or if you have any questions please visit the Administrator's Noticeboard. 20:05, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin will still be able to access the IP. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on better tools to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can read more on Meta. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can subscribe to the weekly technical newsletter.

We have two suggested ways this identity could work. We would appreciate your feedback on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can let us know on the talk page. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. /Johan (WMF)

18:13, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:CRH color
Template:CRH color has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 23:26, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

New administrator activity requirement
22:52, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Established policy provides for the removal of the administrative permissions of users who have made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period. Your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to the required activity level before the beginning of January 2023.

Inactive administrators are encouraged to engage with the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for re-engaging with the project are available at WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to re-engage with the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.

Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 08:51, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
<div class="ivmbox " style="margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: ivory; padding: 0.5em; display: flex; align-items: center; "> Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Established policy provides for the removal of the administrative permissions of users who have made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period. Your administrative permissions will be removed if you do not return to the required activity level before the beginning of January 2023.

Inactive administrators are encouraged to engage with the project in earnest rather than to make token edits to avoid loss of administrative permissions. Resources and support for re-engaging with the project are available at WikiProject Editor Retention/administrators. If you do not intend to re-engage with the project in the foreseeable future, please consider voluntarily resigning your administrative permissions by making a request at the bureaucrats' noticeboard.

Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — JJMC89 bot 01:00, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
Established policy provides for the removal of the administrative permissions of users who have made fewer than 100 edits over a 60-month period. Your administrative permissions have been removed.

Subject to certain time limits and other restrictions, your administrative permissions may be returned upon request at WP:BN.

Thank you for your past contributions to the project. — xaosflux  Talk 03:15, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alasdair


text: Category talk:Elkhart County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Elkhart County, Indiana