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Iberomesornis

Iberomesornis ("Iberian intermediate bird") is a monotypic genus of enantiornithine bird of the Cretaceous of Spain.

Discovery
In 1985 the fossil of Iberomesornis was discovered by Armando Díaz Romeral in the Early Cretaceous Calizas de La Huérguina Formation at Las Hoyas, Cuenca Province, east central Spain, which dates to the late Barremian, roughly 125 million years ago. The find was first reported in 1988. In 1992 the type species Iberomesornis romerali was named and described by José Luis Sanz and José Fernando Bonaparte. The generic name is derived from Iberia and Ancient Greek μέσος, mesos, "middle", and ὄρνις, ornis, "bird", in reference to the intermediate status between the most basal and the modern birds. The specific name honours Romeral.

The holotype specimen, LH-22, part of the Las Hoyas Collection, consists of a compressed articulated partial skeleton of an adult individual lacking the skull, the anterior neck and most of the hands. A second specimen, LH-8200, was referred to a Iberomesornis sp. in 1994, consisting of the left foot of an individual similar in size to the holotype. After further preparation of the fossil, the species was redescribed by Paul Sereno in 2000.

Biology and ecology
Iberomesornis was quite small, no bigger than a large modern sparrow. On the assumption it had relatively short wings, the wingspan was about twenty centimetres; its weight has been estimated at fifteen to twenty grammes. It bore a single claw on each wing. The preserved axial column length is eighty-seven millimetres. Its ribcage was not strengthened by ossified uncinate processes but cartilaginous processes were likely present.

The Las Hoyas Unit 3 site was once a forest surrounding a lake; the climate was warm with a distinct dry season. Since the skull is not known, the diet of Iberomesornis remains a subject of guesswork. It perhaps hunted insects and other small animals, plucking them out of the air or from the ground. It may have preferred to live near lakes, catching insects from the water's surface. When resting, it used its strong, clawed feet to perch on branches; the toes are long with curved claws and a low and long hallux improved the grasping ability.

Phylogeny
Iberomesornis romerali was more derived physically than Archaeopteryx. The basal characteristic of a long tail had been lost and the coracoid was longer. The vertebrate column of Iberomesornis ended in a pygostyle: a splint of bone made of fused tail vertebrae that supports the tail feathers. The shorter tail and the higher position of the shoulder indicated by the strut-like coracoid — allowing for a greater wing amplitude — improved manoeuvrability, turning and swooping at speed. Flying speed may have been impaired due to the lack of a bony keel on the sternum as attachment for the flight muscles; it is uncertain whether a true foramen triosseum was present, through which a tendon could elevate and supinate the wing.

In 1992 Iberomesornis was assigned to the Iberomesornithidae. At that time it was considered to possibly have been very basal, outside of the clade Ornithothoraces, as is reflected by its generic name. However, since the discovery of Iberomesornis, many more bird fossils have come to light in the quarries of Liaoning province, China. Well preserved specimens of Chinese species such as Sinornis and Confuciusornis have permitted scientists to better understand the birds' early fossil history. Today, Iberomesornis is seen as positioned within Ornithothoraces, as a basal member of the Enantiornithes.

title: Iberomesornis


text:
Minnesota Public Utilities Commission

The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (MPUC) is an independent regulatory agency within the U.S. state of Minnesota responsible for the oversight and regulation of public utilities, including electric, natural gas, and telecommunications services. Created by the Minnesota Legislature, the commission's primary mission is to ensure that residents of Minnesota have access to safe, adequate, and efficient utility services at fair, reasonable rates. It plays a significant role in balancing the needs of consumers, the environment, and utility companies.

History
The MPUC traces its origins to 1871 when the Minnesota Legislature established the Office of the Railroad Commissioner to oversee railroad safety and operations. The regulatory framework underwent several changes in subsequent years, including the expansion of the board's composition and powers, eventually evolving into the Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners in 1885. This entity would serve as the predecessor to the MPUC, acquiring additional oversight duties like regulating telephone rates in 1915 and natural gas and electric utilities in 1974.

In 1967, a significant reorganization led to the creation of the Department of Public Service, which included the Public Service Commission as one of its branches. The Commission was transformed yet again in 1980 into the MPUC as an independent state agency, separating it from the Department of Public Service. This move was influenced by a Legislative Auditor's report that recommended structural changes to improve efficiency.

Today, the MPUC’s scope has been further broadened to include responsibilities like the siting and permitting of large electric generating plants and transmission lines, as defined by legislation passed in 2005.

Rate setting
One of the MPUC's most crucial functions is the setting of rates for utility services. The commission reviews rate proposals submitted by utility companies and determines whether they are just and reasonable for both the companies and the consumers.

Quality assurance
The commission ensures that utilities meet state and federal quality standards. It evaluates the performance and reliability of utility services, ensuring that they are both safe and efficient.

Licensing and certification
Utility companies operating within the state must obtain licenses or certificates from the MPUC. The commission reviews applications and grants approvals based on various criteria, including the company's financial stability and technical capability.

Consumer protection
The MPUC provides a forum for resolving disputes between consumers and utility providers. It also disseminates information to educate consumers on their rights and responsibilities, as well as on how to conserve energy and reduce utility costs.

Environmental stewardship
Increasingly, the MPUC has a role in encouraging and regulating the use of renewable resources. It reviews and approves plans submitted by utility companies that outline how they intend to meet state environmental goals.

Structure
The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission is composed of five commissioners, appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Each commissioner serves a staggered six-year term. The commission is supported by an administrative staff and various specialized departments that assist in research, analysis, and enforcement activities.

Regulatory framework
The actions and decisions of the MPUC are governed by state statutes and administrative rules. These laws outline the commission's powers and duties and provide the framework within which it operates. While the MPUC is a state agency, it also interacts with federal agencies like the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and adheres to federal regulations where applicable.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minnesota Public Utilities Commission


text:
Helena Růžičková

Helena Růžičková (13 June 1936 in Prague – 4 January 2004 in Plzeň) was a Czech actress. Above all, Helena Růžičková was known for her comedic talents, and for films produced in the Czech Republic and East Germany. She became popular especially thanks to her roles in Jaroslav Papoušek's comedy trilogy about the Homolka family (1969-1972), and in another comedy trilogy Slunce, seno...(1984-1991) directed by Zdeněk Troška.

Her son, Jiří Růžička, was also an actor until his death in 1999. Růžičková herself died of stomach cancer on 4 January 2004 in a hospital in Pilsen. However, director Zdeněk Troška, her close friend, reported in a TV documentary about her life (2010) that her fight with cancer was successful and the real cause of death was kidney failure.

Selected filmography

 * Judgement Day (1949)
 * Happy End (1966)
 * Behold Homolka (1970)
 * Tři oříšky pro Popelku (1973)
 * Slunce, seno, jahody (1984)
 * Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker (1987)
 * Slunce, seno a pár facek (1989)
 * Slunce, seno, erotika (1991)

title: Helena Růžičková


text:
Heiskanen

Heiskanen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Juho Heiskanen (1889–1950), Finnish general
 * Kaarlo Heiskanen (1894–1962), Finnish general
 * Maria Heiskanen (born 1970), Finnish actress
 * Miro Heiskanen (born 1999), Finnish ice hockey player
 * Niko Heiskanen (born 1989), Finnish footballer
 * Outi Heiskanen (1937–2022), Finnish artist
 * Santeri Heiskanen (born 1977), Finnish ice hockey player
 * Veikko Aleksanteri Heiskanen (1894–1971), Finnish geodesist

title: Heiskanen


text:
Talk:Oklo

Moved to Natural nuclear fission reactor
This talk page was moved to Natural nuclear fission reactor along with the merged content of the main page --DV8 2XL 09:42, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality
The lead which speaks for itself and besides, this article is unreferenced. Simply south (talk) 16:41, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I applied a simple fix to get rid of the flowery language. The rest of the article looks basically okay, but feel free to replace the tag with more here if you disagree. - 2/0 (cont.) 00:12, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oklo


text: User:Sunak

title: User:Sunak


text:
Talk:Live at Budokan (Stormtroopers of Death album)

So was this album named ironically or what?

Producer
Producer was Alex Perialas who now has an entry on wikipedia. 172.207.220.163 20:38, 12 August 2006 (UTC)


text:
Middle Island Creek

Middle Island Creek is a river, 77 miles (124 km) long, in northwestern West Virginia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ohio River, draining an area of 565 square miles (1,463 km2) on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. It was named by late 18th century pioneering travelers on the Ohio River, who noted the location of the Creek's mouth opposite Middle Island in the larger river.

In an artifact of nomenclature, it is often pointed out that Middle Island Creek is the longest stream in West Virginia bearing the name of "creek".

Course
Middle Island Creek is formed at the community of Smithburg in Doddridge County by the confluence of Meathouse Fork and Buckeye Creek. It initially flows generally northwestward in a winding course through Doddridge and Tyler Counties, through the unincorporated community of Avondale and the town of West Union in Doddridge County; and in Tyler County, the unincorporated communities of Josephs Mills, Tyler, Blue, Frew, and Bridgeway, and the town of Middlebourne. From Middlebourne the creek turns to the southwest and flows roughly parallel to the Ohio River (excepting its numerous bends), through the unincorporated communities of Next, Little, Shiloh, and Falls Mills in Tyler County; and into Pleasants County, where it flows through the unincorporated communities of Arvilla, Sugar Valley, Union Mills, and DeLong and joins the Ohio River in the city of St. Marys. The lowermost 12 sqmi of the creek are inundated by backup from the Willow Island Locks and Dam downstream on the Ohio River.

In addition to the Meathouse Fork and Buckeye Creek, the largest tributaries of Middle Island Creek (ordered upstream to downstream) are Arnold Creek, which it collects on the boundary of Doddridge and Tyler counties; McElroy Creek, Indian Creek, Point Pleasant Creek, and Sancho Creek, each of which it collects in Tyler County; and Sugar Creek and McKim Creek, both of which it collects in Pleasants County.

The Jug
Middle Island Creek's most extreme meander forms a peninsula known as "the Jug," located upstream of Middlebourne. The creek rounds a 7-mile (11 km) bend only to return to within 100 feet (30 m) of itself. Sometime prior to 1800, a settler named George Gregg had a mill race carved across the narrow point of the peninsula and harnessed the resulting hydropower for a gristmill and sawmill. These were destroyed by a flood in 1852, while later mills were subsequently built and also washed away by floods. In 1947 the West Virginia Conservation Commission constructed a low water bridge which substantially dammed the cut-through and restored a steady flow to the bend of the creek. The land encircled by the creek's loop is operated as a Wildlife Management Area by the state of West Virginia.

Variant names
According to sources gathered by the Geographic Names Information System, Middle Island Creek has also been known historically as:
 * Be-Van-Soss Creek of the Indians
 * Be-van-Soss Creek of the Indians
 * Be-van-soss
 * Be-yan-soss
 * Bulls Creek
 * By-En-Soss Creek
 * By-en-Soss Creek
 * By-en-soss
 * Louisa River

Economy
The creek's environs were the site of substantial oil and gas extraction activities in the late 19th century and 20th century. An oil boom began in the region in the 1860s. It peaked in Middlebourne in the 1890s, and an oil refinery operated in St. Marys between 1914 and 1987. Glass- and carbon-manufacturing facilities were built in West Union and Smithburg in the early 20th century, owing to the availability of natural gas.

Fish life
Throughout its course Middle Island Creek is a slow-moving, low-gradient stream. It is considered one of the best streams in the state for muskellunge fishing; for many years in the 20th Century the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources harvested muskie eggs from the creek for use in its fish-stocking programs in streams elsewhere in the state. Other fish commonly found in the creek include spotted bass, smallmouth bass, rock bass, various species of sunfish, freshwater drum, channel catfish, and flathead catfish.

title: Middle Island Creek


text:
Talk:Fernando Lamas

Talk Show Host
_ _ I'm not sure Billy Crystal's sendup needs mentioning, but that article says
 * His most famous recurring sketch was his parody of Fernando Lamas, a smarmy talkshow host whose catch phrase, "You look mahvelous!" became a media sensation.

and it seems like that and his over notability would combine to make the talk-show thing encyclopedic, even if only Crystal remembers it. _ _ But i've rewrit that as i understand it to be intended:
 * His most famous recurring sketch was his parody of Fernando Lamas. Crystal's "Fernando" is a smarmy talkshow host whose catch phrase, "You look mahvelous!" became a media sensation.
 * Why was this removed from the page? "You look mahvelous" is known by more people under age 50 than Fernando's actual career.

and now i notice that not only the smarminess, but also the talk show, lacks clear attribution to Lamas. Research needed! --Jerzy•t 03:23, 2005 August 22 (UTC)

Grandchildren
I removed the list of Lamas's grandchildren, since they are all listed at their father Lorenzo Lamas's page already. Furthermore, it is misleading to say that Fernando Lamas was "survived" by his grandchildren, because none of them had been born yet before he died. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 06:15, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

"The Most Interesting Man in the World"
I think it should be noted in the Popular Culture section that Fernando is the inspiration for Jonathan Goldsmith's portrayal of "The Most Interesting Man in the World" in those Dos Equis beer commercials. So that makes Fernando Lamas the "Most Interesting Man in the World" and that is worth noting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonbobsmith (talk) 17:24, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

General edits
Please bear with me, a newby while I flesh this out a bit and learn how to more properly edit articles and pages. Any suggestions or help is appreciatedN8ACU 03:31, 25 February 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by N8acu (talk • contribs)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fernando Lamas


text:
Alexis Dziena

Alexis Gabrielle Dziena (born July 8, 1984) is an American former actress.

Early life
Dziena was born in New York City and is of Irish, Italian and Polish descent. She attended the private Saint Ann's School alongside her Bringing Rain (2003) costar, Paz de la Huerta. She spent many of her summers growing up in the small South Jersey shore town of Sea Isle City. While at high school she also attended classes and appeared in plays at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Television
Dziena made her acting debut in TNT's Witchblade (2002). Guest roles followed in other series, such as Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Joan of Arcadia. One of her first major roles was in the Lifetime channel original film She's Too Young (2004), in which she portrayed a sexually active teenager. In the ABC television series Invasion, she played the sheriff's daughter, Kira Underlay. Dziena also appeared frequently on the sixth season of the HBO series Entourage (2009).

Feature films
Dziena had a small role in the movie Broken Flowers (2005), starring Bill Murray, in which she played Lolita, the daughter of a character played by Sharon Stone. She played Heather, a sexually-frustrated young woman who takes part in a couple-swap to save her relationship as part of an experimental therapy in the film Sex and Breakfast (2007). She also co-starred in the films Fool's Gold (2008) and Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist (2008).

In 2022, Without Ward was released; Dziena shot her scenes for the film in 2012.

Personal life
Dziena was in an on-and-off relationship with Michael Pitt from 2000 to 2004. They appeared together in Joey Ramone's music video for What a Wonderful World in 2002.

In September 2011, Dziena attempted to get a restraining order against her parents, claiming that she was living in fear of them resorting to "murder or violence" to access her money. Her request was declined by a judge later that month as she had insufficient evidence to support her allegations.

In June 2014, Dziena's ex-boyfriend Jeffrey Francis Ausley was granted a restraining order against Dziena after she showed up at his house with a bag of clothes and announced that she was moving in. Ausley also alleged that she threatened to harm both of them if he ended their relationship.

title: Alexis Dziena


text: User talk:130.71.81.73

title: User talk:130.71.81.73


text:
Daytona Beach International Airport

Daytona Beach International Airport is a county-owned airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of Daytona Beach, next to Daytona International Speedway, in Volusia County, Florida, United States. The airport has 3 runways, a six-gate domestic terminal, and an international terminal. Daytona Beach is the headquarters of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

The Beach
Daytona Beach’s beach was known for having a smooth, hard, and relatively clean surface for motor vehicles which would frequently race on it. Pilots soon realized the effectiveness of the compact sand and began using the beach as a runway. Hangars were built later and aircraft service was provided on beach. This former airport is one of only two beach airports that were successful. The other, Old Orchard Beach in Maine, was the starting point for at least five transatlantic flights during the 1920s and 1930s. The first flight on the beach was in 1906 by Charles K. Hamilton, using Israel Ludlow's glider. The glider was pulled by an automobile and actually took place in Ormond. He went as high as 150 ft on his first attempt, and 250 ft on the second, before crashing into a flagpole and surviving with a bruised knee.

Numerous flights followed, including John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, the United States's 5th licensed pilot, in 1911, Phillips Page in 1912, and Ruth Law in 1913. Phillips Page has been credited for taking the first aerial photographs in Florida, while flying around the Hotel Clarendon in Daytona Beach. Many other pilots took to the skies above Daytona Beach before it was closed during the winter of 1929–30.

Bethune Point
All flights were moved to the new location at Bethune Point, on the Halifax River. Eastern Air Transport was the first airline at Daytona Beach, certified to fly mail to Tampa and Orlando. The first flight crashed just after takeoff, due to a mechanical failure. The pilot was uninjured, and the mail was collected and sent out on another flight.

Florida State Airways, Inc was formed in early 1930 in Daytona Beach. The airline carried passengers to other Florida cities and to the Bahamas on Ryan aircraft. In January 1930 Vice President of Operations, Bill Lindley, piloted a flight to Palm Beach. While on the descent, he never pulled out of the dive and went into Lake Worth at full throttle. The combination of Lindley's death and the depression soon ended most aviation activity in Daytona Beach.

Municipal Airport
In late 1930 a 740 acre piece of land turned into the current airport, a few hundred feet from the main drag of Volusia Avenue (now International Speedway Blvd.) The first name it was given was Sholtz Field, after the then Governor of Florida, who was from Daytona Beach. The airport began with two gravel runways, one 1800 ft long and one 2100 ft. Before long the name became Daytona Beach Municipal Airport.

Eastern Air Lines began passenger service, flying Kingbirds and Condors. After a few years Eastern did not re-bid, after the airmail route changes of 1934. In 1935 National Airlines won a bid on the cross-state route from Daytona Beach to St. Petersburg. In 1933, the airport was closed for repairs. National rerouted its flights to Jacksonville but Eastern became upset and called National's move an act of "buccaneers". National Airlines then referred to its service as being the "Buccaneer Route".

Pre-war expansion

In the late 1930s four 4000 by 150 ft runways were built, all paved, allowing DC-2s and DC-3s. The terminal was on the south side of the airport. For a short while in 1940 a zoo-keeper was hired to maintain the airport.

Naval Air Station Daytona Beach

When World War II broke out the US Navy took over and used the airport for training, calling it Naval Air Station Daytona Beach. An extensive military construction effort followed, to include multiple new buildings for NAS Daytona Beach, as well as the construction of Naval Outlying Fields (NOLFs) which were built at Spruce Creek, New Smyrna Beach, Ormond Beach and Bunnell and that were shared with Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Naval Air Station Sanford and Naval Air Station DeLand.

Naval Air Station Daytona Beach conducted advanced training for Naval Aviators and enlisted Naval Aircrewmen of the US Navy and US Marine Corps in aircraft ranging from carrier-based single seat F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair fighters to the multi-seat SB2C Helldiver dive bomber. At the end of the war, NAS Daytona Beach was decommissioned and the auxiliary airfields were returned to the respective local governments for civil use as airports.

Many of the buildings constructed by the Navy were later used by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University after the university's move from Miami in 1965, while others were used by the city aviation department that later became the current aviation authority.

Post-war expansion

Ownership reverted to the city of Daytona Beach in 1946. The November 1950 chart shows Runways 6, 10, 16 and 21, all 3990 to 4140 feet long, forming an asymmetric asterisk.

The April 1957 OAG lists eight departures a day on Eastern Airlines and four on National Airlines. A new passenger terminal was completed on the north side of the airport in 1958, along with a control tower. Jet flights began in December 1967 with Eastern operating Boeing 727s on a round trip routing of Miami (MIA) - Melbourne (MLB) - Daytona Beach (DAB) - Baltimore (BAL) - New York Kennedy (JFK). Also in 1967, National was serving the airport with Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprops with nonstop flights to Jacksonville and Orlando as well as direct, no change of plane service to Boston, New York City, Newark, Philadelphia, Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, Miami, Tampa and West Palm Beach. The 1968 AOPA Directory lists DAB's longest runway as being 5700 ft; however, this information may have not been up to date as the 1969 Directory lists a 7500 ft runway. Runways 6 and 16 were 150' wide, the two diagonal runways were closed, and a 3100' x 75' training runway had been constructed parallel to the main runway on the south side of the field. By 1969, National was operating Boeing 727 jet service from the airport with nonstop flights to Miami and Jacksonville as well as direct service to Washington D.C. National Airport and New York JFK Airport.

Also in 1969, Volusia County took over management of the airport from the City of Daytona Beach and renamed it Daytona Beach Regional Airport. In the following decades, Embry-Riddle expanded its campus on the northeast side of the field.

According to the February 1, 1976 edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Eastern Airlines was operating flights from the airport with Lockheed L-1011 Tristar wide body jetliners on a routing of Daytona Beach - Atlanta - Omaha - Portland, OR - Seattle and was also operating Boeing 727-100, 727-200 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jets with nonstop flights from Atlanta, Charlotte, Jacksonville, Miami and New York LaGuardia Airport as well as direct one stop or two stop flights from Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, Montreal, New York JFK Airport, Newark Airport, Raleigh–Durham and Washington D.C. National Airport (now Reagan Airport). This same OAG also lists flights operated by National Airlines with Boeing 727-100 and 727-200 jetliners nonstop from Jacksonville, Miami and Orlando with direct one stop service from New York, Newark and Tampa.

By the mid-1980s, a midfield control tower had been completed and the airport was being served by Eastern, Delta Air Lines and Continental Airlines.

During the 1980s and 1990s when American Airlines was operating a hub in Raleigh–Durham, the carrier flew several daily flights to Raleigh–Durham International Airport. American ended service to Daytona Beach in 1994 as its Raleigh–Durham hub was shut down but then returned to the airport following its merger with US Airways in 2015.

In 1992, a larger two-level terminal opened and the previous terminal was converted to an international arrivals facility. These new buildings, along with extension of two runways to 10,500' and 6001', justified a name change to Daytona Beach International Airport.

According to the September 15, 1994 edition of the OAG, three airlines were operating mainline jet service into the airport: Delta, Continental, and USAir. Delta was flying seven nonstop flights a day to Atlanta with Boeing 737-200 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jetliners, Continental was operating one daily nonstop to Newark Airport with an MD-80 jet and USAir was flying daily nonstops to Charlotte three times a day with Boeing 737-300 and 737-400 jetliners. USAir was renamed "US Airways" and then merged into American Airlines in 2015. There was also commuter propjet flights at this time from the airport nonstop to Miami flown by Gulfstream International Airlines with Beechcraft 1900 turboprops as well as nonstop service to Orlando operated by Delta Connection and USAir Express with Beechcraft 1900, Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia and Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprops.

In 1996, German air carrier LTU International provided international service with weekly Boeing 767 transatlantic nonstop flights from Düsseldorf, Germany. The only other scheduled direct flights out of the country from the airport were later operated to the Bahamas with small Beechcraft twin turboprops flown by Vintage Props and Jets, a commuter airline. On July 18, 2008 Vintage Props and Jets temporarily ceased operations and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. International charters with wide body jetliners flown by several airlines are occasionally operated into the airport.

According to an article in the Daytona Beach News-Journal released on September 28, 2010, Stephen J. Cooke, the director of the airport, was in talks with the recently merged Southwest/AirTran to begin service to Daytona. AirTran had served Daytona in the past competing with Delta on the Atlanta route and also operated routes to Baltimore and New York LaGuardia Airport as well. Southwest has never served Daytona. A Southwest spokesman stated at the time that it was too soon to discuss possible new service to DAB but talks were continuing. If Southwest were to serve Daytona it would likely be from numerous cities. This would increase competition and lower prices for an airport that had been a duopoly by Delta and US Airways for years. US Airways subsequently merged with American and Southwest still does not serve Daytona Beach at the present time. JetBlue began flying new nonstop service to New York John F. Kennedy International Airport on January 7, 2016, however, this operation ceased on January 7, 2019, three years to the date of their inaugural flight in 2016.

On January 17, 2019, Silver Airways began nonstop daily service to Fort Lauderdale Airport with SAAB 340. The route was made possible in part from taxpayer-funded incentives from the Volusia County government. These flights ended on July 1, 2019, due to a fare level that is financially sustainable to continue in current market conditions.

Canadian airline Sunwing Airlines flew between Toronto and Daytona Beach in 2019, but it no longer does. The route had been made possible in part from taxpayer-funded incentives from the Volusia County government.

Facilities
Daytona Beach International Airport covers 1800 acre and has three asphalt runways: 07L/25R, 10,500 x 150 ft. (3,200 x 46 m), 07R/25L, 3,195 x 100 ft. (974 x 30 m) and 16/34, 6,001 x 150 ft. (1,829 x 46 m).

In the year ending September 30, 2021 the airport had 364,071 aircraft operations, an average of 997 per day: 62% general aviation, 36% air taxi, 2% airline and <1% military. At that time, there were 238 aircraft based at this airport: 167 single-engine, 40 multi-engine, 29 jet and 2 helicopter.

Fixed-base operators

 * ATP Jet Center
 * SheltAir Aviation Services
 * Yelvington Jet Aviation

Aviation schools

 * Air America Flight Center
 * ATP Flight School
 * Spectrum Flying Club
 * Daytona Aviation Academy
 * Dickinson Aviation
 * Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
 * Phoenix East Aviation
 * TFA Flight Academy
 * The Airline Academy

Accidents and incidents

 * On August 10, 1937, an Eastern Airlines DC-2 crashed after striking a pylon during an evening takeoff at then Daytona Beach Municipal Airport bound for Miami-36th Street Airport. Two crew and two passengers out of the nine on board were killed.
 * On February 25, 2017, Air Berlin flight 7416, an Airbus A330-200 en route to Cancún International Airport from Düsseldorf Airport diverted to Daytona Beach International Airport after smoke was reported in the cockpit. The plane landed safely, with no reported injuries. Passengers were able to disembark the aircraft and an American Airlines Airbus A330-300 was dispatched to the airport to continue the flight to Cancún.
 * On April 4, 2018, a Piper PA-28 airplane crashed in a field just west of Daytona International Airport shortly after taking off. The plane was operated by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and was being flown by a student pilot and an FAA Check Instructor during the student's Commercial Pilot Checkride. Both occupants were killed and witnesses told police they saw the Piper PA-28's wing fall off before it crashed. As a result, Embry-Riddle discontinued flying the airplane.
 * On February 26, 2020, A United Airlines Airbus A320 from Newark, NJ headed to the Bahamas made an emergency landing after a battery charger caught fire during flight. The fire was contained to the passenger's bag and put in a fire retardant case until the plane landed safely. No injuries or damages were reported.
 * On April 7, 2022, Spirit Airlines Flight 1005 en route from Philadelphia to Fort Lauderdale reported smoke in the cabin after a possible lightning strike on the Airbus A320 aircraft. The pilots decided to make an emergency landing in Daytona Beach. All passengers off boarded the plane normally and were given accommodations until the plane could get back in the air. There were no reported injuries.
 * On November 8, 2022, Aer Lingus UK flight 34, an Airbus A330-300 en route to Manchester Airport from Orlando International Airport diverted to Daytona Beach International Airport after smoke was reported in the cockpit. 43 minutes after its departure, the flight landed safely at DAB, with no reported injuries. The 240 Passengers and 10 crew were able to disembark the aircraft and bussed back to Orlando International Airport where they were provided with overnight hotel accommodations.

title: Daytona Beach International Airport


text:
Thomas Watkins Ligon

Thomas Watkins Ligon (May 10, 1810 – January 12, 1881), a Democrat, was the 30th Governor of Maryland in the United States from 1854 to 1858. He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives, serving Maryland's third Congressional district from 1845 until 1849. He was the second Maryland governor born in Virginia and was a minority party governor, who faced bitter opposition from an openly hostile legislature.

Biography
Thomas Watkins Ligon was born on May 10, 1810, near Farmville, Virginia, the son of Thomas D. Ligon and Martha Watkins. He graduated from Hampden–Sydney College, then entered the University of Virginia. He graduated from Yale Law School and returned to Virginia where he was admitted to the bar. In 1833, he moved to Baltimore, Maryland where he practiced law for the next 20 years. On September 29, 1840, he married Sally Ann Dorsey and made his home in Ellicott City, Maryland. Mrs. Ligon died shortly after their marriage and he married her sister, Mary Tolly Dorsey. He had one son and one daughter.

In 1843, he was elected to a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates from Howard County and in 1845, the Democrats nominated him for Congress. He defeated the incumbent John Wethered by a majority of about 1,000 votes, and was re-elected by a larger margin in 1847. He served in the Twenty-Ninth and Thirtieth Congresses, taking his seat on December 1, 1845 and retiring on March 3, 1849.

In the gubernatorial election of 1853, the Whigs nominated Richard Johns Bowie of Montgomery County to face Ligon, who had been nominated by the Democrats. Ligon defeated his opponent by about 4,200 votes, but he and his party were in the minority in the Legislature. He was inaugurated on January 11, 1854, and he pledged himself to work for the establishment of a system of common schools, the improvement of Maryland’s soils, and increased aid to agriculture. All these were shortly forgotten, when he and his 'Know-Nothing' opponents in the Legislature came into conflict. He supported the foundation of an agricultural college with an experimental farm attached, a step which the Legislature later took when it established the old Maryland Agricultural College at College Park. The Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 occurred during his term.

On January 13, 1858, following the election of his 'Know-Nothing' successor Thomas Holliday Hicks, Ligon retired to his Howard County estate 'Chatham' near Ellicott City. He died at his home on January 12, 1881, and was buried in the family cemetery.

Legacy
Ligon Road in the Ellicott City neighborhood of Dunloggin presumably bears his name. He once resided in the Brick House on the Pike, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. He also resided at White Hall, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

title: Thomas Watkins Ligon


text:
GE AC4400CW

The GE AC4400CW, sometimes referred as "AC44CW" is a 4400 hp diesel-electric locomotive that was built by GE Transportation Systems between 1993 and 2004. It is like the Dash 9-44CW, but features AC traction motors instead of DC, with a separate inverter per motor. In appearance, the AC4400CW is somewhat similar to GE's more powerful locomotive, the AC6000CW.

2,834 units were built for North American railroads over an 11-year production. In 2005, all Class I freight railroads except Norfolk Southern and Canadian National owned at least one AC4400CW. Norfolk Southern ordered the very similar C40-9Ws, although NS would later acquire 36 former CEFX AC4400CWs in August 2023. As a result of more stringent emissions requirements that came into effect on January of that year, GE no longer offers the AC4400CW, replacing it with the ES44AC.

Design variations
The AC4400CW was the first GE locomotive to offer an optional self-steering truck design, intended to increase adhesion and reduce wear on the railhead. This option was specified by Canadian Pacific Railway, Cartier Railway, CSX for their units 200-599, Ferromex, Ferrosur, and Kansas City Southern Railway. The other railroads still used the hi-ad truck design

CSX ordered many of its AC4400CW locomotives with 20000 lb extra weight to increase tractive effort. These same units were also modified in 2006-2007 with a "high tractive effort" software upgrade and redesignated CW44AH.

Rebuilds
In 2017, Canadian Pacific Kansas City (then known as the Canadian Pacific Railway and simply Canadian Pacific) requested that General Electric modernize 30 of its 9500 and 9600-series AC4400CW units. The original units had the original front cab completely removed and upgraded to current GE standards with upgraded electrical systems including PTC and FTO systems. Other improvements GE has made include up to 10 percent fuel efficiency gains, 40 percent increase in reliability and 50 percent increase in haulage ability. The units were subsequently placed into service with the designation AC4400CWM (for Modernized). The first batch of rebuilds (8100-8129) also had their original Steerable trucks replaced with GEs High Adhesion trucks, where later batches each individual engine kept the trucks they already had.

The following year Canadian Pacific Kansas City asked GE to similarly rebuild several more batches for a total of 110 locomotives. The second order (8130-8144) retains their steerable trucks. The third batch (8000-8064) will feature an Evolution Series sized fuel tank and radial trucks. In 2019 a fourth batch of rebuilds happened, 8145-8160 & 8064-8080 from the 95/9600-series. In 2021 both the 8500 series is slated to be rebuilt at 8201-8280 and the 8100-series be completed.

The Union Pacific Railroad (UP) ordered many of their AC4400CWs with Controlled Tractive Effort software, giving them the designation of C44ACCTE. This software package is now standard on a portion of their ES44ACs as well. CTE limits tractive effort to mimic TE level of Dash series locomotives.

In 2018, UP placed a small order for 20 rebuilds from GE of their AC4460CW fleet and later announced that they would be upgrading 1,000 of their AC4460CWs and AC44s into the new C44ACM class over the next 15 years. Unlike CP, the original 20 rebuilds did not receive a new crew cab.

CSX also placed orders to rebuild their large AC4400CW fleet. An initial batch of 10 AC4400CWs were rebuilt at Wabtec's Erie, Pennsylvania facility, with 40 more to follow. CSX continued the program and had received a total of 260 rebuilt locomotives by 2024. A final order has been placed to rebuild the remaining 200 plus locomotives and will be compled from 2024-2028. The rebuilds are numbered in the 7000, 7200, and 7500 series and CSX is referring to them as CM44ACs.

Operators
AC4400CW owners and operators past and present include:

In popular culture
The plot of the movie Unstoppable required Denzel Washington and Chris Pine to climb aboard the lead locomotive of a runaway freight train. To film the movie, four Canadian Pacific AC4400CW locomotives (Nos. 9777, 9758, 9782, and 9751), were repainted as two fictional "Allegheny and West Virginia Railroad" locomotives (Nos. 777 (nicknamed "Triple 7") and 767). 9777 and 9782 were painted as 777, while 9758 and 9751 were painted as 767.

title: GE AC4400CW


text:
The Lost World (1925 film)

The Lost World is a 1925 American silent fantasy giant monster adventure film directed by Harry O. Hoyt and written by Marion Fairfax, adapted from Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel of the same name.

Produced and distributed by First National Pictures, a major Hollywood studio at the time, the film stars Wallace Beery as Professor Challenger and features pioneering stop motion special effects by Willis O'Brien, a forerunner of his work on King Kong (1933). Doyle appears in a frontispiece to the film, absent from some extant prints.

In 1998, The Lost World was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Due to its age, the film is now in the public domain.

Plot
From a lost expedition to a plateau in the borders of Peru, Brazil and Colombia, Paula White brings the journal of her father, explorer Maple White, to the eccentric Professor Challenger in London. The journal features sketches of dinosaurs which is enough proof for Challenger to publicly announce that dinosaurs still walk the earth. Met with ridicule at an academic meeting at the Zoological Hall, Challenger reluctantly accepts a newspaper's offer to finance a mission to rescue Maple White. Professor Challenger, Paula White, sportsman Sir John Roxton, news reporter Edward Malone (who is a friend of Roxton and wishes to go on the expedition to impress his fiancée), a skeptical professor Summerlee, an Indian servant Zambo, and Challenger's butler Austin leave for the plateau.

At their campsite at the base of the plateau, the explorers are shocked when a large rock falls, sent their way by an Apeman perched on top of an overhead ledge. As the crew look up to see their attacker, Challenger spies overhead a Pteranodon (mistakenly calling it a Pterodactyl) eating a pig which proves that the statements in Maple White's diary are true. Leaving Zambo and Austin at the camp, they cross a chasm onto the plateau by cutting down a tree and using it as a bridge, but it is knocked over by a Brontosaurus, leaving them trapped.

The explorers witness various life-and-death struggles between the prehistoric beasts of the plateau. An Allosaurus attacks a Trachodon, and knocks it into a bog. The Allosaurus then attacks, and is driven off by a Triceratops. Eventually, the Allosaurus makes its way to the campsite and attacks the exploration party. It is finally driven off by Ed who tosses a torch into its mouth. Convinced that the camp is not safe, Ed climbs a tree to look for a new location, but is attacked by the apeman. Roxton succeeds in shooting the apeman, but the creature is merely wounded and escapes before he can finish him off. Meanwhile, an Agathaumas is attacked by the Allosaurus, and gores it to death. Suddenly, a Tyrannosaurus attacks and kills the Agathaumas, along with an unfortunate Pteranodon.

The explorers then make preparations to live on the plateau potentially indefinitely. Challenger designs a catapult to defend the camp. During a search for Maple White, Roxton finds his remains, confirming his death. It is at this time that Ed confesses his love for Paula and the two are unofficially wed by Summerlee who used to be a minister.

Shortly afterwards, as the paleontologists are observing the Brontosaurus, an Allosaurus attacks it and the Brontosaurus falls off the edge of the plateau, becoming trapped in a mud bank at the base of the plateau. Soon afterwards, a volcano erupts causing a mass stampede among the giant creatures of the lost world. The crew is saved when Paula's pet monkey Jocko climbs up the plateau carrying a rope. The crew use the rope to pull up a rope ladder constructed by Zambo and Austin and then climb down.

As Ed makes his descent, he is again attacked by the apeman who pulls the rope ladder. The apeman is again shot and finally killed by Roxton. They discover the Brontosaurus that had been pushed off the plateau had landed softly in the mud of the river, trapped but still alive, and Challenger manages to bring it back to London, as he wants to put it on display as proof of his story.

However, while being unloaded from the ship, the spooked and disoriented animal escapes and causes havoc until it reaches Tower Bridge, where its massive weight causes a collapse, and it swims down the River Thames. Challenger is morose as the creature leaves. Ed discovers that the love he left in London has married in his absence, allowing him and Paula to be together. Roxton morosely but gallantly hides his love for Paula as Paula and Ed leave together, while two passersby note: "That's Sir John Roxton – sportsman."

Production
This was the first feature-length film made in the United States, possibly the world, to feature model animation as the primary special effect, or stop motion animation in general. Willis H. O'Brien had previously, in 1918, worked on a film called The Ghost of Slumber Mountain that used stop motion photography. In The Lost World, he combined animated dinosaurs with live-action footage of human beings, but at first he was able to do this only by separating the frame into two parts (also known as split screen). As work went on, O'Brien's technique grew better and he could combine live-action and stop-motion footage in the same part of the screen.

For the live action scenes, an open sewer behind the MGM studio in Los Angeles was used as a river.

The dinosaurs of this film were based on the artwork of Charles R. Knight. Some of the dinosaur models used in the film came into the possession of collector Forrest J Ackerman.

Doyle frequently mentioned that Professor Challenger, not Sherlock Holmes, was his favorite character among his creations.

Reception
The Lost World received acclaim. It holds a 100% score on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 18 reviews and an average rating of 7.5/10.

In 1922, Conan Doyle screened O'Brien's test reel to a meeting of the Society of American Magicians, which included Harry Houdini. The astounded audience watched footage of a Triceratops family, an attack by an Allosaurus and some Stegosaurus footage. Doyle refused to discuss the film's origins. On the next day, The New York Times ran a front-page article about it, saying "(Conan Doyle's) monsters of the ancient world, or of the new world which he has discovered in the ether, were extraordinarily lifelike. If fakes, they were masterpieces".

In April 1925, on a London-Paris flight by Imperial Airways, The Lost World became the first film to be shown to airline passengers. As film stock of the era was nitrate and highly flammable, this was a risky undertaking on a wood and fabric-hulled plane, a converted WW1 bomber, the Handley-Page O 400.

This is the first dinosaur-oriented film hit, and it led to other dinosaur films, from King Kong to the Jurassic Park series. Michael Crichton's sequel to Jurassic Park was named The Lost World, in homage to Doyle's novel and film.

American Film Institute recognition
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated
 * AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film

Restorations

 * George Eastman House – 1997 Laserdisc preservation with stills showing missing scenes
 * George Eastman House – Film restoration using materials from Czech National Film Archive. Some sequences still missing and some inadvertently left out
 * David Shepard, Serge Bromberg – DVD version using Kodascope prints, Czech archive materials and trailers. Like the George Eastman House restoration, some sequences are still missing and some inadvertently left out
 * Flicker Alley – Blu-ray version of new 2K restoration (from various sources – original 35 mm nitrate copy, safety print, various 16 mm copies, etc. ) with around eight min. of recently discovered footage and a new full orchestra score by Robert Israel (produced by Serge Bromberg of Lobster Films and dedicated to David Shepard of Film Preservation Associates)

Copyright
The Lost World entered the public domain on January 1, 1954, after 28 years of protection plus the remainder of the final calendar year. Although 95 years of protection was possible for works published in 1925, protection beyond 28 years required, at the time, a renewal with the US copyright office during the 28th year. The film's copyright was not renewed.

Any elements unreleased in 1925, and unreleased during the lifetime of the producer, have 70 years of copyright protection after the death of the producer. Producer Earl Hudson died in 1959, so any such film elements will enter the public domain on January 1, 2030.

title: The Lost World (1925 film)


text:
Talk:AAS

External links to assist in starting articles
Items 1, 2, 3, 4 Courtland 03:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Academy of Applied Science — http://www.aas-world.org/
 * 2) American Astronautical Society — http://www.astronautical.org/
 * 3) American Association of Suicidology — http://www.suicidology.org/
 * 4) Association for Asian Studies — http://www.aasianst.org/
 * 5) Armored Assault Squad http://republic-commando-ass.webs.com/  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooldude545675 (talk • contribs) 10:42, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Removed from page ... could not find via Google search
Item 1 Courtland 03:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Aeromedical Airlift Squadron

Organizing Principle
Greetings! Would it make sense to reorganize the bullets under each heading so that they appear in alphabetical order, for easier reference? I started to do that, but hesitate, lest there be some other organizaing principle in play.Claire F. Kuhl 14:25, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:AAS


text:
A Bright Room Called Day

A Bright Room Called Day is a play by American playwright Tony Kushner, author of Angels in America.

Synopsis
The play is set in Germany in 1932 and 1933, and concerns a group of friends caught up in the events of the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. The plot is centered on a woman named Agnes Eggling, a middle-aged actress, and all of the action takes place in her apartment. The action is occasionally interrupted by scenes featuring Zillah, a young woman in the 1980s living in Long Island who believes that Reagan is becoming too much like Hitler. In the version performed by the New York Shakespeare Festival, Zillah has moved to Berlin. Zillah has fled to Germany out of frustration and anger at the growing power of the Republican Party in America during the 1980s. The play was based on Bertolt Brecht's 1938 work The Private Life of the Master Race.

2018 version
Kushner revised the script in 2018 to include a new character, Xillah, who only interacts with Zillah. As explained by the character in the 2019 Public Theater production, A Bright Room Called Day was a play he wrote 34 years ago that never worked until Donald Trump was elected and suddenly everyone wanted to produce it, so he decided to give it an update. Xillah serves as Kushner's own commentary on his play, occasionally cutting into the proceedings to comment on issues with the play and getting into arguments with his "failed theatrical device" Zillah on the content of the play. Throughout the play, the two characters frequently discuss Kushner's prior comparison of Hitler to Ronald Reagan with present-day Hitler comparisons to Donald Trump. Zillah spends much of the play asking Xillah to write a new ending where she can interact with Agnes instead of having her just write hate mail to Ronald Reagan, while Xillah insists it is naïve to think one can speak to the dead. The result has been characterized by Kushner and Oskar Eustis (who directed the original Eureka production and the Public Theater revival) as turning the play from a critique of the American right to a discussion on the role of art as social or political action.

Production history
A Bright Room Called Day was first presented in a workshop production by Heat & Light Co., Inc., at Theatre 22 in New York City in April 1985, directed by Kushner himself.

The play premiered at the Eureka Theatre in San Francisco, California in October 1987, directed by Oskar Eustis.

In January 1991, it was produced at the Joseph Papp Public Theater by the New York Shakespeare Festival, where it was directed by Michael Greif.

The segments of the play set in the 1930s remained substantially the same throughout the various productions, but Zillah's interruptions changed drastically from version to version. Her scenes were the primary point of contention for critics of the show, some of whom took offense at her comparisons of Ronald Reagan to Adolf Hitler.

In 2009, A Bright Room Called Day was translated into French by Hillary Keegin and Pauline Le Diset. It was presented by I Girasoli at the Théatre de la Boutonnière, Paris, France in January 2010 under the title Bright Room.

In July to August 2014, the play got its first London revival at the Southwark Playhouse, directed by Sebastian Harcombe.

In February 2018 a revised version of the play, titled "A Bright Room Called Day (Revisited)", was performed at the University of Southern California School of Dramatic Arts. The revised version included the addition of the character Xillah, who also interrupts the play and comments on the modern parallels of the play in contrast to the parallels made to 1985. The production was directed by David Warshofsky.

Oskar Eustis helmed a revival of the play at the Public Theater in the fall of 2019, running from October 29 to December 22 after two extensions from an original end date of December 8. The production, using the revised version of the script, featured Nikki M. James as Agnes, Michael Urie as Gregor, Linda Emond as Annabella, Jonathan Hadary as Xillah, and Estelle Parsons as Die Älte, with Michael Esper as Vealtninc, Grace Gummer as Paulinka, Crystal Lucas-Perry as Zillah, Nadine Malouf as Rosa Malek, Mark Margolis as Gottfried Swetts, and Max Woertendyke as Emil Traum. Hayley Levitt of TheaterMania noted the revised script resembled a commentary on an old play rather than a revival of the play itself.

Critics

 * "Tony Kushner's A Bright Room Called Day...is unabashedly political, thought-provoking, a little scary, and frequently a good deal of theatrical fun. ...Bright Room is...an examination of Nazi Germany in an attempt to shed insight on our own time. It's brash, audacious, and, depending on your politics, anything from infuriatingly naive to intoxicatingly visionary. In its 1932-33 span, it tells of a group of Berlin artists and friends, with varying degrees of communist leanings, and of the changes in their lives as democracy falls and Adolph Hitler takes over." Sid Smith, Chicago Tribune
 * "It's fun to see a show this engaged. This passionate and ready to talk. Wild, uneven, pugnacious, ragged, committed, smart, dumb, satirical, and utterly serious. Always dramatically and intellectually forceful. And most important, always passionately committed. More than a diatribe against Reagan or a falling-into-the-Nazi-abyss history play, A Bright Room Called Day is an assertion of the need for commitment." Anthony Adler, The Reader

title: A Bright Room Called Day


text:
Talk:Great Ape Project

August 2005
Make up your mind(s): is it a legal or a mammalian article? :-) I vote legal. --Ihope127 03:33, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Original research
and criticism sections look a bit like personal essays as they stand. Please see No original research. They should probably be rewritten with good sources, or deleted. SlimVirgin (talk) 02:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Images
The images seem rather irrelevant to the topic at hand. They look more like propaganda than illustrations. We need a log or something of the sort instead. Ingoolemo talk 09:25, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Why is there a picture of a baboon, which is NOT a great ape?

One-sided
Is it stands now, this article seems very one-sided, only presenting the opinions of those involved in the Great Ape Project. I wouldn't mind seeing a "criticism" section added. (Note that I'm not necessarily saying I agree or disagree with the GAP; I'm just saying there's bound to be a great deal of criticism towards a movement like this and such criticism would certainly warrant mention here.) Jeff Silvers 06:21, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Given how short the article is, a full criticism section would seem heavy weight. Perhaps a link could be added at the bottom to an external site that opposes GAP. There are several primate research labs in the US.  Maybe one of them have a website that argues in favor of using apes for experiments.

 * The article does seem devoid of information on the supporters of GAP. It just states that "thirty-four recognized authors" contributed to the original book and that GAP is an "organization of primatologists, psychologists, ethicists, and other experts". Would it make it more one-sided to include a short list of some of the more noteworthy (especially scientific) contributors to the Great Ape Project book (Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins) and subsequent supporters (Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan)? AstroVegan 19:11, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * By all means, go ahead. SlimVirgin (talk) 23:24, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Added links to Goodall and Dawkins as contributors to the book, but cannot find any online reference to Sagan (or anyone else) publicly endorsing GAP. Sagan learned of GAP shortly before his death and spoke with Singer, wishing he could have contributed to the book.  I know this only from my personal contact with Sagan and cannot cite a source, so I have left it out for now. AstroVegan 01:33, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Also it's worth noting here on the talk page that one could object to the GAP project when taken literally, while still being sympathetic to their aim. It's not the case that being against the GAP means you must be in favor of primate experimentation. For example, one might take the view that extending the concept of 'rights' to animals doesn't really make sense, because you then get into a messy rights-and-responsibilities problem. If a chimp kills another chimp, do you put him on trial and lock him up in prison, or do you just accept that "that's what chimps do"? If the latter, then it's not clear what it meant to say that the chimps have rights. But one still might believe that we should treat apes with the same kind of respect we give to humans, just that we shouldn't lump such respect in with 'rights'.

 * Killing is not "what chimps do". They DO kill other chimps, but with exactly the same motives as humans kill other humans.So. a chimp murder, committed by another chimp, IS a crime. Of course putting it into a human jail would be nonsense, but simply isolating it from the "community" for some time is the solution. Chimps understand what punishment is. --77.128.23.7 23:45, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Although I've seen such arguments discussed loosely (in not much more detail than I've just used), I've not found a decent reference for such an argument. So until such a reference appears, NOR implies that it can't go on the main article page. But it's worth bearing in mind if someone does put together a balanced criticism section. --DudeGalea 06:37, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

it is not for humans to administer justice to chimps.beside that,there is not much more to be said.142.22.115.20 (talk) 18:58, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

External Link
I removed an entry from the External Links section that linked to what appears to be a personal blog, created three days ago, devoted entirely to criticizing Richard Dawkins as "psychotic," "jealous," and the owner of an "unhealthy mind," all in nearly unintelligible prose and punctuation. I take it there are no objections? --Olorin780 23:41, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Mandrills?
I noticed that mandrills got omitted. Hmmmm. Dogru144 03:56, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I mean, omitted from the early paragraph mentioning various non-human apes. Dogru144 03:57, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Mandrills are not apes.142.22.115.20 (talk) 19:01, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Focus
This article looks a bit like a coatrack. The actual content of the article is 6 paragraphs.

The nominal topic of the article is covered in the first two paragraphs. The rest of the article is about the book of the same name (1 paragraph) and arguments re the status of apes (3 paragraphs).

Of the article's 357 words, only 111 (~30%) are about the topic.

The only cite in the article, notably, is to a journal article that does not discuss the GAP, the topic of this article.

I am going to yank a sizable portions of the article and add it to any article(s) that seem to call for it.

Incidentally, what was with the John Stuart Mill "Reference"? He died in the late 19th century and, to my knowledge, didn't say anything about apes... Mdbrownmsw 14:29, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Why is it that you think that a cited, referenced, discussion of the rationale for having a Great Ape Project is off topic? --Animalresearcher 14:43, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The discussion was neither cited nor referenced. Elements of the discussion were cited and/or referenced. However, those elements were about topics believed to be related to the Project. This was presenting material from sources that are not speaking directly about this topic. This is synthesis, a form of original research:
 * "...In short, the only way to demonstrate that you are not presenting original research is to cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article;"
 * This article is "Great Ape Project", not "Possible Reasons Which May Have Been On the Minds of Those Who Started the Great Ape Project". Nor is it "Reasons Various Wikipedia Editors Think the Great Ape Project Is or Is Not a Good Idea".
 * Mdbrownmsw 16:08, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Mdbrownmsw 16:08, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * So your argument is that it is perfectly fine to have wikipedia articles that are placeholders (ie: advertisements) for social projects without the necessity to subject them to criticism? The Great Ape Project home page both refers EXTENSIVELY to the book and to the rationale for the project, which you deleted. The project argues that it is critical to improve the rights status of some Apes because of the cognition and consciousness they possess. The obvious criticism is that their similarity to humans is also the compelling reason to use them in medical research. It is POV editing to remove criticism in order to bias point of view, and Wikipedia is not to be used to advertise for social movements. See WP:NPOV and WP:SOAP --Animalresearcher 01:04, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Very well, here are my deletions, point by point:
 * "The authors write that human beings are intelligent animals with a varied social, emotional, and cognitive life. If great apes also display such attributes, the authors argue, they deserve the same consideration humans extend to members of their own species.
 * The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities with a past and future. Documented conversations (in sign languages) with individual great apes are the basis for these findings. Other subjects addressed within the book include the division placed between humans and great apes, great apes as persons, progress in gaining rights for the severely mentally retarded (once an overlooked minority), and the situation of great apes in the world today."
 * Note, it's not: "The authors write the Great Ape Project is needed because..." Additionally, it isn't: "The book highlights findings that brought about the Great Ape Project..." They are presenting arguments for great apes to have certain rights, not for establishing a project to author and pass a resolution granting specific rights to great apes. The section does not "cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article".
 * Next:
 * "From a biological point of view, Dr. Pedro A. Ynterian from the International GAP Project wrote 'Between the two of us we could even have a 0.05% difference in our DNA. The difference between a Chimpanzee and us is only 1%. Human blood and Chimpanzee blood, with compatible blood groups, can be exchanged through transfusion. Neither our nor the chimps blood can be exchanged with any other species. We are closer genetically to a chimp than a mouse is to a rat.'"
 * The person cited is with the project. The quote seems to argue in favor of the goals of the project. However, nothing in the section "cite(s) reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article". Rather, it cites a source who is directly related to the subject, then presents an argument that seems to be directly related to the goal of the subject.
 * Next:
 * "Their biological similarity with humans is also key to the traits for which they are valuable as research subjects. For example, testing of monoclonal antibody treatments can not be done in species less similar to humans than chimpanzees. Because the antibodies do not elicit immune responses in chimpanzees, they persist in the blood as they do in humans, and their effects can be evaluated. In monkeys and other non-apes, the antibodies are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream. Monoclonal antibody treatments are being developed for cancer; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease; and asthma. Chimpanzees also contain unique advantages in evaluating new Hepatitis B and C vaccines, and treatments for malaria, again because of the similarity in their response to these antigens to humans. "
 * The section does not "cite reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article".
 * (I also removed various internal and external links to items that were not directly related to the topic.
 * As written, much of what I removed might be appropriate for Non-human primate experiments, but it doesn't belong here.
 * If you are arguing that the material in question was presented in specific reference to the Great Ape Project, it needs a rewrite to reflect that.
 * Your agument that I used "POV editing to remove criticism in order to bias point of view" is contrary to my removal of significant off-topic arguments both for and against. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mdbrownmsw (talk • contribs) 13:13, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have just commented out the following:
 * "The rationale for recognizing such rights is that these Apes (sic) possess morally significant qualities such as the intellectual capacity to create and use tools, learn and teach other languages, and remembering their past and planning for their future, (sic)"
 * This seems to be part of the continuing dispute in this section. While the claims are similar to much of the deleted material, they are now said to be "the rational for recognizing such rights", though it does not cite a source, nor directly relate it to the topic of this article. I believe this falls under synthesis/OR as discussed above. I will put this up for third party comment shortly.
 * Mdbrownmsw 19:33, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This seems to be part of the continuing dispute in this section. While the claims are similar to much of the deleted material, they are now said to be "the rational for recognizing such rights", though it does not cite a source, nor directly relate it to the topic of this article. I believe this falls under synthesis/OR as discussed above. I will put this up for third party comment shortly.
 * Mdbrownmsw 19:33, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It was paraphrased from the Great Ape Project home page. As directly stated on their own home page - "an idea, a book, an organization". The only things included that are NOT on their home page or from their book include relevant statements from a prominent member of their organization, and criticism (which is referenced). --Animalresearcher 23:45, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Several issues:
 * It was not cited as being from their page. As such it was an unsourced factoid that did not show any connection by a reliable source to the topic of this article: the Great Ape Project.
 * Merely because something is on their website does not mean that the information by itself is either reliable or relatable to the project. If, for example, the website for Fred's Bank says that dimes weigh more than quarters, an article on Fred's Bank cannot simply state "Dimes weigh more than quarters." An article on dimes could use that statement (though the source may fail under WP:RS). For an article on Fred's Bank, it would have to read "Fred's Bank states that dimes weigh more than quarters." (relevance might be questionable, though).
 * The simple majority of the information you have added is about the book. This article is about the project, not the book. The two, though related, are not the same. Whether one produced the other is not clear from anything I've found (one may have led to the other without producing it). Though France certainly produced the Statue of Liberty, details and statements about one do not inherently belong in an article about the other.
 * Some of what you have returned shows no attempt whatsoever to demonstrate that it is from "reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article". example: "From a biological point of view, Dr. Pedro A. Ynterian from the International GAP Project wrote ... (info about human/chimp/rat DNA)." Certainly, as a Dr. (of whatever kind), Ynterian has written reams that have no connection whatsoever to the Great Ape Project. Nothing in the quote indicates any relationship to the project without synthesis thinking: It's about human and chimp DNA similarities, he wrote in the book with the same name as the project, the project is about great apes, therefore what he wrote is related to the project. This reasoning, valid and sound in most forums, is not acceptable in wikipedia. It does not show that a reliable source provided the information in direct relation to the topic.
 * Some of the links and wikilinks you have returned are not directly related to the topic. Spanish Socialist Workers' Party proposing a human rights bill for great apes is similar in intent to the GAP, but it does not show that it is related to the project. The controversy surrounding Nafovanny touches on topics central to GAP, but there is nothing in either article that established a direct connection between the two (say, a statement by GAP re Nafovanny or something showing that Nafovanny was a primary issue leading to the GAP).
 * You have added back the material that was under discussion without resolving the discussion. I do not appreciate that. However, I'm going to leave it there until there is some resolution of the issues involved.
 * Mdbrownmsw 14:05, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, the home page is maintained by the project, it can certainly speak to the project, and it states very clearly that the Great Ape Project is "an idea, an organization, a book". In other words, they consider the book to be a product of the organization. Not everything in wikipedia needs to be sourced (especially when it is ipso facto obvious to anyone who read the front home page of the organization on the web and the home page of the organization is the first external link listed on the bottom of the page in question). You could go on to pedantically argue about relevance and OR on every sentence on every Wiki page, but I would argue that when speaking about the Great Ape Project, the front home page on the web of the Great Ape Project can stand alone as a primary source (because it is written BY the project specifically to MARKET the project), and that much of what you object to is adequately consistent with, and in line with, the statements made on the GAP home page. What you seek to do is turn this Wiki page into an advertising placeholder for the project, which I object to. --Animalresearcher 14:35, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * "...the home page ... states very clearly that the Great Ape Project is "an idea, an organization, a book"."
 * This article is about the organization. "The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1993, is an international organization of primatologists, psychologists, ethicists, and other experts who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans."
 * "In other words, they consider the book to be a product of the organization."
 * Immaterial. If they consider the text of the book to be a statement of the organization, however, it would be possible to say that "The Great Ape Project states that...". At present, however, much of what you have returned says that the book or an author or a researcher or a member of the project says something.
 * "Not everything in wikipedia needs to be sourced..."
 * "The burden of evidence lies with the editor who adds or restores material. All quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged should be attributed to a reliable, published source using an inline citation.[1] The source should be cited clearly and precisely to enable readers to find the text that supports the article content in question." Verifiability Now, consider the text you have returned to hereby be officially challenged.
 * "...(especially when it is ipso facto obvious to anyone who read the front home page of the organization on the web and the home page of the organization is the first external link listed on the bottom of the page in question)."
 * Where does the assumption that someone would read the front page of their website come from? Where does the assumption that their homepage will remain static come from? If it's on their homepage, cite it as a statement of the Project and be done with it.
 * "You could go on to pedantically argue about relevance and OR on every sentence on every Wiki page,..."
 * I could? Well, I'm not arguing pedantically about every sentence on every page. Please stick to the topic: I'm arguing about the text you have restored.
 * "...but I would argue that when speaking about the Great Ape Project, the front home page on the web of the Great Ape Project can stand alone as a primary source..."
 * The project's website can stand as a source for what the project says. Outside of that, it can be a source for basic information about the project, with possibility that other sources may provide conflicting or confirming info. Again, take it to a different context: a website put up by a hate group is a reliable source for what the group says. It is not necessarily the only source for what they say. It is not necessarily a reliable source for the group's structure, history or data supporting their beliefs.
 * "...(because it is written BY the project specifically to MARKET the project),..."
 * It is presumably written by members of the project. It might be to market the project. It might be to further the Declaration. It might be to sell t-shirts. All of this is immaterial. Unless shown otherwise, we accept that the website speaks for the group and is no more or less authoritative than that.
 * "...and that much of what you object to is adequately consistent with, and in line with, the statements made on the GAP home page."
 * I objected to, and continue to object to, the use of wikipedia articles to debate the rightness or wrongness of the Project's cause. This is an encyclopedia article about an organization called "the Great Ape Project". Arguments for and against granting rights to apes belongs in an article on THAT topic, citing sources relating it to that topic. Arguments for and against in this article must be limited to arguments for and against the GAP and its Declaration from "reliable sources that provide information directly related to the topic of the article".
 * "What you seek to do is turn this Wiki page into an advertising placeholder for the project, which I object to."
 * You have no knowledge of my goals. Please stick to the topic.
 * Mdbrownmsw 20:33, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Third Party Opinion - Initiated

Mdbrownmsw has some exceedingly good commentary on this article. However, it appears that Animalresearcher is new to Wikipedia and does not have a sufficient grasp of policy. While many users, including myself, may sense attack on their content as an attack on themselves, it is not personal; it is business. Business here at Wikipedia is supposed to follow rules. Too often, it is perceived that anything is fine until someone disagrees, and it appears as he or she is being bossy or undermining the initial editors efforts. Rather, this is an encyclopedia with so much content that it takes a while until someone happens to come along and notice particular things out of order. I find Mdbrownmsw's comments to be mostly in order, and he has been extremely patient and civl in his arguments. To add, primary sources are not necessarily grounds for absolute sourcing, as they are naturally slanted towards their own data -- attempts to find secondary sourcing would perhaps shed some light on this topic.  DRosenbach  ( Talk 23:18, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The Great Ape Project is a political lobbying group by their own definition. Text devoted to their specific position, and criticism of it, are not off-topic, and excluding them is POV. For comparison, look at the web pages of other animal rights groups, like PETA, BUAV, the Primate Freedom Project, the Animal Liberation Front, and so on. Each includes text devoted to the political stances of the groups, their actions, and criticism of their positions and actions. That is basically what an encyclopedia entry for a political action group looks like. --Animalresearcher 00:36, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You should really include some sources other than the website of the entity you are writing about. That's like claiming that Howard Stern can read minds and quoting his own website to support the claim.  Independant sourcing is optimal, regardless of what similar Wikipedia articles may possess.  The fact is that another editor is disputing your contribution to this article, and exhibiting other articles with similar flaws does nothing to support your stance.  DRosenbach  ( Talk 19:28, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * If a group's own web site which states its political stances and corresponding scientific rationale cannot stand as a reasonable source for the political stances and corresponding scientific rationale for that group, where does that leave us? THEIR WEB SITE IS A PRIMARY SOURCE FOR WHAT THEY STAND FOR. Their web site is not a "good" source for the quality of that stance, or criticism of that stance, or for how their actions may impact the use of Apes in biomedical research and zoos, but it seems ridiculous that it cannot stand as a primary source for their political stances, and their scientific rationale for those stances. Think about it. --Animalresearcher 00:39, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Article mentions the GAP but digresses and speaks about the "book of the same name". I'd like to see more about the group itself. Perhaps consider adding a section on the founding of it. You speak to the founder but more detail may be nice.Nicholettelucia (talk) 21:47, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Human-Chimpanzee Blood Transfusion
I'm removing the 3rd paragraph of the 1st section because the source is no longer available. While I'd love to hear the news of a human-chimpanzee blood transfusion, the claim doesn't seem entirely (if at all) true. Humicroav (talk) 04:57, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Great Ape Project


text: Talk:Liberalism in Australia

title: Talk:Liberalism in Australia


text: Template:ISS expeditions

title: Template:ISS expeditions


text:
Wighard

Wighard (or Wigheard; died between 664 and 667) was a medieval Archbishop-elect of Canterbury. What little is known about him comes from 8th-century writer Bede, but inconsistencies between various works have led to confusion about the exact circumstances of Wighard's election and whether he was ever confirmed in that office. What is clear is that he died in Rome after travelling there for confirmation by the papacy of his elevation to the archbishopric. His death allowed Pope Vitalian to select the next archbishop from amongst the clergy in Rome.

Life
Wighard was a Saxon priest during the late 7th century, and a native of Kent. He served in the household of Archbishop Deusdedit of Canterbury, and was also a priest at Canterbury. The 8th-century writer Bede says that Wighard was selected to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and that he was sent to Rome to visit Pope Vitalian for confirmation and to receive his pallium. How exactly he was selected, and when that occurred, is open to debate, as Bede himself had two different stories. The first one, related in his Historia Abbatum, stated that Wighard was selected by King Ecgberht of Kent. Fifteen years after Bede's completion of the Historia Abbatum, Bede wrote the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, which states that Wighard was selected by Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht with the consent of all the clergy and people. Some modern historians have followed Bede's second account, but others feel that only Ecgberht selected Wighard.

The case for excluding Oswiu from any role in Wighard's election is based on the theory that Bede misinterpreted a letter from Vitalian to Oswiu as stating that Oswiu was involved in the selection. The historian Nicholas Brooks points out that although Bede may have indeed misread Vitalian's letter, Oswiu had other reasons for involving himself in Deusdedit's replacement, not least of which was a concern that the exiled Northumbrian bishop Wilfrid, who was in Kent and Mercia at the time, not be selected as the new archbishop. The historian D. P. Kirby sees Oswiu's involvement in Wighard's selection as an attempt to help restore the Anglo-Saxon church, and perhaps as the beginning of steps to secure York as an archbishopric. Brooks points out that one reason Wighard might have journeyed to Rome was to receive his pallium. As it had been the normal practice up until then to have it sent out to England by the papacy, Wighard's travel to Rome would indicate the papacy's approval of his election and ensure the validity of his consecration.

Bede, who is the main source for this information, is unclear on his chronology relating to Wighard. At one point in the Historia Ecclesiastica, he states that Canterbury had been vacant for some time before Wighard's election, but in other writings he implies that Wighard was appointed soon after the conclusion of the Council of Whitby, which likely took place in 664. However Wighard was selected, he died in Rome. His death possibly occurred around 664, but could have been as late as 667. It may have been caused by the bubonic plague, or perhaps was due to some other disease epidemic. Like much else in his life, it is unclear if he was actually consecrated before his death. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Wighard states that he died before consecration. The historian Peter Blair, however, states that Wighard died as he was about to head home to Canterbury, after his consecration.

Pope Vitalian wrote to Oswiu after Wighard's death, and this letter is preserved by Bede in his Historia Ecclesiastica. In the letter, which also mentions that a messenger from Oswiu had been among the companions of the archbishop-elect, the pope apologises that he has been unable to find a successor to Wighard yet. Wighard's death in Rome allowed Vitalian the opportunity to choose his successor, and Vitalian chose his friend Theodore of Tarsus to become the next archbishop.

title: Wighard


text:
Dikaryon

The dikaryon is a nuclear feature that is unique to certain fungi. (The green alga Derbesia had been long considered an exception, until the heterokaryotic hypothesis was challenged by later studies. ) Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms (plasmogamy). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two cells pair off and cohabit without fusing (karyogamy). This can be maintained for all the cells of the hyphae by synchronously dividing so that pairs are passed to newer cells. In the Ascomycota this attribute is most often found in the ascogenous hyphae and ascocarp while the bulk of the mycelium remains monokaryotic. In the Basidiomycota this is the dominant phase, with most Basidiomycota monokaryons weakly growing and short-lived.

The formation of a dikaryon is a plesiomorphic character for the subkingdom Dikarya, which consists of the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota. The formation of croziers in the Ascomycota and of clamp connections in the Basidiomycota facilitates maintenance of the dikaryons. However, some fungi in each of these phyla have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.

Etymology
The name dikaryon comes from the Greek δι- (di-) meaning "two" and κάρυον (karyon) meaning "nut", referring to the cell nucleus.

title: Dikaryon


text:
Mahanagar

Mahanagar (lit. 'The Mighty City') is a 1963 Indian Bengali-language drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray. Starring Madhabi Mukherjee in the leading role and based on the short story Abataranika by Narendranath Mitra, it tells the story of a housewife who disconcerts her traditionalist family by getting the job of a saleswoman. The film marked the first screen appearance of Jaya Bhaduri, one of Hindi cinema's leading actresses.

Shot in the first half of 1963 in Calcutta, this was also the first film directed by Ray set entirely in his native Calcutta, reflecting contemporary realities of the urban middle-class, where women going to work is no longer merely driven by ideas of emancipation but has become an economic reality. The film examines the effects of the confident working woman on patriarchial attitudes and social dynamics. Besides The Apu Trilogy, the film, according to veteran film critic Philip French, is one of Ray's greatest films.

Plot
Set in Calcutta during the 1950s, Mahanagar explores the evolving independence of middle-class women of the city. Arati (Madhabi Mukherjee), a homemaker, takes a job as a door-to-door saleswoman to meet the increasing financial pressure on her orthodox and conservative family, who share a cramped apartment. Despite the disapproval of her father-in-law, Priyogopal (Haren Chatterjee), the hesitant and nervous Arati soon begins to prosper in her field and gradually starts to enjoy her new-found financial and psychological independence.

Her begrudgingly supportive husband, Subrata (Anil Chatterjee), starts to feel insecure and asks Arati to quit her job after he tentatively secures another part-time job. Before Arati can quit, Subrata loses his full-time job when the bank he was working for shuts down in the last of the Calcutta bank crashes. Subrata has no choice but to let Arati continue to work.

Arati now becomes the sole breadwinner of the family. She befriends an Anglo-Indian colleague, Edith (Vicky Redwood), a move which raises suspicion and increases conflict within her family. Slowly Arati begins to shine in her job and earn the trust of her manager, who promises her more responsibilities if she continues to work with efficiency.

Priyogopal, a retired schoolteacher, visits several of his former pupils who are now prospering in their chosen professions to solicit funds (after refusing to accept money from Arati). One of them, an optometrist, gives Priyogopal a badly needed pair of eyeglasses. Another of his ex-pupils, a doctor who provides free medical care after Priyogopal falls down a flight of stairs, chastises Subrata for neglecting his father's material needs.

Meanwhile, Subrata spends his days idly at home and is consumed by suspicion and insecurity. Subrata finally decides to meet Arati's boss, Himangshu (Haradhan Bannerjee), to ease some of his suspicions. He finds that Himangshu is an affable and friendly person who, like him, hails from Pabna District. They discuss Subrata's unemployment and Himangshu promises to find him a job somewhere.

Edith returns to work after a long illness, but Himangshu doubts she was actually sick and fires her, citing her frivolous lifestyle. Arati discovers her crying and persuades Edith to tell her why she is upset. Despite being the sole breadwinner of the family, the previously timid Arati abandons her inhibitions and confronts Himangshu over his unjust firing of Edith. After a heated exchange in which her boss refuses to apologize to Edith, Arati hands in her resignation letter and storms off.

On her way out of the office, she meets Subrata, apologizes to him for impulsively quitting her job, and admits she is scared of the future. Subarata realizes that his wife has shown courage rather than meekly submitting to her boss to sustain her livelihood. He placates Arati and tells her that he believes some day they both will get jobs to support their family.

Cast

 * Madhabi Mukherjee as Arati Mazumdar
 * Anil Chatterjee as Subrata Mazumdar (the husband)
 * Haradhan Bannerjee as Himangshu Mukherjee (the boss)
 * Vicky Redwood as Edith Simmons (the Anglo-Indian colleague)
 * Jaya Bhaduri as Bani (Subrata's sister)
 * Haren Chatterjee as Priyogopal (Subrata's father)
 * Sefalika Devi as Sarojini (Subrata's mother)
 * Prosenjit Sarkar as Pintu (Arati and Subrata's son)

Reception and legacy
Upon its 1967 release in the United States, Mahanagar drew praise from Roger Ebert, Pauline Kael and others. According to Ebert, "the power of this extraordinary film seems to come in equal parts from the serene narrative style of director Satyajit Ray and the sensitive performances of the cast members." He described the film as "one of the most rewarding screen experiences of our time". Bosley Crowther of the New York Times wrote a rave review of the film "There is nothing obscure or over-stylized about this characteristic work by Mr. Ray. It is another of his beautifully fashioned and emotionally balanced contemplations of change in the thinking, the customs and the manners of the Indian middle-class." In his 2013 review Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave Mahanagar five stars out of five describing the film as "An utterly absorbing and moving drama about the changing worlds of work and home in 1950s India, and a hymn to uxorious love acted with lightness, intelligence and wit."

The film holds a Rotten Tomatoes score of 92% based on 26 reviews for an average rating of 8.2/10.

Awards
Satyajit Ray won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival in 1964.

The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 36th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

The film won the All India Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film in 1963 at the 11th National Film Awards.

The film won first best Filmfare Bengali Movie Award 1963 - R.D. Bhansal

Preservation and restoration
The Academy Film Archive preserved Mahanagar in 1996. The Criterion Collection released a restored 2K version of the film in 2013.

title: Mahanagar


text: User talk:200.30.173.50

title: User talk:200.30.173.50


text: User talk:84.13.140.94

title: User talk:84.13.140.94


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Musa Syeed

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mailer Diablo 05:45, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Musa Syeed
Seems to be parts of two different articles. the one about Musa Syeed seems to be about a non-notable person -- exactly one google hit on "Musa Syeed" + Producer, 9 hits on "Musa Syeed"+film. Delete unless notability better established -- in any case cleanup. DES (talk) 03:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - looks like a sloppy cut-n-paste copyvio, though I can't find the source. --Calton | Talk 04:33, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, mostly because it reeks of copyvio, but the 2006 fulbright suggests he's a recent graduate (which reeks of vanity) and what he's done (so far) has been in the states, so i doubt a google search in arabic or under an alternative romanization would do turn up much more. Nateji77 04:38, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Note Two other arts by the smae anon IP were tagged as copyvios. DES (talk) 04:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dottore So 05:18, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Incoherent at best. The other guy mentioned, "Yoni Brook", isn't a bad photographer though - see e.g.   Dlyons493 12:47, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am one of the people mentioned in the entry, though I did not post it, nor do I know who did. I would appreciate its removal. above unsigned comment by User:Musas. DES (talk) 23:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Black Patti

Black Patti may refer to:
 * Black Patti Records, a short-lived record label
 * Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones, an African-American soprano nicknamed the "Black Patti"

title: Black Patti