text:
Talk:Mosaic

Disputed (Double Indirect Method)
The article says the double reverse method (which appears to be the same elsewhere called double indirect or Ravenna technique) was invented in 1989 and patented by one person for his company; The technique seems to be widely understood to have existed for a long time, and the link provided doesn't seem to back up that the technique was invented in 1989.

I think I can provide more academic/authoritative links from home tomorrow evening, when I have access to my library, but here are artists and schools referring to it predating 1989:
 * http://www.maverickmosaics.com/workshops/ravenna-technique-with-michael-kruzich/ ("The “Ravenna method” was developed in the Byzantine era" ... "In the Ravenna method, materials are set into a temporary bed of clay or lime paste where they can be moved and changed until the final effect is achieved"

 * http://mosaicschool.com/art/double_reverse/ "The Double Reverse Technique is also referred as the “Ravenna Technique” It is a 1500 year old method, handed down from the Roman/Byzantine times."

 * https://www.guelphmercury.com/living-story/3251435-tink-tink-tink-five-day-crash-course-in-ravenna-teaches-the-ancient-art-of-mosaics/ ("The workshop would focus on making a replica of an ancient mosaic, using a grout-free "double-reverse" method developed in Ravenna several centuries ago.")

I will aim to add more later. Liastnir (talk) 20:04, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Mosaic. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090108224216/http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777 to http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2777

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External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Mosaic. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080512160152/http://www.jordanjubilee.com/visitjor/sites2.htm to http://www.jordanjubilee.com/visitjor/sites2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20161103213852/http://www.jordanjubilee.com/history/mosaics.htm to http://www.jordanjubilee.com/history/mosaics.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120613180134/http://www.thudit.com/ to http://www.thudit.com/

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:22, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Mosaic art at Bonifacio High Street.jpg

Disconnected Fragment
On 2020-03-02, Wikipedian added a block of text: the Hall of the Seasons, mosaic floor, busts representing the four seasons are found in the corners of the border of the mosaic. Each bust has an elongated face, large almond-shaped eyes and long hair bound to the forehead by a ribbon to the section on robotic manufacturing. It doesn't seem to belong there, but a quick skim through the page doesn't show me where it should be. I'm reluctant to just delete it, BRD notwithstanding; it certainly looks relevant.

Anyone care to opine (or act)?

*Septegram*Talk*Contributions* 16:09, 2 March 2021 (UTC)
 * No idea, but unreferenced, probably copyvio, so just remove it. These are the few articles he was working on. Johnbod (talk) 16:19, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

Mosaic
The irregular pieces of mosaic are called 72.27.187.91 (talk) 14:12, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

Theory Of Mosaic Art
During the ancient times, on the lands of Anatolia, Roman Empire and Persian Empire, people were searching gold on the surfaces of light moving small rivers and waters. The games of light on the water surfaces and the combination of lights and colors on the surfaces, most probably effected the artists and mosaic masters. When we check the surface of slow moving rivers and waters, we can easily see the shapes of mosaic, geometries of light and colors. It is not just becouse of light combinations, but also the game between small stones" (under surface) color reflections with light effects on the surface. This is The Theory Of Mosaic Art declared by Arkın Çalapala, July 1, 2022. 37.154.226.163 (talk) 12:48, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

Opus palladianum, the hidden stepchild
Opus palladianum deserves an art. of its own, but there's a redirect that sends to Mosaic and thus hides the actual "red link". All other opus types have either "true blue" or red links. Arminden (talk) 19:42, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mosaic


text:
Marmaduke Constable

Sir Marmaduke Constable (c.1456/57 – 20 November 1518) of Flamborough, Yorkshire, was a courtier and soldier during the reigns of Richard III, Henry VII and Henry VIII.

Biography
Constable was born around 1456/7. He was the eldest son and heir of Sir Robert Constable (4 April 1423 – 23 May 1488) of Flamborough, Yorkshire, and Agnes Wentworth (d. 20 April 1496), daughter of Roger Wentworth of North Elmsall, Yorkshire, by Margery le Despencer.

According to Horrox, the Constables of Flamborough were followers of the Percys. Marmaduke's father was in the service of King Edward IV in 1461, but by 1470, both Marmaduke and his father were in the service of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. Marmaduke campaigned with the Earl in Scotland in the early 1480s, and Northumberland knighted him at Berwick in August 1482. Marmaduke's epitaph states that he had been with Edward IV in France in 1475, perhaps under Northumberland.

By December 1483, Constable was a knight of the body to King Richard III, and was granted forfeited lands after Buckingham's rebellion. On 28 March 1484, the King granted him the constableship of Tutbury Castle, and other offices.

According to Horrox, it is unclear whether Constable fought for Richard III at Bosworth. In any case, he was not attainted, and was granted a pardon by Henry VII on 18 November 1485, was a knight of the body to the King by May 1486, and accompanied him to the wars in France in 1492.

Constable succeeded his father in May 1488, and in November of that year, became sheriff of Yorkshire. The first three years of Henry VII's reign were disrupted by risings in the North. Constable's brother-in-law, Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton, Worcestershire, was executed at Tyburn on 8 July 1486 for his involvement with Francis Lovell's rising in Yorkshire in 1486, and the Earl of Northumberland was killed by a Yorkshire mob in a rising in 1489. After Northumberland's death, Constable became an associate of Thomas Howard, then Earl of Surrey, who nominated him in 1509 to the Order of the Garter. In 1513, Constable commanded the left wing at the Battle of Flodden under Howard, for which service he received a letter of thanks from the King dated 26 November 1514, in which he is addressed as Sir Marmaduke Constable the elder, 'called the little'.

Constable died on 10 November 1518, after swallowing a frog while drinking a glass of water. In the Church of St Oswald in Flamborough one may still read a rhyming epitaph describing his life and prowess.

Marriages and issue
Constable married firstly Margery FitzHugh, daughter of Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh, and sister to Alice and Elizabeth FitzHugh, by whom he had no issue.

Constable married secondly Joyce Stafford, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford (1400 – 7 June 1450) of Grafton, Worcestershire, slain at Sevenoaks by the rebel, Jack Cade, and Eleanor Aylesbury (born c.1406), the daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury (d. 9 September 1418) and his second wife, Katherine Pabenham (c.1372 – 17 June 1436), by whom he had four sons and two daughters:

 * Sir Robert Constable (c.1478–1537), knighted at Blackheath on 17 June 1497, and executed for treason for taking part in the Pilgrimage of Grace. He married Jane Ingleby, the daughter of Sir William Ingleby of Ripley, Yorkshire, by whom he had three sons and four or five daughters.
 * Sir Marmaduke Constable (c.1480 – 14 September 1545), who was knighted after the Battle of Flodden in 1513, and attended the Queen at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. He was a Knight of the Shire (MP) for Yorkshire, and a member of the Council of the North from 1537 until his death. He married Barbara Sothill (c.1474 – 4 October 1540), the daughter and heir of John Sothill, esquire, of Everingham, Yorkshire, by his first wife, Agnes Ingleby, the daughter of Sir William Ingleby, by whom he had two sons, Sir Robert Constable (before 1495 – 12 October 1558), William Constable, a cleric, and a daughter, Everild. Sir Robert Constable (before 1495 – 12 October 1558) married, before 1530, Katherine Manners, the daughter of George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros of Helmsley, by Anne, only daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas St. Leger and Anne of York, by whom he had six sons, including his heir, Sir Marmaduke Constable (d. 1 February 1575), and a second son, Sir Robert Constable (d.1591), and five daughters. The second son, Sir Robert Constable (d.1591), married Christiana Dabridgecourt, widow of Anthony Forster, and daughter of John Dabridgecourt of Langdon Hall, Warwickshire. Their only child was the poet, Henry Constable.
 * Sir William Constable of Hatfield in Holderness, knighted at Flodden.
 * Sir John Constable (c.1491 – 1554x6) of Kinoulton, Nottinghamshire, who married, by February 1521, Jane Sothill, one of the twin daughters and co-heirs of Henry Sothill, esquire, of Stoke Faston, Leicestershire, and Joan Empson, daughter of Sir Richard Empson, by whom he had three daughters. He was knighted by the Earl of Hertford on 11 May 1544.
 * Agnes Constable, who married firstly Sir Henry Ughtred, and secondly, Sir William Percy.
 * Eleanor Constable (d.1525), who married firstly John Ingleby of Ripley, Yorkshire. She married secondly, Sir Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (1472 – 22 January 1533), by whom she had two sons, Sir Thomas Berkeley, and Maurice Berkeley, esquire, and two daughters, Muriel, who married Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton Court, and Joan, who married Sir Nicholas Poyntz of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire.

Another noteworthy member of this family was the regicide, Sir William Constable (died 1655) who fought for Parliament in the English Civil War, and was a signatory to the death warrant of Charles I of England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marmaduke Constable


text:
Georgia Bulldogs football

The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university's Athens, Georgia, campus.

Georgia claims four national championships, including three (1980, 2021, 2022) from the major wire-service: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll. The Bulldogs' other accomplishments include 16 conference championships, of which 14 are SEC championships, second-most in conference history, and appearances in 61 bowl games, second-most all-time. The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners, five number-one National Football League (NFL) draft picks, and many winners of other national awards. In addition to its storied history, the team is known for its unique traditions and rabid fan base, known as the "Bulldog Nation." Georgia has won over 880 games in its history, placing them 9th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 28 times, 15 of which were Top 5 finishes.

Conference affiliations
Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, one of the first collegiate athletic conferences formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. During its tenure in the SIAA, Georgia was conference co-champion in two years, 1896 and 1920. In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference. During its time in the Southern Conference, the team never won a conference championship. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the SEC, where Georgia has won the second-most SEC football championships, with 14, behind Alabama (27).
 * Independent (1891–1895)
 * Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1896–1920)
 * Southern Conference (1921–1932)
 * Southeastern Conference (1933–present)

National championships
Georgia has been selected eight times as national champions from NCAA-designated major selectors, including three (1980, 2021, 2022) from the major wire-service: AP Poll and/or Coaches' Poll. Georgia claims four national championships (1942, 1980, 2021, and 2022).

Claimed national championships
† Other consensus selectors for 1980 included Berryman, Billingsley, Rothman, Football News, Helms, NCF, Poling, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), Sporting News †† Other consensus selectors for 2021 include AP, FWAA/NFF, USAT/AMWAY (Coaches)

Unclaimed national championships
Claimed national championship
 * 1920 – First-year head Herman Stegeman led the program to its second undefeated season, outscored opponents 250–17.
 * 1927 – Georgia's famous Dream and Wonder team led by George Woodruff went 9–1. This team was noted for having a win over 1920s power, Yale, in Connecticut. Georgia was ranked No. 1 going into its final game against rival Georgia Tech, where they were upset 12–0 in the rain. Even so, Georgia finished the season ranked No. 1 in two minor polls.
 * 1942 – Georgia compiled an 11–1 record, shut out six of twelve opponents (including a 34–0 victory over No. 2 Georgia Tech), and defeated No. 13 UCLA in the 1943 Rose Bowl 9–0. Georgia finished No. 2 in the final AP Poll (Ohio State finished No. 1). The Bulldogs retroactively claimed the title in the late 1980s, after then-head coach and athletic director Vince Dooley discovered that the team was listed as a national champion in an NCAA record book.
 * 1946 – Fueled by the return of Charley Trippi, the 1946 SEC Champion Bulldogs went 10–0, including a 20–10 win over North Carolina in the Sugar Bowl. Notre Dame finished the season ranked No. 1 in the majority of the polls, but the Williamson poll recognized Georgia as No. 1.
 * 1968 – The 1968 Bulldogs won Vince Dooley's second SEC Championship as head coach, and finished the season undefeated. However the 8–0–2 Bulldogs tied twice, and then lost to Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl. The Litkenhous poll recognized them as National Champions.
 * 1980 – The Bulldogs beat Notre Dame 17–10 in the Sugar Bowl to finish 12–0 and claim the national championship. Georgia finished No. 1 in the final AP and Coaches Polls.
 * 2021 – The Bulldogs beat Alabama 33–18 in the CFP National Championship Game to finish at 14–1 and claim the national championship.
 * 2022 – The Bulldogs beat TCU 65–7 in the CFP National Championship Game to finish 15–0 for the first time in school history and claim the national championship.

Conference championships
Georgia has won a total of 16 conference championships, eleven outright and five shared. The school's 14 Southeastern Conference Championships rank it second all time in SEC history, behind only Alabama.

† Co-champions

Division championships
Georgia has won 13 SEC Eastern Division championships, and has made 11 appearances in the SEC Championship Game, most recently in 2023. The Dawgs are 4–7 in those games. Twice, in 1992 and 2007, Georgia was the Eastern Division co-champion, but lost a tiebreaker for the right to appear in the championship game.

† Co-champions

Bowl games
The Bulldogs have played in 62 bowl games, second all-time. UGA has a bowl record of 38–21–3. Their 38 wins rank the Dawgs second all-time in bowl wins. They have played in a record 18 different bowls including appearances in five of the New Year's Six Bowl Games (2 Rose, 5 Orange, 3 Cotton, 7 Peach, and 11 Sugar Bowls) and appearances in the 2018, 2022, and 2023 College Football Playoff National Championship.

† New Year's Six bowl game

Head coaches
Head coaches of the Bulldogs dating from 1892.

Coaching awards

 * Amos Alonzo Stagg Award
 * Vince Dooley – 2001

 * Paul "Bear" Bryant Award
 * Vince Dooley – 1980

 * Broyles Award
 * Brian VanGorder – 2003

 * College Football Hall of Fame
 * Glenn "Pop" Warner, inducted in 1951
 * Joel Hunt, inducted in 1967
 * Wally Butts, inducted in 1997
 * Vince Dooley, inducted in 1995

Nicknames
The first mention of "Bulldogs" in association with Georgia athletics occurred on November 28, 1901, at the Georgia-Auburn football game played in Atlanta. The Georgia fans had a badge saying "Eat `em Georgia" and a picture of a bulldog tearing a piece of cloth; however, it was not until 1920 that the nickname "Bulldog" was used to describe the athletic teams at the University of Georgia. Traditionally, the choice of a Bulldog as the UGA mascot was attributed to the alma mater of its founder and first president, Abraham Baldwin, who graduated from Yale University. Prior to that time, Georgia teams were usually known as the "Red and Black." On November 3, 1920, Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal wrote a story about school nicknames and proposed: "The Georgia Bulldogs would sound good because there is a certain dignity about a bulldog, as well as ferocity." After a 0–0 tie with Virginia in Charlottesville on Nov. 6, 1920, Atlanta Constitution writer Cliff Wheatley used the name "Bulldogs" in his story five times. The name has been used ever since.

Traditions

 * "Between the Hedges" Legendary sports writer Grantland Rice coined the term that famously describes the home of the Bulldogs in the 1930s in reference to the famous English privet hedges that have surrounded the Sanford Stadium turf since its inaugural game against Yale in 1929. The original hedges were removed in 1996 in preparation for the women's soccer matches hosted at Sanford Stadium for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games. Offshoots of the original hedges were planted shortly after the games. The Hedges also serve as a crowd control measure, as they contain a fence inside of them. In fact, only once have Georgia fans been able to rush the field, that following a victory over Tennessee in 2000.
 * Uga (pronounced UH-guh) is the name of a lineage of white Bulldogs which have served as the mascot of the University of Georgia since 1956. The current mascot, "Boom", officially took the role of Uga XI in April 2023, replacing Uga X. Deceased Ugas are interred in a mausoleum near the main entrance to Sanford Stadium. Georgia is the only school to bury its past mascots inside the football stadium.
 * Glory, Glory is the rally song for the Georgia Bulldogs and was sung at football games as early as the 1890s. The rally song was arranged in its current form by Georgia professor Hugh Hodgson in 1915. While "Glory, Glory" is the most commonly played Georgia song, the school's official fight song is "Hail To Georgia" which is played after field goals.
 * The ringing of the Chapel Bell after a Georgia victory started in the 1890s when the playing field was located near the chapel and freshmen were compelled to ring the chapel's bell until midnight to celebrate the victory. Today, freshmen are no longer required to do the chore, with students, alumni, and fans taking their place.
 * "The Battle Hymn of the Bulldog Nation" is a slowed down version of The Battle Hymn of the Republic arranged in 1987 and is a hallowed song played pregame and postgame by the Redcoat Band. A lone trumpeter in the southwest corner of Sanford Stadium plays the first few notes, after which the entire band joins in and a video montage, narrated by longtime Georgia radio broadcaster Larry Munson, is played that highlights the many great moments of Georgia football history. It is custom for fans to stand, remove their hats, and point towards the lone trumpeter as he plays the initial notes. This tradition is considered the climax of the Redcoat Band pregame show and was introduced before the 2000 season.
 * "How 'bout them Dawgs" is a slogan of recent vintage that first surfaced in the late 1970s and has become a battle cry of Bulldog fans. The slogan received national attention and exposure when Georgia won the national championship in 1980 and wire services proclaimed "how 'bout them dogs".
 * "Go Dawgs (Sic 'em Woof Woof Woof)" is a slogan of recent slogan that fans have taken to and was made famous by Dodd Ferrelle & S.N.I.P.A.
 * Silver britches – When Wally Butts was named head coach in 1939, he changed the uniform by adding silver-colored pants to the bright-red jersey already in use. The "silver britches" became very popular, and were a source of multiple fan chants and sign references over the years, the most well-known being "Go You Silver Britches". When he was hired in 1964, Vince Dooley changed Georgia's uniform to use white pants, but reinstated the silver pants prior to Georgia's 1980 national championship season. Georgia's use of the "silver britches" continues to the present day.
 * The "Dawg Walk" is a tradition that features the football players walking through a gathering of fans and the Redcoat Band near the Tate Student Center as they enter Sanford Stadium. Vince Dooley began the tradition, originally leading the team into the stadium from the East Campus Road side. Ray Goff changed the Dawg Walk to its current location in the 1990s, but eventually discontinued the practice altogether. Mark Richt revived it starting with the 2001 season, and it continues to the present day.

Uniforms
Georgia's standard home uniform has not significantly changed since 1980, and consists of a red helmet with the trademarked oval G, red jerseys, and famous silver britches.

Wally Butts first introduced the "silver britches", as they are colloquially known, in 1939. When Vince Dooley became Georgia's head coach, he changed the team's home uniform to include white pants. The uniform was changed back to silver pants prior to the 1980 season, and has remained silver ever since.

Georgia's earliest helmet was grey leather, to which a red block "G" logo was added in 1961. The shirts were usually red, sometimes with various striping patterns. Their uniforms in the pre-World War II era varied at times, sometimes significantly. Photographic evidence suggests that black shirts, vests, and stripes of various patterns were worn at times over the years.

Vince Dooley was the first to incorporate the oval "G" onto the helmet in 1964, as part of uniform changes that included adoption of a red helmet and white pants. Anne Donaldson, who graduated from Georgia with a BFA in commercial art and was married to Georgia assistant coach John Donaldson, was asked by Dooley to come up with a new helmet design to replace the previous silver helmet. Dooley liked the forward oriented stylized "G" Donaldson produced, and it was adopted by him. Since the Georgia "G" was similar to the Green Bay Packers' "G" already in use since 1961, Dooley cleared its use with the Packers organization. The Packers hold the trademark on the "G" logo, and have granted limited permission to Georgia and Grambling State University to utilize a similar logo.

Prior to the 1980 season, the "silver britches" were re-added to Georgia's uniform with a red-white-black stripe down the side. Since the 1980 season, Georgia has utilized the same basic uniform concept. The sleeve stripes, trim colors, and font on Georgia's home and away jerseys have varied many times, but the home jerseys have remained generally red with white numbers, and away jerseys have remained generally white with black numbers.

The most recent trim redesign occurred in 2005, when sleeve stripe patterns were dropped in favor of solid black jersey cuffs on the home jersey and solid red cuffs on the away jersey. Matte gray pants have also been used at times instead of "true" silver since 2004, mainly because the matte gray pants are of a lighter material.

One of the things that make Georgia's uniform unique is its relative longevity, and the fact that it has very rarely changed over the years. There have been occasions, however, when alternate uniforms have been worn.
 * Red pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform at various times during the 1980s and were worn as a "throwback" alternate uniform in 2020.
 * Black facemasks and a white-black-white helmet stripe were worn during the 1991 Independence Bowl.
 * Black pants were used instead of silver as part of Georgia's away uniform (Georgia chose to wear white as the designated home team) during the 1998 Outback Bowl and home uniform during the 1998 Florida game.
 * Black jerseys were worn instead of red as part of Georgia's home uniform in games against Auburn and Hawaii during the 2007 season, in 2008 against Alabama, 2016 against Louisiana-Lafayette and 2020 vs. Mississippi State. Georgia also wore black jerseys as the visiting team in the 2021 Peach Bowl vs. Cincinnati, which wore red jerseys.
 * A unique away uniform was worn against Florida in 2009. This uniform included black helmets with red facemasks, a white stripe, and the traditional oval "G" logo; white jerseys with black numbers; and black pants.
 * For the 2011 Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game against Boise State in the Georgia Dome, Georgia wore a Nike Pro Combat uniform that was significantly different from the traditional home uniforms. The Nike Pro Combat uniforms used a non-traditional matte-finish red color, and included the following:
 * Silver helmets with a large red stripe and traditional oval "G" logo
 * Black facemasks with a large red stripe in the middle, mirroring the red stripe on the helmet
 * Two-tone red jerseys with black sleeves, trim, and numbers
 * The word "Georgia" on the back of the jerseys instead of players' names
 * Red pants

Rivalries
The Bulldogs have three main football rivals: Auburn, Florida, and Georgia Tech. All three rivalries were first contested over 100 years ago, though the series records are disputed in two cases. Georgia does not include two games from 1943 and 1944 against Georgia Tech (both UGA losses) in its reckoning of the series record, because Georgia's players were in World War II and Georgia Tech's players were not. Georgia also includes a game against one of the four predecessor institutions of the modern University of Florida in 1904 (a Georgia win) that national sportswriters  and Florida's athletic association do not include.

Georgia has long-standing football rivalries with other universities as well, with over 50 games against five additional teams. Since the formation of the SEC Eastern Division in 1992, Georgia has had emerging rivalries with the Tennessee Volunteers and South Carolina Gamecocks. From 1944 to 1965, the Bulldogs played each season against the Alabama Crimson Tide. While the two bordering schools no longer play annually, they have faced off against each other in three SEC Championship Games and two College Football Playoff National Championships since 2010, bringing the once dormant rivalry back to prominence.

Auburn
Georgia's oldest and longest-running rivalry is the series with Auburn, which dates to 1892. As it is the oldest rivalry still contested between teams in the South, the series is referred to by both schools as the "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry". Although historically close (the series was tied as recently as the 2014 matchup), Georgia has won 16 out of the last 19 matchups, including the last seven, and leads the series 64–56–8 through the 2023 season.

Clemson
Although no longer contested annually, the series with Clemson dates to 1897. The two schools are separated by a mere 70 miles and played annually from 1962 to 1987. The rivalry took on national importance in the early 1980s, when both Georgia and Clemson won national titles and were consistently highly ranked. The rivalry is renewed on an intermittent basis, with the next matchup scheduled in 2024. Georgia leads the series 43–18–4 through the 2021 season.

Florida
Played annually (except for two occasions) at the neutral-site of Jacksonville, Florida since 1933, the Georgia-Florida rivalry is known nationwide for its associated tailgating and pageantry, being referred to as "The World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party", although that name is no longer used officially. The Georgia-Florida rivalry annually carries importance in the SEC race as the two schools have combined for 23 appearances in the SEC Championship game. The series record is disputed, with Georgia claiming a lead of 56–44–2 through the 2023 season.

Georgia Tech
Dating to 1893, the series with the in-state Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets has traditionally been played as the final regular season game of the season and was historically Georgia's most important and fierce rivalry. Since 2000 Georgia has dominated the series, winning 18 out of 21 matchups, lessening the importance of the once-close series. Georgia leads the series 71–41–5 through the 2023 season.

South Carolina
The series with South Carolina dates to 1894. The border-rivalry gained importance when South Carolina joined the SEC in 1992, and gained intensity when former Florida coach, Steve Spurrier, coached the Gamecocks from 2006 to 2015. Georgia leads the series 55–19–2 through the 2023 season.

Tennessee
The series with Tennessee dates to 1899. The annual rivalry began in 1992 upon the creation of the SEC Eastern Division and annually plays an important role in deciding the division champion. Georgia and Tennessee are the third and second most winningest SEC programs behind only Alabama. Georgia leads the series 28–23–2 through the 2023 season.

Vanderbilt
The series with Vanderbilt dates to 1893. Georgia leads the series 61–20–2 through the 2023 season.

Alabama
The series with Alabama dates to 1895. Alabama leads the series 43–26–4 through the 2023 season.

National award winners

 * Heisman Trophy
 * Frank Sinkwich – 1942
 * Herschel Walker – 1982

 * Maxwell Award
 * Charley Trippi – 1946
 * Herschel Walker – 1982

 * Walter Camp Award
 * Herschel Walker – 1982

 * Bronko Nagurski Trophy
 * Champ Bailey – 1998

 * Butkus Award
 * Roquan Smith – 2017
 * Nakobe Dean – 2021

 * Chuck Bednarik Award
 * David Pollack – 2004
 * Jordan Davis – 2021

 * Doak Walker Award
 * Garrison Hearst – 1992

 * Draddy Trophy
 * Matt Stinchcomb – 1998

 * ESPY Award
 * Garrison Hearst – 1992

 * Jim Thorpe Award
 * Deandre Baker – 2018

 * Lombardi Award
 * David Pollack – 2004

 * Lott Trophy
 * David Pollack – 2004

 * Lou Groza Award
 * Rodrigo Blankenship – 2019

 * Outland Trophy
 * Bill Stanfill – 1968
 * Jordan Davis – 2021

 * Ted Hendricks Award
 * David Pollack – 2003, 2004

 * Ray Guy Award
 * Drew Butler – 2009

 * Paul Hornung Award
 * Brandon Boykin – 2011

 * John Mackey Award
 * Brock Bowers – 2022, 2023

 * Burlsworth Trophy
 * Stetson Bennett – 2022

 * Manning Award
 * Stetson Bennett – 2022

 * Wuerffel Trophy
 * Ladd McConkey – 2023

All-Americans
The Bulldogs have had 84 players selected to the All-America team through the 2019 season. Through the 2023 season, there have been 41 consensus selections of which 16 were unanimous.

While several players were selected in more than one year, only Frank Sinkwich, Herschel Walker, David Pollack, and Jarvis Jones were selected as consensus All-Americans more than once.

 * Bob McWhorter, HB 1913
 * David Paddock, QB 1914
 * Joe Bennett, T 1922, 1923
 * Chick Shiver, E 1927
 * Tom Nash, E 1927†
 * Herb Maffett, E 1930
 * Red Maddox, G 1930
 * Vernon Smith, E 1931†
 * John Bond, HB 1935
 * Bill Hartman, FB 1937
 * Frank Sinkwich, HB 1941†, 1942‡
 * George Poschner, E 1942
 * Mike Castronis, T 1945
 * Charley Trippi, TB 1946‡
 * Herb St. John, G 1946
 * Dan Edwards, E 1947
 * John Rauch, QB 1948
 * Harry Babcock, E 1952
 * Zeke Bratkowski, QB 1952, 1953
 * Johnny Carson, E 1953
 * Pat Dye, G 1959, 1960
 * Fran Tarkenton, QB 1960
 * Jim Wilson, T 1964
 * Ray Rissmiller, T 1964
 * George Patton, DT 1965
 * Edgar Chandler, OG 1966, 1967†
 * Lynn Hughes, S 1966
 * Jake Scott, S 1968†
 * Bill Stanfill, DT 1968†
 * Steve Greer, DG 1969
 * Tom Lyons, C 1969, 1970
 * Royce Smith, OG 1971‡
 * Craig Hertwig, OT 1974
 * Randy Johnson, OG 1975†
 * Mike "Moonpie" Wilson, OT 1976
 * Joel Parrish, OG 1976†
 * Ben Zambiasi, LB 1976
 * Allan Leavitt, K 1976
 * George Collins, OG 1977
 * Bill Krug, ROV 1977
 * Rex Robinson, K 1979, 1980
 * Scott Woerner, CB 1980
 * Herschel Walker, TB 1980‡, 1981‡, 1982‡
 * Terry Hoage, ROV 1982†, 1983†
 * Jimmy Payne, DT 1982
 * Freddie Gilbert, DE 1983
 * Kevin Butler, PK 1983, 1984†
 * Jeff Sanchez, S 1984†
 * Peter Anderson, C 1985†
 * John Little, S 1986
 * Wilbur Strozier, OT 1986
 * Tim Worley, TB 1988†
 * Troy Sadowski, TE 1988
 * Garrison Hearst, TB 1992‡
 * Bernard Williams OT 1993
 * Eric Zeier, QB 1994
 * Matt Stinchcomb, OT 1997, 1998†
 * Champ Bailey, CB 1998†
 * Richard Seymour, DT 2000
 * Boss Bailey, LB 2002
 * David Pollack, DE 2002†, 2003, 2004†
 * Jon Stinchcomb, OT 2002
 * Sean Jones, ROV 2003
 * Thomas Davis, FS 2004†
 * Greg Blue, FS 2005†
 * Max Jean-Gilles, OG 2005†
 * Knowshon Moreno, TB 2008
 * Drew Butler, P 2009‡
 * Justin Houston, LB 2010
 * Bacarri Rambo, FS 2011
 * Orson Charles, TE 2011
 * Ben Jones, C 2011
 * Jarvis Jones, LB 2011†, 2012‡
 * Roquan Smith, LB 2017‡
 * Lamont Gaillard, C 2018
 * Deandre Baker, CB 2018†
 * Andrew Thomas, OT 2018, 2019‡
 * Rodrigo Blankenship, K 2019
 * J. R. Reed, S 2019†
 * Eric Stokes, CB 2020
 * Brock Bowers, TE 2021, 2022, 2023‡
 * Lewis Cine, SS 2021
 * Jordan Davis, DL 2021‡
 * Nakobe Dean, LB 2021‡
 * Jalen Carter, DL 2022‡
 * Christopher Smith II, DB 2022‡
 * Malaki Starks, DB 2023†

† Consensus All-American

‡ Consensus All-American that was selected by a unanimous vote

Pro Football Hall of Fame
Five former Georgia players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

College Football Hall of Fame
Nineteen former Georgia players and coaches have been inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame. In addition, one former player, Pat Dye, has been inducted into the Hall as a coach for Auburn.

Conference opponents
From 1992 to 2023, Georgia played in the East Division of the SEC and played each opponent in the division each year along with several teams from the West Division. The SEC will expand the conference to 16 teams and will eliminate its two divisions in 2024, causing a new scheduling format for the Bulldogs to play against the other members of the conference. Only the 2024 conference schedule was announced on June 14, 2023, while the conference still considers a new format for the future.

Non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of April 13, 2024.

title: Georgia Bulldogs football


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christronic.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already speedy deleted. Bratsche talk 5 pillars 02:11, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Christronic.com
Non-notable website; only online since August 2005. Madchester 02:37, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, since the creator of the article has now blanked it out, I'll vote to Delete. *Dan* 02:49, August 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Engyō-ji

The Shoshazan Engyō-ji (書写山圓教寺 or less commonly 書寫山圓教寺) is a temple of the Tendai sect in Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan.

History
It was founded by Shoku Shonin in 966.

The complex of buildings is at the top of Mt Shosha approximately 25 minutes by bus from Himeji Station. The mountain summit can be reached by either a one-mile hiking trail or Mt. Shosha Ropeway, and is often visited by pilgrims. Scenes from The Last Samurai were filmed there.

Engyō-ji is temple No. 27 in the Kansai Kannon Pilgrimage, following Ichijō-ji and preceding Nariai-ji.

Building list
 File:Engyoji02st3200.jpg|Maniden File:Engyoji17s4592.jpg|Jikidō File:Engyoji34n4592.jpg|Shōrō File:Engyoji42nt3200.jpg|Jyōgyōdō File:Shosha Engyoji001.jpg File:Mt. Shosha cable car 01.jpg|Mount Shosha Ropeway
 * Bentendō
 * Daikōdō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Muromachi period.
 * Daikokudō
 * Fudōdō
 * Gohōdō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in 1559.
 * Gohōdō haiden - It was rebuilt in 1589.
 * Gyōjadō
 * Hokkedō
 * Jikidō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Muromachi period.
 * Jōgyōdō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Muromachi period.
 * Jujiin
 * Jumyōin - Kyakuden, Kuri and Karamon is Important Cultural Property of Japan.
 * Juryōin - Important Cultural Property of Japan.
 * Kaizandō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Edo period.
 * Kongodō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Muromachi period.
 * Maniden - It was rebuilt in 1933.
 * Monjudō
 * Myōkōin
 * Sengakuin
 * Shōrō - Important Cultural Property of Japan. It was rebuilt in Kamakura period.
 * Yakushidō
 * Zuikōin

In media
Engyō-ji was one of the locations of the movie the Last Samurai. In the picture it is the temple of Lord Katsumoto.

It was also one of the filming locations of Snake Eyes.

title: Engyō-ji


text: User:Waipahe

title: User:Waipahe


text:
Collegiate institute

A collegiate institute is an institution that provides either secondary or post-secondary education, dependent on where the term is used. In Canada, the term is used to describe an institutions that provide secondary education, while the word is used to describe a post-secondary institutions in the United States.

The term has fallen out of use throughout most of North America, except in the Canadian province of Ontario, which continues to use the term in the names of their secondary schools. Variations of the term also see use in other parts of Canada, with select areas of western Canada using the term collegiate in the names of their secondary schools.

Canada
The term collegiate institute originally referred to a distinct type of secondary school in several provinces in Canada. However, the term has since transformed as a synonym for an institution that provides secondary education. The term is most prominent in Ontario, although the term was also used in several other areas in Canada.

Ontario
In Ontario, collegiate institute originally referred to a distinct type of secondary school within the province's parallel streams of secondary education. The parallel school system was not extended to the separate school systems in Ontario. After the parallel streams were merged into one stream, the term continues to see use in Ontario, used to refer to any secular public institution that provides secondary education.

In 1871, the province of Ontario set up two parallel secondary education systems that included collegiate institutes and high school. Collegiate institutes offered education in the arts, classics, and the humanities, including Greek and Latin, for university-bound students. Conversely, high school referred to secondary institutions that offered vocational and science programs for those planning to enter the workforce upon graduation. While the parallel school system was in place, secondary institutions could only be elevated to the status of a collegiate institutes when it reached the prescribed number of teachers, and students; and when it fully complies with the standards set the Department of Education (renamed the Ministry of Education in 1972). Galt Collegiate and Vocational Institute was the first secondary institution elevated to a collegiate institute, in 1871.

It was quite quickly realized that the division did not work very well. Over time, high schools responded to students' needs and increasingly offered the arts courses that were essential for the workforce. At the same time, as universities began teaching science and engineering, so did the collegiate institutes. Within a decade, the distinctions between the two systems were greatly blurred, and eventually, the two systems were merged in to a single secondary school system. After the merger of the two systems in Ontario, the terms Collegiate Institute, High School, and Secondary School were all used synonymously with one another to refer to an institution of secondary education.

The prominence of the term varies dependent on the area. In some school boards, including Lakehead District School Board, and Toronto District School Board, almost all secondary schools are named Collegiate Institute. In contrast, some school boards, like the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, operate no secondary school that use the term in its name. However, the majority of school boards in Ontario continue to use all three terms (Collegiate Institute, High School, and Secondary School) in the names of their secondary schools.

Other provinces
The term also saw use in Western Canada, with Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan adopting Ontario's parallel school system in the late-19th and early 20th centuries. However, after the parallel system was ended in those provinces, the majority of institutions that were designated as collegiate institutions were closed, or renamed. However, several secondary schools in Western Canada continue to use the term Collegiate Institute, including Lethbridge Collegiate Institute in Lethbridge, Alberta; Mennonite Brethren Collegiate Institute in Winnipeg, Manitoba; and Prince Albert Collegiate Institute in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan.

In the cities of Saskatoon, and Regina, the term survives as Collegiate, which is found in the names of most public secondary schools and some separate secondary schools in those two cities. That contrasts the rest of Saskatchewan, where the most common name for secondary school is High School. Similar phrases, like collège, are also used to refer to secondary schools in Quebec.

United States
In the United States, the term has largely fallen into disuse. Collegiate institutes in the United States were, for the most part, colleges, and even the first name of Yale University when founded in 1701 was a similar-sounding Collegiate School. However, the US definition of a college also differs from that of other countries and has been based primarily on the liberal arts college model of higher education.

Two examples of collegiate institutes in the United States before the term fell out of use are the Oberlin Collegiate Institute of Ohio, now Oberlin College, and the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute of New York and Rhode Island, now the Eastern Nazarene College of Massachusetts. Both were founded as postsecondary institutions (in 1833 and 1900, respectively), but the latter would drop its college curriculum and exist as a college preparatory school from 1902 to 1918, which demonstrates the flexibility of the term collegiate institute.

Partly because the term institute holds some ambiguity, many such schools would later change their names to use college instead of collegiate institute to represent their nature and mission more accurately, and the term "collegiate institute" would see little use after the early 20th century.

United Kingdom
A collegiate school is a term adopted by some older independent secondary schools which were academically orientated with a goal to prepare pupils for college and university admission.

title: Collegiate institute


text:
Jefferson Barracks Bridge

The Jefferson Barracks Bridge, officially the Jefferson Barracks Memorial Arch Bridge and locally referred to as the JB Bridge, is a pair of bridges across the Mississippi River on the south side of St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area. Each bridge is 3998 ft long with a 909 ft long arch bridge spanning the shipping channel. The northern bridge was built in 1983, and the southern opened in 1992. A delay occurred during the construction of the southern bridge when a crane dropped a section of it into the river and it had to be rebuilt.

The original Jefferson Barracks Bridge was a steel truss toll bridge that carried U.S. Route 50. Construction on that bridge began on August 5, 1942, and it opened two years later. A toll was charged until 1959, when the construction bonds were paid off. Prior to the construction of the original bridge, river crossings in this area were made via the Davis Street Ferry in the Carondelet neighborhood of St. Louis.

The current bridge carries traffic for both Interstate 255 (part of the St. Louis beltway) and U.S. Route 50. However, I-255 itself was not built until a few years after the northern bridge opened in 1983.

The names comes from the nearby Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, itself originally part of the large Jefferson Barracks military complex, established in 1826 and decommissioned in 1946.

title: Jefferson Barracks Bridge


text:
Beira Interior Norte

Beira Interior Norte is a former Portuguese subregion (NUTS level 3) in the Centro Region. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It was also part of an urban community (ComUrb) called Beiras. The capital and most important city was Guarda (city population approximately 32,000). Other towns with Portuguese city status (cidade) included: Pinhel (3,500), Sabugal (3,200), Trancoso (3,000) and Mêda (2,004).

The subregion had 9 municipalities and its population was 112,766 (2005 statistics).

Municipalities
The municipalities are:
 * Almeida
 * Celorico da Beira
 * Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo
 * Guarda
 * Manteigas
 * Mêda
 * Pinhel
 * Sabugal
 * Trancoso

title: Beira Interior Norte


text:
Richard Hellesen

Richard Hellesen (born 1956) is a West Coast playwright.

His play "Eisenhower: This Piece of Ground" premiered Off-Broadway at the Theatre at St. Clements in June, 2023, after a developmental production in October/November, 2022 at Theatre West in Los Angeles. Hellesen's works have been performed by regional theater companies including South Coast Repertory in Orange County, California, the LA Rep (Los Angeles Repertory Company), the Denver Center Theatre Company, Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC, City Theatre in Miami, Florida, and Geva Theatre in Rochester, New York. A California resident, the playwright has served on the faculty of California State University, Fullerton and American River College, and has been a resident artist at the William Inge Center for the Arts in Independence, Kansas. He received the Barrie and Bernice Stavis Playwriting Award from the National Theatre Conference in 1998. His 1987 musical adaptation of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, written with composer David de Berry, may be Hellesen's most widely produced work.

Plays by Hellesen (full-length/one-act/theatre for young audiences; date of first production)

 * Eisenhower: This Piece of Ground (2022)
 * Necessary Sacrifices (2012)
 * The Road From Appomattox (2009)
 * Gathering Blue (adapted from Lois Lowry; 2008)
 * You're Getting Warmer (2008)
 * Johnny Tremain (adapted from Esther Forbes; 2007)
 * One Destiny (2006)
 * The Emperor's New Clothes (adapted from Andersen; 2006)
 * Eureka! (2006)
 * Birdman (2005)
 * The Wind in the Willows (adapted from Kenneth Grahame; 2004)
 * A Speedy and Public Trial (adapted from Kafka; 2004)
 * The Pride of Weedpatch Camp (2004)
 * Indian Summer (2003)
 * Power Play (2002)
 * Teardown (2001)
 * Bad Water Blues (2001)
 * Communique (2001)
 * Kingdom (1999)
 * Untamed (1998)
 * Counting Ninas (1998)
 * Cyrano de Bergerac (adapted from Rostand; 1998)
 * Layin' Off the Lizard-Boy (1997)
 * 4/100ths (1997)
 * Caribbean Folk Tales (1997)
 * Trashed! (1997)
 * Birds of a Feather (1995)
 * Dos Corazones (1994)
 * A Cappella (1994)
 * My Mom's Dad (1993)
 * Face2Face (1991)
 * Once In Arden (1990)
 * Gift Rap (1990)
 * The Twelve Dancing Princesses (adapted from the Brothers Grimm; 1990)
 * A Christmas Carol (adapted from Dickens; 1987)
 * Moonshadow (1987)
 * Couvade (1987)
 * Drive In (1976)
 * 1040 Blues ( 1974)

title: Richard Hellesen


text:
Twenty Grand

Twenty Grand (1928–1948) was an American thoroughbred race horse. Owned and bred by Helen Hay Whitney's Greentree Stable, Twenty Grand was a bay colt by St. Germans out of Bonus.

Racing career
Trained at age three by James G. Rowe, Jr. and ridden by jockey Charley Kurtsinger, Twenty Grand raced against very strong opponents in 1930 and 1931 when he was part of what the Chicago Tribune newspaper called the "big four" in racing, which included Jamestown, Mate, and Equipoise. Twenty Grand won the Wood Memorial Stakes, Kentucky Derby, Belmont Stakes, Dwyer Stakes, Travers Stakes, Saratoga Cup, and the Jockey Club Gold Cup. In his only blemish of the year, Twenty Grand just missed the Triple Crown, finishing second to Mate in the Preakness. He went off as the post time favorite at 3:2. Mate, his stablemate, was sent to the front early, followed by Clock Tower. As Twenty Grand tried to pass the leaders on the clubhouse turn, he was bumped badly by Clock Tower. Twenty Grand was knocked off his stride but recovered. Down the back stretch and around the final turn, he made up ground on Ladder and Mate. His jockey, Charlie Kurtsinger, chose the rail and went inside, but the tiring Mate blocked Twenty Grand and held on to win by a half length. Twenty Grand's performances in 1931 earned him retrospective American Horse of the Year honors.

After twenty five races, of which he won fourteen, finished second four times and third three times, Twenty Grand was retired to stud but proved to be sterile.

In 1957, he was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In the Blood-Horse ranking of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century, Twenty Grand ranked number 52.

Twenty Grand Cigarette Brand
Twenty Grand's fame was reflected in his name and image being used for a brand of cigarettes put out by Axton-Fisher Tobacco Co. In 1936, Axton-Fisher's right to the Twenty Grand trademark was upheld after it was sued for trademark infringement.

Cigarette Camp
Camp Twenty Grand was an American Army "cigarette camp", located near Le Havre, France, during World War II and named after the once-popular American cigarette brand (Twenty Grand cigarettes).

title: Twenty Grand


text: User talk:63.19.220.255

title: User talk:63.19.220.255


text:
Danny Buggs

Daniel Buggs (born April 22, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the New York Giants and Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL), the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the Tampa Bay Bandits and San Antonio Gunslingers of the United States Football League (USFL).

High school
Danny Buggs was a star at football powerhouse Avondale High School in Avondale Estates, Georgia.

College career
After sitting out a year in 1971, forced to for academic reasons by coach Bobby Bowden, and rejecting offers from Arizona State, Clemson and Florida State, Buggs made an immediate impact in 1972. He scored a whopping 84 points, including punt returns, and also averaged a touchdown every five times he touched the ball.

Buggs was a 1973 Kodak first-team All-American from West Virginia University, who owns the longest catch from scrimmage in West Virginia school history against Penn State in 1973 for 96 yards and a touchdown. He was also the first Mountaineer to post back-to-back 100 yard receiving games.

In 1974, he was selected to play in the Hula Bowl and the Senior Bowl, helping the East top the West with a touchdown in the Hula Bowl.

He ranks fourth in career receiving yards with 1,796 and touchdown receptions with 15 and holds the West Virginia record for most career yards per reception with a 20.9 average. He is often considered one of the greatest receivers in West Virginia University football history, along with greats such as Reggie Rembert, Jerry Porter, Chris Henry, and David Sills.

NFL
Buggs was selected by the New York Giants in the third round of the 1975 NFL draft. He played two seasons in New York, 1975 and 1976.

The Giants cut Buggs partway through the 1976 season, and the Washington Redskins signed him. In his six games with the Redskins in 1976, he caught two passes for 25 yards. The next season, 1977 he had 26 receptions for 341 yards and a touchdown.

With the NFL's then-all-time leading receiver, Charley Taylor, retired following the 1977 season after playing for the Redskins for 14 seasons, Buggs broke out in 1978 with 36 receptions for 575 yards and two touchdowns. In his final NFL season, 1979, Buggs totaled 46 receptions for 631 yards and a touchdown while playing all 16 games for the first time in his career.

On April 29, 1980, Buggs was traded along with a fourth round pick (Larry Flowers) in the 1980 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for cornerback Jeris White. Buggs was traded to make room for the Redskins' first round selection, future Hall of Famer Art Monk, the first time Washington did not trade its first round pick since 1968. He attended the Buccaneers' training camp, but was cut on September 1, 1980.

On June 23, 1981, Buggs signed with the Houston Oilers and he was with the team until August 25, 1981.

CFL and USFL
Buggs played in the CFL from 1980 to 1982. In 1980, he helped the Edmonton Eskimos, led by quarterback Warren Moon, win the Grey Cup, which is the CFL's championship game. On April 20, 1982, he was signed by the Montreal Alouettes. Shortly after he signed the Alouettes folded and the franchise became the Montreal Concordes. The Concordes later released him on July 4, 1982.

Buggs played for the USFL's Tampa Bay Bandits in 1983, and the San Antonio Gunslingers in 1984 and 1985.

title: Danny Buggs


text:
Delta Park/Vanport station

Delta Park/Vanport is a light rail station on the MAX Yellow Line in Portland, Oregon. It is the 9th stop northbound on the Interstate MAX extension and is in the area of Delta Park, formerly the site of the city of Vanport. It is located between Portland International Raceway on the west and Interstate 5 on the east and is at the north end of the Vanport Bridge, which spans the Columbia Slough and an industrial area.

The station platforms are to the sides of the tracks. Beyond them are two park and ride lots to the west and bus bays connected to an I-5 off-ramp to the east. As of 2018, one C-Tran bus route and one TriMet bus route serve this station.

Artwork at the station references the 1948 Vanport Flood, even utilizing bronzed artifacts found on the construction site.

Bus line connections
As of 2018, Delta Park/Vanport MAX station is served by two bus routes:
 * TriMet route 6 - Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. (southbound trips only)
 * C-Tran route 60 - Delta Park Limited (operating all day, seven days a week)

Bus service history
When the station opened in 2004, there was no regular bus service to it; however, C-Tran did use the bus bays during winter storms instead of providing through service to downtown Portland. In 2007, C-Tran began regularly serving the station for the first time. Three limited-stop "commuter" (rush hours only) routes (41, 44 and 47) served the station starting in May 2007, connecting it with Vancouver and other points in Clark County. Another route was added in September 2007, prompted by TriMet's discontinuation, on September 2 of that year, of the portion of its route 6-ML King Blvd between Jantzen Beach and downtown Vancouver. C-Tran began operating a temporary shuttle between Delta Park/Vanport MAX station and downtown Vancouver, replacing it with permanent service – with a regular, all-day route (4-Fourth Plain) – in November 2007.

Routes 4-Fourth Plain and 44-Fourth Plain Limited stopped serving the station in September 2016, and route 47-Battle Ground Limited's service to the station was discontinued in September 2017.

TriMet bus service (route 6, southbound trips only) to this station was introduced in September 2017.

title: Delta Park/Vanport station


text:
Talk:Donald Healey

Untitled
Donald Healey did not join Triumph until 1933 and was "experimental manager" when he started

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title: Talk:Donald Healey


text:
User talk:Chrisfesta

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! If you haven't discovered them already, you may get a lot more out of your editing experience by perusing

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Thank you for contributing images; however, please remember to include an appropriate image copyright tag in accordance with Wikipedia's Image use policy. You may also want to consider adding them to the |Wikimedia Commons so that they can be used on Wikipedia's sister projects.

If you took the pictures yourself and want to release them under the GFDL license, you can use. If you took the pictures yourself and want to release them into the public domain, you can use. Here is a list of the relevant images: Thanks again. - choster 02:45, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
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 * Image:Horseshoe3.jpg
 * Image:Horseshoe2.jpg
 * Image:Leesferry1.jpg
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Thanks for uploading Image:Horseshoe3.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. -- Longhair 02:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

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If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. -- Longhair 02:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

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Thanks for uploading Image:Dustybaker.JPG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Buckskin1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Buckskin1.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 06:36, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Image:Buckskin2.jpg, Image:Buckskin3.jpg, Image:Coyotewave1.jpg, Image:Coyotewave2.jpg and Image:Coyotewave3.jpg as well Ricky81682 (talk) 06:36, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisfesta


text:
V. J. Jerome

Victor Jeremy Jerome (1896–1965) was an American communist writer and editor based in New York City. He is best remembered as a Marxist cultural essayist and as the long-time editor of The Communist, later known as Political Affairs, the theoretical journal of the Communist Party USA. He was known as the Chairman of the party's Cultural Commission, based in New York.

Early years
(Jerome) Isaac Roman, also known by the surname "Romain" and better known by the pseudonym "Victor Jeremy Jerome," was born into a Jewish family in Łódź or Stryków, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, on October 12, 1896. After his parents emigrated to London, he lived with relatives in Poland until they were ready for him to join them at age nine. He lived for about ten years in England with his family. According to the 1911 Census of England, a 14-year-old resident Russian alien named Isaac Roman, the son of Harris and Dinah Roman, lived with his parents and brother Nathan at 52 Lucas Street, Commercial Road, Stepney, London; his father Harris Roman was a tailor (baster).

As a young man, Isaac Roman emigrated at the age of 18 to the United States, and was recorded on the passenger list of the S/S St. Louis as a Hebrew (Jewish) tailor. The ship sailed from the Port of Liverpool, England, on July 24, 1915, and arrived at the Port of New York, August 1, 1915. He identified his next of kin as Mr. and Mrs. Roman, of 32 Oxford Street, Stepney, London. His destination was listed as a friend residing at 155 South Second Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. Roman attended City College of New York for higher education.

He left college after marrying Frances Winwar; they had a child together before they divorced. He did not finish college then, but began work as a bookkeeper for the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union in the early 1920s. This experience with the working class helped to radicalize him. In 1928, he officially changed his name by court order from Roman Jerome Isaac to "Jerome Isaac Romain."

Political career
In 1924, Romain joined the Communist Party. In 1925, he married Rose Pastor Stokes, a writer and activist who was also of Polish Jewish ancestry and was seventeen years older than he. She had been married for 20 years to J.G. Phelps Stokes, a wealthy Episcopalian businessman in New York who supported a settlement house and other philanthropic ventures. They finally divorced over political differences; she was an advocate for birth control and political activism.

Romain returned to college and in 1930, he received a Bachelor of Science degree from New York University. Stokes died of breast cancer in 1933 at the age of 53. Romain moved to Hollywood for a year to raise money for the Spanish Loyalists, or Republicans. Returning to New York in 1935, he became editor of The Communist, writing under the pseudonym V. J. Jerome. This magazine later became known in 1944 as Political Affairs. He served as its editor until 1955. In 1937, he married Alice Hamburger.

Jerome, as he was known, was among the cultural spokesmen of the American Communist Party. He rose in the party hierarchy in the mid-1930s. Membership grew during the economic upheaval and trials of the Great Depression.

Between 1935 and 1965, Jerome wrote constantly. He wrote two autobiographical novels, A Lantern for Jeremy (released during the "Foley Square Trials" in 1952), and its sequel, The Paper Bridge (published posthumously in 1966). He also published a collection of vignettes, Unstill Waters (1964).

A prolific writer, he created short stories, plays, and literary, and art criticism. But he is best known for his political and cultural essays, such as "The Intellectuals and the War" (1940), "Culture in a Changing World" (1948), and "The Negro in Hollywood Films" (1950). During this period he was chairman of the Party's Cultural Commission and was "considered a bluntly dogmatic thinker," serving a role in the US similar to that of Zhdanov in the Soviet Union.

In the postwar period, Congress and local governments reacted to the Cold War with investigations of communist activity. Jerome was prosecuted and convicted under the Smith Act for committing the "overt act" of conspiracy to teach and encourage overthrow of the US government through his pamphlet, "Grasp the Weapon of Culture", which he presented as a report to the Communist Party in 1950. He recommended that the Party consider art and entertainment part of its "mass work".

He was indicted in 1951, together with 16 other Communist leaders, during a second wave of trials of communist leaders that took place across the country. The first trial was conducted in New York in 1947. During a nine-month trial in New York's federal Foley Square Courthouse, Jerome passed the long hours in court writing poetry and reading page proofs of his memoir, A Lantern for Jeremy. He was convicted and sentenced in 1953 to three years at Lewisburg Penitentiary, which he served between 1955 and 1957. Shortly before going to prison, he resigned from Political Affairs, complaining that the Party made decisions without him.

Following his release, Jerome spent 1958 in Poland. After that he worked for two years in Moscow as an editor of a collection of Vladimir Lenin's works. He returned to the US and began writing a novel based on the life of Spinoza.

Death
He died in 1965, at the age of 68.

title: V. J. Jerome


text:
Talk:Direct current circuit

Scope of article
I'd like to keep this article tightly focused as there is plenty of other articles on solution methods etc. Alfred Centauri 02:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

MAYBE YOU SHOULD DEFINE WHAT DC STANDS FOR!!??!!??! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.210.90.35 (talk) 20:41, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

To do
I intend to add a circuit diagram of a simple DC circuit along with the solution (not detailed). Alfred Centauri 02:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Direct current circuit


text:
William C. Gribble Jr.

William C. Gribble Jr. (born May 24, 1917 in Ironwood, Michigan – June 2, 1979) graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1941 and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers.

During World War II, he served on the staff of the 340th Engineer General Service Regiment as it first built a section of the Alaska Highway in western Canada and later assisted MacArthur's drive in New Guinea and the Philippines. At the end of the war he commanded the 118th Engineer Combat Battalion, U.S. 43d Infantry Division.

Gribble then worked in the Los Alamos laboratory and in the Reactor Development Division of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. As Alaska District Engineer he oversaw construction of a nuclear power plant at Fort Greely, Alaska. He headed the Army's nuclear power program in 1960-61. In 1963 he was the Corps' North Central Division Engineer. Gribble's scientific skills led to his service as Director of Research and Development in the U.S. Army Materiel Command in 1964-66 and as the Army's Chief of Research and Development in 1971-73. In 1969-70 he commanded the Army Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir and was Commandant of the Army Engineer School. He became Chief of Engineers in 1973, and retired in 1976.

Gribble received a master's degree in physical science from the University of Chicago in 1948 and an honorary doctorate in engineering from Michigan Technological University. He was also an honorary member of the United Kingdom's Institute of Royal Engineers. His decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Brazilian Order of Military Merit. General Gribble died at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, on June 2, 1979. He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Trivia

 * On May 2, 1975, at a ceremony commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Corps, General Gribble began the tradition of the Gold Castles insignia of General Douglas MacArthur (who began his career serving the Corps) to be worn by the Chief of Engineers, forming the basis for the current "Castle" logo of the Corps as well.

title: William C. Gribble Jr.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clandestine music

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Bratsche talk 5 pillars 02:12, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

Clandestine music
As my father would say, "pure d. (for 'damn') nonsense." Delete. FuriousFreddy 02:48, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment - Google search returns 227 hits, none of which seem to relate to the described subject. Rob Church Talk 02:58, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm...most of these hits seem to be for the music of a band called Clandestine. Perhaps we should redirect?--FuriousFreddy 03:19, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Negative Ghost Rider. If the CIA puts out an album then we'll need this wikispace. JDoorjam
 * Delete. Work of a bored teenager. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:49, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. JDoorjam 04:03, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism —Wahoofive (talk) 04:12, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Agamemnon2 09:31, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Original Research criteria also applies. --WCFrancis 14:06, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete How clandestine can they be if the author has heard of them? I suspect a good article could be written about anti-Castro music, Haitian protest Reggae, and similar music that is clandestine, but this isn't it. On this one, I'm tempted to vote keep and redirect to Bands that are not famous. --Tysto 15:16, 2005 August 23 (UTC)
 * Delete this. There is an article yet to be written about truly clandestine music.  I have a CD of Mafia-related folksongs from Italy; then there is white supremacist music, or revolutionary music under political censorship.  But the Supremes?  Smerdis of Tlön 19:37, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
List of Portuguese painters

This is a list of Portuguese painters.

A

 * Jorge Afonso (c. 1470 – 1540)
 * Nadir Afonso (1920–2013); see also Nadir Afonso artworks
 * Almada Negreiros, José de: see under Negreiros: José de Almada Negreiros (1893–1970)
 * Francisco Keil do Amaral, (1910–1975)
 * Lino António (1898–1974)

B

 * Armando de Basto (1889–1923)
 * Pedro Boese (born 1972)
 * Carlos Botelho (1899–1982)
 * Manuel Botelho (born 1950)

C

 * Pedro Calapez (born 1953)
 * Nuno de Campos (born 1969)
 * Amadeo de Souza Cardoso (1887–1918)
 * Manuel Carmo (1958–2015)
 * António Carneiro (1872–1930)
 * Manuel Casimiro (born 1941)
 * Cesariny de Vasconcelos, Mário: see under Vasconcelos: Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos (1923–2006)
 * Coelho, José Dias: see under Dias: José Dias Coelho (1923–1961)
 * Domingos da Cunha, O Cabrinha (1598–1644)
 * José da Cunha Taborda (1766–1836)

D

 * António Dacosta (1914–1990)
 * José Dias Coelho (1923–1961)

E

 * Mário Eloy (1900–1951)

F

 * Garcia Fernandes (died c. 1565)
 * Vasco Fernandes (c. 1475 – c. 1542)
 * Cristóvão de Figueiredo (died c. 1540)
 * António Manuel da Fonseca (1796–1890)
 * Fonseca, Maria Inês Ribeiro da: see under Ribeiro: Maria Inês Ribeiro da Fonseca (1926–1995)

G

 * Luis Geraldes (born 1957)
 * André Gonçalves (1685–1754)
 * Nuno Gonçalves (15th century, second half)
 * Gouveia, Ricardo: see under Rigo 23 (born 1966)

H

 * Francisco Henriques (died 1518)
 * João Navarro Hogan (1914–1988)
 * Francisco de Holanda (c. 1517 – 1585)

J

 * Manuel Jardim (1884–1923)

K

 * Alfredo Keil (1850–1907)
 * Keil do Amaral, Francisco: see under Amaral: Francisco Keil do Amaral (1910–1975)

L

 * Fernando Lanhas (1923–2012)
 * Cristóvão Lopes (c. 1516 – 1594)
 * Gregório Lopes (c. 1490 – 1550)
 * Cristobal López (died 1594)

M

 * José Malhoa (1855–1933)
 * Abel Manta (1888–1982)
 * João Abel Manta (born 1928)
 * João Marques de Oliveira (1853–1927)
 * Matos, Francisco Vieira de: see Vieira Portuense (1765–1805)
 * Henrique Medina (1901–1988)
 * Albuquerque Mendes (born 1953)
 * Francisco Augusto Metrass (1825–1861)

N

 * José de Almada Negreiros (1893–1970)
 * Sá Nogueira (1921–2002)

O

 * Josefa de Óbidos (1630–1684)
 * Oliveira, João Marques: see under Marques: João Marques de Oliveira (1853–1927)

P

 * António Palolo (1946–2000)
 * Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1857–1929)
 * Júlio Pomar (1926–2018)
 * Porto, António Carvalho de Silva: see under Silva Porto: António Carvalho de Silva Porto (1850–1893)
 * Henrique Pousão (1859–1884)

R

 * Paula Rego (1935–2022)
 * Pedro Cabrita Reis (born 1956)
 * Maria Inês Ribeiro da Fonseca, (Menez) (1926–1995)
 * Rigo 23 (born 1966 as Ricardo Gouveia)
 * José Rodrigues (1828–1887)

S

 * Abel Salazar (1889–1946)
 * Julião Sarmento (1948–2021)
 * Domingos Sequeira (1768–1837)
 * Silva, Maria Helena Vieira da: see under Vieira da Silva: Maria Helena Vieira da Silva (1908–1992)
 * António Carvalho de Silva Porto (1850–1893)
 * João Cristino da Silva (1829–1877)
 * Adriano Sousa Lopes (1879–1944)
 * Amadeo de Souza Cardoso (1887–1918)
 * Aurélia de Souza (1867–1922)
 * Sofia Martins de Sousa (1870–1960)

V

 * Mário Cesariny de Vasconcelos (1923–2006)
 * Francisco Venegas (fl. 1578–1590)
 * Marcelino Vespeira (1925–2002)
 * Eduardo Viana (1881–1967)
 * Maria Helena Vieira da Silva (1908–1992)
 * Manuel Vilarinho (born 1953)

X

 * Xesko (born 1962)

title: List of Portuguese painters


text:
Rechtsstaat

Rechtsstaat (lit. "state of law"; "legal state") is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in German jurisprudence. It can be translated into English as "rule of law", alternatively "legal state", state of law, "state of justice", or "state based on justice and integrity". It means that everyone is subjected to the law, especially governments.

A Rechtsstaat is a constitutional state in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law. It is closely related to "constitutionalism" which is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in also emphasizing what is just (i.e., a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity). Thus it is the opposite of Obrigkeitsstaat or Nichtrechtsstaat (a state based on the arbitrary use of power), and of Unrechtsstaat (a non-Rechtsstaat with the capacity to become one after a period of historical development).

In a Rechtsstaat, the power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority. The citizens share legally based civil liberties and can use the courts. In continental European legal thinking, the Rechtsstaat is contrasted with both the police state and the État légal.

Immanuel Kant
German writers usually place the theories of German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) at the beginning of their accounts of the movement toward the Rechtsstaat. Kant did not use the word Rechtsstaat, but contrasted an existing state (Staat) with an ideal, constitutional state (Republik). His approach is based on the supremacy of a country's written constitution. This supremacy must create guarantees for implementation of his central idea: a permanent peaceful life as a basic condition for the happiness of its people and their prosperity. Kant proposed that this happiness be guaranteed by a moral constitution agreed on by the people and thus, under it, by moral government.

The actual expression Rechtsstaat appears to have been introduced by Carl Theodor Welcker in 1813, but it was popularised by Robert von Mohl's book Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft nach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates ("German Policy Science according to the Principles of the Constitutional State"; 1832–33). Von Mohl contrasted government through policy with government, in a Kantian spirit, under general rules.

Principles of the Rechtsstaat
The most important principles of the Rechtsstaat are:

 * The state is based on the supremacy of national constitution and guarantees the safety and constitutional rights of its citizens
 * Civil society is an equal partner to the state
 * Separation of powers, with the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government limiting one another's power and providing for checks and balances
 * The judicature and the executive are bound by law (not acting against the law), and the legislature is bound by constitutional principles
 * Both the legislature and democracy itself are bound by elementary constitutional rights and principles
 * Transparency of state acts and the requirement of providing a reason for all state acts
 * Review of state decisions and state acts by independent organs, including an appeal process
 * Hierarchy of laws and the requirement of clarity and definiteness
 * Reliability of state actions, protection of past dispositions made in good faith against later state actions, prohibition of retroactivity
 * Principle of the proportionality of state action

Russian model of Rechtsstaat: a concept of the legal state
The Russian legal system, borne out of transformations in the 19th century under the reforms of Emperor Alexander II, is based primarily on the German legal tradition. It was from here that Russia borrowed a doctrine of Rechtsstaat, which literally translates as "legal state". The concept of "legal state" (Правовое государство) is a fundamental (but undefined) principle that appears in the very first dispositive provision of Russia's post-Communist constitution: "The Russian Federation – Russia – constitutes a democratic federative legal state with a republican form of governance." Similarly, the first dispositive provision of Ukraine's Constitution declares: "Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state." The effort to give meaning to the expression "legal state" is anything but theoretical.

Valery Zorkin, President of the Constitutional Court of Russia, wrote in 2003:

"Becoming a legal state has long been our ultimate goal, and we have certainly made serious progress in this direction over the past several years. However, no one can say now that we have reached this destination. Such a legal state simply cannot exist without a lawful and just society. Here, as in no other sphere of our life, the state reflects the level of maturity reached by society."

The Russian concept of legal state adopted many elements of constitutional economics. Constitutional economics is a field of economics and constitutionalism that describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy, including the budget process. The term "constitutional economics" was used by American economist James M. Buchanan as a name for a new academic sub-discipline that in 1986 brought him the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making." According to Buchanan, the ethic of constitutionalism is a key for constitutional order and "may be called the idealized Kantian world" where the individual "who is making the ordering, along with substantially all of his fellows, adopts the moral law as a general rule for behaviour". Buchanan rejects "any organic conception of the state as superior in wisdom, to the individuals who are its members." He believes that a constitution, intended for use by at least several generations of citizens, must be able to adjust itself for pragmatic economic decisions and to balance interests of the state and society against those of individuals and their constitutional rights to personal freedom and private happiness. The standards of constitutional economics when used during annual budget planning, as well as the latter's transparency to the civil society, are of primary importance to the implementation of the rule of law. Moreover, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive impoundment of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society. Some Russian researchers support an idea that, in the 21st century, the concept of the legal state has become not only a legal but also an economic concept, at least for Russia and many other transitional and developing countries.

title: Rechtsstaat


text:
Johannes Linnankoski

Johannes Linnankoski (originally Vihtori Johan Peltonen, 18 October 1869 – 10 August 1913) was a Finnish author and playwright, which mainly influenced writing in the Golden Age of Finnish Art. His most famous work is the romance novel, The Song of the Blood-Red Flower (1905). His primary themes were guilt, punishment, and redemption as moral questions.

Life
Linnankoski was born in Vakkola, Askola and was active in the cultural life of Eastern Uusimaa. He was one of the founders of the bank in Porvoo and also founded Finnish-language schools and daily newspapers such as Uusimaa, the first Finnish-language newspaper situated outside of the major towns of Uusimaa.

Linnankoski married Ester Drugg in 1899 and they had four children: Marjatta, Salama, Touko and Urmas. All his children were born under the surname Peltonen.

In his last years he moved from Askola to the Helsinki Deaconess Institute, in Helsinki, for treatment of his poor health, and died there of anemia at the age of 43 in 1913.

In 1938 a Linnankoski Museum was opened near the sauna building where Linnankoski was supposedly born.

Film adaptations
His books have been made into numerous major feature films with the most famous and notorious being The Milkmaid (directed by T. J. Särkkä) and Laulu tulipunaisesta kukasta (directed by Mikko Niskanen). The Song of the Blood-Red Flower has also been filmed in Sweden, in three different versions by directors Mauritz Stiller, Per-Axel Branner and Gustaf Molander.

title: Johannes Linnankoski


text: User talk:70.60.230.131

title: User talk:70.60.230.131