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Philadelphia Flower Show

The Philadelphia Flower Show is an annual event produced by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (PHS) and traditionally held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in early March. It is the oldest and largest indoor flower show in the world, attracting more than 250,000 people annually. It has also been described as "the country's oldest, largest, and most prestigious celebration of flowers."

The show features large scale gardens, which range from elaborate landscaped displays to individual and club entries of a prize horticultural specimen. Each year, the PHS declares an official theme. The exhibits are submitted for judging in many categories, and are highly competitive.

A popular part of the show floor is the Garden marketplace where visitors can buy plants and seeds, cut flowers, craft items, and other flower, landscaping and horticulture-related items.

The Show boasts fabulous floral and garden design, live entertainment, culinary events and extraordinary gardening how-to workshops and lectures by experts.

The June 2022 event will feature 40 major exhibitors, featuring the theme "In Full Bloom."

In 2021 and 2022, the show was held outside in the summer at FDR Park due to COVID-19 pandemic. It returned to the Convention Center in March 2023 with the theme "The Garden Electric."

Competitors
The amateur division of the show known as the Competitive Classes often have an assigned theme, related to the overall show theme. The 2007 Show, Legends of Ireland, featured Pressed Plant Material (i.e. dried flower pictures) that "incorporated a Celtic Knot." The first weekend's Medium Niche theme was Wish You Were Here "Exhibitors will be sent Irish postcards for inspiration. A copy of the postcard will be mounted next to the exhibit." Entrants for that class typically have a mockup of the niche at home, where they practice assembling and lighting their entry in the months preceding the show. In a Challenge class, entrants bring only pruning shears, and must use show-provided materials to interpret a theme within a limited amount of time. Three typical Horticulture classes are 142: ''Clivia, flowering. Pot 8" or under, 143: Clivia, flowering. Pot 8"-10", and 144: Clivia, foliage. (There was also a Clivia entered in 2007 under Exceptional plants 10–20 years old, to be judged against “perfection” for their species/cultivar.'')

Seth Pearsoll, PHS director of design, stated the desired type of Flower Show participants:"We want designers who are firmly rooted in horticulture and great plant design, but who also are thinking about culture at large and how these designs relate to those issues. We want guests to be moved and delighted and to be changed, in some small way, by these gardens and the ideas behind them."

History
The international nonprofit organization Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was founded in 1827. The site claims the PHS "uses horticulture to advance the health and well-being of the Greater Philadelphia region," and that their programs "create healthier living environments, increase access to fresh food, expand access to jobs and economic opportunity, and strengthen deeper social connections between people."

In 1829, the first Philadelphia Flower Show was held in a Freemason building. The one-day exhibition showcased fruit, flowers, and plants. This included the poinsettia, a plant then-newly imported from Mexico, which was exhibited by Colonel Robert Carr. The Encyclopedia of American Folklife credits the flower show with introducing poinsettias as an American Christmas tradition, as the festival introduced the plant to hundreds of Americans.

There were no shows in 1917–18 nor 1942–45.

In 1925, the PHS joined the Florist Club, an association of local florist businesses. The 1925 show attracted 84,000 people. In 1927, Philadelphia Flower Show, Inc. was established; it assumed management of the Flower Show until the mid-1960s.

In 1964, Philadelphia Flower Show Inc. halted production of the show due to difficulty finding a suitable exhibition location. The show returned in 1966, moving to the now-demolished Philadelphia Civic Center, where it remained each year until 1996, when it moved to its present location at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Today, PHS contributes to the local economy and the green life of Philadelphia and the region. Proceeds from the Flower Show support thousands of revitalization projects in communities. In recent years, a youth division was added to the pressed flower category, with the most recent winner being Kendall Wolson, a 17-year-old student from New Jersey who created a scene depicting two bears catching fish in a river.

In 1981, total attendance was 230,000; 210,000 were guests who had paid admission, and the rest were exhibitors, judges, PHS members, and the press.

The 2020 theme was "Riviera Holiday."

In 2021, the Philadelphia Flower Show was held outdoors at Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park in June instead of its usual location at the Pennsylvania Convention Center due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first time the Philadelphia Flower Show was held outdoors. The 2022 show was also held at FDR Park. In 2023, the Philadelphia Flower Show will return to the Pennsylvania Convention Center and will be held in March.

Dates and themes
Previous dates extend to 1829, but PHS did not record their dates and themes in the above listing.

Historical art and photographs from 1829 to present relating to the PHS's Flower Show can be found on the Digital Archives of Pennsylvania Department of Education.

title: Philadelphia Flower Show


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Talk:Syrmia County

13th century

 * By the 13th century, two counties were formed in this region: Szerém (in the east) and Valko (in the west).

This needs to be referenced and/or integrated into Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary. --Joy [shallot]   00:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the reference I have is a historic map of Hungary from the 13th century, in which these 2 counties are shown. I do not know exactly were they formed in the 12th or in the 13th century. User:PANONIAN

Here is the map if you can find it useful:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hungary18.gif

User:PANONIAN

Requested move
Syrmia (former county) → Szerém – previous moves of Hungarian counties to current names were not discussed. Please discuss at Talk:Križevci (former county). -  AjaxSmack   17:59, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The move of the names was discussed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Administrative_divisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary#Naming_issues Since nobody opposed my proposal for move, I moved these names. These counties were part of the autonomous region Croatia-Slavonia where Croatian was official language, thus names of the counties are written in Croatian. PANONIAN   (talk)  18:22, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Location map (Kingdom of Hungary)
Hello there. I wonder if anyone can help me.

I have been working on updating the File:Kingdom of Hungary counties.svg map, in particular to weed out some duplications, I fixed a couple of errors with missing accents (at least, if we are using the Hungarian names), separated out the text etc onto separate layers, put good IDs for all the elements so that, for example, the ID for the polygon for Lika-Krbava is (surprise) "Lika-Krbava", and made it a four colour map. The results are at File:Kingdom of Hungary counties-2.svg, a more in-depth discussion is at Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Hungary. The counties etc are done in four styles, so one can change the colours just by changing the style, or of course modifying the style for an individual county to ovveride the settings.

This is all still a work in progress and I need a bit of help to get it to a stage where it could be used in articles. First, the text style is just awful, don't worry I will fix this (actually I will have four styles, one for each map colour, so that if an editor changes one of the colours to, say, be very dark, they can change the text style to be very light, for contrast). I just haven't got around to it yet.

Second, and more important, I want to get a coordinate fix so I can make it into a location map. I've made one at Template:Location map Kingdom of Hungary but the coordinates are bollox. Naively, I stole the western and southern coordinates from Template:Location map Croatia but Modrus-Fiume seems to have grown a bit, and Lika-Krbava is certainly not the southernmost point of modern Croatia. It may seem stupid to ask, because of course I could look these up in an old atlas, but my local central library is absolutely appalling on this (or I am looking in the wrong place). I only need the coordinates to about 1 decimal point of a degree, so if there are any towns near the western border of Modrus-Fiume or the southern border of Lika-Krbava I can just take those as a fix. I'm quite happy to fiddle to adjust the coords but it would be good to get a nice starting fix. At the top, miles away from Croatia of course, I have used mount Polica as the fix, and on the east I am just guessing cos I could not find anything on the old maps that has coordinates.

Sorry to bother you about this as it might seem that this has little to do with Croatia and a lot to do with Hungary, but I am hoping that once I have a nice standard map of the Kingdom of Hungary then it can be tweaked to be used in other articles, slowly replacing the rather boring old map (which I am also maintaining with changing the small slips in that map), and to be able to e.g. cut and paste or change the labels into other languages, if appropriate, without having to do too much hard work because they are on a separate layer. I don't really know where all this will go, whether it will be the "definitive" map that others then derive from using XSLT transformations or whatever, or whether it gets split very early just as a cut-and-paste job e.g. to highlight counties etc. Anyway, if you could help with the coordinate fix I think that would be useful to both the Croatian and Hungarian projects.

Thanks and best wishes Si Trew (talk) 09:44, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Problems
Ok, DIRECTOR, let discuss this:

 * 1. German name in the infobox is of historical importance because this county was formed in 1745 when German language was dominant in the country (i.e. in the Austrian Empire - Dual Monarchy was formed in 1867).
 * 2. What exactly (by your opinion) would be criteria for order in which we would mention modern countries if not the size of this historic territory that they include?
 * 3. Why you constantly removing any reference to Serbian language from naming descriptions when Serbs were largest ethnic group in this county and most of it is part of modern Serbia?
 * 4. About what kind of provocation you speak about? How exactly I am provoking you? PANONIAN  17:05, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * (Points no.2 and no.4 overlap)
 * 1. I don't see why we're supposed to add every language that was ever official to the infobox. Latin was still official there in the 18th century, why not include it too? I'm just saying its silly: the entry "native name" is for the name that was being used by the native population: "Srem" or "Srijem".
 * 2. There is no "criteria" - that is just the point. Making an edit just to switch Serbia in front of Croatia seems to me quite petty and unnecessary. It is completely redundant to alter the original version in this respect.
 * 3. Yes, I am removing Serbian. I am also removing Croatian, therefore I must have an anti-Croatian agenda. :) Two reasons: a) the language in use at the time in Austria-Hungary was known as "Croatian or Serbian" (i.e. Serbo-Croatian). So we are more accurate historically. b) The two are essentially the same macrolanguage, the languages should not be listed separately when it is necessary to list more than one of them. The differences in spelling ("Srem" and "Srijem") are extremely minor.
 * -- DIREKTOR  ( TALK ) 17:17, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * 1. Yes, Latin should be included too. However, I do not know Latin name, but I know German. You can include Latin name if you know it but I do not see valid reason that German one is removed. What harm this name could do to the infobox?
 * 2. Well, I listed these countries in order with some criteria, while order that you including does not follow any - it can mislead readers to think that most of the county is today in Croatia. That is very valid reason for name order change. Perhaps we can also mention that larger part of the county is now in Serbia.
 * 3. Ok, I can accept that explanation and usage of Serbo-Croatian instead Croatian and Serbian, but then there should be also description "Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic script", not just "Cyrillic script". However, the proper order in which we should use Croatian and Serbian name is that if we speak about historical county we use first Croatian and then Serbian, but if speak about modern Syrmia region we should use first Serbian and then Croatian since larger part of this area is in Serbia and larger number of people is using Serbian name. PANONIAN  17:31, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The parameter is "native name=". Was Latin or German the "native language". Its ok to list them in the lead, but the infobox parameter is I think quite specific. The harm is in swarming the infobox with irrelevant, non-native names.
 * Misleading? Disagree. The sentence does not say which of the countries controls more territory. "today the county is part of Croatia and Serbia". The point of the sentence is that those two countries control the territory - how is the message of the sentence misleading?
 * It is the standard mode for the languages with more than one alphabet. Note: the languages are separated with ";", while the different versions of the same language with ",". Also the link leads to "Serbian Cyrillic alphabet". Ambiguous?
 * -- DIREKTOR  ( TALK ) 18:33, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * 1.Well, if parameter is native name, then German name is native too because many Germans lived in the county (there was actually more Germans than Hungarians according to 1910 census and Hungarian name is listed as native name, while German is not).
 * 2.The sentence is misleading because if we mention Croatia first it might led to conclusion that Croatia control larger part of the county. The symbolics of the words is sometimes important as much as words themselves. However, I already proposed that sentence should be expanded and that we should say which country control more territory. Finally, the order of the names cannot be based simply without any criteria. If you want to list Croatia first, you simply must have good reason and good explanation why. So far, you did not offered any.
 * 3.Can you show me where exactly is described that it is a standard? PANONIAN  19:43, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * That is your own personal iterpretation. Like I said, I disagree that mentioning Serbia or Croatia in front of wither of them somehow suggests the one is larger while the otehr is smaller. Again: the sentence has nothing to say on which modern country controls more territory.
 * The fact that the Cyrillic is Serbo-Croatian is well-shown in the text. -- DIREKTOR  ( TALK ) 15:07, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Came here from geopolitical noticeboard.
 * 1) German should probably be in, due to the (according to demographics section) significant German minority coupled with the fact German was an official language of the country.
 * 2) Alphabetical order is usually an excellent default, and there are no implications about size in the ordering at all.
 * 3) Perhaps just include both without stating it is cyrillic, readers should be able to tell. That's the practice used on Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Russia at any rate.

That's my opinion, hope it helps. Chipmunkdavis (talk) 12:46, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Wikiproject Hungary?
I restored the Wikiproject:Hungary listing because the article says "According to other sources, it belonged to main part of the Kingdom of Hungary, outside of the Kingdom of Croatia" in the 12th century, and at various times it was governed as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, directly or indirectly. And there were still Hungarians living there as late as 1910. And, more to the point, it is not the job of random people not involved with the Hungarian Wikiproject to go around saying which articles on the Balkans the project may be interested in helping maintain. If they aren't interested in helping or feel it is outside their area of interest, let them remove the tag. Brianyoumans (talk) 14:54, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Syrmia County


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User talk:Mrsedit

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 00:02, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Mrsedit


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Bamboozle!

Bamboozle! was a quiz game featured on Channel 4 Teletext in the United Kingdom. It was originally part of Teletext's "Fun & Games" category, though the rest of the category had been discontinued for some years before Bamboozle! ended (due to the general discontinuation of all Teletext news and editorial content in December 2009). The last edition, themed around 'Ends and Lasts', appeared on Monday 14 December 2009. The Boozler 'family' appeared one last time on Tuesday 15 December 2009 saying farewell to the Teletext audience.

On 9 August 2010 Bamboozle! was given a new home by Teletext on the iPhone complete with all the retro graphics (no longer available). On 11 July 2019, Teletext Holidays launched a version of the Bamboozle quiz on their 404 error page.

Bamboozle! was originally intended as a real-time game that could be played in conjunction with a broadcast TV programme using a similar multiple choice format as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The decision by the new broadcast teletext franchise holders (Teletext UK) in 1993 to opt for X.25 packet switching meant that it was impossible to adequately synchronise the broadcast of teletext content in the context of a TV programme. The format thus fell back to the form it had operated in largely unchanged since 1994.

The game
The game used Fastext keys (different coloured buttons on the TV remote control) to select the desired answer from a choice of four, and was "presented" by virtual host Bamber Boozler, who derived his name from the word "bamboozle" and the name of University Challenge host, Bamber Gascoigne.

Bamber Boozler's appearance was constrained by the limitations of the Level 1 World System Teletext alpha mosaic display format. From 1993–2005, Teletext competitions editor Julian Edwards created the quiz "Bamber Boozler" and the character "Bamber Boozler". In later years, journalists Charlie Ghagan and Roger Wilkinson oversaw the quiz. Wilkinson also provides content for the Teletext iPhone app.

The Boozler family
Quizmaster Bamber Boozler's family members were introduced over the game's first few years. Bamber's wife, Bambette normally appeared when a question was answered incorrectly and Saturday's Junior Bamboozle quizzes, which were generally easier than the weekday editions, were presented by Bamber's son, Buster, with Bambette's role filled by Bonnie, his daughter. A later addition was Brian Boozler who hosted a sports version called "Ten To One".

Gameplay
A new set of questions was originally given each week, but this soon became more regular, eventually becoming daily. Each game originally had 25 questions, later reduced to 20, then 15 and eventually 12; on a very few special occasions there were 30 questions.

At one point in the quiz's history, the red, yellow and green keys were sensible answers and the blue was mostly reserved for a comical response (which was occasionally the correct one). This was later changed and all the keys would have sensible answers.

The player was required to answer all questions correctly in order to complete the quiz, but were allowed multiple attempts to do so. Initially, if a question was answered incorrectly, the player would have to start again from Question 1; this was later amended so that a maximum of three questions would need to be answered again. After completing the quiz, there was a score table with themed responses, for example:

according to how many questions were answered correctly at the first attempt.

"Bad Luck" pages
The "Bad Luck" pages appeared when questions were answered incorrectly; they initially featured trivia at first and then mainly birthday announcements. This was scrapped to introduce "Bambette's Bonus" (or Bonnie's Bonus in Junior Bamboozle) where contestants could score again with a question from her. This was not a multiple-choice question and contestants could get the answer by pressing the reveal button.

Themes
On particular dates the quiz was themed: for example Halloween featured related questions and images of skeletons and spiders, whilst Guy Fawkes Night featured firework-based questions, and there were numerous Christmas-themed versions. There were also special "name the picture/person" graphical editions.

Weekly competition
The makers of Bamboozle! introduced a weekly competition whereby a viewer could contribute the questions to Bamboozle! As well as having their questions used, names mentioned and their image appear on screen (the viewer could supply a photograph, which was converted to a Teletext-style cartoon); the winning contributors also received a £20 WHSmith gift voucher. Even before this, viewer-submitted questions were used in various forms ever since the early days of the quiz.

Spin offs
Back in the early days of Bamboozle!, on a number of occasions the quiz would be replaced by an adventure game (a different one each time), based on the popular children's fantasy programme "Knightmare". Viewers had to use the fastext keys to navigate their way through the quest.

"Ten to One", was a sports version of Bamboozle! with the host Brian Boozler. The quiz was so called because it presented ten sports questions and players had to get from the ten down to one. It is a double meaning as Ten to One also relates to bookies popular odds on betting in many sports.

This quiz ran concurrently with Bamboozle! for sometime until late 1998 where Brian said "I'm putting down the mic for a bit, I'm back in 1999...", however it never returned. He was however, during the period that the quiz was "rested", a guest quizmaster on Bamboozle! asking the contestants sports questions like before, with Bamber saying at the end "Thanks Brian..... check your score below!".

Trivia

 * Bamber occasionally made reference to those that had written the quiz over the years, referring to "the different people that have played me".
 * Bamber proved to be so popular with Bamboozle! that he was also used for a brief period to host a few of the other games on the "Fun and Games" menu before they were all discontinued.
 * Bamboozle was mentioned in Peter Kay's stand up act (at the Comedy Store), when he quipped that you know your relationship is failing when you're playing Bamboozle together in bed.
 * Bamboozle was an inspiration in Sam Ryder lyric video of his song Space Man which was chosen for Eurovision 2022.

title: Bamboozle!


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Mike and Ike

Mike and Ike is an American brand of fruit-flavored candies that were first introduced in 1940 by the company Just Born, Inc. Despite conjecture, the origin of the candy's name remains unknown. Mike and Ike were originally all fruit flavored but now come in several different varieties.

History
Mike and Ike is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. People have claimed that the name may have come from the comic strip Mike and Ike (They Look Alike), which had ended by the 1940s. People also claimed the name may have referred to the popular 1930's National Champion Air Race winning aircraft "Mike" and "Ike" built by Benny Howard and flown by Harold Neumann. Or other people claimed the Matina Brothers, two of whom, nicknamed "Mike" & "Ike," were billed as circus dwarves and had roles as Munchkins in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz; author Dean Jensen claimed the two brothers had become so popular in America that a boxed candy was named after them. Other proposals include a company-wide contest, the creators' names being Mike and Ike, a vaudeville song titled “Mike and Ike”, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose nickname was "Ike." Just Born acquired the Rodda Candy Company in 1953 and, with the help of Rodda's expertise in jelly beans, produced new Mike and Ike flavors, such as cotton candy. Additional flavors such as Root Beer came in the 1960s, and others have been introduced on and off since.

Candy
Mike and Ike are oblong fruit-flavored chewy candies that come in several colors and varieties, including cherry, strawberry, orange, lemon, and lime. Popular varieties are Tropical Typhoon, Berry Blast and Jolly Joes. Each candy has 7 calories, 0 grams of fat, and approximately 1 gram of sugar. The candy is kosher and gluten-free.

They are similar to Hot Tamales, another candy introduced by the same manufacturer in 1950, though they are not spicy.

Varieties
Just Born produces several varieties of Mike and Ikes, including:

Retro/limited varieties include:
 * Lem and Mel (Lemon and watermelon) flavor (launched 1991; reissued 2013)
 * Cherri and Bubb (Cherry and bubble gum) flavor (launched 1989; reissued 2013, then again in 2019)
 * Strawbana (launched 1991)
 * Tangy Twister (possibly Orange, but cannot be found in stores or online)
 * Mike and Ike – Strawberries n' Cream (launched 2000; reissued 2019)
 * Mike and Ike – Orange n' Cream (launched 2000)
 * Cherry Cola (launched 2004, reissued 2016)
 * Buttered Popcorn (launched 2004, reissued 2016)
 * Sour Lemon (strangely cannot be found in stores or online)
 * Mike and Ike Minion Mix – Blueberry and Banana flavors (launched 2014)
 * Mike and Ike Valentines Mix (Seasonal)
 * Mike and Ike Mummy's Mix (Seasonal)
 * Mike and Ike Merry Mix (Seasonal) (launched 2015)
 * Mike and Ike Sundae Sweets (Limited edition) (launched 2017)
 * Mike and Ike Cotton Candy (Limited edition) (reissued 2015, then again in 2021)
 * Mike and Ike Root Beer Float (Limited edition) (reissued 2015, then again in 2021)

There are also seasonal packages for Easter in which the Mike and Ike flavors are formed as jelly beans.

Media
In April 2012, the company ran an ad campaign based on the premise that Mike and Ike were "breaking up" due to "creative differences"; the packaging showed one or the other name scratched out. The campaign was intended to capture the interest of younger consumers. In 2013 the company announced Mike and Ike would reunite. In addition to a re-designed packaging and juicier tasting candy, a trailer for a movie was released, entitled, The Return of Mike and Ike.

title: Mike and Ike


text: User:Bananagirl

title: User:Bananagirl


text:
Maryland Route 175

Maryland Route 175 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs 17.01 mi from Little Patuxent Parkway in Columbia east to MD 3 in Millersville. MD 175 is a major highway through the large unincorporated community of Columbia; the highway connects U.S. Route 29 (US 29) next to Columbia Town Center with Interstate 95 (I-95) and an industrial area on the eastern side of Howard County. MD 175 also connects Fort Meade with Jessup and Odenton in western Anne Arundel County, where it links MD 295 and MD 32 with the eastern part of the U.S. Army base.

MD 175 was constructed from Ellicott City to Millersville in the late 1920s and early 1930s as part of three routes: MD 531 from MD 103 near Ellicott City to US 1 near Jessup, MD 175 from there to Fort Meade and north to Hanover, and MD 180 from Odenton to Millersville. The highway did not originally extend through Fort Meade; MD 175 was constructed through the military installation in the early 1940s as part of major upgrades to the highway from Jessup to Odenton due to its strategic importance. By 1946, MD 175 extended from Ellicott City to Millersville. The highway was widened from Odenton to Millersville in the late 1940s and from Ellicott City to Odenton in the mid-1950s. MD 175 was relocated at I-95 around 1970 and as a major highway through the newly constructed community of Columbia in the mid-1970s. The old portion of the highway from Ellicott City to the new highway became MD 108 and MD 104. There are plans to expand MD 175 to a multi-lane divided highway through Fort Meade due to increased activity at the Army post.

Route description
MD 175 begins just west of its bridges over the Little Patuxent River. The highway continues southwest as Little Patuxent Parkway, the county-maintained six-lane divided highway that forms the main street of Columbia Town Center. MD 175 heads east as Rouse Parkway, a four-lane divided limited-access highway; the highway was renamed from Little Patuxent Parkway to honor Columbia founder James Rouse and his wife Patty in 2006. The highway immediately has a cloverleaf interchange with US 29 (Columbia Pike). MD 175 heads southeast through intersections with Thunder Hill Road, Oakland Mills Road, Tamar Drive, and Dobbin Road as it passes between the Columbia villages of Oakland Mills to the southwest and Long Reach to the northeast. The state highway expands to six lanes at Dobbin Road and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Snowden River Parkway that provides access to a park and ride lot serving MTA Maryland commuter buses and a trumpet interchange with Columbia Gateway Drive. Access from eastbound MD 175 to Columbia Gateway Drive requires using the Snowden River Parkway interchange. MD 175 widens to eight lanes at Columbia Gateway Drive, a width the highway carries through its intersection with the eastern end of MD 108 (Waterloo Road) to the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95. The highway's name changes from Rouse Parkway to Waterloo Road at the MD 108 junction. MD 175 has six lanes from I-95 to east of its junction with US 1 (Washington Boulevard), which was the site of a tavern called Waterloo and before that Spurrier's Tavern.

MD 175 narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it passes between the Maryland Wholesale Produce Distribution Center to the southwest and the Patuxent Institution on the northeast and enters Jessup. East of Dorsey Run Road, which leads to the Jessup Auto Distribution Center, the state highway crosses over CSX's Capital Subdivision railroad line and enters Anne Arundel County, where the highway's name changes to Jessup Road. East of the tracks, MD 175 meets the eastern end of unsigned MD 723 (Old Jessup Road), which accesses the Jessup station on MARC's Camden Line, which uses the Capital Subdivision tracks. The highway continues east past the former Maryland House of Correction and has a cloverleaf interchange with MD 295 (Baltimore–Washington Parkway), where the highway's name becomes Annapolis Road. MD 175 temporarily expands to four lanes at its intersection with MD 713, which heads south as Rockenbach Road into Fort Meade and north as Ridge Road toward Hanover. The highway passes through the eastern part of Fort Meade and expands to a four-lane road with a center left-turn lane at Reece Road, which becomes MD 174 on the eastern boundary of the military installation.

At the southeastern corner of the fort, MD 175 has a partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 32 (Patuxent Freeway) and enters Odenton. The highway crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad line and meets the southern end of MD 170 (Telegraph Road); the south leg of the intersection, Piney Orchard Parkway, leads to the Odenton station on MARC's Penn Line, which uses the Amtrak tracks. MD 175 continues as a four-lane undivided highway to a five-legged roundabout at the eastern end of Odenton where the highway meets Odenton Road, Higgins Drive, and Sappington Station Road, which is unsigned MD 32AA. The highway continues as a two-lane undivided road to the northeast of Arundel High School and through the village of Gambrills before reaching its eastern terminus at MD 3 (Robert Crain Highway) west of Millersville. MD 175 has separate intersections with southbound and northbound MD 3; Millersville Road continues east from the northbound intersection through the eponymous village and past the historic Childs Residence.

MD 175 is a part of the National Highway System as an intermodal freight transport connector from I-95 to Dorsey Run Road in Jessup and as a principal arterial from US 29 to I-95 through Columbia.

History
The first section of MD 175 was constructed between 1924 and 1926 as a macadam road from US 1 southeast to the entrance of the Maryland House of Correction east of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (now CSX) in Jessup. MD 175 was extended as a concrete road east to its modern intersection with MD 713, then northeast along what later became MD 713 to MD 176 in Hanover in 1929. The easternmost portion of MD 175, which was originally MD 180, was constructed as a concrete road starting in 1930 from MD 3 to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak) in Odenton; the highway was complete west to Gambrills by the end of 1930. The original western part of MD 175, from US 1 in Jessup to MD 103 in Ellicott City, was constructed as MD 531 in 1932. The portion of the highway through Fort Meade was a public highway maintained by Anne Arundel County or the federal government through World War II.

MD 180's crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroad was constructed in 1938. The highway was relocated through Odenton using the new bridge in 1938 and 1939; the old road became MD 677. MD 175's bridge over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Jessup was completed in 1942. The highway was widened to a 24 ft wide road with a concrete base and asphalt surface from Jessup to the MD 713 intersection in 1942. MD 175 was also extended as a 24 ft road through Fort Meade from MD 713 to west of Odenton between 1942 and 1944. By 1946, MD 175 had been extended east over MD 180 to Millersville and west over MD 531 to Ellicott City; the portion of MD 175 from Fort Meade to MD 176 became MD 713. MD 175 was widened from 16 to 22 ft from Odenton to Millersville starting in 1948. The highway was widened and resurfaced from Odenton to the newly constructed Baltimore–Washington Expressway interchange in 1954. MD 175 was also widened with curve amelioration from US 1 to MD 103 between 1954 and 1956.

MD 175's first divided highway section was created when the highway was relocated from US 1 to just north of the modern MD 108 intersection in conjunction with the construction of the I-95 interchange in 1969 and 1970. The state highway's interchange with US 29 in Columbia was built in several stages. The westbound and eastbound bridges across the Little Patuxent River were built in 1970 and 1974, respectively. The first parts of the interchange to open were the ramps between county-maintained Little Patuxent Parkway and southbound US 29. MD 175's bridges over US 29 were built in 1974. The interchange fully opened when the new Little Patuxent Parkway was completed from the existing highway at the present MD 108 interchange west to US 29 in 1977. The portion of MD 175 north of the new highway was replaced by an eastward extension of MD 108 and MD 104. The highway's trumpet interchange with Columbia Gateway Drive opened with Little Patuxent Parkway. MD 175 was two lanes from US 29 to Columbia Gateway Drive until the road was expanded to a divided highway in 1987. The highway's interchange with Snowden River Parkway was constructed in 2001. MD 175's roundabout in Odenton was installed in 2004.

The Maryland State Highway Administration plans to upgrade MD 175 from MD 295 in Jessup east to MD 170 in Odenton in response to the greatly increased traffic destined for Fort Meade due to the Base Realignment and Closure process. The state plans to expand MD 175 to a six-lane divided highway along the 5.2 mi stretch, construct intersection improvements at MD 713, Reece Road, Mapes Road, and Charter Oaks Boulevard, and reconstruct the MD 295 interchange. One of the first projects to begin construction is improvements at the MD 713 intersection, which started in 2011 and were expected to be completed in 2013.

Auxiliary routes

 * MD 175AA is the designation for the 0.02 mi section of Max Blob Park Road from the intersection of MD 175 and Clark Road south to the portion of Max Blob Park Road designated MD 917 just east of the MD 175–MD 295 interchange in Jessup.
 * MD 175HC is the designation for the 0.37 mi eastbound collector/distributor roadway from Snowden River Parkway east to MD 175's bridge over Columbia Gateway Drive, where MD 175HC merges with eastbound MD 175, in Columbia. The highway allows eastbound MD 175 and Snowden River Parkway traffic to access Columbia Gateway Drive. Prior to the completion of the interchange between MD 175 and Snowden River Parkway, MD 175HC began just east of the intersection of the two roads.

title: Maryland Route 175


text:
Sutton Park, Dublin

Sutton Park is a housing development formed within Kilbarrack lands, on the coastline of Dublin Bay, Ireland.

Built on the site of an old sand quarry and neighbouring fields, it was constructed in the 1960s, a decade prior to the Bayside streets to the west, with which it is usually grouped. Located between the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line and the coastal Dublin Road, with access from Bayside Boulevard, Bayside Park and one external road link to the R105 coast road (itself a section of the Dublin-Howth-Holyhead-London road built by Thomas Telford in 1823). Pedestrian access is also possible through Kilbarrack Cemetery, which stands between some of the Sutton Park streets and the sea.

Location and geography
Sutton Park is located in Fingal, north County Dublin, 10 km from Dublin city centre. It is a low-density residential area, comprising multiple roads named Sutton Park as well as Sutton Lawns, Sutton Downs and Sutton Grove. The adjoining developments are Sarto / Roncalli, Verbena, Alden and Bayside Boulevards North and South. To the east is a part of Baldoyle and then Sutton and Howth, while to the north is more of Baldoyle.

Sutton Park falls within the Dublin Bay North constituency.

Amenities
The area's amenities are concentrated in the central square of the Bayside development, and include a supermarket, mini-market, coffee shop, ice cream parlour, medical centre and a Roman Catholic church.

Media
The award-winning 2007 film, 32A, written and directed by Marian Quinn, was shot on location in Sutton Park and environs.

Notable residents

 * John Carroll (trade unionist) (1925-2018), was involved in the formation of SIPTU through the amalgamation of the ITGWU and Federated Workers Union of Ireland. From the late 1950s, Carroll worked towards the creation of national bargaining mechanisms. He served almost 20 years on the executive of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions and was its president. He was also a Senator in the 15th Seanad.

title: Sutton Park, Dublin


text:
Microsoft RPC

Microsoft RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a modified version of DCE/RPC. Additions include partial support for UCS-2 (but not Unicode) strings, implicit handles, and complex calculations in the variable-length string and structure paradigms already present in DCE/RPC.

Example
The DCE 1.0 reference implementation only allows such constructs as size_is(len), or possibly size_is(len-1). MSRPC allows much more complex constructs such as size_is(len / 2 - 1) and even length_is ((max & ~0x7) + 0x7), a common expression in DCOM IDL files.

Use
MSRPC was used by Microsoft to seamlessly create a client/server model in Windows NT, with very little effort. For example, the Windows Server domains protocols are entirely MSRPC based, as is Microsoft's DNS administrative tool. Microsoft Exchange Server 5.5's administrative front-ends are all MSRPC client/server applications, and its MAPI was made more secure by "proxying" MAPI over a set of simple MSRPC functions that enable encryption at the MSRPC layer without involving the MAPI protocol.

History
MSRPC is derived from the Distributed Computing Environment 1.2 reference implementation from the Open Software Foundation, but has been copyrighted by Microsoft. DCE/RPC was originally commissioned by the Open Software Foundation, an industry consortium to set vendor- and technology-neutral open standards for computing infrastructure. None of the Unix vendors (now represented by the Open Group), wanted to use the complex DCE or such components as DCE/RPC at the time.

Microsoft's Component Object Model is based heavily on MSRPC, adding interfaces and inheritance. The marshalling semantics of DCE/RPC are used to serialize method calls and results between processes with separate address spaces, albeit COM did not initially allow network calls between different machines.

With Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), COM was extended to software components distributed across several networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+ application server infrastructure.

title: Microsoft RPC


text:
Cooking spray

Cooking spray is a spray form of an oil as a lubricant, lecithin as an emulsifier, and a propellant such as nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or propane. Cooking spray is applied to frying pans and other cookware to prevent food from sticking. Traditionally, cooks use butter, shortening, or oils poured or rubbed on cookware. Most cooking sprays have less food energy per serving than an application of vegetable oil, because they are applied in a much thinner layer: US regulations allow many to be labelled "zero-calorie"; in the UK sprays claim to supply "less than 1 calorie per serving". Popular US brands include Pam, Crisco, and Baker's Joy. Sprays are available with plain vegetable oil, butter and olive oil flavor.

Cooking spray has other culinary uses besides being applied to cookware. Sticky candies such as Mike and Ike that are often sold in bulk vending machines may be sprayed with cooking spray to keep them from sticking together in the machines. Coating the inside of a measuring cup with the spray allows sticky substances such as honey to pour out more easily. Vegetables may be sprayed before seasoning to make the seasonings stick better.

title: Cooking spray


text:
Diocesan chancery

A diocesan chancery is the branch of administration that handles all written documents used in the official government of a Catholic or Anglican diocese.

It is in the diocesan chancery that, under the direction of the bishop or his representative (the local ordinary), all documents which concern the diocese are drawn up, copied, forwarded, and a record kept of all official writings expedited or received.

The official charged with the execution of these duties is known as the diocesan chancellor.

Latin Catholic dioceses
In many dioceses, the chancellor exercises some of the faculties, which in other dioceses are exclusively reserved for the vicar-general. This happens more frequently in smaller dioceses, administered directly by the bishop himself, and in which the vicar-general (often not resident in the episcopal city) is called on only when the bishop is absent or hindered.

In such cases, the chancellor is also the confidential secretary of the bishop. A similar system obtains even in many extensive dioceses, which the bishop administers with the aid of one or more vicars-general and the diocesan chancery. There are. However, he executes some large dioceses in which all matters are personally reserved to the bishop with the aid of a secretary or chancellor, usually a priest or deacon. At the same time, the greater part of the diocesan administration is handed over to a body of officials under the bishop's or vicar-general's direction.

For the correspondence, registration, and care of the archives, such administrative bureaus are provided with a secretariat or chancery. The chancery is a necessary element of administration in every diocese. Some provision for its duties must be made, even in missionary dioceses, apostolic prefectures, and apostolic vicariates. Unless the official correspondence were properly cared for, there would be no tradition in diocesan management, important documents would be lost, and the written evidence necessary in lawsuits and trials would be lacking.

The famous Apostolic Chancery (Cancellaria Apostolica) developed in time from the chancery of the primitive Bishop of Rome. Because of the latter's primacy in the Church, his chancery naturally had far wider relations than any other Christian diocese. The Apostolic See had never legislated concerning diocesan chanceries until the 1983 Code of Canon Law under its canons on the diocesan curia (cc. 469-494). The diocesan system was generally introduced in many countries whose churches had hitherto been under a more or less provisional government (e.g., United States, England, Scotland, and India).

National and provincial synods laid much stress on creating diocesan chanceries. In the United States, the First Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852) expressed the wish that in every diocese, there should be a chancery, to facilitate ecclesiastical administration and establish for its conduct a more or less identical system. In Ireland, the National Synod of Thurles (1850) made provision for the establishment and preservation of diocesan archives. Similarly, for England, the Provincial Synod of Westminster (1852).

In keeping with these recommendations, the diocesan chancery consists of a certain number of officials named by the bishop. In the United States, England, and Australia, there are usually, besides the vicar-general, a diocesan chancellor and a secretary. In European dioceses, the chancery is organized variously according to the extent of the diocese. There is generally in each diocese a chancellor or secretary with the necessary personnel.

In the dioceses of Germany, much of the administration is carried on by an official bureau (Ordinariat) as described above, i.e., the vicariate-general, to which are adjoined a secretariat, a registry office, and a chancery.

In the Diocese of Breslau, there existed an institution known as the "Secret Chancery" (Geheimkanzlei), which expedited only matters decided by the prince-bishop personally or with the advice of this body. The prince-bishop presided over its sessions with the help of the vicar-general. Its members were three priests and one lay counselor, to whom were added a secretary, a chief of the chancery, two private secretaries, a registrar, etc. The ordinary diocesan administration was carried on by two other bureaus, the vicariate-general and the diocesan consistory, mutually independent, but both acting in the name of the prince-bishop.

For the office of diocesan chancellor in the United States, see "Acta et Decreta" of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, in index, p. 303, and of the Synod of Maynooth (1900), s. v. "Archiva".

Anglican dioceses
Diocesan chanceries may be universal, but there is nothing concerning their creation and equipment in the common ecclesiastical law. The explanation lies in the very nature of this law, which provides only for what is general and common. It takes no account of local means of administration, which it abandons to the proper authority in each diocese, the concrete circumstances always offering great variety and calling for all possible freedom of action.

Although, as described above, the methods of diocesan administration exhibit little variety, there is a certain uniformity. Each diocese, after all, is bound to observe the common law, has an identical range of freedom, and identical limits to its authority. Each diocese, therefore, is likely, a priori, to develop its administration along similar lines but does so regularly in harmony with others, particularly neighboring dioceses. In this way, the dioceses of a given country come to have similar official administrations.

title: Diocesan chancery


text: User talk:70.144.181.28

title: User talk:70.144.181.28


text: User talk:207.63.100.163

title: User talk:207.63.100.163


text:
Alpha Kappa Delta Phi

alpha Kappa Delta Phi (αΚΔΦ), also known as aKDPhi, Kappa Delta Phi, KDPhi, is an international Asian-interest sorority founded at the University of California, Berkeley. alpha Kappa Delta Phi has 67 chapters located at numerous universities across the United States and in Canada. It is part of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association (NAPA), which it helped charter in 2006.

History
alpha Kappa Delta Phi was established at the University of California in the Fall of 1989 and recognized by the College Panhellenic Association on February 7, 1990. There were fourteen founding sisters: • Betty Chu

• Karin Co

• Susan Kim

• Nancy Lee

• Sherri Leung

• Annie Loo

• Belinda Ma

• Anita Ng

• Serene Ngin

• Fannie Pon

• Josie Sun

• Daisy Wu

• Jill Yoshimura

• Reina Yuan The Founders dedicated themselves "to establishing a sorority which would offer Asian American women the opportunity to participate in the Greek system while also establishing an organization which would last as a strong tradition."

During the fall of 2002, the National Alumnae Board was established under the guidance, of Sophia Yen, to oversee the expansion and growth of the sorority’s alumnae. The 2002–2003 National Alumnae Board wanted to create a working organization that would provide programs and services to all alumnae, resulting in the National Alumnae Association. The National Alumnae Board’s initial activity focused on creating a mentoring program, followed by a scholarship program that would award financial aid to sisters looking to further their education.

Symbols
alpha Kappa Delta Phi uses four Greek letters in its name and chooses not to capitalize the first letter or Alpha. Thus, in Greek, its letters are written: αΚΔΦ.

The sorority's official symbol is the hourglass. A candle features prominently on its crest. Its colors are Compassion Purple and White. Its stone is the diamond and its flower is the iris. The sorority's mascot is the Phoenix.

Activities
alpha Kappa Delta Phi promotes Asian Awareness by encouraging its members to be constantly aware of and involved in Asian American issues in their communities. Chapters host events such as forums, presentations, and workshops. Many of these events take place during May, which is Asian Pacific American Heritage Month.

Philanthropy
alpha Kappa Delta Phi's national philanthropy is breast cancer awareness. The sorority's breast cancer awareness campaign began in 1998, and its exclusive partnership with Avon began in 2010 and ended in 2017. Across all chapters, the sorority hosts various events to raise awareness and fundraise towards this initiative, including but not limited to breast cancer awareness banquets, information sessions, workshops, and discussion groups. In 2016, the sorority raised and donated over $102,000, hitting the half-a-million mark in terms of the total dollar amount donated to the Avon Breast Cancer Crusade since the start of their partnership in 2010.

Foundation
The aKDPhi Foundation, also known as The Foundation, was chartered in 2011 by the alpha Kappa Delta Phi Board of Directors with a focus on supporting educational, leadership, and philanthropic development. The Foundation was formally recognized in 2013 as a 501(c)(3) public charity by the Internal Revenue Service and is considered a separate entity from alpha Kappa Delta Phi International Sorority, Inc.Today, the foundation has expanded its mission to focus on women's empowerment and through fundraising efforts, grant programs, programming, and scholarship initiatives. Its ultimate vision is a world where women of all backgrounds have equal access to personal & professional development and physical & mental health resources.

Chapters
alpha Kappa Delta Phi has three classes of chapters. Full-fledged chapters have met all the requirements for the sorority's chapter advancement process and have been installed. Associate chapters and pre-associate chapters meet some of the requirements for installation but are still developing.

Full-fledged chapters
The following are the full-fledged chapters of alpha Kappa Delta Phi. Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are listed in italics.

Associate and pre-associate chapters
The following are the active associate chapters and pre-associate chapters of alpha Kappa Delta Phi.

title: Alpha Kappa Delta Phi


text:
Kingston, California

Kingston is a former town that was originally in Fresno County, until 1909 when that territory south of Kings River was transferred to Kings County, California. It was located on the south bank of the Kings River 8.5 mi northwest of Hanford at Whitmore's Ferry.

L. A. Whitmore established the ferry in 1854. It was founded in 1856 by Lucious A. Whitmore who operated the first ferry to cross the Kings River. The town of Kingston grew up around the ferry at the place where an old Spanish road called El Camino Viejo á Los Angeles (The Old Road to Los Angeles) crossed the river. Kingston became a stopping place on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 to 1861 and a stage route between Stockton and Visalia after 1858. A post office operated at Kingston from 1859 to 1862, and from 1866 to 1890, when the service transferred to Lillis. Until at least 1872, the only store between Millerton and Visalia was in Kingston. The first school in the area was probably the one established as early as 1860 in Kingston.

Oliver H. Bliss operated the Kingston ferry after Whitmore, beginning in 1859. Bliss built a temporary toll bridge with two boats and planking in 1872. In 1873, John Sutherland purchased Bliss's interest in both the ferry and the bridge and built a permanent bridge that year.

On December 26, 1873, Tiburcio Vásquez and his bandit gang made a bold raid, robbing the entire village. Reportedly 35 or more men were tied up and over $2,000 in loot was hauled away. Subsequently, the town declined and by the 1890s Kingston was abandoned. Oliver Bliss' livery stable was the last remaining building and stood until 1930.

The site of the town is now a California Historical Landmark (#270), which can be found in Kingston-Laton County Park in Kings County.

title: Kingston, California


text:
Talk:NetWare File System

As a relatively newcomer I don't want to 'heavily' modify the page without asking advice on how to edit it. I wanted to edit the 'Directory Entries' bit as it's currently incomplete/incorrect. Currently the table shows the following:
 * 1) Maximum files per volume: ?
 * 2) Maximum files per server: 16 million
 * 3) Maximum directory entries: 16 million

To start with, NWFS does not have a maximum on the number of files per server. All limits are volume based, not server based. The maximum number of directory entries is 16MiB (or 2MiB on NetWare 4.1 and earlier).
 * Either you're right, or Novell is right. At this link,  then click on the link entitles "Advantages over the Netware File System", there is a table that plainly says that NWFS "Supports up to 16 million files per server".  Unless you've got better proof, I will believe Novell first.--MARQUIS111 16:12, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The Novell documentation you quoted is wrong in this case. A better version of the page which correctly shows the 16 million per volume limit is here . Cimetmc1 08:00, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Each file or directory requires one directory entry slot for each name space installed. If you've added the MAC namespace, each file or directory will take up two directory entries.

What do you think is the best way to edit this wiki? JoetjeF 00:07, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Use a Template:Infobox filesystem, a simple way to show filesystem limitations.
 * Just if you know them, please, do it!
 * You can see examples in NTFS and FAT to name a few.
 * —Claunia 00:38, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:NetWare File System


text:
User:Frungi

If you see something wrong with this user page, or if something seems to be missing, feel free to fix it. If anything I do pisses you off, please assume good faith, and just let me know what the problem is so that I can avoid it in the future. If you think I’m a horrible person or a wonderful person, feel free to edit this page and state it as fact.

On Wikipedia, I mostly correct basic English mistakes that I see, and clean up things that seem like they need cleaning up. Lately, I’ve also taken to using “thank” links in Talk page edit histories kinda like a Like button. So if you got a notification thanking you for some Talk comment, that’s just because I liked it.

Outside of Wikipedia, I can be contacted at [mailto:frungi@gmail.com frungi@gmail.com] or by any of these methods. My personal website is as Frungi.com.

My user name
Frungi (—rhymes with bungee) originated as an accidental misspelling of Frungy, the name of a fictional “sport of kings” referenced in the Star Control video games. I first used it as a screenname when I began playing StarCraft online, thanks to my best friend who was fairly obsessed with Star Control II at the time, and now I use the name Internet-wide.

title: User:Frungi


text:
Voluntary euthanasia

Voluntary euthanasia is the ending of a person's life at their request in order to relieve them of suffering. Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) have been the focus of intense debate in recent years. Some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Spain.

Voluntary refusal of food and fluids (VRFF), also called voluntarily stopping eating and drinking or VSED, or Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration (PRNH), is bordering on euthanasia. Some authors classify it as a form of passive euthanasia, while others treat it separately because it is treated differently from legal point of view and often perceived as a more ethical option. VRFF is sometimes suggested as a legal alternative to euthanasia in jurisdictions disallowing euthanasia.

Assisted suicide
Assisted suicide is a practice in which a person receives assistance in bringing about their death, typically people suffering from a severe physical illness, in which the final step in the process is actively performed by the person concerned. In physician-assisted suicide (also called physician aid-in-dying or PAD) a physician knowingly provides a competent but suffering patient, upon the patient's request, with the means by which the patient intends to end his or her own life. Assisted suicide is contrasted with "active euthanasia" when the difference between providing the means and actively administering lethal medicine is considered important. For example, Swiss law allows assisted suicide while all forms of active euthanasia (like lethal injection) remain prohibited.

History
The term euthanasia comes from the Greek words "eu"-meaning good and "thanatos"-meaning death, which combined means "well-death" or "dying well". Hippocrates mentions euthanasia in the Hippocratic Oath, which was written between 400 and 300 BC. The original Oath states: "To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death." Despite this, the ancient Greeks and Romans generally did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were, in consequence, tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or, in the case of the Stoics and Epicureans, where a person no longer cared for his life.

English Common Law from the 14th century until the middle of the last century made suicide a criminal act in England and Wales. Assisting others to kill themselves remains illegal in that jurisdiction. However, in the 16th century, Thomas More, considered a saint by Roman Catholics, described a utopian community and envisaged such a community as one that would facilitate the death of those whose lives had become burdensome as a result of "torturing and lingering pain", see.

Modern
Since the 19th century, euthanasia has sparked intermittent debates and activism in Europe and the Americas. According to medical historian Ezekiel Emanuel, it was the availability of anesthesia that ushered in the modern era of euthanasia. In 1828, the first known anti-euthanasia law in the United States was passed in the state of New York, with many other localities and states following suit over a period of several years. After the Civil War, voluntary euthanasia was promoted by advocates, including some doctors. Support peaked around the start of the 20th century in the US and then grew again in the 1930s.

In an article in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Brown University historian Jacob M. Appel documented extensive political debate over legislation to legalize physician-assisted suicide in both Iowa and Ohio in 1906. Appel indicates social activist Anna Sophina Hall, a wealthy heiress who had watched her mother die after an extended battle with liver cancer, was the driving force behind this movement. According to historian Ian Dowbiggin, leading public figures, including Clarence Darrow and Jack London, advocated for the legalization of euthanasia.

In 1937, doctor-assisted euthanasia was declared legal in Switzerland as long as the doctor ending the life had nothing to gain. During this same era, US courts tackled cases involving critically ill people who requested physician assistance in dying as well as "mercy killings", such as by parents of their severely disabled children.

Post War
During the post-war period, prominent proponents of euthanasia included Glanville Williams (The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law) and clergyman Joseph Fletcher ("Morals and medicine"). By the 1960s, advocacy for a right-to-die approach to voluntary euthanasia increased.

India
Since March 2018, passive euthanasia is legal in India under strict guidelines. Patients must consent through a living will, and must be either terminally ill or in a vegetative state.

Australia
In 1996, the world's first euthanasia legislation, the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1996, was passed in the Northern Territory of Australia. Four patients died through assisted suicide under the Act, using a device designed by Dr Philip Nitschke. The legislation was overturned by Australia's Federal Parliament in 1997. In response to the overturning of the Act, Nitschke founded Exit International. In 2009, an Australian quadriplegic was granted the right to refuse sustenance and be allowed to die. The Supreme Court of Western Australia ruled that it was up to Christian Rossiter, aged 49, to decide if he was to continue to receive medical care (tube feeding) and that his carers had to abide by his wishes. Chief Justice Wayne Martin also stipulated that his carers, Brightwater Care, would not be held criminally responsible for following his instructions. Rossiter died on 21 September 2009 following a chest infection.

Voluntary assisted dying schemes have been in effect in the following states; Victoria since 19 June 2019, Western Australia since 1 July 2021, Tasmania since 23 October 2022, Queensland since 1 January 2023, and South Australia since 31 January 2023. New South Wales was the final state to pass legislation for assisted dying in May 2022, which went into effect on 28 November 2023.

New Zealand
In New Zealand's 2020 general election the country included a binding referendum asking voters if the End of Life Choice Act 2019 should pass. The Act would legalise voluntary euthanasia for patients with a terminal illness and less than six months left to live if approved by two doctors. New Zealand is the first country to put euthanasia legalisation to a referendum. On 17 October 2020, 65.91% of voters supported the passing of the act; a majority. On 21 November 2021, the act was put into place.

Colombia
On 20 May 1997, the Constitutional Court of Colombia decriminalised piety homicide, for terminally ill patients, stating that "the medical author cannot be held responsible for the assisted suicide of a terminally ill patient" and urged Congress to regulate euthanasia "in the shortest time possible".

On 15 December 2014, the Constitutional Court had given the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 30 days to publish guidelines for the healthcare sector to use in order to guarantee terminated ill patients, with the wish to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.

On 7 January 2022, Victor Escobar became the first person to undergo voluntary euthanasia without a terminal illness in the country; he had been suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Voluntary euthanasia had been legalised in Colombia for people who did not have a terminal illness in July 2021.

Europe
In 1957 in Britain, Mr Justice Devlin ruled in the trial of Dr John Bodkin Adams that causing death through the administration of lethal drugs to a patient, if the intention is solely to alleviate pain, is not considered murder even if death is a potential or even likely outcome. In 1993, the Netherlands decriminalized doctor-assisted suicide, and in 2002, restrictions were loosened. During that year, physician-assisted suicide was approved in Belgium. Belgium's at the time most famous author Hugo Claus, suffering from Alzheimer's disease, was among those that asked for euthanasia. He died in March 2008, assisted by an Antwerp doctor.

United States
A key turning point in the debate over voluntary euthanasia (and physician assisted dying), at least in the United States, was the public furor over the Karen Ann Quinlan case. The Quinlan case paved the way for legal protection of voluntary passive euthanasia. In 1977, California legalized living wills and other states soon followed suit.

In 1980 the Hemlock Society USA was founded in Santa Monica by Derek Humphry. It was the first group in the United States to provide information to the terminally ill in case they wanted a hastened death. Hemlock also campaigned and partially financed drives to reform the law. In 2003 Hemlock was merged with End of Life Choices, which changed its name to Compassion and Choices.

In 1990, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan physician, became famous for educating and assisting people in committing physician-assisted suicide, which resulted in a Michigan law against the practice in 1992. Kevorkian was tried and convicted in 1999 for a murder displayed on television. Also in 1990, the Supreme Court approved the use of non-active euthanasia.

In 1994, Oregon voters approved the Death with Dignity Act, permitting doctors to assist terminal patients with six months or less to live to end their lives. The U.S. Supreme Court allowed such laws in 1997. The Bush administration failed in its attempt to use drug law to stop Oregon in 2001, in the case Gonzales v. Oregon.

In 2005, amid U.S. government roadblocks and controversy, Terri Schiavo, a Floridian who had been in a vegetative state since 1990, had her feeding tube removed. Her husband had won the right to take her off life support, which he claimed she would want but was difficult to confirm as she had no living will and the rest of her family claimed otherwise.

In November 2008, Washington Initiative 1000 made Washington the second U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide.

China and Hong Kong
Euthanasia is a criminal offense in China. For example, in Shanghai a 67-year-old man was sentenced to five years in prison when he euthanized his 92-year-old mother when she emerged from a hospital procedure only able to move one finger and one toe. The sentence was considered lenient because he had displayed filial piety toward his mother.

While active euthanasia remains illegal in China, it is gaining increasing acceptance among doctors and the general populace.

Medical practitioners in China support euthanasia laws. A 2006 research emphasised that studies in the 1990s revealed a substantial surge in support for euthanasia, particularly among medical personnel. This is corroborated by a poll conducted by the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, which found that 95% of medical staffs approved of the act of euthanasia.

Chinese culture, with its emphasis on filial piety and a taboo surrounding discussions of death, poses significant obstacles to the development of euthanasia. The concept of euthanasia is often seen as pessimistic in this cultural context. However, Buddhism, the predominant religion in China, views euthanasia as a means to achieve a peaceful and suffering-free death, making it more acceptable to some.

In Hong Kong, support for euthanasia among the general public is higher among those who put less importance on religious belief, those who are non-Christian, those who have higher family incomes, those who have more experience in taking care of terminally ill family members, and those who are older.

Canada
Legislation in Canada is actively evolving and debated. In 2016, Canadian parliament passed legislation allowing eligible adults to request medical assistance in dying (MAiD). Legal access to MAiD was initially limited to persons whose death was "reasonable foreseeable", however the law was amended in 2021 to include persons who had a grievous, irremediable and irreversible medical condition, even if it is not fatal or terminal. An exclusion currently exists for persons whose sole underlying condition is a mental illness.

Arguments for and against
Since World War II, the debate over euthanasia in Western countries has centered on voluntary euthanasia within regulated health care systems. In some cases, judicial decisions, legislation, and regulations have made voluntary euthanasia an explicit option for patients and their guardians.

Proponents of voluntary euthanasia emphasize that choice is a fundamental principle for liberal democracies and free market systems. The pain and suffering a person feels during a disease, even with pain relievers, can be incomprehensible to a person who has not gone through it. Even without considering the physical pain, it is often difficult for patients to overcome the emotional pain of losing their independence. Those who witness others die are "particularly convinced" that the law should be changed to allow assisted death. Today in many countries there is a shortage of hospital space. Medical personnel and hospital beds could be used for people whose lives could be saved instead of continuing the lives of those who want to die, thus increasing the general quality of care and shortening hospital waiting lists. It is a burden to keep people alive past the point they can contribute to society, especially if the resources used could be spent on a curable ailment.

Critics argue that voluntary euthanasia could unduly compromise the professional roles of health care employees, especially doctors. They point out that European physicians of previous centuries traditionally swore some variation of the Hippocratic Oath, which in its ancient form excluded euthanasia: "To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death." However, since the 1970s, this oath has largely fallen out of use.

Some people, including many Christians, consider euthanasia of some or all types to be morally unacceptable. This view usually treats euthanasia to be a type of murder and voluntary euthanasia as a type of suicide, the morality of which is the subject of active debate.

If there is some reason to believe the cause of a patient's illness or suffering is or will soon be curable, the correct action is sometimes considered to attempt to bring about a cure or engage in palliative care.

Feasibility of implementation: Euthanasia can only be considered voluntary if a patient is mentally competent to make the decision, i.e., has a rational understanding of options and consequences. Competence can be difficult to determine or even define.

Consent under pressure: Given the economic grounds for voluntary euthanasia, critics of voluntary euthanasia are concerned that patients may experience psychological pressure to consent to voluntary euthanasia rather than be a financial burden on their families. Even where health costs are mostly covered by public money, as in most developed countries, voluntary euthanasia critics are concerned that hospital personnel would have an economic incentive to advise or pressure people toward euthanasia consent.

Non-voluntary euthanasia is sometimes cited as one of the possible outcomes of the slippery slope argument, in which it is claimed that permitting voluntary euthanasia to occur will lead to the support and legalization of non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia.

Medical ethics
Euthanasia brings about many ethical issues regarding a patient's death. Some physicians say euthanasia is a rational choice for competent patients who wish to die to escape unbearable suffering.

Physicians who are in favor of euthanasia state that to keep euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) illegal is a violation of patient freedoms. They believe that any competent terminally-ill patient should have the right to choose death or refuse life-saving treatment. Suicide and assistance from their physician is seen as the only option those patients have. With the suffering and the knowledge from the doctor, this may also suggest that PAS is a humane answer to the excruciating pain.

An argument against PAS is the violation of the Hippocratic oath that some doctors take. The Hippocratic oath states: "I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan."

Another reason for prohibiting PAS and euthanasia is the option of abusing PAS if it were to become legal. Poor or uninsured patients may not have the money or no access to proper care will have limited options, and they could be pressured toward assisted death.

Legality
During the 20th century, efforts to change government policies on euthanasia have met limited success in Western countries. Euthanasia policies have also been developed by a variety of NGOs, most notably medical associations and advocacy organisations.

Australia
There are a range of eligibility requirements which must be satisfied before a patient can receive VAD treatment. Those that are deemed ineligible are required to wait months for care through the public or private health system and at times at their own financial costs. Furthermore, according to The RAGCP more than $38 billion is spent on people with chronic health conditions a year.

Examples of health conditions that require further assessment before granting the VAD procedure include, respiratory diseases such as cardiovascular disease which is a common cause of death among people over the age of 65. Debilitating chronic pain and disease is heavily assessed when considering patients for assisted dying and for people over the age of 65, even if several medical conditions are present, it does not mean the person is eligible for this procedure. Poor mental health, geriatric syndromes, falls, delirium are underlying conditions that have the potential to exarate one’s pain and suffering in this age group, this also does not guarantee access to assisted dying.

Chronic and acute conditions are common amongst elderly Australians that can range from mild to debilitating pain levels, limiting physical abilities, and taking large mental tolls on individuals. Regardless of personal choice and the complexity of health and medical issues, medical professionals can object to Voluntary Assisted Dying at any point regardless of eligibility should they feel it necessary.

Religion
There are many different religious views on the issue of voluntary euthanasia, although many moral theologians are critical of the procedure.

Protocols
Euthanasia can be accomplished either through an oral, intravenous, or intramuscular administration of drugs, or by oxygen deprivation (anoxia), as in some euthanasia machines. In individuals who are incapable of swallowing lethal doses of medication, an intravenous route is preferred. The following is a Dutch protocol for parenteral (intravenous) administration to obtain euthanasia:

Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg sodium thiopental (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular muscle relaxant is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) or 20 mg vecuronium bromide (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.

With regards to voluntary euthanasia, many people argue that 'equal access' should apply to access to suicide as well, so therefore disabled people who cannot kill themselves should have access to voluntary euthanasia.

In popular culture and the arts
Apart from The Old Law, a 17th-century tragicomedy written by Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, and Philip Massinger, one of the early books to deal with euthanasia in a fictional context is Anthony Trollope's 1882 dystopian novel, The Fixed Period. Ricarda Huch's novel The Deruga Case (1917) is about a physician who is acquitted after performing euthanasia on his dying ex-wife.

"Quality of Mercy" in The Prosecution Rests is a fable exploring the facets of aging, Alzheimer's disease, and euthanasia. The story line makes no judgement but frees the reader to decide.

The plot of Christopher Buckley's 2007 novel Boomsday involves the use of 'voluntary euthanasia' of seniors as a political ploy to stave off the insolvency of social security as more and more of the aging US population reaches retirement age.

The films Children of Men and Soylent Green depict instances of government-sponsored euthanasia in order to strengthen their dystopian themes. The protagonist of the film Johnny Got His Gun is a brutally mutilated war veteran whose request for euthanasia furthers the work's anti-war message. The recent films Mar Adentro and Million Dollar Baby argue more directly in favor of euthanasia by illustrating the suffering of their protagonists. These films have provoked debate and controversy in their home countries of Spain and the United States respectively.

In March 2010, the PBS Frontline TV program in the United States showed a documentary called "The Suicide Tourist" which told the story of Professor Craig Ewert, his family, and the Swiss group Dignitas, and their decision to help him commit assisted suicide in Switzerland after he was diagnosed and suffering with ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease).

Thrash metal band Megadeth's 1994 album Youthanasia (the title is a pun on euthanasia) implies that society is euthanizing its youth.

The documentary film How to Die in Oregon follows the lives of select terminally ill individuals who weigh the options of continuing to live and euthanasia. This film employs emotional appeal to the audience on the controversial topic of voluntary euthanasia.

In the House episode "Known Unknowns", Dr. Wilson plans to deliver a speech at a medical conference in which he admits to having euthanized a terminally ill patient. Ultimately, Dr. House delivers the speech using a false identity. In another episode, "The Dig", Dr. Hadley ("Thirteen") reveals that she euthanized her brother who was suffering from Huntington's disease. After learning that Thirteen herself will eventually develop Huntington's, House offers to euthanize her once she is in the advanced stages of the disease.

The 2017 TV program Mary Kills People follows a doctor illegally performing assisted suicides as a side business.

title: Voluntary euthanasia


text:
José Clavijo y Fajardo

José Clavijo y Fajardo (19 March 1726 in Teguise, Lanzarote – 3 November 1806) was a Spanish journalist.

Life
He was born on Lanzarote (Canary Islands). He settled in Madrid, became editor of El Pensador, and by his campaign against the public performance of autos sacramentales, secured their prohibition in 1765. In 1770 he was appointed director of the royal theatres, a post which he resigned in order to take up the editorship of the Mercurio Histórico y Político de Madrid. At the time of his death in 1806 he was secretary to the Cabinet of Natural History.

He had in abundance the courage, perseverance and gift of pungent expression which form the equipment of the aggressive journalist, but his work would long since have been forgotten were it not that it put an end to a peculiarly national form of dramatic exposition, and that his love affair with one of Pierre Beaumarchais' sisters suggested the theme of Goethe's first publication, Clavigo.

title: José Clavijo y Fajardo


text:
Too Good to Be True

Too Good to Be True may refer to:

Film, television, and theatre

 * Too Good to Be True (film), a 1988 made-for-TV movie
 * 2 Good 2 Be True, a 2022 Philippine family drama romantic comedy television series
 * Too Good to Be True, a scrapped spin-off of TV series Small Wonder
 * Too Good to Be True, a 1601 play by Wentworth Smith, Henry Chettle and Richard Hathwaye
 * Too Good to Be True (miniseries), 2024 British psychological thriller television series

Albums

 * Too Good to Be True (The Everly Brothers album), 2005
 * Too Good to Be True (Rick Ross and Meek Mill album), 2023

Songs

 * "Too Good to Be True" (Clay Boland song), 1936
 * "Too Good to Be True" (Danny Avila and the Vamps song), 2018
 * "Too Good to Be True" (Edens Edge song), 2012
 * "Too Good to Be True" (Michael Peterson song), 1998
 * "Too Good to Be True" by Motörhead from March ör Die, 1992
 * "Too Good to Be True", song by Tom Robinson Band on the 1978 album Power in the Darkness

title: Too Good to Be True


text:
Hermann Oldenberg

Hermann Oldenberg (31 October 1854 – 18 March 1920) was a German scholar of Indology, and Professor at Kiel (1898) and Göttingen (1908).

Work
Oldenberg was born in Hamburg. His 1881 study on Buddhism, entitled Buddha: Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde, based on Pāli texts, popularized Buddhism and has remained continuously in print since its first publication. With T. W. Rhys Davids, he edited and translated into English three volumes of Theravada Vinaya texts, two volumes of the (Vedic) Grhyasutras and two volumes of Vedic hymns on his own account, in the monumental Sacred Books of the East series edited by Max Müller. With his Prolegomena (1888), Oldenberg laid the groundwork to the philological study of the Rigveda.

In 1919 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He died in Göttingen.

Selected publications

 * Oldenberg, Hermann, Die Religion des Veda. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977
 * Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. Müller, Max, ed. Vedic Hymns, part 2: Hymns to Agni. The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 46, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1897. Reprint: Low Price Publications 1996, ISBN 8175360321.
 * Oldenberg, Hermann, trans./ed. "The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record, London: Williams and Norgate 1879.
 * Oldenberg, Hermann. Buddha: his life, his doctrine, his order, London, Williams 1882.
 * Oldenberg, Hermann, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886
 * Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. Müller, Max, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892
 * Rhys Davids, T. W.; Oldenberg, Hermann, trans. (1881–85). Vinaya Texts, Sacred Books of the East, volumes XIII, XVII & XX, Clarendon/Oxford. Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi (Dover, New York) Vol. XIII, Mahavagga I-IV, Vol. XVII, Mahavagga V-X, Kullavagga I-III, Vol. XX, Kullavagga IV-XII

title: Hermann Oldenberg


text: User talk:210.17.251.61

title: User talk:210.17.251.61


text:
Artemis Fowl (disambiguation)

Artemis Fowl is a series of novels by Eoin Colfer.

Artemis Fowl may also refer to:

 * Artemis Fowl (novel), the first book in the series
 * Artemis Fowl II, main character of the series
 * Artemis Fowl I, father of Artemis Fowl II
 * Artemis Fowl (film), a sci-fi film adaptation of the first book
 * Artemis Fowl: The Graphic Novel, a graphic novel adaptation of the first book

title: Artemis Fowl (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Estates General of 1789

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Jamisenrose.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:52, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Freemasonry
The remark about Mirabeau being "a member of the freemasonry lodge of the Nine Sisters" was made by User:Melkart without citation. At about the same time, at Storming of the Bastille a similar remark was made, anonymously, about Camille Desmoulins. I am not sure of the accuracy or relevance of either statement; barring citation, I am inclined to revert, but will leave a chance for comment first. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:11, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

First & Second Estates
The clergy formed the first estate while the nobility formed the second estate. I fixed the language in the Background section but am unsure as to how to procede with the text later on. I cannot access the source text at quid.fr, as it is a paid service, in order to examine the original french material to attempt at least a rough translation to see why the 'translation' that appears here contradicts everything else.

The original poster needs to fix the obvious errors. This article contradicts Wikipedia's own Estates_of_the_realm as well as other postings on the internet (http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1111044 http://www.france.com/culture/display_item.cfm?id=154 http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REV/FIRST.HTM http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture11a.html http://www.lepg.org/classes.htm) THIS HELPS WITH HISTORY HWWWW

Copyright infringement?
Large swaths of this article are identical to "The French Revolution" By David E. A. Coles, a copyrighted work published in 2014:

https://books.google.com/books?id=KkBNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=On+17+June,+with+the+failure+of+efforts+to+reconcile+the+three+estates&source=bl&ots=LiP9_9AXgP&sig=WtA9qGrKBww_A8VvlMJT1foY_Fo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV1arA_bnMAhWKtYMKHQs0AJ8Q6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=On%2017%20June%2C%20with%20the%20failure%20of%20efforts%20to%20reconcile%20the%20three%20estates&f=false

Either Mr. Coles lifted this article for his book or vise-versa. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Criticality (talk • contribs) 23:08, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Readability, narrative, etc
Wikipedia's French Revolution articles are stylistically pretty distinct from the average wikipedia article, which can be a good and a bad thing. The prose is good, but in many cases requires you read the entire thing linearly from start to finish to understand, as sections will reference the sections before. It's important that if someone just wants to know, for example, who disbanded the Estates General and when, that they can scroll down to find it. As well, the prose often has sections that play the pronoun game, making it incredibly difficult to understand whether the author is referring to the subject or one of the many objects. I've fixed several examples that I was able to decode, but here's one that I am still befuddled by:

""On 6 July 1787, Loménie forwarded the Subvention Territoriale and another tax, the Edit du Timbre, or "Stamp Act," based on the American model, for registration. Parlement refused an illegal act, demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition. It was the King's turn to refuse...""

Parlement refused *an illegal act*? Was the 'act' in question the action of forwarding the Subvention Territoriale or the Edit du Timbre (as the syntax would most naturally imply), or does it refer to the "Stamp Act" that was just mentioned(as the wording would most naturally imply)? If the latter, then what happened to the Subvention Territoriale? If the former, then this sentence needs to be flipped around.

""demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition""

A PRIOR CONDITION FOR WHAT?????

""It was the King's turn to refuse""

This is a small issue, but the idiom "It was ______'s turn" only works if the person in question was an active participant beforehand.

Anyway, sorry that I'm spending more time whinging than actually making edits, I just wanted to make sure I justify what I'm up to so that people don't think I'm vandalizing the article when they see that I keep taking the word count down. This is just because clear sentences tend to be shorter, have little pomp, and flow into each-other naturally. The prose in these articles is, generally, quite good and makes the article quite fun to read.

Best, Will

Conkaeso (talk) 19:10, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estates General of 1789


text:
Gila

Gila may refer to:

Animals

 * Gila (fish), a genus of cyprinid fish known as western chubs
 * Gila monster, a venomous lizard
 * Gila trout, a trout native to the Southwestern United States
 * Gila woodpecker, a species of woodpecker found in the Southwestern United States

Places

 * Gila County, Arizona
 * Gila Mountains (Graham County), Arizona
 * Gila Mountains (Yuma County), Arizona
 * Gila River, a Colorado River tributary in New Mexico and Arizona
 * Gila, New Mexico, a census-designated place
 * Gila National Forest, New Mexico
 * Gila Wilderness, New Mexico, the world's first wilderness area
 * Gila Desert, the informal name of Sonoran Desert, United States and Mexico

People

 * Gila (given name), a list of people
 * Eloy Gila (born 1988), Spanish footballer
 * Miguel Gila (1919–2001), Spanish actor
 * Nickname of Alberto Gilardino (born 1982), Italian football manager and former player
 * Gila (footballer), Portuguese football player and coach Virgílio José Pereira do Nascimento (born 1967)

Music

 * Gila (band), a German krautrock band
 * Gila (album)
 * "Gila", a song by Beach House, from the album Devotion

Other uses

 * Gila (sternwheeler), a stern-wheel steamboat
 * Gila (TV series), a Pakistani romantic television serial
 * Gila APC, a South African-designed armoured personnel carrier
 * Gila MBPV, a mine protected vehicle from South Africa
 * Gila Community College, Gila County, Arizona
 * Gila Preparatory Academy, Safford, Arizona, a high school
 * A Portuguese name for the fruit of the Cucurbita ficifolia, a species of squash

title: Gila


text:
Dyson tree

A Dyson tree is a hypothetical genetically engineered plant (perhaps resembling a tree) capable of growing inside a comet, suggested by the physicist Freeman Dyson. Plants may be able to produce a breathable atmosphere within the hollow spaces of the comet (or maybe even within the plants themselves), utilising solar energy for photosynthesis and cometary materials for nutrients, thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the outer solar system analogous to a greenhouse in space, a shell grown by a mollusc or the actions of thermogenic plants, such as the skunk cabbage or the voodoo lily.

A Dyson tree might consist of a few main trunk structures growing out from a comet nucleus, branching into limbs and foliage that intertwine, forming a spherical structure possibly dozens of kilometers across.

Dyson trees in science fiction
Dyson trees are mentioned a number of times in science fiction, beginning in the 1980s:

 * One of the first adoptions of the trope is Rachel Pollack's Tree House (1984).
 * The concept is discussed in Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan's 1985 non-fiction book Comet, and several paintings of Dyson trees around Saturn and in interstellar space are provided in the book by Jon Lomberg.
 * In Michael Swanwick's 1987 transhumanist novel Vacuum Flowers, "dysonsworlders" have established tree settlements in the Oort Cloud.
 * Under the name of "Space Poplars", Dyson trees are described in Donald Moffitt's two science fiction novels, The Genesis Quest and Second Genesis. Here they are used as both habitats and spacecraft, propelled by reflective outer leaves used as organic solar sails.
 * Dan Simmons, in Endymion (1996) and the Rise of Endymion (1997) – both part of his Hyperion Cantos – refers to Dyson trees, and in the latter novel to a huge tree system that surrounds an entire star (reminiscent of a Dyson sphere).
 * In Stephen Baxter's Manifold: Space (2001), Baxter's protagonist Reid Malenfant at one point finds himself inside a Dyson tree.
 * In the Orion's Arm shared universe (established 2000), Dyson trees and Dyson tree "forests" are called orwoods; these have been established in a number of star systems throughout terragen space. The word "Orwood" in this context was originally coined by Anders Sandberg.
 * The Transhuman Space roleplaying game includes the beginning of a Dyson tree endeavour on Yggdrasil Station.
 * Eclipse Phase Second Edition roleplaying game references the Dyson tree as an example of a Biological Habitat.
 * In the Tenchi Muyo OVA series, the Jurai utilize trees that can live in space as ships, and in the temple of the goddess-like character Tokimi, a giant tree whose roots encompass a planet can be seen.
 * In The Dirty Pair series, the episode "Run From the Future" is set on the Nimkasi habitat, an outlaw habitat that is a Dyson tree.
 * The video game Eufloria is based on the Dyson tree concept.

title: Dyson tree


text:
René Jarry-Desloges

René Jarry-Desloges (February 1, 1868 – June 1, 1951) was a French amateur astronomer who worked at his own observatory.

He observed the planets, and claimed to have confirmed Giovanni Schiaparelli's value of the rotational period of Mercury. However, radar observations made in 1965 showed that they were both wrong.

The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Janssen Medal for 1914. There is an impact crater on Mars named in his honor. In 1921, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.

title: René Jarry-Desloges


text:
User talk:Reckni

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:13, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reckni


text: User talk:64.81.245.111

title: User talk:64.81.245.111


text:
Talk:Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales

Old talk
Prada de Conflent should be the first name, since it is a Catalonian town, except if it is already frequently used with other denominations in other languages (such as French -> Prades). I think it is better to put in English and Spanish versions Prada de Conflent. Especially for the Spanish one, since it may cause confusion with Prades in Baix Camp. Please, let's avoid unnecessary homonyms. Toniher 00:28, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree--SMP 20:40, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales


text:
User:Kappa/Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad

 * ''This is a copy for safe keeping, please see the talk page for the contributors.

 This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.

Please vote on and discuss the matter. See this article's entry on the Pages for Deletion page. For older debates, see here instead.

You are welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank, merge, or move this article, or remove this notice while the discussion is in progress. For more information, read the Guide to Pages for Deletion.

Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (born January 12, 1982 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) is a young student leader, activist and commentator.

Early life
He grew up in the suburb of Petaling Jaya. He was educated at a former Christian missionary school, La Salle, and then went to the prestigious Malay College Kuala Kangsar.

He did his form six at Kolej Matrikulasi Yayasan Saad (KMYS) and is currently reading law at King's College London.

At KMYS he was president of the Student Council. He was also an executive committee member of the Political Education Unit, Institute for Policy Research. He also founded a Malaysian youth website, Suaraanum.com.

In the United Kingdom, he became active in his college's Labour Student Society and the Federation of Students Islamic Societies (FOSIS). Among the Malaysian students in the UK he was also secretary of the Malaysian Law Students Union and vice chairman of the Malaysian Students Executive Council (UKEC).

Nik Nazmi is also president of Alumni KMYS.

He writes in Malay and English for the Asia Times, Aliran, IViews, Malaysiakini, Kakiseni, Tamadun, Harakah, Education Quarterly and Seruan Keadilan.

Nik Nazmi is also a contributor to the BBC World Service radio programme.

External link

 * Official website

title: User:Kappa/Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad


text:
User talk:LOVE VIRUS

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  00:15, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:LOVE VIRUS


text:
Acini di pepe

Acini di pepe (lit. 'seeds of pepper') are a type of pasta. Acini is the plural of acino whose root is the Latin word acinus. In both Latin and Italian, the word means 'grape' or 'grape-stones', with the "stones of a grape" being the seeds of the grape. Acini di pepe then translates into 'seeds of a pepper'. They were and are known as a symbol of fertility, which is why they are used in Italian wedding soup. They are also sometimes referred to as pastina (Italian for 'tiny dough'); however, some pasta makers distinguish pastina as smaller than acini di pepe. The individual pieces usually resemble tiny cylinders about 1mm, or less, in each dimension.

Acini di pepe are often used in Italian wedding soup. Frog's eye salad is an American cold salad that combines the pasta with whipped topping, marshmallows, pineapple and mandarin oranges.

title: Acini di pepe