text: File:NajwaKaram-TahamouniCover.JPG

title: File:NajwaKaram-TahamouniCover.JPG


text:
Akademiks

Akademiks (an intentional misspelling of "academics") is an American brand of streetwear clothing popular with devotees of hip hop music, art and fashion. The label was founded by two brothers, Donwan and Emmett Harrell, along with a group of partners.

Akademiks has collaborated with Dutchess and Ceaser, the stars of VH1's Black Ink Crew, on a line of streetwear and hats.

Akademiks has gained popularity in the clothing industry due to the number of celebrities who wear the brand.

Background
In 1999, the Harrell brothers founded Akademiks with the aid of Elliot Betesh, a co-founder of Dr. Jay's clothing stores. The name Akademiks was based on their conviction that education is essential.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Akademiks


text:
TEX86

TEX86 is an organic paleothermometer based upon the membrane lipids of mesophilic marine Nitrososphaerota (formerly "Thaumarchaeota", "Marine Group 1 Crenarchaeota").

Basics
The membrane lipids of Nitrososphaerota are composed of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) which contain 0-3 cyclopentane moieties (commonly annotated as GDGT-n where n = numbers of cyclopentane moieties). Nitrososphaerota also synthesise crenarchaeol (cren) which contains four cyclopentane moieties and a single cyclohexane moiety and a regio-isomer (cren'). The cyclohexane and cyclopentane rings, formed by internal cyclisation of one of the biphytane chains, have a pronounced effect on the thermal transition points of the Nitrososphaerota cell membrane. Mesocosm studies demonstrate that the degree of cyclisation is generally governed by growth temperature.

Calibrations
Based upon the relative distribution of isoprenoidal GDGTs, Schouten et al. (2002) proposed the tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms (TEX86) as a proxy for sea surface temperature (SST). GDGT-0 is excluded from the calibration as it can have multiple sources while cren is omitted as it exhibits no correlation with SST and is often an order of magnitude more abundant than its isomer and the other GDGTs. The most recent TEX86 calibration invokes two separate indices and calibrations: TEX86H uses the same combination of GDGTs as in the original TEX86 relationship:

 * $$\text{GDGT ratio-2}=\tfrac{[\text{GDGT-2}]+[\text{GDGT-3}]+[\text{cren}']}{[\text{GDGT-1}]+[\text{GDGT-2}]+[\text{GDGT-3}]+[\text{cren}']}$$

GDGT ratio-2 is correlated to SST using the calibration equation:
 * TEX86H = 68.4×log(GDGT ratio-2) + 38.6.

TEX86H has a calibration error of ±2.5 °C and is based upon 255 core-top sediments.

TEX86L employs a combination of GDGTs that is different from TEX86H, removing GDGT-3 from the numerator and excluding cren' entirely:

 * $$\text{GDGT ratio-1}=\tfrac{[\text{GDGT-2}]}{[\text{GDGT-1}]+[\text{GDGT-2}]+[\text{GDGT-3}]}$$

GDGT ratio-1 is correlated to SST using the calibration equation:
 * TEX86L = 67.5×log(GDGT ratio-1) + 46.9.

TEX86Lhas a calibration error of ±4 °C and is based upon 396 core-top sediment samples.

Other calibrations exist (including 1/TEX86, TEX86' and pTEX86 ) and should be considered when reconstructing temperature.

Caveats
There are several caveats to this proxy and this list is by no means exhaustive. For more information, consult Schouten et al. 2013.

Terrestrial input
The branched vs isoprenoidal tetratether (BIT) index can used to measure the relative fluvial input of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) into the marine realm. The BIT index is based upon the premise that crenarchaeol is derived from marine-dwelling Nitrososphaerota and branched GDGTs are derived from terrestrial soil bacteria. When BIT values exceed 0.4, a deviation of >2 °C is incorporated into TEX86-based SST estimates. However, isoprenoidal GDGTs can be synthesised on land (by terrestrial archaea) and can render BIT values unreliable; isoGDGT becomes more abundant with higher soil pH. A strong co-variation between GDGT-4 and branched GDGTs in modern marine and freshwater environments also suggests a common or mixed source for isoprenoidal and branched GDGTs (Fietz et al., 2012).

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)
The Methane Index (MI) was proposed to help distinguish the relative input of methanotrophic Euryarchaeota in settings characterised by diffuse methane flux and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). These sites are characterised by a distinct GDGT distribution, namely the predominance of GDGT-1. -2 and -3. High MI values (>0.5) reflect high rates of gas-hydrate-related AOM.

Degradation
Thermal maturity is only thought to affect GDGTs when temperature exceed 240 °C. This can be tested using a ratio of specific hopane isomers. Oxic degradation, which is a selective process and degrades compounds at different rates, has been shown to affect TEX86 values and can bias SST values by up to 6 °C.

Application
The oldest TEX86 record is from the middle Jurassic (~160Ma) and indicates relatively warm sea surface temperatures. TEX86 has been used to reconstruct temperature throughout the Cenozoic era (65–0 Ma) and is useful when other SST proxies are diagenetically altered (e.g. planktonic foraminifera ) or absent (e.g. alkenones ).

Eocene
TEX86 has been extensively used to reconstruct Eocene (55-34Ma) SST. During the early Eocene, TEX86 values indicate warm high southern hemisphere latitude SSTs (20-25 °C) in agreement with other, independently derived proxies (e.g. alkenones, CLAMP, Mg/Ca). During the middle and late Eocene, high southern latitude sites cooled while the tropics remained stable and warm. Possible reasons for this cooling include long-term changes in carbon dioxide and/or changes in gateway reorganisation (e.g. Tasman Gateway, Drake Passage).

title: TEX86


text:
IP multicast

IP multicast is a method of sending Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is the IP-specific form of multicast and is used for streaming media and other network applications. It uses specially reserved multicast address blocks in IPv4 and IPv6.

Protocols associated with IP multicast include Internet Group Management Protocol, Protocol Independent Multicast and Multicast VLAN Registration. IGMP snooping is used to manage IP multicast traffic on layer-2 networks.

IP multicast is described in. IP multicast was first standardized in 1986. Its specifications have been augmented in to include group management and in  to include administratively scoped addresses.

Technical description
IP multicast is a technique for one-to-many and many-to-many real-time communication over an IP infrastructure in a network. It scales to a larger receiver population by requiring neither prior knowledge of a receiver's identity nor prior knowledge of the number of receivers. Multicast uses network infrastructure efficiently by requiring the source to send a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number of receivers. The nodes in the network (typically network switches and routers) take care of replicating the packet to reach multiple receivers such that messages are sent over each link of the network only once.

The most common transport layer protocol to use multicast addressing is User Datagram Protocol (UDP). By its nature, UDP is not reliable—messages may be lost or delivered out of order. Reliable multicast protocols such as Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM) have been developed to add loss detection and retransmission on top of IP multicast.

Key concepts in IP multicast include an IP multicast group address, a multicast distribution tree and receiver-driven tree creation.

An IP multicast group address is used by sources and the receivers to send and receive multicast messages. Sources use the group address as the IP destination address in their data packets. Receivers use this group address to inform the network that they are interested in receiving packets sent to that group. For example, if some content is associated with group, the source will send data packets destined to. Receivers for that content will inform the network that they are interested in receiving data packets sent to the group. The receiver joins. The protocol typically used by receivers to join a group is called the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).

With routing protocols based on shared trees, once the receivers join a particular IP multicast group, a multicast distribution tree is constructed for that group. The protocol most widely used for this is Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). It sets up multicast distribution trees such that data packets from senders to a multicast group reach all receivers which have joined the group. There are variations of PIM implementations: Sparse Mode (SM), Dense Mode (DM), source-specific multicast (SSM) and Bidirectional Mode (Bidir, or Sparse-Dense Mode, SDM). Of these, PIM-SM is the most widely deployed ; SSM and Bidir are simpler and scalable variations developed more recently and are gaining in popularity.

IP multicast operation does not require an active source to know about the receivers of the group. The multicast tree construction is receiver driven and is initiated by network nodes which are close to the receivers. IP multicast scales to a large receiver population. The IP multicast model has been described by Internet architect Dave Clark as, "You put packets in at one end, and the network conspires to deliver them to anyone who asks."

IP multicast creates state information per multicast distribution tree in the network. If a router is part of 1000 multicast trees, it has 1000 multicast routing and forwarding entries. On the other hand, a multicast router does not need to know how to reach all other multicast trees in the Internet. It only needs to know about multicast trees for which it has downstream receivers. This is key to scaling multicast-addressed services. In contrast, a unicast router needs to know how to reach all other unicast addresses in the Internet, even if it does this using just a default route. For this reason, aggregation is key to scaling unicast routing. Also, there are core routers that carry routes in the hundreds of thousands because they contain the Internet routing table.

Routing
Each host that wants to be a receiving member of a multicast group (i.e. receive data corresponding to a particular multicast address) must use IGMP to join. Adjacent routers also use this protocol to communicate.

In unicast routing, each router examines the destination address of an incoming packet and looks up the destination in a table to determine which interface to use in order for that packet to get closer to its destination. The source address is irrelevant to the router. However, in multicast routing, the source address (which is a simple unicast address) is used to determine data stream direction. The source of the multicast traffic is considered upstream. The router determines which downstream interfaces are destinations for this multicast group (the destination address), and sends the packet out through the appropriate interfaces. The term reverse-path forwarding is used to describe this concept of routing packets away from the source, rather than towards the destination.

A number of errors can happen if packets intended for unicast are accidentally sent to a multicast address; in particular, sending ICMP packets to a multicast address has been used in the context of DoS attacks as a way of achieving packet amplification.

On the local network, multicast delivery is controlled by IGMP (on IPv4 network) and MLD (on IPv6 network); inside a routing domain, PIM or MOSPF are used; between routing domains, one uses inter-domain multicast routing protocols, such as MBGP.

The following are some common delivery and routing protocols used for multicast distribution:
 * Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
 * Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
 * Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
 * Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)
 * Multicast BGP (MBGP)
 * Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)
 * Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
 * GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP)

Layer 2 delivery
Unicast packets are delivered to a specific recipient on an Ethernet or IEEE 802.3 subnet by setting a specific layer 2 MAC address on the Ethernet packet address. Broadcast packets make use of the broadcast MAC address.

IPv4 multicast packets are delivered using the Ethernet MAC address range through  (with an OUI owned by the IANA). This range has 23 bits of available address space. The first octet (01) includes the broadcast/multicast bit. The lower 23 bits of the 28-bit multicast IP address are mapped into the 23 bits of available Ethernet address space. This means that there is ambiguity in delivering packets. If two hosts on the same subnet each subscribe to a different multicast group whose address differs only in the first 5 bits, Ethernet packets for both multicast groups will be delivered to both hosts, requiring the network software in the hosts to discard the unrequired packets.

For IPv6 multicast addresses, the Ethernet MAC is derived by the four low-order octets OR'ed with the MAC, so for example the IPv6 address would map to the Ethernet MAC address. If a switch does not understand multicast addresses then it will flood that traffic to all the members of a LAN; in this case the system's network card (or operating system) has to filter the packets sent to multicast groups they are not subscribed to.

There are switches that listen to IGMP traffic and maintain a state table of which network systems are subscribed to a given multicast group. This table is then used to forward traffic destined to a given group only to a limited set of hosts (ports). This process of listening to the IGMP traffic is called IGMP snooping.

Additionally, some switches with layer 3 capabilities can act as an IGMP querier. In networks where there is no router present to act as a multicast router, a switch with IGMP snooping querier enabled can be used to generate the needed IGMP messages to get users to subscribe to multicast traffic.

Wireless considerations
802.11 wireless networking uses the same range of MAC addresses as wired Ethernet to map IP multicast addresses. However, an 802.11 wireless network handles multicast traffic differently, depending on the configuration of delivery traffic indication message (DTIM), and beacon interval settings. If no stations within the basic service set are in power save mode, multicast packets are sent immediately when they arrive. If there are one or more stations in power save mode, access points then only deliver multicast traffic after each DTIM interval and transmit at one of the supported rates in the basic rate set. In most wireless access points, default configuration for this interval is either 102.4 ms (Beacon interval = 100ms, DTIM = 1) or 204.8 ms (Beacon interval = 100ms, DTIM = 2) and the transmit rate is either 1 Mbit/s or 6 Mbit/s, depending on the operating band and protection mode. The DTIM and beacon interval settings can be adjusted to improve multicast performance in wireless networks.

Unlike Ethernet, most traffic in 802.11 is sent reliably using ACKs and NACKs so that radio interference doesn't cause unbearably high packet loss. However, multicast packets are sent once and are not acknowledged, so they are subject to much higher loss rates. There are various methods for coping with this, such as choosing to unicast multicast data repeatedly to each client, or requesting ACKs from each client. Some methods require only modification on the access point, and are supported in some enterprise-class devices, while other improvements would require modifications to clients, and therefore have not seen widespread adoption.

Secure multicast
IP multicast is an internet communication method where a single data packet can be transmitted from a sender and replicated to a set of receivers. The replication techniques are somewhat dependent upon the media used to transmit the data. Transmission of multicast on an inherent broadcast media such as Ethernet or a satellite link automatically allows the data packet to be received by all the receivers directly attached to the media. In contrast, transmission of multicast on media that is point-to-point or point-to-multipoint requires the packet to be replicated for each link. The replication process should occur in an optimal manner where a distribution tree is built within the network. The packet can be replicated at each of the branches in the tree. This mitigates the requirement for the sender to replicate the packet once for each recipient.

The use of IPsec as a communication link requires a point-to-point connection establishment. Usually, the security is required from sender to receiver which implies the sender must replicate the packet on each of the secure connections - one for each receiver. As the number of receivers grows, the sender must scale by replicating the packet to each of the receivers. The processing load placed on the sender can be high which limits the scalability of the sender. A new method was required to securely transmit multicast and this was referred to as Secure Multicast or Multicast Security.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created a new Internet Protocol (IP) to securely transmit multicast traffic across a packet network. The protocol definition was developed in the Multicast Security Workgroup and led to several Request for Comments (RFC) that are now used as standards for securing IP multicast traffic. The protocol allowed a sender to encrypt the multicast packet and forward it into the packet network on the optimal distribution tree. The packet may be replicated at the optimal locations in the network and delivered to all the receivers. The receivers are capable of decrypting the packet and forwarding the packet in the secure network environment. The sender of a multicast packet does not know the potential receivers; therefore, the creation of pair-wise encryption keys (one for each receiver) is impossible. The sender must encrypt packets using a shared key that all the legitimate receivers use to decrypt the packets. The security of the system is based on the ability to control the distribution of the keys only to those legitimate receivers. For this, the IETF created the Group Domain of Interpretation (GDOI) protocol defined in RFC 6407. The protocol allows the sender and receiver to join a key server where policies and keys are encrypted and distributed to the members of the secure multicast group. The key server can authenticate and authorize senders and receivers into a specific group where the shared key is used to encrypt and decrypt traffic between members of the group.

Reliable multicast
Multicast, by its very nature, is not a connection-oriented mechanism, so protocols such as TCP, which allows for retransmission of missing packets, are not appropriate. For applications such as streaming audio and video, the occasional dropped packet is not a problem. But for distribution of critical data, a mechanism is required for requesting retransmission.

One such scheme, proposed by Cisco, is PGM (originally Pretty Good Multicasting, but changed for trademark reasons to Pragmatic General Multicast), documented in RFC 3208. In this scheme, multicast packets have sequence numbers and when a packet is missed a recipient can request that the packet be re-multicast with other members of the Multicast group ignoring the replacement data if not needed. An expanded version, PGM-CC, has attempted to make IP Multicasting more "TCP friendly" by stepping the entire group down to the bandwidth available by the worst receiver.

Two other schemes documented by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) are: the standards-track protocol NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM), documented in RFC 5740 and RFC 5401, and the protocol File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE), documented in RFC 6726. Open-source, in addition to proprietary, implementations exist for these. Other such protocols exist, such as Scalable Reliable Multicast, and are defined by a variety of sources. Such protocols vary in the means of error detection, the mechanisms used in error recovery, the scalability of such recovery and the underlying ideas involved in what it means to be reliable. A list of reliable multicast protocols from the ACM SIGCOMM Multicast Workshop, August 27, 1996, documents a number of approaches to the problem.

Independent groups like the Internet Protocol Multicast Standards Initiative (IPMSI) have claimed that the lack of a truly scalable Secure Reliable IP Multicast protocol like the proposed Secure Multicast for Advanced Repeating of Television (SMART) have hampered the adoption of IP Multicast in inter-domain routing. The lack of a widely adopted system that has AES level security and scalable reliability have kept mass media transmissions of sporting events (like the Super Bowl) and/or breaking news events from being transmitted on the Public Internet.

Reliable IP Multicasting protocols, such as PGM and SMART, are experimental; the only standards-track protocol is NORM (the standards-track revision of RFC 3941 is specified in RFC 5401, the standards-track revision of RFC 3940 is specified in RFC 5740).

Multicast-based protocols
Since multicast is a different transmission mode from unicast, only protocols designed for multicast can be sensibly used with multicast. Most of the existing application protocols that use multicast run on top of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

In many applications, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used for framing of multimedia content over multicast; the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) may be used for bandwidth reservation in a network supporting multicast distribution. Multicast DNS (mDNS) can be used to resolve domain or host names without a dedicated DNS server by using multicast.

Deployment
IP multicast is widely deployed in enterprises, commercial stock exchanges, and multimedia content delivery networks. A common enterprise use of IP multicast is for IPTV applications such as live television distribution and televised company meetings.

In the hospitality industry IP multicast has become common for IPTV distribution in hotels, and in the retail sector IP multicast is now widely used for TV distribution and video advertising applications.

Pay-TV operators and some educational institutions with significant on-campus student housing have deployed IP multicast to deliver one-way streaming media such as high-speed video to large groups of receivers. Additionally, there have been some uses of audio and video conferencing using multicast technologies. These are far less prevalent and are most often relegated to research and education institutions, which often have a greater degree of network capacity to handle the demands. Some technical conferences and meetings are transmitted using IP multicast. Until recently many of the sessions at the IETF meetings were delivered using multicast.

Another use of multicast within campus and commercial networks is for file distribution, particularly to deliver operating system images and updates to remote hosts. The key advantage of multicast boot images over unicasting boot images is significantly lower network bandwidth usage.

IP multicast has also seen deployment within the financial sector for applications such as stock tickers and hoot-n-holler systems.

The large state requirements in routers make applications using a large number of trees unable to work while using IP multicast. Take presence information as an example where each person needs to keep at least one tree of its subscribers, if not several. No mechanism has yet been demonstrated that would allow the IP multicast model to scale to millions of senders and millions of multicast groups and, thus, it is not yet possible to make fully general multicast applications practical.

RFC 3170 (IP Multicast Applications: Challenges & Solutions) provides an overview of deployment issues.

Development
IP multicasting was first developed by Steve Deering while at Stanford University for which he received the IEEE Internet Award.

The MBONE was a long-running experimental approach to enabling multicast between sites through the use of tunnels. While the MBONE is no longer operational, there is renewed interest in tunneling multicast traffic once again in order to make the service available to a wide array of end users.

CastGate
CastGate was an attempt from the ETRO-TELE research group at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel to adopt IP multicast on the Internet.

Although multicast would have allowed an Internet user to receive rich media and other content without placing a high burden on the net, it was still unavailable to most Internet users. The CastGate project tried to fix this by allowing end users to connect through an automatically configured IP tunnel over networks which did not natively support IP multicast. The idea was that if more users have multicast capability, more content providers would see the benefit of streaming content over multicast. The hope was if enough content providers and users used this service, then more Internet service providers would enable IP multicast natively to their customers.

CastGate supplied a software client for both Microsoft Windows and Linux to connect to the CastGate tunnel network. It also supplied tools to add tunnel servers and tools to receive Session Announcement Protocol announcements from the multicast network with video and audio streams.

The project maintained a web site through 2007.

Commercial deployment
Starting in 2005, the BBC began encouraging UK-based Internet service providers to adopt multicast-addressable services in their networks by providing BBC Radio at higher quality than is available via their unicast-addressed services. This has also been supported by a variety of commercial radio networks, including BBC, GCap Media, EMAP and Virgin Radio.

The German public-service broadcasters ARD and ZDF and the Franco-German network Arte offer their TV program multicasted on several networks. Austrian Internet service provider Telekom Austria offers its digital subscriber line (DSL) customers a TV set-top box that uses multicast addressing in receiving TV and radio broadcasts. In Germany, T-Home, a brand of Deutsche Telekom, offers a similar service.

IP multicast software

 * – a collection of tools for the MBone
 * VideoLAN – a free software multicasted video streaming application
 * – a free software router with multicast (IGMP, PIM) support
 * – a simple tool to manipulate multicast routes on the Linux kernel
 * – tool to test multicast connectivity
 * – host implementation of IGMPv3 on FreeBSD
 * - libraries and services for building multicast-aware applications
 * – an implementation of the PIM protocol, now obsolete
 * — PIM module for the Quagga Routing Suite
 * – Unix implementation of routing protocols, including multicast
 * – Nack-Oriented Reliable Multicast from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, with an open source C++ implementation
 * – IPv6 Multicast Daemon, allows IPv6 multicast to be used without the need for PIM
 * MRD6 – IPv6 multicast routing daemon
 * UFTP – encrypted UDP based FTP with multicast
 * GStreamer – a free software multimedia framework that supports multicast video streaming
 * – an IGMP/MLD Proxy that supports PMIPv6 multicast extensions
 * – an IGMP/MLD Proxy that supports PMIPv6 multicast extensions

title: IP multicast


text:
Rouh Rouhi

Rouh Rouhi (روح روحي) is Najwa Karam's ninth studio album. It was released in 1999.

Track listing

 * 1) "Atchana" (Thirsty)
 * 2) "Ariftu Albi La Meen" (Do you know to whom my heart belongs?)
 * 3) "Rouh Rouhi" (Soul of my Soul)
 * 4) "Keef Bedaweek" (How do I cure you?)
 * 5) "Ma Birdha Ghirak" (I only want you)
 * 6) "Al Wafiyah" (The Faithful One)
 * 7) "In Raddayt Alayk" (If I answer you)

title: Rouh Rouhi


text:
Talk:Cowra

Home of the world's largest eagle?
reference the claim of large eagles: I could not find anything via Google on the world's largest eagle and a link to Cowra (other than this article).

At http://www.birdphotos.com.au/harold.htm has a picture of an eagle shot in Cowra in 1935 that measured 7 foot 2 inches (220cm) from wing tip to wing tip. However Harpy Eagles in South America are said to have a wing span of 8.2 feet or 2.5 m. So this Cowra eagle was large, but almost cetainly not the largest. For the moment have removed the assertion. Please cite sources if editing back in. Note that same editor (User:Patricknoddy) added a reference with broken link to Taree, New South Wales about the world's largest oyster - he meant the "big oyster" tourist attraction but I do not believe there is a "big eagle" tourist attraction. --AYArktos 23:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Cowra Suicide Rate
I quote from the article, "Cowra also has an unusually high suicide rate compared to metro, and other similar size country centers." Could you provide a reference to back this up. How is it relevant to the Cowra breakout? - well it not but this page is about Cowra and not the Breakout anyway.

Infobox Update
This page has had its infobox updated to Infobox Australian Place. This update has been automatically preformed by [[User:TheJoshBot|TheJoshBot. The following infomation has been lost in the transition, and will need to be converted to the document prose:

Featured Picture
Congratulations Cowra.

The main picture of the Cowra Japanese Gardens, Image:07. Japanese Garden Pano, Cowra, NSW, 22.09.2006.jpg, has recently been voted a Featured picture, which means that members of the community have identified it as one of the finest images on the English Wikipedia. --211.29.231.154 10:44, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Notable former Cowra residents
It is proposed the article include a section listing prominent former Cowra residents (in this case a footballer and a Wiggle). I've never been a fan of "notable residents" lists in place articles, because the lists are never complete, are rarely sourced and are a magnet for current non-notable residents to add their own names. They usually resemble an indiscriminate mass of information, with little context or relevance to the subject of the article (the town itself)

I also doubt there is much useful information to be gained from them - if a current or former resident made a contribution to the subject of the article (the town itself) then this can easily be explained in the article text. An example:
 * Don Bradman gew up in Bowral. His cricketing fame has influenced his birthplace in that Bowral is home to the Bradman Museum and to occasional matches involving Australian cricketers. Bowral has become associated in public consciousness with cricket and Bradman. Appropriately therefore, Bradman is extensively mentioned in the Bowral article.
 * Ita Buttrose was born in Bowral. Her media fame has given her instant name recognition Australia-wide, but none of it is in association with Bowral. Bowral's culture, employment or tourism potential is unaffected by its association with Buttrose. Ita's birthplace is relevant to Ita and her own article, but not to Bowral.

I'm not proposing the mass removal of "notable residents" section from any article that has them. I'm suggesting however that we don't need one here unless the former residents in question actually contributed something to the subject of the article - the town itself.

Any other views? Euryalus (talk) 01:53, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

sp experiecne ?
experience ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.170.88.72 (talk) 15:47, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

George Wilson Evans
should be George William Evans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.178.19.86 (talk) 04:54, 7 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Fixed! Thanks for pointing out the error! Kerry (talk) 08:50, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

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What is meant by "ceded"
in the section "Japanese War Cemetery and Garden"? Does this mean that the land title of the cemetery was given to the Japanese Government? ?? (Some references here would be useful) MargaretRDonald (talk) 04:01, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
 * There are several references that just say the land was 'ceded' to Japan (including the NSW Government war memorials register), but the best explanation I have seen is in The Australia-Japan Political Alignment: 1952 to the Present by Alan Rix (page 14 – Google Books link), so I have rewritten the text based on this. --Canley (talk) 10:36, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks Glad you found something to explain it. Makes much more sense. MargaretRDonald (talk) 19:58, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:06, 19 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Japanese War Cemetery.jpg
 * Associated caption removed from photo section. --Luke.wilson59 (talk) 07:27, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Regarding statement: "The first mobile telephone exchange was established in 1901"
While the first local telephone exchange may have been constructed in 1901, it was not a "mobile" telephone exchange, mobile telephones having not been invented for several more decades. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dark Angel1970 (talk • contribs) 20:45, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sure you realise the word mobile existed in the English language long before even 1901. It simply means something that can move. Although the claim in this article is unfortunately not sourced, I've no doubt it refers to the same sort of thing as is being discussed in this article from 1947, also long before mobile phones existed - . It's the exchange that's mobile, not the phones. HiLo48 (talk) 00:59, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Where is Cowra
The information box to the side of the article informs us that Cowra is southwest of Sydney. This is not true - it's due west of Sydney. I haven't been able to change that info on the edit page for some reason. Pontificateus (talk) 07:45, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cowra


text:
Talk:Thibault de Montbrial

Untitled
Referring about Virenque's team expulsion in 1998, the following sentences are imho too polemic to be included in the main text. 82.224.88.52 12:01, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

''The expulsion came after Roussel's lawyer Thibault de Montbrial issued a statement admitting the policy to supply drugs.

''"The objective was to improve performances under strict medical control in order to avoid the unauthorised personal supply to cyclists causing grave attacks on their health which could have been the case in the past," he said.

''Lille magistrates had said the riders could continue in the tour and be questioned afterwards, but the Tour organisers moved swiftly to separate the scandal from the race.

Source : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/07/98/tour_de_france/135378.stm

Armstrong affair
Hello, can you give the link to the l'Equipe article mentioning Olano, Moreau, and Armstrong in the latest doping affair, please? I looked around http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/index.html just now, but can't find it. Thanks. Julius.kusuma 18:17, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Here it is (titled Pourquoi se focaliser sur le seul Armstrong). 82.224.88.52 19:19, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information. I was actually hoping to read the reference to Moreau and Olano, because that's the part that hasn't been mentioned in English news sources.  Merci bien!  Julius.kusuma 21:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

all the info is on http://www.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/tour99/prologue.html

from where I extract the following

1. Lance Armstrong (USA) US Postal                            8.02 2. Alex Zülle (Swi) Banesto                                   0.07 3. Abraham Olano (Spa) ONCE-Deutsche Bank                     0.11 4. Christophe Moreau (Fra) Festina                            0.15 5. Chris Boardman (GBR) Crédit Agricole                       0.16 6. Rik Verbrugghe (Bel) Lotto-Mobistar                        0.18

stating that my main source pretends Zulle Olano and Moreau were all positive but Boardman is an alternate possibility. 82.224.88.52 15:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation. The article does not mention Zulle and Olano directly;  it says that the UCI should investigate them.  Even with the press release that three other riders' samples from the Prologue were supposedly positive, it seems to me that there is no statement that Zulle and Olano were those riders.  Is this correct?  Thanks.  Julius.kusuma 16:56, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks you too to help me clarify all what I said during those crazy days. I myself spoke twice on french national radios on that matter. I started putting corrections and add-ons at the entry Christophe Moreau. Please be kind to read them carefully and help become clearer because, as you must have already noticed, English is not my native mother tongued. 82.224.88.52 07:24, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:23, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Photo portrait TDM.png

title: Talk:Thibault de Montbrial


text:
Talk:Scampia

Untitled
"Scampia is a ghetto like no other, it makes ghettos in the USA look tame and safe!". POV. utcursch | talk 12:02, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

"It is not a ghetto, It is a slaughterhouse.".POV. jonaspv, June, 2008 —Preceding comment was added at 01:54, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Isn't it technically a slum and not a ghetto? Ghetto technically implies that an ethnic or racial minority group is concentrated there, whereas I think Scampia is mostly ethnic Italians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.81.75.121 (talk) 19:30, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Merge
The article Vele di Scampia should be merged into the Scampia article. The overlap is obvious and Vele di Scampia is a nonsensical title for an English language encyclopedia. Moreover, the Vele di Scampia article is a very poor translation of the original Italian one. - DonCalo (talk) 14:19, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree and done. -- P 1 9 9 ✉ 16:33, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I did heavy copy editing of this entire article. I agree it was "a very poor translation of the original Italian." I hope it reads better now. Nick Beeson (talk) 20:03, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Populations of the Vele structures
The population counts (up to 70,000 at the peak, 40,000 squatting in the remaining 4 strcutures) are fairly obviously wrong. While there is a citation, a few minutes on google's satellite view of the area shows that these buildings simply are not that large. They're big, but not 10,000 squatters each big. My rough estimation suggested something like 1 million square feet for each of the larger structures (of which 3 remain), which comes out to 100 square feet per squatter. Where the heck are all these people in the pictures? These buildings are largely abandoned, and the overall look of the pictures suggests 100s of squatters, maybe low thousands.

What is the appropriate course forward here? Amolitor99 (talk) 15:14, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Needs Serious Editing
Just to mention it, the article is riddled with errors of grammar and syntax, presumably having been written by a non-native speaker of English. The article needs to be revised to meet Wikipedia's standard for formal written English. I'm not Wiki-savvy enough to know how to add a tag to the article, however. I might make the corrections myself, time allowing. Mpaniello (talk) 12:40, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scampia


text: Template:Campaignbox Thirteen Years' War


text:
Léon Rosenfeld

Léon Rosenfeld (14 August 1904 in Charleroi – 23 March 1974 ) was a Belgian physicist and Marxist.

Rosenfeld was born into a secular Jewish family. He was a polyglot who knew eight or nine languages and was fluent in at least five of them.

Rosenfeld obtained a PhD at the University of Liège in 1926, and he was a close collaborator of the physicist Niels Bohr from 1930 until Bohr's death in 1962. Rosenfeld published in 1930 the first systematic Hamiltonian approach to Lagrangian models that possess a local gauge symmetry, which predates by two decades the work by Paul Dirac and Peter Bergmann. Rosenfeld contributed to a wide range of physics fields, from statistical physics and quantum field theory to astrophysics. Along with Frederik Belinfante, he derived the Belinfante–Rosenfeld stress–energy tensor. He also founded the journal Nuclear Physics and coined the term lepton.

In 1933, Rosenfeld married Yvonne Cambresier, who was one of the first women to obtain a Physics PhD from a European university. They had a daughter, Andrée Rosenfeld (1934–2008) and a son, Jean Rosenfeld.

Awards and honors
Rosenfeld held chairs at multiple universities: Liège, Utrecht, Manchester, and Copenhagen.

In 1949 Léon Rosenfeld was awarded the Francqui Prize for Exact Sciences.

Works

 * Demonstrated the logical consistency of quantum electrodynamics.
 * Demonstrated the logical consistency of quantum electrodynamics.
 * Demonstrated the logical consistency of quantum electrodynamics.

title: Léon Rosenfeld


text:
User talk:Dal0908

This is my profile from the UCIP

BIO ID: 5498 MEMBER NICK: dal dudas NAME: Dal Dudas RANK: Lieutenant JG  EMAIL:  daldudas@hotmail.com IRC NICK: McDan SIMULATION: No Simulation ASSIGNMENT: No Position STATUS:Retired

PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES RACE: Human AGE: 26 GENDER: Male HEIGHT: 5'11 WEIGHT: 210lbs HAIR COLOR: brown EYE COLOR: green

PERSONAL INFORMATION BIRTH PLACE: Winnipeg,Canada MARITAL STATUS: Separated PARENTS: Cmdr Bill Dudas and Cmdr Terri Hamilton SIBLINGS: Thomas and a crazy Eddie[half brother] PERSONAL QUOTE: Ahh,sorry sir.The prisoner accidently,brutally cut off his own head while combing his hair

ACADEMY TRAINING The following is a record of courses at the Academy which Lieutenant JG Dal Dudas has passed.

ENGINEERING SENIOR OFFICER SIMGUIDE (EMAIL)

CHARACTER BIOGRAPHY WEB BIOGRAPHY: COMMENDATIONS: Starfleet Academy Commendations:

Email SIMGuide Basic Training

Engineering Course

Senior Officers Training

PREVIOUS POSTS: USS Intrepid AEO:2401-2402 USS Resolution CEO:2402-2404 USS Resolution AEO:2405-present BACKGROUND: Dalibor was born in Toronto,Earth on SD:247809.09 in a family of Starfleet officers. After secondery school he had a wish to join the Academy but because of his poor health had to wait a full year before joinig the Academy. Presently he is onboard USS Resolution the Chief Engineer. At the Academy he had a few problems with alien cadets but recoverd afterwords. At the Starfleet Academy he also joined a bandy team made up of future engineers and sience officers. He exeled in astrophysic and Starship Engineering. After the Academy he was on SB:765 waiting for a ride to USS Intrepid-C.There he meet a half klingon,half human woman who he is engaged with. Silvia Ter'Sal is a medical officer on USS Grumann-A[Omega fleet]. Dalibor's father was a on engineering officer on the Starship USS Enterprise-E and Dalibor has a degree in Aerospace engineering from the University of Waterloo SD:240207.7. As for Dalibor's familiy his uncel was a deputy chief of SSS and his mother was a medical officer onboard USS Nebula.Dalibor was always a engineer matterial.As a small kid he use to build tree forts and when he eventualy was aceepted to Starfleet Academy he took up a thing that was natural for him:Starship Engineering. Since Dalibor has two brothers they had to share everything.Dalibor who was always the smart one and had to write his brothers homework in mathematics and science often.His twin brother[Not indentical]is a assistant medical abord USS Calgary and his older brother Roger is applied for assistant engineer abord USS Defender. Dalibor is constantly in communication with his brothers.Dalibor graduated 10th in his class in the Academy. Hobby:Playing racetball, creating hologram programs and reading about 20th century Aircraft.As a young boy he dreamt to join the fighter pilot but could not because of his poor fitness. He was very well liked on the Academy where he helped the fellow cadets to pass Astrophysic and Science exams in the 4.Year. His best friend was killed during battle of Starbase 22.That is why he distrusts Klingons. Dalibor was named after his fathers best friend who was Tellurian. One of Dalibor's anccestors was a Chief Engineer onboard Starship Torpe NX-08.That is why almost all generations of Dalibor's familiy have at least one Starship Engineer.Dalibor's uncle on mothers side is CO of USS Wolfmann NCC-445864.¨ Dalibor has somewhat arrogant attitude but always follow orderes no matter how unreasonable they are.While he was on USS Intrepid he made a excellent impresion with the CO and was greatly loved by the crew.On Stardate:240101.07 he briefly considred leaving the fleet and did so.On Stardate:240105.06 he was reactivated into active service. He's now the CEO of the Resolution and acts as a Deputy Chairman of the CoE.Resigned from the post in 2404 due to personal objections MEDICAL-HISTORY: He had a apendix surgory at the age of 20 and a laser eye surgory at the age of 21.He has numeros scars on his arms and legs from several serious bandy and hockey acident.He often has mood swings and is almost always wrong in his first choice of action.He is however very intelligent and enjoys drinking when on LOA,R&R or off duty.He is not a wino aka alcoholic. OTHER NOTES: 2004:Passed the SOT and Advanced Engineering Exam[AEE] 2001:Passed Basic SIM exam

title: User talk:Dal0908


text:
Ethel Skinner

Ethel May Skinner is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Gretchen Franklin. Ethel also features in a 1988 EastEnders special episode, entitled "CivvyStreet", set on Albert Square during World War II, in which she is played by Alison Bettles.

Ethel is an EastEnders original character and in the early years she can always be found wandering the neighbourhood with her adored pug Willy. She and Dot Cotton (June Brown) are lifelong friends, and although they wind each other up, they are completely dependent on each other. Ethel trusts Dot so much that she even asks her to help her die in 2000 after she is diagnosed with terminal cancer.

Backstory
Ethel Skinner is one of the original characters that appears in the first episode of EastEnders in 1985 and her early history is depicted in the 1986 authorised novel The Flower of Albert Square, which directly contradicts the later EastEnders flashback episode, "CivvyStreet". In the novel, Ethel grows up with her family in Beckton, which is bombed during the war, killing her parents and leading her to live with her uncle and aunt in Hackney. She later meets William (Ian Brimble) and moves to Albert Square after the war, after he proposes. However, in the television episode, Ethel is said to have lived in Albert Square for most of her life, remaining there through the war and witnessing the death of her entire family, who are killed by a doodlebug. This tragic event sends a young Ethel into shock and subsequently she develops eccentric behaviour. She begins dressing outrageously, wearing garish make-up, flirting with anyone in trousers, and knocking back gin, traits that last well into her old age. In a 1986 episode of EastEnders, Ethel says she had an argument with her father during the war and left home, saying she would never return as long as he was there; she returned the next day and both her parents had been killed by a doodlebug.

Ethel never recovers from William's death and names her pug dog after him, Willy. Ethel has surviving extended family, including her husband's nephew Eddie Skinner, who appeared at her funeral, staying in Walford for a few months afterwards. Eddie also has a daughter called Kerry Skinner.

1985–1997
Ethel had never had children, a fact that she regretted in her old age, and so Willy became her surrogate child, and she loves him dearly. Willy goes everywhere that Ethel goes and so she is devastated when he is kidnapped in 1986. She searches for him everywhere and even holds a seance to see if she can contact him, but Willy is nowhere to be found. Detective Roy Quick (Douglas Fielding) works on the case and eventually finds Willy in the possession of Mr Pavasars (Sydney Arnold), an old Latvian refugee, who has renamed him Rasputin. Willy is returned to an overjoyed Ethel, although she has to pay the man in order to get him to relinquish ownership. Ethel has been a lifelong friend of Lou Beale (Anna Wing) and Dot Cotton (June Brown) and the trio remain close in their old age. They can often be found reminiscing or gossiping in The Queen Victoria pub, where Ethel also regularly thrills the punters with her repartee, her version of the cancan, or her plain sense of fun. Out of the three, Ethel is the most light-hearted and she is never frightened to stand up to the overbearing Lou and interfering Dot. She has her run-ins with both over the years, and yet their friendship endures right to the last.

Ethel lives above Doctor Legg's (Leonard Fenton) surgery and works as the cleaner in the pub. She is somewhat of a troublemaker and often spreads the most insane rumours about and gets her words mixed up with hilarious consequences. She is famous for her questionable ability to read palms and tea leaves, once even earning a living from it. After Lou's death in 1988 Ethel and Dot become an inseparable double-act and although the two argue constantly, they actually depend on each other a great deal. Despite the fact that Ethel appears totally barmy, she can be quite astute when she wants and she is always the first to point out the malicious ways of Dot's villainous son, Nick Cotton (John Altman). Ethel is never afraid to stand up to Nick, even kneeing him in the groin once when he attempts to mug her. She also correctly figures out that Nick is trying to poison Dot to get her money, and she refuses to back down, despite Dot falling out with her because of her accusations. Following several falls and a broken hip, Ethel is persuaded to move out of her residence above the surgery and into sheltered housing in 1988. Although she is strongly opposed to this initially, she eventually comes to enjoy her new home, though she would continue to show up in Albert Square regularly.

Ethel has several romances with senior bachelors on Albert Square. Her ex-boyfriend from the war years, Ernie Mears (Ken Wynne), returns to Albert Square in 1985 and proposes to her. However, the offer is conditional. Ernie is allergic to dogs and Willy, Ethel's constant companion for the past nine years, would have to go. Ethel seriously considers Ernie's offer but gently declines. In 1988 she finds romance again with a friend of Dr. Legg's, Benny Bloom (Arnold Yarrow). Dot loathes Benny and does everything she can to talk Ethel out of dating him. Ethel and Benny discuss marriage, which Ethel agrees to, mainly to spite Dot, who calls her a "silly fool" for wanting to remarry at her age. However, after discovering pets are not allowed in the manor where Benny lives, the engagement was called off, once again because of Willy. A few months later Ethel hears news that Benny has died and has left her £2,000, although his daughter tries to contest the will for a while.

In August 1989, Ethel meets a new love interest named Reggie Thompson (John Rutland). He invites her to go on a coach trip to Clacton for a dancing competition. Ethel is so excited that she shows Reggie a saucy nightie she has bought for the trip. When Dot, Marge Green (Pat Coombs) and Mo Butcher (Edna Doré) find out about the trip, they decide to go as well. Reggie arranges dancing partners for them and the ladies practise hard at the community centre for months before the trip. But upon arriving on holiday, Ethel grows disappointed in Reggie when he starts to show interest in another woman named Gladys. On the night of the dancing competition, Ethel finds that Reggie has run off with Gladys and she has no partner in the grand ballroom except for her "little Willy". In 1992, Ethel's adored pug Willy succumbs to old age and she has to make the heartbreaking decision to put him down. Regulars at The Queen Victoria pub raise money to buy Ethel a new dog, but she refuses to accept it, saying Willy is irreplaceable. By the mid-1990s Ethel is seen much less frequently. She is seen occasionally however, usually when a big event is occurring or to celebrate Christmas and New Year with her old friends on the Square. After 1997 Ethel is not seen in Walford for three years, although she is mentioned often, particularly by Dot, who will often visit her off-screen in her sheltered housing.

2000
In June 2000, a somewhat frailer Ethel resumes her visits to Albert Square, usually arriving at Pauline Fowler's (Wendy Richard) house. Despite being restricted to a wheelchair, Ethel remains cheerful, bickering with Dot and teasing Pauline about her relationship with Jeff Healy (Leslie Schofield). She stays with Pauline for a brief while in July to get over the death of a friend at the retirement home, at which time Dot becomes Ethel's primary caregiver, a task which often leaves Dot exhausted.

After a couple of weeks, Ethel shocks Dot by revealing that she is suffering from terminal cancer and is not going to live much longer, and that she has come home to the square to die, but instead of waiting to die in agony, she wants to choose her final moments so she can die with dignity.

Ethel has been storing her morphine tablets for many weeks and it is her plan to take an overdose before the pain becomes too unbearable. However, before being able to execute her plan, she becomes too weak and is unable to administer the drugs without Dot's assistance. Dot is devastated and initially refuses to help Ethel, as to help another take their own life goes completely against her strict Christian principles. Dot spends many agonising weeks wrestling with her conscience, but she eventually agrees to grant her old friend's final wish. On the night of her 85th birthday (it was actually her 86th, but she had always lied about her age), after a celebratory party at The Vic, Ethel decides that this was to be her last night. After blowing out the candles of her birthday cake and bidding Dot an emotional farewell, Ethel takes the pills, aided by Dot, and dies peacefully in her sleep. When Dot herself dies 22 years later, she is buried next to Ethel, reuniting the pair for eternity.

Creation and development
Ethel Skinner was the second out of the original twenty-three characters invented by the creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith (the first to be created was Lou Beale). Ethel was based on an elderly woman that Smith had encountered in a pub in Hackney. She had bright ginger hair, a face plied with make-up, she laughed a lot and was obviously "the life and soul of the party". She also had a little dog, Willy, who she dressed in a red ribbon, tied in a neat bow on its head. Smith felt that a character like this would be an excellent inclusion to the show. Ethel's original character outline as written by Smith and Holland appeared in an abridged form in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story.

 * "Most of her money goes on food for her dog, Willy, a Yorkie, and booze for herself. She has a hopeless memory for actual facts but can tell endless stories about pre-war London, her childhood, and, above all, the war. She does miss the friendliness of the old East-end... She has false teeth and red hair: those are the two things you most notice about her - then the dog... Her greatest joy is telling fortunes, cards, tea-cups and palm-reading. "I've got the gift she says... Born in 1920, in Camden Town... left home, aged 16, to work for a posh Hackney family, as a general undermaid... Ethel came home one day to find her street destroyed by a doodlebug. Her parents had been in the house... Ethel met William, a docker, and they married when Ethel was 25... Ethel and William had no children... As a youngster, Ethel would have been a page three girl, a real pin-up." (page 52)

Gretchen Franklin was the first actress that Smith and Holland had in mind for the role. An experienced actress with a long career in show-business, Franklin was considered to be ideal casting, so she was offered the part.

Ethel became a popular and well-loved character from very early on in the series. Ethel was a gossip who did not always get her facts right, and this was often used for comic effect, as was her use of malapropisms. She became famous for owning a pug named Willy. Ethel's famous lines being either, "Where's my Willy?" or, in a double entendre, "Has anyone seen my little Willy". It was originally intended for Ethel's dog to be a Yorkshire Terrier, but as no suitable Yorkie could be found, a pug was used instead. Over the seven years they worked together Willy (the actor) and Franklin became very attached to each other. So much so that Franklin even tried to buy Willy at one stage, commenting: "I tried to buy him from the BBC but he's too valuable now, he earns a bomb in personal appearances." Franklin was heart-broken in 1992 when the producers made the decision to retire Willy. On-screen Willy became ill and had to be put down. However just over two weeks after his last appearance on the programme the dog who played Willy died. Franklin has commented: "A woman stopped me in the street and said: 'It was like him committing suicide. When he knew he wasn't wanted on that programme no more, he just turned over and died.'"

Ethel's friendship with Dot Cotton (June Brown) was another enduring relationship that lasted throughout the characters time in the show and today they are remembered fondly by fans as being an incomparable double-act. Their arguing and obvious differences were often used for comic effect in many scenes. However, in episode 248 of the show the audience were shown a different side to Ethel and Dot's friendship in the soaps second two-hander episode. The episode was aired in July 1987 and featured just the two old ladies (although Dot was Ethel's junior by twenty years or so), and was scripted as a mini-play about nostalgia and growing old. Some viewers found it too unusual, but many others were charmed by the change of pace. The episode gave Franklin and June Brown the opportunity to show the sadness behind the often comical characters of Ethel and Dot. The episode was written by Charlie Humphreys and directed by Mike Gibbon, a future producer of the show.

The character of Ethel initially remained on the show for twelve years, although her appearances towards the end became more widely spaced and she only returned to the show intermittently. Off-screen Gretchen Franklin retired, however three years after her last brief appearance Ethel was reintroduced to the show for one final and highly controversial storyline. The storyline involved her old friend Dot helping her to commit suicide. When Ethel Skinner became ill in September 2000, she asked Dot to help her when the time finally came for her to die. Dot had to make a decision that went against her moral and religious beliefs. In the end Dot decided that friendship was more important and so she helped Ethel die peacefully. Written by Simon Ashdown and directed by Francesca Joseph, the episode ended with a touching scene in which Ethel tells a weeping Dot "you're the best friend I ever had". The finishing touch was the use of an alternative end title music, replacing the dramatic drum beats with a war time orchestral piece. The ramifications of this storyline were immense for the character of Dot, and the consequences of her actions were examined in detail - which included a crisis of faith. Such was the controversy surrounding this storyline that the University of Glamorgan uses the plot as part of their new approach to the study of British criminal law. Part of the law foundation course involves studying the soap opera and giving students the chance to decide if Dot Cotton's character is guilty of murder.

Ethel's euthanasia is considered to be one of the most moving storylines ever featured in EastEnders and it was voted the most emotional soap death in a Radio Times poll of over 4,000 readers." 16.2 million viewers tuned in to see Ethel's final appearance in the show and 15 million viewers watched her funeral.

Age
Ethel's original character outline states that she was born in 1920. However, during the series this was altered to 1916 and for many years her birthday fell on 19 February. When Ethel came back to Walford to die in 2000, she revealed to Dot that she had lied about her age for many years. She was actually 86, not 85 (the character was aged two years, in a dramatic technique known as SORAS, making her birthday fall in 1914). Ethel died on what she claimed was the night of her 86th birthday in September 2000 and although Dot knew very well her birthday was in February, she organised a party at Ethel's request to give her one last "birthday" before she died. 19 February is also the day in 1985 that EastEnders was first broadcast.

In January 2003, when Jamie Mitchell's funeral took place, Sonia Jackson lays flowers at Ethel's gravestone. The inscription can be seen to read Ethel May Skinner, Born 19.2.1919, Died 7.9.2000, making her 81 at the time of her death.

Reception
Ethel's death was voted the fourth most emotional moment in television entertainment in a 2010 poll of 3,000 British people conducted by Freeview HD. An All About Soap writer included Ethel's euthanasia plot in their list of "top ten taboos" storyline list. They assessed that it was one of the "taboos which have bravely been broken by soaps."

title: Ethel Skinner


text:
Oyoun Qalbi

Oyoun Qalbi (also romanized as Oyoun Albi, عيون قلبي) is Najwa Karam's tenth studio album. It was released in 2000.

Track listing

 * 1) Khams Nmjoum (Five Stars)
 * 2) Majboura (I'm Forced)
 * 3) Ismak Besharifni (It's an honour to carry your name)
 * 4) Oyoun Qalbi (Sweetheart)
 * 5) Wallhana (Passionatley in Love)
 * 6) Qalby Min Jowa (From the bottom of my Heart)
 * 7) Khaleek al Ard (Stay Down to Earth)
 * 8) Najwa 2000
 * 9) Majboura (Instrumental)

title: Oyoun Qalbi


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Sweden

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Bratsche talk 03:59, September 1, 2005 (UTC)

Portal:Sweden
Last edit is from 5 July and since that time it looks more british than swedish. Visitors will not get much help. 80.135.25.238 12:03, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My first instinct was to vote keep. But this duplicates the British Wikiportal and only has its header changed. At the moment it's completely misleading. Delete, unless someone wants to actually turn it into a Swedish portal before VFD ends. - Mgm|(talk) 13:05, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto. Unless the content has been changed to Swedish-relevant stuff by the end of the vfd period, then I recommend deletion -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:12, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment None of us Swedes knew about this. If someone is willing to put work into this then I'll vote keep. --Fred-Chess 16:38, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that it's been raised at the Swedish notice board I'm sure someone will put enough work into it so that it will be kept by the end of the vfd period. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 16:43, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for now as per Mgm. Svest 22:57, August 24, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * Keep It may not turn out much, but there is no reason to delete it anymore. Fred-Chess 09:13, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for certain now, the original reason for deletion (being a copy of the UK one) is no longer true. Let it develop. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 10:52, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the reason for the vfd was to get people to work! We are getting the fruits now. It was just like presenting Sweden to vfd at its early stages. Of course, there's no need to delete a portal except if it's a "nonsense" one, let's say Wikiportal/Toilet paper. Anyway, we're discussing those issues on Wikiportal. Your help would be appreciated for participating in the discussion there. Cheers -- Svest 20:47, August 25, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * If this was the reason for VfD, I suggest we save everyone some time and close the VfD. Fred-Chess 10:26, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it wasn´t my reason and I´m not satisfied with it now. But if the majority votes for keep, then keep the portal. --80.135.14.6 21:53, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but maybe a "historical" tag? Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 22:41, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Recruit a bunch of swedes to look after it. If it's not going to be maintained (or at least worked on until it's in such a state that it's a decent portal) it should be moved out of the protal namespace though. --fvw *  00:20, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Oh for heaven's sake, nobody is forcing Swedes to use the portal, and if they want it to be more useful all they have to do is edit it. --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:44, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Portals are like main namespace pages in that they're part of the "end product" though. Just like an article that just consists of headers, sometimes nothing is better than something. --fvw *  02:46, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe. But the editors are the ones who decide what that "something" is, so let's let them get on with it. --Tony Sidaway Talk  02:57, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jade (disambiguation)

Jade is an ornamental stone.

Jade may also refer to:

People

 * Jade (given name), including lists of fictional characters and real people
 * Jade (producer) (born c. 1978), Hungarian musical artist
 * Mia Yim (Stephanie Bell; born 1989), professional wrestler also known as Jade
 * Celina Jade (born 1985), actress
 * Ms. Jade (born c. 1978), American rapper
 * Claude Jade (1948–2006), stage name of French actress Claude Marcelle Jorré
 * Mikaela Jade, Australian entrepreneur
 * Samantha Jade (born 1987), Australian singer

Places

 * Jade (river), a river in northern Germany
 * Jade, Germany, a municipality
 * Jade, Karnataka, a village in India
 * Côte de Jade, a coastal region of western France
 * Jade City, British Columbia, Canada

Characters

 * Jade (Beyond Good & Evil)
 * Jade (DC Comics)
 * Jade (El Clon)
 * Jade (Mortal Kombat)
 * Mara Jade, in Star Wars

Film and television

 * Jade (film), a 1995 William Friedkin film
 * My Binondo Girl also known as Jade, a 2011 Philippine romantic comedy television drama
 * TVB Jade, a television channel in Hong Kong
 * Jade West, a main character in Victorious

Groups

 * The Jades, a 1950s doo-wop American group, featuring Lou Reed
 * Jade (UK band), a 1970s folk-rock band
 * Jade (R&B group), a 1990s R&B group
 * The Jades (Irish band), a 2000s all-female rock group

Albums

 * Jade (Corey Hart album), 1998
 * Jade (Flowing Tears album), 2000
 * Jade (Sweetbox album), 2002
 * Jade, an album by Jimsaku, 1992

Songs

 * "Jade" (song), a 2011 song by X Japan
 * "Jade", a 1973 single by Ronnie Hazlehurst
 * "Jade", a 1981 B-side by China Doll
 * "Jade", a song from Jade (Corey Hart album)
 * "Jade", a song from Jade (Flowing Tears album)
 * "Jade", a 1996 song by Hans Zimmer from The Rock soundtrack
 * "Jade", a 2016 song by Mike Posner from At Night, Alone

Toys

 * Jade (Bratz), one of the four original Bratz dolls

Technology

 * JADE (cypher machine), a Japanese cipher-machine of the early 1940s
 * Jade (DSSSL processor), a processor for the Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)
 * JADE (particle detector), a particle detector at DESY, Hamburg
 * JADE (planning system) (Joint Assistant for Development and Execution), an automated planning system of the U.S. military
 * JADE (programming language), an object-oriented platform developed by the Jade Software Corporation
 * Jade, the former name of the Pug JavaScript templating engine; see Comparison of web template engines
 * Java Agent Development Framework
 * Joint Approximation Diagonalization of Eigen-matrices, an algorithm for independent component analysis by JF Cardoso
 * Jade engine, a video-game software developed by Ubisoft
 * Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment, an instrument suite on the Juno Jupiter orbiter

Other uses

 * Jade (color)
 * Jade Cargo International, a cargo airline
 * Jade plant
 * Jade / Jade II, a variety of green beans
 * Honda Jade, a Japanese automobile

title: Jade (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Celestianpower

Celestianpower
[ Vote here] (17/8/3) ending 12:04 31 August 2005 (UTC) - Celestianpower is a passionate Wikipedian, with over 2000 edits in total in just four months. His watchlist is his Bible, figuratively speaking. Most recently, his work on aspects of Lemony Snicket's writings, as well as active membership of the PAC, has been commendable. --Baryonic Being 12:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:
 * Thank you very much - I accept! —Cel es tianpower háblame 20:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC) 12:19, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Support hereby given. --Baryonic Being 12:10, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Seems to be a friendly and helpful contributor. Ground Zero 13:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Seems a good contributor. Ucucha|... 15:46, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Sorry, I forgot to log in. Jamesite 18:00, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Strong Support — I thought he was an administrator.
 * 6) Strong Support for his contributions as a voice of reason on VfD, as well as considerable contribution to the PAC, in which he's expanded some 20+ stubs into full article status. I'm not sure I understand the logic of the opposition here: I guess a hypothetical ideal admin candidate would be active in all parts of WP and familiar with every possible duty, but most wikipedians (even the best ones) find their niche instead and do what they do best.  Celestianpower has already found that niche for himself, and he's a damn fine contributor. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:48, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Strong Support Per Starblind. By the way, you meet your criteria. :) Acetic Acid 02:25, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support 2000 edits in 4 months low? Good grief. The only reason I have a lot of edits for my time here is because I spend like 10 hours a day at this place... -- Ryan Norton T 05:38, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support, see no indication he would misuse admin powers. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:49, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * 10) Merovingian (t) (c) 06:04, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support - Once again, I thought you were an admin already. :) - ulayiti (talk)  17:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support. I agree with Starblind. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. Celestianpower certainly tries to be helpful, although they aren't always technically able to answer my questions. StuRat 19:00, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support Pretty much any editor meeting my criteria gets my vote, but I think this lad shows a lot of promise. Someone needs to deal with all the Pokecruft, but I'd like to see what else he has up his sleeve.  Pedant 19:15, 2005 August 26 (UTC)
 * 15) Support I think Starblind puts it best.  He is a good contributor, particularly with his activeness in WP:PAC.  I think he would use his admin powers well.  Sonic Mew | talk to me 15:33, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support =Nichalp   «Talk»=  04:15, August 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support, adminship is no big deal. Someone who only does a few admin tasks is better than someone who can't do any at all. the wub  "?/!"  16:18, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I really hope you get promoted, 1- because you deserve it and 2- because that support vote was my 2000th edit, and I don't want it to be wasted :) the wub  "?/!"  07:50, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Oppose. CP seems like a worthwhile user, but his contributions are rather one-sided, and he doesn't seem overly interested in cleanup or maintenance work. Good candidate for a barnstar, but not for a mop. Radiant_ >|< 13:35, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. Seems pleasant and a worthwhile contributor to certain areas, but I share concerns about overspecialization in his contributions, and am also concerned about the tentative language regarding the closure of VfD's and the banning of IP addresses.  Both of these tasks are key ones performed by admins, and this user does not appear ready to assume the responsibility that goes with making tough decisions about deleting and banning. – Friejose 15:13, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No - I disagree. I'm happy to and will most definately do those sorts of tasks readily but not the moment I get accepted (if indeed I do). I would prefer to watch how its done and when to do it before I jump in: I think that it would be irresponsible to do so. I apologize if I'm not supposed to comment here but I felt I needed to clarify. --Celestianpower hab 15:56, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Oppose, regretfully. There isn't anything "wrong" with you, please understand that. However, administrators are heavily expected to get down and dirty, especially in the case of vandalism patrol. I feel that you're not sure enough of yourself to handle this at this moment. I suggest going to WP:CDVF and do some vandalism patrol work. You might find it not at all difficult. If you're not elected administrator, come back after "expanding your horizons" a bit, and then reapply. You're a good editor, so keep it up :-) Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 16:00, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose. More time, wider experience. -  brenneman (t) (c)  04:05, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose. More time. siafu 04:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Oppose Too soon. The JPS 21:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose per Aaron Brenneman, Variable, and The Jps. freestylefrappe 04:54, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Neutral. 2000 edits over 4 months is not much, especially with relatively scant participation in the Wikipedia namespace. Will gladly support in a few more months if participation picks up and broadens. -- BD2412 talk 15:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Neutral. Seems like a good editor, but too little experience in the WP: namespace. Will gladly support in the future if participation and experience in this area grows. android  79  21:00, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Neutral I changed my original vote from an Oppose. I am certain (based on the candidates various comments) that he is a very likely candidate for an adminship. If unsuccesful in this attempt, they could use the extra time to contribute to articles and study policy as applied to the wiki. Hamster Sandwich 18:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Before I vote at all, can you provide us with evidence and examples of Wikipedia community work that would be made easier or more efficent, assuming you had administrative powers? Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 13:18, August 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm intermittently active on VfD and after observing another admin for I while, I'd be happy to close VfD votes and delete pages as necessary. I have also recently discovered Special:Newpages and I would be perfectly happy helping there by speedying on sight. Other than that, on a less technical level, I like to help people and if becoming an admin helps me to help others then that is certainly a good thing. I hope that helps! —Cel es tianpower háblame 20:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC) 13:34, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you provide some detail on your experience with Wikipedia policy? I share Radiant's concern that your edits seem to be limited to a few areas (Pokemon, ASUE, VfD). From looking at your contributions, it's difficult to determine how familiar you are with policy. Any info you could provide would be very helpful. Carbonite | Talk 13:48, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Any specific policies you wish for me to comment upon? I spent my early days (before starting on ASUE and Pokémon) studying policy. Well, the most important is NPOV (making sure bias is kept out as far as possible) and to be bold when editting. Reverting edits is easier than making them. When I'm talking to other users, I try to remember to assume good faith and be civil. They may in fact be right. Naturally, I focus my attention on my interests and the areas in which I'm knowledgeable but this doesn't stop me from editting pages on the random page button (like Emyvale and FC Dordrecht). Is that what you were asking? —Cel es tianpower háblame 20:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC) 14:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * One other comment: It might be best if you removed or revised your templated signature. As far as I know, templates in signatures are discouraged due to the extra server load. Carbonite | Talk 13:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, will do. Sorry. —Cel es tianpower háblame 20:05, 29 June 2006 (UTC) 14:04, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Question: Could you describe what you would take into account when closing a VfD? Hipocrite 13:36, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I would delete anything from a unanimous delete to about 70% delete so long as a rough consensus had been reached. I would take into account the comments made and use my common sense based upon that. I would never delete anything that I nominated unless it was a complete consensus (like Votes for deletion/Almond Beach Village Barbados). If there was any doubt, I would keep. Anything else you wish to know? --Celestianpower hab 13:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to know, what percentage specifically (within 5%) would you consider to be consensus when closing a VfD or related function? Hamster Sandwich 20:27, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I say 70% give or take a few percent. --Celestianpower hab 20:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 75% seems a bit high. This along with some of the other answers you have given, and the comments of a few of the other editors, casues me some concern. I cannot support at this time. Hamster Sandwich 21:04, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In case you misread, I said 70% and that could be as low as 65%, it depends on whether I feel a rough consensus had been reached and the various comments made. Did you read the previous question about VFD? I believe in sticking to policy. And anyway, 65% is a ratio of (almost) 2:1 delete, I don't understand how that's high. --Celestianpower hab 21:21, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes i did read your comments above, and you did say "give or take a few percent". Since I asked you specifically within 5% what your criteria would be, that leaves me with your answer, 70%, give or take. This indicates 65%-75%. As I said, 75% is a bit high. Since there are no hard and fast rules concerning these types of closures, I feel it prudent to ask each individual candidate this question. This holds them to a certain level of accountability to the community. The phrase you used "various comments" to help determine a VfD or any other related admin type function, gives me pause. I feel it to be ambiguous and arbitrary. I do appreciate your speedy response to my questions and comments however. Thank you. Hamster Sandwich 21:31, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't want to push the subject, you or attack but the way I used "the various comments" was the comments on both sides of the fence, all opnions and not just my own. --Celestianpower hab 21:37, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is appropriate for an admin to use her/his judgement, rather than adhering to a simple calculation. If there have been few votes, and the "delete" votes are not explained, while the "keep" votes are well-reasoned, I think that I would err on the side of caution and not delete to give the article a chance to grow. Sock-puppetry is another valid reason for not adhering to a hard-and-fast rule. 65%-75% seems to be a reasonable range to me. Going below 65% could result in complaints unless the evidence of sock-puppetry or stacking the vote is clear. Ground Zero | t 21:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Within 35%, what percentage specifically do you consider to be consensus? — David Remahl 11:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 35%? That's a large range. It all depends where the consensus is being sorted out. I say 65-75% generally but it mainly depends on the comments made. If the delete arguments are weak whereas the supports are strong then that may tip the balance in favour of support. --Celestianpower hab 12:33, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I would make great use out of the rollback button, I am (as Baryonic Being said) always on my watchlist and a way to revert quickly would be highly useful. I don't however think that I would rush into doing anything big like blocking IPs or deleting pages immediately. I would prefer to watch other, more experienced admins do it for a short while first, before I jump right in. I feel it would be irresponsible to do as such.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I have been most active in contributing to A Series of Unfortunate Events articles (I made the (( ASUE }} template) and Pokémon articles. I got a Pokebarnstar for my work at the PAC and you can see my contributions to that here under Celestianpower. I played a large part also in creating the Pokémon manual of style. I'm also quite proud of my article on Marling School despite what people seem to think about school articles...
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. Not any serious ones, no. Being an active member in the PAC, we debate the notability and listability of many Pokémon-related articles but I feel I handle myself properly and with Civility in all of these discussions.


text:
Paleothermometer

A paleothermometer is a methodology that provides an estimate of the ambient temperature at the time of formation of a natural material. Most paleothermometers are based on empirically-calibrated proxy relationships, such as the tree ring or TEX86 methods. Isotope methods, such as the δ18O method or the clumped-isotope method, are able to provide, at least in theory, direct measurements of temperature.

The isotopic ratio of 18O to 16O, usually in foram tests or ice cores. High values mean low temperatures. Confounded by ice volume - more ice means higher values.

Ocean water is mostly H216O, with small amounts of HD16O and H218O. In Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) the ratio of D to H is $155.8$ and 18O/16O is $2,005$. Fractionation occurs during changes between condensed and vapour phases: the vapour pressure of heavier isotopes is lower, so vapour contains relatively more of the lighter isotopes and when the vapour condenses the precipitation preferentially contains heavier isotopes. The difference from SMOW is expressed as

and a similar formula for δD. values for precipitation are always negative. The major influence on is the difference between ocean temperatures where the moisture evaporated and the place where the final precipitation occurred; since ocean temperatures are relatively stable the  value mostly reflects the temperature where precipitation occurs. Taking into account that the precipitation forms above the inversion layer, we are left with a linear relation:

which is empirically calibrated from measurements of temperature and as a = $0.67 ‰$ for Greenland and $0.76 ‰$ for East Antarctica. The calibration was initially done on the basis of spatial variations in temperature and it was assumed that this corresponded to temporal variations (Jouzel and Merlivat, 1984). More recently, borehole thermometry has shown that for glacial-interglacial variations, a = $0.33 ‰$ (Cuffey et al., 1995), implying that glacial-interglacial temperature changes were twice as large as previously believed.

Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca
Magnesium (Mg) is incorporated into the calcite shells (tests) of planktic and benthic foraminifera as a trace element. Because the incorporation of Mg as an impurity in calcite is endothermic, more is incorporated into the growing crystal at higher temperatures. Therefore, a high Mg/Ca ratio implies a high temperature, although ecological factors may confound the signal. Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal. Mg/Ca ratios can sometimes underestimate seawater temperatures by way of the dissolution of foraminifer shells, which lowers Mg/Ca values.

Strontium (Sr) incorporates in coral aragonite, and it is well established that the precise Sr/Ca ratio in the coral skeleton shows an inverse correlation with the seawater temperature during its biomineralization.

Alkenones
Distributions of organic molecules in marine sediments reflect temperature.

Leaf physiognomy
The characteristic leaf sizes, shapes and prevalence of features such as drip tips (‘leaf or foliar physiognomy’) differs between tropical rainforests (many species with large leaves with smooth edges and drip tips) and temperate deciduous forests (smaller leaf size classes common, toothed edges common), and is often continuously variable between sites along climatic gradients, such as from hot to cold climates, or high to low precipitation. This variation between sites along environmental gradients reflects adaptive compromises by the species present to balance the need to capture light energy, manage heat gain and loss, while maximising the efficiency of gas exchange, transpiration and photosynthesis. Quantitative analyses of modern vegetation leaf physiognomy and climate responses along environmental gradients have been largely univariate, but multivariate approaches integrate multiple leaf characters and climatic parameters. Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches:

Leaf margin analysis
A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e. non-toothed) leaf margins (0 ≤ Pmargin ≤ 1) in vegetation varies proportionately with mean annual temperature (MAT ). Requires the fossil flora to be segregated into morphotypes (i.e. ‘species’), but does not require their identification. The original LMA regression equation was derived for East Asian forests, and is:

The error of the estimate for LMA is expressed as the binomial sampling error:

where c is the slope from the LMA regression equation, Pmargin as used in ($$), and r is the number of species scored for leaf margin type for the individual fossil leaf flora. LMA calibrations have been derived for major world regions, including North America, Europe, South America, and Australia. Riparian and wetland environments have a slightly different regression equation, because they have proportionally fewer smooth-margined plants. It is

CLAMP (Climate leaf analysis multivariate program)
CLAMP is a multivariate approach largely based on a data set of primarily western hemisphere vegetation, subsequently added to with datasets from additional world regional vegetation. Canonical Correlation Analysis is used combining 31 leaf characters, but leaf margin type represented a significant component of the relationship between physiognomic states and temperature. Using CLAMP, MAT is estimated with small standard errors (e.g. CCA ± 0.7–1.0 °C). Additional temperature parameters can be estimated using CLAMP, such as the coldest month mean temperature (CMMT) and the warmest month mean temperature (WMMT) which provide estimates for winter and summer mean conditions respectively.

Nearest living relative analogy / coexistence analysis
Certain plants prefer certain temperatures; if their pollen is found one can work out the approximate temperature.

13C-18O bonds in carbonates
There is a slight thermodynamic tendency for heavy isotopes to form bonds with each other, in excess of what would be expected from a stochastic or random distribution of the same concentration of isotopes. The excess is greatest at low temperature (see Van 't Hoff equation), with the isotopic distribution becoming more randomized at higher temperature. Along with the closely related phenomenon of equilibrium isotope fractionation, this effect arises from differences in zero point energy among isotopologues. Carbonate minerals like calcite contain CO32− groups that can be converted to CO2 gas by reaction with concentrated phosphoric acid. The CO2 gas is analyzed with a mass spectrometer, to determine the abundances of isotopologues. The parameter Δ47 is the measured difference in concentration between isotopologues with a mass of 47 u (as compared to 44) in a sample and a hypothetical sample with the same bulk isotopic composition, but a stochastic distribution of heavy isotopes. Lab experiments, quantum mechanical calculations, and natural samples (with known crystallization temperatures) all indicate that Δ47 is correlated to the inverse square of temperature. Thus Δ47 measurements provide an estimation of the temperature at which a carbonate formed. 13C-18O paleothermometry does not require prior knowledge of the concentration of 18O in the water (which the δ18O method does). This allows the 13C-18O paleothermometer to be applied to some samples, including freshwater carbonates and very old rocks, with less ambiguity than other isotope-based methods. The method is presently limited by the very low concentration of isotopologues of mass 47 or higher in CO2 produced from natural carbonates, and by the scarcity of instruments with appropriate detector arrays and sensitivities. The study of these types of isotopic ordering reactions in nature is often called "clumped-isotope" geochemistry.

title: Paleothermometer


text:
Carmen Dragon

Carmen Dragon (July 28, 1914 – March 28, 1984) was an American conductor, composer, and arranger who in addition to live performances and recording, worked in radio, film, and television.

Early years
Dragon was born in Antioch, California, the son of Rose and Frank Dragon, who were Italian immigrants. He attended Antioch High School and, while a student there, composed a song for the school. Forward, Antioch! was performed between acts of a school play on February 28, 1930. (A newspaper article erroneously identified the composer as "a high school girl, Carmen Dragon".)

Film
He was very active in pop music conducting and composed scores for several films, including At Gunpoint (1955), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), Night into Morning (1951), and Kiss Tomorrow Good-bye (1950).

With Morris Stoloff, he shared the 1944 Oscar for the popular Gene Kelly/Rita Hayworth musical Cover Girl, which featured songs by Jerome Kern and Ira Gershwin.

He made a popular orchestral arrangement of "America the Beautiful" and also re-arranged it for symphonic band. In his obituary published March 29, 1984, the New York Times noted: "In 1964 he won an Emmy for producing the Glendale Symphony Orchestra Christmas Special on NBC." He played himself in the 1979 film The In-Laws as the conductor of the fictitious Paramus Philharmonic Orchestra.

Radio
Dragon conducted the Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, and they performed on The Standard School Broadcast, broadcast on NBC radio in the western U.S. for elementary schools from 1928 through the 1970s. The show was sponsored by the Standard Oil Company of California (now the Chevron Corporation), but other than the name there were no commercials. The program featured a high quality introduction to classical music for young people growing up in the 1940s and early 1950s.

In the summer of 1947, Dragon and Frances Langford had a program on NBC. Langford sang, accompanied by Dragon and his 25-piece orchestra. The show began June 5 and ran for 13 weeks as a summer replacement for George Burns and Gracie Allen's program.

Dragon also hosted a regular classical music radio show broadcast on the Armed Forces Radio Network well into the 1980s.

Dragon's concert band arrangement of America the Beautiful is played by bands across the country in concerts of patriotic music.

Personal appearances
By May 1935, Dragon had his own orchestra. A Santa Cruz, California, newspaper reported about the San Jose State freshman dance, "The dancers will travel over the world with the orchestra of Carmen Dragon furnishing the appropriate music of each locality." A couple of months later, a Fresno, California, newspaper contained an advertisement promoting "Carmen Dragon, Ace Stanford Band, The Sensation of the Coast".

Recording
Dragon made a series of popular light classical albums for Capitol Records during the 1950s with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra. Some of these recordings have been reissued on compact disc.

Recognition
Dragon has a star in the Radio section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Located at 6104 Hollywood Boulevard, it was dedicated September 7, 1989. Carmen Dragon Elementary School is named after the composer in Antioch, California.

Personal life
Dragon's wife, Eloise (Rawitzer), sang on his Maxwell House series and Starlight Concert.

Death
Carmen Dragon died of cancer, aged 69, in a Santa Monica, California hospital, on March 28, 1984.

Children

 * Son, Daryl Dragon (August 27, 1942 - January 2, 2019) of the 1970s pop music duo Captain & Tennille
 * Daughter, Carmen E. Dragon (January 17, 1948 - July 11, 2010), classical harpist
 * Son, Dennis Dragon (1947-2017), drummer for the surf band Surf Punks; also appeared in some live concerts with the Byrds shortly before they disbanded in 1973, also produced much of Captain & Tennille's music.
 * Daughter, Kathryn Dragon Henn (November 8, 1951 - April, 2012), was the manager of her father's Orchestral Pops Rental Library
 * Son, Douglas - a musician and singer

title: Carmen Dragon


text:
Nedmaneh

Nedmaneh (also romanized as Nadmanah, ندمانة) is Najwa Karam's eleventh studio album and one of her best-selling recordings. It shipped an estimated 4 million units worldwide.

Track listing

 * 1) Yal Haneet (You just fell in love with me)
 * 2) Nedmaneh (Regret)
 * 3) 'Aaskah (Falling in love)
 * 4) Ana Meen (Who am I?)
 * 5) El Jar Abel El Dar (People rather than places)
 * 6) Roba'i Wa Khomasi (Confused)
 * 7) Mkassar 'Asa (Scapegoat)
 * 8) 'Aaskah (Instrumental)

title: Nedmaneh


text:
Shalvey, New South Wales

Shalvey is a suburb of Blacktown, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Shalvey is located 48 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.

History
Shalvey takes its name from the main road in the area which was originally a crown subdivisional road. The road was named after Patrick Shalvey (1866–1962) who was a large landholder and ran an abattoir there to service his butcher shops in the city.

Housing
Housing is very heavily dominated by public housing under the control of the NSW Department of Housing built throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with a large number of extensive terrace-style complexes. These are gradually transferring to private ownership and as this continues these government-built premises are being replaced with privately built, modern homes, similar to those being built in other areas of Sydney.

Commercial area
Shalvey has a small shopping complex known as Shalvey Shops. There is a supermarket/liquor drive through, chemist, laundromat, tobacconist, bakery, and a BP service station, with a fully equipped mechanical workshop.

Politics
For federal elections, Shalvey is in the safe Labor electoral division of Chifley. This seat is currently held by Ed Husic, of the Australian Labor Party, who was elected in the 2010 elections. The seat has been held continuously by the Labor Party since it was proclaimed in 1969

For NSW state elections, Shalvey is in the electoral division of Mount Druitt. This seat is currently held by Edmond Atalla, of the Labor Party.

title: Shalvey, New South Wales


text:
Journal of Film and Video

The Journal of Film and Video is the official academic journal of the University Film and Video Association. It features articles on film and video production, history, theory, criticism, and aesthetics. The journal is published by the University of Illinois Press for the association and the current editor is Cynthia Baron, Bowling Green State University.

title: Journal of Film and Video


text:
Roxby Downs

Roxby Downs may refer to.

 * Roxby Downs, South Australia, a town and a locality
 * Roxby Council, formerly Municipal Council of Roxby Downs, a local government area

title: Roxby Downs