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Regions of Denmark

The five Regions of Denmark (regioner) were created as administrative entities at a level above the municipalities and below the central government in the public sector as part of the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, when the 13 counties (amter) were abolished. At the same time, the number of municipalities (kommuner) was cut from 270 (from 271 in 2006) to 98. The reform was approved and made into a law by the lawmakers in the Folketing 26 June 2005 with elections to the 98 municipalities and 5 regions being held Tuesday 15 November 2005.

Each region is governed by a popularly elected regional council with 41 members, from whom the regional chairperson is chosen.

The main responsibility of the regions is healthcare. Lesser powers of the regions include public transport, environmental planning, soil pollution management and some coordination of secondary education.

In contrast to the former counties (1970–2006), the regions do not have municipal powers. Regions cannot levy taxes, but are financed partly by block grants from the central government (until 2018 sundhedsafgift, i.e. health tax) and partly by taxes collected by their constituent municipalities. Regions cannot decide their budgets independently, but must use the block grant for the purposes that are specified by the central government. In other words, the regional powers were dramatically reduced in favor of the local level. As they are not municipalities, regions are not allowed to have coats of arms, but they do have modern logos.

The small archipelago of Ertholmene to the northeast of Bornholm is not part of any region or municipality. Its inhabitants do not pay municipal taxes, nor did they pay the central government's health care contribution tax (2007 until 2018) or the tax levied by counties prior to 2007.

The representative organisation Danske Regioner was set up on 23 March 2006. It is an advocacy and lobbying organisation speaking on behalf of all of the regions, including negotiating labour contracts, etc. The organization also maintains an office in Brussels (as did its predecessor, Amtsrådsforeningen). As a central representation of the Danish healthcare system, it has rather large, although unofficial, powers. Its equivalent before 2006 was Amtsrådsforeningen (ARF), the organisation of county representations, which had a comparatively larger power.

List of regions
''Population numbers in this table will not be updated. For 1 January population every year, see below Regions of Denmark''. a The regions themselves use English names that are not necessarily a verbatim rendering of the Danish name.

b Area and population figures do not add up. Land area: 42,394 km2 (16,368 sq mi). Inland water area: 500 to 700 km2 (193 – 270 sq mi). Ertholmene included in totals. Statistikbanken.dk/FOLK1A+FOLK1AM (monthly population numbers).

Names in English
Like their geographical areas, the names of several regions are neologisms. The term Syddanmark (Southern Denmark) was known before the reform, but not in the present meaning. It was sometimes used to refer to Denmark proper as opposed to the North Atlantic parts of the Danish Realm, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The term Midtjylland was, and in common use still is, used to describe the interior centre of Jutland, but never the coastal areas of the peninsula (West Jutland and East Jutland).

The Regions of North Jutland and Central Jutland have chosen to market themselves internationally under the names of North Denmark Region and Central Denmark Region, respectively, although in Denmark these geographical terms have no traditional use and may be confusing.

The government most often uses the Danish names in English-language publications or directly translated English names (e.g. Greater Copenhagen, Zealand, North Jutland, Southern Denmark, Central Jutland).

Strictly speaking, there is no authority defining the correct English names since the official names are stipulated in a law existing only in a Danish version.

Population growth
Note: Numbers for the year 2006 are pro forma to be a reference, an example, to compare (neighboring) regions and changes in population numbers when the economy was expanding, growing, as opposed to when it was contracting.

Functions

 * Health sector, including hospitals, psychiatry and health insurance, general practitioners and specialists.
 * Health insurance for basic dental care.
 * Regional development concerning nature and the environment, private sector economy, tourism, employment, education, and culture, outlying areas and rural area development. Administrative assistance for private sector growth fora.
 * Ground pollution surveillance and cleanup.
 * Raw material mapping and planning. Permission for extraction, i.e. gravel pits.
 * Social and educational institutions for people with special needs.
 * Public transportation.

The most important area of responsibility for the new regions is the public health service, accounting for 90% of the regions' expenditure. They are also responsible for employment policies and public mass transit (buses and a few local railways). However, in eastern Denmark (Region Zealand and the Capital Region) the regions and 45 out of 46 municipalities share one employment region and transit is handled by a single transport agency, Movia.

Bornholm Regional Municipality because of its remote location in the Baltic Sea between Sweden and the westernmost part of Poland is its own employment region and is 100% owner of its own public mass transit agency, BAT, which was Bornholms Amts Trafikselskab until the island's county was abolished on 1 January 2003. Bornholm also performs other tasks that are normally carried out by the regions in the rest of Denmark – thus the name Bornholm Regional Municipality: Bornholm in some respects forms a region by itself. From 1 January 2016 Ærø Municipality, created 1 January 2006 as part of the municipal reform, is responsible for public mass transit in the municipality. From 1 January 2018 Fanø Municipality will be the sole provider of public mass transit on the island of Fanø taking over the responsibilities from the Region of Southern Denmark.

Healthcare reforms and centralization
The regions own all public hospitals in their areas and also control the primary care sector through contracts with general physicians (family doctors) and specialists. The name of the region is often used on hospitals' letterheads and on doctors' and nurses' white coats.

Four of the regions have a university hospital, corresponding with the four medical faculties of Denmark. The Region Zealand lacks a medical faculty but has in 2016 renamed its hospitals in Roskilde and Køge, close to Copenhagen, as university hospitals and will collaborate with the medical faculty of the University of Copenhagen. The administrative reform of 1 January 2007 was in many respects also a centralisation of the healthcare system. While the former counties controlled hospitals relatively independently, healthcare policy is now decided by the government, while regions administer it. Some local hospitals have been closed or downgraded. New, large and highly specialised hospitals have been built including Aarhus University Hospital and Psychiatric Hospital Slagelse. Projects during or awaiting construction are the new Aalborg University Hospital, Odense University Hospital, North Zealand Hospital at Hillerød serving the northern Copenhagen area, the regional Gødstrup Hospital and Aabenraa Hospital, and large extensions of the Zealand University Hospital in Køge, Herlev Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital and Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen and the regional South Jutland Hospital in Sønderborg.

The projects, in Denmark known as 'super hospitals' (da: Supersygehus), were intended to increase the quality of care and reduce costs, but have almost uniformly experienced large-scale planning problems including breach of budgets, delays, interior climate problems, unsatisfactory design and last-minute cost cuts such as removing kitchens, decreasing the bed capacity or removing amenities for patients. As a result of the centralisation, Denmark will decrease its hospitals with emergency care from 40 in 2007 to 21 in 2020. The changes have been criticised by residents in areas far from emergency hospitals. To compensate, some of the regions offer paramedic helicopter response in addition to ambulances. In addition, since 1999 the government has obliged Danish hospitals to increase their productivity by 2% per year for the same budget, in the expectation of possible benefits from technical progress, but often leading to cutbacks in services. A growth in bureaucracy has generally been observed by doctors and employees. In the Capital Region and Zealand Region, a new electronic health record system developed by Epic Systems has been described as a major scandal, causing unresponsive IT systems, wrong prescriptions, more time-consumption and a lack of overview. Doctors and other employees have demanded the withdrawal of the system, but the regions insist that it will remain in place and errors be corrected.

Regions are responsible for providing primary care to all citizens. This is carried out through contracts with general practitioners who for the most part own their clinics and provide treatment free-of-charge for the public, according to specifications laid down by the region. According to doctors, the burden of documentation and administration has increased, and the amount of young doctors wishing a career as general practitioners has diminished. Since many areas have been affected by physician shortage, the regions have been compelled to open region-owned clinics to fill the gaps.

Administration and politics
Regions are led by directly elected councils (regionsråd), which each consist of 41 members. The head of the council is the regional council chairman (regionsrådsformand), who is elected by the council from its members. Elections are held simultaneously with municipal elections every four years. The latest Danish local elections were held in 2021.

Unlike the former counties, regions are not entitled to levy their own taxes, but rely on central state funding (around 70%) and funding from the municipalities (around 30%). A central government "health contribution" tax (sundhedsbidrag) on income which was 8% when it was introduced from 2007 initially replaced most of the county tax (amtsskat). With income taxes in the lowest bracket being raised 1 percentage point a year, the health contribution tax was eliminated in 2019. In 2012 this tax was lowered to 7%, 2013 6%, 2014 5%, 2015 4%, 2016 3%, 2017 2%, 2018 1%. This follows an agreement on taxes by the Folketing from 2009.

The income tax that each of the 98 municipalities levy was raised by three percentage points 1 January 2007 thus replacing the rest of the county tax to finance health care.

90% of the budgets of the regions is allocated to the national health service. Health has remained the main issue in regional politics, especially because major changes to Denmark's hospital layout were announced immediately after the municipal reform.

Earlier mergers
After the 1970 reform, in 1974 Sengeløse Municipality was merged with Høje-Taastrup, and the parish municipalities Store Magleby and Dragør merged to form Dragør Municipality, reducing the number of municipalities from 277 to 275. Countrywide, many local mergers were proposed through the years, but none took place until 2003.

The five municipalities of Bornholm merged with Bornholm County on 1 Jan 2003 to form Bornholm Regional Municipality. This reduced the number of counties from 14 to 13, and the number of municipalities from 275 to 271. On 1 January 2007 it became part of the Capital Region, but retained its unique name of Regional Municipality since it has been allocated some regional powers due to its isolated location. These include being an employment region of its own, regional development, pollution control and public transport, but healthcare is in the hands of the Capital Region.

Ærø Municipality in Funen County was allowed to be formed already 1 January 2006 from the island's former two municipalities of Ærøskøbing and Marstal, reducing the number of municipalities to 270.

Transitional process
The reform implied deep changes of the whole Danish public sector. It took effect from 1 January 2007, but was prepared from 2005. In the local elections of 15 November 2005, municipal councils for the upcoming 98 municipalities and five regions were elected. These councils were officially merger committees (sammenlægningsudvalg) from 1 January 2006 through 31 December 2006. During that year, their task was solely that of preparing the mergers. On 1 January 2007 these elected committees were renamed municipal councils and now ruling the new municipalities, without new elections taking place.

The councils of the older, smaller municipalities, as well as the old municipalities themselves, were in force until the end of 2006. They were elected in November 2001 and would normally have been in power for a four-year term of office, from 1 January 2002 until 31 December 2005, but their term of office was simply extended by one year.

The equivalent name for the upcoming regional councils were preparatory boards (forberedelsesudvalg) and these were likewise elected on 15 November 2005. The county councils of the old counties had their mandate prolonged by a year and existed parallel to the preparatory boards during 2006.

One municipality, Bornholm, which was formed January 2003 before the reform was initiated, and one formed January 2006, namely Ærø, as part of the reform, in addition to 30 municipalities, most notably Copenhagen, many of its surrounding municipalities and some island municipalities, were not affected by municipal mergers 1 January 2007. In these municipalities, the councillors served the full term of office from 1 January 2006 until 31 December 2009.

After the transitions, the next local elections took place on 17 Nov 2009. A few local political parties have emerged as a protest against closing of hospitals or cutbacks in healthcare, most notably Fælleslisten, which got over 40 percent of the votes in the Holstebro area in the 2009 election, and the Psychiatry List in the 2017 election, both in the Central Jutland Region.

Political background
The reform has been called the biggest reform in thirty years. It was an important policy issue for the former Liberal-Conservative cabinet, most importantly for Lars Løkke Rasmussen, then minister of the Interior and Health and formerly a county mayor.

The abolition of the counties had long been an important goal for both the Conservatives and the Danish People's Party. 24 June 2004 the Danish People's Party decided to back the government's proposal for a structural reform of the public sector, thus securing a majority in the Danish parliament (Folketing), although the party had preferred just abolishing the counties without replacing them with a new administrative level between the central government and the municipalities. The parties who wanted to limit the regional tier of government prevailed insofar as the regions have no authority to levy taxes, and are not municipalities unlike the former counties (1970–2006) (Danish amtskommune, literally 'county municipality'), and therefore cannot move budgets from one area of expenditure to another but must pay back any money not used, rather like departments or agencies of the central government.

Establishment
The regions were distinct from the state administration offices (Danish: statsforvaltning(en)). The regions are responsible for devolved tasks within healthcare and regional planning and governed by an elected council. The State Administrations were not subordinate to the Regions, but regional governmental offices under the Ministry for Children and Social Affairs.

The state administration with its regional offices handled matters within family law, including child custody and child contact, divorce, paternity and child support cases, which often involve a high degree of conflict when parents disagree. It also handled matters such as name change, artificial fertilisation, citizenship, right of residence for EU citizens, guardianship for adults, and acted as a complaints authority for municipal decisions in building matters.

Initially after the reform, effective from 1 January 2007, there were five state administrations, covering the same areas as the five regions. They were subject to the Ministry of the Interior and Health. They also acted as a complaints board for a wider range of decisions taken by municipalities, including social law. The civil servants leading each of the five state administrations had the title of state administration director.

From 1 July 2013, the State Administration was organised with one central office in Aabenraa and eight regional representations. It was managed by one central State Administration director and several subordinate vice directors.

Abolition
While not a court, the State Administration handled over 100,000 family law cases per year. In media reports, the entity was criticized for bureaucratic handling of cases and negligence of the best interest of children. Organizations of single fathers claimed that case officers were biased and would often side with the mother, for example when unproven accusations of incest or abuse were made.

A 2017 government plan proposed to abolish the State Administration and replace it with a new entity, the Family Law House (Familieretshuset).

The State Administration was abolished from 1 April 2019, and the Agency of Family Law took over a large part of the tasks of the State Administration.

Ecclesiastical tasks
One of the tasks of the State Administration is the technical and economic supervision of the dioceses within the Church of Denmark, along with the bishops. In this function they bear the title of stiftamtmand (literally 'diocesan governor'). While each of the five regional state administration directors were simultaneously diocesan governors, the task is now carried out by several vice directors who carry the additional title of diocesan governors. Peculiarly, since the task is purely administrative and representing the government under the Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs, the person does not need to be a member of the Church of Denmark. In 2011, Niels Preisler, a Roman Catholic, was appointed director of the Copenhagen state administration and therefore diocesan governor of Copenhagen.

History
The predecessor of the state administration(s), from 1970 until the 2007 reform, were the 14 county government divisions or prefectures (Danish: statsamt, plural: statsamter, i.e. 'state county'). They were each led by an amtmand (county prefect or governor) appointed by the government, while in ecclesiastical contexts the title stiftamtmand ('diocesan prefect') was used for the same position. These units were distinct from the 14 counties led by an elected council, but covered the same areas. Copenhagen, however, had the equivalent entity of Upper Presidium (Københavns overpræsidium) led by an upper president (overpræsident), a title originating from 1747. The municipality of Frederiksberg shared its county governor and county government division with Copenhagen County (not covering Copenhagen proper, but the surrounding area). Bornholm retained its county government office and governor even after losing its county status (2003–2006).

While prefect or governor is an English rendering of the title, county prefects were practically senior government officials, unknown to a larger public and less powerful than governors in many other countries. On the Faroe Islands and Greenland, after autonomy, the equivalent representative of the Danish government is the High Commissioner, (rigsombudsmand, formerly amtmand, which was often translated as governor).

The general public was mostly familiar with the former statsamt and then statsadministration as the entity dealing with divorce and child custody.

The position of county prefect dated back to the age of absolutism. After elected councils were introduced, the King-appointed county prefect still led the elected county council and had larger political influence. In 1970, his political role was then taken over by the county mayor (amtsborgmester) who was one of the elected county council members. The county prefect remained as the highest government representative in each county, and in his traditional civil servant uniform would be the person to receive the Queen on her visits throughout the country. In Copenhagen Municipality, the switch was made in 1938 when the title of Lord Mayor of Copenhagen (Københavns overborgmester) was created for the elected leader of the city council. The equivalent of the Danish county prefect is the Swedish landshövding and the Norwegian fylkesmann.

title: Regions of Denmark


text:
Talk:Tell the World (Daniel de Bourg album)

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Steve Mackay

Steve Mackay (September 25, 1949 – October 10, 2015 ) was an American tenor saxophonist best known for his membership in the Stooges. His performances are showcased on three songs on the band's second album, Fun House (1970).

The Stooges
In 1970, Mackay was familiar to the Stooges from his work with the Detroit avant-rock pioneers Carnal Kitchen. After sitting in with the Stooges on several occasions, he formally joined the group at the behest of lead singer Iggy Pop two days before they left Detroit for Los Angeles to record Fun House in May 1970. Mackay remained with the Stooges for five months before being fired by Pop in October 1970. As the band had been deteriorating from drug abuse and a dearth of professional opportunities, Mackay later recalled that he was "somewhat grateful" for being dismissed.

In 2003, Mackay rejoined the Stooges when they played their first show in twenty-nine years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. He remained with the group until his death in 2015. During this period, he appeared on the live Stooges releases Live in Detroit (DVD) and Telluric Chaos (a live album; 2005), and two studio albums, The Weirdness (2007) and Ready to Die (2013). He also contributed to James Williamson's solo studio debut, Re-Licked (2014).

Other collaborations
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Mackay played and recorded with a highly diverse cross-section of underground musicians, including Violent Femmes, Snakefinger, Commander Cody, Smegma, Zu, Andre Williams, the Moonlighters, Clubfoot Orchestra, and Van Rozay from San Jose, California. He was based in Ann Arbor (where he continued to work at Discount Records and perform with Carnal Kitchen and the Mojo Boogie Band, a blues rock ensemble) until 1976, when he initially relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area. During this period, he supported his musical endeavors by working as a stationary engineer at various San Francisco sewage treatment plants.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mackay performed in a reconstituted lineup of Carnal Kitchen with then-wife Annie Garcia-Mackay, a blues singer and bassist. In 2001, they divorced due to mutual differences; later that year, he was remarried to Patricia Smith.

By the 1990s, Mackay's profile had gradually lowered as he took up residence in Pacifica, California (following a sojourn in Amsterdam) and began work as an electrician. The wider perception was that Mackay was dead. In 2000, Stooges biography pages on websites for MTV, VH1, and Rolling Stone included an item indicating that Mackay had died as a result of a heroin overdose in the 1970s. The origin of this story is unknown, but music journalist Nick Kent reported the "fact" in a piece on Pop in the mid-1970s. According to Alexis Petridis, "Kent had apparently misheard the lyrics of Iggy Pop's 'Dum Dum Boys,' which mentioned the death of Stooges roadie and bassist Thomas 'Zeke' Zettner." A second rumor circulated following the AIDS-related death of a San Francisco-based marathon runner and author who shared Mackay's name. Scott Nydegger from the small record label and noise collective Radon disproved the rumors by contacting Mackay and arranging to release his first solo recordings.

Radon released the "Death City" single in 1999, and Mackay began to perform and record regularly with a revolving line-up of musicians associated with Radon. The first full-scale tour of Steve Mackay and the Radon Ensemble was mounted in July 2003; with a percussion-heavy lineup that featured bassist Marlon Kasberg (Liquorball), drummer Sam Lohman (Nimrod 36), multi-instrumentalist Travis McAlister (Nequaquam Vacuum), scrap percussionist and vocalist Noah Mickens (also Nequaquam Vacuum), and drummer and band leader Scott Nydegger (Sikhara). Other musicians who have performed and recorded with the Radon Ensemble since then included the multi-instrumentalist Tyler Armstrong, projectionist Ed Cooper, bassist Giovanni Donadini, Nyko Esterle, multi-instrumentalists Kamil Kruta of Koonda Holaa and Dan Kauffman, bassist Jason LaFarge, saxophonist Vinnie Paternostro, Fabrizio Modonese-Polumbo, saxophonist Shane Pringle, Frank Pullen, Suzanne Thorpe (Mercury Rev), John Wiese (Bastard Noise), and drummer Ed Wilcox. Mackay also appeared at live shows by Violent Femmes, with whom he played off and on for over two decades after appearing on their album The Blind Leading the Naked.

Radon released the Smegma–Mackay collaboration album 30 Years of Service in 2005, his full-length album Michigan and Arcturus (2006), a vinyl-only release with the Radon Ensemble entitled "Tunnel Diner", and in 2008 Resipiscent released Smegma's Live 2004 featuring Mackay and Jello Biafra. Mackay's solo discography included a self-released collection of solo and group demos from the 1980s called En Voyage, and such compilation albums as Popular Electronic Uzak, You've Got Your Orders 3, and Multiball Magazine Issue 2. The Steve Mackay Ensemble continued to perform live and on radio, and embarked on a tour of the US and Europe in 2006.

In December 2007, Mackay recorded two day sessions at the Big Baldy's Toe studio in Claremont CA, home to Amps for Man Is the Bastard founder Henry Barnes. This session yielded among others the single "Prisoner" which was written by Steve Mackay around 1984 and produced and arranged in 2007 by Kamilsky of Koonda Holaa. In 2009 Iggy Pop contributed his version of vocals to the track and subsequently it was used in a French movie L'Étoile du jour (Morning Star) directed by Sophie Blondy. Another track from this session "Kristallnacht" was released on Sometimes Like This I Talk. Both tracks feature bassist Mike Watt and drummer Randy Scarberry. Musical friendship between Steve Mackay and Kamilsky lasted from 2000 till his death and spawned hours of unreleased recordings and countless tours.

Mackay continued to collaborate with the Clubfoot Orchestra members, sitting in occasionally at the Bay Area Boat Club's parties. In 2011 Radon and SOOPA released Mackay's new album Sometimes Like This I Talk which features other members of the Stooges, and also the album Machine Gun from U.S.S. with Mackay on sax. Also in 2011, Mackay released North Beach Jazz featuring punk bassist Mike Watt, a member of the reunited Stooges. Mackay was also featured on the record Titans, released in 2012 by the Portuguese stoner-psychedelic rock band Black Bombaim, playing sax on track 'C'.

In September 2012, Mackay joined San Francisco band Coo Coo Birds in the studio, after previously meeting the band's bassist Charles James Gonzalez at Smiley's Saloon in Bolinas, California. Mackay laid down saxophone parts for two songs recorded by Coo Coo Birds, "Black Blue Jeans" (from 2013's Psychedelic Warrior) and a cover of Sam the Sham & The Pharaohs' "Li'l Red Riding Hood".

In 2014, Mackay played on the song "A Higher Price To Pay", by the French heavy rock band the Meredith Hunters. He also toured with Bunktilt.

In 2015, Mackay, lo-fi pioneer R. Stevie Moore and Scott Nydegger (Sikhara) were featured on Shanghai-based experimental punk band Round Eye's eponymous LP, which was released by Florida label Ripping Records. In 2017, they released their 2nd LP ‘'Monstervision'' on Sudden Death Records which contained Mackay's final recordings.

Death
Mackay died in October 2015 from sepsis at a hospital in Daly City, California at the age of 66.

A Tribute for Steve Mackay was held at Winter's Tavern in Pacifica, California on February 27, 2016. The musicians who participated included Jello Biafra and Mike Watt, who performed Side 2 of the Stooges' Fun House album. Iggy Pop contributed a short poem that Watt played for the audience through an iPhone.

Discography

 * with The Stooges
 * Fun House (1970)
 * Telluric Chaos (2005)
 * The Weirdness (2007)
 * Have Some Fun: Live at Ungano's (2010)
 * Raw Power Live: In the Hands of the Fans (2011)
 * Ready to Die (2013)

 * with Violent Femmes
 * The Blind Leading the Naked (1986)

 * with Estel
 * Untitled EP (2009) featuring Mike Watt
 * A Massive Glorious Uphill Shit-Fight. (2011)

 * with Round Eye
 * Round Eye (Ripping Records, 2014) featuring R. Stevie Moore
 * Monstervision (Sudden Death Records) (2015)

 * with James Williamson
 * Re-Licked (2014).

 * Solo
 * Michigan and Arcturus (2006)
 * Sometimes Like This I Talk (2011)
 * North Beach Jazz (2013)

title: Steve Mackay


text: Talk:Indiana Wesleyan University

title: Talk:Indiana Wesleyan University


text:
Rudolf Zahradník

Rudolf Zahradník (20 October 1928 –31 October 2020) was a Czech chemist in the field of quantum chemistry and molecular spectroscopy. He held research positions at the Institute of Occupational Medicine and went on to serve as the first director of the J Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, president of the Czech Academy of Sciences and chairman of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic, after the Velvet Revolution. During the 1980s, he taught future German leader Angela Merkel, who was then on an internship in Czechoslovakia. He held a doctorate from the University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague.

Early life and career
Zahradník was born in Bratislava (then in Czechoslovakia, now in Slovakia) on 20 October 1928. He was a member of the Junák scout movement and decided to study chemistry when he read an article on invisible ink at grammar school. He graduated from the University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague in 1952, one of his teachers there was Jaroslav Koutecký. Four years later he obtained a Ph.D. in chemistry from the same university. Having previously been considered a bad influence on his students, Zahradník was able to obtain a research position after the Khrushchev Thaw relaxed Soviet restrictions on Czechoslovakia. He studied the relations between chemical structure and biological activity at the Institute of Occupational Medicine and theory of chemical reactivity and molecular spectroscopy at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences before being awarded a Doctor of Science degree by them in 1967. In 1959, Zahradník joined the faculty of Natural Sciences at Charles University and in 1961 served as a head of the Applied Quantum Chemistry Group at the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In the 1980s he taught Angela Merkel while she was on an internship in Czechoslovakia several times. They stayed in contact and she also visited him on his ninetieth birthday.

Career after the Velvet Revolution
Between 1990 and 1993 Zahradník served as the first director of the J Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry before joining Clarkson University. During this period he has been described as "pushing forward the frontiers of quantum chemistry" and helped to bring young chemists into the field. From 1993 to 2001 he was president of the Czech Academy of Sciences and in 1994 became founding chairman of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic, holding the post until 1997. He was awarded the Czech Republic's Medal of Merit in 1998 and the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art in 1999.

Zahradník was a recipient of a doctorate honoris causa from the TU Dresden and University of Fribourg (both in 1993), and from the University of Pardubice and Georgetown University in 1994 and 1996 respectively. He was also honored with doctorate honoris causa degrees from Charles and Clarkson universities in 1998.

He published more than 350 papers and 10 books especially on quantum chemistry problems. He died on 31 October 2020.

Awards and honors

 * Fellow of the Learned Society of the Czech Republic
 * Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
 * Fellow of the World Association of Theoretical Organic Chemists (1982)
 * Member of the Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences (1982)
 * Medal of Slovak Institute of Technology (1989)
 * J. Heyrovsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1990)
 * Member of the European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Literature (1992)
 * Gold Medal of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1994)
 * Member of the European Academy of Environmental Affairs (1994)
 * Corresponding member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1994)
 * Founding member of the Engineering Academy of the Czech Republic (1995)
 * Gold Medal of Charles University, Prague (1995)
 * Marin Drinov Medal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1996)
 * Member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (1997)
 * Honorary member of the Swiss Chemical Society (1998)
 * Medal, J.M. Marci Spectroscopical Society (1998)
 * Elected member of the Academia Europaea (1999)
 * Austrian 1st Class Honorary Cross for Science and Arts (1999)
 * Josef Hlávka Medal (2009)

title: Rudolf Zahradník


text:
User talk:Iismepeter

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top model images
Hello, The images you added to zodiac constellations (Aquarius, etc) are likely copyright. They also don't really add any information to the articles and could be seen as commercial promotion of the top model show. For this reason I've removed the images from the pages. -- Curps 06:52, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iismepeter


text: User talk:130.113.101.77

title: User talk:130.113.101.77


text: User talk:213.84.251.91

title: User talk:213.84.251.91


text:
Talk:Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana

Peculiar campus removals
For some reason, several notable campuses -- Indianapolis and New Castle among them -- were removed from the list last year. Before I add them back, can anyone tell me why they were cut? Jay (Histrion) (talk • contribs) 16:32, 1 September 2023 (UTC)


text: Talk:Manchester University (Indiana)

title: Talk:Manchester University (Indiana)


text:
2006 United States Senate election in West Virginia

The 2006 United States Senate election in West Virginia was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat Robert Byrd won re-election to a ninth term. He was sworn in on January 3, 2007. However, he died in office on June 28, 2010, before the end of his term. This was Byrd's closest re-election.

Background
Before the 2000 presidential election, West Virginia had been won by the Democratic nominee every time starting in 1932 (except for the Republican landslides of 1956, 1972, and 1984). In 2000, then Republican Governor George W. Bush of Texas won West Virginia’s five electoral college votes over then Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee by a margin of 52–46. Also in the 2000 election, Republican Shelley Moore Capito, the daughter of Former West Virginia Governor Arch A. Moore, Jr., won a surprise victory over Democrat Jim Humphreys for West Virginia's 2nd Congressional District seat to the United States House of Representatives. She would become the first Republican in West Virginia to hold a Congressional office for more than one term since her father in 1969. Before these two major victories for national and West Virginia Republicans, it was difficult to find a Republican who could mount a formidable campaign against Democrats running for public office in West Virginia.

President Bush won West Virginia again in the 2004 presidential election over John F. Kerry, the Democratic junior Senator from Massachusetts by a margin of 56–43. Both Representative Alan Mollohan (D-1st District) and Representative Nick Rahall (D-3rd District) had more formidable challenges from Republicans when compared to 2000 and 2002. Republican Brent Benjamin defeated Democratic incumbent West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals Justice Warren McGraw, and Republican Betty Ireland defeated liberal-Democrat Ken Hechler, a former congressman and secretary of state, for West Virginia Secretary of State.

Since 2000, the Republicans have gained seven net seats in both the West Virginia Senate and the West Virginia House of Delegates. However, the Democrats hold 60% of the seats in the Senate and 68% of the seats in the House.

Along with continued majorities in the legislature, Democrats have also had some other victories. Even though both Bush and Capito won their respective offices in 2000, Senator Byrd sailed to an eighth term with 78% of the vote over Republican David Gallaher. Senator John D. Rockefeller, IV, easily won a fourth term to the Senate in 2002 by a margin of 63–37 over Republican Jay Wolfe. In 2000, 2002, and 2004, both Representative Mollohan and Representative Rahall were re-elected by much stronger margins than Capito. In 2004, Republican Monty Warner failed to defeat Democratic West Virginia Secretary of State Joe Manchin for governor.

After the Republicans failed to win the governor’s race, West Virginia Republican Committee Chairman Kris Warner, the brother of Monty, was put under pressure to resign his post; he did so in May 2005. Wheeling attorney Rob Capehart took his place. (Dr. Doug McKinney of Bridgeport now holds the post.) Another brother of Monty, Kasey, who was appointed by President Bush in 2001, was removed as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia on August 1, 2005. No explanation has been given for his departure and First Assistant U.S. Attorney Charles T. Miller currently represents the district.

Candidates
Two Democrats filed for the primary on May 9, 2006:
 * Robert Byrd, (D-Raleigh), Incumbent U.S. Senator
 * Billy Hendricks, Jr., (D-Boone), Auto worker

Recruiting
Shelley Moore Capito: Both state and national Republicans chose Capito as their first choice to challenge Byrd. Early polling showed Byrd with only around a ten-point lead. Capito had even met with National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC) Chairwoman Elizabeth Dole, whose husband, Robert Dole, served alongside Byrd as majority and minority leader in the Senate, to discuss a possible run. Despite party leaders pushing for her to run, on October 3, 2005, Capito announced she would seek a fourth term for her congressional seat rather than run against Byrd. She cited the negativity of a possible Byrd-Capito race as a reason for not running. Other reasons for Capito not running include the following: Capito's seat is widely considered safe; Capito is rising in House leadership; if Capito ran against Byrd, her seat could possibly have fallen back into the Democratic column; and Capito's large amount of contributions from former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay could be brought into question.

Betty Ireland: After Capito decided not to run, Republicans hoped to recruit Secretary of State Ireland, the first woman elected to the executive branch of West Virginia. On October 27, 2005, however, Ireland announced she would not run against the eight-term senator. She said that the office of Secretary of State should not be used as a political stepping stone. Ironically, Joe Manchin held the office of Secretary of State during his campaign for governor.

Gale Catlett: Conservative columnist Robert Novak wrote in a September 24, 2005, article that Gale Catlett's, the former head coach of the West Virginia University Men's Basketball team, name had been floated around as a possible challenger to Byrd. Catlett had in fact talked to West Virginia Republican Committee Chairman Capehart about either running against Byrd or possibly Representative Mollohan. It was also reported that if Capito had run against Byrd, Catlett would seek her seat. However, on November 11, 2005, Catlett decided not to run against Senator Byrd or Representative Mollohan. (A side note: On November 12, 2005, Ohio County Delegate Chris Wakim (R) announced his intentions to run against Representative Mollohan. )

Capehart: Also mentioned as a possible challenger was Chairman Capehart. Capehart told West Virginia Media Holding’s State Journal on December 5, 2005, that he would not seek the seat. He said that he would remain as chairman to accomplish his main goal: To completely erase the party's $200,000 debt which was left over after the 2004 election cycle.

John Raese: On January 11, 2006, TheHill.com reported that NRSC Chairwoman Dole met with 1984 Republican United States Senate candidate and 1988 Republican Gubernatorial primary-candidate Raese to discuss a possible run for the nomination in May. Raese did file for the primary by the deadline of January 28, 2006.

Candidates
Six Republicans filed for the primary on May 9, 2006:

 * Paul J. Brown, activist
 * Zane Lawhorn, optician and author
 * Hiram Lewis, member of the West Virginia Army National Guard and a self-employed attorney
 * Bud Railey, land-developer and unsuccessful governor candidate
 * John Raese, owner of Greer Industries, West Virginia Newspaper Publishing Company (which publishes The Dominion Post), and West Virginia Radio Corporation
 * Rick Snuffer, unsuccessful 2004 congressional candidate

Candidates
Three candidates appeared on the ballot for the general election on November 7, 2006:

 * Robert Byrd (D), incumbent U.S. Senator
 * Jesse Johnson (M), filmmaker, actor, and theatrical producer
 * John Raese (R), businessman

Campaign
Byrd was extremely popular as he had approval ratings in the low 60% range. Raese, a millionaire, self-financed his campaign. He spent campaign ads on attacking Byrd.

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Doddridge (largest municipality: West Union)

Analysis
Byrd defeated Raese and Johnson 64-34-2. Representative Mollohan defeated Delegate Wakim 64–36. Representative Capito defeated former West Virginia Democratic Party Chairman Mike Callaghan 57–43. Representative Rahall defeated Cabell County Sheriff Kim Wolfe 69–31.

Even though there was a two million dollar ad campaign by Massey Energy's CEO Don Blankenship against West Virginia House of Delegates and Senate Democrats, Democrats gained a net four seats in the House and two seats in the Senate. This resulted in a 72-28 Democrat advantage in the House and a 23-11 Democrat advantage in the Senate.

With the 2007 Democratic takeover of the United States Senate, Senator Byrd became the President pro tempore of the Senate (the third person in the presidential line of succession) as well as the chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.


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Grecian Formula

Grecian Formula is a men's hair coloring product from Combe Incorporated. Until 2018 (see below) the formulation used in the United States contained lead(II) acetate. Because lead acetate was banned in cosmetics in Canada and the European Union, the formulations sold there did not contain it. In 2017, the Environmental Defense Fund and other consumer groups filed a complaint with the Food and Drug Administration to force the removal of lead acetate from Grecian Formula and other hair dyes. As of July 2018, ingredients of Grecian Formula are water, isopropyl alcohol, triethanolamine, bismuth citrate, sodium thiosulfate, fragrance, and panthenol. Lead acetate has been replaced by bismuth citrate as the progressive colorant.

title: Grecian Formula


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The Hidden (1987 film)

The Hidden is a 1987 American science fiction film directed by Jack Sholder, written by Jim Kouf (under the pseudonym Bob Hunt), and released by New Line Cinema. It stars Kyle MacLachlan and Michael Nouri, along with Clu Gulager, Chris Mulkey, Ed O'Ross, Clarence Felder, Claudia Christian and Larry Cedar, and received mostly positive reviews. A sequel, The Hidden II, was directed by Seth Pinsker and released in 1993.

Plot
Jack DeVries, a quiet citizen with no criminal past, robs a Los Angeles Wells Fargo bank, kills all of the security guards inside, and leads the Los Angeles Police Department on a high-speed chase. The chase ends when DeVries encounters a police blockade overseen by Detective Thomas Beck. DeVries is shot several times, smashes through the blockade and crashes the Ferrari he is driving. DeVries is taken to a hospital, where a doctor informs Beck and his partner, Detective Cliff Willis, that DeVries is not expected to survive the night.

Upon his return to LAPD headquarters, Beck and his supervisor, Lieutenant John Masterson, meet FBI Special Agent Lloyd Gallagher, who informs them that Beck has been assigned to work with Gallagher to track down DeVries. When told of DeVries's condition, Gallagher rushes off to the hospital.

Meanwhile, at the hospital, DeVries suddenly awakens. Disconnecting his life-support equipment, he approaches the comatose man in the next bed, Jonathan P. Miller. After DeVries forces Miller's mouth open, a slug-like alien emerges from DeVries' mouth and transfers itself into Miller's body. Gallagher arrives to find DeVries dead on the floor and Miller's bed abandoned. Gallagher tells Beck to put out an alert on Miller, but Beck refuses, because Miller has no criminal record.

Miller goes to a record store where he beats the store's owner to death. He then goes to a car dealership, where he kills three men and steals a red Ferrari. He then visits a strip club, where the alien leaves Miller's body and takes over the body of a stripper named Brenda. Gallagher asks police to track Brenda when he sees her picture next to Miller's body. Brenda is then propositioned by a stranger; she accepts and follows him to his car. They proceed to have sex in his car which results in his death. She then takes his car. Gallagher and Beck pursue her to a rooftop, where they mortally wound her in a gun battle. Gallagher points a strangely-shaped alien weapon at Brenda, but she leaps from the roof. As Masterson arrives from his house to take charge of the scene, the alien transfers itself from Brenda's dying body to Masterson's dog.

Frustrated by Gallagher's continuing refusal to explain the strange phenomenon of ordinary citizens turning into crazed killers, Beck arrests him and puts him in a jail cell. Beck soon learns that "Gallagher" is an imposter, impersonating the real agent Gallagher, who is dead. When Beck confronts "Gallagher" with this information, "Gallagher" admits to being an extraterrestrial lawman and that they are in fact pursuing an alien thrill killer who has the ability to take over other's bodies. Beck dismisses the story as insane and leaves "Gallagher" in a jail cell at the police station.

Back at Masterson's house, the alien leaves the dog's body and enters Masterson. In the morning, Masterson goes to the police station and seizes a number of weapons, sparking a shootout between himself and the station's police officers as he attempts to track down "Gallagher". Convinced of "Gallagher's" story due to Masterson's immunity to excessive bullet wounds, Beck releases him from jail, and the two confront Masterson. During the resulting shootout, Masterson confirms that "Gallagher" is an alien law enforcer named Alhague who has been pursuing the alien ever since it murdered his family and his partner on another planet. When Alhague first came to Earth, he inhabited the body of Robert Stone, a park ranger, while assuming the identity of Lloyd Gallagher after the real Gallagher was killed in a fire. Though Beck manages to stop Masterson, Alhague/Gallagher demonstrates that his weapon cannot kill the alien when it is still inside a human body, thus requiring him to be present while it is transferring hosts. They are unable to stop the alien from abandoning Masterson's body for that of Beck's partner Willis, who then escapes the station.

Using Willis' credentials, the alien attempts to gain access to Senator Holt, a likely presidential candidate. Alhague/Gallagher and Beck follow Willis, and a shootout ensues between Beck and Willis. Beck is severely wounded. As Willis, the alien corners Senator Holt and enters his body before Alhague/Gallagher can stop him. "Holt" then calls a press conference and announces his candidacy for the presidency. Alhague/Gallagher is forced to attack Holt in the middle of the press conference. Though shot several times by the police and the senator's bodyguards, Alhague/Gallagher is able to get close enough to use a flamethrower on Holt. The alien emerges from Holt's charred body, shocking everyone present. Alhague/Gallagher kills it with his alien weapon before collapsing.

Taken to the hospital where Beck is being treated, Alhague/Gallagher discovers that Beck is close to death. Witnessing the emotional suffering of Beck's wife and daughter, Alhague/Gallagher transfers his life force from Gallagher to Beck as Beck dies. When she sees her miraculously "recovered" father, Beck's daughter initially hesitates when he reaches out to her, but then smiles and takes his hand.

Production
Director Jack Sholder was drawn to the film because of the script. Writer Jim Kouf had originally expressed interest in directing, but when the studios refused, he lost interest in the script. Sholder, who saw the potential to turn it into more than an action film, did a rewrite to heighten the themes of what it means to be human. Casting for the film was difficult; they used auditions and could not cast Agent Gallagher until several days before shooting began. Sholder later called MacLachlan "an inspired choice", though Sholder clashed with Nouri. Nouri and McLachlan both liked the script, and, during auditions, agreed to do the film if the other was involved.

Interviewed by director Tim Hunter in 2000, Sholder recalled that the police station seen throughout the film was a set "built into some raw space at the Lincoln Heights Jail."

Soundtrack
The score, which was composed by Michael Convertino, was released on Varese Sarabande Records on January 30, 2007.

Songs featured in the film include:

 * "Hidden" – The Truth
 * "Black Girl White Girl" – The Lords of the New Church
 * "Is There Anybody In There?" – Hunters & Collectors
 * "Say Good Bye" – Hunters & Collectors
 * "On Your Feet" – Shok Paris
 * "Going Down Fighting" – Shok Paris
 * "Weapons of Love" – The Truth
 * "Still in Hollywood" – Concrete Blonde
 * "Your Haunted Head" – Concrete Blonde
 * "While the Going's Good" – Twin Set & the Pearls
 * "You Make Me Feel So Young" – Brian Gunboty
 * "Out of Control (In My Car)" – ULI
 * "Bad Girl" – Mendy Lee
 * "Over Your Shoulder" – Concrete Blonde

Release
The film was released theatrically in the United States by New Line Cinema in October 1987. It turned out to be a modest hit for the company, grossing $9,747,988 at the box office.

The film was released on VHS and laserdisc by Media Home Entertainment in 1988. In May 1997, Lumivision released the film on DVD as a Collector's Edition.

In 2000, New Line Home Entertainment released the film on special edition DVD. The film was re-released in a set including the sequel The Hidden II in 2005.

In August 2017, Warner Archive announced a remastered release of the film on Blu-ray format. It was released on September 12, 2017.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 76% of 33 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.9/10. Variety wrote, "The Hidden is a well-constructed thriller, directed with swift assurance by Jack Sholder, brought down by an utterly conventional sci-fi ending." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated it 3/4 stars and called it "a surprisingly effective film". Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "The movie is mostly a series of automobile chases through Los Angeles, but there is also some humor." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times, called it "as unstintingly violent as it is crudely ingenious". Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote, "The Hidden is one of the most satisfying genre movies to hit the streets in a while."

In a 1992 retrospective, James M. Silver of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film did not have a long enough release to attract a proper audience but is "outstanding". It has since become a cult film.

Awards

 * Jack Sholder won the Grand Prize at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival in 1988.
 * Jack Sholder won Best Director at Fantasporto in 1988. It was also nominated for Best Film at that festival.
 * Michael Nouri won Best Actor at the Catalan International Film Festival in 1987. Jack Sholder took Prize of the International Critics’ Jury at the same festival.
 * At the 1988 Saturn Awards, Michael Nouri was nominated for Best Actor, Jack Sholder was nominated for Best Director, Jim Kouf was nominated for best writing, and The Hidden was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film.

title: The Hidden (1987 film)


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Robotic Lunar Observatory

The Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) is an astronomical observatory funded by NASA and located at the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Science Campus atop McMillan Mesa in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its purpose is to enable the Moon to be used as a radiometric calibration reference for Earth-orbiting remote-sensing spacecraft instruments. The ROLO project is currently ongoing, but the program ceased observations in September 2003. The facility is maintained for calibration and instrument characterization purposes. It consists of two 20 cm Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes attached to an equatorial mount made by DFM Engineering. One telescope is fitted with a sensor optimized for visible and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths, while the other is tuned to short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). The VNIR camera began operations in 1995 and the SWIR camera in 1997.

title: Robotic Lunar Observatory


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User:Imdaking

 * .:: I M D A  K I N G ::.

_

title: User:Imdaking


text: Talk:University of Southern Indiana

title: Talk:University of Southern Indiana


text: Talk:Saint Joseph's College (Indiana)

title: Talk:Saint Joseph's College (Indiana)


text:
User talk:Ignatzmous

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Ignatzmous


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USCGC Bramble

USCGC Bramble (WLB-392) is one of the 39 original 180 ft seagoing buoy tenders built between 1942 and 1944 for the United States Coast Guard. In commission from 1944 until 2003 she saw service in Pacific, Caribbean and Atlantic waters as well as the Great Lakes. In 1947 Bramble was present at the Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll and in 1957 a circumnavigation of North America involved a forced traverse of the Northwest Passage. After decommissioning in 2003 Bramble became a museum ship in Port Huron, Michigan. In 2018 she was sold to a private owner, who is preparing MV Bramble to repeat her historic 1957 circumnavigation of North America.

Design and construction
The ship was built by the Zenith Dredge Company in Duluth, Minnesota. Bramble's preliminary design was completed by the United States Lighthouse Service and the final design was produced by Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth. On 2 August 1943 the keel was laid, she was launched on 23 October 1943 and commissioned on 22 April 1944. The original cost for the hull and machinery was $925,464.

1944–1957
In the spring on 1945, she departed the Great Lakes to her first homeport of San Pedro, California, to perform aids to navigation duties. Later that year, Bramble was transferred to Juneau, Alaska, for supply and aids to navigation work around the Aleutian Islands.

After World War II, Bramble's homeport was changed to San Francisco. Except for a brief stay in Hawaii in 1946, she remained assigned to San Francisco until 1949. From July to October 1947, Bramble participated in "Operation Crossroads", the first test of an atomic bomb's effect on surface ships, at Bikini Island.

In 1949 Bramble was reassigned to San Juan, Puerto Rico and moved again in 1953 to Miami, Florida. About this time renewed interest in the Northwest Passage brought about another mission for Bramble.

Northwest Passage, 1957
The Coast Guard Cutters Bramble, USCGC Spar (WLB-403) and USCGC Storis (WMEC-38) were selected to attempt a forced passage along the northern shore of Canada from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. Preparations for the difficult voyage included fitting Bramble with a stainless steel propeller and strengthening her bow to withstand tremendous pressures created by the Arctic ice pack. Bramble departed for this historic adventure from Miami on 24 May 1957 en route Seattle, Washington via the Panama Canal. On 1 July 1957 the task force departed Seattle for the Atlantic via the Bering Strait and Arctic Ocean. The ships traveled through 4500 nmi of semi-charted water in 64 days to recross the Arctic Circle into the Atlantic. The success of the mission distinguished the three cutters as the first American surface ships to circumnavigate the North American continent. On 2 December 1957 Bramble returned to Miami.

1957–1985
In 1962 Bramble transferred to Detroit, Michigan to perform the missions of aids to navigation, search and rescue, icebreaking and law enforcement throughout the Great Lakes. Bramble completed a major renovation and overhaul in 1974, during which her engines were removed and rebuilt and her berthing areas were expanded and modernized. A new hydraulic boom was also installed.

Upon completion of the major renovation in September 1975, Bramble reported to Port Huron, Michigan. In addition to her normal duties, Bramble was involved in some unique missions. She frequently served as the Patrol Commander for the Port Huron-to-Mackinac sailboat race. This race started in 1925 and is one of the largest freshwater sailboat races in the country, with an average of 300 boats competing each year. Bramble also set buoys for the International Freedom Festival in the Detroit River.

1986–1998
From December 1986 to April 1987, Bramble performed law enforcement duties in the Caribbean. Bramble was involved in six cases during which one vessel was seized, three persons arrested and 50 tons of marijuana confiscated.

From June to November 1989, Bramble again underwent major renovations in Toledo, Ohio. Her original engines were replaced with General Motors electromotive Division EMD-645 V-8 diesel engines. New 200 kW ship's service generators, boilers, associated plumbing and electrical cable were also part of the project.

1994 marked the Golden (50th) Anniversary of Bramble's commissioning, along with her Great Lakes sister ships USCGC Acacia, homeported in Charlevoix, Michigan, and USCGC Sundew, homeported in Duluth, Minnesota.

From December 1997 to April 1998 the Bramble was involved in "Operation Snowbird." This took the cutter to the Caribbean, where the main mission was to help train marine police of ten eastern Caribbean nations. While there, the crew also performed work on aids to navigation and participated with Venezuela in a joint law enforcement operation. During this operation Bramble steamed over 12,165 miles.

1998–2003
Aids to navigation was Bramble's primary mission; aids to navigation assist the merchant fleet and private vessels in safely navigating waterways. Bramble's area of responsibility included eastern Lake Erie, southern Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. Bramble was responsible for maintaining 187 buoys, 1 NOAA weather buoy, and three fog signals. During winter months Bramble's capabilities as an icebreaker enabled her to escort ships through the ice, assist ships in distress and break ice for relief.

Bramble primarily deployed twice a year for buoy operations. In late fall or early winter, Bramble spent between eight-ten weeks "buoy decommissioning" – removing buoys and installing temporary winter marks (small buoys not normally damaged by ice). During this period approximately 101 lighted buoys would be decommissioned. Then, starting in early spring as the lake ice season began to subside, Bramble started the eight-ten week "buoy commissioning" season to replace winter marks with regular buoys. Along with commissioning the buoys, there were approximately 86 unlighted aids that had to be serviced and inspected in the spring. Her winter months were normally spent, when not icebreaking, undergoing maintenance and training; her summer months were usually spent in regularly scheduled drydock or dockside availabilities, training conferences and festival celebrations throughout the lakes.

With new technology evolving, the new 225 ft Juniper-class cutters began to replace the 180s'. The new cutters have the primary mission of buoy tending, but also are able to perform multiple missions like their predecessor. The 225's also are able to help with environmental cleanups, search and rescue, law enforcement and icebreaking.

On 22 May 2003, Bramble was decommissioned. Her replacement was the Juniper-class cutter USCGC Hollyhock (WLB-214).

Awards
Throughout Bramble's service it was awarded many awards and ribbons. She received the Department of Transportation Gold Medal, CG Unit Commendation, CG Meritorious Unit Commendation, CG "E" Ribbon, CG Bicentennial Unit Commendation, American Campaign Medal, WWII Victory Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, Arctic Service Medal and the Special Operations Service Ribbon.

Museum ship
After decommissioning, Bramble became a museum ship, docked at the Seaway Terminal, donated to the Port Huron Museum, but closed to the public in 2011 due to lack of funding. In August 2012 she was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In January 2013 the ship was purchased by Robert B Klingler of Marine City, Michigan, who created the company USCGC Bramble LLC. Some restoration was carried out and the ship continued as a museum, also making occasional short voyages. Bramble was used as the basis for the White Portuguese ship featured in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

Future expedition and auction
In December 2018 Bramble was sold to Tom Clarke of Roanoke, Virginia. He announced plans to send the vessel to a Mobile, Alabama shipyard in Spring 2019 to prepare her for a voyage from Miami, replicating the circumnavigation of North America in 1957, including traverse of the North West Passage. This plan was cancelled as Bramble's new owner ran out of funds, and the ship was taken from him to be auctioned off in Mobile, Alabama. On December 4, 2019 the Bramble was sold at public auction by the United States Marshals Service for $80,000 to M.A.R.S., Modern American Recycling Services, Inc.

title: USCGC Bramble


text: File:Microsoft space simulator cover.jpg


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User talk:WamBamBoozle

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:26, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
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Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. -- The Anome 19:32, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome your help to create new content, but your recent additions (such as The Algorithm is Banned in China) are considered nonsense. Please refrain from creating nonsense articles. If you want to test things out, edit the sandbox instead. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Xiahou 02:09, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:WamBamBoozle


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Krákumál

Krákumál or the Lay of Kraka is a skaldic poem, consisting of a monologue in which Ragnar Lodbrok is dying in Ælla's snake pit and looks back at a life full of heroic deeds. It was composed in the 12th century, almost certainly in the Scottish islands. It is composed in a kind of háttlausa in 29 stanzas, most of them with ten lines. Thomas Percy was the first to translate the poem into English.

Plot
In moving and forceful language, the poem deals with the joys of the life of a warrior, the hope that his death will be followed by a gory revenge, and the knowledge that he will soon know the pleasures of Valhalla.

The poem has been translated into several languages and it has contributed to the modern image of a Viking warrior.

Sample
The following is the text of the first stanza with a literal translation:

In popular culture

 * In History Channel's drama series Vikings ("All His Angels"), the poem forms the basis for the final words of Ragnar Lothbrok, played by Travis Fimmel. Stanza 23 is read in old norse in the episode "The Best Laid Plans".
 * French Nordic neofolk group SKÁLD performed extracts of the poem in their song Krákumál, featured in their 2019 album Vikings Chant.

title: Krákumál


text:
R. D. Wingfield

Rodney David Wingfield (6 June 1928 – 31 July 2007) was an English author and radio dramatist. He is best remembered for creating the character of Detective Inspector Jack Frost, who was later played by David Jason in A Touch of Frost.

Early life
Rodney David Wingfield was born in Hackney, east London in 1928. He was educated at the Coopers' Company School and during the Second World War was evacuated to Frome, Somerset. Wingfield was exempted from National Service due to poor eyesight and had various office jobs in the East End before joining the Petrofina oil company. His first radio play, Our West Ladyton Branch was accepted by the BBC in 1968 and two more were then commissioned, at which point Wingfield resigned from his job.

Inspector Frost
In 1972, Macmillan Publishers invited him to write a book, and he wrote Frost at Christmas. This was rejected and not published until the early 1980s in Canada. Wingfield had originally planned to kill Frost in the first book, but he was persuaded instead to leave it as an open ending. Following this, two more Frost books were written: A Touch of Frost and Night Frost. In 1977 Frost appeared in a radio play called Three Days of Frost, in which Frost was played by Leslie Sands, a friend of Wingfield's. The books were first published in the United Kingdom in early 1989, and in 1992 Frost first appeared on television in A Touch of Frost, played by David Jason. Wingfield was never enthusiastic about the TV adaptation of his detective, once saying he had nothing against David Jason but "he just isn't my Frost".

Hard Frost was published in 1995, followed by Winter Frost in 1999. Wingfield did not enjoy writing books, and much preferred writing radio scripts. In 20 years he wrote over 40 radio mystery plays, but stopped in 1988, with Hate Mail, due to the decline of radio and the success of his Frost books. As well as the many mystery plays, Wingfield also penned a comedy radio series, The Secret Life of Kenneth Williams, starring Kenneth Williams as a secret agent. Wingfield was a very private man, always avoiding book launches and publishing parties, and being rarely photographed.

Other
In 1982, Leslie Sands played Sergeant Fowler in Wingfield's BBC radio thriller Outbreak of Fear, a murder mystery set in the West Country.

In 1987, Bob Peck starred in the Wingfield BBC radio drama Deadfall, about a demolition man whose past catches up with him.

The 'winkle' postcard (sent by Inspector Frost) is most probably based on a Donald McGill seaside postcard.

After a dispute with the BBC in 1984 he submitted a number of radio plays under the pseudonym "Arthur Jefferson", (the real name of Stan Laurel) one such play being The Killing Season broadcast in six-parts that same year and starring Sean Barrett, Michael Jenner, John Hollis, and Allan Cuthbertson; the serial was essentially a palimpsest of his earlier serial Outbreak of Fear. The final of his non-Inspector Frost radio plays was Hate Mail broadcast in 1988.

Later years
In 2002, R. D. Wingfield was diagnosed with prostate cancer. At about the same time he started writing the sixth, and final, Frost book, A Killing Frost. His wife, Phyllis Patten, whom he married in 1952, died in 2004. They had a son, Phillip. Wingfield died from cancer in 2007, and A Killing Frost was published posthumously on 7 April 2008.

In 2011, the first of four new Frost books was published with the approval of the Wingfield family. The books – First Frost, Fatal Frost, Morning Frost, and Frost at Midnight – are published under the name James Henry. In the case of First Frost, this pseudonym refers to James Gurbutt and Henry Sutton, but for the others it refers to Gurbutt only. All the books are now available in ebook format.

Inspector Frost novels

 * Frost at Christmas (1984)
 * A Touch of Frost (1987)
 * Night Frost (1992)
 * Hard Frost (1995)
 * Winter Frost (1999)
 * A Killing Frost (2008)

title: R. D. Wingfield