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User talk:SHBdesign

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User talk:Jfcgauss

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Judah Leon Magnes

Judah Leon Magnes (יהודה לייב מאגנס; July 5, 1877 – October 27, 1948) was a prominent Reform rabbi in both the United States and Mandatory Palestine. He is best remembered as a leader in the pacifist movement of the World War I period, his advocacy of a binational Jewish-Arab state in Palestine, and as one of the most widely recognized voices of 20th century American Reform Judaism. Magnes served as the first chancellor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1925), and later as its President (1935–1948).

Biography
Magnes was born in San Francisco to David and Sophie (Abrahamson) who named him Julian. He changed his name to Judah as a young man. As a young boy, Magnes's family moved to Oakland, California, where he attended Sabbath school at First Hebrew Congregation, and was taught by Ray Frank, the first Jewish woman to preach formally from a pulpit in the United States.

Magnes's views of the Jewish people was strongly influenced by First Hebrew's Rabbi Levy, and it was at First Hebrew's building on 13th and Clay that Magnes first began preaching. His bar mitzvah speech of 1890 was quoted at length in the Oakland Tribune.

Magnes graduated from Oakland High School as a valedictorian in 1894. He then studied at the University of Cincinnati, where he gained a degree of notoriety in a campaign against censorship of the "Class annual" of 1898 by the university faculty. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati with an A.B. in 1898. He also attended rabbinical seminary at Hebrew Union College, and was ordained a rabbi in June 1900. He then went to study in Germany. He studied Judaism at the Berlin Jewish College, Lehranstalt, and pursued his doctoral studies at Berlin University, where he studied under Friedrich Paulsen and Friedrich Delitzsch, and at the University of Heidelberg. It was while he was in Berlin that he began embracing aspects of Zionist thought, though always strongly opposing its nationalistic elements. He spent time traveling through Eastern Europe, and visited Jewish communities in Germany, Poland, and Galicia. In December 1902, he received a PhD in Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg, and returned to the United States in 1903.

On October 19, 1908, Magnes married Beatrice Lowenstein of New York, who happened to be Louis Marshall's sister-in-law.

New York
In America, he spent most of his professional life in New York City, where he helped found the American Jewish Committee in 1906. Magnes was also one of the most influential forces behind the organization of the Jewish community in the city, serving as president throughout its existence from 1908 to 1922. The Kehillah oversaw aspects of Jewish culture, religion, education and labor issues, in addition to helping to integrate America's German and East European Jewish communities. He was also the president of the Society for the Advancement of Judaism from 1912 to 1920.

The religious views Magnes extolled as a Reform rabbi were not at all within the mainstream. Magnes favored a more traditional approach to Judaism, fearing the overly assimilationist tendencies of his peers. Magnes delivered a Passover sermon in 1910 at Congregation Emanu-El of the City of New York in which he advocated changes in the Reform ritual to incorporate elements of traditional Judaism, expressing his concern that younger members of the congregation were driven to seek spirituality in other religions that cannot be obtained at Congregation Emanu-El. He advocated for restoration of the Bar Mitzvah ceremony and criticized the Union Prayer Book, advocating for a return to the traditional prayer book. The disagreement over this issue led him to resign from Congregation Emanu-El that year. From 1911–12 he was Rabbi of the Conservative Congregation B'nai Jeshurun.

The Kehillah
In New York he set himself the task of uniting the Jewish communities. In 1880 the city contained around 50,000 Jews mostly of German origin. By 1900 there were nearly a million Jews, most coming from what is now Poland, Hungary, Romania, Belarus and Ukraine, making it the largest Jewish population outside of Europe and the Russian Empire. On 11 October 1908 he was chairman of a conference of Jewish organisations, the invitations to which, in English and Yiddish, had also been signed by labour leader Joseph Barondess and Judge Otto A. Rosalsky, amongst others. The conference authorised the formation of a representative community, the Kehillah, and gave Magnes the power to appoint an executive committee. The 25 man committee included Professor Solomon Schechter and Joseph Silverman. They called a convention in February 1909 to form a constituent assembly. Two hundred and twenty-two organisations responded, including 74 synagogues and 42 mutual benefit societies, out of some 3,500 Jewish organisations existing in the city at the time. The Kehillah's aim was:

"to wipe out invidious distinctions between East European and West European, foreigner and native, Uptown and Downtown Jew, rich and poor; and make us realize that the Jews are one people with a common history and with common hopes."

The committee proceeded to set up a series of boards, or bureaus: Education (1910), Social Morals (1912); Industry (1914); and Philanthropic Research (1916). The first secretary of the Bureau of Education was Henrietta Szold. A report by Mordecai Kaplan revealed that of some 200,000 Jewish children of school age no more than 50,000 received any form of Jewish education. By 1916 the Bureau directed or supervised 200 schools, 600 teachers and 35,000 pupils. Funding was dependent on wealthy New York Jews such as Jacob Schiff, Felix M. Warburg and Louis Marshall who made an endowment for girls' education. The Bureau eventually evolved into the Jewish Education Committee of New York. Magnes was also closely involved with the Social Morals Bureau which held investigations into the white-slave-traffic and the Jewish underworld. Its work is held responsible of reducing Jewish juvenile delinquency from 30% of the New York total to 14% twenty years later. In the Bureau of Industry he was Chairman of the Conference of the Furriers Trade.

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
At the end of 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Magnes became involved in collecting funds for the Jewish population in Palestine. The following year, a greater crisis arose with the war on the Eastern Front, devastating the Jews of the Pale of Settlement. Magnes devoted all his energies to this issue. Firstly he set about coordinating the three bodies that had been set up to face the catastrophe. These were the American Jewish Relief Committee, associated with the Kehillah and the American Jewish Committee, the Central Relief Committee from the Orthodox community, and the People's Relief Committee set up by labour organisations. The result was the creation of a single body called the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.

In December 1915, a fund-raising effort was launched at the Carnegie Hall, at which he delivered an emotional appeal which raised a million dollars in donations. By the end of 1915 around five million dollars had been raised. In the spring of 1916 Magnes visited Germany and Poland to organise the distribution of the funds. The visit, via Scandinavia, started in Hamburg and Berlin, from there, with the assistance of the German authorities, he visited Poland and Vilna. He had to overcome the suspicions of the Zionist leadership in Europe, who suspected him of bias. Despite this, he was able to organise the distribution of funds bridging the gulf between the Central and Eastern European Jewish communities.

Amongst the leaders he met were Max Warburg, head of the German Jewish Society (Hilfsverein), and Rabbi Leo Baeck, then Jewish Chaplain in the German Army. He returned to America in the winter of 1916 and launched a fresh relief appeal to raise ten million dollars. At one meeting he was again able to raise a million dollars in donations and pledges in a single evening. With President Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter the war, he switched his attention to anti-war campaigning.

Pacifism and the anti-war movement
Magnes was a Pacifist activist. According to Israeli professor Arthur A. Goren, he considered himself a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and the prophet Jeremiah, and opposed all forms of nationalism by military force. He had developed Pacifist views in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War. Magnes believed it to be an "unrighteous" war. Following the assassination of President William McKinley, who had led the United States into war with Spain, by an anarchist activist, Magnes wrote to his parents from Europe that he was not "enraged at the anarchists for it at all. In my opinion, dishonest men in public office are greater anarchists than those who kill a president once in twenty years".

Following the United States' entry into the war in Europe in the spring of 1917, Magnes switched all his attention to campaigning against it. He became one of the movement's high-profile leaders. Like most of its leaders his sympathies were with the working classes. People such Eugene Debs who was sentenced to ten years in prison for his activities; Norman Thomas; Roger Nash Baldwin; Scott Nearing; Morris Hillquit, who took 22% of the vote in New York's Mayoral elections on an anti-war platform; and Oswald Garrison Villard. Most of these men were involved in what became the People's Council of America for Democracy and the Terms of Peace with Magnes its first chairman. On 30 May 1917 he gave the keynote address to a mass meeting of fifteen thousand people in the Madison Square Gardens. A follow-up meeting in Minneapolis was banned and hastily reconvened in Chicago but with a military force threatening to break it up.

Magnes moved home in Connecticut because of hostility from his neighbours and was interviewed by an agent from the Department of Justice. One of his colleagues from the "Joint", B. D. Bogen, was questioned by Attorney-General Thomas Watt Gregory about Magnes' activities.

Magnes worked with the newly-formed National Civil Liberties Bureau which defended pacifists and conscientious objectors. In America more than 2,000 prosecutions were brought against war-resisters under the Selective Service Act of 1917 or the Espionage Act of 1917; Magnes avoided prosecution since he was over conscription age.

Despite coming from a wealthy background—by 1920 he had become financially independent—Magnes reacted to the Russian Revolution with enthusiasm; in 1921 he was the spokesman at Philadelphia for the Society for Medical Relief to Soviet Russia. He also spoke on behalf of the Italians Sacco and Vanzetti.

Palestine
Magnes first visited Ottoman Palestine in 1907, growing a beard in solidarity with the Jewish colonists. At Jaffa he was told of the plans for a Jewish-only town, north of Jaffa, to be called Tel Aviv. He was sceptical that it would ever come about. He made an extensive tour of the region, travelling on horseback and camping at night. The tour included reaching the summit of Mount Hermon. He returned to America by way of the seventh Zionist Congress in The Hague. His wife accompanied him on his second visit in 1912. They stayed in Jerusalem where there was some discussion of establishing a Hebrew University. They also visited Merhavia and Degania in the Galilee.

Magnes agreed, however, with the overall anti-Zionist attitudes of Reform Judaism at the time; he strongly disapproved of nationalistic aspects within Judaism, which Zionism represented and supported. To him, Jews living in the Diaspora and Jews living in Palestine were of equal significance to Judaism and Jewish culture; he agreed that a renewed Jewish community in Eretz Israel would enhance Jewish life within the Diaspora. Magnes emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1922 and maintained that emigration to Eretz Israel was a matter of individual choice; it did not reflect any kind of "negation of the Diaspora", or support for Zionism. He thought that the land of Israel should be built in a "decent manner", or not built at all.

In both America and Palestine, Magnes played a key role in founding the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1918 along with Albert Einstein and Chaim Weizmann. However, the three did not get along, and when, in 1928, Magnes, who was initially responsible only for the university's finances and administrative staff, had his authority extended to academic and professional matters, Einstein resigned from the Board of Governors. Einstein wrote: The bad thing about the business was that the good Felix Warburg, thanks to his financial authority ensured that the incapable Magnes was made director of the Institute, a failed American rabbi, who, through his dilettantish enterprises had become uncomfortable to his family in America, who very much hoped to dispatch him honorably to some exotic place. This ambitious and weak person surrounded himself with other morally inferior men, who did not allow any decent person to succeed there ... These people managed to poison the atmosphere there totally and to keep the level of the institution low

Magnes served as the first chancellor of the Hebrew University (1925) and later as its president (1935–1948; followed by Sir Leon Simon as Acting President, 1948 to 1949). Magnes believed that the university was the ideal place for Jewish and Arab cooperation, and worked tirelessly to advance this goal.

Magnes's responded to the 1929 Arab revolt in Palestine with a call for a binational solution to Palestine. Magnes dedicated the rest of his life to reconciliation with the local Arabs; he particularly objected to the concept of a specifically Jewish state. In his view, Palestine should be neither Jewish nor Arab. Rather, he advocated a binational state in which equal rights would be shared by all, a view shared by the group Brit Shalom, an organization with which Magnes is often associated, but never joined. In a speech given at the reopening of the university following the 1929 riots Magnes was heckled by members of the audience for speaking of the need for Jews and Arabs to find ways to live and work together. He was also attacked in the Jewish press.

In late 1937, Magnes welcomed the Hyamson-Newcombe proposal for the creation of an independent Palestinian state with all citizens having equal rights and each community having autonomy, writing that it offered the 'portals to an agreement' between Jews and Arabs in Palestine. This proposal was a document put together by leading a British Arabist, Colonel Stewart Newcombe, and prominent British Jewish binationalist, Albert M Hyamson. Magnes then tried to use the document to work with moderate Arabs towards an alternative to partition that was not tainted by official British endorsement, however this did not work out. Magnes's enthusiasm for the Newcombe-Hyamson proposal can be explained by his commitment to Arab-Jewish cooperation, a binational state and his acknowledgement of the importance of demographic balance for Arab negotiators.

When the Peel Commission made its 1937 recommendations about partition and population transfer for Palestine, Magnes sounded the alarm: "With the permission of the Arabs we will be able to receive hundreds of thousands of persecuted Jews in Arab lands [...] Without the permission of the Arabs even the four hundred thousand [Jews] that now are in Palestine will remain in danger, in spite of the temporary protection of British bayonets. With partition a new Balkan is made [..] New York Times, July 18, 1937."

With increasing persecution of European Jews, the outbreak of World War II and continuing violence in Mandate Palestine, Magnes realized that his vision of a voluntary negotiated treaty between Arabs and Jews had become politically impossible. In an article in January 1942 in Foreign Affairs he suggested a joint British-American initiative to prevent the division of Mandate Palestine. The Biltmore Conference in May that year caused Magnes and others to break from the Zionist mainstream's revised demand for a "Jewish Commonwealth". As a result, he and Henrietta Szold founded the small, binationalist political party, Ihud (Unity).

Magnes opposed the Partition plan. He submitted 11 objections to partition to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine.

By mid-1948, when the conflict between the Jews and Arabs of Palestine was in full swing, Magnes was pessimistic, and feared an Arab victory due to the Arabs' overwhelming numerical superiority. Magnes expressed the hope that if a Jewish state were declared, the United States would impose economic sanctions, saying that there could be no war without money or ammunition. During a conversation with George Marshall on May 4, 1948, he asked the US to impose sanctions on both sides. Calling the Yishuv an "artificial community", he predicted that sanctions would halt "the Jewish war machine". He supported a March 1948 US trusteeship proposal, in which the UN would freeze the partition decision and force both sides into a trusteeship with a temporary government ruling Palestine, until conditions suited another arrangement, in the hope that there would be understanding and peace talks would be possible. He predicted that even if a Jewish state was established and defeated the Arabs, it would experience a never-ending series of wars with the Arabs.

Magnes returned to the United States in April 1948 to participate in an anti-partition campaign. When he left, his position at Hebrew University was in jeopardy, as more staff moved against him due to his views. According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, the Hadassah medical convoy massacre of April 13, 1948, was "in effect the final nail in the coffin of Magnes' binationalism. It was not that he publicly recanted. But he understood that it was a lost cause - and that his own standing in the Yishuv had been irreparably damaged." At the funerals of the victims, eighteen staff members from Hebrew University signed a petition protesting Magnes' view. The campaign was led by Professor Shimon Fritz Bodenheimer, who called Magnes a "traitor".

Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence, Magnes ceased advocating binationalism, and accepted the existence of the state of Israel, telling one of his sons "do you think that in my heart I am not glad too that there is a state? I just did not think it was to be." On May 15, 1948, following the declaration of independence, he called Israeli President Chaim Weizmann to express congratulations. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Magnes lobbied for an armistice, and proposed a plan for a federation between Israel and a Palestinian state which he called the "United States of Palestine", under which the two states would be independent, but operate joint foreign and defense policies, with Jerusalem as the shared capital. He spoke with American, Israeli, and Arab officials, who expressed some interest in his plans. During the summer of 1948, he also began to lobby increasingly for a solution to the Palestinian refugee problem.

Magnes had been suffering from increasingly-poor health in 1948, and was already seriously ill when he left Palestine in April. On June 10, he suffered a stroke and had to be hospitalized for several weeks. Magnes died in New York of a heart attack on October 27, 1948, at the age of 71. Just before his death, he withdrew from the leadership of American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, a welfare organization he had helped establish. The reason was that the AJJDC had not answered his plea for help for the Palestinian refugees: "How can I continue to be officially associated with an aid organization which apparently so easily can ignore such a huge and acute refugee problem?"

Yiddish vs. Hebrew
Magnes' Yiddish and German-speaking father arrived in San Francisco in 1863 where he abandoned Yiddish. His mother was also German-speaking. Magnes grew up with English as his first language but his command of German was sufficient for his two years studying in Germany. In 1895 he heard Russian orator Rabbi Hirsch Masliansky lecture in Hebrew and this awoke his interest in modern Hebrew. While in Germany he joined a group of young Zionists dedicated to learning Hebrew. He also made a determined effort to learn Yiddish which he put to good use when working with new immigrants in New York. Once in Palestine he studied and became fluent in French, the other major European language used in the Middle East. He also studied Arabic but never gained a command beyond formal exchanges.

Hebrew was the instructional language at the Hebrew University. In May 1927 Martin Buber was invited to lecture at the University. When a group of students demanded that he lecture in Hebrew rather than German he refused and had to be persuaded by Magnes not to cancel his speech. The same year David Shapiro, the publisher of the New York Yiddish daily Der Tog announced he would raise $50,000 for an endowed chair of Yiddish at the university. This provoked such a strong reaction, with posters around the city accusing the university of treason and demonstrators outside Magnes' house under the slogan "The chair of Jargon, the end of the university", that Magnes was forced to decline the offer. It was not until 1949 that the university had a chair in Yiddish with David Sedan as its first lecturer.

Magnes could speak Hebrew eloquently on great occasions, but it was with an American accent and in a literary style. He was more comfortable with English. In New York he had been capable of moving large audiences with his public speaking, such as his 1915 fundraiser for the Joint Distribution Committee at the Carnegie Hall, or the Madison Square Gardens anti-war rally in 1917; but in Palestine, where Hebrew was insisted on at public gatherings, he was not able to have the same impact.

Legacy
Memorializing his passing, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations wrote of Magnes that he was: ...One of the most distinguished rabbis of our age, a son of the Hebrew Union College, a former rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, New York, the founder and first chancellor of the Hebrew University, the leader of the movement for good will between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, a man of prophetic stature by whose life and works the traditions of the rabbinate, as well as the spiritual traditions of all mankind were enriched.

The Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California, the first Jewish Museum of the West, was named in Magnes' honor, and the museum's Western Jewish History Center has a large collection of papers, correspondence, publications, and photographs of Judah Magnes and members of his family. It also contains the conference proceedings of The Life and Legacy of Judah L. Magnes, an International Symposium that the museum sponsored, in 1982.

The main avenue in Hebrew University's Givat Ram campus is named after Magnes, and so is their publishing press the Magnes Press.

Works

 * Aknin, Joseph ben Judah. (Editor), Berlin, 1904.
 * The Jewish Community of New York City. New York: n.p., 1909.
 * Report to the Joint Distribution Committee. Berlin: Commission of the American Jewish Relief Funds, 1917.
 * Russia and Germany at Brest-Litovsk: A Documentary History of the Peace Negotiations. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1919.
 * Amnesty for Political Prisoners: Address Delivered in Washington, D.C. on April 17, 1919. New York: National Civil Liberties Bureau, n.d. [1919].
 * War-time Addresses, 1917–1921. New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923.
 * Like All the Nations? Jerusalem, 1930.
 * Addresses by the Chancellor of the Hebrew University.  Jerusalem: Azriel Press, 1936.
 * The Bond. Two letters to Gandhi with Martin Buber. Rubin Mass, Jerusalem, April, 1939.
 * Addresses by the Chancellor of the Hebrew University.  Jerusalem, 1946.
 * In the Perplexity of the Times. Jerusalem, 1946.
 * Palestine — Divided or United? The Case for a Bi-National Palestine before the United Nations. With M. Reiner; Lord Samuel; E. Simon; M. Smilansky. Jerusalem: Ihud, 1947.
 * Arab-Jewish Unity: Testimony before the Anglo-American Inquiry Commission for Ihud (Union) Association. With Martin Buber. London: Victod Gollancz. 1947.
 * Towards Union in Palestine, Essays on Zionism and Jewish-Arab Cooperation. With M. Buber, E. Simon. Ihud, Jerusalem, 1947.

title: Judah Leon Magnes


text:
St Keyne

St Keyne (Sen Keyn) is a village in the civil parish of St Keyne and Trewidland, in east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish lies between the parishes of Liskeard and Duloe. The parish population at the 2011 census was 492.

The village is served by a railway station known as St Keyne Wishing Well Halt.

Notable buildings
The church is dedicated to Saint Keyne, said to be one of the daughters of the legendary Welsh King Brychan. The church is of little architectural interest. The Perpendicular north aisle has probably been added to a church originally cruciform in plan (its windows however are Decorated, no doubt reused). The west tower is of three storeys and without buttresses.

St Keyne's well is a holy well dedicated to Saint Keyne, located about 1 km southeast of the village. A small housing was built over the well in the 16th century, this was rebuilt in the 1930s. The ballad The Well of St Keyne was written by the poet Robert Southey (1774–1843). In Victorian times St Keyne's well had the reputation of conferring supremacy to the marriage partner who first tasted it. ("The quality, that man and wife / Whose chance, or choice, attaines / First of this sacred stream to drinke / Thereby the mastery gains.")

Lametton Mill, designed as a Grade II listed building in 1985, dates from the 17th century. The property sold in March 2018 for £235,000. In 2022 it was the subject of a restoration featured in Channel 4's Grand Designs.

Civil parish
In 2020 Cornwall Council announced that from 1 April 2021 the part of Dobwalls and Trewidland parish surrounding the village of Trewidland would be moved to the parish of St Keyne, to form the new parish of St Keyne and Trewidland, increasing the area of the parish including St Keyne by more than a factor of three.

title: St Keyne


text:
Chris Glaser (activist)

Chris Glaser has been an activist in the movement for full inclusion of LGBT Christians in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), or PCUSA, for over 30 years. He is currently a minister in the Metropolitan Community Church, or MCC.

Education
Glaser graduated from Yale University Divinity School with a M.Div. degree in 1977. While still a student there in 1974, he formed a support group for gay Christians. In 1976, during an intern at University of Pennsylvania, he founded a peer counseling service for gay and lesbian people.

From 1976 to 1977, he served as the only openly gay man on the Presbyterian Task Force to Study Homosexuality, and the rejection of its gay tolerant conclusions by the Church meant that Glaser himself was refused ordination as clergy by the Presbyterian Church (USA) in 1978.

Presbyterian ministry
After leaving Yale without his ordination, he created and served (from 1978 to 1987) as Director of Lazarus Project, a ministry of reconciliation between the church and the lesbian and gay community in Los Angeles, funded by the Presbyterian Church (USA). He also worked with as a national coordinator and editor for Presbyterians for Lesbian and Gay Concerns (now known as More Light Presbyterians) and their newsletter, More Light Update.

MCC ministry
He began serving MCC San Francisco as Interim Pastor on November 1, 2006, having been ordained by this denomination. He has also served as Interim Pastor of Christ Covenant MCC in Decatur, Georgia.

Interim Minister at Virginia-Highland Church (2009-2010)
Rev. Glaser served as interim pastor of Virginia-Highland Church in Atlanta, GA from January 1, 2009, until mid-2010.

Writings
Glaser is a leading writer in the field of Queer Theology.

His published works include

 * Uncommon Calling 1988
 * Come Home! 1990
 * Coming Out to God 1991
 * The Word Is Out 1994
 * Coming Out as Sacrament 1998
 * Communion of Life-Meditations for the New Millennium 1999
 * Reformation of the Heart: Seasonal Meditations by a Gay Christian With a Scripture Index 2001
 * As My Own Soul: The Blessing of Same-Gender Marriage Seabury Press, 2009

Between 1998 and 2002, the year it ceased publication, Glaser edited Open Hands, a quarterly magazine for congregations welcoming of LGBT people in seven mainline Protestant denominations in the United States and Canada.

He has also published articles in such national publications as Christianity & Crisis, The Christian Century, and The Advocate, Newsweek.

title: Chris Glaser (activist)


text:
User talk:Danbirchall

Looks like you never got a proper welcome, so -- welcome!

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! · Katefan0(scribble) 19:39, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
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Rollin C Thomas
A template has been added to the article Rollin C Thomas, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Fredrick day 23:09, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

UNICPOLOS
Yes, it would certainly be worth-while to add a section on UNICPOLOS to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Sounds like you are just the guy to write it. It is certainly about to become very topical - see http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/sep/22/oilandpetrol --Red King 23:32, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

It's been nearly 5 years since your suggestion, and I haven't gotten around to it yet... I'm about to attend UNICPOLOS for the eighth year in a row (geez, I'm getting old) so I will have to see if I can come up with something this year. Dan (talk) 08:43, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Danbirchall


text: Category:Club Atlético Colón footballers


text:
Ahmad al-Muqtadir

Ahmad ibn Sulayman al-Muqtadir (or just Moctadir; أبو جعفر أحمد "المقتدر بالله" بن سليمان, Abu Ja'far Ahmad al-Muqtadir bi-Llah ibn Sulayman) was a member of the Banu Hud family who ruled the Islamic taifa of Zaragoza, in what is now Spain, from 1049 to 1081. He was the son of the previous ruler, Al-Mustain I, Sulayman ibn Hud al-Judhami.

title: Ahmad al-Muqtadir


text: User talk:82.42.208.45

title: User talk:82.42.208.45


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tiguar

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect. JYolkowski // talk 21:58, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Tiguar
Nonexistant hybrid. 162 English Google results. --Apostrophe 19:40, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Panthera hybrid. --Apostrophe 22:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete . Anyway, wouldn't it be a jiger? Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 20:12, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. No. The name of hybrid animals depends on which animal was the father, and which the mother.  Contrast tigon vs liger. ManoaChild 23:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That would make a mule a dorse, and a hinny a honkey, then :) (Actually I knew that). Merge and Redirect per Apostrophe. Tonywalton [[Image:Pentacle_1.svg|15px]] | Talk 12:34, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Shoot Merge and redirect all tiguars, jaggers and jigers on sight. Alf 20:30, 25 August 2005 (UTC) (changed vote from delete to M&R). Alf 10:20, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wait for one to be born.  Currently not much more than a dicdef. ManoaChild 21:03, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as per Apostrophe ManoaChild 23:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as per nominator. -- Etacar11   03:28, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tiguar


text:
Cowpens National Battlefield

Cowpens National Battlefield is a unit of the National Park Service just east of Chesnee, South Carolina, and near the state line with North Carolina. It preserves a major battlefield of the American Revolutionary War.

Brigadier General Daniel Morgan won the Battle of Cowpens, a decisive Revolutionary War victory over British Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton on January 17, 1781. It is considered one of Morgan's most memorable victories and one of Tarleton's most memorable defeats.

Established as Cowpens National Battlefield Site March 4, 1929; transferred from the War Department August 10, 1933; redesignated April 11, 1972. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Area: 841.56 acres (3.41 km2), Federal: 790.9 acre, Nonfederal: 50.66 acre.

The visitor center features a museum with exhibits about the American Revolution and the battle, including a fiber-optic map that illustrates the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution and the battle, a walking tour of the battlefield itself, and the reconstructed log cabin of one Robert Scruggs, who had farmed the land before the establishment of the park.

title: Cowpens National Battlefield


text:
List of placenames in Hampshire County, West Virginia

This is a complete list of placenames in Hampshire County, West Virginia. Placename entries are compiled from the United States Geological Survey's Geographic Names Information System.


text:
User talk:Ttorfs

Welcome, from Journalist
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  Journalist  C. Holla @ me!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Ttorfs


text:
Al-Musta'in I

Sulayman ibn Muhammad ibn Hud al-Judhami (سليمان بن محمد بن هود الجذامي), known by the regnal name al-Mustaʿin bi-Illah (المستعين بالله), was the first member of the Banu Hud family to rule the medieval taifa of Zaragoza, today a province in Spain. He ruled from 1039 (when he seized control of the city from the Banu Tujib) to 1046.

title: Al-Musta'in I


text:
User:Lord Voldemort/Quicksand

'''This is my quicksand... nothing survives in here for long:'''

title: User:Lord Voldemort/Quicksand


text:
Category talk:Lakes of North Macedonia

I suggest you change the template or nominate categories with names as "... of Republic of Macedonia" for Categories for renaming. This is only category, it is neutral, so the neutrality template is wrong. -- Darwinek 19:44, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Lakes of North Macedonia


text:
User talk:Genoism

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Friday (talk) 19:44, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Genoism


text:
Autolysis (biology)

In biology, autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes. It may also refer to the digestion of an enzyme by another molecule of the same enzyme.

The term derives from the Greek αὐτο- 'self' and λύσις 'splitting'.

Biochemical mechanisms of cell destruction
Autolysis is uncommon in living adult organisms and usually occurs in necrotic tissue as enzymes act on components of the cell that would not normally serve as substrates. These enzymes are released due to the cessation of active processes in the cell that provide substrates in healthy, living tissue; autolysis in itself is not an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of nutrients by live cells, the dead cells are not actively digesting themselves as is often claimed, and as the synonym self-digestion suggests. Failure of respiration and subsequent failure of oxidative phosphorylation is the trigger of the autolytic process. The reduced availability and subsequent absence of high-energy molecules that are required to maintain the integrity of the cell and maintain homeostasis causes significant changes in the biochemical operation of the cell.

Molecular oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in the series of biochemical reactions known as oxidative phosphorylation that are ultimately responsible for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the main source of energy for otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable cellular processes. Failure of delivery of molecular oxygen to cells results in a metabolic shift to anaerobic glycolysis, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate as an inefficient means of generating adenosine triphosphate. Glycolysis has a lower ATP yield than oxidative phosphorylation and generates acidic byproducts that decrease the pH of the cell, which enables many of the enzymatic processes involved in autolysis.

Limited synthesis of adenosine triphosphate impairs many cellular transport mechanisms that utilize ATP to drive energetically unfavorable processes that transport ions and molecules across the cellular membrane. For example, the membrane potential of the cell is maintained by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Failure of the pump results in loss of membrane potential as sodium ions accumulate within the cell and potassium ions are lost through ion channels. Loss of membrane potential encourages movement of calcium ions into the cell, followed by movement of water into the cell, as driven by osmotic pressure. Water retention, ionic changes, and acidification of the cell damages membrane-bound intracellular structures including the lysosome and peroxisome.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that typically contain a broad spectrum of enzymes capable of hydrolytic deconstruction of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, phosphoric acyl esters, and sulfates. This process requires compartmentalization and segregation of enzymes and substrates via a single intracellular membrane that prevents unwarranted destruction of other intracellular components. Under normal conditions, the molecular machinery of the cell is further protected from lysosomal enzyme activity by regulation of cytosolic pH. The activity of lysosomal hydrolases is optimal at a moderately acidic pH of 5, which is significantly more acidic than the more basic average pH of 7.2 in the surrounding cytosol. However, the accumulation of products of glycolysis decreases the pH of the cell, reducing this protective effect. Furthermore, lysosomal membranes damaged by water retention in the cell will release lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol. These enzymes are likely to be active due to the decreased cytosolic pH and are thus free to utilize cellular components as substrates.

Peroxisomes typically are responsible for the breakdown of lipids, particularly long-chain fatty acids. In the absence of an active electron transport chain and associated cellular processes, there is no metabolic partner for the reducing equivalents in the breakdown of lipids. In terms of autolysis, peroxisomes provide catabolic potential for fatty acids and reactive oxygen species, which are released into the cytosol as the peroxisomal membrane is damaged by water retention and digestion by other catabolic enzymes.

Use
The release of catabolically active enzymes from their sub-cellular locations initiates an irreversible process that results in the complete reduction of deceased organisms. Autolysis produces an acidic, anaerobic, nutrient-rich environment that nurtures the activity of invasive and opportunistic microorganisms in a process known as putrefaction. Autolysis and putrefaction are the main processes responsible for the decomposition of remains.

In the healing of wounds, autolytic debridement can be a helpful process, where the body breaks down and liquifies dead tissue so that it can be washed or carried away. Modern wound dressings that help keep the wound moist can assist in this process.

In the food industry, autolysis involves killing yeast and encouraging breakdown of its cells by various enzymes. The resulting autolyzed yeast is used as a flavoring or flavor enhancer. For yeast extract, when this process is triggered by the addition of salt, it is known as plasmolysis.

In bread baking, the term (or, more commonly, its French cognate autolyse) is described as a period of rest following initial mixing of flour and water, before other ingredients (such as salt and yeast) are added to the dough. Doing so makes the dough easier to shape and improves structure. The term was coined by French baking professor Raymond Calvel, who recommended the procedure as a means of reducing kneading time, thereby improving the flavor and color of bread. Calvel argues that long kneading times subject dough to atmospheric oxygen, which bleaches the naturally occurring carotenoids in bread flour, robbing the flour of its natural creamy color and flavor.

In the making of fermented beverages, autolysis can occur when the must or wort is left on the lees for a long time. In beer brewing, autolysis causes undesired off-flavors. Autolysis in winemaking is often undesirable, but in the case of the best Champagnes it is a vital component in creating flavor and mouth feel.

title: Autolysis (biology)


text:
Aizuchi

In the Japanese language, aizuchi (相槌 or あいづち, ) are interjections during a conversation that indicate the listener is paying attention or understands the speaker (backchanneling). In linguistic terms, these are a form of phatic expression. Aizuchi are considered reassuring to the speaker, indicating that the listener is active and involved in the discussion.

Examples
Common aizuchi include: These have a similar function to English "yeah", "yup", "OK", "really?", "uh-huh", "oh", and so on.
 * hai (はい), ee (ええ), or un (うん)
 * sō desu ne (そうですね)
 * sō desu ka (そうですか)
 * hontō (本当), hontō ni (本当に), maji (マジ), or (in Kansai) honma (本真)
 * naruhodo (なるほど)
 * nodding

Aizuchi are frequently misinterpreted by non-native speakers as the listener showing agreement and approval. Business relations in particular can be hampered by non-native speakers assuming that their Japanese counterparts have been agreeing to their suggestions all along, especially with hai (はい), when the native Japanese speaker meant only that they follow or understand the suggestions – "got it", not "agreed".

Aizuchi can also take the form of so-called echo questions, which consist of a noun plus desu ka (ですか). After Speaker A asks a question, Speaker B may repeat a key noun followed by desu ka to confirm what Speaker A was talking about or simply to keep communication open while Speaker B thinks of an answer. A rough English analog would be "A ..., you say?", as in: "So I bought this new car"; reply: "A car, you say?".

title: Aizuchi


text:
Banu Hud

The Banu Hud (بنو هود Banū Hūd, the Hudid dynasty ) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the taifa of Zaragoza from 1039 until 1110.

In 1039, under the leadership of Al-Mustain I, Sulayman ibn Hud al-Judhami, the Bani Hud seized control of Zaragoza from a rival clan, the Banu Tujib. His heirs, particularly Ahmad I al-Muqtadir (1046–1081), Yusuf al-Mutamin (1081–1085), and Al-Mustain II, Ahmad ibn Yusuf (1085–1110), were patrons of culture and the arts. The Aljafería, the royal residence erected by Ahmad I, is practically the only palace from that period to have survived almost in its entirety.

Despite their independence, the Banu Hud were forced to recognize the superiority of the kingdom of Castile and pay parias to it as early as 1055. In 1086, they led the smaller kingdoms in their resistance to the Almoravids, who did not succeed in conquering Zaragoza until May 1110. The conquest represented the end of the dynasty. The last of the Banu Hud, Imad al-Dawl Abd al-Malik (Abdelmalik) Al Hud, the last king of Zaragoza, forced to abandon his capital, allied himself with the Christian kingdom of Aragon under Alfonso the Battler, who in 1118 reconquered the city for the Christians and made it the capital of Aragon.

The last king's son, Zafadola (Sayf al-Dawla), had some territorial authority before being killed by Christians during a battle.

Between 1228 and 1237, most of al-Andalus was controlled by Ibn Hud, who claimed descent from the Banu Hud.

title: Banu Hud


text:
Talk:T. J. Ramini

Wikified and formatted, there's not a lot of info out there about him. 25/08/2005 1945 GMT (2145 ECT) Stronglad

title: Talk:T. J. Ramini


text:
Talk:Matthew Richardson

I have made a disambiguation page and will update Matthew Richardson (New York University Professor) and Matthew Richardson's Beijing Lectures as soon as i can. I'm not sure if i named Matthew Richardson's Beijing Lectures correctly.

title: Talk:Matthew Richardson


text:
Talk:United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program

TOPGUN upper-case, not initial-caps
Looking at the Navy's website, they use all capitals for "TOPGUN", not initial-caps. As does the Naval Institute. I am conforming to that convention. SixFourThree (talk) 21:24, 18 June 2020 (UTC)SixFourThree
 * According to "Top Gun" or "Topgun" or "TOPGUN"?  Which written term is more correct?: stolen trailer said, "TOPGUN"...diploma said "Top Gun" it also was painted on the hangar as two separate words...0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 09:24, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * According to WP:SSF and WP:CSF, "TOPGUN" is clearly a special stylization. We should use the standard typography and spacing, "Top Gun." See also my more detailed explanation for this same term in a different article: Talk:Top_Gun:_Maverick/Archive_1 Holy (talk) 20:39, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Done, especially as TOPGUN is not an acronym or abbreviation. BilCat (talk) 04:54, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks, ! Holy (talk) 22:10, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. I could have gone either way with "Top Gun" or "Topgun", but historically it was originally spelled "Top Gun", and as you've pointed out elsewhere, that is how it's generally pronounced. BilCat (talk) 22:15, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following uncited material here until it can be properly supported with inline citations of reliable, secondary sources, per WP:V, WP:CS, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, WP:BLP, WP:NOR, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 13:48, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Origins
The USAF concluded that its air losses were primarily due to unobserved MiG attacks from the rear, and were, therefore, a technology problem. The service responded by upgrading its McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fleet, installing an internal M61 Vulcan cannon (replacing the gun pods carried under the aircraft's belly by Air Force Phantom units, such as the 366th Fighter Wing), developing improved airborne radar systems, and working to solve the targeting problems of the AIM-9 Sidewinder and AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles.

In January 1969, the Navy published the "Ault Report", which concluded that the problem stemmed from inadequate air-crew training in air combat maneuvering (ACM). This was welcomed by the Vought F-8 Crusader community, who had been lobbying for an ACM training program ever since Rolling Thunder began.<>

Among its wide-ranging recommendations to improve air combat performance, the Ault Report recommended that an "Advanced Fighter Weapons School" be established at Naval Air Station Miramar to revive and disseminate community fighter expertise throughout the fleet. CNO Moorer concurred.

Fighter Weapons School
Its objective was to develop, refine, and teach aerial dogfight tactics and techniques to certain fleet air crews, using the concept of dissimilar air combat training, or DACT, which uses stand-in aircraft to realistically replicate expected enemy aircraft and is widely used in air arms the world over. At that time, the predominant enemy aircraft were the Russian-built transonic MiG-17 "Fresco" and the supersonic MiG-21 "Fishbed".

...but the TOPGUN curriculum at Naval Air Station Miramar in 1968 was not of anyone's creation but their own.

Air crews selected to attend the TOPGUN course were chosen from front-line units. Upon graduating, these crews would return to their parent fleet units to relay what they had learned to their fellow squadron mates—in essence becoming instructors themselves.

The success of the U.S. Navy fighter crews vindicated the fledgling DACT school's existence and led to TOPGUN becoming a separate, fully funded command in itself, with its own permanently assigned aviation, staffing, and infrastructural assets in July 1972. TOPGUN graduates who scored air-to-air kills over North Vietnam and returned to instruct included Ronald E. "Mugs" McKeown and Jack Ensch. The first U.S. aces of the Vietnam War, Randy "Duke" Cunningham and Willie Driscoll, received no official TOPGUN training, but had, during F-4 training with VF-121, flown against TOPGUN instructors.

It was not until after the war in Vietnam ended that the Air Force initiated a robust DACT program with dedicated aggressor squadrons. The Air Force also initiated a program to replicate an aircrew's first ten combat missions known as Red Flag, and the USAF Weapons School also increased emphasis on DACT. The 1970s and 1980s brought the introduction of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet as the primary fleet fighter aircraft flown by students, while TOPGUN instructors retained their A-4s and F-5s, but also added the F-16 Fighting Falcon to better simulate the threat presented by the Soviet Union's new 4th-generation MiG-29 'Fulcrum' and Su-27 'Flanker' fighters. However, the specially built F-16N developed cracks in the airframe and was retired.

Largely due to the end of the Cold War in the 1990s, the TOPGUN syllabus was modified to include more emphasis on the air-to-ground strike mission as a result of the expanding multi-mission taskings of the F-14 and F/A-18. In addition, TOPGUN retired their A-4s and F-5s in favor of F-16s and F/A-18s in the Aggressor Squadron.

Transfer to NSAWC
In 2002, the Navy began to receive 14 F-16A and B models from the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) that were originally intended for Pakistan before being embargoed. These aircraft (which are now designated F-16N/TF-16N) are operated by the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) for adversary training and, like their F-16N predecessors, are painted in exotic schemes.

TOPGUN instructors currently fly the F/A-18A/B/C/D/E/F Hornet and Super Hornet as well as the undelivered Pakistani F-16A/B Fighting Falcon.

Course

 * This section is linked from John Fogg

TOPGUN conducts three Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor (SFTI) classes a year. Each class lasts nine weeks and consists of nine Navy and Marine Corps strike fighter aircraft—a mix of single-seat F/A-18Cs and Es, and two-seat F/A-18Ds and Fs, as well as Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II. The TOPGUN course is designed to train already experienced Navy and Marine Corps aircrews at the graduate level (although it is currently not a regionally or nationally accredited educational program) in all aspects of strike-fighter aircraft employment, which includes tactics, hardware, techniques and the current world threat for air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. The course includes eighty hours of lectures and twenty-five sorties that pit students against TOPGUN instructors. When a pilot or WSO completes the TOPGUN course he/she will return as a Training Officer carrying the latest tactical doctrine back to their operational squadron or go directly to an FRS squadron to teach new aircrews. SFTIs can also become instructors themselves at TOPGUN later in their career. Each year, a small number of aircrews do not meet TOPGUN's standards and are dropped from the course.

TOPGUN trains four to six Air Intercept Controllers in each class on advanced command, control, and combat communication skills. They are completely integrated into the course and participate in most of the training missions. These "AIC" students, some of whom are E-2C/D Hawkeye Naval Flight Officers, go back to their Carrier Air Wings after graduation and are given the responsibility of training all the air controllers and fighters in their Carrier Strike Groups in the art of air intercept control.

TOPGUN also conducts an Adversary Training Course, flying with adversary aircrew from each Navy and Marine Corps adversary squadron. These pilots receive individual instruction in threat simulation, effective threat presentation, and adversary tactics. TOPGUN provides academics and flight training to each Carrier Air Wing during their Integrated and Advanced Training Phases (ITP/ATP) at NAS Fallon which are large scale exercises that can involve as many as fifty aircraft. These large-scale exercises serve as "dress rehearsals" for future combat scenarios. In addition to training crews, TOPGUN also conducts ground school courses six times a year. The Training Officer Ground School (TOGS) offers graduate level academics to Fleet aviators, adversary instructors and other officers and enlisted personnel.

TOPGUN holds a Strike-Fighter Tactics Refresher Course (also known as "Re-Blue") once a year, usually in the fall, bringing current fleet SFTIs back to Fallon for a two-day refresher, updating TOPGUN's recommendations.

The TOPGUN course has changed over time. In the 1970s, it was four weeks long; in the 1980s, five weeks. The final F-4 Phantoms went through the class in March 1985, and the final F-14 Tomcats in October 2003. Programs formerly run by TOPGUN that have been transferred to other commands or discontinued include Fleet Air Superiority Training (FAST) and Hornet Fleet Air Superiority Training (HFAST): coordinated programs of academics and simulators, training fighter pilots and WSOs in Maritime Air Superiority in the carrier group arena.

Find: Navy Fighter Weapons School 1973 command history
...0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 09:34, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * COMMAND HISTORY REPORT (OPNAV 5740-1)
 * search: site:history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research "1973" "Command History" "Miramar"
 * search: site:history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research "1973" "Fighter Weapons School"
 * search: site:www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/aviation-squadron-command-operation-reports filetype:pdf
 * search: site:history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives/command-operation-reports/aviation-squadron-command-operation-reports/ "1973"
 * search: site:history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/archives "1973" "Command History" "Miramar" "Fighter Weapons School"

Alumni
These articles have citations to verify graduation, please add to this article:
 * John C. Aquilino
 * Richard Brophy
 * Carl Chebi
 * Walter E. Carter Jr.
 * Jeffrey Ashby
 * Robert Curbeam
 * Kenneth R. Whitesell
 * Joe F. Edwards Jr.
 * Joseph Aucoin
 * Christopher Ferguson
 * Sonny Carter
 * Pierre J. Thuot
 * Robert L. Gibson
 * Charles Burlingame
 * Brent W. Jett Jr.
 * Owen Honors
 * Jimmy Lewis (lacrosse)
 * Thomas P. O'Brien
 * James W. Huston (author)
 * Stuart O. Witt
 * Leo Mackay Jr.
 * Andrew M. Allen
 * John F. Goodman
 * Randolph Bresnik
 * Kent Rominger
 * Dale Snodgrass
 * Guy Snodgrass
 * Scott Stearney
 * Lawrence S. Thomas III
 * Duke Cunningham — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wfoj3 (talk • contribs) 16:11, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

 * 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 23:04, 13 August 2022 (UTC)


text:
Valaskjálf

In Norse mythology, Valaskjálf ("the Shelf of the Slain" ) is one of Odin's Halls, a great dwelling built and roofed with pure silver. In this room is a high seat, Hliðskjálf, where Odin can watch over the entire universe.

title: Valaskjálf


text:
Talk:Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr

Untitled
This idiot did not ,has not the tiniest idea of bieng a patriot or has the tiniest love for his country.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1

 * Thank you for that reasoned, coherent, signed and impeccably-sourced comment. Robert A West 06:43, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr


text:
Al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi

Al-Mundhir I ibn Yahya al-Tujibi (المنذر بن يحيى التجيبي) or Mundhir I was the first head of the Banu Tujib to rule the city of Zaragoza independent of control by the Caliphate of Córdoba, founding the Taifa of Zaragoza. He ruled from 1018 to 1022.

title: Al-Mundhir ibn Yahya al-Tujibi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Political weapon

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Political weapon
neologism, original research. Delete. JDoorjam 19:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. There might be room for an NPOV article somewhere about the political aspects of warfare in general, but this ain't it. Tonywalton | Talk 20:25, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday (talk) 20:26, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Tonywalton. If deleted, links on Weapons of mass destruction can go too. Alf 20:35, 25 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:10, 2005 August 25 (UTC)
 * Delete - original research - Tεx  τ  urε  21:06, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category talk:Knox County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Knox County, Indiana


text: Category talk:Kosciusko County, Indiana

title: Category talk:Kosciusko County, Indiana


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Wumpa's World

Wumpa's World (Le monde de Wumpa; ) is a Canadian-Chinese television series for children which first aired on many networks including Treehouse TV, The Knowledge Channel, APTN, TFO, Télé-Québec, CCTV, TVB and TDM with 26 15-minute episodes from August 2001 to May 2002. The pilot episode aired in late 2000. Today, the show's episodes are only seen in reruns late during the night and earlier during the day. The characters are portrayed as puppets.

Characters

 * Wumpa (Lorne Cardinal) is a brown walrus who is a narrator that tells real-life stories which take place in the Arctic Circle. At the end of each show, Wumpa sings his very own "goodbye song" by playing a bass guitar that looks like a snowshoe. Most of the show's episodes end with Wumpa's goodbye song's most famous line, which is "Well, bye-bye, and don't forget, always keep your tusks shiny and your blubber clean". He only occasionally appears in the story itself.
 * Zig  and Zag  are two young snowmobiles. Zig is yellow and pink, while Zag is blue and orange. A bicycle bell is mounted on Zig's handlebars and a horn is mounted on Zag's.
 * Tiguak (Tim Gosley) is a polar bear who lives in an igloo and mostly eats fish. He has a bed and a toy bear he calls "Mr. Snoozers".
 * Seeka (Jani Lauzon) and Tuk (Julie Burroughs) are snow hares who live in a den with two entrances – one for each of them.

title: Wumpa's World