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La Chambre d'Echo

La Chambre d'Echo – Where the Dead Birds Sing is the eighth album by darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows, and was released in 2004. La Chambre d'Echo saw the return of synthesizers and drum machines, while still focusing on chamber music-inspired darkwave music. John A. Rivers returned to produce the album alongside Anna-Varney Cantodea. An accompanying EP, Flowers in Formaldehyde, was released later that year. The album was introduced and promoted via a promotional video.

Overview
La Chambre d'Echo was heavily inspired by Der Narrenturm, an old Austrian hospital and psychiatric ward that has since become a museum of diseases, mutations and abnormalities of the human body. As a result, the lyrical focus is that of hospitals and medical care in general. The album artwork, in part, features Cantodea transforming into a large worm-like creature, reminiscent of the artwork for Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar.

The album featured prevalent use of synthesizers and drum machines, reflecting Sopor Aeternus' first album, Ich töte mich....

The packaging for La Chambre d'Echo is elaborate and extensive. The standard edition comes inside a 128-page, A4-sized book containing photography by Joachim Luetke, as well as handwritten lyrics provided by Cantodea. The photoshoot for the album was taken inside and around Der Narrenturm. The boxed set edition came in a linen-bound box and also included bookmarks, postcards, a translation guide and a pamphlet advertising Der Narrenturm; the included book was enclosed and sealed in an envelope. Curiously, the cover of the vinyl edition featured an image taken for the previous album, Es reiten die Toten so schnell (or "The Vampyre Sucking at His Own Vein'"). The vinyl edition features its own abridged version of the book as well as a poster. A postcard was included with the album, offering fans the chance to pre-order Flowers in Formaldehyde.

Personnel

 * Chris Wilson: Violin
 * Susannah Simmons: Violin
 * Liz Hanks: Cello
 * Miriam Hughes: Flute
 * Tonia Price: Clarinet
 * Andrew Pettitt: Oboe
 * Doreena Gor: Bassoon
 * James Cunningham: Trumpet
 * Tim Barber: Trumpet
 * Julian Turner: Trombone
 * Anthony Bartley: Tuba
 * Paul Brook: Drums
 * Anna-Varney Cantodea: Vocals, all other instruments and programming

title: La Chambre d'Echo


text:
Barry Pashak

Leonard Barry Pashak (April 21, 1937 –February 3, 2021) was a Canadian college instructor and politician. He served as member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta (MLA) from 1986 to 1993, sitting with the opposition New Democratic Party (NDP) caucus. He was one of the first two NDP MLAs to be elected in southern Alberta. He later briefly served as leader of The Equity Party, a minor Alberta provincial party, from 2000 until 2001.

Early life and career
Pashak was born in Calgary on April 21, 1937. He grew up in the Mission district of Calgary, and attended Holy Angels School and St. Mary's School. He studied engineering at the University of Oklahoma and obtained a Bachelor of Science from the University of Calgary in 1962. He earned a Master of Arts in Sociology from the University of Calgary in 1971. The title of his thesis was "The Populist characteristics of the Social Credit movement in Alberta". He subsequently taught mathematics and then sociology and political science at Mount Royal University for more than 25 years.

Perennial candidate
Pashak got his start as a perennial candidate by running for a seat to the Alberta Legislature for the first time in the 1971 Alberta general election as a candidate for the Alberta NDP in the electoral district of Calgary-North Hill. He finished a distant third out of four in the hotly contested race behind incumbent Social Credit MLA Robert Simpson and winning Progressive Conservative candidate Roy Farran.

One year later, Pashak ran in his first federal election. He stood as a federal New Democratic Party candidate running in the 1972 federal election in the Calgary North federal electoral district. Pashak once again finished a distant third place out of five candidates losing to Progressive Conservative incumbent Eldon Woolliams. He attempted a second run at federal politics running for a seat in the 1979 federal election. For the third time he finished third place in his district. He ran in the federal electoral district of Calgary East for the NDP. He was defeated by Progressive Conservative incumbent John Kushner and also finished behind former MLA Albert Ludwig in the field of seven candidates.

The minority government of Joe Clark fell less than a year later resulting in the 1980 federal election. Pashak ran for a second time in the electoral district of Calgary East. The election was a virtual rerun with Pashak facing Kushner and Ludwig for the second time. On election night Pashak finished third out of the eight candidates but lost almost 700 votes from his 1979 total. He finished behind Kushner and Ludwig respectively.

Pashak returned to provincial politics running as a candidate in the 1982 provincial election in the electoral district of Calgary-Buffalo. He finished a distant third out of four for the fifth time in his career behind winner Progressive Conservative candidate Brian Lee and defeated incumbent Tom Sindlinger. Two years later, he attempted his fourth and final run at federal politics running in the electoral district of Calgary East for the third straight time. He finished a distant third out of eight in the open district behind winner Progressive Conservative candidate Alex Kindy and former Mayor Rod Sykes.

Legislative assembly
Pashak made an electoral breakthrough when he ran for a seat in the 1986 provincial election in the electoral district of Calgary-Forest Lawn, which was a stronghold for the Progressive Conservatives. The race was hotly contested with nine candidates running. Pashak won the district on heavy vote splitting, finishing slightly ahead of Progressive Conservative candidate Moe Amery to win his first term in office. He and Bob Hawkesworth were the first NDP MLAs to be elected in Calgary and in southern Alberta.

Pashak was the NDP's opposition critic for the energy and education during his time in the legislature. He was also chair of the public accounts committee. Hawkesworth recounted how Pashak endeavoured to improve documentation and disclosure during his tenure as chair. His efforts laid the foundation for "much better fiscal reporting" than previously in place. He was a strong proponent of what has become International Avenue, a district in Calgary that features restaurants and shops of various cultures. Pashak was also noted for his "strong friendship" with Ralph Klein, which began when the latter was mayor of Calgary and extended to when he became premier. This was despite the fact that the two were on opposite sides of the aisle.

Pashak ran for a second term in office in the 1989 provincial election, facing Amery for the second time. Both candidates increased their popular vote in the hotly contested race. Pashak defeated Amery and two other candidates by a larger margin then in 1986 to return to office. Calgary-Forest Lawn was subsequently abolished due to redistribution in 1993. Pashak ran for re-election in the provincial electoral district of Calgary-East, facing Amery for the third consecutive election. Amery's vote surged in the new district while Pashak's popular vote sank from the previous general election. Pashak finished a distant second out of five candidates.

Later life
Pashak briefly returned to the Alberta provincial political scene in 2000 to become leader of The Equity Party, a minor centrist political party in Alberta. He served in that capacity until 2001. He took up competitive bridge after retiring from politics. He later endorsed Dave Taylor in the latter's run for leadership of the Alberta Liberal Party in 2008. Taylor ultimately finished runner-up to David Swann.

Pashak suffered a stroke in around 2010, which rendered him unable to speak. He died on February 3, 2021, in Calgary, at the age of 83.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barry Pashak


text: Category:James Brown songs

title: Category:James Brown songs


text:
Newhaven Harbour railway station

Newhaven Harbour railway station is a railway station in Newhaven, East Sussex, England. It originally served boat train services to Dieppe, but that was taken over by Newhaven Marine (now closed) and then Newhaven Town.

Location
The station is located on the Seaford branch of the East Coastway line, 56 mi down the line from London Bridge. The line reduces from two tracks to one immediately south of the station en route to Seaford.

There are two platforms at the station, joined by a footbridge. The station is managed by Southern, which operates all passenger services.

Newhaven Harbour is one of two stations serving the town of Newhaven, alongside Newhaven Town station less than half a mile (0.8 km) to the north. A third station in the town, Newhaven Marine, operated passenger services until 2006 and formally closed in October 2020. Newhaven Harbour station is located on the south side of the town, adjacent to the Port of Newhaven freight terminal and nearby industrial estate.

Despite the station's name, it no longer serves the passenger ferry terminal − this was taken over by Newhaven Marine station, until the terminal was moved to a site next to Newhaven Town.

History
The station was opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway as Newhaven Wharf on 8 December 1847 as the terminus of a branch line from Lewes. Boat train services to Dieppe began the following year. The line was extended to Seaford in 1864.

In 1879, the port was redeveloped, constructing a new east pier and building a new wharf on reclaimed land, which could be run independently of tide times. The station was renamed to Newhaven Harbour on 17 May 1886 when a station to the south, known as Newhaven Harbour (Boat Station), opened to serve the new boat train terminal.

Services
All services at Newhaven Harbour are operated by Southern using Class 377 EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 1 tph to Brighton via Lewes
 * 1 tph to Seaford

This service increases to 2 tph during peak periods. Two services on weekdays (one in the middle of the day, and one in the evening) terminate here and reverse using the reversing siding at Newhaven Marine.

Connections with services to Gatwick Airport and London Victoria can be made by changing at Lewes.

title: Newhaven Harbour railway station


text:
List of Oakland Athletics owners and executives

This is a list of team owners and executives of the Oakland Athletics.

Team owners
(List does not include various owners of minority interests during the years.)

Team executives
(Incomplete list.)
 * Dave Kaval, President 2016–present
 * Billy Beane, General Manager 1998–2015; VP Baseball Operations 2015–present
 * David Forst, General Manager 2015–present
 * Michael Crowley, President 1998–2016
 * Sandy Alderson, President 1993–1995, 1997–1998; General Manager 1983–1998
 * Walter J. Haas, President 1990–1992
 * Roy Eisenhardt, President 1981–1986
 * Billy Martin, Director Of Player Development/General Manager 1981–1982
 * Charles O. Finley, General Manager (de facto, 1961–1980)
 * Frank Lane, General Manager 1960–1961
 * Parke Carroll, General Manager 1959–1960
 * Mickey Cochrane, General Manager 1950
 * Arthur Ehlers, General Manager 1951-53
 * Connie Mack General Manager (1901–1950)


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Seneca language

Seneca (in Seneca, Onöndowaʼga꞉ʼ Gawë꞉noʼ, or Onötowáʼka꞉) is the language of the Seneca people, one of the Six Nations of the Hodinöhsö꞉niʼ (Iroquois League); it is an Iroquoian language, spoken at the time of contact in the western part of New York. While the name Seneca, attested as early as the seventeenth century, is of obscure origins, the endonym Onödowáʼga꞉ translates to "those of the big hill." About 10,000 Seneca live in the United States and Canada, primarily on reservations in western New York, with others living in Oklahoma and near Brantford, Ontario. As of 2022, an active language revitalization program is underway.

Classification and history
Seneca is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca people, one of the members of the Iroquois Five (later, Six) Nations confederacy. It is most closely related to the other Five Nations Iroquoian languages, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk (and among those, it is most closely related to Cayuga).

Seneca is first attested in two damaged dictionaries produced by the French Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier around the turn of the eighteenth century. It is clear from these documents, and from early nineteenth century Seneca writings, that the eighteenth century saw an extremely high degree of phonological change, such that the Seneca collected by Garnier would likely be mutually unintelligible with modern Seneca. Moreover, as these sound changes appear to be unique to Seneca, they have had the effect of making Seneca highly phonologically divergent from the languages most closely related to it, as well as making the underlying morphological richness of the language incredibly opaque. Today, Seneca is spoken primarily in western New York, on three reservations, Allegany (ʼohi꞉yoʼ), Cattaraugus (kaʼtä꞉kë̓skë꞉öʼ), and Tonawanda (tha꞉nöwöteʼ), and in Ontario, on the Grand River Six Nations Reserve (swe꞉këʼ). While the speech community has dwindled to approximately one hundred native speakers, revitalization efforts are underway.

Phonology
Seneca words are written with 13 letters, three of which can be umlauted, plus the letter colon (꞉) and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is generally written in all-lowercase, and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word; all-caps is never used, even on road signs. The vowels and consonants are a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y, and ʼ. In some transliterations, t is replaced by d, and likewise k by g; Seneca does not have a phonemic differentiation between voiced and voiceless consonants (see below in Phonology 2.1: Consonants). The letter j can also be replaced by the three-letter combination tsy. (For example, a creek in the town of Coldspring, New York, and the community near it, bears a name that can be transliterated as either jo꞉negano꞉h or tsyo꞉nekano꞉h.)

Consonants
As per Wallace Chafe's 2015 grammar of Seneca, the consonantal and non-vocalic inventory of Seneca is as follows. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription.

Resonants
is a palatal semivowel. After, it is voiceless and spirantized. After, it is voiceless , in free variation with a spirant allophone. After or, it is voiced and optionally spirantized , in free variation with a spirant allophone. Otherwise it is voiced and not spirantized.

is a velar semivowel. It is weakly rounded.

is a released apico-alveolar nasal.

Obstruents
is an apico-alveolar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated before an obstruent or an open juncture (but is hardly audible between a nasalized vowel and open juncture). It is voiced and released before a vowel and resonant.

is a dorso-velar stop. It is voiceless and aspirated before an obstruent or open juncture. It is voiced and released before a vowel or resonant.

is a spirant with blade-alveolar groove articulation. It is always voiceless, and is fortified to everywhere except between vowels. It is palatalized to before, and lenited to  intervocalically.

is a voiced postalveolar affricate, and is a voiced alveolar affricate. Before, it is optionally palatalized in free variation with. Nevertheless, among younger speakers, it appears as though and  are in the process of merging to.

Similarly, is a voiceless postalveolar affricate, and  is a voiceless alveolar affricate.

Laryngeal obstruents
is a voiceless segment colored by an immediately preceding and/or following vowel and/or resonant.

is a glottal stop, written $\langleʼ\rangle$ and commonly substituted with ASCII $\langlets\rangle$.

Vowels
The vowels can be subclassified into the oral vowels /i/, /e/, /æ/, /a/, and /o/, and the nasalized vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. Of these vowels, /æ/ is relatively rare, an innovation not shared with other Five Nations Iroquoian languages; even rarer is /u/, a vowel only used to describe unusually small objects. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription.

The orthography described here is the one used by the Seneca Bilingual Education Project. The nasal vowels, and, are transcribed with tremas on top: $\langleč\rangle$. Depending on the phonetic environment, the nasal vowel $\langledz\rangle$ may vary between and, whereas $\langlej\rangle$ may vary from  to. Long vowels are indicated with a following $\langleš\rangle$, while stress is indicated with an acute accent over the top. is transcribed as ä.

Oral vowels
/i/ is a high front vowel [i].

/e/ is a high-mid front vowel. Its high allophone [ɪ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments.

/æ/ is a low front vowel [æ].

/a/ is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [ʌ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i], [w], [j], or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [ɑ] occurs in all other environments. Before [ɛ] or [ɔ] it is nasalized [æ].

/o/ is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [ʊ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environments.

/u/ is a rounded high back vowel [u]. It has also, however, been recorded as [ɯ].

Nasal vowels
/ɛ/ is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized.

/ɔ/ is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized.

Diphthongs
The following oral diphthongs occur in Seneca: ae, ai, ao, ea, ei, eo, oa, oe, and oi. The following nasal diphthongs occur as well: aö, eö, and oë.

Prosody
Vowel length is marked with a colon $\langley\rangle$, and open juncture by word space. Long vowels generally occur in one of two environments: 1. In even-numbered (i.e. falling and even number of syllables from the beginning of the word) word-penultimate syllables not followed by a laryngeal stop; and 2. In odd-numbered penultimate syllables that A. are followed by only one non-vocalic segment before the succeeding vowel, B. are not followed by a laryngeal stop, and C. do not contain the vowel [a] (unless the syllable is word-initial). Moreover, vowels are often lengthened compensitorally as the reflex of a short vowel and an (elided) glottal segment (e.g. vowels are long preceding glottal fricatives elided before sonorants (*V̆hR > V̄R)).

Stress is either strong, marked with an acute accent mark (e.g. ⟨é⟩), or weak, which is unmarked (e.g. ⟨e⟩). Seneca accented short vowels are typically higher in pitch than their unaccented counterparts, while accented long vowels have been recorded as having a falling pitch. Short vowels are typically accented in a trochaic pattern, when they appear in even-numbered syllables preceding A. a laryngeal obstruent, B. a cluster of non-vocalic segments, or C. an odd-numbered syllable containing either A or B. There does not appear to be any upper or lower limit on how many such syllables can be accented – every even-numbered syllable in a word can be accented, but none need be accented. Syllables can also be stressed by means of accent spreading, if an unaccented vowel is followed immediately by a stressed vowel (i.e. VV́ > V́V́). Additionally, word-initial and word-final syllables are underlyingly unaccented, although they can be given sentence level stress.

Syllable structure
Seneca allows both open and closed syllables; a Seneca syllable is considered to be closed when the nucleus is followed by a cluster of multiple consonants. Moreover, [h] appears to be ambisyllabic intervocalically, and can be included in a cluster of multiple non-consonantal segments in the onset.

Morphology
Seneca is a polysynthetic, agglutinative language with a remarkably rich verbal morphological system, and to a lesser extent, a fairly rich system of nominal morphology as well. Verbs constitute a decisive majority of Seneca words (by one estimate, as much as eighty-five percent of different words), and between the numerous classes of morphemes that can be added to the verb root, the generally multiple morphemes constituent thereto, and the variants thereof, a truly staggering number of Seneca verbs is grammatically possible. While most verb forms have multiple allomorphs, however, in the majority of cases, variants of morphemes cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of its phonological environment.

Composition of the verb base
The verb base can be augmented by adding a derivational suffix, a middle voice or reflexive prefix, or an incorporated noun root. The common middle voice prefix describes actions performed by an agent and received by that same agent. Its forms, in descending order or prevalence, are as follows: The similar reflexive prefix is nearly semantically identical, the only difference being that the reflexive prefix more clearly distinguishes the two (unitary) roles of agent and recipient. Its forms are not regularly predictable by phonetic environment, and are derived from the underlying form -at-.

A noun can be incorporated into the verb base by placing it before the middle voice or reflexive prefix (i.e. at the front of the base noun), such that that noun becomes the patient (or often, instrument or manner) of the verb. In between noun-final and prefix/verb root-initial consonants, the "stem-joining" vowel -a- is epenthesized. The following types of derivational suffixes can be added at the end of a base noun to alter the meaning of the verb; these are as follows (given with the underlying form or most common form of the suffix):

Aspect suffixes
Seneca verbs consist of a verb base that represents a certain event or state, which always includes a verb root; this is always followed by an aspect suffix, and almost always preceded by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes can describe an agent, a patient, or the object of the verb, while aspect suffixes can be habitual or stative, describing four types of meanings: habitual, progressive, stative, and perfect. Bases are classified as "consequential" or "nonconsequential," on the basis of whether or not they "result in a new state of affairs." Nonconsequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual actions, and stative aspect stems to describe progressive actions. Consequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual or progressive actions, and stative aspect stems to describe perfect actions. Some verb roots are said to be stative-only; these typically describe long states (e.g. "to be heavy," "to be old," etc.). Habitual and stative roots are related to the ending of the verb base, but have become largely arbitrary, or at least inconsistent. Additionally, there is a common punctual suffix, an aspect suffix that is added to describe punctual events. It necessarily takes the "modal prefix," which precedes a pronominal prefix, and indicate the relationship of the action described in the verb to reality; these three prefixes are factual, future, and hypothetical. A list of forms of each of the stems is as follows:

Pronominal morphology
The system of pronominal prefixes attached to Seneca verbs is incredibly rich, as each pronoun accounts not only for the agent of an action, but for the recipient of that action (i.e. "patient") as well. For example, the first person singular prefix is k- ~ ke- when there is no patient involved, but kö- ~ köy- when the patient is 2sg, kni- ~ kn- ~ ky- when the patient is 2du., and kwa- ~ kwë- ~ kw- ~ ky- when the patient is 2pl. There are fifty-five possible pronominal pronouns, depending on who is performing an action, and who is receiving that action. These pronouns express number as singular, dual, or plural; moreover, in the case of pronominal prefixes describing agents, there is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person. Gender and animacy are expressed as well in the third person; gender distinctions are made between masculine entities and "feminine-zoic" entities (i.e. women and animals), and inanimacy is distinguished in singular forms. Moreover, before pronominal prefixes, "preproniminal" prefixes carrying a variety of meanings can be placed to modify the meaning of the verb. The prefixes, in the order in which the precede one another, are as follows:

Nominal morphology
Seneca nominal morphology is far simpler than verbal morphology. Nouns consist of a noun root followed by a noun suffix and a pronominal prefix. The noun suffix appears as either a simple noun suffix (denoting, naturally, that it is a noun), an external locative suffix, denoting that something is "on" or "at" that noun, or an internal locative suffix, denoting that something is "in" that noun. The forms of these are as follows:

- Simple noun suffix: -aʼ ~ -öʼ (in a nasalizing context)

- External locative suffix: -aʼgeh

- Internal locative suffix: -aʼgöh

Nouns are often preceded by pronominal prefixes, but in this context, they represent possession, as opposed to agency or reception. Nouns without pronominal prefixes are preceded by either the neuter patient prefix yo- ~ yaw- ~ ya-, or the neuter agent prefix ka- ~ kë- ~ w- ~ y-. These morphemes do not hold semantic value, and are historically linked to certain noun roots arbitrarily. Finally, certain prepronominal verbal prefixes can be suffixed to nouns to alter the meaning thereof; in particular, the cislocative, coincident, negative, partitive, and repetitive fall into this group.

Syntax
As much of what, in other languages, might be included in a clause is included in the Seneca word, Seneca features free word order, and cannot be neatly categorized along the lines of a subject/object/verb framework. Rather, new information appears first in the Seneca sentence; when a noun is judged by the speaker to be more "newsworthy" than a verb in the same sentence, it is likely to appear before the verb; should it not be deemed to hold such relevance, it typically follows the verb. Particles, the only Seneca words that cannot be classified as nouns or verbs, appear to follow the same ordering paradigm. Moreover, given the agent/participant distinction that determines the forms of pronominal morphemes, it seems appropriate to consider Seneca a nominative-accusative language.

Coordination
In Seneca, multiple constituents of a sentence can be conjoined, in a number of ways. They are summarized as follows:

Deixis
The words utilized in Seneca to identify referents based on their position in time and space are characterized by a proximal/distal distinction, as seen in the following demonstrative pronouns:

Language revitalization
In 1998, the Seneca Faithkeepers School was founded as a five-day-a week school to teach children the Seneca language and tradition. The School has published language learning tools and courses on the language-learning platform Memrise broken out by topic.

In 2010, K-5 Seneca language teacher Anne Tahamont received recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting "Documenting the Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC).

As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified a partnership with Rochester Institute of Technology that will help develop a user-friendly computer catalogue allowing future generations to study and speak the language.

The revitalization program grant, awarded to RIT's Native American Future Stewards Program, is designed to enhance usability of the Seneca language. The project will develop "a user-friendly, web-based dictionary or guide to the Seneca language." "Robbie Jimerson, a graduate student in RIT's computer science program and resident of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation near Buffalo," who is working on the project, commented: "My grandfather has always said that a joke is funnier in Seneca than it is in English." As of January 2013, a Seneca language app was under development.

As of fall 2012, Seneca language learners are partnering with fluent mentors, and a newsletter, Gae꞉wanöhgeʼ! Seneca Language Newsletter, is available online.

Although former Seneca-owned radio station WGWE (whose call sign derives from "gwe," a Seneca word roughly translating to "what's up?") broadcast primarily in English, it featured a daily "Seneca Word of the Day" feature before each noon newscast, broadcast a limited amount of Seneca-language music, and made occasional use of the Seneca language in its broadcasts in a general effort to increase awareness of the Seneca language by the general public.

In 2013, the first public sports event was held in the Seneca language, when middle school students served as announcers for a lacrosse match.

Bilingual road signs, such as stop signs and speed limit signs, appear in the Seneca capital of Jimersontown; these signs were erected in 2016. Prior to this, as part of the upgrade to Interstate 86, the names of townships within the Allegany Indian Reservation were marked in Seneca along the highway in Comic Sans.

"Funny Story"
As translated by Nils M. Holmer. Note: for clarity, certain graphemes employed by Mr. Holmer have been replaced with their modern, standard equivalents.

hatinöhsutkyöʼ yatatateʼ wayatuwethaʼkyöʼ. tyëkwahkyöʼshö katyeʼ citeʼö hukwa uswëʼtut katyeʼ nekyöʼ nehuh hösakayöʼ. tatyöʼkyöʼshö katyeʼ tötakayakëʼt. tatyöʼkyöʼshö skatyeʼ hösakayöʼ. tatyöʼshö katyeʼ tötakayakëʼt.

They-had-a-house-it-is-said they-are-grandfather-and-grandson they-went-hunting-it-is-said. All-of-a-sudden-they-say it-flies a-bird nearby it-hollow-tree then-it-is-said here it-went-into. In-just-a-little-while it-flies just-a-little-while it-flew-again. In-just-a-little-while it-flew-again it-went-in. In-just-a-little-while it-flies it-came-out-again.

A grandfather and a grandson had a house, it is said; they went hunting. All of a sudden a bird came flying (from) near a hollow tree; then, it is said, it flew into it. After a little while it flew in again. After a little while, it flew back (into the hollow tree). After a while it came flying out again, etc.

"The Burning of Pittsburgh"
As translated by Nils M. Holmer; unfortunately, the story is not preserved completely. Note: for clarity, certain graphemes employed by Mr. Holmer have been replaced with their modern, standard equivalents.

wae neʼkyöʼ nökweʼöweh ëötinötëʼtaʼ työtekëʼ skat tewënyaʼe {kei (corrected: wis)} niwashë keiskai nyushake nyuweʼ. wäönöhtakuʼkeʼö a꞉tinötëʼtaʼ neʼkeʼö. tyuhateisyöʼkeʼö tkayasöh waatinötayë꞉. kanyuʼkeʼö wäönöhtakuʼ a꞉tyueʼtaʼ kanötayë꞉ʼ tanëh tethönöhtëtyöʼ. tanë(h) {hatyunyaʼtak (?)} catek ne hënökweʼöweh. thönöëcatek ne hënökweʼöweh. tekyöʼ {tyushiyaköh (?)} kanöhkaʼitawiʼ. cyäöwauwiʼ nuytiyenöweʼöh hënökweʼöweh ...

Therefore, so-it-is-said the-Indians they-will-burn-the-city Pittsburgh four hundred four tens and-one years ago. They-failed-it-is-said that-they-burn-the-city so-it-is-said. Fallen-timber-it-is-said where-it-is-called they-camped. When-it-is-said they-failed that-they-burn the-city then they-went-back. Then they-used-to-tell Kanöhka'itawi'-it-is-said what-they-tried-to-do the-Indians. There-they-used-to-own-land the Indians. Eight years-old Kanöhka'itawi' When-they-told-him what-they-tried-to-do the-Indians ...

Therefore, it is said, the Indians intended to burn (the city of) Pittsburgh one-hundred-and-forty (fifty) -four years ago. They failed to burn the city, so it is told. At the place which is called Fallen Timber, there they camped. When they failed to burn the city they returned (to the camp). Then they used to tell a boy, whose name was Kanöhka'itawi', of what they tried to do. The Indians used to own the land (they would tell him). Eight years old was Kanöhka'itawi'. When they told him what the Indians tried to do ... (the story was not finished).

title: Seneca language


text: User:-RonTaril-

title: User:-RonTaril-


text:
P. C. Richard & Son

P.C. Richard & Son, commonly known as simply P.C. Richard, is the largest chain of private, family-owned appliance, television, electronics, and mattress stores in the United States. Its 66 stores are located in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, with the majority of the stores located on Long Island, including the New York City boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. The company is also known for its trademark whistle jingle created by Soundsmith worker Leer Leary. It is used by the New York Yankees after striking out an opposing batter at Yankee Stadium. It is also used by the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball after striking out an opposing batter at Fairfield Properties Ballpark. It also is used by the Somerset Patriots of the Minor League Baseball after striking out an opposing batter at TD Bank Ballpark.

History
In 1909, Pieter Christian Richard, who left Holland in 1899, opened a small hardware store in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn (“Work Well Done” 14). In October of that same year, P.C.’s son, Alfred J. Richard (A.J.), was born. Born into the business less than a month after it opened, A.J. played an important role from the beginning. He spent his childhood helping out at the store, only leaving it to go to school. When he completed ninth grade in 1923, A.J. decided to drop out of school and focus entirely on helping his family and building the business (“Work Well Done” 25). A.J. was responsible for introducing the first electric appliance to the inventory, the electric clothes iron, as well as time payments so his customers could afford them (“Work Well Done” 32).

On February 1, 1947, A.J. officially took over as the company president and majority shareholder. It was around this time that he began to introduce his sons, Peter and Gary, to the family business (“Work Well Done” 58). Soon, the company grew into a chain as it expanded into Long Island. After the death of his father P.C. in 1972, A.J. promoted himself to chairman of the board in 1974, and he held that position until his death, well into his nineties. Peter and Gary were originally named co-presidents, but this arrangement changed in 1982, when Gary became president and Peter became executive vice president. Soon, Gary’s son Gregg began to work his way into the fabric of the company in the same way his father and grandfather had, until he became president in 2004. A.J. died weeks later at ninety-five years old. "The fourth generation, Gregg Richard, Bonni Rondinello and Peter Richard, III" are now involved in helping to run what their great-grandfather began.

Growth and expansion
P.C. Richard and Son expanded into New Jersey in 1993 (“Work Well Done” 111). Between 1995 and 2003, it opened fifteen new showrooms in New Jersey, Westchester County, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and Long Island (“Work Well Done” 127).

In 2009, P.C. Richard and Son opened 6 new stores in former Circuit City locations, including its first in Connecticut. It continued to expand in Connecticut in 2010, opening stores in Milford, North Haven, Danbury, Newington, Manchester, and Enfield. The first Pennsylvania superstore opened in Philadelphia in June of that year.

The company added mattresses to its inventory in 2014, featuring Sealy, Stearns & Foster, and Tempur-Pedic brands in fourteen stores.

In 2016, P.C. Richard and Son began an exclusive retail partnership with Beko, one of Europe's leading appliance brands. This is Beko's first appearance in the United States market.

Builders Division
Separate from its retail operations, the company has a unit it calls its Builders Division, to arrange bulk purchases by builders, property managers and large facilities.

Official sponsorships
• Official Appliance, Electronics and Mattress retailer of the New York Yankees

• Barclays Center (NY)

• The Long Island Ducks (NY)

• iHeartRadio Theater (NY) (ground floor 250-seat theater at 32 Avenue of the Americas formerly known as P.C. Richard & Son Theater)

• New York Islanders (NY)

• Brooklyn Nets (NY)

• Music Conservatory of Westchester

• Nassau Coliseum (NY)

• The Somerset Patriots (NJ)

• Raceway Park (NJ)

• Splish Splash Water Park (NY)

• Sun National Bank Center (NJ)

• UConn Athletics (CT)

• Webster Bank Arena (CT)

Thanksgiving
The New York Times wrote that "the chain's commercials emphasize people over products" and added that "some of their ads strike an earnest tone that evokes Norman Rockwell's America" and quoted a customer view about "what makes P.C. Richard tick." Part of this approach, according to what The New York Daily News printed, is being "a store that values employees enough to let them spend Thanksgiving with their families." New York Newsday wrote about being "closed on Thanksgiving and opening at 4 a.m. on Black Friday."

Social networking supports being closed on Thanksgiving, said a 2014 New York Post opinion item.

title: P. C. Richard & Son


text:
Æthelhelm

Æthelhelm or Æþelhelm (fl. 880s) was the elder of two known sons of Æthelred I, King of Wessex from 865 to 871, and Queen Wulfthryth.

Æthelred's sons were infants when their father died in 871, and the throne passed to their uncle, Alfred the Great. The only certain record of Æthelhelm is as a beneficiary in Alfred's will in the mid 880s, and he probably died at some time in the next decade. Following Alfred's death in 899 Æthelhelm's younger brother Æthelwold unsuccessfully contested the succession.

Pauline Stafford identifies him with the Æthelhelm who served as Ealdorman of Wiltshire, the probable father of Ælfflæd, who became Edward the Elder's second wife about 899. However, Barbara Yorke rejects this idea, arguing that it does not appear to have been the practice for æthelings (princes of the royal dynasty who were eligible to be king) to become ealdormen, that a grant from Alfred to Ealdorman Æthelhelm makes no reference to kinship between them, and that the hostile reception to King Eadwig's marriage to Ælfgifu, his third cousin once removed, shows that a marriage between Edward and his first cousin once removed would have been forbidden as incestuous.

The historian Æthelweard (died c. 998) claimed descent from King Æthelred I and may therefore be a descendant of Æthelhelm. Some genealogists have suggested that the Godwins descended from Æthelred I through Æthelhelm, but almost all historians dismiss this idea.

title: Æthelhelm


text:
Talk:Scale-free network

Flip flop
I opened this discussion page because I have seen many active flip-flop of versions in a fairly short period recently. It seems that some like the Lun Li, et al. paper and definition, but some don't. I like the frankness of the paper although it may appear as "opening fire" to many recent papers contributed in the last six years. I think critique is good to healthy science and helps us in knowing the truth. The current version seems to put the Lun Li, et al. paper in a weaker position in the exchange of ideas about the science of scale-free network, which I oppose.

 * I agree, I'm putting it back in especially considering the edit was made by an unregistered user. Also to answer the question below, the formal definition captures the notion of self-similarity, while Barabasi's definition really doesn't (From my understanding he basically just picked the name because it sounded good and would catch people's attention. Presumably he had some ideas about self-similarity but I haven't seen him talk about it) Meekohi 13:56, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I consider that paper too scandalous and inaccurate. E.g. HOT model obviously has more dimensions than SF model. It is just a more specific case. You can't say that "horses are better than mammals" or "horses are faster than mammals". It is... well... a bit incorrect. On the formal definition. Just give me formal definition of a cat first. OK, the topic of degree correlations is actively studied, so it will settle to something in some years... let's consider that paper a "critique". Victor Grishchenko

The name "scale free"
This is my first time using the talk page, so please forgive any missed wikiquette.

The article was most helpful to me, however I am curious about one thing. Why are these networks called "scale free"? I assume that this is a reference to self-similarity, but what exactly is self-similar in a scale-free network? The sample diagrams of networks I have seen are not obviously fractal.

David M.

 * scale-free is not self-similar. Scale-free (as I understand it) is that there is no meaningful "average" for the behavior of the system. ChaTo 17:19, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For the old definition of Scale-free this was true, but the Lun Li definition actually includes the concept of self-similarity. Meekohi 15:34, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, the term "scale-free" is closely related to the term "scale-invariant", which is perhaps a more intuitive phrase. It means (roughly) that regardless of how much you "zoom in or out", the structure is going to look essentially the same. Kmote (talk) 21:05, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I was only partially correct. Here is the real answer, as described by Barabasi himself (in "Linked: The New Science of Networks", Basic Books, 2003, p.70): "The power law distribution thus forces us to abandon the idea of a scale, or a characteristic node. In a continuous hierarchy there is no single node which we could pick out and claim to be characteristic of all the nodes. There is no intrinsic scale in these networks. This is the reason my research group started to describe networks with power-law degree distribution as scale-free." Kmote (talk) 15:58, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Original research, against Wikipedia guidelines?
Please forgive me if I am mistaken, but on reading, 'the authors...', it seems that an original viewpoint is being expounded, I thought that this was against Wikipedian principles of no new or original research being included?

Jim lewis1 (talk) 22:28, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I believe "the authors..." refers to Pennock et al., rather than to the authors of the wikipedia article, I have changed "the authors..." to "they" in order to make this clearer Echinoidea (talk) 21:09, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Link directly to graph theory
You should link directly to graph theory.

I realize that the article links to complex network which again links to network which again links to graph theory. But the first two pages do not give a definition of the term. They cannot be read and understood by readers that do not know graph theory beforehand.

Confusing figure (fixed)
The figures shows a directed graph, but the text does not mention directed graphs. the reader will ask herself. What is the meaning of the arrows? Must a hub necesarily be a source? etc..

 * Agreed. I'll contact the original artist and ask if he wouldn't mind making the modification, I think having a figure is very useful for people seeing this for the first time. Meekohi 14:05, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * changed to undirected graph, thank you for contacting me Meekohi. The source of this image is my Ph.D. thesis on web crawling: (Carlos Castillo: "Efficient Web Crawling". PhD Thesis. Universidad de Chile, 2004.) ChaTo 17:15, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Confusing figure (not yet fixed)
The figure labeled "Complex network degree distribution of random and scale-free" has two curves. Presumably one (I'm guessing the one with the semi-normal distribution) is for random networks, the other for scale-free networks. Can the curves be labeled, or otherwise distinguished? (Also, the label is odd--not quite English. Maybe "Complex degree distribution of random and scale-free networks"? Although I'm not sure what "complex" has to do with it.) Mcswell (talk) 17:07, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

Ah, Lun Li, Lun Li...
There are no such thing as "SF vs HOT story". HOT model just has more dimensions. SF reflects connectivity only, while HOT also involves bandwidth. I may introduce, say, GEO model (and I do) which also involves RTT times. There will be a picture quite different both from SF and HOT but there will never be any "GEO vs HOT" or "GEO vs SF story". Further, regarding the core hubs debate, here is an AS graph from CAIDA: http://www.caida.org/analysis/topology/as_core_network/pics/ascoreApr2005.png The core looks like a core formed by hubs, not something like "low-degree core routers" like in Li et al HOTnet model. Authors don't address this issue and limit scope of their critics to router-level topology, which is much more subjected to geographical and technical limitations. So, Li et al are too selective in their critics. Also, they sometimes oppose their own claims (e.g. "...a vulnerability that has presumably been overlooked by networking engineers", p.11) etc etc Till this moment, nobody did blow up top 5% internet routers to test whether the Internet will survive that. So, Li et al argument on "legendary... high resilience" (p. 13) is also questionable. Given that level of inaccuracy, that theory better be read with caution (Victor Grishchenko 11 Mar 2006)
 * I don't think this article intends to say anything about how that paper relates to router topology. The HOT model's Graph just hapens to be a graph with very low s(g). My main point is just that regardless of whether you or Li are correct about the real nature of the Internet's topology, graphs with low-degee cores always have low s(g), and graphs with high degree cores have high s(g), because it's built into the definition. Meekohi 00:46, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) let G be a router graph with a high-degree core (S(G) close to 1.0) 2) let insert intermediary router ("relay") between every two adjacent hubs 3) Result: packet flows remained nearly the same, but S(G) is very low. Am I correct?
 * Yeah I see your point. Since s(g) is just the sum of all neighboring degrees, the way to maximize it is to have the highest degree nodes connected to each other, and the way to minimize it is to have high degree nodes connected only to low degree nodes. I think one big problem is that defining the "core" of the network is hard to do, and depending on how you visualize the graph it can be misleading. The way I am thinking of the graph you've descibed, I would say the intermediary routers are part of the core... so I wouldn't describe it as having a high-degree hub core either, but by making sure the high-degree hubs don't connect directly, you effectively lower the s(g) value. I might rewrite the article some this afternoon if it seems too misleading. Meekohi 14:13, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Just put more emphasis on degree distribution. At least, it is something most authors are agree on. S(g) is just one of the theories. Me personally is a supporter of the skeleton approach by Kahng et al http://phya.snu.ac.kr/~kahng/paper1.html (I may add a respective paragraph to the article). Also, there are some other theories. (Victor Grishchenko 13 Mar 2006)
 * Well, I'm still in support of using S(g) as the formal definition. It's a lot better than "any graph with a power-law degree distribution". S(g) at least says something about the network structure, even if it doesn't apply well directly to router throughput. Nobody else has really put forth a meaningful formal definition as far as I know. Meekohi 04:26, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

History
Probably silly question, but if "This model was originally discovered by Derek de Solla Price in 1965 under the term cumulative advantage", how was it "further developed by Herbet Simon in the 1950s"? Mmt 03:12, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a pretty good question to me actually. Does anyone have a source for this Herbert Simon? I've never heard of him before. Meekohi 03:26, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Part of the problem was a typo. Should have been Herbert Simon, but the dates still make no sense so I took that part out of the article for now. Meekohi 03:30, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Excuse me if I am way off, but does cumulative advantage mean the same as 'first mover advantage', I believe these are not equivalent to preferential attachment as first mover still holds with random linking in a growing network ?... RamseyPalace (talk) 16:48, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Identical degree distribution
Now define

$$ S(g) = \frac{s(g)}{s_{max}} $$

where smax is the maximum value of s(h) for h in the set of all graphs with an identical degree distribution to g. I was wondering. What is an identical degree distribution? Is the amount of vertices of a certain degree exactly the same across these identical distributions? Or is the power-law exponent exactly the same? Or are they all power-law distributions or Poisson distributions? Andy 10:53, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Derek de Solla Price did not "Discover" Cumulative Advantage
In the entry for Derek J. de Solla Price, it says that his contribution was "his interpretation of Herbert Simon's theory on cumulative advantage processes, or Robert K. Merton's Matthew effect, respectively (Price 1976)." So shouldn't Simon or Merton be credited with the discovery? --Nick 17:05, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds reasonable to me, but someone should track down a source for this before making a final statement about it probably. Meekohi 04:49, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Population
A scale-free network should has a large population.

A real-world network always obtain a large number of individuals.

Web is not random
To their surprise, the Web did not have an even distribution of connectivity. Why is this surprising? Kope (talk) 19:42, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

No links from text to references
This article has a lot of references, but it's more like a paper article in that there are no links from the text to the reference section. - Dougher (talk) 02:02, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Reference from Antiquity
It may not merit mention in the article, but I think it is interesting that perhaps the earliest reference to scale free phenomenon is recorded in | Luke 19:26:
 * "[Jesus] replied, 'I tell you that to everyone who has, more will be given, but as for the one who has nothing, even what he has will be taken away."

Perhaps if other references could be compiled from antiquity, it might be worthy of a small section. (Of course, I'm not suggesting that Jesus had anything like social network dynamics in mind when he uttered this, but the reference seems striking to me in this context.) Kmote (talk) 21:02, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Power law versus logNormal
I'm a little worried about characterizing the degree distribution as a power law; in the original BA paper, if I'm correct, they used a least-squares linear regression which is a no-no (see http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1062). It has been argued that the distribution of web links more closely follows a log-normal distribution. Before I change this, am I completely off base here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Octochimps (talk • contribs) 16:05, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Merger with generalized scale-free model
I think that Generalized scale-free model should be merged into Scale-free network, as the former is fairly short and doesn't seem like it could/should be a substantive article on its own. Joe S chmedley Talk 15:59, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

✅. There was a lot of overlap between the two articles, and so I agree it seems better to cover both of them in one article. --DavidCary (talk) 14:08, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Generative models
It is strange that the article does not mention the generative model described in the PhD thesis of Lada Adamic circa 1999. Gritzko (talk) 15:54, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

What is strange in this? There are literally thousands of generative models of network formation. What makes the model that you are talking about special in any sense?

Snehalshekatkar (talk) 11:41, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

Clustering coefficients' distribution in scale-free network
I think the following paragraph from the section "Characteristics" should be rewritten

''Another important characteristic of scale-free networks is the clustering coefficient distribution, which decreases as the node degree increases. This distribution also follows a power law. This implies that the low-degree nodes belong to very dense sub-graphs and those sub-graphs are connected to each other through hubs. Consider a social network in which nodes are people and links are acquaintance relationships between people. It is easy to see that people tend to form communities, i.e., small groups in which everyone knows everyone (one can think of such community as a complete graph). In addition, the members of a community also have a few acquaintance relationships to people outside that community. Some people, however, are connected to a large number of communities (e.g., celebrities, politicians). Those people may be considered the hubs responsible for the small-world phenomenon.''

The very first sentence in this para doesn't look correct to me. Certainly some real networks that seem to follow a power-law type of degree distribution and certain mathematical models of scale-free network do indeed have this trend for their local clustering coefficients but this is not generic feature of scale-free networks. For example, the Price model (as well as the Barabasi model) does not reproduce any such trend. Similarly, there exist real networks with power-law distributions for which this feature does not hold (especially those which are actually embedded in geographical space).

Snehalshekatkar (talk) 15:09, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

Similar structure at all levels?
The first sentence of this article:

A scale-free network is a network whose degree distribution follows a power law, at least asymptotically, so that any part of the network has a similar structure to the whole

Really? Can I not have a network with a power-law degree distribution whose parts don't look like the whole network? A Trivial example is the one with a core-periphery structure. For now, I am removing this description. Please discuss if I have misunderstood it.

Snehalshekatkar (talk) 11:46, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

I guess it means any part of the scale-free network would show the same power law, while for core-periphery example, any part of it doesn't obey the similar law compared with the whole network.

Stop adding more generative models for scale-free networks
Barabasi-Albert model has already been followed by a large number of variants and also many new models have been proposed which have been claimed to be giving rise to the scale-free structure. Such models certainly occupy important place in the study of networks. However, many such models have assumed many things about real networks and hence as the field maturates over time, the naive models tend to lose their importance since they don't add much to our knowledge. This implies that many recent models which claim to give rise to scale-free structure etc do not deserve mention in this article unless they are extra-ordinarily new and are well supported by empirical data providing a completely new knowledge. I have just now removed one such model and I request everyone to refrain adding more models without discussing them on the talk page.

Snehalshekatkar (talk) 17:40, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

English please
Is this grammatical, semantics notwithstanding?

7 Novel characteristics	Edit For a scale-free network with {\displaystyle n} n nodes and power-law exponent {\displaystyle \beta >3} {\displaystyle \beta >3}, the induced subgraph is constructed by vertices with degrees larger than {\displaystyle \log {n}\times \log ^{*}{n}} {\displaystyle \log {n}\times \log ^{*}{n}} is a scale-free network with {\displaystyle \beta '=2} {\displaystyle \beta '=2}, almost surely (a.s.).[42] ... Zezen (talk) 20:05, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * If you remove the first "is", then its grammatical. Semantically, it seems plausible, it someone explained what the heck $$\log ^{*}{n}$$ is supposed to mean. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 02:13, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

This article needs attention from an expert in mathematics
In the article, it has a template that says "This article needs attention from an expert in mathematics." It asks for a reason. I don't know how to add a reason to the template, but I'll give a reason here.

I don't think the article contains errors, but it is somewhat disordered and repetitive, especially in the second half.

It should be edited by somewhat who knows the subject well enough to have confidence in what should be emphasized, and what should be rewritten.

2001:171B:2274:7C21:985E:DD36:E438:7F83 (talk) 14:55, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scale-free network


text:
Olga Sánchez Cordero

Olga María del Carmen Sánchez Cordero Dávila (born 16 July 1947) is a Mexican politician and former jurist. She served as Secretary of the Interior of Mexico under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador from 2018 to 2021, becoming the first woman to serve in the position.

From 1995 to 2015, she was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of Justice, Mexico's highest federal court. A member of Morena, she is currently a member of the Senate of Mexico, and served as President of the Senate from 2021 to 2022.

Early life and education
Sánchez Cordero was born in Mexico City on 16 July 1947. She studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). While at UNAM, she was a participant in the in 1968 student protests.

She later received judicial training at the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, the Autonomous University of Morelos, as well as the University College of Swansea in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. Sánchez Cordero was the first female notary public in Mexico City.

Judicial career
After graduating from law school, she later became secretary of school affairs at the UNAM Faculty of Law, serving from 1976 to 1978. From 1980 to 1984, she was director of the seminar of general and legal sociology at UNAM. Sánchez Cordero served on the Supreme Justice Court of the Federal District of Mexico (Mexico City) from 1993 to 1995.

Supreme Court of Justice
She was appointed Minister (Associate Justice) of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN) by President Ernesto Zedillo. Her nomination was confirmed by the Senate on 26 January 1995. Her appointment made her the ninth woman to hold a seat on the SCJN. She left the position on 30 November 2015.

Obrador administration and Senate
In December 2017, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (then a 2018 presidential candidate) released his proposed list of Cabinet appointments, with Sánchez Cordero as his choice for Secretary of the Interior. She was chosen by Morena to serve on its national list for the 2018 Senate election, and took office on 1 September 2018 as part of the LXIV Legislature.

She resigned from the Senate on 29 November 2018 and took office as Secretary of the Interior on 1 December 2018. Her appointment made her the first woman to serve in the position. Sánchez Cordero resigned as Secretary of the Interior in 2021 and was succeeded by Adán Augusto López, the Governor of Tabasco.

She returned to the Senate on 26 August 2021 to support the Obrador Administration's legislative agenda. Sánchez Cordero was elected President of the Senate, and served in the position until 30 August 2022, when she was succeeded by Alejandro Armenta Mier.

Sánchez Cordero declined to run for President of Mexico in the 2024 election. She advised Claudia Sheinbaum during her candidacy for Morena's presidential nomination. She indicated in an interview that she did not intend to join Sheinbaum's cabinet if elected.

Political views
Sánchez Cordero is a self-described feminist. She is a supporter of efforts to decriminalize abortion throughout the country. The Economist describes her as a "social liberal" and "European-style social democrat." Sánchez Cordero is a supporter of same-sex marriage.

She has argued that the criminalization of marijuana has contributed to violence and deprivation, and supports decriminalization efforts. In 2024, she advocated for a state-backed social program to assist women looking to enter the workforce.

Personal life and recognition
Sánchez Cordero is married to Eduardo García Villegas and has three children. She and her husband own an apartment in Houston, Texas. She reported income of MXN $10,688,288 in 2019, including her salary of MXN $1,914,432 plus investments. In 2013, she ranked first on Forbes Mexico's list of the fifty most powerful women in the country.

title: Olga Sánchez Cordero


text:
List of sports clichés

This is a list of clichés related to sports.

Sports clichés used in business
According to Don R. Powell, licensed psychologist and president of the American Institute for Preventive Medicine, sports clichés are used in about 50 percent of corporate boardrooms. They provide a shorthand to quickly communicate ideas. According to Powell, "We have a love/hate relationship with cliches. Although we complain about them, we are enamored with them. That's because they always seem to fit."

 * "It was a slam dunk."
 * "It's gut-check time."
 * "Keep your eye on the ball."
 * "Monday-Morning Quarterback"
 * "That was a hole in one."
 * "They don't pull any punches."
 * "They dropped the ball."
 * "They always step up to the plate."
 * "They talk a good game."
 * "They're a team player."
 * "They're in a league of their own."
 * "They want to play hardball."
 * "The ball's in your court."
 * "They answered the bell."
 * "We knocked it out of the park."
 * "Take one for the team."
 * "Offense sells tickets, defense wins championships."
 * “You gotta want it.”

Sports clichés used in sports announcing

 * "A 2–0 lead is the worst lead"
 * "Alligator arms"
 * "They have to have a great game for their team to win."
 * "They have to get on the same page."
 * "The media are blowing this out of proportion."
 * "That will come back to haunt them."
 * "I'd like to thank my Lord and savior."
 * "Throw under the bus."
 * "D-Line or O-Line."
 * "A lot of open looks at the basket."
 * "It doesn't get any better than this."
 * "He's a warrior."
 * "Defense wins championships."
 * "The best defense is a good offense."
 * "Midfield maestro" is a term used in association football to describe a midfield player who excels in the technical and creative aspects of midfield play and who often create goalscoring opportunities for the attackers, while at the same time controlling the tempo of the match and raising the game of the other members of the team.
 * "Charity Stripe"
 * "Goals are not deserved, goals are made"
 * "On any given Sunday . . ."
 * "Play one game at a time"
 * "There is no 'I' in 'team'"
 * "There ain't no 'U' either'" - as a retort to "There is no 'I' in 'team'"

Sports film clichés

 * A down and out coach is offered one last shot.
 * The coach can't get along with his star player.
 * Someone doubts the protagonist's abilities, and is made to believe in them.
 * The players overcome race relations or gang violence, and are brought together by being a team.
 * The opposing team is larger, better dressed, better equipped yet end up defeated by the protagonist's team.
 * A death or injury provides the main character with the extra incentive to win.
 * The main character is considered too old to win, yet does.
 * An emotional speech inspires the protagonists.
 * Near the end of the movie it will seem that the protagonist's team has no chance of winning, but they quickly bounce back with little time left.
 * The protagonist's team makes a valiant comeback effort only to fall just short at the last second (Puck hits the post, shot rims out, etc.). This is immediately followed by a dramatic montage with tear soaked hugs of players and coaches who are genuinely better off for the experience.
 * After a supreme achievement on the sports field/court/diamond, the achiever will, for no apparent reason, extend his arm and use his forefinger to point, for an extended period of time, to a team-mate, coach or even someone in the crowd. In many cases, the person being pointed to will, inexplicably, return the gesture.

Criticism
According to Michael McCarthy, a USA Today sports television writer, sports announcers overuse clichés during their broadcasts. Sports critic Bill Mayo disagrees, saying that sports clichés are used "just the right amount," and "it is what it is."

Former New York Giants quarterback-turned CBS broadcaster Phil Simms devotes a large portion of his 2004 book Sunday Morning Quarterback to examining football clichés such as "winning the turnover battle", "halftime adjustments", and "managing the game."

title: List of sports clichés


text:
Ernest Thompson

Ernest Thompson (born Richard Ernest Thompson; November 6, 1949) is an American writer, actor, and director. He won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for On Golden Pond, an adaptation of his own play of the same name.

Early life
Thompson was born as Richard Ernest Thompson in Bellows Falls, Vermont to parents Theron and Esther Thompson. He spent his early years in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, moving to Maryland as a junior high school student. He attended the University of Maryland and The Catholic University of America, before ultimately graduating cum laude from American University in 1971.

Career
Thompson is best known as the author of the play On Golden Pond, which he wrote at the age of 28. The play opened off-Broadway in 1978, starring Tom Aldredge and Frances Sternhagen. A great success at the Kennedy Center, it opened at the New Apollo Theater on Broadway February 28, 1979. Revived the following season at the Century Theatre, On Golden Pond ran for more than 400 performances. It became a hit 1981 film, starring Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda. Thompson won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1981 as well as awards from the Golden Globes and the Writers Guild of America.

The West Side Waltz, Thompson’s second popular play, opened on Broadway, starring Katharine Hepburn on November 19, 1981. Thompson is quoted as saying that The West Side Waltz came about after a telephone call he received on behalf of screenwriter George Seaton, creator of movies such as Miracle on 34th Street, offering Thompson "the only George Seaton grant" to write a new play for the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. Thompson wrote and directed a television version based on the play, premiering on Thanksgiving night 1995, starring Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, Kathy Bates, and Jennifer Grey.

As an actor, Thompson's only Broadway appearance was as drifter Hal Carter in Summer Brave, William Inge's revised version of his play Picnic. He portrayed Ranger Matt Harper on NBC’s 1974 series Sierra and Dr. Phil Parker on ABC's Westside Medical. He appeared on the NBC soap opera Somerset as Tony Cooper, son of Rex and Laura Cooper, and in the television films The Rimers of Eldritch and F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Last of the Belles. Other acting credits include roles in the Bob Fosse movie Star 80 and Next Stop Wonderland, directed by Brad Anderson.

Thompson wrote the screenplay for the feature film Sweet Hearts Dance, directed by Robert Greenwald and starring Susan Sarandon and Don Johnson. He directed 1969, starring Kiefer Sutherland, Robert Downey, Jr., and Winona Ryder.

During the 1990s, Thompson wrote the television film Take Me Home Again (released on DVD as The Lies Boys Tell) in 1994, based on the novel by Lamar Herrin, starring Kirk Douglas and Craig T. Nelson, in which Thompson also appeared. He directed and acted opposite Shirley MacLaine and Jennifer Grey in The West Side Waltz and co-wrote and directed the Emmy-nominated movie Out of Time, starring James McDaniel and Mel Harris.

In 2000, Thompson directed The Penis Responds, with Richard Gilliland, as a "lighthearted" answer to The Vagina Monologues. In 2001, he directed his own live TV version of On Golden Pond, starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. His play White People Christmas played at the Zephyr Theatre in Los Angeles, directed by Thompson.

Personal life
In 1991 his son August was born. In 1993, Thompson married Kristie Lanier at his home in New Hampshire, where he raised daughters Heather and Danielle. Thompson and Lanier later divorced. On Christmas Day in 2012, he married Kerrin (Rocha) Adrian.

Thompson lives most of the year in New Hampton, New Hampshire (very close to where On Golden Pond was filmed). In 2008, Thompson co-founded Whitebridge Farm Productions with partners Morgan Murphy and Lori Gigliotti-Murphy. He wrote, directed and starred in the company's first two movies, Heavenly Angle and Time and Charges, both of which were primarily filmed in the Granite State and offered by Whitebridge Farm Productions.

title: Ernest Thompson


text:
File:Trail7.jpg

This picture was taken by Bart Braun on August 14, 2005 at 4:27pm. It shows the view across the logs booms just south of Trail #7 at Wreck Beach.

title: File:Trail7.jpg


text:
Talk:Rail Alphabet

Not available
The font is not available at the RSSB web site. --Error 15:56, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Where?
Is there anywhere I can download this font? Lenny 17:18, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Check this thread
http://www.rmweb.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=20822 Pneumaman (talk) 18:13, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Typefaces are often copyrighted. It is likely that this typeface is protected by copyright. If you wish to use the typeface for limited use, such as model railways, the typeface can probably be retrieved from clubs specialising in modelling, they may even have an official copy. This use of the typeface will probably be considered "fair-use". Downloading typefaces from the internet and then using the typeface commercially may be an infraction of the law. 77.167.212.162 (talk) 16:58, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Rail Alphabet. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091122073856/http://www.dft.gov.uk:80/pgr/rail/passenger/stations/betterrailstations/pdf/report.pdf to http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/passenger/stations/betterrailstations/pdf/report.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:40, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Comparison with Helvetica
At the moment, the article states:

"Rail Alphabet is similar, but not identical, to a bold weight of Helvetica."

But then it states nothing about how it isn't identical. Obviously it isn't identical to Helvetica, otherwise it would just be Helvetica. But somebody who doesn't know how to tell them apart is likely to mistake Rail Alphabet for Helvetica. It's hard to compare the sample here with that at Helvetica, because they seem to be at different weights.

As such, we need at least a brief description of how the two fonts differ – be it slightly different proportions, differences in the shapes of specific characters or a combination of the two.

From the sample here, I can see differences in the shapes of the numerals 1, 2 and 7, but that's about it. Maybe if we can get samples of both fonts at the same weight (if they have any weights in common) then we could compare them. I've just discovered Identifont, but it doesn't appear to have the original Rail Alphabet (only New Rail Alphabet).

Is anybody able to get a like-for-like comparison - or otherwise suggest how we can cover this in the article? — Smjg (talk) 23:03, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Scans of the British Rail Corporate Identity Manual containing the lettering are available. Q and J are shaped differently, Rail Alphabet has slightly shorter ascenders and descenders and is more tightly spaced, but the digits are wider. It wouldn't be difficult to produce an overlay showing differences, but the purity police would remove it. kpschoedel (talk) 21:41, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I keep meaning to come back to this. So it's basically a combination of subtle difference in proportions and different shapes to a few of the characters.  But from the link you provided, it's hard to see the difference in ascender/descender height.  Does anyone have thoughts about how the information can be best incorporated in the article?  I suppose a simple statement would be something like "Rail Alphabet is similar, to a bold weight of Helvetica, albeit with subtly different proportions, tighter letter spacing, and different shapes to characters such as J, Q, 1, 2 and 7".  The hard bit is sourcing the subtly different proportions.  If only we could find a good like-for-like, side-by-side comparison of the two fonts, it would be easy.... — Smjg (talk) 22:59, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rail Alphabet


text:
Talk:Treasure of the Rudras

Article name
Article renamed Treasure of the Rudras from Rudora no Hihou, based on use English and common names - one of the very few occasions the 'google test' is actually somewhat valid for determining the latter, rom community is mostly an online affair. "Treasure of the Rudras" = 1060, "Rudora no Hihou" = 708, "Rudra no Hihou" = 620, all of which include wikipedia etc. Done some quick standardising of how the game is refered to in the article, but plan on doing a couple of sentences on the transcription/translation issues, based on Haeleth's old notes, as it's an interesting issue. --zippedmartin 15:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The article has now been moved to Rudra no Hihō because of WP:VG/GL. Megata Sanshiro (talk) 14:12, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Magic
Added the basics (and then some) of the mantra system, including elemental bases, prefixes and suffixes, combinations thereof, and special cases. IP address will be shown as I'm not a registered Wikipedian. Also, the -zan suffix is never taught in-game but I discovered it and used it throughout the early adventure; dull graphics effects but very cost-efficient! 10:02, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I copy edited everything to remove much of the specialized information. It's important to keep in mind that Wikipedia is a general-use encyclopedia, so the detailed list of core mantra elements, for example, is not really appropriate here. Ditto for specific MP costs, lists of mantras, etc. — BrianSmithson 13:46, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Development
Is there any information on the development of the game? I have heard that when Square was working on the next Final Fantasy game (what would have been VII on the snes) the game was eventually scrapped becuase developers were pulled from the project to work on Chrono Trigger and "other games" I can't help but wonder if this is one of those other games. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.11.212.226 (talk) 16:54, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

"mantras" in the English(thief/fake) translation
Because it did not like the original, did you falsify? Do not put the translation that the thief made. 211.122.221.137 (talk) 10:33, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treasure of the Rudras


text:
User:Gnomz007/Saturday

 * A common mistake that people make when trying to design something completely foolproof was to underestimate the ingenuity of complete fools. -Douglas Adams

title: User:Gnomz007/Saturday


text:
Talk:Panzer Division Müncheberg

Fair use rationale for Image:PzDM Tiger II berlin.jpg
Image:PzDM Tiger II berlin.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:33, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PzDM Tiger1 - Berlin.jpg
Image:PzDM Tiger1 - Berlin.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:35, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panzer Division Müncheberg


text:
User:Micha99~enwiki

Welcome

title: User:Micha99~enwiki


text:
User:Brianchi

Hi, my name is Brian. I don't edit alot of articles, but I do read more than is good for a person. You can find me staring at the computer for hours on end just reading about different things. I like to edit spelling errors because they are pretty easy to detect and no one will contest whether I have a bias against words. This will may be updated at a later date. --Aznfurball 15:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Aznfurball

title: User:Brianchi


text:
HMHB

HMHB may refer to:

 * Half Man Half Biscuit, English rock band
 * National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition

title: HMHB


text:
Suregada

Suregada is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae, first described as a genus in 1803. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, and certain oceanic islands.

• # Suregada adenophora - Madagascar
 * Species

• # Suregada aequorea - Taiwan

• # Suregada africana - Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa

• # Suregada boiviniana - Madagascar

• # Suregada borbonica - Réunion

• # Suregada bracteata - N Madagascar

• # Suregada calcicola - Sarawak

• # Suregada capuronii - Madagascar

• # Suregada celastroides - Madagascar

• # Suregada cicerosperma - Vietnam

• # Suregada comorensis - Comoros

• # Suregada croizatiana - Democratic Republic of the Congo

• # Suregada decidua - W Madagascar

• # Suregada eucleoides - SC Madagascar

• # Suregada gaultheriifolia - EC Madagascar

• # Suregada glomerulata - S China, SE Asia, New Guinea, N Territory

• # Suregada gossweileri - DRC, Angola

• # Suregada grandiflora - E Madagascar

• # Suregada humbertii - EC Madagascar

• # Suregada ivorensis - Ivory Coast

• # Suregada lanceolata - S India, Sri Lanka

• # Suregada laurina - E Madagascar

• # Suregada lithoxyla - Tanzania

• # Suregada multiflora - India, Bangladesh, SE Asia

• # Suregada nigricaulis - EC Madagascar

• # Suregada occidentalis - Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria

• # Suregada perrieri - E Madagascar

• # Suregada procera - E + C + SE + S Africa

• # Suregada racemulosa - Philippines

• # Suregada stenophylla - Philippines

• # Suregada zanzibariensis - Madagascar; from Somalia to KwaZulu-Natal

moved to Tetrorchidium
 * formerly included
 * Suregada angolensis - Tetrorchidium didymostemon

title: Suregada


text:
Flocculonodular lobe

The flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum) is a small lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the unpaired midline nodule and the two flocculi - one flocculus on either side of the nodule. The lobe is involved in maintaining posture and balance as well as coordinating head-eye movements.

The lobe is functionally associated with the vestibular system and is therefore referred to as the vestibulocerebellum. It receives second-order fiber afferents from the vestibular nuclei as well as direct first-order afferents from the vestibular ganglion/nerve (the only region of the cerebellum to do so).

The lobe in turn projects efferents back to the vestibular nuclei which in turn give rise or project to: the lateral vestibulospinal tracts which maintain posture and balance by regulating tone of the axial and proximal limb extensor mucles (i.e. the antigravity muscles); the medial vestibulospinal tracts which regulate the tone of neck muscles; and the medial longitudinal fasciculi which coordinates head-eye movements (vestibuloocular reflex).

Afferents
Afferents of the lobe are the vestibulocerebellar fibers arising from either the vestibular nuclei or the vestibular nerve/ganglion directly.

 * Vestibular organs → vestibular nerve/vestibular ganglion first-order fibers (→ vestibular nuclei (synapse) → second-order fibers) → juxtarestiform body of inferior cerebellar peduncle → (ipsilateral) flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum (synapse/termination of vestibulocerebellar fibers)

Efferents
Efferents of the lobe are the cerebellovestibular fibers which project to the vestibular nuclei.

 * Purkinje cells of flocculonodular lobe → juxtarestiform body of inferior cerebellar peduncle → vestibular nuclei (synapse/termination of cerebellovestibular fibers) →
 * Medial and lateral vestibulospinal tracts (extrapyramidal upper motor neurons) → (synapse) lower motor neurons → skeletal muscle
 * Medial longitudinal fasciculi → nuclei of cranial nerves III/IV/VI (synapse) → cranial nerves III/IV/VI → extrinsic eye muscles

Clinical significance
Lesions to this area can result in multiple deficits in visual tracking and oculomotor control (such as nystagmus and vertigo), integration of vestibular information for eye and head control, as well as control of axial muscles for balance.

The most common cause of damage to the flocculonodular lobe is medulloblastoma in childhood.

title: Flocculonodular lobe


text:
Ceratophorus

Ceratophorus is a genus of dinoflagellates.

title: Ceratophorus


text:
Sajid Hameed

Sajid Hameed (Urdu: ساجد حمید) (Sergeant Hameed, later Captain Hameed) is a fictional character of the Urdu spy novel series Jasoosi Dunya (The Spy World). He is a detective and crime-fighter, conceived by Ibn-e-Safi as the secondary focal character to assist the lead role of Colonel Ahmad Kamal Faridi.

Personality
Hameed's character complements that of Faridi's. Hameed is playful, naughty, carefree, romantic, and when occasion calls for it, hardworking, brave, fearless, intelligent, and smart. Most of the time he acts like a child in front of Faridi and pretends to be a careless and messy character, frequently arguing with Faridi merely to irritate him. In his heart, however, he harbours a deep love for his boss. The fact that he is able to confront Faridi, not an easy thing to do, is evidence of his strong character. Often it is Hameed's seemingly impulsive actions that lead Faridi to victory.

Hameed often jumps into action without thinking of the consequences, only to be surprised later on. Ibn-e-Safi calls this condition "khopri pe Chhipkali sawar hona", which literally means Hameed's mental apprehension by a lizard. The lizard is used metaphorically as an object that irritates someone in an extreme fashion. Several of Hameed's successes are a direct result of this phenomenon.

First Meeting with Faridi
The story of how Hameed met Faridi is related by Hameed to himself in "Thandi Aag" (The Cold Fire - #69). After returning from wartime, Hameed did not want to go back to his family. He saw Faridi at the airport and hugged him screaming "Bhai Jaan" (Dear Brother), while his father, who came to receive him, looked on in disbelief as Hameed completely refused to recognize him. Later on, after being convinced by Faridi, Hameed went back to his family and apologized for the joke he pulled on his father.

Background
"Thandi Aag", more importantly, explains how Hameed became as he is. Hameed's father was a traditionally-minded man who forced him to join the armed forces against his will. Hameed was consequently sent to war at a very young age. Seeing the horrendous aftermath of war led him to take comfort in the influence of alcohol. As the value of life diminished in his eyes and he started to ignore the importance of life, his carefree, somewhat irritated, and neglecting nature developed. After meeting Faridi, Hameed's philosophy on life changed dramatically to that which readers now know.

Personal life
In his early days, Hameed was involved with a girl named Shahnaaz. The affair lasted for a while to the point at which Hameed was almost ready to propose. However, it is clear to the reader that the lovers were not fully matured and were conflicted between the matters of heart and mind. Although it was necessary for the characters to go through such a mental evolutionary process, their nature meant that there could be no permanent rest. Hence, the character of Shahnaaz was removed.

Pets
Hameed is infamous for his pets that he trains himself. Some of these pets include a goat, a mouse, and a myna. The mouse first appears in "Khatarnaak Dushman" (The Dangerous Enemy #36). Hameed has trained her in such a way that she dances when he whistles. She has tiny bells wrapped around her legs (called "Ghunguroo" in Urdu/Hindi) that chime when she dances. Hameed loses the mouse in the underground world of Gerald Shashtri in "Jungle Ki Aag" (The Forest Fire #37), but finds her back in "Maut Ki Chataan" (The Rock of Death #41).

The goat, Barkhurdaar Bughra Khan (which literally means "Son Goat Khan" - a sarcastic title), first appears in "Andheray Ka Shehenshah" (The Emperor of the Dark - #39). Hameed often takes "Bughra Khan" to restaurants and clubs, arguing that since women could come with their pet dogs, he should also be allowed with his pet goat. Of course, many restaurant and club owners would have a hard time accepting this reasoning since "Bughra Khan" often ends up with an uncontrolled urge to chew on furniture and table covers. Hameed thinks "Bughra Khan" is no ordinary goat. Hameed dresses the goat up like a gentleman wearing a hat and a tie around the neck. Faridi is constantly annoyed with Hameed’s goat.

The myna (Hameed calls her "Bee Maina" - a traditional name for a myna in Urdu) is the last of his pets. This myna is extraordinary since she can not only speak Urdu words but is capable of carrying out longer conversations and mimic human emotions.

title: Sajid Hameed


text:
Erythrocarpus

Erythrocarpus may refer to:
 * Erythrocarpus Blume, a synonym of the euphorb genus Suregada
 * Erythrocarpus M.Roem, a synonym of the passionflower genus Adenia

title: Erythrocarpus


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CLUAS.com

CLUAS.com
I started this entry but I am involved in the CLUAS.com webzine and I have since read the guidelines for creating new articles and I believe that it is not appropriate for me to have begun this page and it therefore should be deleted Cluas 15:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Kontrovert

Hi, I know I have one of the weird nicknames in Wikipedia. I have known Wikipedia since the beginning of 2005, but only recently create account. I'm a Singaporean undergraduate. :-)

title: User:Kontrovert


text:
Faridi's Unofficial Aide

The following fictional characters are unofficial helpers to the spy and crime-fighter Colonel Faridi in the Jasoosi Dunya (The Spy World) series of Urdu spy novels by Ibn-e-Safi.

Anwar
Anwar fleetingly delivers an opening in "Maut ki Aandhee" (The Hurricane of Death – #12). He is an intelligent crime reporter, ex-lawyer, who respects only Faridi in law enforcement agencies. During a discussion in the above book, Faridi tries to explain to Hameed why Anwar is so bitter about life. Due to his harsh past life, Anwar changed into an angry, ruthless, but brave individual. He has a philosophy on life and he calls it "Revenge". To him, revenge is the driving force behind life.

Like Faridi, Imran, and Hameed, Anwar has also been bitten by love. Sajida was once involved with him but decided to leave Anwar for a businessman. Since then, Anwar desolated himself from the opposite sex and had been living in solitary. Sajida and her husband show up in "Heeray ki Kaan" (The Diamond Mine – #13) – the first book entirely on Anwar and Rasheeda's escapade.

Anwars's character is another example of Ibn-e-Safi's creativity and innovation for crafting personalities. Anwar's character is developed such that the reader wants to love and hate him at the same time. He is a black mailer but only for evildoers. He insults Rasheeda on her idea of falling into love with her but loves her as a close friend. He can be an accomplice to a criminal on rare occasions but can also shoot them for committing crimes against humanity. He is a good guy acting like a bad one.

After "Maut ki Aandhee", when Faridi and Hameed took a long vacation after solving the case of Vilman's Mechanical Windstorm, Ibn-e-Safi wrote four books based solely on Anwar and Rasheeda's adventures. These four novels include "Heeray ki Kaan" (The Diamond Mine – #13), "Tijori ka Geet" (The Song of the Safe – #14), "Aatishi Parinda" (The Flaming Bird – #15), and "Khooni Patthar" (The Killing Stone – 16). By the time of "Khooni Patthar", public demanded that Faridi and Hameed be brought back from their vacation. Ibn-e-Safi respected that demand and conjoined the talents of Anwar and Rasheeda with that of Faridi and Hameed in "Bhayanak Jazeera" (The Frightful Island – #17) that is actually a story on Rasheeda's background.

Anwar is a crime reporter in "The Daily Star". He belongs to a very respectable rich family but, due to some differences of opinion, he lives alone. Anwar is a genius, and works as a private investigator. He plays it smart and keeps himself away from the police. Inspector Asif, a crooked police officer, is always asking for his help. However, as Anwar knows a lot about Asif's illegal tactics, he blackmails the inspector just to get free dinners or cover other expenses. In spite of his own intelligence, he respects Faridi and considers him as his Guru. Faridi obtains unofficial help from Anwar and Rasheeda in many cases.

Rasheeda
Rasheeda, lives in apartment next to Anwar's, and is his colleague and a close friend. Anwar is always in debt with Rasheeda because of his heavy spending, especially on cigarettes, books, and dining out. They are in a love-hate relationship. Rasheeda is a courageous young woman who can fight bravely against the criminals. Her character is portrayed in a very mysterious manner, until her actual identity is revealed in "Bhayanak Jazeera" (The Terrifying Island #17). Readers discover that she is the crown princess of a secret place called "Barren Island", raised outside her state because of the risk to her life from opponents. However, for the sake of Anwar, she does not accept the crown. Withdrawing herself in favour of another girl, she returns.

Neelam
Neelam's character is introduced in "Toofaan Ka Aghwaa" (The Abduction of a Storm – #67). Her father, a smuggler, was killed by one of his fellow gangsters. The same murderer also killed her mother when Neelam was only one year old. She often imagines herself in that rainy night when she was crying beside her mother's dead body on a street. She has a strong urge to get revenge for her parents' killing, which she eventually achieves. She has been raised by the leader of the smuggler's gang. In spite of living with criminals, she keeps herself away from crime and wants to get rid of their circle. When Faridi and Hameed searched for the smugglers, she finally got her chance, helping them break up the gang. Faridi then adopted her as a child. She usually calls Faridi 'Uncle' and Hameed 'Baba' (father). Initially, she assisted Faridi in "Rifle Ka Naghmaa" (The Song of the Rifle – #68), but is then sent abroad for higher studies in Criminology. She returns in "Neelam Ki Waapsi" (The Return of Neelam – #118).

Qasim
Qasim's character is the comic spirit of the Jasoosi Dunya Series. Whereas Hameed's sense of humour is more mature, Qasim's is the opposite: in other words, simplistic, childish, and spontaneous. Readers love and hate Qasim at the same time. On the one hand, Qasim deserves sympathy because he never had the freedom he needed as an adult and had a suppressed life before and after marriage. It is probably his suppressed upbringing that causes his speech irregularities. Qasim frequently switches some Urdu alphabets while speaking. On the other hand, he seems to be cheating on his wife and appears to be extremely unintelligent on occasion. But it is these mixed characteristics and the spontaneity of his character that provide an extreme comic relief in Jasoosi Dunya.

Qasim is the only son of Khan Bahadur Asim, an industrialist and owner of Asim Textiles. Qasim is first introduced in Burf Kay Bhoot (Snow Ghosts – #33). However, Hameed meets Qasim for the first time in "Zahreela Aadmi" (The Venomous Man – #87) which is Faridi's early days' story. Qasim is moving a motor-cycle rider along with his motor-cycle from one place to another. (Qasim's rider had accidentally hit Qasim.) Hameed found Qasim very entertaining, and since the time they met they never separated.

Qasim also comes up with these weird names for women. Since he is a huge man (seven feet tall and very fat), he likes healthy women and calls them full-falooties. Skinny, lightweight, and slim females on the other hand makes him very upset and hence deserve to be called "Yalayilee" in his opinion. This may have something to do with the fact that Qasim has never been able to develop a sexual relationship with his wife who belongs in the "Yalayilee" category. He detestfully calls her "Gilahri Begum" (Mrs. Squirrel) because of her petite figure.

Qasim's hunger is unimaginable. He can finish several goat-legs and whole chickens without a single burp. In short, Qasim's appearance is more like that of a genie of Aladdin's lamp.

Tariq
Tariq is another interesting character created by Ibn-e-Safi. Tariq is an Arab by race but can speak several languages fluently. He is a wanderer. No one knows his sources of income and yet, Tariq never seem to have any monetary issues. Some think that Tariq is in search of old treasures.

Tariq first appears in "Purasraar Kunwaan" (The Mysterious Well – #6) as Nawab Rasheed-uz-Zaman's close friend. His mysterious personality makes him a suspicious individual. But he comes clean at the end of the story. He is an expert hypnotist and has a brilliant shine in his eyes. Tariq carries a big, almost cat-sized mongoose that is considered a sacred animal in some South American tribes and called "Shaki" or "Shakaki".

His actual talent is revealed in "Khooni Bagolay" (Bloody Fireballs – # 45) and "Zameen Ke Badal"(Clouds of the Earth – #75) where Tariq's linguistic as well as hypnotic abilities benefited Faridi to travel through some primeval, barbaric tribes and catch criminals.

title: Faridi's Unofficial Aide